bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural History of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Highly Seropositive Populations
Authors: Mussi-Pinhata Marisa Marcia , Yamamoto Aparecida Yulie
Published: August 2019

Maternal preconceptional cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunity does not protect the fetus from acquiring congenital CMV infection (cCMV). Nonprimary infections due to recurrence of latent infections or reinfection with new virus strains during pregnancy can result in fetal infection. Because the prevalence of cCMV increases with increasing maternal CMV seroprevalence, the vast majority of the cases of cCMV throughout the world follow nonprimary maternal infections and is more common in individuals of lower socioeconomic background. Horizontal exposures to persons shedding virus in bodily secretions (young children, sexual activity, household crowding, low income) probably increase the risk of acquisition of an exogenous nonprimary CMV infection and fetal transmission. In addition, more frequent acquisition of new antibody reactivities in transmitter mothers suggest that maternal reinfection by new viral strains could be a major source of congenital infection in such populations. However, the exact frequency of CMV nonprimary infection in seroimmune women during pregnancy and the rate of intrauterine transmission in these women are yet to be defined. Usually, the birth prevalence of cCMV is high (≥7:1000) in highly seropositive populations. There is increasing evidence that the frequency and severity of the clinical and laboratory abnormalities in infants with congenital CMV infection born to mothers with nonprimary CMV infection are similar to infants born after a primary maternal infection. This is particularly true for sensorineural hearing loss, which contributes to one third of all early-onset hearing loss in seropositive populations. This brief overview will discuss the need for more research to better clarify the natural history of cCMV in highly seropositive populations, which, in almost all populations, remains incompletely defined.
Factors Associated With Hepatitis B Exposure Among People Who Report Using Methamphetamine: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2016
Authors: Tressler Stacy R , Kushner Tatyana , Bhandari Ruchi
Published: August 2019

Background

With the nation’s focus on the opioid crisis, methamphetamine has made a comeback, potentially increasing risk for hepatitis B. We examined factors associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) exposure among people who reported ever using methamphetamine in a nationally representative survey.

Methods

We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine factors associated with HBV exposure among participants who reported ever using methamphetamine using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Overall, 847 participants met the study inclusion criteria. In multivariable logistic regression, female sex (adjusted odds ratio, 3.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.65–8.90), living below the poverty threshold (3.17; 1.39–7.21), injection drug use (4.89; 1.95–12.26), active hepatitis C virus infection (3.39; 1.10–12.26), and identifying as men who have sex with men (28.21; 5.19–153.38) were significantly associated with HBV exposure.

Conclusions

The odds of HBV exposure for female participants who reported using methamphetamine were 4 times than that for male participants. Poverty, injection drug use, and hepatitis C virus infection were also associated. As methamphetamine use increases, it is critical to identify those at risk of acquiring HBV infections in order to target testing and vaccination.
Evaluation of required thrust force based on advance rates in shielded TBMs under squeezing conditions
Authors: Mohammadzamani Danial , Mahdevari Saeed , Bagherpour Raheb
Published: August 2019

Tunneling requires intensive studies to evaluate rheological parameters of the ground, especially under squeezing conditions. In the current study, the evaluation of the required thrust force of the shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) under squeezing conditions is made and Beheshtabad water conveyance tunnel is chosen as the case study. The parameters of the Burger's viscoplastic creep model (CVISC) model obtained from laboratory creep tests are verified using the finite difference method. The required thrust force is calculated using a new approach involving the extraction of the normal forces acting on a TBM shield based on different advance rates. The effect of the tunnel diameter is also investigated to evaluate the feasibility of excavating a twin tunnel of a smaller diameter. The effects of over-boring and the standstill time of a machine on thrust reduction are also investigated. The results show that standstill time in smaller over-borings affects the thrust increment more strongly than that in bigger over-borings. Increasing the over-boring from 3 to 10 cm makes thrust decrease by 9.46 and 35.12%, respectively, while advance rate (AR) increases from 1 to 4 m/h. According to the sensitivity analyses done on the effect of the tunnel diameter on thrust reduction, thrust forces reduce by 53.79% in the 5 m-diameter tunnel, while they decrease by 35.13 and 15.05% in the 7- and 9 m-diameter tunnels, respectively, when over-boring is 10 cm. In single-shield machine, an AR of 2 m/h is defined as the substitution AR since the values of thrust are 28.2, 33.01 and 35.1% lower than those in AR of 4 m/h in double-shield TBM with over-borings of 3, 6 and 10 cm, respectively.
Rickettsia rickettsii (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) Infecting Amblyomma sculptum (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks and Capybaras in a Brazilian Spotted Fever-Endemic Area of Brazil
Authors: Costa Francisco B , Gerardi Monize , Binder Lina de C , Benatti Hector R , Serpa Maria Carolina de Azevedo , Lopes Beatriz , Luz Hermes R , Ferraz Katia M P M B , Labruna Marcelo B
Published: August 2019

The bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii is the agent of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), a highly fatal disease that is transmitted in Brazil mainly by the tick Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, which uses capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Linnaeus) as major hosts. In 2015, we captured nine capybaras in a BSF-endemic area of southeastern Brazil. From each capybara, we collected blood sera that were tested through the immunofluorescence assay using Rickettsia spp. antigens, and A. sculptum ticks, processed for isolation of R. rickettsii through guinea pig inoculation. All capybaras (100%) were seroreactive to Rickettsia spp., with highest titers to R. rickettsii. A total of 166 A. sculptum ticks were macerated and inoculated into nine guinea pigs, from which only one presented high fever and seroconverted to R. rickettsii. Blood from this febrile animal was inoculated into additional guinea pigs (guinea pig passages), which also became febrile and seroconverted, or when euthanized during the fever period, their internal organs (spleen, lung) were shown to contain R. rickettsii DNA. The present rickettsial isolate has been maintained cryopreserved as infected guinea pig organs. There was at least one R. rickettsii-infected tick among the 166 macerated ticks, giving a minimal infection rate of 0.6% (1/166). This infection rate is within the range of previous studies, which reported that only 0.05% to at most 1.28% A. sculptum ticks were infected by R. rickettsii in other BSF-endemic areas. These low infection rates support the low incidence of BSF, despite of A. sculptum being the most frequent human-biting tick in southeastern Brazil.
Distribution and Frequency of the kdr Mutation V410L in Natural Populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) From Eastern and Southern Mexico
Authors: Villanueva-Segura Olga K , Ontiveros-Zapata Kevin A , Lopez-Monroy Beatriz , Ponce-Garcia Gustavo , Gutierrez-Rodriguez Selene M , Davila-Barboza Jesus A , Mora-Jasso Esteban de J , Flores Adriana E
Published: August 2019

Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of the viruses that cause dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, for which effective vaccines and drugs are still lacking. Current strategies for suppressing arbovirus outbreaks based on insecticide use pose a challenge because of the rapid increase in resistance. The widespread and excessive use of pyrethroid-based insecticides has created a large selection pressure for a kdr-type resistance, caused by mutations in the para gene of the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc). Our objective was to evaluate the allelic frequency of natural populations of Ae. aegypti of Mexico at codon 410 of the para gene. Twenty-six Ae. aegypti populations from east and southern Mexico were genotyped for the codon 410 using allele-specific PCR. The frequencies of the L410 allele in Ae. aegypti ranged from 0.10 to 0.99; however, most of the frequencies were in the range of 0.36 to 0.64. The highest frequencies were found in three populations from the state of Veracruz, namely, Minatitlan with 0.99, Poza Rica with 0.82, and Jose Cardel with 0.97, along with populations from Cancun in Quintana Roo with 0.93, Frontera in Tabasco with 0.91, and Ciudad del Carmen in Campeche with 0.86. The frequency of the L410 allele was high in all populations of Ae. aegypti with higher values in populations of the southeast of the country. The knowledge of specific substitutions in vgsc and their interaction to confer resistance is essential to predict and develop future strategies for resistance management in Ae. aegypti in Mexico.
Japanese Structure Survey of Radiation Oncology in 2011
Authors: Numasaki Hodaka , Teshima Teruki , Nishimura Tetsuo , Akuta Keizo , Ando Yutaka , Ikeda Hiroshi , Kamikonya Norihiko , Koizumi Masahiko , Sasaki Tomonari , Sekiguchi Kenji , Tago Masao , Terahara Atsuro , Nakamura Katsumasa , Nishio Masamichi , Murakami Masao , Mori Yoshimasa , Ogawa Kazuhiko ,   Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology Database Committee
Published: August 2019

We evaluated the evolving structure of radiation oncology in Japan in terms of equipment, personnel, patient load and geographic distribution to identify and overcome any existing limitations. From March 2012 to August 2015, the Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology conducted a questionnaire based on the Japanese national structure survey of radiation oncology in 2011. Data were analyzed based on the institutional stratification by the annual number of new patients treated with radiotherapy per institution. The estimated annual numbers of new and total (new plus repeat) patients treated with radiation were 211 000 and 250 000, respectively. Additionally, the estimated cancer incidence was 851 537 cases with approximately 24.8% of all newly diagnosed patients being treated with radiation. The types and numbers of treatment devices actually used included linear accelerator (LINAC; n = 836), telecobalt (n = 3), Gamma Knife (n = 46), 60Co remote afterloading system (RALS; n = 24), and 192Ir RALS (n = 125). The LINAC system used dual-energy functions in 619 units, 3D conformal radiotherapy functions in 719 and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) functions in 412. There were 756 JRS or JASTRO-certified radiation oncologists, 1018.5 full-time equivalent (FTE) radiation oncologists, 2026.7 FTE radiotherapy technologists, 149.1 FTE medical physicists, 141.5 FTE radiotherapy quality managers and 716.3 FTE nurses. The frequency of IMRT use significantly increased during this time. To conclude, although there was a shortage of personnel in 2011, the Japanese structure of radiation oncology has clearly improved in terms of equipment and utility.
Multiple Imputation with Survey Weights: A Multilevel Approach
Authors: Quartagno M , Carpenter J R , Goldstein H
Published: August 2019

