bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inertial dynamics of an interface with interfacial mass flux: Stability and flow fields’ structure, inertial stabilization mechanism, degeneracy of Landau’s solution, effect of energy fluctuations, and chemistry-induced instabilities
Authors: Ilyin Daniil V. , Goddard William A. , Abarzhi Snezhana I.
Published: August 2020

This work focuses on the long-standing problem of inertial dynamics of an interface with interfacial mass flux and reports new mechanisms for the interface stabilization and destabilization. The interface is a phase boundary separating fluids of different densities and having interfacial mass flux. To analyze the interface dynamics from a far field, we develop and apply the general matrix method to rigorously solve the boundary value problem involving the governing equations in the fluid bulk and the boundary conditions at the interface and at the outside boundaries of the domain. We find the fundamental solutions for the linearized system of equations and analyze the interplay of interface stability with flow fields’ structure by directly linking rigorous mathematical attributes to physical observables. We find that the interface is stable when the dynamics conserves the fluxes of mass, momentum, and energy; the stabilization is due to an inertial mechanism causing small oscillations of the interface velocity. In the classic Landau’s dynamics, the postulate of perfect constancy of the interface velocity leads to the development of Landau–Darrieus instability. This destabilization is also linked to the imbalance of the perturbed energy at the interface. The classic Landau’s solution is found to have degeneracy; lifting of the degeneracy may lead to singularity and self-similar dynamics. Our results compare well with traditional theories of combustion and propose new experiments to study the dynamics of the interface and the flow fields in combustible systems. We further conduct reactive molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the complexity of chemical processes, to study the destabilizing effect of energy fluctuations on the interface stability, and to illustrate the chemistry-induced instabilities. In summary, we identify the extreme sensitivity of the interface dynamics to the interfacial boundary conditions, including the formal properties of fundamental solutions and the qualitative and quantitative properties of the flow fields. This provides new opportunities for studies, diagnostics, and control of multiphase flows in a broad range of processes in nature and technology.
Formation of the radio frequency sheath of plasma with Cairns–Tsallis electron velocity distribution
Authors: Ou Jing , Men Zongzheng
Published: August 2020

The effect of the non-Maxwellian plasma with enhanced electron tails on the properties of the radio frequency (RF) sheath is studied with a one-dimensional collisionless model, which consists of the sheath model and the equivalent circuit model. In the sheath model, electrons are assumed to obey the Cairns–Tsallis distribution. For various entropic indices q characterizing the degree of electron nonextensivity and parameter α measuring the electron nonthermality state, the electron nonextensivity and nonthermality are found to modify the potential drop across the sheath and the sheath thickness, as well as the spatiotemporal variations of the potential, the ion and electron densities inside the sheath. With the decrease in q and the increase in α, the potential drop across the sheath and the thickness increase at any time in a RF cycle as a result of the increase in superthermal electrons in the non-Maxwellian tail. The dependence of the potential drop across the sheath on q and α is deeply related to the frequency and amplitude of the disturbance current. When the electron nonextensivity and nonthermality are strengthened, the enhancement of the sheath potential drop can cause a significant increase in the ion bombardment energy on the wall, sheath power dissipation, and plasma energy flux to the wall.
Dean flow velocity of viscoelastic fluids in curved microchannels
Authors: Nikdoost Arsalan , Rezai Pouya
Published: August 2020

Curved microchannels take advantage of inertial and Dean drag forces to achieve size-based separation of particles and cells. Despite the reported numerical and experimental correlations for Dean velocity (VDe) of Newtonian fluids, comprehensive studies and correlations are still required for the flow of viscoelastic fluids in curved microchannels. In this paper, the effects of curved channel height, radius of curvature, and kinematic viscosity were investigated to derive an empirical correlation for VDe of viscoelastic water. The developed knowledge of viscoelastic Dean flow velocity will be vital in design of elasto-inertial microfluidic devices for determination of lateral displacement of fluids in fluid exchange and Dean drag force in particle focusing and separation applications.
Interfacial magnetic anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction at two-dimensional SiC/Fe4N(111) interfaces
Authors: Han Xuefei , Wang Xiaocha , Mi Wenbo , Du Zunfeng
Published: August 2020

Tailoring the magnetic properties of interfaces with light element materials is very promising for achieving energy-efficient spintronic devices. Here, the magnetic properties of SiC/Fe4N(111) interfaces with different stacking patterns and interlayer distances are investigated by first-principles calculations. It is found that the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of SiC/Fe4N(111) interfaces decreases when compared with the clean Fe4N(111) surface, where it decreases by 28.5% in the model where the C atom is directly above the corner Fe atom. The change in magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) can be mainly ascribed to the surface and subsurface Fe atomic layers of the Fe4N substrate, while the deep atomic layers show little contribution. Moreover, the interlayer distance can reverse the sign of MAE and the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction at the interfacial Fe atomic layer. The MAE of the face-centered Fe (FeB) atom is sensitive to the interlayer distance, indicating that FeB atoms play a key role in the interfacial properties. These results indicate that interlayer distance engineering is an effective method to manipulate the magnetic properties of interfaces.
Analytical modeling electrical conduction in resistive-switching memory through current-limiting-friendly combination frameworks
Authors: Wang Qishen , Periasamy Karthekeyan , Fu Yi , Chan Ya-Ting , Tan Cher Ming , Bajalovic Natasa , Wang Jer-Chyi , Loke Desmond K.
Published: August 2020

