bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A carboxymethyl dextran-based polymeric conjugate as the antigen carrier for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Shin Jung Min , Song Seok Ho , Vijayakameswara Rao N. , Lee Eun Sook , Ko Hyewon , Park Jae Hyung
Published: August 2018

Background

Antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which eliminate target cells bearing antigenic peptides presented by surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, play a key role in cancer immunotherapy. However, the majority of tumors are not immunologically rejected since they express self-antigens which are not recognized by CTLs as foreign. To foreignize these tumors for CTL-mediated immunological rejection, it is essential to develop carriers that can effectively deliver foreign antigens to cancer cells.

Methods

A polymeric conjugate, composed of a carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) as the backbone and ovalbumin (OVA) as a model foreign antigen, was prepared to investigate its potential as the antigen carrier for cancer immunotherapy.

Results

An in vitro cellular uptake study showed that the conjugate was successfully taken up by TC-1 cervical cancer cells. When CMD-OVA was systemically administered to tumor-bearing mice, the strong fluorescence signal was observed at the tumor site over the whole period of time period, suggesting high tumor targetability of the conjugate. Compared to free OVA, CMD-OVA induced significantly higher antigen presentation at the tumor site.

Conclusions

The CMD-OVA conjugate can effectively deliver the antigen to the tumor site, implying its high potential as the antigen carrier for cancer immunotherapy.
Generalization and multiscale structure of subsurface structural maps
Authors: Stewart Simon A.
Published: August 2018

Subsurface structural maps are stored as spatially referenced numeric grids. The spatial sampling density of these grids is a critical parameter in the mapping process because the sampling and aliasing that occurs when transforming from original data sources during the gridding process controls the information content and aesthetics of the final map. New results from upscaling experiments and sampling theory indicate that it is possible to specify gridding parameters that remove noise while retaining key geologic structure — an optimized generalization procedure. Furthermore, geologic structure may exist at multiple scales. Sampling theory can again be applied, in a multiscale curvature analysis, to yield structure at a range of scales via decomposition of a gridded surface. These products can be analyzed further for indications of short-wavelength, high-curvature features that may correspond to fault or fracture zones, and long-wavelength, prospect, and field-scale structure. These results combine to inform a discussion on sampling, smoothing, and geologic information, as well as provide a quantitative alternative to rules of thumb for grid sampling that balance signal and noise in standard mapping schemes.
In-context interpretation: Avoiding pitfalls in misidentification of igneous bodies in seismic data
Authors: Infante-Paez Lennon , Marfurt Kurt J.
Published: August 2018

In the past few decades, many exploration wells have been drilled into igneous rocks because of their similar seismic expressions to common exploration targets, such as carbonate mounds, sheet sands, and sand-prone sinuous channels. In cases in which interpreters cannot clearly delineate sedimentary features such as channels or fans, the interpretation may be driven primarily by bright spot anomalies, in which a poor understanding of the wavelet polarity may lead to an erroneous interpretation. Although many wells drilled into igneous rocks are based on the interpretation of 2D seismic data, misinterpretation still occurs today using high-quality 3D seismic data. To address this challenge, we analyze the seismic expression of andesitic volcanoes in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand and use it to help understand misinterpreted igneous bodies in different parts of the world. Then, we develop an in-context interpretation workflow in which the seismic interpreter looks for key clues above, below, and around the target of interest that may alert the interpreter to the presence of igneous rocks.
Soluble endoglin regulates expression of angiogenesis-related proteins and induction of arteriovenous malformations in a mouse model of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: Gallardo-Vara Eunate , Tual-Chalot Simon , Botella Luisa M. , Arthur Helen M. , Bernabeu Carmelo
Published: August 2018

Endoglin is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in vascular endothelium that plays a key role in angiogenesis. Mutations in the endoglin gene (ENG) cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1), characterized by arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in different organs. These vascular lesions derive from abnormal processes of angiogenesis, whereby aberrant vascular remodeling leads to focal loss of capillaries. Current treatments for HHT1 include antiangiogenic therapies. Interestingly, a circulating form of endoglin (also known as soluble endoglin, sEng), proteolytically released from the membrane-bound protein and displaying antiangiogenic activity, has been described in several endothelial-related pathological conditions. Using human and mouse endothelial cells, we find that sEng downregulates several pro-angiogenic and pro-migratory proteins involved in angiogenesis. However, this effect is much reduced in endothelial cells that lack endogenous transmembrane endoglin, suggesting that the antiangiogenic activity of sEng is dependent on the presence of endogenous transmembrane endoglin protein. In fact, sEng partially restores the phenotype of endoglin-silenced endothelial cells to that of normal endothelial cells. Moreover, using an established neonatal retinal model of HHT1 with depleted endoglin in the vascular endothelium, sEng treatment decreases the number of AVMs and has a normalizing effect on the vascular phenotype with respect to vessel branching, vascular density and migration of the vascular plexus towards the retinal periphery. Taken together, these data show that circulating sEng can influence vascular development and AVMs by modulating angiogenesis, and that its effect on endothelial cells depends on the expression of endogenous endoglin.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
A Drosophila model of combined D-2- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria reveals a mechanism linking mitochondrial citrate export with oncometabolite accumulation
Authors: Li Hongde , Hurlburt Alexander J. , Tennessen Jason M.
Published: August 2018

