bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introducing the Oldest Old
Authors: Suzman Richard M , Manton Kenneth G , Willis David P
Published: November 2023

This volume has had a long and deliberate maturation. It began, most immediately, with a session organized by Matilda White Riley and Richard Suzman for the May 1984 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. For the title of that session, they coined the term “oldest old,” a refinement of Bernice Neugarten’s earlier “old old” (see Chapter 19, this volume), to denote those aged 85 years and over. The papers presented and the ensuing discussion called attention to wide-ranging philosophical, social, economic, political, and service-related implications of the dramatic demographic changes that were then only beginning to be recognized. A selection of papers from that session was revised, expanded, and supplemented with additional papers for a special issue of the Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly (63:2, 1985). The publication proved highly successful. The public ity engendered by it, including front-page New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and Washington Post news stories, boosted consciousness not only in academic and re search settings, but also within the federal statistical and policy-making systems. The present editors decided to revise and update a critical selection of these articles and to add major new contributions to fill in the many gaps in the 1985 volume.
Cohort Succession and the Futureof the Oldest Old
Authors: Preston Samuel H
Published: November 2023

The diagonal march of birth cohorts across the grid of age and time is at once the most mundane and the most profound process known to demography. Cohorts begin the march with their own unique endowment of social and biological attributes. Along the diagonal, they experience the normal processes of development and aging; they absorb the wars, epidemics, recessions, and booms of their time; and they witness the attrition of their members in ways that transform the composition of survivors.
The Paradox of the Oldest Old in the United States: An International Comparison
Authors: Myers George C , Torrey Barbara Boyle , Kinsella Kevin G
Published: November 2023

The United States has a younger population age structure today than many of the world’s developed countries, notably those in Western Europe, as evinced by the percentage of population 65 years of age and over. And the United States will continue to be younger in these terms than most of its counterparts well into the twenty first century. But this simple generalization obscures an important phenomenon. The U.S. elderly are among the oldest of any major country; only the elderly populations of France and the Federal Republic of Germany I currently contain a higher proportion who are 80 years and over. By 2005, the United States will have the highest percentage of the elderly who are 80 years and over (31 percent). It is a demographic paradox that one of the younger industrial countries has such an old elderly population.
Bureaucrats and Beggars
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay
Published: November 2023

Thomas Adams explores the social context in which the French Enlightenment arose by focusing on the response of eighteenth-century French society to the problem of poverty. The institutions (dépôts) which were established in this period to rehabilitate the poor, Adams argues, came to be regarded as laboratories in which society might be studied scientifically. One premise of such rehabilitation efforts was that government `should not make men poor' by failing to provide employment for the willing worker or to reward his efforts when employed. Adams demonstrates how the history of dépôts contributed to a transformation of social values that continues to influence the modern world.
Introduction
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay
Published: November 2023

Sieur Vieuloup was an officer of the royal constabulary—a cavalier de la mare-chaussee-in a brigade headquartered at Rennes, the capital of France’s western most province of Brittany. With his wife, who sold tobacco, he lived over a shop in the Rue Vasselot, adjoining the Place de Toussaints and its bustling marketplace. The surrounding parish of Toussaints was a dreary, low-lying quarter subject to flooding by the meandering streams of the river Vilaine. It was one of the two parishes in which the poor of Rennes were most densely concentrated. A few of Vieuloup’s neighbors were well-to-do merchants or judicial officials connected with the parlement of Brittany or other courts, but the majority were poorer than he. In the year 1777 Vieuloup and his wife paid a little more than the minimum assessment for the royal head tax, or capitation, contributing four livres.
Running the Machine
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay
Published: November 2023

Bertier is speaking energetically before Turgot and a group of his collaborators. They are assembled at the chateau of Montigny in October 1775, to review the report on mendicity prepared by Lomenie de Brienne, archbishop of Toulouse. Having just recounted his initial misgivings on joining Laverdy’s commission as rapporteur in 1766, Bertier launches into an earnest defense of the administration of the depots during their first eight years of operation. He knows that his audience is hostile to the depots, and that his own role as their chief overseer is under attack. He reaches into his portfolio, draws out a set of printed forms, and passes them around the table.
Attack on the Depots
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay
Published: November 2023

Laver dy’s commissioners had shrewdly anticipated the range of attacks that the courts would direct against the depots. Resistance from this quarter was effectively neutralized, not only by recourse to the planned defenses, but also by carefully calculated appeals to the interests and concerns of the parlementaires. In the long run, the tireless resistance on the part of the provincial Estates was to prove more significant in shaping the history of the institution. Whereas the arguments of the judges ran from technicalities of procedure and jurisprudence to the legitimacy of repression, those of the Estates met administrators on their own terrain of economy and utility.
The Nature of Suffering
Authors: Cassell Eric J
Published: November 2023

