bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Understanding of Pediatric-Oriented Medication Education Materials Versus Standard Available Education Materials
Authors: Biggs Jessica M. , Glasgow Nicole E. , Pradel Francoise , Morgan Jill A.
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine if education material targeting children would improve understanding of medication indication, administration, and common side effects in pediatric subjects.

METHODS This cross-sectional pilot study included students 7 to 11 years old from a suburban elementary school. Study participants were read either the US Food and Drug Administration–approved adult medication leaflet or a pediatric medication leaflet created at a first-grade reading level for levetiracetam (Keppra, UCB, Inc, Atlanta, GA). Students were asked a set of standardized survey questions to evaluate comprehension of side effects, medication indication, dosing frequency, administration, and overall impression of the leaflet.

RESULTS Fifty-eight children were included. Fifty percent of the children were male, 79% were Caucasian, and the average age was 9 years. There was no statistical difference for demographics in the adult leaflet versus the pediatric leaflet group. Children correctly stated the indication for the medication in 30% of participants (9/30) in the adult leaflet group and 79% of participants (22/28) in the pediatric leaflet group, p = 0.002. The administration frequency question was answered correctly in 93% of the pediatric leaflet group (26/28) as compared to 73% in the adult leaflet group (22/30), p = 0.05. For questions about side effects and how to administer the medication, there was no difference between the groups. The responses regarding readability and understanding of the leaflets were significantly different in the pediatric leaflet group compared to the adult leaflet group, p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS Leaflets designed for pediatric patients resulted in an improvement in the understanding of the indication for levetiracetam.
Poractant Alfa Versus Beractant for Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Retrospective Cost Analysis
Authors: Brown Sara , Hurren Jeff , Sartori Heidi
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine the average medication cost per patient of poractant alfa and beractant, and to compare the outcomes of treatment with these agents.

METHODS We conducted a retrospective, observational, cohort study of patients who received surfactant, before and after an institutional formulary change from beractant to poractant alfa. The primary outcome was the average medication cost per case. Secondary measures were clinical outcomes, including duration of respiratory support, length of hospital stay, and the occurrence of complications.

RESULTS A total of 114 patients were enrolled; 38 were treated with poractant alfa and 76 patients were treated with beractant. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. The average medication cost per patient was $1756.44 ± $1030.06 and $1329.78 ± $705.64 for poractant alfa and beractant, respectively (p = 0.011). Patients treated with poractant alfa had a shorter length of stay (45.0 ± 30.5 days) than patients treated with beractant (65.1 ± 37.1 days) (p = 0.010). Rates of pneumothoraces, pulmonary hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, and mortality did not differ significantly between groups.

CONCLUSIONS We found an unanticipated increase in drug cost with poractant alfa compared to beractant.
Relationship of Pulmonary Outcomes, Microbiology, and Serum Antibiotic Concentrations in Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Authors: Hahn Andrea , Jensen Caroline , Fanous Hani , Chaney Hollis , Sami Iman , Perez Geovanny F. , Louie Stan , Koumbourlis Anastassios C. , Bost James E. , van den Anker John N.
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of subtherapeutic exposure to intravenously administered β-lactam antibiotics in a cohort of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients who were treated for a pulmonary exacerbation, and its impact on pulmonary function.

METHODS Nineteen CF patients between the ages of 5 and 21 years treated at Children's National Health System for a pulmonary exacerbation were followed between March 2015 and August 2016 in a prospective, longitudinal study. Pharmacokinetic modeling and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the involved pathogens were used to determine therapeutic or subtherapeutic β-lactam antibiotic exposure based on the time the antibiotic concentration was above the MIC. Clinical outcomes were measured by spirometry values.

RESULTS The 19 participants were treated with a total of 29 courses of antibiotics. The most common β-lactam antibiotics used in a treatment course were ceftazidime (62%) and meropenem (45%). There was no difference in age, CF genotype, or creatinine clearance between the 9 participants (47%) who reached therapeutic concentrations versus the 10 (53%) who did not. Those who achieved sufficiently high antibiotic exposure had more significant improvement of their pulmonary function tests.

CONCLUSIONS We found that sufficient antibiotic exposure during treatment of CF pulmonary exacerbations was associated with improved pulmonary function. Moreover, it was impossible to predict, solely from the dosing regimen used, which patients were going to reach therapeutic β-lactam antibiotic serum concentrations. This suggests that CF patients may benefit from closer monitoring of their β-lactam exposure and bacterial MIC for optimal clinical outcomes.
Azithromycin Induces Migrating Motor Complexes in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Antroduodenal Motility Studies
Authors: Shakir Asiya K , Altaf Muhammad Adnan
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVE Erythromycin (ERY) is used in the treatment of gastroparesis; however, this medication is associated with serious side effects, such as cardiac arrhythmias and consequent cardiorespiratory arrest. Azithromycin (AZM) has been suggested as an alternative to ERY as a result of its improved safety profile. Intravenous ERY (1 mg/kg) is administered during antroduodenal motility studies to induce migrating motor complexes (MMCs), the presence or absence of which helps diagnose motility disorders like gastroparesis and gastrointestinal dysmotility. However, there are no pediatric studies comparing the effects of AZM and ERY on antroduodenal pressure profiles. The goal of this study is to determine if AZM is comparable in inducing MMCs in pediatric patients undergoing antroduodenal motility studies.

