bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Specter Is Haunting Poland
Authors: Alon Shir
Published: January 2020

This essay assesses a series of art projects, festivals, and institutional spaces acknowledging Poland’s Jewish past that appeared in Poland during its first decade of EU membership. Identifying a recurring practice of making absence present and tangible, or more broadly a concern with Jewish ghosts, the essay examines how contemporary art practices peddle in nostalgia for a Jewish past as a mode of desiring a cosmopolitan European future. As “newly integrated” Europeans, Poles are caught in a double bind: on the one hand, their Jewish ghosts allow them to participate in European postimperial discourses of tolerance and multiculturalism; on the other, they remain haunted, continually eroticized and differentiated from the “real” Europe.
After Criticism
Authors: Furani Khaled
Published: January 2020

A question drives my reading of Mahmoud Darwish’s Mural, chronicling a poet’s quest for his own becoming while facing death: What rhythms of freedom—or what forms of enlightenment—may a person inhabit when facing life’s end? I argue that to this question Mural responds with an ethical striving, guided by a principle Darwish calls “evanescence.” I contingently identify evanescence as an “ethics of oneness” oriented to composite unity, which Darwish practices on a series of dualities inhabiting his life in death’s company. In contrast to enacting sovereignty, this ethos solders opposites together. In digging under the separation required by any act of criticism, Darwish’s Mural reaches beyond criticism to attain the courage required for living with death.
1911 in Chengdu
Authors: Zheng Yi
Published: January 2020

With a narrative scheme of manifold plots and characters, cumulating in the eruption of a communal crowd, Li Jieren’s trilogy on the Chinese Revolution of 1911 scales history from individual to mass experience with an ethnohistorical perspective. In this spatially and scenically structured ethnohistorical novel series, Li locates what he calls the “historical real” in the intertwining of political upheavals and the “stirrings in people’s lives and feelings” of a particular place, where local characters become makers and riders of historical “great waves” through processes of socialization within an inherited but changing communal network. The essay argues that in Li’s gazetteer-style account, the geographically rooted multifariousness of human feelings and actions escalates into an ending that belies the claims of a bourgeois national revolution. Its narrative heralded a modern Chinese historical novel with formal and affective possibilities that becomes all the more significant because of its loss in the second half of the twentieth century.
Life amidst Rubble: Migrant Mental Health and the Management of Subjectivity in Urban China
Authors: Richaud Lisa , Amin Ash
Published: January 2020

While previous studies have documented the trials of rural-to-urban migration in postreform China, little is known of the consequences of urban demolition and attendant uncertainty on migrant mental health. Exploring the affective and subjective dimensions of life lived amidst rubble in a migrant neighborhood on the outskirts of Shanghai, this essay describes and analyzes smallscale practices of endurance through dynamics of time, place, and sociality. These modes of dwelling in a ruined environment are key to what the authors refer to as the management of subjectivity, producing moments of being that potentially enable to feel and act otherwise. Considering the management of subjectivity in its own right rather than as mere echoes of postsocialist governmentalities, the authors sustain a dialogue with recent writing on the production of happy and self-reliant marginalized subjects through the Chinese authorities’ turn to “therapeutic governance.”
An insertion mutation of ERBB2 enhances breast cancer cell growth and confers resistance to lapatinib through AKT signaling pathway
Authors: Yang Zi-Yan , Yang Liu , Xu Chun-Wei , Wang Xiao-Jia , Lei Lei
Published: January 2020

In clinical practice, some breast cancer (BC) patients carry a rare ERBB2 in-frame insertion (p. Pro780_Tyr781insGlySerPro) and are resistant to anti-ERBB2 therapy. To explore the potential procarcinogenic role of this ERBB2 mutation, we conducted the present study using BC cells overexpressing wild-type (WT) ERBB2 or P780-Y781 ERBB2 [mutated (MT)]. MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were transfected with the following plasmids using a lentivirus system: negative control (ERBB2-NC), WT ERBB2 overexpression (ERBB2-WT), and P780-Y781 ERBB2 overexpression (ERBB2-MT). P780-Y781 ERBB2 conferred significant resistance to lapatinib, as assessed by cell viability and colony counts. Analysis of the cell cycle showed that the P780-Y781 ERBB2 group showed an elevated proportion of cells in S, G2, and M phases compared with WT ERBB2 when exposed to lapatinib. Following lapatinib treatment, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) was strongly upregulated in the P780-Y781 ERBB2 group. Among ERBB2+ patients, the P780-Y781 ERBB2 group showed increased levels of p-AKT. Furthermore, the AKT inhibitor perifosine effectively suppressed lapatinib resistance, as indicated by the lapatinib inhibition curve and results of the colony formation assay, and decreased AKT phosphorylation. Altogether, we discovered a procarcinogenic mutation of ERBB2 that enhances BC cell growth through AKT signaling and causes resistance to lapatinib. Patients with this in-frame insertion mutation of ERBB2 should be recommended other therapeutic strategies apart from ERBB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, in particular lapatinib.
Cellular diversity and lineage trajectory: insights from mouse single cell transcriptomes
Authors: Tam Patrick P. L. , Ho Joshua W. K.
Published: January 2020

