bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A recipe for friendship: Similar food consumption promotes trust and cooperation
Authors: Woolley Kaitlin , Fishbach Ayelet
Published: June 2016

This research examines the consequences of incidental food consumption for trust and cooperation. We find that strangers who are assigned to eat similar (vs. dissimilar) foods are more trusting of each other in a trust game (Study 1). Food consumption further influences conflict resolution, with strangers who are assigned to eat similar foods cooperating more in a labor negotiation, and therefore earning more money (Study 2). The role of incidental food similarity on increased trust extends to the product domain. Consumers are more trusting of information about non‐food products (e.g., a software product) when the advertiser in the product testimonial eats similar food to them (Study 3). Lastly, we find evidence that food serves as a particularly strong cue of trust compared with other incidental similarity. People perceive that pairs eating similar foods, but not pairs wearing similar colored shirts, are more trusting of one another (Study 4). We discuss theoretical and practical implications of this work for improving interactions between strangers, and for marketing products.
Laser material removal on cutting tools from different materials and its effect on wear behavior
Authors: Breidenstein B. , Denkena B. , Bergmann B. , Krödel A.
Published: June 2016

The preparation of cutting edges offers great possibilities to improve the performance of cutting tools. In contrast to conventional abrasive preparation methods, such as grinding and brushing, laser machining is wear-free and exhibits highest flexibility regarding possible cutting tool geometries. Several studies have been performed on laser machining of carbide tools, enabling new possibilities in the generation of complicated geometrical features. Because wear of conventional preparation tools is critical for the preparation of super hard cutting materials, laser machining is an option especially in the preparation of materials such as PCD, cBN, cermets and ceramics. In recent research activities it has been shown that laser machining has a significant impact on phase transformation, residual stress state and surface roughness of different cutting materials. In further investigations, the influence of the observed effects on tool wear could be derived. The presented work reviews the observed effects for laser machining of cBN, cermets and ceramic tools and shows similarities and material specific differences. Thus the potential of laser machining to improve the performance of different super hard cutting materials depends on the tool material and its interaction with the laser removal process. Especially induced compressive residual stress by laser preparation of cBN as a result of a phase transformation leads to an increased tool lifetime.
Development of complementary feeding recommendations for 12–23-month-old children from low and middle socio-economic status in West Java, Indonesia: contribution of fortified foods towards meeting the nutrient requirement
Authors: Fahmida Umi , Santika Otte
Published: June 2016

Inadequate nutrient intake as part of a complementary feeding diet is attributable to poor feeding practices and poor access to nutritious foods. Household socio-economic situation (SES) has an influence on food expenditure and access to locally available, nutrient-dense foods and fortified foods. This study aimed to develop and compare complementary feeding recommendations (CFR) for 12–23-month-old children in different SES and evaluate the contribution of fortified foods in meeting nutrient requirements. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in low and medium SES households (n 114/group) in urban Bandung district, West Java province, Indonesia. Food pattern, portion size and affordability were assessed, and CFR were developed for the low SES (LSES) and middle SES (MSES) using a linear programming (LP) approach; two models – with and without fortified foods – were run using LP, and the contribution of fortified foods in the final CFR was identified. Milk products, fortified biscuits and manufactured infant cereals were the most locally available and consumed fortified foods in the market. With the inclusion of fortified foods, problem nutrients were thiamin in LSES and folate and thiamin in MSES groups. Without fortified foods, more problem nutrients were identified in LSES, that is, Ca, Fe, Zn, niacin and thiamin. As MSES consumed more fortified foods, removing fortified foods was not possible, because most of the micronutrient-dense foods were removed from their food basket. There were comparable nutrient adequacy and problem nutrients between LSES and MSES when fortified foods were included. Exclusion of fortified foods in LSES was associated with more problem nutrients in the complementary feeding diet.
Localization of corin and atrial natriuretic peptide expression in human renal segments
Authors: Dong Liang , Wang Hao , Dong Ningzheng , Zhang Ce , Xue Boxin , Wu Qingyu
Published: June 2016

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-mediated natriuretic response is a well-established cardiac endocrine function. Corin is a transmembrane protease that activates ANP in the heart. Corin expression has been detected in non-cardiac tissues including the kidney. Here we examined corin, pro-ANP/ANP and natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) expression in human renal segments. By immunostaining and in situ hybridization, we found similar corin, pro-ANP/ANP and NPR-A protein and mRNA expression in human renal segments. The expression was most abundant in the proximal convoluted tubules and the medullary connecting ducts. In the proximal tubules, corin protein was present in the apical membrane region underneath the brush border where the ANP-degrading protease neprilysin was abundant. These results suggest that corin-mediated pro-ANP activation may occur in renal segments and that locally produced ANP may act in an autocrine manner to regulate sodium and water reabsorption in situ. Our results also point to the proximal convoluted tubules as a major site for local ANP action. Such a renal corin/ANP autocrine mechanism may differ from the cardiac corin/ANP endocrine mechanism in regulating sodium homoeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions.
Invited Article: Multiple-octave spanning high-energy mid-IR supercontinuum generation in bulk quadratic nonlinear crystals
Authors: Zhou Binbin , Bache Morten
Published: June 2016

