bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Aluminum on Iron Oxides. VII. Substitution of Al for Fe in Synthetic Lepidocrocite
Authors: Taylor R. M. , Schwertmann U.
Published: September 2006

The presence of Al hydroxy species in solution during the synthesis of lepidocrocite had been previously found to influence the reaction towards goethite formation. However, under certain conditions, which are not unrealistic in terms of the natural soil environment, this influence does not occur, and Al appears to substitute for Fe(III) in the lepidocrocite structure. This substitution causes the unit-cell dimensions to decrease along the “a” direction and to increase along the “b.” From the differential line broadening of X-ray powder diffraction peaks, the incorporation of Al was found to inhibit crystal growth preferentially in the b-axis direction, the hkl peaks being more broadened the higher the value of k relative to h and l. Al-substituted lepidocrocites have been suggested to occur in soils, and although they can be synthesized under conditions approaching those expected in soils, it is considered that their formation in nature is unlikely or restricted to unusual environments.
Natural Occurrence of Feroxyhite (δ′-FeOOH)
Authors: Carlson L. , Schwertmann U.
Published: September 2006

Feroxyhite (δ′-FeOOH) in association with goethite and lepidocrocite was found as a dominant mineral in some rusty precipitates from Finland. These precipitates formed in the interstices of sand grains from rapidly flowing, Fe(II)-containing water which was very quickly oxidized as it flowed through the sediment. The mineral is distinguished from other FeOOH forms and from ferrihydrite mainly by its X-ray powder diffractogram. Further characteristics are an acicular morphology (possibly thin, rolled plates), an internal magnetic field at 4°K of ∼510 kOe, Fe-OH stretching bands at ∼2900 cm−1 and Fe-OH bending bands at 1110, 920, 790, and 670 cm−1, and an oxalate solubility between ferrihydrite and goethite or lepidocrocite. Feroxyhites with very similar properties were synthesized by oxidation of an Fe(II) solution with H2O2 at a pH between 5 and 8.
Reaction of Hydroxy-Bismuth Polycations with Montmorillonite
Authors: Yamanaka Shoji , Yamashita Gunji , Hattori Makoto
Published: September 2006

Interlayer sodium ions of montmorillonite were exchanged with hydroxy-bismuth polycations which were prepared from bismuth perchlorate solutions by the addition of NaOH. Assuming the charge density of the silicate layer to be unchanged, the compositions of the polycations involved in the exchange can be estimated from the amount of bismuth taken up by the montmorillonite and from the ignition loss between 110° and 800°C. The derived compositions are near [Bi6(OH)16]2+ irrespective of the ratio of OH:Bi in the perchlorate solution. The basal spacing of the hydroxy-bismuth montmorillonites is about 16 Å at 110°C, which corresponds to that of hydroxy-chromium montmorillonite having a high surface area of about 250 m2/g. The surface areas of the hydroxy-bismuth montmorillonites, however, are less than 80 m2/g.
Hydrothermal Alteration of a Serpentinite Near Takovo, Yugoslavia, to Chromium-Bearing Illite/Smectite, Kaolinite, Tosudite, and Halloysite
Authors: Maksimovic Zoran , Brindley G. W.
Published: September 2006

Hydrothermal alteration products of serpentinite near Takovo, Yugoslavia, were studied by X-ray powder diffraction and chemical analysis. A zone of mainly blue clays adjacent to the hydrothermal vein contains intimately associated chromium kaolinite and tosudite at higher hypsometric levels and chromium halloysite(10Å) form at lower levels. A second zone of green clays contains principally illite/smectites, with predominantly illite layers nearer the first zone and smectite layers at greater distances. The potassium content diminishes as the proportion of illite layers diminishes. The composition of the smectite layers in the illite/smectite with the least proportion of illite is shown to be beidellitic. The mineralogical and chemical changes across the zone of alteration are interpreted in terms of two stages of alteration in which the second is more acidic than the first and is responsible for the inner zone of chromium-bearing kaolinite and tosudite and chromium halloysite.
Identification and Structure of Two Types of Allophane from Volcanic Ash Soils and Tephra
Authors: Parfitt R. L. , Furkert R. J. , Henmi Teruo
Published: September 2006

Samples containing allophane with molar Al/Si ratios from 1.0 to 2.0 have been examined by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and phosphate adsorption methods. The infrared spectra of allophane with Al/Si ratios close to 2.0 showed that the wall of the allophane spherules is made up of imogolite structural units similar to “proto-imogolite.” X-ray fluorescence gave no clear evidence of Al in tetrahedral sites (AlIV), while pyridine adsorption results suggested that a small number of Bronsted acid sites (AlIVOH) are present in silica-rich allophanes. Lewis acid sites (AlH2O) are present in both silica-rich and alumina-rich allophanes. The results suggest that the framework for the allophane structure is an Al octahedral sheet.

