bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Addressing Corruption Allegations in International Arbitration
Authors: Greenwald Brody K. , Ivers Jennifer A.
Published: June 2019

In Addressing Corruption Allegations in International Arbitration, Brody K. Greenwald and Jennifer A. Ivers provide a comprehensive overview of the key issues that arise in international arbitrations involving allegations of corruption drawing upon their significant experience in these high-stakes cases, including in the only two reported investment treaty cases dismissed specifically as a result of corruption. Their monograph is a valuable resource guide that analyzes, among other things, the public policy against corruption, the requirements for establishing corruption, issues relating to the burden and standard of proof, how corruption has been proved in practice, and the legal consequences where corruption is established. Mr. Greenwald and Ms. Ivers also assess issues that arise where a sovereign State raises an arbitration defense based on alleged corruption, but does not prosecute the alleged wrongdoers in its domestic courts.
Addendum to Hypnum subcomplanatum Hedenäs, Schlesak, D. Quandt
Authors: SCHLESAK SASKIA , HEDENÄS LARS , NEBEL MARTIN , QUANDT DIETMAR
Published: June 2019

In our recent paper on the relationships of 21 European Hypnum taxa we introduced the name Hypnum subcomplanatum Hedenäs, Schlesak & D. Quandt as a new name at the species level, based on the basionym Hypnum cupressiforme var. subjulaceum Molendo (Schlesak et al. 2018). We were aware that H. cupressiforme var. subjulaceum had already been elevated and combined at the species rank (Stereodon subjulaceum (Molendo) Loeske & Osterwald [Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 49: 65. 1907)], but unfortunately overlooked that Hypnum subjulaceum Besch. was not validly published. The latter therefore cannot block a species level combination in Hypnum based on H. cupressiforme var. subjulaceum Molendo (Art. 53.1 of the Code). Because no homonym issues exist, the epithet ’subjulaceum’ has priority when combined under Hypnum. The new combination follows:
A revision of the subfamily Araeopteroninae Fibiger, 2005 in the Russian Far East and neighbouring countries with a description of four new species (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
Authors: FIBIGER MICHAEL , KONONENKO VLADIMIR
Published: June 2019

The subfamily Araeopteroninae Fibiger, 2005 from the Russian Far East and neighbouring countries is revised. Six species occur in Russia, three of which are new: A. ussurica sp. n., A. makikoae sp. n. and A. patella sp. n.; A. fragmenta and A. nebulosa are reported for the first time for Russia. In South Korea five species occur, two of which are new: A. patella sp. n. and A. koreana sp. n. Three species, A. amoena, A. nebulosa, and A. fragmenta are reported for the first time from China. The formerly described Far Eastern species (A. amoena, A. nebulosa, A. fragmenta and A. flaccida) are redescribed based on morphological characters. Adultss of all species from northern East Asia treated in the article are illustrated in color with their male and female genitalia. Distribution maps of the species in the Russian Far East are presented, along with an alphabetic checklist of 36 described species.
Four new eriophyoid mite species in the tribe Anthocoptini (Acari: Eriophyidae: Phyllocoptinae) from China
Authors: WANG ZHEN , HONG XIAO-YUE
Published: June 2019

In this paper, four new eriophyoid mite species in the tribe Anthocoptini from China are described and illustrated: Abacarus fopingi sp. nov. on Rhus chinensis Mill. (Anacardiaceae); Abacarus jiuhuaensis sp. nov. on Spodiopogon sibiricus Trin. (Gramineae); Indotegolophus bambusae sp. nov. and Aculochetus wanluoensis sp. nov. on Bambusa sp. (Gramineae). All species are vagrant on the undersurface of leaves, causing no apparent damage on the host plant. A key to the species of Abacarus from China is provided.
Corrigenda and Addenda to the Article “The taxonomic history of Indo-Papuan groundsnakes, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Colubridae), with some taxonomic revisions and the designation of a neotype for S. parvus (Meyer, 1874)” by Kaiser et al. (2018)
Authors: KAISER CHRISTINE M. , O’SHEA MARK , KAISER HINRICH
Published: June 2019

Kaiser et al. (2018) recently presented a comprehensive history of snakes in the genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 that included substantial taxonomic revisions. Given the scope and production of this work a few issues remained uncorrected during several proof stages, which we correct herein. Furthermore, after the paper was published some relevant information emerged that we do not want to leave unexposed, and which we hereby add to our discussion.
New species of Anacanthorus (Dactylogyridae: Anacanthorinae) from the gills of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Erythrinus erythrinus (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) of the coastal drainage in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil
Authors: NETO JOÃO F. SANTOS , MURIEL-CUNHA JANICE , DOMINGUES MARCUS V.
Published: June 2019

