bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Freedom of Information Act and Political Science Research
Authors: Segal Morley
Published: September 2013

What is the logic of an information law which:

• makes available a State Department Memorandum rationalizing the President's use of troops overseas without congressional consent, but has thus far failed to make available World War II documents concerning allegedly repatriated Russian soldiers,

• which makes available a Federal Trade Commission staff study on auto warranties but leaves numerous other advisory studies difficult to locate and their status unclear,

• breaks loose a key Federal Reserve Board vote but has thus far left the votes and minutes of other multi-member agencies difficult to locate?

The answer is that the logic is not in the law itself, but in the kind of pressure put upon the bureaucracy to follow it. The Freedom of Information Act which became effective July 4, 1967 is not self enforcing. It depends upon the initiative and energy of those who want government information, giving them a tool with which to prod an unwilling bureaucracy. To date, this prodding has come principally from the press and interested business organizations; meaning that the information made available has been oriented toward the single news story, often an expose, or the isolated regulatory decision. This is certainly a valuable use of the Act but the pressure of interested citizens is not sufficient to force the government to make available the scope of information and indexing needed for scholarly research.

The organized scholarly community, while traditionally supporting the principle of free access to government information, has made no systematic effort to either assess the newly available information or to pry loose information presently withheld.
Sense and Nonsense in Politics
Authors: Surkin Marvin
Published: September 2013

I take my cue for the title of this paper from Merleau-Ponty, the French phenomenologist, who wrote in 1948 that “the political experience of the past thirty years oblige us to evoke the background of non-sense against which every universal undertaking is silhouetted and by which it is threatened with failure.” Merleau-Ponty refers to the experience of that generation of intellectuals for whom Marxism was a “mistaken hope” because it lost “confidence in its own daring when it was successful in only one country.” But this criticism is equally relevant for a new generation of intellectuals in America for whom the ideals of liberalism have been emptied of reality and have become little more than a super-rational mystique for the Cold War, a counter-revolutionary reflex in the third world, and a narrow perspective of social welfare at home. Merleau-Ponty argues that Marxism “abandoned its own proletarian methods and resumed the classical ones of history: hierarchy, obedience, myth, inequality, diplomacy, and police. Today intellectuals in America are making the same critique with equal fervor about their own lost illusions.

As we search for new ways to comprehend the social realities of American life and new modes of social thought and political action to reconstruct “the American dream,” Merleau-Ponty's notion of sense and nonsense guides us to see the historical relationship between ideologies and practice, between thought and action, between man and the world he creates. It symbolizes that recurrent fact in history whereby reason parades as unreason, where even “the highest form of reason borders on unreason.” We must learn from recent history that “the experience of unreason cannot simply be forgotten;” that the most noble claims to universal truth, the most rational modes of philosophical or social inquiry, the most convincing declarations of political leaders are all contingent, and should be subject to revision and open to criticism and change.
A Rank Order of Eateries: A Chicago Stochastic Model
Authors: Haider Donald H.
Published: September 2013

.... The hands of men took hold and tugged And the breaths of men went into the junk And the junk stood up into skyscrapers and asked Who am I? Am I a city?

Carl Sandburg-“The Windy City”

Robert Merriam, picking up where his father left off, once indicated that it would take 50 years for an aroused citizenry to root out corruption in Chicago. It has taken at least that long to upgrade Chicago's restaurants. Several decades ago, top gourmet societies labelled Chicago a “gastronomic wasteland.” Among the many old clichés and modern prejudices that the Windy City is constantly seeking to outlive is the quality of its restaurants. New Yorkers, of course, will not let old myths die. Gail Green,New York Magazinegalloping gourmet, recently went away from Chicago dubbing its restaurants the “Big Potato” — homely and solid, mealy and bland. Chicago epicureans responded by a whirlwind tour of the Gotham Town's “Best and Most Delectable,” writing devastating critiques of New York's much overrated eating places. If one can transcend these diatribes and gastronomic polemics, you will find Chicago to be as good a dining town as there is in the U.S.A. — variety, service, and prices.
Political Scientists as Professional Observers
Authors: Shafer Byron E.
Published: September 2013

Walter Beach has provided a roster ofpolitical scientists as delegates and alternatesto national party conventions and short essays by a number of them. Elaine Kamarck and John Bibby have contributed some more extended thoughts onpolitical scientists as campaign operatives and party officialsat national party conventions. And I have been asked to add a few words onpolitical scientists as, well, political scientistsin the same locale.

