bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Do the Rich Save More? A Theory and Australian Evidence*
Authors: CHAKRABARTY DEBAJYOTI , KATAYAMA HAJIME , MASLEN HANNA
Published: August 2008

We provide a theory to explain the existence of inequality in an economy where agents have identical preferences and have access to the same production technology. Agents consume a ‘health’ good which determines their subjective discount factor. Depending on initial distribution of capital the economy gets separated into different permanent‐income groups. This leads to a testable hypothesis: ‘The rich save a larger proportion of their permanent‐income’. We test this implication for savings behaviour in Australia. We find that even after controlling for lifecycle and health characteristics, higher permanent income is positively related with higher savings rates and better saving habits.
The Impact of Lifecycle Events on Women's Labour Force Transitions: A Panel Analysis*
Authors: JEON SUNG‐HEE
Published: August 2008

This panel study explores the impact of different lifecycle events on women's labour force transitions. We explicitly investigate whether the factors that determine entry into the labour force differ from the factors that determine withdrawal from the labour force. The results demonstrate that labour force transitions – entry and withdrawal – occur more frequently among young women. The event of childbirth is strongly associated with labour force withdrawal, while marital separation and reductions in family earnings are strongly associated with labour force entry. Moreover, labour force transition probabilities are more sensitive to income‐reducing events than to income‐supplementing events.
Do Migrants get Good Jobs in Australia? The Role of Ethnic Networks in Job Search*
Authors: MAHUTEAU STÉPHANE , JUNANKAR P.N. (RAJA)
Published: August 2008

We study the role of ethnic networks in migrants’ job search and the quality of jobs they find in the first years of settlement. We find that there are initial downward movements along the occupational ladder, followed by improvements. As a result of restrictions in welfare eligibility since 1997, we study whether this increases the probability that new migrants accept ‘bad jobs’ quickly and then move onto better jobs over time. Holding employability constant, our results support this view. However, accounting for their higher employability, new migrants seem to fare better up to 1.5 years after settlement.
Testing the Consistency Between Standard Contingent Valuation, Repeated Contingent Valuation and Choice Experiments
Authors: Christie Mike , Azevedo Christopher D.
Published: August 2008

Choice experiments (CEs) are a relatively new approach to valuing environmental resources. Initial tests of the validity of the approach have either compared benefit estimates generated using CEs with those estimated using contingent valuation (CV) or used more sophisticated hypothesis tests of parameter equality. Although useful, existing tests have been restricted to testing consistency based on a single policy scenario (standard CV). We argue that, although these tests are informative, they fail to take full advantage of the richness of CE data. In particular, CE data allow for the calculation of benefit estimates over a range of policy scenarios (i.e. attribute combinations). A similar range of benefit estimates may be generated by pooling scenarios in a repeated CV study. In this paper, we explore this relationship between CV and CEs by conducting validity tests between a CE model and a repeated CV model over a range of three levels of improved water quality at Clear Lake, IA, USA. Evidence from this test suggests that the CE and CV data are consistent.
Long‐Term Impacts of Poaching on Relatedness, Stress Physiology, and Reproductive Output of Adult Female African Elephants
Authors: GOBUSH K. S. , MUTAYOBA B. M. , WASSER S. K.
Published: August 2008

Abstract:  Widespread poaching prior to the 1989 ivory ban greatly altered the demographic structure of matrilineal African elephant (Loxodonta africana) family groups in many populations by decreasing the number of old, adult females. We assessed the long‐term impacts of poaching by investigating genetic, physiological, and reproductive correlates of a disturbed social structure resulting from heavy poaching of an African elephant population in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, prior to 1989. We examined fecal glucocorticoid levels and reproductive output among 218 adult female elephants from 109 groups differing in size, age structure, and average genetic relatedness over 25 months from 2003 to 2005. The distribution in group size has changed little since 1989, but the number of families with tusked old matriarchs has increased by 14.2%. Females from groups that lacked an old matriarch, first‐order adult relatives, and strong social bonds had significantly higher fecal glucocorticoid values than those from groups with these features (all females R2= 0.31; females in multiadult groups R2= 0.46). Females that frequented isolated areas with historically high poaching risk had higher fecal glucocorticoid values than those in low poaching risk areas. Females with weak bonds and low group relatedness had significantly lower reproductive output (R2[U]=0.21). Females from disrupted groups, defined as having observed average group relatedness 1 SD below the expected mean for a simulated unpoached family, had significantly lower reproductive output than females from intact groups, despite many being in their reproductive prime. These results suggest that long‐term negative impacts from poaching of old, related matriarchs have persisted among adult female elephants 1.5 decades after the 1989 ivory ban was implemented.
Reviews: Is Regression of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients Possible?
Authors: Bossola Maurizio , Tazza Luigi , Vulpio Carlo , Luciani Giovanna
Published: August 2008

