bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bridging scale simulation of lattice fracture using enriched space‐time Finite Element Method
Authors: Qian Dong , Chirputkar Shardool
Published: December 2013

A multiscale method that couples the space‐time Finite Element Method with molecular dynamics is developed for the simulation of dynamic fracture problems. A coarse scale description based on finite element discretization is established in the entire domain. This representation overlaps with a detailed atomistic description employed in the region immediately surrounding the crack tip with the goal to capture the initiation and propagation of the fracture. On the basis of the crack evolution informed by the atomistic simulation, an enrichment function is introduced to represent the fracture path. The space‐time framework further enables flexible choice of time steps in different regions of interest. Coupling between the fine and coarse scale simulation is achieved with the introduction of a projection operator and bridging scale treatment. The main feature of the work is that the evolution of the crack is adaptively tracked and the enrichment in the coarse scale simulation evolves along with it. As a result, we have a moving atomistic region in the concurrent simulation scheme. The robustness of the method is illustrated through examples involving crack propagation in hexagonal lattices with different orientations and loading conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival of an infant with homozygous surfactant protein C (SFTPC) mutation
Authors: Arıkan‐Ayyıldız Zeynep , Caglayan‐Sozmen Sule , Isık Sakine , Deterding Robin , Dishop Megan K. , Couderc Remy , Epaud Ralph , Louha Malek , Uzuner Nevin
Published: December 2013

Lung diseases caused by surfactant protein C (SFTPC) mutations are inherited as autosomal traits with variable penetrance and severity or as sporadic disease caused by a de novo mutation on one allele. Here, we report the case of a child surviving with a homozygous surfactant protein C mutation after aggressive clinical management unlike his six siblings who died in infancy. This presentation raises the suspicion of an autosomal recessive inheritence that is discussed in this report. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:E112–E115. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asymmetric consequences of host plant occupation on the competition between the whiteflies Bemisia tabaci cryptic species MEAM1 and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Zhang Gui‐Fen , Lövei Gábor L , Hu Man , Wan Fang‐Hao
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUND

The two common whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MEAM1 and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), often co‐occur on their host plants. The effect of host plant occupation by one species on later‐arriving conspecific individuals or on the other competing species was examined.

RESULTS

Resource preoccupied by T. vaporariorum had mostly negative effects on the life history parameters of later‐arriving conspecifics. Red‐eyed nymph and immature survival of T. vaporariorum decreased when resource was preoccupied by conspecifics, irrespective of the previous occupation scenario. However, resource preoccupied by T. vaporariorum had only minor detrimental effects on the performance of later‐arriving B. tabaci MEAM1. In the opposite colonisation sequence, previous occupation by B. tabaci MEAM1 had no significant effects on the life history parameters of later‐arriving conspecifics, but severe detrimental effects were observed on the performance of later‐arriving T. vaporariorum. Total immature survival of T. vaporariorum decreased in both weak and strong previous occupation situations by B. tabaci MEAM1.

CONCLUSION

The interspecific interactions between B. tabaci MEAM1 and T. vaporariorum were asymmetric, with B. tabaci MEAM1 being the superior competitor. This superiority could partially explain the rapid spread of B. tabaci MEAM1 in China. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Estimation of errors associated with the EarthCARE 3D scene construction algorithm
Authors: Barker H. W. , Cole J. N. S. , Shephard M. W.
Published: December 2013

The EarthCARE satellite mission plans to perform a continuous closure experiment to assess the quality of retrieved cloud and aerosol properties. It will do so by comparing top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) broad‐band (BB) fluxes with simulated values produced by three‐dimensional (3D) radiative transfer models that act on the two‐dimensional (2D) retrieved cross‐section and a 3D atmosphere around it produced by a scene construction algorithm (SCA). This study proposes and tests a method for estimating errors in simulated TOA BB fluxes due to the SCA.

Two methods for estimating SCA‐related errors for TOA fluxes are presented. The primary one relies on computation of errors for reconstructed narrow‐band imager nadir radiances. A‐train satellite data were used to show that for constructed domains measuring (11 km)2, approximately the size of the EarthCARE assessment domains, with total cloud fractions > 0.2, errors for reflected BB short‐wave fluxes due to the SCA are smaller than ±4.2 and ±11.5 W m−2 for 66 and 90% of the domains, respectively. Corresponding values for outgoing long‐wave fluxes are ±1.2 and ±3.0 W m−2. The largest and smallest errors are associated with fields of broken convective cloud and overcast stratiform cloud, respectively.

