bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss after Penetrating Keratoplasty in Relation to Preoperative Recipient Endothelial Cell Density
Authors: Chung So-Hyang , Kim Hyun Kyung , Kim Man Soo
Published: October 2009

Aim: Our purpose was to assess recipient endothelial cell density and trephination diameter as predictive factors for corneal endothelial cell density after penetrating keratoplasty (PKP). Methods: Forty-eight eyes showing keratoconus (group I, with sufficient recipient endothelial cell density) and 42 eyes demonstrating bullous keratopathy or Fuchs’ dystrophy (group II, with insufficient recipient endothelial cell density) were included in this retrospective study. The endothelial cell density after PKP was assessed over 2 years. Results: Chronic endothelial cell loss was significantly higher in group II than in group I patients at all follow-up times >3 months (p < 0.05). In group II patients, an inverse correlation between endothelial cell loss and trephine diameter was observed. Conclusion: This study shows that recipient endothelial cell density is a risk factor for increased endothelial cell loss following PKP. In patients with insufficient endothelial cell density, a large trephine size could reduce chronic endothelial cell loss.
Phosphoproteomic Study of Human Tubular Epithelial Cell in Response to Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-1-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Chen Yong-Xi , Li Ya , Wang Wei-Ming , Zhang Wen , Chen Xiao-Nong , Xie Yin-Yin , Lu Jing , Huang Qiu-Hua , Chen Nan
Published: October 2009

Background: Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in renal fibrosis and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Phosphorylation of proteins is essential to TGF-β signaling. We applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology to profile the phosphoproteins in tubular epithelial cells in response to TGF-β-induced EMT in order to further study molecular events. Methods: HK-2 cells were treated with TGF-β1 to induce EMT. The cells were divided into a control group (without TGF-β1 treatment) and a TGF-β1-treated group. Phosphoproteins from two groups were extracted and differentially labeled with iTRAQ reagents and processed by 2D-nano-HPLC-MS/MS. Validating of iTRAQ analysis was performed by western blot. Bioinformatic analysis was performed by on-line databases. Results: By iTRAQ-2D-nano-HPLC-MS/MS, 38 differentially expressed phosphoproteins were identified which included 19 up-regulated phosphoproteins and 19 down-regulated phosphoproteins. Western blot confirmed up-regulation of phosphorylated moesin and HSP90α. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that the majority of proteins were located in the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum lumen. The phosphoproteins were categorized into 17 molecular function classifications. Nucleic acid binding protein, cytoskeletal protein and chaperone were the major categories of molecular function. A biological network was built to analyze interaction between up-regulated proteins. Conclusion: We demonstrate a TGF-β1-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of EMT in tubular epithelial cells. Phosphorylation of moesin and HSP90α might play a role in TGF-β-induced EMT.
Use of Multidetector Row CT to Evaluate the Need for Bronchial Arterial Embolization in Hemoptysis Patients
Authors: Mori Hidenori , Ohno Yasushi , Tsuge Yusuke , Kawasaki Masanori , Ito Fumitaka , Endo Junki , Funaguchi Norihiko , La Bu Lin Bai , Kanematsu Masayuki , Minatoguchi Shinya
Published: October 2009

Background: Bronchial artery (BA) embolization (BAE) is recommended as a minimally invasive therapy for hemoptysis, though some patients recover after only conservative treatment. Objectives: The purpose of our study was to assess the characteristics of BAs using multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) and identify BAs requiring BAE without BA angiography (BAG). Methods: We retrospectively studied 41 patients and classified the visualized BAs into groups based on their BAE and bleeding statuses. Patients presenting with massive hemoptysis requiring emergency BAE were excluded. Patients presenting with persistent hemoptysis that was resistant to conservative treatment received BAE. Radiologists measured BA diameters at the ostium, bronchial bifurcation and pulmonary hilum, and also evaluated the degree of vascularization. Results: MDCT enabled visualization of 102 ostia and 96 traceable BAs. Among the participating patients, 13 had at least one ectopic origin. We obtained a good correlation between BAG and MDCT diameters (r = 0.709, p < 0.001). The diameters of BAs responsible for bleeding and receiving BAE were apparently larger in each measured segment than those that were not (p < 0.05). Moreover, the diameters of arteries receiving BAE remained largely unchanged from the origin to the hilum and through the mediastinum. BAs with low MDCT scores were significantly less likely to required BAE than those with high scores (p = 0.004), and in multiple logistic regression analysis, ostium diameter and bleeding status were independent predictive factors for BAE. Conclusions: Evaluation of BAs on MDCT could be useful for identifying the anatomical characteristics of bleeding-related BAs and determining whether BAE is indicated or whether conservative treatment is sufficient.
The Grandmother Effect and the Uniqueness of the Human Aging Phenotype
Authors: Herndon James G. , Walker Lary C.
Published: October 2009