THE OBLIGATION OF physicians to relieve human suffering stretches back into antiquity. Despite this fact, little attention is explicitly given to the prob¬lem of suffering in medical education, research, or practice. I will begin by focusing on a modern paradox: that even in the best settings and with the best physicians it is not uncommon for suffering to occur not only during the course of a disease but as a result of its treatment. To understand this paradox and its solution requires an understanding of what suffering is and how it relates to medical care.
Masters & Lords
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis
Published: November 2023

Masters and Lords is an ambitious study that presents a comparative view of large planters in the antebellum American South (1820 - 60) and the Junkers of roughly contemporaneous Prussian East Elbia. The author claims that planters and Junkers were comparable because of structural and function analogies between plantations and Ritterguter (knights’ estates) both being autocratic political communities and commercial agricultural enterprises. Starting from the structural similarity of political autocracy and economic acquisitiveness on which both the plantations and Ritterguter were based, Bowman shows just how and why his two landed elites of agrarian capitalists are comparable. He then uses the converging lines of comparison to screen out and set in relief the crucial political and cultural differences that are the keys to explaining the contrasting behaviour of these two elites during the major nineteenth century crises that confronted them - the revolutionay crisis of 1848 - 49 in Germany and the secession crisis of 1860 - 61 in the U.S.
Epidemiologic Approaches to Familial Aggregation
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H
Published: November 2023

The study of familial aggregation is a central theme in genetic epidemiology in which major methodologic and statistical advances have been recently made. As King and colleagues (1984) pointed out, family studies encompass three approximately sequential steps of scientific investigation. First, researchers attempt to determine whether or not there is evidence of familial aggregation in a disease or trait. If familial aggregation is found, the second step is to discriminate among environmental, cultural, and/or genetic factors that may contribute to this clustering. Third, when evidence of a role for genetic factors is found, analyses designed to test for specific genetic mechanisms are carried out. This chapter reviews some basic epidemiologic principles and approaches that can be applied (1) to detect the presence of familial aggregation and (2) to evaluate whether familial aggregation can be attributed to genetic or environmental factors. Note that unraveling the causes of familial aggregation does not constitute an end in itself in genetic epidemiology, but it is an important step in defining the role of genetic factors contributing to disease occurrence in the population at large. Epidemiologic principles and approaches are crucial not only for detecting the presence of familial aggregation, but they also pave the road for sound application of specific genetic models.
Forked Tongues: Moral Judgments in Indian History
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

After the Previous Essay Appeared in Print, I Received an opportunity to practice what I preached. Mildred Alpern, coeditor of an historical column devoted to classroom applications, invited me to write about teaching moral judgments in under graduate classes in Indian history. So I sat down to analyze how I dealt with value judgments–those of the historical sources, the students’, and mine–in my own classes in ethnohistory. The following essay, minus one paragraph, was published in Perspectives: AHA Newsletter in February 1987.

As might be expected, ordinary words–nouns, adverbs, and adjectives-provide the most numerous and most fruitful sources of exercise.
Were Indian Conversions Bona Fide?
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

A short conference Paper is a Good Place to Try Out One’s conclusions about a subject, but a poor one for trying to prove them; twenty minutes sandwiched between other presentations is not sufficient. I rediscovered this in November 1986 when I read a nine-page version of the following essay at the annual meeting of the American Society for Ethnohistory in Charleston. The reaction to my paper from the two respondants and some of the audience was, to put it nicely, skeptical. So I went home determined to make my case at greater and more convincing length. The following essay was written for this volume to accomplish that end.
Through Another Glass Darkly: Early Indian Views of Europeans
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

By the Principles of their Craft, Ethnohistorians Sooner or later get around to examining both sides of their various cultural frontiers. For a long time, anthropologists dominated the discipline and devoted most of their attention to the study of Indian groups, past and present. With the increasing participation of historians in the early 1970s, ethnohistory has expanded its purview to treat the other side of the frontier, but somewhat more critically than Western or Turnerian frontier historians of previous generations were wont to do.

One group of historians who have shown a sustained interest in Indians, or at least the idea of Indians, are intellectual historians, who have written extensively on the changing views of Indians held by European and Ameriacan observers.
The Rise and Fall of the Powhatan Empire
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

Scholar-Teachers have an Opportunity, if Not an Obligation, to advance knowledge by writing for audiences much larger than their own classes and cliques of fellow specialists. If history is to exert any influence on society-at-large, historians who practice on the fore-edge of scholarship must diffuse their discoveries as widely as possible. I was therefore delighted when the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation asked me to contribute a booklet on Virginia’s Indians to their new “Foundations of America” series, which is aimed primarily at advanced high school students.

