bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calcium, phosphorus, and phytic acid of fermented rice bran
Authors: Koni T N I , Paga A , Asrul
Published: June 2024

Rice bran is one of the ingredients for poultry feed and is usually used in up to 10% of chicken feed. The restricted utilization of rice bran stems from its elevated levels of crude fiber (24.43%) and phytic acid (6.9%). Fermentation offers a means to diminish the amounts of crude fiber and phytic acid present. The fermentation requires carbon as an energy source for microorganisms. Palmyra sap (PS) can be used as a carbon source. PS is a local resource in East Nusa Tenggara that can be used as an additive. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of fermentation duration, along with the addition of 10% palmyra sap, on the calcium, phosphorus, and phytic acid levels in rice bran. A complete random design was used, comprising three treatments with five replications for each. These treatments included: DN0 (no fermentation), DN6 (6 days of fermentation), and DN12 (12 days of fermentation). The parameters measured were the content of calcium, phosphorus, and phytic acid. The data underwent analysis using variance analysis followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. The findings indicated that fermentation durations led to a reduction in calcium and phytic acid levels, with no notable impact on the phosphorus content in rice bran. Specifically, the 12-day fermentation period yielded the lowest phytic acid content in rice bran.
Performance of broiler chickens fed palm kernel cake with enzyme supplementation
Authors: Zubaidah S , Ariyadi B , Hanim C , Baskara A P , Zuprizal
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this study was examined the performance of broiler chickens fed palm kernel cake (PKC) with enzyme supplementation. This research used 1,260 Indian River strain male broiler chickens divided into seven treatments and six replications, with 30 chickens in each replication. This research used two types of cocktail enzymes, enzyme one and enzyme two. Enzyme one consists of mannanase 182 g/ton (182×103 U), NSPase 200 g/ton (α – amylase 54×103 U, selulase 500 ×103 U, xylanase 375×103 U, and protease 180×103 U) and protease 130 g/ton (240.5 U), while enzyme two consists of mannanase 182 g/ton (182×103 U), NSPase 400 g/ton (α – amylase 108×103 U, selulase 106 U, xylanase 750×103 U, and protease 360×103 U), and protease 260 g/ton (481 Unit enzyme). This study’s treatment was: P0 - basal feed (control), P1 – P0 with 10% PKC, P2 – P0 with 20% PKC, P3 – P0 with 10% PKC and enzyme one, P4 – P0 with 10% PKC and enzyme one, P5 – P0 with PKC 20% and enzyme two, and P6 – P0 with PKC 20% and enzyme two. Chickens were kept for 35 days. The variables observed included feed intake (FI), average daily gain (ADG), Feed conversion Ratio (FCR), Performance Index (PI), and carcass percentage. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Enzyme addition did not affect feed consumption. The P3 had the largest ADG (2,219.75 g), the lowest FCR (1.59), and had the best FCR compared to the other treatments. The P4 and P6 could increase ADG compared P0, but did not increase compared to P3. The addition of 10% PKC could reduce FCR compared to the control, while the addition of 20% PKC did not reduce FCR. The addition of 10% PKC could increase PI by 19.07% (P1) and 28.58% (P3) compared to the control. The P4 and P6 did not increase PI. The P3 could increase carcass percentage by 6.15% and 6.19% (P5) compared to the control. Carcass percentage in P3 and P5 was highest than the control which was 71.53% and 71.56%. This research concluded that the P3 treatment consisting of basal feed with 10% PKC and the addition of enzymes mannanase 182 g/ton, NSPase 200 g/ton, and protease 130 g/ton could increase ADG, PI, and carcass percentage, and reduced FCR.
Methane gas production and phenolic compound of two species in tropical brown seaweeds
Authors: Hidayah N , Astuti A , Noviandi C T , Kustantinah
Published: June 2024

A study has indicated that the metabolites found in seaweed can lower methane emissions from ruminants, especially the phenolic compound. Indonesia is a tropical nation where seaweed variety is abundant, but it has not been widely reported to be used to reduce ruminant methane emissions. The research aims to measure the methane gas production and phenolic compound of two species in tropical brown seaweeds (Laminaria Sp. and Padina australis) from Tuban, East Java, in Kelapa Beach, Indonesia. The treatments were completely randomized with four replications and t test for the differences among treatment means. After a 24-hour incubation period, 10 mL samples used for the analysis of methane gas production were taken from the aliquot, preserved in a vacuum tube, and measured using gas chromatography (GC). The phenolic compound analysis included phenol, tannin, and flavonoid with a spectrophotometer according to Makkar (2003) and Arvouet-Grand et al. (1994) method. The result showed that Padina australis (2.47 mL and 13.00 mL/g DM) is lower in methane than Laminaria sp. (3.41 mL and 18.41 mL/g DM). Meanwhile, Padina australis is higher in flavonoid, phenol, and tannin (3.99, 0.88, 0.87 mg/g DM respectively) than Laminaria sp. (2.73, 0.63, 0.61 mg/g DM respectively). It was concluded that from two species of tropical brown seaweed, Padina australis had more potential to reduce methane emission than Laminaria sp. due to higher phenolic compounds (flavonoid, phenol, and tannin).
Physico-Chemical Charateristics Of Goat’s Milk Soap
Authors: Murti T.W. , Walida I. , Rayi A. , Pradana M.W.E. , Wisudanta G.M.
Published: June 2024