The SCA was applied to simulated measurements for a (153 km)2 field of deep convective clouds produced by a cloud‐system‐resolving model. Actual and estimated TOA BB short‐wave flux errors due to the SCA agree well and are smaller than ±22 and ±40 W m−2 for 66 and 90% of the (11 km)2 sampled subdomains. Assuming that errors due to the SCA are purely bias errors, they were subtracted from fluxes estimated for the constructed domains. This resulted in TOA BB short‐wave flux errors smaller than ±7 and ±25 W m−2 for 66 and 90% of the sampled subdomains. This suggests that estimated errors due to the SCA should be removed directly from simulated TOA BB fluxes before executing a closure assessment.
Parylene‐matrix chip for small molecule analysis using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Kim Jo‐Il , Park Jong‐Min , Kang Min‐Jung , Pyun Jae‐Chul
Published: December 2013

RATIONALE

In matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry (MS), analyte molecules are known to be ionized by mixing with organic matrix molecules. As the organic matrix molecules are ionized, they generate unreproducible mass peaks such that MALDI‐TOF MS is nearly impossible in the low mass‐to‐charge (m/z) range (<1000). In this work, we aimed to develop a parylene‐matrix chip for the detection of small molecules in the low m/z range by using MALDI‐TOF MS.

METHODS

The parylene‐matrix chip was fabricated by the deposition of a partially porous parylene‐N thin film on a dried organic matrix array. The properties of the parylene thin film were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Mass spectrometry was performed by using a parylene‐matrix chip with eight amino acids as model analytes.

RESULTS

The surface roughness and the electric conductivity of the parylene‐N film were analyzed by AFM and CV analysis to determine its suitability for a parylene‐matrix chip. The ionization of samples on the parylene‐matrix chip was optimized by adjusting the laser intensity. The feasibility of applying a parylene‐matrix chip for small molecule analysis was tested by using eight kinds of amino acids as model analytes and the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes from the amino acid mixture was also demonstrated.

CONCLUSIONS

The parylene‐matrix chip can be applied for the detection of multiple analytes in the m/z ratio range of small molecules (<1000) using MALDI‐TOF MS. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafast capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry with adjustable porous tip for a rapid analysis of protein digest in about a minute
Authors: Moini Mehdi , Martinez Ben
Published: December 2013

RATIONALE

This paper introduces a novel ultrafast capillary electrophoresis (UFCE) mass spectrometry (MS) method comprised of a short (< 20 cm) and narrow (≤ 5 µm) capillary, with an integrated porous segment at the terminus of the capillary, for sheathless interfacing of CE to MS. The sheathless nature of the interface minimizes dead volume which is particularly important for ultrafast CE because of the small diameters of the capillaries.

METHODS

The separation voltage across the capillary was set to produce an electric field of ≥1000 V/cm to provide an analysis time of approximately 1 min. For the analysis of peptides and protein digests, a background electrolyte containing 0.1% cationic polymer (polybrene or Poly‐E) in 0.1% acetic acid in water was used to prevent analyte–wall interaction.

RESULTS

Uniquely, the porous tip of the capillary is adjustable. This allows the porous tip to be pulled inside the sheath liquid for sample stacking during injection, or sample focusing in isoelectric focusing (IEF), or, alternatively, pushed outside of the sheath liquid for electrospray ionization (ESI). The adjustable interface preserves electrical conductivity during electrokinetic injection with reverse electro‐osmotic flow. Therefore, pre‐concentration of analytes at the capillary inlet is achieved without the need to disassemble the interface, improving the throughput.

CONCLUSIONS

As a proof of concept, the application of UFCE‐MS was demonstrated by the analysis of a peptide mixture and a protein digest in ~1 min. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Systemic Approach to Multi‐agency Community Safety
Authors: Taylor Mark John , Higgins Emma , Francis Hulya
Published: December 2013

In this paper, we examine a multiparadigm systemic approach to multi‐agency community safety. A detailed case study was undertaken of a multi‐agency partnership involving a fire and rescue service, a local council, an NHS primary care trust and a police force in the North West region of the UK. The community safety project studied was funded by the UK Department of Communities and Local Government over an 18‐month period. The multiparadigm approach used was beneficial for understanding the nature of community safety and its application in actual practice. The project involved the development of a novel customer segmentation approach based upon combined fire risk, health risk, social care risk and crime risk to support identification of at‐risk social groups to enable more targeted and coordinated provision of preventative measures for community safety by the public sector agencies involved. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of non‐contact sensors (IBIS‐S) and finite element methods in the assessment of bridge deck structures
Authors: Alani Amir M. , Aboutalebi Morteza , Kilic Gokhan
Published: December 2013

The main objective of this investigation is to provide an alternative method for the damage detection and assessment of bridge structures based on comparisons between finite element (FE) modelling/analysis and field data. The field data reported in this paper refers to the use of a non‐destructive structural testing method (IBIS‐S sensor system – displacement/movement‐detection sensors with interferometric capabilities) and visual inspections. The FE models developed and presented in this study demonstrate certain degrees of reliability in terms of predicting the mechanical behaviour of the bridge structure under investigation. The FE models were developed using the ANSYS software package. This investigation also provides a detailed report on the application of the field survey that was carried out on a rather heavily used bridge located in Chatham, Kent, UK. The field data concerning the IBIS‐S sensors correspond to subjecting the bridge to different static and dynamic loading conditions. The static and dynamic structural responses of the bridge were created by driving a lorry up and down the bridge. The same loading conditions were then simulated using the FE model developed to verify the sensitivity of the model. This FE model was then used to study the response of the bridge to other loading conditions. It is believed that the proposed method could potentially be used for assessing bridge structures within the context of the health monitoring of structures.
Effect of bond degradation due to corrosion – a literature survey
Authors: Mancini Giuseppe , Tondolo Francesco
Published: December 2013

