bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Danish Security Policy in the Seventies: Continuity or Change?
Authors: Petersen Nikolaj
Published: January 2017

The author aims at defining the parameters of Danish security policy in the seventies, both in its external aspects (alliance policy, etc.) and in its internal aspects (defence policy). The study is based upon the public debate and – in particular – recent official reports on security policy which are presented in some detail. After analysing the historical background, the study sets out to present official Danish views of the international environment, both at the global, regional and sub-regional levels, and in more detail, of its implications for Danish national security. The study then goes on to analyse trends in Denmark's external security policy, and it concludes that there is not much prospect of significant departures from present policy. Finally, the current debate on defence policy is presented with special attention to the analysis of the new Defence Act of 1973 and its formulation.
The Security of Iceland
Authors: Bjarnason Björn
Published: January 2017

The author attempts to analyse the present situation in Icelandic security matters. The fact is stressed that Icelanders neither have their own army nor intend to establish one. They have solved their defences within the framework of NATO by a bilateral Defence Agreement with the United States. The present Government of Iceland intends to review Icelandic policy in defence and security matters, which might lead to the Defence Force being asked to leave. In describing this situation, the author stresses the regional and global influences of Iceland's geographical position and also the present impact of her decision to extend her fishery limits from 12 to 50 miles.
The Effect of Message Frames on Public Attitudes Toward Criminal Justice Reform for Nonviolent Offenses
Authors: Gottlieb Aaron
Published: January 2017

In recent years, the rhetoric surrounding criminal justice policy has increasingly emphasized reform, rather than being “tough on crime.” Although this change in rhetoric is aimed at building public support for reform, little is known about its efficacy. To test the efficacy of reform rhetoric, I conducted an Internet experiment using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Respondents were randomly assigned to one of six message conditions or to a control condition (no message) and then asked their views about eliminating the use of incarceration for select nonviolent offenses. Results from ordinal logistic regression models suggest that message frames that appeal to a respondent’s self-interest or emphasize the unfairness of the punishment (not who is punished) tend to be most effective.
Setting Up of Special Economic Zones in China
Authors: K. Kanungo Anil
Published: January 2017

Establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in China has been a focus of study for many developing countries. It was initiated with a notion of experiment that foreign capital is an important instrument to put the country on a growth path of economic development and modernization while simultaneously integrating the inner regions with the main economic activity and development of the country. The Chinese experience of SEZs turned out to be a success in some sense as it could fulfil the desired goal of the Government.

The paper makes an attempt to understand the concept behind this initiative; what political reforms were taken to set up SEZ; how it contributed to the growth of the Chinese economy; how FDI played a role in promoting exports and lastly, more importantly, what policy recommendations it suggests for future establishment of SEZs in China and in rest of the world.
The Relationship between Trade, Investment and Environment
Authors: Chakraborty Debashis , Mukherjee Sacchidananda
Published: January 2017

The interlinkage between economic openness and environmental repercussions is a widely researched area. The current study contributes in the existing pool of research by conducting a cross-country empirical analysis for the year 2008 by exploring the interrelationship between openness indicators (trade and investment) and environmental performance of a country. For this purpose, the analysis separately considers export orientation, import orientation, FDI inwardness and FDI outwardness of the countries in different variations of the proposed empirical model. The regression results do not provide strong support to the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH). The findings also confirm a relationship between socio-economic and socio-political factors in a country and its environmental performance.

JEL Classification Codes: F18, F21
Advertising in the Developing Economies
Authors: Moyer Reed , Mascarenhas Briance
Published: January 2017

Though advertising in less developed countries lacks the scope and level of development existing in more prosperous economies, it still exists. It is called on to perform the functions associated with advertisiny in the developed economies, but it does so under vastly different conditions. This article points up some of those differences and also traces the role of advertising in the developmental process. A statistical analysis shows the linkage between economic growth and the growth of advertising as countries develop economically.
Forces That May Be Exerted by Man in the Operation of Aircraft Door Handles
Authors: McFadden Ernest B. , Swearingen John J.
Published: January 2017

Six handle configurations were tested by 8 male subjects on a test arrangement simulating an aircraft door. The torques exerted by the subjects were measured in angular increments of 45°. Over 1200 static and dynamic measurements were made. A limited check study on 10 females, totaling 120 measurements, was also made. The shape, length, direction of movement, arc of motion, effects of one-handed operation, maximum torques and differences between sexes are discussed.
Man-Machine Steering Dynamics
Authors: Wohl Joseph G.
Published: January 2017

A human factors analysis of the vehicle steering problem is presented, in which the perceptual variables involved are identified and the wide variation in human gain required for stable steering at all speeds is demonstrated. A velocity-modulated steering system is proposed as a solution to this problem, and the effects of such a system upon steering behavior are examined.
Visual Requirements for Landing on the Moon
Authors: Conklin Jack E.
Published: January 2017

An analysis was conducted to determine some of the visual requirements for landing a shuttle spacecraft on the surface of the moon and subsequently achieving rendezvous with the command module in orbit. The major questions investigated were:

(1) Is the astronaut capable of perceiving moon landmarks while in orbit in order to detect and identify a desired landing area? (2) Can the astronaut perceive the command module from the moon during all phases of its orbit from lunar horizon to entering the moon's shadow?

