bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbon micro‐migration and differential enrichment mechanism of shale oil in upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in Songliao Basin
Authors: Guan Ziheng , Meng Qingqiang , Huang Qian , Tang Xuan , Shan Yansheng , Liu Guangxiang , Guo Shaobin , Zhang Jinchuan , Cheng Xiong , Xiong Jinyu
Published: March 2024

Shale reservoir has strong heterogeneity in mineral composition and oil content even at a short distance in the same interval. To better understand the accumulation mechanism of shale oil and hydrocarbon migration tendency in the interval, and explore the main influencing factors of distribution. This paper employed various methods, including thin‐section observation, TOC (total organic matter (OM)) analysis, rock pyrolysis, Soxhlet extraction, group component separation, and GC–MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) analysis of saturated hydrocarbons. The shale oil samples were collected from an exploratory well in the Songliao Basin, and the distribution and enrichment characteristics of shale oil interlayers were analysed. The results show that the first member of Qingshankou Formation (K2qn1) could be divided into six small layers. From Q1 to Q6, the lithofacies could be divided into three types: high‐frequency laminar shale, massive shale, and bioclastic shale. The lacustrine matrix shale of K2qn1 in Songliao Basin has medium TOC, and high oil contents, OM conversion rate. The TOC ranges from 1.5 to 4.2 wt%, S1 varies between 1.4 and 4 mg/g, S2 falls within the range of 4 to 10.6 mg/g, Tmax ranges from 351 to 497°C, and the OSI varies between 57 and 115.34 mg HC/g rock. The lower part of the K2qn1, Q1–Q4, characterized by high‐frequency laminar shale, contained residual shale oil, while the upper part of the K2qn1, Q5 and Q6, characterized by bioclastic shale and massive mudstone, and are dominated by in‐situ type shale oil. The crude oil in K2qn1 is homologous, and primarily undergoes micro‐migration. The Q5–Q6 section has the highest light oil content, while other regions with notable light components are located in the middle of Q1, the upper sections of Q2, Q3, and Q4.Q1–Q4 are primarily composed of residual shale oil, whereas Q5–Q6 is primarily composed of in‐situ shale oil, and the primary micro‐migration direction of shale oil occurs laterally within Q1–Q4. The lateral migration of each section mainly occurs at the upper part of Q3 and Q4, the lower part of Q1 and Q2, the bottom of Q5, and the interface between Q6 and the second member of Qingshankou formation (K2qn2). The block mudstone retains in‐situ shale oil, especially light hydrocarbons. Within the high‐frequency laminar shale, there is strong horizontal connectivity, and lateral hydrocarbon expulsion serves as the primary mechanism for micro‐migration in Q1–Q4. This paper can provide reference values for K2qn1 Formation shale oil and the migration and differential reservoir formation of medium and high‐maturity matrix shale oil.
A set of ecosystem service indicators for European grasslands based on botanical surveys
Authors: Taugourdeau Simon , Louault Frédérique , Michelot‐Antalik Alice , Messad Samir , Munoz François , Bastianelli Denis , Carrère Pascal , Plantureux Sylvain
Published: March 2024

Background

Grasslands provide a wide range of ecosystem services (ESs). However, there is currently no method for easily diagnosing the level of ESs produced. Our aim was to develop ES indicators based on botanical surveys, which are readily available data and integrative of grassland spatiotemporal variability.

Methods

Based on academic knowledge and expertise, we identified several simple vegetation criteria that we aggregated using a multicriteria analysis tool to construct indicators of the level of ESs provided by grasslands. In this study, the indicators were calculated from over 2000 botanical surveys spread over a wide biogeographical gradient.

Results

Analyses of correlation between the various indicators show that “forage supply” and “diversity conservation” were not correlated. “Forage availability” and “nitrogen availability for the vegetation” were positively linked together and negatively linked to the robustness of the plant community to extreme events. A temporal approach highlights that the “biodiversity conservation” score decreased from 1970 to 2010 and that “nitrogen availability for the vegetation” was lower in 1970 and 1980 than in 2000 and 2010.

Conclusions

These results show that our aggregation method based on a large data set of botanical surveys could be appropriate for studying temporal dynamics of ESs.
Are oral cancers effectively palliated with radiotherapy? Outcomes of treatment with a modified QUAD SHOT regimen
Authors: Saha Saheli , Mallick Indranil , Mukherjee Prattusha , Chakraborty Santam , Bhattacharyya Tapesh , S Moses Arunsingh , Achari Rimpa Basu , Chatterjee Sanjoy
Published: March 2024

Background

This study assessed a palliative radiotherapy regimen using daily radiation over 4 days for three courses in inoperable head and neck cancers, emphasizing oral primary cancers.

Methods

Retrospective data of 116 patients treated with a daily dose of 3.6–3.7 Gy in four fractions over 4 days to a total of three courses, with a 2‐week gap after every course, were analyzed for survival outcomes. A subgroup analysis was done for oral cancer.

Results

Ninety‐nine (85%) completed three courses. Overall subjective response rate was 77%. Median overall survival and progression‐free survival were 12 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8–20) and 8 months (95% CI: 6–10), with numerically higher overall survival in oral cancer. The treatment was well tolerated, with no on‐treatment hospitalization or grade 3–4 toxicities.

