bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular approaches to the analysis of gastrointestinal microbial ecosystems.
Authors: Flint H. J. , Leitch E. C. M. , Duncan S. H. , Walker A. W. , Patterson A. J. , Rincon M. T. , Scott K. P. , Louis P.
Published: November 2009

Molecular analyses of ribosomal sequence diversity in mammalian and avian gut ecosystems reveal that a high proportion of gut bacteria do not correspond to known, cultured species. Many of the dominant microbial colonizers of the large intestine and rumen, of which the majority are related to the Bacteroides or Firmicutes groups, are highly sensitive to oxygen or are fastidious in their growth requirements. A wide range of 'culture-independent' approaches is now available for tracking the microbial composition of gut samples, ranging from specific probes to profiling techniques that exploit ribosomal sequence information. It remains crucially important, however, to be able to relate particular phylogenetic groups to their roles in the gut, and to their impact upon the host. This can be achieved through the isolation of abundant, but previously little-studied, groups of gut microbes, through molecular analysis of shifts in microbial communities in vivo and in vitro and, in some cases, through the targeting of functionally significant genes. Examples of these approaches, as applied to the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates, the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, will be used to illustrate their potential for advancing understanding of complex gut ecosystems.
Sperm competition and fertilization success.
Authors: Birkhead T. R. , Pizzari T.
Published: November 2009

Much of our understanding of the reproductive physiology of birds is derived from research by poultry biologists. Starting in the 1970s behavioural ecologists began to explore the evolutionary consequences of female promiscuity across a range of taxa, but mainly insects and birds, focusing on the fact that, if females copulate with two or more males in a single reproductive cycle, selection will favour the male that fertilizes the female's ova. Since male-male competition and female choice can continue after copulation, this area of research is known as post-copulatory sexual selection and comprises both sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Behavioural ecologists concentrated initially on functional (ultimate) issues (the adaptive significance of particular traits) but later also started to address mechanistic (proximate) questions. Information on the reproductive biology of domesticated birds from poultry research and collaboration between poultry biologists and behavioural ecologists provided an unusually productive opportunity for understanding some of the mechanisms of post-copulatory sexual selection in birds within an evolutionary context. We review those studies to identify the factors that determine male and female reproductive success.
Hatching egg and chick quality.
Authors: Bruggeman V. , Tona K. , Onagbesan O. , Decuypere E.
Published: November 2009

Increasing evidence shows that factors which can alter in the internal and external environment of the hatching egg have repercussions not only on embryonic development, hatchability and day-old-chick quality but most probably also on post-hatch growth performance. Incubation of fertile eggs, and thus embryonic development, takes place under specific conditions of turning, temperature, humidity and gaseous environment. In addition to these variables, other characteristics of the hatching egg can vary due to differences in maternal feeding, breeder age and storage conditions. All these egg- and incubation-related factors can, potentially, influence the development and metabolism of the embryo, its hatching process and the day-old-chick quality. Moreover, an overview of the current systems of scoring 1-day-old chick quality will be given. It will become clear that adaptations of components in the hatching egg or of the incubation and early post-hatch environment to the requirements of the hatching egg of modern breeds could lead to improved post-hatch performance.
Ratites, game birds and minor poultry species.
Authors: Deeming D. C.
Published: November 2009

There is considerable emphasis on understanding the breeding biology of domestic fowl, turkeys and duck but not of the other commercially significant species, such as ratites, game birds, guinea fowl and pigeons. In general, our understanding of breeding in these species is poor relative to that of commercial poultry. The only exception is the ostrich, which has been the subject of numerous studies of breeding behaviour, fertility and incubation, both in the wild and in captivity. Other ratite species have received less attention. Despite the economic importance of game birds in Europe and North America, especially pheasant and partridge, studies on reproduction in these species are mainly limited to a few investigations into factors affecting fertility. Improving our understanding of guinea fowl breeding would greatly assist in maximizing production in its native Africa. Of the species described in this chapter, the pigeon is of note because its pattern of reproduction is reliant on long-term pairing of birds and their role in the rearing of the altricial offspring. The paucity of information made it difficult to derive general trends between species in their reproductive biology. However, it was clear that to maximize productivity many of these species of birds needed to be kept as pairs or at least in small groups. This contrasts with industrial poultry production, where group sizes are typically in the thousands. Another aspect of the breeding biology of these minor species is a general lack of breeding technology, e.g. artificial insemination, in egg production. There is considerable scope for further research into these species, which will yield information of both scientific and commercial interest.
Orchard floor management systems.
Authors: Tworkoski T. J. , Glenn D. M.
Published: November 2009

This chapter considers individual system management components (orchard floor preparation before planting; weed effects; weed management; orchard floor management effects on insects and small mammals; management of ground covers, row middles and drive alleys; and ground cover interactions with irrigation and fertilizer application), their integration, and their influences on the management of a peach orchard floor (soil and understorey vegetation of an orchard ecosystem). Management systems (year-round vegetation-free orchard floor, vegetation-free tree rows with vegetated drive alleys, and permanent vegetation management by mowing) are discussed.
Insects and mites.
Authors: Horton D. L. , Fuest J. , Cravedi P.
Published: November 2009

