bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computational Algorithms for Representing Aircraft Instruments with Barometric Physics (Numerical Methods Applied to Flight Simulation)
Authors: Ramirez-Lopez Adan
Published: December 2024

The present work describes the development of a graphical environment to represent typical flight instruments on a computer screen. The instruments’ behavior is displayed according to information regarding the aircraft’s flight conditions. Some of the instruments represented in this work, such as the altimeter, the vertical speed indicator, the aircraft speed indicator, and the Mach indicator, use air pressure principles. The algorithms and routines developed for the screen display are created using the C++ programming language and compiled independently to be included as libraries to improve the software performance. The algorithms developed for this purpose also include the corresponding relationship between the physical variables, such as the speed and displacement, and the standard atmosphere to provide an equivalent value. These algorithms are successfully tested using data information to simulate three hypothetical flights, which are divided into maneuvers with the aircraft in a stopped position, running on the ground, taking off and flying away, including some changes in directions. Moreover, the routines for displaying the aircraft path with the instruments’ animation are also successfully tested by comparison. Finally, an approach analysis as a function of the step time (Δt) used for calculation of the aircraft displacement to evaluate the efficiency of the numerical method integrated in the simulator is also described. It is proved that the aircraft instrument representation is appropriate according to the input data of the analyzed flights, and an improvement in the calculation can be easily obtained, making it possible to represent any flight condition on the aircraft instruments.
Phytochemical Profiles, Micromorphology, and Elemental Composition of Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) W.T. Aiton and Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br., Plants Used for Managing Antidepressant-like Conditions in Folk Medicine
Authors: Mnqika Andisiwe , Akwu Nneka Augustina , Moodley Thrineshen , Aremu Adeyemi O. , Lekhooa Makhotso
Published: December 2024

Medicinal plants have been used to treat mental health-related conditions among different ethic groups. Among the commonly used plants in South Africa are Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) W.T.Aiton and Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br. This study aimed at generating the phytochemical profiles, micromorphology, and elemental composition of the leaves of G. fruticosus and L. leonurus as possible means of explaining the basis for their utilisation for mental health-related conditions in folk medicine and consideration for further development. The plant parts were subjected to successive solvent extractions using an ultrasonic method with dichloromethane (DCM) and were chemically characterised using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the micromorphology of the fresh leaves and energy-dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDX) was utilised to perform mineral elemental analyses of G. fruticosus and L. leonurus using their leaf powder. We identified phytochemicals including rutin and marrubiin, which are known to alleviate depression-like symptoms. Glandular and non-glandular trichomes were present in the plants. A weight (%) of 1.32 and 0.82 for calcium, 1.16 and 1.99 for potassium, and 0.38 and 0.38 magnesium were present in G. fruticosus and L. leonurus, respectively. These minerals have been linked to mental health stability, with imbalances associated with various disorders. We established the chemical composition that could suggest potential therapeutic effects of these two medicinal plants, offering insights into their uses in folk medicine and potential modern applications in treating mental health issues.
Multi-Layered Interactive Target Guidance with Visual Safety in Convex-Shaped Obstacle Environments
Authors: Kanno Kodai , Yamauchi Junya , Fujita Masayuki
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we consider a control architecture for a mobile robot equipped with visual sensors to pursue a target object in an environment with convex-shaped obstacles. The pursuit involves crucial occlusion avoidance and field of view maintenance, referred to as visual safety. Our goal is to achieve this safety through a multi-layered control architecture consisting of a planning layer and a safety layer. We propose functions that represent occlusion avoidance and field of view maintenance and derive conditions for these to act as control barrier functions. Utilizing these functions, we implement an optimal control at the planning layer and an optimization-based control at the safety layer. The effectiveness of this method is verified through two tasks: guiding the target object into a target location and preventing the target object from entering a target location.
Aqueous Waste Containing AOXs: Critical Issues in Analytical Methods and Assessment of Possible Inhibitory Effects on Mesophilic and Thermophilic Aerobic Biomasses
Authors: Collivignarelli Maria Cristina , Bellazzi Stefano , Grecchi Giorgia , Baldi Marco , Abbà Alessandro
Published: December 2024

This paper offers an in-depth review of adsorbable organic halogens (AOXs), a group of halogenated organic compounds that can be adsorbed from water onto activated carbon. AOXs are emerging contaminants derived from various industrial and household products containing active halogens. Significant concentrations of AOXs are commonly detected in wastewater originating from industries such as the paper and pulp, textile, tannery, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The standard method for AOX determination is defined in UNI EN ISO 9562:2004. The technical literature indicates that the reliability of AOX measurements can be affected by various factors. This study investigated the possible toxicity of AOXs on wastewater treatment plants, an aspect that has received limited attention in terms of its impact on aerobic biological processes. To bridge this gap, respiratory tests were performed on different aerobic biomasses sourced from large-scale wastewater treatment facilities to evaluate potential inhibitory effects. The results underscore the importance of adopting a case-by-case approach when assessing the risks associated with these contaminants.
System Proposal for Supervision of Critical Adverse Processes in Patients with Implanted Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Sobrinho José R. C. Sousa , Pessoa Marcosiris A. O. , Junqueira Fabrício , Miyagi Paulo E. , Filho Diolino J. Santos
Published: December 2024

