bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The nature of student teachers’ regulation of learning in teacher education
Authors: Endedijk Maaike D. , Vermunt Jan D. , Verloop Nico , Brekelmans Mieke
Published: July 2011

Background. Self‐regulated learning (SRL) has mainly been conceptualized to involve student learning within academic settings. In teacher education, where learning from theory and practice is combined, student teachers also need to regulate their learning. Hence, there is an urgent need to extend SRL theories to the domain of teacher learning and to obtain scientific knowledge on the nature of student teachers’ SRL to enable support of these processes in teacher education.

Aims. This study was aimed at exploring the nature of student teachers’ regulation of learning across various theoretical and practical contexts in teacher education.

Sample. Twenty‐eight students from a post‐graduate academic teacher education institute participated in this study.

Method. For the measurement of student teachers’ regulation activities, an open question log, called Learning Report, was developed. Content analysis and multiple correspondence analyses of 133 Learning Reports were used to identify qualitative differences in regulation activities and the underlying structure in the data.

Results. The analyses resulted in the identification and description of the variety and frequency of student teachers’ regulation activities. The relations among the regulation activities were described by an underlying structure of two dimensions: passive versus active regulation of learning and prospective versus retrospective regulation of learning. Active regulation dominated in practice schools, passive regulation at the university.

Conclusions. It is argued that for learning to teach, a different conceptualization of SRL is needed, focusing less on setting initial learning goals and more on retrospective aspects of SRL. Building blocks for such a conceptualization are offered.
The observing self and the development of cohesiveness
Authors: Donnelly Charles
Published: July 2011

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the movement from fragmentation to rudimentary cohesiveness in the severely disturbed patient. In potentially psychotic patients this progression is necessary before analysis of the narcissistic transferences can occur. A dynamic and behavioural analysis of this progression offers a clear focus for the initial phase of treatment: The development of the observing self.
Cultural differences in body perception during pregnancy
Authors: Harris Rachel
Published: July 2011

A longitudinal study of body image change during pregnancy was conducted to test what aspects of body perception are sensitive to psychological change. Fifty‐five black and 30 white women who were primiparous, less than 4 months pregnant and at least 17 years old, were interviewed during their first and third trimester as well as 6 weeks post partum. Awareness of one's stomach as measured by the Stomach Focus score of the Body Focus Questionnaire was sensitive to body changes which accompany pregnancy. However, the black women did not change in awareness of their stomachs following delivery as the white women did. The Body Distortion Questionnaire revealed that the black women felt most distorted at 9 months of pregnancy but the white women declined in body distortion. Both groups reported less distortion following parturition. Thus, cultural as well as psychological and physiological factors influence the way in which the body is perceived and experienced during pregnancy.
The uses of an eclectic approach: A case study
Authors: Llewelyn Susan P.
Published: July 2011

A case study is presented in which a broadly eclectic or patient‐focused approach was used, which allowed the treatment to be determined by the ability of the patient to handle different levels of material at different times. It is argued that such an eclectic approach can only develop from an awareness of the value of both psychotherapeutic and behavioural theories, and represents the increasing rapprochement between them.
Some standardization data for the Sandler‐Hazari Obsessionality Inventory
Authors: Fontana David
Published: July 2011

Although it has been used in a number of small‐scale pieces of research in recent years, there exist as yet no adequate standardization data for the Sandler—Hazari Obsessionality Inventory, a device designed to yield scores for both obsessional traits and obsessional symptoms. The present article describes research aimed at contributing towards a partial standardization of the Inventory using 736 subjects spread over six different samples. Results suggest that obsessional traits and symptoms are present in the non‐clinical as well as in the clinical population, though the Inventory appears able to discriminate reliably between the two. Results also suggest that there may be a low‐level correlation between traits and symptoms in both clinical and non‐clinical populations, and that the presence of unscored buffer items in the Inventory may reduce the risk of clinical and non‐clinical subjects faking good in their responses to it.
Social skills and somatotype
Authors: Kellett J. , Marzillier J. S. , Lambert Colin
Published: July 2011

The hypothesis that somatotype is closely related to social skills and that the response of patients with social disability to social skills training might also relate to these genetically controlled factors has been supported. Twenty‐one subjects seeking treatment for social phobia were assessed by interview, videotape, diary, and somatotype measures. Ectomorphs used less non‐verbal communication and endomorphs were more restless. Women used fewer gestures but their speech was less hesitant than men. Social skills training benefited the shorter, plumper physique more than the linear ectomorph and, to some extent, and independently, the older subjects.
Generative rules and the therapeutic community
Authors: Millard D. W.
Published: July 2011

Residential institutions require explicit theories of institutional functioning, which incorporate an account of personal change. The theory of functioning of therapeutic communities must be related to theories of personality. It is suggested that the predominantly trait theories of personality disorder used by psychiatrists do not escape the critique of trait theories of personality in general (Mischel, 1968). Theories based upon generative rules (Argyle, 1976) seem to provide a better basis for a theory of functioning of the therapeutic community.
Refutation and the appropriation of truth in psychoanalysis
Authors: Oatley Keith
Published: July 2011

