bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stochasticity in fusion plasmas
Authors: Unterberg Bernhard
Published: February 2010

Structure formation and transport in stochastic plasmas is a topic of growing importance in many fields of plasma physics from astrophysics to fusion research. In particular, the possibility to control transport in the boundary of confined fusion plasmas by resonant magnetic perturbations has been investigated extensively during recent years.

A major research achievement was finding that the intense transient particle and heat fluxes associated with edge localized modes (here type-I ELMs) in magnetically confined fusion plasmas can be mitigated or even suppressed by resonant magnetic perturbation fields. This observation opened up a possible scheme to avoid too large erosion and material damage by such transients in future fusion devices such as ITER. However, it is widely recognized that a more basic understanding is needed to extrapolate the results obtained in present experiments to future fusion devices.

The 4th workshop on Stochasticity in Fusion Plasmas was held in Jülich, Germany, from 2 to 4 March 2009. This series of workshops aims at gathering fusion experts from various plasma configurations such as tokamaks, stellarators and reversed field pinches to exchange knowledge on structure formation and transport in stochastic fusion plasmas. The workshops have attracted colleagues from both experiment and theory and stimulated fruitful discussions about the basics of stochastic fusion plasmas. Important papers from the first three workshops in 2003, 2005 and 2007 have been published in previous special issues of Nuclear Fusion (stacks.iop.org/NF/44/i=6,
stacks.iop.org/NF/46/i=4 and
stacks.iop.org/NF/48/i=2).

This special issue comprises contributions presented at the 4th SFP workshop, dealing with the main subjects such as formation of stochastic magnetic layers, energy and particle transport in stochastic magnetic fields, plasma response to external, non-axis-symmetric perturbations and last but not least application of resonant magnetic perturbations for ELM control and implications for ITER.

The next workshop is planned for February/March 2011 in Jülich. For details see
http://www.fz-juelich.de/sfp/.

We hope that this special issue of Nuclear Fusion will further stimulate interest in the fascinating and important subject of stochasticity in fusion plasmas.
Hamiltonian four-field model for magnetic reconnection: nonlinear dynamics and extension to three dimensions with externally applied fields
Authors: Tassi E. , Morrison P.J. , Grasso D. , Pegoraro F.
Published: February 2010

The nonlinear dynamics of a two-dimensional (2D) model for collisionless magnetic reconnection is investigated both numerically and analytically. For very low values of the plasma β, parallel magnetic perturbations tend to be proportional to the vorticity perturbations, but as β increases, detachment of these quantities takes place. The subsequent difference between the structure of the vorticity and the parallel magnetic perturbations can be explained naturally in terms of the ‘normal’ field variables that emerge from the noncanonical Hamiltonian theory of the model. A three-dimensional extension of the reconnection model is also presented, its Hamiltonian structure is derived, and the corresponding conservation properties are compared with those of the 2D model. A general method for extending a large class of 2D fluid plasma models to three dimensions, while preserving the Hamiltonian structure, is then presented. Finally, it is shown how such models can also be extended, while preserving the Hamiltonian structure, to include externally applied fields, that can be used, for instance, for modelling resonant magnetic perturbations.
The effects of an open and closed divertor on particle exhaust during edge-localized mode suppression by resonant magnetic perturbations in DIII-D
Authors: Unterberg E.A. , Schmitz O. , Evans T.E. , Maingi R. , Brooks N.H. , Fenstermacher M.E. , Mordijck S. , Moyer R.A. , Orlov D.M.
Published: February 2010

This paper compares the effects of divertor geometry on particle exhaust characteristics during the suppression of ELM using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) on DIII-D. The subject is timely, particularly for ITER, because the combination of techniques to control or mitigate ELMs and control particle exhaust can provide confidence in the ability of an external pumping system to fully remove the particle exhaust. The differences between an open and closed divertor magnetic topology show a strong coupling of the perturbed strikepoint to the pumping manifold in closed divertor configurations, which can increase the particle exhaust by a factor of four. There is also an observed dependence on q
95 in this configuration, which is a common feature of RMP ELM suppression. Neutral density in both the active and non-active divertors is seen to increase during the RMP in the ISS configuration, and edge plasma conditions (i.e. n
e,sep and midplane profile of D
α) are seen to increase in the closed divertor configuration. Finally, the pumping exhaust is also shown to have a strong dependence on local measurements of the recycling flux. These observations, when taken as a whole, point to a substantial change in the plasma edge conditions, i.e. near the LCFS, throughout the poloidal cross-section of the vacuum vessel. This is coincident with the application of the RMP affecting the pumping capability of the system.
After Lives
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