Ventricular assist devices (VADs) are designed to provide sufficient blood flow to patients with severe heart failure. Once implanted, the patient becomes dependent on the VAD, making it essential to prevent situations that could harm the patient while receiving circulatory support. VADs are classified as critical systems (CS), and adverse events (AEs) can lead to serious consequences, including hospitalization or even death. At present, patient care is provided through in-person consultations, with incidents reported via medical device reports (MDRs) to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, there is no real-time monitoring of AEs or oversight of these events. In response to this gap, a system for supervising critical adverse processes in patients with implanted VADs (SCVAD) is proposed, based on horizontally and vertically integrated architecture. This system aims to address the complexity of AEs by considering multiple domains of operation: the device, the patient, and the medical team, as well as the interactions between these entities. In this context, the formalism of Petri nets (PN) is used to develop models that represent adverse processes based on the actions recommended by the medical team. These models allow for the mapping of events with the potential to cause harm to the patient. Therefore, the medical team will be able to monitor adverse processes, as the models in interpreted PN can be isomorphically transcribed into computable algorithms that can be processed on compatible devices, enabling the tracking of complications caused by adverse processes.
Depolymerization of Kraft Lignin Using a Metal Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent: Pathways to Sustainable Lignin Valorization
Authors: Ghosh Shubho , Rana Masud , Park Jeong-Hun
Published: December 2024

Driven by the urgent need for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels, the focus on the exploration of lignocellulosic biomass, particularly lignin, as a promising renewable feedstock for biofuels and high-value chemicals has intensified. This study investigated the depolymerization of KL using a DES comprising ChCl and ZnCl2. Our analysis systematically focused on the effects of reaction temperature, time, and the DES-to-lignin ratio on the yields and characteristics of the products. Optimal KL depolymerization was observed at a temperature of 190 °C and a duration of 8 h, yielding a maximum liquid product yield of 54.44% and RL yield of 45.56%. The results revealed that increasing the reaction temperature enhanced the depolymerization process owing to a reduction in the viscosity of the DES, which improved mass transfer and interactions with lignin. Under these optimal conditions, the molecular weight of the bio-oil was considerably lower (Mw = 1498 g/mol and Mn = 1061 g/mol) than that of the bio-oil obtained without DES treatment (Mw = 1872 g/mol and Mn = 1259 g/mol), indicating a more favorable molecular weight distribution with DES treatment. Furthermore, elemental analysis revealed a reduction in the O, N, and S contents of the RL following DES treatment, increasing the high heating value from 24.82 MJ kg−1 for the non-DES-treated RL to 26.44 MJ kg−1 for the DES-treated RL. These findings underscore the potential of the (ChCl:ZnCl2) DES as a sustainable and effective medium for lignin valorization, paving the way for the synthesis of high-quality biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass.
Assessment of Regional Brain Volume Measurements with Different Brain Extraction and Bias Field Correction Methods in Neonatal MRI
Authors: Vaz Tânia F. , Naseh Nima , Hellström-Westas Lena , Moreira Nuno Canto , Matela Nuno , Ferreira Hugo A.
Published: December 2024

Proper selection and application of preprocessing steps are crucial for obtaining accurate segmentation in brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact brain extraction (BE) and bias field correction (BFC) methods have on regional brain volume (RBV) measurements of preterm neonates’ T2w MRI at term-equivalent age (TEA). Five BE methods (Manual, BET2, SWS, HD-BET, SynthStrip) were applied together with two BFC methods (SPM-BFC and N4ITK), before segmenting the neonatal brain into eight tissue classes (cortical grey matter, white matter, cerebral spinal fluid, deep nuclear grey matter, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum, and brainstem) using an automated segmentation software (MANTiS). Quantitative assessments were conducted, including the coefficient of variation (CV), coefficient of joint variation (CJV), Dice coefficient (DC), and RBV. HD-BET, together with N4ITK, showed the highest performance (mean ± standard deviation) regarding CV of 0.047 ± 0.005 (white matter) and 0.070 ± 0.005 (grey matter), CJV of 0.662 ± 0.095, DC of 0.942 ± 0.063, and RBV without significant differences (except in the brainstem) from the manual segmentation. Therefore, such combination of methods is recommended for improved skull-stripping accuracy, intensity homogeneity, and reproducibility of RBV of T2w MRI at TEA.
Effects of Various Inocula Combinations of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Papiliotrema terrestris, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Dough Fermentation and Final Bread Characteristics
Authors: Viola Enrico , Garofalo Giuliana , Barbera Marcella , Piazzese Daniela , Palmieri Davide , Di Giorgi Sabrina , Alfonzo Antonio , Gaglio Raimondo , Settanni Luca
Published: December 2024