In recent years, the ethnohistory of the Chesapeake has grown tremendously in the hands of Philip Barbour, Edmund Morgan, Alden Vaughan, Fred Fausz, and Christian Feest.
Introduction
Authors: Diamond Sigmund
Published: November 2023

This Book Has been more than ten years in the making, and many of the twists and turns in the roads that were traveled have been forgotten—many, but not all, and certainly not the start of the journey. I had been a graduate student in American history at Harvard, received a Ph.D. degree in 1953, and during the following year, on the invitation of McGeorge Bundy, dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, held an administrative position there. In the spring of 1954, again through Dean Bundy, I was offered another administrative position, but this time with teaching duties.
The Russian Research Center, 2: Scholarship and Intelligence
Authors: Diamond Sigmund
Published: November 2023

The “official Story” is that Harvard established the Russian Research Center with the help of a preliminary grant of $100,000 from the Carnegie Corporation of New York to provide information to the State Department and other government agencies about contemporary Russia. An article in the Boston Traveler of December 5, 1947, the basis for an FBI memo of December 12, reported that the results of the Harvard research would be “made available to the State Department and other federal agencies, including the central intelligence group, through in formed channels long before publication by the university,” though the university declined to do any classified (secret) research. The State Department, though convinced of the importance of covert activities, was reluctant to engage in them itself. So were many professors, who were also eager to establish a permanent university-government relationship.
The Jazz Scene
Authors: Royal Stokes W
Published: November 2023

W. Royal Stokes is renowned for his ability to transform revealing interviews into meaningful and elegant prose. Combining interview with perceptive commentary, this personal view of the whole history and spectrum of American jazz deals with the differing styles found in New Orleans, Chicago, Harlem, Detroit, and Kansas City, and introduces the reader to all manner of composers, bands, singers, and instrumentalists who made their name playing in America and Europe.
Ellington on Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess-and a Response from the Office of Irving Mills (1935/1936)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

One notable lapse from his customary discretion, however, occurred in remarks he allegedly made about George Gershwin’s opera Porgy and Bess that appeared in 1935 in the left-wing magazine New Theatre. Responding to interviewer Edward Morrow’s leading line of questioning-”Would you say that an honest Negro musical play would have to con tain social criticism?”-Ellington came down hard on the Gershwin work premiered earlier that year.
Stanley Crouch on Such Sweet Thunder, Suite Thursday, and Anatomy of a Murder (1988)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Hallenging the received notion that Ellington’s greatest compositional achieve ments clustered around the year 1940, the writer and critic Stanley Crouch (b. 1945) has long championed works from the composer’s later years. In the following program notes for a concert at Lincoln Center in 1988, he called the period from 1957 to 1967 the most remarkable in Ellington’s career.
Roger Pryor Dodge on Bubber Miley (1940)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Bubber Miley died of tuberculosis in 1932. He held a unique position among the jazz musicians of the late twenties, and in time I hope to write an extended story of his life including a thorough review of his recordings. Let this short sketch outline his musical life and emphasize his importance as a jazz mus1e1an.
Ivie Anderson (1942)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

