bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Cropsey's World: Joseph Cropsey and the Tradition of Political Philosophy
Authors: Smith Gregory Bruce
Published: August 2009

Throughout his corpus, Joseph Cropsey reflects upon the tradition of political philosophy. Those reflections can be fruitfully approached under four headings. First, Cropsey questions the nature and origins of political philosophy as well as its cosmological or metaphysical foundations. Second, Cropsey questions the customary periodizations of the tradition of political philosophy. He especially questions the usefulness of the ancients-moderns distinction. Third, Cropsey reflects upon the relation between the tradition of political philosophy and concrete political life past and present. In the process, he tries to show the ways in which comprehensive constellations of ideas work their way into and inform everyday life. Fourth, Cropsey reflects upon the nature of the American regime and its prospects for the future. Throughout, it becomes clear that Cropsey has engaged in an ongoing dialogue with his mentor Leo Strauss. Finally, it also becomes clear, contrary to recent assertions made in response toPlato's World, that Cropsey engages in a series of subtle critiques of Nietzschean and Heideggerian historicism and thereby of contemporary postmodernism as well.
Meeting Jacques Maritain
Authors: Ward Leo R.
Published: August 2009

There were and still are several ways of meeting — getting acquainted with, knowing — the philosopher Jacques Maritain, the centenary of whose birth is this year. We could consult people who knew him, heard him lecture and hobnobbed with him; we could read his voluminous letters to and from Yves Simon, letters to which we hope the public will soon have access; and we might ask him what he meant by “Christian philosophy,” a key concept in many of his sixty published books.
Religion and the Limits of Limited Government
Authors: Hancock Ralph C.
Published: August 2009

A reflection on the meaning of limited government illuminates both its theoretical limits or boundaries and its practical limitations. The full rationality of the Lockean argument for narrowing the scope of politics to bodily self-interest may be questioned from two apparently opposite standpoints: because of its aggressive materialism or because it seems to rest upon a distinctly Christian dichotomy between spiritual and secular concerns. This paradox is further represented in the religious liberalism of the American Revolution, and a consideration of Calvin's theology suggests that this spiritual secularism is not simply an eighteenth-century confusion, but may derive from a radicalization of the Christian idea of transcendence. Thus both religious and secular sources of the ideal of limited government rest on unlimited claims for the unity of private self-preservation and universal Truth. This faith does not, however, exhaust the meaning of the Founding.
The Protection of Human Rights in British State Practice
Authors: Schwarzenberger Georg
Published: August 2009

The international protection of human rights has in recent years become a prominent topic in the literature on international law and on the agenda of international conferences. The explanation for this is not far to seek. The experiences of two world wars and the ‘oppression of dictators’ would in themselves be sufficient reasons for such interest. Re-assertion of the inalienable rights of man serves as a reminder of the truth that man is not meant to be merely a means to the attainment of transient ends. Though the academic character of the many schemes propounded is only too apparent, they evoke sympathy; for they voice widely-felt anxiety over the ever-increasing pressure of organized groups upon the individual, the ultimate basis of life in national and international society. Charters of human rights, suitably formulated in the abstract, have also an undeniable utility value in war and peace. They provide a convenient common denominator for allies who are primarily united in negatives, that is to say, by common enmity towards their adversaries. Once victory has eliminated the unifying element, the functions of such wartime ideologies change. They become ‘artillery of popular excitation’ in the peacetime struggles of world power politics and, like religion in former times, a ‘cloak to shadow divers factious designes.’
The Soviet Concept of Satellite States
Authors: Yakobson Sergius
Published: August 2009

Is there a clear-cut Soviet concept of satellite states? Apparently not, for, from the official Soviet point of view a satellite state east of the Iron Curtain is an anomaly: ca n'existe pas. The very idea, the Soviets would have us believe, is an aberration, a falsification concocted, to use the Communist jargon, by the “ideological armbearers of the American monopolists and imperialists.” Unfortunately, this stand is not corroborated by facts. It is for us in the Western world as well as for the millions of private, honest citizens in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe that the existence of satellite states behind the Iron Curtain means a most disquieting and indeed a sinister reality.

The term “satellite state” is first of all a question of political semantics. If one consults the records of the United Nations Commission which has just completed its work on the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” he can readily appreciate the polarity between our approach and that of the Soviet camp to a whole register of political definitions.
U. S. Foreign Policy and the Soviet Satellites
Authors: Neumann Robert G.
Published: August 2009

The term “satellite” clearly indicates a relationship of inequality and dependence between master and “follower” states. It stands to reason, therefore, that dealings with the present satellite states in Eastern Europe cannot be viewed in the same light as relations with completely independent nations, but must be considered special problems within the general field of American-Soviet relations.