Multiple imputation is now well established as a practical and flexible method for analyzing partially observed data, particularly under the missing at random assumption. However, when the substantive model is a weighted analysis, there is concern about the empirical performance of Rubin’s rules and also about how to appropriately incorporate possible interaction between the weights and the distribution of the study variables. One approach that has been suggested is to include the weights in the imputation model, potentially also allowing for interactions with the other variables. We show that the theoretical criterion justifying this approach can be approximately satisfied if we stratify the weights to define level-two units in our data set and include random intercepts in the imputation model. Further, if we let the covariance matrix of the variables have a random distribution across the level-two units, we also allow imputation to reflect any interaction between weight strata and the distribution of the variables. We evaluate our proposal in a number of simulation scenarios, showing it has promising performance both in terms of coverage levels of the model parameters and bias of the associated Rubin’s variance estimates. We illustrate its application to a weighted analysis of factors predicting reception-year readiness in children in the UK Millennium Cohort Study.
Local root ABA/cytokinin status and aquaporins regulate poplar responses to mild drought stress independently of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor
Authors: Calvo-Polanco Monica , Armada Elisabeth , Zamarreño Angel María , García-Mina Jose María , Aroca Ricardo
Published: August 2019

Plant aquaporins and hormones regulate root water uptake in mildly stressed poplar together with the participation of fungal aquaporins from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor.
Identification and functional characterization of a novel selenocysteine methyltransferase from Brassica juncea L.
Authors: Chen Meng , Zeng Liu , Luo Xiangguang , Mehboob Muhammad Zubair , Ao Tegenbaiyin , Lang Minglin
Published: August 2019

BjSMT is an Se-inducible gene in Indian mustard, whose expression could markedly increase plants’ tolerance to selenite stress, total Se accumulation, and MeSeCys conversion in leaves.
cis-Cinnamic acid is a natural plant growth-promoting compound
Authors: Steenackers Ward , El Houari Ilias , Baekelandt Alexandra , Witvrouw Klaas , Dhondt Stijn , Leroux Olivier , Gonzalez Nathalie , Corneillie Sander , Cesarino Igor , Inzé Dirk , Boerjan Wout , Vanholme Bartel
Published: August 2019

The phenylpropanoid cis-cinnamic acid stimulates the overall growth of different plant species. The trans-isomer is inactive when used at equimolar concentrations.
Characterizing 3D inflorescence architecture in grapevine using X-ray imaging and advanced morphometrics: implications for understanding cluster density
Authors: Li Mao , Klein Laura L , Duncan Keith E , Jiang Ni , Chitwood Daniel H , Londo Jason P , Miller Allison J , Topp Christopher N
Published: August 2019

Grapevine 3D inflorescence architecture was comprehensively characterized among 10 wild Vitis species to reveal new phenotypic and evolutionary relationships.
De novo shoot organogenesis during plant regeneration
Authors: Shin Jinwoo , Bae Soonhyung , Seo Pil Joon
Published: August 2019

We reconstituted the shoot regeneration process in callus with four phases and also scrutinized molecular components involved in phytohormonal interactions, ROS metabolism, cell cycle progression. and bioelectrical signaling during shoot regeneration.
Organ-wide and ploidy-dependent regulation both contribute to cell-size determination: evidence from a computational model of tomato fruit
Authors: Baldazzi Valentina , Valsesia Pierre , Génard Michel , Bertin Nadia
Published: August 2019

A computational model of tomato fruit reveals an important role of both organ-wide and ploidy-dependent effects in the control of cell size, and suggests a possible influence of endoreduplication on carbon metabolism.
Root–shoot communication in tomato plants: cytokinin as a signal molecule modulating leaf photosynthetic activity
Authors: Glanz-Idan Noga , Tarkowski Petr , Turečková Veronika , Wolf Shmuel
Published: August 2019