Conclusion

The modified QUAD SHOT regimen is practical for palliation in head and neck cancers.
Association of BMI and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Saudi population
Authors: AlJabr Qasem , Alalawi Mohammed , Aldhneen Baqer , Gharash Ali Al , Aldabbab Mohammed , Aldabbab Habib , Bu‐Khamseen Ali , Alkattan Abdullah , Sayafi Abdullah Al
Published: March 2024

Objective

The study aims to identify the optimal body mass index (BMI) cut‐off for obesity based on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes among the general population visiting primary health care in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in Al‐Ahsa City, Saudi Arabia, from January to June 2022. The study included Saudi citizens aged 35 and older who had not previously or currently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected through electronic health records from 48 primary healthcare centers. The variables derived from medical records were age, gender, HbA1c, weight, and height.

Results

The BMI mean among nondiabetic, prediabetic, and diabetic groups were 29.6 ± 6.2, 31.2 ± 6.6, and 31.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, respectively. The BMI of the prediabetic and diabetic males were 30.1 ± 6.3 and 30.5 ± 6.5 kg/m2, respectively, and the BMI of the pre‐diabetic and diabetic females were 31.9 ± 6.6 and 32.8 ± 7 kg/m2, respectively.

Conclusion

The current study correlated the result of HbA1c levels with BMI cut‐off values as a modifiable risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes among the Al‐Ahsa population in Saudi Arabia. The BMI mean among nondiabetic, prediabetic, and diabetic groups were 29.6 ± 6.2, 31.2 ± 6.6, and 31.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, respectively. This study provided a list of BMI values as cut‐off points with their sensitivity and specificity measures so the policymaker could utilize them. The best cut‐off point could be decided based on cost‐effective analysis. Further studies in the future might help evaluate the efficacy of screening programs and the association between BMI and other types of diabetes.
Analysis of seawater intrusion triggered under different pumping well layout schemes based on a numerical model
Authors: Huang Lei , Shu Longcang , Lu Chengpeng , Liu Bo
Published: March 2024

Seawater intrusion (SWI) is a consequence of communication between the ocean and inland groundwater entailed by overexploitation and has been a global issue harming production, life and ecology in coastal regions. This paper established a numerical model to identify SWI features in a wider space under different pumping‐well layouts based on the number of wells (N), distance between the coastline and wells (Dcw), and distance between wells (Dww) and further researched the influence of the location of the screen (Ls) and calculated S as an index inferring the SWI degree. An evaluation index (EI) was proposed considering two contradictory parameters: the corresponding total critical pumping rate (Qc) indicated the critical situation in which saltwater was almost pumped, played a good role as the resource function, and S referred the negative environmental impact. Sensitivity analysis was performed to explore the relationship between the evaluation indexes and the parameters of pumping well layouts. The results revealed how seawater intruded inland groundwater under different pumping well layouts and the anthropogenic impact factors influencing the SWI process. Sensitivity analysis verified that Dcw was the key factor in optimizing pumping well layouts to maximize the quantity of groundwater resources and minimize the environmental damage of SWI. Research on Ls revealed that a higher location of the screen of the well could effectively abate SWI. This research fully explained SWI characteristics under different pumping well layouts and proposed the key factors during coastal groundwater exploitation work, which enhanced the understanding of SWI and contributed to the arrangement of real‐world water pumping activities in coastal regions.
Regulatory role of miR‐125a expression with respect to its target genes LIFR, ERBB2 and STAT3 in the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy losses
Authors: Manzoor Usma , Pandith Arshad A. , Amin Ina , Wani Saima , Baba Shahid M. , Wani Umer M. , Mansoor Sheikh , Aein Qurat Ul , Anwar Iqra , Bahar Barjista , Koul Aabid M. , Sanadhya Dheera , Ahmad Abida
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Studies have investigated miR‐125a for its predictable role in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) cases to regulate many biological events required for the maintenance of pregnancy by regulating its confirmed target genes LIFR, ERBB2 and STAT3.

Methods

The present study included 40 cases of women with at least two RPLs in ≤20 weeks of gestation against 40 healthy multiparous women without a previous history of abortion. Expression analysis of ERBB2, LIFR, STAT3 and miR‐125a was conducted by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR).

Results

The expression of miR‐125a was significantly lower in the plasma of RPL cases (P = 0.0001) and showed a significantly increased mean expression level in product of conception (2.56‐fold, P < 0.0001). Among the target gene of miR‐125a, ERBB2 and STAT3 gene expression level was significantly increased (2.58‐fold, P = 0.04; 1.87‐fold, P = 0.025), respectively in RPL cases while the LIFR gene revealed comparable expression (P = 0.64). Furthermore, expression analysis of ERBB2 gene with respect to its regulatory miR‐125a cases depicted a significant association (P = 0.0005). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed cases with low miR‐125a expression had significantly shorter time to miscarriages, (log‐rank P = 0.02). Also, decreased expression of miR‐125a significantly conferred >2‐fold increased risk for RPL (HR = 2.34: P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The overall conclusion of the study was that altered miR‐125a expression may cause deregulation in target genes LIFR, ERBB2 and STAT3 resulting in adverse consequence in the outcome of pregnancy.
Nanothermometry for cellular temperature monitoring and disease diagnostics
Authors: Liu Meilin , Sun Yaru , Teh Daniel Boon Loong , Zhang Yi , Cao Donglin , Mei Qingsong
Published: March 2024

