bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deficits in haptic perception and right parietal theta power changes in patients with anorexia nervosa before and after weight gain
Authors: Grunwald Martin , Ettrich Christine , Assmann Bianka , Dähne Angelika , Krause Werner , Busse Frank , Gertz Hermann‐Joseph
Published: August 2002

Objective

Our goal was to investigate whether patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) show deficits in haptic exploration tasks before and after weight gain.

Method

The haptic exploration tasks consisted of palpating the structure of six sunken reliefs in sequence with both hands, eyes closed. After each exploration, the structure was reproduced on a piece of paper. A 19‐channel digital electroencephalogram (EEG; linked ears) was continuously recorded during rest and haptic tasks for 10 AN patients (females, mean age: 15.90) and 10 healthy controls (CO; females, mean age: 16.14). Mean spectral power density was calculated as the mean amplitude of the spectral lines of the theta band (4–8 Hz). The AN patients were examined again after weight gain (T0 and T1).

Results

The reproductions submitted by the AN patients were of notably poorer quality than those of the CO. Reproduction quality was unchanged after weight gain and independent of body mass index and intelligence. Mean exploration time was similiar in AN patients and CO. The analysis of spectral EEG power of both groups showed significant decrease in power data in the theta frequency band during haptic exploration compared with the rest intervals. The comparison of the theta power between CO and AN patients during haptic exploration showed major differences between the groups in both T0 and T1. Theta power was lower in AN patients than in the CO over the right hemisphere and right parietal regions.

Discussion

The quality of reproduction of the haptic stimuli and the theta‐power changes indicate a cortical dysfunction and deficits in somatosensory integration processing of the right parietal cortex in AN patients even after weight gain. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 417–428, 2001.
Predictors of low bone density in young adolescent females with anorexia nervosa and other dieting disorders
Authors: Turner J. M. , Bulsara M. K. , McDermott B. M. , Byrne G. C. , Prince R. L. , Forbes D. A.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To compare the bone density of adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa with adolescent patients with other dieting disorders and to evaluate risk factors for low bone density in these patients.

Method

Sixty‐nine consecutive female patients referred to an adolescent eating disorders clinic were studied by interview, blood sampling, body composition, and lumbar spine bone density measurement using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry.

Results

Although patients with anorexia nervosa were more malnourished, their bone density was similar to other dieting patients. Patients were divided into a low and normal bone density group irrespective of psychiatric diagnosis. Patients with low bone density had dieted for longer, had lower lean body mass, more often had not achieved menarche, and had longer duration of secondary amenorrhea and lower estrogen levels.

Discussion

Irrespective of clinical diagnosis, adolescents with dieting disorders have increased risk of low bone density when malnutrition commences early in puberty and is associated with reduced lean body mass and impaired ovarian function. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 245–251, 2001.
Magnetic dipole signal detection and localization using subspace method
Authors: Inaba Takayuki , Shima Akihiro , Konishi Masaharu , Yanagisawa Hajime , Takada Jun‐ichi , Araki Kiyomichi
Published: August 2002

The likelihood ratio method has been reported for signal processing involving the detection problem (magnetic anomaly detection) of magnetic dipole target (such as a sunken ship) by a magnetic sensor on board an aircraft. However, the observed waveform of the magnetic dipole target is not uniquely determined and varies with the magnetic dipole moment direction of the target. Therefore, many reference functions are needed for detection. It is a challenge to carry out stable detection with a small computational overhead. In this paper, based on the fact that the mathematical model of the magnetic dipole target is a linear combination of functions of three types electromagnetically, a method of detection based on the subspace method is proposed. Use of the wavelet transform as a preliminary process is discussed for improvement of the detection capability in the background noise. Further, in order to estimate the signal source of the magnetic dipole target, the subspace method is extended and a signal source estimation method is proposed that does not require complex nonlinear search. Finally, by means of a computer experiment, it is shown that the detection based on the subspace method is effective for detection of a magnetic dipole target with a low S/N ratio and that robust signal detection of a magnetic dipole target is possible by the proposed signal detection and localization method. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(5): 23–34, 2002
Optimal seismic response control with dampers
Authors: Singh Mahendra P. , Moreschi Luis M.
Published: August 2002

The usefulness of energy dissipation devices to reduce seismic response of structures is now well established. For a given installation of such devices in a structure, one can easily compute the level of response reduction achieved. However, the solution of an inverse problem of how many devices one would need to achieve a desired level of response reduction in a structure, or to achieve an expected level of performance from a structural system, is not quite as straightforward and well formulated. In this paper, a method is presented to obtain the amount of viscous and visco‐elastic damping one would need to obtain a desired level of response reduction. The needed supplemental devices are also optimally distributed in the structure to achieve the best performance. To solve the optimal problem, a gradient‐based optimization approach is used. To illustrate the application, numerical results for a 24‐storey building structure are presented where the objective is to achieve the maximum reduction in the performance functions expressed in terms of the inter‐storey drifts, base shear, or floor accelerations. Other forms of performance functions can also be treated similarly. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consistency of dynamic site response at Port Island
Authors: Baise Laurie G. , Glaser Steven D. , Sugano Takahiro
Published: August 2002

