bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Early to Middle Saxon Settlement at Quarrington, Lincolnshire
Authors: Taylor Gary , Allen Carol , Bayley Justine , Cowgill Jane , Fryer Val , Palmer Carol , Precious Barbara , Rackham James , Roper Tessa , Young Jane
Published: April 2011

Excavations undertaken at Quarrington, near Sleaford, Lincolnshire, revealed part of an Early and Middle Saxon settlement with associated fields or enclosures. Several timber buildings were identified, both round and rectangular, and there was evidence of ferrous and non-ferrous metalworking at the site. Finds included a large and regionally significant pottery assemblage, showing that Quarrington had an extensive trading network and obtained pottery from Lincolnshire and Leicestershire in the Early Saxon period. Pottery from the Northamptonshire area dominated the assemblage in the Middle Saxon period, with a smaller component from Lincolnshire and a limited quantity from Ipswich. Spatial variations in the Saxon ceramic assemblage suggest that the focus of settlement shifted towards the west or north west in the Middle Saxon period.

Few rural sites of Early and Middle Saxon date have produced sufficient faunal material to permit an analysis of changes during the fifth to eighth centuries until now; the large bone assemblage from Quarrington indicates changes in diet and the husbandry of domestic animals through time, with sheep becoming more important as pig diminished. Alterations to the slaughter profiles of cattle and sheep were also evident and may indicate changes from subsistence to surplus production. An apparently isolated Neolithic cremation and a post-medieval stone building were also revealed.
Perspectival Restoration Drawings in Roman Archaeology and Architectural History
Authors: Salmon Frank
Published: April 2011

This paper is concerned with the graphic means deployed since the Renaissance to restore the appearance of ancient Roman architecture, and specifically with the use of various forms of perspective. Disdained by architectural theorists from Leon Battista Alberti onwards because of its supposed subjectivity, the perspective nonetheless became a valuable tool in the second half of the eighteenth century for studying Roman architecture and urban form in pristine condition. It remained so until, with the consolidation of a more scientific approach to the discipline of archaeology in the last third of the twentieth century, it was reduced to schematic form and supplemented by isometric and axonometric projectional restorations, notably in English-language histories. The discipline of architectural history has not, however, been well served by this development, and an argument is made here for the retention of perspectival restoration and for the furtherance of the recent development of restorations modelled with the aid of computers.
The Use of the Rebus on Medieval Seals and Monuments
Authors: Goodall John A
Published: April 2011

The rebus played a distinctive role in medieval seal design as well as on monuments, in architectural ornament, and on the glazing quarries or other subsidiary details of windows. Seals are the largest group and they provide a valuable source of dated material, because they can usually be identified with the user. In this they can be joined to a lesser extent by examples found on monumental brasses or, more rarely, on tombs. Accordingly the present study has been based on a survey of published English medieval seals, with comparanda from the examples found on monumental brasses and tombs.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Evans John D.
Published: April 2011

The other day I received a letter from someone I did not know, but who shares my rather common surname. This gentleman had received a piece of mail intended for me—a Who's Who entry for correction, in fact. The occurrence in itself was not very remarkable, as those of you who have surnames which are as widely distributed as mine will especially appreciate. What was particularly striking to me was that my correspondent began his letter by saying that he had never written to an archaeologist before, and could not resist the temptationto do so now. I replied that I was somewhat surprised that archaeologists could still have such a curiosity value; it had been my impression that we had become so relatively common during the last two decades as not to attract much more notice than many other professions. We are still not, and are never likely to be, a large profession, but there is also, of course, a strong body of serious amateurs who can also reasonably call themselves qualified archaeologists—and we do get a more than average amount of publicity.
Towards the Reconstitution of the Arreton Hoard: a Case of Faked Provenances
Authors: Needham Stuart P.
Published: April 2011

The major Early Bronze Age hoard from Arreton Down in the Isle of Wight was made known to the Society of Antiquaries as early as 1735. Until recently however, half of the hoard had remained unlocated since 1737, when it was drawn by Charles Frederick. His drawings, which appear in the Society's MS 265, have been instrumental in relocating five of the missing bronzes; four of these were found to have acquired false provenances. This paper traces as far as possible the varied histories of ownership of the Arreton bronzes and in conclusion draws some lessons from the problem of uncorroborated provenances. For the first time the whole of the known hoard is illustrated together.
The Production of Roman Millstones Near Orvieto, Umbria, Italy
Authors: Peacock D. P. S.
Published: April 2011

In 1980, it was suggested on petrological grounds that during the Roman period Orvieto was an important source of Pompeian-style mills. In 1985, a short programme of field work led to the discovery of the quarry site. This paper assesses the evidence for leucitite quarrying near Orvieto and describes newly discovered production waste.
An Oxford Brasiers' Dispute of the 1390s: Evidence for Brass-Making in Medieval England
Authors: Blair Claude , Blair John , Brownsword R.
Published: April 2011

