bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Awareness of Knowledge Management in Nepalese Financial Institutions
Authors: Khanal Lekhanath
Published: February 2017

Knowledge Management (KM) is one of the buzzwords prevailing in the management circles. It is seen as a tool which can create a strategic impact. Organizations which are unaware of knowledge management (KM) and its concepts are considered illiterate in business context. In order to thrive in this turbulent market, an organization must be familiar with all concepts pertaining to its intellectual assets, i.e. Knowledge, and all other activities involved in managing its intangible assets, i.e. KM through various practices, suitable strategy and processes,. Banks and financial institutions as drivers of economic growth play a major role in prosperity and innovativeness of almost all countries worldwide. The main objective of this study is to identify the awareness of knowledge management in financial institutions of Nepal. In this study, samples of 385 respondents were selected randomly from four different types of financial institutions of Kathmandu, Nepal. The statistical analysis was done to draw the conclusion. The results clearly show that the level of KM awareness amongst Nepalese financial institutions is medium in which some companies understand the principles of KM but they observe many challenges and difficulties in pursuing KM implementation. Finally, this paper concludes that those institutions which are aware of the basic concepts and principle of KM can effectively manage knowledge resources; are more innovative and have better performance than others who do not takes this factor into account.Journal of Advanced Academic Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2016
Nietzsche on Film
Authors: Steven Mark
Published: February 2017

This article tracks the many appearances of Friedrich Nietzsche throughout the history of cinema. It asks how cinema can do Nietzschean philosophy in ways that are unique to the medium. It also asks why the cinematic medium might be so pertinent to Nietzschean philosophy. Adhering to the implicit premise that, as Jacques Derrida once put it, ‘there is no totality to Nietzsche's text, not even a fragmentary or aphoristic one,’ the essay's mode of argument avoids reductive totalization and instead comprises a playful sampling of variously Nietzschean manifestations across dissimilar films. It begins with an extended account of Baby Face, a 1933 drama from which the abundant references to Nietzsche were either altered or expunged ahead of theatrical release. It then maps some of the philosophical consistencies across two genres in which characters read Nietzsche with apparent frequency: the comedy and the thriller. While comedies and thrillers both treat Nietzsche and his readers with suspicion, and do so for perceptive historical reasons, the essay then asks what an affirmatively Nietzschean film might look like. It explores this possibility through a discussion of cinematic animation in general and then more specifically via several critically familiar films that self-consciously evolve their aesthetic through Nietzsche's philosophy. The essay concludes by affirming Béla Tarr's final film as one of the medium's greatest realizations of a Nietzschean film-philosophy. The Turin Horse, released in 2011, is exemplary because it takes Nietzsche as a narrative premise only to sublate that premise into a unique visual style.
Arresting Ashley X: Trans Youth, Puberty Blockers and the Question of Whether Time is on Your Side
Authors: Pyne Jake
Published: February 2017

In 2004, a young Seattle girl with significant disabilities known only by the pseudonym Ashley X, underwent a series of medical procedures without her consent. At the request of her parents, Ashley received a mastectomy, a hysterectomy and hormonal treatment, designed to arrest her development in a child-like state. In the eyes of her doctors, her family, and their lawyers, it was urgent that Ashley's body be aligned with her purported cognitive age. The temporal and ethical arguments used to justify her ‘Treatment’ turned Ashley's body into a site of international debate over disability and human rights, consent and medical science, eugenics and human engineering. Yet the similarities and differences between Ashley's non-consensual pubertal arrest versus that actively sought by trans youth are rarely mentioned. This paper uses the clinical and media discourses at work in both the ‘Ashley Treatment’ and the treatment sought by trans youth to think through this moment in which some bodies are treated to greater forms of autonomy while other bodies have none. I argue that the discourses used to secure transition for some trans youth ought to be weighed against the implications for others, in particular for trans youth with disabilities. While the availability of puberty suppression for trans youth can be narrated as a sign that things are getting better, the literatures of queer temporality and critical disability studies help to consider that it may also augur something else—a widening gap between those invested with the ability to stop time versus those who are stopped in time.
Evolutionary Developments in Interpreting the Gluten‐Induced Mucosal Celiac Lesion: An Archimedian Heuristic
Authors: Marsh Michael , Heal Calvin
Published: February 2017

