bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of intestinal microbiota in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Jin Mengchao , Qian Zhiyuan , Yin Jiayu , Xu Weiting , Zhou Xiang
Published: February 2019

Accumulating evidence has indicated that intestinal microbiota is involved in the development of various human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In the recent years, both human and animal experiments have revealed that alterations in the composition and function of intestinal flora, recognized as gut microflora dysbiosis, can accelerate the progression of CVDs. Moreover, intestinal flora metabolizes the diet ingested by the host into a series of metabolites, including trimethylamine N‐oxide, short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acid and indoxyl sulfate, which affects the host physiological processes by activation of numerous signalling pathways. The aim of this review was to summarize the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of CVDs, including coronary artery disease, hypertension and heart failure, which may provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies for CVD that involve interfering with the composition, function and metabolites of the intestinal flora.
The Crisisification of Policy‐making in the European Union
Authors: Rhinard Mark
Published: February 2019

In recent years a subtle change has taken place in the policy‐making machinery shaping European integration. The traditional methods for producing collective European Union (EU) policies, typified by the extensive analysis of a problem, extended phases of consultation with stakeholders, the deliberate cultivation of support for proposals, occasional decision‐making moments and their long‐term implementation, now share space with what is best described as crisis‐oriented methods for arriving at collective decisions. These methods prioritize the early identification of the next crisis, specific kinds of actors and technologies, abbreviated decision‐making procedures and new narratives on the raison d'etre of European integration. This article treats this development as a kind of crisisification of EU policy‐making – a change in the processes by which collective decisions are made – and explores its implications for practice and research by drawing on both classical EU studies approaches and insights from critical security studies.
Risk of hip fracture in patients on hemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis: A meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Boonpheng Boonphiphop , Thongprayoon Charat , Mao Michael A , Wijarnpreecha Karn , Bathini Tarun , Kaewput Wisit , Ungprasert Patompong , Cheungpasitporn Wisit
Published: January 2019

Background

Bone and mineral metabolism disorders are common among end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, which could lead to hip fracture. It is unclear whether the hip fracture risk is different among patients on hemodialysis (HD) versus peritoneal dialysis (PD). This meta‐analysis was conducted to evaluate the hip fracture risk in ESRD patients on HD, when compared to PD.

Methods

A literature review was conducted in EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases through January 31, 2018 to identify studies that appraised the rate or risk of hip fracture among patients on HD, when compared to PD. Effect estimates from the individual studies were derived and consolidated utilizing random‐effect, generic inverse variance approach of DerSimonian and Laird.

Results

Five cohort studies with 1 276 677 ESRD patients were enrolled. HD status was associated with a significantly higher risk of hip fracture with the pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.61 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50‐1.73, I2 = 10.0%), compared with PD. When the analysis was limited to studies with confounder‐adjusted analysis, the pooled OR of hip fracture among HD patients was 1.57 (95% CI 1.43‐1.72, I2 = 13.6%). Funnel plots and Egger's regression test demonstrated no significant publication bias in our meta‐analysis.

Conclusions

Among ESRD patients, HD status is associated with a 61% higher risk of hip fracture compared to PD.
Sperm maturation and male tactic‐specific differences in ejaculates in the plainfin midshipman fishPorichthys notatus
Authors: Miller Jessica S. , Bose Aneesh P.H. , Fitzpatrick John L. , Balshine Sigal
Published: January 2019

Using the plainfin midshipman fishPorichthys notatus, a species with alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs), we investigated how sperm maturation shapes sperm competitive abilities. We compared sperm performance and morphology before and after final sperm maturation by sampling sperm from the testes and stripped ejaculates of guarders and sneakers. In accordance with sperm competition risk theory, ejaculates from sneaker males had three times as much sperm as ejaculates from guarder males and sneaker males produced faster swimming sperm than guarder males, but this was only the case after final sperm maturation had occurred. Additionally, fully mature sperm found in ejaculates had larger heads and midpieces than sperm found in the testes. These results emphasize the important role played by non‐sperm components of an ejaculate in mediating sperm performance and potentially also morphology.
Effects of passive integrated transponder tagging on cortisol release, aerobic metabolism and growth of the Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis
Authors: Reemeyer Jessica E. , Harris Jasmine C. , Hernandez Ariel M. , Rees Bernard B.
Published: January 2019

