bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The czech embarrassment of inflation targeting in transition
Authors: Mandel Martin , Kosmata Vladimír
Published: July 2015

In 1998 the Czech National Bank (CNB) changed its monetary policy framework and started to target inflation. The article discusses main theoretical aspects of inflation targeting and some practical problems with implementation of inflation targeting. The main characteristics of the inflation and monetary targeting are described in the first and second part. The third part deals with practical issues connected with inflation targeting (number of countries using inflation targeting, quality of inflation predictions, inflation and interest rate volatility). In the final part the CNB monetary policy function is estimated and the results are compared with the theoretical assumptions of the inflation targeting.
Large bank privatization and economic transformation in the czech republic in the nineties
Authors: G. Simonson Donald
Published: July 2015

This paper examines the two crucial factors in Czech banking policy that explain why Czech banks were not an effective support for economic restructuring in the nineties. These factors are: the subsistence of unrestructured, non-viable firms that undermined development of banks' debt monitoring role and stunted the development of bankruptcy and commercial laws needed to support credit creation and, delays in privatizing the large bank hegemony that rendered the banks themselves unrestructured, undercapitalized and poorly competitive with foreign institutions.
A successful book on the czech book market
Authors: Koderová Jitka
Published: July 2015

N/A
Macroeconomic development in the czech republic and accession to the european union
Authors: Fidrmuc Jan , Fidrmuc Jarko
Published: July 2015

This paper discusses the implications of accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union. First, we estimate the potential growth in the enlargement and the non-enlargement scenarios. Second, we provide a structural forecast of GDP components. We show that both forecasts are consistent. Accordingly, GDP growth is forecasted to be 4.5 % and 5.0 % in 2001 - 2004 and 4.2 % and 5.2 % in 2005 - 2010 for the accession and non-accession scenarios, respectively. The accession scenario follows the current cyclical pattern (recession 1998 - 1999, recovery 2000 - 2003, boom 2004 - 2007, and a soft landing in the following years), while the non-accession scenario would extend the current recession until 2005.
Czech foreign trade in the nineties: adaptation to developed markets
Authors: Tomšík Vladimír , Zamrazilová Eva
Published: July 2015

The article deals with the problems of adaptation of Czech foreign trade to challenging markets of developed countries. It devotes special attention to the trade with the EU since the problems of adaptation, leading to growing trade deficits, were most profound in this territory. In the end of the nineties, the adaptation to developed markets proceeded rapidly, competitiveness of Czech exports quickly growing. Main Czech trading partners are treated separately in the third part of the article. Final part shows that reorientation of Czech foreign trade resulted in the creation of the new risky factors of Czech external balance. Regression analysis of foreign trade showed high dependence of Czech exports on West European, especially German, business cycle. High import intensity of Czech exports might thus cause the problems of external imbalance again, even under good export performance.
Impact of foreign trade on market concentration (czech manufacturing industries in 1993 - 1997)
Authors: Zemplinerová Alena
Published: July 2015

The paper presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between international trade and market concentration. Market concentration is measured with and without adjustment for foreign trade and results are compared. On most markets the adjustment of domestic supply for exports and imports reduces market concentration. Most concentrated industries as a rule further concentrated and the least concentrated industries further de-concentrated during the period 1993 - 1997.
Comparison of market concentration with the EU showed that manufacturing product markets that are in the EU very concentrated and for which economies of scale are typical, are not concentrated in the Czech Republic. This fact can imply a performance that is below the optimal scale and low competitiveness on the international markets. On the other hand, the least concentrated markets in the EU continue to be relatively more concentrated in the Czech Republic. These are often local markets on which foreign trade cannot create competition and should be therefore closely monitored by antimopoly authority.
How should the international monetary fund function in the modern world?
Authors: Havrilová Mária
Published: July 2015

The International Monetary Fund is a remarkable survivor. It was created to carry out specific functions in a world that has since vanished. Its role in the world economy still remains central. But in recent times, it has faced considerable criticism, both in terms of its role and its performance. We examine why IMF programs are often ineffective in achieving their goals, and whether there are any prospects for strengthening the IMF's role to become a genuine global monitor of financial flows and monetary issues. Then we examine the Fund's major role as lender of last resort to members who experience balance of payments problems. In particular, it will argue that the IMF's reliance on "conditionality" as a means of affecting change in the domestic policy of some of its members is misguided. Finally, a few suggestions on how the IMF could improve its procedures and brief evaluation of the IMF´s intervention in the Asian financial crisis.
Are capital inflows in the CR inflationary?
Authors: Dvořák Tomáš
Published: July 2015

