bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Household: Inheritance and Structuration
Authors: Layton Robert
Published: November 2023

This chapter looks at continuity and change in household structure on the Plateau of Levier in the light of Giddens’ concepts of agency and structuration. The processes that contribute to the relatively egalitarian character of village society on the Plateau of Levier during the period of my fieldwork will be identified; these range from the traditional principle of partible inheritance, economic circumstances characterizing a particular historical period, to specific elements of legislation such as the Statut de fermage. This chapter also discusses the links between culture and biology which are brought about by production and reproduction within the household. Inheritance rules and work patterns have both social and biological consequences.
On Generation and Corruption I. 5
Authors: Code Alan
Published: November 2023

After chapter 4 of On Generation and Corruption shows how to distinguish alteration from generation, chapter 5 begins its treatment of growth (avt17at)), or increase, 1 by stating that it remains for us to say how it differs from both of these and also (ii) how growing things grow and diminishing things diminish. The growth of a child into an adult is not the same thing as the coming to be of a new human being, nor is it the taking on of new qualitative attributes. It is a different kind of change, and as such must be distinguished from both of these other kinds. Furthermore, as he will point out shortly, although as something increases or decreases in size it occupies a larger or smaller place, these changes need to be distinguished from locomotion (and revolving in place) as well.
On Generation and Corruption I. 9
Authors: Crubellier Michel
Published: November 2023

Chapter 9 of On Generation and Corruption I is comparatively short, but neither its topic nor its structure is fully clear on a first reading. Modern commentators have followed the interpretation of Philoponus, who distinguished chapter 9 from the preceding discussions because he considered that Aristotle, ‘having refuted the hypotheses by which the ancients accounted for affecting and being affected, sets out the remaining conception; that is the true one’. The opening sentence supports this description of the chapter. Aristotle says: ‘Let us explain the way in which things possess generation and action and r,assion, and let us start from the principle we have often enunciated’ (326 29-30).
On Generation and Corruption I. 10: On Mixture and Mixables
Authors: Frede Dorothea
Published: November 2023

Mixture is a kind of process that does not receive much attention in Aristotle’s natural philosophy. Thus mixis or krasis does not form part of his canonical catalogue of change alongside generation and destruction, alteration, locomotion, growth, and shrinking. If he dedicates a chapter to the question of the nature of mixis and how it differs from other kinds of processes in De generatione et corruptione, it at first sight appears like a paralipomenon in his discussion of the Grundbegrif]e of all kinds of generation and destruction-both simple and with qualification. That Aristotle is not overly preoccupied with this concept even here seems to be suggested by the fact that its elucidation is tucked away at the end of book I, at the close of the discussion of all the basic processes and their constitutive factors, before the investigation of the elements and elemental change in book IL But, as a closer look at the text will show, this impression of mixture’s relative unimportance is quite wrong.
Meritocracy
Authors: Cavanagh Matt
Published: November 2023

I remarked in the Introduction how the idea of equality crops up in a bewildering variety of demands in this debate. For example, some people demand that everyone should have an’ equal opportunity in the competition for jobs’ others talk about people having ‘equal life chances’; others urge us to be altogether more radical, to try to make sure that everyone actually gets a job (and an equally good job) instead of accepting that there will always be inequalities and merely trying to introduce some kind of equality into the way these inequalities are distributed.
Inside and Out: Alterity and the Ceremonial Construction of the Person in the Guianas
Authors: Henley Paul
Published: November 2023

It is the late dry season and the savannah grass has been reduced to a dusty brown. Although it is only nine o’clock in the morning and still quite cool, the day promises to be stiflingly hot because the sky is clear and already a deep blue. On the horizon, a grey plume of smoke rises where the creoles in the next valley are burning off the grass.
Agency and Self-Awareness: Mechanisms and Epistemology
Authors: Eilan Naomi , Roessler Johannes
Published: November 2023

In the mid-1980s Libet conducted a series of experiments which, he argued, showed that we are aware of intentions to act only after the brain area responsible for initiating acting has already been activated. He, and others, took these experiments to show that our brain ‘decides’ on courses of action independently of our consciousness, where this in turn threatens the idea of free will, the idea that our actions are controlled by our conscious intentions. For immediate purposes the main point to note here is the intuitive connection highlighted by the debate surrounding Libet’s claims, between the kind of control we think we have of our actions, on the one hand, and our awareness of our intentions and actions, on the other. For the suggestion underpinning Libet’s claims is that unless the initiation of the action is something we are aware of, the action itself is not under the kind of control we think we have as agents, the kind of control in virtue of which we speak of freedom of the will.
Intentional Action and Self-Awareness
Authors: Roessler Johannes
Published: November 2023

