bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning of probabilistic punishment as a model of anxiety produces changes in action but not punishment encoding in the dmPFC and VTA
Authors: Jacobs David S. , Allen Madeleine C. , Park Junchol , Moghaddam Bita
Published: March 2022

Previously, we developed a novel model for anxiety during motivated behavior by training rats to perform a task where actions executed to obtain a reward were probabilistically punished and observed that after learning, neuronal activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) encode the relationship between action and punishment risk (Park & Moghaddam, 2017). Here we used male and female rats to expand on the previous work by focusing on neural changes in the dmPFC and VTA that were associated with the learning of probabilistic punishment, and with anxiolytic treatment with diazepam after learning. We find that adaptive neural responses of dmPFC and VTA during the learning of anxiogenic contingencies are independent from the punishment experience and occur primarily during the peri-action period. Our results further identify peri-action ramping of VTA neural activity, and VTA-dmPFC correlated activity, as potential markers for the anxiolytic properties of diazepam.
1,2-Bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethene–4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (1/1)
Authors: Angevine Devin J. , Benedict Jason B.
Published: March 2022

In the title 1:1 co-crystal [alternatively called bipyridine ethylene–p-vanillic acid (1/1)], C12H10N2·C8H8O4, the dihedral angle between the pyridine rings is 59.51 (5)°. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by O—H...N hydrogen bonds, generating [401] chains of alternating C12H10N2 and C8H8O4 molecules.
Forgetting to learn and learning to forget: the call for organizational unlearning
Authors: Mull Mandolen , Duffy Clayton , Silberman Dave
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this conceptual paper is to provide a foundation for human resource development (HRD) scholars in attempts to devise mechanisms for establishing and facilitating actionable pathways through which unlearning can be acknowledged and serve as a contributing agent for HRD interventions. This paper concludes with a call to action for our HRD colleagues to join us in further examination of unlearning interventions within the organizational context.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper narratively details the literature associated with the myriad social science domains that have investigated the unlearning process. Additionally, a cross-disciplinary literature review provides the basis for an operational definition of unlearning provided herein.

Findings

The field of HRD is devoted to creating learning organizations as well as utilizing change initiatives to develop organizations. However, unlearning has been largely ignored within the field of HRD.

Originality/value

The first contribution is by answering the call of scholars across varied disciplines to further investigate unlearning within the organizational context (Bettis and Prahalad, 1995; Hedberg, 1981; Nystrom and Starbuck, 1984). Additionally, this paper seeks to specifically address the role that unlearning holds within the field of HRD as it builds upon the definition provided by Wang et al. (2017) and offers its own operational definition. Finally, this paper provides the only known review of cross-disciplinary research pertaining to unlearning.
Impacts and restoration strategy of the tourism industry post-COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Vietnam
Authors: Vu Hoa Dinh , Nguyen Anh Thi Ngoc , Nguyen Nga Thi Phuong , Tran Duy Ba
Published: March 2022

Purpose

This paper presents the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Vietnam's tourism industry to propose appropriate recovery strategies in the future.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses a combination of research methods. Data were collected from the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, General Statistics Office, Vietnam National Administration of Tourism and Ministry of Health. Non-parametric statistical methods were applied to analyze the differences between epidemic and non-epidemic periods and find correlations between the number of infections and data related to the performance of the tourism industry. In-depth interviews with 20 people linked to tourism activities were conducted to analyze the impacts and propose strategies for future recovery.

Findings

The results demonstrate the severe impact of the pandemic on Vietnam's tourism industry based on a decrease in the number of visitors, business activities, revenue and employment rate. Therefore, to recover tourism – Vietnam's key economic sector in the future – developing reasonable strategies to build a safe tourism environment, building a sustainable tourist market, diversifying and improving tourism high-quality tourism products, marketing, human resources, digital transformation and sustainable tourism are necessary, along with the development trend of the industry after COVID-19.

Originality/value

This paper synchronously and systematically presents the effects of COVID-19 on Vietnam's tourism industry based on official data. Strategies are proposed to handle these effects on a reliable scientific basis. This study can be considered a valuable reference for researchers and managers of tourism in developing countries, such as Vietnam.
A participative system methodology to model pest dynamics in an agricultural setting
Authors: Blanco Martha , Montes Felipe , Borrero-Echeverry Felipe , Solano-Blanco Alfaima L. , Gomez Camilo , Zuluaga Paola , Rivera-Trujillo Hugo Fernando , Rincon Diego F.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

This study aims to identify the most relevant causal factors and the feedback loops of the dynamics between Tuta absoluta incidence in tomato crops and farmers' reactions to the problem. The authors seek to develop a conceptual model based on farmers' know-how to address crop damage by T. absoluta at a local and regional levels in order to determine how to confront this problem in the tomato-growing region of Sáchica, Colombia.