The enantiomers of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) are potent regulators of metabolism, chromatin modifications and cell fate decisions. Although these compounds are associated with tumor metabolism and commonly referred to as oncometabolites, both D- and L-2HG are also synthesized by healthy cells and likely serve endogenous functions. The metabolic mechanisms that control 2HG metabolism in vivo are poorly understood. One clue towards how cells regulate 2HG levels has emerged from an inborn error of metabolism known as combined D- and L-2HG aciduria (D-/L-2HGA), which results in elevated D- and L-2HG accumulation. Because this disorder is caused by mutations in the mitochondrial citrate transporter (CIC), citrate must somehow govern 2HG metabolism in healthy cells. The mechanism linking citrate and 2HG, however, remains unknown. Here, we use the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to elucidate a metabolic link between citrate transport and L-2HG accumulation. Our study reveals that the Drosophila gene scheggia (sea), which encodes the fly CIC homolog, dampens glycolytic flux and restricts L-2HG accumulation. Moreover, we find that sea mutants accumulate excess L-2HG owing to elevated lactate production, which inhibits L-2HG degradation by interfering with L-2HG dehydrogenase activity. This unexpected result demonstrates that citrate indirectly regulates L-2HG stability and reveals a feedback mechanism that coordinates L-2HG metabolism with glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Finally, our study also suggests a potential strategy for preventing L-2HG accumulation in human patients with CIC deficiency.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Neuromodulation influences synchronization and intrinsic read-out
Authors: Scheler Gabriele
Published: August 2018

Background: The roles of neuromodulation in a neural network, such as in a cortical microcolumn, are still incompletely understood.

Methods: (a) Neuromodulation influences neural processing by presynaptic and postsynaptic regulation of synaptic efficacy. Synaptic efficacy modulation can be an effective way to rapidly alter network density and topology. We show that altering network topology and density, will affect spike synchronization. Fast synaptic efficacy modulation may therefore influence the amount of correlated spiking in a network. (b) Neuromodulation also affects ion channel regulation for intrinsic excitability, which alters the neuron’s activation function.

Results: We show that synchronization in a network influences the read-out of these intrinsic properties. Highly synchronous input drives neurons, such that differences in intrinsic properties disappear, while asynchronous input lets intrinsic properties determine output behavior. Thus, altering network topology can alter the balance between intrinsically vs. synaptically driven network activity.

Conclusion: We conclude that neuromodulation may allow a network to shift between a more synchronized transmission mode and a more asynchronous intrinsic read-out mode. This has significant implications for our understanding of the flexibility of cortical computations.
Barriers to the use of facility-based birthing services in rural northern Ghana: A qualitative study
Authors: Nyefene Martin Kwabena , Ayanore Martin Amogre , Adatara Peter , Groot Wim , Pavlova Milena
Published: August 2018

Background:

Use of facility-based birthing can reduce maternal mortality rates; however, service uptake is still poor in rural Ghana.

Aims:

To analyse key stakeholders' views on barriers to facility-based birthing in the Bongo district of rural northern Ghana. Methods: The study used a qualitative design. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit 45 women from three communities for the study, plus four health professionals and two policy-makers. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions.

Findings:

This study revealed major barriers to the use of facility-based birthing services, including an inability to pay for transport and items for childbirth, poor quality of services, impolite staff, long distance, and the influence of significant others. Health professionals and policy-makers identified staff/facility inadequacy and general logistic constraints as major barriers.

Conclusions:

Women should be empowered through education campaigns, a review of the health insurance scheme and realignment of the facility protocols.
"Kritische Infrastrukturen" als Ergebnisse individueller und kollektiver Kritikalitätszumessungen - ein Ansatz für die Mediävistik?
Authors: Schenk Gerrit Jasper , Eifert Stephanie
Published: August 2018

Gerrit Jasper Schenk und Stephanie Eifert fragen, inwiefern von »kritischer Infrastruktur« in der Vormoderne gesprochen und wie diese analysiert werden kann. Im Rückgriff auf die bisherige Forschung wird das beschreibungssprachliche Verständnis einer Transport- und Verkehrsinfrastruktur erörtert. Es wird vorgeschlagen »kritische« Infrastrukturen des Mittelalters über eine Analyse zeitgenössischer Aussagen zu identifizieren, wenn etwa eine Gesellschaft bestimmten Infrastrukturen »Kritikalität« zuschreibt, also eine (u.U. auch nur gruppenbezogene) Relevanz im Krisenfall zuspricht. Der am Beispiel Kölns vorgestellte und als »Kritikalitätszumessung« bezeichnete Vorgang erlaubt es, Diskurse über die »Kritikalität« von Infrastrukturen und Anschlusshandlungen wie Maßnahmen zur Krisenbewältigung zu erfassen und für eine Infrastruktur-Geschichte nutzbar zu machen. Damit gerät auch die mit dem Funktionieren von Infrastruktur verbundene Vulnerabilität versus Resilienz von Gesellschaften in den Blick.
Grenzüberschreitungen - Migration, Heirat und staatliche Regulierung im europäischen Grenzregime
Authors: Gutekunst Miriam
Published: August 2018