The effects of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagging on cortisol release, standard metabolic rate (SMR) and daily specific growth rate (GS) were evaluated in the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, a small estuarine fish native to the Gulf of Mexico. Cortisol release by individual fish was measured non‐invasively prior to PIT tagging, immediately after tagging and once per week for 1 month following tagging. Within the first 2 h of tagging, cortisol release rates were significantly elevated compared with values measured prior to tagging and significantly higher than that of fish handled identically except not implanted with PIT tags. By 1 week after PIT tagging, cortisol release rates returned to control levels. SMR, determined by intermittent‐flow respirometry and GS, defined as per cent change in body mass per day, were measured prior to PIT tagging and weekly for 1 month after tagging. Neither SMR nor GS was significantly different in tagged v. untagged fish for the duration of the study. One month after tagging, haematocrit, plasma cortisol, blood glucose and blood lactate did not differ between tagged and untagged individuals. Therefore, after a transient stress response that subsides within 1 week, PIT tagging had no significant effects on these physiological variables in F. grandis, validating its use as a method of marking this and other small fishes.
Non‐oral, aerobic, Gram‐negative bacilli in the oral cavity of Thai HIV‐positive patients on Highly‐active anti‐retrovirus therapy medication
Authors: Arirachakaran Pratanporn , Luangworakhun Sureeat , Charalampakis Georgios , Dahlén Gunnar
Published: January 2019

In the present study, we identified and evaluated the antibiotic susceptibility of 96 independent, aerobic, Gram‐negative bacillus isolates from 255 Thai HIV‐positive adults who were on Highly‐active anti‐retrovirus therapy (HAART) medication. Another 46 isolates from HIV non‐HAART individuals, vertically transmitted HIV‐positive individuals, and non‐HIV controls were included for comparison. A total of 103 strains were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using disc diffusion for screening and E‐test for minimal inhibitory concentration determination, with special attention on extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL) isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas luteola, Burkholderia cepacia, Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter species were the most common bacteria. All strains were resistant against penicillin, amoxicillin, clindamycin, and metronidazole. No ESBL isolates were found.
The combined effects of salivas and occlusal indicators on occlusal contact forces
Authors: Beninati Christopher J. , Katona Thomas R.
Published: January 2019

Background

Some occlusal detection products are designed for use on dry teeth, but this is not always achieved. Others are suited for dry and wet applications.

Objective

The objective of this study is to assess the combined effects, on occlusal contact forces, of two previously studied affecting variables—occlusal detection products and saliva.

Methods

We used a full‐arch dentiform with three occlusal detection products (an articulating film, an articulation paper and T‐Scan) in combination with human (HS) and an artificial saliva. The maxillary arch assembly, weighing ~54 N (the maximum bite force), was lowered onto (occlusion) and lifted off (disclusion) of the mandibular arch through 10 cycles by a mechanical testing machine. The forces and moments acting on the mandibular arch were continuously recorded by a load cell that supported it.

Results

The maximum values of Flateral (the in‐occlusal plane component of the occlusal contact force) were analysed by occlusion/disclusion separately using one‐way ANOVA, with factor for group type to identify the significant effect of salivas on products, effect of products, effect of salivas with products, effect of human saliva. A difference in occlusion and/or in disclusion was considered different. Statistical differences (P < 0.0001) in Flateral were found in: dry product vs product + HS, dry product vs product + artificial saliva (with articulating film and T‐Scan) and HS vs product + HS (with articulation paper and T‐Scan).

Conclusion

All products were affected by the salivas, except articulation paper by artificial saliva.
Evaluation of salivary metabolomics in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sridharan Gokul , Ramani Pratibha , Patankar Sangeeta , Vijayaraghavan Rajagopalan
Published: February 2019

Background

Metabolomics is the study of metabolome which describes the full repertoire of small molecules, and the analysis of salivary metabolomics may help in identifying tumor‐specific biomarkers for early diagnosis and prediction of tumor progression. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical utility of salivary metabolites in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods

Salivary metabolomic profile of patients diagnosed with oral leukoplakia (n = 21) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (n = 22) was compared with apparently normal controls (n = 18) using Q‐TOF—liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. MassHunter profile software and Metlin database were used for metabolite identification. ANOVA to identify the regulation of metabolites between the three groups, t test (P < 0.05) to signify the changes between two groups, and chi‐square test (P < 0.05) to indicate the presence or absence of metabolites in the study participants of the three groups were performed.

Results

Significant upregulation of 1‐methylhistidine, inositol 1,3,4‐triphosphate, d‐glycerate‐2‐phosphate, 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide, 2‐oxoarginine, norcocaine nitroxide, sphinganine‐1‐phosphate, and pseudouridine in oral leukoplakia and OSCC was noted. Downregulated compounds in the diseased groups included l‐homocysteic acid, ubiquinone, neuraminic acid, and estradiol valerate.

Conclusion

A range of salivary metabolites were significantly altered in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Further, it is necessary to evaluate the clinical utility of the individual metabolites in preventing malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia and to improve prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Ethics‐relevant values in adulthood: Longitudinal findings from the life and time study
Authors: Thalmayer Amber Gayle , Saucier Gerard , Srivastava Sanjay , Flournoy John C. , Costello Cory K.
Published: February 2019

Objective

This study investigates a set of variables related to the relative valuing of narrow self‐interest versus the concerns of a larger community. These values likely capture stable dispositions. Additionally, because ethics‐relevant values are associated with ongoing cultural and moral socialization, they may develop over time as in May’s theory of “mature” values.

