bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms associated with the trajectory of depressive and anxiety symptoms: A linear mixed-effects model during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ebrahimi Omid V. , Hoffart Asle , Johnson Sverre Urnes
Published: February 2022

With the fluctuations in anxious and depressive symptomatology accompanied by the pandemic crises, studies on the trajectories of these symptom domains are warranted to monitor the development of mental health problems in the population. This pre-registered longitudinal study examines stable factors and mechanistic processes covarying with the trajectory of anxiety and depressive symptoms using linear-mixed effects models in 4936 adults from the pandemic’s onset to four months into the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. Prevalence estimates of moderate to severe levels of clinically impairing symptoms of anxiety and depression revealed high but reduced occurrence four months into the pandemic where social distancing protocols were substantially lightened in severity, revealing associations between symptoms and viral mitigation protocols after stringent control of plausible confounders. Subgroups at risk at the onset of the pandemic sustained their relative position compared to their counterparts four months into the pandemic, indicating prolonged suffering of these subgroups. Among mechanistic processes, key differences were identified regarding the trajectory of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Physical exercise was associated with long-term but not momentaneous alleviations in anxiety. In contrast, reductions in depressive symptoms were associated with both the simultaneous exertion as well as dose-increases in exercise over time. Increased knowledge about how to best cope with pandemic challenges was associated with greater improvement in depressive but not anxiety symptoms. Reductions in maladaptive coping strategies and negative metacognitive beliefs was substantially associated with greater improvement of both anxious and depressive symptomatology. Mechanistic processes divergently relate to the trajectory of depressive and anxious symptomatology, yielding domain-specific information of utility for preventive and interventive efforts aimed at impeding deleterious symptom levels.
Human Brain Organoids and Consciousness
Authors: Niikawa Takuya , Hayashi Yoshiyuki , Shepherd Joshua , Sawai Tsutomu
Published: February 2022

This article proposes a methodological schema for engaging in a productive discussion of ethical issues regarding human brain organoids (HBOs), which are three-dimensional cortical neural tissues created using human pluripotent stem cells. Although moral consideration of HBOs significantly involves the possibility that they have consciousness, there is no widely accepted procedure to determine whether HBOs are conscious. Given that this is the case, it has been argued that we should adopt a precautionary principle about consciousness according to which, if we are not certain whether HBOs have consciousness—and where treating HBOs as not having consciousness may cause harm to them—we should proceed as if theydohave consciousness. This article emphasizes a methodological advantage of adopting the precautionary principle: it enables us to sidestep the question of whether HBOs have consciousness (the whether-question) and, instead, directly address the question of what kinds of conscious experiences HBOs can have(the what-kind-question), where the what-kind-question is more tractable than the whether-question. By addressing the what-kind-question (and, in particular, the question of what kinds ofvalencedexperiences HBOs can have), we will be able to examine how much moral consideration HBOs deserve. With this in mind, this article confronts the what-kind-question with the assistance of experimental studies of consciousness and suggests an ethical framework which supports restricting the creation and use of HBOs in bioscience.
Median-Type John–Nirenberg Space in Metric Measure Spaces
Authors: Myyryläinen Kim
Published: February 2022

We study the so-called John–Nirenberg space that is a generalization of functions of bounded mean oscillation in the setting of metric measure spaces with a doubling measure. Our main results are local and global John–Nirenberg inequalities, which give weak-type estimates for the oscillation of a function. We consider medians instead of integral averages throughout, and thus functions are not a priori assumed to be locally integrable. Our arguments are based on a Calderón–Zygmund decomposition and a good-$$\lambda $$
λ
inequality for medians. A John–Nirenberg inequality up to the boundary is proven by using chaining arguments. As a consequence, the integral-type and the median-type John–Nirenberg spaces coincide under a Boman-type chaining assumption.
Complex fermatean fuzzy N-soft sets: a new hybrid model with applications
Authors: Akram Muhammad , Amjad Umaira , Alcantud José Carlos R. , Santos-García Gustavo
Published: February 2022

Decision-making methods play an important role in the real-life of human beings and consist of choosing the best options from a set of possible choices. This paper proposes the notion of complex Fermatean fuzzy N-soft set ($$\hbox {CFFNS}_f$$

CFFNS
f

S) which, by means of ranking parameters, is capable of handling two-dimensional information related to the degree of satisfaction and dissatisfaction implicit in the nature of human decisions. We define the fundamental set-theoretic operations of $$\hbox {CFFNS}_f$$

