bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Энергетический спектр электронных центров прилипания в CuInAsS-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-
Authors: Зобов Е.М. , Моллаев А.Ю. , Сайпулаева Л.А. , Алибеков А.Г. , Мельникова Н.В.
Published: December 2016

Представлены результаты исследования энергетического спектра электронных состояний, обусловленных центрами прилипания, роль которых в CuInAsS3 играют дефекты кристаллической решетки. Результаты анализа кривых термостимулированного тока в CuInAsS3 показывают, что энергетический спектр центров прилипания локализован под дном зоны проводимости в интервале энергий EC-(0.14-0.35) eV. Исследования выполнены при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (грант N 16-02-00857).
Влияние дозы имплантации и длительности отжига на люминесцентные свойства (113) дефектов в Si, имплантированном ионами кислорода
Authors: Соболев Н.А. , Калядин А.Е. , Аруев П.Н. , Забродский В.В. , Шек Е.И. , Штельмах К.Ф. , Карабешкин К.В.
Published: December 2016

Исследованы фотолюминесцентные свойства (113) дефектов, образующихся в Si-структуре после имплантации ионов кислорода с энергией 350 keV и дозами 1.7·1013-1.7·1015 cm-2 и последующего отжига при 700oC в течение 0.5-2 h в хлорсодержащей атмосфере. Независимо от дозы имплантации и времени отжига в спектрах фотолюминесценции доминирует линия с длиной волны 1.37 mum, принадлежащая (113) дефекту. Зависимости интенсивности линии от дозы имплантации и длительности отжига характеризуются кривыми с максимумами. С ростом температуры измерения в диапазоне 64-120 K интенсивность линии монотонно уменьшается. Работа Н.А. Соболева и К.В. Карабешкина частично поддержана грантом РФФИ N 14-08-01256, а работа Е.И. Шек --- грантом РФФИ N 14-02-00152.
Структурные и оптические свойства одинарных и бинарных пленок серебра и золота
Authors: Янковский Г.М. , Комаров А.В. , Пузько Р.С. , Барышев А.В. , Афанасьев К.Н. , Богинская И.А. , Быков И.В. , Мерзликин А.М. , Родионов И.А. , Рыжиков И.А.
Published: December 2016

Проведено экспериментальное исследование структурных и оптических свойств тонких пленок серебра, золота и бинарных пленок на основе этих металлов. Для изучения свойств нанопленок исследованы спектры отражения при возбуждении поверхностных плазмонов в геометрии Кречманна и спектры эллипсометрических параметров. Спектры отражения анализировались с помощью теоретической модели для определения (эффективных) диэлектрических постоянных пленок. Вычисленные величины диэлектрических постоянных пленок отличаются от данных, полученных методом эллипсометрии. Обсуждаются особенности определения диэлектрических постоянных разными методами и характеристики изготовленных пленок, связанные с влиянием подложки. Работа выполнена при поддержке Фонда перспективных исследований (договор N 7/004/2013-2018 от 23.12.2013).
Динамика решетки и электронная структура кобальт-титановой шпинели Co-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-TiO-=SUB=-4-=/SUB=-
Authors: Просников М.А. , Молчанова А.Д. , Дубровин Р.М. , Болдырев К.Н. , Смирнов А.Н. , Давыдов В.Ю. , Балбашов А.М. , Попова М.Н. , Писарев Р.В.
Published: December 2016

Представлены результаты исследований фононных возбуждений и электронной структуры обращенной шпинели Co2TiO4, в которой ниже TC=56 K магнитоупорядоченные ионы кобальта Co2+(3d7) находятся в равном количестве в тетраэдрической и октаэдрической подрешетках. Исследовались монокристаллы с использованием оптических методов отражения и поглощения в широком спектральном интервале, рамановского рассеяния, а также метода диэлектрической спектроскопии. Изучена динамика инфракрасных и Раман-активных фононов, обнаружены особенности, связанные с наличием разупорядочения в тетраэдрических позициях. Зарегистрированные d-d-электронные переходы в области 3800 и 6300 cm-1 подтверждают координационные особенности ионов Co2+. Обнаружен рост диэлектрической проницаемости в области температур ниже 130 K. Работа выполнена при поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект N 16-12-10456).
Рентгенографические исследования реальной структуры ортобората иттрия YBO-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-
Authors: Шмытько И.М. , Ганеева Г.Р.
Published: December 2016

Проведены детальные рентгеновские исследования изменения структуры ортобората иттрия в процессе последовательных высокотемпературных изотермических отжигов исходно аморфного прекурсорного состояния. Установлено, что измеренное при комнатной температуре распределение интенсивности дифракционных рефлексов YBO3, полученных на начальных этапах кристаллизации, соответствует известной низкотемпературной фазе фатерита с симметрией пространственной группы (пр. гр.) симметрии P63/m, а после последовательности высокотемпературных отжигов оно трансформируется в распределение, известное для модификации фатерита с симметрией пр. гр. P63/mmc с теми же параметрами решетки. Полученный результат объяснен на основе учета сферичности рентгеновских волн и связан с изменением формы кристаллитов от шарообразной при низкотемпературных отжигах к гантелеобразной при высокотемпературных отжигах. В результате экспериментов, проведенных in situ при 1250oC, установлено, что исходная низкотемпературная гексагональная ячейка фатерита выше 1000oC трансформируется в моноклинную ячейку. Работа выполнена в рамках научного плана ИФТТ РАН.
Плазмонная спектроскопия анизотропного отражения света от наночастиц металла, находящихся на поверхности полупроводника
Authors: Кособукин В.А. , Коротченков А.В.
Published: December 2016