The integration of yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in bakery products is currently trending, which aims to enhance the taste and quality to satisfy consumer preferences. This study explored the interaction of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Papiliotrema terrestris during dough fermentation. Yeasts and LAB were monitored every three hours over a twelve-hour period. The chemical parameters and quality characteristics of both the dough and bread were analyzed. The highest level of S. cerevisiae was observed in the control treatment (9.30 log CFU/g, after 9 h) and in the treatment with co-inoculation of S. cerevisiae and P. terrestris (9.30 log CFU/g, after 12 h). Non-Saccharomyces yeasts peaked in the treatment with P. terrestris and L. mesenteroides, showing 7.77 log CFU/g after three hours. Doughs with L. mesenteroides achieved the fastest acidification. Treatments involving all three strains showed the highest increase in volume and CO₂ emissions. The profiles of volatile organic compounds emitted from bread varied depending on the inoculum combination. These findings underscore the need for further research into the interactions between this unconventional yeast and other microorganisms typically used in baking.
Enhancements of Triethanolamine CO2 Absorption Rate and Degradation in the Presence of Nickel Nanoparticles Catalysts
Authors: Orendi Harold W. , Joby Kevin , Šiller Lidija
Published: December 2024

Here, the catalytic and degradation effect of nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) on triethanolamine (TEA) with CO2 at 20 °C and 50 °C and a range of TEA concentrations (3–30 wt%) was studied. We show that TEA absorption rate of CO2 can be enhanced with NiNPs, the maximum enhancement was 8.3% when compared to a control solution found at 50 °C with 30 wt% TEA alone. Additionally, the time for TEA to be fully loaded with CO2 is reduced; compared to the control, NiNPs enhanced solutions were up to 26.3% faster. Also, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the degradation of TEA with NiNPs has been studied. TEA was subject to both oxygen (30 wt%, 55 °C, 0.35 L/min of air, 0.4 molCO2/molTEA, 7.5 mL/min of CO2) and thermal degradation with and without NiNPs (30 wt%, 0.5 molCO2/molTEA, 135 °C). In both degradation experiments, surprisingly, there was no significant difference in TEA degradation in the presence of NiNPs. At high temperature (135 °C), the solution lost 19.2% and 20.3% of the original TEA, with and without NiNPs, respectively. In the presence of oxygen, the solution lost 30.5% and 33.6% of the original TEA, with and without NiNPs, respectively. This indicates that TEA or its mixture with other amines and NiNPs could improve post-combustion CO2 capture.
Are Agroecosystem Services Under Threat? Examining the Influence of Climate Externalities on Ecosystem Stability
Authors: Olowoyeye Temidayo , Abegunrin Gideon , Sojka Mariusz
Published: December 2024

This study examines the impacts of climate-induced externalities on the stability of agroecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide. Using the PRISMA approach, we review literature published from 2015 to 2024. The study identifies how extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, heatwaves, and altered precipitation patterns disrupt the provisioning, regulating, and supporting services critical to food security, soil fertility, water purification, and biodiversity. Our findings show a continued increase in climate extremes, raising concerns about food security, environmental resilience, and socio-economic stability. It also reveals that regions dependent on rain-fed agriculture, such as parts of Africa, Asia, and the Mediterranean, are particularly vulnerable to these stressors. Adaptation strategies, including conservation agriculture, crop diversification, agroforestry, and improved water management, are identified as crucial for mitigating these impacts. This study emphasises the importance of proactive, policy-driven approaches to foster climate resilience, support agroecosystem productivity, and secure ecosystem services critical to human well-being and environmental health.
Molecular Docking of Key Compounds from Acacia Honey and Nigella sativa Oil and Experimental Validation for Colitis Treatment in Albino Mice
Authors: Bibi Mehwish , Baboo Irfan , Majeed Hamid , Kumar Santosh , Lackner Maximilian
Published: December 2024

Colitis, an inflammatory condition of the colon that encompasses ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease, presents significant challenges due to the limitations and side effects of current treatments. This study investigates the potential of natural products, specifically AH and NSO, as organic therapeutic agents for colitis. Molecular docking studies were conducted to identify the binding affinities and interaction mechanisms between the bioactive compounds in AH and NSO and proteins implicated in colitis, such as those involved in inflammation and oxidative stress pathways. An in vivo experiment was performed using an albino mouse model of colitis, with clinical symptoms, histopathological assessments, and biochemical analyses conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the compounds both individually and in combination. Results from the molecular docking studies revealed promising binding interactions between fructose and Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (Ptgs2) and between fructose and cellular tumor antigen p53, with docking energy measured at −6.0 kcal/mol and −5.1 kcal/mol, respectively. Meanwhile, the presence of glucose molecule glucokinase chain A (−6.3 kcal/mol) and chain B (−5.8 kcal/mol) indicated potential efficacy in modulating inflammatory pathways. Experimental data demonstrated that treatment with AH and NSO significantly reduced inflammation, improved gut health, and ameliorated colitis symptoms. Histopathological evaluations confirmed reduced mucosal damage and immune cell infiltration, while biochemical analyses showed normalization of inflammatory markers and oxidative stress levels. This study provides compelling evidence for the potential of AH and NSO as natural, complementary treatments for colitis, suggesting their future role in integrative therapeutic strategies. However, further research into long-term safety, optimal dosing, and mechanisms of action is warranted to translate these findings into clinical applications.
Behavioral Test Scores Could Be Linked to the Protein Expression Values of p62 and GLAST in the Brains of Mice with Neuropsychiatric Disorder-Related Behaviors
Authors: Ikeda Yuka , Nakashima Moeka , Yoshikawa Sayuri , Taniguchi Kurumi , Suga Naoko , Matsuda Satoru
Published: December 2024

