bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Winter Leaching and the Manurial Value of Green Manures and Crop Residues for Winter Wheat
Authors: Crowther E. M. , Mirchandani T. J.
Published: March 2009

1. It is suggested that the striking failure of winter wheat grown in rotation with two summer crops of tares or mustard on the sandy soil the Woburn Experimental Station is due to the production of nitrate and ammonia from the green manures at times when the wheat is unable to use them efficiently and to the consequent loss of nitrate in the drainage. Owing to its low C: N ratio the nitrogen in tares nitrifies very rapidly and the loss by leaching is very great. Mustard, on the other hand, reduces the winter loss, but the nitrogen present in the mustard and that absorbed in the decomposition of the excess carbon compounds are liberated too slowly to be utilised efficiently by the wheat and much of the nitrate subsequently produced is also lost by leaching.
A study of nitrogen metabolism in sheep on high protein diets.
Authors: Stewart James
Published: March 2009

In the course of an investigation into the pathological effects of excessive protein diets on sheep (1) experiments were designed to show the changes in metabolism as recorded by nitrogen balances and weight curves. The animals were placed in metabolism cages similar to those described by Wood and Woodman (2) in their digestibility trials, and a harness of the Halnan type used.
Fergus Kerr, Twentieth Century Catholic Theologians
Authors: Murphy Francesca
Published: March 2009

This book is designed to present an arc: on the one side, at the beginning of the last century, a theology based in the thought of Thomas Aquinas and on the other side, at the century's end, a non-Thomist ‘nuptial mysticism’. The ‘model Thomist’ of the book is Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange (p. 10), those in the middle, who leave such ‘Thomism’ behind, are Chenu, Congar, Schillebeeckx, Lonergan, Rahner and Küng and the advocates of a nuptial theology are de Lubac, John Paul II, von Balthasar and Ratzinger (each of these men has a chapter to himself). That looks like the basis for a solid, informative description of twentieth-century Catholic theology, on the lines marked out by the many objective historical accounts of modern theology and theologians by the author's confrère, Aidan Nichols.
Ernest von Koerber and the Austrian State Idea: A Reinterpretation of the Koerber Plan (1900–1904)
Authors: Lindström Fredrik
Published: March 2009

In comparison with most of his predecessors and successors as imperial Austrian minister president, Ernest von Koerber (1850–1919) has attracted a special sort of scholarly interest. In the rare instances when scholars have investigated Austrian governments during the era of the Dual Monarchy (1867–1918), these governments have been approached in the direct context of this system and era. Koerber's five-year-long government (1900–1904) has instead been studied in the considerably wider frame of reference of the modernization of Europe in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. There are, in fact, qualities in Koerber's political program, often referred to as the “Koerber Plan,” that seem to merit such attention. When compared to most Austrian governments of the late Habsburg Empire, Koerber's minister presidency was extraordinarily active. In the eyes of both contemporaries and later observers, the large-scale investment program (mainly in railroads and canal construction) represented the essence of Koerber's modernization project. But he also carried out a widely noted liberalization of state control in society, elements of which included ending the policing of political meetings and practically canceling censorship of newspapers. His background as a civil servant also shaped his policies, especially his very active modernization and effectivization program for the state bureaucracy.
Deep convection and upper‐tropospheric humidity: A look from the A‐Train
Authors: Savtchenko Andrey
Published: March 2009

This work investigates the links between deep convective clouds and upper‐tropospheric humidity. We collocate data from AIRS, CloudSat, and the GDAS model output, and globally average and grid our results to seasonal scales for one year, 2007. The CloudSat cloud scenario retrieval is used as a reliable identifier of deep convective events, during which we extract the nearest 300‐mb humidity from AIRS and GDAS data. The zonal averages of thus screened data clearly show significant increase in the humidity, and suppression of the all‐sky outgoing long‐wave radiation.
Engineered affinity proteins for tumour‐targeting applications
Authors: Friedman Mikaela , Ståhl Stefan
Published: March 2009

Targeting of tumour‐associated antigens is an expanding treatment modality in clinical oncology as an alternative to, or in combination with, conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy, external‐radiation therapy and surgery. Targeting of antigens that are unique or more highly expressed in tumours than in normal tissues can be used to increase the specificity and reduce the cytotoxic effect on normal tissues. Several targeting agents have been studied for clinical use, where monoclonal antibodies have been the ones most widely used. More than 20 monoclonal antibodies are approved for therapy today and the largest field is oncology. Advances in genetic engineering and in vitro selection technology has enabled the feasible high‐throughput generation of monoclonal antibodies, antibody derivatives [e.g. scFvs, Fab molecules, dAbs (single‐domain antibodies), diabodies and minibodies] and more recently also non‐immunoglobulin scaffold proteins. Several of these affinity proteins have been investigated for both in vivo diagnostics and therapy. Affinity proteins in tumour‐targeted therapy can affect tumour progression by altering signal transduction or by delivering a payload of toxin, drug or radionuclide. The ErbB receptor family has been extensively studied as biomarkers in tumour targeting, primarily for therapy using monoclonal antibodies. Two receptors in the ErbB family, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and HER2 (epidermal growth factor receptor 2), are overexpressed in various malignancies and associated with poor patient prognosis and are therefore interesting targets for solid tumours. In the present review, strategies are described for tumour targeting of solid tumours using affinity proteins to deliver radionuclides, either for molecular imaging or radiotherapy. Antibodies, antibody derivatives and non‐immunoglobulin scaffold proteins are discussed with a certain focus on the affibody (Affibody®) molecule.
Contemporary Protocols for Evaluating Cochlear Implant Candidacy of Children
Authors: Zwolan Teresa A. , Thomas Ellen
Published: March 2009