This issue of Gerontology includes a response by van Bodegom et al. to Herndon’s recent article on the implications of the grandmother hypothesis for studies of aging and cognition. Although this hypothesis will doubtlessly continue to stimulate discussion, we focus here on our contention that human and non-human primate life histories have evolved essential differences and that these should be addressed in studies comparing aging in humans and chimpanzees.
Clopidogrel response status assessed with Multiplate point-of-care analysis and the incidence and timing of stent thrombosis over six months following coronary stenting
Authors: Morath Tanja , Braun Siegmund , Stegherr Julia , Mehilli Julinda , Vogt Wolfgang , Schömig Albert , Kastrati Adnan , Beckerath Nicolas von , Sibbing Dirk
Published: October 2009

Clopidogrel low-responsiveness assessed with multiple electrode platelet aggregometry (MEA) has been shown to be a strong and independent predictor of early stent thrombosis (ST) after coronary stenting. The relation of clopidogrel response status, as assessed with MEA, with incidence and timing of ST during an extended follow-up period has never been reported. Here, we report the six-month follow-up results of a prospective trial assessing clopidogrel responsiveness with MEA in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A total of 1,608 consecutive patients with planned drug-eluting stent placement were enrolled in this study. Before PCI patients uniformly received 600 mg clopidogrel and blood was taken directly before PCI to measure ADP-induced platelet aggregation with MEA. The upper quin-tile (20%) of patients according to MEA measurements (n=323) was defined as clopidogrel low responders. Compared with normal responders (n=1,285), the cumulative incidence of definite ST within six months was significantly higher in low responders [2.5% vs. 0.4%; OR 6.5; 95% CI, 2.4–17.0; P<0.001]. The combined incidence of definite or probable ST was higher as well in low vs. normal responders [4.1% vs. 0.7%; OR 5.8; 95% CI, 2.8–12.3; P<0.0001]. A significant inverse correlation of MEA values and the timing of definite or probable ST (in days) was observed (Spearman coefficient = –0.45; P=0.04) with events occurring earlier in the low-responder group. MEA measurements are highly predictive for the occurrence of ST during the first six months following coronary stenting. In the majority of clopidogrel low responders suffering ST, the ischaemic event occurs early in the course after the procedure.
Thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin after cesarean delivery
Authors: Perrier Arnaud , Nendaz Mathieu , Righini Marc , Boehlen Francoise , Boulvain Michel , Moerloose Philippe De , Blondon Marc
Published: October 2009

Although venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the leading cause of maternal mortality in developed countries, the usefulness of preventive low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) after cesarean delivery remains a matter of controversy. It was the objective of this study to evaluate the usefulness of thromboprophylaxis with LMWH after cesarean delivery. A decision model was constructed to evaluate the risks and benefits associated with a seven-day LMWH prophylaxis, compared with none. All probabilities were obtained from literature according to the highest level of evidence. We performed our analysis on two different sets of outcomes (utilities and disutilities), to calculate the quality-adjusted life expectancy at three months. Finally, we calculated the outcomes for four hypothetical cases with different risk. Prophylaxis with LMWH yielded the highest quality-adjusted life expectancy, with a net gain of 1.5–2.8 quality-adjusted days. Sensitivity analyses showed the incidence of VTE after cesarean delivery and the haemorrhagic risk related to LMWH to be critical, at threshold values of 0.15–0.22% and 0.23–0.35%, respectively. In the hypothetical cases, LMWH was safe but only marginally more effective in women with no risk factors. In case of an emergency procedure, a body-mass index >25kg/m2, tobacco smoking, or any combination of these, reductions in VTE greatly outnumbered the increase in major haemorrhages, with a modest benefit on mortality. Our decision analysis suggests that the benefits of LMWH after cesarean delivery exceed the risks. This benefit is, however, very low in women with no risk factors.
Effect of compression stockings on venous blood velocity and blood flow
Authors: Matta Fadi , Yaekoub Abdo , Ahsan Syed , Badshah Aaref , Younas Fahad , Denier James , Stein Paul
Published: October 2009

The effects of graduated compression stockings (GCS) on venous blood velocity have not been established. In healthy subjects, most investigations showed no effect on blood velocity, but mixed results have been reported. In this investigation we to test the hypothesis that popliteal blood velocity is increased by properly fitted GCS. Time average peak velocity in the popliteal vein, as well as time average mean velocity, vein diameter and mean volumetric flow were measured by pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound in 25 healthy male volunteers without compression stockings and repeated with fitted thigh-length compression stockings. Measurements were obtained while supine and while sitting at rest and during ankle exercise. Thigh-length GCS did not increase popliteal vein blood velocity, diameter, or volumetric blood flow while supine or sitting, with or without ankle exercise.
A potential role for islet-1 in post-natal angiogenesis and vasculogenesis
Authors: Barzelay Aya , Ben-Shoshan Jeremy , Entin-Meer Michal , Maysel-Auslender Sofia , Afek Arnon , Barshack Iris , Keren Gad , George Jacob
Published: October 2009

