bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aecidium glycines.
Authors:   USA, USDA-ARS
Published: April 2021

There is little published information on this plant pathogenic fungus, which has limited geographic distribution. As hosts exist in other regions of the world with similar environmental conditions, this species may pose a threat to native or agricultural plants if introduced.
Ophiostoma longicollum.
Authors:   USA, USDA-ARS
Published: April 2021

O. longicollum is a perithecial ascomycete that was isolated from the wood of dying oak [Quercus spp.] trees attacked by the wood-boring beetle, Platypus quercivorus, on the west coast of Japan. Neither the pathogenicity of the fungus, nor any definite association with the beetle as a vector, has been established. The beetle is ranked first as a Prioritized Pest for the USA (USDA/APHIS, 2010) and another fungus, shown to be vectored by the beetle, has been associated with tree mortality.
Callosobruchus (pulse beetle).
Authors: Soundararajan R P
Published: April 2021

Callosobruchus spp. are important pests of pulses. In tropical developing countries, where legume seeds are often the main source of protein in the human diet, the losses caused by these insects are of major significance. Infestation may start in the pods before harvest and carry over into storage where substantial losses may occur. In Nigeria, it has been estimated that 3% of the annual production in 1961/62 was lost due to attack by C. maculatus (Caswell, 1970).
Mimosa casta (graceful mimosa).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro
Published: April 2021

M. casta is a fast-growing perennial vine that is included in the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012). The ability of this species to tolerate a wide range of habitats including disturbed areas, roadsides, pastures, semi-waterlogged areas, as well as natural forests means that it has the potential to spread much further than it has to date. Additionally, the species is able to climb over other species and supports itself on other plants by means of spines which are borne along the length of its stems and petioles, forming a dense cover and presumably competing for resources (i.e., sunlight) with native species. In Puerto Rico, this species is classified as a "noxious weed" (USDA-ARS, 2012).
Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa
Published: April 2021

Oldenlandia corymbosa is a widespread polymorphic weed with a pantropical distribution. It is fast-growing and can rapidly colonize disturbed areas, open sites, gardens, farmlands, forest edges, grasslands, roadsides and riverbanks. O. corymbosa also produces large volumes of tiny seeds that can be easily dispersed by water, animals and vehicles, or as a contaminant in soil and agricultural produce. Its weedy habit, preference for disturbed sites and tiny seeds all facilitate its spread and colonization of new habitats.
Cucumis anguria (West Indian gherkin).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa
Published: April 2021

Genetics: The chromosome number reported for Cucumis anguria is 2n=24 (Ramachandran and Narayan, 1990; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2020). Reproductive Biology: Cucumis anguria is a monoecious species, with individual male and female flowers appearing on both plants, that depends of pollinators to transfer pollen grains in order to produce fruits. Although self-fertile, a degree of outcrossing results from insect pollination. Zagorcheva (1988) has suggested that C. anguria may also be a facultative apomict. The flowering season is of about 55-58 days. Male flowers appear before female flowers and both male and female flowers remain open for one day (from 7:30 am to 4:00 pm). The relationship between male and female flowers is on average 5.5 male flowers for each female flower. The greater number of male flowers compared to female flowers produces a greater flow of pollen in the crop and ensures pollination. Flowers are visited and pollinated by insects. In a study in Brazil, the most important visitor was Apis mellifera (72% of all visits) followed by native bees from the genera Plebeia sp. (16.7%), Exomalopsis sp. (8.3%) and Melissodes sp. (2.8%). Flowers are also visited by butterflies (Malerbo-Souza et al., 2020). Physiology and Phenology: Cucumis anguria is an annual species. Early growth is upright, followed by branching at the base to produce several trailing stems. Within its native distribution range, this species germinates in a few days during the summer rains when night temperatures are above 12°C and the soil is sufficiently wet. When plants are about 2-3 m length, they start to develop flowers. Fruits are often produced within 60 days after germination. Plants may produce up to 50 fruits per stem. Fruits remain attached to the withered annual stems long after these have died back at the end of the growing season (Wilkins-Ellert, 2004). Photoperiod is important and longer days coupled with higher temperatures confines plants to the production of male flowers. Shorter days and a drop in temperature stimulate the production of female flowers. Fruiting occurs within 60 days of planting and fruit are produced continuously, with as many as 50 fruits per plant produced during the growing season (Wilkins-Ellert, 2004). Environmental Requirements: Cucumis anguria prefers to grow in tropical and subtropical climates. It grows best in areas with mean annual temperatures ranging from 15°C to 28°C (tolerates 8°C-35°C) and mean annual rainfall between 800 mm-1000 mm (tolerates 300 mm-1700 mm). It is well adapted to soils with low fertility and is adapted to grow in a wide range of soil types, including Kalahari sands (regosols), red clays and black cotton soils (vertisols) with pH in the range 6-7.5 (tolerates 5.5 - 8.3), but it grows best on well drained sandy soils (Fernandes, 2011). This species is sensitive to cold and does not tolerate frost (Wilkins-Ellert, 2004; Useful Tropical Plants, 2020).
Riptortus.
Authors: Lim Un Taek
Published: April 2021