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), present in 70–80% of patients at the start of dialysis, results from chronic high blood pressure, volume overload, or both, in association with a number of metabolic and neurohumoral alterations. LVH is associated with poor outcome and was considered irreversible until the end of the 20th century. Conversely, in recent years, numerous studies have been published demonstrating that LVH may regress through various therapeutic strategies such as prevention and control of anemia, control of volume load, use of antihypertensive drugs, use of daily or nocturnal hemodialysis (HD), prevention and treatment of hyperphosphatemia, administration of vitamin D or with multifactorial interventional approaches. However, it must be emphasized that most of these studies have included a small number of patients, that many are single‐arm and that few are randomized and controlled. In general, it seem that further, adequate, randomized, controlled studies are warranted to better define the optimal therapeutic approach to treat LVH in end‐stage renal disease patients receiving chronic HD.
Effects of Thermocycling on the Tensile Bond Strength of Three Permanent Soft Denture Liners
Authors: Botega Daniela Maffei , Sanchez José Luiz Lopes , Mesquita Marcelo Ferraz , Henriques Guilherme Elias Pessanha , Consani Rafael Leonardo Xediek
Published: August 2008

Purpose: This study investigated the effect of in vitro accelerated aging reproduced with thermocycling on the bond strength of three commercially available permanent denture soft liners (PermaSoft, Dentuflex, Ufi‐gel) with one heat‐polymerized polymethyl methacrylate resin denture base (QC‐20) by tensile test.

Material and Methods: Ten specimens were prepared for control and test groups of each material for a total of 60 specimens. All controls were stored in water (37°C) for 24 hours before testing. All test groups received 3000 thermal cycles consisting of 1 minute at 5°C and 1 minute at 65°C. All specimens were submitted to a tensile test using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Results were statistically analyzed (ANOVA, p≤ 0.05, Tukey's post‐hoc test).

Results: The mean bond strength of control specimens was (MPa): 0.32 (Ufi‐gel), 0.49 (PermaSoft), and 1.19 (Dentuflex). There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between Ufi‐gel and PermaSoft, but both were statistically different (p < 0.05) when compared to Dentuflex. After thermocycling, the mean bond strength was (MPa): 0.18 (Ufi‐gel), 0.81 (PermaSoft), and 3.32 (Dentuflex). All materials were statistically different (p < 0.05). Ufi‐gel had the lowest value and Dentuflex the highest in both control and test groups. Dentuflex presented only adhesive failure; in the remaining groups, there was no predominant failure mode, except Ufi‐gel control with no adhesive failure.

Conclusions: Despite presenting greater bond strength, thermocycling had a deleterious effect in Dentuflex; Ufi‐gel may be adequate for short‐term use.
Prosthodontic Program Directors' Perceptions Regarding Implant Placement by Prosthodontic Residents: A 2004 Survey Conducted by the Educational Policy Subcommittee of the American College of Prosthodontists
Authors: Sukotjo Cortino , Arbree Nancy S.
Published: August 2008

Purpose: In 2004, a survey regarding implant placement by prosthodontic residents was conducted by the Educational Policy Subcommittee of the American College of Prosthodontists (ACP). The aim of the survey was to assess the current trends in implant curricula at advanced graduate prosthodontics programs in the United States and Canada and determine the issues surrounding surgical implant training for prosthodontic residents.

Materials and Methods: The survey was mailed to the prosthodontic/maxillofacial prosthetic program directors of the 59 prosthodontic graduate programs in the United States and Canada in 2004. Of these, 27 program directors replied, yielding a response rate of 46%.

Results: Of the replying programs, 43% either required residents to place or offered the option to have residents place implants. Forty‐four percent reported that residents participate by functioning as first assistants for some of their implant patients, 40% have a specific curriculum to train residents in implant placement, 50% reported not having any institutional barriers that prevent program directors from training prosthodontic residents in implant placement, 51% provide implant training using plastic jaws, and 66% of the programs required residents to observe implant surgery in the clinic before they are permitted to place implants. Of prosthodontic residents who treated implant‐related patients, the majority treated 11 to 20 patients during their residency. In 2004, 40% of program directors were not trained in the placement of dental implants, and if they did have the implant training, the majority (82%) stated that the nature of their training was 1‐ to 3‐day course(s).

Conclusions: This survey showed that implant dentistry has become an integral part of the postgraduate prosthodontic curriculum. The trends to incorporate implant placement into the postgraduate prosthodontic curriculum were already evident prior to 2004. To address the demand for implant treatment in patient care and enhance surgical implant knowledge, the ACP in 2005 added placement of implants to its Accreditation Standards for Advanced Specialty Education Programs in Prosthodontics.
Upper Turnover Portion of the Reentry Circuit for Typical and Reverse Typical Atrial Flutter
Authors: FUKUZAWA KOJI , YOSHIDA AKIHIRO , KUBO SHINYA , TAKANO TAKATSUGU , KIUCHI KUNIHIKO , KANDA GAKU , TAKAMI KAORU , KUMAGAI HIROYUKI , TORII SATOKO , TAKAMI MITSURU , OHNISHI YOSHIO , OKAJIMA KATSUNORI , HIRATA KEN‐ICHI
Published: August 2008

Background: The posteromedial right atrium (PMRA) forms a block line during typical atrial flutter (AFL). However, whether upper turnover portion exists at the anterior or posterior superior vena cava (SVC) has not been determined.

