bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Perceiving Normal and Extreme Outgroups’ Bivalent Emotions in Reducing Infrahumanisation (or Intergroup Preference)
Authors: Ma Gloria Wai Shan , Parkinson Brian
Published: February 2025

People tend to consider outgroups inferior to the ingroup and express prejudice against them, though such expressions are less blatant in modern days. For example, instead of denying full humanness to outgroup members, people may perceive them as less capable of experiencing uniquely human (UH) emotions (i.e., infrahumanisation). Recent researchers, however, have questioned whether people actually infrahumanise outgroup members or simply reserve positive emotions, UH or not, more for their ingroup than for outgroups (i.e., intergroup preference). Drawing on preliminary evidence that bivalent emotional experiences (e.g., happy and sad) involve cognitive complexity and are viewed as a positive quality, we recruited 88 British participants to test the hypothesis that presenting outgroup members’ bivalent emotions was more effective in reducing intergroup preference (and not infrahumanisation) than presenting their univalent emotions. We further predicted that the effect of perceived bivalent emotions was less pronounced for outgroups that are more stigmatised (e.g., drug addicts vs. Uzbeks). Results showed that our bivalent-emotion manipulation did not have any significant impact on attitudes towards an outgroup, thereby failing to support both of our hypotheses. However, we found an unexpected significant interaction between humanness and prosociality (ηp2 = .37), which indicated that antisocial emotions were ascribed more strongly to the outgroup than were prosocial ones (consistent with intergroup preference) when the emotions were non-UH (consistent with infrahumanisation). Further, this pattern was stronger for drug addicts, which are the more stigmatized outgroup, than Uzbeks (ηp2 = .18). Taken together, the current study offers a new perspective on explaining prejudice against outgroup members — that is, both infrahumanisation and intergroup preference seem to operate in tandem, especially when intergroup relations are at their worst. Finally, we surprisingly found that Uzbeks were evaluated not only more favourably than drug addicts but also more favourably than the average person (ds > .40).
Model Kajian Lingkungan Rencana Kegiatan Pertambangan Dan Pengolahan Batu Gamping Beserta Fasilitas Penunjangnya Di Kecamatan Tongkuno Kabupaten Muna
Authors: Rachman Ranno Marlany , Arsyad La Ode Muhammad Nurrakhmad , Teno Resthu
Published: February 2025

Meskipun kegiatan penambangan berlangsung akan terjadi perubahan komponen geofisik-kimia dan biologi, maupun pada komponen-komponen sosial dan kesehatan masyarakat yang terkena dampak dari kegiatan penambangan yang umumnya bersifat negatif. Menyadari hal tersebut, kegiatan pengelolaan lingkungan akan disiapkan untuk meminimalisir dampak negatif dan memaksimalkan dampak positif. Kegiatan pengelolaan lingkungan dilaksanakan pada tahap pra-konstruksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) untuk membuat kerangka acuan (KA-ANDAL) akibat aktivitas pertambangan batu gamping di Kecamatan Tongkuno Kabupaten Muna dan (2) untuk membuat matrix pengelolaan lingkungan akibat aktivitas pertambangan batu gamping di Kecamatan Tongkuno Kabupaten Muna. Dalam penelitian ini, menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara dan melakukan observasi langsung untuk mendapatkan data dan informasi yang menunjang tujuan penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada rencana kegiatan Pertambangan dan Pengolahan Batu Gamping diprakirakan akan dapat memberikan dampak terhadap komponen lingkungan hidup yaitu sosialisasi rencana kegiatan dan pengadaan serta pembebasan lahan. Kegiatan pengelolaan lingkungan akan disiapkan untuk meminimalisir dampak negatif dan memaksimalkan dampak positif
Evaluasi Lapis Pondasi Agregat Kelas A (LPA) Dengan Menggunakan Metode Sand Cone
Authors: Febriana Defa , Adityawan Muh Handy Dwi , Fitriah Fitriah
Published: February 2025

The sand cone test is a density test to determine the density sub-base or base-course aggregate foundation layers in the Project field. The purpose of this study is to determine the density value of base-course aggregate foundation layer in the Preservasi Jalan Wolo - Batas Kota Kolaka II project. The research method used is a quantitative method by conducting tests in the field and compared from laboratory test results. From the results of laboratory tests, the maximum density in the field is 2.23 gr/cm³, with the optimum moisture content value is 5.84%. The results of field testing from 20 points, the lowest density is 100.02%, thus all points meet the specifications of SNI 1743: 2008, method D.
Analisis Biaya Operasional Kendaraan (BOK) Akibat Dari Pembangunan Jalan Baru: Studi Kasus Pembangunan Ruas Jalan Latoma-Routa Kabupaten Konawe
Authors: Makmur Muammar , Putra Adris Ade , Takdir Riyan Abdillah , Makmur Muzammil
Published: February 2025

