bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Producing Lignin-Based Polyols through Microwave-Assisted Liquefaction for Rigid Polyurethane Foam Production
Authors: Xue Bai-Liang , Wen Jia-Long , Sun Run-Cang
Published: February 2015

Lignin-based polyols were synthesized through microwave-assisted liquefaction under different microwave heating times (5–30 min). The liquefaction reactions were carried out using polyethylene glycol (PEG-400)/glycerol as liquefying solvents and 97 wt% sulfur acid as a catalyst at 140 °C. The polyols obtained were analyzed for their yield, composition and structural characteristics using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. FT-IR and NMR spectra showed that the liquefying solvents reacted with the phenol hydroxyl groups of the lignin in the liquefied product. With increasing microwave heating time, the viscosity of polyols was slightly increased and their corresponding molecular weight (MW) was gradually reduced. The optimal condition at the microwave heating time (5 min) ensured a high liquefaction yield (97.47%) and polyol with a suitable hydroxyl number (8.628 mmol/g). Polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared by polyols and methylene diphenylene diisocyanate (MDI) using the one-shot method. With the isocyanate/hydroxyl group ([NCO]/[OH]) ratio increasing from 0.6 to 1.0, their mechanical properties were gradually increased. This study provided some insight into the microwave-assisted liquefied lignin polyols for the production of rigid PU foam.
The Potential of Non-Formal Laboratory Environments for Innovating the Chemistry Curriculum and Promoting Secondary School Level Students Education for Sustainability
Authors: Garner Nicole , Siol Antje , Eilks Ingo
Published: February 2015

Developing skills and attitudes among students in terms of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) requires that educators address issues of sustainability in both formal and non-formal education. However, up to now, ESD seems to have been insufficiently implemented in secondary science education in many countries in general, and in high school chemistry learning in particular. A lack of suitable experiments, coupled with missing teaching and learning materials and insufficient teacher professional development have been identified as the reasons for this gap. This paper describes a project of innovation and research in the field of ESD for secondary school chemistry education. Within the project, both half- and full-day learning environments have been developed for non-formal, laboratory-based learning of secondary level students at the university. The research-based development focuses on teaching-learning modules which link formal and non-formal learning. The pedagogy employed is both learner-centered and inquiry-based. All the modules focus on sustainability issues in chemistry-related contexts. Data was collected by questionnaires from teachers and students both prior to and after the visit of the non-formal learning environment. Likert-items were analyzed statistically and the evaluation of the open-ended questions was done by Qualitative Content Analysis. An overview of the project, a case from the non-formal laboratory setting, and findings from accompanying research and evaluation are discussed in this paper. Potential impacts on teacher professional development and curriculum innovation are also outlined.
Quantitative Evaluation of Settlement Sustainability Policy (QESSP); Forward Planning for 26 Irish Settlements
Authors: Fitzgerald Brian , O'Doherty Travis , Moles Richard , O'Regan Bernadette
Published: February 2015

Urban areas are increasingly associated with negative environmental impacts due to concentrated resource consumption; however urban areas also offer economies of scale in terms of service provision. There is no accepted mechanism to aid decision-makers in policy selection to determine where to promote population growth or how to select settlement specific policies to improve sustainability of urban areas. There is strong political desire for methods assessing policy implementation impact on overall sustainability targets, but this has proved challenging, as views on the meaning of sustainability vary, and methods developed satisfying scientists’ needs for rigor are deemed too complex and inadequately transparent by decision-makers. Sustainability measurement is vital to check whether a new policy, decision or technical innovation is helpful in enhancing sustainability. By 2055 estimates indicate that 75 percent of the world population will live in urban areas, highlighting the importance of promoting low cost policy decisions providing greatest environmental benefit, with short implementation timescale. This paper describes an evidence-based method developed and piloted to address these drivers and provide a decision support system for planners and policy-makers developed for Irish settlements with population range 500–20,000, which may have application elsewhere.
Vertically Differentiating Environmental Standards: The Case of the Marine Stewardship Council
Authors: Bush Simon , Oosterveer Peter
Published: February 2015

This paper explores the externally-led vertical differentiation of third-party certification standards using the case of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). We analyze this process in two dimensions. First, fisheries employ strategies to capture further market value from fishing practices that go beyond their initial conditions for certification and seek additional recognition for these activities through co-labelling with, amongst others, international NGOs. Second, fisheries not yet able to meet the requirements of MSC standards are being enrolled in NGO and private sector sponsored Fisheries Improvement Projects (FIPs), providing an alternative route to global markets. In both cases the credibility and authority of the MSC is challenged by new coalitions of market actors opening up new strategies for capturing market value and/or improving the conditions of international market access. Through the lens of global value chains, the results offer new insights on how such standards not only influence trade and markets, but are also starting to change their internal governance in response to threats to their credibility by actors and modes of coordination in global value chains.
Development of Climate Indices Using Local Weather Data for Shading Design
Authors: Lee Dong-Seok , Jo Jae-Hun , Koo Sung-Han , Lee Byung-Yun
Published: February 2015