Candidacy criteria for determination of cochlear implantation for children have changed significantly since cochlear implants were first introduced. The contemporary evaluation process includes initial consultation, audiological assessment, speech and language assessment, preoperative counseling, selection of the ear to implant, medical evaluation, and additional assessments as needed. Ideally, an interdisciplinary team of professionals is involved in this evaluation process. The following article discusses procedures used in our clinic to determine a child's candidacy for a cochlear implant.
Reverse osmosis desalination: Modeling and experiment
Authors: Fraidenraich Naum , Vilela Olga C. , Lima Gilmário A. , Gordon Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2009

An analytic model for the performance of reverse osmosis desalination systems is derived. Predictions are shown to agree well with extensive measurements conducted on a commercial multistage reverse osmosis desalination unit over a broad range of operating conditions. The model allows a transparent understanding of the dependence of system performance on key design and operating variables. Identifying the characteristic flow rate and length scale of reverse osmosis systems allows a universal description of the variation of the permeate flow rate and recovery factor with the salinity, flow rate, and pressure of the feedwater.
Endogenous oestrogens predict 4‐year decline in verbal fluency in postmenopausal women: the Rancho Bernardo Study
Authors: Laughlin Gail A. , Kritz‐Silverstein Donna , Barrett‐Connor Elizabeth
Published: March 2009

Objective  Despite overwhelming biological plausibility, evidence for a protective effect of oestrogen on cognitive function in postmenopausal women is inconsistent. This study examines the association between endogenous oestrogen levels and subsequent 4‐year decline in cognitive function test performance in community‐dwelling older women.

Design  Longitudinal cohort study.

Participants  Three hundred and forty‐three postmenopausal women (median age 70 years).

Measurements  Between 1984 and 1987, serum for measurement of sex hormones was obtained along with relevant covariates. Cognitive function was assessed in 1988–1991 and again in 1992–1996 using the Category Fluency test, the Mini‐Mental Status Exam (MMSE) and Trail Making Test B (Trails B).

Results  Women in the highest tertile of oestrone and bioavailable oestradiol had respectively 1·75 (95% CI 1·02, 3·07) and 1·79 (95% CI 1·04, 3·10) higher odds of 4 year decline in Category Fluency, a test of frontal lobe function, compared to those in the lowest tertile, independent of age and education. The 20% of women with highest tertile levels of both oestrone and bioavailable oestradiol had a twofold higher odds of verbal fluency loss (OR = 2·17; 95% CI 1·21, 3·89). Adjustment for testosterone levels or for obesity‐related factors associated with high endogenous oestrogens (higher body mass index, waist girth, and triglycerides and lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol) did not alter results. Neither oestrogen was associated with change in MMSE or Trails B scores.

Conclusions  Higher endogenous oestrogen levels were associated with a greater decline in verbal fluency in postmenopausal women. This association was not explained by elevated androgens or by obesity or obesity‐related factors.
Children with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at greater risk of macrovascular complications
Authors: Shiga Kentaro , Kikuchi Nobuyuki
Published: March 2009

Background:  Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for macrovascular complications in adults. Recently young‐onset type 2 DM has increased worldwide and the increase of macrovascular complications in the young is worrisome.

Methods:  Plasma values for plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) as a marker for promotion, and adiponectin as a marker for inhibition of atherosclerosis, were compared in 33 patients with type 1 DM (16 boys, 17 girls; age 14.9 ± 3.7 years, mean ± standard deviation) with those of 43 patients with type 2 DM (15 boys, 28 girls; age 16.5 ± 3.5 years).

Results:  The PAI‐1 level was significantly higher (19.3 ± 8.1 vs 32.9 ± 17.2 ng/ml; P < 0.001) and the adiponectin level was significantly lower (10.1 ± 3.8 vs 7.4 ± 3.7 µg/ml; P < 0.005) in the type 2 DM group. In obese patients, the PAI‐1 level was significantly higher (P < 0.005) and the adiponectin level was lower (P= 0.15) in the type 2 DM group. Also, in the non‐obese subjects, the PAI‐1 level was significantly higher (P < 0.05) and the adiponectin level was lower (P= 0.11) in the type 2 DM group.

