bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modal simulation and visualization in finite mixture models
Authors: Kim Daeyoung , Lindsay Bruce G.
Published: October 2015

Kim & Lindsay (2011a) proposed a new sampling‐based visualization methodology,modal simulation, designed to describe the boundaries of the confidence regions generated by an inference function such as the likelihood. Once the sample points on the boundaries of the targeted confidence sets are created in a single simulation run, one can use those samples to describe every confidence set of interest without further numerical optimization. However, this method assumes that one is simulating the samples for the parameters from the likelihood region with a single mode. In this article we extend the modal simulation method to be applicable to the likelihood regions in a finite mixture model where there exist multiple modes.The Canadian Journal of Statistics39: 421–437; 2011 © 2011 Statistical Society of Canada
Remnant Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Mortality After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Further Evidence for a Hypercholesterolemia Paradox From the TRIUMPH Registry
Authors: Martin Seth S. , Faridi Kamil F. , Joshi Parag H. , Blaha Michael J. , Kulkarni Krishnaji R. , Khokhar Arif A. , Maddox Thomas M. , Havranek Edward P. , Toth Peter P. , Tang Fengming , Spertus John A. , Jones Steven R.
Published: October 2015

Background

Remnants are partially hydrolyzed, triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins that, like other apolipoprotein B–containing lipoproteins, are atherogenic. Prior observational studies suggest paradoxically better outcomes in hypercholesterolemic patients who sustain an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), one of several known recurrent risk paradoxes. To date, the association of directly measured remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (RLP‐C) with survival after an AMI has not been examined.

Hypothesis

Higher RLP‐C levels may be paradoxically associated with lower mortality.

Methods

We examined 2465 AMI survivors in a prospective, 24‐center US study of AMI outcomes. Lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions were directly measured by ultracentrifugation. RLP‐C was defined as intermediate‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (IDL‐C) + very‐low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol subfraction 3 (VLDL3‐C). Given a linear relationship between RLP‐C and mortality, we examined RLP‐C by tertiles and continuously. Cox regression hazard ratios (HRs) were adjusted for the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score and 23 other covariates.

Results

Participants were age 58 ± 12 years (mean ± SD), and 68% were men. After 2 years of follow‐up, 226 (9%) participants died. The mortality proportion was 12.4% in the lowest tertile of RLP‐C (0–15 mg/dL), 8.5% in the middle tertile (16–23 mg/dL), and 6.8% in the highest tertile (24–120 mg/dL; P < 0.001). A 1‐SD increase in RLP‐C (11 mg/dL) predicted a 24% lower adjusted risk of 2‐year mortality (HR: 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64‐0.91). Similar results were found for a 1‐SD increase in IDL‐C (HR per 8 mg/dL: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.67‐0.96), VLDL3‐C (HR per 4 mg/dL: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.61‐0.89), and very‐low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‐C; HR per 8 mg/dL: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.55‐0.85).

Conclusions

Higher RLP‐C levels were associated with lower mortality 2 years after AMI despite rigorous adjustment for known confounders. Unknown protective factors or a lead‐time bias likely explains the paradox.
Gd2O3 nanoparticles: size‐dependent nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Anishur Rahman A. T. M. , Majewski Peter , Vasilev Krasimir
Published: October 2015

In this communication, we demonstrate that there is an optimum gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) nanoparticle size of 2.3 nm; in the presence of Gd2O3 particles smaller and larger than this critical size, the spin‐lattice relaxation rate (T1 = 1/r1) of water protons at 7.0 T drastically decreases. Since r1 is directly related to the quality of magnetic resonance imaging, the results presented here have significant implications for clinical diagnostics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic labeling of pancreatic β‐cells modulates the glucose‐ and insulin‐induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT
Authors: Kim Hoe Suk , Tian Lianji , Lin Shunmei , Cha Joo Hee , Jung Hye Seung , Park Kyong Soo , Moon Woo Kyung
Published: October 2015

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPIO), on signal transduction by glucose and insulin in pancreatic β‐cells. INS‐1 cells were labeled in culture medium containing clinically approved SPIO for 24 h. Labeled and unlabeled cells were stimulated with glucose (25 mM) or insulin (0.1–1 µM) for 12 h. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (AKT) and intracellular insulin protein levels were assessed by Western blotting. After labeling with increasing amounts of SPIO, cytotoxicity was not observed, yet the intracellular iron concentration increased in a dose‐dependent manner. SPIO labeling (200 µg Fe ml−1) induced a significant increase in ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation (labeled vs unlabeled, p < 0.05), but significantly reduced the glucose‐stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT and insulin‐stimulated phosphorylation of AKT (labeled vs unlabeled, p < 0.05). The level of intracellular insulin protein was found to be lower in labeled cells than unlabeled cells (labeled vs unlabeled, p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that SPIO labeling alters some fundamental functional variables, at least in INS‐1 cells, through modulation of the glucose‐ or insulin‐induced activation of ERK1/2 and AKT, which leads to insulin biosynthesis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of glucose – initial experience
Authors: Allouche‐Arnon Hyla , Wade Trevor , Waldner Lanette Friesen , Miller Valentina N. , Gomori J. Moshe , Katz‐Brull Rachel , McKenzie Charles A.
Published: October 2015

