bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A survey of scientific literacy to provide a foundation for designing science communication in Japan
Authors: Kawamoto Shishin , Nakayama Minoru , Saijo Miki
Published: October 2011

There are various definitions and survey methods for scientific literacy. Taking into consideration the contemporary significance of scientific literacy, we have defined it with an emphasis on its social aspects. To acquire the insights needed to design a form of science communication that will enhance the scientific literacy of each individual, we conducted a large-scale random survey within Japan of individuals older than 18 years, using a printed questionnaire. The data thus acquired were analyzed using factor analysis and cluster analysis to create a 3-factor/4-cluster model of people’s interest and attitude toward science, technology and society and their resulting tendencies. Differences were found among the four clusters in terms of the three factors: scientific factor, social factor, and science-appreciating factor. We propose a plan for designing a form of science communication that is appropriate to this current status of scientific literacy in Japan.
A Neuro-Fuzzy-Regression Algorithm for Improved Prediction of Manufacturing Lead Time with Machine Breakdowns
Authors: Asadzadeh S.M. , Azadeh A. , Ziaeifar A.
Published: October 2011

Manufacturing lead time estimation is an important task in production system with machine breakdown and maintenance. This study presents a flexible algorithm for estimation and forecasting lead time based on artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy regression (FR), and conventional regression (CR). First, an ANN is illustrated based on supervised multi-layer perceptron network for the lead time forecasting. The selected ANN model is then compared with fuzzy and conventional regression models with respect to Mean Absolute Percentage Error, hence the name neuro-fuzzy regression algorithm. To show the applicability and superiority of the flexible neuro-fuzzy regression, the proposed algorithm is used to estimate the weekly lead times of an actual assembly shop (producer of heavy electric motor). This is the first study that introduces a flexible neuro-fuzzy algorithm for improved estimation of lead time in manufacturing systems with machine breakdown and maintenance. In addition to accuracy, simplicity and short execution time of lead time estimation are desirable features of the presented flexible algorithm.
Learning-Related Gray and White Matter Changes in Humans
Authors: Taubert Marco , Villringer Arno , Ragert Patrick
Published: October 2011

In contrast to a long-held view that structural brain plasticity is restricted to critical periods during ontogenesis, it is now well established that the adult human brain preserves its capacity for functional and structural changes throughout life. Although early experimental studies were mainly performed in animals, technical developments especially in the field of MRI enabled the non-invasive observation of functional and structural reorganization in the human brain. This article reports recent insights in human brain plasticity with particular emphasis on (dynamic) learning-related structural gray and white matter changes and its behavioral correlates.
AxeCorp’s Team Challenge
Authors: Carmichael Kendra
Published: October 2011

To prepare business communication undergraduates for a changing work world and to engage today’s tech-savvy students, many instructors have embraced social media by incorporating its use in the classroom. This article describes AxeCorp, a fictional company headquartered on the immersive social networking platform, Second Life, and one particular exercise developed for the “company,” the AxeCorp Team Challenge. This challenge attempts to integrate students’ skill development with their knowledge of communication concepts through the creation of a virtual team.
Communicating CSR and Business Identity in the Chemical Industry Through Mission Slogans
Authors: Verboven Hans
Published: October 2011

This article analyzes the communication of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate image in the chemical industry through mission slogans. Morsing’s (2006) CSR communication framework is adapted for a comparative analysis of the strategies behind mission slogans. By grouping rhetorical strategies in a mission slogan into a mission slogan functionality grid, it was found that most chemical companies use the mission slogan to share their value proposition (CSR promise) and to present their often-stigmatized activities in a euphemistic way. This article offers the tools to use mission slogans as lenses through which to analyze corporate image strategies.
The Metabolic Rifts of Livestock Agribusiness
Authors: Gunderson Ryan
Published: October 2011

Massive structural, geographic, and socioeconomic transformations have taken place in livestock production since the mid-20th century. Drawing from Marx’s theory of metabolic rift, as developed by John Bellamy Foster and others, this article examines the recent structural changes in relation to global carbon, nitrogen, and water cycling. The authors argue that the environmental consequences of large-scale, intensive, industrial livestock production are a result of capitalism’s relentless drive for self-accumulation and, consequently, a socialist alternative must be explored to heal the ecological ruptures between (a) livestock and the land and (b) society from both livestock and the land. Insights from local food projects and the animal rights movement have pointed the way to a more rational, ethical, and sustainable future.
Binge drinking, drinking frequency, and risk of ischaemic heart disease: A population-based cohort study
Authors: Skov-Ettrup Lise Skrubbeltrang , Eliasen Marie , Ekholm Ola , Grønbæk Morten , Tolstrup Janne Schurmann
Published: October 2011

