bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APPROXIMATION OF NUMERICAL INTEGRATION APPLIED TO Araucaria angustifólia STEM TAPER MODELS
Authors: Costa Emanuel Arnoni , Finger César Augusto Guimarães , Schneider Paulo Renato , Müller Ivanor
Published: April 2015

AbstractAPPROXIMATION OF NUMERICAL INTEGRATION APPLIED TO Araucaria angustifólia STEM TAPER MODELSFunctions describing stem shape allow to determine dimension and volume class, with direct application in technical and economic activities in the forest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Trapezoidal and Simpson 1/3 rules in the approximation of numerical integration applied to Kozak, Lee et al. and Sharma and Zhang models. The evaluated data were diameter and height of sixty Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze individuals from a planted forest located in Caçador, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Analysis of results showed the high efficiency of the two volume and assortments determination methods compared to the exact value of the numerical integration. Kozak and Lee et al. models showed better results compared to Sharma and Zhang models. The first, when estimating volume of trunk with bark, applying the Trapezoidal rule, showed an error smaller than 10-4, through eight integration intervals, equidistant between sections with relative length equal to 20% of the total height. The Simpson 1/3 rule resulted in greater accuracy with an error smaller than 10-6, though with complex mathematical structure using six equidistant integration intervals.Keywords: Taper; stem profile; individual volume. ResumoAproximação da integral numérica de modelos de forma do tronco para Araucaria angustifólia. Funções que descrevem a forma do tronco de árvores permitem determinar classes de dimensão e volume com aplicação direta no planejamento das atividades técnicas e econômicas na floresta. Neste sentido o presente estudo avaliou a acurácia da regra dos Trapézios e de Simpson 1/3 na aproximação da integral numérica aplicada aos modelos de Kozak, Lee et al. e Sharma e Zhang. Os dados avaliados incluem diâmetros e alturas relativas de sessenta árvores de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze provenientes de plantios florestais situados em Caçador, SC. A análise dos resultados mostrou alta eficiência dos dois métodos de determinação do volume e dos sortimentos quando comparados com o valor exato da integral numérica. Os modelos de Kozak e Lee et al. obtiveram resultados superiores quando confrontados com Sharma e Zhang, sendo estes, quando estimado o volume do tronco com casca, aplicando a regra do Trapézio, mostrou um erro inferior a 10-4 mediante a oito intervalos de integração equidistantes entre secções de comprimento relativo igual a 20% da altura total. A regra de Simpson 1/3 propiciou maior acurácia com erro inferior a 10-6, mas com estrutura matemática complexa utilizando seis intervalos de integração equidistantes.Palavras-chave: Afilamento; perfil do fuste; volume individual.
ANÁLISE ESPACIAL DE CONFLITOS DA ARBORIZAÇÃO DE VIAS PÚBLICAS: CASO IRATI, PARANÁ
Authors: Mayer Cleverson Luis Dias , Oliveira Filho Paulo Costa , Bobrowski Rogério
Published: April 2015