Design/methodology/approach

Community-Based System Dynamics (CBSD) is a participatory research methodology in which a group of stakeholders identifies relevant variables and the cause-effect relations among them which are then arranged into a causal loop diagram. The authors implemented this methodology in a workshop, focused on the farmers' insights related to the pest situation at the local and regional level, to achieve a causal loop diagram that explained pest dynamics and their potential management.

Findings

The relevant factors for the presence of T. absoluta, seen in the causal loop diagram, vary regionally and locally. At the local level, the pest impacts tomato production, farmers' well-being and their cash flow, while at the regional level, it affects market dynamics and environment and promotes regional coordination among farmers. Farmers propose product innocuity as a key regional objective. They also proposed establishing a planting calendar and census of greenhouses to control the pest throughout the region and the tomato supply.

Research limitations/implications

First, the synthesized model could not be validated with the farmers due to the COVID 19 epidemic. However, the authors held sessions with experts to analyze each result. Second, decision-makers from the local government did not participate in the workshop. Nevertheless, the approach of the workshop was aimed at understanding the mental models of the farmers since they are the ones who decide how pests are managed. Finally, even though farmers showed interest in projects aimed at proposing area-wide, long-term and wide pest control strategies, there is a risk that they will not adopt the proposed changes, due to risk aversion.

Originality/value

CBSD has not been applied to agricultural systems to analyze impacts from pests at the local and regional levels. The results of this study contribute to designing future interventions for pest control in the region, along with the factors which may turn out to be “side effects” or unwanted results. To design pest control interventions at a regional level, a sound understanding of the variables or factors that control the system dynamics at various levels is required. This study represents the first step towards that end.
An empirical study on the impact of learning theory on gamification-based training programs
Authors: Kulkarni Praveen , Gokhale Prayag , Satish Y.M. , Tigadi Basavaraj
Published: March 2022

Purpose

This study aims to investigate gamification-based training program through the lens of self-determination theory and in the context of corporate training programs. It integrates the self-determination theory, game elements and learning outcomes in gamified training programs to derive insights.

Design/methodology/approach

Data is sourced from software development companies operating in the city of Bangalore in India. It applies the partial least square structural equation modeling to investigate the relationship between the self-determination learning theory and game elements and the impact it has on learning outcomes.

Findings

As a precursor to the development of a game-like learning ecosystem, the authors study the perception of trainers and human resource managers toward game-based training programs in the organization. The authors find that game-based learning makes training more engaging, immersive and contextual for the learners.

Research limitations/implications

The study is based on a specific sector, i.e. software development companies, and so the results may lack in generalizability. Future research, therefore, may consider other industrial sectors such as manufacturing, banking and telecom to understand the relationship between the constructs.

Practical implications

This study provides insights for the trainers, human resource managers and academicians on the effectiveness of gamification-based training programs. It also provides information on how the learning theory can be leveraged to understand gamification-based training programs.

Social implications

This work fulfills an identified need of the training industry to understand new methods of training with an aim to improve the learning outcomes among the learners.

Originality/value

This study provides a deep understanding on the effectiveness of training tools such as gamified training programs in enhancing and improving the learning outcomes among the learners.
Contribution of proteases to the hallmarks of aging and to age‐related neurodegeneration
Authors: Rai Mamta , Curley Michelle , Coleman Zane , Demontis Fabio
Published: March 2022

Protein quality control ensures the degradation of damaged and misfolded proteins. Derangement of proteostasis is a primary cause of aging and age‐associated diseases. The ubiquitin–proteasome and autophagy‐lysosome play key roles in proteostasis but, in addition to these systems, the human genome encodes for ~600 proteases, also known as peptidases. Here, we examine the role of proteases in aging and age‐related neurodegeneration. Proteases are present across cell compartments, including the extracellular space, and their substrates encompass cellular constituents, proteins with signaling functions, and misfolded proteins. Proteolytic processing by proteases can lead to changes in the activity and localization of substrates or to their degradation. Proteases cooperate with the autophagy‐lysosome and ubiquitin–proteasome systems but also have independent proteolytic roles that impact all hallmarks of cellular aging. Specifically, proteases regulate mitochondrial function, DNA damage repair, cellular senescence, nutrient sensing, stem cell properties and regeneration, protein quality control and stress responses, and intercellular signaling. The capacity of proteases to regulate cellular functions translates into important roles in preserving tissue homeostasis during aging. Consequently, proteases influence the onset and progression of age‐related pathologies and are important determinants of health span. Specifically, we examine how certain proteases promote the progression of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and/or Parkinson's disease whereas other proteases protect from neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, cleavage by proteases can lead to the degradation of a pathogenic protein and hence impede disease pathogenesis. Alternatively, proteases can generate substrate byproducts with increased toxicity, which promote disease progression. Altogether, these studies indicate the importance of proteases in aging and age‐related neurodegeneration.
Paediatric tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy in a rural setting: a retrospective study over a period of 6‐years
Authors: Key Seraphina , Alnimri Feras , Ney Blair , De Freitas Ryan , Paddle Paul
Published: March 2022

