bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel polymeric micelles for insect pest control: encapsulation of essential oil monoterpenes inside a triblock copolymer shell for head lice control
Authors: Lucia Alejandro , Toloza Ariel Ceferino , Guzmán Eduardo , Ortega Francisco , Rubio Ramón G.
Published: April 2017

Background

Essential oil components (EOCs) are molecules with interesting application in pest control, these have been evaluated against different insect pest from more than 100 years, but their practical use is rather limited. Thus, the enhancement of their bioavailability and manageability due to their dispersion in water can open new perspective for the preparation of formulations for the control of insect pest. In this work, we studied the encapsulation of different monoterpenes in a poloxamer shell in order to prepare aqueous formulations that can be used for the development of platforms used in pest control.

Methods

Micellar systems containing a 5 wt% of poloxamer 407 and 1.25 wt% of the different monoterpenes were prepared. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) experiments were carried out to characterize the dispersion of the EOCs in water. The pediculicidal activity of these micellar systems was tested on head lice using anex vivoimmersion test.

Results

The poloxamers allowed the dispersion of EOCs in water due to their encapsulation inside the hydrophobic core of the copolymer micelles. From this study, we concluded that it is possible to make stable micellar systems containing water (>90 wt%), 1.25 wt% of different monoterpenes and a highly safe polymer (5wt% Poloxamer 407). These formulations were effective against head lice with mortality ranging from 30 to 60%, being the most effective emulsions those containing linalool, 1,8-cineole,α-terpineol, thymol, eugenol, geraniol and nonyl alcohol which lead to mortalities above 50%.

Discussion

Since these systems showed good pediculicidal activity and high physicochemical stability, they could be a new route for the green fabrication of biocompatible and biosustainable insecticide formulations.
The future of planetary defense
Authors: Mainzer A.
Published: April 2017

Asteroids and comets have impacted Earth in the past and will do so in the future. While the frequency of impacts is reasonably well understood on geologic timescales, it is difficult to predict the next sizeable impact on human timescales by extrapolation from population statistics alone. Fortunately, by identifying and tracking individual objects, we can make precise predictions of any potential close encounters with Earth. As more advance notice is provided, the range of possible mitigation options expands. While the chance of an impact is very small, the potential consequences can be severe, meaning that sensible risk reduction measures should be undertaken. By implementing surveys, the risk of an unforeseen impact can be greatly reduced: the first step is finding the objects. Fortunately, the worldwide community of professional and amateur astronomers has made significant progress in discovering large near‐Earth objects (NEOs). More than 95% of NEOs capable of causing global devastation (objects larger than ~1 km in diameter) have been discovered, and none of these pose an impact hazard in the near future. Infrastructure is in place to link observations and compute close approaches in real time. Interagency and international collaborations have been undertaken to strengthen cooperative efforts to plan potential mitigation and civil defense campaigns. Yet much remains to be done. Approximately 70% of NEOs larger than 140 m (large enough to cause severe regional damage) remain undiscovered. With the existing surveys, it will take decades to identify the rest. Progress can be accelerated by undertaking new surveys with improved sensitivity.
Creeping faults: Good news, bad news?
Authors: Chen Kate Huihsuan , Bürgmann Roland
Published: April 2017

The motion of the Earth's tectonic plates drive fault slip. Some faults slip in sudden movements, releasing great amounts of energy during large earthquake ruptures, while others slip in steadier movements which release energy more slowly. The latter, known as creeping faults, are believed to be less hazardous but there is mounting evidence that they are more complex than previously thought and can also pose a significant hazard. A recent review by Harris [2017] documents the earthquake potential of creeping faults in shallow continental fault zones from worldwide data. She presents a comprehensive review of prior studies; key insights into when, where, and why fault creep takes place and under which conditions creeping faults may represent high seismic hazard and suggests some directions for future research.
Earthquake science in resilient societies
Authors: Stahl T. , Clark M. K. , Zekkos D. , Athanasopoulos‐Zekkos A. , Willis M. , Medwedeff William , Knoper Logan , Townsend Kirk , Jin Jonson
Published: April 2017

Earthquake science is critical in reducing vulnerability to a broad range of seismic hazards. Evidence‐based studies drawing from several branches of the Earth sciences and engineering can effectively mitigate losses experienced in earthquakes. Societies that invest in this research have lower fatality rates in earthquakes and can recover more rapidly. This commentary explores the scientific pathways through which earthquake‐resilient societies are developed. We highlight recent case studies of evidence‐based decision making and how modern research is improving the way societies respond to earthquakes.
Solving water quality problems in agricultural landscapes: New approaches for these nonlinear, multiprocess, multiscale systems
Authors: Belmont Patrick , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi
Published: April 2017

