bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Talking about Gender: The Conversational Construction of Gender Categories in Academic Discourse
Authors: Stokoe Elizabeth H.
Published: March 2007

The paper explores the nature of academic discourse, paying particular attention to the construction of gender categories within students' conversations. A different approach to the investigation of the links between language and gender is taken to that adopted in previous research in the area. Rather than attempting to define gender differences in talk, or to characterize the interactional styles of men and women, or to explore how gender is `done' in interaction, a discursive conversation analytic approach is taken in order to explore the ways in which participants themselves talk about gender. Small groups of three to four undergraduate and postgraduate students were video-recorded during seminar/tutorial sessions. The data were transcribed and analysed. How `gender', as a societal category, is occasioned in the discussions is illustrated, along with the possible effects on the task execution.
`Who Am I Gonna do this with?': Self-Organization, Ambiguity and Decision-Making in a Business Enterprise
Authors: MENZ FLORIAN
Published: March 2007

From a traditional point of view, meetings are the more efficient the better they are prepared, the more clearly they are structured and the less ambiguously verbal contributions are formulated. But what if environment conditions change and the current preparations do not suit any longer? In such a case the participants of a meeting (and organizations in general) have to adapt to change. In order to achieve this it is useful to possess a high degree of complexity, something which contradicts the principle of complexity-reduction by highly structuring. These contradictory, even paradoxical demands made on organizations, the balance between stability (structure) and flexibility (maintenance of ambiguity) are predominantly established and solved through specific types of communication which can be described in discourse-analytic terms. As a consequence, this article argues, in some cases it is more efficient for members of an organization to be as ambiguous and lowly structured as possible in order to keep different options (adaptability to change) available.
Conscious vs Unconscious Processes
Authors: Bridgeman Bruce
Published: March 2007

Several lines of empirical research show a contrast between conscious and unconscious functions in humans. Dyslexics show eye movement patterns that concentrate on correct solutions to language problems, even if the patients fail to solve the problems, showing a decoupling of observable behavior from conscious awareness and integrating ability. Vision is represented by many topographic maps in the brain, and these maps can be separated into two streams of visual processing. Only one is available to consciousness; the other controls visually guided behavior. In the laboratory, different spatial values can be stored simultaneously in cognitive and sensorimotor visual systems respectively, and seemingly contradictory spatial behavior can originate from each. Taken together, the empirical studies show important unconscious aspects of mental activity, and a very restricted role for consciousness.
Of Immortal Mythological Beasts
Authors: Green Christopher D.
Published: March 2007

It is practically an article of faith in psychology that in order to do empirical research one must first operationally define one's variables. However, the `operational attitude', first advocated by the physicist Percy Bridgman in the 1920s, has since been rejected by virtually every serious philosopher of science as unworkable. Furthermore, `operationism'-as developed by psychologists in the 1930s and 1940s-was based on a misunderstanding of Bridgman's intent from the outset. Nevertheless, contemporary textbooks continue to extol the virtues of operational definitions and today's psychology students are still required to learn the strategy. This paper discusses the historical background of operationism, its transmission from physics to psychology and the reasons for its continued tenacity in the face of repeated refutations and Bridgman's own repudiation in the 1950s.
Lacan and Bion
Authors: Webb Richard E. , Sells Michael A.
Published: March 2007

We examine the theory and language of psychoanalysts Jacques Lacan and Wilfred Bion, regarding central issues such as the role of healing, the viability of truth and its location, and the status of the unconscious, including where it is and who can know it. We place Lacan and Bion in a critical dialogue with the language of mystical `unsaying', as exemplified in the writings of Plotinus, John the Scot Erigena, Ibn `Arabi, Marguerite Porete and Meister Eckhart. On the basis of this comparison, we argue that the languages of Lacan and Bion, on the one hand, and that of the above-cited mystics, on the other, are mutually illuminating of a central and often misunderstood human phenomenon, the language of unsaying.
The Limitations of Logic in Defining the Self
Authors: Hermans Hubert J.M.
Published: March 2007

Three aspects of Fisher's (1995) logical analysis are criticized: (a) his tendency to separate and polarize points of view in such a way that he provides a misconstrued picture of social constructionism, (b) his adherence to a Cartesian view, with the implication that unity and multiplicity, like continuity and discontinuity, are treated as mutually exclusive rather than as coexistent features of the self, and (c) his conception that narrative has no basis in the body.
Empty Sets or Empty Self
Authors: Fisher Harwood
Published: March 2007

