bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPLEMENTASI METODE MUBASYARAH DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MUHADATSAH
Authors: Mutmainah Novi , Marlina Lina
Published: January 2021

Speaking skills are very important skills in learning Arabic, especially in learning Muhadastah because in general speaking skills aim to make students able to communicate verbally properly and correctly. However, in reality the question of the Arabic speaking skills of students in SMP Plus Qurrota Ayun Singaparna is still low. As is known the learning method applied is the direct method. This research was conducted to determine students' Arabic speaking ability through the use of the preacher method in the school. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The interview results show that the purpose of using the preacher method is so that students are more skilled in speaking Arabic and so students are motivated to speak Arabic. In practice, the teacher prepares vocabulary related to the material then reads the text followed by students repeatedly and the teacher justifies the pronunciation of students who are still wrong. Evaluation of Muhadastah Learning with the Direct Method is carried out by giving individual students assessments in the form of oral and written tests. The obstacle in learning Muhadastah with the method of preaching that is felt by students is that students have difficulty interpreting unknown vocabulary because students have not learned Arabic before. The obstacles felt by the teacher are the teachers find it difficult to deliver the material due to different student backgrounds and many students who do not live in boarding schools.
THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE MODELS ON HEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE AND MEET PHYSICAL QUALITY IN GARUT SHEEP
Authors: Permana Ronnie , Yamin Mohamad , Priyanto Rudy , Gunawan Asep , Astuti Dewi Apri
Published: January 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise levels on the hematological and metabolical status, and carcass quality of Garut sheep. In total 24 of Garut sheep used in this study. The levels of exercise contain three treatments namely non exercise, semi exercise  and exercise. Blood collection through the jugular vein of sheep samples was carried out at the end of the study, using a 5 mL EDTA tube to measure the haematological condition of the animal sample. Likewise, collecting muscle samples to determine the physical quality of meat.The data was analyzed by analysis of variance and continued by Duncan test for a post hoc test. The results showed that the models of exercise were not significantly (P0.05) affected to hematological level and also carccas quality including juiceness, tenderness, drip loss and water holding capacity. Organoleptic sensory  using semiexercise was more favourable meat  compare to exercise and non exercise. While for the colour of meat, non exercise treatment was significantly (P0.05) affected to the colour of meat compare to exercise and semi exercise. Furthermore the semi exercise  was the best treatment to produce fresh taste meat with good sensory characteristic.
Extending Openhole Gravel-Packing Intervals through Enhanced Shunted Screens
Authors: Dikshit Ashutosh , Kumar Amrendra , Langlais Michael , Gadiyar Balkrishna , Woiceshyn Glenn , Parlar Mehmet
Published: January 2021

For offshore wells requiring sand control, it is beneficial to extend the openhole length to access more reserves with a reduced well count. In challenging environments (e.g., low fracture pressure, highly unconsolidated sand), gravel packing with shunt tubes has been used successfully to virtually ensure a complete pack, thereby minimizing the risk of sand-control failure. Although shunt-tube gravel-pack technologies already exist, several issues must be addressed to gravel pack longer wells. First, the extra volume of gravel passing through shunt-tube manifolds raises erosion concerns. Second, the burst rating of the entire shunt system needs to be increased to allow continuous packing through shunts in a heel-to-toe fashion. Third, higher leakoff through the packed interval might increase gravel concentration, which increases friction and the risk of bridging inside the shunts. This study discusses the development and testing of a modified shunted screen that could extend openhole gravel-packing lengths to more than 7,000 ft with zonal isolation.

The first step was to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the erosion-prone areas in our existing conventional shunted-screen-technology (SST) manifold design. The CFD results were then used to modify the manifold and make it more resistant to erosion. Prototypes were manufactured and erosion tests were conducted to validate and qualify the new design for targeted proppant concentrations, flow rates, and treatment volumes. Any weak areas found in the shunt system were modified to enable higher burst pressure. The modified shunt system was then independently tested to quantify the burst limits. The concerns regarding high leakoff, friction, and bridging inside the tubes were first addressed by means of experimentation. The first nozzle distance was then modified according to these results. Verification of the modified system design was performed by means of gravel-pack testing on a full-scale model. It was observed that the proposed enhanced-SST (ESST) had no erosion failure after 450,000 lbm of proppant at a slurry rate of 5 bbl/min. The proposed ESST was successfully tested for 10,000-psi burst pressure after the erosion test. The initial motivation, design changes, and tests that led to the development of the modified system are presented herein.
Testing Low-Melting-Point Alloy Plug in Model Brine-Filled Wells
Authors: Zhang Hua , Ramakrishnan T. S. , Elias Quincy Kurleigh
Published: January 2021