Changes in climate and agricultural practices are putting pressure on agroenvironmental systems all over the world. Predicting the effects of future management or conservation actions has proven exceptionally challenging in these complex landscapes. We present a perspective, gained from a decade of research and stakeholder involvement in the Minnesota River Basin, where research findings have influenced solutions and policy in directions not obvious at the outset. Our approach has focused on identifying places, times, and processes of accelerated change and developing reduced complexity predictive frameworks that can inform mitigation actions.
Geological storage of captured carbon dioxide as a large‐scale carbon mitigation option
Authors: Celia Michael A.
Published: April 2017

Carbon capture and storage (CCS), involves capture of CO2 emissions from power plants and other large stationary sources and subsequent injection of the captured CO2 into deep geological formations. This is the only technology currently available that allows continued use of fossil fuels while simultaneously reducing emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere. Although the subsurface injection and subsequent migration of large amounts of CO2 involve a number of challenges, many decades of research in the earth sciences, focused on fluid movement in porous rocks, provides a strong foundation on which to analyze the system. These analyses indicate that environmental risks associated with large CO2 injections appear to be manageable.
Science, society, and the coastal groundwater squeeze
Authors: Michael Holly A. , Post Vincent E. A. , Wilson Alicia M. , Werner Adrian D.
Published: April 2017

Coastal zones encompass the complex interface between land and sea. Understanding how water and solutes move within and across this interface is essential for managing resources for society. The increasingly dense human occupation of coastal zones disrupts natural groundwater flow patterns and degrades freshwater resources by both overuse and pollution. This pressure results in a “coastal groundwater squeeze,” where the thin veneers of potable freshwater are threatened by contaminant sources at the land surface and saline groundwater at depth. Scientific advances in the field of coastal hydrogeology have enabled responsible management of water resources and protection of important ecosystems. To address the problems of the future, we must continue to make scientific advances, and groundwater hydrology needs to be firmly embedded in integrated coastal zone management. This will require interdisciplinary scientific collaboration, open communication between scientists and the public, and strong partnerships with policymakers.
Expression profiles ofBrMYBtranscription factors related to glucosinolate biosynthesis and stress response in eight subspecies ofBrassica rapa
Authors: Seo Mi‐Suk , Jin Mina , Sohn Seong‐Han , Kim Jung Sun
Published: April 2017

Brassica rapais a polyploid species with phenotypically diverse cultivated subspecies. Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites that contribute to anticarcinogenic activity and plant defense in Brassicaceae. Previously, complete coding sequences of 13BrMYBtranscription factors (TFs) related toGSLbiosynthesis were identified in theB. rapagenome. In the present study, we investigatedGSLcontent and expression levels of theseBrMYBTFs in 38 accessions belonging to eight subspecies ofB. rapa. Twelve identifiedGSLs were detected and were classified into three chemical groups based on patterns ofGSLcontent and expression profiles of theBrMYBTFs.GSLcontent andBrMYBTFexpression levels differed among genotypes, includingB. rapasubspeciespekinensis,chinensisandrapa.BrMYB28.3,BrMYB51.1andBrMYB122.2positively regulatedGSLcontent in 38 accessions. Furthermore, expression levels ofBrMYB28s andBrMYB34.3increased under most abiotic and biotic stress treatments. The threeBrMYB51paralogs also showed drastically increased expression levels after infection withPectobacterium carotovorum. The results of the present study improve our understanding of the functional diversity of these 13BrMYBTFs during the evolution of polyploidB. rapa.
Risks and Damages Caused in Ice Navigation
Authors: Bridges Robert
Published: April 2017

Navigation in ice poses a number of hazards, which may have significant consequences if not addressed. Ships navigating ice covered waters and in low air temperatures, need to be adapted to the environment, through additional hull strengthening and specialised navigation equipment, as well as operated with experienced crew. However, despite this, the harsh and rapidly changing environment can lead to unexpected conditions and situations that may have severe consequences, even potentially leading to disastrous incidents. This article outlines some of the hazardous situations that may occur during ice navigation, illustrates the potential consequences, and explores some of the elements for the risk management necessary for safe navigation in ice. The article also reviews a number of incidents to highlight the inherent risks and provide some considerations for future ship design, construction, and operations.
Ice Class Rules and International Regulations
Authors: Kämäräinen Jorma , Riska Kaj
Published: April 2017

Traditionally, ice class rules and regulations for ships sailing in ice have been developed by nations whose fairways are blocked by ice in winter. Strengthening of ships for sailing in ice‐covered waters has not been regulated by international treaties, but coastal states have imposed requirements for ships to be ice strengthened when entering their ports or sailing in their coastal waters. Recently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted new energy efficiency regulations for new ships, where the special needs of ice‐strengthened ships have been taken into account. IMO has also developed a mandatory code for ships operating in polar waters. The code contains safety regulations, including ice strengthening, and regulations covering prevention of pollution of the Arctic and Antarctic marine environment by ships.

