bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying type and evaluating stability of behavioral risk
Authors: Jenkins Andrew , Thoman Sarah , Wang Yan , von der Embse Nathaniel , Kilgus Stephen , Reynolds Faith
Published: August 2021

Detecting mental health concerns in youth accurately and promptly may prevent poor school outcomes, long‐term mental illness, and adverse lifelong outcomes. Practitioners often use universal behavioral risk screeners to identify students at‐risk on indicators related to mental health concerns. However, research is needed to inform the stability of risk identification scores across the academic year. Using a sample of N = 1496 elementary and middle school‐aged students, latent class analysis and latent transition analysis were employed to identify and characterize the risk classes and the stability of latent classes of student risk longitudinally across one school year (i.e., fall, winter, and spring). The screener of interest within this study was the Social, Academic, and Emotional Behavior Risk Screener–Student Rating Scale (SAEBRS‐SRS). Results revealed three distinct risk classes (low, moderate, and high risk) that remained stable across screening periods. Future directions and implications for practice are discussed.
Clinical, pathological, and therapeutic features of newly diagnosed prostate cancer predominantly detected by opportunistic PSA screening: A survey of Shiga Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Okinaka Yuki , Kageyama Susumu , Nishizawa Koji , Yoshida Toru , Ishitoya Satoshi , Shichiri Yasumasa , Kim Chul Jang , Iwata Tsuyoshi , Yokokawa Ryusei , Arai Yutaka , Nishikawa Zenkai , Soga Hiroki , Ushida Hiroshi , Sakano Yuji , Naya Yoshio , Yoshida Tetsuya , Narita Mitsuhiro , Kawauchi Akihiro
Published: August 2021

Background

In all the prefectures of Japan, with the exception of Shiga Prefecture, more than half of local governments have an organized prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) screening system in place. However, in the Shiga Prefecture, only a single city performed PSA screening over the time period of this survey. The purpose of the present study was to determine the clinical, pathological, and therapeutic features of newly diagnosed prostate cancer in localities where a formally organized screening system was almost entirely absent.

Methods

A multicenter observational study was conducted in the Shiga Prefecture, which has the lowest rate of population‐based PSA‐screening in Japan. Patients' age, initial PSA, reasons for PSA testing, Gleason score, clinical stage, and primary treatments were surveyed. We stratified patients according to the reasons for PSA measurement, and compared the differences between groups subject to organized versus opportunistic screening.

Results

In the 2 years 2012 and 2017, 984 newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients were analyzed. Of these, 954 (97%) were opportunistically tested (i.e., not as part of an organized screening system), with the remaining 29 (3%) measured as part of an organized screening program. Patients in the former group exhibited a higher initial PSA value than in the organized screening group (median: 11.49 vs. 5.67 ng/ml). They also had worse clinical features, including higher Gleason score and TNM stage. More patients in the organized screening group were treated curatively than in the nonorganized screening group in terms of the primary treatment. The results were similar in a subanalysis of the patients of age 50–69 years.

Conclusions

Organized PSA screening contributes to increasing the number of patients diagnosed with early‐stage cancer who can be treated curatively.
Melatonin attenuates prostatic inflammation and pelvic pain via Sirt1‐dependent inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome in an EAP mouse model
Authors: Chen Jing , Zhang Li‐Gang , Du He‐Xi , Zhan Chang‐Sheng , Liu Yi , Zhang Meng , Chen Xian‐Guo , Wen Long‐Ping , Zhang Li , Liang Chao‐Zhao
Published: August 2021

Background

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common male genitourinary system disease. As a neuroendocrine hormone, melatonin possesses a variety of biological functions, among which its anti‐inflammatory effects have recently drawn substantial attention. The purpose of the current research was to study the effect of melatonin on CP/CPPS and the underlying mechanisms using a mouse model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP).

Methods

The EAP mouse model was successfully established by subcutaneously injecting a mixture of prostate antigen and complete Freund's adjuvant. On Day 42, hematoxylin‐eosin staining was used to evaluate the histological appearance of prostate tissues. Chronic pelvic pain development was assessed by suprapubic allodynia. The levels of inflammation‐related cytokines, such as interferon‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐17, and IL‐1β, were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Then, we explored the anti‐inflammatory effects of melatonin on CP/CPPS by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining, by measuring the expression of silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) and NLRP3 inflammasome‐related proteins in EAP mice.

Results

The EAP model mice exhibited severe diffuse leukocyte infiltration and significantly increased pelvic pain compared to the control mice. In the melatonin treatment group, the histological appearance of the prostate tissues, pelvic pain development, and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were significantly alleviated compared to the EAP + dimethyl sulfoxide group. Furthermore, we found that the protective effects of melatonin were achieved through activation of the Sirt1 pathway and downregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Conclusions

The results indicated that melatonin could attenuate prostate inflammation and pelvic pain by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasomes signaling pathway through the activation of Sirt1 in mice with EAP, and these efforts should provide a promising therapeutic strategy for CP/CPPS.
Ligand‐binding properties of odorant‐binding protein 6 in Athetis lepigone to sex pheromones and maize volatiles
Authors: Li Lu‐Lu , Huang Jian‐Rong , Xu Ji‐Wei , Yao Wei‐Chen , Yang Hui‐Hui , Shao Liang , Zhang Hui‐Ru , Dewer Youssef , Zhu Xiu‐Yun , Zhang Ya‐Nan
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

Athetis lepigone, a noctuid moth feeding on more than 30 different crops worldwide, has evolved a sophisticated, sensitive, and specific chemosensory system to detect and discriminate exogenous chemicals. Odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) are the most important agent in insect chemosensory systems to be explored as an alternative target for environmentally friendly approaches to pest management.

