bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Microbial Communities Enhance Pepper Growth and Root Morphology by Regulating Rhizosphere Microbial Communities
Authors: You Tian , Liu Qiumei , Chen Meng , Tang Siyu , Ou Lijun , Li Dejun
Published: January 2025

Synthetic microbial community (SynCom) application is efficient in promoting crop yield and soil health. However, few studies have been conducted to enhance pepper growth via modulating rhizosphere microbial communities by SynCom application. This study aimed to investigate how SynCom inoculation at the seedling stage impacts pepper growth by modulating the rhizosphere microbiome using high-throughput sequencing technology. SynCom inoculation significantly increased shoot height, stem diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, leaf number, root vigor, root tips, total root length, and root-specific surface area of pepper by 20.9%, 36.33%, 68.84%, 64.34%, 29.65%, 27.78%, 117.42%, 35.4%, 21.52%, and 39.76%, respectively, relative to the control. The Chao index of the rhizosphere microbial community and Bray–Curtis dissimilarity of the fungal community significantly increased, while Bray–Curtis dissimilarity of the bacterial community significantly decreased by SynCom inoculation. The abundances of key taxa such as Scedosporium, Sordariomycetes, Pseudarthrobacter, norankSBR1031, and norankA4b significantly increased with SynCom inoculation, and positively correlated with indices of pepper growth. Our findings suggest that SynCom inoculation can effectively enhance pepper growth and regulate root morphology by regulating rhizosphere microbial communities and increasing key taxa abundance like Sordariomycetes and Pseudarthrobacter, thereby benefiting nutrient acquisition, resistance improvement, and pathogen resistance of crops to ensure sustainability.
HRTEM Study of Desulfurization of Pt- and Pd-Rich Sulfides from New Caledonia Ophiolite
Authors: Cano Néstor , González-Jiménez José M. , Gervilla Fernando , Kerestedjian Thomas N.
Published: January 2025

Oxygen-bearing platinum group minerals (O-bearing PGMs) are intergrown with base metal sulfides (BMS, e.g., pentlandite–[NiFe]9S8) within fractures in chromite grains from chromitite bodies on Ouen Island, New Caledonia. These PGMs are hosted in chlorite and serpentine, which formed during serpentinization of olivine and pyroxene. The O-bearing PGM grains are polygonal, show microfracturing (indicating volume loss), and contain Pt-Pd-rich sulfide remnants, suggesting pseudomorphic replacement of primary (magmatic) sulfides. They display chemical zonation, with Pt(-Pd-Ni-Fe) relict sulfide cores replaced by Pt-Fe-Ni oxidized alloy mantles and Pt-Cu-Fe(-Pd) alloy rims (tulameenite), indicating desulfurization. The core and mantle show a nanoporous structure, interpreted as the result of coupled dissolution–reprecipitation reactions between magmatic sulfides and low fO2–fS2 serpentinite-related fluids, probably formed during olivine transformation to serpentine + magnetite (early stages of serpentinization). This fluid infiltrated magmatic sulfides (PGE-rich and BMS), degrading them to secondary products and releasing S and metals that were accommodated in the mantle and rim of O-bearing PGMs. Upon olivine exhaustion, an increase in fO2 might have stabilized Pt-Fe-O compounds (likely Pt0/Pt-Fe + Fe oxyhydroxides) alongside Ni-Fe alloys. Our results show that post-magmatic desulfurization of primary sulfides produces complex nano-scale intergrowths, mainly driven by changes in the fluid’s physicochemical properties during serpentinization.
Evolution of the Hydrothermal Fluids Inferred from the Occurrence and Isotope Characteristics of the Carbonate Minerals at the Pogo Gold Deposit, Alaska, USA
Authors: Morishita Yuichi , Rogers Jamie R.
Published: January 2025

Pogo is identified as a deep-seated, intrusion-related gold deposit. Carbonate minerals have a close spatial relationship to hydrothermal gold mineralization in all of its principal ore zones. The carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios of carbonate minerals (siderite, ankerite, and calcite) present within the deposit illustrate the isotopic evolution of the ore-forming fluid. The initial hydrothermal fluid phase is interpreted to be magmatic in origin. The fluid evolution was characterized by a gradual decrease in δ18O and a slight increase in δ13C with decreasing temperature. The dominant carbon-bearing species was CO2, with methane introduced sporadically. Siderite is associated with early-stage mineralization and occurs with ankerite in main-stage ore assemblages. Calcite is recognized in the later stages of mineralization. Gold in the Pogo deposit occurs as native gold, Au-Bi-Te minerals, inclusions in sulfide minerals, or as “invisible gold”. The latter is found in pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, and quartz, based on ion microprobe analysis. The presence of invisible gold in these minerals has significant metallurgical implications for gold processing at the Pogo mine.
Photocatalytic Materials and Photocatalytic Reactions
Authors: Meng Sugang
Published: January 2025

This Special Issue, titled “Photocatalytic Materials and Photocatalytic Reactions”, focuses on designing advanced photocatalysts, understanding their structure-dependent properties, and seeking to exploit them in the fields of energy conversion, pollutant degradation, artificial photosynthesis, organic synthesis, etc [...]
Maximizing H2 Production from a Combination of Catalytic Partial Oxidation of CH4 and Water Gas Shift Reaction
Authors: Tepamatr Pannipa , Rungsri Pattarapon , Daorattanachai Pornlada , Laosiripojana Navadol
Published: January 2025