Single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology has matured to the point that it is possible to generate large single cell atlases of developing mouse embryos. These atlases allow the dissection of developmental cell lineages and molecular changes during embryogenesis. When coupled with single cell technologies for profiling the chromatin landscape, epigenome, proteome and metabolome, and spatial tissue organisation, these scRNA-seq approaches can now collect a large volume of multi-omic data about mouse embryogenesis. In addition, advances in computational techniques have enabled the inference of developmental lineages of differentiating cells, even without explicitly introduced genetic markers. This Spotlight discusses recent advent of single cell experimental and computational methods, and key insights from applying these methods to the study of mouse embryonic development. We highlight challenges in analysing and interpreting these data to complement and expand our knowledge from traditional developmental biology studies in relation to cell identity, diversity and lineage differentiation.
Six1 proteins with human branchio-oto-renal mutations differentially affect cranial gene expression and otic development
Authors: Shah Ankita M. , Krohn Patrick , Baxi Aparna B. , Tavares Andre L. P. , Sullivan Charles H. , Chillakuru Yeshwant R. , Majumdar Himani D. , Neilson Karen M. , Moody Sally A.
Published: January 2020

Single-nucleotide mutations in human SIX1 result in amino acid substitutions in either the protein-protein interaction domain or the homeodomain, and cause ∼4% of branchio-otic (BOS) and branchio-oto-renal (BOR) cases. The phenotypic variation between patients with the same mutation, even within affected members of the same family, make it difficult to functionally distinguish between the different SIX1 mutations. We made four of the BOS/BOR substitutions in the Xenopus Six1 protein (V17E, R110W, W122R, Y129C), which is 100% identical to human in both the protein-protein interaction domain and the homeodomain, and expressed them in embryos to determine whether they cause differential changes in early craniofacial gene expression, otic gene expression or otic morphology. We confirmed that, similar to the human mutants, all four mutant Xenopus Six1 proteins access the nucleus but are transcriptionally deficient. Analysis of craniofacial gene expression showed that each mutant causes specific, often different and highly variable disruptions in the size of the domains of neural border zone, neural crest and pre-placodal ectoderm genes. Each mutant also had differential effects on genes that pattern the otic vesicle. Assessment of the tadpole inner ear demonstrated that while the auditory and vestibular structures formed, the volume of the otic cartilaginous capsule, otoliths, lumen and a subset of the hair cell-containing sensory patches were reduced. This detailed description of the effects of BOS/BOR-associated SIX1 mutations in the embryo indicates that each causes subtle changes in gene expression in the embryonic ectoderm and otocyst, leading to inner ear morphological anomalies.
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Separation Media
Authors: Kanao Eisuke , Kubo Takuya , Otsuka Koji
Published: January 2020

In the recent decades, separation technologies have been significantly furthered by the development of a variety of new separation media. Especially, carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs), including graphene, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes, have been applied for effective separations and sensitive detections in recent years. Here, the fundamental preparation protocols of new separation media consisting of CNMs and a great number of their applications summarize the fundamental preparation protocols of new separation media consisting of CNMs and a great number of their applications are summarized.
Assessment of robustness against setup uncertainties using probabilistic scenarios in lung cancer: a comparison of proton with photon therapy
Authors: Teoh Suliana , George Ben , Fiorini Francesca , Vallis Katherine A , Van den Heuvel Frank
Published: January 2020

Objective:

We compared the sensitivity of intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and photon volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans to setup uncertainties in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using probabilistic scenarios.

Methods:

Minimax robust (MM) and planning target volume (PTV) optimised IMPT and VMAT nominal plans were created with physical dose of 70 Gy in 35 fractions in 10 representative patients. Using population data of setup errors, a fractionated treatment course was simulated, summed (Dsum) and compared to the nominal plan. Three treatment-course simulations were done for each plan. Target robustness criteria were: dose deviation of ≤5% to clinical target volume (CTV) D98% and CTV V95% ≥ 99.9%. Voxelwise simulation repeatability was analysed using Bland–Altman plots. Acceptable limits of agreement were 2% of the prescription dose.

Results:

All Dsum met target robustness criteria. While fraction VMAT and MM-IMPT doses were excellent, simulated fraction doses in PTV-IMPT were suboptimal. Almost all (>99%) of VMAT and MM-IMPT fraction doses met both target robustness criteria. For PTV-IMPT, only 96.9 and 80.3% of fractions met CTVD98% and V95% criteria respectively. Simulation repeatability was excellent (limits of agreement range: 0.41–1.1 Gy) with strong positive correlations.

Conclusion:

When considering the whole treatment course, setup errors do not influence robustness irrespective of planning techniques used. However, on a fraction level, VMAT and MM-IMPT plans are superior compared to PTV-IMPT plans.

