bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemostasis issues in guidelines for collection, storage, transportation and clinical use of donated blood and blood components
Authors: Жибурт Е.Б.
Published: February 2021

Вышло в свет постановление Правительства Российской Федерации Об утверждении правил заготовки, хранения, транспортировки и клинического использования донорской крови и ее компонентов (далее Правила). Мы предприняли попытку изучить соответствие заготовки и переливания гемостатических трансфузионных сред в Правилах современной практике доказательной медицины.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation On approval of the guidelines of collection, storage, transportation, and clinical use of donated blood and blood components (hereinafter the Guidelines) has been issued. We have attempted to examine the Guidelines concordance with current practice of evidencebased medicine.
New coronavirus infection, hemostasis and heparin dosing problems: It is important to say now
Authors: Буланов А.Ю. , Ройтман Е.В.
Published: February 2021

В отсутствие достаточной базы доказательной медицины самым ценным становится мнение экспертов, опирающихся на свой опыт и опыт коллег. COVID-19-ассоциированная коагулопатия имеет характер тромбовоспаления. Назначение гепаринов — нефракционированного или, главным образом, низкомолекулярного (НМГ) призвано преодолеть его, поскольку гепарин обладает не только антикоагулянтным эффектом, но и оказывает непрямое и прямое противовоспалительное дейст вие. Поэтому назначение НМГ как минимум в профилактических дозах показано всем госпитализированным пациентам. Система гемостаза у пациентов с COVID-19, прежде всего у тяжелых, требует лабораторной оценки количества тромбоцитов, содержания Д-димера, протромбинового отношения или процентов протромбина по Квику и концентрации фибриногена. Анализ данных показал, что своеобразие коронавирусного гемостаза формирует гиперфибриногенемия, которая становится явным фактором гепаринорезистентности. Для преодоления последней назначение увеличенных (промежуточных или лечебных) доз НМГ выглядит перспективным решением. Достаточность назначения уместно определить либо по анти- Ха активности или (как экспресс-оценка) по тромбоэластрограмме.

In the absence of a suffi cient base of evidence-based medicine, the most valuable becomes the expert’s opinion as a mirror of both personal and collegial experience. COVID-19-associated coagulopathy has a character of a thromboinfl ammation. The heparins — unfractionated or mainly low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are intended to overcome it, since heparins have not only an anticoagulant effect but both an indirect and direct anti-infl ammatory effects as well. So that LMWH are indicated for all in-hospital patients. Patients with COVID-19, especially in severe cases, require laboratory testing of platelet count, D-dimer, prothrombin ratio or prothrombin percents by Quick and fi brinogen. Data analysis showed that a feature of coronavirus hemostasis is hyperfibrinogenemia that becomes an overt factor for heparin resistance. To overcome the latter, an adjusting doses of LMWH toward intermediate or therapeutic looks like a promising way. The suffi ciency of the adjusted LMWH dose is appropriate determining either with anti- Xa activity or thromboelastographically as express testing.
Key words: hemostasis, COVID-19-associated coagulopathy, fibrinogen, low molecular weight heparins
Pharmacological thrombolysis: what’s new?
Authors: Мадонов П.Г. , Мишенина С.В. , Ройтман Е.В. , Ищенко Н.А.
Published: February 2021

Фармакологический тромболизис широко применяется для ликвидации жизнеугрожающих тромбозов. Эта медицинская технология постоянно усовершенствуется. Разрабатываются гибридные фармако-хирургические технологии. Наиболее широко применяется системный тромболизис на основе активаторов плазминогена. Также внедряются новые технологии систем-
ного тромболизиса на основе новых препаратов — не активаторов плазминогена. Разработана концепция неплазминового фибринолиза. На её основе предложен метод фармакологического тромболизиса на основе ферментов субтилизинов.

Pharmacological thrombolysis is widely used to eliminate life-threatening thrombosis. This medical technique is constantly improved. Hybrid pharmaco-surgical technologies are developed. The most widely used thrombolysis is the systemic thrombolysis
based on plasminogen activators. New technologies of systemic thrombolysis based on new drugs being non-plasminogen activators are also introduced. The concept of non-plasmin fibrinolysis has been developed. On the basis of this concept a method
of pharmacological thrombolysis based on subtilisins enzymes is proposed.
Revision knee arthroplasty with replacement of part of femoral diaphysis with the modular endosystem AMT in a patient with inhibitory hemophilia B
Authors: Мишин Г.В. , Зоренко В.Ю. , Карпов Е.Е. , Садыкова Н.В. , Сампиев М.С. , Голобоков А.В. , Петровский Д.Ю. , Королева А.А. , Полянская Т.Ю.
Published: February 2021

Представлен случай использования модульной эндосистемы АМТ при ревизионном эндопротезировании коленного сустава у больного с ингибиторной формой гемофилии В. Эндопротезирование суставов у больных гемофилией занимает ведущую роль в оперативном ортопедическом лечении гемофилической артропатии. Хирургические вмешательства у пациентов с гемофилией связаны с высоким риском кровотечения и инфекции и проводятся на фоне заместительной гемостатической терапии. Выживаемость первичных эндопротезов коленного сустава у пациентов с гемофилией составляет около 80% при сроке наблюдения 10 лет. Тем не менее встречаются случаи, когда использование эпифизарных эндопротезов невозможно технически в связи с недостаточным массивом костной ткани. В таких случаях может потребоваться замещение дефекта костной ткани на значительном протяжении. Использование модульных эндопротезов позволяет частично или полностью замещать дефекты костей. В современной литературе описаны лишь единичные случаи использования модульных эндопротезов у больных гемофилией. Представлен клинический случай успешного применения модульного эндопротеза АМТ коленного сустава у больного с ингибиторной формой гемофилии В.

