bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tree Moisure Stress and Insect Damage in Urban Areas in Relation to Heat Island Effects
Authors: Cregg Bert , Dix Mary
Published: March 2022

We monitored crown air temperature, volumetric soil moisture, leaf water potential, rates of gas exchange, and insect pests of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica 'Marshall's Seedless'), Austrian pine (Pinus rdgra Arnold), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees during a relatively hot summer in Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S. Air temperatures and vapor pressure deficits (VPD) were much higher in trees growing downtown than in nearby trees growing on the University of Nebraska campus. Increased VPDs and reduced soil moisture decreased pre-dawn water potential and gas exchange of ash and oak trees on the downtown site compared to trees on campus. Green ash trees downtown had more damage from lilac borers (Podosesia syringae (Harris) (Sesiidae)) than did trees on campus. Aphids (Aphidiae) and lace bugs (Tingidae Corythucha arcuata (Say)) appeared to be more numerous on oak trees growing downtown than on those growing on campus. Cultural treatments that improve soil moisture availability, such as irrigating, increasing planter size, and mulching, are especially critical on heat island sites and may reduce tree stress, pest damage, and mortality.
A Summary and Forecast of Demand for Municipal Street Tree Service on Staten Island, New York
Authors: McCabe James
Published: March 2022

The objective of this study was to establish a reasonably accurate demand forecasting model for municipal street tree services on Staten Island, New York. Using the raw data gathered from years from 1996 through 2000, a chart and mathematical equation for anticipated monthly demand were derived for the year 2001. The development of the model was accomplished with simple arithmetic computations and computer-assisted regression analysis. Although occasional storm damage skewed some monthly figures, it is apparent that demand for public tree maintenance on Staten Island is decidedly seasonal and predictable.
Z Kuşağının Kişilik Özellikleri ile Liderlik Tarzı Beklentisi Arasındaki İlişki
Authors: Düzgün Aysegül
Published: March 2022

Her kuşağın dünyaya geldiği zaman dilimi farklılaştığı gibi farklı kuşaklar içerisinde yer alan bireylerin kişilik özelliklerinin ve liderlik tarzı beklentilerinin de değişeceği düşünülmektedir. Bu düşünceden hareketle çalışmanın esas amacı, teknoloji ile iç içe büyüyen, henüz iş hayatında tam olarak var olmayan, yavaş yavaş iş hayatına atılmaya başlayan ve 21. Yüzyıl iş yaşamı için önemli olan Z kuşağı bireylerinin kişilik özellikleri ile liderlik tarzı beklentilerini incelemektir. Bu çerçevede çalışmada Z kuşağı bireylerinin beş faktör kişilik özellikleri ile çalışmayı arzuladıkları liderlik tarzı belirlenecek ardından iki değişken arasındaki ilişkiler incelenecektir. Araştırmanın evrenini Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi öğrencileri, örneklemini ise Bolu MYO’da Z kuşağını oluşturan öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Örneklem seçilirken basit tesadüfi örnekleme yönteminden faydalanılmış olup toplam 133 öğrenciye anket uygulanmıştır. Öğrencilerden elde edilen veriler korelasyon ve doğrusal regresyon analizi ile test edilmiş olup araştırma sonucunda Z kuşağı bireylerinin en fazla karizmatik liderlik tarzına sahip yöneticiler ile çalışmayı arzuladıkları ve sahip oldukları kişilik özellikleri alt boyutlarının bazıları ile liderlik tarzları arasında anlamlı düzeyde ilişkiler olduğu elde edilmiştir.
Foliar application of chitosan improves plant biomass, physiological and biochemical attributes of rose (Gruss-an-Teplitz)
Authors:   Department of Horticulture, MNS- University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan, Arshad Muhammad Adeel , Akhtar Gulzar ,   Department of Horticulture, MNS- University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan, Rajwana Ishtiaq A. ,   Department of Horticulture, MNS- University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan, Ullah Sami ,   Department of Horticulture, MNS- University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan, Hussain Muhammad B. ,   Department of Soil Science, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan, Amin Muhammad ,   Department of Horticultural Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, Faried Nazar ,   Department of Horticulture, MNS- University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan, Razzaq Kashif ,   Department of Horticulture, MNS- University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan, Shehzad Muhammad A. ,   Department of Agronomy, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan, Ahsan Muhammad ,   Department of Horticultural Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, Sajjad Yasar ,   Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus, Pakistan, Ahmed Iftikhar ,   Horticultural Research Sub-station for Floriculture and Landscape, Multan, Pakistan
Published: March 2022