Partial defoliation up-regulated photosynthesis and down-regulated expression of sucrose export-related genes in tomato leaves, and increased trans-zeatin riboside in the roots, implicating this cytokinin in root–shoot signaling.
Responsible Gambling
Authors: Byrne Gabriele
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses responsible gambling from the perspective of a consumer and a reformed problem gambler. The author explains her history with problem gambling and describes the results of her research into responsible gambling. She outlines several ways in which it could be made more effective, including addressing gamblers’ fear, stigma, and shame and matching the message to the intended target. She argues that effective harm minimization is not about policies, programs, and methods but about changing the attitudes of the people responsible for developing and implementing them and better educating the general public about this issue. Stakeholders must put aside their own convictions and motivations, listen to each other, and then work together on programs that produce the ultimate outcome: reduction or, at best, the elimination of gambling-related harm. Understanding each other’s different perspectives will increase stakeholders’ willingness to work together to develop evidence-based measures that will make a real difference to people’s lives.
Responsible Gambling
Authors: Haeusler Joachim
Published: August 2019

This stakeholder suggests that any interaction with existing, prospective, or former customers falls within the scope of responsible gambling. The responsible gambling strategy determines how responsibility is shared between customers and gambling operators and assigns to the customer adequate intervention options based on the entirety of available information on his or her ability to make responsible decisions. The author argues that responsible gambling activities should aim to intervene as early as possible and as little as necessary, leaving as much responsibility with the consumer as viable. Eventually, operators cannot—in some cases—avoid accepting the full responsibility and must impose restrictions even against the volition of the consumer. Even though the customer might have the final decision on whether and to what extent to gamble, operators have the final decision—based on their own risk-management and well-documented observations—whether to continue serving the customer to avoid taking part in continued self-harm. This process must, however, be conducted in a transparent and nondiscriminatory manner.
A Gambling Lawyers’ Perspective on Responsible Gambling
Authors: Planzer Simon , Lycka Martin
Published: August 2019

From the backgrounds of an external counsel and an in-house lawyer, this chapter offers a legal perspective on responsible gambling (RG). The primary tool of lawyers is law and not empirical sciences. Accordingly, these legal scholars explain how their normative perspective differs from other scholarly perspectives and how it affects the concept, theory, and objectives of RG. These stakeholders describe aspects that hamper the effectiveness of RG policies, such as hidden agendas and RG rules that are not empirically based. They then revisit the Reno Model, comparing its strengths and weaknesses; they observe alternative models of regulatory practice. The analytical exercise feeds into discussions of the legal and practical implications of the RG rules, in particular as regards the scope of duty of care and the compliance burden of regulated gambling operators. The authors make suggestions on how to improve RG programs and the Reno Model itself, using insights from behavioral studies and promoting bottom up-initiatives.
Methodological Challenges in Researching Problem-Solving Courts
Authors: DeMatteo David , Heilbrun Kirk , Thornewill Alice , Arnold Shelby
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses the methodological challenges faced by researchers attempting to study the operations and effectiveness of problem-solving courts. Although researchers have conducted a great deal of research on drug courts, and research on mental health courts is continuing to grow, there is relatively little research on all other types of problem-solving courts. This chapter discusses the current research landscape and describes how research on these courts can be challenging for a variety of ethical and logistical reasons. Specifically, this chapter highlights the difficulties associated with conducting valid empirical research on problem-solving courts, including an overview of difficulties with random assignment, skewed samples, outcome measures, and jurisdictional differences. The authors also discuss the disconnect between indicators of progress used in some problem-solving courts and reductions in criminal recidivism.
A Family Guide to Coping with Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine
Published: August 2019

This guide was written for family members, significant others, and people concerned about their relatives or friends who have an alcohol or drug problem, which in this book is referred to as substance misuse or substance use disorder (SUD). Substance problems can take many shapes and forms and differ in their severity and impact. This family guide will discuss these problems and how to help the affected person and other family members (including children) who may have been harmed by a loved one’s substance problem. This guide can also help individuals with a substance use problem understand the impact of their SUDs on the family as well as what their family members can do to help themselves. Addressing family issues and making amends are key issues for people in recovery from SUDs.
Alcohol and Drug Problems
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine
Published: August 2019

A substance problem is any negative outcome from prescription drug misuse, illegal drug use, or binge drinking. These problems often lead to substance use disorders (SUDs). Any substance use can cause problems. The real issues are a person’s reasons for using, and whether that substance use is part of a substance use disorder. Family members often think of the drug as being the problem when it is really the person’s pattern of use and reasons for using that are the problems. Drugs come and go and are replaced by new ones all the time. SUDs and addiction are people problems that involve drugs.
Treatment of Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine
Published: August 2019