I doubt that many political scientists who have been convention delegates would trade the experience. Delegate status is not a particularly good way to observe the full convention as an institution, or to get a sense of the convention in the larger political system. But it is the best means for examining the micropolitics of the convention, i.e., the small discussions and bargains, or the utilization of a delegate's time, and it is perhaps the quintessential way to develop an appreciation for the impact of the convention as a social context—as a peculiar, small, short-lived world unto itself.
The Non-Politics of Social Science Information: A Manifesto
Authors: Riggs Fred W.
Published: September 2013

If politics are based on the need, in any collectivity, to allocate scarce resources, then there should long ago have been a lively politics of social science information—but there has not been. However, political inaction can be attributed not only to non-scarcity, but also to the failure—for whatever reason—of affected persons to take action in their own interest.

The fact thatscarcities do plague the fieldof social science information—especially at the international level—will be apparent if one reflects on the following facts:

• there is a growing output ofsocial science researcharound the world, and much of it is carried out by scholars whose graduate education was completed at American universities;

• in more and more countries there is an increasing output ofprimary data—news, survey returns, census data, trade statistics, government documents, plans, maps, archeological findings—that can be used very fruitfully by social scientists in their research;

• the capacity of American researchers to securesupport for research overseas, for field trips, for attendance at international conferences, and for the acquisition of foreign data has radically dwindled;
The Battelle Memorial Institute's Human Affairs Research Centers
Authors: Thurber James A.
Published: September 2013

The Battelle Memorial Institute, which began operations in 1929 at its corporate site in Columbus, Ohio, is the largest multinational, public purpose, not-for-profit research organization in the world. Its 7,500 natural scientists, engineers, social scientists, and support personnel are engaged in a broad range of research which embraces the physical, life, and social/behavioral sciences. Battelle operates major research centers in Columbus, Ohio; Frankfurt, Germany; Geneva, Switzerland; and Richland and Seattle, Washington. Battelle's research volume in 1980 was $811 million, which included projects in 75 countries throughout the world. A major objective of Battelle is to benefit mankind by the advancement and utilization of science through technological innovation and educational activities and dissemination of knowledge through publications.

Until the late 1960s, Battelle was known primarily for its research in the physical and life sciences (including the basic research and development of xerography in the mid-1940s). In 1971 the Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers (HARC) was created to do basic and applied research in the social and behavioral sciences. HARC is a multidisciplinary social science organization that conducts research and educational activities directed toward the solution of significant societal problems. Its staff of over 1 50, which is located in Seattle and Washington, D.C. and includes political scientists, policy analysts, sociologists, psychologists, anthropologists, economists, international affairs and defense specialists, urban planners, and statisticians, is one of the largest non-academic groups of social scientists in the United States.
Microcomputers: Basic Choice Factors
Authors: Marks Gregory A.
Published: September 2013

In the last few years a computing revolution has been started. We have arrived at a point where an individual can have access to apersonalcomputer that has real advantages over larger minicomputers and mainframes for a number of significant applications. When the further step is taken of providing a communications link between that personal computer and those larger systems, the overall result is a combination of capabilities of unprecedented potential.

As in any revolution, there have been problems and mistakes along the path. Indeed there are still shortcomings and hazards to be avoided. Nonetheless, there are personal computing systems available which offer many advantages for a wide spectrum of academic and professional people. This document is intended as an overview of what is currently marketed, providing reference points for the interested individual.
Atlanta: Protest and Elections Are Not Enough
Authors: Stone Clarence N.
Published: September 2013

Blacks hold governmental power in Atlanta. They have a two-to-one majority on the city council, and Andrew Young is in his second term as the city's second black mayor. Moreover, blacks are a substantial presence in the civic life of Atlanta. They have held the presidency of the Chamber of Commerce, and are to be found among the membership of every important board and commission in the public life of the community. The political incorporation of blacks in Atlanta is now strong enough for Mayor Young to entertain the possibility of city-county consolidation. Even with such a move, blacks presumably would remain at the center of public life in Atlanta.

How such a seemingly strong form of political incorporation came about is in part a familiar story. Key facts in the city's political history are widely known:

1. In 1946, Georgia's white primary was invalidated. A voter-registration drive in the black community brought nearly 20,000 new voters onto the rolls, making the black community more than a quarter of the city's electorate (Bacote, 1955).

2. Atlanta's mayor at the time, William B. Hartsfield, recognized the potential for taking on Atlanta's black community as junior partners in a coalition built around the mutually reinforcing themes of economic growth and racial moderation. He and his successor, Ivan Allen, Jr., profited electorally from that coalition over the next twenty years (see Jennings and Zeigler, 1966).

3. Atlanta's black community entered a new and more assertive phase in 1960 as direct-action protests signalled the end of the era of quiet accommodation between established black and white leaders (Walker, 1963).