The case is presented of modular endosystem AMT use in revision knee arthroplasty in a patient with an inhibitory form of hemophilia B. Arthroplasty in patients with hemophilia plays a leading role in the surgical orthopedic treatment of hemophilic arthropathy. Surgical treatment in patients with hemophilia is associated with a high risk of bleeding and infection, and is performed in conjunction with hemostatic therapy. The survival rate of primary knee arthroplasty in patients with hemophilia is about 80% with a follow-up period of 10 years. Nevertheless, there are cases when epiphyseal endoprostheses use is technically impossible, due to insufficient bone tissue. In these cases, it may be necessary to replace the bone defect over a considerable length. The use of modular endoprostheses allows partial or complete replacement of bone defects. Only a few cases of modular endoprostheses use in patients with hemophilia are described in the modern literature. The article presents a clinical case of successful application of a modular knee replacement AMT in a patient with an inhibitory form of hemophilia B.
Antiphospholipid syndrome: diagnosis, development, therapy.
Authors: Решетняк Т.М. , Чельдиева Ф.А. , Нурбаева К.C. , Лила А.М. , Насонов Е.Л.
Published: February 2021

Приведен обзор литературы по механизму развития антифосфолипидного синдрома (АФС), тактика терапии. Представлены последние рекомендации Европейской антиревматической лиги (англ. European League Against Rheumatism, EULAR) по профилактике и лечению тромбозов при АФС. Обсуждены вопросы целесообразности терапии иммуносупрессивными препаратами при АФС.

The review is dedicated the development and the treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), and the content of the recent guidelines of European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) for prevention and treatment of thrombosis in APS. The immunosuppressive therapy advisability in APS is discussed.
EFEKTIVITAS MODEL PROBLEM SOLVING BERBANTUAN SELF-DIAGNOSIS SHEET DALAM MEREMEDIASI KESALAHAN MENYELESAIKAN SOAL MATERI ENERGI
Authors: Liyu Oktavianus , S Haratua Tiur Maria , Oktavianty Erwina
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Problem Solving Model assisted with the self-diagnosis sheet to remediating students' mistake in solving about energy on grade of SMAN 5 Pontianak. The form of research was pre-experimental design with one group pre-test post-test design. The data collection was used in this research was essay tests of five questions. The research sample was chosen using the Intact Group technique. In generaly the percentage of students’ mistakes completing questions before remediation is 54.32%, while the percentage of students' mistakes completing questions after remediation is 13.81%. The used of self-diagnosis sheet assisted problem solving models was effective in remediating students' mistakes in solving problems with the effect size of 0.75 categorized as high. This research is expected to be used as an alternative learning activity in class to overcome the mistakes in completing questions experienced by students.Keywords: Energy, Problems Solving Error, Problem Solving Model, Remediation, Self-Diagnosis Sheet
ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MAHASISWA PENDIDIKAN FISIKA SEMESTER 3 TENTANG PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI SOLAR CELL TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN
Authors: Rahman Rosdiana Afifah , Sudarti Sudarti
Published: February 2021

This article aims to analyze students' understanding of the purpose of solar cell technology. Because the role of students is very important in developing one of the renewable energies that is solar cells. There are still many people who have not seen other benefits from the sun, as well as ways to use solar energy for other processes, such as the use of solar cells in households and so on. Most of humans have not seen other ways and benefits of solar energy. So that to socialize the use of solar cell technology, students need to understand how important solar energy is as a renewable energy and how to use it. The method used in this study used quantitative descriptive, with the sample of 2019 class of physics education students.Keywords: Solar cell, Environment, Renewable.
Prospects for the development of digital forms of political participation of generation Z in modern Russia
Authors: Grishaeva S. A. , Lebedeva A. A.
Published: February 2021

The article considers the forms of political participation of generation Z in modern Russia and gives an assessment of the prospects for digital forms of this participation. The paper describes the characteristics that distinguish generation Z in terms of the influence of these characteristics on the political behavior of its representatives, as well as possible motives for the political participation of young people. The authors give the results of a study that allow you to get answers to the questions: what features make this or that form of political participation the most attractive for generation Z? Is generation Z really critical and negative about regime? Can digital forms of political participation become mainstream in the country’s political life thanks to youth and the rapid digitalization of society? The paper describes the criteria for the attractiveness of various forms of political participation, such as rallies, actions, demonstrations, strikes, hunger strikes, revolutions, elections, crowdfunding, written appeals to the authorities and petitions, participation in political movements and parties, meetings with political figures. These criteria are: personal safety, speed of implementation of the form, the ability to attract attention and find like-minded persons. According to the results of the study, the authors substantiate the conclusion about the prospects of using digital forms (in particular, online voting) of political participation, primarily due to the speed and security that distinguish digital forms of political participation from traditional ones: it is very convenient to express your civic position from anywhere in the world, while simultaneously doing other things and not fearing negative consequences for participation. In addition, digital forms of political participation are demanded by young people as the most convenient, as they are built into their “natural habitat” – the space of social networks.
Professional elevators to the Russian political elite
Authors: Yushkina N. A.
Published: February 2021