A new noninvasive, nonradioactive approach for glucose imaging using spin hyperpolarization technology and stable isotope labeling is presented. A glucose analog labeled with 13C at all six positions increased the overall hyperpolarized imaging signal; deuteration at all seven directly bonded proton positions prolonged the spin–lattice relaxation time. High‐bandwidth 13C imaging overcame the large glucose carbon chemical shift dispersion. Hyperpolarized glucose images in the live rat showed time‐dependent organ distribution patterns. At 8 s after the start of bolus injection, the inferior vena cava was demonstrated at angiographic quality. Distribution of hyperpolarized glucose in the kidneys, vasculature, and heart was demonstrated at 12 and 20 s. The heart‐to‐vasculature intensity ratio at 20 s suggests myocardial uptake. Cancer imaging, currently performed with 18 F‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET), warrants further investigation, and glucose imaging could be useful in a vast range of clinical conditions and research fields where the radiation associated with the FDG‐PET examination limits its use. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Labelling dendritic cells with SPIO has implications for their subsequent in vivo migration as assessed with cellular MRI
Authors: de Chickera Sonali N. , Snir Jonatan , Willert Christy , Rohani Roja , Foley Ronan , Foster Paula J. , Dekaban Gregory A.
Published: October 2015

An optimized non‐invasive imaging modality capable of tracking and quantifying in vivo DC migration in patients would provide clinicians with valuable information regarding therapeutic DC‐based vaccine outcomes. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles were used to label bone marrow‐derived DC. In vivo DC migration was tracked and quantified non‐invasively using cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a mouse model. Labelling DC with SPIO reflects the kinetics of DC migration in vivo but appears to reduce overall DC migration, in part due to nanoparticle size. Magnetic separation of SPIO‐labelled (SPIO+) DC from unlabelled (SPIO−) DC prior to injection improves SPIO+ DC migration to the lymph node. Corresponding MR image data better correlate with the presence of DC in vivo; an improved immunological response is also seen. Cellular MRI is a viable, non‐invasive imaging tool that can routinely track DC migration in vivo. Consideration should be given to optimizing MRI contrast agent‐labelling of clinical‐grade DC in order to accurately correlate DC fate to immunological outcomes in patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of a short questionnaire to measure symptoms and functional limitations associated with hand‐foot syndrome and mucositis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Lai Jin‐Shei , Beaumont Jennifer L. , Diaz Jose , Khan Sadya , Cella David
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

Hand‐foot syndrome and mucositis/stomatitis are frequent adverse events (AEs) of treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy. Quality‐of‐life instruments that measure the functional consequences of these AEs are needed to assess the impact of therapeutic interventions and to guide patient care. The Hand‐Foot and Mucositis Symptom and Impact Questionnaire (HAMSIQ [formerly the Supplementary Quality of Life Questionnaire]) was used in the COMPARZ trial (Pazopanib vs Sunitinib in the Treatment of Locally Advanced and/or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma [national clinical trial no. NCT00720941]) and the PISCES study (Patient Preference Study of Pazopanib vs Sunitinib in Advanced or Metastatic Kidney Cancer [clinicaltrials.gov NCT01064310]) to assess mouth/throat and hand/foot soreness symptoms and subsequent limitations in patients receiving pazopanib or sunitinib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The objective of the current analysis was to validate the HAMSIQ using data from the PISCES study.

METHODS

The HAMSIQ was administered in the PISCES study at baseline and every 2 weeks over two 10‐week periods to patients who were receiving pazopanib or sunitinib. Data from the first 10‐week period were used to assess the feasibility, validity, and responsiveness of the HAMSIQ.

RESULTS

In total, ≥85% of 169 patients completed the HAMSIQ (excluding the item concerning days off work). Correlations among items within the same limitation subscale generally were high (Cronbach α ≥ .80). HAMSIQ limitation scores differentiated patients according to their baseline performance status and severity of soreness. Small‐to‐moderate correlations were observed for the symptoms/limitation scores and for changes from baseline scores between the HAMSIQ and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy fatigue survey. The HAMSIQ demonstrated responsiveness to changes in clinical status and the development of hand‐foot syndrome AEs over time.

CONCLUSIONS

The HAMSIQ is a feasible, valid, reliable, and responsive instrument for assessing the impact of hand‐foot syndrome and mucositis in patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer 2016;122:287–295. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Impact of reclassifying noninvasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma on the risk of malignancy in The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology
Authors: Faquin William C. , Wong Lawrence Q. , Afrogheh Amir H. , Ali Syed Z. , Bishop Justin A. , Bongiovanni Massimo , Pusztaszeri Marc P. , VandenBussche Christopher J. , Gourmaud Jolanta , Vaickus Louis J. , Baloch Zubair W.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

Recent discussions have focused on redefining noninvasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (NI‐FVPTC) as a neoplasm rather than a carcinoma. This study assesses the potential impact of such a reclassification on the implied risk of malignancy (ROM) for the diagnostic categories of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC).

