bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Truth and Bivalence
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: August 2017

Some of the many ways that sentences with non-referring terms, such as “witch,” “Frodo,” and “casts spells,” are induced to have truth values are sketched. Three models are the axiomatic model, the fiction model, and the perception model. The general point is that the methods that we use to discover the truth values of sentences with referring terms can be generalized to sentences with non-referring terms. Even though truth-value inducing, in general, does not force a truth value on every sentence in a discourse, a commitment to bivalence is preserved by the use of expressions of ignorance. It’s also argued that traditional truth-conditional semantics should not be required to describe language-world relations. How adopting the coherence theory of truth for certain classes of sentences with non-referring terms avoids traditional objections to coherence views of truth is described.
The Master Argument Against Ontological Borders
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: August 2017

The “master argument” is given: No metaphysical sense can be made of ontological boundaries (ones that support individuation conditions) above and beyond feature changes in the world. Ontological boundaries make no sense as brute items above and beyond properties and relations; but they make no sense as a particular subset of properties and relations either. Attempts to defend the reality of ontological boundaries on the basis of experience of them or because of their essentiality to theorizing are refuted. Moorean considerations are shown not to work either. This undermines standard metaphysical positions: mereological universalism, ontological nihilism, and others. Although no metaphysical distinction exists between changes within an object and changes from one object to another, it’s shown that projecting such contours onto the world can differ in value. This value can be explained in non-worldly-object terms. The master argument is distinguished from Occam’s razor approaches against rich metaphysical structure.
General Conclusion
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: August 2017

Some general remarks are given about methods of argument in metaphysics. The importance of indispensability arguments, and the importance of the fact that such arguments don’t succeed, is reiterated. The important point is that removing such arguments reveals heretofore hidden logical space. The very position of ontological projectivism can’t be seen unless indispensability arguments are undercut first. The fact that if certain aspects of metaphysics (such as object boundaries) are projected, then certain conceptual puzzles will arise, is also stressed. This is not itself directly an argument for object projectivism; instead, it is a valuable side-effect of arguments that don’t directly turn on conceptual puzzles. Work left for the future is described.
Musical Chairs
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

This chapter contrasts the February 2011 coup in Egypt against Hosni Mubarak with the July 2013 coup against Mohamed Morsi. Although the two coups were of different kinds—one deposed a dictator and the other a democratically elected leader—the motivations of the coup leaders were similar. In both cases the military took advantage of popular uprisings to depose leaders who threatened its interests. The Muslim Brotherhood, the once humble partner of the Egyptian military, had turned into an ambitious and opportunistic opponent. It was positioned to pose a significant threat to the military, as demonstrated by Morsi’s purge of the military’s senior leadership with impunity. In response the military took advantage of the massive uprising against Morsi and deposed him.
Competition and Power
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

One-partyism refers to the capture of government institutions by a single political party. This chapter explores the institutions that may be available to promote the virtues of multipartyism in a budding democracy while combating the vices of one-partyism. Specifically it argues that the military may have an incentive to combat one-partyism and, in doing so, promote political pluralism. A dominant party can spell trouble for the military. If a political party becomes too strong, it can threaten the military, cut back the military’s powers, or slash the military’s economic and social privileges. In contrast, by curbing one-partyism, the military may achieve more autonomy. Like the judiciary, the military may find more comfort in the division of political powers that comes with political pluralism. The desire to bring down the dominant party a peg or two may serve as an incentive for the military to promote competition among political parties.
Freedom and Order
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

Although political pluralism is crucial to a new democracy’s advancement, democracy is not just about competition for office. That competition must happen not through violence but through elections. Put differently, the democratic game must be played under stable conditions, and conflicts must be expressed and resolved through democratic means. Without stability, political pluralism will produce—not a well-functioning democracy—but a full-fledged civil war. In a chaotic political environment filled with uncertainty, what’s needed is an external referee with a steady hand. The referee must maintain a basic level of public tranquility, enforce the rules of the democratic game, arbitrate conflicts, and resolve disputes. Although other state institutions can also play referee, this chapter explains why the military enjoys a clear edge, at least in some cases, in serving as a stabilizing anchor.
Horror Vacui
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

Nature, Aristotle said, abhors a vacuum. He argued that a vacuum, once formed, would be immediately filled by the dense material surrounding it. Aristotle’s insights into vacuums in the physical world also apply to civil-military relations. Where a vacuum exists in domestic politics because the political parties are weak, unstable, or underdeveloped, the dense material that is the military may fill the void by staging an intervention into domestic politics. But when, as in the July 2016 coup attempt in Turkey, the civilian leaders themselves hold densely concentrated authority—in other words, are powerful, popular, and credible—their attempts to keep the military at bay are far more likely to succeed. Without a vacuum there is no void for the military to fill.
Synergy
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