The development of road infrastructure plays a crucial role in supporting economic growth and improving community welfare. One of the important indicators that need to be analyzed in the context of road infrastructure development is Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC). With the construction of new road sections, there is significant potential for changes in VOC. Several factors that can affect VOC due to new road construction include improved road quality, reduced congestion, and changes in travel distance. This study aims to analyze the impact of new road construction on VOC. The research will explore to what extent the new road construction can provide cost efficiency for vehicle users. The method used to analyze Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) is the travel speed method developed by PT Jasa Marga in collaboration with LAPI ITB. Based on the analysis, the VOC savings is the difference between the VOC of the existing Latoma-Routa road section and the VOC of the new Latoma-Routa road section. This cost saving is the benefit value of the construction of the new Latoma-Routa road section due to the travel distance savings of 145.27 km from Latoma to Routa or vice versa. Based on the analysis results, the VOC savings for motorcycles is Rp. 97,177 per vehicle, for cars is Rp. 912,987 per vehicle, and for trucks is Rp. 1,198,907 per vehicle.
Evaluasi Risiko Likuifaksi pada Infrastruktur Vital di Kabupaten Bantul Berdasarkan Data Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Authors: Fajarwati Yuli , Arum Dewi Febriana , Wibowo Dian Eksana
Published: February 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi likuefaksi di Kabupaten Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY). Analisis dilakukan dengan menghitung nilai Factor of Safety (FS) dan Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) berdasarkan metode Robertson dan Write (1998) yang diperbarui oleh Robertson (2009). Data diperoleh melalui pengujian Cone Penetration Test (CPT) di lima lokasi strategis yang dipilih berdasarkan keberadaan infrastruktur vital. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variasi tingkat risiko likuefaksi pada lokasi pengujian. Zona risiko Sangat Tinggi ditemukan di CPT-01 (LPI: 40), CPT-03 (LPI: 24), dan CPT-05 (LPI: 17), dengan kedalaman lapisan rentan hingga 7,20 meter. Zona risiko Tinggi terdeteksi di CPT-02 (LPI: 15), dengan kedalaman lapisan rentan hingga 2,60 meter. Sementara itu, zona risiko Rendah teridentifikasi di CPT-04 (LPI: 5), dengan lapisan rentan terbatas pada kedalaman 0,20 hingga 0,80 meter.
Analisis Komparatif Penerapan Metode Pengupahan Harian Dan Borongan Pada Proyek Renovasi Gedung Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Muhammad Imam Subekti  , Totok Yulianto  , Titin Sundari  , Meriana Wahyu Nugroho
Published: February 2025

Tolak ukur keberhasilan suatu proyek adalah waktu penyelesaian proyek yang optimum dengan biaya yang minimun tanpa mengesampingkan kualitas mutu hasil pekerjaan. Peneltian ini difokuskan pada analisis perbandingan upah harian dengan upah borongan pada renovasi gedung SDN Candirejo, Nganjuk. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar perbandingan antara upah harian dengan upah borongan pada proyek tersebut. Metode pengumpulan data yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah pengamatan langsung dilapangan. Peneliti melakukan wawancara secara langsung kepada mandor dan tukang bangunan yang dipilih secara acak yang berada diproyek kontruksi renovasi gedung SDN Candirejo Nganjuk tersebut. Menganalisis biaya menggunakan perhitungan RAB berdasarkan upah harian dan borongan. Berdasarkan analisis data yang dilakukan, maka didapatkan perbandingan antara upah harian dengan upah borongan pada proyek renovasi Gedung SDN Candirejo dengan selisih sebesar Rp 13.676.859. dan total upah harian sebesar Rp 473,996,016, upah borongan sebesar Rp 487,672.875.
Studi Tingkat Kesadaran Keselamatan Berlayar Penumpang dari Perspektif Pemahaman Alat Keselamatan Jiwa dan Prosedur Evakuasi
Authors: Takdir Riyan Abdillah , Adityawan Muh. Handy Dwi , Munansar
Published: February 2025

Keselamatan berlayar merupakan aspek yang sangat penting dalam industri pelayaran karena melibatkan keselamatan nyawa manusia, perlindungan lingkungan, dan keamanan aset maritim. Dalam aspek perlindungan nyawa, peraturan terkait keselamatan berlayar telah sejak lama disusun dalam berbagai regulasi internasional maupun nasional diberbagai tingkat pemangku kebijakan. Berdasarakan data KNKT hingga tahun 2017 kapal penumpang merupakan salah satu kapal dengan tingkat kecelakaan kapal tertinggi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat pemahaman penumpang terhadap instrumen mitigasi risiko pelayaran, khususnya alat keselamatan jiwa dan prosedur evakuasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman yang baik terhadap alat keselamatan jiwa yakni sebesar 38,77% responden, sementara 44,31% tidak memiliki pemahaman yang memadai, dan 16,92% lainnya merasa ragu-ragu. Untuk prosedur evakuasi, 39,33% responden memiliki pemahaman yang baik, hampir setara dengan 39,67% responden yang tidak memahami, sedangkan 21% menyatakan keraguan. Hal tersebut menunjukan perlunya upaya untuk meningkatkan pemahaman penumpang terhadap alat keselamatan jiwa dan prosedur evakuasi.
Rancang Bangun Batako Ramah Lingkungan dengan Bahan Tambah Ampas Tebu: Analisis Ketahanan terhadap Uji Kuat Tekan
Authors: Yulianto Totok , Nugroho Meriana Wahyu , Sundari Titin , Khiyana A'izzatul , Nuryana I Kadek Dwi
Published: February 2025