It is evident that the volume of capital inflows in the Czech Republic has had seriously monetary consequences. As shown in the section 2 net foreign assets accounted for most of the growth in the money supply in the Czech Republic during 1993 and 1994. Inflationary effects of capital inflows depend on whether capital inflows are driven by the money demand or by the money supply. The inflows driven by a rightward shift in the money demand function are not likely to result in inflation, while a shift in the money, supply function, caused perhaps by institutional change and greater availability of foreign funds, is likely to put pressure on prices. Empirical investigation of the supply and demand effects attempted to confirm the existence of the supply of money supply function in the Czech Republic. The application of appropriate econometric analysis in the turbulent period of 1992 - 1994 was somewhat problematic.
Investment model of the czech economy
Authors: Pánková Václava
Published: July 2015

Investment is a source of maintaining or increasing of the capital stock in the economy. By increasing the capital stock, investment spending can augment the future output of the economy. Being a dynamic phenomenon, its determinants arise over various past periods and its formalization belongs to problems of specifying and estimating relationships describing dynamic disequilibrium behaviour. The sources of the dynamics are mainly the durability of capital goods, the problem of financing a purchase over time and the expectations of investment behaviour. Econometricians trying to model, analyze and prognosticate the economic development in transition economies have to solve two typical problems nowadays, the lack of the data and the weak correspondence between standard theories and economic processes in question.
Input–Output Energy Analysis of Rainfed Rice‐Based Cropping Systems in Eastern India
Authors: Lal B. , Panda B. B. , Gautam Priyanka , Raja R. , Singh Teekam , Mohanty S. , Shahid Md. , Tripathi R. , Kumar Anjani , Nayak A. K.
Published: July 2015

Crop and cultivar diversification in cropping systems may improve crop productivity and energy efficiency along with the sustainability of agricultural production in eastern India, but the choices may be made based on the cropping area. This study was conducted to examine the energy input–output relationship, energy requirement, and system productivity of rainfed rice (Oryza sativaL.) based cropping systems (Swarna rice–Annada rice–black gram [Vigna mungo(L.) Hepper var.mungo], Naveen rice–toria [Brassica rapaL. ssp.dichotoma(Roxb.) Hanelt]–horse gram [Macrotyloma uniflorum(Lam.) Verdc.], Swarna rice–toria–coriander [Coriandrum sativumL.], Gayatri rice–green gram [Vigna radiata(L.) R. Wilczek var.radiata], Swarna rice–green gram, and Naveen rice–black gram–horse gram) in the eastern part of India. Results of the study revealed that the Swarna rice–toria–coriander system consumed the highest total energy input (24,546 MJ ha−1), whereas the Swarna rice–green gram (15,543 MJ ha−1) system was the most energy‐efficient system. Among all the energy inputs, fertilizer consumed the highest share (45–58%), followed by land preparation (19–24%) and labor (18–23%). The Gayatri rice–green gram system produced the highest energy output (183,006 MJ ha−1), which was at a par with the energy production of the Naveen rice–toria–horse gram system (179,788 MJ ha−1). Systems such as Naveen rice–toria–horse gram, Gayatri rice–green gram, and Naveen rice–black gram–horse gram appeared to be most suitable for resource‐poor farmers for their higher energy use efficiency, energy productivity, and system productivity.
Recurrent Selection to Alter Grain Phytic Acid Concentration and Iron Bioavailability
Authors: Beavers Alyssa W. , Goggi A. Susana , Reddy Manju B. , Lauter Adrienne Moran , Scott M. Paul
Published: July 2015

Iron is an important micronutrient and Fe deficiency is a global health concern. Phytic acid inhibits Fe absorption and cannot be digested by monogastric livestock or humans. High phytate concentration in staple crops may be one of the contributing factors for the high incidence of anemia in developing countries because of its inhibiting effect on Fe absorption. In seeds, it serves as the main storage compound for P. Low phytic acid mutants (lpa) in maize (Zea mays L.) have improved Fe bioavailability, but they have poor germination. Our objective was to develop both low phytic acid (LPA) and high phytic acid (HPA) maize populations using recurrent selection and to compare seed quality and Fe bioavailability among the HPA and LPA populations and lpa mutant lines. Three cycles of selection were performed in two broad‐based synthetic populations, BS11 and BS31. The resulting HPA and LPA populations were significantly different in phytic acid concentration in the BS11‐derived populations (P < 0.05) but not in the BSS31‐derived populations (P > 0.05). The BS11LPA maize population had improved seed germination (13–16%; P < 0.05), and Fe bioavailability was not statistically different (P > 0.05) than the lpa mutant inbred lines. We conclude that recurrent selection for phytic acid levels may be a viable approach for improving Fe bioavailability of grain while maintaining seed quality.
Leaf Rust Resistance in Wheat Line RL6062 is an Allele at the Lr3 Locus
Authors: Kolmer J. A.
Published: July 2015

