bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vesicles and Vesicle Gels – Structure and Solubilisation Properties
Authors: Hufnagl A. , Kinzel S. , Gradzielski M.
Published: December 2013

Vesicles are self-aggregating systems that exhibit a rich structural variety and are able to encapsulate active molecules. Once their effective volume fraction exceeds a certain value the formation of vesicle gels will occur. The details of the vesicular structure and also the rheological properties of vesicle gels are controlled to a large extent by the molecular composition of the amphiphilic system. Some particular examples of such vesicle gels are discussed in this article which were characterised by phase studies, measurements of their rheological behaviour, and comprehensive scattering experiments in order to obtain a detailed structural picture which can be correlated with the macroscopic properties.
Alkyl Triphenylphosphonium Bromide Surfactant Mediated Reactions of p-Nitrophenyl Acetate
Authors: Moore S. , Palepu R. M. , Bal S. , Ghosh K. K. , Dafonte P. R.
Published: December 2013

Kinetic measurements were performed for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate as a model compound in micellar media. This reaction was studied both in the presence and absence of various α-effect nucleophiles, and in depth analyses were performed using acetohydroxamic acid (AHA). Rate surfactant profiles were obtained in the absence and presence of the AHA nucleophile for the alkyl triphenylphosphonium bromides (CnPPh3Br) surfactant series. All rate surfactant profiles were analyzed using the pseudophase model and modified pseudophase model (In the presence of nucleophile) in order to obtain the regression parameters, including binding constants and rate constants in the micellar pseudophase. Studies in the presence of acetohydroxamic acid and the alkyl triphenylphosphonium surfactants were also conducted as a function of pH to obtain the pKa value of the acetohydroxamic acid in the micellar media.
Dissolution Rate of Sodium Fatty Alcohol Sulfate FAS – Surfactants
Authors: Abdel-Rahem R. , Al-Hawarin J.
Published: December 2013

We represent an applicable problem that arises when long chain surfactant fatty alcohol sulfate FAS is used in washing process. Octadecyl fatty alcohol sulfate C18-FAS is known for its strong washing performance, however it has the disadvantages of high Krafft point and its long dissolution rate. We demonstrate the factors that affect dissolution rates of FAS-surfactants, and how one can vary these factors in order to achieve particular dissolution rate. In this study, we have used a reproducible method for determining the rate of dissolution of anionic surfactants tablet and the effect of, temperature, hardness of FAS-tablets, stirring rate, FAS chain length, mixing with other surfactants and additives on the rate of dissolution of FAS have been studied.
Study on the Synthesis and Surface Activities of Disodium of Mono-Alkyl Polyoxyethylene Ether Citrate
Authors: Zhou Z.-C. , Yang X.-Q. , Sun G.-J. , Cheng Y.-M.
Published: December 2013

A synthetic process of Disodium of Mono-Alkyl polyoxyethylene Ether Citrate was developed in this paper. The structure of intermediate and products were indicated by infrared spectroscopy. The physico-chemical properties of aqueous solution of products were also investigated. The results show that products are excellent emulsifiers, with the low surface tension in 27–30 mN/m and good wetting power, and possess different foaming behavior in hard water and distilled water.
Anaerobic Biodegradation of Surfactants – Scientific Review
Authors: Berna J. L. , Cassani G. , Hager C.-D. , Rehman N. , López I. , Schowanek D. , Steber J. , Taeger K. , Wind T.
Published: December 2013

The anaerobic biodegradation of surfactants is used as an acceptability criterion in some environmental pieces of legislation (eco-label, risk assessment, etc.), without a proper evaluation of the relevance of such a characteristic. Available screening test methods to assess the anaerobic biodegradation do not simulate the real conditions prevailing in these anaerobic compartments but rather reflect more stringent conditions, due to the high test substance/biomass ratio, possibility of inhibitory effects and limited possibility for adaptation. Therefore positive results are indicative of a similar behaviour under environmental conditions, while a negative result cannot be necessarily interpreted as inherent anaerobic recalcitrance. The majority of surfactants entering the environment will be exposed to and degraded under aerobic conditions, and only less than 20 % will potentially reach temporarily anaerobic environmental compartments. In contrast to the well documented adverse effects observed in the absence of aerobic biodegradation, the lack of anaerobic biodegradation does not seem to be correlated with any apparent environmental problem for most compartments after more than 40 years of widely use of such products. The scientific review concluded that anaerobic biodegradability does not have the same environmental relevance as the aerobic one. Anaerobic biodegradability should not, therefore, be used as a pass/fail property for the environmental acceptability of surfactants which are readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions.
Interaction of Amphoteric Collector with Silica and Hematite Surfaces
Authors: El-Rahiem F. H. Abd , El-Midany A. A. , Selim K. A.
Published: December 2013

The silica represents the main gangue mineral in iron ore deposits. Different surfactants were used for separation of silica from iron ores. In the current work, an amphoteric collector was used as an alternative for the current reagents. Pure minerals of silica and hematite were used to investigate the mechanism of the amphoteric collector adsorption on both minerals. It was found that the adsorption density of collector was pH dependent. Preferential adsorption of collector was found to be at acidic pH range. The mechanism of collector interaction with the mineral surface was found to proceed via electrostatic interaction. Zeta potential measurements have indicated the possibility of collector adsorption by electrostatic interaction under the conditions where mineral surface and collector are oppositely charged.
Biologically Active Tin Compounds Based on Aziridine and Azepane Derivatives
Authors: Ali H. El-Sharkawy
Published: December 2013