METHODS

The study consisted of consecutive fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) cases collected between January 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014 from 5 academic institutions. Demographic information, cytology diagnoses, and surgical pathology follow‐up were recorded. The ROM was calculated with and without NI‐FVPTC and was presented as a range: all cases (ie, overall risk of malignancy [OROM]) versus those with surgical follow‐up only.

RESULTS

The FNAB cohort consisted of 6943 thyroid nodules representing 5179 women and 1409 men with an average age of 54 years (range, 9‐94 years). The combined average ROM and OROM for the diagnostic categories of TBSRTC were as follows: nondiagnostic, 4.4% to 25.3%; benign, 0.9% to 9.3%; atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), 12.1% to 31.2%; follicular neoplasm (FN), 21.8% to 33.2%; suspicious for malignancy (SM), 62.1% to 82.6%; and malignant, 75.9% to 99.1%. The impact of reclassifying NI‐FVPTC on the ROM and OROM was most pronounced and statistically significant in the 3 indeterminate categories: the AUS/FLUS category had a decrease of 5.2% to 13.6%, the FN category had a decrease of 9.9% to 15.1%, and the SM category had a decrease of 17.6% to 23.4% (P < .05), whereas the benign and malignant categories had decreases of 0.3% to 3.5% and 2.5% to 3.3%, respectfully. The trend of the effect on the ROM and OROM was similar for all 5 institutions.

CONCLUSIONS

The results from this multi‐institutional cohort indicate that the reclassification of NI‐FVPTC will have a significant impact on the ROM for the 3 indeterminate categories of TBSRTC. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:181–187. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
The clinical performance of primary HPV screening, primary HPV screening plus cytology cotesting, and cytology alone at a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Choi Jung‐Woo , Kim Younghye , Lee Ju‐Han , Kim Young‐Sik
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

Algorithms for primary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening, primary HPV screening plus cytology cotesting, and cytology alone were evaluated previously in large cohort trials for cervical cancer detection, although the quality of cytology in those studies was controversial. To investigate whether these 3 algorithms would be applicable in routine practice at a tertiary care hospital, the authors compared their clinical performance. In addition, the prevalence of HPV genotypes was determined.

METHODS

Cervical cytology samples (n = 1000) were tested using liquid‐based cytology (LBC), a nucleic acid hybridization assay, real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and direct HPV DNA sequencing. The clinical performance of the 3 algorithms was compared among women in different age groups (age range, 17‐86 years; median age, 44.7 years).

RESULTS

For cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN 2+), the sensitivity of primary HPV screening alone, cotesting, and LBC alone was 71.7%, 72.5%, and 63.8%, respectively; whereas the specificity was 87.5%, 96.5%, and 97.4%, respectively. Cotesting and LBC alone had slightly higher positive predictive values for CIN 2 + (97.8% and 98.9%, respectively) than primary HPV screening alone (91%), whereas primary HPV screening alone and cotesting demonstrated higher negative predictive values (63.6% and 62.5%, respectively) than LBC alone (43.2%). High‐risk HPV types were detected in 24.3% of individuals. The most common type was HPV type 16 (HPV‐16) followed by multiple HPV infections and HPV‐58, HPV‐52, HPV‐31, HPV‐35, HPV‐51, HPV‐39, HPV‐56, HPV‐33, HPV‐18, HPV‐59, and HPV‐45.

CONCLUSIONS

Primary HPV screening alone in a tertiary care hospital demonstrated a performance that was equivalent to that of cotesting for CIN 2+, irrespective of patient age. With regard to the distribution of HPV genotypes, the nonavalent HPV vaccine would prevent approximately 60% of high‐risk HPV. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2016;124:144–152. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
User applications driven by the community contribution framework MPContribs in the Materials Project
Authors: Huck P. , Gunter D. , Cholia S. , Winston D. , N'Diaye A. T. , Persson K.
Published: October 2015

This work discusses how the MPContribs framework in the Materials Project (MP) allows user‐contributed data to be shown and analyzed alongside the core MP database. The MP is a searchable database of electronic structure properties of over 65,000 bulk solid materials, which is accessible through a web‐based science‐gateway. We describe the motivation for enabling user contributions to the materials data and present the framework's features and challenges in the context of two real applications. These use cases illustrate how scientific collaborations can build applications with their own ‘user‐contributed’ data using MPContribs. The Nanoporous Materials Explorer application provides a unique search interface to a novel dataset of hundreds of thousands of materials, each with tables of user‐contributed values related to material adsorption and density at varying temperature and pressure. The Unified Theoretical and Experimental X‐ray Spectroscopy application discusses a full workflow for the association, dissemination, and combined analyses of experimental data from the Advanced Light Source with MP's theoretical core data, using MPContribs tools for data formatting, management, and exploration. The capabilities being developed for these collaborations are serving as the model for how new materials data can be incorporated into the MP website with minimal staff overhead while giving powerful tools for data search and display to the user community. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MEMoMR: Accelerate MapReduce via reuse of intermediate results
Authors: Yao Hong , Xu Jinlai , Luo Zhongwen , Zeng Deze
Published: October 2015