Balanced civil-military relations emerge from synergy. In this case synergy refers to civilians setting aside their ideological differences, working together to build credible democratic institutions, and constructing a viable alternative to military rule. If the civilians themselves are divided on the future democratic trajectory of the nation or the military’s exit from politics, the military may more easily exploit these divisions. Instead of trying for a quick power grab, civilians in an emerging democracy must shun any antidemocratic alternatives, including military interventions, to political rule. The more effective the civilian politicians are in constructing a stable, robust democracy, the less likely power vacuums and military interventions will occur. If political parties have a real chance to compete and win in the electoral marketplace, they are more likely to play the democratic game rather than violate its rules and resort to tanks and guns to oust their opponents.
Social Justice through Inclusion
Authors: Jensenius Francesca R.
Published: August 2017

India has one of the most extensive quota systems in the world: the reserved seats for the Scheduled Castes (SCs, the former “untouchables”) in the country’s legislative assemblies. Combining evidence from quantitative datasets from the period 1969–2012, archival work, and in-depth interviews with politicians, civil servants, and voters across India, this book explores the long-term effects these quotas have had for the political elite and for the general population. It finds that the quotas have played an important role in reducing caste-based discrimination, particularly at the elite level. Contrary to what one might expect, this is not because the quota system has led to more group representation—SC politicians working specifically for SC interests—but because it has created and empowered a new SC elite who have gradually become integrated into mainstream politics. The findings and discussions have broader implications beyond the case of India. Policies such as quotas are often implemented with the explicit goal of changing society and are supported with arguments that assume various positive, long-term consequences. The nuanced discussions in this book shed light on how the quotas for SCs have shaped the incentives for politicians, parties, and voters, noting the trade-offs inherent in how such policies of group inclusion are designed.
Whose Representative?
Authors: Jensenius Francesca R.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 3 focuses on the representational role of elected politicians in India—how they work, and whom they try to work for. It starts with an account of the daily work-routines of Indian politicians, describing how SC politicians differ from their non-SC colleagues in their political work. Turning to how SC politicians describe their representational role, the chapter shows how they respond to the incentives of the electoral system and pressures from their political parties, noting that they generally see their role as acting as representatives of their parties, not as agents for the interests of their specific group. The chapter ends by examining which political parties have been elected in SC-reserved constituencies, finding that SC politicians have been elected for a similar set of parties as other politicians, and that parties running on a specifically SC-focused platform have not done particularly well in SC-reserved constituencies.
Music and Analogy
Authors: Zbikowski Lawrence M.
Published: August 2017

This chapter reviews recent research on analogy and explains how humans’ capacity for analogical thought shapes the production and comprehension of music. The chapter includes an introduction to Lawrence Barsalou’s perceptual symbol systems theory, which is used to explain how embodied experience informs analogical thought, especially that associated with music. Analogical reference, an idea adapted from Peirce’s concept of iconicity, is introduced, leading to a systematic definition of the sonic analogs for dynamic processes that provide the foundation for musical grammar. The chapter also explores how meaning can be constructed through sequences of musical sound.
Introduction
Authors: Khan Nichola
Published: August 2017

Nichola Khan provides the introduction to this book, by bringing into conversation some prominent figures, each of whom has been engaged with issues related to violence in Karachi for at least one decade, some many more. The collection addresses some perennial global, national, and city crises which have precipitated waves of violence in Karachi, and it highlights an increase in critical voices and commentary alongside a greater willingness by publishers to take on the controversies these phenomena entail. First, it combines the diverse specialist insights, generated over time, of key academics, publishers, journalists, activists, and writers; thereby it differs from the usual academic “study” of a “type” of violence, group, or political party in the city. A second focus is on personal and professional engagement, and on ways each dimension might inform the other. Third, the book brings these aspects to a public engagement agenda, encouraging a shift outwards from the purely academic realm towards the creation of wider publics and counterpublics engaged in cultural and political commentary, and collective collaborations for change.
1994
Authors: Khan Nichola
Published: August 2017

This chapter by Nichola Khan revisits a complicated relationship she formed with a key interlocutor and self-identified MQM mercenary belonging to Karachi’s Muttahida Quami Movement party (MQM), whom she calls ‘Arshad’. Drawing ethnographic reflections from one year, 1994, and from a longer period Khan spent living in Liaquatabad in the nineties, this chapter troubles the metaphor of madness in order to query ways violence raises existential questions about humanity; to question ways writers channel their own feelings into analyses of violence; and the inevitable partiality and incompleteness of these framings. It also highlights ways commentaries of violence produce a frenzy of fascination and collusion around atrocities they supposedly protest. The single life story is provocative insofar as it does not require cultural interpretation to render experience sensible. It reminds us as human beings to resist violence, whilst raising dilemmas concerning how to represent those who have committed atrocious acts, and about whether even the ‘worst’ cases offer possibilities for positive change.
Prohibition and ‘Sharab’ as Political Protest in Karachi
Authors: Paracha Nadeem F.
Published: August 2017