Conclusions:  Even in young patients, type 2 DM is a risk factor for macrovascular complications compared with type 1 DM.
The Cost Effectiveness of Duplicate Genotyping for Testing Genetic Association
Authors: Tintle Nathan , Gordon Derek , Van Bruggen Dirk , Finch Stephen
Published: March 2009

We consider a modification to the traditional genome wide association (GWA) study design: duplicate genotyping. Duplicate genotyping (re‐genotyping some of the samples) has long been suggested for quality control reasons; however, it has not been evaluated for its statistical cost‐effectiveness. We demonstrate that when genotyping error rates are at least m%, duplicate genotyping provides a cost‐effective (more statistical power for the same price) design alternative when relative genotype to phenotype/sample acquisition costs are no more than m%. In addition to cost and error rate, duplicate genotyping is most cost‐effective for SNPs with low minor allele frequency. In general, relative genotype to phenotype/sample acquisition costs will be low when following up a limited number of SNPs in the second stage of a two‐stage GWA study design, and, thus, duplicate genotyping may be useful in these situations. In cases where many SNPs are being followed up at the second stage, duplicate genotyping only low‐quality SNPs with low minor allele frequency may be cost‐effective. We also find that in almost all cases where duplicate genotyping is cost‐effective, the most cost‐effective design strategy involves duplicate genotyping all samples. Free software is provided which evaluates the cost‐effectiveness of duplicate genotyping based on user inputs.
Comparison of three management strategies for patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, after six months delay: A three‐year experience in an Iranian university hospital
Authors: YARANDI Fariba , SHOJAEI Hadi , EFTEKHAR Zahra , IZADI‐MOOD Narges
Published: March 2009

Background: A Pap test result of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) presents a clinical challenge. Only 5–10% of women with ASCUS harbour serious cervical disease.

Methods: We screened 3619 women, who attended to Mirza Koochak Khan Hospital at Tehran University of Medical Sciences with Pap smears, of whom 100 returned with ASCUS. After six months, each subject underwent a standard cytology (conventional Pap smear), human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing (identifying high‐risk HPV types with polymerase chain reaction) and colposcopy with multiple cervical biopsies.

Results: Mean age was 44.09 ± 8.6 years. The estimated prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II or higher was 4%. When histologically verified high‐grade lesions (≥ CIN II) were observed, the relative sensitivity of HPV DNA testing was 100% compared with conventional Pap smear, which performed 75% versus 100% relative sensitivity, respectively, using cytological diagnosis high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, or low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) as the cut‐off. Negative and positive predictive values (NPV and PPV) of Pap test were 98.9% and 100%. The NPV and PPV of HPV DNA testing were 100%.

Conclusions: Although less complicated than colposcopy, the repeat Pap smear triage algorithm for ASCUS may underdiagnose some women with high‐grade CIN, when compared with colposcopy. Considering the high sensitivity of HPV testing, it may be useful as an alternative to the current policy of six‐month repeat cytology for women with ASCUS results.
Chemical Solution Deposition of Transparent and Metallic La0.5Sr0.5TiO3+x/2 Films Using Topotactic Reduction
Authors: Zhu Xuebin , Zhang Shoubao , Lei Hechang , Zhu Xiangde , Li Gang , Wang Bosen , Song Wenhai , Yang Zhaorong , Dai Jianming , Sun Yuping , Shi Dongqi , Dou Shixue
Published: March 2009

Metallic and transparent La0.5Sr0.5TiO3+x/2 films were prepared by the chemical solution deposition (CSD) method using topotactic reduction processing. The use of Si powder as the reducing agent was facile and allowed easy manipulation. It was observed that metallic (resistivity at 300 K ∼2.43 mΩ cm) and transparent (∼80% transmittance at visible light) La0.5Sr0.5TiO3+x/2 films could be obtained with an annealing temperature of 900°C, which was significantly lower than the hydrogen reduction temperature (∼1400°C). The successful preparation of metallic and transparent La0.5Sr0.5TiO3+x/2 films using CSD has provided a feasible route for depositing other perovskite‐structured functional layers on La0.5Sr0.5TiO3+x/2 films using this low‐cost all CSD method.
Fabrication and Microstructure Characterization of Continuous Porous TiO2/Al2O3 Composite Membrane
Authors: Lee Byong‐Taek , Paul Rajat Kanti , Hong Hyun‐Jin , Lee Kap‐Ho
Published: March 2009

Using a multipass extrusion process, continuous porous Al2O3 body (∼41% porosity) was produced and used as a substrate to fabricate continuous porous TiO2/Al2O3 composite membrane. The diameter of the continuous pores of the porous Al2O3 body was about 150 μm. The TiO2 nanopowders dip coated on the continuous pore‐surface Al2O3 body existed as rutile and anatase phases after calcination at 520°C in air. However, after aging of the fabricated continuous porous TiO2/Al2O3 composite membrane in 20% NaOH at 60°C for 24 h, a large number of TiO2 fibers frequently observed on the pore surface. The diameter of the TiO2 fibers was about 150 nm having a high specific surface area. However, after 48‐h aging period, the diameter of the TiO2 fibers increased, which was about 3 μm. Most of the TiO2 fibers had polycrystalline structure having nanosized rutile and anatase crystals of about 20 nm.
Frugal Philly: Food and Entertainment in the Annual Meeting City
Authors: Maskovsky Jeff
Published: March 2009