People do not respond the same way to any one particular treatment approach in any particular setting. Some need more intensive and/or extensive treatment than others. It is not unusual for a person with a severe SUD to engage in several episodes of treatment before sustaining recovery. For those who are physically addicted, medical detoxification may be needed before they can benefit from other types of treatment. Treatment is helpful only to the extent that a person sticks with it and uses the guidance of professionals and peers in recovery. The person with an SUD may use any combination of treatment programs, services, or community recovery supports. Treatment includes detoxification; rehabilitation; individual, group, and family therapy; other services (case management, vocational or leisure counseling, medical evaluation); and medications.
How Substance Problems Affect Individual Family Members
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine
Published: August 2019

The effects of SUDs on family members are well documented. Some people grow stronger through exposure to an SUD in their family despite negative effects. They show resilience. There is evidence that children of parents with an SUD are at higher risk for problems than are children whose parents do not have an SUD. Problems include those related to substance use, health or mental health, trouble with the law, and problems at work or in school. Parental SUDs underlie many family problems such as divorce, spouse abuse, child abuse and neglect, welfare dependence, and criminal behaviors. Studies show that women who use alcohol or drugs during pregnancy are more likely to have premature births.
Introduction and Plan for This Workbook
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine
Published: August 2019

In this workbook, the authors provide information about substance use problems, recovery, relapse, professional treatments available, and mutual support programs. Substance use problems are problems with alcohol, tobacco, or any other type of drug. Problems may show in binge drinking, drug misuse (using illicit drugs, using other people’s prescription drugs with addiction potential, mixing drugs or drugs and alcohol in ways that are risky) or a substance use disorder (SUD). Although there are differences among the various substance use problems, there are also many similarities. The goals of this chapter are to become aware of current trends in substance use, misuse, and substance use disorders; to learn the multiple factors contributing to a substance use problem; to identify the different paths and benefits to recovery; to understand the benefits of using this workbook in therapy or counseling; and to learn the importance of keeping records and completing recovery worksheets.
Recognizing Consequences of Your Substance Use
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine
Published: August 2019

Substance use can contribute directly and indirectly to problems in any area of life. Substance use disorders raise the risk of medical, spiritual, psychological, psychiatric, family, and economic problems. Problems may range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Sometimes the effects are subtle or hidden. The goals of this chapter are for the client to understand the consequences of their substance use and its effect on the people closest to them and to identify problems caused by the client’s substance use disorder.
Refusing Offers to Use Substances
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine
Published: August 2019

Resisting social pressures to use alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs is one of the biggest and most predictable challenges clients face in recovery. This is especially true in the early months, when clients are getting used to being sober or not smoking and are not used to refusing offers to use. Clients also experience indirect social pressures when others around them are using, such as being at a picnic, family gathering, party, athletic event, special occasion, or even watching a movie. The goals of this chapter are to learn about direct and indirect social pressures that can raise relapse risk; to learn how each social pressure affects thoughts, feelings (emotions), and behaviors; and to plan and practice how the client will cope with social pressures to use substances.
Mutual Support Programs and Recovery Clubs
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine
Published: August 2019

Numerous mutual support programs exist to help clients cope with substance use problem. The most common of these programs are Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Narcotics Anonymous (NA), and other 12-step programs. All mutual support programs involve people with alcohol or drug problems helping each other. Some people maintain lifelong involvement in mutual support programs, and others use them for a limited period of time. Although programs vary in philosophies and approaches, most involve fellowship, recovery meetings, program steps or guidelines, recovery literature, social events, and internet resources. Some areas have recovery clubs or clubhouses for people in recovery. These provide an alcohol- and drug-free environment in which one can attend recovery meetings or other social events. The goals of this chapter are to learn about the different types of mutual support programs available and to determine which type of program may work for the client.
Relapse Prevention
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine
Published: August 2019

A lapse refers to an initial episode of substance use following a period of abstinence. A lapse may or may not lead to more substance use. Clients always run the risk that a lapse will turn into a relapse, in which they continue to use alcohol or other drugs. A lapse or relapse is the last link in a chain of decisions, and how one responds to an initial lapse has a big impact on whether or not one has a full-blown relapse. The goals of this chapter are to understand the difference between lapse and relapse, to learn about relapse prevention strategies, and to learn to identify and manage relapse warning signs and high-risk factors.
Managing a Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorder
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine
Published: August 2019

The term “co-occurring disorders” refers to the presence of a psychiatric disorder and a substance use disorder. A psychiatric disorder increases the risk of a substance use disorder and vice versa. Treating one disorder improves the outcomes in treating the other. Psychiatric medications can be both effective and appropriate in treating the psychiatric disorder in people with co-occurring disorders. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) can treat effectively the substance use disorder in people with co-occurring disorders. The goals of this chapter are to learn about the different types of psychiatric disorders, to learn about the causes of psychiatric disorders, and to assess the client’s psychiatric symptoms, if applicable.
Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B. , Hembree Elizabeth A. , Rauch Sheila A.M.
Published: August 2019

