bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tourism, Environment, and Development on the Inca Trail
Authors: Maxwell Keely
Published: January 2012

This article shows how tourism has shaped Latin American environments by constructing touristic landscapes, causing environmental impacts, and affecting environmental problem solving. The author utilizes written records and interviews to document the environmental history of the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu. The transformation of the Inca Trail from overgrown path to global hiking destination began in the early twentieth century. Foreign and Peruvian scientific expeditions socially constructed the trail as natural and cultural heritage. State and corporate actors sought to advance regional and national development via tourism. In Machu Picchu and the Inca Trail, this took the form of archaeological restoration and tourism infrastructure to showcase Cusco’s heritage and modernity. Backpacking guidebooks and trekking operators helped internationalize the trail in the 1970s. By the late 1990s, it had become an experiential pilgrimage for thousands of hikers. For state officials and tour agencies, it had become an environmental problem. In 2000, new regulations took measures to improve the trail’s environment and produce an aesthetic touristic landscape. The new rules also regimented commerce, labor, and trail users to promote tourism development. The author suggests new ways of conceiving heritage tourism and park policy as part of development as well as conservation.
The Rhythms of the Pachakuti: Brief Reflections Regarding How We Have Come to Know Emancipatory Struggles and the Significance of the Term Social Emancipation
Authors: Gutiérrez Raquel
Published: January 2012

This essay analyzes the events that occurred in Bolivia between 2000 and 2005. At that time, a powerful wave of mobilizations and uprisings opened up a space-time of Pachakuti. That is to say, it generated upheaval in a social system that, until then, had been accepted as normal and quotidian. It challenged the prerogative of a few men and women of a certain social status and ethnic background to rule and decide the fate and fortune of all others. Hundreds of collective actions of deliberation and decision making, community organizing, the construction of reciprocal trust, and the struggle and defense of the commons created situations that rendered visible, with the clarity that lightning offers in dark nights, the ethnic and social antagonisms that penetrate and fragment Bolivian society. This essay examines this visibility and how the growing collective rejection of the various mechanisms of political and social domination enabled the massive participation of thousands of men and women—organized in their communities, their unions, their local councils, their confederations and coalitions— to disrupt and change a whole set of oppressive and unjust social relations. In sum, Gutiérrez sets out to discern what this dawn of a season of Pachakuti might tell us about the possibilities of social emancipation today.
Caesarean section under local anaesthesia: back to basics
Authors: Shinde Ganesh , Sharma Neha , Jadhav Balaji , Jaisal Pooja
Published: January 2012

Caesarean section under local anaesthesia (CSLA) was performed on a patient with a diagnosis of gravida 2 para 1 living 1, with eight months amenorrhea and uncontrolled, refractory, complicated eclampsia with intrauterine fetal demise and a previous lower segment Caesarean section. As she was at very high risk (ASA Grade III) for main stream anaesthesia, i.e. general/regional, lidocaine (0.5%) was used. CSLA should not be seen as a primitive/retrograde step. Instead, it should be considered to be a life-saving procedure, especially for women in rural India. Anaesthetists are not dispensable but with them on standby one can avoid mainstream anaesthesia complications in high-risk patients.
Case Article—Quantifying Operational Risk in Financial Institutions
Authors: Keller Brian , Bayraksan Güzin
Published: January 2012

Risk management is essential in today's business environment for banks and other financial institutions to survive in highly competitive and volatile markets. As the subprime mortgage debacle of 2008 has shown us, risk management, or the lack thereof, affects more than just the individual institution. Hence, banks and other financial institutions are subject to frequent reviews by federal regulators. The regulatory reviews require that the institutions set aside capital (cash reserves) to offset the potential risk of loss that they face every day. This case study focuses on a large regional bank, for which we use the pseudonym A Bank, and guides students through developing a risk model for operational risk. The students develop their models using maximum likelihood estimation, goodness-of-fit testing, convolution of distributions, and order statistics. The pedagogical objectives of the case study include applying statistics to a real-world problem while establishing connections among statistics, optimization, and simulation. The case can be used in different disciplines such as engineering (e.g., an engineering statistics class) or business (e.g., a hybrid operations research/statistics MBA class or an elective class on quantitative finance) and for graduate or undergraduate education by changing the intensity of the technical skills required and by using a different mix of case documents.

Case Teaching Note: Interested Instructors please see the Instructor Materials page for access to the restricted materials. To maintain the integrity and usefulness of cases published in ITE, unapproved distribution of the case teaching notes and other restricted materials to any other party is prohibited.
Observing the implementation of a social experiment
Authors: Walker Robert , Hoggart Lesley , Hamilton Gayle
Published: January 2012

Large-scale, randomised social experiments remain rare in Britain despite random assignment being widely regarded as the gold-standard evaluative methodology. Random assignment involves randomly allocating potential programme recipients to one or more groups that receive a service and others that do not. One perceived impediment to randomised social experiments is the practical difficulty of implementing them in the field. This article reports on research on the implementation of the largest randomised social policy experiment yet undertaken in Britain – the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) evaluation. Such ‘evaluations of evaluations’ rarely have been done within randomised experiments, and the article highlights some of the tensions between operational realities and research ambitions in such experiments and suggests ways that researchers can attempt to resolve these tensions in the context of real-world programmes and institutions.
Developments within knowledge management and their relevance for the evidence-based movement
Authors: Sin Chih Hoong
Published: January 2012

