bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shock-dominated flow structures at the design condition of a supersonic through-flow fan
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang Heng , Xu Huitong , Li Bowen , Meng Tongtong , Ji Lucheng
Published: February 2025

The flow characteristics in a supersonic through-flow fan at the design condition of Mach 2.36 inflow are investigated through a wall-resolved large eddy simulation. Good agreement between the time-averaged flow and experimental results ensures the validity of simulation. Special attention is then given to the interaction structures between the shock wave and boundary layer on both suction and pressure surfaces, along with the wake flow, through flow visualization and flow modal decomposition. Further spectral analysis reveals the unsteady nature of the separation bubble and the dominance of low-frequency shock/boundary layer interaction on suction surface. Using the filtered proper orthogonal decomposition method, the coherent structures at several frequencies are extracted and analyzed. This study provides a detailed exploration of the flow characteristics in the supersonic through-flow fan.
Variable-strength nonlocal measurements reveal quantum violations of classical counting principles
Authors: Lupu-Gladstein Noah , Pang Ou Teen Arthur , Ferretti Hugo , Tham Weng-Kian , Steinberg Aephraim M. , Bonsma-Fisher Kent , Brodutch Aharon
Published: February 2025

We implement a variant of the quantum pigeonhole paradox thought experiment to study whether classical counting principles survive in the quantum domain. We observe strong measurements significantly violate the pigeonhole principle (that among three pigeons in two holes, at least one pair must be in the same hole) and the sum rule (that the number of pigeon pairs in the same hole is the sum of the number of pairs across each of the holes) in an ensemble that is pre- and postselected into particular separable states. To investigate whether measurement disturbance is a viable explanation for these counterintuitive phenomena, we employ a we employ variable-strength nonlocal measurements. As we decrease the measurement strength, we find the violation of the sum rule decreases, yet the pigeonhole principle remains violated. In the weak limit, the sum rule is restored due to the cancellation between two weak values with equal and opposite imaginary parts. We observe the same kind of cancellation at higher measurement strengths, thus raising the question: do strong measurements have imaginary parts?
Edge effects in a planar magnet caused by the impact of an electric field
Authors: Magadeev E B , Vakhitov R M
Published: February 2025

The paper theoretically studies the effect of a non-uniform electric field on thin ferromagnetic films with a planar distribution of magnetization, which are of interest due to certain possibilities for the formation of vortex-like structures in them and the influence of an electric field is one of the most effective approaches to controlling structures of this type. It is proven that in this case the presence of inhomogeneous magnetoelectric interaction has virtually no effect on the magnetic structure of the sample far from its boundaries, but leads to the appearance of edge effects consisting in the formation of solitary magnetic inhomogeneities at the film boundary. In this case, the structure and properties of such inhomogeneities are completely determined by the values of the electric field potential at the sample boundary. Both for the general case and for a number of specific configurations of the external field, the distribution of magnetization in the region of inhomogeneity is found, and its energy is calculated.
Temperature determination of laser-induced plasma in water
Authors: Tian Ye , Pan Haipeng , Zhai Canxu , Jia Ziwen , Zhong Qiang , Yao Zhifeng , Hou Shilin , Lu Yuan , Guo Jinjia , Zheng Ronger
Published: February 2025

Temperature determination of laser-induced plasma generated in water is of great importance for a better understanding of underwater laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as well as underwater plasma-based techniques. In this work, we measured the temperature of underwater plasma by using optical emission spectroscopy. The temperature was calculated respectively from the Saha–Boltzmann plot of Ca I 422.67 nm, Ca II 393.37 nm, and Ca II 396.85 nm lines, and from the OH molecular band A2Σ+−X2Π around 310 nm. It shows that in the time window from 75 ns to 700 ns, the Saha–Boltzmann temperature decreases from 12700 K to 7700 K, which is significantly higher than the molecular temperature that decreases from 11000 K to 4100 K. To verify these temperature values, shadowgraph images of the early-stage cavitation bubble were taken and the bubble temperatures were calculated based on the bubble adiabatic expansion model. We find that the OH molecular apparent temperature is compatible with the cavitation bubble temperature, whereas the Saha–Boltzmann apparent temperature turns out to be higher. The present results in this work provide suggestions in measuring the underwater plasma temperature, and also give a link between the plasma properties and the cavitation bubble dynamics for the laser-induced breakdown in liquids.
Energy threshold for electron-induced reactions in surface-grown Cu(II) oxalate layers
Authors: Barnewitz Lars , Swiderek Petra
Published: February 2025