Introduction: Light-to-moderate alcohol drinking is associated with a decreased risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). However, drinking heavily and in binges has been suggested to increase IHD risk. This complexity makes the issue of binge drinking within the light-to-moderate alcohol range an important area for further investigation. Methods: This population-based cohort study included 26,786 men and women who participated in the Danish National Cohort Study in 1994, 2000, and 2005. Binge drinking (defined >5 drinks/day) and risk of IHD and all-cause mortality was investigated among light-to-moderate drinkers (defined ≤21 and ≤14 drinks/week for men and women, respectively). In the entire study population, we investigated the association between drinking frequency, separately and combined with total weekly alcohol intake, and risk of IHD and all-cause mortality. Results: 1136 individuals developed IHD during a mean follow up of 6.9 years. Among male light-to-moderate drinkers reporting occasional binge drinking, the hazard ratio (HR) of IHD was 0.81 (95% CI 0.61–1.08) compared to male light-to-moderate drinkers reporting no binge drinking. Corresponding HR for women was 0.97 (95% CI 0.54–1.76). For women drinking 5–6 days/week, the risk of IHD was lower than for women drinking 1–2 days/week (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32–0.90). We did not observe any patterns when looking at combinations of total weekly alcohol intake and drinking frequency. Conclusions: Among light-to-moderate alcohol drinkers, binge drinking was not associated with risk of IHD and all-cause mortality. Overall, drinking frequency did not appear to be an important determinant of the risk of IHD and all-cause mortality.
Who is in love with multilateralism? Treaty commitment in the post-Cold War era
Authors: Elsig Manfred , Milewicz Karolina , Stürchler Nikolas
Published: October 2011

Since the end of the Cold War, multilateral treaties have again become a central vehicle for international cooperation. In this article, we study states’ commitment to 76 multilateral treaties concluded between 1990 and 2005. The article offers a systematic account of present-day multilateral treaty-making efforts and asks what explains variation in states’ participation as witnessed in the act of treaty ratification. We test existing explanations and provide a novel argument that accounts for the strong participation of new European democracies in multilateral treaties. We find that regime type and being part of the European Union (EU) strongly affect treaty ratification. New EU democracies, in particular, are much more likely to ratify multilateral treaties than are other new democracies.
Evaluation of an electronic interview with multimedia stimulus materials for gaining in-depth responses from professionals
Authors: Stacey Kaye , Vincent Jill
Published: October 2011

In a study of quality mathematics teaching, an electronic interview with multimedia stimulus resources was used with relevant professionals to obtain in-depth data relating to their own beliefs, and their reflective observations and evaluations of mathematics teaching practice. The electronic format enabled presentation of the same questions and multimedia stimulus material to every interviewee. Provision of a personal copy of the interview material, including all the stimulus resources, to the interviewees provided for a richer interview than would have been possible with a face-to-face interview in the more limited timeframe that would have been imposed. The opportunity for interviewees to reflect on questions and edit responses resulted in high quality data and interviewees found the electronic interview convenient and satisfying. Further advantages of the electronic format were the savings in organisation, travel and transcription. We believe that electronic interviews offer great potential to other researchers.
Interfaces in narrative research: letters as technologies of the self and as traces of social forces
Authors: Tamboukou Maria
Published: October 2011

In this article I explore the use of letters in narrative research in the social sciences. Taking Gwen John’s love letters to Auguste Rodin as an exemplar of epistolary analysis, I raise questions around the ontological and epistemological nature of epistolary narratives, particularly focusing on openness as a force generating meaning, challenging conventions in classical narratology and destabilizing discourses around the constitution of the social and the subject. Further drawing on Kristeva’s notion of intertextuality, I propose an analysis of epistolary narratives along the axes of subject-addressee and text-context. In this light I trace connections between ‘real life letters’ and the genre of the amorous epistolary novel, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary approaches in the analysis of letters in narrative research.
Evolution in partnership: Lessons from the East St Louis Action Research Project
Authors: Sorensen Janni , Lawson Laura
Published: October 2011

As one of the oldest community–university partnership programs in the United States, the University of Illinois’s East St Louis Action Research Project (ESLARP) has evolved in an ongoing effort to balance stakeholders’ needs, broadly defined to include community partners as well as the university and its involved faculty, students, and staff. While ESLARP’s mission has remained consistent – briefly stated ‘matching needs and opportunities in the community with resources and opportunities on campus for teaching, research and service for social justice’ – what constitutes action research within this partnership has been broadly framed and has evolved due to circumstances on campus and in the community. Based on analysis of projects over the 23-year period and the personal reflections of two participants, this article seeks to reflect on the evolution through what we see as three phases – Neighborhoods First, Technical Assistance, and Engaged Research – in order to gain insights into the negotiations required to sustain a university–community partnership program. Refraining from judgment as to what model might be better, we reflect on the change in five core area: community organizing, direct assistance, popular education, mode of research, and the university’s core teaching mission. We acknowledge the different but important contributions of each phase.
The ability of MLL to bind RUNX1 and methylate H3K4 at PU.1 regulatory regions is impaired by MDS/AML-associated RUNX1/AML1 mutations
Authors: Huang Gang , Zhao Xinghui , Wang Lan , Elf Shannon , Xu Hao , Zhao Xinyang , Sashida Goro , Zhang Yue , Liu Yan , Lee Jennifer , Menendez Silvia , Yang Youyang , Yan Xiaomei , Zhang Pu , Tenen Daniel G. , Osato Motomi , Hsieh James J.-D. , Nimer Stephen D.
Published: October 2011

The mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) H3K4 methyltransferase protein, and the heterodimeric RUNX1/CBFβ transcription factor complex, are critical for definitive and adult hematopoiesis, and both are frequently targeted in human acute leukemia. We identified a physical and functional interaction between RUNX1 (AML1) and MLL and show that both are required to maintain the histone lysine 4 trimethyl mark (H3K4me3) at 2 critical regulatory regions of the AML1 target gene PU.1. Similar to CBFβ, we show that MLL binds to AML1 abrogating its proteasome-dependent degradation. Furthermore, a subset of previously uncharacterized frame-shift and missense mutations at the N terminus of AML1, found in MDS and AML patients, impairs its interaction with MLL, resulting in loss of the H3K4me3 mark within PU.1 regulatory regions, and decreased PU.1 expression. The interaction between MLL and AML1 provides a mechanism for the sequence-specific binding of MLL to DNA, and identifies RUNX1 target genes as potential effectors of MLL function.
DART: Denoising Algorithm based on Relevance network Topology improves molecular pathway activity inference
Authors: Jiao Yan , Lawler Katherine , Patel Gargi S , Purushotham Arnie , Jones Annette F , Grigoriadis Anita , Tutt Andrew , Ng Tony , Teschendorff Andrew E
Published: October 2011

Background

Inferring molecular pathway activity is an important step towards reducing the complexity of genomic data, understanding the heterogeneity in clinical outcome, and obtaining molecular correlates of cancer imaging traits. Increasingly, approaches towards pathway activity inference combine molecular profiles (e.g gene or protein expression) with independent and highly curated structural interaction data (e.g protein interaction networks) or more generally with prior knowledge pathway databases. However, it is unclear how best to use the pathway knowledge information in the context of molecular profiles of any given study.

Results

We present an algorithm called DART (Denoising Algorithm based on Relevance network Topology) which filters out noise before estimating pathway activity. Using simulated and real multidimensional cancer genomic data and by comparing DART to other algorithms which do not assess the relevance of the prior pathway information, we here demonstrate that substantial improvement in pathway activity predictions can be made if prior pathway information is denoised before predictions are made. We also show that genes encoding hubs in expression correlation networks represent more reliable markers of pathway activity. Using the Netpath resource of signalling pathways in the context of breast cancer gene expression data we further demonstrate that DART leads to more robust inferences about pathway activity correlations. Finally, we show that DART identifies a hypothesized association between oestrogen signalling and mammographic density in ER+ breast cancer.

Conclusions

Evaluating the consistency of prior information of pathway databases in molecular tumour profiles may substantially improve the subsequent inference of pathway activity in clinical tumour specimens. This de-noising strategy should be incorporated in approaches which attempt to infer pathway activity from prior pathway models.
An improved border detection in dermoscopy images for density based clustering
Authors: Suer Sait , Kockara Sinan , Mete Mutlu
Published: October 2011

Background

Dermoscopy is one of the major imaging modalities used in the diagnosis of melanoma and other pigmented skin lesions. In current practice, dermatologists determine lesion area by manually drawing lesion borders. Therefore, automated assessment tools for dermoscopy images have become an important research field mainly because of inter- and intra-observer variations in human interpretation. One of the most important steps in dermoscopy image analysis is automated detection of lesion borders. To our knowledge, in our 2010 study we achieved one of the highest accuracy rates in the automated lesion border detection field by using modified density based clustering algorithm. In the previous study, we proposed a novel method which removes redundant computations in well-known spatial density based clustering algorithm, DBSCAN; thus, in turn it speeds up clustering process considerably.

Findings

Our previous study was heavily dependent on the pre-processing step which creates a binary image from original image. In this study, we embed a new distance measure to the existing algorithm. This provides twofold benefits. First, since new approach removes pre-processing step, it directly works on color images instead of binary ones. Thus, very important color information is not lost. Second, accuracy of delineated lesion borders is improved on 75% of 100 dermoscopy image dataset.

Conclusion

Previous and improved methods are tested within the same dermoscopy dataset along with the same set of dermatologist drawn ground truth images. Results revealed that the improved method directly works on color images without any pre-processing and generates more accurate results than existing method.
Social health assistance schemes: the case of Medical Financial Assistance for the rural poor in four counties of China
Authors: Ma Xiao , Zhang Juying , Meessen Bruno , Decoster Kristof , Tang Xiaohui , Yang Yang , Ren Xiaohui
Published: October 2011

Background

Economic transition which took place in China over the last three decades, has led to a rapid marketization of the health care sector. Today inequity in health and poverty resulting from major illness has become a serious problem in rural areas of China. Medical Financial Assistance (MFA) is a health assistance scheme that helps rural poor people cope with major illness and alleviate their financial burden from major illness, which will definitely play a significant role in the process of rebuilding Chinese new rural health system. It mainly provides assistance to cover medical expenditure for inpatient services or the treatment of major illnesses, with joint funding from the central and local government. The purpose of this paper is to review the design, funding, implementation and to explore the preliminary effects of four counties' MFA in Hubei and Sichuan province of China.

