bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The distinction of pyrite from marcasite in nodular growths
Authors: Bannister F. A.
Published: December 2006

A recent account of pseudo-meteorites by Dr. L. J. Spencer includes a description of nodules of pyrite ‘popularly thought to be “thunderbolts”’. Dr. Spencer himself collected in 1931 a large number from the Lower Chalk outcropping on the foreshore below ‘The Warren’ at Folkestone, Kent. Some of these show well-developed octahedra 5 to 10 ram. across on the outer surface, undoubtedly to be referred to pyrite. More commonly the nodules exhibit small distorted octahedra which might easily be mistaken for marcasite. Indeed, in the past, many of these nodules from the Chalk at Folkestone and elsewhere, have been named marcasite, and they were so labelled in the British Museum collection. Dr. Spencer, therefore, suggested that modern methods should be applied to those cases where the crystalline form is distorted or shOt sufficiently developed to serve as a means of distinction between pyrite and marcasite. The methods suggested in his paper are (1) X-rays, (2) polarized light reflected from polished sections of nodules.
The identity of mottramite and psittacinite with cupriferous descloizite
Authors: Bannister F. A.
Published: December 2006

Mr. Arthur Russell collected in 1930 on Pim Hill, near the village of Harmer Hill, 6 miles north of Shrewsbury, Shropshire, specimens of Triassic sandstone encrusted with minute black crystals. They resemble very closely the material from Mottram St. Andrew, Cheshire, which was described and named mottramitc by Sir Henry E. Roscoe in 1876.1 Mr. Russell pointed out this resemblance and kindly placed his specimens of this rare British mineral at our disposal for investigation.
On the accuracy of mineralogical measurements
Authors: Hey Max H.
Published: December 2006

Almost any scientific periodical devoted to mineralogy will afford examples of the failure on the part of some workers to realize the limitations of the accuracy of their measurements. Often results are calculated to far more places of decimals than the measurements can possibly warrant. In other instances measurements which show differences quite outside the limits of probable error are regarded as being in good agreement; this last failing applies especially to chemical analyses, which occasionally provide decided evidence against the formula they are supposed to support.
On the advantages of the face-adjustment for two-circle goniometry
Authors: Hey Max H.
Published: December 2006

In two-circle goniometry as usually practised, the zone-adjustment is almost invariably used. It would be difficult to discover the reasons which have led to this unfortunate neglect of the face-adjustment; actually the face-adjustment has all the advantages of the zone-adjustment without its defects.
The chemical composition and physical properties of the residual glass of the Kap Daussy tholeiite dike, east Greenland
Authors: Vincent E. A.
Published: December 2006

In the course of a petrological examination of some hundreds of specimens from the Tertiary coastal dike swarm of east Greenland, collected at various times by L. R. Wager and W. A. Deer, it was decided to investigate the nature of the residual glassy mesostasis of one of the olivine-tholeiites, in the hope that it might shed some light on the trend of differentiation of the magma responsible for the bulk of the rocks in the swarm. An account of the petrology of the swarm as a whole will be published in due course, but it was thought that a note on the chemical and physical properties of this glassy residuum might be worthy of independent publication, particularly as it provides an interesting comparison with the results of work carried out by Walker (1930, 1935) on the residual glass from one of the Upper Carboniferous tholeiites from central Scotland. The general features of the east Greenland coastal dike swarm have already been described by Wager and Deer (1938) and Wager (1947).
A Note on the Crystallography of Epidote
Authors: Hornstra J. , Terpstra P.
Published: December 2006

In any monoclinic crystal, the zone–axis [uvw] is perpendicular to the plane (hkl) if u/(hc2–lac cos β) = v/(kc2a2sin2β) = w/(la2–hac cos β). In particular, the normal to the face (100) is quasi–parallel to the zoneaxis [r01̄] if c/(a cosβ) approximates to a rational number r.

Epidote has a:b:c = 1•5807:1:1•8057,β 115° 24', and is often twinned on a(100). G. Friedel describes and explains these twins in terms of a pseudo–normal zone–axis [301], with an obliquity of 3° and a twinindex 3. But the choice of a pseudo–normal zone–axis is necessarily arbitrary, since it is always possible to find a rational zone–axis making an angle with any given face–normal less than any assigned angle δ: though the indices of such an axis may involve large numbers.
Trioctahedral minerals in the soil-clays of north-east Scotland
Authors: Walker G. F.
Published: December 2006

This paper deals with a series of soil-clay minerals which have a widespread distribution in the north-east of Scotland. The original member is a biotite-like mica which breaks down readily in the soil into (i) a vermiculite or (ii) a montmorillonite, depending on the soil-forming conditions operating. Apart from this 'clay biotite' and its decomposition products, the main crystalline constituents of the Scottish soil-clays are a member of the kaolinite group and illite (' clay muscovite'). Iron and aluminium oxides are present in all the clays in the amorphous condition, but crystalline varieties are scarce. The distribution of the minerals and their relationship to the various soft-forming factors will form the subject of a separate communication; here, the nature of the clay minerals and their interrelationships are considered.
The optical properties and composition of the acmitic pyroxenes
Authors: Sabine P. A.
Published: December 2006

The occurrence of acmitic pyroxenes in the post-Cambrian intrusions of the north-west of Scotland was first noted by Teall (Home and Teall, 1892) who recorded aegirine in two dikes discovered by Gunn in the Coigach district of Ross-shire, and aegirine-augite in the borolanite of the Cnoc-na-Srbine mass. Since then, acmitic pyroxenes have been recorded by Teall (1900) from the Assynt felsites, Shand (1910) from dikes of the border zone of Cnoc-na-Srbine, and Phemister (1926) from the dikes and plutonic rocks of the Loch Ailsh laccolite.