The energy performance of buildings depends on how effectively the building envelope responds to climate. Architects, therefore, need to design building envelopes with the consideration of local climate characteristics in the early design stage. Simplified formulas were used that evaluate the heating and cooling energy demand of building envelopes, which were applied to a model building with envelope and climate properties according to eight climate zones. Two climate indices, P and S, were developed. P enables the comparison of the heating and cooling energy demand of building envelopes, and S is for comparing the solar heat gain during heating and cooling seasons to review the feasibility of installing shading devices. The physical properties of envelopes were set differently according to the requirements in each climate zone proposed by American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1. Using local climate data, the P and S of 24 cities over eight climate zones in the United States were derived, which can be used to evaluate the heating and cooling energy characteristics of envelopes. The indices not only enable users to understand the characteristics of the local climate conditions in a simple manner, but also to carry out quantitative assessments on whether shading devices are feasible and, if so, what type is recommended.
Ageratum enation virus—A Begomovirus of Weeds with the Potential to Infect Crops
Authors: Tahir Muhammad , Amin Imran , Haider Muhammad , Mansoor Shahid , Briddon Rob
Published: February 2015

Samples of two Ageratum conyzoides, one Sonchus oleraceus and one turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa) exhibiting virus-like symptoms were collected from Pakistan and Nepal. Full-length begomovirus clones were obtained from the four plant samples and betasatellite clones from three of these. The begomovirus sequences were shown to be isolates of Ageratum enation virus (AEV) with greater than 89.1% nucleotide sequence identity to the 26 AEV sequences available in the databases. The three betasatellite sequences were shown to be isolates of Ageratum yellow leaf curl betasatellite (AYLCB) with greater than 90% identity to the 18 AYLCB sequences available in the databases. The AEV sequences were shown to fall into two distinct strains, for which the names Nepal (consisting of isolates from Nepal, India, and Pakistan—including the isolates identified here) and India (isolates occurring only in India) strains are proposed. For the clones obtained from two AEV isolates, with their AYLCB, infectivity was shown by Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation to Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum, Solanum lycopersicon and A. conyzoides. N. benthamiana plants infected with AEV alone or betasatellite alone showed no symptoms. N. benthamiana plants infected with AEV with its associated betasatellite showed leaf curl symptoms. The findings show that AEV is predominantly a virus of weeds that has the capacity to infect crops. AYLCB appears to be the common partner betasatellite of AEV and is associated with diseases with a range of very different symptoms in the same plant species. The inability to satisfy Koch’s postulates with the cloned components of isolate SOL in A. conyzoides suggests that the etiology may be more complex than a single virus with a single betasatellite.
Spatial and Temporal Streamflow Trends in Northern Taiwan
Authors: Yeh Chen-Feng , Wang Jinge , Yeh Hsin-Fu , Lee Cheng-Haw
Published: February 2015

Streamflow is an important factor in the study of water resource management, floods, and droughts. Dramatic climate change has created extreme rainfall distributions, making the study of streamflow trends and variability even more crucial. In this study, the long-term streamflow data and trends recorded at gauging stations in Northern Taiwan are analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test. The data used for trend analysis are the average annual streamflow, the average seasonal streamflow, and the high and low flows. The slope trend is calculated using the Theil-Sen estimator. Finally, change point analysis is conducted using the Mann-Whitney-Pettit test and the cumulative deviation test to gain further information about the change points and to understand the changes in streamflow before and after the change points. The average annual streamflow of the 12 gauging stations in the study area is analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test. The results show that of the 12 gauging stations, only the Ximen Bridge Station in the Lanyang River basin show a significant downward streamflow trend. Results of the monthly and seasonal average streamflow analysis show that in the spring, 72.2% of the gauging stations showed upward streamflow trends, most of which were located in the Tamsui River and the Touqian River basins. The high and low flow data analysis shows that the Ximen Bridge Station was the only gauging station to feature a significant downward streamflow trend for both high and low flows. This distribution pattern provides valuable information for regional hydrological studies and water management.
L'économie de la connaissance et de la créativité : une nouvelle donne pour le système productif français
Authors: Liefooghe Christine
Published: February 2015

L’économie capitaliste mondialisée met en concurrence les territoires dans le cadre d’une nouvelle économie de la connaissance, de la culture et de la créativité. Comment le système productif français s’adapte-t-il à cette nouvelle donne ? Quelles stratégies villes et régions élaborent-elles pour s’inscrire dans la course à la compétitivité et à « l’excellence » ? L’objectif de cet article est, d’une part, d’exposer les fondements de cette nouvelle économie et les instruments disponibles pour en mesurer la diffusion spatiale ; d’autre part, d’en montrer les implications pour les territoires français, à différentes échelles, et les stratégies qui émergent pour répondre aux transformations du système productif.
Valère Novarina – opus incertum
Authors: Dupont Nathalie
Published: February 2015

La parenté qui s’affiche entre exégèse biblique et parole poétique chez Novarina se recommande moins des modèles prédicatifs en quête d’un sens sacré qu’elle ne cherche à en ébranler les assises. En effet, le recours aux préceptes énoncés dans le Grand Livre assure moins en cette œuvre les attributs de Dieu que leur renversement. Fondant son ars poetica sur la sublime humilité du Créateur (sa kénose), l’auteur érige son œuvre à flanc d’inquiétude – opus incertum –, à la gageure du déséquilibre et de l’effondrement, et motive l’écriture d’une impulsion nouvelle capable de mener, à force de détours et retournements, dans l’excès du désœuvrement.
Histrions novariniens : performer dans l'absence de dieu
Authors: Barbéris Isabelle
Published: February 2015

