bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of “Preventive Treatment of Disease” from Traditional Chinese Medicine in Public Health Emergencies
Authors: Jiayi Li , Guanpu Ru , Mengmeng Feng , Qizhan Fu , Fuyong Jiao
Published: October 2024

Objective: To explore the role of "Preventive Treatment of Disease" from Traditional Chinese Medicine in public health emergencies. To narrow the differences between Chinese and Western medicine's prevention and treatment strategies in public health emergencies and to better integrate Chinese medicine's prevention and treatment strategies into the current international healthcare system.
Methods: As a narrative review, adopting the research method of literature search and comprehensive analysis, we searched the relevant literature from 2014 to 2024 according to the corresponding key words. The relevant literature was read and useful information was extracted.
Results: The role of "Preventive Treatment of Disease" from Traditional Chinese Medicine in public health emergencies is threefold: first, it provides more diversified preventive measures of Chinese medicine for the early prevention and treatment of public health emergencies; second, there are similarities between Chinese and Western medicines in the diagnosis and treatment of public health emergencies, with both attaching great importance to symptomatic treatment and personalized medication; and third, the advantages of TCM's prevention and treatment strategies are reflected in the fact that they focus on constitution identification, dietary adjustments, and emotional regulation.
Conclusion: The idea of "Preventive Treatment of Disease" from Traditional Chinese Medicine can indeed play an appropriate role in public health emergencies, and how to incorporate Chinese medicine into the public health framework requires further study and, at the same time, the concerted efforts of policy makers and practitioners of Chinese medicine, and Western medicine.
Flouted Maxims and Their Politeness Implications Employed by Erin Gruwell in the Movie Freedom Writers
Authors: Rosinta Agatha Sicilia Dwi
Published: October 2024

This study aims to find out the flouted maxims in Erin Gruwell’s utterances from the movie Freedom Writers. Additionally, the goal of this study is to find the types of politeness implied in Erin Gruwell’s flouted maxims. To conduct this study, the writer used the theory of flouting maxims by Cutting and Fordyce (2020) and the politeness theory by Holmes (2013). Next, the writer employed the descriptive qualitative approach by Creswell and Creswell (2018) and Creswell (2009). The writer watched the movie thoroughly, took notes on the utterances and timeframe, and applied the two-digit numbering system to classify the data. As a result, the writer found that Erin Gruwell flouted all the types of flouting maxims in her utterances during teaching and learning activities. Next, the writer also found that Erin Gruwell employed positive politeness in all types of her flouted maxims, but she used negative politeness in only some types of her flouted maxims. The writer concluded that Erin Gruwell employs positive politeness in all types of her flouted maxims because she always wants to approach her students better, motivate them to study more, know her students more personally, and have a closer relationship with them. Meanwhile, Erin employed negative politeness in just three types to remind her students of their status differences, use her role as a teacher to command them, and tell them to work on themselves as students. From these findings, the writer concluded that flouted maxims can make messages sound more appropriate and acceptable. Lastly, people who flout the maxim do not always want to be uncooperative or cause trouble for their listeners. They may have good intentions behind their flouted maxims, such as maintaining harmony and avoiding social conflicts to be polite.
The Language Features Used by Jehian Panangian when Having Conversations with Raymond Chin and Hermanto Tanoko in Podcasts
Authors: Herjanto Valentina Chrysanti , Wijaya Henny Putri Saking
Published: October 2024

This study identifies the language features used by Jehian Panangian in same-sex conversations with different addressees, Raymond Chin (same age and status) and Hermanto Tanoko (older and higher status), in podcasts. It also explores the differences and similarities in Jehian’s utterances when conversing with each addressee, utilizing Coates’ (2013) language features theory and Holmes’ (2013) theories on age and status. Jehian's utterances were transcribed and analyzed using a qualitative approach. The findings showed that Jehian used swearing and taboo language and compliments with Raymond but not with Hermanto. Jehian used more minimal responses, tag questions, and commands and directives with Raymond. Jehian also used more casual expressions and different functions on particular language features. Despite these differences, the dominant and less frequently used language features were similar in both conversations. In conclusion, the addressee’s age and status significantly influenced the speaker’s language features, alongside the host’s style and discussion topic.
Predicting Sargassum blooms in the Caribbean Sea from MODIS observations
Authors: Wang Mengqiu , Hu Chuanmin
Published: March 2017

Recurrent and significant Sargassum beaching events in the Caribbean Sea (CS) have caused serious environmental and economic problems, calling for a long‐term prediction capacity of Sargassum blooms. Here we present predictions based on a hindcast of 2000–2016 observations from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), which showed Sargassum abundance in the CS and the Central West Atlantic (CWA), as well as connectivity between the two regions with time lags. This information was used to derive bloom and nonbloom probability matrices for each 1° square in the CS for the months of May–August, predicted from bloom conditions in a hotspot region in the CWA in February. A suite of standard statistical measures were used to gauge the prediction accuracy, among which the user's accuracy and kappa statistics showed high fidelity of the probability maps in predicting both blooms and nonblooms in the eastern CS with several months of lead time, with overall accuracy often exceeding 80%. The bloom probability maps from this hindcast analysis will provide early warnings to better study Sargassum blooms and prepare for beaching events near the study region. This approach may also be extendable to many other regions around the world that face similar challenges and opportunities of macroalgal blooms and beaching events.
Microspectroscopy in Forensic Science
Authors: Reffner John A.
Published: March 2017

