bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sonographic hepatorenal ratio: A noninvasive method to diagnose nonalcoholic steatosis
Authors: de Almeida e Borges Valéria Ferreira , Diniz Angélica L. D. , Cotrim Helma P. , Rocha Haroldo L. O. G. , Andrade Nestor Barbosa
Published: September 2012

Purpose.

To evaluate the accuracy of the sonographic hepatorenal ratio (HRR) in the diagnosis and grading of nonalcoholic steatosis, using biopsy as the reference.

Methods.

Ultrasound (US) and liver biopsy were performed in 42 patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Forty healthy volunteers without steatosis at US and without risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were also studied. The HRR was obtained by dividing the mean brightness level of region‐of‐interest pixels in hepatic parenchyma by that in renal parenchyma. Needle biopsy samples (hematoxylin‐eosin stained) were classified as mild (5–33% fatty infiltration), moderate (>33–66%), or severe (>66%) steatosis. Spearman coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between HRR and steatosis grade, analysis of variance for differences between subgroups, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for sensitivity and specificity.

Results.

Significant correlation was found between HRR and histologic steatosis (r = 0.80, p < 0.01). The HRR cutoff for predicting steatosis was ≥1.24 (sensitivity, 92.7%; specificity, 92.5%). The mean ± SD HRRs in controls and steatosis subgroups were control 1.09 ± 0.13, mild 1.46 ± 0.24, moderate 1.52 ± 0.27, severe 2.04 ± 0.3 and were significantly different from each other except between mild and moderate steatosis subgroups.

Conclusions.

The HRR is a noninvasive, objective, and simple method that could be used to diagnose and grade hepatic steatosis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2013
Micro‐Raman spectroscopic analysis of inks and pigments in illuminated medieval old‐Slavonic manuscripts
Authors: Nastova Irena , Grupče Orhideja , Minčeva‐Šukarova Biljana , Turan Servet , Yaygingol Merve , Ozcatal Melih , Martinovska Violeta , Jakovlevska‐Spirovska Zorica
Published: September 2012

Micro‐Raman spectroscopy was applied in characterisation of inks and pigments used in the text, illuminations and miniatures of two old‐Slavonic manuscripts: Vrutok four gospels (13th–14th centuries) and Benche four gospels (16th century). They were written in old‐Slavonic language with old Cyrillic alphabet. Both were decorated with ornaments in so called Balkan style characterised with intertwined rings and floral motifs. Only four colours/pigments were used in the simple miniature and ornaments in Vrutok book: orpiment, vermilion, organo‐copper complex and mixed ink. Much richer palette of pigments was revealed in the Benche book: calcite, gypsum, lead white, yellow ochre, pararealgar/realgar, vermilion, red lead, red ocra, organo‐copper complex, malachite, indigo, iron gall ink, carbon black and pure metallic gold. The use of pigments in ornaments compared with miniatures is somewhat different in Benche book, suggesting that either handwriting and ornamenting on one side and miniatures, on the other, were done by different persons/painters or depiction of sacral themes of the miniatures canonically required the use of more expensive/elaborate pigments.

Micro‐Raman spectroscopy allowed in situ, non‐destructive, rapid and unambiguous identification of the majority of pigments used in the text, ornamentations and miniatures in the Vrutok and Benche four gospels. In case of uncertainty in identification of pigments, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray analysis was applied. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The breast reconstruction satisfaction questionnaire (BRECON‐31): An affirmative analysis
Authors: Temple‐Oberle Claire F. , Ayeni Omodole , Cook Earl Francis , Bettger‐Hahn Margo , Mychailyshyn Nadia , MacDermid Joy
Published: September 2012

Objective

To verify the subscale structure of the BRECON‐31 using a test sample of women naïve to the questionnaire.

Methods

The BRECON‐31 was administered to women following breast reconstruction. Their responses were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA) with a varimax rotation. Components were maintained with an Eigenvalue greater than one. Internal consistency reliability was measured with Cronbach's Alpha (CA). Components on the test pool analysis were then compared with the subscales developed on 128 women who completed the questionnaire during the development phase.

Results

Fifty women completed the BRECON‐31. Development and test pools of women were similar across demographics, pathology, and surgical details, except the development sample was somewhat older (53 yo vs. 49 yo,P = 0.02). Using PCA, eight subscales again emerged: self‐image, arm concerns, intimacy, satisfaction, recovery, self‐consciousness, expectations, and breast appearance. A nipple, and abdominal strength and appearance subscales also emerged. Forty‐one of the 45 items loaded similarly in the development and test pools. Internal consistency reliability was high, with CA in the test pool equaling or exceeding CA in the development pool in the majority of the subscales.