Layers of surface-grown coordination polymers can be decomposed or modified by electron irradiation. This offers interesting perspectives for nanofabrication processes. However, a fundamental understanding of the underlying electron-induced chemistry is required to gain full control over such processes. Therefore, this study reinvestigates the electron-induced decomposition of Cu(II) oxalate which yields the volatile product CO2. Previous studies proposed that the decomposition proceeds via a reaction mechanism driven by electron ionization. However, the reaction was only studied at electron energies above 30 eV. This ruled out a more detailed experimental identification of the electron interactions that initiate the decomposition of Cu(II) oxalate. Herein, Cu(II) oxalate samples were grown on the surface of self-assembled monolayers of mercaptoundecanoic acid in a layer-by-layer approach using Cu(II) acetate and oxalic acid. The Cu(II) oxalate samples were characterized by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) of neutral CO2 was monitored to measure the decomposition of the layers as a function of electron energy. The results reveal a threshold for the decomposition of Cu(II) oxalate to CO2 at around 3.5 eV to 4 eV which is ascribed to a reaction driven by ligand-to-metal charge-transfer electronic excitation.
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis constraints on resonant DM annihilations
Authors: Braat Pieter , Hufnagel Marco
Published: February 2025

We perform a systematic study of BBN constraints from photodisintegration for scenarios in which dark-matter annihilations are resonantly-enhanced. To this end, we implement and make available a new class ResonanceModel within an updated version v1.3.0 of ACROPOLIS. While the corresponding implementation is done in a rather model-independent way, we also make available three benchmark models that can be used to calculate constraints for more concrete scenarios. Using this new version of ACROPOLIS, we present for the first time the corresponding constraints on resonantly-enhanced s-wave and p-wave annihilations. We show that for s-wave annihilations the bounds are usually very similar to the ones without a resonance, while for p-wave annihilations the bounds can be significantly stronger.

The updated version v1.3.0 of ACROPOLIS can be found at https://github.com/hep-mh/acropolis.
Effects of scalar non-Gaussianity on induced scalar-tensor gravitational waves
Authors: Picard Raphaël , Davies Matthew W.
Published: February 2025

If primordial scalar or tensor perturbations are enhanced on short scales, it may lead to the production of observable gravitational wave signals. These waves may be sourced by scalar-scalar, scalar-tensor or tensor-tensor interactions. Typically, models of inflation capable of producing large peaks in the scalar primordial power spectrum also generate sizeable scalar non-Gaussianity. Previous studies have investigated the possible effects of this on the scalar-scalar induced gravitational wave spectrum by assuming a local expansion in terms of the parameters F
NL, G
NL and so on. We extend this approach to the case of scalar-tensor induced gravitational waves, introducing a local expansion for scalar non-Gaussianity into the scalar-tensor sector equations. We compute the contribution to the gravitational wave spectrum from the resulting new term and analyse its distinguishing features.
Preface
Authors: Chen Xin
Published: February 2025

The 2nd International Conference on New Materials for Environment and Energy (NMEE 2024), organized by East China University of Science and Technology, China, was successfully held in Kunming, China during October 23-25, 2024.

The conference focused on cutting-edge research and achievements on materials for energy harvesting, conversion, storage, transportation and utilization, as well as environmental protection and clean production. The conference adopted a mixed mode of online and offline, with 65 academic presentations and exchanges, including 4 plenary speeches, 13 keynote presentations, 15 invited presentations, 23 oral presentations, and 10 poster presentations, with a total of 120 participants from more than 60 universities, research institutes, and enterprises in different countries and regions, such as China, the United Kingdom, Greece, France, Singapore, Malaysia, Slovenia, and so on.

List of NMEE2024 Committee is available in this pdf.
Pitch-derived carbon as a superior conductive scaffold for enhanced silicon-carbon composite anodes
Authors: Yu Zhanglong , Cui Yi , Zhang Linfeng , Long Yue
Published: February 2025

Silicon-carbon composites are increasingly recognized for their potential to enhance the energy density of lithium-ion batteries, presenting significant implications for commercial energy storage solutions. This study focuses on the pivotal role of the carbon source in these composites, specifically the influence of coal tar pitch (CTP) with different softening points on their electrochemical performance. The investigation compares CTP-derived pyrolytic carbon from pitches with softening points of 80 °C (CTP80) and 250 °C (CTP250), resulting in CTP80@Si and CTP250@Si composites. The CTP250@Si composites, post carbonization, exhibit more advanced graphitization and superior electrochemical properties, including a specific capacity of 1413.4 mAh·g−1, an initial coulombic efficiency of 78.67%, and a capacity retention of 76.70% after 100 cycles. These composites also demonstrate improved structural stability with minimal electrode degradation, outperforming the CTP80@Si counterparts. The findings highlight the significance of the pitch’s softening point in shaping the electrochemical attributes of silicon-carbon composites, positioning CTP250 as a promising carbon source for next-generation anode materials. Future work will aim to optimize the synthesis process and further improve the composite’s properties to meet the expanding demands of the lithium-ion battery industry.
Inhibiting thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion battery pack by internal heat transfer enhancement
Authors: Wu Senming , Luan Weiling , Chen Haofeng , Chen Ying
Published: February 2025