Methods: We performed right atrial mapping during AFL in 20 patients (typical AFL, n = 17; reverse typical AFL, n = 3) using an electroanatomical mapping system.

Results: Mean AFL cycle length was 224 ± 20 ms and mean number of mapping points was 140 ± 27. PMRA formed a block line during both typical and reverse AFL in all patients. However, in 16 of 17 patients mapped with typical AFL, PMRA did not extend superiorly to the orifice of the SVC and AFL wave propagated between the upper limit of the PMRA and the posterior SVC. In the remaining patient mapped with typical AFL, a double potential was recorded along the PMRA continuously between the orifices of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and SVC. In the three patients mapped with reverse typical AFL, a posterior barrier was detected from IVC to the upper limit of the PMRA and AFL wave propagated between the upper limit of the PMRA and the posterior SVC. Mean length from IVC to upper limit of the PMRA was 81 ± 8% of the length from IVC to SVC.

Conclusions: PMRA forms a functional block line during both typical and reverse typical AFL. The upper turnover portion of reentry circuit for AFL was observed between the upper limit of the PMRA and the posterior SVC in the majority of isthmus‐dependent AFL patients.
Coronary Sinus Diverticulum Complicating CRT Device Implantation
Authors: THAL SERGIO , THAI HOANG , JUNEMAN ELIZABETH , GOLDMAN STEVEN
Published: August 2008

Coronary sinus diverticula are rare findings usually associated with the presence of accessory pathways. We report the case of a 74‐year‐old man, who underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device implant. Coronary sinus diverticulum was an incidental finding while attempting to subselectively cannulate the coronary sinus for left ventricle lead implant. The case was able to be completed without complications.
Nifekalant and Disopyramide in a Patient with Short QT Syndrome: Evaluation of Pharmacological Effects and Electrophysiological Properties
Authors: MIZOBUCHI MASAHIRO , ENJOJI YOSHIHISA , YAMAMOTO RYUJI , ONO TSUYOSHI , FUNATSU ATSUSHI , KAMBAYASHI DAISUKE , KOBAYASHI TOMOKO , NAKAMURA SHIGERU
Published: August 2008

We assessed several pharmacological effects on electrocardiogram parameters and effective refractory period (ERP) in a patient with a short QT syndrome (SQTS). Pharmacological challenge tests revealed that disopyramide and selective Ikr blocker, nifekalant normalized QT interval, and ERP of the atrial and ventricular myocardium. This study suggested that disopyramide and nifekalant should be feasible for the drug treatment of the SQTS. Moreover, QT interval was paradoxically prolonged at higher heart rates induced with isoproterenol infusion or an exercise test, although the mechanism of this QT prolongation remains to be investigated.
Exploring Dependence with Data on Spatial Lattices
Authors: Kaiser Mark S. , Caragea Petruţa C.
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe application of Markov random field models to problems involving spatial data on lattice systems requires decisions regarding a number of important aspects of model structure. Existing exploratory techniques appropriate for spatial data do not provide direct guidance to an investigator about these decisions. We introduce an exploratory quantity that is directly tied to the structure of Markov random field models based on one‐parameter exponential family conditional distributions. This exploratory diagnostic is shown to be a meaningful statistic that can inform decisions involved in modeling spatial structure with statistical dependence terms. In this article, we develop the diagnostic, illustrate its use in guiding modeling decisions with simulated examples, and reexamine a previously published application.
Social Relations and the Green Critique of Capitalism in Melanesia
Authors: KIRSCH STUART
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT In this article, I explore what a critical environmental perspective would look like in Melanesia, where the distinction between nature and culture, and the expectation that science interprets the former in terms of the latter, may not apply. I consider changes in scientific knowledge production and the shift from cultural ecology to political ecology in Melanesian anthropology, including the argument that Melanesians are neither conservationists nor environmentalists. In contrast, I show how people exposed to pollution from the Ok Tedi copper and gold mine in Papua New Guinea mobilize their understandings of difference in a green critique of capitalism. I examine a strategy session of local activists, a public meeting about their campaign against the mine, and a sorcery tribunal. Finally, I suggest that Melanesian ideas about social relations provide a useful ethnographic analogy for thinking about the mobility and short temporal horizons of contemporary capitalism.
Witch Hunts, Herbal Healing, and Discourses of Indigenous Ecodevelopment in North India: Theory and Method in the Anthropology of Environmentality
Authors: SNODGRASS JEFFREY G. , LACY MICHAEL G. , SHARMA SATISH KUMAR , JHALA YUVRAJ SINGH , ADVANI MOHAN , BHARGAVA N. K. , UPADHYAY CHAKRAPANI
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT  In this article, we examine the environmental thought and practice of indigenous peoples living in and around a wildlife sanctuary in North India. Analysis reveals that those religious specialists (such as shamans) who possess knowledge of herbal healing are more committed than other villagers to preventing or mitigating the overharvesting of natural resources. To explain these results, reference is made to a specific juncture of native traditions and modern conditions and in particular to an intersection of local economies with global discourses of “ecodevelopment.” Drawing on theories and methods from political ecology and cultural psychology, we present a framework for testing the extent that local actors—in this case, shamanic and herbalist healers—are differently positioned to resist or accommodate state and parastate structures of “environmentality” than are other villagers.
Mass Gain due to the Chemical Recombination of Water in Fired Clay Brick
Authors: Savage Shaun D. , Wilson Moira A. , Carter Margaret A. , McKay Bernard , Hoff William D. , Hall Christopher
Published: August 2008