Neuropsychiatric disorders are a public health concern, in which diagnosis and prognosis may be based on clinical symptoms that might often diverge across individuals. Schizophrenia is a major neuropsychiatric disorder, which may affect millions worldwide. However, the biochemical alterations of this disorder have not been comprehensively distinguished. In addition, there is less confidence in finding specific biomarkers for neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, but rather a specific characteristic behavioral pattern. In general, maternal immune activation is considered to be one of the important factors in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, a mouse model of neuropsychiatric disorders was created, in which poly I:C, sodium dextran sulfate (DSS), and κ-carrageenan (CGN) were utilized for maternal immune activation during the pregnancies of mother mice. Subsequently, we examined the link between biochemical changes in p62 and/or glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) in the brains of offspring mice and the alteration in their experimental behavior scores. Furthermore, a therapeutic study was conducted on these neuropsychiatric disorder model mice using butyric acid, piceid, and metformin. It was found that some molecules could effectively improve the behavioral scores of neuropsychiatric model mice. Importantly, significant correlations between certain behavioral scores and p62 protein expression, as well as between the scores and GLAST expression, were recognized. This is the first report of a significant correlation between pathological behaviors and biochemical alterations in neuropsychiatric disorder model animals. This concept could contribute to the development of innovative treatments to at least ameliorate the symptoms of several psychiatric disorders.
Notch Signaling and PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Potentialities of Combined Therapies
Authors: Montagner Annapaola , Arleo Andrea , Suzzi Fabrizia , D’Assoro Antonino B. , Piscaglia Fabio , Gramantieri Laura , Giovannini Catia
Published: December 2024

Immunotherapy has shown significant improvement in the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to TKIs as first-line treatment. Unfortunately, approximately 30% of HCC exhibits intrinsic resistance to ICIs, making new therapeutic combinations urgently needed. The dysregulation of the Notch signaling pathway observed in HCC can affect immune cell response, reducing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we provide an overview of how Notch signaling regulates immune responses and present the therapeutic rationale for combining Notch signaling inhibition with ICIs to improve HCC treatment. Moreover, we propose using exosomes as non-invasive tools to assess Notch signaling activation in hepatic cancer cells, enabling accurate stratification of patients who can benefit from combined strategies.
Antimicrobial Responses to Bacterial Metabolic Activity and Biofilm Formation Studied Using Microbial Fuel Cell-Based Biosensors
Authors: Wu Wenguo , Hong Huiya , Lin Jia , Yang Dayun
Published: December 2024

Simultaneous monitoring of antimicrobial responses to bacterial metabolic activity and biofilm formation is critical for efficient screening of new anti-biofilm drugs. A microbial fuel cell-based biosensor using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an electricigen was constructed. The effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the cellular metabolic activity and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa in the biosensors were investigated and compared with the traditional biofilm detection method. The crystal violet staining results showed that the concentration of AgNPs being increased to 20 and 40 μg/mL had a slight and obvious inhibitory effect on biofilm formation, respectively. In comparison, the detection sensitivity of the biosensor was much higher. When the concentration of AgNPs was 5 μg/mL, the output voltage of the biosensor was suppressed, and the inhibition gradually increased with the AgNPs dose. AgNPs inhibited the activity of planktonic cells in the anolyte and the formation of biofilm on the anode surface, and it had a dose-dependent effect on the secretion of phenazine in the anolyte. The biosensor could monitor the impacts of AgNPs not only on biofilm formation but also on cell activity and metabolic activity. It provides a new and sensitive method for the screening of anti-biofilm drugs.
Predictive Factors of Athyroglobulinemia After Total Thyroidectomy for Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Fernández-Baeza Marta , Muñoz-Pérez Nuria V. , Roldán-Ortiz Ignacio , Alonso-Sebastián María J. , Carbajo-Barbosa Francisco M. , Rejón-López Rafael , Olvera-Porcel María C. , Becerra-Massare Antonio , Arcelus-Martínez Juan I. , Villar-del-Moral Jesús María
Published: December 2024