A arborização de vias públicas gera inúmeros benefícios à qualidade de vida da população urbana, mas se implantada de forma inadequada pode causar diversos transtornos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os conflitos da arborização de vias públicas em Irati, Paraná, por meio de técnicas de análise espacial. Para isso, foi empregado o software SPRING, imagens orbitais Quickbird de 61 cm de resolução espacial e arquivos vetoriais contendo o limite dos bairros do município, a rede de distribuição elétrica, instalações subterrâneas, equipamentos urbanos e localização das árvores, fornecidos pela Secretaria de Ecologia e Meio Ambiente do Município. Após a estruturação do modelo de dados, foi realizada a confrontação das estruturas urbanas e a localização dos indivíduos arbóreos quanto às distâncias de segurança na realidade observada, por meio de consultas ao banco de dados, aplicando-se o estimador de densidade Kernel aos resultados. Com uso da estatística Kernel, foram geradas imagens de densidade referentes aos resultados das consultas, permitindo uma melhor interpretação visual na distribuição espacial dos conflitos.Palavras-chave: Árvores de rua; estatística Kernel; geotecnologias; software livre. AbstractSpatial analysis of conflicts in street arborization: Irati case, Paraná. Street arborization promotes numerous benefits to urban population’s life quality, however, if it is implanted in an inadequate way, street arborization can cause many disorders. In this sense, this research aim to analyze conflicts in Irati’s urban forest, Paraná, by spatial analyses technique. In order to such analysis, we used SPRING software, Quickbird satellite’s images of 61 cm spatial resolution, vector files containing boundary of city neighborhoods, electrical energy transmission system, sewer system and water distribution system, urban equipments and trees location provided by the Secretariat of Ecology and Environment of the City. After structuring the data model, we conducted the confrontation of urban structures and location of individual trees concerning safety distances to the reality observed into to the database, and then applied the Kernel density estimator to the results of consultations. With use of Kernel statistic, we generated density images from results of the consultations, which enable better visual interpretation in the spatial distribution of the conflicts.Keywords: Roadside trees; kernel statistic; geotechnology; free software.
ALOCAÇÃO E MODELAGEM DA BIOMASSA EM Dendrocalamus asper
Authors: Mognon Francelo , Rodrigues Aurélio Lourenço , Sanquetta Carlos Roberto , Corte Ana Paula Dalla , De Novaes Adalberto Brito , Blum Christopher Thomas
Published: April 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a biomassa seca total individual de plantas de bambu da espécie Dendrocalamus asper (Schult. & Schult. f.) Backer ex K. Heyne, visando conhecer a sua distribuição nos diferentes compartimentos, bem como avaliar modelos de biomassa em função de variáveis biométricas das plantas. Foram avaliados 20 indivíduos, coletados em Bauru, SP. As plantas amostradas foram medidas, abatidas e pesadas. A maior fração da biomassa foi observada na parte aérea, com 86%, sendo 64% para o compartimento colmo, 16% para os galhos e 6% para as folhas. Os rizomas representaram 14% da biomassa total. As variáveis biométricas (diâmetro à altura do peito – DAP, altura total – ht e diâmetro de colo – Dcolo) correlacionaram-se significativamente com as biomassas total e do colmo. O modelo que apresentou o melhor desempenho para a biomassa total teve como variável independente apenas o DAP, enquanto que para a biomassa dos colmos foi a variável combinada dap0,5*lndap. Os ajustes para os demais compartimentos não geraram resultados satisfatórios, em função da baixa correlação entre as variáveis biométricas e suas biomassas. Concluiu-se que é possível expressar a biomassa seca total e do colmo do bambu por meio de modelos alométricos, porém o mesmo não se aplica aos demais compartimentos.Palavras-chave: Bambu; fitomassa; modelos alométricos. AbstractAllocation and modeling of biomass of Dendrocalamus asper. The aim of this research was to quantify the total individual biomass of bamboo plants of the species Dendrocalamus asper (Schult. & Schult. f.) Backer ex K. Heyne, in order to understand its distribution along different compartments, as well as evaluat biomass models according to biometric variables. Twenty individuals collected in Bauru, SP were evaluated. The plants were measured, cut and weighed. The aboveground biomass accounted for the major fraction, representing 86%. The stem compartment represented 64% of total biomass, followed by the branches, with 16% and leaves, with 6%. Rhizomes accounted for 14% of the total biomass. The biometric variables (diameter at breast height - dbh, total height – ht, and collar diameter - dcollar) were significantly correlated with total and stem biomass. The model that revealed best performance for total biomass had only dap as independent variable, for the stems biomass the combined variable was dap0,5*lndap. The adjustments for other compartments were not satisfactory due to low correlation between the biometric variables and their biomass. As conclusion, it is possible to express the total  dry stem biomass and culm mass of bamboo using allometric models, however, the same does not apply to other compartments.Keywords: Bamboo; phytomass; allometric models.
«TALCUALISMO», «DECOLONIZZAZIONE» O «UTOPIA ARCAICA» DEL DIRITTO COSTITUZIONALE?
Authors: Carducci Michele
Published: April 2015

O artigo tem por objetivo realizar reflexões críticas a respeito da abordagem comparatista do Direito Constitucional em matéria de Direito indigenista, levando em consideração as peculiaridades da realidade latino-americana e buscando o locus dos direitos dos índios entre um Direito Constitucional geral e um Direito Constitucional cultural.
NUEVAS FRONTERAS DEL CONTROL DE CONVENCIONALIDAD: EL RECICLAJE DEL DERECHO NACIONAL Y EL CONTROL LEGISFERANTE DE CONVENCIONALIDAD
Authors: Sagüés Néstor Pedro
Published: April 2015

El control de convencionalidad programado por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ha asumido nuevas posturas. De un control judicial puramente represivo de inaplicación de normas nacionales contrarias al Pacto de San José de Costa Rica y a la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana, ha pasado a crear un control “constructivo” de convencionalidad, a fin de adaptar las reglas nacionales al referido Pacto y jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana. Además, el control de convencionalidad debe ser realizado por todos los órganos del Estado, como el Poder Legislativo, y especialmente los más vinculados con la administración de justicia.
JUDICIAL ADJUDICATION IN HOUSING RIGHTS IN BRAZIL AND COLOMBIA: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Valle Vanice Regina Lírio do
Published: April 2015

Cooperative constitutionalism is the watchword in the 21st. century, and the creation of a judicial network is an important tool to improve human rights protection. This paper intends to contribute in that field, reporting the constitutional framework and the main decisions held by the Brazilian and the Colombian Constitutional Courts in protecting housing rights. The comparison is justified by the historical proximity in the juridical transition in both countries – 1988 in Brazil and 1991 in Colombia –; and also by the clear inspiration that Colombia took in the Brazilian Constitution at the time of their Constituent Assembly. As the narrative may show, formal constitutional clauses were not the key element to assure some level of efficacy to the housing right; Colombian results seems to be more solid and based in normative parameters, even though the literal text of the constitution does not provide housing rights with immediate efficacy.
DIALOGICAL CONSTITUTIONALISM MANIFESTATIONS IN THE BRAZILIAN JUDICIAL REVIEW
Authors: Valle Vanice Regina Lírio do
Published: April 2015