Body temperature variations, including the generation, transfer, and dissipation of heat, play an important role throughout life and participate in all biological events. Cellular temperature information is an indispensable link in the comprehensive understanding of life science processes, but traditional testing strategies cannot provide sufficient information due to their low precision and inefficient cellular‐entrance. In recent years, with the help of luminescent nanomaterials, a variety of new thermometers have been developed to achieve real‐time temperature measurement at the micro/nano scale. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in several nanoparticles for cellular temperature detection and their related applications in revealing cell metabolism and disease diagnosis. Furthermore, this review proposed a few challenges for the nano‐thermometry, expecting to spark novel thought to push forward its preclinical and translational uses.
Small molecule probes for the specific imaging of monoamine oxidase A and monoamine oxidase B
Authors: Fang Yi , Chen Zhengping , Yang Min
Published: March 2024

Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are a class of flavin enzymes that are mainly present in the outer membrane of mitochondria and play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of monoamine neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Furthermore, expression of MAOs is associated with the functions of peripheral organs. Dysfunction of MAOs is relevant in a variety of diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, heart failure, metabolic disorders, and cancers. Monoamine oxidases have two isoenzymes, namely, monoamine oxidase A (MAO‐A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO‐B). Therefore, the development of reliable and specific methods to detect these two isoenzymes is of great significance for the in‐depth understanding of their functions in biological systems, and for further promoting the clinical diagnosis and treatment of MAO‐related diseases. This review mainly focuses on the advances in small molecular probes for the specific imaging of MAO‐A and MAO‐B, including radiolabeled probes, fluorescent probes, and a 19F magnetic resonance imaging probe. In addition, applications of these probes for detecting MAO expression levels in cells, tissues, animal models, and patients are described. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of developing novel MAO imaging probes are also highlighted.
Profiles of Latinx cultural orientation among adolescents: Associations with internalizing symptoms and moderation by ethnic–racial discrimination
Authors: Ortiz Miriam , Lozada Fantasy T. , Moreno Oswaldo , Williams Chelsea D. , Tynes Brendesha M.
Published: March 2024

Introduction

The objectives of the current study were the following: (1) to explore multidimensional profiles of Latinx cultural orientation using Spanish language use, familismo, and ethnic–racial identity (ERI) affirmation among Latinx adolescents, (2) to test how Latinx cultural orientation profiles were associated with adolescents' internalizing symptoms (i.e., depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms), and (3) to test whether associations between profiles and internalizing symptoms were moderated by adolescents' ethnic–racial discrimination experiences.

Methods

The study was conducted among a sample of 204 Latinx adolescents (52.4% female; Mage = 14.35, SDage = 1.75).

Results

Latent profile analysis indicated four profiles of Latinx cultural orientation: higher affirmation and lower Spanish (HALS), higher Spanish (HS), lower familismo and affirmation (LFA), and higher familismo/lower Spanish and affirmation (HFLSA). Latinx adolescents who reported lower levels on more than one Latinx cultural orientation dimension (e.g. LFA or HFSLA) also reported worse health when compared to adolescents who reported higher levels of more than one Latinx cultural orientation dimension (e.g., HSA). The associations between Latinx cultural orientation profiles and internalizing symptoms were not moderated by adolescents' ethnic–racial discrimination.

Conclusion

Findings provide researchers and practitioners with an understanding of the various ways in which Latinx adolescents remain connected to their Latinx culture and implications for their outcomes.
ZIP transporters‐regulated Zn2+ homeostasis: A novel determinant of human diseases
Authors: Liu Huimei , Li Lanfang , Lu Ruirui
Published: March 2024

As an essential trace element for organisms, zinc participates in various physiological processes, such as RNA transcription, DNA replication, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. The destruction of zinc homeostasis is associated with various diseases. Zinc homeostasis is controlled by the cooperative action of zinc transporter proteins that are responsible for the influx and efflux of zinc. Zinc transporter proteins are mainly categorized into two families: Zrt/Irt‐like protein (SLC39A/ZIP) family and zinc transporter (SLC30A/ZNT) family. ZIP transporters contain 14 members, namely ZIP1‐14, which can be further divided into four subfamilies. Currently, ZIP transporters‐regulated zinc homeostasis is one of the research hotspots. Cumulative evidence suggests that ZIP transporters‐regulated zinc homeostasis may cause physiological dysfunction and contribute to the onset and progression of diverse diseases, such as cancers, neurological diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we initially discuss the structure and distribution of ZIP transporters. Furthermore, we comprehensively review the latest research progress of ZIP transporters‐regulated zinc homeostasis in diseases, providing a new perspective into new therapeutic targets for treating related diseases.
Maternal Ezh1/2 deficiency impairs the function of mitochondria in mouse oocytes and early embryos
Authors: Zhang Dan , Deng Wenbo , Jiang Ting , Zhao Yinan , Bai Dandan , Tian Yingpu , Kong Shuangbo , Zhang Leilei , Wang Haibin , Gao Shaorong , Lu Zhongxian
Published: March 2024