Background: Thyroglobulin (Tg) is the specific tumor marker for epithelial thyroid cancer. It holds significant value in the postoperative period, and somehow, the goal of surgery in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) undergoing total thyroidectomy is to achieve undetectable levels of postoperative thyroglobulin (uTg). Methods: This is a retrospective single-center study in which first basal Tg values were evaluated post-surgery in PTC patients undergoing total thyroidectomy. Patients with elevated antithyroglobulin antibodies were excluded. The impact of various demographic, clinical, therapeutic, tumor-stage related, and histopathological variables on the achievement of undetectable thyroglobulin levels (uTg, <1 ng/mL) was studied. A descriptive and logistic regression-based bivariate and multivariate analysis was planned using STATA vs. 16.1. program. The significance level was stated at 0.05. Results: Basal athyroglobulinemia was obtained in 89.6% of 202 patients operated on between January 2015 and June 2023 in a single referral institution. Due to the limited number of cases with detectable Tg, multivariate analysis could not be performed. The main factors that favored its achievement on bivariate analysis were a smaller tumor size (p = 0.003), no need for extended resections due to local invasion beyond the thyroid gland (p = 0.003) or neck dissection (p = 0.039), absence of distant metastases (p = 0.000), and a lower MACIS score (p < 0.000). Conclusions: The achievement of uTg was closely related to factors related to tumor stage (tumor diameter, lymph node spread, and metastatic disease), and it was not influenced by differences in epidemiological data, clinic manifestations, preoperative diagnosis, multifocality, or the presence of aggressive cytological variants.
The Role of Radiotherapy to the Primary Site in Oropharyngeal Cancer with Limited Metastases—An Analysis of a Hospital-Based Registry
Authors: Kharouta Michael , Lorenz F. Jeffrey , Mahase Sean , Shi Hongyun , Goyal Neerav , Yao Min
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Limited metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (OPC) lacks clear management guidelines, especially for HPV-associated disease. The objective of this study was to investigate if primary site radiotherapy (RT) benefits overall survival in limited metastatic OPC. Methods: Utilizing the National Cancer Database (NCDB), patients aged 18–90 with OPC presenting as cM1 with limited metastatic disease to one distant site were identified. Propensity score matching, Cox-proportional hazards models, and Kaplan–Meier estimates were employed to assess factors associated with overall survival. Results: In this study, 1056 patients were included with metastases involving bone (19.0%), brain (0.8%), lung (52.9%), liver (10.1%), and lymph nodes (20.4%). Treatment modalities included 54.6% receiving primary site RT, 45.4% receiving no RT, and 69.9% undergoing systemic therapy. For HPV-positive patients, RT (HR 0.64, p = 0.0026) and receipt of chemotherapy (HR = 0.57, p = 0.0057) were associated with improved overall survival, while bone and lung metastases were associated with decreased survival (HR = 1.75 and 1.39, p = 0.0041 and 0.041, respectively). In HPV-negative cases, survival also correlated with RT (HR = 0.65, p = 0.0047), receipt of chemotherapy (HR = 0.45, p < 0.001), clinical T4 disease (HR = 1.99, p = 0.012), presence of bone metastases (HR = 2.52, p < 0.001), lung metastases (HR = 1.49, p = 0.035), and lymphovascular invasion (HR = 1.10, p < 0.001). Overall, patients who received RT showed increased median overall survival from 9.9 to 16.1 months (p < 0.001) compared to those who did not. When stratified by RT and HPV status, there was higher median survival for both HPV-positive (from 17.1 to 24.9 months, p < 0.001) and HPV-negative patients (from 8.4 to 12.9 months, p = 0.0016) who received RT compared to those who did not. Conclusions: Primary-site radiotherapy may positively impact overall survival in limited metastatic OPC, irrespective of HPV status.
Recent Advances and Current Challenges in Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Ultra-Central Lung Tumors
Authors: Salvestrini Viola , Lastrucci Andrea , Banini Marco , Loi Mauro , Carnevale Maria Grazia , Olmetto Emanuela , Garlatti Pietro , Simontacchi Gabriele , Francolini Giulio , Bonomo Pierluigi , Wandael Yannick , Desideri Isacco , Ricci Renzo , Giansanti Daniele , Scotti Vieri , Livi Lorenzo
Published: December 2024

Stereotactic body radiotherapy has been established as a viable treatment option for inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer or secondary lesions mainly in oligoprogressive/oligometastatic scenarios. Treating lesions in the so-called “no flight zone” has always been challenging and conflicting data never cleared how to safely treat these lesions. This is truer considering ultra-central lesions, i.e., directly abutting or whose PTV is overlapping critical mediastinal organs. While historical retrospective data are abundant but mostly heterogenous in terms of the definition of ultra-central lesions, dosing regimens and outcomes, prospective data remain scarce, even though recently published studies have given new encouraging results for such delicate treatment scenarios. For this reason, we aimed to review and summarize current knowledge on stereotactic radiation treatment for ultra-central thoracic lesions, highlighting the most recent advances and the messages that can be taken from them. Lastly, we propose a workflow of the necessary steps to identify and treat such patients, therefore helping in elucidating the advantages and caveats of such treatment options.
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Classification and Metabolic Characteristics for Informing and Advancing Treatment
Authors: Wemyss Carrie , Jones Emily , Stentz Régis , Carding Simon R.
Published: December 2024