Having undertaken a comprehensive examination, in the field and in the laboratory, of the post-Cambrian sills and dikes of the Assynt district, the writer determined some of the optical constants of the acmitic pyroxenes of these intrusions. Arising from this work the considerable data now available on the acmitic pyroxenes has been reviewed. A chemical analysis has also been carried out, and it is hoped that the information assembled and re-interpreted here may be of some general interest.
A new type of specific gravity balance
Authors: Walton James
Published: December 2006

A rapid and accurate method of determining the density of a mineral has long been sought for by mineralogists and gemmologists. The hydrostatic method gives a high degreeof accuracy, but has the drawback that each estimation occupies about a quarter of an hour so that if some ten to twenty specimens have to be investigated the time taken will be considerable. The use of heavy fluids is rapid, but for finer distinctions a large number of fluids is required and they tend, either from evaporation or chemical change, to become variable, while the Westphai balance is only reliable for fairly large portions of the mineral. Several attempts therefore have been made to develop a balance which will give a direct reading. Most of these such as the Kratschner balance have been based upon Leonardo da Vinci's principle of the bent lever, but generally have not been sufficiently delicate or accurate for small specimens.
Note on garnet crystals from Cairnie, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: December 2006

In 1938 large crystals of almandine garnet were collected by the writer from a cutting excavated during road-widening operations, on the main Huntly—Keith road, near Cairnie church, about 4½ miles from Huntly. In view of their exceptional size and excellent crystal form, it is felt that the occurrence is worth recording. Garnet crystals of comparable size have been recorded by Heddle from several localities. The Cairnie crystals, considering their size and excellent form, must rank with the finest recorded from Scotland.

The rocks at this cutting are coarsely banded garnet-biotite-sillimanite-gneisses with abundant quartz, oligoclase, orthoclase, and biotite, subordinate muscovite, and accessory magnetite, apatite, and zircon. Sillimanite is sporadic in occurrence, forming elongated colourless prisms up to 2 mm. across. The biotite-rich bands generally contain only small garnets, if any, but garnet is very abundant in bands rich in quartz and felspars, and often forms a large part of the rock.
Clay derived from sillimanite by hydrothermal alteration
Authors: Alderman A. R.
Published: December 2006

The association of clay minerals with sillimanite near Williamstown, approximately 23 miles north-east of Adelaide, South Australia, has been noted by the writer in earlier papers (Alderman, 1942, 1950). These papers described the occurrence of quartz-sillimanite and quartz-kyanite rocks and gave the evidences which suggest that they were formed metasomatically by alumina-rich fluids at high temperatures. It was also suggested that as the alumina-concentration and temperature of the fluids decreased the metasomatic activity was followed by a period of pegmatitc formation which, in turn, gave way to a hydrothermal stage. Brief reference was made to the conversion of sillimanite to clay by hydrothcrmal agencies.
Connellite, buttgenbachite, and tallingite
Authors: Bannister F. A. , Hey Max H. , Claringbull G. F.
Published: December 2006

There are many basic copper chlorides and sulphates which occur as minerals but have received little recent crystallographic study. Yet copper is a widely distributed element and many of these minerals are the products of corrosion and weathering of bopper and copper ores.

In 1948 we were able to confirm the earlier goniometric work of G. F. Herbert Smith (1906) that paratacamite and atacamite are not identical species (Max H. Hey, 1950) and showed that the two minerals give different X-ray powder patterns. This result was further extended by Clifford Frondel (1950) to a single 'crystal and thermal study of paratacamite, in the course of which he measured the rhombohedral unit-cell dimensions and showed that this mineral can be artificially produced by various methods as well as by the action of salt-water on copper.
‘Reichenbach’ and ‘Brezina’ lamellae in meteoritic irons
Authors: Spencer L. J.
Published: December 2006

Baron Karl Ludwig von Reichenbaeh (1788-1869) was born at Stuttgart, ennobled in 1839 by the King of Wiirttemberg, and died at Leipzig. But he spent most of his life in Austria, where he had iron works and estates in Moravia and Galicia and a castle near Vienna. Earning a livelihood as a copyist in the state archives, he was able to obtain a university education, and he started his career as a works chemist. He produced many papers on the distillation products of coal, tar, oil, &c, and was the discoverer of creosote and solid paraffin. He gained considerable notoriety with his ideas and books on what he called 'od' or 'odylic force', a combination of animal magnetism, light, heat, force of crystallization, &c., capable of producing hypnotism. The fall in 1833 of a shower of meteorites, which he witnessed near his works at Blansko in Moravia, fired his intense enthusiasm for the subject of meteorites, on which he wrote 29 scientific papers (1835—65) and many newspaper articles.
The use of the gnomonic projection in the determination of the optical indicatrix of crystals
Authors: Joel N.
Published: December 2006

In a previous paper a description of a method was given which had been developed to determine the indicatrix of small crystals, both in orientation and magnitude, making use of the simple one-circle stage goniometer described by Bernal and Carlisle.