The article identifies and analyses the main professions-suppliers of personnel to the authorities, reveals their role in the formation of the Russian managerial political elite, and also considers professional spheres and social groups from which incorporation into the political class occurs. The paper takes as a basis the biographies of 800 representatives of all levels of executive and legislative power holding senior positions. According to the results the author creates a rating of professions that cater to the power system, determines the professional lifts and levels at which they are able to lead as well as dedicates and differentiates by the branches of the professional sphere – ramps leading to municipal, regional and Federal authorities. The study notes the special role of engineering-technical and economic professional blocks in the ability to enter the authorities. And also the article identifies and defines a significant group in terms of number with high passability at all levels of government and an instant career type that leads to power immediately after receiving higher education. The paper considers social and educational features of this group, reveals universities-suppliers, tendencies of recruitment of this category in the system of power. The author notes the role of the digital sphere in the formation of the political elite.
Halogen bonding: an underestimated player in membrane-ligand interactions
Authors: Nunes Rafael , Vila Viçosa Diogo , Costa Paulo J.
Published: February 2021

Halogen bonds (XBs) are noncovalent interactions where halogen atoms act as electrophilic species interacting with Lewis bases. These interactions are relevant in biochemical systems being increasingly explored in drug discovery, mainly to modulate protein–ligand interactions, but are also found in engineered protein or nucleic acid systems. In this work, we report direct evidence for the existence of XBs in the context of biological membrane systems thus expanding the scope of application of these interactions. Indeed, our molecular dynamics simulations show the presence of favorable interactions between halobenzene derivatives and both phosphate or ester oxygen acceptors from model phospholipid bilayers, thus supporting the existence of XB mediated phospholipid–halogen recognition phenomena influencing the membrane insertion profile of the ligands and their orientational preferences. This represents a relevant interaction, previously overlooked, eventually determining the pharmacological or toxicological activity of halogenated compounds and hence with potential implications in drug discovery and development, a place where such species account for a significant part of the chemical space. We also provide insights into a potential role for XBs in water-to membrane insertion of halogenated ligands as XBs are systematically observed during this process. Therefore, our data strongly suggests that, as the ubiquitous hydrogen bond, XBs should be accounted for in the development of membrane partition models.
Energy-Based Automatic Determination of Buffer Region in the Divide-and-Conquer Second-Order Møller-Plesset Perturbation Theory
Authors: Fujimori Toshikazu , Kobayashi Masato , Taketsugu Tetsuya
Published: February 2021

In the linear-scaling divide-and-conquer (DC) electronic structure method, each subsystem is calculated together with the neighboring buffer region, the size of which affects the energy error introduced by the fragmentation in the DC method. The DC self-consistent field calculation utilizes a scheme to automatically determine the appropriate buffer region that is as compact as possible for reducing the computational time while maintaining acceptable accuracy (J. Comput. Chem. 2018, 39, 909). To extend the automatic determination scheme of the buffer region to the DC second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation (MP2) calculation, a scheme for estimating the subsystem MP2 correlation energy contribution from each atom in the buffer region is proposed. The estimation is based on the atomic orbital Laplace MP2 formalism. Based on this, an automatic buffer determination scheme for the DC-MP2 calculation is constructed and its performance for several types of systems is assessed.
Total Synthesis of the Brevicidine and Laterocidine Family of Lipopeptide Antibiotics
Authors: Al-Ayed Karol , Ballantine Ross D. , Zhong Zheng , Li Yongxin , Cochrane Stephen , Martin Nathaniel
Published: February 2021

Brevicidine and laterocidine are two recently discovered lipopeptide antibiotics with promising antibacterial activity. Possessing a macrocyclic core, multiple positive charges, and a lipidated N-terminus, these lipopeptides exhibit potent and selective activity against Gram-negative pathogens including polymyxin-resistant isolates. Given the low amounts of brevicidine and laterocidine accessible by fermentation of the producing microorganisms, synthetic routes to these lipopeptides present an attractive alternative. We here report the convenient solid-phase syntheses of both brevicidine and laterocidine and confirm their potent anti-Gram-negative activities.
The Total Synthesis of Proposed Immunoactive Glycolipids from S. Pneumoniae and a Re-evaluation of Their Immunological Activity
Authors: Sadraei Seyed Iraj , Yousif Greg , Taimoory S. Maryamdokht , Igbokwe Emmanuel , Mehri Samaneh , Al Olabi Raghd , Toma Jason , Munir A. Rahim Mir , Trant John F.
Published: February 2021

Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT), a subclass of white blood cells, are responsible for the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines which induce a systemic immune response. They are distinctive in having an invariant T-cell receptor that recognizes glycolipid antigens presented by the class I major histocompatibility complex-related protein CD1d, which is conserved across multiple mammalian species in a class of proteins well-renowned for their high degree of polymorphism. This receptor’s first identified antigen is the potent KRN7000, a glycosphingolipid isolated from bacteria that were found on a Japanese marine sponge. The corresponding terrestrial antigen remained unidentified until quite recently, when diacylglycerol-containing glycolipids, reported to activate iNKT cells, were isolated from Streptococcus pneumoniae. We report the total synthesis and immunological re-evaluation of these two glycolipids. The compounds are unable to activate iNKT cells. Computational modelling shows that these ligands, while being capable of interacting with the CD1d receptor, create a different surface for the binary complex that makes formation of the ternary complex with the iNKT T-cell receptor difficult. Together these results suggest that the reported activity might have been due to an impurity in the original isolated sample, and highlights the importance of taking care when reporting biological activity from isolated natural products.
Design of Pure Heterodinuclear Lanthanoid Cryptate Complexes
Authors: Buch Christian Dirk , Hansen Steen , Mitcov Dmitri , Tram Camilla Mia , Nichol Gary , Brechin Euan , Piligkos Stergios
Published: February 2021

Heterolanthanide complexes are difficult to synthesize owing to the similar chemistry of the lanthanide ions. Conse-quently, very few purely heterolanthanide complexes have been synthesized. This is despite the fact that such complexes hold inter-esting optical and magnetic properties. To fine-tune these properties, it is important that one can choose complexes with any given combination of lanthanides. Herein we report a synthetic procedure which yields pure heterodinuclear lanthanide cryptates LnLn*LX3 (X = NO3- or OTf-) based on the cryptand H3L = N[(CH2)2N=CH-R-CH=N-(CH2)2]3N (R = m-C6H2OH-2-Me-5). In the synthesis the choice of counter ion and solvent prove crucial in controlling the Ln-Ln*composition. Choosing the optimal solvent and counter ion affords pure heterodinuclear complexes with any given combination of Gd(III)-Lu(III) including Y(III). To demon-strate the versatility of the synthesis all dinuclear combinations of Y(III), Gd(III), Yb(III) and Lu(III) were synthesized resulting in 10 novel complexes of the form LnLn*L(OTf)3 with LnLn* = YbGd 1, YbY 2, YbLu 3, YbYb 4, LuGd 5, LuY 6, LuLu 7, YGd 8, YY 9 and GdGd 10. Through the use of 1H, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry the heterodinuclear nature of YbGd, YbY, YbLu, LuGd, LuY and YGd was confirmed. Crystal structures of LnLn*L(NO3)3 reveal short Ln-Ln distances of ~3.5 Å. Using SQUID magnetometry the exchange coupling between the lanthanide ions was found to be anti-ferromagnetic for GdGd and YbYb while ferromagnetic for YbGd.
Top-Down Coarse-Grained Framework for Characterizing Mixed Conducting Polymers
Authors: Khot Aditi , Savoie Brett
Published: February 2021

Organic polymers that exhibit both ionic and electronic conduction are of interest for energy storage devices and emerging bioelectronic applications. Nevertheless, organic mixed conductors are at an early stage of development with nascent design rules and relatively few material chemistries having been experimentally characterized. Here we report a coarse-grained modeling framework that is sufficiently flexible to represent a range of mixed conducting chemistries while retaining the molecular physics necessary to interrogate structure-function relationships. A detailed overview of the framework is presented, accompanied by an applied study of the effect of hydration and oxidation levels on a representative mixed conductor. The model recapitulates experimental trends related to the macroscopic ionic and electronic conductivities, including the non-linear suppression of the electronic mobility with respect to oxidation level and the direct relationship between ionic mobility and hydration level, while revealing the complex interplay of polymer morphology, ionic-electronic coupling, and electrolyte distribution that govern these relationships. These results provide a validation of this framework for future applications in establishing structure-function relationships in this important materials class, and suggests several near-term opportunities for tailoring mixed conduction via side-chain design.
Mechanisms of action by antimicrobial agents: A review
Authors: Singh Som Prabh , Qureshi Ammar , Hassan Wail
Published: February 2021

Microorganisms and associated conditions make up some of the world’s leading causes of death and have the potential to cause a significant societal effect during pandemic states. Despite such significance in the healthcare field, attention and funding directed towards microbiological research lags its cohorts in cancer and cardiovascular disease. In the current SAR-CoV-2 pandemic, the importance of practicing clinicians and providers to remain knowledgeable on antimicrobial therapy for their patients is higher than ever before. The scope of this review is to provide clinicians a semi-comprehensive, up-to-date understanding of the mechanisms of action among antimicrobial agents as well as key distinctions in clinical manifestations of pathogens.
Culpability and Compensation in Canadian Health Care: Much Ado About No-Fault?
Authors: Hubbard Chris
Published: February 2021

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Medical research: from way of thinking to way of life
Authors: Beaudet Alain
Published: February 2021

N/A
Human genome sequence: what can we get from it?
Authors: Chan Carlos
Published: February 2021

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Student journals in today’s world: defining a niche
Authors: Zhai Alexander
Published: February 2021