The exponential growth in judicial review in Brazil, compared with the international scenery, is not out of tune – and it has a direct relation with many Brazilian constitutional features. An analytical text (with over 400 articles) and a large spectrum of fundamental rights, provide an ambience that favors highly intense controversy about State obligations in providing goods and public services, or even about the possible tensions that may arise between those same rights. The Brazilian Supreme Court faces that unmanageable number of lawsuits, notably related with claims regarding the non-granting of socioeconomic rights. That scenery is leading the Brazilian Supreme Court to some kind of experimentalism in the designing of its own rulings, applying techniques that can be easily associated with many manifestations of the so-called dialogical constitutionalism. All those experiences reveal that granting socioeconomic rights as a distributive justice goal requires a dialogic strategy in judicial review, in order to provide progressive implementation, preventing inequality. Still, those dialogic provisions face serious obstacles related with the menace of a merely symbolic use by the Judiciary and with a path of substitutive deliberation again by the Judiciary leading to reinforce Legislative inertia, social alienation from the debate and undermining democratic accountability. Adopting a dialogical constitutionalism model in Brazil might be a proper solution to allow its system to reach the functional development of the constitution’s goals – but it requires a deeper theoretical reflection.
EL ESTADO AUTONÓMICO Y LOS NACIONALISMOS
Authors: Rodríguez-Arana Muñoz Jaime
Published: April 2015

El artículo tiene como objeto la cuestión de la organización territorial del Estado español a la luz de la Constitución Española de 1978. El estudio examina, de una parte, la contestación que desde determinados nacionalismos se hace al ordenamiento constitucional vigente y, de otra, las lecturas distintas del texto constitucional que conducen a la negación de concepciones que el constituyente consideró fundantes del mismo orden constitucional. La cuestión principal analizada es el perfil de Estado autonómico diseñado en la Constitución Española.
CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS E JURISDIÇÃO CONSTITUCIONAL: JUDICIALIZAÇÃO E ATIVISMO JUDICIAL EM FACE DA PROTEÇÃO DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS E FUNDAMENTAIS?
Authors: Hennig Leal Mônia Clarissa
Published: April 2015

A discussão acerca da legitimidade e dos limites dos Tribunais Constitucionais não é nova, especialmente diante de fenômenos como judicialização e ativismo judicial. Podem, contudo, estes referenciais teóricos de análise ser aplicados, também, aos Tribunais Internacionais de Direitos Humanos?
A RESOLUÇÃO N. 22.585/2007 DO TRIBUNAL SUPERIOR ELEITORAL E A VIOLAÇÃO DE DIREITO CIVIL E POLÍTICO FUNDAMENTAL: ASPECTOS INTRODUTÓRIOS
Authors: Leal Rogério Gesta , Friedrich Denise Bittencourt
Published: April 2015

O ensaio trata do tema que envolve a polêmica Resolução n. 22.585/2007, do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, verificando em que medida ela viola Direitos Fundamentais Civis e Políticos da Cidadania e dos Partidos Políticos brasileiros.
SUMÁRIO BILINGUE
Authors: Table of Contents Bilingual
Published: April 2015

SUMÁRIO BILINGUEBilingual Table of Contents
Effects of submergence on growth and survival of saplings of three wetland trees differing in adaptive mechanisms for flood tolerance
Authors: Iwanaga Fumiko , Tanaka Kazuo , Nakazato Ikue , Yamamoto Fukuju
Published: April 2015

Aim of study: Withstanding total submergence and reaeration following submergence is essential for the survival and establishment of wetland species. We focused on “LOES–low oxygen escape syndrome” and “LOQS–low oxygen quiescence syndrome” and compared tolerances to total submergence among wetland woody species differing in morphological adaptation to soil flooding.Area of study, materials and methods: This study examined the survival of 2-year-old saplings of Taxodium distichum (LOQS species), and Alnus japonica and Metasequoia glyptostroboides, (LOES species), during and after total submergence. Saplings were completely submerged, then de-submerged to determine trends in survival and growth.Main results: The M. glyptostroboides and A. japonica saplings could not survive prolonged submergence for more than 8 weeks, whereas saplings of T. distichum survived for over 2 years. Submerged saplings of all species showed no significant growth or modifications in morphology and anatomy under water, such as shoot elongation, adventitious root formation, and/or aerenchyma development. All T. distichum saplings that were de-submerged in the second year had the same pattern of shoot growth regardless of differences in timing and seasonality of de-submergence. Wood formation in T. distichum saplings ceased during submergence and resumed after de-submergence in spring and summer, but not in autumn.Research highlights: T. distichum saplings, which survived longer submergence periods than A. japonica and M. glyptostroboides, had physiological characteristics, such as suspension of growth and metabolism, which allowed survival of protracted total submergence (at least 2 years) when saplings were immersed during the dormant stage before leaf flushing.Keywords: Alnus japonica; Metasequoia glyptostroboides; survival rates; Taxodium distichum; total submergence.Abbreviations: LOES, low oxygen escape syndrome; LOQS, low oxygen quiescence syndrome.
Accuracy of LiDAR-based tree height estimation and crown recognition in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Okinawa, Japan
Authors: Ahmad Zawawi Azita , Shiba Masami , Jemali Noor Janatun Naim
Published: April 2015