Rose is an important floricultural crop that has been exploited for many uses. Its important uses in different industries include, pharmaceutical, perfumery, and food industries that manifest higher flower yield. Therefore, response of Gruss-an-Taplitz to foliar application of chitosan (Ct) solution (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 mg L-1), was evaluated in an experimental field. Ct treatment had significant effects on studied parameters, including plant growth, pigments, enzymes, and gaseous exchange. This experiment was laid out under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using three replications per treatment. Ct (7.5 mg L-1) significantly improved growth, in terms of higher leaf area (20.37%), plant height (20.19%), number of flowers (55.51%), flower weight (34.64%) and flower diameter (33.78%) as well as enhancing relative water contents (27.38%) with respect to control. Chlorophyll a (54.60%), Chlorophyll b (12.13%), Carotenoid (8.36%) and anthocyanins (17.09%) were also increased at 7.5 mg L-1 Ct, which showed higher photosynthetic pigments as compared to control. Consequently, Ct (7.5 mg L-1) treated plants showed higher enzymatic activity; CAT (9.94%), SOD (83.87%), POD (64.54%), total antioxidant (35.48%), phenolics (7.41%) and gaseous exchange; Pn (55.65%), E (31.76%), and gs (18.38%) Ci (34.17%) that improved the plant growth and productivity of Gruss-an-Taplitz. Foliar application of 7.5 mg L-1 Ct improved biomass, water preservation, pigments, enzymatic activity and leaf gaseous exchange, resulted in higher production and quality of Gruss-an-Taplitz plants.
Acetylcholinesterase and Association 1 of ACHE 3’ UTR SNP rs17228602 with Psychiatric Disorders
Authors:   Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan, Rumman Baseerat , Habib Rabia ,   Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan, Awan Sliha ,   Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan, Javeres Mbah Ntepe Leonel ,   Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan, Khan Kifayatullah ,   Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan, Sadia Khulah ,   Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan, Kornelia Tekes ,   Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary., Nurulain Syed Muhammad ,   Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
Published: March 2022

Psychiatric disorders are complex mental conditions that cause significant emotional distress and impairment in a person’s ability to function normally. Globally, there is an alarming rise in the prevalence of psychiatric conditions. Genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathophysiology of these disorders, but molecular underpinning is still elusive. Cholinergic dysregulation is one of the aetiology of psychiatric condition. This study was aimed to assess the status of hydrolyzing enzyme of cholinergic neurotransmitter, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from blood and investigate the possible association of a single nucleotide polymorphisms in 3'UTR region of ACHE (rs17228602) with predisposition to psychiatric disorder. Methods: Ninety-five confirmed psychiatric and one hundred thirty healthy individuals were recruited for the study with due consents. AChE was determined by Elman’s method. SNP was studied by polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sanger sequencing on DNA samples. Results: The results showed notably reduced AChE in psychiatric cohorts with statistical significance (p≤0.05). Genotype and allelic association of the examined SNP was observed with the risk of psychiatric condition in patients.
Diagnosing and Mitigating the Risks of Lambs’ Mortality in the Sheep Farms of Kuwait
Authors:   Desert Agriculture and Ecosystems Program Environment and Life Sciences Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research,Kuwait, Burezq Hana’a , Khalil Faten ,   Desert Agriculture and Ecosystems Program Environment and Life Sciences Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research,Kuwait
Published: March 2022

A survey was carried out to diagnose the rates of mortality of lambs in the sheep farms of Kuwait. The survey results helped determine that the cause of high mortality rate in Kuwait of newborn lambs (≈35%) during the first three weeks of age is the certain infectious diseases affecting the sheep. Following the survey, a field experiment was carried out using a modified vaccination protocol (vaccination during pregnancy) to improve the immune status of the secreted colostrum. This new protocol has improved the immunity of newborn lambs after suckling the hyperimmune colostrum, and reduced mortality rate significantly, compared to the conventional protocol (vaccination before pregnancy). The results have proved the efficiency of the modified vaccination protocol. The experiment concluded that the vaccination during pregnancy has shown great promise to reduce the mortality rate of newborn lambs in sheep farms of Kuwait. Upscaling the tested vaccination protocol may set the scene for the betterment of sheep industry of Kuwait.
Reservoir evaluation of the Eastern Tethyan Middle Eocene Larger Benthic Foraminifera dominated carbonates from Pakistan.
Authors:   Department of Earth Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan, Qadir Anwar , Shahzad Khurram ,   Institut für Geologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, Khan Mehran ,   Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan., Ahmad Waqar ,   Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Published: March 2022

