bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In VivoBrain Imaging and Diagnosis
Authors: Krafft Christoph , Kirsch Matthias
Published: December 2012

Biophotonic imaging techniques are attractive candidates for analyzing brain tissue nondestructively in real time and to provide intraoperativein vivodiagnosis. In this overview, various optical approaches are described forin vivobrain imaging in neurology and neurosurgery. Although the basic principles of each technique are summarized in Part 1 of this Handbook, they are briefly introduced in this chapter in the context of brain imaging. This is followed by details of their use in neuro‐oncology and functional imaging, on neurovascular pathologies, and on regeneration, transplantation, and stem cell monitoring.
Revealing the Roles of Prefrontal Cortex in Memory
Authors: Gong Hui , Luo Qingming
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Working Memory Modality

Long‐Term Memory Modality
Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygenation
Authors: Dunn Andrew K.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging of Cerebral Blood Flow

Multispectral Reflectance Imaging of Hemoglobin Oxygenation

Imaging of
p
O
2
with Phosphorescence Quenching
Skin Diagnostics
Authors: Kaatz Martin , Lange‐Asschenfeldt Susaane , Fluhr Joachim , Köhler Johannes Martin
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Dermoscopy

Technical Principle and Development

Applications

Pigmented Skin Lesions

Non‐Pigmented Skin Lesions

Conclusion

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

Technical Principle and Development

Applications

Skin Tumors

Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Wound Healing

Bullous Skin Disorders

Other

Conclusion

Laser Doppler Imaging

Technical Principle and Development

Applications

Skin Tumors

Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Microcirculation of Chronic Wounds

Collagenosis and Rheumatic Diseases

Conclusion

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)

Technical Principle and Development

Applications

Topography of Normal Skin

Skin Tumors

Vascular Skin Lesions

Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Infections

Drug Delivery

Conclusion

Multiphoton Laser Imaging

Technical Principle and Development

Applications

Topography of Normal Skin

Skin Tumors

Skin Aging

Drug Delivery

Conclusion

Raman Spectroscopy

Technical Principle and Development

Applications

Molecular Structure of Normal Skin

Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Conclusion

Acknowledgement
Non‐Melanoma Skin Cancer
Authors: Kaatz Martin , Lange‐Asschenfeldt Susanne , Koehler Martin Johannes , Hipler Uta Christina
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Dermoscopy

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Optical Coherence Tomography (
OCT
)

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Actinic Keratosis and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (
CLSM
)

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Actinic Keratoses and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Multiphoton Tomography (
MPT
)

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Actinic Keratoses and Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Laser Doppler Imaging

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Raman Spectroscopy

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Actinic Keratoses and Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Pigmented Skin Lesions
Authors: Kaatz Martin , Lange‐Asschenfeldt Susanne , Peter‐Elsner  , Zimmermann Sindy
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Dermoscopy

Optical Coherence Tomography (
OCT
)

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (
CLSM
)

Multiphoton Laser Tomography (
MPT
)

Raman Spectroscopy

Laser Doppler Imaging
Monitoring of Blood Flow and Hemoglobin Oxygenation
Authors: Kirkpatrick Sean J. , Duncan Donald D. , Ramella‐Roman Jessica
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Laser Doppler Approaches to Quantifying Cutaneous Blood Flow

Laser Speckle Methods for Blood Flow Estimations

Oxygenation
Sensing Glucose and Other Metabolites in Skin
Authors: Genina Elina A. , Larin Kirill V. , Bashkatov Alexey N. , Tuchin Valery V.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Light–Tissue Interaction

Fluorescence Measurements

IRSpectroscopy

Photoacoustic Technique

Raman Spectroscopy

Occlusion Spectroscopy

Reflectance Spectroscopy

Polarimetric Technique

OCTTechnique

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Psoriasis and Acne
Authors: Ortel Bernhard , Calzavara‐Pinton Piergiacomo
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Psoriasis

General Principles of Phototherapies

UltravioletBPhototherapy

Photochemotherapy

Photodynamic Therapy

Laser Therapy

Mechanisms of Action

Adverse Effects

Acne

General Principles of Phototherapies

Ultraviolet Phototherapy andPUVA

Visible Light Phototherapy

Photodynamic Therapy

Mechanisms and Adverse Effects

Acknowledgments
Wound Healing
Authors: Choi Bernard
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Wound‐Healing Response to Selective Optical Injury to the Microvasculature

Recent Applications of Optical‐Based Methods in Wound Healing

Low‐Level Laser Therapy (
LLLT
) – Wound Healing

LLLT
to Aid Cerebral Nervous System Repair Processes

Wound Healing after Laser Cartilage Reshaping

Novel Diagnostic Applications of Biophotonics to Study Wound Healing
The Use of Single‐Point and Ring‐Shaped Laser Traps to Study Sperm Motility and Energetics
Authors: Shi Linda Z. , Shao Bing , Nascimento Jaclyn , Berns Michael W.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Single‐Point Laser Trap

Ring‐Shaped Laser Traps

Biological Studies

Sperm Competition

Sperm Energetics

Conclusion

Acknowledgment
Laser Thinning of the Zona Pellucida
Authors: Balakier Hanna
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

The Zona Pellucida

Laser Assisted Hatching

Laser‐Assisted
ICSI

Safety Aspects of
ZPT
Transfection of Cardiac Cells by Means of Laser‐Assisted Optoporation
Authors: Nikolskaya Alena V. , Nikolski Vladimir P. , Efimov Igor R.
Published: December 2012