Volume residu limbah pertanian yang signifikan adalah jumlah hasil pertanian yang besar. Limbah-limbah ini sebagian besar merupakan bahan organik padat, termasuk jerami gandum, jerami padi, serat rami, jerami ampas tebu, sekam padi, dan batang kapas. Mengurangi, mendaur ulang dan menggunakan kembali limbah padat terutama yang berasal dari bahan organik berserat telah menjadi prioritas global. Serat alami limbah pertanian adalah ramah lingkungan dan memiliki potensi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan konstruksi Penelitian ini akan menentukan pengaruh ampas tebu terhadap kekuatan tekan dan penyerapan batu bata bunyi. Kami juga menjadikan ampas tebu sebagai bahan tambahan pada agregat batu bata yang ramah lingkungan. Pengujian dilakukan sesuai dengan standar SNI 03-1974-1990. Komposisi yang digunakan adalah 5% dan 10% tambahan agregat batu bata. Pengujian kuat tekan menghasilkan nilai rata-rata 11,64 kg/m² untuk komposisi 5% dan 7,00 kg/m² untuk komposisi 10%. Angka untuk komposisi 10% adalah 28 kg/m², yang jelas tidak memenuhi persyaratan untuk batu bata standar
Perbandingan Transportasi Umum Berbasis Rel di Malaysia dan Indonesia
Authors: Faizah Novita Fitri Nur , Roselina Rahmawati  , Dimas Ariya Pamungkas  , Farhan Raihan Sungkar  , Mayvrick Giri Seilendra  , Muhammad Daffa Seno Raharjo  , Aina Diva Az-Zahra  , Cintara Viera Az-Zahra  , Dinar Wirayuda
Published: February 2025

This paper compares rail-based public transportation infrastructure (MRT, LRT, KRL) in Malaysia and Indonesia, especially Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur. The primary concern is on MRT, LRT, and KRL as critical elements in the analysis. This research intends to identify the existing transportation conditions in the two countries and analyze the differences and similarities to improve Indonesia's transportation system, especially in Jakarta. Although there are similarities in efforts to provide more efficient, faster, and more comfortable transportation alternatives for the residents of Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur, significant differences can be seen in the development and quality of the transportation system. The transportation system in Malaysia has proven to be more mature and integrated, while Jakarta is still in the development stage. Therefore, Jakarta can take inspiration from Malaysia by focusing improvements on aspects of integration, reliability, implementation of support policies, education campaigns, and expansion of station infrastructure. This research provides a comprehensive picture of the condition of public transportation in both countries and presents recommendations for improving Indonesia's transportation system.
Manajemen Lalu Lintas Guna Mengatasi Kemacetan Lalu Lintas Simpang Jalan Z.A. Sugianto – Jalan Masjid Al Alam Kota Kendari
Authors: Nuhun Ridwan Syah , Nasrul Nasrul , Arafah Yasir Saleh
Published: February 2025

Traffic management aims to regulate vehicle flow to optimize infrastructure usage and facilitate smoother movement. This study proposes solutions to address congestion during peak hours at the intersection of Jalan Z.A. Sugianto and Jalan Masjid Al Alam while improving road performance. Data was collected through field surveys and analyzed using the PKJI 2023 method. The findings indicate that the traffic volume during peak hours (5:00–6:00 PM local time) reached 2,632 PCU/hour, exceeding the intersection's capacity of 2,472 PCU/hour, resulting in a degree of saturation of 1.06, which corresponds to a Level F service. Implemented strategies include one-way traffic management on Jalan Masjid Al Alam and road widening on major routes.
Cerebellar contributions to dystonia: unraveling the role of Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei
Authors: Jackson Nichelle N. , Stagray Jacob A. , Snell Heather D.
Published: February 2025

Dystonias are a group of neurodegenerative disorders that result in altered physiology associated with motor movements. Both the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, brain regions involved in motor learning, sensory perception integration, and reward, have been implicated in the pathology of dystonia, but the cellular and subcellular mechanisms remain diverse and for some forms of dystonia, elusive. The goal of the current review is to summarize recent evidence of cerebellar involvement in different subtypes of dystonia with a focus on Purkinje cell (PC) and cerebellar nuclei (CN) dysfunction, to find commonalities in the pathology that could lay the groundwork for the future development of therapeutics for patients with dystonia. Here we will briefly discuss the physical and functional connections between the basal ganglia and the cerebellum and how these connections could contribute to dystonic symptoms. We proceed to use human and animal model data to discuss the contributions of cerebellar cell types to specific dystonias and movement disorders where dystonia is a secondary symptom. Ultimately, we suggest PC and CN irregularity could be a locus for dystonia through impaired calcium dynamics.
Dietary glucose oxidase supplementation improves growth performance, intestinal morphology, and microbial community of broilers
Authors: Zhu Xin , Zhang Xinjie , Zhang Yong , Zhu Yujing , Li Fangfang
Published: February 2025

Introduction

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influences of dietary glucose oxidase (GOD) supplementation in the growth and slaughter performance, organ index, intestinal morphology and cecal microbiota in broilers.

Methods

A total of 480 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four groups, and the level of GOD in the diet was 0 (control), 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg. Each group had six replicates and each replicate had 20 chicks. The experimental period was 42 days.