Frugal Philly

Travel Awards for Students and Recent Graduates
What is your diagnosis? Subcutaneous mass fluid from a febrile dog
Authors: Bulla Camilo , Thomas Jennifer S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract: A 10‐month‐old spayed female Doberman Pinscher was presented for lameness. On physical examination, the dog was lethargic and febrile and had a 2‐cm raised subcutaneous mass at the base of the left ear. Fluid from the mass was drained. Direct smears of the fluid, stained with modified Wright's and new methylene blue, were highly cellular and contained large numbers of degenerate neutrophils with moderate numbers of macrophages. Large numbers of round yeast organisms, 8–20 μm in diameter, were observed extracellularly. The organisms had a thick blue wall and granular internal contents and broad‐based budding was seen frequently. Branching hyphae or pseudohyphae, with parallel sides and 2–4 μm in diameter, appeared to extend from the surface of the yeast. The morphology of the yeast organisms was consistent with Blastomyces dermatitidis, with atypical hyphae formation. Culture results were not definitive because it was not possible to induce transition from the mycelial to the yeast form at 37°C and because the morphology of the mycelial form of B. dermatitidis could not be differentiated from that of Emmonsia parvae. The organism was confirmed as Ajellomyces dermatitidis (the mycelial form of B. dermatitidis) using 18S ribosome RNA gene sequencing and comparison with an available databank. The mycelial form of B. dermatitidis is rarely found in the tissue of dogs, and may have been induced in this case by low environmental temperatures and the time delay between sample collection and slide preparation.
SUPERVISED ENSEMBLES OF PREDICTION METHODS FOR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION
Authors: ASSFALG JOHANNES , GONG JING , KRIEGEL HANS-PETER , PRYAKHIN ALEXEY , WEI TIANDI , ZIMEK ARTHUR
Published: March 2009

In the past decade, many automated prediction methods for the subcellular localization of proteins have been proposed, utilizing a wide range of principles and learning approaches. Based on an experimental evaluation of different methods and their theoretical properties, we propose to combine a well-balanced set of existing approaches to new, ensemble-based prediction methods. The experimental evaluation shows that our ensembles improve substantially over the underlying base methods.
Vaginal Microbiota and the Use of Probiotics
Authors: Cribby Sarah , Taylor Michelle , Reid Gregor
Published: March 2009

The human vagina is inhabited by a range of microbes from a pool of over 50 species. Lactobacilli are the most common, particularly in healthy women. The microbiota can change composition rapidly, for reasons that are not fully clear. This can lead to infection or to a state in which organisms with pathogenic potential coexist with other commensals. The most common urogenital infection in premenopausal women is bacterial vaginosis (BV), a condition characterized by a depletion of lactobacilli population and the presence of Gram-negative anaerobes, or in some cases Gram-positive cocci, and aerobic pathogens. Treatment of BV traditionally involves the antibiotics metronidazole or clindamycin, however, the recurrence rate remains high, and this treatment is not designed to restore the lactobacilli. In vitro studies have shown thatLactobacillusstrains can disrupt BV and yeast biofilms and inhibit the growth of urogenital pathogens. The use of probiotics to populate the vagina and prevent or treat infection has been considered for some time, but only quite recently have data emerged to show efficacy, including supplementation of antimicrobial treatment to improve cure rates and prevent recurrences.
Formation and Characterization of TiO2/CNT Nanomaterials Dried under Supergravity Conditions
Authors: Vargas Minerva , Rincón Marina E. , Ramos Eduardo
Published: March 2009

The elaboration of bilayer TiO2/CNT films dried under terrestrial gravity conditions (g) and on a centrifuge with 1.3g and 7g is reported. The changes in microstructure and thickness of these coatings under supergravity environment cause a red‐shift tendency in the optical properties at increasing values of acceleration. Experiments of a drop under enhanced gravity force in the range of 3.7 < Bo (bond number) < 51.5 suggest the incomplete elimination of surfactant‐water molecules in the TiO2/CNT bilayer film. Increasing acceleration up to 14g will widen the optical differences found, proving the layer‐by‐layer solution‐chemical method in combination with these drying protocols, an alternative to produce thickness‐sensitive solar‐selective absorbing coatings.
The Cycle of Life in Ecclesiastes
Authors: Dell Katharine
Published: March 2009

An exploration of the way the voice of the earth is heard in a cyclical view of nature presented in Ecclesiastes, notably in passages such as Eccl. 1:4-7 and 11:3-5. Also an investigation into the way imagery is used from the natural world in the book as a whole, looking especially at the use of animal imagery, as from members of the earth community outside the human and yet integrally related to the human. The argument is pursued that instead of simply illustrating human life as part of the dualistic worldview of the book, e.g. in 3:18-21, that in many ways the earth and its creatures define human life within the context of the earth's character, cycles and abundance.
Proteome analysis of the hyaluronic acid-producing bacterium, Streptococcus zooepidemicus
Authors: Marcellin Esteban , Gruber Christian W , Archer Colin , Craik David J , Nielsen Lars K
Published: March 2009

Background

Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is a commensal of horses and an opportunistic pathogen in many animals and humans. Some strains produce copious amounts of hyaluronic acid, making S. zooepidemicus an important industrial microorganism for the production of this valuable biopolymer used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. Encapsulation by hyaluronic acid is considered an important virulence factor in other streptococci, though the importance in S. zooepidemicus remains poorly understood. Proteomics may provide a better understanding of virulence factors in S. zooepidemicus, facilitate the design of better diagnostics and treatments, and guide engineering of superior production strains.

Results

Using hyaluronidase to remove the capsule and by optimising cellular lysis, a reference map for S. zooepidemicus was completed. This protocol significantly increased protein recovery, allowing for visualisation of 682 spots and the identification of 86 proteins using mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF/TOF); of which 16 were membrane proteins.

