bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular dynamics simulations of MgSiO3 enstatite and seismic discontinuity in the upper mantle
Authors: Miyake Akira , Kawano Jun
Published: July 2005

The seismic velocities for three kinds of enstatite (low clinoenstatite, L‐CEn; orthoenstatite, OEn; and high‐pressure clinoenstatite, HP‐CEn), which is a major component in the upper mantle, were estimated using molecular dynamics simulations based on the interatomic potential model. The calculated seismic velocities, Vp and Vs, for OEn are slower than those of L‐OEn up to 6 GPa and 1000 K. The velocities in HP‐CEn are faster than those in OEn at the transition pressure between OEn and HP‐CEn. Furthermore, anisotropy of the seismic velocity, in particular Vp parallel to [100] > [001] > [010], is observed. We conclude that the transitions in enstatites are related to the seismic discontinuity observed at depths less than 410 km and that enstatite is as an important a mineral as olivine for the mineralogical model and for the anisotropic propagation of seismic waves in the Earth's upper mantle.
Concurrent OH imager and sodium temperature/wind lidar observation of localized ripples over northern Colorado
Authors: Li Tao , She C. Y. , Williams Bifford P. , Yuan Tao , Collins Richard L. , Kieffaber Lois M. , Peterson Alan W.
Published: July 2005

On 3 and 5 September 2002 the OH all‐sky imager at Platteville, Colorado (40.2°N, 104.7°W), observed small‐scale, wavelike patterns (known as ripples), with horizontal wavelengths of ∼9 km and ∼7 km and lifetimes of ∼9 min and ∼15 min, respectively. The Colorado State University sodium lidar at nearby Fort Collins, Colorado (40.6°N, 105°W), also made concurrent observations of temperature and zonal and meridional winds, which allowed us to determine the nature of the ripples observed. Our observations suggest that the 3 September ripple was induced by a convective instability located at 87.5 km and the 5 September ripple was induced by a dynamic instability at 88.5 km. The ripples clearly advected as packets with the background wind. Lidar measurements also allowed us to relate the directions of wind shear to the phase front alignments of both the ripples and the nearby short‐period atmospheric gravity waves. These spatial relationships provided a meaningful comparison with previously observed ripples as well as with current theoretical models. Using the 16‐hour continuous lidar data set for each case, we deduced that long‐period waves created an unusually large temperature perturbation at the ripple times on 3 September and an unusually large wind shear perturbation on 5 September. These perturbations prepared the background atmosphere to be near the verge of local instability, but, as revealed again by lidar observation, it was the superposition of smaller‐scale perturbations at the time of the ripples that helped to actually reach the conditions required for instability and generation of the ripples.
Separation of fine and coarse aerosol modes in MFRSR data sets
Authors: Alexandrov Mikhail D. , Carlson Barbara E. , Lacis Andrew A. , Cairns Brian
Published: July 2005

A new MFRSR data analysis algorithm is presented. Our earlier algorithm assumed a monomodal aerosol size distribution, while the new algorithm allows us to partition the aerosol optical thickness into fine and coarse aerosol modes. In addition, we retrieve the fine mode effective radius and Angstrom exponent. A bimodal gamma distribution is used to describe the aerosol particle size distribution. The algorithm has been tested using a multi‐year data set from the local MFRSR network at the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program site in Southern Great Plains (SGP). Our retrieved aerosol optical thicknesses (total, fine, and coarse) are compared with the corresponding AERONET almucantar retrieval results derived from a CIMEL sunphotometer co‐located with the MFRSR at the SGP Central Facility. A constrained variant of the algorithm (zero NO2 column values) has been used to define the range of physically justified values of the fine mode effective radius, and for comparison with AERONET particle size retrievals. We use the multiple MFRSR measurements obtained during the year 2000 at the SGP Extended Facilities to examine geographical and seasonal variability of aerosol properties. A correspondence has been found between the geographical variation in the fine mode particle size and aerosol composition (nitrates versus sulfates) as measured by National Atmospheric Deposition Program. We similarly find good correspondence between our retrieved aerosol sizes and the PM2.5 to PM10 ratios obtained from EPA AirData monitoring. Examination of the data from the SGP Central Facility obtained for the period 1993–1997 reveals a decreasing trend in coarse mode aerosol optical thickness during the 1993–1995 period, consistent with the decay of the stratospheric aerosol following the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. In contrast, fine mode optical thickness exhibits only seasonal variability with summer maxima during this period.
Retrievals of Antarctic aerosol characteristics using a Sun‐sky radiometer during the 2001–2002 austral summer campaign
Authors: Di Carmine C. , Campanelli M. , Nakajima T. , Tomasi C. , Vitale V.
Published: July 2005

In order to characterize the Antarctic aerosol and to analyze the effect of katabatic winds on the properties of suspended particles, measurements of solar direct and diffuse irradiance were carried out at the Italian Terra Nova Bay station in Antarctica, during the 2001–2002 austral summer campaign. Measurements were performed by the ground‐based PREDE sky radiometer and processed by using the Skyrad inversion code. Aerosol optical thickness at 500 nm was found to vary between 0.01 and 0.02. The volume size distribution curves showed bimodal features with the two modes located within 0.1–0.3 μm and 5–7 μm radius intervals, respectively. The real part of the refractive index characterizing the Antarctic aerosol was found to have a mean value of 1.40. During the katabatic event the analysis indicated that the advection of larger and drier fresh particles, together with the removal of marine suspended particles, caused the decrease in aerosol optical thickness.
Observations of polar mesospheric clouds by the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer
Authors: Bailey Scott M. , Merkel Aimee W. , Thomas Gary E. , Carstens Justin N.
Published: July 2005

Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs) were observed by a limb‐scanning ultraviolet spectrometer on the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE). Radiance profiles at 215 and 237 nm are analyzed to determine the presence of clouds. Once detected, the altitude and brightness of a cloud relative to the background atmosphere is determined. SNOE observations provide the frequency of occurrence of PMC as a function of location and time for the years 1998 through 2003. The observations show at high latitudes a general rise in frequency of occurrence beginning approximately 3 weeks before summer solstice in both hemispheres and lasting for approximately 1 week. These rises are followed by approximately 60 days of relatively high but variable occurrence frequencies. The declines in frequency of occurrence at the ends of the seasons are generally slower and more structured then the beginning of the seasons. One of the major results from the SNOE observations is that significantly more PMCs are observed in the Northern Hemisphere than in the south, leading us to conclude that the southern polar mesosphere must be on average less saturated than the northern polar mesosphere. The SNOE observations also suggest that the frequency of occurrence of PMCs is strongly modulated by local dynamical influences. The SNOE results are in general agreement with results from the Solar Mesosphere Explorer which observed PMC with similar instrumentation in the years 1981 through 1986.
Atmospheric year‐round records of dicarboxylic acids and sulfate at three French sites located between 630 and 4360 m elevation
Authors: Legrand M. , Preunkert S. , Galy‐Lacaux C. , Liousse C. , Wagenbach D.
Published: July 2005

An atmospheric year‐round study of C2–C5 dicarboxylic acids (oxalic, malonic, succinic, malic, and glutaric) and sulfate was conducted in 2002 and 2003 at three remote western Europe continental sites located at different elevations (from 630 to 4360 m asl). Whatever the site and the season, oxalic acid is always the dominant diacid (average 64% of total dicarboxylic acids) followed by malonic acid (15% of total dicarboxylic acids). High correlation coefficients are observed between C3 (malonic), C4 (malic and succinic), and C5 (glutaric) acids and oxalic acid. These strong relationships between C2–C5 diacids support the hypothesis of a common production of these diacids through the aqueous phase chemistry of glutaric acid. Data gained at different elevations are here useful to compare the mass formation rates of sulfate and dicarboxylic acids. It is shown that in summer the decrease of the sum of dicarboxylic acids with height is far less pronounced than the decrease of sulfate (a factor of 2 instead of 6.8 from 630 to 4360 m asl). That demonstrates that the production of dicarboxylic acids occurs at up to 4300 m elevation while the production of sulfate from SO2 mainly takes place between the boundary layer and 3000 m elevation. With respect to summer 2002 the sum of dicarboxylic acids was enhanced in summer 2003 (from 136 to 331 ng m−3 STP at 2870 m asl, for instance) whereas a weaker increase is observed for sulfate (from 1700 to 2500 ng m−3 STP at 2870 m asl). These changes are attributed to the particular summer 2003 conditions which led to enhanced level of oxidants (strengthened secondary productions) and warmer temperatures (enhanced emissions of biogenic precursors of diacids).
Methane emission from small wetlands and implications for semiarid region budgets
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Ping , Han Xing‐Guo , Li Ling‐Hao , Chen Quan‐Sheng , Duan Yi , Cheng Wei‐Xin
Published: July 2005

Despite considerable research, large uncertainties exist in the various area‐scales budgets of CH4 flux between soils and the atmosphere. We postulated that small wetlands greatly contribute to the CH4 budget in semiarid regions, where wetland contributions are often assumed to be insignificant. To test this hypothesis, small riparian mires of the Xilin River basin in Inner Mongolia were selected as a case study for weekly measurements of in situ CH4 flux. Average CH4 fluxes were 234.3 and −1.9 mg CH4 m−2 d−1 for the riparian mires and the upland grassland, respectively, during July–October 2003. Although the riparian mires cover only 0.4% of the Xilin River basin, their total CH4 emission was about half of the amount of CH4 consumed by the upland grassland with 89.7% land cover ratio. Our results indicate that estimated CH4 budgets for semiarid regions should include an assessment of small wetlands.
Runoff and mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet: 1958–2003
Authors: Hanna Edward , Huybrechts Philippe , Janssens Ives , Cappelen John , Steffen Konrad , Stephens Ag
Published: July 2005

Meteorological models were used to retrieve annual accumulation, runoff, and surface mass balance on a 5 km × 5 km grid for the Greenland ice sheet for 1958–2003. We present the first such history that provides insight into seasonal and interannual variability, which should prove useful for those studying the ice sheet. Derived runoff was validated by means of a control model run and independent in situ data. Modeled accumulation has already been validated using shallow ice core data. Surface mass balance (SMB) responds rapidly on a yearly basis to changing meteorological (surface air temperature and precipitation) forcing. There are distinct signals in runoff and SMB following three major volcanic eruptions. Runoff losses from the ice sheet were 264 (±26) km3 yr−1 in 1961–1990 and 372 (±37) km3 yr−1 in 1998–2003. Significantly rising runoff since the 1990s has been partly offset by increased precipitation. Our best estimate of overall mass balance declined from 22 (±51) km3 yr−1 in 1961–1990 to −36 (±59) km3 yr−1 in 1998–2003, which is not statistically significant. Additional dynamical factors that cause an acceleration of ice flow near the margins, and possible enhanced iceberg calving, may have led to a more negative mass balance in the past few years than suggested here. The implication is a significant and accelerating recent contribution from the ice sheet to global sea level rise, with 0.15 mm yr−1 from declining SMB alone over the last 6 years.
Ensemble single column modeling (ESCM) in the tropical western Pacific: Forcing data sets and uncertainty analysis
Authors: Hume Timothy , Jakob Christian
Published: July 2005

