bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANTAGONISTIC GROWTH-ACTIVATING AND GROWTH-INHIBITING PRINCIPLES IN SERUM
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

The substances precipitated by CO2 from the serum of chickens 1 or 2 years old slightly increased the activity of pure cultures of a 10 year old strain of fibroblasts, an indication that a growth-promoting substance had been obtained from the serum. The rate of growth of fibroblasts was slower in serum deprived of its globulins and the increase of the inhibiting effect of the treated serum is thus manifested. It would appear that the inhibiting action of serum is referable to one or several growth-activating substances which precipitate by CO2, and to one or several growth-retarding substances which remain in the supernatant serum after the precipitate has been thrown down by centrifugation.

It may be concluded that, under the conditions of the experiments:

1. A substance enhancing the proliferative activity of homologous fibroblasts is precipitated from serum by CO2.

2. The serum from which the precipitate has been removed inhibits the proliferation of homologous fibroblasts more markedly than does the original serum. The solution of the precipitate in the treated serum has about the same effect on fibroblasts as the original serum.

3. The restraining effect of serum on the activity of homologous fibroblasts is due in part to the antagonistic action of growth-activating and inhibiting substances.
THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES IN RABBITS BY A SIMPLIFIED INTRATRACHEAL METHOD
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

The method described of producing antibodies by the administration of antigens through the larynx is simple. The results obtained, however, conform closely to those obtained through intraperitoneal injection. The procedure is relatively a safe one and may well be employed in experimental inoculations. The advantages of rapidity and painlessness are obvious. In addition, gross injury has not been observed. Injections may be repeated at frequent intervals without danger to the life of the animal. The tube illustrated in Text-fig. 1 extends a little over 1 cm. into the trachea. The tube designed for the guinea pig reaches 2 or 3 mm. below the glottis. While the doses indicated in the protocols are small, 7 to 10 cc. of liquid have been given to rabbits by means of the tube without ill effects. It has been shown by the injection of India ink that the material is well distributed throughout the lungs in both the rabbit and guinea pig.

Under certain conditions it may be advisable to inject more deeply into the trachea, especially in the rabbit. The tube illustrated in Text-fig. 1 is not adaptable for this purpose. A cannula of larger diameter has proved of distinct advantage as a shield for introducing flexible catheters well down the trachea. A cannula 9 cm. long and 4 mm. in diameter when bent at an angle of 45° may be passed through the larynx of a rabbit without difficulty. A No. 8 (French) woven or No. 10 soft rubber catheter may be inserted into the cannula beyond the bend before the tube is passed through the glottis. After the tube has entered the glottis the catheter then may be introduced as deeply as desired into the teachea. The metal cannula enables the operator to "feel" the glottis.

From the experiments one seems justified in concluding that the results obtained by administering antigens by way of the trachea are about the same as those obtained by the intraperitoneal route. With the tubes described injury has been largely eliminated. The procedure is relatively a safe one.
THE DEPOSITION AND SUBSEQUENT COURSE OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL (MANGANESE DIOXIDE AND MANGANESE META-SILICATE) ADMINISTERED INTRAVENOUSLY TO CATS AND TO RABBITS
Authors: Drinker Cecil K. , Shaw Louis A. , Drinker Katherine R.
Published: June 2004

1. Suspensions of manganese dioxide given intravenously to the cat are virtually eliminated from the body in 1 week (168 hours).

2. As this process of removal goes on, there is a transfer of manganese from lungs to liver.

3. Similar suspensions of manganese dioxide given intravenously to rabbits are excreted more rapidly, owing to the fact that in these animals the lungs are not involved and the whole process of removal from the blood is carried on by the liver.

4. A method for the quantitation of rhodonite (manganese metasilicate) is given.

5. Three different suspensions of rhodonite, varying in the size of the largest particles from 1.3 to 0.2µ, when injected intravenously into cats show a greater and greater tendency toward arrest in the liver as the size of the individual particles becomes smaller.

6. When rhodonite suspensions containing particles averaging 1.1µ in diameter are injected intravenously into cats, the primary sites of deposition are similar to those observed for manganese dioxide suspensions similarly injected. The disappearance of rhodonite is exceedingly slow and is apparently completed in about 50 days following injection.

7. Rhodonite should prove a suitable substance with which to attempt the production of lung fibrosis in cats through the medium of intravenous injection. Manganese dioxide, while a useful agent for studying the immediate sites of localization of particulate material carried by the blood, lacks permanency after deposition and is consequently unsuitable for studies upon chronic changes induced by foreign substances.
ARSENICAL COMPOUNDS IN THE TREATMENT OF BLACKHEAD IN TURKEYS
Authors: Tyzzer Ernest Edward
Published: June 2004

The natural form of blackhead, although very fatal to young turkeys, is favorably influenced by treatment with certain of the newer arsenical compounds.

Neoarsphenamine injected intravenously in toxic doses has a somewhat favorable effect on the course of the spontaneous disease and evidently lowers the mortality. Its instability, its pronounced toxicity for young turkeys, as well as the difficulty of obtaining amounts suitable for the cases to be treated on any one occasion, serve to make its employment impracticable.