The LIM-homeobox transcription factor islet-1 (Isl1) marks a cell population which gives rise to myocardial, pacemaker, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, which are derived from the secondary heart field during heart embryogenesis. Isl1+ precursors have the potential of self-renewal and differentiation into endothelial, cardiomyocyte and smooth muscle lineages. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether retroviral gene delivery of Isl1 to endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could promote angiogenic and vasculogenic properties. To this end, endothelial cells and rat MSCs were retrovirally transduced to express Isl1. Isl1 expression in endothelial cells resulted in enhanced proliferation and adhesion to fibronectin. In addition, increased IL-1b and VEGF secretion was evident in Isl1 transduced endothelial cells, concomitant with increased migratory and tube formation properties of the endothelial cells. Isl1 expression in MSCs promoted their vasculogenic properties and resulted in enhanced in vitro tube formation. Finally, Isl1 expressing endothelial cells induced enhanced in vivo vascularisation in C57BL/6J mice. These data suggest, for the first time, that Isl1 promotes postnatal angiogenesis and vasculogenesis by improving the angiogenic properties of endothelial cells and MSCs.
Prasugrel compared with high-dose clopidogrel in acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Sideris Georgios , Cohen Remy , Meuleman Catherine , Sollier Claire Bal dit , Barthélémy Olivier , Henry Patrick , Lim Pascal , Beygui Farzin , Collet Jean-Philippe , Marshall Debra , Luo Junxiang , Petitjean Helene , Drouet Ludovic , Montalescot Gilles
Published: October 2009

Compared with the approved dose regimen of clopidogrel (300-mg loading dose [LD], 75-mg maintenance dose [MD]), prasugrel has been demonstrated to reduce ischaemic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In ACS, antiplatelet effects of a prasugrel MD regimen have not been previously compared with either a higher clopidogrel MD or after switching from a higher clopidogrel LD. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiplatelet effect of a prasugrel 10-mg MD versus a clopidogrel 150-mg MD in patients with ACS who had received a clopidogrel 900-mg LD. Patients with non-ST elevation ACS, treated with aspirin and a clopidogrel 900-mg LD, were randomised within 24 hours post-LD to receive a prasugrel 10-mg or clopidogrel 150-mg MD. After 14 days of the initial MD, subjects switched to the alternative treatment for 14 days. The primary endpoint compared maximum platelet aggregation (MPA, 20 μM adenosine diphosphate [ADP]) between prasugrel and clopidogrel MDs for both periods. Responder analyses between treatments were performed using several platelet-function methods. Of 56 randomised subjects, 37 underwent PCI. MPA was 26.2% for prasugrel 10 mg and 39.1% for clopidogrel 150 mg (p<0.001). The prasugrel MD regimen reduced MPA from the post-900-mg LD level (41.2% to 29.1%, p=0.003). Poor response ranged from 0% to 6% for prasugrel 10 mg and 4% to 34% for clopidogrel 150 mg. Thus, in ACS patients a prasugrel 10-mg MD regimen resulted in significantly greater platelet inhibition than clopidogrel at twice its approved MD or a 900-mg LD.
From Reproduction to Performance: Media-Specific Music for Compact Disc
Authors: Straebel Volker
Published: October 2009

When the compact disc was introduced in 1982, it was considered the first recording medium to vanish behind the audio information carried by it. Artists nevertheless discovered media-specific features unique to the CD. This paper focuses not so much on sound production (skipping CDs, glitches, etc.) as on musical form and listener participation in music for CD, which seems to have anticipated certain aspects of iPod culture.
Infrasonic Music
Authors: Hope Cat
Published: October 2009

Low-frequency sound on the cusp of the audible offers the possibility of redefining the way we think about listening to music. As the perception of pitch is lost in very low-frequency sound emissions, an opportunity arises for a different kind of music and a different way of listening. Low frequencies can be engaged to activate responses other than the aural or be used as a kind of “silent activator,” enabling or affecting other sounds. This article explores the possibilities for what may be called an “infrasonic music.”
Harnessing Waves and Elastic Space
Authors: Phillips Liz
Published: October 2009

The author describes examples of her sculptural and installation works, which involve acoustics, electronics, visual elements and elements from natural environments. She also provides a background of historical works and influences.
Reflections on the Sonic Commons
Authors: Odland Bruce , Auinger Sam
Published: October 2009

The authors discuss their large-scale public sound installations that transform city noise into spaces that encourage connection to our environment and our community through hearing.
The Stochastic Synthesis of Iannis Xenakis
Authors: Luque Sergio
Published: October 2009

In the late 1960s, composer, architect and theoretician Iannis Xenakis (1922–2001) began his research on stochastic synthesis: an approach to microsound synthesis that uses probability distributions to manipulate individual digital samples. He continued with this research for most of the 1970s and from the late 1980s until the end of his career. This article traces the aesthetic origins of this non-standard synthesis technique and gives a historical presentation of its development, including a discussion of the works in which Xenakis used it and a full description of the dynamic stochastic synthesis algorithms. In addition, a new extension of these techniques is put forward: the stochastic concatenation of dynamic stochastic synthesis.
Non-Standard Sound Synthesis with L-Systems
Authors: Manousakis Stelios
Published: October 2009

