bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Application of Different Event-Based Sampling Strategies to the Control of a Simple Industrial Process
Authors: Sánchez José , Guarnes Miguel Ángel , Dormido Sebastián
Published: August 2009

This paper is an experimental study of the utilization of different event-based strategies for the automatic control of a simple but very representative industrial process: the level control of a tank. In an event-based control approach it is the triggering of a specific event, and not the time, that instructs the sensor to send the current state of the process to the controller, and the controller to compute a new control action and send it to the actuator. In the document, five control strategies based on different event-based sampling techniques are described, compared, and contrasted with a classical time-based control approach and a hybrid one. The common denominator in the time, the hybrid, and the event-based control approaches is the controller: a proportional-integral algorithm with adaptations depending on the selected control approach. To compare and contrast each one of the hybrid and the pure event-based control algorithms with the time-based counterpart, the two tasks that a control strategy must achieve (set-point following and disturbance rejection) are independently analyzed. The experimental study provides new proof concerning the ability of event-based control strategies to minimize the data exchange among the control agents (sensors, controllers, actuators) when an error-free control of the process is not a hard requirement.
The Temporal Relationship between Mass Tourism and Alternative Tourism in Southern Thailand
Authors: Kontogeorgopoulos Nick
Published: August 2009

The temporal relationship between mass tourism and alternative tourism has received little attention in the tourism literature. This article seeks to address this gap by exploring how the emergence of "soft ecotourism" in Phuket, southern Thailand's preeminent resort destination, challenges
the notion that alternative tourism can only precede but never follow the establishment of mass tourism. Based on survey and interview data collected over a 1-year span, this article argues that while Phuket's tourism growth over the past several decades does confirm existing models of the
movement from alternative to mass tourism, the activities of sea kayaking operators also illustrate that mass tourism and alternative tourism can coexist at the same time and in the same destination. Further, certain syncretic or hybrid forms of alternative tourism, such as soft ecotourism,
may serve as one of the many reasons for the continuing growth of tourism in Phuket, in spite of natural disasters, national political instability, and ample evidence of unsustainable development.
Pollination context effects in the high‐mountain dimorphic Armeria caespitosa (Plumbaginaceae): Neighborhood is something more than density
Authors: García‐Camacho Raúl , Méndez Marcos , Escudero Adrián
Published: August 2009

Frequency‐dependent processes are relevant for flowering plant reproduction, especially for species with disassortative mating. In an individual‐based study, we tested not only the effects of local density on reproductive success at small spatial scales, but also those of neighborhood quality. To test the neighborhood effects on the reproduction of Armeria caespitosa, a dimorphic Mediterranean high‐mountain endemic, we introduce a novel pollination context (PC) index that considered the distance, floral display, and floral morph of neighbors at small scales (within 2 m from the focal plant), studying rock and pasture populations at both edges of the species altitudinal distribution. Reproductive success depended significantly on PC only at the low populations, suggesting that the PC effects are population‐dependent and supporting the hypothesis that the neighborhood quality influences the reproductive success of A. caespitosa at least in stressful conditions. Moreover, fruit set was morph‐dependent in the high‐pasture population. The specific role of the spatial structure of compatible vs. incompatible morphs at small scales of the dimorphic self‐incompatibility system in Armeria deserves further attention. Parameters other than plant density are useful for the study of small‐scale density‐dependent processes that affect pollination and other reproductive components, especially if they integrate neighborhood quality information at adequate spatial scales.
Surveillance for neuraminidase-inhibitor-resistant influenza viruses in Japan, 1996–2007
Authors: Tashiro Masato , McKimm-Breschkin Jennifer L , Saito Takehiko , Klimov Alexander , Macken Catherine , Zambon Maria , Hayden Frederick G ,   for the Neuraminidase Inhibitor Susceptibility Network
Published: August 2009

Background

High usage of the neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) oseltamivir in Japan since 2003 led the Neuraminidase Inhibitor Susceptibility Network to assess the susceptibility of community isolates of influenza viruses to oseltamivir and zanamivir.

Methods

Isolates were tested by the enzyme inhibition assay and by neuraminidase (NA) sequence analysis.

Results

Among 1,141 A(H3N2) viruses and 171 type B viruses collected in Japan during the 2003–2004 season, 3 (0.3%) A(H3N2) isolates showed high 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) to oseltamivir. Each possessed a known resistance NA mutation at R292K or E119V. During the 2004–2005 season, no resistance was found among 567 influenza A(H3N2) or 60 A(H1N1) isolates, but 1 of 58 influenza B isolates had an NAI resistance mutation (D197N). Sequence analysis found that 4 (3%) of 132 A(H1N1) viruses from 2005–2006 had known NA resistance mutations (all H274Y), but no additional resistant isolates were detected from that or the subsequent 2006–2007 season. Concurrent testing of a selection of 500 influenza B viruses from 2000 to 2006 showed significant variations between seasons in both oseltamivir and zanamivir IC50 values, but no persistent increases over this period.

Conclusions

Our findings suggested possible low-level transmission of resistant variants from oseltamivir-treated patients in several seasons in Japan but no sustained reductions in NAI susceptibility or consistently increased frequency of detecting resistant variants for any strain or subtype, despite high levels of drug use. In particular, although oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) viruses with the H274Y mutation spread globally in 2007–2008, we found little evidence for increasing levels of resistant A(H1N1) variants in Japan in preceding years.
The Historic Origins of Military and Veteran Mental Health Stigma and the Stress Injury Model as a Means to Reduce It
Authors: Nash William P. , Silva Caroline , Litz Brett
Published: August 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.