Resistive-switching memory (RSM) is one of the most promising candidates for next-generation edge computing devices due to its excellent device performance. Currently, a number of experimental and modeling studies have been reported to understand the conduction behaviors. However, a complete physical picture that can describe the conduction behavior is still missing. Here, we present a conduction model that not only fully accounts for the rich conduction behaviors of RSM devices by harnessing a combination of electronic and thermal considerations via electron mobility and trap-depth and with excellent accuracy but also provides critical insight for continued design, optimization, and application. A physical model that is able to describe both the conduction and switching behaviors using only a single set of expressions is achieved. The proposed model reveals the role of temperature, mobility of electrons, and depth of traps, and allows accurate prediction of various set and reset processes obtained by an entirely new set of general current-limiting parameters.
Engaging consumers in health research: a narrative review
Authors: Anderst Ania , Conroy Karena , Fairbrother Greg , Hallam Laila , McPhail Alan , Taylor Vicki
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveConsumer and community engagement (CCE) in research is increasingly valued in a contemporary healthcare environment that seeks to genuinely partner with consumers and the wider community. Although there is widespread agreement at research governance levels as to the benefits of CCE in research, there is little available research-based guidance as to how best to proceed with CCE organisationally and how to manage and overcome barriers. The aim of this narrative review was to draw together the available research, review findings and relevant governance-related material and to discuss these in light of a case series among research-engaged consumers in order to chart a practical way forward. MethodsA narrative literature review about CCE in research was conducted. Following this, a case series among seven consumers who had been engaged as partners in health research was conducted. Finally, the lived experience of these consumers was explored against the findings of the narrative review. ResultsIn all, 121 papers were identified and reviewed, 37 of which were used to inform the content of this paper. The most important benefits of CCE to both consumers and healthcare researchers were related to improvements in trust between consumer and researchers, and the increased relevance and ethics of research agendas ultimately pursued. Barriers to CCE were found to be pragmatic, attitudinal and organisational. Enabling factors that capitalise on the benefits and help address the barriers to meaningful CCE are outlined and discussed in light of a case series conducted among research-engaged consumers in Australia and internationally. ConclusionBest practice standards, organisational commitments and resources are needed to improve the status quo in Australia and to provide health research end-users with research outcomes that better align with their priorities and needs. What is known about the topic?Consumer and community engagement (CCE) in research is increasing in prevalence and is likely to be beneficial to both consumers and healthcare providers and researchers. What does this paper add?Following review of the available research findings and governance statements about CCE, enabling strategies are presented in light of a case series among Sydney-based research-engaged consumers. What are the implications for practitioners?Barriers to consumer and community engagement can be overcome if well understood and tackled organisationally. The potential benefits of shifting to a fully consumer- or community-engaged healthcare research environment are multifactorial and represent a paradigm shift in favour of evidence-based patient and family-centred care.
Large stocks of peatland carbon and nitrogen are vulnerable to permafrost thaw
Authors: Hugelius Gustaf , Loisel Julie , Chadburn Sarah , Jackson Robert B. , Jones Miriam , MacDonald Glen , Marushchak Maija , Olefeldt David , Packalen Maara , Siewert Matthias B. , Treat Claire , Turetsky Merritt , Voigt Carolina , Yu Zicheng
Published: August 2020

Significance

Over many millennia, northern peatlands have accumulated large amounts of carbon and nitrogen, thus cooling the global climate. Over shorter timescales, peatland disturbances can trigger losses of peat and release of greenhouses gases. Despite their importance to the global climate, peatlands remain poorly mapped, and the vulnerability of permafrost peatlands to warming is uncertain. This study compiles over 7,000 field observations to present a data-driven map of northern peatlands and their carbon and nitrogen stocks. We use these maps to model the impact of permafrost thaw on peatlands and find that warming will likely shift the greenhouse gas balance of northern peatlands. At present, peatlands cool the climate, but anthropogenic warming can shift them into a net source of warming.
Collective property rights reduce deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Baragwanath Kathryn , Bayi Ella
Published: August 2020

Significance

Deforestation in the Amazon has reached record highs in 2019 and poses a serious threat to climate change. In Brazil, about 2 million hectares of indigenous land are still awaiting homologation, and thus do not have their full property rights. We find that granting property rights significantly reduces the levels of deforestation inside indigenous territories, and the results are of significant orders of magnitude. Our local effects indicate that areas of land right inside a territory with full property rights experience significantly less deforestation than those right outside of the border. Collective property rights might thus provide an effective way to reduce deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.
Physical modeling of the heritability and maintenance of epigenetic modifications
Authors: Sandholtz Sarah H. , MacPherson Quinn , Spakowitz Andrew J.
Published: August 2020

