bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zinc‐Air Battery Operated with Modified‐Zinc Electrodes/Gel Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Díaz‐Patiño Lucia , Béjar José , Ortiz‐Ortega Euth , Trejo Gabriel , Guerra‐Balcázar Minerva , Arjona Noé , Álvarez‐Contreras Lorena
Published: May 2022

Zinc‐air batteries (ZABs) have anodic challenges to overcome such as passivation, shape changes, and hydrogen evolution. In this work, zinc anodes were electrosynthesized on carbon paper electrodes using organic additives (Zn/CP) to investigate their viability as an alternative to benchmarked Zn foils. Additionally, the typical aqueous electrolyte (6 M KOH) was replaced by a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) to assist Zn/CP to decrease anodic issues. In 6 M KOH, the current density of the ZAB with Zn/CP was 42 mA cm−2 @ 0.6 V vs. 28 mA cm−2 for Zn foil. However, chronopotentiometric tests demonstrated that the ZAB with Zn foil possessed a higher stability. SEM images after the stability tests and tests by linear‐sweep voltammetry revealed that Zn/CP suffers a higher formation of hydrogen gas, promoting such morphological changes, decreasing the number of active sites and, thus, stability. The aqueous media was then replaced by the GPE based on polyacrylic acid cross‐linked with potassium (PAAK). Tests revealed that the GPE at different compositions (from 3 to 10 wt.%) significantly decreased the Zn issues, where the GPE at 3 wt.% of PAAK was the most favorable composition, providing comparable current/power densities to the obtained at 6 M KOH (40 vs. 42 mA cm−2 and 25.2 vs. 26.8 mW cm−2).
Infrared Laser‐Induced Graphene Sensor for Tyrosine Detection
Authors: Matias Tiago A. , Rocha Raquel G. , Faria Lucas V. , Richter Eduardo M. , Munoz Rodrigo A. A.
Published: May 2022

In this work, we demonstrate that laser‐induced graphene (LIG) electrodes produced by a single‐step infrared irradiation on a commercially available polyimide sheet work as portable platforms for the electrochemical detection of tyrosine (Tyr). The LIG surface was characterized by Raman and scanning electron microscopy, which confirmed the formation of graphene with a highly porous structure. The sensor associated with differential‐pulse voltammetry provided the determination of Tyr with a linear range between 5 and 30 μmol L−1, a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 μmol L−1, precision of 6.2 % (n=10), and a satisfying selectivity towards interfering species found in biological media (e. g., dopamine, urea, and both ascorbic and uric acids). Artificial urine samples spiked with different amounts were analyzed by the proposed sensor and recovery values between 107 and 114 % were obtained. Opposite to many works reported in the literature, this platform did not require costly and time‐consuming surface modification processes, being an alternative feasible for other applications of clinical/medical interest. One LIG electrode sensor is produced in 140 s without chemical waste generation.
An Interfacial Study of Au(111) Electrodes in Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Zeller Sven J. , Geng Tanja , Ceblin Maximilian U. , Uhl Matthias , Kuehne Alexander J. C. , Kibler Ludwig A. , Jacob Timo
Published: May 2022

The electrochemical behavior of Au(111) in contact with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was studied by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and immersion experiments to determine the potential of zero total charge (pztc). In particular, DESs type III consisting of a choline salt and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) were investigated. The HBDs urea and ethylene glycol (EG) were chosen since they belong, in combination with choline chloride (ChCl), to the most widely studied systems. A third HBD used in this study was trifluoroacetamide (TFAcA) because of its remarkable freezing point depression. The adsorption of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate anions on Au(111) was investigated using DESs, as the electrochemical behavior of Au(111) in aqueous electrolytes containing these anions were already well studied. For a better understanding of the interactions of ions in DESs with noble metal electrode surfaces, Au(111) in aqueous ChCl was investigated as well. It was shown that anion adsorption on Au(111) in the DESs under consideration was similar to adsorption in the respective dilute aqueous systems.
Bone mineral density and risk of breast cancer: A cohort study and Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Zhang Yanyu , Mao Xinhe , Yu Xingxing , Huang Xiaoxi , He Wei , Yang Haomin
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND

Estrogen is involved in both bone metabolism and breast cancer proliferation. However, evidence about the risk of breast cancer according to women's bone mineral density (BMD) is scarce, and little is known about their causal associations.

METHODS

Women participating in the UK Biobank cohort were used to investigate the association between BMD and the risk of breast cancer using Cox regression models. Instrumental variants associated with estimated BMD (eBMD) were extracted from genome‐wide association studies with European ancestry. Logistic regression was used to calculate the genetic association with breast cancer in the UK Biobank and 2‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to assess their causal associations with breast cancer. Finally, the pleiotropic conditional false discovery rate (cFDR) method was conducted to further detect common genetic variants between BMD and breast cancer.

RESULTS

Compared with the general population, postmenopausal women with BMD T scores <−2.5 had a lower risk of breast cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% CI, 0.59‐1.00), and this effect was stronger in women with fracture (HR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.12‐0.82). In MR analysis, no causal associations between eBMD and breast cancer were observed. The cFDR method identified 63 pleiotropic loci associated with both BMD and breast cancer, of which CCDC170, ESR1, and FTO might play crucial roles in their pleiotropy.