It is evident that ships sailing in ice conditions require special consideration, especially when international regulations for protection of the environment from pollution by ships are developed. In this document, the most important ice class rules are described. The energy efficiency regulations of IMO and the development of the Polar Code are discussed briefly, with emphasis placed on how the special needs of ships designed to sail in ice conditions have been taken into account in IMO regulations.
Simulator Training
Authors: Manning Daniel J.
Published: April 2017

When one reflects on simulator training in the maritime environment, initial thoughts often turn to large, expensive bridge and engine room simulators. However, when one steps back and views the training requirements of the professional mariner, one sees that nearly every aspect of his/her training involves the use of simulators. Simulators and their use have been part of maritime education for decades. The role of the simulator is to place students into a scenario, which they may face and provide learning outcomes on completion of the task. Ships and offshore platforms are now very complex places to work. They require an interface with crews, who have to be highly trained and qualified in a number of specialties. In this modern era of shipping, where crews are faced with reduced manning, quick turnaround times, and lack of sleep, the opportunities to carry out onboard training on the vessel or on an offshore platform are curtailed. Simulator training is a vital tool when training cadets and senior officers in nontechnical skills and allows lecturers to give immediate constructive feedback to students.
Pilotage
Authors: Constable Kevin , Wild Richard
Published: April 2017

Marine pilots provide an essential frontline service, providing the initial link between the vessel and the port stakeholders during port arrivals and departures. Pilots use their in‐depth local navigational knowledge and ship‐handling experience to safely and efficiently navigate vessels in and out of ports and through the approach channels. As with any profession that is practiced internationally, professional standards and skill sets can vary dramatically. International training standards for pilots are not compulsory unlike the requirement to use pilots in the majority of commercial ports around the world. Pilots act in the public interest by protecting the environment and port infrastructure; however, while onboard act as a servant to the shipowner, and as such the shipowner becomes vicariously liable for any acts or omissions by the pilot. Pilotage is an interesting area within the marine industry, however due to the varied nature of pilotage, the status of pilots, and liability issues; knowledge of the subject should be seen as essential to those involved in shipping.
Propeller‐ and Thruster‐Induced Noise and Vibration
Authors: Ræstad Arnt Egil , Gjestland Tormod
Published: April 2017

Propellers are often the root cause for inboard noise and vibration, causing discomfort for crew and passengers. In some cases, propeller‐induced vibrations may even be large enough to cause fatigue damages to the ship structure. The pressure field induced by the propellers is transmitted through the surrounding water and may cause disturbance to marine life. Several norms and standards exist for inboard ship noise, vibration, and waterborne noise emission. The vibratory forces and noise from the propellers can be divided into two main parts according to path of transmission. The shaft forces are transmitted from the propeller to the propeller shaft system, while the hull surface forces are a result of the pressure field transmitted from the propeller through the water to the hull surface. Vibratory shaft forces are caused by the fluctuating load on the propeller blades due to the spatial variation in the wake field. The hull surface forces mainly originate from transient cavitation on the propeller blades. There are several ways of predicting forces and induced pressure field from propellers. Theoretical models are becoming more advanced as the computational capacity increases. It is now feasible to apply more general viscous flow solvers to compute most features related to vibratory forces from propellers. These methods are expected to replace the traditional ship model tests in the future. Ship vibration resulting from the propeller excitation forces depend on the response of the vessel to the applied forces; henced, the magnitude of the excitation should always be evaluated with respect to the vibration level it causes. The same evaluation should also be made when addressing the propeller as a noise source. Reduction of vibratory forces and noise from propellers may be in conflict with the efficiency of the propulsion system. Consequently, it is important to have a good way to control the on‐board vibrations and noise to find the best compromise between fuel consumption and onboard comfort level.
Propulsion Model Testing
Authors: Mehmel Manfred , Heinke Hans‐Jürgen
Published: April 2017

Propulsion model testing as a technical science has its roots in the similitude theory and so there is a short overview over the most important laws of similitude for a better understanding of the testing business (an extensive treatment is provided in
Ship Performance Prediction
). Other essentials are the facilities and measurement devices, which are under permanent development. The different procedures of ship model and propulsion system testing are described and the key figures are explained. The backgrounds for them are the procedures, guidelines, and the symbols and terminology of the International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC).

Special attention is drawn to cavitation tests in a wake field of the ship because in these kinds of tests the pressure fluctuations are measured and subsequently extrapolated for full scale operations. In addition, nominal wake field measurements are illustrated and the methods of flow visualization tests are pictured. Finally, the quasi steady testing in open water and in propulsion tests is outlined.
History of Deep‐Ocean Mining
Authors: Yamazaki Tetsuo , Brockett Frank H. (Ted)
Published: April 2017