Bright and broadband coherent mid-IR radiation is important for exciting and probing molecular vibrations. Using cascaded nonlinearities in conventional quadratic nonlinear crystals like lithium niobate, self-defocusing near-IR solitons have been demonstrated that led to very broadband supercontinuum generation in the visible, near-IR, and short-wavelength mid-IR. Here we conduct an experiment where a mid-IR crystal is pumped in the mid-IR. The crystal is cut for noncritical interaction, so the three-wave mixing of a single mid-IR femtosecond pump source leads to highly phase-mismatched second-harmonic generation. This self-acting cascaded process leads to the formation of a self-defocusing soliton at the mid-IR pump wavelength and after the self-compression point multiple octave-spanning supercontinua are observed. The results were recorded in a commercially available crystal LiInS2 pumped in the 3-4 μm range with 85 fs 50 μJ pulse energy, with the broadest supercontinuum covering 1.6-7.0 μm. We measured up 30 μJ energy in the supercontinuum, and the energy promises to scale favorably with an increased pump energy. Other mid-IR crystals can readily be used as well to cover other pump wavelengths and target other supercontinuum wavelength ranges.
Condensation on nanorods by molecular dynamics
Authors: Suh Donguk , Yasuoka Kenji
Published: June 2016

Many recent experimental studies have been conducted on constructing nanorods and nanowires to use in a wide range of applications. In this study, molecular dynamics is used to directly examine the condensation rate of nanorods and the results are compared with other basic configurations such as cubes or spheres. According to previous studies conducted by Suh and Yasuoka [J. Phys. Chem. B 115, 10631 (2011); 116, 14637 (2012)], a simple change in the configuration of the seed produces a shape effect, where the curvature of the solid seed surface directly affects the growth generating an orderly difference depending on the curvature. Nanoscale cuboids or nanorods were studied to find an aspect ratio effect when condensation occurs on the surface. Various aspect ratios were examined for different nanorod sizes over a wide range of supersaturation ratios. The results show that the growth rate of the nanorod is independent of the supersaturation ratio, which was also observed for the sphere and cube. The growth rate for the rod fell between those of the cube and the sphere, and this is due to an increase in the surface area of the nanorod compared to the cube and curvature effect in comparison with the sphere. A clear size dependence of the seed was observed, which is also similar to the cube and sphere. Furthermore, no aspect ratio influence was seen for the growth rate. This does not mean that the actual amount of condensation is the same for longer seeds, but rather from the definition of the growth rate, the amount of accumulation per unit area is the same for all seed lengths.
Precession-driven dynamos in a full sphere and the role of large scale cyclonic vortices
Authors: Lin Yufeng , Marti Philippe , Noir Jerome , Jackson Andrew
Published: June 2016

Precession has been proposed as an alternative power source for planetary dynamos. Previous hydrodynamic simulations suggested that precession can generate very complex flows in planetary liquid cores [Y. Lin, P. Marti, and J. Noir, “Shear-driven parametric instability in a precessing sphere,” Phys. Fluids 27, 046601 (2015)]. In the present study, we numerically investigate the magnetohydrodynamics of a precessing sphere. We demonstrate precession driven dynamos in different flow regimes, from laminar to turbulent flows. In particular, we highlight the magnetic field generation by large scale cyclonic vortices, which has not been explored previously. In this regime, dynamos can be sustained at relatively low Ekman numbers and magnetic Prandtl numbers, which paves the way for planetary applications.
Conduction band edge effective mass of La-doped BaSnO3
Authors: James Allen S. , Raghavan Santosh , Schumann Timo , Law Ka-Ming , Stemmer Susanne
Published: June 2016

BaSnO3 has attracted attention as a promising material for applications requiring wide band gap, high electron mobility semiconductors, and moreover possesses the same perovskite crystal structure as many functional oxides. A key parameter for these applications and for the interpretation of its properties is the conduction band effective mass. We measure the plasma frequency of La-doped BaSnO3 thin films by glancing incidence, parallel-polarized resonant reflectivity. Using the known optical dielectric constant and measured electron density, the resonant frequency determines the band edge electron mass to be 0.19 ± 0.01. The results allow for testing band structure calculations and transport models.
Coherent population trapping with polarization modulation
Authors: Yun Peter , Guérandel Stéphane , de Clercq Emeric
Published: June 2016