Conclusions

The BRECON‐31 factor structure identified in the development pool was supported by the test pool, with similar reliability. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:451–455. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of MAC30 protein is related to survival and clinicopathological variables in breast cancer
Authors: Xiao Min , Li Huiyan , Yang Shanshan , Huang Yuanxi , Jia Shusheng , Wang Hongbin , Wang Jinsong , Li Zhigao
Published: September 2012

Background and Objectives

MAC30 is a protein with unknown function that is differentially expressed in certain malignancies. The aims of this study were to evaluate the relationship between MAC30 expression and clinicopathologic features while investigate the prognostic value of MAC30 expression in breast cancer.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry was used to examine MAC30 expression in 243 breast cancer tissues, meanwhile in 59 matched adjacent noncancerous tissues and 46 benign breast tumor tissues as controls. The correlation of MAC30 expression with clinicopathological parameters was assessed using χ2 analysis. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used to predict factors with a significant independent prognostic value.

Results

MAC30 was overexpressed in breast cancer compared with matched adjacent noncancerous tissues and benign breast tumor (both P < 0.001). Moreover, MAC30 expression was correlated with tumor size, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and recurrence. Furthermore, it was shown that patients with high MAC30 expression had significantly poorer overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS; P = 0.002 and P = 0.007, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that high MAC30 expression was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and DFS (P = 0.018 and P = 0.044, respectively).

Conclusions

Overexpression of MAC30 was associated with tumor progression, recurrence, and poor survival in breast cancer. Testing expression of MAC30 will be helpful for predicting prognosis in breast cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:456–462. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic implications for high expression of oncogenic microRNAs in advanced gastric carcinoma
Authors: Kim Baek‐Hui , Hong Soon Won , Kim Aeree , Choi Seung Ho , Yoon Sun Och
Published: September 2012

Background

Aberrant expressions of specific microRNAs are recently known in many malignancies, including gastric carcinoma. The prognostic implication of oncogenic microRNA dysregulation was investigated in advanced gastric carcinomas undergoing radical resection and adjuvant systemic chemotherapy, and observed on long‐term follow‐up.

Methods

The expression levels of miR‐20a, miR‐21, miR‐25, miR‐93, miR‐103, miR‐106a, miR‐106b, miR‐130b, miR‐155, miR‐221, and miR‐222 were analyzed in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) cancer tissues of 91 patients, using reverse transcription real‐time PCR.

Results

The high expression of miR‐20a, miR‐25, miR‐93, miR‐103, miR‐106a, miR‐106b, miR‐130 was associated with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05), and high expression of miR‐155 was related to tumor penetration through serosa and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). Cases with high expression of miR‐222 (P = 0.014) showed reduced 5‐year survival rates. The high expression of miR‐222 and miR‐221 showed correlation with shorter metastasis‐free survival (P = 0.039 and 0.033, respectively), and miR‐222 high expression was related to reduced overall survival (P = 0.012).

Conclusions

The high expression of miR‐20a, miR‐25, miR‐93, miR‐103, miR‐106a, miR‐106b, miR‐130, miR‐155, miR‐221, and miR‐222 in AGC tissues may be a high risk factor associated with tumor penetration through serosa, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and poor long‐term survival in patients undergoing radical resection and adjuvant systemic chemotherapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:505–510. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Proteomic analysis of interactors for yeast protein arginine methyltransferase Hmt1 reveals novel substrate and insights into additional biological roles
Authors: Jackson Christopher A. , Yadav Neelu , Min Sangwon , Li Jun , Milliman Eric J. , Qu Jun , Chen Yin‐Chu , Yu Michael C.
Published: September 2012

Protein arginine methylation is a PTM catalyzed by an evolutionarily conserved family of enzymes called protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), with PRMT1 being the most conserved member of this enzyme family. This modification has emerged to be an important regulator of protein functions. To better understand the role of PRMTs in cellular pathways and functions, we have carried out a proteomic profiling experiment to comprehensively identify the physical interactors of Hmt1, the budding yeast homolog for human PRMT1. Using a dual‐enzymatic digestion linear trap quadrupole/Orbitrap proteomic strategy, we identified a total of 108 proteins that specifically copurify with Hmt1 by tandem affinity purification. A reverse coimmunoprecipitation experiment was used to confirm Hmt1's physical association with Bre5, Mtr4, Snf2, Sum1, and Ssd1, five proteins that were identified as Hmt1‐specific interactors in multiple biological replicates. To determine whether the identified Hmt1‐interactors had the potential to act as an Hmt1 substrate, we used published bioinformatics algorithms that predict the presence and location of potential methylarginines for each identified interactor. One of the top hits from this analysis, Snf2, was experimentally confirmed as a robust substrate of Hmt1 in vitro. Overall, our data provide a feasible proteomic approach that aid in the better understanding of PRMT1's roles within a cell.
Latest developments in experimental and computational approaches to characterize protein–lipid interactions
Authors: Cho Hyunju , Wu Ming , Bilgin Betul , Walton S. Patrick , Chan Christina
Published: September 2012

