bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sorcery accusations unleashed: the Lele revisited, 1987
Authors: Douglas Mary
Published: April 2006

The case described—an anti-witchcraft movement headed by two Catholic priests—occurred among the Lele of the Kasai (then in Zaire) in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The information was received during a brief visit in 1987. This small, local case of rage against sorcery is set in a broader context. Some nations support institutions whose express purpose is to detect, disable and punish occult evildoers, such as sorcerers, and demons. Western theology is not currently attuned to answering the questions that plague Africans about the causes of evil in the world, the causes of illness and death, questions which their pagan traditions answer all too plausibly in terms of sorcery. Some Christian denominations have defined their doctrine concerning demons in a way that accommodates local sorcery beliefs. Where the subject is barely mentionable African Christians are unable to contribute to the developing moral philosophy of the Christian Church. The novitiate training for the Catholic African clergy can give no special guidance in dealing with pastoral problems to which the pagan religion had ready answers.
‘Unity for Development’ youth associations in north-western Ghana
Authors: Lentz Carola
Published: April 2006

Since the mid-1970s numerous ‘youth and development associations’, with membership based on origin in a particular territory or on ethnic affiliation, have been founded in northern Ghana. Although they have become significant actors in various political arenas, there has as yet been no research interest—a gap which this article seeks to fill by examining the associations' history, self-image, internal organisation and political as well as cultural dynamic. Taking the example of the north-west, some of the problems typically confronting the youth associations are discussed in detail, for instance the conflicts in creating and delimiting the community whose interests the association seeks to represent to the outside world (territorial versus ethnic boundaries), and the problems of defining the concept of membership (automatic versus voluntary), which reflect the tensions between community and organisation, the grass roots and the educated elite. Because these problems could threaten the very survival of the associations they use up a considerable proportion of their energies in becoming an ‘identity’ movement, transforming a heterogeneous population group into a self-aware community. The discourses, symbols and rituals connected with this level of action of the youth associations are analysed in the last section of the article.
The hearthhold in pastoral Fulbe society, central Mali: social relations, milk and drought
Authors: de Bruijn Mirjam
Published: April 2006

In pastoral Fulbe society in central Mali women had and in some degree still have an important social and economic role, concentrated on a milk economy organised through a special female-headed, women-centred unit called by the Fulbe fayannde, or ‘hearthhold’. In a society of semi-nomadic pastoralists who live most of the year in small social units, social relations and networks are very important, perhaps even crucial to the success of their main survival strategy, which is transhumant cattle-keeping. In the literature on the Fulbe this social unit has received relatively little attention. An analysis from the perspective of the ‘hearthhold’ sheds new light on property and gender relations in Fulbe society in general.

Drought has had an enormous impact on the situation of the Jallube studied in this article. Economic change—a switch to agriculture and production for the market—has brought about a shift of focus for the men. Economically, milk is no longer essential for them, and hence the fayannde loses its importance; socially, too, the role of the fayannde, as symbolised by milk, is changing. For women the erosion of the fayannde is serious: an analysis of marriage gifts shows how important the fayannde is not only to the social organisation of the Jallube but also to their economic viability. In times of stress this importance may be greater for women than for men. The decline of the fayannde may lead to a transformation of gender relations, the marriage ceremony and women's social security—changes that the return of the rains or the re-establishment of herds may not reverse.
African history and imperial culture in colonial Nigerian schools
Authors: Zachernuk P. S.
Published: April 2006

Evaluations of colonial education policy tend to treat it as a tool for applying imperial ideology, which—among other things—denied the Africans their past. This study of the debate about history education in southern Nigeria in the 1930s suggests the need to re-evaluate this assessment. While some imperial pronouncements did deny African history, colonial administration also required historical knowledge. Further, many colonial educators thought it proper to provide African students with a sense of their past appropriate to colonial subjects. A few went much further, to actively promote pride in African history. In this ambivalent context African schoolteachers and graduates got on with the task of describing their past, often using colonial educational media, constrained but not silenced by their colonial situation. Recognising the fertile ambivalence of this aspect of imperial culture opens new and more fruitful approaches to colonial intellectual history in general.
Making a profit, making a living: commercial food farming and urban hinterlands in north-west Nigeria
Authors: Swindell K. , Iliya M. A. , Mamman A. B.
Published: April 2006