Coherent population trapping (CPT) is extensively studied for future vapor cell clocks of high frequency stability. In the constructive polarization modulation CPT scheme, a bichromatic laser field with polarization and phase synchronously modulated is applied on an atomic medium. A high contrast CPT signal is observed in this so-called double-modulation configuration, due to the fact that the atomic population does not leak to the extreme Zeeman states, and that the two CPT dark states, which are produced successively by the alternate polarizations, add constructively. Here, we experimentally investigate CPT signal dynamics first in the usual configuration, a single circular polarization. The double-modulation scheme is then addressed in both cases: one pulse Rabi interaction and two pulses Ramsey interaction. The impact and the optimization of the experimental parameters involved in the time sequence are reviewed. We show that a simple seven-level model explains the experimental observations. The double-modulation scheme yields a high contrast similar to the one of other high contrast configurations like push-pull optical pumping or crossed linear polarization scheme, with a setup allowing a higher compactness. The constructive polarization modulation is attractive for atomic clock, atomic magnetometer, and high precision spectroscopy applications.
Tunable and stable in time ferroelectric imprint through polarization coupling
Authors: Ghosh Anirban , Koster Gertjan , Rijnders Guus
Published: June 2016

Here we demonstrate a method to tune a ferroelectric imprint, which is stable in time, based on the coupling between the non-switchable polarization of ZnO and switchable polarization of PbZrxTi(1−x)O3. SrRuO3/PbZrxTi(1−x)O3/ZnO/SrRuO3 heterostructures were grown with different ZnO thicknesses. It is shown that the coercive voltages and ferroelectric imprint vary linearly with the thickness of ZnO. It is also demonstrated that the ferroelectric imprint remains stable with electric field cycling and electric field stress assisted aging.
Gender ideology and social identity processes in online language aggression against women
Authors: Bou-Franch Patricia , Garcés-Conejos Blitvich Pilar
Published: June 2016

This chapter examines language aggression against women in public online deliberation regarding crimes of violence against women. To do so, we draw upon a corpus of 460 unsolicited digital comments sent in response to four public service advertisements against women abuse posted on YouTube. Our analysis reveals that three patriarchal strategies of abuse — namely, minimize the abuse, deny its existence, and blame women — are enacted in the online discourse under scrutiny and shows how, at the micro-level of interaction, these strategies relate to social identity and gender ideology through complex processes of positive in-group description and negative out-group presentation. We also argue that despite the few comments that explicitly support abuse, this situation changes at implicit, indirect levels of discourse.
Semantic roles and verbless constructions
Authors: Västi Katja , Kittilä Seppo
Published: June 2016

Semantic roles constitute one of the most notorious notions in linguistics because they have been defined in numerous ways depending on the author’s theoretical framework and goals. Typically these definitions are somehow, more or less explicitly, based on verbs and their properties. In this chapter, semantic roles are discussed from a completely different perspective; we examine genuinely verbless constructions attested in Finnish newspaper headlines. The chapter addresses three main questions: First, what kinds of constructions do not need a finite verb to express dynamic events? Second, what kind of information remains unconceptualized in verbless constructions? And finally, what are semantic roles based on if there is no verb? The goal of the chapter is to show that verbs are not needed to define semantic roles, as an array of semantic roles can be recognized even in constructions lacking a verb.
Benefaction proper and surrogation
Authors: Zúñiga Fernando
Published: June 2016

The semantic role of beneficiary is usually conceptualized in very general terms, typically without an intensional definition of what can constitute a benefit in the particular construction under study. Among those accounts that have proposed to discuss benefaction as related to the notion(s) of surrogation, substituting, and/or deputing, Kittilä (2005) proposes a distinction between recipients, beneficiaries, and recipient-beneficiaries based on the binary features [reception] and [substitutive benefaction]; the recipient includes only reception (and the beneficiary only substitutive benefaction), whereas both features are relevant with recipient-beneficiaries.

This chapter proposes an alternative account (i) by defining benefaction proper in terms of a prototype related to possession (and thereby to reception) and a periphery, and (ii) by defining surrogation as a separate notion that can, but need not, coalesce with benefaction proper. Thus, the beneficiaries’ condition improves because they are relieved from having to carry out a given action themselves.
The discursive intersection of the government of others and the government of self in the face of climate change
Authors: Lindegaard Laura Bang
Published: June 2016

The chapter demonstrates how empirical discourse analysis can contribute to
the study of two issues of particular significance in recent studies of governmentality.
Firstly, the observation that the relationship between power and
resistance is specifically contradictory, in that resistance marks both a boundary
and a constitutive moment of government, and, secondly, the realisation
that governmentality is somehow intertwined with the continuous becoming
of ethical subjects, or, in other words, with continuously negotiated practices of
subjectivation. The chapter pursues and enforces the theoretical argument that
practices of subjectivation should be understood as an aspect of the unceasingly
negotiated interdependence of power and resistance. This suggests that this
theoretical insight can be fulfilled in empirical research if studies of governmentality
are interconnected with membership categorisation analysis and conversation
analysis. To demonstrate the benefits of this approach, the chapter provides
an in-depth analysis of focus group data from sessions in a small Danish village
in which citizens accomplish the contested discursive intersection of, on the one
hand, a municipal strategy aimed at ‘greening’ the citizens’ transportation conduct
and, on the other hand, the citizens’ attempt to conduct their own conduct.
The art of not governing too much in vocational rehabilitation encounters
Authors: Solberg Janne
Published: June 2016