When we perform intentional bodily actions we are normally aware of what we are doing. Of course, we can be mistaken about important aspects of our actions, and our actions can have many surprising features. For example, in a Peanuts cartoon, Lucy is shown tearing up what she takes to be Linus’s blanket, but it turns out that the blanket is in fact her own. In a sense Lucy does not know what she is doing. But of course her lack of knowledge is far from total. She knows, for example, that she is tearing up ‘this’ (perceptually presented) blanket. What this example illustrates is that typically, at least some of the descriptions under which an action is intentional-some of the descriptions that figure in the content of the agent’s intention-are descriptions under which the agent knows what she is doing.
Thomas Hobbes
Authors: Raphael D D
Published: November 2023

Modern political philosophy begins with Hobbes, as modern epistemological philosophy begins with his contemporary, Descartes. Both men were truly revolutionary thinkers (while inevitably owing something to past tradition) and both are ranked among the greatest of philosophers for the depth of their insight, the subtlety oftheir argument, and the novelty of their perspective. The political philosophy of Hobbes is set out in three different works,The Elements of Law(written about 1640),De Cive(Latin version, 1642; English version, 1651), andLeviathan(English version, 1651; Latin version, 1670). The general tenor of his theory remains unchanged in all three books but there are important differences of detail.Leviathan,in its original English form, is the best known of these works and is w1doubtedly the most enjoyable to read. Although one or two Hobbes scholars have claimed thatDe Civeis the real key to understanding his political th0ught, many of the changes inLeviathanreflect a more considered and more defensible view, intended by Hobbes to replace the earlier versions. His account of justice is not a prominent element of his political theory, but its actual role and its subsequent influence are considerable, reflecting the acute, innovative intelligence that helped to make him a great philosopher.
The Anti-Logical Movement in the Fourteenth Century
Authors: Ierodiakonou Katerina
Published: November 2023

The debate among Byzantine philosophers and theologians about the proper attitude towards ancient logic is just one episode in the turbulent history of the reception of ancient philosophy in Byzantine thought, but it certainly raises one of the most complicated and intriguing issues in the study of the intellectual life in Byzantium. For there are many Byzantine authors who explicitly praise and themselves make use of, to a lesser or greater extent, the ancient logical traditions; yet, at the same time, there are also many others who fiercely reject the logical doctrines of pagan philosophers and their use, especially in theology. What I am particularly interested in, here, is to examine how the Byzantine attitude towards ancient logic differs from one author to another and from one period to another, what exactly the arguments presented in favour and against relying on these ancient theories are, and to what extent ancient logic, or some more developed form of it, actually is used by Byzantine thinkers.
The Tsar Emancipator
Authors: Westwood J N
Published: November 2023

With the possible exceptions of Khrushchev and Gorbachev, no Russian ruler brought so much relief to so many of his people as did Alexander II, autocratic and conservative though he was. Born in 1818, bombed in1881, Alexander II at his accession was 36, and was destined to reign for twenty-six years. Nicholas I had ensured that his son and heir was better prepared than he had been for the high office which awaited him. From the age of 6 to 16, Alexander’s education was supervised by a broad-minded army general.
Reformers and revolutionaries
Authors: Westwood J N
Published: November 2023

The optimistic and relaxed decade which followed Alexander’s accession could well be described as a thaw following Nicholas’s winter. Although discussions about serfdom dominated the early years, time was found for other matters; Russians were even permitted to smoke on the streets of St Petersburg. After the question of serf emancipation had been settled, other major reforms followed which did not, however, fully satisfy the optimists. Especially over-optimistic were those landowners who, envying the political rights and responsibilities of the English squire, sought to popularize in Russia the ideas of British liberalism.
Alexander III
Authors: Westwood J N
Published: November 2023

The coming of railways and of the telegraph alarmed custodians of law and order, fearful of how these technological innovations could make work easier for criminals. As things turned out, railways and telegraphy made things easier for the police, too. There was no such consolation with the invention of dynamite in the 1860s; it was a godsend for terrorists. No longer was an assassination dependent on a lucky revolver shot, or on a knife-man evading the bodyguards. As the murder of Alexander II had shown, all that was needed was a couple of bomb-throwers, each accompanied by a ‘spotter’ to signal the target’s approach. The new technology did, perhaps, demand a new kind of assassin, who was prepared to kill a score or so of innocents in order to make sure of the target.
Russia in 1914
Authors: Westwood J N
Published: November 2023

Russia’s first really comprehensive census was undertaken only in 1897, and it was not perfect. According to this, the Empire contained 125 million inhabitants (excluding Finland, which had about 2.5 million). Both the birth rate and the death rate were higher than in most other parts of Europe, and the fourteen per thousand excess of births over deaths promised a fast population growth. What this increase amounted to by 1914 is disputed, but a conservative estimate for the 1914 population is 155 million,1 of whom 125 million were in European Russia, 13 million in Central Asia, 13 million in Siberia and the Far East, and 10 million in Transcaucasia.
Disputes and decisions
Authors: Westwood J N
Published: November 2023