Safety issues caused by thermal runaway (TR) in lithium-ion batteries hinder the development of new energy technologies. Blocking the thermal runaway propagation (TRP) in battery packs is a primary approach to mitigating its hazards. This paper proposes a method for suppressing TRP by enhancing internal heat transfer in the battery. By adding heat-averaging layers to the side surfaces of the battery cores, the internal temperature distribution is optimized, allowing for effective blocking of TRP while reducing the use of thermal insulation materials. Simulation results indicate that the combination of heat-averaging layers and insulation layers can effectively suppress the TRP. The heat-averaging layers significantly improve the uniformity of temperature distribution in the thickness direction, though they may exacerbate temperature unevenness on the major surfaces. Since the thickness of the heat-averaging layers has a negligible impact on their effectiveness in blocking TRP, this method can significantly reduce the spatial requirements for TRP protection, thereby enhancing the system’s energy density.
The SOC estimation of lithium-ion battery based on extended Kalman filtering algorithm
Authors: Liang Z J , Du J Q , Tian J , Li Y , Xie H , Jiang J C
Published: February 2025

In the fields of new energy vehicles, energy storage systems, and electronic devices, the battery management system is one of the key technologies to ensure the performance and safety of the battery pack, and the estimation of the battery state of charge (SoC) is an important part of it. To solve the problem of the difficulty in accurately estimating the SoC of current lithium-ion batteries, this paper selects the dual-polarization circuit model to represent the external electrical characteristics of the battery, and identifies the model parameters. Then, under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and Federal Urban Driving Schedule (FUDS) operating condition data, the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used to estimate the SoC of the lithium-ion battery. The simulation results show that this SoC estimation method has the characteristics of high accuracy, fast convergence speed, and good robustness, which verifies the accuracy and effectiveness of the lithium-ion battery bipolar equivalent circuit model combined with the EKF algorithm to estimate the SoC of the lithium-ion battery.
The magnetic field impact on the thermal conductivity of superconducting niobium
Authors: Luo Didi , Zhang Jing
Published: February 2025

Particle accelerators extensively use superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities as essential components. The performance of the SRF cavities hinges critically on the thermal conductivity of the superconducting materials they are composed of. Previous research has thoroughly investigated this matter. In the meantime, magnetic fields’ influence on Cooper pairs in superconductors significantly affects thermal conductivity. With advancements in processing technology, the performance of SRF cavities has considerably improved. This has led to a significant increase in the acceleration gradient of the cavities, resulting in a magnetic field strength of almost 200 mT on the inner surface. This development has made the situation more critical. Thus, a more comprehensive and systematic study is needed to understand better the impact of magnetic fields on thermal conductivity and its effect on SRF performance. Therefore, we introduced a thermal conductivity model for superconductors, including a magnetic field correction in the thermal conductivity calculations. The study involves theoretical calculations and experimental measurements on the thermal conductivity of small niobium samples at varying magnetic fields and temperatures. A comparative analysis was conducted to assess the congruence between the experimental results and our theoretical predictions. Finally, these results were used to estimate SRF cavities’ performance, thereby enhancing their overall efficacy and reliability.
Application and prospect of microwave pyrolysis of organic polymer materials
Authors: Fang Hui , Hai Lin , Xie Ruisheng , Yuan Jing , Zhang Qianfeng
Published: February 2025

Microwave pyrolysis, as an environmentally friendly energy recovery technology, has great potential for development in waste treatment. In this paper, the research progress of microwave pyrolysis technology is reviewed in order to sort out the current status and predict the future development direction. Starting from the general treatment methods of waste, the principles, advantages and applications of microwave heating compared with conventional heating are highlighted. Next, the main research results of microwave pyrolysis on different raw materials are examined. Then, the characteristics, advantages and application prospects of microwave pyrolysis products are reviewed. Finally, the future development direction of microwave pyrolysis is predicted based on the challenges facing industrial production.
Study on rheological performance and mechanism of SMA grafted TPU modified asphalt based on in-situ synthesis method
Authors: Wang Shuang , Zhu Xiaobo , Chen Ping , Wang Zhichen , Wu Enze
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to enhance the high- and low-temperature rheological properties of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-modified asphalt through an innovative in-situ synthesis process. Styrene grafted maleic anhydride (SMA) was employed for the graft copolymerization of the TPU modifier. The asphalt’s temperature-dependent properties and the modification mechanism were comprehensively analyzed using dynamic shear rheometry (DSR), binder bending beam rheometer (BBR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and fluorescence microscopy (FM) tests. The findings revealed that the in-situ synthesized SMA-grafted TPU-modified asphalt exhibited superior rheological properties at both high and low temperatures compared to the conventional native polymerization method. The incorporation of SMA with TPU notably enhanced the asphalt’s resistance to high-temperature deformation and its temperature sensitivity while preserving its low-temperature toughness and crack resistance. Microscopic analyses indicated that TPU is synthesized internally within the asphalt matrix, ensuring excellent compatibility. The SMA grafts onto the TPU, creating a flexible network structure with rigid nodes. Optimal results were achieved with a 5% TPU modifier dosage and a TPU to SMA mass ratio of 60:40. This research contributes to the development of high-performance asphalt materials with improved thermal stability and mechanical performance.
Effects of foliar application of silicon fertilizer on the growth and heavy metal content of Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Authors: Huang D F , Wang L M , Chen S P
Published: February 2025