Single column models (SCMs) are useful tools for the evaluation of parameterisations of radiative and moist processes used in general circulation models (GCMs). Most SCM studies to date have concentrated on regions where there is a sufficiently dense observational network to derive the required forcing data. This paper describes an ensemble single column modeling (ESCM) approach where the forcing data are derived from numerical weather prediction (NWP) analysis products. To highlight the benefits of the ESCM approach, four forcing data sets were derived for a two year period at the Tropical Western Pacific ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program) sites at Manus Island and Nauru. In the first section of the study, the NWP derived forcing data are validated against a range of observations at the tropical sites. In the second section, the sensitivity of two different SCMs to uncertainties in the forcing data sets are analysed. It is shown that despite the inherent uncertainties in the NWP derived forcing data, an ESCM approach is able to identify errors in the SCM physics. This suggests the ESCM approach is useful for testing parameterisations in relatively observation sparse regions, such as the TWP.
Impact of twilight gradients on the retrieval of mesospheric ozone from HALOE
Authors: Natarajan Murali , Deaver Lance E. , Thompson Earl , Magill Brian
Published: July 2005

Solar occultation measurement of atmospheric species with short photochemical lifetimes poses some difficulties if sharp gradients are present in the species concentrations near sunrise/sunset conditions. These photochemically induced variations introduce asymmetries in the species distribution along the line of sight that need to be taken into account in the retrieval process in order to prevent inaccuracies. Correction factors derived from photochemical model calculations have been routinely applied to the retrievals of stratospheric NO and NO2 by HALOE and ATMOS experiments. Mesospheric ozone, because of its twilight variations, also belongs to the group of species which require a correction procedure. Results from our mesospheric diurnal photochemical model indicate that proper accounting of diurnal variations leads to more than 20% increase in the ozone column along the line of sight for sunrise conditions near 0.1 hPA at the equator in January. Correspondingly, the retrieved ozone at the tangent point will be lower if these twilight variations are considered. The effects under sunset conditions are smaller. The current HALOE retrieval algorithm uses an approximate correction for mesospheric ozone. We have developed a new database of twilight gradients for the entire altitude range of HALOE measurements based on the results from a contemporary diurnal photochemical model. HALOE scans for January 29, 1992, have been reprocessed using the new diurnal correction factors. Sunrise ozone mixing ratios near 0.1 hPa are smaller by more than 20% compared to the HALOE V19 data. The differences between the corrections for sunrise and sunset retrievals suggest that, with the new diurnal corrections, the sunrise to sunset ozone ratios near 0.1 hPa obtained from approximately coincident HALOE data will be in much better agreement with the values derived from photochemical theory.
Major and trace element geochemistry and Os isotopic composition of metalliferous umbers from the Late Cretaceous Japanese accretionary complex
Authors: Kato Yasuhiro , Fujinaga Koichiro , Suzuki Katsuhiko
Published: July 2005

Metalliferous umbers and red shales occur as unique products of the Kula‐Pacific ridge‐forearc collision in the Late Cretaceous Shimanto Supergroup, an accretionary complex in Japan. These umbers are closely associated with greenstones of mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) origin and are regarded as hydrothermal metalliferous precipitates related to MOR‐type volcanism. The umbers and red shales were deposited in the trench area where both terrigenous detritus from land and hydrothermal metalliferous particulates from a MOR were supplied simultaneously. Besides a predominance of Fe and Mn, the umbers exhibit remarkable enrichments in P, V, Co, Ni, Zn, Y, Mo, rare earth elements (REEs), and Os relative to continental crustal abundances. The X/Fe (X = Mn, P, V, Co, Ni, Zn, Y, and REEs) ratios and PAAS‐normalized REE patterns of the umbers are very similar to those of modern hydrothermal plume fallout precipitates deposited on flanks of MOR. This indicates that the umbers preserve primary geochemical signatures of hydrothermal metalliferous sediments that scavenged seawater‐derived elements and thus can be used as a proxy for Late Cretaceous seawater. The marine 187Os/188Os ratios reconstructed from the late Maastrichtian umbers range from 0.42 to 0.56 and are very consistent with recent data obtained from the Pacific and Atlantic pelagic carbonates that record an abrupt decline from 0.55 to 0.4 during the period between 67.0 Ma and 65.7 Ma.
Thick and anisotropic D″ layer beneath Antarctic Ocean
Authors: Usui Yusuke , Hiramatsu Yoshihiro , Furumoto Muneyoshi , Kanao Masaki
Published: July 2005

Waveform modeling and travel times analyses of S, ScS and SKS phases recorded at the broad‐band permanent station SYO in the Antarctic are used to determine the shear wave velocity structure and transverse isotropy in the D″ layer beneath the Antarctic Ocean. The SH wave structure has a discontinuity with the velocity increase of 2.0% at 2550 km. The SV structure is similar to PREM model. The magnitude of the anisotropy is highest at the top of D″ layer and lowest at the core‐mantle boundary. The D″ layer beneath the Antarctic Ocean is significantly thicker than those beneath Alaska and the Caribbean Sea. We attribute this anisotropic D″ layer to paleo‐slab materials. The subduction in and around the Antarctic Ocean has started ∼180 Ma and is the one of the oldest in the world. It has provided a large amount of the slab materials in the lowermost mantle.
Interannual variability in Antarctic ozone depletion controlled by planetary waves and polar temperature
Authors: Huck P. E. , McDonald A. J. , Bodeker G. E. , Struthers H.
Published: July 2005