Background

Swan Hill District Health (SHDH) provides Otolaryngological services to outer regional Victoria. A preoperative checklist determines eligibility for tonsillectomy, and the role of preoperative investigations such as oximetry. Visiting specialists who provide T&A also remain on‐site for 24 h post‐surgery. Management of post‐discharge complications is supported by SHDH's Emergency Department. Unstable patients are transferred to tertiary care hospitals. This study examines the safety outcomes associated with rural Tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy (T&A) and the impact of peri‐operative protocols on these outcomes.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of all paediatric (2–18 years old) patients undergoing T&A from August 2014 to June 2020 at SHDH. Four external hospital databases which accept patient transfers from SHDH were searched for T&A‐related complications. The primary outcome was complication incidence. Secondary outcomes were length of stay, and rates of hospital readmissions, return to theatre and inter‐hospital transfer.

Results

Two hundred and four patients were included, with median age 6 years old; 68.1% (n = 139/204) had obstructive sleep apnoea, or sleep disordered breathing, wherein 36.0% (n = 50/139) had documented evidence of normal/inconclusive oximetry. The complication rate is 6.9% (n = 14/204), with two intraoperative, five perioperative and seven post‐discharge complications. All intra‐ and peri‐operative complications were managed locally. All post‐discharge complications presented to outer regional EDs. Two patients required inter‐hospital transfer for monitoring of post‐tonsillectomy bleeds in a specialist unit.

Conclusions

Patients who pass a preoperative risk checklist can safely undergo T&A in selected rural settings which adhere to strict patient selection criteria and implement safety measures to address complications.
Nap effects on preschool children’s learning of letter‐sound mappings
Authors: Wang Hua‐Chen , Nation Kate , Gaskell M. Gareth , Robidoux Serje , Weighall Anna , Castles Anne
Published: March 2022

This study explored whether a daytime nap aids children's acquisition of letter‐sound knowledge, which is a fundamental component for learning to read. Thirty‐two preschool children in Sydney, Australia (Mage = 4 years;3 months) were taught letter‐sound mappings in two sessions: one followed by a nap and the other by a wakeful period. Learning was assessed by explicit letter‐sound mappings (“Which sound does this letter make?”) and knowledge generalization tasks (“Here's Tav and Cav, which one is /kav/?”). Results from the knowledge generalization task showed better performance after a nap than after wake. However, no nap benefit was found for explicit letter‐sound knowledge. This study provides initial evidence that naps could be beneficial for preschool children's learning of letter‐sound mappings.
The association between family routines and parents' different working hour schedules
Authors: Tsai Pei‐Yuen
Published: March 2022

This paper adopts hierarchical regression and ANOVA techniques to analyse the data from ‘Child Well‐being Study in Greater Taipei’ in view of examining the association between the practice of family routines and different work schedules for parents with children in primary school. The findings conclude that family routines are relatively unstable when parents work atypical hours, with this association more significant for mothers than for fathers. Moreover, the practice of family routines becomes more unstable when the number of parents working atypical hours increases, while there is no significant change when more parents take jobs with flexible working hours.
The Bigh Daddy Show: The potentiality and shortcomings of countering Islamic State through animated satire
Authors: Mustafa Balsam
Published: March 2022

This paper is motivated by the following question: how can animated satire constitute a tool of resistance against terrorist groups and their extremist narratives? To answer this question, I examine an Iraqi animated satirical show produced from late 2015 to 2017 to support the military campaign against Islamic State (IS) by turning the self‐proclaimed caliph and other IS terrorists into objects of derision, detached from Iraq and Islam. Engaging with critical approaches to satire and counter/alternative narratives, I argue that the case under analysis has possibilities and limitations. On the one hand, the show attempted to alienate IS from Iraqis and Muslims and unite them in one front in the fight against the group by highlighting the Iraqi identity and exposing contradictions in its narratives. On the other hand, it reinforced problematic conspiracy theory discourses about IS's origin, as well as racial and gender stereotypes, ironically producing another set of contradictions.
Incident and recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) in relation to comorbidities: Prediction of outcomes using machine‐learning algorithms
Authors: Lip Gregory Y. H. , Genaidy Ash , Tran George , Marroquin Patricia , Estes Cara , Shnaiden Tatiana , Bayewitz Ariel
Published: March 2022

Background

To date, incident and recurrent MI remains a major health issue worldwide, and efforts to improve risk prediction in population health studies are needed. This may help the scalability of prevention strategies and management in terms of healthcare cost savings and improved quality of care.