An indication that Lenin was willing to abandon the economic practices of War Communism had come in February 1921, when he accepted the idea of a tax-in-kind to replace grain requisitions. With a tax-in-kind fixed in advance, peasants would know that they could dispose of any surplus over the tax in their own most profitable way, and would therefore increase production and sown area. Such a change was long overdue. If it had occurred a year earlier both the peasant revolts and the famines would have been moderated.
Introduction
Authors: Mills James H
Published: November 2023

Of course, these quotes can only convey three parts of a far more complex story. This book will examine all of the key figures and events in the modern history of cannabis and British government. The story starts in Chapter 2, which shows how information about cannabis drugs and medicines was slowly gathered in Asia by Europeans from the sixteenth century onwards. The men responsible for this were the Iberian doctors that accompanied the Portuguese empire-builders into India and their observations, together with those of the ancient authorities like Dioscorides, remained the basis of British writing on the subject of cannabis into the eighteenth century. In that century accounts of cannabis were embellished by British travellers returning from Asia who were eager to sell their stories of journeys abroad by filling them with lurid tales of exotic vices. It was not until the nineteenth century that scientists and doctors serving in the empire began to turn their systematic attention to the subject. While some viewed cannabis medicines and drugs through their own prejudices others seemed to have been determined to light up the subject with the full glare of Victorian science. Of the latter, perhaps William Brooke O’Shaughnessy was the most thorough and the most remarkable.
‘I Must Live within Stories’: Narratives of the Self
Authors: Tookey Helen
Published: November 2023

Nin’s prose poem ‘The Labyrinth’, first published in 1938, begins with the words ‘I was eleven years old when I walked into the labyrinth of my diary’ (in Under a Glass Bell, 66). Her sense of life and writing as inextricably woven together is apparent even in her earliest diaries, in which she envisages herself and her life as ‘a book without an Epilogue, an unfinished book’ (13 June 1919 [Early Diary, I, 251] ), and the future as the unwritten text which will come to fill the blank pages of her diary (1 February 1920 [Early Diary, I, 427] ).
Sphinxes and Scheherezades: The Actress and the Femme Fatale
Authors: Tookey Helen
Published: November 2023

Reflecting, in his preface to the1921 edition of The Tragic Muse (first published in serial form in 1889-90), on the novel’s origins and in particular on his creation of the actress protagonist, Miriam Rooth, Henry James wrote: ‘I had desired for her, I remember, all manageable vividness-so ineluctable had it long appeared to “do the actress” ‘. Twenty years later, in June 1941, Nin wrote in her diary, in the context of her friendship with Hollywood actress Luise Rainer, ‘Nothing fascinates me more than the actress’ (Journals, Ill, 122).
Burns
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: November 2023

Robert Burns, who was highly and deeply educated in poetry, liked to suggest otherwise. He trusted that his poems would transcend considerations of education, of classes and of class. At the time when he was still thinking of himself as both Robert Burness and Robert Burns, he set about validating this claim.
Strachey Childhoods
Authors: Caine Barbara
Published: November 2023

The ten children of Richard and Jane Strachey enjoyed the privileged world of upper middle-class family life. Their world was large and varied one, with many homes and an extensive cast of characters. The extended family who were so important to their parents figured largely in their lives too, and their parents’ friends and interests were often incorporated into their early lives. Theirs was not the most settled of childhoods, however, as Richard and Jane Strachey did not establish a permanent family home until their oldest children were almost in their teens. Hence the four oldest children moved around frequently between temporary rented accommodation and the homes of relatives.
Rabbit-Pots and Supernovas: On the Relevance of Psychological Data to Linguistic Theory
Authors: Antony Louise M
Published: November 2023

A number of philosophers remonstrate against the ‘psychologizing’ of linguistics: in particular, Jerrold Katz (Katz 1984), Scott Soames (Soames 1984), and Michael Devitt and Kim Sterelny (Devitt and Sterelny 1987; 1989). All of them have argued against the view, due to Chomsky, that linguistics ought properly to be conceived as a branch of psychology. On the Chomskian model, linguistic theories aim at describing the internalized grammars of native speakers of particular languages, in a way that reveals universal principles of grammatical structure natively present in all human beings.
Foraging versus Social Intelligence in the Evolution of Protolanguage
Authors: Bickerton Derek
Published: November 2023

his volume ... takes as its starting-point the view of human intelligence as social, concerned with one’s own and others’ desires and motives, and of language as a device for forming alliances, making friends, and thus achieving successful feeding and mating through a complex social network. From this perspective, phonologists and syntacticians may explore the origins of the sound patterns and formal structures that characterize all language.
Methodological Issues in Simulating the Emergence of Language
Authors: Tonkes Bradley , Wiles Janet
Published: November 2023