Je restriktiver die europäische Migrationspolitik in den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde, umso wichtiger wurde der »Ehegattennachzug« - oder »Familiennachzug« - als legale Möglichkeit der Einreise. Doch auch dieser Migrationsweg steht zunehmend im Fokus staatlicher Regulierung. Eine Sprachnachweispflicht sowie die Vergabe von Visa führen zu neuen Grenzsituationen weit vor Europas geographischen Außengrenzen. Diese nimmt Miriam Gutekunst in ihrer transnationalen Ethnographie zwischen Marokko und Deutschland in den Blick und begleitet Menschen durch das selektive Einreiseverfahren. Ihre Studie zeigt: In den Institutionen und Behörden wird dabei nicht nur über die Einreise entschieden, sondern es werden auch Integrationsparadigmen, Geschlechterverhältnisse sowie Vorstellungen von Liebe und Ehe verhandelt.
Von der Berufung zum Beruf: Industriedesigner in Westdeutschland 1959-1990
Authors: Grossmann Yves Vincent
Published: August 2018

Die Gründung des ersten Berufsverbandes der Industriedesigner in Stuttgart 1959 markierte den Beginn einer Professionalisierung der bundesdeutschen Produktgestaltung. Yves Vincent Grossmann zeigt in seiner Sozialgeschichte der Industriedesigner, wie sich die Gestalter gegenüber Fragen im Zuge der Ölpreiskrisen, Postmoderne und Globalisierung neu positionierten: Sie übernahmen zunehmend die Rolle eines Krisenmanagers - denn trotz des »Eisernen Vorhangs« blieben die Beziehungen auf der industriellen Ebene zwischen Ost und West erhalten. Mit der BASF AG, Siemens AG, Rosenthal AG und MAN AG werden vier Firmen beispielhaft betrachtet.
HAVA YOLU TAŞIMACILIĞI SEKTÖRÜNDE İFLAS RİSKİ - YAPAY SİNİR AĞLARI İLE AİRSCORE TAHMİNİ
Authors: SAKIZ Burcu , ÜNKAYA Gülümser
Published: August 2018

21. yüzyılın ilk yılları,
havacılık sektörünü yakından ilgilendiren bir çok önemli olaya sahne olmuştur. Bu
araştırmada bahsi geçen bu önemli olayların Türkiye’nin bayrak taşıyıcısı
havayolu olan Türk Hava Yolları Anonim Ortaklığı işletmesi için iflas riskini, diğer
iflas tahmin modelleri arasında havacılık sektörüne özgü olarak geliştirilmiş
Airscore modeli kullanılarak yapay sinir ağları teknikleri ile tahminleme
amacını taşımaktadır. Bir üçüncü nesil finansal kriz modeli olan 2008 krizi de
dahil olmak üzere havacılık endüstrisini küresel çapta etkileyen önemli dört
olay, 11 Eylül 2001 terör saldırısı, 2003 yılındaki SARS hastalığı salgını ve
2010 yılında yaşanan yanardağ volkanik kül patlamasıdır. Airscore iflas tahmin modeline
göre incelenen 2002 ile 2016 yılları arasındaki dönemin sağlıklı alan olarak
nitelendirilen bölgede olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında tüm bu
yapılanlara ek olarak yapay zeka algoritmaları yardımıyla gerçekleştirilen
analizlerde, önceki bulgulara benzer şekilde önümüzdeki üç dönem için Türk Hava
Yolları Anonim Ortaklığının iflas riski açısından sağlıklı alanda olacağı
tahmin edilmiştir.
Universal meaning extensions of perception verbs are grounded in interaction
Authors: San Roque Lila , Kendrick Kobin H. , Norcliffe Elisabeth , Majid Asifa
Published: August 2018

Apart from references to perception, words such asseeandlistenhave shared, non-literal meanings across diverse languages. Such cross-linguistic meanings have not been systematically investigated as they appear in their natural home — informal spoken interaction. We present a qualitative examination of the semantic associations of perception verbs based on recorded everyday conversation in thirteen diverse languages. Across these diverse communities, spontaneous interaction provides evidence for two commonly-discussed extensions of perception verbs — perception~cognition, hearing~linguistic communication — as well as illustrating other meanings and functions (e.g., the use of perception verbs as discourse markers) that have been less appreciated heretofore. The range of usage that is readily observable in informal conversation makes it clear that this type of data must take center stage for the empirically grounded study of semantics. Moreover, these data suggest that commonalities in polysemous meanings may rely not only on universal cognition, but also on the universal exigencies of social interaction.
The gene expression and enzymatic activity of pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase during wood formation in Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata
Authors: Chiang Nien-Ting , Ma Li-Ting , Lee Yi-Ru , Tsao Nai-Wen , Yang Chih-Kai , Wang Sheng-Yang , Chu Fang-Hua
Published: August 2018

Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata) is an indigenous conifer species of Taiwan. Various secondary metabolites of Taiwania with diverse bioactivities have been identified, and lignans are especially abundant in the heartwood (hW). In the present study, the wood of this species was separated to cambium (Cam), sapwood (sW), transition zone (TZ) and hW and their transcriptomes were sequenced. Three pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases (PLRs; designated TcPLR1, TcPLR2.2 and TcPLR3), which are responsible for lignan biosynthesis, were cloned and their expressions in wood tissues were detected. TcPLRs had higher expression levels in Cam and sW in RNA-seq and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the reaction products of TcPLRs revealed that TcPLR1 can reduce (+)-pinoresinol to lariciresinol, and both TcPLR2.2 and TcPLR3 could reduce (+)-pinoresinol to lariciresinol and secoisolariciresinol.
Long-term medical data storage: challenges with test results obtained by direct-to-consumer testing
Authors: Orth Matthias , Bühling Frank , Hoffmann Georg
Published: August 2018

The term “direct-to-consumer testing” (DTCT) describes all kinds of laboratory testing performed without the inclusion of a laboratory professional. It is thus performed in a gray zone between healthcare and consumers. The high volume of DTCT data as well as the ostensible feasibility of long-term data storage challenge medical professionals and consumers. No standards have been developed so far for the long-term storage of DTCT data. Unlike tests used in traditional laboratory medicine, many DTCT tests lack medical usefulness. This article describes the current concepts of DTCT and gives recommendations for the long-term data storage of DTCT data depending on the purpose of DTCT, the volume of data obtained and the possible medical implications of the test results.
Correlation between Structural, Magnetic and Spectroscopic Properties of Mg Substituted CoFe2O4
Authors: Nethala Gnana Praveena , Tadi Ravindar , Anupama Aroli Venkateswara , Shinde Satish Laxman , Veeraiah V.
Published: August 2018

Mg substituted cobalt ferrite spinel powder samples with the general formula MgxCO1-xFe2O4(x = 0 to 0.25) were synthesized chemically through sol-gel method and annealed at 1100 °C for 2 h. They were initially screened for the structural and morphological properties by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Vibrational properties of the samples were studied by Raman and infrared spectroscopies. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of single pure or near-pure phase with cubic spinel structure for all the samples with expected occupancy values. The field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed a decrease in the particle size with an increase in Mg concentration. Both structural and magnetic properties of the samples were characterized using Mössbauer spectroscopy while the magnetic properties were studied using vibrating sample magnetometry. The changes in magnetic moment of ions, their coupling with neighboring ions and cation exchange interactions were confirmed from the Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis. Saturation magnetization and coercivity values can be explained based on the Slater-Pauling curve. The magnetometry results showed a decrease in saturation magnetization of the samples with increase in Mg concentration
A unified framework jointly explaining business conditions, stock returns, volatility and “volatility feedback news” effects
Authors: Kim Chang-Jin , Kim Yunmi
Published: August 2018

One of central questions to macroeconomics and finance has been whether macroeconomic factors are useful predictors for expected stock returns. The general consensus is somewhat surprising in that financial factors, rather than macroeconomic factors, have predictive power on stock returns. Such predictability of financial factors is justified on the ground that those factors can act as a proxy for future business conditions and undiversifiable risk. Hence, they should be priced in terms of expected returns. However, as suggested by Campbell, S., and F. Diebold. 2009. “Stock Returns and Expected Business Conditions: Half a Century of Direct Evidence.”Journal of Business & Economic Statistics27 (2): 266–278, such a justification can be puzzling because macroeconomic factors are likely to have a closer and more direct link to future business conditions than financial factors. In this paper, we will attempt to solve this puzzling problem by accounting for market volatility when measuring the relationship between stock returns and macroeconomic factors. As a result, we propose a unified framework in which the three components of macroeconomic factors, market volatility, and stock returns are jointly embedded.
Test Method Evaluation and Model Development for Erodibility Properties of Cementitiously Stabilized Layers
Authors: Wang Jingan , Wen Haifang , Muhunthan Balasingam
Published: August 2018

Cementitiously stabilized layers (CSL) have been used extensively by highway agencies over the years. The erosion of CSL can cause several distresses in flexible and rigid pavements. The three necessary conditions for the occurrence of erosion are heavy loads, sufficient moisture, and the presence of erodible materials. The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) provides a methodology for the analysis and performance prediction of pavements that incorporate CSL. However, test methods and models that specifically address the erosion of CSL have not yet been incorporated into the MEPDG. This study evaluates the existing test methods for erosion, including wheel tracking, manual wet-dry brushing, rotational shear device (RSD), jetting, a vibration table, or cyclic impact erosion (CIE), or combinations thereof. It is found that a CIE test is a robust test procedure that is used to quantify the erodibility of CSL. Based on the laboratory results from a CIE test, an empirical model that combines top-down compressive fatigue and erosion is developed to predict the erodibility of CSL. It is found that the developed model is effective in predicting both the top-down compressive fatigue and erosion of CSL. This test method and prediction model are recommended for incorporation into the MEPDG.
Estimation of Service Life of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Asphalt Overlays from Beam and Large-Scale Fatigue Tests
Authors: Saride Sireesh , Kumar V. Vinay
Published: August 2018