A field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of three different foliar silicon fertilizers, including Silicon-based cadmium-resistant foliar fertilizer, Algae silicon-based foliar fertilizer and Dunfenggui micro-nano-silicon microbial inoculant, on the growth agronomic traits, biological yield, heavy metal content in bean kernels and available heavy metal content in topsoil after harvest of Edamame (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Results showed that: Compared with control treatment (spraying equal amount of water), spraying three different kinds of silicon fertilizer on leaf surface could increase the fresh weight of stem and leaf of soybean plant by 4.29%~21.27%, the fresh weight of Edamame shell by 2.87%~8.75%, and the fresh weight of soybean grain by 2.14%~10.36%. It increased the fresh yield of Edamame with shell by 2.62%~8.37% and that of Edamame by 2.14%~ 10.36%. The contents of Cr, Pb, As, Hg and Cd in Edamame seed were decreased by 64.42%~74.96%, 14.71%~63.97%, 30.77%~53.85%, 4.55%~9.09% and 0.00%~22.73%, respectively. The pH value, available contents of heavy metal, including Cr, Cd and As of soil in the plough layer after Edamame harvest, were decreased by 10.17%~13.56%, 50.00%~58.49%, 18.75%~21.25% and 1.37%~4.11%, respectively.
Quantitative analysis of microstructure of ITZ in UHPC
Authors: Yang Guangyao , Wei Jiangxiong , Yu Qijun
Published: February 2025

The fiber-matrix interfacial transition zone (ITZ) governs the mechanical performance and durability of Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC). UHPC has dense microstructure and low porosity, and the thickness of ITZ in UHPC is extremely small. The analysis of microstructure of ITZ in UHPC is very limited. Backscatter electron image (BSE) in combination with traditional methods are applied to the precise quantitative analysis of ITZ in this paper. The results indicated that the porosity decreased rapidly with the increase of the distance from fiber surface. The thickness and porosity of ITZ in SF1-UHPC1, SF2-UHPC2, SF2-UHPC3 were about 38 μm and 12.7%, 18 μm and 12.5%, 12 μm and 9.9%, respectively. With the increase of UHPC strength, the porosity of matrix and ITZ decreased rapidly, and the thickness of ITZ also decreased rapidly.
Development of readout electronics for a high-speed event-driven neutron imaging detector based on Timepix4
Authors: Li Q. , Liu H. , Cai D. , Guo H. , Jiang X. , Teng H. , Wang K. , Wang X. , Wang S. , Sun Z. , Zhao Y. , Zhou J.
Published: February 2025

As the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source enters Phase II, the increase in proton beam power will lead to a further boost in the intensity of pulsed neutron beams. To address the demand for higher event-rate readout electronics for energy-resolved neutron imaging detectors, we have developed a high-performance readout electronics system based on the Timepix4 chip. The prototype electronics system comprises a Timepix4 chip board and a high-performance digital board, which are interconnected through a custom FMC interface. The advantage of this system is its ability to achieve the full bandwidth readout of 160 Gbps for a single Timepix4 chip. The electronics system, based solely on a single ZYNQ-MPSOC chip, is capable of fully meeting the required performance specifications within a compact form factor of 8 cm× 30 cm. Furthermore, the system features a high-capacity external SODIMM memory interface (supporting up to 32 GB), which ensures stable data readout through a single 40 Gbps QSFP+ interface. As of the present moment, notable progress has been achieved, including the successful establishment of 16 data channels between Timepix4 and FPGA that operate error-free and stably at a speed of 5.12 Gbps, which is half of the maximum theoretical speed of 10.24 Gbps. The threshold standard deviation across all pixels is less than 50 e- after equalization. And the clear structural results obtained from X-ray experiments indicate that the functionality is essentially complete, allowing further testing.
On the first eigenvalue of Liouville-type problems
Authors: Bartolucci Daniele , Cosentino Paolo , Jevnikar Aleks , Lin Chang-Shou
Published: February 2025

The aim of this note is to study the spectrum of a linearized Liouville-type problem, characterizing the case in which the first eigenvalue is zero. Interestingly enough, we obtain also point-wise information on the associated first eigenfunction. To this end, we refine the Alexandrov-Bol inequality suitable for our problem and characterize its equality case.
Introduction—Blue Candle
Authors: Chesnut R Andrew
Published: February 2025

