bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic symmetries of Maxwell theory in arbitrary dimensions at spatial infinity
Authors: Esmaeili Erfan
Published: October 2019

Abstract

The asymptotic symmetry analysis of Maxwell theory at spatial infinity of Minkowski space with d ≥ 3 is performed. We revisit the action principle in de Sitter slicing and make it well-defined by an asymptotic gauge fixing. In consequence, the conserved charges are inferred directly by manipulating surface terms of the action. Remarkably, the antipodal condition on de Sitter space is imposed by demanding regularity of field strength at light cone for d ≥ 4. We also show how this condition reproduces and generalizes the parity conditions for inertial observers introduced in 3+1 formulations. The expression of the charge for two limiting cases is discussed: null infinity and inertial Minkowski observers. For the separately-treated 3d theory, the boundary conditions and charges are compared to null infinity results in the literature. We also compute the conserved charges for background isometries for d > 3.
The surjectivity of the Borel mapping in the mixed setting for ultradifferentiable ramification spaces
Authors: Jiménez-Garrido Javier , Sanz Javier , Schindl Gerhard
Published: October 2019

We considerr-ramification ultradifferentiable classes, introduced by J. Schmets and M. Valdivia in order to study the surjectivity of the Borel map, and later on also exploited by the authors in the ultraholomorphic context. We characterize quasianalyticity in such classes, extend the results of Schmets and Valdivia about the image of the Borel map in a mixed ultradifferentiable setting, and obtain a version of the Whitney extension theorem in this framework.
Trophic Indicators of Ecological Resilience in a Tidal Lagoon Estuary Following Wastewater Diversion and Earthquake Disturbance
Authors: Zeldis John R. , Depree Craig , Gongol Catherine , South Paul M. , Marriner Andrew , Schiel David R.
Published: October 2019

Estuary ecological resilience can be gauged by response of estuary trophic state to abatement of nutrient pollution. Changes in trophic indicators were studied in the Avon-Heathcote Estuary (AHE) in Christchurch, New Zealand, over 6 years, spanning diversion of city wastewater inputs to an offshore outfall in 2010, and to temporary enrichment caused by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. It was hypothesised that the tidally well-flushed and sandy AHE would not harbour a ‘legacy’ of eutrophication and would rapidly gain improved ecological function following the diversion. AHE sediments were coarse (156 μm median grain size) with low organic matter (OM 1.2%, N 0.03%, C 0.3%), which changed little either with diversion or earthquake. Upon diversion, median water column and porewater ammonium (36, 185 μmol) decreased by 87% and 57%, respectively, benthic microalgae (269 mg chlorophyll-a m−2) fell by 58%, and enrichment-affiliated polychaetes (3700–8000 m−2) fell by 60–80% at sites with largest benthic microalgal reductions, all within < 1–2 years. Oxygen and ammonium fluxes were usually oligotrophic and changed little upon diversion, except near the historic wastewater discharge site. Denitrification became more important for N loss, increasing from 5 to 29% of estuary N load. Responses to earthquake-driven enrichment were transient. Despite decades of heavy N loading and eutrophic growths of benthic microalgae and macroalgae, the AHE did not store a eutrophic legacy in its sediments. It reacted rapidly to improved water quality allowed by the outfall, showing that this common estuary type (sandy, well-flushed tidal lagoon) was resilient to eutrophication upon stressor removal.
Model tests for surge height of rock avalanche–debris flows based on momentum balance
Authors: Zhao Haixin , Yao Lingkan
Published: October 2019

Rock avalanche–debris flows triggered by earthquakes commonly take place in mountainous areas. When entering a body of water, due to good fluidity they can move for some time instead of halting in water. In this study, we proposed a method for calculating the surge height of rock avalanche–debris flows based on momentum balance and designed a series of model tests to validate this method. The experimental variables include the initial water depth, landslide velocity, and landslide volume. According to the experimental results, we analyzed the maximum wave height in sliding zone based on momentum balance. In addition, we investigated the surge height and proposed the calculation method in propagating zone and running up zone. In this way, we can find out the surge height in different areas when a rock avalanche–debris flow impacts into the water, which could provide a basis for analyzing the burst of barrier lakes.
Deep and Extreme Child Poverty in Rich and Poor Nations: Lessons from Atkinson for the Fight Against Child Poverty
Authors: Cai Yixia , Smeeding Timothy
Published: October 2019

The paper documents child poverty levels and trends using both relative (‘deep’) and absolute (‘extreme’) measures in two clusters: Anglo-Saxon high-income countries and upper middle-income countries. We also investigate the influence of different components of household income and other resources on child deep-poverty rates to examine the role of the market and the redistributive effects that materialize through private transfers, public benefits, and tax systems on generating poverty reduction. Overall, middle-income nations have witnessed continuous reductions in their extreme child poverty rates, while mild decreases or fluctuations have been observed in the five high-income nations, with the US highlighted by its relatively high rates of deep and extreme poverty regardless of absolute or relative measures and type of equivalence scale used. Private institutions play a larger role in poverty reduction in middle-income nations compared to its impact on developed nations. The degree of dependence on universal or assistance benefits varies among high-income nation. In the US, universal programs tend to be meager, while Australian social insurance and universal benefit are robust in their fight against deep poverty. Brazil stands out by its overwhelmingly large proportion of social insurance programs that contribute to improvements of its deep child poverty situation, and South Africa’s assistance benefit system performs better in lifting children out of deep poverty.
Multidimensional Feature Selection and High Performance ParalleX
Authors: Niedzielewski Karol , Marchwiany Maciej E. , Piliszek Radoslaw , Michalewicz Marek , Rudnicki Witold
Published: October 2019

