bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of composition and synthesis conditions on microstructure and properties of acrylonitrile‐chlorinated polyethylene‐styrene copolymer
Authors: Wang Jian‐sheng , Ding Yun , Yu Yong , Li Guo‐nai , Sun Fang
Published: May 2013

Acrylonitrile‐chlorinated polyethylene‐styrene copolymer (ACS resin) was prepared by a suspension polymerization and the structure of the ACS resin was characterized by IR and SEM. The influence of the chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) content, mass ratio of monomer, reaction temperature, and time on the properties of the ACS resin was investigated. With the increase of the CPE content, the thermal stability of the ACS resin decreased, the flexural strength and modulus increased, whereas the heat distortion temperature, tensile modulus, and impact strength first enhanced, and then decreased. The increase of the mass ratio of Styrene (St) to Acrylonitrile (AN) contributed to an improvement in the elongation at break, but played a negative role in the flexural strength and modulus. Increasing the reaction time and temperature could improve the performances of the ACS resin. The morphology of the ACS resin demonstrated the transformation from a brittle fracture to ductile fracture of the ACS resin with various CPE contents and supported the results of the mechanical properties. The ACS resin with good comprehensive performances could be obtained when the content of the CPE was 30%, the mass ratio of St to AN was 2/1, and the reaction condition was 80°C/3 h, 110°C/3 h, and 130°C/2 h. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2136–2142, 2013
Study of poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate blends for compatibility, toughness, thermal stability and UV irradiation resistance
Authors: Zhang Yunxiang , Xu Yingjie , Song Yihu , Zheng Qiang
Published: May 2013

A novel rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate (ASA) copolymer blend with good ultraviolet (UV) irradiation resistance and toughness was reported. ASA with good weatherability and toughness was mixed with PVC by conical twin‐screw extruder to improve the UV irradiation resistance and toughness of PVC. The blends were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectra, dynamic mechanical analysis, and scanning electron microscope. Notch Charpy impact test was used to characterize the UV radiation induced changes in toughness. The results showed that ASA was able to toughen PVC with simultaneously improving heat resistance, thermal stabilization, and protecting PVC from irradiation photochemical degradation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2143–2151, 2013
Synthesis and properties of polyacrylamide/hollow coal gangue spheres superabsorbent composites
Authors: Li Yang , Ren Nana , Wang Yanzhong , Huang Jin , Liu Wei , Su Zhenguo , Yang Jinlong
Published: May 2013

Polyacrylamide/hollow coal gangue spheres (PAM/HCGS) superabsorbent composites were prepared by in situ aqueous solution polymerization using N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. PAM/HCGS composites exhibit the good water and salt absorption with 5 wt % HCGS, 0.14 wt % crosslinker, and 0.56 wt % initiator. Water retention of PAM/HCGS (5 wt %) retains 43% at 60°C for 24 h, which is much better than that of pure polyacrylamide. It suggests that the addition of HCGS increase the strength of swollen gel. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2184–2187, 2013
Clinically Insignificant Effect of Supplemental Vitamin C on Serum Urate in Patients With Gout: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Stamp Lisa K. , O'Donnell John L. , Frampton Christopher , Drake Jill M. , Zhang Mei , Chapman Peter T.
Published: May 2013

Objective

Studies in human volunteers have shown that vitamin C reduces serum urate (SU) levels. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of vitamin C on SU levels in patients with gout.

Methods

Patients with gout and an SU level >0.36 mmoles/liter (6 mg/dl) were recruited. Twenty patients already taking allopurinol were randomized to receive an increase in the dose of allopurinol or to commence taking vitamin C (500 mg/day). Twenty patients who had not been taking allopurinol were randomized to start receiving either allopurinol (up to 100 mg/day) or vitamin C (500 mg/day). Levels of plasma ascorbate, creatinine, and SU were measured on day 0 and week 8.

Results

There was no significant difference in the baseline SU level or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between those who received vitamin C and those who did not (for SU, mean ± SEM 0.50 ± 0.11 mmoles/liter [8.4 ± 1.8 mg/dl] versus 0.50 ± 0.09 mmoles/liter [8.4 ± 1.5 mg/dl]; for eGFR, mean ± SEM 65.5 ± 3.5 ml/minute/1.73 m2 versus 67.9 ± 4.6 ml/minute/1.73 m2). Among the randomized patients, 30% in the vitamin C group and 25% in the no vitamin C control group were receiving diuretics. In the patients receiving vitamin C, there was a significant increase between day 0 and week 8 in the plasma ascorbate level. The reduction in SU level over 8 weeks was significantly less in those patients receiving vitamin C compared to those who started or increased the dose of allopurinol (mean reduction 0.014 mmoles/liter [0.23 mg/dl] versus 0.118 mmoles/liter [1.9 mg/dl]; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

A modest dosage of vitamin C (500 mg/day) for 8 weeks had no clinically significant urate‐lowering effects in patients with gout, despite the fact that plasma ascorbate levels increased. These results differ from previous findings in healthy control subjects with hyperuricemia. The uricosuric effect of modest‐dose vitamin C appears to be small in patients with gout, when administered as monotherapy or in combination with allopurinol.
The Role of Numeracy and Intelligence in Health‐Risk Estimation and Medical Data Interpretation
Authors: Låg Torstein , Bauger Lars , Lindberg Martin , Friborg Oddgeir
Published: May 2013