A contract of 1392 between two Oxford brasiers, with an account of the ensuing dispute, provides important evidence for the organization of the medieval brasier's craft andfor technical aspects of his trade. One brasier employed another to make pots, bells and fawtys (probably faucets) for a flat payment by weight. The master-brasier provided the raw materials, comprising scrap brass on the one hand, and graycober (perhaps antimonial copper) and stelebake (probably zinc-bearing calamine ore so called from the place Stolberg) on the other. This, with newly discovered references to the importation of calamys and calamin in 1384, provides the first evidence yet found for the making of brass in England from its raw materials.
Optimal culling strategy in relation to biological and economic efficiency and annualized net revenue in the Japanese Black cow–calf production system
Authors: OISHI K. , IBI T. , KAHI A. K. , HIROOKA H.
Published: April 2011

The objective of the present study was to determine the optimal culling strategy in relation to biological and economic efficiency (BE and EE, respectively) and annualized net revenue (AN) in the Japanese Black cow–calf production system with special reference to the beef quality of culled cows. The herd model focused on two ways of mating: one-mating trial system (ONE) and continuous-mating trial system (CON). ONE assumed that heifers that fail to conceive are culled and cows that fail to conceive are culled at weaning of their calves, while CON assumed that mating continues until all females theoretically conceive. Least square means of carcass data of Japanese Black cows collected from a cooperative farm in Japan were used to estimate the carcass price of a cow by parity and Beef Marbling Standard (BMS) number. The simulation, assuming the current production situation in Japan, indicated that sales of culled cows accounted for 0·10–0·20 of total sales and was an important element in total production. Comparisons between ONE and CON showed that production efficiency in the current situation is higher in CON. The BE, EE and AN were higher in CON than in ONE. The two economic indicators were less sensitive to changes in annual discount rate but highly sensitive to changes in female calf price and BMS number of cows, indicating the importance of considering fluctuations in calf price and potential quality of culled cows’ carcasses when estimating the economically optimal parity of culling. The three indicators derived different optimal solutions even in the same mating trial systems, stressing the importance of choice of production indicators when determining the culling strategy and evaluating animal production.
V. The Medieval Sculpture of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin
Authors: Stalley Roger
Published: April 2011

The invasion of Ireland by the Anglo-Norman armies in 1169–70 is not normally regarded as an event of any importance in the history of English art. Such an attitude is understandable, for Irish works in the Middle Ages rarely made any substantial contribution to artistic developments elsewhere. But the military activities of 1169–70 did have important results from an English point of view, since they greatly extended the ‘geography’ of English art and architecture. Following the Anglo-Norman conquest, Irish churches increasingly looked to England for ideas, and native styles were gradually supplanted by imported techniques. Very few of the standard histories of English architecture or sculpture devote much attention to this process, and a page or two describing the occasional Irish cathedral is normally deemed sufficient. Yet this does little justice to the Anglo-Norman achievement in Ireland, where, in just over a century, an immense amount of building was carried out. Most of this was English in style and ought to be considered within the context of English developments. Indeed, in some cases Irish evidence can considerably extend an understanding of specifically English problems: no study of West Country architecture, for example, would be complete without a parallel study of contemporary Irish work.
IV.—The Nunburnholme Cross and Anglo-Danish Sculpture in York
Authors: Pattison Ian R.
Published: April 2011

In 1915 Professor W. G. Collingwood completed his survey of all the Anglian and Anglo-Danish sculpture in Yorkshire. The Addenda to York published then added three fragments to the twenty-four ‘certainly or probably local to the city’. Since then, the grand total of twenty-seven has at least trebled. The main sources for this spectacular increase are the demolition of, and subsequent excavations on the site of, the church of St. Mary Bishophill Senior in 1963–4, and the much larger operations at York minster, begun in 1966 and recently completed. A full catalogue of the latter must await the completion of the excavation report. Finds to the southwest of the river Ouse appear in a recent inventory of the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments. Further sculptures were found in Newgate5 and All Saints, Pavement. The material for consideration grows steadily, and it is now clear that York was an important centre for sculpture before the Norman Conquest. This paper is limited to consideration of the later Anglo-Danish sculpture, which involves presentation of recent discoveries and reassessment of some of the sculpture described by Collingwood. It also includes a reassessment of the Nunburnholme cross, which provides parallels for many of the features of York sculpture, and is now no longer an isolated work. As there is much new material to be considered, the individual carvings will be listed and briefly described, beginning with the Nunburnholme cross, which serves as a key to the different elements.
VII.—The Medieval Jewellery from the Fishpool, Nottinghamshire, Hoard
Authors: Cherry J.
Published: April 2011

Hoards of coins that include jewellery are uncommon in the middle ages. In England up to 1966 there were only three such hoards known. These are the twelfth-century hoard from Lark Hill, Worcester, which contained six rings; the hoard from Coventry of c. 1290–8 containing two silver ring brooches; and the Thame hoard deposited after 1457 and containing five rings. In 1966 the discovery of a hoard of gold coins and jewellery at Fishpool, Nottinghamshire, added a fourth hoard to this sequence.
II.—Sir Henry Unton and his Portrait: An Elizabethan Memorial Picture and its History
Authors: Strong Roy C.
Published: April 2011