Methods

We studied a large‐scale population of 4.3 million US patients from different socio‐economic and geographical areas from three health plans (Commercial, Medicare, Medicaid). Individuals had medical/pharmacy benefits for at least 30 months (2 years for comorbid history and followed up for 6 months or more for clinical outcomes). Machine‐learning (ML) algorithms included supervised (logistic regression, neural network) and unsupervised (decision tree, gradient boosting) methodologies. Model discriminant validity, calibration and clinical utility were performed separately on allocated test sample (1/3 of original data).

Results

In the absence of MI in comorbid history, the overall incidence rates were 0.442 cases/100 person‐years and in the presence of MI history, 0.652. ML algorithms showed that supervised formulations had incrementally higher discriminant validity than unsupervised techniques (e.g., for incident MI outcome in the absence of MI in comorbid history: logistic regression “LR” – c index 0.921, 95%CI 0.920–0.922; neural network “NN” – c index 0.914, 95%CI 0.913–0.915; gradient boosting “GB” – c index 0.902, 95%CI 0.900–0.904; decision tree “DT” – c index 0.500, 95%CI 0.495–0.505). Calibration and clinical utility showed good to excellent results.

Conclusion

ML algorithms can substantially improve the prediction of incident and recurrent MI particularly in terms of the non‐linear formulation. This approach may help with improved risk prediction, allowing implementation of cardiovascular prevention strategies across diversified sub‐populations with different clusters of complexity.
Intrahousehold moral hazard frictions and household poverty traps in rural India
Authors: Pattison‐Williams John K. , Marcoul Philippe , Mohapatra Sandeep
Published: March 2022

We empirically study the role of assets held by women in the creation of household wealth using data from rural India. We design a streamlined model of intrahousehold project funding where moral hazard frictions between spouses and women's asset control are the main ingredients. As predicted by the model, the data show that household asset accumulation depends on women's asset control in a non‐monotonic way. Results indicate no presence of multiple equilibrium poverty traps, but do show that exogenous negative shocks will trigger assets aggregation within households where both spouses are present. This resilience mechanism is, however, not found in female headed household as these households have a monotonic relationship between women's wealth control and asset creation. We thus argue that policies to support women's empowerment need to distinguish women based on their individual wealth levels and headship status to enhance household well‐being in remote Indian communities.
Chest computer tomography is safe without additional interrogation or monitoring for modern cardiac implantable electrical devices
Authors: Tsutsui Kenta , Kato Ritsushi , Mori Hitoshi , Kawano Daisuke , Ikeda Yoshifumi , Matsumoto Kei , Tanaka Naomichi , Hoya Hiroki , Seki Kaname , Yokoyama Shinji , Yoshida Yuzuru , Iida Shinichiro , Yamamoto Keiji , Nakano Shintaro , Iwanaga Shiro , Muramatsu Toshihiro , Matsumoto Kazuo
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Whether diagnostic computed tomography (CT) scans to cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) is safe in recent models remains unknown.

Methods

A two‐centers observational study. Over 14 years, consecutive 2362 chest CT scans (1666 pacemakers [PMs], 145 cardiac resynchronization therapy PM, 316 implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator, and 233 cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator) were interrogated and monitored upon imaging.

Results

Electromagnetic interference occurred only in a few old models: InSync 8040 (n = 14), InSync III Marquis (n = 1), and Kappa (n = 4), which resulted no adverse events.

Conclusion

CIEDs, especially recent ones, are confirmed safe on chest CT.
Transformative Student Voice for Sociopolitical Development: Developing Youth of Color as Political Actors
Authors: Hipolito‐Delgado Carlos P. , Stickney Dane , Zion Shelley , Kirshner Ben
Published: March 2022

Although youth activism often is sparked by unexpected events, the seeds of activism are planted in learning environments that cultivate community, critical reflection, and sociopolitical action. Recent studies suggest promising outcomes from transformative student voice (TSV) programming, but more work is needed that assesses the impact of TSV participation for youth of color. We surveyed 294 students from 12 public high schools and found that students in TSV activities reported more critical reflection, sociopolitical efficacy, and participation in sociopolitical action than their non‐TSV peers. Additionally, using regression analysis, we found that years of involvement in TSV activities predicted participation in sociopolitical action. These findings are significant, as they indicate how multiyear engagement in TSV activities can facilitate sociopolitical action in the youth of color.
Characterization of genome‐wide long terminal repeat retrotransposons provide insights into trait evolution of four grapevine species
Authors: He Guang‐Qi , Jin Hui‐Ying , Cheng Yi‐Zhe , Yu Yi‐He , Guo Da‐Long
Published: March 2022