Christianity from its earliest times taught the existence of heaven and hell as places where good and evil deeds in this life were judged, rewarded and punished. In the course of time ideas both of promised bliss and threatened woe went beyond anything than can have a purchase on human experience. Nevertheless, in their most developed form, doctrines of heaven and hell were explorations of moral psychology, as seen in their greatest imaginative expression, Dante's Divine Comedy. The present book explores and comments on ideas about post-mortem existence from ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Israel, Greece and Rome, as well as in Christianity and (more briefly) Islam. Having traced the early history, growth, and refinement of these ideas over five millennia, it ends with the discordant voices of spiritualism, liberal theology, Mormonism, Evangelical Christian preachers of Rapture and Armageddon, modern Muslim apocalyptics, and Coptic visions of the Last Days. In a Prologue and an Epilogue the ironic treatment of some of these themes in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce is evoked to set them in a context of modernity.
2 Egypt
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

The ancient Egyptians were the first culture that we know of systematically to correlate an afterlife with good and evil actions in this world. Far from being obsessed with death, the Egyptians were above all lovers of life. Their ideas about post‐mortem survival affirmed the value of life in this world. Their joyous feeling for a bounteous land teeming with fertility carried over into a hope for resurrection—entailing mummification—that lacks the pessimism of many earlier cultures. The evolution of belief in Osiris as judge of the dead, from the early Pyramid texts to the Book of the Dead, both enforces fear of post‐mortem judgment and seems to open the possibility of resurrection to all, and not only to Pharaoh and his immediate circle.
4 Greece and Rome
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

In ancient Greece a new idea of immortality emerges—hope, not for personal survival, but fame and eternal memory. This becomes an official doctrine of both Greece and Rome, but one might doubt how far it was truly believed in. The melancholy underworld of the shades, conscious only if they drink sacrificial blood, makes the “official” doctrine of civic virtue, with a readiness to die for the city both heroic and scarcely possible. Skepticism about civic virtue, especially in some Greek and Roman epitaphs, is explored, as is the hope of future life in the religion of Orphism. The chapter ends with discussion of Lucretius, Horace, Plato, and Aristotle.
6 Dante:Inferno
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

The Aristotelian background to Dante, and Dante's expressing in poetic terms the theology and philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas is explored. Like Swift, Dante presents what Aristotle called “probable impossibilities,” and shows sinners punished less by an external agency than by their own obsessive immersion in their vices—hence a chosen eternity of suffering. The structure of Inferno: sins against charity, in increasing gravity, lead to images of spirits in ice, removed as far as possible from the light and warmth of the good, which is God. The precision and concreteness of the moral and spiritual geography of Dante, and the paradox that love created hell, are explored.
Epilogue
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

We return to Joyce and an irony directed at religious belief that is, nevertheless, not satire. Finally, beliefs about heaven and hell are rooted in the moral world within. Nietzsche's perspectivism is relevant to that. Our image of heaven and hell is finally an image of how we judge ourselves.
Perfect Information and Imperfect Markets
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

The second face of transparency, namely the inevitable trend toward the rise in the interdependence of decision making that comes with perfect information, is causing old economic models to fail. Perfect information does not lead to perfect markets, as many real-world observations and practical examples can confirm. In order to make sense of a pile of conflicting theories and observations, the author realized that she had to start with investigating what the actual consequences of perfect information might be. Why and how, e.g., could extraordinary profits be feasible even in the face of perfect information? In so doing, the book really asked whether it was economic theory itself that needed to be rethought. This chapter explains that there is indeed a serious flaw at the heart of mainstream classical economics. Economic theory does need to be rethought in the light of perfect information and the interdependent decision making that it causes.
The New Paradigm
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

In Chapter 5 the new economic paradigm for the 21st century—a paradigm that is consistent with the emergence of perfect information—is introduced. This chapter demonstrates that due to the second inevitable trend, in transparency several aspects of mainstream economics need to be revisited. For instance, in transparency the two conditions for a general equilibrium cannot coexist, hence a general equilibrium is not possible. Also, the often-used simplifying assumption of normal distributions is not valid. Extraordinary profits and profit power, in contrast, are being proven to be valid economic concepts. In transparency, interdependence of decision making will turn a group into a network. For instance, an economic aggregate, such as “buyers,” becomes a network. The question is what kind of network. Powerlaw distributions—and powerlaw networks—can provide a new paradigm under certain conditions. These four conditions for powerlaw network dynamics in economic aggregates are derived in this chapter. This is the basis for the economics of perfect information, powerlaw economics.
Ownership Focused on Profit Power
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