Deep‐sea manganese nodules have been of interest as future metal sources for copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn). R&D efforts of the mining technologies from the 1970s until the 2000s by international consortia and national programs are summarized. The historical trend of the mining technologies is evaluated. Seafloor massive sulfides highlighted from the 1990s through the 2000s for a recovery of gold (Au), silver (Ag), and Cu are introduced. Historical environmental approaches for impact assessments of the nodule mining are summarized and environmental approaches necessary for the sulfide mining are presented. Economic feasibility analyses of deep‐ocean mining are introduced.
Coursekeeping and Maneuvering in Waves
Authors: Hudson Dominic A.
Published: April 2017

General equations of motion for a ship coursekeeping and maneuvering in waves are presented. The principal theoretical methods developed to analyze a vessel maneuvering in waves, namely, two‐time scale and hybrid approaches together with computational fluid dynamics methods, are introduced and discussed, with particular regard to the inclusion of wave actions on the vessel. The article also introduces experimental methods for determining vessel tracks while performing maneuvering in waves. The special case of a vessel losing directional stability in following seas, or “broaching,” is also briefly discussed.
CFDMethods in Ship Hydrodynamics
Authors: Bensow Rickard E.
Published: April 2017

This article gives a brief overview of which ship hydrodynamic problems that are currently investigated using numerical methods, both in academia and in industry, and comments on the reliability in predictions that we see today. For brevity, emphasis has been put on applications related to resistance and propulsion predictions. The article is primarily based on the documentation of four relatively recent major events within the community, the conclusions of the Gothenburg 2010 Workshop in Ship CFD, the proceedings of the 30th Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, the Report of the Specialist Committee on CFD in Marine Hydrodynamics of the 27th ITTC, and the 4th International Symposium on Marine Propulsors. First, it is described how CFD can be used as a design tool to predict ship performance, then the possibility and need to assess scale effects with computational tools are discussed, and finally the potential for improved understanding of flow physics of importance to ship design and performance brought forward with detailed simulations is touched upon. Also, some general comments on current and future trends will be presented.
Common Marine Alloys
Authors: Francis Roger
Published: April 2017

This article describes the common metal groups used in the marine environment, along with their typical compositions, mechanical properties, and general comments about their corrosion resistance. The groups covered in this article are steels and irons, stainless steels, nickel alloys, copper alloys, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys. Common uses of all these metals in the marine environment are included in each section.
Modes of Fracture
Authors: Michael G. Burns P. E.
Published: April 2017

While it may seem that humanity has embarked on a never‐ending quest to find new and innovative ways to break things, as a point of fact, metals only break in a limited number of ways—ductile fracture, brittle fracture, fatigue, creep, and environmentally assisted cracking, the last being the most common. Each of these, however, must be carefully considered in the design stage lest the aforementioned destructive creativity of the human race or the relentless attack of nature finds a new and creative, or at least unanticipated, way of breaking your particular structure, vessel, or piece of equipment.
Materials for Arctic Environments
Authors: Singh Ramesh
Published: April 2017

This chapter describes some of the essential mechanical tests that are conducted to establish the properties and limitations of materials used in the design and construction and several marine and offshore structures.

The tests are conducted to asses such material properties like Hardness, ductility, tensile strength, toughness at various temperature conditions, ability to resists impact etc., with some specific tests that are commonly conducted on line pipe material.
Maneuvering and Coursekeeping Characteristics
Authors: Molland Anthony F. , Hudson Dominic A.
Published: April 2017

For a ship to operate safely it must have adequate control capability to be able to maintain and alter course at its service speed and to maneuver satisfactorily at slow speeds. The principal maneuvering and coursekeeping characteristics of ships are described. Directional stability is described, together with a description of rudder action, including the forces acting on a turn and the heel angle due to the rudder. The equations of motion representing the horizontal motion of the ship when coursekeeping or maneuvering are described. Methods of assessing maneuverability are described, including the turning circle, zig‐zag, spiral, and pull‐out tests. A description is given of the methods of predicting maneuvering characteristics and experimental and numerical simulations, together with an outline of the International Maritime Organization required standards for maneuverability.
Combat Systems
Authors: Gates Jonathan
Published: April 2017

A combat system provides a warship with its offensive and defensive capability through weapons (guns, missiles, and torpedoes). Apart from self‐defense guns and missiles, warships are also equipped with decoys and other means to deflect incoming weapons. The combat system includes a range of sensors that allow threats to be identified. Data about potential threats is passed to the Combat Information Centre, a complex of workstations that allow members of the command team to analyze and appreciate the situation and to fire the weapons. The sophisticated electronics of the combat system's sensors and weapons is matched by the advanced technology of the workstations and computers that support the command functions of the combat system. The combat system's external communications equipment allows the team to exchange data with the headquarters and other assets, thus contributing to force‐wide engagements.

The combat system may also affords a defensive capability protecting ships in company from attack.

