bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of GABA-T on Reproductive Function in Female Rats
Authors: Si Wenyu , Li Hailing , Kang Tiezhu , Ye Jing , Yao Zhiqiu , Liu Ya , Yu Tong , Zhang Yunhai , Ling Yinghui , Cao Hongguo , Wang Juhua , Li Yunsheng , Fang Fugui
Published: April 2020

This study explored the role of γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) in the puberty and reproductive performance of female rats. Immunofluorescence technique, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the distribution of GABA-T and the expression of genes and hormones in female rats, respectively. The results showed that GABA-T was mainly distributed in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and periventricular nucleus (PeN) of the hypothalamus, and in the adenohypophysis, ovarian granulosa cells and oocytes. Abat mRNA level at 28 d was lowest in the hypothalamus and the pituitary; at puberty, it was lowest in the ovary. Abat mRNA level was highest in adults in the hypothalamus; at infancy and puberty, it was highest in the pituitary; and at 21 d it was highest in the ovary. After vigabatrin (GABA-T irreversible inhibitor) was added to hypothalamus cells, the levels of Abat mRNA and Rfrp-3 mRNA were significantly reduced, but Gnrh mRNA increased at the dose of 25 and 50 μg/mL; Kiss1 mRNA was significantly increased but Gabbr1 mRNA was reduced at the 50 μg/mL dose. In prepubertal rats injected with vigabatrin, puberty onset was delayed. Abat mRNA, Kiss1 mRNA and Gnrh mRNA levels were significantly reduced, but Rfrp-3 mRNA level increased in the hypothalamus. Vigabatrin reduced the concentrations of GABA-T, luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone (P4), and the ovarian index. Lactation performance was reduced in adult rats with vigabatrin treatment. Four hours after vigabatrin injection, the concentrations of GABA-T and LH were significantly reduced in adult and 25 d rats, but follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) increased in 25 d rats. In conclusion, GABA-T affects the reproductive function of female rats by regulating the levels of Gnrh, Kiss1 and Rfrp-3 in the hypothalamus as well as the concentrations of LH and P4.
Identification of Plasma Fatty Acids in Four Lipid Classes to Understand Energy Metabolism at Different Levels of Ketonemia in Dairy Cows Using Thin Layer Chromatography and Gas Chromatographic Techniques (TLC-GC)
Authors: Fiore Enrico , Tessari Rossella , Morgante Massimo , Gianesella Matteo , Badon Tamara , Bedin Silvia , Mazzotta Elisa , Berlanda Michele
Published: April 2020

Excessive mobilization of adipose tissue in high milk producing dairy cows predisposes to metabolic diseases. The aim of this research was to identify the plasma fatty acids in four lipid classes as biomarkers for the diagnosis of hyperketonemia in bovines using thin layer chromatography and gas chromatographic techniques (TLC-GC). Sixty multiparous Holstein–Friesian dairy cows were enrolled in the study. Blood samples from the coccygeal vein were collected and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) was evaluated. All animals were divided into three groups on the basis of ketonemia: BHB < 0.50 mmol/L, 0.50 < BHB < 1.0 mmol/L, and BHB > 1.0 mmol/L. Plasma fatty acid concentrations were evaluated in four lipid classes: Free Fatty Acids (FFA), Triglycerides (TG), Cholesterol Esters (CE) And Phospholipids (PL). The concentration of fatty acids was analyzed using TLC-GC. The results showed the following significance in the lipid classes: 19 fatty acids were significant (p < 0.053) in FFA, nine fatty acids were significant (p < 0.050) in TG, eight fatty acids were significant (p < 0.050) in CE and three fatty acids were significant (p < 0.049) in PL. Eleven parameters were considered as predictive fatty acids related to animals in hyperketonemia. The FFA increased simultaneously with blood BHB levels, although the identified predictive fatty acids related to the TG and CE lipid classes decreased, meanwhile the BHB values increased. In the PL lipid class, no fatty acids were predictive.
Effects of Transport and Lairage on the Skin Damage of Pig Carcasses
Authors: Driessen Bert , Van Beirendonck Sanne , Buyse Johan
Published: April 2020

Transport and associated handling can have adverse effects on pig welfare. The transport of fattening pigs can cause economic losses by virtue of mortality, skin damage, and the general deterioration of meat quality. A total of 4507 fattening pigs were transported from a farm to a commercial slaughterhouse (distance 110 km) in 128 transports. Skin damage was visually assessed in the slaughter line in different parts of the carcass, i.e., shoulder, middle, and ham, using a 4-point scale. The incidence of skin damage was most prevalent (31%) in the shoulder region of the pig carcass. Sex, wind velocity, regrouping, transport combination, transport compartment, lairage time, and ham angle affected the skin damage incidence. In conclusion, scoring the incidence of skin damage is an indicator of the level of welfare exercised during transport and the slaughterhouse conditions. Furthermore, skin damage monitoring can be used to determine critical control points in the transport procedure. Given the importance from both a commercial and welfare perspective, it should be a powerful incentive to handle fattening pigs with care during the transport process and the lairage period.
Effect of Amniotic Injection of N-Carbamylglutamate on Meat Quality of Broilers
Authors: Zhang Feng-dong , Wang Jing , Zhang Hai-jun , Wu Shu-geng , Lin Jing , Qi Guang-hai
Published: April 2020

