bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pixel and region-oriented classification of Sentinel-2 imagery to assess LULC dynamics and their climate impact in Nowshera, Pakistan
Authors: Farnaz  , Nuthammachot Narissara , Shabbir Rabia , Iqbal Benazeer
Published: January 2025

Land use and land cover (LULC) changes are important for gaining a perspective on environmental dynamics and the impact on climate, urbanization, and resources. To ensure that it is safe to monitor the changes over time and to adopt the right forceful changes in our area, remote sensing is one of the ways to monitor the local and regional level land use, land cover patterns, and landscape changes. This study investigates the temporal LULC changes in the Nowshera region of Pakistan for the years 2016–2023 using pixel and region-oriented classification methods. As a first step, freely available high-resolution multispectral data of Sentinel-2 satellite are acquired, which serves as input dataset for both pixel and region-oriented classifiers. The accuracy assessment scores confirm that for the classified data of the year 2016, the region-oriented technique demonstrated higher overall classification accuracy (89.6%) over pixel-based classification (80.77%). Moreover, for the dataset of the year, the region-oriented method achieved a higher overall Kappa hat score (0.88) as compared to the pixel-based method (0.71). Similarly, for the classified data of the year 2023, the region-oriented method achieved higher scores for both the overall accuracy and Kappa hat (93.6 and 0.92%) over the pixel-based method (77.18 and 0.66%). The study states that for the assessment of LULC changes in Nowshera, the region-oriented image analysis provides a higher level of classification accuracy than the pixel-based approach. These results illustrate that this tool is particularly effective in monitoring detailed land cover transformations, thereby enhancing the quality of environmental management. Furthermore, the regression analysis reveals a substantial correlation between LULC changes and alterations in temperature and precipitation, and this result suggests the necessity of the development of specific climate adaptation programs.
Impact of a clinician-directed educational program on communicating with patients regarding gun violence at two community urban healthcare centers
Authors: Langenau Erik , Kaminsky Alexa M. , Roberts Michael B.
Published: January 2025

Context

Gun violence negatively impacts not only victims but also their families and surrounding communities. Resources and counseling services may be available to support families affected by gun violence, but the families and their clinicians may not know about these resources or how to access them.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of a clinician-directed educational program on patient reports of their discussions with their physician regarding gun violence, prevention, and available resources for support and treatment.

Methods

This quasi-experimental, cross-sectional, survey-based, quality-improvement study included pre-, mid-, and posttraining surveys administered to patients and clinicians participating in an educational program at two urban healthcare centers in Philadelphia. The educational program included office enhancements (handouts and posters) and lunchtime presentations for clinicians regarding gun violence prevalence, prevention strategies, local support resources, and impacts on mental health for patients and their families. The anonymous patient survey was offered to all patients seen at two urban healthcare centers in Philadelphia during three nonconsecutive weeks over 3 months.

Results

Among 542 patients seen over the 3 weeks of survey collection, 428 completed the survey (response rate of 79 %). Sixty-four percent acknowledged being impacted by gun violence including the death of a loved one, witnessing a shooting, or being shot themselves. Over the course of the educational program, patients reported significant increases in (1) awareness of materials related to gun violence in the waiting areas, by 17.2 %, (2) discussions of gun violence with their clinician, by 12.1 %, and (3) discussions of methods to prevent gun injury, by 9.7 %. At the end of the study, 19.3 % of patients reported having discussions with their clinician about gun violence, and 14.3 % discussed strategies to prevent gun injury. Participating clinicians reported high levels of satisfaction and increased confidence when talking to patients about gun violence at the end of the program.

Conclusions

Providing clinician-directed education and printed materials increased the frequency with which clinicians discussed gun violence, prevention, and available resources with their patients. Increases were modest, with opportunities for improvement. A holistic and multifaceted approach is required to support families affected by gun violence, including education for clinicians and dissemination of information for families.
The Subtraction Argument in an Infinite World
Authors: Garbacz Pawel
Published: January 2025

Metaphysical nihilism can be defined as the view that there might be no con-crete objects. One may argue for this view defining a finite procedure of sub-traction on a set of concrete, contingent objects juxtaposed across possible worlds, which procedure will eventually terminate in an empty possible world. Obviously, this subtraction argument is not applicable if all non-empty possible worlds contain an infinite number of objects. In this paper, I will discuss in detail the limitations of this argument and then investigate whether and how they can be relaxed.
Niobium in electrochemical technologies: advancing sensing and battery applications
Authors: Khorsheed Kardos Musheer , Tahir Tara Fuad , Qader Aryan Fathulla , Omer Rebaz Anwar , Rashid Rzgar Faruq
Published: January 2025