This chapter presents the following insect and mite pests of peach: direct insect pests (Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta; codling moth, Cydia pomonella; peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella; tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis; plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar; scarab beetles; plant bugs (Miridae); stink bugs (Pentatomidae); leaf-footed bugs (Coreidae); thrips (Thysanoptera); and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata), indirect insect pests (peach tree borers, Synanthedon spp.; armoured scale (Diaspididae); and aphids, Aphididae) and mite pests (two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and European red mite, Panonychus ulmi). The effects of these pests on crop growth and yield are discussed. The life history and management (mainly through pheromone mating disruption and chemical control methods) of these pests are covered.
Preharvest factors affecting peach quality.
Authors: Crisosto C. H. , Costa G.
Published: November 2009

In this chapter, peach fruit quality definitions from the consumer point of view are discussed. The relationship between fruit maturity and quality, and the effects of genotype (cultivar and rootstock) on fruit flavour and postharvest life potential are described. The effects of mineral nutrition (mainly N and Ca as the most studied nutrients) and irrigation regimes on fruit quality are discussed. A canopy management section providing practical information on leaf removal, girdling techniques, and the use of reflective materials to improve fruit size and enhance red skin colour is included. Examples that illustrate the influence of crop load and canopy position on fruit quality and postharvest storage potential are presented.
Mechanization.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L.
Published: November 2009

This chapter focuses on the mechanization of grape cultivation. Topics covered include the use of farm equipments in weed management, grapevine canopy management, crop management and harvesting, pruning, and environmental monitoring.
Harvest and postharvest processing.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L.
Published: November 2009

This chapter deals with some cultivars, harvesting/picking, packing, cooling, storage and quality of grapes and grape products (such as raisins, wines and juice).
'Glocal' heterotopias: new-flâneur's transit narratives.
Authors: Fahmi W. S.
Published: November 2009

This chapter explores a mobilities connection with urban semiotics within what it calls Moscow's 'post-Soviet' contested Metro(scape) enacting a variety of (re-/de-)constructed local identities within emerging global urban spaces which are subjected to branded global-local ('glocal') landscapes with distinct signs and billboards, representing the corporate identity of postmodern spatiality. As spatial infrastructure and venue for contested social spaces, post-communist Metro(scape)'s spatiality is phenomenologically experienced as 'a series of stages' where individuals (petty traders, commuters, and urban youth) assume different identities under space-time compression, and is semiologically represented as a collective collage. The chapter proposes a (de)constructive narrative of a transit journey of dissolved boundaries (within) Moscow's underground Metro, a situational representation of a navigation with the camera's lens inside-out of transit spaces within Moscow's post-Soviet Metro(scape), employing digital pixels and collages.
Structure and composition of the olive fruit.
Authors: Therios I.
Published: November 2009

This chapter describes the structure (epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp) and composition (alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, triterpenoids and phenols) of olive fruits.
Mineral nutrition of the olive.
Authors: Therios I.
Published: November 2009

This chapter aims to provine some information on mineral nutrition and salt tolerance of olive trees. The topics discussed are: the needs of olives for N, P, K and their concentration in various plant parts; the annual needs for N, P, K and Ca for various fruits and the annual variations in N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in leaves as well as N distribution in fruiting olive shoots; the concentrations of various nutrients considered as being adequate; nutrient stress and growth; nutrient deficiency or excess and photosynthesis; N excess and quality of olive oil and table olives; roles of N and its assimilation, kinetics of nitrate absorption and effect of N form on growth; olive culture and the nitrate accumulation problem; nitrates leaching from olive orchards; roles of K, P, Ca and Mg and their absorption; roles of B and Mn; response of olive trees to salinity; olive fertilizer application and slow-release fertilizers.
Pruning.
Authors: Therios I.
Published: November 2009

Pruning of olive trees has two main objectives, i.e. to improve vegetative growth and reproductive growth. The effects of pruning on the photosynthesis, shape, growth habit and hormone balance in olive trees are discussed. The pruning tools and costs are described. The objectives of pruning during the training period, the procedures that should be followed for the annual pruning of mature olive trees, and the main canopy shapes created by pruning of olive trees are also described.
Chemical and integrated weed management in olive orchards.
Authors: Therios I.
Published: November 2009

This chapter describes the effects of soil characteristics (soil texture and organic matter), irrigation system and age of the orchard on weed management using herbicides in olive orchards. Different types of herbicides used and their modes of action are described. The integrated method of weed control, which is the combination of chemical, biological, cultural, and mechanical methods, is highlighted. Future perspectives of integrated weed management are given.
Plant morphology, anatomy and growth habit.
Authors: Saxena M. C.
Published: November 2009

This chapter describes the root system, stems and plant structure, leaves, flowers and flowering, pods and seeds; and provides anatomical characteristics and illustrations of roots, stem, leaf, fruit and seeds of lentil. The growth habits in lentil and plant types adapted to different agroecological conditions are also described.
Agroecology and crop adaptation.
Authors: Materne M. , Siddique K. H. M.
Published: November 2009