Allophanes with Al/Si ratios close to 1.0 contain condensed silicate units either on the outside surface of the Al octahedral sheet, giving rise to a halloysite-like structure, or bonded on the inside surface of an imogolite-like structure. Allophanes with Al/Si ratios between 1.0 and 2.0 appear to be mixtures of the “proto-imogolite” structure and the allophane (Al/Si = 1.0) structure.
Intracrystalline Swelling of Montmorillonites in Water-Dimethylsulfoxide Systems
Authors: Brindley G. W.
Published: September 2006

The basal spacings of montmorillonites with Li, Na, K, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Pb interlayer cations were measured after immersion in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and in water-DMSO mixtures. In DMSO alone, the spacings were in the range 18.3–19.3 Å and fell on or near a single curve when plotted against ionic field strength, q/r2, where q = valence and r = ionic radius. These spacings correspond to double layers of DMSO molecules between the silicate layers. Water had practically no effect on the spacings when the mole fraction of DMSO exceeded about 35–45%. Osmotic swelling of Li-, Na-, and K-mont-morillonite occurred up to mole percentages of DMSO 45%, 30%, and 10%, respectively. K- and Cs-mont-morillonite formed single-layer complexes in appropriate water-DMSO mixtures with spacings of 14.3 Å prior to development of double-layer complexes when the mole fraction of DMSO exceeded 35% and 15%, respectively.
Crystal Chemistry of Boehmite
Authors: Tettenhorst Rodney , Hofmann Douglas A.
Published: September 2006

Thirty two boehmites, synthesized at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 300°C, were examined by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. The results show that boehmite exhibits a continuous gradation in crystallite size ranging from single octahedral layers or a few unit cells to about 65 unit cells in the y-direction. This conclusion suggests that the term pseudoboehmite is inappropriate for finely crystalline boehmite. Finely crystalline boehmite contains more sorbed water than coarsely crystalline boehmite; this water is commonly intercalated between octahedral layers, usually randomly but sometimes regularly. The regularly interstratified boehmite gives rise to a diffuse “long spacing” X-ray diffraction reflection. Calculated 020 X-ray diffraction peaks approximate closely those observed experimentally when a range of crystallite sizes is taken into account.
pH-Independent and pH-Dependent Surface Charges on Kaolinite
Authors: Bolland M. D. A. , Posner A. M. , Quirk J. P.
Published: September 2006

Model cation-exchange curves are presented for an idealized kaolinite surface where the charge on the surface (1) has its origin in cation substitution in the structure, and hence, is pH independent; and (2) is produced by protonation/deprotonation reactions of oxide-like sites, and hence, depends on the acid and base strengths of the surface sites, as well as the ionic strength. Two pH-independent situations are considered: one where the exchanging ions have no selectivity for the surface and are all in the diffuse layer; and one where selectivity exists for one ion and where that ion is partly in a Langmuir-Stern layer and partly in the diffuse layer. If one of the exchanging ions is a proton, the shape of the curves and their position on the pH scale depend on ionic strength and ionic selectivity.

The model curves are compared with data for actual kaolinites. Under most conditions exchangeable Al is released from the structure, and the shape of the charging curves becomes similar to that of an oxidelike surface. However, if titration is carried out rapidly, or account is taken of the presence of Al, the proton binding curves are similar in shape to those expected for sites resulting from cation substitution in the structure of kaolinite, either near the surface or at the edge of the crystal.
Synthesis of Mixed-Layer Kaolinite/Smectite
Authors: Środoń Jan
Published: September 2006

Mixed-layer kaolinite/smectites containing 40–90% kaolinite layers have been synthesized from Wyoming smectite. Run times were 4 months at 156°C in solutions of A1C13∙6H2O and KCl or CaCl2. Similar KCl runs devoid of Al3+ yielded mixed-layer illite/smectites. The supply of Al3+, rather than pK or pH, seems to control the alteration of smectite toward kaolinite or illite.
Influence of pH, Concentration, and Chelating Power of Organic Anions on the Synthesis of Aluminum Hydroxides and Oxyhydroxides
Authors: Violante A. , Violante P.
Published: September 2006

Chelating organic acids hampered the hydrolytic reactions of Al and affected the nature of the crystalline aluminum hydroxides. Chemical composition, structure, size, nature of functional groups, and concentration of each organic anion, as well as the pH of the system, controlled the rate of Al(OH)3 crystallization. The order of effectiveness of the various acids was: glutaric < succinic = phthalic < glycine < malonic < glutamic < aspartic < oxalic < salicylic = malic < citric < tartaric. An increase in the stability of complexes formed between the organic ligands and Al decreased the rate of crystallization and changed the final aluminous products from bayerite to nordstrandite and/or gibbsite and then to pseudoboehmite and/or amorphous material. In the presence of anions with a great affinity for Al, particularly at pH equal to or less than 9.0, the reaction products were commonly poorly crystalline or structurally distorted. In the range of pH 8.0 to 10.0 moderately or strongly chelating anions acted to retard or prevent olation and facilitated the formation of stable pseudoboehmite or X-ray-amorphous products. The stronger the chelating power or the higher the concentration of organic anions, the easier was the formation of pseudoboehmite or amorphous material.
People's responses to upward and downward social comparisons: The role of the individual's effort‐performance expectancy
Authors: Van Yperen Nico W. , Brenninkmeijer Veerle , Buunk Abraham P.
Published: September 2006