This research aimed to observe the physico-chemical characteristics and acceptability of goat’s milk soap at different storage times. The goat milk soap was made using cold process and coconut oil as the main materials and stored at room temperature of 25°C for 0 and 30 days. Raw milk material was tested for alcohol test, density, water content, and fat content as well as for the cream. The physical characteristics (hardness and foam ability) and chemical characteristics of soap (pH, saponification value, peroxide value, and free fatty acids) were determined by analysis of variance Paired T-Test. Acceptability tests obtained were then analyzed by non-parametric Kruskall Wallis Test. The results showed that goat’s milk had 1,028 kg/m3 of density, 84,25 % of water content, and 3,025% of fat content. The results have showed that Soap which was 30 days in storage had a higher hardness (7,22±2,80 kg/cm2), more stable foam (7,25±4,21%), lower pH value (11,05±0,38), lower peroxide value (4,00±3,04 meq/kg), higher saponification value (214,30±6,64 mg KOH/g), and higher free fatty acids (0,21±0,01%) than fresh goat milk soap. 30 days aged goat milk soap have showed reduction in colour and texture while off odor of soap was higher than fresh goat milk soap.
The Effect of Absorbent Level and Inoculants on Chemical Composition and Fermentation Characteristics of Fermented Poultry Manure as an Unconventional Feed Ingredient
Authors: Wardani A R D , Octarya S , Agus A , Paradhipta D H V
Published: June 2024

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of absorbent level and microbial inoculant on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of fermented poultry manure (FPM). In the first trial, the FPM was fermented using two levels of cassava solid waste as absorbent, consisted of 10% (AL10) and 30% (AL30). The best absorbent level to improve the quality of FPM was continued in the second trial. In the second trial, FPM was fermented using inoculant treatments following without inoculants (CON), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and multi-purpose microbes (MP). All fermentation was conducted for 14 d in 4 kg mini-silo with quadruplicate. In the first trial, AL30 had higher levels of dry matter and crude fiber but lower levels of crude protein, ether extract, and butyric acid content compared to AL10 (P<0.05). In the second trial, CON presented higher levels of dry matter, crude protein, and crude fiber, but lower levels of ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, pH, ammonia, and butyric acid compared to LP and MP (P<0.05). In conclusion, the present study found that FPM without inoculant at the 30% absorbent level resulted in higher nutrient composition and better fermentation characteristics compared to other treatments.
Enhancing Beef Supply through Beef Self-Sufficiency Policy in Indonesia: An Econometric Approach
Authors: Priyono  , Rusdiana S , Maplani  , Talib C
Published: June 2024

Enhancing beef production is important to meet the increasing beef demand. However, beef demand has outpaced domestic beef production, resulting in a gap between beef demand and domestic beef production. The beef self-sufficiency policy is one of the flagship policies aimed at enhancing beef supply in Indonesia. This study aims to assess the impact of the beef self-sufficiency policy on beef supply in Indonesia. The study used time series data from 1990 to 2019, sourced from BPS, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Trade, BI, and FAO. The analysis method employed an econometric approach through a simultaneous equation system model and estimated using the Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) method. The research findings showed that the beef self-sufficiency policy has a positive and significant effect on domestic beef production (p-value < 0.15) and beef demand (p-value < 0.05). Conversely, the beef self-sufficiency policy has a negative and significant effect on the import of fattening cattle (p-value < 0.05). The results showed that the beef self-sufficiency policy through the artificial insemination program had an impact on increased calf population by 3.819%, cattle population by 1.202%, and domestic beef production by 2.528%. These programs also showed an impact on the decreased import of fattening cattle by 13.727% and the import of beef by 24.972%. It can be concluded that the beef self-sufficiency policy has significant impacts on the beef supply in Indonesia.
Development of Palm Oil Plantation By-products in Sintang District to Support SISKA Program and Environmental Health
Authors: Arhian V , Herumurti S , Maulana H , Baliarti E
Published: June 2024