Advances in knowledge:

Probabilistic analysis provides a fast and practical method for evaluating VMAT and IMPT plan sensitivity against setup uncertainty. VMAT and robust-optimised IMPT plans have comparable sensitivity to setup uncertainties in conventionally fractionated treatment for NSCLC.
Factors associated with self-medication in users of drugstores and pharmacies in Peru: an analysis of the National Survey on User Satisfaction of Health Services, ENSUSALUD 2015
Authors: Urrunaga-Pastor Diego , Benites-Zapata Vicente A. , Mezones-Holguín Edward
Published: January 2020

Background: Irresponsible self-medication is a problem for health systems in developing countries. We aimed to estimate the frequency of self-medication and associated factors in users of drugstores and pharmacies in Peru.

Methods: We performed a secondary data analysis of the 2015 National Survey on User Satisfaction of Health Services (ENSUSALUD), a two-stage probabilistic sample of all regions of Peru. Non self-medication (NSM), responsible self-medication (RSM) and irresponsible self-medication (ISM) were defined as the outcome categories. Demographic, social, cultural and health system variables were included as covariates. We calculated relative prevalence ratios (RPR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) using crude and adjusted multinomial logistic regression models for complex samples with NSM as the referent category.

Results: 2582 participants were included. The average age was 41.4 years and the frequencies of NSM, RSM and ISM were 25.2%, 23.8% and 51.0%; respectively. The factors associated with RSM were male gender (RPR: 1.35; 95%CI: 1.06-1.72), being between 40 and 59 years old (RPR: 0.53; 95%IC: 0.39-0.72), being 60 or older (RPR: 0.39; 95%IC: 0.25-0.59), not having health insurance (RPR: 1.89; 95%CI: 1.31-2.71) and living in the Highlands region (RPR: 2.27; 95%CI: 1.23-4.21). The factors associated with ISM were male gender (RPR: 1.41; 95%CI: 1.16-1.72), being between 40 and 59 years old (RPR: 0.68; 95%IC: 0.53-0.88), being 60 or older (RPR: 0.65; 95%IC: 0.48-0.88) and not having health insurance (RPR: 2.03; 95%CI: 1.46-2.83).

Conclusion: Around half of the population practiced ISM, which was associated with demographic and health system factors. These outcomes are the preliminary evidence that could contribute to the development of health policies in Peru.
Advances in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Ishaaya Ella , Tapson Victor F.
Published: January 2020

Venous thromboembolism is a common disease which remains underdiagnosed because of nonspecific presentations which can range from asymptomatic incidental imaging findings to sudden death. Symptoms can overlap with comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, and risk factors that offer clues to the clinician are not always present. The diagnostic approach can vary depending on the specific clinical presentation, but ruling in the diagnosis nearly always depends on lung imaging. Overuse of diagnostic testing is another recognized problem; a cautious, evidence-based approach is required, although physician gestalt must be acknowledged. The following review offers an approach to the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism based on the assessment of symptoms, signs, risk factors, laboratory findings, and imaging studies.
Video-augmented vs standard consent in an early ICU cycling feasibility trial: a randomized embedded recruitment trial
Authors: Kho Michelle E. , Duffett Mark , Clarke France J. , Shears Melissa , Molloy Alexander J. , Cook Deborah J.
Published: January 2020

Background: In a trial of early in-bed cycling in critically ill patients, a video demonstrating use of the cycle in addition to verbal description may improve satisfaction with the informed consent process for all persons involved.

Methods: A convenience sample of in-person consent encounters for enrolment in TryCYCLE (NCT01885442), a 33-patient pilot study of in-bed cycling with mechanically ventilated patients in an intensive care unit, were recruited. In this study within a trial, using concealed allocation, we randomized consent encounters to a Video or Standard consent approach. Those in the Video group viewed a 2-minute video of a model using in-bed cycling plus the routine verbal description of the study. The Standard group received the routine verbal description only. Patients and/or substitute decision makers (SDMs) were blinded to the study purpose. After each encounter, patients and/or SDMs and the research coordinator submitted written satisfaction and comfort ratings using 7-point scales (higher scores better). We documented consent outcomes and analyzed between group differences with independent group t-tests.

Results: We randomized 14 encounters (6 Video, 8 Standard). Ten completed questionnaires (5 in each group) demonstrated no difference in patient and/or SDM satisfaction or comfort between Video or Standard (mean [standard deviation] Satisfaction: 6.8[0.45] vs. 7.0[0] vs. p=0.37; Comfort: 7.0[0] vs. 7.0[0], p>0.99). The research coordinator evaluated all randomized encounters, with no differences between Video or Standard (Satisfaction: 7.0[0] vs. 6.9[0.35], p=0.41; Comfort: 6.7[0.52] vs. 6.9[0.35], p=0.39). All 14 consent encounters enrolled in TryCYCLE.