Less favorable results were obtained with atoxyl.

Arsenious acid fed daily in small doses failed to prevent blackhead and possibly increased the incidence of infection. In larger doses it failed to cure spontaneous blackhead.

Tryparsamide may be injected in cases of spontaneous blackhead in doses as high as 1 gm. per kilo of body weight either intravenously or subcutaneously without serious toxic effect. Prompt clinical improvement usually follows and the mortality is undoubtedly greatly lowered.

With inoculated blackhead recovery is more difficult to obtain. Birds treated by injections of either neoarsphenamine or atoxyl failed to recover. There were two recoveries among three tryparsamidetreated cases. An attempt to cure inoculated blackhead at an advanced stage by the injection of tryparsamide failed.

The study of the lesions of treated turkeys shows that tryparsamide, and to some extent neoarsphenamine, have a more pronounced effect on the liver lesions than on the disease in the lung, which accounts for the discrepancy in the results of the treatment of spontaneous and inoculated blackhead. There is histological evidence of prompt absorption of necrotic liver parenchyma; moreover, the protozoa are destroyed more rapidly in the liver than in the lung.

Tryparsamide has the most pronounced curative action on blackhead infection of any of the drugs thus far tested. Either intravenous or subcutaneous injection of appropriate doses of this drug at the first appearance of symptoms should serve to cure the majority of cases of blackhead.
CHANGES IN THE PARAOCULAR GLANDS ACCOMPANYING THE OCULAR LESIONS WHICH RESULT FROM A DEFICIENCY OF VITAMINE A
Authors: Lambert Robert A. , Yudkin Arthur M.
Published: June 2004

There is evidence suggesting that the ophthalmia which results from a deficiency of vitamine A is secondary to some change outside the eyes, and that this change may lie in the paraocular glands. In rats these glands consist of the lacrimal, with its watery secretion, the Harderian, with a probable fatty product, and the Meibomian glands. A histological study of these structures shows questionable changes in the lacrimal and Meibomian glands, and marked changes in the Harderian gland.

The changes in the Harderian gland are both degenerative and inflammatory. The degenerative changes consist of swelling, vacuolation, and occasionally complete epithelial disintegration. The inflammatory lesions may be either acute or chronic. The acute reactions are sometimes diffuse, but are more often focal. Definite suppuration occasionally results. The acute process generally passes over into a chronic inflammation with mononuclear cell infiltration, fibrosis, and atrophy. The changes demonstrated indicate a serious disturbance in the secretion of the Harderian gland, such as may conceivably render the conjunctiva susceptible to infection.

Theses studies suggest the importance of investigating the paraocular glands in other types of conjunctival infection. It is possible that they may have a definite relation to the origin and course of such infections.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF CELL CONSTITUENTS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery O. T. , Heidelberger M.
Published: June 2004

1. The protein precipitated by acetic acid from solutions of pneumococci shows chemical reactions characteristic of nucleoprotein and mucoid.

2. The protein of pneumococcus, as contrasted with the non-protein soluble specific substance, exhibits species specificity rather than the type specificity characteristic of the latter.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX ON THE GONADS OF RABBITS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. , Marine David
Published: June 2004

1. Moderate or marked ovarian enlargement has been observed in 76 per cent of rabbits which survived double suprarenalectomy over 30 days.

2. The ovarian enlargement consists essentially of an hypertrophy of the interstitial cells.

3. The hypertrophy of the interstitial cells is a compensatory reaction and adds further data to the functional interrelation between the suprarenal cortex and the interstitial cells.
PRODUCTION OF HETEROGENETIC ANTIBODIES WITH MIXTURES OF THE BINDING PART OF THE ANTIGEN AND PROTEIN
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Simms S.
Published: June 2004

1. The alcohol-soluble extract of heterogenetic antigen, which possesses the specific chemical structure of the entire antigen, has a detectable but generally very slight power to increase the amount of heterogenetic antibodies, when injected into rabbits.

2. This substance can be transformed into an efficient antigen by mixing it with protein solutions such as diluted normal serum.

3. Such mixtures are considerably more active than the same substances injected separately. Therefore, the effect of the serum is probably due to the formation in vitro of a loose compound between the alcohol-soluble substance and protein, the compound acting as a complete antigen.

4. It may be supposed that there exists a group of natural antigens which are built up of one specifically reacting part that is almost or entirely devoid of antigenic properties, and another part, a protein, responsible for the immunizing effect.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY
Authors: Perlzweig William A. , Steffen Gustav I.
Published: June 2004

1. Active immunity against many lethal doses of Pneumococcus Types I, II, and III may be produced in mice by two or three subcutaneous injections of the homologous type of pneumococcus saline vaccine.

2. Mice may be actively immunized with the protein fraction obtained by treating pneumococci with anhydrous sodium sulfate or by solution of pneumococci in bile salts and precipitation with alcohol. Pneumococcus antigen is therefore carried within or adheres to the protein fraction of the organism.