Low-melting-point bismuth- (Bi-) based alloys have recently been proposed for plug-and-abandonment (P&A). Previous experiments have shown the feasibility of BiSn [58-wt% Bi and 42-wt% tin (Sn)] and BiAg [97.5-wt% Bi and 2.5-wt% silver (Ag)] alloy plugs in moderate temperature wells, both across shales and across the shale/sandstone sequence. These were validated in linear and cylindrical wellbore cavity geometries for various differential setting pressures for alloy over air. Until now, all of the experiments for setting alloy plugs have been conducted with air as the wetting fluid. Given the lack of adhesion between minerals and alloy, our concept for providing bond strength and integrity has hinged on providing a bicontinuous structure through alloy penetration into the pore network. For shales, with a positive setting pressure, anchors on the surface, in lieu of pores, have proven to be adequate. With results obtained under excess alloy pressure, we have quantified the effect of setting pressure on the alloy/shale bond quality. With brine as the wetting fluid, imposing an excess pressure on the alloy has not been demonstrated previously. This paper is the continuation of our previously published papers (Zhang et al. 2020, 2021), and our objective here is not only to show the possibility of forming a plug under brine but also to quantify the plug’s quality with and without an excess alloy pressure. We first describe an apparatus that controls alloy and brine pressures independently through a semipermeable piston assembly and demonstrate forming alloy plugs in a brine-filled borehole cavity. Based on pressure decay tests across the plug, we demonstrate that wellbore integrity is possible only with a positive alloy pressure over that of brine.
Multifrequency Analytical Forward Modeling of Dielectric Permittivity Dispersion in Mixed-Wet Sedimentary Rocks
Authors: Posenato Garcia A. , Heidari Z.
Published: January 2021

The dominant wettability of reservoir rocks is one of the main factors affecting the spatial distribution of fluids inside the pore space. More specifically, wettability controls the fluid type that coats the surface of the grains and, hence, the establishment of an electric double layer (EDL) at the solid–liquid interface. These factors, namely fluid distribution and EDL, affect the conductivity and permittivity of the rock in unique ways. Therefore, interpretation of multifrequency complex permittivity measurements can be used to quantify the wettability and parameters affecting the double layer (e.g., grain size) in addition to porosity and fluid saturation. In this paper, we introduce an analytical model to reliably characterize the dielectric permittivity dispersion of mixed-wet sedimentary rocks. The analytical derivation of the rock-physics model results in physically meaningful parameters, associated with either microscopic polarization mechanisms or pore-network geometry. We incorporate the contribution of the complex impedance associated with the EDL to the complex permittivity of the rock through a mechanistic model of Stern and Gouy-Chapman layers. Then, we quantify the contribution of different fluid and grain types to the electrical response of sedimentary rocks through Hanai–Bruggeman effective medium model. The sequential application of Hanai-Bruggeman is specifically designed to make the dependence of complex permittivity on wettability explicit. We successfully verified the reliability of the new analytical model using experimental measurements performed on two water-wet and two hydrocarbon-wet sandstone core samples. The experimental measurements were in agreement with the complex permittivity calculated using the new analytical model in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 10 MHz. Furthermore, the introduced model provides a physical interpretation to the experimentally detectable influence of wettability on the complex dielectric permittivity of rocks. Consequently, the outcomes of this paper will enhance petrophysical evaluation in mixed-wet formations by providing a novel interpretation method for complex permittivity dispersion measurements.
Stage levels, states, and the semantics of the copula
Authors: Jäger Gerhard
Published: January 2021

The paper investigates the issue whether the stage-level/individual level contrast introduced by Carlson 1977 requires the assumption of two homonymous copulas depending on the categorization of the predicative. We argue that instead of a uniform stage-level/individual level distinction we have to distinguish several similar but independent contrasts, none of which crucially depend on the semantics of the copula. In the second part of the paper, we concentrate on one group of phenomena-the distribution of weak subjects-and propose an explanation in terms of an interaction between topic/comment structure and aspectual properties of the predicate.
morphological and semantic classification of 'evidentials' and modal verbs in German : the perfect(ive) catalyst
Authors: Abraham Werner
Published: January 2021

This paper draws a link between the typological phenomenon of the paradigmatically supported evidentiality evoked by perfect and/or perfectivity and the equally epistemic system of modal verbs in German. The assumption is that, if perfect(ivity) is at the bottom of evidentiality in a wide number of unrelated languages, then it will not be an arbitrary fact that systematic epistemic readings occur also for the modal verbs in German, which were preterite presents originally. It will be demonstrated, for one, how exactly modal verbs in Modem German still betray sensitivity to perfect and perfective contexts, and, second, how perfect(ivity) is prone to evincing epistemic meaning. Although the expectation cannot be satisfied due to a lack of respective data from the older stages of German, a research path is sketched narrowing down the linguistic questions to be asked and dating results to be reached.
Partizip 1 im Deutschen
Authors: Fuhrhop Nanna , Teuber Oliver
Published: January 2021