Conclusion

The data presented constitute the first reference map for S. zooepidemicus and provide new information on the identity and characteristics of the more abundantly expressed proteins.
RIKEN Gas-filled Recoil Ion Separator (GARIS) as a Promising Interface for Superheavy Element Chemistry—Production of Element 104, 261Rf, Using the GARIS/Gas-jet System—
Authors: Haba Hiromitsu , Kaji Daiya , Komori Yukiko , Kudou Yuki , Morimoto Kouji , Morita Kosuke , Ooe Kazuhiro , Ozeki Kazutaka , Sato Nozomi , Shinohara Atsushi , Yoneda Akira
Published: March 2009

An isotope of element 104, rutherfordium (261Rf), produced in the 248Cm(18O, 5n)261Rf reaction was successfully extracted to a chemistry laboratory using a gas-jet transport system coupled to the RIKEN gas-filled recoil ion separator GARIS. The present system is a promising interface to explore new frontiers in superheavy element chemistry.
Catching Cowpox: The Early Spread of Smallpox Vaccination, 1798–1810
Authors: Rusnock Andrea
Published: March 2009

The introduction of smallpox vaccination after the publication of Edward Jenner's An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Variolae Vaccinae depended on the spread of cowpox, a relatively rare disease. How Europeans and their colonial allies transported and maintained cowpox in new environments is a social and technological story involving a broad range of individuals from physicians and surgeons to philanthropists, ministers, and colonial administrators. Putting cowpox in new places also meant developing new techniques and organizations. This essay focuses on the actual practices of vaccination and their environmental contexts in order to illuminate the dynamic exchanges of materials, images, and ideas that made the spread of vaccination possible.
Risk Indicator for Agricultural Inputs of Trace Elements to Canadian Soils
Authors: Sheppard S. C. , Grant C. A. , Sheppard M. I. , de Jong R. , Long J.
Published: March 2009

Trace elements (TEs) are universally present in environmental media, including soil, but agriculture uses some materials that have increased TE concentrations. Some TEs (e.g., Cu, Se, and Zn) are added to animal feeds to ensure animal health. Similarly, TEs are present in micronutrient fertilizers. In the case of phosphate fertilizers, some TEs (e.g., Cd) may be inadvertently elevated because of the source rock used in the manufacturing. The key question for agriculture is “After decades of use, could these TE additions result in the deterioration of soil quality?” An early warning would allow the development of best management practices to slow or reverse this trend. This paper discusses a model that estimates future TE concentrations for the 2780 land area polygons composing essentially all of the agricultural land in Canada. The development of the model is discussed, as are various metrics to express the risk related to TE accumulation. The elements As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se, and Zn are considered, with inputs from the atmosphere, fertilizers, manures, and municipal biosolids. In many cases, steady‐state concentrations could be toxic, but steady state is far in the future. In 100 yr, the soil concentrations (Century soil concentrations) are estimated to be up to threefold higher than present background, an impact even if not a problematic impact. The geographic distribution reflects agricultural intensity. Contributions from micronutrient fertilizers are perhaps the most uncertain due to the limited data available on their use.
Hybrid Support Vector Regression and Genetic Algorithm Technique - A Novel Approach in Process Modeling
Authors: Lahiri Sandip K , Ghanta Kartik Chandra
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a robust support vector regression (SVR) methodology, which can offer superior performance for important process engineering problems. The method incorporates hybrid support vector regression and genetic algorithm technique (SVR-GA) for efficient tuning of SVR meta parameters. The algorithm has been applied for prediction of critical velocity of solid liquid slurry flow. A comparison with selected correlations in the literature showed that the developed SVR correlation noticeably improved prediction of critical velocity over a wide range of operating conditions, physical properties, and pipe diameters.
The canal inclusion complex of allicin with carbamide: Preparation, characterization and microbiological investigation
Authors: Nikolic Vesna , Stankovic Mihajlo , Nikolic Ljubisa , Cvetkovic Dragan , Kapor Agnes , Cakic Milorad
Published: March 2009

The carbamide:allicin canal inclusion complex was prepared in the solid state. The structure of the complex obtained was characterized by x-ray crystallography, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The microbiological activities of the inclusion complex and allicin were investigated and compared with respect to fungi (Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404) and bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027). It was found that the inclusion complex inhibited the growth of bacteria and fungi for a longer period than allicin in the free state.
The characterization of talc-based coating for application for Al-Si alloy casting
Authors: Acimovic-Pavlovic Zagorka , Prstic Aurel , Andric Ljubisa
Published: March 2009

In this paper is presented, a correlation of the technological parameters of talc-based coating production and the silumine casting quality obtained by the Evaporate Pattern Casting Method. Special attention was paid to the correlation of refractory coating production, keeping in mind the requirements for application in foundry practice. For the evaluation of the obtained results, comparative examinations were performed with sand mould castings under the same conditions.
Upgrading brewer's spent grains by treatment with Aspergillus species
Authors: Bekatorou Argyro , Bountas Yiannis , Banat Ibrahim , Kanellakl Maria
Published: March 2009

