bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Targeted Nanosystem for Detection of Inflammatory Diseases via Fluorescent/Optoacoustic Imaging and Therapy via Modulating Nrf2/NF‐κB Pathways
Authors: Ouyang Juan , Sun Lihe , Pan Jiayue , Zeng Zhuo , Zeng Cheng , Zeng Fang , Tian Mei , Wu Shuizhu
Published: September 2021

Inflammatory diseases are sometimes devastating and notoriously difficult to treat. Precisely modulating inflammatory signaling pathways is a promising approach for treating inflammatory diseases. Herein, a multifunctional nanosystem is developed for active targeting, activatable imaging and on‐demand therapy against inflammatory diseases through modulating inflammatory pathways. A chromophore‐drug dyad (QBS‐FIS) is synthesized by linking a chromophore and a Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2‐related factor) activator fisetin through boronate bond which serves as fluorescence quencher and ROS (reactive oxygen species)‐responsive linker. QBS‐FIS molecules form nanoparticles in water and are coated with macrophage cell membrane to ensure active targeting toward inflammation site. To further improve therapeutic efficacy, a NF‐kB (nuclear‐factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells) inhibitor thalidomide is co‐encapsulated to afford the nanosystem (QBS‐FIS&Thd@MM). Upon administration into mice, the nanosystem migrates to inflammatory site and pathological ROS therein cleaves the boronate bonds, thereby activating the chromophore for imaging liver/kidney inflammatory diseases for disease diagnosis and recovery evaluation via fluorescence and optoacoustic imaging as well as releasing the active drugs for treating acute liver inflammation through activating Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting NF‐kB pathway. The 3D multispectral optoacoustic tomography imaging is applied to precisely locate the inflammatory foci in a spatiotemporal manner.
Vertical innovation, foreign direct investment, and asymmetric imitation: A welfare analysis of intellectual property protection
Authors: Lin Hwan C.
Published: September 2021

The paper examines the intertemporal welfare effects of strengthening intellectual property (IP) protection in the South using a North–South quality‐ladder model, where South‐bound foreign direct investment (FDI) serves as a bridge to transfer production from the North to the South. Modeling features include costly FDI, asymmetric productivity between multinational and Southern firms, and asymmetric imitation risks confronting multinational and Northern firms. In contrast to the literature, the paper shows that strengthening Southern IP protection cannot serve the Southern interest, although it can promote vertical innovation and South‐bound FDI. The North may reap a welfare gain, but it depends on whether Northern households are a dominant equity owner of Northern and multinational firms or whether the IP‐determined imitation risks are not too much biased towards multinational firms.
Global outliers detection in wireless sensor networks: A novel approach integrating time‐series analysis, entropy, and random forest‐based classification.
Authors: Safaei Mahmood , Driss Maha , Boulila Wadii , Sundararajan Elankovan A. , Safaei Mitra
Published: September 2021

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have recently attracted greater attention worldwide due to their practicality in monitoring, communicating, and reporting specific physical phenomena. The data collected by WSNs is often inaccurate as a result of unavoidable environmental factors, which may include noise, signal weakness, or intrusion attacks depending on the specific situation. Sending high‐noise data has negative effects not just on data accuracy and network reliability, but also regarding the decision‐making processes in the base station. Anomaly detection, or outlier detection, is the process of detecting noisy data amidst the contexts thus described. The literature contains relatively few noise detection techniques in the context of WSNs, particularly for outlier‐detection algorithms applying time series analysis, which considers the effective neighbors to ensure a global‐collaborative detection. Hence, the research presented in this article is intended to design and implement a global outlier‐detection approach, which allows us to find and select appropriate neighbors to ensure an adaptive collaborative detection based on time‐series analysis and entropy techniques. The proposed approach applies a random forest algorithm for identifying the best results. To measure the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach, a comprehensive and real scenario provided by the Intel Berkeley Research Laboratory has been simulated. Noisy data have been injected into the collected data randomly. The results obtained from the experiment then conducted experimentation demonstrate that our approach can detect anomalies with up to 99% accuracy.
Survey on test case generation, selection and prioritization for cyber‐physical systems
Authors: Sadri‐Moshkenani Zahra , Bradley Justin , Rothermel Gregg
Published: September 2021

A cyber‐physical system (CPS) is a collection of computing devices that communicate with each other, operate in the target environment via actuators and interact with the physical world through sensors in a feedback loop. CPSs need to be safe and reliable and function in accordance with their requirements. Testing, focusing on a CPS model and/or its code, is the primary approach used by engineers to achieve this. Generating, selecting and prioritizing test cases that can reveal faults in CPSs, from the wide range of possible input values and stimuli that affect their operation, are of central importance in this process. To date, however, in our search of the literature, we have found no comprehensive survey of research on test case generation, selection and prioritization for CPSs. In this article, therefore, we report the results of a survey of approaches for generating, selecting and prioritizing test cases for CPSs; the results illustrate the progress that has been made on these approaches to date, the properties that characterize the approaches and the challenges that remain open in these areas of research.
Damage progression inRC beam‐columnjoints under cyclic loading using acoustic emission technique
Authors: Singh Shamsher , Sharma Shruti , Kwatra Naveen
Published: September 2021