Restate the historic origins of mental health stigma in the military.

2.

List the causes of glutamate neuron apoptosis or necrosis that have been documented in preclinical studies, which also may be relevant to clinical mental disorders in service members and veterans.

3.

Explain how stigma may be reduced by conceiving of severe, persistent distress, or functional impairment as literal injuries to the brain and mind.
Psychotropic Medication Use Among Older Adults: What All Nurses Need to Know
Authors: Lindsey Pamela L.
Published: August 2009

Psychotropic medications are commonly administered to elderly clients to manage behavior and psychiatric symptoms. These drugs are known to have potentially serious side effects, to which older adults are more vulnerable. Nurses care for older adults in many different practice settings but have varying degrees of knowledge about these kinds of medications. The purposes of this article are to (a) provide information to geriatric nurses in all settings about how the most commonly prescribed psychotropic medications (i.e., anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antipsychotic drugs) differentially affect older adults; (b) examine recent concerns about the use of psychotropic medications with older adults; and (c) discuss nursing implications for those administering psychotropic medications to older adults.
Metastatic Epidural Spinal Cord Compression
Authors: Mavrogenis Andreas F. , Pneumaticos Spyridon , Sapkas George S. , Papagelopoulos Panayiotis J.
Published: August 2009

Educational Objectives

As a result of reading this article, physicians should be able to:

1.

Describe the pathophysiology, clinical signs and symptoms, and imaging of metastatic epidural spinal cord compression to better diagnose patients.

2.

Discuss the prognosis of patients with metastatic epidural spinal cord compression to be able to determine the best treatment plan.

3.

Recall the treatment options for metastatic epidural spinal cord compression.

4.

List the indications for and describe the surgical techniques for surgical treatment of metastatic epidural spinal cord compression to be able to determine the best treatment option for each patient.
Ischial Avulsion Fracture
Authors: Desai Madhura A. , Bancroft Laura W.
Published: August 2009

The case:

A teenage girl presented with left hip pain.
Polyethylene Liner Cementation Technique in Asymptomatic Versus Symptomatic Osteolysis
Authors: Kandel Leonid , Rivkin Gurion , Friedman Adi , Segal David , Liebergall Meir , Mattan Yoav
Published: August 2009

Osteolysis around a cementless acetabular component can lead to severe bone loss. This study examined whether osteolysis should be treated while still asymptomatic. Thirty-seven liner cementation revisions were performed in 34 patients. Mean patient age was 61 years, and mean time elapsed after index surgery was 85 months (range, 36–168 months). Patients were evaluated by Harris Hip Score (HHS), and mean follow-up was 5 years (range, 43–82 months). Average HHS was 87 with a pain component of 39. In asymptomatic patients, both the HHS and the pain score were significantly higher: 95 and 43, respectively (
P
<.01). One patient with extensive bone loss had a fracture of the acetabulum and underwent revision at another institution. Revision of the polyethylene liner and cementation of a new one is a useful technique in patients with a stable acetabular shell. This is especially true for asymptomatic patients with osteolysis and thus should be performed early; however, high dislocation rate is still a concern.
Orbscan II Anterior Elevation Changes Following Corneal Collagen Cross-linking Treatment for Keratoconus
Authors: Tu Kyaw Lin , Aslanides Ioannis M.
Published: August 2009

Purpose:

To analyze anterior corneal elevation changes on Orbscan II following corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) with riboflavin.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 8 patients (14 eyes) with keratoconus who underwent CXL, with a mean follow-up of 7 months (range: 5 to 10 months). Pre- and postoperative (at last clinic attendance) anterior elevation difference maps were examined for overall patterns of change. On preoperative maps, distances from maximum anterior elevation to pupil center and to topographic geometric center were compared between the two patterns identified. Pre- and postoperative topography, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), and refraction were also compared between the two patterns.

Results:

Two patterns of anterior elevation change were visually identified: 1) paracentral steepening, no change, or flattening centrally; and 2) central steepening. The preoperative maps of eyes that manifested pattern 1 had shorter mean distances for maximum anterior elevation to pupil center (1.70 vs 2.27 mm) and maximum anterior elevation to geometric center (1.45 vs 1.99 mm) than those that resulted in pattern 2. Mean maximum topographic simulated keratometry decreased (
P
=.004) and mean irregularity indices at 3 mm (
P
=.03) and 5 mm (
P
=.04) were reduced postoperatively in pattern 1 eyes; all increased in pattern 2 eyes. Mean BSCVA improved postoperatively for both patterns. Mean preoperative myopia decreased in pattern 1 eyes by 0.44 diopters (D), whereas it increased for pattern 2 eyes by 1.83 D.

Conclusions:

Corneal shape change influenced by anisotropy of collagen distribution is a factor in the outcome of CXL treatment for keratoconus. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:715–722.]
Epithelial Removal and Phototherapeutic Keratectomy for Residual Refractive Error Following LASIK in Eyes With Corneal Epithelial Basement Membrane Degeneration
Authors: Faktorovich Ella G. , Nosova Emily
Published: August 2009

Purpose:

To retrospectively evaluate the efficacy of epithelial removal followed by phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) for reducing residual refractive error in eyes with corneal epithelial basement membrane degeneration after LASIK.