Hydrolysis of brewer's spent grains (BSG) starch was examined using Aspergillus oryzae and A. awamori, at various conditions (pH, spore concentrations). Both fungi performed well, although A. oryzae proved more efficient in terms of process times and enzyme stability. BSG slurries were either treated directly with spore suspensions at 30?C, or with crude enzyme solutions at 45?C. In the first case, simultaneous biomass production and starch hydrolysis occurred, but in the second, transformation of sugars to biomass was avoided. In both cases, fermentable sugar production was not efficient (0.24-0.95 g/l and 0.47-1.83 g/l respectively) to support the use of the BSG hydrolyzates (BSGHs) as substrates e.g. for yeast propagation within the brewery. Alternatively, BSG treated directly with fungi could be proposed as protein enriched animal feeds. BSGHs were also evaluated as nutritious supplements in yeast growth media containing mixtures of molasses and orange pulp (as carbon sources), resulting in significantly improved biomass yields.
Réflexion sur l’origine du processus de segmentation du marche du travail
Authors: Attia Nicole
Published: March 2009

(francuski) Ce travail propose une r?flexion sur l'origine du processus de segmentation du march? du travail par rapport ? l'entreprise. Se situe-t-elle au sein m?me de l'entreprise ou en amont, c'est ? dire entre les entreprises? Cela revient ? se demander si on peut avoir une approche micro?conomique ou macro?conomique de la segmentation et, ? s'interroger sur le r?le r?el tenu par les firmes dans le processus. D?terminant pour la th?orie, ce r?le est ? repenser selon la r?ponse apport?e ? notre question.
Socijalna ekskluzija u centralno-istocnoj Evropi - koncept, merenje i politika intervencije
Authors: Lelkes Orsolya
Published: March 2009

nema
Strategija monetarne politike - kako smo dospeli ovde?
Authors: Mishkin Frederic
Published: March 2009

nema
Agriculture of central and eastern European countries in the European Union
Authors: Redzepagic Srdjan
Published: March 2009

Agriculture posed considerable tensions for the processes of enlargement of the European Union, because of its continuing importance both in the economies of the applicant countries of Central and Eastern European countries which have joined EU on the 1st may 2004., and in the EU budget and acquits communautaire. The preparation of agriculture in the candidate countries to join the EU was rendered more complex by the fact that the Community's Common Agricultural Policy was a moving target. The aim of this paper is to show the bases elements of the Common Agricultural Policy, but also to provide a survey of recent developments relating to agriculture in the EU and new member states of the EU before their accession to EU and their preparation to access on the enlarged market, in order to indicate the main challenges and difficulties posed by enlargement. It seems likely that agricultural policy in the enlarged EU will attach increased priority to objectives such as rural development and the environment. However, these new priorities may be expensive to realize, and may impose a growing burden on the national budgets of EU member states.
Why foreign aid fails
Authors: Prokopijevic Miroslav
Published: March 2009

The main point of this paper is that foreign aid fails because the structure of its incentives resembles that of central planning. Aid is not only ineffective, it is arguably counterproductive. Contrary to business firms that are paid by those they are supposed to serve (customers), aid agencies are paid by tax payers of developed countries and not by those they serve. This inverse structure of incentives breaks the stream of pressure that exists on the commercial market. It also creates larger loopholes in the principle-agent relationship on each point along the chain of aid delivery. Both factors enhance corruption, moral hazard and negative selection. Instead of promoting development, aid extends the life of bad institutions and those in power. Proposals to reform foreign aid ? like aid privatization and aid conditionality ? do not change the existing structure of the incentives in aid delivery, and their implementation may just slightly improve aid efficacy. Larger improvement is not possible. For that reason, foreign aid will continue to be a waste of resources, probably serving some objectives different to those that are usually mentioned, like recipient?s development poverty reduction and pain relief.
Équilibres multiples et poids de l’histoire: Quelle responsabilité pour la politique économique?
Authors: Bonetto Fabienne
Published: March 2009

(francuski) En formalisant une dynamique ? effets de seuil, les mod?les ? ?quilibres multiples enrichissent le paradigme de la croissance endog?ne; l?objectif de cet article est de montrer qu?ils renforcent ?galement la responsabilit? de la politique ?conomique. En effet, d?s lors que les conditions initiales s?lectionnent l??quilibre de long terme, l?histoire de la politique publique d?investissement (au sens large) devient d?terminante. Par ailleurs l?intervention publique peut permettre la sortie de la trappe de pauvret?. Sur la p?riode 1970-1995, nous testons l?hypoth?se d?effets de seuil en liaison avec le niveau initial du stock de capital (au sens large) d?velopp? par l??tat. Nos r?sultats empiriques sugg?rent un r?le pour la politique publique dans la diff?renciation des r?gimes de convergence de sorte que la relation entre la croissance et la politique ?conomique n?est pas n?cessairement lin?aire.
Volatilité des chocs et degré de flexibilité du taux de change
Authors: Allegret Jean-Pierre , Ayadi Mohamed , Haouaoui Leila
Published: March 2009

During the 90s emerging markets have been hit by recurrent exchange rate crises. Almost all these countries shared a common characteristic: they adopted in previous years soft pegs, the so-called intermediate exchange rate regimes. International institutions and academic economists interpreted this intrinsic fragility of soft pegs as a consequence of the increasing international capital mobility. From this perspective, the exchange-rate regime is seen as constrained by the monetary policy trilemma, which imposes a stark trade-off among exchange stability, monetary independence, and capital market openness. Soft pegs seem incompatible with international financial integration. As a result, a new consensus appeared: the choice of domestic authorities is limited to corner solutions: hard pegs on the one side; independent floating on the other side. This paper proposes a contribution to the analysis of exchange rate regimes choice by emerging markets. The new consensus is questioned by considering that emerging countries are confronted not in the choice between extreme solutions, but rather with the choice of the degree of fixity- or the degree of flexibility- of the exchange rate.
The international transmission of monetary shocks in a dollarized economy: The case of USA and Lebanon
Authors: Goux François , Cordahi Charbel
Published: March 2009