A single-bed and dual-bed catalyst system was studied to maximize H2 production from the combination of partial oxidation of CH4 and water gas shift reaction. In addition, the different types of catalysts, including Ni, Cu, Ni-Re, and Cu-Re supported on gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) were investigated under different operating conditions of temperature (400–650 °C). Over Ni-based catalysts, methane can easily dissociate on a Ni surface to give hydrogen and carbon species. Then, carbon species react with lattice oxygen of ceria-based material to form CO. The addition of Re to Ni/GDC enhances CH4 dissociation on the Ni surface and increases oxygen storage capacity in the catalyst, thus promoting carbon elimination. In addition, the results showed that a dual-bed catalyst system exhibited catalytic activity better than a single-bed catalyst system. The dual-bed catalyst system, by the combination of 1%Re4%Ni/GDC as a partial oxidation catalyst and 1%Re4%Cu/GDC as a water gas shift catalyst, provided the highest CH4 conversion and H2 yield. An addition of Re onto Ni/GDC and Cu/GDC caused an increase in catalytic performance because Re addition could improve the catalyst reducibility and increase metal surface area, as more of their surface active sites are exposed to reactants.
Investigating the Adsorption and Corrosion Protection Efficacy and Mechanism of Marjoram Extract on Mild Steel in HCl Medium
Authors: Sabiha Malika , Kerroum Younes , El Hawary Maha , Boudalia Maria , Bellaouchou Abdelkbir , Hammani Othmane , Amin Hatem M. A.
Published: January 2025

In recent years, the anti-corrosive properties of natural extracts as environmentally friendly inhibitors have gained considerable interest. This study evaluates the potential of Marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) essential oil (OML), collected from Salé, Morocco, as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl medium. The protection performance of OML was assessed using various electrochemical techniques, including potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as well as the weight loss method. The influence of OML concentration and temperature on the inhibition performance were investigated. OML demonstrated pronounced inhibitory benefits via increasing the corrosion resistance of mild steel in the corrosive HCl solution, thus reducing the corrosion rate to 0.11 mg cm−2 h−1 and increasing the inhibition efficiency to 87.1% at an inhibitor concentration of 500 ppm. PDP confirmed that the inhibitor works as a mixed-type inhibitor with cathodic supremacy. EIS revealed that the charge transfer mechanism is the main controlling factor for the corrosion process. The thermodynamic parameters suggested a key role of OML physisorption in inhibition, following the Langmuir isotherm. Importantly, SEM and EDX analyses suggested the formation of a protective layer of the extract onto the steel surface, which shields the surface from corrosive species. This is owed to the functional group-rich phytochemicals of OML. Therefore, the development of bio-based corrosion inhibitors is not only a step towards more eco-friendly industrial practices, but also meets the growing demand for sustainable materials in a world with constrained resources.
Effect of Preparation Conditions of Fe@SiO2 Catalyst on Its Structure Using High-Pressure Activity Studies in a 3D-Printed SS Microreactor
Authors: Arslan Meric , Bepari Sujoy , Shajahan Juvairia , Hassan Saif , Kuila Debasish
Published: January 2025

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) in a 3D-printed stainless steel (SS) microchannel microreactor was investigated using Fe@SiO2 catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by two different techniques: one pot (OP) and autoclave (AC). The mesoporous structure of the two catalysts, Fe@SiO2 (OP) and Fe@SiO2 (AC), ensured a large contact area between the reactants and the catalyst. They were characterized by N2 physisorption, H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis–differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC) techniques. The AC catalyst had a clear core–shell structure and showed a much greater surface area than that prepared by the OP method. The activities of the catalysts in terms of FTS were studied in the 200–350 °C temperature range at 20-bar pressure with a H2/CO molar ratio of 2:1. The Fe@SiO2 (AC) catalyst showed higher selectivity and higher CO conversion to olefins than Fe@SiO2 (OP). Stability studies of both catalysts were carried out for 30 h at 320 °C at 20 bar with a feed gas molar ratio of 2:1. The Fe@SiO2 (AC) catalyst showed higher stability and yielded consistent CO conversion compared to the Fe@SiO2 (OP) catalyst.
Control of Nanoparticle Size of Intrinsically Fluorescent PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) Particles Produced Through Nanoprecipitation
Authors: Lettieri Raffaella , Mudassir Muhammad , Domenici Fabio , Salina Andrea , Venanzi Mariano , D’Ottavi Cadia , Di Bartolomeo Elisabetta , Gatto Emanuela
Published: January 2025