System identification (SI) methods are used to determine empirical Green's functions (EGF) for soil intervals at the Port Island Site in Kobe, Japan and in shake table model tests performed by the Port and Harbor Research Institute (PHRI) to emulate the site during the 17 January 1995 Hyogo‐ken Nanbu earthquake. The model form for the EGFs is a parametric auto‐regressive moving average (ARMA) model mapping the ground motions recorded at the base of a soil interval to the top of that interval, hence capturing the effect of the soil on the through‐passing wave. The consistency of site response at Port Island before, during, and after the mainshock is examined by application of small motion foreshock EGFs to incoming ground motions over these time intervals. The prediction errors (or misfits) for the foreshocks, the mainshock, and the aftershocks, are assessed to determine the extent of altered soil response as a result of liquefaction of the ground during the mainshock. In addition, the consistency of soil response between field and model test is verified by application of EGFs calculated from the shake table test to the 17 January input data. The prediction error is then used to assess the consistency of behaviour between the two cases. By using EGFs developed for small‐amplitude foreshock ground motions, ground motions were predicted for all intervals of the vertical array except those that liquefied with small error. Analysis of the post‐liquefied ground conditions implies that the site response gradually returns to a pre‐earthquake state. Site behaviour is found to be consistent between foreshocks and the mainshock for the native ground (below 16 m in the field) with a normalized mean square error (NMSE) of 0.080 and a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.5g. When the soil actually liquefies (change of state), recursive models are needed to track the variable soil behaviour for the remainder of the shaking. The recursive models are shown to demonstrate consistency between the shake table tests and the field with a NMSE of 0.102 for the 16 m to surface interval that liquefied. The aftershock ground response was not modelled well with the foreshock EGF immediately after the mainshock (NMSE ranging from 0.37 to 0.92). One month after the mainshock, the prediction error from the foreshock modeled was back to the foreshock error level. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
Relative displacement response spectra with pounding effect
Authors: Ruangrassamee Anat , Kawashima Kazuhiko
Published: August 2002

To avoid unseating of a deck, an adequate seat width must be provided. The seat width is basically determined from maximum relative displacement between two bridge segments. Under a strong ground excitation, pounding between two decks may occur at a joint. The pounding will affect the response of two bridge segments. This research is conducted to investigate the effect of pounding on the relative displacement between two adjacent bridge segments. A simplified analytical model of two linear single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems is employed. To take into account the pounding, the laws of conservation of momentum and energy are applied. The analytical results are represented in the form of relative displacement response spectra with pounding effect. It is found that due to the pounding the relative displacement can be amplified, resulting in the requirement of a longer seat width to support a deck. The formulation of normalized relative displacement response spectra is presented together with an application example. It is found that the seat width determined from the relative displacement response spectra with pounding effect becomes close to the value specified in the Japanese design specifications for structures with large difference of natural periods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic processes of soil production and transport: erosion rates, topographic variation and cosmogenic nuclides in the Oregon Coast Range
Authors: Heimsath Arjun M. , Dietrich William E. , Nishiizumi Kunihiko , Finkel Robert C.
Published: August 2002

Landscapes in areas of active uplift and erosion can only remain soil‐mantled if the local production of soil equals or exceeds the local erosion rate. The soil production rate varies with soil depth, hence local variation in soil depth may provide clues about spatial variation in erosion rates. If uplift and the consequent erosion rates are sufficiently uniform in space and time, then there will be tendency toward equilibrium landforms shaped by the erosional processes. Soil mantle thickness would adjust such that soil production matched the erosion. Previous work in the Oregon Coast Range suggested that there may be a tendency locally toward equilibrium between hillslope erosion and sediment yield. Here results from a new methodology based on cosmogenic radionuclide accumulation in bedrock minerals at the base of the soil column are reported. We quantify how soil production varies with soil thickness in the southern Oregon Coast Range and explore further the issue of landscape equilibrium. Apparent soil production is determined to be an inverse exponential function of soil depth, with a maximum inferred production rate of 268 m Ma−1 occurring under zero soil depth. This rate depends, however, on the degree of weathering of the underlying bedrock. The stochastic and large‐scale nature of soil production by biogenic processes leads to large temporal and spatial variations in soil depth; the spatial variation of soil depth neither supports nor rejects equilibrium morphology. Our observed catchment‐averaged erosion rate of 117 m Ma−1 is, however, similar to that estimated for the region by others, and to soil production rates under thin and intermediate soils typical for the steep ridges. We suggest that portions of the Oregon Coast Range may be eroding at roughly the same rate, but that local competition between drainage networks and episodic erosional events leads to landforms that are out of equilibrium locally and have a spatially varying soil mantle. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent geomorphological evolution of the deltas of the rivers Seman and Vjosa, Albania
Authors: Fouache Eric , Gruda Gjovalin , Mucaj Skender , Nikolli Pal
Published: August 2002

Rising in the Neogene hills of the Mallakaster, the rivers Seman and Vjosa have built up two large joint deltas on the Albanian Adriatic shore. This shoreline is characterized by a low sandy coast with bars and spits. Changes in the river courses and migration of the mouths of the deltas were rapid and numerous from the Holocene period until the beginning of drainage works in the 1950s. The drainage basins of the two rivers are developed in soft clastic rocks (flysch and molasse) in the proportion of 71·4 per cent for the Seman and 44·8 per cent for the Vjosa. Both rivers carry abundant sediment loads, amounting to 6·7 × 106 tonnes per year for the Vjosa and 13·2 × 106 tonnes per year for the Seman. This is the reason why the alluvial deposits of the Seman have built up two‐thirds of the alluvial plain.