4. The 1970 census reports show that Atlanta's population balance had tilted to a black majority, and, in 1973, Maynard Jackson was elected as Atlanta's first black mayor. Jackson was reelected by a comfortable margin in 1977, and he has been followed by Atlanta's second black mayor, Andrew Young. Mayor Young was reelected in a landslide in 1985.
The Relationship Between Political Language and Political Reality
Authors: Elshtain Jean Bethke
Published: September 2013

Albert Camus' ironic judge-penitent, Jean-Baptiste Clemence, remarks to his compatriot in the seedy bar, Mexico City, in a shadowy district of Amsterdam, the mist rising off the canals, the fog rolling in, cheap gin the only source of warmth, “Somebody has to have the last word. Otherwise, every reason can be answered with another one and there would never be an end to it. Power, on the other hand, settles everything. It took time, but we finally realized that. For instance, you must have noticed that our old Europe at last philosophizes in the right way. We no longer say as in simple times: ‘This is the way I think. What are your objections?’ We have become lucid. For the dialogue we have substituted the communique: ‘This is the truth,’ we say. You can discuss it as much as you want; we aren't interested. But in a few years there'll be the police who will show you we are right.”

Now this is still an imperfect method of control—the enforcers are clearly identified and the coercion is too obvious. Not so in Orwell's1984. As Syme, the chilling destroyer of language proclaims: “It's a beautiful thing, the destruction of words.” Speaking to Orwell's protagonist Winston Smith, Syme continues: “Don't you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought. In the end we shall make thoughtcrime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it. Every concept that can ever be needed will be expressed by exactlyoneword, with its meaning rigidly defined and all its subsidiary meanings rubbed out and forgotten…. Every year fewer and fewer words, and the range of consciousness always a little smaller. Even now, of course, there's no reason or excuse for committing thoughtcrime. It's merely a question of self-discipline, reality control. But in the end there won't be any need even for that. The Revolution will be complete when the language is perfect.”
The 1984 Election: The Irrelevance of the Campaign
Authors: Frankovic Kathleen A.
Published: September 2013

In 1948, pollsters and journalists learned that campaigns mattered. In 1984, the lesson may be that sometimes campaigns may not matter at all. The major question for analysis of this election, therefore, is not what did Ronald Reagan do to insure victory, but why did anyone think Ronald Reagan could lose?

This year is an awkward year for analysis for other reasons as well. This was a landslide election; landslides tend to be massive rejections of one candidate or massive affirmations of the winner's policies or performance. This year, the voters were clear in their approval of Ronald Reagan's economic programs. They were less clear in their support for increased spending on defense or in support of the Reagan social agenda. Straightforward analysis of the election provides indications of somewhat increased confidence in government and the prevalence of economic issues dominating the reasons for candidate support. The election seems a mandate for continued economic success, with little concern for how that is achieved. The groups who voted against Ronald Reagan were those who did not think they benefited from administration policies—blacks, Hispanics, and the poor—as well as self-described liberals and the traditional supporters of American liberalism, Jews.
Postscript
Authors: Baker Gordon E.
Published: September 2013

Subsequent to the filing ofBadham v. Eu, the 1984 California elections provided classic examples that pervasive gerrymandering has become the newest form of voting dilution. On a statewide basis, Republican congressional candidates in California captured a clear majority of the two-party vote, yet won only 18 of the 45 seats (or 40 percent). Congressional district lines were drawn by incumbent Democrats in Congress and ratified by the heavily Democratic California legislature.

It is probably little exaggeration to term the California legislature a self-perpetuating oligarchy, accountable primarily to itself by the act of carefully fencing voters in and out of districts calculated to preserve the status quo, regardless of all but monumental shifts in voter sentiment or population mobility. In other states (e.g., Indiana) the legislative oligarchies are Republican.

Does this type of voter debasement call for another bold move—as in 1964—by the United States Supreme Court? To many, this understandably seems to be the thorniest part of the “political thicket” that the late Justice Frankfurter had cautioned his colleagues to avoid. But, having entered it in 1964 and after, can the judiciary now ignore this new dimension of malapportionment? It is tempting to leave the problem to the “give-and-take” of the political process. But the process itself is closer to one of monopoly than of free competition. A quarter century ago the problem of malapportionment (geographically defined) was virtually immune from political remedies for much the same reasons.
Research on International Studies in The People's Republic of China
Authors: Shambaugh David L. , Jisi Wang
Published: September 2013

As is the case with other social science disciplines and sub-disciplines, the field of international relations (IR) is beginning to assume a scholarly identity in China today. In some respects the field is building upon a foundation laid prior to the Cultural Revolution (when in 1964 then-Premier Zhou Enlai ordered the establishment of several IR research institutes and academic training programs), but in a very real sense it is only now being established for the first time. China's current opening to the world has provided additional stimulus to the development of the field as China's leaders and bureaucrats seek policy-oriented analyses of foreign nations. The field is expanding rapidly. This study will assess the current state of the field and will evaluate the potential for and impediments to developing the discipline.