RL6062, a ‘Thatcher’ backcross line of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), has resistance to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Erikss.) derived from a line of common wheat from Iran. RL6062 has an intermediate infection type (IT) of small to moderate uredinia surrounded by distinct chlorosis. RL6062 was crossed with Thatcher and the F2 seedlings and F3 families segregated for a single leaf rust resistance gene. Bulk segregant analysis of homozygous resistant and homozygous susceptible F3 families using diversity arrays technology (DArT) markers indicated that the leaf rust resistance was on chromosome 6BL. RL6062 was crossed with Thatcher lines with genes Lr9, Lr3a, Lr3b, and Lr3c that are also located on chromosome 6BL. The F2 seedlings of RL6010‐Lr9/RL6062 segregated for IT that ranged from immune response to high IT with large uredinia that lacked necrosis or chlorosis. The F3 families derived from F2 seedlings with high IT were homozygous susceptible or segregated for intermediate IT and high IT, confirming that resistance in RL6062 was not allelic to Lr9. The F2 seedlings of RL6002‐Lr3a/RL6062 segregated for IT that varied from flecks to moderately large size uredinia that lacked chlorosis or necrosis. The F3 families derived from F2 seedlings that had intermediate to high IT segregated for low IT of fleck to intermediate IT, and none of the seedlings had high IT. The lack of segregation for susceptible plants in the F3 families indicated that the leaf rust resistance in RL6062 is an allele at the Lr3 locus. Alleles at the Lr3 locus had intermediate to recessive expression.
Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Tolerance to Seed Cracking under Chilling Temperatures in Soybean
Authors: Yamaguchi Naoya , Taguchi‐Shiobara Fumio , Sayama Takashi , Miyoshi Tomoaki , Kawasaki Michio , Ishimoto Masao , Senda Mineo
Published: July 2015

In Hokkaido, northern Japan, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] crops are damaged by cold weather. Chilling temperatures result in the appearance of cracked seeds (CSs) in soybean crops, especially those grown in eastern and northern Hokkaido. The seed coats of CSs are severely split on the dorsal side, and the cotyledons are exposed and frequently separated. The occurrence of CSs causes unstable production because these seeds have no commodity value. The aims of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with CS tolerance. In a previous study, a selection method for CS tolerance using a phytotron was developed. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was bred from a cross between a CS‐tolerant breeding line, Toiku 248 (T248), and a CS‐sensitive cultivar, Yukihomare (YH). Two stable QTLs, qCS8‐1 and qCS11‐1, were identified by QTL analysis using the cracked‐seed index (CSI), the arcsine transformed CS ratio. Two pairs of near‐isogenic lines (NILs) were bred for the qCS8‐1 and qCS11‐1 loci to validate the effects of the QTLs. The CSIs of the NILs with the T248 allele were significantly lower than those with the YH allele at both the qCS8‐1 and qCS11‐1 loci. The T248 alleles at qCS8‐1 and qCS11‐1 had no negative influence on flowering time or other agronomic traits in the NILs. Our results suggest that marker‐assisted selection (MAS) for qCS8‐1 and qCS11‐1 would be effective for the breeding of CS‐tolerant cultivars.
Effects of CT Number Derived Matrix Density on Preferential Flow and Transport in a Macroporous Agricultural Soil
Authors: Katuwal Sheela , Moldrup Per , Lamandé Mathieu , Tuller Markus , de Jonge Lis W.
Published: July 2015

Preferential flow and transport in structured soils can be intimately linked to numerous environmental problems. Surface‐applied chemicals are susceptible to rapid transport to deeper depths in structural soil pores, thereby potentially contaminating valuable environmental resources and posing risks to public health. This study focused on establishing links between the structural pore space and preferential transport using a combination of standard physical measurement methods for air and water permeabilities, breakthrough experiments, and X‐ray computed tomography (CT) on large soil columns. Substantial structural heterogeneity that resulted in significant variations in flow and tracer transport was observed, despite the textural similarity of the investigated samples. Quantification of macropore characteristics with X‐ray CT was useful but not sufficient to explain the variability in air permeability, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and solute transport. This was due to the limited CT scan resolution and large structural variability below this resolution. However, CTmatrix, a new parameter derived from the CT number of the matrix excluding stones and large mostly air‐filled macropores, was found to be useful for determining the magnitude of preferential flow under boundary conditions of constant, near‐saturated flow.
Effects of operation temperature on thermal expansion and main parameters of radial ball bearings
Authors: Mitrovic Radivoje , Atanasovska Ivana , Soldat Natasa , Momcilovic Dejan
Published: July 2015