The use of a SPOT image dated 25 May 1995 (HRV 3 081‐268) enabled us to view the effects of coastal and fluvial dynamics, the role of neotectonics as well as the predominance of the plume of suspended sediment of the Seman river. Using this image, a geomorphological map was drawn, which identifies the palaeochannels of the Seman and the Vjosa. In order to date those palaeochannels we have made an archaeological inventory from oral and written published information. The location of the sites we studied was checked systematically in the field. The mediaeval and Ottoman archives kept in Tirana also provided substantial information, as well as the reconstitution of the evolution of the shoreline between 1870 and 1990, carried out using an inventory of topographic maps. This work allowed us to reconstitute the progression of the deltas of the Seman and the Vjosa since antiquity.

We may then infer that from antiquity up to the Middle Ages, the deltas of the Seman and the Vjosa both progressed very moderately and in a comparable way. However, at the end of the 15th century the Seman underwent a major change in its course, through a southward migration of the river. The natural processes of alluviation and changes in the river courses seem to have been accelerated as agricultural exploitation of the Neogene hills that form most of the drainage basin of the Seman increased. This exploitation is linked with the massive exportation of cereal from the port of Skela e Pirgut, which started in the 14th century. It appears that the 20th century has been the period of the largest progression of the deltas during historical times. The speed of progression increased as early as the beginning of the century, as a result of the rapid growth of the rural population densities. Soil erosion from arable fields increased catchment sediment yields to promote rapid changes in the river courses. This resulted in abandonment of deltaic mouths, a phenomenon leading to a straightening of the coast. Thus to the south of the present mouth of the Seman the coast receded by 7 to 30 m per year between 1968 and 1990 as a result of the abandonment of a mouth. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of wastewater discharge on the channel morphology of ephemeral streams
Authors: Hassan Marwan A. , Egozi Roey
Published: August 2002

The impact of wastewater flow on the channel bed morphology was evaluated in four ephemeral streams in Israel and the Palestinian Territories: Nahal Og, Nahal Kidron, Nahal Qeult and Nahal Hebron. Channel changes before, during and after the halting of wastewater flow were monitored. The wastewater flow causes a shift from a dry ephemeral channel with intermittent floods to a continuous flow pattern similar to that of humid areas. Within a few months, nutrient‐rich wastewater flow leads to rapid development of vegetation along channel and bars. The colonization of part of the active channel by vegetation increases flow resistance as well as bank and bed stability, and limits sediment availability from bars and other sediment stores along the channels. In some cases the established vegetation covers the entire channel width and halts the transport of bed material along the channel. During low and medium size flood events, bars remain stable and the vegetation intact. Extreme events destroy the vegetation and activate the bars. The wastewater flow results in the development of new small bars, which are usually destroyed by flood flows. Due to the vegetation establishment, the active channel width decreases by up to 700 per cent. The deposition of fine sediment and organic material changed the sediment texture within the stable bar surface and the whole bed surface texture in Nahal Hebron. The recovery of Nahal Og after the halting of the wastewater flow was relatively fast; within two flood seasons the channel almost returned to pre‐wastewater characteristics. The results of the study could be used to indicate what would happen if wastewater flows were introduced along natural desert streams. Also, the results could be used to predict the consequences of vegetation removal as a result of human intervention within the active channel of humid streams. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building capacity for program evaluation at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Authors: Milstein Bobby , Chapel Thomas J. , Wetterhall Scott F. , Cotton David A.
Published: August 2002

The authors tell a story of their efforts to broaden evaluation work at this federal scientific agency.
Scale‐up of analytical chromatography to the simulated moving bed separation of the enantiomers of the flavour norterpenoids α‐ionone and α‐damascone
Authors: Zenoni Gianmarco , Quattrini Francesca , Mazzotti Marco , Fuganti Claudio , Morbidelli Massimo
Published: August 2002

The scale‐up of the HPLC separation of the enantiomers of the flavour norterpenoid ketones α‐ionone and α‐damascone from analytical to preparative scale was achieved using the chromatographic simulated moving bed (SMB) technique. Commercial HPLC columns, with heptakis‐(2,3,6‐per‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin bound to silica gel as chiral stationary phase, were employed for the separation. High‐purity enantiomers of both chiral compounds have been obtained with a rather satisfactory productivity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical errors of the volume‐of‐fluid interface tracking algorithm
Authors: Černe Gregor , Petelin Stojan , Tiselj Iztok
Published: August 2002