R. pedestris causes up to 54% reduction in lipid content in soybean seed (Bae et al., 2014) and 8% seed sterility in soybean in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan (Ikeda and Fukazawa, 1983). In another study, Kadosawa (1981) estimated 6.2% soybean damage in Northern Honshu and 26% in Shikoku, Japan. R. pedestris also transmits yeast-spot disease (Eremothecium coryli) in up to 81.6% of immature soybean seeds in Kyoto, Japan (Kimura et al., 2008). R. linearis damage on soyabean in India is reported to be 30-40% (Kashyap and Adlakha, 1971). R. linearis is estimated to cause (along with two other pod feeders) 19-39% pod and seed damage on soyabean in Indonesia (Supriyatin, 1992). In Nigeria, R. dentipes and Anoplocnemis curvipes cause 20-39% pod damage on Vigna unguiculata (Khaemba, 1984).
Senna siamea (yellow cassia).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro , Pasiecznik Nick
Published: April 2021

S. siamea is indigenous to southern India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar, although it has been introduced widely into many states of India and also many countries in tropical Africa. As well as producing a good quality timber, often used for marquetry and inlay work due to its fine figure, the tree is used for erosion control planting, windbreaks, as a host for sandalwood (Santalum album), and as a nurse crop for Swietenia mahogani, to reduce borer attack. It is a common shade tree in Philippine towns and cities. It has been used to revegetate degraded agricultural land and is planted in taungya systems. It may be used as a shade tree for coffee (Heinsleigh and Holaway, 1988).It is one of the chief afforestation species in the dry zone of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The major disadvantage of the species is that it has a shallow root system, which make it susceptible to strong winds. Wood sawdust can cause irritation when in contact with the skin. Trials for timber plantations have been recommended (Gutteridge, 1997; Sosef et al., 1998), particularly as S. siamea could combine timber production with ornamental value. Research on genetic variation to determine the extent of adaptation of various provenances would also be of value.
Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarina).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro
Published: April 2021

C. equisetifolia is a nitrogen-fixing tree of considerable social, economic and environmental importance in many tropical areas of the world. It is widely planted for reclamation of unstable coastal ecosystems in the tropics and subtropics. It is salt-tolerant and can grow on sands so is especially useful for erosion control and windbreaks along coastlines and estuaries. The wood has many uses but is renowned as a fuel. It is a truly multipurpose species, providing a range of products and services for industrial and local end-users.
Derris elliptica (tuba root).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa
Published: April 2021

Derris elliptica is cultivated mainly for its roots. The powdered root is widely used as a source of rotenone, which is considered an effective natural alternative to regular synthetic chemical insecticides used in horticulture and agriculture (Duke, 1981; de Padua et al., 1999; Orwa et al., 2009; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018).
Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa
Published: April 2021

C. citriodora is a handsome tree of excellent form, with a well-shaped but sparsely foliaged crown. It is widely adaptable, drought tolerant, and capable of reasonable growth rates in both summer and winter rainfall areas. This species is one of the better eucalypts for cultivation at lower latitudes of the subtropics and tropics, but not in equatorial regions (Jacobs, 1981). It produces strong, hard and moderately durable wood suitable for fuelwood, charcoal, posts and poles, household products, tool handles, sawn timber, and general construction materials. C. citriodora is also used as a source of non-wood forest products including honey, essential oil, shade and shelter. It is a fine ornamental tree and is often planted along roadsides or in parks.
Eucalyptus tereticornis (forest red gum).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick , Doran John
Published: April 2021

Eucalyptus tereticornis is a versatile, fast growing and widely planted tree species. It has been especially successful in areas with summer rainfall followed by a moderate to severe dry season, although fast-growing provenances adapted to a winter rainfall are also available from its extensive natural distribution. The species is marginally less drought tolerant than its close relative E. camaldulensis but appears to be less susceptible than this species to leaf pathogens and stem cankers when planted in areas of seasonally-high humidity. Provenances have been identified from the southern, temperate part of the species distribution that are moderately frost and salt tolerant. Eucalyptus tereticornis is proving a valuable partner in various hydrid combinations with other fast growing eucalypts, including E. grandis and E. urophylla. The wood is used for a wide range of purposes including fuel, charcoal, paper, poles, posts, mining timber, hardboard and particleboard while the tree is used for shelterbelts, shade and in apiculture.
Acacia mearnsii (black wattle).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Pasiecznik Nick
Published: April 2021

A fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing tree adapted to a wide range of sites from the temperate and subtropical lowlands to tropical highlands. It yields bark extractives high in quality tannin, paper pulp, cellulose for rayon, charcoal, and fuelwood. The use of A. mearnsii tannin for production of waterproof wood adhesives for the reconstituted-wood industries is expanding. A useful species for erosion control, soil improvement, shade and shelter, and ornament.
Acacia saligna (Port Jackson wattle).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick
Published: April 2021