MapReduce has been widely regarded as a flexible, scalable, and easy‐to‐use distributed programming paradigm for big data processing such as social network data analysis on cloud computing platforms. To embrace the upcoming of big data era, many efforts have been devoted to accelerating the MapReduce performance from different aspects, especially intermediate result reusing like Dache. In this paper, we observe that existing intermediate result reusing mechanism is not efficient enough as many I/O operations are wasted. Efficient reusing of the intermediate results could potentially improve the MapReduce performance. Inspired by such fact, we propose a framework named MEMoMR (more efficient intermediate result reusing for MapReduce) by introducing a novel reusing mechanism that can substantially reduce the I/O overhead. To this end, we invent a new metadata description method and apply it in the reusing phase. We practically realize MEMoMR and evaluate its performance by implementing it in a real cluster. The experiment results show that MEMoMR can improve the system performance as high as 23.4%, comparing against Dache. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Academic Achievement of University Students with Dyslexia
Authors: Olofsson Åke , Taube Karin , Ahl Astrid
Published: October 2015

Broadened recruitment to higher education is on the agenda in many countries, and it is also widely recognized that the number of dyslexic students entering higher education is increasing. In Sweden, as in many other European countries, higher education institutions are required to accommodate students with dyslexia. The present study focuses on the study outcome for 50 students with diagnosed dyslexia, mainly in teacher education and nurses' training, at three universities in Northern Sweden. The students trusted their own ability to find information on the Internet but mistrusted their own abilities in reading course books and articles in English and in taking notes. The mean rate of study was 23.5 European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System credits per semester, which is slightly below the national baseline of 26.7. The results show that more than half of the students are examined at a normal rate of study but that about one fifth have a very low rate of study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Messages

Most students with dyslexia can compensate for their reading problems.

Taking notes during lessons and reading in foreign language may be especially difficult for students with dyslexia.

Diagnoses should distinguish between reading comprehension and word decoding.

More than half of the students with dyslexia can achieve at a normal rate of study.

One‐fifth of the students with dyslexia may need a longer period of study than other students.
Cochrane in context: Swimming training for asthma in children and adolescents aged 18 years and under
Authors: Beggs Sean , Walters Julia A. E.
Published: October 2015

Cochrane Review: Swimming training for asthma in children and adolescents aged 18 years and under Beggs S, Foong YC, Le HCT, Noor D, Wood‐Baker R, Walters JAE. Swimming training for asthma in children and adolescents aged 18 years and under. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD009607. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009607.pub2

This companion piece to the review, “Swimming training for asthma in children and adolescents aged 18 years and under,” contains the following pieces:

The abstract of the review

A commentary from one or more of the review authors, explaining why the review team felt the review as an important once to produce

A review of clinical practice guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Canadian Paediatric Society and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), United Kingdom

Some other recently published references on this topic
Population and genetic outcomes 20 years after reintroducing bobcats (Lynx rufus) to Cumberland Island, Georgia USA
Authors: Diefenbach Duane , Hansen Leslie , Bohling Justin , Miller‐Butterworth Cassandra
Published: October 2015

In 1988–1989, 32 bobcats Lynx rufus were reintroduced to Cumberland Island (CUIS), Georgia, USA, from which they had previously been extirpated. They were monitored intensively for 3 years immediately post‐reintroduction, but no estimation of the size or genetic diversity of the population had been conducted in over 20 years since reintroduction. We returned to CUIS in 2012 to estimate abundance and effective population size of the present‐day population, as well as to quantify genetic diversity and inbreeding. We amplified 12 nuclear microsatellite loci from DNA isolated from scats to establish genetic profiles to identify individuals. We used spatially explicit capture–recapture population estimation to estimate abundance. From nine unique genetic profiles, we estimate a population size of 14.4 (SE = 3.052) bobcats, with an effective population size (Ne) of 5–8 breeding individuals. This is consistent with predictions of a population viability analysis conducted at the time of reintroduction, which estimated the population would average 12–13 bobcats after 10 years. We identified several pairs of related bobcats (parent‐offspring and full siblings), but ~75% of the pairwise comparisons were typical of unrelated individuals, and only one individual appeared inbred. Despite the small population size and other indications that it has likely experienced a genetic bottleneck, levels of genetic diversity in the CUIS bobcat population remain high compared to other mammalian carnivores. The reintroduction of bobcats to CUIS provides an opportunity to study changes in genetic diversity in an insular population without risk to this common species. Opportunities for natural immigration to the island are limited; therefore, continued monitoring and supplemental bobcat reintroductions could be used to evaluate the effect of different management strategies to maintain genetic diversity and population viability. The successful reintroduction and maintenance of a bobcat population on CUIS illustrates the suitability of translocation as a management tool for re‐establishing felid populations.
Control of a tripedal robot walking with a shuffle
Authors: Torii Akihiro , Ueda Akiteru , Doki Kae
Published: October 2015

