bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Biological Testing of Novel Analogues of Sydnone as Potential Antibacterial Agents.
Authors: Moustafa Mohamed A. , Nasr Magda N. , Gineinah Magdy M. , Bayoumi Waleed A.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
GaAs Nanocrystals via Hydrothermal Redox Reaction.
Authors: Wei Shuo , Lu Jun , Yu Weichao , Zhang Houbo , Qian Yitai
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and in vitro Antimycobacterial Activity of Novel 3‐(1H‐Pyrrol‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxazolidinone Analogues of PNU‐100480.
Authors: Sbardella Gianluca , Mai Antonello , Artico Marino , Loddo Roberta , Setzu Maria Grazia , La Colla Paolo
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds
Authors: Uhl Werner
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The (Butadiene)zirconocenes and Related Compounds
Authors: Erker Gerhard , Kehr Gerald , Froehlich Roland
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Borylenes as Ligands to Transition Metals
Authors: Braunschweig Holger
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of Bivalent Ligands of Epibatidine at Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Authors: Wei Zhi‐Liang , Xiao Yingxian , Kellar Kenneth J. , Kozikowski Alan P.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Chemists Conquer the Synthesis of C60
Authors: Sastry G. Narahari
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
BINAP — The People′s Ligand for Chiral Chemistry
Authors: Strong Jerry G.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Alkynylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Schilling Gerhard
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Formation of the Carbon—Carbon Bond Catalyzed by Metalloporphyrins
Authors: Tagliatesta Pietro
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chirality Transfer: Single Enantiomer Outcomes in Free Radical Chemistry
Authors: Schiesser Carl H.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Continuous Improvements in Chiral Synthesis
Authors: Pinchard Laurent
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Tumor‐Associated Glycopeptide Antigens for the Development of Tumor‐Selective Vaccines
Authors: Dziadek Sebastian , Kunz Horst
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Explosions as a Synthetic Tool? Cycloalkynes as Precursors to Fullerenes, Buckytubes and Buckyonions
Authors: Faust Rudiger
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chain‐Growth Polycondensation: Living Polymerization Nature in Polycondensation and Approach to Condensation Polymer Architecture
Authors: Yokozawa Tsutomu , Yokoyama Akihiro
Published: July 2004

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Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Amino Acid Derivatives and Peptides Using Chiral Phase‐Transfer Catalysts
Authors: Maruoka Keiji
Published: July 2004

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MCR Approach to Synthesis of Peptidomimetic Libraries
Authors: Basso Andrea , Wrubl Federico
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photocatalytic Organic Syntheses: Selective Cyclization of Amino Acids in Aqueous Suspensions
Authors: Ohtani Bunsho , Pal Bonamali , Ikeda Shigeru
Published: July 2004

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Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology of Cyclic ADP‐Ribose
Authors: Potter Barry V. L. , Walseth Timothy F.
Published: July 2004

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Oxidative Reactions and Degradations of Sugars and Polysaccharides
Authors: Varela Oscar
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis of Complex Carbohydrates: Everninomicin 13,384‐1
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Mitchell Helen J. , Snyder Scott A.
Published: July 2004

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The Chemistry of Sialic Acid
Authors: Boons Geert‐Jan , Demchenko Alexei N.
Published: July 2004

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Azithromycin and Novel Azalides
Authors: Schonfeld Wolfgang , Mutak Stjepan
Published: July 2004

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Olefin Metathesis in Glycobiology: New Routes Towards Diverse Neoglycoconjugates
Authors: Leeuwenburgh Michiel A. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Overkleeft Herman S.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Daphniphyllum Alkaloids
Authors: Kobayashi Jun'ichi , Morita Hiroshi
Published: July 2004

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Tremorgenic and Nontremorgenic 2,3‐Fused Indole Diterpenoids
Authors: Sings Heather , Singh Sheo
Published: July 2004

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Molecular Beam Photochemistry of Group‐14 Organometallic Precursors
Authors: Sulkes Mark
Published: July 2004

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Activation of Simple Arenes by the CpFe+ Group and Applications to the Synthesis of Dendritic Molecular Batteries
Authors: Astruc Didier , Nlate Sylvain , Ruiz Jaime
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Chromium‐Templated Carbene Benzannulation Approach to Densely Functionalized Arenes (Doetz Reaction)
Authors: Doetz Karl Heinz , Stendel Joachim Jr.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Reactivity of 1‐(2,4,6‐Trialkylphenyl)phospholes with a Flattened P‐Pyramid
Authors: Keglevich Gyoergy
Published: July 2004

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IBX: New Reactions with an Old Reagent
Authors: Wirth Thomas
Published: July 2004

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Oxazole Diels—Alder Reactions
Authors: Levin Jeremy I. , Laakso Leif M.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Reactions of Oxazoles
Authors: Palmer David C. , Venkatraman Srikanth
Published: July 2004

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Chemical and Biological Aspects of Melanin
Authors: Chakraborty D. P. , Roy Shyamali
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis, Identification, Quantification, and Chemical Reactivity of Methylated Flavan‐3‐ols
Authors: Cren‐Olive Cecile , Rolando Christian
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Friedel—Crafts Acylation and Fries Rearrangement Catalyzed by Heteropoly Acids
Authors: Kozhevnikov I. V. , Kaur J. , Kozhevnikova E. F.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Diaryl Ethers: A Long‐Standing Problem Has Been Solved
Authors: Theil Fritz
Published: July 2004

