bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic Exposure to Low Levels of Parabens Increases Mammary Cancer Growth and Metastasis in Mice
Authors: Tong Jason H , Elmore Sarah , Huang Shenq-Shyang , Tachachartvanich Phum , Manz Katherine , Pennell Kurt , Wilson Machelle D , Borowsky Alexander , La Merrill Michele A
Published: January 2023

Methylparaben (MP) and propylparaben (PP) are commonly used as food, cosmetic, and drug preservatives. These parabens are detected in the majority of US women and children, bind and activate estrogen receptors (ER), and stimulate mammary tumor cell growth and invasion in vitro. Hemizygous B6.FVB-Tg (MMTV-PyVT)634Mul/LellJ female mice (n = 20/treatment) were exposed to MP or PP at levels within the US Food and Drug Administration's “human acceptable daily intake.” These paraben-exposed mice had increased mammary tumor volume compared with control mice (P < 0.001) and a 28% and 91% increase in the number of pulmonary metastases per week compared with the control mice, respectively (P < 0.0001). MP and PP caused differential expression of 288 and 412 mammary tumor genes, respectively (false discovery rate < 0.05), a subset of which has been associated with human breast cancer metastasis. Molecular docking and luciferase reporter studies affirmed that MP and PP bound and activated human ER, and RNA-sequencing revealed increased ER expression in mammary tumors among paraben-exposed mice. However, ER signaling was not enriched in mammary tumors. Instead, both parabens strongly impaired tumor RNA metabolism (eg, ribosome, spliceosome), as evident from enriched KEGG pathway analysis of differential mammary tumor gene expression common to both paraben treatments (MP, P < 0.001; PP, P < 0.01). Indeed, mammary tumors from PP-exposed mice had an increased retention of introns (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that parabens cause substantial mammary cancer metastasis in mice as a function of their increasing alkyl chain length and highlight the emerging role of aberrant spliceosome activity in breast cancer metastasis.
RNA Aptamer-Based Approach to Inhibiting Split-GFP Reconstruction and the Loss of Inhibitory Activity Using Complementary RNA
Authors: Kamura Takuto , Katsuda Yousuke , Fuchigami Yusuke , Itsuki Yua , Kitamura Yusuke , Sakurai Toshihiko , Ozawa Takeaki , Ihara Toshihiro
Published: January 2023

Although many studies on protein–protein interactions (PPIs) have been conducted and the importance of PPIs in biological processes has been reported, there is still no versatile research approach that enables us to draw a complete picture of PPIs. One orthodox approach to elucidating the mechanism of each PPI would be to inhibit or enhance the PPI of interest and carefully observe its phenotype. However, since the interaction surfaces of PPIs are generally shallow and wide, it is very difficult to design small molecules that can selectively perturb specific PPIs by interaction with these surfaces. In this report, we adopt reconstruction of split green fluorescence protein (splitGFP) as a model of PPI, and obtained RNA aptamers that bind to one of the components. The reconstitution of splitGFP was inhibited by these aptamers, and this inhibition was cancelled by the addition of their complementary sequences. These processes were monitored by the loss and recovery, respectively, of fluorescence from the reconstructed GFP. The successful development of molecules that reversibly regulate specific PPI is expected to make a significant contribution to life science research.
Kydon the oikist or Zeus Cretagenes Kynotraphes The problem of interpreting Cretan coin types
Authors: Stefanakis Manolis I.
Published: January 2023

Η ερμηνεία των νομισματικών παραστάσεων είναι πολλές φορές δύσκολη και το φαινόμενο είναι ιδιαίτερα αισθητό στα κρητικά νομίσματα. Ανάμεσα στις άφθονες αφηγηματικές και μη παραστάσεις της κρητικής νομισματικής εικονογραφίας, για παράδειγμα, ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζει το βρέφος που θηλάζεται από μια σκύλα στους ασημένιους στατήρες, δραχμές, τετρώβολα και τετράδραχμα της Κυδωνίας. Η παράσταση έχει πιθανότατά επηρεαστεί από ρωμαϊκά πρότυπα και ως εκ τούτου δεν θεωρείται πρωιμότερη των αρχών του δευτέρου αι. π.Χ. Οι δύο σημαντικές ερμηνείες που έχουν προταθεί για το θηλαζόμενο βρέφος, ως Κύδων ο οικιστής ή ως Δίας κυνοτραφής, υποστηρίζονται από σωρεία επιχειρημάτων. Ανάλογη είναι η περίπτωση των ασημένιων στατήρων της Γόρτυνας του δευτέρου μισού του τετάρτου και του πρώτου μισού του τρίτου αι. π.Χ. όπου μια γυναικεία μορφή εικονίζεται καθισμένη στα κλαδιά ενός δέντρου σε διάφορες στιγμές. Η μορφή έχει ερμηνευτεί, μεταξύ άλλων, ως Βριτόμαρτυς και ως Ευρώπη.
Το πρόβλημα της ερμηνείας των παραπάνω παραστάσεων και εν γένει πολλών ακόμα αφηγηματικών σκηνών και μορφών στα κρητικά νομίσματα οφείλεται αφενός στην πληθώρα των μυθολογικών παραλλαγών που ξεπηδούν στα κλασσικά και ελληνιστικά χρόνια, ποιητική και γενικότερα καλλιτεχνική αδεία, και αφετέρου στην έλλειψη επιχωρίων πηγών για την κρητική μυθολογία. Οι υπάρχουσες πηγές βασίζονται σε εκδοχές των μύθων της κυρίως Ελλάδος οδηγώντας συχνά σε παρερμηνείες της Κρητικής νομισματικής εικονογραφίας. Ταυτόχρονα οι ελλαδίτικες επιρροές στην κρητική τέχνη, ή η από ελλαδίτικο χέρι εκτέλεση των νομισματικών σφραγίδων, περιπλέκουν ακόμα περισσότερο την κατάσταση καθώς η ιδιαιτερότητα της κρητικής παράδοσης «μολύνεται» με ξένα στοιχεία, τα οποία απομακρύνουν ακόμα περισσότερο από την σωστή ερμηνεία των νομισματικών τύπων.
Πτηνοὶ Ἔρωτες ὕπνω εὓδοντες
Authors: Ρωμιοπούλου Κ.
Published: January 2023