Microspectroscopy is a family of technologies used for chemical analysis of evidence on a microscopic size scale. It is a combination of microscopy and analytical spectroscopy. Microscopy is the science of creating, recording, and interpreting magnified images. Analytical spectroscopy is the science of emission, absorption, reflection, or scattering of radian energy to determine structure, properties, or composition. Microspectroscopy technologies are grouped according to the type of incident energy used and the physical nature of its interaction with matter. Electron beams, X‐rays, ultraviolet, visible, and infrared (IR) radiations are all used in microspectroscopy. Because of its versatility, microspectroscopy is applied in various forms by forensic evidence examiners. The fundamental advantages of microspectroscopical techniques are the ability to detect items of interest, record images, analyze the composition of small amounts of sample, and document spectral data. In addition, microspectral analyses are generally possible without destroying the sample. These advantages make microspectroscopy a valuable tool for the forensic laboratories to detect and study trace evidence.
Portable Systems for Energy‐Dispersive
X
‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: Ridolfi Stefano
Published: March 2017

Portable energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometers are very useful and popular in many fields for the on‐site analysis of elements because EDXRF is a nondestructive, multielemental, and inexpensive technique that is extremely well suited for the analysis of inorganic materials.

An EDXRF spectrometer mainly consists of an X‐ or γ‐ray excitation source, an X‐ray detector with electronics, and a pulse‐height analyzer. Recent technological developments have resulted in small, low‐power, dedicated X‐ray tubes; thermoelectrically cooled semiconductor detectors; and small pulse‐height analyzers. Therefore, completely portable EDXRF spectrometers are available that can be assembled on‐site, with the size of a book and a weight that is as light as 300 g (using an X‐ray tube) or less (using a radioactive source). These spectrometers can be employed for on‐site analysis in various fields, such as works of art, alloys, soil, environmental samples, forensic medicine, paper, waste materials, mineral ores and their products, or anywhere a portable apparatus would be required.

This article reviews the present status of the development and application of portable EDXRF systems. The various components of a portable system are described, including the radiation source, i.e. small, low‐power, dedicated X‐ray tubes, or, alternatively, radioactive sources that emit X‐rays or low‐energy γ‐rays, and X‐ray detectors, i.e. semiconductor detectors, with a special emphasis on the more recent thermoelectrically cooled X‐ray detectors (Si‐Positive–Intrinsic–Negative [Si‐PIN], Si‐drift detector (SDD), CdTe, HgI
2
, and others).

Commercial systems are considered, and the most common and significant applications are described, with particular emphasis on the analysis of works of art.
Nanoscale Secondary‐Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Biological Structures
Authors: Kubota Kengo , Morono Yuki , Ito Motoo
Published: March 2017

Nanoscale secondary‐ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) is a revolutionary ion microprobe combining ultrahigh spatial resolution (∼50 nm) with high analytical sensitivity. NanoSIMS is particularly well suited for isotopic and elemental imaging, enabling the detection of 5–7 ion species simultaneously with high mass resolution. After the first application of NanoSIMS to biological samples was reported in 2004, NanoSIMS imaging has opened a new era for understanding biological material transfer and cycling, for example, by tracking carbon and nitrogen assimilation directly. Here, we describe the principles of NanoSIMS and its application to biological samples, particularly to analyses of environmental microorganisms, as well as development of NanoSIMS‐compatible methods for linking metabolic activity and microbial phylogeny.
Single‐Cell Analysis
Authors: Klepárník Karel , Ledvina Vojtěch
Published: March 2017

The growing interest of analytical chemists in the research and practical applications of single‐cell analysis (SCA) is demonstrated by permanently increasing number of scientific papers, reviews, and specialized conferences in the past decade. Nowadays, the field of SCA becomes divided into areas of single‐cell genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Specially developed SCA technologies include cell preparation techniques, separation of cellular components, and selective and sensitive detection or identification. Microfluidic devices for single‐cell manipulation and purification are widely applied as diagnostic and therapeutic clinical tools in oncology, immunotherapy, and autoimmune diseases. Apparent is a shift from pure basic research papers and feasibility studies to investigations that yielded new biological insights. Fundamental achievements can be expected in cancer biology, neurobiology, stem cell research, and monitoring of xenobiotics and drugs in tissue sections.
Analysis of Biodiesel
Authors: Knothe Gerhard
Published: March 2017