It is one of the ironies of history that of all the belligerent nations of World War II the civilian-minded United States alone fought the war in almost exclusively military terms, concentrating her efforts on victory in the field of batde and giving scant attention to the post-war constellations. In line with this short-range attitude, the United States supported two principal political concepts with regard to Eastern and South Eastern Europe. She clearly recognized that the Soviet Union had a right to have friendly governments along her frontier, that is, governments which would not permit their countries to become avenues of aggression against the Soviet Union.
Newman: The Limits of Certitude
Authors: O'Connell Marvin R.
Published: August 2009

“What then does Dr. Newman mean?” The question was Charles Kingsley's, the title of his maladroit little pamphlet which provoked from Newman the stunning thunderbolt of theApologia. That was in 1864, but the same question, free of Kingsley's tone of baffled and outraged masculinity, had been asked many times before that date. Indeed, suspicion of Newman's gorgeously serpentine prose, and so of the man himself, ran like a dark thread through Newman's Anglican and Catholic careers. Typical was the censure in 1841 of Newman's Tract Ninety by the University of Oxford's Board of Heads of Houses, which declared the tract “evaded rather than explained the sense of the Thirty-nine Articles and reconciled subscription to them with the adoption of errors which they were designed to counteract.” And 18 years later, when Newman, now a Catholic, published an article called “On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Doctrine,” an English bishop formally denounced it in Rome as “sophistical and dishonest,” while the premier English Catholic theologian termed it “the most alarming phenomenon of our times.”
The Helmsman and the Swindlers: Notes on the Passing of the “Era of Mao Tse-tung”
Authors: Moody Peter R.
Published: August 2009

King Hsuan of Ch'u said to his ministers: “I have heard that the people in the north fear Chao Hsi-hsu. Why is this?” None of his ministers could answer. Then Chiang I said: “The tiger feeds on the hundred beasts. One day the tiger caught a fox. The fox said: ‘Your honor dare not eat me. God has made me the strongest of the animals, and were you to eat me, you would violate the law of God. If you don't believe me, let me walk before you. Follow along, and you will see that none of the animals dare do anything but run away when they see me coming.’ The tiger agreed, and walked behind the fox; and, indeed, the other beasts all fled. The tiger did not realize that it was he the hundred beasts feared, but thought it was the fox. Now the king controls 5,000 square miles of territory and has a million men under arms. But all of this has been entrusted to Chao Hsi-hsu. The northerners fear Hsi-hsu, but what they really fear are the king's armed men—just as the hundred beasts feared the tiger.”
The Political Philosophy of F. D. Roosevelt: A Challange to Scholarship
Authors: Rossiter Clinton L.
Published: August 2009

The flood of Roosevelt books sweeps on, bursting the dikes of literary convention. There is nothing to compare with it in all our intellectual history. Frances Perkins, Mike Reilly, Jay Franklin, Louis Adamic, Merriman Smith, Elliott Roosevelt, Henrietta Nesbitt, Robert E. Sherwood (vice Harry Hopkins), and Admiral Mclntire are some of the celebrated members of the inner and outer Roosevelt circle unable to resist the pleas of their consciences or agents to “write a book, just a little book” about the old master. Morgenthau, Byrnes, Farley, Hull, Garner, Ickes, and Stimson have likewise succumbed; the only authentic attraction of most of their Confessions is the author's version of “Life with Roosevelt.” Charles A. Beard, George Morgenstern, John T. Flynn, and others have filed their dissenting opinions. And still the high-water mark is not in sight. The day must surely come, if our forests hold out, when Roosevelt will have a, bibliography as long and detailed as Lincoln's, probably even longer, since the sources will be so much more plentiful and nearer to the surface. Fifty years from now our libraries will be choked with one, two, four, six, and twelve volume “definitive” biographies of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and with countless bright little books bearing transcribed Lincoln titles—The Hidden Roosevelt, The Real Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt as a Man of Letters, The Personal Finances of Franklin D. Roosevelt, They Knew Roosevelt, and The Women in Roosevelt's Life—all contributed by home-grown Roosevelt scholars. We may even have a Franklin D. Roosevelt Quarterly.
Response
Authors: Fortin Ernest L.
Published: August 2009

Professor Goerner has little or nothing to say about my critical assessment of John Finnis's book, in which I take it he concurs. His main concern is with some incidental remarks that I was led to make regarding the much debated and still unresolved question of the “naturalness” of the natural law as Thomas Aquinas understood it. The purpose of these remarks was twofold. First, since I had raised doubts about the theoretical viability of the modern rights doctrine, I did not wish to leave the reader with the impression that I was advocating a pure and simple return to the old natural law theory, which, although more adequate, is not without serious difficulties of its own.
France Faces Germany
Authors: de Gandillac Maurice
Published: August 2009

As weak as France may be among the Great Powers the world is still interested in our reactions, our desires, our resentments, our hopes, sometimes even in our plans in the way one politely questions old ladies who have recently held positions of the first importance. Regarding what Jules Romains used to call before the war the “French-German couple”—a couple which hardly knows more than the sadistic and masochistic forms of love—the simple geographical situation of the two countries justifies, better than any vain politeness, the more or less anxious curiosity of our foreign friends. Among the immediate neighbors of Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia are too closely bound today to Russia to consider their policy independently of the general problem which the immediate or future plans of the new Russia present. Denmark, Holland, and Belgium can timidly demand modest “frontier rectifications”; for none of these involves territories of importance to the economic or political equilibrium of Germany. Besides, it seems, rightly or wrongly, that these little nations have definitely chosen the road of the “Western bloc” while France tries with an unequal success to navigate alone among the broad currents which clash in the world ocean.
Hegel's Occasional Writings: State and Individual
Authors: Steinberger Peter J.
Published: August 2009