Sleeping Erotes in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Hellenistic plastic arts introduced a whole range of sleeping or resting types and styles; among them is the type of sleeping Eros in childlike appearance, which acquired great popularity in Roman times as a decorative statue for gardens or as a funerary statue symbolizing heroisation. The relation of Hypnos (Sleep) and Thanatos (Death) has been suggested as the reason for this subject becoming so popular in litterature and art. In this article are presented two unpublished statuettes of sleeping Eros depicting two different types of Eros, products of Attic workshops. They are dated around the end of 1st and in the 2nd cent. AD.
Gortynians and others: the case of the Antonii
Authors: Baldwin Bowsky M. W.
Published: January 2023

Οι Γορτύνιοι και οι άλλοι: η περίπτωση των Αντωνίων. Για τη συγγραφή μιας βάσιμης ιστορίας της κοινωνίας στη ρωμαϊκή Κρήτη θα πρέπει στο πλούσιο και διαρκώς αυξανόμενο επιγραφικό υλικό της Γόρτυνας να γίνει μια διάκριση ανάμεσα στους Γορτυνίους και τους μη Γορτυνίους. Το όνομα Ἀντώνιος, διάφοροι φορείς του οποίου είναι γνωστοί στη Γόρτυνα από τον 1ο π.Χ. έως τον 2ο μ.Χ. αιώνα, αποτελεί ενδιαφέρον παράδειγμα ρωμαϊκού ονόματος γένους με εμπορικές αλλά και πολιτικές διασυνδέσεις. Στο άρθρο αυτό δίνεται ιδιαίτερη προσοχή στην παρουσίαση δύο περιπτώσεων. Η πρώτη είναι μια πρωτοδημοσιευμένη επιγραφή από τη Γόρτυνα, η οποία αναφέρεται σε κάποιον Αντώνιο, αρχικά κάτοικο της Κυρήνης ή της Κυρηναϊκής, πριν αναλάβει πολιτικό αξίωμα στην αποικία της Κνωσού. Η δεύτερη περίπτωση, μια επιγραφή από την Έφεσο, αναφέρεται σε έναν κατά τα άλλα άγνωστο Γορτύνιο που διετέλεσε ιερέας της λατρείας του αυτοκράτορα∙ η επιγραφή αυτή μας επιτρέπει να τοποθετήσουμε τη λατρεία της Ίσιδας και του Αυγούστου στο πλαίσιο της κοινότητας των εμπόρων που είχαν εγκατασταθεί στην ελληνική Ανατολή πριν από τη μάχη του Ακτίου. Η ένταξη αυτού του αναθήματος του Αντωνίου στο ιστορικό του πλαίσιο, του 2ου μ.Χ. αιώνα, μας επιτρέπει να συνδέσουμε τη συμμετοχή της Κρήτης στο Πανελλήνιον με την εξέλιξη της λατρέιας του αυτοκράτορα στη Γόρτυνα και την επάνοδο της συγκλητικής διοίκησης στη Γόρτυνα. Οι Αντώνιοι που μαρτυρούνται στη Γόρτυνα —είτε είναι Γορτύνιοι είτε όχι— αντανακλούν επίσης την εκεί παρουσία πελατών και υποστηρικτών του Μάρκου Αντωνίου, του μέλους της τριανδρίας (όπως και στην Κόρινθο). Θα είναι αναγκαίο να επανεξετάσουμε την καθιερωμένη άποψη, ότι η Γόρτυνα υποστήριξε τον Οκταβιανό, ενώ η Κνωσός πήρε το μέρος του Αντωνίου.
A survey of neoplastic diseases in ancient and medieval Greek population
Authors: Bourbou Chryssa
Published: January 2023