Biodiesel is a biogenic alternative to diesel fuel derived from petroleum. It is produced by a transesterification reaction from materials consisting largely of triacylglycerols such as vegetable and other plant oils, animal fats, used cooking oils, and ‘alternative’ feedstocks such as algal oils. The variety of feedstocks that biodiesel can be derived from entails that biodiesel from different sources can have different properties depending on its composition, especially the fatty acid profile, and that the composition of the feedstock, in this case, especially the presence of extraneous materials, can influence the production process. Moreover, biodiesel is miscible with petrodiesel in all ratios, and blends of these two fuels can also be used to power diesel engines. Consequently, analysis of biodiesel has to deal with a variety of issues including the nature and quality of the feedstock, monitoring the production process, analyzing the biodiesel product for specifications in quality standards, assessing the properties of the biodiesel, and biodiesel–petrodiesel blend level determination. This chapter provides a brief synopsis of these issues and the methods used to analyze them.
Comprehensive Petroleomics: Multiple Mass Spectrometry Strategies for Crude Oil Characterization
Authors: Angolini Célio F.F. , Pudenzi Marcos A. , Batezelli Alessandro , Eberlin Marcos N.
Published: March 2017

Petroleum is one of the most complex mixtures in the world, and there are records of its use since 3000 BC. Today, the humankind is still dependent on petroleum and its derivatives in many ways. As the main market of the oil industry is in selling molecules, the chemical composition of oil determines its economic value; therefore, the development of new techniques to characterize oil composition is extremely important. In this article, we intend to show how far mass spectrometry (MS) has gone to fulfill the necessities of the oil industry and petroleum characterization in petroleomic field. Better techniques for petroleum characterization are discussed as also how to measure the efficiency and quality of analysis. Finally, we illustrate the uses of MS in the field with some study cases of success.
Taking Advantage of Fluorescent‐Based Tools to Puzzle out Successes and Failures of Antibiotics to Inactivate Infectious Bacteria
Authors: Boudjemaa Rym , Briandet Romain , Steenkeste Karine , Fontaine‐Aupart Marie‐Pierre
Published: March 2017

In microbiology, fluorescence tools have undoubtedly proven their performance to analyze in real‐time, non‐invasively and quantitatively, the structure, composition, processes, and dynamics of microbial communities. Importantly, the available fluorescence‐based methods enable to decipher multiscale events implicated in the failures and successes of antibiotics treatments. The goal of this article is to review the large range of fluorescence techniques and probes and their interest (i) to study bacterial cells viability in vitro and in vivo under antibiotics exposure, (ii) to elucidate the mechanisms of action of these drugs, and (iii) to dissect bacterial mechanisms to resist and tolerate antibiotics action.
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Synthesis of Benzopyran‐ and Benzofuran‐Fused Polycyclic Acetals
Authors: Yang Jiyang , Qiu Gang , Jiang Jing , Hu Yanwei , Chen Shaohua , Zhang Shilei , Zhang Yinan
Published: March 2017

An efficient organocatalytic method for the asymmetric preparation of benzopyran‐ and benzofuran‐fused polycyclic acetals is described for the first time. This useful approach includes an interesting tunable Michael–acetalization of nitrostyrenes or α‐aromatization–acetalization of quinones. Under mild conditions, simple cyclic hemiacetals could be stereoselectively converted into four different types of polyheterocycles that serve as scaffolds for a number of bioactive natural products.

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Sustainability of Environment‐Assisted Energy Transfer in Quantum Photobiological Complexes
Authors: Zloshchastiev Konstantin G.
Published: March 2017

It is shown that quantum sustainability is a universal phenomenon which emerges during environment‐assisted electronic excitation energy transfer (EET) in photobiological complexes (PBCs), such as photosynthetic reaction centers and centers of melanogenesis. We demonstrate that quantum photobiological systems must be sustainable for them to simultaneously endure continuous energy transfer and keep their internal structure from destruction or critical instability. These quantum effects occur due to the interaction of PBCs with their environment which can be described by means of the reduced density operator and effective non‐Hermitian Hamiltonian (NH). Sustainable NH models of EET predict the coherence beats, followed by the decrease of coherence down to a small, yet non‐zero value. This indicates that in sustainable PBCs, quantum effects survive on a much larger time scale than the energy relaxation of an exciton. We show that sustainable evolution significantly lowers the entropy of PBCs and improves the speed and capacity of EET.
Effect of nano‐TiO2 surface modification on polarization characteristics and corona aging performance of polyimide nano‐composites
Authors: Lu Haowei , Lin Jiaqi , Yang Wenlong , Liu Lizhu , Wang Yu , Chen Gaoru , Huang Wei
Published: March 2017

Using coupling agent isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (ICTOS) to modified nano‐TiO2, the polyimide (PI) with different titanium dioxide (TiO2) contents (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt %) doped nano‐composites were prepared by sol–gel method (PI/TiO2 ICTOS composites). The effect of ICTOS modification on polarization and time‐to‐breakdown properties of composites were investigated by thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) method, dielectric, and Corona aging measurements. The TSDC spectra show that ICTOS modification enhanced α‐peak intensity and make β‐peak disappear in composites. Relevant trap parameters were calculated by an approximate model, and the results indicate that introduction of ICTOS is effective for the charge carrier traps, activation energy distribution in composites. Corona aging measurement show corona resistance was also sufficient improved in PI/TiO2 ICTOS composites. The changes of activation energy and intensity of traps in composites may be responsible for the corona resistance. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45101.
Perception of odors and tastes in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review of assessments
Authors: Boudjarane Mohamed A. , Grandgeorge Marine , Marianowski Rémi , Misery Laurent , Lemonnier Éric
Published: March 2017