Four of new tin(IV) compounds derived from aziridine and azepane substituents have been synthesized and characterization by elemental microanalysis, atomic absorption, FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. These tin-derived compounds exhibited biocidal activities on four different microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The use of common and effective biocides depends on the surfactant molecules. On this basis, surface tension measurements were used to determine the critical micellar concentration (cmc), the minimum average area per surfactant molecule (Amin) and the surface excess concentration (Γ∞). A direct relationship has found between the antimicrobial efficacy and Γ∞.
Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis of Aromatic Halides by Raney Nickel in the Presence of Different Surfactants
Authors: Ilikti H. , Benabdallah T. , Boukreris S. , Aouad M. R. , Ashry E. S. H. El
Published: December 2013

Electrocatalytic hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation of 4-halophenols, 4-chloroaniline and chloronitrobenzene have been investigated in aqueous media using different surfactant agents on two kinds of cathodes investigated on, Raney nickel electrode and carbon electrode.
Synthesis of an Imidazoline Phosphate Surfactant and its Application on Corrosion Inhibition
Authors: Xiao L. , Qiao W. , Guo H. , Qu J.
Published: December 2013

An imidazoline phosphate surfactant is designed and synthesized, and its application on corrosion inhibition is evaluated from the following aspects: (1) concentration of inhibitor; (2) temperature; (3) concentration of acid. The imidazoline phosphate is also mixed with KI as an assistant agent, and the results from weight loss measurement show better inhibition efficiency.
Properties of Oxyethylenated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Ethyl Esters; Hydrolysis, Critical Micelle Concentrations and Foaming
Authors: Šmidrkal J. , Vokáčová M. , Poláková L. , Filip V. , Machková K.
Published: December 2013

Oxyethylenated fatty acid methyl esters are considered to be a promising alternative to oxyethylenated fatty alcohols widely used in laundry detergent productions. Oxyethylenated fatty acid methyl esters display propensity to hydrolysis in alkaline washing solutions, which might affect the washing process. The hydrolysis of oxyethylenated fatty acid methyl esters was found to be innocuous towards the washing process since only 10% of the overall amount was hydrolyzed at 60°C, pH = 12 in 1 hour. The cmc depends on a degree of oxyethylenation. The cmc of methyl ester and ethyl ester bearing 10 oxyethylene groups is 0.8 mmol · L−1. The cmc of esters bearing 20 oxyethylene groups is 1.2 mmol · L−1. The foaming properties of oxyethylenated methyl esters bearing between 10 and 20 oxyethylene groups is constant. In case of oxyethylenated ethyl esters the foaming was increasing with the number of oxyethylene groups.
The Impact of Fluorescent Compounds on the Change in Shade of Pastel Colored PES/Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Pušić T. , Soljačić I.
Published: December 2013

Functionalization of textiles in the finishing and care processes is an outstanding topic today. Ultraviolet (UV) protective properties of textiles can be improved by the implementation of fluorescent compounds in the finishing and laundering processes. The investigation described is focused on the addition of a fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) and an UV absorber (UVA) during frequent laundering of bleached and pastel colored polyester/cotton fabrics in the reference ECE detergent at 40°C. The effect of the UVA containing detergent includes improved whiteness of bleached textiles and excellent UV protection properties during multiple cycles. The bleaching performance of the FWA is similar in offering good UV protection. In the case of the pastel colored fabrics after the launderings, UV protection is excellent too, but the negative impact of the fluorescent compounds on the changes in shade is evident.
A Physical Method for Measuring the Drying Performance in Household Dishwashers
Authors: Rummler B. , Stamminger R.
Published: December 2013

A physical method for measuring the drying performance in household dishwashers, consisting of a hardware setup for automatically measuring the water reduction during the drying phase in a dishwasher programme cycle and a suitable physical model, is presented. The hardware setup is basically composed of a high precision scale connected to the baskets within a given household dishwasher. The time-varying weight values measured by this scale generate a weight function corresponding to water reduction during the drying phase. This weight function is subsequently subdivided in a draining phase and a vaporisation phase, modelled by a hyperbolic and by an exponential function, respectively. Using a least mean square optimization approach to different time intervals of the weight function, two well reproducible characteristic parameter sets are derived which are able to differentiate different rinsing products very well. Compared to the results of a conventional method for assessing drying performance by “counting drops” a good correlation with the performance of the rinsing products is obtained.
Biological Activity of Some Novel Cationic Germanium and Titanium Metal Based Surfactants
Authors: Morsy S. M. I. , Badawi A. M. , Jajte J. M.
Published: December 2013