Great amount of stored information used in connection with Machine Learning and statistical methods enables high quality insight and analysis of data that leads to design of high precision predictive and classification systems. In the process of analysis, selection of most informative features is crucial for later quality of the designed system. In this report, we propose two implementations of multidimensional feature selection (MDFS) algorithm (Piliszek et al. in Mdfs-multidimensional feature selection. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1811.00631, 2018) that can be used in distributed environments for detection of all-relevant variables in data sets with discrete decision variable. While most methods discard information about interactions between features, MDFS is designed towards identification of informative variables that are not relevant when considered alone but are relevant in groups. We have developed software using C++ and High Performance ParalleX (HPX) (Kaiser et al. in STEllAR-GROUP/hpx: HPX V1.3.0: the C++ Standards library for parallelism and concurrency. 2019. 10.5281/zenodo.3189323, 2019) to achieve best performance, great scalability and portability. HPX is a library that uses lightweight threads, asynchronous communication, and asynchronous task submission based on the declarative criteria of work. These features enabled us to deeply explore granularity and parallelism of the MDFS algorithm. Software is prepared entirely in C++; therefore, calculations can be performed using CPUs on desktops, distributed systems, and any system with C++ compiler support. During testing on Cray XC40 (Okeanos) using artificially prepared data, we achieved 196 times acceleration on 256 nodes compared to a single node. From this point, ICM computing facility is capable of massively parallel feature engineering. The main purpose of the software is to enable researchers for more accurate genomics data analysis in search for multiple correlations in potential sources of the diseases.
Cold ischaemia time: Is too long really too bad? Studies using a porcine kidney ex-vivo reperfusion model
Authors: Hamaoui Karim , Gowers Sally , Sandhu Bynvant , Cook Terry , Boutelle Martyn , Casanova-Rituerto Daniel , Papalois Vassilios
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Post-ischaemic hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) may be beneficial in recovery of marginal kidney grafts. The full capacity of conventional HMP (with passive oxygenation) to recondition an organ has not been realised. We investigated whether HMP can ameliorate ischemic damage caused by extremely prolonged static cold storage (SCS).

Methods:

Porcine kidneys underwent 4-h (SCS4,n = 4) or 52-h (SCS52,n = 4) SCS, followed by 10 h of HMP and were then subjected to 2 h of isolated normothermic reperfusion (NRP).

Results:

There was a post-SCS graft weight loss in SCS52 vs SCS4 kidneys. SCS52 kidneys showed viable perfusion dynamics during HMP, with significantly shorter times to reach viable parameters vs SCS4 kidneys (p < 0.027). During NRP SCS52 kidneys demonstrated similar trends in perfusion dynamics, renal function, oxygen consumptions, lactate production, and tubular injury to SCS4 kidneys.

Conclusion:

Graft weight loss after SCS, reducing resistance to perfusion, may facilitate better HMP dynamics and graft reconditioning. Clinicians utilising HMP should be aware of this phenomenon when using HMP in kidneys exposed to extreme periods of SCS. HMP after an extended period of SCS can resuscitate kidneys to a level equitable of viability as those after a short period of SCS. Utilising passive oxygenation however may be limiting such recovery and interventions utilising active oxygenation may provide benefit in such organs.

Highlights:
A cascade of complications after liver transplantation: A case report
Authors: Shadhu Kamleshsingh , Ramlagun Dadhija , Qin Jianjie , Xia Yongxiang
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Postoperative complications after liver transplantation are a clinical challenge for surgeons and their awareness and management needs to be reported.

Case presentation:

A 50-year-old male patient came to our hospital 40 days after liver transplantation. The patient was on Tacrolimus. He had anastomotic biliary stricture, nephrotoxicity, huge haematoma transformation and paralysis of left lower limb. He underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography drainage (PTCD), artificial arterio-venous fistula formation, dialysis, and blood transfusion.

Conclusion:

We conclude that important cooperation is needed between patient and surgical team to solve the cascade of complications due to side effects of postoperative drugs.

Highlights:
Automated sensor‐based detection of challenging behaviors in advanced stages of dementia in nursing homes
Authors: Goerss Doreen , Hein Albert , Bader Sebastian , Halek Margareta , Kernebeck Sven , Kutschke Andreas , Heine Christina , Krueger Frank , Kirste Thomas , Teipel Stefan
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Sensor‐based assessment of challenging behaviors in dementia may be useful to support caregivers. Here, we investigated accelerometry as tool for identification and prediction of challenging behaviors.