As was explained there, when a crystal is viewed in parallel polarized light, between crossed nicols, the two observed extinction directions are the axes of the ellipse determined by the intersection of the indicatrix with a plane through its centre parallel to the plane of the microscope stage.
Changes in habit during the growth of baryte crystals from the north of England
Authors: Seager A. F. , Davidson W. F.
Published: December 2006

Some specimens of baryte, recently obtained from Westmorland, show up to six changes of habit during growth. This was elucidated with the aid of the colour-zoning and fluorescent zones. A change of habit is also recorded in one specimen from County Durham.
The chemistry and mineralogy of the Kinkell tholeiite, Stirlingshire
Authors: Walker F. , Vincent H. C. G. , Mitchell R. L.
Published: December 2006

The tholeiite of Kinkell (11 km. north of Glasgow G.P.O.) was described by the first author (Walker, 1930) and an analysis of its residual glass was given in a later publication (Walker, 1935). Since unaltered and separable residual glasses of basaltic rocks are rare, the Kinkell example has been referred to frequently in petrological literature. E. A. Vincent (1950) has made a detailed comparison between the Kinkell glass and a similar one from a tholeiite from Kap Daussy, east Greenland. In view of this and of the important part played by such glasses in discussions on basaltic differentiation, all the major constituents of the Kinkell rock have been isolated and analysed chemically and spectrographically. They are described below together with a fuller account of the field relations of the rock and some comments upon the significance of the new data.
Trachy-ophitic texture in Carboniferous basalts
Authors: Elliott R. B.
Published: December 2006

Many Jedburgh-type olivine-basalts of Carboniferous age in Scotland are characterized by a sub-ophitic texture in their groundmass and a flow structure of their lathy felspar phenoerysts. These characteristics have been frequently reported in the writings of Geikie, Flett, Bailey, Tyrrell, MacGregor, and others and are recognized as important textural features. In the main, however, they have been described as independent features and have been regarded as unrelated phenomena. Tyrrell (1909) alone has remarked on parallel felspars enclosed in plates of augite, and since his description appeared at an early date and has been available to subsequent workers, the lack of further examples indicates either that his discovery has been overlooked or that the texture is very rare.
An unusual cordierite-rock from Upington, Cape Province
Authors: Mathias Morna
Published: December 2006

Samples of an unusual cordierite-rieh rock from near Upington, Cape Province, were collected by Dr. A. Poldervaart who kindly passed them to me for further study. This paper presents the results of the petrographic examination together with chemical analyses of the rock and of cordierite and biotite, which are two of the constituent minerals.
A re-examination of tobermorite
Authors: Claringbull G. F. , Hey M. H.
Published: December 2006

Tobermorite, a hydrated silicate of calcium, was described by M. F. Heddle in 1880 from three Scottish localities: two near Tobermory in the island of Mull, and the third a quarry near the pier at Dunvegan in Skye. Further localities for the mineral are Sgfirr nam Boc, Loch Eynort in Skye, and Ardtornish Bay in Morven (Morvern), Argyllshire.

Because of marked similarity in chemical composition it has been suggested that tobermorite might be identical with gyrolite. In view of this and of the current interest in hydrated calcium silicates in cement chemistry the species has been re-examined.
The orientation of the pericline twin lamellae in triclinic alkali felspars (With Plate II.)
Authors: MacKenzie Wm. Scott
Published: December 2006

Cross-hatched twinning is characteristic of two alkali-felspar species, microclines and anorthoclases. Because of the difference in the crystallographic angles of these two species, the cross-hatched twinning is most clearly seen in (001) sections of microcline and in sections perpendicular to the a crystallographic axis in anorthoclases. If pericline twinning is present it is generally seen in (010) sections of microclines, but if the microcline is microperthitic the twin lamellae may not be seen. Strings or lamellae of perthitic albite can be distinguished from pericline twin lamellae by refractive index differences and also by the angle that their trace makes with the trace of (001) in (010) sections.
Re-examination of the mineral tuhualite
Authors: Hutton C. Osborne
Published: December 2006

X-ray study of tuhualite from Mayor Island, New Zealand, has shown it to be orthorhombic, space-group either . Unit-cell dimensions are a = 14·31 Å, b = 17·28 Å., c = 10·11 Å., and a : b : c = 0·828 : 1 : 0·585. Goniometric measurements give a : b : c = 0·8243 : 1 : 0·5658. a{100} dominant with forms s{011}, p{021}, c{001}, b{010}, n{101}, m{110}, q{111}. Crystals with b{010} dominant are rare. Three good cleavages, a (100), b (010), c (001). α = 1·608, β = 1·612, γ = 1·621; γ-α = 0·013. , positive; β = b, γ = c, α = colourless to pale lavender, β = violet, lavender, γ = intense purplish-blue; γ > β > α. Sp. gr. 2·89 (measured), 2·86 (calculated).

An analysis of carefully purified material leads to the possible formula:

H9(Na,K,Mn)12Fe″6(Al,Fe‴,Mg,Ti)9[Si8O8]15.

Details of alteration phenomena and associated minerals are given. Occurrence is held to result by crystallization from magma quite impoverished in lime due to early fractionation of aegirine-hedenbergite, and perhaps aegirine-augite, in the intratelluric stage.
A first attempt at a determination of felspars by activation analysis
Authors: Bradley J. E. S. , Bradley Olive
Published: December 2006

Small crystals (2 mg.) of plagioclase and potassium felspar were irradiated for four weeks in an atomic pile. Subsequent analysis of the radiation showed that this is a possible method for the determination of the sodium and potassium content, and it should be possible to develop the method further in this direction. It has not proved a suitable method for the determination of calcium.
Sepiolite at a locality in the Keuper Marl of the Midlands
Authors: Keeling P. S.
Published: December 2006

Sepiolite has been identified in the Keuper Marl at a Midlands locality by X-ray diffraction data, electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis, and chemical analysis. It has been calculated that a sample representing 30 ft. thickness of clay may contain as much as 39 % sepiolite. Apart from sepiolite, the Keuper Marl in the area examined consists mainly of mica, quartz, calcite, and ferric oxide.
A further investigation of tobermorite from Loch Eynort, Scotland
Authors: Gard J. A. , Taylor H. F. W.
Published: December 2006