The study aims to explore the potential of utilizing palm oil plantation by-products, such as fronds, palm oil mill effluent (POME), and palm sludge, in the cattle palm integration program. The objective is to optimize the use of these by-products. The research area covers 18,600 hectares with a palm oil mill capacity of 60 tons FFB/hour. The plantation produces 20,944 tons of fronds per hectare annually, with 136 planting trees per hectare. The Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) has an inlet BOD of 25,000 - 35,000 mg/liter and inlet COD of 35,000 - 45,000 mg/liter. The palm sludge produced is 11,904 tons per year. All the remaining by products from palm oil plantations have the potential to be used as animal feed ingredients to support the cattle palm integration program (SISKA) to produce green economic cycle in addition to a green environment. However, to achieve this goal, further study is needed.
Revolutionizing agriculture: a comprehensive review of agribots, machine learning, and deep learning in meeting global food demands
Authors: Krishnan Sreedeep , Karuppasamypandiyan M , Chandran Ranjeesh R , Devaraj D
Published: June 2024

Agriculture is quickly transforming into a high-tech industry, which is drawing new professionals, investors, and firms. Technology is constantly improving, allowing farmers to increase their output capacity. This growth, modernization, and automation over time have led to a substantial increase in agricultural output. The United Nations is projecting that the population of our world will reach 9.7 billion by the year 2050. Hence, the world needs considerably more food, putting farmers under tremendous pressure to satisfy that need. The one of best solutions for this problem is using Agribots. Agribots assist farmers in a number of ways to enhance output yields. An Agribot, or agricultural robot, is a robot that is used for agricultural applications. Agribots utilize Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques to improve agricultural production and output. ML and DL advancements have enabled agribots to locate, localize, and recognize objects in images and videos. This paper analyzes the three primary research areas in agriculture: The first area is Agricultural Operations, focusing on recent research findings regarding operations such as crop and weed detection, fruit detection, area detection, and disease detection. The next research area discusses the various hardware setups and types of agribots, and finally the machine vision systems of the Agribots. Comparative analyses of machine learning and deep learning approaches have been conducted, along with an exploration of the limitations and future research focus on Agribots.
Octopodal Pictoriality: The Self-Reflexivity of the Octopus in Graeco-Roman Art
Authors: Bates Albert
Published: June 2024

The octopus was renowned in Graeco-Roman thought for being a master of visual imitation insofar as it could imperceptibly mimic rocks by changing the colour of its skin. What did it mean, then, for the Greeks and Romans to imitate nature’s consummate imitator in art? This essay takes two sets of artefacts that featured octopuses—Greek red-figure ‘fish plates’ and Roman ‘fish mosaics’—and contextualises them alongside Greek and Latin poetry, biology and philosophy to explore the self-reflexivity of picturing polyps in Graeco-Roman culture. In establishing the octopus as mise-en-abyme, the essay salvages the sophisticated self-referentiality of the marine ‘still life’ and recovers a more ecologically grounded way of understanding the relation between art and nature than is traditionally associated with classical art history. Ultimately, seeing the self-consciousness of these octopodal artworks entails becoming more self-aware of ourselves and our place in the world at this juncture of climate crisis.
Unraveling complexity: morbidity factors in elderly kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Gineste Alexandra , Malvezzi Paolo , Jouve Thomas , Millet Claire , Rostaing Lionel , Noble Johan
Published: June 2024

Background

The rising prevalence of end-stage renal failure in the elderly has led to an increased number of kidney transplantations in older individuals. While age does not solely determine transplant eligibility, frailty in elderly recipients significantly impacts post-transplant outcomes, particularly within the first year.

Methods

The RETRAITE (REnal TRAnsplantIon ouTcome in Elderly recipients) study, a single-center retrospective cohort study at Grenoble Alpes University Hospital (France), examined kidney transplant recipients aged 70 years and above transplanted between 2015 and 2020. The composite primary endpoint was defined as either of any hospital stay exceeding 40 days, death and/or return to dialysis within the first post-transplant year. The study explored risk factors for recipient and graft survival, rejection, hospitalizations over 40 days, and severe infections during the initial post-transplant year.

Results

Over six years, 149 patients aged 70 years or older received transplants. Eleven patients died, and seven returned to dialysis within the first year, corresponding to a 1-year graft survival rate of 87.9%. At 1 year, 49 patients (33%) met the composite endpoint. There was a significant association between the composite endpoint and curative anticoagulation [odds ratio (OR) 5.20; P < .001], peripheral arteriopathy (OR 3.14; P < .001) and delayed graft function (OR 8.24; P < .001). This cohort then was merged with a cohort of 150 younger kidney transplanted patients and we confirmed these results. Time on dialysis, prolonged cold ischemia and donor age contributed to higher morbidity and mortality. Conversely, preemptive and living donor transplants were associated with lower morbidity and mortality.