Methods

We set up a complex data recording study in two nursing homes with 17 persons in advanced stages of dementia. Study included four‐week observation of behaviors. In parallel, subjects wore sensors 24 h/7 d. Participants underwent neuropsychological assessment including MiniMental State Examination and Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory.

Results

We calculated the accelerometric motion score (AMS) from accelerometers. The AMS was associated with several types of agitated behaviors and could predict subject's Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory values. Beyond the mechanistic association between AMS and behavior on the group level, the AMS provided an added value for prediction of behaviors on an individual level.

Discussion

We confirm that accelerometry can provide relevant information about challenging behaviors. We extended previous studies by differentiating various types of agitated behaviors and applying long‐term measurements in a real‐world setting.
Erectile Recovery After Radical Pelvic Surgery: Methodological Challenges and Recommendations for Data Reporting
Authors: Capogrosso Paolo , Pozzi Edoardo Pietro , Celentano Valerio , Sanchez-Salas Rafael , Salonia Andrea
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Erectile function (EF) outcomes after radical pelvic surgery vary widely among different studies, partly as a consequence of heterogeneity with regard to the data assessment and reporting methodology.

Aim

Review the methodology of data assessment and reporting of studies evaluating EF outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP), radical cystectomy (RC), and rectal surgery (RS) and provide detailed recommendations to conduct future high-quality research.

Methods

The MEDLINE database was searched for randomized clinical trials and open-label prospective or retrospective studies.

Main Outcome Measure

The panel reviewed the modality of data assessment and reporting concerning 3 specific areas: preoperative patients assessment, surgical technique description, and postoperative patients management and follow-up.

Results

Overall, 280, 36, and 73 studies investigating EF after RP, RC, and RS, respectively, were included. Baseline EF was largely reported (88%) in studies on RP, but only 67% of the studies on either RC or RS assessed EF before surgery. Baseline comorbidities that could impact postoperative EF were reported in 62%, 64%, and 85% of studies on RP, RC, and RS, respectively. The type of surgical approach was provided in all studies, and surgical details relevant to EF (eg, nerve- or organ-sparing surgery) were reported by 86%, 81%, and 62% of studies on RP, RC, and RS, respectively. Conversely, surgeon experience was rarely reported across all studies. Validated tools were commonly used to assess postoperative EF (64% of studies for RP, 78% for RC, and 71% for RS). Only 41%, 17%, and 29% of studies on RP, RC, and RS, respectively, reported a follow-up of at least 2 years. Use of erectile dysfunction treatment after surgery was assessed by only 39%, 17%, and 4.1% of studies on RP, RC, and RS, respectively. Factors potentially influencing EF recovery (eg, urinary or fecal continence, urinary diversion) were commonly reported, but sexual desire after surgery was reported by only 18%, 42%, and 37% of studies on RP, RC, and RS, respectively.

Clinical Implications

The use of a shared methodology for the assessment and reporting of data on EF outcomes after pelvic surgery would allow better estimation of EF outcomes after pelvic surgery.

Strengths & Limitations

The modality of data assessment and reporting among studies investigating EF outcome after pelvic surgery was systematically investigated to provide recommendations allowing a proper interpretation of data.

Conclusion

Studies on EF outcomes after radical pelvic surgery should fulfill specific criteria concerning preoperative patient assessment, reporting of surgical details, and postoperative functional outcome evaluation and management.
Transfer of lightweight design principles from the musculoskeletal system to an engineering context
Authors: Bartz Marcel , Uttich Eike , Bender Beate
Published: October 2019

An important source for technical lightweight design is the human musculoskeletal system. The musculoskeletal lightweight design mainly results from the coordinated interplay of different principles. Prevailing solutions that use musculoskeletal lightweight design principles neglect the coordinated interplay of these principles. Moreover, transfer is limited to isolated principles. Therefore, further potential for lightweight design can be expected. Due to the kinematic similarities of the human extremities to technical systems that can be described as open kinematic chains, in this paper the lightweight design potential is examined by applying the interaction of the aforementioned lightweight design principles to technical systems. A new bioinspired approach is developed, which implements the control and optimization running synchronously in nature in a sequential approach for technology. The bioinspired approach is implemented by coupling multibody simulation and topology optimization in an iterative process. The results of the bioinspired approach show that, compared to a classical approach, mass can be saved and deformations can be minimized. The synthesized geometry is mainly optimized for compressive stresses and therefore easier to manufacture than a bending stiff structure in the classical case. The examinations in this paper do not take application-specific requirements into account. Therefore the application to special technical systems, and furthermore advantages and disadvantages of the new approach are discussed.
Analysis of degenerate mechanisms triggering finite-amplitude thermo-acoustic oscillations in annular combustors
Authors: Murthy Sandeep R. , Sayadi Taraneh , Le Chenadec Vincent , Schmid Peter J. , Bodony Daniel J.
Published: October 2019