Despite ample evidence that numeracy is an important influence on patient understanding and use of health‐related information, there is a dearth of studies examining the concept's relationship to other individual differences measures that may underlie complex judgments in the health domain. In this study, we compared the relative contributions of selected extant numeracy measures and general intelligence and other measures to varied judgment and decision‐making outcomes. Two hundred participants completed numeracy items, subscales of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales, the need for cognition scale, and four relevant outcome measures including risk estimation and medical data interpretation. A numeracy scale constructed using item response and confirmatory factor analyses was consistently the strongest predictor across all outcome measures and accounted for unique variance over and above general intelligence. The results support the concept of numeracy as an independent construct that merits consideration in patient communication. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unraveling Cellulose Microfibrils: A Twisted Tale
Authors: Hadden Jodi A. , French Alfred D. , Woods Robert J.
Published: May 2013

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of cellulose microfibrils are pertinent to the paper, textile, and biofuels industries for their unique capacity to characterize dynamic behavior and atomic‐level interactions with solvent molecules and cellulase enzymes. While high‐resolution crystallographic data have established a solid basis for computational analysis of cellulose, previous work has demonstrated a tendency for modeled microfibrils to diverge from the linear experimental structure and adopt a twisted conformation. Here, we investigate the dependence of this twisting behavior on computational approximations and establish the theoretical basis for its occurrence. We examine the role of solvent, the effect of nonbonded force field parameters [partial charges and van der Waals (vdW) contributions], and the use of explicitly modeled oxygen lone pairs in both the solute and solvent. Findings suggest that microfibril twisting is favored by vdW interactions, and counteracted by both intrachain hydrogen bonds and solvent effects at the microfibril surface. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 99: 746–756, 2013.
A semantic feature for human motion retrieval
Authors: Qi Tian , Feng Yinfu , Xiao Jun , Zhuang Yueting , Yang Xiaosong , Zhang Jianjun
Published: May 2013

With the explosive growth of motion capture data, it becomes very imperative in animation production to have an efficient search engine to retrieve motions from large motion repository. However, because of the high dimension of data space and complexity of matching methods, most of the existing approaches cannot return the result in real time. This paper proposes a high level semantic feature in a low dimensional space to represent the essential characteristic of different motion classes. On the basis of the statistic training of Gauss Mixture Model, this feature can effectively achieve motion matching on both global clip level and local frame level. Experiment results show that our approach can retrieve similar motions with rankings from large motion database in real‐time and also can make motion annotation automatically on the fly. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards polite virtual agents using social reasoning techniques
Authors: Lee JeeHang , Li Tingting , Padget Julian
Published: May 2013

The use of polite agents is a new approach in order to improve efficiency and naturalism in navigation for player characters in crowded virtual worlds. This paper aims to model the politeness of virtual humans using logic‐based approaches, subject to theory of politeness decomposed of conventional and interpersonal politeness. To do so, we propose a high‐level agent architecture combined with normative framework to model and reason about ‘polite’ behaviours in social situations. With this architecture, we demonstrate (i) specifying polite behaviours as a form of social norms; (ii) generating polite behaviours using social reasoning technique; (iii) deliberation with such norms in belief–desire–intention agents; and (iv) realising physical actions based on the decision. Implementation for social reasoning is achieved by InstAL, based on the semantics of answer set programming. Using experiments with simple collision avoidance model, we show the effectiveness of polite behaviour in navigation designed by such architecture, as well as the adequacy of this architecture for modelling theory of politeness in all circumstances. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substrate‐Dependent Stereospecificity of Tyl‐KR1: An Isolated Polyketide Synthase Ketoreductase Domain from Streptomyces fradiae
Authors: Häckh Matthias , Müller Michael , Lüdeke Steffen
Published: May 2013

The stereospecificity of an enzymatic reaction depends on the way in which a substrate and its enantiomer bind to the active site. These binding modes cannot be easily predicted. We have studied the stereospecificity and stereoselectivity of the ketoreductase domain Tyl‐KR1 of the tylactone polyketide synthase from Streptomyces fradiae by analysing the stereochemical outcome of the reduction of five different keto ester substrates. The absolute configuration of the Tyl‐KR1 reduction products was determined by using vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy combined with quantum chemical calculations. The conversion of only one of the tested substrates, 2‐methyl‐3‐oxovaleric acid N‐acetylcysteamine thioester, afforded the expected anti‐(2R,3R) configuration of the α‐methyl‐β‐hydroxyl ester product, representing the stereochemistry observed for the physiological polyketide product tylactone. For all other substrates, which were modified with respect to the type of ester and/or the chain length (C4 instead of C5), the opposite configuration (anti‐(2S,3S)) was obtained with significant enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity. Inversion of both stereocentres suggests completely different binding modes invoked by only minor modifications of the substrate structure.
ChemInform Abstract: 1:1:1 Triple‐Cation B‐Site‐Ordered and Oxygen‐Deficient Perovskite Ca4GaNbO8: A Member of a Family of Anion‐Vacancy‐Based Cation‐Ordered Complex Perovskites.
Authors: Yang Tao , Claridge John B. , Rosseinsky Matthew J.
Published: May 2013

The new title compound is prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of CaCO3, Ga2O3, and Nb2O3 (1225 °C, 60 h) and characterized by X‐ray and neutron diffraction.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Characterization of Magnesium‐Based Compounds Mg9Si5 and Mg4Si3Al (Superconductor) Synthesized under High Pressure and High Temperature Conditions.
Authors: Ji Shidong , Imai Motoharu , Zhu Haikui , Yamanaka Shoji
Published: May 2013

The title compounds are prepared at 900—1100 °C and 5 GPa and characterized by single crystal XRD and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Topochemical Fluorination of Sr3(M0.5Ru0.5)2O7 (M: Ti, Mn, Fe), n = 2, Ruddlesden—Popper Phases.
Authors: Romero Fabio Denis , Bingham Paul A. , Forder Susan D. , Hayward Michael A.
Published: May 2013