Methods:

Eight eyes of four patients with residual refractive error and signs of epithelial basement membrane degeneration after LASIK were followed until their refractive error stabilized. Epithelium was debrided and PTK performed. Refractive error and visual acuity outcomes were analyzed.

Results:

In the six eyes that underwent LASIK for myopic astigmatism, mean spherical equivalent refraction after LASIK was −1.75±0.62 diopters (D) and mean astigmatism was +0.75±0.59 D. After PTK, mean spherical equivalent refraction was −0.33±0.35 D and mean astigmatism was +0.50±0.27 D. Mean logMAR uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) improved from 0.39±0.31 before PTK to 0.03±0.05 after PTK. Mean Snellen UCVA improved from 20/50 before PTK to 20/20 after PTK. In two eyes that underwent LASIK for hyperopic astigmatism, mean spherical equivalent refraction after LASIK was +4.38±0.35 D and mean astigmatism was +3.25 D. After PTK, mean spherical equivalent refraction decreased to +1.56±0.44 D and mean astigmatism decreased to +2.13±0.53 D. Mean logMAR UCVA improved from 0.24 to 0.14. Mean Snellen UCVA improved from 20/35 to 20/27.

Conclusions:

In eyes with epithelial basement membrane degeneration and refractive error after LASIK, epithelial removal followed by PTK may reduce refractive error, both myopic and hyperopic, bringing it close to emmetropia and avoiding the need for traditional stromal enhancement. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:723–729.]
Effects of White-to-White Diameter and Anterior Chamber Depth on Implantable Collamer Lens Vault and Visual Outcome
Authors: Seo Je Hyun , Kim Mee Kum , Wee Won Ryang , Lee Jin Hak
Published: August 2009

Purpose:

To investigate the effects of anterior chamber depth (ACD) and white-to-white (WTW) diameter on vault in eyes with implantable collamer lenses (ICL V4, STAAR Surgical AG) and to evaluate the effect of vault on visual outcomes and other biometric changes.

Methods:

Twenty-eight eyes of 16 patients who underwent ICL implantation were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups (A1, A2) according to preoperative ACD (⩾3.3 mm and <3.3 mm, respectively), two groups (B1, B2) based on WTW diameter (⩾11.55 mm and <11.55 mm, respectively), and two groups (C1, C2) according to the difference of ICL diameter and sulcus length (⩾0.25 mm and <0.25 mm, respectively). Vault, endothelial cell density, and visual performance were compared between each set of groups. Correlations of vault with WTW diameter, ACD, and diametric difference of the ICL from the sulcus were analyzed.

Results:

The high ACD and WTW groups showed significantly higher vaults (0.59±0.32 mm and 0.57±0.36 mm, respectively) than the low ACD and WTW groups (0.26±0.17 mm and 0.25±0.14 mm, respectively;
P
=.01 and .01), whereas the differences of diameter between the sulcus and ICL were not related to significant vault differences. The WTW diameter was correlated more closely to the vault than the ACD or sulcus diameter (r=0.70,
P
<.001), whereas the vault difference did not affect visual quality or endothelial cell density.

Conclusions:

A high WTW diameter or ACD is likely to render a high vault, regardless of any difference in the ICL and sulcus diameters. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:730–738.]
Caring for Hospitalized Adults With Opioid Use Disorder in the Era of Fentanyl
Authors: Englander Honora , Thakrar Ashish P. , Bagley Sarah M. , Rolley Theresa , Dong Kathryn , Hyshka Elaine
Published: April 2024

Importance

The rise of fentanyl and other high-potency synthetic opioids across US and Canada has been associated with increasing hospitalizations and unprecedented overdose deaths. Hospitalization is a critical touchpoint to engage patients and offer life-saving opioid use disorder (OUD) care when admitted for OUD or other medical conditions.

Observations

Clinical best practices include managing acute withdrawal and pain, initiating medication for OUD, integrating harm reduction principles and practices, addressing in-hospital substance use, and supporting hospital-to-community care transitions. Fentanyl complicates hospital OUD care. Fentanyl’s high potency intensifies pain, withdrawal, and cravings and increases the risk for overdose and other harms. Fentanyl’s unique pharmacology has rendered traditional techniques for managing opioid withdrawal and initiating buprenorphine and methadone inadequate for some patients, necessitating novel strategies. Further, co-use of opioids with stimulants drugs is common, and the opioid supply is unpredictable and can be contaminated with benzodiazepines, xylazine, and other substances. To address these challenges, clinicians are increasingly relying on emerging practices, such as low-dose buprenorphine initiation with opioid continuation, rapid methadone titration, and the use of alternative opioid agonists. Hospitals must also reconsider conventional approaches to in-hospital substance use and expand clinicians’ understanding and embrace of harm reduction, which is a philosophy and set of practical strategies that supports people who use drugs to be safer and healthier without judgment, coercion, or discrimination. Hospital-to-community care transitions should ensure uninterrupted access to OUD care after discharge, which requires special consideration and coordination. Finally, improving hospital-based addiction care requires dedicated infrastructure and expertise. Preparing hospitals across the US and Canada to deliver OUD best practices requires investments in clinical champions, staff education, leadership commitment, community partnerships, quality metrics, and financing.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this review indicate that fentanyl creates increased urgency and new challenges for hospital OUD care. Hospital clinicians and systems have a central role in addressing the current drug crisis.
Message From an Automated External Defibrillator
Authors: Nagase Masaru , Nakashima Takashi , Aoyama Takuma
Published: April 2024