CFFNS
f

S and elaborate the $$\hbox {CFFS}_f$$

CFFS
f

S associated with threshold. The algebraic and Yager operations on $$\hbox {CFFNS}_f$$

CFFNS
f

numbers are also defined. Several algorithms are proposed to demonstrate the applicability of $$\hbox {CFFNS}_f$$

CFFNS
f

S to multi-attribute decision making. The advanced algorithms are described and accomplished by several numerical examples. Then, a comparative study manifests the validity, feasibility, and reliability of the proposed model. This method is compared with the Fermatean fuzzy Yager weighted geometric ($$\hbox {FFY}_w$$

FFY
w

G) and the Fermatean fuzzy Yager weighted average ($$\hbox {FFY}_w$$

FFY
w

A) operators. Further, we developed a remarkable $$\hbox {CFFNS}_f$$

CFFNS
f

-TOPSIS approach by applying innovative $$\hbox {CFFNS}_f$$

CFFNS
f

weighted average operator and distance measure. The presented technique is fantastically designed for the classification of the most favorable alternative by examining the closeness of all available choices from particular ideal solutions. Afterward, we demonstrate the amenability of the initiated approach by analyzing its tremendous potential to select the best city in the USA for farming. An integrated comparative analysis with existing Fermatean fuzzy TOPSIS technique is rendered to certify the terrific capability of the established approach. Further, we decisively investigate the rationality and reliability of the presented $$\hbox {CFFNS}_f$$

CFFNS
f

S and $$\hbox {CFFNS}_f$$

CFFNS
f

-TOPSIS approach by highlighting its advantages over the existent models and TOPSIS approaches. Finally, we holistically describe the conclusion of the whole work.
Strain Hardening and Adiabatic Heating of Stainless Steels After a Sudden Increase of Strain Rate
Authors: Vázquez‑Fernández N. I. , Isakov M. , Hokka M.
Published: February 2022

This study focuses on the strain hardening and adiabatic heating of two stainless steels after a sudden increase of strain rate. Tensile tests were performed where the strain rate was rapidly increased from ~ 10–4 s−1 to 1.3 × 103 s−1. Synchronized full field strain and temperature measurements were carried out with Digital Image Correlation and Infrared Thermography to analyze the materials behavior immediately after the strain rate jump. The results show that the temperature increases gradually while the strain hardening rate drops immediately after the strain rate jump. The temperature increase due to adiabatic heating does not seem to explain the drop in the strain hardening rate, thus the strain rate seems to have a direct effect on the strain hardening rate of the studied steels.
Applying Behavioural Insights to Public Policy: An Example From Rotterdam
Authors: Dewies Malte , Denktaş Semiha , Giel Lisenne , Noordzij Gera , Merkelbach Inge
Published: February 2022

Worldwide, scholars and public institutions are embracing behavioural insights to improve public policy. Multiple frameworks exist to describe the integration of behavioural insights into policy, and behavioural insights teams (BITs) have specialised in this. Yet, it often remains unclear how these frameworks can be applied and by whom. Here, we describe and discuss a comprehensive framework that describes who does what and when to integrate behavioural insights into policy. The framework is informed by relevant literature, theorising, and experience with one BIT, the Behavioural Insights Group Rotterdam. We discuss how the framework helps to overcome some challenges associated with integrating behavioural insights into policy (an overreliance on randomised control trials, a limited understanding of context, threats to good scientific practice, and bounded rationality of individuals applying behavioural insights).
Competition between intra-protein charge recombination and electron transfer outside photosystem I complexes used for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Goyal Alice , Szewczyk Sebastian , Burdziński Gotard , Abram Mateusz , Kargul Joanna , Gibasiewicz Krzysztof
Published: February 2022