It is important in psychoanalysis to retain Popper's emphasis on theories that can be mistaken, and which therefore can be improved. This idea about the value of mistakes should not be rejected, as Will has done in his recent article. The main problem about the status of psychoanalysis is not, as Will argues, to understand science in such a way that psychoanalytic theories will be seen to be scientific. A prior question is whether the implicit personal theories of clients in therapy, the practical theories by which they live, can be effectively tested and improved in the psychoanalytic setting. The value of bringing to bear ideas from the philosophy and sociology of science is that they provide us with metaphors for the growth and change of theories in general. So if the psychoanalytic session has value, it is as a setting in which we can learn from mistakes, just as the experiment is a setting in which theories of natural science can be improved by refutations. Therapists' theories describe the implicit personal theories of their clients, rather as metatheories in the philosophy and sociology of science describe theories in physics and other sciences. Making these distinctions allows the question of the status of psychoanalytic theory and practice to be seen more clearly.
Depersonalization in the light of Brentano's phenomenology
Authors: Taylor F. Kräupl
Published: July 2011

The symptoms of depersonalization are examined in the light of the phenomenological views evolved by Franz Brentano. He had come to the conclusion that our conscious experiences are primarily directed towards objects (contents) that are ‘phenomenal’ or ‘intentional’ in the sense that they do not necessarily have counterparts in the external world. In experiencing such an object, a person becomes simultaneously aware of himself as a mentally active ego. In depersonalized individuals, there emerges a mentally active ego of a subsidiary kind which has some autonomy of action and is hazily glimpsed in introspection. The clinical symptoms of depersonalization vary according to the mental activities engaged in by the subsidiary ego. These mental activities may be exteroceptive (leading to derealization), interoceptive (leading to desomatization), or introspective (leading respectively to de‐ideation, de‐emotivity, or automatization).
Psychological stress and infertility. Part 2: Psychometric test data
Authors: Brand Handré J.
Published: July 2011

The hypothesis tested in this study was that a group of female functional infertile patients would show significantly more personality maladjustment than a group with definite organic reproductive pathology and a normal fertile group. No significant differences between the functional and organic groups were found on any of the subscores of four personality questionnaires. The normal group (wives of sterile men) scored higher on extraversion than both the functional and organic groups. On self‐control the normal group also scored lower (negative connotation) than the other two groups. In general no evidence for personality maladjustment in functional infertility was found.
Effects of Interfacial Friction Distribution on the Superplastic Forming of AA5083
Authors: Albakri Mohammad I. , Jarrar Firas S. , Khraisheh Marwan K.
Published: July 2011

This paper studies the effects of interfacial friction distribution on the integrity of superplastic formed parts. For that purpose, the deformation of AA5083 superplastic aluminum alloy into a long rectangular box is investigated. The die surface is divided into five regions for local application of friction coefficients. The commercial finite element code, ABAQUSTM, is used to carry out the forming simulations and calculate the thickness distribution, forming time, and forming pressure profile for different combinations of friction coefficients. It is found that friction distribution at the die-sheet interface strongly affects the metal flow during the forming process, which has a direct impact on deformation stability and strain localization. With the proposed optimal variable friction distribution, the quality of the formed parts has been enhanced, while reducing the required forming time.
Influence of Experimental Protocols on the Mechanical Properties of the Intervertebral Disc in Unconfined Compression
Authors: Recuerda Maximilien , Coté Simon-Pierre , Villemure Isabelle , Périé Delphine
Published: July 2011

The lack of standardization in experimental protocols for unconfined compression tests of intervertebral discs (IVD) tissues is a major issue in the quantification of their mechanical properties. Our hypothesis is that the experimental protocols influence the mechanical properties of both annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. IVD extracted from bovine tails were tested in unconfined compression stress-relaxation experiments according to six different protocols, where for each protocol, the initial swelling of the samples and the applied preload were different. The Young’s modulus was calculated from a viscoelastic model, and the permeability from a linear biphasic poroviscoelastic model. Important differences were observed in the prediction of the mechanical properties of the IVD according to the initial experimental conditions, in agreement with our hypothesis. The protocol including an initial swelling, a 5% strain preload, and a 5% strain ramp is the most relevant protocol to test the annulus fibrosus in unconfined compression, and provides a permeability of 5.0 ± 4.2e−14m4/N·s and a Young’s modulus of 7.6 ± 4.7 kPa. The protocol with semi confined swelling and a 5% strain ramp is the most relevant protocol for the nucleus pulposus and provides a permeability of 10.7 ± 3.1 e−14m4/N·s and a Young’s modulus of 6.0 ± 2.5 kPa.
QUADRANT-SEARCHING: A NEW TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE THE SEARCH SPACE OF THE INVERSE PROBLEM OF EIT USING BEM TO THE DIRECT PROBLEM
Authors: MENIN OLAVO H. , ROLNIK VANESSA
Published: July 2011