Perhaps the most basic and enduring theme in political philosophy is that which concerns the inherent tension between individual values and social values. Indeed, the task of reconciling, in thought, the individual and social is virtually a definition of political philosophy. Of course, in much secondary work, and some primary work as well, this basic task often gets lost in a maze of more particular considerations, including the analysis of moral principles and the elaboration of special institutional arrangements or particular causal patterns. Nonetheless, major theorists, virtually without exception, have recognized that the basic individual values (e.g., freedom, privacy, personal morality) may well be politically undesirable and, similarly, that the requirements of political life (e.g., order, obedience, ethical behavior) may significantly compromise individual goals.
After Forty Years: Notre Dame and The Review of Politics
Authors: Stritch Thomas
Published: August 2009

The Review of Politics, which with this issue closes its fortieth year of publication, bears an interesting and faintly exotic relationship to the modern history of Notre Dame and of the Church. At first glance nothing could seem further from what many regarded as the somnolent provincialismof a Midwest Catholic college than the background and career of the founding editor of The Review, Waldemar Gurian. Had Notre Dame been the offspring of a small and youthful religious sect, there could have been no Gurian and no Review. What helped to make both possible was the universal Church, more especially the Church of the Western world. Many observers thought the universal Church itself steeped in somnolent, albeit worldwide provincialism. But the fact is that the Church was, in the 1930's, stirring with change, change which reflected and in turn influenced changes in the intellectual temper of the secular world.
Peacemaking on the Dark Side of the Moon: Hungary 1943–1947
Authors: Kertesz Stephen D.
Published: August 2009

At the close of hostilities geography proved decisive in the mis-fortune of Hungary, a country that had been in the inner circle of the German power sphere. From this came the basic problem of Hungarian diplomacy—attempting to preserve Hungarian independence in an almost impossible situation. None of the Axis satellites was in so precarious a position. The peripheral location of Italy, Finland, Rumania and Bulgaria made possible their early surrender, but events in Hungary inevitably turned out differently. Hungary could hardly succeed in changing sides during the war. She did not enjoy the trust of the Germans, her supposed partners. She did not enjoy much sympathy in the West. And she was positively disliked by the Russians. Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden said to President Franklin D. Roosevelt that he “thought Stalin would want to be pretty arbitrary about Hungary.”
Politics, Markets and Rationalistic Imbroglios
Authors: Wade L. L.
Published: August 2009

A muddy pool, it is said, can pretend to any depth, an observation applicable to much of the revisionist liberalism now widespread in the academy. Unable for ideological or prudential reasons to accept, say, a conservative, classically liberal, or Marxist critique of modern society, but increasingly uncomfortable with the failure, as it is viewed, of bourgeois democracy, neoliberal system-builders have sought a synthesis of the “best” elements of socialist economics (yielding equality) and market relations (efficiency) within a “genuinely” democratic framework. The publication of Charles E. Lindblom's Politics and Markets is as an important auspice of this trend. Recipient of the American Political Science Association's most prestigious book award and laudatory comment in the journals of opinion, the volume has also sparked reaction in business circles, as in the Mobil Oil advertisement which took issue with Lindblom's analysis of big business' “privileged position” in the governance of the world's polyarchies (i.e., the “crippled” democracies of North America, Western Europe, Japan and related systems).
Eduardo Frei Montalva (1911–1982)
Authors: Falcoff Mark
Published: August 2009

The unexpected death of former Chilean President Eduardo Frei Montalva in Santiago on 21 January 1982 had suddenly deprived his country and the international Christian Democratic movement of one of its firmest pillars – a force for justice, decency and order in Latin America and the world. At a time when the very profession of politics has fallen into a sort of fashionable disrepute throughout the democtatic world, and the notions of compromis, conciliation, and community seem less attraactive than ideological purification and a post-“political” order, men like Frei serve to remind us that there are alternatives, if we would but pursue them.
New Views on Metternich
Authors: Viereck Peter
Published: August 2009

In December 1950, at its annual meeting, the American Historical Association entitled one of its major topics of discussion: “New Views on Metternich.” Its choice of the word “new” certainly recalls, and possibly vindicates, a statement Metternich made well over a century ago: “In 100 years the historian will understand me better.”