One of the strangest and best-known pictures in the National Portrait Gallery is that of Sir Henry Unton. He is depicted seated in a richly upholstered chair while around him there are grouped many extraordinary and wondrous scenes. We see him as a baby nursed by his mother; as a soldier accompanied by the panoply of war with tents, horse, armour, and attendant squires; on horseback, sun-shade in hand, riding through Italy, or escorted by trumpeters and servants into France. There are other scenes of banqueting, masquing, and revelry; but the mirth of festival gives way to counsel with learned divines and the solitude of study. There are also more sombre tableaux: a death-bed surrounded by weeping and praying ser-vants and a hearse draped in black being jogged through the bleak English countryside, while beggar women and children, the blind and lame, sit, grief-stricken, watching a gaunt procession of black-clad mourners. These are making their way towards a steepled church to the left, where a large congregation listens attentively to a sermon and before which there stands a splendid tomb, gaily tricked out in scarlet, black, and gold, on which there lies the recumbent effigy of a knight presided over by a lady attired in widow's weeds. All these relate in some way to the subject of the picture, Sir Henry Unton; in correct sequence they form a selective visual biography, and in this way the picture has value not only as a record of the sitter's features but as a unique historical document (pl. xxvi).
III.—La lance et l'arrêt de cuirasse
Authors: Buttin François
Published: April 2011

L'étude sur les armes d'hast, dont leBulletin de la Societé des Amis du Musée de l'Arméea commencé à Paris la publication en 1936, était le travail le plus vaste de tous ceux que mon père Charles Buttin avait entrepris. Parmi tous les thèmes qui s'étaient offerts à son attention, le champ de recherches que présentait cette branche négligépe de l'histoire de l'armement, l'avait de tous temps séduit.
IV.—Cluny II and St. Bénigne at Dijon
Authors: Conant Kenneth John
Published: April 2011

The excavations at Cluny resulted from a project of 1926, sponsored by the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, to make a series of cavalier restoration drawings of three great French monastic sites—Cluny, St. Martin at Tours, and St. Martial at Limoges. The great buildings at these sites needed to be restored to ‘visual history’ in order to give increased clarity to our understanding of medieval architecture. A cavalier study can never be more than a beginning, however; the finished study of a ruined site necessarily calls into play the refined techniques which classicists have developed in their work. A medieval monastic site may turn out to be as broad as Knossos, demanding a lifetime of investigation, because of the extent, the long history, and the varied influences represented in the architectural remains. This proved to be the case at Cluny, where the architectural remains span eleven centuries.
III.—The Origin of the Introduction of Peers in the House of Lords
Authors: Wagner Anthony , Sainty J. C.
Published: April 2011

In the year 1964 fifty three new peerages were created, about four times the annual average of recent years, so that some concerned in the machinery of peers' creation and introduction into the Upper House of Parliament were forcibly reminded of a tract written in 1653 by Sir Edward Walker, Garter King of Arms, entitled ‘Observations upon the Inconveniences that have attended the frequent promotions to Titles of Honour and Dignity since King James came to the Crown of England’. The ceremony of introduction takes between ten and fifteen minutes for each peer and late in 1964 some of their lordships became so agitated by its repetition and consumption of parliamentary time as to ask whether it could be shortened. This led to the research into the history of that ceremony on which the present paper is based.
V.—Etiquette and the Planning of the State Apartments in Baroque Palaces
Authors: Baillie Hugh Murray
Published: April 2011

The origins of this inquiry lie in my work after the war as a Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Officer in Germany when, during a joint inspection of a large eighteenth-century palace under our care, a German colleague, struck perhaps by the realization of the ugly, indeed the insolent, contrast between its battered splendours and the surrounding desolation, said to me almost apologetically: ‘After all, it was built in imitation of Versailles!’
II.—The Rock-Hewn and Other Medieval Churches of Tigré Province, Ethiopia
Authors: Buxton D. R.
Published: April 2011

More than twenty years ago this Society published a paper of mine entitled The Christian Antiquities of Northern Ethiopia. My present paper takes up the same theme again, describes much new material which has since come to light, and draws some new and better-founded conclusions.
V.—The Early History of the Choir of Eton College Chapel
Authors: Martindale A. H. R.
Published: April 2011

The first intention of this paper is to correct various long-standing misconceptions about the original layout (c. 1480) of the choir of Eton College Chapel. This will probably be of interest to those concerned with the college and its history. It is to be hoped, however, that the study will recommend itself on three grounds of a more general character. First, it deals with the college at a peculiarly precarious stage in its history. It will be remembered that, with the downfall of the Lancastrian government, the very future of the college, a recent Lancastrian foundation, was called in question (it was, indeed, officially dissolved as an independent body by papal bull in 1463). Although it survived as an institution, its endowments were severely impaired and there was virtually no money available to complete the buildings. Such building activity as there was appears to have been payed for bythebishop of Winchester, William Waynflete. The modifications about to be described are directly the result of these parlous circumstances; and they have a place in that generally interesting history of ambitious foundations which, unexpectedly reduced to straitened circumstances, are forced to adapt themselves accordingly.
II. The Pre-Flavian Military Belt: the Evidence from Britain
Authors: Grew Francis , Griffiths Nick
Published: April 2011