This paper presents a new non-standard technique for waveform synthesis in the time domain using L-systems, a formalism related to grammars, fractals and automata. This technique, developed as part of a larger-scale compositional system, is based on waveform segmentation and offers various methods for generating wavetables. The paper first introduces L-systems and some specifics of their interpretation and discusses extensions such as incorporating genetic algorithms and designing hierarchical L-systems and L-system networks. The second half describes the implementation model in detail, proposes some sound synthesis strategies and presents paths for further work.
Hallucinations and Related Perceptual Disturbance in a Non-Clinical Spanish Population
Authors: Cangas Adolfo J. , Langer Álvaro I. , Moriana Juan A.
Published: October 2009

Background: Several studies have suggested the continuity of psychotic symptoms between the general population and clinical samples, and have shown that, in fact, the predisposition to hallucinations is a multi-dimensional construct. However, there is no agreement concerning the number of factors comprising it or the significance of psychotic-like experiences. An examination of the beliefs associated with these experiences could increase knowledge of the continuity of hallucinations.

Aims: The purpose of this work was to analyze the structure of the Revized Hallucination Scale (RHS), applied to a sample of Spanish university students to find out the meaning for the participants and their associated beliefs on each item.

Methods: The RHS was administered to a total of 265 participants. Along with the frequency of each experience, participants were asked to provide an example of each situation described and to what they attributed it.

Results: The results emphasized the presence of four factors that are variously made up of six types of beliefs: personal difficulties; psychological explanations; dreamlike experiences; vivid thoughts; perceptive distortions; and personal desires.

Conclusions: The relevance of these results with regard to the differences that might exist in hallucinations in clinical and normal populations is discussed.
The Effects of High-density Zoning on Multifamily Housing Construction in the Suburbs of Six US Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Chakraborty Arnab , Knaap Gerrit-Jan , Nguyen Doan , Jung Ho Shin
Published: October 2009

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effects of high-density zoning on multifamily housing construction from 1990 to 2000 in the suburbs of six US metropolitan areas. Zoning constraints are measured as the total number of high-density units allowed by right in each suburban jurisdiction obtained from local zoning ordinances and geographical information data. Using two-stage least squares, the analysis provides two important results: zoning as practised by suburban governments in the six metropolitan areas limits the construction of multifamily housing below market determined levels; and, multifamily zoning constraints are not exogenous but vary systematically with distance from the central city and with the racial composition of the community in 1960.
Identifying Stimuli that Alter Immediate and Subsequent Levels of Vocal Stereotypy
Authors: Lanovaz Marc J. , Fletcher Sarah E. , Rapp John T.
Published: October 2009

We used a three-component multiple-schedule with a brief reversal design to evaluate the effects of structurally unmatched and matched stimuli on immediate and subsequent vocal stereotypy that was displayed by three children with autism spectrum disorders. For 2 of the 3 participants, access to matched stimuli, unmatched stimuli, and music decreased immediate levels of vocal stereotypy; however, with the exception of matched stimuli for one participant, none of the stimuli produced a clear abolishing operation for subsequent vocal stereotypy. That is, vocal stereotypy typically increased to baseline levels shortly after alternative stimulation was removed. Detection of motivating operations for each participant’s vocal stereotypy was aided by the analysis of component distributions. The results are discussed in terms of immediate and subsequent effects of preferred stimuli on automatically reinforced problem behavior.
Impact of Not Measuring Residual Gastric Volume in Mechanically Ventilated Patients Receiving Early Enteral Feeding
Authors: Poulard Fanny , Dimet Jerome , Martin‐Lefevre Laurent , Bontemps Frederic , Fiancette Maud , Clementi Eva , Lebert Christine , Renard Benoit , Reignier Jean
Published: October 2009

Background:

Monitoring of residual gastric volume (RGV) to prevent aspiration is standard practice in mechanically ventilated patients receiving early enteral nutrition (EN). No data are available to support a correlation between RGV and adverse event rates. We evaluated whether not measuring RGV affected EN delivery, vomiting, or risk of nosocomial pneumonia.

Methods:

Two hundred and five eligible patients with nasogastric feeding within 48 hours after intubation were included in a 7‐day prospective before–after study. Continuous 24‐hour nutrition was started at 25 mL/h then increased by 25 mL/h every 6 hours, to 85 mL/h. In both groups, intolerance was treated with erythromycin (250 mg IV/6 h) and a delivery rate decrease to the previously well‐tolerated rate. RGV monitoring was used during the first study period (n = 102), but not during the subsequent intervention period (n = 103). Intolerance was defined as RGV >250 mL/6 h or vomiting in the standard‐practice group and as vomiting in the intervention group.

Results:

Groups were similar for baseline characteristics. Median daily volume of enteral feeding was higher in the intervention group (1489; interquartile range [IQR], 1349–1647) than in the controls (1381; IQR, 1151–1591; P = .002). Intolerance occurred in 47 (46.1%) controls and 27 (26.2%) intervention patients (P = .004). The vomiting rate did not differ between controls and intervention group patients (24.5% vs 26.2%, respectively; P = .34), and neither was a difference found for ventilator‐associated pneumonia (19.6% vs 18.4%; P = .86).