Olfaction and gustation are major sensory functions implied in processing environmental stimuli. Some evidences suggest that loss of olfactory function is an early biomarker for neurodegenerative disorders and atypical processing of odor and taste stimuli is present in several neurodevelopmental disorders, notably in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).

In this paper, we conducted a systematic review investigating the assessments of olfaction and gustation with psychophysics methods in individuals with ASD. Pubmed, PMC and Sciencedirect were scrutinized for relevant literature published from 1970 to 2015. In this review, fourteen papers met our inclusion criteria. They were analyzed critically in order to evaluate the occurrence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in ASD, as well as to report the methods used to assess olfaction and gustation in such conditions.

Regarding to these two senses, the overall number of studies is low. Most of studies show significant difference regarding to odor or taste identification but not for detection threshold. Overall, odor rating through pleasantness, intensity and familiarity do not differ significantly between control and individuals with ASD.

The current evidences can suggest the presence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in ASD. Therefore, our analysis show a heterogeneity of findings. This is due to several methodological limitations such as the tools used or population studied. Understanding these disorders could help to shed light on other atypical behavior in this population such as feeding or social behavior. Autism Res 2017, 0: 000–000. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1045–1057. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of liquid chromatography hybrid triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry for the detection of emodin metabolites in rat bile and urine
Authors: Wu Songyan , Zhang Yaqing , Zhang Zunjian , Song Rui
Published: March 2017

Emodin is the representative form of rhubarb, which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of purgative, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidative and antiviral, etc. Previous reports demonstrated that emodin glucuronide was the major metabolite in plasma. Owing to the extensive conjugation reactions of polyphenols, the aim of this study was to identify the metabolites of emodin in rat bile and urine. Neutral loss and precursor ion scan methods of triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer revealed 13 conjugated metabolites in rat bile and 22 metabolites in rat urine, which included four phase I and 18 phase II metabolites. The major metabolites in rat biosamples were emodin glucuronoconjugates. Moreover, rhein monoglucuronide, chrysophanol monoglucuronide and rhein sulfate were proposed for the first time after oral administration of emodin. Overall, liquid chromatography hybrid triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis leads to the discovery of several novel emodin metabolites in rat bile and urine and underscores that conjugated with glucuronic acid is the main metabolic pathway.
Radiation attenuating hand cream: Better than bare
Authors: Goldstein James A.
Published: March 2017

Key Points

Occupational radiation exposure is associated with cataracts and cancer concerns, and linked indirectly to orthopedic injuries attributed to burdensome lead aprons

Bismuth‐based radiation attenuation hand cream reduces exposure by 40%.

This advance offers a simple protective step forward for interventional cardiologists in general and especially for pediatric specialists whose hands are closer to the X‐ray source
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacogenomics, Safety, and Tolerability of Avatrombopag in Healthy Japanese and White Subjects
Authors: Nomoto Maiko , Pastino Gina , Rege Bhaskar , Aluri Jagadeesh , Ferry Jim , Han David
Published: March 2017

Avatrombopag, an orally administered, small‐molecule thrombopoietin receptor (c‐Mpl) agonist, is currently in clinical development for the potential treatment of severe thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic liver disease undergoing an elective procedure. The objectives of this study were to characterize and compare the pharmacokinetics (including the food effect) and pharmacodynamics (platelet count) of avatrombopag following single doses in Japanese and white subjects. Following single dosing under fasted and fed conditions, mean peak concentrations occurred at 5 to 8 hours and subsequently declined with a half‐life of 16 to 18 hours in Japanese and white subjects. Administration with food did not alter the rate or extent of avatrombopag absorption but substantially reduced pharmacokinetic variability relative to the fasted state. CYP2C9 polymorphism (*2, *3) was associated with higher pharmacokinetic variability but not with any clinically important effect on variability in platelet response. Plasma exposures of avatrombopag increased in a dose‐proportional manner over the dose range tested. After a single dose, platelet count increased in a dose‐related manner, reaching a maximum by day 11 and returning to baseline levels by day 27. No clinically important differences were found when avatrombopag pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were compared between Japanese and white subjects. Administration of avatrombopag was generally well tolerated.
Gene panel analysis for nonsyndromic cryptogenic neonatal/infantile epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Fung Cheuk‐Wing , Kwong Anna Ka‐Yee , Wong Virginia Chun‐Nei
Published: March 2017

Objective

Epileptic encephalopathy (EE) is a heterogeneous condition associated with deteriorations of cognitive, sensory and/or motor functions as a consequence of epileptic activity. The phenomenon is the most common and severe in infancy and early childhood. Genetic‐based diagnosis in EE patients is challenging owing to genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of numerous monogenic disorders and the fact that thousands of genes are involved in neurodevelopment. Therefore, high‐throughput next‐generation sequencing (NGS) was used to investigate the genetic causes of non‐syndromic cryptogenic neonatal/infantile EE (NIEE).