Aim of study: To present an approach for estimating tree heights, stand density and crown patches using LiDAR data in a subtropical broad-leaved forest.Area of study: The study was conducted within the Yambaru subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, Okinawa main island, Japan.Materials and methods: A digital canopy height model (CHM) was extracted from the LiDAR data for tree height estimation and a watershed segmentation method was applied for the individual crown delineation. Dominant tree canopy layers were estimated using multi-scale filtering and local maxima detection. The LiDAR estimation results were then compared to the ground inventory data and a high resolution orthophoto image for accuracy assessment. Main results: A Wilcoxon matched pair test suggests that LiDAR data is highly capable of  estimating tree height in a subtropical forest (z = 4.0, p = 0.345), but has limitation to detect small understory trees and a single tree delineation. The results show that there is a statistically significant different type of crown detection from LiDAR data over forest inventory (z = 0, p = 0.043). We also found that LiDAR computation results underestimated the stand density and overestimated the crown size.Research highlights: Most studies involving crown detection and tree height estimation have focused on the analysis of plantations, boreal forests and temperate forests, and less was conducted on tropical and/or subtropical forests. Our study tested the capability of LiDAR as an effective application for analyzing a highly dense forest.Key words: Broad-leaved; inventory; LiDAR; subtropical; tree height.Abbreviations: DBH: Diameter at Breast Height, CHM: Canopy Height Model, DEM: Digital Elevation Model, DSM: Digital Surface Model, LiDAR: Light Detection and Ranging, YFA: Yambaru Forest Area.
Climate-influenced ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seed masting trends in western Montana, USA
Authors: Keyes Christopher R , Manso González Rubén
Published: April 2015

Aim of study: The aim of this study was to analyze 10-year records of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seed production, in order to confirm synchronic seed production and to evaluate cyclical masting trends, masting depletion effect, and climate-masting relationships.Area of study: The study area was located in a P. ponderosa stand in the northern Rocky Mountains (western Montana, USA).Material and methods: The study was conducted in one stand that had been subjected to a silvicultural study of uneven-aged management techniques that was carried out in 1984, and which resulted in three separate units consisting of one control, one cut/no-burn treatment, and one cut/burn treatment. Seeds were collected during the 10 years following treatment in 15 traps systematically deployed within each of the stand’s three units. The total numbers of seeds collected in each unit were plotted over time to analyze crop synchrony, with Spearman rank correlation coefficient used to test for masting cycles and crop depletion after a mast year. Meteorological records over the period 1983-1994 were related to the occurrence of a mast event (defined as crops exceeding 50,000 viable seeds/ha).Main results: The seed production pattern was non-cyclical, synchronous, and independent of silvicultural treatment history. A mast-depletion effect was evident but was not statistically significant. Mast events seem to be promoted by the occurrence of optimum mean temperatures at the beginning of spring during both the first (11 °C) and second (9 °C) years of cone maturation. The probability of a mast year was also affected by summer temperature (number of late frost days; negative effect) and precipitation amount (positive effect). All these factors would seemingly explain the observed synchronous pattern in cone production.Research highlights: The non-cyclical trend of ponderosa pine seed mast years is influenced by specific climate determinants. Fluctuations in mean early spring temperatures, late frost and water availability are likely to affect P. ponderosa seed production, with implications for natural regeneration in this region.Key words: natural regeneration; seed periodicity; reproduction; uneven-aged management; Rocky Mountains.
Designing acorn protection for direct seeding of quercus species in high predation areas
Authors: Reque José A. , Martin Eduardo
Published: April 2015

Aim of the study: a) To present the trial-and-error approach followed in the design and patent of a manufactured seed and seedling protector effective against mice and voles, rabbits, wild boar and deer (http://bopiweb.com/elemento/829172/). b) To assess the viability of direct oak seeding with and without protection in the complex acorn predation reality of post fire restoration and underplanting in existing pine afforestations.Study area: Northern Plateau of Spain, in an area of extreme acorn predation.Material and methods: We followed a classical trial-and-error approach for problem solving. Different modifications to a wire mesh screen cylinder were tested in subsequent trials aiming to evaluate the effects on acorn predation and early emerging plant survival and growth. The final protector is based on a thin wire mesh cylinder with three innovations: a truncated cone, a circular crown and a sphere compartment. Further we assessed the viability of direct oak seeding with and without protection in the complex acorn predation reality of post fire restoration and underplanting in existing pine afforestations.Main results: The manufactured seed protector was found to be effective against synergic attacks of mice, rodents, wild boars and herbivores. Survival of protected oak was 77% under canopies and 32% in open light conditions two years after sowing.Research highlights: Our results confirm the viability of direct oak seeding for woodland restoration if seed predation is controlled.       Keywords: sowing; underplanting; trial-and-error; seed protector; afforestation; oak.
Species turnover during secondary succession in a laurel forest stand 60 years after clearcutting
Authors: Arevalo Jose Ramon , Aboal Jesus Ramon
Published: April 2015

Aim of study: The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of clearcutting and recovery of a laurel forest stand, 50 years after felling.Area of study: Laurel forest stand in Agua García, Tenerife (Canary Islands)Material and methods: Structural stand parameters were measured in a large patch of laurel forest.Main results: The results revealed that Erica arborea and Ilex canariensis have acted as pioneer species in the broad sense of the term, while Morella faya has remained abundant throughout the study. Persea indica became increasingly dominant throughout succession, as indicated by several different structural parameters.Research highlights: Recovery of the laurel forest after clearcutting has been possible in some areas without any further forest management, as indicated by the species composition and forest structure.Key words: Canary Islands; Ecological Restoration; Laurel forest; Succession.
Input point distribution for regular stem form spline modeling
Authors: Kuželka Karel , Marušák Róbert
Published: April 2015