Представлена теория дифференциального анизотропного отражения света от наночастиц, обладающих плазмонами и находящихся вблизи границы раздела сред. Рассматривается модель монослоя одинаковых металлических частиц эллипсоидальной формы, заполняющих узлы прямоугольной решетки. Методом функций Грина в самосогласованном приближении квазиточечных диполей вычислены эффективные плазмонные поляризуемости наночастиц в слое. Учитывается эффект локального поля, обусловленный анизотропными дипольными плазмонами частиц слоя и диполями их изображения. Наблюдавшиеся недавно резонансные спектры анизотропного отражения света от нанокластеров индия на поверхности InAs объясняются различием частот, принадлежащих плазмонам с ортогональными поляризациями в плоскости поверхности. Показано, что различие плазмонных частот может быть связано с анизотропией формы частиц или/и структуры слоя, причем знак разности частот различен для этих двух типов анизотропии.
Резонансы накачки и высших стоксовых компонент в волоконных бриллюэновских лазерах и метод их настройки
Authors: Спирин В.В.
Published: December 2016

Представлен алгоритм настройки волоконного бриллюэновского лазера, позволяющий одновременно обеспечить резонанс как накачки, так и высших стоксовых компонент. Предложенный источник излучения сочетает низкий уровень собственных шумов и низкий порог генерации, свойственные лазерам с двойным резонансом с преимуществами многочастотных оптических излучателей.
Прямой динамический синтез нанодисперсных фаз оксидов титана при распылении электроразрядной плазмы титана в воздушную атмосферу
Authors: Сивков А.А. , Герасимов Д.Ю. , Никитин Д.С.
Published: December 2016

Приведены экспериментальные исследования возможности прямого динамического синтеза нанодисперсных кристаллических фаз диоксидов титана со структурой рутила и анатаза в гиперскоростной струе электроэрозионной плазмы, генерируемой коаксиальным магнитоплазменным ускорителем с титановыми электродами. Получен порошкообразный продукт, содержащий наноразмерные полиморфные фазы диоксида титана со сферической формой частиц.
A Study of Climate Variability and Socioeconomic Impact on Tourism Industry of Nepal
Authors: Pokharel Raju , Poudel Jagdish , Sharma Aseem Raj , K Grala Robert
Published: December 2016

In Nepal, tourism is the second largest industry after agriculture. Furthermore, Nepal offers numerous opportunities for adventurous outdoor recreation, especially in the Himalayas, and attracts tourists from all over the World. However, future prosperity of Nepal’s tourism industry might be affected by a changing climate and a socioeconomic environment. A log-level regression model is employed to estimate the impact of climatic and socioeconomic factors on the number of international tourists visiting Nepal. Climatic estimates indicated that an increase in temperature did not have a significant impact on the numbers of international tourist arrival. Results show that the number of international tourists visiting Nepal was positively associated with GDP and population growth, inflation rate, and an exchange rate. These results help policy makers for facilitating growth of tourism industry and its adaptability to climate change in Nepal.
Los modelos de explotación petrolera de Ecuador y de Colombia: Un análisis desde el extractivismo y el neoextractivismo (segunda parte)
Authors: Portillo Riascos Luis Hernando
Published: December 2016

En la primera parte de este trabajo se describieron los elementos conceptuales alrededor de los dos tipos o estilos de extractivismo. A la vez, se realizó una exposición de los principales cambios en el marco regulatorio del sector petrolero en los dos países analizados: Ecuador y Colombia. La segunda parte, que aquí se presenta, tiene como objetivo, hacer una revisión empírica de los dos modelos de explotación petrolera. En el análisis cuantitativo se encontró diferencias importantes en la evolución del sector petrolero de los dos países. En el caso ecuatoriano, el Estado fue capaz de desarrollar una política activa centrada en capturar una mayor parte de la renta petrolera. En Colombia, por su parte, se estructuró un marco regulatorio orientado a la atracción de capital, que en un contexto de subida de los precios, hizo posible un incremento significativo de la producción petrolera. Ahora bien, haciendo la comparación de los referentes conceptuales en torno a los dos tipos de extractivismo y la evolución de la dinámica productiva y fiscal, las divergencias ya no son tan evidentes.
José Consuegra Higgins: Abanderado del pensamiento propio
Authors: Sabogal Tamayo Julián
Published: December 2016

Me propongo reflexionar sobre los aportes teóricos del maestro José Consuegra Higgins, en su trasegar intelectual en la defensa del pensamiento propio. Me centraré en tres temas fundamentales: primero, una introducción general sobre la importancia del pensamiento del maestro Consuegra Higgins, su defensa del pensamiento latinoamericano y del pensamiento propio; segundo, la importancia del Pensamiento Propio en la situación actual del mundo y, tercero, los aportes del maestro Consuegra a las tareas actuales del pensamiento de las ciencias sociales.
Acuerdos conjuntos: Efectos de su aplicación en Colombia
Authors: Melgarejo Molina Zuray Andrea , Ciro Romero Diana Libia
Published: December 2016