Niobium, a versatile transition metal, plays a vital role in expanding electrochemical technologies due to its unique combination of physical and chemical properties, such as high stability, conductivity, and compatibility with varied materials. This review delves deeply into the applications of niobium in electrochemical sensing and energy storage systems, focusing on its transformational potential. It begins by explaining the fundamental features of niobium that make it an excellent material for these applications. The principles of electrochemical sensors are elaborated, with a focus on their significance in areas such as healthcare diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and industrial processes. The review highlights the fabrication techniques for niobium-based sensors, detailing advancements in sensitivity and specificity achieved through niobium compounds. In the domain of energy storage, the review examines niobium’s integration into lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and lithium-sulfur batteries. It discusses how niobium compounds enhance battery performance, including improvements in energy density, cycling stability, and charge-discharge efficiency. Comparative analyses with conventional materials are presented to underscore the superior functionality of niobium-based systems. By synthesizing current research, the review identifies critical knowledge gaps and potential areas for future investigation, ultimately underscoring niobium’s pivotal role in driving innovation in electrochemical technologies.
Legal Regulation of Hybrid Work Models and Their Impact on Work-Life Balance: A Case Study of Ukraine
Authors: Hryn Dmytro V. , Yaroshenko Oleg M. , Tykhonovych Oleksii Y. , Hryhorenko Dmytro A. , Pavlichenko Volodymir
Published: January 2025

The pandemic and Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine have resulted in adjustments to the organisation of working hours in various areas of society, and not only in Ukraine. Employees look for remote work opportunities, while employers strive to control employees’ work by increasingly offering hybrid work models in addition to traditional work formats. Such hybrid work models comprise a combination of remote work and work at the employer’s premises. However, the authors argue that the legal regulation of this work format should be reconsidered in terms of its impact on work-life balance. Hybrid work formats should still provide an employee with the ability to separate work and personal life in order to avoid burnout and to genuinely be more effective. The purpose of this article is to analyse the legal regulation of “non-traditional” forms of labour organisation and develop recommendations for further improvement.
El sargazo como materia prima para la obtención de bioproductos: un análisis de factibilidad tecno-económica
Authors: Pérez Ramírez David Enrique , Chavira Conejo Felix Emmanuel , Ortega Zacarias Ana Abigail , Morales-Rodriguez Ricardo
Published: January 2025

Este estudio presenta un análisis de factibilidad tecno-económica para la producción de bioetanol a partir de algas Sargassum spp., una biomasa marina que ha proliferado a lo largo de las costas de África Occidental y América, causando desafíos ambientales y económicos significativos. La investigación evalúa el potencial de utilizar Sargassum como materia prima para la producción de bioetanol, una alternativa sostenible a los combustibles fósiles no renovables. La metodología implica la extracción de datos de un estudio de tecnología de alta presión para el pretratamiento y fraccionamiento de la biomasa de Sargassum spp. y la simulación del proceso de producción de bioetanol usando el software Aspen Plus V10. El proceso incluye las etapas de pretratamiento, hidrólisis enzimática, fermentación y la separación y purificación del producto. Los hallazgos sugieren que, aunque la producción de bioetanol a partir de Sargassum es técnicamente viable a escala experimental, esta aún enfrenta desafíos económicos significativos, debido a los altos costos de capital inicial y gastos operativos en comparación con las ventas totales de productos.
Latas, más que un residuo. La importancia de educar en torno a su recolección y reciclaje
Authors: Tizcareño Cortes Karla Ivonne , Navarro Segundo Ana Lorena , Téllez García María Isabel de Jesús , Pineda Almanza Alma
Published: January 2025

Este proyecto tiene como objetivo promover el reciclaje de latas de aluminio a través del diseño y fabricación deproductos estéticamente atractivos y respetuosos con el medio ambiente. Asimismo, busca educar sobre la importancia del reciclaje y reutilización del aluminio, pues, al reciclar latas de aluminio, no solo se contribuye al ahorro de espacio en los vertederos, sino que también se disminuye la contaminación asociada con la extracción y procesamiento de la bauxita. Se destaca la importancia de sensibilizar sobre el reciclaje de latas de aluminio y explorar los beneficios de adoptar un enfoque artístico en el reciclaje como una manera de fomentar la educación ambiental que promueva prácticas sostenibles y respetuosas con el entorno.
Evaluación de la tolerancia lumínica de cianobacterias aisladas desde biocostras de ecosistemas semidesérticos
Authors: García Sánchez Sergio Gustavo , Barabata Olan David Gabriel , Sandoval Magdaleno Emili Samaria , Negrete Meneses Humberto , Medina Mendoza Jimena , Cea Barcia Glenda Edith
Published: January 2025