Results

Compared to those in the control, the final body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) were increased (p < 0.05) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was decreased (p < 0.05) in the 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg GOD groups. Dietary supplementation with 800 mg/kg GOD increased (p < 0.05) the dressing-out percentage; semieviscerated yield; relative weights of the thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius; and the lengths and weights of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and total small intestine compared to those in the control group. Additionally, dietary supplementation with GOD increased (p < 0.05) the villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio and decreased (p < 0.05) the crypt depth of the duodenum and ileum compared to those of the control group. Illumina sequencing data indicated that the Simpson index of the cecal microbiota in the GOD group was decreased, indicative of increased microbial diversity. Compared to the control, GOD supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the abundances of the genera Ralstonia, Akkermansia and Parabacteroides.

Discussion

Therefore, the results from this study indicated that dietary GOD supplementation could improve the growth performance and carcass yields, promote immune organ and gut development, and enhance the intestinal morphology and cecal microbiota composition in broilers.
Manganese-pyrochloric acid photosensitizer nanocomplexes against osteosarcoma: achieving both high activatability and high effectiveness
Authors: Zhang Xuran , Wang Jian , Feng Qun , Lei Li , Zhu Zhiyong
Published: February 2025

Introduction

The application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is limited by unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy and dose-dependent phototoxicity in clinical settings. Intravenous nano-drug delivery systems (NDDSs) hold promise for enhancing the delivery efficiency of photosensitive drugs, but often result in aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effects, preventing site-specific activation.

Methods

We exploited manganese (Mn2+)–pyrochloric acid (PPa) nanocomplexes coordinated using the photosensitizer PPa and metal Mn ion for the treatment of osteosarcoma. The nanocomplexes were precisely co-assembled in water to stably co-deliver Mn2+ and PPa, enabling tumor-specific release and fluorescence recovery.

Results

Following laser irradiation, the activated PPa significantly enhanced the killing effects on primary cancer cells. Additionally, Mn2+ ions activated the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, promoting maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and augmenting CD8+-mediated antitumor immune responses.

Discussion

This study advances the on-demand activation of photosensitive drugs and photodynamic immunotherapy toward clinical applicability by exploiting Mn2+–PPa nanocomplexes with high activatability and effectiveness for targeted PDT and immunotherapy.
Caspase-11 and NLRP3 exacerbate systemic Klebsiella infection through reducing mitochondrial ROS production
Authors: Zhou Yuqi , Chai Zhuodong , Pandeya Ankit , Yang Ling , Zhang Yan , Zhang Guoying , Wu Congqing , Li Zhenyu , Wei Yinan
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium and the third most commonly isolated microorganism in blood cultures from septic patients. Despite extensive research, the mechanisms underlying K. pneumoniae-induced sepsis and its pathogenesis remain unclear. Acute respiratory failure is a leading cause of mortality in systemic K. pneumoniae infections, highlighting the need to better understand the host immune response and bacterial clearance mechanisms.

Method

To investigate the impact of K. pneumoniae infection on organ function and immune response, we utilized a systemic infection model through intraperitoneal injection in mice. Bacterial loads in key organs were quantified, and lung injury was assessed. Survival analysis was performed in wild-type (WT) and gene deficient mice. Mitochondrial damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as cytokine levels were measured in macrophages isolated from these mice to evaluate their contribution to bacterial clearance capacity.

Results

Our findings demonstrate that K. pneumoniae systemic infection results in severe lung injury and significant bacterial accumulation in multiple organs, with the highest burden in the lungs. Deficiency of caspase-11 or NLRP3 led to prolonged survival, a reduction in pulmonary bacterial load, increased blood oxygen levels, and decreased IL-6 levels in the lungs compared to WT controls. Furthermore, caspase-11- and NLRP3-deficient macrophages exhibited elevated mitochondrial ROS production in response to K. pneumoniae, which correlated with more effective bacterial clearance.

Discussion

These results suggest that caspase-11 and NLRP3 contribute to K. pneumoniae-induced sepsis by impairing mitochondrial function and reducing ROS production in macrophages, thereby compromising bacterial clearance. The observed reduction in lung injury and increased survival in caspase-11- and NLRP3-deficient mice indicate that targeting these pathways may offer potential therapeutic strategies to improve host defense against systemic K. pneumoniae infection.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a systematic review of metabolite changes and clinical correlations
Authors: Montes-González Iris Tatiana , Griswold Dylan Paul , Peralta-Pizza Fernando , Israel-Romero José Alberto , Mier-García Juan Felipe , Soriano-Sanchez José Antonio
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a common degenerative condition characterized by narrowing of the cervical spinal canal, leading to progressive spinal cord injury and functional decline. While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for diagnosing CSM, it has limitations in predicting clinical outcomes. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) offers metabolic insights that may enhance diagnostic and prognostic capabilities in CSM.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines. Comprehensive literature searches were performed in PubMed, OVID, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to June 2023. Studies included human subjects with CSM, a cohort of at least 10 patients, and reported primary data on cervical spine MRS findings correlated with clinical scales such as the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scale, both pre- and post-operatively.