Grapevine is one of the most economically important crops in the world. Although long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are thought to have played an important role in plants, its distribution in grapevine is not clear. Here, we identified genome‐wide intact LTR retrotransposons in a total of six high‐quality grapevine genomes from Vitis vinifera L., Vitis sylvestris C.C. Gmel., Vitis riparia Michx. and Vitis amurensis Rupr. with an average of 2938 per genome. Among them, the Copia superfamily (particularly for Ale) is a major component of the LTR retrotransposon in grapevine. Insertion time and copy number analysis revealed that the expansion of 70% LTR retrotransposons concentrating on approximately 2.5 Ma was able to drive genome size variation. Phylogenetic tree and syntenic analyses showed that most LTR retrotransposons in these genomes formed and evolved after species divergence. Furthermore, the function and expression of genes inserted by LTR retrotransposons in V. vinifera (Pinot noir) and V. riparia were explored. The length and expression of genes related to starch metabolism and quinone synthesis pathway in Pinot noir and environmental adaptation pathway in V. riparia were significantly affected by LTR retrotransposon insertion. The results improve the understanding of LTR retrotransposons in grapevine genomes and provide insights for its potential contribution to grapevine trait evolution.
Transcriptomic changes during the establishment of long‐term methyl jasmonate‐induced resistance in Norway spruce
Authors: Wilkinson Samuel W. , Dalen Lars S. , Skrautvol Thomas O. , Ton Jurriaan , Krokene Paal , Mageroy Melissa H.
Published: March 2022

Norway spruce (Picea abies) is an economically and ecologically important tree species that grows across northern and central Europe. Treating Norway spruce with jasmonate has long‐lasting beneficial effects on tree resistance to damaging pests, such as the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus and its fungal associates. The (epi)genetic mechanisms involved in such long‐lasting jasmonate induced resistance (IR) have gained much recent interest but remain largely unknown. In this study, we treated 2‐year‐old spruce seedlings with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and challenged them with the I. typographus vectored necrotrophic fungus Grosmannia penicillata. MeJA treatment reduced the extent of necrotic lesions in the bark 8 weeks after infection and thus elicited long‐term IR against the fungus. The transcriptional response of spruce bark to MeJA treatment was analysed over a 4‐week time course using mRNA‐seq. This analysis provided evidence that MeJA treatment induced a transient upregulation of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene biosynthesis genes and downstream signalling genes. Our data also suggests that defence‐related genes are induced while genes related to growth are repressed by methyl jasmonate treatment. These results provide new clues about the potential underpinning mechanisms and costs associated with long‐term MeJA‐IR in Norway spruce.
Theoretical Analysis of a Self-Condensing CO2 Transcritical Power Cycle With Regeneration Involving Dense Particle Suspensions in a Solar Thermal Power Plant
Authors: Modi Atharva , Tariq Syed , Lahiri Kaustuv , Srinivasan Periaswamy
Published: March 2022

The choice of heat transfer fluids (HTFs) significantly dictates the thermal efficiency of the solar power plant. Presently, molten salt is widely used choice owing to its phase, low cost, and non-toxic nature. Along with other alternatives like liquid metals and multiphase fluids, these HTFs are limited to peak operating temperatures ranging from 300 to 550 °C. With the introduction of dense particle suspensions as an HTF, the highest operating temperatures in a solar thermal power plant can reach up to 700 °C, offering considerable scope for improving thermal efficiency. Due to the higher average specific heat as compared to the alternatives, CO2 is a promising working fluid in the considered range of moderately high operating temperatures. The cost of the components and size of the power block make the transcritical CO2 cycle an attractive alternative. The present work analyzes the theoretical efficiency of the proposed cycle, with the peak operating temperature ranging from 550 °C to 700 °C. The effects of the variation in the lower operating pressure and the condensation temperature have also been analyzed. It is observed that thermodynamic efficiencies as high as 40% can be reached at the maximum operating temperature. The optimum combination of the lower operating pressure and the condensation temperature is also noted.
Verification of MOOSE/Bison's Heat Conduction Solver Using Combined Spatiotemporal Convergence Analysis
Authors: Toptan Aysenur , Porter Nathan W. , Hales Jason D. , Jiang Wen , Spencer Benjamin W. , Novascone Stephen R.
Published: March 2022

Bison is a computational physics code that uses the finite element method to model the thermo-mechanical response of nuclear fuel. Since Bison is used to inform high-consequence decisions, it is important that its computational results are reliable and predictive. One important step in assessing the reliability and predictive capabilities of a simulation tool is the verification process, which quantifies numerical errors in a discrete solution relative to the exact solution of the mathematical model. One step in the verification process—called code verification—ensures that the implemented numerical algorithm is a faithful representation of the underlying mathematical model, including partial differential or integral equations, initial and boundary conditions, and auxiliary relationships. In this paper, the code verification process is applied to spatiotemporal heat conduction problems in Bison. Simultaneous refinement of the discretization in space and time is employed to reveal any potential mistakes in the numerical algorithms for the interactions between the spatial and temporal components of the solution. For each verification problem, the correct spatial and temporal order of accuracy is demonstrated for both first- and second-order accurate finite elements and a variety of time-integration schemes. These results provide strong evidence that the Bison numerical algorithm for solving spatiotemporal problems reliably represents the underlying mathematical model in MOOSE. The selected test problems can also be used in other simulation tools that numerically solve for conduction or diffusion.
Inhibitory Bacterial Diversity and Mucosome Function Differentiate Susceptibility of Appalachian Salamanders to Chytrid Fungal Infection
Authors: Jiménez Randall R. , Carfagno Amy , Linhoff Luke , Gratwicke Brian , Woodhams Douglas C. , Chafran Liana Soares , Bletz Molly C. , Bishop Barney , Muletz-Wolz Carly R.
Published: March 2022