This chapter uses ethnomethodological conversation analysis (CA) to investigate
the empirical manifestations of governmentality in vocational rehabilitation
encounters in the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration. How
can the counsellors’ actions be understood as conducting the conduct of clients
in the setting of vocational rehabilitation? How do the counsellors’ practices,
especially their ways of dealing with client resistance, relate to the core idea of
governmentality as governing, not at the cost of, but through the freedom of
individuals? The chapter analyses the dialogue techniques in six instances in
which the client uses silence and minimal response tokens to resist the counsellor’s
actions. Earlier CA research has suggested counsellors have a rather
unilateral orientation to client resistance. However, this analysis reveals a more
responsive orientation, since it demonstrates how counsellors choose inviting,
non-intrusive action designs in the first place, as well as make adjustments to
the cued client resistance. These practices may be understood as evidencing a
technology of sensibility, co-constituting the client’s agency in situ.
A postsyntactic morphome cookbook
Authors: Trommer Jochen
Published: June 2016

In this tutorial, I introduce methods to implement morphomes (i.e., systematisc patterns of unnatural syncretism, Aronoff 1994) in Distributed Morphology (DM, Halle & Marantz 1993). Whereas proponents of DM have virtually completely ignored the morphome concept, I show that the theory provides a crucial formal mechanism to transfer morphomes into a postsyntactic setting: “parasitic” morphological features which are not interpretable by syntax, but depend in their distribution on other features. I discuss two canonical methods in DM to make such features available to morphological spellout, postsyntactic rules, and decomposition of syntactic features, and show that parasitic features allow for a formalization of the classical morphome cases and for capturing restrictions imposed by morphomic categories on specific morphological systems.
Syncretism in paradigm function morphology and distributed morphology
Authors: Kramer Ruth
Published: June 2016

In the development of morphological theory, restrictiveness and maximal empirical coverage of the facts must be carefully balanced. In this discussion chapter, I use the empirical phenomenon of syncretism to explore the restrictiveness/coverage dichotomy in two morphological theories: Distributed Morphology (DM) and Paradigm Function Morphology 2 (PFM2), drawing on Stump (this vol.) and Trommer (this vol.). As previous work has observed, the theories contrast in their approach to this dichotomy: DM tends towards restrictiveness, whereas PFM2 tends towards maximal empirical coverage. I show that syncretism is a useful tool for exploring the advantages and pitfalls of these positions, and I identify open questions for both theories whose answers would contribute to resolving this dichotomy.
The costs of zero-derived causativity in English
Authors: Levinson Lisa , Brennan Jonathan
Published: June 2016

This paper investigates the processing of lexical causative verbs in English as a means to provide insight into long-standing debates in this domain and to explore methods for comparison of words which are phonologicallyidentical but vary at other levels of representation. Verbs such as melt can be used in both transitive and intransitive contexts, which have been argued to vary not only in the number of thematic arguments, but also in semantic, morphological, and syntactic representation. Hypothesizing that the transitive variants contain additional causativity, we predicted that they would induce greater processing cost that could be attributed to greater lexical semantic complexity. In order to test this prediction, we included in each study pairs of activity verbs which alternate in transitivity but not causativity. Two self-paced reading studies confirmed our prediction, demonstrating an interaction such that transitive verbs in the causative condition took significantly longer to process than intransitive verbs, a pattern that was not reflected in the activity condition. A further magnetoencephalography study tested for neural activity associated with different levels of linguistic processing and provides insight into the nature of the behavioral delay. The behavioral findings suggest that the transitive variants in the lexical causative alternation are more complex than the intransitives at some level of representation, despite their phonological identity. The MEG study provides a profile which is suggestive of a link with lexical or morphological complexity.
Building words
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis
Published: June 2016

This chapter discusses some views on syntactic word formation, by focusing on the assumptions being made within the framework of Distributed Morphology. This is contrasted to two other syntactic views on word formation, namely the exoskeletal model and span based word formation. The chapter also discusses the three individual contributions to this volume that precede it and outlines how these relate to the more general issue of word internal complexity.
Readjustment: Rejected?
Authors: Haugen Jason D.
Published: June 2016

This paper raises the metatheoretical question of whether readjustment (i.e. the alteration of stem or affix phonology after lexical insertion) is needed for morphological theory. Domains investigated include: (i) the employment of readjustment rules as “secondary exponence” in Distributed Morphology; (ii) verb stem allomorphy in the Uto-Aztecan languages Hiaki (Yaqui) and Classical Nahuatl; and (iii) verb stem allomorphy concurrent with reduplication in the Oceanic language Sye (Erromangan). A cogent argument in favor of readjustment rules over stem-listing approaches invokes frequent phonological regularity of stem alternants (e.g., Harley and Tubino Blanco’s 2013 analysis of stem form alternations Hiaki). I adopt an alternative, “amphichronic” (Kiparsky 2006) approach whereby such regularities can be just as felicitously explained by appealing to historical linguistic processes.
We do not need structuralist morphemes, but we do need constituent structure
Authors: Bermúdez-Otero Ricardo
Published: June 2016