One of the features that differentiates language from other forms of communication is the ability to communicate a greater number of meanings than there are basic signals in the repertoire of the speaker. In human languages syntactic and morphosyntactic constructions allow combinations of simpler elements to express complex meanings. With advances in computational techniques it has become possible to model some of the processes by which populations of communicating agents come to agree on a convention for combining smaller linguistic elements into larger ones.
Linguistic Adaptation without Linguistic Constraints: The Role of Sequential Learning in Language Evolution
Authors: Christiansen Morten H , Ellefson Michelle R
Published: November 2023

The acquisition and processing of language is governed by a number of universal constraints, many of which undoubtedly derive from innate properties of the human brain. These constraints lead to certain universal tendencies in how languages are structured and used. More generally, the constraints help explain why the languages of the world take up only a small part of the considerably larger space defined by the logically possible linguistic subpatterns. Although there is broad consensus about the existence of innate constraints on the way language is acquired and processed, there is much disagreement over whether these constraints are linguistic or cognitive in nature. Determining the nature of these constraints is important not only for theories of language acquisition and processing, but also for theories of language evolution. Indeed, these issues are theoretically intertwined because the constraints on language define the endpoints for evolutionary explanations: theories about how the constraints evolved in the hominid lin-eage are thus strongly determined by what the nature of these constraints is taken to be.
Creations of the Mind
Authors: Margolis Eric , Laurence Stephen
Published: November 2023

Creations of the Mind presents sixteen original essays by theorists from a wide variety of disciplines who have a shared interest in the nature of artifacts and their implications for the human mind. All the papers are written specially for this volume, and they cover a broad range of topics concerned with the metaphysics of artifacts, our concepts of artifacts and the categories that they represent, the emergence of an understanding of artifacts in infants’ cognitive development, as well as the evolution of artifacts and the use of tools by non-human animals. This volume will be a fascinating resource for philosophers, cognitive scientists, and psychologists, and the starting point for future research in the study of artifacts and their role in human understanding, development, and behaviour. Contributors: John R. Searle, Richard E. Grandy, Crawford L. Elder, Amie L. Thomasson, Jerrold Levinson, Barbara C. Malt, Steven A. Sloman, Dan Sperber, Hilary Kornblith, Paul Bloom, Bradford Z. Mahon, Alfonso Caramazza, Jean M. Mandler, Deborah Kelemen, Susan Carey, Frank C. Keil, Marissa L. Greif, Rebekkah S. Kerner, James L. Gould, Marc D. Hauser, Laurie R. Santos, Steven Mithen
Artworks as Artifacts
Authors: Levinson Jerrold
Published: November 2023

What kind of artifact is an artwork? The answer to that question depends, clearly enough, on the conception of art that one is inclined to adopt. Past conceptions of art, according to which art was essentially a mode of representation, or a vehicle of emotional expression, or a display of skill in fashioning, or an exploration of form as such, or the pursuit of the beautiful, no longer seem remotely adequate to the nature and range of what have been accounted artworks in the past hundred years or so.
Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich Bavaria 1933–1945
Authors: Kershaw Ian
Published: November 2023

Now updated with a new introduction and bibliography Ian Kershaw's classic study of popular responses to Nazi policy and ideology explores the political mentality of 'ordinary Germans' in one part of Hitler's Reich. Basing his account on many unpublished sources, the author analyses socio-economic discontent and the popular reaction to the anti-Church and anti-Jewish policies of the Nazis, and reveals the bitter divisions and dissent of everyday reality in the Third Reich, in stark contrast to the propaganda image of a 'National Community' united behind its leaders. The focus on one particular region makes possible a depth of analysis that takes full account of local and social variations, and avoids easy generalization; but the findings of this study of ordinary behaviour in a police state have implications extending far beyond the confines of Bavaria or indeed Germany in this period.
Deadly Embrace
Authors: Balfour Sebastian
Published: November 2023