The development of tissue and genetic engineering approaches to cardiovascular therapy is hampered by our limited ability to manipulate gene expression in 3D tissue structures with cellular resolution. An important unmet need is heterogeneous gene expression in cardiac cells and tissues, which requires targeted delivery of foreign DNA into selected cells or regions. Several techniques have been used for targeted transfection, such as direct microinjection into cells or targeted electroporation. However, these techniques have limited throughput or spatial resolution of transfection. We developed a method for transfection of cardiac cells by means of laser‐assisted optoporation and validated it using a standard confocal microscope. This technique allows for the transfection of selected cell types in the presence of other cell types provided that they are detectable with a microscope. This technique can work as a “gene printer” creating arbitrarily shaped areas of transfected cells.
Laser Surgery: an Overview
Authors: Pini Roberto , Rossi Francesca , Ratto Fulvio
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Laser–Tissue Interactions

Photothermal Effects

Low‐Temperature Effects (43–100 °
C
)

Medium‐ and High‐Temperature Effects (≥100 °
C
)

Controlling Heating Effects

Photomechanical Effects

Photoablation with Nanosecond Pulses

Photodisruption

Photoablation with Femtosecond Pulses

Notes on Laser Systems Suitable for Surgical Applications
Laser Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Huang Ying‐Ying , De Arce Vida J. Bil , De Taboada Luis , McCarthy Thomas , Hamblin Michael R.
Published: December 2012

The continued absence of any new pharmaceutical therapies for stroke has led researchers to test innovative approaches such as transcranial laser therapy. This approach is based upon a large body of knowledge gained from low‐level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) used for wound healing, pain relief and reduction of inflammation. Near‐infrared light (particularly 810 nm) shone on the head can penetrate into the brain where it can prevent neurons from dying, reduce inflammation, increase angiogenesis and stimulate neural progenitor cells to repair the lesion. This hypothesis has been tested in animal models of ischemic stroke created in rats and rabbits, with impressive results. Two clinical trials of stroke treated with a single transcranial exposure to 810 nm laser have been carried out with encouraging results. Laser therapy for stroke has the potential to become the treatment of choice for this dread disease.
Laser Photocoagulation
Authors: Fuisting Bettina , Richard Gisbert
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Retinal Degeneration

Retinal Tears, Retinoschisis, Retinal Detachment

Diabetic Retinopathy (DRP)

Diabetic Macular Edema (DME)

Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Retinal Vein Occlusions

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)

Macular Diseases and Choroidal Neovascularization

Age‐Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)

Transpupillary Thermotherapy (TTT) for the Treatment ofCNV

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC)

Choroidal Melanoma
Lasers in Restorative Dentistry
Authors: Kishen Anil
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Classification of Lasers in Restorative Dentistry

Lasers and Delivery Systems

Laser–Dental Tissue Interaction

Laser Effects on Dental Tissues

Laser Effect on Enamel

Laser Effects on Dentin

Laser Effects on Dental Pulp

Lasers in Operative Dentistry

Laser‐Assisted Tooth Bleaching

Laser‐Assisted Cavity Preparation and Caries Removal

Laser‐Assisted Adhesion in Tooth Color Restoration

Laser‐Activated Polymerization of Composite Resin

Laser‐Assisted Removal of Restorative Materials and Metal Dowels

Laser‐Based Management of Dentin Hypersensitivity

Application of Lasers in Endodontics

Application of Lasers to Diagnose Dental Pulp Health

Laser‐Assisted Pulp Capping and Pulpotomy

Laser‐Assisted Root Canal Disinfection and Shaping

Laser‐Assisted Root Canal Obturation

Laser‐Assisted Root Canal Retreatment

Laser‐Assisted Apical Surgery

Lasers in Periodontal Therapy

Laser‐Assisted Periodontal Soft Tissue Management

Laser‐Assisted Management of Periodontal Pocket

Bactericidal Effect of Lasers on Periodontal Pocket

Laser‐Assisted Calculus Removal

Laser‐Assisted Management of Oral Hard Tissues

Laser‐Assisted Management of Dental Hard Tissue

Conclusion
Laser Ablation of Dental Restorative Materials
Authors: Wintner Ernst , Wieger Verena
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Dental Restorative Materials

Ablation by Erbium Laser

Results for Dentin and Enamel

Results for Composites

Ablation by Ultra‐Short Pulse Laser

Conclusion
Laser Ablation of Hard Tissues
Authors: Altshuler Gregory B. , Belikov Andrey V. , Feldchtein Felix I.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Tooth Structure

Laser Ablation

Conclusion
Industrial Perspectives
Authors: Kandelbauer Andreas , Rahe Manfred , Kessler Rudolf W.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction and Definitions

Introduction

Historical Aspects

Definition of Quality: Product Functionality

Quality Control

Quality Assurance

Management and Strategy

PATInitiative

PATToolbox

The Concept of Quality by Design (QbD)

ICH

The Concept of a Design Space

Implications for Other Branches of the Life Sciences

General Remarks

Biotechnology

Food Industry

Summary and Outlook

Toolboxes for Process Control and Understanding

Introduction: Causality

Sampling

Process Validation

Role of Design of Experiments (DoE)

Role of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

Measurement Technologies (How to Measure)