N/A
THE MJM: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDENT COLLABORATION
Authors: Athiviraham Aravind
Published: February 2021

N/A
Cats (Felis catus) Show No Avoidance of People Who Behave Negatively to Their Owner
Authors: Chijiiwa Hitomi , Takagi Saho , Arahori Minori , Anderson James R. , Fujita Kazuo , Kuroshima Hika
Published: February 2021

Humans evaluate others based on interactions between third parties, even when those interactions are of no direct relevance to the observer. Such social evaluation is not limited to humans. We previously showed that dogs avoided a person who behaved negatively to their owner (Chijiiwa et al., 2015). Here, we explored whether domestic cats, another common companion animal, similarly evaluate humans based on third-party interactions. We used the same procedure that we used with dogs: cats watched as their owner first tried unsuccessfully to open a transparent container to take out an object, and then requested help from a person sitting nearby. In the Helper condition, this second person (helper) helped the owner to open the container, whereas in the Non-Helper condition the actor refused to help, turning away instead. A third, passive (neutral) person sat on the other side of the owner in both conditions. After the interaction, the actor and the neutral person each offered a piece of food to the cat, and we recorded which person the cat took food from. Cats completed four trials and showed neither a preference for the helper nor avoidance of the non-helper. We consider that cats might not possess the same social evaluation abilities as dogs, at least in this situation, because unlike the latter, they have not been selected to cooperate with humans. However, further work on cats’ social evaluation capacities needs to consider ecological validity, notably with regard to the species’ sociality.
Consumption of bilimbi cause acute kidney injury
Authors: Sruthy C Prasad  , Velayudhan K K  , Remya Reghu
Published: February 2021

Averrhoa bilimbi is a fruit have high oxalic acid content. Excess intake of this fruit will cause acute kidney injury due to high oxalate concentration, and also increase creatinine. In case of high consumption, the only remedy is hemodialysis, but in lower consumption, the renal function will recover without specific treatment. Bilimbi contains 25.1% of oxalate, and its consumption carries a high risk of developing acute kidney injury by deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in renal tubules. The fruit plays an important role in nutrient profile like contain carbohydrates, fibers, proteins, vitamin C, vitamin B, calcium, iron, flavonoids, tannins and terpenes. It also helps to reduce the weight loss due to the high amount of dietary fiber found in bilimbi, which helps to control body weight. Here a male patient who consumed bilimbi fruit per day approximately 30 – 40 and his creatinine level become elevated to 3. 49 mg/dl. With conservative treatment, the patient creatinine becomes normal within one week without dialysis. In some cases did not show oxalate crystals because of low urine excretion, here the patient had oliguria, and because of that, no oxalate crystals were found. Here the main parameter was creatinine, and during admission, the serum creatinine was 3. 49 mg/dl on the first day then 2. 97 mg/dl on the second day, 2.39 mg/dl on the third day and 1.19 mg/dl on forth day and from the fifth day to the seventh day the patient was serially monitored the serum creatinine. It was 1. 19 mg/dl.
Insulin signaling mediates neurodegeneration in glioma
Authors: Jarabo Patricia , de Pablo Carmen , Herranz Héctor , Martín Francisco Antonio , Casas-Tintó Sergio
Published: February 2021

Cell to cell communication facilitates tissue development and physiology. Under pathological conditions, brain tumors disrupt glia-neuron communication signals that in consequence, promote tumor expansion at the expense of surrounding healthy tissue. The glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive and frequent primary brain tumors. This type of glioma expands and infiltrates into the brain, causing neuronal degeneration and neurological decay, among other symptoms. Here, we describe in aDrosophilamodel how glioblastoma cells produce ImpL2, an antagonist of the insulin pathway, which targets neighboring neurons and causes mitochondrial disruption as well as synapse loss, both early symptoms of neurodegeneration. Furthermore, glioblastoma progression requires insulin pathway attenuation in neurons. Restoration of neuronal insulin activity is sufficient to rescue synapse loss and to delay the premature death caused by glioma. Therefore, signals from glioblastoma to neuron emerge as a potential field of study to prevent neurodegeneration and to develop anti-tumoral strategies.
Reliability of the Tuck Jump Assessment Using Standardized Rater Training
Authors: Racine Kevin , Warren Meghan , Smith Craig , Lininger Monica R.
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

The Tuck Jump Assessment (TJA) is a test used to assess technique flaws during a 10-second, high intensity, jumping bout. Although the TJA has broad clinical applicability, there is no standardized training to maximize the TJA measurement properties.

HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE

To determine the reliability of the TJA using varied healthcare professionals following an online standardized training program. The authors hypothesized that the total score will have moderate to excellent levels of intra- and interrater reliability.

STUDY DESIGN

Cross-sectional reliability.

METHODS

A website was created by a physical therapist (PT) with videos, written descriptors of the 10 TJA technique flaws, and examples of what constituted no flaw, minor flaw, or major flaw (0,1,2) using published standards. The website was then validated (both face and content) by four experts. Three raters of different professions: a PT, an AT, and a Strength and Conditioning Coach Certified (SCCC) were selected due to their expertise with injury and movement. Raters used the online standardized training, scored 41 videos of participants’ TJAs, then scored them again two weeks later. Reliability estimates were determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for total scores of 10 technique flaws and Krippendorff α (K α) for the individual technique flaws (ordinal).