The combat systems equipment has a profound impact on the design of the warship, especially the weather deck.
A Brief Review of Structural Health Monitoring with Special Focus on Damage Detection and Sensor Optimization
Authors: Fang Sam Maopeng , Niedzwecki John Michael , Ozbey Memhet Cem , Cummis Travis John
Published: April 2017

The process of implementing a damage identification strategy for aerospace, civil, mechanical, and offshore infrastructure is referred to as structural health monitoring (SHM). As a subject, it has been developed and refined over the past three decades and the research in the area has accelerated in multiple subtopics in recent years. This article provides a brief review of damage detection strategies and sensor optimization.

Damage detection strategies include global methods or localized methods, where the former uses changes in vibration responses of a structure before and after damage occurs to detect the damage, identify its location, and evaluate its severity, if possible. The latter uses localized geometrical changes or material changes to identify the damage. The review focuses on academia and industry experiences of modal‐based damage detection methodologies, where changes in modal frequency, mode shapes, modal shape curvatures, and modal strain energy are used as damage indicators.

In a structural health monitoring system, sensor optimization is in the central position connecting data acquisition, signal processing, data analysis and structural health evaluation output. Sensor optimization aims to minimize the number of sensors to be used and to identify the optimal locations to deploy them. Many optimization techniques have been applied in sensor optimization, and the application of those methodologies is reviewed in this article.
Corrosion
Authors: Sun Li
Published: April 2017

With increasing oil and gas exploration and production operations shift towards offshore, challenges imposed by the subsea environment on material integrity and stability also increase. In hostile subsea environment, material corrosion is often difficult to evaluate but significantly influences the safety, longevity and cost of any oil and gas project. It is of great importance to understand fundamental corrosion mechanisms as the unique subsea environment impact on oil and gas facilities. Such development also provides great opportunities for academia and industry collaboration to tackle both the scientific and technological important questions in materials science, physical chemistry, manufacturing, and instrumentation as an integrated part of the engineering problem.
Compliant Towers
Authors: Llorente Carlos , Marshall Peter
Published: April 2017

Compliant towers seek to avoid sea wave resonance problems by having sway natural periods that are at least twice that of the design wave. Cyclic peak wave forces are de‐amplified, and strength design is dominated more by long‐term wind, current, and wave drift forces. Fatigue design is dominated by dynamic excitation of the higher bending modes.
Marine Warranty Survey for Jack‐Ups
Authors: Morandi Alberto
Published: April 2017

This article covers the Marine Warranty Survey aspects applicable to jack‐up marine operations. The standards of care and main technical aspects involved are discussed covering dry transportation, towing operations, and operations on site (going on location, pulling legs and going off location, jacking up, and preloading). Challenges and areas for future work are also discussed.
Management of the Hazards Associated with a Jack‐Up Rig Deployment
Authors: Hunt Rupert J.
Published: April 2017

Since the early days of jack‐up rig operations in the 1950's, the average rig casualty rate has stubbornly remained at approximately two losses per year. The demands made on the design of a self‐elevating (jack‐up) offshore structure are such that there are some phases of its deployment where it is particularly vulnerable to damage. The design may have also been optimized to the extent that there is only limited damage tolerance, so that localised “component” failure may soon be followed by “system” failure unless immediate and effective action is taken. The identification and management of the hazards associated with a jack‐up rig deployment are believed to be essential to a successful operation offshore, with the emphasis on the onshore preparations.

In this article the three key phases of a jack‐up rig deployment are defined. The hazards associated with each phase are identified and then hazard management roles and responsibilities are assigned. Hazard management activities are recommended as part of a rig selection schedule. These activities are then matured during the subsequent deployment phases. Assurance roles and responsibilities are summarized.
Mooring Systems
Authors: Kwan Chi‐Tat T.
Published: April 2017

Mooring system is one of the most important elements for floating structures such as FPSO (floating production, storage and offloading), TLP, Semisubmersible and Spar. It keeps the floating structure on location to allow drilling or production operations under normal operating environments and to ensure survival of the floating structure in storms. This article presents the fundamentals of mooring systems for floating drilling and production operations and covers the following five areas: (i) Overview of mooring systems, including mooring system type, mooring line type, and mooring pattern. (ii) Mooring hardware, including chain, wire rope, fiber rope, winching equipment, and anchor system. (iii) Mooring strength analysis, covering mooring analysis conditions, methods, and procedures. (iv) Mooring fatigue analysis, covering fatigue analysis methodology and approach, and example fatigue design curves. (v) Mooring standards including design standards, component specifications, and in‐service inspection standard.
LNG/LPG Subsea Loading Lines
Authors: Prescott Clifford N.
Published: April 2017

Cryogenic pipelines are emerging technologies that are essential for the new generation of offshore LNG (liquid natural gas) and LPG (liquid petroleum gas) loading and receiving terminals. For locations with sufficient deep water access close to the coast, terminals may consist of jetty structures and breakwaters, where tankers can be moored, and offloading can take place via the standard loading arms.

Several LNG/LPG facilities have the jetty terminal connected to an onshore facility by a short trestle structure, which supports the product and utility piping and may in some cases support vehicular access to the terminal. As terminals move further offshore, there is a need to develop longer runs of insulated rigid pipeline transfer systems.