Two new derivatives (A) and (B) of cationic germanium metal based surfactants have been synthesized. Their formulas are: [GeCl2(R)4]2+FeCl4
2− and [GeCl2(R\)4]2+SnCl4
2−·2H2O where R = hexamine and R\ = isothiouronium. A third derivative (C) of cationic titanium metal based surfactant was also synthesized and its formula is: [TiCl2(R\\)2]2+CoCl4
2−·6H2O where R\\ = triphenylphosphine. The presence of complex anions with metals was confirmed by inductive coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP), IR spectrum and elemental analysis. Surface properties of the prepared surfactants, surface tension and critical micelle concentration were evaluated. Cytotoxic activities of these three metallo-surfactants were tested on human cell lines: leukemia lymphoblastic NALM-6 cells, promyelocytic HL-60 cells and breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. The obtained data revealed that the compound A did not exert cytotoxicity toward normal lymphocytes and was also inactive against all tumor cell lines tested. However, compounds B and C displayed high cytotoxicity in tumor cells and low toxicity in human normal lymphocytes, with concurrent high genotoxicity in all kinds of cells. All of these synthesized metallo-surfactants (A, B and C) induced oxidative DNA damage as detected by alkaline comet assay. Therefore, novel cationic germanium and titanium metal based surfactants (B and C) may be considered for use as anticancer drugs but further studies should be performed.
Viscometric Behaviour and Micellization of Complexes of Copper (II) Stearate with N-donor Heterocyclic Dyes
Authors: Mathur N. , Ojha K. G. , Imran A. , Pooja S.
Published: December 2013

Colloido-chemical behavior of copper (II) stearate and N-donor ligands in benzene-methanol mixture of varying composition has been investigated by viscometric measurements. The critical micelle concentration values depend upon the composition of solvent mixture and are to be found in close agreement with each other. The general trend observed is that the viscometric parameters with concentration are quite different and the plots are obtained with curvature at a definite concentration corresponding to critical micelle concentration at which there is marked change in the aggregation of the complex molecules. The results of phenylthiourea and benzothiazole complexes in regards to solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions in mixed solvent systems have been discussed in terms of the equations proposed by Moulik and Jones-Dole. The complexes were synthesized with N-donor ligands and copper (II) stearate and characterized by their elemental analysis, molecular weight, melting point, IR and NMR spectral studies. Due to the surface-active properties of copper stearate, the complexes show remarkable applications in industries and are used as emulsifiers, dispersing agents, foaming and wetting agents. N-donor ability of ligands make them useful as intermediates for many organic compounds such as colorants, agrochemical and pharmaceutical. They are good antiviral, antibacterial and antimalerial agents.
Isolation of Phytosterols from Deodorizer Distillate and their Utilization in Preparation of Surface-active Agent
Authors: Ware A. M. , Ambawade K. D. , Bhowmick D. N. , Momin S. A.
Published: December 2013

Phytosterols are minor constituents of vegetable oils, which are being removed in the vegetable oil refining process such as deodorization. Deodorizer distillate is obtained in deodorization process, which contains about 4–8% of phytosterols. In the present study the aim was to utilized vegetable oil refining byproducts into valuable specialty surfactants. Phytosterols were isolated from deodorizer distillate of soybean oil using two different methods. In the first method methyl ester of deodorizer distillate was prepared and phytosterols isolated by crystallization. In the second method calcium soap of deodorizer distillate was prepared and unsaponifiable matter extracted using solvent. Phytosterols were isolated by crystallization in hexane from unsaponifiable matter. The phytosterols thus obtained was used for synthesis of sulfosuccinate surfactant. Surface active properties of phytosterols sulfosuccinate were evaluated and shows good surface active properties.
Thermo-responsive Metal-chelating Surfactants: Properties and Use in Cloud Point Extraction of Uranyl Nitrate∗
Authors: Prévost S. , Coulombeau H. , Baczko K. , Berthon L. , Zorz N. , Desvaux H. , Testard F. , Zemb Th. , Larpent C.
Published: December 2013

The properties of new thermo-responsive functional surfactants, capable of forming a metal chelate, synthesized by grafting a diamide group (amino-acid residue) to the tip hydrophilic endgroup or in a branched position to polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants [CiEj: CiH2i+1(OCH2CH2)jOH)], are studied. Their use in cloud point extraction of uranyl nitrate is tested. The reversible temperature-dependent behavior of classical non-ionic surfactants associated to phase separation of micellar solutions known as clouding behavior is exploited for separation based on cation specific binding to the chelating group. The functional surfactants under investigation combine surface-active properties and characteristic thermoreversible behavior with a capacity to bind uranyl cation. The influence of the complexation on the cloud points of functional surfactants is determined. The chelating surfactants are found efficient for the cloud point extraction of uranyl nitrate at low surfactant-to-uranyl ratio. These new thermoresponsive surfactants with chelating properties hold most promise for the development of new solvent free extraction processes.
Physiochemical Properties of Hydroxy Mixed Ether HMEnSurfactants and their Interaction with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate SDS
Authors: Abdel-Rahem R. , Ayesh A. S.
Published: December 2013

This paper is focused on the phase behavior, interaction with anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS, adsorption and wetting investigations of new hydroxy mixed ether nonionic surfactants HMEn. The phase diagrams of (0.1–100) %wt of HMEn(n-value is the ethoxylation number EO) at the temperature range 20–100°C have shown that the increasing of n-value raises the cloud boundary toward higher temperature. Remarkable result was obtained from the interaction between SDS and HMEB, at which the mixed system exhibits a unique homogeneity and a liquid crystal phase formation. Macroscopically, the liquid crystal region was found when the SDS concentration range between 8 and 24 mM mixed with 10% wt HMEB. The interaction between HMEnand mica was also investigated using atomic force microscopy AFM and a pronounced adsorption of HMEnon mica was observed. Moreover, contact angle results reveal that glass substrate shows strong wettability of HMEnsurfactant solutions compared with polyethylene PE and polymethylmethaacrylate PMMA substrates. This wettability however also decreases with EO number.
Benzene Moiety of Alkylphenol Ethoxylates can be a Source of Π Stacking Interactions
Authors: Frański R.
Published: December 2013