RESULTS

Eleven of 50 individual technique flaws were above the acceptable level (K α = 0.80). The total score had moderate interrater reliability in both sessions (Session 1: ICC2,2 = 0.64; 95% CI (Confidence Interval) (0.34-0.81); Standard Error Measurement (SEM) = 0.66 technique flaws and Session 2: ICC2,2 = 0.56; 95% CI (0.04-0.79); SEM = 1.30). Rater 1had a good reliability (ICC2,2 = 0.76; 95% CI (0.54-0.87); SEM = 0.26), rater 2 had a moderate reliability (ICC2,2 = 0.62; 95% CI (0.24-0.80); SEM =0.41) and rater 3 had excellent reliability (ICC2,2 = 0.98; 95% CI (0.97-0.99); SEM =0.01).

CONCLUSION

All raters had at least good reliability estimates for the total score. The same level of consistency was not seen when evaluating each technique flaw. These findings suggest that the total score may not be as accurate when compared to individual technique flaws and should be used with caution.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

3b
Worldwide Sports Injury Prevention
Authors: Mendonça Luciana D , Schuermans Joke , Wezenbeek Evi , Witvrouw Erik
Published: February 2021

The number one goal of the sports physical therapist is to make sure that the athlete is in optimal shape to perform, but with a minimal risk for developing an injury at the same time. The aim of this International Federation of Sports Physical Therapy (IFSPT) Perspective is to raise awareness about the importance of contextual and behavioral factors when planning and implementing injury prevention. Also, it outlines the potential role of the IFSPT as a facilitator of data and information exchange among sports physical therapists worldwide.
Hip and Groin Injury Prevention in Elite Athletes and Team Sport – Current Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Short Steven M. , MacDonald Cameron W. , Strack Donald
Published: February 2021

Hip and groin injury (HAGI) has been reported as a source of significant time loss in elite sport. Field and court-based sports such as basketball, football, hockey, soccer, among others, require explosive multiplanar movement in single stance and high-speed change of direction. Often situations arise where sub-optimal pre-season training has occurred or congested in-season competition minimizes physiologic recovery periods between bouts of physical activity, both of which could magnify concomitant existing risk factors and increase injury risk. Identification and management of HAGI can be challenging as numerous structures within the region can be drivers of pain and injury, especially when considering the likelihood of concurrent pathology and injury reoccurrence. Focused prevention strategies have been suggested, but their practical clinical implementation has not been heavily investigated across the sporting spectrum. The purpose of this commentary is to review the historical and current state of HAGI, while focusing on applying evidence and clinical experience towards the development of future risk reduction strategies.

Level of evidence: 5
Latarjet Procedure for the Treatment of Anterior Glenohumeral Instability in the Athlete – Key Considerations for Rehabilitation
Authors: Bradley Helen , Lacheta Lucca , Goldenberg Brandon T. , Rosenberg Samuel I. , Provencher Matthew T. , Millett Peter J.
Published: February 2021

The Latarjet procedure with transfer of the coracoid process and its attached conjoint tendon is a well-established surgical technique for the treatment of anterior glenohumeral instability in patients with anteroinferior bone loss and/or high risk for recurrence. Biomechanical and clinical studies have shown excellent results and high rates of return to sports. However, there is an absence of standardized, objective criteria to accurately assess an athlete’s ability to progress through each phase of rehabilitation. Return to sports rehabilitation, progressed by quantitatively measured functional goals, may improve the athlete’s integration back to sports participation. Therefore, the purpose of this clinical commentary is to provide a rehabilitation protocol for the Latarjet procedure, progressing through clearly defined phases, with guidance for safe and effective return to sport. Recommended criteria are highlighted which allows the clinician to progress the patient through each phase appropriately rather than purely following timeframes from surgery. This progression ensures the patient has completed a thorough rehabilitation program that addresses ROM, strength, power, neuromuscular control and a graded return to play.

Level of Evidence: 5
Patients Walking Faster After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Have More Gait Asymmetry
Authors: Knobel Rachel J. , Ito Naoaki , Arhos Elanna K. , Capin Jacob J. , Buchanan Thomas S. , Snyder-Mackler Lynn
Published: February 2021

Background

Gait asymmetries after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may lead to radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Slower walking speeds have been associated with biomarkers suggesting cartilage breakdown. The relationship between walking speed and gait symmetry after ACLR is unknown.

Hypothesis/Purpose

To determine the relationship between self-selected walking speeds and gait symmetry in athletes after primary, unilateral ACLR.

Study Design

Secondary analysis of a clinical trial.

Methods

Athletes 24±8 weeks after primary ACLR walked at self-selected speeds as kinematics, kinetics, and electromyography data were collected. An EMG-driven musculoskeletal model was used to calculate peak medial compartment contact force (pMCCF). Variables of interest were peak knee flexion moment (pKFM) and angle (pKFA), knee flexion and extension (KEE) excursions, peak knee adduction moment (pKAM), and pMCCF. Univariate correlations were run for walking speed and each variable in the ACLR knee, contralateral knee, and interlimb difference (ILD).