Species of Anacanthorus are described from the gills of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Erythrinus erythrinus of drainage systems in the Northeastern Pará State, Brazil. Anacanthorus scyphophallus sp. n. has a male copulatory organ (MCO) with two small flaps in the distal portion; hooks with proximal shank dilatation comprising ½ of the shank length. Anacanthorus ataidei sp. n. has an elongated MCO, with ribbon-like ornaments; hooks without proximal shank dilatation. Anacanthorus siphonocommus sp. n. has an MCO with aculeiform ornaments in the distal portion; hooks with proximal dilatation in the shank comprising ½ of the shank length. Anacanthorus maratininguensis sp. n. has an MCO with a small projection in the form of a hook in the distal region; hooks with proximal dilatation comprising ½ of the shank length. Anacanthorus lacinimentulatus sp. n. has an MCO with extrovert flap skirting its distal region; shank of hooks with proximal dilatation comprising ½ of the total shank length. Anacanthorus cururutuiensis sp. n. presents an MCO with flexed lateral flap in the distal region; hooks with proximal dilatation in the shank comprising ¼ of the shank length. Anacanthorus circumspatulatus sp. n. has an MCO with ornaments in the form of pointed and interleaved blades; hooks with proximal shank dilatation comprising approximately ½ of the shank length. Anacanthorus acrophallus sp. n. has MCO with a small pointed sinistral flap; hooks with proximal dilatation in the shank comprising 1/3 of the shank length. The host-parasite diversity scenario and specificity of Anacanthorus species regarding their characiform hosts are also discussed in this study.
Differing Impacts of Black Carbon and Sulfate Aerosols on Global Precipitation and the ITCZ Location via Atmosphere and Ocean Energy Perturbations
Authors: Zhao Shuyun , Suzuki Kentaroh
Published: June 2019

This study explores the effects of black carbon (BC) and sulfate (SO4) on global and tropical precipitation with a climate model. Results show that BC causes a decrease in global annual mean precipitation, consisting of a large negative tendency of a fast precipitation response scaling with instantaneous atmospheric absorption and a small positive tendency of a slow precipitation response scaling with the BC-caused global warming. SO4 also causes a decrease in global annual mean precipitation, which is dominated by a slow precipitation response corresponding to the surface cooling caused by SO4. BC causes a northward shift of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), mainly through a fast precipitation response, whereas SO4 causes a southward shift of the ITCZ through a slow precipitation response. The displacements of the ITCZ caused by BC and SO4 are found to linearly correlate with the corresponding changes in cross-equatorial heat transport in the atmosphere, with a regression coefficient of about −3° PW−1, implying that the ITCZ shifts occur as manifestations of the atmospheric cross-equatorial heat transport changes in response to the BC and SO4 forcings. The atmospheric cross-equatorial heat transport anomaly caused by BC is basically driven by the BC-induced interhemispheric contrast in instantaneous atmospheric absorption, whereas the atmospheric cross-equatorial heat transport anomaly caused by SO4 is mostly attributable to the response of evaporation. It is found that a slab-ocean model exaggerates the cross-equatorial heat transport response in the atmosphere and the ITCZ shift both for BC and SO4, as compared with an ocean-coupled model. This underscores the importance of using an ocean-coupled model in modeling studies of the tropical climate response to aerosols.
NCA-LDAS: Overview and Analysis of Hydrologic Trends for the National Climate Assessment
Authors: Jasinski Michael F. , Borak Jordan S. , Kumar Sujay V. , Mocko David M. , Peters-Lidard Christa D. , Rodell Matthew , Rui Hualan , Beaudoing Hiroko K. , Vollmer Bruce E. , Arsenault Kristi R. , Li Bailing , Bolten John D. , Tangdamrongsub Natthachet
Published: June 2019

Terrestrial hydrologic trends over the conterminous United States are estimated for 1980–2015 using the National Climate Assessment Land Data Assimilation System (NCA-LDAS) reanalysis. NCA-LDAS employs the uncoupled Noah version 3.3 land surface model at 0.125° × 0.125° forced with NLDAS-2 meteorology, rescaled Climate Prediction Center precipitation, and assimilated satellite-based soil moisture, snow depth, and irrigation products. Mean annual trends are reported using the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test at p < 0.1 significance. Results illustrate the interrelationship between regional gradients in forcing trends and trends in other land energy and water stores and fluxes. Mean precipitation trends range from +3 to +9 mm yr−1 in the upper Great Plains and Northeast to −1 to −9 mm yr−1 in the West and South, net radiation flux trends range from +0.05 to +0.20 W m−2 yr−1 in the East to −0.05 to −0.20 W m−2 yr−1 in the West, and U.S.-wide temperature trends average about +0.03 K yr−1. Trends in soil moisture, snow cover, latent and sensible heat fluxes, and runoff are consistent with forcings, contributing to increasing evaporative fraction trends from west to east. Evaluation of NCA-LDAS trends compared to independent data indicates mixed results. The RMSE of U.S.-wide trends in number of snow cover days improved from 3.13 to 2.89 days yr−1 while trend detection increased 11%. Trends in latent heat flux were hardly affected, with RMSE decreasing only from 0.17 to 0.16 W m−2 yr−1, while trend detection increased 2%. NCA-LDAS runoff trends degraded significantly from 2.6 to 16.1 mm yr−1 while trend detection was unaffected. Analysis also indicated that NCA-LDAS exhibits relatively more skill in low precipitation station density areas, suggesting there are limits to the effectiveness of satellite data assimilation in densely gauged regions. Overall, NCA-LDAS demonstrates capability for quantifying physically consistent, U.S. hydrologic climate trends over the satellite era.
Uncertainty of Reference Pixel Soil Moisture Averages Sampled at SMAP Core Validation Sites
Authors: Chen Fan , Crow Wade T. , Cosh Michael H. , Colliander Andreas , Asanuma Jun , Berg Aaron , Bosch David D. , Caldwell Todd G. , Collins Chandra Holifield , Jensen Karsten Høgh , Martínez-Fernández Jose , McNairn Heather , Starks Patrick J. , Su Zhongbo , Walker Jeffrey P.
Published: June 2019