Actualmente, la degradación de suelos es uno de los grandes problemas que debe enfrentar la humanidad. Por el cambio climático, los suelos de ecosistemas de climas semidesérticos son vulnerables a la degradación. Una alternativa emergente para la recuperación de suelos degradados con estrés hídrico es la utilización de cianobacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno para la formación de tapetes o biocostras. Este tipo de cianobacterias actúan como primeras colonizadoras, creando el hábitat necesario para que los demás organismos puedan subsistir e iniciar el proceso de restauración. Sin embargo, aún se requiere de investigación científica para su implementación en ecosistemas naturales. Entre los principales retos a enfrentar para su implementación está el aislamiento de cianobacterias tolerantes a altas intensidades lumínicas y cultivables en fotobiorreactores para implementar una etapa posterior de propagación en campo. En el presente trabajo se lograron aislar dos consorcios de cianobacterias filamentosas heterocísticas desde muestras de suelos y biocostras provenientes de ecosistemas de clima semidesértico del estado de Guanajuato, México. Los consorcios aislados fueron capaces de crecer en medio líquido sin nitrógeno en fotobiorreactores de 1 L y a intensidades lumínicas de 370 μmol/m2/s. Los resultados obtenidos sientan las bases para el desarrollo de un proceso de producción de cianobacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno para su uso en procesos de recuperación de suelos.
Caracterización microbiológica del agua potable del estado de Guanajuato mediante el sistema de espectrometría de masas MALDI-Biotyper® (estudio preliminar)
Authors: Flores-Ríos Martha Angélica , Martinez-Vega Ámbar Valeria , Ortiz Rodriguez Andrea , Reyes-Ramberg Carolina , Rodríguez-Tierrafría Aura Stephanie , Espinoza-Cruz Tania Lizeth , Wrobel Kazimierz , Corrales-Escobosa Alma Rosa
Published: January 2025

El acceso a agua potable es un derecho universal establecido en nuestra constitución; sin embargo, el creciente aumento de la población y las actividades antropogénicas han ocasionado un importante deterioro en la calidad de esta. El abastecimiento y distribución de agua de buena calidad para uso y consumo humano es esencial para prevenir y evitar la transmisión de diversas enfermedades. El análisis microbiológico del agua es indispensable para asegurar la calidad de agua para el consumo humano y evitar que sea fuente de transmisión de diversas enfermedades infecciosas. En este trabajo se utilizó el método de filtración en membrana para evaluar la calidad del agua de muestras obtenidas directamente del sistema de distribución y/o almacenadas en tinaco/cisternas. Las membranas fueron transferidas a dos medios de cultivo (agar nutritivo y cromogénico) para obtener las UCF/100mL y la identificación de los microorganismos obtenidos se llevó a cabo por MALDI-Biotyper®. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las plantas potabilizadoras municipales en Guanajuato y León cumplen con los valores de la NOM-127-SSA1-201, y los microorganismos detectados se deben al almacenamiento en cisternas y/o tinacos, lo que indica que es necesario realizar una limpieza y desinfección más frecuente. Además, se resalta la importancia de la responsabilidad individual y comunitaria al mantener las condiciones adecuadas de almacenamiento del agua, asegurando así una fuente de agua potable confiable y segura.
Sostenibilidad y Resiliencia en Estructuras
Authors: Luna Rodríguez Francisco José , Leal Vaca Julio Cesar , Hernández Guillen Braulio Saul , Ramirez Gutiérrez Juan Manuel , Guzman Olmos Edgar Iván
Published: January 2025

El presente trabajo es una recopilación de información respecto a la sostenibilidad y resiliencia enfocada a estructuras. Como primer acercamiento se determinan los puntos clave que deben cumplir nuestras estructuras para poder ser consideradas sostenibles y resilientes llegando a los conceptos de ecodiseño y las emisiones de dióxido de carbono a nuestra atmósfera. Debido a lo amplio del tema el trabajo se enfoca al análisis de emisiones de carbono de cuatro sistemas de losas de concreto, lo anterior sentando las bases para determinar las ventajas y desventajas de cada uno de los sistemas respecto al tema de sostenibilidad.
Tiempo de despacho aduanero y uso de la tecnología en el puerto de Manzanillo, una percepción de agentes y agencias aduanales
Authors: Tamayo Contreras Porfirio
Published: January 2025

El acto jurídico del despacho aduanero para importar y exportar mercancías requiere de una serie de formalidades y actos donde participan distintos actores que trabajan de manera integral para liberar mercancías al menor tiempo posible. La Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público en el año 2019 realizó por medio de la Administración General de Aduanas y la Administración Central de Planeación Aduanera un estudio para medir el tiempo del despacho aduanero. El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer la percepción de los agentes y agencias aduanales sobre este tiempo y determinar el aprovechamiento de la tecnología como un nuevo factor claves para agilizar el despacho aduanero. Los resultados son significativos y muestran algunas discrepancias y el uso de la tecnología con un reducido impacto.
Síntesis de puntos cuánticos del carbono
Authors: Escalante Magallanes Oscar André , Flores Ferreira Juan José , Marmolejo Zavala Abril , Nava Martínez Jesús Antonio , Ordaz Martínez Juan Diego , Perez Juarez Nayeli , Galindo González María del Rosario
Published: January 2025