Results

Weak to moderate positive correlations were observed for walking speed and all variables of interest in the contralateral knee (Pearson’s r=.301-.505, p≤0.01). In the ACLR knee, weak positive correlations were observed for only pKFM (r=.280, p=0.02) and pKFA (r=.263, p=0.03). Weak negative correlations were found for ILDs in pKFM (r=-0.248, p=0.04), KEE (r=-.260, p=0.03), pKAM (r=-.323, p<0.01), and pMCCF (r=-.286, p=0.02).

Conclusion

Those who walk faster after ACLR have more asymmetries, which are associated with the development of early OA. This data suggests that interventions that solely increase walking speed may accentuate gait symmetry in athletes early after ACLR. Gait-specific, unilateral, neuromuscular interventions for the ACLR knee may be needed to target gait asymmetries after ACLR.

Level of Evidence

III
Individual Baseline Balance Assessments in a Large Sample of Incoming NCAA Division I Athletes Using a Force Plate System
Authors: Weismiller Scott A. , Monaco Robert , Womack Jason , Alderman Brandon , Esopenko Carrie , Conway Fiona N. , Brostrand Kyle , Brown Allison , de Souza Nicola L. , Buckman Jennifer F.
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

Individualized baseline testing is resource and time intensive. The use of normative data to approximate changes after a suspected concussion is thus an appealing alternative. Yet, few peer-reviewed, large-sample studies are available from which to develop accurate normative averages of balance using force-plate technology.

PURPOSE

This study sought to validate a normative dataset from the force-plate manufacturer and examine the magnitude and nature of sample variability.

STUDY DESIGN

Cross-sectional.

METHODS

Baseline balance and self-reported sex, sport, and concussion history were assessed in 533 prospective collegiate athletes (45% female) during pre-participation physical examinations. Balance was measured using four stances from the modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance and quantified as Sway Index Scores with the Biodex Biosway Portable Balance System. Group averages are contrasted to data from the force-plate manufacturer. Individual variability around these averages was visualized and analyzed by sex and sport.

RESULTS

Male student athletes showed significantly more sway in the eyes open, soft stance condition than female athletes. These differences were maintained when concussion history was included as a covariate. Athletes, particularly male athletes, in the high versus low contact sport group showed significantly more sway in the eyes open, soft surface and the eyes closed, hard and soft surface stances.

CONCLUSION

There was substantial individual variability that was partially explained by sex differences and sport differences. The development of normative averages for sway may benefit from consideration of sex and sport. Further studies should characterize other factors that influence baseline balance in collegiate athletes.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

2b
Does the Direction of Kinesiology Tape Application Influence Muscle Activation in Asymptomatic Individuals?
Authors: Dolphin Michelle , Brooks Gary , Calancie Blair , Rufa Adam
Published: February 2021

Background

Despite the popularity of tape among athletes and rehabilitation practitioners, there is controversy regarding the specific effects of kinesiology tape. Based on conflicting results and limitations of the literature, a well-designed study was desired to examine kinesiology tape application direction on muscle activation.

Hypothesis/Purpose

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if the direction of kinesiology tape application influences quadriceps activation. This study compared taping techniques with outcome measures selected to assess quadriceps muscle activation. The outcome measures included EMG, isokinetic strength, and functional hop and jump performance.

Study Design

Double-blind Crossover study

Methods

A total of fifteen asymptomatic participants (10 females and 5 males) completed the study. Mean age was 23.3 years. KinesioⓇ Tex GoldTM was applied to the dominant lower extremity of each participant using a Y-strip method. Two taping conditions (proximal to distal, distal to proximal) were applied to the quadriceps. Participants and testers were blinded to tape condition. Pretest and posttest measures included electromyographic output during isokinetic testing of quadriceps muscle torque at 60°s-1 and 120°s-1, single leg triple hop for distance, and vertical jump.

Results

Two-way, repeated measures analysis of variance resulted in no significant differences in baseline to taped condition for quadriceps electromyographic output, quadriceps isokinetic knee extension muscle torque at 60°s-1 and 120°s-1, single leg triple-hop distance or vertical jump height.

Conclusion

The results of this pilot study do not support the hypothesis that kinesiology tape application direction influences muscle performance as measured in this study.

Levels of Evidence

Level 1 – Controlled Clinical Trial

Clinical Relevance

Kinesiology tape is commonly used as an intervention for a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions and for promoting performance including sporting activities. Kinesiology tape is popular among athletes and health care providers yet the specific effects of tape are not well understood.
Risk Factors for Stress Fractures in Female Runners: Results of a Survey
Authors: Johnston Therese E , Jakavick Allison E , Mancuso Caroline A , McGee Kathleen C , Wei Lily , Wright Morgan L , Close Jeremy , Shimada Ayako , Leiby Benjamin E
Published: February 2021

Background

Few studies compare women with and without stress fractures and most focus on younger, elite runners.

Hypothesis/Purpose

Compare risk factors between female runners with and without a stress fracture history.