This case report describes a man in his 80s who received shock from an automated external defibrillator that registered 3 types of tachycardia.
National Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer Screening Use in Federally Qualified Health Centers
Authors: Amboree Trisha L. , Montealegre Jane R. , Parker Susan L. , Garg Ashvita , Damgacioglu Haluk , Schmeler Kathleen M. , Chiao Elizabeth Y. , Hill Elizabeth G. , Sonawane Kalyani , Deshmukh Ashish A. , Adsul Prajakta
Published: April 2024

Importance

Federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) deliver health care to nearly 30 million underserved persons across the US, yet nationwide and state-level breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening use in FQHCs is not described. Furthermore, it is unknown how the underscreened FQHC population contributes to the total underscreened population at national and state levels.

Objective

To describe national- and state-level breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening use among individuals served by FQHCs in the US and to estimate the percentage of underscreened individuals in the general population served by FQHCs.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional analysis of cancer screening used data from January 1 through December 31, 2020, from the FQHC Uniform Data System, reported by 1364 FQHCs across the US, and self-reported estimates from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Participants were 16 696 692 US adults served by FQHCs who were eligible for breast (age, 50-74 years), cervical (age, 21-64 years), and colorectal (age, 50-75 years) cancer screening. Analyses were conducted between January 1 and June 30, 2023.

Exposures

Breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Percentages of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening-eligible individuals up to date on screening.

Results

A total of 3 162 882 breast, 7 444 465 cervical, and 6 089 345 colorectal screening–eligible individuals were served by FQHCs in 2020. Nationally, screening use in FQHCs was 45.4% (95% CI, 45.4%-45.5%) for breast cancer, 51.0% (95% CI, 51.0%-51.1%) for cervical cancer, and 40.2% (95% CI, 40.1%-40.2%) for colorectal cancer. Screening use among the US general population was 78.2% (95% CI, 77.6%-78.9%) for breast cancer, 82.9% (95% CI, 82.3%-83.4%) for cervical cancer, and 72.3% (95% CI, 71.7%-72.8%) for colorectal cancer. The contribution of the underscreened population served by FQHCs to the national underscreened general population was 16.9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 16.4%-17.4%) for breast cancer, 29.7% (95% UI, 28.8%-30.7%) for cervical cancer, and 14.7% (95% UI, 14.4%-15.0%) for colorectal cancer.

Conclusions and Relevance

Findings from this national cross-sectional study indicated major gaps in cancer screening use in FQHCs in the US. Improved prevention is urgently needed to address screening disparities.
The Day the Electronic Medical Records System Went Down
Authors: Mettler Sofia K.
Published: April 2024

This essay describes the author’s experience of improved patient care and collaboration the day the electronic medical records system went down.
Caring Letters Sent by a Clinician or Peer to At-Risk Veterans
Authors: Reger Mark A. , Legler Aaron , Lauver MaryGrace , Tenso Kertu , Manchester Caitlin , Griffin Cameron , Strombotne Kiersten L. , Landes Sara J. , Porter Shelan , Bourgeois Jolie E. , Garrido Melissa M.
Published: April 2024

Importance

Caring letters is an evidence-based suicide prevention intervention in acute care settings, but its outcomes among individuals who contact a national crisis line have not previously been evaluated.

Objective

To examine the outcomes of the Veterans Crisis Line (VCL) caring letters intervention and determine whether there are differences in outcomes by signatory.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This parallel randomized clinical trial compared signatories of caring letters and used an observational design to compare no receipt of caring letters with any caring letters receipt. Participants included veterans who contacted the VCL. Enrollment occurred between June 11, 2020, and June 10, 2021, with 1 year of follow-up. Analyses were completed between July 2022 and August 2023.

Intervention

Veterans were randomized to receive 9 caring letters for 1 year from either a clinician or peer veteran signatory.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome measure was suicide attempt incidence in the 12 months following the index VCL contact. Incidence of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) inpatient, outpatient, and emergency health care use were secondary outcomes. All-cause mortality was an exploratory outcome. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and χ2 tests were used to assess the differences in outcomes among the treatment and comparison groups.

Results

A total of 102 709 veterans (86 942 males [84.65%]; 15 737 females [15.32%]; mean [SD] age, 53.82 [17.35] years) contacted the VCL and were randomized. No association was found among signatory and suicide attempts, secondary outcomes, or all-cause mortality. In the analysis of any receipt of caring letters, there was no evidence of an association between caring letters receipt and suicide attempt incidence. Caring letters receipt was associated with increased VHA health care use (any outpatient: hazard ratio [HR], 1.10; 95% CI, 1.08-1.13; outpatient mental health: HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.17-1.22; any inpatient: HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.08-1.18; inpatient mental health: HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.07-1.21). Caring letters receipt was not associated with all-cause mortality.

Conclusions and Relevance

Among VHA patients who contacted the VCL, caring letters were not associated with suicide attempts, but were associated with a higher probability of health care use. No differences in outcomes were identified by signatory.