This chapter by Nadeem Farooq Paracha brings oral history and memoir to the fore. Paracha interweaves national, social and personal histories in an extraordinary analysis of how alcohol, its sale and consumption, became intrinsic to Karachi’s leftist political culture in the euphoria of the post-Zia years; how political rebellion involving alcohol fueled violence on Karachi’s student campuses; and shaped Paracha’s personal nemesis and life trajectory into journalism rather than militancy. The adage that the ‘personal is political’ acquires enriched meaning in these unfoldings of a simultaneously painful, exhilarating, and destructive era that shaped one radical element of the city’s political commentariat. The politics surrounding alcohol from 1970-90 offer a perfect lens, Paracha shows us, onto transformations of religion, morality, and revolution within student support for the Pakistan People’s Party in a saturnalian urban setting.
Talking about MOTION in Middle English
Authors: Huber Judith
Published: August 2017

Chapter 6 begins with an overview of the language contact situation with (Anglo-) French and Latin, resulting in large-scale borrowing in the Middle English period. The analysis of 465 Middle English verbs used to express intransitive motion shows that there are far more French/Latin loans in the path verbs than in the other motion verbs. The range of (new) manner of motion verbs testifies to the manner salience of Middle English: caused motion verbs are also found in intransitive motion meanings, as are French loans which do not have motion uses in continental French. Their motion uses in Anglo-Norman are discussed in terms of contact influence of Middle English. The analysis of motion expression in different texts yields a picture similar to the situation in Old English, with path typically expressed in satellites, and neutral as well as manner of motion verbs being most frequent, depending on text type.
Three Grades of Social Involvement
Authors: Sher George
Published: August 2017

Communitarians argue that because selves are profoundly influenced by culture, history, and tradition, they are too compromised by society to be morally basic. This chapter asks what this claim means and whether it is true. To find out, it discusses (1) society’s causal influence on people’s aims and attitudes and (2) the fact that many aims and attitudes presuppose a highly specific cultural, legal, and historical background. It also discusses the suggestion that (3) truly autonomous selves would be featureless centers of volition. It concludes that the individual’s moral primacy is undefeated by society’s involvement in the self.
But I Could Be Wrong
Authors: Sher George
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores the implications of the facts that (1) we often disagree with others about how we ought to act, and (2) given a sufficiently different upbringing and set of experiences, we would now hold the very views that we reject. These facts, together with the associated proliferation of incompatible moral doctrines, are sometimes invoked in support of liberal policies of toleration and restraint, but their relevance to individual moral deliberation has received less attention. In the chapter’s first five sections, I argue that this combination of controversy and contingency poses a serious challenge to the authority of our moral judgments. In the chapter’s final section, I explore a promising way of responding to that challenge.
Part Three
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: August 2017

Cleanthes continues his proposed proof of the existence of a deity, with Philo evaluating it on its own terms, echoing passages from the Treatise and Enquiry.
Part Eight
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: August 2017

Philo expands on the nature of his objections to the natural religion of Cleanthes: far-fetched comparisons are dismissed in matters of common life, but are appropriate objections when we rise to the level of abstruse and remote reasoning. He offers a counterargument to the design-designer hypothesis, citing Epicurus. Constancy and change are discussed; cloud formation is one example. Philo’s critique of Cleanthes’ argument from design moves through stages, with striking similarity to Agrippa’s suspension of belief as presented by Sextus Empiricus.
Part Nine
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: August 2017

Demea gets his chance to produce his a priori proof for God’s existence. It starts out looking like a cosmological argument and finishes as an ontological one. His argument is modeled on the version offered by Samuel Clarke in his Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God. Cleanthes, rejecting a priori arguments, is given criticisms drawn from Hume’s Enquiry.
Consciousness and Fundamental Reality
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: August 2017