Method

We administered eight value priority scales (Mature Values, Unmitigated Self‐Interest, Materialism, Financial Aspirations, and Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Collectivism) to a national community sample (N = 864, 66% female, 71% White, mean age 36) on four occasions approximately one year apart (Time 4N = 570). We examined the mean‐level change as cross‐sectional age differences and longitudinal change, and rank‐order stability. Correlations with Big Five/Big Six personality traits are reported.

Results

As people grew older, they increased in Mature Values and Horizontal and Vertical Collectivism, and decreased in Unmitigated Self‐Interest, Materialism, and Vertical Individualism. Rank‐order stability of the values was nearly as high as personality traits over three years. Stability increased with age for some scales.

Discussion

The stability of values scores suggests that they capture dispositional aspects, but age differences and longitudinal trends are also consistent with the hypothesis of socialization toward more inclusive value priorities.
Detection of Potato Leafroll Virus in Primarily Infected Tubers by Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: EHLERS U. , VETTEN H. J. , PAUL H. L.
Published: January 2019

The effects of artificially breaking dormancy on the detection of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) in tubers of four field‐grown potato cultivars with primary infection were studied by ELISA. Treatment with Rindite increased the concentration of PLRV at the rose end of tubers to a level which exceeded in the susceptible cv. Sieglinde that of the heel end and was in cultivars Sirco and Dirus almost as high as that of the heel end. PLRV concentration was highest at four weeks after Rindite treatment and remained on a much higher level in treated tubers from August till November than in untreated ones. At 14 weeks after breaking dormancy, PLRV dropped in treated tubers to a very low level which was similar to that of untreated ones. With sprouting tubers of cv. Jetta, PLRV occurred at significantly higher concentrations in samples from rose‐end eye tissue than in those from heel‐end tissue next to an eye. The reliability of detecting PLRV was higher in treated tubers than in untreated ones and did not depend upon the tuber end tested. With the exception of cv. Sieglinde, all infected tubers which could not be detected by ELISA in the tuber test originated from late‐inoculated plants. PLRV was reliably detected in sprouts. ELISA on leaves of field‐grown plants with primary infection gave very unsatisfactory results, irrespective of the time of inoculation.
Effects of Yucca schidigera extract on growth performance and antioxidative function of small intestine in broilers
Authors: Sun Dengsheng , Jin Xiao , Camerlink Irene , Tong Manman , Su Junling , Zhao Fei , Yan Sumei , Shi Binlin
Published: January 2019

Dietary Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) could enhance immune function in broilers, which was attributed primarily to its saponin components. However, YSE also contains phenolic compounds which possess antioxidant ability. This study tested the effects of YSE on growth performance of broilers, its antioxidative enzyme activities and corresponding gene expressions in the small intestine. A total of 128 15‐day‐old broilers were randomly assigned to 4 treatments: corn‐soya bean meal as the basal control diet or the basal diet containing either 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg of YSE. Each treatment consisted of four replicate pens with eight broilers per pen. The experiment lasted 28 days which was divided into a grower period (day: 15–28) and a finisher period (day: 29–42). On day 28 and day 42 body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) were recorded. Duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected to analyse superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) and gene expressions of SOD, CAT, GPx. The results showed that during the grower period a diet including 100 mg/kg YSE improved CAT capacity in the ileum, tended to increase activities of GPx in the duodenum, and further showed enhancing tendencies in SOD and GPx abilities in ileum. Gene expressions of CAT, SOD and GPx in the ileum tended to upregulate at 100 mg/kg YSE level. In the finisher period and over the whole period, all YSE groups had a reduced FI compared to the control group without compromising BW; 100 and 200 mg/kg YSE significantly improved FCR. In conclusion, the improved growth performance of broilers during the finisher period may be due to enhanced antioxidative ability in the grower period with YSE supplementation. This study provided evidence of using YSE as an additive to enhance growth in broilers.
Local flooding history affects plant recruitment in riparian zones
Authors: Sarneel Judith M. , Bejarano Maria Dolores , van Oosterhout Martin , Nilsson Christer
Published: February 2019

Aims

Many rivers across the globe are severely impacted by changed flooding regimes, resulting in drastic shifts in vegetation, but the processes driving the exchange of flood‐sensitive and flood‐tolerant species are understood less. We studied the role of long‐term and recent flooding histories for riparian plant recruitment in response to various changes in flooding regime.

Location

Vindel River catchment (Northern Sweden).

Methods

We experimentally changed long‐term flooding regimes by transplanting turfs between high and low elevations in 2000 and in 2014 (n = 8 per treatment). We sowed seeds of five riparian species in both transplanted turfs and non‐transplanted controls and counted seedling numbers over two growing seasons. Further, we inventoried natural seedling frequencies in 190 plots in 19 reaches in 2013 and 2014, and related natural seedling numbers to plot flooding history in the period 2012–2014.