RESULTS

To investigate the olfactory function of A. lepigone OBPs (AlepOBPs), AlepOBP6 was identified and expressed in Escherichia coli. The binding affinity of the recombinant OBP to 20 different ligands was then examined using a competitive binding approach. The results revealed that AlepOBP6 can bind to two sex pheromones and ten maize volatiles, and its conformation stability is pH dependent. We also carried out a structure–function study using different molecular approaches, including structure modeling, molecular docking, and a mutation functional assay to identify amino acid residues (M39, V68, W106, Q107, and Y114) involved in the binding of AlepOBP6 to both sex pheromones and maize volatiles in A. lepigone.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that AlepOBP6 is likely involved in mediating the responses of A. lepigone to sex pheromones and maize volatiles, which may play a pivotal function in mating, feeding, and oviposition behaviors. This study not only provides new insight into the binding mechanism of OBPs to sex pheromones and host volatiles in moths, but also contributes to the discovery of novel target candidates for developing efficient behavior disruptors to control A. lepigone in the future. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Photoluminescence Kinetics of Dark and Bright Excitons in Atomically Thin MoS2
Authors: Eliseyev Ilya A. , Galimov Aidar I. , Rakhlin Maxim. V. , Evropeitsev Evgenii A. , Toropov Alexey A. , Davydov Valery Yu. , Thiele Sebastian , Pezoldt Jörg , Shubina Tatiana V.
Published: August 2021

The fine structure of the exciton spectrum, containing optically allowed (bright) and forbidden (dark) exciton states, determines the radiation efficiency in nanostructures. Time‐resolved microphotoluminescence in MoS2 monolayers (MLs) and bilayers (BLs), both unstrained and compressively strained, in a wide temperature range (10–300 K), is studied to distinguish between exciton states optically allowed and forbidden, both in spin and in momentum, as well as to estimate their characteristic decay times and contributions to the total radiation intensity. The decay times are found to either increase or decrease with increasing temperature, indicating the lowest bright or lowest dark state, respectively. The results unambiguously show that, in an unstrained ML, the spin‐allowed state is the lowest for a series of A excitons (1.9 eV), with the dark state being <2 meV higher, and that the splitting energy can increase several times at compression. In contrast, in the indirect exciton series in BLs (1.5 eV), the spin‐forbidden state is the lowest, being about 3 meV below the bright one. The strong effect of strain on the exciton spectrum can explain the large scatter among the published data and must be taken into account to realize the desired optical properties of 2D MoS2.
Density functional theory calculation of the Renner–Teller effect in NCO: Preliminary assessment of exact exchange energy on the accuracy of the Renner coefficient
Authors: Kashinski David O. , Radziewicz Tyler J. , Suarez Matthew G. , Stephens Constantine C. , Byrd Edward F. C.
Published: August 2021

Assessment of DFT methods through analysis of the Renner–Teller effect (RTE) in the state of the NCO radical was completed. Our results suggest that the amount of exact exchange at long range is important for an accurate description of the RTE in NCO. DFT functionals from the B3LYP, PBE, TPSS, M06, and M11 families with standard Correlation Consistent, 6‐311G split valence family, as well as Sadlej, and Sapporo polarized triple‐ζ basis sets were assessed. Our Renner coefficients are compared with previously published theoretical and experimental results to characterize the overall accuracy of various functional/basis set combinations in determining the RTE splitting in the (bending) modes of . We suggest that this method of analysis can be extended to other systems, serve as an accuracy metric when selecting a functional, and provide a means to create training sets for machine learning in computational molecular physics applications.
Color‐biased Hamilton cycles in random graphs
Authors: Gishboliner Lior , Krivelevich Michael , Michaeli Peleg
Published: August 2021

We prove that a random graph , with p above the Hamiltonicity threshold, is typically such that for any r‐coloring of its edges there exists a Hamilton cycle with at least edges of the same color. This estimate is asymptotically optimal.
Bias correction for estimates from linear excess relative risk models in small case‐control studies
Authors: Roberti Sander , van Leeuwen Flora E. , Hauptmann Michael , Pfeiffer Ruth M.
Published: August 2021

Epidemiologic studies conducted to quantify the impact of radiation dose d on an outcome typically model the hazard ratio (HR) for association using a linear term, , via a linear excess relative risk (ERR) model, based on biological considerations. To study associations of risk of a second cancer with radiation treatment for a first cancer, several nested case‐control designs to estimate have been proposed that use refined doses received by different locations in the organ of interest. Here we first evaluated the small sample bias in maximum likelihood estimates of for the linear ERR model using location‐specific radiation doses in simulations. As we found substantial upward bias for studies of realistic sample sizes (more than 50% relative bias for studies with 75 cases), we also proposed and investigated several approaches to correct this bias. We studied first and second order jackknife bias corrections and we derived a modified set of score functions under retrospective case‐control sampling, from which we directly obtained bias‐corrected estimates. In simulations based on doses from a study of stomach cancer among testicular cancer survivors and synthetically generated data, neither the first nor second order jackknife bias correction performed well. Estimates based on the modified score equations corrected the bias much better, albeit not completely, and were numerically much more stable.
A Six Coordinated Phosphorus(V) Corrole Bearing Two Hydroxyl Axial Ligands: X‐Ray Structure, DNA Interaction, Photonuclease Activity, and Cytotoxicity towards Tumor Cells
Authors: Jiang Xiao , Sun Yan‐Mei , Cen Jing‐He , Yang Wu , Liao Yu‐Hui , Shi Lei , Lin Dong‐Zi , Liu Hai‐Yang
Published: August 2021