New, views either on Metternich, or else on the entire Hapsburg empire, occur in such serious works of research, all published after World War II, as the following (to name just a few): Hannah Straus, Attitude of the Congress of Vienna Toward Nationalism (N. Y., 1949); Robert Kann, The Multinational Empire (N. Y., 1950); Walter Langsam, Francis the Good (N. Y., 1949); Jerome Blum, Noble Landowners and Agriculture in Austria, 1815–1848 (Baltimore, 1948); Golo Mann, Secretary of Europe (New Haven, 1946); Arnold Whitridge, Men in Crisis: The Revolutions of 1848 (N. Y., 1949); several monographs on Austria by R. John Rath in Journal of Modern History and Journal of Central European Affairs; Veit Valentin, The German People (N. Y., 1946).
The Year 1848 in German History: Reflections on a Centenary
Authors: Meinecke Friedrich
Published: August 2009

The popular uprising of the March Days of 1848 in Berlin, superficially viewed, remained an episode, and the men who were fighting for progress along various lines failed, and were bound to fail, in their aims. The German revolution, said Friedrich Engels in his instructive articles of 1851–52 (which he published in America above the signature of Karl Marx), was a necessity, but its temporary suppression was similarly unavoidable. We shall still have to substantiate this, but must turn our gaze first upon the Berlin revolution, and upon the positive comment which it may offer for our contemporary historical situation. Yet for this too it is necessary to search somewhat deeper.

We must set before ourselves today more sharply than before, the problem of critical alternatives in the history of Germany, in order to gain a deeper insight into the infinitely complex web of her dark destiny. The natural task of Germany in the nineteenth century was not only to achieve unification, but also to trasmute the existing authoritarian state (Obrigkeitsstadt) into commonwealth (Gemeinschaftsstaat). To that end, the monarchial-authoritarian structure had to be made elastic—if possible, through peaceful reform—so that the result would be an active and effective participation of all strata of society in the life of the state.
A Prophet in the Russian Wilderness: The Mission of Consul Felix Cole at Archangel, 1917–1919
Authors: Rhodes Benjamin D.
Published: August 2009

Two months before the Bolshevik Revolution, Felix Cole, a 29-year-old clerk at the American Embassy at Petrograd was promoted to vice-consul at frigid and remote Archangel. As the Allies, in the spring of 1918, began to advocate military intervention in North Russia, Cole came to a far different conclusion. In his view economic aid to the North, especially in foodstuffs, would do far more to maintain Allied influence than the use of force. However, Ambassador David R. Francis and his foreign service colleagues abruptly dismissed Cole's warnings against military intervention as being unworthy of serious consideration. Tragically for the 222 Americans who died in the resulting Anglo-American military expedition to Archangel, Cole was ignored when he predicted: “Intervention will begin on a small scale but with each step forward will grow in its demands for ships, men, money and materials.”
Augustin Cochin's L'Abolition de l'esclavage and the Emancipation Proclamation
Authors: Poinsatte Charles , Poinsatte Anne Marie
Published: August 2009

Ironically shortly before and after Lincoln proclaimed emancipation, the Great Emancipator received as much criticism as praise for what he did or did not do. This article examines how the 1861 award-winning L'Abolition de l'esclavage by Augustin Cochin helped persuade Americans and his fellow Frenchmen that the abolition of slavery was both morally and practically right. Cochin, the empirical moralist, had a deeper appreciation of Lincoln than many of the President's critics—on both sides of the Atlantic. The article also offers new material and insights on the relationship between French and American liberal thinkers during the Civil War.
Burke and Natural Rights
Authors: Kirk Russell
Published: August 2009

Edmund Burke was at once a chief exponent of the Ciceronian doctrine of natural law and a chief opponent of the “rights of man.” In our time, which is experiencing simultaneously a revival of interest in natural-law theory and an enthusiasm for defining “human rights” that is exemplified by the United Nations' lengthy declaration, Burke's view of the natural juridic order deserves close attention.

Unlike Bolingbroke and Hume, whose outward politics in some respects resembled the great Whig statesman's, Burke was a pious man. “The most important questions about the human race Burke answered … from the Church of England's catechism.” He takes for granted a Christian cosmos, in which a just God has established moral principles for man's salvation. God has given man law, and with that law, rights; such, succinctly, is Burke's premise in all moral and juridical questions.
The Jacobin Phrenzy: Federalism and the Menace of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity
Authors: Smelser Marshall
Published: August 2009

During the first years of the American federal republic, Europe was being overrun by French revolutionary forces and ideas. Nation after nation had fallen to the revolutionaries–first weakened by propaganda and subversive organizations, then subdued by soldiery, finally converted into subordinate allies. Watching these successes, some Americans feared that the Atlantic was too narrow to keep revolutionary arms and ideology away. Indeed, the ideology seemed already to permeate the country.