We show that an American monetary shock wields an influence, though limited, over the Lebanese output in accordance with the literature advances. However, as we are waiting for a stronger transmission of U.S. short-term rates to Lebanese short-term rates, we notice that this transmission is weak in the first year. The result can be explained by the presence of pricing-to-market. After the end of the first year, we find the traditional result where the increase in the American interest rate is transmitted integrally to the Lebanese interest rate. We recognize this phenomenon as the dollarization effect.
Questions about household consumption in surveys
Authors: Savic Mirko
Published: March 2009

Household total expenditure (consumption) is a very important phenomenon in many research areas. The problem is how to get precise information about the consumption from each household and at the same time not to make the questionnaire so long and involved that it becomes a burden to the respondent. In this paper is evidence from several sources on the usefulness of recall consumption questions. Valid information can be collected by adding specific recall questions to general purpose surveys. There are a few recommendations on how to do so.
More employers, more jobs, more money: An empirical analysis of local economic development policy impacts in US cities
Authors: Strother Stuart
Published: March 2009

Local government leaders in the U. S. employ a multitude of programs and policies in the name of economic development to increase the number of firms, employment, wages, and, of course, the tax base. The past few decades have seen a surge in local economic development policies, yet research analyzing their effectiveness is sparse. This study analyzes the relationship between local economic development policy and economic growth in a data set of 412 U. S. cities. Results indicate that policy has only has a weak correlation with economic growth, suggesting that growth is determined more by market conditions rather than government intervention. The article concludes with an entrepreneurial policy approach this author believes may yield development results in an era of limited policy effectiveness.
Variation of the Common Shrew (Sorex Araneus L.) Dentition
Authors: Moska Magdalena , Laskowska Małgorzta , Kosowska Barbara , Strzała Tomasz , Marszałek-Kruk Bożena
Published: March 2009

Variation of the Common Shrew (Sorex AraneusL.) Dentition

Variation of the upper arch dentition was studied in 162 individuals ofSorex araneus.Seven types of dentition were observed. Type V dentition was the most common (constituting 54.2% of the analysed dental rows), while type VII2was the rarest (1.4%). Dental anomalies, i.e. retention or polyodontia, were not found in the analysed material.
Clinical dental examinations of 357 donkeys in the UK. Part 2: Epidemiological studies on the potential relationships between different dental disorders, and between dental disease and systemic disorders
Authors: du TOIT N. , BURDEN F. A. , DIXON P. M.
Published: March 2009

Reasons for performing study: Dental disease has been shown to be a risk factor for weight loss and colic in horses. No extensive clinical studies in donkeys have investigated the potential relationship between different dental disorders, or between dental disease and systemic disorders.

Objectives: To determine possible associations between dental disease and body condition score, weight loss, the need for supplemental feeding and prevalence of colic in donkeys of all ages, and to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of dental disease by the determination of associations between different dental disorders.

Methods: A prospective cross‐sectional analysis of clinical dental examinations of 357 donkeys in The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth was performed. Other epidemiological factors such as estimated age group, body condition score, weight loss, medical history and supplemental feeding were also recorded, and multiple regression analyses were performed to determine possible associations.

Results: Donkeys from older age groups were more likely to have dental disease, poor body condition score and suffered previous colic episodes. The presence of dental disease was also significantly associated with weight loss, colic, low body condition score and the need for supplemental feeding. The presence of diastemata, periodontal disease, wave mouth, smooth mouth and step mouth are frequently associated with the presence of other dental disorders.

Conclusions: In addition to oral‐related pain, dental disease can cause significant systemic disorders and so has increased welfare implications in donkeys. Some dental disorders promote the development of other types of dental abnormalities and thus increase the severity of dental disease in individual animals.

Potential significance: Effective treatment of dental disorders slows down the progression of dental disease and decreases the risk of developing some medical disorders such as colic and weight loss that are associated with dental disease.
The Emperor Jonesand National Trauma
Authors: Smith Susan H.
Published: March 2009

This essay interprets The Emperor Jones as a Benjaminian allegory, a traumatic confrontation between the audience and the shocking scenes from America's racial history in which the sudden shifts of reverse chronology as well as the rhythmically induced physiological tension disrupt the expectations of realism to dramatize the genealogy of the national trauma which, as David Blight argues in Race and Reunion, resulted from slavery and the failure of Reconstruction after the Civil War. Using trauma theory, especially that as articulated by Ruth Leys in Trauma: A Genealogy and Cathy Caruth in Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History, the essay considers the ways in which O'Neill disturbed the master narrative of naturalized racism and national amnesia and the dramatic and theatrical ways in which the trauma to the nation is both embodied in the trauma to Jones and extended to include the audience.
Utilization of Pitali (Trewia nudiflora) for Manufacturing Commercial Plywood in Bangladesh
Authors: Shahria M Hasan , Ashaduzzaman M , Shams M Iftekhar , Sharmin Arifa , Islam M Muktarul
Published: March 2009