Methods

We used an analytical framework built around the main objective of any social assistance scheme. The framework contains six 'targeting' procedural 'steps' which may explain why a specific group does not receive the assistance it ought to receive. More specifically, we explored to what extent the targeting, a key component of social assistance programs, is successful, based on the qualitative and quantitative data collected from four representative counties in central and western China.

Results

In the study sites, the budget of MFA ranged from 0.8 million Yuan to 1.646 million Yuan in each county and the budget per eligible person ranged from 32.67 Yuan to 149.09 Yuan. The preliminary effects of MFA were quite modest because of the scarcity of funds dedicated to the scheme. The coverage rate of MFA ranged from 17.8% to 24.1% among the four counties. MFA in the four counties used several ways to ration a restricted budget and provided only limited assistance. Substantial problems remained in terms of eligibility and identification of the beneficiaries, utilization and management of funds.

Conclusions

MFA needs to be improved further although it evidences the concern of the government for the poor rural people with major illness. Some ideas on how to improve MFA are put forward for future policy making.
Identification of protein-RNA interaction sites using the information of spatial adjacent residues
Authors: Chen Wei , Zhang Shao-Wu , Cheng Yong-Mei , Pan Quan
Published: October 2011

Background

Protein-RNA interactions play an important role in numbers of fundamental cellular processes such as RNA splicing, transport and translation, protein synthesis and certain RNA-mediated enzymatic processes. The more knowledge of Protein-RNA recognition can not only help to understand the regulatory mechanism, the site-directed mutagenesis and regulation of RNA–protein complexes in biological systems, but also have a vitally effecting for rational drug design.

Results

Based on the information of spatial adjacent residues, novel feature extraction methods were proposed to predict protein-RNA interaction sites with SVM-KNN classifier. The total accuracies of spatial adjacent residue profile feature and spatial adjacent residues weighted accessibility solvent area feature are 78%, 67.07% respectively in 5-fold cross-validation test, which are 1.4%, 3.79% higher than that of sequence neighbour residue profile feature and sequence neighbour residue accessibility solvent area feature.

Conclusions

The results indicate that the performance of feature extraction method using the spatial adjacent information is superior to the sequence neighbour information approach. The performance of SVM-KNN classifier is little better than that of SVM. The feature extraction method of spatial adjacent information with SVM-KNN is very effective for identifying protein-RNA interaction sites and may at least play a complimentary role to the existing methods.
The mouseinterleukin (Il)33gene is expressed in a cell type- and stimulus-dependent manner from two alternative promoters
Authors: Talabot-Ayer Dominique , Calo Nicolas , Vigne Solenne , Lamacchia Céline , Gabay Cem , Palmer Gaby
Published: October 2011

GenBank entries for mouse Il33 reveal the existence of two transcripts, Il33a and Il33b, with different 5′UTRs but coding for the same protein. We investigated expression of these transcripts in different mouse organs and cell types in basal and inflammatory conditions. Il33a and Il33b mRNAs start with different noncoding first exons, transcribed from different promoter regions, which both contain a consensus TATA-like sequence. Constitutive Il33a mRNA expression was detected in mouse stomach, lung, spleen, and brain, whereas basal Il33b mRNA expression was observed only in the stomach. Expression of both transcripts increased after systemic LPS administration. In vitro, we observed high constitutive expression of Il33 transcripts in MEFs. Constitutive Il33a mRNA expression was observed also in BMDCs, where it was preferentially increased in response to poly(I:C), whereas LPS increased levels of Il33a and Il33b mRNA. In contrast, BMMs and Raw 264.7 cells did not express Il33 mRNA constitutively, and LPS stimulation selectively induced expression of Il33b mRNA in these cells. Our data indicate that the Il33 gene is expressed from two alternative promoters in the mouse and that the relative expression of Il33a and Il33b transcripts is cell type- and stimulus-dependent.
Making Indigenous Archives: The Quilcaycamayoc of Colonial Cuzco
Authors: Burns Kathryn
Published: October 2011

We are rapidly revising Angel Rama’s concept of the “lettered city” (la ciudad letrada) to include indigenous writers and their texts. So far, however, Andeanists have focused mainly on those who wrote in Quechua or used quipu, a distinctively Andean form of record keeping. This article argues the importance of including indigenous writers who wrote in Spanish, particularly native Andean notaries (escribanos de cabildo).

Viceroy Francisco de Toledo ordered such notaries into existence in the 1570s as part of his ordinances concerning Indians. One of Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala’s most widely reproduced drawings depicts this very figure. He is labeled both “escribano de cabildo” and “quilcaycamayoc” (paper keeper), suggesting a possible connection between these writers and the quipucamayoc who kept Andean quipu archives.