In this communication, it has been demonstrated by using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) that benzene moiety of alkylphenol ethoxylates (common non-ionic surfactants) can be a source of stacking interactions. Three cations being prone to interact with aromatic ring have been used: Cu2+, Ag+ and tetramethylammonium cation (CH3)4N+. Because of cation- interactions the stabilities of the complexes of alkylphenol ethoxylate with these cations have been enhanced, as evidenced by relative intensities of respective peaks in the ESI mass spectra. Oxygen atoms from ethoxylene chain interact with the cations, and these ion-dipole interactions compete with cation- interactions, therefore cation- interactions have been observed for alkylphenol ethoxylates with shorter ethoxylene chain.
Liquid Chromatography with Fluores-cence Detection as a Tool for Separation of Endocrine Disrupting Alkylphenols and their Mono- and Diethoxylates in Analysis of River Water Samples
Authors: Zgoła-Grześkowiak A. , Grześkowiak T.
Published: December 2013

A simple, accurate and reproducible reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection was developed for determination of octylphenol, nonylphenol and their short-chain ethoxylates, using an octadecyl silica column. The mobile phase used for the analysis consisted of methanol, acetonitrile and water (50:15:35). The analytes were separated successfully within a reasonable time without gradient elution, which was not achieved previously. Thus, use of inexpensive fluorescence detection instead of MS detection was enabled. This chromatographic method, combined with solid-phase extraction, was highly applicable for the simultaneous determination of octyl- and nonylphenol as well as their mono- and diethoxylates in real river water samples. The limit of detection (LOD) for octylphenol and its ethoxylates was 0.05 μg · L−1. For nonylphenol the LOD was 0.14 μg · L−1 and for its ethoxylates it was 0.15 μg · L−1. Recovery of octylphenol and its ethoxylates was about 80%. Recovery of nonylphenol and its ethoxylates was slightly lower (from 60 to 76%).
Olefins Derived from Vegetable Oils and their Utilization in Preparation of Surface Active Agent
Authors: Ware A. M. , Malshe V. C. , Momin S. A.
Published: December 2013

As our fossil raw materials are irrevocably decreasing and as the pressure on our environment is building up, the progressive changeover of chemical industry to renewable feedstocks for their raw materials emerges as an inevitable necessity i.e. it will have to proceed increasingly to the raw materials basis that prevailed before natural gas and oil out paced all other sources. Therefore, the use of renewable resources is an important component of green chemistry. Oils and fats are the most important renewable raw materials for the chemical industry. In the present study, cracking of vegetable oil was carried out to obtain olefins. Olefins are the largest volume chemical intermediates produced in the chemical industry, which is one of major raw material for surfactants manufacturing. The olefins obtained from cracking are utilized to prepare surfactant by alkylation with cumene and subsequently sulfonation and neutralization to obtained alkyl cumene sulfonates (ACS). The evaluation of surface active properties of ACS and comparison of the property with conventional surfactants was carried out and ACS exhibit excellent surface active properties.
Ultrasonic Assisted Finishing of Cotton with Nonionic Softener
Authors: Parvinzadeh M.
Published: December 2013

In recent years, the textile industry must go towards developing of new technologies to reduce the energy and water consumption. The use of ultrasound in textile wet processing is one way for this purpose. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of ultrasonic energy on processing of cotton with nonionic softener. For this purpose, cotton fabric was treated with a nonionic fatty acid amide derivative softener in an ultrasonic bath. The physical properties of the fabrics treated with softener were compared with that treated in a conventional bath. As the results show, the treatment of fabrics with softeners in an ultrasound bath is more effective compared to a conventional method and it enhances the physical properties of cotton.
Automated Determination of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) in Wastewater Treatment Plants Effluents Using on Line Solid-phase Extraction Followed by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Crey-Desbiolles C. , Cavalli S. , Polesello S. , Valsecchi S.
Published: December 2013

An on line SPE (solid-phase extraction) method followed by HPLC with fluorescence detection has been developed and validated for determining the LAS in inlet and outlet effluents of wastewaters treatment plants. Filtered effluent samples were on line concentrated on a small polymeric reversed phase column, then the trapped LAS are separated on a specialty polar-embedded reversed-phase column and detected by a fluorimeter. The on line SPE method with fluorescence detection showed very good repeatability (from 1.5 to 11.7% depending on the sample loading volume) and robustness with detection limits of 1.5 μg l−1for total C10–13LAS loading a 5 ml sample volume. This automated method is a cost-effective way to determine LAS also in routine monitoring of inlets and outlets of wastewater treatment plants allowing to optimize treatment procedures.
Lauryl Trimethyl Ammoniums with New Type Counteranions
Authors: Xu B.-C. , Han F. , Shui J.-H. , Zhou Y.-W.
Published: December 2013