The introduction explores the remarkable journey of devotion to Santa Muerte, a Mexican folk saint symbolizing death. Initially researched as a contrast to the Virgin of Guadalupe, the author’s interest shifted following the Mexican army’s demolition of Santa Muerte shrines in 2009. Recognized for her rapid ascension in popularity, surpassing all but Saint Jude, Santa Muerte’s appeal lies in her perceived power to address the devotees’ most pressing needs, from protection and healing to justice and prosperity. The cult of Santa Muerte, described through vivid encounters and scholarly analysis, illustrates a complex tapestry of faith that transcends traditional religious boundaries, engaging millions across the Americas and beyond. This phenomenon is contextualized within a broader discussion on folk saints in Latin America, highlighting Santa Muerte’s unique position as a female figure of death in a predominantly Catholic landscape. The narrative weaves through personal anecdotes, field observations, and the sociopolitical factors contributing to her burgeoning following, revealing Santa Muerte’s role as a multifaceted patroness for those seeking divine intervention in their lives
Red Candle
Authors: Chesnut R Andrew
Published: February 2025

Chapter 4 explores the profound connection between Santa Muerte and the realms of love, lust, and passion, primarily symbolized by the red candle. This chapter unveils how Santa Muerte, traditionally associated with death and protection, also plays a crucial role as a mediator in matters of the heart. Vicente Pérez Ramos, a shaman in Morelia, highlights that an overwhelming majority of his consultations involve red candles for love and passion, indicating the significant part these emotions play in the worship of Santa Muerte. The narrative delves into the historical fusion of Spanish love magic and the figure of La Parca on Mexican soil, transforming Santa Muerte into a potent figure for love spells and the mending of broken hearts. It discusses the socioeconomic and patriarchal conditions fostering the demand for love magic, especially among women seeking to secure or reclaim their partners. Through personal anecdotes and rituals, the chapter illustrates Santa Muerte’s multifaceted role, not just as a guardian of the afterlife but also as a powerful intermediary in attracting, binding, and sometimes severing relationships, reflecting her deep integration into the personal lives of her devotees.
Gold Candle
Authors: Chesnut R Andrew
Published: February 2025

Chapter 5 delves into the significant role Santa Muerte plays in the economic hopes and spiritual practices of her followers, particularly in the context of economic recovery post-COVID-19. Highlighting the gold votive candle’s popularity, the narrative illustrates its equal usage among both male and female devotees, symbolizing petitions for prosperity that might even surpass the number of requests related to love and passion. With detailed accounts from Mexico, Central America, and the United States, the chapter outlines the economic challenges faced by these regions, including the impacts on tourism and remittances, which are crucial revenue sources for Mexico. Personal stories, like that of Rigo, a desperate devotee seeking employment, and the practices of small business owners using gold candles for financial blessings, provide a humanizing touch to the broader economic narrative. The chapter also explores the ritualistic aspect of Santa Muerte worship for financial gain, offering a window into the diverse ways devotees seek her assistance for prosperity and protection in uncertain economic times.
Conclusion
Authors: Chesnut R Andrew
Published: February 2025

In this concluding chapter, the author reflects on Santa Muerte’s multifaceted nature as a vibrant saint in Mexican culture, addressing diverse needs through her symbolic candles. Beyond her controversial associations with crime and violence, represented by the black candle, Santa Muerte emerges as a complex figure of hope, healing, and justice. Through colors such as red for love, green for justice, and purple for health, devotees find tailored support for their varied struggles. Emphasizing her nonjudgmental power, this chapter underscores Santa Muerte’s role as a saint of the people, meeting demands across life’s spectrum and uniting diverse communities in devotion.
SpaFlow: A Nextflow Pipeline for QC and Clustering of MxIF Datasets
Authors: Novotny Brenna , Moore Raymond , Langit Lynn , Haley David , Maus Rachel L , Jiang Jun , Ward Caitlin , Guo Ray , Goode Ellen L , Markovic Svetomir N , Wang Chen
Published: February 2025

Motivation

Multiplex immunofluorescence (MxIF) enables the quantification of multiple protein markers at a single-cell level while preserving spatial information, offering a powerful tool for studying tissue microenvironments. However, the flexibility in MxIF panel design poses challenges in standardizing cell phenotyping.

Results

We present SpaFlow, an efficient, customizable pipeline for unsupervised clustering and classification of MxIF data, implemented using Nextflow. SpaFlow performs quality control, clustering, and post-clustering analysis on segmented and quantified MxIF data, facilitating reproducible and scalable analyses across various computing platforms. The SpaFlow pipeline integrates three clustering and classification packages—Seurat, SCIMAP, and CELESTA—each providing unique methodologies for identifying cell types based on phenotypic markers. A novel “meta-clustering” approach condenses clusters across multiple regions of interest into common meta-clusters, streamlining the cell type identification process in large datasets. SpaFlow’s robust quality control steps, including signal summation and cell density filtering, mitigate artifacts that may impact clustering accuracy. We demonstrate the utility of SpaFlow in a case study involving 297 ovarian tumor cores, where SpaFlow successfully identified biologically meaningful cell populations, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, efficiently and rapidly. Additionally, SpaFlow’s reproducibility is validated using serial tonsil sections, confirming its capability to consistently identify distinctive cell populations across matched ROIs.