Επισκόπηση των νεοπλασιών στον αρχαίο και μεσαιωνικό ελληνικό πληθυσμό. Για τη διάγνωση των νεοπλασιών στους αρχαιολογικούς πληθυσμούς βασιζόμαστε σε γραπτές πηγές, απεικονίσεις και ανθρωπολογικά κατάλοιπα. Αν και ελάχιστα έργα τέχνης αναπαριστούν αναμφισβήτητες περιπτώσεις νεοπλασιών, πληθώρα ιατρικών κειμένων, ήδη από την εποχή του Ιπποκράτη και του Γαληνού, αναφέρονται στη συγκεκριμένη παθολογία. Στην εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζονται όλες οι έως τώρα γνωστές ή περιπτώσεις για την Ελλάδα από την αρχαιότητα ως στον ύστερο μεσαίωνα.
The Lansdowne legacy A puteal in the Michael C. Carlos Museum, Atlanta
Authors: Angelicoussis Elizabeth
Published: January 2023

Η κληρονομιά του Lansdowne: Ένα πηγαδόστομα στο μουσείο Michael C. Carlos στην Ατλάντα. Τον 17ο και 18ο αιώνα παρατηρείται μία ιδιαίτερη προτίμηση για τα αρχαία μάρμαρα στη Μεγάλη Βρετανία. Ανάμεσα στους μεγάλους συλλέκτες έργων της αρχαιότητας, που κατάφεραν να συγκεντρώσουν στη συλλογή τους υψηλής ποιότητας γλυπτά, βρισκόταν και ο Marquess of Lansdowne, ο οποίος δημιούργησε μία τεράστια συλλογή εντυπωσιακών έργων από τον αρχαίο κόσμο. Η συλλογή δημοπρατήθηκε και διασκορπίστηκε από το 1930 και μετά, με αποτέλεσμα ορισμένα από τα έργα αυτά να καταλήξουν σε συλλογές της Αμερικής. Ένα σπάνιο πηγαδόστομα εξαιρετικής τεχνοτροπίας, που το 2006 αποκτήθηκε από το μουσείο Michael C. Carlos, αποτελεί το αντικείμενο μελέτης στο παρόν άρθρο. Αρχικά παρουσιάζεται η πορεία του έργου μέχρι την κατάληξή του στη συλλογή του μουσείου του Michael C. Carlos. Ακολουθεί ενδελεχής παρουσίαση του έργου με λεπτομερή περιγραφή της διονυσιακής σκηνής που το κοσμεί και ανάλυση των συμβολισμών της.
Κυβόλιθος, με παράσταση Απόλλωνα-Αρτέμιδος,
Authors: Κουράγιος Γιάννος , Δετοράτου Σοφία
Published: January 2023

Marble-block decorated with figures of Apollo and Artemis. A fragment of an archaic marbleblock has been found in the area of the Asklepios sanctuary in Paroikia, Paros near the sanctuary of Apollo Pythios. The block is decorated with two incised human figures in profile, one on the main side and the other on the narrow side. On the fragmentary representation of a standing female figure turned to the right. She holds a bow in her hands. Her hair is held together with a ribbon and her garment is probably a chiton. A pair of a diagonal incisions shown across the chest might indicate the strap of a quiver. In this case the figure represents the goddess Artemis, the sister of Apollo. The hair, the profile, a rosette that decorates «Artemis» belt seem to copy contemporary «Melian» vases, which are attributed to a parian workshop. The two figures on the block bring to mind the figure of a parian stele (archaeological museum of Paros, A 760) as well as the stelae of Prinias, Crete dating to the 7th century. The block is one of the earliest examples of carved marble reliefs in Paros as well as in Cyclades.
Online algorithm for assignment of specimens to pooled or individual testing using risk models provides a practical way to increase testing capacity
Authors: Alekseyenko Alexander V.
Published: January 2023

Background: To improve throughput in diagnostic and screening testing for infectious diseases, I developed a straight-forward algorithm that uses individual risk to optimize the decision about pooled or individual testing.

Methods: The online greedy algorithm provides an recommendation for filling pooled testing queue for optimal testing in pools of variable size. Observational data from Medical University of South Carolina COVID-19 diagnostic testing was used to estimate capacity gains under this algorithm versus optimal fixed pooling based on population prevalence.

Results: The online pooling recommendations based on this algorithm resulted in statistically better capacity gains than optimal pools of fixed size (P-value 0.003 and 0.002, for pools of 5 or 6, respectively). This is especially significant since the underlying individual-level risk prediction model attained only a moderate predictive accuracy.

Conclusions: This result suggests that when combined with a better risk prediction and integrated in an appropriate informatics ecosystem this approach cab offers an opportunity for resilient pooled testing strategies for pathogens while incorporating relevant operational constraints of pathology laboratories.
Situations of work-related diseases and injuries among agriculturists in the upper northeast regions of Thailand
Authors: Chaiklieng Sunisa , Chagkornburee Chuthamas , Suggaravetsiri Pornnapa
Published: January 2023

Background: Agriculturists exposed to health hazards are affected by increased occupational disease. This retrospective study aimed to investigate situations of work-related diseases and injuries among agriculturists in upper northeast Thailand.

Methods: The secondary data of international classification of diseases 10 th revision (ICD-10) case reports of occupational disease among farmers, from the database of the Health Data Center (HDC), were used. The registered farmers data was collected as a dataset from the provincial agricultural office and the data of ICD-10 code utilised from the hospital information system (HIS) of healthcare services in Udon Thani and Roi-Et provinces, which was extracted for cases of work-related diseases and injuries of registered agriculturists. The annual morbidity rate of occupational diseases was analysed and presented at a rate per 100,000 farmers.