In the prethematic high~mid alternation of Spanish third-conjugation verbs, allomorph selection by phonological subcategorization in the morphology interacts with allomorph selection by phonotactic optimization in the phonology, pace Paster (2015). The cyclic locality conditions on this alternation support frameworks with stem storage (Bermúdez-Otero 2013a) or spanning (Svenonius and Haugen & Siddiqi in this volume), and challenge single-terminal insertion. Embick’s (2012) alternative analysis weakens inward cyclic locality excessively. Myler’s (2015) counterproposal overgenerates and undermines the explanation of the parallel cyclic transmission of allomorphy and allosemy. Allomorphy-allosemy mismatches do occur: e.g. when English trànsp[ə]rtátion preserves the argument structure of trànspórt but not its bipedality. However, such mismatches are not generated computationally; they arise diachronically through the interplay of computation and storage (Bermúdez-Otero 2012). Theories asserting that words lack constituent structure cannot explain this fact, pace Blevins, Ackerman & Malouf (this volume).
Re-evaluating exocentricity in word-formation
Authors: Bauer Laurie
Published: June 2016

The distinction between endocentric and exocentric is usually taken as an important semantic factor in classifying compounds. But the same division does not appear to be used in classifying derivatives. This may be because exocentricity has no obvious correlates in derivation; but it is argued here that its correlates in compounding are illusory, and that there are alternative, and probably more explanatory, ways of dealing with exocentrics.
Affix ordering in Optimal Construction Morphology
Authors: Inkelas Sharon
Published: June 2016

This paper sketches an integrated approach to affix ordering within Optimal Construction Morphology, a bottom-up, competition based model of word production in which each step of affixation is the optimal choice among competing possibilities (Caballero & Inkelas 2013). Optimalitytheoretic models are natural fits for affix ordering, a complex phenomenon governed by a mix of conflicting universal and language-specific factors which interact differently in every language. This study covers familiar, global cross-linguistic principles such as semantic relevance (e.g., Bybee 1985) and scope (e.g., Baker 1988; Rice 2000), integrating them with local lexical selectional restrictions (e.g., Fabb 1988); it also incorporates usage-based factors such as Complexity-Based Ordering (e.g., Hay & Plag 2004). The study innovates in adding affix informativity to the mix.
On the interplay of facts and theory
Authors: Lieber Rochelle
Published: June 2016

This paper examines the data on which theoretical treatments of synthetic compounding in English have typically been based against data culled from the Corpus of Contemporary American English and argues that many claims made in the literature are inaccurate. Claims about the unacceptability of external arguments as the first elements of synthetic compounds, the obligatory transitive interpretation of compounds like tomato growing, the absence of achievement verbs in -ing synthetic compounds, the inability of -ing synthetics to be pluralized, the absence of eventive readings in synthetics, among others are falsified. The paper then proposes a set of generalizations more consistent with the corpus data and shows that the lexical semantic framework of Lieber (2004) is capable of accounting for the facts.
Chapter 3. Authorizing the reader in the classroom
Authors: Miall David S. , Chard Sylvia C.
Published: June 2016

This chapter describes the project approach (Katz & Chard, 2000). In-depth learning through projects involves actively relating the new to the familiar through a three phase process. In Phase 1, the recall of significant aspects of a literary reading can be facilitated by the sharing of personal experiences of the text. This leads to appreciation of the relevance of these experiences, perhaps as topics in their own lives. In discussion, or Phase 2, questions are raised and researched, where new understanding emerges. In Phase 3, the new information is combined into a group response. When students learn collaboratively through the project approach, they typically report deeper levels of personal involvement and satisfaction as well as greater understanding and depth of knowledge than when asked to learn by other means.
Chapter 5. Enhancing responses to literary texts with L2 learners
Authors: Vassallo Odette
Published: June 2016

This chapter reports an empirical study investigating literary reading processes conducted with young adult readers who operate in a second language-learning (L2) environment. The scope of the study is to observe and identify reading processes these learners engage in while reading a literary text. These learners are students of literature but considered to be in the process of becoming informed readers of literature, that is ‘learner-readers’. Intrinsic to the study is the introduction of a model based on a pedagogical framework, the Strike-Annotate-Speak-Write (SASW) model for L2 learner-readers. The chapter highlights the different literary reading processes adopted by the L2 learner-readers by referring to categories identified in the study. Furthermore, it describes the model that adopts verbal and non-verbal metacognitive techniques that trigger these processes.
Chapter 7. Literary themes across cultures
Authors: Liu Shisheng , Zhang Zhijun , Zhang Cuiling
Published: June 2016