When Duke Ellington hired Ivie Anderson the engagement was for four weeks. She stayed on the job 12 years-and hasn’t finished the run yet. Ivie now holds the record as the name-band vocalist with the longest service record in the business. a stage her appearance is serene dignity. Poised, with an almost serious expression on her diminutive face, she confronts her audience with a deceptive demeanor. A seasoned and judicious showman, she knows just how to make the most of the marked contrast between her appearance and the abandoned, low-down quality of her vocalisms.
Double Play: Harry Carney and Johnny Hodges Interviewed by Don DeMichael (1962)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Joined Ellington’s band in 1927 (though he may have played in it occasionally the preceding year in New England), while Hodges became a full-time member in 1928. It is made up, in part, of suavity, urbanity, self-confidence. It is something no other band imparts to its members. It is a unique attractive-forcePerhaps Carney said it best: “You still hear musicians say the height of their ambition is to play in the Ellington band.”
Rex Stewart: “Illustrious Barney Bigard” (1966)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Albany Leon Bigard is one of the illustrious sons of New Orleans. He is also one of the clarinetists taught by the Tio family, Papa Tio and his nephew, Lorenzo. Evidently, there was unusual rapport between this musical Mexican clan and fledgling clarinetists, for the Tios sent out an impressive list of artists to dazzle the worlds of jazz and classical music.
Guitarist Freddy Guy Interviewed by John McDonough (1969)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Two or three years ago there appeared a jazz piece in Jet magazine in which the author named his choice for three of the most important rhythm guitarists in jazz history: “Charlie Christian, Freddie Green, and the late Freddy Guy.” Every time Fred Guy recalls that story these days, he chuckles and a twinkle lights his eye. Though the guitarist, who played Ellingtonian rhythms with Sonny Greer and assorted bassists for 26 years, today enjoys the best of health, marking his 69th [recte 71st?] birthday last May, perhaps there is little fault in having lost track of someone who has not drawn a paycheck as a musician for 19 years, even if he is a Duke Ellington alumnus.
Ellington: “Eulogy for Swee’ Pea” (1967)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Because he had a rare sensitivity and applied himself to his gifts, Billy Strayhorn successfully married melody, words, and harmony, equating the fitting with happiness. His greatest virtue, I think, was his honesty, not only to others but to himself. His listening-hearing self was totally intolerant of his writing-playing self when or if any compromise was expected, or considered expedient.
“The Duke Ellingtons-Cotton Clubbers En Masse” (1937)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Duke Ellington (leader and piano)-God’s greatest gift to jazz ... tremen dously popular and exceedingly modest ... world’s greatest jive artist and protagonist of Ellingtonian chivalry ... hates peanuts on pianos, whistling on stage, three on a match, dangling buttons ... consequently the inventor of wrap-around coats ... rabid bridge player ... calls his slight, slender wife “Tubby” ” ” ” always orders last so that the stuff he swipes from other people’s plates will agree with what he’s eating ... deadly serious only about his music his colossal feats in that department are too well known to bear repetition. Otto Hardwick (1st sax)-bald at 19 ... now 32 ... looks older ... used to fiddle bass in Washington ... dad carried it to work for him ... got his first.
The Second American Revolution
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: November 2023

During the fateful years of 1860 and 1861, James A. Garfield, a representative in the Ohio legislature, corresponded with his former student at Hiram College, Burke Hinsdale, about the alarming developments in national affairs. They agreed that this “present revolution” of southern secession was sure to spark a future revolution of freedom for the slaves.
Lincoln and Liberty
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: November 2023

On April 18, 1864, Abraham Lincoln returned to Baltimore for the first time since he had passed incognito through the city in the middle of the night three years earlier to escape a suspected assassination plot. This time he came in broad daylight, in the full panoply of the presidency, to address the opening ceremonies of the Maryland Sanitary Fair, a fund-raising event for that remarkable Civil War counter­ part of the modern Red Cross and USO, the United States Sanitary Commission.
“Prevent: Don’t Abort”
Authors: Grossmann Atina
Published: November 2023

In 1932, the Berlin gynecologist Hans Lehfeldt published an article in which he documented the remarkable growth of what he termed “a people’s movement” (Volksbewegung) for birth control and sex education during the twelve years of the Weimar Republic. The appearance of such an essentially favorable report written by a physician in a journal edited by the eugenicist and social hygienist Hans Harmsen was a sign of how broad and diverse this social movement for the reform of sexual and procreative regulations and practices had become. Lay leagues claimed over 150,000 members—including sympathetic physicians—and their influence stretched well beyond those who formally joined.
Birth Control, Marriage, and Sex Counseling Clinics
Authors: Grossmann Atina
Published: November 2023

The marriage, sex, and birth control clinics established by municipal and health insurance officials in German cities during the Weimar Republic constituted a remarkable experiment in the publicly funded “management of sexuality” and procreation. Physicians and social workers used them as laboratories in which to implement and contest the politics of medical sex reform. They tried—with varying degrees of success—to translate into clinical practice their ambition to produce, via satisfying heterosexuality, healthy offspring at well-timed intervals.
Introduction: Bioethics as a Plural Noun
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram
Published: November 2023

Moral diversity is real. It is real in fact and in principle. Bioethics and health care policy have yet to take this diversity seriously. Those who teach bioethics, those who engage in bioethics consultations in the clinical arena, those who serve on ethics committees, even those who produce textbooks of bioethics tend to dis count the diversity of understandings regarding the morality of particular health care choices (e.g., regarding abortion, commercial surrogacy, euthanasia, germline genetic engineering, inequalities in access to health care, infanticide, organ sales) or the nature of morality (e.g., teleological, deontological, virtue based). It is as if one needed only to lay out the canonical account of justice and of the proper physician-patient relationship. The expectation persists of simply disclosing how resources ought to be distributed and how patients and physicians ought concretely to regard each other. All this is supposed to be possible outside of any particular moral narrative or perspective, at least outside of any narrative or perspective with the idiosyncrasies of a particular ideology or religion. After all, this is what the project of secular morality and bioethics has promised: an account in general of what individuals owe each other and ought to do.
The Principles of Bioethics
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram
Published: November 2023