Understanding the functional roles of all the molecules in cells is an ultimate goal of modern biology. An important facet is to understand the functional contributions from intermolecular interactions, both within a class of molecules (e.g. protein–protein) or between classes (e.g. protein‐DNA). While the technologies for analyzing protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions are well established, the field of protein–lipid interactions is still relatively nascent. Here, we review the current status of the experimental and computational approaches for detecting and analyzing protein–lipid interactions. Experimental technologies fall into two principal categories, namely solution‐based and array‐based methods. Computational methods include large–scale data‐driven analyses and predictions/dynamic simulations based on prior knowledge of experimentally identified interactions. Advances in the experimental technologies have led to improved computational analyses and vice versa, thereby furthering our understanding of protein–lipid interactions and their importance in biological systems.
A label‐free mass spectrometry method for relative quantitation of β‐tubulin isotype expression in human tumor tissue
Authors: Miller Leah M. , Huang Yang Chia‐Ping , Xiao Hui , Isaac Sylvie , Sève Pascal , Dumontet Charles , Band Horwitz Susan , Hogue Angeletti Ruth
Published: September 2012

Purpose

Quantitation of β‐tubulin isotype expression in taxane resistant human tumor tissue has been difficult to achieve because of the limited availability of validated antibodies. Here we present a label‐free MS method to quantitate relative expression levels of β‐tubulin isotypes.

Experimental design

Using isotype‐specific reporter peptides, we determined relative β‐tubulin isotype expression levels in human lung tumor tissue.

Results

Four reporter peptides were chosen to quantitate the βI/βII, βIV, βIII, and βV tubulin isotypes. These peptides were validated using human cancer cell lines. The label‐free method was then used to determine β‐tubulin isotype expression in nine human lung tumor samples, which had been described as high or low βIII‐tubulin expressing using immunohistochemistry. It was found that βI/βII (accounting for 18.7–65.7% of total β‐tubulin) and βIVa/βIVb (26.3–79.1%) were the most abundant isotypes and that the βIII (0–8.9%) and βV (1.0–10.4%) were less abundant in the tissue. We also categorized the samples as high or low βIII‐tubulin expressing.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

With this method we can determine the relative expression levels of β‐tubulin isotypes in human tumor tissue. This method will facilitate studies assessing the use of tubulin isotypes as biomarkers of taxane resistance.
Observer‐based consensus of second‐order multi‐agent system with fixed and stochastically switching topology via sampled data
Authors: Chen Weisheng , Li Xiaobo
Published: September 2012

This paper addresses the distributed observer‐based consensus problem of second‐order multi‐agent systems via sampled data. Firstly, for the case of fixed topology, a velocity‐independent distributed control law is proposed by designing a distributed observer to estimate the unavailable velocity, then a sufficient and necessary condition of consensus on design parameters and sampling period is obtained by using the matrix analysis method. Secondly, for the case of stochastically switching topology, a sufficient and necessary condition of mean square consensus is also proposed and proven, and an algorithm is provided to design the parameters in the consensus protocol. Two simulation examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed consensus algorithms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remission of positive symptoms according to the “remission in Schizophrenia Working Group” criteria: A longitudinal study of cognitive functioning
Authors: Braw Y. , Sitman R. , Cohen M. , Berger U. , Lev-Ran S. , Segev A. , Bloch Y. , Levkovitz Y.
Published: September 2012

Schizophrenia patients in positive symptomatic remission (PSR; n = 39) were assessed using a longitudinal research design. The patients were found to exhibit widespread cognitive impairments that were stable over the three-year follow-up period. The findings support a generalized and stable cognitive impairment profile among schizophrenia patients in partial symptomatic remission.
Effect of water contamination on the shear bond strength of self‐ligating brackets
Authors: Sfondrini Maria Francesca , Fraticelli Danilo , Di Corato Serena , Scribante Andrea , Gandini Paola
Published: September 2012

Purpose: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of water contamination on the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) score of self‐ligating brackets.

Materials and methods: One conventional bracket and three different self‐ligating brackets were bonded onto 160 bovine permanent mandibular incisors, divided randomly into 8 groups. For each type of bracket, 20 samples were bonded on dry enamel and 20 after water contamination. After 24 h, all specimens were tested for SBS using an Instron Universal Testing Machine, and ARI scores were evaluated.

Results: All groups showed clinically adequate SBSs. Quick brackets bonded onto dry enamel showed significantly higher SBSs than all other groups tested, whereas the lowest shear strength values were recorded for Step, Quick, and Damon 3MX brackets bonded onto contaminated enamel and for Damon 3MX onto dry enamel. Frequency distribution of ARI Scores showed a prevalence of ARI “2” and “3” for all the groups tested.