Mass gain due to recombination of water in freshly fired brick ceramic is compared with that in both bulk and powdered samples of the same material following reheating to 500°C. In all cases the gain in mass occurs in two distinct stages both linear with (time)1/4, the first (Stage I) ending at t∼1.5 h followed by a second stage (Stage II), which continues indefinitely. The powdered ceramic following reheating shows a dramatic increase in reactivity with a mass gain in the first stage equivalent to that which would be achieved by the bulk ceramic in over 2000 years.
The impacts of animal disease crises on the Korean meat market
Authors: Park Moonsoo , Jin Yanhong H. , Bessler David A.
Published: August 2008

Employing the error correction method and historical decomposition with direct acyclic graphs, we quantify the impacts of domestic and overseas animal disease crises on the Korean meat market. We have the following findings: (a) the market partially recovered 16 months after the domestic foot‐and‐mouth outbreak (FMD) in 2000, and 13 months after the domestic avian influenza (AI) incidents and the U.S. bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) discovery in 2003; (b) animal disease outbreaks had differentiated impacts by disease type and at different levels of meat supply chain. Retail price margin increased relative to the farm and wholesale levels; and (c) disease outbreaks caused changes of dynamic interdependence between prices by meat type at different levels of meat supply chain.
The level of illicit drug use is related to symptoms and premorbid functioning in severe mental illness
Authors: Ringen P. A. , Melle I. , Birkenaes A. B. , Engh J. A. , Faerden A. , Vaskinn A. , Friis S. , Opjordsmoen S. , Andreassen O. A.
Published: August 2008

Objective:  There is conflicting data on drug abuse and outcome in severe mental illness. This study aims to investigate if the amount of illicit psychoactive drug use is related to symptom load or premorbid functioning across diagnosis in patients with severe mental illness.

Method:  Symptom load, sociodemographic status, premorbid functioning and the level of use of illicit psychoactive drugs were assessed in 423 subjects with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in a cross‐sectional study.

Results:  High amount of illicit drug use was associated with poorer premorbid academic functioning. In schizophrenia, there was a significant positive association between amount of drug use and severity of psychiatric symptoms. The association between symptom load and drug use was significant after controlling for premorbid functioning.

Conclusion:  The results suggest a direct association between the quantity of current drug use and more severe symptoms in schizophrenia. Poor premorbid functioning was related to high amount of use, but did not explain the difference in symptom load.
Amygdala and hippocampal volumes and cognition in adult survivors of childhood abuse with dissociative disorders
Authors: Weniger G. , Lange C. , Sachsse U. , Irle E.
Published: August 2008

Objective:  Trauma‐exposed individuals with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) display reduced amygdala and hippocampal size and impaired cognition. However, studies on trauma‐exposed individuals with dissociative amnesia (DA) or dissociative identity disorder (DID) are lacking.

Method:  Twenty‐three young women who had experienced severe childhood sexual/physical abuse, diagnosed with DA/DID or PTSD, and 25 healthy control subjects were subjected to 3D structural magnetic resonance imaging of amygdala and hippocampus and a clinical and neuropsychological investigation.

Results:  Compared with controls, trauma‐exposed subjects with PTSD (n = 10) displayed significantly reduced amygdala and hippocampal size and significantly impaired cognition. By contrast, trauma‐exposed subjects with DA or DID (n = 13) displayed normal amygdala and hippocampal size and normal cognition.

Conclusion:  We report for the first time volumetric results in subjects with DA/DID without PTSD as comorbid diagnosis. Our results indicate preserved amygdala and hippocampal size and preserved cognition in subjects with these disorders.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF BONE MARROW IN THE PELVIS AND FEMUR OF YOUNG DOGS
Authors: ARMBRUST LAURA J. , OSTMEYER MACKENZIE , MCMURPHY ROSE
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of bone marrow in the pelvis and femur of normal, young dogs. Six greyhounds were imaged at 4, 8, 12, and 16 months of age. Sagittal images of the femur and dorsal images of the pelvis were obtained with T1‐weighted, fast spin echo (FSE) T2‐weighted, and short tau (T1) inversion recovery (STIR) sequences. On T1‐weighted images areas with high signal intensity, similar to fat, included the femoral heads, mid‐diaphysis of the femur, femoral condyles, and the body of the ilium. T2‐weighted images were characterized by uniform intermediate signal intensity (less than fat, but greater than muscle) in the femoral head, high signal intensity, similar to fat, in the mid‐diaphysis of the femur and ilial body, and intermediate to high signal intensity in the femoral condyle. By 16 months high signal intensity was seen in the diaphysis and distal metaphysis on both T1‐ and T2‐weighted images. On STIR images the femoral head had intermediate to low signal intensity, compared with muscle. The mid‐diaphysis of the femur was of low signal intensity, similar to fat, and the body of the ilium had mixed signal intensity at all ages. The femoral condyle had inhomogenous, intermediate to low signal intensity at 4 months, but was of uniform low signal intensity at 8–16 months.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—CERVICAL SPINE CHONDROMA IN A DOG
Authors: RÓDENAS SERGIO , PUMAROLA MARTÍ , AÑOR SÒNIA
Published: August 2008