The Eocene Large Benthic Foraminiferal limestones of the Tethyan margins are proven hydrocarbon reservoirs. This study examines the controls on porosity and permeability development of the producing Middle Eocene Pirkoh Member of the Eastern Tethys using well core data from Well Zx-01 from the Punjab Platform area, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan. The standard petrographic and core analysis techniques were adopted to determine these controls. Petrographic studies revealed three microfacies comprising bioclastic packstone to floatstone, bioclastic wackestone and mud-wackestone microfacies. The allochems belong to benthic foraminifera including Nummulites sp., Discocyclinids sp.., Coralline algae, Assilina sp., Lockhartia sp., Coralline algae and Gastropods along with the other bioclastic debris. These allochems were found embedded in the micritic matrix with extensive cementation of calcite. The diagenetic events included cementation, compaction, dolomitization, fracture filling and neomorphism. Based on microfacies, the environment of deposition is interpreted to be a high-energy zone of the middle ramp in shallow marine environment. Subsurface core indicates that the porosity of the reservoir is low to high ranging between 6 to 27.47% and permeability is found low to fair ranging between 0.03 to 7.73 mD, found closely related to microfacies and diagenetic modifications. This study is a first attempt to document the reservoir facies of the non-reefal carbonates of the Pirkoh limestone that would help to exploit the reservoir's potential of the carbonate platforms developed in similar settings worldwide.
Mass attenuation coefficient, stopping power, and penetrating distance calculations via Monte Carlo simulations for cell membranes
Authors:   Akdeniz University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Equipment Technology, 07070, Antalya, TURKEY, Üncü Yiğit Ali , Sevim Gençay ,   Ufuk University, Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Imaging Techniques, 06805, Ankara, TURKEY, Ağar Osman ,   Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Vocational School of Health Services Department of Medical Imaging Techniques, 70100, Karaman / TURKEY, ÖZDOĞAN Hasan ,   Antalya Bilim University, Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Imaging Techniques, 07190, Antalya, TURKEY
Published: March 2022

The Monte Carlo (MC) method is a computer simulation that is widely used in different disciplines including physics, biology, biophysics, medical imaging, biomedical engineering, etc. In addition, MC method is often used to simulate the interaction of radiation with cells, tissues, and the environment. In the present study, mass attenuation coefficient, stopping power, and penetrating distance calculations were performed for cell membranes having an approximately 60-100Å thickness. These calculations have been done for lipid bilayer structure of cell membrane via MC techniques employing two of the most known computer-aided calculation and simulation software which are MC methods such as SRIM-2013 (The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter) and MCNPv6 (Monte Carlo N-Particle) with XCOM software. Stopping power and penetrating distance calculations were obtained using SRIM-2013. Also, both XCOM software and MCNPv6 simulation code were used to obtain photon interaction parameters within the energy range of 0.01 – 10000keV. Obtained all results from different codes have been visualized by graphing for evaluation.
Enhancement of Optical Chaos Generator using Double Delayed Feedback
Authors:   Dept. of Physics, College of Education, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad-Iraq., Ibrahim Raghad I.
Published: March 2022

Chaotic lasers are widely used in secure communication, optical detection and other applications due to their noise-like randomness, excellent anti-jamming and other advantages. This research looks into the chaotic laser's performance at a low cost. The performance related to a semiconductor laser with double delayed feedback is observed and its characteristics are determined in experimental research utilizing OptiSystem simulator. The chaotic laser output is fed back to the Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) to make the original system. The gain coefficient changes dynamically, and a second time delay is introduced into the system. The feedback time and feedback strength of the improved chaotic system are studied under varying input bias current, frequency and modulation beak current. Bifurcation diagram results show that the chaotic laser output by the optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) is more complex and has lower delay characteristics. This method does not increase too much Under the premise of system cost, more complex chaotic signals can be generated, and the signal delay characteristics can be reduced, which is conducive to improving the security of the communication system.
Modeling of Field Emission from Laser Etched Porous Silicon
Authors:   Physics Group, Tafresh University, Tafresh, Iran, H.R Dehghanpour
Published: March 2022

In many modern sciences, electron transfer is required, such as electron microscopes, microwaves, and screens. There have been numerous reports of the formation of microstructures on silicon surfaces using lasers in halogen-containing media and their optical, electrical and other physical properties. A silicon microstructured field emitter is modeled with Fowler-Nortium field diffusion theory, and the breakdown currents are consistent. Breakdown voltage, field gain coefficient, current and current density, and emitter region (in case of breakdown) are considered in the simulation. Comparison between simulation and experimental results shows that the microstructure has field emitter properties and can be used as a new field emitter.
Scattering of gamma radiation by air in the ambient environment using gamma ray spectrometry
Authors:   Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal, Mishra Anita , Khanal Raju ,   Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
Published: March 2022

The intensity of gamma radiation reduces as it traverses through matter. The gamma radiation from earth’s surface is attenuated by non-radioactive burden between the ground and the detector. The relative intensity of unscattered to scattered gamma radiation by air in ambient atmosphere is measured using in-situ gamma spectrometric method. The air thickness up to 300 cm is used for studying attenuation of terrestrial gamma radiation. No significant attenuation is measured up to 100 cm thickness of air between the detector and the ground. The attenuation by air is found to increase with increasing thickness of air. Also, the attenuation of terrestrial gamma radionuclides (40K) is found higher than 238U and 232Th as 40K has lower energy compared to them.
Gender-based personality traits in physically aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial behaviours
Authors: Eman Saima , Nicolson Roderick , Blades Mark , Jha Ravi
Published: March 2022

Background

The current study aimed to understand the role of callousness, affective dissonance, and two subtypes of sensation seeking personality traits – 1) disinhibition and 2) thrill and adventure seeking – in physically aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial behaviours (ASB) among educated youth and to explore the gender differences in them.