Results

We observed effects of long‐term flooding history in the second year of the transplantation study (2015), but not in the first year. In 2015, turfs transplanted to locations with less flooding resulted in higher plant recruitment while transplantation to sites with more frequent flooding reduced recruitment compared to the controls. Since these differences were only found in recently transplanted turfs and not in older turfs, the legacy effect of long‐term flooding history can be transient. In the field seedling survey, similar differences were found between flooding‐history categories in 2013, but not in 2014, when the moisture conditions of the most recent year determined flooding. Further, lowest seedling numbers were observed when the previous flooding occurred in winter, and higher seedling numbers when floods occurred in spring or not at all.

Conclusions

Both long‐term and recent flooding histories can affect plant recruitment, and their influence should be taken into account when designing restoration projects.
Effects of acute and chronic zinc exposure on steroid hormone receptor expression in the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus
Authors: Han Xue , Li Chunyan , Qin Geng , Zhang Bo , Wang Xin , Lin Qiang
Published: February 2019

The element zinc (Zn) can elicit a variety of physiological responses in animals, particularly through its effects on steroid hormone receptor expression. Here, we evaluated the effects of Zn on the expression profiles of steroid hormone receptors in the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus, following experimental acute and chronic Zn exposure. Complex response patterns were observed; however, steroid hormone receptor expression in liver and kidney following 12‐day Zn injection (acute exposure) differed significantly from the control treatments. Apparent effects on hepatic lipid metabolism and osmotic regulation in the kidney need detailed investigation. Furthermore, 49‐day (chronic) waterborne Zn exposure produced a significant decrease in both estrogen receptor (ER) expression levels and estradiol concentrations. In additional, chronic exposure led to a substantial reduction of hepatic adipose cells, implying that Zn may regulate hepatic lipid metabolism via ER and estradiol. Our study demonstrated the effects of both acute and chronic Zn exposure on expression patterns of steroid hormone receptors, which will contribute to understanding the mechanism of Zn‐induced hepatic lipid metabolism and other physiological responses in seahorses.
Addendum to “Stöffler, D., Hamann, C., and Metzler, K., Shock metamorphism of planetary silicate rocks and sediments: Proposal for an updated classification system. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 53, 5–49, 2018”
Authors: Stöffler Dieter , Hamann Christopher , Metzler Knut
Published: February 2019

With this addendum we provide some correction and additional information regarding the above cited publication. It addresses the following two topics. (1) Clarification for a correct application of the criteria for certain shock stages of chondrites, in particular stage C‐S6. (2) Correction of a printing error in the table that contains the shock classification system of chondrites.
Genomics, environment and balancing selection in behaviourally bimodal populations: The caribou case
Authors: Cavedon Maria , Gubili Chrysoula , Heppenheimer Elizabeth , vonHoldt Bridgett , Mariani Stefano , Hebblewhite Mark , Hegel Troy , Hervieux Dave , Serrouya Robert , Steenweg Robin , Weckworth Byron V. , Musiani Marco
Published: February 2019

Selection forces that favour different phenotypes in different environments can change frequencies of genes between populations along environmental clines. Clines are also compatible with balancing forces, such as negative frequency‐dependent selection (NFDS), which maintains phenotypic polymorphisms within populations. For example, NFDS is hypothesized to maintain partial migration, a dimorphic behavioural trait prominent in species where only a fraction of the population seasonally migrates. Overall, NFDS is believed to be a common phenomenon in nature, yet a scarcity of studies were published linking naturally occurring allelic variation with bimodal or multimodal phenotypes and balancing selection. We applied a Pool‐seq approach and detected selection on alleles associated with environmental variables along a North–South gradient in western North American caribou, a species displaying partially migratory behaviour. On 51 loci, we found a signature of balancing selection, which could be related to NFDS and ultimately the maintenance of the phenotypic polymorphisms known within these populations. Yet, remarkably, we detected directional selection on a locus when our sample was divided into two behaviourally distinctive groups regardless of geographic provenance (a subset of GPS‐collared migratory or sedentary individuals), indicating that, within populations, phenotypically homogeneous groups were genetically distinctive. Loci under selection were linked to functional genes involved in oxidative stress response, body development and taste perception. Overall, results indicated genetic differentiation along an environmental gradient of caribou populations, which we found characterized by genes potentially undergoing balancing selection. We suggest that the underlining balancing force, NFDS, plays a strong role within populations harbouring multiple haplotypes and phenotypes, as it is the norm in animals, plants and humans too.
Is the folk concept of pain polyeidic?
Authors: Borg Emma , Harrison Richard , Stazicker James , Salomons Tim
Published: February 2019