One of the important limitations of the interface tracking algorithms is that they can be used only as long as the local computational grid density allows surface tracking. In a dispersed flow, where the dimensions of the particular fluid parts are comparable or smaller than the grid spacing, several numerical and reconstruction errors become considerable. In this paper the analysis of the interface tracking errors is performed for the volume‐of‐fluid method with the least squares volume of fluid interface reconstruction algorithm. A few simple two‐fluid benchmarks are proposed for the investigation of the interface tracking grid dependence. The expression based on the gradient of the volume fraction variable is introduced for the estimation of the reconstruction correctness and can be used for the activation of an adaptive mesh refinement algorithm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulations of high‐aspect‐ratio jets
Authors: Holdø A. E. , Simpson B. A. F.
Published: August 2002

There are many practical situations when jets are emanating from non‐axis‐symmetric apertures, yet numerical simulations of such three‐dimensional jets are scarce and most of them have failed to reproduce some of the unique flow features. Examples of this type of jets are gas leaks from flanges. These can be treated as jets issuing from high aspect ratio rectangular orifices. The present work consists of a series of large eddy simulations typifying such jets using different inflow boundary conditions. Good agreement with available experiments was observed provided appropriate boundary conditions were present.

A discrete method for formulating turbulence data with a known energy spectrum for an inflow condition is outlined and evaluated with three other inflow conditions–a steady uniform profile, a steady parabolic profile and pseudo‐random noise. The implementation of the new inlet condition results in a more realistic centreline velocity decay where the division between the end of the potential core region and the start of the characteristic decay region is clearly visible. Large velocity oscillations are also observed in the final quarter of the domain (15–20 slot widths downstream). Similar oscillations have been observed in real jets. Off‐centre mean velocity peaks are present along the major axis 10 slot widths downstream of the exit in all the simulations. The peaks are approximately 3% of the centreline velocity. The presence of the off‐centre peaks are proved to be independent of jet inflow boundary conditions and an explanation for the mechanism causing the off‐centre peaks is given. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outlier Detection in Regression Models with ARIMA Errors using Robust Estimates
Authors: Bianco A. M. , García Ben M. , Martínez E. J. , Yohai V. J.
Published: August 2002

A diagnostic procedure for detecting additive and innovation outliers as well as level shifts in a regression model with ARIMA errors is introduced. The procedure is based on a robust estimate of the model parameters and on innovation residuals computed by means of robust filtering. A Monte Carlo study shows that, when there is a large proportion of outliers, this procedure is more powerful than the classical methods based on maximum likelihood type estimates and Kalman filtering. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volume and Volatility Surrounding Quarterly Redesignation of the Lead S&P 500 Futures Contract
Authors: Kawaller Ira G. , Koch Paul D. , Peterson John E.
Published: August 2002

During the last weeks before each quarterly expiration of Standard & Poor's (S&P) 500
futures, the bulk of trading volume begins to shift away from the next‐to‐expire (nearby or
lead) contract toward the second‐to‐expire (next out) contract. At some point, the
exchange formally redesignates the next out as the new lead contract, and the next out replaces the nearby in
the futures pit location designated for the lead contract. This event invariably results in a dramatic increase
(decrease) in trading activity in the next out (nearby) contract. This shift in relative
trading volumes is due to the microstructure of the futures exchange rather than new information or underlying
volatility conditions. The event thus offers us an opportunity to examine how volatility responds to
noninformation‐based exogenous changes in volume. This study examines the volatility behavior of nearby
and next out S&P 500 futures contracts on the 10 days surrounding quarterly redesignation of the lead
contract. Our model measures possible changes in (a) the level of volatility and/or (b)
the association between volume and volatility after redesignation of the lead contract. Results indicate that
when we account for the association between volume and volatility, the higher volume lead contract consistently
experiences a lower level of volatility. This outcome supports the view that the larger population of liquidity
providers who trade the more active lead contract fosters greater market depth and lower volatility. © 2001
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:1119–1149, 2001
Alterations of the SDHD gene locus in midgut carcinoids, Merkel cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and abdominal paragangliomas
Authors: Kytölä Soili , Nord Brita , Edström Elder Elisabeth , Carling Tobias , Kjellman Magnus , Cedermark Björn , Juhlin Claes , Höög Anders , Isola Jorma , Larsson Catharina
Published: August 2002

Several types of endocrine tumors show frequent somatic deletions of the distal part of chromosome arm 11q, where the tumor‐suppressor gene SDHD (succinate‐ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit D), constitutionally mutated in paragangliomas of the head and neck, is located. In this study, we screened 18 midgut carcinoids, 7 Merkel cell carcinomas, 46 adrenal pheochromocytomas (37 sporadic and 9 familial), and 7 abdominal paragangliomas for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and/or mutations at the SDHD gene locus. LOH was detected in 5 out of 8 (62%) informative midgut carcinoids, in 9 out of 30 (30%) sporadic pheochromocytomas, in none of the familial pheochromocytomas (0%), and in 1 out of 6 (17%) abdominal paragangliomas. No sequence variants were detected in the pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas. However, two constitutional putative missense mutations, H50R and G12S, were detected in two midgut carcinoids, which were both associated with LOH of the other allele. The same sequence variants were also detected in two Merkel cell carcinomas. In addition, the S68S polymorphism was found to coexist with the G12S sequence variant in both cases. In conclusion, we show that alterations of the SDHD gene seem to be involved in the tumorigenesis of both midgut carcinoids and Merkel cell carcinomas. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of extensive genomic loss and gain by comparative genomic hybridisation in malignant astrocytoma in children and young adults
Authors: Warr Tracy , Ward Samantha , Burrows Jenny , Harding Brian , Wilkins Peter , Harkness William , Hayward Richard , Darling John , Thomas David
Published: August 2002