The enterprise elements or activities that have profit power will earn the highest returns. These sources of profit power are power nodes. In transparency it will be possible, and also critical, to focus company effort, ownership, and investments on the activities that have or are power nodes.
The Shape of the 21st-Century Firm
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

A nexus of focused companies glued together by power relationships will replace vertical integration as the prevailing archetype for the firm. This chapter proposes a new theory of the firm and a new approach to industrial organization that is more comprehensive than that of previous authors. The chapter reviews previous research, e.g., Limits of the Organization by Kenneth Arrow; Markets and Hierarchies by Oliver Williamson; Co-opetition by B. Nalebuff.
Strategies for Powerlaw Marketplaces
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

Interdependent decision making—which results from the emergence of perfect information—will cause new market dynamics. The theory of general equilibrium will have to be replaced by theories that recognize the fast-moving, powerlaw driven, network-like dynamics of groups in perfect information. Strategies based on Wisdom of the Mobs and marketing for the Long Tail no longer apply.
From the Four Strategic Decisions to the Four Rules
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

In Chapter 11, the conclusions of Chapters 6–10 are used to derive the Four Rules for Maximizing Profits in Transparency for investors and for corporate leaders. Each of the four rules revolves around the use of a power node.
The 12 Power Nodes
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

Chapter 12 describes the use of power nodes and explains why the roles of power nodes will expand in transparency.
On Gaining Perspective
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

Looking for underlying drivers to make sense of the present and to foretell the future is a time-tested trick. That is why this chapter (and the book, in various other places) quotes Virgil's Aeneid, a 2000-year-old story about underlying drivers and inevitable trends. Like Virgil's Romans, we are in tempestuous circumstances. Humanity has often found itself in situations of rapid change before. And has learned that, with hindsight, the underlying drivers and the changes they caused were very clear. As largely unforeseen changes roil companies, industries, global economies and financial markets, it is possible to step back right now, in the midst of tumult, and discern the patterns that will later seem obvious with hindsight. Like Virgil, this book has argued that only by understanding the underlying forces can we recognize the source of power within a new era. And only then can we successfully profit from the momentum that these forces create. That is the logic flow of this book. Readers can benefit, right now, from applying this understanding to better anticipate the effects of transparency and to maximize returns for their companies or shareholders, and even to enhance the returns on their own human capital as well.
2 Methodological and Conceptual Issues in the Study of the Aging Brain
Authors: D’Esposito Mark , Jagust William , Gazzaley Adam
Published: February 2010

The emergence of functional neuroimaging technology such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has ushered in a new stage in the study of the aging brain, allowing us to gain a unique appreciation of the complexity of the brain and cognitive aging. Although these methods are exciting and promising, it is important to be cautious given their increased availability. We must critically examine these methods and the potential of misinterpretation of results and overstatement of conclusions that might occur as a result of applying these methods to the aging brain. This chapter addresses methodological and conceptual issues that affect the interpretation of imaging data with specific regard to the study of brain aging.
11 The Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease with Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Mistur Rachel , Mosconi Lisa , Switalski Remigiusz , De Santi Susan , Li Yi , Glodzik Lidia , Brys Miroslaw , Tsui Wai , Rusinek Henry , de Leon Mony J.
Published: February 2010

Reductions in the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc), a measure of neuronal function, have proven to be a promising tool in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). FDG-PET imaging demonstrates progressive CMRglc reductions in AD patients, the extent and topography of which correlate with symptom severity. There is increasing evidence that hypometabolism appears during the preclinical stages of AD and can predict decline years before the onset of symptoms. This chapter provides an overview of FDG-PET results in individuals at risk for developing dementia, including presymptomatic individuals carrying mutations responsible for early-onset familial AD, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), nondemented carriers of the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) e4 allele, cognitively normal subjects with a family history of AD, subjects with subjective memory complaints, and the normal elderly followed longitudinally until they expressed the clinical symptoms of AD. Finally, this chapter discusses the potential to combine different PET tracers and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of pathology to improve the early detection of AD.
12 Structural Imaging of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Jack Clifford R.
Published: February 2010

This chapter describes the concept of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the initial construct of amnestic MCI as well as the expanded construct that includes both amnestic and nonamnestic forms. The focus of the chapter is on quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies in MCI. While the major emphasis is on structural MRI, other MR imaging techniques such as spectroscopy and diffusion imaging are described in the context of MCI. Specifically, relationships between imaging and clinical features of MCI in cross-sectional and longitudinal contexts are outlined. The chapter also describes the complementary nature of the information provided by MRI and amyloid imaging.
20 Brain Imaging in the Evaluation of Putative Alzheimer’s Disease-Slowing, Risk-Reducing and Prevention Therapies
Authors: Reiman Eric M. , Langbaum Jessica B. S.
Published: February 2010