Conclusions: Water contamination reduces the SBS of self‐ligating brackets, but significant differences have been found only for Quick brackets. All groups showed a significant higher frequency of ARI Score of “2” and “3”.
Wiring Decolonization: Turning Technology against the Colonizer during the Indochina War, 1945–1954
Authors: Goscha Christopher
Published: September 2012

Twentieth-century wars of decolonization were more than simple diplomatic and military affairs. This article examines how the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) relied upon technology to drive state-making and to make war during the struggle against the French (1945–1954). Wireless radios, in particular, provided embattled nationalists a means by which they could communicate orders and information across wide expanses of contested space in real time. Printing presses, newspapers, stationary, and stamps not only circulated information, but they also served as the bureaucratic markers of national sovereignty. Radios and telephones were essential to the DRV's ability to develop, field, and run a professional army engaged in modern—not guerilla—battles. The Vietnamese were victorious at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 in part because they successfully executed a highly complex battle via the airwaves. Neither the Front de libération nationale (FLN) fighting the French for Algeria nor the Republicans battling the Dutch for Indonesia ever used communications so intensely to drive state-making or take the fight to the colonizer on the battlefield. Scholars of Western states and warfare have long recognized the importance of information gathering for understanding such matters. This article argues that it is time to consider how postcolonial states gathered and used information, even in times of war.
Beyond Naxalbari: A Comparative Analysis of Maoist Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Independent India
Authors: Kennedy Jonathan , Purushotham Sunil
Published: September 2012

This paper demonstrates that there have been three distinct waves of Maoist insurgency in India since 1947. We construct an ideal typical model of Maoist insurgency that is used to compare the roles played by local populations, insurgents, and state counterinsurgency measures across space and time. This allows us to demonstrate that the commonly accepted narrative of Indian Maoist insurgency must be fundamentally rethought. The Naxalbari outbreak in 1967 and the subsequent insurgency in West Bengal is generally agreed to be the central point in the history of Maoist insurgency in India. But our analysis demonstrates that it was comparatively short-lived and atypical. We instead trace the genealogy of Indian Maoism to Telengana in the late 1940s. The common feature linking all three waves is the persistence of insurgent activity among various tribal oradivasicommunities in the central Indian “tribal belt.” Their overriding grievances are the historically iniquitous relationships produced by the processes of state and market expansion that have incorporated and subordinatedadivasipopulations who previously had a large degree of socioeconomic and political autonomy. The state's counterinsurgency strategy has consisted of violence combined with developmental and governance interventions. This has pushed Maoist insurgency to the margins of Indian political life but has been unable to eliminate insurgent activity or address the fundamental grievances ofadivasis. We conclude by arguing that Maoist insurgency in India should not be considered as crime to be resolved by state violence, or as an economic problem requiring the intensification of developmental measures, but as a matter of politics.
‘Torture her until she lies’: Torture, Testimony, and Social Status in Roman Rhetorical Education
Authors: BERNSTEIN NEIL W.
Published: September 2012

Declamation was an essential component of elite male rhetorical education in the Roman imperial period. In the controversia, the most advanced exercise in the standard sequence of rhetorical pedagogy, students would deliver speeches on both sides of fictional law cases. Several of the controversiae involve scenarios of torture. Masters torture their slaves and then choose to report or withhold the testimony they extract thereby; or a tyrant who has usurped control of the community tortures free persons. In a small number of cases, an abusive father or the declamatory court itself subjects a free person to torture as part of punishment for a conviction. Not long after completing their training, some of the elite male students who practised declamation would present appeals before governors, courts, and public audiences. Others would become magistrates empowered to use torture as part of judicial quaestiones (investigations). By examining several controversiae that involve scenarios of torture, this article looks at how rhetorical education in the Roman imperial period guided elite male students to think critically about both the ethical and the pragmatic considerations involved in the employment of torture.
‘Sympathy for the Devil?’ The West German Left and the Challenge of Terrorism
Authors: HANSHEW KARRIN
Published: September 2012

In the 1970s, the West German extra-parliamentary Left struggled to respond effectively to left-wing terrorism and the state powers mobilised against it. This article argues that a shared conception of counter-violence as legitimate resistance helps explain the Left's ambivalent relationship to political violence and its solidarity with militants. The mounting strain on the projects and protest networks of student rebels, older leftists, anti-nuclear demonstrators and feminist activists, however, provoked debate and, eventually, change. Caught between terrorism and counter-terrorism, leftists revised assumptions upon which their commitment to resistance had rested – and reconceived resistance itself as part of everyday, mainstream politics.
‘Shanghai-Madrid Axis’? Comparing British Responses to the Conflicts in Spain and China, 1936–39
Authors: BUCHANAN TOM
Published: September 2012

The impact of the Sino-Japanese War on Britain has generally been overshadowed by the impact of the Spanish Civil War, which broke out a year earlier. Indeed, the only book on the subject, Arthur Clegg's Aid China (1989), is subtitled A Memoir of a Forgotten Campaign. Yet, for a few months in the autumn of 1937, these two campaigns achieved a kind of parity in British public perception. British opinion was united in condemnation of the Japanese bombing of Chinese cities, and, at its peak, the ensuing campaign attracted a broader range of supporters than the movement in solidarity with the Spanish Republic. For instance, the Archbishop of Canterbury publicly criticised Japan's actions in a way that would have been unthinkable in the case of Franco's Spain. Moreover, some acts of solidarity with China (such as the refusal by British dockers to load Japanese ships) went beyond what the supporters of the Spanish Republic could hope to achieve. This article makes a comparison of the two campaigns, and examines the interconnections between them. It not only sheds new light on the ‘forgotten’ campaign for China, but also asks why Spain – unlike China – became the ‘Great Cause’ of the later 1930s.
The 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake: Nucleation and rupture propagation controlled by a subducted topographic high
Authors: Hicks Stephen P. , Rietbrock Andreas , Haberland Christian A. , Ryder Isabelle M. A. , Simons Mark , Tassara Andrés
Published: September 2012