This chapter describes the production environments; phenological adaptation to the environment; flowering response to photoperiod and temperature; and the impact of abiotic stresses (water availability, waterlogging, temperature, nutrient toxicity including salinity and sodicity, and mineral deficiency), diseases, and management (sowing time, weed control, and harvesting method) on adaptation of lentil. Improvement of adaptation through understanding genotype by environment interactions in lentil is discussed. To improve adaptation, the key traits that facilitate increased production (level and reliability of seed production), farming system benefit and price (quality of seed), or reduce cost must be identified, quantified and addressed through improved production technology and breeding. More specifically, profitability is a culmination of a species interaction with the environment, in particular the quantity and distribution of rainfall and temperature which influences the length of growing season, soil characteristics and biotic stresses, and cultural practices. Farming system benefits include those involved with rotation, such as providing a disease break or improving soil nutrition, weed management, and the timing and simplicity of total farm operation.
Genetic resources: collection, characterization, conservation and documentation.
Authors: Furman B. J. , Coyne C. , Redden B. , Sharma S. K. , Vishnyakova M.
Published: November 2009

This chapter describes the major ex situ and core collections (including landraces, wild relatives, elite germplasm and cultivars), aiming to explore the genetic diversity of the global germplasm collections; in situ conservation; characterization and evaluation of collections for key agronomic traits (such as disease resistance, yield and quality); and utilization of germplasm of lentil.
Cropping systems and production agronomy.
Authors: Masood Ali Masood Ali , Singh K. K. , Pramanik S. C. , Ali M. O.
Published: November 2009

This chapter reviews lentils with respect to cropping systems (monocropping, double cropping, mixed cropping, intercropping, relay cropping) and production (climate, soil, cultivars, seedbed preparation/land preparation, sowing time, plant population, spacing and methods of planting, fertilizer management, seed priming, water management, weed management, integrated management, harvesting, and drying and storage).
Diseases and their management.
Authors: Chen W. D. , Basandrai A. K. , Daisy Basandrai Daisy Basandrai , Banniza S. , Bayaa B. , Buchwaldt L. , Davidson J. , Larsen R. , Rubiales D. , Taylor P. W. J.
Published: November 2009

This chapter reviews the important fungal and nematode diseases of lentil and their management. The important foliar diseases include Ascochyta blight, rust, Botrytis grey mould, anthracnose, Stemphylium blight and powdery mildew, and important soilborne diseases are Fusarium wilt, Sclerotinia stem rot and nematode diseases.
Parasitic weeds.
Authors: Rubiales D. , Fernández-Aparicio M. , Haddad A.
Published: November 2009

This chapter presents weeds (Cuscuta and Orobanche spp.) that are parasitic on lentil, briefly covering their biology, geographical distribution, and management (through chemical, cultural and integrated control methods).
Nutritional and health-beneficial quality.
Authors: Grusak M. A.
Published: November 2009

This chapter describes the nutritive value (energy, protein and amino acids, carbohydrates, lipid and fatty acids, minerals and vitamins) and non-nutrient components (fibre, phenolics, phytoestrogens, phytate, saponins, enzyme inhibitors and toxins) of lentil seeds. The effects of processing on the nutritive value of lentil seeds are briefly discussed.
Postharvest processing and value addition.
Authors: Vandenberg A.
Published: November 2009

This chapter discusses the various forms of the primary (storage, air screening, indent cleaning, gravity separation, destoning, sizing, colour sorting and packaging) and secondary (dehulling, milling, thermal processing and infrared drying) processing of lentil seeds. Future trends in processing and value-added activity are discussed.
Food preparation and use.
Authors: Raghuvanshi R. S. , Singh D. P.
Published: November 2009

This chapter on lentil briefly covers the following: physico-chemical properties and cooking quality, food uses (salad, soup, dal, khichri, vegetable, and snacks), processing methods (soaking, boiling, sprouting/germination, fermentation, frying, and dry heat treatment), and medicinal uses.
Pests.
Authors: Peña J. E. , Aluja M. , Wysoki M.
Published: November 2009

This chapter describes the management (through chemical and biological control methods, and host resistance) of the following pests of mango fruits: fruit flies (Anastrepha, Bactrocera and Ceratitis spp.), seed weevils, seed borer (Pyralidae), fruit spotting bugs (Coreidae) and thrips. Pests of blossoms, buds, leaves, trunks, twigs and roots are briefly covered.
Crop production: mineral nutrition.
Authors: Bally I. S. E.
Published: November 2009

This chapter on mango covers the following: soils mineral diagnosis and sampling; tissue mineral diagnosis and sampling; interpretation of soil and leaf analyses; uptake and translocation of nutrients (N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Mn); nutrient deficiency and toxicity; and effect of nutrients on crop production and fruit quality.
Biotechnology.
Authors: Litz R. E. , Gómez-Lim M. A. , Lavi U.
Published: November 2009