Conclusion:

Early EN without RGV monitoring in mechanically ventilated patients improves the delivery of enteral feeding and may not increase vomiting or ventilator‐associated pneumonia.
Gender Differences in Support for Scientific Involvement in U.S. Environmental Policy
Authors: Steel Brent S. , Warner Rebecca L. , Lach Denise
Published: October 2009

Many studies have documented gender differences in attitudes toward and experiences with science. Compared to men, for example, women are less likely to study science and to pursue careers in science-related fields. Given these findings, should we expect gender differences in support for scientific involvement in U.S. environmental policy? This study empirically examines the relationship of gender to attitudes toward science and preferred roles of scientists in environmental policy among various environmental policy participants. Data collected in 2006 and 2007 from national surveys of four different groups involved in environmental policy and management suggest that social context, including education and occupation, shapes the way that gender matters. Specifically, we find that gender is less important among scientists and managers than among interest groups and the general population regarding attitudes toward science and views about preferred roles of scientists in environmental decision making.
Undone Science: Charting Social Movement and Civil Society Challenges to Research Agenda Setting
Authors: Frickel Scott , Gibbon Sahra , Howard Jeff , Kempner Joanna , Ottinger Gwen , Hess David J.
Published: October 2009

‘‘Undone science’’ refers to areas of research that are left unfunded, incomplete, or generally ignored but that social movements or civil society organizations often identify as worthy of more research. This study mobilizes four recent studies to further elaborate the concept of undone science as it relates to the political construction of research agendas. Using these cases, we develop the argument that undone science is part of a broader politics of knowledge, wherein multiple and competing groups struggle over the construction and implementation of alternative research agendas. Overall, the study demonstrates the analytic potential of the concept of undone science to deepen understanding of the systematic nonproduction of knowledge in the institutional matrix of state, industry, and social movements that is characteristic of recent calls for a ‘‘new political sociology of science.’’
Life, Science, and Biopower
Authors: Raman Sujatha , Tutton Richard
Published: October 2009

This article critically engages with the influential theory of ‘‘molecularized biopower’’ and ‘‘politics of life’’ developed by Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose. Molecularization is assumed to signal the end of population-centred biopolitics and the disciplining of subjects as described by Foucault, and the rise of new forms of biosociality and biological citizenship. Drawing on empirical work in Science and Technology Studies (STS), we argue that this account is limited by a focus on novelty and assumptions about the transformative power of the genetic life sciences. We suggest that biopower consists of a more complex cluster of relationships between the molecular and the population. The biological existence of different human beings is politicized through different complementary and competing discourses around medical therapies, choices at the beginning and end of life, public health, environment, migration and border controls, implying a multiple rather than a singular politics of life.
From Interfaces to Interpretants
Authors: Kangas Anni
Published: October 2009

Following the ‘aesthetic turn’ in International Relations (IR) the discipline has witnessed an upsurge of interest in new types of research material. Products of popular culture are one among these. Although works that articulate international relations with popular culture have yielded interesting research results, there is a need for sustained methodological and metatheoretical reflection. The article suggests that pragmatism would provide an untapped yet fruitful resource for this task. The unique value of pragmatism lies in the fact that it offers a solid metatheoretical basis for inquiries as well as a methodological solution. Metatheoretically, pragmatism has a specific contribution to make as it begins with practice, with the need to come to terms with the concrete facts of worldly existence. Instead of conceptualising international relations and popular culture as separate categories which form ‘interfaces’ with one another, pragmatism views them as dialectically related moments of semeiosis. Methodologically, this thought can be operationalised by way of analysing products of popular culture as a set of ‘interpretants’ — a term which designates one side of Charles S. Peirce’s sign theory’s triangular conception of the sign. The theory contains a set of distinctions which can be turned into a fruitful interrogative framework with the help of which it is possible to avoid forms of reductionism and to generate multidimensional explanations of international political phenomena.
Constitutive Causality
Authors: Lebow Richard Ned
Published: October 2009

I explore alternate meanings of causation and the generic ways in which constitution can have causal consequences. I address the question of constitutive causality in the context of the debate about the rise of the territorial state. I evaluate claims linking its emergence and success to the prior development of linear perspective. To do this, I compare the spatial revolution that took place in the Renaissance with the one that began in the 19th century.
Flies in Our Eyes
Authors: Lipschutz Ronnie D.
Published: October 2009

In this article, I put three works into conversation: William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan and Kenneth Waltz’s Man, the State and War. I do this in order to interrogate the foundations and sources of social violence, both within societies and between them. I compare Golding’s and Hobbes’s stories of ‘origins’ to illustrate how, on the one hand, fairly straightforward notions of supply and demand, production and reproduction, and a social division of labour belie the possibility of a pre-social state. Indeed, that both Hobbes and Golding were commenting on English society and its history, rather than a mythical anarchy, only reinforces this often-ignored point. No one would call Golding a theorist, yet there is a great deal of social theory to be found in the novel. No one would call Thomas Hobbes a political economist, yet there is a great deal of political economy to be found in Leviathan . Waltz, of course, wrote about the conditions outside of societies rather than within them, but we may take the sources of violence that concern him to lie not in the anarchy he posits but in the lessons learned, by both statesmen and schoolboys, as they are socialised into ‘proper’ behaviour towards their inferiors.
Information Literacy and Scholarly Investigation: a British perspective
Authors: Shenton Andrew K.
Published: October 2009