Availability and implementation

SpaFlow is freely available with detailed documentation and examples at https://github.com/dimi-lab/SpaFlow.
Simplified and Economic Measurement of Glyoxalase I Activity Using 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine: A Valuable Tool for Researchers
Authors: Kadhum Mohammed Alaa , Hadwan Mahmoud Hussein
Published: February 2025

Glyoxalase I is an enzyme essential for detoxifying methylglyoxal, a toxic compound associated with advanced glycation end-products. Given glyoxalase I's multifaceted roles in various physiological and pathological processes, accurately measuring its activity is crucial for understanding its implications in metabolic disorders.

The current assay utilizes 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to measure glyoxalase I activity. This reagent has previously been employed to evaluate a group of enzyme protocols. The procedure involves incubating glyoxalase I enzyme samples in a controlled phosphate buffer at pH 6.6, optimizing conditions for enzymatic activity. Glutathione and methylglyoxal serve as substrates, with glyoxalase I catalyzing the conversion of the hemithioacetal adduct into S-D-lactoylglutathione. Unreacted methylglyoxal is quantified by forming a colored hydrazone complex with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.

The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method is rigorously validated for linearity, stability, resistance to interference, and sensitivity from several chemicals. It strongly correlates with the existing UV method, offering enhanced simplicity and cost-effectiveness.

The protocol allows precise quantification of glyoxalase I activity, with potential in research and diagnostics. Intra- and inter-day analyses confirm accuracy as percentage relative error (RE%), ensuring reliable measurement activity. The DNPH-Glo I method exhibited excellent sensitivity, with low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) at 0.006 U/L and 0.018 U/L, respectively. This research provides valuable insights into the quantification of glyoxalase I, highlighting significant implications for future studies in metabolic disorders and related health fields. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of its role in health and disease management by advancing the methods available for measuring glyoxalase I activity.
Negotiating content: the interplay of politics, audience, and gender in Internet-based production cultures in India
Authors: Sinha Priyam , Mehta Smith
Published: February 2025

In this article, we investigate the integrated commodity forms within Internet-based production cultures in India based on four key transactional affordances adopted by Indian creators, which includes screenwriters, directors, producers, and editors. We argue that these affordances encompass the gendered transactions, negotiations within sociocultural contexts, and politics of censorship (state, platform, and self-censorship). To do so, we highlight the self-reflexive practices of creators and their commercialized social life that shape content creation, commissioning, circulation, and popularization of India’s platform productions. Through illustrative examples we demonstrate that Indian content creators are deeply influenced by social, political, and gendered interactions across both local and global networks within Prime Minister Narendra Modi-led Digital India’s various converging, overlapping and interconnected new media industries.
Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between two chromosomal taxa of the gastropod Nucella lapillus at Galician rocky shores (NW Spain)
Authors: García-Souto Daniel , Fernández-Rodríguez Jonathan , Pasantes Juan J , Rolán-Alvarez Emilio , Galindo Juan
Published: February 2025

In certain North Atlantic rocky shores, two chromosomal lineages of Nucella lapillus have been observed at different extremes of an environmental gradient. Here, we have determined the presence of this chromosomal polymorphism, resulting from Robertsonian translocations, in populations of the Iberian Peninsula spanning a similar gradient. Interestingly, we have found monomorphic populations (2n = 26) across the gradient while we only found polymorphic populations (2n = 27-36) in certain exposed microhabitats, and never both types of populations together. These chromosomal lineages differ morphologically and genetically in a manner that can be successfully discriminated, based on their morphology (95 % of success) and molecular variation (99.9 % of success), in the studied set of samples, and so considering these data this could potentially represent isolated evolutionary lineages or taxa. This situation is discussed in relation to the data available in previous studies in this and other geographical areas for this species. The new findings do not solve the problem of the Robertsonian polymorphism known to exist in this species, but it could perhaps suggest a new approach to solve it, suggesting a wide geographical comparison between the two taxa in order to confirm if they represent evolutionary isolated lineages or maintain a certain degree of hybridization.
Dysphagia following transcatheter mitral valve-in-ring replacement complicated by neo-LVOT obstruction: a case report
Authors: Sargent S , Xiong E , Lau K , Raffel O C , Greaves K
Published: February 2025

Background

Neo-left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction is a dreaded complication following transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR). Dynamic LVOT obstruction has been reported to cause mechanical intravascular haemolysis due to red cell fragmentation. Intravascular haemolysis can result in a rare but well-described phenomenon in which patients experience dysphagia due to oesophageal spasm. This phenomenon is classically associated with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and has never been reported following TMVR.