Knowledge of seismic properties in an earthquake rupture zone is essential for understanding the factors controlling rupture dynamics. We use data from aftershocks following the Maule earthquake to derive a three‐dimensional seismic velocity model of the central Chile forearc. At 36°S, we find a highvp (>7.0 km/s) and high vp/vs(∼1.89) anomaly lying along the megathrust at 25 km depth, which coincides with a strong forearc Bouguer gravity signal. We interpret this as a subducted topographic high, possibly a former seamount on the Nazca slab. The Maule earthquake nucleated at the anomaly's updip boundary; yet high co‐seismic slip occurred where the megathrust is overlain by lower seismic velocities. Sparse aftershock seismicity occurs within this structure, suggesting that it disrupts normal interface seismogenesis. These findings imply that subducted structures can be conducive to the nucleation of large megathrust earthquakes, even if they subsequently hinder co‐seismic slip and aftershock activity.
Assimilation of FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC electron density profiles into a coupled thermosphere/ionosphere model using ensemble Kalman filtering
Authors: Lee I. T. , Matsuo T. , Richmond A. D. , Liu J. Y. , Wang W. , Lin C. H. , Anderson J. L. , Chen M. Q.
Published: September 2012

This paper presents our effort to assimilate FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC (F3/C) GPS Occultation Experiment (GOX) observations into the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE‐GCM) by means of ensemble Kalman filtering (EnKF). The F3/C electron density profiles (EDPs) uniformly distributed around the globe which provide an excellent opportunity to monitor the ionospheric electron density structure. The NCAR TIE‐GCM simulates the Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere by using self‐consistent solutions for the coupled nonlinear equations of hydrodynamics, neutral and ion chemistry, and electrodynamics. The F3/C EDP are combined with the TIE‐GCM simulations by EnKF algorithms implemented in the NCAR Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) open‐source community facility to compute the expected value of electron density, which is ‘the best’ estimate of the current ionospheric state. Assimilation analyses obtained with real F3/C electron density profiles are compared with independent ground‐based observations as well as the F3/C profiles themselves. The comparison shows the improvement of the primary ionospheric parameters, such as NmF2 and hmF2. Nevertheless, some unrealistic signatures appearing in the results and high rejection rates of observations due to the applied outlier threshold and quality control are found in the assimilation experiments. This paper further discusses the limitations of the model and the impact of ensemble member creation approaches on the assimilation results, and proposes possible methods to avoid these problems for future work.
Emitted power of Jupiter based on Cassini CIRS and VIMS observations
Authors: Li Liming , Baines Kevin H. , Smith Mark A. , West Robert A. , Pérez‐Hoyos Santiago , Trammell Harold J. , Simon‐Miller Amy A. , Conrath Barney J. , Gierasch Peter J. , Orton Glenn S. , Nixon Conor A. , Filacchione Gianrico , Fry Patrick M. , Momary Thomas W.
Published: September 2012

The emitted power of Jupiter and its meridional distribution are determined from observations by the Composite Infrared Spectrometer and Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer onboard Cassini during its flyby en route to Saturn in late 2000 and early 2001. Jupiter's global‐average emitted power and effective temperature are measured to be 14.10 ± 0.03 Wm−2 and 125.57 ± 0.07 K, respectively. Jupiter's 5 μm thermal emission contributes 0.7 ± 0.1% to the total emitted power at the global scale, but it can reach 1.9 ± 0.6% at 15°N. The meridional distribution of emitted power shows a significant asymmetry between the two hemispheres with the emitted power in the northern hemisphere 3.0 ± 0.3% larger than that in the southern hemisphere. Such an asymmetry shown in the Cassini epoch (2000–2001) is not present in the Voyager epoch (1979). In addition, the global‐average emitted power increased 3.8 ± 1.0% between the two epochs. The temporal variation of Jupiter's total emitted power is mainly due to the warming of atmospheric layers around the pressure level of 200 mbar. The temporal variation of emitted power was also discovered on Saturn. Therefore, we suggest that the varying emitted power is a common phenomenon on the giant planets.
Aerodynamic Profiles of Women With Muscle Tension Dysphonia/Aphonia
Authors: Gillespie Amanda I. , Gartner-Schmidt Jackie , Rubinstein Elaine N. , Abbott Katherine Verdolini
Published: September 2012

Purpose

In this study, the authors aimed to (a) determine whether phonatory airflows and estimated subglottal pressures (est-Psub) for women with primary muscle tension dysphonia/aphonia (MTD/A) differ from those for healthy speakers; (b) identify different aerodynamic profile patterns within the MTD/A subject group; and (c) determine whether results suggest new understanding of pathogenesis in MTD/A.