It is controversial in the literature whether the First Participle in German ('Present Participle'; henceforth: Part I) is an adjective or a verbal form. Syntactically, it occurs exclusively in adjectival positions but it does not behave like an adjective in other respects. This paper provides an analysis of Part I starting from a diachronic perspective and arriving at a synchronic interpretation of its position in the field of 'finite verb + nonfinite verb constructions' in New High German. Against such positions as Paul's (1920), which regard Part I as an adjective only, it will be argued that, for an adequate description of its structural properties, its verbal character must be taken into account both diachronically and synchronically. It will be shown that Part I fits into and completes a paradigmatic structure together with other nonfinite verbal forms.
On the emergence of verb paradigms in one Spanish child
Authors: Aguirre Carmen
Published: January 2021

This paper studies the acquisition process of Spanish verbal morphology in a monolingual child. The study focuses on the period of the first 50 verb lemmas. This covers the period from age 1;7 till 1;10.

The data shows that the verb acquisition process of this Spanish child follows three main stages:

1. A lexical stage in which verbs are only acquired as a lexical element.

2. A syntactic stage in which the verb, still contemplated as a non-split word, becomes the main element in the development of thematic and semantic relations.

3. A morphological stage in which verb suffixes begin to be analysed separately. At this stage, the relationship between form and meaning starts and the functional categories linked to the verb (tense, aspect, agreement, mood... ) begin to be acquired. Just at this moment, the first miniparadigms appear, which suggests that the acquisition process of verb morphology has started.

The first two stages are premorphological and cover in our child the period till 1;9. In the last stage, which begins at 1;10, the child enters the protomorphological stage.
On shared indefinite expressions in coordinative structures
Authors: Schwabe Kerstin
Published: January 2021

The paper shows that shared indefinite expressions in coordinative constructions may differ with respect to their referential properties. This is due to their being either in a focused or in a nonfocused shared constituent. Their different information-structural status follows from Rooth's theory on focus interpretation. Thus it follows that focused shared constitutents must be beyond the actual coordination and that coordinative constructions with unfocused shared constituents can be represented as ellipsis. In a focused shared constituent indefinite expressions may have a specific and an non specific unique reading as well as an non specific distributive one. For the latter we outline the idea that subjects and objects in the actual coordination form a pair of sets to which a distributing operator is attached. The set formation is further supported by plural pronouns referring to the respective set and by plural verb agreement in subsequent expressions.
syntactic structure of predicatives: clues from the omission of the copula in child English
Authors: Becker Misha
Published: January 2021

This paper explores the syntax of main clause predicatives from the perspective of trying to account for an asymmetry in copular constructions in certain languages. One of the languages in which we find such an asymmetry is child English (around age 2). Specifically, new results show that children acquiring English tend to use an overt (and inflected) copula in individual-level predicatives, but they tend to omit the copula in stage-level predicatives. The analysis adopted to account for this pattern draws on evidence from adult English, Russian, Spanish and Portuguese that stage-level predicates are Aspectual (they contain AspP) while individual-level predicates are not (they involve only a lexical Small Clause predicate). Children's omission of the copula in structures with AspP is linked to the fact that at this stage of development, children fail to require finiteness in main clauses. In particular, Asp0 is temporally anchored in child English, thereby obviating the need for a finite (temporally anchored) Infl, i.e. an inflected copula.
syntax of Slavic predicate case
Authors: Bailyn John Frederick
Published: January 2021

In this article I provide a syntactic framework for case patterns found in Slavic secondary predicates.
Question/answer congruence and the semantics of wh-phrases
Authors: Reich Ingo
Published: January 2021

This paper is about the semantics of wh-phrases. It is argued that wh-phrases should not be analyzed as indefinites as, for example, Karttunen (1977) and many others have done, but as functional expressions with an indefinite core -their function being to restrict possible focus/background structures in direct or congruent answers. This will be argued for on the basis of observations made with respect to the distribution of term answers in well-formed question/answer sequences. This claim having been established, it will be integrated in a categorial variant of Schwarzschild's (1999) information-theoretic approach to F-marking and accent placement, and – second – its consequences with respect to the focus/background structure of wh-questions will be outlined.
Indefiniteness and specificity in Old Italian texts
Authors: Stark Elisabeth
Published: January 2021

Object of this study is the marking of nominal indefiniteness in Old Italian, more precisely Old Tuscan texts, in three collections of novellas.
Small clause results revisited
Authors: Mateu Jaume
Published: January 2021