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New and Selective Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions of Allenes
Authors: Hashmi A. , Stephen K.
Published: July 2004

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Transition Metal Catalyzed Functionalization of Alkanes
Authors: Seitz Oliver
Published: July 2004

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Alkyl Hypofluorites
Authors: Suzuta Tetsuya
Published: July 2004

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Dendralenes: From a Neglected Class of Polyenes to Versatile Starting Materials in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Hopf Henning
Published: July 2004

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Traceless Linkers for Solid‐Phase Organic Synthesis
Authors: Zaragoza Doerwald Florencio
Published: July 2004

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Recent Developments in Catalytic Asymmetric Strecker‐Type Reactions
Authors: Yet Larry
Published: July 2004

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Epibatidine Structure—Activity Relationships
Authors: Carroll F. Ivy
Published: July 2004

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Deoxyribonucleotides: The Unusual Chemistry and Biochemistry of DNA Precursors
Authors: Follmann Hartmut
Published: July 2004

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Aromaticity as a Cornerstone of Heterocyclic Chemistry
Authors: Balaban Alexandru T. , Oniciu Daniela C. , Katritzky Alan R.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bond Strengths of Toluenes, Anilines, and Phenols: To Hammett or Not
Authors: Pratt Derek A. , Dilabio Gino A. , Mulder Peter , Ingold K. U.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unusual Geometries in Main Group Chemistry
Authors: Bouhadir Ghenwa , Bourissou Didier
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structural Basis of Single‐Stranded RNA Recognition
Authors: Messias Ana C. , Sattler Michael
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Real‐time primer design for DNA chips
Authors: Simmler H. , Singpiel H. , Männer R.
Published: July 2004

The design of PCR or DNA chip experiments is a time‐consuming process where bioinformatics is extensively used. The selection of the primers, which are immobilized on the DNA chip, requires a complex algorithm. Based on several parameters an optimized set of primers is automatically determined for a given gene sequence.

This paper describes a parallel architecture which performs the optimization of the primer selection on a hardware accelerator. In contrast to the pure software approach, the parallel architecture gains a speedup of factor 500 using a PCI‐based hardware accelerator. This approach allows an optimization of a specified primer set in real time. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallelization of IBD computation for determining genetic disease maps
Authors: Rizk Nouhad J.
Published: July 2004

A number of software packages are available for the construction of comprehensive human genetic maps. In this paper we parallelize the widely used package Genehunter. We restrict our attention to only one function of the package, namely the computations of Identity By Descent (IBD) genes of a family. We use a master–slave model with the Message Passing Interface parallel environment. Our tests are done on two different architectures: a network of workstations and a shared memory multiprocessor. A new and efficient strategy to classify the parallelization of genetic linkage analysis programs results from our experiments. The classification is based on values of parameters which affect the complexity of the computation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of distributed bioinformatics applications with GMP
Authors: Schmidt Bertil , Feng Lin , Laud Amey , Santoso Yusdi
Published: July 2004

We present the design and use of gMP as a tool for developing distributed bioinformatics applications. gMP is a purely Java‐based interface that adds MPI‐like message‐passing and collective communication to the genomics Research Network Architecture (gRNA). The gRNA is a highly programmable, modular environment specifically designed to invigorate the development of genome‐centric tools for life science research. We demonstrate the development of a distributed application to detect regulatory elements using correlation with gene expression data. Its implementation with gMP leads to significant runtime savings on our distributed gRNA system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallization kinetics of ZnS precipitation; an experimental study using the mixed‐suspension‐mixed‐product‐removal (MSMPR) method
Authors: Al‐Tarazi Mousa , Heesink A. Bert M. , Azzam Mohammed O. J. , Yahya Salah Abu , Versteeg Geert F.
Published: July 2004

The precipitation kinetics of zinc sulfide were studied using a lab scale mixed‐suspension‐mixed‐product‐removal (MSMPR) precipitation reactor. The vessel was operated at different feed concentrations, molar ratios, stirrer speeds, pH‐values, feed injection positions and residence times. Primary nucleation and volume average crystal growth rates as well as agglomeration kernel were determined. Relationships were found between the rates of the different crystallization steps on the one hand and supersaturation, stirrer speeds, pH‐values, Zn2+ to S2‐ ratio, feed positions on the other. These show that larger crystals are obtained at high supersaturation, moderate stirrer speeds, small residence times, a pH‐value of around 5 and high Zn2+ to S2‐ ratios. One should realize though that the applied MSMPR method is not the most optimal technique for examining fast precipitation reactions. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 crystal
Authors: Kong Haikuan , Wang Jiyang , Zhang Huaijin , Yin Xin , Cheng Xiufeng , Lin Yanting , Hu Xiaobo , Xu Xiangang , Jiang Minhua
Published: July 2004

La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 (LGT) crystal was grown by using the Czochralski method. The as‐grown crystal is transparent, free from inclusions and with no cracks. Specific heat, thermal expansion, dielectric constants, transmission spectrum and optical damage threshold of LGT have been measured, and the results show general properties of LGT are similar to that of La3Ga5SiO14 (LGS) crystal. The experiment to research the Q‐switch properties of LGT has been performed and the results show LGT possesses smaller electrooptic coefficients than that of LGS and may not be an ideal material used as a Q‐switch. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A novel way of modifying the thermal gradient in Vertical Bridgman‐Stockbarger Technique and studies on its effect on the growth of benzophenone single crystals
Authors: Arivanandhan M. , Sankaranarayanan K. , Ramamoorthy K. , Sanjeeviraja C. , Ramasamy P.
Published: July 2004