Actualmente el país se encuentra en un momento de convergencia hacia las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera - NIIF, en esa medida este trabajo pretende describir y examinar los negocios conjuntos y las operaciones conjuntas a la luz de tales normas, para ello se llevará a cabo una revisión de los diversos estándares bajo las NIIF Plenas y las NIIF para Pymes tocantes a esta clase de alianzas estratégicas. De dicho estudio se identificarán algunos impactos en la aplicación local de los criterios establecidos para las inversiones en negocios conjuntos bajo los estándares internacionales detectando algunos efectos generales de su aplicación en las empresas colombianas. Por último, se mostrará un caso particular de acuerdo conjunto denominado Joint Venture, vislumbrando los efectos concernientes a la tenencia de este tipo de contrato dentro de una organización.
Evaluación de la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de café en fincas-hogar del sector San José, municipio de Linares-Nariño
Authors: Figueroa Lucero Omar Artemio
Published: December 2016

El propósito de este artículo es evaluar si los sistemas de agro café en el sector San José del corregimiento San Francisco son sostenibles, considerando que la productividad se sitúa en fincas-hogar donde la sostenibilidad está asociada a su desarrollo social, económico, político, cultural y ambiental. La evaluación se realiza a través del método Principio-Criterio Indicador PCI ponderado y cualificado con la misma comunidad desde un enfoque rural participativo. Como expresa el Foro Social Mundial frente al Foro Económico2 con la posición “de otro desarrollo (sostenible) es posible”, se puede comprender que éste debe medirse desde otras perspectivas donde la productividad económica retorne desde lo rural, lo social, lo ambiental. A partir de ahí, el presente evalúa la sostenibilidad con criterios e indicadores resultado de un proceso participativo, y aunque estos no alcanzan a dominar las condiciones externas que en cierto modo afectan los agro-eco-sistemas de café, sí favorecen el sostenimiento de las fincas-hogar.
Historia de la creación de la banca central latinoamericana -El pretérito es la base de un presente prominente-
Authors: Posso Ordóñez Roberto Vinicio
Published: December 2016

El dinero desempeña tres funciones principales: la primera es servir como medio de cambio, cuando lo utilizamos para comprar bienes y servicios. El trueque es muy ineficiente porque exige una coincidencia de necesidades y deseos entre oferentes y demandantes.La segunda función es la de servir como unidad de cuenta, es decir permite realizar fácilmente comparaciones de valor entre bienes, a través de los precios. La tercera función es como depósito de valor. No obstante, el dinero no es la única forma de “tener” riqueza (depósito de valor). Sin embargo el dinero en efectivo tiene la ventaja de que es difícil de “seguirle la pista” ya que es anónimo, pero la inflación hace que se pierda la riqueza.El dinero tiene un valor nominal superior al valor intrínseco de su contenido en metal o papel. Es por esta razón que el factor confianza (del latín fiducia) es la base para que funcione eficientemente un sistema monetario moderno. Esa necesaria confianza fue perdiéndose cuando la banca privada, que era la que emitía los valores fiduciarios (monedas y billetes), lo hacía sin tener ningún respaldo físico (de oro o plata) y en consecuencia le correspondió al Estado asumir la responsabilidad de restablecer esa confianza y credibilidad en el dinero. Por esto es necesaria la existencia y funcionamiento de la banca central.En esta investigación se relata la historia de la creación de la banca central Latinoamericana, para lo cual iniciaremos con una breve introducción para referirnos a la aparición, alrededor de 5.000 años atrás, de los primeros bancos. Describiremos lo ocurrido en Inglaterra y España con relación a la creación de los bancos centrales en esas naciones, por la influencia que tuvieron esos países en América Latina. Luego haremos un breve recuento de lo ocurrido entre los siglos XVII y XX, periodo en el cual aparece en el mundo la banca central. Finalmente abordaremos sobre la creación de los bancos centrales en Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá y Perú. Terminaremos el ensayo con algunas conclusiones.
Assessment of environmental management accounting at South African universities: Case of Tshwane University of Technology
Authors: Ambe Cosmas , Ambe Queen Ntombikayise , Ganda Fortune
Published: December 2016

The overall objective of the paper is to assess the application of environmental management accounting (EMA) at Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) as a service organization and examine how the institution manages, account and report environmental cost. Data was collected by means of exploratory and explanatory research techniques using two data sets; documentary and fourteen in-depth individual face-to-face interviews employing a semi-structured questionnaire with closed and open ended questions to collect primary data. The results indicate that; the implementation of EMA and general governance for environmental responsibility and accountability is extremely weak. The potential use of EMA is neglected and, as such, EMA implementation is not considered a priority. Three barriers to the adoption of EMA within TUT were identified as: institutional pressures, a low profile of accounting for the environment, and management’s attitudes. A general ledger model and action plan for the implementation of EMA at TUT utilizing the use of activity based costing has been suggested.
The influence of oil price shocks on china’s macro-economy: A perspective of international trade
Authors: Chen Dengke , Chen Shiyi , Härdle Wolfgang
Published: December 2016

This paper is aimed at investigating and understanding the relationship between China’s macro-economy and oil price from a new perspective—the international trade perspective. We find strong evidence to suggest that the increase of China’s price level, resulting from oil price shocks, is statistically less than that of its main trade partners’. This helps us to understand the confused empirical results estimated within the SVAR framework. More specifically, SVAR results suggest that China’s output level is positively correlated with the oil price. Positive correlation between China’s output and oil price shocks presumably results from the drop in China’s relative price induced by oil price shocks, which is inclined to stimulate China’s goods and service exports.
Determinants of capital adequacy ratio in Kuwaiti banks
Authors: Alajmi Moeidh , Alqasem Khalid
Published: December 2016