This chapter discusses the current state of mango cell culture, gene cloning, and manipulation of cell cultures to address plant breeding objectives by genetic engineering. Specific topics that are covered consisted of: cell and tissue culture (organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, and protoplast isolation and culture), molecular breeding and genetics (marker-assisted selection, gene cloning and genomics), genetic engineering (in vitro induced mutations and genetic transformation), and in vitro conservation (medium-term storage and long-term storage).
Factors influencing consumer perception of food hazards.
Authors: Ellis J. D. , Tucker M.
Published: November 2009

Consumer perceptions of food hazards have been researched through a range of different disciplines and their study constitutes a rich and growing body of literature in the biological and social sciences. This paper reviews recent research to identify correlates and predictors of the wide scope of perceived food hazards found in the literature. Results reveal that sex and education are the most consistent demographic predictors of perceived food risk. Four categories of non-demographic correlates are also identified, including nature of perceived threat, trust, communication sources and channels, and health and environmental concerns. Although a significant body of food risk research has been heavily influenced by the psychometric paradigm, this methodological approach is giving way to new methods and theories for conceptualizing food hazards. The review summarizes key findings from the literature, provides an overview of the dominant theories and methods used, and concludes with a discussion of observed trends.
Adhering to the message
Authors: Short Ben
Published: November 2009

How cell adhesion molecules transmit signals across the plasma membrane.
Adenovirus RID-α activates an autonomous cholesterol regulatory mechanism that rescues defects linked to Niemann-Pick disease type C
Authors: Cianciola Nicholas L. , Carlin Cathleen R.
Published: November 2009

Host–pathogen interactions are important model systems for understanding fundamental cell biological processes. In this study, we describe a cholesterol-trafficking pathway induced by the adenovirus membrane protein RID-α that also subverts the cellular autophagy pathway during early stages of an acute infection. A palmitoylation-defective RID-α mutant deregulates cholesterol homeostasis and elicits lysosomal storage abnormalities similar to mutations associated with Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease. Wild-type RID-α rescues lipid-sorting defects in cells from patients with this disease by a mechanism involving a class III phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. In contrast to NPC disease gene products that are localized to late endosomes/lysosomes, RID-α induces the accumulation of autophagy-like vesicles with a unique molecular composition. Ectopic RID-α regulates intracellular cholesterol trafficking at two distinct levels: the egress from endosomes and transport to the endoplasmic reticulum necessary for homeostatic gene regulation. However, RID-α also induces a novel cellular phenotype, suggesting that it activates an autonomous cholesterol regulatory mechanism distinct from NPC disease gene products.
Regularity of the Beltrami equation and 1-quasiconformal embeddings of surfaces in ℝ³
Authors: Yang Shanshuang
Published: November 2009

A striking result in quasiconformal mapping theory states that ifDDis a domain inRn\mathbb {R} ^{n}(withn≥3n\geq 3) andf:D→Rnf: D\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{n}an embedding, thenffis11-QC if and only ifffis a Möbius transformation. This result has profound impact in quasiconformal analysis and differential geometry. This project reflects part of our effort to extend this type of rigidity results to embeddingsf:Rn→Rmf: \mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{m}fromRn\mathbb {R} ^{n}into a higher dimensional spaceRm\mathbb {R} ^{m}(withm>nm>n). In this paper we focus on smooth embeddings of planar domains intoR3\mathbb {R} ^{3}. In particular, we show that aC1+αC^{1+\alpha }-smooth surface is11-QC equivalent to a planar domain. We also show that a topological sphere that isC1+αC^{1+\alpha }-diffeomorphic to the standard sphereS2\mathbb {S}^{2}is also11-QC equivalent toS2\mathbb {S}^{2}. Along the way, a regularity result is established for solutions of the Beltrami equation with degenerate coefficient, which is used in this paper and has its own interest.
Bilingual beginnings to learning words
Authors: Werker Janet F. , Byers-Heinlein Krista , Fennell Christopher T.
Published: November 2009

At the macrostructure level of language milestones, language acquisition follows a nearly identical course whether children grow up with one or with two languages. However, at the microstructure level, experimental research is revealing that the same proclivities and learning mechanisms that support language acquisition unfold somewhat differently in bilingual versus monolingual environments. This paper synthesizes recent findings in the area of early bilingualism by focusing on the question of how bilingual infants come to apply their phonetic sensitivities to word learning, as they must to learn minimal pair words (e.g. ‘cat’ and ‘mat’). To this end, the paper reviews antecedent achievements by bilinguals throughout infancy and early childhood in the following areas: language discrimination and separation, speech perception, phonetic and phonotactic development, word recognition, word learning and aspects of conceptual development that underlie word learning. Special consideration is given to the role of language dominance, and to the unique challenges to language acquisition posed by a bilingual environment.
Lexical–semantic priming effects during infancy
Authors: Arias-Trejo Natalia , Plunkett Kim
Published: November 2009