Phosphorus corrole has been explored as a promising photosensiter for photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment in decade. A new trans‐bishydroxyl axial ligated phosphorus(V) 5, 15‐bis(pentafluorophenyl)‐10(p‐hydroxylphenyl) corrole (1‐P) was synthesized and well characterized by X‐ray structure determination. Complex 1‐P could bind ct‐DNA via an outside binding mode and displayed good photonuclease activity. After illumination, it might significantly generate singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical. 1‐P exhibited low dark toxicity but high photocytotoxicity against HepG2, CNE‐2, A549 and MDA‐MB‐231 tumor cell lines. Preliminary results show 1‐P is a promising candidate of PDT photosensitizer.
Rapid Formation of Multicellular Spheroids in Boundary‐Driven Acoustic Microstreams
Authors: Rasouli Reza , Tabrizian Maryam
Published: August 2021

3D cell spheroid culture has emerged as a more faithful recreation of cell growth environment compared to conventional 2D culture, as it can maintain tissue structures, physicochemical characteristics, and cell phenotypes. The majority of current spheroid formation methods are limited to a physical agglomeration of the desired cell type, and then relying on cell capacity to secrete extracellular matrix to form coherent spheroids. Hence, apart from being time‐consuming, their success in leading to functional spheroid formation is also cell‐type dependent. In this study, a boundary‐driven acoustic microstreaming tool is presented that can simultaneously congregate cells and generate sturdy cell clusters through incorporating a bioadhesive such as collagen for rapid production of spheroids. The optimized mixture of type I collagen (0.42 mg mL−1) and methylcellulose (0.4% w/v ) accelerates the coagulation of cell–matrix as fast as 10 s while avoiding their adhesion to the device, and thereby offering easy spheroid retrieval. The versatility of the platform is shown for the production of MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7 spheroids, multicellular spheroids, and composite spheroids made of cells and microparticles. The ability to produce densely packed spheroids embedded within a biomimetic extracellular matrix component, along with rapid formation and easy collection of spheroids render the proposed device a step in technology development required to realize potentials of 3D constructs such as building blocks for the emerging field of bottom–up tissue engineering.
Embedding Cobalt Atom Clusters in CNT‐Wired MoS2 Tube‐in‐Tube Nanostructures with Enhanced Sulfur Immobilization and Catalyzation for Li–S Batteries
Authors: Ma Zhiyuan , Liu Yi , Gautam Jagadis , Liu Wentao , Chishti Aadil Nabi , Gu Jie , Yang Guang , Wu Zhen , Xie Ju , Chen Ming , Ni Lubin , Diao Guowang
Published: August 2021

Lithium–sulfur batteries are one of the most promising next‐generation energy storage systems. The efficient interconversion between sulfur/lithium polysulfides and lithium sulfide is a performance‐determining factor for lithium–sulfur batteries. Herein, a novel strategy to synthesize a unique tube‐in‐tube CNT‐wired sulfur‐deficient MoS2 nanostructure embedding cobalt atom clusters as an efficient polysulfide regulator is successfully conducted in Li−S batteries. It is confirmed that encapsulating MWCNTs into hollow porous sulfur‐deficient MoS2 nanotubes embedded with metal cobalt clusters not only can accelerate electron transport and confine the dissolution of lithium polysulfide by physical/chemical adsorption, but also can catalyze the kinetics of polysulfide redox reactions. Based on DFT calculations, in situ spectroscopic techniques, and various electrochemical studies, catalytic effects of CNT/MoS2‐Co nanocomposite in Li–S battery are deeply investigated for the first time. The CNT/MoS2–Co composite cathode exhibits a very remarkable rate capability (641 mAh g−1 at 5.0 C) and excellent cycling stability (capacity decay rate of 0.050% per cycle at 5.0 C) even at high sulfur mass loading of 3.6 mg cm−2. More crucially, CNT/MoS2‐Co tube‐in‐tube nanostructures present a superior specific capacity of 650 mAh g−1 in a Li–S pouch cell at 0.2 C (4.0 mg cm−2).
Full Solar‐Spectrum‐Driven Antibacterial Therapy over Hierarchical Sn3O4/PDINH with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Yang Ruiqi , Song Guoxin , Wang Longwei , Yang Zhongwei , Zhang Jian , Zhang Xiao , Wang Shu , Ding Longhua , Ren Na , Wang Aizhu , Yu Xin
Published: August 2021