Conclusions: Patient and/or SDM satisfaction and comfort with consent was very high for both the Video and Standard approaches. Further research, including use of videos to portray different study interventions, is needed, including analysis of patient and/or SDM satisfaction, comfort, comprehension, and consent rates.

Registration for host trial: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01885442, registered on June 25, 2013
Characterization of fecal sludge as biomass feedstock for thermal treatment in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Barani Viswa , Hegarty-Craver Meghan , Rosario Praveen , Madhavan Prakash , Perumal Prasanna , Sasidaran Sarani , Basil Milan , Raj Antony , Berg Adrian B. , Stowell Andrea , Heaton Camille , Grego Sonia
Published: January 2020

Background: Transformative sanitation technologies aim to treat fecal sludge (FS) by thermal processes and recover resources from it. There is a paucity of data describing the relevant properties of FS as viable feedstock for thermal treatment in major geographical target areas, such as India.

Methods: This study characterized FS collected from septic tanks in two cities located in the Indian southern state of Tamil Nadu. FS samples were obtained at the point of discharge from trucks in Tiruppur (n=85 samples) and Coimbatore (n=50 samples). Additionally, biosolids obtained from sewage treatment plants (STP) in the cities of Coimbatore and Madurai were characterized. Total solids (TS) were measured, and proximate and ultimate analysis were conducted according to methods used by the fuel industry. Additionally, the ash content was analyzed for heavy metal using standard methods. Results: The average higher heating value (HHV) across all FS samples in Tiruppur (13.4 MJ/kg) was significantly higher than in Coimbatore (5.4 MJ/kg), which was partially attributed to the high ash content of 69% in the latter samples.  The HHV of the biosolids samples ranged from 10 to 12.2 MJ/Kg. The average total solids (TS) content for FS was 3.3% and 2.0% for Tiruppur and Coimbatore respectively, while the median TS content for the two cities was 2.3% and 1.2%. The heavy metal content of the ash was found to be below the thresholds for land disposal.

Conclusions: This is one of the first studies that has systematically characterized the calorific and mineral content of septage and biosolids in several cities in India. We expect these data to serve as input data in the design of thermal processes for fecal sludge treatment.
An examination of the effects of a patient-designed-and-informed participant information sheet in comparison with a standard, researcher-designed information sheet on recruitment, retention and understanding: Protocol for a study-within-a-trial
Authors: Dwyer Christopher P. , Joyce Robert A. , Bane Eimear M. , Moses Anusha , Alvarez-Iglesias Alberto , Hynes Sinéad M.
Published: January 2020

Background: This protocol describes a double-blind, randomised non-inferiority study-within-a-trial (SWAT), comparing the effects of a patient-designed-and-informed participant information sheet with a standard, researcher-designed participant information sheet on recruitment, retention, decision certainty, participant information sheet understanding and likeability. The SWAT is part of a larger trial that aims to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a cognitive occupation-based programme for people with MS (COB-MS) on cognitive and daily functioning for people with multiple sclerosis.

Methods: During the study, 120 people with multiple sclerosis will be randomly allocated to one of the two groups, where they will either receive a standard participant information sheet or a patient-designed participant information sheet. Recruitment and retention will be analysed, as well as decision certainty, likability and understanding.

Discussion: Results will provide recommendations for recruitment, consent and retention for future trials, as well as shed some light on the factors influencing the understanding and likeability of a trial’s participant information sheet. Recommendations will also be made regarding patient and public involvement in developing and/or aiding the development of participant information sheets. 

Registration: SWAT: Northern Ireland Hub for Trials Methodology Research SWAT Repository Store (SWAT105). COB-MS trial: ISRCTN11462710.
Gut mucosal colonisation with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lewis Joseph M. , Lester Rebecca , Garner Paul , Feasey Nicholas A.
Published: January 2020

Background: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) threaten human health; and, in areas of sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) where carbapenems are not available, may render ESBL-E infections untreatable. Gut mucosal colonisation probably occurs before infection, making prevention of colonisation an attractive target for intervention, but the epidemiology of ESBL-E in sSA is poorly described.

Objectives: Describe ESBL-E colonisation prevalence in sSA and risk factors associated with colonisation.

Methods: Studies included were prospective cross-sectional or cohort studies reporting gut mucosal ESBL-E colonisation in any population in sSA. We searched PubMed and Scopus on 18 December 2018. We summarise the range of prevalence across sites and tabulated risk factors for colonisation. The protocol was registered (Prospero ID CRD42019123559).

Results: From 2975 abstracts we identified 32 studies including a total of 8619 participants from a range of countries and settings. Six studies were longitudinal; no longitudinal studies followed patients beyond hospital discharge.  Prevalence varied between 5 and 84% with a median of 31%, with a relationship to setting: pooled ESBL-E colonisation in community studies was 18% (95% CI 12 to 28, 12 studies); in studies recruiting people at admission to hospital colonisation was 32% (95% CI 24 to 41% 8 studies); and for inpatients, colonisation was 55% (95% CI 49 to 60%, 7 studies). Antimicrobial use was associated with increased risk of ESBL-E colonisation, and protected water sources or water treatment by boiling may reduce risk.