3. Pneumococcus antigen is resistant to prolonged autolysis and to tryptic digestion, and can be recovered from the soluble portions of digests of either the intact bacteria or the bacterial protein.

4. The antigen may be isolated from each of the three fixed types of pneumococcus by tryptic digestion of the pneumococci and extraction of the digest with 70 to 90 per cent alcohol. The antigen is not soluble in absolute alcohol, nor is it soluble in ether or in the other lipoidal solvents.

5. The immunizing property of slightly acid solutions of the antigen is not impaired by boiling for 5 minutes, nor by heating at 56°C. for 1 hour. Sterile unpreserved solutions of the antigen did not deteriorate by standing in the refrigerator for 3½ months.

6. The exact chemical nature of pneumococcus antigen still remains to be determined. From the experiments reported it appears that the antigen is non-lipoidal, that it probably adheres to the protein fraction in a loose chemical or physical union rather than representing a protein complex of a large molecular size, as shown by its solubility in alcohol, its thermostability, and its resistance to proteolytic digestion.

7. Some of the antigens studied have been shown to contain a non-specific factor promoting the growth of bacteria.

8. The purified pneumococcus antigen solutions are non-toxic for mice.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL NUTRITION
Authors: Morgan H. J. , Avery O. T.
Published: June 2004

In previous papers it has been shown that unheated plant tissue, in the form of potato, contains the two factors necessary for the growth of organisms of the hemoglobinophilic group. Further studies (5) confirmed these findings and showed that yellow and white turnip, carrot, beet, parsnip, and sweet potato can replace blood in the cultivation of Bacillus influenzæ.

In the present paper it has been shown that vegetable tissues also greatly facilitate and stimulate the growth of other organisms entirely unrelated to Bacillus influenzæ. Three varieties of Gram-positive cocci have been used in the present study, pneumococcus, Streptococcus hamolyticus, and Streptococcus viridans. With pneumococcus it has been previously shown that prompt and luxuriant growth will occur in broth containing unheated potato even though the seeding be so small that no growth whatever will occur with the same seeding in plain broth (5). In the present study it has been shown that even in dextrose broth this minimal inoculation is followed by a prolonged period of lag, whereas in potato broth this same inoculum serves to initiate immediate and rapid growth. When pneumococci are grown in potato broth not only is the period of lag abolished, but the stationary period of growth is extended and cell death is delayed. Moreover, in plant tissue medium the zone of hydrogen ion concentration within which growth of pneumococcus can be initiated is considerably extended beyond the acid and alkaline limits of the optimal range in ordinary bouillon.

It has been found also that the presence of unheated plant tissue in the media likewise stimulates growth of hemolytic and non-hemolytic streptococci.

In this investigation no attempt has been made to determine the exact nature of the substances in plant tissue upon which these properties depend. That they are not of the nature of readily fermentable carbohydrates, however, is made evident by the fact that no increased production of acid occurs in the pneumococcus culture when potato is present.
THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTION AS APPLIED TO LEPROSY
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Aronson Joseph D.
Published: June 2004

By means of a method differing in important details from those of previous investigators it has been determined that the blood serum of cases of leprosy exhibits the ability to fix complement with a wide variety of antigens including to a greater or less extent those derived from any culture of the acid-fast group of bacteria available to us.

This property of multiple fixation may sufficiently characterize the disease to be of diagnostic significance, although our experience is hardly sufficient to enable us to speak with complete assurance on this point. Certainly, control sera from normal individuals, from cases of tuberculosis, or from cases of syphilis as obtained in our locality have entirely failed to react with certain antigens, whereas serum from cases of leprosy have so reacted to the extent of over 93 per cent.

The most characteristic fixation given by the leprosy sera is that with Bacillus lepræ (Clegg) used as antigen, either in the form of a bacterial emulsion or of an alcoholic extract of the dried culture.

Antibody absorption may be demonstrated in the acid-fast group if the absorbing bacteria are removed by filtration. Otherwise the resulting fluid is strongly anticomplementary. Leper serum is not deprived of the complement-fixing body when so treated with either Bacillus tuberculosis or Bacillus lepræ (Clegg).
PROTECTION AGAINST TYPHOID-LIKE INFECTIONS BY VACCINATION
Authors: Nichols Henry J. , Stimmel Clarence O.
Published: June 2004

1. A natural infection of guinea pigs with the "mutton" strain of Bacillus aertrycke was used to test the protective power of vaccination against the typhoid group of infections.

2. Under the conditions of the experiment, complete protection was secured by vaccination with full strength fresh saline vaccine, while 100 per cent of deaths occurred among the controls.