The aim of this study is to identify the effects of seven internal factors of five conventional Kuwaiti banks on capital adequacy ratio (CAR). The five factors are: Loans to Assets, Loans to Deposits, Non-Performing Loans to Total Loans, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Dividend Payout and Total Liability to Total Assets. The study covers the period from 2005 to 2013. The study shows that under fixed effect model, variables DIVIEDEND, LAR, LDR, NPLLR, and ROE do not have any impact on capital adequacy ratio. However, SIZE has a significant and negative relationship with capital adequacy ratio. Also, ROA shows a significant and negative relationship with capital adequacy ratio. Under random effect model, results indicate that CAR is adversely affected by bank’s SIZE (total liability to assets), and ROA has a significant and negative relationship with capital adequacy ratio, However, Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) showed a significant and positive relationship with capital adequacy ratio. On the other hand, dividend payout, loans to assets, Non-Performing Loans to Total Loans and Return on equity do not have significant effect on CAR under random effect model.
Why haven’t weather derivatives been more successful as futures contracts? A case study
Authors: Till Hilary
Published: December 2016

Why have some seemingly promising futures contracts not succeeded in the recent past? In this paper, we examine one such example, the weather derivatives market. In two companion working papers, we also analyze two other futures market failures: namely, in the pulp market and in the uranium market. The structure of this paper is as follows. First we provide a brief history of weather derivatives contracts as well as a description of these contracts. Next we review customized over-the-counter (OTC) weather derivatives contracts, as provided by reinsurers, and then we review why futures contracts are not as successful a method of risk transfer. Lastly we describe how weather exposures do not sufficiently match up against the criteria for the successful launch of a futures contract.
Public outlook on small and medium enterprises as a strategic tool for economic growth and job creation in South Africa
Authors: Lekhanya Lawrence Mpele
Published: December 2016

In spite of the key role played by the Small and Medium enterprises in economic development, there has been little effort to look at what needs to be done to improve survival and growth of SMEs. There is still a general lack of in-depth understanding from policy makers and other relevant stakeholders of how SMEs can be used as a strategic tool for economic growth and job creation in South Africa. These misperceptions and misunderstand leads to continuous failure to SMEs survival and growth. This study seeks to address this research gap. The study investigates the public views on what needs to be done to grow South African economy through the development of SMEs. Quantitative research approach was used to collect and analyse data for the study. Primary data was collected from four (4) provinces of South Africa. 230 people participated in the study. Questionnaires were emailed to each respondent and follow-ups were made via telephone. It was found that many SMEs fail within five years of their existence due to the various reasons. The most critical of these were related to lack of access to finance, lack of management experience as well as human capital. Study further revealed that most the SMEs owners/managers do not have business management related skills but rather they are just ordinary entrepreneurs.
Healthier fast-food options – Are consumers happy with the price they pay and the value that they receive?
Authors: Gopaul Melanie
Published: December 2016

Changes in consumer lifestyle patterns have had a great impact on the fast-food industry worldwide and the demand for heathier food has forced such a growing industry to offer more alternatives to cater for these consumers. Many fast-food outlets have introduced healthier food options to their menus. However, there seems to be a common perception among consumers that healthier food options are more expensive. The primary research aim that pended from the literature was therefore to determine South African consumers’ level of satisfaction with the price and value of the healthier food options available at fast-food outlets. The results may assist fast-food outlets in adjusting their pricing strategy and offering consumers better value for money. A mixed method approach was used to collect data whereby self-administered questionnaires comprising of closed-ended, open-ended and scaled response questions were distributed to respondents. The findings indicated a low level of satisfaction among South African consumers’ with the price and value of healthier options offered at fast-food outlets.
A meta-analysis of the variability in firm performance attributable to human resource variables
Authors: Kapondoro Lloyd , Iwu Chux Gervase , Twum-Darko Michael
Published: December 2016

The contribution of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices to organisation-wide performance is a critical aspect of the Human Resource (HR) value proposition. The purpose of the study was to describe the strength of HRM practices and systems in influencing overall organisational performance. While research has concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between HRM practices or systems and an organisation’s market performance, the strength of this relationship has relatively not received much analysis in order to explain the degree to which HRM practices explain variance in firm performance. The study undertook a meta-analysis of published researches in international journals. The study established that HRM variables accounted for an average of 31% of the variability in firm performance. Cohen’s f2 calculated for this study as a meta effect size calculation yielded an average of 0.681, implying that HRM variables account for 68% of variability in firm performance. A one sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the distribution of R2 is not normal. A major managerial implication of this study is that effective HRM practices have a significant business case. The study provides, quantitatively, the average variability in firm success that HRM accounts for.
Antimicrobial activity of Helichrysum plicatum DC
Authors: Bigovic Dubravka , Stevic Tatjana , Jankovic Teodora , Noveski Nebojsa , Radanovic Dragoja , Pljevljakusic Dejan , Djuric Zorica
Published: December 2016