Conclusions: ESBL-E colonisation is common in sSA, but how people become carriers and why is not well understood. To inform the design of interventions to interrupt transmission in this setting requires longitudinal, community studies.
Classical and non-classical logic in historical-philosophical aspect: basic principles and concepts
Authors: Shevcov Aleksandr
Published: January 2020

In the textbook systematically described the concept of logic — of the subject, understood as the Foundation of philosophy. Special emphasis is placed on the historical background of the development of logic, it is emphasized that logic as a scientific discipline was formed in close connection with other Sciences, including natural science profile.
Content of the manual fully complies with the requirements of Federal state educational standard of higher education in the direction of training 47.04.01 "Philosophy".
Recommended for students of higher educational institutions studying the history of philosophy, University professors, and others interested in philosophy.
International standards on auditing: theory and practice
Authors: Voronina Larisa
Published: January 2020

The textbook is designed for a detailed study of the system of International standards of auditing (ISA). The illuminated structure of the system of MSA and standards, disassembled terminology and application of standards.
Considered in detail the content of all ISAS, introduced in territory of the Russian Federation from February 12, 2019. (order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia from 09.01.2019 No. 2H).
The content of the textbook and generated the results of its study of the professional competencies match the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of higher education of the latest generation and the national professional standard "the Auditor".
For students, bachelors, undergraduates, postgraduates and teachers of economic universities and faculties, students of the program of preparation for the qualification exam for obtaining the certificate of the auditor, a professional accountant and also auditors, accountants, economists, lawyers and heads of organisations or improving qualification.
Operation, diagnosis and repair of electrical
Authors: Polischuk Vladimir
Published: January 2020

In the textbook fundamentals of the theory of diagnostics of electrical equipment, organization of technical maintenance, service and repair. The methods of organization of maintenance of electrical machines, transformers, transmission lines and cables.
Designed for undergraduate students enrolled in the specialty "power and electrical engineering".
Higher education in Russia: challenges of time and look into the future
Authors: Aleshnikova Vera , Ahmetshin Aleksey , Basova Vera , Vdovina Ol'ga , Voloshin Andrey , Voronkova Lyubov' , Gerasimov Boris , Gorid'ko Nina , Grishaeva Svetlana , Kasatkin Petr , Koval'chuk Yuliya , Kondaurova Inna , Ksenofontova Halidya , Matkovskaya Yana , Molchanov Igor' , Nizhegorodcev Robert , Okol'nishnikova Irina , Petuhov Nikolay , Risin Igor' , Stepnov Igor' , Suslova Yuliya , Timohovich Aleksandra , Torzhevskiy Kirill , Uhova Antonina , Filenko Stepan , Cukerman Vyacheslav , Chernikovskaya Marina , Shibaeva Natal'ya
Published: January 2020

The monograph is devoted to analysis of the current state and prospects of development of the higher education system of Russia.
The first section discusses the General problems of development of higher education as a driver of innovation shifts, the second examines the impact of digitization on higher education, the third section is devoted to the improvement of administrative and pedagogical potential of higher education, the fourth - the management of student environment of the University.
Addressed to specialists who study the problems of higher education and of interest to postgraduates, doctoral candidates and students.
Ethics of human dignity: history and modernity
Authors: Voropaeva Yuliya , Kolomiec Galina
Published: January 2020

The monograph deals with urgent problems of the ethics of human dignity on the basis of the views of human dignity in historical and philosophical thought, revealing the ethics of virtue and ethics of duty, leading to the search for the meaning and value of life. The study of human dignity as an ethical category and phenomenon in the context of individual and social ethics leads to the assertion that at the present stage of human existence in a rapidly changing world ethics, human dignity becomes the dominant consciousness, and is a special moral value.
Addressed to all who are interested in ethics, and philosophical anthropology, the Humanities and social Sciences.
Administrative law and administrative responsibility
Authors: Rossinskiy Boris
Published: January 2020

The lecture course corresponds to the programmes of administrative law for students enrolled in the direction of preparation of bachelors in "Law", as well as the field of "Legal guarantees for national security" and "law Enforcement".
This course summarizes the experience of reading the author of the lectures on administrative law and administrative responsibility at the Russian state University of justice (RPA of the Ministry of justice of Russia),
Moscow University of MIA of Russia, Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, a number of other universities.
For students, cadets, graduate students, adjuncts and professors of law schools and faculties, science officers, employees of state and municipal bodies, individuals, raising the qualification.
A Lagrangian Bound on the Clique Number and an Exact Algorithm for the Maximum Edge Weight Clique Problem
Authors: Hosseinian Seyedmohammadhossein , Fontes Dalila B. M. M. , Butenko Sergiy
Published: January 2020