Sr3 (Ti0.5Ru0.5)2O7F2 (I), Sr3 (Mn0.5Ru0.5)2O7F2 (II), and Sr3 (Fe0.5Ru0.5)2O5.5F3.5 (III) are obtained from Sr3(M0.5Ru0.5)2O7 (M: Ti, Mn, Fe) by a solid state topochemical anion insertion/substitution process using CuF2 under flowing O2 (250 °C, 3 times 8 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A Sodium Manganese Ferrocyanide Thin Film for Na‐ion Batteries.
Authors: Matsuda Tomoyuki , Takachi Masamitsu , Moritomo Yutaka
Published: May 2013

The cathode properties of Na1.32Mn [Fe(CN)6]0.83·3.5H2O are investigated using a thin film electrode.
ChemInform Abstract: Reversible Solid State Redox of an Octacyanometallate‐Bridged Coordination Polymer by Electrochemical Ion Insertion/Extraction.
Authors: Okubo Masashi , et al. et al.
Published: May 2013

[Mn(H2O)] [Mn(HCOO)2/3(H2O)2/3]3/4 [Mo(CN)8]·H2O is precipitated by addition of an aqueous solution of Cs3[Mo(CN)8] to a HCOOH/H2O (3:1) solution of MnCl2 (92% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Acentric Polyborate, Li3[B8O12(OH)3], with a New Type of Anionic Layer and Li Atoms in the Cavities.
Authors: Belokoneva Elena L. , Dimitrova Olga V.
Published: May 2013

Single crystals of Li3[B8O12(OH)3] are obtained by hydrothermal synthesis of a mixture with a molar ratio of PbCO3:Bi2O3:LiIO3:B2 O3:SiO2 = 1:1:2:3:1 (autoclave, 270 °C, 71 bar, 18—20 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Triangular {Mn(OH)}36+ Fragment Encapsulated in Trivacant [A‐R‐SiW9O34]10‐ Ligand.
Authors: Zhang Na , Liu Bin , Liu Xue‐Mei , Ding Tuo , Jia Yan‐Yan , Xue Gang‐Lin
Published: May 2013

The new complex (III) displays the [{MnIII(OH) (H2O)}3SiW9O34]4‐ anion, which contains a trilacunary Keggin fragment A‐α‐SiW9O34 encapsulating a triangular {Mn(OH)}35+ ring core, in which hydroxo bridges connect the high‐spin Jahn—Teller distorted MnIII centers with antiferromagnetic coupling.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemical Properties of a Three‐Dimensional Vanadium‐Nickel Phosphate (C2H10N2)4 [H2Ni(H2O)2(VO)8 (OH)4(PO4)8]·H2O.
Authors: Yin Fan‐Wen , Peng Cheng‐Dong , Li Ya‐Si , Zhuang Ting‐Ting , Zeng Qing‐Xin , Yuan Zhan‐Hui
Published: May 2013

The title compound is prepared by hydrothermal reaction of an aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Complete Catalytic Deoxygenation of CO2 into Formamide Derivatives.
Authors: Jacquet Olivier , Das Neves Gomes Christophe , Ephritikhine Michel , Cantat Thibault
Published: May 2013

This method yields imidazole and pyrimidine derivatives from 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diamino substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Introducing Catalytic Lossen Rearrangements: Sustainable Access to Carbamates and Amines.
Authors: Kreye Oliver , Wald Sarah , Meier Michael A. R.
Published: May 2013

A novel, highly efficient and environmentally benign procedure of the Lossen rearrangement is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: L‐Pipecolinic Acid Derived Lewis Base Organocatalyst for Asymmetric Reduction of N‐Aryl Imines by Trichlorosilane: Effects of the Side Amide Group on Catalytic Performances.
Authors: Wang Zhouyu , Wang Chao , Zhou Li , Sun Jian
Published: May 2013

A novel pipecolinic acid derived catalyst is prepared and successfully applied in the asymmetric reduction of different N‐aryl imines.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd/C‐Mediated Depropargylation of Propargyl Ethers/Amines in Water.
Authors: Rambabu D. , Bhavani S. , Swamy Nalivela Kumara , Rao M. V. Basaveswara , Pal Manojit
Published: May 2013

A simple and inexpensive method is presented for the regioselective cleavage of (het)aryl propargyl ethers and amines as an important step in natural product synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐ and Iron‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Tri‐ and Difluoromethylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids with CF3SO2Na and (CF2HSO2)2Zn via a Radical Process.
Authors: Li Zejiang , Cui Zili , Liu Zhong‐Quan
Published: May 2013

The reaction is mentioned to fail with alkyl‐substituted acrylic acids possibly due to the stability of the radical intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese(II) Salts as Efficient Catalysts for Chemoselective Transesterification of β‐Keto Esters under Non‐Conventional Conditions.
Authors: Krishnaiah G. , Sandeep B. , Kondhare D. , Rajanna K. C. , Reddy J. Narendar , Rao Y. Rajeshwar , Zhubaidha P. K.
Published: May 2013

Since conventional conditions require reaction times of 16‐24h, the transformation of β‐keto ester (I) is investigated under ultrasound or microwave conditions where the latter afford optimal results concerning the time.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Cyclopentadienes via Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction of (Z)‐2‐En‐4‐yn Acetates and N‐Methyl Indoles.
Authors: Zhong Mei‐Jin , Wang Xiang‐Chuan , Zhu Hai‐Tao , Hu Jie , Liu Lei , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: May 2013

The title reaction represents a simple, efficient, and widely applicable method to prepare tetrasubstituted cyclopentadienes.
ChemInform Abstract: Flow Chemistry Syntheses of Styrenes, Unsymmetrical Stilbenes and Branched Aldehydes.
Authors: Bourne Samuel L. , O'Brien Matthew , Kasinathan Sivarajan , Koos Peter , Tolstoy Paeivi , Hu Dennis X. , Bates Roderick W. , Martin Benjamin , Schenkel Berthold , Ley Steven V.
Published: May 2013