The article explores the nature and development of commercial food farming during the 1990s around Sokoto, and its reliance on a floating labour force, something which is not unique to that city but is part of Nigeria's nationwide farming boom, focused on urban and regional markets. The evidence collected from the Sokoto hinterland suggests a new buoyancy in commercial agriculture and an inflow of investment, as under the present economic and political conditions the elites and managerial classes have moved into farming as private and state contracting has proved less rewarding. Large-scale grain and fadama farming and food trading have a long history, but now they are embedded in new analytical categories which indicate a strengthening of capitalist relations of production, and there are signs that a wide spectrum of interests believe capital accumulation can be achieved in the agricultural sector. There are big profits in food fanning provided the farmer has sufficient capital to invest and can meet recurrent labour costs. In the 1990s medium-size farms, especially on irrigated lowland represent a significant shift towards capitalist agriculture, at least in the short term. The introduction of motorised pumps via the World Bank's Agricultural Development Projects marks a substantial innovation in irrigated farming, which also has a long history and has yielded food surpluses traded over a wide area. It is plain that the farmers who have benefited most from partial mechanisation and the surge in food prices are the better-off small commodity producers in the villages, often linked by descent or clientage with traditional rulers and/or politicians, together with the new urban managerial classes.
Bigger than men? Gender relations and their changing meaning in Kipsigis society, Kenya
Authors: von Bülow Dorthe
Published: April 2006

This article examines why Kipsigis women today appear strong and determined although colonisation and commoditisation have led to an increase in their subordination. Inspired by studies that link cultural ideas about gender with actual social relations, I investigate how Kipsigis ideas about female and male interact with production relations. I argue that gender relations and meanings attributed to gender have altered radically during this century, and that changed economic and political circumstances have led to new struggles over the meaning and interpretation of gender ideologies. The article demonstrates how Kipsigis women manage to negotiate control over household resources by referring to and manipulating customary ideas about status and rights within the house property complex practised in pre-colonial society.
Women's organisations among the Kipsigis: change, variety and different participation
Authors: Sørensen Anne
Published: April 2006

The article argues that the great economic transformations which have occurred in Kipsigis society, particularly since the turn of this century, have fundamentally changed the ties women establish among themselves at the local level, outside the close family and the household. The ways in which women live and work together, as wives and mothers, have changed in a way which seriously undermines the collective sanctions of female solidarity across households. In this process of change women's indigenous ways of associating have developed other forms and new women's organisations have emerged with governmental and other ‘outside’ support. The article deals primarily with changes in the co-operative efforts in which Kipsigis women have traditionally engaged. Its focus is on women's neighbour-hood-level work groups, but it also examines other and more recent local-level groups and organisations that deal with different aspects of women's lives.
Elections and political legitimacy in Kenya
Authors: Throup David
Published: April 2006

Though it began independence as a deeply divided society after the trauma of Mau Mau, Kenya maintained one of the open political systems in Africa despite its formal one-party status. National elections provided a device by means of which new blood could be incorporated into the regime. More recently growing economic difficulties and the insecurity of President Moi have greatly intensified authoritarian tendencies. Elections have increasingly been rigged in order to sustain Moi's narrow power base. As elsewhere in Africa the regime gave in to the demands for multi-party politics but the first such elections produced a highly fragmented political scene.
Issues Facing the Resource Teacher
Authors: McLoughlin James A. , Kelly Dorothy
Published: April 2006

A survey of resource teachers identified priority problems and concerns in the following order: policy and procedures, attitude, time, materials, and instructional skills. Type of class taught (LD or EMH), teaching level, teaching experience, and teaching background influenced how teachers perceived certain problems. These professionals overwhelmingly pointed to the school district as the most likely agency to help them solve the noted problems. Implications for policy examination, resource allocation, and inservice training are discussed.
Beyond Illiterate, What Can You Say?
Authors: McGill-Franzen Anne
Published: April 2006

This article demonstrates how one might go beyond mechanical errors to describe, measure, and evaluate student writing as communication. Several evaluation procedures were applied to a brief writing protocol submitted by an adolescent learning disabled student. Application of T-unit analysis and primary-trait scoring procedures, and the identification of linguistic cues to intellectual processes all revealed that the student was reasonably mature in the communication of his ideas, although the writing sample was obviously deficient in spelling, capitalization, and punctuation. It was suggested that knowledge of what students can do and adequately describing their competence are the first steps in planning a remedial writing program.
War in the Southwest, War in the World
Authors: Lekson Stephen H.
Published: April 2006

The study of warfare in the ancient Pueblos of the U.S. Southwest has become politicized and contentious, and southwestern data are only rarely used to address larger anthropological theories of war. A cross-cultural model of violence proposed by Carol and Melvin Ember (1992) suggests that war in pre-state societies is predicted by resource unpredictability and socialization for fear. The Ember and Ember model is evaluated using syntheses of southwestern warfare by Steven LeBlanc (1999), environmental variability by Jeffrey Dean (1988, 1996), and political history by Stephen Lekson (1999). The fit between the southwestern data and the model is close, and supports the Ember and Ember model.
Gender and the Early Cultivation of Gourds in Eastern North America
Authors: Fritz Gayle J.
Published: April 2006