Significance

Epigenetic regulation serves as the basis on which multicellular organisms differentiate genetically identical cells into various cell types, and aberrations in epigenetic modifications lead to a range of diseases. The specific biological mechanisms behind the heritability and maintenance of epigenetic modifications are currently not well understood. We develop a predictive theoretical model of the interplay between the proteins that control chromosomal compaction and those that confer posttranslational modifications to histone proteins within chromosomal DNA. Our model is built on the experimentally observed behavior for these individual biological contributions, resulting in a predictive framework that captures a robust mechanism for epigenetic heritability.
Assessing multidimensional sustainability: Lessons from Brazil’s social protection programs
Authors: Dyngeland Cecilie , Oldekop Johan A. , Evans Karl L.
Published: August 2020

Significance

Meeting SDGs requires assessing trade-offs and synergies across divergent goals and robust policy impact evaluation. Using quasi-experimental inference methods, we assess impacts of Brazil’s Zero Hunger (ZH) social protection programs. ZH investment increased per capita calorie and protein productions. Social impacts (multidimensional poverty, child malnutrition, and infant mortality) were more limited, and the direction of change in natural vegetation cover was biome specific. Conditional cash transfer (BF) generated fewer benefits and more trade-offs than agricultural support (PRONAF). Results inform policy development, including roll out of ZH inspired programs in sub-Saharan Africa. We highlight successful elements of social protection programs, synergies, and trade-offs between multiple SDGs including environmental protection.
An exploratory data analysis of word form prediction during word-by-word reading
Authors: Urbach Thomas P. , DeLong Katherine A. , Chan Wen-Hsuan , Kutas Marta
Published: August 2020

Significance

Complex biological systems do not merely react, they anticipate. In 2005, the human-language comprehension system was considered an exception. We concluded not, based on our recordings of electrical brain activity measured before the critical words arrived during sentence reading, described in a now widely cited report. This, and the emergence of the “statistical crisis” in psychology, led to a large-scale replication attempt that failed. This prompted us to revisit the issue by analyzing our original data and two replication extensions with an exploratory data analysis (EDA) approach, enabled by advances in scientific computing technology. Our original conclusion was supported: Brains can anticipate specific upcoming words. We offer this as a case study in EDA for cognitive neurophysiology, more generally.
Stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only chitin-induced stomatal closure but also chitosan-induced guard cell death
Authors: Ye Wenxiu , Munemasa Shintaro , Shinya Tomonori , Wu Wei , Ma Tao , Lu Jiang , Kinoshita Toshinori , Kaku Hanae , Shibuya Naoto , Murata Yoshiyuki
Published: August 2020

Significance

Fungal disease is a major threat to agriculture and consequently human nutrition. Many pathogenic fungi penetrate through stomata. This study reveals that chitin oligosaccharide (CTOS) from fungal cell wall induces stomatal closure through its receptor CERK1, Ca
2+
, and S-type anion channel SLAC1, which would prevent fungal penetration. It is also shown that conversion of CTOS to chitosan oligosaccharide (CSOS) is a possible fungal strategy to circumvent stomatal immunity. At higher concentration, guard cells perceive CSOS, resulting in guard cell death, which potentially contributes to plant defense halting fungal infection through stomata. The finding of active guard cell death represents a conceptual advance in understanding of stomatal immunity and would guide future research on guard cell–microbe interaction and crop protection.
Virtuous violence from the war room to death row
Authors: Slovic Paul , Mertz C. K. , Markowitz David M. , Quist Andrew , Västfjäll Daniel
Published: August 2020

Significance

Two surveys of United States public opinion found that support for killing enemy civilians and combatants disproportionately with nuclear or conventional weapons was deeply divided along partisan political lines. Those approving such excessively lethal attacks tended to be Republican and conservative. They felt socially distant from the enemy, dehumanized them, and believed that the victims were to blame for their fate. These same individuals also tended to support domestic policies that protect gun owners, restrict abortion, and punish immigrants and criminals (excessively). Understanding the origins and motives underlying the widespread support for such punitive behaviors is essential to mitigating violence that threatens millions of people and our democracy.
Dimple drainage before the coalescence of a droplet deposited on a smooth substrate
Authors: Duchemin Laurent , Josserand Christophe
Published: August 2020

Significance

When a millimetric droplet is laying on a smooth surface, either liquid or solid, the slow gravity drainage of the air layer separating the surface from the drop leads to the entrapment of a thin bubble underneath. In this work, we investigate theoretically, and through numerical computations, the bubble-drainage dynamics on a solid and a liquid film. We show and explain how this dynamics before coalescence is much faster on a thin liquid film than on a solid surface.
Negative MAPK-ERK regulation sustains CIC-DUX4 oncoprotein expression in undifferentiated sarcoma
Authors: Lin Yone Kawe , Wu Wei , Ponce Rovingaile Kriska , Kim Ji Won , Okimoto Ross A.
Published: August 2020