Plastics are widely produced due to their stability and ease of manufacturing, but many of them quickly become a waste, breaking down into microplastics and nanoplastics. While methods for the identification and characterization of plastic particles are well consolidated, the small size of nanoplastics presents challenges for their detection and analysis. Furthermore, due to the difficulty of identifying nanoplastics, analytical studies concerning their effect on cells and a comprehensive spectroscopic characterization are still lacking. In this paper, we overcome this obstacle by synthesizing and characterizing, for the first time, PET nanoparticles with specific, stable dimensions through a top-down approach. Using hexafluoroisopropanol-chloroform as a solvent, we prepared PET solutions at various concentrations and analyzed their spectral properties over time. Our results show that PET aggregates into nanoparticles, the quantity of which increases with concentration. These findings provide crucial insights for the detection of nanoplastics in environmental samples through fluorescence measurements and can potentially be used to produce stable PET nanoparticles to evaluate their cytotoxicity.
Parametric Studies of Polyacrylamide Adsorption on Calcite Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Hue Keat Yung , Lew Jin Hau , Matar Omar K. , Luckham Paul F. , Müller Erich A.
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the efficacy of polyacrylamide-based polymers, specifically hydrolysed polyacrylamide (HPAM), in reducing solids production within carbonate reservoirs. Building on our earlier simulation approach, molecular simulations were conducted to examine how these polymers adsorb onto calcite, the main mineral found in carbonate formations. The adsorption process was affected by several factors, including polymer molecular weight, charge density, temperature, and salinity. Generally, increased molecular weight, charge density, and temperature resulted in higher adsorption rates. The effect of salinity was more nuanced, as salt-bridging and charge-screening effects created competing influences. The simulation outcomes correspond closely with experimental results, offering valuable insights for designing and optimizing polymer-based strategies aimed at controlling solids production in carbonate reservoirs.
Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Prenylated Indole Alkaloids from the Antarctic Fungus Aspergillus sp. Strain SF-7367
Authors: Liu Zhiming , Yoon Chi-Su , Cao Thao Quyen , Lee Hwan , Kim Il-Chan , Yim Joung Han , Sohn Jae Hak , Lee Dong-Sung , Oh Hyuncheol
Published: January 2025

Inflammation has always been considered a trigger or consequence of neurodegenerative diseases, and the inhibition of inflammation in the central nervous system can effectively protect nerve cells. Several studies have indicated that various natural products inhibit neuroinflammation. Among these, Antarctic fungal metabolites have pharmacological activities and a developmental value. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of an Antarctic fungus belonging to Aspergillus (strain SF-7367). Secondary metabolites of SF-7367 were isolated using high-performance liquid chromatography followed by validation of their anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglia and RAW264.7 macrophages. Chemical analysis of metabolites from the fungal strain revealed five known compounds: epideoxybrevianamide E (1), brevianamide V/W (2), brevianamide K (3), brevianamide Q (4), and brevianamide R (5). Among these compounds, brevianamide K showed significant anti-inflammatory activity against both cell types. Results of Western blotting and molecular docking showed that brevianamide K could regulate the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) signaling. This indicates that brevianamide K present in Aspergillus sp. (strain SF-7367) can inhibit inflammatory responses by reducing lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65). These findings suggest that Aspergillus sp. (strain SF-7367) and brevianamide K are candidate agents for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
Localized and Excimer Triplet Electronic States of Naphthalene Dimers: A Computational Study
Authors: Martínez-Fernández Lara , Improta Roberto
Published: January 2025

We perform DFT calculations with different hybrid (ωB97X-D and M05-2X) and double hybrid (B2PLYP-D3 and ωB2PLYP) functionals to characterize the lowest energy triplet excited states of naphthalene monomer and dimers in different stacking arrangements and to simulate their absorption spectra. We show that both excimer and localized triplet minima exist. In the former, the spin density is delocalized over the two monomers, adopting a face-to-face arrangement with a short inter-molecular distance. In the latter, the spin density is localized on a single naphthalene molecule, and different minima or pseudo-minima are possible, the most stable one corresponding to a slipped parallel arrangement. According to B2PLYP-D3 calculations, excimer minima are the most stable, in line with the indications of ADC(2) studies. However, the relative stability of the minima is reverted when including thermal and vibrational effects. Excimer minima exhibit a very intense absorption spectrum, peaking above 500 nm. The computed absorption spectra of localized minima significantly depend on the stacking geometry and do not coincide with that of isolated naphthalene. Hybrid functionals provide very accurate vibronic absorption spectra for naphthalene monomer, both in the singlet and in the triplet state, but underestimate the stability of the excimer triplet.
Two-Dimensional Ferroelectric Materials: From Prediction to Applications
Authors: Jiang Shujuan , Wang Yongwei , Zheng Guangping
Published: January 2025

Ferroelectric materials hold immense potential for diverse applications in sensors, actuators, memory storage, and microelectronics. The discovery of two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectrics, particularly ultrathin compounds with stable crystal structure and room-temperature ferroelectricity, has led to significant advancements in the field. However, challenges such as depolarization effects, low Curie temperature, and high energy barriers for polarization reversal remain in the development of 2D ferroelectrics with high performance. In this review, recent progress in the discovery and design of 2D ferroelectric materials is discussed, focusing on their properties, underlying mechanisms, and applications. Based on the work discussed in this review, we look ahead to theoretical prediction for 2D ferroelectric materials and their potential applications, such as the application in nonlinear optics. The progress in theoretical and experimental research could lead to the discovery and design of next-generation nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices, facilitating the applications of 2D ferroelectric materials in emerging advanced technologies.
Thermally Conductive Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials Enabled by Paraffin Wax and Nanoporous Structural Expanded Graphite
Authors: Zhao Yilin , Huang Shuhui , Jin Zhaoguo , Xie Zhongnan , Guo Hong , Xie Haofeng
Published: January 2025