Methods

We have selected a cohort of 31 patients with seizure cryptogenic NIEE and seizure onset before 24 months. All investigations including metabolic work‐up, were negative. Using NGS, we distinguished a panel of 430 epilepsy‐associated genes by NGS was utilized to identify possible pathogenic variants in the patients. Segregation analysis and multiple silico analysis prediction tools were used for pathogenicity assessment. The identified variants were classified as “pathogenic,” “likely pathogenic” and “uncertain significance,” according to the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines.

Results

Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in six genes (ALG13 [1], CDKL5 [2], KCNQ2 [2], PNPO [1], SCN8A [1], SLC9A6 [2]) in 9 NIEE patients (9/31; 29%). Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) were found in DNM1 and TUBA8 in 2 NIEE patients (2/31; 6%). Most phenotypes in our cohort matched with those reported cases.

Significance

The diagnostic rate (29%) of pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants was comparable to the recent studies of early‐onset epileptic encephalopathy, indicating that gene panel analysis through NGS is a powerful tool to investigate cryptogenic NIEE in patients. Six percent of patients had neurometabolic disorders. Some of our diagnosed cases illustrated that successful molecular investigation may allow a better treatment strategy and avoid unnecessary and even invasive investigations. Functional analysis could be performed to further study the pathogenicity of the VUS identified in DNM1 and TUBA8.
GPU accelerated implementation of NCI calculations using promolecular density
Authors: Rubez Gaëtan , Etancelin Jean‐Matthieu , Vigouroux Xavier , Krajecki Michael , Boisson Jean‐Charles , Hénon Eric
Published: March 2017

The NCI approach is a modern tool to reveal chemical noncovalent interactions. It is particularly attractive to describe ligand–protein binding. A custom implementation for NCI using promolecular density is presented. It is designed to leverage the computational power of NVIDIA graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerators through the CUDA programming model. The code performances of three versions are examined on a test set of 144 systems. NCI calculations are particularly well suited to the GPU architecture, which reduces drastically the computational time. On a single compute node, the dual‐GPU version leads to a 39‐fold improvement for the biggest instance compared to the optimal OpenMP parallel run (C code, icc compiler) with 16 CPU cores. Energy consumption measurements carried out on both CPU and GPU NCI tests show that the GPU approach provides substantial energy savings. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reactive Hybrid of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) and Sulfur as a Building Block for Self‐Healing Materials
Authors: Lin Ho‐Keng , Liu Ying‐Ling
Published: March 2017

This work demonstrates a new reactive and functional hybrid (S‐MMA‐POSS) of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and sulfur prepared with a direct reaction between a multifunctional methacrylated POSS compound (MMA‐POSS) and elemental sulfur (S8) through the “inverse vulcanization” process. S‐MMA‐POSS is an effective building block for imparting self‐healing ability to the corresponding thermally crosslinked POSS‐containing nanocomposites through a self‐curing reaction and co‐curing reaction with conventional thermosetting resins. Moreover, S‐MMA‐POSS is also a useful precursor for preparation of materials with high transparency in mid‐infrared region.

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Mortality risk in a nationwide cohort of individuals with tic disorders and with tourette syndrome
Authors: Meier Sandra M. , Dalsgaard Søren , Mortensen Preben B. , Leckman James F. , Plessen Kerstin J.
Published: March 2017

Background: Few studies have investigated mortality risk in individuals with tic disorders.

Methods: We thus measured the risk of premature death in individuals with tic disorders and with Tourette syndrome in a prospective cohort study with 80 million person‐years of follow‐up. We estimated mortality rate ratios and adjusted for calendar year, age, sex, urbanicity, maternal and paternal age, and psychiatric disorders to compare individuals with and without tic disorders.

Results: The risk of premature death was higher among individuals with tic disorders (mortality rate ratio, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.49‐2.66) and with Tourette syndrome (mortality rate ratio, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.11‐2.28) compared with controls. After the exclusion of individuals with comorbid attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, and substance abuse, tic disorder remained associated with increased mortality risk (mortality rate ratio, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.57‐3.23), as did also Tourette Syndrome (mortality rate ratio, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.11–2.75).

Conclusions: These results are of clinical significance for clinicians and advocacy organizations. Several factors may contribute to this increased risk of premature death, and more research mapping out these factors is needed. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Investigating the physiological effects of 10.5 Tesla static field exposure on anesthetized swine
Authors: Eryaman Yigitcan , Zhang Patrick , Utecht Lynn , Kose Kivanc , Lagore Russell L. , DelaBarre Lance , Kulesa Jeramy , Eberly Lynn E. , Adriany Gregor , Iles Tinen L. , Iaizzo Paul A. , Vaughan J. Thomas , Ugurbil Kamil
Published: March 2017

Purpose

In this work, we investigated the relative effects of static magnetic field exposure (10.5 Tesla [T]) on two physiological parameters; blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR).