Significance

Oncogenic transcription factors, such as the CIC-DUX4 fusion protein, constitute cancer-specific but highly challenging therapeutic targets. Consequently, pharmacologic targeting of transcription factor fusions has relied on identifying downstream actionable targets that relay fusion protein function. While informative, this approach has been limited by the divergent pleotropic effects of transcription factor fusion output. To overcome this, we have developed a mechanism-based strategy to directly degrade the CIC-DUX4 oncoprotein through ligand-dependent or pharmacologic MAPK activation. Using small-molecule drugs that block negative regulators of MAPK-ERK signaling, such as DUSP6, we reveal MAPK-mediated CIC-DUX4 degradation as an innovative therapeutic approach to targeting CIC-fused sarcoma.
Multicolor 3D MINFLUX nanoscopy of mitochondrial MICOS proteins
Authors: Pape Jasmin K. , Stephan Till , Balzarotti Francisco , Büchner Rebecca , Lange Felix , Riedel Dietmar , Jakobs Stefan , Hell Stefan W.
Published: August 2020

Significance

Superresolution fluorescence microscopy (nanoscopy) has enabled the study of protein distributions in cellular organelles, albeit only down to a 3D resolution of 20 to 40 nm. By targeting single emitters with a doughnut-shaped excitation beam, the recently introduced MINFLUX nanoscopy provides single-digit nanometer 3D localizations of fluorescent labels. We show an application of multicolor MINFLUX nanoscopy to the imaging of densely packed labeled proteins, specifically of subunits of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex within the mitochondrial inner membrane. In conjunction with a mathematical framework for the identification of individual molecules and their positions, our results open the door to the analysis of the nanoscale arrangement of proteins within oligomeric protein complexes using focused visible light.
Activator protein-1 transactivation of the major immediate early locus is a determinant of cytomegalovirus reactivation from latency
Authors: Krishna Benjamin A. , Wass Amanda B. , O’Connor Christine M.
Published: August 2020

Significance

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common pathogen that infects the majority of the population for life. This infection poses little threat in immunologically healthy individuals, but can be fatal in people with compromised immune systems. Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying latency and reactivation remains incomplete. Here, we show the cellular transcription factor, activator protein-1 (AP-1), is a key to regulating HCMV reactivation. Our findings reveal AP-1 binding to the major immediate early enhancer/promoter is critical for switching this locus from one that is repressed during latency to one that is highly active following reactivation. Our work provides a mechanism HCMV exploits to reactivate, highlighting AP-1 as a potential target to prevent HCMV reactivation.
Dimer interaction in the Hv1 proton channel
Authors: Mony Laetitia , Stroebel David , Isacoff Ehud Y.
Published: August 2020

Significance

The Hv1 proton channel is an unusual voltage-gated ion channel with atypical architecture and stoichiometry. While functional as a monomer, Hv1 is usually expressed as a dimer of two voltage-sensing domains (VSDs). How the two VSDs arrange relative to each other is a matter of debate and the functional impact of VSD–VSD interactions is only partly understood. We show that the Hv1 dimer interface is formed by the S1 and S4 transmembrane segments of the VSD. We find this S1–S4 dimer interface to be a strong regulator of Hv1 gating. This interface therefore constitutes a promising target for the development of allosteric modulators for this class of channels critical for pH regulation and immunity.
Overweight, obesity, and risk of hospitalization for COVID-19: A community-based cohort study of adults in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hamer Mark , Gale Catharine R. , Kivimäki Mika , Batty G. David
Published: August 2020

The role of obesity and overweight in occurrence of COVID-19 is unknown. We conducted a large-scale general population study using data from a community-dwelling sample in England (
n
= 334,329; 56.4 ±8.1 y; 54.5% women) with prospective linkage to national registry on hospitalization for COVID-19. Body mass index (BMI, from measured height and weight) was used as an indicator of overall obesity, and waist−hip ratio for central obesity. Main outcome was cases of COVID-19 serious enough to warrant a hospital admission from 16 March 2020 to 26 April 2020. Around 0.2% (
n
= 640) of the sample were hospitalized for COVID-19. There was an upward linear trend in the likelihood of COVID-19 hospitalization with increasing BMI, that was evident in the overweight (odds ratio, 1.39; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.71; crude incidence 19.1 per 10,000) and obese stage I (1.70;1.34 to 2.16; 23.3 per 10,000) and stage II (3.38; 2.60 to 4.40; 42.7 per 10,000) compared to normal weight (12.5 per 10,000). This gradient was little affected after adjustment for a wide range of covariates; however, controlling for biomarkers, particularly high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glycated hemoglobin, led to a greater degree of attenuation. A similar pattern of association emerged for waist−hip ratio. In summary, overall and central obesity are risk factors for COVID-19 hospital admission. Elevated risk was apparent even at modest weight gain. The mechanisms may involve impaired glucose and lipid metabolism.
What are contested languages and why should linguists care?
Authors: Tamburelli Marco , Tosco Mauro
Published: August 2020