Participants and procedure

An online survey was sent to a large sample of students at a UK university. Initially, a sample of N = 539 participants was collected but after screening out the data, N = 429 participants were included for analyses based on the sampling criteria.

Results

Callousness, disinhibition, and affective dissonance significantly predicted both antisocial behaviour subtypes. We found multidimensional nature of callousness in predicting antisocial behaviours, and an intriguing relationship between thrill and adventure seeking and affective dissonance. Interesting gender differences emerged.

Conclusions

This study has implications for the understanding of the competitive roles of gender-based psychopathological personality traits in terms of callousness and affective dissonance and sensation seeking tendencies in physically aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial behaviours.
A Study On Quality Of Work Life Among Airport Employess With Special Reference To Chennai International Airport, Tamilnadu, India.
Authors:   Department of Commerce College of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology Vadapalani City Campus, Chennai, India., Dhamodharan Dr. G.
Published: March 2022

Organizations have nowadays become responsible for not only the work environment, but also for the mental state of affairs and factors like stress and sexual harassment are becoming more and more regulated by company rules and culture. The health of the employees has become a major financial interest of the company as only healthy employees and leaders can perform optimally. Today employees and leaders also expect work to provide their life with meaning and stimulating experiences and developing challenges. Mere bookish knowledge is substituted with experiential learning in a developing and dynamic environment. Society is developing fast and only companies with modern, well-oriented and culturally integrated employees can win the competition by offering costumers or clients or patients the best products and services. At this juncture this study has been undertaken for to know the Quality of Work Life Among Airport Employess with Reference to Chennai International Airport,Tamilnadu, India.
Nanomaterials For Hydrogen Generation: A Review
Authors:   Department of Chemical Engineering, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India., C Vidya
Published: March 2022

Hydrogen is proving its potential as most appealing and eco friendly energy fuels. Theorganic reforming based nano-sized composites and nanocatalyst for photocatalytic water splitting applications are attracting growing interest in the prospect of hydrogen generation from solar energy with minimal environmental impact. Because of the higher surface area and sizedependent features, such as increased absorption coefficient,reduced carrier-scattering rate and increased band-gap energy, the nano- semiconductors have potential advantages in PEC applications when compared to bulk materials. Despite recent research in producing materials having high specific photoactivity, the conversion efficiencies from solar-to-hydrogen are still far from achieving the basic requirements for actual solar applications, according to a literature review. The paper begins by providing an overview of the conventional hydrogen generation techniques. This paper also examines current advances and challenges in water splitting methods based on Photo Electro Chemistry based nanomaterials and various ways for improving hydrogen evolution.
Parametric Optimization of Material Removal Rate of EDM (AISI-4147) by using Taguchi Approach
Authors:   Mechanical Engineering department, Azad Institute of Engineering & Technology Lucknow, India., Kumar Vijay
Published: March 2022

Electric discharge machine is a non-conventional machining. In which there is no contact between tool and work piece. By EDM process machining of hard material components that are difficult to machine such as heat treated tool steels, ceramics, composites, carbides, heat resistance steel which are used in die and mould producing industries, aero space and nuclear industries. EDM is a non-contact type technique of material removal and in this spark is used to remove the material from the work piece. Since the EDM is an attractive means of making tool and dies with high accuracy in dimension and surface finish quality of micro scale parts. The present experimental research studies the process parameters that are influencing the machining concert and its productivity. A collective approach is used for the optimization in parameters and performance characteristics which are based on Taguchi method. The experiments are based on Taguchi‟s L9 orthogonal array. The reaction graph and reaction table of each near of machining constraints are took from Taguchi method to select the optimum levels of machining factors. In the work, the machining parameters for thesis are current, pulse on time and pulse off time, which are optimized for minimum tool wear rate (TWR), maximum material removal rate (MRR) and minimum surface roughness during electro discharge machining of AISI 4147. Analysis of Variance is also used to find out variable affecting the various responses mentioned above.
Assessment of Serum Levels of YKL40 in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis
Authors:   Wasit University, College of Basic Education, Department of Science, Wasit, Iraq., Muttaleb Saif Ali
Published: March 2022