Aim of study: To optimize an interpolation method and distribution of measured diameters to represent regular stem form of coniferous trees using a set of discrete points.Area of study: Central-Bohemian highlands, Czech Republic; a region that represents average stand conditions of production forests of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in central Europe.Material and methods: The accuracy of stem curves modeled using natural cubic splines from a set of measured diameters was evaluated for 85 closely measured stems of Norway spruce  using five statistical indicators and compared to the accuracy of three additional models based on different spline types selected for their ability to represent stem curves. The optimal positions to measure diameters were identified using an aggregate objective function approach.Main results: The optimal positions of the input points vary depending on the properties of each spline type. If the optimal input points for each spline are used, then all spline types are able to give reasonable results with higher numbers of input points. The commonly used natural cubic spline was outperformed by other spline types. The lowest errors occur by interpolating the points using the Catmull-Rom spline, which gives accurate and unbiased volume estimates, even with only five input points.Research highlights: The study contributes to more accurate representation of stem form and therefore more accurate estimation of stem volume using data obtained from terrestrial imagery or other close-range remote sensing methods.Key words: spline; stem curve; taper model; diameter position; Norway spruce.
A PCR based method to detect Russula spp. in soil samples and Limodorum abortivum roots in Mediterranean environments
Authors: Larriba Eduardo , Belda Antonio , López-Llorca Luis Vicente
Published: April 2015

Aim of study. Orchidaceae has the largest number of species of any family in the plant kingdom. This family is subject to a high risk of extinction in natural environments, such as natural parks and protected areas. Recent studies have shown the prevalence of many species of orchids to be linked to fungal soil diversity, due to their myco-heterotrophic behaviour. Plant communities determine fungal soil diversity, and both generate optimal conditions for orchid development.Area of study. The work was carried out in n the two most important natural parks in Alicante (Font Roja and Sierra Mariola), in South-eastern of Spain.Material and Methods. We designed a molecular tool to monitor the presence of Russula spp. in soil and orchids roots, combined with phytosociological methods. Main results. Using a PCR-based method, we detected the presence in the soil and Limodorum abortivum orchid roots of the mycorrhizal fungi Russula spp. The species with highest coverage was Quercus rotundifolia in areas where the orchid was present.Research highlights. We present a useful tool based on PCR to detect the presence of Russula spp. in a natural environment.  These results are consistent with those obtained in different studies that linked the presence of the mycorrhizal fungi Russula spp. in roots of the species Limodorum and the interaction between these fungal species and Quercus ilex trees in Mediterranean forest environments.Key words: Detection; GIS; Russula spp.; Limodorum abortivum; PCR.
VÝSLEDKY MIKROPALEONTOLOGICKÉ REVIZE ŠARATICKÝCH CF VRTŮ
Authors: Bubík Miroslav
Published: April 2015

Restudy of archive foraminifer slides from Šaratice boreholes and new field observations allowed revision of the geology in the margin of the Carpathian Flysch Belt southeast of Brno. In the marginal zone originally assigned to the Němčice Formation newly three different formations were distinguished: Pouzdřany Formation of the Pouzdřany Nappe, and Němčice and Menilite formations of the Ždánice Nappe. Planktonic foraminifers were applied in biostratigraphical assignment of samples. Benthic communities were statistically evaluated using cluster analysis. Each formation has distinct microfossil taphocoenosis and characteristic benthic foraminifer community. Microfossil communities with abundant sponge spicules and diatom valves preserved in opal and also presence of small mollusc fauna and fish otoliths indicate that marginal zone of Ždánice Nappe was deposited little bit shallower than the more internal zones. Also lithology reflects different palaeoenvironment. Clays of the Menilite Formation are macroscopically undistinguishable from Hustopeče-type clays of the overlying Ždánice-Hustopeče Formation. The Ždánice-type sandstones are practically missing. Grey pelocarbonate concretions are frequent in both Menilite and Ždánice-Hustopeče formations. The marker lithologies of the Menilite Formation – the menilite chert and Dynów-type marlstone (or their analogues) – were not observed yet. Results of the revision show that the marginal zone of the Carpathian Flysch Belt in Šaratice area comprises tectonic slices of mentioned formations, the number and order of whose change from borehole to borehole.
KRASOVÉ JEVY V HORNINÁCH BĚLOHORSKÉHO SOUVRSTVÍ (TURON, ČESKÁ KŘÍDOVÁ PÁNEV) Z LOMU BŘEZINKA U LETOVIC
Authors: Kumpan Tomáš , Vít Jan
Published: April 2015