Defining the Discipline

Various complex problems arise in trying to define the scope of the discipline of international relations in the Chinese context. Perhaps the biggest problem is that Chinese IR scholars and specialists have not themselves clearly delineated the parameters of their field. International relations therefore does not yet have a distinct identity as a discipline despite an increasingly strong institutional base of scholarship and analysis.
What Do They Know and When Do They Know It? Health Staff on the Hill
Authors: Whiteman David
Published: September 2013

“You could tell by their blank faces that most of them had no idea what the provisions really meant.” Using almost these identical words, two different congressional staff members described two separate groups: (a) the members of a congressional committee considering a Medicare reform provision at a committee mark-up and (b) the personal staff of these same members at a briefing on the provision prior to the mark-up. So what can we conclude about the level of information in Congress? Has the massive expansion of congressional information resources over the past two decades—including vast increases in the number of personal and committee staff and support agency personnel—been for naught?

During the past three years, I have been conducting a study of the approach taken by members and staff of Congress in learning about policy issues and the implications of that approach for congressional decisionmaking. In the fall of 1984, I selected several discrete health and transportation issues which seemed likely to receive significant attention over the entire two years of the 99th Congress. My strategy was to study, for each issue, a sample of congressional “enterprises”—each made up of a member of Congress and his or her staff—as they followed and became involved in the development of the issue. My interest was in communication about these issues both within each enterprise and among all the various enterprises. At this point, nearing the conclusion of the fieldwork, I have conducted over 300 interviews, including meeting with certain key staff members as often as six times in order to monitor their evolving understanding of the issues.
On the Moral Standing of the President as an Interpreter of the Constitution: Some Reflections on Our Current “Crises”
Authors: Arkes Hadley
Published: September 2013

We know that the abuse of power may cause an erosion of authority, but I would suggest that the current “crisis” over Iran and the Contras confirms a notably different lesson: It is the erosion of authority, or the denial to the president of his rightful, constitutional powers, which has produced a stream of factitious crises. The “scandals” are generated by the prospect of an uncontained president, who is seeking to evade the restraints of the law, in order to deploy the instruments of violence in foreign policy. But the president appears to be bent on a course of lawlessness, he seems persistently to be threatening a “constitutional crisis,” only if one accepts the premise that these statutory restraints on the president are eminently reasonable and constitutional. If they are not, then there is no pattern of lawlessness on the part of the president, no scandal, no crisis.

One commentator has recently remarked that the War Powers Act and the Boland amendment have been parts of a design to “criminalize” differences in policy between Congress and the president. A president who took seriously his responsibilities under the Constitution, or a president who sought to exercise the powers that his predecessors have routinely exercised, would be compelled to steer around these restrictions. When he does, he will be charged with putting himself “above the law.” The opposition party, and its allies in the media, will express their outrage and declare the presence of another “scandal.” There will be calls for a special prosecutor, for a select congressional committee to hold extended hearings—in short, the whole script and the stage directions for Watergate, called into play once again. We now have a part of the political class, in government and the media, who have made “deploring” into a vocation: Their main competence has been cultivated in the art of investigating and holding long, debilitating hearings, with the object of bringing down the Administration or rendering the government of the day ineffectual.
L1 word order and sensitivity to verb bias in L2 processing – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: LEE EUN-KYUNG , LU DORA HSIN-YI , GARNSEY SUSAN M.
Published: September 2013

Predictors and control variables were not distinguished in Tables 4–8 of the paper by Lee, Lu and Garnsey (2013). The corrected tables are provided below. The authors apologize for these errors.
Scriptural Reasoning: Its Anglican Origins, its Development, Practice and Significance
Authors: Ford David F.
Published: September 2013

Scriptural Reasoning is the study and discussion of Tanakh, Bible and Qur'an together, usually by Jews, Christians and Muslims. On its Christian side it has had strong Anglican participation since it began in the mid-1990s. This article recounts its origins and development (including its spread beyond the academy and to many countries, including China); offers guidelines for its practice; discusses four key publications that offer Anglican theological understandings of it; summarizes its significance; and proposes that it be practised more widely in the Anglican Communion. The article concludes with meditative and prophetic postscripts.
A Catholic Comparativist's View of Scriptural Reasoning in the Anglican Context
Authors: Clooney Francis X.
Published: September 2013

This article is a response to the essays in this issue of the Journal of Anglican Studies on scriptural reasoning in the Anglican context, from the perspective of a Roman Catholic theologian, and one who is engaged in another kind of interreligious study, comparative theology. It sets out in general terms the distinctive character of comparative theology as an inquiry that crosses the borders between religious traditions. It draws attention to some of the common ground between comparative theology and scriptural reasoning and the character of each as theological disciplines, even while drawing out some of the distinctive marks of comparative theology. In this way it aims to shed light on how scriptural reasoning, even in its general form, is similar to other sustained efforts at interreligious learning, yet possessed of distinctive characteristics that make it interestingly different from the close reading that is comparative theology.
Density dependence in Caenorhabditis larval starvation
Authors: Artyukhin Alexander B. , Schroeder Frank C. , Avery Leon
Published: September 2013