METHODS We performed a retrospective chart analysis of gastric and small bowel manometric data in 2 adolescent patients, both age 15 years, who were given AZM (1 mg/kg) during antroduodenal motility studies. The pressure profiles obtained during motility studies were compared to those of patients of similar age and symptomology who were given the standard intravenous ERY dose during motility studies. We then compared the total duration of effect, mean amplitude of contractions, number of cycles per minute, and duration of highest antral and duodenal contractions.

RESULTS Intravenous AZM induces migrating motor contractions in the stomach followed by contractions in the small intestine. The mean amplitude of the stomach contractions was 259 mm Hg in patients who received AZM vs 241 mm Hg in patients who received ERY. The mean amplitude of small intestinal MMCs was 68 mm Hg in patients who received AZI and 72 mm Hg in patients who received ERY. Additionally, the frequency and duration of stomach and small intestinal contractions were also similar in the 2 groups.

CONCLUSIONS Intravenous AZM has similar prokinetic effects to intravenous ERY. Our study suggests that AZM is a suitable alternative to ERY in inducing MMCs without the concerning side effects related to ERY and may potentially be used in the management of gastroparesis and other small bowel motility disorders. However, larger prospective studies are required to better understand the long-term efficacy of AZM.
Use of Intravenous Acetaminophen in Children for Analgesia After Spinal Fusion Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Rizkalla Nicole , Zane Nicole R. , Prodell Janice L. , Elci Okan U. , Maxwell Lynne G. , DiLiberto Mary Ann , Zuppa Athena F.
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES Opioid pharmacotherapy is the cornerstone of postoperative analgesia. Despite its effectiveness, it has a variety of potential adverse effects. Therefore, a multimodal approach with non-opioid analgesics would be optimal. The aim of this study was to determine if intravenous (IV) acetaminophen would reduce opioid requirements and improve clinical outcomes in children after surgery.

METHODS A single-center, randomized, double-blind study was conducted in 57 children (10–18 years old) undergoing posterior spine fusion surgery between July 2011 to May 2014. All subjects received either acetaminophen or placebo at the end of surgery, followed by repeated doses every 6 hours for a total of 8 doses.

RESULTS In the first 24 postoperative hours, the average opioid consumption was lower for the active group compared with the placebo group (p = 0.02). The total unadjusted time to patient controlled analgesia (PCA) discontinuation was also longer in the placebo group than the active group (90 hours vs. 73 hours, p = 0.02); however, this was not statistically significant after normalizing for body weight. Additionally, time to first solid intake was longer without the use of acetaminophen (69 hours vs. 49 hours, p = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS Postoperative use of IV acetaminophen was associated with earlier time to diet advancement and discontinuation of IV analgesics and may result in lower opioid consumption.
Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Preservation of Extemporaneous Diluted Simple Syrup Vehicles for Pediatrics
Authors: Santoveña-Estévez Ana , Suárez-González Javier , Vera Martín , González-Martín Cristina , Soriano Mabel , Fariña José B.
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES Extemporaneous or magistral formulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients using traditional compounding techniques is a common practice when no commercial form is available for pediatrics. For this vulnerable group of patients, the formulation must be prepared with the minimum quantity and lowest proportion of excipients approved for pediatrics, avoiding the use of preservatives. Often the vehicles used for these preparations are dilutions of simple syrup with water. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of antimicrobial preservation in simple syrup diluted with aqua conservans (conserved water), without propylene glycol or with a reduced proportion of parabens.

METHODS The European Pharmacopoeia test of efficacy of antimicrobial preservation was applied to 5 trial vehicles prepared with simple syrup diluted with water.

RESULTS Simple syrup is stable during 14 days. Vehicles prepared with simple syrup diluted with purified water did not meet the microbiological quality criteria, but when they are diluted with water that incorporates propylene glycol and parabens (aqua conservans), then they meet the criteria. In addition, if the water is prepared with parabens and without propylene glycol, the criteria for the dilution are met. Nevertheless, if the dilution is done with water prepared with an insufficient proportion of parabens to act as preservatives, the dilution does not meet the pharmacopoeia microbiological criteria.

CONCLUSIONS Dilution of simple syrup (50:50 v/v) to prepare a vehicle for extemporaneous or magistral preparation is microbiologically safe when water with methylparaben and propylparaben is used in a proportion of 0.08% and 0.02% (w/w), respectively, avoiding the use of propylene glycol as a solvent and thus its toxic effects in pediatrics.
Severe Neuropathic Pain With Concomitant Administration of Vincristine and Posaconazole
Authors: Lin Mark John-Yung , Paul Megan Rose , Kuo Dennis John
Published: November 2018