The interfacial properties of a new family of lauryl trimethyl ammonium salts of the general formula CH3(CH2)11N+(CH3)3X− (X = CH3OCOO, HCOO, CH3COO, CH3CHOHCOO) were studied. The physicochemical parameters of these quaternary ammonium salts were discussed. The effect of the counteranion on the behavior of these surfactants was analyzed.
Effect of Cellulase Enzyme on Cellulose Nano-topography
Authors: Calvimontes A. , Stamm M. , Dutschk V.
Published: December 2013

In this study, modification effects of cellulose foil by cellulase enzyme are studied in respect to topography changes by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results provide useful information to understand the enzyme action in the amorphous and crystalline regions of cellulose. It was revealed, that the treatment of cellulose with the cellulase enzyme depends on its concentration, which selectively attacks amorphous cellulose regions. At lower concentration, a random surface roughening of the cellulose foil was observed. With increasing enzyme concentration, the cellulose surface became smoother. On the basis of this knowledge, a conceptual model to describe the conditioning effect by cellulase on the cleanability of cotton fabrics was developed. With the help of this model, we are able to estimate changes in the nanoporosity of cotton fibres.
Development of Cleavable Surfactants
Authors: Shukla D. , Tyagi V. K.
Published: December 2013

Cleavable surfactants are of great interest for numerous reasons. These are amphiphiles in which a weak linkage has been deliberately inserted, normally, but not always, between the hydrophobic tail and the polar head group. Surfactant may degrade by chemical means, e.g., induced by acid, alkali, ultraviolet (UV) light, heat, or ozone. Acid- and alkali-labile surfactants have also attracted the attention in recent years. The main purpose for development of novel cleavable surfactants is to improve the biodegradation characteristics and the rate of biodegradation has consequently been studied for several of the surfactants. Alkali labile linkages that have been used for the purpose include normal ester bonds, betaine esters, and carbonates. This review deals the development of monomeric and gemini type cleavable surfactants.
Synthesis of 3-Dehydroabietylamino-2-Hydroxypropyl Trimethylammonium Chloride and its Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Zhao-sheng C. , Chun-sheng Y. , Xue-mei Z.
Published: December 2013

In the presence of an acid-binding agent loaded on alumina, 3-dehydroabietylamino-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DHAHPTMA) was synthesized with dehydroabietylamine (DHA) and 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTA) as starting material. The structure of DHAHPTMA was characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR, and the content of DHAHPTMA in product was determined by Ion Chromatography (IC). The antibacterial activity of DHAHPTMA was evaluated according to its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), gas bacillus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseusomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Salmonella. Results of IC showed that the mass content of DHAHPTMA in the product was higher than 97%. The experimental results also indicated that the MICs of DHAHPTMA against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli were lower than that of Bromo-Geramium against theses bacteria.
Reverse Phase HPLC Analysis of Commercial Surfactants used as Melt Additives
Authors: Datla V. M. , Beck K. , Shim E. , Pourdeyhimi B.
Published: December 2013

Reverse phase HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was used to analyze the length distribution of polyoxyethylene (POE) chains in commercial surfactants that can be used as melt additives for hydrophilic polypropylene surface modification. Ten nonionic surfactants including ethoxylated alcohols, nonyl phenols and amines, PEG esters, and mono glycerides were investigated. HPLC methods described herein are capable of analyzing ethoxylated nonionic surfactants and offer the advantage of separating the components in surfactants according to both the hydrophobe and hydrophile chain length. Moreover, the method is rapid and gradient elution allows for good baseline separation of the several components in the additives.
Sizes and Anisometricity of Micelles in Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Mesophases: Sodium Lauryl Sulphate/Water/Decanol Lyotropic System
Authors: Nesrullajev A.
Published: December 2013

Structural peculiarities of the rod-like micelles in lyotropic liquid crystalline nematic-calamitic and hexagonal mesophases have been investigated. The lengths, the parameters of anisometricity, the form factors and the volumes of these micelles have been determined. The method of the electrical conductivity anisotropy in the orientational shear flow has been used. The rod-like micelles of nematic-calamitic and hexagonal mesophases were considered as the prolonged ellipsoids.
Synthesis of 1,1,1-Triethoxycarbonyl-3-[2-(F-alkyl)-ethyl]propanes and 1,1,q,q-Tetraalkoxycarbonyl-1,q-di-[2-(F-alkyl)-ethyl]alcanes as Precursors of Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Trabelsi H. , Nasreddine M. , Dieng S.Y. , Szönyi F. , Szönyi S.
Published: December 2013

1,1,1-triethoxycarbonyl-3-[2-(F-alkyl)-ethyl]propanes and 1,1,q,q-tetraalkoxycarbonyl-1,q-di-[2-(F-alkyl)-ethyl]alcanes were prepared from 2-(F-alkyl)-ethyl iodides in a one-step procedure involving a Solid-Liquid Phase Transfer Catalysis.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Cationic Galactolipid with Carbamate for Gene Delivery
Authors: Yang Q.-R. , Qiao W.-H. , Zhang S.-M. , Qu J.-P. , Liu D.-L.
Published: December 2013

Design and synthesis of a new galactolipid 6 with carbamate was described in this work. Compounds 1–3 were obtained easily with classical synthesis methods which were improved a little. The influence of the solvent and different groups of the tertiary amine 4 for the quaternization reaction was discussed. The mixture of chloroform, ammonia and methanol was used well as the elution for separating compound 5 with silica gel column chromatograph. The CMC and γCMC was 2.40 · 10−4 mol/L and 26.1 mN m−1, respectively by surface tension measurement. Vesicles can be formed according to the theory of critical packing parameter since the value of the critical packing parameter was 0.83 at CMC, and it was confirmed by TEM micrograph.
Microemulsions with Mixed Nonionic Surfactants and Isopropylmyristate
Authors: Fanun M.
Published: December 2013