Dry flower heads of Helichrysum plicatum were characterized by HPLC-DAD and a detailed antimicrobial assay of its ethanol extract was performed. Identification of phenolic compounds indicated the presence of apigenin, naringenin and kaempferol as free aglycones, glycosides of apigenin, naringenin, quercetin and kaempferol as well as chlorogenic acid and chalcone derivate. Antimicrobial activity of the extract was evaluated against various bacteria and fungi as well as yeast Candida albicans using microdilution method. Grampositive bacteria were more sensitive to the tested extract (MIC values were to 0.02 mg/mL) than Gram-negative bacteria (the greatest MIC was 0.055 mg/mL). Regarding pathogenic fungi, our tests demonstrated that fungi were more sensitive to the tested extract than bacteria. The growth of the majority of the tested fungi was inhibited by concentration of 0.005 mg/mL. Moreover, the extract was significantly more active than commercial fungicide, fluconazole. The results of our tests indicate that the extract of H. plicatum has significant antimicrobial activity and may find application in the pharmaceutical and food industry and organic agriculture.
The Hypothalamic Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Is Sufficient but Not Necessary for the Regulation of Energy Balance and Glucose Homeostasis in Mice
Authors: Burmeister Melissa A. , Ayala Jennifer E. , Smouse Hannah , Landivar-Rocha Adriana , Brown Jacob D. , Drucker Daniel J. , Stoffers Doris A. , Sandoval Darleen A. , Seeley Randy J. , Ayala Julio E.
Published: December 2016

Pharmacological activation of the hypothalamic glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) promotes weight loss and improves glucose tolerance. This demonstrates that the hypothalamic GLP-1R is sufficient but does not show whether it is necessary for the effects of exogenous GLP-1R agonists (GLP-1RA) or endogenous GLP-1 on these parameters. To address this, we crossed mice harboring floxed Glp1r alleles to mice expressing Nkx2.1-Cre to knock down Glp1r expression throughout the hypothalamus (GLP-1RKDΔNkx2.1cre). We also generated mice lacking Glp1r expression specifically in two GLP-1RA–responsive hypothalamic feeding nuclei/cell types, the paraventricular nucleus (GLP-1RKDΔSim1cre) and proopiomelanocortin neurons (GLP-1RKDΔPOMCcre). Chow-fed GLP-1RKDΔNkx2.1cre mice exhibited increased food intake and energy expenditure with no net effect on body weight. When fed a high-fat diet, these mice exhibited normal food intake but elevated energy expenditure, yielding reduced weight gain. None of these phenotypes were observed in GLP-1RKDΔSim1cre and GLP-1RKDΔPOMCcre mice. The acute anorectic and glucose tolerance effects of peripherally dosed GLP-1RA exendin-4 and liraglutide were preserved in all mouse lines. Chronic liraglutide treatment reduced body weight in chow-fed GLP-1RKDΔNkx2.1cre mice, but this effect was attenuated with high-fat diet feeding. In sum, classic homeostatic control regions are sufficient but not individually necessary for the effects of GLP-1RA on nutrient homeostasis.
Children's positive experiences growing up in Canadian military households
Authors: Bullock Amanda , Skomorovsky Alla
Published: December 2016

Introduction: A small body of literature based almost exclusively on US military families suggests that there are positive aspects to growing up in a military household. However, little is known about whether there are positive consequences for children residing in families of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF). Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine the positive implications of growing up in CAF households. Methods: Focus groups were conducted with 8- to 13-year-old children ( N=85) from Regular Force CAF families (38 boys, 42 girls, 5 not indicated) across various locations in Canada. Children were asked if they had experienced any positive outcomes from being in a military family, what had been the best thing about having a parent deployed, and what had been the best thing about moving. Results: Children reported some positive aspects of the military lifestyle, such as the opportunity to travel and have new experiences (due to relocations within Canada and abroad) and to develop stronger bonds with their at-home parent during deployment. Discussion: The findings are discussed in terms of ways to foster positive experiences in relation to the military lifestyle.
A scoping review on heterogeneity in rehabilitation research: implications for return to duty in a military population
Authors: Perigny-Lajoie Sebastien , Hebert Jacqueline S.
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Understanding population heterogeneity in rehabilitation research is important, since varying conditions can influence clinical outcomes. The objectives of this scoping review were to review rehabilitation studies that used a heterogeneous group in a civilian or military population, and to discuss the impact of heterogeneity on participation outcomes such as return to duty in the Canadian Armed Forces. Methods: Literature search resulted in extraction of 37 articles, which were sorted according to degree of heterogeneity and type of outcomes examined. Results: The largest number of studies pertained to civilians ( n=26), followed by military ( n=10), and Veterans ( n=1). We found various degrees of heterogeneity in population, setting, intervention, and outcome in these studies. Discussion: Studies extracted seemed to show a superior positive outcome in return to work/duty when the group was heterogeneous. Military rehabilitation studies examining return to duty tended to include a highly heterogeneous population. Future studies pertaining to return to work/duty and using a heterogeneous group should include a wide range of outcomes in the domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Health and Disease. Potential economic benefits in using a heterogeneous-based intervention are also discussed, along with implications for the Canadian Armed Forces.
Ventriculostomy-associated hemorrhage: a risk assessment by radiographic simulation
Authors: Robertson Faith C. , Abd-El-Barr Muhammad M. , Mukundan Srinivasan , Gormley William B.
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE

Ventriculostomy entry sites are commonly selected by freehand estimation of Kocher's point or approximations from skull landmarks and a trajectory toward the ipsilateral frontal horn of the lateral ventricles. A recognized ventriculostomy complication is intracranial hemorrhage from cortical vessel damage; reported rates range from 1% to 41%. In this report, the authors assess hemorrhagic risk by simulating traditional ventriculostomy trajectories and using CT angiography (CTA) with venography (CTV) data to identify potential complications, specifically from cortical draining veins.