Maternal histone methyltransferase is critical for epigenetic regulation and development of mammalian embryos by regulating histone and DNA modifications. Here, we reported a novel mechanism by revealing the critical effects of maternal Ezh1/2 deletion on mitochondria in MII oocytes and early embryos in mice. We found that Ezh1/2 knockout in mouse MII oocytes impaired the structure of mitochondria and decreased its number, but membrane potential and respiratory function of mitochondrion were increased. The similar effects of Ezh1/2 deletion have been observed in 2‐cell and morula embryos, indicating that the effects of maternal Ezh1/2 deficiency on mitochondrion extend to early embryos. However, the loss of maternal Ezh1/2 resulted in a severe defect of morula: the number, membrane potential, respiratory function, and ATP production of mitochondrion dropped significantly. Content of reactive oxygen species was raised in both MII oocytes and early embryos, suggesting maternal Ezh1/2 knockout induced oxidative stress. In addition, maternal Ezh1/2 ablation interfered the autophagy in morula and blastocyst embryos. Finally, maternal Ezh1/2 deletion led to cell apoptosis in blastocyst embryos in mice. By analyzing the gene expression profile, we revealed that maternal Ezh1/2 knockout affected the expression of mitochondrial related genes in MII oocytes and early embryos. The chromatin immunoprecipitation‐polymerase chain reaction assay demonstrated that Ezh1/2 directly regulated the expression of genes Fxyd6, Adpgk, Aurkb, Zfp521, Ehd3, Sgms2, Pygl, Slc1a1, and Chst12 by H3K27me3 modification. In conclusion, our study revealed the critical effect of maternal Ezh1/2 on the structure and function of mitochondria in oocytes and early embryos, and suggested a novel mechanism underlying maternal epigenetic regulation on early embryonic development through the modulation of mitochondrial status.
Eurocentric epistemologies in engineering: Manifestations in first‐year student design teams and consequences for student learning
Authors: Henderson Trevion S.
Published: March 2024

Background

Existing research points to the role of Eurocentric epistemic values—scientific objectivity, value‐neutrality, depoliticization, and technical rationality—as a cornerstone of engineering ways of thinking, knowing, and doing. However, less is known about the role of Eurocentric epistemologies in team communication and decision making.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine how dominant Eurocentric epistemologies shape individual‐ and team‐level design thinking and, by extension, students' learning in engineering design education.

Method

This work draws on a critical ethnography in which I observed three focal design teams during a semester‐long design project in a cornerstone design course. Following the conclusion of the design project, I conducted semi‐structured interviews with each member of the focal teams, asking students to reflect on incidents, their thinking, and team dynamics during the individual and team design processes.

Findings

At the individual level, students' concerns about adhering to Eurocentric epistemic values made them hesitant to pursue design ideas. These concerns also shaped their design thinking, communication, and decision making at the team level, leading students to withhold or not advocate for ideas. Finally, students appeared to leverage the normative supremacy of Eurocentric epistemologies in engineering rhetorically to exert influence over their team's design decisions.

Conclusions

If engineering education is to create a more just and inclusive learning environment for engineering students, we must construct learning environments that allow students to draw on all their epistemic resources during the learning process. This study suggests the dominance of Eurocentric epistemologies is a barrier to that end.
Optical coherence tomography and gray scale digital analysis as noninvasive techniques for evaluating molar‐incisor hypomineralization severity: A comparative study with microcomputed tomography
Authors: de Oliveira Maria Livia Rodrigues , Ferezin Ayla Natalia , Gomes Bianca Caroline , Mattos Vicente Silva , Mazzi‐Chaves Jardel Francisco , Sousa‐Neto Manoel Damião , de Queiroz Alexandra Mussolino , de Paula‐Silva Francisco Wanderley Garcia , de Carvalho Fabrício Kitazono
Published: March 2024

Molar‐incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a qualitative defect of dental enamel characterized by demarcated opacities present in permanent first molars and other teeth. It is considered a major clinical challenge in dentistry because it makes affected teeth more susceptible to fractures and dental caries. Its diagnosis is mainly clinical and there are few technological resources that allow for a more accurate diagnosis, especially with respect to the depth of the defect in the dental enamel. In this context, optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is routinely used in ophthalmology, can produce images of the depth of the dental enamel, making it a promising method. In this study, 33 teeth with different MIH severities were evaluated using OCT and microcomputed tomography (microCT). Semi‐quantitative methods of grayscale pattern analysis were used to compare images obtained from different severities of MIH with the mineral density obtained through microCT. MicroCT evaluation revealed that hypomineralized enamel had a significantly lower mineral density than intact enamel. However, this difference was not observed between the mild and severe MIH lesions. In the OCT evaluation, significant differences were observed between the intact and hypomineralized enamel, and the gray value comparison provided a method for quantitative differentiation between the two. This study suggests that OCT could be a useful adjunct to traditional diagnostic methods for MIH, offering a noninvasive approach to evaluate enamel defects.