Discovery and AMS dating of mid-Holocene Cucurbita pepo fragments from central Maine and north-central Pennsylvania necessitate the reevaluation of the status of the earliest gourds in noncoastal areas of the Eastern Woodlands and the role of women in their cultivation. Gourds may have been spread initially in conjunction with improvements in fishing techniques, with small gourds used primarily as net floats. In this scenario, people passed temperate, Eastern (ovifera-type) gourds northward from the coastal plains of the Southeast into river valleys of the Midwest and Northeast as fishing became more significant in Archaic subsistence systems. The growing of gourds was fully compatible with a fisher-gatherer-hunter lifeway, and it did not necessarily trigger a transition to farming. Women may have grown gourds, but the possible role of women in fishing activities is more ambiguous than is their role in gathering and eventually domesticating the food plants of the Eastern North American agricultural complex.
Interpreting Variability in Thule Inuit Architecture: A Case Study from the Canadian High Arctic
Authors: Dawson Peter C.
Published: April 2006

The semisubterranean whale-bone house is one of the most recognizable aspects of Thule Inuit culture. Following their arrival in the Canadian Arctic approximately 1,000 years ago, Thule peoples built these impressive and often enigmatic dwellings for occupation during the long winter months. Variability in the architectural properties of semisubterranean house forms has traditionally been used by archaeologists to infer cultural and historical relationships between regions, and establish seasonal and/or functional distinctions in usage. An analysis of 31 semisubterranean houses from two Thule winter village sites in the Canadian High Arctic using multivariate statistics and computer-aided drafting reveals a range of architectural variability that may represent attempts by Thule builders to accommodate 1) fluctuations in the availability of key building materials, 2) differences in household mobility, or 3) whaling-related social differentiation between households. These results have important implications for understanding the relationships among house form, environment, and culture in Thule Inuit society.
Capta and Data: On the True Nature of Archaeological Information
Authors: Chippindale Christopher
Published: April 2006

Is the customary word "data" a good name for archaeological records and facts? "Data" means the things that are "given," but archaeological observations and facts are never given at all. Rather, they are captured by the researcher, who seeks to grasp from the material record the essentials of some complex and little-known phenomenon, often remote in time and usually ambiguous in material expression. We should prefer to use the better word "capta," the things that have been captured, and to realize that this word captures the essence of what we do.
Chronometers and Units in Early Archaeology and Paleontology
Authors: Lyman R. Lee , O'Brien Michael J.
Published: April 2006

Early in the nineteenth century, geologist Charles Lyell reasoned that successively older faunas would contain progressively more extinct species and younger faunas relatively more extant species. The present, with one-hundred percent extant species, was the chronological anchor. In archaeology a similar notion underpins the direct historical approach: Successively older cultures will contain progressively fewer of the cultural traits found in extant cultures and relatively more prehistoric traits. As in Lyell’s scheme, the chronological anchor is the present. When A. L. Kroeber invented frequency seriation in the second decade of the twentieth century, he retained the present as a chronological anchor but reasoned that the oldest cultural manifestation would contain the highest percentage of a variant, or what came to be known as a "style," of an ancient trait, and successively younger cultural manifestations would have progressively lower percentages of that variant. The principle of overlapping permitted building sequences of fossils and artifacts, but differences in the units that allowed the chronometers to be operationalized reveal significant epistemological variation in how historical research is undertaken. This variation should be of considerable interest to paleobiologists and archaeologists alike, especially given recent archaeological interest in creating and explaining historical lineages of artifacts.
A Mass Secondary Burial from Northern Arizona
Authors: Olson Alan P.
Published: April 2006

A secondary burial of at least 30 individuals was excavated on Polacca Wash south of the Hopi Reservation in Arizona. This burial does not match either the prehistoric or contemporary Hopi pattern and cannot be duplicated in the recorded habits of surrounding tribes. Slight evidence favors a prehistoric placement. The formal arrangement of the burial, with skulls around the periphery and the remainder of the bones within the outline, suggests a magico-religious rite.
The Small Side-Notched Point System
of the Northern Plains
Authors: Kehoe Thomas F.
Published: April 2006

Three point types, and the several varieties of each, make up the Small Side-notched Point System of the northern Plains. The earliest type is the Avonlea, appearing with large-scale communal bison hunting in the northern Plains early in the Christian era. The Avonlea type is replaced after ca. A.D. 700 by the Prairie Sidenotched type, which may have been derived from the Middle Woodland Besant points that were contemporary with Avonlea. The final northern Plains type of point is the Plains Side-notched, present from ca. A.D. 1300 to the historic period. It is suggested that the Avonlea point may have been brought by Athabascans, the Prairie Sidenotched may have been an Algonkian type, and the Plains Side-notched may have been of Mississippian derivation.
Obsidian Dates from Temesco, Valley of Mexico
Authors: Dixon Keith A.
Published: April 2006

This paper reports a series of obsidian hydration dates from Temesco, a small Terminal Late Preclassic ceremonial site in the Valley of Mexico. Temesco is located in the Texcoco Plains, an area which may have played a key role in the emergence of the elaborate Classic Period Teotihuacan civilization. Analysis of ceramics and cross-dating with radiocarbon dates from Cuicuilco suggest that Temesco was a short-span site of the first century B.C. Confidence in this conclusion is reinforced by obsidian dates as an independent line of evidence giving approximately the same result.
The Ascendance of Hunting during the California Middle Archaic: An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Hildebrandt William R. , McGuire Kelly R.
Published: April 2006