Despite extensive efforts to maximize ground coverage and improve upscaling functions within core validation sites (CVS) of the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, spatial averages of point-scale soil moisture observations often fail to accurately capture the true average of the reference pixels. Therefore, some level of pixel-scale sampling error from in situ observations must be considered during the validation of SMAP soil moisture retrievals. Here, uncertainties in the SMAP core site average soil moisture (CSASM) due to spatial sampling errors are examined and their impact on CSASM-based SMAP calibration and validation metrics is discussed. The estimated uncertainty (due to spatial sampling limitations) of mean CSASM over time is found to be large, translating into relatively large sampling uncertainty levels for SMAP retrieval bias when calculated against CSASM. As a result, CSASM-based SMAP bias estimates are statistically insignificant at nearly all SMAP CVS. In addition, observations from temporary networks suggest that these (already large) bias uncertainties may be underestimated due to undersampled spatial variability. The unbiased root-mean-square error (ubRMSE) of CSASM is estimated via two approaches: classical sampling theory and triple collocation, both of which suggest that CSASM ubRMSE is generally within the range of 0.01–0.02 m3 m−3. Although limitations in both methods likely lead to underestimation of ubRMSE, the results suggest that CSASM captures the temporal dynamics of the footprint-scale soil moisture relatively well and is thus a reliable reference for SMAP ubRMSE calculations. Therefore, spatial sampling errors are revealed to have very different impacts on efforts to estimate SMAP bias and ubRMSE metrics using CVS data.
The Sydney Lindt café siege: The role of the consultant psychiatrist
Authors: Scott Russ
Published: June 2019

Background:

In December 2014, after a 16-hour siege of the Lindt café in Sydney, Iranian-born gunman Man Haron Monis shot dead a hostage precipitating the police action which broke the siege.

Objective:

This paper reviews the demographic and other factual details of Monis as documented by the NSW Coroner’s Inquest and critically analyses the published findings of the Coroner particularly in relation to the role of the psychiatrist who advised senior police and negotiators during the siege.

Results:

At the time of the siege, there was no formal protocol that delineated the role of a psychiatrist in hostage negotiations. Despite the psychiatrist’s credentials including his extensive experience with siege-hostage incidents and his counter-terrorist training, the Coroner was unfairly critical of the psychiatrist.

Conclusion:

The Coroner’s censure of the psychiatrist was clearly prejudiced by hindsight bias. During the siege, the psychiatrist properly considered and evaluated all the available intelligence and other information known about the gunman. As the psychiatrist advised, Monis was a narcissist and the siege was not an Islamic State-inspired terrorist attack. Given that he announced he was armed with a bomb, Monis represented a ‘ credible threat’ to the hostages. The psychiatrist’s endorsement of the police strategy to ‘ contain and negotiate’ was prudent in the circumstances. The Coroner’s disparagement of the senior psychiatrist may have the unintended consequence that psychiatrists may be reluctant to assist in hostage-sieges or other critical incidents.
Experimental and numerical study of the spring-in of angled brackets manufactured using different resins and fiber textiles
Authors: Bernath Alexander , Groh Fabian , Exner Wibke , Hühne Christian , Henning Frank
Published: June 2019

Process-induced distortion of composite structures often leads to a violation of tolerances, making the assembly of components difficult and expensive. It therefore can inhibit a cost-effective mass production of high-performance composite structures. Process-induced distortion is often introduced by curved regions of a part due to spring-in. Main drivers are chemical shrinkage of the resin and thermal expansion of both fiber and resin during cooling after demolding. Both contribute to residual strains and consequently lead to distortion of the manufactured part. The spring-in phenomenon has been already addressed in many studies. However, variations in manufacturing and specimen properties inhibit a detailed comparison of the results. Hence, it is difficult to isolate major influencing parameters. Here we show spring-in results of specimens that were manufactured using the very same experimental setup and laminate configuration but different resin and fiber types. It is therefore possible to identify the interaction of the curing temperature and the maximum achievable glass transition temperature of the individual resins as a major influencing factor. Furthermore, it is shown that the properties of the investigated resins do not differ largely in terms of thermal expansion and chemical shrinkage. Moreover, the latter was measured using two different techniques to enable a comparison. Numerical spring-in prediction revealed good accuracy throughout the investigated specimen configurations. Limitations found are the influence of the sewing of fiber textiles and the sensitivity of the model to gradual changes of the layup. Moreover, different homogenization techniques are compared with regard to spring-in prediction accuracy.
High-speed edge trimming of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites using coated router tools
Authors: Prakash R , Krishnaraj Vijayan , Sheikh-Ahmad Jamal
Published: June 2019