Philosophers often assume that folk hold pain to be a mental state. However, folk also assign pains bodily locations: unlike most other mental states, pains are held to exist in arms, feet, etc. This has led some to talk of the “paradox of pain,” whereby the folk notion of pain is inherently conflicted. Recently, several authors have rejected the paradox view, arguing for a univocal, Bodily view of the folk notion of pain. This paper presents six objections to the Bodily view. We then outline a direction for future research—the “Polyeidic approach”—whereby the folk notion of pain is held to be complex.
Determination of nursing procedures and competencies in emergency departments: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Dağ Gülten S. , Bişkin Songül , Gözkaya Meral
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study was to determine the nursing procedures carried out by emergency department nurses. This descriptive study was carried out between April and September 2015 in the emergency departments of two state hospitals and one university hospital in Turkey. The study population comprised 139 emergency nurses working for at least 1 year in the emergency department of one of the three hospitals. Data were gathered by using the Emergency Nursing Procedures Questionnaire, which is composed of three sections to reveal nursing procedures performed in emergency departments. The procedures most frequently performed by the participants were administration of pain medication and assessment of patient responses (3.97 ± .18). Assessment of the patient's nutritional status (1.79 ± 1.16) was among the least frequently performed nursing procedures. Emergency nurses carried out nursing care procedures less frequently and took part most frequently in procedures related to medical diagnosis and treatment. According to results of this study, these procedures and competencies will highlight what knowledge and skills emergency nurses need. They will also guide in the creation of in‐service training programs and illuminate competencies that need improvement.
The Use of Instrumental Variables in Peer Effects Models
Authors: von Hinke Stephanie , Leckie George , Nicoletti Cheti
Published: February 2019

Instrumental variables are often used to identify peer effects. This paper shows that instrumenting the ‘peer average outcome’ with ‘peer average characteristics’ requires the researcher to include the instrument at the individual level as an explanatory variable. We highlight the bias that occurs when failing to do this.
Distinguishing the signatures of local environmental filtering and regional trait range limits in the study of trait–environment relationships
Authors: Denelle Pierre , Violle Cyrille , Munoz François
Published: February 2019

Understanding the imprint of environmental filtering on community assembly along environmental gradients is a key objective of trait‐gradient analyses. Depending on local constraints, this filtering generally entails that species departing from an optimum trait value have lower abundances in the community. The community‐weighted mean (CWM) and variance (CWV) of trait values are then expected to depict the optimum and intensity of filtering, respectively. However, the trait distribution within the regional species pool and its limits can also affect local CWM and CWV values apart from the effect of environmental filtering. The regional trait range limits are more likely to be reached in communities at the extremes of environmental gradients. Analogous to the mid‐domain effect in biogeography, decreasing CWV values in extreme environments can then represent the influence of regional trait range limits rather than stronger filtering in the local environment. We name this effect the ‘trait‐gradient boundary effect’ (TGBE). First, we use a community assembly framework to build simulated communities along a gradient from a species pool and environmental filtering with either constant or varying intensity while accounting for immigration processes. We demonstrate the significant influence of TGBE, in parallel to environmental filtering, on CWM and CWV at the extremes of the environmental gradient. We provide a statistical tool based on Approximate Bayesian Computation to decipher the respective influence of local environmental filtering and regional trait range limits. Second, as a case study, we reanalyze the functional composition of alpine plant communities distributed along a gradient of snow cover duration. We show that leaf trait convergence found in communities at the extremes of the gradient reflect an influence of trait range limits rather than stronger environmental filtering. These findings challenge correlative trait–environment relationships and call for more explicitly identifying the mechanisms responsible of trait convergence/divergence along environmental gradients.
The diagnostic value of APT for food allergy in children: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Luo Ying , Zhang Guo‐Qiang , Li Zhong‐Yue
Published: January 2019

Background

The role of atopy patch test (APT) in the diagnosis of food allergy (FA) remains largely controversial. In our meta‐analysis, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of APT for diagnosing FA in children.

Methods

Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched for studies regarding the diagnostic value of APT for FA in children compared to oral food challenge (double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge and/or open food challenge). The last search was conducted on November 11, 2017. Two reviewers independently screened relevant studies and assessed the quality by QUADAS‐2. Meta‐analysis was performed to calculate the pooled sensitivity, specificity, DOR (diagnostic odds ratio), PLR (positive likelihood ratio), NLR (negative likelihood ratio) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses were conducted according to different food allergens, atopic dermatitis, gastrointestinal symptoms, and age younger than 3 years.

