bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implication of oestrogen in the development of breast cancer: a brief narrative review
Authors: Nweze Princess , U. Nwose Ezekiel , O. Igumbor Eunice
Published: November 2017

The presence of hormones in milk and dairy foods was discussed decades ago but more concerns were with respect to finding hormones as biomarkers in milk for diseases and pregnancy diagnosis. Considerable amount of studies demonstrated that milk is essential for infants growing and immunity, while increasing body of evidence are indicating possible negative impact on human health including the role of some estrogens in the initiation and provoking of breast cancer. In this brief narrative, we reviewed recent data on oestrogens and breast cancer risk including comparative levels of hormones in cow milk, risk of breast cancer attributable to intake of different foods and lifestyle factors. Empirical findings indicate that consumption of cow milk is probably being over-emphasized as source of exogenous oestrogen, whereas control of alcohol as well as obesity and physical activity are under-emphasized in discourses on preventive protocols.
Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in children and adolescents of northern Andhra Pradesh population and its association with hyperlipidemia
Authors: T. S. Prabhakara Rao , Subrahmanyam Kalpana , D. K. V. Prasad
Published: November 2017

Background: The thyroid dysfunction particularly, subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is quite a common clinical condition in paediatric population but there is limited data available regarding its prevalence in children and adolescents in our population. The present study was aimed to know the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction particularly SCH in children and adolescents of northern Andhra Pradesh population and its association with hyperlipidemia.Methods: A retrospective study of 600 subjects (Children=272, Adolescents=328) between 6-19 years of age were included and the following parameters were examined: age, sex, total triiodothyronine (tT3), total tetraiodothyronine (tT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total cholesterol, triglycerides (TGL), LDL and HDL cholesterol. The subjects were divided into group I and group II on the basis of age (in years), subjects between 6- ≤12 years age were grouped as group I and 12-≤19 years were as group II.Results: Out of 272 children and 328 adolescents studied, the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was found to be 9.9% and 10.4 % respectively. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in children was 7.7% where as 4.9% in adolescents. In both the groups, females were predominantly affected with thyroid dysfunction as compared to males. Significantly elevated serum levels of total cholesterol, TSH and TGL were observed in SCH subjects when compared to euthyroid subjects (p<0.05). Statistically significant lower levels of HDL cholesterol were found in SCH as compared to euthyroids (p<0.05). However, no difference was noticed in the levels of total T3, total T4 and LDL cholesterol between SCH and euthyroids.Conclusions: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was found to be 10.2% in study population. SCH was observed in 7.7 % and 4.9% respectively in children and adolescent groups. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) was the most predominant thyroid dysfunction found in our studied population with a prevalence of 6.2% (both children and adolescents). Correction of thyroid dysfunction particularly SCH in early childhood is highly essential to prevent the impairment of psychomotor and cognitive development.
Systemic manifestations of atrial myxoma
Authors: Mir Ishtyak Ahmed , Ali Noor , Kohli Arvind
Published: November 2017

Background: Approximately 70% of the cardiac tumors are benign, atrial myxoma is the most common, and is seen more in females. Presentation is variable, and patients can present with cardiac symptoms or systemic manifestations. Prognosis may be grave if the presentation is late or if the diagnosis and surgery is delayed. Accurate diagnosis, early surgical intervention gives excellent results.Methods: The study was conducted in the department of cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, all the patients who had diagnosis of cardiac myxoma irrespective of age, sex and associated diseases were included in the study. Transthoracic echocardiography was the initial investigation of choice, in some vascular Doppler studies, and CT scan was also done. All were operated under cardiopulmonary bypass, myxoma was approached by left atriotomy, tumor along with its base was excised, and the defect so created was closed directly or a patch repair was done.Results: Majority were in 5th decade of life, females were more. Presentation included breathlessness, edema, hemiparesis, monoparesis, aphasia. Clinical examination revealed anemia, dyspnea, edema, audible murmur, weakness of limb/limbs and aphasia. Echocardiography established diagnosis in all. Left atrium was the common chamber involved. Interatrial septum on left atrial side was the common site of myxoma origin. All had uneventful post-operative period, and there was no mortality.Conclusions: Atrial myxoma, though very rare, can present with a grim phenomenon, early and accurate diagnosis, followed by excision under cardiopulmonary bypass gives excellent results.
Reducing the mother-to-child transmission of HIV: findings from an early infant diagnosis program in Delta state Nigeria
Authors: Ibobo Judith A. , Nwose Ezekiel Uba , Chime Helen
Published: November 2017

Background: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV has been a global issue being addressed with prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) strategy. Nigeria is said to be responsible for 30% of the global burden of MTCT of HIV. Hence, Delta state of Nigeria had implemented its own PMTCT in line with the global plan to eliminate MTCT. This paper evaluates the determinants and level of effectives of PMTCT with a view to develop a framework to review the program in Delta state.Methods: This was a narrative literature review which aimed at appraising available reports on PMTCT services and related data. In particular, the ‘Delta state development performance: health sector report 1991–2013’ was appraised. Results: Generally, Delta state has improved on infant survival better than national baseline. Specifically, on PMTCT, more women (average 2.9%) than men (average 2.1%) have tested positive for HIV in the 5 years period of 2008–2012 free screening. Further, the report indicates that the State has achieved 78% of eligible facilities offering PMTCT services in the state, but only 23% coverage of pregnancies. Conclusions: In the context of cost effectiveness as well as improvement in service delivery, there is a need to investigate the success rates of health facilities that are offering PMTCT services. There is also need to investigate the barriers to PMTCT that may be prevailing in Delta state.
Epidemiology and pathological trends in oral squamous cell carcinoma in a local tertiary care hospital
Authors: Gul Hamna , Asif Farhana , Ghaffar Iqra , Anwar Malik Adeel , Tayyab Muhammad Arslan , Kashif Muhammad
Published: November 2017