The image reconstruction using the EIT (Electrical Impedance Tomography) technique is a nonlinear and ill-posed inverse problem which demands a powerful direct or iterative method. A typical approach for solving the problem is to minimize an error functional using an iterative method. In this case, an initial solution close enough to the global minimum is mandatory to ensure the convergence to the correct minimum in an appropriate time interval. The aim of this paper is to present a new, simple and low cost technique (quadrant-searching) to reduce the search space and consequently to obtain an initial solution of the inverse problem of EIT. This technique calculates the error functional for four different contrast distributions placing a large prospective inclusion in the four quadrants of the domain. Comparing the four values of the error functional it is possible to get conclusions about the internal electric contrast. For this purpose, initially we performed tests to assess the accuracy of the BEM (Boundary Element Method) when applied to the direct problem of the EIT and to verify the behavior of error functional surface in the search space. Finally, numerical tests have been performed to verify the new technique.
THE STANDARD MODEL IS NATURAL AS MAGNETIC GAUGE THEORY
Authors: SANNINO FRANCESCO
Published: July 2011

We suggest that the Standard Model can be viewed as the magnetic dual of a gauge theory featuring only fermionic matter content. We show this by first introducing a Pati–Salam like extension of the Standard Model and then relating it to a possible dual electric theory featuring only fermionic matter. The absence of scalars in the electric theory indicates that the associated magnetic theory is free from quadratic divergences. Our novel solution to the Standard Model hierarchy problem leads also to a new insight on the mystery of the observed number of fundamental fermion generations by naturally explaining why it has to be at least three.
GENERALIZED POLARIZABILITY OF NEUTRAL PIONS OF THE PROCESS e-e+ →π0π0γ IN THE NJL MODEL
Authors: AHMADOV A. I. , KURAEV E. A. , VOLKOV M. K.
Published: July 2011

Differential distributions in the π0π0γ system created in the annihilation channel of an electron–positron collision are considered. The energy fractions of the pions (Dalitz-plot) distribution are presented in a general form and in approximation of intermediate vector mesons (excited and ordinary ones). It is pointed out that in relevant experiments the generalized polarizability of the neutral pion can be measured. Numerical illustrations are presented.
HOW CAN ONE PROBE PODOLSKY ELECTRODYNAMICS?
Authors: CUZINATTO R. R. , DE MELO C. A. M. , MEDEIROS L. G. , POMPEIA P. J.
Published: July 2011

We investigate the possibility of detecting the Podolsky generalized electrodynamics constant a. First we analyze an ion interferometry apparatus proposed by B. Neyenhuis et al. ( Phys. Rev. Lett.99, 200401 (2007)), who looked for deviations from Coulomb's inverse-square law in the context of Proca model. Our results show that this experiment has not enough precision for measurements of a. In order to set up bounds for a, we investigate the influence of Podolsky's electrostatic potential on the ground state of the Hydrogen atom. The value of the ground state energy of the Hydrogen atom requires Podolsky's constant to be smaller than 5.6 fm, or in energy scales larger than 35.51 MeV.
INTERESTING RESISTIVITY BEHAVIOR OF THE Ag–Ni–Si SILICIDE FILMS FORMED AT 850°C BY RAPID THERMAL ANNEALING OF THE Ag–Ni/Si FILMS
Authors: UTLU G.
Published: July 2011

The temperature-dependent resistivity measurements of our Ag – Ni – Si silicide films with 51–343 nm thicknesses are studied as a function of temperature and film thickness over the temperature range of 100–900 K. The most striking behavior is that the variation of the resistivity of the Ag – Ni – Si silicide films with temperature exhibits an unusual temperature-dependent behavior with respect to those of the transition and untransition metals. Our measurements show that the total resistivity of the Ag – Ni – Si silicide films increases linearly with temperature up to a Tm temperature at which resistivity reaches a maximum thereafter Tm decreases rapidly and finally to zero at ~850 K. Tm temperature is found to decrease with decreasing film thickness. We have shown that in the temperature range of 100-Tm K, electron–phonon resistivity and grain boundary resistivity components responsible for the total resistivity increase. But the grain boundary scattering is dominant mechanism for the resistivity increase in our Ag – Ni – Si silicide films.
SPIN GAPLESS BOND-ORDERED PHASE IN THE EXTENDED HUBBARD CHAIN WITH SPIN-DEPENDENT REPULSION
Authors: DING HANQIN , ZHANG JUN
Published: July 2011

Using the field theoretical bosonization and renormalization group techniques, we analytically study quantum phase diagram of a one-dimensional half-filled extended Hubbard model with on-site (U) and spin-dependent nearest-neighbor interactions (V⊥, V‖) in the weak coupling regime. In the case of easy-plane anisotropy (V⊥ > V‖) and at V‖ < U/2, the existence of bond-ordered spin-density-wave phase, corresponding to spin gapless transverse magnetization located on bonds (BSDW±) is shown.
ON THE EXISTENCE OF INFINITE CONSERVATION LAWS OF A VARIABLE-COEFFICIENT KORTEWEG–DE VRIES MODEL WITH SYMBOLIC COMPUTATION
Authors: ZHU HONG-WU , TIAN BO , ZHANG CHUN-YI
Published: July 2011