As an alternate to the trestle‐supported piping, subsea pipelines may be considered. A subsea pipeline can be used to transport the product from/to an offshore terminal thereby eliminating the need and cost for a connecting trestle.

The interest and rapid development in the transportation of LNG and LPG worldwide have prompted a fresh look at how these fuels transferred to/from a carrier that may be moored offshore in various locations. Cryogenic subsea loading lines are emerging technologies that are critical to a new generation of offshore LNG and LPG loading and unloading terminals. A comparison of the various subsea pipeline configurations being developed and available for use is discussed.
Green Ship of the Future
Authors: Chryssakis Christos
Published: April 2017

Shipping is the most energy efficient mode of transport, but there is still significant room for improvement with regards to energy efficiency and associated emissions. There is also a view that the industry should more readily embrace technologies implemented in other industries in order to improve shipping's performance and environmental footprint. This will result in growing numbers of vessels being designed to offer superior energy efficiency through measures such as improved hydrodynamics and advanced hybrid power generation systems, with energy storage for optimization of performance and operations. New, increasingly effective solutions to reduce water and air pollution will become available. Diversification of the fuel mix should also be expected, with an increasing share of distillate fuels as well as scrubbers for compliance with upcoming low‐sulfur requirements. Alternative fuels have the potential to play a more important role, with LNG introduced in large ocean‐going vessels, and grid electricity becoming standard for cold ironing in ports.
Afloat Stability of Jack‐Ups
Authors: Rousseau Joseph H. , Breuer J. Andrew
Published: April 2017

The understanding of stability of conventional vessels has been enriched by a great number of publications and text books. This article does not dwell on the well‐documented aspects of vessel stability but focuses on the unique aspects of the stability of self‐elevating units (jack‐ups), including the specific differences from conventional merchant vessel stability that must be contemplated in the design and construction of such units as well as the information that must be generated for the crew to undertake afloat operations within the stability limits. This includes developing stability calculations in intact and damage conditions under the relevant standards, determining lightweight and center of gravity, and documenting loading conditions and limits for the operating personnel. The importance of watertight integrity is highlighted, and proper monitoring of in‐service modifications is also discussed.
Offshore Pipeline Design Technology
Authors: Bomba John G.
Published: April 2017

Offshore pipeline design encompasses all types of pipelines: from waste water outfall lines that extend seaward for shore, continental shelf pipelines (0–600 ft or 200 m), oil and gas production pipelines, some of which terminate onshore, and others that end at another offshore facility; deepwater oil, gas, and water injection lines in depths from 600 ft/200 m out to 10,000 ft/3300 m; and ultradeep pipelines, 10,000 ft and deeper.

Waste water outfall lines are excluded in this text as the design of these generally requires a different mindset for the designer. While a 48′‐diameter oil or gas pipeline is considered large, an outfall line may be 4 or 5 times larger, and is usually a concrete pipe. Steel pipe, in diameters between 4″ (102 mm) and 24″ (610 mm), will accommodate most of the deepwater pipeline scenarios likely to be encountered by the offshore pipeline designer. Steel pipe diameters up to 60″ (1524 mm) have been designed and used in shallower water, notably for tanker loading/discharge pipelines.

Since the subject of this article is virtually limitless in depth, knowing what to cover and what to leave out was difficult. Many books would be required to completely cover all aspects of offshore pipeline systems. Some very good books have been written, recently at a somewhat accelerated pace, that are worth reading. Rather than including a précis of these books, technical papers, and articles published in trade journals, a reference list is included to help the reader investigate each topic beyond the presented scope. Regarding presentation, this article focuses on the engineering principles used for designing and optimizing offshore pipeline systems rather than in‐depth theories. Derivation of mathematical models is beyond the scope of this encyclopedia.
Offshore Pipeline Stability Analysis
Authors: Nash Ian , Haine Mark
Published: April 2017

A submarine pipeline has to be stable under wave and current actions. Put simply, it has to be heavy enough so that it will not float or be damaged by movement under wave and current actions. To achieve stability, it is a common practice to add weight in the form of a weight coat to the outside of the pipeline. This article describes how to design a stable pipeline using a simplified quasi‐static force balance method. The limitations of the simplified method are identified and suitable refinements are described.
Pipeline Spanning
Authors: Sun Jason , Huang Shawn
Published: April 2017

Pipeline free spanning can be established when the contact between the pipeline and seabed has not achieved for a certain length. The common causes are the seabed undulation which can be significant in some local areas, and when a pipeline crosses the existing pipeline(s), cable(s), or other subsea structure(s). Pipeline spans can also be created on a flat sandy seabed by tidal currents' washing or scouring.