This chapter explores the effect of the thematic analogies (from a classic Chinese novel Journey to the West) that Chinese EFL students draw when reading a modern English novel, namely, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Participants were second-year English majors divided into two groups: experimental and control. In the latter, the teacher taught Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland only through the work itself, but in the former Journey to the West was used to facilitate the students’ understanding. Qualitative data composed of questionnaires, journals and interviews were utilized and the findings show that Journey to the West had a positive impact on the students’ understanding of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.
Chapter 8. Of learning and poetics
Authors: Nishihara Takayuki
Published: June 2016

This chapter examines the reading strategies of Japanese university-level learners of English with limited experience of reading poetry in English. The aim is to corroborate teaching procedures from the viewpoint of their textual interpretation procedures. To this purpose, data were collected while they were reading Robert Frost’s “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” (1923) by asking them to report on the textual features they noticed when trying to construct textual meanings. Results revealed ten reading strategies, classified into three groups: (1) application of strategies acquired through reading expository texts, (2) examination of repetitive expressions, and (3) reference to semantic intuition and explicit knowledge of English. The main features of poetry reading processes performed by the participants of the study are summarized. The chapter concludes by offering suggestions for effective poetry teaching.
Chapter 9. Literature and the role of background knowledge for EFL learners
Authors: Teranishi Masayuki , Nasu Masako
Published: June 2016

This chapter considers how English versions of Japanese poems can be incorporated into a Japanese EFL classroom by examining how learners’ familiarity with the subject of a given text may promote language learning. For this study, a poem and a haiku about the bombing of Hiroshima were used. To further explore the benefits of using haiku, students were required to creatively translate some other haiku from Japanese into English and compose their own original haiku in English. The qualitative analysis of their responses, creative works, and feedback suggests that knowledge of Japanese language and history promoted their reading and interpretation of English versions of Japanese poems. Furthermore, the pedagogical stylistic approach employed enhanced their English language and literature skills.
Chapter 10. Effects of creative writing on adolescent students’ literary response
Authors: Janssen Tanja , Braaksma Martine
Published: June 2016

This chapter examines whether creative writing prior to reading influences students’ reading process and appreciation of short stories. Participants were 53 fifteen year old students, assigned to two conditions. In the writing condition students composed their own stories, and then read the authors᾽ stories while thinking aloud. In the non-writing condition they responded to the stories without writing. Think aloud responses were analyzed for the (meta)cognitive and affective reading activities students displayed. Story appreciation was measured by a questionnaire. Results indicate that the creative writing group showed more emotional engagement during reading than the non-writing group. Moreover, the creative writing group appreciated the stories more after reading than did the non-writing group. This suggests that writing as a pre-reading activity may positively influence students’ reading engagement.
Chapter 11. ESL students’ perceptions of creative and academic writing
Authors: Hanauer David I. , Liao Fang-Yu
Published: June 2016

This chapter provides a small scale, qualitative study of ESL students’ perceptions of positive and negative creative and academic writing experiences. Previous research has suggested that creative writing provides a more positive experience than academic writing and involves a different set of features. Nineteen ESL students were interviewed about their second language literacy instructional histories and focused on understandings of their experiences of writing. Interview data was coded for positive and negative experiences. The results suggest that creative writing and academic writing involve different sets of experiences and that creative writing involves fewer negative experiences. The chapter argues for the inclusion of creative writing as a component of the second language literacy curriculum.
Chapter 12. Empirical stylistics as a learning and research tool in the study of narrative viewpoint
Authors: Sotirova Violeta
Published: June 2016

This chapter reports a study on students’ responses to a passage by Virginia Woolf which displays frequent shifts in viewpoint and a variety of speech and thought presentation modes. The students were asked to attribute the viewpoint in the passage and to demarcate the boundaries of individual viewpoints. The aims of the study are: to (1) assess the agreement among readers on how to assign viewpoint; (2) test the differences in interpretation between more experienced and less experienced readers; (3) expose students to the empirical investigation of literature in an experimental setting; and (4) reflect on the usefulness of incorporating empirical studies in the learning process. The findings demonstrate the level of readerly agreement on the attribution of viewpoint and the boundaries of individual viewpoints in an experimental text. The use of empirical methods as a learning tool in the stylistics classroom is assessed.
The Severity of Symptoms Related to Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a Risk Factor for the Misclassification of Significant Organic Disease
Authors: Carter Dan , Beer-Gabel Marc , Derazne Estela , Tzur Dorit , Bardan Eytan
Published: June 2016

Background and Aims:

The diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is based mainly on clinical evaluation. The reported incidence of misclassification of significant organic diseases in previously diagnosed IBS patients differs between studies. The aim of this study was to examine the incidence and risk factors for the misclassification of significant organic disease [colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Celiac disease, and thyroid dysfunction] in a cohort of young patients with symptoms attributed to IBS.

Methods:

In this population-based cohort study, we examined the incidence and risk factors for the diagnosis of a new significant organic diseases in a cohort of 2645 IBS patients.