The study was conducted to find out the potentiality of Pitali (Trewia nudiflora) for manufacturing commercial plywood and evaluating its physical and mechanical properties. Two 9-ply plywood of 2.4m x 1.2m x 18mm size were manufactured using liquid urea formaldehyde adhesive. The physical and mechanical properties of T. nudiflora plywood were compared with the existing market available plywood manufactured by Simul (Bombax ceiba). It was found that density were 509.82 kg/m3 and 490.96 kg/m3, moisture content after curing were 10.67% and 17.61%, thickness swelling were 6.90% and 7.29%, linear expansion were 0.19% and 0.15%, water absorption were 50.89% and 64.79%, MOR were 29.94 N/mm2 and 27.05 N/mm2, MOE were 1613.89 N/mm2 and 1160.68 N/mm2, and tensile strength were 14.75 N/mm2 and 13.12 N/mm2 for T. nudiflora plywood and market plywood respectively. The evaluated physical and mechanical properties of T. nudiflora plywood were also compared with some relevant results and standards reported earlier. Key Words: Plywood, Trewia nudiflora, Physical properties, Mechanical properties. doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i4.2249 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(4),581-587, 2008
THE PROBLEMS OF USING ALCOHOL BIOFUEL MIXTURES IN THE LITHUANIAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Authors: Lebedevas Sergejus , Lebedeva Galina
Published: March 2009

The article presents the technological aspects of the problems aimed at using alcohol biofuel mixtures in diesel engines kept in operation in Lithuania concerning a gradual replacement of fuel oils with biofuels. It is shown that three‐component fuels such as D‐RME‐E possess the motor characteristics close to mineral diesel fuel. The use of the EC standardized rapeseed oil methyl esters RME as a solvent allows compensating the unfavorable motor characteristics of ethanol E and increasing the number of biocomponents in the fuel at the same time. The key aspects of research on the indicator process and the operating characteristics of diesel engines running on alcohol biofuel mixtures are substantiated.
Delivery of Two‐Part Self‐Healing Chemistry via Microvascular Networks
Authors: Toohey Kathleen S. , Hansen Christopher J. , Lewis Jennifer A. , White Scott R. , Sottos Nancy R.
Published: March 2009

Multiple healing cycles of a single crack in a brittle polymer coating are achieved by microvascular delivery of a two‐part, epoxy‐based self‐healing chemistry. Epoxy resin and amine‐based curing agents are transported to the crack plane through two sets of independent vascular networks embedded within a ductile polymer substrate beneath the coating. The two reactive components remain isolated and stable in the vascular networks until crack formation occurs in the coating under a mechanical load. Both healing components are wicked by capillary forces into the crack plane, where they react and effectively bond the crack faces closed. Healing efficiencies of over 60% are achieved for up to 16 intermittent healing cycles of a single crack, which represents a significant improvement over systems in which a single monomeric healing agent is delivered.
Die Alzheimer‐Demenz: von der Pathologie zu therapeutischen Ansätzen
Authors: Jakob‐Roetne Roland , Jacobsen Helmut
Published: March 2009

Die gegenwärtigen Strategien zur Entwicklung von Alzheimer‐Therapien sind breit gefächert. Ein verstärktes Augenmerk gilt der Suche nach Hemmstoffen (siehe Bild für zwei Beispiele) der proteolytischen Enzyme β‐ und γ‐Secretase, die die Spaltung des Amyloid‐Vorläuferproteins in Amyloid‐β‐Peptide inhibieren, aus denen die krankheitstypischen Plaque‐Ablagerungen im Gehirn von Alzheimer‐Patienten entstehen.

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Die Forschungen über Altersdemenz und die Alzheimersche Krankheit umfassen ein sehr breites Feld wissenschaftlicher Aktivitäten. So wurden etwa bei der letztjährigen internationalen Tagung der Alzheimer‐Gesellschaft (ICAD 2008 in Chicago) mehr als 2200 Einzelbeiträge präsentiert. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, einen zusammenhängenden Überblick über das Gebiet zu präsentieren und die wichtigsten Themen und Forschungstrends aufzuzeigen. Die Ausführungen beginnen mit einer Diskussion von Verhaltensabweichungen und sichtbaren pathologischen Befunden, bevor dann auf die molekularen Details der Pathologie eingegangen wird. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt der “Amyloidhypothese” der Alzheimer‐Krankheit, da sie das theoretische Fundament für die meisten der in der Entwicklung befindlichen therapeutischen Konzepte bildet.
The Colloidal Suprastructure of Smart Microgels at Oil–Water Interfaces
Authors: Brugger Bastian , Rütten Stephan , Phan Kim‐Ho , Möller Martin , Richtering Walter
Published: March 2009

Ordnung im Ölfilm: Mithilfe von reizempfindlichen Emulsionen wurden temperatur‐ und pH‐responsive Mikrogele entwickelt. Die Emulsionsstabilität an den Öl‐Wasser‐Grenzflächen wird nicht durch die Packungsdichte der Partikel bestimmt. Durch die Grenzfläche ausgelöste Strukturänderungen führen zur Verknüpfung der Mikrogele (siehe Bild; Maßstab 1 μm), die sich in ihrem Verhalten deutlich von Festpartikel‐stabilisierten Emulsionen unterscheiden.

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