Spanning pipeline strength failures are caused by the unsupported self‐weight, hydrodynamic loads from waves and currents, and the lateral imposed loads from anchor dragging or fishing gear pulling. The on‐bottom current which can be partly induced by the surface wave, flows across a pipeline, the flow separates, vortices are shed, and a periodic wake is formed. Such spanning led oscillation can fatigue the pipeline and eventually result in catastrophic failure, like hydrocarbon leak at the weak spot which is generally the pipe joining girth weld.

The procedures of allowable span length calculation and detailed fatigue analysis are described in this section along with the mitigation options, such as vortex induced vibration suppression strakes and mechanical supports.
Fracture Mechanics Models for Fatigue Assessment of Jack‐Up Tubular Joints
Authors: Chiew Sing P. , Lee Chi K.
Published: April 2017

In this article, a comprehensive summary is given on the development of facture mechanics models for fatigue assessment of jack‐up tubular joints. This summary is largely based on the research works conducted by the authors together with their research students when they were working at the Nanyang Technological University (
NTU
), Singapore. These studies embraced a number of experimental and numerical studies on many types of welded tubular joints that are commonly found in offshore jack‐up structures. The main research efforts were focused on the development of research methodologies, new modeling, and assessment tools that are applicable to different types of tubular joints. On the basis of the key findings obtained from the studies, suitable fracture mechanics models for fatigue assessments are established and those parameters that critically affect the fatigue performance of tubular joints are identified.
Seafloor Massive Sulfide Resources
Authors: Jamieson John W. , Hannington Mark D. , Petersen Sven
Published: April 2017

Seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits form on and just below the seafloor along submarine tectonic plate boundaries. The deposits form from seawater that circulates through the underlying crust, is heated, leaches metals and sulfur from the surrounding rock, and then ascends and vents at the seafloor, forming sulfide mineral accumulations rich in Cu, Zn, Pb, Au, and Ag. Hydrothermal circulation through the crust is driven by shallow magmatic heat sources along the plate boundaries. Although high temperature “black smoker” chimneys and the unique ecosystems that they support are the most recognizable features of these vent sites, the mineral deposits can take on a variety of forms, from individual chimneys of less than a meter tall to large mounds with diameters of several hundred meters. The description of the deposits as “massive” refers to the high proportion (typically over 60%) of sulfide minerals that make up the deposits. Other minerals that commonly occur in SMS deposits are sulfates (barite and anhydrite), amorphous silica, and clay minerals. At the time of writing, more than 500 sites of high temperature seafloor hydrothermal systems and related mineral deposits have been found of the seafloor.
Design and Experimental Investigation of Thermoelectric Generators for Wearable Applications
Authors: Lee Yun Goo , Kim Junsoo , Kang Min‐Su , Baek Seung‐Hyub , Kim Seong Keun , Lee Seung‐Min , Lee Jaewoo , Hyun Dow‐Bin , Ju Byeong‐Kwon , Moon Seung Eon , Kim Jin‐Sang , Kwon Beomjin
Published: April 2017

A critical challenge in using thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for charging the portable or wearable electronics has been their limited outputs, as available temperature differential on human body (∆Text) is typically less than 10 K. Furthermore, the thermal resistance (Rth) at the TEG–air interface often overwhelms Rth of TEG itself, which makes the temperature differential within the TEG merely a small fraction of ∆Text. Here, the designs of TEG systems for wearable applications based both on theory and systematic experiments are studied. First, this study fabricates the TEGs having different fill factors (equivalently, varied internal Rth of the TEGs) and finds an optimum fill factor that is determined by both thermal matching condition and the electrical contact resistance. Next, to investigate the effects of heat sink and external air flow, this study combines plate fin heat sinks with the TEGs and evaluates their performance under three different convection conditions: natural convection, and convection with either parallel or impinging flow. Lastly the effect of Rth at the skin–TEG interface is studied. Although the TEG system produces an output power of 126 µW cm−2 (∆Text = 7 K) on a smooth heat source (Cu heater), it generates reduced power of 20 µW cm−2 (∆Text = 6 K) on wrist (uneven heat source).
Thieno[3,4‐c]Pyrrole‐4,6‐Dione‐Based Polymer Acceptors for High Open‐Circuit Voltage All‐Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Shengjian , Song Xin , Thomas Simil , Kan Zhipeng , Cruciani Federico , Laquai Frédéric , Bredas Jean‐Luc , Beaujuge Pierre M.
Published: April 2017