The fittings from the military belt—heavy semicircular buckles with inturned scrolls and rectangular mounts with relief or niello decoration—are common finds at Colchester, Hod Hill, Richborough and other early Roman sites in Britain. Identical pieces have been recovered in even greater numbers from the contemporary forts and fortresses along the Rhine and Danube frontiers. Although well known (Ritterling 1913, 148–55; Webster 1969, 122–3), they have yet to be studied and published as a group, a process which would yield valuable information about their spatial distribution, the relative popularity of different decorative schemes and, possibly, about the centres of manufacture. The following is a synthesis and discussion of the British finds only (fig. 1); it is based on a thorough search both of the published literature and of museum collections, particularly those in the south of England and the Midlands.
VIII. Anne of Denmark's Jewellery Inventory
Authors: Scarisbrick Diana
Published: April 2011

The inventory of the jewels of Anne of Denmark, wife of James I of England, belongs to a group of catalogues of personal jewellery of Tudor and Stuart royalty of which one of the most important is that made after the death of Henry VIII in 1550. It is now in the National Library of Scotland (Adv. MS 31.1.10) and was compiled in 1606, the last entry being dated January 1607. It records over four hundred items giving the weight of gold or silver, and the number and nature of the gems in each. The text was written in a neat secretary hand on the recto of each folio, the verso being left blank for later notes. Most of these, together with the marginalia and corrections to the main text, are in the same hand; but two other writers can be distinguished. The presence of these corrections and annotations show it to have been the working copy kept in the Jewel House.

The detailed descriptions make it possible to trace some of the jewels in the earlier inventories of Henry VIII, Mary Tudor and Queen Elizabeth, and, in the case of the latter, to donors such as her favourite, the Earl of Warwick. On his accession James I declared certain jewels to be ‘individually and inseparably for ever annexed to the kingdome of this realme,’ but this did not prevent either their use at Court of subsequent dispersal.
Excavation as a ground of archaeological knowledge
Authors: Edgeworth Matt
Published: April 2011

In answering the question ‘why excavate?’, much of the discussion in this stimulating session was pitched at the level of managerial considerations (in commercial archaeology) or the pros and cons of excavation for the discipline as a whole (in academic archaeology), with some attention paid to issues of publication. While acknowledging the great importance of that debate, and the many interesting points put forward, I would like to suggest that excavation also has significance for archaeologists on a much deeper, existential, level.
‘Haven't we dug enough now?’ Excavation in the light of intergenerational equity
Authors: Bonnie Rick
Published: April 2011

In western Europe, cultural resource management agencies have enforced, through treaties and legislation, the principle that archaeological sites endangered by development are protected. Excavation has played – and still plays – a major role in this: thousands of archaeological sites that are threatened by destruction have been ‘rescued’ through excavations. While treaties (e.g. Malta 1992, 4.2) and legislations (e.g. Planning Policy Statement 5, A.13;Wet op de archeologische monumentenzorg, 2007) stipulate that rescue excavation stands equal to protection, they also acknowledge that there are better ways – likein situpreservation – to protect our heritage.
Rethinking numismatics. The archaeology of coins
Authors: Kemmers Fleur , Myrberg Nanouschka
Published: April 2011

This paper sets out to re-member coins into archaeological discourse. It is argued that coins, as part of material culture, need to be examined within the theoretical framework of historical archaeology and material-culture studies. Through several case studies we demonstrate how coins, through their integration of text, image and existence as material objects, offer profound insights not only into matters of economy and the ‘big history’ of issuers and state organization but also into ‘small histories’, cultural values and the agency of humans and objects. In the formative period of archaeology in the 19th century the study of coins played an important role in the development of new methods and concepts. Today, numismatics is viewed as a field apart. The mutual benefits of our approach to the fields of archaeology and numismatics highlight the need for a new and constructive dialogue between the disciplines.
Landscape for a good feminist. An archaeological review
Authors: Tomášková Silvia
Published: April 2011

In 1998 this journal (Archaeological dialogues5(2)) published an editorial titled ‘What is wrong with gender archaeology?’. Responding to this rhetorical question, the editor affirmed that indeed nothing was wrong with it; to the contrary, gender archaeology was as healthy as could be, ‘one of the most thriving fields within the discipline’ (Archaeological dialogues1998, 88). Nonetheless, the writer then proceeded to describe a pervasive, ongoing issue with the article review process. Any submission that addressed gender would elicit warm praise from a reviewer chosen for familiarity with or expertise in gender studies. At the same time, the article would meet with harsh criticism from a second reviewer, selected for area, time period or topical specialization. The result was a continuing dilemma of how best to choose a third reviewer (a dilemma likely familiar to anyone who has submitted an article on any less-conventional topic to many disciplinary journals, not only in archaeology). This polarized reception of gender archaeology, and an unwillingness to engage in a dialogue around it, were persistent and deeply troubling. Comparing claims of novelty in gender archaeology with similar statements made decades earlier by New Archaeology, the editor suggested that processual archaeology gained support only after it had proven its worth in specific case studies, only ‘when substantial work demonstrated that this was indeed rather different and promising’ (Archaeological dialogues1998, 89). Such an expectation would appear most sensible for any empirically engaged discipline.
ON AN ANTIPLANE CRACK PROBLEM FOR FUNCTIONALLY GRADED ELASTIC MATERIALS
Authors: CLEMENTS DAVID L.
Published: April 2011