The research of influence of operation temperature on the thermal expansion
and main parameters of radial ball bearings is presented in this paper. The
main bearing parameters are identified in accordance with the increasing
requests concerning stability and load capacity. A series of Finite Element
Analyses is performed for quasi-static analysis of all identified bearing
parameters during contact period in referent temperature. Then, the
dependence of bearing material characteristics on the operation temperature
is discussed. Few series of Finite Element Analyses are performed for a
particular radial ball bearing type, with characteristics in accordance with
manufacturer specifications, for several operation temperatures. These two
problems analyses include consideration of relation between the initial
radial clearance, thermal expansion strains and contact deformations of the
parts of the bearing assembly. The results for radial ball bearing parameters
are monitored during a ball contact period for different temperatures and the
appropriate discussion and conclusions are given. The conclusions about the
contribution of developed procedure in defining the optimum operation
temperature range are shown.
Numerical investigation of laminar forced convection heat transfer in rectangular channels with different block geometries using nano-fluids
Authors: Foroutani Saeed , Rahbari Alireza
Published: July 2015

This research investigates the laminar steady-forced convection heat transfer of a Cu-water nanofluid in a 2-D horizontal channel with different block geometries attached to the bottom wall. The block geometries assumed in this research are triangular and curve blocks. The governing equations associated with the required boundary conditions are solved using finite volume method based on the SIMPLE technique and the effects of Reynolds number, nanofluid volume fraction, block geometry, and the numbers of blocks on the local and average Nusselt numbers are explored. The obtained results show that nanoparticles can effectively enhance the heat transfer in a channel. Furthermore, the local and average Nusselt number distribution is strongly dependent on the block geometry. As observed, the heat transfer augments with the increase in the Reynolds number and nanofluid volume fraction for both block geometries. It is also concluded that the average Nusselt number of the curve block is higher than that of the triangular block for different Reynolds numbers which declares the importance of the block geometry in the heat transfer enhancement.
On combined effect of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation in hydromagnetic micropolar fluid flow between two stretchable disks
Authors: Ali Kashif , Ahmad Shahzad , Ashraf Muhammad
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we investigate numerically the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting micropolar fluid between two infinite uniformly stretching disks, taking the radiation and viscous dissipation effects into consideration. The transformed self similar coupled ordinary differential equations are solved using quasi-linearization method. The study may be beneficial in flow and thermal control of polymeric processing.
Tropical temperature altitude amplification in the hiatus period (1998-2012)
Authors: Ducic Vladan , Milovanovic Bosko , Stanojevic Gorica , Milenkovic Milan , Curcic Nina
Published: July 2015

In the period 1998-2012 there was a stagnation in temperature rise, despite
the GHGs radiation forcing is increased (hiatus period). According to Global
Circulation Models simulations, expected response on the rise of GHGs forcing
is tropical temperature altitude amplification - temperature increases faster
in higher troposphere than in lower troposphere. In this paper, two satellite
data sets, UAH MSU and RSS, were used to test altitude temperature
amplification in tropic (20?N-20?S) in the hiatus period. We compared data
from satellite data sets from lower troposphere (TLT) and middle troposphere
(TMT) in general and particularly for land and ocean (for UAH MSU). The
results from both satellite measurements showed the presence of hiatus, i.e.
slowdown of the temperature rise in the period 1998-2012 compared to period
1979-2012 (UAH MSU) and temperature fall for RSS data. Smaller increase, i.e.
temperature fall over ocean showed that hiatus is an ocean phenomenon above
all. Data for UAH MSU showed that temperature altitude amplification in
tropic was not present either for period 1979-2012, or 1998-2012. RSS data
set also do not show temperature altitude amplification either for longer
(1979-2012), or for shorter period (1998-2012). RSS data for successive
15-year periods from 1979-1993 till 1998-2012 does not show tropical
temperature altitude amplification and in one case negative trend is
registered in TLT and in two cases in TMT. In general, our results do not
show presence of temperature altitude amplification in tropic in the hiatus
period.
Flow and heat transfer of MHD graphene oxide-water nanofluid between two non-parallel walls
Authors: Azimi Mohammadreza , Riazi Rouzbeh
Published: July 2015