Case Summary

A 77 year old female presented eight days following TMVR with presyncope, dyspnoea and severe dysphagia. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed neo-LVOT obstruction with trivial paravalvular mitral regurgitation. Doppler echocardiography revealed dynamic late-peaking LVOT obstruction with a peak gradient of 71mmHg with Valsalva manoeuvre. Laboratory investigations demonstrated intravascular haemolytic anaemia. A barium swallow was performed revealing severe diffuse oesophageal spasm. Alternative causes of dysphagia were excluded and a causal link between intravascular haemolysis and dysphagia was identified. Successful management of dynamic neo-LVOT obstruction, haemolytic anaemia and dysphagia was achieved with beta blocker therapy and volume resuscitation. Serial echocardiography and barium swallow performed prior to discharge demonstrated resolution of LVOT obstruction and marked reduction in oesophageal spasm.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first case report of TMVR complicated by reversible neo-LVOT obstruction with only trivial paravalvular regurgitation causing intravascular haemolysis and subsequent dysphagia. The management of dysphagia secondary to intravascular haemolysis due to neo-LVOT obstruction is challenging. This is because of the complex haemodynamic interplay between reduced oral intake, a high output state with anaemia, increased ventricular contractility, tachycardia and worsening dynamic obstruction, all part of a vicious cycle (Central Illustration).
Percutaneous Thrombectomy Assisted Lead Extraction: Successful Diagnosis and Treatment in a Case Report of Culture Negative Endocarditis
Authors: Khasnavis Sujoy , Green Jeffrey , Cynamon Jacob , Gross Jay
Published: February 2025

Background

Propionibacterium acnes (P acnes) is a rare cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) and implantable cardiac device (ICD) endocarditis. Previous reports of P acnes endocarditis have described various approaches to treatment. Treatment of P acnes endocarditis with AngioVac extraction (AE) is unreported. We describe a case of P acnes ICD endocarditis that required AE to facilitate device extraction and ensure successful treatment of endocarditis.

Case summary

The patient presented with classical symptoms of fever, fatigue, night sweats, and chills for 3 weeks. Serial blood cultures were negative. Cultures from skin were positive for P acnes. Transthoracic endocardiogram (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) demonstrated vegetations adjacent to the transvenous leads and on the septal leaflets of the native tricuspid valve (NTV). Due to vegetation size, AE was performed to debulk the vegetations prior to lead extraction (LE). Vegetation cultures were also positive for P acnes. He was prescribed IV antibiotics post-operatively and had an excellent long-term course with no further endocarditis episodes or complications at 3 year follow up.

Conclusion

Our case is one of the first to demonstrate the extent to which the integumentary pathogen P acnes is involved in cardiac infections. It is also the first literature reported case to utilize AE to treat P acnes ICD endocarditis involving the NTV. This case illustrates the utility of AE in vegetation debulking prior to ICD LE and in identifying atypical pathogens where conventional diagnostic tests are unable to detect a pathogen.
Global, Regional, and National Burden of Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter from 1990 to 2021: Sex Differences and Global Burden Projections to 2046 - A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Authors: Tan Siyuan , Zhou Jiabao , Veang Tevit , Lin Qiuzhen , Liu Qiming
Published: February 2025

Background

Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter (AF/AFL) are critical global health concerns, yet studies on burden trends and sex differences remain limited.

Method

This study utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study, applying methods such as age-period-cohort analysis and joinpoint regression models to evaluate trends and sex differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of AF/AFL among individuals aged 30 and above from 1990 to 2021, and employed Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) analysis to predict future trends from 2022 to 2046.

Results

In 2021, AF/AFL affected around 52.6 million people globally, with significant increases in cases, deaths, and DALYs since 1990. While the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) remained stable, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) slightly declined, and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) increased. Moreover, there were significant differences in the disease burden between male and female patients. Males had higher prevalence and DALYs, with older age contributing to higher rates. Key risk factors included high systolic blood pressure, body mass index, and alcohol use, with female patients exhibiting a higher age-standardized rates associated with elevated body mass index compared to their male counterparts. BAPC predicted stable ASPR and ASIR in males but rising rates in females, with ASMR expected to decline for both sexes.

Conclusion

The global burden of AF/AFL is rising, particularly among women, and in low-socio-demographic index regions. This underscores the urgent need for targeted prevention strategies and optimized management of modifiable risk factors, with a specific focus on these vulnerable groups.
Multivariate Profiling of Physical Resilience in Older Adults After Total Knee Replacement Surgery: Results from a Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Xue Qian-Li , Laskow Thomas , Alzahrani Mallak K , Varadhan Ravi , Walston Jeremy D , Schrack Jennifer A , Newman Anne B , Sieber Frederick , Bandeen-Roche Karen
Published: February 2025

Background

As individuals age, their ability to cope with and recovering from health challenges becomes vital for maintaining independence and quality of life. This study aims to develop a multivariate phenotype of physical resilience based on individual recovery dynamics before and after a physical stressor.

Methods

This prospective observational study included 104 individuals aged ≥ 60 who underwent elective total knee replacement (TKR) for degenerative joint disease between December 2, 2019, and January 4, 2023. A multivariate resilience phenotype was derived from physical function assessments over 12 months after TKR using the Short Physical Performance Battery, the Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale Physical Subscale, the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Quality of Life Score, and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Physical Component Score. Validation was performed using markers (i.e., frailty and self-reported health) and determinants (e.g., the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)) of recovery potential.