To evaluate these questions, the properties of the moon landmarks were examined in terms of size (visual angle subtended), contrast, and velocity of the moving imagery. In addition, stellar magnitude and luminance data were calculated for the command module and the earth as seen from the moon for different phase angles and albedos. Finally, the effects of glare on the discrimination of the command module were discussed.
Maximum Information-Handling Rates for Sequentially Presented Visual Stimuli
Authors: Nicholson Robert M.
Published: January 2017

The purposes of this study were: ( 1) To determine information-handling rates for sequentially presented stimuli; ( 2) demonstrate the relationship between information-handling rate and size of the surface that the operator must monitor, and ( 3) determine the effect of variations in duration of stimulus exposure. Performance measures were obtained for thirty subjects on three different panel sizes at two different exposures. Two methods were used in obtaining data: a method of sequentially varied stimuli and a method of randomly varied stimuli.

All performance curves indicate a monotonic decrease as the speed of presentation was increased. Speed of presentation and the interaction of speed of presentation and panel size were determined to be significant at the 0.005 and 0.05 levels, respectively. The effect of the exposure times variable was nonsignificant.

The method of randomly presented stimuli resulted in significantly better performance than the method of sequentially varied stimuli.
Population Stereotypes in the Direction of Motion of Thumbwheel Switches
Authors: Wade Edward A. , Cohen Edwin
Published: January 2017

No population stereotype relating direction of movement of a thumbwheel switch and the increase or decrease of the number it displays was found in a test with ninety subjects, half of whom were instructed to change the setting from 2 to 4 (increase setting), the other half from 4 to 2 (decrease setting). In the interest of uniformity, upward-to-increase is recommended as the preferred human engineering practice. A recommendation is also made to decrease required torque and to increase the accessibility of the gripping surface.
The Theory of Striking Tools
Authors: Drillis Rudolfs , Schneck Daniel , Gage Howard
Published: January 2017

A theoretical study of striking tools shows that the efficiency of the tool depends upon both the location of its center of gravity and the magnitude of its radius of gyration. Methods for evaluating desirable properties of striking tools are discussed. Energy losses arising from the use of the tool, as related to the mechanical properties of the tool, are also discussed in terms of efficiency. Criteria for the design of efficient tools follow from the analyses and discussions.
Measurement of Analog Sequential Dependencies
Authors: Lathrop Richard G.
Published: January 2017

A statistic sensitive to sequential dependencies existing between responses was proposed. Two studies were undertaken to determine the validity and practicality of this measure. In the first study, results included: (1) the distribution of this measure (λ) is sufficiently normal to permit parametric analyses; (2) λ sensitively reflects both individual differences and the course of learning; and (3) only a low positive correlation exists between λ and average error. The second study, in the area of controller sensitivity, indicated that λ is more sensitive to small changes in task parameters than either average error or root-mean-square. Future applications of the λ coefficient to both analog and digital data were suggested.
Levels of Practice, Learning Curves, and System Values for Human Performance on Complex Tasks
Authors: Seibel Robert
Published: January 2017

Even where time, Ss, and money are available for an extensive experiment on a valid experimental task, the estimation of a system value for highly experienced operators is not foolproof. The Ss must be run on the task until their performance shows little or no further improvement with additional practice. Asymptotes must be estimated for each individual S via cautious application of curve-fitting techniques, and these estimates averaged for the appropriate sample of Ss.
Needed: New Methods for Weapon System Training
Authors: Pridgen W. L. , Demougeot G. M.
Published: January 2017

Four methods for improving maintenance training are described: (1) team training, (2) follow-on training at operational sites, (3) programmed instruction, and (4) a specific example of a “directed troubleshooting” technique. Maintenance training can be improved by new techniques of organization, new methods of teaching, and by developing new working skills.
A New Look at Procedures Manuals
Authors: Wiedman Thomas G. , Ireland Fred H.
Published: January 2017