CONCLUSIONS

An association between BMD and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the UK Biobank was observed, whereas no evidence supported their causal association. Instead, their association could be explained by pleiotropic genetic variants leading to the pathology of osteoporosis and breast cancer.
COSAC's Only Gas Chromatogram Taken on Comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko
Authors: Leseigneur Guillaume , Bredehöft Jan Hendrik , Gautier Thomas , Giri Chaitanya , Krüger Harald , MacDermott Alexandra J. , Meierhenrich Uwe J. , Muñoz Caro Guillermo M. , Raulin François , Steele Andrew , Szopa Cyril , Thiemann Wolfram , Ulamec Stephan , Goesmann Fred
Published: May 2022

The Philae lander of the Rosetta space mission made a non‐nominal landing on comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko on November 12, 2014. Shortly after, using the limited power available from Philae's batteries, the COSAC instrument performed a single 18‐minutes gas chromatogram, which has remained unpublished until now due to the lack of identifiable elution. This work shows that, despite the unsuccessful drilling of the comet and deposition of surface material in the SD2 ovens, the measurements from the COSAC instrument were executed nominally. We describe an automated search for extremely small deviations from noise and discuss the possibility of a signal from ethylene glycol at m/z 31. Arguments for and against this detection are listed, but the results remain inconclusive. Still, the successful operations of an analytical chemistry laboratory on a cometary nucleus gives great hope for the future of space exploration.
Modulation of Intersystem Crossing by Chemical Composition and Solvent Effects: Benzophenone, Anthrone and Fluorenone
Authors: Metz Simon , Marian Christel M.
Published: May 2022

Combined density functional theory and multireference configuration interaction methods including spin‐orbit coupling and spin‐vibronic interactions have been used to elucidate the photophysical pathways of benzophenone (BP), anthrone (A) and fluorenone (FL). Our results reveal that the slower S1(1nπ*)
T1(3ππ*) passage of FL in the gas phase, as compared to BP and A, originates from the different electronic structures of the T1(3ππ*) states in these compounds and is not related to the planarity of the nuclear arrangement. Temperature eﬀects on the rate constants of intersystem‐crossing (ISC), reverse ISC (rISC) and fluorescence have been investigated for FL in solvents of diﬀerent polarity. Experimentally observed trends for rate constants are well reproduced. A nearly temperature‐ and solvent‐independent, slower down‐hill ISC component is attributed to the El‐Sayed‐forbidden S1(1ππ*) T1(3ππ*) transition in these environments. The faster El‐Sayed‐allowed S1(1ππ*) T2(3nπ*) ISC requires thermal activation in tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile solution so that fluorescence may compete against triplet formation. In cyclohexane solution, S1(1ππ*) and T2(3nπ*) are nearly degenerate according to our calculations. Hence S1 T2 ISC and S1
T2 rISC have similar rate constants. If T2 T1 internal conversion could be slowed down by deuteration or perfluorination, for example, FL‐derivatives might show delayed fluorescence.
Volatiles profiling in heated cheese as analyzed using headspace solid‐phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry
Authors: El‐Shamy Sherine , Farag Mohamed A.
Published: May 2022

Cheese is one of the most common fermented dairy foods consumed worldwide. Despite being extensively used, the heating effect on cheese flavor and chemistry has yet to be reported. The impact of heat on cheese aroma profile was assessed using headspace solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). A total of 50 volatiles were identified to encompass fatty acid‐derived compounds (82%, 75%, and 87%), nitrogenous (7%, 12%, and 10%), aromatics (6%, 2%, and 0.8%), amino acids derived volatiles (1%, 5%, and 0.7%), sugar derived volatile organic compounds (1%–3%), and terpenes (0.5%–3%) in the heated edam, emmental, and gouda cheese, respectively. The fatty acid‐derived volatiles (methyl ketones and fatty acids) are likely to contribute to its flavor amounting to 75%–87% in heated gouda, edam, and emmental cheese aroma profile. Nitrogenous compounds amounted for the second abundant class in all heated cheese at 7%–12% represented by alkyl pyrazines, whereas N‐nitrosopiperidine a toxic chemical was found only in heated emmental cheese. This study provides the first approach for the use of cold extraction techniques such as SPME coupled with GC‐MS to characterize the aroma profile of three major heated cheese, that is, edam, emmental, and gouda analyzed using chemometric tools in comparison to cold cheese. This study is the first to discuss the generation or not of hazardous compounds (N‐nitrosopiperidine) in heated cheese that could negatively affect human health upon consumption.
Ultrathin Nanosheets NiCo2O4/C Hollow Microtube Composites with Superior Performances for Supercapacitors
Authors: Yang Feng , Zhang Xiaofeng , Hao Shijie , Cui Lishan
Published: May 2022