Photosystem I (PSI) complexes isolated from three different species were electrodeposited on FTO conducting glass, forming a photoactive multilayer of the photo-electrode, for investigation of intricate electron transfer (ET) properties in such green hybrid nanosystems. The internal quantum efficiency of photo-electrochemical cells (PEC) containing the PSI-based photo-electrodes did not exceed ~ 0.5%. To reveal the reason for such a low efficiency of photocurrent generation, the temporal evolution of the transient concentration of the photo-oxidized primary electron donor, P+, was studied in aqueous suspensions of the PSI complexes by time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. The results of these measurements provided the information on: (1) completeness of charge separation in PSI reaction centers (RCs), (2) dynamics of internal charge recombination, and (3) efficiency of electron transfer from PSI to the electrolyte, which is the reaction competing with the internal charge recombination in the PSI RC. The efficiency of the full charge separation in the PSI complexes used for functionalization of the electrodes was ~ 90%, indicating that incomplete charge separation was not the main reason for the small yield of photocurrents. For the PSI particles isolated from a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the probability of ET outside PSI was ~ 30–40%, whereas for their counterparts isolated from a cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and a red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, it represented a mere ~ 4%. We conclude from the transient absorption data for the PSI biocatalysts in solution that the observed small photocurrent efficiency of ~ 0.5% for all the PECs analyzed in this study is likely due to: (1) limited efficiency of ET outside PSI, particularly in the case of PECs based on PSI from Synechocystis and C. merolae, and (2) the electrolyte-mediated electric short-circuiting in PSI particles forming the photoactive layer, particularly in the case of the C. reinhardtii PEC.

Graphical abstract
Acoustic measurement of under-expanded jet and its numerical prediction
Authors: Kang S. , Park T. , Joo H. , Im S. , Jang I. , Ohm W. , Shin S.-J.
Published: February 2022

Intense acoustic loads from jet noise cause noise pollution and induce failures, such as the malfunctioning of electronic devices and fatigue failure of internal/external structures. Consequently, the prediction of jet noise characteristics is crucial in the development of high-speed vehicles. This study presents acoustic experiments and predictions for an under-expanded, unheated jet using a small-scale prototype. Outdoor measurements are carried out using a vertical ejection setup. Acoustic characteristics are measured using both linear and circular microphone arrays. Additionally, numerical prediction of the same jet noise is performed using a detached eddy simulation and the permeable Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy. The vertical experimental setup exhibits the typical acoustic characteristics of a supersonic jet in terms of directivity and broadband shock-associated noise. Moreover, the numerical prediction exhibits satisfactory accuracy for the jet downstream, where the large-scale turbulence structures of the directivity predominate. However, discrepancy increases in the domain of lower directivity. The presented experiment and prediction will be extended to future studies regarding the noise of various deflector duct configurations impinging on supersonic jets.
Re-orienting transdisciplinary research and community-based participatory research for health equity
Authors: Hohl Sarah D. , Neuhouser Marian L. , Thompson Beti
Published: February 2022

Introduction:

Transdisciplinary (TD) research and community-based participatory research (CBPR) represent promising investigative approaches to ameliorate health disparities. Public investments in team-based TD research to address multifactorial public health problems have increased over the last two decades. Similarly, recognition that community participation in research and social action is essential to promoting health equity is reflected in increased prioritization of community engagement in research and practice. Yet, models that describe and guide the combined TD and CBPR approach are lacking.

Methods:

We utilized a qualitative, convergent parallel case study design that included document reviews and one-on-one interviews to assess how investigators from the Centers for Population Health and Health Disparities (CPHHD) initiative integrated TD team science and CBPR in their work, and what they perceived as the impact of that work on health equity.

Results:

Twenty-five CPHHD investigators and National Institutes of Health program staff participated in a one-on-one interview. Document and interview data informed the development of an iterative conceptual model of TD CBPR comprising five domains: problem focus, contexts, collaboration and partnership, outcomes, and societal impact of TD CBPR.

Conclusions:

TD team science and CBPR are integrally related; combining principles of both can facilitate more efficient, equitable progress toward team outcomes, improved population health, and increased health equity. This model could assist researchers and public health practitioners in designing community-relevant, scientifically rigorous research with practical implications for improving health and quality of life among marginalized populations.
Nurturing a “Great Social Organism”: School Hygiene, Body Politics, and the State in Late Imperial Russia
Authors: Fumurescu Ana
Published: February 2022

By the end of the nineteenth century, social hygiene was a topic of great importance for states experiencing fears of national degeneration. The health of children was of particular concern, as it was thought to reflect the future health of the nation. Although this prompted nation-states like France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States to develop intricate theories about the prevention and treatment of childhood illnesses, it was imperial Russia that became an unacknowledged trailblazer in the institutionalization and implementation of school hygiene measures. As this article will show, autocratic Russia's institutions and ideology allowed the tsarist state to surpass its Western neighbors in the drawing up and application of school hygiene measures.
General Recommendation No. 36 (2020) on Preventing and Combating Racial Profiling by Law Enforcement Officials (C.E.R.D.)
Authors: Moeckli Daniel
Published: February 2022