The current study was performed to determine the influence of amniotic injection of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) on meat quality of pectoral muscle in broilers. A total of 792 alive broiler embryos at 17 d of incubation were assigned to three treatments randomly (non-injected control, saline-injected control, or NCG-injected treatment). The two injection treatments were an injection with 0.1 mL 0.85% aseptic saline alone or containing 2 mg NCG per egg at 17.5 d of incubation. After hatching, 72 healthy male chicks were selected from each treatment and housed in six pens for a 42 day feeding study. Pectoral muscles from six 42-day-old broilers were collected from each treatment group and were dissected for meat quality assays. The results showed that arginine contents in pectoral muscle in either free or hydrolytic form in the NCG group were higher than those in the non-injection control group (p < 0.05). In comparison to the non-injection or saline-injection control groups, NCG injection resulted in a lower lactic acid content in pectoral muscle (p < 0.05). Muscular antioxidant capacity in the NCG group was higher, as evidenced by the higher activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase and lower content of malondialdehyde (p < 0.05). In addition, the group of in ovo administration of NCG had decreased drip loss and increased crude fat content in pectoral muscle in comparison to those of either control group (p < 0.05) and had enhanced crude protein content compared to that of the saline-injection control group (p < 0.05). Briefly, these results indicate that amniotic administration of NCG in the late incubation phase increased the arginine content, improved the nutritional properties, enhanced the antioxidant capacity, and improved the meat quality in the pectoral muscle of broilers. Amniotic injection of NCG may serve as a novel approach to improving the meat quality of broilers.
Effects of Slaughter Knife Sharpness on Blood Biochemical and Electroencephalogram Changes in Cattle
Authors: Imlan Jurhamid Columbres , Kaka Ubedullah , Goh Yong-Meng , Idrus Zulkifli , Awad Elmutaz Atta , Abubakar Ahmed Abubakar , Ahmad Tanbir , Nizamuddin Hassan N. Quaza , Sazili Awis Qurni
Published: April 2020

The sharpness of the knife used for slaughter is of the utmost importance from an animal welfare perspective. The quantification of knife sharpness is almost impossible in abattoirs. The sharpness of the knife blade used to slaughter an animal, as well as its effects on animals’ pain and stress levels, is an important area of investigation that needs to be addressed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of knife sharpness on blood biochemical parameters, plasma catecholamines, and electroencephalographic (EEG) responses. Twenty Brahman crossbred steers were either subjected to slaughter with a sharp knife (n = 10) or a commercial sharp knife (n = 10); knife sharpness was measured with the ANAGO® sharpness tester. There was significant increase in adrenaline (p < 0.0001), glucose (p = 0.0167), creatinine kinase (p = 0.0123) and lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.0151) at post-slaughter compared to pre-slaughter in commercial sharp knife group than in thesharp knife group. A significant increase was observed in the median frequency (p < 0.0001) and total power (p < 0.0001) of the EEG, the parameters for pain and stress, in the animals slaughtered with the commercial sharp knife than those slaughtered with the sharp knife. Thus, EEG results also supported the hormonal and biochemical results. From the results, it is concluded that animals slaughtered with a sharp knife experienced the least amount of pain and stress compared to those slaughtered with a commercial sharp knife.
Microbial and Fungal Phytases Can Affect Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Profile of Broilers Fed Different Levels of Non-Phytic Phosphorous
Authors: Attia Youssef A. , Bovera Fulvia , Iannaccone Francesco , Al-Harthi Mohammed A. , Alaqil Abdulaziz A. , Zeweil Hassan S. , Mansour Ali E.
Published: April 2020

A total of 420 day old chicks were divided into seven groups (5 replicates of 12 chicks/group) fed isoproteic and isoenergetic diets. The control group was fed diets containing 0.50%, 0.45% and 0.40% of non-phytic phosphorous (nPP) in starter (1–35), grower (37–56) and finisher (57–64 d) periods, respectively. The three intermediate nPP (IntnPP) groups were fed diets with 0.40%, 0.35% and 0.30% nPP according to the growth period and were submitted to three dietary treatments: unsupplemented; supplemented with 500 FTU/kg diet of an Aspergillus niger phytase (IntnPP_fp) and supplemented with 500 FTU/kg diet of an Escherichia coli phytase (IntnPP_bp). The three low nPP groups fed diets contained 0.30%, 0.25% and 0.20% nPP and were submitted to the same dietary treatments than IntnPP to obtain LnPP, LnPP_fp and LnPP_bp groups. IntnPP and LnPP groups had lower body weight gain and feed, crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake (p < 0.05) than the control. Feed conversion ratio of IntnPP was more favorable (p < 0.01) than the LnPP group. CP and ME conversion ratios worsened (p < 0.01) in IntnPP and LnPP groups in comparison to the control. The nPP conversion ratio improved (p < 0.01) from the control to the LnPP group. Fungal phytase reduced (p < 0.05) feed, CP, ME and nPP intake than the bacterial one. IntnPP and LnPP diets had a lower digestibility of CP (p < 0.01) and CF (p = 0.01) than the control. IntnPP and LnPP groups showed a higher (p < 0.05) economic efficiency than the control. Blood total protein was the lowest (p < 0.05) in the LnPP group, the control group showed the lowest (p < 0.05) level of albumin and IntnPP group had the lowest (p < 0.01) globulin level. The use of bacterial phytase increased (p < 0.01) total protein and globulin and decreased (p < 0.05) the plasma cholesterol in comparison to fungal phytase. Decreasing nPP levels in colored slow-growing broilers diet negatively affects growth performance and the use of phytase can partly alleviate these negative effects, but the efficiency of different enzyme sources (bacterial or fungal) was tied to the dietary nPP levels.
Influence of Mushroom Polysaccharide, Nano-Copper, Copper Loaded Chitosan, and Lysozyme on Intestinal Barrier and Immunity of LPS-mediated Yellow-Feathered Chickens
Authors: Fan Qiuli , Abouelezz K. F. M. , Li Long , Gou Zhongyong , Wang Yibing , Lin Xiajing , Ye Jinling , Jiang Shouqun
Published: April 2020