Conclusions

In this cohort aged over 70 years, age alone did not statistically correlate with increased morbidity and mortality. Variables related to grafts and donors, especially curative anticoagulation, were linked to poorer outcomes, emphasizing the favorable impact of preemptive and living donor transplants on morbidity and mortality in elderly patients.
Care Need, Caregiver Availability, and Care Receipt: Variations Across Countries and Over Time in Three Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Park Hae Yeun , Phillips Drystan , Wilkens Jenny , Lin Zhiyong , Angrisani Marco , Lee Jinkook
Published: June 2024

Background

Dementia is expected to increase more rapidly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) than in high-income countries (HIC) in the coming decades. Nevertheless, research on dementia care remains limited for LMIC. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating care needs and care receipt in 3 LMIC: China, Mexico, and India.

Methods

Using harmonized data from the Gateway to Global Aging Data in China, Mexico, and India and focusing on individuals aged 65 and older with cognitive impairment (N = 15 118), we estimated the proportions of care needs related to difficulties with activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, and care receipt. We then used logistic regressions to examine the association between caregiver availability and informal care receipt.

Results

We observed relatively similar patterns in care need measures across countries and over time. In contrast, the association between caregiver availability and informal care receipt showed some cross-country variations. Generally, living with family members was associated with a higher probability of receiving informal care in China and India. However, for Mexico, this association was only evident for men. Additionally, we found that the magnitude of the association between caregiver availability and informal care receipt varied with the care recipient’s gender.

Conclusions

Although living with family members was generally associated with a higher likelihood of receiving informal care in China, Mexico, and India, there are differences in the association between caregiver availability and informal care receipt across countries and over time.
Longitudinal Patterns of Systolic Blood Pressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Their Association With Dementia Risk: The HUNT Study
Authors: Lerfald Maren , Allore Heather , Nilsen Tom I L , Eldholm Rannveig S , Martinez-Velilla Nicolas , Selbæk Geir , Ernstsen Linda
Published: June 2024

Background

High blood pressure and poor cardiorespiratory fitness are independent risk factors for dementia. However, few studies have examined if combined longitudinal patterns of these modifiable risk factors are associated with dementia risk.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study, we used data from the population-based Trøndelag Health (HUNT) Study, Norway. We applied group-based multidimensional trajectory modeling to identify age-specific multidimensional trajectories of SBP, DBP, and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness across 3 surveys (HUNT1, 1984–1986 to HUNT3, 2006–2008). Dementia was diagnosed in the HUNT4 70+ substudy in 2017–2019. We used multivariate logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and risk differences (RDs) of dementia.

Results

In total, 7 594 participants (54.9% women) were included, with a mean age of 44.7 (SD 6.3) years at HUNT1. Dementia was diagnosed in 1 062 (14.0%) participants. We identified 2 multidimensional trajectories throughout adulthood within 3 age groups: one with higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and lower estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (the poorer group), and one with lower SBP and DBP, and higher cardiorespiratory fitness (the better group). After adjustment for sex, apolipoprotein E ε4 status, education, marital status, and diabetes, the better group had consistently lower risk of dementia in all age groups with the lowest OR in the middle-aged group of 0.63 (95% confidence intervals [95% CI]: 0.51, 0.78) with corresponding RD of −0.07 (95% CI: −0.10, −0.04).

Conclusions

Having a beneficial multidimensional trajectory of SBP, DBP, and cardiorespiratory fitness in adulthood was associated with reduced dementia risk. Aiming for optimal SBP, DBP, and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness throughout adulthood may reduce dementia risk.
Detection of the benzodiazepine bromazolam by liquid chromatography with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry in postmortem toxicology casework and prevalence in Indiana (2023)
Authors: Shanks Kevin G , Kurtz Stuart A.K , Behonick George S
Published: June 2024

For the past 60 years, benzodiazepines such as chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, and alprazolam have been used as pharmaceutical medications for the treatment of myriad conditions including anxiety, seizures, and insomnia. In more recent years, novel benzodiazepine derivatives have emerged as illicit substances in powders and counterfeit tablets on the illicit drug market. In 2016, bromazolam, a brominated derivative of alprazolam, emerged on the illicit drug market in Europe, but the substance was not reported in the USA until 2019–2020. In this study, we report the emergence and subsequent prevalence of bromazolam in postmortem blood in the state of Indiana during 2023. Analysis was completed by a solvent protein precipitation extraction with acetonitrile and detection by liquid chromatography with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. During 2023, bromazolam was detected in 94 cases across 25 counties in Indiana. It was never the sole substance detected and was commonly detected alongside fentanyl (83 cases), norfentanyl (77 cases), 4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine (76 cases), acetylfentanyl (49 cases), methamphetamine (32 cases), naloxone (25 cases), 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (24 cases), and benzoylecgonine (20 cases). After official query with the Indiana Department of Health, it was found that bromazolam was specifically included in the cause of death certification in 31 fatalities (32.9%). Due to the scarcity of information regarding this novel benzodiazepine derivative in postmortem toxicology and its involvement in fatalities, it is important that forensic toxicology laboratories consider adding bromazolam to their comprehensive scope of analysis.
Slime mould algorithm with horizontal crossover and adaptive evolutionary strategy: performance design for engineering problems
Authors: Yu Helong , Zhao Zisong , Cai Qi , Heidari Ali Asghar , Xu Xingmei , Chen Huiling
Published: June 2024