Water/propylene glycol/sucrose laurate/ethoxylated mono-di-glyceride/isopropylmyristate microemulsion systems were formulated and investigated using electrical conductivity and small angle X-ray scattering. The solubilization capacity of water in oil is dependent on the surfactants mixing ratio (w/w). The free energy of solubilization (ΔGo
s) values for water-in-oil microemulsions were calculated and found to decrease with water content in the water-in-oil microemulsions, they decreased with increasing ethoxylated mono-di-glyceride content in the mixed surfactants. The activation energy of conductive flow was estimated and a percolation phenomenon was revealed in these systems. Small angle X-ray scattering results indicate that the periodicity increases linearly with the increase in the water volume fraction in these microemulsions. The correlation length increases with the increase in the water volume fraction to a certain value then decreases.
Ordered Ferrocene-containing Mesoporous Materials with Tailor-made Pore Size
Authors: Zhang T. , Gao P. , Gao C.-G. , Yang H. , Zhao Y.
Published: December 2013

Ordered ferrocene-containing mesoporous hybrid materials were prepared by the use of quaternary ammonium surfactants CnH2n+1(CH3)3NBr and organic additives during the hydrothermal synthesis process. The characterization results showed all the materials exhibit an ordered two-dimensional hexagonal pore structure with pore diameter from 2.04 nm to 4.01 nm. It was found that the pore diameter of the materials is strongly dependent on the surfactant chain length and the content of the organic additives. The fourier transform infrared spectra revealed that the organic bridge is preserved during the hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent extraction procedure.
Application of Neem and Karanjia Oils as Natural Pesticide Microemulsion Systems
Authors: Ghosh S. , Bhowmick D. N. , Pratap A. P.
Published: December 2013

Microemulsions are preferred over conventionally used pesticide systems for their long term thermodynamic stability, low viscosity, cost economy and aesthetic appeal. Such systems provide a method for preparing an isotropic mixture of oil and water. Neem and Karanjia isolates have proven activities. Therefore, uses of these oils provide a biologically and environmentally acceptable pesticide formulation. The present investigation deals with the systematic study to arrive at the economical composition for formulating microemulsion systems using these oils. These microemulsions, when diluted with water, formed macroemulsions which were stable over an extended period of time.
Synthesis and Application of the Cationic Lignin Amine Flocculant
Authors: Jiao Y.
Published: December 2013

Cationic lignin amine flocculants were obtained by the Mannich reaction of Kraft lignin with formaldehyde and polyamines. The cationic reaction products were tested as a flocculating agent by flocculation of reactive brilliant blue KN-R and linear alkylbenzene sulphonates in an aqueous system. The effects of flocculant dosage and pH on the flocculation performance are discussed in detail. The results indicate that under optimum conditions, the rate of eliminating reactive brilliant blue KN-R and linear alkylbenzene sulphonates from the water exceed 99% and 96% respectively, which illustrated that the cationic reaction products are extremely effective as flocculants for reactive brilliant blue KN-R and linear alkylbenzene sulphonates.
Study of Micellization and Partition Balances of Acyl Stobadine Derivatives
Authors: Bezáková Ž. , Oremusová J. , Stankovičová M. , Vitková Z.
Published: December 2013

Important physicochemical characteristics for drugs, namely micellar properties and experimental partition coefficient of the series of five acyl stobadine derivatives in aqueous solutions were studied. The aim was to find out whether the studied compounds prepared as oxalates form associates. For measurements conductometry was used. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) and thermodynamic parameters of micellization (standard molar Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of micellization) were calculated from conductivity curves within the temperature range 25°C–50°C. The spectrophotometrically determined partition coefficients in the system octyl alcohol-water increased in parallel with increasing molar mass of studied substances. The dependences between values of common logarithm of CMC and partition coefficients of studied compounds were compared.
Effect of Non-electrolytes on the Cloud Point and Dye Solubilization of Antidepressant Drug, Clomipramine Hydrochloride
Authors: Naqvi A. Z. , Al-Ahmadi M. D. A. , Akram M. , Kabir-ud-Din
Published: December 2013

Clomipramine hydrochloride (CLP, an amphiphilic drug) solutions, prepared in sodium phosphate buffer, show temperature dependent phase separation (commonly known as Cloud Point, CP). CP can be varied with the help of additives. Hence, in this paper we are reporting the effect of various additives on the CP of CLP. Alcohols affect in two ways: CP either remains constant (or increases slightly) or decreases. Short chain alcohols remain soluble in aqueous phase and CP remains nearly constant in their presence as alcohol-water mixed system proves better solvent for the drug. Long chain alcohols, due to their hydrophobic nature, partition into the drug micelles and cause micellar growth which, in turn, decreases the CP. Sugars enhance the hydrophobic forces and decrease the CP. CP with amino acids is found to be nature dependent: acidic amino acids and hydrochloride salts of basic amino acids increase the CP (due to the interaction of their negatively charged side chains with the drug molecules). Basic amino acids decrease the CP. With polar and uncharged polar amino acids, CP remains constant. This last class of amino acids either remains in the bulk phase or solubilizes inside the micelle, and in either case, the hydration of micelles, and the CP, remain unaffected.
A Structural Study of Two Oxyethylene Alkyl Ether-Water Mesophase Systems in the Presence of Small Amount of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate, SDS Ionic Surfactant
Authors: Alibrahim M.
Published: December 2013