Selection of the Appropriate Technique

Working in Aqueous Systems

Trace Analysis

Qualification of a Spectrometer

Data Analysis and Calibration (How to Process Data and How to Calibrate)

Introduction

Spectral Data Pretreatments and Data Cleaning

Chemometrics

Regression Analysis

Process Control (How to Control a Process)

Specific Problems Encountered in Industrial Process Analytics

Moisture Measurements (NIR,MW)

NIRSpectroscopy

Microwave Resonance Technique (MWR)

Process Analytics of Solids and Surfaces: Specular and Diffuse Reflectance

Working in Multiple Scattering Systems: Separating Scatter from Absorbance

Basics in the Measurement of Opaque Systems

Separation of Scatter from Absorption

Optical Penetration Depth

Spectral Imaging and Multipoint Spectroscopy

Survey Through Industrial Applications

Selection of Applications

Pharmaceutical Industry

UV/Vis Spectroscopy

NIRSpectroscopy

Raman Spectroscopy

Imaging Techniques

Food and Agriculture

UV/Vis Spectroscopy

NIRSpectroscopy

Raman Spectroscopy

Imaging Techniques

Polymers

UV/Vis Spectroscopy

NIRSpectroscopy

Raman Spectroscopy

Imaging Techniques

Perspectives

Technology Roadmap 2015+

Medical Applications and Tomographic Imaging

Multi‐ Point‐Information Systems in Manufacturing

Multimodal Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy

Microreactor Control and Reaction Tomography
Detection of Explosives
Authors: Schade Wolfgang , Orghici Rozalia , Mordmüller Mario , Willer Ulrike
Published: December 2012

The detection of explosives is a research area of the utmost importance for maintaining the safety and security of the population. For this purpose, optical methods are well suited as they allow
in situ
, nondestructive and contact‐free detection of gaseous species. Distinct photonic sensor devices for the detection of explosives are described, taking into account their suitability for applications in real environments, where high sensitivity, selectivity, fast response and low false‐alarm rate are of great importance. The presented sensing approaches are based on different operation principles, all relying on the interaction of light with the hazardous substances in both the gaseous and condensed phases.
High‐Throughput and ‐Content Screening/Screening for New Pharmaceutics
Authors: Tannert Astrid , Schaefer Michael
Published: December 2012

For the development of new pharmaceutics, high‐throughput or high‐content screening approaches are widely applied in industry and also in academia. Many screening campaigns rely on photonic readouts, since assays are simple and fast to perform and can easily be miniaturized. Moreover, many repetitive measurements can be performed with most chromophores. Screening approaches can either be based on isolated target molecules, or apply live cell measurements. Multiple readout parameters from one screening assay are now more and more used to achieve an extensive characterization of on‐ and off‐target effects of the screened compounds. In this chapter we introduce general screening strategies and focus on assays that allow screening of compound libraries using photonic measurements.
Optical Measurements for the Rational Screening of Protein Crystallization Conditions
Authors: Janzen Christoph , Hoffmann Kurt
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

State of the Art of Protein Crystallization Techniques

A New Crystallization Method that Enables the Use of Optical Measurement Technologies

Optical Measurements for a Rational Crystallization Process

Static Light Scattering for the Analysis of the Pre‐Nucleation Phase

Dynamic Light Scattering for the Analysis of the Nucleation Phase

Quantitative Polarization Microscopy for the Analysis of the Post‐Nucleation Phase

Development of a New Optical Instrument

Measurement of Static and Dynamic Light Scattering in Small Volumes

Quantitative Polarization Microscopy

System Integration, Automation and Data Processing

Optical Measurements

Static Light Scattering

Instrument Performance

Measuring the Virial Coefficient of Proteins

Development of the Virial Coefficient with Different Solvent Parameters

Dynamic Light Scattering

Quantitative Polarization Microscopy

Outlook – An Iterative Optimization Process Based on Optical Measurements
Candle Light‐Style Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Jou Jwo‐Huei , Hsieh Chun‐Yu , Tseng Jing‐Ru , Peng Shiang‐Hau , Jou Yung‐Cheng , Hong James H. , Shen Shih‐Ming , Tang Ming‐Chun , Chen Pin‐Chu , Lin Chun‐Hao
Published: December 2012

In response to the call for a physiologically‐friendly light at night that shows low color temperature, a candle light‐style organic light emitting diode (OLED) is developed with a color temperature as low as 1900 K, a color rendering index (CRI) as high as 93, and an efficacy at least two times that of incandescent bulbs. In addition, the device has a 80% resemblance in luminance spectrum to that of a candle. Most importantly, the sensationally warm candle light‐style emission is driven by electricity in lieu of the energy‐wasting and greenhouse gas emitting hydrocarbon‐burning candles invented 5000 years ago. This candle light‐style OLED may serve as a safe measure for illumination at night. Moreover, it has a high color rendering index with a decent efficiency.
Comparison of biventricular dimensions and function between pediatric sickle‐cell disease and thalassemia major patients without cardiac iron
Authors: Meloni Antonella , Detterich Jon , Berdoukas Vasili , Pepe Alessia , Lombardi Massimo , Coates Thomas D. , Wood John C.
Published: December 2012