This paper explores the connections between the classical maximum clique problem and its edge-weighted generalization, the maximum edge weight clique (MEWC) problem. As a result, a new analytic upper bound on the clique number of a graph is obtained and an exact algorithm for solving the MEWC problem is developed. The bound on the clique number is derived using a Lagrangian relaxation of an integer (linear) programming formulation of the MEWC problem. Furthermore, coloring-based bounds on the clique number are used in a novel upper-bounding scheme for the MEWC problem. This scheme is employed within a combinatorial branch-and-bound framework, yielding an exact algorithm for the MEWC problem. Results of computational experiments demonstrate a superior performance of the proposed algorithm compared with existing approaches.
Microsoft Uses Machine Learning and Optimization to Reduce E-Commerce Fraud
Authors: Nanduri Jay , Jia Yuting , Oka Anand , Beaver John , Liu Yung-Wen
Published: January 2020

The authors discuss Microsoft’s development of a fraud-management system that uses customized long-term and short-term sequential machine learning models to detect both historical and emerging fraud patterns. It also makes rapid real-time optimal decisions using a dynamic programming approach to optimize long-term profit by taking into account decisions made by multiple parties (e.g., banks issuing credit cards).
Position Ranking and Auctions for Online Marketplaces
Authors: Chu Leon Yang , Nazerzadeh Hamid , Zhang Heng
Published: January 2020

Online e-commerce platforms, such as Amazon and Taobao, connect thousands of sellers and consumers every day. In this work, we study how such platforms should rank products displayed to consumers and utilize the top and most salient slots. We present a model that considers consumers’ search costs and the externalities sellers impose on each other. This model allows us to study a multiobjective optimization, whose objective includes consumer and seller surplus as well as the sales revenue, and derive the optimal ranking decision. In addition, we propose a surplus-ordered ranking mechanism for selling some of the top slots. This mechanism is motivated in part by Amazon’s sponsored search program. We show that the Vickrey–Clarke–Groves mechanism would not be applicable to our setting and propose a new mechanism. This mechanism is near optimal, performing significantly better than those that do not incentivize sellers to reveal their private information regarding each consumer purchase, such as their profit. Moreover, we generalize our model to settings in which platforms can provide partial information about the products and facilitate the consumer search and show the robustness of our findings.

This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, operations management.
em um mundo para gente grande, o que podem os corpos pequenos?
Authors: Braga Laíra assunção , Zamboni Jésio , Rodrigues Alexsandro
Published: January 2020

O texto parte de uma pesquisa de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Psicologia Institucional, da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, apresentada no ano de 2019 e que se propôs a trabalhar, junto às crianças, as relações e negociações feitas com as normas de gênero e sexualidade. As crianças apareceram em situações e lugares diversos, com destaque para duas pracinhas de bairro, onde se deu a maior parte da pesquisa. A dissertação não tinha como objetivo fazer uso de teorias desenvolvimentistas, descrever e enquadrar as crianças em categorias, pois entendeu-se que isso também seria a reprodução das lógicas adultocêntricas. Movimentos crianceiros foram considerados em sua potência de existir por si e, por essa autonomia, foi possível visualizar como eles conseguem fazer questão sobre os lugares e identidades que os adultos insistem em reafirmar sobre os corpos através da diferença sexual. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram que as crianças conseguem agir taticamente dentro das questões de gênero, subvertendo a lógica das estratégias que incidem sobre seus corpos e os colocam constantemente na posição de projetos de adultos. A partir da pesquisa, pensamos como as crianças podem indicar, nos diversos campos de experiência humana, outros modos de se relacionar e estar no mundo
teaching critical thinking and metacognitive skills through philosophical enquiry. A practitioner's report on experiments in the classroom.
Authors: Worley Emma , Worley Peter
Published: January 2020

Although expert consensus states that critical thinking (CT) is essential to enquiry, it doesn’t necessarily follow that by practicing enquiry children are developing CT skills. Philosophy with children programmes around the world aim to develop CT dispositions and skills through a community of enquiry, and this study compared the impact of the explicit teaching of CT skills during an enquiry, to The Philosophy Foundation's philosophical enquiry (PhiE) method alone (which had no explicit teaching of CT skills). Philosophy with children is also said to improve metacognitive (MC) skills but there is little research into this claim. Following observable problems with ensuring genuine metacognition was happening in PhiE sessions - on a reasonably strong understanding of what metacognition is – a method has been developed and trialed in this study to bring together, in mutual support, the development of critical thinking and metacognitive skills. Based on the work of Peter Worley and Ellen Fridland (KCL)The Philosophy Foundation ran an experimental study with King's College London in Autumn 2017 and Autumn 2018 to compare the impact of teaching CT skills and MC skills against classes which just have philosophical enquiry.  The approach developed and used for the study employs the explicit teaching of some CT and MC skills within the context of a philosophical enquiry (as opposed to stand-alone teaching of these skills) and yields some positive findings both qualitative and quantitative. Both studies took place over one term (12 weeks) and a control and intervention group were used in each study. This report focuses on the second year of the study, with 220 ten and eleven-year-old children involved in eight classes across three state schools in South East London. Although there were limitations to the study the results indicate that the explicit teaching of these skills during a philosophical enquiry can help children use CT and MC skills more successfully than philosophical enquiry alone.
Perceptions of risk factors for phlebitis among Malaysian nurses
Authors: Ying Chong Xue , Yusuf Azlina , Keng Soon Lean
Published: January 2020