During trimming of edges of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite parts, issues such as resin degradation, delamination, and poor surface finish at the trimmed edges, and increased tool wear in cutting tools used is common. Therefore, it is essential to carry out investigations on edge trimming of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer to find the effect of cutting forces generated and the cutting tool temperature induced at different high speeds and feeds conditions. In this work, two different-coated router tools of titanium aluminum nitride-coated and diamond-like carbon-coated routers were used for investigating the effect of these coatings on cutting force and cutting tool temperature which affect the surface quality of trimmed carbon fiber-reinforced polymer. From the investigation, it was found that the diamond-like carbon-coated router tool has generated lower cutting forces, cutting tool temperatures, and, in turn, better surface finish even at high-speed conditions when compared to other tools. Due to the complex geometry of the router tool, online tool wear monitoring by acoustic emission technique was employed. Acoustic emission signals were taken as the measuring index of tool wear which shows good correlation with direct tool wear measurements. From the experiments, it was found that the tool performance of the diamond-like carbon-coated router is superior when compared to other tools. In addition, for edge trimming of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite parts, the diamond-like carbon router tool performed without much disturbance for a length of machining of around 5.9 m which is about 46% of increase in length of machining when compared to uncoated router tool.
Government Health and Social Services Spending Show Evidence of Single-Sector Rather Than Multi-Sector Pursuit of Population Health
Authors: McCullough J. Mac
Published: June 2019

Population health improvements can be achieved through work made possible by government spending on health care, public health, and social services. The extent to which spending allocations across these sectors is synergistic with or trade-off against one another is unknown. Achieving a balanced portfolio with multi-sector contributions is key to improving health outcomes. This study tested competing hypotheses regarding achievement of balanced multi-sector resources for health. County-level U.S. Census Bureau data on all local governmental spending measured each county’s average per capita local government spending for public hospitals, public health, social services, and education. American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Survey data on hospital community health service provision were used to calculate an index of hospital community service provision aggregated to county level by year. County Health Rankings data measured each county’s health outcomes and health factors. Longitudinal mixed-effects regression models (n = 1877 counties) predicted changes in spending for each government spending category based on two sets of predictors ( government spending vs community health services and needs) from current and prior year. Models account for average spending in each category and county-, state-, and time-trends. Models showed that spending increases in each of the four spending categories examined (public hospitals, public health, social services, and education) were not associated with changes in spending across other categories in current or prior years. For all categories, an increase from baseline spending levels in Year 1 was always significantly associated with an increase from baseline spending level in that same category in Year 2 (ie, spending stayed above baseline in Year 2). Multi-sector initiatives to health outcomes require funding across sectors, yet there was little evidence to suggest that communities that invest in public hospitals, public health, or other social services see commensurate increases in other areas. Underlying funding decisions may reflect strategic decisions within a community to scale up single sectors, constrained resources for multi-sector scale up, or a host of additional factors not measured here.
Musealization as an Urban Process: The Transformation of the Sultanahmet District in Istanbul’s Historic Peninsula
Authors: Aykaç Pınar
Published: June 2019

As culture-led urban regeneration has become a widely adopted strategy for dilapidated historic cities, the museum as a concept has become a key aspect of this regeneration. With the tangible and intangible aspects of culture being presented in museums, many historic buildings are repurposed as museums, urban, or archaeological sites designated as open-air museums, and the boundaries between museums and historic cities have been dissolved. This article discusses how the museum concept expands from the boundaries of a single building into the historic city itself. Defining this expansion as musealization, this article evaluates its contribution as an urban process in the transformation of Sultanahmet in Istanbul’s historic peninsula, which has been the major subject of conservation studies from the nineteenth century until present day.
Radicalizing realist legitimacy
Authors: Cross Ben
Published: June 2019

Several critics of realist theories of political legitimacy have alleged that it possesses a problematic bias towards the status quo. This bias is thought to be reflected in the way in which these theories are more willing to accommodate potentially severe injustices which may exist in real societies. In this article, I focus on the most widely discussed realist theory of legitimacy, namely that of Bernard Williams. I argue that it is not only free of such status quo bias; it also has considerably more radical, anti-status quo potential than what is commonly thought and, indeed, what Williams himself may have thought.
A Systematic Review of the Evidence Base for Active Supervision in Pre-K–12 Settings
Authors: Allen Grant Edmund , Common Eric Alan , Germer Kathryn A. , Lane Kathleen Lynne , Buckman Mark Matthew , Oakes Wendy Peia , Menzies Holly Mariah
Published: June 2019