This paper examines an antiplane crack problem for a functionally graded anisotropic elastic material in which the elastic moduli vary quadratically with the spatial coordinates. A solution to the crack problem is obtained in terms of a pair of integral equations. An iterative solution to the integral equations is used to examine the effect of the anisotropy and varying elastic moduli on the crack tip stress intensity factors and the crack displacement.
Function assertive community treatment (FACT) and psychiatric service use in patients diagnosed with severe mental illness
Authors: Drukker M. , Van Os J. , Sytema S. , Driessen G. , Visser E. , Delespaul Ph.
Published: April 2011

Aim.

Previous work suggests that the Dutch variant of assertive community treatment (ACT), known as Function ACT (FACT), may be effective in increasing symptomatic remission rates when replacing a system of hospital-based care and separate community-based facilities. FACT guidelines propose a different pattern of psychiatric service consumption compared to traditional services, which should result in different costing parameters than care as usual (CAU).

Methods.

South-Limburg FACT patients, identified through the local psychiatric case register, were matched with patients from a non-FACT control region in the North of the Netherlands (NN). Matching was accomplished using propensity scoring including, among others, total and outpatient care consumption. Assessment, as an important ingredient of FACT, was the point of departure of the present analysis.

Results.

FACT patients, compared to CAU, had five more outpatient contacts after the index date. Cost-effectiveness was difficult to assess.

Conclusion.

Implementation of FACT results in measurable changes in mental health care use.
Late Eemian warming in the Nordic Seas as seen in proxy data and climate models
Authors: Born A. , Nisancioglu K. H. , Risebrobakken B.
Published: April 2011

We analyze a transient simulation of the last glacial inception in a climate model of intermediate complexity, focusing on sea ice–ocean circulation dynamics in the North Atlantic and Nordic Seas. As northern high‐latitude summer insolation decreases toward the end of the Eemian interglacial, Arctic sea ice export to the North Atlantic increases. This surface fresh water transport weakens deep water formation in the North Atlantic and the near‐surface circulation of the subpolar gyre. As a consequence, the relative contribution of subpolar gyre waters to the Atlantic inflow into the Nordic Seas is reduced, giving way to more warm and saline subtropical waters from the North Atlantic Current. We thus find an episode of relatively high heat and salt transport into the Nordic Seas during the last glacial inception between 119,000 and 115,000 years before present. This stabilizes deep ocean convection in the region and warms Scandinavia during a phase of low insolation. These findings are in good agreement with proxy data from the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic. At the end of the warm interval, sea surface temperature drops by about 3°C, marking the onset of large‐scale glacier growth over Scandinavia.
Intensive nitrogen loss over the Omani Shelf due to anammox coupled with dissimilatory nitrite reduction to ammonium
Authors: Jensen Marlene M , Lam Phyllis , Revsbech Niels Peter , Nagel Birgit , Gaye Birgit , Jetten Mike SM , Kuypers Marcel MM
Published: April 2011

A combination of stable isotopes (15N) and molecular ecological approaches was used to investigate the vertical distribution and mechanisms of biological N2 production along a transect from the Omani coast to the central–northeastern (NE) Arabian Sea. The Arabian Sea harbors the thickest oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the world's oceans, and is considered to be a major site of oceanic nitrogen (N) loss. Short (<48 h) anoxic incubations with 15N-labeled substrates and functional gene expression analyses showed that the anammox process was highly active, whereas denitrification was hardly detectable in the OMZ over the Omani shelf at least at the time of our sampling. Anammox was coupled with dissimilatory nitrite reduction to ammonium (DNRA), resulting in the production of double-15N-labeled N2 from 15NO2−, a signal often taken as the lone evidence for denitrification in the past. Although the central–NE Arabian Sea has conventionally been regarded as the primary N-loss region, low potential N-loss rates at sporadic depths were detected at best. N-loss activities in this region likely experience high spatiotemporal variabilities as linked to the availability of organic matter. Our finding of greater N-loss associated with the more productive Omani upwelling region is consistent with results from other major OMZs. The close reliance of anammox on DNRA also highlights the need to take into account the effects of coupling N-transformations on oceanic N-loss and subsequent N-balance estimates.
Signaling-mediated cross-talk modulates swarming and biofilm formation in a coral pathogen Serratia marcescens
Authors: Alagely Ali , Krediet Cory J , Ritchie Kim B , Teplitski Max
Published: April 2011