IBD is a recurring chronic intestinal disease classified into two subtypes: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). YKL-40 is released by macrophages and neutrophils and is a growth factor for vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Elevated blood concentrations of YKL-40 are detected in individuals with illnesses defined by inflammation or continuing fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between serum YKL-40 and clinical disease activity in individuals with ulcerative colitis (UC). Identifying the cause of the elevation can be considered one of the most important ways to help the specialist in identifying UC patients prior to endoscopy.
Linear Modeling-Based Assessment Of Water Quality Of River Yamuna, India (2011-2020)
Authors:   Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi-110042, India., Pali D
Published: March 2022

Since time immemorial, rivers have been the lifelines of billions worldwide. They provide fresh water for drinking, agriculture, bathing, and fulfill our various requirements. There is no life without water; hence, making sure that perennial flows remain unpolluted is one of man’s prime duties. On the contrary, many industrial chemicals that pollute our water resources are common in the present times. The entire stretch of Yamuna River, from Yamunotri glacier to its confluence with the river Ganges at Allahabad, is used for various human activities. The various pollution sources, such as residential, industrial, and agricultural areas, induce many substances in the river. Domestic sources cause about 85% of the total pollution. Large clusters of industries established at Kota, Gwalior, Indore, Nagda, Khetri, Yamuna Nagar, Panipat, Sonepat, Delhi, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, Gautam Budha Nagar, Faridabad, Mathura release vast amounts of pollutants in River Yamuna. The nutrients and pesticides from agricultural fields are adsorbed by the sediment particles and reach the river, particularly during early floods. These chemicals geo-accumulate in riverbeds. The dumping of worshiping material and ashes in the water further degrades the water quality. High organic content, increased nutrients, pathogens, pollutants, and deforestation in the catchment and river usage as transport media adversely affect the river water quality. Many activities such as bathing, washing clothes, religious activities, offering of flowers, garlands, and other worship materials are also responsible for river pollution in India. This paper studies the effect of pollution on the River Yamuna and concentrates on studying water quality parameters of the entire stretch of River Yamuna flowing through five geopolitical states of India. The second part deals with the study of pollution-induced by various drains emptying their flow into River Yamuna. It also includes a study during the extraordinary condition induced by COVID-19 lockdown.
Experimental Analysis of Minimum Quality Lubrication by the Use of ANOVA Technique
Authors:   Mechanical Engineering department, Goel Institute of Technology & Management Lucknow, India., Ji Trivedim Shyam
Published: March 2022

In this experimental study, an attempt is made to obtain optimum cutting parameters for turning of mild steel on the basis of surface roughness and surface temperature. Optimization of cutting parameters is very important to obtain a good machining quality of surface and to inhibit the increase of temperature. Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) has been introduced to avoid excessive use of cutting fluid. The parameters considered here are cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. Optimal cutting parameters for each performance measure were obtained employing Taguchi experimental method. To study the performance characteristics in turning operation Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed. It is found that cutting speed and feed has significant effect on both surface roughness and temperature.
Adopting a user-oriented approach to make climate information more accessible across Europe
Authors:   Stockholm Environment Institute, Hoy Andreas , Gerger Swartling Åsa , Leander Elin
Published: March 2022

Research from the ClimVis Europe project shows that climate information must be presented in more effective ways to reduce climate risks and support adaptation. Users need information that is easy to access, in their own language, and designed to help them make connections between real-time weather events and long-term climate developments. Users of weather and climate data in Europe are aware of only a few (if any) relevant, available tools that provide them with the insights into current, future and long-term meteorological trends that they seek. However, efforts to boost awareness of available tools, while important, will not be enough to meet user demands. Providers of climate information need to consult with stakeholders to co-develop new tools to meet needs and support the uptake of information. Existing European tools have two key shortcomings: limited language and insufficient context. The provision of climate information exclusively in English excludes many users (especially at local and regional levels and in Eastern Europe and Russia). Tools do not link real-time extreme weather with long-term past or future climate trends; such connections are essential to assess climate change-related impacts and adaptation needs. We interpret the results as a call to action, to enhance related communication that is fundamental to the need to reduce climate risks and support adaptation.
An investigation of the factors that impact on the utilisation of voluntary HIV counselling and testing services at a wellness centre in a higher education institution
Authors:   , Buthelezi Martha Agrineth
Published: March 2022

This study investigated the factors that impact on the utilisation of voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VCT) service at a wellness centre in a higher education institution. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify factors that impact on the utilisation of VCT service in a higher education institution. Methodology: A quantitative descriptive survey research design was used to describe the phenomenon and to establish relationships between variables. Participants were selected randomly in order to obtain a broad representative sample in three strata. A formal structured close-ended questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire was designed to focus on variables such as demographic data, environmental factors, enabling factors, predisposing and behavioural factors. Findings: No significant relationship was identified between knowledge of HIV, AIDS and VCT and high school attended in rural, township and urban areas. There was no significant relationship between environmental factors and utilisation of VCT. There was no association between predisposing factors such as risk of VCT and perceived benefits of VCT utilisation. There was no relationship between knowledge and consistency of condom use and utilisation of VCT. The majority of respondents stated that the VCT service was not user friendly and the attitude of the staff toward students was poor. There was no significant relationship between accessibility of VCT service and utilisation of VCT. There was a lack of utilisation of campus VCT services and the majority of respondents utilised other services. Conclusion: The study showed that respondents who knew about availability of VCT were likely to have used the facility. Respondents who showed positive
Work integrated learning experiences of primary health care post basic nursing students in clinical settings
Authors:   , Sibiya Nontuthuzelo Elizabeth
Published: March 2022

