bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of the shipborne remote sensing supersite OCEANET for profiling of Arctic aerosols and clouds during Polarstern cruise PS106
Authors: Griesche Hannes J. , Seifert Patric , Ansmann Albert , Baars Holger , Barrientos Velasco Carola , Bühl Johannes , Engelmann Ronny , Radenz Martin , Zhenping Yin , Macke Andreas
Published: October 2020

Abstract. From 25 May to 21 July 2017, the research vessel Polarstern performed the cruise PS106 to the high Arctic in the region north and northeast of Svalbard. The mobile remote-sensing platform OCEANET was deployed aboard Polarstern. Within a single container, OCEANET houses state-of-the-art remote-sensing equipment, including a multiwavelength Raman polarization lidar PollyXT and a 14-channel microwave radiometer HATPRO (Humidity And Temperature PROfiler). For the cruise PS106, the measurements were supplemented by a motion-stabilized 35 GHz cloud radar Mira-35. This paper describes the treatment of technical challenges which were immanent during the deployment of OCEANET in the high Arctic. This includes the description of the motion stabilization of the cloud radar Mira-35 to ensure vertical-pointing observations aboard the moving Polarstern as well as the applied correction of the vessels heave rate to provide valid Doppler velocities. The correction ensured a leveling accuracy of ±0.5∘ during transits through the ice and an ice floe camp. The applied heave correction reduced the signal induced by the vertical movement of the cloud radar in the PSD of the Doppler velocity by a factor of 15. Low-level clouds, in addition, frequently prevented a continuous analysis of cloud conditions from synergies of lidar and radar within Cloudnet, because the technically determined lowest detection height of Mira-35 was 165 m above sea level. To overcome this obstacle, an approach for identification of the cloud presence solely based on data from the near-field receiver of PollyXT at heights from 50 m and 165 m above sea level is presented. We found low-level stratus clouds, which were below the lowest detection range of most automatic ground-based remote-sensing instruments during 25 % of the observation time. We present case studies of aerosol and cloud studies to introduce the capabilities of the data set. In addition, new approaches for ice crystal effective radius and eddy dissipation rates from cloud radar measurements and the retrieval of aerosol optical and microphysical properties from the observations of PollyXT are introduced.
An examination of enhanced atmospheric methane detection methods for predicting performance of a novel multiband uncooled radiometer imager
Authors: Webber Cody M. , Kerekes John P.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. To evaluate the potential for a new uncooled infrared radiometer imager to detect enhanced atmospheric levels of methane, three different analysis methods were examined. A single-pixel brightness temperature to noise-equivalent delta temperature (NEdT) comparison study performed using data simulated from MODTRAN6 revealed that a single thermal band centered on the 7.68 µm methane feature leads to a detectable brightness temperature difference exceeding the sensor noise level for a plume of about 17 ppm at ambient atmospheric temperature compared to an ambient plume with no enhanced methane present. Application of a normalized differential methane index method, a novel approach for methane detection, demonstrated how a simple two-band method can be utilized to detect a plume of methane that is 10 ppm above ambient atmospheric concentration and −10 K from ambient atmospheric temperature with an 80 % hit rate and 17 % false alarm rate. This method was capable of detecting methane with similar levels of success as the third method, a proven multichannel method, matched filter. The matched-filter approach was performed with six spectral channels. Results from these examinations suggest that given a high enough concentration and temperature contrast, a multispectral system with a single band allocated to a methane absorption feature can detect enhanced levels of methane.
Quantification of toxic metals using machine learning techniques and spark emission spectroscopy
Authors: Davari Seyyed Ali , Wexler Anthony S.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) list of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) includes toxic metal suspected or associated with development of cancer. Traditional techniques for detecting and quantifying toxic metals in the atmosphere are either not real time, hindering identification of sources, or limited by instrument costs. Spark emission spectroscopy is a promising and cost-effective technique that can be used for analyzing toxic metals in real time. Here, we have developed a cost-effective spark emission spectroscopy system to quantify the concentration of toxic metals targeted by the US EPA. Specifically, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb solutions were diluted and deposited on the ground electrode of the spark emission system. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was optimized and employed to detect useful features from the spark-generated plasma emissions. The optimized model was able to detect atomic emission lines along with other features to build a regression model that predicts the concentration of toxic metals from the observed spectra. The limits of detections (LODs) were estimated using the detected features and compared to the traditional single-feature approach. LASSO is capable of detecting highly sensitive features in the input spectrum; however, for some toxic metals the single-feature LOD marginally outperforms LASSO LOD. The combination of low-cost instruments with advanced machine learning techniques for data analysis could pave the path forward for data-driven solutions to costly measurements.
Ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) O3 retrievals from the 3040 cm−1 spectral range at Xianghe, China
Authors: Zhou Minqiang , Wang Pucai , Langerock Bavo , Vigouroux Corinne , Hermans Christian , Kumps Nicolas , Wang Ting , Yang Yang , Ji Denghui , Ran Liang , Zhang Jinqiang , Xuan Yuejian , Chen Hongbin , Posny Françoise , Duflot Valentin , Metzger Jean-Marc , De Mazière Martine
Published: October 2020