Results

Six prospective studies involving 123 patients (average age 45.8 to 63 years) met the inclusion criteria. Common symptoms were neck pain, radicular upper-limb pain, paresthesia, and motor impairment. MRS findings indicated that symptomatic CSM patients had reduced N-acetyl aspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr) ratios and elevated choline to creatine (Cho/Cr) and choline to NAA (Cho/NAA) ratios compared to healthy controls. Lactate peaks were detected in a significant proportion of symptomatic patients, suggesting hypoxic or inflammatory injury. Decreased NAA/Cr and increased Cho/NAA ratios correlated with lower mJOA scores, indicating more severe myelopathy. Post-operative increases in NAA/Cr ratios and decreases in Cho/NAA ratios were associated with improved mJOA scores, highlighting the prognostic value of these metabolites.

Conclusion

MRS provides valuable metabolic information correlating with clinical severity and functional outcomes in CSM. Reduced NAA/Cr and elevated Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA ratios are associated with more severe disease and may predict surgical recovery. MRS shows promise as a non-invasive tool for enhancing the diagnosis and management of CSM. Further research is needed to standardize protocols, validate findings in larger cohorts, and integrate MRS into clinical practice.
Machine learning models for predicting prostate cancer recurrence and identifying potential molecular biomarkers
Authors: Antunes Maria Eliza , Araújo Thaise Gonçalves , Till Tatiana Martins , Pantaleão Eliana , Mancera Paulo F. A. , Oliveira Marta Helena de
Published: February 2025

Prostate cancer (PCa) recurrence affects between 20% and 40% of patients, being a significant challenge for predicting clinical outcomes and increasing survival rates. Although serum PSA levels, Gleason score, and tumor staging are sensitive for detecting recurrence, they present low specificity. This study compared the performance of three supervised machine learning models, Naive Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for classifying PCa recurrence events using a dataset of 489 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Besides comparing the models performance, we searched for analyzing whether the incorporation of specific genes expression in the predictor set would enhance the prediction of PCa recurrence, then suggesting these genes as potential biomarkers of patient prognosis. The models showed accuracy above 60% and sensitivity above 65% in all combinations. ANN models were more consistent in their performance across different predictor sets. Notably, SVM models showed strong results in precision and specificity, particularly considering the inclusion of genes selected by feature selection (NETO2, AR, HPN, and KLK3), without compromising sensitivity. However, the relatively high standard deviations observed in some metrics indicate variability across simulations, suggesting a gap for additional studies via different datasets. These findings suggest that genes are potential biomarkers for predicting PCa recurrence in the dataset, representing a promising approach for early prognosis even before the main treatment.
YOLOPears: a novel benchmark of YOLO object detectors for multi-class pear surface defect detection in quality grading systems
Authors: Chen Junsheng , Fu Haoxuan , Lin Chuhan , Liu Xian , Wang Lijin , Lin Yaohua
Published: February 2025

Pears are one of the most widely consumed fruits, and their quality directly impacts consumer satisfaction. Surface defects, such as black spots and minor blemishes, are crucial indicators of pear quality, but it is still challenging to detect them due to the similarity in visual features. This study presents PearSurfaceDefects, a self-constructed dataset, containing 13,915 images across six categories, with 66,189 bounding box annotations. These images were captured using a custom-built image acquisition platform. A comprehensive novel benchmark of 27 state-of-the-art YOLO object detectors of seven versions Scaled-YOLOv4, YOLOR, YOLOv5, YOLOv6, YOLOv7, YOLOv8, and YOLOv9,has been established on the dataset. To further ensure the comprehensiveness of the evaluation, three advanced non YOLO object detection models, T-DETR, RT-DERTV2, and D-FINE, were also included. Through experiments, it was found that the detection accuracy of YOLOv4-P7 at mAP@0.5 reached 73.20%, and YOLOv5n and YOLOv6n also show great potential for real-time pear surface defect detection, and data augmentation can further improve the accuracy of pear surface defect detection. The pear surface defect detection dataset and software program code for model benchmarking in this study are both public, which will not only promote future research on pear surface defect detection and grading, but also provide valuable resources and reference for other fruit big data and similar research.
Engineering and application of multiepitope recombinant proteins to enhance resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomatoes: a new paradigm for creating plant immune activators
Authors: Man Xiaxia , You Huang , Cheng Zhiqiang , Li Junhao , Yao Dunchao , Wang Haofeng , Diao Zhihong , Yu Xiaosong , Wu Wei , Zhou Cheng , Huang Yan , Shen Jinbo , Zhuang Xiaohong , Cai Yi
Published: February 2025

Plant elicitors have emerged as key agents in effectively invoking immune responses across various plant species, gaining attention for their role in sustainable agricultural protection strategies. However, the economic utility of peptide elicitors such as flg22, flgII-28, and systemin is limited when considering broader agricultural applications. This study introduces a novel recombinant protein, SlRP5, which integrates five active epitopes—flg22, csp22, flgII-28, SIPIP1, and systemin—to activate immune responses and significantly enhance resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). SIRP5 significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), MAPK activation, and callose deposition in tomato leaves during in vitro experiments. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that SlRP5 more effectively activated key immune-related pathways compared to traditional peptides, upregulating critical genes involved in calcium-binding proteins and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. In further in vivo experiments, SlRP5 alleviated B. cinerea-induced membrane damage by reducing MDA and REC levels, while simultaneously enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and POD, thereby mitigating the excess ROS generated by infection. Additionally, SlRP5 elicited significant immunological effects in tobacco and eggplant, characterized by ROS bursts and callose deposition. It amplified tobacco’s resistance to TMV and mitigated B. cinerea-induced damage in eggplant. These findings underscore the substantial potential of SlRP5 as a plant immune activator, integrating multiple immune-eliciting peptides, and offering a novel strategy for cultivating new biopesticides that can induce immune responses and heighten disease resistance in various crops.
Integrative transcriptome and WGCNA analysis reveal key genes mainly in response to Alternaria alternata in Populus simonii × P. nigra
Authors: Liu Siyuan , Dai Lijuan , Qu Guanzheng , Lu Xinming , Pan Hong , Fu Xiaoyu , Dong Airong , Yang Libin
Published: February 2025