Trial Registration

isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN27551361
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening in a Contemporary Cohort of At-Risk Patients
Authors: Daher Darine , Seif El Dahan Karim , Rich Nicole E. , Tayob Nabihah , Merrill Vincent , Huang Daniel Q. , Yang Ju Dong , Kulkarni Anand V. , Kanwal Fasiha , Marrero Jorge , Parikh Neehar , Singal Amit G.
Published: April 2024

Importance

Cohort studies demonstrating an association of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening with reduced mortality are prone to lead-time and length-time biases.

Objective

To characterize the clinical benefits of HCC screening, adjusting for lead-time and length-time biases, in a diverse, contemporary cohort of at-risk patients.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study of patients with HCC was conducted between January 2008 and December 2022 at 2 large US health systems. Data analysis was performed from September to November 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was screen-detected HCC, defined by abnormal screening-intent abdominal imaging or α-fetoprotein level within 6 months before diagnosis. Cox regression analysis was used to characterize differences in overall survival between patients with screen-detected and non–screen-detected HCC; lead-time and length-time adjustments were calculated using the Duffy parametric formula.

Results

Among 1313 patients with HCC (mean [SD] age, 61.7 [9.6] years; 993 male [75.6%]; 739 [56.3%] with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage 0/A disease), HCC was screen-detected in 556 (42.3%) and non–screen detected in 757 (57.7%). Patients with screen-detected HCC had higher proportions of early-stage HCC (393 patients [70.7%] vs 346 patients [45.7%]; risk ratio [RR], 1.54; 95% CI, 1.41-1.70) and curative treatment receipt (283 patients [51.1%] vs 252 patients [33.5%]; RR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.34-1.74) compared with patients with non–screen-detected HCC. The screen-detected group had significantly lower mortality, which persisted after correcting for lead-time bias (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.65-0.87) in fully adjusted models. Both groups had similar tumor doubling times (median [IQR], 3.8 [2.2-10.7] vs 5.6 [1.7-11.4] months) and proportions of indolent tumors (28 patients [35.4%] vs 24 patients [38.1%]; RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.60-1.43). Adjustment for length-time bias decreased survival estimates, although 3-year and 5-year survival for patients with screen-detected HCC remained longer than that for patients with non–screen-detected HCC.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this cohort study suggest that HCC screening is associated with reduced mortality even after accounting for lead-time and length-time biases. However, these biases should be considered in future studies.
Eyewitness confidence in the interviewing context: Understanding the impact of question type and order
Authors: Caso Alessandra , Gabbert Fiona , Dando Coral J.
Published: April 2024

The relationship between confidence and accuracy and the reliability of eyewitness identifications has attracted a lot of attention. In contrast, relatively little is known about the relationship between eyewitness confidence and the accuracy of recall memory in interview contexts. Here, we manipulated questioning approaches to investigate the impact of Free‐Recall and Cued‐Recall questions, whereby the latter were witness‐compatible (questions concerning details reported in the preceding Free‐Recall) or witness‐incompatible questions. We also manipulated the order these questions were asked. A sample of 124 mock witness participants watched a crime‐video and subsequently recalled the event to understand the impact of question type and order on confidence‐accuracy calibration. Our results show that a Free‐Recall invitation and compatible (compared to incompatible) questions promoted more stable confidence. Compatible questions yielded fewer errors, more accurate details, and promoted more reliable confidence‐accuracy calibration and discrimination, especially when they preceded the incompatible questions. Implications are discussed.
Event‐triggered adaptive neural‐network control of nonlinear MIMO systems
Authors: Yu Yuelei , Bi Wenshan , Sui Shuai , Chen C. L. Philip
Published: April 2024

This article investigates an adaptive neural networks (NNs) tracking control design issue for nonlinear multi‐input and multi‐output (MIMO) systems involving the sensor‐to‐controller event‐triggered mechanism (ETM). In the design, NNs are utilized to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions. A sensor‐to‐controller ETM is designed to save unnecessary transmission and communication resources. Subsequently, a first‐order filter technique is presented to solve the problem that the virtual control function is not differentiable. Furthermore, an event‐triggered adaptive NNs control strategy is presented by constructing Lyapunov functions and using adaptive backstepping recursive design. It is demonstrated that the presented scheme can ensure the whole closed‐loop signals are uniformly ultimately bounded without exhibiting the Zeno behavior. Finally, a numerical simulation example confirms the effectiveness of the presented adaptive event‐triggered control (ETC) approach.
Digital Image Correlation Analysis of Uniform Deformation and Necking in Solid‐State Welded Nanocrystalline Aluminum via High‐Pressure Torsion
Authors: Bhatta Laxman , Lee Isshu , Figueiredo Roberto B. , Bay Brian K. , Kawasaki Megumi
Published: April 2024