The aim of this research among practicing teachers was to demonstrate that the individual's effort‐performance (E‐P) expectancy can explain different responses to upward and downward social comparison information in terms of positive affect and the intent to work harder. The results of both Experiment 1 (N =100) and Experiment 2 (N =162) show that exposure to a superior colleague generated more positive affect among teachers than exposure to an inferior other, particularly at high levels of E‐P expectancy. Perhaps more importantly, explaining target's superior performance in terms of high effort and inferior performance in terms of low effort enhanced participants' intentions to work harder at their own jobs.
Constructing identities in cyberspace: The case of eating disorders
Authors: Giles David
Published: September 2006

This paper consists of a discourse analysis of data collected from websites that have been created by and for people who wish to share experiences of eating disorders in a positive and supportive environment. These sites have earned the broad description ‘pro‐ana’ (where ‘ana’ is short for ‘anorexia’). Site users have come to see themselves as a broad on‐line community of like‐minded individuals, but within this community there are many subgroups, and the boundaries between these subgroups are fiercely contested. In addition, frequent attacks on such websites in the media (charged with ‘promoting eating disorders’), and by occasional hostile site visitors, have often forced the community into a defensive mode. The result is a rich tapestry of identity work. The analysis examines several ‘pro‐ana’ sites and explores the way in which the identity is used to police the boundaries of the community, and ultimately, what it means ‘to be ana’ rather than ‘mia’ (bulimic), ‘a normal’, ‘a faker’, or even ‘a hater’.
Perceptions of empathic accuracy and assumed similarity in the coach–athlete relationship
Authors: Jowett Sophia , Clark‐Carter David
Published: September 2006

Drawing upon the methodology developed by Kenny and Acitelli (2001), this study examined empathic accuracy and assumed similarity in both parties' perceptions of coach–athlete relationships. One hundred and twenty‐one coaches and athletes reported on their direct‐perceptions and meta‐perceptions of closeness, commitment and complementarity (3 Cs; Jowett & Cockerill, 2002), and of satisfaction with instruction, performance and external agents. There was evidence of both empathic accuracy and assumed similarity in coaches' and athletes' perceptions. Athletes were more accurate in identifying the specific content of their coaches' feelings in terms of closeness. Athletes and coaches from newly developed relationships displayed higher levels of empathic accuracy, whereas female athletes displayed higher levels of assumed similarity. Moreover, evidence suggested that athletes' and coaches' assumed similarity led to more accurate perceptions. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Self‐evaluation in a naturalistic context: The case of juvenile offenders
Authors: Neiss Michelle B. , Sedikides Constantine , Shahinfar Ariana , Kupersmidt Janis B.
Published: September 2006

The authors investigated how self‐evaluation motives (self‐enhancement, self‐assessment, self‐verification, self‐improvement – and also self‐diminishment and no information) shape self‐knowledge preferences in male incarcerated juvenile offenders (IJOs). IJOs responded to questions on how much they would like to receive and actually received each of six types of feedback (positive, truthful, improving, consistent, negative and no feedback) from each of six sources (teachers, parents, siblings, best friend, girlfriend and behavioural specialists or psychologists). IJOs disliked negative feedback and the lack of feedback. They preferred truthful feedback to consistent feedback, and received truthful and positive feedback more frequently than improving feedback. Additionally, they received more negative or no feedback from parents than they would like. Finally, IJOs expressed a preference for receiving more improving feedback from their girlfriends than they did. The study highlights the interplay of self‐evaluation motives in IJOs and opens up promising research and rehabilitation directions.
A Randomized Comparison of Nitrous Oxide Plus Hematoma Block Versus Ketamine Plus Midazolam for Emergency Department Forearm Fracture Reduction in Children
Authors: Luhmann Jan D. , Schootman Mario , Luhmann Scott J. , Kennedy Robert M.
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVES. Ketamine provides effective and relatively safe sedation analgesia for reduction of fractures in children in the emergency department. However, prolonged recovery and adverse effects suggest the opportunity to develop alternative strategies. We compared the efficacy and adverse effects of ketamine/midazolam to those of nitrous oxide/hematoma block for analgesia and anxiolysis during forearm fracture reduction in children.

METHODS. Children 5 to 17 years of age were randomly assigned to receive intravenous ketamine (1 mg/kg)/midazolam (0.1 mg/kg; max: 2.5 mg) or 50% nitrous oxide/50% oxygen and a hematoma block (2.5 mg/kg of 1% buffered lidocaine). All of the children received oral oxycodone 0.2 mg/kg (max: 15 mg) at triage ≥45 minutes before reduction. Videotapes were obtained before (baseline), during (procedure), and after (recovery) reduction and scored using the Procedure Behavioral Checklist by an observer blinded to study purpose. The primary outcome measure was the mean change in Procedure Behavioral Checklist score from baseline to procedure, with greater change indicating greater procedure distress. Other outcome measures of efficacy included recovery times and visual analog scale scores to assess patient distress, parent report of child distress, and orthopedic surgeon satisfaction with sedation. Adverse effects were assessed during the emergency visit and by telephone 1 day after reduction. Data were analyzed using repeated measures, that is, analysis of variance, χ2, and t tests.