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) remain significant challenges in haematological oncology. This review examines the pathophysiology, classification, and risk stratification of these aggressive malignancies, emphasising their impact on treatment strategies and prognosis. We discuss current standard-of-care treatments, including chemotherapy regimens and targeted therapies, while addressing the associated adverse effects and hypersensitivity reactions. Delving into the metabolic characteristics and vulnerabilities of leukaemia cells, the review highlights the key differences between lymphoid and myeloid leukaemia and how metabolic insights can be utilised for therapeutic purposes, with special focus on asparaginase therapy and its potential for improvement in both ALL and AML treatment. The review conveys the importance of personalised medicine approaches based on individual metabolic profiles and the challenges posed by metabolic heterogeneity and plasticity in leukaemia cells. Combining molecular and metabolic profiling can enhance and refine treatment strategies for acute leukaemia, potentially improving patient outcomes and quality of life. However, integrating these into routine clinical practice requires overcoming various practical, technical, and logistical issues.
Enhanced Stabilization Effect of Cofactor Thiamine Pyrophosphate in the Covalent Immobilization of Formolase
Authors: Yu Shen , Li Xue-Yong , Si Wen-Jie , Zhang Ye-Wang
Published: December 2024

Formolase, a thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent enzyme, catalyzes the carboligation of three one-carbon formaldehyde molecules into one three-carbon dihydroxyacetone molecule. It has many important functions in the biosynthesis of carbon-based compounds and utilization of CO2. However, the enzyme has low activity and stability in the catalytic process, resulting in high cost in the applications. To improve the stability, formolase was immobilized onto magnetic nanoparticles, which were designed to have functional epoxy groups for covalently binding the enzyme. In the immobilization, effects of pH, temperature, and cofactor TPP on the immobilization were investigated and optimized. The results showed that the retention activity of immobilized formolase was highly related to TPP. In the presence of TPP, the specific activity of the immobilized formolase was 6.8 times higher than that without TPP. The optimal immobilization conditions were as follows: a temperature of 20 °C, a pH of 7.0, an immobilization time of 8 h, and an enzyme loading of 20 mg/g. Molecular docking was used to analyze the effect of TPP on the stabilization of the enzyme in the immobilization, which indicated that TTP could stabilize the enzyme structure during the immobilization. The stabilization effect of TPP could be a reference in the immobilization of other enzymes with TPP as the cofactor.
Numerical Study on Flow Channel Construction of Methanol Steam Reforming Reformer
Authors: Xiang Yujing , Liu Huan , Zhang Qi
Published: December 2024

Compared with the traditional granular catalyst, a mesh-type structured CuZn-based catalyst prepared by the self-growth ordered nanoporous carrier γ-Al2O3/Al can adapt to the MSR reaction system with high flux, strong mass transfer and heat transfer, and can promote the practical process. In this study, the kinetic experiment using a CuZn-based structured catalyst was carried out, and a nonlinear single-rate PL model was established. Based on this, a 3D theoretical model of the MSR reformer was drawn in COMSOL Multiphysics. By changing the stacking form and mesh shape of the catalyst to construct the flow channel, the chemical reaction process, heat transfer process, and mass transfer process of the CuZn structured catalyst in the reformer under different flow channels are further simulated, which provides a theoretical basis for studying the enhancement of the MSR reaction and the development of a supporting micro hydrogen production system.
Common Bed Bugs: Non-Viable Hosts for Trypanosoma rangeli Parasites
Authors: Meraj Sanam , Phung Phillip , Lau Kelvin , Lowenberger Carl , Gries Gerhard
Published: December 2024

The hemoflagellate parasite Trypanosoma rangeli is transmitted by triatomine kissing bugs and may co-infect humans together with its Chagas disease-causing congener T. cruzi. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and antimicrobial assays, we studied (i) the temporal and spatial distribution of T. rangeli in common bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, following oral ingestion and hemocoelic injection of T. rangeli, and (ii) the immune responses of bed bugs induced by T. rangeli infections. Irrespective of infection mode, no live T. rangeli were present in the bed bugs’ hemolymph, salivary glands, or feces. On day 1 following infection, the bed bugs strongly upregulated the antimicrobial peptide CL-defensin. Following hemocoelic injection of T. rangeli, live parasites were absent in any bed bug tissues examined throughout the 10-day study period. The ingestion of T. rangeli-infected blood had no significant effect on bed bug survival. Our findings indicate that bed bugs disable the development of T. rangeli within their body, in stark contrast to triatomine kissing bugs, which allow the development and transmission of T. rangeli. Our findings help unravel the intricate relationships between bed bugs and trypanosomes, and they contribute to our understanding of vector biology.
iPSC-Derived Biological Pacemaker—From Bench to Bedside
Authors: Vo Quan Duy , Nakamura Kazufumi , Saito Yukihiro , Iida Toshihiro , Yoshida Masashi , Amioka Naofumi , Akagi Satoshi , Miyoshi Toru , Yuasa Shinsuke
Published: December 2024