This study investigated the influence of dietary supplementation with some antibiotic alternatives on growth performance, intestinal barrier, and immunity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged chicks. Wenshi females, aged 4 days, were allocated randomly into eight groups, each with six replicates of 20 birds (n = 120/treatment), which received a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0 (LPS), 200 mg/kg aureomycin, 50 mg/kg mushroom polysaccharide, 100 mg/kg mushroom polysaccharide, 500 mg/kg nano-copper, 300 mg/kg copper loaded chitosan, and 500 mg/kg lysozyme for 21 days. On day 18 and 20, the control birds were injected with 0.5 mL saline solution, the other treatments were injected with 0.5 mL saline containing 500 µg LPS/kg body weight (BW). The results indicated that LPS treatment reduced the BW, average daily gain (ADG), and daily feed intake (ADFI) than the controls (p < 0.05), and the antibiotic and the tested alternatives could not retrieve the normal BW, ADG, and ADFI. The tested additives reduced several negative effects of LPS; they reduced diamine oxidase activity and inflammatory mediators in plasma, jejunal mucosa, spleen and thymus, increased content of immunoglobulin in plasma and jejunal mucosa, and decreased gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and Cyclooxygenase 2 in jejunal mucosa.
Carbapenem-Resistant but Cephalosporin-Susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Urinary Tract Infections: Opportunity for Colistin Sparing
Authors: Gajdács Márió
Published: April 2020

This paper briefly reports the occurrence and epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant but cephalosporin-susceptible (Car-R/Ceph-S) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from urinary tract infections (UTIs) in a tertiary-care hospital in the Southern Region of Hungary, and the phenotypic characterization of the possible resistance mechanisms in these isolates. Isolates and data were collected regarding P. aeruginosa UTIs corresponding to the period between 2008 and 2017. Susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method; minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the isolates were determined using E-tests. The phenotypic detection of ampicillin C-type (AmpC) β-lactamases, efflux pump overexpression and carbapenemase production was also performed. P. aeruginosa represented n = 575 (2.72% ± 0.64%) from outpatient, and n = 1045 (5.43% ± 0.81%) from inpatient urinary samples, respectively. Based on the disk diffusion test, n = 359 (22.16%) were carbapenem-resistant; in addition to carbapenems, n = (64.34%) were also resistant to ciprofloxacin; n = (60.17%) to gentamicin/tobramycin; n = (58.51%) to levofloxacin; and n = (27.57%) to amikacin. From among the carbapenem-resistant isolates, n = 56 (15.59%) isolates were multidrug-resistant, while n = 16 (4.46%) were extensively drug-resistant. From among the Car-R/Ceph-S isolates (n = 57), overexpression of AmpC was observed in n = 7 cases (12.28%); carbapenemase production in n = 4 (7.02%); while overexpression of efflux pumps was present in n = 31 (54.39%) isolates. To spare last-resort agents, e.g., colistin, the use of broad-spectrum cephalosporins or safe, alternative agents should be considered in these infections.
Rhus coriaria L. Fruit Extract Prevents UV-A-Induced Genotoxicity and Oxidative Injury in Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Nozza Emma , Melzi Gloria , Marabini Laura , Marinovich Marina , Piazza Stefano , Khalilpour Saba , Dell’Agli Mario , Sangiovanni Enrico
Published: April 2020

Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) is a small plant widely diffused in the Mediterranean region. Its fruit are often consumed as a spice but are also present in traditional medicine of several countries. Recently, interest in this plant has increased and many scientific works reported its beneficial effects including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Plant extracts can be successfully used against ultraviolet rays, which are able to reach and damage the human skin; however, sumac extracts were never applied to this usage. Thus, in this study, we used a macerated ethanol extract of Rhus coriaria L. dried fruit (mERC) to demonstrate its preventive role against the damage induced by ultraviolet-A rays (UV-A) on microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). In vitro effects of the extract pre-treatment and UV-A exposure were evaluated in detail. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and cellular antioxidant activity measurement. Genoprotective effects of mERC were investigated as well. Our findings indicate that the extract acts as a cell cycle inhibitor or apoptosis inducer, according to the level of damage. The present work provides new insights into the usage of Rhus coriaria extracts against skin injuries.
Botanicals in Functional Foods and Food Supplements: Tradition, Efficacy and Regulatory Aspects
Authors: Colombo Francesca , Restani Patrizia , Biella Simone , Di Lorenzo Chiara
Published: April 2020