When and how do infants develop a semantic system of words that are related to each other? We investigated word–word associations in early lexical development using an adaptation of the inter-modal preferential looking task where word pairs (as opposed to single target words) were used to direct infants’ attention towards a target picture. Two words (prime and target) were presented in quick succession after which infants were presented with a picture pair (target and distracter). Prime–target word pairs were either semantically and associatively related or unrelated; the targets were either named or unnamed. Experiment 1 demonstrated a lexical–semantic priming effect for 21-month olds but not for 18-month olds: unrelated prime words interfered with linguistic target identification for 21-month olds. Follow-up experiments confirmed the interfering effects of unrelated prime words and identified the existence of repetition priming effects as young as 18 months of age. The results of these experiments indicate that infants have begun to develop semantic–associative links between lexical items as early as 21 months of age.
BAC‐based upgrading and physical integration of a genetic SNP map in Atlantic salmon
Authors: Lorenz S. , Brenna‐Hansen S. , Moen T. , Roseth A. , Davidson W. S. , Omholt S. W. , Lien S.
Published: November 2009

A better understanding of the genotype–phenotype correlation of Atlantic salmon is of key importance for a whole range of production, life history and conservation biology issues attached to this species. High‐density linkage maps integrated with physical maps and covering the complete genome are needed to identify economically important genes and to study the genome architecture. Linkage maps of moderate density and a physical bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) fingerprint map for the Atlantic salmon have already been generated. Here, we describe a strategy to combine the linkage mapping with the physical integration of newly identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We resequenced 284 BAC‐ends by PCR in 14 individuals and detected 180 putative SNPs. After successful validation of 152 sequence variations, genotyping and genetic mapping were performed in eight salmon families comprising 376 individuals. Among these, 110 SNPs were positioned on a previously constructed linkage map containing SNPs derived from expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences. Tracing the SNP markers back to the BACs enabled the integration of the genetic and physical maps by assigning 73 BAC contigs to Atlantic salmon linkage groups.
Allopatric divergence and phylogeographic structure of the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a fossorial rodent endemic to the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Tang Li‐Zhou , Wang Liu‐Yang , Cai Zhen‐Yuan , Zhang Tong‐Zuo , Ci Hai‐Xin , Lin Gong‐Hua , Su Jian‐Ping , Liu Jian‐Quan
Published: November 2009

Aim  Most species of temperate regions are believed to have shifted to lower latitudes or elevations during the glacial periods of the Quaternary. In this study we test whether this phylogeographic assumption is also true for the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a fossorial rodent endemic to the climate‐sensitive Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), which ranges in elevation from 2600 to 4600 m.

Location  The QTP of western China.

Methods  Phylogeographic analyses were conducted based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences of 193 individuals from 20 populations over the entire range of the species.

Results  A total of 54 haplotypes identified in the present study clustered into four geographically correlated clades located in the interior of the QTP (clade A) and at the plateau edge (B, C and D). Molecular calibrations suggest that the interior plateau (A) and plateau‐edge (B–D) clades diverged at 1.2 Ma and that the three plateau‐edge clades diverged between 0.85 and 0.80 Ma. These estimates are concordant with diastrophism and glaciation events in the QTP. Coalescent tests rejected both the hypothesis that all current populations originated from a single refugium at a low elevation during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the hypothesis that the two lineages diverged during the LGM. The tests instead supported the hypothesis that there were four refugia during the LGM, and that the four clades diverged prior to the late Pleistocene.

Main conclusions  Our results suggest that Quaternary diastrophisms and glaciations repeatedly promoted allopatric divergence of the plateau zokor into geographical clades, and that these regional clades subsequently persisted at high elevations, rather than migrating to the low‐elevation plateau edge during subsequent glacial ages.
Effects of night shifts in bipolar disorders and extreme morningness
Authors: Meyrer Robert , Demling Joachim , Kornhuber Johannes , Nowak Magdalena
Published: November 2009

Background:  Night work and shift work scenarios are increasing in modern society. Instability in the sleep‐wake rhythm is an important risk factor for triggering episodes of bipolar disorder. Extreme chronotype has negative effects on shift work (“shift‐worker syndrome”). Effects of night or shift work on patients with bipolar disorder and extreme chronotype are not well understood.

Case report:  A patient with bipolar II disorder and extreme morning type followed a stable work schedule for a significant period of time, maintaining a stable mood. After changing to a night‐shift schedule, depressive symptoms developed. When the night‐shift schedule was stopped, her mental state normalised.

Conclusions:  This case highlights the possibility of a sensitizing role of chronotype in triggering episodes of bipolar disorder after the sleep‐wake rhythm has been disrupted by night work or shift work. The evaluation of a person’s capability to perform night work or shift work should take into account psychiatric disorders and chronotype as well as physical conditions.
Strong relationship between NT‐proXNP levels and cardiac output following cardiac surgery in neonates and infants
Authors: BREUER T. , SKOUMAL R. , HORKAY F. , MERKELY B. , ALA‐KOPSALA M. , LEPPÄLUOTO J. , VUOLTEENAHO O. , RUSKOAHO H. , TÓTH M. , SZÉKELY A.
Published: November 2009

Background: NT‐proXNP, a new natriuretic peptide analyte, incorporates information about the concentrations of both N‐terminal pro‐atrial and pro‐brain natriuretic peptides (NT‐proANP, NT‐proBNP). We aimed to investigate whether NT‐proXNP is a reliable indicator of the cardiac index (CI) and the hemodynamic state in neonates and infants undergoing an open heart surgery.