A simplified model is introduced to study finite-amplitude thermo-acoustic oscillations in $N$-periodic annular combustion devices. Such oscillations yield undesirable effects and can be triggered by a positive feedback between heat-release and pressure fluctuations. The proposed model, comprising the governing equations linearized in the acoustic limit, and with each burner modelled as a one-dimensional system with acoustic damping and a compact heat source, is used to study the instability caused by cross-sector coupling. The coupling between the sectors is included by solving the one-dimensional acoustic jump conditions at the locations where the burners are coupled to the annular chambers of the combustion device. The analysis takes advantage of the block-circulant structure of the underlying stability equations to develop an efficient methodology to describe the onset of azimuthally synchronized motion. A modal analysis reveals the dominance of global instabilities (encompassing the large-scale dynamics of the entire system), while a non-modal analysis reveals a strong response to harmonic excitation at forcing frequencies far from the eigenfrequencies, when the overall system is linearly stable. In all presented cases, large-scale, azimuthally synchronized (coupled) motion is observed. The relevance of the non-modal response is further emphasized by demonstrating the subcritical nature of the system’s Hopf point via an asymptotic expansion of a nonlinear model representing the compact heat source within each burner.
Fast transient spray cooling of a hot thick target
Authors: Tenzer Fabian M. , Roisman Ilia V. , Tropea Cameron
Published: October 2019

Spray cooling of a hot target is characterized by strong heat flux and fast change of the temperature of the wall interface. The heat flux during spray cooling is determined by the instantaneous substrate temperature, which is illustrated by boiling curves. The variation of the heat flux is especially notable during different thermodynamic regimes: film, transitional and nucleate boiling. In this study transient boiling curves are obtained by measurement of the local and instantaneous heat flux produced by sprays of variable mass flux, drop diameter and impact velocity. These spray parameters are accurately characterized using a phase Doppler instrument and a patternator. The hydrodynamic phenomena of spray impact during various thermodynamic regimes are observed using a high-speed video system. A theoretical model has been developed for heat conduction in the thin expanding thermal boundary layer in the substrate. The theory is able to predict the evolution of the target temperature in time in the film boiling regime. Moreover, a remote asymptotic solution for the heat flux during the fully developed nucleate boiling regime is developed. The theoretical predictions agree very well with the experimental data for a wide range of impact parameters.
Electrohydrodynamic settling of drop in uniform electric field: beyond Stokes flow regime
Authors: Behera Nalinikanta , Mandal Shubhadeep , Chakraborty Suman
Published: October 2019

The electrohydrodynamics of a weakly conducting buoyant drop under the combined influence of gravity and a uniform electric field is studied computationally, focusing on the inertia-dominated regime. Numerical simulations are performed for both perfectly dielectric and leaky dielectric drops over a wide range of dimensionless parameters to explore the interplay of fluid inertia and electrical stress to govern the drop shape and charge convection. For perfectly dielectric drops, the fluid inertia alters the drop shape and the deformation behaviour of the drop follows a non-monotonic path. The drop shape at steady state exhibits the transition from oblate to prolate shape on increasing the electric field strength, in sharp contrast to the cases concerning the Stokes flow regime. Similar behaviour is also obtained for leaky dielectric drops for certain fluid properties. For leaky dielectric drops, the fluid inertia also affects the convective transport of charges at the drop surface and thereby alters the drop dynamics. Unlike the Stokes flow regime, where surface charge convection has little effect on the settling speed, the same modifies the drop settling speed quite significantly in the finite inertial regime depending on the combination of electrical conductivity ratio and permittivity ratio. For oblate drops at low capillary number, charge convection alters drop shape, while keeping the nature of deformation unaltered. However, for relatively large capillary number, the oblate drop transforms into a dimpled shape due to charge convection. For all cases, an interesting fact is noticed that under the combined action of electric and inertial forces, the resultant deformation is less than the summation of the deformations caused by individual effects, when inertial effects are strong. These results are likely to provide deep insights into the interplay of various nonlinearities towards altering electrohydrodynamic settling of drops and bubbles.
Electrorheology of a dilute emulsion of surfactant-covered drops
Authors: Poddar Antarip , Mandal Shubhadeep , Bandopadhyay Aditya , Chakraborty Suman
Published: October 2019

We investigate the effects of surfactant coating on a deformable viscous drop under the combined action of shear flow and a uniform electric field. Employing a comprehensive three-dimensional approach, we analyse the non-Newtonian shearing response of the bulk emulsion in the dilute suspension regime. Our results reveal that the location of the peak surfactant accumulation on the drop surface may get shifted from the plane of shear to a plane orthogonal to it, depending on the tilt angle of the applied electric field and strength of the electrical stresses relative to their hydrodynamic counterparts. The surfactant non-uniformity creates significant alterations in the flow perturbation around the drop, triggering modulations in the bulk shear viscosity. Overall, the shear-thinning or shear-thickening behaviour of the emulsion appears to be greatly influenced by the interplay of surface charge convection and Marangoni stresses. We show that the balance between electrical and hydrodynamic stresses renders a vanishing surface tension gradient on the drop surface for some specific shear rates, rendering negligible alterations in the bulk viscosity. This critical condition largely depends on the electrical permittivity and conductivity ratios of the two fluids and orientation of the applied electric field. Also, the physical mechanisms of charge convection and surface deformation play their roles in determining this critical shear rate. As a consequence, we obtain new discriminating factors, involving electrical property ratios and the electric field configuration, which govern the same. Consequently, the surfactant-induced enhancement or attenuation of the bulk emulsion viscosity depends on the electrical conductivity and permittivity ratios. The concerned description of the drop-level flow physics and its connection to the bulk rheology of a dilute emulsion may provide a fundamental understanding of a more complex emulsion system encountered in industrial practice.
An experimental and computational study of the post-collisional flow induced by an impulsively rotated sphere
Authors: Calabretto Sophie A. W. , Denier James P. , Levy Benjamin
Published: October 2019