Paraffin wax (PW) has significant potential for spacecraft thermal management, but low thermal conductivity and leakage issues make it no longer sufficient for the requirements of evolving spacecraft thermal control systems. Although free-state expanded graphite (EG) as a thermal conductivity enhancer can ameliorate the above problems, it remains challenging to achieve higher thermal conductivity (K) (>8 W/(m·K)) at filler contents below 10 wt.% and to mitigate the leakage problem. Two preparations of thermally conductive shape-stabilized PW/EG composites, using the pressure-induced method and prefabricated skeleton method, were designed in this paper. The expanded graphite formed a nanoscale porous structure by different methods, which enhanced the capillary action between the graphite flake layers, improved the adsorption and encapsulation of EG, and alleviated the leakage problem. The thermal conductivity and the latent heat of the phase-change materials (PCM) prepared by the two methods mentioned above are 9.99 W/(m·K), 10.70 W/(m·K) and 240.06 J/g, 231.67 J/g, respectively, at EG loading by 10 wt.%, and the residual mass fraction was greater than 99% after 50 cycles of high and low temperature. In addition, due to the excellent thermal management capability of PW/EG, the operating temperature of electronic components can be stably maintained at 68–71 °C for about 15 min and the peak temperature can be reduced by at least 23 °C when the heating power of the electronic components is 10 w. These provide novel and cost-effective methods to further improve the management capability of spacecraft thermal control systems.
Diet Quality, Healthy Dietary Restrictions, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Food Deserts Among the Elderly in Spain
Authors: Carmena del Viso Miriam , Mora Ricardo , Navarrete-Villanueva David , Iguacel Isabel
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Food deserts are areas characterized by limited access to affordable and healthy food, often due to significant distances from supermarkets—exceeding 1.6 km in urban areas and 16 km in rural settings. These spatial limitations exacerbate health and socioeconomic disparities. This study aimed to assess diet quality and explore the barriers influencing dietary behaviors among individuals aged 60 and older residing in food deserts in Aragón, Spain. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study using a phenomenological approach was conducted, complemented by descriptive analyses of sociodemographic data and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, assessed through the PREDIMED questionnaire. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and a focus group with residents of food deserts. Results: Half of the participants showed high adherence to the Mediterranean diet, while the other half had moderate adherence. Despite the lack of access to supermarkets and higher food costs, many participants perceived their diet quality positively. Challenges, such as long distances to stores, limited public transport, and economic constraints, were mitigated through strategies like home gardening, hunting, and traditional cooking, which often reduced reliance on processed foods. However, participants also reported increased alcohol consumption as a means of socializing. Conclusions: Diet quality in Aragón’s food deserts reflects a balance between significant access barriers and community-driven resources. While participants leveraged local strategies to maintain diet quality, systemic issues remain. Public policies should focus on improving transportation, enhancing local food systems, and fostering community-based initiatives to reduce inequalities in food access and promote healthier dietary habits in rural areas.
Weight Status and Myopia in Children and Adolescents: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study of China
Authors: Yin Chunjie , Gan Qian , Xu Peipei , Yang Titi , Xu Juan , Cao Wei , Wang Hongliang , Pan Hui , Luo Ruihe , Xiao Hui , Wang Kai , Zhang Qian
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The prevalence of both myopia and obesity is increasing among children and adolescents around the world. We aimed to examine the association between weight status and myopia in Chinese children and adolescents. Methods: The analysis included 35,108 participants aged 6–17 from a nationwide cross-sectional survey. Results: Our results indicated that girls with overweight and obesity had higher odds ratio (OR) of myopia and mild myopia: ages 6–8 (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.01–1.76; OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.14–2.55) and 9–11 (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.03–1.44; OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.06–1.62). Myopic boys had higher body fat percentages (BFP) at ages 6–8 (β = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.38–1.98), 9–11 (β = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.08–1.07), and 15–17 (β = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.03–0.80), and higher body mass index (BMI) at ages 9–11 (β = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12–0.48) and 12–14 (β = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.02–0.38). Girls had higher BFP at ages 9–11 (β = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.19–1.05) and 12–14 (β =0.53, 95% CI: 0.19–0.88) and higher BMI at 9–11 (β = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.34–0.73). Furthermore, the dose–response curves revealed a significant gender- and age-specific association between BMI, BFP, and myopia odds ratio. Conclusions: the study found an association between overweight or obesity and myopia in girls aged 6–11, and indicated that high BFP and BMI are associated with myopia, varying by sex and age.
Poor Nurses’ Work Environment Increases Quiet Quitting and Reduces Work Engagement: A Cross-Sectional Study in Greece
Authors: Moisoglou Ioannis , Katsiroumpa Aglaia , Katsapi Aggeliki , Konstantakopoulou Olympia , Galanis Petros
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The nursing work environment, encompassing accessible resources and established processes, might affect nurses’ professional behavior. Our aim was to examine the effect of nurses’ work environments on quiet quitting and work engagement among nurses. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study with nurses in Greece. We used the “Practice Environment Scale-5” to measure nurses’ work environments, the “Quiet Quitting Scale” to measure quiet quitting, and the “Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-3” to measure work engagement among nurses. We developed multivariable regression models adjusted for gender, age, understaffed wards, shift work, and work experience. Results: The study population included 425 nurses. The mean age of the nurses was 41.1 years. After controlling for confounders, we found that lower nurse participation in hospital affairs, less collegial nurse–physician relationships, worse nursing foundations for quality of care, and lower levels of nurse manager ability, leadership, and support were associated with higher levels of quiet quitting among nurses. Moreover, our multivariable analysis identified a positive association between nurse manager ability, leadership, and support, collegial nurse–physician relationships, nursing foundations for quality of care, and work engagement among nurses. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the poor work environment, elevated levels of quiet quitting, and moderate work engagement among nurses. Moreover, we found that a poor nurses’ work environment was associated with higher levels of quiet quitting. Moreover, our findings showed that nurses’ work environments had a positive impact on work engagement. The ongoing endeavor to enhance all aspects of nurses’ working conditions by healthcare organization administrations is essential for optimizing nurses’ performance, facilitating organizational operations, and ensuring service quality.
Antistaphylococcal Triazole-Based Molecular Hybrids: Design, Synthesis and Activity
Authors: Shabelnyk Kostiantyn , Fominichenko Alina , Antypenko Oleksii , Gaponov Olexandr , Koptieva Svitlana , Shyshkina Svitlana , Voskoboinik Oleksii , Okovytyy Sergiy , Kovalenko Serhii , Oksenych Valentyn , Kamyshnyi Oleksandr
Published: January 2025