Against a backdrop of sustained resource intensification and population increases that began at the end of the middle Holocene in California and continued until at least 1000 B.P., there is a variety of archaeological evidence indicating that hunting of highly ranked large mammals actually increased during this time. This trend runs counter to general expectations set forth by optimal-foraging and diet-breadth models, and suggests that the role of big-game procurement by logistically organized male hunting parties had important social—indeed evolutionary—implications apart from its contributions to simple group provisioning. At the core of this argument is the notion that there can be Darwinian fitness benefits for males in pursuing certain types of highly prized resources, at the expense of regular and dependable provisioning of one's family. We contend that the evolutionary legacy surrounding big-game hunting is fundamental to the understanding not only of its paradoxical energetics, but also of the general elaboration of cultural systems, including the rise of certain spectacular technological and artistic traditions that characterize the California Middle Archaic period.
Response to Schillaci and Stojanowski
Authors: Peregrine Peter N. , Ember Melvin
Published: April 2006

Schillaci and Stojanowski employ an improper coding procedure in their reanalysis of Peregrine's (2001) finding that Chacoan societies practiced matrilocal residence, making their conclusions erroneous. Their finding that at least some apparent Chacoan descendants practice bilocal residence does not force a reassessment of matrilocality in the Chacoan world and, in fact, has been explained as the product of postcontact change.
On the Vanpools' “Scientific” Postprocessualism
Authors: Arnold III Philip J. , Wilkens Brian S.
Published: April 2006

Recently, VanPool and VanPool (1999) propose that postprocessual archaeology can be construed as a scientific practice if archaeologists would simply adopt a ,realistic view- of science. We argue that this ,realistic view- actually misrepresents science and we question the VanPools' attempt to reduce the dynamic practice of science to a series of static traits. We also affirm the incompatibility of the respective confirmation strategies employed by the postprocessual and processual programs.
A Kokopelli Effigy Pitcher from Northwestern New Mexico
Authors: Lambert Marjorie F.
Published: April 2006

Since effigy vessel forms and anthropomorphic and/or realistic designs on pottery are rare in the prehistoric northern Anasazi area, the Gallup Black-on-white vessel herein reported is extraordinary in that it combines a large so-called bird-form pitcher with both modeled and painted characteristics of Kokopelli, the Humpbacked Flute Player. The vessel, dating ca. A.D. 1000-1150, came from an unnamed Pueblo III site, southwest of the Chaco Canyon, near the McKinley-Sandoval County line, northwestern New Mexico.
Southwestern Photographic Records
Authors: Judd Neil M.
Published: April 2006

A listing of archive locations for photographs of early work in the Southwest is given below.
Rockshelters and Hunter-Gatherer Adaptation to the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition
Authors: Walthall John A.
Published: April 2006

A major focus of archaeological field investigations over the past four decades in eastern North America has been the excavation of rockshelters. Many of the Southern highland rockshelters investigated during this period yielded evidence of initial occupations by Dalton horizon (10,500 to 10,000 B.P.) hunter-gatherers. Data concerning the Dalton components from a sample of 45 of these shelters are reviewed and discussed in order to identify variability in site functions and to address the question, Why were Dalton peoples the first North American hunter-gatherers to systematically inhabit rockshelters? Factors such as shifts in hunting patterns and mobility strategies appear to have been central to this development in early Holocene landscape utilization.
A Cobble with Pecked Designs from Virginia
Authors: MacCord Howard A.
Published: April 2006

A quartzite cobble, excavated from a Late Prehistoric site on the Roanoke River, bears pecked designs on its two flat faces. These designs are circles with radiating grooves that extend to the edges of the stone. Information is requested on similar stones found elsewhere.
Blood Residues on Fluted Points from Eastern Beringia
Authors: Loy Thomas H. , Dixon E. James
Published: April 2006

Blood residues have been microscopically and chemically detected on fluted projectile points from eastern Beringia. From these residues a variety of large mammal species, including mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), have been identified using biochemical and molecular-biological methods. This is the first time a direct association has been made between the use of fluted projectile points and human predation of extinct fauna and other large Pleistocene mammals in arctic and subarctic North America. This suggests the northern fluted-point assemblages are part of the Paleoindian big-game hunting tradition that was widespread in North America at the close of the Pleistocene.
The Folsom (Paleoindian) Type Site: Past Investigations, Current Studies
Authors: Meltzer David J. , Todd Lawrence C. , Holliday Vance T.
Published: April 2006