A core philosophical project is the attempt to uncover the fundamental nature of reality, the limited set of facts upon which all other facts depend. Perhaps the most popular theory of fundamental reality in contemporary analytic philosophy is physicalism: the view that the world is fundamentally physical in nature. The first half of this book argues that physicalist views cannot account for the evident reality of conscious experience and hence that physicalism cannot be true. However, the book also tries to show that familiar arguments to this conclusion—Frank Jackson’s form of the knowledge argument and David Chalmers’ two-dimensional conceivability argument—are not wholly adequate. The second half of the book explores and defends a radical alternative to physicalism known as “Russellian monism.” Russellian monists believe that (i) physics tells us nothing about the concrete, categorical nature of material entities, and that (ii) it is this “hidden” nature of matter that explains human and animal consciousness. Throughout the second half of the book various forms of Russellian monism are surveyed, and the key challenges facing it are discussed. Ultimately the book defends a cosmopsychist form of Russellian monism, according to which all facts are grounded in facts about the conscious universe.
What Is Physicalism?
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: August 2017

This chapter defines physicalism, the view that the first half of the book argues against. All are agreed that physicalism is the view that fundamental reality is entirely physical. But this definition requires clarification in two respects: (A) what is it for something to be physical, and (B) what is it for something to be fundamental? The chapter’s answer to (A) is that physical facts concern entities at low levels of complexity and do not involve mentality or value-laden causation. The answer to (B) is defended in terms of a specific form of the grounding relation—constitutive grounding—which is, by definition, such that the grounded facts are nothing over and above their grounds.
The Knowledge Argument
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: August 2017

The first half of the book argues that physicalism cannot account for consciousness and hence must be false. One of the most well-known arguments that tries to show this is Frank Jackson’s form of the knowledge argument. The knowledge argument has two aims. First to show that there is an epistemic gap between the physical facts and the facts about consciousness, in the sense that there are truths about consciousness that one could not deduce from complete knowledge of the physical facts. Second, to infer from this epistemic gap to the falsity of physicalism. This chapter argues that the knowledge argument achieves the first aim but fails at the second.
Revelation and the Transparency Argument
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: August 2017

This chapter complete the argument against physicalism. The chapter defends the thesis of Revelation, roughly the thesis that we stand in a special epistemic relationship to our conscious states such that (i) their nature is introspectively revealed to us, and (ii) we know with something close to certainty that they are instantiated. Revelation is supported on the grounds that it is the best explanation of Super-Justification, roughly the thesis that certain truths about our conscious experience can be known with something close to certainty. Revelation implies that we grasp the essences of our conscious states, and hence it secures the crucial premise of the transparency conceivability argument outlined in the last chapter. However, Revelation is also inconsistent with physicalism in a more straightforward way: Revelation in conjunction with physicalism entails that we have introspective access to the supposed physical nature of our conscious states, which is clearly not the case.
Top–Down Combination Problems
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses three forms of the combination problem for Russellian monism: the palette problem, the structural mismatch problem, and the subject irreducibility problem. These are grouped together as “top–down combination problems,” meaning that they start from reflection on the nature of ordinary human consciousness/conscious subjects. Top–down combination problems provide challenges both to panpsychist and to panprotopsychist forms of Russellian monism. Responses to the palette problem and the structural mismatch problem are proposed. The third problem, subject irreducibility, is argued to be the most profound challenge for the Russellian monist, and its resolution is postponed to the next chapter.
A Conscious Universe
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores and defends a form of cosmopsychism: the combination of panpsychism and priority monism (the latter being the view that there is only one fundamental individual). The crucial advantage of cosmopsychism is that it offers a solution to the Subject Irreducibility Problem, discussed in the last chapter. After developing the view in response to various challenges, an empirical argument is advanced against emergentism. If this argument is sound, then it leads to cosmopsychism as the only anti-emergentist view that can solve the Subject Irreducibility Problem. Finally, the chapter responds to “the incredulous stare”: the sense that cosmopsychism is just too crazy to be believed. It is argued that this reaction is due to cultural associations; in fact, both comospychism and physicalism are motivated by the same anti-emergentist instincts.
Teaching Interreligious Encounter
Authors: Gustafson Hans
Published: August 2017

This chapter offers instructors in higher education some basic tools and elements of course design for interreligious encounter in the undergraduate classroom. Aiming at practice over theory, it provides practical suggestions for fostering interreligious understanding from the first day of class through the end of the semester. These suggestions include the use of guest speakers, interdisciplinary case studies, in-class reflections, and interreligious community engagement (i.e., “service learning”), among others. Further, it provides a concise bibliography of basic introductory texts for both students and instructors in the areas of comparative theology, theologies of religions and religious pluralisms, and interreligious studies and dialogue.
Using Hevruta to Do and Teach Comparative Theology
Authors: Schoenfeld Devorah , Diller Jeanine
Published: August 2017