Although astrocytomas are the most common central nervous system tumours in all age groups, there is substantial evidence that tumours arising in young patients (< 25 years of age) do not have the same genetic abnormalities that are characteristic of tumours in older patients. Furthermore, novel, consistent changes have not been identified in astrocytomas in children and young adults. We analysed 13 malignant astrocytomas from young patients using comparative genomic hybridisation. Regions of genomic imbalance were identified in 10 cases. The most common recurrent copy number aberrations were loss of 16p (54% of cases), 17p (38%), 19p (38%), and 22 (38%) and gain on 2q (38%), 12q (38%), 13 (38%), 4q (31%), 5q (31%), and 8q (31%). Seven regions of high copy number amplification were observed at 8q21–22 (three cases), 7q22–23 (two cases), and 1p21–22, 2q22, 12q13‐pter, 12q15–21, and 13q11–14 (one case each). This study provides evidence of new characteristic chromosomal imbalances from which potential candidate genes involved in the development of malignant astrocytoma in children and young adults may be identified. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sporadic multiple primary melanoma cases: CDKN2A germline mutations with a founder effect
Authors: Auroy Stéphane , Avril Marie‐Françoise , Chompret Agnès , Pham Danièle , Goldstein Alisa M. , Bianchi‐Scarrà Giovanna , Frebourg Thierry , Joly Pascal , Spatz Alain , Rubino Carole , Demenais Florence ,   French Hereditary Melanoma Study Group, Bressac‐de Paillerets Brigitte
Published: August 2002

Multiple primary cancers are one of the hallmarks of inherited predisposition. Outside the familial context, multiple primary tumors could be related either to germline de novo mutations or to low‐penetrance mutations, in predisposing genes. We selected 100 patients who displayed multiple primary melanoma (MPM) without any known melanoma cases recorded within their families and looked for germline mutations in the two melanoma‐predisposing genes identified to date, CDKN2A and CDK4 exon 2. Nine patients (9%) had germline mutations in CDKN2A, whereas none carried germline mutations in exon 2 of CDK4. Seven cases displayed a recurrent missense mutation, G101W, already described in more than 20 melanoma‐prone families; one case carried a missense mutation never reported to date (P114S), and the last case was a carrier of a 6 bp insertion at nucleotide 57 resulting in a duplication of codons 18 and 19. To ascertain whether the G101W was a mutational hot spot for de novo mutations or a common founder mutation, we genotyped eight microsatellite markers flanking the CDKN2A gene. After allowing for recombination over time, haplotype sharing provided evidence for an original G101W mutation common to 6 out of 7 sporadic MPM cases. Therefore, it can be concluded that de novo germline CDKN2A mutations associated with MPM are rare. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentially amplified chromosome 12 sequences in low‐ and high‐grade osteosarcoma
Authors: Gisselsson David , Pålsson Eva , Höglund Mattias , Domanski Henryk , Mertens Fredrik , Pandis Nikos , Sciot Raf , Dal Cin Paola , Bridge Julia A. , Mandahl Nils
Published: August 2002

Most osteosarcomas are highly aggressive malignancies characterized by a complex pattern of chromosome abnormalities. However, a subgroup of low‐grade, parosteal tumors exhibits a relatively simple aberration pattern dominated by ring chromosomes carrying amplified material from chromosome 12. To assess whether sequences from this chromosome were differentially amplified in low‐ and high‐grade osteosarcomas, copy numbers of the CCND2, ETV6, KRAS2, and D12S85 regions in 12p and the MDM2 region in 12q were evaluated by interphase or metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 24 osteosarcomas. Amplification of MDM2 was detected in all five low‐grade and four high‐grade osteosarcomas, all of which showed ring chromosomes. An overrepresentation of 12p sequences was found in 1/5 low‐grade and in 9/19 high‐grade tumors. Multicolor single‐copy FISH analysis of metaphase cells from six high‐grade tumors showed that extra 12p material either occurred together with MDM2 in ring chromosomes or was scattered over the genome as a result of complex structural rearrangements. Most tumors (8/10) not containing amplification of the assessed chromosome 12 loci exhibited a nondiploid pattern at evaluation with probes for centromeric alpha satellite sequences. These findings indicate that gain of sequences from the short arm of chromosome 12 could be a possible genetic pathway in the development of aggressive osteosarcoma. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of ATM missense variants and mutations in a series of unselected breast cancer cases
Authors: Rodriguez Carmen , Vallès Hélène , Causse Annick , Johannsdottir Vala , Eliaou Jean‐François , Theillet Charles
Published: August 2002