Availability of food is often a limiting factor in nature. Periods of food abundance are followed by times of famine, often in unpredictable patterns. Reliable information about the environment is a critical ingredient of successful survival strategy. One way to improve accuracy is to integrate information communicated by other organisms. To test whether such exchange of information may play a role in determining starvation survival strategies, we studied starvation of L1 larvae in C. elegans and other Caenorhabditis species. We found that some species in genus Caenorhabditis, including C. elegans, survive longer when starved at higher densities, while for others survival is independent of the density. The density effect is mediated by chemical signal(s) that worms release during starvation. This starvation survival signal is independent of ascarosides, a class of small molecules widely used in chemical communication of C. elegans and other nematodes.
Multidrug resistance in chronic myeloid leukaemia: how much can we learn from MDR–CML cell lines?
Authors: Rumjanek Vivian M. , Vidal Raphael S. , Maia Raquel C.
Published: September 2013

The hallmark of CML (chronic myeloid leukaemia) is the BCR (breakpoint cluster region)–ABL fusion gene. CML evolves through three phases, based on both clinical and pathological features: a chronic phase, an accelerated phase and blast crisis. TKI (tyrosine kinase inhibitors) are the treatment modality for patients with chronic phase CML. The therapeutic potential of the TKI imatinib is affected by BCR–ABL dependent an independent mechanisms. Development of MDR (multidrug resistance) contributes to the overall clinical resistance. MDR involves overexpression of ABC -transporters (ATP-binding-cassette transporter) among other features. MDR studies include the analysis of cancer cell lines selected for resistance. CML blast crisis is accompanied by increased resistance to apoptosis. This work reviews the role played by the influx transporter OCT1 (organic cation transporter 1), by efflux ABC transporters, molecules involved in the modulation of apoptosis (p53, Bcl-2 family, CD95, IAPs (inhibitors of apoptosis protein)], Hh and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, cytoskeleton abnormalities and other features described in leukaemic cells of clinical samples and CML cell lines. An MDR cell line, Lucena-1, generated from K562 by stepwise exposure to vincristine, was used as our model and some potential anticancer drugs effective against the MDR cell line and patients’ samples are presented.
Adaptive decoupled power control method for inverter connected DG
Authors: Sun Xiaofeng , Tian Yanjun , Chen Zhe
Published: September 2013

The integration of renewable energy technology is making the power distribution system more flexible, but also introducing challenges for traditional technology. With the nature of intermittent and less inertial, renewable energy‐based generations need effective control methods to cooperate with other devices, such as storage, loads and the utility grid. The widely used power frequency (P–f) droop control is based on the precondition of inductive line impedance, but the low‐voltage system is mainly resistive, and also the different load character needs to be considered. This study presents an adaptive droop control method based on online evaluation of power decouple matrix for inverter connected distributed generations in distribution system. Traditional decoupled power control is simply based on line impedance parameter, but the load characteristics also cause the power coupling, and alter the equivalent system impedance characteristic. In this study, the decoupled matrix is evaluated by the ratio of the variations of active power and reactive power under a small perturbation on the voltage magnitude. As analysed, the proposed decoupled control method can take the effects both the transmission line and the load characteristics into account, and it will be more practical, and flexible in various network and load conditions. The performance has been validated by simulation and experimental results.
Optimal voltage control by wind farms using data mining techniques
Authors: Sáiz‐Marín Elena , Lobato Enrique , Egido Ignacio
Published: September 2013

Owing to the rapid growth in the use of wind power, there is a need to carry out an evaluation of the frequency and voltage control of this technology. This study focuses on the voltage control of the evacuation network which connects different wind farms to the transmission network bus. The main contribution of this study is to present a novel real time algorithm which can be used as an alternative to classical techniques such as optimal power flow or artificial intelligence to determine the amount of reactive power that each wind farm should supply in order to minimise the power losses of a whole evacuation network. The optimal voltage control proposed in this study uses data mining techniques (regression rules to estimate the optimum reactive power of the wind farms and classification trees to estimate the optimum transformer taps). The methodology proposed in this study is illustrated with a study of two actual evacuation networks in the Spanish power system. The first one is representative of long feeders whereas the second one is representative of short feeders. The variability in the results of the methodology seems to be dependent on the features of the grids.
Reducing the threat of emerging infectious diseases of forest trees - Mini Review.
Authors: Gonthier P. , Garbelotto M.
Published: September 2013