How host mucosal defenses interact, and influence disease outcome is critical in understanding host defenses against pathogens. A more detailed understanding is needed of the interactions between the host and the functioning of its mucosal defenses in pathogen defense.
Deferrivibrio essentukiensis sp. nov., gen. nov., a Representative of Deferrivibrionaceae fam. nov., Isolated from the Subsurface Aquifer of Caucasian Mineral Drinking Waters
Authors: Zavarzina D. G. , Prokofeva M. I. , Pikhtereva V. A. , Klyukina A. A. , Maslov A. A. , Merkel A. Yu. , Gavrilov S. N.
Published: March 2022

The Yessentukskoye deposit of Caucasian mineral waters contains balneologically valuable drinking mineral water, which is extracted from the Upper Cretaceous 1 km subsurface aquifer and is almost unexplored by microbiologists. We have sampled this water via continuously operating production wells, characterized the phylogenetic diversity of its microbial community, and obtained enrichments of thermophilic iron reducers from the source aquifer. From the enrichments, a novel anaerobic thermophilic bacterium, reducing Fe(III) in the mineral ferrihydrite with acetate as the electron donor, was isolated into a pure culture. The novel isolate, designated as strain Es71-Z0220Tbelonging toDeferribacteralesorder, is thermophilic, neutrophilic, halotolerant, motile vibrio. It utilizes synthesized ferrihydrite, fumarate, nitrate or elemental sulfur as the electron acceptors with organic acids as the electron donors. The strain is incapable of soluble Fe(III) complexes reduction and fermentative growth. The draft genome assembly of strain Es71-Z0220Tresulted in 65 contigs with a total size of ca. 2.3 Mb. On the basis of whole-genome phylogenetic reconstruction and physiological characterization, the novel isolate was considered to represent a novel family, genus and species for which the nameDeferrivibrio essentukiensisgen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. Genome analysis revealed key determinants of anaerobic respiration and carbon substrate utilization pathways in the organism with peculiarities related to putative Fe(III)-reducing electron transfer chain. Considering the revealed metabolic features ofDeferrivibrio essentukiensis, the involvement of the organism in its subsurface environment in biogeochemical by carbon cycling by coupling the organic matter oxidation with Fe(III) minerals reduction is discussed.
Globular Cluster as Indicators of Galactic Evolution
Authors: Arkelyan N. R. , Pilipenko S. V.
Published: March 2022

We have studied the system of globular clusters (GCs) that formed in other galaxies and eventually accreted onto the Milky Way. Thus, the samples of GCs belonging to different tidal streams, obtained on the basis of the latest data from the GAIA observatory, were taken from the literature. We measured the anisotropy of the distribution of these GCs using the tensor of inertia and found that the distribution of GCs in the streams is isotropic. Nevertheless, it can be seen that some of the accreted GCs included into existing samples actually belong to the disk of the Galaxy. To clarify the origin of GCs, we investigated “the age–metallicity” relation. This dependence appeared to be bimodal and its two different branches clearly show the difference between the clusters formed in the streams and in the disk of the Galaxy. Furthermore, we have studied the influence of the large-scale environment of the Galaxy (i.e., the Local Supercluster) on the distribution of satellite galaxies and Galactic GCs. The satellite galaxies of the Milky Way are known to form an anisotropic planar structure, so we included them in our analysis too. An inspection has shown that the plane of the satellite galaxies is perpendicular both to the disk of the Galaxy and the supergalactic plane. For GCs more distant than 100 Kpc, a similar picture is observed.
Primary cutaneous phalangeal neuroendocrine/squamous cell carcinoma with mixed axillary metastasis
Authors: McIntyre Tom V , Connelly Tara M , O'Hare Kevin , Gillis Amy
Published: March 2022