Pseudokarstic features are common in clastic sediments at many places of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin. Occurrences of karstic features which are naturally linked to calcareous sediments are less usual or rather rare. Probably the most extended is the tinyscale Miskovice Karst near Kutná Hora, where macroforms occur. Karstic features of lesser extent in pseudokarstic caves were documented in the Bohemian Paradise and known are as well from the Tichá Orlice and Svitava rivers valleys. Small-sized occurrence of karstic phenomena were found during recent mapping works in the surrounding of Letovice (W Moravia) in the Březinka quarry near Březová n. S. just above the base of the early Turonian Bílá Hora Formation. The karstic features are of a speleotheme character and are represented mainly by sinter crusts, tubercular sinters, concentric spheroidal aggregates and straws. The occurrence of concentric aggregates is tied to primary breccia cavities and, on the other hand, another karstic features occur mainly in cavities of corrosive character. Based on such observation we preliminary interpret the genesis of the secondary carbonates in two distinct phases. A crystallization of the concentric aggregates was connected with primary cavities environment, which were probably restricted to exogenous influences. Sinters, straws and other karstic features were generated during a second phase, characterized by influence of normal exogenous karstic processes.
PROJEVY ZDROJOVÝCH OBLASTÍ SEDIMENTŮ V ZRNITOSTNÍM SLOŽENÍ KORYTOVÝCH AKUMULACÍ VODNÍCH TOKŮ V RELIÉFU BUDOVANÉM FLYŠOVÝMI HORNINAMI
Authors: Škarpich Václav , Galia Tomáš
Published: April 2015

The character of bed sediments reflects fluvial processes and the dynamics of material transport in fluvial (dis)continuum systems. The approach in this study was based on the measurement of the five largest boulders located within a channel, and on the observation of changes in their size in the longitudinal profi le of headwater streams Kobylská and Pulčínský potok. All three axes (dimensions) of the five largest boulders were measured at 10 ± 1m intervals of the longitudinal profile. The resulting trends in a particle-size index reflect the character of sediment delivery into the channel segment. The largest boulders were observed in channel sections with a strong interaction of slope processes. But local lithological conditions affect changes of the mean value of the particle-size index of the largest boulders. The role of slope processes can be accentuated by the presence of uniform sandstone lithology of the studied bed particles. In the lithology built by claystone layers the role of slope processes has problematic identification. The main reason is erodible character of claystone layers which affects sediment supply of finer particles from adjacent slopes into the channel segment.
Sur l’indivisibilité de la justice sociale ou Pourquoi le mouvement féministe québécois ne peut faire l’économie d’une analyse intersectionnelle
Authors: Pagé Geneviève
Published: April 2015

En partant du concept d’indivisibilité de la justice, cet article se penche sur la pertinence des théories de l’intersectionnalité des oppressions dans le contexte du féminisme québécois francophone pour démontrer 1) l’existence d’une protothéorie de l’intersectionnalité dans le féminisme radical des années 1970 au Québec et 2) que les féministes québécoises d’aujourd’hui sont bien placées pour proposer une synthèse entre l’approche intersectionnelle en provenance des États-Unis et le matérialisme français. Cette démonstration permettra au passage de récuser deux accusations fallacieuses au sujet de l’approche intersectionnelle, soit qu’elle est postmoderne et source de fragmentation du mouvement féministe.
L’intersectionnalité appliquée
Authors: Lacharité Berthe , Pasquier Anne
Published: April 2015

Cet article est tiré de la présentation faite par Anne Pasquier (Table des groupes
de femmes de Montréal) et Berthe Lacharité (Relais-femmes) dans le cadre du 6e Congrès
international des recherches féministes francophones de Lausanne – Atelier 10 – Composer
avec la complexité des rapports sociaux dans la vie des femmes : conceptions, usages et
effets de l’intersectionnalité.
Cytosolic Hsp70 and co-chaperones constitute a novel system for tRNA import into the nucleus
Authors: Takano Akira , Kajita Takuya , Mochizuki Makoto , Endo Toshiya , Yoshihisa Tohru
Published: April 2015

tRNAs are unique among various RNAs in that they shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and their localization is regulated by nutrient conditions. Although nuclear export of tRNAs has been well documented, the import machinery is poorly understood. Here, we identified Ssa2p, a major cytoplasmic Hsp70 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a tRNA-binding protein whose deletion compromises nuclear accumulation of tRNAs upon nutrient starvation. Ssa2p recognizes several structural features of tRNAs through its nucleotide-binding domain, but prefers loosely-folded tRNAs, suggesting that Ssa2p has a chaperone-like activity for RNAs. Ssa2p also binds Nup116, one of the yeast nucleoporins. Sis1p and Ydj1p, cytoplasmic co-chaperones for Ssa proteins, were also found to contribute to the tRNA import. These results unveil a novel function of the Ssa2p system as a tRNA carrier for nuclear import by a novel mode of substrate recognition. Such Ssa2p-mediated tRNA import likely contributes to quality control of cytosolic tRNAs.
Serotonin's many meanings elude simple theories
Authors: Dayan Peter , Huys Quentin
Published: April 2015

Neurons that produce serotonin respond in a number of different and complex ways in anticipation and receipt of rewards or punishments.
The dependence of the strength and thickness of field‐aligned currents on solar wind and ionospheric parameters
Authors: Johnson Jay R. , Wing Simon
Published: April 2015