Most current operator procedure documents are excessively wordy and not sufficiently keyed to the stimuli that should trigger operator actions. With the new approach discussed in this article, required operator actions are directly related to the specific visual or auditory stimuli received either from the equipment or from other individuals. Thus, given an indication, such as a console alarm or a voice request, the operator can immediately determine, from the manual, what actions to take. The meaning of each stimulus as well as the system implications of the operator's reactions are presented side-by-side with every stimulus-action step. Longer, more involved, decision and action sequences are presented in easily interpretable diagrammatic form.
Human Factors Aspects of Digital Computer Programming for Simulator Control
Authors: Spesock Gilbert J. , Lincoln Robert S.
Published: January 2017

Because of the enormous present day effort devoted to the preparation of digital computer programs, special attention should be given to the human factors aspects of program development. Currently available program compilers represent a significant application of certain human factors principles, but are not generally applicable to problems of “real time” programming. Since the creation of appropriate compilers is important to simulation methodology, this report includes a detailed description of a “real time” compiler developed for display/control simulation on a small computer in a human factors laboratory.
The Effects of TV Camera Field of View and Size of Targets upon Air-to-Ground Target Recognition
Authors: Rusis Gundars , Snyder Harry L.
Published: January 2017

A simulation experiment was performed to determine the effects of TV camera lens field of view and target size upon air-to-ground target recognition via closed-circuit television. Measures of performance were probability of correct target recognition, range of correct recognition, and proportion of errors committed. As the field of view decreased, (1) probability of correct recognition decreased (P < .01), (2) mean range of correct recognition increased (P < .01), (3) errors of commission did not vary (P > .05), and (4) errors of omission increased (P < .01). As target size decreased, (1) probability of correct recognition decreased (P < .01), (2) mean range of correct recognition decreased (P < .01), (3) errors of commission increased (P < .01), and (4) errors of omission increased (P < .01). The increase in mean recognition range with decreases in field of view was greater for large targets than for small targets (P < .05). The field of view had little or no effect upon errors of commission for large targets; however, for small targets, the smaller the field the greater the proportion of errors of commission (P < .01).
Nonlinear and Time-Varying Dynamical Models of Human Operators in Manual Control Systems
Authors: Wierwille Walter W. , Gagne Gilbert A.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the application of a deterministic theory for characterizing or modeling the dynamics of a human operator in a manual control system. Linear time-varying, nonlinear time-varying, and non-linear constant-coefficient models are obtained by applying the theory to tracking data taken for one- and two-axis tasks with various displays. The accuracy and fidelity of these advanced models are explored in detail. Also, new information about time variability and nonlinearity of the human operator, obtained by studying the models and the manual control system signals, is presented.
Distortion, Fill and Noise Effects on Pattern Discrimination
Authors: Webster Raymond B.
Published: January 2017

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of distortion, fill and noise effects on pattern discrimination. Patterns were generated from a 10 × 10 matrix on a random basis and were comprised of black filled squares. There were four levels of pattern fill or complexity. Distortion was the random displacement of basic pattern elements while noise was the filling in of additionally selected (on a random basis) pattern elements. One hundred and forty-four male and female undergraduates served as the subjects. Patterns were projected automatically with a stimulus presentation time of 3.0-sec. and a constant intertrial interval of 5.0-sec. The method of constant stimuli was employed. The results indicated that the discrimination of patterns, as generated in this study, were significantly effected by fill, noise, and distortion at the 0.01 level. Interaction effects were significant also at the same level. Response times were also significantly affected as a function of fill and noise.
Instructional System Approach to Flight Crew Training
Authors: Wallis Kenneth B. , Ewart Warren L. , Kaufman Roger A.
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses the rationale for analysis and definition of flight crew training requirements. Using the Instructional System Approach, the concept of flight crew performance from a management aspect is presented together with methods for determining detailed flight crew training requirements.
Flight Controllers for Jet Transports
Authors: Knowles William B.
Published: January 2017

Several designs for flight controllers for jet transports were developed to improve panel visibility and pilot comfort. The designs were rated by a panel of 12 pilot-evaluators. Three of the designs—Dual Side-Arm, Yoke with a Vernier Handle, and Circumferential Drive with a Vernier Handle—met with sufficiently high acceptance that their further development and evaluation appears warranted. The issues of gaining acceptance, of obtaining judgments from appropriate evaluators, and of the need for further testing in dynamic flight simulators are discussed.
Cross-Adaptive Operator Loading Tasks
Authors: Kelley Charles R. , Wargo Michael J.
Published: January 2017