At the very roots of ethics and bioethics there are profound tensions. Ethics is not one practice. The different practices, related by family resemblance, often collide. As the last chapter shows, there are deep and important differences be tween the morality and bioethics that can bind moral strangers and the mo ralities and bioethics that can bind moral friends. The morality that can bind moral strangers hinges on the authority that individuals convey through permission. This morality has a negative structure. It discloses rights and duties of forbearance. The requirement to use individuals only with their consent sets limits. On the other hand, this morality justifies morally content-full joint endeavors through agreements to collaborate. The morality of moral strangers is the focus of this volume.
Aspirations and Anxieties
Authors: Zonderman David A
Published: November 2023

Aspirations and Anxieties presents the thoughts and actions of the first generation of factory workers in New England. It shows the various ways in which different kinds of factory workers handled their new experiences in numerous settings—in the factories themselves, in the surrounding factory towns, in strikes and political campaigns. The diversity of these workers’ thoughts is related by Zonderman to the larger changes in American culture occurring in the decades before the Civil War.
“Palladium Of The People’s Liberties”: The Suffrage Question And The Origins Of Black Protest
Authors: Fredrickson George M
Published: November 2023

Since power and equality in representative political systems depend on the right to vote, it should come as no surprise that black freedom struggles in the United States and South Africa have made access to the ballot box a main objective in the battle against white domination. Once slavery had been abolished in the United States and the conquest of indigenous societies had been completed in South Africa, agitation for the vote on the same basis as whites became central to the cause of “equal rights.” For more than a century blacks protested against the arrogance and unfairness of political systems that paid lip service to democracy but actually permitted whites to monopolize power. The contradiction between liberal democratic political theory and racist practice gave to black orators and writers the chance to seize high moral ground by exposing the injustice and hypocrisy of their oppressors. In 1965 blacks in the United States gained their greatest triumph when Congress passed legislation that made their right to vote enforceable in all the states of the Union. In South Africa, the African National Congress finally achieved its goal of “one person, one vote” in 1994.The origins of the contemporary struggles for the suffrage can be found in the mid-to late nineteenth century. Some of the righteous intensity of subsequent campaigns for voting rights derived from the fact that color blind political equality was not unprecedented in either society but was in fact a legacy from mid-Victorian political liberalism. Ex-slaves in the United States had been enfranchised shortly after their emancipation, and the Constitution was changed in 1870 to prohibit denial of the right to vote on grounds of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” In the Cape Colony of South Africa-the center of British power in the region and the cradle of white South African society-ex-slaves and conquered indigenes were enfranchised after 1854 if they could meet a relatively low property and educational qualification that also applied to white settlers. These mid-nineteenth century manifestations of racial liberalism raised hopes among blacks that they could gain substantive equality and a measure of power to shape their own destinies through engaging in electoral politics.
Familiar Journey Protocols of Dying in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Pinson Jon W
Published: November 2023

Of all the subjects regularly entertained in popular song during the last century, none seems so inappropriate to us as death. In her study of sculpture Joy Kasson remarks about the apparent “fascination with death and dying that was reflected in virtually every aspect of American culture: art, literature, and education, as well as religious and social practices.”2 It is tempting initially for modem writers to attribute this seemingly morbid preoccupation to statistics, and it is true that shorter life expectancy in the nineteenth century played some role in the frequency of songs about dying (especially in the case of children). But a moment’s reflection will remind us that death was no more common in the nineteenth century than at any other time. Put simply, just as many people die as are born in the long run. Numbers alone offer very little by way of explanation about a society’s view of death.
Dimensions of Law in the Service of Order
Authors: Stanley Robert
Published: November 2023

A sophisticated and accessible application of the newest theoretical work in public-policy history and legal studies, this book is a detailed account of how a permanent income tax was enacted into law in the United States. The tax originated as an apology for the aggressive manipulation of other forms of taxation, especially the tariff, during the Civil War. Levied with very low rates on a small proportion of the population and raising little revenue, the early tax was designed to preserve imbalances in the structure of wealth and opportunity, rather than to ameliorate or abolish them, by strengthening the status quo against fundamental attacks by the political left and right. This book shows that the early course of income taxation was more clearly the product of centrist ideological agreement, despite occasional divergences, than of “conservative-liberal” allocative conflict.
The Income Tax, Incorporated, 1873-1881
Authors: Stanley Robert
Published: November 2023