Responses to my critique of social constructionism (Fisher, 1995b) aver not only that my concepts of self appear dualistic, re-evoking Cartesian and neo-Cartesian dualities, but also that my claims about the self lack evidence. Freeman, Gergen, Harré, Hermans and Shotter (all 1995) reassert consciousness and conscience as social constructions. Yet, their reductionism splits mind from body. I argue to the contrary-that mind and body interrelate within the same metaphysical structuring and without such splits as Harré's proposed metaphysical/ontological. Ironically, constructionist reduction of the self to a derivation within social context multiplies dualities and disjunctions for two reasons: the use of reduction to theorize about the self, and the focus on rhetoric-not only as context for the metaphysical structuring of theoretical concepts, but also as substitute for logic in evaluating theory. I reject as fallacy the argument that it is my burden of proof to show evidence for the psychobiology of self and consciousness-that there isn't any self if I don't `show' it. Within a strategy of metaphor instead of reduction, I offer the concept of `empty set' as offset to the `empty self' of constructionists. I reassert that including biological need and assimilative functions of the self is necessary to account for agency and potentiality.
Robert Yerkes' Rabbit
Authors: Dewsbury Donald A.
Published: March 2007

A case of distortion in the history of psychology literature is described. Three significant details of an incident in the boyhood of Robert Yerkes were distorted in a recent article. It is important that such errors be corrected because they can greatly alter interpretations of the significance of historical events and they are difficult to eliminate from the secondary literature once perpetrated.
John Anderson on Mind as Feeling
Authors: McMullen Terence
Published: March 2007

The most thoroughgoing of the .20th-century realists, John Anderson denied that minds are made up of cognitive or conative elements. Cognition (knowing) and conation (striving) are things that minds do (relations) and not things that minds are (qualities). He proposed feeling (emotion, passion) as the distinctive quality of the mental. Many of those psychologists who followed Anderson's epistemological realism in their psychology (especially W.M. O'Neil and J.R. Maze) disagreed with the particular thesis of mind as feeling, arguing instead for a version of central state materialism that denies the existence of any distinctively mental properties, and asserts a functional or relational conception of mind. Examination of O'Neil's and Maze's arguments here, together with considerations of experimental psychological research, show that a case can be made for the existence of qualitative emotional states. Such emotional states are positive terms in their own right. They cannot be reduced to particular brain states, as eliminative materialism would claim, nor can they be translated into overtly observable sequences of motor responses, as behaviourism would claim.
Reading the Rhetoric of `Crisis'
Authors: Morgan Mandy
Published: March 2007

The `crisis' sometimes mentioned in reflexive social psychology texts of the past three decades frames contemporary writing about disciplinary practices. This paper analyses some texts of social psychology's `crisis' as part of the linguistic resources which both enable and constrain contemporary social constructionist texts. Examples of texts which diagnose the `crisis' differently are read. The readings identify particular tropes which signal nostalgic and critical relationships to psychology's traditional `scientific' practices. Three characteristics of the `crisis' literature influencing contemporary social constructionist writing are suggested: multiple and often diverse uses of the term `history'; the marking of disciplinary boundaries and arguments for particular disciplinary alliances; continuing concern with the subject/object relationship.
Recent Changes in the Concept of Cognition
Authors: Bem Sacha , Keijzer Fred
Published: March 2007

Psychological theory is currently undergoing a change more profound than the `cognitive revolution' of the 1950s and 1960s. The present change involves a reconceptualization of the very concepts of cognition and mind. Cognitive science and cognitive psychology are turning away from the long dominant view of mind as an encapsulated, rational entity, dissociated from the body. In the emergent view the mind is seen as activity in an environment. This action-related reconceptualization of mind involves a break with the long western tradition of rationalism, as well as with a causal, mechanistic approach to psychological phenomena, which can be contrasted with a functional or teleological one.
Telling Stories
Authors: Burman Erica
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses the rhetorical structure of psychological experiments investigating children's suggestibility, the wider context of debates that these inform, and the cultural-political status of psychological expertise that such claims bolster. It draws on the debates around childhood accounting to reverse the specular apparatus of the psychological gaze and so to inspect its practitioners according to those discourses and rhetorical devices by which it accounts for children. The stories psychologists tell about children are analysed as not only indicative of the contemporary legitimizing practices of the discipline, but also as suggesting a motivated forgetting or recasting of psychology's past approaches to the topics of children's beliefs, knowledge and memories. Thus, by turning the focus from the stories (we make) children tell, to our own storytelling practices as psychologists, this paper engages in a practice of critical relativism that opens the terms of developmental psychological inquiry up for critical scrutiny, and thereby both limits and secures the grounds for its claims.
Towards a Methodology of Psychological Practice
Authors: van Strien Pieter J.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the methodology of professional practice. As a counterpart to the `predictive cycle' of generalizing or nomological science, a regulative cycle is proposed, which is directed towards the improvement of individual problem-situations with the help of low-level, problem-directed theories and is guided by norms and criteria of health, productivity, quality of life, and so on. Objections based on established empirical-analytical methodology are examined and it is shown that explicitly following the regulative model can contribute to a methodological `disciplining' of practice without necessarily falling into a technocratic relationship with clients. Finally the role of `paradigms of practice' is discussed, first at the level of professional practice, and then at the level of the paradigmatic problem-solving repertoires of our increasingly `scientized' society.
Dis-ordering Depression in Women
Authors: Stoppard Janet M.
Published: March 2007