Vincristine is a chemotherapeutic agent with a potential toxicity of sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy. Patients receiving chemotherapy are in an immunocompromised state and may require antifungal agents. Triazole antifungals are known inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Vincristine is a known CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 substrate, and concomitant administration with fluconazole or voriconazole has been reported to increase vincristine toxicity and peripheral neuropathy, but there is limited literature on posaconazole in this regard. This 5-year-old girl with pre–B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia received vincristine while receiving posaconazole for a mucormycosis infection and developed unexpectedly severe peripheral neuropathy. After recovery, the child continued on mucormycosis prophylaxis with posaconazole with instructions to hold for 2 days before and on the day of vincristine administration. This case illustrates the potentiating effect that posaconazole had on vincristine-associated neurotoxicity, and our approach to mitigating that negative interaction.
Research Commentary: Curricular Noticing: A Framework to Describe Teachers' Interactions With Curriculum Materials
Authors: Dietiker Leslie , Males Lorraine M. , Amador Julie M. , Earnest Darrell
Published: November 2018

Building on the work of Professional Noticing of Children's Mathematical Thinking, we introduce the Curricular Noticing Framework to describe how teachers recognize opportunities within curriculum materials, understand their affordances and limitations, and use strategies to act on them. This framework builds on Remillard's (2005) notion of participation with curriculum materials, connects with and broadens existing research on the relationship between teachers and written curriculum, and highlights new areas for research. We argue that once mathematics educators better understand the strategic curricular practices that support ambitious teaching, which we refer to as professional curricular noticing, such knowledge could lead to recommendations for how to support the curricular work of teachers and novice teachers in particular.
Engaging Students with Mathematics through Play
Authors: Hensberry Karina K. R. , Whitacre Ian , Findley Kelly , Schellinger Jennifer , Wheeler Mary Burr
Published: November 2018

Mathematics teaching that provides opportunities for play embodies many of the Mathematics Teaching Practices described in Principles to Actions: Ensuring Mathematical Success for All (NCTM 2014). PhET interactive simulations (or sims), developed by the PhET Project at the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu), are freely available virtual tools that promote play and exploration in mathematics and science topics for K-16 students.
In Stitches: Knitting and Knotty Area Problems
Authors: Prasad Priya V.
Published: November 2018

Knitting, like other traditional crafts such as quilting or weaving, is a highly mathematical activity. Knitters need to constantly coordinate different forms of measurement, including weight, length, and area. Knitting typically involves following a pattern. If you do not follow that pattern, you can find yourself dealing with some pretty complicated knot theory.
Cooking Up Arrays
Authors: Rawlins Debra , Hernandez Natasha , Miller William
Published: November 2018

Second graders move from counting by ones to counting equal groups to structuring arrays.
Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling Exercise in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Pilutti Lara A. , Edwards Thomas , Motl Robert W. , Sebastião Emerson
Published: November 2018

Background:

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling is an advanced rehabilitation modality that involves systematic mild electrical stimulation of focal muscle groups to produce leg cycling movement against an adjustable work rate. The present study reports on the efficacy of an assessor-blinded, pilot randomized controlled trial of supervised FES cycling exercise in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) on secondary trial outcomes, including cognition, fatigue, pain, and health-related quality of life.

Methods:

Eleven adult participants with MS were randomized to receive FES cycling exercise (n = 6) or passive leg cycling (n = 5) for 24 weeks. Cognitive processing speed was assessed using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Symptoms of fatigue and pain were assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale, the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, and the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Physical and psychological health-related quality of life were assessed using the 29-item Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale.

Results:

Eight participants (four, FES; four, passive leg cycling) completed the intervention and outcome assessments. The FES cycling exercise resulted in moderate-to-large improvements in cognitive processing speed (d = 0.53), fatigue severity (d = −0.92), fatigue impact (d = −0.45 to −0.68), and pain symptoms (d = −0.67). The effect of the intervention on cognitive performance resulted in a clinically meaningful change, based on established criteria.

Conclusions:

We provide preliminary evidence for the benefits of FES cycling exercise on cognition and symptoms of fatigue and pain. Appropriately powered randomized controlled trials of FES cycling exercise are necessary to determine its efficacy for people with MS.
Skulls and skeletons from Namibia in Berlin
Authors: Stoecker Holger , Winkelmann Andreas
Published: November 2018

From 2010 to 2013 the Charité Human Remains Project researched the provenance of the
remains of fifty-seven men and women from the then colony of German South West Africa. They
were collected during German colonial rule, especially but not only during the colonial war
1904–8. The remains were identified in anthropological collections of academic
institutions in Berlin. The article describes the history of these collections, the aims,
methods and interdisciplinary format of provenance research as well as its results and finally
the restitutions of the remains to Namibia in 2011 and 2014.
Re-individualising human remains from Namibia
Authors: Förster Larissa , Henrichsen Dag , Stoecker Holger , Axasi╪Eichab Hans
Published: November 2018