American relations with the successful French nation had become tense and strained shortly after France and Britain went to war in 1793. Many people thought the country had been needlessly endangered by mismanagement of our foreign relations in such a way as to antagonize an otherwise friendly French government. Others thought the United States had been imperilled by too great a toleration of pro-French and revolutionary elements among us, who concealed diabolical designs against American security underneath their very vocal admiration for liberty, equality, and fraternity.
The Theory of the State: Edmund Burke
Authors: Hutchins Robert M.
Published: August 2009

No Statesman ever insisted more often or more stoutly that he was a practical man than Edmund Burke. On almost every page of his writings he proclaims his distaste for theory and abstraction. But he could seldom leave a question without a fling at the theory of it. This was unfortunate, for his theoretical efforts, though often dazzling, were rarely convincing. The examination of the body of his doctrine on any subject, taken as a whole, is likely to leave the reader echoing the sentiments of Mr. Pitt, who said after looking through one of Burke's publications that it was like other rhapsodies from the same pen: he found in it much to admire and nothing to agree with.
Republican Ideals and Contemporary Realities
Authors: Geise Jack P.
Published: August 2009

Despite its enduring appeal, the republican vision of political life has been the subject of numerous recent criticisms. Both its relevance to an age of large-scale organizations and its desirability in an era which professes concern for individual autonomy has been questioned. However, a reconsideration of these challenges to republicanism suggests that they can be effectively met without sacrificing the core values of republicanism. Consequently, by adapting it to contemporary political realities the republican ideal can in fact serve as an apt antidote against many current political ills. Admittedly, though, any form of republicanism that is going to be viable today will assume a character at odds with either republicanism's classical or commercial modes.
Rethinking the Political: Some Heideggerian Contributions
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: August 2009

Recent literature on Heidegger concentrates heavily on his (temporary) involvement in or collusion with Nazi ideology and policies. Without belittling the gravity of the issue, this article shifts the focus somewhat by invoking a distinction which recently has emerged (or reemerged) in political thought: namely, the distinction between “politics” and “the political” or between politics viewed as partisan ideology or policy making, on the one hand, and politics seen as regime or paradigmatic framework, on the other. The main thesis of the article is that Heidegger's promising contributions to political theory are located on the level of ontology or paradigmatic framework rather than that of ideological partisanship. While not neglecting the dismal intrusions of the latter plane, the article probes Heideggerian cues for a “rethinking of the political” by placing the accent on four topical areas: first, the status of the subject or individual as political agent; second, the character of the political community, that is, of the polity or (in modern terms) the “state”; thirdly, the issue of cultural and political development or modernization; and finally, the problem of an emerging cosmopolis or world order beyond the confines of Western culture. In discussing these topics, an effort is made to disentangle Heidegger from possible misinterpretations and to indicate how, in each area, his thought pointed in the direction of an “overcoming” of Western political metaphysics.
Robert S. Brookings: The Man, the Vision and the Institution
Authors: Critchlow Donald T.
Published: August 2009

Contrary to those social scientists who posit a close relationship between corporate interests, the capitalist state, and the nonpartisan research establishment, this paper challenges the linkage thesis through an examination of the early history of the Brookings Institution. As the nation's oldest and most prestigious “think tank,” the Brookings Institution played a multidimensional role in the public policy process. Robert S. Brookings, the capitalist who founded the institution in the aftermath of World War I, played little role in the subsequent history of the institution. Instead, the less reform-minded professional social scientists who staffed the organization shaped the character of the institution. In their defense of the market economy, Brookings economists emerged as leading opponents of the new liberal state.
Preface to this Special Issue
Authors: Deutsch Kenneth L. , Nicgorski Walter
Published: August 2009

Interest in Leo Strauss has grown considerably since his death in 1973. His incisive commentaries on the great texts of the Western political tradition have contributed to the revival of scholarly attention to the quarrels between Athens and Jerusalem, poetry and philosophy, the ancients and the moderns, the philosopher and the city as well as to the crisis of liberal democracy. Strauss's teachings that bear on the problem of liberal education have encouraged many of his students and others to write and speak boldly about “the closing of the American mind.”
Philosophy and Law: Leo Strauss as a Student of Medieval Jewish Thought
Authors: Fradkin Hillel
Published: August 2009

Even a casual glance at the list of Leo Strauss's writings devoted in whole or in part to medieval Jewish texts is sufficient to make clear that in any ordinary sense he left a substantial legacy to this field of study. They include two books, Philosophy and Law and Persecution and the Art of Writing, the monograph length essay which serves as the introduction to the English translation of Maimonides' Guide of the Perplexed done by Shlomo Pines and a number of articles.

Moreover it is relatively clear that his study of these texts form an important part of his legacy as such. They remained important to his inquiries through his long scholarly career and do not belong only to one phase. Several of the articles devoted to such texts, he chose to republish in subsequent volumes concerned with major themes of his work. More important still, even towards the end of his life when his work was largely devoted to classical Greek texts, medieval Jewish texts continued to play some important role. The last work planned by Strauss, Studies on Platonic Philosophy, contains new, albeit short, treatments of Maimonides' Treatise on Logic and his Letter on Astrology which are the only essays first published in this book.
Communio Ecclesiology and Liberalism
Authors: Schindler David L.
Published: August 2009

I. I begin with a discussion of Father Michael Baxter's reflections on my Heart of the World, Center of the Church (HWCC). I am deeply grateful for the evident care and thoroughness with which he read the book, and can suggest here only the beginning of a reply to his serious questions.