Herein, the NiCo2O4/C hollow microtube composites (NCHMCs) are synthesized taking advantage of the wipes as the sacrificial template and carbon resource. The specific capacitance of as‐prepared NCHMCs electrode is about 3070 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 current density, which reaches 86% of the theoretical specific capacitance of NiCo2O4. The specific capacitance still reaches 2607 F g−1 at 50 A g−1, and the corresponding rate capability is 85%. The capacitance retention rate still maintains 96% after 5000 cycles at 30 A g−1. Meanwhile, the highest specific capacitance of assembled LIR2032‐type coin cell with NiCo2O4/C as both of anode and cathode reaches to 173.50 F g−1. The superior performances of the NCHMCs are related to the unique microstructure, the NiCo2O4 ultrathin nanosheet arrays on hollow microtube with uniformly dispersed carbon. The ultrathin NiCo2O4 nanosheets reduce the diffusion length for the electrolyte ions, and most composites can take part in the electrochemical processes. The hollow interior within the tubular structure, which can accommodate the volumetric expansion during repeated multielectron Faradic reactions and efficiently alleviate pulverization of the electrode, is advantageous to ameliorate the structural integrity and enhance the cycling stability.
Experimental performance of a multi‐storey braced frame structure with non‐structural industrial components subjected to synthetic ground motions
Authors: Nardin Chiara , Bursi Oreste S. , Paolacci Fabrizio , Pavese Alberto , Quinci Gianluca
Published: May 2022

The seismic risk assessment of industrial facilities mainly relies on historical data and the analysis and design of uncoupled secondary components. Accordingly, the dynamic interaction between primary structures and process equipment is overlooked. The SPIF project – Seismic Performance of Multi‐Component Systems in Special Risk Industrial Facilities – was carried out to respond to this gap, within the European H2020 SERA framework. Its objective regarded the investigation of the seismic behaviour of an archetype industrial multi‐storey steel moment resisting frame (MRF) structure equipped with non‐structural components (NSCs) by means of shaking table tests. The goal of the proposed study was to extend the interaction analysis between a primary multi‐storey braced frame (BF) steel structure and NSCs in a performance‐based earthquake engineering (PBEE) perspective. Along this vein, to excite the vibration periods of the NSCs and thus enhance possible coupling with the primary structure, a synthetic site‐based ground motion model (GMM) was employed. More precisely, the proposed research intended: (i) to severely excite the process equipment and supplement the scarcity of real records with a specific frequency content by means of a stochastic GMM; (ii) to quantify seismic‐induced force and displacement demands of secondary components and their effects on the primary BF structure. The evaluation of the experimental data clearly shows buckling in the bracing system of the BF configuration and a strong interaction between vertical tanks and floor crossbeams of the BF. At the very least, the favourable performance of the archetype BF under strong seismic records is demonstrated.
Raising thermal efficiency of solar water‐pump using Oldroyd‐B nanofluids' flow: An optimal thermal application
Authors: Shahzad Faisal , Jamshed Wasim , Devi. S Suriya Uma , Safdar Rabia , Prakash M. , Ibrahim Rabha W. , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy , Eid Mohamed R. , Alanazi Meznah M. , Yahia Ibrahim S.
Published: May 2022

It is well known that solar energy is the main source of thermal energy coming from the sun responsible for huge operations in engineering studies. It can be seen in the technology of photovoltaic cells, solar streetlights, solar energy plates, and solar water pumping. This study is for investigating solar radiation as well as a method to improve the performance of the solar water pump (SWP) with the use of solar radiation along with nanotechnology. The thermal transfer performance of the pump is checked for the case of many impacts including heat radiations and variable thermal conductivity. An Oldroyd‐B nanofluid with entropy production analysis has been scrutinized as a working coolant liquid in the system. Graphene oxide (GO) and Cu nanoparticles have been employed in engine oil (EO) as the base liquid. It is noticed that the heat transfer performance of SWP increases in the case of amplification in thermal radiation and temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity characteristics. In comparison to low thermal conductivity nanofluid, high thermal conductivity nanofluid provides the best capability for heat transmission. The thermal efficiency of the used (GO/EG) nanofluid has been enhanced by between 7.70% and 26.68% than (Cu/EO) nanofluid.
Metamorphic evolution of the North Delhi Fold Belt, implications on Delhi orogeny and the Rodinia connection
Authors: Naik Aditya , Pant Naresh Chandra , Sharma Jeev Jatan , Bhandari Anubha , Sorcar Nilanjana
Published: May 2022

Medium‐grade metamorphic rocks representing metapelites, calc‐silicates and metavolcanics constitute the rocks of Alwar and Khetri sub‐basins of the North Delhi Fold Belt (NDFB) in southern Haryana and adjacent western Rajasthan. Using modern petrological tools including pseudosection modelling, we describe the metamorphism of the rocks representing these two sub‐basins and show that the reported westward increasing grade of metamorphism in NDFB is non‐tenable. We show that, if anything, the grade of metamorphism decreases from the central Alwar sub‐basin to the western Khetri sub‐basin. Clockwise segments of P‐T paths are constructed using effective bulk controlled pseudosections from these two sub‐basins allowing inference of a schematic P‐T‐t path for the NDFB after integration of the reported and new age data. A subduction setting for this orogeny is indicated. Published data from the South Delhi Fold Belt (SDFB) corroborate the same‐age orogeny for both segments of the Delhi Fold Belt. The previously proposed continuation of the Delhi Fold Belt suture with the Central Indian Tectonic Zone is supported by the present work.
The heavy LIFT: An approach to retention for HBCUs
Authors: Lyn Jamila S. , Winfield James K.
Published: May 2022