Beam‐column joint (BCJ) is the most critical element of a RC structure and plays an important role in the sound seismic performance of buildings. A number of joint failures have been reported in the literature and it is important to monitor the BCJ regularly to assess their performance so that the damage is predicted much before it reaches a catastrophic level. This study aims to monitor the initiation and progression of damage in BCJ reinforced with and without ductile reinforcement detailing under cyclic loading using a real‐time passive acoustic emission (AE) technique. Results have been analyzed on the basis of AE parameters such as cumulative AE hits, cumulative energy, rise angle, average frequency, and Ib‐value. The Ib‐value analysis has demonstrated good correlation with the experimental observations and it has been established that macroscopic fracture occurs in a RC BCJ during loading. The AE event map successfully gives pictorial representation of the crack development inside the concrete and crack pattern plotted by the AE event maps gives an idea of presence of cracks near the damage area of BCJ. It is also possible to distinguish between tensile and shear crack developing at the joint by using AE data. A linear relationship has been observed between the AE energy and energy dissipated by BCJ to evaluate damage indices in seismically damaged structures. The AE energy gives better representation of quantum of damage than AE hits.
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Cross‐Couplings of Benzylic Sulfone Derivatives
Authors: Nambo Masakazu , Crudden Cathleen M.
Published: September 2021

In recent years, the use of organosulfones as a new class of cross‐coupling partner in transition‐metal catalyzed reactions has undergone significant advancement. In this personal account, our recent investigations into desulfonylative cross‐coupling reactions of benzylic sulfone derivatives catalyzed by Pd, Ni, and Cu catalysis is described. Combined with the facile α‐functionalizations of sulfones, our methods can be used to form valuable multiply‐arylated structures such as di‐, tri‐, and, tetraarylmethanes from readily available substrates. The reactivity of sulfones can be increased by introducing electron‐withdrawing substituents such as 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, which enable more challenging cross‐coupling reactions. Reactive intermediates including Cu‐carbene complexes were identified as key intermediates in sulfone activation, representing new types of C−SO2bond activation processes. These results indicate sulfones are powerful functional groups, enabling new catalytic desulfonylative transformations.
Investigating support by minimal detectable displacement in confidence region determination and significance test of displacements
Authors: Prószyński Witold , Łapiński Sławomir
Published: September 2021

The Minimal Detectable Displacement (MDD) is an important measure of monitoring networks sensitivity to displacements. In addition to the accuracy criteria, it is used as a detectability criterion in the optimal design of such networks. The paper examines whether the MDD provides grounds for verifying the correctness of the confidence, and the significance thresholds applied in the analyses of the determined displacements. According to our knowledge, the task so formulated has not yet been the subject of research presented in the literature in the field of geodetic determination of displacements. Hence, the approach presented here can be regarded as a new proposal extending the application area of the MDD. The investigations are focused on a probabilistic aspect of combining confidence and detectability as well as significance and detectability by the superimposition of the corresponding ellipsoids and their joint analysis. An initial research result is the diagrams showing a significance index and a non-centrality parameter as functions of the rank of the covariance matrix for displacements and also of system redundancy for specified values of Type I and Type II error probabilities. The diagrams, together with the theoretical basis created within the research, made it possible to analyse and evaluate the support by Minimal Detectable Displacement in confidence region determination and significance test of displacements. Based on the analysis of MDD support, two options of modifying the confidence and significance thresholds related to single point displacements are proposed for practical use.
CT-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRct) for functional coronary artery evaluation in the follow-up of patients after heart transplantation
Authors: Budde Ricardo P. J. , Nous Fay M. A. , Roest Stefan , Constantinescu Alina A. , Nieman Koen , Brugts Jasper J. , Koweek Lynne M. , Hirsch Alexander , Leipsic Jonathon , Manintveld Olivier C.
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Invasively measured fractional flow reserve (FFR) is associated with outcome in heart transplant (HTx) patients. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA)–derived FFR (FFRct) provides additional functional information from anatomical CT images. We describe the first use of FFRct in HTx patients.

Methods

HTx patients underwent CCTA with FFRct to screen for cardiac allograft vasculopathy. FFRct was measured distal to each coronary stenosis > 30% and FFRct ≤ 0.8 indicated hemodynamically significant stenosis. FFRct was also measured at the most distal location of each vessel. Overall distal FFRct was calculated as the mean of the distal values in the left, right, and circumflex coronary artery in each patient.