The flow reactions for vinylation and hydroformylation can be operated in sequence to yield arylethyl carbaldehydes from aryl iodides.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed sp2—sp Cross‐Coupling Reactions Involving C—F Bond Activation in Highly Fluorinated Nitrobenzene Systems.
Authors: Cargill Matthew R. , Sandford Graham , Kilickiran Pinar , Nelles Gabriele
Published: May 2013

The reaction represents the first example of metal‐catalyzed sp2—sp cross‐coupling involving C—F bond activation.
ChemInform Abstract: A Magnetically Separable Gold Catalyst for Chemoselective Reduction of Nitro Compounds.
Authors: Park Sungho , Lee In Su , Park Jaiwook
Published: May 2013

A simple and efficient procedure for the chemoselective reduction of a wide range of nitro compounds using a combination of hydrosilane and magnetically separable gold nanoparticles is presented (12 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Alkynes to 1,2‐Diketones under Room Temperature and One‐Pot Synthesis of Quinoxalines.
Authors: Xu Yuan , Wan Xiaobing
Published: May 2013

A novel protocol is developed which allows the preparation of a broad spectrum of 1,2‐diketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc(II)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Amidation of Arylaldehydes with Alkylamines under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Zhang Min , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: May 2013

Notable features of the reaction include mild conditions with the use of an inexpensive catalyst and the tolerance of a variety of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Transformation of Ethers to N,N′‐Disubstituted Ureas in a Ritter‐type Reaction.
Authors: Panduranga Veladi , Basavaprabhu Basavaprabhu , Sureshbabu Vommina V.
Published: May 2013

The one‐step synthesis of title compounds via BF3·OEt2‐catalyzed cleavage of ethers and subsequent Ritter reaction with cyanamides provides an excellent alternative to existing protocols due to its operational simplicity.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Complexes Containing Multidentate Phenoxy—Pyridyl—Amidate Ligands: Highly Efficient Catalyst for Heck Coupling of Deactivated Aryl Halides.
Authors: Kantam M. Lakshmi , Annapurna Manne , Likhar Pravin R. , Srinivas P. , Mirzadeh Nedaossadat , Bhargava Suresh K.
Published: May 2013

Novel tetrafunctional Pd(II) complexes, prepared from amino acids, are shown to be highly efficient catalysts for the Heck reaction of deactivated aryl bromides and iodides with high turnover numbers.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Consecutive Reaction of Lithium Acetylides with 2‐Aryl‐1‐chlorovinyl p‐Tolyl Sulfoxides Leading to the Formation of (Z)‐Enediynes.
Authors: Kimura Tsutomu , Nishimura Yuka , Ishida Naoyuki , Momochi Hitoshi , Yamashita Hironori , Satoh Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2013

In contrast to previous reports concerning alkyl‐substituted sulfoxides, the reactions of aryl‐substituted substrates with lithium acetylides produce (Z)‐enediynes instead of the expected conjugated enynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Co2(CO)8‐Mediated Cycloisomerization of Arylene 1,7‐Enynes.
Authors: Xing Ping , Huang Zuo‐gang , Jin Yun , Jiang Biao
Published: May 2013

The title reaction renders possible the straightforward access to 2,3‐dihydroindene derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Allene Aziridination via Ag(I) Catalysis.
Authors: Rigoli Jared W. , Weatherly Cale D. , Vo Brian T. , Neale Samuel , Meis Alan R. , Schomaker Jennifer M.
Published: May 2013

It is demonstrated that scope and utility of allene aziridination can be greatly increased by employing readily available and tunable Ag(I)‐based catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphonitrilic Chloride as an Efficient Reagent for the Synthesis of β‐Sultams.
Authors: Zarei Maaroof
Published: May 2013

Optimized conditions for the synthesis of β‐sultams, which are of interest in antibiotic research, from imines and sulfonic acid allow simple aqueous work‐up to remove water‐soluble by‐products.
ChemInform Abstract: A Versatile and Practical Method for Regioselective Synthesis of Polysubstituted Furanonaphthoquinones.
Authors: Wu Zong‐Ze , Jang Yeong‐Jiunn , Lee Chia‐Jui , Lee Yen‐Te , Lin Wenwei
Published: May 2013

Optimal reaction conditions are established for the three‐component reaction of naphthoquinone (I) with aryl aldehydes (II) and tributylphosphine.
ChemInform Abstract: Selectivity Control by Silver Catalysts in the Cycloisomerization of 1,6‐Enynes Derived from Propiolamides.
Authors: Koo Jaeyoung , Park Hyun‐Sub , Shin Seunghoon
Published: May 2013

Ag(I)‐catalyzed title reactions result in selective formation of Alder‐ene type 1,4‐dienes.
ChemInform Abstract: Zn‐Mediated Asymmetric Allylation of N‐tert‐Butanesulfinyl Ketimines: An Efficient and Practical Access to Chiral Quaternary 3‐Aminooxindoles.
Authors: Chen Diao , Xu Ming‐Hua
Published: May 2013

This method provides an easy and highly diastereoselective access to a wide range of 3‐allyl or 3‐propargyl substituted 3‐aminooxindoles under exceptionally mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular N‐Arylation for the Synthesis of Oxindoles.
Authors: Jhan Yu‐Huei , Kang Ting‐Wei , Hsieh Jen‐Chieh
Published: May 2013