Background: Cancer archives perform a dynamic role in observing the prevalence of these cancers. The present study was carried out to study the epidemiological and pathological trends of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a local tertiary care hospital. Methods: Tissue samples were taken from the adult patients of both genders undergoing surgery for OSCC after an informed consent following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Socio-demographic information was obtained along with relevant clinical, laboratory findings. Tissue samples were stained with H & E stains and were graded according to Anneroth’s system of histological grading. Data were analysed using SPSS 20.0 and a p value ≤0.05 was taken as significant. Results: The most common site for OSCC was tongue and the most common histological subtype was conventional squamous cell carcinoma, while well differentiated tumours form the largest number in the current study. Conclusions: OSCC is a growing malignancy in Pakistan with significant morbidity and mortality and the findings of the present study will be a valuable addition in the local cancer archives.
Kwestia robotnicza w USA w I poł. XX w. Wkład Kościoła katolickiego w jej rozwiązanie
Authors: Graban Marcin
Published: November 2017

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Chrześcijańska wizja alterglobalizacji Wkład Światowej Rady Kościołów
Authors: Kopiec Piotr
Published: November 2017

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Powołanie inspektora ochrony danych jako przejaw społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu
Authors: Nerka Arleta
Published: November 2017

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Fluktuacje cenowe surowców pochodzenia rolniczego na przykładzie ziemniaków i ich wpływ na przemysł przetwórczy
Authors: Kuczyński Marcin
Published: November 2017

Artykuł traktuje o wpływie surowców pochodzenia rolniczego, w szczególności ziemniaków, na przemysł przetwórczy oraz o fluktuacjach cenowych i dostępności ziemniaków przemysłowych do produkcji w szczególności frytek i chipsów oraz wpływie tych wahań na przemysł przetwórczy. Celem artykułu jest przeanalizowanie literatury i określenie możliwych przyczyn fluktuacji oraz opisanie dotychczasowych metod zapobiegania im. Autor opisuje możliwe do wprowadzenia rozwiązania budujące wieloletnie relacje producentów z dostawcami surowca, które mogą pomóc zapobiec części największych fluktuacji cen i dostępności ziemniaków lub co najmniej je zniwelować.
Apoteoza chciwości na rynkach finansowych w wybranych filmach fabularnych
Authors: Borowski Krzysztof
Published: November 2017

Współcześnie, w edukacji ekonomicznej, zwłaszcza w Europie Zachodniej i USA, coraz większego znaczenia nabiera wykorzystanie filmów fabularnych do ilustracji: określonych zjawisk i procesów gospodarczych, jak również zachowań inwestorów oraz finansowych i, społecznych i psychologicznych konsekwencji tych zachowań. W artykule omówione zostały fragmenty wybranych filmów fabularnych, zagranicznych i polskich, które odnoszą się do chciwości inwestorów na rynkach finansowych lub też dotyczą ich stosunku do pieniędzy. Fragmenty tych filmów, jak i innych obrazów mogą zostać wykorzystane w procesie dydaktycznym jak i w czasie specjalistycznych kursów z szeroko rozumianych finansów.
Wybrane problemy zarządzania finansami gospodarstw domowych w krajach europejskich
Authors: Wiśniewska Agnieszka
Published: November 2017

Gospodarstwa domowe charakteryzują się bardzo dużą różnorodnością w zakresie dysponowania swoimi środkami pieniężnymi. Jedne gospodarstwa domowe większość swojego dochodu przeznaczają na rzecz konsumpcji bieżącej, inne na regulację swoich zobowiązań, zaś kolejne na oszczędności i inwestycje. Zarządzanie finansami osobistymi (czyli finansami gospodarstw domowych), związane jest z podejmowaniem decyzji w zakresie dostępnego budżetu w taki sposób, aby zrealizowany był cel należący do gospodarstw domowych, czyli maksymalizacja zaspokojenia potrzeb. Niniejsze opracowanie dotyczy przede wszystkim decyzji finansowych w zakresie zadłużenia oraz oszczędności, a także ukazania różnic między nimi w poszczególnych krajach Europy. Celem jest wskazanie ram teoretycznych zagadnienia związanego z zarządzaniem finansami gospodarstw domowych. Za hipotezę przyjmuje się, iż im wyższy dochód rozporządzalny gospodarstw domowych w danym państwie, tym wyższy udział oszczędności w dochodzie. Dodatkowo, im bardziej zadłużone są gospodarstwa domowe w danym kraju europejskim, tym oszczędności są niższe i przyjmują wartości ujemne.
Studi Efikasi dan Keamanan Ekstrak Akar dan Daun Calotropis gigantea Terhadap Sel Kanker Kolon dan Sel Kanker Payudara Secara In Vitro
Authors: Mutiah Roihatul
Published: November 2017