Results: Among farmers in the HDC database, lung disease, which was not reported as occupational disease of the HDC database, was the highest ranking of all diseases, followed by work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), noise- and heat-related diseases, and pesticide toxicity, respectively, while the injury rate was as high as that of WMSDs. Those morbidity rates of Roi-Et and Udon Thani provinces were representative of the morbidity ranking of diseases of the nation and had increasing trends from 2014 to 2016. The number of farmers in the HDC database did not consistently reflect the number of registered farmers in the agricultural database.

Conclusions: Situations of work-related diseases and injuries discovered among registered farmers reflect the health problems of Thai agriculturists, and the underestimation in the reported disease rate in the health database is explained by big data analysis, which showed that work-related cases with an identifying code of Y96 had rarely been reported among agriculturists. Therefore, Thai agriculturists should be supported in registration with occupational diseases and injuries surveillance as holistic healthcare
Problem-solving in virtual environment simulations prior to direct instruction for differential diagnosis in medical education: An experimental study
Authors: Fässler Christian , Sinha Tanmay , Schmied Christian Marc , Goldhahn Jörg , Kapur Manu
Published: January 2023

Background: Despite acquiring vast content knowledge about the functioning of the human body through university teaching, medical students struggle to transfer that knowledge to one of the core disciplinary practices – differential diagnosis. The authors aimed to overcome this problem by implementing computer-based virtual environment simulations in medical education courses.

Methods: In an experimental study, the authors compared problem-solving in medical computer-based virtual environment simulations prior to instruction with an instruction-first approach. They compared the effects on isomorphic testing and transfer performance of clinical knowledge and clinical reasoning skills as well as evoked learning mechanisms. The study took place in spring 2021 with undergraduate medical students in the scope of a medical trajectory course. Due to Corona-Virus-19 measures participants completed all study activities remotely from home.

Results: The authors did not find any learning activity sequence to be superior to the other. However, when looking at the two learning activities individually, they found that problem-solving in computer-based virtual environment simulations and direct instruction might be equally effective for learning content knowledge. Nevertheless, problem-solving in computer-based virtual environment simulations with formative feedback might be more effective for learning clinical reasoning skills than mere instruction.

Conclusions: The findings indicate that problem-solving in computer-based virtual environment simulations might be more effective for learning clinical reasoning skills than mere theoretical instruction. The present study has a high level of ecological validity because it took place in a realistic setting where students had to perform all learning and testing tasks autonomously.
Kognitywny obraz SZLACHTY w polskiej narracji literackiej i ludowej / Kognityvinis BAJORIJOS vaizdas lenkų literatūriniame ir liaudiškajame naratyvuose
Authors: Slotvinska Karolina
Published: January 2023

The aim of the thesis is to analyse how the szlachta is perceived in Polish literary and folk narratives. The research was based on excerpts from the first two parts of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s The Trilogy (Ogniem i mieczem (“With Fire and Sword”), Potop (“The Deluge”) related to nobility (500 quotes) and transcribed dialectal texts: narratives of the Polishspeaking nobles themselves, their descendants, or ordinary inhabitants of Kaunas region (about 300 pages of transcripts, 73 quotations for analysis). The research is carried out using the method of anthropological-cultural linguistics in the cognitive approach. The methodology of textual (linguistic) picture of the world and oral history is applied in the thesis. After analysing the research material, the most characteristic features of szlachta were singled out and divided into subcategories – facets. The set of facets, depending on what the narratives focus on, allows distinguishing the main profiles of the researched concept, which reveal the principles of its conceptualization in texts created by different subjects (authors). In the literary narrative, the profiles of the nobleman as warrior-patriot, the proud nobleman, the nobleman-traitor and the noisy, feasting nobleman became the most prominent, while in the folk narrative the profiles of the rich lord, the good lord, the nobleman-Pole, and the nobleman, wronged by fate.
A Human Case of an Infection by the Pathogenic Streptococci that Causes “Strangles” in Horses
Authors: Gosai Falgun , Gosai Neha
Published: January 2023

Strangles is a contagious upper respiratory tract infection primarily affecting equines. It is rare disease with zoonotic transmission. It is caused by the bacterium, Streptococcus equi. We present the rare case of strangles in an elderly patient complicated by bacteraemia, osteomyelitis and native valve endocarditis. The patient was treated successfully with appropriate antibiotics and no surgical intervention was needed. In an age of accelerated emerging zoonosis, this is an important entity clinicians should be aware of to prevent delay in diagnosis and poor outcome.
Miscelânea enquanto veneno e remédio da Língua, da Literatura
Authors: Evaristo Jefferson , Oliveira Leonardo Davino de
Published: January 2023

Apresentação
Experiences of the home: place, identity, and security
Authors: Gregory James
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents the findings of two research projects conducted in the South East and South West of England. Social housing and wellbeing is discussed with reference to two notable research studies conducted in the 1980s. The concept of ontological security anchors a theoretical discussion of home and belonging, but it is argued that the concept itself has been misunderstood and misused in housing research. The survey data is based on four wellbeing items used by the Office for National Statistics. Further items on individual experiences of the home are taken from the existing housing literature. Social housing has a positive effect on anxiety, though there is an association between social renting and lower satisfaction with life in the South East. Positive experiences of neighbourhood are more important than housing tenure. The chapter closes with a renewed discussion of ontological security, property, and identity.
Risk and responsibilisation
Authors: Moth Rich
Published: January 2023