In this study, an attempt has been made to develop a model to predict the service life of geosynthetic-reinforced hot mix asphalt (HMA) overlay placed over distressed pavements based on fatigue behavior observed in beam and large-scale tests. A two-stage detailed experimental program was designed to understand the fatigue behavior and reinforcement effects of asphalt overlays reinforced with geosynthetic interlayers. During the first stage, small-scale beam flexural fatigue tests were conducted on the HMA overlays to understand the reflection cracking and deformation behaviors with the aid of digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. During the second stage, the fatigue behavior of overlays was evaluated under repeated load tests on large-scale pavement sections built over a weak subgrade in a large test tank. Two types of geosynthetic interlayers, namely, polyester grid coated with polymer modified binder (PE) and a glass-grid composite (GGC) with different tensile strength and strain characteristics, were employed. The beam flexural fatigue test results along with DIC data indicated that the geosynthetic-interlayers have effectively minimized the crack propagation into overlays even under unconfined conditions. Whereas, for the same permanent deformation, the large-scale test sections sustained a higher number of load repetitions, reaching 100-fold, because of the presence of a base course structural support. A simple model to estimate the service life of the geosynthetic asphalt overlays has been proposed based on the beam fatigue tests viz. normalized complex modulus × cycles and a corresponding number of load repetitions for a prescribed rutting. Overall, for a vertical deformation of about 7.5 mm, it is estimated that GGC and PE interlayers would give a service life of 4.1 and 2.9 years, respectively, in real field scenarios.
Prospective Analysis of the Effects of Maternal Immune Activation on Rat Cytokines during Pregnancy and Behavior of the Male Offspring Relevant to Schizophrenia
Authors: Lins Brittney R. , Hurtubise Jessica L. , Roebuck Andrew J. , Marks Wendie N. , Zabder Nadine K. , Scott Gavin A. , Greba Quentin , Dawicki Wojciech , Zhang Xiaobei , Rudulier Christopher D. , Gordon John R. , Howland John G.
Published: August 2018

Influenza during pregnancy is associated with the development of psychopathology in the offspring. We sought to determine whether maternal cytokines produced following administration of viral mimetic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) to pregnant rats were predictive of behavioral abnormalities in the adult offspring. Timed-pregnant Sprague Dawley rats received a single intravenous injection of 4-mg/kg polyI:C or saline on gestational day (GD)15. Blood was collected 3 h later for serum analysis of cytokine levels with ELISA. Male offspring were tested in a battery of behavioral tests during adulthood and behavior was correlated with maternal cytokine levels. Maternal serum levels of CXCL1 and interleukin (IL)-6, but not tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or CXCL2, were elevated in polyI:C-treated dams. PolyI:C-treated dams experienced post-treatment weight loss and polyI:C pups were smaller than controls at postnatal day (PND)1. Various behavior alterations were seen in the polyI:C-treated offspring. Male polyI:C offspring had enhanced MK-801-induced locomotion, and reduced sociability. PolyI:C offspring failed to display crossmodal and visual memory, and oddity preference was also impaired. Set-shifting, assessed with a lever-based operant conditioning task, was facilitated while touchscreen-based reversal learning was impaired. Correlations were found between maternal serum concentrations of CXCL1, acute maternal temperature and body weight changes, neonatal pup mass, and odd object discrimination and social behavior. Overall, while the offspring of polyI:C-treated rats displayed behavior abnormalities, maternal serum cytokines were not related to the long-term behavior changes in the offspring. Maternal sickness effects and neonatal pup size may be better indicators of later effects of maternal inflammation in the offspring.
Interneuron Simplification and Loss of Structural Plasticity As Markers of Aging-Related Functional Decline
Authors: Eavri Ronen , Shepherd Jason , Welsh Christina A. , Flanders Genevieve H. , Bear Mark F. , Nedivi Elly
Published: August 2018

Changes in excitatory neuron and synapse structure have been recognized as a potential physical source of age-related cognitive decline. Despite the importance of inhibition to brain plasticity, little is known regarding aging-associated changes to inhibitory neurons. Here we test for age-related cellular and circuit changes to inhibitory neurons of mouse visual cortex. We find no substantial difference in inhibitory neuron number, inhibitory neuronal subtypes, or synapse numbers within the cerebral cortex of aged mice compared with younger adults. However, when comparing cortical interneuron morphological parameters, we find differences in complexity, suggesting that arbors are simplified in aged mice.In vivotwo-photon microscopy has previously shown that in contrast to pyramidal neurons, inhibitory interneurons retain a capacity for dendritic remodeling in the adult. We find that this capacity diminishes with age and is accompanied by a shift in dynamics from balanced branch additions and retractions to progressive prevalence of retractions, culminating in a dendritic arbor that is both simpler and more stable. Recording of visually evoked potentials shows that aging-related interneuron dendritic arbor simplification and reduced dynamics go hand in hand with loss of induced stimulus-selective response potentiation (SRP), a paradigm for adult visual cortical plasticity. Chronic treatment with the antidepressant fluoxetine reversed deficits in interneuron structural dynamics and restored SRP in aged animals. Our results support a structural basis for age-related impairments in sensory perception, and suggest that declines in inhibitory neuron structural plasticity during aging contribute to reduced functional plasticity.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStructural alterations in neuronal morphology and synaptic connections have been proposed as a potential physical basis for age–related decline in cognitive function. Little is known regarding aging-associated changes to inhibitory neurons, despite the importance of inhibitory circuitry to adult cortical plasticity and the reorganization of cortical maps. Here we show that brain aging goes hand in hand with progressive structural simplification and reduced plasticity of inhibitory neurons, and a parallel decline in sensory map plasticity. Fluoxetine treatment can attenuate the concurrent age–related declines in interneuron structural and functional plasticity, suggesting it could provide an important therapeutic approach for mitigating sensory and cognitive deficits associated with aging.
Reduced slow-wave sleep and altered diurnal cortisol rhythms in patients with Addison’s disease
Authors: Henry Michelle , Ross Ian Louis , Thomas Kevin Garth Flusk
Published: August 2018