Antibacterial photocatalytic therapy (APCT) is considered to be a potential treatment for administrating antibiotic‐resistant bacteria. However, due to the low photocatalytic efficiency and weak ability to capture bacteria, it is not practically applied. In this work, an organic–metal oxide hybrid semiconductor heterostructure is fabricated for the photocatalytic generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill the drug‐resistant bacteria. The organic semiconductor, perylene diimide (PDI), can self‐assemble on Sn3O4 nanosheets to form a “hook‐and‐loop” sticky surface that can capture bacteria, via large numbers of hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions, which are not possible in inorganic semiconductors. This easy‐to‐fabricate hybrid semiconductor also possesses improved photocatalytic activity, which is owing to the formation of heterostructure that achieves full‐spectrum absorption, and the reduction of the photocarrier recombination rate to produce more reactive oxygen species. It has a good promoting effect on the wounds of mice infected by Staphylococcus aureus. This work shows new ideas for fabricating smart full‐spectrum inorganic–organic hybrid adhesive heterostructure photocatalysts for antibacterial photocatalytic therapy.
Near‐Infrared Artificial Synapses for Artificial Sensory Neuron System
Authors: Mu Boyuan , Guo Liangchao , Liao Junhong , Xie Peng , Ding Guanglong , Lv Ziyu , Zhou Ye , Han Su‐Ting , Yan Yan
Published: August 2021

The computing based on artificial neuron network is expected to break through the von Neumann bottleneck of traditional computer, and to greatly improve the computing efficiency, displaying a broad prospect in the application of artificial visual system. In the specific structural layout, it is a common method to connect the discrete photodetector with the artificial neuron in series, which enhances the complexity of signal recognition, conversion and storage. In this work, organic small molecule IR‐780 iodide is inserted into the memory device as both the charge trapping layer and near‐infrared (NIR) photoresponsive film. Through electrical and optical regulation, artificial synaptic functions including short‐term plasticity, long‐term plasticity, and spike rate dependence are realized. In the established artificial sensory neuron system, NIR optical pulses can significantly improve the spiking rate. Moreover, the spiking neural networks are further constructed by simulation for handwritten digit classification. This research may contribute to the development of light driven neural robots, optical signal encryption, and neural computing.
Thermally Stable and Nonflammable Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries: Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Zhang Qian-Kui , Zhang Xue-Qiang , Yuan Hong , Huang Jia-Qi
Published: August 2021

Lithium (Li) metal battery is considered as a promising next‐generation high‐energy‐density battery system. Battery safety is a foundation for the practical applications of Li metal batteries. In addition to uncontrollable Li plating/stripping, however, the employment of solvents and Li salts with poor thermal stability and high flammability also induces potential safety hazards to Li metal batteries based on liquid electrolytes, which emerges as a challenging but uncompromising task for Li metal batteries. Therefore, it is of great significance to focus and improve the thermal stability and nonflammability of liquid electrolytes while maintaining its role in regulating the uniformity of Li deposition. Herein, the possible thermal runaway mechanism of Li metal batteries is first discussed, especially the difference from the thermal runaway mechanism of Li‐ion batteries. Second, the measurement methods of thermal stability and nonflammability of liquid electrolytes are summarized, including the basic principles and application examples. Third, recent progress of nonflammable electrolytes for Li metal batteries is reviewed according to the types of electrolyte. Finally, the perspectives of further designing thermally stable and nonflammable electrolytes for Li metal batteries are presented.
A Microfluidic System for Simultaneous Raman Spectroscopy, Patch‐Clamp Electrophysiology, and Live‐Cell Imaging to Study Key Cellular Events of Single Living Cells in Response to Acute Hypoxia
Authors: Knoepp Fenja , Wahl Joel , Andersson Anders , Kraut Simone , Sommer Natascha , Weissmann Norbert , Ramser Kerstin
Published: August 2021

The ability to sense changes in oxygen availability is fundamentally important for the survival of all aerobic organisms. However, cellular oxygen sensing mechanisms and pathologies remain incompletely understood and studies of acute oxygen sensing, in particular, have produced inconsistent results. Current methods cannot simultaneously measure the key cellular events in acute hypoxia (i.e., changes in redox state, electrophysiological properties, and mechanical responses) at controlled partial pressures of oxygen (pO2). The lack of such a comprehensive method essentially contributes to the discrepancies in the field. A sealed microfluidic system that combines i) Raman spectroscopy, ii) patch‐clamp electrophysiology, and iii) live‐cell imaging under precisely controlled pO2 have therefore been developed. Merging these modalities allows label‐free and simultaneous observation of oxygen‐dependent alterations in multiple cellular redox couples, membrane potential, and cellular contraction. This technique is adaptable to any cell type and allows in‐depth insight into acute oxygen sensing processes underlying various physiologic and pathologic conditions.
Slow‐Moving Phase Boundary in Li4/3+xTi5/3O4
Authors: Joshi Yug , Lawitzki Robert , Schmitz Guido
Published: August 2021

Lithium titanate is one of the most promising anode materials for high‐power demands but such applications desire a complete understanding of the kinetics of lithium transport. The poor diffusivity of lithium in the completely lithiated and delithiated (pseudo spinel) phases challenges to explain the high‐rate performance. This study aims at clearing the kinetics of lithium transport using an innovative technique that employs optical microscopy in a constrained region of sputter‐deposited thin‐film samples. It enables the in situ observation of the transport of lithium through the electrode. Furthermore, with a thermostatically controlled cell, the Arrhenius‐like temperature dependence is revealed. The quantitative findings demonstrate that indeed the end phases have poor diffusivity which is, however, accelerated at intermediate Li concentrations in the spinel structured Li4/3+δTi5/3O4 phase. Surprisingly, the slow migration of the phase boundary hinders the formation of the Li‐rich (rock‐salt) phase in the initial stages. Such kinetic control by the phase boundary stands in obvious contrast to a prior (theoretical) study postulating almost “liquid” behavior of the interface. Only after the Li diffusion into the Li‐poor (spinel) phase has faded, when approaching the solubility limit, the further growth of the rock‐salt phase becomes diffusion controlled.
Development of High‐Efficiency Solar Cell Modules for Photovoltaic‐Powered Vehicles
Authors: Yamaguchi Masafumi , Ozaki Ryo , Nakamura Kyotaro , Lee Kan-Hua , Kojima Nobuaki , Ohshita Yoshio , Masuda Taizo , Okumura Kenichi , Satou Akinori , Nakado Takashi , Yamada Kazumi , Araki Kenji , Ota Yasuyuki , Nishioka Kensuke , Takamoto Tatsuya , Zushi Yusuke , Tanimoto Tsutomu , Thiel Christian , Tsakalidis Anastasios , Jäger-Waldau Arunulf
Published: August 2021