In order to grow benzophenone single crystal, an organic nonlinear optical material, a cost‐effective Vertical Bridgman‐Stockbarger system has been designed and fabricated by employing a two‐zone, transparent furnace made out of immiscible liquids. Transparent, optical quality benzophenone single crystals were successfully grown as a result of a suitable thermal gradient achieved by means of introducing an intermediate liquid in between the two immiscible liquids. The effect of change in the volume of the intermediate liquid thereby the thermal gradient on the growth parameters was analyzed. The quality of the grown single crystal was justified using X‐ray powder diffraction analysis, FTIR, TG‐DTA and optical transmission studies. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate on uric acid crystals at sustained supersaturation
Authors: Bouropoulos C. , Vagenas N. , Klepetsanis P. , Stavropoulos N. , Bouropoulos N.
Published: July 2004

The effect of uric acid seeds on calcium oxalate formation was studied at pH 4.50 and 37 °C using a system providing constant supersaturation with respect to calcium oxalate and saturated in uric acid. In all cases the only solid‐phase forming was identified as calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM). Kinetic analysis of the initial rates showed that they were proportional with the relative supersaturation with respect to calcium oxalate monohydrate. The linear dependence of the rate of precipitation of COM on uric acid suggested that growth is mediated through a surface diffusion controlled mechanism. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth morphology of {100} faces of L‐Arginine phosphate monohydrate single crystals investigated by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Geng Y. L. , Xu D. , Sun D. L. , Zhang G. H. , Du W. , Liu H. Y. , Wang X. Q.
Published: July 2004

Morphology of the {100} faces of L‐arginine phosphate monohydrate (LAP) single crystal grown at 25 °C at a supersaturation of 0.32 has been discussed. The rectangular dislocation growth hillocks elongate along the b direction, which manifests the fast growth due to the strong Period Bond Chain (PBC) bonds along this direction. Apart from that, the growth hillocks are consistent with the macro‐morphology of the crystal grown at the pH value of about 4.2. The lopsided shapes of the hillocks result from step bunching. Triangular pits are assumed to form during the process of the steps getting across the impurities. The hollow cavities existing on the growth hillocks also elongate along the b direction and they can lead to the formation of other defects such as dislocations. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurements of solution heat and fusion heat of lithium formate monohydrate (HCOOLi·H2O) crystals
Authors: Yan Wang , Xi‐Ling Yu , Jing Su , Xiu‐Feng Cheng , Shao‐Tang Yin
Published: July 2004

The solubility curve of Lithium Formate Monohydrate (LFM) crystal was measured using laser schlieren technique in 300‐320 K. According to the effects of temperature to solubility, solution heat of LFM crystal was calculated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of LFM was performed in the temperature range of 300‐500 K. Endothermic peaks of the DSC curve of LFM crystal were assigned, and fusion heat and hydration activation energy of LFM were calculated. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Physicochemical properties of the organometallic nonlinear optical crystal: MnHg(SCN)4(C3H8O2)
Authors: Wang X. Q. , Xu D. , Chow Y. T. , Cheng X. F. , Liu W. L. , Yu W. T. , Zhang G. H. , Ren Q. , Lü M. K. , Yuan D. R. , Zhao S. R.
Published: July 2004

The growth morphology of MMTG (manganese mercury thiocyanate glycol monomethyl ether, MnHg(SCN)4(C3H8O2)) crystal was indexed according to the X‐ray powder diffraction spectroscopy. The density and Mohs hardness were determined at room temperature. The specific heat of the crystal is 458.6 J.mol‐1K‐1 at 300 K. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) along the a, b and c axis is a1=6.89 × 10‐5 K‐1, a2=6.78 × 10‐5 K‐1 and a3=2.08 × 10‐5 K‐1, respectively. The sameness and difference of the TECs are interpreted on the basis of crystal structure. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure types – a review
Authors: Hauck J. , Mika K.
Published: July 2004

Structures of binary inorganic AxBy compounds with A and B on two Wyckoff positions are characterized by the self‐coordination numbers Ti, i = 1–3, of A and B atoms. The T1 = 0–12 values of 122 structure types can be correlated with different topologies, A–A interactions and densities. High T1 values like T1 = 12 are obtained for fcc or hcp sphere packing with maximum density of A atoms and interstitial B atoms. Hexagonal or tetragonal layered compounds are recognized by the Ti values 6 6 6 or 4 4 4. The T1 = 2 values are found for chains, T1= 1 for ordered molecules like N2 or Br2. The A and B atoms of few compounds like NaCl or CsCl form a pc or bcc sphere packing. The T1 = 0 values of Na or Cs atoms indicate repulsive Na–Na or Cs–Cs interactions. Distorted structures of a structure type are recognized, if atoms with slightly different A–A or B–B distances are included in the proper coordination shells. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Heterobimetallic Complexes Based on [(Tp)Fe(CN)3]−: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Wang Shi , Zuo Jing‐Lin , Zhou Hong‐Cai , Song You , Gao Song , You Xiao‐Zeng
Published: July 2004