Results

Forty‐one studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR and DOR were 50.30% (95% CI 48.40%‐52.30%), 86.60% (95% CI 85.30%‐87.80%), 3.405 (95% CI 2.594‐4.470), 0.545 (95% CI 0.469‐0.634) and 7.528 (95% CI 5.507‐11.206), respectively. However, for children with FA‐related gastrointestinal symptoms, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 57.40% (95% CI 52.10%‐62.50%) and 91.50% (95% CI 88.30%‐94.10%) respectively.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that APT is specific but not sensitive for diagnosing FA in children, especially in children with FA‐related gastrointestinal symptoms.
Manual vs pressure‐controlled facemask ventilation during the induction of general anesthesia in children: A prospective randomized controlled study
Authors: Lee Ji‐Hyun , Jung Haesun , Jang Young‐Eun , Kim Eun‐Hee , Song In‐Kyung , Kim Hee‐Soo , Kim Jin‐Tae
Published: February 2019

Background

Gastric insufflation frequently occurs during facemask ventilation in children. In the present study, we compared the incidence of gastric insufflation between pressure‐controlled facemask ventilation and manual facemask ventilation during general anesthesia induction in children.

Methods

Children in the pressure‐controlled ventilation group (n = 76) received pressure‐controlled facemask ventilation at an inspiratory pressure of 13 cm H2O. In the manual ventilation group (n = 75), facemask ventilation was manually performed by anesthesiologists, who tried to maintain an inspiratory pressure of 13 cm H2O. The adjustable pressure limiting valve was set at 13 cm H2O. The incidence of gastric insufflation during 90 seconds after the initiation of ventilation was assessed using epigastric auscultation and gastric ultrasonography.

Results

The incidence of gastric insufflation was significantly higher in the manual  facemask ventilation group than in the pressure‐controlled ventilation group (48% vs 12%, respectively; odds ratio 7.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.38‐17.9; P < 0.001). The mean peak airway pressure during ventilation was significantly higher in the manual ventilation group than in the pressure‐controlled ventilation group (16.1 [3.0] cm H2O vs 13.0 [0.1] cm H2O; 95% CI of differences, 2.36‐3.71 cm H2O; P < 0.001). The manual ventilation group exhibited a wide peak airway pressure  range (11‐26 cm H2O) and a wide variation of tidal volume (0‐7.0 mL/kg) compared with those of the pressure‐controlled ventilation group (13‐14 cm H2O and 0.6‐16.0 mL/kg, respectively).

Conclusion

At an inspiratory pressure of 13 cm H2O, pressure‐controlled ventilation may be more effective than manual ventilation in preventing gastric insufflation while providing stable ventilation in children.
Recent achievements and future developments in neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Bojan Mirela
Published: February 2019

A primary goal of improving neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass has been making the circuit smaller and reduce the blood contacting surfaces. As bypass circuit size has decreased, bloodless surgery has become possible even in neonates. Since transfusion guidelines are difficult to construct based on existing literature, these technical advances should be taken advantage of in conjunction with an individualized transfusion scheme, based on monitoring of oxygen availability to the tissues. For the majority of neonatal heart operations, several centers have shifted toward normothermic bypass even for complex neonatal surgeries, in order to avoid the adverse effects of hypothermia. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is no longer a necessity but an option, and selective antegrade cerebral perfusion has become common practice; however, technical uncertainties with regard to this technique have to be addressed, based on reliable neurologic monitoring. Maintenance of patient‐specific heparin concentrations during bypass is another key goal, since neonates have lower baseline antithrombin concentrations and, therefore, a higher risk for inadequate thrombin inhibition and postoperative bleeding. Due to the immaturity of their hemostatic system, the standard coagulation tests alone are inappropriate to guide hemostatic therapy in neonates. The use of indirect heparin concentration assays and global viscoelastic assays in the operating room is likely to represent the optimal strategy, and requires validation in neonates. Monitoring of global and regional indexes of oxygen availability and consumption on bypass have become possible; however, their use in neonates still has outstanding technical issues which should be addressed and hence needs further validation. Due to the immaturity of the neonatal myocardium, single‐shot cold cardioplegia solutions are thought to confer the best myocardial protection; their superiority when compared to more conventional modalities, however, remains to be demonstrated.
Ovarian function after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children and young adults given 8‐Gy total body irradiation‐based reduced‐toxicity myeloablative conditioning
Authors: Komori Kazutoshi , Hirabayashi Koichi , Morita Daisuke , Hara Yosuke , Kurata Takashi , Saito Shoji , Tanaka Miyuki , Yanagisawa Ryu , Sakashita Kazuo , Koike Kenichi , Nakazawa Yozo
Published: February 2019

Background

The spectrum of late sequelae after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) includes infertility, which is the most frequent complication. Some reports suggested that ovarian function may be better preserved in females undergoing HSCT with reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC) than with conventional myeloablative conditioning (MAC). However, the impact of HSCT after 8‐Gy TBI‐based reduced‐toxicity MAC (RTMAC), whose efficacy is between those of conventional MAC and RIC, on ovarian function remains unclear.