Background:

Intravenous therapy is an integral part of professional nursing practice. Nurses have a responsibility to recognise risk factors for phlebitis.

Aims:

To investigate nurses' perceptions of risk factors for phlebitis in a tertiary teaching hospital in north-east Peninsular Malaysia.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study of 199 randomly selected nurses were surveyed for their perceptions of risk factors for phlebitis using a self-administered questionnaire.

Findings:

More than half of the nurses (56.8%) had a good perception levels of risk factors for phlebitis. There was a significant association between the clinical area and nurses' perceptions of risk factors for phlebitis (p=0.04). Nurses working in medical, orthopaedic, and surgical areas had slightly better perceptions than nurses working in multidisciplinary and oncology areas.

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that nurses need to continually improve their knowledge about risk factors for phlebitis to ensure safer nursing practice.
Introduction
Authors: Haux Tina
Published: January 2020

The chapter sets out briefly the rise of the importance of impact and the difficulty in capturing, evaluating and attributing impact of academic work before locating the work within existing literature. The emphasis of this book is on capturing and understanding of impact in terms of nature scale and reach.
Dimension 1: The role of academic research in policymaking
Authors: Haux Tina
Published: January 2020

In this chapter the role of academic research in policy-making is being discussed with reference to the policy-making literature. It critically explores the question of whether and if so, what kind of influence academics and their work are able to have on policy-making and what factors facilitate or hinder such influence.
Global competitiveness and the rescaling of welfare: rescaling downwards while competing outwards?
Authors: Holden Chris , Hudson John
Published: January 2020

This chapter assesses how governance is being rescaled by globalisation, arguing that some nation-states have tried to circumvent globalisation pressures by injecting small slices of their territory more deeply into the global economy. This has been through establishing policy frameworks for specific localities that deliberately vary from those of the nation-state as a whole. The chapter then focuses on two examples — global cities and Special Economic Zones — the former being more common in high-income countries, the latter more common in lower-income countries. In both instances, the intensification of globalisation processes in these zones has significant implications for welfare, although the effects are by no means straightforward to analyse. Moreover, the two are often connected by global economic processes, SEZs and global cities often being key sites but serving different functions in the global production chains employed by multinational corporations.
Ethnicity and race: from essentialism to constructionism
Authors: Torres Sandra
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents the ways in which understandings of ethnicity and race have evolved, and what characterises the different perspectives on these social positions that are available (i.e. essentialism/ primordialism, structuralism/ circumstantialism and constructionism). In doing so, this chapter maps out what these different perspectives mean to how we make sense of the impact that ethnicity and race have in our lives, and explains why some scholars refer to ethnicity and race as background variables, while others regard them as social positions, locations or identification grounds. In doing so this chapter problematizes what previous research on the intersection of ethnicity/ race and ageing/ old age has shown as far as the understandings of ethnicity and race that inform this scholarship.
A new agenda: where we are at and need to head for
Authors: Torres Sandra
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the array of obstacles to the advancement of scholarship on ethnicity/ race and ageing/ old age that the book has exposed through the scoping review performed. The chapter argues that in the imagination of the scholarship of ethnicity and old age as it stands today, ethnic and racial older minorities come from a limited number of socio-cultural contexts and backgrounds. The groups that have received attention are being studied because they are assumed to be not only different from but also disadvantaged when compared to their ethnic majority counterparts, whose ‘privileged race’ need not be interrogated. The imagination in question does not presume that ethnic and racial minorities can experience privilege and neither does it acknowledge that ethnic and racial majorities can oppress. In light of this (as well as other aspects), this chapter argues that the imagination of the scholarship in focus is content with shedding light on the inequalities that ethnic and racial minorities experience but lacks a commitment to combating the injustices that these groups are believed to face. Against this backdrop, this chapter urges scholars to re-think what it is we want to accomplish when we bring attention to the nexus of ethnicity, race and old age.
‘Uncompromising politics’: Mary Wollstonecraft and Catherine Macaulay
Authors: Brooks Ann
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on Catherine Macaulay and Mary Wollstonecraft, which are considered to be the two most important women writers on politics and society in late 18th-century England. Both were instrumental in the development of feminist political thought and by the 1790s, ‘Catherine Macaulay and Mary Wollstonecraft had achieved a kind of political articulacy and a degree of public audibility that are central to the emergence of modern feminist politics in Britain’. This was not seen as an area that women should comment on. Both Macaulay and Wollstonecraft showed that women as public intellectuals could defend republican political principles. In addition, both contributed to debates on education and both believed in the same education for women and men. Wollstonecraft argues that the education of women should be about giving them more independence. Similarly, Wollstonecraft maintained that women should work and become independent. As such, Wollstonecraft's feminism can be located in a general trend towards sexual liberation.
Contemporary women public intellectuals: the United States (1)
Authors: Brooks Ann
Published: January 2020