With the anionic precursor [(Tp)FeIII(CN)3]− [1; Tp: hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate] as a building block, two trinuclear complexes, [(Tp)2FeIII2(CN)6Mn(CH3OH)4]·2CH3OH (2), [(Tp)2FeIII2(CN)6Ni(cyclam)]·2H2O (3; cyclam: 1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane) and a one‐dimensional polymer, [(Tp)FeIII(CN)3Cu(dien)]ClO4·H2O (4; dien: diethylenetriamine), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. In complex 2, each of the two [(Tp)Fe(CN)3]− units binds through one of its three cyanide groups to a central [Mn(CH3OH)4]2+ core. In complex 4, a zigzag chain is formed by combining [TpFe(CN)3]− and [Cu(dien)]2+ fragments alternately through cyano bridges. The magnetic properties of complexes 2−4 have been investigated in the temperature range 2−300 K. A weak antiferromagnetic interaction between the MnII and FeIII ions has been found in complex 2. The magnetic data of 2 can be fitted with the isotropic Hamiltonian Ĥ = −2J(Ŝ1·Ŝ2 + Ŝ2·Ŝ3) − 2J′Ŝ1·Ŝ3, where J and J′ are the intramolecular exchange coupling parameters between adjacent and peripheral spin carriers, respectively. This leads to values of J = −2.19 cm−1 and g = 2.13. The same fitting method was applied to complex 3 to give values of J = 17.2 cm−1 and g = 2.37, showing that there is a ferromagnetic interaction between the FeIII and NiII ions. The 1‐D chain of 4 is treated as alternating uniform Fe−Cu dimers with different intradimeric (Jd) and interdimeric (Jc) exchange constants, leading to Jd = 10.9 cm−1, Jc = 1.29 cm−1 and g = 2.54. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
An Easy Route to Monofunctionalized Organoimido Derivatives of the Lindqvist Hexamolybdate
Authors: Wu Pingfan , Li Qiang , Ge Ning , Wei Yongge , Wang Yuan , Wang Ping , Guo Hongyou
Published: July 2004

In the presence of a carbodiimide (DCC) a proton can dramatically speed up the reaction of α‐[Mo8O26]4− with aromatic amines under mild conditions and convenient bench manipulations, which results in the easy synthesis of monofunctionalized organoimido derivatives of [Mo6O19]2− even bearing an electron‐withdrawing group such as bromo or chloro groups. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Tin(II) and Lead(II) 4‐Acyl‐5‐pyrazolonates: Synthesis, Spectroscopic and X‐ray Structural Characterization
Authors: Pettinari Claudio , Marchetti Fabio , Pettinari Riccardo , Cingolani Augusto , Rivarola Eleonora , Phillips Christine , Tanski Joseph , Rossi Miriam , Caruso Francesco
Published: July 2004

Novel tin(II) β‐diketonate Sn(Q)2 complexes [HQ = 1‐R1‐3‐R3‐4‐R4(C=O)‐pyrazol‐5‐one; HQC: R1 = Ph, R3 = Me, R4 = Cy; HQS: R1 = Ph, R3 = Me, R4 = CHPh2; HQL: R1 = Ph, R3 = Me, R4 = CH2Ph; HQT: R1 = Ph, R3 = Me, R4 = CH2tBu; HQE: R1 = Ph, R3 = Me, R4 = Et; HQB: R1 = Ph, R3 = Me, R4 = tBu; HQW: R1 = Ph, R3 = Me, R4 = p‐(tBu)Ph; HQR: R1 = Ph, R3 = Me, R4 = p‐[(CH2)5CH3]Ph; HQN: R1 = p‐NO2Ph, R3 = Me, R4 = Ph; HQM: R1 = Me, R3 = Me, R4 = Ph; HQD: R1 = Me, R3 = Me, R4 = Me; HQP: R1 = Ph, R3 = Ph, R4 = Ph; HQG: R1 = Ph, R3 = Ph, R4 = Me; HQF: R1 = p‐CF3Ph, R3 = Me, R4 = Ph; HQH: R1 = p‐CF3Ph, R3 = Me, R4 = Me] have been isolated and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses, IR, 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, conductivity and molecular weight measurements. The tin complexes SnQ2 are air‐stable, contrary to equivalent compounds of classical β‐diketones, and adopt mononuclear pseudo‐trigonal‐bipyramidal structures (pSnO4, where p is a stereochemically active lone electron pair) in which both ligands chelate a single metal center, as confirmed in the X‐ray crystal structure of Sn(QL)2. This structure fits a trend for all “SnO4” compounds: Sn−O(primary) and Sn−O(secondary) bonds are associated with small O(primary)−Sn−O(primary) and wide O(secondary)−Sn−O(secondary) bond angles. The reactivity of Sn(QT)2 toward RI (R = Me or Et) and CrCO6 has been investigated. The compounds PbQ2 (HQ = HQT, HQB, HQW, HQD) have been also synthesized and the X‐ray structures of Pb(QB)2 and Pb(QT)2 in the solid state determined. These are different from SnQ2 and are composed of “PbO4” moieties with additional interactions from neighboring units to produce polymeric forms. Compound Pb(QT)2 is unusual in having the metal−O(pyrazolonato) bond longer than the metal−O(acyl) one, probably due to a Pb−arene interaction with a neighboring phenyl ring. The sterically less hindered Pb(QD)2 reacts with phen (1,10‐phenanthroline) yielding the mixed ligand complex [Pb(QD)2(phen)]. In this work, in addition to the different coordination numbers expressed by Sn and Pb, associated with the larger covalent radius of the latter, the binding mode of 4‐acyl‐5‐pyrazolonates to Pb is syn whereas for Sn it is anti. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Solvothermal Synthesis of Paramagnetic Molecular Clusters
Authors: Laye Rebecca H. , McInnes Eric J.L.
Published: July 2004