Two structural studies of the following two liquid crystals systems: [(C12EO4 + 1% SDS)/H2O, ca. 25–85 wt.% surfactant] and [(C12EO8 + 1% SDS)/H2O, ca. 40–71 wt.% surfactant] have been investigated. Both previous systems contain similar amount of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate, SDS. It has been found that there are two mesophases at 25°C: the lamellar Lα and the hexagonal H1. Their structural parameters were determined using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns. The mesophases study of the Lα and H1 regions allows the evolution description of the surfactant chains conformation.

The geometrical parameters of the Lα and H1 mesophases such as the thickness of hydrocarbon core of the lamellar mesophase and the diameter of rods forming the hexagonal structure were calculated. In the lamellar, Lα and the hexagonal, H1 mesophases, the surface area per molecule and the thickness of the hydrocarbon core exhibited a little sensitivity change toward concentration. The thickness of the ethoxy groups was estimated in Lα and H1 mesophases as a function of surfactant concentration in (C12EO4 + 1% SDS)/H2O and (C12EO8 + 1% SDS)/H2O systems at 25°C, respectively.
Study of CLSI-M44-A Disk Diffusion Method for Determining the Susceptibility of Candida Species against Novel Complexes Derived from Copper Stearate with 2-Amino Benzothiazoles
Authors: Mathur N. , Heda L. C. , Mathur V. K. , Saxena P.
Published: December 2013

The study of binuclear complexes of copper(II) is a very active and highly interesting field due to their significance in bioinorganic chemistry, magneto chemistry, material science, superconductivity and multi electron redox chemistry. Due to the surface-active properties of copper(II) stearate with 2-aminobenzothiazole, the complexes exhibit many applications in agrochemical industries as dispersing agents, foaming and wetting agents. In the present investigation solid complexes of Cu(II) stearate with 2-amino-6-methoxybenzothiazole and 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and their IR, NMR, ESR spectral studies. All the synthesized complexes are coloured and their purity was checked by Thin Layer Chromatography.
SAXS Study on Azithromycin Loaded Nonionic Microemulsions
Authors: Fanun M. , Glatter O.
Published: December 2013

Structure of water/propylene glycol/ethoxylated mono-di-glyceride/peppermint oil/ethanol microemulsions solubilizing azithromycin has been investigated at room temperature by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique. The scattering data were evaluated by Indirect Fourier Transformation (IFT) or Generalized Indirect Fourier Transformation (GIFT) methods depending on the aqueous phase content. The growth of the microemulsions droplets by increasing the water content and the effect of azithromycin incorporation in the microemulsions were investigated. The Indirect Fourier Transformation gives the real space pair-distance distribution function: a facile way for the quantitative estimation of structure parameters of the microemulsions. It was found that the size of the microemulsion aggregates or repeating distances in the microemulsion increases with the aqueous phase content. The maximum diameter of the drug free and drug loaded microemulsions aggregates depend on their microstructure. The values of the effective interaction radius of the microemulsions are higher for the drug free compared to the drug loaded microemulsions aggregates.
Influence of Surfactants on Release of Chlorhexidine from Hydrogels
Authors: Vitková Z. , Oremusová J. , Vitko A. , Bezáková Ž.
Published: December 2013

In Slovakia chlorhexidine is available in dosage forms of solutions, creams and pastes but not in the form of hydrogels, though they are modern drug forms with many positive properties. Therefore, in this article possibilities of its formulation into hydrogels are studied. In particular, two research aims were followed. The first consisted in study of an influence of surface active agents on the release of chlorhexidine dihydrochloride from chitosan hydrogels and the second one was to design a formulation of hydrogels for local delivery of chlorhexidine to the oral cavity. To this end, surfactants from the group of alkyltrimethylammonium bromides with the length of alkyl chain C6–C18 which occupy a dominant position in the indication group of antiseptics and disinficients were analyzed with intention to use them in preparation of hydrogels. Hydrogels were prepared with 2.5% (w/w) gel-forming agent chitosan. Both the active agent and surfactants were used in 0.1% (w/w) concentration. It is shown that the surface active agents with short alkyl chain are suitable for development of chlorhexidine dihydrochloride hydrogels with controlled release.
Kinetics and Adsorption Isotherms for the Removal of Tartrazine from Aqueous Solution by Coal Ash
Authors: Ishaq M. , Saeed K. , Nadeem S.
Published: December 2013

The coal ash (Φ) was used as an adsorbent for the removal of tartrazine from aqueous solution at room temperature. The adsorption capacity of tartrazine increased as the adsorption time was increased and then remains constant after 30 min adsorption duration. It was found that the Φ removed more than 40% of tartrazine from the aqueous solution within 1 h contact time. The equilibrium adsorption was also analyzed by Langmuir isotherm and it was found that the data followed the Langmuir isotherm models.
Influence of Surfactants on the Morphologies of CdS Nanorods
Authors: Sridevi D. , Rajendran K. V.
Published: December 2013