Bond can play an important role in the assessment of existing structures, particularly when corrosion of reinforcement is to be expected. The results of bond tests on corroded bars embedded in concrete are not yet fully conclusive for the definition of bond degradation due to the effect of corroded reinforcement. The structural effects of bond degradation can assume a different importance following the resisting mechanism that is activated within the structure. A critical review of the data available is presented here; some aspects such as embedment length, corrosion rate and type of test are analysed.
Influence of time‐dependent effects on the crack spacing in reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Castel Arnaud , Gilbert Raymond Ian
Published: December 2013

This paper aims to put into perspective the influence of long‐term effects, such as concrete creep and shrinkage, on concrete cracking. Long‐term experimental results obtained at the Centre for Infrastructure Engineering & Safety (CIES) are reported and compared to design estimates made using the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010. The influence of factors such as stirrup spacing and concrete cover are discussed. Results show that time‐dependent shrinkage‐induced cracking can considerably modify the cracking patterns obtained in short‐term tests. For crack control in real structures and for the development of models for inclusion in codes of practice, it is strongly recommended that account be taken of time‐dependent effects. Limiting observations to those made in short‐term tests may lead to erroneous conclusions that are simply not applicable for structures that are more than a few weeks old.
Splendid concrete architecture in National Tourist Routes in Norway
Authors: Krokstrand Ole H. , Ramstad Reiulf , Hölmebakk Carl‐Viggo
Published: December 2013

The Norwegian Public Roads Administration started a programme named “National Tourist Routes in Norway” in 1994. Today it includes 18 selected routes from south to north. The uniqueness of these attractions lies in the spectacular architecture found at the viewpoints, places of interest and visitor centres located amid magnificent scenery.

The aim of the tourist routes was to strengthen Norway's position in the marketing of international tourism and to help promote local business.

The routes are carefully selected and allow tourists to enjoy some of the most spectacular scenery in the country. Young Norwegian sculptors and architects, and a few renowned ones from abroad too, were invited to take up the challenge of creating unique viewing platforms, service buildings, footbridges, ramps, benches and stairs to be placed along the different routes. All are so unique that tourists automatically stop as they drive along, not just to admire the scenery, but also the special objects.

Several of these objects are in concrete, and four are presented below. (Map references for the individual projects are listed for easy searching on Google Earth)
PIV measurements and CFD simulation of the performance and flow physics and of a small‐scale vertical axis wind turbine
Authors: Edwards Jonathan M. , Danao Louis Angelo , Howell Robert J.
Published: December 2013

The aerodynamics generated by a small small‐scale vertical axis wind turbine are illustrated in detail as a NACA0022 rotor blade carries out a complete rotation at three tip speed ratios. These aerodynamic details are then linked to the wind turbine performance. This is achieved by using detailed experimental measurements of performance and near‐blade particle image velocimetry (PIV) and also by using a two‐dimensional Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes‐based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Uniquely, therefore, the CFD model is validated against both PIV visualizations and performance measurements.

At low tip speed ratios (λ = 2), the flow field is dominated by large‐scale stalling behaviour as shown in both the experimental results and simulations. The onset of stall appears to be different between the experiment and simulation, with the simulation showing a gradual separation progressing forward from the trailing edge, while the experiment shows a more sudden leading‐edge roll‐up. Overall, similar scales of vortices are shed at a similar rate in both the experimental results and simulations. The most significant CFD–PIV differences are observed in predicting flow re‐attachment. At a higher tip speed ratio (λ = 3), the flow separates slightly later than in the previous condition, and as occurs in the lower tip speed ratio, the main differences between the experiment and the simulation are in the flow re‐attachment process, specifically that the simulations predicts a delay in the process. At a tip speed ratio of 4, smaller predicted flow separation in the latter stages of the upwind part of the rotation is the main difference in comparison to the experiment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of ambient noise on maternal behavior in a Bornean sun bear (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus)
Authors: Owen Megan A. , Hall Suzanne , Bryant Lisa , Swaisgood Ronald R.
Published: December 2013