An extradural chondroma originating in the cervical spine was diagnosed in an 8‐year‐old, intact male Chow‐Chow that presented acute cervical pain and chronic right thoracic limb lameness. Myelographic images were within normal limits. With magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, an extradural mass was identified at the level of the C4‐C5 vertebrae. This mass was excised, and the histologic diagnosis was chondroma. Fifteen months after surgery, the dog was clinically normal, and no regrowth of the mass was identified on follow‐up MR images. Spinal chondromas are rare tumors in the dog, but should be considered as a rule out for contrast‐enhancing extradural vertebral masses.
ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED RETRIEVAL OF PLANT AWNS
Authors: DELLA SANTA DANIELE , ROSSI FEDERICA , CARLUCCI FABIO , VIGNOLI MASSIMO , KIRCHER PATRICK
Published: August 2008

In dogs, surgical removal of plant awns causing a foreign body granuloma or abscess may be challenging. The inability to localize the foreign body during surgical removal often leads to abscess recurrence. In this report, we describe ultrasound‐guided retrieval as an alternative to standard surgical retrieval in animals where the plant awn can be identified sonographically. This procedure was used in six dogs with a superficial abscess due to a plant awn, and in all dogs the foreign body was successfully retrieved with Hartmann forceps. No complication was observed and no abscess recurred. Minimally invasive ultrasound‐guided plant awn retrieval appears to be a safe effective method of retrieving superficially located plant awns in the dog.
Looking From Outside The Goldfish Bowl
Authors: Dorling Danny
Published: August 2008

What exactly can you show on a map of the world? Almost anything you want to, says Danny Dorling—as long as you are not too fussed about what shape your map ends up.
New Public Management and Public Services for People With an Intellectual Disability: A Review of the Implementation of Valuing People in England
Authors: Cumella Stuart
Published: August 2008

Abstract  Public policy for people with an intellectual disability has been shaped since 1945 by universalistic ideas of human rights and social inclusion. These universalistic ideas are increasingly under challenge from consumerist ideas, which is reflected in public policy in the New Public Management (NPM). NPM involves a critique of poor coordination and quality in public services, and proposes the enhancement of consumer choice through a greater diversity of providers and market mechanisms to allow consumers to select between them, partnership arrangements to improve coordination, and target‐setting and monitoring by governments. NPM has been widely applied internationally in the reform of public services, and has been implemented for services for people with an intellectual disability in England, following the white paper Valuing People in 2002. There is limited research data on the outcome of this policy, but it indicates that: (1) enhanced choice to be achieved by person‐centered planning has probably affected only a minority of those eligible and has not changed access to public services; and (2) partnership boards have primarily existed to convey and manufacture consent for centrally determined policies. These problems match those identified in surveys of NPM in other sectors, but there is an additional concern that the consumerist ideas incorporated in Valuing People may be used by governments to replace, rather than supplement, policies to directly enhance access to public services through such measures as antidiscrimination laws. The review indicates a need to assess policies for people with an intellectual disability, in a wider social context and through international comparative research.
“Healthy Start.” A National Strategy for Parents With Intellectual Disabilities and Their Children
Authors: McConnell David , Matthews Jan , Llewellyn Gwynnyth , Mildon Robyn , Hindmarsh Gabrielle
Published: August 2008

Abstract  Parents with intellectual disabilities, like all other parents, need support with child rearing. Often this support comes from family and friends, but in the case of parents with intellectual disabilities, they are more likely to have to rely on the service system. Research from a number of countries demonstrates that there is limited system capacity to support these parents. There are few appropriate services, and practitioners are generally ill‐equipped to meet the parents' particular learning and support needs. In response, the Australian government has funded a capacity‐building model known as Healthy Start: A national strategy for children of parents with intellectual disabilities, as part of its Stronger Families and Communities Strategy. This paper presents this model for building systems capacity that, in brief, addresses on the one hand, practitioner commitment, knowledge, and skills, and on the other, the parent education and community development resources needed to support parents with intellectual disability and promote a healthy start to life for their young children. The model involves the development of local leaders and practitioner networks in addition to dissemination of knowledge and innovation to support evidence‐based practice. Innovative, cross‐disciplinary, and inter‐sectoral practitioner networks are at the heart of this capacity‐building model. These networks bridge the gap between research knowledge and practitioner knowledge as a basis for planning and coordinating local service development.
Dopaminergic but Not Glutamatergic Neurotransmission Is Increased in the Striatum after Selective Cyclooxygenase‐2 Inhibition in Normal and Hemiparkinsonian Rats
Authors: Fathi Moghaddam Hadi , Ardestani Mehdi Shafiee , Saffari Mostafa , Navidpour Latifeh , Shafiee Abbas , Rahmim Arman
Published: August 2008