The traditional method of study known as hevruta is the foundation of traditional Jewish methods of learning as practiced in the yeshiva. This method has been articulated as Scriptural Reasoning in a way that emphasizes the practice of engaged reflection on a text. In this chapter, the authors will attempt a different articulation based on the use of this method in their classrooms, an approach that emphasizes disagreement. When disagreement is placed at the center of the process, the hevruta method becomes a tool for encountering and learning from religious difference. The chapter provides an overview of and rationale for using hevruta, a treatment of learning objectives, suggested steps for classroom use, sample questions, and a discussion of hevruta and comparative theology.
Interreligious Teachings and the Qur’an
Authors: Timani Hussam S.
Published: August 2017

This essay provides an overview of approaches to teaching interreligious studies and focuses on approaches to the study of some Qur’anic verses that have been given exclusivist interpretations. In this chapter, I demonstrate how and why I teach Qur’anic verses that have been considered hostile to the other. Most scholars, when discussing religious diversity in Islam, highlight verses that reach to the other, but they rarely address the seemingly exclusivist ones. Addressing these verses in the class helps students understand the broader message of Islam and also sheds light on how Muslim scholars have struggled with such verses to give them a more favorable meaning. Using this approach of turning exclusivist verses into inclusivist ones helps my students understand that the interpretation of sacred texts is determined by historical, linguistic, and cultural contexts.
The Mystic Traveler in a Global Spiritual Age
Authors: Beckman Patricia Zimmerman
Published: August 2017

Global travelers today search for ultimate meaning, and many seek transformation through journeys into interreligious exchange. They share these goals with mystics of old. By immersing themselves in the scholarship of mysticism, religion, and travel before they go, today’s pilgrims can prepare for genuine, life-transforming encounters. Attention to debates about essentialism and constructivism, plural truth claims within and among traditions, and notions of the fluid self prepare them. Traveling mindfully with theory allows them to recognize what analytical baggage they carry while opening them to new experiences. Thoughtful processing upon return can avoid the dangers of shallow interreligious interpretations even while encouraging intercultural exchange. In essence, they reveal the mystic heart of travel.
“[ T ]‌his feverish, jealous attachment of Paula’s for Ellean”
Authors: Farfan Penny
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on Arthur Wing Pinero’s The Second Mrs. Tanqueray (1893) to demonstrate how a seemingly conservative play that met with great success on the fashionable London stage might be regarded as a highly visible if inadvertent instance of queer modernist performance. As a fallen woman, Paula Tanqueray is a version of a conventional cautionary figure of patriarchal heterosexuality. Her redemption, however, depends on the love of a good woman: her husband’s daughter by his deceased first wife. This queer dilemma generates currents of homosocial desire that unsettle the heteronormative plotting and thematics of Pinero’s play as Paula’s passionate obsession with her stepdaughter exceeds not only her attachment to her past and present male partners but also the playwright’s thematic concern with the sexual double standard. The play’s queer subversions in turn invite reconsideration of both its primary audience and its relation to modernism.
“Fairy of Light”
Authors: Farfan Penny
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on Loie Fuller’s Fire Dance to exemplify the interplay between performer and character as a central aspect of queer modernist performance that was foregrounded through the uncanny qualities of Fuller’s work. Charting Fire Dance from its origins in Fuller’s 1895 version of Salome through to its reworking as a solo and its reappearance in her autobiography, the chapter traces a queer genealogy of uncanny doubles that included Oscar Wilde, Salome, heretical witches, and new women in an incremental layering of queer and feminist resonances that flickered into view through Fuller’s experiment in illuminated dance. The uncanny in Fuller’s work thus emanated from an integral and coproductive relationship between modernist aesthetics and sexual queerness that intersected through her performing body in an intensification of the interplay between character and role, onstage and offstage, and representation and presence that was a crucial facet of queer modernist performance.
The Significance of Abdullah Quilliam’s Literary Output
Authors: Geaves Ron
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the significance of Abdullah Quilliam by primarily focusing on the writings through which he framed his conversion to Islam and wrote as a lens for Victorian society to revisit Islam. A classification of the types of writing undertaken and their role in the promotion of Islam within Britain and internationally in the late Victorian and Edwardian period is explored. Quilliam wrote extensively on the crisis facing Victorian Christianity and was intensely aware of the burning political issues of his time, especially those concerning British foreign policy. However, above all else, he was a Muslim of conviction, and the leader of British Muslims, and his unique status lies in his promotion of Islam in the West as a religious worldview disconnected from ethnicity or "otherness." This examination of his writings explores his vision of Islam and demonstrates that Quilliam’s concerns in his writings remain the essential themes drawn upon by young contemporary British Muslim activists and converts to the religion.
The Long Goodbye from Relativism
Authors: Vogt Katja Maria
Published: August 2017