In 1875 Karl Marx warned European leftists against any attempt to import income taxation into capitalist, pre-revolutionary society.1 Three years later, testifying before a congressional hearing investigating the causes of the deepening depression, William Graham Sumner, the most eminent rightist political economist of the time, told the committee: “I am in favor of an income tax as a matter of public finance.”2 Probably no fiction less congenial, less comprehensible to the views of historians who thought the income tax began in radicalism, could be constructed than the spectacle which ran its course during the depression years of the 1870s; no ghosts in the recesses of the democratic psyche could have been more troubling. There, in the midst of the worst economic crisis of the century, the principal actors in the legal drama seemed to have abandoned the predictable for a twilight world of farce. Given an opportunity to trumpet the tax as a powerful tool for meaningful social reform, leftist political groups either ignored it or simply acknowledged it as secondarily desirable. Faced with a chance finally to overcome the tyranny of high-tariff Northeastern “business” interests, much of the recently restored, rural South voted, delegation after delegation, to kill a new income tax bill in 1878. Rightist political economists who, like Sumner, aggressively argued for an end to statist capitalism found the tax a welcome tool; the nation’s foremost “conservative” jurist, Thomas
The Restoration, 1895-1913
Authors: Stanley Robert
Published: November 2023

Until the Pollock case, the roots of progressive federal income taxation ran deeply in centrist tradition. The tax was flexible and uniquely useful in defense of the status quo, because unlike currency, trusts, or tariff revision, and unlike labor after the AFL, it clearly spoke to the horizontal social lines of economic class rather than the narrower perimeters of interest groups. Its primary traditional justification-that those who benefited the most from the laws and the government should naturally pay the most in proportion to their income-was an extraordinary admission of the meaning of class in proximity to legal power.
The Evolution of Sexual Attraction: Evaluative Mechanisms in Women
Authors: Ellis Bruce J
Published: November 2023

For most sexually reproducing species all conspecifics of the other sex are not equally valuable as mates: that is, they differ in “mate value.” In many species selection has produced mechanisms to detect potential mates of high mate value. In other words, just as the taste of fruit varies with food value. in a natural setting, sexual attractiveness varies with mate value.

What do women find attractive in men? Many writers who have addressed this issue have concluded that female preferences are so diverse and idiosyncratic as to defy systematic explanation. I will argue, however, that general principles guiding female mate preferences can be discerned at the appropriate level of abstraction and that the evolution-based concept of “mate value” (Symons 1987a) provides a useful heuristic in this endeavor.
Evolved Responses to Landscapes
Authors: Orians Gordon H , Heerwagen Judith H
Published: November 2023

Evolutionary approaches to aesthetics are based on the postulate that emotional responses, because they are such powerful motivators of human behavior, could not have evolved unless the behavior they evoked contributed positively, on average, to survival and reproductive success. This is why sugar is sweet and sexual activity is fun. Those of our ancestors who found consuming carbohydrates and engaging in inter course enjoyable left more surviving descendants than those individuals who were not motivated to engage in those behaviors. Thus, an evolutionary biologist studies the actions evoked by emotional states to determine why those emotions had survival value. This is not to say that the behaviors stimulated by those emotions are always useful. Curiosity does, so we are told, sometimes kill cats. Nonetheless we believe that cats lacking curiosity fail to learn enough about their environments to function in them as well as their more curious brethren, even though being curious sometimes has unfortunate consequences.
Evolution of Infectious Disease
Authors: Ewald Paul W
Published: November 2023

Ewald is the first author to present a Darwinian perspective on infectious disease, which opens up a whole new approach to health science, one that emphasizes new possibilities for combatting deadly diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and AIDS. Taking an evolutionary approach, Ewald views disease-producing bacteria and viruses as parasites and explains the history of disease as a host-parasite relationship, one which can evolve in many different effects on the host population. He explains why the agents of cholera, malaria, and AIDS are so dangerous and why treatment of virtually all diseases would be improved by applications of evolutionary principles. This merging of evolutionary biology with health sciences offers a new dimension to policy-making in the health sciences by identifying interventions that will force infectious organisms to evolve toward a benign state, to subdue the plagues of the past and help us to avert the plagues of the future. A wholly readable account of an enthralling and important subject of concern to us all.
Between Prison and Probation
Authors: Morris Norval , Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

In this work two leading American criminologists argue that fundamental sentencing reforms are needed before the US corrections system can contend with an escalating crime rate. They recommend the adoption of intermediate punishments—community-based sanctions of increasing severity—which can fill the gap between costly and punitive incarceration currently reserved for a minority of convicted offenders and parole served by the majority of offenders. The authors first analyse the evolution of sentencing in America and consider why intermediate punishments successfully applied in other countries have failed in the US. The authors examine a range of intermediate punishments such as intensive probation, fines, community service orders, and drug treatment programmes, as well as the types of criminals they are applicable for, their enforceability and effectiveness, and the major objections to their use.
White City, Gray City
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ellen
Published: November 2023