This workbook, written for patients, is part of a brief cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program for individuals who are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or who manifest PTSD symptoms that cause distress and/or dysfunction following various types of trauma. The overall aim of the treatment is to help trauma survivors emotionally process their traumatic experiences to diminish or eliminate PTSD and other trauma-related symptoms. The term “prolonged exposure” (PE) reflects the fact that the treatment program emerged from the long tradition of exposure therapy for anxiety disorders in which patients are helped to confront safe but anxiety-evoking situations to overcome their unrealistic, excessive fear and anxiety. PE is designed to get the patient in touch with these emotions and reactions. This workbook is a companion to the Therapist’s Guide, Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD.
Introduction
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B. , Hembree Elizabeth A. , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: August 2019

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a fear and stress disorder that may develop after an event that is experienced or witnessed and involves actual or perceived threat to life or physical integrity to oneself or a loved one. This chapter discusses the characteristics of the disorder and explains both prolonged exposure (PE) therapy and Emotional Processing Theory. Readers will learn about the benefits and risks of the treatment as well as what is involved. The main tools of this therapy program, imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure, are presented.
Session 3
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B. , Hembree Elizabeth A. , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: August 2019

Imaginal exposure, or revisiting the trauma memory in the patient’s imagination, is a procedure in which the patient is asked to go over the traumatic event while saying it out loud repeatedly, in the present tense. In Session 3, the patient will do his or her first imaginal exposure to the trauma memory, followed by processing this experience with the therapist. In processing, the therapist will ask the patient to describe his or her thoughts and feelings about the imaginal exposure and to pay attention to how that impacts the associated distress.
Anticipating and Solving Problems
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B. , Hembree Elizabeth A. , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: August 2019

Even with all of the authors’ experience working with survivors of trauma with this treatment, and even with all of the hard work of patients and therapists, sometimes it is difficult for trauma survivors to get all they can out of prolonged exposure (PE) therapy. This chapter discusses common problems that may interfere with treatment and provides strategies for working through such problems and difficulties. Common problems that get in the way of treatment and improvement include avoidance, not being connected enough to the emotions associated with the memory (underengaged) or being connected too much (overengaged) during revisiting and recounting traumatic memories, not tolerating emotional distress, and persistently feeling other negative emotions, such as anger.
Assessing Trauma Survivors and Implementing PE in Practice
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Hembree Elizabeth A. , Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: August 2019

The authors begin this chapter by looking at who a good candidate for prolonged exposure (PE) therapy is; not every trauma survivor needs a trauma-focused treatment like PE. It is important to have as part of the assessment process or prior to start of PE, one or two preparation sessions that include reviewing the reasons that the client wants to recover from his trauma-related difficulties that may enhance treatment outcome and retention. This material is followed by the presentation of guidelines for the assessment of trauma survivors with whom a therapist is considering using this therapy. The chapter continues with a discussion of some important considerations in using PE with trauma survivors. Finally, the chapter concludes with recommendations for assessing and supporting a patient’s engagement in treatment.
Final Session
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Hembree Elizabeth A. , Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: August 2019

This final session reviews what the patient has learned in the course of prolonged exposure (PE), what has changed or improved, and what the patient needs to continue to do. Also reviewed are concepts (e.g., facing rather than avoiding trauma memories and reminders) and skills the patient has learned. The therapist prepares the patient for the likelihood of a temporary increase in posttraumatic stress disorder and related symptoms when under significant stress, such as on the anniversary of the trauma or more general difficulties at work or in the family. Working with a patient in PE can be emotionally intense for both the patient and the therapist, and terminating therapy can be difficult for the patient. If the therapist is terminating treatment at this point, he or she should take time to offer the patient feedback and to say goodbye.
Tailoring Treatment to the Individual
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Hembree Elizabeth A. , Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: August 2019

Even with a foundation of strong therapeutic alliance and a clear rationale for treatment that the patient understands and accepts, and even when the therapist has followed the procedures described in the previous chapters, sometimes the patient does not seem to improve as much as we would expect. Common obstacles to the expected decreases in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and related distress include avoidance, being under- or overengaged emotionally during revisiting and recounting the trauma memory, intolerance of emotional distress, and persistent dominance of a specific negative emotion that diminishes the processing of other important emotions that the patient needs to digest.
Exploring the pattern of the Galactic HI foreground of GRBs with the ATCA
Authors: Dénes H , Jones P A , Tóth L V , Zahorecz S , Koo B-C , Pinter S , Racz I I , Balázs L G , Cunningham M R , Doi Y , Horvath I , Kovács T , Onishi T , Suleiman N , Bagoly Z
Published: August 2019