3. The immunity acquired is variable and depends on the number of organisms injected.

4. Vaccine kept 10 to 14 months gave less protection than vaccine 8 months old and under.

5. Saline vaccine was more effective than lipovaccine, sensitized vaccine, or supernatant fluid vaccine.

6. Resuspended vaccine was as effective as the original vaccine.

7. In one experiment, group vaccine, made of typhoid Para A and Para B bacilli, was as effective as the original specific vaccine.
OXIDASE REACTION OF VARIOUS GROUPS OF BACTERIA
Authors: Felton Lloyd D.
Published: June 2004

1. A simple technique is described for studying the oxidase action of bacteria by means of the oxidation of p-aminoleucomalachite green.

2. It is shown that pneumococci under aerobic conditions produced an oxidase when grown on suitable medium. The sera of any of seven different animal species constitute such a medium, the degree of oxidation by the pneumococcus depending upon the animal from which the serum was taken—rat, guinea pig, rabbit, horse, man, cat, and chicken in order of diminishing suitability.

3. Conditions favoring the oxidation of p-aminoleucomalachite green by a single strain of pneumococci are: the presence of a slight amount of hemoglobin, dextrose, H ion concentration on the add side, and heating of fresh serum for 30 minutes at 56°C. Conditions preventing the oxidation are: sterilized meat infusion, 1 per cent peptone, plain broth, a high concentration of hemoglobin, and absence of oxygen. In a quantitative fashion, meat infusion, 1 per cent peptone, and plain broth interfere with the suitability of serum as a substratum of oxidase production by the pneumococcus.

4. Twenty-three microbic species were studied with reference to oxidative power. They were grown upon 10 per cent horse serum, with and without dextrose, upon 10 per cent guinea pig serum, and upon plain broth. Only three of the twenty-three gave evidence of oxidative power as tested by p-aminoleucomalachite green; namely, the pneumococcus, Streptococcus viridans, and Streptococcus hæmolyticus. Among the strains, of these three pneumococci gave the most intense reaction, after which Streptococcus viridans and Streptococcus hæmolyticus follow in the order named, but with a noticeable variation among the different strains of Streptococcus hæmolyticus.

5. Hemolytic streptococci of human and bovine origin were studied. The only variation in the type of reaction was manifested by the streptococci of milk and cheese origin. Strains from these sources showed definitely the least oxidase activity. Streptococci from mastitis and cow's udder were indistinguishable by the test from the hemolytic streptococci of human origin.
STUDIES ON LYMPHOID ACTIVITY
Authors: Nakahara Waro
Published: June 2004

The state of potential immunity to transplanted cancer engendered in mice by an injection of homologous blood may be reversed and converted into a susceptible state by an intraperitoneal injection of olive oil prior to the cancer inoculation.

The suppression of resistance is accompanied by the failure of certain cellular reactions known to develop during the establishment of immunity to transplanted cancer.
MEASUREMENT OF THE INHERENT GROWTH ENERGY OF TISSUES
Authors: Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

1. The residual growth energy of fibroblasts is expressed by the extent of their migration and multiplication in a non-nutrient medium.

2. The residual energy of fibroblasts is related to their inherent energy and the variations of the inherent energy can be ascertained by the measurement of the residual energy.
LOCAL RESISTANCE TO SPONTANEOUS MOUSE CANCER INDUCED BY X-RAYS
Authors: Murphy James B. , Maisin Joseph , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

Autografts from spontaneous cancers of mice when replanted into areas previously exposed to an erythema dose of x-rays, failed to grow in the majority of instances (71.4 per cent), while similar grafts inoculated into untreated areas grew in a large proportion of the animals (83.6 per cent).

Autografts of spontaneous cancer, established and growing in the skin, disappeared in 76 per cent of animals after the tumor and surrounding tissues had been exposed to an erythema dose of x-rays, whereas other autografts of similar derivation that had been given a like dose of x-rays outside of the body and had been implanted in the same animals grew progressively in 96 per cent of instances. That this result was not due to a greater susceptibility of the cancer cells x-rayed in situ was shown by the fact that tumors treated in situ with x-rays and then replanted in an unrayed location on the same animal grew actively. Evidently the ray had done no direct damage to the cancer cells.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BIOLOGY OF TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Fischer Albert
Published: June 2004

1. A method has been described by which it is possible to scatter isolated tissue cells in a suitable medium.

2. Experiments were undertaken to determine whether minute fragments of fibroblastic culture are able to persist and multiply when transferred into a new culture medium.

3. Cell divisions were not observed in isolated cells under the conditions of the experiment. Growth took place only when the tissue cells were numerous and close to one another.
ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION
Authors: Warren S. L. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

The x-ray has a specific effect upon the epithelium lining the crypts and covering the villi of the small intestine. A suitable dose of x-ray will destroy this epithelium in large measure, leaving empty crypts and naked villi exposed to swarms of bacteria in the intestine. Subsequently one does not observe an overwhelming invasion of the tissues, lymph, and blood by intestinal bacteria. It seems obvious therefore that the intestinal epithelium is not the all important barrier which protects the tissues from invasion by intestinal bacteria.
ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION
Authors: Warren S. L. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

X-rays which injure intestinal epithelium (and presumably other body or tumor cells) travel in straight lines from the target through the living tissues, forming a cone or beam of rays as controlled by impervious screens.