In recent decades, the interest in products containing botanicals and claiming “functional” properties has increased exponentially. Functional foods, novel foods and food supplements have a special impact on the consumers, who show significant expectation for their well-being. Food supplements with botanical ingredients are the food area that has witnessed the greatest development, in terms of the number of available products, budget, and consumer acceptability. This review refers to and discusses some open points, such as: (1) the definitions and regulation of products containing botanicals; (2) the difficulty in obtaining nutritional and functional claims (botanical ingredients obtaining claims in the EU are listed and summarized); (3) the safety aspects of these products; and (4) the poor harmonization between international legislations. The availability of these “new” products can positively influence the well-being of the population, but it is essential to provide the consumers with the necessary recommendations to guide them in their purchase and use.
Analysis of Volume Distribution and Evaluation of the Spraying Spectrum in Terms of Spraying Quality
Authors: Lodwik Dariusz , Pietrzyk Jerzy , Malesa Włodzimierz
Published: April 2020

Assessment of the quality of the operation of agricultural nozzles on the basis of transverse volume distribution and spatial methods of analysis for stream spraying spectra is insufficient, and positive result do not guarantee that the intended and effective spraying effects are obtained. Tests were carried out to assess the quality of nozzles on the basis of transverse volume distribution analysis, microstructure characteristics, and detailed analysis of places where an unexpected change in the nature of the transverse volume distribution (increase in volume) was noted. The subjects of the study were RS11003 flat fan nozzles and a measuring stand equipped with a grooved table, which was used to carry out tests. During the tests, the unit flow rate from the nozzles, the transverse volume distribution of liquids from individual table grooves, and the corresponding CV distribution coefficients of variation were recorded. Detailed tests were carried out for the selected nozzle, consisting of spot measurement of droplet characteristics in individual liquid stream bands. The widths of these bands were constant and equal to the width of the measuring table groove. Measurements were made using analyzer 2D-Laser Doppler Anemometry/Phase Doppler Anemometry (2D-LDA/PDA) from Dantec Dynamics. The analysis of the results obtained from the grooved table and the droplet characteristics in individual stream bands showed clear and unexpected changes in the nature of the transverse volume distribution for all tested nozzles. These changes, consisting of a local increases in droplet diameters (with a reduced number of occurrences), can cause a significant reduction in the quality and effectiveness of spraying, despite the positive fulfillment of generalized normative criteria for their assessment.
A Cylinder-Type Multimodal Traveling Wave Piezoelectric Actuator
Authors: Mažeika Dalius , Čeponis Andrius , Makutėnienė Daiva
Published: April 2020

Numerical and experimental investigations of a multimodal piezoelectric traveling wave actuator are presented. The actuator consists of a cylindrical stator with a conical hole and piezoceramic rings that are located at the node of the first longitudinal and second bending vibration modes; one piezoceramic ring is also placed at the bottom of the actuator. The actuator is clamped at the bottom using a special supporting cylinder and a ball bearing. Traveling-wave-type vibrations are excited at the top surface of the cylinder by employing a superposition of the first longitudinal and second bending vibration modes of the stator. The conical hole of the stator is used to amplify the vibration amplitudes of the contact surface. Four electric signals with phase difference of π/2 are used to drive the actuator. Numerical and experimental investigations showed that the proposed actuator is able to generate up to 115 RPM rotation speed at constant preload force.
Lithographically-Fabricated HA-Incorporated PCL Nanopatterned Patch for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Jang Kyoung-Je , Kim Sujin , Park Sangbae , Kim Woochan , Gwon Yonghyun , Park Sunho , Lim Ki-Taek , Seonwoo Hoon , Kim Jangho
Published: April 2020

Inspired by the aligned extracellular matrix and bioceramics in human bone tissue, we investigated the relative contributions of nanotopography and equine bone powders (EBPs) with human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) to the osteogenesis. Both nanotopography and EBPs independently promoted the osteogenesis of DPSCs, osteogenesis was further promoted by the two factors in combination, indicating the importance of synergistic design factor of guided bone regeneration (GBR) membrane. The osteogenesis of DPSCs was affected by the polycaprolactone-based nanotopography of parallel nanogrooves as well as EBPs coating. Interestingly, both nanopattern and EBPs affected the DPSCs morphologies; nanopattern led to cell elongation and EBPs led to cell spreading and clustering. Analysis of the DPSCs-substrate interaction, DPSCs-EBPs interaction suggests that the combined environment of both factors play a crucial role in mediating osteogenic phenotype. This simple method to achieve a suitable environment for osteogenesis via nanotopography and EBPs coating modulation may be regarded as a promising technique for GBR/GTR membranes, which widely used dental and maxillofacial surgery applications.
Non-Rotationally Symmetric Field Mapping for Back-Scanned Step/Stare Imaging System
Authors: Fu Qiang , Zhang Xin , Zhang Jianping , Shi Guangwei , Zhao Shangnan , Liu Mingxin
Published: April 2020