Chapter 4 rethinks Protagoras’s Measure Doctrine from a non-relativist, realist perspective. It coins the term Measure Realism, according to which human beings are the measure of what is good for them. This proposal is developed via a series of arguments against contemporary Truth Relativism and against a purely epistemic notion of standards of assessment. Human beings, it is argued, are the measure in a metaphysical way: qua the beings we are, we are the standard that is needed in ethical theory. It also makes sense to ask “what is the good for animals?” and “what is the good for the universe?” And it makes sense to imagine better cognizers than us, aiming to supersede what appear to be our limitations. Still, ethical theorizing examines how we are to live as human beings, which includes concern with the good of other beings and how we should aim to be better cognizers and agents.
The Nature of Pursuits
Authors: Vogt Katja Maria
Published: August 2017

Chapter 6 argues that Socrates’s speech in Plato’s Symposium contains a compelling account of the role of mid-scale actions or pursuits in human motivation. This account, the chapter argues, effectively responds to a long-standing charge against ancient ethics, namely, that it is exclusively concerned with the agent’s own happiness. The Symposium offers a list of typical human pursuits: having children, producing artifacts, earning a living through work, creating art, writing laws, formulating theories, and more. These pursuits are kinds of making. The agent’s commitment to that which is made extends her motivations beyond her own life. Once we are committed to such pursuits, they make demands on us that go beyond self-interest. The very way in which human beings desire happiness propels them into pursuits that are devoted to the good, pulling them away from what might appear to be, on narrow notions, their own happiness.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Vogt Katja Maria
Published: August 2017

The Concluding Remarks ask what follows if the main lines of argument throughout the book are compelling. First, it is argued that the motivation of pursuits deserves more philosophical attention than it currently receives and that the Guise of the Good defended in the book provides resources to address well-known problem cases such as desiring the bad, accidie, and more. Second, the Concluding Remarks revisit one of the book’s main ambitions: to develop Aristotle’s first premise, that the human good is the good human life, such as to account for plurality of values and diversity of good lives. Third, the Concluding Remarks suggest that particular actions are set off by assent to what, to the agent, appears as to be done. This adds to the overall argument for situating the GG in the relationship between small-, mid-, and large-scale motivation rather than in the analysis of particular actions.
Human Rights in a Neoliberal World
Authors: Baer Madeline
Published: August 2017

Chapter 2 presents the central research questions that drive the theoretical and empirical work of the book, outlines the “moments of social transformation” model used for analyzing human rights realization, and positions the book in relation to theoretical and contemporary policy debates. The chapter synthesizes the literatures on socioeconomic human rights fulfillment and the human right to water and sanitation. It introduces two key elements for implementing human rights: political will and state capacity, as well as some obstacles to rights realization, including lack of strong regulatory frameworks and accountability mechanisms. The chapter explores the tensions between markets and rights, finding that neoliberal approaches to water policy have a negative effect on rights fulfillment by weakening the state’s role, and it engages with critiques that the human rights frame is too narrow and vague to facilitate transformative change in the water sector.
Abiding Issues
Authors: Kuenzler Adrian
Published: August 2017

A brief historical overview of advertising documents that advertising traditionally performed two different functions: to inform and to persuade. Over time, the law has adopted the view that all advertising is information and, based on this view, has come to preserve the uniqueness, reputation, prestige, and exclusivity that today’s goods and services conjure in consumers’ minds. This chapter discusses three recurrent themes that underlie the function and operation of the current economic system and explores, in particular, how the workings of the present experience economy are justified in legal and economic theory. It is through the operation of these principles (revealed preferences, maximization of consumer welfare, external incentives) that consumer choices are supposed to allocate resources efficiently. It explains the contradictory tensions within those principles and provides the basis for the claim that a twenty-first-century reconceptualization of the consumer may enrich our understanding of what constitutes progress.
Introduction
Authors: Liddy Christian D.
Published: August 2017

This chapter is historiographical and conceptual in focus. It explores and critiques the paradigm of urban oligarchy, which has exercised a profound influence upon the history of late medieval English towns. It demonstrates that the emphasis upon the comparative stability of English towns is misplaced and that division was as much a part of urban politics as was consensus. It introduces the category of citizenship, upon which there is a recent continental scholarship, much of it connected to the theme of revolt. Finally, it explains the choice of the five towns of Bristol, Coventry, London, Norwich, and York, and the historical period.
Citizenship and Citizens
Authors: Liddy Christian D.
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores the theory and practice of urban citizenship between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. Citizenship, although one of the most ubiquitous modes of social and political organization in medieval towns, is not well understood in late medieval England. The lists of freemen entering the franchise have been subject to detailed, statistical analysis, by scholars working in the fields of urban demography and financial and economic history. This chapter asks instead: what did it mean to be a citizen in late medieval English towns? There was no single answer to this question. The point of departure is the oath sworn by the new entrant to the civic franchise.
Conclusion
Authors: Liddy Christian D.
Published: August 2017