Background : Work Integrated Learning is an educational approach that aligns academic and workplace practices for the mutual benefit of students and workplaces. Work Integrated Learning like in any other nursing course is essential in primary health care as required by the South African Nursing Council. In the clinical setting, students develop clinical and diagnostic reasoning; they also learn how to make the appropriate clinical decisions which they need as qualified primary health care practitioners. This is achieved through instruction and guidance by lecturers, mentors and clinical staff. However it has been noted that the clinical learning environment confronts students with challenges that are absent from the classroom situation. So this study seeks to explore and describe the experiences of post basic nursing students in primary health care clinics so as to address the challenges that are faced within the clinical settings. Aim of the study The aim of the study was to explore and describe primary health care post basic nursing students’ experiences during clinical placements. Methodology : A descriptive exploratory qualitative approach was used to guide the study. In-depth interviews were conducted with ten primary health care post basic nursing students who were allocated for Work Integrated Learning at the clinics in District A and District B in 2011. The main research question for this study was asked: ‘What are the experiences of primary health care post basic nursing students regarding Work Integrated Learning?’ Results : The findings of this study revealed that Work Integrated Learning is vital for the development of clinical skills amongst primary health care post basic nursing students. However, shortage of staff, inadequate material/ non-human resources, lack of supervision in the clinical facilities, distant clinical facilities and insufficient practice in the clinical skills laboratory were identified as challenges that students experience during Work Integrated Learning placement.
Racial variations of selected thoracic spine radiographic parameters of males in the greater Durban area
Authors:   , Govender Derusha
Published: March 2022

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the normal selected radiographic parameters (thoracic kyphosis (TK), anterior vertebral body height (AVBH), posterior vertebral body height (PVBH), intervertebral disc height (IVDH) and interpedicular distance (IPD)) in young to middle-aged males across the four racial groups in Durban. Participants: Eighty young to middle-aged apparently healthy males between the ages of 18-45 years from the White, Black, Indian and Coloured racial groups in Durban. Methodology: After written informed consent was acquired, all participants underwent a case history, physical examination and thoracic orthopaedic examination. An AP and lateral radiograph of the thoracic spine was then obtained. The TK, AVBH, PVBH, IVDH and IPD were assessed using methods described previously. The IBM SPSS version 20 was utilized for the data analysis. Mean, standard deviation (SD) and range are reported for the TK, AVBH, PVBH and IPD for each of the four racial groups. For the IVDH, however, the median for the respective vertebral levels is given. ANOVA testing with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to determine overall inter-group variations and compare each group to the other. Pearson’s correlation test was used to determine the relationship between the thoracic kyphosis and the other radiographic parameters that were assessed. Results : The mean, SD, minimum and maximum values of the thoracic kyphosis by racial group There was no significant difference in the TK among the four race groups. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the AVBH, PVBH, IVDH and IPD between the White, Black, Indian and Coloured males at various thoracic levels. Conclusion: The trends of the various radiographic parameters observed in this study support the argument that these parameters should be based on sex, age and geographic race. These values would be useful for South African spinal health care practitioners in the diagnosis and management of spinal disorders.
A systematic review to determine the evidence to support the use of flexion distraction chiropractic technique
Authors:   , Cuppusamy Dillon
Published: March 2022

Flexion distraction chiropractic technique (FDCT) is a commonly used manual therapy technique which is purported to address various clinical pain syndromes. However, it lacks the credibility of appropriate evidence-based guidelines. An analysis of the literature would be able to inform the development of guidelines. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to determine the evidence to support the use of FDCT in clinical practice. Data sources: A systematic review of PubMed and Summons was conducted, using the following search terms: chiropractic, flexion distraction, protocol and / or technique. Study selection: All electronic or paper, English articles, which possessed the required key indexing terms and represented randomised and non-randomised controlled study designs were included. Data extraction: Blinded review of the articles was conducted by three independent reviewers utilising the PEDro (for randomised controlled trials) and NOS for (non-randomised controlled trials). This allowed the methodological rigour of the article to be ranked. This ranking was compared to a critical appraisal of the article in order to achieve an overall decision with regards to the contribution of the article to the level of evidence for FDCT. Data synthesis: 18 review outcomes were aggregated around four clinical categories; two articles each on neck pain, chronic pelvic pain, and physiological outcomes and the remaining twelve on low back pain. There was agreement that the evidence for pelvic pain and physiological function was limited to no evidence and limited respectively. Conflicting evidence existed for neck and low back pain (single and multimodal treatment) with limited and moderate evidence respectively. Conclusion: FDCT is clinically advocated for many conditions. The evidence provided in this review indicates that practitioners should be guarded in their use of FDCT, as the evidence to its widespread use is limited to only those conditions noted in this review. Therefore, further high quality and rigorous studies are required to develop appropriate treatment guidelines for use by practitioners to adequately provide evidence based care in clinical practice.
The effectiveness of dry needling versus Flurbiprofen LAT patch in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome of the upper Trapezius muscle
Authors:   , Veerasamy Seerouven
Published: March 2022