Exotic forest pathogens may threaten native ecosystems. Although there is little chance to eradicate the pathogens once established, their spread may be limited through efficient and sustainable management practices only when factors driving the invasion are known. Here, we review the factors determining pathogen invasiveness and provide guidelines to identify them.
The implications of climate change for positive contributions of invertebrates to world agriculture.
Authors: Cock M. J. W. , Biesmeijer J. C. , Cannon R. J. C. , Gerard P. J. , Gillespie D. , Jiménez J. J. , Lavelle P. M. , Raina S. K.
Published: September 2013

Terrestrial invertebrate species play a dominant role in the trophic dynamics of agricultural ecosystems. Subtle changes in the composition of communities and species interactions at different trophic levels, and role of ecosystem engineers can dramatically modify the effects of invertebrates on plant productivity in agricultural systems. The effect of climate change on relevant invertebrates in agricultural systems, and their potential to adapt or move is discussed. All terrestrial systems (including forestry and pasture) are considered, although the main focus is on crop production systems. Our treatise centres on whole organisms (as opposed to genetic information from invertebrates) that play key roles in agricultural systems. We start with an overview of current thinking on how climate change may affect invertebrates. Then, recognizing the great invertebrate biodiversity associated with agro-ecosystems, the review focuses on three key groups - soil invertebrates, biological control agents and pollinators. A variety of research gaps became apparent during the course of our review. Specific conclusions regarding the impact of climate change on particular elements of invertebrate genetic resources in agriculture are not possible yet. Existing evidence suggests that three general assumptions can be made. First, it is probable that climate change will disrupt to varying degrees the role and use of invertebrates in agriculture, especially sustainable agriculture, even though the precise nature of the disruptions is not yet known. Second, without intervention, these disruptions will result in production losses particularly in sustainable agriculture, even though the scale and extent of the losses is not yet known. Third, the extent of some of the losses will justify intervention to facilitate adaptations of the invertebrates, even though the methods with which to intervene and policies to facilitate this intervention are not yet in place.
Differentiation of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A from pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica biotypes by detection of β-glucosidase activity: comparison of two chromogenic culture media and Vitek2
Authors: Karhukorpi Jari , Päivänurmi Marjut
Published: September 2013

Aesculin hydrolysis (ESC) is one of the key reactions in differentiating pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica biotypes 1B, 2, 3, 4 and 5 from the less-pathogenic biotype 1A. Because the ESC reaction is caused by β-glucosidase (βGLU) activity of the bacteria, we studied whether two commonly used methods (BBL CHROMagar Orientation and Vitek2 Gram-negative identification card) could be used in assessing βGLU activity of 74 Yersinia strains. Both methods were sensitive (100 % and 97 %) and specific (100 % and 100 %) in differentiating βGLU-positive YE BT1A from βGLU-negative Y. enterocolitica biotypes. For a subset of strains (n = 69), a new selective CHROMagar Yersinia showed excellent agreement with the strains’ βGLU activity. Thus all the methods evaluated in this study may be used to differentiate between YE BT1A and other Y. enterocolitica biotypes.
3′ UTR-isoform choice has limited influence on the stability and translational efficiency of most mRNAs in mouse fibroblasts
Authors: Spies Noah , Burge Christopher B. , Bartel David P.
Published: September 2013

Variation in protein output across the genome is controlled at several levels, but the relative contributions of different regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we obtained global measurements of decay and translation rates for mRNAs with alternative 3′ untranslated regions (3′ UTRs) in murine 3T3 cells. Distal tandem isoforms had slightly but significantly lower mRNA stability and greater translational efficiency than proximal isoforms on average. The diversity of alternative 3′ UTRs also enabled inference and evaluation of both positively and negatively acting cis-regulatory elements. The 3′ UTR elements with the greatest implied influence were microRNA complementary sites, which were associated with repression of 32% and 4% at the stability and translational levels, respectively. Nonetheless, both the decay and translation rates were highly correlated for proximal and distal 3′ UTR isoforms from the same genes, implying that in 3T3 cells, alternative 3′ UTR sequences play a surprisingly small regulatory role compared to other mRNA regions.
Dimers linked by type-I C—F...F—C contacts in (Z)-3-methyl-4-[2-(4-methylphenyl)hydrazinylidene]-1-(pentafluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one
Authors: Alvarez-Thon Luis , Bustos Carlos , Espinoza-Santibañez Katherina , Garland Maria Teresa , Baggio Ricardo
Published: September 2013

The title compound, C17H11F5N4O, is described and compared with two closely related analogues in the literature. There are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions into dimeric entities, presenting a noticeable noncrystallographicC2symmetry. These dimers are in turn linked by a medium-strength type-I C—F...F—C interaction into elongated tetramers. Much weaker C—H...F contacts link the tetramers into broad two-dimensional substructures parallel to (101).
catena-Poly[[di-μ2-aqua-hexaaquabis(μ3-4-oxidopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato)trimanganese(II)] trihydrate]: a new one-dimensional coordination polymer based on a trinuclear MnIIcomplex of chelidamic acid
Authors: Mirzaei Masoud , Eshtiagh-Hosseini Hossein , Karrabi Zahra , Notash Behrouz
Published: September 2013