In campus environments where resources are low and demand for student and institutional success are high, there is an increased need to build a collaborative network and team aimed at advancing advising practices that promote retention, persistence, and navigation of resources for students. This chapter illustrates the use of a team‐based approach, known as the LIFT framework, at Benedict College, a small private HBCU in Columbia, South Carolina. This framework allowed the institution to leverage campus resources, innovate the faculty advising model in collaboration with practices from a centralized Student Success Center, focus on barriers to campus resource navigation, and tailor best practices to institutional needs and priorities. The LIFT framework is not only important to HBCUs but also transferable to any institutions that want to center the needs of underserved students.
Intraoperative delineation of p16+ oropharyngeal carcinoma of unknown primary origin with fluorescence lifetime imaging: Preliminary report
Authors: Weyers Brent W. , Birkeland Andrew C. , Marsden Mark A. , Tam Athena , Bec Julien , Frusciante Roberto P. , Gui Dorina , Bewley Arnaud F. , Abouyared Marianne , Marcu Laura , Farwell Donald Gregory
Published: May 2022

Background

This study evaluated whether fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm), coupled with standard diagnostic workups, could enhance primary lesion detection in patients with p16+ head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the unknown primary (HNSCCUP).

Methods

FLIm was integrated into transoral robotic surgery to acquire optical data on six HNSCCUP patients' oropharyngeal tissues. An additional 55‐patient FLIm dataset, comprising conventional primary tumors, trained a machine learning classifier; the output predicted the presence and location of HNSCCUP for the six patients. Validation was performed using histopathology.

Results

Among the six HNSCCUP patients, p16+ occult primary was surgically identified in three patients, whereas three patients ultimately had no identifiable primary site in the oropharynx. FLIm correctly detected HNSCCUP in all three patients (ROC‐AUC: 0.90 ± 0.06), and correctly predicted benign oropharyngeal tissue for the remaining three patients. The mean sensitivity was 95% ± 3.5%, and specificity 89% ± 12.7%.

Conclusions

FLIm may be a useful diagnostic adjunct for detecting HNSCCUP.
Medical device related pressure ulcers in Jordan: Prevalence study among critically ill patients
Authors: Najjar Yahya W. , Saleh Mohammad Y. , Hassan Zeinab M.
Published: May 2022

Background

Medical device‐related pressure ulcers are increasingly common in critical care units. These ulcers can be complicated due to the necessity of the device for diagnosis or treatment.

Purpose

To determine the prevalence of and risk for medical device‐related pressure ulcers in critical care units in Jordan in addition to identifying the preventive measures for those ulcers as well as identifying the most frequently used medical devices that cause ulcers and to assess the relationships between prevention measures and developing ulcers.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was used to assess ulcers among 318 patients who were elder than 18 years old. Data collection was based on an outline published by the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, Braden Scale, and an author‐developed specific checklist.

Results

The prevalence rate of medical device‐related pressure ulcers was 38.1%. Most affected sites were sacrum and heel, and most affected were those with old age, being admitted to public hospitals, and with a prolonged hospital stay. About half of the patients (46.3%) had severe risk. Only 17% of the patients who were at risk got adequate preventive measures. Face masks, endotracheal tubes, pulse oximetry probes, and intravenous catheters were associated with almost half of the ulcers.

Conclusion

Medical device‐related pressure ulcers are threats to patient safety and quality of nursing care in hospitals, which require determining appropriate preventive measures. Key messages:

Medical device‐related pressure ulcers are common among patients in critical care units, which raise the need to evaluate the prevalence of such type of ulcers in those patients.

Three hundred and eighteen patients were investigated for the prevalence of medical device‐related pressure ulcers through a cross‐sectional survey.

Patients in critical care units in Jordan had a high prevalence rate for medical device‐related pressure ulcers, which require the need to apply appropriate preventive measures.
Swimming of microbes in entropy optimized nano‐bioconvective flow of Prandtl–Erying fluid
Authors: Rana B. M. Jewel , Arifuzzaman S. M. , Islam Saiful , Reza‐E‐Rabbi Sk. , Hossain Khan Enaet , Ahmmed Sarder Firoz , Khan Md. Shakhaoath
Published: May 2022

Microbes swimming in a fluid that contains nanoparticles is an intriguing characteristic having ramifications in biomedicine, petroleum science, biofuels, and biotechnology applications. This study gives a theoretical evaluation of the bioconvection phenomena with swimming microorganisms in a Prandtl–Erying nanofluid constructed by an exponential stretched surface, given the amazing applications of bioconvection and nanoparticles. Additionally, the problem is modeled by considering intriguing phenomena such as thermophoretic particle deposition, Darcy–Forchheimer medium, exothermic/endothermic process, and activation energy vitality. The leading problem comprises nonlinear, coupled, partial differential expressions. To run the appraisal process, the controlling problem is transfigured into dimensionless patterns through the usual transformations. A computational finite difference approach is used to quantify the numerical evaluation of fabricated flow problems. To obtain the parametric constraints, stability and convergency were also assessed. Improved visualizations (streamlines, isothermal line, iso‐concentration, iso‐microorganisms) of ongoing flow fields are also illustrated. It is unveiled that the augmentation in velocity ratio factor improves nanofluid velocity and its related boundary layer wideness. The concentration of microbes and nanoparticles is reduced against the bio‐Lewis number and Lewis number precisely. The rate of change in heat transfer is the highest for the presence/absence of the thermophoresis factor. Moreover, Entropy production and Bejan number display the reverse impact for the Brinkman number. The change in entropy rate is 30.60% for the presence/absence of microbes' diffusion parameter. This evaluation could help reduce energy waste and improve the performance and efficiency of industrial and engineering appliances like nuclear power plants, and solar energy production.
A novel DeepML framework for multi‐classification of breast cancer based on transfer learning
Authors: Sharma Mukta , Mandloi Ayush , Bhattacharya Mahua
Published: May 2022