RESULTS. There were 102 children (mean age: 9.0 ± 3.0 years) who were randomly assigned. There was no difference in age, race, gender, and baseline Procedure Behavioral Checklist scores between ketamine/midazolam (55 subjects) and nitrous oxide/hematoma block (47 subjects). Mean changes in Procedure Behavioral Checklist scores were very small for both groups. The mean change in Procedure Behavioral Checklist was less for nitrous oxide/hematoma block, and patients and parents reported less pain during fracture reduction with nitrous oxide/hematoma block. Recovery times were markedly shorter for nitrous oxide/hematoma block compared with ketamine/midazolam. Orthopedic surgeons were similarly satisfied with the 2 regimens. Of the ketamine/midazolam subjects, 11% had O2 saturations <94%. Other adverse effects occurred in both groups, but more often in ketamine/midazolam both during the emergency visit and at 1-day follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS. In children who had received oral oxycodone, both nitrous oxide/hematoma block and ketamine/midazolam resulted in minimal increases in distress during forearm fracture reduction at the doses studied. The nitrous oxide/hematoma block regimen had fewer adverse effects and significantly less recovery time.
Role of Insurance for Children With Special Health Care Needs: A Synthesis of the Evidence
Authors: Jeffrey Aimee E. , Newacheck Paul W.
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE. Children with special health care needs constitute a particularly vulnerable subpopulation of children. Health insurance coverage has the potential to enhance access to care and improve the quality of life for these children while protecting their families from financially burdensome health care expenses. The purpose of this review is to assess and synthesize recent research in the peer-reviewed literature pertaining to the role of insurance for children with special health care needs. A marked increase in the volume of research on this topic makes this an opportune time to summarize these contributions and begin the process of formalizing an evidence base that can inform health policy decisions. Our intention is to further the evidence base by providing a literature-driven assessment of the role of health insurance in influencing access, utilization, satisfaction, quality, expenditures, and health outcomes for children with special health care needs.

METHODS. A systematic literature review was conducted on the effects of insurance status, insurance type, and insurance features on access, utilization, satisfaction, quality, expenditures, and health status.

RESULTS. The strongest evidence emerged for the positive effects of insurance on access and utilization. Limited evidence on the effect of insurance on satisfaction with care showed improved satisfaction ratings for the insured. The studies with findings relevant to out-of-pocket expenditures for insured versus uninsured children with special health care needs all found significantly higher out-of-pocket burden and financial problems among the uninsured. Evidence was mixed for the effects of insurance type (public or private) and insurance characteristics (eg, managed care or fee-for-service payment mechanisms) on outcomes. None of the studies that we reviewed attempted to assess the impact of health insurance on health outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS. Our review of the literature found plentiful evidence demonstrating the positive and substantial impact of insurance on access and utilization. There also is clear evidence that insurance protects families against financially burdensome expenses. The evidence is less conclusive for satisfaction and quality and is nonexistent for health status. These latter outcomes should be the focus of future studies.
Physical and Mental Health of Mothers Caring for a Child With Rett Syndrome
Authors: Laurvick Crystal L. , Msall Michael E. , Silburn Sven , Bower Carol , Klerk Nicholas de , Leonard Helen
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVES. Our goal was to investigate the physical and mental health of mothers who care for a child with Rett syndrome.

METHODS. We assessed maternal physical and mental health by using the SF-12 version 1 physical component summary and mental component summary scores as the outcome measures of interest. Mothers (n = 135) of children with Rett syndrome completed the SF-12 measure as part of the Australian Rett Syndrome Study in 2002. The analysis investigated linear relationships between physical and mental health scores and maternal, family, and child characteristics.

RESULTS. Mothers ranged in age from 21 to 60 years and their children from 3 to 27 years. Nearly half of these mothers (47.4%) indicated that they worked full-time or part-time outside the home, and 41% had a combined family (gross) income of <40000 Australian dollars. The resultant model for physical health demonstrated that the following factors were positively associated with better maternal physical health: the mother working full-time or part-time outside the home, having some high school education, having private health insurance, the child not having breathing problems in the last 2 years, the child not having home-based structured therapy, and high scores on the Family Resource Scale (indicating adequacy of time resources for basic and family needs). The resultant model for mental health demonstrated that the following factors were positively associated with better maternal mental health: the mother working full-time or part-time outside the home, the child not having a fracture in the last 2 years, lesser reporting of facial stereotypes and involuntary facial movements, being in a well-adjusted marriage, and having low stress scores.