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived biological pacemakers have emerged as an alternative to traditional electronic pacemakers for managing cardiac arrhythmias. While effective, electronic pacemakers face challenges such as device failure, lead complications, and surgical risks, particularly in children. iPSC-derived pacemakers offer a promising solution by mimicking the sinoatrial node’s natural pacemaking function, providing a more physiological approach to rhythm control. These cells can differentiate into cardiomyocytes capable of autonomous electrical activity, integrating into heart tissue. However, challenges such as achieving cellular maturity, long-term functionality, and immune response remain significant barriers to clinical translation. Future research should focus on refining gene-editing techniques, optimizing differentiation, and developing scalable production processes to enhance the safety and effectiveness of these biological pacemakers. With further advancements, iPSC-derived pacemakers could offer a patient-specific, durable alternative for cardiac rhythm management. This review discusses key advancements in differentiation protocols and preclinical studies, demonstrating their potential in treating dysrhythmias.
Skin Microbiota, Circulating Metabolic Biomarker, Epilepsy: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis
Authors: Wang Yongheng , Liu Tianyi , Wu Shangying , Sun Jiawei , Mu Mingdao , Yang Zhiyuan
Published: December 2024

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Currently, the associations among skin microbiota, circulating metabolites, and epilepsy are still not well studied. In this study, we applied univariate and two-step Mendelian randomization analysis using single nucleotide polymorphisms as instrumental variables to analyze the possible associations. Five skin microbiota (asv022, asv008, bacillales, clostridiale, and micrococcaceae) and four circulating metabolites were found to be associated with epilepsy. Our results also showed that leucine level (p-value = 0.0487, OR = 1.067) and glutamine level (p-value = 0.0372, OR = 1.065) show a slight increased association with epilepsy, while phospholipids in medium LDL (p-value = 0.0302, OR = 0.9308) and ratio of saturated fatty acids (p-value = 0.0309, OR = 0.9017) appear to show a slight inverse correlation with epilepsy. In addition, the heterogeneity test and horizontal pleiotropy analysis indicated these results are robust in different situations. By mapping analysis, 54 genes were associated with at least two metabolites. By functional analysis, these genes were enriched in the immune-related pathways, which may have systemic effects on brain function. Our results provide a novel insight for understanding possible mechanisms of some epilepsy associations, which by further study might provide avenues for therapy research.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily 14 Regulates the Inflammatory Response of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells
Authors: Alrshedan Abdulelah , Elsafadi Mona , Muthurangan Manikandan , Al-Hadlaq Solaiman
Published: December 2024

Dental caries is a highly prevalent chronic disease that leads to dental pulp inflammation. It is treated by removing the damaged tooth structure and applying a material that promotes resolution of pulpal inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor superfamily 14 (TNFSF14) is an immunomodulatory cytokine and a member of the TNF superfamily. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TNFSF14 on the levels of inflammatory cytokines involved in pulpal inflammation using lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). hDPSCs were cultured and induced with LTA, followed by treatment with TNFSF14 at 25 and 50 ng/mL. Cellular viability was evaluated using the Alamar Blue assay. The levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α were quantified using reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TNFSF14 at 25 and 50 ng/mL significantly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8, and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In addition, TNFSF14-treated groups enhanced cell viability. Adding TNFSF14 to LTA-induced hDPSCs regulated the production of inflammatory cytokines by lowering the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α and elevating IL-10 levels.
Examination of Oxide Formation in Oxidation of Inconel 600 and 625 at High Temperatures Using Phase Diagrams
Authors: Kim Dong-Hyuk , Choi Jaegu , Ha Seong-Ho
Published: December 2024

Effects of main and trace elements on the formation of oxide in the oxidation behavior of Inconel 600 and 625 were investigated in this study using various calculated phase diagrams. After the isothermal oxidation tests at 1000 and 1100 °C, Nickel 201 for comparison showed significant growth of an oxide layer corresponding to NiO, and the NiO layer consisted of oxide crystals with both equiaxed and columnar shapes. As the temperature increased, the growth of the oxide layer proceeded mainly through columnar crystals. On the other hand, Inconel 600 and 625 showed relatively thin oxide layers, which were confirmed to be mainly composed of Cr2O3. The Cr2O3 layer was composed of equiaxed fine crystals. In the case of Inconel 625, an intermediate layer was formed at the interface between Cr2O3 and the base metal. It was found that the surface segregation of Cr as the main alloying element influenced the formation of the oxide layer of two Inconel alloys, and that some elements disappeared from the base metal near the surface due to continuous surface segregation and vaporization. On the other hand, even some elements with trace amounts showed strong surface segregation and contributed to the formation of oxide layer.
COVID-19 Trends in a Northeastern Brazilian State from the Start of the Pandemic: Exploring an Alternative Time Series Method
Authors: Cavalcanti Matheus Paiva Emidio , Echeimberg Jorge de Oliveira , Morais Tassiane Cristina , Daboin Blanca Elena Guerrero , dos Santos Figueira Fernando Augusto Marinho , Tavares Carlos Mendes , de Abreu Luiz Carlos
Published: December 2024