Solid‐state welding of Al 1043 sheets is achieved via high‐pressure torsion (HPT) processing to produce bulk nanostructured Al disks. A homogeneous nanostructure without segregation is observed, with grain sizes of ≈430–470 nm. Miniature tensile testing, coupled with the digital image correlation (DIC) technique, is employed to determine the room‐temperature tensile deformation behavior, particularly the nonuniform behavior with necking, of the HPT‐bonded ultrafine‐grained (UFG) aluminum, comparing it with annealed coarse‐grained counterpart. The HPT‐bonded UFG Al exhibits a large fraction of post‐necking strain, which is supported by the estimated high strain rate sensitivity value of m = 0.085, suggesting the delay of local necking leading to tensile fracture. Detailed DIC analysis reveals prolonged diffuse necking, thus delaying local necking, in the HPT‐bonded UFG Al, while the annealed samples show high fractions of local necking during the nonuniform deformation. Moreover, the DIC data illustrate that local necking predominantly occurred at a limited neck zone, maintaining a plateau strain distribution at the out‐of‐neck zone throughout necking deformation toward tensile failure for both annealed and UFG aluminum. The DIC method offers an alternative means to demonstrate the transition in necking behaviors of materials by estimating the plastic lateral contraction exponent.
A Trifunctional Hydroxylated Borophene‐Mediated MXene Enabled Super‐Stable and Fast‐Kinetics Interface Storage
Authors: Yong Bo , Wang Yanyi , Zhao Hang , Wang Ting , Zhu Jianhui , Tai Jie , Ma Dingtao , Sun Shichang , Mi Hongwei , He Tingshu , Zhang Peixin
Published: April 2024

The high electronic conductivity and tailorable structural properties of MXene materials make them promising candidates for energy storage. However, their poor chemical instability and self‐stacking effect greatly limit their application, especially in aqueous systems. Here, using a eutectic etching approach, hydroxylated borophene is used as a trifunctional mediator to construct robust Ti3C2Tx‐based MXene/B self‐assembled film electrodes for zinc‐ion capacitors (ZICs). Due to this mediator, the as‐formed strong interfacial binding within the heterostructure can give rise to an integrated modification effect and promote high‐efficiency interface energy storage. One is to strengthen the thermodynamic stability of local Ti─O bonds and inhibit the irreversible degradation of MXene; two is to enlarge the interface space of the MXene electrode and boost the ion transport; three is to improve the interfacial Zn2+ trapping ability without affecting Zn2+ migration on the MXene surface. Thus, the MXene/B electrode exhibits a high areal capacitance (537.9 mF cm−2) at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2 and an extraordinary cycling stability at 1 mA cm−2, with 99.64% retention after 40 000 cycles, which far surpasses that of most previous reports. This work provides a pathway for overcoming the interface storage limit of MXene electrodes to construct high‐performance ZICs.
Photo‐Arbuzov Reactions as a Broadly Applicable Surface Modification Strategy
Authors: Plank Martina , Berardi Anthony , Welle Alexander , Sauter Eric , Krolla Peter , Haret Cristian , Koenig Meike , Stahlberger Mareen , Hassan Zahid , Oßwald Simon , Bräse Stefan , Lahann Joerg
Published: April 2024

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization is a commonly used approach in surface chemistry, providing a substrate‐independent platform for bioactive surface functionalization strategies. This work investigates the Arbuzov reaction of halogenated polymer coatings readily available via CVD polymerization, using poly(4‐chloro‐para‐xylylene) (Parylene C) as a model substance. Postpolymerization modification of these coatings via catalyst‐free and UV‐induced Arbuzov reaction using phosphites results in phosphonate‐functionalized polymers. The combination of infrared reflection‐absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) provides detailed insights into the reaction progress. Time‐dependent studies suggest that the non‐polar phosphites penetrate deep into the CVD films and react with the polymer film. In addition, ToF‐SIMS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirm spatial control of the reaction, resulting in localized chemical and topographical surface modification, recognizable by changes in interference color, fluorescence, and wettability. Preliminary 3D fluorescence spectroscopy investigations indicate tunable near‐infrared emission of these polymer films. This work is the first step toward generating multifunctional polymer coatings based on chemically modifiable, CVD polymers with potential applications in biomaterials, sensors, or optoelectronics.
A Room‐Temperature Curing Plant Protein‐Based Adhesive with High Strength and Flame Retardancy for Heat‐Free Adhesion
Authors: Jiang Ke , Dong Xuemei , Chen Yuan , Fan Dongbin , Chu Fuxiang
Published: April 2024

Plant protein‐based adhesives are gaining traction owing to their low cost and eco‐friendliness. However, achieving flame retardancy and long‐term water resistance in them under room‐temperature curing conditions remains a challenge due to the hydrophilicity and low reactivity of plant proteins. Herein, a novel adhesive synthesized from soybean meal (SM), activated sodium alginate (aSA), nano‐hydroxyapatite (nHA), and polyamidoamine‐epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin addresses this challenge. aSA as a reactive bio‐based cross‐linker formed covalent cross‐linking structures with SM matrix at room temperature, while the nHA‐induced biomineralization and PAE‐constructed supramolecular cross‐linking promote water drainage from the adhesive, preventing water erosion of the adhesive structure. The developed adhesive shows versatility across multiple substrates, with its wet shear strength on wood reaching 0.76 MPa, surpassing that of the commercial aldehyde‐based adhesive. The adhesive is effective over a wide temperature range from room temperature to 150 °C due to the reactivity of the PAE resin above 60 °C. Moreover, it exhibits excellent flame retardancy (limiting oxygen index of 31.2%) owing to its dense structure and the abundance of N‐containing and P‐containing components. This work is expected to break the monopoly of petroleum‐based adhesives in the realm of room‐temperature adhesives.
Fabricating a Structured Single‐Atom Catalyst via High‐Resolution Photopolymerization 3D Printing
Authors: Luo Jiachengjun , Ruta Vincenzo , Kwon Ik Seon , Albertazzi Jody , Allasia Nicolò , Nevskyi Oleksii , Busini Valentina , Moscatelli Davide , Vilé Gianvito
Published: April 2024