Performance measures often fail to indicate the amount of effort expended by an operator in reaching various levels of task performance. Secondary or loading task techniques have been developed to overcome this problem. However, with the loading task technique, a problem of interpretation arises when both primary and secondary task measures vary with operator performance. The cross-adaptive operator loading technique, which automatically adjusts the difficulty level of the loading task on the basis of primary task performance, is suggested as a solution to this problem. Data are presented which demonstrate that the cross-adaptive technique effectively standardizes scores on the primary task while casting all the variance in performance to the loading task scores. The cross-adaptive secondary scores thereby become a single unambiguous and sensitive index of effort expended to reach a pre-established level of task performance. Procedures for the implementation of the cross-adaptive techniques are discussed and guidelines for its use are suggested.
Driving Performance under Nighttime Conditions of Visual Degradation
Authors: Matanzo Francisco , Rockwell Thomas H.
Published: January 2017

Nighttime driving performance was studied in relation to four different driving tasks and four levels of visual degradation. Four matched but task-differentiated groups of four Ss each drove an instrumented vehicle at night on a superhighway. The four levels of visual degradation presented the roadway to the driver at overall luminance levels of 5.228 mL, 2.688 mL, 0.755 mL, and 0.168 mL. The two dependent variables were vehicle speed and vehicle distance from the white shoulder line. The visual degradation caused the Ss to slow down and position the vehicle slightly farther away from the shoulder. It was found that a driver also is capable of driving at a constant speed and of maintaining a constant lane position at very high degrees of visual degradation. These results were explained by the different instructions given to each task group.
Legibility of Numbers as a Function of Contrast and Illumination
Authors: Williams Charles M.
Published: January 2017

While contrast is recognized as an important variable affecting legibility, scant information of what happens in the mid-ranges is available. Thus nine contrast conditions consisting of black or white lettering on white, black, or grey backgrounds were compared under three levels of illumination —0.06, 0.60, and 6.0 footcandles. 18 Ss were asked to search a stimulus array for a particular stimulus and then indicate its relative position among the other stimuli. Reaction time and errors were recorded. Illumination proved to be the single most important factor. Significant differences in performance were observed between the contrast conditions under poor illumination. It was concluded that for recognition tasks of short duration, varying contrast within wide limits has little effect on speed and accuracy of performance as long as illumination remains above 0.60 footcandles. Black lettering on a white background and white lettering on a black background did not differ significantly and were associated with the shortest reaction times and the least number of errors at all light levels.
Effects of Value on the Monitoring of Multi-Channel Displays
Authors: Kanarick Arnold F. , Petersen Ronald C.
Published: January 2017

Performance in keeping track of several channels of information was investigated as a function of payoff ratio, display format, stimulus on-time, load, and channel payoff value in a 4 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 mixed design. Each of 32 subjects was instructed to keep track of the status of a six-or ten-channel display. On alternate trials, a subject either was presented with a new piece of information or was interrogated about the present status of a channel. Analysis of the results indicated significant payoff-ratio, format, stimulus on-time, load, and value effects, as well as a significant load × value interaction. Results suggested that the greater the load on the operator and the greater the disparity between high- and low-valued information, the more likely selectivity of information is to occur. In addition, the probability of a correct response was investigated as a function of the time the information had to be retained and of the independent variables. Applications of the results to display monitoring contexts are discussed.
The Treatment of Handling-Qualities Rating Data
Authors: Mudd S. A.
Published: January 2017

Since the Cooper Scale is likely to be the most satisfactory instrument for evaluating handling qualities in the near future, it is important that appropriate statistical techniques be used wherever possible to analyze obtained rating data. At the present time, many handling-qualities researchers do not capitalize on available statistical procedures. To encourage use of such procedures, it is shown in the context of a sample of actual handling-qualities data that the following useful determinations can be made without changing the usual experimental design: (1) evaluation of the statistical significance of rating differences due to various factors; (2) establishment of the reliability of the obtained ratings; and (3) modification of Newell's Pilot Sensitivity Function to conform to conventional psychophysical functions.
Relative Effects of Raster Scan Lines and Image Subtense on Symbol Legibility on Television
Authors: Hemingway John C. , Erickson Ronald A.
Published: January 2017

This experiment examined the relative effects of (1) image size and (2) number of TV raster lines making up the image upon an observer's ability to identify 16 different geometric symbols on TV. Four raster-line values per symbol height were each tested at three image angular subtenses. Eight subjects were told to identify 25 symbols for each of the 12 conditions; all had 20/12 near and far visual acuity or better. The forced-choice method was used; no limits were placed on response times. The results showed that (1) at least eight raster lines per symbol height and (2) a symbol subtense of 10' of arc are necessary to obtain good symbol legibility on TV. An equation is developed from these and other data which quantifies the tradeoff between line number and angular subtense for different levels of performance.
A Behavioral Analysis of an Assembly Line Inspection Task
Authors: Badalamente Richard V. , Ayoub M. M.
Published: January 2017