CONCLUSIONS. Our study suggests that the most important predictors of maternal physical and emotional health are child behavior, caregiver demands, and family function.
Comparison of N-terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Critically Ill Children With Sepsis Versus Acute Left Ventricular Dysfunction
Authors: Fried Iris , Bar-Oz Benjamin , Algur Nurit , Fried Elchanan , Gavri Sagui , Yatsiv Ido , Perles Zeev , Rein Azaria J. J. T. , Zonis Zeev , Bass Roman , Nir Amiram
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide has been shown to be a marker for cardiac dysfunction. The peptide level is also elevated in patients with sepsis. The purpose of this study was to assess whether N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels can differentiate pediatric patients with sepsis from patients with acute left ventricular dysfunction.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. Pediatric patients admitted to an ICU with sepsis or acute left ventricular dysfunction were evaluated clinically, and the grade of systemic inflammatory-response syndrome was determined. Echocardiography was performed, and their levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were measured. The N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level was also measured in patients with simple febrile illness.

RESULTS. There were 10 patients with sepsis and 10 with acute left ventricular dysfunction. The age of the patients was similar, and systemic inflammatory-response syndrome grading was not different (sepsis: 2.8 ± 0.4; acute left ventricular dysfunction: 2.6 ± 0.7). N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels were elevated in patients with sepsis (median: 6064 pg/mL; range: 495–60417 pg/mL) but were significantly higher in patients with acute left ventricular dysfunction (median: 65630 pg/mL; range: 15125–288000). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for the diagnosis of acute left ventricular dysfunction was 0.9. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels of patients with sepsis and impaired systolic function were not different from those of patients with sepsis and normal systolic function. The N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels of 20 patients with simple febrile illness were significantly lower.

CONCLUSIONS. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels are elevated in pediatric patients with sepsis but are higher in some, but not all, patients with acute left ventricular dysfunction. The overlap between N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels in sepsis and acute left ventricular dysfunction precludes the use of the peptide's level as a sole means to differentiate between these conditions. Excessive elevation in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels, however, suggests cardiac etiology for acute hemodynamic deterioration in infants and children.
DISPOSITIONAL PREDICTORS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR: MOTIVES, MOTIVE FULFILLMENT, AND ROLE IDENTITY
Authors: Finkelstein Marcia A.
Published: September 2006

Constructs from a conceptual model of the volunteer process were applied to discretionary helping in the workplace (Organizational Citizenship Behavior or OCB). A total of 193 employees at 4 private companies completed anonymous surveys measuring amount of OCB, motives for engaging
in citizenship behavior, and the extent to which those motives were fulfilled by the behavior. Also assessed was the degree to which respondents developed an organizational citizen role identity. Amount of OCB and the strength of a citizen identity correlated with two motives for helping,
concern for coworkers and concern for the organization, as well as with the fulfillment of those motives. Impression management motives were related to citizenship behaviors directed toward coworkers but not to citizenship activities targeting the organization per se. Impression management
goals also were unrelated to formation of a citizen role identity. The findings suggest that similar dispositional factors are involved in sustaining volunteerism and OCB.
DOES MORAL REASONING REPRESENT SOCIOMORAL STRUCTURE OR POLITICAL IDEOLOGY? A FURTHER EXPLORATION OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MORAL REASONING, POLITICAL ATTITUDES, CONSISTENCY OF MORAL THOUGHT, AND THE EVALUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN DUTCH YOUNG ADULTS
Authors: Raaijmakers Quinten A. W. , Hoof Anne Van
Published: September 2006

The relations between moral reasoning and political attitudes were examined in a representative sample of 2520 Dutch adolescents and young adults. This study was repeated for a second, select sample, 210 Dutch university students. In the latter study both moral reasoning and political
attitudes were related to the evaluation of the 30 articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Moral reasoning was measured using the N2 index of the Defining Issues Test (Rest, 1979a). Political attitudes were measured using 10 Likert-type multiitem scales, representing
both the cultural and the economic dimension of general political ideology. Participants' general moral thought was identified through their evaluation of the 30 articles of the UDHR. The intraindividual consistency of the evaluation of the 30 UDHR articles was used as a measure of the
structure of moral thought. Factor analyses revealed that moral reasoning represented something different from political ideology. Regression analyses demonstrated that only a minor part of the variance in moral reasoning scores could be predicted by the combined effect of political attitudes.
Moral reasoning scores were not related to the consistency of the evaluation of the 30 UDHR articles. Using SEM analyses, several models were tested describing the relations of moral reasoning, political ideology and consistency with the evaluation of human rights. It appeared that these variables
all uniquely contributed to the explanation of moral thought.
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS'PERCEPTIONS OF, AND EXPLANATIONS FOR, INFIDELITY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFIDELITY QUESTIONNAIRE (INFQ)
Authors: Yeniçeri Zuhal , Kökdemir Doğan
Published: September 2006

To expose perceptions of – and explanations for – emotional and sexual infidelity, an Infidelity Questionnaire (INFQ) was developed for this study and was administered to university students. The structure of the INFQ included different causes under six components which
are legitimacy, seduction, normalization, sexuality, social background, and sensation seeking. Results are discussed with reference to differences in the sex of participants and the sex of betrayers.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ANXIETY AMONG UNDERGRADUATES FROM SIXTEEN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES
Authors: Alansari Bader M.
Published: September 2006