It has been proposed that women carrying heterozygous mutations of the ATM gene could be at increased risk of developing breast cancer. However, data in the literature are contrasting and no firm conclusion has been reached. Our aim was to verify whether ATM inactivation could play a role in breast tumor development. Following the classical tumor suppressor inactivation scheme, tumors showing loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the ATM locus should present an increased proportion of mutated ATM forms. We screened a cohort of 173 nonselected primary breast tumors for LOH in a 4 cM region at 11q23 spanning the ATM gene. We analyzed 25 tumors presenting LOH within the ATM locus for mutations in the ATM coding sequence using an RT‐PCR‐SSCP approach. Five patients were found to bear a coding missense variant, out of which four corresponded to a frequent polymorphism in exon 39. One patient presented a previously unreported variant in exon 19 (2614C>T) resulting in a nonconservative change (Pro>Ser) at aa 872. This variant was not found in any of the other 172 patients nor in 63 healthy controls tested, indicating that it is a rare ATM variant. LOH involved the ATM wild‐type allele in the tumor presenting variant 2614. However, because the ATM gene presents a relatively large number of rare coding polymorphism it is difficult, in the absence of familial data, to be conclusive on the significance of this variant. Searching for further variants in exons 19 and 39 in the whole set of 173 breast tumors, we found one tumor showing an acquired deletion of four bases in the ATM gene. Somatic mutations affecting the ATM gene thus seem rare in breast cancer. In our cohort of breast cancer patients, tumors presenting LOH at the ATM locus did not show an increased frequency of sequence variants. Furthermore, allelic imbalance profiles in a 4‐cM region of chromosome arm 11q spanning the ATM locus revealed that hot spots of LOH were more likely to correspond to a region localized telomeric to the gene. Therefore, these data suggest that other target genes for genetic inactivation exist in the 11q23 region. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Larval development in Cnidaria: A connection to bilateria?
Authors: Gröger Hans , Schmid Volker
Published: August 2002

Summary: Among the basal animal phyla, the Cnidaria display many characteristics similar to the Bilateria (the higher Metazoa). However, the relation of that outgroup phyla to the Bilateria is still equivocal. Additionally to morphological and genetic data, studies on cnidarian embryogenesis are essential to clarify the Cnidaria‐Bilateria relationship. We analyzed cellular differentiation during planula larvae development of the jellyfish Podocoryne carnea. Within 24 to 30 h postfertilization, the diploblastic body structure and all cell types found in polyps have already differentiated in the larva. Whereas the differentiating smooth muscles, RFamide‐positive nerve cells, or nematocytes (stinging cells) express no axial polarity, a newly discovered tyrosine‐tubulin‐positive nervous system develops gradually in repetitive patterns from anterior to posterior. These data demonstrate that part of the cnidarian nervous system develops from anterior to posterior in serially repeated patterns. This developmental mechanism seems to follow the bilaterian pattern and would have antedated the Cambrian explosion. genesis 29:110–114, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extension of variance components approach to incorporate temporal trends and longitudinal pedigree data analysis
Authors: de Andrade Mariza , Guéguen René , Visvikis Sophie , Sass Catherine , Siest Gérard , Amos Christopher I.
Published: August 2002

Here we present a method that permits one to evaluate genetic effects and to detect genetic linkages by using serial observations of quantitative traits in pedigrees. We developed a statistical method that incorporates longitudinal family data and genetic marker information into an estimating equations framework. With this approach, we can study changes in components over time that measure polygenic and major genetic variances as well as shared and individual‐specific environmental effects. Our method provides a measure of heritability from analysis of longitudinal data. Results using longitudinal family data from the Center for Preventive Medicine (Nancy, France) are presented. The results of our analysis show that the apolipoprotein E locus has no effect on interindividual variability in systolic blood pressure. We found that the longitudinal measure of heritability of systolic blood pressure is 0.32. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:221–232, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α promoter variant 2 (TNF2) is associated with pre‐term delivery, infant mortality, and malaria morbidity in western Kenya: Asembo Bay Cohort Project IX
Authors: Aidoo Michael , McElroy Peter D. , Kolczak Margarette S. , Terlouw Dianne J. , ter Kuile Feiko O. , Nahlen Bernard , Lal Altaf A. , Udhayakumar Venkatachalam
Published: August 2002