Cutaneous neuroendocrine tumours are rare and aggressive tumours associated with advanced age and immunosuppression. They are typically characterised by a high rate of local recurrence and nodal disease. The presence of a mixed squamous cell component is rare. These tumours are uncommonly found on the hand. We present a case and histological images of a 78-year-old woman with a primary CK20 negative TTF-1 positive cutaneous neuroendocrine tumour with squamous dedifferentiation arising from the fifth digit with axillary metastasis showing a mixed phenotype. Initial biopsy of the lesion was positive for chromogranin, synaptophysin and TTF-1, but negative for CK20, Melan-A and S100. After CT of the thorax abdomen and pelvis and octreotide single positron emission CT demonstrated a 15 mm axillary metastasis and no evidence of distal disease, our patient underwent an amputation of the affected digit and an axillary lymph node dissection. She is currently awaiting adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Only two cases are reported in the literature to have mixed squamous/neuroendocrine features. We present the first case which is CK20 negative and TTF-1 positive.
BK virus associated with small cell carcinoma of bladder in a patient with renal transplant
Authors: Loria Samantha J , Siddiqui Nabiya N , Gary Joy M , Bhatnagar Julu , Bollweg Brigid C , Ahmed Basem , Berenson Charles S
Published: March 2022

A man in his 70s with a complex medical history, including cadaveric renal transplant, presented with recurrent urinary tract infections. Investigation revealed recurrent urinary pathogens, includingEnterobacter cloacaeand persistent BK viruria. Cystoscopy revealed a pedunculated mass in the right posterior–lateral wall, inferior to the transplant urethral orifice, and biopsy of this mass showed invasive small cell carcinoma with a prominent adenocarcinoma component. The tumour was treated with complete transurethral resection followed by carboplatin, etoposide and radiation. Laboratory analysis of biopsied samples showed immunostaining and molecular evidence of BK virus DNA in the cancer cells. Follow-up cystoscopies have shown no recurrence of the cancer.
Voriconazole-impregnated multilayered AMT and intracorneal plus intracameral injection in recalcitrant fungal corneal ulcer
Authors: Sharma Ashok , Sharma Rajan , Nirankari Verinder S
Published: March 2022

We describe the management of a referred man in his 50s with corneal ulcer in the left eye. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed an infiltrate (4.5×3.5 mm), involving full corneal thickness, corneal melt less than one-third corneal thickness and hypopyon (3.0 mm). Branched septate hypha on direct microscopy andAspergillus flavusin Sabaraud’s dextrose agar confirmed the clinical diagnosis of fungal corneal ulcer. We used natamycin 5% suspension 1 hourly, voriconazole 1% 1 hourly, gatifloxacin 0.5% three times and atropine 1% three times per day, for 2 weeks. However, there was no improvement and the corneal melt increased. We used intracameral plus intracorneal voriconazole injection with voriconazole-impregnated amniotic membrane transplant. We observed a significant decrease in conjunctival congestion, size/depth of infiltrate and hypopyon at the first week of antifungal therapy. Subsequently, at 6 weeks, corneal infiltrate had decreased and superficial corneal vascularisation appeared. Later, at 12 weeks, the patient developed corneal opacity.
Continuous pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block through an elastomeric infusion system, associated with the lateral cutaneous nerve block of the thigh for total hip arthroplasty
Authors: da Costa Amanda Oliveira , Izolani Guilherme Vazquez , Monteiro de Souza Iorle Fabiano , Martins Santiago Bruno Vítor
Published: March 2022

Orthopaedic surgeries can lead to pain that is difficult to treat, sometimes requiring prolonged hospitalisation. Peripheral nerve blocks stand out as an efficient strategy within the context of multimodal analgesia. The hypothesis is that continuous pericapsular nerve group block, when combined with lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block, can provide excellent analgesic coverage for hip surgeries. Continuous infusion systems can prolong analgesia, minimising opioid consumption, adverse effects and providing faster recovery. We describe a case of efficient analgesia, in which a catheter was positioned between the iliopsoas muscle plane and the iliopubic eminence for total hip arthroplasty.
PGL4 syndrome in a patient with synchronous paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma
Authors: Roque João José Nunes , Martins Carlos , Bugalho Maria João Guerreiro Martins
Published: March 2022

Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumours, frequently associated with genetic syndromes. We report the case of a man in his 40s with a left anterior neck mass and a history of hypertensive crisis, heavy sweating and constipation. Biochemical tests showed increased plasma and urine normetanephrines. Neck ultrasound suggested left carotid body PGL, but it was mandatory to search for other lesions. Whole-body MIBG failed to show abnormal uptake. Abdominal MRI was suggestive of another PGL, anterior to the right adrenal gland. Abdominal surgery was performed uneventfully under alpha and beta blockers. This intervention proved to be effective, as normetanephrines levels became completely normal after 1 month. Carotid body PGL was successfully excised 4-months later. Genetic study identified a large deletion in exon 1 of the SDHB gene allowing the diagnosis of paraganglioma syndrome type 4 (PGL4). After 19 months of follow-up, he is still on clinical and biochemical remission and will continue life-long surveillance.
Kinesigenic dyskinesias after ENT surgery misdiagnosed as focal epilepsy
Authors: Trapp Selina Denise , Noachtar Soheyl , Kaufmann Elisabeth
Published: March 2022