Patients with chronic anemia develop compensatory ventricular dilation, even when maintained on chronic transfusion regimens. It is important to characterize these effects to interpret pathological changes in cardiac dimensions and function introduced by iron overload and sickle cell vasculopathy. Our primary goal was to compare biventricular dimensions and function assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in pediatric, chronically‐transfused sickle‐cell disease (SCD) and thalassemia major (TM) patients who had normal cardiac iron levels. Moreover, we explored systematic sex differences in ventricular dimensions in both populations. We identified 261 studies suitable for analysis from 64 patients with SCD (34 females) and 49 patients with TM (20 females). All demographic and CMR parameters were inversely weighted by the number of exams. In both populations, males had larger left and right ventricular dimensions than females, with a more marked effect observed in patients with SCD. Compared to patients with TM, patients with SCD showed significantly greater biventricular dilation and left ventricular hypertrophy. This difference could not be explained by different hemoglobin levels, cardiac iron overload, and systolic blood pressure. The left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) for the males and the right ventricular (RV) EF for both the sexes were comparable between SCD and TM groups, while females with SCD had significantly lower LV EF than females with TM. Our results represent important baseline findings that place changes introduced by iron overload as well as systemic and pulmonary vasculopathy in proper context. Am. J. Hematol. 88:213–218, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systemic mastocytosis with associated clonal hematological non‐mast cell lineage disease: Clinical significance and comparison of chomosomal abnormalities in SM and AHNMD components
Authors: Wang Sa A. , Hutchinson Lloyd , Tang Guilin , Chen Su S. , Miron Patricia M. , Huh Yang O. , Jones Dan M. , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos , Verstovsek Srdan , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Miranda Roberto N.
Published: December 2012

Some patients with systemic mastocytosis have concurrent hematological neoplasms, designated in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification as systemic mastocytosis with associated clonal hematological non‐mast cell lineage disease (SM‐AHNMD). In this study, we analyzed 29 patients with SM‐AHNMD and compared them to 40 patients with pure SM. The AHNMDs were classified as chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) (n = 10), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (n = 7), myeloproliferative neoplasms (n = 4), B‐cell lymphoma/leukemia/plasma cell neoplasms (n = 7), and acute myeloid leukemia (n = 1). Patients with SM‐AHNMD were older, more frequently had constitutional symptoms and hematological abnormalities, less often had skin lesions, and had an inferior overall survival compared with pure SM patients (48 months vs. not‐reached, P < 0.001). Karyotypic abnormalities were detected in 9/28 (32%) patients with SM‐AHNMD but not in pure SM patients (P < 0.001). Combined imaging/ fluorescence‐in‐situ hybridization performed in four SM‐AHNMD cases revealed shared abnormal signals in mast cells and myeloid cells in two patients with SM‐CMML and one patient with SM‐MDS, but not in the mast cells of a case SM‐associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with ATM‐deletion. Quantitative mutation analysis showed higher levels of mutant KIT D816V in SM‐CMML and SM‐MDS than in pure SM (P < 0.001). Our data indicate that the SM‐AHNMD category in the WHO classification is heterogeneous, including clonally related and unrelated forms of AHNMD. The presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients with SM‐AHNMD is often dictated by the type of AHNMD. Am. J. Hematol. 88:219–224, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association of dopamine transporter gene variants with childhood ADHD features in bipolar disorder
Authors: Greenwood Tiffany A. , Joo Eun‐Jeong , Shekhtman Tatyana , Sadovnick A. Dessa , Remick Ronald A. , Keck Paul E. , McElroy Susan L. , Kelsoe John R.
Published: December 2012

Bipolar disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit remarkably high rates of comorbidity, as well as patterns of familial co‐segregation. Epidemiological data suggests that these disorders either share a common genetic architecture or that ADHD features in BD may represent an etiologically distinct subtype. We previously used the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) to assess ADHD features in BD families and identified three heritable factors relating to impulsivity, mood instability, and inattention. Linkage analysis revealed a LOD score of 1.33 for the inattention factor on 5p15.3 near the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1), which has been associated with both BD and ADHD. Pharmacological evidence also suggests a role for DAT in both disorders. We have now evaluated the association of tenDAT1variants for the WURS total score and factors in an overlapping sample of 87 BD families. Significant associations for three SNPs were observed across the WURS measures, notably for a SNP in intron 8 with the WURS total score (P = 0.007) and for variants in introns 9 and 13 with mood instability (P = 0.009 and 0.004, respectively). Analysis of an independent sample of 52 BD cases and 46 healthy controls further supported association of the intron 8 variant with mood instability (P = 0.005), and a combined analysis confirmed the associations of this SNP with WURS total score. Impulsivity and mood instability (P = 0.002, 0.007, and 8 × 10−4, respectively). These data suggest that variants withinDAT1may predispose to a subtype of BD characterized by early prodromal features that include attentional deficits. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strobes: Pyrotechnic Compositions That Show a Curious Oscillatory Combustion
Authors: Corbel Justine M. L. , van Lingen Joost N. J. , Zevenbergen John F. , Gijzeman Onno L. J. , Meijerink Andries
Published: December 2012

Strobes are pyrotechnic compositions which show an oscillatory combustion; a dark phase and a flash phase alternate periodically. The strobe effect has applications in various fields, most notably in the fireworks industry and in the military area. All strobe compositions mentioned in the literature were discovered by trial and error methods and the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Many oscillatory systems such as Belousov–Zhabotinsky reactions, cool flames, self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis have been observed and theories developed to elucidate their unstable behavior based on chemical interactions or based on physical processes. These systems are compared to experimental observations made on strobe mixtures.
Palladium nanoparticles supported on agarose‐catalyzed Heck–Matsuda and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions using aryl diazonium salts
Authors: Gholinejad Mohammad
Published: December 2012