Suitable conditions A) are reported for the cyclization of amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Diverse Isoindolinone Derivatives via Ugi‐4CR Followed by Cu‐Catalyzed Deamidative C(sp2)—C(sp3) Coupling.
Authors: Tyagi Vikas , Khan Shahnawaz , Chauhan Prem M. S.
Published: May 2013

The two‐step procedure renders possible the access to medicinally interesting structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Arylamino‐1‐arylpyrazoles from 5‐Aminopyrazoles with Arylhalides via CuI Catalyzed Ullman Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Chang En‐Chiuan , Chen Chun‐Yen , Wang Li‐Ya , Huang Yu‐Ying , Yeh Mou‐Yung , Wong Fung Fuh
Published: May 2013

In some cases aryl bromides are used as starting material giving similar results.
ChemInform Abstract: Schwartz Reagent Mediated Synthesis of Thiazolones and Imidazolones from Thiazolidine‐2,4‐diones and Imidazolidine‐2,4‐diones.
Authors: Dandepally Srinivasa Reddy , Elgoummadi Radouane , Williams Alfred L.
Published: May 2013

The novel reduction/elimination sequence allows the conversion of substrates of type (I) and (III) in a single step.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Regio‐, Enantio‐, and Diastereoselective 1,4‐Addition of Azlactones Formed in situ from Racemic Unprotected Amino Acids and Acetic Anhydride.
Authors: Weber Manuel , Peters Rene
Published: May 2013

Catalyst (I) efficiently promotes the regio‐, enantio‐, and diastereoselective 1,4‐addition of azlactones [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Difunctionalization of 2‐Amino‐4H‐pyrans in Iodobenzene Diacetate and N‐Chlorosuccinimide: Reactivity, Mechanistic Insights, and DFT Calculations.
Authors: Mandha Santhosh Reddy , Alla Manjula , Bommena Vittal Rao , Nanubolu Jagadeesh Babu , Lingala Santosh Kumar , Yarasi Soujanya
Published: May 2013

In the presence of PhI(O‐Ac)2 and simple alcohols, 2‐aminopyrans undergo unusual geminal dialkoxylation with 1,2‐migration of the amino group.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Amination of 2‐Alkylazaarenes with Azodicarboxylates via Nucleophilic Addition.
Authors: Qian Bo , Yang Lei , Huang Hanmin
Published: May 2013

Under optimized conditions, the title reaction provides a facile access to azaarene‐containing hydrazines from easily available starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polysubstituted 1,4‐Dihydropyridines via Three‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Balalaie Saeed , Baoosi Leila , Tahoori Fatemeh , Rominger Frank , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: May 2013

The three‐component reaction between dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate (I), methyl(arylmethylidene) pyruvates (II), and primary amines (III) in a one‐pot fashion proceeds likely via a domino Michael/cyclization sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the N‐Substituted Pyridin‐1(2H)‐one Framework by Ligand‐Assisted Pd‐Catalyzed Reactions.
Authors: Zhou Kang , Wen Ping , Chen Wenlin , Ma Chaowei , Huang Guosheng
Published: May 2013

An efficient approach for the straightforward synthesis of the title frameworks, which can be found in numerous biologically active compounds, is developed from easily available starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid‐Catalyzed Four‐Component Cascade Reaction: Facile Synthesis of Hexahydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines.
Authors: Wang Ren‐Lin , Zhu Ping , Lu Yu , Huang Fu‐Ping , Hui Xin‐Ping
Published: May 2013

An efficient four‐component cascade reaction is shown (13 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Dihydropyridazine Derivatives with Cyclopenta‐, Benzo‐, Furo‐, Thiopyrano‐ and Pyrido‐Annulation.
Authors: Penning Miriam , Christoffers Jens
Published: May 2013

New title compounds of type (III) and (VI) are prepared from arylhydrazines and carbocyclic or heterocyclic β‐oxo esters with an α‐phenacetyl moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: A Microwave‐Mediated Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Regioselective Biginelli Reaction in the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Novel Tetrahydropyrimidines.
Authors: Harikrishnan Palani Sokkan , Rajesh Stephen Michael , Perumal Subbu , Almansour Abdulrahman I.
Published: May 2013

The process is completely regioselective and affords good to excellent yields of the desired pyrimidine system within a short time.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki Cross‐Coupling of 5‐Bromothieno[2,3‐b]pyridines for the Convenient Synthesis of 8‐Arylpyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[3,2‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐amines.
Authors: Loidreau Yvonnick , Levacher Vincent , Besson Thierry
Published: May 2013

The simple method may be extended to a series of boronic acids in order to create libraries of potential biologically interesting products for structure—activity studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Six‐Membered Cyclic Nitronates as 1,3‐Dipoles in Formal [3 + 3]‐Cycloaddition with Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes. Synthesis of New Type of Bicyclic Nitrosoacetals.
Authors: Gorbacheva Evgenia O. , Tabolin Andrey A. , Novikov Roman A. , Khomutova Yulia A. , Nelyubina Yulia V. , Tomilov Yury V. , Ioffe Sema L.
Published: May 2013

The first formal [3 + 3]‐cycloaddition of nitronates with donor—acceptor cyclopropanes is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of Annulated Azolo[c][1,2,4]thiadiazine S,S‐Dioxides.
Authors: Cherepakha Artem , Kovtunenko Vladimir O. , Tolmachev Andrey
Published: May 2013

Base‐mediated condensations of halogenated substrates (I) with 3‐aminoazoles provide directly the biologically important title scaffold in a one‐pot manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Sensitized Photooxidation of Tetrathienyltetrathiafulvalenes: Synthesis of Thienyl‐Substituted 1,2,5,8‐Tetrathiecine‐6,7‐dione, a New Heterocyclic System.
Authors: Charlton Adam , Donati Donato , Fusi Stefania , Murphy Patrick J. , Ponticelli Fabio
Published: May 2013