The specimen described by Claringbull and Hey (1952) has been re-examined using electron-microscope, electron-diffraction, X-ray, and dehydration isobar methods. It differs from other specimens in several respects. The basal spacing does not shrink appreciably on dehydration. The principal cleavage is (100) and not (001). The body-centred pseudo-cell of normal dimensions, but the distribution of the weak reflections differs from that found for other specimens. The mechanism of conversion into wollastonite has also been examined.
Abraded pyrite crystals from the Witwatersrand gold mines
Authors: Frankel J. J.
Published: December 2006

Metamorphosed dyke rocks in Witwatersrand gold mines carry pyrite crystals of unusual appearance. These crystals, particularly along the dyke margins, show curved and scratched surfaces that cut across crystal faces. The abrasion of the crystals is due to movement of dyke material under pressure. There is some suggestion of surface flow on the abraded surfaces. No deformation or granulation was obtained in laboratory experiments on pyrite crystals. Pressure shadows around the pyrite are described.
The photoelectric measurement of reflectivity
Authors: Bowie S. H. U.
Published: December 2006

A simple photoelectric-cell attachment for use with an ordinary oremicroscope is described. Stabilization of the light source and accurate calibration of the photometer enable reflectivity values to be determined within an accuracy of 1% of the measured value. The choice of a universally acceptable standard is discussed. The photometer can be used with white light or with light of different wave-lengths. Bireflection, dispersion, and dispersion of the bireflection can readily be measured.
Rhodesite, a new mineral from the Bultfontein mine, Kimberley
Authors: Mountain E. D.
Published: December 2006

A small specimen at first thought to be natrolite has proved to be a new mineral, for which the name rhodesite is proposed; it is fibrous, with α 1·502, β 1·506, γ 1·515, elongation γ, extinction straight, sp. gr. 2·36. The composition is near 4(Ca,Na2,K2)O. 10SiO2. 7H2O, and the water is all zeolitic.
Some zoned skarns from granite-marble contacts near Puyvalador, in the Quérigut area, eastern Pyrenees, and their petrogenesis (With Plate XIX.)
Authors: Watters W.A.
Published: December 2006

Descriptions, with chemicaland mineralogical data, are given of zoned wollastonite-grossular-clinozoisite skarns found at the contact of limestone and granite at Puyvalador, near Quérigut, France. It is shown that the silica and alumina necessary for the formation of the skarn were supplied by the adjacent granite, which in return received lime from the marble replaced by the skarn zones. The modified facies of the granite in contact with the skarn is also described; it shows evidence of migration of silica towards the contact and of accumulation of lime derived from the neighbouring marble.

Similar, but not identical, changes are found at other localities along the Quérigut granite contact with limestone. The features of the Puyvalador granite-limestone contacts are compared and contrasted with those described from some other regions. The contact rocks dealt with here are characterized by the presence of abundant clinozoisite, indicative of relatively low temperatures and abundance of water at the contact in the later stages of evolution of the granite.
Zeophyllite
Authors: Chalmers R.A. , Dent Lesley S. , Taylor H. F. W.
Published: December 2006

A new analysis gives the formula Ca4Si3O12F2H6; the specimen was from Alter Berg, Leitmeritz, Bohemia, and also contained apophyllite. The unit cell is triclinic, but all reflections can be indexed on a geometrically monoclinic cell which is c-face centred and has a 16·2, b 9·34, c 13·2 Å., β 113°, Z = 6, principal cleavage (001). This cell could also be described as having a hexagonal base of side 9·34 Å., but with c tilted through 23° from the vertical in the plane of one of the sides. A dehydration curve showed a step at 300–400°C., corresponding to loss of two-thirds of the water. The remaining water is lost between 400° and 940° C., together with some fluorine, the latter probably as HF. Crystals heated at 450–600° C. retain the hexagonal-based cell, but d001 shrinks from 12·1 to 11·1 Å, and there is evidence of much stacking disorder of layers normal to c. Single crystals heated at 700° C. show ordered transformation, giving cuspidine twinned in three orientations as the only recognizable product. At 940°C. a mixture is obtained, mainly β-CaSiO3 with some β-Ca2SiO4.
The infra-red spectra of talc, saponite, and hectorite
Authors: Farmer V. C.
Published: December 2006

The absorption spectra of talc, saponite, and hectorite between 4000 and 400 cm. −1 are closely related, although the bands of the smectites are more diffuse as a result of isomorphous substitutions in the tale structure. Using oriented specimens, vibrations in which the change of dipole moment is perpendicular to the sheets of the minerals are identified, and the results compared with theoretical predictions. Three bands arising from the stretching vibrations of interlayer water molecules in the smectites are distinguished, one of which corresponds to a very weak hydrogen bond. Spectral changes arising from vigorous grinding are discussed.
Cornubite, a new mineral dimorphous with cornwallite
Authors: Claringbull G. F. , Hey M. H. , Davis R. J.
Published: December 2006

A new copper arsenate, dimorphous with cornwallite, has been found on specimens from five localities in Cornwall, one in Devon, and one in Cumberland. The name cornubite (from Cornubia, the medieval Latin name for Cornwall) is proposed for the new mineral. Chemical analyses of cornubite and cornwallite agree well with Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4; sp. gr. cornubite 4·64, cornwallite 4·52. X-ray study suggests that the unit-cell of cornubite has a volume of 228 Å.3 or a simple multiple thereof. New X-ray data for cornwallite (a 17·33, b 5·82, c 4·60 Å., β 92° 13′) agree well with L. G. Berry's except for a. Powder data for both are given.
The formation of a diffusion reaction skarn by pure thermal metamorphism (With Plates I and II.)
Authors: Kennedy W. Q.
Published: December 2006