The problem of sustained efficiency in monotonous perceptual tasks is particularly pertinent to industrial inspection. The present research has extended Holland's techniques of behavioral analysis to an industrial framework by analyzing the assembly-line inspection of products. By utilizing four basic schedules of defective product (fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval), it was demonstrated that the detection of defectives can serve as reinforcements for observing behavior. In addition, the vigilance decrement associated with the inspection task was shown to be a function of the differential reinforcement of observing responses. The fact that a rather precise control can be exerted by the environment over the operator's observing behavior has important implications for industry. Some of these implications are discussed.
Optimum Knob Diameter
Authors: Bradley James V.
Published: January 2017

When frictional resistance is heavy, the optimum knob diameter is about 2 in. The curve relating turning time to knob diameter is roughly U-shaped, and diameters outside the range of 1 3/4 to 2 1/2 in. are significantly inferior to the 2-in.-diameter knob. When frictional resistance is reduced to a moderate level, the curve becomes essentially flat in the region from 3 1/4 in. (the largest diameter tested) to 1 in., but rises steeply and significantly with decreasing diameter at diameters smaller than 1 in. (i.e., 3/4 in. and 1/2 in). There is an indication that if friction were reduced to a very low level, the curve would flatten out still further to include in its flat region all practical diameters smaller than 1 in. Evidence is cited in support of this indication. Evidence is also presented to the effect that the above findings are valid over a wide range of rotary inertias. Reach time was independent of frictional resistance, but increased with decreasing diameter at diameters smaller than 1 1/2 in.
Short-Term Memory: Mode of Presentation for Alphanumeric Information
Authors: Fell James C. , Laughery Kenneth R.
Published: January 2017

Performance in a memory-span task using eight-letter sequences was explored as a function of presentation rate (.5, .75, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 sec/item) and presentation mode (visual, auditory, simultaneous visual and auditory, and mixed visual and auditory). Results indicate that performance in the mixed mode was inferior to the other three modes, but the other modes did not differ from each other. As presentation rate decreased, performance improved. These results are consistent with current theories of memory and indicate that the mode in which alphanumeric information is displayed is unimportant provided the modes are not mixed.
Work in Reduced-Gravity Environments
Authors: Wortz E. C.
Published: January 2017

Research data on human performance in weightless and lunar-gravity environment are considered on a single continuum of reduced traction. Apparent contradictions in the effects of reduced gravity on tasks requiring the use of the upper torso and those requiring locomotion are resolved. It is concluded that reduced traction systematically reduces the efficiency of work in all reduced-gravity conditions.
Water Immersion Reduced-Gravity Simulation
Authors: Trout Otto F. , Bruchey William J.
Published: January 2017

A water immersion technique for simulating zero- and partial-gravity conditions has been developed and employed to examine several extravehicular task areas in space. The technique allows the pressure-suited subject to move in six degrees of freedom unencumbered by connecting supports and simulates his biomechanical performance in weightless space. The technique is useful in examining the astronaut's capability to execute extravehicular work procedures, developing man-system engineering data, and as a training system. Several extravehicular task areas have been examined, including ingress-egress through airlock systems, manual self-locomotion, manipulation and maintenance tasks, and assessment of rescue procedures. Although limited in the study of rapid translatory tasks by the drag and damping effects of the water, the technique permits a perceptual equivalent simulation of complex manipulative tasks in real time. A description of the test procedures, equipment, and several typical tests is provided.
An Evaluation of Experimental How-Malfunctioned Codes
Authors: Aume Nilss M. , Topmiller Donald A.
Published: January 2017

In three learning-recall studies, the existing coding procedure by which Air Force maintenance technicians record and describe equipment malfunctions was compared to four experimental codes. The four three-symbol experimental codes included all numeric symbols, all alphabetical symbols, alphanumeric symbols, and a mnemonic code that had a high association value with the corresponding descriptor statements. Performance using the five experimental conditions was evaluated in three separate studies: first, under short-term recall, second, under paired-associate learning, and third, under long-term recall. All experiments demonstrated superior performance with the mnemonic code condition. The mnemonic codes produced approximately one-half the average error rate for short-term recall, were twice as easily learned, and achieved nearly half the error rate for long-term recall when compared to the existing coding technique.
Drivers' Judgments in Overtaking and Passing
Authors: Gordon Donald A. , Mast Truman M.
Published: January 2017