Within psychology, psychosocial theories proposed to explain depression are assumed to have general applicability and, therefore, to account for depression in women. Although the body is implicated in both the expression and aetiology of depression, psychosocial models do not address the female body. Moreover, in development of psychosocial theories the meaning of depressive experiences from women's standpoint has been ignored. These and other lacunae are attributed to uncritical pursuit of research on depression within a positivist-realist paradigm and a taken-for-granted stance with respect to the reductionistic biological form of medical model. Drawing on recent theorizing from a feminist and social constructionist perspective, in concert with attempts to reconcile socio-linguistic with material-embodied dimensions of human existence, directions for developing a materialist-discursive understanding of depression in women are explored.
Can Social Action be Voluntary Action?
Authors: Wong Ka Nar
Published: March 2007

This paper explicates the conceptual limits and moral problems brought about by the use of social constructs for deriving a second-order description of an individual psychological process, made by reference to the social constructionist analysis of emotions. The metaphysical and moral naivety of psychologists is argued to be shown in the way they engage in a study of social phenomena without inquiring into the agentic-moral conditions which set the phenomena in place. It is proposed that psychology reform its practice in two directions. First, psychology's respect for truth should be maintained in its unconditional recognition of the first person as the source of meaning and truthfulness in all places at all times. Second, its duty is paradoxically defined as that of performing an act of collective remembrance through recounting the common expressions used in a social collective.
Psychological Ascription
Authors: Greenwood John D.
Published: March 2007

In this paper an account of the semantics of psychological ascription in terms of sentential modeling is articulated and defended. It is suggested that psychological ascriptions, both lay and scientific, are theoretical descriptions, but denied that the semantics of psychological descriptions are determined by the causal explanatory propositions relating observable stimuli, psychological states and observable behavior in which they regularly figure-the `theory-theory' account of the semantics of psychological ascription favored by most contemporary psychologists and philosophers. It is argued that the recognition of the alternative account of the semantics of psychological ascription in terms of sentential modeling enables one to take a less `theory-theory'-informed look at the implications of recent research on `self-perception' and the `child's theory of mind'.
Community Historians and the Dilemma of Rigor vs Relevance: A Comment on Danziger and Van Rappard
Authors: Dehue Trudy
Published: March 2007

Since the transition from finalism to contextualism, the history of science seems to be caught up in a basic dilemma. Many historians fear that with the new contextualist standards of rigorous historiography, historical research can no longer be relevant to working scientists themselves. The present article argues that this `dilemma of rigor vs relevance' is particularly urgent to `community' historians affiliated with the very scientific communities whose history they study. The solutions of Kurt Danziger and J. F. Hans van Rappard, both community historians of psychology, are discussed, and the author adds her own community historian's views for debate. These include, that there are no cogent reasons for completely rejecting finalism, but that, at present, rigorous symmetrical contextualism actually is the best way to produce relevant results. It is also argued that the common tale of scientists only tolerating congenial histories might be largely based on misinterpretations.
Discourses on Discourse: Theorizing Woman in Psychology
Authors: MacMartin Clare , Wood Linda A.
Published: March 2007

Tseëlon presents an ambitious analysis of gender display that draws upon historical, empirical, psychoanalytic and cultural studies approaches. WiLkinson and Kitzinger offer discussions of empirical work (e.g. on sexual harassment) and considerations of discourse analysis as theory and method. The works address and exemplify the tensions between language as discourse and as situated utterance, and between relativism and commitment to political change. Reflexivity and the status of the extra-discursive emerge as central issues in the dialogue between postmodernist feminist psychology and discourse analysis.
Psychology and Social Theory on Ideology
Authors: Magnusson Eva
Published: March 2007