Method

Retrospective review of aerodynamic data collected from 90 women at the time of primary MTD/A diagnosis.

Results

Aerodynamic profiles were significantly different for women with MTD/A as compared with healthy speakers. Five distinct profiles were identified: (a) normal flow, normal est-Psub; (b) high flow, high est-Psub; (c) low flow, normal est-Psub; (d) normal flow, high est-Psub; and (e) high flow, normal est-Psub.

Conclusions

This study is the first to identify distinct subgroups of aerodynamic profiles in women with MTD/A and to quantitatively identify a clinical phenomenon sometimes described in association with it—“breath holding”—that is shown by low airflow with normal est-Psub. Results were consistent with clinical claims that diverse respiratory and laryngeal functions may underlie phonatory patterns associated with MTD/A. One potential mechanism, based in psychobiological theory, is introduced to explain some of the variability in aerodynamic profiles of women with MTD/A.
Individual Variability in Delayed Auditory Feedback Effects on Speech Fluency and Rate in Normally Fluent Adults
Authors: Chon HeeCheong , Kraft Shelly Jo , Zhang Jingfei , Loucks Torrey , Ambrose Nicoline G.
Published: September 2012

Purpose

Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) is known to induce stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs) and cause speech rate reductions in normally fluent adults, but the reason for speech disruptions is not fully known, and individual variation has not been well characterized. Studying individual variation in susceptibility to DAF may identify factors that predispose an individual to be more or less dependent on auditory feedback.

Method

Participants were 62 normally fluent adults. Each participant performed a spontaneous speech task in 250-ms DAF and amplified nondelayed auditory feedback (NAF) conditions. SLDs, other disfluencies (ODs), speech errors (SEs), and articulation rate (AR) were measured under each condition.

Results

In the DAF condition, SLDs and SEs significantly increased, and AR decreased. Sex had a limited effect in that men exhibited higher rates of ODs and faster AR than women. More important, parametric cluster analysis identified that 2- and 3-subgroup solutions reveal important variation that differentiates tendencies toward disfluency changes and rate reduction under DAF, which are theoretically and empirically preferred to a single-group solution.

Conclusion

Individual variability in response to DAF may be accounted for by subgroups of individuals. This suggests that certain normally fluent individuals could be more dependent on intact feedback to maintain fluency.
Interactions between dense Callitris regeneration and Eucalyptus and Callitris canopy trees in semiarid woodlands
Authors: Cohn Janet S. , Lunt Ian D. , Bradstock Ross A. , Koen Terry
Published: September 2012

Since European settlement, woodlands have undergone significant structural and compositional changes in semiarid SE Australia. With logging, introduced grazing and declines in fire frequency, fire-sensitive Callitris glaucophylla has regenerated densely in woodlands dominated by C. glaucophylla and fire-tolerant Eucalyptus species. Since little is known about long-term competitive interactions between sapling regeneration and canopy trees, we examined: (1) how established Eucalyptus and Callitris canopy trees influence survival, growth and reproduction of Callitris saplings; (2) whether dense Callitris regeneration affects canopy tree health during drought; and (3) whether these patterns differ along a rainfall gradient (363–621 mm year–1). Callitris saplings beneath tree canopies were less dense, smaller, and less likely to fruit than isolated saplings in gaps along the rainfall gradient. Callitris trees surrounded by Callitris regeneration had greater mortality than those without surrounding regeneration; Eucalyptus trees were more likely to be drought stressed at the lower end of the rainfall gradient, where canopy trees were at higher densities. The results suggest that canopy trees reduce the density rather than exclude Callitris regeneration, and that the regeneration contributes to mortality of Callitris canopy trees during drought. The trend towards increasing Callitris dominance is expected to continue over time, owing to the paucity of Eucalyptus recruitment.
Relationships among leaf traits of Australian arid zone plants: alternative modes of thermal protection
Authors: Curtis Ellen M. , Leigh Andrea , Rayburg Scott
Published: September 2012

Despite the importance of leaf traits that protect against critically high leaf temperatures, relationships among such traits have not been investigated. Further, while some leaf trait relationships are well documented across biomes, little is known about such associations within a biome. This study investigated relationships between nine leaf traits that protect leaves against excessively high temperatures in 95 Australian arid zone species. Seven morphological traits were measured: leaf area, length, width, thickness, leaf mass per area, water content, and an inverse measure of pendulousness. Two spectral properties were measured: reflectance of visible and near-infrared radiation. Three key findings emerged: (1) leaf pendulousness increased with leaf size and leaf mass per area, the former relationship suggesting that pendulousness affords thermal protection when leaves are large; (2) leaf mass per area increased with thickness and decreased with water content, indicating alternative means for protection through increasing thermal mass; (3) spectral reflectance increased with leaf mass per area and thickness and decreased with water content. The consistent co-variation of thermal protective traits with leaf mass per area, a trait not usually associated with thermal protection, suggests that these traits fall along the leaf economics spectrum, with leaf longevity increasing through protection not only against structural damage but also against heat stress.
The Small-Area Hypothesis: Effects of Progress Monitoring on Goal Adherence
Authors: Koo Minjung , Fishbach Ayelet
Published: September 2012