The steady 2-D heat transfer and flow between two non-parallel walls of a graphene oxide nanofluid in presence of uniform magnetic field are investigated in this paper. The analytical solution of the non-linear problem is obtained by Galerkin optimal homotopy asymptotic method. At first a similarity transformation is used to reduce the partial differential equations modeling the flow and heat transfer to ordinary non-linear differential equation systems containing the semi angle between the plate?s parameter, Reynolds number, the magnetic field strength, nanoparticle volume fraction, Eckert and Prandtl numbers. Finally, the obtained analytical results have been compared with results achieved from previous works in some cases.
Viral hepatitis today
Authors: Nozic Darko
Published: July 2015

nema
Internal Control Deficiencies in Tax Reporting: A Detailed View
Authors: Graham Lynford , Bedard Jean C.
Published: July 2015

SYNOPSIS

Prior research, using data from Sarbanes-Oxley Act Sections 302/404 (SOX, U.S. House of Representatives 2002) disclosures, finds that material weaknesses (MWs) in internal controls over financial reporting of taxes are more frequent and consequential than other account-specific MWs. Understanding internal control deficiencies (ICDs) in tax reporting is important but public information is limited, as MWs comprise only control flaws remaining unremediated at year-end and few details on their nature are available from SEC filings. We supplement prior studies by providing a detailed look at all Section 404 control deficiencies in tax reporting in a proprietary sample of engagements in 2004–2005 from several large auditing firms. We find that tax ICDs are less likely to be remediated between discovery and fiscal year-end, more likely to be severe, and more likely to have caused a financial misstatement. Remediation failure for tax ICDs is greater when management missed detecting the problem, and more prevalent for poorly designed controls, controls over the tax provision, and monitoring control activities. Auditors' severity classifications imply that ICDs relating to the tax provision and deferred taxes, and those that failed in operation, have higher potential for producing misstatements. Overall, our results underscore the importance of auditor involvement in internal control reporting in the tax area.

Data Availability: Data used for this study were provided under confidentiality agreements, and cannot be shared.
Non-Big 4 Local Market Leadership and its Effect on Competition
Authors: Keune Marsha B. , Mayhew Brian W. , Schmidt Jaime J.
Published: July 2015

This study examines local characteristics associated with non-Big 4 local market leadership and the impact of non-Big 4 local market leadership on competition. We identify non-Big 4 local market leaders by collecting accounting firm rankings from business publications for 46 of the largest metropolitan statistical areas from 2005–2010. These rankings are based on the number of local office employees and provide a more holistic measure of office size than measures based on public company audit fees. We find local supply and demand factors are significantly associated with non-Big 4 local market leadership and that non-Big 4 leadership is associated with lower overall audit fees in the local market. We also find that non-Big 4 leaders earn a fee premium over other non-Big 4 auditors. Our results imply that non-Big 4 leaders increase local market competition.

Data Availability: All data are publicly available from sources identified in the study.
Cost Estimates, Cost Overruns, and Project Continuation Decisions
Authors: Brüggen Alexander , Luft Joan L.
Published: July 2015

Cost overruns on multi-period projects are large and frequent in natural environments. Reasons for these overruns include cost understatements in initial project proposals and escalation of commitment to projects when initial actual costs turn out to be higher than expected. Prior literature has suggested, and some firms have implemented, a device that limits escalation and thus potentially reduces cost overruns: changing decision makers (superiors) so that the manager who approves continuation of a project is not the same individual who approved the project initially. We provide theoretical explanations and experimental evidence about how changing versus continuing superiors affect the underestimates of cost in initial project proposals. We find that although changing superiors, as expected, are more likely than are continuing superiors to react skeptically to continuation proposals when first-period cost overruns have occurred, this does not reduce initial cost understatements and overruns. On the contrary, in our setting it leads to greater initial understatements and overruns. Subordinates anticipate that new superiors will be more critical of their projects; hence, they discount later-period payoffs and focus on gaining initial funding by providing understated cost estimates.
The Cash Flow and Behavioral Effects of Switching to a Single Sales Factor on State Taxation
Authors: Swenson Charles W.
Published: July 2015

This study examines the impact that switching to a single sales factor (SSF) formula for state corporate income tax apportionment has on local employment. Resolving previous conflicting work, I find that SSF increased employment only for locally based firms, resulting in economically insignificant aggregate employment gains. Beyond contributing to the policy debate, the study also introduces a new database that provides location-specific, establishment-level information for both public and privately owned firms.
Liquidity Implications of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures: Malaysian Evidence
Authors: Subramaniam Ravichandran K. , Samuel Shyamala Dhoraisingham , Mahenthiran Sakthi
Published: July 2015