In optimization, metaheuristic algorithms have received extensive attention and research due to their excellent performance. The slime mould algorithm (SMA) is a newly proposed metaheuristic algorithm. It has the characteristics of fewer parameters and strong optimization ability. However, with the increasing difficulty of optimization problems, SMA has some shortcomings in complex problems. For example, the main concerns are low convergence accuracy and prematurely falling into local optimal solutions. To overcome these problems, this paper has developed a variant of SMA called CCSMA. It is an improved SMA based on horizontal crossover (HC) and covariance matrix adaptive evolutionary strategy (CMAES). First, HC can enhance the exploitation of the algorithm by crossing the information between different individuals to promote communication within the population. Finally, CMAES facilitates algorithm exploration and exploitation to reach a balanced state by dynamically adjusting the size of the search range. This benefits the algorithm by allowing it to go beyond the local space to explore other solutions with better quality. To verify the superiority of the proposed algorithm, we select some new original and improved algorithms as competitors. CCSMA is compared with these competitors in 40 benchmark functions of IEEE CEC2017 and CEC2020. The results demonstrate that our work outperforms the competitors in terms of optimization accuracy and jumping out of the local space. In addition, CCSMA is applied to tackle three typical engineering optimization problems. These three problems include multiple disk clutch brake design, pressure vessel design, and speed reducer design. The results showed that CCSMA achieved the lowest optimization cost. This also proves that it is an effective tool for solving realistic optimization problems.
John Archibald Wheeler: Everything from Nothing
Authors: Wright Aaron Sidney
Published: June 2024

A close analysis of John Archibald Wheeler’s research notebooks reveals the inner-workings of perhaps the most influential “relativist” of the late twentieth century. This chapter argues that Wheeler’s epistemological “radical conservatism” drove his ontological development, from an initial focus on black holes and vacuum solutions to increasingly abstract mathematical structures. His conservatism led him to unify quantum theory with gravitation using the simplest possible physical constituent—the vacuum. Wheeler developed a radical monism, with the vacuum as a “magic building material” out of which all the rest of reality could be built. As this view was challenged and developed, Wheeler’s vision became more and more mathematically abstract. Far from his initial engagement with observational cosmology and experiments in the 1940s and 50s, by the 1970s Wheeler saw reality rooted in quantum fluctuations in “superspace” (not spacetime, but the mathematical space of all spacetimes), or even the calculus of logical propositions.
Sidney Coleman’s False Vacuum
Authors: Wright Aaron Sidney
Published: June 2024

Beginning in the late 1960s, Sidney Coleman set a standard for developing new insights in theoretical particle physics. This chapter draws out the role of literary narrative in Coleman’s physics. Throughout his career, he was an active Science Fiction fan, publisher, and reviewer. Coleman’s narratives demonstrate the continuity between literary, scientific, and mathematical modes of thought. The vacuum was a major protagonist of Coleman’s work; it determined the symmetries of other entities, it broke symmetries, and it appeared in “true” and “false” guises. The “false vacuum” was a harbinger of apocalypse; in tone, it fit with its contemporary, late-1970s SF stories about ecocatastrophes. Yet it proved immensely productive for physicists and cosmologists who adopted Coleman’s work in the new “inflationary” cosmology.
The Influence of Culture on Psychological Hope
Authors: Edwards Lisa M. , McConnell Kat R.
Published: June 2024

Almost three decades of research now exist about C. R. Snyder’s psychological theory of hope. Based on a primarily cognitive conceptualization, hope is considered a motivational construct related to goal-setting. Individuals with high hope are more likely to identify goals, effectively navigate around obstacles, and maintain the mental energy to work toward goals. The positive associations of hope can be seen in psychological, physical, academic, and athletic domains of life for youth and adults. Researchers have suggested that hope be viewed through a cultural context lens, and data exists to show that hope is similarly conceptualized in some populations, but not others. The current chapter will provide a summary of hope theory, research, and measurement among individuals from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
“English Opens All the Doors in the World”
Authors: Piller Ingrid , Butorac Donna , Farrell Emily , Lising Loy , Motaghi-Tabari Shiva , Tetteh Vera Williams
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores participants’ pre-migration English-language learning experiences. Although most had learned some English prior to arrival, their initial encounters with the new language came as a shock. Initially they had difficulty understanding others or making themselves understood. The chapter explores the experiences of two different cohorts of learners: those who brought tested English, and those who brought street English. The former had high levels of formal education and had studied English as a foreign language. For them, English was primarily a school subject and they struggled with the fact that their proficiency had not included development of communicative competence in everyday interactions. The other cohort had encountered English mainly informally and brought high levels of multilingual communicative competence, mostly from Africa. Yet, they found their English devalued by their low levels of literacy, limited formal education, and the transition from a multilingual to a monolingual context.
“I Have Many Faces”
Authors: Piller Ingrid , Butorac Donna , Farrell Emily , Lising Loy , Motaghi-Tabari Shiva , Tetteh Vera Williams
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores participants’ experiences with creating home and making selves in their new context. Migration constitutes a rupture of home and the self as the daily routines, habits, and practices that make up identity are subject to a complete transformation. The chapter begins by examining how participants form new emotional attachments before moving on to the crafting of new selves following the loss of old selves. These processes were experienced as simultaneously destructive and liberating. Participants’ sense of multiple, complex, and even contradictory selves shifts over time. The chapter ends with a focus on inclusive spaces, particularly churches, but also other forms of service and community building, that could restore participants’ ruptured sense of belonging.
Rethinking Language and Migration
Authors: Piller Ingrid , Butorac Donna , Farrell Emily , Lising Loy , Motaghi-Tabari Shiva , Tetteh Vera Williams
Published: June 2024