Background: In the era of resistance, the design and search for new “small” molecules with a narrow spectrum of activity that target a protein or enzyme specific to a certain bacterium with high selectivity and minimal side effects remains an urgent problem of medicinal chemistry. In this regard, we developed and successfully implemented a strategy for the search for new hybrid molecules, namely, the not broadly known [2-(3-R-1H-[1,2,4]-triazol-5-yl)phenyl]amines. They can act as “building blocks” and allow for the introduction of certain structural motifs into the desired final products in order to enhance the antistaphylococcal effect. Methods: The “one-pot” synthesis of the latter is based on the conversion of substituted 4-hydrazinoquinazolines or substituted 2-aminobenzonitriles and carboxylic acid derivatives to the target products. The possible molecular mechanism of the synthesized compounds (DNA gyrase inhibitors) was investigated and discussed using molecular docking, and their further study for antistaphylococcal activity was substantiated. Results: A significant part of the obtained compounds showed high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 10.1–62.4 µM) and 5-bromo-2-(3-(furan-3-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)aniline and 5-fluoro-2-(3-(thiophen-3-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)aniline, with MICs of 5.2 and 6.1 µM, respectively, approaching the strength of the effect of the reference drug, “Ciprofloxacin” (MIC: 4.7 µM). The conducted SAR and ADME analyses confirm the prospects of the further structural modification of these compounds. The obtained [2-(3-R-1H-[1,2,4]-triazol-5-yl)phenyl]amines reveal significant antimicrobial activity and deserve further structural modification and detailed study as effective antistaphylococcal agents. The SAR analysis revealed that the presence of a cycloalkyl or electron-rich heterocyclic fragment in the third position of the triazole ring was essential for the antibacterial activity of the obtained compounds. At the same time, the introduction of a methyl group into the aniline moiety led to an enhancement of activity. The introduction of halogen into the aniline fragment has an ambiguous effect on the level of antistaphylococcal activity and depends on the nature of the substituent in the third position. Conclusions: Obtained [2-(3-R-1H-[1,2,4]-triazol-5-yl)phenyl]amines reveal significant antistaphylococcal activity and deserve for further detailed study as effective antibacterial agents.
Anti-Biofilm Agents to Overcome Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Hanot Marie , Lohou Elodie , Sonnet Pascal
Published: January 2025

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of world’s most threatening bacteria. In addition to the emerging prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains, the bacterium also possesses a wide variety of virulence traits that worsen the course of the infections. Particularly, its ability to form biofilms that protect colonies from antimicrobial agents is a major cause of chronic and hard-to-treat infections in immune-compromised patients. This protective barrier also ensures cell growth on abiotic surfaces and thus enables bacterial survival on medical devices. Hence, as the WHO alerted to the need to develop new treatments, the use of anti-biofilm agents (ABAs) appeared as a promising approach. Given the selection pressure imposed by conventional antibiotics, a new therapeutic strategy has emerged that aims at reducing bacterial virulence without inhibiting cell growth. So-called anti-virulence agents (AVAs) would then restore the efficacy of conventional antibiotics (ATBs) or potentiate the effectiveness of the immune system. The last decade has seen the development of ABAs as AVAs against P. aeruginosa. This review aims to highlight the design strategy and critical features of these molecules to pave the way for further discoveries of highly potent compounds.
Design of the Multi-Bioactive Graphene-Oxide/Gelatin/Alginate Scaffolds as Dual ECM-Mimetic and Specific Wound Healing Phase-Target Therapeutic Concept for Advanced Wound Healing
Authors: Demenj Marko , Žabčić Martina , Vukomanović Marija , Ilić-Tomić Tatjana , Milivojević Dušan , Tomić Simonida , Živanović Dubravka , Babić Radić Marija M.
Published: January 2025