This chapter describes the emerging roles of brain imaging and other biomarker measurements of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and pathology in the evaluation of putative AD-slowing, risk—reducing, and prevention therapies. It discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and complementary roles of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET), and fibrillar amyloid-β (Aβ) PET in clinical trials of AD patients, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively normal people at increased genetic risk for AD. It proposes strategies to optimize these methods’ statistical power, address potentially confounding treatment effects, and develop reasonably likely surrogate endpoints for the rapid and rigorous evaluation of promising pre-symptomatic treatments. Finally, it recommends scientific strategies and new public policies to accelerate the identification of demonstrably effective pre-symptomatic AD treatments without losing a generation.
3 Autonomy and Consent
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L.
Published: February 2010

This chapter considers the relationship between consent and autonomy, arguing that autonomous choice and voluntariness are central to the notion of consent. It starts by analyzing consent in terms of its normative features, basic elements, and senses. It then moves to the nature of consent as autonomous and discusses whether requirements to obtain informed consent are justified in terms of the principle of respect for autonomy. It then turns to theories of autonomy, starting with split-level theories. A different theory of autonomy is proposed, which features conditions of intentionality, understanding, and voluntariness. This theory is used to develop an account of degrees of autonomy. Finally, the chapter considers the problem of constraining situations, which present moral issues of undue influence and the exploitation of research subjects.
9 Sex, Law, and Consent
Authors: West Robin
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses the views of some radical feminists and queer theorists, who have sought to undermine the distinction between consensual and nonconsensual sex. The chapter is organized as follows. The first part argues briefly that both the (relatively new) queer theoretic and the (getting on now) radical feminist arguments against the liberal reliance on consent as the demarcation between rape and sex are misguided. The second part describes one specific type of harm—the harm caused by unwanted and unwelcome but nevertheless fully consensual sex—that the legitimation of consensual sex has the consequence of denying or at best obfuscating, and argues why those harms are important, even if they are not and should not be the target of criminal sanction. The third part tries to account for our relative failures to better understand them. Specifically, it explores some of the reasons they have generally escaped the notice, not only of liberal legalists concerned with rape and rape law reform, but also of liberalism's critics, primarily radical feminists and queer theorists. Finally, the chapter suggests that those are not good reasons, and that legal theorists should focus more than they do on consensual sexual harms and their relation to law, in the intimate sphere, no less than they do in their political and economic lives.
10 Contracts
Authors: Bix Brian H.
Published: February 2010

This chapter explores many of the issues relating to consent in contract law. The chapter proceeds as follows. Part I offers an overview of the nature of consent, before considering in general terms the elements of consent in contract law. Part II reviews the way that questions of consent are dealt with in Anglo-American contract law doctrine. Part III considers how recent principles and practices have raised new consent-related problems, and what the response has been from legislatures and courts. Finally, Part IV samples theories of contract law that focus on consent, before concluding.
11 Consent With Inducements: The Case of Body Parts and Services
Authors: Richards Janet Radcliffe
Published: February 2010

This chapter examines the bearing of financial inducements on consent, focusing on the issue of selling kidneys for transplantation. How can it be considered unethical to sell kidneys if it is ethical to donate them? It is argued that concerns about the validity of consent to sell kidneys cannot withstand critical scrutiny.
13 Advances in Informed Consent Research
Authors: Candilis Philip J. , Lidz Charles W.
Published: February 2010

Almost since the origins of the informed consent doctrine, physicians and researchers have been frustrated by the difficulty of attaining meaningful consents—consents that truly fulfilled the high ideals of the doctrine. This difficulty quickly led to a series of empirical studies showing that patients did not understand informed consent disclosures. Almost as quickly, critics pointed to methodological flaws in those studies. Recent years have seen empirical ethicists explore new directions in informed consent, both in the methods used to study consent and in innovative approaches for improving the consent process. This chapter begins with an overview of the expanding research methodologies and considers some recent research findings. It then explores some of the theoretical innovations that have resulted, describing certain problems that remain in consent, and considering the efforts being made to overcome them.
6 Restorative Justice for Domestic and Family Violence
Authors: Nancarrow Heather
Published: February 2010