While polymer acceptors are promising fullerene alternatives in the fabrication of efficient bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells, the range of efficient material systems relevant to the “all‐polymer” BHJ concept remains narrow, and currently limits the perspectives to meet the 10% efficiency threshold in all‐polymer solar cells. This report examines two polymer acceptor analogs composed of thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (TPD) and 3,4‐difluorothiophene ([2F]T) motifs, and their BHJ solar cell performance pattern with a low‐bandgap polymer donor commonly used with fullerenes (PBDT‐TS1; taken as a model system). In this material set, the introduction of a third electron‐deficient motif, namely 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BT), is shown to (i) significantly narrow the optical gap (Eopt) of the corresponding polymer (by ≈0.2 eV) and (ii) improve the electron mobility of the polymer by over two orders of magnitude in BHJ solar cells. In turn, the narrow‐gap P2TPDBT[2F]T analog (Eopt = 1.7 eV) used as fullerene alternative yields high open‐circuit voltages (VOC) of ≈1.0 V, notable short‐circuit current values (JSC) of ≈11.0 mA cm−2, and power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) nearing 5% in all‐polymer BHJ solar cells. P2TPDBT[2F]T paves the way to a new, promising class of polymer acceptor candidates.
Selection of cobaltite and effect of preparation method of NiCo2O4 for catalytic oxidation of CO–CH4 mixture
Authors: Trivedi S. , Prasad R.
Published: April 2017

CNG is used as a green‐fuel for automobiles. However, it is a source of CO and CH4 emissions, causing an adverse impact on human‐health and climate‐change. Therefore, to reduce tailpipe emissions, this work aims to select the best cobaltite catalyst for the oxidation of a lean mixture of CO‐CH4 in air. The cobaltite catalysts i.e. (MCo2O4, M=Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Cu) were prepared by co‐precipitation method, calcined in the reactive CO‐air mixture and characterized by XRD, XPS, FTIR, SEM, SEM‐EDX and TPR. Among studied catalysts, NiCo2O4 showed the highest activity for total oxidation of CO‐CH4 mixture at the lowest temperature of 350 °C, reported so far in the literature. The performance order of catalysts is as follows: NiCo2O4>CoCo2O4>MnCo2O4>CuCo2O4>FeCo2O4. To examine the effect of preparation methods on activity, the best‐selected NiCo2O4 were prepared by different methods i.e. sol‐gel, reactive grinding (RG) of nitrates and of metal oxides. The catalyst prepared by co‐precipitation method showed the best performance for the oxidation of CO‐CH4 mixture in comparison to others. The order of the preparation method as per activity of the catalysts is as follows: Co‐ppt>RG of nitrates>RG of oxides>Sol‐gel. The spinel phase confirmed in all catalysts except one prepared by RG of metal oxides. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do Board's Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy and Orientation Influence Environmental Sustainability Disclosure? UK Evidence
Authors: Helfaya Akrum , Moussa Tantawy
Published: April 2017

The environmental implications of corporate economic activities have led to growing demands for firms and their boards to adopt sustainable strategies and to disseminate more useful information about their activities and impacts on environment. This paper investigates the impact of board's corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy and orientation on the quantity and quality of environmental sustainability disclosure in UK listed firms. We find that effective board CSR strategy and CSR‐oriented directors have a positive and significant impact on the quality of environmental sustainability disclosure, but not on the quantity. Our findings also suggest that the existence of a CSR committee and issuance of a stand‐alone CSR report are positively and significantly related to environmental sustainability disclosure. When we distinguish between firms with high and low environmental risk, we find that the board CSR/sustainability practices that affect the quantity (quality) of environmental sustainability disclosure appear to be driven more by highly (lowly) environmentally sensitive firms. These results suggest that the board CSR/sustainability practices play an important role in ensuring a firm's legitimacy and accountability towards stakeholders. Our findings shed new light on this under‐researched area and could be of interest to companies, policy‐makers and other stakeholders. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Click‐Chemistry‐Mediated Rapid Microbubble Capture for Acute Thrombus Ultrasound Molecular Imaging
Authors: Wang Tuantuan , Yuan Chuxiao , Dai Bingyang , Liu Yang , Li Mingxi , Feng Zhenqiang , Jiang Qing , Xu Zhihong , Zhao Ningwei , Gu Ning , Yang Fang
Published: April 2017

Bioorthogonal coupling chemistry has been studied as a potentially advantageous approach for molecular imaging because it offers rapid, efficient, and strong binding, which might also benefit stability, production, and chemical conjugation. The inverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder reaction between a 1,2,4,5‐tetrazine and trans‐cyclooctene (TCO) is an example of a highly selective and rapid bioorthogonal coupling reaction that has been used successfully to prepare targeted molecular imaging probes. Here we report a fast, reliable, and highly sensitive approach, based on a two‐step pretargeting bioorthogonal approach, to achieving activated‐platelet‐specific CD62p‐targeted thrombus ultrasound molecular imaging. Tetrazine‐modified microbubbles (tetra‐MBs) could be uniquely and rapidly captured by subsequent click chemistry of thrombus tagged with a trans‐cyclooctene‐pretreated CD62p antibody. Moreover, such tetra‐MBs showed great long‐term stability under physiological conditions, thus offering the ability to monitor thrombus changes in real time. We demonstrated for the first time that a bioorthogonal targeting molecular ultrasound imaging strategy based on tetra‐MBs could be a simple but powerful tool for rapid diagnosis of acute thrombosis.