Combining military, political, cultural, social, and oral history, Sebastian Balfour narrates for the first time the development of a brutalised, interventionist army that played a crucial role in the victory of the Francoists in the Spanish Civil War. Spain's new colonial venture in Morocco in the early twentieth-century turned into a bloody war against the tribes resisting the Spanish invasion of their lands. After suffering a succession of heavy military disasters against some of the most accomplished guerrillas in the world, the Spanish army turned to chemical warfare and dropped massive quantities of mustard gas on civilians. Dr Balfour exposes this previously closely guarded secret using evidence from Spanish military archives and from survivors in Morocco. He also narrates the daily life of soldiers in the war as well as the self-images and tensions among the colonial officers. After looking at the motives that drove Moroccans to resist or cooperate with Spain, the author describes the contradictory pictures among Spaniards of Moroccan collaborators and foes. Finally, he examines the Spanish colonial army's response to the Second Republic of 1931-1936 and its brutal march through Spain in the Civil War. QUOTES FROM PAUL PRESTON'S READERS REPORT: 'This is a book of very considerable significance, the work of a first rate historian working at his peak...This is the most complete and wide-ranging account to date of the Spanish involvement in Morocco and of the consequences of that involvement inside Spain itself...written with a compelling blend of elegance and immediacy...this is a major work, one of which any historian would be proud.'
The Invasion of Morocco
Authors: Balfour Sebastian
Published: November 2023

The last stage in the colonization of Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, otherwise known as the Scramble for Africa, transformed not just the new subjects of colonial rule but the colonizers themselves. Colonial expansion was not a one-sided affair. While Africans individually and collectively attempted to resist the invaders, many others collaborated in the invasion. Some sought to share power with the colonizers; others hoped to achieve the modernization of their countries by co-operating with the new powers.
Calm Sea and Furious Wind
Authors: Balfour Sebastian
Published: November 2023

The scramble for African possessions among European colonial powers followed a competitive logic that overtook previous rationalizations of colonial- ism, such as the generation of growth in Third World dependencies or the protection of weak client states. By the end of the ﬁrst decade of the twentieth century, most of Africa had been carved up. Under the impact of this colonial expansion, the Sultanate began to disintegrate and France and Spain were positioning themselves to take it over by one means or another in order to secure or assert their international status. Outright resistance against European penetration in Africa became less common at the beginning of the new century, although there were sporadic revolts in the ﬁrst decade against the British, Germans, and Portuguese in different parts of the continent. The same people who had first resisted colonial invasion continued to work for their independence even as they collaborated with the invaders and learnt from the technology the Europeans brought with them.1 This chapter will look at the contradictory responses of local leaders to this invasion in Morocco in the second decade, as well as the changing culture within the Spanish colonial army in its continuing efforts to grapple with indigenous resistance.
Fraternity, Solidarity, Sociability: The Grass Roots of the Grand Orient de France (1900-1926)
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

FOR much of its existence, Fraternity was the neglected Third Person of the republican Trinity: it was the Jacobin equivalent of the Holy Spirit. Historians largely concentrated their attention on the creative and redemptive work of the other two persons of the trinity, Liberty and Equality, especially in those periods of social upheaval when Equality accused Liberty of ignoring its sufferings. Yet, like its divine counterpart, Fraternity inspired a steady if less spectacular devotion as the tangible expression of the bond between Liberty and Equality. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, however, nomenclature became increasingly a problem. Just as devout but statusstarved women looked to Mariology and eventually to metaphors of ‘ the Motherhood of God’ as antidotes to a male-dominated realm of concepts, so their secular counterparts claimed that ‘Fraternity’ would no longer do. ‘ Solidarity’ slowly took its place; and then ‘Sociability’ made a belated entry in an untidy attempt to cover the issues that had somehow got lost in the change of names.
General de Gaulle and the Restoration of the Republic
Authors: Johnson Douglas
Published: November 2023

THOSE historians for whom General de Gaulle has been the center of their preoccupations have concentrated their studies on certain periods of his life. The creation of La France Libre in London and the broadcast of 18 June 1940; his entry into a Paris that had been liberated by the Resistance and by General Leclerc’s 2nd Armoured Division; his triumphal progress down the Champs Elysees on 26 August 1944; the return to power in 1958 and the creation of the Fifth Republic; the ending of the war in Algeria; the influence of de Gaulle in Europe and in the world. It is as if the historians of de Gaulle and Gaullism have themselves become Gaullist. The part played by de Gaulle in the Liberation of France has also been told many times and it is seen as another Gaullist triumph. This is undoubtedly true in so far as de Gaulle succeeded in overcoming certain considerable difficulties. He had to face the hostility of the British and American leaders and the danger of an Allied military government being installed in France; it was widely believed that there was the possibility of a Communist revolution which could well have led to civil war. But once de Gaulle had established himself in France and had been accepted as the head of government this hostility declined, and at times disappeared.
The Republic and its Territory: The Persistence and the Adaptation of Founding Myths
Authors: Mény Yves
Published: November 2023