Anthropogenic noise has become a pervasive feature of both marine and terrestrial habitats worldwide. While a comprehensive understanding of the biologically significant impacts of noise on wildlife is lacking, concerns regarding its influence persist. Noise is also a common feature in the zoological setting, and much can be learned regarding the species‐typical response to ambient noise by studying animals in captivity. Here we correlate behavioral and vocal patterns in a Bornean sun bear (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus) mother and cub with ambient noise levels during the 6‐month post‐partum period. We hypothesized that loud ambient noise would be correlated with changes in behavior, and predicted that noise would be negatively correlated with maternal care behavior, potentially masking cub vocalizations or providing a distraction to the mother. Contrary to expectation, we found that the mother spent significantly more time attending to her cub (P = 0.03) on loud days. We also found that she tended to spend less time feeding (P = 0.08); however her time spent resting was not affected. The cub was approximately twice as vocal on loud days, although these results were not statistically significant (humming: P = 0.10; squawks/cries: P = 0.14). Taken together, these results suggest that the behavioral response to ambient noise may have potential energetic costs, and as a result efforts should be made to reduce ambient noise exposure during the post‐partum period. Zoo Biol. 33:49–53, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Surgical Conditions Account for the Majority of Admissions to Three Primary Referral Hospitals in Rural Mozambique
Authors: Anderson Jamie E. , Erickson Anne , Funzamo Carlos , Bendix Peter , Assane Americo , Rose John , Vaz Fernando , Noormahomed Emilia Virginia , Bickler Stephen W.
Published: December 2013

Background

The World Health Organization has identified the primary referral hospital as its priority site for improving surgical care in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Little is known about the relative burden surgical patients place on health care facilities at this level. This research estimates the fraction of admissions due to surgical conditions at three hospitals in rural Mozambique.

Methods

Prospective data were collected on all inpatients at three primary referral hospitals in Mozambique during a 12‐day period. We compared the number of surgical patients and their length of stay (LOS) to the patients admitted to the medicine, pediatric, and maternity wards. These findings were validated using retrospective data collected from one hospital from January to May 2012.

Results

Patients with surgical conditions (i.e., patients admitted to the surgical or maternity ward) accounted for 57.5 % of admissions and 48.0 % of patient‐days. The majority of patients were admitted to the maternity ward (32.3 %). The other admissions were evenly distributed to the pediatric (22.5 %), medical (20.0 %), and surgical (25.2 %) wards. Compared to patients from the three other wards, surgical patients had longer average LOS (8.7 vs. 1.9–7.7 days) and a higher number of total patient‐days (891 vs. 252–703 days). The most prevalent procedures were cesarean section (33.3 %) and laceration repair/wound care (11.8 %).

Conclusions

Surgical conditions are the most common reason for admissions at three primary referral hospitals in rural Mozambique. These data suggest that surgical care is a major component of health care delivered at primary referral hospitals in Mozambique and likely other sub‐Saharan African countries.
Reflectance and transmittance spectra of leaves and shoots of 22 vascular plant species and reflectance spectra of trunks and branches of 12 tree species in Japan
Authors: Noda Hibiki M. , Motohka Takeshi , Murakami Kazutaka , Muraoka Hiroyuki , Nasahara Kenlo Nishida
Published: December 2013

This data paper reports spectral reflectance and transmittance data of leaves from 21 terrestrial vascular plant species (seven herbaceous, and 14 broadleaf and long‐needle coniferous tree species) and of shoots from one short‐needle coniferous tree species. The reflectance spectra of branches of one tree species, of the trunks of 12 tree species and ground surface of one deciduous broad‐leaf forest are also reported. Optical measurements and leaf samplings were made at five sites on Honshu Island, Japan, which are typical vegetation types in East Asia, i.e., grassland, paddy field, and deciduous broad‐leaf or coniferous forests. The collection and measurements were conducted for main species in each site. To include other common vegetation types in East Asia, such as evergreen broad‐leaf or coniferous forests, the sample collection and the measurements were conducted at gardens and an experimental forest. Leaves of ten deciduous species were measured at different phenological stages from leaf expansion to senescence since those species shows significant seasonal changes in spectral reflectance and transmittance of leaves. Leaves at different position in a canopy (e.g., sunlit versus shaded leaves) were also measured for eight of 21 species. The spectral reflectance and transmittance from both adaxial and abaxial sides of the all leaves or needles, expect Picea abies needles. The measurements of the leaves were conducted with a spectroradiometer attached via an optical fiber to an integrating sphere. Two types of integrating spheres were used: a model LI‐1800‐12 (Li‐Cor) and an RTS‐3ZC integrating sphere (Analytical Spectral Devices). A leaf clip accessory was also used instead of an integrating sphere for measuring the leaves of two species. All data were measured within the 350–2,500‐nm spectral range with 1‐nm steps between measurements but the data obtained by LI‐1800 is unavailable in 1,650–1,740, 1,890–1,950, and 2,050–2,500 nm because of a large amount of noise. These data are used as input parameters in a radiative transfer model designed to estimate the leaf area index from radiation reflected from a canopy surface.
Räumliche Aspekte der Schulversorgung aus Nutzersicht – Ergebnisse einer Eltern-Schüler-Befragung in Schleswig-Holstein
Authors: Diller Christian , Frank Keno
Published: December 2013

In this article the point of view of users, namely parents and pupils, regarding the spatial aspects of educational planning are taken into account. In view of increased educational competition, pressure to achieve in schools and an ever broader and more sophisticated range of educational opportunities, what role do spatial aspects actually play in pupils’ and their parents’ attitudes to education?