The evolving history of the small intestinal biopsy and its interpretation—and misinterpretations—are described in this paper. Certain interpretative errors in the technical approaches to histological assessment are highlighted—even though we may never be rid of them. For example, mucosal “flattening” does not reduce individual villi to their cores, as still seems to be widely believed. Neither is the mucosa undergoing an atrophic process—since it can recover structurally. Rather, the intestinal mucosa manifests a vast hypertrophic response resulting in the formation of large plateaus formed from partially reduced villi and their amalgamation with the now increased height and width of the inter‐villous ridges: this is associated with considerable increases in crypt volumes. Sections through mosaic plateaus gives an erroneous impression of the presence of stunted, flat‐topped villi which continues to encourage both the continued use of irrelevant “atrophy” terminologies and a marked failure to perceive what random sections through mosaic plateaus actually look like. While reviewing the extensive 40+ year literature on mucosal analysis, we extracted data on intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) counts from 607 biopsies, and applied receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC)‐curve analysis. From that perspective, it appears that counting IEL/100 enterocyte nuclei in routine haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections provides the most useful discriminator of celiac mucosae at histological level, with an effective cut‐off of 27 IEL, and offering a very high sensitivity with few false negatives. ROC‐curve analysis also revealed the somewhat lesser accuracies of either CD3+ or γδ+ IEL counts. Current official guidelines seem to be somewhat inadequate in clearly defining the spectrum of gluten‐induced mucosal pathologies and how they could be optimally interpreted, as well as in promoting the ideal manner for physicians and pathologists to interact in interpreting intestinal mucosae submitted for analysis. Future trends should incorporate 3‐D printing and computerised modelling in order to exemplify the subtle micro‐anatomical features associated with the crypt‐villus interzone. The latter needs precise delineation with use of mRNA in‐section assays for brush border enzymes such as alkaline phosphate and esterase. Other additional approaches are needed to facilitate recognition and interpretation of the features of this important inter‐zone, such as wells, basins and hypertrophic alterations in the size of inter‐villous ridges. The 3‐D computerised models could considerably expand our understandings of the microvasculature and its changes—in relation both to crypt hypertrophy, in addition to the partial attrition and subsequent regrowth of villi from the inter‐villous ridges during the flattening and recovery processes, respectively.
Prevalence and risk factors for myopia among school children in Aba, Nigeria
Authors: Atowa Uchenna C. , Munsamy Alvin J. , Wajuihian Samuel O.
Published: February 2017

Aim: To study the prevalence of myopia among school children in Aba, Nigeria.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in public and private (primary and secondary) schools. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used for selecting participants aged between 8 and 15 years from 12 schools in Aba, Nigeria. Data were analysed for 1197 children who underwent a comprehensive eye examination. The children were divided according to the following criteria: age groups (group 1 [8–11 years] or group 2 [12–15 years]), gender (male or female), level of education (primary or secondary) and type of school (public or private). Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤ -0.50 D in the poorer eye.Results: The prevalence of myopia was estimated to be 2.7%. Of the 96 children with refractive error, 78.1% were uncorrected. In using logistic regression analysis, risk of developing myopia was associated with older age groups (odds ratio [OR]: 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16–9.11; p < 0.010) and higher level of education (OR: 1.73; 95% CI, 1.05–2.86; p < 0.030). There was no significant difference in myopia prevalence between male and female children (p = 0.89).Conclusion: Although the prevalence of myopia and overall prevalence of refractive error in school children in Aba were low, the high prevalence of uncorrected refractive error is a significant public health problem. An effective and sustainable children’s vision screening programme is needed to prevent visual impairment and blindness.
Die adenosien A1- en A2A-reseptoraffiniteit van ’n reeks 3,4-dihidropirimidoon-analoë
Authors: Katsidzira Runako M. , Van der Walt Mietha M. , Bergh Jacobus J. , Terre’Blanche Gisella
Published: February 2017

Parkinson’s disease is a complex neurodegenerative condition with current treatment only focussed on symptomatic therapy that does not slow or stop the progression of the disease. Since the discovery that adenosine A1 and A2A receptors are potential drug targets for the therapy of Parkinson’s disease, various research groups have attempted to identify adenosine antagonists. So the possibility exists that the administration of an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist may prevent further neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the antagonism of adenosine A1 receptors has the potential of treating Parkinson’s disease-associated cognitive deficits. Therefore, dual antagonism of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors would be of great benefit since this would potentially treat both the motor as well as the cognitive impairment associated with Parkinson’s disease. Based on the observation that a series of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives possess adenosine A1 and A2A receptor affinity, the current study investigated the potential of the structurally related 3,4-dihydropyrimidone analogues as adenosine A1 and A2A receptor antagonists. Overall, the 3,4-dihyropyrimidone analogues were found to possess weak affinity for the adenosine A2A receptor, but more promising adenosine A1 receptor affinity was found, ranging in the low micromolar range. Among the investigated compounds, the p-bromophenyl substituted dihydropyrimidone (6b) possesses the best adenosine A1 receptor affinity with a Ki value of 7.39 µM. In conclusion, this 3,4-dihydropyrimidone derivative can be used as a lead for the design of novel adenosine A1 receptor antagonists, although further structural modifications are required to enhance the adenosine A2A receptor affinity before a clinically viable candidate will be available as potential treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
Personal encounters with children in an informal settlement: Exploring spirituality
Authors: Kruidenier Retha
Published: February 2017