The last chapter introduced a number of service users and practitioners, and described relational casework during what practitioners called a ‘stable phase’. The next two chapters extend this exploration through a focus on interactions with service users considered to be ‘in crisis’. This chapter is about the team and a service user called Manu. The chapter illustrates how a defensive institutional culture around risk management generates tendencies towards what is called ‘custodial paternalism’. The chapter also examines how this tends to marginalise considerations on the effects of racialised inequalities.
Social Policy, Political Economy and the Social Contract
Authors: Wistow Jonathan
Published: January 2023

The use of social contract theory connects questions about individual and social outcomes in society with debates about the role and purpose of social policy within the political economy. For example, how much inequality is (and/or should be) tolerated in society and where, and to what extent, is it legitimate for the state to intervene to address these? Through employing complexity theory, the trajectory of the political economy is explored in relation to the ‘possibility space’ in which social policies are developed. By focusing on individual, intergenerational and societal outcomes related to health, place and social mobility in England, empirical evidence is used to assert that the social contract produces longstanding, highly patterned and inequitable consequences. It is argued that the persistence of health inequalities and spatial disparities in social and economic opportunities and outcomes should pose a greater threat to the legitimacy of the social contract than is currently the case. That they do not is revealing of the appeal of competitive and possessive individualism and the power of the status quo. Tying the economy to society and questioning the legitimacy of the former can create the basis for a positive politics of redistribution. This, in turn, will help to recalibrate complex systems to make them more attuned to social policies designed to produce equitable social outcomes.
Place: uneven geographies and spatial inequalities
Authors: Wistow Jonathan
Published: January 2023

The UK is one of the most regionally unequal countries in the developed world. The centralisation of political, economic, cultural and policy systems in London has influenced the management of globalisation, deindustrialisation and neoliberalism within the UK, favouring the capital and embedding a spatial imbalance in the economy and society. Regional and local inequalities in, for example, education, health, labour markets and standards of living are consequences of the (mis)management of the political economy. Public ownership of land and housing have come under sustained attack and the large-scale privatisation of these has changed the role and capacity of the local (in particular) state and should be interpreted as fostering, and responding to, individualism within the social contract. All of these things stem from a selective and inconsistent application of the non-interventionist and market-oriented logic of financial capitalism.
The intergenerational contract
Authors: Wistow Jonathan
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores a number of issues associated with intergenerational standards of living and of relevance to the legitimacy of the social contract. Younger generations are experiencing downward trends in real wages and growing costs of living, while the development of social policies geared towards active ageing runs counter to the trajectory and ‘possibility space’ of the political economy. The concentration of wealth in too few hands contributes to declining living standards and rates of growth. However, instead of giving consideration to a politics of redistribution, there has been a turn to identity-based politics and a focus on discourse, which distracts attention from failings in the political economy. The COVID-19 crisis and, potentially more significantly, artificial intelligence (AI) and automation pose systemic challenges that may require fundamental change in the political economy and, as such, offer opportunities for a more redistributive social contract and social policy development.
Living arrangement concordance and the well-being of older persons in India
Authors: Syamala Supriya , Verma Sebastian
Published: January 2023

The relationship between living arrangement concordance (the correspondence between the actual and preferred living arrangement) among older people and their well-being in developing countries is relatively under-researched. This is mainly due to the assumption that the actual living arrangement is a partial consequence of preference, although there can be several constraints in achieving this perfect match. To better understand the patterns of living arrangements, living arrangement preferences and the concordance in living arrangement among older adults in India, the authors analyse data gathered from over 9,852 older people in seven states in India under the UNFPA study on Building Knowledge Base on Ageing in India. The preference data show that around one third of older Indians indicated a preference for independent living which is indicative of the likely changes in future living arrangement patterns in the country. Further, living arrangement concordance did not appear to be a significant predictor of self-rated health or better mental health status. The household’s financial condition was the most important predictor that determined health status among older persons.
Interpreting the landscapes of care for older men in Delhi and Kolkata: perspectives from care receivers and caregivers
Authors: Jahangir Ajay , Bailey Anindita
Published: January 2023