This paper describes a control method for a tripedal robot which walks with a shuffle. The robot consists of three electromagnets and three piezoelectric elements. The electromagnet supports the robot as a leg. Two of the three electromagnets adhere to a magnetic floor and the other electromagnet is moved by the deformation of the piezos. The relation between the control waveforms and the robot motion is described theoretically. The theoretical displacement of the robot is calculated. The piezo deformations which move the robot to the destination are obtained. The control waveform is determined by the piezo deformations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(4): 33–41, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21192
First Enantioselective Synthesis of Surinamensinol B and a Non‐Natural Polysphorin Analogue by a Two‐Stereocentered Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Lalwani Komal G. , Sudalai Arumugam
Published: October 2015

An efficient and economical approach to the synthesis of antitumor and anti‐inflammatory surinamensinol B (1) and antimalarial polysphorin analogue 2 has been achieved with high enantiomeric purity (96 % ee) by starting from commercially available 3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzaldehyde. The key steps of the strategy include a Co‐catalyzed two‐stereocentered hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of racemic 2‐[(methoxymethoxy)(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]oxirane (13) as the chiral inducing step followed by a Mitsunobu reaction. Chiral epoxide 14 and chiral diol 15 were utilized in the syntheses of both compounds.
Predicted transport of pyrethroid insecticides from an urban landscape to surface water
Authors: Jorgenson Brant , Fleishman Erica , Macneale Kate H. , Schlenk Daniel , Scholz Nathaniel L. , Spromberg Julann A. , Werner Inge , Weston Donald P. , Xiao Qingfu , Young Thomas M. , Zhang Minghua
Published: October 2015

The authors developed a simple screening-level model of exposure of aquatic species to pyrethroid insecticides for the lower American River watershed (California, USA). The model incorporated both empirically derived washoff functions based on existing, small-scale precipitation simulations and empirical data on pyrethroid insecticide use and watershed properties for Sacramento County, California, USA. The authors calibrated the model to in-stream monitoring data and used it to predict daily river pyrethroid concentration from 1995 through 2010. The model predicted a marked increase in pyrethroid toxic units starting in 2000, coincident with an observed watershed-wide increase in pyrethroid use. After 2000, approximately 70% of the predicted total toxic unit exposure in the watershed was associated with the pyrethroids bifenthrin and cyfluthrin. Pyrethroid applications for aboveground structural pest control on the basis of suspension concentrate categorized product formulations accounted for greater than 97% of the predicted total toxic unit exposure. Projected application of mitigation strategies, such as curtailment of structural perimeter band and barrier treatments as recently adopted by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation, reduced predicted total toxic unit exposure by 84%. The model also predicted that similar reductions in surface-water concentrations of pyrethroids could be achieved through a switch from suspension concentrate–categorized products to emulsifiable concentrate–categorized products without restrictions on current-use practice. Even with these mitigation actions, the predicted concentration of some pyrethroids would continue to exceed chronic aquatic life criteria. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2469–2477. © 2013 SETAC
Scaling laws and techniques in decentralised processing of interfered Gaussian channels
Authors: Sanderovich Amichai , Peleg Michael , Shamai (Shitz) Shlomo
Published: October 2015

The scaling laws of the achievable communication rates and the corresponding upper bounds of distributed reception in the presence of an interfering signal are investigated. The scheme includes one transmitter communicating to a remote destination via two relays, which forward messages to the remote destination through reliable links with finite capacities. The relays receive the transmission along with some unknown interference. We focus on three common settings for distributed reception, wherein the scaling laws of the capacity (the prelog as the power of the transmitter and the interference are taken to infinity) are completely characterized. It is shown in most cases that to overcome the interference, a definite amount of information about the interference needs to be forwarded along with the desired message, to the destination. The upper bounds results are derived using the cut‐set along with a new bounding technique, which relies on multiletter expressions. The latter is demonstrated to be useful in a scenario where the cut‐set upper bound happens to be strictly loose. The lower bound results are derived using random‐coding arguments, wherein some interesting cases combining lattices are found to be beneficiary, and used to determine the scaling laws of the achievable rate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
„Wir sind dann mal weg”︁
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: October 2015

Faszination Vogelzug: Beflügelt von modernen Forschungsmethoden studieren Ornithologen am Wilhelmshavener Institut für Vogelforschung die inneren und äußeren Mechanismen der jährlichen Wanderungsbewegungen. Ihr neues Modell ist der kleine Steinschmätzer.
Mit Riss, ohne Riss
Authors: Kaliske Michael
Published: October 2015