Veins and nodules of cornstone, enclosed in sandstone, have reacted to the thermal influence of a Tertiary dolerite dyke by the development of a wollastonite reaction skarn. This can be shown to have formed as a result of pseudomorphous replacement of the quartz grains by wollastonite, due to outward diffusion of calcium. The process is believed to have taken place at the inversion temperature of quartz (573° C.).
Residual hydroxyl groups in the metakaolin range
Authors: V. Stubičan
Published: December 2006

Infra-red absorption spectroscopy has been used to study the retention of hydroxyl groups by kaolinite and halloysite after heat treatment in the range 600° C. to 850° C. Structurally disordered specimens initially lose water more rapidly than do ordered specimens, but retain hydroxyl groups at higher temperatures. Work on the phases obtained above 1100° C. is incomplete, but results for the lower temperatures indicate that the ordered structures tend to retain their atomic arrangement and form metakaolin, whereas disordered structures readily rearrange to yield γ-alumina, to the formation of which water is probably essential.
Order and disorder in the feldspars, I
Authors: Megaw Helen D.
Published: December 2006

Feldspar structures are classified into small-cell (c ≈ 7 Å.) and largecell (c ≈ 14 Å.) types, as a preliminary to a discussion of the nature of substitution disorder, position disorder, and stacking disorder, and of the relations between them. Diffraction effects characteristic of the different types of disorder are considered and related to experimental observation as far as possible.
Delorenzite is tanteuxenite
Authors: Butler J. R. , Embrey P. G.
Published: December 2006

Specimens of delorenzite from the type locality, Craveggia, Val Vigezzo, Piemont, have been examined and found to be close to tanteuxenite from Australia. The X-ray powder patterns are virtually the same, and the chemical analyses (including the relative abundances of the rare earths) are closely similar.

Zambonini's original (1908) specimens have not been re-examined, but are without reasonable doubt the same as the specimens now described; the considerable discrepancies between the old and new analyses can be explained by the difficulty of the separations. It is suggested that the name delorenzite be abandoned despite its priority because of its association with an incorrect analysis.
A mineralogical application of X-ray absorption microspectroscopy: the hydration of larnite
Authors: Long J. V. P. , McConnell J. D. C.
Published: December 2006

The technique of X-ray absorption microspectroscopy is described, with particular reference to the determination of calcium in a hydrogel formed in minute amounts in cavities in larnite. The method, which is applicable to other elements, enables chemical data to be obtained from selected small areas in a normal petrological thin section.
An X-ray study of exsolution phenomena in the Skaergaard pyroxenes
Authors: Bown M. G. , Gay P.
Published: December 2006

The single crystal X-ray methods for the study of exsolution phenomena in pyroxenes previously described by the authors have been applied to the pyroxenes of the Skaergaard intrusion. The results for about fifty pyroxene crystals, selected from various levels between the chilled margin and a height of 2600 metres in the layered series, are presented and are correlated with previous optical descriptions. Whilst the correlation between the results of the optical and X-ray examinations is in general satisfactory, the present investigation shows that the X-ray techniques can in some cases extend our knowledge of the Skaergaard pyroxenes.
Chemical variations in members of the fergusonite-formanite series
Authors: Butler J. R. , Hall Rosemary
Published: December 2006

Attention is drawn to anomalies in the nomenclature of the niobatetantalates, and the fergusonite series as used by Dana is renamed the fergusonite-formanite series. Chemical variations in this series are discussed with particular reference to H2O, Ca, Ti, Yt, individual lanthanons, Th, and U. Members of the series usually show heavy lanthanons exceeding light lanthanons but one specimen shows high Gd+Tb+Dy.
Two synthetic compounds containing chromium in different valency states
Authors: Johnson W.
Published: December 2006

Two compounds, one an apatite and the other a perovskite, have been synthesized by sintering mixtures containing CaO and Cr2O3, and CaO, Cr2O3, and Fe2O3 respectively. The apatite formed by partial oxidation of the Cr2O3 and subsequent pick-up of moisture from the atmosphere, to give Ca5(CrO4)3OH. The perov-skite formed as a non-stoicheiometric compound Ca4(Fe,Cr)4O11 by partial oxidation of the Cr2O3 during firing. Lattice parameters and interplanar spacings are given for the two structures.
Thaumasite from Co. Down, Northern Ireland
Authors: Knill Diane C.
Published: December 2006

Thaumasite has been found in a dolerite sill at Ballyalton, Co. Down, Northern Ireland. Indexed powder data for the mineral are given.
Secondary minerals of the Tertiary basalts, Barrington, New South Wales
Authors: Nashar Beryl , Davies M.
Published: December 2006

Secondary minerals described from Tertiary amygdaloidal basalts in the Hunter Springs area, Barrington, New South Wales, are regarded as having been deposited from cold solutions some considerable time after consolidation of the basalts. The constituents in the solutions were evidently derived from the basalts by the action of circulating meteoric waters rather than by deuteric activity.
The biaxial ray surface
Authors: Tocher F. E.
Published: December 2006

Existing descriptions of the biaxial ray surface are, in general, misleading. A more accurate description, stressing the simplicity of the surface, is proposed and this is supported by numerous sections drawn through or near the singular points.
On a skarn monazite occurrence from the Namib desert near Usakos, South-West Africa
Authors: von Knorring O. , Clifford T. N.
Published: December 2006

An unusual monazite deposit of metasomatic origin is described. The monazite occurs as randomly oriented crystals in a dolomitic marble. The chemical composition and optical data of the monazite are given.
The use of Buerger's algorithm in crystallographic calculations
Authors: Davis R. J.
Published: December 2006