Photovoltaic (PV)‐powered vehicles are expected to play a critical role in a future carbon neutral society because it has been reported that the onboard PVs have great ability to reduce CO2emission from the transport sector. Although the demonstration car with a III−V‐based solar cell module has shown the PV‐powered driving range of 36.6 km day−1at solar irradiance of 6.2 kWh m−2 day−1, practical driving ranges of PV‐powered vehicles are shown to be lower than estimated values due to some losses such as nonradiative recombination and resistance losses of solar cell modules under sunshine condition. This article presents analytical results for the effects of illumination intensity properties of various solar cell modules on the PV‐powered driving range to develop highly efficient solar cell modules for vehicle‐integrated applications. The analysis shows that improvements in shunt resistance and saturation current density of solar cell modules are necessary to improve illumination intensity properties of solar cell modules under low intensity sunshine condition. The calculations show that the III−V‐based 3‐junction solar cell modules with an efficiency of more than 30% have a potential PV‐powered driving range of 30 km/day average and more than 50 km day−1on a clear day.
Improved Mechanical Properties of Two Twinning‐Induced Plasticity Steels with Novel Grain Morphology
Authors: Wang Dan , Wang Wen
Published: August 2021

The mechanical properties and microstructures of two high Mn austenitic steels with novel grain morphology prepared by directional solidification and warm forging are investigated and compared with common twinning‐induced plasticity (TWIP) steel with equiaxed grains (EGs). The directional solidified sample (DS) is composed of columnar grains with simplified grain boundaries mainly characterized by low‐angle boundaries (LABs) with a fraction of 0.886. The warm forged sample (WF) contains numerous fibrous‐liked grains and fine nearly equiaxed grains featured with dominate LABs and complicated dislocation substructure. The significantly improved elongation and energy absorption capability of DS compared with EG are ascribed to the larger dislocation mean free path together with better plastic deformation compatibility and synergy between and within grains of DS, respectively. The largest energy absorption efficiency with enhanced yield strength of WF is mainly attributed to numerous fine grains with dominated LABs and complicated dislocation substructure. Inhomogeneous deformation characterized by well‐developed twins structure with dense dislocation pileup occurs in some regions of WF. It will contribute to enhancing work hardening, leading to a relatively high uniform elongation and significant increased strength. On the contrary, it may easily cause severe stress concentration and promote the occurrence of necking followed by plastic instability.
Dephosphorization in New Double Slag Converter Steelmaking Process with High‐Temperature Laboratorial Experiments
Authors: Yang Wenkui , Zhang Runhao , Sun Han , Yang Jian
Published: August 2021

The dephosphorization of hot metal with low basicity slag at 1623 K is investigated for new double slag converter steelmaking process (NDSP) using high‐temperature laboratorial experiments. When the dephosphorization time is 15 min, the dephosphorization ratio reaches the highest value of 83.2%. When the dephosphorization times are 3 and 6 min, the main phases of dephosphorization slag are black phosphorus(P)‐rich phase and white Fe‐rich phase. When the dephosphorization times are 9, 12, and 15 min, the main phases are the P‐rich phase, the Fe‐rich phase, and the matrix phase. When the dephosphorization time is 18 min, the main phases are the Fe‐rich phase, the matrix phase, and spinel phase containing MgO and Al2O3, but without the P‐rich phase. With increasing the dephosphorization time, the area fraction of the Fe‐rich phase in slag is continuously decreased and the area fraction of matrix phase is increased. The area fraction of the P‐rich phase is first increased, then decreased until it is disappeared, due to its dissolution into the matrix phase at the low basicity of about 1.4.
Simulation of Solidification Structure During Vacuum Arc Remelting Using Cellular Automaton−Finite Element Method
Authors: Wang Yadong , Zhang Lifeng , Zhang Jian , Zhou Yang , Liu Tingyao , Ren Ying , Jiang Dongbin
Published: August 2021

A 3D vacuum arc remelting model coupling heat transfer, fluid flow, solidification, nucleation, and grain growth is established. The effect of melting rate and current intensity on the solidification structure, depth of the molten pool, and equiaxed crystal rate is investigated by the simulation. Near the baseplate of the mold, the direction of columnar dendrites is vertically upward. Near the mold lateral wall, the columnar dendrites grow aslant upward. From the initial time to the end of the remelting period, the depth of the molten pool increases continuously and reaches the maximum value of 105.5 mm at the end of the remelting period. In the end feeding period, the depth of the molten pool decreases gradually until the molten pool solidifies completely. With the melting rate increasing from 0.8 to 2.4 kg min−1, the maximum depth of the molten pool increases from 84.6 to 130.3 mm and the equiaxed crystal rate is 42.5%, 57.2%, and 62.7%, respectively. With the current intensity increasing from 2 to 6 kA, the maximum depth of the molten pool increases from 63.1 to 92.9 mm and the equiaxed crystal rate decreases from 51.7% to 45.6%.
Rational Design of Coplanar Polypyrrole‐Based Graphene Hydrogels with Excellent Energy‐Storage Performance
Authors: Ding Jiannan , Chen Peng , Wang Bin , Chen Xuli , Guo Kunkun
Published: August 2021