Recent developments in knowledge management theories and practice yield a number of useful lessons for the evidence-based policy and practice movement more widely. Crucially, they draw attention to the need to appreciate individual- and organisational-level factors, and how these interact, in order to create more effective approaches towards the identification, generation and interpretation of evidence. Using the example of the Disability Rights Commission (DRC) in Britain, this article explores fledgling attempts at understanding and managing a range of codified and non-codified knowledge in mediating approaches towards evidence. It additionally demonstrates the need to appreciate the impact of organisational power relations in conditioning individual-level practice in evidence identification and use.
Being Spain in Brussels: Policy bureaucracy, agenda setting and negotiation in the EU policy process
Authors: GREER SCOTT , ALMAGRO MARÍA MARTÍN DE
Published: January 2012

Spanish bureaucracy is often said to be marked by poor coordination, poor information and inability to shape political agendas - but analyses of Spanish EU policy regularly present a list of its achievements. We focus on the 'policy bureaucracy' that monitors and acts on dossiers regardless
of their political priority, using one EU policy area: health care services policy. For almost the entire EU health care debate, Spain was uncoordinated and invested little in formulating its interests or shaping agendas. Spain's policy bureaucracy fits a country that wins amendments at late
stages, but does not engage early to shape policy outside its key priorities.
Base-Rate Information in Consumer Attributions of Product-Harm Crises
Authors: Lei Jing , Dawar Niraj , Gürhan-Canli Zeynep
Published: January 2012

Consumers spontaneously construct attributions for negative events such as product-harm crises. Base-rate information influences these attributions. The research findings suggest that for brands with positive prior beliefs, a high (vs. low) base rate of product-harm crises leads to less blame if the crisis is said to be similar to others in the industry (referred to as the “discounting effect”). However, in the absence of similarity information, a low (vs. high) base rate of crises leads to less blame toward the brand (referred to as the “subtyping effect”). For brands with negative prior beliefs, the extent of blame attributed to the brand is unaffected by the base-rate and similarity information. Importantly, the same base-rate information may have a different effect on the attribution of a subsequent crisis depending on whether discounting or subtyping occurred in the attribution of the first crisis. Consumers who discount a first crisis also tend to discount a second crisis for the same brand, whereas consumers who subtype a first crisis are unlikely to subtype again.
Optimal Encoding of Interval Timing in Expert Percussionists
Authors: Cicchini Guido Marco , Arrighi Roberto , Cecchetti Luca , Giusti Marco , Burr David C.
Published: January 2012

We measured temporal reproduction in human subjects with various levels of musical expertise: expert drummers, string musicians, and non-musicians. While duration reproduction of the non-percussionists showed a characteristic central tendency or regression to the mean, drummers responded veridically. Furthermore, when the stimuli were auditory tones rather than flashes, all subjects responded veridically. The behavior of all three groups in both modalities is well explained by a Bayesian model that seeks to minimize reproduction errors by incorporating a central tendency prior, a probability density function centered at the mean duration of the sample. We measured separately temporal precision thresholds with a bisection task; thresholds were twice as low in drummers as in the other two groups. These estimates of temporal precision, together with an adaptable Bayesian prior, predict well the reproduction results and the central tendency strategy under all conditions and for all subject groups. These results highlight the efficiency and flexibility of sensorimotor mechanisms estimating temporal duration.
Cortactin-Binding Protein 2 Modulates the Mobility of Cortactin and Regulates Dendritic Spine Formation and Maintenance
Authors: Chen Yi-Kai , Hsueh Yi-Ping
Published: January 2012

Dendritic spines, the actin-rich protrusions emerging from dendrites, are the locations of excitatory synapses in mammalian brains. Many molecules that regulate actin dynamics also influence the morphology and/or density of dendritic spines. Since dendritic spines are neuron-specific subcellular structures, neuron-specific proteins or signals are expected to control spinogenesis. In this report, we characterize the distribution and function of neuron-predominant cortactin-binding protein 2 (CTTNBP2) in rodents. An analysis of an Expressed Sequence Tag database revealed three splice variants of mouse CTTNBP2: short, long, and intron. Immunoblotting indicated that the short form is the dominant CTTNBP2 variant in the brain. CTTNBP2 proteins were highly concentrated at dendritic spines in cultured rat hippocampal neurons as well as in the mouse brain. Knockdown of CTTNBP2 in neurons reduced the density and size of dendritic spines. Consistent with these morphological changes, the frequencies of miniature EPSCs in CTTNBP2 knockdown neurons were lower than those in control neurons. Cortactin acts downstream of CTTNBP2 in spinogenesis, as the defects caused by CTTNBP2 knockdown were rescued by overexpression of cortactin but not expression of a CTTNBP2 mutant protein lacking the cortactin interaction. Finally, immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that, unlike cortactin, CTTNBP2 stably resided at dendritic spines even after glutamate stimulation. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching further suggested that CTTNBP2 modulates the mobility of cortactin in neurons. CTTNBP2 may thus help to immobilize cortactin in dendritic spines and control the density of dendritic spines.
Becoming Consistent: Developmental Reductions in Intraindividual Variability in Reaction Time Are Related to White Matter Integrity
Authors: Tamnes Christian K. , Fjell Anders M. , Westlye Lars T. , Østby Ylva , Walhovd Kristine B.
Published: January 2012