Results

Distinct resilience profiles were identified across the four measures, showing varied baseline levels and/or change rates over 12 months. By combining and analyzing resilience profiles across measures, two distinct groups emerged: 33.7% were classified as non-resilient and 66.4% as resilient. The non-resilient group had a higher prevalence of frailty (37.1% vs. 10.1%, p<0.01), poor or fair self-reported health (48.6% vs. 5.8%, p<0.01), and moderate or severe comorbidity burden (CCI >2; 28.6% vs. 10.1%, p=0.03).

Conclusions

Recovery trajectories after TKR revealed varying resilience levels that could not be fully explained by baseline health status. Understanding individual resilience can enhance patient care by promoting recovery and overall well-being.
Community health worker payment processes: a qualitative assessment of experience in two Indian states
Authors: Furtado Kheya Melo , Mehndiratta Abha , Bauhoff Sebastian , Pawar Swapna , Luo Amy , Jha Anushree , McConnell Margaret
Published: February 2025

Community health worker (CHWs) remuneration has received some attention in terms of the design of incentives, however, there is a lack of systematic data on the processes by which CHWs are paid. We aimed to study existing payment processes including the role of digitization and its effects on CHW experiences with receiving full and timely compensation, and identify barriers and facilitators to the payment process. We studied payment processes for the Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) in India in two states with varying levels of performance and payment systems and conducted 53 in-depth interviews and eight focus group discussions across three categories of respondents (37 ASHA workers, 46 Supervisors and 34 Managers/Health system leaders). The data was coded thematically using inductive and deductive coding methods, organized around five steps of the payment process, i.e. (i) Recording of work, (ii) Claim submission, (iii) Claim verification, (iv) Claim processing, and (v) Payment disbursement. We observed complex sub-processes within each stage of the payment process that adversely impacted payment timelines, CHW workload and motivation, even where digital tools provide support. Local administrative initiative and positive organizational culture overcame these challenges to standardize and simplify processes for recording work, submitting claims, and maintaining adequate funds, facilitating timely payments. Complete digitization of disbursement through the public financial management system improved timeliness, transparency and satisfaction among CHWs compared to earlier cash and cheque-based payments. The potential digitization of service delivery records for claim submission was met with mixed perceptions among CHWs and their supervisors. Our study contributes to the body of knowledge on CHW compensation by delineating the processes by which financial incentives are paid and offering insights for low and middle-income countries to improve the efficiency of payment systems.
In vitro antidiabetic activity of Treculia africana leaf extracts: identification of chlorogenic acid and α-mangostin
Authors: Yimgang Victorine Lorette , Pangrazzi Elisa , Djeujo Francine Medjiofack , Melogmo Yanick Kevin Dongmo , Tchinda Taghu Franklin Loïc , Kouipou Rufin Marie Toghueo , Boyom Fabrice Fekam , Froldi Guglielmina
Published: February 2025

Objective

This research studied two extracts from Treculia africana leaves for their potential against hyperglycaemia-related disorders.

Methods

The influence of the extracts on α-glucosidase activity and albumin glycation was investigated, and cell viability was estimated in HT-29 human colorectal cells. Phenolic and flavonoid contents and antiradical activity were also detected. The extracts were examined using HPLC-DAD analysis.

Key findings

The methanol and dichloromethane leaf extracts showed a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of α-glucosidase activity (IC50= 3.73 and 21.28 µg/ml, respectively). Both extracts also inhibited ribose-induced glycation of bovine serum albumin from 250 µg/ml. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid and α-mangostin in the extracts. The extracts did not change HT-29 cell viability up to 250 µg/ml, thus showing very low cytotoxicity.

Conclusions

The methanol leaf extract of T. africana inhibited α-glucosidase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, supporting the use of the leaves in traditional medicine to control hyperglycaemia. Chlorogenic acid and α-mangostin, the latter identified for the first time in this species, were found in the T. africana leaves. Further, in vivo studies and pilot clinical trials should be conducted using standardized T. africana leaf extracts to evaluate their potential effectiveness in diabetes mellitus.
Undercurrent in Taiwan: Nationalism and Calculation of the Cross-Strait Relations (2002–2022)
Authors: Wang Austin Horng-En , Wu Charles K S , Chen Fang-Yu , Yeh Yao-Yuan
Published: February 2025

The literature highlights the conflicting trends between rising nationalism and stable preferences for status quo on cross-strait relations in Taiwan. This article provides new insights from the Taiwan National Security Survey (2002–2022, 14 waves, n = 16, 494) to help explain this apparent inconsistency. The surveys employed “conditional preference” items to capture how the cross-strait attitudes of Taiwanese people are shaped. Since 2002, Taiwanese identifiers have increased steadily, while dual identifiers have decreased. Most respondents still prefer the status quo, but there is a gradual rise in support for independence. Hypothetical scenarios reveal that a majority support independence if China will not attack and oppose unification if China and Taiwan differ economically and politically. Furthermore, the percentage supporting independence given China will attack is increasing, while the percentage supporting unification if China and Taiwan are similar has considerably decreased. Conditional preferences are influenced by perceived economic benefits from China and the military strength of China, Taiwan, and the United States.