Is the spatial proximity of schools actually still important, when one considers the general increase in the scope of children’s activities? In an empirical study of two districts of Schleswig-Holstein the aspect of physical distance is identified as a theme in numerous respects. The objective school journey distances are examined, as well as the latent importance of the physical proximity of the place of residence to the location of the school for the educational success of the child. Also examined are the contacts between pupils and the social involvement of the parents in the school; the concrete importance of the physical proximity of the home to the school when making a decision about the choice of school location; and the home to school journey distances which are considered reasonable for the pupils. Furthermore various aspects of the choice of transport are also examined.

Finally of interest is also the research methodology question regarding what explanatory content latent attitude variables have in comparison to variables which relate to concrete decision-making situations.
Identity and norms: the role of group membership in medical student wellbeing
Authors: McNeill Kathleen G. , Kerr Annelise , Mavor Kenneth I.
Published: December 2013

Medical students experience high levels of mental health problems, which can lead to poor academic performance, substance abuse and burnout. The current paper draws on social psychology to explore the factors underpinning wellbeing in medical students. From the literature it is evident that there is a strong association between group membership and wellbeing. There is also evidence, however, that when the norms of a group prescribe unhealthy behaviours, group members who identify strongly with the group are likely to engage in those behaviours. It was hypothesized that (a) there would be a positive relationship between identification and wellbeing in medical students, (b) perceptions of norms would be positively related to unhealthy behaviour which would be negatively related to wellbeing and (c) identification would be positively related to levels of norm-related unhealthy behaviour. Ninety-two Australian medical students completed measures of identification, endorsement of norms, own behaviour in relation to norms and three indicators of wellbeing. The results supported the first hypothesis and showed only partial support for the second, suggesting a primarily positive role of group processes in medical student wellbeing. The implications for interventions to improve wellbeing in medical schools and directions for future research are discussed.
Perturbations of quadratic Hamiltonian two-saddle cycles
Authors: Gavrilov Lubomir , Iliev Iliya D.
Published: December 2013

We prove that the number of limit cycles which bifurcate from a two-saddle loop of a planar quadratic Hamiltonian system, under an arbitrary quadratic deformation, is less than or equal to three.
Structure–function analysis of the ATP‐driven glycolipid efflux pump DevBCA reveals complex organization with TolC/HgdD
Authors: Staron Peter , Forchhammer Karl , Maldener Iris
Published: December 2013

In Gram‐negative bacteria, trans‐envelope efflux pumps have periplasmic membrane fusion proteins (MFPs) as essential components. MFPs act as mediators between outer membrane factors (OMFs) and inner membrane factors (IMFs). In this study, structure–function relations of the ATP‐driven glycolipid efflux pump DevBCA‐TolC/HgdD from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 were analyzed. The binding of the MFP DevB to the OMF TolC absolutely required the respective tip‐regions. The interaction of DevB with the IMF DevAC mainly involved the β‐barrel and the lipoyl domain. Efficient binding to DevAC and TolC, substrate recognition and export activity by DevAC were dependent on stable DevB hexamers.
Long‐term Intrathecal Baclofen: Outcomes After More than 10 Years of Treatment
Authors: Mathur Sunjay N. , Chu Samuel K. , McCormick Zack , Chang Chien George C. , Marciniak Christina M.
Published: December 2013

Objective

To report outcomes of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy for spasticity management in a cohort of patients who had received this treatment for at least 10 years.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey and retrospective chart review.

Setting

An academic rehabilitation outpatient clinic.

Participants

Adult patients with spasticity treated with ITB for at least 10 years.

Main Outcome Measurements

Surveys included the Brief Pain Inventory, Penn Spasm Frequency Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Diener Satisfaction with Life, Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, and Intrathecal Baclofen Survey.

Results

Twenty‐four subjects completed the surveys. The subjects had been treated with ITB from 10.0‐28.4 years, with a mean (standard deviation) of 14.7 ± 4.2 years. The mean (standard deviation) dose of ITB was 627.9 ± 306.7 μg/d, with only 6 subjects averaging daily dose changes of more than 10% compared with 3 years earlier. The mean (standard deviation) scores on outcomes surveys were the following: 2.6 ± 2.3 for pain severity on the Brief Pain Inventory, 1.4 ± 0.7 for spasm severity on the Penn Spasm Frequency Scale, 7.9 ± 5.4 on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, 4.1 ± 1.6 on the Fatigue Severity Scale, 19.4 ± 8.1 on the Diener Satisfaction with Life, 3.9 ± 0.9 on the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, and 8.8 ± 1.9 for overall satisfaction with ITB on the Intrathecal Baclofen Survey. On the Brief Pain Inventory, the mean scores for pain severity and interference of pain with life showed moderate inverse correlations with ITB dose (r = −0.386, P = .115; and r = −0.447, P = .062, respectively). On the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, the mean scores for life satisfaction showed statistically significant positive correlation with ITB dose (r = 0.549, P = .021).