Under investigation in this paper is a generalized variable-coefficient Korteweg–de Vries (vcKdV) model with external-force and perturbed/dissipative terms, which can describe various real dynamical processes of physics from atmosphere blocking and gravity waves, blood vessels, Bose–Einstein condensates, rods and positons and so on. With the aid of symbolic computation, a generalized Miura transformation is proposed to relate the solutions of the vcKdV equation to those of a variable-coefficient modified Korteweg–de Vries equation. Then by using such a Miura transformation and the Galilean invariant transformation, the existence of infinite conservation laws are proved under the Painlevé integrable condition. These results may be valuable for the new discoveries in dynamical systems described by integrable vcKdV models and the theoretical study of the relationships among infinite conservation laws, the integrability of the nonlinear evolution equation and inverse scattering transform.
DO INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS CARE ABOUT THE AMBIGUITY OF THEIR ASSETS? EVIDENCE FROM PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS IN ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENTS
Authors: KOZIOL CHRISTIAN , PROELSS JULIANE , SCHWEIZER DENIS
Published: July 2011

In this paper, we analyze whether model risk/asset-specific ambiguity is an issue for institutional investors. For this purpose, we first show how model risk (which turns out to be equivalent to special cases of ambiguity) affects optimal portfolio allocation. Using average portfolio holdings for traditional and alternative asset classes of 119 institutional investors, we then calibrate our model to implicitly determine the ambiguity factors of different asset classes. We find that institutional investors are strongly ambiguity-averse, as documented by a Sharpe ratio that is only 60 percent that of an (unambiguous) efficient portfolio. In line with intuition, we document that equity and bond portfolios have a rather low ambiguity, while alternative investments such as real estate, private equity, and hedge fund investments exhibit a very high ambiguity. These results are robust with regard to the size of the expected returns supposed by the investors.
A NEW FUZZY APPROACH FOR PROJECT SELECTION WITH OUTSOURCING VIEWPOINT
Authors: BASHIRI MAHDI , BADRI HOSSEIN , TALEBI JAFAR
Published: July 2011

Nowadays most of the organizations tend to outsource their projects. In these cases, two major problems arise: project selection and contractor selection. There are many papers which have argued separately about project and contractor selections. In this paper, we propose a decision support system for selecting projects and related contractors. The proposed approach contains three phases including contractors' prequalification (Phase 1), computing success coefficient of each contractor in projects using fuzzy TOPSIS method (Phase 2), and selecting projects and assigning each project to the most appropriate contractor using a linear programming model (Phase 3). Finally, a numerical example is illustrated to show the application of the proposed method.
BREAKING THROUGH THE "BRICK WALL" — USING AN INTERDISCIPLINARY STRATEGY TO MARKET HIGH-TECH PRODUCTS
Authors: TOW ADAM PERRY , JOSHI AMIT M.
Published: July 2011

Marketing high-tech products poses challenges to classically trained marketers who may be unfamiliar with a product's underlying science or technology. Often such marketing teams, lacking scientific backgrounds, find it particularly difficult to interface with R&D and truly understand a product's inner workings — something we show to be critical to fully assessing a product for effective differentiation and marketing. By utilizing a novel marketing strategy, the Interdisciplinary Strategic Marketing Framework, we show the need to hire interdisciplinarians — marketers with science backgrounds — to champion marketing teams which are able to overcome the R&D-to-Marketing communicative "brick wall" and delve into a product's technology, such that it can be marketed most effectively, fully assessing all potential science-based and classical aspects of a marketing campaign. Provided within the framework is a strategy for organizing a firm's marketing functionaries (possibly even integrating them into product development), and a system with which the (interdisciplinarian) marketer can efficiently categorize high-tech products, as well as corresponding methodologies which with to approach differentiating and marketing high-tech products. An illustrative consulting case is also included to demonstrate an application of the marketing methodologies.
THE BROWNIAN RATCHET REVISITED: DIFFUSION FORMALISM, POLYMER-BARRIER ATTRACTIONS, AND MULTIPLE FILAMENTOUS BUNDLE GROWTH
Authors: COLE CHRISTINE LIND , QIAN HONG
Published: July 2011

Actin polymerization driven stochastic movement of the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes is often measured using single-particle tracking (SPT) methodology and analyzed in terms of statistics. Experimental results suggested a dynamic association between the growing actin filaments and the propelled bacteria. Based on an alternative mathematical formalism for a Brownian ratchet (BR), we introduce such an attractive interaction into the one-dimensional BR model and show that its effect is equivalent to an external resistant force on the bacterium. Such a force significantly reduces the Brownian motion of a driven bacterium, and accentuates the stepping due to polymerization. We then consider the growth, with and without a barrier, of a filamentous bundle consisting of N identical filaments. It is shown that the bundle grows with a similar rate as a single filament in the absence of a load, but can oppose N times the external force under the stalling condition. A set of relationships describing the velocity of the bacterium movement (Vz) and its apparent diffusivity (Dz) as functions of the resistant force (F) and the number of filaments in a bundle (N) are obtained. The theoretical study suggests methods for data analysis in future experiments with applied external resistant force.
Dual-Source CT Angiography of Peripheral Arterial Stents: In Vitro Evaluation of 22 Different Stent Types
Authors: Köhler Michael , Burg Matthias C. , Bunck Alexander C. , Heindel Walter , Seifarth Harald , Maintz David
Published: July 2011