The unsteady flow due to a sphere, immersed in a quiescent fluid, and suddenly rotated, is a paradigm for the development of unsteady boundary layers and their collision. Such a collision arises when the boundary layers on the surface of the sphere are advected towards the equator, where they collide, serving to generate a radial jet. We present the first particle image velocimetry measurements of this collision process, the resulting starting vortex and development of the radial jet. Coupled with new computations, we demonstrate that the post-collision steady flow detaches smoothly from the sphere’s surface, in qualitative agreement with the analysis of Stewartson (Grenzschichtforschung/Boundary Layer Research (ed. H. Görtler), Springer, 1958, pp. 60–70), with no evidence of a recirculation zone, contrary to the conjectured structure of Smith & Duck (Q. J. Mech. Appl. Maths, vol. 20, 1977, pp. 143–156).
Evolving Consumption Patterns in the U.S. Alcohol Market: Disaggregated Spatial Analysis
Authors: Hart Jarrett , Alston Julian M.
Published: October 2019

Global consumption patterns for alcoholic beverages are evolving, with some convergence in per capita consumption among nations as traditionally beer-drinking nations increase their consumption of wine and, conversely, wine-consuming nations shift towards beer. This article explores regional patterns of alcoholic beverage consumption within the United States. One purpose is to see if similar patterns of spatial convergence in consumption patterns can be observed within countries as have been documented in international comparisons. A more fundamental purpose is to explore the converse question and seek to better understand the persistent differences in alcoholic beverage consumption among groups. These issues are addressed using annual U.S. national and state-level data over four decades and, for the more recent period, supermarket scanner data at finer scales of geopolitical aggregation. Socioeconomic and other demographic variables appear to play significant roles in accounting for the spatial differences in consumption patterns, although the details vary across different models and data sets. The analysis of demand using less-aggregative data for a shorter time period reveals some shortcomings in the corresponding analysis based on state-level data over a longer time period, but with poorly measured prices. These findings might extrapolate to studies making international comparisons using national aggregate data. (JEL Classifications: D12, L66)
‘Why Do You Ask?’ The Nature and Impacts of Attitudes towards Public Opinion Surveys in the Arab World
Authors: Gengler Justin J. , Tessler Mark , Lucas Russell , Forney Jonathan
Published: October 2019

For the first time in an Arab country, this article examines attitudes toward public opinion surveys and their effects on survey-taking behavior. The study uses original survey data from Qatar, the diverse population of which permits comparisons across cultural–geographical groupings within a single, non-democratic polity. The authors find that Qatari and expatriate Arabs hold positive views of surveys, both in absolute terms and relative to individuals from non-Arab countries. Factor analysis reveals that the underlying dimensions of survey attitudes in Qatar mostly mirror those identified in Western settings, but a new dimension is discovered that captures the perceived intentions of surveys. Two embedded experiments assess the impact of survey attitudes. The results show that generalized attitudes toward surveys affect respondents’ willingness to participate both alone and in combination with surveys' objective attributes. The study also finds that negative views about survey reliability and intentions increase motivated under-reporting among Arab respondents, whereas non-Arabs are sensitive only to perceived cognitive and time costs. These findings have direct implications for consumers and producers of Arab survey data.
Improving Minimum-Variance Portfolios by Alleviating Overdispersion of Eigenvalues
Authors: Shi Fangquan , Shu Lianjie , Yang Aijun , He Fangyi
Published: October 2019

In portfolio risk minimization, the inverse covariance matrix of returns is often unknown and has to be estimated in practice. Yet the eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix are often overdispersed, leading to severe estimation errors in the inverse covariance matrix. To deal with this problem, we propose a general framework by shrinking the sample eigenvalues based on the Schatten norm. The proposed framework has the advantage of being computationally efficient as well as structure-free. The comparative studies show that our approach behaves reasonably well in terms of reducing out-of-sample portfolio risk and turnover.
Constructing identity through commemoration:Kwibukaand the rise of survivor nationalism in post-conflict Rwanda
Authors: Baldwin Gretchen
Published: October 2019