In the automated diagnosis of breast cancer (BC), microscopic images based on multi‐classification play a prominent role. Multi‐classification of BC means to differentiate among the sub‐categories of BC (papillary carcinoma, ductal carcinoma, fibroadenoma, etc.). However, unpretentious contrasts in various sub‐categories of BC occur due to the wide fluctuation of 1) excessive coherency of malignant cells, 2) high definition image appearance, and 3) excessive heterogeneity in color distribution, which makes the task more crucial. Therefore, the automated sub‐category discrimination using microscopic images has great medical diagnostic significance yet has not much explored. Thus, the present paper proposes a framework based on machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) to multi‐classify BC cells into 8 sub‐categories. These 8 sub‐categories comprise four kinds that delineate benigncy, and the other four portray malignancy. More appropriately, both the ML and DL models with the concept of transfer learning have been proposed as DeepML framework to achieve multi‐classification of BC using histopathological images. The DeepML framework has achieved distinguished performance (approx. 98% & 89% average accuracy for 90–10% and 80–20% train‐test split, respectively) on a wide scale dataset, which intimate the quality of the proposed framework among existing approaches.
Evaluation of sugarcane irrigation using AquaCrop model and remote sensing
Authors: Rahimi Jamnani Mostafa , Mirzaei Farhad , Liaghat Abdolmajid
Published: May 2022

Iran has an arid to semi‐arid climate where water resources are limited. Irrigation planning plays an essential role in the growth and development of crops. This study aims to enhance the current status of irrigation scheduling and improve farm water management on sugarcane farms in Khuzestan province, Iran. The AquaCrop model and the surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) were used to simulate sugarcane growth and performed well in estimating actual evapotranspiration and final yield based on the calibration and validation results. Four irrigation scenarios were considered: scenario 1, irrigation according to the current situation; scenario 2, irrigation based on maximum allowable depletion (40%–55%); scenario 3, irrigation based on field capacity; and scenario 4, deficit irrigation (causes 5% reduction in yield). Water efficiency based on water consumption (WPIR), transpiration rate (WPTr), and evapotranspiration rate (WPET) were estimated to compare the scenarios in terms of water consumption. Scenario 3 was the selected scenario in which WPIR, WPTr, and WPET were increased about 108.3%, 2.1%, and 1.0%, respectively. Finally, the scenarios were evaluated economically, and the results showed that improving irrigation management slightly increased the benefit.
Neonatal subchronic toxicity and in vitro genotoxicity studies of the human‐identical milk oligosaccharide 3‐fucosyllactose
Authors: Phipps Kirt R. , Lozon Dayna , Stannard Diane R. , Gilby Ben , Baldwin Nigel , Mikš Marta Hanna , Lau Annette , Röhrig Christoph H.
Published: May 2022

Human milk oligosaccharides, such as 3‐fucosyllactose (3‐FL), are bioactive components of breast milk associated with benefits for infant growth and development. Structurally identical compounds (human‐identical milk oligosaccharides—HiMOs) can be produced using microbial fermentation, allowing their use in infant formula to increase its similarity with human milk. Toxicological studies are required to demonstrate safety of HiMOs and that of any impurities potentially carried over from the manufacturing process. Biotechnologically produced 3‐FL was tested for potential genotoxicity (bacterial reverse mutation test and in vitro mammalian micronucleus test) and subchronic toxicity (90‐day study with neonatal rats). In the 90‐day study, 3‐FL was administered by gavage to rats once daily from Day 7 of age, at doses up to 4000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day (the maximum feasible dose), followed by a 4‐week recovery period. Reference controls received 4000 mg/kg bw/day of oligofructose, an ingredient permitted for use in infant formula. Results for the genotoxicity studies were negative. In the 90‐day study, there were no adverse effects of 3‐FL on any of the parameters measured; thus, the no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level (NOAEL) was 4000 mg/kg bw/day (the highest dose tested). These results support the safety of biotechnologically produced 3‐FL for use in infant formula and other foods.
“Buy, wear, return, repeat”: Investigating Chinese consumers' attitude and intentions to engage in wardrobing
Authors: Phau Ian , Akintimehin Olamide Oluwabusola , Shen Bin , Cheah Isaac
Published: May 2022

Social factors are the major antecedents to attitude and intention to engage in wardrobing among Chinese luxury‐fashion consumers within an e‐commerce context. Fraudulent product returns (wardrobing) are most common within the e‐commerce retail luxury‐fashion sector. Western retail luxury‐fashion consumers attribute their attitude and wardrobing intentions to various personality and social factors, while the motivations of Chinese consumers to engage in wardrobing is mainly linked to key social factors like experience and knowledge of return policy. From a practical and managerial perspective, the fundamental role of cultural differences emerging from our findings compared to previous studies offers retail executives a greater understanding of product return strategy.
Metabolomics analysis of salt tolerance of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and guided exogenous fatty acid addition for improved salt tolerance
Authors: Wang Dingkang , Mi Ting , Huang Jun , Zhou Rongqing , Jin Yao , Wu Chongde
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND

Zygosaccharomyces rouxii plays an irreplaceable role in the manufacture of traditional fermented foods, which are produced in a high‐salt environment. However, there is little research on strategies for improving salt tolerance of Z. rouxii.