Purpose. To test different peripheral arterial stents using four image reconstruction approaches with respect to lumen visualization, lumen attenuation and image noise in dual-source multidetector row CT (DSCT) in vitro.Methods and Materials. 22 stents (nitinol, steel, cobalt-alloy, tantalum, platinum alloy) were examined in a vessel phantom. All stents were imaged in axial orientation with standard parameters. Image reconstructions were obtained with four different convolution kernels. To evaluate visualization characteristics of the stent, the lumen diameter, intraluminal density and noise were measured.Results. The mean percentage of the visible stent lumen diameter from the nominal stent diameter was 74.5% ± 5.7 for the medium-sharp kernel, 72.8% ± 6.4 for the medium, 70.8% ± 6.4 for the medium-smooth and 67.6% ± 6.6 for the smooth kernel. Mean values of lumen attenuation were 299.7HU ± 127 (medium-sharp), 273.9HU ± 68 (medium), 270.7HU ± 53 (medium-smooth) and 265.8HU ± 43. Mean image noise was: 54.6 ± 6.3, 20.5 ± 1.7, 16.3 ± 1.7, 14.0 ± 2 respectively.Conclusion. Visible stent lumen diameter varies depending on stent type and scan parameters. Lumen diameter visibility increases with the sharpness of the reconstruction kernel. Smoother kernels provide more realistic density measurements inside the stent lumen and less image noise.
McConnell Sign in a Patient with Massive Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Shafiq Qaiser , Assaly Ragheb , Kanjwal Yousuf
Published: July 2011

A 48-year-old female was admitted after experiencing a brief syncopal episode. Three weeks ago the patient sustained a right arm humerus bone fracture in a motor vehicle accident. Since the accident, her mobility has been limited. CT angiogram of the chest revealed massive bilateral pulmonary emboli. A 2D echocardiogram was performed, which demonstrated McConnell sign and severe right ventricle dysfunction. Considering potential of hemodynamic instability, the patient received fibrinolytic therapy with Alteplase. A subsequent 2D echocardiogram showed complete resolution of McConnell sign and right ventricle dysfunction.
Complicated Crown-Root Fracture Treated Using Reattachment Procedure: A Single Visit Technique
Authors: Rajput Akhil , Talwar Sangeeta , Ataide Ida , Verma Mahesh , Wadhawan Neeraj
Published: July 2011

Complicated crown-root fracture of maxillary central and lateral incisors is common in case of severe trauma or sports-related injury. It happens because of their anterior positioning in oral cavity and protrusive eruptive pattern. On their first dental visit, these patients are in pain and need emergency care. Because of impaired function, esthetics, and phonetics, such patients are quite apprehensive during their emergency visit. Successful pain management with immediate restoration of function, esthetics and phonetics should be the prime objective while handling such cases. This paper describes immediate treatment of oblique crown root fracture of maxillary right lateral incisor with reattachment procedure using light transmitting fiber post. After two and half years, the reattached fragment still has satisfying esthetics and excellent function.
Blunt Cardiac Injury in Trauma Patients with Thoracic Aortic Injury
Authors: Kaewlai Rathachai , de Moya Marc A. , Santos Antonio , Asrani Ashwin V. , Avery Laura L. , Novelline Robert A.
Published: July 2011

Trauma patients with thoracic aortic injury (TAI) suffer blunt cardiac injury (BCI) at variable frequencies. This investigation aimed to determine the frequency of BCI in trauma patients with TAI and compare with those without TAI. All trauma patients with TAI who had admission electrocardiography (ECG) and serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) from January 1999 to May 2009 were included as a study group at a level I trauma center. BCI was diagnosed if there was a positive ECG with either an elevated CK-MB or abnormal echocardiography. There were 26 patients (19 men, mean age 45.1 years, mean ISS 34.4) in the study group; 20 had evidence of BCI. Of 52 patients in the control group (38 men, mean age 46.9 years, mean ISS 38.7), eighteen had evidence of BCI. There was a significantly higher rate of BCI in trauma patients with TAI versus those without TAI (77% versus 35%,P<0.001).
The APL Paradigm and the “Co-Clinical Trial” Project
Authors: Nardella Caterina , Lunardi Andrea , Patnaik Akash , Cantley Lewis C. , Pandolfi Pier Paolo
Published: July 2011

Tremendous advances in technologies have allowed the attainment of powerful insights into the molecular and genetic determinants that drive human cancers. However, this acquired knowledge has been translated into effective therapeutics very slowly, in part due to difficulty in predicting which drug or drug combination is likely to be effective in the complex mutational background of human cancers. To address this difficulty we have proposed and initiated the “co-clinical trial” project, in which we exploit mouse models that faithfully replicate the variety of mutational events observed in human cancers, to conduct preclinical trials that parallel ongoing human phase I/II clinical trials. Here, we focus on concepts relevant to the application of this novel paradigm and the essential components required for its implementation to ultimately achieve the rational and rapid development of new therapeutic treatments. Cancer Discovery; 1(2); 108–16. ©2011 AACR.
The Drug-Induced Degradation of Oncoproteins: An Unexpected Achilles' Heel of Cancer Cells?
Authors: Ablain Julien , Nasr Rihab , Bazarbachi Ali , de Thé Hugues
Published: July 2011