The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) adopted General Recommendation No. 36 on Preventing and Combating Racial Profiling by Law Enforcement Officials at its 102nd session, which took place from November to December 2020.
SUBCOMPACT CARDINALS, TYPE OMISSION, AND LADDER SYSTEMS
Authors: HAYUT YAIR , MAGIDOR MENACHEM
Published: February 2022

We provide a model theoretical and tree property-like characterization of
$\lambda $
-
$\Pi ^1_1$
-subcompactness and supercompactness. We explore the behavior of these combinatorial principles at accessible cardinals.
Saving Migrants’ Basic Human Rights from Sovereign Rule
Authors: SCHMID LUKAS
Published: February 2022

States cannot legitimately enforce their borders against migrants if dominant conceptions of sovereignty inform enforcement because these conceptions undermine sufficient respect for migrants’ basic human rights. Instead, such conceptions lead states to assert total control over outsiders’ potential cross-border movements to support their in-group’s self-rule. Thus, although legitimacy requires states to prioritize universal respect for basic human rights, sovereign states today generally fail to do so when it comes to border enforcement. I contend that this enforcement could only be rendered legitimate if it was predicated on more desirable conceptions of sovereignty that supported the universal prioritization of basic human rights. Specifically, desirable conceptions would not establish and require absolute state sovereignty over borders as a necessary precondition for true popular self-governance.
PAUL DRESCH, A History of Modern Yemen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Pp. 302. £37.50 cloth, £16.95 paper.
Authors: FREITAG ULRIKE
Published: February 2022

A good history of 20th century Yemen is something for which those of us researching that fascinating country have long been asking, and Paul Dresch's work in many ways fills the void. Within a clear chronological framework and in limited space he authoritatively outlines the political history of Yemen. He starts his account around 1900, just before Imam Yahya (1905–48) acceded to the imamate in the north. Meanwhile, the British extended their rule over the south from their base in Aden (occupied in 1830). The book ends with a discussion of the recent unification (1990) and the troubled decade that followed it. In an impressive tour de force, Dresch has written a history that is clearly informed by the large body of new scholarship in a variety of disciplines, as well as by his background in anthropology. Thus, he uses myriad illuminating details and quotations from original sources to paint a picture that is far more interesting and deeper than is commonly expected of historical textbooks. This is particularly evident in the first three chapters, which deal with background and with the 1950s. This part of the book seems particularly rich. It is therefore regrettable that Dresch accords the first half of the century only slightly more than a quarter of the book (the discussion of the 1950s starts on p. 58 of 214).
State Socialism and the Rural Household: How Women's Handloom Weaving (and Pig-Raising, Firewood-Gathering, Food-Scavenging) Subsidized Chinese Accumulation
Authors: Eyferth Jacob
Published: February 2022

Massive, rapid capital accumulation is usually associated with capitalist development, but historically, socialist states were among the most aggressive accumulators. Accumulation in Maoist China was faster than even in Stalin's Soviet Union, despite the fact that China was a much poorer country with fewer natural resources. China's accumulation rate, defined as the ratio of gross capital formation to gross national income, reached twenty-five to thirty per cent in 1957–1962, peaking at forty-four per cent in 1958. This level proved to be unsustainable, but after a slowdown in the early 1960s, the rate rose back to thirty-six percent.1 As is well known, the cost of China's rapid industrialization was borne mostly by its rural population.2 My aim in this chapter is to show that it was disproportionally borne by rural women, who contributed to socialist accumulation in direct and indirect ways: directly, as collective farmers, growers of the grain, cotton, soy, tea, sugarcane, etc. that fueled industrialization; and indirectly, by biologically, socially, and materially reproducing the country's labor force and by submitting to a regime of extreme austerity that allowed the government to extract scarce resources and direct them to the cities and the export trade. My argument proceeds in three steps. I will begin with an overview of socialist primitive accumulation under Mao, its preconditions and mechanisms, and the ways it replicated earlier Soviet policies or diverged from them. Next, I will discuss the various ways in which rural women's work underpinned capital accumulation and laid the foundation for China's rapid industrialization in the years since Mao's death. Finally, I will look in some detail at rural women's work at home, to show how their self-exploitation, overwork, and underconsumption in the domestic realm created the conditions for accumulation. My focus is on cotton work – both cotton cultivation and domestic cloth production – but I will also look at other ways in which domestic work supported accumulation.
An Interdisciplinary Dialogue with the Business and Human Rights Literature
Authors: Droubi Sufyan
Published: February 2022