The women who traveled to Chicago in the 1890s discovered a university full of vitality and ambition. Its newness gave the institution a special air. As a young graduate student wrote on the evening of Chicago’s opening in 1892: “In many ways the University of Chicago is wholly unique. It is at once an experiment and an assured success.” Her confidence was inspired by the combination of President William Rainey Harper’s mind and John D. Rockefeller’s money. One had only to observe professors who had eagerly traded the rarefied atmosphere of the intellectual East for the rawness of “pork packing” Chicago to sense that something momentous was afoot.
Patriots and Paupers
Authors: Lindemann Mary
Published: November 2023

Like many European cities, Hamburg experienced enormous growth in the eighteenth century, and with it a dramatic increase in the urban poor population. This book is a study of that city’s response to the enormous changes in the political and social structure brought on by dramatic demographic change.
Anton Bruckner
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Bruckner ‘s father, like his father before him, was schoolmaster in the village of Ansfelden. Before that, and as far back as the fourteenth century, the Bruckner’s had been farmers and laborers. Anton sang in the choir, was allowed to play the organ, and learned the rudiments of music from a cousin. In 1837, the year his father died, he was taken as a choirboy into the Augustinian monastery of Saint Florian, whose buildings, Austrian Baroque at its most splendid, dominate the countryside southeast of Linz. There the musician and the man gradually emerged.
Unintentional Injury
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Unintentional injuries cause about 100,000 deaths annually and are the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. Table 4-1 shows the numbers of deaths from the 20 leading causes of unintentional injury death. Motor vehicle crashes, falls, poisoning, fires, and drowning cause more than three-fourths of all deaths from unintentional injuries.
Sports and Recreation
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Sports and recreation are an important source of injuries and deaths, including the majority of drownings, many firearm fatalities, about 10 percent of all brain injuries (Kraus et al. 1984), 7 percent of spinal cord injuries (Kraus et al. 1975), and 13 percent of facial injuries treated in hospitals (Karlson 1983). Two important groups of recreational injuries, those related to swimming and bicycling, are addressed in Chapters 13 and 21, respectively. Motorcyling, which for many people is a form of recreation rather than transportation per se and which produces many injuries and deaths, is addressed in Chapter 20.
Asphyxiation by Choking and Suffocation
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

The category “aspiration of food” includes not only asphyxiation by solid food but also the presence in the respiratory tract of regurgitated food. The latter phenomenon, which may occur in the last phases of dying from a variety of causes, accounts for three-fourths of all deaths coded as asphyxiation by food in the first year of life and half of such deaths among older children (Harris et al. 1984). In Georgia, death certificates for two-thirds of all food asphyxiation cases cited regurgitated food as the cause (Dabis et al. 1985).
Common Women
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo
Published: November 2023

A “common woman” in medieval England was a prostitute, distinguished as such less for taking money for sex than for belonging to all men in common. Karras’s book tells the story of these women, their experiences, relations, and treatment under the law, and concludes that prostitution was central to the medieval understanding of feminity.
Saints and Sinners
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo
Published: November 2023

Like law, like secular literature, the teachings of the medieval church did not promote a unitary understanding of what it meant to be a whore. The whore’s fundamental distinguishing characteristic was sexual immorality, yet the connection with financial exchange was pervasive enough to give all references to whoredom, indeed all considerations of female sexuality, the taint of venality. All of the late medieval church’s teachings about prostitution and about whoredom must be seen against the background of a general hostility to sexuality and a widespread misogyny. This chapter first presents this background, then focuses on medieval analyses of the sin of lust in particular. I then move on to the specific discussions and representations of commercial sex in medieval pastoral texts and saints’ lives and analyze how these texts constructed the image of the whore. The focus is especially on negative attitudes toward women based on their sexuality. I do not argue that the church’s view of women was univocally negative, nor that women internalized this negative view. Medieval culture was not monolithically hostile to women; queens, holy women, even ordinary wives and mothers could be respected and revered.
The Psychiatric Mental Status Examination
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W
Published: November 2023

Developed from years of teaching psychiatry to medical students and residents, this comprehensive text meets a need in the teaching of literature and will be valuable to both students first learning about the MSE and seasoned clinicians seeking an informative reference. The clinical relevance of mental status abnormalities is illustrated through frequent examples of disorders that can cause the particular signs and symptoms defined in each chapter. A final chapter describing fictional case histories with hypothetical examples of written mental status reports will be particularly useful for those learning to write such reports. This text is an important addition to the libraries of students and practitioners who work with psychiatric patients and should help to simplify and organize a challenging task.
The November Crisis
Authors: Roshwald Aviel
Published: November 2023