Step/stare imaging with focal plane arrays (FPAs) has become the main approach to achieve wide area coverage and high resolution imaging for long range targets. A fast steering mirror (FSM) is usually utilized to provide back-scanned motion to compensate for the image motion. However, the traditional optical design can just hold one field point relatively stable, typically the central or on-axis field point, on the FPA during back-scanning; all other field points may wander during the exposure due to imaging distortion characteristics of the optical system, which reduces the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the target. Aiming toward this problem, this paper proposes a non-rotationally symmetric field mapping method for the back-scanned step/stare imaging system, which can make all field points stable on the FPA during back-scanning. First of all, the mathematical model of non-rotationally symmetric field mapping between object space and image space is established. Then, a back-scanned step/stare imaging system based on the model is designed, in which this non-rotationally symmetric mapping can be implemented with an afocal telescope including freeform lenses. Freeform lenses can produce an anamorphic aberration to adjust distortion characteristics of the optical system to control image wander on an FPA. Furthermore, the simulations verify the effectiveness of the method.
Air Quality Prediction in Smart Cities Using Machine Learning Technologies Based on Sensor Data: A Review
Authors: Iskandaryan Ditsuhi , Ramos Francisco , Trilles Sergio
Published: April 2020

The influence of machine learning technologies is rapidly increasing and penetrating almost in every field, and air pollution prediction is not being excluded from those fields. This paper covers the revision of the studies related to air pollution prediction using machine learning algorithms based on sensor data in the context of smart cities. Using the most popular databases and executing the corresponding filtration, the most relevant papers were selected. After thorough reviewing those papers, the main features were extracted, which served as a base to link and compare them to each other. As a result, we can conclude that: (1) instead of using simple machine learning techniques, currently, the authors apply advanced and sophisticated techniques, (2) China was the leading country in terms of a case study, (3) Particulate matter with diameter equal to 2.5 micrometers was the main prediction target, (4) in 41% of the publications the authors carried out the prediction for the next day, (5) 66% of the studies used data had an hourly rate, (6) 49% of the papers used open data and since 2016 it had a tendency to increase, and (7) for efficient air quality prediction it is important to consider the external factors such as weather conditions, spatial characteristics, and temporal features.
A Computer Vision Based Conveyor Deviation Detection System
Authors: Zhang Mengchao , Shi Hao , Yu Yan , Zhou Manshan
Published: April 2020

The monitoring of conveyor belt deviation based on computer vision is the research topic of this paper. A belt conveyor system equipped with cameras and a laser generator is used as the test apparatus. Two kinds of conveyor condition monitoring algorithms are developed, applied and compared in this paper. Method 1 is to extract the edges of the conveyor belt based on the methods of edge detection and line fitting, and an analysis method is proposed to quickly determine whether the conveyor belt is off course. This method simplifies the information processing process after edge line extraction and realizes the fast and effective state detection of the conveyor belt. A conveyor belt deviation detection system was built in Method 2 with the aid of laser technology and the Labview platform. The result of deviation detection was more accurate and reliable with the addition of the laser line. It is observed that both methods can perform well for belt deviation detection, especially Method 2 that resulted in higher reliability and accuracy with faster processing speed. It provides new ideas for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of the conveyor.
“Argento Deaurato” or “Argento Biancheggiato”? A Rare and Interesting Case of Silver Background in Italian Painting of the XIII Century
Authors: Osticioli Iacopo , Ciofini Daniele , Banchelli Martina , Capozzoli Laura , Gallo Loredana , Lavacchi Alessandro , Salvadori Barbara , Matteini Paolo , Siano Salvatore
Published: April 2020

The painting depicting the “Virgin with the Child and two angels” by a Tuscan anonymous artist of the XIII century, has raised great interest regarding the execution technique including the use of silver, applied on wood as a background. An in-depth investigation was carried out especially concerning the burnishing process of the silver leaves as well as a detailed inspection of the nature of the organic compounds over the metal leaf and the degradation products of the silver layer. To this aim, a multianalytical approach was used including UV–VIS microscopy along with an Ultra-High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (UHR-SEM), as well as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), fluorescence and micro-Raman spectroscopies. As a result, the presence of an oil-resin varnish layer in the uppermost layer and a wax-protein layer between the varnish and the metal layer as well as the evidence that the silver leaf was applied with high accuracy directly to the preparation layer, were clearly demonstrated. Furthermore, degradation products of the silver leaf were identified as sulphides, chlorides, and oxides. The holistic approach herein adopted enabled a step forward in the knowledge of the 13th century silver leaf gilding technique, adding value to the originality of this artwork. In this respect, the scientific evidence led to the assumption that likely this painting originally showed a silver-colored background (“argento biancheggiato”) as compared to the initial theory of a case of “argento deaurato”.
Improved Active Interference Canceling Algorithms for Real-Time Protection of 2nd/3rd Level Facilities in Electronic Warfare Environment
Authors: Lee Jaejoong , Jung Ki Hwan , Choi Yeongyoon , Chung Young-Seek , Jung Hyun-Kyo
Published: April 2020