This study investigated gender differences in anxiety among volunteer undergraduates recruited from sixteen Islamic countries; Algiers, Egypt, Emirates, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen (N= 7,506).
The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale (Abdel-Khalek, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004) was used in its Arabic form for all groups except the Pakistan group, for which the English version of KUAS was used. There are significant gender differences in 11 Islamic countries out of 16 in which females tended
to be higher on the anxiety scale: Egypt, Iraq, Morocco, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Lebanon, Pakistan, Algiers, Yemen and Syria, while there was no significant difference in anxiety between the genders in the following five countries: Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Sudan, Emirates and Palestine. The salient
gender differences were interpreted in the light of a socialization process; especially sex-typing and gender roles.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DEPRESSION AMONG UNDERGRADUATES FROM SEVENTEEN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES
Authors: Alansari Bader M.
Published: September 2006

This study investigated gender differences in depression among volunteer undergraduates (N= 8,538) recruited from 17 Islamic countries. The Beck Depression Inventory II (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996), was used in its Arabic form for all groups except the Pakistan group, which used the English version. Results indicated that there are significant gender differences in 9 of the Islamic countries in which females tended to be higher in depression namely, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Pakistan, Algeria, Oman, Qatar, Morocco, and Kuwait. However, males scored significantly higher than females in Saudi Arabia, while there are no significant gender differences in depression in Lebanon, Tunisia, Palestine, U.A. Emirates, Yemen, Jordan, and Sudan. The salient gender differences were interpreted in the light of a socialization process; especially sex-typing and gender roles.
A DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON OF THE LEVELS OF ANXIETY AMONG COLLEGE ADMINISTRATORS
Authors: Karsli Mehmet Durdu , Baloğlu Mustafa
Published: September 2006

Administrators, in general, are at greater risk of facing anxiety than are other people, due to their duties and responsibilities. In this study, both state and trait anxiety levels of college administrators were assessed and the administrators were compared based on their anxiety levels.
For the purpose of assessing state and trait anxiety levels, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970) adapted to Turkish by LeCompte and Oner (1975) was used. The sample of the study included 72 college administrators who were working in Turkish
state and private universities in different regions of the country. Results showed significant correlation between the state and trait anxiety levels. No significant difference was found based on gender, age, administrative level, or tenure. However, the direction of the differences was similar
to those of the previous studies. Results are discussed and suggestions are given.
SELF-EFFICACY AND HEALTH PROMOTION BEHAVIORS OF OLDER ADULTS IN IRAN
Authors: Morowatisharifabad Mohammad Ali , Ghofranipour Fazlollah , Heidarnia Alireza , Ruchi GholaMreza Babaee , Ehrampoush Mohammad Hassan
Published: September 2006

Increasing healthy behaviors is the major challenge facing health professionals and populations globally. The purpose of this study was to ascertain if a relationship exists between selfefficacy and health promotion behaviors in a sample of older Iranian adults. The organizing framework for the study was Pender's revised Health Promotion Model (Pender, 1996). The study participants were 102 community-dwelling old people residing in Yazd district. The results supported Pender's Health Promotion Model in which self-efficacy accounted for 58% of variance in health promotion behaviors. Health promotion behaviors were found to be correlated with level of education. Additionally, there were associations between self-efficacy and gender, marital status, and level of education. It was concluded that interventions aimed at improving self-efficacy may improve health promotion behaviors of older adults.
CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF AN ANIMAL-HUMAN CONTINUITY SCALE
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Connelly Heather Joy , Bassman Lynette , Hart Jessica
Published: September 2006

A 12-item Animal-Human Continuity Scale with a Likert-type 7-option format was constructed to measure the extent to which the respondent views humans and animals in a dichotomous fashion vs. on a continuum. After the generation of items on a rational basis, item selection was based
on ratings of content validity followed by item-total score correlation based on a sample of 88 graduate students, faculty and university staff participants. The scale contained such items as “Humans can think but animals cannot”, “People evolved from lower animals”,
and “People have a spiritual nature but animals do not”. A Cronbach's alpha of .69 was obtained. The scale yielded three factors– “rational capacity”, “superiority vs. equality”, and “evolutionary continuum”. More traditionally religious
participants tended to respond in the dichotomous direction. In another validation project a significant difference in the expected direction was found for participants from a Unitarian Universalist church (in the continuous direction) and a conservative Methodist church (dichotomous direction).
Implications for the use of this instrument in the measurement of individual differences are discussed.
FEELINGS OF SUBJECTIVE EMOTIONAL LONELINESS: AN EXPLORATION OF ATTACHMENT
Authors: Bogaerts Stefan , Vanheule Stijn , Desmet Mattias
Published: September 2006