The afterglow of a gamma ray burst (GRB) can give us valuable insight into the properties of its host galaxy. To correctly interpret the spectra of the afterglow we need to have a good understanding of the foreground interstellar medium (ISM) in our own Galaxy. The common practice to correct for the foreground is to use neutral hydrogen (H i) data from the Leiden/Argentina/Bonn (LAB) survey. However, the poor spatial resolution of the single dish data may have a significant effect on the derived column densities. To investigate this, we present new high-resolution H i observations with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) towards 4 GRBs. We combine the interferometric ATCA data with single dish data from the Galactic All Sky Survey (GASS) and derive new Galactic H i column densities towards the GRBs. We use these new foreground column densities to fit the Swift XRT X-ray spectra and calculate new intrinsic hydrogen column density values for the GRB host galaxies. We find that the new ATCA data shows higher Galactic H i column densities compared to the previous single dish data, which results in lower intrinsic column densities for the hosts. We investigate the line of sight optical depth near the GRBs and find that it may not be negligible towards one of the GRBs, which indicates that the intrinsic hydrogen column density of its host galaxy may be even lower. In addition, we compare our results to column densities derived from far-infrared data and find a reasonable agreement with the H i data.
Diagnosing cosmic ray modified shocks with H α polarimetry
Authors: Shimoda Jiro , Laming J Martin
Published: August 2019

A novel diagnostic of cosmic ray modified shocks by polarimetry of H α emissions is suggested. In a cosmic ray modified shock, the pressure of cosmic rays is sufficiently high compared to the upstream ram pressure to force the background plasma to decelerate (measured in the shock rest frame). Simultaneously, a fraction of the hydrogen atoms co-existing in the upstream plasma collide with the decelerated protons and undergo charge-exchange reactions. As a result, hydrogen atoms with the same bulk velocity of the decelerated protons are generated. We show that when the shock is observed from edge-on, the H α radiated by these upstream hydrogen atoms is linearly polarized with a sizable degree of a few per cent as a result of resonant scattering of Ly β. The polarization direction depends strongly on the velocity modification; the direction is parallel to the shock surface for the case of no modification, while the direction is parallel to the shock velocity for the case of a modified shock.
The spectral energy distributions of active galactic nuclei
Authors: Brown M J I , Duncan K J , Landt H , Kirk M , Ricci C , Kamraj N , Salvato M , Ananna T
Published: August 2019

We present spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of 41 active galactic nuclei, derived from multiwavelength photometry and archival spectroscopy. All of the SEDs span at least 0.09 to 30 $\mu$m, but in some instances wavelength coverage extends into the X-ray, far-infrared, and radio. For some active galactic nuclei (AGNs) we have fitted the measured far-infrared photometry with greybody models, while radio flux density measurements have been approximated by power laws or polynomials. We have been able to fill some of the gaps in the spectral coverage using interpolation or extrapolation of simple models. In addition to the 41 individual AGN SEDs, we have produced 72 Seyfert SEDs by mixing SEDs of the central regions of Seyferts with galaxy SEDs. Relative to the literature, our templates have broader wavelength coverage and/or higher spectral resolution. We have tested the utility of our SEDs by using them to generate photometric redshifts for 0 < z ≤ 6.12 AGNs in the Boötes field (selected with X-ray, IR, and optical criteria) and, relative to SEDs from the literature, they produce comparable or better photometric redshifts with reduced flux density residuals.
The beam balance – measuring binary systems via relativistic beaming signals from stars and their companions
Authors: Penoyre Z
Published: August 2019

In this paper, I show that the concept of relativistic beaming – the process by which light emitted by fast-moving sources is lensed towards the direction of motion – can be easily extended to model the signal from both the star and any secondary companions. Most companions will be cooler and less massive than their host star. Their lower mass leads to faster orbital velocities, and thus a potentially larger beaming effect. The lower temperature will mean that most of their light is emitted at longer wavelengths, where the relative photometric dominance of the primary is reduced. Thus, for some systems, the secondary companion can be the main contributor to observed relativistic beaming signals at long wavelengths. Furthermore, if the system is observed over a range of wavelengths we can independently constrain the temperature of the companion, and the mass and radius ratio of the binary. To conclude, I discuss the current and future observational prospects of this signal, using the properties of known exoplanets to show that such a signal may be observable by upcoming surveys.
Potential kick velocity distribution of black hole X-ray binaries and implications for natal kicks
Authors: Atri P , Miller-Jones J C A , Bahramian A , Plotkin R M , Jonker P G , Nelemans G , Maccarone T J , Sivakoff G R , Deller A T , Chaty S , Torres M A P , Horiuchi S , McCallum J , Natusch T , Phillips C J , Stevens J , Weston S
Published: August 2019