It did not take long for the practical ramifications of the Lebanese political transformation to manifest themselves. The day after the election of the new government, Helleu reported that Syria and Lebanon intended jointly to raise demands for the transfer of the Common Interests to their control. Helleu was opposed to this pending the negotiation of treaties, arguing that: “If we had no pledge at our disposal, we would not be able to obtain satisfactory guarantees in the course of the negotiation.” Catroux supported this position and the delegate-general was instructed to propose the formal linking of the two issues in talks with the Levant states.2
Southeast Asia
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: November 2023

Vietnam, with a present population of over 60 million, has one of the richest musical cultures of Southeast Asia. Aside from the wealth of folk and religious musics, Vietnam possesses a sophisticated art music tradi­tion which, although heavily influenced by that of China, has a distinct flavor and theoretical basis of its own. In the realm of popular music, Vietnam enjoys a vitality and individuality unrivaled by contemporary musics in smaller, war-ravaged Laos and Cambodia, as well as in Thai­land and Malaysia, where, with the exception of the Malay-Indonesian dangdut and Thai Zuk tung, Western-style pop predominates.
China
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: November 2023

If the development and direction of popular music are reflections of socio-economic change and modernization, then the study of Chinese popular music should be of particular interest. China's dramatic social upheavals in this century-most notably, of course, the Communist Revolution-have indeed contributed to an accompanying revolution in the field of music; these musical developments are of interest not only because of their impact on the lives of one-fifth of the world's popula­tion, but also because of their illustration of the possible effects of socio­political changes upon music.
Women And Children In Health Care
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: November 2023

The ideal of equality constitutes a criterion for assessing current practice through attention to differences among individuals and groups. Inequality occurs when irrelevant differences are invoked in order to secure power or advantages over others. This book examines health care issues from an egalitarian perspective, focusing particularly on those that affect the lives of women and children. These are some of the most hotly debated, controversial, yet genuinely humanitarian issues of our time. They include gender stereotypes in medicine and in adolescent socialization, fertility curtailment and enhancement, coercive treatment during pregnancy, fetal tissue transplantation, decisions regarding newborns, decision-making by minors, the feminization of poverty and its impact on women’s and children’s health, and the meaning and role of “family” in health care decisions. The book describes a case-based or “feminine” model of reasoning as appropriate to the health care setting, but also as a possible rationale for exploitation of women. Different versions of feminism are clearly explained and specifically related to care-based reasoning. To overcome the pitfalls of paternalism and excessive stress on patient autonomy, a concept of “parentalism” is defended. An egalitarian perspective, the author claims, involves use of one’s power to empower others. Because of the timeliness of the topics discussed, and the depth of detail, this book will be necessary reading for all bioethicists, health-care analysts and policy-makers, and women’s studies researchers.
Children and Moral Agency
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: November 2023

“Recent moral philosophy,” according to Geoffrey Scarre, “has been guilty of child neglect.”‘ In this chapter I attempt to redress that neglect by focusing on the possibilities for moral agency in children, particularly in the health care setting. I examine the meaning of moral agency and its applicability to children in light of specific examples, studies of child development, and variables that influence moral agency in adults as well as children. I also consider children’s concepts of illness and death, and possibilities for promoting their moral agency in pediatric practice. What motivates my analysis is a concern that children, like women, are often treated stereotypically, without taking account of the differences in maturity, family circumstances, talents, and needs that exist among them as individuals. From an egalitarian standpoint, the differences are surely relevant.
Reunion and Reaction
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

First published in 1951, Reunion and Reaction quickly became a classic. Its entirely new interpretation was a revision of previous attitudes toward the Reconstruction period, the history of the Republican party, and the realignment of forces that fought the Civil War. This important work is reissued with a new introduction by the author.
The Repertory of Freedom
Authors: King Richard H
Published: November 2023

Freedom in its various guises has been a central theme in Western thought. At any particular place and time, the dominant meaning of freedom and its sphere of primary relevance (sacred or secular, personal or collective; economic, social, cultural, or political) will vary. The set of ways of defining and applying freedom in the political thought and culture of the West is what I will call the “repertory” of freedom.
Jews in Christian America
Authors: Cohen Naomi W
Published: November 2023

This book examines how American Jews from colonial times to the present have contended with living in a fundamentally Christian state. Separation of church and state has become a veritable creed in the American Jewish community, and the focus of the work is the way in which Jewish actions have contributed to the development of this separation in the US.