Development of phytopharmaca for cancer until now has become a major step in overcoming the failure of cancer therapy. Calotrophis gigantea is one of the scientifically proven plants both in vitro and in vivo as a chemopreventive agent. This study aims to explain the efficacy and safety of Calotropis gigantea leaf extract (EDCG) and Calotropis gigantea root extract (EACG) on NIH3T3 cell, colon cancer cell WiDr and T47D breast cancer cells. From the analysis of MTT and Selectivity Index (SI) analysis showed that ethanol extract of leaf Calotropis gigantea (EDCG) can inhibit selective growth of selective colon cancer cells (SI 3) but not selective in inhibiting the growth of breast cancer cells T47D (SI 3 ). Calotropic gigantea (EACG) root ethanol extract is not selective in inhibiting the growth of colon cancer cells WiDr and breast cancer cells T47D (SI 3). Therefore EDCG can be recommended as a Phytopharmaca candidate with further proof through clinical trials.
PERANCANGAN DAN PEMBUATAN APLIKASI D3 TEKNIK INFORMATIKA UNS BERBASIS WEB DAN ANDROID
Authors: Yudhanto Yudho , Nova Dimas Sadewo Jumpa , Sulandari Winita
Published: November 2017

Field of information technology is one of the major role holder still lives today. With the technology more easily obtain the information society.

System and Application D3TIUNS created using waterfall method, D3TIUNS web based applications created using programming language PHP with CodeIgniter Framework. And Android-based applications D3TI created using the Java programming language with Android Studio tool with the programming language php, java and using CodeIgniter Framework.

The design used in the making of this application include: table of functional requirements, use case diagram, ERD, activity diagrams, Sequence diagrams and interface design. For application testing using methods blackbox. The results of this thesis is the creation of information system D3 Informatics Engineering UNS web-based and application-based android D3TI
PENGARUH GRANPARENTING TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN EMOSI REMAJA PADA KELUARGA TKI DI KECAMATAN GEKBRONG CIANJUR-JAWA BARAT
Authors: Nurannisa Hani , Hasanah Uswatun , Tarma Tarma
Published: November 2017

Pada saat ini, pengasuhan anak tidak hanya dilakukan oleh orang tua. Perubahan peran keluarga menjadikan pengasuhan dilakukan oleh baby sitter atau anggota keluarga lain seperti ini. Padahal anak membutuhkan pengasuhan dari orang tua untuk perkembangan pada dirinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari pengaruh pengasuhan nenek terhadap perkembangan emosi remaja pada keluarga TKI. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di 5 desa Kecamatan Gekbrong yaitu Cintaasih, Cikancana, Sukaratu, Bangbayang, dan Songgom. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survey. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah anak keluarga TKI yang berusia remaja dengan jumlah 40 orang yang dijadikan sebagai responden. Uji hipotesis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Korelasi Koefesien Product Moment yang menyatakan korelasinya sebesar r = 0,136 yang artinya hubungan antara variabel sangat lemah. Hasil Uji Signifikasi pada koefisiennya sebesar t = 0,851 dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa koefisien korelasi adalah tidak signifikan. Koefisien determinasi yang diperoleh sebesar 1,87% menunjukan variabel perkembangan emosi remaja ditentukan oleh grandparenting. Hasil hipotesis penelitian dan uji mengenai pengaruh dapat diperoleh bahwa tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara grandparenting dengan perkembangan emosi remaja pada keluarga TKI di Kecamatan Cianjur, Jawa Barat.
Pengaruh Dukungan Orangtua terhadap Minat Anak dalam berwirausaha (Pada Siswa SMK Strada Koja, Jakarta Utara)
Authors: Periera Aprilia , Mashabi Nurlaila Abdullah , Muhariati Metty
Published: November 2017

Dalam meningkatkan minat anak wirausaha banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi, salah satunya faktor dari dukungan orangtua dimana saat anak memiliki minat berwirausaha orangtua harus mendukung dan membimbing anak sehingga dari dukungan tersebut anak merasa bahwa ia di dukung dan bisa mengembangkan mintanya tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dukungan orangtua terhadap minat anak dalam berwirausaha khususnya siswa siswi SMK Strada koja. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitaif asosiatif dan responden ini secara perposive sampling yang berarti teknik pengambilan sapel secara sengaja. Maksudnya, peneliti menentukan sendiri sampel yang diambil karena ada pertimbangan tertentu, jadi sampel diambil kerena ada pertimbangan tertentu. Jadi, sampel diambil tidak secara acak. Tapi, di tentukan sendiri oleh peneliti. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dengan skala Likert dan responden sebanyak 86 siswa. Hasil penelitian diperoleh menunjukan terdapat korelasi yang kuat antara kedua variabel dengan r=0,677, thitung = 8,44. Persamaan regresi yang diperoleh Y=29,87 + 0,715 X dan Fhitung =1,07 dan Ftabel= 1,69. Dan koefisien determinasi diperoleh 45,87%, artinya dukungan keluarga secara signifikan mempengaruhi minat anak dalam berwirausaha pada siswa SMK Strada Koja.
LITERASI ASESMEN IPA
Authors: Suciati Rizkia , Amirullah Gufron
Published: November 2017

Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui literasi asesmen dari guru-guru sekolah dasar di Bengkulu. Survei dilakukan terhadap guru sekolah dasar (n = 28) yang berasal dari 22 sekolah dasar dari 5 kecamatan se-kota bengkulu.  Responden diminta melengkapi 4 pertanyaan tertutup dan 5 pertanyaan terbuka berkenaan dengan tingkat literasi asesmen, tujuan utama dari asesmen dan pemanfaatan berbagai teknik asesmen, kebutuhan akan pelatihan lanjutan dan cara-cara yang disarankannya untuk meningkatkan literasi asesmen di perguruan tinggi dan pada praktek keguruan (PPL). Sebagian besar responden menilai tingkat kemampuan asesmen mereka relatif baik, meskipun hal itu bertolak belakang dengan pendapat mereka tentang tujuan asesmen. Tujuan sumatif masih mendominasi sebagai tujuan asesmen dalam pembelajaran, sedikit yang berpendapat asesmen dilakukan untuk keperluan formatif (pengembangan) dan diagnostik. Mereka lebih menyukai menggunakan teknik asesmen komunikasi personal dan tes pilihan (responden terbatas), namun bila ada pelatihan teknik asesmen di masa mendatang mereka memilih teknik asesmen observasi. Perguruan tinggi dapat berperan dalam pengembangan literasi asesmen calon guru dan guru, termasuk melalui kerja sama dengan Dinas Pendidikan.
Innovative Production Optimization Technique for Smart Well Completions Using Real-Time Nodal Analysis Applications
Authors: Al-Anazi Amer M. , Isichei Obi L. , Al-Yaha Mohammed A. , Al-Shammeri Faleh M.
Published: November 2017

Smart/Intelligent well completions are broadly used to maximize multilateral well productivity, restrict unwanted water and gas production, and improve sweep efficiency. To achieve the optimum economic values of smart completions, the surface and subsurface chock valves settings need to be frequently optimized using the best-in-class techniques. Applying the right optimization technique will ensure a successful and efficient optimization.

The paper discusses an innovative production optimization approach using real-time modeling based on nodal analysis for multilateral wells. These multilateral wells are equipped with surface and subsurface downhole valves with various choke settings and downhole permanent pressure gauges. The technique utilizes the data collected during a conventional optimization and a commercial steady-state model. It estimates the flowing parameters of individual laterals, determines the optimum pressure drop across each downhole valve, and estimates productivity of each lateral during the commingled production at various choke valves settings.

The approach was successfully field-tested and validated. The generated models were used to predict well performance at various conditions. The approach starts by collecting well rates and flowing bottom-hole pressure data at various chokes settings including commingled and individual lateral testing. The acquired data are used to calibrate the model, generate different production scenarios and optimize the performance of each lateral.

Adoption of the technique among others facilitate better management of the multilateral wells production to fulfil both short and long term objectives, namely, optimizing production of these wells and improving recovery. In addition to the reduction of OPEX associated with the conventional procedures to test and optimize these wells.
Wettability Alteration of Carbonate Rocks via Nanoparticle-Anionic Surfactant Flooding at Reservoirs Conditions
Authors: Al-Anssari Sarmad , Nwidee Lezorgia N. , Arif Muhammad , Wang Shaobin , Barifcani Ahmed , Lebedev Maxim , Iglauer Stefan
Published: November 2017

Nanofluids, liquid suspensions of nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed in deionized (DI) water, brine, or surfactant micelles, have become a promising solution for many industrial applications including enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon geostorage. At ambient conditions, nanoparticles can effectively alter the wettability of the strongly oil-wet rocks to water-wet. However, the reservoir conditions present the greatest challenge for the success of this application at the field scale. In this work, the performance of anionic surfactant-silica nanoparticle formulation on wettability alteration of oil-wet carbonate surface at reservoir conditions was investigated. A high-pressure temperature vessel was used to apply nano-modification of oil-wet calcite sample at subsurface conditions (20 MPa, and 70°C). Moreover, to simulate all the potential scenarios inside the oil reservoirs, various concentrations of nanoparticles, surfactant, and salinities were tested. Contact angle measurements on calcite substrates and spontaneous imbibition test on limestone cores were performed to both the natural and modified (oil-wet) samples to consider the effect of heterogeneity and rock complexity on surface wettability. The results showed that formulations of Sodium Dodecylsulfate-silica nanoparticles can alter the wettability of oil-wet calcite to strongly water-wet at reservoir conditions. Further, the spontaneous imbibition data confirmed the role of nano-suspension to render the oil-wet pores to intermediate and water-wet.