Attempted oxidative photolytic conversion of tetrathiofulvalenes (I) to planar conjugated systems results in unexpected formation of the novel heterocyclic system (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Transformation of Protected P—H Group into P—O or P—N Group in One‐Pot Reaction.
Authors: Yao Qiuli , Yuan Chengye
Published: May 2013

A general and efficient method for conversion of 1,1‐diethoxyalkylphosphinates into phosphonates and phosphonamides via formation of H‐phosphinates is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of H‐Phosphonates and Amides to N‐Acylphosphoramidates.
Authors: Jin Xiongjie , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: May 2013

A simple combination of cupric acetate and an appropriate base can promote aerobic oxidative cross‐coupling of H‐phosphonates with amides and indoles, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot Procedure for the Preparation of N‐9‐Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl‐α‐amino Diazoketones from α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Siciliano Carlo , De Marco Rosaria , Guidi Ludovica Evelin , Spinella Mariagiovanna , Liguori Angelo
Published: May 2013

A new, simple, efficient, and widely applicable method to prepare synthetically important α‐amino diazoketones is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: cis‐Decahydroquinolines via Asymmetric Organocatalysis: Application to the Total Synthesis of Lycoposerramine Z.
Authors: Bradshaw Ben , Luque‐Corredera Carlos , Bonjoch Josep
Published: May 2013

A concise synthesis of the Lycopodium alkaloid lycoposerramine Z (VI) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: New Concepts and Modeling Strategies to Design and Evaluate Photo‐Electro‐Catalysts Based on Transition Metal Oxides
Authors: Liao Peilin , Carter Emily A.
Published: May 2013

Review: 245 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Templated Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Liu Yiding , Goebl James , Yin Yadong
Published: May 2013

Review: 431 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Complexes of Earth‐Abundant Metals for Catalytic Electrochemical Hydrogen Generation under Aqueous Conditions
Authors: Thoi V. Sara , Sun Yujie , Long Jeffrey R. , Chang Christopher J.
Published: May 2013

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heavier Main Group Dimetallene Reactivity: Effects of Frontier Orbital Symmetry
Authors: Caputo Christine A. , Power Philip P.
Published: May 2013

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallic Ruthenium Nanoparticles: A Comparative Study of the Influence of the Stabilizer on Their Characteristics and Reactivity
Authors: Lara Patricia , Philippot Karine , Chaudret Bruno
Published: May 2013

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Propargyl Vinyl Ethers as Heteroatom‐Tethered Enyne Surrogates: Diversity‐Oriented Strategies for Heterocycle Synthesis
Authors: Zhu Zhi‐Bin , Kirsch Stefan F.
Published: May 2013

Review: 126 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Brief Overview
Authors: Mulakayala Naveen , Rao Pallavi , Iqbal Javed , Bandichhor Rakeshwar , Oruganti Srinivas
Published: May 2013

Review: 163 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrate‐Containing Natural Products in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Cao Hongzhi , Hwang Joel , Chen Xi
Published: May 2013

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In Pursuit of an Elusive Target: Our Kendomycin Story
Authors: Martin Harry J. , Magauer Thomas , Mulzer Johann
Published: May 2013

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Dehydration of Alkanediols into Unsaturated Alcohols over Rare Earth Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Sato Satoshi , Sato Fumiya , Gotoh Hiroshi , Yamada Yasuhiro
Published: May 2013

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Iridium‐Catalyzed Alkylation of C—H and N—H Bonds
Authors: Pan Shiguang , Shibata Takanori
Published: May 2013

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Catalysis for the Synthesis of Spirocyclic Compounds
Authors: Franz Annaliese K. , Hanhan Nadine V. , Ball‐Jones Nicolas R.
Published: May 2013

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective [4 + 2]‐Cycloaddition: A Strategy to Access Aza‐Hexacycles
Authors: Masson Geraldine , Lalli Claudia , Benohoud Meryem , Dagousset Guillaume
Published: May 2013

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Diastereoselective Reformatsky‐Type Reaction
Authors: Choppin Sabine , Ferreiro‐Medeiros Leticia , Barbarotto Marie , Colobert Francoise
Published: May 2013

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: One Hundred Years of Helicene Chemistry. Part 2. Stereoselective Syntheses and Chiral Separations of Carbohelicenes
Authors: Gingras Marc , Felix Guy , Peresutti Romain
Published: May 2013

Review: 191 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Stereoselective Spiroketalizations
Authors: Nagorny Pavel , Sun Zhankui , Winschel Grace A.
Published: May 2013

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mono‐ and Oligocyclic Aromatic Ynes and Diynes as Building Blocks to Approach Larger Acenes, Heteroacenes, and Twistacenes
Authors: Li Junbo , Zhang Qichun
Published: May 2013

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Highlights on Contemporary Recognition and Sensing of Fluoride Anion in Solution and in the Solid State
Authors: Cametti Massimo , Rissanen Kari
Published: May 2013

Review: about 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: DNA Nanostructure Meets Nanofabrication
Authors: Zhang Guomei , Surwade Sumedh P. , Zhou Feng , Liu Haitao
Published: May 2013

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorescent Probes for G‐Quadruplex Structures
Authors: Vummidi Balayeshwanth R. , Alzeer Jawad , Luedtke Nathan W.
Published: May 2013

Review: 232 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Insights into Prebiotic Chemistry from Stanley Miller′s Spark Discharge Experiments
Authors: Bada Jeffrey L.
Published: May 2013

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure—Function Analyses of Solar Fuels Catalysts Using in situ X‐Ray Scattering
Authors: Mulfort Karen L. , Mukherjee Anusree , Kokhan Oleksandr , Du Pingwu , Tiede David M.
Published: May 2013