Active supervision is a proactive, low-intensity strategy to minimize challenging behaviors and increase desired behaviors. To examine the evidence base of this strategy, we applied the Council for Exceptional Children’s (CEC) Standards for Evidence-Based Practices in Special Education to the body of research exploring the impact of active supervision with Pre-K–12 students in traditional school settings. In this systematic literature review, we identified seven peer-reviewed, single-case design, treatment-outcome studies meeting inclusion criteria. All studies met a ≥80% weighted criterion of CEC’s quality indicators. These seven studies included 15 cases aggregated at the school, classroom, or grade level, collectively involving 1,686 participants. Three studies included three or more cases and demonstrated positive effects across primary dependent variables (with one study showing neutral effects on a secondary dependent variable). Based on available evidence and using CEC criteria, we determined active supervision to be a potentially evidence-based practice. We discuss implications, limitations, and future directions.
Impact of a workplace holiday weight gain prevention program
Authors: Wilson Mark G , Padilla Heather M , Meng Lu , Daniel Carmen N
Published: June 2019

Background:

The average worker gains 2–3 lb (0.9–1.4 kg) a year, about half of which is gained during the fall holiday season (Halloween through New Year’s).

Aim:

The aim of the study was to conduct a pilot test of a weight gain prevention program that was implemented in a workplace setting during the fall holiday season.

Methods:

239 state government employees participated in a weight gain prevention program offered during the fall holiday season. The program was a 10-week, team-based program that consisted of self-monitoring, regular weigh-ins, a team challenge, and organizational support. Weight was measured at baseline, every two weeks during the program, and post-program.

Results:

Participants lost a significant amount of weight (from 196.7 lb/89.2 kg to 192.3 lb/87.2 kg) during the program. Positive changes were observed in physical activity and eating behaviors.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrated that a weight gain prevention program during a high risk period (fall holiday season) can be effective.
Outsourcing and Organizational Performance: The Employee Perspective
Authors: Lee Gyeo Reh , Lee Shinwoo , Malatesta Deanna , Fernandez Sergio
Published: June 2019

We develop a conceptual framework that integrates and extends existing explanations of outsourcing’s effects on the government workforce and organizational performance. We then test our logic using 5 years of panel data (2010-2014) from U.S. federal agencies. The evidence presents modest negative effects of outsourcing on organizational performance as perceived by employees. The analysis also reveals that outsourcing affects perceived performance through its influence on job satisfaction.
Materials that make robots smart
Authors: Hughes Dana , Heckman Christoffer , Correll Nikolaus
Published: June 2019

We posit that embodied artificial intelligence is not only a computational, but also a materials problem. While the importance of material and structural properties in the control loop are well understood, materials can take an active role during control by tight integration of sensors, actuators, computation, and communication. We envision such materials to abstract functionality, therefore making the construction of intelligent robots more straightforward and robust. For example, robots could be made of bones that measure load, muscles that move, skin that provides the robot with information about the kind and location of tactile sensations ranging from pressure to texture and damage, eyes that extract high-level information, and brain material that provides computation in a scalable manner. Such materials will not resemble any existing engineered materials, but rather the heterogeneous components out of which their natural counterparts are made. We describe the state-of-the-art in so-called “robotic materials,” their opportunities for revolutionizing applications ranging from manipulation to autonomous driving by describing two recent robotic materials, a smart skin and a smart tire in more depth, and conclude with open challenges that the robotics community needs to address in collaboration with allies, such as wireless sensor network researchers and polymer scientists.
Qualitative methods I: On current conventions in interview research
Authors: Hitchings Russell , Latham Alan
Published: June 2019

This is the first in a series of three reviews that scrutinise the conventions of doing and describing qualitative research that currently predominate in human geography. Since we find that interviews are the most widely used method in this field, we begin with an examination of how they feature in the work of today’s human geographers. How many people do geographers speak with and what do they say about their interviewing procedures? What do they imagine their interviews to be in terms of the social occasion? And how do they present the empirical material that is thereby generated?
Contemporary employer victimisation of lay union representatives in Britain: Issues, dynamics and extent
Authors: Gall Gregor
Published: June 2019

This article examines the extent, nature and dynamics of employer victimisation of lay union representatives in Britain between 1998 and 2018, finding that the extent of victimisation is greater than would have been thought. This puts it on a par with the grievous phenomenon of blacklisting.
Data Collection and Modeling Results to Permit Estimation of Meteorological Effects on Roadway Noise
Authors: Wayson Roger L. , Kaliski Kenneth , MacDonald John M. , Salomons Erik M. , Reiter Darlene D.
Published: June 2019