Research on the Folsom Paleoindian type site, involving renewed field investigations and an analysis of extant collections from the 1920s excavations, was undertaken between 1997 and 2000. The preliminary results of that research show that all excavations to date have been in the kill area, which took place in a small and relatively shallow tributary to the Pleistocene paleovalley of Wild Horse Arroyo as well as in the paleovalley itself. Preliminary butchering of ∼32 Bison antiquus took place near where the animals were dropped. The kill area is dominated by low-utility bone elements and broken projectile points; high-utility bones and tools for processing meat and hides are rare or absent, and either occur in another, as-yet undiscovered area of the site, or altogether off-site. Faunal remains are generally in excellent condition. Those in the tributary are mostly in primary context, and underwent rapid burial beneath fine-grained (dominantly aeolian) sediments, which in turn were subsequently armored by a shingle shale; those in the paleovalley experienced postdepositional transport and redeposition. The small lithic assemblage is dominated by projectile points and comprised of material mostly from two sources in the Texas panhandle, several hundred kilometers southeast of the site. It also includes stone obtained from sources at comparable distances north and northwest of the site. A series of radiocarbon ages is available for the stratigraphic units, nearly all from charcoal of non-cultural origins; radiocarbon dates on bison bone put the age of the kill at 10,500 B.P.
Maya Sun Calendar Dictum Disproved
Authors: Merrill Robert H.
Published: April 2006

For an observer within the “tropics,” the day-count for a sun calendar is easily determined to the nearest day on four occasions: on the two equinox days, which are the same for all cities, and on the two zenith passages of the sun, which depend upon the observer's latitude. Sunset observations alone, contrary to a tacitly accepted dictum, determine the precise day of equinox, and the average 365¼-day length of the “tropical year,” if the record is continued over several years.
Stone Images in Southern Colorado
Authors: Dondelinger N. W. , Tatum R. M.
Published: April 2006

Despite the familiar abundance of archaeological material in the Southwestern region of the United States, there is a notable paucity of anthropomorphic images of stone. The most significant of such figures which have come to the attention of the archaeologist are those unearthed by Alfred V. Kidder, at the Pecos ruins in New Mexico. Inasmuch as no previous reports of stone images in southern Colorado have come to our attention, the purpose of the present article is to direct attention to the presence of effigies in this state.

In view of the fact that images have been found in New Mexico, it seems plausible that similar objects should exist in southern Colorado. In the course of a survey of the region we have found many indications of an influx of Southwestern culture. Pottery, basketry, and stone artifacts which bear a strong resemblance to those of more southerly tribes have been noted.
Diagonal Flaking from Kotzebue, Alaska
Authors: Giddings J. L.
Published: April 2006

The illustrated blade fragment (Fig. 22) turned up in a purchased lot of archaeological specimens at Kotzebue, in 1941. It appears to be the tip of a long, thin blade broken clean near the middle. It is diagonally flaked from translucent, smoky chalcedony, a material which shows up occasionally in sites of the Kobuk River region. The Yumalike flaking, in some cases all the way across the blade leaving each face rounded rather than longitudinally ridged, is not, however, reported from other sites in Alaska.

This object was offered for sale along with various artifacts of types common in our excavations. The Eskimo to whom they belonged said they had been all collected and saved for some time by members of his family.
Conjectures on the Independent Development of the Mogollon Culture
Authors: Rinaldo John
Published: April 2006

In recent years, questions and arguments about the Mogollon culture have grown hotter. Southwestern archaeologists have split into two camps, one pro- and the other anti-Mogollon. The main argument seems to be whether or not the Mogollon culture was ever a separate entity with a development distinct from the Hohokam and Anasazi cultures, and, if the Mogollon was a separate entity, should it be granted the same independent taxonomic status as the Hohokam and Anasazi?

Much work remains to be done in the Mogollon culture and one can not make too many dogmatic statements. But in this article, I propose to set forth some conjectures which will at least use the available data and which may clarify the situation somewhat.

Much of the discussion about the separateness of the Mogollon has hinged on the problem of dating the earliest known phases of this culture, namely, the San Francisco, the Georgetown, and pre-Georgetown.
Examples of Phonetic Construction in Maya Hieroglyphs
Authors: Cordy N.
Published: April 2006

Early attempts at the decipherment of Maya hieroglyphs by using the phonetic approach were ill-advised, and as a consequence the phonetic theory was generally discredited. However, in view of the fact that the nonmathematical glyphic texts are largely unread, the general reaction to the total ideographic point of view was unjustified. Because we cannot read these texts and know little of the origin of the various signs, any statement of the proportion of ideographs to the total number of signs would appear premature.
The Ceramic Sequence in the Etowah Drainage, Northwest Georgia
Authors: Wauchope Robert
Published: April 2006

Pottery obtained during 1938–40 in northwest Georgia establishes a ceramic sequence which I shall preview here, since the war delayed even a preliminary analysis of this material for so many years and the final publication will be a long time in preparation.