Review: 74 refs.
Hydrodynamics of a powder‐particle spouted bed with bottom feeding of powders conveyed by spouting gas
Authors: Nagashima Hiroshi , Suzukawa Kazumi , Ishikura Toshifumi
Published: May 2013

Hydrodynamics of a powder‐particle spouted bed (PPSB) with bottom feeding of fine powders conveyed by spouting gas has been investigated. Feeding of fine powders caused an increase in bed pressure drop, especially when a cohesive powder was fed. The minimum spouting velocity decreased with increasing feed rate of fines until a critical value, above which slugging occurred. Also, the fines became difficult to elutriate out of the PPSB when using a cohesive powder smaller than 40 µm. The elutriation rate constant and the mean residence time of fines in this study almost agreed with those obtained by top feeding.
Role of the trochlear nerve in eye abduction and frontal vision of the red‐eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Authors: Dearworth J.R. , Ashworth A.L. , Kaye J.M. , Bednarz D.T. , Blaum J.F. , Vacca J.M. , McNeish J.E. , Higgins K.A. , Michael C.L. , Skrobola M.G. , Jones M.S. , Ariel M.
Published: May 2013

Horizontal head rotation evokes significant responses from trochlear motoneurons of turtle that suggests they have a functional role in abduction of the eyes like that in frontal‐eyed mammals. The finding is unexpected given that the turtle is generally considered lateral‐eyed and assumed to have eye movements instead like that of lateral‐eyed mammals, in which innervation of the superior oblique muscle by the trochlear nerve (nIV) produces intorsion, elevation, and adduction (not abduction). Using an isolated turtle head preparation with the brain removed, glass suction electrodes were used to stimulate nIV with trains of current pulses. Eyes were monitored via an infrared camera with the head placed in a gimble to quantify eye rotations and their directions. Stimulations of nIV evoked intorsion, elevation, and abduction. Dissection of the superior oblique muscle identified lines of action and a location of insertion on the eye, which supported kinematics evoked by nIV stimulation. Eye positions in alert behaving turtles with their head extended were compared with that when their heads were retracted in the carapace. When the head was retracted, there was a reduction in interpupillary distance and an increase in binocular overlap. Occlusion of peripheral fields by the carapace forces the turtle to a more frontal‐eyed state, perhaps the reason for the action of abduction by the superior oblique muscle. These findings support why trochlear motoneurons in turtle respond in the same way as abducens motoneurons to horizontal rotations, an unusual characteristic of vestibulo‐ocular physiology in comparison with other mammalian lateral‐eyed species. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3464‐3477, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rescue of easily shocked mutant seizure sensitivity in drosophila adults
Authors: Kroll Jason R. , Tanouye Mark A.
Published: May 2013

Genetic factors that influence seizure susceptibility can act transiently during the development of neural circuits or might be necessary for the proper functioning of existing circuits. We provide evidence that the Drosophila seizure‐sensitive mutant easily shocked (eas) represents a neurological disorder in which abnormal functioning of existing neural circuits leads to seizure sensitivity. The eas+ gene encodes for the protein Ethanolamine Kinase, involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. We show that induction of eas+ in adult mutant flies rescues them from seizure sensitivity despite previously known developmental defects in brain morphology. Additionally, through cell‐type‐specific rescue, our results suggest a specific role for eas+ in excitatory rather than inhibitory neural transmission. Overall, our findings emphasize an important role for proper phospholipid metabolism in normal brain function and suggest that certain classes of epilepsy syndromes could have the potential to be treated with gene therapy techniques. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3500‐3507, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrophysiological and morphological characterization of cells in superficial layers of rat presubiculum
Authors: Abbasi Saad , Kumar Sanjay S.
Published: May 2013

The presubiculum (PrS) plays critical roles in spatial information processing and memory consolidation and has also been implicated in temporal lobe epileptogenesis. Despite its involvement in these processes, a basic structure–function analysis of PrS cells remains far from complete. To this end, we performed whole‐cell recording and biocytin labeling of PrS neurons in layer (L)II and LIII to examine their electrophysiological and morphological properties. We characterized the cell types based on electrophysiological criteria, correlated their gross morphology, and classified them into distinct categories using unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis. We identified seven distinct cell types: regular‐spiking (RS), irregular‐spiking (IR), initially bursting (IB), stuttering (Stu), single‐spiking (SS), fast‐adapting (FA), and late‐spiking (LS) cells, of which RS and IB cells were common to LII and LIII, LS cells were specific to LIII, and the remaining types were identified exclusively in LII. Recorded neurons were either pyramidal or nonpyramidal and, except for Stu cells, displayed spine‐rich dendrites. The RS, IB, and IR cells appeared to be projection neurons based on extension of their axons into LIII of the medial entorhinal area (MEA) and/or angular bundle. We conclude that LII and LIII of PrS are distinct in their neuronal populations and together constitute a more diverse population of neurons than previously suggested. PrS neurons serve as major drivers of circuits in superficial (LII–III) entorhinal cortex (ERC) and couple neighboring structures through robust afferentation, thereby substantiating the PrS's critical role in the parahippocampal region. J. Comp. Neurol. 521: 3116–3132, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the evolution of recombination in haploids and diploids: I. Deterministic models
Authors: Bergman Aviv , Otto Sarah P. , Feldman Marcus W.
Published: May 2013