Polypyrrole‐based graphene hydrogels (PGRs) are promising candidates for supercapacitor electrodes adapted to portable and wearable energy‐storage devices. A self‐assembly strategy is developed to fabricate PGR hydrogels by PPy@GO powders, which are in situ‐polymerized pyrrole monomers in aqueous GO solutions. The oxygen‐containing function groups of GO can provide rich active sites to induce polymerization, and the interactions between GO and polypyrrole are conductive to enhancing the dispersibility of PPy. Likewise, the structural characterizations and DFT calculations demonstrate that PPy chains polymerized in such a way can easily form the coplanar PPy structure via α−α connection together with better conductivity. As such, PGR hydrogel electrode has an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 631 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, approximately twice more than pristine PPy (284.7 F g−1). Even with the current density increase up to 20 A g−1, PGR still maintains a capacitance retention rate of 84.1%, but pristine PPy is only 33%. In addition, the flexible all‐solid‐state supercapacitor assembled based on PGR and RGO hydrogel electrodes can achieve a high cycle stability of 91.3% after 3000 cycles. These results obviously open interesting perspectives of PPy‐based graphene hydrogels to become an advanced flexible power device.
Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles: A Review
Authors: Yuan Chao , Cheng Caiyun , Cui Bo
Published: August 2021

Pickering emulsions, stabilized by solid particles at the oil/water interface, are brought into focus due to their long‐term stability additional functionality and higher safety. Cyclodextrins are enzymatic derivatives of starch which have a hydrophobic inside cavity and a hydrophilic outside surface. Cyclodextrins aggregate and form crystalline nanoparticles at the interface of oil/water by self‐assembly which adsorbs on the surface of oil droplets to maintain the long‐term stability of the emulsion during the emulsifying process. Moreover, Cyclodextrins can form amphiphilic complex supermolecules nanoparticles with lipophilic molecules and be utilized to prepare functional Pickering emulsions owing to the appropriate size, reasonable structure, human edible, and environmentally benign. The review compiles and assesses the properties of cyclodextrins and the latest advances on preparations, characterizations, mechanisms and applications of Pickering emulsions stabilized by cyclodextrin nanoparticles. The results will help to deeply understand the structure and function relationship and expand the application of Pickering emulsion in various fields.
Effect of High Pressure Treatment on Structural, Functional, and In‐Vitro Digestibility of Starches from Tubers, Cereals, and Beans
Authors: Bajaj Ritika , Singh Narpinder , Ghumman Atinder , Kaur Amritpal , Mishra Hari Niwas
Published: August 2021

Starch from different sources (wheat, rice, corn, waxy corn, potato, sweet potato, and kidney bean) are subjected to high pressure treatment (HPT) at 300 and 600 MPa and are evaluated for changes in digestibility, structural, thermal, and pasting properties. HPT alters the surface of starch granules and significantly disrupts morphology of granules. Increase in average granule size and decrease in relative crystallinity is observed in high pressure treated starches. However, a significant decrease average granule size is observed at 600 MPa. High pressure treated starches show progressive reduction in both swelling power and solubility with increase in pressure. HPT results in reduction in gelatinization temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔHgel) while starches except potato starch treated at 600 MPa do not show any endothermic peak indicating complete destruction of crystalline structure. Peak and final viscosity of native starches is higher than those of their counterpart high pressure treated starches except waxy corn starch. Increase in gel firmness and destruction of internal structure of starches especially that of tuber starches treated at high pressures is observed. HPT lowered rapidly digestible starch fraction and increased slowly digestible starch and resistant starch fraction.
Fabrication and Functional Properties of Curcuma Starch Nanoparticles as Affected by Different Degree of Polymerization of Debranched Curcuma Starch
Authors: Van Hung Pham , Duyen Trinh Thi My , Phi Nguyen Thi Lan , Quynh Tran Nha
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different degree of polymerization of debranched curcuma starch on formation and functional properties of curcuma starch nanoparticles (cur‐SNPs). In this study, curcuma starch is hydrolyzed to produce debranched starch with different average degree of polymerization () using pullulanase. The cur‐SNPs are fabricated from the debranched starch using a nanoprecipitation method. The cur‐SNPs exhibit relative flat spherical shapes with average size of 193–454 nm. The FT‐IR spectra exhibits the change in structure of the cur‐SNPs as compared to the native curcuma starch (NCS) because of the interaction between the debranched starch and curcumin. The solubility of the cur‐SNPs is significantly improved by 45.1–58.5% in cold water and by 76.2–78.7% in hot water, as compared with the NCS. The curcumin in the cur‐SNPs is more stable under UV light treatment and exhibited higher antioxidant capacity than the pure one. Thus, the cur‐SNPs show improvement in functionality and should be used as functional food.
A New Nanoparticulate System Based on Divanillin‐Crosslinked Starch: Mode of Manufacturing and In‐Vitro Evaluation of Skin Penetration
Authors: Sintov Amnon C. , Yariv Doron
Published: August 2021