Results

Seventy-three patients (age 56 (42–65) years, 63% males) at 11 (8–16) years after HTx were included. Eighteen (25%) patients had a focal hemodynamically significant stenosis (stenosis > 30% with FFRct ≤ 0.8). In the 55 patients without a hemodynamically significant focal FFRct stenosis (FFRct > 0.80), the distal left anterior descending artery FFRct was < 0.90 in 74% of the patients and 10 (18%) patients had ≥ 1 coronary artery with a distal FFRct ≤ 0.8, including 1 with a distal FFRct ≤ 0.8 in all coronaries. Overall distal FFRct in patients without focal stenosis was 0.88 (0.86–0.91), 0.87 (0.86–0.90), and 0.88 (0.86–0.91) (median with 25th–75th percentile) at 5–9, 10–14, or ≥ 15 years post-transplantation, respectively (p = 0.93).

Conclusions

FFRct performed on CCTA scans of HTx patients demonstrated that 25% of patients had a focal coronary stenosis with FFRct ≤ 0.8. Even without a focal stenosis, FFRct values are often abnormal in HTx patients.

Key Points

• This is the first report describing the use of FFRct in in heart transplant patients.

• FFRct identifies patients after heart transplantation with hemodynamically significant coronary stenosis.

• Even without a focal stenosis, FFRct values are often abnormal in heart transplant patients.
Clinical importance of preoperative red-cell volume distribution width as a prognostic marker in patients undergoing radical surgery for pancreatic cancer
Authors: Dang Chao , Wang Min , Qin Tingting , Qin Renyi
Published: September 2021

Background and purpose

A new noninvasive biomarker is being sought to predict the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer. Red-cell volume distribution width (RDW), a descriptive parameter for erythrocyte variation, has been shown to have prognostic value for some tumor types. Our purpose was to assess the RDW value to predict the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer.

Methods

The subjects of this retrospective study were 792 patients who underwent radical surgery for pancreatic cancer, divided into high-RDW and low-RDW groups based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis (15.6%). The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score was used to assess preoperative nutritional status. Statistical analysis was conducted to investigate the differences between the high and low RDW groups, and to explore the possibility of the RDW being used as prognostic predictor for patients with pancreatic cancer.

Results

The immune-nutritional status was worse in the high-RDW group than in the low-RDW group. The high-RDW group patients also had a poorer prognosis. Risk factor analysis showed that the RDW could be an independent risk factor for pancreatic cancer.

Conclusions

The RDW is associated with immune-nutritional status in pancreatic cancer patients and can be used as an independent prognostic factor for their postoperative survival.
Deep nitriding—contact and bending strength of gears with increased nitriding hardening depth
Authors: Sitzmann André , Hoja Stefanie , Schurer Stefan , Tobie Thomas , Stahl Karsten
Published: September 2021

The load carrying capacity of gears can be significantly increased by nitriding. However, the required nitriding hardening depth depends on the stress level and the gear size. In order to achive a high fatigue resistance and durability of nitrided gears an adequate nitriding hardening depth is necessary. In industrial practice, a nitriding hardening depth (NHD) of about 0.6 mm is currently regarded as the upper limit that can be reached within a reasonable time and cost. This also limits of the load carrying capacity of nitrided gears, in particular with increasing gear sizes. Therefore, case hardening is the main treatment used with increasing gear sizes, although nitriding provides some advantages over case hardening. However, with an increased nitriding hardening depth, a significant increase in the load carrying capacity of nitrided gears for medium and larger gear sizes could be expected, which will be discussed in this publication. In order to evaluate the expected potential of the load carrying capacity of nitrided gears with an increased nitriding hardening depth of NHD ≈ 0.8 to 1.0 mm (deep nitriding heat treatment) made out of the materials 31CrMoV9 (1.8519), 30CrNiMo8 (1.6580) and 32CDV13 (alloy for aerospace applications according to AIR 9160), experimental investigations were carried out, which will be discussed in this publication. Both, the tooth root bending strength and the flank load carrying capacity were investigated.
Wear simulation of worm gears based on an energetic approach
Authors: Daubach K. , Oehler M. , Sauer B.
Published: September 2021

Wear phenomena in worm gears are dependent on the size of the gears. Whereas larger gears are mainly affected by fatigue wear, abrasive wear is predominant in smaller gears. In this context a simulation model for abrasive wear of worm gears was developed, which is based on an energetic wear equation. This approach associates wear with solid friction energy occurring in the tooth contact. The physically-based wear simulation model includes a tooth contact analysis and tribological calculation to determine the local solid tooth friction and wear. The calculation is iterated with the modified tooth flank geometry of the worn worm wheel, in order to consider the influence of wear on the tooth contact. Experimental results on worm gears are used to determine the wear model parameter and to validate the model. A simulative study for a wide range of worm gear geometries was conducted to investigate the influence of geometry and operating conditions on abrasive wear.
Scuffing of cylindrical gears with pitch line velocities up to 100 m/s
Authors: Vorgerd J. , Tenberge P. , Joop M.
Published: September 2021