The dependence of Antarctic ozone depletion on midlatitude planetary wave activity and South Pole temperatures was examined from 1979–2003 using NCEP/NCAR reanalyses and column ozone data. The annual severity of Antarctic ozone depletion was quantified using the seasonal mean of daily ozone mass deficit (OMD). The dependence of annual mean OMD on effective equivalent stratospheric chlorine (EESC) was removed to produce an anomaly time series (OMD′). Similar anomaly time series for 100 hPa South Pole temperatures (T′) and 20 hPa, 60°S midlatitude planetary wave activity (PWA′) were calculated. Regression of OMD′ against T′ and PWA′ shows that most of the interannual variability in Antarctic ozone depletion can be explained by variability in midlatitude planetary wave activity and South Pole temperatures. To estimate how future changes in South Pole temperatures, midlatitude wave activity and EESC will affect Antarctic ozone depletion, the regression model was applied to T′ and PWA′ values from a chemistry‐climate model run (1975–2019).
Near‐Earth breakup triggered by the earthward traveling burst flow
Authors: Voronkov I. O.
Published: July 2005

Computer modeling is performed in order to explore a hypothesis stating that the near‐Earth breakup can be triggered by a pulse of convection traveling earthward from the more distant magnetotail. The following possible scenario for the interaction of the burst with the near‐Earth edge of the plasma sheet (PS) is revealed. The near‐dipolar magnetic field topology of the inner PS leads to the flow breaking which in turn launches a wide spectrum of dispersive compressional waves propagating further Earthward. Strong topological variations of the magnetic field at the inner edge of the PS, required by the equilibrium conditions, play a role of the resonant cavity for selected compressional modes. Growing resonance modes provide a ponderomotive force pumping up corresponding nonlinear ballooning eigenmodes. The latter extract energy stored in the inner PS and produce vortical structures expanding tailward.
Chemical mapping of a fumarolic field: La Fossa Crater, Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy)
Authors: Aiuppa A. , Federico C. , Giudice G. , Gurrieri S.
Published: July 2005

The performance of a newly‐developed portable gas analyzer, capable of real‐time measurement of CO2, SO2 and H2S concentrations in volcanic gases, was tested at La Fossa Crater, Vulcano Island. The gas analyzer was used to acquire about 3000 determinations over the fumarolic field, allowing the definition of its chemical structure and heterogeneity. Our high‐resolution analysis reveals that, in December 2004, the La Fossa fumarolic field was characterized by an oxidized inner core (SO2/H2S ratios of ∼3), and by more reducing conditions on its northern edge (SO2/H2S ratios of ∼1; range: 0.2–3.3). CO2/(SO2+H2S) molar ratios averaged 35 ± 21, with overlapping compositions for rim and inner crater fumaroles. S‐poor compositions (CO2/(SO2+H2S) ≥ 50) characterized the field margins, probably due to deposition of native sulfur. Based on the above data and an SO2 flux of 18 ± 3 t·d−1, we estimate CO2 and H2S output rates from the volcano of 420 ± 250 and 4 ± 2 t·d−1, respectively.
Mechanisms of the anti‐inflammatory effects of the natural secosteroids physalins in a model of intestinal ischaemia and reperfusion injury
Authors: Vieira Angélica T , Pinho Vanessa , Lepsch Lucilia B , Scavone Cristóforo , Ribeiro Ivone M , Tomassini Therezinha , Ribeiro‐dos‐Santos Ricardo , Soares Milena B P , Teixeira Mauro M , Souza Danielle G
Published: July 2005

Reperfusion of an ischaemic tissue is associated with an intense inflammatory response and inflammation‐mediated tissue injury. Physalins, a group of substances with secosteroidal chemical structure, are found in Physalis angulata stems and leaves. Here, we assessed the effects of physalins on the local, remote and systemic injuries following intestinal ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) in mice and compared with the effects of dexamethasone.

Following I/R injury, dexamethasone (10 mg kg−1) or physalin B or F markedly prevented neutrophil influx, the increase in vascular permeability in the intestine and the lungs. Maximal inhibition occurred at 20 mg kg−1. Moreover, there was prevention of haemorrhage in the intestine of reperfused animals.

Dexamethasone or physalins effectively suppressed the increase in tissue (intestine and lungs) and serum concentrations of TNF‐α. Interestingly, treatment with the compounds was associated with enhancement of IL‐10.

The anti‐inflammatory effects of dexamethasone or physalins were reversed by pretreatment with the corticoid receptor antagonist RU486 (25 mg kg−1). The drug compounds suppressed steady‐state concentrations of corticosterone, but did not alter the reperfusion‐associated increase in levels of corticosterone. The IL‐10‐enhancing effects of the drugs were not altered by RU486.

In conclusion, the in vivo anti‐inflammatory actions of physalins, natural steroidal compounds, appear to be mostly due to the activation of glucocorticoid receptors. Compounds derived from these natural secosteroids may represent novel therapeutic options for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 244–251. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706321
Modulation of the myogenic response by neurogenic influences in rat small arteries
Authors: Anschütz Stephanie , Schubert Rudolf
Published: July 2005

The hypothesis that the amplitude of the myogenic response is modulated by factors released from nerve endings was tested in rat tail small arteries.

A pressure myograph in conjunction with direct stimulation of nerve endings by electrical field stimulation (EFS) was used to determine rat small artery contractile reactions.

Vessel pretreatment with 10− 5 M phentolamine abolished EFS‐induced reactions completely indicating that they are mediated mainly by an adrenoceptor agonist, probably noradrenaline.

In the absence and presence of 10− 5 M phentolamine, vessel diameter changes in the pressure range from 10 to 120 mmHg were not different.

Vessel stimulation by (i) EFS, (ii) noradrenaline, (iii) selective stimulation of α1‐ and α2‐receptors, (iv) serotonin, or (v) vasopressin significantly reduced the diameter change induced by stepping pressure from 10 to 40 mmHg compared to unstimulated, control vessels.

Vessel diameter changes induced by stepping pressure from 40 to 80 and from 80 to 120 mmHg, however, were not different in vessels stimulated with EFS and noradrenaline compared to controls.