I am grateful to the University of Georgia and the State Department of Natural Resources, sponsors of the WPA survey which obtained the materials discussed here, for permission to present this preliminary report on the ceramics of the Etowah Drainage. I am also indebted to the Tulane University Council on Research for a grant which enabled Mrs. Wauchope and me to study the pottery in Georgia during the summer of 1946, and to Dr. Arthur R. Kelly, Ocmulgee National Monument, for many official and personal courtesies extended to us during our stay in Macon.

I shall employ the designations for archaeological stages used by Ford and Willey in An Interpretation of the Prehistory of the Eastern United States, since these make it unnecessary to refer frequently to many different individual components in chronologically related areas.
Culture Sequence in the Manatee Region of West Florida
Authors: Willey Gordon R.
Published: April 2006

This paper presents data for the reconstruction of a culture sequence in the section of western peninsular Florida that has bf en referred to as the Manatee region (Goggin, 1947, p. 118). These data have been drawn from the analyses of a group of archaeological sites excavated under the direction of the Bureau of American Ethnology during the peri od of 1923 to 1936.1 A full presentation of this material is planned for a forthcoming report (Willey, N.D. a). For the present, this preliminary summary is offered as a companion resume to previously published reviews of archaeological chronology in northwest Florida (see Willey and Woodbury, 1942, and Willey, 1945).
Preservation of the Kuaua Mural Paintings
Authors: Bliss Wesley L.
Published: April 2006

Because of the interest in the mural paintings from Kuaua pueblo, it is felt advisable to present a complete report on the field and laboratory processing of these. Although two articles were published in El Palacio in 1935 and 1936 on the removing and processing of the murals, the detailed procedure has not been published as a unit in a scientific report. The processing of the Kuaua murals had no precedent to follow. As it is possible that similar finds will occur in future excavations, the processes developed for coping with the problem at Kuaua may be of aid. These processes may be varied to meet conditions involving other types of paintings.

The Kuaua ruins, now known as the Coronado State Monument, are situated on the western side of the Rio Grande two air miles northwest of the business section of Bernalillo, New Mexico. They lie in the Tiguex province of the central Rio Grande.
A Sub-Pottery Deposit at Copan, Honduras
Authors: Longyear III John M.
Published: April 2006

During the spring of 1946, a deep stratigraphic trench was excavated at Copan, Honduras by the Carnegie Institution expedition. This trench, dug about 200 m. south of the Acropolis and just west of the old Copan River channel, revealed a complete sequence of the site's ceramic activity, this extending back well into the Archaic period. To make certain that no earlier deposits lay nearby, I made a survey of the old river bank in the general vicinity. The spot finally selected for investigation lay only a few yards south of the eastern end of the stratigraphic trench. Here the river had cut through a low mound and had exposed, underneath, a considerable depth of refuse deposit. The lower half of the river bank was obscured by a clay and dirt talus fallen from above, and so a vertical section, about 5 m. wide, was cut into the bank.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Flood Plain of the Rio Grande de Térraba, Costa Rica
Authors: Stone Doris
Published: April 2006

The Cordillera de Talamanca, the principal mountain range in southeastern Costa Rica, is a rugged chain which overlies, in part at least, an earlier volcanic mass, and is directly connected with the Chiriqui range of western Panama. The Pacific Ocean is, as the crow flies, a comparatively short distance from the Talamancan peaks. From the Rio Savegre in the southwest to the Rio Chiriqui Viejo in Panama runs a smaller parallel chain, known as the Pacific coastal range.
Un Collar Precolombiano de Sodalita en Colombia
Authors: Alba Gregorio Hernandez de
Published: April 2006

Durante la Misión arqueológica que en 1936 me fué confiada por el Ministerio d: Educación Nacional, para hacer investigaciones sobre los recientes hallazgos de Tierradentro, hube de recoger en el Municipio de Inzá, Departamento del Cauca, trece cuentas de collar procedentes de una sepultura precolombina (PI. IX, a). Desde la primera observatión llamóme positivamente la atención el material de las cuentas que lo forman, una roca semi-transparente, de tonalidades violáceas y azulosas, poco consistente, de quebradura cristalina irregular y presentando filamentos alargados.
An Inexpensive Method of Recovering Skeletal Material for Museum Display
Authors: Bentzen Conrad B.
Published: April 2006

The recovery of skeletal material for museum display quite often presents an engineering problem that is not appreciated by the archaeologist until after damage has been done. In too many cases, the archaeologist upon finding such a burial will immediately attempt to remove it, using whatever equipment happens to be at hand, without considering the cohesive properties of the matrix in which the skeleton lies or the stresses that the method about to be applied will exert. No matter how hard or solid the matrix may seem, its tensile strength will almost certainly be extremely low. Consequently, in under cutting any part, provisions must be made for its support. The method about to be described provides for this support and at the same time requires only a small amount of equipment usually obtainable at very little cost.
On the Catlin Mark
Authors: Moore Sherwood
Published: April 2006