Burns uses evidence from the Cuzco region to flesh out these men’s activities, examine the archives they made, and raise questions about their connections to quipu literacy. Andean notaries are presented as a kind of double-edged sword — as crucial intermediaries vis-à-vis the Spanish colonial bureaucracy who might work both for and against their communities’ interests. The archival traces of this Andean notariate oblige us to rethink our notion of the “lettered city” as an urban phenomenon centered exclusively on elite Spaniards.
MDCT findings in sports and recreational accidents
Authors: Bensch Frank V , Koivikko Mika P , Koskinen Seppo K
Published: October 2011

Background

Sports and recreational accidents involving critical areas of the body occur commonly in the general population. Reports on their demographics and recommendations for screening procedures are, however, few.

Purpose

To assess injuries of the craniofacial area, spine, and torso resulting from sports and recreational accidents with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) as primary imaging method in a Level I trauma center.

Material and Methods

All emergency room CT requests over a time span of 105 months were reviewed retrospectively for trauma mechanism and injury. Patients were identified using an electronic picture archiving and communications system (PACS), and MDCT studies interpreted by two radiologists independently.

Results

Of a total of 5898 patients, 492 patients (301 boys/men, 191 girls/women, age range 2–76 years, mean 33.5 years, median 29.5 years) with sports or recreational accidents emerged. A total of 102 traumatic findings were diagnosed, thereof 72 (71%) serious. The three most commonly encountered serious injuries were intracranial injury, fractures of facial bones, and vertebral injuries. The three most common injury mechanisms were bicycling, horseback riding, and team ball sports. Patients from recreational activities were on average significantly younger (29.2 years) than those from sports accidents (36.9 years; P < 0.001). Only age groups <21 years and 41–50 years differed in injury severity from the other age groups ( P = 0.004 and P = 0.063, respectively). Of all trauma mechanisms, only bicycling had a significantly increased risk of injury ( P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Injuries in sports and recreational accidents presented with an overall incidence of 21%, of which 71% are serious. The most common mechanisms of injury were bicycling, horseback riding, and team ball sports. The largest incidence of serious injury involved bicycling. Because of the high probability of a serious injury and the high energies that are often involved in these accidents, we recommend ruling out of internal injury by MDCT as the primary imaging modality.
Presenting a practical model for governmental political mapping on road traffic injuries in Iran in 2008: a qualitative study
Authors: Ainy E , Soori Hamid , Mahfozphoor S , Movahedinejad AA
Published: October 2011

Objectives

This study was conducted to assess political mapping in relation to road traffic injuries (RTIs) management and prevention to present a practical model for RTIs.

Design

A phenomenological qualitative study was developed to identify stakeholders on RTI in Iran in 2008.

Setting

The designed questions were discussed by systematic discussion with the relevant specialists. After receiving written consent from the main responsible stakeholders, the questionnaire was filled in by trained experts. Themes were determined and content was analysed in each part.

Participants

Main responsible stakeholders.

Main outcome measures

By comparing other countries' political mappings which were found in the library and by Internet searching, political mapping of RTI in Iran was suggested.

Results

Subjects were 26 experts from governmental and nongovernmental organizations. The main proposed leading agencies were traffic police and presidency (13% each). Findings showed that only 31% of our political mapping was formed according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In 94% of cases, the involved organizations had unspecified roles; the reason was poor monitoring for RTI in 39% of organizations. Lack of adequate authority and suitable legislation, appropriate laws and tasks definition were 94% and 18%, respectively. The most essential policy to overcome problems was defined as appropriate legislation (21%), and the most frequent type of support needed was mentioned as adequate budgeting (25%).

Conclusion

Traffic police can play the leading agency role by government support, with strong leadership, appropriate legislation, defined tasks and adequate budget.
The Complicating Effect of Uncertain Flapping Wing Kinematics on Model Validation
Authors: Stanford Bret , Miranda José , Parker Gregory , Beran Philip
Published: October 2011

In order to experimentally validate an aeroelastic modeling tool, a flapping mechanism has been built to flap a flexible wing structure about a single axis. A comparison of the flexible tip deformation during the flapping stroke is of particular interest. Due to the small size of fully-scaled mechanisms, the “commanded” kinematics may differ substantially from what is observed. A crucial input into any numerical flapping wing model, the temporal derivatives of the flapping kinematics, is then not known with certainty. For the current work, the flap rotation is measured with a non-contact image correlation technique, and a Fourier series fit is used to obtain flapping velocities and accelerations. The resulting match between experimental and numerical tip displacements is satisfactory for a very small range of harmonic number. A recommended strategy for future numerical modeling efforts is to include the entire flapping system (power source, actuation, wings) into the framework in order to improve the validation process, with less dependence upon experimental data to “tune” the computational model's input kinematics.
Toward a Theory of Coordinating: Creating Coordinating Mechanisms in Practice
Authors: Jarzabkowski Paula A. , Lê Jane K. , Feldman Martha S.
Published: October 2011