In 1885, the Berlin pathologist Rudolf Virchow presented three human skeletons
from the colony of German South West Africa to the Berlin Society for
Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory. The remains had been looted from a grave
by a young German scientist, Waldemar Belck, who was a member of the second
Lüderitz expedition and took part in the occupation of colonial
territory. In an attempt to re-individualise and re-humanise these human
remains, which were anonymised in the course of their appropriation by Western
science, the authors consult not only the colonial archive, but also
contemporary oral history in Namibia. This allows for a detailed reconstruction
of the social and political contexts of the deaths of the three men, named
Jacobus Hendrick, Jacobus !Garisib and Oantab, and of Belck’s grave
robbery, for an analysis of how the remains were turned into scientific objects
by German science and institutions, as well as for an establishment of
topographical and genealogical links with the Namibian present. Based on these
findings, claims for the restitution of African human remains from German
institutions cannot any longer be regarded as a contemporary phenomenon only but
must be understood as part of an African tradition of resistance against Western
colonial and scientific practices.
The homecoming of Ovaherero and Nama skulls
Authors: Shigwedha Vilho Amukwaya
Published: November 2018

In October 2011, twenty skulls of the Herero and Nama people were repatriated
from Germany to Namibia. So far, fifty-five skulls and two human skeletons have
been repatriated to Namibia and preparations for the return of more skulls from
Germany were at an advanced stage at the time of writing this article.
Nonetheless, the skulls and skeletons that were returned from Germany in the
past have been disappointingly laden with complexities and politics, to such an
extent that they have not yet been handed over to their respective communities
for mourning and burials. In this context, this article seeks to investigate the
practice of ‘anonymising’ the presence of human remains in society
by exploring the art and politics of the Namibian state’s memory
production and sanctioning in enforcing restrictions on the affected communities
not to perform, as they wish, their cultural and ritual practices for the
remains of their ancestors.
Former students of the Riga Polytechnicum and Riga Polytechnic Institute (1862–1919) – literary workers
Authors: Zigmunde Alīda , Lanka Ērika , Stikute Elita , Šlegelmilha Zanda
Published: November 2018

The authors of the article have gathered literary works of poets and writers – former students of Riga Polytechnicum (RP) and Riga Polytechnic institute (RPI), and have characterized them. Several Latvian and foreign literary workers have studied at the institute. Only six of them – Alfrēds Andersons, Jānis Bergs, Rihards Ērglis, Ernests Eferts, Jānis Miķelsons and Arvīds Valdmanis – received diplomas in engineering after graduating from Departments of Engineering, Commerce and Agriculture. A. Valdmanis has written course books and literary works. Latvian poet Jānis Poruks and Russian writer Mihail Prishvin (Михаил Михаилович Пришвин) have also studied at the institute, but just like few others did not become engineers and are known due to their achievements in literature. RPI graduate admiral Teodors Spāde also wrote poems.
The activities of factory «Prowodnik» in Riga and its employees – graduates of the Riga Polytechnicum / Riga Polytechnic Institute
Authors: Zigmunde Alīda , Šapovalovs Oļegs
Published: November 2018

The article gives an overview of the activities of rubber, gutta-percha and telegraph factory «Prowodnik» in Riga, founded in 1888. Before the First World War, the factory was one of the four largest rubber factories in the world. During the First World War, in 1915, the factory was evacuated to Moscow, in 1918, it was expropriated.  In 1921, the shareholders decided to re-establish «Prowodnik» in its old premises in Riga, but the economic situation had changed. For some years it operated as a woodworking factory (1925–1935), but it never reached the boom it had experienced at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. At the end of the 1930s the factory was liquidated. The alumni of the Riga Polytechnicum (RP) and Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI) who had given significant input in its achievements have been identified by the authors of this article.
The family of Indriķis Blankenburgs (1887–1944) and architectural projects in the turn of the century
Authors: Zvaigzne Māris , Zigmunde Alīda , Gudro Ilze
Published: November 2018

The graduate of the Department of Architecture (1913) of the Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI), architect Indriķis Blankenburgs (1887–1944) is one of the best-known architects of school buildings in Latvia during the interwar years. Most of his more than 30 projected schools and other buildings are still used for the original purpose of the architect. Using the documents of the Latvian State Historical Archives and library collections, the article follows the Blankenburgs family and outlines the contribution of I. Blankenburgs to school architecture and provides the list of schools designed by the architect.
A resource for the Drosophila antennal lobe provided by the connectome of glomerulus VA1v
Authors: Horne Jane Anne , Langille Carlie , McLin Sari , Wiederman Meagan , Lu Zhiyuan , Xu C Shan , Plaza Stephen M , Scheffer Louis K , Hess Harald F , Meinertzhagen Ian A
Published: November 2018

Using FIB-SEM we report the entire synaptic connectome of glomerulus VA1v of the right antennal lobe in Drosophila melanogaster. Within the glomerulus we densely reconstructed all neurons, including hitherto elusive local interneurons. The fruitless-positive, sexually dimorphic VA1v included >11,140 presynaptic sites with ~38,050 postsynaptic dendrites. These connected input olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs, 51 ipsilateral, 56 contralateral), output projection neurons (18 PNs), and local interneurons (56 of >150 previously reported LNs). ORNs are predominantly presynaptic and PNs predominantly postsynaptic; newly reported LN circuits are largely an equal mixture and confer extensive synaptic reciprocity, except the newly reported LN2V with input from ORNs and outputs mostly to monoglomerular PNs, however. PNs were more numerous than previously reported from genetic screens, suggesting that the latter failed to reach saturation. We report a matrix of 192 bodies each having >50 connections; these form 88% of the glomerulus’ pre/postsynaptic sites.
OSCA/TMEM63 are an evolutionarily conserved family of mechanically activated ion channels
Authors: Murthy Swetha E , Dubin Adrienne E , Whitwam Tess , Jojoa-Cruz Sebastian , Cahalan Stuart M , Mousavi Seyed Ali Reza , Ward Andrew B , Patapoutian Ardem
Published: November 2018