METHODS

Radiographic analysis was completed on 50 consecutive dynamic CTA/CTV studies obtained at a tertiary-care academic neurosurgery department. Image sections were 0.5 mm thick, and analysis was performed on a venous phase that demonstrated high-quality opacification of the cortical veins and sagittal sinus. Virtual ventriculostomy trajectories were determined for right and left sides using medical diagnostic imaging software. Entry points were measured along the skull surface, 10 cm posteriorly from the nasion, and 3 cm laterally for both left and right sides. Cannulation was simulated perpendicular to the skull surface. Distances between the software-traced cortical vessels and the virtual catheter were measured. To approximate vessel injury by twist drill and ventricular catheter placement, veins within a 3-mm radius were considered a hemorrhage risk.

RESULTS

In 100 virtual lines through Kocher's point toward the ipsilateral ventricle, 19% were predicted to cause cortical vein injury and suspected hemorrhage (radius ≤ 3 mm). Little difference existed between cerebral hemispheres (right 18%, left 20%). The average (± SD) distance from the trajectory line and a cortical vein was 7.23 ± 4.52 mm. In all 19 images that predicted vessel injury, a site of entry for an avascular zone near Kocher's point could be achieved by moving the trajectory less than 1.0 cm laterally and less than 1.0 cm along the anterior/posterior axis, suggesting that empirical measures are suboptimal, and that patient-specific coordinates based on preprocedural CTA/CVA imaging may optimize ventriculostomy in the future.

CONCLUSIONS

In this institutional radiographic imaging analysis, traditional methods of ventriculostomy site selection predicted significant rates of cortical vein injury, matching described rates in the literature. CTA/CTV imaging potentiates identification of patient-specific cannulation sites and custom trajectories that avoid cortical vessels, which may lessen the risk of intracranial hemorrhage during ventriculostomy placement. Further development of this software is underway to facilitate stereotactic ventriculostomy and improve outcomes.
Patient- versus physician-reported facial disability in vestibular schwannoma: an international cross-sectional study
Authors: Tveiten Øystein Vesterli , Carlson Matthew L. , Goplen Frederik , Myrseth Erling , Driscoll Colin L. W. , Mahesparan Rupavathana , Link Michael J. , Lund-Johansen Morten
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE

Patient-reported outcomes are increasingly used in studies of vestibular schwannoma (VS); however, few studies have examined self-evaluated facial nerve function and its relation to physician-reported outcomes. The primary objective of this study was to compare patient self-evaluations of facial disability with physician-evaluated facial nerve status and with self-evaluations of a healthy control group. The second objective was to provide insight into the controversial subject of the optimal initial management of small- and medium-sized VSs; consequently, the authors compared patient-reported facial nerve disability following treatment via observation (OBS), Gamma Knife surgery (GKS), or microsurgery (MS). Lastly, the authors sought to identify risk factors for facial nerve dysfunction following treatment for small- and medium-sized VSs.

METHODS

All patients with a VS 3 cm or smaller that was singly treated with OBS, GKS, or MS at either of 2 independent treatment centers between 1998 and 2008 were retrospectively identified. Longitudinal facial nerve measures and clinical data, including facial nerve evaluation according to the House-Brackmann (HB) grading system, were extracted from existing VS databases. Supplementing the objective data were Facial Disability Index (FDI) scores, which were obtained via survey of patients a mean of 7.7 years after initial treatment.

RESULTS

The response rate among the 682 eligible patients was 79%; thus, data from a total of 539 patients were analyzed. One hundred forty-eight patients had been managed by OBS, 247 with GKS, and 144 with MS. Patients who underwent microsurgery had larger tumors and were younger than those who underwent OBS or GKS. Overall, facial nerve outcomes were satisfactory following treatment, with more than 90% of patients having HB Grade I function at the last clinical follow-up. Treatment was the major risk factor for facial nerve dysfunction. Almost one-fifth of the patients treated with MS had an objective decline in facial nerve function, whereas only 2% in the GKS group and 0% in the OBS cohort had a decline. The physical subscale of the FDI in the VS patients was highly associated with HB grade; however, the social/well-being subscale of the FDI was not. Thus, any social disability caused by facial palsy was not detectable by use of this questionnaire.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of patients with small- and medium-sized VSs attain excellent long-term facial nerve function and low facial nerve disability regardless of treatment modality. Tumor size and microsurgical treatment are risk factors for facial nerve dysfunction and self-reported disability. The FDI questionnaire is sensitive to the physical but not the social impairment associated with facial dysfunction.
Microvascular decompression of the cochleovestibular nerve for treatment of tinnitus and vertigo: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data
Authors: van den Berge Minke J. C. , van Dijk J. Marc C. , Posthumus Iris A. , Smidt Nynke , van Dijk Pim , Free Rolien H.
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE

Microvascular decompression (MVD) is regarded as a valid treatment modality in neurovascular conflicts (NVCs) causing, for example, trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasms. An NVC of the cochleovestibular nerve might cause tinnitus and/or vertigo; however, general acceptance of MVD for this indication is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness, safety, and prognostic factors for success of MVD of the cochleovestibular nerve.