Increasing demands on the power density of gearboxes require a precisive gear design regarding common failure mechanism. Particularly in turbo gearboxes with low-viscosity lubricants, the damage mechanism scuffing is relevant. In this paper an innovative test rig for the experimental investigation of scuffing at pitch line velocities up to 100 m/s is presented. The scuffing load capacity depending on the pitch line velocity of two gear design variants running at constant temperatures and lubricant conditions was investigated. Furthermore, the morphology of scuffing was investigated with regard to the damage location and the surface condition. Based on the experimental results, a simulation approach with an accuracy superior to the existing standards for calculating the scuffing load capacity of highspeed gears has been derived.
Crystalline phase analysis and phosphorus availability after thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash with sodium and potassium sulfates for fertilizer production
Authors: Herzel Hannes , Aydin Zeynep , Adam Christian
Published: September 2021

Phosphorus rich sewage sludge ash is a promising source to produce phosphorus recycling fertilizer. However, the low plant availability of phosphorus in these ashes makes a treatment necessary. A thermochemical treatment (800–1000 °C) with alkali additives transforms poorly plant available phosphorus phases to highly plant available calcium alkali phosphates (Ca,Mg)(Na,K)PO4. In this study, we investigate the use of K2SO4as additive to produce a phosphorus potassium fertilizer in laboratory-scale experiments (crucible). Pure K2SO4is not suitable as high reaction temperatures are required due to the high melting point of K2SO4. To overcome this barrier, we carried out series of experiments with mixtures of K2SO4and Na2SO4resulting in a lower economically feasible reaction temperature (900–1000 °C). In this way, the produced phosphorus potassium fertilizers (8.4 wt.% K, 7.6 wt.% P) was highly plant available for phosphorus indicated by complete extractable phosphorus in neutral ammonium citrate solution. The added potassium is, in contrast to sodium, preferably incorporated into silicates instead of phosphorus phases. Thus, the highly extractable phase (Ca,Mg)(Na,K)PO4in the thermochemical products contain less potassium than expected. This preferred incorporation is confirmed by a pilot-scale trial (rotary kiln) and thermodynamic calculation.
Designing accessible visual programming tools for children with autism spectrum condition
Authors: Zubair Misbahu S. , Brown David J. , Hughes-Roberts Thomas , Bates Matthew
Published: September 2021

Visual programming tools allow users to create interactive media projects such as games and animations using visual representations of programming concepts. Although these tools have been shown to have huge potential for teaching children, research has shown that they may not be accessible for children with cognitive impairments, including those with autism spectrum condition. Therefore, this study proposes a set of recommendations for the design of accessible visual programming tools for children with autism spectrum condition. Semi-structured interviews with experts ($$n=7$$

n
=
7

) were conducted and thematically analysed to identify initial recommendations. A second set of semi-structured interviews with a subset of the initial experts ($$n=3$$

n
=
3

) were then conducted to validate and produce a final set of recommendations.
The pre-reflective roots of the madeleine-memory: a phenomenological perspective
Authors: Righetti Francesca
Published: September 2021

This paper investigates the madeleine-memory (so-called from Proust's novel In Search of Lost Time) as a case of pre-reflective experience, from the genesis of its sedimentation into the body. Indeed, I aim to address the question of the literary protagonist Marcel on the roots of his happiness and the genesis of his memories. Until now, the madeleine-memory has been described as bodily and involuntary. In phenomenology, a wide literature has confirmed the relationship between the sense of body ownership and pre-reflective self-awareness. I aim to build upon such a mutual link and show that the pre-reflective roots of the madeleine-memory have to be traced back to the genesis of the involuntary recollections. To this purpose, I will illustrate that the epistemological relationship between the object and the subject plays a relevant role in the way the subject remembers. First, I will present that madeleine-memory is a unique case of bodily memory, by analyzing the main features that characterize it. Secondly, I will analyze the original experience of the madeleine within the phenomenological logic of transcendence in immanence. For this aim, I will rely on the Husserlian notions of “epistemological inadequacy of perception” and “background experiences”. Through these notions, I will show that Proustian involuntary recollections are pre-reflective experiences because previously subjects have pre-reflectively experienced the content of recollections.
Lessons Learned from Longer Acting Reversible Contraception Applied to Longer Acting HIV Prevention Technologies
Authors: Logan Rachel , Seidman Dominika
Published: September 2021

Purpose of Review

This review describes lessons learned from longer acting contraception and employs a reproductive justice lens to inform expansion of emerging HIV prevention technologies.

Recent Findings

Reproductive justice is a framework that advocates for the promotion of universal sexual and reproductive freedoms, particularly among historically marginalized communities. This framework takes a holistic view of individuals and sees the interconnections between sexual health, reproductive health, and overall health. Employing a sexual and reproductive justice perspective is essential to understanding and helping to mitigate the role intersecting structural, sexual, and reproductive oppressions, including those demonstrated through promotion of longer acting contraception, and can critically inform rollout of future prevention technologies, such as longer acting HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis.