The article draws on scholarships in the areas of international law, inequality and energy justice to engage in a dialogue with the business and human rights literature, from the perspective of the global south and Latin America, in particular. It engages with Gwynne Skinner's monograph about overcoming barriers to judicial remedy for corporate abuses of human rights. Skinner argues that if victims of these abuses cannot secure remedy in the countries in which the abuses occur – because of weak or corrupt institutions, among other factors – then the victims have a right to remedy in the home countries of the corporations and in countries in which they may conduct business – specifically, the United States, Canada and Europe. Skinner recommends that new legislation be introduced in these countries to ensure that their courts have jurisdiction to hear cases, under international human rights law, even when the cases have little or no links with the forum countries. I argue that a more robust international law and interdisciplinary approach shows that international human rights law alone provides a weak basis for the recommendations. I also reflect on part of the narrative that supports Skinner's argument, which builds a negative image of the courts in developing countries, to argue that this is unnecessary and that expansions of the bases of jurisdiction should be implemented on specific and stronger reasons.
Fostering a Constructive Intra-African Legal Dialogue in Post-Colonial Africa
Authors: Fombad Charles Manga
Published: February 2022

The contention of this article is that there is a need to debunk the myth that the diversity of Africa's inherited legal systems means that the continent has little to contribute to the global legal dialogue. For Africa to make an effective contribution to global legal dialogue, there is a need for serious intra-African legal dialogue. The article focuses on sub-Saharan countries and provides an overview of the numerous legal traditions that were imposed on them at independence. It then looks at the global legal dialogue within which the global south is marginalized. Thereafter, the article discusses the ways in which an intra-African trans-systemic dialogue can be promoted. The main argument of the article is that such a dialogue is likely to provide the critical understanding necessary to pave the way for closer collaboration between African countries in their efforts to develop legal values, principles and institutions that are better suited to addressing the continent's complex and multifaceted problems.
Relaxed magnetohydrodynamics with ideal Ohm's law constraint
Authors: Dewar R.L. , Qu Z.S.
Published: February 2022

The gap between a recently developed dynamical version of relaxed magnetohydrodynamics (RxMHD) and ideal MHD (IMHD) is bridged by approximating the zero-resistivity ‘ideal’ Ohm's law (IOL) constraint using an augmented Lagrangian method borrowed from optimization theory. The augmentation combines a pointwise vector Lagrange multiplier method and global penalty function method and can be used either for iterative enforcement of the IOL to arbitrary accuracy, or for constructing a continuous sequence of magnetofluid dynamics models running between RxMHD (no IOL) and weak IMHD (IOL almost everywhere). This is illustrated by deriving dispersion relations for linear waves on an MHD equilibrium.
Molecular detection of Trypanosoma (Trypanosomatidae) in bats from Thailand, with their phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Riana Elizabeth , Arnuphapprasert Apinya , Narapakdeesakul Duriyang , Ngamprasertwong Thongchai , Wangthongchaicharoen Monsicha , Soisook Pipat , Bhodhibundit Phanaschakorn , Kaewthamasorn Morakot
Published: February 2022

The vast majority of trypanosome species is vector-borne parasites, with some of them being medically and veterinary important (such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei) and capable of causing serious illness in vertebrate hosts. The discovery of trypanosomes in bats emphasizes the importance of bats as an important reservoir. Interestingly, there is a hypothesis that bats are ancestral hosts of T. cruzi. Trypanosome diversity has never been investigated in bats in Thailand, despite being in a biodiversity hot spot. To gain a better understanding of the diversity and evolutionary relationship of trypanosomes, polymerase chain reaction-based surveys were carried out from 2018 to 2020 in 17 sites. A total of 576 bats were captured, representing 23 species. A total of 38 (6.6%) positive samples was detected in ten bat species. Trypanosoma dionisii and Trypanosoma noyesi were identified from Myotis siligorensis and Megaderma spasma, respectively. The remaining 18S rRNA sequences of trypanosomes were related to other trypanosomes previously reported elsewhere. The sequences in the current study showed nucleotide identity as low as 90.74% compared to those of trypanosomes in the GenBank database, indicating the possibility of new species. All bat trypanosomes identified in the current study fall within the T. cruzi clade. The current study adds to evidence linking T. noyesi to a bat trypanosome and further supports the bat host origin of the T. cruzi clade. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study on bat trypanosomes in Thailand and their phylogenetic relationships with global isolates.
Similarity in ixodid tick communities harboured by wildlife and livestock in the Albany Thicket Biome of South Africa
Authors: Horak Ivan G. , Junker Kerstin , Krasnov Boris R.
Published: February 2022