This chapter underlines the deep continuities in urban political thought between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. It emphasizes the status of English towns as relatively autonomous, self-governing entities, and places them within a continental urban landscape. While debate about citizenship was persistent, it was at its most intense between the later fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. The reasons lay primarily in the changed economic conditions of English towns. Civic elites tried to redefine citizenship. However, citizens spoke back, and they did so aggressively. Town officials helped to provoke the very antagonism that they feared. Urban citizenship remained the battleground of town politics at the end of the Middle Ages, and beyond.
Proper names
Authors: Corazza Eros
Published: August 2017

In English, Italian, French, and Spanish (to name only a few languages), people’s names tend to suggest the referent’s gender. Thus “Paul,” “Paolo,” “Pierre,” and “Jesús” strongly suggest that their referent is male, while “Ortensia,” “Mary,” “Paola,” “Pauline,” and “Lizbeth” suggest that the referent is a female. To borrow the terminology introduced by Putnam, we can characterize the additional information conveyed by a name as stereotypical information. It doesn’t affect someone’s linguistic and semantic competence: one is not linguistically incompetent if one doesn’t know that “Sue” is used to refer to females. The argument here is that the stereotypical information conveyed by a name can be characterized along the lines of Grice’s treatment of generalized conversational implicatures and that anaphoric resolution exploits it.
A Letter from Beagh
Authors: Mac Suibhne Breandán
Published: August 2017

In March 1856, schoolmaster Patrick McGlynn wrote to magistrate Daniel J. Cruise, offering to betray the Molly Maguires, a secret society responsible for a decade of ‘outrages’—violence and intimidation—in west Donegal. With information supplied by McGlynn, the Constabulary lay several times in ambush for the Mollies at the house of a tenant farmer, James Gallagher of Beagh, who had been targeted by them, but failed to intercept them. Pressed by Cruise, McGlynn revealed himself to be a Molly Maguire and named over twenty men as members of the society. Some twenty-three to twenty-nine men were arrested in a series of coordinated raids on 9 June; conspicuous among their leaders were publicans cum road contractors. One of the arrested men, Condy McHugh, also turned informer.
Bastard Ribbonism
Authors: Mac Suibhne Breandán
Published: August 2017

‘Molly Maguire’ was a sobriquet of the Ribbon Society, an oath-bound combination that, from about 1810, had built a lodge network across much of the northern half of Ireland, physically confronting the Orange Order and articulating Catholic nationalist ambition. The adoption of the moniker in 1844–5 was associated with the expansion of the society into areas where it had not hitherto been active, and also with a shift in its social composition and the character of its activities, both of which now became more agrarian. In the communities around Ardara and Glenties that are the focus of this book, the initial emergence of the Molly Maguires owed much to an organizational drive by the Ribbon leadership, while debts incurred in the Famine to usurious mealmongers contributed to its recalcitrance in the early to mid-1850s.
The Judge between God and Man
Authors: Mac Suibhne Breandán
Published: August 2017

Men who did not stand trial in spring 1857 appeared at that year’s summer assizes. By then, the parish priest of Glenties had come to an arrangement with the authorities: the men would plead guilty to membership of the Ribbon Society, but be released on giving bail and taking the oath of allegiance. The priest’s long-remembered intervention in the case was part of an increasingly subtle and determined response by the diocese of Raphoe to the Mollies. That response included the appointment of a third curate to Ardara who immediately established a confraternity and commenced fundraising for a chapel in a neglected section of the parish. Missions and religious instruction in national schools also served to orient the young to chapel.
Departures and Returns
Authors: Mac Suibhne Breandán
Published: August 2017

The authorities assisted McGlynn to emigrate to Australia, where he returned to teaching. The four men in custody were released after serving twelve months. Most of the men arrested on McGlynn’s information reintegrated into society. The Ribbon Society remained in existence, albeit less involved in outrage, and young men emigrating to Pennsylvania’s coalfields moved easily into Hibernian lodges; there, men with ties to west Donegal were conspicuous in the Molly Maguire show trials of the late 1870s. Following the repeal of the Party Processions (Ireland) Act in 1872, local Ribbonmen, through marching bands and St Patrick’s Day parades, put themselves at the head of national opinion in their districts and accommodated themselves with the Church; the social divisions that had contributed to the rise and recalcitrance of the Mollies were now submerged in campaigns for land reform and Home Rule.
Marriage as a Violation of Equality
Authors: Chambers Clare
Published: August 2017