In this article, palladium nanoparticles supported on agarose were used as an efficient catalyst for Heck–Matsuda and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions of structurally different aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate substrates in aqueous media. Heck–Matsuda reactions proceeded at 40°C whereas Suzuki‐Miyaura reactions were carried out at room temperature. Both reactions required low catalyst loading. The catalyst was also recycled for the model reaction for three runs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silyl modification of biologically active compounds. 13. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antibacterial action of N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐triorganylsiloxyethyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro(iso)quinolinium iodides
Authors: Zablotskaya Alla , Segal Izolda , Popelis Yuris , Grinberga Solveiga , Shestakova Irina , Nikolajeva Vizma , Eze Daina
Published: December 2012

A series of N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐triorganylsiloxyethyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro(iso)quinolinium iodides has been synthesized via dehydrocondensation reaction of N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline, N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline and 4,4‐dimethyl‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐4‐sila‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline with trialkyl(aryl)hydrosilanes and subsequent alkylation, and characterized by 1H, 13C and 29Si NMR and mass spectroscopy. The biological activity data exhibited a marked enhancement of inhibitory activity against tumour cell lines and almost all the test bacterial/fungal strains in comparison with their 2‐hydroxyethyl precursors. Cytotoxicity in the microgram range against HT‐1080 (human fibrosarcoma) and MG‐22A (mouse hepatoma) cancer cell lines was observed for most of compounds. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New perspectives on the evolution of exaggerated traits
Authors: Shingleton Alexander W. , Frankino W. Anthony
Published: December 2012

The scaling of body parts is central to the evolution of morphology and shape. Most traits scale proportionally with each other and body size such that larger adults are essentially magnified versions of smaller ones. This pattern is so ubiquitous that departures from it – disproportionate scaling between trait and body size – pique interest because it can generate dramatically exaggerated traits. These extreme morphologies are frequently hypothesized to result from sexual selection and their study has a long history, with several hypotheses seeking to explain their evolution. Despite this effort, surprisingly little progress has been made in demonstrating the forms of selection that produce different scaling patterns or in identifying the mechanisms that underlie the expression and evolution of scaling relationships. Here we review recent insights regarding the proximate mechanisms that regulate and integrate trait growth and that offer a new framework for studying the evolution of morphological scaling.
Composition of n‐Alkanes in Natural Populations of Pinus nigra from Serbia – Chemotaxonomic Implications
Authors: Bojović Srdjan , Šarac Zorica , Nikolić Biljana , Tešević Vele , Todosijević Marina , Veljić Milan , Marin Petar D.
Published: December 2012

This is the first report on the composition and variability of the needle‐wax n‐alkanes in natural populations of Pinus nigra in Serbia. Samples of 195 trees from seven populations belonging to several infraspecific taxa (ssp. nigra, var. gocensis, ssp. pallasiana, and var. banatica) were analyzed. In general, the size of the n‐alkanes ranged from C16 to C33, with the exception of ssp. nigra, for which it ranged from C18 to C33. The most abundant were C23‐, C25‐, C27‐, and C29‐alkanes. The needle waxes of Populations I–III and V were characterized by a higher content of C23‐, C25‐, and C27‐alkanes and a lower content of C24‐, C26‐, C28‐, and C30‐alkanes, compared to the other populations, and the trees of these populations could be assigned to ssp. nigra. The samples of Population VI were characterized by higher amounts of C22‐, C24‐, C30‐, and C32‐alkanes and lower amounts of C25‐ and C27‐alkanes, and the trees could be considered as ssp. pallasiana. The samples of Population VII, consisting of trees belonging to var. banatica, were richer in C29‐, C31‐, and C33‐alkanes. The wax compositions of Populations IV and V, both composed of trees previously determined as P. nigra var. gocensis, showed a tendency of splitting. Indeed, the alkane composition of Population IV was closer to that of ssp. pallasiana pines, while that of Population V was more similar to that of ssp. nigra pines. From the results presented here, it is obvious that in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula, significant diversification and differentiation of the populations of black pine exists, and these populations could be defined as different intraspecific taxa. Our results also indicate the validity of n‐alkanes as chemotaxonomic characters within this aggregate.
Correlations between Genetic, Morphological, and Chemical Diversities in a Germplasm Collection of the Medicinal Plant Origanum vulgare L.
Authors: Azizi Ali , Hadian Javad , Gholami Mansour , Friedt Wolfgang , Honermeier Bernd
Published: December 2012

In total, 42 accessions of Origanum vulgare L., mostly originating from Europe, were evaluated, to detect molecular, quantitative morphological, and chemotype polymorphisms and to discover possible correlations between them. Twelve traits related to morphological characteristics were measured. The components in the essential oils were identified by GC/MS analysis, and the oil contents of 18 major compounds were determined. A total of 477 molecular polymorphisms including 214 AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and 263 SAMPL (selectively amplified microsatellite polymorphic loci) were used for genotyping. Euclidean distances of morphological and chemotypic data and genetic distances (1 – Dice's similarity) of molecular markers were compared by applying Mantel tests to ascertain the congruencies between them. A relatively high correlation between chemotypic patterns and genetic markers was identified, while a lower correlation was found between the morphological and genetic matrices. Pairwise analyses of correlation among all traits showed that the stem diameter was correlated to the essential‐oil yield and the carvacrol content. Cluster analysis, population inference, and principal component analysis revealed a broad genetic and chemical variation among the accessions. The knowledge of these diversities, found in this study, will allow a plant improvement of Origanum vulgare related to pharmaceutical and spice uses.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Aminohalogenation of Fluorinated N′‐Aryl‐N‐Propargyl Amidines for the Synthesis of Imidazole Derivatives under Mild Conditions
Authors: Li Shan , Li Zhengke , Yuan Yafen , Li Yajun , Zhang Lisi , Wu Yongming
Published: December 2012