Abstract. In this study, we present O3 retrievals from ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar absorption measurements between June 2018 and December 2019 at Xianghe, China (39.75∘ N, 116.96∘ E). The FTIR spectrometer at Xianghe is operated with indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) and indium antimonide (InSb) detectors, recording the spectra between 1800 and 11 000 cm−1. As the harmonized FTIR O3 retrieval strategy (Vigouroux et al., 2015) within the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) uses the 1000 cm−1 spectral range, we apply the O3 retrieval in the 3040 cm−1 spectral range at Xianghe. The retrieved O3 profile is mainly sensitive to the vertical range between 10 and 40 km, and the degrees of freedom for signal is 2.4±0.3 (1σ), indicating that there are two individual pieces of information in partial columns between the surface and 20 km and between 20 and 40 km. According to the optimal estimation method, the systematic and random uncertainties of the FTIR O3 total columns are about 13.6 % and 1.4 %, respectively. The random uncertainty is consistent with the observed daily standard deviation of the FTIR retrievals. To validate the FTIR O3 total and partial columns, we apply the same O3 retrieval strategy at Maïdo, Réunion (a.k.a. Reunion Island; 21.08∘ N, 55.38∘ E). The FTIR O3 (3040 cm−1) measurements at Xianghe and Maïdo are then compared with the nearby ozonesondes at Beijing (39.81∘ N, 116.47∘ E) and at Gillot (20.89∘ S, 55.53∘ E), respectively, as well as with co-located TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite measurements at both sites. In addition at Maïdo, we compare the FTIR O3 (3040 cm−1) retrievals with the standard NDACC FTIR O3 measurements using the 1000 cm−1 spectral range. It was found that the total columns retrieved from the FTIR O3 3040 cm−1 measurements are underestimated by 5.5 %–9.0 %, which is mainly due to the systematic uncertainty in the partial column between 20 and 40 km (about −10.4 %). The systematic uncertainty in the partial column between surface and 20 km is relatively small (within 2.4 %). By comparison with other measurements, it was found that the FTIR O3 (3040 cm−1) retrievals capture the seasonal and synoptic variations of the O3 total and two partial columns very well. Therefore, the ongoing FTIR measurements at Xianghe can provide useful information on the O3 variations and (in the future) long-term trends.
Risk of crop failure due to compound dry and hot extremes estimated with nested copulas
Authors: Ribeiro Andreia Filipa Silva , Russo Ana , Gouveia Célia Marina , Páscoa Patrícia , Zscheischler Jakob
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The interaction between co-occurring drought and hot conditions is often particularly damaging to crop's health and may cause crop failure. Climate change exacerbates such risks due to an increase in the intensity and frequency of dry and hot events in many land regions. Hence, here we model the trivariate dependence between spring maximum temperature and spring precipitation and wheat and barley yields over two province regions in Spain with nested copulas. Based on the full trivariate joint distribution, we (i) estimate the impact of compound hot and dry conditions on wheat and barley loss and (ii) estimate the additional impact due to
compound hazards compared to individual hazards. We find that crop loss increases when drought or
heat stress is aggravated to form compound dry and hot conditions and that an increase in the severity of
compound conditions leads to larger damage. For instance, compared to moderate drought only,
moderate compound dry and hot conditions increase the likelihood of crop loss by 8 % to
11 %, while when starting with moderate heat, the increase is between 19 % to 29 %
(depending on the cereal and region). These findings suggest that the likelihood of crop loss is
driven primarily by drought stress rather than by heat stress, suggesting that drought plays the dominant
role in the compound event; that is, drought stress is not required to be as extreme as heat
stress to cause similar damage. Furthermore, when compound dry and hot conditions aggravate stress from
moderate to severe or extreme levels, crop loss probabilities increase 5 % to 6 % and
6 % to 8 %, respectively (depending on the cereal and region). Our results highlight the
additional value of a trivariate approach for estimating the compounding effects of dry and
hot extremes on crop failure risk. Therefore, this approach can effectively contribute to design
management options and guide the decision-making process in agricultural practices.
Climate indices in historical climate reconstructions: A global state-of-the-art
Authors: Nash David J. , Adamson George C. D. , Ashcroft Linden , Bauch Martin , Camenisch Chantal , Degroot Dagomar , Gergis Joelle , Jusopović Adrian , Labbé Thomas , Lin Kuan-Hui Elaine , Nicholson Sharon D. , Pei Qing , del Rosario Prieto María , Rack Ursula , Rojas Facundo , White Sam
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Evidence contained within historical documents and inscriptions provides an important record of climate variability for periods prior to the onset of systematic meteorological data collection. A common approach used by historical climatologists to convert such qualitative documentary evidence into continuous quantitative proxy data is through the generation of ordinal-scale climate indices. There is, however, considerable variability in the types of phenomena reconstructed using an index approach and the practice of index development in different parts of the world. This review, written by members of the PAGES CRIAS Working Group – a collective of climate historians and historical climatologists researching Climate Reconstructions and Impacts from the Archives of Societies – provides the first global synthesis of the use of the index approach in climate reconstruction. We begin by summarising the range of studies that have used indices for climate reconstruction across six continents (Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, Australia) plus the world's oceans. We then outline the different methods by which indices are developed in each of these regions, including a discussion of the processes adopted to verify and calibrate index series, and the measures used to express confidence and uncertainty. We conclude with a series of recommendations to guide the development of future index-based climate reconstructions to maximise their effectiveness for use by climate modellers and in multiproxy climate reconstructions.
Quantifying CanESM5 and EAMv1 sensitivities to Mt. Pinatubo volcanic forcing for the CMIP6 historical experiment
Authors: Rieger Landon A. , Cole Jason N. S. , Fyfe John C. , Po-Chedley Stephen , Cameron-Smith Philip J. , Durack Paul J. , Gillett Nathan P. , Tang Qi
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Large volcanic eruptions reaching the stratosphere have caused marked perturbations to the global climate including cooling at the Earth's surface, changes in large-scale circulation and precipitation patterns and marked temporary reductions in global ocean heat content.
Many studies have investigated these effects using climate models; however, uncertainties remain in the modelled response to these eruptions.
This is due in part to the diversity of forcing datasets that are used to prescribe the distribution of stratospheric aerosols resulting from these volcanic eruptions, as well as uncertainties in optical property derivations from these datasets.
To improve this situation for the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), a two-step process was undertaken.
First, a combined stratospheric aerosol dataset, the Global Space-based Stratospheric Aerosol Climatology (GloSSAC; 1979–2016), was constructed.
Next, GloSSAC, along with information from ice cores and Sun photometers, was used to generate aerosol distributions, characteristics and optical properties to construct a more consistent stratospheric aerosol forcing dataset for models participating in CMIP6.
This “version 3” of the stratospheric aerosol forcing has been endorsed for use in all contributing CMIP6 simulations.
Recent updates to the underlying GloSSAC from version 1 to version 1.1 affected the 1991–1994 period and necessitated an update to the stratospheric aerosol forcing from version 3 to version 4.
As version 3 remains the official CMIP6 input, quantification of the impact on radiative forcing and climate is both relevant and timely for interpreting results from experiments such as the CMIP6 historical simulations.
This study uses two models, the Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) and the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Atmosphere Model version 1 (EAMv1), to estimate
the difference in instantaneous radiative forcing in simulated post-Pinatubo climate response when using version 4 instead of version 3.
Differences in temperature, precipitation and radiative forcings are generally found to be small compared to internal variability.
An exception to this is differences in monthly temperature anomalies near 24 km altitude in the tropics, which can be as large as 3 ∘C following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo.
Using Arctic ice mass balance buoys for evaluation of modelled ice energy fluxes
Authors: West Alex , Collins Mat , Blockley Ed
Published: October 2020