A polymorphism in the promoter region of the tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) gene, with a guanine to adenine nucleotide change at position –308, TNF2 is associated with increased TNF‐α production. TNF2 homozygotes have a higher risk of severe disease and/or death due to cerebral malaria and other infectious diseases. We investigated the impact of this allele on malaria morbidity and mortality in young children who participated in an immuno‐epidemiologic cohort study of malaria in an area of intense perennial Plasmodium falciparum transmission in western Kenya. A total of 1,048 children were genotyped. Poisson regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the relationship between TNF‐308 variants and morbidity and mortality. The gene frequencies of the TNF1 and TNF2 alleles were 0.90 and 0.10, respectively. TNF2 homozygosity was associated with pre‐term birth when compared with TNF1 homozygotes [relative risk (RR) 7.3, 95% CI, 2.85–18.9, P = 0.002) and heterozygotes (RR 6.7, 95% CI 2.0–23.0, P = 0.008). Among children born prematurely, the TNF2 allele was significantly associated with a higher risk of death in infancy compared with TNF1 (RR 7.47, 95% CI 2.36–23.6). The risk of death was higher among TNF2 homozygotes than among heterozygotes. The TNF2 allele was significantly associated with high density P. falciparum parasitemia (RR 1.11, 95% CI 1.0–1.24). Among low birth weight children, the TNF2 allele was associated with severe anemia (RR 2.16, 95% CI 1.17–4.01) and showed a trend toward a risk for severe malaria anemia (RR 1.99, 95% CI 0.89–4.46). These data suggest that TNF2 is a risk factor for pre‐term birth and early childhood mortality and malaria morbidity in children in this region. Further understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this association is required. Genet. Epidemiol. 21:201–211, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
L1 expressed by glioma cells promotes adhesion but not migration
Authors: Senner Volker , Kismann Elmar , Püttmann Sylvia , Hoess Norbert , Baur Inge , Paulus Werner
Published: August 2002

L1 is an adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed by several types of cancer, including gliomas. It has been shown that L1 can act as chemoattractant to glioma cells, while the effects of L1 expressed by glioma cells themselves are unknown to date. We established a C6 rat glioma clone, conditionally expressing murine L1 under control of a tetracycline responsive promoter. In vitro experiments revealed increased adhesion on matrigel as well as increased intercellular adhesion in the presence of L1, whereas no L1‐dependent effects on proliferation or migration on either matrigel or myelin were observed. In vivo experiments using transplantation into nude mouse striatum, where L1 expression by glioma cells was regulated by tetracycline via drinking water, did not show effects of L1 on tumor size or brain invasion. Our data suggest that L1 expressed on the surface of glioma cells increases cell‐matrix and intercellular adhesion, but has no apparent effects on proliferation and invasion. GLIA 38:146–154, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of theKrüppel‐type zinc finger protein rKr2 in the developing nervous system†
Authors: Lovas Gabor , Li Wen , Pott Uwe , Verga Trevor , Hudson Lynn D.
Published: August 2002

Zinc finger transcription factors of theKrüppel‐class figure prominently in cell fate specification and differentiation in the nervous system. One of theKrüppel‐type genes that was originally cloned from an oligodendrocyte library by virtue of its homology with the prototypicKrüppelmotif is the ratrKr2gene (Pott et al.,1995). In primary cultures of rat glial cells, the rKr2 protein was only present in the oligodendrocyte lineage, predominantly in progenitors. Ninety percent of A2B5+oligodendrocyte progenitors displayed rKr2 immunoreactivity, while most MBP+oligodendrocytes lacked detectable rKr2. A similar pattern was found in vivo, in which the peak expression of rKr2 in the oligodendrocyte lineage of rats coincided with the wave of progenitor proliferation in early postnatal life. The subventricular zone, a source of neuronal and glial progenitors, displayed intense staining for rKr2 at late embryonic and postnatal stages. In the adult, cells within the remnants of this germinal zone continued to express rKr2 protein strongly. Some populations of mature neurons also displayed rKr2 immunostaining. Astrocytes and microglia were not labeled with the polyclonal anti‐rKr2 antibody in vitro or in vivo. At all developmental stages, the rKr2 protein was localized to the nucleus. The stage‐specific expression pattern and the subcellular localization of rKr2 recommend a role for thisKrüppel‐type gene in the progression of neural stem cells and in the early development of the oligodendrocyte lineage. GLIA 34:110–120, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The thiohydroxamate system
Authors: Chimiak A. , Przychodzen W. , Rachon J.
Published: August 2002

The natural occurrence of thiohydroxamates, their methods of preparation, reactivity, properties of their derivatives including Barton's esters and complexes during the last 25 years, as well as a survey of their biological properties are reported in this review. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:169–194, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10017
Intramolecular cyclization of ω‐haloalkylsubstituted thiophosphorylacetonitriles: Synthesis and stereochemistry of 3‐cyano‐2‐oxo‐1,2‐thiaphosphacyclanes
Authors: Odinets Irene L. , Vinogradova Natalya M. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Antipin Michail Yu. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Mastryukova Tatyana A.
Published: August 2002

Intramolecular S‐alkylation in a series of ω‐haloalkyl‐substituted thiophosphorylacetonitriles 5–7 presents an effective synthetic route to the hitherto unknown 3‐cyano‐2‐oxo‐1,2‐thiaphospholanes 14 and thiaphosphinanes 15. The compounds were obtained as a mixture of cis‐ and trans‐isomers that were resolved to individual stereoisomers in most cases. For some of them, X‐ray diffraction analysis has been performed. It was shown that 31P NMR spectroscopy can be used to assign the stereochemistry of 3‐cyano‐2‐oxo‐1,2‐thiaphosphacyclanes. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:1–21, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hc.1101
Efficient synthesis and crystal structure of 2‐propyl‐5‐(substituted)phenyl‐1,4‐dioxo‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydro‐[1,4,2]diazaphosphorino[1,2‐a] [1,3,2]benzodiazaphosphorine 3‐oxides
Authors: Huang Junmin , Chen Hui , Chen Ruyu
Published: August 2002