RESULTS

In this study, metabolomics was used to reveal the changes in intracellular metabolites under salt stress, and the results show that most of the carbohydrate contents decreased, the contents of xanthohumol and glycerol increased (fold change 4.07 and 5.35, respectively), while the contents of galactinol, xylitol and d‐threitol decreased (fold change −9.43, −5.83 and −3.59, respectively). In addition, the content of four amino acids and six organic acids decreased, while that of the ten nucleotides increased. Notably, except for stearic acid (C18:0), all fatty acid contents increased. Guided by the metabolomics results, the effect of addition of seven exogenous fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C16:1, C18:1, and C18:2) on the salt tolerance of Z. rouxii was analyzed, and the results suggested that four exogenous fatty acids (C12:0, C16:0, C16:1, and C18:1) can increase the biomass yield and maximum growth rate. Physiological analyses demonstrated that exogenous fatty acids could regulate the distribution of fatty acids in the cell membrane, increase the degree of unsaturation, improve membrane fluidity, and maintain cell integrity, morphology and surface roughness.

CONCLUSION

These results are applicable to revealing the metabolic mechanisms of Z. rouxii under salt stress and screening potential protective agents to improve stress resistance by adding exogenous fatty acids. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Development of high‐internal‐phase emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate–dextran complex for the delivery of quercetin
Authors: Du Xiaoqian , Hu Miao , Liu Guannan , Yan Shizhang , Qi Baokun , Zhang Shuang , Huang Yuyang , Li Yang , Chen Hao , Zhu Xiuqing
Published: May 2022

Background

Protein–polysaccharide complexes have been widely used to stabilize high‐internal‐phase emulsion (HIPEs). However, it is still unknown whether soy protein isolate–dextran (SPI–Dex) complexes can stabilize HIPEs or what is the effect of Dex concentration on the HIPEs. Furthermore, the non‐covalent interaction mechanism between SPI and Dex is also unclear. Therefore, we fabricated SPI–Dex complexes and used them to stabilize HIPEs‐loaded quercetin and explore the interaction mechanism between SPI and Dex, as well as the effect of Dex concentration on the particle size, ζ‐potential, microstructure, rheology, quercetin encapsulation efficiency, and gastrointestinal fate of the HIPEs.

Results

Spectral analysis (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy) results identified the formation of SPI–Dex complexes, and indicated that the addition of Dex changed the spatial structure of SPI, whereas thermodynamic analysis (ΔH > 0, ΔS > 0) showed that hydrophobic interactions were the main driving forces in the formation of SPI–Dex complexes. Compared with HIPEs stabilized by SPI, the SPI–Dex complex‐stabilized HIPEs had smaller particles (3000.33 ± 201.22 nm), as well as higher ζ‐potential (−21.73 ± 1.10 mV), apparent viscosities, modulus, and quercetin encapsulation efficiency (98.19 ± 0.14%). In addition, in vitro digestion revealed that SPI–Dex complex‐stabilized HIPEs significantly reduced the release of free fatty acid and improved quercetin bioaccessibility.

Conclusion

HIPEs stabilized by SPI–Dex complexes delayed the release of free fat acid and improved the bioaccessibility of quercetin, and may be help in designing delivery systems for bioactive substances with specific properties. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Helix Induction and Inversion of Polymeric Foldamer Regulated by the Single Enantiomers
Authors: Cao Shuang , Sun Chenchen , Wang Jing , Jiang Qian , Qiu Yuan , Wang Hong , Liao Yonggui , Xie Xiaolin
Published: May 2022

Generally, a single enantiomer can induce a foldamer into a preferred‐handed helix, while another condition is required for the helical inversion. Herein, it is found that the helix induction and subsequent inversion of poly(m‐phenylene diethynylene)‐based foldamer bearing aza‐18‐crown‐6 pendants (Poly‐1) can be realized by increasing the concentration of sterically hindered l‐amino acid perchlorate salts. When the amount of chiral enantiomers is small, one enantiomer tends to complex with two non‐adjacent aza‐18‐crown‐6 rings via three N+H···O hydrogen bonds in a sandwich mode. Notably, the transition dipole moment is perpendicular to the aza‐18‐crown‐6 ring, so that the induced helical chirality in Poly‐1 backbone is opposite to the chirality of enantiomers. When the amount of chiral enantiomers is large enough, each aza‐18‐crown‐6 is occupied by one enantiomer, which causes the transition dipole moment in a parallel direction to aza‐18‐crown‐6 ring. In this case, the increased steric hindrance can facilitate the inversion of screw sense of Poly‐1 backbone, which is directed by chiral center of enantiomers. As a result, a helix inversion has been achieved successfully. This work not only provides a novel strategy for regulating the two‐stage folded helical conformations by the single enantiomers, but opens a window to develop chiral recognition materials.
Grain growth behavior of niobium microalloyed 20MnCr5 steel and the effect of boron
Authors: He G. , Zhu X. , Jiang B. , Wang Z. , Liu Y. , Wu C. , Wei W.
Published: May 2022