IN his classic The Government and Politics of France (1989), writing in almost Tocquevillian style, Vincent Wright presented young students from the English-speaking world with the specific features and intricacies of ‘Provincial Pressures in a Jacobin State’. In this fine and balanced analysis Wright, as was his habit, took pleasure in emphasizing the paradoxes and contradictions of French political practice. The theory and practice of French territorial organization was presented successively from the contrasting viewpoints of the Jacobins on the one hand and the provincials hostile to the capital on the other. These two opposing, antagonistic, sometimes caricatured visions enabled Wright to reveal to his readers the excesses of the positions held by the protagonists. It also allowed him to sketch with impressionist brushstrokes a portrait of a France that was, and indeed remains, more complex than it seems: neither completely centralized, as the Ancien Regime monarchs and their Jacobin successors wished, nor totally enslaved as the aristocrats subjected to royal power and the court complained-as did, after the Revolution, all those frightened by the power and the blood-letting in the capital. ‘Traditionally’, wrote Wright, ‘the capital was depicted as the malevolent center of Revolution which, in 1789, 1814-15, 1830, 1848 and 1871 disturbed the contented and peace-loving provincials.’ On the contrary, the Jacobins saw the capital ‘as an island of culture, a city of enlightenment, a torchbearer of the progress assailed by oafish-and reactionary-rural clods, the ignorant troops of the church and the chateau.
Oxford and London
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: November 2023

In October 1842, when Tom Arnold arrived in Oxford as a scholar of University College, reminders of Rugby lay all around. Matthew was starting his second year at Balliol, and Clough was back in Oxford, having successfully competed for an Oriel fellowship. Tom’s tutor was Arthur Stanley, a new fellow of the college; Stanley was a brilliant, delicate, sweet-natured young clergyman who had been one of Arnold’s favourites and had become a close friend of the family. William Lake believed that Stanley ‘never was a boy; he left school as he entered it, something between a girl and a man’. When Tom entered the college Stanley was already at work on his life of the headmaster.
New Zealand
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: November 2023

Most of the passengers on the John Wickliffe were Scots, members of a dissident Free Church faction. Under the leadership of a Peninsular veteran, Capatain William Cargill, they were headed for the new Presbyterian settlement at Otago, on the South Island of New Zealand. Tom Arnold did not have a lot in common with them, but maintained friendly relations. He shared a cabin with a young Londoner named Cutten, who was going to Otago to take up work as an auctioneer. When Arnold was laid low with sea-sickness as the ship plunged through heavy seas in the Bay of Biscay, Cutten recommended a glass of Bass. ‘The composing and invigorating effect of this was wonderful’, Arnold recalled, in the accents of one offering a testimonial; ‘I lost all feeling of sea-sickness, and have seldom been troubled by it ever since.’
Van Diemen’s Land
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: November 2023

Things looked up for Tom Arnold after he crossed the Tasman Sea. Van Diemen’s Land, as Tasmania was known until 1856, was a more developed colonial society than New Zealand; it was to provide him with a wife, a family, and work that he found, for the most part, constructive and satisfying. As his ship approached the coast on 13 January 1850 he was cheered by the sight of mountains, Those dear old friends, the sight of which is always a comfort to me’, as he told Jane.1 He disembarked at Launceston in the north of the island, and next day he left early for the capital, Hobart, 120 miles to the south along a good road built by convict labour. Such evidence of the colony’s origins and recent past lay all around. Van Diemen’s Land, like its parent colony, Botany Bay, later New South Wales, had been established and built up partly as a depository for convicts from the homeland. The practice of transportation was on the point of being abolished, after much delay and many arguments both in England and Australia, but it was still in force in Van Diemen’s Land.
Dublin
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: November 2023

The Arnold parents, with Mary, William, and Theodore, sailed from Hobart on 12 July 1856; they were accompanied by four other children, cousins of Julia’s, who had been in India and were going to school in England, plus their nurses. Mary was 5 years old and remembered the journey to the end of her life:

I can just recall... the deck of a ship which to my childish feet seemed vast—but the William Brown was a sailing ship of only 400 tons!—in which we made the voyage home in 1856. Three months and a half we took about it, going round the Horn in bitter weather, much run over by rats at night, and expected to take our baths by day in two huge barrels full of sea water on the deck, into which we children were plunged shivering by our nurse, two or three times a week.
Birmingham
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: November 2023

Newman took advantage of the crisis with the striking schoolmasters to advance his long-standing plan to get Tom Arnold into the school. He handled it skilfully. When Fr St John went to Dublin early in January 1862 he took with him a letter addressed to Archbishop Cullen, respectfully asking if Newman could borrow one of the professors of the Catholic University to help out in the present emergency Tor a month or two’. This letter seems not to have been presented, and subsequent negotiations were conducted with Mgr Bartholomew Woodlock, who after a long interval had succeeded Newman as rector. An entry in Newman’s diary, dated 6 January but probably written later, says that Fr St John had “secured Arnold”. He had got the university to agree to lend him for three months, but Arnold himself was still in England, at Matthew’s.
Censorial Activity: The Burdens of Officebearing
Authors: Felling Margaret
Published: November 2023