Appropriately for the audience of the Review of Politics, Baxter develops his reflections mostly in terms of my argument regarding John Courtney Murray. Granting a basic validity to my critique of Murray, Baxter nonetheless argues that, in the end, my own constructive proposal “gets vague,” and he suspects that “it will turn out not to be substantially different from what has already been proposed by Murray and his successors.”
Powers of sequences and convergence of ergodic averages
Authors: FRANTZIKINAKIS N. , JOHNSON M. , LESIGNE E. , WIERDL M.
Published: August 2009

A sequence (sn) of integers is good for the mean ergodic theorem if for each invertible measure-preserving system (X,ℬ,μ,T) and any bounded measurable function f, the averages (1/N)∑ Nn=1f(Tsnx) converge in the L2(μ) norm. We construct a sequence (sn) which is good for the mean ergodic theorem but such that the sequence (s2n) is not. Furthermore, we show that for any set of bad exponents B, there is a sequence (sn) where (skn) is good for the mean ergodic theorem exactly when k is not in B. We then extend this result to multiple ergodic averages of the form (1/N)∑ Nn=1f1(Tsnx)f2(T2snx)⋯fℓ(Tℓsnx). We also prove a similar result for pointwise convergence of single ergodic averages.
Seed dormancy and germination of three herbaceous perennial desert ephemerals from the Junggar Basin, China
Authors: Tang An-jun , Tian Mei-hua , Long Chun-lin
Published: August 2009

The purpose of our study was to better understand seed germination ecology of the spring ephemeral herbaceous perennials,Ixiolirion tataricum,Tulipa iliensisandScorzonera pusilla, in the temperate desert in the Junggar Basin of northwestern China. Seeds ofI. tataricum,T. iliensisandS. pusillawere dormant at maturity but when subjected to cold, dry (2 months at 4°C) followed by cold, wet ( ≤ 40 days at 4°C) conditions, they germinated to 100%, 96% and 93%, respectively. After 2 months' dry storage at 4°C, seeds germinated to only 11%, 3% and 42%, respectively at 15°C, and no seeds germinated at 30°C. Seeds of the three species were not sensitive to light. Low ( < 12.7%) and high (21.4%) soil moisture contents suppressed germination. In addition, both final germination percentages and rates of the three species decreased dramatically with a decrease in water potential from 0 to − 3.17 MPa. Thus, the low-temperature requirement for dormancy break and germination cues seed germination to occur in early spring when soil moisture is favourable for germination and subsequent seedling establishment.
THE FACE OF A MUSICAL GENIUS: THOMAS HARDY'S PORTRAIT OF JOSEPH HAYDN
Authors: DAVISON ALAN
Published: August 2009

Haydn's first visit to England in 1791 was accompanied by a publicity war waged between his supporters and detractors. The composer's friends were keen to present him as a musical genius while at the same time defending him against what they saw as reactionary criticisms over rules and taste. One such defence was in the form of a portrait by Thomas Hardy, probably the most famous image of the composer. While readily considered today as a matter-of-fact representation of an urbane Georgian gentleman, the portrait is in fact a sophisticated response to contemporary arguments surrounding Haydn, and presents him as an inventive genius of taste and judgment. By the manipulation of portrait conventions, Hardy created a visual representation of the composer analogous to written accounts by supporters such as Charles Burney. Haydn is shown as a man confident in his contribution to musical posterity, and the image reinforces advice from the time that repeated listening to and study of his music was required properly to appreciate it. The portrait has lost its original force as conceptions of genius changed from the early nineteenth century, reflecting a shift in the aesthetics of both music and visual art.
RECONSIDERING AN EARLY EXOTICISM: VIENNESE ADAPTATIONS OF HUNGARIAN-GYPSY MUSIC AROUND 1800
Authors: MAYES CATHERINE
Published: August 2009

Westernized Hungarian-Gypsy music (or the so-called style hongrois) has invariably been described as exotic. Although such a characterization is appropriate for later nineteenth-century compositions, I argue that it is inadequate for many of the earliest Viennese adaptations of Hungarian-Gypsy music. I focus in particular on representative examples from the sphere of Hausmusik, in which early adaptations were most numerous, yet which has received the least scholarly attention. Although these adaptations evoke a foreign place and foreign people through their descriptive titles, they are not, in most instances, exotic in style.
«work & care» – Erwerbstätigkeit und Pflege vereinbaren: Literaturstudie zu Herausforderungen für pflegende Angehörige, Betriebe und ­professionelle Pflege
Authors: Bischofberger Iren , Lademann Julia , Radvanszky Andrea
Published: August 2009

Im deutschsprachigen Europa mangelt es an Konzepten zur Vereinbarkeit von Erwerbstätigkeit und familialer Pflege. Allerdings steigt die Relevanz, weil Frauen zunehmend erwerbstätig sind und damit über weniger Zeitressourcen für die von ihnen traditionell übernommene häusliche Pflege verfügen. Für die professionelle Pflege bringt die Thematik insofern Herausforderungen, als erwerbstätige pflegende Angehörige noch stärker als nicht berufstätige auf integrierte und koordinierte Versorgungsangebote angewiesen sind. In der Literaturanalyse geht es darum, den Diskussionsstand zu «work & care» und die Relevanz für die professionelle Pflege im deutschsprachigen Raum zu präsentieren. Nach einer Darstellung der pflegerischen Herausforderungen und der methodischen Vorgehensweise folgen Daten zur Prävalenz, die bislang erst unscharf berechnet werden konnten. Aufgrund der identifizierten Risiken und Ressourcen, die aus der Vereinbarung von beruflichen und pflegerischen Tätigkeit hervorgehen, werden Strategien und Angebote von Betrieben untersucht. Auf dieser Grundlage werden erste Überlegungen angestellt, welche Lösungsszenarien und innovativen Angebote die professionelle Pflege (mit)entwickeln sollte.
High‐frequency field strength prediction for ionospheric propagation at short‐ and medium‐range radio paths
Authors: Barabashov B. G. , Anishin M. M. , Pelevin O. Y.
Published: August 2009