This article explores the factors that contribute to the children living in Zama Zama informal settlement�s spiritual development. Postfoundational practical theology and the narrative approach function as paradigm and methodology. Themes and/or discourses like power, poverty, nutrition, health and school enrolment were identified. The faith development theory is discussed, as well as a reflection on children�s spirituality. The research shows that the faith community, cr�che and other partners play a crucial role in the spiritual development of the children.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This study was performed in the field of practical theology. The article is interdisciplinary, covering the fields of religion, psychology, social work, sociology and health studies.
The Basic Trend of Media Reports on Residents’ Return in Fukushima: In the Realms of Text Mining Analysis
Authors: Sasaki Daisuke
Published: February 2017

In general, people’s concerns appear to be represented through the mass media. In the Great East Japan Earthquake and the nuclear power station accident in Fukushima prefecture, the many reports made by the mass media provide enough information that we can understand the overall situation. In this context, examining reports by the mass media concerning this issue can be thought of as an analysis of stakeholders’ concerns. However, it is of great significance to verify whether reports by the mass media correctly reflect people’s concerns or not. I analyzed Japanese text data from the Fukushima local newspaper using a text mining methodology, and have confirmed the general accuracy of media reports with respect to evacuees’ concerns. I also found that in media reports the biggest issue related to residents returning to their homes seemed to be their livelihoods, whereas matters related to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station were rarely reported in connection with residents’ return. Therefore, the most effective measure for having evacuees willingly return to their homes may be to address their anxieties about daily life including the employment environment with high priority so that evacuees can return to their homes willingly.
Factors Affecting the Satisfaction of Post-Disaster Resettlers in the Long Term: A Case Study on the Resettlement Sites of Tsunami-Affected Communities in Sri Lanka
Authors: Manatunge Jagath Manjula Arunakumara , Abeysinghe Udya
Published: February 2017

The 2004 tsunami is one of the most devastating natural disasters the world has experienced in the recent past, and it is imperative that we learn from this experience about how to effectively implement post-disaster housing projects. Relatively little research has been conducted to study the level of satisfaction of affected persons in the long term after receiving houses in new settlements with ‘better’ socio-economic and physical facilities. The post-disaster resettlement schemes established in Sri Lanka provide an ideal setting to study the factors affecting long-term satisfaction of communities in the context of providing permanent housing. The present study focused on 12 such sites in Sri Lanka. The elements/criteria chosen to assess the long-term satisfaction of the resettlers consisted of factors related to site selection, the design of dwelling units and surroundings, material well-being and provision of services and infrastructure, aspects related to social factors and perceptions regarding the resettlement process, neighbourhood and social interactions. From the observations of this study, it can be concluded that despite the availability of sufficient funding, the opportunities to plan, design and implement sustainable community-responsive resettlement programmes for tsunami affected households were largely missed. Overall, it was noted that the resettled communities included in the present study are not satisfied in the long-term due to various physical, environmental and socio-economic factors. Particularly inappropriate site selection and design of functional spaces, poor construction of houses and common spaces, and inconvenient access to social infrastructure assets were factors that need more attention in planning resettlement housing.
Does Exports Promote the Economic Growth of China? A Long-Run View Point
Authors: Jiang Qiang
Published: February 2017

This paper empirically studied the influence of exports on long-run economic growth of China at the present stage, using the 2002-2012 panel data of provinces. Results showed that the exports hinder the long-run economic growth of China. Based on the theory of technology and resource, We researched the influencing mechanism of exports on long-run economic growth from three aspects: the influence of exports on total factor productivity, the influence of exports on human capital and the influence of exports on consumption of energy and mineral resources. The empirical study results showed that although exports enhanced the standard of human capital, exports depressed the progress of total factor productivity, and consumed enormous energy and mineral resources. So the total effection is exports hinder the long-run economic growth of our country at present stage.
Sequence alignment analysis of proteins involved in platelet-endothelial cell interaction identifies molecular incompatibilities between Homo sapiens and Sus scrofa
Authors: Chen Pengfei , Lu Ying , Gao Hanchao , Li Mingtao , Cooper David K. C. , Mou Lisha
Published: February 2017