Mechanically activated (MA) ion channels convert physical forces into electrical signals, and are essential for eukaryotic physiology. Despite their importance, few bona-fide MA channels have been described in plants and animals. Here, we show that various members of the OSCA and TMEM63 family of proteins from plants, flies, and mammals confer mechanosensitivity to naïve cells. We conclusively demonstrate that OSCA1.2, one of the Arabidopsis thaliana OSCA proteins, is an inherently mechanosensitive, pore-forming ion channel. Our results suggest that OSCA/TMEM63 proteins are the largest family of MA ion channels identified, and are conserved across eukaryotes. Our findings will enable studies to gain deep insight into molecular mechanisms of MA channel gating, and will facilitate a better understanding of mechanosensory processes in vivo across plants and animals.
Recognition and treatment of mood dysregulation in adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Noel Jason
Published: November 2018

Mood dysregulation is a common feature in the psychopathology of people with intellectual disability (ID) and co-occurring behavioral/psychiatric disorders. It can present with a host of dangerous behaviors, including aggression, self-injury, and property damage. There are special techniques that are used to assess these behaviors in people with ID, that can eventually inform an appropriate approach to pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment. Two case studies are presented that illustrate the elements in the assessment and treatment of mood dysregulation in ID.
Pharmacologic management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of major neurocognitive disorder
Authors: Mathys Monica
Published: November 2018

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) occur in approximately 80% of patients who receive a diagnosis of major neurocognitive disorder. Nonpharmacologic strategies are the first-line treatment for BPSD. However, psychotropic medications are often necessary when nonpharmacologic methods are not effective in treating symptoms that are distressing or are causing behaviors that are dangerous to the patient or the patient's caregivers. The article provides a review of evidence-based recommendations for the use of antipsychotics, cognitive enhancers, and serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of BPSD. Different pharmacologic approaches are demonstrated through 2 patient cases in which nonpharmacologic management was not effective. The severity of BPSD must be weighed against the risks and benefits of pharmacologic intervention in order to implement an optimal medication regimen.
Clozapine-induced myocarditis: Two case reports and review of clinical presentation and recognition
Authors: Sackey Bryan K. , Moore Troy A. , Cupples Nicole L. , Gutierrez Cynthia A.
Published: November 2018

Myocarditis is a potentially fatal cardiac disease marked by inflammation of the heart muscle. With a noted black-box warning, rates of clozapine-induced myocarditis are reportedly as high as 3%. Since the first case of clozapine-induced myocarditis was documented in 1994, more than 250 cases have been described in literature with an approximate 33% case-fatality rate. We report 2 cases of patients with primary psychotic disorders treated with clozapine, who developed signs and symptoms of myocarditis. The first was a 35-year-old white male patient with a primary diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder (bipolar type) who was initiated on clozapine after nonresponse to several therapies. On day 26, the patient was admitted to the emergency department for chest pain presenting with eosinophilia and notable elevations in several biomarkers, including troponin and C-reactive protein. The second patient was a 45-year-old black male who was initiated on clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. On day 13, the patient reported cardiac-related concerns (tachycardia) and flu-like symptoms resulting in hospitalization. Similarly, this patient demonstrated elevated biomarkers (troponin and creatine kinase). Both patients experienced resolution of symptoms after discontinuation of clozapine. Clozapine was not rechallenged for either patient. Review of literature further elucidates the relationship between clozapine and myocarditis, including potential risk factors, pathophysiology, and symptom presentation. Due to the potentially fatal nature of this condition, clinical vigilance and awareness is warranted upon initiation of clozapine through monitoring of symptoms along with cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers as indicated.
Clozapine-induced myocarditis in an adolescent male with DiGeorge Syndrome
Authors: Ruhe Ann Marie , Qureshi Imran , Procaccini David
Published: November 2018

DiGeorge Syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome) is a chromosomal disorder associated with both congenital heart malformations and schizophrenia, which is often treatment-resistant and may warrant treatment with clozapine. Clozapine-induced myocarditis (CIM) is a rare complication of clozapine therapy, with a reported incidence ranging from 0.015% to 3%. Fulminant CIM has a nonspecific presentation in both adult and pediatric populations and a mortality rate approaching 50%. Few cases of pediatric CIM have been documented in the literature. This report highlights a case of CIM in an adolescent male with DiGeorge Syndrome whose clinical course was characterized by a subtle, nonspecific presentation and resolution with supportive care.
Spindlin‐1 recognizes methylations of K20 and R23 of histone H4 tail
Authors: Wang Chengliang , Zhan Li , Wu Minhao , Ma Rongsheng , Yao Jun , Xiong Ying , Pan Yang , Guan Shenheng , Zhang Xuan , Zang Jianye
Published: November 2018