This article examines a small-area hypothesis: individuals striving toward a goal end state exhibit greater motivation when their attention is directed to whichever is smaller in size—their accumulated or remaining progress. The result is that, at the beginning of goal pursuit, directing attention to accumulated progress increases goal adherence relative to directing attention to remaining progress (e.g., 20% completed is more impactful than 80% remaining). However, with closeness to the goal, directing attention to accumulated progress lessens goal adherence relative to directing attention to remaining progress (e.g., 20% remaining is more impactful than 80% completed; studies 1–2). The focus on small areas increases motivation by creating an illusion of fast progress (study 3). Therefore, when individuals wish to prolong goal pursuit and avoid reaching the goal's end state, they slow down goal adherence when their attention is directed to small areas (study 4).
An Arousal Regulation Explanation of Mood Effects on Consumer Choice
Authors: Di Muro Fabrizio , Murray Kyle B.
Published: September 2012

This article examines how consumers' preferences are affected by the interplay between their level of arousal and the valence of their current affective state. Building on prior research examining the regulation of mood valence, the authors propose that consumers are also motivated to manage their level of arousal. It is predicted that this motivation systematically affects consumers' product preferences such that consumers in a pleasant mood will tend to choose products that are congruent with their current level of arousal, while those in an unpleasant mood will tend to choose products that are incongruent with their current level of arousal. The results of three consequential choice studies—that use scent and music to vary consumers' moods—provide strong support for the hypotheses. The article concludes with a discussion of the theoretical implications of the results.
Selection of Defendants
Authors: Vlaming Frederiek de
Published: September 2012

This chapter focuses on the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone, three contemporary tribunals where no new indictments are to be expected. It looks at the policy (words) and practice (deeds) of individual chief prosecutors. For each, it breaks down the indictees per side in the conflict, his or her position (low, middle, or senior), and gravity of the offence (number of victims).
Remote memory and temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: McAndrews Mary Pat
Published: September 2012

Research over the past decade has firmly established that the ability to retrieve remote information, particularly personally experienced autobiographical memories, is impaired in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy or excisions (TLE). Despite a long-held model of memory consolidation that suggested only recent memories would be impacted by medial temporal damage, clinical neuropsychologists working with TLE patients are readily impressed by their assertions of poor recollection of personal events such as family vacations; even when prompted by descriptions and reminders they report that it simply doesn't ‘feel’ like a lived experience. This type of memory has been found to be particularly sensitive to disruption in patients with TLE and, based on lesion and functional imaging data, it is hypothesized that it reflects damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and most prominently the hippocampus, which serves as a critical ‘hub’ of a network that supports autobiographical recall. This chapter presents evidence in support of that hypothesis, and discusses questions regarding retrieval of semantic versus experiential remote memory, specification of the processes compromised in MTL damage that gives rise to autobiographical memory deficits, and the relationship between damage and patterns of functional activation in autobiographical memory networks of healthy individuals and patients with TLE.
Disharmony, Antisymmetry, and the Final‐over‐Final Constraint
Authors: Biberauer Theresa , Sheehan Michelle
Published: September 2012

This chapter addresses the crucial issue of how hierarchical structure relates to linear order, and provides evidence that the two are universally mediated by a version of Kayne’s (1994) Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA). The discussion focuses on new data in support of the Final-over-Final Constraint (FOFC), an apparent gap in disharmonic word orders. The data in question relate to the embedding of various types of clauses in OV languages. Almost universally, the FOFC-violating order (*[VP [CPC TP] V]) fails to surface, and what we see instead is extraposition, i.e. superficially: [VP V [CP C TP]]. Based on these data, the chapter argues that: (i) in such cases, obligatory extraposition comes about as an indirect result of FOFC; (ii) any adequate explanation of FOFC and its effects will need to refer to the LCA; and (iii) the pattern provides evidence for the independently proposed idea that certain CPs can be embedded under nominal structure.
External Influences on English
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: September 2012

From its Germanic roots on the Continent, English has had many influences from other languages. This work documents the main influences on the lexicon and the structure. The earliest contacts were with the Romans, when many words were borrowed by the Germanic tribes from Vulgar Latin. In the British Isles, Roman influence continued but the primary influence, though largely substratal, was from Brythonic Celtic. In the later period the Latin influence became largely literary. Meanwhile, Danes settled northeast England, and the contact situation there was complicated but the major result was a high degree of koineization, reflected in major structural innovations shared with East Norse, primarily Old Jutland Danish. Subsequently, the French dominated southeast England and created a superstrate that resulted in Anglo-French on the one hand and the transfer of thousands of words to English on the other. As these words assimilated to the English lexicon, their affixes became an important part of English word formation, productivity beginning as early as the thirteenth century. The result of all this contact was that English preserved little of its Germanic heritage. Later influences were largely restricted to the lexicon and consisted mainly of learned Greek and latinate roots, many of which became standard English, though frequently of a higher register than native roots of similar import, and facilitated scientific word formation.
Parameter theory and motion predicates
Authors: Snyder William
Published: September 2012