CdS nanorods have been successfully synthesized by using different surfactants such as cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and poly ethylene glycol (PEG) via hydrothermal method. The products were characterized by means of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The influences of surfactants on the morphologies of CdS nanorods are discussed.
AOT-Vesicles Produced at the Oil-Water Interface
Authors: Kubatta E. A. , Rehage H.
Published: December 2013

Vesicles can be found in many applications like drug delivery or as models for cell membranes. It is often necessary to produce vesicles which are easy to adjust in size and which can be filled with different types of ingredients. In this publication we used phase transfer techniques in to form well defined vesicles. The synthesis of these particles occurred in three different steps. First, a water phase was covered by an oil phase containing surfactants. A water-in-oil emulsion was then added to the oil phase. In the third step the phase transfer was stimulated by sedimentation or centrifugation processes. In a series of experiments we measured the vesicle sizes and encapsulation efficiencies. Giant vesicles, formed by sedimentation processes had typical sizes between 1–10 μm. Smaller vesicles between 100–500 nm were observed after centrifugation processes. With both methods we could produce vesicles with encapsulation amounts about 10%.
Effects of Electrolytes on Interfacial and Micelle Properties of C.I. Reactive Orange 16 – Dodecylpyridinium Chloride Binary System
Authors: Akbaş H. , Aydemir M.
Published: December 2013

The effect of electrolytes on the interaction between the anionic dye C.I. Reactive Orange 16 and the cationic surfactant dodecylpyridinium chloride was investigated using surface tension measurement in a certain concentration range. The influence of the concentration of electrolyte on critical micelle concentration (CMC) values was observed in the following order; 0.1 M NaCl > 0.5 M NaCl > 1.0 M NaCl. Also, the influence of the electrolyte cations was observed as Na+ > Mg2+ > K+. An increase on CMC values of dye-surfactant solution with increasing electrolyte concentration is explained as charge screening and also the decrease in these values for higher concentration of electrolyte is attributed to the change of micelle shape. Furthermore this change is due to ionic polarizability, valency and hydrated radius. Using Rubingh's regular solution theory, the values of micellar interaction parameters (β), were found as negative in all studied mixtures.
Biosurfactant in Planar Chromatography of Transition Metal Ions: Mixed Micelles Activated Separations
Authors: Moheman A. , Husain A. , Siddiqi K. S.
Published: December 2013

Sodium deoxycholate (a biosurfactant) in planar chromatography has been used to investigate the separation and migration behavior of transition metal ions. The chromatographic system comprised of soil-cellulose (3:7, w/w) as stationary phase and mixed micellar solution (sodium deoxycholate-sodium dodecyl sulfate, 1.0% each in 1:1 ratio) containing M5-acetonitrile in 3:2 ratio (v/v) was identified as the best mobile phase for separation and migration of transition metal ions. The Rf value for the metals follows the order, Cu(II) (0.15) < Ag(I) (0.57) < Au(III) (0.91) which also happens to be the order of increasing atomic weight of the metal ions in the periodic group. The detection limit of Cu(II), Ag(I), and Au(III) was found to be 0.22, 1.48, and 7.76 μg zone−1 respectively. The proposed method is robust, sensitive, easy, and reproducible. It has been used for successful identification and separation of above mentioned cations in sample matrices.
Synthesis of Bisphosphodiester Surfactants Derived from Tetradecanol and Different Methylene Chains as a Spacer Derived from α-ω-Alkyl Dibromides
Authors: Tyagi P. , Tyagi R.
Published: December 2013

Bisphosphodiester surfactant is a name assigned to a family of synthetic amphiphiles possessing a hydrocarbon chain attached to another hydrocarbon chain via different methylene chains as a spacer derived from α-ω-alkyl dibromide (1,4-DBB, 1,6-DBH and 1,8-DBO). In the present study, a series of bisphosphodiester surfactants having C14 hydrophobic tail and different methylene chains as a spacer derived from α-ω-alkyl dibromide have been synthesized at 35°C. The effect of reaction variables like temperature, duration and molar ratios of mono tetradecyl phosphate, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide and spacer on the yield of bisphosphodiester surfactants has also been reported. Modern instrumental techniques viz. FT-IR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR were utilized to characterize the functional groups presence in synthesized bisphosphodiester surfactants. Elemental analysis of synthesized bisphosphodiester surfactants was also carried out. Surface active properties viz. surface tension, interfacial tension, critical micelle concentration and aqueous properties viz. foaming stability, wetting ability, emulsifying ability and dispersing power of synthesized gemini surfactants were also determined. Among all synthesized bisphosphodiester surfactants IIIb had maximum anionic content of 78.9%; and showed highest foaming ability (70 ml), superior dispersing ability (45.7%), whereas IIIc showed low CMC values (0.00026 mmol/l); minimum surface tension and interfacial tension (37.3 mN/m and 31.6 mN/m) respectively.
Synthesis, Characterization and Surface Activity of Trioctyl Hydroxyethyl Ammonium Chloride
Authors: Li Y.-L. , Li Q.-X. , Zhi L.-F. , Zhang M.-H.
Published: December 2013

Trioctyl hydroxyethyl ammonium chloride was synthesized from trioctylamine, hydrochloric acid and ethylene oxide by a two-step process. The structure of the quaternary ammonium salt was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. The surface tension at the critical micelle concentration was measured to investigate the surface activity of it.