The study examines the association between the different types of blockholdings, the levels of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure, and liquidity of shares traded in Malaysian public listed companies (PLCs) on Bursa Malaysia. The sample consists of 194 most actively traded PLCs for the year 2009. A CSR index was constructed using the criteria used by a leading newspaper that provides an annual CSR award. We suggest that such CSR awards help legitimize the business activities of PLCs in the eyes of a government promoting sustainable business practices. The study finds that while insider blockholdings increases the trading friction and reduces liquidity, the nongovernmental institutional blockholdings improve the liquidity of shares traded on Bursa Malaysia. Moreover, the government institutional blockholdings interacts with the CSR disclosure levels to affect the liquidity of the shares traded. These findings make important contributions to emerging capital markets where government regulations incentivize CSR disclosures and the involvement of institutional investors in the governance of PLCs are the norm.

Data Availability: The authors are willing to share the data for use by others in extending or replicating results reported in their articles (send request to Ms. Dhoraisingham at: shymala.dhoraisingam@monash.edu).
Signalment, clinical features, echocardiographic findings, and outcome of dogs and cats with ventricular septal defects: 109 cases (1992–2013)
Authors: Bomassi Eric , Misbach Charlotte , Tissier Renaud , Gouni Vassiliki , Trehiou-Sechi Emilie , Petit Amandine M. , Desmyter Aude , Damoiseaux Cécile , Pouchelon Jean-Louis , Chetboul Valérie
Published: July 2015

Objective—To determine the signalment, clinical features, echocardiographic findings, and outcome of dogs and cats with ventricular septal defects (VSDs).

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—56 dogs and 53 cats with VSDs.

Procedures—Medical records of dogs and cats with VSDs diagnosed by means of conventional and Doppler echocardiography were reviewed. Signalment, clinical status, echocardiographic findings, and outcome data were recorded. Variables of interest were analyzed for the study population and subgroups according to species and clinical status.

Results—VSDs were isolated (ie, solitary defects) in 53 of 109 (48.6%) patients. Most (82/109 [75.2%]) VSDs were membranous or perimembranous. Terriers and French Bulldogs were commonly represented canine breeds. Most isolated VSDs were subclinical (43/53 [81%]) and had a pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio < 1. 5 (24/32 [75%]). The VSD diameter and VSD-to-aortic diameter ratio were significantly correlated with pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio in dogs (r = 0.529 and r = 0.689, respectively) and in cats (r = 0.713 and r = 0.829, respectively). One dog underwent open surgical repair for an isolated VSD and was excluded from survival analysis. Of the remaining animals with isolated VSDs for which data were available (37/52 [71%]), no subclinically affected animals developed signs after initial diagnosis, and median age at death from all causes was 12 years.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Most dogs and cats with isolated VSDs had a long survival time; few had clinical signs at diagnosis, and none with follow-up developed clinical signs after diagnosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;247:166–175)
An Aggregate IRT Procedure for Exploratory Factor Analysis
Authors: Camilli Gregory , Fox Jean-Paul
Published: July 2015

An aggregation strategy is proposed to potentially address practical limitation related to computing resources for two-level multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models with large data sets. The aggregate model is derived by integration of the normal ogive model, and an adaptation of the stochastic approximation expectation maximization algorithm is used for estimation. This methodology is used to conduct an exploratory factor analysis of the 2007 mathematics data from Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) fourth grade to illustrate potential uses. A comparison to flexMIRT and two brief simulations indicate the aggregate model provides accurate estimates of Level 2 parameters despite loss of information ensuing from key assumption.
Bio-, Agro- or even Social Fuels: Discourse Dynamics on Biofuels in Germany
Authors: Selbmann Kirsten
Published: July 2015

Within the EU, Germany took a pioneering role in the production and promotion of biofuels. To explain this role the article analytically examines public discourses on biofuels. The analysis points out how the subject is interpreted and positioned by relevant actors and thus results in a specific public perception of biofuels in Germany. This perception in turn influences political decision-making processes. Since the analysis of discourses contributes to a better understanding of today's biofuel policy in Germany, the article characterises the biofuel discourse during the genesis of this policy. Additionally, it analytically traces changes of discourse constellations in the course of the biofuel policy path.
Policy Decisions on Shale Gas Development (‘Fracking'): The Insufficiency of Science and Necessity of Moral Thought
Authors: Evensen Darrick Trent
Published: July 2015