Objectives

Cortisol plays a key role in initiating and maintaining different sleep stages. Patients with Addison’s disease (AD) frequently report disrupted sleep, and their hydrocortisone medication regimes do not restore the natural diurnal rhythm of cortisol. However, few studies have investigated relations between sleep quality, especially as measured by polysomnographic equipment, and night-time cortisol concentrations in patients with AD.

Methods

We used sleep-adapted EEG to monitor a full night of sleep in seven patients with AD and seven healthy controls. We sampled salivary cortisol before bedtime, at midnight, upon awakening and at 30 min post waking.

Results

Controls had lower cortisol concentrations than patients before bedtime and at midnight. During the second half of the night, patient cortisol concentrations declined steeply, while control concentrations increased steadily. Whereas most controls experienced a positive cortisol awakening response, all patients experienced a decrease in cortisol concentrations from waking to 30 min post waking (P = 0.003). Patients experienced significantly lower proportions of slow-wave sleep (SWS;P = 0.001), which was associated with elevated night-time cortisol concentrations.

Conclusion

Overall, these results suggest that patients with AD demonstrate different patterns of night-time cortisol concentrations to healthy controls and that relatively elevated concentrations are associated with a reduction of SWS. These hormonal and sleep architectural aberrations may disrupt the routine sleep-dependent processes of memory consolidation, and hence, may explain, at least partially, the memory impairments often experienced by patients with AD.
Mediciones alternativas de pobreza en Chile, 1990-2015
Authors: Martner Gonzalo D.
Published: August 2018

Chile ha disminuido desde la década de 1990 sus niveles de pobreza, en un contexto de crecimiento sostenido del PIB y de los ingresos de las familias. La intensidad de esa caída es materia de controversia según las diversas metodologías de medición utilizadas. Se compara los principales índices de pobreza absoluta, relativa y multidimensional y se concluye que los resultados de las mediciones, a partir de una misma encuesta de ingresos, son altamente dependientes de las definiciones de pobreza. Se presenta evidencia para el período 1990-2015.
Family-Driven Goals to Improve Care for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Bellesheim Katherine R. , Cole Lynn , Coury Daniel L. , Yin Larry , Levy Susan E. , Guinnee Meghan A. , Klatka Kirsten , Malow Beth A. , Katz Terry , Taylor Jane , Sohl Kristin
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVES:

Constipation and insomnia are not consistently identified and treated in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) despite their high prevalence and deleterious impact in this population. To standardize care, a constipation practice pathway and an insomnia practice pathway were previously developed by Autism Treatment Network clinicians. Our objective was to implement and refine these practice pathways in clinical settings.

METHODS:

Eleven Autism Treatment Network sites participated in a Learning Collaborative (ie, multidisciplinary quality improvement team) and chose to implement either the constipation or insomnia practice pathway in the clinical setting. Families set intervention goals (eg, increase stool frequency, decrease nighttime awakenings) before treatment. Each site began implementation with 1 patient and then increased implementation by factors of 5. Before each increase, the Learning Collaborative evaluated progress and refined the practice pathways. Process improvement was measured primarily by duration until goal attainment and by percentage of families who meet their goals.

RESULTS:

Across sites, 82 children with ASD and constipation and 101 children with ASD and insomnia were managed. Difficulties with intervention adherence and communication between providers and families were reported and were subsequently improved with parallel refinements to both practice pathways. The most notable modification was incorporating a goal-setting session in which families generated their own intervention goals (ie, family-driven goals). In this quality improvement initiative, 75% of families met at least 1 constipation or insomnia goal, with the median time to improvement being 6 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS:

By integrating a family-centered approach into the standardization of care, constipation and insomnia practice pathways may improve engagement, adherence, and management of medical conditions in children with ASD.
PARTITION FUZZY DOMAIN WITH MULTI-GNANULARITY REPRESENTATION OF DATA BASING ON HEDGE ALGEBRA APPROACH
Authors: Anh Nguyễn Tuấn , Sơn Trần Thái
Published: August 2018

The article presents methods of dividing quantitative attributes into fuzzy domainswith multi-gnanularity representation of data, basing on hedge algebra approach. With this approach,explored association rules will express more information, from general to specic knowledge, thanusing usual single-granularity representation of data. At the same time, as a consequence, the numberof exploring rules will be more, meeting the needs of the user.
AUTOMATIC HEART DISEASE PREDICTION USING FEATURE SELECTION AND DATA MINING TECHNIQUE
Authors: LE HUNG MINH , TRAN TOAN DINH , TRAN LANG VAN
Published: August 2018