Abstract:  In the present work, we studied the effect of the selective cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitors, compound 11 g, celecoxib and selective COX‐1 inhibitor SC‐560 (intraperitoneally and acutely) on striatal glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in normal and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)‐lesioned rats using the microdialysis technique. We also investigated the effect of acute COX inhibition on the damaged SNc neurons. Our results indicate a significant increase in dopaminergic neurotransmission and a decrease in glutamatergic neurotransmission (P < 0.05) only after selective COX‐2 inhibition in the striatum of normal and hemiparkinsonian rats. Nonetheless, neither COX‐1 nor COX‐2 inhibitors showed any improvement in the damaged SNc neurons.
The Often‐Forgotten Nonfuneral Consumer Grief for the Grieving
Authors: QUILLIAM ELIZABETH TAYLOR
Published: August 2008

Consumer protection advocates and resulting government regulation of the death care industry tend to focus on the most obvious problems, those caused by deceptive sales practices of funeral service providers. However, a spotlight on the funeral’s large expenses overshadows the myriad of other consumption activities that heirs must undertake. Survivors must navigate confusing complex situations for which they are unprepared, at a time when grief increases their vulnerability.
The ‘NZ’ in ‘NZ IFRS’: Public Benefit Entity Amendments
Authors: Bradbury Michael E. , Baskerville Rachel F.
Published: August 2008

In 1992, New Zealand adopted a sector‐neutral approach to standard setting – where the difference in accounting treatment is driven by differences in the nature of transactions and not by ownership or the objectives of the reporting entity. This study reviews the impact of adaptations of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to ensure their successful application in a sector‐neural environment. A fundamental question of the move to IFRS is whether the public benefit entity amendments in NZ IFRS have contaminated the IFRS for profit‐orientated entities or diluted the available guidance for public benefit entities. This suggests that it is worthwhile for Australia and New Zealand to monitor and reconsider their sector‐neutral approach to adopting IFRS.
Do Harmonised Accounting Standards Lead to Harmonised Accounting Practices? An Empirical Study of IAS 39 Measurement Requirements in Some European Union Countries
Authors: Morais Ana Isabel , Fialho Ana
Published: August 2008

The objective of this paper is to investigate the level of harmonisation for IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement and to identify if different levels of harmonisation are associated with company‐specific factors. Based on Rahman et al. (2002), we used the Jaccard (JACC) index to determine the level of harmonisation between IAS 39 and the financial reporting practice of a broad‐based sample of European‐listed companies in 2005. We applied regression analysis to identify companies' specific characteristics that affect the level of convergence of the reporting practice of financial instruments. The results of this study show a high level of harmonisation between accounting practices of European companies included in our sample and IAS 39.
Submasseteric Abscess Caused by
Mycoplasma salivarium
Infection
Authors: Grisold Andrea J. , Hoenigl Martin , Leitner Eva , Jakse Klaus , Feierl Gebhard , Raggam Reinhard B. , Marth Egon
Published: August 2008

Mycoplasma salivarium
preferentially resides in the human oral cavity. Unlike other
Mycoplasma
species,
M. salivarium
has not been regarded as a pathogen, although one case of
M. salivarium
-caused arthritis in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia has been reported. We describe the first case of submasseteric abscess caused by
M. salivarium
.
Epidemiology and Clinical Associations of Human Parechovirus Respiratory Infections
Authors: Harvala H. , Robertson I. , McWilliam Leitch E. C. , Benschop K. , Wolthers K. C. , Templeton K. , Simmonds P.
Published: August 2008

Infections with human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are prevalent in young children and have been associated with mild gastroenteritis and, less frequently, with meningitis and neonatal sepsis. To investigate the involvement of these viruses in respiratory disease, a highly sensitive nested PCR was used to screen a large archive of respiratory specimens, collected between January and December 2007. Respiratory samples had previously been tested for eight respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus, by PCR. HPeV was detected in 34 of 3,844 specimens, representing 27 of 2,220 study subjects (1.2%). HPeV types were identified by sequencing the VP3/VP1 junction amplified by PCR directly from clinical specimens. The assay could amplify all HPeV types examined with high sensitivity (types 1 and 3 to 6) and also identified HPeV types in all but one of the screen-positive study specimens (25 HPeV1 and eight HPeV6 specimens). Infections with both HPeV1 and HPeV6 were seasonal, with highest frequencies in July and August, and restricted to children aged between 6 months and 5 years. Other respiratory viruses were frequently codetected in HPeV-positive specimens, with significant overrepresentation of adenovirus coinfections (37%). Most HPeV-positive specimens were referred from emergency departments, although no association with specific respiratory symptoms or disease was found. In summary, the low frequency of detection and lack of clear disease associations indicate that HPeV1 and -6 are not major pathogens in individuals presenting with respiratory disease. However, the screening and typing methods developed will be of value in further HPeV testing, including testing for meningitis cases and other suspected HPeV-associated disease presentations.
Haemoglobin A1cin the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kilpatrick E S
Published: August 2008

Haemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) is due to celebrate its 40th birthday. Many people would argue that the clinical studies relating the test to diabetes complications while in its late 20s are likely to be its finest ever achievement. However, this article looks at how HbA1chas matured since then and discusses in detail how its many strengths and idiosyncrasies as a marker of glycaemic risk have, as a 30-something, become more clearly understood.