A procedure for the synthesis of fluorinated imidazole derivatives from propargyl amidines has been developed. Under gold(I) catalysis, propargyl amidines were converted into 5‐fluoromethyl imidazoles in the presence of Selectfluor through a cascade cyclization/fluorination process. In contrast, imidazole‐5‐carbaldehydes were obtained in high yields when N‐iodosuccinimide (NIS) was used as the halogenating reagent. The polarity of the solvent and light had significant impact on the formation of the carbaldehydes. These transformations showed excellent functional‐group tolerance. An unfluorinated substrate with an electron‐withdrawing group also underwent aminohalogenation to give the corresponding product in good yield. Mechanistic investigation revealed the general pathways of these transformations.
Dual Gold Catalysis: σ,π‐Propyne Acetylide and Hydroxyl‐Bridged Digold Complexes as Easy‐To‐Prepare and Easy‐To‐Handle Precatalysts
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Lauterbach Tobias , Nösel Pascal , Vilhelmsen Mie Højer , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank
Published: December 2012

A series of dinuclear gold σ,π‐propyne acetylide complexes were prepared and tested for their catalytic ability in dual gold catalysis that was based on the reaction of an electrophilic π‐complex of gold with a gold acetylide. The air‐stable and storable catalysts can be isolated as silver‐free catalysts in their activated form. These dual catalysts allow a fast initiation phase for the dual catalytic cycles without the need for additional additives for acetylide formation. Because propyne serves as a throw‐away ligand, no traces of the precatalyst are generated. Based on the fast initiation process, side products are minimized and reaction rates are higher for these catalysts. A series of test reactions were used to demonstrate the general applicability of these catalysts. Lower catalyst loadings, faster reaction rates, and better selectivity, combined with the practicability of these catalysts, make them ideal catalysts for dual gold catalysis.
Counterion Dynamics in an Interpenetrated Coordination Cage Capable of Dissolving AgCl
Authors: Freye Sabrina , Engelhard David M. , John Michael , Clever Guido H.
Published: December 2012

In solution, the eight BF4− counterions of a positively charged D4‐symmetric interpenetrated [Pd4ligand8]8+ double cage (1) are localized in distinct positions. At low temperatures, one BF4− ion is encapsulated inside the central pocket of the supramolecular structure, two BF4− ions are bound inside the equivalent outer pockets, and the remaining five BF4− ions are located outside the cage structure (expressed by the formula [3 BF4@1][BF4]5). On warming, the two BF4− ions in the outer pockets are found to exchange with the exterior ions in solution whereas the central BF4− ion stays locked inside the central cavity (here written as [BF4@1][BF4]7). The exchange kinetics were determined by exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) NMR experiments and line‐shape fitting in different solvents. The tremendously high affinity of this double cage for the binding of two chloride ions inside the outer pockets allows for complete exchange of two BF4− ions by the addition of solid AgCl to give [2 Cl+BF4@1][BF4]5. The uptake of the two chloride ions is allosteric and is thus accompanied by a structural rearrangement (compression along the Pd4 axis) of the double cage structure. An analysis by using 900 MHz NOESY NMR spectroscopy shows that this compression of about 3.3 % is associated with a helical twist of 8°, which together resemble a screw motion. As a consequence of squeezing each of the outer two pockets by 53 %, the volume of the central pocket is increased by 43 %, which results in an increase of 36 % in the 19F spin‐lattice relaxation time (T1) of the central BF4− ion. The packing coefficients (PC) for the ions in the outer pockets (103 % for BF4− and 96 % for Cl−) were calculated.
Structural and Stereochemical Studies of Hydroxyanthraquinone Derivatives from the Endophytic Fungus Coniothyrium sp
Authors: Sun Peng , Huo Juan , Kurtán Tibor , Mándi Attila , Antus Sándor , Tang Hua , Draeger Siegfried , Schulz Barbara , Hussain Hidayat , Krohn Karsten , Pan Weihua , Yi Yanghua , Zhang Wen
Published: December 2012

Four known hydroxyanthraquinones (1–4) together with four new derivatives having a tetralone moiety, namely coniothyrinones A–D (5–8), were isolated from the culture of Coniothyrium sp., an endophytic fungus isolated from Salsola oppostifolia from Gomera in the Canary Islands. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and comparison with reported data. The absolute configurations of coniothyrinones A (5), B (6), and D (8) were determined by TDDFT calculations of CD spectra, allowing the determination of the absolute configuration of coniothyrinone C (7) as well. Coniothyrinones A (5), B (6), and D (8) could be used as ECD reference compounds in the determination of absolute configuration for related tetralone derivatives. This is the first report of anthraquinones and derivatives from an isolate of the genus Coniothyrium sp. These compounds showed inhibitory effects against the fungus Microbotryum violaceum, the alga Chlorella fusca, and the bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium. Chirality 25:141–148, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Electrical Properties of Highly Resistive Dusts
Authors: Riebel Ulrich , Aleksin Yury , Vora Alpesh
Published: December 2012