The articles in the present issue of Theory & Psychology, from different theoretical positions and with somewhat varying goals in view, consider the means and consequences of cross-fertilization between psychology and Marxist theory. In this commentary the modes of communicating these issues across disciplinary boundaries are focused on, and some cross-fertilization is wished for. Of the topics in the articles, the discussions on false consciousness and repression, respectively, are highlighted as of particular interest for psychologists. Finally, parallels are drawn with attempts at integrating feminist theory and psychology.
European Works Councils and Industrial Restructuring in the European Motor Industry
Authors: Hancke Bob
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the role of European Works Councils (EWCs) in industrial restructuring in the European car industry. It reviews a series of recent company agreements on local employment and investment guarantees, and concludes that the industrial relations system in the industry is increasingly marked by competition between establishments over wages and secondary working conditions. In order to explain why EWCs have been unable to counter this development, the article draws on a survey which indicates that, in the new competitive regime in the industry, EWCs are used by local trade unionists primarily as a means to further local interests.
Employment Restructuring and Flexibility in Austrian and Danish Banking
Authors: Mayer Gerit , Andersen Torben , Muller Michael
Published: March 2007

The literature on the impact of new competitive forces on `traditional' industries in Europe tends to emphasize a rather unidirectional line of development. Concentration of capital will pave the way for structural adaptation leading to rationalization and redundancies. In contrast, this cross-national study of the Austrian and Danish banking industries, which have very much in common in terms of their contextual characteristics, indicates rather diverse approaches to pressures for change. Even though competitive pressures are similar, differences in employment restructuring and flexibility prevail between the two national sectors.
The Transformation of French Industrial Relations: Glorification of the Enterprise and Disaffection on the Streets
Authors: Dufour Christian , Hege Adelheid
Published: March 2007

This article examines the key debates and intellectual currents in French industrial relations in the past decade. The focus of attention has shifted from working conditions, relations between social groups, macro-social processes and conflict to the labour market, the company and social and technological innovation. Both economists and industrial sociologists now see the firm as the central object of their research, a change of focus which has required innovations in theory and in methodology. But dramatic events since 1995 show that the national level retains its importance.
Durkheimian Time
Authors: Miller William Watts
Published: March 2007

This article explores issues, in the Durkheimian tradition, to do with sacred time, rhythms and dynamics, collective memory, collective vision and time as a category. It discusses the work of Durkheim himself but also that of Hubert, Mauss and Halbwachs and, more recently, Nora and Maffesoli. It brings out important differences in views in the Durkheimian group. It also links their theoretical and practical interests, above all through their interest in sacred time. For this reason it begins with Hubert's essay on how the sacred `seeds itself within time', and ends with modern `semi-sacred' time.
Modern Times
Authors: Adam Barbara
Published: March 2007

Modernity and technology are mutually defining. Each one necessarily and fundamentally implies the other. The dominant time mode within this conjunction is the legacy of Newtonian science and the attendant machine time of the clock. Deeply taken for granted in our daily lives and our social theories, it is not easily accessible to conscious reflection and social science analysis. This means that time needs to be made visible before its pervasive role in modernity can be appreciated. The paper's other, more controversial theme relates to the recognition that the technology of the late 20th century presents us with a multitude of times that can no longer be grasped with theoretical models based on machine time. Exploring those contemporary times we can identify first points of departure from the view of reality that has gripped the western world for over 200 years.
Flight from Modernity
Authors: Jordan Glenn
Published: March 2007

The escape from modernity and the turn to `the primitive', the twin pillars of primitivism, are dominant - although not always acknowledged - themes in modern Western art and anthropology. This article explores these themes through an examination of the construction of difference in critical-primitivist discourses. Particular attention is paid to, first, German Expressionism and, second, the primitivist critical theory of Stanley Diamond, radical American anthropologist and founding editor of Dialectical Anthropology. Primitivism can be emancipatory. However, whether articulated by radicals or reactionaries, it presupposes that some people belong to the modern (or postmodern) world while others belong to `prehistory' or `tradition'; that some people are fixed in time while others develop through time. Notions of temporality are a central component of Western discourses of racial and cultural difference: unfortunately, the temporal assumptions of the primitivist are often those of the racist.
Cohabitation Contracts and the Private Regulation of Time
Authors: Kingdom Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