This study introduces a novel solution to the design of structured catalysts, integrating single‐piece 3D printing with single‐atom catalysis. Structured catalysts are widely employed in industrial processes, as they provide optimal mass and heat transfer, leading to a more efficient use of catalytic materials. They are conventionally prepared using ceramic or metallic bodies, which are then washcoated and impregnated with catalytically active layers. However, this approach may lead to adhesion issues of the latter. By employing photopolymerization printing, a stable and active single‐atom catalyst is directly shaped into a stand‐alone, single‐piece structured material. The battery of characterization methods employed in the present study confirms the uniform distribution of catalytically active species and the structural integrity of the material. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are applied to demonstrate enhanced momentum transfer and light distribution within the structured body. The materials are finally evaluated in the continuous‐flow photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde, a relevant reaction to prepare biomass‐derived building blocks. The innovative approach reported herein to manufacture a structured single‐atom catalyst circumvents the complexities of traditional synthetic methods, offering scalability and efficiency improvements, and highlights the transformative role of 3D printing in catalysis engineering to revolutionize catalysts’ design.
Injectable and Dynamically Crosslinked Zwitterionic Hydrogels for Anti‐Fouling and Tissue Regeneration Applications
Authors: Pan Zhicheng , Dorogin Jonathan , Lofts Andrew , Randhawa Gurpreet , Xu Fei , Slick Rebecca , Abraha Mosana , Tran Cecilia , Lawlor Michael , Hoare Todd
Published: April 2024

A zwitterionic injectable and degradable hydrogel based on hydrazide and aldehyde‐functionalized [2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl‐(3‐sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (DMAPS) precursor polymers that can address practical in vivo needs is reported. Zwitterion fusion interactions between the zwitterionic precursor polymers create a secondary physically crosslinked network to enable much more rapid gelation than previously reported with other synthetic polymers, facilitating rapid gelation at much lower polymer concentrations or degrees of functionalization than previously accessible in addition to promoting zero swelling and long‐term degradation responses and significantly stiffer mechanics than are typically accessed with previously reported low‐viscosity precursor gelation systems. The hydrogels maintain the highly anti‐fouling properties of conventional zwitterionic hydrogels against proteins, mammalian cells, and bacteria while also promoting anti‐fibrotic tissue responses in vivo. Furthermore, the use of the hydrogels for effective delivery and subsequent controlled release of viable cells with tunable profiles both in vitro and in vivo is demonstrated, including the delivery of myoblasts in a mouse skeletal muscle defect model for reducing the time between injury and functional mobility recovery. The combination of the injectability, degradability, and tissue compatibility achieved offers the potential to expand the utility of zwitterionic hydrogels in minimally invasive therapeutic applications.
Glucopeptide Superstructure Hydrogel Promotes Surgical Wound Healing Following Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy by Producing NO and Anticellular Senescence
Authors: Wang Hang , Mu Ganen , Cai Xiaoyao , Zhang Xiaoguang , Mao Ruiqi , Jia Haixue , Luo Hongjing , Liu Jianfeng , Zhao Cuicui , Wang Zhongyan , Yang Cuihong
Published: April 2024

Neoadjuvant radiotherapy, a preoperative intervention regimen for reducing the stage of primary tumors and surgical margins, has gained increasing attention in the past decade. However, radiation‐induced skin damage during neoadjuvant radiotherapy exacerbates surgical injury, remarkably increasing the risk of refractory wounds and compromising the therapeutic effects. Radiation impedes wound healing by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species and inducing cell apoptosis and senescence. Here, a self‐assembling peptide (R‐peptide) and hyaluronic‐acid (HA)‐based and cordycepin‐loaded superstructure hydrogel is prepared for surgical incision healing after neoadjuvant radiotherapy. Results show that i) R‐peptide coassembles with HA to form biomimetic fiber bundle microstructure, in which R‐peptide drives the assembly of single fiber through π–π stacking and other forces and HA, as a single fiber adhesive, facilitates bunching through electrostatic interactions. ii) The biomimetic superstructure contributes to the adhesion and proliferation of cells in the surgical wound. iii) Aldehyde‐modified HA provides dynamic covalent binding sites for cordycepin to achieve responsive release, inhibiting radiation‐induced cellular senescence. iv) Arginine in the peptides provides antioxidant capacity and a substrate for the endogenous production of nitric oxide to promote wound healing and angiogenesis of surgical wounds after neoadjuvant radiotherapy.
5.1 µm Ion‐Regulated Rigid Quasi‐Solid Electrolyte Constructed by Bridging Fast Li‐Ion Transfer Channels for Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Liu Yangxi , Wang Suqing , Chen Weicheng , Kong Wenhan , Wang Shupei , Liu Haixing , Ding Li , Ding Liang‐Xin , Wang Haihui
Published: April 2024