Bauteile aus Gummi sind überall – und überall von Abnutzung und Materialermüdung bedroht. Um Reifen, Lager oder Dichtungsringe zuverlässiger und haltbarer zu machen, setzen Ingenieurwissenschaftler bruchmechanische Methoden ein. Zu neuen Erkenntnissen führen insbesondere aufwendige Simulationen.
Tobacco Endgame: The Poverty Conundrum
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O.
Published: October 2015

There is no more striking public health triumph than the demise of the “brown plague.” The cigarette was once the accoutrement of a good life, but smoking is now a tragic habit of the poor. By the mid‐1960s, half of all men and a third of women in the United States smoked. Today the national prevalence is 18 percent, with rates in major cities below 15 percent. A suite of policies drove down smoking rates—antismoking campaigns, taxation, clean air laws, package labeling, and marketing curbs. These policies, and the resultant behavior changes, however, have diminishing returns. Is it possible that tobacco rates will remain relatively stagnant? If so, what “endgame” strategies might drive rates to negligible levels, say, lower than 5 percent? And if society does achieve such an audacious goal, how attentive should it be to the problems of social justice?
The “Quality Attestation” Process and the Risk of the False Positive
Authors: Fiester Autumn
Published: October 2015

The Quality Attestation Presidential Task Force's recent proposal for “quality attestation” (QA) of clinical ethics consultants was advanced on the premise that, “[g]iven the importance of clinical ethics consultation, the people doing it should be asked to show that they do it well.” To this end, the task force attempted to develop “a standardized system for proactively assessing the knowledge, skills, and practice of clinical ethicists.” But can this proposed method deliver? If the proposed QA process is flawed, it will label clinical ethicists as qualified to do clinical ethics consultations (CECs) when they are not. The result will be the creation of a new, likely intractable, problem of CEC “false positives:” consultants who have passed QA without actually possessing the requisite knowledge and skills to perform CECs.

To avoid the risk of false positives, the QAPTF needs to conduct a rigorous analysis of the skills that the QA process will be positioned to judge and those that are simply beyond the scope of its current metrics. Rather than “attesting” to overall CEC “quality,” QA needs to be precise about the skill inventory it can confirm yet honest about the skills it has no basis to assess. I will argue here that QA has strong prospects for accurately assessing consultants’ competence in ethical analysis but very weak prospects for determining competence in two other skills listed as essential by the QAPTF: value‐neutrality and conflict resolution.
Financial Side Effects: Why Patients Should Be Informed of Costs
Authors: Hall Alicia
Published: October 2015

The U.S. health care system is ostensibly market based and therefore at least partially reliant on competition and consumer demand to regulate costs. Yet information about an essential feature of market transactions—costs—is typically obscure to patients until long after treatment. When discussing what must be disclosed for informed consent, the same list of required information is often mentioned regardless of the health care system in question, and information about costs rarely merits a place within this list. However, our assumptions about what a moral principle requires need to be responsive to the realities of the health care system in which the principle is applied.

This paper explores the moral foundations of disclosure and informed consent to argue that, in a market‐based system of the sort found in the United States, these same considerations support a requirement to disclose out‐of‐pocket costs before patients receive care. Next, I consider two objections to this view: first, that health care practitioners should focus solely on medical considerations in their encounters with patients and, second, that disclosing out‐of‐pocket costs would be too difficult to be mandated. I argue that medical and financial interests are inseparable within the U.S. health care system. If the difficulties in disclosing costs are deemed insurmountable, then the current system may prove unsustainable, both morally and financially, since we face the same practical impediments to implementing any meaningful consumer‐driven, market‐based health care reform. Finally, I explore some of the consequences of failing to disclose costs. The requirements of disclosing costs can be supported by the principle of respect for autonomy, regardless of the consequences, but in light of the consequences of the decision of whether to disclose, a concern about justice provides further support.
Toward a British Taxonomy of Perceived Managerial and Leadership Effectiveness
Authors: Hamlin Robert G. , Hatton Alf
Published: October 2015

A long‐standing problem in management research has been the lack of agreement about the specific managerial behaviors that are most closely associated with effective management practice and leadership practice. The study reports the results of a qualitative multiple cross‐case and cross‐sector exploration of what managers and nonmanagerial employees within British public‐, private‐, and third‐sector organizations perceive as effective and least effective/ineffective managerial behavior. Based on empirical findings obtained from nine prior emic replication studies, our derived etic comparative analysis has led to a deduced taxonomy of perceived managerial and leadership effectiveness comprised of eight positive (effective) and six negative (least effective/ineffective) generic behavioral criteria. Comparisons against extant U.S.‐derived taxonomies have revealed many similarities but also significant differences. The findings go against the grain of predominant discourse, and challenge long‐held, taken‐for‐granted assumptions about the “contingent” nature of management and leadership. Implications for HRD research and practice are discussed.
Competency Models at Work: The Value of Perceived Relevance and Fair Rewards for Employee Outcomes
Authors: Redmond Elizabeth
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study was to generate empirical knowledge on how employees perceive and respond to competency models at work. A cross‐sectional survey of 278 employees in four Norwegian organizations showed that competency models perceived as strategically and personally relevant and fairly rewarded were positively related to supervisor‐rated work effort and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and self‐rated “employability” outcomes. Exchange relationships mediated the link between competency model perceptions and work effort and OCB. Social exchange relationships marginally mediated the link between competency model perceptions and employees' openness to job‐related changes and engagement in activities aimed at improving one's employability. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Human Resource Management in Strategy Making
Authors: Juul Andersen Torben , Minbaeva Dana
Published: October 2015