Research Highlights

Combining optical coherence tomography with grayscale digital analysis shows potential as a promising method for diagnosing molar‐incisor hypomineralization and assessing its level of severity.
A study on the aerodynamic behaviors learned from microscopy imaging of beetle corrugated hindwing
Authors: Liu Chao , Chen Guodong , Wang Qian , Sun Lining , Wang Kejun
Published: March 2024

Beetle hindwings have the unique advantages of lightweight and high strength, which play a key role in flight. In this study, the beetle hindwings were cut along the chordal direction, then the first groove microstructure of different vein cross sections was investigated using the 3D microscope system and the laser scanning confocal microscope. It was found that the position of the first groove relative to the entire chordal cross section of the wing gradually moves backward, which has an effect on the flying aerodynamic behaviors of the beetle. Next, three corrugated airfoils learned from the microscopy imaging of the ladybird beetle hindwing were designed. Then, aerodynamic behaviors were calculated by the ANSYS Fluent software, and it was confirmed that the position of the first groove microstructure affects the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil. For further study, the influence of corrugated structural and motion parameters on the aerodynamic, 2D ‘simplified’ airfoil models with triangular wave airfoil models (TWA models) was developed and studied.

Research Highlights

The position of the first groove microstructure affects the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil.

The pressure difference of different corrugation patterns shows significantly asymmetric during the upstroke and downstroke.

The aerodynamic is optimal of 2D‐TWA models, when the number of corrugations is five, the corrugation is right angle, and the flapping frequency is 75 Hz.
Anti‐spike protein IgG antibody responses up to 3 months after the third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in medical care workers
Authors: Hirano Harukazu
Published: March 2024

Background

This study aimed to assess the changes in anti‐spike protein IgG antibody titer over time following mRNA vaccination (BNT162b2) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Methods

We monitored IgG levels in 23 medical care workers (MCWs) for up to 3 months after administering the third dose of BNT162b2. Blood samples were periodically collected from all participants.

Results

Following the third dose, the median antibody titer increased to 252 and 327% compared with antibody levels at 1 and 3 months after the second dose, respectively. Additionally, compared with 1 month after the second dose, the median antibody titer decreased to 30.2 and 9.8% at 3 and 6 months, respectively, and to 39.1% at 3 months, compared with 1 month after the third dose.

Conclusion

Antibody levels declined quickly after the second dose but declined more slowly after the third dose, showing a booster effect. This study provides insights into the immunogenicity of booster doses and time intervals for booster vaccination strategies.
A clinical antiracism curriculum for third‐year medical students to bring antiracist principles to the bedside
Authors: Hayes Katharina , Szymusiak John , McCormick Andrew
Published: March 2024

As medical educators, we have a responsibility to ensure our trainees are exposed to curricula dedicated to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI), as illustrated by the Association of American Medical Colleges' recently released DEI Competencies Across the Curriculum. We designed and implemented a curriculum, Social Justice Rounds (SJR), that incorporates teaching on these topics directly into inpatient clinical work. SJR are brief team‐based discussions facilitated by Pediatric Hospital Medicine faculty that focus on racism in medicine and other forms of discrimination experienced by patients and the effect it has on their interaction with the healthcare system. Medical students rotating through the Pediatrics Clerkship completed optional pre‐ and postclerkship surveys, which revealed statistically significant increases in students' frequency and comfort with conversations regarding DEI topics, both with the medical team and with patients. We believe that SJR provides a framework by which educators across specialties and institutions can provide trainees with foundational DEI skills.
Factors associated with vertical transmission of HIV in the Western Cape, South Africa: a retrospective cohort analysis
Authors: Anderson Kim , Kalk Emma , Heekes Alexa , Phelanyane Florence , Jacob Nisha , Boulle Andrew , Mehta Ushma , Kassanjee Reshma , Sridhar Gayathri , Ragone Leigh , Vannappagari Vani , Davies Mary‐Ann
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Monitoring mother‐infant pairs with HIV exposure is needed to assess the effectiveness of vertical transmission (VT) prevention programmes and progress towards VT elimination.

Methods

We used routinely collected data on infants with HIV exposure, born May 2018–April 2021 in the Western Cape, South Africa, with follow‐up through mid‐2022. We assessed the proportion of infants diagnosed with HIV at birth (≤7 days), 10 weeks (>1 to 14 weeks) and >14 weeks as proxies for intrauterine, intrapartum/early breastfeeding and late breastfeeding transmission, respectively. We used mixed‐effects Poisson regression to assess factors associated with VT in mothers known with HIV by delivery.