It is probable that secondary radiation is formed, especially deep in the body tissues, but such radiation does no injury to intestinal epithelium outside of the cone or path of radiation.

Lesions in the stomach and intestine may be confidently predicted from a knowledge of the size and form of the cone or beam of x-rays given over the abdomen. These lesions even more than skin burns do not heal and may in fact go on after many weeks to perforation.

Even in the depths of the abdomen the duodenal lesions are as clean-cut as a peptic ulcer, indicating the lack of dispersion or scattering of the primary or secondary rays in passage through the living tissues. Transition from normal to necrotic mucosa rarely occupies more than 2 to 3 mm. and often can be observed in a single low power microscopic field.
A REACTION PRODUCT IN INFECTIONS WITH TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI WHICH INHIBITS THE REPRODUCTION OF THE TRYPANOSOMES
Authors: Taliaferro William H.
Published: June 2004

1. In infections with Trypanosoma lewisi in the rat there are three manifestations of resistance against the parasite: (1) the retardation and final inhibition of reproduction of the trypanosomes by about the 10th day; (2) a sudden drop in the number of parasites in the blood between the 9th and 15th days; and (3) the total disappearance of the parasites, which terminates the infection and occurs from a week to several months after the first drop in numbers.

2. The first manifestation of resistance, vis. the retardation and final inhibition of reproduction, is the result of the formation of a reaction product in infected rats which inhibits reproduction of the trypanosomes but does not kill them.

3. No product similar to, or identical with this reaction product can be demonstrated in in vitro cultures of Trypanosoma lewisi.
AN ATTEMPT TO ISOLATE A FILTER-PASSING VIRUS IN EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA
Authors: Detweiler Herbert K. , Hodge W. Ray
Published: June 2004

1. Six cases of epidemic influenza in various stages of disease were investigated.

2. Suspicious cultures of bodies resembling Bacterium pneumosintes were obtained in three cases, twice from the lung filtrates of inoculated animals and once from the filtrate of nasopharyngeal washings direct.

3. In these instances material was obtained within 36 hours of the acute onset, thus confirming the observations of Olitsky and Gates.

4. Macroscopic and microscopic findings in the lungs of inoculated animals were uniformly negative.
BRAIN LESIONS OF THE DOMESTIC RABBIT
Authors: McCartney James E.
Published: June 2004

Lesions of meningoencephalitis were found in 55 per cent of 372 rabbits comprising the laboratory stock regarded as healthy, others with snuffles or dying from different affections while being kept under observation, and still others which were employed for experimental purposes, such as tumor transplantation and Treponema pallidum inoculation. None was injected intracerebrally. The lesions consist in the main of infiltration with mononuclear cells occurring around the blood vessels, in the meninges, in the cortex, and under the ependyma of the lateral ventricles, together with particular focal necrotic areas in the cortex. The incidence of these histopathological changes varies in different series of animals; in those supposedly normal and in rabbits inoculated with a transplantable tumor or with Treponema pallidum material, the percentage of positives was from 40 to 60; in those suffering from miscellaneous diseases, such as pneumonia, septicemia, etc., the percentage was 70, and in rabbits ill with snuffles, as many as 76 per cent were affected. Marked lesions were observed in 47.5 per cent of the total.

The histopathological picture observed in these rabbits corresponds to those offered by a number of investigators as evidence of the transmission of certain nervous diseases of man to this animal. The accidental cerebral lesions in the rabbit, of a wide variety, and of frequent occurrence, are to be regarded as existing before any experimental procedure is begun. Their recognition is of the utmost importance in the interpretation of experimental results based on the presence of similar changes in this animal.
REVIVED ACTIVITY OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L.
Published: June 2004

A strain of the virus of poliomyelitis has been described which has passed through several stages of virulence as tested upon monkeys.

The first stage consisted of the adaptation of the original human virus to the monkey. In this process high virulence was readily achieved.

The adapted, virulent strain of virus was passed regularly through monkeys and maintained its activity for about 3 years, when diminution became apparent. The loss of power of the virus was such that it may be said to have returned approximately to the level of the original human virus. This change constituted the second stage.

The third stage is represented by recovery of the high virulence. This revival occurred, it seems, during the sojourn of the virus in glycerol and required several years for its consummation. It was first noticed nearly 6 years after the low level of the second stage became established. The potent virus of the third stage has been found to remain active over a period of at least 4 years while preserved in glycerol.

What constitutes at least a superficial resemblance between the wave-like rises and falls of the incidence of epidemic poliomyelitis and the phenomena of increase and decrease in virulence of the specimen of virus has been alluded to. The two processes differ, however, essentially in respect to the time factor, since the fluctuations of the epidemic wave occupy small and those of the virulence occupy large increments of time.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS GROWTH INHIBITION
Authors: Robertson Oswald H. , Sia Richard H. P. , Woo Shutai T.
Published: June 2004

Experiments were undertaken with the purpose of determining the type of non-nutrient fluid most suitable for the suspension of pneumococci with a minimum amount of injury. For comparative studies, dilutions in the various fluids tested were made from a standard suspension containing approximately 1,000 million pneumococci per cc. The protective properties of each solution were judged by the length of time viable organisms could be recovered (in culture) from a suspension containing 0.0000001 cc. of the standard suspension. The hydrogen ion concentration of the solutions, the temperature at which the suspensions were kept, and the culture media were carefully controlled. Furthermore, plates were made at the beginning of the experiment to determine the number of organisms present in a unit of suspension.