A. saligna is a fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing large shrub or small tree from southwestern Western Australia. It coppices readily and is tolerant of calcareous, alkaline and saline soils in temperate climates. A. saligna is planted in North Africa, the Middle East and South America for fodder, fuelwood, sand stabilization and as a windbreak. In Australia it is most commonly used as an ornamental, but is being increasingly planted in agroforestry systems for fodder production and soil conservation.
Jacaranda mimosifolia (jacaranda).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick
Published: April 2021

J. mimosifolia is a medium-large, deciduous tree, up to 20 m in height, with an attractive spreading crown. The species is native to Argentina and Brazil, but has been introduced as an ornamental to many parts of the tropics. J. mimosifolia grows best in highland areas up to 2400 m with an annual rainfall of 900-1300 mm. It grows well on well-drained sandy loam soils, although it will survive on poorer shallow soils. The species does not tolerate waterlogged or clay soils. It is a deep-rooted competitive tree, so few plants or crops can grow beneath it. J. mimosifolia is most well-known for the clusters of striking bell-shaped, blue-violet flowers that are produced during the dry season and which are characteristic of many cities in tropical and sub-tropical countries. J. mimosifolia can be established from either seed or cuttings. Fresh seed has a germination capacity of 50-92% and generally no seed pre-treatment is required. The trees need considerable care during the first two years, requiring weeding, regular watering and staking until well established. They can be fast growing on good sites achieving 3 m per year during the first two years and 1 m per year in subsequent years. Established trees respond well to light coppicing. If used as an ornamental, an open environment or large spacing is required for this light-demanding species with its wide canopy.
Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa
Published: April 2021

L. inermis is a small, multi-stemmed shrub or small tree 2-6 m tall, commonly known as henna. It originates from the Persian Gulf region (and possibly northeast Africa) to northwest India and is now cultivated widely throughout the tropics and subtropics. The leaves produce a red dye which is used to paint fingernails, to decorate the body and to dye hair. Henna dye is very important traditionally, being used in Muslim and Hindu marriage ceremonies. In the past, its leaves were widely used to dye silk and wool, and less commonly cotton and leather. The wood of L. inermis is fine-grained and hard, being used for tent pegs and tool handles. A perfume is made from the flowers. Extracts from the leaves (and to a lesser extent the roots) are used in traditional medicine as a panacea against almost any disease. L. inermis is mostly grown on a small scale in gardens (often as a hedge) but is grown commercially in India, Pakistan, Egypt, Libya and Sudan. In African plantations, it is often irrigated and fertilized. It is easily grown as a short-lived perennial crop from seed and transplanted, or propagated by cuttings. It is adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions, but requires high temperatures for good growth. Henna is an important natural dye. To increase the potential of the crop, selection and breeding are needed to increase the content of the pigment lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) in the leaves. Many cultivars already exist locally, having being selected for their leaves or flowers. Research is also neeeded on ways to improve drying and processing of the leaves.
Prosopis pallida (mesquite).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick
Published: April 2021

P. pallida is a very important species in areas of its native range, notably in northern Peru, where it is a valuable source of wood and non-wood products. The wood is a high quality fuel and is processed into charcoal and traded as far away as Lima, the capital city. Branches are used as posts and poles, and larger trunks used as beams or sawn into timber. The pods are sweet and highly nutritious, being used and traded as a livestock feed, and stored in times of plenty in specially constructed buildings. Pods are also processed and used in a variety of human foods, e.g. made into a molasses-like syrup called 'algarrobina', or ground into flour and used in making cakes, bread and biscuits. Where introduced, these values are not widely noted, and the species has become a weed in places, especially in Australia. In other countries where it is a widespread exotic, notably Brazil and Cape Verde, there is great potential for increasing its utilization. Also, P. pallida shows enormous potential as genetic material for improvement of other tropical Prosopis species, especially P. juliflora.
Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa
Published: April 2021

Triadica sebifera is a valuable multipurpose agroforestry species in the central Himalayan region and across Asia, and is also a popular ornamental tree for its colourful autumn leaves. The fruit of T. sebifera contains two types of fat. The white, fleshy outer seedcoat (sarcotesta) produces a fat known as Chinese vegetable tallow, while the cotyledons of the seed (kernel) yield a drying oil called stillingia oil. These oils are used as a substitute for cocoa butter in the food industry, to make paints, varnishes, soaps and candles, and to waterproof umbrellas. The leaves contain a dye, used in Asia to dye silk black. As an agroforestry species, Triadica sebifera is a good soil binder and contributes to nutrient recycling. It is planted in tea plantations as a shade tree and is also a minor timber tree. Its wood is sometimes used to make various implements, toys, furniture and Chinese printing blocks. The root, bark and leaves are used in traditional medicine in China (PROSEA, 2018; PROTA, 2018).
Sterculia apetala (Panama tree).
Authors: Vélez-Gavilán Eanine
Published: April 2021