Grain growth behaviors of niobium free, 0.021 wt. % niobium microalloyed and 0.024 wt. % niobium‐0.0022 wt. % boron microalloyed 20MnCr5 steels are investigated in this paper. Optical microscopy and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the prior austenite grain. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to investigate the morphologies and compositions of the precipitates, respectively. The results show that adding niobium reduces the size of prior austenite grain. The addition of boron to niobium microalloyed steel, however, causes grain coarsening. Thermodynamic and kinetic calculations were performed to explain the mechanism of grain growth behavior. The results indicate that the addition of niobium and boron causes the difference in solution temperatures of aluminum nitride and niobium carbonitride precipitates. The addition of boron inhibits the precipitation of niobium carbonitride and aluminum nitride and causes precipitates coarsening. The precipitation observation backs up the calculation results.
Material matters: predicting the core hardness variance in industrialized case hardening of 18CrNi8
Authors: Lingelbach Y. , Waldenmaier T. , Hagymasi L. , Mikut R. , Schulze V.
Published: May 2022

To explain the variance in core hardness of 18CrNi8 nozzle bodies after industrial heat treatment, several data sources, including steel melt composition, sensor process data, and measurement errors, of five years are aggregated. In order to predict hardness variations caused by alloy composition, traditional physical models by Maynier are compared with data‐driven machine learning models, which show no advantage due to low data variability. Neither method can fully explain the visible drifts, which are better tracked by an alternative (i. e., filter model) that uses past measurements. Machine learning on features from heat treatment is not successful in predicting hardness change, presumably because the process is too stable. Finally, a large part of the variance is caused by the HV 1 measurement error.
Peculiarities of chemical interaction of some carbon nanoreinforcements with aluminum matrix in metal matrix composite (MMC)
Authors: Popov V. , Borunova A. , Shelekhov E. , Khodos I. , Senatilin B. , Matveev D. , Versinina E.
Published: May 2022

The possibility of applying globular carbon for reinforcing the aluminum matrix when using mechanical alloying to produce composites was shown by investigating specific properties of chemical interaction of nanocarbon with the aluminum matrix. The structure of the initial particles of globular carbon and composite granules was studied. Mechanical alloying can significantly crush the initial particles of globular carbon. The use of the method of differential scanning calorimetry allowed the temperature of the start of the reaction between globular carbon nanoparticles and aluminum matrix with the formation of aluminum carbide to be determine as 320 °C–350 °C. Aluminum matrix composites with reinforcing particles of globular carbon can be used up to these temperatures without risk of the formation of aluminum carbide.
Dental composite resin: a review of major mechanical properties, measurements and its influencing factors
Authors: Suryawanshi A. , Behera N.
Published: May 2022

Nowadays, there is a large variety of dental restorative composite materials on the market, making it difficult to select the proper one. The mechanical properties of various dental materials determine how long they endure when used in the mouth. On the other hand, the therapeutic efficiency of these restorative materials cannot be predicted solely based on their mechanical properties. These features, on the other hand, help with the examination of the impact of changes in their composition. As a consequence, these tests can help the clinician choose the right material. The various mechanical properties can be investigated using a variety of laboratory experiments. The common laboratory tests used to evaluate the mechanical characteristics, composition, and classification of dental composite materials, as well as the factors that influence mechanical qualities, are discussed in this study.
An open workflow to gain insights about low‐likelihood high‐impact weather events from initialized predictions
Authors: Kelder T. , Marjoribanks T. I. , Slater L. J. , Prudhomme C. , Wilby R. L. , Wagemann J. , Dunstone N.
Published: May 2022

Low‐likelihood weather events can cause dramatic impacts, especially when they are unprecedented. In 2020, amongst other high‐impact weather events, UK floods caused more than £300 million damage, prolonged heat over Siberia led to infrastructure failure and permafrost thawing, while wildfires ravaged California. Such rare phenomena cannot be studied well from historical records or reanalysis data. One way to improve our awareness is to exploit ensemble prediction systems, which represent large samples of simulated weather events. This ‘UNSEEN’ method has been successfully applied in several scientific studies, but uptake is hindered by large data and processing requirements, and by uncertainty regarding the credibility of the simulations. Here, we provide a protocol to apply and ensure credibility of UNSEEN for studying low‐likelihood high‐impact weather events globally, including an open workflow based on Copernicus Climate Change Services (C3S) seasonal predictions. Demonstrating the workflow using European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) SEAS5, we find that the 2020 March–May Siberian heatwave was predicted by one of the ensemble members; and that the record‐shattering August 2020 California‐Mexico temperatures were part of a strong increasing trend. However, each of the case studies exposes challenges with respect to the credibility of UNSEEN and the sensitivity of the outcomes to user decisions. We conclude that UNSEEN can provide new insights about low‐likelihood weather events when the decisions are transparent, and the challenges and sensitivities are acknowledged. Anticipating plausible low‐likelihood extreme events and uncovering unforeseen hazards under a changing climate warrants further research at the science‐policy interface to manage high impacts.
Development of an abdominal phantom for the validation of an oligometastatic disease diagnosis workflow
Authors: Bauer Dominik F. , Rosenkranz Julian , Golla Alena‐Kathrin , Tönnes Christian , Hermann Ingo , Russ Tom , Kabelitz Gordian , Rothfuss Andreas J. , Schad Lothar R. , Stallkamp Jan L. , Zöllner Frank G.
Published: May 2022

Purpose

The liver is a common site for metastatic disease, which is a challenging and life‐threatening condition with a grim prognosis and outcome. We propose a standardized workflow for the diagnosis of oligometastatic disease (OMD), as a gold standard workflow has not been established yet. The envisioned workflow comprises the acquisition of a multimodal image data set, novel image processing techniques, and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)‐guided biopsy for subsequent molecular subtyping. By combining morphological, molecular, and functional information about the tumor, a patient‐specific treatment planning is possible. We designed and manufactured an abdominal liver phantom that we used to demonstrate multimodal image acquisition, image processing, and biopsy of the OMD diagnosis workflow.