This review highlights the need for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers to apply lessons learned from contraception and specifically focuses on principles of reproductive justice to offer expanding HIV prevention options.
An Integrated Account of Rosen’s Relational Biology and Peirce’s Semiosis. Part I: Components and Signs, Final Cause and Interpretation
Authors: Vega Federico
Published: September 2021

Robert Rosen’s relational biology and biosemiotics share the claim that life cannot be explained by the laws that apply to the inanimate world alone. In this paper, an integrated account of Rosen’s relational biology and Peirce’s semiosis is proposed. The ultimate goal is to contribute to the construction of a unified framework for the definition and study of life. The relational concepts of component and mapping, and the semiotic concepts of sign and triadic relation are discussed and compared, and a representation of semiotic relations with mappings is proposed. The role of the final cause in two theories that account for what differentiates living beings, natural selection and relational biology, is analyzed. Then the presence of the final cause in Peirce’s semiosis is discussed and, with it, the similarities and differences between the theories of Rosen and Peirce are deepened. Then, a definition of a semiotic relation in an organism is proposed, and Short’s definition of interpretation is applied. Finally, a method to identify and analyze semiotic actions in an organism is proposed.
Symptomatology and Serum Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics; Do They Predict Endometriosis in Fertile Women Undergoing Laparoscopic Sterilisation? A Prospective Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Tempest Nicola , Hill C. J. , Whelan A. , De Silva A. , Drakeley A. J. , Phelan M. M. , Hapangama D. K.
Published: September 2021

Endometriosis is a common, chronic inflammatory condition, thought to have a higher incidence in symptomatic women, yet, commonly associated symptoms do not always correlate with the presence or severity of disease and diagnosis requires surgery. We prospectively collected data and assessed symptomology and NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics of 102 women undergoing laparoscopic sterilisation at a tertiary referral centre in a cross-sectional study. Twelve women were incidentally diagnosed with endometriosis (11.7%). According to the pre-operative questionnaire, presence and absence of many symptoms usually attributed to endometriosis were declared at similar frequencies in women with or without endometriosis. Women with endometriosis reported apparently more persistent heavy periods (50% vs 18.9%), prolonged periods (25% versus 7.8%) and problems conceiving (27.3% versus 9%) than those without endometriosis. NMR could not discern any distinguishable differences in the serum metabolome between those with and without endometriosis. Our paper highlights the complex symptomology experienced by women, regardless of a surgical diagnosis of endometriosis. Previous literature and the current study failed to identify clear, distinguishable symptoms or biomarkers pertinent to surgically confirmed endometriosis in the general population. Therefore, development of effective, non-invasive tests for identifying this heterogenous benign condition, endometriosis, is likely to be challenging.
Interaction Online
Authors: Clandfield Lindsay , Hadfield Jill
Published: September 2021

This book is for teachers interested in incorporating interaction online into their teaching.

Interaction Online is a valuable resource for anyone who wants to incorporate an aspect of online interaction in their language teaching. It is relevant for use with online, blended or face-to-face courses and appropriate for a wide range of teachers and learning contexts. This handbook contains over 75 tried and tested activities, the majority of which can be carried out either synchronously or asynchronously. Activities are purposeful and foster interaction between and among learners and instructors, rather than between learner and machine, and make use of generic tools and applications, such as discussion forums, instant message services and Facebook.
The Rise of Technocracy and the COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan: Courts, Human Rights, and the Protection of Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Lee Tsung-Ling
Published: September 2021

Driven by the need to address the immediate public health threats of the COVID-19 pandemic, this has seen a rise of the technocratic mode of governance around the world. A technocratic approach is evidence-based and relies upon the guidance of experts to respond to the public health crisis. The rise of technocracy reflects a utilitarian calculus that seeks to preserve the greater good. Taiwan’s pandemic response exemplifies the strengths and weaknesses of this type of governance. Based on an analysis of the relevant case law of the Taiwan Constitutional Court, legislation, and political developments this Article takes a legal-historical look and traces the current technocratic approach—defined for this Article as an experts-driven and procedural-driven process—which is a hallmark of Taiwan’s pandemic response. Examining Taiwan’s pandemic response through a human rights lens sheds light on a more complex relationship between the collective right to health and life, and the individual rights to health, work, privacy, and liberty during the pandemic.
How the European Central Bank and Other Independent Agencies Reveal a Gap in Constitutionalism: A Spectrum of Institutions for Commitment
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: September 2021

Today’s central banks wield extraordinary powers, both monetary and regulatory, and with a capacity to substitute for elected governments tempted to pass the buck. Debates about central banking’s powers and legitimacy barely touch, however, on whether and how monetary independence fits with the values that drive constitutionalism. It turns out that, for modern economies using fiat money, independence is a corollary of the higher level separation of (fiscal) powers between the legislative and executive branches. Even though independence is necessary, it needs to be carefully constrained by a “money-credit constitution.” Those general arguments, applicable in liberal democracies, do not carry across cleanly to the euro area. A principled case can be made for the ECB’s mandate being specially tight, but that is in tension with its de facto role as the emergency economic actor for the euro area. Facing up to that will be necessary sooner or later.
Three-dimensional surface gravity waves of a broad bandwidth on deep water
Authors: Li Yan
Published: September 2021