In order to explore the molecular mechanisms of Populus simonii × P. nigra response to stress and screen for genes conferring resistance to Alternaria alternata, we carried out measurements of physiological and biochemical indices and transcriptomic sequence analysis of leaves of Populus simonii × P. nigra inoculated with A. alternata. The results showed that the variation trends of multiple hormone contents and enzyme activities were broadly similar at different time points, with H2O2, SA, JA, PPO, SOD, PAL and POD showing a trend of increasing and then decrease after inoculation with the pathogen. The contents of H2O2 peaked on the second day and subsequently declined. The contents of SA and JA, as well as the enzymatic activities of SOD, PAL, and POD, reached their maxima on the third day before exhibiting a downward tendency. In contrast, the activity of PPO peaked on the fourth day. Whereas ABA content continued to increase until the fifth day and CAT content decreased and then increased. We subsequently identified 14,997 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the transcriptomic sequences(|log2FoldChange| > 1 and FDR value < 0.05), with genes encoding members of the ERF, MYB, bZIP, and WRKY transcription factor families being differentially expressed. Gene modules that were significantly associated with the ABA, PAL, JA, and SOD activity were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that these genes were mainly related to biological stress, signal transduction, cell wall, and photosynthesis. Within these modules, we also identified hub genes in the regulatory network, including GLK1/2 transcriptional activators, 14-3-3 proteins, cytosine 5 methyltransferases, and a variety of proteins associated with photosynthesis and respiration. This study showed that these hub genes, which play a pivotal role in the co-expression network, which may indicate a potential role in defense process of Populus simonii × P. nigra against A. alternata. Additionally, we analyzed the gene expression regulation and defense mechanisms of Populus simonii × P. nigra adversity stress, providing new insights into how plants respond to biological stress.
The Hungarian governments in the decade of crises (2015–2024)
Authors: Tanács-Mandák Fanni
Published: February 2025

The prime minister, and thus indirectly the government, had a strong position in the Hungarian chancellor-type parliamentary system established at the time of the transition to democracy. Since the 1990s, as a result of the de facto presidentialisation, this initially stronger position has been continuously and systematically strengthened. Since the balance of power between the legislature and the executive has shifted significantly in favour of the later. All these developments make it particularly interesting to describe the extraordinary measures taken in recent years and to assess their impact on the already modified system of separation of powers. Based on the relevant legislation, statistics and practice, the manuscript discusses and analyses how the congestion of legally and politically overlapping periods of emergency and special legal order has affected the already changed balance of power between the government and parliament, to what extent and how it has influenced the instruments used by the government for decision-making, and the dynamics of parliamentary work.
Risk factors for suicidal ideation among survivors of suicide loss using a psychological support hotline
Authors: Liang Hong , Liu Zikang , Li Xingxue , An Jing , Zhao Liting , Chen Lin
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Suicide of a loved one significantly affects the physical and mental well-being of close friends and family members, potentially escalating to suicidal ideation in severe cases. Suicidal ideation among survivors of suicide loss is influenced by a multitude of factors. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of suicidal ideation among survivors of suicide loss utilizing a psychological support hotline.

Methods

This study included calls identified as survivors of suicide loss from the Beijing Psychological Support Hotline between 2009 and 2023 and evaluated the suicidal ideation of callers. General demographic data and common risk factors of survivors of suicide loss were collected. A comparison was conducted between survivors of suicide loss with and without suicidal ideation. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for suicidal ideation among survivors of suicide loss. Finally, we evaluated both multiplicative and additive interactions among the risk factors.

Results

Among the 308 calls from survivors of suicide loss, 174 (56.5%) exhibited suicidal ideation. Survivors who had experienced chronic negative life events (P=0.019), severe depression (P =0.010), or high levels of hopelessness (P=0.008) were more likely to develop suicidal ideation. The interaction between depression severity and hopelessness was additive, resulting in a 14.56-fold increase in the risk of developing suicidal ideation when both factors are present compared to their absence.

Conclusions

In the context of psychological support, chronic life events, high levels of hopelessness, and severe depression are risk factors for suicidal ideation among survivors of suicide loss. Moreover, hopelessness and depression demonstrate an additive interaction effect, substantially increasing the risk of suicidal ideation.
The association of family functioning and suicide in children and adolescents: positive behavior recognition and non-suicidal self-injury as sequential mediators
Authors: Li Xia , Liu Jiahe , Hu Yanling , Huang Xi , Li Yingxin , Li Yuan , Shi Zeyao , Yang Ru , Peng Hanmei , Ma Sisi , Wan Xingli , Peng Wei
Published: February 2025

Background

Suicide is a major behavioral issue among children and adolescents, and family functioning potentially influencing its occurrence. Furthermore, positive behavior recognition, as a key component of positive youth development, may act as a mediating factor in the relationship between family functioning and suicide. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) often co-occurs with suicide and may also mediate the impact of family functioning on suicide. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the role of family functioning in child and adolescent suicide, with positive behavior recognition and NSSI serving as sequential mediating factors.