The phrase, ‘information literacy’, is now well established in library and information science but it is much less familiar to practitioners in other disciplines, even those upon which information literacy impinges. It has yet to gain any significant coverage in education, for example, despite the fact that teaching the basic principles associated with the concept can help learners when undertaking various forms of scholarly work. This paper considers the often overlooked links between information literacy, scientific inquiry and the generic research process, and concludes by advocating that education in schools would benefit from concentrating on the axioms that underpin all three areas. Nonetheless, the author recognizes problems inherent in such a stance. In particular, he notes that activities which may be believed to lead to the acquisition of information literacy are frequently undermined in schools by detrimental attitudes and practices, some of which give priority to other concerns.
Physical Activity Levels after Characterized Chondrocyte Implantation versus Microfracture in the Knee and the Relationship to Objective Functional Outcome with 2-year Follow-up
Authors: Van Assche Dieter , Van Caspel Danny , Vanlauwe Johan , Bellemans Johan , Saris Daniel B. , Luyten Frank P. , Staes Filip
Published: October 2009

Background

Characterized chondrocyte implantation results in superior structural repair compared with microfracture, but may be associated with a slower recovery of physical activity levels due to the arthrotomy.

Hypotheses

Our hypotheses were that (1) microfracture results in increased activity levels over 2 years after surgery compared with characterized chondrocyte implantation, (2) patients with high preinjury activity levels have a better functional outcome, and (3) high levels of low-load activities after surgery improve functional outcome.

Study Design

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods

Sixty-seven patients with local cartilage defects (mean size, 2.4 cm2; standard deviation, 1.5 cm2) of the femoral condyle underwent characterized chondrocyte implantation (n = 33) or microfracture (n = 34), followed by an identical rehabilitation protocol. Activity levels (assessed using the Activity Rating Scale) and functional outcome were determined at baseline, and 1 and 2 years after surgery. Functional outcome was based on the pooled symmetry index (derived from isokinetic knee extension strength and 3 one-legged hop tests). Patients’ participation in low-load activities during the first 3 months after surgery was assessed using rehabilitation data. Mixed linear model analyses and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used.

Results

Activity levels in patients treated with characterized chondrocyte implantation and microfracture were comparable at 1 and 2 years after surgery. Preinjury activity levels showed no relationship to functional outcome. Lack of postoperative low-load activities resulted in a significantly worse functional outcome (mean pooled symmetry index 78.2%) compared with high levels of postoperative surgery low-load activities (mean pooled symmetry index 92.4%).

Conclusion

Despite differences between the characterized chondrocyte implantation and microfracture procedures, patients’ activity levels were comparable at 2 years after surgery. Lack of low-load activities after surgery adversely affected functional outcome.
Midterm to Long-Term Longitudinal Outcome of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation in the Knee Joint
Authors: Bhosale Abhijit M. , Kuiper Jan Herman , Johnson W. Eustace B. , Harrison Paul E. , Richardson James B.
Published: October 2009

Background

Autologous chondrocyte implantation is a cell therapeutic approach for the treatment of chondral and osteochon-dral defects in the knee joint. The authors previously reported on the histologic and radiologic outcome of autologous chondro-cyte implantation in the short- to midterm, which yields mixed results.

Purpose

The objective is to report on the clinical outcome of autologous chondrocyte implantation for the knee in the midterm to long term.

Study Design

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

Eighty patients who had undergone autologous chondrocyte implantation of the knee with mid- to long-term follow-up were analyzed. The mean patient age was 34.6 years (standard deviation, 9.1 years), with 63 men and 17 women. Seventy-one patients presented with a focal chondral defect, with a median defect area of 4.1 cm2 and a maximum defect area of 20 cm2. The modified Lysholm score was used as a self-reporting clinical outcome measure to determine the following: (1) What is the typical pattern over time of clinical outcome after autologous chondrocyte implantation; and (2) Which patient-related predictors for the clinical outcome pattern can be used to improve patient selection for autologous chondrocyte implantation?

Results

The average follow-up time was 5 years (range, 2.7-9.3). Improvement in clinical outcome was found in 65 patients (81%), while 15 patients (19%) showed a decline in outcome. The median preoperative Lysholm score of 54 increased to a median of 78 points. The most rapid improvement in Lysholm score was over the 15-month period after operation, after which the Lysholm score remained constant for up to 9 years. The authors were unable to identify any patient-specific factors (ie, age, gender, defect size, defect location, number of previous operations, preoperative Lysholm score) that could predict the change in clinical outcome in the first 15 months.