In conclusion, these data show that factors released from unstimulated adrenergic nerve endings (i.e., not stimulated by EFS) are not involved in the myogenic response. In contrast, factors released upon stimulation of nerve endings can modulate the amplitude of the myogenic response, but only at low pressures. Thus, the pressure range for myogenic blood flow autoregulation is extended to lower pressures. Myogenic autoregulation of blood flow at physiological pressures is unaltered.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 226–233. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706323
Cytokines and neutrophils as important mediators of platelet‐activating factor‐induced kinin B1 receptor expression
Authors: Fernandes Elizabeth S , Passos Giselle F , Campos Maria M , De Souza Glória E P , Fittipaldi Juliana F , Pesquero Jorge L , Teixeira Mauro M , Calixto João B
Published: July 2005

PAF injection into the rat paw is accompanied by the concomitant activation of NF‐κB and neutrophil influx, which appears to be relevant to the up‐regulation of kinin B1 receptors. Herein, we analyse the role of TNF‐α and IL‐1β production for PAF‐induced B1 receptor upregulation in the rat paw. Additionally, we evaluate how cytokine production and neutrophil migration fit into the temporal sequence of events leading to PAF‐induced B1 receptor upregulation.

In our experiments, treatment with PAF resulted in a marked increase of B1 receptor‐mediated paw oedema and in situ production of TNF‐α at 1 h and IL‐1β at 3 and 6 h later. B1 receptor‐mediated paw oedema was significantly inhibited by anti‐TNF‐α antibody and by interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IRA).

TNF‐α was necessary for the local PAF‐induced IL‐1β production. NF‐κB blocker PDTC prevented the production of both TNF‐α and IL‐1β, indicating that cytokine production is NF‐κB dependent.

Depletion of neutrophils with an anti‐PMN antibody prevented IL‐1β, but not TNF‐α, production. Although both TNF‐α and IL‐1β are relevant to functional B1 receptor upregulation, PAF‐induced increase in B1 receptor mRNA was markedly suppressed by anti‐TNF‐α and, to a lesser extent, by IRA. B1 receptor mRNA expression was also prevented by the anti‐PMN antibody.

In conclusion, the activation of the TNF‐α/neutrophil axis by PAF seems to be sufficient for B1 receptor mRNA production. However, the TNF‐α/neutrophil axis is also necessary for IL‐1β production. These two processes might lead to the appearance of functional kinin B1 upregulation receptors in vivo after PAF treatment.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 209–216. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706327
Dopaminergic neurones: much more than dopamine?
Authors: Seutin Vincent
Published: July 2005

Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurones sustain important physiological functions such as control of motricity, signalling of the error in prediction of rewards and modulation of emotions and cognition. Moreover, their degeneration leads to Parkinson's disease and they may be dysfunctional in other pathological states, such as schizophrenia and drug abuse. A subset of DA neurones has been known for many years to contain releasable peptides such as neurotensin and cholecystokinin. However, recent experimental evidence indicates that the phenotype of DA neurones may be much more diverse, since it is suggested that, under certain conditions, they may also release glutamate, cannabinoids and even serotonin.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 167–169. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706328
Ion transport regulated by protease‐activated receptor 2 in human airway Calu‐3 epithelia
Authors: Sato Shinji , Ito Yasushi , Kondo Masashi , Ohashi Takamasa , Ito Satoru , Nakayama Shinsuke , Shimokata Kaoru , Kume Hiroaki
Published: July 2005

We examined the mechanisms underlying anion secretion mediated by protease‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and its role in the regulation of ion transport, using polarized human airway Calu‐3 cells.

PAR2 stimulation by trypsin and a PAR2‐activating peptide (PAR2AP), especially from the basolateral aspect, caused transient Cl− secretion due to cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization.

Antagonists of PI‐PLC (U73122, ET‐18‐OCH3) and inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate (xestospongin C (Xest C)) were without effect on the PAR2AP‐mediated Cl− secretion, whereas it was attenuated by D609 (a PC‐PLC inhibitor) and phorbol 12‐myristate 13 acetate (PMA, a PKC activator).

Even 30 min after removal of PAR2AP after a 10‐min‐exposure, cells were still poorly responsive to PAR2 stimulation, but the reduced responsiveness was upregulated by a PKC inhibitor, GF109203X (GFX).

Pretreatment with PAR2AP did not affect responses to anion secretagogues, such as isoproterenol, forskolin, thapsigargin, 1‐ethyl‐2‐benzimdazolinone, and adenosine, but ATP‐induced responses were significantly reduced. Nystatin permeabilization studies revealed that the presence of PAR2AP prevented ATP‐induced increments in basolateral membrane K+ conductance without affecting apical membrane Cl− conductance.

ATP‐elicited Ca2+ mobilization, which was sensitive to D609 and PMA, was inhibited by the pretreatment with PAR2AP, and this inhibition was blunted by the presence of GFX.

Collectively, stimulation of PAR2 generates a brief response of Cl− secretion through PC‐PLC‐mediated pathway, followed by not only auto‐desensitization of PAR2 itself but also cross‐desensitization of a PC‐PLC‐coupled purinoceptor. The two types of desensitization seem likely to have PKC‐mediated downregulation of PC‐PLC in common.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 397–407. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706330
Role of endocannabinoids in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in bile duct‐ligated rats
Authors: Gaskari Seyed Ali , Liu Hongqun , Moezi Leila , Li Yang , Baik Soon Koo , Lee Samuel S
Published: July 2005

Cardiac contractility in cirrhosis is normal at baseline but hyporesponsive to stimuli, a phenomenon known as ‘cirrhotic cardiomyopathy’. The pathogenesis remains unclear. Endocannabinoids are vasoactive, but have not previously been examined in the cirrhotic heart. We therefore aimed to systematically clarify a possible role of endocannabinoids in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.

Cirrhosis was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats by bile duct ligation; controls underwent a sham operation. At 4 weeks after operation, isolated left ventricular papillary muscle contractility was studied.