Abstract. A new method of sea ice model evaluation is demonstrated. Data
from the network of Arctic ice mass balance buoys (IMBs) are used to estimate
distributions of vertical energy fluxes over sea ice in two densely sampled
regions – the North Pole and Beaufort Sea. The resulting dataset captures
seasonal variability in sea ice energy fluxes well, and it captures spatial
variability to a lesser extent. The dataset is used to evaluate a coupled
climate model, HadGEM2-ES (Hadley Centre Global Environment Model, version 2, Earth System), in the two regions. The evaluation shows
HadGEM2-ES to simulate too much top melting in summer and too much basal
conduction in winter. These results are consistent with a previous study of
sea ice state and surface radiation in this model, increasing confidence in
the IMB-based evaluation. In addition, the IMB-based evaluation suggests an
additional important cause for excessive winter ice growth in HadGEM2-ES, a
lack of sea ice heat capacity, which was not detectable in the earlier
study. Uncertainty in the IMB fluxes caused by imperfect knowledge of ice salinity,
snow density and other physical constants is quantified (as is inaccuracy
due to imperfect sampling of ice thickness) and in most cases is found to be
small relative to the model biases discussed. Hence the IMB-based evaluation
is shown to be a valuable tool with which to analyse sea ice models and, by
extension, better understand the large spread in coupled model simulations of the
present-day ice state. Reducing this spread is a key task both in
understanding the current rapid decline in Arctic sea ice and in
constraining projections of future Arctic sea ice change.
Multi-gas sensor to detect simultaneously nitrogen oxides and oxygen
Authors: Herrmann Julia , Hagen Gunter , Kita Jaroslaw , Noack Frank , Bleicker Dirk , Moos Ralf
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Due to tightened emission limits, the efficiency of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems has to be further enhanced. Therefore, inexpensive and robust NOx sensors are required to be installed not only in automotive exhausts, but also in any other kind of combustion-based application. In this contribution, an impedimetric NOx sensor is presented. The impedance of a functional thick film (KMnO4, manufactured in a screen-printing technique on planar alumina substrates) depends selectively on the NOx concentration in the exhaust but shows a dependency on the oxygen concentration. Therefore, an additional temperature-independent resistive oxygen sensor structure was integrated on the same sensor platform. BFAT (BaFe0.74Al0.01Ta0.25O3−δ (BaFe0.74Al0.01Ta0.25O3−δ) was used for this purpose, and the measurement was conducted in the dc resistance mode. It serves not only to determine the oxygen concentration in the exhaust, but also to correct the oxygen dependency of the NOx sensor.
A statistical analysis of rogue waves in the southern North Sea
Authors: Teutsch Ina , Weisse Ralf , Moeller Jens , Krueger Oliver
Published: October 2020