Results

We included 50,461 infants born to mothers known with HIV by delivery. HIV was diagnosed in 894 (1.8%) infants. Among mothers, 51% started antiretroviral treatment (ART) before and 27% during pregnancy; 17% restarted during pregnancy after ≥6 months interruption; and 6% had no recorded ART during pregnancy. Most pregnancy ART regimens included non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (83%). Of mothers with available results (90% with viral load [VL]; 70% with CD4), VL nearest delivery was <100 copies/ml in 78% and CD4 count ≥350 cells/μl in 62%. HIV‐PCR results were available for 86%, 67% and 48% of eligible infants at birth, 10 weeks and >14 weeks. Among these infants, 0.9%, 0.4% and 1.5% were diagnosed positive at birth, 10 weeks and >14 weeks, respectively. Among infants diagnosed with HIV, 43%, 16% and 41% were diagnosed at these respective time periods. Among mothers with VL<100, 100–999, 1000–99,000 and ≥100,000 copies/ml nearest delivery, infant HIV diagnosis incidence was 0.4%, 2.3%, 6.6% and 18.4%, respectively. Increased VT was strongly associated with recent elevated maternal VL with a seven‐fold increased rate with even modestly elevated VL (100–999 vs. <100 copies/ml). VT was also associated with unknown/low maternal CD4, maternal age <20 years, no antenatal ART, later maternal ART start/restart in pregnancy and ART gaps.

Conclusions

Despite high maternal ART coverage and routine postnatal prophylaxis, ongoing VT remains a concern. Timing of infant HIV diagnoses suggests intrapartum and/or breastfeeding transmission in nearly 60%. Interventions to ensure retention on ART and sustained maternal viral suppression are needed to reduce VT.
Neutralizing antibody response to SARS‐CoV‐2 bivalent mRNA vaccine in SIV‐infected rhesus macaques: Enhanced immunity to XBB subvariants by two‐dose vaccination
Authors: Faraone Julia N. , Wang Xiaolwei , Qu Panke , Zheng Yi‐Min , Vincent Eunice , Xu Huanbin , Liu Shan‐Lu
Published: March 2024

The evolution of SARS‐CoV‐2 paired with immune imprinting by prototype messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine has challenged the current vaccination efficacy against newly emerged Omicron subvariants. In our study, we investigated a cohort of macaques infected by SIV and vaccinated with two doses of bivalent Pfizer mRNA vaccine containing wildtype and BA.5 spikes. Using a pseudotyped lentivirus neutralization assay, we determined neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers against new XBB variants, i.e., XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, and XBB.2.3, alongside D614G and BA.4/5. We found that compared to humans vaccinated with three doses of monovalent mRNA vaccine plus a bivalent booster, the monkeys vaccinated with two doses of bivalent mRNA vaccines exhibited relatively increased titers against XBB subvariants. Of note, SIV‐positive dam macaques had reduced nAb titers relative to SIV‐negative dams. Additionally, SIV positive dams that received antiretroviral therapy had lower nAb titers than untreated dams. Our study underscores the importance of reformulating the COVID‐19 vaccine to better protect against newly emerged XBB subvariants as well as the need for further investigation of vaccine efficacy in individuals living with HIV‐1.
Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of sequential vaccination with inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine and Ad5‐nCoV booster in pediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Zheng Zhigang , Wu Huimin , Sun Xiaowei , Lu Yefeng , Song Yanyan , Luo Yi , Zhou Tao , Feng Mingxuan , Wan Ping , Zhu Jianjun , Shen Nan , Cao Qing , Liang Ji , Xia Qiang , Xue Feng
Published: March 2024

Amidst the COVID‐19 pandemic, uncertainty persists among caregivers regarding the vaccination of pediatric liver transplant recipients (PLTRs). This study evaluates the immunogenicity and safety of COVID‐19 vaccination in this vulnerable population. A cohort of 30 PLTRs underwent sequential vaccinations with an inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine followed by an Ad5‐nCoV booster. We collected and analyzed blood samples pre‐vaccination and four weeks post‐vaccination to quantify antibody and IGRA (IFN‐γ Release Assay) levels. We also documented any adverse reactions occurring within seven days post‐vaccination and monitored participants for infections over six months post‐vaccination, culminating in a comprehensive statistical analysis. The Ad5‐nCoV booster substantially elevated IgG (T1: 18.01, 20%; T2: 66.61, 55%) and nAb (T1: 119.29, 8%; T2: 3799.75, 80%) levels, as well as T‐cell responses, in comparison to the initial dose. The first dose was associated with some common adverse reactions, such as injection site pain (13.3%) and fever (16.6%), but a low rate of systemic reactions (16.0%). There was no significant difference in Omicron infection rates or RTPCR conversion times between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Notably, following Omicron infection, vaccinated individuals exhibited significantly higher SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG and nAb titers (average IgG: 231.21 vs. 62.09 S/CO, p = 0.0003; nAb: 5246.11 vs. 2592.07 IU/mL, p = 0.0002). The use of inactivated vaccines followed by an Ad5‐nCoV booster in PLTRs is generally safe and elicits a robust humoral response, albeit with limited T‐cell responses.
Paediatric steatotic liver disease has unique characteristics: A multisociety statement endorsing the new nomenclature
Authors:   European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN),   European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL),   North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN),   Latin‐American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (LASPGHAN),   Asian Pan‐Pacific Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (APPSPGHAN),   Pan Arab Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (PASPGHAN),   Commonwealth Association of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition (CAPGAN),   Federation of International Societies of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition (FISPGHAN)
Published: March 2024