In 2000, recommendations from two Australian taskforce investigations highlighted opposing views, seemingly reflecting a racial divide, on the utility of restorative justice as a response to domestic violence. Drawing on the literature and semi-structured interviews with Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian women, this chapter explores this apparent racial divide and seeks to explain the incongruence in the taskforce recommendations. The analysis finds the incongruence is centered on the symbolic meaning each group of women attributes to the role of the state, embodied in the criminal justice system, and differing justice objectives. While the non-Indigenous women fear that restorative justice will reinforce the dominant male paradigm, the Indigenous women are hopeful that it can overcome the limitations of the criminal justice system in achieving both gender and racial equality, though this is contingent on elements that do not exist in current restorative justice models.
10 Restorative Justice for Acquaintance Rape and Misdemeanor Sex Crimes
Authors: Koss Mary P.
Published: February 2010

Chapter Abstract: Problems in the criminal justice system response to date-acquaintance rape and misdemeanor sex crimes include (a) they are erroneously viewed as minor; (b) perpetrators are not held accountable undermining deterrence; and (c) standard criminal justice practice traumatizes victims. RESTORE, a restorative justice-based alternative to civil and criminal process has been implemented in Pima County, Arizona USA. The program is described including step-by-step review of process from referral to completion. Jurisprudence critiques of applying restorative justice to sexual assault are examined. RESTORE adapted numerous alterations of standard conferencing practice to respond to concerns and create a victim-driven program. Conclusions appeal to advocates and policymakers to re-envision and enlarge the means to justice available for sex crimes.
12 Beyond Restorative Justice
Authors: Smith Andrea
Published: February 2010

This chapter critiques both criminal justice and restorative justice models for addressing violence against women. While advocates for criminal justice and restorative justice models have sharp disagreements with each other; they all tend to uncritically rely on the state-based approaches for addressing violence. Such approaches fail to address the role of the state itself in instigating and perpetuating violence against women, particularly poor women and women of color. In contrast to such state-based approaches, this chapter offers non-state based grassroots organizing models as an alternative strategy for addressing the root causes of gender violence.
Part I State Constitutions in American Constitutional Federalism, 1 The Other American Constitutions
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

State constitutions are different in a variety of ways from the federal Constitution. They perform different functions (generally limit plenary power rather than grant enumerated power), have different origins (from the people themselves), have a different form (longer), and have different qualities. Because states have different competency or responsibilities from federal constitutional competency and responsibilities, the content or quality of state constitutions is very different. State constitutions contain many more policy-oriented provisions, as well as provisions concerning the character, virtue and even morality of the state's people.
Part I State Constitutions in American Constitutional Federalism, 3 The Evolving American State Constitutions
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses the broad outlines of the evolutionary paths of state constitutions after the adoption of the federal Constitution. State-specific, regional, and national influences were brought to bear on the amendment and revision of the original states' constitutions. The constitutions of new states admitted to the Union were subject to similar influences, but in addition, congressional and presidential influences were also exerted over the new states' constitutions. The chapter reviews the processes of admission for new states, including the use of enabling acts, and the influence of the federal constitution on state constitution-making, as well as that of Jacksonian Democracy, the Civil War and Reconstruction, the Progressive Movement, and the one-person-one-vote cases. The chapter analyzes the evolution of state constitutions from framework-oriented documents to serve, in addition, as policy-oriented documents. Throughout the evolution of state constitutions, the process of following examples or models from one state to another is described. All of these elements of evolution influence the judicial interpretation of current state constitutions.
Part I State Constitutions in American Constitutional Federalism, 4 Federal Limits on State Constitutions
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This chapter analyzes the various ways in which state constitutions are limited by the federal Constitution and federal law, which are the supreme law of the land. Provisions in state constitutions can violate not only the federal Constitution itself, but also federal statutory law, administrative regulations, federal common law, and even treaties and interstate compacts. In addition, enabling acts passed by Congress to facilitate the admission of new states can have continuing, limiting effect on states' constitutions to the extent that such federal provisions are based on ongoing congressional power (not just the power to admit new states). In some contexts federal law can preempt the provisions of state constitutions. All of these ways in which federal law limits the content of state constitutions are enforceable by the courts.
Introduction
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This introductory chapter surveys the rise in importance of state constitutional law, the evolving recognition of state constitutions by scholars, lawyers, and judges, and the importance of the book at this point in time. The objectives of the book are outlined, and its methodology is explained.
Fundamentals of Electricity
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

The functions of neurons and the nervous system can be understood through an analogy (the parallel conductance model) with electrical circuits. This chapter provides an introduction to the electrical terms and concepts that undergird this analogy. It begins with brief descriptions of the components that make up electrical circuits; namely, batteries, resistors, conductors, and capacitors. The basic quantities that describe these circuits are current, voltage, resistance, and capacitance. Ohm's law is introduced and together with Kirchhoff's rules, applied to electrical circuits constructed from the elemental components. Finally, equations that are fundamental for understanding the parallel conductance model and its relationship to cell membrane potentials are derived.
Equations Underlying the Neuron Model
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