A precise method of predicting high‐frequency propagation characteristics in magneto active spatially nonuniform ionosphere is described. The method is designed for planning and operating radio communication links ranging 50 … 6000 km at 2.0 … 30.0 MHz. For various seasons and sunspot numbers, the method is shown to be experimentally verified for short paths which constitute the most complex conditions for propagation. In experimental testing the method features prediction error comparable with instrumental error of about 2…3 dB.
Signature of cryptic sedimentary basin inversion revealed by shale compaction data in the Irish Sea, western British Isles
Authors: Holford Simon P. , Turner Jonathan P. , Green Paul F. , Hillis Richard R.
Published: August 2009

Inversion is one of the most common modes of intraplate deformation and a primary mechanism of sedimentary basin exhumation. The key criterion for identification of basin inversion is the contractional reactivation of extensional faults. Reverse displacement associated with inversion is focused along the upper segments of faults, so the evidence for inversion may be removed in deeply exhumed basins. We believe this is the case in the Irish Sea, western British Isles. Previous authors have attributed the severe exhumation of this basin to plume‐related uplift and have ruled out inversion as a cause of uplift. We present a method for identifying tectonic inversion in a basin where exhumation has removed evidence of reverse displacement on the upper segments of faults. We utilize compaction‐based mapping of erosion patterns recorded by anomalously high sonic velocities in Upper Triassic shales. We show that the amount of section removed during exhumation in the Irish Sea varies between 1.3 and 3.3 km and that exhumation patterns are markedly heterogeneous. Neither the heterogeneity of exhumation nor its focusing over hanging wall blocks of major faults is consistent with solely plume‐related uplift, and we believe that our results record cryptic basin inversion that is superimposed on epeirogenic exhumation (some of which may be plume related). The direct evidence for this inversion has been removed because erosion has proceeded beneath the null lines of reactivated faults, and we propose erosion of reactivated fault segments as one of the major reasons why shortening is frequently underestimated in inverted basins.
Mineral content analysis of atmospheric dust using hyperspectral information from space
Authors: Chudnovsky A. , Ben‐Dor E. , Kostinski A. B. , Koren I.
Published: August 2009

The Bodélé depression of northern Chad is considered one of the world's largest sources of atmospheric mineral dust. Mineral composition of such transported dust is essential to our understanding of climate forcing, mineralogy of dust sources, aerosol optical properties, and mineral deposition to Amazon forests. In this study we examine hyperspectral information acquired over the Bodélé by EO‐1 Hyperion satellite during a dust storm event and during a calm clean day. We show that, for the suspended dust, the absorption signature can be decoupled from scattering, allowing detection of key minerals. Our results, based on the visible and shortwave infrared hyperspectral data, demonstrate that the Bodélé surface area is composed of iron‐oxides, clays (kaosmectite) and sulfate groups (gypsum). Atmospheric dust spectra downwind of Bodélé reveal striking differences in absorption signatures across shortwave infrared from those of the underlying surface.
European climate variations over the past half‐millennium reconstructed from groundwater
Authors: Corcho Alvarado J. A. , Barbecot F. , Purtschert R. , Gillon M. , Aeschbach‐Hertig W. , Kipfer R.
Published: August 2009

Temperature reconstructions for recent centuries are the basis of estimations of the natural variability in the climate system before and during the onset of anthropogenic perturbation. Here we present, for the first time, an independent and physically based reconstruction of mean annual temperature over the past half millennium obtained from groundwater in France. The reconstructed noble gas temperature (NGT) record suggests cooler than present climate conditions throughout the 16th–19th centuries. Periods of warming occur in the 17th–18th and 20th century, while cooling is reconstructed in the 19th century. A noticeable coincidence with other temperature records is demonstrated. Deuterium excess varies in parallel with the NGT, and indicates variation in the seasonality of the aquifer recharge; whereas high excess air in groundwater indicates periods with high oscillations of the water table.
Interplanetary dust distribution and temporal variability of Mercury's atmospheric Na
Authors: Kameda Shingo , Yoshikawa Ichiro , Kagitani Masato , Okano Shoichi
Published: August 2009