The main purpose of this paper is to show that argument structure constructions like complex telic path of motion constructions (John walked to the store) or complex resultative constructions (The dog barked the chickens awake) are not to be regarded as "theoretical entities" (Jackendoff (1997b); Goldberg (1995)). As an alternative to these semanticocentric accounts, I argue that their epiphenomenal status can be shown iff we take into account some important insights from three syntactically-oriented works: (i) Hoekstra's (1988, 1992) analysis of SC R, (ii) Hale & Keyser's (1993f.) configurational theory of argument structure, and (iii) Mateu & Rigau’s (1999; i.p.) syntactic account of Talmy's (1991) typological distinction between 'satellite framed languages' (e.g., English, German, Dutch, etc.) and 'verb-framed languages' (e.g., Catalan, Spanish, French, etc.). In particular, it is argued that the formation of the abovementioned constructions involves a conflation process of two different syntactic argument structures, this process being carried out via a 'generalized transformation'. Accordingly, the so-called 'lexical subordination process' (Levin & Rapoport (1988)) is argued to involve a syntactic operation, rather than a semantic one. Due to our assuming that the parametric variation involved in the constructions under study cannot be explained in purely semantic terms (Mateu & Rigau (1999)), Talmy's (1991) typological distinction is argued to be better stated in lexical syntactic terms.
Formal foundations for semantic theories of nominalisation
Authors: Hamm Fritz , Van Lambalgen Michiel
Published: January 2021

This paper develops the formal foundations of semantic theories dealing with various kinds of nominalisations. It introduces a combination of an event-calculus with a type-free theory which allows a compositional description to be given of such phenomena like Vendler's distinction between perfect and imperfect nominals, iteration of gerunds and Cresswell's notorious non-urrival of'the train examples. Moreover, the approach argued for in this paper allows a semantic explanation to be given for a wide range of grammatical observations such as the behaviour of certain tpes of nominals with respect to their verbal contexts or the distribution of negation in nominals.
Testing the aspect first hypothesis: a preliminary investigation into the comprehension of tense in child Greek
Authors: Delidaki Sophia , Varlokosta Spyridoula
Published: January 2021

Crosslinguistic research on the production of tense morphology in child language has shown that young children use past or perfective forms mainly with telic predicates and present or imperfective forms mainly with atelic predicates. However, this pattern, which has come to be known as the Aspect First Hypothesis, has been challenged in a number of comprehension studies. These studies suggest that children do not rely on aspectual information for their interpretation of tense morphology. The present paper tests the validity of the Aspect First Hypothesis in child Greek by investigating Greek-speaking children’s early comprehension of present, past and future tense morphology as well as the role that lexical aspect plays in the early use of tense morphology. It is suggested that although Greek-speaking children have not yet fully mapped the tense concepts to the correct tense morphology, tense acquisition does not seem to be significantly affected by the aspectual characteristics (i.e. the telicity) of the verb.
Why swimming is just as difficult as dying for Japanese learners of English
Authors: Gabriele Alison , Martohardjono Gita , McClure William
Published: January 2021

While both Japanese and English have a grammatic al form denoting the progressive, the two forms (te-iru & be+ing) interact differently with the inherent semantics of the verb to which they attach (Kindaichi, 1950; McClure, 1995; Shirai, 2000). Japanese change of state verbs are incompatible with a progressive interpretation, allowing only a resultative interpretation of V+ te-iru, while a progressive interpretation is preferred for activity predicates. English be+ing denotes a progressive interpretation regardless of the lexical semantics of the verb. The question that arises is how we can account for the fact that change of state verbs like dying can denote a progressive interpretation in English, but not in Japanese. While researchers such as Kageyama (1996) and Ogihara (1998, 1999) propose that the difference lies in the lexical semantics of the verbs themselves, others such as McClure (1995) have argued that the difference lies in the semantics of the grammatical forms, be+ing and te-iru. We present results from an experimental study of Japanese learners’ interpretation of the English progressive which provide support for McClure’s proposal. Results indicate that independent of verb type, learners had significantly more difficulty with the past progressive. We argue that knowledge of L2 semantics-syntax correspondences proceeds not on the basis of L1 lexical semantic knowledge, but on the basis of grammatical forms.
Papers in phonology & phonetics
Authors: Hall Tracy Alan , Hamann Silke
Published: January 2021

ZASPiL 32.2003 contains 9 articles.
syntax and semantics of the resumptive dependency in Hungarian focus-raising constructions
Authors: Gervain Judit
Published: January 2021

Previous work (Gervain, forthcoming) has established that focus-raising may be derived by two strategies in Hungarian. One of them is the traditional movement derivation, the other a resumptive dependency created between the focus constituent base-generated in its matrix focus position and a phonologically null resumptive pronoun in the corresponding argument position in the embedded clause. However, the previous account (Gervain, forthcoming) does not give a detailed description of the nature of this resumptive dependency. The present work aims to address this question. More specifically, by providing a series of empirical tests, it attempts to determine whether the dependency is purely syntactic in nature, i.e. obligatory variable binding, or whether a semantic option is also available, i.e. coreference between the focus constituent and the resumptive pronoun. Thus, it provides new insights into the ongoing debate about the nature of resumptive pronouns.
Topicalization, CLLD and the left periphery
Authors: Haegeman Liliane M. V.
Published: January 2021