Starch nanoparticles (SNPs) attract special attention due to their natural origin as well as their biodegradable and biocompatible properties. Nanoparticles based on divanillin‐modified starch loaded with curcumin are manufactured through a simple procedure of nanoprecipitation by either the solvent dropping process or the non‐solvent dropping process, without any stabilizing agent. Curcumin loading is increased with divanillin concentration, and the entrapment efficiency for 15% divanillin‐crosslinked SNPs is determined as 58.7% ± 9.6% (15.6 ± 2.5 µg mg−1 lyophilized SNPs). Since the process uses gelatinized starch, retrogradation is evidenced by DSC thermograms of the SNPs. The DSC profiles of re‐gelatinization show three endothermic transitions which are dependent on the divanillin level. This study demonstrates that dermal application of curcumin‐containing SNPs crosslinked by 10% and 15% divanillin results in a significantly enhanced penetration of curcumin into porcine ear skin compared to the non‐crosslinked SNPs and 5% crosslinked SNPs. The study concludes therefore that the crosslinking method based on divanillin reaction with starch influences the encapsulation of curcumin in the SNPs and the ability of loaded SNPs to enhance curcumin penetration into the skin.
Supported Palladium Catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling Reactions using Carbon Monoxide as C1 Source
Authors: Shaifali  , Sheetal  , Das Pralay
Published: August 2021

The carbonylative reactions of aryl halides, boronic acids, amines, activated alkene and alkynes under CO and supported palladium catalyzed conditions are very popular reactions for the synthesis of bioactive molecules, pharmaceuticals, polymers, peptides, intermediates and fine chemicals synthesis. Due to cost effectiveness and easy handling of recyclable supported palladium catalyst, it became more popular among researchers either working in academic institute or industry. In recent years, irrespective of poisoning effect of CO with palladium as major limitation, several advancements have been done through surface selection, designing and condition improvement to achieve high yield in the area of carbonylative coupling reactions. We hope this review will be helpful as a ready reference of last 20 years in the field of CO insertion reactions using diverse range of supported palladium catalysts under carbon monoxide or its sources as C1 source.
Recent Advances on Spinel Zinc Manganate Cathode Materials for Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Cai Kexing , Luo Shao‐hua , Feng Jie , Wang Jiachen , Zhan Yang , Wang Qing , Zhang Yahui , Liu Xin
Published: August 2021

Zinc metal is abundant in nature, non‐toxic, harmless, and cheap. Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have also emerged as the times require, which has attracted scholars′ research interest. In the zinc‐ion batteries, the cathode material is indispensable. Manganese oxides are widely used in electrode materials because of their various valence states (+2, +3, +4, +7). ZnMn2O4 (ZMO) is a mixed metal oxide with a spinel structure similar to LiMn2O4. Due to the synergistic effect of Zn and Mn, it has the advantages of high theoretical capacity. In recent years, researchers have gradually applied ZnMn2O4 to zinc ion batteries. In order to obtain high‐energy‐density zinc ion batteries, it is also very important to match electrolytes with a wide operating voltage window and develop a highly reversible anode. In the first instance, we investigate the research progress of spinel ZnMn2O4 as a reliable candidate material for zinc ion batteries. Later on, we review the optimization and modification measures of anode and electrolyte to improve the electrochemical properties of spinel ZnMn2O4. On this basis, we propose the reasonable research direction and development prospects for this material. It is hoped that there will be a help to researchers in this field.
Recent Progress in Enolonium Chemistry under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Kumar Ravi , Nguyen Quynh H. , Um Tae‐Woong , Shin Seunghoon
Published: August 2021

Umpolung approach through inversion of the polarity of conventional enolates, has opened up an unprecedented opportunity in the cross‐coupling via alkylation. The enolonium equivalents can be accessed either by hypervalent iodine reagents, activation/oxidation of amides, or the oxidation of alkynes. Under umpolung conditions, highly basic conditions required for classical enolate chemistry can be avoided, and they can couple with unmodified nucleophiles such as heteroatom donors and electron‐rich arenes.
Long noncoding RNA FAM66C promotes tumor progression and glycolysis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by regulating hsa‐miR‐23b‐3p/KCND2 axis
Authors: Lei Guang‐Lin , Li Zhi , Li Yuan‐Yuan , Hong Zhi‐Xian , Wang Sen , Bai Zhi‐Fang , Sun Fang , Yan Jin , Yu Ling‐Xiang , Yang Peng‐Hui , Yang Zhan‐Yu
Published: August 2021