Results:

During follow-up, organic disease was diagnosed in 27 subjects (1.03%): IBD in 23, Celiac disease in 2, IBD and Celiac disease in 1, and hypothyroidism in1. The mean interval from the diagnosis of IBS to the diagnosis of an organic disorder was 13.08±8.51 months. Increased symptom severity was the only significant risk factor for the misclassification of an organic disease (hazard ratio, 2.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-5.05; P=0.047). The risk ratio for misclassification of organic diseases in moderate to severe IBS was increased by 2.575 (95% confidence interval, 1.10-6.51; P=0.027) as compared with mild IBS.

Conclusions:

The incidence of misclassification of major organic disease in IBS patients was low. Increased symptoms severity was the only significant risk factor for the misclassification of organic disorders. Further gastrointestinal evaluation should be considered in patients with moderate to severe symptoms attributed to IBS.
A Comparison of Bilateral Side-by-Side Metal Stents Deployed Above and Across the Sphincter of Oddi in the Management of Malignant Hilar Biliary Obstruction
Authors: Cosgrove Natalie , Siddiqui Ali A. , Adler Douglas G. , Shahid Haroon , Sarkar Avik , Sharma Ashish , Kowalski Thomas E. , Loren David , Warndorf Matthew , Chennat Jennifer , Munigala Satish , Papachristou Georgios I.
Published: June 2016

Background and Aims:

The optimal method for endoscopic placement of bilateral self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) for the management of malignant hilar biliary obstruction has not been determined. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacies and complication rates between SEMS placed above and across the sphincter of Oddi (SO) in patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective review of patients with malignant hilar strictures who underwent bilateral SEMS placement at 3 centers was performed. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group A (above SO, n=52) or B (across SO, n=120). Patient demographics, technical success (successful SEMS placement across the stricture), functional success (decrease in pretreatment bilirubin level), complications, stent occlusion, and patient survival in the 2 groups were evaluated.

Results:

We identified 172 patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction (106 males, mean age 67 y). Significantly more early complications (1.9% vs. 11.7%, P=0.04) were seen in group B, mainly post-endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography pancreatitis. Mean SEMS patency periods were 33 weeks for group A and 29.6 weeks for group B (P=0.3). Occlusion rates were 50% and 45% for groups A and B (P=0.61); occlusion was due to tumor in-growth or overgrowth in all patients. SEMS occlusion was successfully treated endoscopically in 85% (22/26) patients in group A and 96% (52/54) in group B (P=0.24). The median survival time was 26 weeks in the group A and 29 weeks in group B (P=0.49).

Discussion:

Bilateral side-by-side SEMS placement above or below the SO results in similar success rates, stent patency duration, and stent occlusion rates. Significantly fewer complications, with a trend toward lower rates of pancreatitis, were observed for SEMS placed above the SO.
Randomized clinical trial: efficacy of a food supplement, TRANSITECH, on healthy individuals with mild intermittent constipation
Authors: Alexandre Virginie , Bertin Claire , Boubaya Marouane , Airinei Gheorghe , Bouchoucha Michel , Benamouzig Robert
Published: June 2016

Background

Constipation is a common disorder in the general population and can be observed in healthy individuals. A natural product leading to an increase in bowel movements and decrease in colonic transit time (CTT), without bloating, could be useful for the patient’s care.

Objectives

To investigate the effects of TRANSITECH, a food supplement composed of plants and lactic ferments, on bowel movements, CTT and bloating.

Methods

A total of 100 healthy participants, presenting two to five stools per week, were selected and followed over a 6-day baseline period. They were randomly assigned to receive daily two tablets of TRANSITECH or placebo during 10 days. They were then followed up over 28 days after intervention. Participants daily recorded in a home questionnaire the characteristics of stools (frequency and consistency), and the importance of bloating during the preintervention period (from D–6 to D0), the intervention period (from D0 to D10) and the postintervention period (from D10 to D38). Their CTTs were also evaluated by following the propagation of radiopaque markers at D0 and D10.

Results

At D10, the food supplement group showed, compared with the placebo group, higher daily stool emission (0.95±0.50, 0.70±0.20, P<0.001), softer stool consistency (2.5±0.6 vs. 3.0±0.8, P<0.001) and lower CTT (33.8±28.2 vs. 56.4±36.2 h, P=0.01). The active group also showed a sustained increase in daily stool emissions observed at D38 compared with D0 (P=0.03).

Conclusion

TRANSITECH is an efficient natural solution for the treatment of constipation. It increases the number of bowel movements, decreases the oroanal and segmental CTT, is well tolerated, and presents sustained effects after treatment completion.
Etiology of Diarrhea, Nutritional Outcomes, and Novel Intestinal Biomarkers in Tanzanian Infants
Authors: Gosselin Kerri B. , Aboud Said , McDonald Christine M. , Moyo Sabrina , Khavari Nasim , Manji Karim , Kisenge Rodrick , Fawzi Wafaie , Kellogg Mark , Tran Hao Q. , Kibiki Gibson , Gratz Jean , Liu Jie , Gewirtz Andrew , Houpt Eric , Duggan Christopher
Published: June 2016

Objective:

Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but the etiology of diarrhea and its relation to nutritional outcomes in resource‐limited settings is poorly defined. We sought to determine the etiology of community‐acquired diarrhea in Tanzanian infants and to assess the association with anthropometrics and novel intestinal biomarkers.