Starting from a consideration of the internal make-up of adverbial clauses this paper shows that the widespread assumption that fronted arguments in English and CLLD constituents in Romance occupy the same position leads to a number of problems. I will conclude that the position occupied by English topicalized arguments differs from that of the CLLD topics in Romance. In particular, English topics occupy a higher position in the left periphery. The final part of the paper compares three proposals for the lower topic position in Romance.
Topics detached to the left: on 'left dislocation', 'hanging topic', and related constructions in German
Authors: Nolda Andreas
Published: January 2021

In this paper I argue that there are three distinct constructions in Modern German in which a 'topic constituent' is detached to the left: (left-)dislocated topic ('left dislocation'), (left-)attached topic ('mixed left dislocation'), and (left-)hanging topic ('hanging topic'). Presupposing the framework of Integrational Linguistics, I provide syntactic and semantic analyses for them. In particular, I propose that these constructions involve the syntactic function (syntactic) topic, which relates the topic constituent to the remaining part of the sentence. Dislocated and attached topic constituents function in addition as a strong or weak (syntactic) antecedent of some resumptive 'd-pronoun' form.

Dislocated topic, attached topic, and hanging topic are in turn contrasted with 'free topics'. Being sentential units of their own, the latter are syntactically unconnected to the following sentence. In particular, they are not topic constituents.
'Integrated' and 'non-integrated' left-peripheral elements in German and English
Authors: Shaer Benjamin , Frey Werner
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we investigate two pairs of structures in German and English: German Weak Pronoun Left Dislocation and English Topicalization, on the one hand, and German and English Hanging Topic Left Dislocation, on the other. We review the prosodic, lexical, syntactic, and discourse evidence that places the former two structures into one class and the latter two into another, taking this evidence to show that dislocates in the former class are syntactically integrated into their 'host' sentences while those in the latter class are not. From there, we show that the most straightforward way to account for this difference in 'integration' is to take the dislocates in the latter structures to be 'orphans', phrases that are syntactically independent of the phrases with which they are associated, providing additional empirical and theoretical support for this analysis — which, we point out, has a number of antecedents in the literature.
Competing constraints on Vorfeldbesetzung in German
Authors: Speyer Augustin
Published: January 2021

The filling of the 'Vorfeld' in German sentences is basically obligatory; which constituent, however, actually moves to the Vorfeld is underdetermined by syntax and thus governed presumably by discourse factors. Coming from English, there are certain competing expectations one could have: either the topic — more specifically, the backward-looking center — of a sentence is moved to the Vorfeld, or an element in a poset relationship to a set mentioned in the previous discourse, or elements with other functions, such as the exposition of brand-new information or the setting of a scene. A study of a corpus of texts of different stylistic levels showed that indeed all elements expected to appear in the Vorfeld are eligible for Vorfeld-movement, but that there is a strict ranking. Preferred Vorfeld-fillers are phrases containing brand-new information as well as scene-setting elements; only if no such elements are present can elements in a poset relationship with some previously mentioned set be moved to the Vorfeld. Finally, if such elements are not present either, backward-looking centers can move to the Vorfeld. Backward-looking centers have, for this reason, a relatively poor quota among Vorfeld-fillers, namely around 50%.
Opacity in Tiberian Hebrew: morphology, not phonology
Authors: Green Antony D.
Published: January 2021

The phenomenon of phonological opacity has been the subject of much debate in recent years, with scholars opposed to the Optimality Theory (OT) research program arguing that opacity proves OT must be false, while the solutions proposed within OT, such as sympathy theory and stratal OT , have proved to be unsatisfying to many OT proponents, who have found these proposals to be inconsistent with the parallelist approach to phonological processes otherwise characteristic of OT. In this paper I reexamine one of the best known cases of opacity, that found in three processes of Tiberian Hebrew (TH), and argue that these processes only appear to be opaque, because previous analyses have treated them as pure phonology, rather than as an interaction between phonology and morphology. Once it is recognized that certain words of TH are lexically marked to end with a syllabic trochee, and that the goal of paradigm uniformity exerts grammatical pressure on phonology, the three processes no longer present a problem to parallelist OT. The results suggest the possibility that all crosslinguistic instances of apparent opacity can be explained in terms of the phonology-morphology interface and that purely phonological opacity does not exist. If this claim is true, then parallelist OT can be defended against its detractors without the need for additional mechanisms like sympathy theory and stratal OT.
Control and representations in speech production
Authors: Perrier Pascal
Published: January 2021