In this journal (Vol. X, No. 14, pp. 348–52, April, 1945), William H. Goldsmith contributes an article entitled “Trepanation and the Catlin Mark,” in which he confuses these openings. The trephining operation of prehistoric people and the anomalous openings in the vault of the skull, such as the Catlin Mark, differ widely both in location and nature.
An Analysis of Iroquoian Ceramic Types
Authors: Bailey John H.
Published: April 2006

The many Iroquoian village and camp sites scattered throughout New York, Pennsylvania, New England, and Ontario, have produced innumerable pottery fragments but relatively few perfect vessels. Many sherds come from the village refuse dumps, for the Iroquois were a cleanly people, and it is only after the advent of the historic period that we find pottery jars and other goods in the graves. Our problem deals with this mass of fragmentary and intact pottery.
Archaeology and the Reconstruction of History
Authors: Colton Harold S.
Published: April 2006

The principal aim of archaeology is the reconstruction of history. How archaeology plays this part is usually not very clearly thought out, although Rouse has made a good attempt. In the reconstruction of history, we deal with human social units. These social units are composed of animals which reproduce their kind, inherit biological traits, mutate, evolve, take in food, give off waste products, react to their environment, die, and, in so doing, behave fundamentally like other animals. Moreover, the animals have a language, form part of a social pattern, have ideas of the supernatural and what we can call religion, and can manufacture certain objects in a certain way. These animals are grouped into families composed of mother, father, and children. They are further grouped into extended families, sibs, or clans made up of real or fancied relatives. A number of extended families under the leadership of one man or a group of men forms a political group.
Pictographs from Tramping Lake, Manitoba
Authors: Stanton M. S.
Published: April 2006

In presenting the accompanying sketches and observations, it must be stated that they were taken from a layman's viewpoint, and some significant details may have been omitted in one or two instances. Data were not collected with the thought of scientific publication, but since it is believed there has been no previous recording of Indian pictographs from a locality as far north in Manitoba as the occurrence here described, the following brief observations are presented at the suggestion of Dr. Douglas Leechman of the National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.

The pictographs occur on the west side of the north arm of Tramping Lake, Manitoba (Fig. 36). They are about one mile north of the wide part of Tramping Lake, at approximately 54°43’ N. latitude and 100°05′ W. longitude. Tramping Lake lies between Wekusko (Herb) Lake on the east and Reed Lake on the west and is a portion of the Grass River system, one of the early canoe routes of the area. Peter Pond has referred to this canoe route on his map, dated 1785, as the “middle road to Hudson's Bay.“
Mescal Knives from Southern Nevada
Authors: Baldwin Gordon C.
Published: April 2006

A number of mescal knives have been found throughout the southwestern United States, but very few of these have been adequately described in print. As the use or non use of this distinctive type of implement may in the future be of aid in establishing cultural affiliations and migrations of peoples, a brief description of two of these unusual pieces is presented below.

The first of these mescal knives came from a small cave, or rock shelter, located about three and one-half miles southeast of the former town of St. Thomas, Nevada, at the foot of Bitter Spring Wash, where the latter enters the Virgin River. This site is now forever covered beneath the waters of Lake Mead, backed up behind Boulder Dam. The cave was excavated in 1936 by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees under the direction of Junior Foreman Fay Perkins and under the supervision of the National Park Service.
To Facilitate Cooperation in the Identification of Mammal Bones from Archaeological Sites
Authors: Gilmore Raymond M.
Published: April 2006

I have just completed the examination of about 20,000 fragments of mammal bones comprising seven archaeological collections. One collection contained 13,293 fragments, another, 2745 and a third, 2109. The localities represented ranged from Coahuila, Mexico, to western Pennsylvania, and the greater part of six months was required to make the identifications.

Such work, involving great numbers of specimens from many localities and a wide variety of local habitats, constitutes a problem for both the zoologist and the archaeologist. It is also a special problem for institutions which consent to identify such collections. To facilitate cooperation in such identifications, I offer the following suggestions to the archaeologist.
The Manitunik Eskimo Culture of East Hudson's Bay
Authors: Quimby George I.
Published: April 2006

Archaeologically, the east coast of Hudson's Bay is an unexplored area. There never has been scientific excavation undertaken in this region, although the Eskimo inhabitants have been plundering the “Tunit” graves and old tent sites for many years. However, some archaeological information based upon collections from the Belcher Islands and Port Harrison, is available. In 1921-24 Dr. Knud Rasmussen and Dr. Therkel Mathiassen obtained, collections from the Belcher Islands and Port Harrison for the Fifth Thule Expedition. Mr. J. Kenneth Doutt of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, secured additional artifacts from the Belcher Islands in 1938, which have been described and analyzed by Dr. Diamond Jenness. In the summer of 1939, the writer secured archaeological materials from Eskimos on Tukarak and Inetelling Islands in the Belcher Group.