Methods: We enrolled 26 children under the age of 1 year into this prospective study. All patients underwent an elective cardiac operation with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to achieve complete biventricular repair. Peri‐operative hemodynamic parameters were assessed by transpulmonary thermodilution and natriuretic peptide levels were recorded.

Results: The NT‐proXNP level correlated significantly with the simultaneously measured NT‐proANP level (r=0.60, P<0.001), but more strongly with the NT‐proBNP level (r=0.89, P<0.001) and the arithmetic sum of both (r=0.88, P<0.001). NT‐proXNP had a strong correlation with CI (r=−0.85, P<0.001), the stroke volume index (r=−0.80, P<0.001) and the global ejection fraction (r=−0.67, P<0.009) throughout the post‐operative period. Conventionally measured parameters such as heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse‐pressure product exhibited weaker correlations with CI than NT‐proXNP. Among laboratory values, creatinine levels correlated significantly with CI (r=−0.77, P<0.001) and NT‐proXNP (r=0.76, P<0.001) during the post‐operative period. A post‐operative NT‐proXNP level of 3079 pmol/l was diagnostic for CI <3 l/min/m2 with 89% sensitivity and 90% specificity (area under the curve: 0.91 ± 0.05).

Conclusion: NT‐proXNP is a good marker of cardiac output following pediatric cardiac surgery and might be a useful tool in the recognition of a low output state.
The Church of England and the Origins of Homosexual Law Reform
Authors: WILLETT GRAHAM
Published: November 2009

That the Church of England was an active and public supporter of homosexual law reform during the long debate on the issue in England between 1957 and 1967 is reasonably well known. It released reports and documents justifying and arguing for decriminalisation, and its bishops in the House of Lords were among those voting in favour in 1965. In this article, relying upon archival materials that have been only rarely used, I demonstrate that the Church's support went much deeper than is often assumed. Beginning in 1952, a process of theological reconsideration and behind the scenes lobbying lead by a relatively small group of thinkers made the Church an initiator in the reform process. Relying upon Rochon's notion of a “critical community,” I offer a description and explanation for the Church's role.
Work–family Conflict and Job Satisfaction Relationship: The Roles of Gender and Interpretive Habits
Authors: Ergeneli Azize , Ilsev Arzu , Karapınar Pınar Bayhan
Published: November 2009

This study examined the effects of gender and interpretive habits on the relationship between work–family conflict (WFC) and job satisfaction. The results of the analysis of the data collected from 286 academic personnel suggest that interpretive habits moderate the relationship between WFC and job satisfaction such that the negative effect of WFC and job satisfaction is stronger for employees focusing highly on deficiency, with high necessitating, and low skill recognition, referred to as stress‐predisposing interpretive habits. Furthermore, gender was found to have an influence on the role of interpretive habits in the WFC–job satisfaction relationship. Specifically, WFC had a negative association with job satisfaction for stress‐predisposed male employees while no relationship was found between WFC and job satisfaction for men with a low focus on deficiency, low necessitating and high skill recognition namely, stress‐resilient interpretive habits. Moreover, although WFC had a negative association with job satisfaction for female employees, this relationship was even stronger for stress‐resilient females. The implications of the findings and suggestions for future studies are discussed.
Performance Evaluations as Gender Barriers in Professional Organizations: A Study of Auditing Firms
Authors: Jonnergård Karin , Stafsudd Anna , Elg Ulf
Published: November 2009

Gendering processes often take the form of organizational subtexts, that is, seemingly gender‐neutral practices that have gender implications. The purpose of this article is to study performance evaluations, which, based on management by objectives systems, may appear neutral, but tend to be based on male norms of what is regarded as good performance. We analysed the careers and performance evaluations of 391 newly licenced Swedish auditors, using an open‐ended question survey. In this industry 50 per cent of new employees and 92 per cent of partners are men. Even in the early stages of their careers, there are notable differences between women and men. The women achieved less and show lower career ambitions and expectations as well as greater intentions to leave the auditing industry. Performance evaluations are also perceived differently, men focusing on what is evaluated (reflecting the perceptions of those at higher hierarchical levels) and women focusing on who does the evaluating and how.
Expression of CXCL10 in cultured cortical neurons
Authors: Vinet Jonathan , De Jong Eiko K. , Boddeke Hendrikus W. G. M. , Stanulovic Vesna , Brouwer Nieske , Granic Ivica , Eisel Ulrich L. M. , Liem Robert S. B. , Biber Knut
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 703–714.