A brief overview is given of the literature of the use of solvothermal techniques − chemistry in superheated solvents − towards paramagnetic cluster synthesis. Although these techniques have been used extensively to prepare infinite lattice magnetic materials, there is much less work on preparing discrete molecular clusters other than the polyoxovanadates and ‐molybdates. This microreview details some of our early success in using these techniques towards high‐nuclearity vanadium(III), chromium(III), manganese(II/III), iron(III) and nickel(II) clusters, including some very high spin ground state clusters (S ⩽ 25), and therefore demonstrates the potential in the synthesis of molecular materials such as single‐molecule magnets. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Cover Picture: [1,2]‐Rearrangement of Imino‐N‐heterocyclic Carbenes − Synthesis and Structures of Chelating Iminoimidazole Pd and Ni Complexes (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 14/2004)
Authors: Steiner Georg , Krajete Alexander , Kopacka Holger , Ongania Karl‐Hans , Wurst Klaus , Preishuber‐Pflügl Peter , Bildstein Benno
Published: July 2004

The cover picture shows the rearrangement of N‐imidoyl‐N‐heterocyclic carbenes as well as a crystal structures of a palladium complex of a derivative of one of the rearranged carbene ligands. This work was supported by the polymer laboratory of BASF AG, Ludwigshafen, Germany, in search of new imino‐N‐heterocyclic carbene late transition metal complexes as novel polymerization catalysts. Details are discussed in the article by B. Bildstein et al. on p. 2827 ff.
Glucose Measurement Using an Enzymatic Oscillatory Reaction
Authors: Sasaki Satoshi , Uchida Takashi , Nakano Daisuke , Hideshima Taketoshi
Published: July 2004

In biological systems, oscillatory reactions are often found. These reactions, so‐called biological oscillators, have a characteristic oscillation period ranging from seconds to years [1]. For the oscillation in which an enzyme is involved, the reaction has been studied both experimentally [2–5] and theoretically [6–10]. In many cases, temperature control, stirring, or continuous flow of the reactant is necessary to observe continuous oscillation. No trial has been made yet to control the oscillation period or waveform. Here, we report an enzymatic oscillation reaction using catalase and glucose oxidase in which the oscillation period and waveform can be changed by the addition of glucose. We achieved good reproducibility with an oscillation period and waveform change that was sufficient to be applied to the glucose quantification. The effect of coexisting chemicals such as ascorbic acid, urea, or acetamidophenol on the oscillation is examined.
Cathodic Electrochemical Detection of Nitrophenols at a Bismuth Film Electrode for Use in Flow Analysis
Authors: Hutton Emily A. , Ogorevc Božidar , Smyth Malcolm R.
Published: July 2004

The bismuth film electrode (BiFE) is presented for use in both batch voltammetric and flow injection (FI) amperometric detection of some nitrophenols (2‐nitrophenol, 2‐NP; 4‐nitrophenol, 4‐NP; 2,4‐dinitrophenol, 2,4‐DNP). The bismuth film was deposited ex situ (batch measurements) and in‐line (FI) onto a glassy carbon substrate electrode. Batch analysis of the nitrophenols was carried out in 0.04 M Britton Robinson (BR) buffer pH 4, while for FI measurements, a carrier/electrolyte solution composed of 0.1 M BR buffer pH 4 mixed with methanol (20+80, v/v%) was employed to resemble media used in preconcentration/clean‐up and flow separation sample pretreatment procedures. Under batch conditions, the voltammetric behavior of the nitrophenols was examined for dependence on medium pH in the range of 2 to 10. Employing the square‐wave voltammetry mode, the limits of detection were 0.4 μg L−1, 1.4 μg L−1, and 3.3 μg L−1 for 2‐NP, 4‐NP, and 2,4‐DNP, respectively. Under flow conditions, a simple in‐line electrochemical bismuth film renewal procedure was tested and shown to provide very good inter‐ and intra‐electrode reproducibility of the current signals at low μg L−1 analyte concentrations. The limits of detection for 2‐NP, 4‐NP and 2,4‐DNP obtained using FI and amperometric detection at −1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) were 0.3 μg L−1, 0.6 μg L−1 and 0.7 μg L−1, respectively, with linear ranges extending up to 20 μg L−1. The attractive performance of the BiFE under flow analysis conditions offers great promise with respect to its detection capability and to its use for a prolonged period of time with no need for inconvenient removal of the electrode from the system for mechanical surface treatment.
A Lactulose Bienzyme Biosensor Based on Self‐Assembled Monolayer Modified Electrodes
Authors: Campuzano Susana , Pedrero María , de Villena F. Javier Manuel , Pingarrón José M.
Published: July 2004