In an electronic warfare environment, important equipment or facilities of the friendlies are placed in protective facilities to protect against external Electronic Attacks (EA). No matter how well shielded the facility is, some external electromagnetic waves may penetrate through various paths such as power lines or fans, and the electromagnetic waves may be fatal to certain devices due to the structural resonance of the protective facilities. This paper introduced a real-time electromagnetic canceling technique that removes the resonance field inside the protection facility caused by the intended electronic attack from the enemy. The method makes it possible to cancel the process much faster than the conventional ones that have applied the Matrix Pencil Method (MPM). This is because the internal resonant field can be predicted in a closed-form under the assumption that the external electromagnetic wave is a complex exponential function. Longer exposure to Intended Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) could be fatal for some devices. Therefore, it is imperative to attenuate the noise within a short time, and a method of reducing internal noise in real-time is beneficial for Electronic Protection (EP). The proposed method could be applied as a new technique to protect important protection facilities, rather than the more traditional method called wrapping using the Faraday cage effect.
Is an ADHD Observation-Scale Based on DSM Criteria Able to Predict Performance in a Virtual Reality Continuous Performance Test?
Authors: Areces Débora , Rodríguez Celestino , García Trinidad , Cueli Marisol
Published: April 2020

The Diagnosis of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) requires an exhaustive and objective assessment in order to design an intervention that is adapted to the peculiarities of the patients. The present study aimed to determine if the most commonly used ADHD observation scale—the Evaluation of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity (EDAH) scale—is able to predict performance in a Continuous Performance Test based on Virtual Reality (VR-CPT). One-hundred-and-fifty students (76% boys and 24% girls) aged 6–16 (M = 10.35; DT = 2.39) participated in the study. Regression analyses showed that only the EDAH subscale referring to inattention symptoms, was a statistically significant predictor of performance in a VR-CPT. More specifically, this subscale showed 86.5% prediction-accuracy regarding performance in the Omissions variable, 80.4% in the Commissions variable, and 74.5% in the Response-time variable. The EDAH subscales referring to impulsivity and hyperactivity were not statistically significant predictors of any variables in the VR-CPT. Our findings may partially explain why impulsive-hyperactive and the combined presentations of ADHD might be considered as unique and qualitatively different sub-categories of ADHD. These results also highlighted the importance of measuring not only the observable behaviors of ADHD individuals, but also the scores in performance tests that are attained by the patients themselves.
Dual-Circularly Polarized 60 GHz Beam-Steerable Antenna Array with 8 × 8 Butler Matrix
Authors: Park Yuntae , Bang Jihoon , Choi Jaehoon
Published: April 2020

A beam-steerable dual-circularly polarized 60 GHz antenna array is proposed. A 1 × 4 dual-fed stacked patch antenna array is integrated with an 8 × 8 Butler matrix. By utilizing the 8 × 8 Butler matrix, the proposed antenna array generates dual-circular polarization with beam-steering capability. The proposed antenna array system demonstrates good reflection coefficients in the frequency band ranging from 55.3 GHz to 64.9 GHz and has a mutual coupling of less than −10 dB over the frequency range of 57.5 GHz–63.2 GHz. At 60 GHz, the maximum gains and beam-steering angles for input ports 2, 4, 5, and 7 are 9.39 dBi at −38°, 10.67 dBi at −11°, 10.63 dBi at +11°, and 9.38 dBi at +39°, respectively. It is also demonstrated that the dual-polarization is well formed by switching the excitation ports. The right-handed circular polarization (RHCP) is formed when four ports from port 1 to port 4 are excited and left-handed circular polarization (LHCP) is formed when four ports from port 5 to port 8 are excited. The proposed antenna array system could be a good candidate for millimeter-wave 5G applications that require wide beam coverage and polarization diversity.
Dimensional Errors Due to Overhanging Features in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Parts Made of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Charles Amal , Elkaseer Ahmed , Thijs Lore , Scholz Steffen G.
Published: April 2020

The rise in popularity of Additive Manufacturing technologies and their increased adoption for manufacturing have created a requirement for their fast development and maturity. However, there is still room for improvement when compared with conventional manufacturing in terms of the predictability, quality, and robustness. Statistical analysis has proven to be an excellent tool for developing process knowledge and optimizing different processes efficiently and effectively. This paper uses a novel method for printing overhanging features in Ti-6Al-4V metal parts, by varying process parameters only within the down-facing area, and establishes a methodology for predicting dimensional errors in flat 45° down-facing surfaces. Using the process parameters laser power, scan speed, scan spacing, scan pattern, and layer thickness, a quadratic regression equation is developed and tested. An Analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis concluded that, within the down-facing area, the laser power is the most significant process parameter, followed by the layer thickness and scan speed. Comparatively, the scanning pattern is determined to be insignificant, which is explained by the small down-facing area where the various scanning patterns play no role. This paper also discusses the interaction effects between parameters. Some thoughts on the next steps to be taken for further validation are discussed.
Between Yerushalayim DeLita and Jerusalem—The Memorial Inscription from the Bimah of the Great Synagogue of Vilna
Authors: Seligman Jon
Published: April 2020