Landscapes of care/carescapes represent a recently emerging research area in geographies of care. Carescapes are both geographical settings within and across [[AU: ‘within and across' what? Please clarify]]which care takes place and are subjectively experienced phenomena[[AU: Please clarify this sentence]]. However, within this field there is still relatively little research on the care needs and experiences of older men. This chapter redresses this by conducting 79 in-depth interviews of older men and their caregivers, collected from homes as well as care homes in Delhi and Kolkata. The analyses reveals that older men’s care needs, which ranged from personal, economic, health to emotional, were perceived to be inadequately addressed in rapidly transforming societies and family structures. However, the practice of intergenerational reciprocal care is strongly gendered and of involved inequalities of power[[AU: Please clarify this sentence]]. Here, the care relationships between older men and their caregivers are situated within wider socio-economic relations which influence the power of each other[[AU: Please clarify this sentence]]. Caringscapes in the Indian context are deeply rooted in filial obligation and intergenerational dependence, whereby older adults are entitled to receive care from their offspring in exchange for the care they had provided to their children.
A royal responsibility
Authors: Henrickson Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter covers the period 4500 BCE to 300 CE. The royal obligation to protect the poor, the widow, and the orphan existed from the 4th millennium in the ancient Near East, Asia Minor, and Egypt. This expectation appears in the scriptures of the nomadic and monotheistic Hebrew people, who added ‘the stranger’ (or alien) to the groups that should be protected. These Hebrew scriptures formed the context for Christian scriptures which were codified in the 4th century CE. Early Christians held property in common and esteemed charity, good works, and caring for widows and orphans in their communities. These values are recorded in the gospels and epistles of what became the New Testament. A verse from one of these epistles (2 Thess. 3:10) reads ‘Anyone unwilling to work should not eat’. While this verse was intended to inspire people to continue to live their usual lives until the unpredictable return of Jesus, it became a way to differentiate the worthy from the unworthy poor for the next 2000 years.
5 Policy case study: pension measures
Authors: Chau Ruby C. M. , Yu Sam W. K.
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents pension measures as a policy case study to show how government strategies on productivism affect people’s life-mix patterns. It shows how these measures can recognise, redistribute, reduce and reward paid work and informal care over people’s life courses, and redistribute work, care and financial responsibilities between the younger and older generations. By analysing the pension measures in the seven East Asian and European countries and territories, it is found that most important pension measures are earnings-related. To secure sufficient pension income for a reasonable standard of living after retirement, people are expected to spend most parts of their adult life in the work economy. Pension provisions for informal carers and early retirees are limited. Such policies undermine people’s opportunities to organise their working and caring lives according to their life-mix preferences. They can also generate a knock-on effect on the retirement life of informal carers, who may have faced a life-mix material gap (a fall in the standard of living) when they took up the role of informal carer at a younger age and missed out on the opportunity to contribute to a pension scheme. This leads to another material gap in the later parts of their lives.
8 Creating favourable conditions for diverse life-mix preferences
Authors: Chau Ruby C. M. , Yu Sam W. K.
Published: January 2023

This chapter is concerned with the search for ways of creating more favourable conditions for meeting people’s diverse life-mix preferences. It focuses on how to improve policies that affect people’s life-mix patterns. Six policy suggestions are made: exploring ways to break the link between the three life-mix challenges; fulfilling more than one near-future goal at the same time; critically examining government measures that undermine the development of the two supported adult models; suggesting ways for enhancing people’s chances of meeting their diverse life-mix preferences beyond the four policy domains discussed in this book (childcare leave, ECEC, pension and ALMPs); demonstrating how policy suggestions for the development of the supported adult models could contribute to international welfare agendas such as Europe 2020 and the UN 2030 Agenda; and encouraging governments to formulate policies on productivism beyond the confines of pro-market welfare reforms.
10 Conclusion
Authors: Chau Ruby C. M. , Yu Sam W. K.
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the contributions of the book and makes suggestions for further research. It starts with revisiting the aims of this book and reflecting on its contributions to the current welfare literature. This is followed by an examination of the academic issues that remain unsolved and require further investigation. These issues include how to meet men’s life-mix preferences, how to protect the interests of care receivers, how to build a social consensus on the ways the government intervenes in family life and how to improve the coordination between the family setting and the work setting to meet people’s life-mix preferences. To elaborate on these arguments, the direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on how people organise their working and caring lives are explored in the last part of the chapter.
Cross-sectoral alliances in charter schools: the role of boards of directors from for-profit and non-profit sectors
Authors: Gulosino Charisse , Ciamarra Elif Şişli
Published: January 2023

Charter schools in the United States form alliances with external actors by granting them seats on their boards of directors. In this chapter, we document the extent of such alliances formed with for-profit and non-profit sectors, review various theories about how stakeholders add value to the schools, and seek to relate their presence to academic outcomes. Our descriptive results provide some support for resource dependence theory in that charter school governing boards are dominated by a narrow set of actors from specific industries in both the for-profit and non-profit sectors as strategic response to resource-based pressure. Further research is needed to examine the degree of dependency of charter schools on these external actors and to identify what specific skills, experiences, and forms of social and cultural capital these actors have leveraged to influence or control charter school board decisions and organisational performance.
A communitarian framework for understanding the relations between schools and NGOs
Authors: Oplatka Izhar
Published: January 2023

In recent decades the number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) has grown considerably across many sectors, including that of education. These organisations are engaged in education in a wide variety of ways and have gained considerable visibility in the fields of educational reform, development, and provision. NGOs are particularly prevalent across the Global South. The purpose of this chapter is to propose and defend a conceptual framework for promoting a communitarian approach to develop educational developments between local communities and NGOs.
Historical reconfigurations of internal/external actors in Danish educational testing practices
Authors: Ydesen Christian
Published: January 2023