Los puntos cuánticos a base de carbono son nanoestructuras esféricas de tamaño nanométrico, generalmente alrededor de 3 nanómetros de diámetro. Estos puntos cuánticos exhiben propiedades ópticas y electrónicas de gran interés tecnológico debido a su confinamiento cuántico y a la presencia de grupos funcionales en su superficie. Algunas aplicaciones destacadas de los puntos cuánticos de carbono incluyen:1. Biosensores: Pueden utilizarse como biosensores para detectar moléculas específicas en sistemas biológicos.2. Liberación controlada de fármacos: Su pequeño tamaño y capacidad para transportar moléculas los hacen ideales para sistemas de liberación controlada de medicamentos.3. Bioimagen: Los puntos cuánticos de carbono se emplean en técnicas de imagenología para visualizar células y tejidos con alta precisión.4. Agentes fotosensibilizadores: Debido a su fotoluminiscencia, biocompatibilidad y baja toxicidad, los puntos cuánticos también se utilizan como agentes fotosensibilizadores en terapias fotodinámicas.
Recuperación de oro con sílices mesoporosas funcionalizadas con líquidos iónicos
Authors: Cruz López Alan Osviel , Quezada Santoyo Nadia Yolanda , Rodríguez Becerra Karla Gabriela , Hernández Perales Liliana , Navarro Mendoza Ricardo
Published: January 2025

De los metales preciosos, el oro es un metal valioso utilizado en diversas industrias debido a sus propiedades fisicoquímicas únicas. Los residuos industriales, especialmente los electrónicos, contienen cantidades importantes de este metal, el cual podría ser reutilizado minimizando el impacto medioambiental. Actualmente, la hidrometalurgia es la ruta más empleada para su recuperación, ya que se obtienen lixiviados ácidos que facilitan el empleo de diversos métodos de extracción, como el intercambio iónico, la precipitación y la adsorción, este último puede ser operativamente simple y selectivo. La clave del éxito del método de adsorción empleado es fabricar un adsorbente con buenos rendimientos de extracción, que sea fácil de manejar y reutilizable. Los materiales mesoporosos ordenados cuentan con una gran área superficial, alta porosidad y tamaños de poro controlados, lo que los hace buenos candidatos para desempeñar dicha tarea. Estos materiales, al ser funcionalizados, presentan un mejor rendimiento de adsorción que los no modificados; sin embargo, normalmente se obtienen materiales con apariencia de polvo muy fino, de difícil manejo, que no facilita su rápida separación. Por lo anterior, este estudio explora otras alternativas, como lo es la microencapsulación de sílice mesoporosa ordenada funcionalizada con líquidos iónicos, utilizando alginato de sodio, para la recuperación de Au(III), comparando la eficiencia del material MCF-MIM al emplearlo sin encapsular, como polvo de MCF-MIM (PMCF-MIM) y al ser encapsulado mediante gelificación inversa (GIMCF-MIM). Se evaluó la estabilidad mecánica de las microcápsulas (MCs) en soluciones de HCl 0.1 M y los materiales obtenidos fueron utilizados para realizar estudios termodinámicos y cinéticos de extracción de Au(III) de soluciones acuosas de HCl 0.1 M. Los resultados mostraron una mejora significativa en el manejo del material al ser encapsulado, se obtuvieron porcentajes de extracción cercanos al 86%. Para el caso de la cinética de extracción, las MCs fabricadas por gelificación inversa tienden a alcanzar el equilibrio en 24 h, con una fracción residual de 0.134. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que las microcápsulas pueden ser empleadas como extractantes de Au(III), ofreciendo una potencial mejora en los procesos de recuperación de este metal.
Inteligencia Artificial como soporte para la creación de contenido en el arte y los videojuegos
Authors: Clarke Bideau Martín St. John , Aguilera Huerta Juan , Medel Sánchez Edmundo Rafael , Sánchez Hernández Luis Armando , Escobar Carmona Marco Antonio , Lizárraga Morales Rocio Alfonsina , Hernández Belmonte Uriel Haile
Published: January 2025

En los últimos años, la inteligencia artificial ha irrumpido en distintos campos del conocimiento que se pensaban exclusivos de los seres humanos. Ya se comercializan carros que se manejan de forma autónoma, sistemas de recomendación basados en nuestros hábitos de compras y recientemente, sistemas que pueden responder preguntas complejas y generar todo tipo de contenido multimedia. Estos avances tecnológicos han comenzado a cambiar de forma drástica la forma en la cual se produce el contenido digital. Actualmente, una computadora puede servir como lienzo, como pincel, como lápiz, como instrumento musical, como asistente creativo e inclusive, también puede aprender a realizar nuevas acciones. La inteligencia artificial ha implicado cambios disruptivos en diversos dominios creativos, detonando amplias discusiones sobre el presente y futuro en la creación de contenido digital. Esto nos lleva a explorar una conexión más profunda entre la Inteligencia Artificial y la creatividad. El objetivo de este proyecto es la exploración y aplicación de diferentes algoritmos de Inteligencia artificial enfocados al desarrollo de videojuegos y generación de contenido en diferentes áreas de las artes digitales. Específicamente, se propone una exploración de aprendizaje por refuerzo para agentes en conjunto con un videojuego llamado Sporing desarrollado en la plataforma Unity. En Sporing, existen personajes de soporte que son agentes inteligentes capaces de navegar de manera autónoma a través de un entorno. Asimismo, la ambientación sonora se implementó utilizando un algoritmo de composición generativa. Los resultados nos indican que el uso de estas técnicas en áreas como el arte y los videojuegos representa un área de oportunidad para la exploración y desarrollo de nuevas experiencias.
Recuperación de especies de alto valor agregado y contaminantes emergentes utilizando sistemas de extracción sustentables
Authors: Mendoza Reyes Isabel Guadalupe , Ramírez Macias María Fernanda , Killian Gallardo Cynthia Jannet , Manriquez Mendoza Kenia , Guedea Olmos Yuritzi Dariana , Martínez Rodríguez Diana Esmeralda , Avila Rodríguez Mario
Published: January 2025