Procedure

A single‐center retrospective analysis of data derived from patient information for all the children who underwent transplantation at the Shinshu University Hospital was carried out. Patients who underwent 8‐Gy total body irradiation (TBI)‐based RTMAC before HSCT were analyzed.

Results

A total of 36% (five of 14) of the patients developed primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) during the observation period, but serum follicle‐stimulating hormone levels reduced to normal range with spontaneous menstruation in two, implying the reversal of POI. Furthermore, only one (10%) of the 10 prepubertal patients (71%; 10/14) at the time of HSCT suffered from POI at the last observation, but all three post‐pubertal patients developed POI (100%), and two (67%) continued to suffer from POI at the last observation.

Conclusions

Taken together, 8‐Gy TBI‐based RTMAC before HSCT may decrease the possibility of POI compared with conventional MAC, especially in prepubertal patients. A longer follow‐up will be required to ascertain whether a normal pregnancy and delivery can occur in such patients.
A Cyanine Photooxidation/β‐Elimination Sequence Enables Near‐infrared Uncaging of Aryl Amine Payloads
Authors: Yamamoto Tsuyoshi , Caldwell Donald R. , Gandioso Albert , Schnermann Martin J.
Published: January 2019

Uncaging strategies that use near‐infrared wavelengths can enable the highly targeted delivery of biomolecules in complex settings. Many methods, including an approach we developed using cyanine photooxidation, are limited to phenol‐containing payloads. Given the critical role of amines in diverse biological processes, we sought to use cyanine photooxidation to initiate the release of aryl amines. Heptamethine cyanines substituted with an aryl amine at the C4′ position undergo only inefficient release, likely due electronic factors. We then pursued the hypothesis that the carbonyl products derived from cyanine photooxidation could undergo efficient β‐elimination. After examining both symmetrical and unsymmetrical scaffolds, we identify a merocyanine substituted with indolenine and coumarin heterocycles that undergoes efficient photooxidation and aniline uncaging. In total, these studies provide a new scheme—cyanine photooxidation followed by β‐elimination—through which to design photocages with efficient uncaging properties.
Krein signature and Whitham modulation theory: the sign of characteristics and the “sign characteristic”
Authors: Bridges Thomas J. , Ratliff Daniel J.
Published: January 2019

In classical Whitham modulation theory, the transition of the dispersionless Whitham equations from hyperbolic to elliptic is associated with a pair of nonzero purely imaginary eigenvalues coalescing and becoming a complex quartet, suggesting that a Krein signature is operational. However, there is no natural symplectic structure. Instead, we find that the operational signature is the “sign characteristic” of real eigenvalues of Hermitian matrix pencils. Its role in classical Whitham single‐phase theory is elaborated for illustration. However, the main setting where the sign characteristic becomes important is in multiphase modulation. It is shown that a necessary condition for two coalescing characteristics to become unstable (the generalization of the hyperbolic to elliptic transition) is that the characteristics have opposite sign characteristic. For example the theory is applied to multiphase modulation of the two‐phase traveling wave solutions of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
Mothers’ experiences after coming home from the hospital with a moderately to late preterm infant – a qualitative study
Authors: Breivold Kristin , Hjaelmhult Esther , Sjöström‐Strand Annica , Hallström Inger Kristensson
Published: February 2019

Background

Mothers of preterm infants are at greater risk of symptoms of stress and anxiety compared to mothers of term infants.

Aims

This study aimed to explore mothers’ experiences after coming home from the hospital with a moderately to late preterm infant.

Methods

A qualitative and explorative method was used. Ten mothers who had given birth to a preterm baby with a gestational age between 30.0 and 36.0 were interviewed. The interviews were conducted two to three months after the mothers and their babies were discharged from hospital. The data were analysed by means of latent and manifest qualitative content analysis.

Findings

One overall theme emerged from the analysis: ‘Seeing the light at the end of the tunnel’ and four categories were identified ‘Finding a safe haven at home’, ‘Gaining support and learning to ensure optimal feeding’, ‘Seeing the child's possibilities’ and ‘Receiving professional attention and reassurance’. In particular, adequate breastfeeding guidance and help with practical tasks at home were emphasised as important for the mothers, and need to be incorporated into the practice of public health nurses.