Cognitive development is known to involve improvements in accuracy, capacity, and processing speed. Less is known about the role of performance consistency, and there has been virtually no empirical examination of the neural underpinnings of within-person variability in development. In a sample of 92 healthy children and adolescents aged 8–19 years, we aimed to characterize age-related changes in trial-to-trial intraindividual variability (IIV) of reaction time (RT) and to test whether IIV is related to white matter (WM) integrity as indexed by diffusion tensor imaging. IIV was quantified as the SD of correct RTs in a speeded arrow flanker task, and Tract-Based Spatial Statistics was used to test relationships with diffusion characteristics. Large age-related reductions in IIV in both simple congruent trials and more complex incongruent trials were found. Independently of sex, age, and median RT (mRT), lower IIV was associated with higher fractional anisotropy and lower overall diffusivity. Effects were seen for IIV in one or both trial types in the corticospinal tract, the left superior longitudinal fasciculus, the uncinate fasciculus, the forceps minor, and in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum. There were no significant associations between mRT and any of the diffusion indices. The findings support the proposition that developmental reductions in IIV reflect maturation of WM connectivity and highlight the importance of considering within-person variability in theories of cognitive development and its neurobiological foundation.
Injury-Dependent Müller Glia and Ganglion Cell Reprogramming during Tissue Regeneration Requires Apobec2a and Apobec2b
Authors: Powell Curtis , Elsaeidi Fairouz , Goldman Daniel
Published: January 2012

Unlike mammals, adult zebrafish are able to regenerate multiple tissues including those of the CNS. In the zebrafish retina, injury stimulates Müller glia dedifferentiation into a multipotent retinal progenitor that is capable of regenerating all lost cell types. This dedifferentiation is driven by the reactivation of gene expression programs that share many characteristics with those that operate during early development. Although the mechanisms underlying the reactivation of these programs remain unknown, it is likely that changes in DNA methylation play a significant role. To begin investigating whether DNA demethylation may contribute to retina regeneration, we characterized the expression of genes associated with DNA demethylation in the uninjured and injured retina. We found that two cytidine deaminases (apobec2aandapobec2b) were expressed basally in the uninjured retina and that they were induced in proliferating, dedifferentiated Müller glia. The maximal induction ofapobec2brequired Ascl1a, but was independent of Lin28, and therefore defines an independent signaling pathway stemming from Ascl1a. Strikingly, when Apobec2a or Apobec2b was knocked down by antisense morpholino oligonucleotides, the proliferative response of Müller glia following injury was significantly reduced and injury-dependent induction ofascl1aand its target genes were inhibited, suggesting the presence of a regulatory feedback loop between Apobec proteins andascl1a. Finally, Ascl1a, Apobec2a and Apobec2b were found to be essential for optic nerve regeneration. These data identify an essential role for Apobec proteins during retina and optic nerve regeneration and suggest DNA demethylation may underlie the reprogramming of cells to mount a regenerative response.
Genetic Variants ofFOXP2andKIAA0319/TTRAP/THEM2Locus Are Associated with Altered Brain Activation in Distinct Language-Related Regions
Authors: Pinel Philippe , Fauchereau Fabien , Moreno Antonio , Barbot Alexis , Lathrop Mark , Zelenika Diana , Le Bihan Denis , Poline Jean-Baptiste , Bourgeron Thomas , Dehaene Stanislas
Published: January 2012

Recent advances have been made in the genetics of two human communication skills: speaking and reading. Mutations of theFOXP2gene cause a severe form of language impairment and orofacial dyspraxia, while single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within aKIAA0319/TTRAP/THEM2gene cluster and affecting theKIAA0319gene expression are associated with reading disability. Neuroimaging studies of clinical populations point to partially distinct cerebral bases for language and reading impairments. However, alteration ofFOXP2andKIAA0319/TTRAP/THEM2polymorphisms on typically developed language networks has never been explored. Here, we genotyped and scanned 94 healthy subjects using fMRI during a reading task. We studied the correlation of genetic polymorphisms with interindividual variability in brain activation and functional asymmetry in frontal and temporal cortices. InFOXP2, SNPs rs6980093 and rs7799109 were associated with variations of activation in the left frontal cortex. In theKIAA0319/TTRAP/THEM2locus, rs17243157 was associated with asymmetry in functional activation of the superior temporal sulcus (STS). Interestingly, healthy subjects bearing theKIAA0319/TTRAP/THEM2variants previously identified as enhancing the risk of dyslexia showed a reduced left-hemispheric asymmetry of the STS. Our results confirm that bothFOXP2andKIAA0319/TTRAP/THEM2genes play an important role in human language development, but probably through different cerebral pathways. The observed cortical effects mirror previous fMRI results in developmental language and reading disorders, and suggest that a continuum may exist between these pathologies and normal interindividual variability.
Simulationsbasierte Entwicklung von Sensoren
Authors: Kaltenbacher Manfred
Published: January 2012

Die Entwicklung von modernen Sensoren, insbesondere jene basierend auf MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) Technologien, erfordert die Verfügbarkeit von entsprechenden CAE (Computer Aided Enigineering) Werkzeugen, da die Herstellung von einzelnen Prototypen sehr kostenintensiv ist. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert den Einsatz von Netzwerkmethoden und Finiten-Elemente (FE) Methoden für die Entwicklung eines Silizium-Mikrofones und demonstriert die Wichtigkeit dieser Werkzeuge für einen effizienten Entwicklungsprozess.
Herstellung von Faser-Bragg-Gitter in hoch-doppelbrechenden Glasfasern
Authors: Jülich Florian , Koch Alexander W. , Roths Johannes
Published: January 2012