Abstract. A new wave data set from the southern North Sea covering the period 2011–2016 and composed of wave buoy and radar measurements sampling the sea surface height at frequencies between 1.28 and 4 Hz was quality controlled and scanned for the presence of rogue waves. Here, rogue waves refer to waves whose height exceeds twice the significant wave height. Rogue wave frequencies were analyzed and compared to Rayleigh and Forristall distributions, and spatial, seasonal, and long-term variability was assessed. Rogue wave frequency appeared to be relatively constant over the course of the year and uncorrelated among the different measurement sites. While data from buoys basically correspond with expectations from the Forristall distribution, radar measurement showed some deviations in the upper tail pointing towards higher rogue wave frequencies. The amount of data available in the upper tail is, however, still too limited to allow a robust assessment. Some indications were found that the distribution of waves in samples with and without rogue waves was different in a statistical sense. However, differences were small and deemed not to be relevant as attempts to use them as a criterion for rogue wave detection were not successful in Monte Carlo experiments based on the available data.
Seismicity and seismotectonics of the Albstadt Shear Zone in the northern Alpine foreland
Authors: Mader Sarah , Ritter Joachim R. R. , Reicherter Klaus ,   the AlpArray Working Group
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The region around the town Albstadt, SW Germany, was struck by four damaging earthquakes with magnitudes greater than five during the last century. Those earthquakes occurred along the Albstadt Shear Zone (ASZ) which is characterized by more or less continuous microseismicity. As there are no surface ruptures visible which may be connected to the fault zone, its characteristics can only be studied by its seismicity. We use the earthquake data of the state earthquake service of Baden-Württemberg from 2011 to 2018 and complement it with additional phase picks beginning 2016 at the AlpArray and StressTransfer seismic networks in the vicinity of the ASZ. This extended dataset is used to determine new minimum 1-D seismic vp and vs velocity models and corresponding station delay times for earthquake relocation. Fault plane solutions are determined for selected events and the direction of the maximum horizontal stress is derived. The minimum 1-D seismic velocity models have a simple and stable layering with increasing velocity with depth in the upper crust. The corresponding station delay times can be well explained by the lateral depth variation of the crystalline basement. The relocated events align north-south with most of the seismic activity between the towns of Tübingen and Albstadt east of the 9° E meridian. The events can be separated into several subclusters which indicate a segmentation of the ASZ. The majority of the 36 determined fault plane solutions features a NNE-SSW strike, but also NNW-SSE striking fault planes are observed. The main fault plane associated with the ASZ is dipping steeply and the rake indicates mainly sinistral strike-slip, but we also find minor components of normal and reverse faulting. The determined direction of the maximum horizontal stress of 147° is in good agreement with prior studies. This result indicates that the stress field in the area of the ASZ is mainly generated by the regional plate driving forces as well as the Alpine topography.
Development of a soil biological quality index for soils of semi-arid tropics
Authors: Aravindh Selvaraj , Chinnadurai Chinnappan , Balachandar Dananjeyan
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Agricultural intensification, an inevitable process to feed the ever-increasing population, affects soil quality due to management-induced
changes. To measure the soil quality in terms of soil functioning, several attempts were made to develop a soil quality index (SQI) based on a set
of soil attributes. However, there is no universal consensus protocol available for SQI, and the role of soil biological indicators in SQI is meagre. Therefore, the present work aims to develop a unitless soil biological quality index (SBQI) scaled between 0 and 10, which would be a major
component of SQI in the future. The long-term organic manure amended (OM), integrated nutrient management enforced (INM), synthetic fertilizer
applied (IC), and unfertilized control (control) soils from three different predominant soil types of the location (Tamil Nadu state, India) were chosen for this. The soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, labile carbon, protein index, dehydrogenase activity, and substrate-induced
respiration were used to estimate the SBQI. Five different SBQI methods, viz. simple additive (SBQI1 and SBQI2), scoring function (SBQI3), principal component analysis-based statistical modelling (SBQI4), and quadrant-plot-based method (SBQI5), were developed to estimate the biological quality as a unitless scale. All five methods have the same resolution to discriminate the soils and INM ≈ OM > IC > control is the relative
trend being followed in all the soil types based on the SBQIs. All five methods were further validated for their efficiency in 25 farmers' soils of the location and proved that these methods can scale the biological health of the soil. Among the five SBQIs, we recommend SBQI5, which relates
the variables to each other to scale the biological health of the soil.
Impact of coastal East Antarctic ice rises on surface mass balance: insights from observations and modeling
Authors: Kausch Thore , Lhermitte Stef , Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Wever Nander , Inoue Mana , Pattyn Frank , Sun Sainan , Wauthy Sarah , Tison Jean-Louis , van de Berg Willem Jan
Published: October 2020