The Neuron model envisions a three-compartment neuron with dendrite, soma, and axon compartments. This chapter describes the equations used to emulate macroscopic conductances arising from a large variety of sodium and potassium channels. In addition, equations for the electrotonic spread of current between compartments are presented.
3.2 Role of Dopamine Transporters in Neuronal Homeostasis
Authors: Caron Marc G. , Gainetdinov Raul R.
Published: February 2010

Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission is controlled by several critical processes. A complex homeostatic balance between the amount of DA synthesized, packaged into vesicles, released, reuptaken via plasma membrane transporter and metabolized, determines the overall status of dopaminergic signaling. The plasma membrane dopamine transporter (DAT) provides effective control of both the extracellular and intracellular concentrations of DA by recapturing released neurotransmitters in the presynaptic terminals. The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) directly controls vesicular storage and release capacity by pumping monoamines from the cytoplasm of neurons into synaptic vesicles. These transporters are primary targets of many psychotropic drugs that potently affect synaptic DA and related physiological processes. This chapter summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the DAT and VMAT2 functions. It discusses the role of these transporters in the action of psychostimulant drugs and neurotoxins, as revealed in studies using mutant mice.
3.3 Intracellular Dopamine Signaling
Authors: Fisone Gilberto
Published: February 2010

The strategies adopted to counteract dysfunctions of dopaminergic transmission are based on a limited repertoire of approaches, which rely almost exclusively on targeting, directly or indirectly, dopamine receptors or inhibiting the dopamine transporter. One important challenge facing the treatment of dopamine-related disorders is the development of more sophisticated and selective therapies that go beyond the idea of mimicking or repressing the action of dopamine at the membrane level. In this regard, the identification and characterization of intracellular components involved in dopamine signaling will provide essential information for the design of a new generation of dopaminergic drugs. This chapter discusses signaling mechanisms triggered by the activation of dopamine receptors, and their impact on the regulation of downstream targets involved in short- and long-term neuronal responses. Because of the prevalent distribution of dopamine receptors in the striatum, particular attention will be given to dopaminergic transmission in medium spiny neurons (MSNs).
4.2 Factors Shaping Later Stages of Dopamine Neuron Development
Authors: Burke Robert E.
Published: February 2010

Following their birth in the prenatal period, dopamine neurons of the mesencephalon undergo a complex series of cellular events in response to external cues, which ultimately result in the establishment of their phenotype. This chapter focuses on a single important event in the postnatal development of mesencephalic dopamine neurons: the determination of their final adult number. The postnatal development of mesencephalic dopamine neurons follows the fundamental principles of classic neurotrophic theory. There is an apoptotic naturally occurring cell death (NCD) event that is maximal in both rodents and primates during the period of maximal development of target contact. As proposed by classic theory, this NCD event is regulated by target contact and retrograde neurotrophic support. In addition, there is evidence that it may also be regulated by afferent anterograde influences and autocrine control.
4.3 Postnatal Maturation of Dopamine Actions in the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: O’Donnell Patricio , Tseng Kuei Y.
Published: February 2010

To understand the modulation of prefrontal cortical activity by dopamine (DA), it is critical to consider not only different receptor subtypes and the cell type DA acts upon, but also complex changes that occur postnatally, sometimes as late as during adolescence. A large body of literature deals with DA actions on physiological properties of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), ranging from recordings in cultured neurons and brain slices to anesthetized animals and awake, freely moving animals. All these levels of analysis offer unique perspectives on the complex pattern of DA actions; combined, they have produced a reasonable understanding of how this modulator affects function in this critical brain region. However, many divergent views persist, and a lot of them arise from the use of different techniques on animals at different postnatal developmental stages. For example, cellular physiology studies using the whole-cell technique typically rely on slices from very young animals, in many cases obtained before weaning, while behavioral and anatomical studies are conducted mainly in adult animals. This chapter summarizes recent work bridging those age groups, highlighting the maturation of DA electrophysiological actions in the PFC during adolescence.
5.5 Neurocomputational Analysis of Dopamine Function
Authors: Durstewitz Daniel
Published: February 2010