Die Verbreitung von Faser-Bragg-Gittern (FBG) als Sensoren zur Messung von Dehnung und Temperatur führt auch zu einem wachsenden Bedarf an hochgenauen Sensorelementen. Die hier präsentierte Studie zeigt die Grenzen der Standard-FBG-Sensoren (FBGS) auf und stellt ein Konzept für hoch genaue FBGS vor. FBG in hochdoppelbrechenden Glasfasern (HiBi) haben vielversprechende Eigenschaften, die eine höhere Genauigkeit als Standard-FBG ermöglichen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurden FBG in unterschiedlichen HiBi-Fasern eingeschrieben und die effektiven Brechungsindizes sowie die Doppelbrechung bestimmt. Diese Daten sind von großer Bedeutung für die reproduzierbare Herstellung von HiBi-FBG als hochgenaue Sensoren.
Crescimento e atividade de raízes de soja em função do sistema de produção
Authors: Pivetta Laércio Augusto , Castoldi Gustavo , Santos Gabriel Peixoto dos , Rosolem Ciro Antonio
Published: January 2012

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de culturas de inverno e de primavera no crecimento do sistema radicular e na produtividade da soja, e comparar um método direto (trado) com um indireto (com rubídio), na análise do sistema radicular. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelas culturas de inverno, triticale (X Triticosecale) e girassol (Helianthus annuus), e as subparcelas pelos culturas de primavera, milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), sorgo forrageiro (Sorghum bicolor) e crotalária júncea (Crotalaria juncea), além da escarificação, realizada em 2003 e 2009. A soja (Glycine max) foi cultivada no verão e seu sistema radicular foi avaliado por amostragem física das raízes, com trado, e por avaliação da atividade radicular com rubídio. Modificações na arquitetura ou na atividade do sistema radicular da soja não afetaram a produtividade. A distribuição física e a atividade radicular não foram afetados significativamente pelas espécies de inverno, mas o crescimento foi favorecido após o cultivo do milheto e do sorgo forrageiro, na primavera. A medida direta do sistema radicular com trado apresenta baixa correlação com a atividade radicular.
Mas eu fui uma estrela do futebol! As incoerências sociológicas e as controvérsias sociais de um militante sem-terra sul-africano
Authors: Rosa Marcelo C.
Published: January 2012

Este artigo procura analisar as histórias que se cruzam com o engajamento político de um militante do Landless Peoples Movement, na África do Sul contemporânea. Por meio do estudo da relação desta liderança com o movimento, com sua bandeira de luta e com outras dimensões de sua vida coletiva, procurarei discutir alguns dos desafios que as ciências sociais enfrentam quando buscam associar indivíduos e processos sociais. Com esta análise pretendo chamar a atenção para os limites dos estudos tradicionais sobre militantes políticos e para a necessidade de incorporação de perspectivas plurais no que tange à análise das ações coletivas por parte das ciências sociais.
Caracterização da matéria-prima cerâmica da Mina Tabajara (Limeira, SP)
Authors: Godoy L. H. , Moreno M. M. T. , Zanardo A.
Published: January 2012

O presente trabalho consiste no estudo das matérias-primas provenientes da Mina Tabajara (Limeira, SP), através da determinação das características químicas, físicas e mineralógicas, ensaios cerâmicos, métodos de controle, petrografia e influência do intemperismo, e em especial da mistura que vem sendo fornecida pela Mina para as indústrias da região. Esta foi elaborada a partir de tentativas e erros baseados na experiência dos ceramistas, o que despertou interesse no sentido de se averiguar os fatores que influenciam e/ou controlam seu comportamento. Individualmente as amostras representativas dos três níveis comercializados não apresentam resultados satisfatórios, ao contrário da mistura. Na mistura, os grãos mais grosseiros da amostra da porção do meio do perfil (L2; 20%) são acomodados na matriz formada pelo material da base (L1; 70%), e parte dos interstícios remanescentes são preenchidos por partículas da porção superior (L3; 10%), que é ligeiramente mais fina que a anterior, gerando peças cuja absorção de água é compatível com revestimentos do tipo BIII, a nível de laboratório. A partir da análise dos dados tem-se que a rocha fonte de sedimento juntamente com o ambiente deposicional possuem um papel importante na composição da mineralogia, granulometria e quimismo, que por sua vez relacionam-se diretamente com a capacidade de troca de cátions/ superfície específica e pH, e que todos esses fatores somados influenciam o grau de empacotamento dos grãos na conformação de peças cerâmicas, ocasionando mudanças tanto no grau de absorção de água como na resistência dos corpos de prova.
Taxonomic review of Colombian Parodon (Characiformes: Parodontidae), with descriptions of three new species
Authors: Londoño-Burbano Alejandro , Román-Valencia César , Taphorn Donald C.
Published: January 2012