Buerger (Zeits. Krist., 1957, vol. 109, p. 42) describes an algorithm for deriving data for the reduced unit cell from those obtained for an arbitrary crystal setting. It is shown that indices can be added to the algorithm so that one also derives the transformation matrix for the change of setting. Conversely, a known transformation matrix forms a set of instructions for using the algorithm to transform unit cell data, whether X-ray or morphological, from the initial to the final setting, One can thus use the algorithm to calculate the lengths of any unit cell vectors and the angles between them, and, using reciprocal cell data, to obtain any interfacial angles. Worked examples of these applications show that the proposed calculation method is shorter and simpler than those at present accepted.
Some new platinoid-rich minerals, identified with the electron microanalyser (Plate XVII)
Authors: Stumpfl E. F.
Published: December 2006

Minerals approximating to the formulae PtSb2, PtSb, Pt(Sb,Bi), (Pt,Ir)As2, Pt(Ir,Os)2As4, Pd2CuSb, Pd(Sb,Bi), Pd8CuSb3, Pt4Sn3Cu4, and (Fe,Ni)2S have been discovered as fine intergrowths in platinum concentrates from the Driekop mine, Transvaal, South Africa. Conventional ore microscopy also proved the presence of most of the known minerals of the platinum paragenesis. The namegeversiteis proposed for the phase PtSb2.
Chlorites from granitic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada batholith, California
Authors: Dodge F. C. W.
Published: December 2006

Occurrence and major- and minor-element compositions of chlorites from plutonic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada batholith have been studied in detail.

Chlorite has formed largely as an alteration product of biotite, presumably late in the magmatie history of the granitic rocks as a result of subsolidus reaction. Major-element composition of chlorite is strongly influenced by composition of coexisting biotite. Minor-element differences between the two minerals can, for the most part, be attributed to structural differences. The minor-element data, particularly for Cu, indicate that the process of chloritization is not a likely mechanism for release of ore metals from primary minerals.
Heyite and brackebuschite compared
Authors: Symes R. F. , Williams S. A.
Published: December 2006

Heyite (see preceding paper) is so strikingly similar to brackebuschite that a close comparison of the two species seemed advisable. Topotype brackebuschite (B.M. 55819) was used for this purpose.

Brackebuschite is a vanadate of lead, manganese, and iron, heyite a vanadate of lead and iron. Both species are monoclinic with diffraction symmetry P21 or P21/m. The X-ray cells are remarkably close: a = 8·810, 8·910; b = 6·155, 6·017; c = 7·651, 7·734; β = 111° 30′, 111° 53′ (brackebuschite first). As might be expected, powder patterns are strikingly close as well.

Other than the similarities noted above, the minerals differ so fundamentally that they cannot be the same—they are valid and distinct species. Optic orientations show α: [001] 20° (in acute β) for brackebuschite, 36° (in obtuse β) for heyite. Indices are (brackebuschite first): α 2·28, 2·185; β 2·38, 2·219; γ 2·49, 2·266 for the sodium D line.

Chemical differences are irreconcilable and reaffirm brackebuschite as Pb2(Mn,Fe,Zn)(VO4)2.H2O while heyite is Pb5Fe2(VO4)2O4.
Elastic anisotropy in minerals
Authors: Newnham R. E. , Sub Yoon Hyo
Published: December 2006

Silicate minerals show several correlations between structure type and elastic constants. Stiffness coefficients are generally larger in the direction of Si-O bonding. A simple mechanical analogy in which atomic bonds are simulated by springs connected in series and parallel is used to estimate the size and anisotropy of the elastic moduli and their pressure derivatives.
On an anatectic granite from Bygland, south Norway
Authors: Sen R. , Deb Mukherjee Ananda
Published: December 2006

The Pre-Cambrian granitic rocks of Bygland are structurally and texturally concordant with the metamorphosed country rocks. Both these rock types plot close together in Q-Or-Ab and Ab-An-Or normative diagrams; trace element distribution is also similar. The granite has been reconstituted from the country rocks under epidote-amphibolite facies conditions. Plagioclase feldspars show that the granite is not a ‘mature’ rock; they are, however, ‘mature’ in the country rocks and are products of typical regional metamorphism (Ohta et al, 1968). Plagioclases in the granite are relicts of country rocks showing traces of a premetamorphic crystalline state. They have been rejuvenated with the introduction of alkali material during the reconstitution.
Quetzalcoatlite, Cu4Zn8(TeO3)3(OH)18, a New Mineral from Moctezuma, Sonora
Authors: Williams Sidney A.
Published: December 2006

Quetzalcoatlite is a new mineral from the Bambollita mine in the Sierra La Huerta near Moctezuma, Sonora, Mexico. The colour is Capri blue (R.H.S. 120A) with a pale streak. H = 3; G meas. = 6·05±0·3 G calc. = 6·12. Crystals up to 0·4 mm long were not measurable but are acicular to prismatic, hexagonal, with fair cleavage on {100} 10·097 Å, c 4·944, space group C632. Z = I. Strongest lines are 8·752 (100), 2·748 (70), 2·520 (42B), 3·531 (40), 3·273 (31), 1·766 (28), 5·054 (21), 2·250 (20). Electron probe analysis gives: CuO 20·3%, 18·9, 20·9; ZnO 41·2, 38·2, 38·7; TeO2 29·4, 31·3, 30·6. Water by Penfield method on 2.265 mg gave 10·1%. Empirical cell contents are Cu4·01Zn7·73Te3·04O8·88(OH)17·89 or Cu4Zn8(TeO3)3OH18. Pleochroic with ε = colourless, ω = pale blue-green; uniaxial (-) with εD = 1·740, ωD = 1·802. Named for the Toltec god Quetzalcoatl.
Chrome-spinels from the Massif du Sud, southern New Caledonia
Authors: Rodgers K. A.
Published: December 2006