The interplanetary dust (IPD) distribution in the inner solar system is not yet well understood because of lack of direct dust measurements in the inner solar system and so one needs to rely on zodiacal light observations that are difficult to interpret. Mercury has an unstable atmosphere, and the source processes of Na in its atmosphere are unclear. Results of past observations have revealed that the atmospheric Na density has no or low correlation with the solar flux, sunspot number, heliocentric distance, or solar radiation pressure. We show that the variability of Mercury's atmospheric Na density depends strongly on the IPD distribution. That is, Na density is low (high) when Mercury is far away from (close to) the symmetry plane of IPD, and so one can infer the IPD distribution near Mercury orbit from the temporal variability of Na density in Mercury's atmosphere.
Heating rates and surface dimming due to black carbon aerosol absorption associated with a major U.S. city
Authors: Schwarz J. P. , Stark H. , Spackman J. R. , Ryerson T. B. , Peischl J. , Swartz W. H. , Gao R. S. , Watts L. A. , Fahey D. W.
Published: August 2009

In situ airborne measurements of actinic flux and the mass and mixing state of individual refractory black carbon (BC) particles were made in the lower troposphere around a major U.S. metropolitan area. These data were used to estimate atmospheric heating rates and surface dimming due to absorption of solar radiation by refractory BC. Direct absorption by ozone is also calculated and averages 10% of that of BC below 4 km but becomes dominant above this altitude. Variability in BC absorption is large due to source variability and clouds. Average BC heating rates are much smaller than those associated with BC and other absorbing aerosol components in global hotspot regions. These results, which are specific to refractory BC absorption, will help determine the value of short‐term climate‐change mitigation strategies involving BC emission reductions. They may also be used to estimate refractory BC contributions to total aerosol absorption.
Tidal mixing and the Meridional Overturning Circulation from the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Green J. A. Mattias , Green Clare L. , Bigg Grant R. , Rippeth Tom. P. , Scourse James D. , Uehara Katsuto
Published: August 2009

Using a global tidal model it is shown that the supply of tidal energy to the deep ocean was larger during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 18,000–22,000 years BP). The results were used to modify the rate of vertical mixing in a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model set up for the present and LGM oceans. The increased levels of mechanical energy during the LGM were countered by a fresher upper North Atlantic, which led to a reduced circulation and deep water formation in spite of a trebling of the implicit mixing energy. This identifies the significance of accurately representing vertical mixing in climate models to estimate the recovery time‐scales and timings of rapid catastrophic paleoceanographic events. From the estimated levels of implicit energy in the vertical mixing scheme an amendment to diffusivity based mixing schemes is suggested.
Sensitivity of inverse estimation of 2004 elemental carbon emissions inventory in the United States to the choice of observational networks
Authors: Hu Yongtao , Napelenok Sergey L. , Odman M. Talat , Russell Armistead G.
Published: August 2009

Choice of observational networks for inverse re‐estimation of elemental carbon (EC) emissions in the United States impacts results. We convert the Thermal Optical Transmittance (TOT) EC measurements to the Thermal Optical Reflectance (TOR) equivalents to make full utilization of available networks in inverse modeling of EC using regional air quality model. Results show that using the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network gives significantly lower emissions estimate compared to using the Speciation Trends Network (STN) and other networks or using all available networks together. The re‐estimate obtained by using IMPROVE sites alone made overall model performance worse compared to the bottom‐up estimate of EC emissions, while both re‐estimates, using STN (and others) sites and using all sites together, significantly improved the performance, showing higher robustness. Further analysis suggests that site density with respect to geographical location (downwind of source) impacts the robustness of a network's inverse re‐estimate.
Relationship between electrojet current strength and ELF signal intensity in modulated heating experiments
Authors: Jin G. , Spasojevic M. , Inan U. S.
Published: August 2009

The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) facility is used to generate waves in the extremely low frequency (ELF) range via modulated HF heating of the ionosphere. This HF heating modulates the electron temperature in the D region ionosphere and leads to modulated conductivity and a time‐varying current which then radiates at the modulation frequency. We investigate the relationship between the intensity of the HAARP‐generated ELF signal and the strength of the east‐west component of the auroral electrojet as measured by a ground‐based magnetometer. We find that under all magnetic conditions, HAARP can generate ELF radiation detectable 37 km away with 73% of tones having an amplitude exceeding 0.15 pT. While strong ELF amplitudes (>1.5 pT) were most common during an enhanced electrojet, a weak electrojet can also support equally high ELF amplitudes. The relative change in ELF amplitude per unit change in electrojet current strength is inversely proportional to the absolute current strength. We interpret the dynamic relationship between ELF amplitude and electrojet current strength in terms of the time‐variable ionospheric parameters and HF heating efficiency.
All-electron density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory with high-order finite elements
Authors: Lehtovaara Lauri , Havu Ville , Puska Martti
Published: August 2009

We present for static density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory calculations an all-electron method which employs high-order hierarchical finite-element bases. Our mesh generation scheme, in which structured atomic meshes are merged to an unstructured molecular mesh, allows a highly nonuniform discretization of the space. Thus it is possible to represent the core and valence states using the same discretization scheme, i.e., no pseudopotentials or similar treatments are required. The nonuniform discretization also allows the use of large simulation cells, and therefore avoids any boundary effects.