A bienzyme biosensor in which the enzymes β‐galactosidase (β‐Gal), fructose dehydrogenase (FDH), and the mediator tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) were coimmobilized by cross‐linking with glutaraldehyde atop a 3‐mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) self‐assembled monolayer on a gold disk electrode, is reported. The working conditions selected were Eapp=+0.10 V and (25±1) °C. The useful lifetime of one single TTF‐β‐Gal‐FDH‐MPA‐AuE was surprisingly long, 81 days. A linear calibration plot was obtained for lactulose over the 3.0×10−5–1.0×10−3 mol L−1 concentration range, with a limit of detection of 9.6×10−6 mol L−1. The effect of potential interferents (lactose, glucose, galactose, sucrose, and ascorbic acid) on the biosensor response was evaluated. The behavior of the SAM‐based biosensor in flow‐injection systems in connection with amperometric detection was tested. The analytical usefulness of the biosensor was evaluated by determining lactulose in a pharmaceutical preparation containing a high lactulose concentration, and in different types of milk. Finally, the analytical characteristics of the TTF‐β‐Gal‐FDH‐MPA‐AuE are critically compared with those reported for other recent enzymatic determinations of lactulose.
Statistical analysis of vegetation incidence on contamination of soils by heavy metals (Pb, Ni and Zn) in the vicinity of an iron steel industrial plant in Algeria
Authors: Kadem D. E. D. , Rached O. , Krika A. , Gheribi‐Aoulmi Z.
Published: July 2004

In order to determine the effect of vegetation on soil contamination by fallout of heavy metals (lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn)), ten sites were randomly selected, within a wooded zone in the vicinity of an iron steel industrial plant (El Hadjar, Algeria). On each site, average samples of soils were taken, on two plots, under two Mediterranean tree species (olive tree (Olea europea) and mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus)) and between those, under naked ground, at two depths. Leaves of the same trees were also the object of average sampling.

Pb, Ni and Zn were measured, by a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer, in washed and unwashed leaves, and in total and soluble extracts of soils, which were also the object of organic matter (OM), pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) analysis.

Significant differences were noted between Pb, Ni and Zn washed leaves contents, and those of unwashed leaves, suggesting an atmospheric contamination source, apparently industrial.

Pearson correlation coefficients indicate that total Pb and total Zn soil contents are significantly and positively related to pH and to OM, and that soluble Ni is significantly and negatively related to pH.

Analyses of variance (ANOVA) reveals: station effect, for all the variables, except for CEC; species effect, for pH, OM, total Pb, total Zn and soluble Ni; depth effect only for OM; and Interactions between stations and species only for OM, total Pb and soluble Ni.

The classification of averages by Scheffé's test shows that the differences between the stations are important only for Ni and pH. This result indicates that the studied area presents little heterogeneity, from the point of view of the majority of the studied variables.

Significant differences between soils under vegetation and those under naked grounds have been found for total Pb, total Zn, soluble Ni, OM contents and pH. The differences are more important between the olive tree and naked ground than between the mastic tree and naked ground, especially for pH, total Zn and soluble Ni.

The results show that vegetation, by its protective effect on the soil and by the rates of OM, would support retention of metal elements in the soil, thus decreasing their mobility and then their biodisponibility and their migration towards deeper layers of the soils and the groundwater, or laterally towards other zones, in particular to the surface water. It thus reduces the risk of transfer of heavy metals toward the human being and therefore its toxification.

So, the existence of a natural vegetable cover, in areas presenting an atmospheric source of contamination by heavy metals, would thus have, in an indirect way, a protective effect not only on the environment but also on population health and thus on quality of life (QoL). In that case, the olive tree seems more efficient than the mastic tree. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loglinear spatial factor analysis: an application to diabetes mellitus complications
Authors: Minozzo Marco , Fruttini Daniela
Published: July 2004

The investigation of spatial variation in disease rates is a standard epidemiological practice used to describe the geographic clustering of diseases which is helpful for making hypotheses about the possible ‘factors’ responsible for differences in risk. Up to the most recent statistical and computational developments, studies have almost entirely focused on the spatial modeling of univariate distributions of cases, that is, on the spatial modeling of single diseases. However, many diseases show similar patterns of geographical variation which may suggest the existence of common underlying risk factors, whether these are related to the environment, to particular local food habits, or to the clustering of a particular population (genetic origin). In this work, for multivariate categorical data pointwise geo‐referenced in a ‘geostatistical’ fashion, we propose a model for the study of the joint spatial variation of more diseases. Our approach is based on a hierarchical (generalized linear mixed) multivariate model where the underlying latent structure is given by a Gaussian geostatistical spatial factor model. The methodology proposed can be seen as an extension of the geostatistical linear model of coregionalization, and of the related ‘factorial kriging analysis’, to the case of geo‐referenced, in general multi‐way, contingency tables. An application of the proposed methodology is shown on an epidemiological data set coming from an extensive survey on diabetes mellitus patients which involved the majority of the family practitioners of the region of Umbria in central Italy in 1990. Attention is centered on the study of nephropathy and retinopathy, two of the chronic diabetic complications affecting life quality and expectancy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing intra‐individual changes in health related quality of life data in psychiatric clinical trials
Authors: Mazumdar Sati , Amanda Dew Mary , Houck Patricia R. , Reynolds Charles F.
Published: July 2004