This study examines the relationships between parental attachment, peer attachment, and subjective feelings of emotional loneliness. Three alternative models were tested in a group of 440 graduating psychology students at Ghent University in Belgium. The first hypothesis explored the
linear causal relationship between parental attachment, peer attachment, and feelings of emotional loneliness. The second hypothesis tested the direct relationship between parental attachment and feelings of emotional loneliness, and the third hypothesis examined the reciprocity between feelings
of emotional loneliness and peer attachment. Using Structural Equation Modeling, results showed that peer attachment mediates strongly between parental attachment and feelings of emotional loneliness. The direct contribution of parental attachment to feelings of emotional loneliness was rather
weak. Finally, feelings of emotional loneliness did not contribute significantly to the explanation of peer-attachment style.
PERSONAL CONCEPTIONS OF INTELLIGENCE: CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS BETWEEN PORTUGUESE AND ITALIAN STUDENTS
Authors: Faria Luísa , Pepi Annamaria , Alesi Marianna
Published: September 2006

This article presents some results of an intercultural study on personal conceptions of intelligence. The sample includes 1,540 students, 811 Italians and 729 Portuguese, from both sexes and of different socioeconomic statuses, of secondary Grades 10 and 12 and of the 1st grade of several
university courses in both countries. The instrument used was The Personal Conceptions of Intelligence Scale (Faria, 2003), with 26 items, translated and adapted to Portuguese and Italian. The level of education and the cultural context appear as the only variables with either principal and
interaction effects on the differentiation of personal conceptions of intelligence, which are analyzed according to the particularities of Italian and Portuguese school systems.
RESOURCEFULNESS AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY TRAIT ASCRIPTIONS OF MALES: AN EVALUATION OF AGE AND SEX
Authors: Perlini Arthur H. , Lippe Crystal D. E.
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of age and sex on trait ascriptions toward male targets. Young (n= 40) and elderly (n= 40) participants rated young and elderly male targets on a number of traits of social desirability and resourcefulness using the Social Desirability Index (Perlini, Bertolissi, & Lind, 1999). Consistent with previous research on female targets, male targets were considered more socially desirable when they were young; moreover, the social desirability of the target male was considered more favorable when undertaken by an elderly evaluator. Elderly participants rated the young male target as more resourceful than the elderly male target, and more resourceful than the young participants rated the young male target. Results are discussed in terms of evolutionary and role theories of social behavior.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE MOTHERHOOD CONCEPT IN EMPLOYED WOMEN IN SOUTH TURKEY
Authors: KulaKac Ozen , Buldukoglu Kadriye , Yilmaz Mualla , Alkan Saliha
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to determine women's perceptions of motherhood. We carried out this study with 10 midwives and 10 teachers. Two categories – satisfactions and difficulties – and four main themes became apparent. Satisfactions were evident in statements where mothers wrote expressions such as, “beautiful and a hard-toexplain feeling” and “full of rewards”. Their difficulties were evident in their description of motherhood as “the most difficult job” and “strain in motherhood role”. Important findings were the differences in the statements by midwives and teachers about the roles of mothers, despite their similar definitions of motherhood. Mothers should support their motherhood needs in a number of ways as suggested in the discussion.
THE EFFECT OF VARIETY ON CONSUMER PREFERENCES: THE ROLE OF NEED FOR COGNITION AND RECOMMENDED ALTERNATIVES
Authors: Lin Chien-huang , Wu Pei-hsun
Published: September 2006

The study is based on the two conflicting perspectives of the existing literature: whether large variety will weaken or strengthen consumer preferences. This research identifies need for cognition (NFC) as a key factor moderating the effect of variety on consumer preferences and examines
the role that recommended alternatives play. Implications are discussed based on the research results.
DEPRESSION AMONG MOTHERS WITH PRETERM INFANTS AND THEIR STRESS-COPING STRATEGIES
Authors: Madu Sylvester N. , roos Johannes J.
Published: September 2006

This study examined the level of maternal depressive symptoms and ways of coping among mothers with preterm infants as compared with those of 50 mothers with full-term babies. It was conducted in a hospital in Pretoria, South Africa, using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS;
Cox, Holden, & Sagovsky, 1987) and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (Folkman & Lazarus, 1988). No significant difference was found in the level of depression between the two groups. The overall level of depression found with both combined groups, was 2–3 times higher than those
suggested in the literature. A positive correlation was found between the “Seeking Social Support” coping strategy and higher levels of depression among mothers of preterm infants. A positive correlation was also found among mothers of full-term infants who used the “Accepting
Responsibility” coping strategy and higher levels of depression. The high number of mothers in this study identified as suffering from a depressive illness of varying severity raises concern. A clear need for professional help among this population is emphasized. Future research in this
area is needed in order to better understand and effectively address this problem.
Benzylamine
Authors: Heuer Lutz
Published: September 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Physical Properties

2.

Chemical Properties

3.

Production

4.

Quality Specifications and Analysis

5.

Uses

6.

Storage and Transportation

7.

Ecology and Toxicology

Benzylamine (α‐aminotoluene) [
100‐46‐9
] is an important industrially used amine, which is readily available by hydrogenation of benzonitrile or amination of benzaldehyde or benzyl chloride. It also occurs in nature and can be isolated from the leaves of
Reseda media
in small amounts. Benzylamine is a colorless liquid of ammonia‐like odor, which is miscible with water in all proportion. It is used in the chemical industry as a starting material for other products or as a corrosion inhibitor. Benzylamine is listed in EINECS 202‐854‐1, TSCA, and MITI/MO and traded world‐wide. It can be transported in steel drums and in high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) containers.