Drivers' judgments in vehicular overtaking and passing were studied using familiar (drivers' own) cars and an unfamiliar government vehicle at speeds of 18, 30, and 50 mph. Drivers were not able to estimate passing distances accurately. Average errors of estimation for the different conditions varied from 20 to 50% of the actual overtaking distance. Errors of underestimation, where the maneuver required more space than judged, increased with speed. At 18 mph, 15% of the estimates made by drivers were underestimates: at 50 mph 68% were underestimates. There were no differences observed attributable to familiarity with the car.
Selective Performance Effects of Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Biersner Robert J.
Published: January 2017

Twenty-one U.S. Navy divers were given several standard visual tests, the Purdue Peg-board, the Bennett Hand Tool Dexterity Test, and the Wechsler Memory Scale while breathing air or 30% nitrous oxide. The results showed that visual function, fine and gross motor performance, and long-term memory were normal under nitrous oxide, while learning and short-term memory were significantly impaired. The subjective effects of breathing nitrous oxide were similar to those experienced during compressed air narcosis. The selective impairment of short-term memory suggests that divers might be able to perform useful work at depths deeper than those currently authorized, provided the tasks were well learned and practiced.
Accident Epidemiology and the Design of the Residential Environment
Authors: Neutra Raymond , Mcfarland Ross A.
Published: January 2017

By its design, the housing which should be built in vast quantities in the near future can prevent accidents, minimize injury, and facilitate rehabilitation, both directly and indirectly. Studies are described which have examined relationships between housing and accident rates in general, and in particular, fires, pedestrian accidents, and accidental poisoning. Better design should reduce the harmful effects from these sources and from falls. Preventive measures have been or can be taken also against minor-accident epidemics involving glass doors, oil stoves, poisonous plants, and rat bites. There are many ways to make our residential environments safer.
Review and Analysis of Color Coding Research for Visual Displays
Authors: Christ Richard E.
Published: January 2017

The experimental literature on the effects of color on visual search and identification performance was reviewed. Forty-two studies published between 1952 and 1973 were located that gave results which could be used to determine the effectiveness of color codes relative to various types of achromatic codes. Quantitative analyses of these results indicated that color may be a very effective performance factor under some conditions, but that it can be detrimental under others. Tentative conclusions about the nature of these conditions were derived from the results. A guide for design decisions and an indication of knowledge gaps are also provided.
Comparison of Computer-Generated and Simulated Motion Picture Displays in a Driving Simulation
Authors: Wierwille Walter W. , Fung Peter P.
Published: January 2017

An automotive driving simulator with a computer-generated display system, three axes of physical motion (roll, yaw, and lateral translation), sound, and vibration cues was used to investigate and compare human psychomotor response and vehicle response to different types of displays and motion cues. Subjects drove the simulator under four levels of displays; three being simulated preprogrammed motion picture displays (MPDS), one being the standard computer-generated display (CGDS). Motion and no-motion conditions were instituted at each display level. Each data run included lane-keeping and lane-changing tasks for various simulated highway conditions. During lane changes under MPDS conditions, both preprogrammed and nonpreprogrammed simulator conditions were examined. Seven dependent variables were used to measure performance.

Results of the experiment show that one level of the simulated preprogrammed MPDS produced performance similar to that of a CGDS in all seven measures, whereas the other levels differed significantly. This suggests that using a properly instrumented preprogrammed MPDS will not compromise experimental results for certain research and educational experiments, and that in many cases an economical simulation using an MPDS would be adequate.
Simulating Various Levels of Darkness with Light Attenuation Devices (LADs)
Authors: Bleda Paul R.
Published: January 2017

The feasibility of using light attenuation devices (LADs) to simulate night visibility during daylight for training night rifle marksmanship in the Army was investigated. Various illumination levels were produced by either different LAD filters having optical densities (o.d.) of 5.3, 5.0, and 4.5 or by various phases of the moon (i.e., new, quarter, and full). A total of 15 training companies (n = 1266 males and females) undergoing basic combat training first practiced and then fired for record at targets 25 m and 50 m away. Results for both simulated and actual darkness indicated that lower marksmanship accuracy was evidenced during the new moon and with the 5.3 o.d. filter than for the remaining moon phases and LAD filters. More important, though, was the finding that accuracy with the various density LADs closely approximated those observed during corresponding phases of actual moonlight. These findings suggest that LADs can be successfully applied as either an adjunct or substitute for actual night practice and testing.
Case–control study of risk factors for suicide attempts in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: Golshiri Parastoo , Akbari Mojtaba , Zarei Abbas
Published: January 2017

Background:

Suicide is an important, preventable, public health problem worldwide, caused by the interaction of numerous environmental, biological and psychosocial factors.