The irregulars, as we have seen, gave the College much of its definition, through the action it took against them. It is not too much to say that censorial activity kept the College alive in the absence of any other vital signs. From the College’s side, therefore, attention must focus on the President and Censors, who were responsible for maintaining this activity. But the small cadres of officebearers have even more salience from the point of view of the irregulars, the nature of their experience, and how they were represented. The College was small, but the interface between College and irregulars was smaller still. This chapter looks more closely at the lineaments of those with whom the irregulars had to deal.
Return to Twin Peaks: On the Intrinsic Moral Significance of Equality
Authors: Feldman Fred
Published: November 2023

Some philosophers apparently think that equality has intrinsic moral significance. They seem to think that a situation of group receipt is made better in itself if the members’ receipt levels are more equal.1 Of course, even the most fanatical egalitarian must think that something else matters, too. This would be brought out by the question, ‘equality of what?’ There must be something such that the egalitarian thinks that it is better in itself for that thing to be received in more equal doses. For example, they might think that in the first instance it would be better if people received greater amounts of welfare.2 But in addition to increased amounts of welfare, the egalitarian might think that it is also better in itself if the amounts received are more nearly equal.
Introduction
Authors: Swyngedouw Erik , Moulaert Frank , Rodríguez Arantxa
Published: November 2023

This book and the nine city stories in it are written out of a love for the city, a love of large metropolitan places. Cities are brooding places of imagination, creativity, innovation, and the ever new and different. But cities also hide in their underbelly perverse and pervasive processes of physical decay and suffocation, social exclusion and marginalization, and are rife with all manner of social and political conflict, and often outright despair in the midst of the greatest affluence, abundance, and pleasure.
Urban Restructuring, Social-Political Polarization, and New Urban Policies
Authors: Rodríguez Arantxa , Swyngedouw Erik , Moulaert Frank
Published: November 2023

The dynamics of economic restructuring and globalization have radically reshaped the fortunes of cities and urban regions during the last two decades. For cities throughout the world, changing fortunes mean coming to terms with the consequences of socio-economic dislocation brought about by the reorganization of production and demand globally, including increasing polarization and social exclusion. To meet the challenges posed by the new economic realities, the policy agenda of cities has been drastically redefined.
Old Élites in a New City: Restructuring the Leopold Quarter and the Europeanization of Brussels
Authors: Baeten Guy
Published: November 2023

Europeanization has triggered substantial economic, political, and cultural change in the city of Brussels. It has evolved from a relatively unimportant national capital to one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world, exerting substantial political and economic power in Europe and the rest of the world. More than one-third of Brussels’s inhabitants are now of foreign origin. In this chapter, I will argue that, in spite of this dramatic post-war socioeconomic and demographic change and this new cosmopolitan reality, Brussels is still governed by traditional political and economic elites operating within well-tested formats of urban governance and urban planning.
Preface
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: November 2023

It seems impossible in practice to give priority to any particular truth in linguistics so as to make it the key starting point. However, there are five or six basic truths which are so interrelated that it is equally possible to use any one as the starting point, and to arrive logically at all the others and at every minute ramification of the consequences, starting from any one of them.
The object of linguistics
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: November 2023

Anyone who confronts the complex object that is language so as to make a study of it will necessarily approach this object from one side or another, which will never be the whole of language—even assuming that it is well chosen. If it isless well chosen, it may not even fall within the sphere of language, or may brepresent a confusion of points of view which is subsequently found to be unacceptable.
Features of rules for synchronic phonetics*
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: November 2023

even if the widest range of formulations is accepted, including those one would refuse on the grounds that they border on the etymological, . . .(A synchronic phonetic rule, even as a practical rule, is essentially unable to draw up a constant relationship between facts.)– Exchange: only expression appropriate to all movement in langue. There are two types of exchange, which are quite distinct, in the life of language. However, there is absolutely no change.
Identification; relative values, point of view
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: November 2023

There is always a point when it is essential to describe a specific fact, and such a point may occur unexpectedly. But while such a description is invaluable in certain circumstances that we shall attempt to set out, the fact remains that in essence language rests on oppositions, on a network of wholly negative values which exist only in mutual contrast.
Signs and negativity
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: November 2023

When it is taken at a given point in time: not only signs, but also meanings, inseparable from signs, in that without meaning signs would no longer be signs. However, the following are not features of langue: meanings, ideas, grammatical categories outside signs; these may exist outside the linguistic domain; this is a very fraught question, which should certainly be taken on by non-linguists; vocal figures used as signs do not exist in the language system at a particular moment. Here they exist as far as the physician, or the physiologist, is concerned, but not the linguist or the speaking subject. Just as there is no meaning outside sign a, so there is no sign outside meaning.
Varia
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: November 2023