Background: Platelets play a vital role in acute humoral xenograft rejection (AHXR) in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation, presenting as microvascular thrombosis in the graft and/or consumptive coagulopathy in the recipient. Adhesion and aggregation of primate platelets to the activated vascular endothelial cells through sequential binding of ligands on endothelial cells and subendothelial matrix ultimately trigger a complex biological process of prothrombotic signaling cascades. Increasing evidence suggests that the molecular incompatibilities in effector molecules across species may partially contribute to dysregulated microvascular thrombosis in xenografts. Method: We selected candidate genes from the NCBI database with keywords: platelet-endothelium interaction，platelet adhension, platelet aggregation, and subendothelial matrix ligands. Pair-wise amino acid alignments were made using the Emboss Needle method. Emboss needle created optimal global alignment of the amino acid sequences of human genes and pig genes using ClustalW2.Results: Most of the proteins involved in platelet-EC interaction in Homo sapiens share high sequence similarity with their homologues in Sus scrofa. Cytokines that potentially induce endothelial damage (such as CD40L, TNF-α) were highly conserved between Homo sapiens and Sus scrofa. Some endothelium-derived cytokines (such as IL-8, CCL2, CCL5) that can induce platelet activation or enhance aggregation share high sequence similarity between Homo sapiens and sus scrofa.  Some regulators that potentially transduce inhibitory signaling to control platelet activation or complement activation have relatively poor sequence identity between Homo sapiens and Sus scrofa, and some even lack their homologues in Sus scrofa.Conclusion: The characteristic of sequence similarity of proteins involved in platelet-EC interaction indicated the molecular incompatibilities between humans (Homo sapiens) and pigs (Sus scrofa). This study provides a clue for explanation of excessive platelet activity in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation.
Evaluating Executive Strategies (Management Strategies and Teaching-Learning Strategies) of Graduate Curriculum: Case Study in Isfahan University
Authors: Rahmanpour Muhammad , Ahmadi Mojtaba , Hatami Mostafa , Mirzaee Hamzeh
Published: February 2017

The present study seeks to evaluate executive strategies in graduate Curriculum of Isfahan University from the point of view of management and teaching-learning strategies. This study is an applied survey. The population comprised BA students and faculty members of the University of Isfahan. In order to do so, 141 professors and 278 students were selected from among all professors and students of graduate programs in Isfahan University through stratified random sampling and proportional to the statistical population. The tool used for collecting data for this study was a researcher made questionnaire with 25 questions scored via Likert scale. Validity of the questionnaire was ensured through content and face validity. Reliability of the test was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to be 0.94. The data collected from the questionnaires were analyzed via SPSS statistical analysis computer application in descriptive and inferential statistics level. In the descriptive statistics section, frequency, mean, standard deviation, and in the inferential statistics section, F test and single variable t test were used. Findings on teaching-learning strategies revealed that these strategies have been decently meeting the needs and expectations of students. However, they failed to meet the expectations of the students. Findings o management strategies, on the other hand, demonstrated that these strategies have not been able to meet the needs and expectations of neither professors nor students.
The Development of a Model for Creative Writing Instruction for Mattayomsuksa Three Students (Grade 9)
Authors: Chaiyadejkamjorn Natsuchawirang , Soonthonrojana Wimonrat , Sangkhaphanthanon Thanya
Published: February 2017

The research aimed to construct an instructional model for creative writing for Mattayomsueksa Three students (Grade 9), to develop the model according to a criterion of 80/80, and to examine the results of the model in use. The research methodology consisted of three phases: phase one studied the current states, problems and needs for teaching and learning Thai language; phase two constructed a model for creative-writing instruction; phase three explored the results of the model in use. The 83 samples were Mattayomsueksa Three students of Suranarai School, Mabkradvidaya School, Don Numsai School and Ban Koksawai School under the jurisdiction of the Office of Nakorn Ratchasima Primary Education Service Area 5 in the second semester of the academic year 2014. The subjects were derived by a multicluster random sampling. The research findings were as follows: 1. The instructional model for creative writing was composed of six components: principles and basic concepts and theories, objectives, teaching steps, social system, principles of response, and support system. Teaching consisted of five steps: P1 (Planning), 2) P2 (Perception), 3) P3 (Performing), 4) P4 (Processing), 5) P5 (Production). Quality was at the highest level (X = 4.94). 2. The model for creative-writing instruction for Mattayomsueksa Three students as developed by the researcher had an efficiency equivalent to 81.17/80.26, which was higher than the set criterion of 80/80. 3. The results of the use of the model were as follows: 3.1 Mattayomsueksa Three students who learned via the creative-writing model had a higher ability at a statistical significance of .05. 3.2 The students of Suranarai School, Mabkradvidaya School, Don Namsai School and Koksawai had a satisfaction with the model in the study at 4.78, 4.70, 4.72, and 4.69 respectively.
Teachers’ Technology Acceptance and Usage Situations and the Evaluation of Web Pedagogic Content Knowledge in Terms of Different Variations and the Determination of the Relationship between These
Authors: KORUCU Agah Tugrul
Published: February 2017