A focus on time reveals neglected advantages of cohabitation contracts and strengthens the case for their legal recognition, both in England and Wales and under Scots law. Cohabitation contracts enable cohabitants to address unexpected and unpredictable changes in their circumstances. They encourage reflection on conventional periodizations of cohabitation and marriage, periodizations no longer fully consonant with changing patterns of domestic and personal relationships, nor with trends in the paid labour market. The very process of drafting and negotiating a contract also encourages reflection on cohabitants' mutual expectations, a form of reflection of particular importance to women.
The Changing Dynamics of Working Time
Authors: Paolucci Gabriella
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the postmodern temporal condition, examining in particular some aspects of the use of time in the spheres of production and work, where models of time use are very different from those characterizing the beginnings and early development of modern industry. Knowledge is becoming the principal force of production and time is ceasing to be the only measure of work. The use of information technologies in production processes tends to separate the periods and rhythms of time in which machinery is in operation, thereby diversifying and fragmenting work schedules and giving them the flexibility imposed by the changing demands of the production and circulation of goods.
Intervention as Nation-building: Illusion or Possibility?
Authors: TALENTINO ANDREA KATHRYN
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes whether nation-building-style interventions can work. Rather than seeking to debate the propriety of intervention in theory, it asks more practically whether the strategy has any hope of succeeding. History shows that intervention can indeed serve power interests, but holds fewer examples demonstrating the success of nation-building attempts, particularly in enforcement contexts. The article addresses this question by examining the most comprehensive and long-lasting nation-building attempt to date, the NATO and OSCE effort in Bosnia. By posing four questions which can be used to assess progress, the article attempts to determine the value of nation-building as an international strategy by assessing the political, social, and economic efforts to rebuild the country. Finally, it seeks to define the lessons learned by six years in Bosnia in terms of both constructing more effective operations in the future and informing world publics more adequately about their length and complexity.
The Utility of Human Security: Sovereignty and Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: THOMAS NICHOLAS , TOW WILLIAM T.
Published: March 2007

`Human security' is a promising but still underdeveloped paradigmatic approach to understanding contemporary security politics. We argue that tension between those embracing the politics of development and those supporting the human security paradigm has intensified because the transnational dimensions embodied within the latter approach have been under-assessed. The idea of `threat' also needs to be identified with more precision for the human security concept to accrue analytical credibility. We focus on how transnational behaviour addresses the central human security problems of vulnerability and immediacy. Human security's utility for confronting crisis is also evaluated via the application of two case studies of humanitarian intervention: the 1994 multinational operation in Haiti and the 1999 intervention in East Timor. We conclude that, while general security politics includes both domestic and international issues, human security allows us to transcend sovereign prerogatives and to address emerging transregional threats more effectively.
Placing (Post-)Socialism
Authors: Stenning Alison
Published: March 2007

This article explores the postwar development and transformation of Poland’s social, economic and political systems through an exploration of the continual remaking of the town of Nowa Huta in the south of the country. It examines the historical development of the town, linking these changes to wider transformations, including the construction of socialism in Poland, reform socialism in the 1960s and 1970s, the collapse of the Soviet-style economy in Poland in the 1980s and the creation of new market economies in the 1990s. Central to this restructuring is the fate of the town’s steelworks, once the largest in Europe and now undergoing privatization. The article argues that localities are, at least in part, constructed in the image of the dominant relations of production and authority, and that, in turn, economic, social and political practices in particular places play a role in constructing those relations.
Regions of Growth and Stagnation in Poland: Changes in Agriculture, Industry and International Markets
Authors: Głębocki Benicjusz , Rogacki Henryk
Published: March 2007

The rate of economic growth in Poland is regionally variable. The present regional economic ranking is not simply a reproduction of the positions held under central planning. There are even cases of strong inversion in the rankings. Older traditions of enterprise and participation in higher education have proved stronger factors in development than the level of investment inherited from state socialism. The authors explore the different strands of agricultural transformation, and of industrial change, which is even more spatially diversified, and more open to the impact of internationalization. They emphasize the links between regions and foreign markets, a relationship which has been neglected by most researchers.
Maps of Meaning
Authors: Perrons Diane
Published: March 2007

Employment data from the REGIO database are mapped using a geographic information system. Orthodox mapping is considered to be a useful way of portraying the continuing universal nature of gender inequality in employment alongside the wide, national and regional variations in the extent of the inequality. The maps also illustrate the growing feminization of employment in western Europe and the rapidity with which gender roles are changing. However, while reference is made to the gendered welfare regimes, gender arrangements and differentiated patriarchy explanations of gender inequality, caution is urged in terms of drawing inferences from changing gender roles in employment to wider changes in gender relations.
Location of Professional Business Services
Authors: Hermelin Brita
Published: March 2007

The location pattern of advanced professional business services is a matter of interest among scholars in economic geography and neighbouring disciplines. This article considers location factors in the context of a conceptual discussion as well as a Swedish case- study. The conclusions suggest that there are reasons to reevaluate the relative importance of dif- ferent location factors. Although the factor of proximity to clients (the market) is important and tends to dominate the discussion in much research in geography, it offers only a partial explanation of the location of professional business services firms. This article produces arguments for the importance of several other location factors: professional labour, localization and urbanization economies, and the circumstances surrounding the establishment of firms as well as their subsequent history.
Territory-Based Regional Development Policy and Planning in a Learning Economy
Authors: Glasmeier Amy K.
Published: March 2007