In the years following Rwanda's civil war, the country has remembered those killed in the 1994 genocide with 100 days of official commemoration, known as Kwibuka. The temporary commemoration period is characterised by an explicit acknowledgement and public discussion of ethnic identity, which stands in puzzling contrast to the state's policy of ethnic non-recognition, enforced during the rest of the year in hopes of achieving national homogeneity (Ndi Umunyarwanda). Thus, one observes seemingly diametrically opposed practices of legally erasing identity groups because of their link to conflict and a unique, three month-long saturation of reminders in the form of public speeches, memorial programming and burials, and commemorative signage. A blurring of ‘Tutsi’ with ‘survivor’ and the deliberate passing down of survivor identity to Tutsi youth have created, over time, conditions for a ‘survivor nationalism’, which exacerbates social tensions and risks sustainable peace in the long term.
Barriers and facilitators to accessing psychological therapies for severe mental health difficulties in later life
Authors: Berry Katherine , Sheardown Jennifer , Pabbineedi Uma , Haddock Gillian , Cross Catherine , Brown Laura J.E.
Published: October 2019

Background:

The number of people growing older with severe mental illness (SMI) is rising, reflecting societal trends towards an ageing population. Evidence suggests that older people are less likely to seek help, be referred for and receive psychological therapy compared with younger people, but past research has focused on those with mild to moderate mental health needs.

Aims:

This research aims to identify the specific barriers faced by older people with SMI.

Method:

We interviewed 53 participants (22 service users with SMI aged over 50 years, 11 carers of people with SMI, and 20 health care professionals) about their views and experiences of accessing therapy for SMI in later life.

Results:

Thematic analysis revealed five themes: organizational and resource issues; myths about therapy and attitudinal barriers; stigma; encouraging access to therapy; and meeting age-specific needs.

Conclusions:

Barriers faced by older people with SMI are not only age-related, but also reflect specific issues associated with having a SMI over many years. Improving awareness of the benefits of psychological therapies is important not only for older people with SMI themselves, but also for their carers and staff who work with them.
Electrochemical Behavior of Carbon Electrodes for In Situ Redox Studies in a Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Girod Robin , Nianias Nikolaos , Tileli Vasiliki
Published: October 2019

Electrochemical liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a unique technique for probing nanocatalyst behavior during operation for a range of different electrocatalytic processes, including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), or electrochemical CO2 reduction (eCO2R). A major challenge to the technique's applicability to these systems has to do with the choice of substrate, which requires a wide inert potential range for quantitative electrochemistry, and is also responsible for minimizing background gas generation in the confined microscale environment. Here, we report on the feasibility of electrochemical experiments using the standard redox couple Fe(CN)63−/4− and microchips featuring carbon-coated electrodes. We electrochemically assess the in situ performance with respect to flow rate, liquid volume, and scan rate. Equally important with the choice of working substrate is the choice of the reference electrode. We demonstrate that the use of a modified electrode setup allows for potential measurements relatable to bulk studies. Furthermore, we use this setup to demonstrate the inert potential range for carbon-coated electrodes in aqueous electrolytes for HER, OER, ORR, and eCO2R. This work provides a basis for understanding electrochemical measurements in similar microscale systems and for studying gas-generating reactions with liquid electrochemical TEM.
Reparations for Police Killings
Authors: Page Jennifer M.
Published: October 2019

After a fatal police shooting, it is typical for city and police officials to view the family of the deceased through the lens of the law. If the family files a lawsuit, the city and police department consider it their legal right to defend themselves and to treat the plaintiffs as adversaries. However, reparations and the concept of “reparative justice” allow authorities to frame police killings in moral rather than legal terms. When a police officer kills a person who was not liable to this outcome, officials should offer monetary reparations, an apology, and other redress measures to the victim’s family. To make this argument, the article presents a philosophical account of non-liability hailing from self-defense theory that centers on the distinction between reasonableness and liability. Reparations provide a nonadversarial alternative to civil litigation after a non-liable person has been killed by a police officer. In cases where the officer nevertheless acted reasonably, “institutional agent-regret” rather than moral responsibility grounds the argument for reparations. Throughout the article, it is argued that there are distinct racial wrongs both when police kill a non-liable black person and when family members of a black victim are treated poorly by officials in the civil litigation process.
Birth size and cancer prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sharma Shantanu , Kohli Charu , Johnson Linda , Bennet Louise , Brusselaers Nele , Nilsson Peter M.
Published: October 2019

There is an established link between birth parameters and risk of adult-onset cancers. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease concept provides potential underlying mechanisms for such associations, including intrauterine exposure to endogenous hormones (androgens and estrogens), insulin-like growth factors, etc. However, there is conflicting evidence on the association between birth parameters and the cancer mortality risk. Therefore, we aimed to review and analyse the available data on the association linking birth weight and birth length with cancer mortality. Eleven studies were identified, published until April 2019. A significant association between birth weight and the prognosis of cancer (overall) was found (relative risk, RR 1.06, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.01, 1.11), with low heterogeneity (I2 = 27.7%). In addition, higher birth weight was associated with poorer prognosis of prostate cancer (RR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.44). However, the association of birth weight with breast cancer mortality risk in women was not significant (RR 1.16, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.44), which might be due to high statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 67.9%). Birth length was not associated with cancer mortality risk (RR 1.0, 95% CI: 0.90–1.11). It might be inferred that birth parameters are not associated with cancer mortality as strongly as with the risk of developing cancer. Also, the association between birth parameters and cancer mortality risk is not uniform and varies according to its subtypes, and study characteristics/design. This highlights the need for further prospective studies.
From Breakup of Nuna to Assembly of Rodinia: A Link Between the Chinese Central Tianshan Block and Fennoscandia
Authors: Huang Zongying , Yuan Chao , Long Xiaoping , Zhang Yunying , Du Long
Published: October 2019