This chapter makes the foundational egalitarian case against marriage. It starts with a historical overview of feminist objections to marriage. Marriage undermines women’s equality both practically and symbolically. Feminists criticize marriage for being both sexist and heterosexist. This two-pronged attack looks puzzling. How can it be both bad for women to be married and bad for lesbians and gays to be unmarried? The discussion continues with an analysis of whether same-sex marriage is egalitarian. It concludes that, in a marriage regime, same-sex marriage is both required by and insufficient for equality. Finally, the chapter argues that reformed versions of marriage such as civil union still enact inequality between those who have and those who lack the relevant status. It follows that the abolition of state-recognized marriage best meets the myriad egalitarian objections to the institution.
Ecphrasis and the Politics of Time in Pythian 1
Authors: Fearn David
Published: August 2017

This chapter offers a new interpretation of the elaborate opening frame of Pindar’s Pythian 1 within the broader encomiastic strategies of this poem. In it the ecphrastic and hymnic qualities of this opening are discussed, and especially its use of the volcanic eruption of Mount Etna. The poem’s treatments of the following are revealed: the interrelation between myth and history; divine and mortal time; the nature and extent of the divide between divine and mortal realms; and the prospects for encomiastic memorialization within these parameters. The poem provides a self-reflexive commentary on itself and its prospects, as a ruptured array of heroic and divine myth and human historicity, sociopolitical agency, and totalitarian attempts to control time. It is aimed not only at Hieron and Sicily, but also at others across the Greek world. This complex reception is prefigured in visual, ecphrastic terms.
Conclusion
Authors: Fearn David
Published: August 2017

The conclusion rounds out this study, summing up the importance of the approaches taken in relation to previous more historicizing models of Pindaric scholarship. Particular emphasis is placed on aesthetics and the importance of contextualizability: how Pindar’s poetry consistently draws attention to its own aesthetic status and makes an issue of its relation to contexts, through gesturing towards material culture and visual experience; how the interstices between lyric voices and contexts matter for a considered appreciation of epinician lyric’s cultural value. Potential future avenues for research are considered, both within the Pindaric corpus and beyond it, including further work on fifth-century prose (Herodotus and sophistic rhetoric in particular).
Modelling transient states in language change
Authors: Postma Gertjan
Published: August 2017

Models of language change may include, apart from the initial and terminal state, an intermediate state T. Building further on Postma (2010), who observed that the dynamics of the transient state T (’failed change’) is algebraically related to the overall change A → B (the former is the first derivative of the latter), we present a generalized algebraic model that includes both the failed change A → B and the successful change A → B. We first generalize the two-state logistic function of A → B to a differential equation (DE) that represents the underlying processes. This DE has a bundle of time shifted logistic curves as its solution. This derives Kroch’s Constant Rate Effect. By modifying this DE, we describe the dynamics of the entire A → T → B process, i.e. we develop a model that includes both the successful and the failed change. The algebraic link between failed change and successful change turns out to be an approximation.
Lost and Regained in Translation
Authors: Sherry Beverley
Published: August 2017

This chapter argues that the translation of poetry can work as an instrument to identify the genius of the original poem, in particular to single out aural effects that are part of meaning and are lost in translation. First, the longstanding controversy over whether it is possible to translate poetry is addressed: while Frost’s dictum that ‘poetry is what is lost in translation’ provides a starting point, the theories of Dryden and Steiner are fundamental to the enquiry. Three translations of Paradise Lost are examined: two interlingual versions, the German of Haak (1681) and the French of Himy (2001), and the intralingual translation by Danielson (2008). The foreign-language versions throw light on Milton’s original by way of shock effect, while Danielson’s English paraphrase offers an opportunity to distinguish minute sound effects that are part of the poem’s meaning and central to Milton’s genius.
‘Translated Verse’
Authors: Haan Estelle
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses a cluster of English verse translations of Milton’s Poemata that emerged in the long eighteenth century. Focusing on versions by Symmons, Cowper, and, to a lesser degree, Strutt and others, it foregrounds a variety of contexts—biographical, literary, discursive—that engendered, it is argued, an intellectual discourse on translational methodology that is still relevant today. It is a discourse, moreover, that raises a host of important theoretical questions: about the nature and function of translation; the viability of rendering a neo-Latin source text in a target language; the potential ‘fetters’ that, in Drydenesque terms, might constrain ‘the Verbal Copyer’, or perhaps the quasi-liberating fluency, described by Venuti as the ‘fluent strategy’, attendant upon recourse to verse as translational medium.