Methods

In vivo, we recorded both BP and HR in 4 swine (3 female, 1 male) while they were positioned within a 10.5T magnet. All measurements were performed invasively within these anesthetized animals by the placement of pressure catheters into their carotid arteries.

Results

We measured average increases of 2.0 mm Hg (standard deviation [SD], 6.9) in systolic BP and an increase of 4.5 mm Hg (SD, 13.7) in the diastolic BPs: We also noted an average increase of 1.2 beats per minute (SD, 2.5) in the HRs during such.

Conclusion

Data regarding changes in BP and HR in anesthetized swine attributed to whole‐body 10.5T exposure are reported. Magn Reson Med 79:511–514, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
International evolution in AYA oncology: Current status and future expectations
Authors: Ferrari Andrea , Barr Ronald D.
Published: March 2017

Adolescents and Young Adults (AYAs) contribute approximately 1 million incident cases globally, but the great majority are underserved. In high‐income countries, overall survival exceeds 80%, but the needs of this population during and after their treatment experience are poorly met, though specialized clinical programs are evolving. Engagement of national governments is advantageous and deployment of multidisciplinary teams essential. Collaboration between pediatric and adult healthcare providers is mandatory and AYAs must be given a strong voice in program development. Building and sharing international experience will hasten advances in clinical care, education, and research, while a focus on developing countries is a worthy challenge.
The chaperone toolbox at the single‐molecule level: From clamping to confining
Authors: Avellaneda Mario J. , Koers Eline J. , Naqvi Mohsin M. , Tans Sander J.
Published: March 2017

Protein folding is well known to be supervised by a dedicated class of proteins called chaperones. However, the core mode of action of these molecular machines has remained elusive due to several reasons including the promiscuous nature of the interactions between chaperones and their many clients, as well as the dynamics and heterogeneity of chaperone conformations and the folding process itself. While troublesome for traditional bulk techniques, these properties make an excellent case for the use of single‐molecule approaches. In this review, we will discuss how force spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, FCS, and FRET methods are starting to zoom in on this intriguing and diverse molecular toolbox that is of direct importance for protein quality control in cells, as well as numerous degenerative conditions that depend on it.
Are Refugees' Labour Market Outcomes Different from Those of Other Migrants? Evidence from the United Kingdom in the 2005–2007 Period
Authors: Ruiz Isabel , Vargas‐Silva Carlos
Published: March 2017

We compare the labour market outcomes of recent refugees in the 2005–2007 period with those of other migrants in the UK. We compare refugees with a full sample of migrants and with a sample of recent migrants. Controlling for relevant characteristics, we find that 8 and 15 months after the grant of protection, refugees have significantly worse outcomes than other migrants, including a lower likelihood of being in employment and higher likelihood of unemployment (i.e. not currently employed, but looking for work). However, 21 months after the grant of protection, the labour market outcomes of recent refugees are not statistically different from those of recent migrants, and the difference with those in the full sample of migrants becomes smaller. Results also show that female refugees are at a substantial economic disadvantage compared with male refugees and other female migrants. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moving Beyond Pseudoargumentation: Teachers’ Enactments of an Educative Science Curriculum Focused on Argumentation
Authors: McNEILL KATHERINE L. , GONZÁLEZ‐HOWARD MARÍA , KATSH‐SINGER REBECCA , LOPER SUZANNA
Published: March 2017

Argumentation, a key epistemic practice in science, engages students in socially constructing knowledge claims using evidence. However, teachers need support in integrating argumentation into classroom instruction. We examined teachers’ enactments of an educative science curriculum and their curricular decision making for argumentation. Ten middle school teachers enacted lessons that focused on both the structure of an argument and argumentation as a dialogic process. For each teacher, we analyzed videotapes of two lessons and follow‐up interviews. Across the teachers, we observed a wide range in teachers’ enactments. In some instances, teachers’ instructional practices aligned with the underlying epistemic goals, while in other cases the structural aspects were oversimplified and discourse norms followed more traditional teacher‐led patterns. To support classroom instruction to move beyond pseudoargumentation, we found three main influences on teachers’ curricular decision making in classes with higher quality argumentation: (1) teachers’ understanding of argumentation as an epistemic practice (rather than surface level features), (2) teachers as critically reflective curriculum users, and (3) teachers problematizing their prior teaching experiences. As a field, we need to think critically about how to design teacher education experiences to discourage the relabeling of teaching with reform‐oriented terms, such as argumentation, and instead support instructional transformation.
Lesson Closure: An Important Piece of the Student Learning Puzzle
Authors: Ganske Kathy
Published: March 2017