It was found that pneumococci suspended in Locke's solution, 0.5 and 0.9 per cent NaCl solutions, and water, remained alive for only a few hours at most. Salt solution was shown to be the least suitable of these three; not infrequently by the time the 0.000001 cc. dilution in this fluid had been reached, the suspension was sterile. The addition, however, of 0.1 per cent gelatin to the above fluids transformed all, except 0.9 per cent NaCl, into highly favorable solutions. Pneumococci suspended in gelatin-water and gelatin-Locke's solution remained alive at room temperature for 6 to 7 days; in gelatin-salt 0.5 per cent solution, for at least 2 days. It was possible to vary the H ion concentration of the suspension fluids from pH 7.0 to 8.2 without any marked effect on the results. However, a pH of 7.4 to 8.0 appeared to be the most suitable.

The nature of the protective action of gelatin was investigated. Series of plates made at frequent intervals failed to reveal any growth in suspensions of pneumococci containing this small concentration of gelatin. The beneficial effect of gelatin in the above solutions was found to lie largely in its protection of the pneumococci against the mechanical injury which occurs during the process of dilution in crystalloid solutions or water. Gelatin shows in addition a well marked preservative action, that is to say, it protected organisms against early dissolution. The nature of this preservation is uncertain.

The presence of 0.1 per cent gelatin in 0.9 per cent NaCl failed to protect pneumococci against the toxic action of Na. But it was found possible to neutralize to a considerable degree this toxic effect of sodium by the addition of a small quantity (2 per cent) of a M/15 balanced phosphate mixture or sodium phosphate. In a gelatin-salt 0.9 per cent solution buffered with phosphate, pneumococci survived for 24 to 48 hours. Even in gelatin-salt, 0.5 per cent the presence of phosphate had a definite beneficial effect.
STUDIES IN AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Shibley Gerald S.
Published: June 2004

1. The spontaneous agglutination of streptococci has been studied.

2. This spontaneous agglutination would seem to be caused by the presence of a bacterial cohesive force higher than that usually found when bacteria are suspended in salt solutions of the concentration commonly employed as electrolyte in specific agglutination reactions.

3. Many granular autoagglutinating strains of streptococcus may be made diffuse by growth at room temperature (17–23°C.) and then lose their tendency to agglutinate spontaneously.

4. All factors that reduce cohesive force or that make the repelling force relatively greater than the cohesive force make for stable suspensions.

5. Methods for management of the specific agglutination of refractory autoagglutinating strains of streptococci have been presented.
PROTEINURIA IN NEW-BORN CALVES FOLLOWING THE FEEDING OF COLOSTRUM
Authors: Smith Theobald , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

The evidence presented indicates clearly that the feeding of colostrum is responsible for the proteinuria. Observations on many calves killed within the 3 first days have shown that this condition is nearly universal and that it disappears after the 3rd day, even when the calf is not quite normal. Urine of fetuses and unfed calves did not contain it. By feeding different amounts of colostrum, by withholding it for some hours after birth, and by giving it alternately with milk, the appearance of protein in the urine as to time and quantity was clearly a function of the colostrum fed. Serum replacing colostrum produced the same effect to a less pronounced degree.

The permeability of the kidneys as determined in a routine way on healthy calves killed within the 1st week of life ceases after the 3rd day. In the two cases fed repeatedly with colostrum, proteinuria was demonstrated up to 6 days in one case. The regularity of its disappearance in calves normally fed indicates that more experiments are necessary to prove a longer period of permeability. The continued excretion of protein in such animals may be due to a slight lesion of the kidneys.

There is but one reference to this subject which we have been able to find. Langstein and Neuberg in a study of levulose and allantoin in the urine of new-born calves mention the presence of albumin in six cases without, however, making any comments as to its origin or referring it to the ingestion of colostrum. According to various observers, albumin may be found in traces during the 4 first days in over 60 per cent of infants examined. Since the food has not been taken into consideration renewed observations are needed to determine if the relationship found in calves is also true for the human infant.
STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

In the present paper methods have been described for the preparation of sterile extracts of pneumococci. These extracts may be obtained by dissolving the bacteria in broth cultures by means of bile, or by extraction of the cellular substances by repeated freezing and thawing of broth or saline suspensions of unwashed cells. Under special precautions these extracts may be passed through Berkefeld filters without loss of potency. In this procedure, as in all other manipulations incident to their preparation, the extracts should be protected as far as possible from contact with air. All extracts were proved sterile by cultural and animal tests.