Methods

The participants in this study were recruited from the Chengdu Positive Child Development (CPCD) cohort study. The analysis was based on the second round of cross-sectional data from the CPCD cohort. They were required to complete questionnaires that included measures of family functioning, suicide, positive behavior recognition, and NSSI. SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 8.3 were used for descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis and mediation effect analysis.

Results

A total of 8,124 participants completed the questionnaires, with an average age of 11.00 ± 2.18 years. The sample comprised 4,195 male and 3,929 female participants. The findings indicate that 17.93% of children and adolescents reported suicide thoughts, 10.06% had formulated suicide plans, and 8.64% had attempted suicide. Poor family functioning shows a significant positive correlation with suicide (r = 0.322, p < 0.01). The multiple mediation effect of positive behavior recognition and NSSI in the association between family functioning and suicide was statistically significant (β = 0.034, 95% CI = 0.027, 0.042).

Conclusion

This study found that poor family functioning is a risk factor for suicide in children and adolescents, with positive behavior recognition and non-suicidal self-injury acting as sequential mediating factors.
The impact of rumen microbial composition on apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation and metabolism in Sanhe cows and Holstein cows of different parities under identical dietary conditions
Authors: Liu Zixin , Jiang Aoyu , Ma Dianyu , Liu Dexin , Han Xiaoyu , Zhao Man , Zhou Chuanshe , Tan Zhiliang
Published: February 2025

Previous studies have discussed the association between serum metabolism and lactation performance among Sanhe and Holstein cows of different parities and found that the metabolic profiles of these two breeds vary differently with parity. Since the rumen is the central organ for nutrient absorption and production transformation in dairy cows, it remains unknown whether the differences observed under the same dietary conditions are related to the structure of the rumen microbiome. This study measured the apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters of Sanhe cows (S1/S2/S3/S4) and Holstein cows (H1/H2/H3/H4) across four parities and generated a comprehensive rumen microbiome dataset using high-throughput sequencing technology. Significant differences in dry matter digestibility (p = 0.001) and ammonia nitrogen (p = 0.024) were observed among the S groups, with higher trends of various VFA contents in S1 (0.05 < p < 0.1). The H group showed significant differences in crude protein digestibility (p = 0.001), higher isovaleric acid content in H1 (p = 0.002), and the lowest acetate to propionate ratio (p = 0.002) in H3. Metagenomic sequencing results indicated consistency between rumen microbiome patterns and metabolic changes, with S1 distinctly different from S2/S3/S4, and H1 and H2 different from H3 and H4. The species composition of the rumen microbiome was similar between Sanhe and Holstein cows, but differences in abundance were noted. Rhizophagus , Neocallimastix, and Piromyces were more abundant in S1, H1, and H2, and pathways such as autophagy-animal, plant-pathogen interaction, and endocytosis were significantly enriched in these parities. Multiparous Sanhe cows had higher abundances of ATP-binding cassette transporters pathways. Additionally, CAZymes such as GH84 and GH37 were significantly associated with differential physiological indicators and milk traits. In conclusion, this study reveals the complex relationship between rumen microbiota and metabolic characteristics in Sanhe and Holstein cows of different parities, indicating that changes in the structure of the rumen microbiome may be key factors affecting lactation performance and metabolic differences in dairy cows.
Enhancing Energy Microgrid Sizing: A Multiyear Optimization Approach with Uncertainty Considerations for Optimal Design
Authors: Castellanos-Buitrago Sebastián F. , Maya-Duque Pablo , Villa-Acevedo Walter M. , Muñoz-Galeano Nicolás , López-Lezama Jesús M.
Published: February 2025

This paper addresses the challenge of optimizing microgrid sizing to enhance reliability and efficiency in electrical energy supply. A comprehensive framework that integrates multiyear optimization with uncertainty considerations is presented to facilitate optimal microgrid design. The aim is to economically, safely, and reliably supply electrical energy to communities with limited or no access to the main power grid, primarily utilizing renewable sources such as solar and wind technologies. The proposed framework incorporates environmental stochasticity, electrical demand uncertainty, and various electrical generation technologies. Electric power generation models are developed, and a metaheuristic optimization method is employed to minimize total costs while improving power supply reliability. The practical utility of the developed computational tool is emphasized, highlighting its significance in decision-making for microgrid installations. Utilizing real-world data, the approach involves a two-stage process: the first stage focuses on installation decisions, and the second evaluates operational performance using an iterated local search (ILS) optimization algorithm. Additionally, dispatch strategies are implemented to optimize computational time and enable real-time network modeling. The proposed microgrid sizing approach is a valuable asset for optimizing decision-making processes, significantly contributing to extending electricity coverage in non-interconnected zones while minimizing costs and ensuring steadfast reliability.
Design of an Unsteady Smoke Simulation System for the Airworthiness Verification of Smoke Detection in Aircraft Cargo Compartments Based on the Adaptive Flow Control Method
Authors: Chen Xiyuan , Wang Pengxiang , Wang Xinru , Zhao Taian , Guo Shanghua , Yang Jianzhong
Published: February 2025