S. apetala is a large evergreen tree normally growing to 15-25 m tall, but it can reach 40 m tall and 1 m in diameter. It has a wide natural range from southern Mexico and Central America to Peru and Brazil. It is naturalized in Jamaica and Trinidad, and planted in many countries of the Caribbean.
Tephrosia candida (white Tephrosia).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick
Published: April 2021

T. candida is a shrub 2-3 m tall, thought to be indigenous to Malaysia, and has been introduced and become naturalized in many parts of the tropics, including: Vietnam, Bhutan, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, New Zealand, Philippines, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. It is drought-tolerant, and commonly used in agroforestry systems. It grows well on acid and impoverished soils. Its soil improving characteristics have led to its use as a pioneer plant, in contour hedgerows to prevent soil erosion on steep slopes, as a shade tree in agroforestry systems (Nguyen and Thai, 1993), and as a nurse tree for commercial timber species (e.g. for Shorea robusta in India; Krishnaswany, 1956). It is one of the most common green manure species planted in Vietnam. Extracts from T. candida have insecticidal properties (Stoll, 1996). The flowers and fruits are susceptible to damage from Maruca vitrata (Chan Dang Dinh, 1982).
Highly tunable plasmon-induced transparency with Dirac semimetal metamaterials*
Authors: Fan Chunzhen , Ren Peiwen , Jia Yuanlin , Zhu Shuangmei , Wang Junqiao
Published: April 2021

Based on Dirac semimetal metamaterials, the tunable plasmon induced transparency (PIT) is investigated elaborately in this work. The designed unit cell consists of a strip and a square bracket, which is periodically aligned on the dielectric substrate. Our numerical results illustrate that a pronounced transparency window exists due to near field coupling between two bright modes, which can be dynamically tuned with Fermi energy. Namely, the transparency window demonstrates a distinct blue shift with a larger Fermi energy. Moreover, an on-to-off switch of the PIT transparency window is realized with different polarization angles. In addition, the accompanied slow light property is examined with the calculation of phase and group delay. Finally, a small variation of the refractive index of the substrate can induce a clear movement of the PIT transparency window which delivers a guidance in the application of optical sensing. Thus, this work provides us a new strategy to design compact and adjustable PIT devices and has potential applications in highly tunable optical switchers, sensors, and slow light devices.
Assessment for Learning Model in Competency Assessment of 21st Century Student Assisted by Google Classroom
Authors: Ilma A Z , Adhelacahya K , Ekawati E Y
Published: April 2021

Assessment for Learning (AfL) is useful for redesigning the online learning strategies further to improve students’ abilities, especially for 21st century students’ abilities. To achieve these competencies through the AfL model, assessment models are needed. This study discusses the model for AfL based on a needs analysis survey, using a questionnaire. In this study, the object of the research study was 30 students of the Physics Education Department of Universitas Sebelas Maret class of 2017, 2018, and 2019. The data on this paper were analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that most students use Google Classroom for online learning. However, giving feedback is not considered the maximum given by the lecturer. The results of interviews with 15 respondents obtained a form of learning assessment model that emphasizes the existence of feedback so that the model of AfL can be applied to achieve learning objectives and 21st century student competencies are achieved namely communicative, creativity, critical thinking, and collaborative. Thus, activists and education stakeholders get a picture of the urgency feedback in the learning process using the AfL model which is integrated into technology of Era Society 5.0 in the world of education.
Linking Disaster Preparedness Education to Risk Awareness: Should We Teach Our Kids About Risk?
Authors: Anggaryani M
Published: April 2021

School community could be considered as a vulnerable group, but at the same time, it has a potential role in reducing the risk of disaster. Teaching the school communities about the risk and how to manage it might bring significant effect to the awareness and readiness in facing disaster. Twenty-four respondents from four secondary schools in Yogyakarta were voluntary participated in the interview to investigate DRR program implementation. The respondents consist of school principals (8 people), and teachers (16 people). The results show that disaster preparedness education has been integrated into several school subjects such as Physics (33.33 %), Geography (20.83 %), Physical Education (16.67 %), Bahasa (12.33 %), and Natural Sciences (12.33 %), and Arts (4.17 %). About 29.17 % of the participants admitted that they still do not have enough knowledge about the risk of disaster after learning about Volcanoes Eruption, Earthquakes, and Tsunami. About 41.67 % of the participants feel they know about what to do after having evacuation drills. However, 83.33 % of the participants feel unconfident that they will be able to take proper action when a disaster occurs. Thus, in reducing the risk of disaster, teaching the risk of natural disaster and how to reduce it through Physics is possible to do as contextual learning, especially for students who schooled at a disaster-prone area.
Application Titanium Dioxide Nanotube from Natural Source as Tooth Whitening
Authors: Istiqomah  , Rohmawati L , Setyarsih W , Hefdea A , Wulancahayani E , Munasir
Published: April 2021