Approximately forty, variously shaped, chromitite bodies occur in dunites and harzburgites of the alpine-type peridotite complex of southern New Caledonia. The chromitites consist of pichrochromite (59 to 42% Cr2O3) and serpentinized olivine (Fo96-92) and display a variety of textures (massive, disseminated, and orbicular) consistent with a magmatic cumulate origin. Dunites contain olivine (Fo93−97) and 1 to 3% picrochromite (50 to 39% Cr2O3). Harzburgites have less than 1% spinel, ranging from picrochromite to ceylonite (45 to 28% Cr2O3) and often forming symplectic intergrowths with bronzite. Temperatures of crystallization of the cumulate picrochromites are believed to have been about 1200 °C while the more aluminous symplectic spinels equilibrated under different conditions and may reflect a late stage recrystallization episode.
Synthesis of potassium manganese oxides under hydrothermal conditions
Authors: Endo T. , Kume S. , Shimada M. , Koizumi M.
Published: December 2006

A 1 M solution of potassium permanganate was sealed in a gold capsule and was treated under conditions of temperature and pressure up to 800 °C and 2·5 kb. Different kinds of products were produced under different conditions of synthesis, and potassium manganate, birnessite, cryptomelane, hausmannite, manganosite, and a new phase appeared. The chemical composition of the new phase was determined as K2Mn4O9 and its X-ray powder diffraction pattern was indexed on a hexagonal cell with a 11·295 and c 21·870 Å.
Oxygen partial pressures; control, variation, and measurement in quench furnaces at one atmosphere total pressure
Authors: Biggar Gordon M.
Published: December 2006

Oxygen partial pressures in atmospheric-pressure quench furnaces were found to vary by as much as 0·5 in log fo2 when changes were made in gas flow rate and direction suggesting that careful analysis of the gas mixture supplied to a furnace is not a guarantee of the oxygen pressure that a sample in the furnace will attain. The use of magnesiowüstite compositions, with variable oxygen contents, as indicators of oxygen pressure is described.
Bitburg—a group-IB iron meteorite with silicate inclusions
Authors: Rambaldi E. , Jagoutz E. , Wasson J. T.
Published: December 2006

Chemical and mineralogical investigations show that the Bitburg meteorite is not a pallasite, but a group-IB iron meteorite. Like other members of this group it contains chondritic silicates.
Cesbronite, a new copper tellurite from Moctezuma, Sonora
Authors: Williams Sidney A.
Published: December 2006

Cesbronite occurs at the Bambollita mine, near Moctezuma, Sonora, with a variety of other tellurites. The colour is ‘green beetle’ (R.H.S. 135-B) with a pale streak. H 3; Dmeas 4·45±0·2. Crystals are orthorhombic 2 mmm with a 8·624 Å, b 11·878, c 5·872 (all ± 0·016 Å); space group Pbcn. For Z = 2 the calculated density is 4·455 g/cm3. The strongest powder lines are 5·934 (100), 3·490 (92), 4·889 (71), 2·358 (70), 2·379 (38), 1·592 (34), 2·156 (28), and 1·698 (27). Electron-probe analysis gave: CuO 50·3 %, 50·3, 49·8, 49·4; TeO2 39·3 %, 39·2, 38·6, 38·6. Water determined gravimetrically 11·0 %. This gives Cu5(TeO3)2(OH)6.2H2O.

Cesbronite is pleochroic with absorption γ ≈ β ≫ α. Optically positive with 2Vγ calc. 72°; α 1·880 ‖[100], β 1·928 ‖[001], γ 2·029 ‖[010].
Crystallization history of a zoned plagioclase
Authors: Pringle G. J. , Trembath L. T. , Pajari G. E.
Published: December 2006

Electron microprobe and textural data are used to deduce a crystallization history for plagioclase in the Grand Manan Island (Canada) diabase sheet. The plagioclase crystals consist of a prominent core (An79-67) surrounded by a distinctly more calcic zone (An82-76), which grades into a normally zoned mantle (An73-40). This zoning pattern is interpreted as reflecting the elevation of a dry diabase magma from at least 10 to 20 km to near surface conditions.
Formation of atoll garnets from the aureole of the Ardara pluton, Co. Donegal, Ireland
Authors: Smellie J. A. T.
Published: December 2006

A detailed petrographic and microprobe study was carried out on atoll-shaped garnets from the aureole of the Ardara pluton, in which regionally metamorphosed rocks have been affected by thermal metamorphism. Textural evidence showed that the atoll garnets are formed by replacement mainly by biotite, some plagioclase, quartz, and opaques, and may proceed from the garnet interior towards the margins, or from the margins into the core. Core replacement occurs mainly in those garnets enclosed by quartz or quartz-rich matrix.

Microprobe analyses are presented of garnets in different stages of atoll formation. Compositional profiles at the garnet margins show abnormal (reversed) zoning with increase in MnO and Fe2O32, marked decrease of CaO, and decrease of MgO towards the extreme edge. With decreasing width of the atoll rims, there is generally an increase in MnO and to a lesser extent Fe2O3, a decrease in CaO; MgO is variable. The microprobe data support the textural observations and a model for atoll formation involving prograde resorption (i.e. garnet replacement during temperature increase) is presented.
Superiority of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation Compared With Chemotherapy Alone in High-Risk Childhood T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results From ALL-BFM 90 and 95
Authors: Schrauder André , Reiter Alfred , Gadner Helmut , Niethammer Dietrich , Klingebiel Thomas , Kremens Bernhard , Peters Christina , Ebell Wolfram , Zimmermann Martin , Niggli Felix , Ludwig Wolf-Dieter , Riehm Hansjörg , Welte Karl , Schrappe Martin
Published: December 2006

Purpose

The role of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (SCT) in first complete remission (CR1) for children with very high–risk (VHR) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is still under critical discussion.