In order to search for novel antitumor and antiviral agents with high activity and low toxicity, some 2‐propyl‐5‐(substituted)phenyl‐1,4‐dioxo‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydro‐[1,4,2]diazaphosphorino[1,2‐a][1,3,2]benzodiazaphosphorine 3‐oxides (2a–e) have been designed incorporating the proximate carbonyl and phosphoryl groups into the benzoannulated phosphadiamide heterocycle and synthesized in acceptable yields. These compounds contain the proximate carbonyl and phosphoryl groups in the fused heterocycle. Their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic methods and microanalyses. The results from X‐ray crystallography analysis of 2a showed that the proximate carbonyl and phosphoryl groups are not coplanar because of their being jointly located in the fused heterocycle, having ring tension, and this then destroys the conjugation between the CO and the PO moieties. As a result, the length of the PC bonds measured as 1.851(3)–1.852(3) Å are just the same as that of a PC bond not involved in conjugation (1.80–1.85 Å). Also,the C(1), C(2), C(3), N(2), N(3), and P(1) atoms of the [1,4,2]diazaphosphorino moiety exist preferably in the boat conformation. The coplanar C(1), C(3), N(2), and N(3) atoms, within an average deviation of 0.0102 Å, form the ground floor of the boat conformation, whereas the P(1) and C(2) atoms are on the same side of the coplanar structure with the distance of 0.7067 and 0.6315 Å, respectively. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:63–71, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hc.1107
Activation of the dentate gyrus by stimulation of the contralateral perforant pathway: Evoked potentials and long‐term potentiation after ipsi‐ and contralateral induction
Authors: Krug Manfred , Brödemann Rudolf , Matthies Renate , Rüthrich Heinz , Wagner Maria
Published: August 2002

Rats were chronically implanted with stimulation electrodes in the perforant pathway (pp) bilaterally and a recording electrode in the dentate gyrus (DG) unilaterally. Evoked field potentials (EPs) were recorded upon alternating stimulation of the pp on both sides, and long‐term potentiation (LTP) was induced. Besides the EP after ipsilateral stimulation, an EP with a latency of approximately 5.5–6.5 ms was also seen upon stimulation of the contralateral pp. This potential was reversibly abolished during pentobarbital anesthesia and irreversibly after lesioning of the ipsilateral angular bundle. Paired‐pulse facilitation and paired‐pulse depression, depending on interstimulus interval and intensity, were also observed. Therefore, this long‐latency potential could be characterized as polysynaptic and induced perhaps by transsynaptic activation via the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex. Ipsilateral tetanization induced strong E/S potentiation of both the ipsilaterally and contralaterally evoked EP, but with different time courses. Tetanization of the contralateral pp did not induce LTP of the ipsilaterally induced EP in the first 4 h. But afterwards a late and slowly developing potentiation occurred. The contralaterally induced EP also showed potentiation of the population spike, which was not immediately detectable but developed slowly over time. The results can be interpreted such that, after stimulation of the pp, the DG on the opposite side cannot only be activated via the weak crossed entorhinal projection but also transsynaptically via an entorhino/entorhinal connection. Hippocampus 2001;11:157–167. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections from the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei of the amygdala to the entorhinal cortex in the macaque monkey
Authors: Pitkänen Asla , Kelly Jennifer L. , Amaral David G.
Published: August 2002

We used the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) to examine the projections from the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei of the amygdaloid complex to the entorhinal cortex in Macaca fascicularis monkeys. The heaviest amygdaloid projections originate in the lateral nucleus, which innervates the rostrally situated entorhinal fields but does not project to the caudal entorhinal cortex. The most extensive projections originate in the ventral division of the lateral nucleus. Injections in this subdivision lead to moderate to heavy fiber and terminal labeling in the entorhinal cortex, rostral levels of the rostral intermediate EI (ER) and lateral fields, (ELr), and light labeling in the olfactory field EO. The projections from all portions of the lateral nucleus terminate most heavily in layer III. Layer II of EO and ER also receives a substantial input from the ventral division of the lateral nucleus. Layer II of ELr receives light innervation from all portions of the lateral nucleus that project to layer III. Projections from the basal nucleus arise mainly from the parvicellular division and are light to moderate in density. Fibers terminate predominantly in ELr, ER, EO, and the caudal portion of the lateral field (Elc); only the most rostral portion of EI receives projections. While fibers from the basal nucleus innervate the same layers as the projections from the lateral nucleus, they tend to have a more vertical or radial orientation within the entorhinal cortex. Electron microscopic analysis of these fibers and terminals indicates that they overwhelmingly form asymmetrical synapses onto dendrites and dendritic spines. The accessory basal nucleus provides a light projection to the same regions of the entorhinal cortex innervated by the lateral and basal nuclei. Hippocampus 2002;12:186–205. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.