The transition from breakup of Nuna (or Columbia, 2.0–1.6 Ga) to assembly of Rodinia (1.0–0.9 Ga) is investigated by means of U‐Pb and Lu‐Hf data of detrital zircons from three Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in the Central Tianshan Block (CTB), NW China. These data yield six age peaks around 1.0, 1.13, 1.34, 1.4–1.6, 1.75, and 2.6 Ga. Few zircons are detected between 2.0 and 2.5 Ga. The Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic detrital zircons have Hf isotopic compositions (−22.1 to +13.0) similar to those of coeval magmatic rocks in the CTB, indicating a proximal provenance. These results, together with the geological evidence and the presence of 1.4 Ga orogenic granitoids in the CTB, rule out most cratons as the CTB sources but support a Fennoscandia ancestry. Zircon U‐Pb ages and Hf isotopic compositions from the CTB and Fennoscandia suggest that from 1.8 to 1.4 Ga, theεHf(t) values increased toward more positive values, consistent with an exterior orogen characteristic that the lower crust was replaced by a juvenile arc crust. In contrast, from 1.4 to 0.9 Ga, zirconεHf(t) values decreased to more negative values, reflecting an interior orogen, characterized by enhanced contribution of recycled crustal material from collided continental fragments. This marked shift most likely reflected a transition from breakup of Nuna to assembly of Rodinia, accomplished by a transformation from an exterior orogen to an interior one.
Ocean Observatories as a Tool to Advance Gas Hydrate Research
Authors: Scherwath M. , Thomsen L. , Riedel M. , Römer M. , Chatzievangelou D. , Schwendner J. , Duda A. , Heesemann M.
Published: October 2019

Since 2009, unprecedented comprehensive long‐term gas hydrate observations have become available from Ocean Networks Canada's NEPTUNE cabled ocean observatory at the northern Cascadia margin. Several experiments demonstrate the scientific importance of permanent power and Internet connectivity to the ocean floor as they have advanced the field of gas hydrate related research. One example is the cabled crawler Wally at Barkley Canyon, enabling live in situ exploration of the hydrate mounds and its associated benthic communities through the crawler's mobility and permanent accessibility throughout the year. Another example is a bubble‐imaging sonar at Clayoquot Slope, revealing the strong relationship between ebullition of natural gas and tidal pressure, without apparent correlation to earthquakes, storms, or temperature fluctuations, in year‐long continuous recordings. Finally, regular observatory maintenance cruises allow additional science sampling including echo‐sounder surveys to extend the observatory footprint. Long‐term trends in the data are not yet apparent but can also become evident from continuous measurements, as ocean observatories such as NEPTUNE are built for a 25‐year lifetime, and expansion of the observatory networks makes these findings comparable and testable.
Episodic Extrema of Surface Stress Energy Input to the Western Arctic Ocean Contributed to Step Changes of Freshwater Content in the Beaufort Gyre
Authors: Zhong Wenli , Zhang Jinlun , Steele Michael , Zhao Jinping , Wang Tao
Published: October 2019

The recent dramatic decline of sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean changes the transfer of momentum across the ice‐ocean boundary layer. The surface stress energy input through the surface geostrophic current in the Beaufort Gyre (BG) based on a numerical model is 0.03 mW/m2 in 1992–2004 versus 0.23 mW/m2 in 2005–2017. This energy input is primarily concentrated over the southern Canada Basin and the Chukchi Sea. It is 1.38 × 1016 J in observations versus 4.90 × 1016 J in the model in the BG during 2003–2014. We find that some well‐known freshwater changes in the BG over 1992–2017 resulted from episodic extrema of energy input in 2007, 2012, and 2016. In particular, most of the energy input in 2007 was transformed into potential energy (57%) which resulted in a new state of freshwater budget. Our study suggests that as of 2016, the BG had not yet reached a saturated freshwater state.
Mean Structure and Seasonality of the Norwegian Atlantic Front Current Along the Mohn Ridge From Repeated Glider Transects
Authors: Bosse Anthony , Fer Ilker
Published: October 2019

The poleward flow of Atlantic Water in the Nordic Seas forms the upper limb of the meridional overturning circulation driving an important heat transport. The Norwegian Atlantic Front Current along the Mohn Ridge between the Greenland and Norwegian Seas is characterized for the first time, using repeated sections over 14 months from autonomous underwater gliders and two research cruises. The Norwegian Atlantic Front Current follows the 2,550‐m isobath with a width of 38 ± 2 km and absolute geostrophic velocities peaking at 0.56 ± 0.03 m s−1. The mean transport of Atlantic Water is 3.2 ± 0.2 Sv (equivalent to temperature transport of 71 ± 5 TW). Seasonal variability was observed with a magnitude of 0.8 Sv and maximum values in the fall. The deep currents at 1,000 m explained most of this seasonal variation and were anticorrelated with time‐integrated wind stress curl over the Lofoten Basin. Part of this flow might recirculate within the Lofoten Basin, while the rest continues toward the Arctic.
Long-term survival in patients with metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated with metastasis-directed therapy
Authors: Beckham Thomas H. , Leeman Jonathan E. , Xie Peng , Li Xiaolin , Goldman Debra A. , Zhang Zhigang , Sherman Eric , McBride Sean , Riaz Nadeem , Lee Nancy , Tsai C. Jillian
Published: October 2019

Background

Our objective was to evaluate the outcomes of metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) by disease burden with an emphasis on metastasis-directed therapy (MDT) in patients with limited metastatic disease burden.