We review species of Parodon Valenciennes, 1850 from the Magdalena, Cauca, Orinoco, Amazonas, Atrato and Caribbean-Guajira River basins of Colombia using meristic and morphological characters. We recognize eight valid species, five previously described: P. apolinari Myers, from the Orinoco River basin; P. buckleyi Boulenger and P. pongoensis (Allen) from the upper Amazon; P. caliensis Boulenger, from the upper Cauca River drainage; and P. suborbitalis Valenciennes, from Lake Maracaibo basin. Three new species are described: P. alfonsoi, from the lower Magdalena River drainage; P. magdalenensis, from the middle Magdalena and upper Cauca River drainages; and P. atratoensis, from the Atrato River basin. We redescribe Parodon suborbitalis using type specimens and topotypes, and designate lectotypes. A taxonomic key is included for identification of the species, as well as geographic distribution maps.
Two new trans-Andean species of Imparfinis Eigenmann & Norris, 1900 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from Colombia
Authors: Ortega-Lara Armando , Milani Nadia , DoNascimiento Carlos , Villa-Navarro Francisco , Maldonado-Ocampo Javier Alejandro
Published: January 2012

Two new species of Imparfinis are described from the trans-Andean region of Colombia. Imparfinis timana is diagnosed by having longer anal fin base (12.4-15.5% in SL), in combination with long adipose fin (24.6-31.3% in SL), 5-6 gill rakers on the first ceratobranchial, 42-43 vertebrae and additional measurements. Imparfinis usmai is distinguished by the combination of first ray of dorsal fin longest, but not projected as a long filament, long adipose fin (21.1-27.0% in SL), maxillary barbel exceeding pelvic-fin base, 39-40 vertebrae, upper caudal-fin lobe pointed and longer than lower lobe, lower lobe rounded, 7-8 gill rakers on the first ceratobranchial, as well as additional measurements. Imparfinis timana is only known from río Guarapas, a small tributary of the upper course of the río Magdalena. Imparfinis usmai is broadly distributed in the upper basin of ríos Cauca and Magdalena, and in the lower Patía river basin. The restricted distribution of I. nemacheir to trans-Andean drainages (Atrato, Magdalena, and Lago de Maracaibo) is also discussed.
Making calibration objectives relevant for flood forecasting
Authors: Pollard Oliver , Han Dawei
Published: January 2012

A key requirement of an operational flood forecasting model is to provide a forecast lead time that meets the target flood warning lead time and accuracy standards. This represents a challenge, particularly at higher flood warning thresholds due in part to the limitations imposed by a small flood event sample size. This paper looks at developments in model calibration objectives that are relevant to operational flood forecasting and recommends that lead time analysis of the error-corrected model is included in the model calibration process. Parameter updating based on two effective rainfall loss models optimised on saturated and unsaturated catchments is presented as a novel way of improving the performance of an event-based rainfall–runoff model. Developments are illustrated using an operational flood forecasting model for Taunton in south west England. More work is required to assess the sensitivity of model performance to sample size and to assess the relative priority of multiple calibration objectives if there are conflicting results or if accuracy standards are not defined.
Simple method of characterizing the spatial luminance distribution at the user position for autostereoscopic 3‐D display
Authors: Hong HyungKi
Published: January 2012

Abstract— The image quality of autostereoscopic 3‐D displays strongly depends on the user position. So, characterization of the spatial luminance distribution at the user position is important. For the measurement of the spatial luminance distribution, a method that places a diffuser screen at the user position and is illuminated by a 3‐D display has been investigated. By placing the diffuser screen and 3‐D display non‐parallel, the luminance distribution at the various distances can be determined. Though the accuracy of this measurement method is somewhat limited, the measuring procedure is fast and simple, compared with other time‐consuming methods.
Burden of Oral Disease Among Older Adults and Implications for Public Health Priorities
Authors: Griffin Susan O. , Jones Judith A. , Brunson Diane , Griffin Paul M. , Bailey William D.
Published: January 2012

Dental disease is largely preventable. Many older adults, however, experience poor oral health.

National data for older adults show racial/ethnic and income disparities in untreated dental disease and oral health–related quality of life. Persons reporting poor versus good health also report lower oral health–related quality of life.

On the basis of these findings, suggested public health priorities include better integrating oral health into medical care, implementing community programs to promote healthy behaviors and improve access to preventive services, developing a comprehensive strategy to address the oral health needs of the homebound and long-term-care residents, and assessing the feasibility of ensuring a safety net that covers preventive and basic restorative services to eliminate pain and infection.
Feeding a Family in a Recession: Food Insecurity Among Minnesota Parents
Authors: Bruening Meg , MacLehose Richard , Loth Katie , Story Mary , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne
Published: January 2012

Objectives. We assessed current levels of food insecurity among a large, diverse sample of parents and examined associations between food insecurity and parental weight status, eating patterns, and the home food environment.

Methods. Project F-EAT (Families and Eating and Activity Among Teens) examined the home food environments of adolescents. Parents and caregivers (n = 2095) living with adolescents from the Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota school districts completed mailed surveys during a 12-month period in 2009–2010. We performed our assessments using multivariate regressions.

Results. Almost 39% of the parents and caregivers experienced household food insecurity, whereas 13% experienced very low food security. Food insecurity was significantly associated with poorer nutrition-related variables such as higher rates of parental overweight and obesity, less healthy foods served at meals, and higher rates of binge eating. Food-insecure parents were 2 to 4 times more likely to report barriers to accessing fruits and vegetables.