The estimation of absolute road traffic noise levels without including the effects of meteorology is thought to be a major source of error in the estimation process commonly used in the United States. In response, the Transportation Research Board-sponsored NCHRP 25-52, Meteorological Effects on Roadway Noise, to collect highway noise data under different meteorological conditions, document the meteorological effects on roadway noise propagation under different atmospheric conditions, develop best practices, and provide guidance on how to (a) quantify meteorological effects on roadway noise propagation and (b) explain those effects to the public. The completed project involved collecting and analyzing 35,000 min of sound and meteorological data at 16 barrier and no-barrier measurement positions adjacent to Interstate 17 in Phoenix, Arizona. This report provides information on the data collection and the modeling recommendations. The database assembled is thought to be among the best available in the United States to permit analysis of meteorological effects on roadway noise. The study recommendations will advance the methodology for estimating the meteorological effects on roadway noise in the United States.
The Dialectics of Motherhood in 1950s New Zealand
Authors: Brickell Chris , Gilmour Fairleigh
Published: June 2019

While numerous historians have questioned the assumption that the 1950s were wholly conservative in terms of gender politics, few have systematically explored the nuances of debates over motherhood in particular. This article asks how depictions of motherhood in two popular New Zealand magazines reflected multiple voices that spoke of the complexities of mothers’ experiences and broader ideologies of motherhood during this era. It develops the concept of “dialectics of motherhood” in order to account for the interwoven ways in which sophisticated debates over “good” and “bad” mothers helped to propel social changes that led to the second-wave feminist movement.
High Risk of Tunnel Convergence in Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis
Authors: Jaecker Vera , Ibe Philip , Endler Christoph H. , Pfeiffer Thomas R. , Herbort Mirco , Shafizadeh Sven
Published: June 2019

Background:

Lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) is being increasingly added to primary and revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction to address residual anterolateral rotatory instability. However, currently there is a lack of knowledge on how close the femoral tunnels are when combining these procedures.

Purpose/Hypotheses:

To assess the risk of tunnel convergence in combined ACL and LET procedures using 2 different surgical techniques (Lemaire and MacIntosh). It was hypothesized that the risk of tunnel convergence would be greater when using the more distally located Lemaire position. The authors further hypothesized that tunnel proximity would be influenced by knee size.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were used for this study. In each specimen, an anatomic ACL femoral tunnel and 2 LET tunnels were drilled using the Lemaire and MacIntosh positions, respectively. After knee dissection, minimal distances between each ACL and LET tunnel were directly measured on the lateral femoral cortex. Furthermore, computed tomography scans were obtained to measure intertunnel convergence and lateral femoral condyle (LFC) width. On the basis of the average LFC width, knees were divided into large and small knees to determine a relationship between knee size and tunnel convergence.

Results:

Convergence of ACL and LET tunnels occurred in 7 of 10 cases (70%) using the Lemaire attachment position. All tunnel collisions occurred directly on the lateral femoral cortex, while intertunnel (intramedullary) conflicts were not observed. Collisions emerged in both small (n = 4) and large (n = 3) knees. Critical tunnel convergence did not occur using the MacIntosh position. The mean minimal distance between the LET and ACL tunnel using the Lemaire and MacIntosh positions was 3.1 ± 4.6 mm and 9.8 ± 5.4 mm, respectively.

Conclusion:

Tunnel convergence was more frequently observed in combined ACL and LET reconstruction using the Lemaire technique, independent of the knee size. LET femoral tunnel positioning according to the MacIntosh reconstruction was not associated with tunnel collision.

Clinical Relevance:

These findings help to raise the awareness for the risk of tunnel convergence in combined ACL and LET procedures. Surgeons may contemplate adjustments on the ACL femoral tunnel drilling technique or fixation device when applying an additional Lemaire procedure. However, in the absence of clinical outcome studies comparing different LET techniques, it remains unclear which technique is superior in a clinical setting.
Sex Differences in Clinical and Functional Outcomes among Patients Treated in an Early Intervention Service for Psychotic Disorders: An Observational Study
Authors: Dama Manish , Veru Franz , Schmitz Norbert , Shah Jai , Iyer Srividya , Joober Ridha , Malla Ashok
Published: June 2019

Objective:

It has been shown that men with a longstanding psychotic disorder have worse clinical and functional outcomes than women. Our objectives were to examine whether these sex differences are also present among patients treated in an early intervention service (EIS) for psychosis and to determine if these differences are related to risk factors other than sex.

Method:

Patients ( N = 569) were assessed for demographic/clinical characteristics at entry and for symptoms/functioning over 2 years of treatment. Clinical outcomes included remission of positive, negative, and total symptoms. Functional outcomes included good functioning and functional remission. Logistic regression models examined the relationship between sex and outcomes after 1 and 2 years of treatment while controlling for the influence of other risk factors.

Results:

Men reported to be less educated and have a longer duration of untreated psychosis, poorer childhood and early adolescent premorbid functioning, higher rates of substance abuse/dependence disorders, greater severity of baseline negative symptoms, and poorer baseline social/occupational functioning than women. Women were more likely to achieve symptom remission than men after 2 years of treatment (negative odds ratio [OR], 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 2.78; total OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.98). Women were also more likely than men to exhibit good functioning (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.49) after 1 but not after 2 years of treatment. These results did not persist after controlling for other risk factors that could confound these associations (i.e., childhood premorbid functioning and age at onset of psychosis).