In population genetic theory, most analytical and numerical studies of the evolution of recombination have focused on diploid genetics. In studies of the foundations and applications of genetic algorithms (GA's), however, the bit‐strings are usually treated as haploid genotypes. In this paper and its companion paper (Bergman et al., 1995), we compare results for the evolutionary dynamics of modifiers of recombination in haploids with results derived for diploids. In this paper, we study the evolution of an allele that controls the rate of recombination between two loci subject to directional selection. It is shown analytically that the fate of a recombination modifier in both haploids and diploids is determined in a complicated way by the sign of the epistasis (interaction in fitness) between the loci, the sign of the initial linkage disequilibrium, and the amount of recombination between the modifier and the genes under selection. This theory is deterministic in that the population is regarded as infinite and no sampling occurs to produce offspring from parents. In the companion paper (Bergman et al., Complexity, 1(2) 1995), we expand upon this work by addressing epistatic interactions among several loci in finite populations.
On the evolution of recombination in haploids and diploids: II. Stochastic models
Authors: Bergman Aviv , Otto Sarah P. , Feldman Marcus W.
Published: May 2013

In this article, we continue an investigation into the evolution of modifiers of recombination, comparing haploid and diploid models begun in Vol. 1, Issue 1, of Complexity. Here, we examine selection schemes that have been used recently in numerical studies of finite diploid populations and ask how recombination evolves in haploid versions of these models. Although the analysis keeps track of the recombination controlling locus rather than the time until a desired bit‐string appears, our result may be of use to the practitioners of genetic algorithms (GA's). We find that as a rule high recombination evolves more easily when selection is on haploids than it does in the diploid case. This is especially true of Gaussian selection schemes with high recombination recessive to low recombination. When the fitness regime is more jagged, however, the results depend on the level of jaggedness, with high recombination favored under smoother regimes. We also find that the direction of mutation and dominance relationships among the modifying alleles affect the results. Although there remains much to be done in reconciling population genetic theory with the properties of genetic algorithms, many new and interesting questions have emerged from, and will continue to be stimulated by, interactions between practitioners of each approach.
How real are virtual realities, how virtual is reality?—Constructive re‐interpretation of physical undecidability
Authors: Svozil K.
Published: May 2013

Throughout the ups and downs of scientific world conception there has been a persistent vision of a world which is understandable by human reasoning. In a contemporary, recursion theoretic, comprehension, the term “reasoning” is interpretable as “constructive” or, more specifically, “mechanically computable.” An expression of this statement is the assumption that our universe is generated by the action of some deterministic computing agent; or, stated pointedly, that we are living in a computer‐generated universe. Physics then reduces to the investigation of the intrinsic, “inner view” of a particular virtual reality which happens to be our universe. In this interpretation, formal logic, mathematics and the computer sciences are just the physical sciences of more general “virtual” realities, irrespective of whether they are “really” realized or not. We shall study several aspects of this conception, among them the conjecture that randomness in physics can be constructively reinterpreted to correspond to uncomputability and undecidability in mathematics. We shall also attack the nonconstructive feature of classical physics by showing its inconsistency. Another concern is the modeling of interfaces, i.e., the means and methods of communication between two universes. On a speculative level, this may give some clue on such notorious questions such as the occurrence of “miracles” or on the “mind‐body problem.”
Are binary codings universal?
Authors: Calude Cristian , Câmpeanu Cezar
Published: May 2013

It is common sense to notice that one needs fewer digits to code numbers in ternary than in binary; new names are about log32 times shorter. Is this trade‐off a consequence of the special coding scheme? The answer is negative. More generally, we argue that the answer to the question, stated in the title and formulated to the first author by C. Rackhoff, is in fact negative. The conclusion will be achieved by studying the role of the size of the alphabet in constructing instantaneous codes for all natural numbers, and defining random strings and sequences. We show that there is no optimal instantaneous code for all positive integers, and the binary is the worst possible. Codes over a fixed alphabet can be indefinitely improved themselves, but only “slightly”; in contrast, changing the size of the alphabet determines a significant, not linear, improvement. The key relation describing the above phenomenon can be expressed in terms of Chaitin complexity: changing the size of the coding alphabet from q to Q, 2 ≤ q < Q, results in an improvement of the complexity by a factor og log q.

As a consequence, a string avoiding consistently a fixed letter is not random. In binary, this corresponds to a trivial situation. In the nonbinary case the distinction is relevant: more than 3.2n ternary strings of length n are not random (many of these strings are binary random). This phenomenon is even sharper for infinite sequences.
On macroevolution, extinctions and critical phenomena
Authors: Solé Ricard V.
Published: May 2013

A new model of large‐scale evolution is presented. It involves a simple ecosystem formed by N species related among them through some connections. Random extinction and diversification are involved and it is shown that power‐laws in the extinction patterns are obtained, as well as I/f‐noise dynamics. Some implications for both theoretical studies and paleobiological data are discussed.
Amorphous Cu–In–S Nanoparticles as Precursors for CuInSe2 Thin‐Film Solar Cells with a High Efficiency
Authors: Ahn SeJin , Choi Yoo Jeong , Kim Kyunhwan , Eo Young‐Joo , Cho Ara , Gwak Jihye , Yun Jae Ho , Shin Keeshik , Ahn Seoung Kyu , Yoon Kyunghoon
Published: May 2013

CuInSe2 (CISe) absorber layers for thin‐film solar cells were fabricated through the selenization of amorphous Cu–In–S nanoparticles, which were prepared by using a low‐temperature colloidal process within one minute without any external heating. Two strategies for obtaining highly dense CISe absorber films were used in this work; the first was the modification of nanoparticle surface through chelate complexation with ethanolamine, and the second strategy utilized the lattice expansion that occurred when S atoms in the precursor particles were replaced with Se during selenization. The synergy of these two strategies allowed formation of highly dense CISe thin films, and devices fabricated using the absorber layer demonstrated efficiencies of up to 7.94 % under AM 1.5G illumination without an anti‐reflection coating.