Interactions within microbial communities associated with marine holobionts contribute importantly to the health of these symbiotic organisms formed by invertebrates, dinoflagellates and bacteria. However, mechanisms that control invertebrate-associated microbiota are not yet fully understood. Hydrophobic compounds that were isolated from surfaces of asymptomatic corals inhibited biofilm formation by the white pox pathogen Serratia marcescens PDL100, indicating that signals capable of affecting the associated microbiota are produced in situ. However, neither the origin nor structures of these signals are currently known. A functional survey of bacteria recovered from coral mucus and from cultures of the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp. revealed that they could alter swarming and biofilm formation in S. marcescens. As swarming and biofilm formation are inversely regulated, the ability of some native α-proteobacteria to affect both behaviors suggests that the α-proteobacterial signal(s) target a global regulatory switch controlling the behaviors in the pathogen. Isolates of Marinobacter sp. inhibited both biofilm formation and swarming in S. marcescens PDL100, without affecting growth of the coral pathogen, indicative of the production of multiple inhibitors, likely targeting lower level regulatory genes or functions. A multi-species cocktail containing these strains inhibited progression of a disease caused by S. marcescens in a model polyp Aiptasia pallida. An α-proteobacterial isolate 44B9 had a similar effect. Even though ∼4% of native holobiont-associated bacteria produced compounds capable of triggering responses in well-characterized N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) biosensors, there was no strong correlation between the production of AHL-like signals and disruption of biofilms or swarming in S. marcescens.
Dose‐Dependent Suppression of Hunger by a Specific Alginate in a Low‐Viscosity Drink Formulation
Authors: Peters Harry P.F. , Koppert Remco J. , Boers Hanny M. , Ström Anna , Melnikov Sergey M. , Haddeman Edward , Schuring Ewoud A.H. , Mela David J. , Wiseman Sheila A.
Published: April 2011

Addition of specific types of alginates to drinks can enhance postmeal suppression of hunger, by forming strong gastric gels in the presence of calcium. However, some recent studies have not demonstrated an effect of alginate/calcium on appetite, perhaps because the selected alginates do not produce sufficiently strong gels or because the alginates were not sufficiently hydrated when consumed. Therefore, the objective of the study was to test effects on appetite of a strongly gelling and fully hydrated alginate in an acceptable, low‐viscosity drink formulation. In a balanced order crossover design, 23 volunteers consumed a meal replacement drink containing protein and calcium and either 0 (control), 0.6, or 0.8% of a specific high‐guluronate alginate. Appetite (six self‐report scales) was measured for 5 h postconsumption. Relevant physicochemical properties of the drinks were measured, i.e., product viscosity and strength of gel formed under simulated gastric conditions. Hunger was robustly reduced (20–30% lower area under the curve) with 0.8% alginate (P < 0.001, analysis of covariance), an effect consistent across all appetite scales. Most effects were also significant with 0.6% alginate, and a clear dose‐response observed. Gastric gel strength was 1.8 and 3.8 N for the 0.6 and 0.8% alginate drinks, respectively, while product viscosity was acceptable (<0.5 Pa·s at 10 s−1). We conclude that strongly gastric‐gelling alginates at relatively low concentrations in a low‐viscosity drink formulation produced a robust reduction in hunger responses. This and other related studies indicate that the specific alginate source and product matrix critically impacts upon apparent efficacy.
Effects of Weight Status and Barriers on Physical Activity Adoption Among Previously Inactive Women
Authors: Napolitano Melissa A. , Papandonatos George D. , Borradaile Kelley E. , Whiteley Jessica A. , Marcus Bess H.
Published: April 2011

This study examined self‐reported physical activity (PA) barriers, and their effects on PA behavior change at 3 and 12 months among 280 previously inactive women enrolled in a PA promotion trial. Effect modification of baseline barriers by baseline weight status on PA behavior change was also examined. At baseline and month 12, obese women reported significantly greater PA barriers compared with normal and overweight women (P < 0.05). Individual barriers that were more likely to be elevated for obese vs. normal and overweight participants at baseline were feeling too overweight, feeling self‐conscious, reporting minor aches and pains, and lack of self‐discipline. Also, weight status moderated the effect of PA barriers on PA behavior change from baseline to month 3 (P < 0.05), but not to month 12 (P = 0.637), with obese participants reporting high barriers achieving 70 min/week fewer than those with low barriers (P < 0.05). Finally, the interaction between barriers (high vs. low) and weight status (obese vs. normal), shows PA barriers had a detrimental PA effect among obese participants that was 122.5 min/week (95% confidence interval (CI) = 15.7, 229.4; P < 0.05) lower than their effect on normal‐weight participants. These results suggest that for obese women, PA barriers have quantifiable effects on PA behavior change. This study has implications for the design of future weight loss and PA interventions, suggesting that a comprehensive assessment of PA barriers is a prerequisite for appropriate tailoring of behavioral PA interventions.
Modeling of threshold voltage, mobility, drain current and subthreshold leakage current in virgin and irradiated silicon-on-insulator fin-shaped field effect transistor device
Authors: Rathod S. S. , Saxena A. K. , Dasgupta S.
Published: April 2011