Hochohmige Stäube zeigen ein ausgeprägtes nicht‐ohmsches Verhalten. Die als spezifischer elektrischer Widerstand bekannte Messgröße ist stark abhängig von der Schichtdicke und der Polarität der Hochspannung. Der Stromstransport findet durch Überschussladungen beider Polaritäten statt, die zu hohen Raumladungsdichten führen und starke elektrostatische Felder induzieren. Die beobachteten Effekte können als Elektret‐Effekte interpretiert werden. Zur Untersuchung des elektrischen Verhaltens wurden hochohmige Staubschichten innerhalb einer Spitze‐Platte‐Anordnung einem elektrischen Feld mit überlagerter Korona‐Entladung ausgesetzt.
Fluid Flow and Cell Proliferation of Mesenchymal Adipose‐Derived Stem Cells in Small‐Scale, Stirred, Single‐Use Bioreactors
Authors: Kaiser Stephan , Jossen Valentin , Schirmaier Carmen , Eibl Dieter , Brill Silke , van den Bos Christian , Eibl Regine
Published: December 2012

The fluid flow and suspension characteristics inside small‐scale, stirred, single‐use bioreactors were investigated experimentally and by means of computational fluid dynamics. The required impeller speeds for homogenous suspension were determined for two microcarrier types. The shear stress level and turbulence distribution were predicted using a numerical model, which was verified by particle image velocimetry measurements. In subsequent cultivations of primary mesencymal adipose‐derived stem cells, up to 31.4‐fold expansion in cell number was achieved for serum concentrations as low as 5 %.
The cellular and synaptic location of activated TrkB in mouse hippocampus during limbic epileptogenesis
Authors: Helgager Jeffrey , Liu Gumei , McNamara James O.
Published: December 2012

Understanding the mechanisms of limbic epileptogenesis in cellular and molecular terms may provide novel therapeutic targets for its prevention. The neurotrophin receptor tropomyosin‐related kinase B (TrkB) is thought to be critical for limbic epileptogenesis. Enhanced activation of TrkB, revealed by immunodetection of enhanced phosphorylated TrkB (pTrkB), a surrogate measure of its activation, has been identified within the hippocampus in multiple animal models. Knowledge of the cellular locale of activated TrkB is necessary to elucidate its functional consequences. Using an antibody selective to pTrkB in conjunction with confocal microscopy and cellular markers, we determined the cellular and subcellular locale of enhanced pTrkB induced by status epilepticus (SE) evoked by infusion of kainic acid into the amygdala of adult mice. SE induced enhanced pTrkB immunoreactivity in two distinct populations of principal neurons within the hippocampus—the dentate granule cells and CA1 pyramidal cells. Enhanced immunoreactivity within granule cells was found within mossy fiber axons and giant synaptic boutons. By contrast, enhanced immunoreactivity was found within apical dendritic shafts and spines of CA1 pyramidal cells. A common feature of this enhanced pTrkB at these cellular locales is its localization to excitatory synapses between excitatory neurons, presynaptically in the granule cells and postsynaptically in CA1 pyramidal cells. Long‐term potentiation (LTP) is one cellular consequence of TrkB activation at these excitatory synapses that may promote epileptogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:499–521, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic exposure to stress predisposes to higher autoimmune susceptibility in C57BL/6 mice: Glucocorticoids as a double‐edged sword
Authors: Harpaz Idan , Abutbul Shai , Nemirovsky Anna , Gal Ram , Cohen Hagit , Monsonego Alon
Published: December 2012

Stress activates the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis to promote the release of corticosterone (CORT), which consequently suppresses pathogenic stimulation of the immune system. Paradoxically, however, stress often promotes autoimmunity through yet unknown mechanisms. Here we investigated how chronic variable stress (CVS), and the associated alterations in CORT levels, affect the susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in female and male C57BL/6 mice. Under baseline (nonstressed) conditions, females exhibited substantially higher CORT levels and an attenuated EAE with less mortality than males. However, CVS induced a significantly worsened EAE in females, which was prevented if CORT signaling was blocked. In addition, females under CVS conditions showed a shift toward proinflammatory Th1/Th17 versus Th2 responses and a decreased proportion of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells. This demonstrates that whereas C57BL/6 female mice generally exhibit higher CORT levels and an attenuated form of EAE than males, they become less responsive to the immunosuppressive effects of CORT under chronic stress and thereby prone to a higher risk of destructive autoimmunity.
Crystal Structures and Spin Crossover in the Polymeric Material [Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4) Including Coherent‐Domain Size Reduction Effects
Authors: Grosjean Arnaud , Négrier Philippe , Bordet Pierre , Etrillard Céline , Mondieig Denise , Pechev Stanislav , Lebraud Eric , Létard Jean‐François , Guionneau Philippe
Published: December 2012