Conclusions:

Sex differences seen in outcomes among patients treated in an EIS for psychosis may be largely influenced by the disparity of other risk factors that exist between the 2 sexes.
History and quantitative conflict research: A case for limiting the historical scope of our theoretical arguments
Authors: Fordham Benjamin O
Published: June 2019

This essay examines the relationship between history and the quantitative study of international conflict. The usual distinction between these two pursuits does not hold up to close scrutiny. In fact, both research communities are in the business of using theory to explain social processes that occur within historical bounds. Making these historical bounds explicit is an appropriate response to the nature of our subject matter. Doing so also has some important advantages, including more precise theory, higher quality data, better model specification, and the potential to help explain important historical events.
Editors at Small Newspapers Say Error Problems Serious
Authors: Mensing Donica , Oliver Merlyn
Published: June 2019

Three-quarters of editors at U.S. dailies with circulations of fewer than 25,000 thought that accuracy was a serious problem and more than half saw errors of fact in their own newspapers.
A Zero-Sum Politics of Identification: A Topological Analysis of Wildlife Advocacy Rhetoric in the Mexican Gray Wolf Reintroduction Project
Authors: Walsh Lynda
Published: June 2019

As climate change contracts our environment, bringing human and nonhuman communities into increased contact and conflict over scarce resources, advocacy rhetoric is making a related shift, from raising human awareness of problems “out there” to renegotiating the very boundaries between human and nonhuman communities. This shift—along with the advent of online media, which similarly blurs traditional urban versus rural boundaries between communities—invites us to update classic studies of advocacy rhetoric from the 1990s and early 2000s. Accordingly, this study addresses advocates’ use of online media in the Mexican Gray Wolf Reintroduction Project. I reconstruct wildlife advocates’ attitudes toward the Project, as expressed online in press releases and blog posts, by using a combination of topology—a method that looks at patterns of topoi (shared beliefs, values, and norms) that a community expresses in a given rhetorical situation—and Kenneth Burke’s theories of attitudes and identification. I then compare advocates’ attitudes with the attitudes of project administrators and landowners in the reintroduction area, reconstructed in earlier work. I conclude that advocates amplify their identification with allies (chiefly wolves and supportive sectors of “the public”) and their alienation from competitors (chiefly public-land ranchers and project administrators) via the creation of “straw attitudes” for these communities that conflict both with their own attitude and with the documented attitudes of these communities. This rhetorical strategy creates a zero-sum political scenario for communication in the Project and recapitulates old political divisions in the southwestern United States. I finish by recommending rhetorical strategies aimed to increase identification, rather than alienation, in the Project and by showing what online advocacy rhetoric can teach us about the structure of Burkean theories of identification.
Understanding IPV Perpetration Among Young Jamaican Men: The Role of Socialization and Attitudinal Factors
Authors: Priestley Sharon , Lee Kerry A.
Published: June 2019

This study examined the association among a number of demographic, socialization, and attitudinal factors, and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration in a sample of young Jamaican men. We conducted bivariate and logistic regression analyses using data from the 2008 Reproductive Health Survey (RHS) administered by the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN) for the National Family Planning Board. The RHS is a nationally representative sample of Jamaican women of childbearing age and men aged 15-24 years. Findings indicated that being in a co-residential union, residing in an urban area, and having fair or poor health were significant demographic characteristics associated with IPV perpetration. Similarly, witnessing violence between parents in childhood, being physically hit after age 15 years, and having a controlling nature were significant socialization and attitudinal predictors of perpetrating recent IPV. Implications for practice, policy, and areas for further research are discussed.
Parental Harsh Discipline and Preschooler’s Inhibitory Control in China: Bidirectional Relations and Gender Differences
Authors: Xing Xiaopei , Zhang Linya , Wei Yutong , Wang Zhengyan
Published: June 2019

The goals of this study were to examine the bidirectional associations between parental harsh discipline and Chinese preschool children’s inhibitory control and to further explore the possible gender differences in these associations. Participants were Chinese preschool children and their parents. At Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2), both fathers and mothers, respectively, reported their use of psychological aggression and corporal punishment, and children’s inhibitory control was assessed by laboratory tasks and maternal rating. Structural equation modeling revealed that child inhibitory control significantly predicted both paternal and maternal psychological aggression and corporal punishment 1 year later, but the predictions from both types of parental harsh discipline to child inhibitory control were nonsignificant. Multiple-group analyses further suggested that boys’ but not girls’ inhibitory control could significantly predict paternal corporal punishment 1 year later, and no child gender differences existed for parental psychological aggression or for maternal corporal punishment. The findings suggest that the longitudinal associations between parental hash discipline and preschool children’s inhibitory control in China may differ according to the types of harsh discipline and parental and children’s gender.
Cessation of E-Cigarette Use Among Adolescents and Its Associated Factors
Authors: Saminathan Thamil Arasu , Rodzlan Hasani Wan Shakira , Robert Lourdes Tania Gayle , Mohd Yusoff Muhammad Fadhli , Ismail Hasimah , Akmal Abd Hamid Hamizatul , Mat Rifin Halizah , Ling Jane Miaw Yn , Ab Majid Nur Liana , Ahmad Azhairin
Published: June 2019