The literature on regional and minority languages has seen strong developments in recent years, and
new frontiers have been opened on issues of minority language planning and development as well as on issues of
speakers’ rights. Nevertheless, there are many varieties that are left in a sort of “linguistic limbo” within both the
public and the academic domain. These are varieties that likely qualify as regional languages from an
Abstand perspective (Kloss 1967), but are typically
treated as “dialects” or “patois” by their respective governments, by many of their speakers and often by linguists,
who typically cite the low sociolinguistic status for their terminological choice. In this chapter we discuss the
characteristics of these “contested languages”, what underlies their “contestedness” and how they differ from the more
widely accepted regional and minority languages. Specifically, we discuss how the very notion of regional “language”
presupposes the notion “language” in opposition to that of regional “dialect”, though this supposed distinction is
hardly ever tackled in any depth by the mainstream literature on regional and minority languages. Furthermore, we
argue that the widespread, purely socio-political view of what qualifies as a “language” is untenable as well as
undesirable in a discipline that, like linguistics, is also concerned with the structural and communicative properties
of its subject matter as well as with objectivity and scientific inquiry. Throughout the chapter, we bring to the fore
the need for a discussion of the notion of “language” with a focus on regional varieties and reject the supposedly
sociolinguistic nature of the distinction between regional “languages” and regional “dialects”.
Democracy
Authors: Tosco Mauro
Published: August 2020

This chapter argues that democracy has both theoretical and practical implications that negatively
affect the maintenance of language (and cultural) diversity. Attention is paid to the levelling effects of welfare
policies, which tend to depress the speakers’ interest in language preservation and transmission and which typically
negatively affect the quality of revitalisation programmes. The presentation discusses the practical and theoretical
problems posed by possible ways out such as a voluntary, self-imposed “boundary maintenance” policy (Fishman 1991) and “the creation of linguistic fortresses or ghettoes” (Laponce 1984) in order to protect a minority language. Further, it argues
that the democratic state – in itself just the last instalment of the nation-state – may have a special problem with
multilingualism, and that language diversity possibly fared better in past forms of government.
Mixing methods in linguistic classification
Authors: Brasca Lissander
Published: August 2020

The scholarly literature unanimously describes Gallo-“Italic”1 as showing all the structural traits that distinguish Gallo-Romance from the other Romance varieties.
Nonetheless, while some scholars classify Gallo-“Italic” as Gallo-Romance, others classify it as Italo-Romance
(‘pro-Italo- scholars). These two labels (‘Gallo-Romance’ and ‘Italo-Romance’) are irreconcilable, as they are
normally used in the family tree model to name two cousin taxa: Gallo-Romance is a Western Romance daughter, while
Italo-Romance is an Eastern Romance daughter. In this chapter I argue that this problem can best be understood by
applying Kloss’s distinction of Abstand vs. Ausbau. I will show that, in their
proposed classifications, the pro-Italo- scholars mix the Abstand and the Ausbau
criteria and that this is inconsistent with the aims of classificatory science. In fact, following Kloss (1993), the status of Abstand language and that of
Ausbau language are defined on two dimensions – namely, according to two variables – that are
ontologically and conceptually independent (see also Tamburelli 2014).
Indeed, however a linguistic variety is classified along one of these two dimensions, it does not affect its
classification along the other dimension. Therefore, Abstand and Ausbau must be seen
as classificatory criteria for two independent classifications. I argue that, in science, classifications have an
informative function, and that by employing mixed criteria, pro-Italo- scholars have provided a
flawed “classification” that is informative neither of the Abstand nor of the Ausbau
status of the varieties being classified, hence it is not useful for scientific purposes and should therefore be
rejected. The final section sketches out how future research might consider how the acknowledgment of Gallo-“Italic”
as Gallo-Romance collides with assumptions of nationalism, possibly constituting a taboo, which
suggests that the unexpected classification of Gallo-“Italic” as Italo-Romance may be due to extra-linguistic reasons. In a preliminary analysis, I propose that contesting2 the Gallo-Romance genealogical-structural profile of Gallo-“Italic” varieties
could be a means of preventing (many of) their speakers from developing awareness of the fact that they speak
languages distinct from Italian3 (and not “Italian dialects”, as the
nationalist rhetoric assumes), and consequently, inhibiting or containing a possible movement claiming the right of
these languages to official public support.4
Teaching Piedmontese
Authors: Duberti Nicola , Tosco Mauro
Published: August 2020

Until 2015, Piedmontese, an endangered and contested language spoken in the homonymous region of
northwest Italy, had never before been taught in a university context, at least in Italy. After discussing the complex
(and still unsettled) juridical status of Piedmontese, the chapter traces the teaching history of this minority
language in both schools and universities, and focuses in particular on a still ongoing project at the University of
Turin. The chapter further addresses the special requirements of language courses for contested languages, and offers
a few suggestions on the basis of the project’s preliminary results.
Citizenship and nationality
Authors: Moseley Christopher
Published: August 2020

The last native-born speaker of Livonian, the aboriginal Baltic-Finnic language of Latvia, died in
Canada in 2012. The last mother-tongue speaker on Latvian soil died some years before that. However, encouraged by
Latvia’s nationality policy since it regained independence from the USSR in 1991, people of Livonian heritage are
encouraged to identify themselves as Livonian even in their passports, and a new generation of heritage speakers is
taking classes in the language. This is a reversal of former Soviet policy, one of benign neglect, and a refusal by
the regime in the last years of the independent republic (1934–1940) to acknowledge or allow the use of the
language.