Dose–response curve for a β‐adrenergic agonist isoproterenol was constructed in the presence and absence of a CB‐1 antagonist AM251 (1 μM). Cirrhotic muscles had a blunted response to isoproterenol, which was completely restored by AM251.

Dose‐response curves to anandamide, and CB‐1 and CB‐2 protein and mRNA expression in Western blot and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction experiments were not significantly different between cirrhotic and sham muscles.

Force–frequency relationship studies were performed in cirrhotic and normal muscles. At higher frequencies, anandamide reuptake blockers (VDM11 and AM404) significantly enhanced muscle relaxation in cirrhotic muscles, but not in controls. This effect was completely blocked by AM251 and pertussis toxin, whereas tetrodotoxin partially reversed it.

Taken together, these results indicate a pathogenic role for increased local (neuronal) production of endocannabinoids, mediated by a Gi‐protein‐dependent CB‐1‐responsive pathway in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The increased tachycardia‐stress‐induced release of endocannabinoids may help explain why contractility is normal at baseline but attenuated with stress.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 315–323. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706331
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: an endocannabinoid connection?
Authors: Pacher Pál , Bátkai Sándor , Kunos George
Published: July 2005

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 313–314. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706332
Temperature and Pressure Dependence of the Electrical Conductivity of Two Tetraalkylammonium Tetraalkylborate Salts
Authors: Rohman Nashiour , Mahiuddin Sekh , Aich Raymond , Tödheide Klaus
Published: July 2005

Electrical conductivities of molten trimethylpentylammonium
triethyloctylborate (N1115B2228) and triethylpentylammonium
triethylpentylborate (N2225B2225) were measured as functions of temperature
(c. 293 · 15–383 · 15 K) and pressure (from 1 bar to 5
kbar). Analysis of the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity
was made by using the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher equation, κ
= Aexp[ –
B/(T –
T0)]. The empirical nature of
the pressure dependence of the B and
T0 parameters has revealed the
possibility of obtaining an isothermal equation to explain the pressure
dependence of the electrical conductivity. Accordingly, an empirical equation
of the form κ =
a′exp(b′
P+c′
P2) has been found to describe the
pressure dependence of the electrical conductivity. The ideal glass transition
temperature, T0, is the key
parameter in controlling the pressure dependence of the electrical
conductivity for both systems under study.
Reactions of Ru3(CO)12 with Ethyne: Molecular Structure of Ru2(µ-h1,h4:h1,h4-C8H8)(CO)4
Authors: Bruce Michael I. , Skelton Brian W. , Zaitseva Natasha N. , White Allan H.
Published: July 2005

The reaction between Ru3(CO)12 and
ethyne (refluxing tetrahydrofuran, 2 h) produced four binuclear complexes,
Ru2(CO)m(C2H2)n
[m = 4,n= 4
(1); m = 5,n= 4 (3);
m = 7,n= 2 (2), 4
(4)], in low yield. The molecular structure of (1) has been determined by
X-ray crystallography and consists of an
Ru2(CO)4 group bridged by a
C8H8 chain, attached in the
µ−η1 ,η4
:η1 ,η4 mode. Structures
for the other three complexes are suggested on the basis of their i.r. and
mass spectra and similarities with analogous ruthenium complexes obtained from
other alkynes.
Synthesis and Structure of Ru5(µ5-C2PPh2)(µ-dppm)(µ-PPh2)(CO)11·thf
Authors: Adams Chris J. , Bruce Michael I. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: July 2005

The reaction of the open pentanuclear cluster
Ru5(µ5-C2PPh2)(µ-PPh2)(CO)13
(1) with dppm afforded the previously described complex
Ru5(µ5-C2PPh2)(µ-PPh2)(CO)12(dppm)
(2), with six Ru–Ru bonds and a chelating dppm ligand, together with
Ru5(µ5-C2PPh2)(µ-dppm)(µ-PPh2)(CO)11
(3), whose structure is reported here (seven Ru–Ru bonds). The bidentate
phosphine bridges an outer Ru–Ru vector, adjacent to that bridged by the
PPh2 group.
Synthesis of Stereoisomerically Pure Monoether Lipids
Authors: Burns Christopher J. , Field Leslie D. , Hashimoto Kikuko , Ridley Damon D. , Petteys Brian J. , Rose Michael
Published: July 2005

Four stereoisomerically pure lipids have been synthesized which contain
chirally pure phytanol (obtained through resolution of a chiral amide) and
chiral glycerol moieties. The lipids were obtained in 7–13%
overall yield in eight steps from commercially available materials.
Dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-ones. II Synthesis of Several Methylated 3-Phenyl- 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-ones
Authors: Collins David J. , Hughes Timothy C. , Johnson Wynona M.
Published: July 2005

Novel syntheses of 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-ones
were developed by use of imidoyl chlorides. The overall yield of
4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-ones prepared from amino
acid imidates and hydrazines was improved by the development of a much more
efficient synthesis of the imidates. The new 1,2-, 1,4- and 5,5-dimethyl
dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-ones have been synthesized
by cyclocondensation/cycloaddition pathways. Base-catalysed methylation of
3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-one (15) gave
the 1- methylated derivative (8); under similar conditions
2-methyl-3-phenyl-2,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-one
(9) afforded the 1,2-dimethyl derivative (7).
The Preparation and Crystal Structure of Ethyl 5-p-Tolylsulfonyl-2,4,5,6-tetrahydro- pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1-carboxylate
Authors: Smith Graham , White Jonathan M. , Arnold Dennis P. , Wilmott Lindsay
Published: July 2005