In addressing the intersections between territory-based regional industrial development programs and the challenges faced by firms in the emerging information-based economy, a prerequisite for a more holistic approach to region-wide economic policy development and planning is a public-sector strategic outlook that itself is informed about economic, sectoral and strategic trends and which is built around an understanding of organizational learning. The requirement for public sector ‘know-how’ and ‘know-why’ deviates substantially from past practice wherein the knowledge of sectoral change and economic trends was embedded in separate programs created to provide services to firms. Absent from this model is a feedback loop which builds this understanding into policy making and program design.

The most common approach to sectoral programming, which involves linking sectoral problems with programmatic interventions, relies on investigations of markets, products, and production processes that form bottlenecks and areas of technological backwardness which require corrective action. Sectoral approaches should be broadened to incorporate a more complex understanding of how information-based competition is altering the business environment. Accomplishing this requires a new approach to firm-based support services that feeds directly into regional planning functions and seeks to improve this environment for both citizens and the business community.
Psychology and Social Change in Latin America
Authors: Salazar José Miguel
Published: March 2007

The interactive relationship between the development of psychology as a discipline, and social change is brought out by an analysis of the social and historical landmark events in Latin America. The relevance of some concepts of mainstream psychology is discussed and the need for defining the concepts of other social sciences when they are used for understanding psychological data is emphasised. The contributions made by Latin American psychologists in the areas of infant stimulation, moral development, employee training and community psychology are described.
Th e Men tal Health of Visible Ethnic Minorities in Canada
Authors: Naidoo Josephine C.
Published: March 2007

Canada's humanitarian response to the world refugee crisis and to the immigration of people from non-western countries has gathered momentum in the last two decades. Canada has become pluralistic in every sense: linguistic, religious, cultural, and racial. Given current population trends, this diversity will continue to be a salient feature of Canadian society. New demands have arisen regarding the well-being of visible ethnic minority Canadians, the prevention of emotional disorders, and the guarantee that people of all cultural origins needing help have access to it.

Data reflecting changes in Canadian immigration policy toward immigrants/ refugees from non-western countries since the 1950s are highlighted. The protection of minority rights in the 1982 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and the 1988 Multiculturalism Act are identified.

The 1986-88 mandate and findings of a Federal Government Task Force studying the mental health of immigrants/refugees, are outlined. Selected data focusing on visible ethnic minorities deriving from this study, and a pertinent literature review are presented as follows: cultural factors in mental health, changing public racial attitudes, and employment related stress. Attention is given to the problems of high risk visible minority women, particularly women of South Asian origins.

The paper closes on the optimistic note of the potential rich resource of ethnic visible minorities to their newly adopted Canadian home.
Psychological Research in Mexico: Current Status and Future Development
Authors: Ortega Graciela Rodriguez , Rojas Russell Mario E.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a brief history and an overview of the current state of psychological research in Mexico. The different areas of research are reviewed outlining the development as well as the trend of research in each area. Major theoretical, methodological and practical problems faced by psychologists in conducting research in Mexico have been enumerated. These issues relate to: (a) the problems originating from the general condition of scientific research in the country, (b) the characteristics of the institutions where psychological research is conducted, and (c) the intrinsic aspects of the discipline and its practice in Mexico. The propositions and considerations for future research have been discussed.
Feminist Challenge to Psychology. Issues and Implications
Authors: Vindhya U.
Published: March 2007

An attempt is made here to critically appraise the dominant assumptions of psy chology from the feminist perspective. The aim is to illustrate how feminist inquiry with its advocacy of critical reflection, change and activism has posed an incipi ent challenge to an uncritical acceptance of some of the prevailing premises and procedures of psychology. Feminist analysis has questioned the adequacy of assumptions and methods of conventional psychological research such as univer sality of behaviour, value-free neutrality, and decontextualisation of variables that reflect the ideological concerns of thefield. These concerns have implications for how gender is constructed, what strategies are devised to help women achieve autonomy, and in the larger analysis, what kind of a conciliation is possible between the individual and society.
Psychology in India: Perceptions and Perspectives
Authors: Misra G. , Prakash Anand , Verma Suneet
Published: March 2007