Becoming citizens of the new republic was simultaneous, for many people, with declaring their
nationality within the new state. This chapter traces the history of this small ethnic minority’s relationship with
the state – Tsarist Russian, then Latvian, then Soviet, then Latvian again – and the vicissitudes that the spoken,
written, and above all taught, Livonian language had to pass through to reach its present precarious status as a
marginal heritage language in a relatively newly independent state in Europe.

The chapter will be illustrated with documentary evidence of the Livonian language’s use in
writing and education in Latvia down to the present day.
Repression of the B cell identity factor Pax5 is not required for plasma cell development
Authors: Liu Grace J. , Jaritz Markus , Wöhner Miriam , Agerer Benedikt , Bergthaler Andreas , Malin Stephen G. , Busslinger Meinrad
Published: August 2020

B cell and plasma cell fates are controlled by different transcriptional networks, as exemplified by the mutually exclusive expression and cross-antagonism of the B cell identity factor Pax5 and the plasma cell regulator Blimp1. It has been postulated that repression of Pax5 by Blimp1 is essential for plasma cell development. Here, we challenged this hypothesis by analyzing the IghPax5/+ mouse, which expressed a Pax5 minigene from the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus. Despite high Pax5 expression, plasma cells efficiently developed in young IghPax5/+ mice at steady state and upon immunization, while their number moderately declined in older mice. Although Pax5 significantly deregulated the plasma cell expression program, key plasma cell regulators were normally expressed in IghPax5/+ plasma cells. While IgM and IgA secretion by IghPax5/+ plasma cells was normal, IgG secretion was modestly decreased. Hence, Pax5 repression is not essential for robust plasma cell development and antibody secretion, although it is required for optimal IgG production and accumulation of long-lived plasma cells.
Low-frequency source imaging in an acoustic waveguide
Authors: Garnier Josselin
Published: August 2020

Time-harmonic far-field source array imaging in a two-dimensional waveguide is analyzed. A low-frequency situation is considered in which the diameter of the waveguide is slightly larger than the wavelength, so that the waveguide supports a limited number of guided modes, and the diameter of the antenna array is smaller than the wavelength, so that the standard resolution formulas in open media predict very poor imaging resolution. A general framework to analyze the resolution and stability performances of such antenna arrays is introduced. It is shown that planar antenna arrays perform better (in terms of resolution and stability with respect to measurement noise) than linear (horizontal or vertical) arrays and that vertical linear arrays perform better than horizontal arrays, for a given diameter. However a fundamental limitation to imaging in waveguides is identified that is due to the form of the dispersion relation. It is intrinsic to scalar waves, whatever the complexity of the medium and the array geometry.
The role of interlayers in enlarging the flux of GO membranes
Authors: Zhang Xue , Li Fuzhi , Zhang Peilin , Zhu Chenyu , Zhao Xuan
Published: August 2020

A graphene oxide (GO) membrane can be easily made by filtering a GO solution onto a supporting layer, and such a membrane is effective at adsorbing ions. But low flux and a high work pressure become an obstacle for its application in wastewater treatment. In this study, a positively charged mixture of carbon nanotubes and chitosan (CNTS) served as an interlayer to improve the GO membrane’s flux. The three-layer membrane is known as MCG, while one without an interlayer is known as MG. For MCG and MG with the same GO load, the water flux of MCG reaches 2–8 times larger than that of MG. A better water permeability is consistently detected for MCG, with a contact angle descent speed of 3.3°/s, which is significantly faster than that of MG (0.5°/s). The ion rejections of MCG and MG are mostly attributed to GO adsorption, which stay at the same level. The flux varies with GO load, CNTS load and membrane dryness, while the ion rejection is correlated with the GO load. Optimized membrane fabrication conditions are suggested as being a CNTS load of 0.72 g m−2 and a GO load of 0.4 g m−2. A ‘gap’ mechanism is suggested to explain the interlayer effects. The rougher interlayer surface produces gaps between the GO and CNTS layers, which results in the faster water permeation and higher flux of MCG. These results demonstrate that it is possible to fabricate high flux GO membranes by adding a controlled-roughness interlayer.
Lateral force calibration for atomic force microscope cantilevers using a suspended nanowire
Authors: Zhang Guangjie , Li Peng , Wei Dawei , Hu Kui , Qiu Xiaohui
Published: August 2020