In this paper the issue of the nature of the representations of the speech production task in the speaker's brain is addressed in a production-perception interaction framework. Since speech is produced to be perceived, it is hypothesized that its production is associated for the speaker with the generation of specific physical characteristics that are for the listeners the objects of speech perception. Hence, in the first part of the paper, four reference theories of speech perception are presented, in order to guide and to constrain the search for possible correlates of the speech production task in the physical space: the Acoustic Invariance Theory, the Adaptive Variability Theory, the Motor Theory and the Direct-Realist Theory. Possible interpretations of these theories in terms of representations of the speech production task are proposed and analyzed. In a second part, a few selected experimental studies are presented, which shed some light on this issue. In the conclusion, on the basis of the joint analysis of theoretical and experimental aspects presented in the paper, it is proposed that representations of the speech production task are multimodal, and that a hierarchy exists among the different modalities, the acoustic modality having the highest level of priority. It is also suggested that these representations are not associated with invariant characteristics, but with regions of the acoustic, orosensory and motor control spaces.
Introduction
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Marten Lutz , Zerbian Sabine
Published: January 2021

The papers in this volume reflect a number of broad themes which have emerged during the meetings of the project as particularly relevant for current Bantu linguistics. [...] The papers show that approaches to Bantu linguistics have also developed in new directions since this foundational work. For example, interaction of phonological phrasing with syntax and word order on the one hand, and with information structure on the other, is more prominent in the papers here than in earlier literature. Quite generally, the role of information structure for the understanding of Bantu syntax has become more important, in particular with respect to the expression of topic and focus, but also for the analysis of more central syntactic concerns such as questions and relative clauses. This, of course, relates to a wider development in linguistic theory to incorporate notions of topic and focus into core syntactic analysis, and it is not surprising that work on Bantu languages and on linguistic theory are closely related to each other in this respect. Another noteworthy development is the increasing interest in variation among Bantu languages which reflects the fact that more empirical evidence from more Bantu languages has become available over the last decade or so. The picture that emerges from this research is that morpho-syntactic variation in Bantu is rich and complex, and that there is strong potential to link this research to research on micro-variation in European (and other) languages, and to the study of morpho-syntactic variables, or parameters, more generally.
Zulu conjoint/disjoint verb alternation: focus or constituency?
Authors: Buell Leston
Published: January 2021

Zulu shows an alternation of conjoint and disjoint (conjunctive/disjunctive, short/long) verb forms. Certain contexts suggest that the distribution of these forms is related to focus. For example, certain adverbial expressions receive a focal interpretation when preceded by a conjoint form but not when preceded by a disjoint form. Similarly, a wh-phrase must be preceded by a conjoint form. This has led some researchers to argue or suggest that the alternation encodes focus directly. This paper examines two different focal hypotheses, one in which a disjoint form encodes focus on the verb and another in which the conjoint form encodes focus on the element following the verb. It is shown that both of these hypotheses are inadequate because certain contexts requiring the conjoint form do not display the predicted focal interpretation. Relativization morphology is argued to also support an analysis independent of focus. It is proposed that the alternation is regulated entirely by the position of the verb within the surface constituencies first proposed in Van der Spuy (1993) and that the associated focal interpretations are the result of a range of interpretations permitted within the different constituencies. Elements remaining within the relevant constituent are nontopical, and focus is one of a range of interpretations they can receive.
Linear order constraints on split NPs in Chichewa
Authors: Mchombo Sam
Published: January 2021

This paper focuses on restrictions on the ordering of internal constituents of noun phrases in Chichewa, especially when those constituents are discontinuous. The motivation for discontinuity of the NP constituents will be given, together with discussion of constructions that can be subsumed under this rubric but that do not really involve discontinuity in the canonical sense. These are constructions where a topic NP in a left periphery position is either linked anaphorically with a modifier "remnant" or semantically with its hyponym in post-verbal position. According to Guthrie's classification of Bantu languages, Chichewa is placed in zone N unit N31. It is regarded as a dialect of Nyanja, classified as belonging to unit N30 (Guthrie 1967-71).
Copular sentences in Russian vs. Spanish at the syntax-semantics interface
Authors: Geist Ljudmila
Published: January 2021

Russian and Spanish each have two variants of the predicational copular sentence. In Russian, the variation concerns the case of the predicate phrase, which can be nominative or instrumental, while in Spanish, the variation involves the choice of the copular verb, either ser or estar. It is shown that the choice of the particular variant of copular sentence in both languages depends on the speaker’s perspective, i.e., on whether or not the predication is linked to a specific topic situation.
'Almost there': the meaning of "almost"
Authors: Penka Doris
Published: January 2021

Modifiability by almost has been used as a test for the quantificational force of a DP without stating the meaning of almost explicitly. The aim of this paper is to give a semantics for almost applying across categories and to evaluate the validity of the almost test as a diagnosis for universal quantifiers. It is argued that almost is similar to other cross-categorial modifiers such as at least or exactly in referring to alternatives ordered on a scale. I propose that almost evaluates alternatives in which the modified expression is replaced by a value close by on the corresponding Horn scale. It is shown that a semantics for almost that refers to scalar alternatives derives the correct truth conditions for almost and explains selectional restrictions. At the same time, taking the semantics of almost seriously invalidates the almost test as a simple diagnosis for the nature of quantifiers.
Word-meaning and sentence-internal presupposition
Authors: Solstad Torgrim
Published: January 2021