The goal of this study is to analyze the situations of teachers’ technology acceptance and usage (TAU) and web pedagogy content knowledge (WPACK) in terms of different variations and to determine of the relationship between these two. The study group of this research consists of 96 teachers in total having different variations such as different branches, different professional seniorities, different ages and different educational levels they work in. Data collection tools comprising of 3 open-ended questions which are developed and structured by researchers and two different scales measuring technology acceptance and usage and web pedagogical content knowledge are utilized in this study. The scales and structured forms are applied through random sampling with screening model. In the results of the research, teachers’ technology acceptance and usage situations, web pedagogical content knowledge situations and their sexes and web 2.0 technologies usage situations don’t differ in terms of the dimensions and the entirety of the scales. The following are established according to the results; there are differences among teachers’ TAU situations, there aren’t any differences among their WPACK in terms of their branches; there aren’t any differences among their TAU situations and there are differences among their WPACK situations in terms of their ages; TAU and WPACK situations are not reasonable statistically in terms of their professional seniorities and educational levels they work in. Furthermore, it is also determined that web applications usage durations are not reasonable in terms of their TAU situations but they are reasonable in terms of WPACK. The answers which teachers provided towards open-ended questions are established to be categorized as education, technology, interaction, visuality, source and development. Additionally, it is settled that there is a low correlation between TAU and WPACK situations but it is possible to form a model between them. From the point of view of the findings of this study, it is suggested that knowledge and information regarding technology integration is provided experimentally to teachers in in-service seminars.
Muslim Socio-culture and Majority-Minority Relations in recent Sri Lanka
Authors: Long Ahmad Sunawari , Rahman Zaizul Ab. , Razick Ahamed Sarjoon , Salleh Kamarudin
Published: February 2017

Sri Lanka is a nation in which multi-religious, multi-ethnic multi-language people live. Buddhists are the majority, while Muslims form the second minority group next to Tamils. Since historical times, the community relationship between Buddhists and Muslims has been prevailing. However, recently, a disturbing trend has been widely spreading among the Buddhists and Muslims. This situation has emerged during the aftermath of the anti-Muslim campaigns set by a number of Buddhist Nationalist Groups (BNGs), with their main goal being to propagate incorrect opinions about the Muslims to promote negative views about their socio-culture, and to distort the idea of a peaceful relationship between Buddhists and Muslims in the country. Accordingly, in the past several years, they have campaigned against halal certification on consumer goods, hijab and niqab of Muslim women, cattle slaughtering, places of worship and prayer services, among others. Moreover, they spread out the illusion that the above aspects of Muslim socio-culture are notable threats to the Buddhist people. So, these aspects are assumed by the Buddhists to be obstacles for maintaining a community relationship with Muslims. On the above background, analyzing the extent to which the above aspects influence the majority-Buddhists and minority-Muslims relationship, and determining as to whether an unfastened relationship will prevail between them, are the main objectives of this study. Based on the results, it is certainly affirmed that the above Muslim socio-cultural aspects, except slaughtering of cattle, have not pushed their influences to damage the Buddhist-Muslim relationship in Sri Lanka. In this respect, it was found that the aspect of ‘slaughtering of cattle’ is the only obstacle to the Buddhist-Muslim relationship. Furthermore, the recent campaigns have not changed the Buddhists’ mood in terms of maintaining a better relationship with Muslims. Moreover, the campaigns did not change their habits in keeping up the relationships with Muslims, without any break as how they behaved during the war (1984-2009) and pre-war periods. However, it is worthy to note that the BNGs have succeeded through their campaigns to create a negative Muslim stereotype among a small population of Buddhists in Sri Lanka.
Concept of Abetment in the IPC (2013)
Authors: Rooholamini Mahmood
Published: February 2017

Undoubtedly, in many cases, the definition of a legal term or an entity provided by lawyers has significant difference with the definition provided by the institution of the legislature. Therefore, it can be distinguished between the concept of abbeting from a legal perspective, i.e., from the perspective of lawyers and the legal perspective as well as that of the legislature. There is no single definition of abetment from a legal standpoint, but there are various definitions of the term. However, the definitions have much in common. Iranian legislator has not defined “abetment” in the Islamic Penal Code (2003) but addressed some cases of behaviors that may constitute complicity in the crime. In addition, the Iranian legislator has extended the scope of the crimes that shall also apply abetment in IPC (2013). This is contrary to the principle of minimumality of criminal law based on the scope of the criminal law must be limited. In addition, the new law has serious flaws that have the current paper tried to remind objections and provide recommendations for amendments.
Validity of Open Contract in International Trade Law
Authors: Shojaei Abdorreza
Published: February 2017

Open contracts are agreement whereby parties of the contract can insert terms and conditions in the contract, delete them, or revise them. Some contracts for the supply of goods or construction are examples of such contracts. One party (usually a contractor or seller) can have many initiatives by increasing and decreasing the price or by changing elements of the contract. Certainly, there are many reasons, motives, and important goals in creating this type of conventions and its acceptance by the legal community. Discovery of these reasons and the goals leads to fundamental changes and definition of this type of contract could be a major driver of reform in Iranian contract laws, as Iranian community prefers to use example or pre-specified forms of contracts. Therefore, referring to the Principles of European Contract Law and implementation of the legal provisions, legal doctrines, and jurisprudence, presentation of new concepts such as open contract as well as analysis of its nature, validity, and effects leads to establishment of grounds for accepting new contractual frameworks and its localization of contractual rights in Iran because it has been rejected due to traditional perspectives. It may result in legislation to pave the way for solving many legal problems in specialized issues such as oil contracts. In this regard, in addition to genealogy of open contract, this article aims to examine its types and its effects legally in the laws of countries like Iran and European countries.
The Relationship between Working Capital Management, Financial Constraints and Performance of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
Authors: Kowsari Ali , Shorvarzi Mohammad Reza
Published: February 2017