Friction measurement via atomic force microscope (AFM) relies on accurate calibration for the torsional spring constant of the AFM cantilever and its lateral deflection sensitivity. Here we describe a method that employs a suspended nanowire (SNW) as a reference beam to quantify the torsional spring constant of AFM cantilevers. Based on the fact that a uniform SNW with cylindrical symmetry has an identical spring constant when bent in any direction perpendicular to its axis, the spring constant of the SNW in a normal direction is determined by an AFM cantilever with a known normal spring constant, and is subsequently used as a force transfer standard to calibrate the torsional spring constant of the AFM cantilever. The lateral deflection sensitivity can be accurately measured by pushing the AFM tip laterally on the groove edge. The calibration result is compared to the well-known diamagnetic lateral force calibrator method and shows an uncertainty of 15% or better. The presented method is applicable for the lateral force calibration of AFM cantilevers in a wide range of instruments including inverted configurations and in an ultrahigh vacuum.
Proton dose calculation based on converting dual-energy CT data to stopping power ratio (DEEDZ-SPR): a beam-hardening assessment
Authors: Tanaka Sodai , Noto Yoshiyuki , Utsunomiya Satoru , Yoshimura Takaaki , Matsuura Taeko , Saito Masatoshi
Published: August 2020

To achieve an accurate stopping power ratio (SPR) prediction in particle therapy treatment planning, we previously proposed a simple conversion to the SPR from dual-energy (DE) computed tomography (CT) data via electron density and effective atomic number (Zeff) calibration (DEEDZ-SPR). This study was conducted to carry out an initial implementation of the DEEDZ-SPR conversion method with a clinical treatment planning system (TPS; VQA, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo) for proton beam therapy. Consequently, this paper presents a proton therapy plan for an anthropomorphic phantom to evaluate the stability of the dose calculations obtained by the DEEDZ-SPR conversion against the variation of the calibration phantom size. Dual-energy x-ray CT images were acquired using a dual-source CT (DSCT) scanner. A single-energy CT (SECT) scan using the same DSCT scanner was also performed to compare the DEEDZ-SPR conversion with the SECT-based SPR (SECT-SPR) conversion. The scanner-specific parameters necessary for the SPR calibration were obtained from the CT images of tissue substitutes in a calibration phantom. Two calibration phantoms with different sizes (a 33 cm diameter phantom and an 18 cm diameter phantom) were used for the SPR calibrations to investigate the beam-hardening effect on dosimetric uncertainties. Each set of calibrated SPR data was applied to the proton therapy plan designed using the VQA TPS with a pencil beam algorithm for the anthropomorphic phantom. The treatment plans with the SECT-SPR conversion exhibited discrepancies between the dose distributions and the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) of the 33 cm and 18 cm phantom calibrations. In contrast, the corresponding dose distributions and the DVHs obtained using the DEEDZ-SPR conversion method coincided almost perfectly with each other. The DEEDZ-SPR conversion appears to be a promising method for providing proton dose plans that are stable against the size variations of the calibration phantom and the patient.
Investigation on thermal stability of Si0.7Ge0.3/Si stacked multilayer for gate-all-around MOSFETS
Authors: Cheng Xiaohong , Li Yongliang , Wang Guilei , Liu Haoyan , Zan Ying , Lin Hongxiao , Kong Zhenzhen , Zhong Zhaoyang , Li Yan , Wang Hanxiang , Xu Gaobo , Ma Xueli , Wang Xiaolei , Yang Hong , Luo Jun , Wang Wenwu
Published: August 2020

In this study, the thermal stability of a Si0.7Ge0.3/Si stacked multilayer for gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFETS is systematically investigated. Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) treatments at temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 1050 °C are performed on the Si0.7Ge0.3/Si stacked multilayer samples. Compared with the as-grown sample, the RTA-treated (800 °C–900 °C) Si0.7Ge0.3/Si stacked multilayer samples attain good crystal quality, a sharp interface between Si0.7Ge0.3 and Si, and minor diffusion of Ge. Furthermore, owing to the rapid diffusion of Ge, the thickness of Si0.7Ge0.3 increases by ∼6 nm and the Ge concentration of Si0.7Ge0.3 reduces by ∼3% as the annealing temperature increases to 950 °C. The interfaces of the Si0.7Ge0.3/Si stacked multilayer disappear and finally behave like a homogeneous SiGe alloy as the annealing temperature further increases to 1000 °C or 1050 °C. Therefore, for thermal stability, the highest tolerable temperature of 900 °C is proposed for the Si0.7Ge0.3/Si stacked multilayer for the fabrication of the GAA device.
Detecting composite orders in layered models via machine learning
Authors: Rządkowski W , Defenu N , Chiacchiera S , Trombettoni A , Bighin G
Published: August 2020