Chemokines expressed in neurons are important mediators in neuron‐neuron and neuron‐glia signaling. One of these chemokines is CCL21 that activates microglia via the chemokine receptor CXCR3. As neurons also express CXCL10, a main ligand for CXCR3, we have thus investigated in detail the expression pattern of CXCL10 in neurons. We show that CXCL10 is constitutively expressed by neurons, is stored in large dense‐core vesicles and is not regulated by neuronal injury or stress. Neuronal CXCL10 release occurred constitutively at low level. In vivo CXCL10 expression was found in the developing brain at various embryonic stages and its peak expression correlates with the presence of CD11b‐ and GFAP‐positive cells expressing CXCR3. These results suggest a possible role of neuronal CXCL10 in recruitment and homing of glial cells during embryogenesis.
Potential of wind turbines to elicit seizures under various meteorological conditions
Authors: Smedley Andrew R. D. , Webb Ann R. , Wilkins Arnold J.
Published: November 2009

Purpose:  To determine the potential risk of epileptic seizures from wind turbine shadow flicker under various meteorologic conditions.

Methods:  We extend a previous model to include attenuation of sunlight by the atmosphere using the libradtran radiative transfer code.

Results:  Under conditions in which observers look toward the horizon with their eyes open we find that there is risk when the observer is closer than 1.2 times the total turbine height when on land, and 2.8 times the total turbine height in marine environments, the risk limited by the size of the image of the sun’s disc on the retina. When looking at the ground, where the shadow of the blade is cast, observers are at risk only when at a distance <36 times the blade width, the risk limited by image contrast. If the observer views the horizon and closes their eyes, however, the stimulus size and contrast ratio are epileptogenic for solar elevation angles down to approximately 5°.

Discussion:  Large turbines rotate at a rate below that at which the flicker is likely to present a risk, although there is a risk from smaller turbines that interrupt sunlight more than three times per second. For the scenarios considered, we find the risk is negligible at a distance more than about nine times the maximum height reached by the turbine blade, a distance similar to that in guidance from the United Kingdom planning authorities.
Heterotopic ossification in the anterior maxilla: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Vencio Eneida F. , Alencar Rita C. , Zancope Eduardo
Published: November 2009

A 13‐year‐old boy had complained of an asymptomatic swelling in the anterior maxilla for approximately 4 years. The patient reported no local trauma. The intra‐oral examination revealed an exophytic lesion in the incisive papilla between the maxillary central and lateral incisor teeth. The radiographies detected no significant findings. Histopathologically, the lesion showed a dense fibrous tissue above the overlying mucosa. Bone ossification lay beneath a partially hypertrophic cartilage showing occasionally pleomorphic chondrocytes. Because of its microscopic aspects, heterotopic ossification may be mistaken for chondrosarcoma or other conditions involving periosteum, such as parosteal osteosarcoma. A case of heterotopic ossification in the anterior maxilla is presented, and clinicopathologic similarities with other osteochondromatous lesions are discussed.
Dynamic of Sea Water Interface using Hydrochemical Facies Evolution Diagram
Authors: Giménez‐Forcada Elena
Published: November 2009

This paper analyzes the results of a theoretical simulation of sea water intrusion and its dynamics. The assignment of hydrochemical facies identifies whether the aquifer is in the phase of sea water intrusion or freshening, indicating the status of the aquifer in terms of the advance or regression of the saline front. A new multi‐rectangular diagram is proposed that aids interpretation of these important processes through the representation and evolution of hydrochemical facies (hydrochemical facies evolution diagram, HFE‐D). As an example, the HEF‐D is applied to an alluvial aquifer in the Vinaroz‐Peñíscola Plain (Spain), where Ca‐Cl facies characterize the sea water intrusion phase, while Na‐MixHCO3/MixSO4 facies characterize a freshening stage.
A Visible Laser Interferometer for Air Bearing Separation Measurement to Submicron Accuracy
Authors: Nigam A.
Published: November 2009

Hydrodynamic lubrication problems can be investigated using a visible laser interferometer, as presented here, to obtain both steady-state and dynamic film thickness characteristics. The special case of a self-acting air bearing slider system used in present day computer peripheral equipment is investigated. Measurement accuracies of better than 0.005 μm can be achieved for both steady state and dynamic measurements. This technique should be especially valuable for low spacing, self-acting lubrication problems and can surpass the accuracies of presently used interferometric, capacitive, and inductive methods. A mathematical treatment of the optical interference phenomena as applicable to a hydrodynamic lubrication film is developed. Experimental results are presented and discussed.
A Theoretical Model of Striated Film-Rupture
Authors: Fall C.
Published: November 2009

In general, when a thin film of viscous fluid ruptures in the diverging region of flow between a spreader (or roller) and a flat plate, the cavity formed is not uniform, but appears as adjacent air fingers separated by streamers of fluid. A time-dependent linear perturbation analysis is used to examine the nature of such striated film-rupture and, specifically, to predict the number of striations per unit width for varying minimum gap width and the parameter (ηU/T). Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained.
Bidimensional Fluid-Film Flows of Stokesian Fluids
Authors: Bourgin Patrick , Gay Bernard
Published: November 2009