Using methods combining cross‐linking, pull‐down assays, and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture with mass spectrometry, we identified that the Tudor domain‐containing protein Spindlin‐1 recognizes trimethylation of histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me3). The binding affinity of Spindlin‐1 to H4K20me3 is weaker than that to H3K4me3, indicating H4K20me3 as a secondary substrate for Spindlin‐1. Structural studies of Spindlin‐1 in complex with the H4K20me3 peptide indicate that Spindlin‐1 attains a distinct binding mode for H4K20me3 recognition. Further biochemical analysis identified that Spindlin‐1 also binds methylated R23 of H4, providing new clues for the function of Spindlin‐1.
The Parkinson's progression markers initiative (PPMI) – establishing a PD biomarker cohort
Authors: Marek Kenneth , Chowdhury Sohini , Siderowf Andrew , Lasch Shirley , Coffey Christopher S. , Caspell‐Garcia Chelsea , Simuni Tanya , Jennings Danna , Tanner Caroline M. , Trojanowski John Q. , Shaw Leslie M. , Seibyl John , Schuff Norbert , Singleton Andrew , Kieburtz Karl , Toga Arthur W. , Mollenhauer Brit , Galasko Doug , Chahine Lana M. , Weintraub Daniel , Foroud Tatiana , Tosun‐Turgut Duygu , Poston Kathleen , Arnedo Vanessa , Frasier Mark , Sherer Todd ,   the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative
Published: November 2018

Objective

The Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) is an observational, international study designed to establish biomarker‐defined cohorts and identify clinical, imaging, genetic, and biospecimen Parkinson's disease (PD) progression markers to accelerate disease‐modifying therapeutic trials.

Methods

A total of 423 untreated PD, 196 Healthy Control (HC) and 64 SWEDD (scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit) subjects were enrolled at 24 sites. To enroll PD subjects as early as possible following diagnosis, subjects were eligible with only asymmetric bradykinesia or tremor plus a dopamine transporter (DAT) binding deficit on SPECT imaging. Acquisition of data was standardized as detailed at www.ppmi-info.org.

Results

Approximately 9% of enrolled subjects had a single PD sign at baseline. DAT imaging excluded 16% of potential PD subjects with SWEDD. The total MDS‐UPDRS for PD was 32.4 compared to 4.6 for HC and 28.2 for SWEDD. On average, PD subjects demonstrated 45% and 68% reduction in mean striatal and contralateral putamen Specific Binding Ratios (SBR), respectively. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was acquired from >97% of all subjects. CSF (PD/HC/SWEDD pg/mL) α‐synuclein (1845/2204/2141) was reduced in PD vs HC or SWEDD (P < 0.03). Similarly, t‐tau (45/53) and p‐tau (16/18) were reduced in PD versus HC (P < 0.01),

Interpretation

PPMI has detailed the biomarker signature for an early PD cohort defined by clinical features and imaging biomarkers. This strategy provides the framework to establish biomarker cohorts and to define longitudinal progression biomarkers to support future PD treatment trials.
Plugin Society: Bridging the Gap Between Top‐Down and Bottom‐Up Approaches to Urban Development
Authors: Shen James
Published: November 2018

Devising an urban regeneration strategy that is low cost and boldly modern yet pleasing to preservationists and non‐disruptive to residents sounds like an impossible goal. Yet the multidisciplinary Beijing practice People's Architecture Office (PAO) have achieved it with their modular system Plugin. Mass‐customisable and adaptable to a multitude of uses and scales, it has already been deployed in a range of settings across China. PAO co‐founder James Shen tells the story of how it works and how it was developed – through a combination of government support and close input from clients.
Responsive Structure: Architecture as a Thing‐scape
Authors: Liu Yichun
Published: November 2018

Structure should be not just a technical issue, but integral to architectural expression. As architect Yichun Liu argues here, the modern separation of architecture from structural engineering in both education and professional practice is impoverishing the built environment. The office that he co‐founded, Atelier Deshaus, has evolved a new model of design that involves close collaboration with engineers from the outset, to generate works that respond richly to their physical and cultural context. Four projects in Shanghai, where the firm is based, illustrate how it works.
From Theory to Praxis: Digital Tools and the New Architectural Authorship
Authors: Yuan Philip F , Wang Xiang
Published: November 2018

Archi‐Union Architects, based in Shanghai, is an experimental practice that is closely linked to the Digital Design Research Center (DDRC) at Tongji University. The firm's founder Philip F Yuan, a professor at the university, together with his colleague and DDRC leader Xiang Wang, describe how their method of working as a design laboratory is enabling them to explore a new ‘parametric regionalism’ that marries digital techniques with traditional local materials and craftsmanship.
Imagining the Immediate Present: Responsive Approaches to the Investigation of Things
Authors: Dou Pingping , Lu Andong , Feng Lu
Published: November 2018