Conclusions

The subjects reported low levels of pain, moderate levels of life satisfaction, normal levels of sleepiness, low‐to‐moderate levels of fatigue, infrequent spasms at mild‐to‐moderate severity, and high levels of satisfaction. The efficacy and favorable adverse effect profile of ITB therapy was sustained in this cohort of subjects with more than a decade of treatment.
Centred and staggered arrangements of tidal turbines
Authors: Draper S. , Nishino T.
Published: December 2013

In this paper we extend linear momentum actuator disc theory to consider two rows of tidal turbines placed in a centred or staggered arrangement. The extensions assume a streamwise spacing between rows that is sufficient for pressure equalization, but is not too large for significant mixing of the upstream turbine wake before the second row. We first consider a given number of turbines in a tidal channel; in this case the average power for a staggered arrangement over two rows is found to be higher than that for a centred arrangement, but lower than can be obtained by placing all turbines side-by-side in one row (if all turbines have the same local resistance). Furthermore, staggered arrangements extract power more efficiently than centred arrangements, but less efficiently than a single row with the same number of turbines, and this has implications for ranking different arrangements of tidal turbines. We also use the extended actuator disc models (together with an argument of scale separation) to consider some example arrangements of tidal turbines in laterally unconfined flow. Specifically, it is shown that locally staggering a fixed number of turbines in an array to form a tidal farm generates less power than placing the same number of turbines side-by-side. However, if more than one row of turbines is adopted (perhaps to keep the farm spatially compact) then the optimum turbine spacing within a row increases significantly with addition of a second row. This trend suggests that multi-row tidal turbine farms would require wide turbine spacing within each row to maximize the power per turbine, similarly to existing offshore wind farms.
Numerical analysis of bluff body wakes under periodic open-loop control
Authors: Parkin Derwin J. , Thompson M. C. , Sheridan J.
Published: December 2013

Large eddy simulations at$Re= 23\hspace{0.167em} 000$are used to investigate the drag on a two-dimensional elongated cylinder caused by rear-edge periodic actuation, with particular focus on an optimum open-loop configuration. The 3.64 (length/thickness) aspect-ratio cylinder has a rectangular cross-section with rounded leading corners, representing the two-dimensional cross-section of the now genericAhmed-body geometry. The simulations show that the optimum drag reduction occurs in the forcing Strouhal number range of$0. 09\leq S{t}_{act} \leq 0. 135$, which is approximately half of the Strouhal number corresponding to shedding of von Kármán vortices into the wake for the natural case. This result agrees well with recent experiments of Henninget al. (Active Flow Control, vol. 95, 2007, pp. 369–390). A thorough transient wake analysis employing dynamic mode decomposition is conducted for all cases, with special attention paid to the Koopman modes of the wake flow and vortex progression downstream. Two modes are found to coexist in all cases, the superimposition of which recovers the majority of features observed in the flow. Symmetric vortex shedding in the near wake, which effectively extends the mean recirculation bubble, is shown to be the major mechanism in lowering the drag. This is associated with opposite-signed vortices reducing the influence of natural vortex shedding, resulting in an increase in the pressure in the near wake, while the characteristic wake antisymmetry returns further downstream. Lower-frequency actuation is shown to create larger near-wake symmetric vortices, which improves the effectiveness of this process.
Characterization of microsatellite DNA libraries from three mealybug species and development of microsatellite markers forPseudococcus viburni(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Correa M.C.G. , Zaviezo T. , Le Maguet J. , Herrbach E. , Malausa T.
Published: December 2013

Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are important pests for crops worldwide. Different species, cryptic taxa under the same species name or even populations within a species can differ in biological characteristics, such as phenology, resistance to insecticides, virus transmission and susceptibility to natural enemies. Therefore, their management efficacy depends on their accurate identification. Microsatellite genetic markers are efficient in revealing the fine-scale taxonomic status of insects, both at inter- and intra-specific level. Despite their potential uses, microsatellites have been developed only for one mealybug species so far. Hence, it is unclear whether microsatellites may be useful to assess mealybug population differentiation and structuring. In this work, we tested the feasibility of developing microsatellite markers in mealybugs by: (i) producing and characterizing microsatellite DNA libraries for three species:Pseudococcus viburni, Pseudococcus comstockiandHeliococcus bohemicus, and (ii) by developing and testing markers forPs. viburni. The obtained libraries contained balanced percentages of dinucleotide (ranging from 15 to 25%) and trinucleotide (from 5 to 17%) motifs. The marker setup forPs. viburniwas successful, although 70% of the primers initially tested were discarded for a lack of polymorphism. Finally, 25 markers were combined in two multiplex polymerase chain reactions with 21 displaying no evidence of deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.Ps. viburnimarkers were tested on one population from France and one from Chile. The markers revealed a significant genetic differentiation between the two populations with an Fst estimate of 0.266.
Approximately Rationally or Elliptically Connected Varieties
Authors: Voisin Claire
Published: December 2013