During excavations of the bimah (the platform for reading the Torah) of the 17th-century Great Synagogue of Vilna (Vilnius, Lithuania), an important memorial inscription was exposed. This paper describes the new finds associated with the baroque-rococo architecture of the bimah and focuses on the inscription and its meaning. The Hebrew inscription, engraved on a large stone slab, is a complex rabbinic text filled with biblical allusions, symbolism, gematria, and abbreviations. The text describes the donation of a Torah reading table in 1796 in honour of R. Ḥayim ben Ḥayim and of Sarah by their sons, R. Eliezer and Shmuel. The inscription notes the aliyah (emigration) of Ḥayim and Sarah to Eretz Israel, the Land of Israel. The interpretation of the inscription shows the use of multiple messianic motifs. Historical analysis identifies the involvement of the Vilna community with the support of the Yishuv (the Jewish community in Ottoman Palestine) and the aliyah of senior scholars and community leaders at the end of the 18th and early 19th centuries. Amongst these figures were Ḥayim ben Ḥayim and Sarah, with Ḥayim ben Ḥayim going on to represent the Vilna community in the Land of Israel as its emissary, distributing charitable donations to the scholarly Ashkenazi community resident in Tiberias, Safed, and later Jerusalem.
Estrogen Signaling Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Associated Autophagy and Senescence in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Bajbouj Khuloud , Shafarin Jasmin , Taneera Jalal , Hamad Mawieh
Published: April 2020

Previous work has shown that although estrogen (E2) disrupts cellular iron metabolism and induces oxidative stress in breast and ovarian cancer cells, it fails to induce apoptosis. However, E2 treatment was reported to enhance the apoptotic effects of doxorubicin in cancer cells. This suggests that E2 can precipitate anti-growth effects that render cancer cells more susceptible to chemotherapy. To investigate such anti-growth non-apoptotic, effects of E2 in cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were evaluated for the expression of key autophagy and senescence markers and for mitochondrial damage following E2 treatment. Treated cells experienced mitochondrial membrane depolarization along with increased expression of LC3-I/II, Pink1 and LAMP2, increased LC3-II accumulation and increased lysosomal and mitochondrial accumulation and flattening. E2-treated MCF-7 cells also showed reduced P53 and pRb780 expression and increased Rb and P21 expression. Increased expression of the autophagy markers ATG3 and Beclin1 along with increased levels of β-galactosidase activity and IL-6 production were evident in E2-treated MCF-7 cells. These findings suggest that E2 precipitates a form of mitochondrial damage that leads to cell senescence and autophagy in breast cancer cells.
Estrogen Receptors and Ubiquitin Proteasome System: Mutual Regulation
Authors: Kondakova Irina , Shashova Elena , Sidenko Evgenia , Astakhova Tatiana , Zakharova Liudmila , Sharova Natalia
Published: April 2020

This review provides information on the structure of estrogen receptors (ERs), their localization and functions in mammalian cells. Additionally, the structure of proteasomes and mechanisms of protein ubiquitination and cleavage are described. According to the modern concept, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is involved in the regulation of the activity of ERs in several ways. First, UPS performs the ubiquitination of ERs with a change in their functional activity. Second, UPS degrades ERs and their transcriptional regulators. Third, UPS affects the expression of ER genes. In addition, the opportunity of the regulation of proteasome functioning by ERs—in particular, the expression of immune proteasomes—is discussed. Understanding the complex mechanisms underlying the regulation of ERs and proteasomes has great prospects for the development of new therapeutic agents that can make a significant contribution to the treatment of diseases associated with the impaired function of these biomolecules.
Luteolin-7-O-Glucoside Inhibits Oral Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion by Regulating Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Expression and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway
Authors: Velmurugan Bharath Kumar , Lin Jen-Tsun , Mahalakshmi B. , Chuang Yi-Ching , Lin Chia-Chieh , Lo Yu-Sheng , Hsieh Ming-Ju , Chen Mu-Kuan
Published: April 2020

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most common type of cancer globally, which is associated with high rates of cancer-related deaths. Metastasis to distant organs is the main reason behind worst prognostic outcome of oral cancer. In the present study, we aimed at evaluating the effects of a natural plant flavonoid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, on oral cancer cell migration and invasion. The study findings showed that in addition to preventing cell proliferation, luteolin-7-O-glucoside caused a significant reduction in oral cancer cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, luteolin-7-O-glucoside caused a reduction in cancer metastasis by reducing p38 phosphorylation and downregulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 expression. Using a p38 inhibitor, SB203580, we proved that luteolin-7-O-glucoside exerts anti-migratory effects by suppressing p38-mediated increased expression of MMP-2. This is the first study to demonstrate the luteolin-7-O-glucoside inhibits cell migration and invasion by regulating MMP-2 expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in human oral cancer cell. The study identifies luteolin-7-O-glucoside as a potential anti-cancer candidate that can be utilized clinically for improving oral cancer prognosis.
The Influence of Varying Fluorination Patterns on the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Benzenesulfonamide Binding to Human Carbonic Anhydrase II
Authors: Glöckner Steffen , Ngo Khang , Wagner Björn , Heine Andreas , Klebe Gerhard
Published: April 2020

The fluorination of lead-like compounds is a common tool in medicinal chemistry to alter molecular properties in various ways and with different goals. We herein present a detailed study of the binding of fluorinated benzenesulfonamides to human Carbonic Anhydrase II by complementing macromolecular X-ray crystallographic observations with thermodynamic and kinetic data collected with the novel method of kinITC. Our findings comprise so far unknown alternative binding modes in the crystalline state for some of the investigated compounds as well as complex thermodynamic and kinetic structure-activity relationships. They suggest that fluorination of the benzenesulfonamide core is especially advantageous in one position with respect to the kinetic signatures of binding and that a higher degree of fluorination does not necessarily provide for a higher affinity or more favorable kinetic binding profiles. Lastly, we propose a relationship between the kinetics of binding and ligand acidity based on a small set of compounds with similar substitution patterns.
An Extract of Transgenic Senna obtusifolia L. hairy roots with Overexpression of PgSS1 Gene in Combination with Chemotherapeutic Agent Induces Apoptosis in the Leukemia Cell Line
Authors: Kowalczyk Tomasz , Sitarek Przemysław , Toma Monika , Picot Laurent , Wielanek Marzena , Skała Ewa , Śliwiński Tomasz
Published: April 2020