Pernambuco, a northeastern Brazilian state, suffered significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The incidence, mortality, and fatality rates were incredibly high; these outcomes were a direct failure of the public health system to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed an efficient method to analyze the trends in incidence, mortality, and lethality indicators of COVID-19 and the dynamics of their main determinants in the state of Pernambuco from March 2020 to March 2022. This was a time series ecological study. We calculated the lethality, mortality, and incidence rates with official and public data from the Health Department of this state. The effective reproduction number (Rt) was estimated, and then the periods were delimited, thus creating the efficiency model. Differences were considered significant when p < 0.05. We found 585,551 cases and 18,233 deaths from COVID-19. January 2022 was the month with the highest number of cases (6312) and, in May 2020, we recorded the highest number of deaths (149). Our method was efficient in analyzing periods of COVID-19, noting a contrast between the early and most recent periods, with the latter showing a stable number of new cases and patient deaths.
Considerations for Differences in Melt Growth Kinetics Between II–VI and III–V Compound Crystals
Authors: Rudolph Peter
Published: December 2024

The difference in the crystallization kinetics during growth from the melt between II–VIs (CdTe, Cd1−xZnxTe, ZnSe, and ZnTe) and III–Vs (GaAs and InP) is discussed. At the melt growth of II–VI crystals, the most important difference is the lack of controllability of seeding and achievement of a desired growth orientation. A pronounced tendency of self-orientation toward <111>, <110>, and sometimes <112> and <122>, but almost never toward <100> direction, has been observed regardless of whether a seed has been used or not. The main reason proves to be the tetrahedral coordination due to the high binding ratio of ionicity remaining in the II–VI melts but not occurring in III–Vs. As a result, the general effect of pre-ordering into density layers, forced by the solid surface, is in the II–VI liquids superimposed by a {111} self-orientation via tetrahedral in-plane alignment. Fitting growth kinetics seem to only be possible when this melt configuration conforms to the crystal structure, like the {111} but hardly the {100}. Otherwise, the liquid self-orientation determines the continuing crystal orientation. Additionally, an <100>-oriented seed abruptly changed into an <122> direction via a congruent twin plane. Although such considerations still need verifying atomistic simulations, they are helpful to optimize the growth methodology even for larger crystal diameters.
The Importance of the Neutrophil–Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and the Platelet–Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) as Biomarkers for Differentiating Complicated and Uncomplicated Appendicitis
Authors: Anastasakis Michail , Trevlias Ioannis , Farmakis Konstantinos , Valioulis Ioannis
Published: December 2024

Background: This specific study evaluates the accuracy of two ratios, Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte (N/L) and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte (P/L), as inflammatory markers on differentiating simple and complicated appendicitis preoperatively. Methods: The medical records of 341 children, up to 16 years old, with suspected acute appendicitis (AA) who underwent appendectomy, laparoscopic or open, between January 2020 and December 2022, in our department, were retrospectively reviewed. Routine blood exams and the demographic details were obtained. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of the above-mentioned markers regarding the differentiation of simple and complicated appendicitis, based on the statistical program SPSS, were calculated. Results: From the total of 341 patients, a percentage of 27.5% were related to perforated appendicitis, such as necrosis or the rupture of the appendiceal wall. A significant association was observed between perforated appendicitis and NLR values > 7.92, with concomitant sensitivity 62.5% and specificity 74.2%. Retrospectively, for PLR values > 180.57, the sensitivity was 61.1% and specificity 68.9%. For these models, the areas under the curve were 0.736 and 0.696. Conclusions: Our study revealed a significant association of N/L and P/L ratios with acute perforated appendicitis. Future studies should validate the use of these markers on this disease.
Association of Positive Airway Pressure Adherence with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Bouloukaki Izolde , Stathakis George , Moniaki Violeta , Mavroudi Eleni , Tsiligianni Ioanna , Schiza Sophia
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: There are controversies regarding the effect of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treatment with positive airway pressure (PAP) on diabetes-related outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to explore the association of PAP adherence with diabetes-related outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and OSA. Methods: In this prospective study, we included T2DM patients diagnosed with OSA during an 8-year period (2015–2023). PAP adherence (optimal usage for > 6 h/night for ≥ 70% of nights), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale—ESS) and cardiovascular (CVD) events were recorded. Comparisons of the change in diabetes-related outcomes (follow-up to baseline) in the adherent and non-adherent groups were assessed by analysis of covariance to adjust for relevant confounders. Results: Of the 355 patients included, 199 (56%) were PAP adherent. The mean follow-up period was 5.5 years. At the end of the follow up period, the PAP adherent group achieved a greater decrease in HbA1c levels (−1.4 vs. −0.3), SBP (−10.1 vs. −5.5), DBP (−2.9 vs. −0.55) and ESS (−5.9 vs. −4.2) compared to the non-adherent groups. Conclusions: Achieving optimal PAP adherence in patients with T2DM and OSA was associated with improved diabetes-related outcomes. Therefore, current practices need to be modified to incorporate systematic assessment and treatment of OSA in these patients.