We discuss a possible approach to the study of the vanishing of the Kobayashi pseudo-metric of a projective variety X, using chains of rational or elliptic curves contained in an arbitrarily small neighbourhood of X in projective space for the Euclidean topology.
Hodge Theory on Generalized Normal Crossing Varieties
Authors: Kawamata Yujiro
Published: December 2013

We generalize some results in Hodge theory to generalized normal crossing varieties.
Minimal Rational Curves on Complete Toric Manifolds and Applications
Authors: Chen Yifei , Fu Baohua , Hwang Jun-Muk
Published: December 2013

We show that minimal rational components on a complete toric manifold X correspond bijectively to some special primitive collections in the fan defining X, and the associated varieties of minimal rational tangents are linear subspaces. Two applications are given: the first is a classification of n-dimensional toric Fano manifolds with a minimal rational component of degree n, and the second shows that any complete toric manifold satisfying certain combinatorial conditions on the fan has the target rigidity property.
Microhabitat use and photoacclimation in the clownfish sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor
Authors: Dixon Austin K. , Needham David , Al-Horani Fuad A. , Chadwick Nanette E.
Published: December 2013

Many reef-building corals photoacclimate by increasing levels of chlorophyll per microalgal cell with depth, but mechanisms of photoacclimation in coral reef sea anemones remain poorly understood. We determined variation in ambient irradiance and patterns of abundance, microhabitat use, chlorophyll and microalgal cell concentrations in clownfish sea anemones Entacmaea quadricolor from 0 to 43 m depth on a coral reef at Aqaba, Jordan, northern Red Sea. In shallow areas, anemones occupied shaded reef microhabitats exposed to significantly lower irradiance than in the adjacent open water, but on the deep reef slope they occupied unshaded habitats. Anemone abundances were the highest observed thus far in the Red Sea, and peaked at mid depth on the reef slope. Microalgal abundance in anemone tentacles increased four-fold from the shallow to deep reef, while chlorophyll-a concentrations per algal cell did not vary significantly with depth. We conclude that E. quadricolor photoacclimates using two major mechanisms: (1) occurrence in shaded microhabitats when shallow, thus reducing exposure to high irradiance, and (2) increasing microalgal abundance with depth, thereby enhancing photosynthetic efficiency at low irradiance.
Falls Risk and Hospitalization among Retired Workers with Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Authors: Girard Serge André , Leroux Tony , Verreault René , Courteau Marilène , Picard Michel , Turcotte Fernand , Baril Julie
Published: December 2013

L’étude vise à vérifier si une perte auditive d’origine professionnelle, contribue au risque de chute avec hospitalisation chez des retraités. Des hommes (≥ 65 ans) exposés au bruit en moyenne durant 30,6 ans et dont la perte auditive bilatérale moyenne est de 42,2 dB HL (3, 4 et 6 kHz) sont étudiés. 72 travailleurs retraités hospitalisés suite à une chute sont appariés à 216 retraités des mêmes secteurs industriels. Des modèles de régression logistique conditionnelle sont utilisés pour estimer le rapport de cote (RC) par catégories de perte auditive. Les résultats montrent une relation entre une perte auditive sévère (≥ 52,5 dB HL) et une chute (RC = 1,97 IC95%: 1,001 à 3,876). Réduire les chutes chez les personnes âgées favorise le maintien de leur autonomie. Il faut développer les connaissances sur les effets nocifs du bruit au travail, promouvoir la santé auditive et favoriser de saines conditions de travail.
Developmental psychopathology: A paradigm shift or just a relabeling?
Authors: Rutter Michael
Published: December 2013

Developmental psychopathology is described as a conceptual approach that involves a set of research methods that capitalize on developmental and psychopathological variations to ask questions about mechanisms and processes. Achievements are described in relation to attachment and attachment disorders, autism, schizophrenia, childhood antecedents of adult psychopathology, testing for environmental mediation of risk effects, gene–environment interplay, intellectual and language functioning, effects of mentally ill parents on the children, stress and vulnerability to depression, ethnicity and schizophrenia, and drug response. Continuities and discontinuities over the course of development are discussed in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, antisocial behavior, eating disorders, substance abuse and dependency, pharmacological and behavioral addictions, and a range of other disorders. Research challenges are considered in relation to spectrum concepts, the adolescent development of a female preponderance for depression, the mechanisms involved in age differences in response to drugs and to lateralized brain injury, the processing of experiences, the biological embedding of experiences, individual differences in response to environmental hazards, nature–nurture integration, and brain plasticity.
Behavior genetics: Past, present, future
Authors: Jaffee Sara R. , Price Thomas S. , Reyes Teresa M.
Published: December 2013