Background: Dry needling is known to be effective and efficient in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome; pragmatically however, patients utilise Flurbiprofen LAT patches as home therapy anticipating similar results. This may not be true and thus, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of dry needling versus Flurbiprofen LAT patches in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome of the upper Trapezius muscle. Methods: This ethics approved, prospective, randomized, single blinded (blinded assessor), comparative clinical trial required sixty participants, randomly (randomisation table) allocated to two groups. After the completion of informed consent participants received treatment over three consultations with a follow up a week later. Baseline and repeated outcome measures included Numerical Pain Rating Scale, Neck Disability Index Questionnaire, Myofascial Diagnostic Scale, Algometer and Cervical Range of Motion device. The data was analysed using ANOVA tests with the p-value set at 0.05. Results: Baseline demographics and outcome measures showed that only age was significantly different between the groups. This difference was controlled for in the statistical analysis. Dry needling resulted in better treatment outcomes than the Flurbiprofen LAT patches in terms of function (cervical range of motion) (right lateral flexion p=0.043) and Myofascial Diagnostic Scale scores (p<0.001), whereas the Algometer measures and remaining cervical ranges of motion improved significantly over time in both groups, but not between the groups. Tthe Flurbiprofen LAT patches fared better in terms of the subjective reporting (Numerical Pain Rating Scale), this was not significant. Conclusion: The interventions were both effective over time, however, the needle group achieved improved functional ability and the Flurbiprofen LAT patches improved the pain outcomes with limited functional ability. Therefore the use of these modalities requires clinical judgement to appropriately administer the treatment option that the patient would best benefit from.
Kinetics of soil contamination with heavy metals
Authors: Savich Vitaliy , Sorokin Andrey , Sedykh Vladimir , Rashkovich Vasily
Published: March 2022

The paper shows that the rate of soil contamination with heavy metals depends on a combination of soil properties: humus content, cation absorption capacity, granulometric composition of soils. The rate of absorption of heavy metals in soils depended on the position of the soils in the catena. On ordinary chernozems for plateaus and slopes, the content of mobile forms of lead was estimated by the equation: Pb = 20.1 - 0.02 N cm, where H is the depth of the layer r = -0.72, for the accumulative relief of the beam Rb = 27.4 - 0.14 N cm, r = -0.86. The rate of accumulation of heavy metals in soils differs for gross and mobile forms of compounds, for short-term and long-term forecasts. Thus, the change in the content of mobile forms of lead in chernozems was estimated by the equation: Y = 0.143t + 1.42; R2 = 0.6; for cadmium, Y = 0.003t + 0.0003; R2 = 0.9. For the short-term forecast, Rb = 0.143t + 1.42, R2 = 0.63; for the medium-term forecast, Rb = 0.417t + 1.7; R2 = 0.71. It is proved that when making forecasts of soil pollution with heavy metals, it is necessary to take into account the combination of soil properties, the position of the relief, the forecast period - the growing season, a number of years. Keywords: HEAVY METALS, SOIL POLLUTION, KINETICS OF PROCESSES, FORECAST
Direct traceability for ultra-pure water conductivity
Authors:   Danish Fundamental Metrology, Jensen Hans D. , Thirstrup Carsten
Published: March 2022

Direct traceability for ultra-pure water conductivity. DFM has established a calibration setup with direct SI traceability for conductivity sensors and measurement systems for conductivity of pure to ultra-pure water. Electrolytic conductivity is a widely used parameter for the characterization of purity of water, due to its high sensitivity to ionic content e.g. from contaminants. The Pharmacopoeias (US, EU, etc.) specify (traceable) conductivity measurements as the method for documenting compliance with requirements of Water for Injection (WFI), and other regulations on pure water quality also rely on conductivity as the quality parameter. Conductivity sensors are presently calibrated either using reference materials with conductivity many orders of magnitude different from the level of measurement, and/or in a matrix different (sometimes very different) from pure water. Some users rely on indirect properties such as the temperature coefficient of water as a quality control parameter. DFM has developed a geometrically characterised measurement cell, hence a primary standard, relevant for ultra-low conductivity. Combined with a bulk resistance derived from impedance spectroscopy, also traceable to international standards, it allows direct measurement of low conductivity (less than 20 ìS/cm). A calibration setup with comparison to the primary cell establishes direct traceability to SI, without the need for assumptions on scaling properties of conductivity cells or insignificant matrix effects. The setup has been validated through an international measurement comparison at the NMI level.
Creating a Calibration Measurement Monitoring System for Many, Ever-changing, Complex instruments
Authors:   Agilent Technologies, Inc., Wilson John
Published: March 2022