Objectives: To develop and evaluate graphene oxide/gelatin/alginate scaffolds for advanced wound therapy capable of mimicking the native extracellular matrix (ECM) and bio-stimulating all specific phases of the wound healing process, from inflammation and proliferation to the remodeling of damaged skin tissue in three dimensions. Methods: The scaffolds were engineered as interpenetrating polymeric networks by the crosslinking reaction of gelatin in the presence of alginate and characterized by structural, morphological, mechanical, swelling properties, porosity, adhesion to the skin tissue, wettability, and in vitro simultaneous release of the active agents. Biocompatibility of the scaffolds were evaluated in vitro by MTT test on fibroblasts (MRC5 cells) and in vivo using Caenorhabditis elegans assay. Results: The scaffolds exhibited a highly porous interconnected morphology with adjustable porosity (93–96%) and mechanical strength (1.10–2.90 MPa), hydrophilic nature with high capacity to absorb physiological fluids, and stable adhesion to the skin tissue. The obtained results of MRC5 cell viability indicate that the scaffolds are safe for biomedical applications. No mortality was detected among the Caenorhabditis elegans throughout the incubation period, indicating that the scaffolds are not toxic. The results of in vitro release study of allantoin, quercetin, and caffeic acid confirm the scaffolds’ significant potential for simultaneous release. Conclusion: The graphene oxide/gelatin/alginate scaffolds are promising candidates for non-invasive, dual ECM-mimetic, and multi-target wound therapy, offering an innovative strategy to address the complexities of wound healing process.
Exploring the Therapeutic Landscape: A Narrative Review on Topical and Oral Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors in Dermatology
Authors: Carmona-Rocha Elena , Rusiñol Lluís , Puig Lluís
Published: January 2025

Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) is involved in the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines that mediate several chronic inflammatory disorders, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In recent years, the therapeutic armamentarium in dermatology has expanded with the introduction of PDE4 inhibitors, both in oral and topical formulations. PDE4 inhibitors have gained increasing interest due to their remarkable safety record and ease of prescription, as evidenced by the recent influx of literature detailing its off-label uses. Apremilast was the first PDE4 inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and oral ulcers of Behcet’s disease. Off-label use has been reported in diverse dermatological conditions, including aphthous stomatitis, chronic actinic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, cutaneous sarcoidosis, hidradenitis suppurativa, lichen planus, and discoid lupus erythematosus. Roflumilast is a PDE4 inhibitor that was approved by the FDA and the EMA as an oral treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Since patent expiration, several generic formulations of oral roflumilast have become available, and various studies have documented its off-label use in psoriasis and other dermatological conditions such as hidradenitis suppurativa, recurrent oral aphthosis, nummular eczema, lichen planus, and Behçet’s disease. Topical roflumilast has received FDA approval for treatment of plaque psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis. The favorable safety profile encourages its long-term use as an alternative to corticosteroids, addressing the chronic nature of many dermatological conditions. New oral PDE4 inhibitors are being developed, such as orismilast (LEO-32731), mufemilast (Hemay005), difamilast (OPA-15406) or lotamilast (E6005/RVT-501), among others. This narrative review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, safety profile, and practical considerations regarding the oral and topical use of PDE4 inhibitors in dermatology.
Bryophytes as Indicators of Disturbance in One of the Last Remnants of the Mountain Forests of El Oro Province, Ecuador
Authors: Benítez Ángel , Nagua Richard , Medina Jefferson , Lapo Gregorio , Yangua-Solano Erika , Andrade-Hidalgo Rolando
Published: January 2025

Epiphytic bryophytes are an important component in terms of the diversity and functioning of montane forests known as biodiversity hotspots. Bryophytes are highly dependent on their external environments because they are sensitive to environmental changes related to disturbance, fragmentation, air pollution, and climate change. The richness and composition of bryophytes in remnants of primary and secondary forests were analyzed, where the richness and cover were recorded on trunk bases of 120 trees. Changes in species richness and diversity were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLMs), and changes in species composition, using multivariate analysis. A total of 57 bryophyte species (36 liverworts and 21 mosses) were recorded in trunk bases. For the first time, 19 new liverworts for the province of El Oro are reported. The richness and diversity of bryophyte species decrease in disturbed forests when compared to primary forests, with a marked decrease in species less adapted to conditions of high light (shade epiphytes). In the same line, species composition is different in each type of forest, where bryophytes with high humidity requirements were abundant in primary forests. This study confirms that forest disturbance is a key factor in determining not only the number of species but also the composition of bryophyte species. The maximum tree diameter and primary forest remnants are important factors in the conservation of sensitive bryophyte species at the base of trees in one of the last remnants of mountain forests in El Oro Province, Ecuador.
GWAS Identifies SNP Markers and Candidate Genes for Off-Flavours and Protein Content in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Lippolis Antonio , Hollebrands Boudewijn , Acierno Valentina , de Jong Catrienus , Pouvreau Laurice , Paulo João , Gezan Salvador A. , Trindade Luisa M.
Published: January 2025