Nanotube material that has been synthesized for decades is Titanium Dioxide Nanotube (TDN) because it has high photocatalytic properties and produces free radicals that can whiten teeth. Tooth whitening materials that are used in the public is such as H2O2with high concentrations so that they endanger the health of tooth enamel. Therefore, this research uses TDN as a natural teeth whitening agent with low H2O2concentrations. TDN is obtained from natural materials, mineral sand which is chemically processed using sodium hydroxide in an autoclave for 24 hours. The amount of free radicals is determined by ESR and the effect of teeth whitening determined by immersing the teeth in a 3% TDN and H202solution and then characterized by the UV-Vis PC 2401 Spectrophotometer. The results showed that TDN produced O2−free radicals which could degrade tooth color up to turned brighter.
Enhancing Students’ Science Communication Skill: Validation of Learning Tools Based MORE Learning Model
Authors: Pratiwi T P , Munasir  , Suprapto N
Published: April 2021

This research aims to produce and determine the validity of learning tools with the MORE (Model – Observe – Reflect – Explain) learning model developed on Work and Energy concept. The learning tools produce to practice students’ science communication skills because because previously there was no learning tools that specifically trained science communication skills in schools Senior High School 1 of Bangilan. The type of research is Research and Development (R&D) refers to 4D model which consists of four stages namely: define, design, develop and disseminate. The learning tools developed consist of a syllabus, lesson plans (RPP), students worksheet (LKPD), handouts, cognitive assessment instruments in the Work and Energy concepts and science communication skills by three experts validation. The validity results obtained an average mode average value of four with very valid category. The results of study showed that the learning tools with the MORE learning model to practice students’ science communication skills is feasible based on the validity aspect. In conclusion, the learning tools developed can be used to train science communication skills in schools, especially in physics lessons on Work and Energy concept.
Analysis of Boiler Engine Efficiency Unit 2 PT. PJB UP Paiton
Authors: Febriani S D A , Purwanto M R
Published: April 2021

The boiler machine is a component that initiates energy changes. The boiler engine in the PLTU is a closed vessel that can convert water into steam at high temperature and high pressure by utilizing heat from coal combustion. Steam flows out of the boiler engine into the steam turbine. In this turbine, there is a conversion of kinetic energy from steam into mechanical energy to drive the turbine blades. The rotation of the turbine shaft is coupled with the generator to produce electrical energy from the conversion of the magnetic field coil in the generator. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficiency of a boiler engine and to find out the best method for calculating the efficiency of a boiler engine. There are two methods used to calculate the efficiency of boiler machine, namely the direct method and the indirect method or losses method. In the direct method uses a comparison between the output (steam) and heat input (fuel) for efficiency evaluation. Meanwhile, the indirect method is done by reducing the heat generated when burning coal with losses that occur during and after the combustion process. Based on the data analyzed to determine the efficiency of the boiler machine by direct method, it can be seen that the efficiency is 87.20%. Meanwhile, based on the indirect method, the efficiency is 81.22%. These results are appropriate after being compared with boiler commissioning data in 1994 that efficiency of the boiler machine at PT. PJB UP Paiton reaches 80% - 90%.
Image Analysis on Clavicle Bone for Indonesian Clavicle Implant Design
Authors: Aurellia S , Asmaria T , Sari A K , Aslam A B N , Utomo M S , Panghihutan D M , Annur D , Amal M I , Kartika I
Published: April 2021

Implant is a medical device created by humans and implanted in the human body to replace or enhance the biological structure in the human body. In this study, we performed an image analysis of the clavicle bone with the aim of estimating the latest clavicle implant design obtained for Indonesians. The data was collected from 6 computed tomography (CT) thorax data with a specific age range of 18-25 years old women patient. The data was loaded into three-digital (3D) multiplanar reconstruction, followed by segmentation process and measuring the predetermined parameter. After getting the numbers from several measurements, an approximation is made to be applied to the latest designs of clavicle implant. This study concludes that the image analysis using 3D Slicer and Radiant Viewer can give a specific number in the parameter of diameter, length, and curve that can be a recommendation for designing and manufacturing the clavicle implants based on the patient data.
Study of Crustal Structure Beneath Station Banjarnegara Indonesia (BJI) Based on Receiver Function Analysis
Authors: Ariyanto P , Rosid S , Syuhada  , Januarti Y
Published: April 2021