Abstract. About 20 % of all snow accumulation in Antarctica occurs on the ice shelves. There, ice rises control the spatial surface mass balance (SMB) distribution by inducing snowfall variability and wind erosion due to their topography. Moreover these ice rises buttress the ice flow and represent ideal drilling locations for ice cores. In this study we assess the connection between snowfall variability and wind erosion to provide a better understanding of how ice rises impact SMB variability, how well this is captured in the regional atmospheric climate model RACMO2 and the implications of this SMB variability for ice rises as an ice core drilling site. By combining ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles from two ice rises in Dronning Maud Land with ice core dating, we reconstruct spatial and temporal SMB variations from 1983 to 2018 and compare the observed SMB with output from RACMO2 and SnowModel. Our results show snowfall-driven differences of up to 1.5 times higher SMB on the windward side of both ice rises than on the leeward side as well as a local erosion-driven minimum at the ice divide of the ice rises. RACMO2 captures the snowfall-driven differences but overestimates their magnitude, whereas the erosion on the peak can be reproduced by SnowModel with RACMO2 forcing. Observed temporal variability of the average SMBs, retrieved from the GPR data for four time intervals in the 1983–2018 range, are low at the peak of the easternmost ice rise (∼0.06 mw.e.yr-1), while they are higher (∼0.09 mw.e.yr-1) on the windward side of the ice rise. This implies that at the peak of the ice rise, higher snowfall, driven by orographic uplift, is balanced out by local erosion. As a consequence of this, the SMB recovered from the ice core matches the SMB from the GPR at the peak of the ice rise but not at the windward side of the ice rise, suggesting that the SMB signal is damped in the ice core.
Mapping avalanches with satellites – evaluation of performance and
completeness
Authors: Hafner Elisabeth D. , Techel Frank , Leinss Silvan , Bühler Yves
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The spatial distribution and size of avalanches are essential parameters for avalanche warning, avalanche documentation, mitigation measure design and hazard zonation. Despite its importance, this information is incomplete today and only available for limited areas and limited time periods. Manual avalanche mapping from satellite imagery has recently been applied to reduce this gap achieving promising results. However, their reliability and completeness were not yet verified satisfactorily. In our study we attempt a full validation of the completeness of visually detected and mapped avalanches from optical SPOT-6, Sentinel-2 and radar Sentinel-1 imagery. We examine manually mapped avalanches from two avalanche periods in 2018 and 2019 for an area of approximately 180 km2 around Davos, Switzerland relying on ground- and helicopter-based photographs as ground truth. For the quality assessment, we investigate the Probability of Detection (POD) and the Positive Predictive Value (PPV). Additionally, we relate our results to conditions which potentially influence avalanche detection in the satellite imagery. We statistically confirm the high potential of SPOT for comprehensive avalanche mapping for selected periods (POD = 0.74, PPV = 0.88) as well as the reliability of Sentinel-1 for the mapping of larger avalanches (POD = 0.27, PPV = 0.87). Furthermore, we proof that Sentinel-2 is unsuitable for the mapping of most avalanches due to its spatial resolution (POD = 0.06, PPV = 0.81). Because we could apply the same reference avalanche events for all three satellite mappings, our validation results are robust and comparable. We demonstrate that satellite-based avalanche mapping has the potential to fill the existing avalanche documentation gap over large areas, making alpine regions safer.
The Impact of Transfer Shock in a Dental Hygiene Program at a Four-Year Health-Sciences University
Authors: Tucker Claire , Miller Michael
Published: October 2020

Health-sciences medical universities that host dental hygiene programs typically work on the model of offering upper division coursework, meaning that they enroll only students who complete their first two years at a different institution. The current study investigated the impact of ‘transfer shock’ on students who transferred into a dental hygiene program from community colleges compared to those transferring from four-year universities. This included testing for differences between student grade point average and NBDHE pass rates for the two groups of transfer students. A total of 166 students who graduated from a dental hygiene program at a mid-southern health-sciences university from 2014-2018 were included in the study. The subjects were placed into two groups by the location of their lower division courses: community college or four-year university. Paired t-tests suggested the presence of transfer shock for both groups. First-attempt pass rates: 95.5%, with a program GPA of 3.12 for the community college group and 98%, with a program GPA of 3.27 for the four-year university group. Transfer shock did occur in the program in the study, so program administrators in dental hygiene academic units should be aware of the impact of transfer and help build bridges that support students to aid in their success.
The Human Experience of Seafaring in Prehistoric Times
Authors: Krieger Anja
Published: October 2020

The majority of current research dealing with the maritime world is centered on abstract notions such as trade, networks, connectivity, or the movement of objects. Yet, while these abstractions are useful and necessary, they often tend to neglect the people involved in seafaring activities and their experiences, contributing to the still dominant perception of the open sea as an empty space. This article seeks to address the human maritime experience as an intrinsic part of a seascape by tracing the specific experiences a sailor would have made out at sea. Based on an analysis of archaeological material derived from Late Bronze Age and Archaic shipwrecks from the eastern Mediterranean and incorporating comparative textual sources and iconography the article will attempt to shed light on particular aspects of maritime culture in prehistoric societies that are hard to grasp.
Highland Fortress Complexes and Riverine Borders in Samtskhe-Javakheti, Southwest Georgia
Authors: Robinson Abby , Khaburzania Giorgi
Published: October 2020