Using the history of Danish educational testing practices in the 20th century as a prism, this chapter investigates how different actors have emerged, interacted, and struggled to shape education. The chapter draws on the archival material and analysis presented in my PhD dissertation, but for a fresh inquiry, the empirical data were reread and analysed anew, focusing specifically on the actors promoting testing and the shifting historical configurations in the historical compositions of actors. By examining the growth of the testing sector in Denmark in a historical perspective, this chapter allows for a deeper examination of how bottom-up and top-down actors, internal and external actors, work in alliances and change locations over time, offering new insights into the role of ‘external’ actors in education.
Dementia: a disability and a human rights concern
Authors: Cahill Suzanne
Published: January 2023

The biomedical model has traditionally informed the dominant discourse on dementia and has significantly shaped practitioners’, policy makers’ and researchers’ responses. This model contextualizes dementia as a progressive neuro-degenerative cognitive disorder and focuses on deficits and the underlying pathology often overlooking the fact that the person can and should be an active partner in the treatment process and with the right supports can live well. Beginning in the late 1990s, the exclusive reliance on the bio-medical model has come under increasing scrutiny with a growing awareness that by recasting dementia in broader more humanitarian terms, much can be done to promote the individual’s dignity and quality of life. Different frameworks and analytical tools have been forwarded to help us better understand and respond to the challenge of dementia. These include personhood, citizenship, public health, disability and human rights. This chapter examines the merits of framing dementia as a disability and of applying a human rights lens to help enhance practice, inform policy and create a more balanced research agenda
Online participation vs protection and the Mental Capacity Act 2005
Authors: Bond Emma , Phippen Andy
Published: January 2023

The fundamental legal framework affecting adults who might be at risk as a result of online behaviours lies within the Mental Capacity Act 2005, the Care Act 2014 and statutory guidance which set out responsibilities for professionals working together. With a focus on the second principle of the five set out in the MCA that ‘a person is not to be treated as unable to make a decision unless all practicable steps to help him do so have been taken without success’, we question the notion of person-centred emancipatory practice in maximising and assessing mental capacity and the role of ethical decision making in professional practice in relation to online spaces for vulnerable adults. Using the Cobb J ruling in Re A and Re B and relevant Court of Protection rulings in the UK and the wider UK legal system, we also explore the right to online participation by vulnerable adults drawing upon the UNCRPD and the ECHR, making it clear that participation is a right for all.
The safeguarding dystopia
Authors: Bond Emma , Phippen Andy
Published: January 2023

This chapter proposes that the approach adopted in policy and practice around online safeguarding does not reflect best interests and instead centres on prohibition and prevention. We explore whether professionals and practitioners are in position to provide effective support to those in their care in relation to engaging with virtual environments and in assessing an individual’s capacity to make decisions about their online lives. As everyday interactions online comprise a milieu of activities from financial to social to exploring and interacting, effective support requires both an in-depth understanding of the individual and knowledge of the nature and arguably the risk associated with a variety of activities. Drawing upon empirical data and professional reflections on knowledge, understanding and training in relation to online safeguarding, we highlight taken-for-granted assumptions made about online risk and question the often overlooked rights of those at risk of harm in an online content.
Pro-harm content online
Authors: Bond Emma , Phippen Andy
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses specifically on the debate on mental health and pro-harm content online. It outlines the increasing concern related to the widespread impact of online harms, mental well-being and reported mental health impacts of viewing harmful content online. The exploration of the complex relationship between mental capacity and mental health in the chapter reveals that vulnerability is a far from static concept. Using examples from pro-eating disorders, pro-self-harm and pro-suicide online communities and forums, this chapter examines the phenomenon of ‘pro-sites’, their significance in managing mental health and the importance of understanding their influence in safeguarding vulnerable adults. It is well recognised that vulnerable adults use these sites as they often lack a sense of acceptance and belonging in the ‘real world’, and this chapter argues that while calls to ban these sites and restrict access to such content have been ineffectual, supporting adults to understand how and why they use them alongside pro-recovery content in a non-judgemental way can enable a more realistic understanding of their mental health.
‘What works’ in safeguarding adults online? Understanding the actors and the networks
Authors: Bond Emma , Phippen Andy
Published: January 2023

This penultimate chapter brings together the theoretical, legal and practice-based perspectives to consider how stakeholders with safeguarding responsibilities can best respond to online risk. It is based on a ‘what works’ approach and how adults can have their best interests supported. It builds on the arguments about how technology, such as the use of monitoring and filtering in safeguarding practice, can be empowering but can also be excessive. This chapter considers both digital divides and social inequalities and draws on Actor Network Theory to emphasise one of the book’s central themes – that there is no ‘one size fits all’ approach to safeguarding adults online and an individualised approach is essential. It argues that a holistic approach across policy, organisations, education and training, technology and professional practice is critical to effective safeguarding based on evidence-led, informed, person-centred assessments free from value bias and in the best interests of the individual at risk.
Introduction
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2023

The chapter outlines the main themes of the volume. It highlights the increasing police involvement and the tension that this can create in practice.
Mental health and mental illness: key themes and perspectives
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides a brief overview of some of the key debates and policy developments in the mental health field. The aim here is to provide an overview of debates in this area and contextualise the potential role of the police mental health work. Themes such as the experience of service users, the stigma attached to mental illness, and the failures to develop fully funded community-based services are examined throughout this volume. The chapter begins with a discussion of models of mental illness, and then explores the stigma attached to mental illness before examining social models of mental illness and considering the impact of social inequality on the experience of mental illness.
A comparative research study of mental health triage
Authors: Park Alice , Cummins Ian
Published: January 2023