Although all of the artifacts from the east Hudson's Bay region have been excavated by Eskimos, the reasonably specific provenience, and lack of other data lend some scientific value to these collections.
Yokes or Ball Game Belts?
Authors: Thompson J. Eric S.
Published: April 2006

The peculiar U-shaped stones called yokes, found in large quantities in the State of Veracruz, and adjacent parts of Mexico, and in smaller numbers and of less sumptuous quality through the Central American highlands, have long been the subject of much discussion. It has been claimed that on Pipil (Mexican) sculptures at Santa Lucia Cozumahualpa, on the Pacific slope of Guatemala, individuals, all of whom raise one hand or gaze up at a deity who looks down from the sky, actually wear yokes around their waists. A typical representation of one of these individuals is shown in Fig. 33 a. Dr. S. K. Lothrop considered that there could be no doubt that the pottery vessel from the neighborhood of El Quiche, Guatemala, shown in Fig. 33 b, actually represented a person wearing a stone yoke around his waist, and thereby was strengthened in his belief that the Santa Lucia Cozumahualpa figures are actually portrayed as wearing stone yokes.
“Eccentric” Flints of Oklahoma
Authors: Clements Forrest E. , Reed Alfred
Published: April 2006

During the past two years the attention of archaeologists and collectors has been directed toward peculiar types of chipped stone objects purportedly found in Delaware County, Oklahoma. Professional opinion is divided as to the authenticity of these specimens and various stories about them are in circulation. Although the specimens exhibit a large variety of shapes, the general pattern and type of workmanship recalls the so-called “eccentric flints” of British Honduras and Guatemala. For these reasons, it is felt that the facts so far as they are known should be presented.
Culture Dynamics in Eastern Massachusetts
Authors: Bullen Ripley P.
Published: April 2006

Sufficient work has been done in eastern Massachusetts to permit the formulation of working hypotheses regarding temporal changes in certain traits of the material culture of the aborigines. While the present data seem to show reliable trends, modifications in interpretation will undoubtedly be necessary upon additional excavation.

The chronological framework of the scheme presented here has been built on the basis of variations in shape of the projectile points found in various stratigraphic zones in the ground. Although the number of specimens from any one zone of a site is small, repetition of the phenomena is significant. Larger artifacts have been used when available to supplement and check the chronology based upon projectile points. Unfortunately, such major artifacts are extremely rare. Pottery has been correlated with projectile points by formulating ceramic periods. The author alone is responsible for classification of specimens and for any conclusions and suggestions presented.
A Proposed Nomenclature for Oklahoma Archaeology
Authors: Antle H. R.
Published: April 2006

During the past few years, two attempts at usable methods of classification of archaeological cultures have been made. One is by Harold S. Gladwin, of Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona; the other was worked out by a group of students at the instigation of W. C. McKern, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The present paper does not propose a different form of classification, but is a suggestion for applying the McKern system to local (Oklahoma) conditions.
The Dry Prong Site, East Central Arizona
Authors: Olson Alan P.
Published: April 2006

A series of large structures termed great kivas has been excavated at Point of Pines, Arizona. To add to the sequence of these kivas a site was excavated in 1959 on one of the upper tributaries of Eagle Creek, 16 miles northeast of Point of Pines. The site complex included a great kiva and five attached rooms, a U-shaped masonry pueblo, scattered storage units, trash deposits, a reservoir, and agricultural terraces. The kiva was rectangular with an encircling bench, a stepped entrance, two possible floor resonators, and a post pattern suggesting a polygonal roof support. The ceramic content of the site places it late in the Reserve phase which is dated from A.D. 1000 to 1150.

This particular kiva type appeared during late Three Circle phase and had a distribution centered in the upper San Francisco and Blue River valleys. The antecedents for the structure seem to lie in the general Mogollon great kiva tradition. The surrounding areas were examined for possible contributions to the complex; ceramic evidence of contact was present but no definite source for the introduction was found. The presence of a number of Anasazi traits plus the direction of Reserve phase cultural change suggests a northern source for this kiva form.
Waterfall Cave, Southern Chihuahua, Mexico
Authors: Ascher Robert , Clune Francis J.
Published: April 2006

This cave in the Sierra Madre Occidental was excavated to obtain information from a little-known region which might help clarify problems of Mexican-Southwestern contacts. The excavation produced ten burials with associated mats and blankets, only a few artifacts, and both cultivated and gathered plant remains. Stylistic elements of Mogollon and Casas Grandes pottery and the cultivated plants suggest a beginning date of A.D. 1000; the lack of European artifacts, a terminal date of 1600. The death complex is interpreted by analogy with modern Tarahumara practices. The use of the cave is described in terms of a series of events and episodal analysis is presented as a way of operationalizing the conjunctive approach.
Routes to Bering Strait
Authors: Chard Chester S.
Published: April 2006

Maximum glaciation in eastern Siberia, the final glaciation, the mountainous area, and the land area exposed by moderate lowerings of sea level are plotted on a map to illustrate that two routes from northeast Asia to northwest North America were available for human movements. The southern route along the coastal shelf may have played a more significant role in the initial settlement of the New World than did the northern route along the Arctic shore.