The German causal preposition durch ('by', 'through') poses a challenge to formal-semantic analyses applying strict compositionality. To deal with this challenge, a formalism which builds on recent important developments in Discourse Representation Theory is developed, including a more elaborate analysis of presuppositional phenomena as well as the integration into the theory of unification as a mode of composition. It is argued that that the observed unificational phenomena belong in the realm of pragmatics, providing an argument for presuppositional phenomena at a sentence- and word-internal level.
Decomposing path shapes: about an interplay of manner of motion and 'the path'
Authors: Weisgerber Matthias
Published: January 2021

In this paper we will develop a formal conceptual model of how the path in a motion situation interacts with the semantic analysis of so called 'motion shape verbs' like 'wackeln' ('wobble'), a subclass of the so called 'manner of motion verbs'. Central to this model will be the distinction between two concepts of motion: translational motion and nontranslational motion, which has no inherent translational component but puts emphasis on describing specific Motion Shape Patterns. We will define and algorithmically describe a theory of Path Shape Decomposition that aims at algorithmically deriving the translational vs. nontranslational distinction from the shape of the path. To account for object internal motion, we additionally introduce Bounding Box encapsulation, which yields a topological division of inner and outer movement. Finally we demonstrate how the outcome of such a technical decomposition can be used in modelling a Path Superimposition scenario like 'Peter wackelt über die Straße'.
Outline of the foundations for a theory of implicatures
Authors: Benz Anton
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we outline the foundations of a theory of implicatures. It divides into two parts. The first part contains the base model. It introduces signalling games, optimal answer models, and a general definition of implicatures in terms of natural information. The second part contains a refinement in which we consider noisy communication with efficient clarification requests. Throughout, we assume a fully cooperative speaker who knows the information state of the hearer. The purpose of this paper is not the study of examples. Our concern is the framework for doing these studies.
Papers from the linguistics laboratory
Authors: Weirich Melanie , Jannedy Stefanie
Published: January 2021

ZASPiL 52.2010 contains 8 articles.
comparative study of tone of West Ugandan Bantu Languages, with particular focus on the tone loss in Tooro
Authors: Kaji Shigeki
Published: January 2021

The aim of this paper is to try to explain how the Tooro system, which phonologically lacks tone, has come into being, by examining comparatively the tone system of each language itself and also by closely looking at the differences which exist among the Haya, Ankole and Nyoro systems (Kiga data insufficient) in order to look for phonetic reasons of the tone changes.
Relative clauses in Haya
Authors: Riedel Kristina
Published: January 2021

This paper gives an overview of the morphology and syntax of Haya relative clause constructions. It extends previous work on this topic (Duranti, 1977) by incorporating data from a number of different dialects and by introducing new data on locative relative clauses. The dialects discussed in addition to the Kihanja data from Byarushengo et al. (1977) include Kiziba, Muleba and Bugabo dialects. Nyambo data taken from Rugemalira (2005) is also compared to Haya in places. The focus of the discussion is on the grammaticality of pronominal elements attached to the verb that refer back to the relativized entity with different types of relativized constituents in Haya. It is shown that there are differences between subjects, objects and locatives in terms of this kind of morphology inside the relative clause, as well as differences between these kinds of morphemes and resumptive pronouns.
Byproducts and side effects = Nebenprodukte und Nebeneffekte
Authors: Meinunger André
Published: January 2021

The papers collected in this volume have very diverse topics – such as prosodic peculiarities (Meinunger and Hamlaoui & Roussarie), morphological items (McFadden and Steriopolo), or phenomena concerning syntax and its interfaces, such as syntax-morphology (Kamali), syntax-parsing (Winkler), or syntax-pragmatics (Bittner & Dery). The languages considered range from quite prominent German and French via Turkish to very exotic Nuuchahnulth or no longer spoken Old and Middle English. However, all contributions center around structural phenomena and provide analyses in terms of grammatical theory.
information structural effects of German P- and D-pronouns in discourse
Authors: Bittner Dagmar , Dery Jeruen E.
Published: January 2021

The present investigation steps back to the claims of the 1990s by assuming that there is a functional opposition in the use of P- and D-PRO which affects the status of the pronoun's referent in the mental model of the discourse. We interpret the earlier findings as an indication of an information structural difference which is specifically relevant on the discourse level. The question we address here is twofold. Firstly, we ask whether the assumed opposition in the information status of P- and D-PRO referents has consequences on referent continuation in the ongoing discourse. So far, the effects of P- vs. D-PRO use were determined concerning the status of the pronoun referent in the actual sequence of discourse, i.e. they were determined by a judgement on the salience or the topic/focus status of the pronominal DP. As far as we can see, this determination has not been operationalized further. Since there are contexts in which both P- and D-PRO would fit in with only a feeling of a difference but without clear-cut exclusiveness, the opposition is empirically not well validated. If we could show that there are effects of type of pronoun on the ongoing discourse this would, in our view, provide the lacking empirical validation. Secondly, we ask whether there are effects of the narrator's point of view on P- and D-PRO use. The idea behind this question is that the way of information unfolding in discourse depends on the speaker. S/he decides which pieces of information come next, what is foreground and what is background information. If type of pronoun choice is related to the processes of discourse organization by the speaker – via fore- and backgrounding of information – and if internal or external location of the narrator's point of view influences the organization strategies of the speaker/narrator this might have an ffect on the use of P- and D-PRO.
Caseless direct objects in Turkish revisited
Authors: Kamali Beste
Published: January 2021