This paper uses a practice perspective to study coordinating as dynamic activities that are continuously created and modified in order to enact organizational relationships and activities. It is based on the case of Servico, an organization undergoing a major restructuring of its value chain in response to a change in government regulation. In our case, the actors iterate between the abstract concept of a coordinating mechanism referred to as end-to-end management and its performance in practice. They do this via five performative–ostensive cycles: (1) enacting disruption, (2) orienting to absence, (3) creating elements, (4) forming new patterns, and (5) stabilizing new patterns. These cycles and the relationships between them constitute a process model of coordinating. This model highlights the importance of absence in the coordinating process and demonstrates how experiencing absence shapes subsequent coordinating activity.
Entrepreneurial Success and Failure: Confidence and Fallible Judgment
Authors: Hogarth Robin M. , Karelaia Natalia
Published: October 2011

Excess entry—or the high failure rate of market entry decisions—is often attributed to overconfidence exhibited by entrepreneurs. Assuming that these decisions depend on assessments of business opportunities, we model boundedly rational entrepreneurs and show analytically that, whereas excess entry is an inevitable consequence of imperfect judgment, it does not necessarily imply overconfidence. Indeed, judgmental fallibility can lead to excess entry even when all potential entrepreneurs are underconfident. We further demonstrate that, as a group, individuals who decide to start a new business exhibit more confidence than those who do not and that successful entrants are less confident than failures. Our results therefore question general claims that overconfidence leads to excess entry. We conclude by emphasizing the need to understand the role of judgmental fallibility in producing economic outcomes and implications for both venture capitalists and the training of entrepreneurs.
9p21 and the Genetic Revolution for Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Roberts Robert , Stewart Alexandre F R
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND

It has long been recognized that 50% of the susceptibility for coronary artery disease (CAD) is due to predisposing genetic factors. Comprehensive prevention is likely to require knowledge of these genetic factors.

CONTENT

Using a genomewide association study (GWAS), the Ottawa Heart Genomic Study and the deCODE group simultaneously identified the first genetic risk variant, at chromosome 9p21. The 9p21 variant became the first risk factor to be identified since 1964. 9p21 occurs in 75% of the population except for African Americans and is associated with a 25% increased risk for CAD with 1 copy and a 50% increased risk with 2 copies. Perhaps the most remarkable finding is that 9p21 is independent of all known risk factors, indicating there are factors contributing to the pathogenesis of CAD that are yet unknown. 9p21 in individuals with premature CAD is associated with a 2-fold increase in risk, similar to that of smoking and cholesterol. Routine genetic testing will probably remain controversial until a specific treatment is developed. Over a period of 5 years, however, GWASs have identified 30 genetic variants for CAD risk, of which only 6 act through the known risk factors.

The 9p21 variant has now been established as an independent risk factor for CAD and, along with the additional 29 risk genetic variants recently identified, is likely to provide the thrust for genetic testing and personalized medicine in the near future.
The Robin Inequality for 7-Free Integers
Authors: Solé Patrick , Planat Michel
Published: October 2011

Recall that an integer is

If
Studies on hydrolytic and radiolytic stability ofN,N,N´,N´-tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) thiodiglycolamide T(2EH)TDGA
Authors: Ruhela R. , Sharma J. N. , Tomar B. S. , Singh K. K. , Kumar M. , Bajaj P. N. , Hubli R. C. , Suri A. K.
Published: October 2011

Hydrolytic and radiolytic stability of T(2EH)TDGA solvent system has been investigated to establish its application in separation and recovery of palladium from High Level Liquid Waste (HLW) solutions. Hydrolysis of T(2EH)TDGA solvent system with nitric acid was not observed. Moreover, unlike other “S” donor extractants used for the said purpose, the oxidation of thioetheric sulphur to sulphoxide or sulphones was also not observed. However, radiolytic degradation was notably observed and found to increase with increase in absorbed dose.n-dodecane was found to sensitize the degradation of T(2EH)TDGA. At gamma radiation dose of 0.2 MGy, no significant loss of T(2EH)TDGA was observed. The degradation products were identified by GC-MS. The major products were found to be formed by cleavage of thioetheric and amidic bonds of T(2EH)TDGA molecule. The extraction studies of palladium with irradiated solvent indicate that with 0.025 M T(2EH)TDGA/n-dodecane, there was no significant change inDPdup to an absorbed dose of 0.2 MGy above which it decreases significantly. However, with 0.05 M T(2EH)TDGA/n-dodecane, there is gradual decrease inDPdwith increase of absorbed dose. Further, the radiolysis does not affect the stripping behavior of palladium. Extraction studies of Pd(II) and other fission products from simulated high level liquid waste (SHLW) solutions to irradiated solvent system showed that, except palladium, any other element is hardly extracted thus retaining its remarkable selectivity.
Investigation of direct production of 68Ga with low energy multiparticle accelerator
Authors: Szelecsényi Ferenc , Kovács Zoltán , Nagatsu K. , Fukumura K. , Suzuki K. , Mukai K.
Published: October 2011