Many targeted therapies against cancer are aimed at inhibiting the enzymatic activity of kinases. Thus far, this approach has undoubtedly yielded significant clinical improvements, but has only rarely achieved cures. Other drugs, which selectively elicit proteasome-dependent degradation of oncoproteins, induce the loss of cancer cell self-renewal and promote cell differentiation and/or apoptosis. In acute promyelocytic leukemia, the cooperative degradation of PML/RARA by arsenic and retinoic acid cures most patients. In this condition and others, drug-induced proteolysis of oncoproteins is feasible and underlies improved clinical outcome. Several transcription factors, nuclear receptors, or fusion proteins driving cancer growth could be candidates for proteolysis-based drug-discovery programs.

Summary: Some cancer therapies may degrade oncoproteins. Loss of the driver oncoprotein is associated with loss of cancer cell self-renewal. Leukemia- or sarcoma-associated fusion proteins are the best candidates for small-molecule screens aimed at initiating oncoprotein degradation. Cancer Discovery; 1(2). 117–27. ©2011 AACR.
Cardiac Channelopathies and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Tfelt-Hansen Jacob , Winkel Bo Gregers , Grunnet Morten , Jespersen Thomas
Published: July 2011

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is always a devastating and unexpected occurrence. SIDS is the leading cause of death in the first 6 months after birth in the industrialized world. Since the discovery in 1998 of long QT syndrome as an underlying substrate for SIDS, around 10–20% of SIDS cases have been proposed as being caused by genetic variants in either ion channel or ion channel-associated proteins. Until now, 10 cardiac channelopathy susceptibility genes have been found to be implicated in the pathogenesis of SIDS. Four of the genes encode cardiac ion channel α-subunits, 3 genes encode ion channel β-subunits, and 3 genes encode other channel-interacting proteins. All 10 genes have been associated with primary electrical heart diseases. SIDS may hereby be the initial symptom of rare primary electric channelopathies such as long QT, short QT and Brugada syndrome, as well as catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. In this review we describe the functional role of sodium, potassium and calcium channels in propagation, depolarization and repolarization in the context of the 4 arrhythmogenic diseases reported to be associated with SIDS. Lastly, the possibility of postmortem genetic testing and potential recommendations on how to deal with family members are discussed.
Splittability of Bilexical Context-Free Grammars is Undecidable
Authors: Nederhof Mark-Jan , Satta Giorgio
Published: July 2011

Bilexical context-free grammars (2-LCFGs) have proved to be accurate models for statistical natural language parsing. Existing dynamic programming algorithms used to parse sentences under these models have running time of O(∣w∣4), where w is the input string.

A 2-LCFG is splittable if the left arguments of a lexical head are always independent of the right arguments, and vice versa. When a 2-LCFGs is splittable, parsing time can be asymptotically improved to O(∣w∣3). Testing this property is therefore of central interest to parsing efficiency. In this article, however, we show the negative result that splittability of 2-LCFGs is undecidable.
Cremation Services upon the Death of a Companion Animal: Views of Service Providers and Service Users
Authors: Chur-Hansen Anna
Published: July 2011

There is no systematic research on the rites and rituals associated with companion animal death in modern Australian society. Three cremation service providers were interviewed and asked to consider which caretakers have their companion animals cremated. Seven people who had recently had a companion animal cremated were then asked about their views on the process. Five interrelated themes emerged from the two data sets about who uses cremation services for companion animals: “Everyone uses companion animal cremation services”; “People who consider the companion animal as a family member, as a child”; “People who want memorials for their companion animals”; “Grieving people”; and “People who seek compassion and social support.” With scant recognition of the impact of companion animal death and the role of rites and rituals in facilitating the grieving process, further research in the area is needed, including into attachment as a possible mediator.
How Unique is East Asian Modernity?1
Authors: Schmidt Volker H.
Published: July 2011

The article examines Shmuel Eisenstadt’s claim that Japan constitutes a unique modernity, one that differs fundamentally from Western modernity. Since this claim, like the multiple modernities approach founded by Eisenstadt, is directed against the convergence thesis of classical modernisation theory, that thesis’ meaning is first briefly reconstructed. Moreover, to stand Eisenstadt’s case on a broader basis, the four tiger states (South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore) are added to the sample, thus extending Japanese modernity to a larger East Asian modernity. These five countries are then compared with the five largest Western countries along several dimensions that seem to be particularly salient for probing modernisation theory. Surprisingly, the comparison fully confirms the theory. The article then moves on to assess Eisenstadt’s claim in light of his own conceptualisation of modernity. This conceptualisation renders his proposal more plausible, but at considerable cost. The conclusion is devoted to asking how Eisenstadt’s substantive concerns could be met without reading too much into his empirical findings.
Benchmarking Outputs of Pension Provisions in China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan: An SMOP Approach
Authors: Lin Hung-Yang
Published: July 2011