This chapter shifts perspective away from migrants’ language learning and settlement experiences to implications of our research for receiving societies. These include the need to let go of the pervasive deficit perspective on migrants. Regarding employment, there are practical implications for improved migrant labor-market integration through early arrival support. Additionally, there are broader implications for better aligning struggles for decent work and migrant justice. Another implication relates to a much-needed life-cycle perspective on migrant language learning and settlement. Finally, migrant language learning needs to be complemented and supported by language services and society-wide inclusive communication strategies. The chapter also makes a case for data sharing and data reuse in qualitative and ethnographic research in the humanities and social sciences.
A Permanent Body of Barnacles
Authors: Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2024

The insurance industry described its purpose as quasi-public and something that transcended commerce. Existing firms sought regulation to provide credentials and create barriers to new companies. As state regulation ramped up, insurers sought federal regulation but lost an important Supreme Court case where the court found that insurance was not commerce. As a second-best solution insurers encouraged the establishment of a national organization of state regulators. This organization, initially called the National Insurance Convention, met for the first time in New York City in 1871 and discussed ways to standardize regulation. The influence of the insurance industry was evident. Sectional conflicts between states limited progress on important issues. Southern and western states resented New York’s economic dominance and wanted to promote the development of their own insurance companies. While there were some ethical public servants engaged in early state insurance regulation, corruption was a pervasive problem.
The Life Insurance Moment
Authors: Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2024

In the early twentieth century, the reform impulse reflected in the Armstrong investigation rippled throughout the United States. Influenced by examples of social insurance in Europe, some states implemented ambitious reforms, including the establishment of state-run insurance. Other states used this moment to act on populist and sectional impulses, enacting protectionist measures that favored local industry. Under the War Risk Insurance Act, the federal government provided low-cost life insurance to soldiers in World War I, a move that challenged private industry and demonstrated the potential for government involvement in insurance on a far greater scale. Assessment and fraternal insurance began to decline under the weight of actuarial requirements and competition from emergent group insurance. The postwar collapse of Progressive reform sentiment contributed to the passing of the life insurance moment by the 1920s, although individual and group life insurance itself continued to grow exponentially throughout the twentieth century.
Little Fires Everywhere
Authors: Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2024

In the early decades of the twentieth century fire insurance rates remained an important pain point for consumers. While some states persisted in rate-setting and antitrust activities, insurers convinced regulators in New York that they need to share information to price accurately, and a system of supervised rate setting was established. The practice spread to other states. As regulators became more accountable to the public for the cost of insurance, their interdependency with the industry grew. Under this sanctioned collusion, the power of the insurance industry increased, and powerful regional rating organizations became entrenched. Crop hail insurance developed as a sideline, with some states providing insurance directly. The coming of World War I brought new business opportunities but also created anxiety over the growing role of the federal government. Insurers and state regulators embraced an “Americanism” that emphasized the noninvolvement of government with business.
Introduction
Authors: Clifford Damian
Published: June 2024

The adoption of data protection laws is often seen as a regulatory solution to the risks posed by intensive data processing. Providing individuals with more ‘control’ over their personal data empowers them to manage these risks. However, there is also significant criticism of data protection law’s capacity to empower and the utility of the instrumental role of control. The analysis in this introduction aims to (1) highlight the importance of a more accurate understanding of the role of emotion in decision-making in the analysis and reform of these laws by introducing insights from ‘law and emotion’ scholarship, but also (2) demonstrate the conceptual value of the notion of control as manifested instrumentally through control rights and, thus, the ongoing significance of data protection law despite the criticisms. This chapter introduces this debate and therefore, the key themes of this book.
Conclusion
Authors: Clifford Damian
Published: June 2024