This paper presents an automatic Heart Disease (HD) prediction method based on feature selection and data mining techniques using provided symptoms and clinical information in the patient’s dataset. Data mining which allows the extraction of hidden knowledges from the data and explores the relationship between attributes, is the promising technique for HD prediction. HD symptoms can be effectively learned by the computer to classify HD into different classes. However, the informationprovided may include redundant and interrelated symptoms. The use of such information may degrade the classification performance. Feature selection is an effective way to remove such noisy informationmeanwhile improving the learning accuracy and facilitating a better understanding for learning model. In our method, HD attributes are re-selected based on their rank and weights assigned by Infinite LatentFeature Selection (ILFS) method. Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm is applied to classify a subset of the selected attributes into different HD classes. SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) data over-sampling technique is adopted to generate more amounts and varieties of data. The experiment is performed on the UCI Machine Learning Repository Heart Disease public dataset. Experimental results demonstrated that by only using a subset of selected 24 attributes over a total of 46 attributes, our method achieved an accuracy of 97.87% for distinguishing ‘no presence’ HD with ‘presence’ HD and an accuracy of 93.92% for distinguishing 5 different classes of HD.
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF PICTURE FUZZY CLUSTERING: CONVERGENCE AND PROPERTY
Authors: Phuong Pham Thi Minh , Thong Pham Huy , Son Le Hoang
Published: August 2018

Recently, picture fuzzy clustering (FC-PFS) has been introduced as a new computational intelligence tool for various problems in knowledge discovery and pattern recognition. However, an important question that was lacked in the related researches is examination of mathematical properties behind the picture fuzzy clustering algorithm such as the convergence, the boundary or the convergence rate, etc. In this paper, we will prove that FC-PFS converges to at least one local minimum. The similarities and differences between this algorithm and other clustering methods are compared. Analysis on the loss function is also considered.
Why a National Education Council is Needed
Authors: Bassey Michael
Published: August 2018

This article provides a historical overview of how education policy has become increasingly centralised in recent years, and most dramatically under Conservative governments which have proclaimed most loudly about decentralisation and autonomy while enacting policies with the polar-opposite
effect. It makes the case for the creation of a National Education Council to drive education policy in the future, whereby professional opinion is privileged and a range of views from politics and civil society are given expression.
The Continuing School Exclusion Scandal in England
Authors: Parsons Carl
Published: August 2018

The deregulated and marketised education system is failing large numbers of the most vulnerable children in society, with system 'gaming' often the motivation behind school exclusions. This article sets out the multiple ways in which students can find themselves outside the formal school
system, and identifies several of the systemic pressures that drive the statistics provided.
Remembering Plowden
Authors: Richards Colin
Published: August 2018

In 2017 the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of the muchmisunderstood and maligned Plowden Report went unnoticed – a pity for those sharing progressive values, needed much more now than in the 1960s. In this article the author argues that the spirit of the report and its
underlying values need restating in the current climate.
Comprehensive Genomic Profiling of Hodgkin Lymphoma Reveals Recurrently Mutated Genes and Increased Mutation Burden
Authors: Liang Winnie S. , Vergilio Jo-Anne , Salhia Bodour , Huang Helen J. , Oki Yasuhiro , Garrido-Laguna Ignacio , Park Haeseong , Westin Jason R. , Meric-Bernstam Funda , Fabrizio David , Miller Vincent A. , Stephens Philip J. , Fanale Michelle A. , Ross Jeffrey S. , Janku Filip
Published: August 2018

Background

The genomic landscape of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) has been difficult to characterize due to the paucity of neoplastic cells and an abundant microenvironment. Such characterization is needed in order to improve treatment strategies.

Materials and Methods

We performed comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) using targeted next-generation sequencing on archival formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumor samples from 63 patients to analyze the landscape of HL.

Results

CGP was successful for 49/63 archival specimens (78%), and revealed aberrations impacting genes including B2M, TP53, and XPO1 (E571). Of the 34 patients for whom total mutation burden (TMB; mutations/megabase [Mb]) was assessed, 5 (15%) had high TMB (≥20 mutations/Mb), 18 (53%) had intermediate TMB (6–19 mutations/Mb), and 11 (32%) had low TMB (≤5 mutations/Mb). We next tested 13 patients' plasma cell-free DNA with droplet digital polymerase chain reaction for the presence of XPO1 E571 mutation, which was confirmed in the plasma of 31% of patients. In three patients with serially collected plasma samples, XPO1 E571K allelic frequency changes corresponded with changes in tumor size on conventional radiographic imaging.

Conclusion

The study demonstrates that comprehensive genomic profiling of archival Hodgkin lymphoma tumor samples is feasible and leads to the identification of genes that are recurrently mutated and that Hodgkin lymphoma has increased mutation burden in the majority of samples analyzed. Furthermore, tracking of XPO1 E571 mutant allele frequency in a subset of patients may also represent a potential disease-monitoring strategy and warrants further investigation.