L’œuvre dramatique de Valère Novarina présente une intersection originale entre théâtre et performance, qui se laisse envisager sous l’angle de la question de l’incarnation. La figure de l’histrion, acteur d’une incarnation manquée, d’une mimésis sans maître, se situe au centre d’une problématique du passage entre théâtre de texte et théâtre de l’action émancipée. La voie négative de Valère Novarina nous aide à penser la scène non pas après la mort de Dieu, mais après l’évidement et l’éloignement de sa place.
Distension et dispersion : temporalités dans le théâtre de Valère Novarina
Authors: James Alison
Published: February 2015

Le théâtre de Valère Novarina reprend à sa manière la réflexion d’Augustin sur le temps comme distension de l’âme. Se confrontant à l’aporie de l’être et du non-être du temps, il projette sur l’espace de la scène, par le déploiement de la parole, cette expérience intérieure de l’esprit écartelé. Renverseur du temps, Novarina opère aussi une dispersion de temporalités multiples, un éclatement joyeux qui libère la scène et le spectateur de notre maladie chronique , et qui permet de rendre habitable le temps qui nous habite.
Comment finir ou la prière faite au théâtre (Novarina et Augustin)
Authors: Dubouclez Olivier
Published: February 2015

Rapprocher théologie et théâtre permet de comprendre en quoi consiste chez Novarina l’unité d’un drame dont le discours est profondément rhapsodique et l’achèvement à chaque fois mystérieux. En prenant pour fil conducteur ce que Novarina dit de cette cathédrale à ciel ouvert qu’est la théologie et singulièrement de la dernière page du De Trinitate d’Augustin, cette étude fait apparaître le sens eschatologique du théâtre novarinien et le rôle structurel qu’y joue la prière.
Ultra-HPHT Drilling Fluid Design for Frontier Deep Gas Exploration in South Malay Basin
Authors: Witthayapanyanon Anuradee , Chandramouleeswaran Kathi , Bin Dollah Ahmad , Clapper Dennis , Bland Ronald , Kongsawast Akachai , Pepple Michael Manfred , Nasrudin Khairul Anwar , Abshar M
Published: February 2015

Global energy demand has driven the oil and gas industry to search for hydrocarbons in increasingly challenging reservoirs including those at high pressure and temperature (HPHT) such as found in the South Malay Basin of Malaysia. Competent well designs and enabling HPHT technologies such as advanced drilling fluid designs that are stable at HPHT conditions are critical to successful drilling and completion of these wells.

This paper discusses the laboratory evaluation of potential HPHT drilling fluid designs considered for a deep gas exploration well in the Duyong Deep-1 field located in the South Malay basin of Malaysia expected to reach 455 °F (235 °C) and 13,683 psi. Laboratory testing encompassed fluid rheology, fluid loss, sag, electrical stability and chemical analysis before and after extended dynamic and static aging up to this temperature and pressure. Results were examined to identify strengths and weaknesses of the fluid designed. Improved-performance drilling fluid formulations underwent further pressure, temperature and hydraulic simulations to ensure adequate hydraulics and hole cleaning. As a result, suitable drilling fluid formulations for the ultra-HPHT gas well were successfully formulated with a maximum density of 18 ppg and thermal stability of 455 °F. The selected drilling mud design was stable and maintained desirable rheological properties including shear strength less than 200 lb/100 ft2 at static BHT at 16 and 48 hours.
Enhanced Multi-Zone Single Trip Sand-Control System Successfully Treats Six Zones in Offshore Indonesia
Authors: Zhou Leon , Gunawan Indra , Jannise Ricki , Suire Casey , Eiman Tyson
Published: February 2015

Although multiple-zone, downhole sand-control tool systems have been in use since the early 1990s, these systems had been designed for jobs requiring low-pump-rates with low-pressure differentials. Multiple-zone systems capable of high fracturing pump rates and the associated differentials only recently have been introduced to the oilfield. Although these jobs are becoming more common, most of the completions have been limited to four or five discretely treated zones.

This paper presents a case history from Indonesia in which a high pump rate, high differential pressure-rated single-trip multiple zone-sand control tool system was capable of treating six discrete zones in an offshore deployment. The challenges for this completion were numerous. Manufacturing lead time was very short, and the system would have to be adapted to the unique requirements of the completion design and the use of new components. Since the proppant and pump rating limit testing for these systems had been based on five zones, complicated calculations and extrapolations had to be used to ensure that the crossover tool would survive the erosive effects of treating six zones.