This research intends to construct a pension policy index with the Surface Measure of Overall Performance (SMOP) approach to measure, compare and rank the performance of pension system outputs of urban and rural China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. It is found that the overall performance of these five Asian pensions was generally low. The urban and rural Chinese pension schemes were ranked as the best and worst systems respectively; while Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan’s performances were at similar levels. These five Asian schemes were with significant weaknesses in old-age poverty reduction, de-familisation and scale of resources emphasized on retirement income security.
The Philosophy and Politics of Bruno Bauer Krise und Kritik bei Bruno Bauer: Kategorien des Politischen im nachhegelschen Denken
Authors: De Ridder Widukind
Published: July 2011

In this review, both readings of Bruno Bauer are analysed in light of a broader post-Hegelian context. Douglas Moggach deliberately avoids this issue, since his main focus is on establishing a connection between Bauer’s philosophy and politics, without immediately exposing him to, for instance, the alleged ‘caricature’ Marx made of him. This ‘caricature’, however, is of some importance, since it opens a debate on Bauer’s position among the post-Hegelians, his followers and his adversaries. Marx’s criticism is particularly interesting, since it was not of a philosophical nature but, rather, of a political one. Some readers ‐ and Marxists in particular ‐ might, in fact, be a bit disappointed by the choices Moggach has made, but I am fully convinced that his study has more to offer than they might suspect. That is why this article broadens the perspective by discussing Massimiliano Tomba’s Krise und Kritik bei Bruno Bauer. Tomba reaches conclusions similar to Moggach’s, but differs from the latter by giving, among other things, a different account of the origins of the older Bauer’s conservatism. In so doing, Tomba illuminates Marx’s criticism of his contemporaries, while drastically altering our perception of post-Hegelianism in general.
Marx, Lenin and Pashukanis on Self-Determination: Response to Robert Knox
Authors: Bowring Bill
Published: July 2011

This response to Robert Knox’s very kind and constructive review1 of my 2008 book The Degradation of the International Legal Order: The Rehabilitation of Law and the Possibility of Politics gives me the opportunity not only to answer some of his criticisms, but also, on the basis of my own reflections since 2008, to fill in some gaps. Indeed, to revise a number of my arguments. First, I restate my attempt at a materialist account of human rights. Next I explain why, for me, the right of peoples to self-determination is absolutely central to a materialist understanding of human rights; and also fill a serious gap in my own account in the book. This leads me not only to a reply to Robert Knox on the question of ‘indeterminacy’ in international law, but also to a disagreement with him on the use or misuse of the language of self-determination. My fourth section returns to our very different evaluations of the significance and meaning of the work of Yevgeny Pashukanis, and what, for me, is Pashukanis’s misunderstanding, for reasons consistent with his general theoretical trajectory, of Marx and Lenin on the Irish question. Finally, I present an outline of a re-evaluation of Marx’s principled position on self-determination.
Darkness in the Desert:Tradition and Transgression in Ibrāhīm al-Kūnī’s Ushb al-Layl
Authors: Rossetti John Joseph Henry
Published: July 2011

This paper examines themes of moral transgression in the 1997 novel Ushb al-Layl (Night Grass) by Libyan novelist Ibrāhīm al-Kūnī, particularly as viewed through the novel’s recurrent motif of darkness and blackness. As with all of Ibrāhīm al-Kūnī’s fiction, Ushb al-Layl is set in a traditional Tuareg society in the Sahara. In this case, the protagonist, out of scorn for the rest of his society, violates its customary law and moral codes—preferring darkness to light, committing murder and incest, and defying matrilineal traditions in favor of fathers—all in the name of a higher wisdom and a quest for immortality. Through this character’s monstrous behavior, I argue, Ibrāhīm al-Kūnī implicitly criticizes the tendency of modern ideas to overturn traditions in the name of enlightenment and progress, while leaving a dangerous moral vacuum in their wake.
Shifting Positions between Anthropology, Religion and Development: The Case of Christianity
Authors: Geest Sjaak van der
Published: July 2011

Anthropologists in Africa used to have an ambivalent relationship with missionary Christianity and international development work. Being active in the same areas but with different intentions reinforced mutual stereotypes and added to the uneasiness. This seems to be changing now. Christianity has passed its missionary stage and is now an African religion, interesting to study for anthropologists and ‘applied anthropology’ allows anthropologists to make their discipline more meaningful and relevant to today’s world. The involvement of medical anthropologists in health development is a case in point.
A Just Medium: Empathy and Detachment in Historical Understanding
Authors: Sandis Constantine
Published: July 2011

This paper explores the role of empathy and detachment in historical explanation by comparing Collingwood and Hume’s philosophies of history to Brecht and Stanislavki’s theories of theatre. I argue that Collingwood’s notion of re-enactment shares much more with Hume and Brecht than it does with Stanislavski. This enables a just medium between rationalistic and empathetic accounts of historical understanding, as recently put forth by Mark Bevir and Karsten Stueber respectively.
Let’s Be Flexible: Our Interpretive/Explanatory Toolbox, or In Praise of Using a Range of Tools
Authors: Henderson David
Published: July 2011