Patients and Methods

In the ALL–Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) 90 and ALL-BFM 95 trials, 387 patients were eligible for SCT if there was a matched sibling donor (MSD). T-cell ALL (T-ALL) patients with poor in vivo response to initial treatment represented the largest homogeneous subgroup within VHR patients.

Results

Of 191 high-risk (HR) T-ALL patients, 179 patients (94%) achieved CR1. Twenty-three patients received an MSD-SCT. Furthermore, in trial ALL-BFM 95, eight matched unrelated donors (MUDs) and five mismatched family donors (MMFDs) were used. The median time to SCT was 5 months (range, 2.4 to 10.8 months) from diagnosis. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 67% ± 8% for 36 patients who received an SCT in CR1 and 42% ± 5% for the 120 patients treated with chemotherapy alone having an event-free survival time of at least the median time to transplantation (Mantel-Byar, P = .01). Overall survival (OS) rate for the SCT group was 67% ± 8% at 5 years, whereas patients treated with chemotherapy alone had an OS rate of 47% ± 5% at 5 years (Mantel-Byar, P = .01). Outcome of patients who received MSD-SCT versus MUD-/MMFD-SCT was comparable (DFS, 65% ± 10% v 69% ± 13%, respectively). However, relapses only occurred after MSD-SCT (eight of 23 patients), whereas treatment-related mortality only occurred after MUD-/MMFD-SCT (four of 13 patients).

Conclusion

SCT in CR1 is superior to treatment with chemotherapy alone for childhood HR-T-ALL.
Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein Expression in a Survival Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Al-Mulla Fahd , Hagan Suzanne , Behbehani Abdulla I. , Bitar Milad S. , George Shirley S. , Going James J. , García Jorge J. Curto , Scott Lucy , Fyfe Nicky , Murray Graeme I. , Kolch Walter
Published: December 2006

Purpose

Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) inhibits the Raf and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways, and suppresses metastasis in animal models. We examined whether RKIP expression in primary colorectal cancers (CRCs) correlates with the risk of metastasis and overall survival.

Patients and Methods

RKIP expression was examined immunohistochemically in three separate cohorts: a tissue microarray containing 276 samples from human tumors and normal tissues, and retrospective studies of 268 CRC patients and 65 early-stage CRCs. Overall and metastasis-free survival rates were measured.

Results

RKIP was expressed in normal epithelia but was reduced in metastatic tumors. RKIP expression in primary CRC was an independent prognostic marker for survival using multivariate Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio, 2.808; 95% CI, 1.58 to 4.96; P = .0002), independent of Dukes' stage. Patients with Dukes' C RKIP-positive tumors had similar 5-year survival rates as early-stage patients if tumors had equivalent RKIP expression levels. An independent study of early-stage CRCs confirmed that reduced RKIP expression predicted metastatic recurrence and reduced disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.7 to 12.3; P = .003). RKIP expression was independent of sex, age, mitotic index, lymphatic and vascular invasion, depth of invasion, and tumor site, but correlated positively with apoptotic index (P = .024). Weak or loss of RKIP expression was the most significant and independent prognostic marker using a multivariate regression equation (hazard ratio, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.7 to 12.3; P = .003).

Conclusion

RKIP expression in primary CRCs correlates with overall and disease-free survival, and can be useful for identifying early-stage CRC patients at risk of relapse.
Preparation of Porous Carbon Spheres Dispersed with Pd–Ag Alloy Nanoparticles
Authors: Horigome Masataka , Tanaka David A Pacheco , Tanco Margot A Llosa , Yukita Waki , Ishii Ryo , Kobayashi Kiyoshi , Mizukami Fujio , Suzuki Toshishige M
Published: December 2006

Porous carbon spheres dispersed with Pd–Ag alloy nano-particles have been prepared by simultaneous complexation of PdII and AgI onto the chelating resin and subsequent thermal treatment, and the obtained alloy–carbon composites were examined as the electrode material in electrooxidation of hydrogen.
Rh(II)-catalyzed Isomerization of 2-Aryl-2H-azirines to 2,3-Disubstituted Indoles
Authors: Chiba Shunsuke , Hattori Gaku , Narasaka Koichi
Published: December 2006

Various 2,3-disubstituted indoles are synthesized by Rh2(OCOCF3)4-catalyzed isomerization of 2-aryl-2H-azirines.
“contra-Michael” Addition of Alkyllithiums to Silicon- and Phenyl-substituted α,β-Unsaturated Amides in the Presence of t-BuOK
Authors: Hinago Tomoko , Teshima Nana , Kenmoku Satoko , Kamata Tiyako , Terauchi Nahoko , Chiba Nao , Satoh Chikako , Nakamura Aya , Asaoka Morio
Published: December 2006

Carbolithiation of 3-(trimethylsilyl)acrylamide and cinnamamide derivatives gave the corresponding 3-substituted (Michael) and/or 2-substituted (contra-Michael) adducts. The regioselectivity depends on the nature of alkyllithium reagents. In the carbolithiation with n-alkyllithiums, the presence of t-BuOK caused dramatic change of the addition mode and the contra-Michael adducts were obtained exclusively.