Data protection law arguably fails to account for emotion in the moves towards individual empowerment by not recognizing that different types of data evoke different emotional responses that are context-dependent and that emotion plays a role in all decision-making. A ‘law and emotion’ analysis of data protection law allows for a clearer expression of the potential conceptual value of control and an appreciation of the need for these underlying values to be further researched. The control-rights-orientated approach and the potential conceptual value of control aim to safeguard the subjective interests of data subjects. In this chapter, I conclude the analysis by finding that we create data protection laws to protect our capacity to safeguard our subjective interests for a reason. Objectifying the law further may arguably create more problems than any changes to the legislative approach adopted might be able resolve.
Personalist Regimes
Authors: Baturo Alexander
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 places the study of personalism and personalist regimes in theoretical context, synthetizing contemporary accounts on personalism with earlier literature centred on patrimonialism. Because all dictators have personal power, personalism, if understood in terms of the concentration of the power wielded by the ruler, is a dimension of politics present in all types of dictatorships. However, while necessary, a high degree of personal power is not a sufficient condition for defining what a personalist regime is. What makes personalist regimes stand out from other dictatorships is their personalism and their patrimonialism, the latter being an older and multifaceted concept primarily centred on clientelism, weak institutions, executive corruption, and the transformation of the state into the leader’s personal patrimony, amongst others. Because personalism and patrimonialism are hard to differentiate when they take an extreme form under so-called sultanism, this chapter further proposes to distinguish between seven important attributes that are often associated with personalist rule.
Personalist Regimes in Historical Context
Authors: Lindstaedt Natasha
Published: June 2024

This chapter re-examines three paradigmatic personalist regimes from the Cold War era: specifically, the Somoza regime in Nicaragua, the Duvalier regime in Haiti, and the Marcos regime in the Philippines. All three were previously discussed by Chehabi and Linz (1998) in Sultanistic Regimes; this chapter, however, aims to highlight their similarities and differences with contemporary personalist regimes. While constitutional hypocrisy, grand corruption, dynasticism, and informal governance appear to underpin new and old personalist regimes alike, personal rulers of today have to pay more lip service to democratic procedures, however hollow; they are less committed to particular ideology; and fewer leaders attempt to build personality cults.
Necessary Unity
Authors: Rödl Florian
Published: June 2024

Elaborating on arguments from Kant’s legal philosophy, the chapter argues that the concept of private rights leads to the idea of necessary unity in choice of law. Unity is achieved if legislators and courts of all states subject the articulation of conflict-of-law rules to the same idea of justice. The relevant idea of justice is neither the idea of comparatively more impairment of governmental interests nor an idea of ‘conflicts justice’. Rather, justice in choice of law is about reasonably assigning jurisdiction to prescribe private-law rules. It is argued that the principle for the assignment is the principle of territoriality: private-law claims are subject to that state’s jurisdiction in whose territory the object of the infringed right (thing or another’s deed) is located. Contrary to widespread belief, it is this principle which actually governs the European Union’s choice-of-law rules. However, in contrast to the current law in the EU (and elsewhere), the idea of choice of law as assigning jurisdiction blocks the idea that private parties could have the power to choose the applicable law at will. This understanding of the basic rules in choice of law leaves room for ‘politics’, in a wide sense that includes the public interests of a particular state on the one hand and imperatives from good morals on the other.
Logical Models for Private International Law
Authors: Rotolo Antonino , Sartor Giovanni
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers an introductory treatment of the use of formal logic for representing and modelling private international law (PIL). It begins with a discussion of the benefits and limits of logic as applied in general to the law and to PIL. It then sketches basic ideas on how to deal with the issue using classical logic, defeasible reasoning, and belief revision techniques. Some recent trends are illustrated on modular argumentation and logics for reasoning about interpretive canons. Finally, the chapter presents further research perspectives, such as balancing values and principles for selecting applicable rules in the context of PIL.
What Do We Owe to Each Other in Private International Law?
Authors: Banu Roxana
Published: June 2024

While private international law has always understood the choice-of-law question as one of justice, it has constantly oscillated between focusing on state-centred or individualistic perspectives on justice. State-centred theories premised on state sovereignty or state interests focus on our transnational interactions as collectivities. The justice of inter-personal interactions is not their focus, since those interactions are viewed as trigger points for conflicts of state sovereignty or national legislative policies. Individualistic theories focus on abstract notions of the will or autonomy. They focus only on the private law relationship, on very abstract interests, and on a principle of freedom as independence in which we are interested instrumentally, as the only means of achieving our own freedom as independence. This chapter argues that neither state-centric nor individualistic theories in private international law are adequate because they ignore an important relational justice value of respect for each other as equal justificatory authorities. I argue for an alternative, deeply relational perspective according to which private international law must enable and sustain valuable relationships of mutual recognition between people in the transnational domain. This is achieved when only those choice-of-law principles are adopted which cannot be reasonably rejected by people who were motivated to find principles for the general regulation of transnational behaviour that others, similarly motivated, could not reasonably reject. It begins to construct this alternative perspective by reference to several analytical building blocks drawn from Thomas Scanlon’s moral contractualism and builds upon this framework with insights from Simone Weil.
A Relations-First Approach to Choice of Law
Authors: Marzal Toni , Pavlakos George
Published: June 2024