To provide assurance of the service tool's elastomeric seal integrity, a testing program was executed between treatments to provide tracking and verification of conditions. Procedures and equipment would be in place to replace the service tools, if any leaks were evident. Since system installation experience was limited in this area, gathering sufficient knowledge and experience for system deployment had to be addressed quickly. This would require sharing of lessons learned, use of experienced personnel from previous installations, and conducting of detailed training discussions between subject matter experts and service personnel. Deployment challenges and solutions, successes experienced at the well site, and the actual performance of the operations will be detailed in the paper.
Reduced Erosion of Standalone Sand Screen Completion Using Flow Segmentisers
Authors: Zamberi M.S.A. , Shaffee S.N.A. , Jadid M. , Johar Z. , Ismail I. , Wong C.Y. , Solnordal C.B.
Published: February 2015

In general, the use of standalone screen (SAS) completion has significant economic (cost saving) and productivity (skin) advantages compared to the conventional open hole gravel pack (OHGP) completion. However, SAS completion, especially in horizontal gas well with high potential of sanding typically suffers from premature failure due to sand erosion caused by high annular velocity near the heel section.

This paper describes the work conducted to understand in detail and quantify the erosion risks on SAS in horizontal gas well and the proof-of-concept assessment of using swelling elastomer packers to segmentize the flow in the annulus as a mean to reduce erosion risks near the heel. The work involves carefully designed and selected experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation work programs that focused on development of erosion model at room and elevated temperature, understanding and validation of sand screen failure using the developed erosion model, and CFD simulation and validation of gas flow profile in basepipe and annulus sections to understand the effect of flow segmentizers in reducing annulus velocity.

From this work, an improved sand erosion model was developed based on the Cylinder-In-Pipe methodology for the sand screen materials and downhole sand Particle Size Distribution (PSD) combinations at room and elevated temperature. Conditions that led to the failure of sand screen filter due to erosion damage were also established through the Sample-In-Pipe experiments. Validation of erosion on one-metre length of screen shows that CFD, combined with sound experimental techniques, can provide accurate prediction of sand screen material metal loss due to sand impact. CFD simulation of gas flow in horizontal gas well completion were conducted in order to provide further insights and confidence in using flow segmentizers to control annular velocity.

Finally, a pilot application of the concept in a gas field in Malaysia, based on integration of all the findings will be presented together with comparison to a similar well within the same field but completed with OHGP completion showing that the SAS with flow segmentizers concept has led to significant CAPEX savings and high well productivity.
Antibody-Mediated Response of NKG2Cbright NK Cells against Human Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Costa-Garcia Marcel , Vera Andrea , Moraru Manuela , Vilches Carlos , López-Botet Miguel , Muntasell Aura
Published: February 2015

Human CMV (HCMV) infection promotes a variable and persistent expansion of functionally mature NKG2Cbright NK cells. We analyzed NKG2Cbright NK cell responses triggered by Abs from HCMV+ sera against HCMV-infected MRC5 fibroblasts. Specific Abs promoted the degranulation (i.e., CD107a expression) and the production of cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) by a significant fraction of NK cells, exceeding the low natural cytotoxicity against HCMV-infected targets. NK cell–mediated Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was limited by viral Ag availability and HLA class I expression on infected cells early postinfection and increased at late stages, overcoming viral immunoevasion strategies. Moreover, the presence of specific IgG triggered the activation of NK cells against Ab-opsonized cell-free HCMV virions. As compared with NKG2A+ NK cells, a significant proportion of NKG2Cbright NK cells was FcεR γ-chain defective and highly responsive to Ab-driven activation, being particularly efficient in the production of antiviral cytokines, mainly TNF-α. Remarkably, the expansion of NKG2Cbright NK cells in HCMV+ subjects was related to the overall magnitude of TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokine secretion upon Ab-dependent and -independent activation. We show the power and sensitivity of the anti-HCMV response resulting from the cooperation between specific Abs and the NKG2Cbright NK-cell subset. Furthermore, we disclose the proinflammatory potential of NKG2Cbright NK cells, a variable that could influence the individual responses to other pathogens and tumors.
Robotic simple prostatectomy: A consideration for large prostate adenomas
Authors: Nething Joshua B. , Ricchiuti Daniel J. , Irvine Rhys , Drevna David
Published: February 2015

Background: The management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has changed considerably over the last several decades. First line treatment of BPH and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) with medical therapy has created a population of men with much larger prostate glands, many of whom require surgical intervention. Patients with prostate glands greater than 80 to 100 grams may be better managed surgically with a retropubic prostatectomy. We explore our experience with robotic assisted simple prostatectomy and review the relevant literature. Database: The database reviewed includes our experience with seven patients undergoing robotic simple prostatectomy, and a comprehensive review of the previously published series of this procedure. In addition, the literature pertaining to a pure laparoscopic approach to simple prostatectomy is reviewed. Conclusion: Robotic experience and training has become a standard in resident training programs; while classic transurethral resection is being performed less for large prostate glands. The robotic approach to simple prostatectomy provides an excellent option for surgical treatment of very large prostate glands, providing patients acceptable results in terms of operative time, estimated blood loss, hospital stay and duration of Foley catheter.
Transrectal versus transperineal 14-core prostate biopsy in detection of prostate cancer: A comparative evaluation at the same Institution
Authors: Cerruto Maria Angela , Vianello Fabio , D’Elia Carolina , Artibani Walter , Novella Giovanni
Published: February 2015