Methods:

A convenience sample of infants in a trial of zinc and/or multivitamin supplementation in Tanzania was selected. Subjects were enrolled at age 6 weeks and studied for 18 months. Stool samples were obtained from children with acute diarrhea. A novel, polymerase chain reaction‐based TaqMan array was used to screen stool for 15 enteropathogens. A subset of subjects had serum gastrointestinal biomarkers measured.

Results:

One hundred twenty‐three subjects with diarrhea were enrolled. The mean ± SD age at stool sample collection was 12.4 ± 3.9 months. Thirty‐five enteropathogens were identified in 34 (27.6%) subjects: 11 rotavirus, 9 Cryptosporidium spp, 7 Shigella spp, 3 Campylobacter jejuni/coli, 3 heat stable‐enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and 2 enteropathogenic E coli. Subjects with any identified enteropathogen had significantly lower weight‐for‐length z scores (−0.55 ± 1.10 vs 0.03 ± 1.30, P = 0.03) at the final clinic visit than those without an identified pathogen. Fifty of the 123 subjects (40.7%) had serum analyzed for antibodies to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagellin. Subjects with any identified enteropathogen had lower immunoglobulin (IgA) antibodies to LPS (0.75 ± 0.27 vs 1.13 ± 0.77, P = 0.01) and flagellin (0.52 ± 0.16 vs 0.73 ± 0.47, P = 0.02) than those without an identified pathogen.

Conclusions:

This quantitative polymerase chain reaction method may allow identification of enteropathogens that place children at higher risk for suboptimal growth. IgA anti‐LPS and flagellin antibodies hold promise as emerging intestinal biomarkers.
Protein Malnutrition During Juvenile Age Increases Ileal and Colonic Permeability in Rats
Authors: Eyzaguirre‐Velásquez Johana , Olavarría‐Ramírez Loreto , González‐Arancibia Camila , Díaz‐Merino Camila , Ariz Raúl , López Silvana , Quiroz Waldo , Beltrán Caroll J. , Bravo Javier A. , Julio‐Pieper Marcela
Published: June 2016

Protein malnutrition can lead to morphological and functional changes in jejunum and ileum, affecting permeability to luminal contents. Regarding the large intestine, data are scarce, especially at juvenile age. We investigated whether low‐protein (LP) diet could modify ileal and colonic permeability and epithelial morphology in young rats. Isocaloric diets containing 26% (control diet) or 4% protein were given to male rats between postnatal days 40 and 60. LP‐diet animals failed to gain weight and displayed decreased plasma zinc levels (a marker of micronutrient deficiency). In addition, transepithelial electrical resistance and occludin expression were reduced in their ileum and colon, indicating increased gut permeability. Macromolecule transit was not modified. Finally, LP diet induced shortening of colonic crypts without affecting muscle thickness. These data show that protein malnutrition increases not only ileum but also colon permeability in juvenile rats. Enhanced exposure to colonic luminal entities may be an additional component in the pathophysiology of protein malnutrition.
Establishing a “Vestibular Migraine Diagnosis Questionnaire” and Testing Its Validity
Authors: Celebisoy Nese , Karapolat Hale , Gokcay Figen , Bilgen Cem , Ozgen Gulnur , Kirazli Tayfun , Kose Timur
Published: June 2016

Objective:

To establish a questionnaire and check its validity and reliability for the diagnosis of vestibular migraine in patients reporting recurrent vestibular symptoms.

Background:

Vestibular migraine is the most common cause for recurrent spontaneous vertigo. However, it is still underdiagnosed needing validated and reliable screening instruments such as ID Migraine, that can be used in primary care settings, dizziness, and migraine clinics.

Materials and Method:

Sixty consecutive patients referred to our dizziness clinic with recurring vestibular symptoms were given a questionnaire that they filled in, consisting of 8 short and simple questions. The questionnaire-based diagnosis was compared with the diagnosis based on face-to-face interview and clinical examination. Test stability was evaluated by asking the patients to fill in the questionnaire a week later during a second visit. κ analysis was used to assess item-specific test-retest reliability and also the conformity between the questionnaire-based diagnosis and the clinical diagnosis.

Results:

The conformity between the clinical diagnosis and the diagnosis based on the questionnaire was 83.3% and the κ coefficient was 0.666 (good). Sensitivity of the questionnaire was 82.8% (24/29) and the specificity was 83.9% (26/31). The κ values in test-retest repetition were good to excellent (0.71 to 0.87) when each question was considered.

Conclusions:

The validity of the “Vestibular Migraine Diagnosis Questionnaire” was good and its reliability was good to excellent indicating that it can be used as a screening tool in identifying patients with vestibular migraine in our country.