The twentieth century has witnessed a multifaceted growth of the discipline of psychology. As a human scientific enterprise as well as a profession, psychology is increasingly expected toplaya key role in many areas. Teaching, training and research in Indian institutions of higher learning are finding it difficult to face this challenge and to keep at par with the developments taking place at the international level. This article addresses the problems in handling these issues as perceived by the teaching faculty, students and apprentices. In a series of six studies using qualitative methods like long interviews, focused group and open ended narratives, it is found that there is a high degree offrustration and helplessness in the faculty as far as creatively responding to the demands on the discipline are concerned. Students are more interested in applications and personal growth rather than in the mere academic transaction of passing knowledge. The intense awareness of the issues, however, is a sign of the paradigmatic transformation. This transformation will have to respond to local as well as global concerns and must resolve its value concerns.
Devoted Wife/Sensuous Bibi: Colonial Constructions of the Indian Woman, 1860-1900
Authors: Sen Indrani
Published: March 2007

Current research has rather tended to neglect the print culture of 19th-century British India and its contribution towards the formation of gender ideologies. This article attempts to scrutinise the clamorous voices of the print culture: the newspapers, popular periodicals as well as copious published works, and to unravel the complex and sometimes contradictory web of constructions that ihese built around the gendered colonised.

The second half of the century witnessed a definite cultural focus on the Indian woman. Among other things, this interest took the form of a constant engagement with the subject of the 'native' female in the print culture of the British community resident in India. The article explores the multifaceted and pluralistic representation of the Indian woman, ranging from prurient accounts of native female sensuality and discussion of social reform issues to laudatory inscriptions of wifely devotion and the sati. In other words, the image of the Indian woman was constantly being reconstituted and proscriptions of her sensuousness were interwoven with prescriptions of passive feminine behaviour.

Admired models of perceived Eastern female docility were often selectively drawn upon, in a process constituting an 'Indianisation' of the Anglo-Indian female paradigm. While it is well recognised that representations of Indian women were strategically linked to the agenda of empire, what this article also tries to show is that, due to the complex interconnections between the ideologies of gender and empire, these gender representations also served to contain disturb ing issues raised by the contemporary women's movement in England.
Taxes, Trade, and the Circulation of Coin: The Roman Empire, Mughal India and T'ang China Compared
Authors: De Ligt L.
Published: March 2007

Institutions and arrangements designed to avoid the physical trans portation of money, especially tax money, had developed in several pre-industrial empires. In Tang China, government officials and pri vate merchants used 'memorial-presenting courts' to remit money from the provinces to the political centre and vice versa. The hundi system of Mughal India, a banker-operated system of bills of exchange catered to the needs of both tax-farmers and merchants. In Rome, private in dividuals and government officials tried to limit the amount of coins to be transported from one part of the empire to another. But physical transfers of cash could not be avoided altogether. This was partly be cause of the absence of a co-ordinated system comprising both private transfers of money and transmissions of provincial tax revenues to the central treasury in Rome.
Knowledge and Attitudes towards AIDS of Social Work Students in Mauritius
Authors: Bhowon Uma
Published: March 2007

The study looked at the knowledge and attitudes of social work students in Mauritius regarding AIDS. Seventy-six students participated in the survey. Results indicate that although a majority had excellent to good knowledge about AIDS, they lacked suffi cient information in crucial areas of AIDS prevention. As many as 80.2 per cent were supportive in their attitudes towards AIDS victims. Knowledge and attitudes did not significantly differ with respect to age, gender, ethnic group and marital status.
Epidemiologic Programming to Prevent Transfusion-related HIV Infection
Authors: Zaw Myint
Published: March 2007

HIVinfection in Myanmar followed the pattern of starting in the higher-risk population followed by the general population. The development of blood transfusion safety system started in 1985. Universal blood transfusion screening of HIV was achieved in 1998, with the coverage up to township levels. Myanmar adheres to WHO/UNAIDS blood testing strategy. The Ministry of Health has adopted five strategies to ensure blood safety in the whole country. These include regular replenishments of HIV test kits, recruitment of voluntary blood donors, referral to major blood banks, timely reporting and research for best practice methods. The model of 'walking blood banks' is used for remote hospitals and rural settings. The marked improvement in expansion of blood safety programme is made possible by high political commitment and the dedicated participation by the community.
Review Article : Applications of Operational Research to the Transportation Problems in Developing Countries: A Review
Authors: Datta S.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study is to evaluate the current literature on the use of Operational Research (OR) in solving the transportation problems in the developing countries. The review is a result of several months of searching through a wide range of journals and publications. The studies are classified into three broad groups: (a) Planning and Evaluation; (b) Distribution and Location; and (c) Scheduling and Routing. Finally, a research agenda for the future in this important area is outlined.
Managerial Work Goal Priorities in Asia: Emerging Trends from Three Divergent National Contexts
Authors: Chatterjee Samir R. , Pearson Cecil A. L.
Published: March 2007