During extensive field surveys by the authors in southwest Georgia, more than 30 megalithic fortress complexes were recorded. A subset is situated at intervals along the ridges of the study region's two major rivers, the Kura and the Paravani; significantly, each complex in this group overlooks a confluence between one of these rivers and a tributary. For anyone entering into the gorges along those tributaries, the fortresses across the rivers—with their walls of massive stones and near-unreachable settings—must have made an impressive sight. In combinations that also included fortresses in the mountains, they appear to have formed borders around arable plateaus. Those borders were reinforced by the wide and fast-flowing Kura and Paravani themselves, representing physical and, arguably, symbolic barriers to crossing up to the highlands. Architecture, the local knowledge of the builders, terrain, and human imagination all combined to form strong borders in this historically much-contested place.
PHOSPHATE FERTILIZATION AND SHADING ON THE INITIAL GROWTH AND PHOTOCHEMICAL EFFICIENCY OF Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. BERG.
Authors: Silvério Juliana Milene , Espíndola Giselly Marques , Santos Cleberton Correia , Scalon Silvana De Paula Quintão , Vieira Maria Do Carmo
Published: October 2020

Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg. (“Gabirobeira”, Myrtaceae) is a versatile fruit tree species native in Cerrado. Studies of mineral fertilization and luminous conditions with the species are incipient. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the initial growth and photochemical aspects in C. xanthocarpa cultivated under phosphate fertilization and shading levels. The experiment was carried out in plastic pots and the factors under study consisted of five doses of phosphorus: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg kg soil-1, and two shadings levels: 0% (full sun) and 50%. The treatments were arranged in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, in a randomized block design, with four replications. The greatest growth characteristics occurred at 240 days after transplantation. The highest chlorophyll index was seen in shaded leaves. The highest values of variable and maximum chlorophyll-a fluorescence were with 10.8 and 11.6 mg P kg-1 in shaded environments, and with 120.0 and 81.81 mg P kg-1, under full sun. The highest photochemical efficiency in photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was under full sun with 33.33 mg P kg-1. The analysis of main components explained 78.82% of the remaining variability. The shaded C. xanthocarpa plants showed higher photochemical yields with the addition of low phosphorus doses. Phosphate fertilization contributed to the mitigation of photochemical damage in young plants of C. xanthocarpa cultivated under full sun.
ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS ESTIMATION IN A TROPICAL FOREST WITH SELECTIVE LOGGING USING RANDOM FOREST AND LIDAR DATA
Authors: Marchesan Juliana , Alba Elisiane , Schuh Mateus Sabadi , Favarin José Augusto Spiazzi , Pereira Rudiney Soares
Published: October 2020

The tropical forest is characterized by expressive biomass and stores high amounts of carbon, which is an important variable for climate monitoring. Thus, studies aiming to analyze suitable methods to predict biomass are crucial, especially in the tropics, where dense vegetation makes modeling difficult. Thus, the objective of the present study was to estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) in a tropical forest area with selective logging in the Amazon forest using the Random Forest (RF) machine learning algorithm and LiDAR data. For this, 85 sample units were used at Fazenda Cauaxi, in the municipality of Paragominas, Pará State. LiDAR data were collected in 2014 and made available by the Sustainable Landscapes Project. The software R was used for data analysis. Among the LiDAR metrics, the average height was used as it had the greatest significance to compose the model. The model presented a pseudo R² of 0.69 (value obtained by the RF), Spearman's Correlation Coefficient of 0.80, RMSE of 47.05 Mg.ha-1 (19.84%), and Bias of 2.06 Mg.ha-1 (0.87%). With the results, it was possible to infer that the average height metric was enough to estimate AGB in a tropical forest with selective logging, in addition, the RF algorithm the biomass to be estimated, which can be used to assist in monitoring and action management in areas of selective logging and serve as a basis for climate change mitigation policies.
CANOPY ARCHITECTURE AND MORPHOMETRY OF TREE SPECIES USED IN THE URBAN FOREST
Authors: Ribeiro Botelho de Carvalho Maria Tamara , Heck Bomm Bruna Fernanda , Nesi Juliane , Lima Ho Tatiane , Bobrowski Rogério
Published: October 2020

Urban forest planning is necessary to avoid problems coming from the introduction of trees into urban spaces. Within the planning process, how space can be occupied on sidewalks is an important item to indicate which species can be planted according to the canopy characteristics . The objective of this study was to analyze morphometric indexes, to classify the growth pattern and to determine the canopy architecture of ten species planted in the urban forest of the cities Curitiba and Pinhais, Paraná, under conditions of free growth, without competition. The sampled species were characterized by the variables diameter at breast height, total height and canopy height and canopy radius in the north, south, east and west directions, which helped to characterize the morphometry of the species. The canopy architecture was classified according to structural models A 60% of crown ratio. Libidibia ferrea and Koelreuteria paniculata presented the greatest amplitude regarding the canopy form, between vertical elliptic, round and horizontal elliptic. Half of the species were fit in the canopy architecture model of the Koriba type, two in the Troll model and one in each of the D'Attim, Leeuwenberg and Mangenot types.
Turismo e Segurança Hídrica: desafios na Ilha do Combu, Pará
Authors: De Lima Aline Maria Meiguins , Ferreira Karoena Machado do Nascimento , Costa Thais Nayara de Carvalho
Published: October 2020