En este trabajo de investigación se muestran los resultados obtenidos en diversas aplicaciones de procesos de extracción líquido-líquido sustentables utilizando sistemas acuosos bifásicos (ATPS, por sus siglas en inglés), complementado por un estudio sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas de tensoactivos biodegradables, los cuales pueden utilizarse como componentes de sistemas de extracción sustentables. Los ATPS permiten llevar a cabo procesos de recuperación, purificación y/o concentración de distintos tipos de moléculas utilizando componentes de baja toxicidad. En la primera parte del proyecto, se estudiaron diversos ATPS de conformación polietilenglicol (PEG)/sal (sulfato de sodio o citrato de sodio)/agua, para evaluar la eficiencia de extracción de diclofenaco, ibuprofeno y Rh(III). Dentro de este mismo contexto, se ha aplicado el uso de ATPS en la recuperación de fármacos (diclofenaco e ibuprofeno) contenidos en muestras reales complejas como lo son los medicamentos. En la segunda sección de este proyecto se ha realizado la determinación y el análisis de diversas propiedades fisicoquímicas de dos tensoactivos biodegradables. Los resultados obtenidos, en la primera parte del proyecto, muestran que es factible realizar la recuperación tanto de diclofenaco (con diferentes relaciones de volumen de fase de polímero/volumen de fase salina) como de ibuprofeno con elevados porcentajes de extracción a la fase de polímero (del orden del 99%). En el caso de la extracción de Rh(III) la eficiencia de extracción en el ATPS conformado por PEG/citrato de sodio/agua es menor que aquella obtenida en el caso de un ATPS conformado por PEG/sulfato de sodio/agua. Por último, en la segunda sección de este proyecto se ha realizado la determinación y el análisis de la viscosidad cinemática y dinámica, la tensión superficial e interfacial, así como la conductividad de polisorbatos que son utilizados como tensoactivos biodegradables.
A Circus in Tulare
Authors: van Harmelen Jonathan
Published: January 2025

This article presents the actions of Representative Alfred James Elliott in relation to the wartime incarceration of Japanese Americans. As a member of the West Coast congressional delegation, Elliott was one of the most vocal advocates for forcibly expelling Japanese Americans from California. During the war, Elliott worked with local business leaders to pressure the military to extend the exclusion zone to the eastern parts of Tulare and Kern counties—sites that were initially categorized by the Army as places where Japanese Americans could resettle in order to avoid camp. When the Army began construction of a camp in his home district of Tulare County, Elliott turned the construction project into a political football by accusing the Army of wasteful spending. As the war progressed and Japanese Americans eventually returned to the West Coast, Elliott waged his own unsuccessful campaign to keep Japanese Americans out of Tulare and Kern counties. Based on rigorous archival research, this article offers a new perspective on the government’s handling of the wartime incarceration of Japanese Americans by presenting the perspective of a member of Congress.
Envisioning an Immigrant Invasion
Authors: Markwyn Abigail
Published: January 2025

Comparing Donald Trump’s use of anti-immigrant rhetoric during the 2024 presidential campaign to that deployed by the anti-Japanese movement of early twentieth-century California reveals significant parallels. He, like the nativists of a century before, claimed that immigrants were invading the United States, taking jobs from White American men, and threatening the integrity of American culture. California’s anti-Japanese movement successfully restricted the entry of Japanese laborers to the United States, banned the immigrant generation from owning land, and finally excluded all Asian immigrants by way of the federal 1924 Johnson–Reed Act, demonstrating the devastating power of anti-immigrant rhetoric. The final blow—wartime incarceration of Japanese Americans, both immigrant and citizen—revealed that decades of anti-immigrant agitation overpowered the preservation of civil liberties.
Stanowiska głównych partii chłopskich w II Rzeczypospolitej na temat zasad parcelowania wielkiej własności w ramach reformy rolnej
Authors:   Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Filipiak Zbigniew
Published: January 2025