The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between working capital management, financial constraints and performance of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. To verify this financial information from 148companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2009- 2013 were studied. Information required extracted from Rah Avard Novin 3 software, and thensummarized, classified, and calculated by Microsoft Excel, and finally through Eviews 8 and Stata 12 software were analyzed. According to the statistical procedures conducted in 95/0 reliability, the assumptions are tested. methods of the study are inductive reasoning and in terms of time are cross-sectional and in terms of relationship between variables is correlation. the results showed that ROA has a negative impact on working capital management. While financial constraints affect the relationship between working capital management and return on assets. better management of working capital can improve companies’ performance. On the other hand, effect of working capital on companies’ performance would be increased when facing financial constraint.
The Challenges of Translating Idioms from Arabic into English A Closer look at Al Imam AL Mahdi University – Sudan
Authors: Ali Al Mubarak Amin
Published: February 2017

This particular study explores and identifies the obstacles faced in the process of translating idioms from the Arabic  into the English. In fact, one of the most challenging issues in the field of translation is the process of translating idioms from the source language into the target language with maximum success in conveying similar connotation, conceptualization, as well as shades of meaning. Therefore, in meeting the objectives outlined in this study, a purposive sample that consisted of forty students pursuing B.A. in English at the Arts College of Al Imam AL Mahdi – Sudan had been selected. Other than that, the researcher employed the descriptive approach in the study to identify and to list down the problems faced by students in applying certain strategies to translate idioms from Arabic into English. As such, a translation test was carried out as an instrument for data collection. The test was comprised of twelve Arabic proverbs based on Speake (2008) classification of Proverbs, i.e. everyday experience, traditional wisdom, and folklore, to name a few. As a result, the outcomes of the study revealed several issues that must be ironed out in order to translate idiomatic expressions appropriately and accurately. Some significant factors that had been included are cultural aspects, sociolinguistic elements, linguistic and stylistic considerations and some particular meta-lingual factors.
Comparison of Resistance and Chair Yoga Training on Subjective Sleep Quality in MCI Women
Authors: Karydaki Maria , Dimakopoulou Eleni , Margioti Eleni , Lyras Vassilios , Apostolopoulos Xenofon , Papagianni Maria , Vlachogianni Aggeliki , Theodorelou Maira , Sakka Paraskevi
Published: February 2017

Background: Self-rated sleep disorders are common in older adults, resulting in various health problems. Two types of exercise are suggested as an affordable and accessible non-pharmacological treatment and are being compared and discussed. Objectives: This randomized, controlled, 12-week trial investigates the effects of different types of exercise (resistance vs chair yoga training) on subjective sleep quality, in women with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Methods: In order to measure cognitive function, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used. Forty nine participants enrolled in the study were randomized to a resistance training program (n=16), or a chair yoga program (n=15), or a control group (n=18). All participants engaged in cognitive activities. Results: At baseline, PSQI scores for CYG, RTG and CG (8.2±5.1, 6.1±4.3, 7.4±4.1, respectively) and MMSE (28.3±1.4, 27.8±1.2, 28.0±2.3, respectively) did not differ statistically between the three groups (F2,46= 1.993, p= 0.143). After the intervention, a significant improvement in PSQI total score was noted in resistance training group (t=2.335, df15, p=0.03). Conclusions: There were no significant differences between groups before and after test for the PSQI subscale scores (sleep onset latency (h), time spent in bed before sleep (min), morning waking up (h) and sleep duration (h)). No significant difference was found in PSQI subscales scores within each group. This study proposes that resistance training is an effective treatment approach to improve sleep quality in women with mild cognitive impairment.
Chromosome 10
Authors: Sarafidou Theologia , Moschonas Nicholas
Published: February 2017

Human chromosome 10, a medium‐size (∼134 Mb) submetacentric chromosome, corresponds to 4.45% of the total genome length and contains 1899 genes of all types. About 80% of the 722 protein‐coding genes can be classified into one or more functional categories.
PTEN, RET
and
FGFR2
are among the well‐studied chromosome 10 genes in health and disease. Currently, 120 genes are causatively linked with 172 Mendelian disorders. More than 500 common diseases – Alzheimer disease; diabetes; bipolar disorder; blood pressure; breast, prostate and colorectal cancer; Crohn disease and obesity – have been associated with SNPs (single‐nucleotide polymorphisms) of this chromosome. Aneuploidies and structure aberrations involving chromosome 10 have been determined in several cancer types. Various types of leukaemia or lymphomas have been associated with balanced and/or unbalanced 10p translocations. The histone methyltransferase KMT2A is involved in most cases. Similarly, 10q translocations are predominantly associated with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoblastic or follicular lymphoma.