Assessment of intra‐individual changes in health related quality of life (HRQOL) measures is important to develop individual change standards and to provide help in clinical practice. Methodological issues related to the analysis of HRQOL data depend on the nature of medical illnesses and the target population. However, one issue—the need to assess HRQOL changes across individuals over time—spans most conditions. Modest improvement in HRQOL may be harder to assess in elderly depressed persons who also have high rates of co‐existing medical and neurobiological illnesses. Powerful statistical techniques are necessary to assess these improvements. Focusing on methods related to the issue of measuring change, we describe the potential of a mixed‐modeling approach for the assessment of intra‐individual changes using HRQOL data measured in a large group of elderly patients with recurrent major depression. These patients were treated with combined pharmacotherapy and interpersonal psychotherapy. We used a mixed‐modeling approach and two pre‐post difference score methods. The percentage of intra‐individual statistically significant improvement rates was found to be largest for the mixed‐modeling approach. We conducted simulation studies to compare these three approaches for assessing these changes. The simulated data reflected the observed data. Results from the two simulation studies are in agreement with the observed results and provide positive evidence for an earlier hypothesis (Speer and Greenbaum, 1995) that the mixed‐modeling approach is more sensitive for assessing changes across individuals over time compared to the pre‐post difference score methods. Thus, we recommend the use of the mixed‐modeling approach to measure intra‐individual changes, based on a larger array of supporting evidence than has been available previously. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Casualty occurrence mechanism in the collapse of timber‐frame houses during an earthquake
Authors: Kiyono Junji , Furukawa Aiko
Published: July 2004

The collapse of timber‐frame houses during an earthquake was analyzed by the 2‐dimensional (2D) and 3‐dimensional (3D) distinct element methods (DEM). The DEM is a numerical analysis technique in which positions of elements are calculated by solving equations of motion step by step. Both individual and group behavior can be simulated. The structure is modeled as an assembly of distinct elements connected by virtual springs and dashpots where elements come into contact. A timber‐frame house with simple structural elements; beams, columns, floors, and a roof, was modeled. Injury to human bodies also was considered. Human bodies modeled as circles (2D) or rectangular parallelepipeds (3D) were placed on its floors. The maximum impact acceleration on the human body during an earthquake was calculated. Injury to humans in houses was assessed by the Chest‐G index and Head Injury Criteria (HIC) widely used in automobile engineering. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ancient transpacific voyaging to the new world via Pleistocene South Pacific Islands
Authors: Wyatt Steve
Published: July 2004

How humans first arrived in America remains a mystery. Although the Beringian and coastal options have been discussed in detail, a transpacific route from the Old World to the New World via the islands of Oceania has been essentially ignored. Of the many factors involved in completing such a voyage, besides an adequate watercraft, landfall frequency and prevailing winds and currents were most important. A chain of islands in the landless eastern South Pacific, with its consequent and possibly favorable modifications of regional sea surface currents, would have been particularly beneficial to eastbound mariners. Comparing present‐day bathymetry with estimated late Pleistocene glacially induced sea level fluctuations suggests that latent islands may actually exist, especially when the effects of other geological phenomena are also considered. If exposed during the last glacial maximum (LGM), such a chain of islands could have provided facilitating layover points for ancient eastbound seafaring explorers, thus making a transpacific journey more plausible. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pliocene clays from Aegina (Greece): Reference material for chemical provenance studies on bronze age pottery from the Island
Authors: Hein Anno , Mommsen Hans , Zender Guido
Published: July 2004

Normally, the use of clays as reference materials in chemical provenance studies of ancient ceramics is complicated due to the original clay paste processing. The primary mixing and/or refining of raw materials during pottery production makes a straightforward comparison of archaeological ceramics with extant geological materials difficult if not impossible in many cases. However, in the case of Pliocene clays from Aegina (Greece), which were examined chemically and mineralogically and compared with Bronze Age pottery produced on the island, a successful exception can be presented. The chemical composition of a large group of Aeginetan pottery resembles the chemical composition of clays from a deposit in close vicinity to the main Bronze Age settlement of the island. Clays from specific outcrops exhibit considerable chemical and mineralogical homogeneity, and the suitability of those clays for pottery production apparently made substantial clay paste processing unnecessary. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cannabinoid signaling in glial cells
Authors: Stella Nephi
Published: July 2004

The cannabinoid signaling system is composed of cannabinoid (CB) receptors, their endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids, and the enzymes that produce and inactivate them. It is well known that neurons communicate between each other through this signaling system. Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive compound of marijuana, interacts with CB receptors, impinging on this communication and inducing profound behavioral effects such as memory impairment and analgesia. Recent evidence suggests that glial cells also express components of the cannabinoid signaling system and marijuana‐derived compounds act at CB receptors expressed by glial cells, affecting their functions. This review summarizes this evidence, discusses how glial cells might use the cannabinoid signaling system to communicate with neighboring cells, and argues that nonpsychotropic cannabinoids, both marijuana‐derived and synthetic, likely constitute lead compounds for therapy aimed at reducing acute and chronic neuroinflammation, such as occurs in multiple sclerosis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase and production of quinolinic acid by human microglia, astrocytes, and neurons
Authors: Guillemin Gilles J. , Smythe George , Takikawa Osamu , Brew Bruce J.
Published: July 2004