The aim of the author of this article is to present the positions of the main peasant parties in the Second Polish Republic on the most important issue for them, which was the agrarian reform. In the 1920s and 1930s this problem grew to the rank of one of the most important, if not the most important, taking into account the social structure and the economic conditions of the young state, where agriculture remained the most important branch of the economy, and the inhabitants of the village dominated among the population. The principles of dividing farms belonging to the category of large property were of fundamental importance for this issue which was aimed at equalizing the disproportions in the structure of agricultural property between the peasantry and the landed gentry, improving the material and social status of peasants, combating the overwhelming poverty of the Polish countryside and ensuring its development in the future. Apart from the size of the parcellation itself, the issue of payment for the takeover of land by the state due to the reform came to the fore. On the bases of the obtained sources in the form of party programs (primarily the two most popular parties – PSL “Piast” and PSL “Wyzwolenie”, but also smaller parties), the author shows their evolution throughout the Second Republic of Poland and answers the question about the causes of this transformation. The unification of the majority of the Polish peasant movements, i.e. the creation of the united People’s Party (SL), for which the issue of agrarian reform remained the most important issue of internal policy until the end of the Second Polish Republic, was an important moment on the political scene at that time.
Zasada bezpłatnej nauki w publicznych szkołach wyższych w konstytucji marcowej i w ustawie o szkołach akademickich z 1920 roku (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem perspektywy konstytucji kwietniowej i Konstytucji RP z 1997 roku)
Authors:   Uniwersytet Warszawski, Brzuszczak Przemysław
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this article is to present the issue of payment for higher education in the light of the March Constitution of 1921 and the Academic Schools Act of 1920. Although Article 119 of the aforementioned Basic Law indicated the gratuitousness of tuition in the state and local government schools, including colleges and universities, there was no corresponding provision in the Academic Schools Act. Moreover – Article 92 of the said law directly stipulated: “Registration fees must be paid by everyone”. On the basis of the Law on Academic Schools, there was – unlike modern regulations – no explicitly formulated right to exempt students from fees. It was only possible to defer the fee. Thus, there was a discrepancy between the constitutional norm and the provisions of the ordinary law.This raises the question of whether the constitutional principle of free education in public higher education institutions can be said to exist at all in the case of the Second Republic, since in academic practice students were obliged to pay tuition fees. The author makes use of research methods characteristic of legal sciences: the formal-dogmatic method (e.g., by analyzing the content of legal acts), the comparative method (e.g., by comparing the right to education in the light of the March Constitution, the April Constitution and the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland), the broad historical method (e.g., by citing the findings of legal historians) and, to a lesser extent, the statistical method (if only by reaching for the statistical yearbooks of the Central Statistical Office from the interwar period).
Czynnik sądowy w postępowaniu przygotowawczym – wybrane aspekty historycznoprawne
Authors:   Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie, Bojanowski Tomasz
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this article is to discuss the participation of the judicial factor in pre-trial proceedings from a historical perspective in Polish legislation. The author will present in the text the formation of the model of Polish pre-trial proceedings from 1928 to the current state of the law. The author will try to discuss the characteristics of the models occurring in the indicated period, i.e. the model of the Second Republic of Poland, the People’s Republic of Poland and the Third Republic of Poland. Furthermore, he will indicate the scope of the court’s activities in pre-trial proceedings in each of the indicated periods with a distinction between decision-making, control and evidentiary activities. He will also try to show that the changes introduced during the period of the People’s Republic of Poland broke with the traditional model of Polish criminal trial and pre-trial proceedings that was established in the Second Republic.During the early communist period, the judicial factor was eliminated from pre-trial proceedings, and the 1969 Code of Criminal Procedure introduced it only in a facade form. On the other hand, the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1997 has retained a number of solutions that directly refer to the post-Soviet model of criminal proceedings, resulting from the solutions adopted in the years 1944–89, which in several respects (e.g. the court’s availability at this stage of pre-trial proceedings, the conduct of hearings) deviates from Western standards and is characterised by a number of dysfunctions (despite the evolution it has undergone through a number of amendments). The author will also indicate the direction of potential changes to the Polish criminal procedure with regard to the role of the court in pre-trial proceedings. The work is based in particular on the achievements of the doctrine of Polish criminal procedure and normative acts. It uses the formal-dogmatic, theoretical-legal and historical-legal method.
Szczepienia dzieci w Polsce przeciw chorobom zakaźnym (1945–1989) – analiza ich kontekstu historycznego, podstaw prawnych i efektywności
Authors:   Collegium Witelona Uczelnia Państwowa w Legnicy, Płonka‑Syroka Bożena , Stych Marek ,   Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie, Pryjda Piotr ,   Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Published: January 2025