But this system is made up of a confused difference of ideas playing at the surface of a difference . . . of forms, perhaps without a first-order difference ever corresponding exactly to a second-order difference, nor a second-order difference corresponding to a . . .
New Miscellaneous Notes (from the Orangery manuscripts)
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: November 2023

The best proof of this is that vwar, in another language, would have another meaning: is therefore nothing in itself: and thus is only a word insofar as it evokes a meaning. But, once this is clear, it becomes obvious that you can no longer divide things up, putting the word on one side, and its meaning on the other. The two things make a whole.
Aphorisms (from the Engler edition)
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: November 2023

The condition of all linguistic phenomena is an interchange between at least two terms. These may either come one after the other or be simultaneous. The absence of the second term, wherever this may seem to occur, is only apparent. In the language system, as in all other semiological systems, there can be no difference between what characterizes a thing and what constitutes it.
The Old Sources: A Lack of Authenticity
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh
Published: November 2023

This situation is difficult to grasp: throughout its history this city was, as we know, surrounded by cultures of writing in various languages and writing systems (cuneiform, hieroglyphs), and the notion that only in this precise place nothing at all was written may be dismissed, but so far not a single piece of written evidence that definitely originates in Troy has come to light. Troy itself remains mute. There is not so much as one mention of its name. Of course, this will not necessarily remain the case forever.
When Was the Tale of Troy Conceived?
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh
Published: November 2023

It should be emphasized first that, with this question, the problem of the historicity of the sequence of events at Troy is left untouched. The point is how long the tale of Troy existed before Homer, not whether it is ‘true’. Of course this is not a random question. The answer to it is crucial for the question of historicity, which we ultimately wish to address. Crucial, since the veracity of a story which relates to particular events, whether or not it has a historical core, is bound to decrease as the time lapse increases between its appearance and its underlying events. That applies, of course, only to oral transmission.
How Did the Tale of Troy Reach Homer?
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh
Published: November 2023

Up to this point we have argued at great length to demonstrate conclusively that the tale of Troy could have been conceived in no other period of Greek history than the Mycenaean. Some readers may indeed find that the argument has been altogether too long. It must be clear, however, that Homer can contribute something to the ‘Troy question’ only if the information on Troy and the Trojan War which we obtain from his Iliad (and the Odyssey) is not his own fabrication (nor that of a company of bards), but derives from the actual era of Troy.
The Warrior Gods Nergal, Numušda, And Ninurta
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá
Published: November 2023

War was an inescapable aspect of urban life from the time of the earliest Sumerian cities in the mid-fourth millennium BCE. Inter-city warfare was gradually replaced by inter-state warfare as the great kingdoms of Agade, Urim, Isin, Larsa, and ultimately Babylon developed through the late third and early second millennia. Active and defensive campaigns against the often hostile peoples of the Iranian mountains to the east of the Mesopotamian plain also featured both in reality and in legend.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper J P D
Published: November 2023

When the evangelical Simon Heynes succeeded Reginald Pole as Dean of Exeter in 1537, he was far from impressed by his new posting. His servant Richard Chamber had already warned him that his house in town was ·wonderous fare owtt of reparacyon’, the garden ‘lay lyke a wyldernes’, and that the citizens were ‘hallfe afard of a prcvy insurreccyon of cornyssmen’. Heynes soon discovered that Exeter’s spiritual life was equally unkempt and uncultivated. The cathedral chapter had mislaid the royal injunctions that demanded ecclesiastical reforms in Devon and Cornwall. If Heynes himself had copies, he was told, ‘they impoted nothing ell is but that we shuld doo as we have don in tymes past, & live affter the old fation’. His attempt to collect the prebendal income due to him was obstructed. He found the priests ‘a straunge kynd of pep)e in this Contre’, and very few of them ‘well persuaded’ towards the new learning. His message to Thomas Cromwell was consequently both blunt and urgent: ‘my lorde this is a perillose contre, for goddes love let the kynges grace looke to it in tyme.’1
Allegiance
Authors: Cooper J P D
Published: November 2023

In 1531 Sir Thomas Elyot took it upon himself to explain why Christian kings set such store by stately ceremonial at their coronations. Hereditary monarchs were invested with the symbols of their office in public, so ran The Book Named The Governor, in order to impress in their subjects ‘perpetual reverence, which is fountain of obedience’.1 Elyoes opinion of the value of royal propaganda, and others like it, have caught the imagination of modern scholars, and of differing traditions. Both political and art historians have addressed the relationship between the theory and the imagery of sixteenth-century English kingship. We read how the Tudor crown inherited the defence of royal imagnificence’ presented in The Governance of England by Sir John Fortescue (d. c.1477) and developed it into something new, a doctrine of absolute non-resistance.2