A constant refrain in both public discourse and academic research on shale gas development has been the necessity for ‘sound science’ to govern policy decisions. Rare, however, is the recommendation that effective policy on this topic also include ‘sound moral thought'. I argue that: (1) philosophy (particularly moral thought and ethical reasoning) and science must work in tandem for making good policy decisions related to shale gas development, and (2) this realisation is essential for policy-makers, journalists, researchers, educators and the public. By examining the range of normative claims offered within academic and public discourse, the variation in claims across contexts and the degree to which the normative arguments are well-supported, I illustrate the important role increased attention to moral thought could play in forwarding policy construction on shale gas development. Finally, I offer recommendations for how policy-makers, journalists, researchers and educators can more actively acknowledge the importance of both science and moral thought in policy-making related to shale gas development.
Physical exercise induces rapid release of small extracellular vesicles into the circulation
Authors: Frühbeis Carsten , Helmig Susanne , Tug Suzan , Simon Perikles , Krämer‐Albers Eva‐Maria
Published: July 2015

Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) by default and in response to diverse stimuli for the purpose of cell communication and tissue homeostasis. EVs are present in all body fluids including peripheral blood, and their appearance correlates with specific physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we show that physical activity is associated with the release of nano‐sized EVs into the circulation. Healthy individuals were subjected to an incremental exercise protocol of cycling or running until exhaustion, and EVs were isolated from blood plasma samples taken before, immediately after and 90 min after exercise. Small EVs with the size of 100–130 nm, that carried proteins characteristic of exosomes, were significantly increased immediately after cycling exercise and declined again within 90 min at rest. In response to treadmill running, elevation of small EVs was moderate but appeared more sustained. To delineate EV release kinetics, plasma samples were additionally taken at the end of each increment of the cycling exercise protocol. Release of small EVs into the circulation was initiated in an early phase of exercise, before the individual anaerobic threshold, which is marked by the rise of lactate. Taken together, our study revealed that exercise triggers a rapid release of EVs with the characteristic size of exosomes into the circulation, initiated in the aerobic phase of exercise. We hypothesize that EVs released during physical activity may participate in cell communication during exercise‐mediated adaptation processes that involve signalling across tissues and organs.
A Fine-Grained Approach to “Double-Barreled” Adjectives
Authors: Davis Anthony R.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 312-321
Lexical and Postlexical Word Formation
Authors: Wong-opasi Uthaiwan
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 467-482
Liberated Modifiers: An Autolexical Account of Modifiers Found Outside the NP
Authors: Need Barbara
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 192-203
Mandarin Ditransitive Constructions and the Category of gei
Authors: Huang Chu-Ren , Mo Ruo-Ping
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 109-122
Noun Incorporation from a Semantic Point of View
Authors: Van Geenhoven Veerle
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 453-466
On the Ambiguity between the Perfect and the Resultative: Evidence from V-te ar- Constructions in Japanese
Authors: Hasegawa Yoko
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 88-99
Ponapean Nasal Substitution: New Evidence for Rhinoglottophilia
Authors: Blevins Juliette , Garrett Andrew
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 2-21
Semantic Relations vs. Abstract Syntactic Relations: Evidence from Halkomelem
Authors: Farrell Patrick
Published: July 2015