The high‐spin and low‐spin crystal structures of [Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4) (Htrz = 1H‐1,2,4‐triazole, trz– = deprotonated triazolato ligand) were determined and refined on the basis of X‐ray diffraction data obtained from a high‐quality crystalline powder. Noteworthy differences to the previously reported structural hypothesis are obtained, which includes a revision of the space group to orthorhombic Pnma. Notably, the distinction between the positions of the Htrz and the trz– ligand along the chains reveals their respective roles in the formation of direct interchain interactions. The latter are also mediated by the anions. In addition, the pair‐distribution‐function (PDF) method was applied to investigate the potential modification of the crystal structure by a reduction of the coherent‐domain size from 50 nm to 10 nm. First, the PDF investigation confirms the validity of the crystal structures presented here. Furthermore, in a first approach, it reveals that the crystal structure description remains suitable for the whole range of coherent‐domain sizes investigated.
Total Synthesis and Structure Confirmation of Cryptocaryol A
Authors: Reddy D. Srinivas , Mohapatra Debendra K.
Published: December 2012

The first enantioselective total synthesis of Pdcd4‐stabilizing cryptocaryol A, a secondary metabolite obtained from a tropical tree, has been achieved through an iterative approach to the 1,3‐polyol motif. The key steps are a Maruoka allylation, a Reetz chelation‐controlled allylation with 1,3‐induction, iterative diastereoselective iodocyclization, and ring‐closing metathesis reactions.
Bifunctional Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Salt Catalysts: A Rapidly Emerging Class of Powerful Asymmetric Catalysts
Authors: Novacek Johanna , Waser Mario
Published: December 2012

Chiral quaternary ammonium salt catalysts have emerged as one of the outstanding catalytic principles over the last decades. Their ability to activate nucleophiles in a noncovalent fashion makes them unique. However, over the last years it has become obvious that in a variety of difficult transformations activation and control of nucleophiles alone does not result in sufficient selectivities, and the same holds true for the sole control of electrophiles by other catalytic motifs. Thus, the use of bifunctional ammonium salt catalysts has become one of the most promising strategies to carry out demanding reactions in a highly stereoselective fashion under mild reaction conditions, and many of these transformations are not possible by using other methods. This review will highlight some of the most impressive recent examples in this field and compare the performances of these catalysts with those of other commonly employed ones.
Intermolecular Alkene Aziridination: An Original and Efficient CuI···CuI Dinuclear Catalyst Deriving from a Phospha‐Amidinate Ligand
Authors: Nebra Noel , Lescot Camille , Dauban Philippe , Mallet‐Ladeira Sonia , Martin‐Vaca Blanca , Bourissou Didier
Published: December 2012

Mononuclear and dinuclear CuI complexes 1 and 2 derived from the phospha‐amidinate ligands [tBu2P(NSiMe3)2]– and [Ph2P(NSiMe3)2]–, respectively, have been evaluated in the catalytic aziridination of olefins using PhI=NTs (Ts = p‐tolylsulfonyl) as the nitrene source. Dinuclear complex 2 featuring bridging NPN ligands and weak Cu···Cu interactions proved to be a robust and efficient catalyst. Aziridines could be obtained in good to excellent yields for a broad range of alkenes within 12 h at room temperature using 5 mol‐% Cu and 1.2 to 2.4 equiv. PhINTs with respect to the alkene. Complex 2 performed best with styrenes and methyl acrylate. The presence of weak Cu···Cu interactions in 2 is uncommon in catalytic aziridination reactions, and some interesting parallels with the widespread dinuclear Rh(II) catalysts can be drawn.
Applicability and limitations of affinity capillary electrophoresis and vacancy affinity capillary electrophoresis methods for determination of complexation constants
Authors: Dvořák Martin , Svobodová Jana , Beneš Martin , Gaš Bohuslav
Published: December 2012

ACE and vacancy affinity capillary electrophoresis (VACE) are the commonly used methods for determination of complexation constants by CE. The applicability and limitations of these methods were tested experimentally and by means of simulations using our simulation software Simul 5 Complex. It was shown that while the ACE method provides reliable and precise values of complexation parameters, those determined by VACE can be incorrect especially in the case of strong complexation. The effective mobilities of the system peaks in the VACE method, and consequently, the resulting complexation parameters were found to be a function of concentration of the analyte present in the BGE. Development of system peaks in VACE is discussed in the frame of the linear theory of electromigration. Dependence of mobility of system peaks on the composition of the BGE cannot be characterized by a simple analytical expression as in the case of ACE method. Thus, the VACE method fails and the resulting complexation constants might seriously differ from the reality.
Electromembrane extraction: Distribution or electrophoresis?
Authors: Seip Knut Fredrik , Jensen Henrik , Sønsteby Marit Hovde , Gjelstad Astrid , Pedersen‐Bjergaard Stig
Published: December 2012

This paper presents for the first time a phenomenological theoretical model for the time dependent distribution of analytes during electromembrane extraction (EME). The model was verified experimentally for a range of model drugs and peptides. Analytes were extracted from an acidified aqueous sample solution, through an organic supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into an acidified aqueous acceptor solution. Mass transfer was governed by an applied electric field across the SLM. A rapid depletion was seen in the sample during extractions, with a steady increase in the amount accumulated in the acceptor solution. This was in good accordance with the theoretical model. A deviation from the modeled behavior was seen for some of the peptides where trapping of analyte in the SLM was high. The results demonstrated for the first time that EME behaved like a distribution system, with voltage dependent distribution coefficients. In addition, electrokinetic migration was observed across the SLM, which added an electrophoretic component to the mass transfer. This improved theoretical understanding will be highly beneficial for future optimization and development of applications using EME.