Mental health triage is an intervention implemented across England and Wales that pairs mental health professionals with police staff. Drawing on the perspectives of frontline police staff, and mental health professionals who work closely with them as part of the intervention, this chapter will give an overview of the mental health related work police staff can encounter on the frontline, and the dilemmas they face in their everyday work.
Voluntary Income Management And Financial Education
Authors: Marston Greg , Humpage Louise , Peterie Michelle , Mendes Philip , Bielefeld Shelley , Staines Zoe
Published: January 2023

The details of how a voluntary income management programme might work is outlined in the chapter. The chapter also explores other means of building financial capability, using developmental and educational models and insights from the research literature on poverty reduction. In considering alternatives to punitive forms of welfare conditionality, the chapter highlights some of the differences between New Zealand and Australia, as there are lessons which Australia could learn from the use of mentors and more empowering forms of budget support in the case of New Zealand. This chapter also revisits the mixed economy of welfare by suggesting that non-government organisations could play a more enabling role in the lives of low-income households if they were encouraged to work in ways that would promote a different set of assumptions and principles to improve economic security and community wellbeing. The links between economic security and well-being are elaborated, using the public health research that demonstrates that economic insecurity is a strong determinant of mental health. Drawing on insights from a range of studies and disciplines the chapter concludes with an argument for evidence informed social security policies, which will help to reframe questions of economic and social security.
An international perspective
Authors: Drew Michael
Published: January 2023

Chapter 2 draws on the international poverty literature, in order to provide context for the book. It provides a historical overview on how interpretations of poverty have evolved and how it has been defined and measured. This is followed by a more detailed review of both food poverty and food insecurity, including definitions, measurement and empirical findings. The chapter considers research on food bank use, which provides an indirect indication of food poverty. This leads to an investigation of risk factors associated with food poverty and the growth of food aid. An overview of core areas of social policy that potentially influence food poverty is also provided.
Responses to food poverty
Authors: Drew Michael
Published: January 2023

Chapter 8 explores responses to food poverty in Ireland from both the state and the voluntary sector, in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is provided in a comparative EU15 context and includes the key role of the EU-wide Fund for European Aid to the most Deprived (FEAD), facilitated in Ireland by FoodCloud. It investigates the landscape of food charity in Ireland, which has been influenced by the rising importance of food surpluses, linked to sustainable development. The merits of food aid are considered, given that it may obscure the underlying structural issues leading to food poverty and ease pressure on governments to address the problem. Emerging developments in support models are also discussed.
Conclusions
Authors: Drew Michael
Published: January 2023

Chapter 9 draws together the main findings of the work. It summarises what has been learned about the prevalence of food poverty in Ireland. It brings together the complex picture emerging from interviews with food bank users, through an analysis of their pathways into and through food poverty. These pathways are impacted by a range of policies and practices of government, employers and other relevant stakeholders, which have wide-ranging implications. The work reflects on experiences in Ireland and responses to food poverty in a comparative European context. It concludes by considering how these results help to contribute to an understanding of the problem and the policy responses to address the root causes of food poverty in Ireland.
Gender justice and social reproduction
Authors: Gahman Levi , Smith Shelda-Jane , Penados Filiberto , Mohamed Nasha , Reyes Johannah-Rae , Mohamed Atiyah
Published: January 2023

Chapter 8 focuses on how the domain of social reproduction is a necessary political terrain on which to organise for widespread change and just social relations. More expressly, the chapter demonstrates how social reproduction, which includes care work, community building, provisioning and all the work that perpetuates life, can be intentionally foregrounded as a strategic site of anti-capitalist, anti-colonial and anti-heteropatriarchal struggle for politico-economic and socio-cultural transformation. With a focus on the political agency and dissidence of the Zapatista women, the chapter illustrates how the autonomous movement can be seen as an example of how people can work together collectively to co-create gender just social relations and inclusive cultural norms. Ultimately, the chapter illustrates how resistance can undermine patriarchy and animate pathways out of structural violence.
Transformative Teaching and Learning in Further Education
Authors: Smith Rob , Duckworth Vicky
Published: January 2023

After more than a decade of funding cuts and a never-ending stream of instrumentalist policy interventions, it’s time to re-evaluate the purpose of further and adult education. In England, there are two very different perspectives on this purpose. One view, held by government ministers, civil servants and policy makers, positions colleges and other providers as little factories whose sole purpose is to churn out a flexible, identity-less and objectified workforce of skilled labour. The other view, arising from local contexts and from the embodied experience of teachers and students, sees further and adult education as being about the growth and development of real people with real lives, families and communities. This view asserts its supreme value as an engine for individual, community-based and social change.
This book presents research from the Transforming Lives project: inspirational stories of transformative teaching and learning: educational experiences that have brought positive change to people’s lives and a huge range of wider social benefits. These stories assert the transformative power of education, its important role in bringing about social justice and as a space for nurturing change, love and hope for the future. While we celebrate these transformative stories, the research also illuminates the conditions that foster transformative educational experiences and the factors that hinder. The book argues that changes to funding and governance are vital if the true potential of further and adult education is to be realised.