METHODS

A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data (IPD) were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Individual Patient Data (PRISMA-IPD) guidelines. By a comprehensive search (conducted in January 2016) in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, eligible studies were identified. The collected outcome was a global measurement of improvement of 1) tinnitus, 2) vertigo, and 3) tinnitus combined with vertigo. For the meta-analysis, IPD were collected from the papers and/or from the authors. IPD were analyzed with logistic regression analysis while accounting for study clustering.

RESULTS

Thirty-five studies (572 patients) were included. The level of evidence provided by these studies was low. In 28% of patients with tinnitus and 32% of patients with vertigo, complete relief following MVD was reported. Patients with both tinnitus and vertigo had complete relief in 62% of cases. In 11% of patients, ≥ 1 complications were reported. Meta-analysis of IPD (165 patients) demonstrated that patients with both tinnitus and vertigo had a higher chance of success (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.45–10.10) than patients with tinnitus alone. No other variables were significantly related to success.

CONCLUSIONS

Due to low success rates, MVD cannot be considered as a standard treatment method for tinnitus or vertigo. Moreover, a substantial complication rate was found. However, patients with combined symptoms had a higher chance of success. When combined symptoms occur, it is more likely that an NVC is the underlying pathology and MVD might be appropriate. Due to the low level of evidence in the included studies, this conclusion must be taken with caution. Further validation is necessary to evaluate whether patients with combined symptoms are indeed better candidates for MVD.
From qualitative to quantitative proofs of security properties using first-order conditional logic
Authors: Halpern Joseph Y.
Published: December 2016

A first-order conditional logic is considered, with semantics given by a variant of ϵ-semantics where [Formula: see text] means that [Formula: see text] approaches 1 super-polynomially – faster than any inverse polynomial. This type of convergence is needed for reasoning about security protocols. A complete axiomatization is provided for this semantics, and it is shown how a qualitative proof of the correctness of a security protocol can be automatically converted to a quantitative proof appropriate for reasoning about concrete security.
Longer Duration of MAO-B Inhibitor Exposure is Associated with Less Clinical Decline in Parkinson’s Disease: An Analysis of NET-PD LS1
Authors: Hauser Robert A. , Li Ruosha , Pérez Adriana , Ren Xuehan , Weintraub Dan , Elm Jordan , Goudreau John L. , Morgan John C. , Fang John Y. , Aminoff Michael J. , Christine Chadwick W. , Dhall Rohit , Umeh Chizoba C. , Boyd James T. , Stover Natividad , Leehey Maureen , Zweig Richard M. , Nicholas Anthony P. , Bodis-Wollner Ivan , Willis Allison , Kieburtz Karl , Tilley Barbara C. ,   for the NINDS NET-PD Investigators
Published: December 2016

Background: Monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitors exhibit neuroprotective effects in preclinical models of PD but clinical trials have failed to convincingly demonstrate disease modifying benefits in PD patients.

Objective: To perform a secondary analysis of NET-PD LS1 to determine if longer duration of MAO-B inhibitor exposure was associated with less clinical decline.

Methods: The primary outcome measure was the Global Outcome (GO), comprised of 5 measures: change from baseline in the Schwab and England (ADL) scale, the 39-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), the UPDRS Ambulatory Capacity Scale, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, and the most recent Modified Rankin Scale. A linear mixed model was used to explore the association between the cumulative duration of MAO-B inhibitor exposure and the GO, adjusting for necessary factors and confounders. Associations between MAO-B inhibitor exposure and each of the five GO components were then studied individually.

Results: 1616 participants comprised the analytic sample. Mean observation was 4.1 (SD = 1.4) years, and 784 (48.5%) participants received an MAO-B inhibitor. The regression coefficient of cumulative duration of MAO-B inhibitor exposure (in years) on the GO was – 0.0064 (SE = 0.002, p = 0.001). Significant associations between duration of MAO-B inhibitor exposure and less progression were observed for ADL ( p < 0.001), Ambulatory Capacity ( p < 0.001), and the Rankin ( p = 0.002).

Conclusions: Our analysis identified a significant association between longer duration of MAO-B inhibitor exposure and less clinical decline. These findings support the possibility that MAO-B inhibitors slow clinical disease progression and suggest that a definitive prospective trial should be considered.
Patient Perspectives on Deep Brain Stimulation Clinical Research in Early Stage Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Heusinkveld Lauren , Hacker Mallory , Turchan Maxim , Bollig Madelyn , Tamargo Christina , Fisher William , McLaughlin Lauren , Martig Adria , Charles David
Published: December 2016

The FDA has approved a multicenter, double-blind, Phase III, pivotal trial testing deep brain stimulation (DBS) in 280 people with very early stage Parkinson’s disease (PD; IDE#G050016). In partnership with The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, we conducted a survey to investigate motivating factors, barriers, and gender differences among potentially eligible patients for participation in a trial testing DBS in early PD compared to standard medical treatment. The majority of survey respondents (72%) indicated they would consider learning more about participating. Early PD patients are therefore likely to consider enrolling in trials of invasive therapies that may slow symptom progression and help future patients.
The Effect of Tillage on Organic Carbon Stabilization in Microaggregates in Different Climatic Zones of European Russia
Authors: Artemyeva Zinaida , Kogut Boris
Published: December 2016