Aims:

This study aimed to identify the factors associated with suicidal attempts in Isfahan, Iran, in 2015.

Methods:

In this case–control study, 175 cases who committed suicide and were admitted to emergency services were compared with 175 controls selected among outpatients from the same hospital without any history of suicide attempt. Demographic, psychosocial, personality traits, religiosity, coping skills, stressful life events, socioeconomic status and psychiatric distress were compared between groups. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for suicide.

Results:

Marital status, education, socioeconomic status, psychological distress, perceived social support, stress coping strategies, personality, religious beliefs, stress life events and general health condition were significantly different between groups. The regression analysis revealed that perceived social support (odds ratio (OR) = 0.962, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94–0.984), religious beliefs (OR = 0.923, 95% CI: 0.867–0.984) and stressful life event (OR = 1.524, 95% CI: 1.251–1.856) were significantly associated with suicide attempts.

Conclusion:

Our finding showed that religious beliefs, perceived social support and stressful life events are the main factors associated with suicide attempts. So, positive strategies such as improvements in life skills to control stressful life events, religiosity and perceived social support can be used to control suicide attempts.
Social work value system in mainland China: Construction of a scale and value commitment assessment
Authors: Zhao Fang , Fu Fang , Yang Bingqian
Published: January 2017

This study aims to develop a scale for measuring professional social work values with particular relevance to the Chinese context. The Chinese social work values scale consists of five dimensions, including basic rights, social responsibility and justice, self-determination, mutual care, and potential for change. The findings of this study indicate that the Chinese social work value system has minor differences in specific constructs and in the ranking order of value dimensions from Western models. Empirical evidence further demonstrates that fair recognition is given to each dimension by Chinese social workers, though generally with less commitment to social work values.
Research Action in Many Worlds
Authors: Brown L. David
Published: January 2017

This autobiographical account describes the evolution of the author's research interests and methods of inquiry. Early life experiences at home, in school, and the Peace Corps are discussed in terms of their impact on his professional life. Initial research and consulting work as a graduate student raised issues that reappeared in the author's experiences as a young faculty member and later as a researcher and consultant in organizational aspects of social change and development in international settings. The following four concerns emerge as major themes of the author's life and work: social development and social justice; using action research to solve specific problems and develop new ideas; working at the interfaces among different groups, organizations, and cultures; and using multiple levels of analysis to understand social dynamics and problems.
Manuscripts in an Archive: Two Unpublished Rushdie Novels and a TV Script
Authors: Mishra Vijay
Published: January 2017

The article examines two unpublished novels and a TV script by Rushdie deposited in the Emory University Salman Rushdie Archive. Its aim is to offer an analysis of the contents of these unpublished works as well as to theorize their status with reference to fair copies of texts that do not have their corresponding published versions. Against Rushdie’s own declaration that these works were “garbage”, ephemeral material unworthy of circulation in the public domain, and certainly not useful to him as signposts of paths taken towards the composition of his more artistically accomplished works, the paper suggests unpublished fair copies have both intrinsic and textual value. As texts in potentia they require a theoretical model that would read them as text qua text and not as fair copies to be compared to their published versions.
Deglobalization and the Disintegration of the European News System, 1918–34
Authors: Casey Christopher A.
Published: January 2017

In the late-nineteenth century, the world's news was shared among three European news agencies. This cooperation created an efficient and organized system of information exchange that distributed news to newspapers around the world. But by the interwar period that system had fallen into disarray. News that had taken hours to make its way from Austria to Australia could now take weeks. The League of Nations attempted to reconstruct a global system of information exchange and to regulate communications systems and tariffs that impeded the flow of news and information. Those efforts, however, failed. This article explores the phenomenon of deglobalization by using the breakup of the European news agency cartel in the interwar period as a lens. It is the story of how the European continent, which had been the central hub of the global news network became increasingly isolated from the rest of the world more generally.
What Do National Flags Stand for? An Exploration of Associations Across 11 Countries
Authors: Becker Julia C. , Butz David A. , Sibley Chris G. , Barlow Fiona Kate , Bitacola Lisa M. , Christ Oliver , Khan Sammyh S. , Leong Chan-Hoong , Pehrson Samuel , Srinivasan Narayanan , Sulz Aline , Tausch Nicole , Urbanska Karolina , Wright Steven C.
Published: January 2017