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a valuable ingredient in plant-based foods such as meat and dairy analogues. However, its typical taste and aroma are considered off-flavours in these food applications, representing a bottleneck during processing. Breeding is needed to develop varieties with minimal off-flavours and high protein content. The genetic regulation of these traits is underexplored. To dissect their genetic architecture, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A total of 245 faba bean accessions (the CGN population) were genotyped using the 90K-SPET targeted assay. These accessions were phenotyped in 2021 and 2022 in the Netherlands for protein, oil, fatty acids, lipid-derived products, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins. The CGN population showed large phenotypic variation and moderate-to-high narrow-sense heritability for most traits. The growing environment significantly affected all traits, with trait-specific genotype-by-year (GxY) interactions. Condensed tannins and fatty acids were the most stable across the two years and had the highest heritability estimates (h2 > 0.6). GWAS identified a total of 148 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) loci in 2021 and 167 in 2022. Key candidate regulators included genes involved in lipid biosynthesis (ATS2, KAS, LPP), amino acid transport (CAT4) for protein storage, zero tannins locus-1 (zt-1), and regulators of the phenylpropanoid pathway, such as a shikimate kinase gene and transcription factors bHLH137-like and MYB. These results pave the way for validation studies and biotechnological applications to improve the quality of faba bean-based foods.
Identification of the Granule-Bound Starch Synthase (GBSS) Genes Involved in Amylose Biosynthesis in Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.)
Authors: Huang Juan , Liu Fei , Zhang Jieqiong , Tang Bin , Deng Jiao , Shi Taoxiong , Zhu Liwei , Li Hongyou , Chen Qingfu
Published: January 2025

Tartary buckwheat is a nutrient-rich pseudo-cereal whose starch contents, including amylose and amylopectin contents, and their properties hold significant importance for enhancing yield and quality. The granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) is a key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of amylose, directly determining the amylose content and amylose-to-amylopectin ratio in crops. Although one has already been cloned, the GBSS genes at the genome-wide level have not yet been fully assessed and thoroughly analyzed in Tartary buckwheat. This study comprehensively analyzed the FtGBSSs in Tartary buckwheat. Based on the genome data of Tartary buckwheat, five FtGBSS genes, namely FtGBSS-1 to FtGBSS-5, were identified on three chromosomes, exhibiting about 1800 bp lengths in their CDSs and numerous exons and introns in gene structures. Amino acid analyses revealed high homology in ten GBSS proteins from Tartary buckwheat, rice, maize, and Arabidopsis thaliana, with a specific starch synthase catalytic domain and ten conserved motifs. The Tartary buckwheat GBSS proteins had a closer relationship with GBSS proteins from monocot based on evolutionary relationship analysis. Expression analyses suggested that the FtGBSS genes showed distinct tissue-specific expression patterns in Tartary buckwheat and rice-Tartary buckwheat. Among them, FtGBSS-1, FtGBSS-2, and FtGBSS-4 were higher expressed in the root, stem, or flower, suggesting that they have a role in the amylose synthesis of these tissues. Notably, FtGBSS-3 and FtGBSS-5 were more highly expressed in seeds than in other tissues, suggesting that they have a pivotal role in amylose synthesis of the seeds of Tartary buckwheat. Furthermore, the cis acting elements in the promoters of FtGBSSs and their binding transcription factors (TFs) were investigated. A protein–protein interaction network was constructed and co-expression was analyzed based on the gene expression patterns of the FtGBSSs, and the identified TFs, belonging to bZIP, ERF, bHLH, and MADS-box TF families, were identified within this network, and their expression patterns were significantly correlated to the expression patterns of two seed-specific FtGBSS genes (FtGBSS-3 and FtGBSS-5). Finally, FtGBSS1-5 was successfully transformed into rice through transgenic manipulation, and the FtGBSS1-5 overexpression lines showed an increase in amylose content accompanied by a reduction in amylopectin and total starch contents compared with WT. Overall, this research not only deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of amylose synthesis in Tartary buckwheat, but also provides scientific insights for enhancing crop amylose content and quality through molecular breeding.
Changes in the Antibacterial Performance of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites Induced by Additive Manufacturing Processing
Authors: Pinho Ana C. , Morais Paula V. , Pereira Manuel F. , Piedade Ana P.
Published: January 2025

The idea supporting the investigation of the current manuscript was to develop customized filters for air conditioners with different pore percentages and geometry with the additional advantage of presenting antibacterial performance. This property was expected due to the reinforcement of Cu nanoparticles in the polymeric matrix of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyurethane (TPU). The filaments were characterized by their chemical composition, thermal and mechanical properties, and antibacterial behavior before and after processing by fused filament fabrication. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the nanocomposite filaments presented Cu particles at their surface in different valence states, including Cu0, Cu+, and Cu2+. After processing, the metallic particles are almost absent from the surface, a result confirmed by micro-computer tomography (μ-CT) characterization. Antibacterial tests were made using solid-state diffusion tests to mimic the dry environment in air conditioner filters. The tests with the nanocomposite filaments showed that bacteria proliferation was hindered. However, no antibacterial performance could be observed after processing due to the absence of the metallic element on the surface. Nevertheless, antimicrobial performance was observed when evaluated in liquid tests. Therefore, the obtained results provide valuable indications for developing new nanocomposites that must maintain their antimicrobial activity after being processed and tested in the dry conditions of solid-state diffusion.
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Loaded L-Carnosine Biofunctionalized Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibrous Wound Dressing for Post-Surgical Treatment of Melanoma
Authors: Homaeigohar Shahin , Kordbacheh Danial , Banerjee Sourav , Gu Jiacheng , Zhang Yilong , Huang Zhihong
Published: January 2025