Based on a partial reanalysis of a corpus of data from Halkomelem (Salish) analyzed from the perspective of classical Relational Grammar in a series of works by Donna Gerdts, I argue for a relational theory with both revaluations of syntactic relations and alternative initial alignments of semantic relations with syntactic relations. First, I look at four kinds of constructions for which Gerdts appeals to revaluation analyses: passive, causative, antipassive, and applicative. I argue that a subset of these - namely the latter three - are better analyzed otherwise. Based on these results, I examine certain grammatical phenomena which might have been understood in terms of initial syntactic relations, if multistratal analyses of the constructions in question were available. Since they are not, however, it is necessary to formulate the relevant conditions in terms of semantic relations.
The Comparative Conditional in Latin
Authors: Michaelis Laura A.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 166-179
The Ordering of Postlexical Rules in English
Authors: Myers James
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 180-191
Towards a Constrained Theory of Morphological Discongruities: “Tops-together” Parallel Representations
Authors: Churchyard Henry
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 298-311
Two Metatextual Operators: Negation and Conditionality in English and Polish
Authors: Dancygier Barbara
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 61-75
What is a Morpheme? A View from Construction Grammar
Authors: Rhodes Richard A.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 409-423
Semantic Relations vs. Abstract Syntactic Relations: Evidence from Halkomelem
Authors: Farrell Patrick
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 76-87
From Atonal to Tonal in Utsat (A Chamic Language of Hainan)
Authors: Thurgood Graham
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on The Typology of Tone Languages (1992)
Re-examining Contour Tone Units in Chinese Languages
Authors: Duanmu San
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on The Typology of Tone Languages (1992)
Tone Rule Typology
Authors: Chen Matthew Y.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on The Typology of Tone Languages (1992)
Universals in the Semantics of the Diminutive
Authors: Jurafsky Dan
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Semantic Typology and Semantic Universals (1993)
Universals of Construal
Authors: Langacker Ronald W.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Semantic Typology and Semantic Universals (1993)
Verbal Compounding in Korean
Authors: Kim Yookyung
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Semantic Typology and Semantic Universals (1993)
What Studies of the Brain Can Tell Us About Language (if anything) and Vice Versa
Authors: Fromkin Victoria A.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Semantic Typology and Semantic Universals (1993)
Mapping Transitive Voice in Halkomelem
Authors: Gerdts Donna B.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Syntactic Issues in Native American Languages (1993)
Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Mechanisms for Syntactic Change in Athapaskan
Authors: Rice Keren , Saxon Leslie
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Syntactic Issues in Native American Languages (1993)
The Clitic/Agreement Split: Asymmetries in Choctaw Person Marking
Authors: Broadwell George Aaron , Martin Jack
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Syntactic Issues in Native American Languages (1993)
The Syntax of Discourse Functions in Fox
Authors: Dahlstrom Amy
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Syntactic Issues in Native American Languages (1993)
A Dialect in the Face of the Standard: A Japanese Case Study
Authors: Miyake Yoshimi
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Historical Issues in Sociolinguistics/Social Issues in Historical Linguistics (1995)
A Non-Derivational Approach to Winnebago Stress
Authors: Heiberg Andrea
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Historical Issues in Sociolinguistics/Social Issues in Historical Linguistics (1995)
English Negation from a Non-Derivational Perspective
Authors: Kim Jong-Bok
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Historical Issues in Sociolinguistics/Social Issues in Historical Linguistics (1995)
Creating the Middle Ground Register in Thai Conversation
Authors: Iwasaki Shoichi
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Discourse in Southeast Asian Languages (1995)
Giving Distance its Due (On ‘Mutual Translatability’)
Authors: Becker A. L.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Discourse in Southeast Asian Languages (1995)
Not Yes, Not No: The Zen of Khmer Discourse Particles
Authors: Schiller Eric
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Discourse in Southeast Asian Languages (1995)
The Grammaticalization of Thai ‘Come’ and ‘Go’
Authors: Bilmes Leela
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Discourse in Southeast Asian Languages (1995)
Argument Structure and Learnability: Is a Solution in Sight?
Authors: Bowerman Melissa
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Role of Learnability in Grammatical Theory (1996)
Borrowing and Politeness Strategy in Japanese
Authors: Azuma Shoji
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Role of Learnability in Grammatical Theory (1996)
By Me Bein’ Pregnant I Would Stay Sick All the Time: Causal by and from in African American Vernacular English
Authors: Carey Kathleen , Cukor-Avila Patricia
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Role of Learnability in Grammatical Theory (1996)
Causativization in Hupa
Authors: Embick David
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Role of Learnability in Grammatical Theory (1996)
Coherence and the Coordinate Structure Constraint
Authors: Kehler Andrew
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Role of Learnability in Grammatical Theory (1996)
Pragmatic Inference and Grammaticalization of Serial Verbs of Displacement in Korean
Authors: Rhee Seongha
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Role of Learnability in Grammatical Theory (1996)
Revising Old English Definitions of FRIEND: A Cognitive Account
Authors: Romano Manuela
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Role of Learnability in Grammatical Theory (1996)
The Emphatic Origin of Reflexives
Authors: Van Gelderen Elly
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Role of Learnability in Grammatical Theory (1996)
To Will or Not to Will: The Evolution of willy-nilly
Authors: Radetzky Paula Kadose
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Role of Learnability in Grammatical Theory (1996)
Words by Default: Optimizing Constraints and the Persian Complex Predicate
Authors: Goldberg Adele E.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Role of Learnability in Grammatical Theory (1996)
Deeper Genetic Relationships in North America: Some Tempered Pessimism
Authors: Rankin Robert L.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Historical Issues in Native American Languages (1996)
Indigenous Pidgins of North America in their Sociohistorical Context
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Historical Issues in Native American Languages (1996)
Metonymy and the Creation of New Words in Hupa
Authors: Ahlers Jocelyn C.
Published: July 2015

Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Historical Issues in Native American Languages (1996)