Conclusion

Autologous chondrocyte implantation seems to provide a durable clinical outcome in those patients demonstrating success at 15 months after operation. Comparisons between other outcome measures of autologous chondrocyte implantation should be focused on the clinical status at 15 months after surgery. The patient-reported clinical outcome at 15 months is a major predictor of the mid- to long-term success of autologous chondrocyte implantation.
Chondrocyte Viability is Higher after Prolonged Storage at 37°C than at 4 C for Osteochondral Grafts
Authors: Pallante Andrea L. , Bae Won C. , Chen Albert C. , Görtz Simon , Bugbee William D. , Sah Robert L.
Published: October 2009

Background

Osteochondral allografts are currently stored at 4°C for 2 to 6 weeks before implantation. At 4°C, chondrocyte viability, especially in the superficial zone, deteriorates starting at 2 weeks. Alternative storage conditions could maintain chondrocyte viability beyond 2 weeks, and thereby facilitate increased graft availability and enhanced graft quality.

Purpose

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of prolonged 37°C storage compared with traditional 4°C storage on chondrocyte viability and cartilage matrix content.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Osteochondral samples from humeral heads of adult goats were analyzed (i) fresh, or after storage in medium for (ii) 14 days at 4°C including 10% fetal bovine serum, (iii) 28 days at 4°C including 10% fetal bovine serum, (iv) 28 days at 37°C without fetal bovine serum, (v) 28 days at 37°C including 2% fetal bovine serum, or (vi) 28 days at 37°C including 10% fetal bovine serum. Portions of samples were analyzed by microscopy after LIVE/DEAD staining to determine chondrocyte viability and density, both en face (to visualize the articular surface) and vertically (overall and in superficial, middle, and deep zones). The remaining cartilage was analyzed for sulfated glycosaminoglycan and collagen.

Results

The 37°C storage maintained high chondrocyte viability compared with 4°C storage. Viability of samples after 28 days at 37°C was ˜80% at the cartilage surface en face, ˜65% in the superficial zone, and ˜70% in the middle zone, which was much higher than ˜45%, ˜20%, and ˜35%, respectively, in 4°C samples after 28 days, and slightly decreased from ˜100%, ˜85%, and ˜95%, respectively, in fresh controls. Cartilage thickness, glycosaminoglycan content, and collagen content were maintained for 37°C and 4°C samples compared with fresh controls.

Conclusion

The 37°C storage of osteochondral grafts supports long-term chondrocyte viability, especially at the vulnerable surface and superficial zone of cartilage.

Clinical Relevance

Storage of allografts at a physiologic temperature of 37°C may prolong storage duration, improve graft availability, and improve treatment outcomes.
Return to Sports Participation after Articular Cartilage Repair in the Knee
Authors: Mithoefer Kai , Hambly Karen , Della Villa Stefano , Silvers Holly , Mandelbaum Bert R.
Published: October 2009

Background

Articular cartilage injury in the athlete's knee presents a difficult clinical challenge. Despite the importance of returning injured athletes to sports, information is limited on whether full sports participation can be successfully achieved after articular cartilage repair in the knee.

Hypothesis

Systematic analysis of athletic participation after articular cartilage repair will demonstrate the efficacy of joint surface restoration in high-demand patients and help to optimize outcomes in athletes with articular cartilage injury of the knee.

Study Design

Systematic review.

Methods

A comprehensive literature review of original studies was performed to provide information about athletic participation after articular cartilage repair. The athlete's ability to perform sports postoperatively was assessed by activity outcome scores, rate of return to sport, timing of the return, level of postoperative sports participation, and the continuation of athletic activity over time.

Results

Twenty studies describing 1363 patients were included in the review, with an average follow-up of 42 months. Return to sports was possible in 73% overall, with highest return rates after osteochondral autograft transplantation. Time to return to sports varied between 7 and 18 months, depending on the cartilage repair technique. Initial return to sports at the preinjury level was possible in 68% and did not significantly vary between surgical techniques. Continued sports participation at the preinjury level was possible in 65%, with the best durability after autologous chondrocyte transplantation. Several factors affected the ability to return to sport: athlete's age, preoperative duration of symptoms, level of play, lesion size, and repair tissue morphology.

Conclusion

Articular cartilage repair in the athletic population allows for a high rate of return to sports, often at the preinjury level. Return to sports participation is influenced by several independent factors. The findings provide pertinent information that is helpful for the clinical decision-making process and for the management of the athlete's postoperative expectations.
Prognostically distinct clinical patterns of systemic lupus erythematosus identified by cluster analysis
Authors: To CH , Mok CC , Tang SSK , Ying SKY , Wong RWS , Lau CS
Published: October 2009