Grand theories cannot always provide the answer to local problems. In line with a tenet of neo‐Confucian philosophy, Guest‐Editors Pingping Dou and Andong Lu and architect and researcher Lu Feng together co‐convened the Gewu Workshop in Nanjing in summer 2015 to showcase different types of enquiry. The 10 invited participants, ranging from architects to historians and theorists, each offered their analysis of and vision for a disused area on the outskirts of historic Nanjing. Displayed in a subsequent exhibition, their proposals encourage an investigative and place‐based mentality in dealing with such complex urban sites.
Direct Reductive Amination of Carbonyl Compounds with H2 Using Heterogeneous Catalysts in Continuous Flow as an Alternative to N‐Alkylation with Alkyl Halides
Authors: Laroche Benjamin , Ishitani Haruro , Kobayashi Shū
Published: November 2018

A general continuous‐flow procedure for direct reductive amination of secondary and primary amines with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes as well as ketones is reported. The use of hydrogen gas and commercially available Pt/C as a heterogeneous catalyst is a key. In addition to exhibiting an excellent functional group tolerance, this method allows the fast formation of C−N bonds without production of any hazardous chemical waste. Applications to the synthesis of key intermediates toward active pharmaceutical ingredients (Donepezil and Arformoterol/Tamsulosin) are also described.

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Iodine‐Optimized Interface for Inorganic CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cell to Attain High Stabilized Efficiency Exceeding 14%
Authors: Zhang Jingru , Jin Zhiwen , Liang Lei , Wang Haoran , Bai Dongliang , Bian Hui , Wang Kang , Wang Qian , Yuan Ningyi , Ding Jianning , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: November 2018

Recently, inorganic CsPbI2Br perovskite is attracting ever‐increasing attention for its outstanding optoelectronic properties and ambient phase stability. Here, an efficient CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cell (PSC) is developed by: 1) using a dimension‐grading heterojunction based on a quantum dots (QDs)/bulk film structure, and 2) post‐treatment of the CsPbI2Br QDs/film with organic iodine salt to form an ultrathin iodine‐ion–enriched perovskite layer on the top of the perovskite film. It is found that the above procedures generate proper band edge bending for improved carrier collection, resulting in effectively decreased recombination loss and improved hole extraction efficiency. Meanwhile, the organic capping layer from the iodine salt also surrounds the QDs and tunes the surface chemistry for further improved charge transport at the interface. As a result, the champion device achieves long‐term stabilized power conversion efficiency beyond 14%.
Neural basis of induced phantom limb pain relief
Authors: Kikkert Sanne , Mezue Melvin , O'Shea Jacinta , Henderson Slater David , Johansen‐Berg Heidi , Tracey Irene , Makin Tamar R.
Published: November 2018

Objective

Phantom limb pain (PLP) is notoriously difficult to treat, partly due to an incomplete understanding of PLP‐related disease mechanisms. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is used to modulate plasticity in various neuropathological diseases, including chronic pain. Although NIBS can alleviate neuropathic pain (including PLP), both disease and treatment mechanisms remain tenuous. Insight into the mechanisms underlying both PLP and NIBS‐induced PLP relief is needed for future implementation of such treatment and generalization to related conditions.

Methods

We used a within‐participants, double‐blind, and sham‐controlled design to alleviate PLP via task‐concurrent NIBS over the primary sensorimotor missing hand cortex (S1/M1). To specifically influence missing hand signal processing, amputees performed phantom hand movements during anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. Brain activity was monitored using neuroimaging during and after NIBS. PLP ratings were obtained throughout the week after stimulation.

Results

A single session of intervention NIBS significantly relieved PLP, with effects lasting at least 1 week. PLP relief associated with reduced activity in the S1/M1 missing hand cortex after stimulation. Critically, PLP relief and reduced S1/M1 activity correlated with preceding activity changes during stimulation in the mid‐ and posterior insula and secondary somatosensory cortex (S2).

Interpretation

The observed correlation between PLP relief and decreased S1/M1 activity confirms our previous findings linking PLP with increased S1/M1 activity. Our results further highlight the driving role of the mid‐ and posterior insula, as well as S2, in modulating PLP. Lastly, our novel PLP intervention using task‐concurrent NIBS opens new avenues for developing treatment for PLP and related pain conditions. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:59–73.
Evidence of dysfunction in the visual association cortex in visual snow syndrome
Authors: Eren Ozan , Rauschel Veronika , Ruscheweyh Ruth , Straube Andreas , Schankin Christoph J.
Published: November 2018

Patients with visual snow syndrome (VS) suffer from a debilitating continuous visual disturbance of unknown mechanism. The present study tested the hypothesis of dysfunctional visual processing using visual evoked potentials. Eighteen patients were compared to age‐matched migraineurs (M) and healthy controls (C) using 2‐way analysis of variance with group (VS, M, C) and gender as factors. Visual evoked potentials from patients with VS demonstrated increased N145 latency (in milliseconds, VS: 152.7 ± 7.9 vs M: 145.3 ± 9.8 vs C: 145.5 ± 9.4; F = 3.28; p = 0.046) and reduced N75–P100 amplitudes (in microvolts, VS: 7.4 ± 3.5 vs M: 12.5 ± 4.7 vs C: 10.8 ± 3.4; F = 3.16; p = 0.051). Dunnett post hoc analysis was significant for all comparisons between VS and controls. These findings are in agreement with the idea that the primary disturbance in VS is a dysfunction of the visual association cortex. Ann Neurol 2018;84:946–949
The Multi‐epistemological Systemic Therapist: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Lorås Lennart , Sundelin Johan
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this article is to explore how experienced systemic therapists who work in child and adolescent mental health position themselves within epistemology. The article is based on a grounded theory re‐analysis of 12 qualitative in‐depth interviews with six experienced systemic family therapists and fieldwork observations of the same therapists. The specific research question for this article is: How do you position yourself as a systemic therapist in child and adolescent mental health care in relation to epistemology? The analysis identified the overarching finding: the multi‐epistemological therapist. The experienced systemic therapists’ descriptions of their epistemological stance are discussed alongside the context of child and adolescent mental health care and systemic therapy's theory and practice.
Synthesis of silane‐modified polyphosphate esters and its application in transparent flame‐retardant coatings
Authors: Tian Caiyun , Wang Congying , Ren Xiaoni , Hong Ling
Published: November 2018