Controlling the simulated smoke flow field is important in the airworthiness verification experiment for the smoke detection system in aircraft cargo compartments to accurately replicate actual fire smoke. In existing studies, the unsteady adjustment performance of the actuator to the simulated smoke flow field has not been comprehensively evaluated, and the model-based closed-loop flow control method encounters the unmodeled dynamics of the complex turbulent flow field. To solve the aforementioned problems, this study first uses the system identification method to obtain transfer function models for different actuation modes. Moreover, the transient adjustment capabilities of different actuation modes for the simulated smoke flow field are thoroughly evaluated. Then, an adaptive flow control law based on a radial basis function neural network is designed based on the selected actuating mode. Furthermore, closed-loop control experiments based on the adaptive control law are performed. The root locus of the transfer functions for two different actuation modes are compared, which reveals that adjusting the flow rate of simulated smoke exhibits a better stability margin than the actuation mode that regulates the upward momentum of simulated smoke. The experimental results in a full-scale mock-up of an aircraft cargo compartment demonstrate that the designed control law realizes dynamic tracking control with the unsteady concentration of actual fire smoke as the control target. Compared with that of PID control, the root mean square error of the control system is reduced by more than 40%. The simulated smoke under the closed-loop control obtains a light-transmission response equivalent to that of the actual fire smoke within a 5% error margin. The proposed closed-loop adaptive flow control method for simulated smoke approximates the unsteady process of actual fire smoke. It provides technical support for the replacement of actual fire smoke in the airworthiness verification experiment of smoke detection in aircraft cargo compartments.
Integration of Color Analysis, Firmness Testing, and visNIR Spectroscopy for Comprehensive Tomato Quality Assessment and Shelf-Life Prediction
Authors: Tasioulas Sotirios , Watson Jessie , Kasampalis Dimitrios S. , Tsouvaltzis Pavlos
Published: February 2025

This study evaluates the potential of integrating visible and near-infrared (visNIR) spectroscopy, color analysis, and firmness testing for non-destructive tomato quality assessment and shelf-life prediction. Tomato fruit (cv. HM1823) harvested at four ripening stages were monitored over 12 days at 22 °C to investigate ripening stage-specific variations in key quality parameters, including color (hue angle), firmness (compression), and nutritional composition (pH, soluble solids content, and titratable acidity ratio). Significant changes in these parameters during storage highlighted the need for advanced tools to monitor and predict quality attributes. Spectral data (340–2500 nm) captured using advanced and cost-effective portable spectroradiometers, coupled with chemometric models such as partial least squares regression (PLSR), demonstrated reliable predictions of shelf-life and nutritional quality. The near-infrared spectrum (900–1700 nm) was particularly effective, with variable selection methods such as genetic algorithm (GA) and variable importance in projection (VIP) scores enhancing model accuracy. This study highlights the promising role of visNIR spectroscopy as a rapid, non-destructive tool for optimizing postharvest management in tomato. By enabling real-time quality assessments, these technologies support sustainable agricultural practices through improved decision-making, reduced postharvest losses, and enhanced consumer satisfaction. The findings also validate the utility of affordable spectroradiometers, offering practical solutions for stakeholders aiming to balance cost efficiency and reliability in postharvest quality monitoring.
A Global Meta-Analysis of Soil Carbon Stock in Agroforestry Coffee Cultivation
Authors: Gomes Vanessa Matos , Miranda Júnior Marcos Santana , Silva Libério J. , Teixeira Marcus Vinícius , Teixeira Guilherme , Schossler Karina , Freitas Diego Antônio França de , Oliveira Dener Márcio da Silva
Published: February 2025

Given the climate crisis, the search for sustainable production with potential to reduce excess of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has been the subject of global agreements. Soils are fundamental carbon storage systems, with a relevant role in CO2 mitigation emissions. Considering coffee as an important commodity for several countries and agroforestry systems (AFSs) as important allies for mitigating greenhouse gases emitted by the agricultural sector, this study aimed to investigate the ability of coffee plantations in AFSs to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, through soil carbon sequestration. For this purpose, we performed a meta-analysis of 45 AFSs, including simple and diversified ones, from a detailed literature search of scientific research investigating soil organic carbon in AFSs including coffee cultivation. Overall, no effect of AFSs on carbon stock change rates was found, but an increment of soil carbon storage was observed when comparing AFSs with conventional coffee cultivation. Generally, climatic variables and soil texture positively affect soil carbon stock. When comparing diversified and simple AFSs, the first had a positive effect on carbon stock change rates. Agroforestry coffee showed capacity to mitigate climate effects through carbon storage in the soil, especially when the system is diversified. This is a climate-smart strategy and should be implemented in preference to conventional coffee cultivation.
Multi-Target Profiling of Antioxidant Compounds, Including Repurposing and Combination Strategies
Authors: Rocca Roberta
Published: February 2025

Multifactorial diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and stroke, present significant challenges in modern medicine due to their complex origins and the absence of definitive treatments [...]