Experimentally measured cross sections are presented for the natCu(α, xn)66,67,68Ga and 68Zn(p, xn)67,68Ga nuclear processes up to 36 and 20 MeV, respectively. Based on these results and the reliable cross section data available in the literature, the possible thick target yields were also calculated. Two different 68Ga production routes (Cu+α and Zn+p) are discussed in detail, especially with regard to the 66Ga and 67Ga contamination levels as a function of the target enrichment level and the incident bombarding energies. Both processes can be used for in-house 68Ga production with low (<1%) 66Ga and/or 67Ga EOB contamination using enriched 68Zn (>80%) or 65Cu (>95%) target. The maximum available yield on 100% enriched 68Zn and 65Cu (irradiation time: 2.25 h; bombarding energy: Ep=20 MeV and E
α
=18 MeV) is 352.45 mCi/μA (13.04 GBq/μA) and 14.28 mCi/μA (528.36 MBq/μA), respectively.
Relative Dating of the Rhetoric to Alexander and Aristotle's Rhetoric: A Methodology and Hypothesis
Authors: Chiron Pierre
Published: October 2011

Les données externes permettent de situer la Rh. Al. entre 340 et 300, tandis que la Rhétorique émane probablement de plusieurs périodes de la carrière d'Aristote, dont la période académique (années 350) et le second séjour à Athènes (années 330). Ces données font supposer une composition ≪en sandwich≫ et donc des influences réciproques.

Le problème est de localiser précisément les similitudes entre les deux traités, de déterminer le sens de l'influence et de discriminer les influences réciproques d'une commune dépendance par rapport à un ou plusieurs même(s) modèle(s). Nous proposons ici un cadre méthodologique pour ce type d'investigation.
Pisteis in Comparison: Examples and Enthymemes in the Rhetoric to Alexander and in Aristotle's Rhetoric
Authors: Piazza Francesca
Published: October 2011

Nell'articolo vengono messe a confronto le nozioni di esempio ed entimema nella Retorica di Aristotele e nella Rhetorica ad Alexandrum. Il confronto mira a mostrare come, al di là delle analogie, le due prospettive presentino differenze anche sostanziali. L'ipotesi è che tali differenze dipendano essenzialmente dall'utilizzo, da parte di Aristotele, dell'apparato concettuale logico-dalettico in ambito retorico. Più esattamente, l'inserimento della nozione di sullogismos modifica radicalmente l'intero sistema delle pisteis, conferendo all'entimema un ruolo chiave del tutto assente nella Rhetorica ad Alexandrum. Tale posizione centrale dello entimema ha ricadute anche sul modo di intendere le altre pisteis.
Oratorical Exercises from the Rhetoric to Alexander to the Institutio oratoria: Continuity and Change
Authors: Celentano Maria Silvana
Published: October 2011

Quintiliano dedica la sua attenzione all'exercitatio in due luoghi distinti dell'Institutio oratoria, rispettivamente nel libro II e nel libro X. La pratica dell'exercitatio si è consolidata dall'età ellenistica in poi nell'insegnamento scolastico di grammatica e retorica sia in Grecia che a Roma, con modalità e sviluppi differenziati. Ma a tempi ben più antichi riconducono le tracce delle prime formulazioni di tale exercitatio: più precisamente si può risalire fino alla Rhetorica ad Alexandrum. Nel sec. I d.C. è in atto un vivace dibattito interno all'ambito tecnico retorico, ma anche un rinnovamento della formazione filosofica dei giovani. Il riferimento ad antichi modelli di exercitatio, opportunamente adattati alla realtà culturale e formativa contemporanea, conferisce una nuova attualità alla Rhetorica ad Alexandrum.
Emergent Objects, Developing Practices: Human‐Nonhuman Interactions in a Reiki Training
Authors: Esala Jennifer J. , Del Rosso Jared
Published: October 2011

Over the last three decades, sociologists have expanded the scope of sociological analysis to include nonhuman objects. We build on these works to address the role of nonhuman, nonphysical objects in social interaction. Through participant observation at a Reiki training course, we examine how students learned to identify, experience, and meaningfully interact with Reiki energy, a nonhuman, nonphysical object. We show how Reiki energy emerged as a significant interactant through the following processes: participants in the class historicized Reiki; they defined the capacities and consequences of Reiki; and they learned to detect Reiki energy's apparent presence in their bodies. We then show how Reiki energy resisted the initial definitions and expectations of it, leading participants to redefine the energy's qualities and develop new practices to accommodate its emerging capacities. These findings support theoretical claims about humans' ability to “do mind” for nonhuman objects and the temporally emergent qualities of material agency.
Significance of the JAK2V617F mutation in patients with chronic myeloproliferative neoplasia
Authors: Iványi János László , Marton Éva , Plander Márk
Published: October 2011