Key Concepts

Human chromosome 10 corresponds to 4.45% of the total genome length.

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) has assigned unique symbols and names to 709 protein‐coding genes of chromosome 10.

Chromosome 10q21.3–q24.2 is the most dense gene region.

Human chromosome 10 is almost exclusively syntenic with chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan chromosomes 10 or macaque and olive baboon chromosomes 9.

One hundred and twenty chromosome 10 protein‐coding genes are causatively linked with 173 Mendelian diseases; 80 allelic forms of these diseases are caused by 28 genes.

Six hundred and twenty‐six studies associate 1183 chromosome 10 SNPs with 521 common diseases.

Recurrent chromosome 10 somatic trisomies and monosomies have been determined in 79 and 133 types of cancer, respectively.

Recurrent balanced and unbalanced chromosome 10 translocations are associated, predominantly, with various types of leukaemia or lymphomas.
Coordination Polymers Derived General Synthesis of Multishelled Mixed Metal‐Oxide Particles for Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Guan Bu Yuan , Kushima Akihiro , Yu Le , Li Sa , Li Ju , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: February 2017

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) or coordination polymers (CPs) have been used as precursors for synthesis of materials. Unlike crystalline MOF, amorphous CP is nonspecific to metal cation species, therefore its composition can be tuned easily. Here, it is shown that amorphous CP can be used as general synthesis precursors of highly complex mixed metal oxide shells. As a proof of concept, NiCo coordination polymer spheres are first synthesized and subsequently transformed into seven‐layered NiCo oxide onions by rapid thermal oxidation. This approach is very versatile and can be applied to produce ternary and quaternary metal oxide onions with tunable size and composition. The NiCo oxide onions exhibit exceptional charge storage capability in aqueous electrolyte with high specific capacitance (≈1900 F g−1 at 2 A g−1), good rate capability, and ultrahigh cycling stability (93.6% retention over 20 000 cycles). A hybrid supercapacitor against graphene/multishelled mesoporous carbon sphere shows a high energy density of 52.6 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1604 W kg−1 (based on active materials weight), as well as remarkable cycling stability.
Giant Two‐Photon Absorption and Its Saturation in 2D Organic–Inorganic Perovskite
Authors: Liu Weiwei , Xing Jun , Zhao Jiaxin , Wen Xinglin , Wang Kai , Lu Peixiang , Xiong Qihua
Published: February 2017

Organic–inorganic perovskites have attracted great attentions driven by exceptional progress in photovoltaics, photonics, and optoelectronics. Different from the corner sharing framework of 3D perovskite, 2D organic–inorganic perovskites possess a layered staking structure composed of alternative organic and inorganic components. Due to the inherent multi‐quantum‐well‐like structure, it is intriguing to explore the optical properties of 2D perovskites enabled by spatial and dielectric confinement. Herein, the two‐photon absorption (TPA) properties of 2D perovskite phenylethylamine lead iodide ((PEA)2PbI4) are systematically studied. The 2D perovskite exhibits a giant TPA and saturation effect under excitation of 800 nm femtosecond laser. The TPA coefficient of a (PEA)2PbI4 flake is measured to be about 211.5 cm MW−1, which is at least one order of magnitude larger than those of 3D perovskite films and some typical semiconductor nanostructures. The giant TPA can be attributed to the enhanced quantum and dielectric confinement in the organic–inorganic multi‐quantum‐well structure. In addition, a highly thickness‐dependent TPA is observed for the 2D perovskite flakes. The result advocates a great promise of 2D organic–inorganic perovskites for nonlinear optical absorption related optoelectronic devices.
Non‐terminal behavior as a finger print to follow droplet deformation
Authors: Hajiraissi Roozbeh , Jahani Yousef
Published: February 2017

It is well‐established that rheology can trace structural dynamics and conjectures the forming/formed morphology. The objective of this work is to trace the droplet deformation via conducting fiber spinning process. In this regard, two types of polymer blends Polypropylene (PP)/Polyamide6 (PA6) and Polypropylene/Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) with various ratios (99/1, 94/6, 90/10, and 80/20) were melt‐blended on co‐rotating twin screw extruder and thereafter, were spun. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images represent a droplet and fibrillar morphologies for as‐extruded samples and spun blend fibers respectively. Unlike PA6 as dispersed phase, PTT droplets in PP/PTT blend system shows improved spinnability. Linear melt viscoelastic data were gathered by performing rheological approaches in linear region. Conducting frequency sweep at 240°C is revealed a terminal behavior for Gʹ and a Newtonian plateau for η* at low frequencies. However, at 195°C dynamic rheological data pertinent to fibers represent a non‐terminal trend for Gʹ and viscosity upturn at low frequencies respectively. These distinguishable characteristics can be considered as spinnability of droplets which reflect fibrillation mechanism, and fibrillar growth can be followed by scanning the viscoelastic responses at low frequency region which enhanced upon fibril growth. According to SEM and rheological test results, PTT, as an engineering plastics, manifests higher capability of forming nano fibrils.
Cooperation of a Nickel–Bipyridine Complex with Light for Benzylic C−H Arylation of Toluene Derivatives
Authors: Ishida Naoki , Masuda Yusuke , Ishikawa Norikazu , Murakami Masahiro
Published: February 2017