Conclusions. Food insecurity was highly prevalent. Environmental interventions are needed to protect vulnerable families against food insecurity and to improve access to affordable, healthy foods.
Knowledgeable Neighbors:A Mobile Clinic Model for Disease Prevention and Screening in Underserved Communities
Authors: Hill Caterina , Zurakowski David , Bennet Jennifer , Walker-White Rainelle , Osman Jamie L. , Quarles Aaron , Oriol Nancy
Published: January 2012

The Family Van mobile health clinic uses a “Knowledgeable Neighbor” model to deliver cost-effective screening and prevention activities in underserved neighborhoods in Boston, MA. We have described the Knowledgeable Neighbor model and used operational data collected from 2006 to 2009 to evaluate the service. The Family Van successfully reached mainly minority low-income men and women. Of the clients screened, 60% had previously undetected elevated blood pressure, 14% had previously undetected elevated blood glucose, and 38% had previously undetected elevated total cholesterol. This represents an important model for reaching underserved communities to deliver proven cost-effective prevention activities, both to help control health care costs and to reduce health disparities.
Stenting aortic coarctation in children: Immediate and midterm results
Authors: Kosutic Jovan , Prijic Sergej , Vukomanovic Vladislav , Rakic Sanja , Kuburovic Vladimir
Published: January 2012

Introduction. Stent implantation, in patients with different forms of aortic
coarctation, has significant theoretical advantages over primary balloon
dilatation (BD). It can achieve overdilatation of the coarcted segment with
the rigid endoprothesis maintaining the increase in vessel diameter
regardless of the intimal injury and, thus, reducing the likelihood of
restenosis. Moreover, by preventing vascular recoil, stents can successfully
expand long-segment tubular coarctations, hypoplastic isthmus and hypoplastic
transverse aortic arch. Finally, by facilitating good apposition of the torn
intima to the aortic wall, they can significantly reduce the incidence of
aneurysm formation. Objective. Evaluation of the immediate and mid-term
results of stent implantation in patients with different forms of aortic
coarctation. Methods. Between February 2005 and March 2010 eleven stents were
implanted in nine patients (two female and seven male) either with post
surgical or post primary BD residual coarctation/recoarctation or with native
aortic coarcatation. Mean age of our patients was 14?3 years (9.4-18.1 years)
and mean body weight 54?18 kg (29-76 kg). Results. Pressure gradient across
the coarctation site was reduced from 24.9?12.4 mm Hg before to 3.9?5.0 mm Hg
after stenting (p=0.000). There were no complications. Mean followup was
2.0?1.5 years (range 0.1-5.2 years). In patients with localised aortic arch
narrowing no restenosis or aneurysm formation was observed (residual pressure
gradient 0-5 mm Hg). Conclusion. In properly selected children (body weight
>25 kg), adolescents and young adults stenting is the method of choice for
patients with various forms of aortic arch obstruction.
Quality of life in patients with venous ulcers
Authors: Dunic Ivana , Medenica Ljiljana , Maksimovic Zivan , Djurkovic-Djakovic Olgica
Published: January 2012

Introduction. Chronic venous disease has been shown to have a significant
impact on patients? quality of life (QoL). Objective. The aim of this study
was to estimate the impact of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) on QoL in
patients with terminal stages of HVI, classified according to the CEAP
clinical classification into classes C5 (healed ulcers) and C6 (active
ulcers), on admission and after applied therapy. Methods. A cross-sectional
study performed between October 2007 and June 2008 in a Belgrade outpatient
clinic involved a total of 82 patients with venous ulcers (38 C5 and 44 C6)
examined at the beginning of therapy. Of these, 14 C5 and 15 C6 patients in
remission were re-examined after therapy from November 2007 to January 2010.
QoL was assessed using a standard short-form (SF-36) questionnaire, and
additionally by a brief CVD questionnaire specific for chronic venous
disease. Results. At the beginning of therapy the SF-36 scores showed
significant (p<0.05) reductions in all QoL domains of C5 and C6 patients
regarding physical, general health, and vitality in C5 and C6 patients. After
therapy QoL was significantly improved in both classes of patients, but
remained unchanged in the domain of emotional functioning suggesting the
patients? fear and worry of HVI progression. Conclusion. In patients with
terminal stages of CVI QoL was decreased at the beginning of therapy, but
with the remission of the disease and ulcer healing it was significantly
improved. This indicates the significance of prevention and timely treatment,
and the need for patients? education about the chronic nature of the disease.
Detection of enteroviruses in clinical samples of patients with aseptic meningitis by rapid antigen detection assay
Authors: Radovanov Jelena , Milosevic Vesna , Radnovic Dragan , Jerant-Patic Vera , Hrnjakovic-Cvjetkovic Ivana , Kovacevic Gordana
Published: January 2012