We applied receiver functions (RFs) analysis to estimated the crustal structures beneath Station Banjarnegara, Indonesia (BJI). We selected teleseismic earthquakes with epicentral distance 30°-90° and magnitude greater than 6 (M > 6) that recorded from 3 component broadband seismograph at the station. We determined crustal thickness, S-wave velocity profiles and ratio ofνp/νsusing nonlinear Neighborhood Algorithm (NA). We migrated RFs phase to depth by AK-135 global velocity models to identify the depth of the geological structure. From the Ps conversion phase and inhomogeneity of the arrival time, we detected the near surface has a strong anisotropy. We identified delay P phase near surface that associated with thick sedimentary layer in this area at about 2.5 km. Crustal thicknesses, ‘Moho depth’, beneath the station was estimated at depth 28-32 km. The high RFs amplitude phase that might be associated with the presence of Indo-Australian Slab was identified at a depth 140-160 km according to previous studies.
PicsAR: A Physics Visualisation to Enhance Students’ Thinking Skills in Abstract Concepts
Authors: Suprapto N , Nandyansah W
Published: April 2021

The aim of the research was to visualise abstract physics concepts through a PicsAR (Physics Augmented Reality) application to enhance students’ thinking skills in abstract concepts. Previously, the researchers developed the PicsAR by utilising Research and Development (R & D) design with an ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Develop, Implementation, and Evaluation) and reported through previous publication. It has claimed that the PicsAR has fulfilled the criteria of valid, practice, and effective. The atomic model was exemplified as an abstract concept in physics as an outcome of visualisation. Totally, 33 high school students with their teacher in Surabaya Indonesia contributed to this study. To explore students’ thinking skills in abstract concepts, the descriptive statistics were used in guiding the data analysis. The visualisation of research trends in physics augmented reality was performed by VOSviewer software. Empirically, the finding of the research described the feature of PicsAR and the performance of the augmented reality of atomic models. Additionally, students’ abstract thinking skills of atomic models were also discussed, including four types of reasoning: proportional, probabilistic, combinatorial, and correlational reasoning. Overall, the students achieved excellent of all proportional reasoning indicators, two-thirds of probabilistic and correlational reasoning indicators, and seventy-five percent of combinatorial reasoning indicators.
Train the skills of making HOTS-based physics questions to physics teachers in Mojokerto
Authors: Sunarti T , Wasis  , Supardiyono  , Jauhariyah MNR
Published: April 2021

Higher-order-thinking skills (HOTS) are skills that must be possessed to be globally competitive in the 21st century. Therefore, HOTS should be trained and assessed in learning, including learning physics. To measure HOTS, you need questions that agree with the HOTS criterion. Not all physics teachers understand the characteristics of HOTS. This study aimed to practice the skills of making HOTS-based physics questions for physics teacher in Mojokerto. The method used is a one-shot case study. Physics teachers understand HOTS characteristics and trained on how to make HOTS questions starting from fundamental competency analysis in the curriculum to creating HOTS questions for physics. The results showed that 60% of the teachers who were able to complete the task of making HOTS-based physics questions from all the participants who attended the training activities. It shows that efforts are still needed to improve teachers’ quality and capacity in preparing HOTS questions for physics subjects.
Identification of Groundwater Potential Using Wenner Configuration 2D Resistivity Method (Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur)
Authors: Minarto E , Christy N N , Ruchimat A
Published: April 2021

Kupang is the capital of the Indonesian province of Nusa Tenggara Timur, and has an estimated population in 2019 of 434,972. It is the biggest city and port on the island of Timor. The needs for groundwater is urgent in Kupang. The geology of Kupang is located on the Batu Gamping Koral Formation which composed by coral limestone, which is physically barren and dry. So that local residents often have some problems with water availability. Therefore, needed the information about potential and depth of groundwater aquifers in the area. Measurement of the Wenner configuration 2D resistivity method has been carried out to identify the subsurface to determine the potential for groundwater. Inversion were performed using the method of Least-Square Smoothness Constraint. The result of the interpretation shows that the subsurface resistivity value in the area ranges from 0.4-13.108 Ω m, and groundwater aquifer potential lies at trajectories KPG 01, 02, 03, 04, 14, 15. In the Batu Gamping Koral Formation there is groundwater potential in depth between 0-85 m with a resistivity value of 25.6-205 Ω m, and its constituent rocks are limestone sand and sand. In the Alluvium Formation, the groundwater potential in depth between 0-20 m with resistivity value of 25.6-410 Ω m, and its constituent rock is sand. Whereas in Bobonoro Formation, there is no groundwater potential.
Online Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic with ELISA Assistance on The Concept of Dynamic Fluid: Student Response Analysis
Authors: Kholiq A , Khoiriah M
Published: April 2021

Elisa is a new type of e-book developed by combining e-books with scientific literacy skills that will be trained in students. Elisa which has been developed on the topic of dynamic fluids is a teaching package. In the learning process, Elisa includes features of dynamic fluid material and is combined with training students’ scientific literacy skills. Elisa is designed to improve students’ listening skills in Indonesia in line withinternational program at high school level. A total of 42 students of class XI MIA-3 in one MA Ma’arif Blitar have used Elisa in the learning process. This study is devoted to analyzing the responses of students in using Elisa. As a result, students found Elisa as a positive learning experience in all aspectscontent of material, language, media, learning and aspects of scientific literacy on averageThe percentage of student response is 85.80% with the very good category. However, in this study it was found that the response of students to aspects of scientific literacy ability had the lowest score (82.34%) compared to other aspects, this was because the students of class XI MIA-3 in one of the MA Ma’arif Blitar were just introduced. scientific literacy in the learning process.
Flexible and Low-Cost Fabrication of Optical Waveguides Based on Sno2 for Passive Optical Devices
Authors: Asnawi  , Siddiq N A , Muntini M S , Pramono Y H
Published: April 2021