Background: The ideal bioptic strategy for CaP detection is still to be completely defined. The aim of our study is to compare transperineal (TP) and transrectal (TR) approaches, in a 14-core initial prostate biopsy for CaP detection. Material and methods: A prospective controlled study was conducted enrolling 108 consecutive patients with a PSA level greater than 4 ng/mL and/or an abnormal DRE. TR versus TP 14-core initial prostatic biopsies were performed on 54 and 54 patients, respectively, with a randomisation ratio of 1:1. Results: The cancer detection rates were 46.29 (25 out of 54 patients), and 44.44% (24 out of 54 patients), respectively, using the TR or the TP approach (p = 0.846). The overall cancer core rate was significantly higher when the TP approach was used: 21.43% (162 out of 756 cores) and 16.79% (127 out of 756 cores), with the TP and the TR approach, respectively (p = 0.022). The cores were significantly longer performing TP approach: at the site “1” (14.92 versus 12.97 mm, p = 0.02); at “5” (15.53 versus 13.69 mm, p = 0.037); at “7” (15.06 versus 12.86 mm, p = 0.001); at “9” (14.92 versus 13.38 mm, p = 0.038); at “11” (16.32 versus 12.31 mm, p = 0.0001); at “12” (15.14 versus 12.19 mm, p = 0.0001); at “13” (17.49 versus 13.98 mm, p = 0.0001); at “14” (16.77 versus 13.36 mm, p = 0.0001). As to the biopsy related pain, the mean pain level perceived by patients during the TR approach was 1.56 ± 1.73 versus 1.42 ± 1.37 registered during TP approach (p = 0.591). Conclusions: No significant differences were found in cancer detection rate, cancer core rate between TP and TR approaches for prostatic biopsy. Even in terms of complication rate or pain level, it cannot be concluded that one procedure is superior to the other one. Apparently, strictly following our protocol, TP approach seems to offer a better sampling at the level of the apex and the TZ, however without adding any significant advantage in terms of overall cancer detection rate.
Evaluation of the pathologic results of prostate biopsies in terms of age, Gleason score and PSA level: Our experience and review of the literature
Authors: Sarıkaya Selcuk , Resorlu Mustafa , Oguz Ural , Yordam Mustafa , Bozkurt Omer Faruk , Unsal Ali
Published: February 2015

Objective: To evaluate the pathologic and clinic results of our large series of transrectal prostate biopsies in relation to Gleason score, age and PSA level. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the pathologic results of transrectal prostate biopsies performed because of high PSA levels and abnormal digital rectal examination findings between January 2008 and February 2012. Results: The pathologic result of 835 prostate biopsies was benign in 82.2% and malign in 17.8%. Furthermore in 3.7% high grade PIN (Prostatic Intraepitelial Neoplasia) or ASAP (Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation) was shown. In the interval of total PSA values between 4 and 10 ng/dl, that is thw so-called grey zone, cancer detection rate was 12.4%. There was a significant relationship between cancer detection and cancer stage at all high levels of PSA also in the grey zone. The most common Gleason score observed was 3 + 3 wirh a rate of 7.4% whereas the second most commonly observed scare was 3 + 4 with a rate of 2.5%. In the patients with abnormal digital rectal examination findings but normal PSA levels according to age the cancer detection rate was 8.7%, in patients with only high PSA levels the rate was 41.2% and in the patients with both high PSA levels and abnormal digital rectal examination findings. the rate was 49.3%. Conclusion: Our study underlines the relationship between age, PSA level and pathologic stage of prostate cancer and also the importance of digital rectal examination.
Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of seminal vesicles: Is there a role for relatively aggressive treatment modalities?
Authors: Crestani Alessandro , Guttilla Andrea , Gardi Mario , Gardiman Marina , Dal Moro Fabrizio , Valotto Claudio , Zattoni Filiberto
Published: February 2015

A 50 year old white man received an incidental ultrasound diagnosis of hypoechoic mass interesting the right seminal vesicle. A CT scan showed the presence of a 7.8 cm roundish cyst, originating from the right seminal vesicle. He had been followed by the removal of the right seminal vesicle and both the cystic lesion. The histological findings of the specimen documented the presence of small round cells compatible with Ewing’s sarcoma/PPNET. The patient received also adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation treatment. After 10 years, the follow-up is still negative.
Intestinal perforation after radical cystectomy due to drain: Case report
Authors: Budak Salih , Aydemir Hüseyin , Saglam Hasan Salih , Adsan Oztug
Published: February 2015

The current standard treatment for nonmetastatic invasive bladder cancer is radical cystectomy with urinary diversion. Radical cystectomy surgery carries a serious potential risk of complications. In this case report, an intestinal perforation which was thought to be occurred due to a Foley catheter placed as a drain after the cystectomy is presented.
Quick Prostate Test (QPT): Motion for a tool for the active contribution of the general pratictioner to the diagnosis and follow up of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Albino Giuseppe , Niro Ciro Michele , Muscarella Cristina
Published: February 2015