The question of applicable law remains central in the doctrine and practice of private international law (PIL), raising many disagreements around the criteria that govern its determination. Paradoxically, this question is commonly approached through a positivist lens, while at the same time being guided by a commitment to individual autonomy. This chapter frames the issue of applicable law as involving a series of questions about relational morality, which ought to be answered independently of any established legal order, and from a concern for the common good. First, it demonstrates that a purely positivist understanding fails to properly account for today’s practice, given its propensity to exclude normative considerations as irrelevant to the determination of legal facts, while at the same time resorting to such considerations. Second, it shows how current PIL tends to smuggle into legal reasoning a pre-institutional notion of individual autonomy, which implicitly guides the determination of applicable law, and is divorced from any considerations of relational morality (as well as from ideals of the common good). Third, it emphasizes the independent value of addressing the question of legal relations in pre-institutional terms and proposes a fresh way of understanding the legality of such relations among private parties, on the basis of a revised reading of Savigny and Kantian right, as key to the determination of the applicable law. Finally, it explores the downstream implications of this relations-first approach, by considering the applicable law to claims against parent/buyer companies for the harm caused by their subsidiaries/providers overseas.
Legal Professional Privilege in Criminal Investigations and Proceedings
Authors: Hayes Will , Cochrane Vivien
Published: June 2024

This is a book about the law of legal professional privilege and its practical application in criminal cases and internal investigations. It is intended to be a single point of reference for all criminal practitioners regardless of the type of case in which they are involved. Although aimed primarily at criminal defence lawyers—both solicitors and barristers—it also contains guidance for others involved in the criminal justice system more widely, including prosecution lawyers, investigators, independent counsel undertaking privilege reviews, and members of the judiciary who are asked to determine privilege issues in criminal proceedings. The content and structure of the book are determined first and foremost by the practical issues that criminal lawyers encounter and the stage in proceedings at which they typically arise. Topics include communicating with third parties to obtain evidence for trial, invoking the crime-fraud exception in criminal proceedings, the effect on privilege of disclosing the reasons for advice to answer no comment, the relationship between privilege and powers of search and seizure, conducting privilege reviews, compelled interviews, reference to privileged material in an expert’s report, prosecution privilege and disclosure obligations, corporate cooperation and waiver of privilege, inadvertent waiver by lawyers at court, appeals based on criticism of previous legal representatives and fresh evidence, and the extent to which privilege can apply to internal investigation witness interviews and fact-finding reports.
Search and Seizure, Compulsion, Surveillance, and Interception
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the relationship between legal professional privilege and the main powers of search and seizure and compulsion available to the authorities in criminal investigations, including under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE 1984), the Criminal Justice Act 1987 (CJA 1987) (including ‘section 2 notices’), the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (POCA 2002), the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (SOCPA 2005), the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA 2000), and ‘seize and sift’ powers under the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA 2001). It provides guidance on the key principles that apply at each stage of the process when investigators wish to obtain material that may include privileged items, including case law relating to applications for and execution of search warrants. The chapter explains in detail the obligations under the CJPA 2001 for handling privileged material after seizure, including the initial examination, the obligation to return or isolate privileged material, the use of inextricably linked property, and applications under the CJPA 2001, section 59 for the return of material. Other topics include asserting privilege in response to powers of compulsion, the impact of seizure of privileged material on a defendant’s right to a fair trial, and covert surveillance and interception of privileged communications under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA 2000) and the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 (IPA 2016).
Privilege Reviews
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on reviews of material that may contain items covered by legal professional privilege that are conducted by or on behalf of investigators following seizure or in other circumstances by lawyers in private practice, for example during an internal investigation or in order to extract privileged items from material that is to be voluntarily provided to the authorities. The chapter explains the procedure that should be followed whenever investigators or prosecutors are alerted to the possibility that privileged material is among that which has been seized (or produced or disclosed subject to powers of compulsion), as well as examining the respective roles of the defence and independent counsel and the relationship between them. It includes detailed guidance on devising search terms to identify privileged items and how to deal with issues or categories of documents that are commonly encountered in privilege reviews, such as email chains containing a mixture of privileged and non-privileged emails, applying redactions, and multi-addressee emails. For privilege reviews conducted in circumstances other than following the seizure of material, the chapter offers guidance on issues such as setting up a document review platform and managing a team of reviewers. There is also a brief discussion about the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in privilege reviews. The guidance in this chapter is aimed at all parties involved in the privilege review process, including defence lawyers, independent counsel, investigators, and prosecutors.