It has been claimed and widely assumed that caseless direct objects in Turkish exhibit a sort of syntactic incorporation, and only their cased counterparts are true syntactic arguments (Kornfilt 1997; Knecht 1986; Nilsson 1986; Öztürk 2005 among others). Cased and caseless objects are thus widely taken as derivationally related, crystallized in Kelepir's (2001) proposal that objects pick up overt accusative as they move out of the VP. In this paper, I would like to revisit both the empirical evidence and the interpretation leading to these claims and propose revisions.

I first show that not all caseless objects are the same. Mostly drawing on Aydemir (2004), I argue that bare caseless objects and those with indefinite expressions have differences that would be very unusual if they were both incorporated. However, adopting Öztürk (2005) and against Aydemir (2004), neither of the cases can be analyzed as head incorporation.

I then turn to the cased vs. caseless distinction and argue that cased and caseless objects are not that different after all. Based on data with strictly controlled information structure, I arrive at a different generalization than most of the earlier reports and claim that caseless objects are morphosyntactically as moveable as their cased counterparts.

Hence, I propose to replace the notion of incorporation in the literature of Turkish syntax with the notion of weak case (de Hoop 1992) and conclude by a discussion of the domain of syntactic analysis in this primarily semantic phenomenon.
Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 22, 1
Authors: Sauerland Uli , Solt Stephanie
Published: January 2021

In these volumes, we are very pleased to present a collection of papers based on talks andposters at Sinn und Bedeutung 22, which took place in Berlin and Potsdam on September 7-10,2017, jointly organized by the Leibniz-Centre for General Linguistics (ZAS) and the Universityof Potsdam.
No explanation for the historical present: temporal sequencing and discourse
Authors: Anand Pranav , Toosarvandani Maziar
Published: January 2021

Discourses in the historical (or narrative) use of the simple present in English prohibitbackshifting, though they allow forward sequencing. Unlike both reference time theories anddiscourse coherence theories of these temporal inferences, we propose that backshifting hasa different source from narrative progression. In particular, we argue that backshifting arisesthrough anaphora to a salient event in the preceding discourse.Keywords: tense, discourse coherence, coherence relations, perspective.
Decomposing cornering effects
Authors: Beltrama Andrea , Meertens Erlinde , Romero Maribel
Published: January 2021

Alternative Questions with “or not” (NAQ) convey a cornering effect, which is notfound with they polar counterparts (PQ). This effect has been claimed to consist of two parts(Biezma 2009): NAQs (i) cannot be used discourse-initially and (ii) they do not license followupquestions/subquestions. In this paper, we ask the following: Are both parts of corneringlinked to the same property of NAQs? Or do they reflect distinct linguistic phenomena? Weexplore the issue by comparing the behavior of NAQs to Complement Alternative Questions(CAQ), a type of question that, like NAQs, presents logically opposite alternatives but, unlikeNAQs, fully spells out the second one. Results from two experiments suggest that both parts ofcornering can instead be explained in terms of independent semantic and pragmatic principles,which operate beyond the domain of alternative questions.Keywords: Alternative Questions, cornering, discourse, focus, information structure.
"Painting cows" from a type-logical perspective
Authors: Bücking Sebastian
Published: January 2021

Depiction verbs such as paint license i(mage)- and p(ortrait)-readings; for instance,Ben painted a cow can convey that Ben produced an image of an unspecific cow or a portrait ofa specific cow. This paper takes issue with a property-based intensional analysis of depictionverbs (Zimmermann, 2006b, 2016) and instead argues for an extensional account. Accordingly,the i-reading is rooted in the introduction of worldly representations by the explicit noun cowas such, whereas the p-reading is rooted in the interpolation of an implicit representation viacoercion. This take on the ambiguity captures the following key traits. On i-readings, only representationsare accessible to quantifiers and anaphors; moreover, intensional effects such assubstitution failure disappear once ordinary objects and representations are adequately distinguished.P-readings, by contrast, involve representations that depend on the portrayed ordinaryobjects as particulars; correspondingly, only ordinary objects are accessible to quantifiers andanaphors. The proposal is spelled out in Asher’s (2011) Type Composition Logic.Keywords: depiction verbs, visual representations, intensional transitives, coercion, TypeComposition Logic.