Introduction. Human enteroviruses represent the most common etiological
agents of aseptic meningitis. Rapid diagnosis of aseptic meningitis affects
the management of patients. Objective. The aim of this work was to assess the
efficacy of rapid antigen detection (RAD) assay for the confirmation of human
enteroviruses in comparison to that of the conventional cell culture (CCC),
and to identify the serotypes associated with aseptic meningitis cases in the
Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Methods. RAD assay was carried out using
centrifugation of inoculated Vero, RD and HEp-2 cell cultures and indirect
immunofluorescence with Pan-Enterovirus 2E11 reagent (Millipore-Chemicon).
CCC was performed using the same type of cells and the same
immunofluorescence reagent for enterovirus confirmation. Results. Out of 70
analyzed samples (29 cerebrospinal fluid specimens, 27 stool specimens, 9
rectal and 5 throat swabs) , 36 (51.4%) were positive by immunofluorescence
after CCC and 34 (48.6%) by the RAD assay. The sensitivity of RAD assay was
94.4% and specificity 100%. Detection time of enteroviruses by the RAD assay
was 3 days, and by CCC varied from 3 to 13 days (mean time 6.1 days). Within
72 h from inoculation, a cytopathic effect (CPE) occurred in only 19 (47.5%)
of 40 CPE positive samples. Serotyping revealed 11 types of enteroviruses:
coxsackievirus A16, B3, B4, B5, and echovirus 2, 4, 6, 11, 13, 16 and 30.
Conclusion. The RAD assay was slightly less sensitive than CCC and
significantly shortened the detection time of enteroviruses, so it may be
useful in rapid diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis.
Femoroacetabular impingement related to Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
Authors: Vukasinovic Zoran , Spasovski Dusko , Zivkovic Zorica
Published: January 2012

Femoroacetabular impingement is an undesirable contact between acetabular rim
and femoral neck and presents abnormality of proximal femoral part and
acetabulum, as well. Two forms may appear: cam impingement and pincer
impingement. Femoroacetabular impingement related to Legg-Calv?-Perthes
disease may be caused by various reasons, as the consequence of the disease
itself, and as the consequence of its treatment. Coxa magna deformity (large
femoral head and neck) and coxa brevis deformity (shortened femoral neck) may
produce cam femoroacetabular impingement during hip flexion. After the
disease, the flattened femoral head (coxa plana) may persist. Chiari pelvic
osteotomy is the only treatment option for such femoral head deformity.
Acetabular labrum squeezed continuously between the femoral head and the
non-articular part of the cut iliac bone lead to cam femoroacetabular
impingement, as well. If Salter or triple pelvic osteotomy is used that may
cause a very large iatrogenic acetabular retroversion, we can also refer to
radial type pincer femoroacetabular impingement. Treatment of
Legg-Calv?-Perthes disease should be conducted according to the natural
course of the disease and prognosis. Treatment should start on time, well
before a crushed femoral head develops, because it is the easiest way to
establish hip spherical congruency at the end of treatment. This is the best
option to prevent secondary hip arthrosis caused by femoroacetabular
impingement or by insufficient head coverage at the end of remodelling. In
each case of delayed hip pain, followed by a limited range of movements,
femoroacetabular impingement should be taken into consideration, confirmed,
and treated by some of the available therapeutic methods.
Numerical study of flow and heat transfer in differentially heated enclosures
Authors: Chang Byong-Hoon
Published: January 2012

Two-dimensional laminar natural convection is studied numerically for
differentially heated air-filled rectangular enclosures with adiabatic side
walls and aspect ratios of 1, 2, 4 and 8. The inclination angle of the
enclosure was varied from 0? to 180?, and the effect of inclination on flow
field and heat transfer was investigated over the range 103 ? Ra ? 106.
Correlations of average Nusselt number based on the present results are
presented for horizontal and vertical cases. Large discrepancies were found
among published results.
Heat transfer in a channel with inclined target surface cooled by single array of centered impinging jets
Authors: Al Mubarak , Shaahid S.M. , Al-Hadhramic Luai
Published: January 2012

An experimental investigation has been carried out to study the heat transfer
characteristics in a channel with heated target plate inclined at an angle
cooled by single array of equally spaced centered impinging jets for three
different jet Reynolds numbers (Re=9300, 14400 and 18800). Air ejected from
an array of orifices impinges on the heated target surface The target plate
forms the leading edge of a gas turbine blade cooled by jet impingement
technique. The work includes the effect of jet Reynolds numbers and feed
channel aspect ratios (H/d = 5, 7, 9 where H=2.5, 3.5, 4.5 cm and d=0.5 cm)
on the heat transfer characteristics for a given orifice jet plate
configuration with equally spaced centered holes with outflow exiting in both
directions (with inclined heated target surface). In general, It has been
observed that, H/d=9 gives the maximum heat transfer over the entire length
of the target surface as compared to all feed channel aspect ratios. H/d=9
gives 3% more heat transfer from the target surface as compared to H/d=5 (for
Re=14400). Also, it has been observed that the magnitude of the averaged
local Nusselt number increases with an increase in the jet Reynolds number
for all the feed channel aspect ratios studied.
On the beginning of Serbian philosophy
Authors: Acimovic Mirko
Published: January 2012

In this paper, the beginning of the Serbian philosophy in the Byzantine era
of its history is considered through the ontological and logical concepts of
iskon, biti and slovo, which are set by translating the beginning of the
Gospel according to John ?? ???? ?? ? ????? ? as Iskoni b?as? Slovo, then
through translation of selected manuscripts from the Izbornika Velikago
kn'azja Svjatoslava Jaroslavica 1073 goda, and, in particular, through the
translation of the first part of John Damascus? writing ???? ???????,
?????????? ???????? (Poslani? Svjatago Jovana Damaskina).
Rozbor Lexikónu slovenských vojvodinských vysokoskolských uciteľov a vedcov
Authors: Marko Ján
Published: January 2012