This paper explores the role and limits of cognitive simulation in understanding or explaining others. In simulation, one puts one’s own cognitive processes to work on pretend input similar to that one supposes that the other plausibly had. Such a process is highly useful. However, it is also limited in important ways. Several limitations fall out from the various forms of cognitive diversity. Some of this diversity results from cultural differences, or from differences in individuals’ cognitive biographies. Such diversity is clearly important in history. Some sorts of such diversity are discussed, with attention to the results of contemporary cognitive science. It is argued that one must sometimes employ mixed (simulation-based/theory-based) strategies, and that sometimes what is done will be neither purely simulation nor purely theory-based.
‘It’s different for guys’: Gendered narratives of racial conflict among white California youth
Authors: Bucholtz Mary
Published: July 2011

As race talk has gained attention throughout the social sciences, sociocultural linguistics has become crucial in revealing how racial ideologies and identities are discursively produced. This article examines how race talk may reproduce racial binaries while perpetuating gender ideologies. Drawing on ethnographically collected narratives of conflict at an ethnoracially divided California high school, the analysis examines three discursive practices of racial reversal whereby white youth portray themselves as disadvantaged vis-a-vis their black peers: claims of ‘reverse discrimination’, narratives of racialized fear, and fight stories. Whereas white girls’ narratives relied on racial vagueness, white boys’ narratives highlighted racial difference, contrastive strategies that indicate the different racial stakes for white girls versus white boys at the school. The article demonstrates the necessity of examining race talk not only for its content but also for its discursive structure, its ethnographic and interactional context, its co-construction by the researcher, and its ideological effects.
‘Racist!’: Metapragmatic regimentation of racist discourse by Asian American youth
Authors: Reyes Angela
Published: July 2011

This study illustrates how Asian American youth participate in the ongoing formation of linguistic and racial ideologies in the USA through the metapragmatic regimentation of racist discourse (Silverstein, 1993). After presenting examples of crying ‘racist’ in US politics and entertainment, this article examines ethnographic and discourse data in which Korean American boys ‘decode’ (Hill, 2009) certain uses of the term ‘black’ as ‘racist’.The analysis illustrates how the regimentation of racist discourse relies on the indexical construal of broader oppositions that link ‘black’ to negative racialized qualities, including deviance, violence, and insults. This article argues that ‘racist’ cries by Asian American youth challenge language ideologies of referentialism and personalism and racial ideologies of colorblindness and postrace. Crying ‘racist’ becomes a rich resource for achieving a number of interactional effects that renegotiate the position of Asian American youth with respect to the range of racial categories that circulate throughout US society.
Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Factors in the Adult Population in Yangon Division, Myanmar
Authors: Ko-Ko-Zaw  , Tint-Swe-Latt  , Phyu-Phyu-Aung  , Thein-Gi-Thwin  , Tin-Khine-Myint
Published: July 2011

A study was performed among 4616 people aged 20 years and above in Yangon Division in 2003 to determine the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors. The prevalence of hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or use of antihypertensive drugs) was 33.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 32.1%-35.6%). The prevalence of prehypertension (systolic blood pressure = 120 to 139 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure = 80 to 89 mm Hg) was 29% (95% CI = 27.2%-30.8%). The multiple logistic regression showed that age, low physical activity, high intake of alcohol, obesity, high level of total cholesterol, and diabetes mellitus were associated with hypertension. Among the hypertensive participants, 53% were aware of their hypertension, and 32% were currently taking antihypertensive medication, but only 11% had their hypertension controlled. The study highlights the low level of control despite the high level of hypertension prevalence in Yangon Division.
Heritability of Smoking, Alcohol Use, and Psychological Characteristics Among Adolescent Twins in Qingdao, China
Authors: Unger Jennifer B. , Lessov-Schlaggar Christina N. , Pang Zengchang , Guo Qian , Ning Feng , Gallaher Peggy , Lee Liming , Cao Weihua , Conti David , Johnson C. Anderson
Published: July 2011

Background: Previous studies of genetic and environmental influences on adolescent substance use have been limited to Western samples. Methods: This study assesses genetic and environmental contributions to cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and psychological variables (depression, anxiety, aggression, hostility) among 602 pairs of adolescent twins, 11 to 19 years old, in Qingdao, China. Results: Heritable influences were more pronounced for alcohol use than cigarette smoking. In univariate analyses, no heritable effects were found for depression or aggression, and modest heritability was found for anxiety. Hostility was relatively more heritable in girls than boys. Bivariate associations between substance use and psychological measures could be attributed to a combination of common genetic and environmental factors. Conclusions: Among Chinese adolescents, experimentation with tobacco is familial, and experimentation with alcohol is heritable. The genetic and environmental architecture of hostility differs by gender. Consistency of univariate results with Western adolescent samples appears limited to the alcohol use measures.