Conclusions

Practical help and support from close people, combined with individual professional follow‐up, were important for the mothers’ ability to cope with the hospital‐to‐home transition. There should be a strong focus on breastfeeding guidance as the mothers experienced problems for several months after discharge, and felt they were missing out on breastfeeding guidance given to term babies in hospital.
Co‐production, governance and practice: The dynamics and effects of User Voice Prison Councils
Authors: Weaver Beth
Published: February 2019

Drawing on Bevir's (2013) decentered theory of governance, and Donati's (2016) theory of the relational subject, this article explores how User Voice Prison Councils in England have contributed to shifts in aspects of prison governance and practice. It discusses the cultural and policy context in which the Councils emerged and operate before exploring their perceived purposes, dynamics, and effects. User Voice Prison Councils represent an important example of different actors co‐producing alternative patterns of governance through innovations in democratic participation. Interviews with Prison Council participants, User Voice and prison staff revealed that the development of such “bottom–up” participatory governance practices require and restore interpersonal trust, the mechanisms of which are interactions underpinned by a distinct manner of relating and the establishment of a network of relations oriented to the common good. The effects include enhanced institutional legitimacy; improvements in prison officer‐prisoner relations; and greater quality of life for prisoners. Revealing the “how” of co‐production, from the “inside”, the argument advanced here is that while the effects of co‐production may be more ameliorative than transformative, such collaborative and dialogic approaches can enable differently situated people to forge new norms of interactions and forms of democratic participation to achieve collective goals.
Retracted: De Se Attitudes and Computation
Authors: Hamilton Fairley Neil
Published: February 2019

The above article, published online on 4 February 2019 in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com), has been retracted as this was published erroneously pre‐formal acceptance.
Effect of vitamin K administration on rate of warfarin reversal
Authors: Polito Nick B. , Kanouse Eric , Jones Courtney M.C. , McCann Molly , Refaai Majed A. , Acquisto Nicole M.
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Vitamin K is reported to begin reversing warfarin within 6 to 12 hours, but this may occur sooner. We sought to determine the rate of international normalized ratio (INR) reversal following vitamin K and relationships with dose, route, and baseline INR.

METHODS

We evaluated adult patients receiving vitamin K monotherapy for warfarin reversal. Post–vitamin K INRs through 48 hours were collected. Relationships between vitamin K dose and route and baseline INR on rate of reversal and complete reversal (INR < 1.5) were evaluated. Assessment was performed graphically using scatter plots with a line of best fit and a counting process model to determine variables associated with achieving complete reversal.

RESULTS

A total of 469 post–vitamin K INRs from 235 patients were included. Time to first INR follow‐up after vitamin K administration averaged 10.5 ± 4.2 hours. A significant decrease was detected in INR values in comparison to the baseline INR (3.0 ± 1.9 vs. 4.7 ± 2.2; p < 0.01). Rapid and steady INR change began immediately after vitamin K administration (0–4 hr). A high vitamin K dose and intravenous route were associated with rapid INR change and complete reversal (Vitamin K 10 mg [hazard ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–4.2] and IV route [hazard ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–2.6]); however, overall complete reversal at 24 and 48 hours was low (14.5% and 41.7%, respectively). Higher baseline INR was associated with rapid INR change and lower baseline INR with complete reversal.

CONCLUSION

Vitamin K alone starts to reverse warfarin immediately. High vitamin K doses and intravenous route are associated with faster INR reversal. Baseline INR also influences rate of correction and frequency of achieving complete reversal.
Phenotype of macular corneal dystrophy in Labrador Retrievers: A multicenter study
Authors: Busse Claudia , Kafarnik Christiane , Linn‐Pearl Rose , Volmer Christelle , Matiasek Kaspar , Premont Johana E. , Dulaurent Thomas , Douet Jean‐Yves , Gilbert Ida , Jalomäki Sari , Trost Katrin , Isard Pierre‐Francois , Boyd Ryan , Raymond Isabelle
Published: January 2019

Objective

To describe the phenotype of canine macular corneal dystrophy (MCD) including the clinical presentation, multimodal ocular imaging, histopathology, and ultrastructural analysis in ten Labrador Retrievers.

Procedure

Multicentered data collection.

Results

Labrador Retrievers affected by MCD were presented between the age of 4.5 and 6 years of age with a history of cloudy eyes and/or visual impairment. Findings on ophthalmic examination included a diffuse haze of the corneal stroma and multiple, well‐demarcated, off‐white to yellow‐brown, punctate corneal opacities heterogeneous in size. Corneal vascularization developed in most dogs as the disease progressed. Disease progression was associated with increased density of the corneal haze as well as increased number and size of the focal opacities and dogs developed significant visual impairment. Spectral domain‐optical coherence tomography revealed multifocal hyper‐reflective regions within the stroma. In vivo confocal microscopy revealed marked alterations in reflectivity throughout the entire stroma. Normal keratocytes could not be identified in affected areas. Histopathology showed stromal collagen fibers separated by acidophilic granular material on hematoxylin and eosin stain. The material stained with periodic acid‐Schiff and colloidal iron stain but not with Masson trichrome stain, confirming the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. On electron microscopic ultrastructural examination, keratocytes presented with vacuolated rough endoplasmic reticulum and multiple electron dense cytoplasmic inclusions. In areas keratocytes appeared ruptured, with cell organelles and proteinaceous material grouped together between collagen fibers.

Conclusion

MCD in Labrador Retrievers has similarities with the human counterpart of the condition and is an important differential diagnosis in dogs with corneal disease.