There is good evidence that the kynurenine pathway (KP) and one of its end products, quinolinic acid (QUIN) play a role in the pathogenesis of several major neurological diseases. While QUIN has been shown to be produced in neurotoxic concentrations by macrophages and microglia, the capacity of astrocytes and neurons to produce QUIN is controversial. Using interferon gamma (IFN‐γ)‐stimulated primary cultures of human mixed brain cells, we assayed expression of the KP regulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) and QUIN production by immunocytochemistry. Using IFN‐γ‐stimulated purified cultures of neurons, astrocytes, microglia and macrophages, we studied IDO expression by RT‐PCR and production of QUIN using mass spectrometry. We found that astrocytes, neurons, and microglia expressed IDO but only microglia were able to produce detectable amounts of QUIN. However, astrocytes and neurons had the ability to catabolize QUIN. This study also provides the first evidence of IDO expression and lack of production of QUIN in culture of primary human neurons. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The efficiency of a carbamazepine–mianserin combination scheme in opiate detoxification
Authors: Zullino Daniele F. , Krenz Sonia , Favrat Bernard , Zimmermann Grégoire , Bertschy Gilles , Besson Jacques
Published: July 2004

A recent comparative randomized double‐blind study has suggested the utility of a carbamazepine/mianserin combination as a treatment for opiate withdrawal. The aim of the present study was to explore the feasibility and efficiency of this combination under naturalistic conditions. Five hundred and fifty mostly polysubstance abusing patients treated with a standardized scheme combining carbamazepine and mianserin were assessed with regard to deviations to the protocol, used comedications and retention in treatment.

Three hundred and sixty three patients (66.0%) received the carbamazepine/mianserin combination as specified by the standardized protocol. In 350 patients (63.7%) the whole 10 days was completed. The most frequently used p.r.n. medications were for anxiety (47.5%) and insomnia (54.5%).

The treatment of opiate withdrawal with a carbamazepine/mianserin combination scheme in an inpatient setting seems to be feasible and applicable with few adaptations to most patients, and may represent an interesting treatment option for multidrug users.. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chondrocyte protein with a poly‐proline region (CHPPR) is a novel mitochondrial protein and promotes mitochondrial fission
Authors: Tonachini Laura , Monticone Massimiliano , Puri Claudia , Tacchetti Carlo , Pinton Paolo , Rizzuto Rosario , Cancedda Ranieri , Tavella Sara , Castagnola Patrizio
Published: July 2004

We have recently identified a chondrocyte protein with a poly‐proline region, referred to as CHPPR, and showed that this protein is expressed intracellularly in chick embryo chondrocytes. Conventional fluorescence and confocal localization of CHPPR shows that CHPPR is sorted to mitochondria. Furthermore, immunoelectron microscopy of CHPPR transfected cells demonstrates that this protein is mostly associated with the mitochondrial inner membranes. Careful analysis of CHPPR expressing cells reveals, instead of the regular mitochondrial tubular network, the presence of a number of small spheroid mitochondria. Here we show that the domain responsible for network–spheroid transition spans amino acid residues 182–309 including the poly‐proline region. Functional analyses of mitochondrial activity rule out the possibility of mitochondrial damage in CHPPR transfected cells. Since cartilage expresses high levels of CHPPR mRNA when compared to other tissues and because CHPPR is associated with late stages of chondrocyte differentiation, we have investigated mitochondrial morphology in hypertrophic chondrocytes by MitoTracker Orange labeling. Confocal microscopy shows that these cells have spheroid mitochondria. Our data demonstrate that CHPPR is able to promote mitochondrial fission with a sequence specific mechanism suggesting that this event may be relevant to late stage of chondrocyte differentiation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute treatment with MgSO4 attenuates long‐term hippocampal tissue loss after brain trauma in the rat
Authors: Browne Kevin D. , Leoni Matthew J. , Iwata Akira , Chen Xiao‐Han , Smith Douglas H.
Published: July 2004

Previous studies have shown that magnesium salts and the noncompetitive N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, NPS 1506, attenuated short‐term cognitive deficits and histopathological changes associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). We evaluated the long‐term effects of both therapies after brain trauma. Young adult rats were subjected to parasagittal fluid‐percussion brain injury and received either MgSO4 (125 μmol/400 g rat; n = 12) 15 min post‐injury, NPS 1506 (1.15 mg/kg; n = 12) 15 min and 4 hr post‐injury, or vehicle (n = 9) 15 min post‐injury. Uninjured animals (sham) received vehicle (n = 10). Learning function in these animals was evaluated using a water maze paradigm 8 months after injury or sham treatment, and the brains were examined for cortical and hippocampal tissue loss. Compared to sham animals, injured vehicle‐treated animals displayed a substantial learning dysfunction, indicated by an increased latency to find a hidden platform in the water maze (P < 0.001). No improvements in learning, however, were found for injured animals treated with NPS 1506 or MgSO4. Injury induced >30% loss of tissue in the ipsilateral cortex in vehicle‐treated animals that was not reduced in animals treated with either NPS 1506 or MgSO4. Treatment with MgSO4 significantly reduced progressive tissue loss in the hippocampus (P < 0.001). These findings are the first to demonstrate long‐term neuroprotection of hippocampal tissue by an acute treatment in a TBI model. These data also show that the previously reported broad efficacy of MgSO4 or NPS 1506 observed shortly after brain trauma could not be detected 8 months post‐injury. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.