A new nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is presented for ocean surface waves. Earlier derivations of NLSEs that describe the evolution of deep-water waves have been limited to a narrow bandwidth, for which the bound waves at second order in wave steepness are described in leading-order approximations. This work generalizes these earlier works to allow for deep-water waves of a broad bandwidth with large directional spreading. The new NLSE permits simple numerical implementations and can be extended in a straightforward manner in order to account for waves on water of finite depth. For the description of second-order waves, this paper proposes a semianalytical approach that can provide accurate and computationally efficient predictions. With a leading-order approximation to the new NLSE, the instability region and energy growth rate of Stokes waves are investigated. Compared with the exact results based on McLean (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 511, 1982, p. 135), predictions by the new NLSE show better agreement than by Trulsenet al.(Phys. Fluids, vol. 12, 2000, pp. 2432–2437). With numerical implementations of the new NLSE, the effects of wave directionality are investigated by examining the evolution of a directionally spread focused wave group. A downward shift of the spectral peak is observed, owing to the asymmetry in the change rate of energy in a more complex manner than that for uniform Stokes waves. Rapid oblique energy transfers near the group at linear focus are observed, likely arising from the instability of uniform Stokes waves appearing in a narrow spectrum subject to oblique sideband disturbances.
Direct numerical simulation of inertio-elastic turbulent Taylor–Couette flow
Authors: Song Jiaxing , Lin Fenghui , Liu Nansheng , Lu Xi-Yun , Khomami Bamin
Published: September 2021

The flow physics of inertio-elastic turbulent Taylor–Couette flow for a radius ratio of

$0.5$

in the Reynolds number (

$Re$

) range of

$500$

to

$8000$

is investigated via direct numerical simulation. It is shown that as

$Re$

is increased the turbulence dynamics can be subdivided into two distinct regimes: (i) a low

$Re \leqslant 1000$

regime where the flow physics is essentially dominated by nonlinear elastic forces and the main contribution to transport and mixing of momentum, stress and energy comes from large-scale flow structures in the bulk region and (ii) a high

$Re \geqslant 5000$

regime where inertial forces govern the flow physics and the flow dynamics is mainly governed by small-scale flow structures in the near-wall region. Flow–microstructure coupling analysis reveals that the elastic Görtler instability in the near-wall region is triggered via significant polymer extension and commensurately high hoop stresses. This instability gives rise to small-scale elastic vortical structures identified as elastic Görtler vortices which are present at all

$Re$

considered. In fact, these vortices develop herringbone streaks near the inner wall that have a longer average life span than their Newtonian counterparts due to their elastic origin. Examination of the budgets of mean streamwise enstrophy, mean kinetic energy, turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress demonstrates that increasing fluid inertia hinders the generation of elastic stresses, leading to a monotonic reduction of the elastic-related effects on the flow physics.
Spatial and temporal patterns of snowmelt refreezing in a Himalayan catchment
Authors: Veldhuijsen Sanne B. M. , de Kok Remco J. , Stigter Emmy E. , Steiner Jakob F. , Saloranta Tuomo M. , Immerzeel Walter W.
Published: September 2021

Recent progress has been made in quantifying snowmelt in the Himalaya. Although the conditions are favorable for refreezing, little is known about the spatial variability of meltwater refreezing, hindering a complete understanding of seasonal snowmelt dynamics. This study aims to improve our understanding about how refreezing varies in space and time. We simulated refreezing with the seNorge (v2.0) snow model for the Langtang catchment, Nepalese Himalaya, covering a 5-year period. Meteorological forcing data were derived from a unique elaborate network of meteorological stations and high-resolution meteorological simulations. The results show that the annual catchment average refreezing amounts to 122 mm w.e. (21% of the melt), and varies strongly in space depending on elevation and aspect. In addition, there is a seasonal altitudinal variability related to air temperature and snow depth, with most refreezing during the early melt season. Substantial intra-annual variability resulted from fluctuations in snowfall. Daily refreezing simulations decreased by 84% (annual catchment average of 19 mm w.e.) compared to hourly simulations, emphasizing the importance of using sub-daily time steps to capture melt–refreeze cycles. Climate sensitivity experiments revealed that refreezing is highly sensitive to changes in air temperature as a 2°C increase leads to a refreezing decrease of 35%.
Brachiopods from the Latham Shale Lagerstätte (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4) and Cadiz Formation (Miaolingian, Wuliuan), California
Authors: Liang Yue , Holmer Lars E. , Duan Xiaolin , Zhang Zhifei
Published: September 2021