We describe a man in his 30s who presented with paroxysmal right-sided dyskinesias of the arm and neck, misdiagnosed with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Two months earlier he had undergone surgery for chronic sinusitis. Immediately after this procedure, he developed hemiparesis, hemiataxia, paresthesias and disturbances in verbal fluency. Cranial MRI revealed a disruption of the left lamina cribrosa and an intracerebral injury resembling a branch canal spanning to the left dorsal third of the thalamus. Single-photon emission tomography imaging demonstrated malperfusion of the left ventral thalamus, left-sided cortex and right cerebellar hemisphere. During continuous video-EEG monitoring, three dyskinetic episodes with tremor of the right arm and dystonia of the finger and shoulder could be recorded. The paroxysmal dyskinesias did not improve with carbamazepine, valproate and tiapride. This case demonstrates an unusual symptomatic cause of a thalamic movement disorder misdiagnosed as focal epilepsy and highlights the postoperative complications, diagnostic and treatment efforts.
Dexmedetomidine and sleep quality in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Oxlund Jakob , Toft Palle , Sörberg Mikael , Knudsen Torben , Jørgen Jennum Poul
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Sleep deprivation, which is a common complication in the intensive care unit (ICU), is associated with delirium and increased mortality. Sedation with gamma-aminobutyric acid agonists (propofol, benzodiazepine) results in significant disturbance of the sleep architecture. Dexmedetomidine is a lipophilic imidazole with an affinity for α2-adrenoceptors and it has sedative and analgesic properties. It has been reported to enhance sleep efficiency, thus sedate while preserving sleep architecture.

Methods and analysis

Thirty consecutive patients are planned to be included, at the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care at the Hospital of Southwest Jutland, Denmark. The study is a double-blinded, randomised, controlled trial with two parallel groups (2:1 allocation ratio). Screening and inclusion will be done on day 1 from 8:00 to 16:00. Two 16 hours PSG (polysomnography) recording will be done starting at 16:00 on day 1 and day 2. Randomisation is performed if the first recording is of acceptable quality, otherwise the patient is excluded before randomisation. Dexmedetomidine/placebo will be administered during the second recording from 18:00 on day 2 to 6:00 on day 3.

Primary endpoint

Improvement of total sleep time and sleep quality of clinical significance determined by PSG.

Secondary endpoints

Sleep phases determined by PSG. Daytime function and delirium determined by Confusion Assessment Method-ICU. Alertness and wakefulness determined by Richmonde Agitation Sedation Scale. The objective is to compare the effect of dexmedetomidine versus placebo on sleep quality in critical ill mechanically ventilated patients.

Ethics and dissemination

The trial investigate the potential benefit of dexmedetomidine on clinically relevant endpoints. If a beneficial effect is shown, this would have a large impact on future treatment of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Publication in peer-reviewed journal are plannedand the study has been approved by the National Committee on Health Research Ethics (ID:S-20180214).

Trial registration number

EudraCT (2017-001612-11DK) and Danish National Committee on Health Research Ethics (ID:S-20180214). The study related to pre-results.
Treatment decision making (TDM): a qualitative study exploring the perspectives of patients with chronic haematological cancers
Authors: McCaughan Dorothy , Roman Eve , Smith Alexandra , Patmore Russell , Howell Debra
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Haematological malignancies are the fifth most common cancer in the UK, with chronic subtypes comprising around a third of all new diagnoses. These complex diseases have some similarities with other cancers, but often require different management. Surgical resection is not possible, and while some are curable with intensive chemotherapy, most indolent subtypes are managed with non-aggressive intermittent or continuous treatment, often over many years. Little is known about the views of patients with chronic haematological cancers regarding treatment decision making (TDM), a deficit our study aimed to address.

Setting and design

Set within the Haematological Malignancy Research Network (HMRN:www.hmrn.org), an ongoing population-based cohort that provides infrastructure to support evidence-based research, HMRN data were augmented by qualitative information from in-depth interviews. Data were analysed for thematic content, combining inductive and deductive approaches. Interpretation involved seeking meaning, salience and connections within data.

Participants

Thirty-five patients with four chronic subtypes: chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and myeloma. Ten relatives were present and contributed to varying extents.

Results

Five themes were discerned: (1) Preference for clinician recommendations; (2) Factors implicated in patient involvement in TDM; (3) Perceptions of proactive/non-proactive approaches to TDM; (4) Experiences of TDM at various points in the disease trajectory; (5) Support from others. Our principal finding relates to a strong preference among interviewees for treatment recommendations from haematologists, based on trust in their expertise and perceptions of empathetic patient–clinician relationships.

Conclusion

Interviewees wanted to be involved in TDM to varying extents, contingent on complex, inter-related factors, that are dynamic and subject to change according to differing clinical and personal contexts. Patients may benefit from clinicians assessing their shifting preferences for involvement on multiple occasions. Strong preferences for acceptance of recommendations was associated with cancer complexity, trust in clinician expertise and positive perceptions of patient–clinician relationships.