Implications for Practice

This study provides the first evidence that comprehensive genomic profiling can be performed to map the genomic landscape of Hodgkin lymphoma and that a subpopulation of patients has mutations in TP53, B2M, XPO1, and other genes. It was found that 15% of patients have high mutation burden, which, in cancers such as melanoma, may indicate sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors, and may thus be explored for Hodgkin lymphoma. Lastly, this work demonstrates that changes in the mutant allele frequency of XPO1 in serially collected plasma cell-free DNA samples correspond with treatment outcomes measured with conventional radiographic imaging.
Dupla personalidade: a estrutura narrativa de Broad City na internet e na televisão
Authors: Azambuja Patrícia , Cutrim Vanessa
Published: August 2018

A ficção remete a certa oposição à realidade, em contrapartida, prescinde aspectos de verossimilhança para se fazer reconhecível. O quanto de distinção e semelhança as diferentes estruturas narrativas evocam é a questão central neste trabalho, que incorpora como metodologia exploratória a decupagem destes aspectos em Broad City, tanto na sua versão para WEB quanto para TV: foco narrativo, caracterização das personagens, espaço, tempo e, inevitavelmente, recursos estéticos utilizados nas cenas.
Prevention of diabetes type 2 by adjustment of lifestyle and diet
Authors: Elahi Alaa Noor , Almarghalani Fardus , Al-Ramadhan Hussain , Jalal Al Hassan , Alnafisah Haya , Miyajan Abdulaziz , Alharbi Naif , Allogmani Ohood , Shahadah Dhiyaa , Al lahyani Amjad
Published: August 2018

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic health conditions around the world and is a major challenge to health care providers. Its incidence across the world is increasing. There is long-term affection of pancreas before symptoms start, allowing for a large window for early detection and prevention of the disease. We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 1987, through March 2017. The following search terms were used: diabetes type 2, prevention diabetes type 2, effects of lifestyle on health, alcohol and diabetes, smoking and diabetes, preventive strategies for diabetes type 2. Our aim in this study is to understand the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus type 2 with regards to the risk factors and how to prevent them. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is considered a preventable disease, therefore, studying its risk factors and trying to reduce them is very important. Even minor modifications in risk factors of the disease could achieve significant reduction in incidence and progression of diabetes. Weight loss, improved dietary intake, and increased exercise levels are the most important interventions that will lead to significant decrease in the occurrence of the disease.
The relation between Helicobacter pylori and gastroesophageal reflux disease in KSA
Authors: Alziyadi Faisal , Alshammeri Nouf , Alamer Ali , Altarouti Fatimah , Aljehani Nesreen , Asiri Khalid , Almarghalani Fardus , Albalwi Easa , Almohideb Malik , Hayyan Ameen
Published: August 2018

Estimates say that Helicobacter pylorus affects more than half of the general population over the world. Its prevalence varies significantly among different areas. Studies done in 1990 reported a prevalence of 70% of people older than 20 years who live in Saudi Arabia, and 40% of people aged 5-10 years. The first line regimen of helicobacter pylori infections in Saudi Arabia is 7 days of triple therapy. However, in areas of high antibiotic resistance, or in cases of failure of triple therapy, a ‘rescue’ quadruple therapy (that contains bismuth) is indicated. In this study we aimed to look at the prevalence of H. pylori infection and its association with gastroesphageal reflux disease in Saudi Arabia. We also tried to understand the approach for diagnoses and treatment in the Kingdom. We did a systematic search for helicobacter pylori and GERD in Saudi Arabia using PubMed search engine (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and Google Scholar search engine (https://scholar.google.com). The following search terms were used: H. pylori, gastroesophageal reflux disease, prevalence of GERD in Saudi Arabia, lifestyle Saudi Arabia, gastroenterology Saudi Arabia. All studies done shows prevalence in Saudi Arabia to be relatively high (reaching 70%) and increasing. Despite being highly prevalent, no solid guidelines are present to help clinicians diagnose and treat helicobacter pylori infection properly. These, along with other causes like improper use of antibiotics have led to the emerging of new strains that are resistant to typical antibiotic treatment.
Aspectos Psicossociais do Suicídio em Idosos e Percepções de Sobreviventes.
Authors: Almeida Bruna Letícia Sancandi , Lorentz Marta , Bertoldo Lao Tse Maria
Published: August 2018

O suicídio de idosos tem se tornado nas últimas décadas uma temática de relevância para a saúde pública. Em relação aos índices de suicídio em idosos, a literatura estima que embora os idosos tenham números de tentativas menores em relação às outras faixas etárias, as taxas de suicídio consumado são maiores. A pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar as circunstâncias psicossociais do óbito por suicídio na velhice, ocorrido em um município no Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), por meio de um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada do instrumento “Autópsia Psicológica e Psicossocial sobre suicídio de idosos”, com abordagem qualitativa. Realizou-se um estudo de caso coletivo, no qual foram verificadas seis autópsias psicossociais de idosos que cometeram suicídio. A pesquisa teve como participantes familiares e pessoas que possuíam vínculo significativo com o idoso que cometeu suicídio. As informações provenientes das entrevistas foram analisadas a partir da análise temática. Com a pesquisa, foi possível investigar as circunstâncias psicossociais envolvidas na morte por suicídio de idosos. Em relação aos fatores psicossociais, pode-se elencar as doenças, a presença de transtornos mentais, a existência de relações conflituosas familiares e as histórias de perdas como fatores encontrados nessa população correlacionados com o suicídio.