The findings of this study provide new insights into nanofluids applications for enhanced oil recovery and carbon geo-storage.
Extensive Application of ESP with Permanent Magnet Motor: Continuous Improvement for Energy Saving and Cost Reduction
Authors: Hamzah Kamal , Prakoso Noke Fajar , Dwitiya Dipta , Kusuma Hendra , Amijaya Winandar , Yudhanto Geraldus , Bong Fendy , Hidayat Teguh , Wirasupena Harisza
Published: November 2017

Kaji-Semoga (KS) field, a mature field located in South-Sumatra, requires more efficient production operation to reduce production lifting cost. Since 2008, KS field has been experiencing gas shortage due to the decline in associate gas production. As a result, some of the gas lifted producer wells need to be converted to another type of Artificial Lift (AL). After various studies and trials, it was concluded that ESP (Electrical Submersible Pump) was the most suitable alternative. Currently, the AL system is dominated by ESP with total deployment 140 of 190 producing wells, contributing 70% to the field's overall oil production, i.e. a total of 9,500 BOPD. Furthermore, KS field purchases gas as fuel for the electricity system, which is mainly consumed by AL. Therefore, efforts have been made to evaluate and obtain significant cost reduction in power consumption of ESP through power efficiency assessment and feasibility of new technology implementation.

Power efficiency assessment for ESP application becomes a promising attempt to reduce ESP power consumption. Components which mostly affect the power consumptions are pumps and motors. With this understanding, technology selection of ESP has been carefully determined to obtain significant result in power efficiency. Permanent Magnet Motor (PMM) is one of the ESP technologies that offers higher efficiency, higher power factor, greater power density and wider operating speed compared to conventional induction motor (IM). Short term field trial PMM ESP application has been conducted. Field-testing procedures and measurements on power consumption are presented both for PMM and existing IM at identical condition (head generated, motor rating, pump type & fluid rate). It yielded conclusive result that PMM has higher power efficiency. Thus, a wider application is justified and expected to have substantial energy savings and cost reductions.

Currently, PMM is utilized at 20% of ESP wells in KS field. Field observation of these PMM-ESP units revealed power efficiency improvements by as much as 10-30% compared to IM ESP units. This improvement has led to the reduction of fuel gas consumption, which we have estimated to potentially save the company almost $ 750,000 per year in power generation expenditure. In the future, all IM ESP are planned to be replaced by PMM to gain higher cost reduction.
Identification of Hot Spot and Reliable Maximum Flow Rate by Production Logging for Sustainable Sand-Control Equipment Protection
Authors: Kim DongKyoon , Kim USU , Lee JungHwan , Sur YoungBin , Song JaeHak , Park JooSeon
Published: November 2017

This paper presents how to identify a hotspot, i.e. the most critical interval with a localized high gas rate and to determine the reliable maximum gas flow rate by interpreting production logging and calculating the fluid velocity at completion screen. This reliable characterization is highly important to prevent any failure of cased-hole gravel pack screens from fine particles.

Generally, operators manage the gas well within allowable pressure draw down range. The rule of thumb for restriction on maximum recommended drawdown ranged from 500 psi to 1000 psi. However wells completed through sand control equipment completion might encounter sand face completion failure in the occurrence of extremely high velocity flowing hotspot zone near the screen or liner. Therefore it is necessary to pay close attention to the detection of hotspot zone using production logging interpretation. Moreover, calculation of the maximum gas rate based on gas velocity profile through the screen would determine the allowable maximum flow rate with advanced method.

Normally In field cases, gas velocity higher than 1ft/s at the screen is considered as potential fluid velocity which could cause possible completion failure due to screen erosion accompanied by fine particles. One of the gas producing wells in SHWE project operated by Posco-Daewoo at Myanmar offshore, shows moderate mechanical skin damage and heterogeneous flow profile at the screen. Therefore rather than applying general drawdown criteria, calculating gas velocity at screen is recommended. To investigate the velocity profile at well bore, Production Logging was applied to Well-1 at SHWE field. By interpreting the Production logging, a highly biased flow profile was found out and reservoir interval showing highly biased flow would be suspected as of a hotspot zone.

Production logging interpretation results indicate that the flow rate of 500 psig drawdown is much higher than the flow rate correspondent of 1ft/sec velocity at hotspot zone due to highly biased flow profile. In this case, the general drawdown criteria will not guarantee the sustainable maintenance of screen however exposes potential erosion to screen. Therefore, the gas wells suspected to have biased flow profile required to detect any potential hotspot areas and should be operated with advanced criteria to prevent potential sand face completion failure.
Operations Management Dashboards: A Production Life Cycle Management Study
Authors: Fatnani Ashish , Nwachukwu Joseph , Makhmoor Felor
Published: November 2017

Efficiently managing the performance of sizeable onshore assets can be challenging, particularly in the absence of well-defined processes and technology to help organize people and data. This often leads to suboptimal processes, ineffective use of resources and time, and missed opportunities. Significant variations in producing reservoirs, artificial lift types, storage and processing facility capacity, data quality and availability, and even manpower can create varied operations and operational issues between areas (Farid et al. 2007). To help mitigate these challenges, an independent oil company and a service company collaborated on an integrated operations center (IOC) analytics dashboard called the operations management dashboard (OMD).

The independent oil company produces and operates in US onshore assets, which necessitates personnel working under complex operating conditions, using multiple applications, and processing data that are fragmented across these applications. The OMD integrated 17 different data sources from various areas, implemented multiple engineering logic calculations, and created intelligent real-time alarms to identify specific operational issues and facilitate asset management. This integration was performed on a single platform. The OMD leveraged solution capabilities range from displaying information from multiple real-time and historical data sources available across the field to streamlining business processes. This helps enhance field staff communications and support the company's management by exception philosophy, focusing on cases that deviate from the norm.