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to be the important regulators in cancer progression. However, the role of lncRNA FAM66C (FAM66C) is yet to be investigated in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). This study aimed to investigate the effects and related mechanisms of FAM66C in ICC. Human ICC tissues and cell lines were collected. The expression levels of FAM66C, hsa‐miR‐23b‐3p (miR‐23b‐3p), and KCND2 were detected by qRT‐RCR. The transfection experiments were employed to measure the effect of FAM66C on cell viabilities, migration, and invasion in ICC cells by CCK‐8, transwell assays. Glycolysis was investigated by glucose consumption, lactate production and ATP levels. The dual‐luciferase reporter and RNA pull down assays were conducted as a means of confirming the interactions between FAM66C, miR‐23b‐3p, and KCND2. Furthermore, the levels of the EMT‐associated proteins (KCND2, GLUT1, PKM2, and LDHA) in ICC cells were detected by western blot. FAM66C was increased in ICC tissues and cells, increased cell viability, glycolysis, migration and invasion, and decreased apoptosis were shown in FAM66C overexpressing cells. Mechanistic analyses revealed that FAM66C regulated the downstream target gene KCND2 by sponging miR‐23b‐3p. FAM66C effect on ICC was further validated in murine xenograft assays. FAM66C knockdown cells gave rise to tumors that were smaller in size, consistent with the role of FAM66C as a promoter of in vivo tumor growth. These data revealed that FAM66C was able to drive ICC tumor progression and glycolytic activity via the miR‐23b‐3p/KCND2 axis, indicating FAM66C may be a viable target for treating ICC.
Comparative nutrient analysis of four species of cockroaches used as food for insectivores by life stage, species, and sex
Authors: Cerreta Anthony J. , Smith Dustin C. , Ange‐Van Heugten Kimberly , Minter Larry J.
Published: August 2021

A variety of insects are fed to insectivorous animals; however, nutritional analyses are often limited to adult life stages. Four species of nymph and adult female and male cockroaches (Blaberus giganteus, Blaptica dubia, Blatta lateralis, and Gromphadorhina portentosa) were analyzed for moisture, crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), fat, ash, and mineral content. The small sample size of this study precluded statistical analyses, however comparatively, CP in adult B. lateralis and B. dubia was greater than the CP in nymphs of the same species. Adult and nymph B. dubia had the greatest CP (96.6% and 65.3%, respectively) compared to the other three species. Inversely, fat content in adult B. lateralis and B. dubia was lower than that of nymphs of the same species. All adults contained similar levels of ADF, yet adult B. giganteus had greater ADF than nymphs; conversely, B. lateralis and B. dubia adults had less ADF than nymphs. There were differences noted in mineral parameters among the four species and life stages. Adult B. giganteus had less Ca than G. portentosa, and the lowest Ca content of the four species of nymphs and adults analyzed. This study underscores the differences in nutrient content with respect to life stage and species in previously understudied cockroaches to improve nutrient intake in captive insectivores.
Introduction: Creativity and Learning as Sociocultural and Intertwined Phenomena
Authors: Lemmetty Soila , Glăveanu Vlad Petre , Forsman Panu , Collin Kaija
Published: August 2021

The importance of creativity and learning cannot be overestimated in education, in working life, and in society at large.
Multiple Creativities Put to Work for Creative Ecologies in Teacher Professional Learning: A Vision and Practice of Everyday Creativity
Authors: Szabó Tamás Péter , Burnard Pamela , Harris Anne , Fenyvesi Kristóf , Soundararaj Gomathy , Kangasvieri Tea
Published: August 2021

In this chapter, we argue for a new vision for teacher professional learning based on the diverse creativities as practice which catalyzes educational change in whole-school contexts. We argue that it is possible (and preferable) to expand improvements to teacher education and professional development beyond neoliberal notions of “workplace readiness” and toward an environmental, ecological, sustainable education for lives worth living. This creative ecological approach considers the entire context and community of various stakeholders.

Applying a case study approach, we analyze teachers’ published assignments in a blended in-service teacher education course entitled “Everyday Creativity.” We take an applied Discourse Analytic perspective and devote special attention to narratives. We argue that teachers’ self-reflective course assignments, as well as their reports on their experimental and exploratory follow-up projects, can be considered narratives through which they discursively reconstruct not only their professional identities but also their perceptions of creativity in their whole-school ecologies.

Based on the theoretical framework and case study, we define everyday creativity as a manifestation of real-world learning which gives a rhizomatic understanding of how diverse creativities intra-act and are embedded within the creative ecologies of school. Finally, we indicate the potential of the concept in the renewal of education in general and teacher education in particular.
Übersicht und Profile der ausgewählten fünf NGOs
Authors: Schiffers Maximilian
Published: August 2021

Bei den systematisch ausgewählten Fallstudien der Studie handelt es sich um Attac, LobbyControl, Foodwatch, Campact und die Deutsche Umweltstiftung. Entsprechend der Forschungsstrategie umfasst die Auswahl unterschiedliche Fälle, um mit einer theoretisch-konzeptionellen Perspektive nach Gemeinsamkeiten in Form einer besonderen politischen Rationalität von NGO-Strategien in der politischen Interessenvermittlung zu suchen. Die verbindende Klammer um die fünf NGOs ist ihre bewusste strategische Entscheidung, sich an der Gemeinschaftskampagne „Europäische Initiative gegen TTIP und CETA“ zu beteiligen (zu den Hintergründen siehe Finkbeiner et al. 2016, Bauer 2016, vgl. Corporate Europe Observatory/LobbyControl 2017).
Praktische Implikationen und Bausteine moderner Interessenvermittlung
Authors: Schiffers Maximilian
Published: August 2021

Das nachfolgende Kapitel stellt praktische Implikationen für die moderne Interessenvermittlung vor, die sich als Verknüpfung aus den Ergebnissen der empirischen Analyse und den theoretischen Überlegungen ableiten. Die verschiedenen Aspekte sind zu Bausteinen aggregiert, die jeweils die gesamte Bandbreite der aufgezeigten Handlungslogiken innerhalb eines Aspekts darstellen. Die Bausteine ergeben nur in der Zusammenschau Sinn.