Study Design

Case control

Methods

An online survey targeting women age ≥18 years was distributed primarily via social media. Questions included demographics, running details, cross training, nutrition, injury history, medical/menstrual history, and medications. Women with stress fracture histories answered questions about location, number, and changes made. Data were compared between groups using t-tests, chi-square tests, or Fisher’s exact tests. Multivariable logistic regression models simultaneously investigated associations of multiple factors using backward variable selection.

Results

Data from 1648 respondents were analyzed. Mean age was 40 years, and 25.4% reported stress fractures. Significant differences were found between groups for days/week running, mileage/week, running pace, years running, having a coach, cycling or swimming, calorie consumption for activity, other running injuries, medical history, medication/supplement intake, age at menarche, and going ≥6 months without a menstrual period. Odds of having a stress fracture were increased with osteopenia (OR 4.14), shin splints (OR 3.24), tendon injuries (OR 1.49), running >20 miles/week (OR 1.74-1.77) compared to 11-20 miles/week, having a coach (OR 1.86), and cycling (OR 1.15). Women running 11:00-11:59 minutes/mile or slower were less likely to have a stress fracture compared to those running 9:00-9:59 minutes/mile (OR 0.43-0.54). The odds of having a stress fracture were 1.43 times higher for going ≥ 6 months without a menstrual period. Use of calcium, probiotics, and vitamin D increased odds. Post fracture, common changes made were with cross training (49%), mileage (49%), and strength training (35%).

Conclusions

Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors were identified for female runners who sustained one or more stress fracture during running. Prospective studies are warranted to infer a cause and effect relationship amongst these variables and stress fracture risk.

Level of Evidence

Level IV
Prediction of ACL Injuries from Vertical Jump Kinetics in Division 1 Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Pontillo Marisa , Hines Shawn M , Sennett Brian J
Published: February 2021

Background

The incidence of ACL injuries continues to rise secondary to an increase in sport participation. Evidence supports the use of force plate testing to quantify kinetics during rehabilitation after injury and recovery; however, there is limited current research regarding if jump kinetics can identify athletes who are at higher risk for injury. Altered kinetics could potentially lead to abnormal force dissipation and resultant injury.

Purpose

The purpose of this investigation was to identify whether the force-time variables from vertical jumps could predict ACL injuries in collegiate athletes.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort.

Methods

Vertical jump testing is performed by all healthy varsity collegiate athletes at several intervals throughout the athletic year at a Division I institution using a commercially available force plate system with dedicated software. Athletes who sustained an ACL injury between 1/1/15 and 6/1/19 were identified (n=16) and compared to healthy athletes who participated in the same sports (n = 262). ACL injuries were considered for this study if they occurred no more than 10 weeks after a jump test. The outcome variables were load, explode, and drive, operationally defined as the average eccentric rate of force development, average relative concentric force, and concentric relative impulse, respectively, which the system normalized to T scores. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to assess group differences for load, explode, drive, and the ratio between the variables. Logistic regression was used to determine if the battery of variables could predict whether or not an athlete would sustain an ACL injury. The p-value was set to 0.10 for the Mann-Whitney U tests, and 0.05 for the logistic regression.

Results

Significant differences between the ACL and healthy groups were seen for explode (p=0.08), drive (p=0.06), load:explode ratio (p=0.06), and explode:drive ratio (p=0.03). Explode and drive, when entered into the regression equation, showed the ability to predict injury, χ2= 6.8, df = 2, p=0.03.

Conclusions

The vertical jump force plate variables were able to identify athletes who sustained an ACL injury within 66 days of testing. Athletes who sustained an ACL injury demonstrated altered kinetics and less ability to transmit forces during the vertical jump.

Level of Evidence

3.
Differences in Lower Extremity Kinematics Between High School Cross-Country and Young Adult Recreational Runners
Authors: Reinking Mark F , Carson Nina M , End Bridget M , Miller Olivia K , Munter Joshua D , McPoil Thomas G
Published: February 2021

Background

While previous research has assessed running kinematics for age-related differences that could increase the risk of a running-related injury, none of these studies have included high school aged runners or assessed running kinematics using 2-dimensional video analysis.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare sagittal plane kinematics during treadmill running in high school cross-country and young adult recreational runners using 2-dimensional motion analysis techniques.

Methods

Twenty-five high school cross-country runners (13 women, 12 men) and 25 young adult recreational runners (12 women, 13 men) consented to participate in this study. Reflective markers were placed on each lower extremity over multiple anatomical landmarks. After a five-minute acclimation period in which the participants ran on a treadmill at their preferred running speed, video data were recorded at 240 frames per second for all participants while they continued to run on the treadmill.

Results

There were no significant differences between left and right extremities. The young adult recreational runners exhibited significantly greater vertical excursion of the center of mass (t = 4.64, p = .0001) compared to the high school runners. There was no significant difference between the two age groups regarding the six other sagittal plane variables.

Conclusions

The young adult recreational runners demonstrated an increased center-of-mass vertical excursion in comparison to high school cross-country runners. In addition, the results obtained in this study for kinematic variables using 2-dimensional motion analysis were similar to previously reported studies using 3-dimensional motion analysis, demonstrating that 2-dimensional motion analysis could be used for analyzing sagittal plane running kinematics in clinical settings.

Level of Evidence

4, Controlled laboratory study