The OMD was deployed in one of the independent operator's onshore assets that included 1,000+ tank batteries, 7,000+ wells, and 20+ fields. The OMD automated processes helped reduce errors, resulting in less downtime and associated operational expenditure (OPEX). The OMD also standardized data analysis by allowing access to both historical and real-time data in a single workflow. Additional benefits were improved tank logistics resulting from tank level monitoring and timely and effective communication resulting from displayed work orders and comments between field and office personnel. Overall, the OMD facilitated access to consistent and in-context information, which was necessary for accurate and timely decision-making.

The dashboard's easy configuration, alerting functionality with the capability of defining meaningful and complex real-time alarms, and automated processes combined with easy-to-analyze visualizations proved valuable and resulted in enhanced decision-making. By defining alarms and automating processes, the OMD can help optimize injection gas rates during gas lift operations, identify mechanical lift issues, schedule field maintenance or inspections, and recognize production anomalies. The OMD can help quickly identify operational issues and production optimization opportunities. Additionally, it is expected to reduce downtime by 25% and decrease OPEX by 25%.
The Impact of Field Measurements, Data Handling Procedures and Software Selection on Carbonate and Sulphide Scale Predictions
Authors: Verri Giulia , Sorbie K. S.
Published: November 2017

Carbonate and sulphide scales are directly linked together and differ from other inorganic scales because they are intimately linked to the in-situ concentrations of CO2 and H2S, which influence the local pH and availability of reactive species. In previous publications, we described a rigorous workflow (step-by-step procedure) to accurately predict carbonate and sulphide scaling profiles from reservoir to separator using commonly available field data (Verri et al., 2017a). Although the workflow we describe is rigorous, the numerical results produced are of course subject to errors of different types.

In the present paper we identify and describe three key categories of data and procedures that must be correctly gathered and used in order to obtain accurate carbonate and sulphide scale predictions: these relate to field measurements, data handling procedures, choice of software, model equations and parameters. Moreover, in this work we estimate the impact of unreliable field measurements on the final carbonate and sulphide scaling profiles, with particular focus on gas and water chemistry errors. By varying important parameters such as gas phase CO2 and H2S concentration, water pH and alkalinity, Ca2+ and Fe2+ levels, we assess the impact that errors in these measurements could have on the final scale prediction profiles.

This work presents a comprehensive and systematic description of the common errors and challenges associated with the prediction of pH dependent scales (CaCO3, FeS, FeCO3). Moreover, the impact of various parameters on the final scale prediction results is established to distinguish between critical and non-critical data input in PVT and scale prediction software. The results from our analysis suggest that field measurement errors may not play a big role in high scaling risk scenarios, but that they are moreimportant in low/medium scaling systems. In addition, our calculations demonstrate the impact of increasing H2S on calcium carbonate scaling profile, which has not been previously addressed in the literature.
Breaking Produced Emulsions of an Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Flood
Authors: White Alan , Kaiser Anton
Published: November 2017

During the application of chemical enhanced oil recovery (C-EOR) floods, breakthrough of the injection chemicals periodically occurs resulting in stable emulsions. It is generally challenging to predict exactly when chemical breakthrough will occur, and flood designs try to eliminate this unwanted event from occurring. Some EOR recommendations use a combination of surfactant and polymer (SP), alkaline, surfactant and polymer (ASP), and variations on these two themes. In the event of chemical breakthrough, it is critical to have processes in place that can handle the ever changing conditions that evolve during the course of crude oil recovery. The emulsions from such floods can yield both stable water-in-oil (normal) and oil-in-water (reverse) emulsions particularly if the return of injection chemicals is higher than expected.

Chemical flooding involves injection of a predetermined volume of alkaline, surfactant and/or polymeric chemicals into the reservoir, in order to enhance oil recovery through reduction of Residual Oil Saturation (ROS) and enhancing sweep efficiency of the system. The surfactant, with its Interfacial Tension (IFT) reduction effects, reduces the ROS of the system, and the polymer, through its mobility control effects, increases sweep efficiency. Alkali protects the surfactant from being adsorbed, and also supplements the IFT reduction process, through saponification of the natural acids in the oil. ASP flooding has proved to increase oil recovery in many field trials globally. Several ASP pilots of different scales are reported to have yielded net incremental recovery factors in the range of 15% to 25% over waterflooding.

All physical factors listed previously that enhance oil recovery, can also greatly contribute to the formation of very stable emulsions which are ultimately quite different from naturally occurring emulsions which tend to be stabilized by components such as asphaltenes and resins. Traditional emulsion breakers are often not effective on emulsions created by chemical floods. Like any emulsion, these induced (i.e. basically synthetic) EOR-based emulsions need to be resolved or broken. Producing dry oil and clean water are requirements that all producers must achieve. Dry oil is needed to meet pipeline and various other transportation specifications, whilst clean water is required to meet environment regulations and operators’ own production needs.