The potential porphyrin precursor ethyl
5-p-tolylsulfonyl-2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1-
carboxylate has been synthesized and its crystal structure determined by X-ray
methods, giving a refinement residual R 0·038 for
5130 observed reflections. Crystals are triclinic, space group
P 1, with Z = 4 in a cell
of dimensions a 10·5030(6),
b 11·2843(8), c
15·236(1) Å, α 109·419(6), β 97 · 697(6),
γ 95 · 651(6)°. The two molecules in the crystallographic
repeating unit are pseudo-mirror-related, and the heterocyclic system is
almost planar in both molecules.
The cost of replication fidelity in an RNA virus
Authors: Furió Victoria , Moya Andrés , Sanjuán Rafael
Published: July 2005

It is often argued that high mutation rates are advantageous for RNA viruses, because they confer elevated rates of adaptation. However, there is no direct evidence showing a positive correlation between mutation and adaptation rates among RNA viruses. Moreover, theoretical work does not argue in favor of this prediction. We used a series of vesicular stomatitis virus clones harboring single amino acid substitutions in the RNA polymerase to demonstrate that changes inducing enhanced fidelity paid a fitness cost, but that there was no positive correlation between mutation an adaptation rates. We demonstrate that the observed mutation rate in vesicular stomatitis virus can be explained by a trade-off between replication rate and replication fidelity.
A projection theorem and tangential boundary behavior of potentials
Authors: GowriSankaran Kohur , Singman David
Published: July 2005

Let

L
k

L_k

be the Weinstein operator on the half space,

R

+
n

\mathbb {R}^n_+

. Suppose there is a sequence of Borel sets

A
j

⊂

R

+
n

A_j \subset \mathbb {R}^n_+

such that a certain tangential projection of

A
j

A_j

onto

R

n
−
1

\mathbb {R}^{n-1}

forms a pairwise disjoint subset of the boundary. Let

ν
\nu

be a finite test measure on the boundary for a specific non-isotropic Hausdorff measure. The measure

ν
\nu

is carried back to a measure

λ
\lambda

on a subset of

⋃

A
j

\bigcup A_j

by the projection. We give an upper bound for the Weinstein potential corresponding to the measure

d
λ

/

x
n

d\lambda / x_n

in terms of a universal constant and a Weinstein subharmonic function. We use this upper bound to deduce a result concerning tangential behavior of Weinstein potentials at the boundary with the exception of sets on the boundary of vanishing non-isotropic Hausdorff measure.
The gap between probability and prevalence: Loneliness in vector spaces
Authors: Stinchcombe Maxwell
Published: July 2005

The best available definition of a subset of an infinite dimensional, complete, metric vector space

V
V

being “small” is Christensen’s Haar zero sets, equivalently, Hunt, Sauer, and Yorke’s shy sets. The complement of a shy set is a prevalent set. There is a gap between prevalence and likelihood. For any probability

μ
\mu

on

V
V

, there is a shy set

C
C

with

μ
(
C
)
=
1

\mu (C) = 1

. Further, when

V
V

is locally convex, any i.i.d. sequence with law

μ
\mu

repeatedly visits neighborhoods of only a shy set of points if the neighborhoods shrink to

0
0

at any rate.
Solution of a functional equation arising in an axiomatization of the utility of binary gambles
Authors: Aczél János , Maksa Gyula , Páles Zsolt
Published: July 2005

For a new axiomatization, with fewer and weaker assumptions, of binary rank-dependent expected utility of gambles the solution of the functional equation
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis z slash p right-parenthesis gamma Superscript negative 1 Baseline left-bracket z gamma left-parenthesis p right-parenthesis right-bracket equals phi Superscript negative 1 Baseline left-bracket phi left-parenthesis z right-parenthesis psi left-parenthesis p right-parenthesis right-bracket left-parenthesis z comma p element-of right-bracket 0 comma 1 left-bracket right-parenthesis">

(
z

/

p
)

γ

−
1

[
z
γ
(
p
)
]
=

φ

−
1

[
φ
(
z
)
ψ
(
p
)
]

(
z
,
p
∈
]
0
,
1
[
)

(z/p)\gamma ^{-1}[z\gamma (p)] = \varphi ^{-1}[\varphi (z)\psi (p)] \qquad (z,p\in ]0,1[)

\]
is needed under some monotonicity and surjectivity conditions. We furnish the general such solution and also the solutions under weaker suppositions. In the course of the solution we also determine all sign preserving solutions of the related general equation
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="h left-parenthesis u right-parenthesis left-bracket g left-parenthesis u plus v right-parenthesis minus g left-parenthesis v right-parenthesis right-bracket equals f left-parenthesis v right-parenthesis g left-parenthesis u plus v right-parenthesis left-parenthesis u element-of double-struck upper R Subscript plus Baseline comma v element-of double-struck upper R right-parenthesis period">

h
(
u
)
[
g
(
u
+
v
)
−
g
(
v
)
]
=
f
(
v
)
g
(
u
+
v
)

(
u
∈

R

+

,
 
v
∈

R

)
.

h(u)[g(u+v)-g(v)]=f(v)g(u+v)\qquad (u\in \mathbb {R}_+,\ v\in \mathbb {R}).