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been a commonly used term and diagnosis in paediatric hepatology, gastroenterology, and endocrinology clinics for over 30 years. A multisociety Delphi process has determined a new name “Steatotic Liver Disease” (SLD) as the overarching term for disorders associated with hepatic lipid accumulation. Our Societies give our support to steatotic liver disease as the best overarching term for use in our communities. Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) overcomes many of the shortcomings of the name NAFLD. Here, we highlight several points of the new nomenclature that are of particular importance for our community and their consequences for implementation including: diagnostic criteria, considering alternate diagnoses, practical implementation, research, advocacy, and education for paediatricians. As with all nomenclature changes, it will take a concerted effort from our paediatric societies to help integrate the optimal use of this into practice.
Innovations in thin‐film electronics for the new generation of displays
Authors: Zeumault Andre , Mendez Jose E. , Brewer John
Published: March 2024

Today's display industry faces transistor‐level challenges similar to those of complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) metal‐oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MOSFETs) in the mid‐1990s. Learnings from MOSFETs inform the display industry's response to the limitations of silicon‐based thin‐film transistors (TFTs). Improvements sustaining Moore's Law drove the need to rethink MOSFET materials and structures. The display industry needs fundamental innovation at the device level. New thin‐film devices enable an inflection point in the use of displays, just as fin field‐effect transistor (FinFET) defined the inflection point in CMOS in the 2000s. This paper outlines two innovations in thin‐film device technology that offers improvement in image quality and power consumption of flat panel displays: amorphous metal gate TFTs (AMeTFTs) and amorphous metal nonlinear resistors (AMNRs). Linked through a single core material set based on mass‐producible, thin‐film amorphous metals, these two innovations create near‐ and long‐term roadmaps simplifying the production of high‐image quality, low‐power consumption displays on glass (now) and plastic (future). In particular, the field‐effect mobility of indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) AMeTFTs (55–72 cm2/Vs) exceeds that of IGZO TFTs developed by existing display manufacturers without the need for atomic layer deposition or vertical stacking of heterostructure semiconductor films, making AMeTFTs a natural choice for the new G8.5–G8.7 fabs targeting IGZO backplanes.
Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty improves mental health in patients with single compartment knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Plancher Kevin D. , Briggs Karen K. , Commaroto Sarah , Dotterweich Kathryn , Wang Karina , Petterson Stephanie C.
Published: March 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine if preoperative mental health status improves following unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) in patients with single compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

A total of 163 patients underwent UKA [115 (71%) medial, 48 (29%) lateral] (mean age = 65 ± 11) completed preoperative and minimum 2‐year postoperative veterans RAND 12 item health survey (VR‐12) mental component score (MCS). VR‐12 MCS was the primary outcome measure. Secondary measures included VR‐12 physical component summary score (PCS), knee osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) and KOOS patient acceptable symptom state at the final follow‐up.

Results

The median VR‐12 MCS improved from 50.5 [interquartile range (IQR): 43.7−56.8] to 55.0 [IQR: 52.3−57.0] (p < 0.001) at a mean follow‐up of 9.5 ± 4 years (range 2−19 years) following UKA. Preoperative VR‐12 MCS was significantly correlated with patients postoperative VR‐12 PCS (ρ = 0.294, p < 0.01), KOOS pain (ρ = 0.201, p = 0.012), KOOS ADL (ρ = 0.243, p = 0.002) and KOOS quality of life (ρ = 0.233, p < 0.01). Sixty‐three (39%) patients improved from low VR‐12 MCS (<50) to normal VR‐12 MCS (≥50). One hundred forty‐two (87%) achieved a normal VR‐12 MCS score (≥50) postoperatively.

Conclusion

At a mean of 10‐year follow‐up, patients who underwent UKA for single compartment osteoarthritic knee pain demonstrated significant improvement in mental health scores. UKA resulted in normal mental health in a majority of patients (87%). The resultant improved mental health scores were associated with improved patient pain and activities of daily living.

Level of Evidence

Level III retrospective cohort study.
Almost 79% survival rate at 10‐year follow‐up for the patellofemoral joint arthroplasty: An Italian prosthetic registry study
Authors: Pagano Anna , Agostinone Piero , Alesi Domenico , Caputo Dalila , Neri Maria Pia , Grassi Alberto , Zaffagnini Stefano
Published: March 2024

Purpose

The aims of the present study were (1) to evaluate the survival of patellofemoral joint (PFJ) arthroplasty in a large cohort of patients using data obtained from an Italian regional arthroplasty registry and (2) to collect clinical outcomes of a subgroup of patients, with a minimum follow‐up of 4 years. The hypotheses were that PFJ arthroplasty is a procedure that had good survival and clinical outcomes, not inferior to those reported in the literature for primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods

The Register of Orthopaedic Prosthetic Implants (RIPO) of Emilia‐Romagna (ER) (Italy) database was searched for the inclusion of all PFJ arthroplasties implanted between 2003 and 2019. PFJ arthroplasties were excluded if they were implanted in patients who lived outside of the ER. The survival information was extrapolated from the RIPO considering the partial or total revision of the implant as failure; moreover, a subgroup of patients was contacted and interviewed by telephone to collect clinical outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the data. The survival curve was calculated and plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

A total of 126 arthroplasties in 114 patients were included in the final analysis (mean age at surgery 60.1 ± 11.5 years old). The main causes of patellofemoral arthroplasty were primary osteoarthritis (88%) and posttraumatic arthritis (7%). The survival was 90.4 ± 30.6 and 78.8 ± 51.5 at 5 and 10 years of follow‐up, respectively. At the latest follow‐up, 23 implants failed (18.3%). The main cause of revision was osteoarthrosis progression (34.8%). A total of 44 patients were contacted by telephone to collect clinical outcomes: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, functional Knee Society Score, Forgotten Joint Score and Oxford Knee Score. These patients reported good to excellent scores at a medium follow‐up of 10.3 ± 4.7 years.