Methods

In total, 186 patients who developed metastatic disease after definitive therapy for HNSCC were included. Clinically and radiographically apparent metastases were enumerated. Kaplan–Meier methods were used to estimate survival. Cox regression was used to assess the association between clinical variables.

Results

Patients with a single metastasis had a 5-year overall survival (OS) of 35% (95% CI 16–54%) in contrast to patients with multiple metastases with a 5-year OS of 4% (95% CI 2–9%). Thirty patients (16.1%) underwent MDT. On multivariable analysis, oral cavity or sinonasal primary (HR 2.22 95% CI 1.16–4.25, p = 0.015; HR 4.88, 95% CI 1.10–21.70, p = 0.037, respectively) were associated with higher risk of death, whereas receipt of MDT (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.17–0.74, p = 0.006) was associated with lower hazard of death. Median subsequent metastasis-free survival and 5-year survival after MDT (n = 30) were estimated at 26.4 months (95% CI: 9.8–54.0) and 31%, (95% CI: 15–48%).

Conclusions

HNSCC patients with limited metastatic disease may derive significant benefit from MDT. Prospective trials evaluating MDT in HNSCC are warranted.
An oral alpha-galactosylceramide adjuvanted Helicobacter pylori vaccine induces protective IL-1R- and IL-17R-dependent Th1 responses
Authors: Longet Stephanie , Abautret-Daly Aine , Davitt Christopher J. H. , McEntee Craig P. , Aversa Vincenzo , Rosa Monica , Coulter Ivan S. , Holmgren Jan , Raghavan Sukanya , Lavelle Ed C.
Published: October 2019

Helicobacter pyloricauses chronic gastric infection that can lead to peptic ulcers and is an identified risk factor for gastric cancer development. Although much effort has been put into the development of aHelicobacter pylorivaccine over the last three decades, none has yet reached clinical application. Specific challenges pertaining to effectiveH. pylorivaccine development include the lack of proven vaccine-effective antigens and safe mucosal adjuvants to enhance local immune responses as well as the lack of accepted correlates of protection. Herein, we demonstrate that prophylactic intragastric immunisation with a whole-cell killedH. pyloriantigen administered together with the non-toxic oral adjuvant α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) induced effective immune protection againstH.pylori infection in mice, which was of similar magnitude as when using the “gold standard” cholera toxin as adjuvant. We further describe that this α-GalCer-adjuvanted vaccine formulation elicited strong intestinal and systemic Th1 responses as well as significant antigen-specific mucosal and systemic antibody responses. Finally, we report that the protective intestinal Th1 responses induced by α-GalCer are dependent on CD1d, IL-1R as well as IL-17R signalling. In summary, our results show that α-GalCer is a promising adjuvant for inclusion in an oral vaccine againstH. pyloriinfection.
Author Correction: Mimicking immune signatures of flavivirus infection with targeted adjuvants improves dengue subunit vaccine immunogenicity
Authors: Bidet Katell , Ho Victor , Chu Collins Wenhan , Naim Ahmad Nazri Mohamed , Thazin Khaing , Chan Kuan Rong , Low Jenny G. H. , Choy Milly M. , Wong Lan Hiong , de Sessions Paola Florez , Lee Yie Hou , Hibberd Martin L. , Ooi Eng Eong , Fink Katja , Chen Jianzhu
Published: October 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Integrated open-source software for multiscale electrophysiology
Authors: Nasiotis Konstantinos , Cousineau Martin , Tadel François , Peyrache Adrien , Leahy Richard M. , Pack Christopher C. , Baillet Sylvain
Published: October 2019

The methods for electrophysiology in neuroscience have evolved tremendously over the recent years with a growing emphasis on dense-array signal recordings. Such increased complexity and augmented wealth in the volume of data recorded, have not been accompanied by efforts to streamline and facilitate access to processing methods, which too are susceptible to grow in sophistication. Moreover, unsuccessful attempts to reproduce peer-reviewed publications indicate a problem of transparency in science. This growing problem could be tackled by unrestricted access to methods that promote research transparency and data sharing, ensuring the reproducibility of published results. Here, we provide a free, extensive, open-source software that provides data-analysis, data-management and multi-modality integration solutions for invasive neurophysiology. Users can perform their entire analysis through a user-friendly environment without the need of programming skills, in a tractable (logged) way. This work contributes to open-science, analysis standardization, transparency and reproducibility in invasive neurophysiology.