Introduction: Less than 40% of men with LUTS consult their doctor. Patients consider the LUTS as physiological and are resigned to endure them. It is necessary to foster awareness of the micturition disorders, to monitor their development and to assess the effectiveness of therapies. At present the only validated test is the IPSS-Q8, but in Italy it is used by only 4% of General Practitioners (GPs). Because the IPSS is complex and not easy to handle, we need a more simple test but nevertheless efficient. The Italian Society of Urology (SIU) and the Italian Society for Interdisciplinary Primary Care (SIICP) presented the "Quick Prostate Test" (QPT) in November 2012. We aimed to evaluate the efficiency of QPT versus the IPSSQ8 and its suitability in primary care. Materials and Methods: The QPT is composed of 3 questions to be answered "yes" or "no." The answer "yes" just to one question makes "positive" the test. We enrolled 64 men, ≥ 50 years old, suffering from BPH, extracted from the database of five GPs. The patients were randomized into two arms: to the arm 1 only QPT was administered, to verify efficiency of the test; to the arm 2 both the QPT that the IPSS-Q8 were administered. Results: Into the arm 1, the 96.4% has tested positive for QPT. Into the arm 2, the 89% of patients with one or two positive responses to the QPT showed a moderate IPSSQ8 score; the 75% of the patients with three positive responses to the QPT had a serious IPSS-Q8 score. The GPs (80%) have expressed the highest level of satisfaction for the QPT for the "time of administration" and for the "simplicity" of the test. Conclusions: The experience with the QPT has shown that the test is efficient and suitable in the primary care setting. We want to encourage the GPs to use the QPT for the monitoring of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and to contribute to the validation of the test.
Diagnostic and therapeutic utility of transrectal ultrasound in urological office prostatic abscess management: A short report from a single urologic center
Authors: Fabiani Andrea , Filosa Alessandra , Maurelli Valentina , Fioretti Fabrizio , Servi Lucilla , Piergallina Mara , Ciccotti Giovanni , Tallè Matteo , Mammana Gabriele
Published: February 2015

Objectives: Prostatic abscess (PA) is an infrequent condition in the modern antibiotic era. The everyday use of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) during diagnostic work-up and the widespread recurrence to prostatic biopsies may lead to an increase of PA diagnosis. In this short report we analyze the patients characteristics and the management of seven recent cases of PA diagnosed in our institution. Materials and Methods: The records of 7 patients admitted to our Center for LUTS associated to septic fever or acute urinary retention, was prospectively collected. Suspect of PA was done on digital rectal examination (DRE) and confirmed by TRUS performed after urinary system ultrasound (UUS) evaluation. Patients were admitted to hospital only in case of septic signs. A sovrapubic (SPC) or urethral catheter (UC) was placed depending on symptoms. A TRUS-guided aspiration of PA was performed with patient in lithotomic position, using a 18 gauge two-part needle, side/end fire needle access. Patient was discharged with antibiotic therapy and followed up until complete resolution of the PA and symptoms. Results: Mean age was 62 years (range 24-82). Two patients were diabetics and one was affected by the immunodeficiency acquired syndrome (HIV). In one case, PA was detected after a persistent fever post TRUS guided prostate biopsy. Average prostate volume was 69 ml (range 19-118 ml). DRE was able to diagnose PA only in 2 cases (29%), UUS evaluation in 1 case (14%). All cases were confirmed by TRUS as hypo-anechoic areas with or without internal echoes in all patients. Mean PA dimension was 3.64 cm (range 1.5-8). SPC was placed in 3 cases (43%), UC in 3 patients (43%). Only 1 patient refused catheterization. Side fire needle aspiration was performed in all cases and in combination with end fire access in case of particular location of abscess cavities. Second look was needed in 2 cases (29%). Antibiotics were administered in all cases. The aspirated pus showed a positive culture for Escherichia coli (43%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (29%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14%) and Enterococcus faecalis (14%). PA resolution time mean was 9 days (range 3-24). Conclusions: TRUS evaluation in case of persistent LUTS associated with fever or acute urinary retention is determinant in the diagnosis of PA. Office or institutional management with TRUS needle aspiration is a good option in these cases.
Modifications of echogenicity of the testis during acute torsion may be a predictive factor of organ damage?
Authors: Benedetto Giuseppe , Nigro Filippo , Bratti Emiliano , Tasca Andrea
Published: February 2015

In the setting of symptoms of testicular torsion the absence of diastolic flow or color flow on Doppler ultrasound has traditionally prompted emergent scrotal exploration. This practice emanates from the difficulty on ultrasound of distinguishing salvageable testes from those that are not salvageable. We evaluated the changes of echogenicity in the course of testicular torsion of the testis to identify characteristics predictive of irreversible organ damage.
Diagnostic ultrasound-guided excisional testicular biopsy for small (< 1 cm) incidental nodules. A single institution experience
Authors: Fabiani Andrea , Filosa Alessandra , Fioretti Fabrizio , Servi Lucilla , Piergallina Mara , Ciccotti Giovanni , Maurelli Valentina , Tallè Matteo , Mammana Gabriele
Published: February 2015