Talmy's (2000) verb-framed/satellite-framed typology is examined from the perspective of parameter theory. The objectives and methods of typology, versus parameter theory, are contrasted. The Compounding Parameter (TCP, Snyder 2001) is argued to play an important role in many constructions typical of satellite-framed languages. Yet, other points of variation interact with TCP, such as whether the language has “incremental” Ps (Gehrke 2008), and whether V is allowed to take a small-clause complement. Washios (1997) distinction between weak and strong resultatives is reinterpreted as a distinction between AP-resultatives and SC-resultatives. A similar distinction is proposed in the domain of motion predicates: In a [+TCP] language that has both SC-complements and incremental Ps, an accomplishment event can be constructed by combining a pure manner-of-motion verb with either an incremental PP (denoting a path), or a locative SC (denoting a result state). Evidence is considered from English, Spanish, Russian, and Japanese.
Misunderstanding Emergent Causal Mechanism in Natural Selection
Authors: Chi Michelene T. H. , Kristensen Agnieszka Kosminska , Roscoe Rod D.
Published: September 2012

Learning new concepts and ideas typically requires that the learners activate and bring to bear some prior knowledge for interpreting and assimilating the new ideas. This prior knowledge can be conceived of as some coherent body of relevant knowledge that can be referred to as a schema. Once the new ideas and concepts are assimilated within an existing schema, then the schema can be used to generate new inferences, expectations and explanations. Learning failures and misunderstanding occur, typically, either when the cues in the new materials activate no relevant prior schema, or when the cues activate incomplete and under-developed prior schema. Misconceptions, so prevalent for science concepts, are a special type of learning failures. It is a unique case in which an inappropriate schema is activated for assimilation and generation. This chapter provides a theoretical account for this particular type of learning failures, using natural selection as an example. Some preliminary findings from a pilot study are also presented.
Just and Unjust Peace
Authors: Philpott Daniel
Published: September 2012

In the wake of massive injustice, how can justice be achieved and peace restored? This book offers an innovative and hopeful response to these questions. It challenges the approach to peacebuilding that dominates the United Nations, Western governments, and the human rights community. While this book shares their commitments to human rights and democracy, it argues that these values alone cannot redress the wounds caused by war, genocide, and dictatorship. Both justice and the effective restoration of political order call for a more holistic, restorative approach. The book answers that call by proposing a form of political reconciliation that is deeply rooted in three religious traditions—Christianity, Islam, and Judaism—as well as the restorative justice movement. These traditions offer the fullest expressions of the core concepts of justice, mercy, and peace. By adapting these ancient concepts to modern constitutional democracy and international norms, the book crafts an ethic that has widespread appeal and offers real hope for the restoration of justice in fractured communities. From the roots of these traditions, the book develops six practices—building just institutions and relations between states, acknowledgment, reparations, restorative punishment, apology and, most important, forgiveness—which the book then applies to real cases, identifying how each practice redresses a unique set of wounds. Focusing on places as varied as Bosnia, Iraq, South Africa, Germany, Sierra Leone, Timor-Leste, Chile, and many others—and drawing on the actual experience of victims and perpetrators—this book offers a fresh approach to the age-old problem of restoring justice in the aftermath of widespread injustice.
Evidence for Compensatory Evolution of Ribosomal Proteins in Response to Rapid Divergence of Mitochondrial rRNA
Authors: Barreto Felipe S. , Burton Ronald S.
Published: September 2012

Rapid evolution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) places intrinsic selective pressures on many nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial functions. Mitochondrial ribosomes, for example, are composed of mtDNA-encoded ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and a set of more than 60 nuclear-encoded ribosomal proteins (mRP) distinct from the cytosolic RPs (cRP). We hypothesized that the rapid divergence of mt-rRNA would result in rapid evolution of mRPs relative to cRPs, which respond to slowly evolving nuclear-encoded rRNA. In comparisons of rates of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions between a pair of divergent populations of the copepod Tigriopus californicus, we found that mRPs showed elevated levels of amino acid changes relative to cRPs. This pattern was equally strong at the interspecific level, between three pairs of sister species (Nasonia vitripennis vs. N. longicornis, Drosophila melanogaster vs. D. simulans, and Saccharomyces cerevisae vs. S. paradoxus). This high rate of mRP evolution may result in intergenomic incompatibilities between taxonomic lineages, and such incompatibilities could lead to dysfunction of mitochondrial ribosomes and the loss of fitness observed among interpopulation hybrids in T. californicus and interspecific hybrids in other species.