In this paper, an analytical model for the estimation of threshold voltage shift, mobility, drain current and subthreshold leakage current in virgin as well as irradiated nanoscale fin-shaped field effect transistor (FinFET) device has been presented. The generation of traps in the buried oxide (BOX) and the interface traps at the sidewall influence the characteristics of an irradiated FinFET device. A mobility model considering the influence of quantum mechanical structural confinement and the contribution of interface traps due to all the interfaces is reported in this paper. The modified definition of effective field is adopted to account for nonzero electric field at the back oxide interface of SOI (Silicon-on-Insulator) FinFET device. The results obtained on the basis of our models were compared and contrasted with reported experimental results. A close match was found that validate our analytical modeling approach.
First-principles studies of Ce-doped RE2M2O7 (RE = Y, La; M = Ti, Zr, Hf): A class of nonscintillators
Authors: Chaudhry A. , Canning A. , Boutchko R. , Weber M. J. , Grønbech-Jensen N. , Derenzo S. E.
Published: April 2011

Lanthanum and yttrium compounds with composition RE2M2O7 (RE = Y, La; M = Ti, Zr, Hf) have high density and high Z and can be doped with Ce onto the La and Y sites. This makes these compounds good candidates for Ce-activated scintillator γ-ray detectors particularly for the hafnate systems which have a very high density. There is disagreement in the literature concerning La2Hf2O7:Ce as it has been reported to show both bright as well as no Ce-activated luminescence by different experimental groups. We have performed first-principles electronic structure calculations of these compounds doped with Ce using the pseudopotential method based on the generalized gradient approximation in density functional theory. The positions of the Ce 4f states relative to the valence band maximum and the position of the Ce 5d states relative to the conduction band minimum (CBM) of the host material are determined. We find, unlike Ce-activated La and Y compounds where the CBM is typically of La 5d or Y 4d character, that in these systems the CBM is predominately of d character on the Ti, Zr, Hf atoms. For all these compounds, we also find that the Ce 5d state lies above the CBM which would prevent any luminescence from the Ce site.
Laser-assisted fabrication of highly viscous alginate microsphere
Authors: Lin Yafu , Huang Yong
Published: April 2011

Encapsulated microspheres have been widely used in various biomedical applications. However, fabrication of encapsulated microspheres from highly viscous materials has always been a manufacturing challenge. The objective of this study is to explore a novel metallic foil-assisted laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT), a laser-assisted fabrication technique, to make encapsulated microspheres using high sodium alginate concentration solutions. The proposed four-layer approach includes a quartz disk, a sacrificial and adhesive layer, a metallic foil, and a transferred suspension layer. It is found that the proposed four-layer modified LIFT approach provides a promising fabrication technology for making of bead-encapsulated microspheres from highly viscous solutions. During the process, the microsphere only can be formed if the direct-writing height is larger than the critical direct-writing height; otherwise, tail structured droplets are formed; and the encapsulated microsphere diameter linearly increases with the laser fluence and decreases with the sodium alginate concentration.
Surface disordering and its correlations with properties in argon implanted CR-39 polymer
Authors: Shekhawat Nidhi , Aggarwal Sanjeev , Sharma Annu , Sharma S. K. , Deshpande S. K. , Nair K. G. M.
Published: April 2011

The influence of Ar+ implantation induced disordering in the surface layers of the CR-39 polymer on its optical properties and surface hardness has been studied. The specimens were implanted at 130 keV to the doses of 5 × 1014, 1 × 1015, 1 × 1016 Ar+ cm−2. The structural behavior of the pre- and postimplanted specimens was investigated using UV-Visible, Raman, and x-ray diffraction techniques. Formation of disordered graphitelike structures in the implanted layers of polycarbonate has been observed using Raman and UV-Visible spectroscopy. A significant increase in the value of disorder content (Urbach energy) from 0.77 eV to 1.48 eV and a continuous decline in optical bandgap (from 3.43 eV to 2.32 eV) with increasing implantation dose have been observed. This decrease in optical bandgap has been found to have linear dependence on the increase in the Urbach energy, which points toward the formation of disordered structures in the implanted layers of CR-39 polymer. Further, Knoop microhardness is found to be enhanced by a factor of 7 (at a load of 9.8 mN) after implantation. The possible correlation of the increase in Knoop surface hardness with the changes observed as a result of implantation has been established and discussed.
Magnetotransport properties of epitaxial MgO(001)/FeRh films across the antiferromagnet to ferromagnet transition
Authors: Sharma M. , Aarbogh H. M. , Thiele J.-U. , Maat S. , Fullerton E. E. , Leighton C.
Published: April 2011