Polyphosphate ester (PPAE) made from poly(phosphoric acid), pentaerythritol, and 1,3‐butylene glycol has been synthesized. The PPAE reacted with dimethyldichlorosilane (DMDCS) to improve its thermal stability and flame retardancy. Four silane‐modified polyphosphate esters (SiPPAEs) were obtained. FTIR, 31P NMR, and 29Si NMR results showed that the SiCl bond of DMDCS could react with the COH and POH bonds of PPAE, producing SiOC and POSi bond in SiPPAEs. Different transparent coatings were obtained by mixing the PPAE and SiPPAEs with amino resin. The results of TGA showed that the stability of SiPPAEs was higher than that of PPAE. With the increase of silane content, the thermal stability of the coating increased. As the silane content increased within a certain range, the fire resistance and expansion coefficient increased. But too high silane content had adverse effects on the expansion and reduced the overall insulation effect. The digital photos and SEM/EDX microphotographs of coatings after combustion showed that silica segments could enriched in the surface to form a hard protective layer to prevent further degradation of the char layer. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47199.
Gold nanoparticle conjugated poly(p‐phenylene‐β‐cyclodextrin)‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol) for theranostic applications
Authors: Barlas F.B. , Celikbas E. , Arslan M. , Timur S. , Yagci Y.
Published: November 2018

Fluorescent conjugated polymers gained interest in the last decades for both imaging and targeting tumor cells for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In the light of this objective conjugated poly(p‐phenylene) possessing β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) units in the main chain and poly(ethylene glycol) side chains is used as an imaging and therapeutic agent to target U87 and Vero cells. Additionally, imaging quality and therapy efficiency of the bare graft copolymer and its gold nanoparticle (AuNP) conjugated form were investigated and compared. It is observed that β‐CD is effective not only for the imaging of the tumor cells, but also as a radiotherapy agent. Conjugation of the polymer with the AuNPs provides significant improvement in the therapeutic efficiency. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47250.
Nanoindentation analysis of 3D printed poly(lactic acid)‐based composites reinforced with graphene and multiwall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Batakliev Todor , Georgiev Vladimir , Ivanov Evgeni , Kotsilkova Rumiana , Di Maio Rosa , Silvestre Clara , Cimmino Sossio
Published: November 2018

Influences of different nanocomposite loadings in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix on resulting hardness and elasticity were examined in nanoindentation experiments. The following study was focused on the nanomechanical properties of PLA reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by using Berkovich type pyramidal nanoindenter. A masterbatch strategy was developed to disperse GNP and MWCNT into PLA by melt blending. Young's modulus and nanohardness of as‐prepared nanocomposites were characterized as a function of the graphene and carbon nanotubes loading. The nanoindentation analysis reveals that these carbon nanofillers improve the mechanical stability of the nanocomposites GNP/PLA, MWCNT/PLA, and GNP/MWCNT/PLA. That improvement of mechanical properties strongly depends on the fillers content. It was found that the best mechanical performance was achieved for the compound having 6 wt % graphene and 6 wt % MWCNTs in the PLA matrix. The received values for nanohardness and Young's modulus are among the highest reported for PLA‐based nanocomposites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47260.
Fabrication of hollow and porous polystyrene fibrous membranes by electrospinning combined with freeze‐drying for oil removal from water
Authors: Tang Yufei , Liu Zhaowei , Zhao Kang
Published: November 2018

A novel method was proposed to fabricate hollow and surface porous polystyrene (PS) fibrous membranes for the removal of oil from water. Spinning solutions were prepared by using camphene and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as pore‐forming agents, and hollow PS fibers with 100–400 nm pores on the surface were fabricated by electrospinning and freeze‐drying. The distribution and volatilization of camphene and TEOS, as well as the drying behavior of solvents in high relative humidity, were important factors in forming the porous structure of PS fibers. The specific surface area of obtained PS fibrous membranes was twice that of conventional electrospun PS fibrous membranes and displayed superhydrophobic properties. Moreover, the large adsorption storage space was formed due to the hollow structure and porous surface of PS fibers. The maximum oil adsorption capacity of the porous PS fibrous membrane was 105.4 g g−1, and was larger than that of the conventional PS fibrous membrane after repeated five times, thus making it a promising tool for oil spill cleanups. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47262.