A região Amazônica apresenta um patrimônio natural, com ambientes favoráveis ao turismo ecológico e ao, mesmo tempo, caracterizados como espaços de alta vulnerabilidade. Este trabalho discutiu um destes espaços, a Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) da ilha do Combu (PA), avaliando a relação entre o turismo e as políticas públicas voltadas à segurança hídrica em ambientes de alta sensibilidade. Utilizou-se de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, análise de percepção local e as bases de avaliação da segurança hídrica da Unesco-IHP, obteve-se que a região apresenta disponibilidade de água, mas esta não é acessível para o abastecimento humano em qualidade. Este é um fator limitante na oferta dos serviços ambientais que podem ser proporcionados, principalmente o turismo (bares, restaurantes e hospedagem) e lazer, pois o custo da água (comprada de terceiros) impacta diretamente nos indicadores de segurança hídrica. A implantação de políticas públicas voltadas ao manejo da APA do Combu e a execução de um plano diretor de abastecimento de água e tratamento de esgoto, tornam-se essenciais para melhoria do atendimento e oferta dos serviços locais.
How Are Company Size, Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Related to Directors' Remuneration?
Authors: Lokman Norziana , Mohd Tareh Fattiadriati
Published: October 2020

This study examined the relationship between the company-specific characteristics, namely, company size, company performance, and company leverage and the corporate governance attributes of a company which includes CEO duality and remuneration committee independence as the predictor factors that determine directors’ remuneration. A sample of 260 public listed companies on Bursa Malaysia was selected using stratified random sampling for the financial reporting of 2018. All data concerning the company characteristics and corporate governance attributes were obtained from the annual reports of the companies, which can be accessed from the Bursa Malaysia website. Pearson correlation and multi-regression analysis were used to analyse the data to determine the relationship of the predictor variables with director remuneration. On the one hand, the results of the study showed that directors’ remuneration is positively and significantly related to the size of the company. On the other hand, the financial performance of a company is positively but weakly related to directors remuneration. The remaining predictors have no relationship with directors’ remuneration. The finding suggested that the key determinant factor of directors’ remuneration is company size whereas company performance may have a small impact. Lastly, company compliance with the recommendation of the Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance did not guarantee the effectiveness of the monitoring function of the remuneration committee in ensuring that directors’ remuneration is commensurate with company performance. The result of the study provides additional evidence and support that company size and financial performance are linked to director remuneration. Also the finding of the study reconfirmed prior study that board leadership structure (CEO duality) and remuneration committee independent have no impact on directors’ remuneration.
Accounting Implications of Micro-Fiscal Measures and Quality of Real Gross National Goods and Services: Empirical Evidence From Nigeria
Authors: Asuquo Akabom I. , Tapang Arzizeh Tiesieh , Uwah Uwem E. , Dan Nicholas O. , Uklala Ashishie Peter
Published: October 2020

The study explored into accounting implications of micro-fiscal measures and quality of real gross national goods and services: empirical evidence from Nigeria for a period of thirty years. The objective was to examine how micro-fiscal measures affect real gross national goods and services using thirty years’ time-series data. The exploratory research methodology was applied and data collected were analysed using multiple regression and other statistical techniques. Findings of the study revealed that significant and direct effects were exerted on gross national goods and services by all the known and identified micro-fiscal measures in the review, except swap and levy ratios which had inverse relationship as revealed by their coefficients obtained from the analysis. Therefore, the government and government agencies have a duty to control macro-fiscal activities in terms of creation of national goods, wealth and services using the identified micro-fiscal mechanisms as the basis for decisions and policies making besides implementation.
Skal psykisk sjuke få hjelp til å døy?
Authors: Pileberg Silje
Published: October 2020

Dei siste åra har fleire land opna for at psykisk sjuke menneske kan få hjelp til å avslutte livet. Forskarane bak ein ny studie er bekymra.
Adoção de biotecnologias para revegetação mais eficiente por feijão-de-porco e crotalária em rejeito de minério de ferro
Authors: Santana Pedro  Henrique  Lopes , Thiengo Cássio  Carlette , Burak Diego  Lang , Oliveira Danilo  Messias  de , Mendonça Eduardo de Sá
Published: October 2020