Among the strategy scholars, there is general consensus that responsive‐integrative strategy making is essential for ensuring a competitive advantage in contemporary dynamic environments. What is the role of HR in this process, and how can HR support responsive‐integrative strategy making? To answer these questions, we use illustrative experiences from Chr. Hansen, a global supplier of bioscience‐based ingredients to the food, health, and animal feed industries. We argue that HR's strategic role lies in providing support for both centralized and decentralized strategy making by offering aspirations for strategic decisions and by gathering various sources of inspiration for strategy discussions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A framework for establishing restoration goals for contaminated ecosystems
Authors: Wagner Anne M , Larson Diane L , DalSoglio Julie A , Harris James A , Labus Paul , Rosi-Marshall Emma J , Skrabis Kristin E
Published: October 2015

As natural resources become increasingly limited, the value of restoring contaminated sites, both terrestrial and aquatic, becomes increasingly apparent. Traditionally, goals for remediation have been set before any consideration of goals for ecological restoration. The goals for remediation have focused on removing or limiting contamination whereas restoration goals have targeted the ultimate end use. Here, we present a framework for developing a comprehensive set of achievable goals for ecological restoration of contaminated sites to be used in concert with determining goals for remediation. This framework was developed during a Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) and Society of Ecological Restoration (SER) cosponsored workshop that brought together experts from multiple countries. Although most members were from North America, this framework is designed for use internationally. We discuss the integration of establishing goals for both contaminant remediation and overall restoration, and the need to include both the restoration of ecological and socio-cultural-economic value in the context of contaminated sites. Although recognizing that in some countries there may be regulatory issues associated with contaminants and clean up, landscape setting and social drivers can inform the restoration goals. We provide a decision tree support tool to guide the establishment of restoration goals for contaminated ecosystems. The overall intent of this decision tree is to provide a framework for goal setting and to identify outcomes achievable given the contamination present at a site. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:264–272. 2015 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

Key Points

Integration of remediation and ecological restoration from the outset through collective goal setting has been shown to result in successful outcomes for restoring contaminated lands and waters. A decision tree support tool is provided to guide the establishment of restoration goals for contaminated ecosystems.
Quantitative analysis of the SN in Parkinson's disease implementing 3D modeling at 7.0‐T MRI
Authors: Oh Se‐Hong , Jeong Hye‐Jin , Kim Jong‐Min , Kwon Dae‐Hyuk , Park Sung‐Yeon , Park Joshua H. , Kim Young‐Bo , Chi Je‐Geun , Park Chan‐Woong , Jeon Beom S. , Cho Zang‐Hee
Published: October 2015

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). In our previous study, attempts were made to directly visualize the SN and quantify the differences in shapes and boundaries of the SN between PD subjects and comparison to the normal control subjects using two‐dimensional T2*‐weighted 7.0‐T MRI images (Cho et al., Mov Disord, accepted for publication). However, a two‐dimensional analysis does not represent the entire SN. Therefore, to overcome the limitation of 2D analysis, we acquire 3D image of the SN. For this study, we scanned nine PD patients, along with nine age‐matched control subjects, using a research prototype 7.0‐T MRI scanner in an attempt to visualize the 3D shape of the SN and quantify differences in the volume of the SN between PD subjects and normal control subjects. The shape change of the ventrolateral boundaries of the SN in PD cases was reconfirmed in this 3D study as well as in our previous 2D study (Cho et al., Mov Disord, accepted for publication). Another interesting finding of this study was that 3D MR imaging study demonstrated the potential of the 7.0‐T MRI in the quantification of volume changes in the SN. The measured correlation analyses showed that there is age‐dependent correlation and substantially stronger unified Parkinson's disease rating scale motor score‐dependent correlation in PD patients. These results suggest that 7.0‐T 3D T2*‐weighted MR imaging could provide the quantitative estimation of volume changes in the SN in PD patients in vivo for comparison with normal controls in vivo. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 253–259, 2011;
REAL‐TIME PREDICTION OF CHLOROPHYLL‐A TIME SERIES IN A EUTROPHIC AGRICULTURAL RESERVOIR IN A COASTAL ZONE USING RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORKS WITH PERIODIC CHAOS NEURONS
Authors: Harada Masayoshi , Tominaga Takafumi , Hiramatsu Kazuaki , Marui Atsushi
Published: October 2015