We assessed the prevalence of cessation of e-cigarette and its associated factors among adolescents in Malaysia. This study analyzed data from the Tobacco and E-Cigarette Survey among Malaysian Adolescent (TECMA) in 2016, a cross-sectional study with 2-stage stratification cluster sampling. A total of 14 832 school-going adolescents aged 10 to 19 years participated in this survey. A complex sampling design and multiple logistic regression analysis were applied. Nearly half of the adolescents (49.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 44.9-55.0) who had ever used e-cigarette ceased the usage. Based on multivariate analysis, adolescents were more likely to quit e-cigarette because they could not afford the e-cigarette (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.78-3.20), if they are aged 13 year and older (aOR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.25-2.61), and those who claimed their e-cigarette does not contain nicotine (aOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.03-1.78). E-cigarette prevention efforts among adolescents could consider the cessation factors described in this study.
Deactivating a Pacemaker in Home Care Hospice: Experiences of the Family Caregivers of a Terminally Ill Patient
Authors: Kutcher Gregory R. , Soroka Jacek T.
Published: June 2019

Objectives:

Although the experiences of family members who care for relatives at the end of life have been researched extensively, little is known about the needs and experiences of families caring for hospice patients with pacemakers.

Aim:

To better understand the experiences of family caregivers of a terminally ill patient who received hospice care at home and chose deactivation of a pacemaker.

Design:

The exploratory, cross-sectional design involved semistructured, in-depth interviews. A narrative analysis focusing on form and content was chosen to analyze the data.

Participants:

Five bereaved caregivers from the Midwestern United States who provided care and participated in the deactivation of their family member’s pacemaker.

Results:

Four storylines that described, gave meaning to, and contextualized the caregivers’ experiences were identified: “I am done. I am not doing it anymore”; “Whatever you decide, I’ll support you”; “It is really difficult to watch, but you want to be there”; and “I will not have part of this.” Caregivers struggled with lack of support, understanding, and acceptance from medical providers when their family member decided to have her pacemaker deactivated, and they believed that the hospice model of care was appropriate to support and help them in that process.

Conclusions:

This research aids in understanding the ramifications of family-provided end-of-life care to a patient whose pacemaker has been deactivated. This can help to increase hospice clinicians’ knowledge regarding caregivers’ experiences facing deactivation of a pacemaker, before and after the patient’s death.
The Core of Kees Dorst’s Design Thinking: A Literature Review
Authors: Weedon Scott
Published: June 2019

The literature review presents the work of Kees Dorst as a framework for design thinking. The review covers three areas: Dorst’s conception of design problems and how it differs from traditional design paradigms, Dorst’s approach to design thinking and his problem-framing method, and the availability of Dorst’s method for technical communication work.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Pin Site Infection of Exposed Kirschner Wires Following Elective Forefoot Surgery
Authors: McKenzie James C. , Rogero Ryan G. , Khawam Sultan , McDonald Elizabeth L. , Nicholson Kristen , Shakked Rachel J. , Fuchs Daniel , Raikin Steven M.
Published: June 2019

Background:

Kirschner wires (K-wires) are commonly utilized for temporary metatarsal and phalangeal fixation following forefoot procedures. K-wires can remain in place for up to 6 weeks postoperatively and are at risk for complications. This study investigated the incidence of infectious complications of exposed K-wires after forefoot surgery and identifies risk factors for these complications.

Methods:

A single-surgeon retrospective chart review of forefoot surgeries from 2007 to 2017 was undertaken. Inclusion criteria were adult patients (≥18 years) undergoing elective forefoot surgery with the use of exposed K-wires. Incidence of pin site infectious complication, defined as cellulitis, or pin site drainage and/or migration/loosening of the pin was noted. Patient demographic and perioperative data were analyzed, along with the number of K-wires placed per procedure. Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests were performed to determine predictive factors related to pin site infection rates, with a multivariable model with significant factors subsequently performed. Two-thousand seventeen K-wires in 1237 patients were analyzed.

Results:

There were 35 pin site infections for a rate of 1.74%. Combined forefoot procedures (507 pins in 229 patients) had a pin site infection rate of 4.93% (N = 25), followed by lesser metatarsal osteotomies (667 pins in 446 patients) at 1.05% (N = 7), then hammertoe corrections (694 pins in 421 patients) at 0.43% (N = 3), and no pin site infections with chevron osteotomies (149 pins in 141 patients). Male sex, body mass index (BMI), current smoker, and number of pins were significant risk factors ( P ≤ .05). Additionally, there were 23 non–infection-related K-wire complications. No long-term sequelae were encountered based on any complications.

Conclusion:

K-wires are commonly used for temporary immobilization of the smaller bones of the forefoot following deformity correction. Male sex, BMI, current smoker, and number of pins were significant risk factors for pin site infection, with a higher rate of infection with 2 or more pins placed.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series.