A moderately diverse assemblage of brachiopods from the Latham Shale Lagerstätte (Cambrian Series 2, upper Stage 4) and the upper Cadiz Formation (Miaolingian, Wuliuan), California is described in detail for the first time. The fauna includes both linguliform and rhynchonelliform brachiopods—Hadrotreta primaea(Walcott, 1902),Paterina prospectensis(Walcott, 1884),Dictyonina pannula(White, 1874), andMickwitzia occidensWalcott, 1908; andNisusia fulleriMount, 1981 andWimanella highlandensis(Walcott, 1886), respectively—together with olenellid trilobites and hyolithids. The fauna differs from other Cambrian Konservat-Lagerstätten (notably Cambrian Series 2 Chengjiang and Guanshan Lagerstätten, eastern Yunnan) in that the brachiopod shell valves in many cases are still preserved with their original mineralization. Moreover, the excellently preserved shale-hosted valves even include cases with exquisite epithelial cell molds, otherwise only seen in acid-etched material from carbonate rocks. The pitted ornamentation inD. pannulaclosely resembles that described from Ordovician linguliforms. The unusual preservation ofN. fulleriprovides important clues for ancestral composition of the brachiopod shell. The two articulated rhynchonelliform species probably represent the oldest records of this group from the west Laurentia. The fauna could also represent the earliest onset of the transition from the Cambrian Evolutionary Fauna (CEF) to the Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna (PEF).
Assessing Data Quality: An Approach and An Application
Authors: McMann Kelly , Pemstein Daniel , Seim Brigitte , Teorell Jan , Lindberg Staffan
Published: September 2021

Political scientists routinely face the challenge of assessing the quality (validity and reliability) of measures in order to use them in substantive research. While stand-alone assessment tools exist, researchers rarely combine them comprehensively. Further, while a large literature informs dataproducers, dataconsumerslack guidance on how to assess existing measures for use in substantive research. We delineate a three-component practical approach to data quality assessment that integrates complementary multimethod tools to assess: (1) content validity; (2) the validity and reliability of the data generation process; and (3) convergent validity. We apply our quality assessment approach to the corruption measures from the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project, both illustrating our rubric and unearthing several quality advantages and disadvantages of the V-Dem measures, compared to other existing measures of corruption.
Eshiretanin Kurdistan
Authors: King Diane E.
Published: September 2021

The “eshiret” (‘eşîretin the romanized Kurmanji Kurdish alphabet) is a highly variable and situated concept and social and political entity in Kurdistan, the homeland of ethnic Kurdish people. This essay is based on regular ethnographic fieldwork I have been conducting in part of Kurdistan, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. My first research stint was in the mid-1990s, and I was there most recently in 2016. During the early period of my research, I had a great deal of contact with people in nonurban settings for whom aneshiretmay be an important social category and contributor to individual identity.
Tribal Justice and State Law in Iraq
Authors: Genat Mélisande
Published: September 2021

Literature on tribes in Iraq is scant and often falls prey to simplistic binary approaches to state-society relations. Scholars of legal pluralism provide tools to conceptualize interrelations between adjacent normative fields. Several legal specialists have talked about “a thin form of cooperation” between tribal “private orders” and the Iraqi state. By the same token, many scholars presuppose that the capacity of the tribes and the state to mediate and settle feuds covary in opposite directions and are correlated with the strength of state institutions (tribes step in to fill a vacuum during times of state weakness). However, careful examination of Iraqi penal legislation and its implementation in tribal areas invalidates this stereotypical paradigm. Already in her seminal 1973 article, Sally Moore drew the attention of scholars of legal pluralism to the idea that legal orders should be approached as partially discrete, overlapping social fields. The various arenas intersect and create meaning for each other.
Multimodality imaging in delineation of complex sinus venosus defects and treatment outcomes over the last decade
Authors: Ng Li Y. , Nolke Lars , James Adam , Grant Brian , Franklin Orla , Redmond J. Mark , McGuinness Jonathan , Walsh Kevin , McMahon Colin J.
Published: September 2021

Background:

Diagnosis of sinus venosus defects, not infrequently associated with complex anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, may be delayed requiring multimodality imaging.

Methods:

Retrospective review of all patients from February 2008 to January 2019.

Results:

Thirty-seven children were diagnosed at a median age of 4.2 years (range 0.5−15.5 years). In 32 of 37 (86%) patients, diagnosis was achieved on transthoracic echocardiography, but five patients (14%) had complex variants (four had high insertion of anomalous vein into the superior caval vein and three had multiple anomalous veins draining to different sites, two of whom had drainage of one vein into the high superior caval vein). In these five patients, the final diagnosis was achieved by multimodality imaging and intra-operative findings. The median age at surgery was 5.2 years (range 1.6−15.8 years). Thirty-one patients underwent double patch repair, four patients a Warden repair, and two patients a single-patch repair. Of the four Warden repairs, two patients had a high insertion of right-sided anomalous pulmonary vein into the superior caval vein, one patient had bilateral superior caval veins, and one patient had right lower pulmonary vein insertion into the right atrium/superior caval vein junction. There was no post-operative mortality, reoperation, residual shunt or pulmonary venous obstruction. One patient developed superior caval vein obstruction and one patient developed atrial flutter.