Current computational models of dopamine (DA) modulation have worked either from a more abstract neuroalgorithmic level, starting with specific assumptions about DA's computational role and then working out its implications at a higher cognitive level, or have used a more biophysical/physiological implementation to unravel the dynamic and functional consequences of DA's effects on voltage-gated and synaptic ion channels. This chapter focuses on the latter, and in addition will specifically review models of DA-innervated target regions rather than models of ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (VTA/SN) DA neurons themselves. It begins with a brief discussion of how DA may change the input/output functions of single striatal and cortical neuron. It considers the network level and the potential computational role of DA in higher cognitive functions, and then reviews DA-based models of reinforcement learning.
7.3 Dopaminergic Modulation of Striatal Glutamatergic Signaling in Health and Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: James Surmeier D. , Day Michelle , Gertler Tracy S. , Savio Chan C. , Shen Weixing
Published: February 2010

Dopamine (DA) has long been known to be a critical modulator of striatal processing of cortical and thalamic signals carried by glutamatergic synapses on the principal neurons of the striatum—medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Dopamine regulation of these neurons is important for an array of psychomotor functions ascribed to the basal ganglia, including associative learning and action selection. This chapter focuses on four topics: (1) the intrinsic differences between MSNs expressing D1 and D2 dopamine receptors; (2) how DA modulates postsynaptic properties that influence glutamatergic synaptic events and their integration by MSNs in the dorsal striatum; (3) how DA influences the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity; and (4) how DA depletion in Parkinson's disease (PD) models remodels glutamatergic signaling.
9.6 Novel Gene-Based Therapeutics Targeting the Dopaminergic System in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Kirik Deniz , Björklund Tomas , Ramaswamy Shilpa , Kordower Jeffrey H.
Published: February 2010

Novel therapeutic intervention based on gene therapy has moved the field of Parkinson's disease (PD) research forward during the last decade. The process of supplementing cells with genes that promote normal, healthy function promises to be an efficient way of treating diseases like PD, above and beyond what it has been possible to achieve with traditional pharmacotherapy or deep brain stimulation. Studies examining gene therapy for PD usually have one of two goals: (1) to replace dopamine (DA) that is depleted in the striatum or (2) to administer factors that would prevent the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), as this disease is known to lead to a dramatic reduction in levels of DA in the striatum due to the loss and dysfunction of nigral neurons. Several techniques to target the dopaminergic system in the brain have entered into the clinical testing phase using these currently experimental procedures, and others are expected to be tested in the near future. This chapter discusses the status of these therapeutic interventions in both animal models and patients.
10.6 Dopamine Modulation of Forebrain Pathways and the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Grace Anthony A.
Published: February 2010

Dopamine (DA) has received substantial attention due to its involvement in a wide array of neurological and psychiatric disorders, ranging from Parkinson's disease to affective disorders and schizophrenia. As a result, this system has been studied extensively at many levels of analysis. This is an exciting time for research into psychiatric disorders and the DA system, as evidenced by the convergence of basic neuroscience and clinical research studies on common pathophysiological targets. Dopamine itself has been described as involved in reward and addiction, in attention and compulsions, and in cognition and affect. However, recent studies suggest that the DA system may act to coordinate integration of information via selective potentiation of circuits or pathways. This suggests that DA is acting as a “glue” that holds together plastic relationships among diverse brain structures. This chapter focuses on the system physiology of the DA system in intact animals, how the DA system is regulated, and how dysregulation of this system may contribute to the pathophysiology of major psychiatric disorders.
1 Introduction
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter offers an introduction to and outline of the entire book. It introduces the main theoretical issue (PF-deletion versus pro) and the central data, and it provides some background on the method of data collection.
2 Introduction
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter forms the introduction to the first case study. The notion of stranding under sluicing is introduced, as is the problem of sluicing in a split CP.
3 The Data
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter offers a detailed empirical study of English swiping (e.g. What about?) and dialect Dutch spading (e.g. Wie dat? ‘who that’). The basic properties of both constructions are outlined and illustrated with examples. Both of them are shown to occur only with simple wh-phrases, to require stress on the stranded element, and to be restricted to sluicing contexts. Moreover, a swiped preposition is necessarily antecedentless, and spading stems from a cleft and induces a ‘surprise’-reading.
5 The Analysis
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter contains the analysis of English swiping and dialect Dutch spading and shows how the basic properties of these constructions follow from that analysis. Swiping is argued to involve preposition stranding in the lower specCP, while spading involves focus movement of the demonstrative to that position. The fact that both constructions only occur in sluicing is analyzed as a repair effect induced by ellipsis, while the fact that complex wh-phrases are excluded is the result of sluicing with complex wh-phrases deleting not IP but a low CP.
6 When Spading Met Swiping
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