Introduction and objectives: The widespread use of scrotal ultrasound (SUS) has led to a marked increase in the number of incidentally detected testicular lesions. A small incidental nodule (STN) has defined as a non palpable (< 10 mm), asymptomatic solid lesion with normal levels of oncological testicular markers. Nowadays the lack of agreement on the topic causes managing problems to andrologists. We present our experience consisting in 8 cases of STN discovered by SUS performed for different clinical indications. Matherial and methods: We retrieved from our ultrasonographic files the clinical information about 717 patients evaluated for andrological problems. Patients with STN underwent to a complete clinical history and physical examination as well as oncological testicular markers measurement and ormonal assessment and then received a diagnostic ultrasound guided excisional biopsy (DEB). Surgical approach was performed through an inguinal incision. Using the coordinates previously obtained from preoperative SUS, STN was localized by intraoperative SUS. The lesion was enucleated and sent to the Pathology department for frozen section examination (FSE). Biopsies of affected testis (TB) were also performed. Post-excision ultrasound has been used to confirm the complete removal of the nodule. Whether pathological findings were benign, testis sparing surgery (TSS) was performed. Immediate radical orchidectomy (IRO) was performed if FSE and TB findings suggested a malignant lesion. Results: STNs were discovered in 8 patients (1,1%). Very small lesions (< 5 mm) were detected in 50% of cases. We performed four IRO and four DEB with consequent TSS. In one case we performed a delayed radical orchidectomy (DRO). At FSE pathologist reported 3 Leydig cell tumor and 3 seminoma and an inflammatory regressive lesion in one case. FSE on TB reported intratesticular neoplasia (TIN) in three cases. In one case nodule wasn’t sent to FSE. We observed a concordance between FSE and definitive pathologic report in six cases (75%). Conclusions: The management of STN is still a challenge for the surgical andrologist. A correct diagnosis has a crucial role in making the best treatment and patients outcome. Ultrasound guided excisional biopsy and the close collaboration with a dedicated pathologist are very useful in reducing errors.
Enterovesical fistula and acute pyelonephritis in renal transplantation. Role of ultrasound
Authors: De Pascalis Antonio , D’Amelio Alessandro
Published: February 2015

The enterovesical fistula is a communication between the urinary tract and the colon and is a rare complication of various inflammatory and cancer diseases. The most frequent cause is represented by diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon and less frequently from Crohn's disease, tumors of the colon and bladder, trauma, radiation therapy and appendicitis. In this report we describe the occurrence of an enterovesical fistula in a patient with renal allograft from a cadaveric donor, which onsetted with signs of acute pyelonephritis and pneumaturia due to diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon, clinically silent. The ultrasound in the diagnosis of enterovesical fistula, yet with a minor role compared to computed tomography (CT), is fundamental being always the first level examination.
Burned-out in a mixed germ cell tumor of the testis: The problem of pT0. Case report
Authors: Miacola Carlos , Colamonico Ottavio , Bettocchi Carlo , Ricapito Vito , Palazzo Silvano , Campagna Marcello , Battaglia Michele , Martino Pasquale
Published: February 2015

Germ cell tumors constitute the majority of all testicular tumors, which are relatively rare overall and are mainly encountered in young adults and teenagers. The term ‘burned-out’ germ cell tumor refers to the presence of a metastatic germ cell tumor with histological regression of the primary testicular lesion. Clinical examination of the testes and scrotal sonography is the initial diagnosis of such neoplasms. We report an unusual case of a burned-out testicular tumor with metastases to retroperitoneal lymphnodes in an asymptomatic patient with right testicular hypoechoic nodule associated with multiple calcifications of the testicular parenchyma.
Bladder neck disease and kidney damage
Authors: Mudoni Anna , Caccetta Francesco , Caroppo Maurizio , Musio Fernando , Accogli Antonella , Zacheo Maria Dolores , Burzo Domenica Maria Lucia , Carluccio Giancamillo , Nuzzo Vitale
Published: February 2015

Primary bladder neck obstruction (PBNO) was first described in men by Marion in 1933. The precise cause of PBNO has not been clearly elucidated. This paper review the theories on etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and treatments for PBNO. Also this paper focuses on management of patients with complications like acute urine retention, hydroureteronephrosis and severe renal failure. The treatment options for men and women with PBNO include careful clinical evaluation, pharmacotherapy with alpha-blockers and surgical intervention.
Diagnostic-therapeutic pathway for small lesions of the testis
Authors: Sbrollini Giulia , Mazzaferro Daniele , Ettamimi Asim , Montironi Rodolfo , Cordari Marco , Maselli Guevar , Tucci Giacomo , Donatelli Gaetano , Pellegrinelli Francesco , Conti Alessandro , Galosi Andrea Benedetto
Published: February 2015

Objective of our study was to define a diagnostic-therapeutic pathway for proper treatment of not-palpable testicular masses, that may be benign in 38% of cases. Since the intraoperative diagnosis is difficult to reach in particular in small lesion (< 8 mm) and the risk of tissue loss in frozen section analysis occurs frequently, we propose a diagnostic flow chart for the best management of small testis lesions. This proposed protocol has to be shown in details to physicians and patients, who must understand the clinical implications and the risk to undergo a second radical surgery.
A National Survey to Determine Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Among Pregnant Women in Ecuador
Authors: Costales Jaime A. , Sánchez-Gómez Amaya , Silva-Aycaguer Luis C. , Cevallos William , Tamayo Susana , Yumiseva César A. , Jacobson Jerry O. , Martini Luiggi , Carrera Caty A. , Grijalva Mario J.
Published: February 2015