The objective of this study was to evaluate the patterns of clinical manifestations and their mortality in a large cohort of Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The cumulative clinical manifestations of a large group of Chinese systemic lupus erythematosus patients who fulfilled at least four American College of Rheumatology criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus were studied. Patients were divided into distinct groups by using the K-mean cluster analysis. Clinical features, prevalence of proliferative lupus nephritis (World Health Organization class III, IV), autoantibody profile, and treatment data were compared and the standardized mortality ratios were calculated for each cluster of patients. There were 1082 patients included in the study (mean age at systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis 30.5 years; mean systemic lupus erythematosus duration 10.3 years). Three distinct groups of patients were identified. Cluster 1 (n = 347) was characterized predominantly by mucocutaneous manifestations (malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcer) and arthritis but having the lowest prevalence of serositis, hematologic manifestations (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia), and proliferative lupus nephritis. Patients in cluster 2 (n = 409) had mainly renal and hematological manifestations but having the lowest prevalence of mucocutaneous manifestations. Pulmonary and gastrointestinal manifestations were significantly more frequent in cluster 2 than the other clusters. Cluster 3 patients (n = 326) had the most heterogeneous features. Besides having a high prevalence of mucocutaneous manifestations, serositis and hematologic manifestations, renal involvement, and proliferative lupus nephritis was also most prevalent among the three clusters. Patients in cluster 2 had a much higher standardized mortality ratio [standardized mortality ratio 7.23 (6.7—7.7), p < 0.001] than those in cluster 3 [standardized mortality ratio 1.27 (1.1—1.5), p = 0.005] and cluster 1 [standardized mortality ratio 0.95 (0.5—1.7), p = 0.86]. In conclusion, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus could be clustered into prognostically distinct patterns of clinical manifestations. Lupus (2009) 18, 1267—1275.
The relationship between race, cigarette smoking and carotid intimal medial thickness in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Scalzi LV , Bhatt S. , Gilkeson RC , Shaffer ML
Published: October 2009

Racial differences are known to account for a higher incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as well as increased disease severity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are any race-specific risk factors that affect measures of subclinical atherosclerosis in SLE patients. Traditional and SLE-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were assessed in 106 female SLE patients. Carotid medial intimal medial thickness (mIMT) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) were measured on all subjects. Differences were evaluated between races for all clinical, serologic, and CVD risk factors and the racial interactions with all covariables. Outcomes included mIMT and CAC. There were no significant differences between races with regard to mIMT or CAC. Significant covariables in the final model for mIMT included age, triglycerides, glucose, and race—age and race—smoking interactions. A prediction model with fixed significant covariables demonstrated that Black subjects with a smoking history had a significantly higher mIMT than Blacks who had never smoked, an effect not seen in Whites. There were no differences between having CAC or with the CAC scores between the races. In the final model for CAC, age and SLE disease duration were significant covariables impacting CAC. When controlling for other significant CVD covariables and interactions, Black women, but not White, with SLE with a history of smoking have higher mIMT measurements than those who have never smoked. This is the first report documenting the race-specific effect of smoking on subclinical measures of CVD in SLE. Lupus (2009) 18, 1289—1297.
Performance Characteristics of Prototype MR Engine Mounts Containing Glycol MR Fluids
Authors: Barber Daniel E. , Carlson J. David
Published: October 2009

Lord Corporation has developed glycol-based magnetorheological (MR) fluids for use in applications such as engine mounts and bushings, in which the MR fluid will contact rubber or other oil-sensitive elastomers. Prototype MR fluid engine mounts were designed with either a simple MR valve or an MR valve in combination with an inertia track. The mounts were filled with glycol MR fluids containing either 22% or 36% iron by volume, and the mounts’ dynamic responses were measured. The mounts displayed large changes in dynamic stiffness and damping that were controllable by changing the strength of the magnetic field.
Barriers to Hospice Use and Palliative Care Services Use by African American Adults
Authors: Yancu Cecile N. , Farmer Deborah F. , Leahman Dee
Published: October 2009

This study explored the reasons for low levels of hospice participation by African Americans. Methods: Data about attitudes toward dying and death, advanced directives, and barriers to using hospice services were collected from 314 adults attending 11 diversely populated churches in North Carolina. Results: Almost all participants indicated (91%) willingness to use hospice, particularly if the hospice team were diverse (77%). Most are without a living will (72%) or health care power of attorney (81%); approximately half (54%) have shared final care wishes. Discussion: Despite evidence of a willingness to use hospice, African Americans were unlikely to complete advanced directives or share final care wishes. However, many were more likely to use hospice if the care team were diverse suggesting the importance of culture.
Analysis of Settled Dust in Homes and Fungal Glucan in Air Particulate Collected during HEPA Vacuuming
Authors: Salares Virginia R. , Hinde Carol Ann , Miller J. David
Published: October 2009

Six occupied single-family dwellings in Ottawa, Canada were subjected to weekly or bi-weekly professional cleaning using a HEPA filter-equipped vacuum cleaner and following a strict cleaning protocol based on floor area and type of floor. Sieved weights of dust were collected from each cleaning. Statistically significant reductions of fine dust loading occurred only after four sequential cleanings. As dust loading of the floor was reduced, exposure to dust mite allergens, endotoxins, and fungal glucans in dust decreased. During the first cleaning (when loadings were highest), airborne particles were collected using a MOUDI sampler (0.18—18 μm size fractions). The fungal polysaccharide β-(1, 3)-D-glucan was present in approximately equal proportions in each size fraction. This demonstrates that the majority of the fungal exposure was not to intact spores, but to fungal fragments much smaller than spores that have greater efficiency of deeper penetration into the lungs. This study also shows the importance of ensuring that cleaning interventions are effective before they can be related to health outcomes.