As we seek ways to improve literacy teaching and learning, we need to be careful not to overlook lesson closure as an opportunity to solidify student learning. This Teaching Tip describes the importance of taking time at the ends of lessons, days, and weeks to revisit what students have learned as a means for helping them synthesize and assimilate their understandings. Every lesson ends, but effective lessons do more: they close; namely, they bring about a satisfying sense of learning by cycling back to the what, why, and how of the learning so that students can take away lasting understandings. The author draws on personal experiences and presents an example of the role that student newsletter writing can play in this process.
Medical Male Circumcision Is Associated with Improvements in Pain During Intercourse and Sexual Satisfaction in Kenya
Authors: Nordstrom Monica P.C. , Westercamp Nelli , Jaoko Walter , Okeyo Timothy , Bailey Robert C.
Published: March 2017

Background

Two cohort studies using data from randomized controlled trials in Africa offer the best evidence to date on the effects of voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) on male sexual function and satisfaction, suggesting no significant impairments in sexual function or satisfaction and some improvements in sexual function after male circumcision.

Aim

To assess the effects of VMMC on sexual function and satisfaction in a large population-based cohort of men circumcised as adults and uncircumcised controls in Kenya.

Methods

Sexual function and satisfaction of young (median age = 20 years) sexually active men (1,509 newly circumcised men and 1,524 age-matched uncircumcised controls after 5% loss to follow-up) were assessed at baseline and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, with data collected in 2008 to 2012. Self-reported data on lack of sexual interest or pleasure, difficulty getting or maintaining erections, orgasm difficulties, premature ejaculation, pain during intercourse, and satisfaction with sexual intercourse were analyzed with mixed-effect models to detect differences between circumcised and uncircumcised men and changes over time.

Outcomes

Changes over time in sexual interest, desire and pleasure, erectile and ejaculatory function, and pain during intercourse (dyspareunia) in circumcised and uncircumcised men; group differences in time trends; satisfaction with sexual performance; and enjoyment of sex before and after circumcision.

Results

Sexual dysfunctions decreased in the two study groups from 17% to 54% at baseline to 11% to 44% at 24 months (P < .001), except dyspareunia, which decreased only in circumcised men (P < .001). Sexual satisfaction outcomes increased in the two study groups from 34% to 82% at baseline to 66% to 93% at 24 months (P < .001), with greater improvements in circumcised men (P < .001). On average, 97% of circumcised men were satisfied with sexual intercourse and 92% rated sex as more enjoyable or no different after circumcision compared with before circumcision.

Clinical Translation

Results are applicable to VMMC programs seeking to increase the acceptability of male circumcision as part of comprehensive HIV prevention.

Strengths and Limitations

Large-scale population-based longitudinal data restricted to sexually active individuals and adjusted for differences in baseline levels of outcomes and potential confounders are used. The questionnaire used, although not a standardized survey instrument, includes all major domains of male sexual function and satisfaction used in the most common standardized tools.

Conclusions

Results are consistent with large cohort studies of VMMC using data from randomized controlled trials and indicate that VMMC has no significant detrimental effect or might have beneficial effects on male sexual function and satisfaction for the great majority of men circumcised as adults.
Islamic Politics, Muslim States, and Counterterrorism Tensions
Authors: Henne Peter
Published: March 2017

The US Global War on Terror and earlier US counterterrorism efforts prompted a variety of responses from Muslim states despite widespread Islamic opposition. Some cooperated extensively, some balked at US policy priorities, and others vacillated between these extremes. This book explains how differing religion-state relationships, regimes' political calculations, and Islamic politics combined to produce patterns of tensions and cooperation between the United States and Muslim states over counterterrorism, using rigorous quantitative analysis and case studies of Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, and Turkey. The book combines recent advances in the study of political institutions with work on religion and politics to advance a novel theory of religion and international relations that will be of value to anyone studying religion, terrorism, or Islamic politics. It also provides numerous insights into current events in the Middle East by extending its analysis to the Arab Spring and the rise of the Islamic State.
Stellarator bootstrap current and plasma flow velocity at low collisionality
Authors: Helander P. , Parra F. I. , Newton S. L.
Published: March 2017

The bootstrap current and flow velocity of a low-collisionality stellarator plasma are calculated. As far as possible, the analysis is carried out in a uniform way across all low-collisionality regimes in general stellarator geometry, assuming only that the confinement is good enough that the plasma is approximately in local thermodynamic equilibrium. It is found that conventional expressions for the ion flow speed and bootstrap current in the low-collisionality limit are accurate only in the $1/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$-collisionality regime and need to be modified in the $\sqrt{\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}}$-regime. The correction due to finite collisionality is also discussed and is found to scale as $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}^{2/5}$.
States as Stakeholders: Federalism, Policy Feedback, and Government Elites
Authors: Karch Andrew , Rose Shanna
Published: March 2017