Interest in the magnetic properties of the ordered equiatomic alloy FeRh has been revived in recent years due to potential applications in heat assisted magnetic recording. This is based on the existence of a first order hysteretic phase transition from strongly anisotropic antiferromagnet (AF) to relatively isotropic ferromagnet (F) upon warming to ∼370 K. Here we investigate this transition, which shows significant coupling between structural, magnetic, and electronic degrees of freedom, via wide temperature range magnetotransport and magnetometry measurements on ordered epitaxial MgO(001)/FeRh(1000 Å) films. Consistent with bulk measurements, a large decrease in resistivity (∼30%) occurs on warming through the transition. The transition temperature shifts with applied magnetic field at −0.75 K/kOe due to the field-induced stabilization of the F phase, leading to large negative magnetoresistance (∼40% in 90 kOe) in the transition region (340–400 K). Isothermal field cycles reveal consistent behavior where the resistivity is controlled by the magnetization changes as the AF/F phase boundary is crossed. In the F state at high temperature anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) is observed (maximum amplitude ∼0.45%), in addition to high field negative MR due to field-induced suppression of electron-magnon scattering. The temperature dependence of the AMR reveals clear two-phase coexistence in the hysteresis region, providing a sensitive probe of remnant F regions upon cooling through the transition. This behavior, and the accompanying coercivity enhancement, is discussed in terms of possible two-phase microstructures across the magnetic phase transformation.
A constitutive equation for nano-to-macro-scale heat conduction based on the Boltzmann transport equation
Authors: Ordonez-Miranda J. , Yang Ronggui , Alvarado-Gil J. J.
Published: April 2011

A constitutive equation for heat conduction is derived from the exact solution of the Boltzmann transport equation under the relaxation time approximation. This is achieved by a series expansion on multiple space derivatives of the temperature and introducing the concept of thermal multipoles, where the thermal conductivity defined under the framework of the Fourier law of heat conduction is just the first thermal pole. It is shown that this equation generalizes the Fourier law and Cattaneo equation of heat conduction, and it depends strongly on the relative values of the length and time scales compared with the mean-free path and mean-free time of the energy carriers, respectively. In the limiting case of steady-state heat conduction, it is shown that the heat flux vector depends on a spatial scale ratio whose effects are remarkable in the micro-scale spatial domains. By applying a first-order approximation of the obtained thermal multipole expansion to the problem of transient heat conduction across a thin film and comparing the results with the predictions for the same problem using the Fourier, Cattaneo and Boltzmann transport equations, it is shown that our results could be useful in the study of the heat transport in short as well as in long scales of space and time. The common and different features of the multipole expansion compared with the Ballistic-diffusive model of heat conduction are also discussed. Special emphasis is put to the cases where the physical scales of space and time are comparable to the mean-free path and mean-free time of the energy carriers.
Effect of surface oxidation on the nm-scale wear behavior of a metallic glass
Authors: Caron A. , Sharma P. , Shluger A. , Fecht H.-J. , Louzguine-Luzguin D. V. , Inoue A.
Published: April 2011

Metallic glasses are good candidates for applications in micromechanical systems. With size reduction of mechanical components into the micrometer and submicrometer range, the native surface oxide layer starts playing an important role in contact mechanical applications of metallic glasses. We use atomic force microscopy to investigate the wear behavior of the Ni62Nb38 metallic glass with a native oxide layer and with an oxide grown after annealing in air. After the annealing, the wear rate is found to have significantly decreased. Also the dependency of the specific wear on the velocity is found to be linear in the case of the as spun sample while it follows a power law in the case of the sample annealed in air. We discuss these results in relation to the friction behavior and properties of the surface oxide layer obtained on the same alloy.
The hyperspectral irradiometer, a new instrument for long-term and unattended field spectroscopy measurements
Authors: Meroni M. , Barducci A. , Cogliati S. , Castagnoli F. , Rossini M. , Busetto L. , Migliavacca M. , Cremonese E. , Galvagno M. , Colombo R. , di Cella U. Morra
Published: April 2011

Reliable time series of vegetation optical properties are needed to improve the modeling of the terrestrial carbon budget with remote sensing data. This paper describes the development of an automatic spectral system able to collect continuous long-term in-field spectral measurements of spectral down-welling and surface reflected irradiance. The paper addresses the development of the system, named hyperspectral irradiometer (HSI), describes its optical design, the acquisition, and processing operations. Measurements gathered on a vegetated surface by the HSI are shown, discussed and compared with experimental outcomes with independent instruments.
Optical properties of water at high temperature
Authors: French Martin , Redmer Ronald
Published: April 2011

We calculate optical properties of water along the principal Hugoniot curve from ambient conditions up to temperatures of 130 000 K with density functional theory (DFT) and the Kubo-Greenwood formula. The effect of the exchange correlation functional is examined by comparing the generalized gradient approximation with a hybrid functional that contains Fock exchange. We find noticeable but moderate differences between the respective results which decrease rapidly above 80 000 K. The reflectivity along the principal Hugoniot is calculated and a good qualitative but fair quantitative agreement with available experimental data is found. Our results are of general relevance for calculations of optical properties with DFT at zero and elevated temperature.