As HbA1capproaches middle age, this paper also describes how the test appears to be developing a mid-life crisis, as debate over how its results should be expressed seems likely to divide opinion among clinicians for some time to come.
Midazolam in conjunction with local anaesthesia is superior to Entonox in providing pain relief during bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy
Authors: Chakupurakal G , Delgado J , Nikolousis E , Pitchapillai S , Allotey D , Holder K , Bratby L , de la Rue J , Milligan D W
Published: August 2008

Aim:

To compare intravenous titrated midazolam 5–10 mg and inhaled Entonox in addition to local anaesthesia in order to identify which agent provides optimum pain relief.

Methods:

Randomised, controlled trial. 49 patients were recruited, of which 46 were evaluable. 24 and 22 patients were recruited into the Entonox and midazolam arms, respectively. Patient experiences as well as staff observations were recorded with questionnaires after recovery from the procedure and 24 hours later.

Results:

45% and 59% of the patients in the midazolam arm could recollect the procedure after 15 minutes and 24 hours, respectively, compared to 96% and 88% who received Entonox. Midazolam provided a more comfortable experience (p<0.01) and improved pain relief (p = 0.01) compared to Entonox immediately after the procedure; this further improved when recalled 24 hours later. Nausea, dizziness and hallucinations were observed with both treatments, but dizziness was significantly more frequent with Entonox (p = 0.048). Clinically relevant respiratory depression (O2saturation <90%) occurred in 19% of patients in the midazolam arm; sedation was reversed with flumazenil.

Conclusion:

Midazolam in conjunction with local anaesthesia provides rapid and reversible sedation as well as effective pain relief during bone marrow biopsy, and is superior to Entonox; however, care must be taken to monitor respiratory function.
THE EFFECTS OF CALCIUM IONS AND pH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CALLUS TISSUE ON STEM CUTTINGS OF BALSAM POPLAR
Authors: Cormack R. G. H.
Published: August 2008

This paper presents a comparative anatomical study of callus tissue produced on stem cuttings of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) grown in distilled water and in saturated solutions of CaSO4 from 6.0 to 11.0 pH. Striking differences in callus morphology, hardness, and cellular structure were observed. The fact that acidity retards and alkalinity accelerates the rate of calcification suggests that calcification or hardening of the middle lamellae could be a function of the rate at which the pectic acid component is neutralized.The emergence and subsequent growth of adventitious roots decreased markedly with increasing alkalinity, until at pH 11.0 most callus masses appeared to be rootless. However, sectioning usually revealed a well-developed root embedded some distance below the surface. Failure of most adventitious roots to emerge in a strongly alkaline calcium solution was attributed to the hard compact nature of the surrounding callus.
RADIAL MOVEMENT OF C14-TRANSLOCATES FROM SQUASH PHLOEM
Authors: Webb J. A. , Gorham P. R.
Published: August 2008

A time sequence study of the movement of C14-assimilates at the tissue level was carried out with squash. Tissue of mature and immature petioles, stem, and hypocotyl were examined after 1-minute exposures of the primary leaf blade to C14O2. C14-Translocates were transported in the phloem from the mature leaf simultaneously toward the root and young organs of the upper plant. Rapid movement of the C14-front in the phloem was not due to gaseous diffusion of C14O2. Radial movement of C14-translocates occurred along the entire length of the phloem, ultimately supplying C14 to every living cell of the plant within 2 hours of assimilation. The velocity and rate of radial movement depended on the stage of development of each plant organ. Young and rapidly expanding petioles displayed maximum velocities of about 6 cm/hour whereas older tissues showed velocities of about 1 cm/hour. These values compared favorably with those known for protoplasmic streaming but contrasted sharply with the velocity of C14 conducted longitudinally in the phloem and estimated at between 250 to 300 cm/hour. Radial movement of C14-translocates appeared to occur in the form of sucrose rather than stachyose, which suggested a differential permeability of the conducting elements of the phloem toward these two sugars.
EAR LENGTH AND SPIKELET NUMBER OF WHEAT GROWN AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND LIGHT INTENSITIES
Authors: Friend D. J. C.
Published: August 2008

The number of spikelets on the differentiating inflorescence and the ear at anthesis was highest at high light intensities and at low temperatures. The length of the developing inflorescence and the ear, the height of the main stem, and the total plant dry weight at the time of anthesis were also greatest under these conditions.These results are related to differential effects of temperature and light intensity on the rates and duration of apical elongation, morphological development of the ear, and spikelet formation.
THALASSIOMYCETES: VI. COMPARATIVE GROWTH STUDIES OF LINDRA THALASSIAE AND LIGNICOLOUS ASCOMYCETE SPECIES
Authors: Meyers Samuel P. , Simms J.
Published: August 2008