Conclusions

The PFJ showed good survival and clinical outcomes and could be considered a valuable option for patients affected by isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis.

Level of Evidence

Level IV.
Alterations of Peripheral Lymphocyte Subsets in Isolated Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Authors: Zheng Yuanchu , Li Yatong , Cai Huihui , Kou Wenyi , Yang Chen , Li Siming , Wang Jiawei , Zhang Ning , Feng Tao
Published: March 2024

Background

Adaptive immune dysfunction may play a crucial role in Parkinson's disease (PD) development. Isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) represents the prodromal stage of synucleinopathies, including PD. Elucidating the peripheral adaptive immune system is crucial in iRBD, but current knowledge remains limited.

Objective

This study aimed to characterize peripheral lymphocyte profiles in iRBD patients compared with healthy control subjects (HCs).

Methods

This cross‐sectional study recruited polysomnography‐confirmed iRBD patients and age‐ and sex‐matched HCs. Venous blood was collected from each participant. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate surface markers and intracellular cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Results

Forty‐four iRBD patients and 36 HCs were included. Compared with HCs, patients with iRBD exhibited significant decreases in absolute counts of total lymphocytes and CD3+ T cells. In terms of T cell subsets, iRBD patients showed higher frequencies and counts of proinflammatory T helper 1 cells and INF‐γ+ CD8+ T cells, along with lower frequencies and counts of anti‐inflammatory T helper 2 cells. A significant increase in the frequency of central memory T cells in CD8+ T cells was also observed in iRBD. Regarding B cells, iRBD patients demonstrated reduced frequencies and counts of double‐negative memory B cells compared with control subjects.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated alterations in the peripheral adaptive immune system in iRBD, specifically in CD4+ and INF‐γ+ CD8+ T cell subsets. An overall shift toward a proinflammatory state of adaptive immunity was already evident in iRBD. These observations might provide insights into the optimal timing for initiating immune interventions in PD. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Antineoplastics for treating Alzheimer's disease and dementia: Evidence from preclinical and observational studies
Authors: Das Viswanath , Miller John H. , Alladi Charanraj Goud , Annadurai Narendran , De Sanctis Juan Bautista , Hrubá Lenka , Hajdúch Marián
Published: March 2024

As the world population ages, there will be an increasing need for effective therapies for aging‐associated neurodegenerative disorders, which remain untreatable. Dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the leading neurological diseases in the aging population. Current therapeutic approaches to treat this disorder are solely symptomatic, making the need for new molecular entities acting on the causes of the disease extremely urgent. One of the potential solutions is to use compounds that are already in the market. The structures have known pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicity profiles, and patient data available in several countries. Several drugs have been used successfully to treat diseases different from their original purposes, such as autoimmunity and peripheral inflammation. Herein, we divulge the repurposing of drugs in the area of neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the therapeutic potential of antineoplastics to treat dementia due to AD and dementia. We briefly touch upon the shared pathological mechanism between AD and cancer and drug repurposing strategies, with a focus on artificial intelligence. Next, we bring out the current status of research on the development of drugs, provide supporting evidence from retrospective, clinical, and preclinical studies on antineoplastic use, and bring in new areas, such as repurposing drugs for the prion‐like spreading of pathologies in treating AD.
Low‐sidelobe orbital angular momentum beam for donut‐shaped amplitude‐and‐phase metasurface based on Bayliss synthesis method
Authors: Wang Jing , Ding Haibing , Cai Yang , Song Wenke , Li Sen , Luo Yuanzhe , Xue Qianzhong
Published: March 2024

In this letter, a method for generating low‐sidelobe orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam is presented using a donut‐shaped amplitude and phase metasurface (DS‐APM). Building upon conventional phase‐only metasurface, the Bayliss synthesis method is employed to adjust the amplitude distribution on the metasurface. Thereby, the amplitude and phase metasurface (APM) can reduce the sidelobe level of the OAM beam. Subsequently, considering the Nyquist conditions and momentum constraints, a hollow modification is implemented on the APM array aperture center. The adjustment of the hollow dimension renders the DS‐APM compatible with the corresponding OAM beam mode number. Furthermore, a modified I‐shaped element is proposed, which enables independent modulation of the amplitude and phase of reflected cross‐polarized waves. Utilizing the proposed elements, a DS‐APM applied to generate a second‐order OAM beam operating at 15 GHz was designed, fabricated, and measured. The measurement results align with the full‐wave simulations, thereby validating the rationality of the proposed method.