The idea of universal preventive vaccination of children was initiated in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. Mass vaccinations against smallpox were then introduced by Austria, Prussia, Spain and the United Kingdom. The anti-epidemic measures taken in Poland in 1945–1989, including preventive vaccination, were a continuation of those of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939) and were carried out using the experience, staff and institutions from before 1939. The article presents the medical basis for universal preventive vaccination in Europe and Poland until 1989, and discusses its effectiveness and factors which influenced it. The article also discusses the issue of population epidemic control between 1989 and 2023 in Poland and worldwide in view of the emergence of anti-vaccination movements. The origins and factors contributing to the popularity of these movements in society are discussed in the paper. Furthermore, de lege ferenda suggestions are put forward, the application of them could limit the influence of anti-vaccination movements in Poland and the associated danger of reducing the vaccination rate of children against infectious diseases evidenced by the increasing number of vaccination refusals declared by parents.The article contains an extensive list of literature on the history of vaccination and the development of the public medicine model in Europe and Poland from the end of the 18th century to modern times. It also analyses basic legal acts passed in Poland between 1945–1989, when vaccines for infectious diseases of childhood were being developed and became widely available in Poland due to their production in the country. Finally, the consequences of their mass use in obtaining population immunity are also discussed. The analysis of the above-mentioned issues was carried out using two methods: historical-legal and dogmatic-legal. The first method was employed to analyze the evolution of legal acts regulating the principles of childhood vaccinations against infectious diseases in the investigated period. The second method was used to interpret the legal provisions and to analyze their significance for the discussed topic. The aim of the article is to provide an exegesis of the historical conditions that are the background of the vaccination policy conducted by the Polish authorities in the years 1945–1989, to review the legal regulations concerning childhood vaccinations introduced during this period, and to present the evolution of legal provisions regarding vaccinations. The authors also assess the effectiveness of actions taken in the years 1945–1989 and draw conclusions regarding the reduction in the level of childhood vaccination coverage observed in contemporary Poland.
Sprostowanie błędu w akcie normatywnym ogłoszonym w Dzienniku Urzędowym
Authors:   Menedżerska Akademia Nauk Stosowanych w Warszawie, Tkaczyk Edyta
Published: January 2025

The article is dedicated to the correction of errors in the legal act that has been issued on the basis of the new act dated 20 July 2000 on publication of normative acts and some other legal acts. When correcting an error in the legal act, it is necessary to pay attention to the structure of errors, as well as to their type, the author and subject matter of the legal act under which the correction is made. Correction of the error does not entail the act of creating legal norms. It is not a rule that the error is corrected by the author of the legal act, but rather by the body responsible for its publication. Correction of the error is editorial and technical by nature. It does not create a legal norm. It is a declaratory action. Also, the announcement of the error correction is published in official journals. It acquires the status of an official source of law, designated by the presumption of authenticity.It is essential to note that the legal act announced with an error remains binding until the error is officially corrected. One can say that correction of the error is on the one hand purely editorial and as such attributable to the body responsible for issuing the promulgation journal, rather than to the body enacting the legal act. On the other hand, correction of errors entails changes to the content of the legal act, and therefore may lead to changes to the legal norm included in the corrected act, which means law -making effects. The aforementioned act does not give any definition of the error, yet includes a provision stating that correction must not lead to substantive modification of the legal act. One can assume that it is permissible to correct the errors that emerged at the publication stage and are not substantive by nature.
A Policy of Heroes: The Security Imperative of Moving from a Soviet Pensioner’s Model of Veterans Affairs to a Citizen Soldier’s Model in Ukraine
Authors:   Syracuse University, USA, Baker James E.
Published: January 2025

This article provides six reasons why veterans affairs is a national security imperative for Ukraine, and needs to be treated like one, which means with the urgency of any military or policy action that can directly impact the outcome of Russia’s war against Ukraine.Part two identifies the numerical challenges of providing for Ukraine’s veterans (and civilians) and identifies five policy options the Government of Ukraine should consider and purposefully adopt or reject as inapt or unfeasible in the Ukrainian context, including the adoption of guiding principles, and a veterans point system.Part three identifies seven cost neutral steps that can be taken to improve veterans’ services and outcomes, including the adoption of the “good” process, which will also mitigate the risk of corruption. The section also highlights the importance of a whole of society’s approach to veterans affairs. President Zelensky has called on the Government of Ukraine to start studying the experience of veterans in countries around the world. This article is a response drawing on American history and practice for inspiration and relevant lessons.
Conceptual Change in Science Education: From Cold to Hot Approaches
Authors: Cheng Xiaoqiao
Published: January 2025

Science education research finds that children may generate misunderstandings about certain scientific concepts based on their personal experiences prior to formal schooling. These misconceptions may present students with learning difficulties and barriers to deep comprehension of scientific knowledge. In response to this issue, researchers advanced the method of conceptual change instruction to help students shift from scientifically incorrect pre-instructional knowledge structures to scientifically accepted ones (Pacaci et al., 2024). Conceptual change has been deemed an effective approach to boosting students’ science literacy by improving teaching and learning in science education (Duit & Treagust, 2003; Treagust & Duit, 2008). Duit contended that conceptual change was not about an exchange of pre-instructional conceptions for the science concepts, but rather conceptual learning pathways from students’ pre-instructional conceptions to the science concepts to be learned (Duit, 1999; Duit & Treagust, 2003). Conceptual change studies can be traced back to the 1970s. There have been diverse perceptions of conceptual change in researchers, leading to the development of a variety of conceptual change strategies in science education.
Childhood Left-Behind Life Experience: A Painful Memory
Authors: Wu Shanshan
Published: January 2025