The following paper focuses on an ASP pilot project in a mature Oilfield in Asia from the initial bottle test selection work through to field trial of the recommended Breaker chemistries.
Innovative Technology for Uniform Distribution of Water Injection in Different Layers for Better Waterflood Management in Giant Clastic Upper Burgan Reservoir, Raudhatain Field, Kuwait
Authors: Al-Hajeri Nasser , Chellappan Suresh , Jamal Mariam , Mahato Anil
Published: November 2017

In the current and future scenario of increasing demand for hydrocarbons, Multi-Disciplinary Integrated Waterflood Management team is the key to achieve ultimate recovery. In Raudhatain Upper Burgan reservoir production started in 1959 with initial reservoir pressure of 3850 psi. Decline in reservoir pressure with sustained rate of production indicated weak aquifer support and initiated water injection during the year 2001. With four major flow units, poor sweep efficiency often results from spatial variation and/or heterogeneity in the permeability of the reservoir rock, usually resulting in an irregular displacement front of the injected fluid. The initial completion design did not address the injection profile control. The integrated waterflood management team initiated number of projects to increase the productivity like Water Flow Regulator technology (WFR). The objective of using this technology is flooding all the units so as to improve the overall sweep efficiency.

To optimize vertical & areal sweep efficiency and enhance production from the uncontacted portions of this reservoir, a paradigm shift in water flood strategy was adopted for selective injection strings using WFR. These devices enable to control injection rates in specific layers with different reservoir pressure, permeability, skin damage or any other factors that would normally affect flow. The new completion design with WFR was installed in one of the water injector wells, thereby recompleting the well, switching from the conventional to the straddled packer completion, grouping four flow units into 3 zones with WFR, rationalizing the splits as per needs per layer vis-a-vis to the perforations in nearby producers.

This novel technology was successfully applied in three Raudhatain upper Burgan wells. The results are very encouraging, vertical injection profile vastly improved by enabling higher injection rates into layers that never received water. Before commissioning of water flow regulator, most of the injected water was traversing through the high permeable zone only. The vertical water injection profile due to WFR approach resulted in choking the flow through high permeable layer and improved the flow in the remaining uncontacted layers. Production logging was conducted before and after commissioning of WFR to confirm the results. In the long term, this approach is likely to add production, reserves and ultimate recovery factor.

The first implementation of WFR in North Kuwait Field, has proved the concept of improving vertical injection profile. Based on comprehensive evaluation, a campaign of completing 9 more vertical injector wells with this selective-string design is planned by KOC. The re-engineering of injection profile has paved the way for application of this technique in other similar reservoirs of Kuwait.
A Comprehensive Reservoir Characterization and Water Flooding Optimization for Different Types of Reservoir – Case Study of a Giant Carbonate Reservoir in the Middle East
Authors: Wei Chenji , Xiong Lihui , Zheng Jie , Li Baozhu
Published: November 2017

Carbonate reservoirs are of strong heterogeneity. Their geological features and dynamic behaviors vary significantly for different types of carbonates. Characterizing the distribution of different types of carbonates and proposing different development strategies are critical for a successful development of carbonate reservoirs. This paper focuses on a super-giant carbonate reservoir with OOIP (Original Oil in Place) of more than 20 billion barrels. However, it has been naturally depleted over the past 40 years. Its reservoir pressure is approaching the bubble point pressure. Therefore, it is critical and urgent to propose optimized water flooding plan for this reservoir.

In this paper, the dataset includes seismic data, well logs, production history, dynamic surveillance data, et al. Firstly, three reservoir types are characterized as good, medium and poor reservoirs based on static and dynamic data. Then, the stacking patterns of different reservoir types are concluded and their distributions are determined, which provide us the foundation to propose customized water flooding plan. Finally, the water flooding performances of different stacking patterns are analyzed and full-field development strategies are proposed based on fine-scale geological modeling and numerical simulation.

Results indicate that stacking pattern has intimate relationship with facies map. For example, the distribution of stacking pattern A, in which good reservoir accounts for the majority, is consistent with the distribution of favorable grainstone shore facies, indicating very good reservoir quality that resulted in higher production rate, longer stable production period, and slow decline. In addition, different offtakes, well patterns, pressure maintenance, well types of different reservoir stacking pattern are determined based on the simulation results and distribution of different stacking patterns. The EUR is increased by more than 20% compared with natural depletion.

This paper offers a reference case of grouping different types of reservoirs and proposing customized water flooding plan, which help engineers and geologists to better develop other similar fields.
Production Enhancement by Replacing a Poor-Boy Gas Lifted Well with a Hydraulic Jet Pumping System
Authors: Ahmed Kalwar Shuaib , Quddos Awan Abdul , Khakwani Khizer Mehmood
Published: November 2017

Artificial lift systems are among the most widely used production technologies in global oil and gas operations. Wells that cannot produce liquids to the surface under their own pressure require lift technologies to enable production. Some liquid wells need lift assistance from the beginning and almost all require it sooner or later.