Sterile extracts of unwashed pneumococcus cells promptly form peroxide on exposure to air. Peroxide formation is almost as active in extracts aerated at 2°C. as in those exposed to the air at room temperature. Detectable amounts of peroxide may be produced by these cell extracts within the reaction range of pH 5 to 9, the optimal zone lying at reactions less acid than pH 6. The peroxide-forming activity of the extracts is gradually diminished by prolonged exposure to 55°C., and is completely destroyed by heating at 65°C. for 5 minutes.

Cell extracts of pneumococci which have been thoroughly washed prior to extraction in salt or phosphate solutions exhibit no peroxide-forming activity. These extracts of washed cells may be activated by the addition of the cell washings, yeast extract, or muscle infusion.
THE LIVER REQUIREMENT OF THE FASTING ORGANISM
Authors: Rous Peyton , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

In rats fasted after the removal of about seven-tenths of the liver the remaining fragment undergoes ordinarily a marked simple hypertrophy and attains the weight reached through a process of simple atrophy by the entire liver of fasting controls. Under circumstances of exceptionally severe inanition, the hypertrophy may not occur, the fragment remaining unchanged or even undergoing a slight atrophy. But since in comparable controls the hepatic atrophy is extreme, the duplication in the liver weights still manifests itself.

It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the liver changes which take place in fasting animal are essentially conditioned on functional demands made upon the organ. Yet great as is the hepatic atrophy then occurring, this does not necessarily mean that these demands are much lessened during inanition. For a comparison of the liver weight with that of the soft body (net body weight less the weight of the ligamentous skeleton) brings out the fact that the organ is, relatively speaking, three-fourths as large at extreme inanition as in the well nourished individual. Of the missing fourth a part may be foodstuffs on temporary deposit. And the rest is perhaps to be accounted for by the existence of special conditions during inanition which favor the vicarious assumption of a part of the usual liver work by the other tissues.

While the findings show that the liver size is essentially dependent on functional demands, they do not enable one to say whether the special demands in question come normally to the organ by way of the portal stream.
THE EFFECT OF X-RAY ON THE SKIN OF VITALLY STAINED WHITE MICE
Authors: Cori Gerty T.
Published: June 2004

1. The time interval between radiation and the occurrence of epilation is shorter in mice injected with trypan blue than in normal animals.

2. An x-ray unit defined as that causing total spontaneous epilation on the skin of the mouse is suggested. It corresponds to four to five human erythema doses.
PENETRATION OF NORMAL MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF THE RABBIT BY TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND THE INFLUENCE OF THIS MODE OF INFECTION UPON THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

Experiments were carried out with three strains of Treponema pallidum to determine whether infection could be produced by applying an emulsion, rich in spirochetes, to normal mucous membranes of rabbits and whether an infection produced in this manner differed in any respect from one produced by other methods of inoculation.

It was found that a simple instillation of a spirochete emulsion into the conjunctival sac or the sheath was all that was necessary to obtain an infection. Still, the infection produced in this manner differed from that produced by intracutaneous or testicular inoculations in that it tended to pursue a mild or asymptomatic course and frequently without the development of a characteristic chancre.

It is pointed out that these experiments may have a bearing on problems pertaining to obscure and atypical cases of human syphilis as well as the more immediate question of the infectivity of Treponema pallidum.
THE FATE OF ANTIGEN (PROTEIN) IN AN ANIMAL IMMUNIZED AGAINST IT
Authors: Opie Eugene L.
Published: June 2004

When proteins such as horse serum or crystalline egg albumin which have been selected because they produce the phenomena of immunity are introduced into a normal animal they diffuse widely in the tissue, enter the blood stream, and are disseminated throughout the body.

The same substances introduced into an immune animal are fixed at the site of entry and are not found in the blood.

When protein is injected into the skin of an immune animal acute inflammation (Arthus phenomenon) occurs at the site of injection and brings about destruction of the foreign substance.
STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Neill James M. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

1. Sterile broth extracts of unwashed pneumococci actively destroy hemoglobin to methemoglobin and lower degradation products.

2. Sterile saline extracts of washed pneumococci do not by themselves form methemoglobin; extracts of this type may be completed or activated by the addition of certain complementary substances such as meat infusion and yeast extract.

3. The hemoglobin-destroying activity of pneumococcus extract is lost by exposure to 65°C. for 10 minutes.

4. The properties of an extract upon which these blood changes depend are related to other known oxidation-reduction functions of the same extract.

5. Oxyhemoglobin is converted to methemoglobin only by cell extracts in the reduced form; completely oxidized extracts are inactive in the presence of blood. The action of hydrogen peroxide and the influence of blood catalase on these reactions are discussed.