In Philadelphia chromosome-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasia, i.e. polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and primary idiopathic myelofibrosis enhanced risk of thrombosis could be connected with Janus kinase 2 gene mutation occurring in various frequency in these diseases (JAK2V617F). Since 2002 the presence of JAK2 mutation in chronic myeloproliferative neoplasia has been regularly detected. Aims: In a retrospective survey the possible connection between JAK2 mutation and thrombosis was analyzed in patients with chronic myeloproliferative neoplasia subgroups cared and treated in their hospital and outpatient departments. Patients and methods: Between 2007-2010 peripheral blood samples of 171 patients with chronic myeloproliferative neoplasia (68 patients of polycythemia vera, 84 of essential thrombocythemia and 19 ones with primary idiopathic myelofibrosis) were sent to several molecular biological laboratories, where V617F mutation from DNA specimens was detected by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction, as well. Thromboembolic complications (arterial, i.e. cerebro-and cardiovascular and venous thrombosis) occurred during course of illness of patients were registered. Statistical analysis was made by statistical software program for Windows. Results: JAK2 mutation in 53 patients with polycythemia vera (77.9%) was detected, whilst in essential thrombocythemia 55 patients (65.4%) and in primary idiopathic myelofibrosis 7 patients (36.8%) proved to be JAK2 positive. In 18 JAK2 positive patients of polycythemia vera thromboembolic episodes were observed (18/53, 33.9%), whilst in essential thrombocythemia JAK2 mutational status was accompanied with thromboembolic events in 17/55 patients (30.9%). In the 7 JAK2 positive ones with primary idiopathic myelofibrosis thrombotic complication did not occurred. However, in JAK2 negative cases thrombotic events could also be detected (from 10 JAK2 negative patients with polycythemia vera in four ones, and in six with JAK2 negative 23 essential thrombocythemic patients. Conclusions: Incidence of the JAK2 mutation in their patients with chronic myeloproliferative neoplasia subgroups mainly corresponds to the literary data. Thrombosis ensued both in JAK positive polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia cases occurred nearly in the same number, but the incidence of thrombosis ensued in JAK2 negative cases did not differ significantly from the JAK2 positive patients. From these results it could be suggested that the presence or absence of JAK2 mutation in the development of thrombosis has no predictive value in patients with chronic myeloproliferative neoplasia. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1795–1803.
Results of the first human papilloma virus center in Hungary (2007–2011)
Authors: Galamb Ádám , Pajor Attila , Langmár Zoltán , Sobel Gábor
Published: October 2011

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the 21st century. It has been established that infections with specific HPV types are contributing factors to cervical cancer. Approximately 99.7% of cervical cancers are associated with high risk HPV types. HPV testing plays an important role in the prevention, by decreasing the prevalence and the mortality of cervical cancer. There are 16 HPV-centers operating in Hungary, in which patients undergo HPV screening, cervical exams, and treatment based on standardized guidelines. Patients and methods: The first HPV-center was founded in 2007 in Budapest, at the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University. This study aimed to define the presence and prevalence of HPV-DNA in the cervical swab samples obtained from patients in our center. Authors conducted to assess the age-specific-prevalence, and HPV type distribution, the associated cervical abnormalities, comparing our results with international data. Results: Overall 1155 woman underwent HPV-testing and genotyping, using polymerase chain reaction. Overall, 55.5% of patients had positive test for HPV DNA types, in which 38.5% for high-risk HPV DNA. Overall prevalence was the highest among females aged 15 to 25years (62.9%). The most common HPV type found was the high risk type 16 (19.5% among the patients with positive HPV testing). Presence of high risk HPV with concurrent cervical cytological abnormality was in 32%. More than two-thirds of woman with cytological atypia (70.6%) were infected with two or more high risk HPV types. HPV 16 was detected in 32% of patients with cytological abnormalities. Conclusions: The results suggest that the prevalence of HPV in this study population exceeds the international data. The results attracts the attention the peak prevalence of the high risk types in the youngest age-group, and the higher risk of cervical abnormality in case of presence of two or more HPV types. The dominance of type 16 and 18 was predictable, but the strong attendance of type 51 and 31 among patients who had cytological atypia, was slightly surprising. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1804–1807.
Epiphyte metapopulation dynamics are explained by species traits, connectivity, and patch dynamics
Authors: Johansson Victor , Ranius Thomas , Snäll Tord
Published: October 2011

The colonization–extinction dynamics of many species are affected by the dynamics of their patches. For increasing our understanding of the metapopulation dynamics of sessile species confined to dynamic patches, we fitted a Bayesian incidence function model extended for dynamic landscapes to snapshot data on five epiphytic lichens among 2083 mapped oaks (dynamic patches). We estimate the age at which trees become suitable patches for different species, which defines their niche breadth (number of suitable trees). We show that the colonization rates were generally low, but increased with increasing connectivity in accordance with metapopulation theory. The rates were related to species traits, and we show, for the first time, that they are higher for species with wide niches and small dispersal propagules than for species with narrow niches or large propagules. We also show frequent long‐distance dispersal in epiphytes by quantifying the relative importance of local dispersal and background deposition of dispersal propagules. Local stochastic extinctions from intact trees were negligible in all study species, and thus, the extinction rate is set by the rate of patch destruction (tree fall). These findings mean that epiphyte metapopulations may have slow colonization–extinction dynamics that are explained by connectivity, species traits, and patch dynamics.