The bidimensional flow equations of a Stokesian fluid are solved for the case of steady, incompressible, and laminar flow between two arbitrary moving surfaces separated by a small gap. The stress T22 and the shearing stress at one of the walls are coupled through nonlinear integro-differential equations, depending on the viscous function only. The form of this differential system is specified for the equations derived from the theory of phenomenological macrorheology, as developed by Reiner and Rivlin. The solution is proved to be unique under certain conditions and for adequate boundary conditions. An example is worked out in the particular case of one single non-Newtonian parameter. The problem is solved in two different ways, using an approximate analytic method and a numerical method. The conception of the latter allows to generalize it by introducing only slight modifications into the program.
Elastohydrostatic Lubrication of Circular Plate Thrust Bearing With Power Law Lubricants
Authors: Singh Chandan , Nailwal T. S. , Sinha Prawal
Published: November 2009

The problem of elastohydrostatic lubrication of circular plate thrust bearings is analyzed with non-Newtonian power law lubricants. It is seen that the elastic layer on the surface improves the bearing performance for all values of the flow behavior index n. The load is found to increase for all values of n and the rate of increase of load capacity at a given elastic parameter is higher for higher values of n. The film profile departs from its unloaded shape for an elastic layered surface and the departure is higher for small values of n.
The Effects of Friction Between Cylinders and Rubber Staves of Finite Thickness
Authors: Walowit Jed A. , Pinkus Oscar
Published: November 2009

An analysis was conducted which predicts the contact stresses and deflections in rubber staves of finite thickness loaded against a shaft in rubbing contact. Results are given which cover the practical range of coefficients of friction and thickness ratios likely to occur in bearings and similar applications. The main conclusions of the analysis are that friction shifts the contact zone toward the trailing edge of the stave and that the contact zone increases as rubber thickness is increased. Thick staves, therefore, are prone to edge loading at the trailing edge.
Some Analytic Observations on the Gas-Lubricated Slider Bearing
Authors: Chandra J. , Davis P. W.
Published: November 2009

Analytic bounds for and properties of the pressure field in the finite and infinite gas-lubricated slider bearing are derived without resorting to numerical or asymptotic approximations. For example, we show that the pressure profile in a converging-film bearing is always supra-ambient, has exactly one maximum point within the bearing, and exhibits strictly negative outward pressure gradients at the sides and leading and trailing edges of the bearing. The mathematical results on which these conclusions are based are briefly described as well.
Endurance Tests With Large-Bore Tapered-Roller Bearings to 2.2 Million DN
Authors: Parker R. J. , Signer H. R. , Pinel S. I.
Published: November 2009

Endurance life tests were run with standard design and optimized high-speed design 120.65-mm- (4.750-in.-) bore tapered-roller bearings at shaft speeds of 12,500 and 18,500 rpm, respectively. Standard design bearings of vacuum melted AISI 4320 and CBS-1000M, and high-speed design bearings of CBS-1000M and through-hardened AISI M-50 were run under heavy combined radial and thrust load until fatigue failure or until a preset cutoff time of 1100 hours was reached. Standard design bearings made from CBS 1000M material ran to a 10-percent life approximately six times rated catalog life. Twelve identical bearings of AISI 4320 material ran to ten times rated calalog life without failure. Cracking and fracture of the cones of AISI M-50 high-speed design bearings occurred at 18,500 rpm due to high tensile hoop stresses. Four CBS 1000M high-speed design bearings ran to twenty-four times rated catalog life without any spalling, cracking or fracture failures.
Inclusions and Service Induced Cracks in a Mature Population of Gas Turbine Engine Bearings
Authors: Barton J. R. , Kusenberger F. N. , Baber B. B.
Published: November 2009

Comprehensive NDE data have been acquired on approximately 1000 main shaft ball bearings used in J57/TF33 gas turbine engines by processing through the Automated Bearing Inspection System, Mark I CIBLE. Bearing service hours ranged from zero (new) to approximately 13,000 hr; inclusions and service induced cracks were detected in a significant number of components. Endurance testing as well as metallurgical sectioning and scanning electron microscope investigations were used in correlation analyses. A linear extrapolation to the total service population of J57/TF33 #2 bearing position results in a forecast of over 200 cracked bearings in the fleet of B52, KC135, C141, and E3A aircraft that use these engines.
Singularity Consideration in Numerical Solution of Contact Stress Problems
Authors: Nayak L.
Published: November 2009

The paper gives an account of different approaches to deal with the weak singularity in numerical methods of contact stress problems when the methods are based on the fundamental equation relating the elastic displacement with pressure. Singularity consideration in a new method to simultaneously determine the shape of the contact area and the pressure distribution, particularly in non-Hertzian contact problems, has been dealt with using elliptic functions. Necessity of proper analysis of singularity is discussed and the final results when compared with Hertz solution have been shown to be satisfactory.
Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Magnetic Support Systems. Part II: Experimental Investigation
Authors: Albrecht P. R. , Walowit Jed , Pinkus Oscar
Published: November 2009

An experimental apparatus was developed for measuring forces and fluxes in the gap between magnetic surfaces. A test program, conducted for both aligned and misaligned teeth, showed very good agreement between the analytical expressions, developed in a companion paper and the present test results. This agreement was found to prevail even at relatively high flux levels and a high degree of misalignment.