An ultra‐thin quasi‐solid electrolyte (QSE) with dendrite‐inhibiting properties is a requirement for achieving high energy density quasi‐solid lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Here, a 5.1 µm rigid QSE layer is directly designed on the cathode, in which Kevlar (poly(p‐phenylene terephthalate)) nanofibers (KANFs) with negatively charged groups bridging metal‐organic framework (MOF) particles are served as a rigid skeleton, and non‐flammable deep eutectic solvent is selected to be encapsulated into the MOF channels, combined with in situ polymerization to complete safe electrolyte system with high rigidness and stability. The QSE with constructed topological network demonstrates high rigidity (5.4 GPa), high ionic conductivity (0.73 mS cm−1 at room temperature), good ion‐regulated properties, and improved structural stability, contributing to homogenized Li‐ion flux, excellent dendrite suppression, and prolonged cyclic performance for LMB. Additionally, ion regulation influences the Li deposition behavior, exhibiting a uniform morphology on the Li‐metal surface after cycling. According to density‐functional theory, KANFs bridging MOFs as hosts play a vital function in the free‐state and fast diffusion dynamics of Li‐ions. This work provides an effective strategy for constructing ultrathin robust electrolytes with a novel ionic conduction mode.
Toward Sustainable Electroluminescent Devices for Lighting and Sensing
Authors: Polícia Rita , Peřinka Nikola , Mendes‐Felipe Cristian , Martins Pedro , Correia Daniela Maria , Lanceros‐Méndez Senentxu
Published: April 2024

In today's rapidly evolving technological landscape, electroluminescent devices have emerged as pivotal components, illuminating a path toward energy‐efficient lighting solutions, advanced displays, and integrated sensing technologies, profoundly impacting sectors ranging from consumer electronics to sustainable urban development. Based in such socio‐scientific‐economic scenario, and in the pursuit of sustainable and environmentally conscious technologies, this work presents a novel approach to the development of a multifunctional electroluminescent (EL) device capable of both efficient lighting and electric field frequency sensing applications. The proposed device integrates a composite based on zinc sulfide co‐doped with copper (ZnS:Cu) phosphor particles and plant‐based UV resin, to achieve enhanced functional properties and reduced environmental impact. The developed anycubic plant‐based UV resin clear (ECOr)/ZnS:Cu inks display viscosity values between 0.5 and 100 Pa.s (ensuring good quality of screen‐prints), and after printing composites exhibit thermal stability up to ≈200 °C; morphological homogeneity, dielectric properties dependent on the ZnS:Cu content (dielectric constant of 12.8 for the sample with 80 wt.% of filler); 30 cd.m2 luminance for the sample with 80 wt.% of ZnS:Cu; and colorimetric electric field frequency sensing capability in the 0–3 kHz range. Thus, this research contributes to the advancement of sustainable technologies that prioritize both multifunctionality and environmental responsibility in the fabrication of electroluminescent devices for lighting and sensing.
Ginseng‐Bioinspired 3D Photothermal Evaporator for Efficient Seawater Desalination Using Conjugated Microporous Polymer
Authors: Wang Yuzhu , Cheng Zhonghua , Li Wujun , Zhao Xiaojia , Li Shuang , Cheng Chong , Thomas Arne , Liao Yaozu
Published: April 2024

Photothermal conversion technology presents a promising approach for harnessing solar energy to facilitate seawater desalination. However, salts will accumulate on the surface of the photothermal conversion structure during seawater desalination, which hinders solar energy absorption. Meanwhile, the photothermal conversion structure directly immersing in a large water body results in a large heat dissipation loss. Both factors impair solar energy conversion and water steam generation. To address the issues, inspired by a ginseng plant (with a trunk‐to‐branch water supply system), a 3D cotton‐based photothermal evaporator with tunable water supply is facilely designed herein via simple cloak‐weaving of a porphyrin‐based conjugated microporous polymer (PPCMP) as the photothermal conversion material. The as‐designed 3D cloak‐like photothermal evaporator achieves an equilibrium between the water supply flux and evaporation rate via optimizing PPCMP weaving and the water path. As a result, a high evaporation rate of 2.81 kg m−2 h−1 and photothermal conversion efficiency of 155% are obtained under 1 sun illumination. The findings underline the importance of 3D porous organic polymer‐based fabrics as effective media for harnessing solar energy and highlight their potential for seawater desalination.
Predicting Blood Glucose Levels with Organic Neuromorphic Micro‐Networks
Authors: Kurt Ibrahim , Krauhausen Imke , Spolaor Simone , van de Burgt Yoeri
Published: April 2024

Accurate glucose prediction is vital for diabetes management. Artificial intelligence and artificial neural networks (ANNs) are showing promising results for reliable glucose predictions, offering timely warnings for glucose fluctuations. The translation of these software‐based ANNs into dedicated computing hardware opens a route toward automated insulin delivery systems ultimately enhancing the quality of life for diabetic patients. ANNs are transforming this field, potentially leading to implantable smart prediction devices and ultimately to a fully artificial pancreas. However, this transition presents several challenges, including the need for specialized, compact, lightweight, and low‐power hardware. Organic polymer‐based electronics are a promising solution as they have the ability to implement the behavior of neural networks, operate at low voltage, and possess key attributes like flexibility, stretchability, and biocompatibility. Here, the study focuses on implementing software‐based neural networks for glucose prediction into hardware systems. How to minimize network requirements, downscale the architecture, and integrate the neural network with electrochemical neuromorphic organic devices, meeting the strict demands of smart implants for in‐body computation of glucose prediction is investigated.