4-Hydroxypyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (chelidamic acid, hypydc[H]H2) reacts with MnCl2·2H2O in the presence of piperazine in water to afford the title complex, {[Mn3(C7H2NO5)2(H2O)8]·3H2O}nor {[Mn3(hypydc)2(H2O)8]·3H2O}n. This compound is a one-dimensional coordination polymer, with the twofold symmetric repeat unit containing three metal centres. Two different coordination geometries are observed for the two independent MnIImetal centres,viz.a distorted pentagonal bipyramid and a distorted octahedron. The 4-oxidopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate anions and two of the water molecules act as bridging ligands. The zigzag-like geometry of the coordination polymer is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds and water clusters consolidate the three-dimensional network structure.
The heterometallic cadmium–silver complexcis-bis[dicyanidoargentato(I)-κN]bis(5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridyl-κ2N,N′)cadmium(II) monohydrate
Authors: Piromchom Jureepan , Wannarit Nanthawat , Pakawatchai Chaveng , Youngme Sujittra
Published: September 2013

In the title complex, [Ag2Cd(CN)4(C12H12N2)2]·H2O orcis-[Cd{Ag(CN)2}2(5,5′-dmbpy)2]·H2O, where 5,5′-dmbpy is 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridyl, the asymmetric unit consists of a discrete neutral [Cd{Ag(CN)2}2(5,5′-dmbpy)2] unit and a solvent water molecule. The CdIIcation is coordinated by two bidentate chelate 5,5′-dmbpy ligands and two monodentate [AgI(CN)2]−anions, which are in acisarrangement around the CdIIcation, leading to an octahedral CdN6geometry. The overall structure is stabilized by a combination of intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and AgI...AgIand π–π interactions, forming a three-dimensional supramolecular network.
Beyond bounds? The terrorist teachers of Lev Vygotsky
Authors: McQueen Kelvin
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of the paper is to explore socio-cultural-historical influences on the ideas of Soviet educational psychologist Lev Vygotsky, since these have become transferable to the point where their influence is now virtually global. The paper provides biographical sketches of Vygotsky, his father and his tutor interwoven with a history of terrorist movements.

Design/methodology/approach

– Literary study, historical study, biographical study, speculative history.

Findings

– Passages from his initial major work, Educational Psychology, reveal the radicalism of Lev Vygotsky's thought. It is suggested that two teacher-mentors, his father and a tutor, were influenced by the radical and terrorist narodnik, or populist, movements in Russia of the mid- to late-19th century and passed on this orientation to Vygotsky. The coincidences uncovered raise a series of questions about the degree to which these socio-cultural-historical circumstances influenced Vygotsky's fundamental research project and his attempt to develop an educational method that insisted on going beyond bounds.

Research limitations/implications

– Several unresolved questions for debate are raised at the end of the paper that may be of particular interest to those using Vygotsky in teacher education programmes.

Originality/value

– Connects Lev Vygotsky's socio-cultural-historical circumstances to his research project, couched in terms of boundary-crossing and knowledge transference.
Education for citizenship
Authors: McLeod Julie , Wright Katie
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine expert ideas about education for citizenship in 1930s Australia. Drawing on a larger study of adolescence and schooling during the middle decades of the twentieth century, the paper explores the role of international networks and US philanthropy in fostering the spread of new psychological and curriculum ideas that shaped citizenship education, and broader educational changes during the interwar period. A second purpose is to provide historical perspectives on contemporary concerns about the role of schooling in addressing social values and student wellbeing.

Design/methodology/approach

– The discussion is informed by approaches drawn from Foucauldian genealogy and historical studies of transnationalism. It examines constructions of the good and problem student and the networks of international educational expertise as forms of “travelling ideas”. These transnational exchanges are explored through a close analysis of a defining moment in Australian educational history, the 1937 conference of the New Education Fellowship.

Findings

– The analysis reveals the ways in which psychological understandings and curriculum reforms shaped education for citizenship in the 1930s and identify in particular the emergent role of psychology in defining what it meant to be a good student and a good future citizen. The paper further finds that Australian education during the interwar years was more cosmopolitan and engaged in international discussions about citizenship and schooling than is usually remembered in the present. Elaborating this is important for building transnational histories of knowledge exchange in Australian education.