Physiological studies of Lindra thalassiae Orpurt et al., a scolecosporous pyrenomycete infecting leaves of turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum König), have demonstrated the stimulating effect of leaf tissue on fungal reproduction. The fungus does not sporulate on wood under field and laboratory conditions. In contrast, Thalassia leaves are an ineffective substrate for reproduction by various lignicolous marine Ascomycetes common in Biscayne Bay, Florida. L. thalassiae shows a euryhaline growth response in the mycelial stage, but requires higher concentrations of seawater for maximal reproduction. Thiamine and biotin, in conjunction with gas-sterilized leaf sections, support fungal reproduction. The vitamin combination can be replaced by additions of natural plant materials to culture media. It has been shown that maturation of the reproductive structure rather than vegetative growth alone is a more valid criterion for differentiation of physiological characteristics of L. thalassiae and lignicolous species.
THE RATE OF ELONGATION OF FUSIFORM INITIALS IN THE CAMBIUM OF PINACEAE
Authors: Bannan M. W.
Published: August 2008

This report deals with the rate and amount of elongation of fusiform initials in the cycle of cell elongation and multiplication by pseudotransverse division which accompanies circumferential expansion of the cambium. In the recent growth of mature trees the yearly amount of cambial cell elongation drops as ring width decreases, but not in proportion to the decline in ring width. The cumulative elongation through lineal series of cells, per centimeter of xylem increment, increases as ring width decreases. The amount of cell elongation during the production of several narrow rings greatly exceeds that through a single wide ring having the same total width. It seems clear that the time factor is important in the elongation of cambial cells, and to some extent the interrelated frequency of anticlinal division, particularly when radial growth declines.
CYTOTAXONOMY OF CIRSIUM HOOKERIANUM AND RELATED SPECIES
Authors: Moore R. J. , Frankton C.
Published: August 2008

The morphology and distribution of Cirsium hookerianum, a species almost entirely Canadian, and of four related species of the western United States (C. tweedyi, C. scopulorum, C. eatonii, and C. × clavatum) are described and the evolution of the group is discussed. Chromosome counts are reported for C. hookerianum, 2n = 34, 34 + 2 accessories; C. scopulorum, 2n = 34, 34 + 2 accessories; C. tweedyi, 2n = 34. A population of hybrids between C. hookerianum and C. undulatum in British Columbia is described.
SOME FACTORS IN APOTHECIUM PRODUCTION OF CIBORIA ACERINA IN DARKNESS AND LIGHT
Authors: Elliott Mary E.
Published: August 2008

Many conditions affect the production of mature apothecia of Ciboria acerina in culture. In this investigation four factors were studied: age of isolate, temperature at which the cultures were grown, host from which the cultures were isolated, and the absence or presence of light. It was found that no apothecia were produced when the isolate was more than 18 months old. The temperature at which the stroma of C. acerina developed was significant in apothecium production. Stroma grown at 14 °C produced apothecia while stroma grown at 5 °C did not. However, apothecia matured over a temperature range of 5–22 °C. Apothecia were produced in cultures isolated from Acer, Alnus, and Populus. The quality of light received did not affect apothecium production. The absence of light at all stages of the growth of this fungus from the time of inoculation to the appearance of mature fruit bodies was not a limiting factor. Mature apothecia of Ciboria acerina were formed under artificial conditions in darkness.
ON THE ANDROCYTE OF POLYTRICHUM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DREIERGRUPPE AND THE LIMOSPHERE (NEBENKERN)
Authors: Paolillo Jr. Dominick J.
Published: August 2008

The limosphere (nebenkern) of the Polytrichum androcyte is a complex structure composed of a plastid that is partially enclosed in a mitochondrial shell. This shell forms by the coalescence of the mitochondria found in the young spermatogenous cell. During or subsequent to the fusion of the mitochondria, a portion of the mitochondrial mass separates from the aggregate and becomes the apical body that is later attached to the anterior of the androcyte nucleus. A three-parted structure, the Dreiergruppe (DG), is found associated with the apical body and the flagellar bases. The element of the DG nearest the flagellar bases is composed of a band of parallel tubules, ca. 150 Å in diameter. These tubules extend over the surface of the nucleus for some distance and are thought to be the so-called filamentous appendage reported for bryophyte sperms, and the analog of flagellar "roots" found in certain algal cells.
SUGAR CONTENT AND STOMATAL WIDTH AS RELATED TO OZONE INJURY IN TOBACCO LEAVES
Authors: Lee T. T.
Published: August 2008

The extent of visual damage on leaves of Nicotiana tabacum, var. White Gold, treated with ozone under controlled environmental conditions, was found to be associated with the levels of sucrose and reducing sugars and the width of stomatal openings of the leaf. Leaves containing 5–14 mg sucrose per g dry weight were more susceptible than those of higher sucrose content. Leaves with 5–35 mg reducing sugars per g dry weight were also more sensitive to ozone than those with lower reducing sugar content. Introducing soluble sugars into the leaf varied sensitivity to ozone depending on the concentration of sugars, duration of sugar treatment, and conditions of the leaf itself. Ozone damage was positively correlated with the width of stomatal opening; but under certain conditions stomatal closure did not prevent leaf injury. High levels of sucrose and reducing sugars were associated with closure of stomata. Independently of the osmotic effect on stomatal movement, increasing sucrose content beyond the optimum for high sensitivity prevented damage from ozone.