The disciplines of developmental psychopathology and behavior genetics are concerned with many of the same questions about the etiology and course of normal and abnormal behavior and about the factors that promote typical development despite the presence of risk. The goal of this paper is to summarize how research in behavior genetics has shed light on questions that are central to developmental psychopathology. We briefly review the origins of behavior genetics, summarize the findings that have been gleaned from several decades of quantitative and molecular genetics research, and describe future directions for research that will delineate gene function as well as pathways from genes to brain to behavior. The importance of environmental contributions, at both genetic and epigenetic levels, will be discussed. We conclude that behavior genetics has made significant contributions to developmental psychopathology by documenting the interplay among risk and protective factors at multiple levels of the organism, by clarifying the causal status of risk exposures, and by identifying factors that account for change and stability in psychopathology. As the tools to identify gene function become increasingly sophisticated, and as behavioral geneticists become increasingly interdisciplinary in their scope, the field is poised to make ever greater contributions to our understanding of typical and atypical development.
Beyond risk, resilience, and dysregulation: Phenotypic plasticity and human development
Authors: Belsky Jay , Pluess Michael
Published: December 2013

We provide a theoretical and empirical basis for the claim that individual differences exist in developmental plasticity and that phenotypic plasticity should be a subject of study in its own right. To advance this argument, we begin by highlighting challenges that evolutionary thinking poses for a science of development and psychopathology, including for the diathesis–stress framework that has (fruitfully) guided so much empirical inquiry on developmental risk, resilience, and dysregulation. With this foundation laid, we raise a series of issues that the differential-susceptibility hypothesis calls attention to, while highlighting findings that have emerged over just the past several years and are pertinent to some of the questions posed. Even though it is clear that this new perspective on Person × Environment interaction is stimulating research and influencing how hypotheses are framed and data interpreted, a great many topics remain that need empirical attention. Our intention is to encourage students of development and psychopathology to treat phenotypic plasticity as an individual-difference construct while exploring unknowns in the differential-susceptibility equation.
Thinking clearly about the endophenotype–intermediate phenotype–biomarker distinctions in developmental psychopathology research
Authors: Lenzenweger Mark F.
Published: December 2013

The endophenotype is central to modern developmental psychopathology studies. It is used in studies seeking to connect the genetic substrates of the panoply of major mental disorders with processes, tapped by laboratory and other assessment measures, in the genotype to a behavior/psychopathology pathway. Proposed originally by Gottesman and Shields (1972; Shields & Gottesman, 1973) 41 years ago, the endophenotype concept has gained widespread traction in psychopathology research since the Gottesman and Gould (2003) review. Other concepts broadly related to the endophenotype notion have also generated discussion in experimental and developmental psychopathology research. One is the intermediate phenotype, a concept proffered as a putative alternative formulation to the endophenotype. Another concept in this intellectual vein is biomarker. The terms endophenotype, intermediate phenotype, and biomarker have often been used interchangeably in the psychiatric literature, yielding conceptual confusion. However, these three terms are not fungible. The recent Research Domain Criteria proposal from the National Institute of Mental Health has emphasized selected underlying processes thought to be of developmental etiologic significance to psychopathology. These selected processes will be the focus of energetic future research efforts, many of which will make use of the endophenotype and biomarker research paradigms. In this context, the concepts of endophenotype, intermediate phenotype, and biomarker are examined critically and contrasted in terms of meaning, intention, clarity, and intellectual history. This analysis favors use of the endophenotype concept in genetically informed laboratory and neuroscience studies of psychopathology. The term intermediate phenotype is perhaps best restricted to its originally defined meaning in genetics. Biomarker is used to denote objectively measured biological antecedents or consequences of normal or pathogenic processes or a physiologic response to a therapeutic intervention.
A roadmap for the integration of culture into developmental psychopathology
Authors: Causadias José M.
Published: December 2013

In this paper, I propose a roadmap for the integration of culture in developmental psychopathology. This integration is pressing because culture continues to be somewhat disconnected from theory, research, training, and interventions in developmental psychopathology, thus limiting our understanding of the epigenesis of mental health. I argue that in order to successfully integrate culture into developmental psychopathology, it is crucial to (a) study cultural development, (b) consider both individual-level and social-level cultural processes, (c) examine the interplay between culture and biology, and (d) promote improved and direct cultural assessment. I provide evidence in support of each of these guidelines, present alternative conceptual frameworks, and suggest new lines of research. Hopefully, that these directions will contribute to the emerging field of cultural development and psychopathology, which focuses on the elucidation of the cultural processes that initiate, maintain, or derail trajectories of normal and abnormal behavior.