A nationwide survey was conducted to obtain an estimate of Chagas disease prevalence among pregnant women in Ecuador. As part of a national probability sample, 5,420 women seeking care for delivery or miscarriage at 15 healthcare facilities were recruited into the study. A small minority of participants reported knowing about Chagas disease or recognized the vector. A national seroprevalence of 0.1% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.0–0.2%) was found; cases were concentrated in the coastal region (seroprevalence = 0.2%; 95% CI = 0.0–0.4%). No cases of transmission to neonates were identified in the sample. Seropositive participants were referred to the National Chagas Program for evaluation and treatment. Additional studies are necessary to determine if areas of higher prevalence exist in well-known endemic provinces and guide the development of a national strategy for elimination of mother-to-child transmission of Chagas disease in Ecuador.
HDlive in the Assessment of Fetal Facial Abnormalities
Authors: Tanaka Hirokazu , Uematsu Rina
Published: February 2015

We present the latest HDlive images of normal fetal faces and facial abnormalities. Fetal facial anatomical structures, such as the eyes, nose, ears and mouth, are clearly evident at 12 to 13 weeks of gestation. HDlive with the use of new skin-like colors provides sonographers and physicians with a natural and anatomically realistic appearance of the fetal face. Moreover, HDlive images provide entirely new visual experiences for obstetricians owing to the anatomically realistic depiction of the normal fetal face and fetal facial abnormalities in utero. HDlive can provide clearer facial images than conventional three-dimensional (3D) sonography. In particular, HDlive is superior to conventional 3D sonography for the depiction of fetal eyes because of its shadowing effect. HDlive may be a useful diagnostic modality for the antenatal evaluation of normal fetal facial anatomy and fetal facial abnormalities.

How to cite this article

Hata T, Hanaoka U, Uematsu R, Marumo G, Tanaka H. HDlive in the Assessment of Fetal Facial Abnormalities. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(4):344-352.
HDlive in the Assessment of Fetal Intracranial, Intrathoracic and Intra-abdominal Anomalies
Authors: Hata Toshiyuki
Published: February 2015

We present a series of images of different fetal intracranial, intrathoracic and intra-abdominal anomalies reconstructed using HDlive. It is a novel three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound modality that can provide the operator with naturally realistic features of any fetal anomalies. HDlive and its inversion mode are applied in several cases and two-dimensional (2D) sonographic images of different anomalies are also presented clearly to compare the advantages of HDlive in this article. This review focuses on the role of HDlive in the presence of such anomalies. HDlive should be a very useful aid in adjunct to other ultrasound modalities, specifically in cases that warrant detailed information. It can also be useful for the antenatal surveillance of anomalies, such as cystic lesions that may progress to complications. This innovative tool offers many promising advantages in clinical practice and future research on fetal anomalies.

How to cite this article

Cajusay-Velasco S, Hata T. HDlive in the Assessment of Fetal Intracranial, Intrathoracic and Intraabdominal Anomalies. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(4):362-375.
HDlive for Assessment of Placenta and Umbilical Cord
Authors: Tanaka Hirokazu , Mashima Masato
Published: February 2015

We present the latest HDlive images of normal and abnormal placentas and umbilical cords. By means of HDlive, more detailed information on placental and umbilical cord abnormalities can be obtained, because this technique is a new surfacerendering mode that uses an adjustable light source to create lighting and shadowing effects, thereby increasing depth perception. HDlive provides extraordinarily realistic imaging of the placenta and umbilical cord, making it almost impossible to differentiate between fetoscopic findings and ultrasound scans. This novel technique may assist in evaluation of the placental and umbilical cord anatomy, and offer potential advantages over conventional two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. HDlive may be an important modality in future placental and umbilical cord research and in the evaluation of their abnormalities.

How to cite this article

Hata T, Tanaka H, Mashima M, Kanenishi K, Marumo G. HDlive for Assessment of Placenta and Umbilical Cord. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(4):391-399.
Three-dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound Study of the Placenta
Authors: Hata Toshiyuki , Cajusay-Velasco Sarah
Published: February 2015

Advanced ultrasound technology has been a valuable tool in the assessment of placental anatomy and physiology. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) sonography reveals placental morphological characteristics, 2D color Doppler can assess blood flow in the placenta, 2D power Doppler can evaluate placental vascular trees, and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound gives more detailed information on the surface anatomy. Recent advances, such as 3D power Doppler with virtual organ computer aided-analysis (VOCAL) and histogram analysis can measure the placental volume, and assess uteroplacental and fetoplacental perfusions. In particular, ‘placental vascular sonobiopsy’ can specifically evaluate the second- and thirdtrimester placental blood flow and vascularity by obtaining several spherical samples from the placenta that will represent the entire placenta. This article presents normal placental development and pathological findings of the placenta using 3D power Doppler ultrasound, and discusses 3D power Doppler assessments of placental perfusion in high-risk pregnancies, such as fetal growth restriction, pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia, and, from this basis, re-establishes the importance of 3D power Doppler ultrasound as a screening, diagnostic, and surveillance tool in normal and abnormal pregnancies.

How to cite this article

Tanaka H, Cajusay-Velasco S, Noguchi J, Hata T. Three-dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound Study of the Placenta. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(4):400-409.