6. During the reaction between oxyhemoglobin and pneumococcus extract oxygen is consumed.

7. The mechanism of methemoglobin formation by pneumococcus is interpreted as an oxidation process in which deoxygenation of oxyhemoglobin and peroxide formation occur as intermediary reactions. The active agent of the oxidation of hemoglobin is considered to be a peroxide of bacterial origin.
THE TRANSMISSION AND TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS OPHTHALMIA OF CATTLE
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

The experiments in which transmission of the disease was attempted by flies hardly parallel the observations within the herd. It is not unusual to observe large numbers of flies feeding on the exudate. Slight disturbances may interrupt feeding and cause the flies to disperse and within a short period alight about the eyes of other cows.

The experiments, however, bring out the fact that the bacterium will not remain viable for even a few minutes in the digestive tract of the fly. Its life on the external surfaces of the fly is extremely short and in our observations has not exceeded 3 hours. The latter fact strengthens the opinion that in the main the infection is not dust-borne since the bacterium soon dies when not in contact with the eye.

Two other points are of considerable significance. The ability of the organism to maintain itself on the eye for considerable periods after the acute symptoms have subsided may explain the reappearance of cases during the warmer months. The organism can exist in the eye throughout the winter and with the warm weather flies may transmit it to other susceptible individuals and thus a nucleus of an epidemic may be established.

The presence of the organism in the nasal passages in the incubation stage and early in the disease in two of our experimental animals affords an explanation for the appearance of the disease in sporadic cases in the colder months. It is assumed that nasal exudate as a fine spray may be forcibly expelled and directly reach the eyeball of a normal individual. It has been shown that small quantities of culture sprayed on the cornea are capable of giving rise to the characteristic disease. The irregularity of the elimination of the organism through the nostril may be explained by the effect of inflammation on the tear duct. In experimental cases a small quantity of bouillon containing the culture was dropped or sprayed on the cornea. Doubtless the bacilli are deposited on the mucosa of the tear duct. Here they may multiply and set up an inflammation and thus gain access to the nasal passage. To what degree the virus is spread by the forcible expulsion of nasal secretion containing lacrimal fluid cannot be determined. The elimination of the bacilli from the nasal passage in our experimental inoculations leads us to believe that in the main the phenomenon is associated with early infections. The examination of the nasal passages of a large number of well established cases with negative findings tends to corroborate this view.

Of interest to those concerned with the treatment of animal diseases is the readiness with which the inflammation subsides when treated with 1:40 zinc sulfate.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF A RABBIT RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

100 adult rabbits taken at random from The Rockefeller Institute animal house were examined clinically, anatomically, and bacteriologically for evidence of respiratory infection. 58 of these rabbits proved to have snuffles; 42 were free of the disease.

Bacterium lepisepticum was the predominating organism in the nasal flora of 55 of the 58 rabbits showing snuffles. This organism was also cultured from the nasal passages of eight normal rabbits. Bacillus bronchisepticus was associated with Bacterium lepisepticum in the nasal flora of eight rabbits with snuffles. It was also cultured from the nares of twenty-two normal rabbits. Fifteen normal rabbits showed neither Bacterium lepisepticum nor Bacillus bronchisepticus.
ON THE PRESENCE OF CHOLIN AND NEURIN IN THE INTESTINAL CANAL DURING ITS COMPLETE OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Nesbitt Beattie
Published: June 2004

My experiments lead me to believe that complete occlusion of the small intestine at its lower end will give rise to the occurrence of cholin, neurin and perhaps other bases, provided the food taken contains any considerable quantity of lecithin. It is not improbable that still other poisons are formed by bacterial action from other constituents of the food in cases of intestinal obstruction. While cholin would have to be absorbed in relatively large amounts to exert a marked toxic action in human beings it is otherwise with neurin, which is many times more intense in its action and must be classed with the exceedingly active poisons. It has been shown both by the experiments of Schmidt and Weiss and also by those recorded in this paper that the poisonous neurin may be formed from cholin by bacteria. In its physiological action neurin agrees closely with muscarin; especially to be noted here is the paralytic action on the heart and its power to increase the intestinal movements to such an extent that continual evacuations occur. Whether the ptomaine which was found by me is poisonous 1 cannot yet say. It must be considered proved, however, that highly toxic substances may arise in the intestinal canal during its complete occlusion. The method of treating cases of intestinal obstruction, before surgical means are resorted to, namely, washing out the stomach and as much of the gut as possible often reduces the violent paristalsis and this is due, perhaps, to the removal of substances out of which irritating and toxic products are formed by bacteria.

In conclusion, I would remark that our knowledge of the fate of lecithin in the digestive canal under normal conditions is very deficient. The assumption that it is saponified by the fat-splitting enzyme of the pancreatic juice, thus yielding cholin, glycero-phosphoric acid and fatty acids, rests on the work of Bókai in 1877 and, as that investigator himself admits, without excluding bacterial action. This omission throws grave doubts on the results. If the assumption of Bókai be correct, caution must be observed in the use of some foods that have been considered most nutritious and healthful; for instance, the ingestion of a meal made up largely of eggs would hardly be without danger because of the poisonous action of the large quantity of cholin liberated from the lecithin and the probability of the formation of the highly poisonous neurin.

It is my purpose in the near future to examine this question with the help of modern methods.