In this paper, a poor-boy gas lifted well was replaced with a jet pumping system to enhance production. Well –2A was spud in July, 1984 and drilled to 14808 ft TD. After performing Drill Stem Test (DST), the well was completed with dual strings of 3-1/2 inche. It produced from Chorgali/Sakessar formations with an average 3,500 BOPD, 9.0 MMSCFD at 2,500 psi of WHP since 1985. However, the production declined to zero between 1991–1995, the well was revived on production, yet halted again. It was then brought back on production in 2002 and 2004, with the help of poor-boy gas lift, by tubing punches, but the water cut reached 100% during the lift and the well was shut in.

Well –2A was revitalized again on production by poor-boy gas lift, in which gas was injected through the ports of a jet pump Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA), after performing a work-over, where it was completed with a single string. Yet, because of repeated failure of the gas compressors, unavailability of high-pressure compressors and marginal production, the well was put on jet pump. The jet pump was run in hole with 12A Nozzle/Throat combination in free-style after ensuring sufficient liquid level within the wellbore.

Based on the results, a marginal well was optimized with the cumulative production of 820 BPD i.e., an average of 120 BOPD and 700 BWPD, which was higher than the targeted production rates evaluated for this well. A free-style jet pump deployment achieved the expected performance and reliability. Moreover, the jet pump can easily be re-optimized by reversing it out to change the nozzle and/or throat without requiring sick-line job.
Production Enhancement in Mature Fields of Assam Arakan Basin by Radial Jet Drilling- A Case Study
Authors: Maut Partha Protim , Jain Deepak , Mohan Rahul , Talukdar Dhruba , Baruah Tridip , Sharma Pritam , Verma Sanjay
Published: November 2017

Decline of production or premature shut-in of wells due to various problems like reservoir pressure depletion, adverse reservoir characteristics, formation damage (skin) etc. is an increasing problem in the oil and gas production sector. In most of such cases, the remaining resources are likely to be abandoned in view of failure to re-establish the production of the field. Oil India Limited (OIL) has attached a significant thrust on improving recovery from such reservoirs by use of some modern fit-for-purpose technologies. Based on the result of pilot radial jet drilling project, a second campaign has been completed successfully in OIL.

The paper represents the operational involvements for the successful completion of the radial jet drilling operations in four (4) nos. of wells (3 oil well & 1 gas well) in four (4) different mature reservoirs of Oil India Limited. The depth of the target reservoirs varied from 2866 m to a record depth of around 3319 m (deepest well in India where radial jet drilling has been implemented). The first well was completed with 4 laterals (length 100 m each) with 90° phasing. The second well had 6 laterals (length 50 m-100 m) with 90° phasing in two different reservoir depths. The third well was completed with 5 laterals (length 10 m- 100 m) while the fourth well was successfully completed with 4 laterals of length 100 m each at targeted reservoir depth.

In this paper, the detailed post radial jet drilling production performance of the wells have been discussed and covered. The post job production gain of nearly 800% was obtained.

This is the second time; this technique was applied to increase production in the mature fields of OIL, Assam. The technical experience and knowledge gathered from the radial jet drilling campaign certainly confirms that radial jet drilling is a viable alternative to improve or unlock an untapped potential for incremental production for shallow to deep (approx. 3400 m) reservoirs conditions in Oil India Limited as well as in other exploration and production (E&P) operators worldwide.
First Removal of Manganese Tetraoxide Water-Based Mudcake in HP/HT Wells with H2S and CO2 Environment Using Acetic Acid Conveyed with Coiled Tubing
Authors: Chendrika Lusiana , Purwitaningtyas I. M. , Fuad Muhammad , Etuhoko Michael , Nurdin Syaiful , Jihong Lian , Rusli Barne
Published: November 2017

Manganese tetraoxide (Mn3O4) drilling fluid weighting material was first applied in two high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) Madura Sea, Indonesia wells, BD-A and BD-B. Mn3O4 is less damaging to the environment and formation than other weighting agents. In the BD wells, coiled tubing (CT) will perform Mn3O4 mudcake removal by spotting an acid solution. The main challenges come from the formation characteristics: temperature up to 305°F, pressure of 8100 psi, 5,000 ppm H2S, and 5.5% CO2.

Slow-reacting acid was preferred to prevent creating a corrosive environment. The reaction of acetic acid, formic acid, and a chelating agent with Mn3O4 at 305°F was studied. A corrosion test was performed to see the effect of the acid and 5,000 ppm H2S on CT string and completion tubing metal. Viscosimeter and densitometer testing was done on 155 ppb Mn3O4 mud that was mixed at laboratory scale to represent actual drilling mud in the well. Filter cake was made using an HP/HT filter press and 10-micron alloxite disc to represent formation permeability.

Using the mix of acetic acid and chelating agent solution, 100% solubility of filter cake was achieved after 6 hours reaction time, giving enough time for CT to spot the acid in the entire 1,000-ft openhole interval and provide a uniform filter cake removal. With additional organic acid inhibitor and H2S inhibitor, the corrosion rate on CT and completion tubing metal after 16 hours test was found acceptable without pitting observed.

This method has been proven effective to remove Mn3O4 filter cake with significant pressure drawdown reduction, hence increasing well productivities. The utilization of CT improves cost efficiency by accurately placing a right amount of acid solution across the openhole section.

This stimulation fluid system is the first application in the world and was proven to be effective to remove Mn3O4 based filter cake and protect CT and tubing metal against H2S and CO2 in an HP/HT environment.