Conclusion:

Complementary cardiac imaging modalities improve diagnosis of complex sinus venosus defects associated with a wide variation in the pattern of anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Nonetheless, surgical treatment is associated with excellent outcomes.
A Spark of Freedom
Authors: Zisman Laine Halpern
Published: September 2021

“From the ovens we rise with our fists in the air. Now is the time.” My grandfather, Dovid Zisman, was a Yiddish playwright and poet, writing and performing while in the Łódz´ Ghetto and Buchenwald concentration camp. Poetry, song, and performance were his way to speak the unspeakable. A messy assemblage of theories, memoirs, verses, images, and recordings reveal what we can inherit through writing as resistance and through the creative mappings of space and time.
Playing with Horses
Authors: Sider Kimber
Published: September 2021

Listening to animals is not only about hearing howls, chirps, snorts, mews, nickers, and other vocal articulations; it is about recognizing preferences, perspectives, and relationships that animals communicate through movement, gesture, feeling, and resonance. When humans observe the complex ways that animals make meaning through performance, space emerges for animals to claim their rights to voice and agency in the presence of humans.
Morphological and Crystal-Chemical Features of Macro- and Microcalcifications of Human Aorta
Authors: Radomychelski Inna-Margaryta , Piddubnyi Artem , Danilchenko Sergey , Maksymova Olena , Moskalenko Yuliia , Moskalenko Roman
Published: September 2021

Ectopic calcification or pathological biomineralization correlates with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Aortas with atherosclerotic lesions and biomineralization were selected for the study. Thirty samples of mineralized abdominal aortas (group M) were examined by histology. Depending on the calcifications size, samples were separated into group M1 (macroscopic calcifications) and M2 (microscopic calcifications). Each group consists of 15 samples. Calcification 2 mm or less were considered as microscopic, >2 mm—macroscopic. Thirty samples of aortic tissue without biomineralization (group C) were used as a control group. Aortic tissue was examined by macroscopic description, histology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry (IHC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of IHC showed the involvement of OPN in the formation and development of pathological biomineralization, but the obvious role of OPN in the differentiation of macro- and microcalcifications of atherosclerotic aorta was not revealed. SEM with X-ray microanalysis confirmed that the biomineral part of the aortic samples of the M1 group consisted mainly of apatites, which correspond to previous studies. The Ca/P ratio was less in the M2 group than in the M1 group. It means that microcalcifications can be formed by more defective (immature) hydroxyapatite.
Effects of diabetes self-management education program on lowering blood glucose level, stress, and quality of life among females with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Thailand
Authors: Nooseisai Monthalee , Viwattanakulvanid Pramon , Kumar Ramesh , Viriyautsahakul Napaphan , Muhammad Baloch Gul , Somrongthong Ratana
Published: September 2021

Aim:

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of diabetes self-management education (DSME) on lowering blood glucose level, stress, and quality of life (QoL) among female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Thailand.

Background:

The burden of noncommunicable diseases has increased globally, and it has negatively affected the QoL of diabetic patients.

Methods:

A quasi-experimental study was conducted by including 77 T2DM patients selected from 2 public health centers in Thailand. The respondents were randomly selected 38 in control group and 39 in intervention group. Pretested, piloted, and validated tool were used during this study. Knowledge on blood glucose level, stress, and QoL was measured at baseline and then compared to end line after 3 months of the intervention. The effects of intervention were estimated by regression coefficient of intervention on blood glucose level and QoL. The study was ethically approved by the Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.

Findings:

Baseline characteristics of both the groups were similar before the start of the intervention and there were no significant differences observed in age, education, blood sugar monitoring behavior, medical checkup, knowledge, self-care, stress, and hemoglobin HbA1c (>0.05). However, blood HbA1c, stress level, and QoL among the T2DM patients had significant changes (<0.05) after the intervention. The control group was remained same and there was no statistically significant difference reported (>0.05).

Conclusions:

The study concluded that the designed intervention of DSME has proved effective in lowering the blood sugar level, HbA1c level, stress level, and improved QoL among T2DM patients during this limited period of time. Hence, policy-makers can replicate this intervention for diabetic patients in a similar context.
Determinants of Public Support for Eco-Social Policies: A Comparative Theoretical Framework
Authors: Gugushvili Dimitri , Otto Adeline
Published: September 2021

Global warming and some climate change policies pose additional social risks that necessitate novel responses from the welfare state. Eco-social policies have significant potential to address these challenges, but their wide-scale adoption will depend, among other factors, on public support. In the current article, we theorise how public opinion about eco-social policies is likely to be influenced by a set of contextual and individual-level factors, as well as the perceived welfare deservingness of the target groups. Alongside contributing to the emerging body of literature on eco-social policies, this theoretical framework could help policymakers to anticipate the social groups that will support or oppose eco-social policy agendas and how some of the contradictions could be reduced through policy design.