During the past decade, unprecedented changes have taken place in the economic life of Asia. Major reforms have been undertaken in large countries like China and India; also smaller Asian countries like Mongolia have moved away from centrally planned socialist systems to market-oriented structures, while Singapore has emerged as a unique Asian country with a significant place in the global competitiveness stakes. As each country endeavours to respond to a particular set of national socio-economic imperatives, the overall diver sity of the Asian context intensifies. Increasingly, it is becoming difficult to develop a pan-Asian basis of managerial ideology and practice to provide a counterpoint to the traditional managerial theories developed in the West. In spite of this, a homogenous pattern is emerging in the work goal priorities of managers across Asia. The transitional context of Mongolia, the competitive context of Singapore, and the socio-economic reform agenda in India may be similar in terms of the managerial priorities in each of these contexts which are converging rapidly.

This article explores the nature of convergence taking place in managerial work goals in three Asian countries to evaluate the priorities of managers as they respond to their respective societal contexts of transi tion, reform and global competitiveness. The empirical study reported in this article compares and contrasts managerial work goals through data collected by surveying managers in India, Mongolia and Singapore. The article aims to contribute to the strengthening of the empirical basis of Asian managerial ideas and practices.
Holy Days Effect on Istanbul Stock Exchange
Authors: Oğuzsoy Cemal Berk , Güven Sibel
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the existence of the effect of Holy Days (the feast of Ramadan and the feast of Sacrifice) on stock returns at the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) for the period between 1988 and 1999. It is the first comprehensive attempt to analyse the performance of ISE with respect to Holy Days. For this purpose, both ISENational 100 Composite Index and 30 stocks of ISE, for which trade volume is the highest, are examined. The analysis of ISE National 100 Composite Index reveals strikingly high returns on Day -2 (two days before religious holidays). The analysis of ISE 30 stocks displays that the average return on Day -2 is about seven times higher than the average return on other days with statistically significant results for 17 of the stocks. It is also observed that the daily return performance for 21 of the ISE 30 stocks is even more than 2 per cent on this special day.
MULTIPLE BODIES
Authors: Cox Barbara , Thompson Shona
Published: March 2007

This study explores how female soccer players experience their bodies within the discourses of sport, gender and heterosexuality. Using in-depth interviews and participant observation, the research focused on a team that competed in a premier women's league in New Zealand. The findings indicated that the players underwent four distinct, yet interconnected, bodily experiences. This suggests that the use of a multiple body perspective enables a more subtle understanding of women's experiences in sport. The findings also indicate that the possibility of seeing one's body as being constituted differently by these multiple discourses may be a liberating experience, in that it allows women to access a diversity of feminine practices.
Italian Television Sport Coverage during the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games
Authors: Capranica Laura , Aversa Fabrizio
Published: March 2007

The aim of the present study was to get a gender perspective in Italy of the 2000 Summer Olympic Games. The proportion of television airtime coverage of female athletes (29%) was close to the proportion of the Italian female participation in the Games (International 38%, Italian 28%), with no gender differences regarding the placement of women’s sport in the broadcast. Women’s events hit 26 percent of total mean audience, which included 40 percent females. The male share was 31 percent for both total Olympic events and women-only sports, while the female share was 19 percent and 20 percent, respectively. Sport TV female professionals ranged from 4 percent (TV operators) to 33 percent (staff members), while Italian Olympic Committee female delegates ranged from 0 percent (Presidents of National Sport Federations) to 19.2 percent (medical doctors), indicating a strong male hegemony in sport-related careers in Italy.
SPORT AS A LEISURE TIME PURSUIT AMONG THE YOUTH OF CAEN, FRANCE
Authors: Waser Anne-Marie , Passavant Eric
Published: March 2007

This study was concerned with the levels of sport participation among the youth of Caen, France. The survey in the form of a journal kept over a week by 728 pupils of Caen schools assessed the extent to which the subjects participated in formal organized sport and informal sport during their leisure time after school. As expected, boys participated more in sport than girls. The majority of the active girls participated in formal settings. Social class was the most dominant factor determining whether the subjects participated in sport and whether such participation was in formal or informal sport. The implications of the results are discussed.
THE SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF FOOTBALL CROWDS IN WESTERN EUROPE
Authors: Waddington Ivan , Malcolm Dominic , Horak Roman
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews studies of football fans that were carried out in England, Scotland, Spain, France, Belgium and Austria. The object of these studies was to discover details about the age, sex, occupations and ethnic backgrounds of fans. The data indicated that the fans were predominantly young and male, but that the game's appeal was not limited to particular occupational groups. No clear pattern could be identified according to ethnicity.