Sheared plasma flows at the low‐latitude boundary layer (LLBL) correlate well with early afternoon auroral arcs and upward field‐aligned currents. We present a simple analytic model that relates solar wind and ionospheric parameters to the strength and thickness of field‐aligned currents (Λ) in a region of sheared velocity, such as the LLBL. We compare the predictions of the model with DMSP observations and find remarkably good scaling of the upward region 1 currents with solar wind and ionospheric parameters in region located at the boundary layer or open field lines at 1100–1700 magnetic local time. We demonstrate that and Λ ∼ L when Λ/L < 5 where L is the auroral electrostatic scale length. The sheared boundary layer thickness (Δm) is inferred to be around 3000 km, which appears to have weak dependence on Vsw. J∥ has dependencies on Δm, Σp, nsw, and Vsw. The analytic model provides a simple way to organize data and to infer boundary layer structures from ionospheric data.
Impact of new aircraft observations Mode‐S MRAR in a mesoscale NWP model
Authors: Strajnar B. , Žagar N. , Berre L.
Published: April 2015

The impact of recently available high‐resolution Mode‐S Meteorological Routine Air Report (MRAR) wind and temperature observations is evaluated in the mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) model Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational (ALADIN). Data available from the airspace communicating with the Ljubljana Airport in Slovenia are assimilated by using the three‐dimensional variational assimilation procedure on top of all other observations assimilated operationally. A data selection method based on aircraft type was shown to be important for the first application of the new observations in ALADIN. The evaluation of Mode‐S MRAR impact included both winter and summer periods. In both seasons a clear improvement of wind and temperature forecasts was found for in the short forecast range, 1–3 h. The impact in the 24 h forecast range depends on season, with a consistent positive improvement of the boundary layer temperature forecasts obtained for the stable anticyclonic winter situations. In summer, the impact was mixed and it was found to be sensitive to the multivariate aspects of the moisture analysis. Overall presented results suggest that the new aircraft‐derived observations Mode‐S MRAR have a significant potential for mesoscale NWP and improved data assimilation modeling.
Validation of modeled daily erythemal exposure along tropical and subtropical shipping routes by ship‐based and satellite‐based measurements
Authors: Feister Uwe , Meyer Gabriele , Laschewski Gudrun , Boettcher Christopher
Published: April 2015

The Personal ERythemal EXposure (PEREX) model for seafarers working on decks of vessels has been developed to be used for retrospective estimates of personal occupational erythemal exposure in dependence of work profile, time period, and sea route. Extremely high UV index values up to 22 and daily erythemal exposure up to 89 standard erythemal dose have been derived from ship‐based measurements in tropical oceans. Worldwide climatological maps of daily solar erythemal exposure derived from 10 year (2004–2013) hourly grid point radiative transfer model calculations for both cloudless sky and cloudy sky serve as the database of PEREX. The PEREX database is compared with ship‐based measurements taken along four routes of merchant vessels, continuous UV radiation measurements taken on the research vessel Meteor on its mainly tropical and subtropical routes for 2 years, daily cloudless‐sky erythemal exposure derived from 10 min LibRadtran radiative transfer model calculations, and 2 years of satellite‐based erythemal exposure data of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on the Aura satellite along the ship routes. Systematic differences between PEREX model data, ship‐based data, and satellite‐based daily erythemal exposure for all‐sky conditions are only 1 to 3%, while short‐term variations of cloudiness result in standard deviations of differences around 30%. Measured ratios between cloudless‐sky erythemal radiation at vertical to horizontal incidence decrease with decreasing solar zenith angle, while clouds flatten their diurnal course.
Modeling chloride transport using travel time distributions at Plynlimon, Wales
Authors: Benettin Paolo , Kirchner James W. , Rinaldo Andrea , Botter Gianluca
Published: April 2015

Here we present a theoretical interpretation of high‐frequency, high‐quality tracer time series from the Hafren catchment at Plynlimon in mid‐Wales. We make use of the formulation of transport by travel time distributions to model chloride transport originating from atmospheric deposition and compute catchment‐scale travel time distributions. The relevance of the approach lies in the explanatory power of the chosen tools, particularly to highlight hydrologic processes otherwise clouded by the integrated nature of the measured outflux signal. The analysis reveals the key role of residual storages that are poorly visible in the hydrological response, but are shown to strongly affect water quality dynamics. A significant accuracy in reproducing data is shown by our calibrated model. A detailed representation of catchment‐scale travel time distributions has been derived, including the time evolution of the overall dispersion processes (which can be expressed in terms of time‐varying storage sampling functions). Mean computed travel times span a broad range of values (from 80 to 800 days) depending on the catchment state. Results also suggest that, in the average, discharge waters are younger than storage water. The model proves able to capture high‐frequency fluctuations in the measured chloride concentrations, which are broadly explained by the sharp transition between groundwaters and faster flows originating from topsoil layers.
Gaskets and Sealing
Authors: Silvian Lucian M.
Published: April 2015

The performance, reliability, and environmentally friendly issues are some of the major considerations when designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of gaskets and seals.

The requirements of today's engine and transmission are higher temperature, higher cylinder and coolant pressures, higher fuel line pressure to improve emissions, lighter joints, synthetic fluids, and much longer service life. Each of those requirements needs to be addressed for a successful product.

In many applications, the load on the surface of the joint (such as a cylinder head and cylinder block) is not uniformly distributed. Careful evaluation of the load distribution must be considered. To complicate things, most materials used today for gaskets and seals are time‐dependent materials. That is, they change properties during service life. It is very important during the design to address these considerations.