We use very long baseline interferometry to measure the proper motions of three black hole X-ray binaries (BHXBs). Using these results together with data from the literature and Gaia DR2 to collate the best available constraints on proper motion, parallax, distance, and systemic radial velocity of 16 BHXBs, we determined their three-dimensional Galactocentric orbits. We extended this analysis to estimate the probability distribution for the potential kick velocity (PKV) a BHXB system could have received on formation. Constraining the kicks imparted to BHXBs provides insight into the birth mechanism of black holes (BHs). Kicks also have a significant effect on BH–BH merger rates, merger sites, and binary evolution, and can be responsible for spin–orbit misalignment in BH binary systems. 75 per cent of our systems have potential kicks $\gt 70\, \rm {km\,s^{-1}}$. This suggests that strong kicks and hence spin–orbit misalignment might be common among BHXBs, in agreement with the observed quasi-periodic X-ray variability in their power density spectra. We used a Bayesian hierarchical methodology to analyse the PKV distribution of the BHXB population, and suggest that a unimodal Gaussian model with a mean of 107 $\pm \,\,16\, \rm {km\,s^{-1}}$ is a statistically favourable fit. Such relatively high PKVs would also reduce the number of BHs likely to be retained in globular clusters. We found no significant correlation between the BH mass and PKV, suggesting a lack of correlation between BH mass and the BH birth mechanism. Our python code allows the estimation of the PKV for any system with sufficient observational constraints.
Siblings, friends and acquaintances: testing galaxy association methods
Authors: Caso J P , Vega-Martínez C A
Published: August 2019

In order to constrain the limitations of association methods applied to galaxy surveys, we analysed the catalogue of haloes at z = 0 of a cosmological simulation, trying to reproduce the limitations dealt with by an observational survey. We focused on the percolation method, usually called the friends of friends method, commonly used in the literature. The analysis was carried out on the dark matter cosmological simulation MDPL2, from the MultiDark project. The results point to a large fraction of contaminants for massive haloes in high-density environments. Thresholds in the association parameters and the subsequent analysis of observational properties can mitigate the occurrence of fake positives. The use of tests for substructures can also be efficient in particular cases.
Timing of young radio pulsars – I. Timing noise, periodic modulation, and proper motion
Authors: Parthasarathy A , Shannon R M , Johnston S , Lentati L , Bailes M , Dai S , Kerr M , Manchester R N , Osłowski S , Sobey C , van Straten W , Weltevrede P
Published: August 2019

The smooth spin-down of young pulsars is perturbed by two non-deterministic phenomenon, glitches, and timing noise. Although the timing noise provides insights into nuclear and plasma physics at extreme densities, it acts as a barrier to high-precision pulsar timing experiments. An improved methodology based on the Bayesian inference is developed to simultaneously model the stochastic and deterministic parameters for a sample of 85 high-$\dot{E}$ radio pulsars observed for ∼10 yr with the 64-m Parkes radio telescope. Timing noise is known to be a red process and we develop a parametrization based on the red-noise amplitude (Ared) and spectral index (β). We measure the median Ared to be $-10.4^{+1.8}_{-1.7}$ yr3/2 and β to be $-5.2^{+3.0}_{-3.8}$ and show that the strength of timing noise scales proportionally to $\nu ^{1}|\dot{\nu }|^{-0.6\pm 0.1}$, where ν is the spin frequency of the pulsar and $\dot{\nu }$ is its spin-down rate. Finally, we measure significant braking indices for 19 pulsars and proper motions for 2 pulsars, and discuss the presence of periodic modulation in the arrival times of 5 pulsars.
Working towards an optimal sampling of the 21 cm signal parameter space
Authors: Eames Evan , Doussot Aristide , Semelin Benoît
Published: August 2019

With a statistical detection of the 21 cm signal fluctuations from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) expected in the next few years, there is an interest in developing robust and precise techniques to constrain the underlying astrophysical parameters. Bayesian inference with Markov Chain Monte Carlo, or different types of supervised learning for backward modelling (from signal to parameters) are examples of such techniques. They usually require many instances of forward modelling (from parameters to signal) in sampling the parameters space, either when performing the steps of the Markov Chain or when building a training sample for supervised learning. As forward modelling can be costly (if performed with numerical simulations for example), we should attempt to perform an optimal sampling according to some principle. With this goal in mind, we present an approach based on defining a metric on the space of observables, induced by the manner through which the modelling creates a mapping from the parameter space onto the space of observables. This metric bears a close connection to Jeffreys’ prior from information theory. It is used to generate a homogeneous and isotropic sampling of the signal space with two different methods. We show that when the resulting optimized samplings, created with 21cmFAST, are used to train a neural network we obtain a modest reduction of the χ2 error on parameter reconstruction of ∼20%, for one of the two optimized sampling methods, (compared to a naïve sampling of the same size).