Tillage may affect the microstructural organization of soil, including the distribution of microaggregates with different mechanical strengths. We quantified the impact of tillage treatment on the amount and distribution of free organic matter, microaggregates (unstable and stable under low intensity sonification) and their components, in the upper horizons of zonal soils of the Center of the Russian Plain. Under plowing, the carbon content decreases, both in unstable and stable microaggregates. The loss of carbon in unstable microaggregates was ~24%, whereas in stable microaggregates, it was ~37%, relative to native soils. The carbon content of organic (LFoc) and organo-clay (Clayrd) fractions in unstable microaggregates (CLFoc/CClayrd) was almost identical in the upper horizons of native soils: the ratio of these components is for Albeluvisols (1.1), Phaeozem (0.8) and Chernozems (1.0). Under plowing, these decrease to: Albeluvisols and Chernozems (0.6) and Phaeozem (0.5). The shares of carbon accumulated within the unstable and stable microaggregates (Cunstable/Cstable) are constant under equilibrium conditions and show a tendency to decrease from north to south on the order of: Albeluvisols and Phaeozem (2.2) > Chernozems (1.0). Under plowing, they increase to: Albeluvisols (3.0) and Phaeozem (3.2) > Chernozems (1.5).
Current Controversies in Lupus Anticoagulant Detection
Authors: Moore Gary
Published: December 2016

Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune, acquired thrombophilia diagnosed when vascular thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity are accompanied by persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus anticoagulants (LA) are one of the criteria antibodies but calibration plasmas are unavailable and they are detected by inference based on antibody behaviour in a medley of coagulation-based assays. Elevated screening tests suggest the presence of a LA, which is confirmed with mixing tests to evidence inhibition and confirmatory tests to demonstrate phospholipid-dependence. At least two screening tests of different principle must be used to account for antibody heterogeneity and controversy exists on whether assays, in addition to dilute Russell’s viper venom time and activated partial thromboplastin time, should be employed. A variety of approaches to raw data manipulation and interpretation attract debate, as does inclusion or exclusion of mixing studies in circumstances where the presence of a LA is already evident from other results. Therapeutic anticoagulation compromises coagulation-based assays but careful data interpretation and use of alternative reagents can detect or exclude LA in specific circumstances, and this aspect of LA detection continues to evolve. This review focuses on the main areas of debate in LA detection.
The Influence of Process Parameters on the Surface Roughness of a 3D-Printed Co–Cr Dental Alloy Produced via Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Hong Min-Ho , Min Bong , Kwon Tae-Yub
Published: December 2016

Selective laser melting (SLM), used to fabricate metallic objects with high geometrical complexity, is currently of increasing interest to the fields of medicine and dentistry. SLM-fabricated products should have highly smooth surfaces to minimize the use of post-processing procedures such as finishing and polishing. This study investigated the effect of various laser process parameters (laser power, scan rate, and scan-line spacing) on the surface roughness of a Co–Cr dental alloy that was three-dimensionally (3D) constructed via SLM. Initially, a single-line formation test was used to determine the optimal laser power (200 W) and scan rate (128.6 mm/s) that resulted in beads with an optimal profile. During subsequent multi-layer formation tests, the 3D Co–Cr body with the smoothest surface was produced using a scan-line spacing of 100 μm. The findings of this study show that laser process parameters have crucial effects on the surface quality of SLM-fabricated Co–Cr dental alloys.
Protein Phosphatase-1 Regulates Expression of Neuregulin-1
Authors: Ammosova Tatiana , Washington Kareem , Rotimi Jamie , Kumari Namita , Smith Kahli , Niu Xiaomei , Jerebtsova Marina , Nekhai Sergei
Published: December 2016

Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), a cellular serine/threonine phosphatase, is targeted to cellular promoters by its major regulatory subunits, PP1 nuclear targeting subunit, nuclear inhibitor of PP1 (NIPP1) and RepoMan. PP1 is also targeted to RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) by NIPP1 where it can dephosphorylate RNAPII and cycle-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9). Here, we show that treatment of cells with a small molecule activator of PP1 increases the abundance of a neuregulin-1 (NRG-1)-derived peptide. NRG-1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in the cells stably or transiently expressing mutant NIPP1 (mNIPP1) that does not bind PP1, but not in the cells expressing NIPP1. Expression of mNIPP1 also activated the NRG-1 promoter in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Analysis of extracts from mNIPP1 expressing cells by glycerol gradient centrifugation showed a redistribution of PP1 and CDK9 between large and small molecular weight complexes, and increased CDK9 Thr-186 phosphorylation. This correlated with the increased CDK9 activity. Further, RNAPII co-precipitated with mNIPP1, and phosphorylation of RNAPII C-terminal domain (CTD) Ser-2 residues was greater in cells expressing mNIPP1. In mNIPP1 expressing cells, okadaic acid, a cell-permeable inhibitor of PP1, did not increase Ser-2 CTD phosphorylation inhibited by flavopiridol, in contrast to the NIPP1 expressing cells, suggesting that PP1 was no longer involved in RNAPII dephosphorylation. Finally, media conditioned with mNIPP1 cells induced the proliferation of wild type 84-31 cells, consistent with a role of neuregulin-1 as a growth promoting factor. Our study indicates that deregulation of PP1/NIPP1 holoenzyme activates NRG-1 expression through RNAPII and CDK9 phosphorylation in a NF-κB dependent manner.