Benzylamine is harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed. It causes burns, especially when skin is exposed to benzylamine for prolonged periods. Because of the fast reaction of benzylamine and carbon dioxide, slightly leaking flanges or other seals are easily identified by the white solid formed.

Benzylamine is produced by Lanxess and other companies and is available in drums, IBC's (intermediate bulk containers), and in bulk.
Chocolate
Authors: Kleinert‐Zollinger Jürg , Beckett Stephen T.
Published: September 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Definitions

2.

Historical

3.

Raw Materials

4.

Fermentation and Drying

5.

Composition of the Fermented Cocoa Bean

6.

Chocolate Production

6.1.

Cocoa Bean Processing

6.2.

Preparation of Cocoa Powder and Cocoa Butter

6.3.

Chocolate Production

6.3.1.

Basic Chocolate Mass

6.3.2.

Precrystallization (Tempering)

6.3.3.

Processing Precrystallized Chocolate

7.

Other Chocolate Processes

8.

Packaging, Storage, Spoilage, Analysis

9.

Economic Aspects

To be called chocolate a product must partially consist of ingredients derived from cocoa beans and strict regulations exist as to how the different chocolate types can be described on their packaging. This article looks at the history of drinking and solid eating chocolate, before describing the growing and processing of the cocoa beans themselves. The chocolate making procedure is then reviewed, followed by some of the methods used to process the liquid chocolate. As the main fat, cocoa butter, can solidify in six different forms, the crystallisation principles are particularly important. Finally the most important countries are compared with respect to their cocoa growing tonnage, chocolate manufacturing output and consumption per head of population.
Cyanamides
Authors: Güthner Thomas , Mertschenk Bernd
Published: September 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Calcium Cyanamide1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.3.Production1.3.1.Overall Process1.3.2.Manufacture1.3.3.Processing of Technical Calcium Cyanamide1.4.Quality Specifications1.5.Storage and Transportation1.6.Uses1.7.Legal Aspects2.Cyanamide2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Analysis2.5.Storage and Transportation2.6.Uses2.7.Legal Aspects3.Dicyandiamide3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production3.4.Quality Specifications and Analysis3.5.Storage and Transportation3.6.Uses3.7.Legal Aspects4.Substituted Cyanamides5.Toxicology and Occupational Health

Calcium cyanamide is produced from calcium carbide and nitrogen gas by an exothermic solid nitrogenation at 1000°C. It is used as a slow release nitrogen fertilizer with beneficial side effects against soilborne deseases. In chemical industry, it is the base for cyanamide and thiourea chemistry.

Cyanamide is a fairly stable, toxic substance obtained from calcium cyanamide by reaction with water and carbon dioxide. It has vast applications in industrial nitrogen organic chemistry, and is also directly used as a plant protection agent.

Dicyandiamide is derived from cyanamide by dimerization in presence of alkali. The nontoxic compound has found widespread industrial applications in resins, plastics, water treatment, and pharmaceuticals.
Cyanates, Inorganic Salts
Authors: Schalke Peter M.
Published: September 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Production4.Uses
Guanidine and Derivatives
Authors: Güthner Thomas , Mertschenk Bernd , Schulz Bernd
Published: September 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Guanidine and Guanidine Salts1.1.Properties1.2.Production1.2.1.Guanidine Salts from Dicyandiamide1.2.2.Guanidine Salts from Cyanamide1.2.3.Guanidine Salts from Urea1.2.4.Other Processes1.3.Environmental Protection1.4.Quality Specifications1.5.Analysis1.6.Storage and Transportation1.7.Legal Aspects1.8.Uses1.8.1.Pharmaceuticals1.8.2.Plant Protection1.8.3.Cosmetics1.8.4.Textile Impregnation, Flame Retardants, Paper and Resin Manufacture1.8.5.Propellants and Explosives1.8.6.Biotechnological Applications of Guanidine Salts1.9.Economic Aspects2.Derivatives2.1.Nitroguanidine2.2.Aminoguanidine2.3.Diamino‐ and Triaminoguanidine2.4.Organoguanidines2.4.1.Alkylguanidines2.4.2.Arylguanidines2.5.Biguanide and Derivatives3.Toxicology and Occupational Health

Guanidine salts are made from cyanamide or dicyandiamide by addition of ammonium salts. The highly soluble guanidine hydrochloride is mainly used in pharmaceutical and biotech applications, while guanidine nitrate is used in propellants and explosives.

Nitroguanidine, prepared by nitration of guanidine nitrate, is used for explosives and as a building block for neonicotinoid insecticides. Aminoguanidines, prepared from hydrazines and cyanamide or guanidines, are mainly used for agrochemicals and — due to their high nitrogen content — as a component for propellants and gas generators.

Organoguanidines can be prepared from cyanamides or cyanogen chloride. They are used as building blocks for agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, and as curing agents for plastics and rubbers. Biguanides can be obtained from dicyanamide or cyanoguanidines, they are mainly used as pharmaceuticals and biocides.