Swiping and spading can cooccur in one and the same example in Frisian. This chapter shows that the analysis of such sentences follows straightforwardly from the individual analyses outlined in the previous chapter. The chapter also takes issue with Merchant's (2002:310) claim that Frisian lacks swiping, arguing that the ill-formedness of Merchant's example follows from independent differences between English and Frisian regarding the possibility of putting stress on stranded prepositions.
7 Previous Analyses
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter introduces and discusses previous analyses of both spading and swiping, and argues that all of them suffer from shortcomings when confronted with the full set of data. The accounts discussed are Hoekstra (1993), a straw man analysis of spading as pseudosluicing, Kim (1997), Richards (2001), Merchant (2002) and Hartman (2007).
10 Short Do Replies
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter forms the introduction to the second case study. The basic data of this second part are introduced (i.e. Short Do Replies), and an outline is given of the chapters that follow.
12 Theoretical Background
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter provides the theoretical background for the analysis of Short Do Replies in the next chapter. It contains three main points. First of all, it provides supporting evidence for the presence of two polarity projections (PolPs) in Dutch dialects, one dominating TP and one dominated by TP. Secondly, it argues that the syntax of contradictory sentential emphasis (or verum focus) consists of two components: on the one hand, the activation of the C°-related head VFoc° to host the verum-operator, and on the other hand, focus movement of the polarity of the clause to the specifier of the CP-projection immediately dominated by VFocP. Thirdly, it argues that the proform that is present in Short Do Replies is properly licensed and identified if it is merged with the high Pol°-head. Moreover, this head has to be focus-marked and morpho-phonologically realized.
14 Spelling Out the Proform
Authors: Nie Da's , Wel Da's
Published: February 2010

This chapter focuses on a contradictory reply attested in Brabant Dutch and consisting of a demonstrative, a form of the verb be and a polarity element (e.g. Da's nie ‘that is not’). It argues that the demonstrative in this construction is the overt counterpart of the null proform attested in Short Do Replies. The two constructions share a large number of empirical characteristics, and the few differences between them can be shown to follow from independent factors or from the overt vs. covert nature of the proform. The chapter ends with a critique of three possible alternative accounts and a brief outline of a typology of overt and covert proforms in dialectal Dutch.
15 Conjugated ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ in SDR-Dialects
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter focuses on the fact that in certain dialects of Dutch the polarity markers yes and no can be accompanied by subject clitics and/or agreement suffixes. Just as in the previous chapter, there are many empirical similarities between this construction and Short Do Replies. This chapter argues that the structure underlying conjugated instances of yes and no is in fact a Short Do Reply that has been PF-deleted. As such, this construction combines PF-deletion and pro. The chapter also provides an account for the absence of clitics and (complementizer) agreement endings under sluicing.
16 Conclusion and Theoretical Implications
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter summarizes the second case study of this book and examines its theoretical implications. They are situated in three main areas. First of all, the preceding chapters have shown that only the pro-theory can provide an adequate analysis of Short Do Replies. The type of pro-theory advocated here differs from its predecessors, however, in its technical implementation, in the type of argumentation that is provided in its support, and in the empirical divide it makes between PF-deletion and pro. Secondly, the second case study has provided evidence for the existence and specific role of two PolPs in the dialect Dutch IP-domain, and for the independent existence of AgrsP. Thirdly, the second case study has argued in favor of an analysis of discourse particles that fully integrates them into the functional structure of the clause.
17 General Conclusions
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter provides a summary of the entire book and lists its main conclusions and consequences for the syntax of ellipsis and the theory of syntax on the one hand, and for Dutch dialect syntax on the other. With respect to the first, the book has argued that both the PF-deletion and the pro-theory are needed to account for the full range of elliptical phenomena attested in natural language. This chapter briefly explores what the relation beween the two theories might be and suggests that pro is only used as Last Resort when PF-deletion is unavailable. With respect to Dutch dialect syntax, the chapter argues that all the variation attested in this book can be reduced to the lexical properties of the elements involved.
Chapter Five Rome-antic Shakespeare
Authors: Sachs Jonathan
Published: February 2010

With its representation of grain shortages, conflicts between the populace and the patricians, and the dependence of political leaders on the approval of the people, Coriolanus was a most topical play for Romantic period audiences. This chapter compares productions by John Philip Kemble, who used the role to portray the rightness of patrician rule in a time of popular unrest, with that of Edmund Kean, who returned the scenery to the mud huts of early Rome and diminished the haughty dominance of the central character. It then evaluates Hazlitt's claim, made initially in a review of Coriolanus, that imagination is an “aristocratical faculty.” The performance history of Coriolanus, the chapter concludes, provides the crucial subtext for Hazlitt's Romantic theorization of the imagination and helps us to understand Romantic anxieties about Shakespearean performance generally.