Nanofibrous dressing materials with an antitumor function can potentially inhibit recurrence of melanoma following the surgical excision of skin tumors. In this study, hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (hPAN) nanofibers biofunctionalized with L-carnosine (CAR) and loaded with bio (CAR)-synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, ZnO/CAR-hPAN (hereafter called ZCPAN), were employed to develop an antimelanoma wound dressing. Inspired by the formulation of the commercial wound healing Zn-CAR complex, i.e., polaprezinc (PLZ), for the first time, we benefitted from the synergy of zinc and CAR to create an antimelanoma nanofibrous wound dressing. According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, ultrafine ZnO nanoparticles were homogenously distributed throughout the nanofibrous dressing. The ZCPAN nanofiber mat showed a significantly higher toughness (18.7 MJ.m−3 vs. 1.4 MJ.m−3) and an enhanced elongation at break (stretchability) compared to the neat PAN nanofiber mat (12% vs. 9.5%). Additionally, optical coherence elastography (OCE) measurements indicated that the ZCPAN nanofibrous dressing was as stiff as 50.57 ± 8.17 kPa which is notably larger than that of the PAN nanofibrous dressing, i.e., 24.49 ± 6.83 kPa. The optimum mechanical performance of the ZCPAN nanofibers originates from physicochemical interaction of CAR ligands, hPAN nanofibers, and ZnO nanoparticles through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic bonding, and esterification, as verified using ATR-FTIR. An in vitro cell viability assay using human skin melanoma cells implied that the cells are notably killed in the presence of the ZCPAN nanofibers compared to the PAN nanofibers. Thanks to ROS generating ZnO nanoparticles, this behavior originates from the high reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damage of melanoma cells, as verified through a CellROX assay. In this regard, an apoptotic cell response to the ZCPAN nanofibers was recorded through an apoptosis assay. Taken together, the ZCPAN nanofibers induce an antimelanoma effect through oxidative stress and thus are a high potential wound dressing material to suppress melanoma regrowth after surgical excision of skin tumors.
Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing Polytetrafluoroethylene/Polydimethylsiloxane Membrane with Anisotropic Surface Wettability and Its Application in Oil–Water Separation
Authors: Geng Peng , Jiang Chengjian
Published: January 2025

Biological surfaces with physical discontinuity or chemical heterogeneity possess special wettability in the form of anisotropic wetting behavior. However, there are several challenges in designing and manufacturing samples with anisotropic wettability. This study investigates the fabrication of PTFE/PDMS grid membranes using Direct Ink Writing (DIW) 3D printing for oil–water separation applications. The ink’s rheological properties were optimized, revealing that a 60% PTFE/PDMS composite exhibited the ideal shear-thinning behavior for 3D printing. Our research investigated the interplay between various printing parameters like the extrusion air pressure, layer thickness, feed rate, and printing speed, which were found to influence the filament dimensions, pore sizes, and hydrophobic properties of the grid membrane. Two distinct grid structures were analyzed for their wettability and anisotropic hydrophobic characteristics. The grid membranes achieved up to 100% oil–water separation efficiency in specific configurations. Separation efficiency was shown to be dependent on factors like intrusion pressure, grid architecture, and the number of layers. This study underscores the potential of DIW 3D printing in creating specialized surfaces with controlled wettability, particularly superhydrophobicity and anisotropy, paving the way for advanced environmental applications such as efficient oil–water separation.
Microwave Plasma-Driven Synthesis of Graphene and N-Graphene at a Gram Scale
Authors: Bundaleska Neli , Felizardo Edgar , Dias Ana , Ferraria Ana Maria , Botelho do Rego Ana Maria , Zavašnik Janez , Cvelbar Uros , Abrashev Miroslav , Kissovski Jivko , Almeida Amélia , Alves Luís Lemos , Gonçalves Bruno , Tatarova Elena
Published: January 2025

The large-scale microwave plasma synthesis of graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene with tailored structural properties, crucial for their successful usage applications, has been demonstrated. The developed atmospheric pressure plasma method offers several advantages, including the continuous production of high-quality, free-standing graphene without the use of chemicals, solvents, catalysts, or additional heating. This non-toxic process eliminates the need for vacuum systems while achieving high temperatures. The method enables the precise control over graphene’s properties, such as the layer number, defects, sheet size, uniformity, and functionality, as well as the doping type and configuration, by adjusting the plasma parameters. Protocols for the synthesis of specific nanostructures with a controlled structural quality, production rate, and chemical composition have been established using methane and methylamine as precursors. The comprehensive physicochemical characterization of the graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.