A process for fabricating fully integrated optical devices based on tin oxide material using a laser cutting method had been conducted. This study was able to create optical waveguide channels in a flexible and fast way using the method. The study also demonstrated that the laser cutting process was capable of fabricating a Y-double branch optical waveguide based on the core material SnO2 designed using the PMMA substrate. The fabrication structure was analyzed for the input and output of the optical waveguide design. In the future, this process will be enormous to improve the design and rapid manufacture of optical waveguide structures for passive optical device applications.
Determination of Neutron Flux Viewed from the Maxwell-Boltzmann’s Statistical Distribution Using Numerical Approach
Authors: Adhelacahya K , Ilma A Z
Published: April 2021

This article aims to investigate the computational distribution of neutron flux using Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. The reactor geometry used is a cylindrical shape. Identify the flux neutron only can when a neutron collides. Data analysis uses numerical analysis with the MATLAB 2013a program. The graph generated from a cylinder geometry is a histogram graph with the Poisson distribution by the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. There is a difference in the value of the neutron flux due to statistical uncertainty using a numerical approach. The purpose of writing this article is to determine the computational distribution of neutron fluxes in a cylindrical geometry reactor using Maxwell Boltzmann statistics. By writing this article it is hoped that it will become a reference material for further research or studies on computing the distribution of neutrons in other cases.
Style Appropriation, Intimacy, and Expressiveness
Authors: Dodd Julian
Published: April 2021

This paper is about style appropriation: the use by someone of stylistic cultural innovations distinctive of a cultural group that is not her own. While I agree with the key insight of C. Thi Nguyen and Matthew Strohl (Philosophical Studies 176 (2019): 981-1002) – namely, that style appropriation is sometimes found objectionable because group intimacy is believed to have been breached – I disagree with their core claim that the settled beliefs of the group cannot be wrong about whether its group intimacy has, in fact, been compromised in this way. I accept that facts about group intimacy can generate normative reasons concerning style appropriation, but develop a distinctive account of how this comes to be so: one which holds that such facts are independently grounded, rather than being decided by group opinion (as Nguyen and Stroll think). This alternative picture of how group intimacy grounds normative reasons does better justice to the intuitive thought that reality, including its normative regions, is belief-independent. The paper ends with some replies to potential objections.
Male sterility significantly elevates shape variation and fluctuating asymmetry of zygomorphic corolla in gynodioecious Glechoma hederacea (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Neustupa Jiri , Woodard Katerina
Published: April 2021

Female flowers of gynodioecious plants usually have smaller corollas than bisexual flowers. This difference is explained as a developmental consequence of stamen abortion and as a result of stronger selection for larger corolla size in hermaphroditic flowers that solely ensure male function within populations. This study evaluated whether the size difference of zygomorphic corollas in a widely distributed gynodioecious herb Glechoma hederacea is accompanied by variation in shape and bilateral fluctuating asymmetry of sexually differentiated flowers. Geometric morphometric analyses of bilateral symmetry in the shapes of corolla lower lips showed that male-sterile flowers were significantly more plastic and asymmetric, implying that they may be subjected to weaker stabilizing selection for corolla shape in comparison to hermaphrodites. These results illustrated that sexual differentiation may be an important factor contributing to bilateral fluctuating asymmetry in the shape of zygomorphic flowers.
Pan-cancer application of a lung-adenocarcinoma-derived gene-expression-based prognostic predictor
Authors: Nacer Deborah F , Liljedahl Helena , Karlsson Anna , Lindgren David , Staaf Johan
Published: April 2021