Z n?zvu pr?spevku, bez ve?k?ho ?silia a n?mahy, sa m?ze vytusi?, ze clenovia
pozorovan?ho z?kladn?ho s?boru pod?a narodenia poch?dzaj? zo slovensk?ch
vojvodinsk?ch os?d. Rozborom ?dajov v zivotopisoch os?b zaraden?ch v
Lexik?ne bolo mozn? urci?: pocet os?b naroden?ch v jednotliv?ch osad?ch, ich
soci?lni p?vod; tak druh ukoncenej strednej skoly ako aj orient?ciu
uskutocnen? na vysokoskolsk?ch st?di?ch; zivotn? vek a pocet os?b ktor?
obh?jili magistersk? a doktorsk? t?zy.
Art politicking in postwar Yugoslavia
Authors: Calovic Dragan
Published: January 2012

In this paper, we are focusing on the process of art politicking in Yugoslav
art theory in the period from 1945 to 1952. The work time span is determined
by the existence of the Apparatus for agitation and propaganda, by means of
which the development of art theory and practice was greatly determined in
the postwar Yugoslavia. The set problem is to be approached through
consideration of demands which official art theory was set to Yugoslav artist
of this period, as well as through consideration of artistic and theoretic
frames by which perspective of art politicking was determined. In this paper,
art politicking is seen like specific manifestation of ideological position
by which official political platform in the period from 1945 to 1952 was
built. According to this, interpretation of art politicking not only as act
of propaganda, but as well as symbol of fight for accomplishment of vision of
new Yugoslav society is proposed.
Investor Relations, Firm Visibility, and Investor Following
Authors: Bushee Brian J. , Miller Gregory S.
Published: January 2012

We examine the actions and outcomes of investor relations (IR) programs in smaller, less-visible firms. Through interviews with IR professionals, we learn that IR strategies have a common goal of attracting institutional investors and that direct access to management, rather than increased disclosure, is viewed as the key driver of the strategy's success. We test for the effects of IR programs by examining small-cap companies that hired IR firms in a differences-in-differences research design with controls for changes in disclosure and determinants of the decision to initiate IR. Relative to a matched sample of control firms, we find that companies initiating IR programs exhibit greater increases in institutional investor ownership and a shift toward investors that normally would not follow the companies. We also find greater improvements in analyst following, media coverage, and the book-to-price ratio. Our results indicate that IR activities successfully improve visibility, investor following, and market value.

Data Availability: All analyses are based on publicly available data.
History of Biochemistry at the University of Geneva From the Boulevard des Philosophes to Quai Ernest-Ansermet
Authors: Deshusses Jacques , Riezman Howard
Published: January 2012

A brief account of the developments in biochemistry at the Faculty of Science of the University of Geneva is given from its emergence from organic chemistry at the Ancienne Ecole de chimie to today's Department of Biochemistry at the Section de chimie et biochimie.
Functional Biosupramolecular Systems
Authors: Montenegro Javier , Uhlich Nicolas A. , Schuster Thomas , Míšek Jirí , Matile Stefan , Jeannerat Damien , Eggimann Gabriela A. , Geotti-Bianchini Piero , Hennig Andreas , Vargas Andreas
Published: January 2012

This year, the CUSO Summer School in Organic Chemistry celebrated its 40th anniversary. With a coinciding 450th anniversary, it was organized by the University of Geneva. The focus was on large molecules and supramolecules that are synthesized from scratch, have interesting functions,
and address lessons from nature.
Reporting dichotomous data using Logistic Regression in Medical Research: The scenario in developing countries
Authors: Sathian Brijesh
Published: January 2012

Logistic regression is one of the powerful analytical techniques for use when the outcome variable is dichotomous and the coefficients derived from logistic regression can be interpreted as odds ratio. The analysis under logistic regression gives the β coefficient along with the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for odds ratio. Since the β coefficients are the natural logarithm of the risk, we have to exponentiate them to get the estimate of risk (odds ratio). Currently, the most widely used statistical methodology for reporting dichotomous data in developed countries is logistic regression analysis. But in developing countries, several research studies with dichotomous data are reported using percentages or cross tabulation method because of the ignorance of the application and knowledge of this methodology among the authors, readers, reviewers and editors.  This trend in developing countries should be changed through the use of appropriate statistical methods with the help of professional data analysts, otherwise research cannot investigate vital findings.  http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v1i4.5752 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2011;1(4):111-113
Epibiont Infestation on Horseshoe Crab Tachypleus gigas (Müller) at Pantai Balok in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Tan A.N. , Christianus A. , Satar M.K. Abdul
Published: January 2012

A one year study was conducted at Pantai Balok in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia to investigate the epibiont infestation on horseshoe crab Tachypleus gigas. Number of horseshoe crabs landed was enumerated and each prosoma size (prosoma length and width) was measured. Prosoma width of the horseshoe crabs was used as a morphometric proxy to estimate the approximate age and instar stage of the individual crabs. All horseshoe crabs examined were adult individuals. The carapaces of horseshoe crabs were carefully examined for epibiont infestation. The epibiont was identified to genus level. In this study, acorn barnacle Balanus, pedunculate barnacle Octolasmis, conical slipper shells Calyptraea and flat slipper shells Crepidula were found on the carapaces of horseshoe crab Tachypleus gigas collected from Pantai Balok. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v9i1.5725