Parental love and affection play a crucial role for a child’s growth. Yet, left-behind children, a special group in China, have to live in separation with their parents in childhood, deprived of parental care. The issue of left-behind children is a consequence of the disparities in economic development between rural and urban China and between western and eastern China. A large population of rural young laborers have left native places to seek better employment opportunities in developed regions. Constrained by factors related to China’s registered residence system (Hukou), these migrant workers can hardly have their families live with them in cities, and their young kids become left-behind children in rural homeplaces (Zhang & Li, 2016).
EFFECT OF TAURINE ON BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN HENS UNDER HEAT STRESS CONDITIONS
Authors:   Institute of Animal Biology of the National Academy of Sciences, Lviv, Ukraine, Perederiy D.B. , Vudmaska I.V. ,   Institute of Animal Biology of the National Academy of Sciences, Lviv, Ukraine, Pakholkiv N.I. ,   Institute of Animal Biology of the National Academy of Sciences, Lviv, Ukraine, Salyha Y.T. ,   Institute of Animal Biology of the National Academy of Sciences, Lviv, Ukraine
Published: January 2025

Taurine is a non-protein amino acid that participates in processes related to the body’s response to stressful situations. Most animals, including birds, can synthesize taurine but at stress conditions, requirement increases and synthesis does not always meet the body’s needs. Given the potential benefits of taurine, our study was conducted to determine the efficacy of taurine on the blood biochemistry of laying hens subjected to heat stress. White Leghorn laying hens 180 days old were divided into 3 groups 16 birds each. The 1st group was the control, chickens of the 2nd and 3rd groups received taurine in the amount of 3 and 5 g/kg of the feed, respectively. The experiment was carried out in 2 stages. During the first 7 days, the chickens were kept in thermo-neutral conditions, at 20°С and 60-70% relative humidity (temperature-humidity index = 66). Blood samples were collected from 8 hens for further biochemical studies on the 7th day. Starting from the 8th day of the experimental period, the air temperature in the vivarium elevated to 35°С and 60-70% relative humidity (temperaturehumidity index = 86) for 6 hours every day. During the other 18 hours each day, these hens were kept at thermo-neutral conditions. After 7 days of exposure to chickens to elevated temperatures, blood samples were retaken. Biochemical analysis of blood showed changes in the alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities, contents of lipids, protein, uric acid, cortisol, and thyroxine in the blood plasma in response to heat stress, which allows for a preliminary assessment of the degree of damage to the relevant organs. Taurine mitigates the negative effects of heat stress by improving plasma parameters in birds. Research results can be of practical importance for improving the conditions of keeping birds in industrial poultry farming and developing strategies for protection against stress to ensure their welfare and health.
ANALYSIS OF THE BACKGROUND LEVEL OF CYTOKINES M1 AND M2 OF THE MACROPHAGE PHENOTYPE IN PATIENTS WITH REVISION RHINOPLASTY AFTER THE USE OF THE DRUG PDRN
Authors:   Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine, Zhuravel O.Yu. , Zaporozhets T.Yu. ,   Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: January 2025

Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) drugs are actively used in global practice after rhinoplasty. Current research focuses on analyzing the immunological aspects of the inflammatory response and the effect of PDRN on tissue repair. 63 patients who underwent revision rhinoplasty using a rib graft were under supervision. Patients were divided into two groups for further studies according to the fibrinogen levels. All patients were evaluated for cytokines levels TNF-α, TGF-β1 “DRG Diagnostic Inc.” (Germany), IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 “IBL International” (Germany), IL-12, IL-18 “ElabScience” (USA). In patients with revision rhinoplasty in whom an increased level of fibrinogen was found, after the use of PDRN there was a decrease in the concentration of M1 cytokines of the macrophage phenotype (IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-α) and an increase in the concentration of M2 cytokines of the macrophage phenotype (IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β1). In patients with revision rhinoplasty in whom the level of fibrinogen was normal, the use of PDRN did not affect the level of cytokines, which was characterized by the absence of probable changes in the serum concentration of cytokines M1 (IL-6, IL-12, IL-18) and M2 of the macrophage phenotype (IL- 10, IL-13, TGF-β1). In patients with an elevated level of fibrinogen, there is also a decrease in the level of the angiogenic factor VEGF, the use of the drug PDRN led to an increase in its level. The obtained results may represent a new therapeutic approach to reducing the number of complications in reconstructive rhinoplasty. However, further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of action of PDRN, as well as possible advantages or disadvantages of its use.
INTERRUPTION OF ION TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN SPERMATOZOA OF INFERTILE MEN
Authors:   Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Ukraine, Fedorovych Z.Ya. , Vorobets M.Z. ,   Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Ukraine, Fafula R.V. ,   Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Ukraine
Published: January 2025

During the study of the plasma membrane of spermatozoa and its organelles, a great variety of specifically localized ion channels, exchangers, and ATPases was discovered. Although the activity of ion channels and membrane transporters has been studied in detail, their involvement in the mechanisms leading to the dysfunction of male germ cells remains insufficiently elucidated. Numerous scientific works show that the absence of certain transport systems of the plasma membrane due to genetic mutations or their low activity leads to a decrease or loss of sperm motility, morphological changes that worsen the quality of sperm, and is the cause of male infertility. The review examines some ion transport systems that maintain resting membrane potential and ion homeostasis in spermatogenesis. It notes the possibility of using ion channels and membrane transporters as markers to establish the functionality of spermatozoa or as molecular targets for drugs in the treatment of male infertility.