To assess the water environmental dynamics related to a phytoplankton, the water quality dynamics in a eutrophic reservoir in a flat low‐lying agricultural area were analyzed from the viewpoint of short‐time prediction of time series data using artificial intelligence. A recurrent neural network model with periodic chaos neurons was used for the real‐time prediction of chlorophyll‐a time series on the basis of on‐site continuous observation data. These data consisted of the chlorophyll‐a from four algae classes, Chlorophyceae, cyanobacteria, diatom/dinoflagellates, and cryptophytes, measured by a submerged fluorometer. The results suggest that study of a neural network could be performed sufficiently for teaching data of which a value of the fractal dimension calculated by the Higuchi method was smaller. In addition, it is possible to conduct a short‐time prediction of chlorophyll‐a time series such that an upper limit of lead time could be beyond 12 h when there is an analogous time–frequency characteristic between the teaching and the predicting data. In conclusion, a recurrent chaotic neural network could be an effective analysis tool for short‐time prediction of water quality on the basis of continuous observations, and the potential for prediction can be determined quantitatively using Higuchi's fractal dimension and time–frequency maps. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitric oxide, S‐Nitrosation, and endothelial permeability
Authors: Durán Walter N. , Beuve Annie V. , Sánchez Fabiola A.
Published: October 2015

S‐Nitrosation is rapidly emerging as a regulatory mechanism in vascular biology, with particular importance in the onset of hyperpermeability induced by pro‐inflammatory agents. This review focuses on the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)‐derived nitric oxide (NO) in regulating S‐Nitrosation of adherens junction proteins. We discuss evidence for translocation of eNOS, via caveolae, to the cytosol and analyze the significance of eNOS location for S‐Nitrosation and onset of endothelial hyperpermeability to macromolecules. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(10):819‐826, 2013
Functional role of transient conformations: Rediscovering “chronosteric effects” thirty years later
Authors: Ascenzi Paolo , Gianni Stefano
Published: October 2015

Proteins are dynamic entities that exert, in some cases, their functions via complex pathways, involving active transient species. This phenomenon was highlighted for the first time in 1983 by Antonini et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 258, 4676–4678), who demonstrated that at least one intermediate occurring in the formation of the bovine β‐trypsin–Kunitz inhibitor complex displayed catalytic properties different from those of the active enzyme and of the inactive enzyme–inhibitor adduct. Since it was impossible to explain this phenomenon in terms of static three‐dimensional structures, the term “chronosteric effects” was coined to capture the observation that transient species are relevant to protein function(s). Here, some recent results on the folding and function of proteins are reported on the light of chronosteric effects. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(10):836‐844, 2013
Iron homeostasis in insects: Insights from Drosophila studies
Authors: Tang Xiaona , Zhou Bing
Published: October 2015

Iron is essential for the survival of almost all organisms. Our current understanding of iron metabolism in different organisms suggests it is a partially conserved but not identical process. Many aspects of iron metabolism in insects remain poorly understood. This review summarizes what we know so far about insect iron homeostasis, including dietary iron absorption, iron transport and storage, as well as homeostasis regulation. New findings made in the model organism Drosophila are emphasized and their implications discussed. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(10):863–872, 2013
Evangelical Christians and English Language Teaching
Authors: VARGHESE MANKA M. , JOHNSTON BILL
Published: October 2015

Evangelical Christians are an enduring and growing presence in the field of English language teaching worldwide and in the TESOL organization in particular. Yet to date, hardly any empirical research has been done on this population of teachers or on the links between English teaching, religious beliefs, and missionary work. This article reports on a qualitative study of ten English language teachers‐in‐training at two evangelical Christian colleges in the United States. Using interview data, the study explores the religious beliefs of the participants and the complex, varied, and often still developing ways in which these beliefs relate to their perspectives on missionary work and on the relationship between religious faith and English language teaching (ELT). We conclude by identifying a key moral dilemma raised by the participants' values as related to several of the dominant discourses present in ELT.
Is There an “Academic Vocabulary”?
Authors: HYLAND KEN , TSE POLLY
Published: October 2015

This article considers the notion of academic vocabulary: the assumption that students of English for academic purposes (EAP) should study a core of high frequency words because they are common in an English academic register. We examine the value of the term by using Coxhead's (2000) Academic Word List (AWL) to explore the distribution of its 570 word families in a corpus of 3.3 million words from a range of academic disciplines and genres. The findings suggest that although the AWL covers 10.6% of the corpus, individual lexical items on the list often occur and behave in different ways across disciplines in terms of range, frequency, collocation, and meaning. This result suggests that the AWL might not be as general as it was intended to be and, more importantly, questions the widely held assumption that students need a single core vocabulary for academic study. We argue that the different practices and discourses of disciplinary communities undermine the usefulness of such lists and recommend that teachers help students develop a more restricted, discipline‐based lexical repertoire.