This chapter assesses three high-profile women public intellectuals in the US: Condoleezza Rice, Samantha Power, and Susan Rice. All of these three women public intellectuals are significant role models for women wanting to move from academic positions into different administrations. While the contribution and legacy of Condoleezza Rice is a mixed one, no one can detract from her contribution and achievements as an African-American academic woman and public intellectual. Condoleezza Rice can take credit for a number of policy successes, including the restoration of full diplomatic relations with Libya and progress in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Meanwhile, one of the most interesting aspects of Power's career is the contrast between her ardour as an activist and her duties as an adviser. Finally, Susan Rice was highly effective in her role as national security adviser and oversaw the coordination of intelligence and military efforts during a period that was marked by an escalation of the battle against the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in the Middle East, the crisis in Syria, and increased aggression from Russia.
Citizenship and mental health
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines broader notions of citizenship. It argues that the discrimination that people with mental health problems face amounts to a denial of the full rights that citizenship should bestow. It concludes by examining the impact of neoliberal social policies and austerity. These policies have increased inequality but have also targeted people with mental health problems.
Mental health social work reimagined
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2020

The final chapter summarises the key themes of the book. It outlines the narratives that have underpinned reforms of mental health legislation examining moves towards a rights-based approach. The chapter explores the impact of austerity policies on mental health services and services users. The chapter concludes with a call for new community based approaches and a rejection of risk and bureaucratic managerialism.
Postscript
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2020

This postscript examines the Wessely review of the MHA that was completed in December 2018. It outlines the background to the review highlighting the increase in detentions under the MHA. The chapter then examines the principles of choice and autonomy, least restriction, therapeutic benefit and the person as an individual that underpin the proposed reforms. The chapter recognises the importance of these principles but argues that they cannot be properly enacted without structural changes to mental health services
A social right? Access to leave and its relation to parents’ labour market position
Authors: Dobrotić Ivana , Blum Sonja
Published: January 2020

There is limited knowledge about eligibility for leave in general, and about leave rights of parents less securely attached to the labour market in particular. Consequently, social inequalities in access to leave rights remain hidden, which may be particularly pronounced in countries where stable employment is a principal condition to exercise leave rights. In this chapter, we develop an innovative conceptual framework based on the social rights literature, which takes into account how access to Parental Leave benefits is granted (in-) dependent of labour market position. Four ideal types are presented: the universal parenthood model, the selective parenthood model, the universal adult-worker model, and the selective adult-worker model. Finally, we illustrate these types with three country case examples of Parental Leave systems.
Debt, complexity and the sociological imagination
Authors: Adkins Lisa
Published: January 2020

This chapter offers a number of points of orientation for the development of a sociology of debt. It suggests that to date much sociological engagement with debt has been limited by two problems: first, a failure to engage with the long-term and embedded process of the transformation of debt into liquidity and second, an assumption that household and personal debt amounts to illiquid and stagnant households. I outline how such assumptions are compromising the ability of sociologists to identify and engage with how money, debt and finance have become deeply embedded in social life and have become central to the dynamics of social formation. This includes class formation – whose dynamics are increasingly based not on occupations but on the dynamics of financial assets and especially their distribution – and the materialization and dynamics of what I will term here Minskian households, that is, households which exist in a permanent state of speculation.
‘Choose your moments’: discipline and speculation in the indebted everyday
Authors: Kirwan Samuel , Dawney Leila , Walker Rosie
Published: January 2020

Looming behind the formidable spectres haunting Europe is a rising tide of indebted households. This chapter focuses upon the United Kingdom, where a perfect storm of measures has caused a fundamental change in the very meaning of ‘household debt’. In this chapter we focus upon the temporal frameworks of debt, challenging the dominant understanding of debt as imposing a ‘disciplinary’ framework of time upon the subject. Across two bodies of fieldwork – with the advice sector and with debtors – we trace not only the imposition, management and varied narratives of ‘disciplinary’ structurings of time, but also the ‘moments’ in which they crack, fragment, or are suspended. We show how the ways in which debt is sold, managed and collected, as well as the practices through which debtors consider multiple futures in their negotiations of debt, weave other forms of time into the indebted everyday. We show also how the stagnation and irregularity of household budgets renders the disciplinary edifice of debt increasingly unstable. Following the work of Lisa Adkins, we bring these non-disciplinary ‘moments’ together under the remit of ‘speculative time’.