We examined the concepts and emotions people associate with their national flag, and how these associations are related to nationalism and patriotism across 11 countries. Factor analyses indicated that the structures of associations differed across countries in ways that reflect their idiosyncratic historical developments. Positive emotions and egalitarian concepts were associated with national flags across countries. However, notable differences between countries were found due to historical politics. In societies known for being peaceful and open-minded (e.g., Canada, Scotland), egalitarianism was separable from honor-related concepts and associated with the flag; in countries that were currently involved in struggles for independence (e.g., Scotland) and countries with an imperialist past (the United Kingdom), the flag was strongly associated with power-related concepts; in countries with a negative past (e.g., Germany), the primary association was sports; in countries with disruption due to separatist or extremist movements (e.g., Northern Ireland, Turkey), associations referring to aggression were not fully rejected; in collectivist societies (India, Singapore), obedience was linked to positive associations and strongly associated with the flag. In addition, the more strongly individuals endorsed nationalism and patriotism, the more they associated positive emotions and egalitarian concepts with their flag. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Role of Hyperplasia of Gingival Lymphatics in Periodontal Inflammation
Authors: Papadakou P. , Bletsa A. , Yassin M.A. , Karlsen T.V. , Wiig H. , Berggreen E.
Published: January 2017

Lymphatic vessels are important for maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis and afferent antigen transport. In chronic inflammation, lymphangiogenesis takes place and is characterized by lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and lymphatic hyperplasia. Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) is the main known lymphangiogenic growth factor, and its expression is increased in periodontitis, a common chronic infectious disease that results in tissue destruction and alveolar bone loss. The role of lymphangiogenesis during development of periodontitis is unknown. Here, we test if transgenic overexpression of epithelial VEGFC in a murine model is followed by hyperplasia of lymphatic vessels in oral mucosa and if the lymphatic drainage capacity is altered. We also test if lymphatic hyperplasia protects against periodontal disease development. Transgenic keratin 14 (K14)–VEGFC mice had significant hyperplasia of lymphatics in oral mucosa, including gingiva, without changes in blood vessel vasculature. The basal lymph flow was normal but slightly lower than in wild-type mice when oral mucosa was challenged with lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Under normal conditions, K14-VEGFC mice exhibited an increased number of neutrophils in gingiva, demonstrated enhanced phagocyte recruitment in the cervical lymph nodes, and had more alveolar bone when compared with their wild-type littermates. After induction of periodontitis, no strain differences were observed in the periodontal tissues with respect to granulocyte recruitment, bone resorption, angiogenesis, cytokines, and bone-related protein expressions or in draining lymph node immune cell proportions and vascularization. We conclude that overexpression of VEGFC results in hyperplastic lymphatics, which do not enhance lymphatic drainage capacity but facilitate phagocyte transport to draining lymph nodes. Hyperplasia of lymphatics does not protect against development of ligature-induced periodontitis.
Impact of Coaching on Preservice Teachers’ Use of Embedded Instruction in Inclusive Preschool Classrooms
Authors: Rakap Salih
Published: January 2017

The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of training plus coaching on special education preservice teachers’ use of embedded instruction learning trials (EILTs) within ongoing activities of inclusive preschool classrooms. A multiple baseline across participants design was used to investigate the relationships between coaching and preservice teachers’ implementation of EILTs across settings and over time. Corollary relationships between preservice teachers’ implementation and child learning outcomes were also examined. Results indicate training plus coaching is an effective method for increasing preservice teachers’ use of EILTs. Preservice teachers generalized their use of EILTs to another setting and maintained their use during follow-up sessions conducted 1 to 8 weeks after coaching ended. Moreover, as preservice teachers’ accuracy of implementing EILTs increased, percentage of children’s correct responding increased. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
“Gandhiji, I Have no Homeland”: Cosmopolitan Insights from BR Ambedkar, India’s Anti-Caste Campaigner and Constitutional Architect
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: January 2017

While the domestic political and legal thought of BR Ambedkar—champion of India’s Dalits, shaper of its constitution and frequent critic of Mohandas Gandhi—has gained increasing notoriety, the international dimensions of his work have received relatively little attention. Ambedkar, in fact, staked out a distinctively universalistic approach to democratic citizenship and legitimacy which has important connections to and can inform current cosmopolitan dialogue. He rejected uncritical loyalty to the state, and he criticized presumptions of unity within states, arguing that foreigners’ support for the self-determination of an “Indian people” would merely perpetuate caste oppression within the country. The latter argument provides a significant challenge to some recent nationalist and moderate cosmopolitan accounts, which reject some comprehensive universal rights claims, or suprastate political structures to support them, in the name of respecting a state’s domestic culture. Furthermore, Ambedkar’s thought on promoting democratic unity across linguistically and culturally diverse political units, as well as on pursuing domestic rights protections through suprastate institutions, offer valuable insights for the development of participation and accountability practices beyond the state.