Many biologically-active plant-derived compounds have therapeutic or chemopreventive effects. The use of plant in vitro cultures in conjunction with modern genetic engineering techniques allows greater amounts of valuable secondary metabolites to be obtained without interfering with the natural environment. This work presents the first findings concerning the acquisition of transgenic hairy roots of Senna obtusifolia overexpressing the gene encoding squalene synthase 1 from Panax ginseng (PgSS1) (SOPSS hairy loot lines) involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. Our results confirm that one of PgSS1-overexpressing hairy root line extracts (SOPSS2) possess a high cytotoxic effect against a human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (NALM6) cell line. Further analysis of the cell cycle, the expression of apoptosis-related genes (TP53, PUMA, NOXA, BAX) and the observed decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential also confirmed that the SOPSS2 hairy root extract displays the highest effects; similar results were also obtained for this extract combined with doxorubicin. The high cytotoxic activity, observed both alone or in combination with doxorubicin, may be due to the higher content of betulinic acid as determined by HPLC analysis. Our results suggest synergistic effects of tested extract (betulinic acid in greater amount) with doxorubicin which may be used in the future to develop new effective strategies of cancer chemosensitization.
The Antioxidant Peptide Salamandrin-I: First Bioactive Peptide Identified from Skin Secretion of Salamandra Genus (Salamandra salamandra)
Authors: Plácido Alexandra , Bueno João , Barbosa Eder A. , Moreira Daniel C. , Dias Jhones do Nascimento , Cabral Wanessa Felix , Albuquerque Patrícia , Bessa Lucinda J. , Freitas Jaime , Kuckelhaus Selma A. S. , Lima Filipe C. D. A. , Batagin-Neto Augusto , Brand Guilherme D. , Relvas João B. , Leite José Roberto S. A. , Eaton Peter
Published: April 2020

Amphibian skin is a multifunctional organ that plays key roles in defense, breathing, and water balance. In this study, skin secretion samples of the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) were separated using RP-HPLC and de novo sequenced using MALDI-TOF MS/MS. Next, we used an in silico platform to screen antioxidant molecules in the framework of density functional theory. One of the identified peptides, salamandrin-I, [M + H]+ = 1406.6 Da, was selected for solid-phase synthesis; it showed free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals. Salamandrin-I did not show antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. In vitro assays using human microglia and red blood cells showed that salamandrin-I has no cytotoxicity up to the concentration of 100 µM. In addition, in vivo toxicity tests on Galleria mellonella larvae resulted in no mortality at 20 and 40 mg/kg. Antioxidant peptides derived from natural sources are increasingly attracting interest. Among several applications, these peptides, such as salamandrin-I, can be used as templates in the design of novel antioxidant molecules that may contribute to devising strategies for more effective control of neurological disease.
A Proof-of-Concept Fragment Screening of a Hit-Validated 96-Compounds Library against Human Carbonic Anhydrase II
Authors: Glöckner Steffen , Heine Andreas , Klebe Gerhard
Published: April 2020

Fragment screening is a powerful tool to identify and characterize binding pockets in proteins. We herein present the results of a proof-of-concept screening campaign of a versatile 96-entry fragment library from our laboratory against the drug target and model protein human carbonic anhydrase II. The screening revealed a novel chemotype for carbonic anhydrase inhibition, as well as less common non-covalent interaction types and unexpected covalent linkages. Lastly, different runs of the PanDDA tool reveal a practical hint for its application.
Activins as Dual Specificity TGF-β Family Molecules: SMAD-Activation via Activin- and BMP-Type 1 Receptors
Authors: Olsen Oddrun Elise , Hella Hanne , Elsaadi Samah , Jacobi Carsten , Martinez-Hackert Erik , Holien Toril
Published: April 2020

Activins belong to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family of multifunctional cytokines and signal via the activin receptors ALK4 or ALK7 to activate the SMAD2/3 pathway. In some cases, activins also signal via the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor ALK2, causing activation of the SMAD1/5/8 pathway. In this study, we aimed to dissect how activin A and activin B homodimers, and activin AB and AC heterodimers activate the two main SMAD branches. We compared the activin-induced signaling dynamics of ALK4/7-SMAD2/3 and ALK2-SMAD1/5 in a multiple myeloma cell line. Signaling via the ALK2-SMAD1/5 pathway exhibited greater differences between ligands than signaling via ALK4/ALK7-SMAD2/3. Interestingly, activin B and activin AB very potently activated SMAD1/5, resembling the activation commonly seen with BMPs. As SMAD1/5 was also activated by activins in other cell types, we propose that dual specificity is a general mechanism for activin ligands. In addition, we found that the antagonist follistatin inhibited signaling by all the tested activins, whereas the antagonist cerberus specifically inhibited activin B. Taken together, we propose that activins may be considered dual specificity TGF-β family members, critically affecting how activins may be considered and targeted clinically.