\]
Moderate deviations in subsampling distribution estimation
Authors: Bertail Patrice , Gamst Anthony , Politis Dimitris
Published: July 2005

In Politis and Romano (1994) the subsampling methodology was put forth for approximating the sampling distribution (and the corresponding quantiles) of general statistics from i.i.d. and stationary data. In this note, we address the question of how well the subsampling distribution approximates the tail of the target distribution. In the regular setting of the sample mean of an

m
m

-dependent sequence we show a moderate deviation property of the subsampling distribution.
Dense subsets of maximally almost periodic groups
Authors: Comfort W. , García-Ferreira Salvador
Published: July 2005

A (discrete) group

G
G

is said to be maximally almost periodic if the points of

G
G

are distinguished by homomorphisms into compact Hausdorff groups. A Hausdorff topology

T

\mathcal {T}

on a group

G
G

is totally bounded if whenever

∅
≠
U
∈

T

\emptyset \neq U\in \mathcal {T}

there is

F
∈
[
G

]

>
ω

F\in [G]^{>\omega }

such that

G
=
U
F

G=UF

. For purposes of this abstract, a family

D

⊆

P

(
G
)

\mathcal {D}\subseteq \mathcal {P}(G)

with

(
G
,

T

)

(G,\mathcal {T})

a totally bounded topological group is a strongly extraresolvable family if (a) 

|

D

|

>

|

G

|

|\mathcal {D}|>|G|

, (b) each

D
∈

D

D\in \mathcal {D}

is dense in

G
G

, and (c) distinct

D
,
E
∈

D

D,E\in \mathcal {D}

satisfy

|

D
∩
E

|

>
d
(
G
)

|D\cap E|>d(G)

; a totally bounded topological group with such a family is a strongly extraresolvable topological group. We give two theorems, the second generalizing the first. Theorem 1. Every infinite totally bounded group contains a dense strongly extraresolvable subgroup. Corollary. In its largest totally bounded group topology, every infinite Abelian group is strongly extraresolvable. Theorem 2. Let

G
G

be maximally almost periodic. Then there are a subgroup

H
H

of

G
G

and a family

D

⊆

P

(
H
)

\mathcal {D}\subseteq \mathcal {P}(H)

such that (i)

H
H

is dense in every totally bounded group topology on

G
G

; (ii) the family

D

\mathcal {D}

is a strongly extraresolvable family for every totally bounded group topology

T

\mathcal {T}

on

H
H

such that

d
(
H
,

T

)
=

|

H

|

d(H,\mathcal {T})=|H|

; and (iii)

H
H

admits a totally bounded group topology

T

\mathcal {T}

as in (ii). Remark. In certain cases, for example when

G
G

is Abelian, one must in Theorem 2 choose

H
=
G

H=G

. In certain other cases, for example when the largest totally bounded group topology on

G
G

is compact, the choice

H
=
G

H=G

is impossible.
On Kelley’s intersection numbers
Authors: Galvin Fred , Prikry Karel
Published: July 2005

We introduce a notion of weak intersection number of a collection of sets, modifying the notion of intersection number due to J.L. Kelley, and obtain an analogue of Kelley’s characterization of Boolean algebras which support a finitely additive strictly positive measure. We also consider graph-theoretic reformulations of the notions of intersection number and weak intersection number.
Products of roots of the identity
Authors: Hladnik M. , Omladič M. , Radjavi H.
Published: July 2005

It is proved that every invertible bounded linear operator on a complex infinite-dimensional Hilbert space is a product of five

n
n

-th roots of the identity for every

n
>
2

n > 2

. For invertible normal operators four factors suffice in general.
Simple complete Boolean algebras
Authors: Jech Thomas , Shelah Saharon
Published: July 2005

For every regular cardinal

κ
\kappa

there exists a simple complete Boolean algebra with

κ
\kappa

generators.
Convergence of cascade algorithms associated with nonhomogeneous refinement equations
Authors: Jia Rong-Qing , Jiang Qingtang , Shen Zuowei
Published: July 2005

This paper is devoted to a study of multivariate nonhomogeneous refinement equations of the form
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="phi left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis equals g left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis plus sigma-summation Underscript alpha element-of double-struck upper Z Superscript s Baseline Endscripts a left-parenthesis alpha right-parenthesis phi left-parenthesis upper M x minus alpha right-parenthesis comma x element-of double-struck upper R Superscript s Baseline comma">

ϕ
(
x
)
=
g
(
x
)
+

∑

α
∈

Z

s

a
(
α
)
ϕ
(
M
x
−
α
)
,

x
∈

R

s

,

\begin{equation*} \phi (x) = g(x) + \sum _{\alpha \in \mathbb {Z}^s} a(\alpha ) \phi (Mx-\alpha ), \qquad x \in \mathbb {R}^s, \end{equation*}

where

ϕ
=
(

ϕ
1

,
…
,

ϕ
r

)
T

\phi = (\phi _1,\ldots ,\phi _r)^T

is the unknown,

g
=
(

g
1

,
…
,

g
r

)
T

g = (g_1,\ldots ,g_r)^T

is a given vector of functions on

R

s

\mathbb {R}^s

,

M
M

is an

s
×
s

s \times s

dilation matrix, and

a
a

is a finitely supported refinement mask such that each

a
(
α
)

a(\alpha )

is an

r
×
r

r \times r

(complex) matrix. Let

ϕ
0

\phi _0

be an initial vector in

(

L
2

(

R

s

)

)
r

(L_2(\mathbb {R}^s))^r

. The corresponding cascade algorithm is given by
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="phi Subscript k Baseline colon equals g plus sigma-summation Underscript alpha element-of double-struck upper Z Superscript s Baseline Endscripts a left-parenthesis alpha right-parenthesis phi Subscript k minus 1 Baseline left-parenthesis upper M dot minus alpha right-parenthesis comma k equals 1 comma 2 comma ellipsis period">

ϕ
k

:=
g
+

∑

α
∈

Z

s

a
(
α
)

ϕ

k
−
1

(

M
⋅

−
α
)
,

k
=
1
,
2
,
…
.

\begin{equation*} \phi _k := g + \sum _{\alpha \in \mathbb {Z}^s} a(\alpha ) \phi _{k-1}({M \cdot } - \alpha ), \qquad k=1,2,\ldots . \end{equation*}

In this paper we give a complete characterization for the

L
2

L_2

-convergence of the cascade algorithm in terms of the refinement mask

a
a

, the nonhomogeneous term

g
g

, and the initial vector of functions

ϕ
0

\phi _0

.