Creating a Calibration Measurement Monitoring System for Many, Ever-changing, Complex Instruments. Today’s fast paced instrumentation world pushes the demands on calibration quality systems to new levels with: 1) Reported measurement uncertainties. 2) Tighter test limits by applying guard bands. 3) Increasing number of complex instruments needing calibration. 4) Increasing number of automated calibration routines. 5) Global delivery of calibrations. These demands raise a number of questions and challenges for keeping up with the pace: 1) How does one ensure the calibration is within measurement uncertainties claimed? 2) Where’s the biggest impact for improving procedures by reducing uncertainties? 3) How does one: a) Identify issues? b) Correlate issues to root causes? c) Quantify the impact of issues? d) Communicate to fix issues? e) Verify the issue is fixed? 4) How does one accomplish this with global teams in a timely and economical fashion? To address these issues, a “Calibration Measurement Monitoring System” (CMMS) brings a wealth of the most pertinent information to bear, expanding on control charts to provide timely checks, communicate issues and correlate issues to root causes quickly and easily. This paper explores the development and implementation of one such system.
Uncertainty of Angle Measurements Made with Theodolites: What ISO 17123-3 and Does Not Mean
Authors:   Air Force and Metrology Calibration Program, Smith Steven K.
Published: March 2022

Uncertainty of Angle Measurements Made with Theodolites: What ISO 17123-3 Does and Does Not Mean. The ISO 17123-3 standard is in wide use in the surveying industry. It’s used to allow customers and manufacturers to compare instruments such as theodolites, transits and total stations, according to a consensus standard with international credibility. The result of the ISO 17123-3 test is also often used in manufacturer’s spec sheets as the “Angle Accuracy” for the instruments. This however, can be easily misinterpreted as the “uncertainty of the angle measurement made with the instrument.” This is not the intent of the standard, and making this assumption will usually cause one to underestimate the measurement uncertainty.
Best Practices of Metrology for Small and Medium Enterprises
Authors:   Centro Nacional de Metrologia, Echeverria-Villagomez Salvador
Published: March 2022

Metrology is an important aspect to be cared for in Small and Medium Enterprises, mainly in the field of manufacturing. A Mexican entrepreneur said that â€˜metrology is in the ladder step that brings a manufacturing enterprise from the craftsmanship level to the industrial level. Beyond, metrology can be a competitive advantage of a SME for achieving higher levels of quality, productivity, competitiveness and innovation. SMEs often find it difficult to devote the necessary resources to metrology, sometimes they don't know what metrology can do for them and other times they don't know how to take an adequate strategy for this important aspect of their company. The present work is based on the experience of a number of years attending the metrological aspects of manufacturing companies with the MESURA methodology and work team. The methodology has a number of principles which include a lean approach to metrology with a fit fur purpose tactics, equilibrium among the elements of measuring systems and live integration.
Network for Innovation and Research in Metrology for the Automotive Industry (RIIMSA) in Mexico
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica de Santa Rosa Jáuregui (UPSRJ), Mercader-Trejo Flora
Published: March 2022

Net work for Innovation and Research in Metrology for the Automotive Industry (RIIMSA) in Mexico. The Network for Innovation and Research in Metrology for the Automotive Industry in Mexico (RIIMSA) was created to solve the growing metrology needs of the automotive sector in the central plateau of Mexico, which includes the states of Guanajuato, Aguascalientes and Querétaro. The largest Mexican automotive based suppliers are found in these three states. This initiative was proposed by the Polytechnic University at Santa Rosa Jauregui (UPSRJ) and supported by the Council of Science and Technology of Querétaro (CONCYTEQ) and the National Metrology Institute of Mexico (CENAM).The purpose of the network is to strengthen the bonds between the scientific and technological capabilities in the region, in order to generate synergies among network members, automotive sector, government, other national and international networks and society. RIIMSA is aiming to impact on the training of human capital, research and development of innovative projects in the field of metrology.
Taking Uncertainty into Account
Authors:   Laboratory Accreditation Bureau, Long Randy
Published: March 2022

The popularity of laboratory accreditation to ISO Guide 25 in the late 1990’s in response to QS-9000 Revision 3 began a new discussion on uncertainty of measurement and confusion arose. Now that we have our uncertainties estimated, what shall we do with them?