Often unable to regenerate naturally, areas degraded by ore tailings must follow measures aimed at their environmental recovery. The revegetation and the use of bio-stimulants can contribute to the improvement of soil fertility leading to increased production of plant biomass and the cycling of nutrients between soil-plant.The objective was to evaluate the dry matter production, accumulation and nutrient export rates by pig beanplants (Canavalia ensiformis) and Crotalaria juncea cv. IAC-KR-1 as a function of the application of humic substances and diazotrophic bacteria. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouseusing iron ore tailings as substrate. An experimental design of random blocks (4x3x2) was used with four repetitions, four doses of humic substances, applied at 3 different times, with or without inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria. The supply of humic substances and mainly the inoculation in both species increased the dry matter production, reaching 70% of the average increase in pig beans. Inoculation in pig bean plants increased the absorption and transfer factor of Fe and P, and reduced the transfer factor of K, Ca and Mg, and in crotalaria plants increased the absorption of Mg, P and Mn, and reduced the absorption of Fe. The high content of Fe in mining tailings culminated in high absorption and mobilization of this element in the roots of the plants as an alternative to minimize toxic effects caused by its excess.
Agronomic characteristics and radicular diagnosis of tropical poaceae cultivars by image processing
Authors: Silva Anderson  Samuel , Ramos João  Paulo  de  Farias , Santos Edson  Mauro , Costa Rubens  Fernandes , Cavalcante Valdemir Ribeiro , Soares Kilmer Oliveira , Paulino Raniere de Sá , Muniz Ana Cecilia
Published: October 2020

This study aimed to analyze and compare the agronomiccharacteristics and development of the root system through digital image processing of different cultivars of tropical grasses of Brachiaria and Panicum genera. The experiment was carried out at an experimental station of the Research, Rural extension and land regularization company of Paraiba –EMPAER in Alagoinha -PB, in a rainfed agriculture system. Through June 2019 to 45 days after sowing, the grasses were cut for aerial part evaluation (biomass composition, forage yield, root system (volume and surface area) of the cultivars Mombaça, Tamani, Zuri, Massai, Piatã and Ipyporã. Occurred difference between cultivars for all variables analyzed, except for the leaf-stem ratio. The cv. Mombaça presented the best agronomic and root results, being the one that best adapted the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region. On the other hand, Ipyporã was the least expressive for forage yield and water efficiency. Through root image processing, a diagnosis is possible that reflects the forage yield of the genera Brachiariasp. and Panicumsp.
Desempenho de cultivar de soja de crescimento determinado em diferentes arranjos espaciais
Authors: Martins Paula  Daiane  de  Sena , Carmo Eduardo  Lima  do , Silva Alessandro  Guerra  da , Procópio Sérgio de Oliveira , Simon Gustavo André , Andrade Christiano Lima Lobo de
Published: October 2020

The adoption of different plant arrangements in the soybean crop can promote morphological changes in the plants, which may influencethe grain yield. In this context, the spatial arrangement allied to a determined growth and higher cycle variety may be an alternative for the management of the soybean crop under adverse edaphic-climatic conditions. In this way, the objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance and the productive components of the BRS Valiosa RR®soybean cultivar, with determinedgrowthin different plant populations and between rows. The trial was installed in Rio Verde/GOat2012/13 agricultural year. A randomized complete block design was used in a factorial arrangement4x4with four replications. It was evaluated four spacing between rows(20; 40; 20/40 and 20/60 cm) associated with four plant populations (200,000, 300,000, 400,000 and 500,000 ha-1plants). The BRS Valiosa RR® cultivar showed potential to reduce the plant population without causing reductions in grain yield, regardless of the spacing between rows.
INSTRUMENTOS PSICOMÉTRICOS PARA AVALIAÇÃO DA EMPATIA EM CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA
Authors: Machado Susiane Elisabete , Calvetti Prisla
Published: October 2020

Os instrumentos psicológicos auxiliam o psicólogo no processo de avaliação, sendo ferramentas fundamentais para direcionar estratégias interventivas. Entre tantas medidas de avaliação com crianças e adolescentes, a empatia torna-se fundamental para o conhecimento, considerando a capacidade de se colocar em perspectiva em relação às emoções e comportamentos de outra pessoa. Este estudo trata de revisão sistemática, como objetivo de investigar, nas produções científicas das bases de dados BVS/Bireme, Medline e Scielo, instrumentos de avaliação da empatia em crianças e adolescentes. Foram 19 estudos, indicando que os instrumentos avaliados apresentam adequadas propriedades psicométricas para a avaliação da empatia em crianças e adolescentes. No Brasil, poucos estudos foram realizados, sendo que a maioria das pesquisas trata de medidas adaptadas do âmbito internacional.
FOBIA INFANTIL: DO TRANSTORNO PSIQUIÁTRICO À RESPOSTA SINTOMÁTICA NA PSICANÁLISE
Authors: Silva Diana Lídia , Chaves Wilson Camilo , Calazans Roberto
Published: October 2020

Este artigo propõe uma discussão em torno da abordagem psicanalítica do sintoma fóbico em contraposição à forma como a fobia é abordada pela Psiquiatria, mais especificamente no DSM-V, e as implicações dessas abordagens para a clínica com crianças. Mesmo não tendo conduzido a análise de crianças, Freud lança as bases para tal prática, ao reconhecer que as experiências infantis geram angústia, inclusive neuroses. Em Psicanálise, privilegia-se a escuta do sujeito, ainda que em tenra idade, algo ilustrado com destreza pelo caso do Pequeno Hans. Por outro lado, a noção psiquiátrica de transtorno barra a participação do sujeito na elaboração daquilo que lhe é mais singular, seu sofrimento. Dessa forma, a discussão aqui proposta busca pensar as consequências, para a clínica com crianças, de se tratar a fobia como um transtorno do qual o sujeito precisa se ver livre, recusando o valor de verdade do sintoma.