Gene-expression profiling can be used to classify human tumors into molecular subtypes or risk groups, representing potential future clinical tools for treatment prediction and prognostication. However, it is less well-known how prognostic gene signatures derived in one malignancy perform in a pan-cancer context. In this study, a gene-rule-based single sample predictor (SSP) called classifier for lung adenocarcinoma molecular subtypes (CLAMS) associated with proliferation was tested in almost 15 000 samples from 32 cancer types to classify samples into better or worse prognosis. Of the 14 malignancies that presented both CLAMS classes in sufficient numbers, survival outcomes were significantly different for breast, brain, kidney and liver cancer. Patients with samples classified as better prognosis by CLAMS were generally of lower tumor grade and disease stage, and had improved prognosis according to other type-specific classifications (e.g. PAM50 for breast cancer). In all, 99.1% of non-lung cancer cases classified as better outcome by CLAMS were comprised within the range of proliferation scores of lung adenocarcinoma cases with a predicted better prognosis by CLAMS. This finding demonstrates the potential of tuning SSPs to identify specific levels of for instance tumor proliferation or other transcriptional programs through predictor training. Together, pan-cancer studies such as this may take us one step closer to understanding how gene-expression-based SSPs act, which gene-expression programs might be important in different malignancies, and how to derive tools useful for prognostication that are efficient across organs.
Patient-reported outcomes after oesophagectomy in the multicentre LASER study
Authors: Markar S R , Sounderajah V , Johar A , Zaninotto G , Castoro C , Lagergren P , Elliott J A , Gisbertz S S , Mariette C , Alfieri R , Huddy J , Pinto E , Scarpa M , Klevebro F , Sunde B , Murphy C F , Greene C , Ravi N , Piessen G , Brenkman H , Ruurda J , van Hillegersberg R , Lagarde S M , Wijnhoven B P , Pera M , Roigg J , Castro S , Matthijsen R , Findlay J , Antonowicz S , Maynard N , McCormack O , Ariyarathenam A , Sanders G , Cheong E , Jaunoo S , Allum W , van Lanschot J , Nilsson M , Reynolds J V , van Berge Henegouwen M I , Hanna G B
Published: April 2021

Background

Data on the long-term symptom burden in patients surviving oesophageal cancer surgery are scarce. The aim of this study was to identify the most prevalent symptoms and their interactions with health-related quality of life.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional cohort study of patients who underwent oesophageal cancer surgery in 20 European centres between 2010 and 2016. Patients had to be disease-free for at least 1 year. They were asked to complete a 28-symptom questionnaire at a single time point, at least 1 year after surgery. Principal component analysis was used to assess for clustering and association of symptoms. Risk factors associated with the development of severe symptoms were identified by multivariable logistic regression models.

Results

Of 1081 invited patients, 876 (81.0 per cent) responded. Symptoms in the preceding 6 months associated with previous surgery were experienced by 586 patients (66.9 per cent). The most common severe symptoms included reduced energy or activity tolerance (30.7 per cent), feeling of early fullness after eating (30.0 per cent), tiredness (28.7 per cent), and heartburn/acid or bile regurgitation (19.6 per cent). Clustering analysis showed that symptoms clustered into six domains: lethargy, musculoskeletal pain, dumping, lower gastrointestinal symptoms, regurgitation/reflux, and swallowing/conduit problems; the latter two were the most closely associated. Surgical approach, neoadjuvant therapy, patient age, and sex were factors associated with severe symptoms.

Conclusion

A long-term symptom burden is common after oesophageal cancer surgery.
Inferences on gynoecium evolution inXyris(Xyridaceae, Poales) based on floral anatomy and development
Authors: Nardi Kaire de Oliveira , Campbell Lisa M , Oriani Aline
Published: April 2021

The floral anatomy and development of species belonging to all sections of Xyris (Xyris, Nematopus and Pomatoxyris) were investigated comparatively to elucidate gynoecium evolution in the genus, because placentation has been one of the key characters in recognizing its taxonomic sections. In species of section Pomatoxyris (axile placentation), the tricarpellate syncarpous ovary consists of a fertile synascidiate zone, whereas the symplicate zone is fertile only in its lower portion. In species of section Xyris (parietal placentation), the ovary has a short almost sterile synascidiate zone, whereas the more extensive symplicate zone is fertile. In species of section Nematopus (free-central or basal placentation), there is an extremely short and sterile trilocular, completely septate zone at the ovary base. Such differences are related to different patterns of gynoecium development. The ancestral character state reconstruction of placentation types shows that axile placentation is the most likely ancestral condition in Xyris, from which parietal and free-central placentation were derived by shortening of the septa during the evolution of the genus. Basal placentation evolved from free-central placentation and appeared independently several times in section Nematopus. Because the phylogenetic position of X. ptariana and X. teinosperma (section Nematopus) is unknown, either the axile placentation in these species is a reversal or highlights the need for a revised infrageneric classification.
Shaping Legislative Processes from Strasbourg
Authors: Saul Matthew
Published: April 2021

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) can review the quality of a legislative process. This article calls such review ‘active subsidiarity’ and investigates empirically when and how such subsidiarity shapes legislative processes by tracing implementation of the Court’s decision in one case: Lindheim and Others v. Norway. How did the ECtHR’s criticism of the absence of a balancing exercise shape the corrective legislative process? The article shows that the ECtHR’s reasoning caused the legislative process to include a visible balancing exercise, but that this did not enhance the democratic quality of the parliament’s work on the rights issues. The article analyses these findings from the perspective of the variety of legislative circumstances that come before the ECtHR. It is difficult to anticipate how active subsidiarity will affect legislative processes as a general matter but certain contexts, such as those of minority governments, may be more conducive to democracy enhancing effects. This has implications for how the ECtHR should formulate active subsidiarity.