Politicians and program administrators played a central role in early studies of policy feedback but have largely been superseded by a focus on mass publics. This article attempts to revive and reorient the study of elite feedback effects by investigating, in the context of American federalism, whether and how national programs can influence the incentives and resources of state government officials. It examines four case studies in which national officials adopted a new program and subsequently tried to alter it by diminishing the states’ administrative role, reducing the financial resources available, or terminating the program. State-level actors emerged as critical stakeholders and strongly resisted national efforts to reform unemployment insurance and Medicaid, but neither the Sheppard-Towner Act nor general revenue sharing generated strong elite-level feedback effects. This variation suggests that timing (i.e., the political, economic, and administrative context), policy design (financial generosity, administrative discretion, duration of authorization, and coalition potential), and their interaction can prompt or discourage government elites to mobilize.
Lurasidone for major depressive disorder with mixed features and anxiety: a post-hoc analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Tsai Joyce , Thase Michael E. , Mao Yongcai , Ng-Mak Daisy , Pikalov Andrei , Loebel Antony
Published: March 2017

Objective

The aim of this post-hoc analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of lurasidone in treating patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) with mixed features who present with mild and moderate-to-severe levels of anxiety.

Methods

The data in this analysis were derived from a study of patients meeting the DSM–IV–TR criteria for unipolar MDD, with a Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score ≥26, presenting with two or three protocol-defined manic symptoms, who were randomized to 6 weeks of double-blind treatment with either lurasidone 20–60 mg/day (n=109) or placebo (n=100). Anxiety severity was evaluated using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM–A). To evaluate the effect of baseline anxiety on response to lurasidone, the following two anxiety groups were defined: mild anxiety (HAM–A≤14) and moderate-to-severe anxiety (HAM–A≥15). Change from baseline in MADRS total score was analyzed for each group using a mixed model for repeated measures.

Results

Treatment with lurasidone was associated with a significant week 6 change versus placebo in MADRS total score for patients with both mild anxiety (–18.4 vs. –12.8, p<0.01, effect size [ES]=0.59) and moderate-to-severe anxiety (–22.0 vs. –13.0, p<0.001, ES=0.95). Treatment with lurasidone was associated with a significant week 6 change versus placebo in HAM–A total score for patients with both mild anxiety (–7.6 vs. –4.0, p<0.01, ES=0.62), and moderate-to-severe anxiety (–11.4 vs. –6.1, p<0.0001, ES=0.91).

Conclusions

In this post-hoc analysis of an MDD with mixed features and anxiety population, treatment with lurasidone was associated with significant improvement in both depressive and anxiety symptoms in subgroups with mild and moderate-to-severe levels of anxiety at baseline.
Überversorgung in der Schweiz: Wie häufig werden präoperative Thorax-Röntgenuntersuchungen durchgeführt?
Authors: Blozik Eva , Brüngger Beat , Reich Oliver
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Präoperatives Thorax-Röntgen bei Patienten ohne Verdacht auf intrathorakale Pathologie wird auf der Top-5-Liste der «Smarter Medicine»-Initiative aufgeführt. Diese Studie untersucht den Anteil unnützer präoperativer Röntgenthorax-Aufnahmen in der Schweiz. Methoden: Sekundäranalyse von Abrechnungsdaten von hospitalisierten Patienten in der obligatorischen Krankenpflegeversicherung. Die Häufigkeit präoperativer Thorax-Röntgen wurde stratifiziert nach Soziodemografie und den chronischen Erkrankungsgruppen «kardiovaskuläre Erkrankung» und «Atemwegserkrankung» untersucht. Ergebnisse: Von 47 215 hospitalisierten Individuen erhielten 6 121 (13 %) ein ambulantes präoperatives Thorax-Röntgen. Es zeigte sich erhebliche interkantonale Variation. Diskussion: Unsere Untersuchung ergab keine Hinweise auf einen übermässigen Einsatz von unnützen präoperativem Thorax-Röntgen in der Schweiz. Die interkantonalen Schwankungen könnten auf unerwünschte Varianz hinweisen. Die Studie liefert Argumente, zukünftige Top-5-Listendaten aus der Versorgungsrealität miteinzubeziehen.
Low-Income Urban Filipino Mothers’ Experiences With Community Violence
Authors: Jocson Rosanne M. , Garcia Aileen S.
Published: March 2017

Community violence exposure has profound implications for individuals’ psychological well-being, and yet, little is known about its effects on parents residing in high-risk neighborhoods. Using qualitative interviews with 20 mothers living in informal settlement areas in the Philippines, this study examined (a) the parenting strategies that mothers use in response to community violence and (b) the protective factors that enhance their well-being. Content analyses revealed that the most frequently endorsed parenting strategies were giving reprimands and advice ( pinagsasabihan at pinangangaralan) and monitoring and prohibition ( pagsubaybay at pagbabawal). To protect their well-being, the mothers most frequently mentioned relying on prayers and faith to cope and make sense of community violence. The findings highlight Filipino mothers’ use of active and resourceful parenting strategies, the constructive function of religion and faith in low-income Filipino mothers’ experiences, and mutual support among family and community members as protective factors. Implications include incorporating religion and faith in local resilience frameworks, including the family and community in interventions, and equal attention on policies aimed at fostering resilience and reducing poverty.