Methods

The anthropomorphic abdominal phantom contains a rib cage, a portal vein, lungs, a liver with six lesions, and a hepatic vessel tree. This phantom incorporates three different lesion types with varying visibility under computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography CT (PET‐CT), which reflects clinical reality. The phantom is puncturable and the size of the corpus and the organs is comparable to those of a real human abdomen. By using several modern additive manufacturing techniques, the manufacturing process is reproducible and allows to incorporate patient‐specific anatomies. As a first step of the OMD diagnosis workflow, a preinterventional CT, MRI, and PET‐CT data set of the phantom was acquired. The image information was fused using image registration and organ information was extracted via image segmentation. A CBCT‐guided needle puncture experiment was performed, where all six liver lesions were punctured with coaxial biopsy needles.

Results

Qualitative observation of the image data and quantitative evaluation using contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) confirms that one lesion type is visible only in MRI and not CT. The other two lesion types are visible in CT and MRI. The CBCT‐guided needle placement was performed for all six lesions, including those visible only in MRI and not CBCT. This was possible by successfully merging multimodal preinterventional image data. Lungs, bones, and liver vessels serve as realistic inhibitions during needle path planning.

Conclusions

We have developed a reusable abdominal phantom that has been used to validate a standardized OMD diagnosis workflow. Utilizing the phantom, we have been able to show that a multimodal imaging pipeline is advantageous for a comprehensive detection of liver lesions. In a CBCT‐guided needle placement experiment we have punctured lesions that are invisible in CBCT using registered preinterventional MRI scans for needle path planning.
Cerebral oxygen extraction fractionMRI: Techniques and applications
Authors: Jiang Dengrong , Lu Hanzhang
Published: May 2022

The human brain constitutes 2% of the body's total mass but uses 20% of the oxygen. The rate of the brain's oxygen utilization can be derived from a knowledge of cerebral blood flow and the oxygen extraction fraction (OEF). Therefore, OEF is a key physiological parameter of the brain's function and metabolism. OEF has been suggested to be a useful biomarker in a number of brain diseases. With recent advances in MRI techniques, several MRI‐based methods have been developed to measure OEF in the human brain. These MRI OEF techniques are based on the T2of blood, the blood signal phase, the magnetic susceptibility of blood‐containing voxels, the effect of deoxyhemoglobin on signal behavior in extravascular tissue, and the calibration of the BOLD signal using gas inhalation. Compared to15O PET, which is considered the “gold standard” for OEF measurement, MRI‐based techniques are non‐invasive, radiation‐free, and are more widely available. This article provides a review of these emerging MRI‐based OEF techniques. We first briefly introduce the role of OEF in brain oxygen homeostasis. We then review the methodological aspects of different categories of MRI OEF techniques, including their signal mechanisms, acquisition methods, and data analyses. The strengths and limitations of the techniques are discussed. Finally, we review key applications of these techniques in physiological and pathological conditions.
Prediction of the post‐failure behavior of rocks: Combining artificial intelligence and acoustic emission sensing
Authors: Yousefpour Negin , Pouragha Mehdi
Published: May 2022

Acoustic emission (AE) reading is among the most common methods for monitoring the behavior of brittle materials such as rock and concrete. This study uses discrete element method (DEM) simulations to explore the correlations between the pre‐failure AE readings with the post‐failure behavior and residual strength of rock masses. The deep learning (DL) method based on long short‐term memory (LSTM) algorithms has been applied to generate predictive models based on the data from DEM simulations of biaxial compression. The dataset has been populated by varying interparticle friction while keeping bond cohesion constant. Various configurations of the LSTM algorithm were evaluated considering different scenarios for input features (strain, stress, and AE energy records) and a range of values for the key hyperparameters. The prime AI models show promising accuracy in predicting residual strength decay with strain based on pre‐failure patterns in AE readings. The results indicate that the pre‐failure AE indeed encapsulates information about the developing failure mechanisms and the post‐failure response in rocks, which can be captured through artificial intelligence.
Observer‐based control of Takagi–Sugeno descriptor system with time‐varying delay: Free‐weighting matrix
Authors: El Aiss Hicham , Barbosa Karina. A.
Published: May 2022

This article investigates the stability/stabilization problem for Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) descriptor systems with time‐varying delay. A transformation‐based model has been employed through a two‐term approximation, and the input‐output approach has been investigated using the small gain Theorem. A novel free‐weighting matrix method, in combination with a new construct Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF), has been developed. Delay‐dependent conditions have been obtained in a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). To estimate the system states T–S fuzzy descriptor observer‐based controller has been introduced. The gains have been designed using a new design strategy. Finally, three examples have been borrowed to test the merit and the validity of the proposed method.