Originality/value

– The paper shows the value of a relational analysis of school curriculum and psychological understandings for more fully grasping the different dimensions of education for citizenship both in the interwar years and now. It offers fresh perspectives on contemporary educational debates about globalisation and youth identities, as played out in current concerns about social values and schooling.
Technology adoption model and a road map to successful implementation of ITIL
Authors: Ahmad Norita , Tarek Amer Noha , Qutaifan Faten , Alhilali Azza
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to propose the use of technology adoption model UTAUT as an adoption model of IT governance frameworks, specifically Information Technology and Infrastructure Library (ITIL). The aim is to help the decision maker to better map ITIL processes with business performance, to make a better decision on what processes to implement, and how to implement them.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper uses a literature review detailing critical success factors of ITIL implementation. The proposed model was then implemented by applying it to a case study of a company in the United Arab Emirates where the ITIL implementation project failed.

Findings

– The proposed model gives ITIL the flexibility to work for a wide variety of industries and businesses, but it also introduces many challenges. One of the most apparent challenges is to map ITIL processes to the real world. As a result to analyzing the case study in light of the adoption model, a road map to successful implementation of ITIL is proposed.

Research limitations/implications

– This research is targeted more toward practitioners such as the IT experts; therefore further studies need be conducted to understand the views of the business in respect to the challenges and benefits of the ITIL implementation.

Originality/value

– The paper proposed an adoption model for ITIL based on UTAUT which is evidently absent from the current literature. The research findings lead us to a proposal of a roadmap for ITIL implementing.
The Mystique of Water Pricing and Accounting
Authors: Pawsey Nicholas , Crase Lin
Published: September 2013

This article considers the pricing and accounting conventions of government‐controlled water entities in the state of Victoria, Australia. These conventions are guided by principles of cost‐reflective pricing, public sector accountability and comparability of private and public sector performance. We observe how Victorian water entity prices and their reported performance are shaped by government accounting policy discretion, and the result of various compromises between economic and political considerations. By bringing these issues to light, we hope to keep political decision‐making about water infrastructure and water pricing in check.
Functional Change and the Peri‐Urban Region: Food Systems and Agricultural Vulnerability
Authors: Butt Andrew
Published: September 2013

The formation of extensive peri‐urban regions around Australia's cities as sites of population growth and land use change has resulted in a critical divergence in agricultural production patterns over several decades. Unlike more distant agricultural regions where farm numbers have typically declined, peri‐urban areas have experienced a proliferation of small and sub‐commercial farm businesses and the continued presence of fewer large operations. Despite this, agricultural production has not collapsed in these regions. This article reviews changes in farm output and structure occurring in some example peri‐urban regions with a view to exploring the nature of viability and vulnerability of the agricultural systems in these areas. It concludes that farming in these regions is changing in significantly different ways to other agricultural regions. The key components of peri‐urban farming productivity centre on a few high value activities, and some, such as intensive poultry, face significant constraints to growth through population and landscape pressures in an effectively post‐productive environment. This presents consequent risks to ongoing food production in the regions closest to our largest cities. The majority of peri‐urban farming has the potential to provide important landscape services functions, but is unable to adjust to changing productivity regimes creating vulnerabilities for peri‐urban farming systems.
Agricultural R&D and Food Security of the Poor
Authors: Alston Julian M. , Pardey Philip G.
Published: September 2013

Agricultural R&D accomplished a great deal in the 20th century, especially during the past 50 years. The resulting innovations have reduced poverty and improved the food security of the poor by helping to make food much more abundant and cheaper and reducing the vulnerability of the poor to food price shocks. Slower agricultural productivity growth, combined with a continuing rise in population and per capita incomes, plus the added demand from biofuels, portends a reversal of the past trend of increasing food abundance, and a corresponding increase in vulnerability of a greater number of poor to price variability and its causes. Enhanced growth in funding for public agricultural R&D in rich and poor countries alike is justified by continuing high rates of return and would also help enhance a restoration of farm productivity growth rates with salutary effects on food security of the poor over the coming decades.
High Rotation Number Effect on Heat Transfer in a Leading Edge Cooling Channel of Gas Turbine Blades With Three Channel Orientations
Authors: Huang Szu-Chi , Liu Yao-Hsien
Published: September 2013

Heat transfer in a leading edge, triangular-shaped cooling channel with three channel orientations under high rotation numbers is investigated in this study. Continuous ribs and V-shaped ribs (P/e = 9, e/Dh = 0.085), both placed at an angle (α = 45 deg) to the mainstream flow, are applied on the leading and trailing surfaces. The Reynolds number range is 15,000–25,000 and the rotation number range is 0–0.65. Effects of high rotation number on heat transfer with three angles of rotation (90 deg, 67.5 deg, and 45 deg) are tested. Results show that heat transfer is influenced by the combined effects of rib and channel orientation. When the rotation number is smaller than 0.4, rotation causes a decrease in the average Nusselt number ratios on the leading surface at a channel orientation of 90 deg. Heat transfer is enhanced gradually on the leading surface when the channel orientation varies from 90 deg to 45 deg for both ribbed cases. The highest heat transfer enhancement due to rotation is found at the highest rotation number of 0.65.