Determining the phase diagram of systems consisting of smaller subsystems ‘connected’ via a tunable coupling is a challenging task relevant for a variety of physical settings. A general question is whether new phases, not present in the uncoupled limit, may arise. We use machine learning and a suitable quasidistance between different points of the phase diagram to study layered spin models, in which the spin variables constituting each of the uncoupled systems (to which we refer as layers) are coupled to each other via an interlayer coupling. In such systems, in general, composite order parameters involving spins of different layers may emerge as a consequence of the interlayer coupling. We focus on the layered Ising and Ashkin–Teller models as a paradigmatic case study, determining their phase diagram via the application of a machine learning algorithm to the Monte Carlo data. Remarkably our technique is able to correctly characterize all the system phases also in the case of hidden order parameters, i.e. order parameters whose expression in terms of the microscopic configurations would require additional preprocessing of the data fed to the algorithm. We correctly retrieve the three known phases of the Ashkin–Teller model with ferromagnetic couplings, including the phase described by a composite order parameter. For the bilayer and trilayer Ising models the phases we find are only the ferromagnetic and the paramagnetic ones. Within the approach we introduce, owing to the construction of convolutional neural networks, naturally suitable for layered image-like data with arbitrary number of layers, no preprocessing of the Monte Carlo data is needed, also with regard to its spatial structure. The physical meaning of our results is discussed and compared with analytical data, where available. Yet, the method can be used without any a priori knowledge of the phases one seeks to find and can be applied to other models and structures.
The effect of spincoating speed on ZnONR microstructure and it’s potential of ZnONR/Aluminum foil electrodes symmetric supercapacitors
Authors: Luthfiyah I , Utomo J , Diantoro M , Mufti N , Suprayogi T , Yudyanto Y , Aripriharta A
Published: August 2020

Many studies on symmetric capacitors have been extensively conducted. Not only the specific capacitance and energy density, but release rate energy are also necessary. Thus, continuous research is needed to improve capacitor performance by modifying ZnONP (nanoparticles) to ZnONR (nanorods) because the surface area of ZnONR is higher than ZnONP so that the interaction performance may increase. The spin coating speed needed to find out the appropriate ZnONR levels and morphology influencing supercapacitor performance. This research is focused on the influence of spin coating speed on the structure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of ZnONR/Aluminum foil electrodes. The deposited content, microstructure, and morphology of ZnONR are strongly influenced by the coating process. ZnONP coating on the surface of the substrate was carried out at a spin coater speed of 1500, 2500, and 3000 rpm. As the spin-coating speed increases, the porosity also increases, while the size of the grain, crystallinity, and specific capacitance reduce. Therefore, the best performance is shown by the lowest speed of 1500 rpm with the condition show ZnONR more deposited, and porosity, the highest cycle stability, and the specific capacitance reach to 0.0086 F/g with energy density 0.00433 Wh/g.
Hot forgeability of SCr420 low-alloy steel for piston rod application
Authors: Anggraini L , Kartomi H
Published: August 2020

Microstructure development and mechanical property of SCr420 low-alloy steel (equivalent to AISI 5120) obtained by the forging process have been investigated. The relationship between the forgeability and mean grain sizes were examined. The type of forging was carried out by die-forging at a temperature of around 1150 - 1190°C using a machine tonnage of 1600 tons capacity with 2 times forging variation. The high aspect ratio can be maintained through the steel forming applied for piston rod by the hot forging process. Vicker’s hardness mechanical tests in initial and forged conditions were carried out at room temperature. The results demonstrate that the Vickers hardness of initial condition of 254.5 HV is much higher in comparison with the hot-forged material of 152.6 HV. The forged low-alloy steel processes the desired ferrite-pro eutectoid and pearlite microstructures, when followed by normalizing process, and deformation are achieved.
Identifying the optimum water flow and number of buckets in laboratory-scale Pelton turbine using Central Composite Design (CCD)
Authors: Permanasari A A , Puspitasari P , Sukarni S , Wulandari R
Published: August 2020

Pelton turbines were a type of water turbines which, principally, turned the water kinetic energy into electrical energy. The working principle of Pelton turbines was to utilize water power to produce turbine power. This paper reported the optimization of design parameters for laboratory-scale Pelton turbine using the central composite design (CCD) as the response surface methodology (RSM). This research obtained the quadratic polynomial equations for the turbine power. The independent variables were water flow (0.11 m3/s; 0.13 m3/s; 0.15 m3/s) and number of buckets (13; 15; 17 pieces). The results, based on the RSM, showed that the most influential parameter on the turbine power was the number of buckets. The optimum turbine power was 24 kW on 0,16 m3/s water flow and 18 buckets of RSM.
Analysis of organic Rankine cycle based on thermal and exergy efficiency
Authors: Eryanto G , Pambudi N A , Wijayanto D S , Biddinika M K , Hijriawan M , Kuncoro I W , Wibowo K M , Ma’arif M
Published: August 2020

The binary power plant is a geothermal power generation system used at low to medium temperature levels and used indirect system. In this system, the heat generated from the reservoir is channelled to the secondary working fluid which has a lower boiling point than water using a heat exchanger. In this case, the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a suitable system for use. This improves the performance and efficiency of the plants. However, in this system, the installation configuration of the ORC model is an important factor that can affect its performance. The selection of an improper ORC design reduces the thermal efficiency of the system. Therefore, it cannot utilize heat optimally. In this study, Engineering Equation Solution (EES) simulation program is used to run the system as in operation conditions. A comparative analysis is conducted using ORC, Regenerative ORC (RORC), and RORC with Internal Heat Exchanger (IHE). The results indicate that RORC with IHE has the greatest value for both energy (21.74%) and exergy efficiency (25.26%) while net power produced 5479 kW. This shows the addition of OFOH and IHE can increase these factors, improve performance and reduce energy degradation from the cycle.