Typically, the design of gaskets and seals are an afterthought. The joint manufacturer developed the joint already and then tries to design the seal. This may create unnecessary design iterations and may lengthen the development process rather than reduce it. Ideally, the joint manufacturer should invite the gasket and seal designer and address seal concerns early in the joint design process.

Some companies do not spent enough time upfront during the development of new technology. This disturbs the smooth production start ups, creating painful project overruns in time and money, and potentially high warranty claims.

Successful and timely “design to market strategy” would be accomplished, if the right set of skills and knowledge is incorporated into the design team: design analysis, materials, and manufacturing processes. In addition, bolted joint and assembly analysis, surface texture, and modern analytical tools such as finite element analysis (
FEA
) and computer simulation are employed.
Pressure and Heat Release Analysis
Authors: Ghandhi Jaal B.
Published: April 2015

The fundamental aspects of engine heat release analysis are reviewed in a consistent thermodynamic framework. Multi‐ and single‐zone approaches based on the First Law of Thermodynamics are developed, and the latter is compared to approximate calculation methods based on the observed polytropic behavior. The cumulative heat release from the approximate methods agrees reasonably with that from the single‐zone method, but it is not an absolute measure of energy release and should be used with caution. The definition of thermodynamic properties that describe the aggregate of the cylinder contents is critical to the single‐zone approach, and the results are sensitive to the assignment of these properties. A two‐part model for the specific heat ratio is developed and shown to provide good results. Achieving good accuracy at the late stages of heat release is difficult for all approaches, giving rise to relatively high levels of uncertainty in the crank angle of 90% of the cumulative energy release. The sensitivity of the models to the fidelity of the pressure data is explored, and guidelines for the required accuracy of the pegging pressure, encoder phasing, trapped mass estimation, and clearance volume measurement are provided.
Zero‐ and One‐Dimensional Methodologies and Tools
Authors: Caton Jerald A.
Published: April 2015

The use of zero‐ and quasi‐one‐dimensional thermodynamic engine cycle simulations has become well established over the last several decades. Such engine simulations provide valuable insight into the various aspects of engine operation, and are helpful for a number of reasons. For example, these types of simulations are useful for interpreting experimental results, completing detailed parametric evaluations, and evaluating engine concepts. For more efficient use of these simulations, the engineer needs to understand the fundamentals and the wide range of uses of these simulations. The engineer also needs to understand the limitations of these simulations, and to use the simulations in appropriate ways. This chapter will present some examples of the use of thermodynamic engine cycle simulations. Examples of basic cylinder parameters and overall engine performance parameters will be presented.
Exhaust Gas Energy Recovery
Authors: Wagner Robert M. , Briggs Thomas E. , Szybist Jim P.
Published: April 2015

Engine waste heat recovery (WHR) systems have the potential to significantly improve vehicle fuel economy for conventional and hybrid electric power trains spanning passenger to heavy truck applications. This chapter discusses thermodynamic considerations and three classes of energy recovery technologies that are under development for vehicle applications. More specifically, this chapter describes the state of the art in exhaustWHRand challenges and opportunities for thermodynamic power cycles, thermoelectric devices, and turbocompounding systems.
Increased Shape Stability and Porosity of Highly Porous Injection‐Molded Titanium Parts
Authors: Laptev Alexander M. , Daudt Natália F. , Guillon Olivier , Bram Martin
Published: April 2015

Highly porous titanium parts in three different shapes (conical, cylindrical, and semi‐cylindrical) were produced using metal injection molding (MIM) and the space holder technique. Potassium chloride (KCl) powder was used as a temporary space holder material. The frequently used extraction of the KCl space holder by dissolution in warm water was replaced with sublimation from the solid state during vacuum sintering. This improvement enabled highly porous titanium parts to be manufactured by MIM without the frequently observed sample collapse or extensive shape distortion. Final porosities of 55–60% were achieved, which is close to the recommended value for porous spinal titanium implants, making improved method attractive for implant manufacturing applications. An additional advantage of removing the space holder by sublimation is that the time‐consuming salt leaching step can be omitted. A systematic study of sample configuration, porosity change, microstructure, and impurity uptake was conducted and the sintering cycle was optimized.
Simulation study of the effect of wall roughness on the dynamics of granular flows in rotating semicylindrical chutes
Authors: Shirsath Sushil S. , Padding Johan T. , Kuipers J. A. M. (Hans) , Clercx Herman J. H.
Published: April 2015

A discrete element model (DEM) is used to investigate the behavior of spherical particles flowing down a semicylindrical rotating chute. The DEM simulations are validated by comparing with particle tracking velocimetry results of spherical glass particles flowing through a smooth semicylindrical chute at different rotation rates of the chute. The DEM model predictions agree well with experimental results of surface velocity and particle bed height evolution. The validated DEM model is used to investigate the influence of chute roughness on the flow behavior of monodisperse granular particles in rotating chutes. To emulate different base roughnesses, a rough base is constructed out of a square close packing of fixed spherical particles with a diameter equal to, smaller, or larger than the flowing particles. Finally, the DEM model is used to study segregation in a binary density mixture for different degrees of roughness of the chute. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2117–2135, 2015