Benzylic C−H bonds of toluene derivatives are directly arylated with aryl bromides by means of a catalytic system of nickel–bipyridine under irradiation with UV light. The catalyst system is simple and all the components are readily available, and thus, the present system offers a convenient maneuver to shape aryl–benzyl linkages.
Carbon‐Incorporated Nickel–Cobalt Mixed Metal Phosphide Nanoboxes with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Evolution
Authors: He Peilei , Yu Xin‐Yao , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: February 2017

Hollow nanostructures have attracted increasing research interest in electrochemical energy storage and conversion owing to their unique structural features. However, the synthesis of hollow nanostructured metal phosphides, especially nonspherical hollow nanostructures, is rarely reported. Herein, we develop a metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based strategy to synthesize carbon incorporated Ni–Co mixed metal phosphide nanoboxes (denoted as NiCoP/C). The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is selected as a demonstration to investigate the electrochemical performance of the NiCoP/C nanoboxes. For comparison, Ni–Co layered double hydroxide (Ni–Co LDH) and Ni–Co mixed metal phosphide (denoted as NiCoP) nanoboxes have also been synthesized. Benefiting from their structural and compositional merits, the as‐synthesized NiCoP/C nanoboxes exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity and long‐term stability for OER.
Dynamic Macromolecular Material Design—The Versatility of Cyclodextrin‐Based Host–Guest Chemistry
Authors: Schmidt Bernhard V. K. J. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: February 2017

Dynamic and adaptive materials are powerful constructs in macromolecular and polymer chemistry with a wide array of applications in drug delivery, bioactive systems, and self‐healing materials. Very often, dynamic materials are based on carefully tailored cyclodextrin host–guest interactions. The precise incorporation of these host and guest moieties into macromolecular building blocks allows the formation of complex macromolecular structures with predefined functions. Thus, dynamic materials with extraordinary adaptive property profiles—responsive to thermal, chemical, and photonic fields—become accessible. This Review explores the hierarchical formation of dynamic materials and complex macromolecular structures from the molecular via the macromolecular to the colloidal and macroscopic level, with a specific emphasis on the functionality and responsiveness of the assemblies, specifically in biological contexts.
Mapping cultural diversity through children's voices: From confusion to clear understandings
Authors: Hajisoteriou Christina , Karousiou Christiana , Angelides Panayiotis
Published: February 2017

This research examines children's conceptualisations of cultural diversity. In particular, this project examines the following two research questions: how do children define and understand the concept of cultural diversity; and what do they perceive as the implications of cultural diversity on their daily lives? To this end, interviews were carried out with 40 (immigrant and native) students, aged 11 to 12, at five primary schools in Cyprus, which presented high concentrations of immigrants. On the basis of our analysis of the data, the participant children appeared to perceive cultural diversity in terms of two contrasting perspectives. On the one hand, they viewed cultural diversity in terms of the cultural‐deficiency perspective. Such perceptions stemmed from the model of monoculturalism implying the need to assimilate the culturally ‘different’ in order to counteract the negative consequences of cultural diversity. On the other hand, the same children also perceived cultural diversity in terms of cultural celebration. To this end, some children drew upon the model of multiculturalism to define cultural diversity as a culture‐enriching and culture‐celebrating process, pointing to folkloristic activities including traditional music, dance and food. Nonetheless, few of the participant children—both Cypriot and immigrant—defined cultural diversity in terms of the model of interculturalism, pointing to the intercultural exchange that stems from ‘real’ friendship development between natives and immigrants, equality of rights and inclusion. As the participant children appeared to confuse the meanings and languages of cultural diversity, this paper concludes with suggestions on teacher practices to ‘crystallise’ children's views.
The relation between individual interest and knowledge acquisition
Authors: Rotgans Jerome I. , Schmidt Henk G.
Published: February 2017

The objective of this study was to examine how individual interest and knowledge acquisition are causally related. Three hypotheses were tested using a cross‐lagged panel analysis (N = 186) and two quasi‐experimental studies (N = 68 and N = 108) involving students from schools in Singapore. The first hypothesis is the broadly shared standard assumption on the relation between individual interest and knowledge: the more an individual is interested in a topic, the more (s)he is willing to engage in learning. An alternative hypothesis assumes that individual interest is not the cause but the consequence of the process of learning: individual interest as an affective by‐product of learning. Finally, a third possibility is that interest and knowledge influence each other reciprocally. The results supported the affective‐by‐product hypothesis. Our findings seem at variance with commonly held conceptions that being interested guides knowledge attainment. The implications of these findings for interest research are discussed.