South Africa has a diverse fauna of ixodid tick species, several of which are of medical or veterinary importance. Elucidation of which host or environmental characteristics determine the composition and abundance of tick assemblages is, therefore, highly relevant to disease management and wildlife conservation efforts. Here, we analysed the similarity in ixodid tick assemblages of three wildlife and three livestock species in a natural (Great Fish River Reserve) and anthropogenic (an adjacent farm) habitat in South Africa. We compared tick infracommunities of three wild host species between the reserve and the farm; of three wild host species within the reserve and of wild and livestock species on the farm (considering body size). Hosts examined in this study harboured the adults and immature stages of 11 tick species belonging to five ixodid genera. Notably, several tick species of South African wildlife have successfully made the switch to livestock and thus both wild hosts and livestock now contribute to the pool of maintenance hosts for these ticks as well as their associated pathogens. This is an important consideration when translocating wildlife or livestock as part of farming or conservation activities.
Two new genera and species of avian schistosomes from Argentina with proposed recommendations and discussion of the polyphyletic genus Gigantobilharzia (Trematoda, Schistosomatidae)
Authors: Lorenti Eliana , Brant Sara V. , Gilardoni Carmen , Diaz Julia I. , Cremonte Florencia
Published: February 2022

Gigantobilharzia Odhner, 1910 (Schistosomatidae) includes species that parasitize several orders of birds and families of gastropods from both freshwater and marine environments worldwide. Due to their delicate bodies, most of the species descriptions are incomplete, and lumped in the genus Gigantobilharzia, in some cases despite major morphological variability. Only three of those species have molecular sequence data but then lack a robust morphological description, making species differentiation very difficult. For this reason, several authors consider that many of the species of Gigantobilharzia should be reassigned to new genera. The aim of this paper is to describe two new genera and two new species of schistosomes using morphological and molecular characterization. We described Marinabilharzia patagonense n. g., n. sp. parasitizing Larus dominicanus from north Patagonian coast, and Riverabilharzia ensenadense n. g., n. sp. parasitizing L. dominicanus, Chroicocephalus maculipennis and Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus from freshwater Río de La Plata, in South America, Argentina. We then analysed and discussed the combinations of characters defining species of Gigantobilharzia and, based on that and on the available molecular data, we propose at least four possible new genera.
Poverty is not ‘another culture’: Against a right of children to work to live
Authors: Weber Heloise , Abbasi Aliya
Published: February 2022

Well-being and protection of all children have widely been associated with universal rights. Simultaneously, though, there is growing advocacy for a right of children to work to live. Drawing on cultural relativist premises, such advocacy strongly correlates with an acceptance of poverty as a condition that is inevitable or simply ‘given’. We advance an argument against a right of children to work to live. The fact that only poor children are compelled to work should direct analyses to the causes of poverty. A critical engagement with the politics of development is necessary as it is often constitutive of relations of impoverishment. We critique Eurocentric perspectives that advocate for child labour and substantiate our argument by drawing on the case example of Bolivia, which lowered the legal age for child labour, only to eventually retract this decision. We demonstrate the link between neoliberal development and a rapid increase in the number of children forced to work to live since the 1980s. The case for a right of children to work to live is not justifiable; but there is a case for abolishing child labour and upholding the right of all children and their families to live in dignity. Poverty is not ‘another culture’.
Sex in the Cold War
Authors: Lišková Kateřina
Published: February 2022

Surprisingly, sexuality has not been at the centre of scholarship on post-war Central and Eastern Europe. While neighbouring topics, such as gender or everyday life, have been thoroughly and wonderfully researched (the list here is too long, but let me mention at least some shining examples), sexuality somehow escaped the spotlight. Path-breaking research done by Dagmar Herzog on East Germany or Dan Healey on Soviet Russia was for a long time not followed by similar examinations focusing on other countries from the region. The situation is beginning to change.
Towards improving the robustness of sequential labeling models against typographical adversarial examples using triplet loss
Authors: Udomcharoenchaikit Can , Boonkwan Prachya , Vateekul Peerapon
Published: February 2022

Many fundamental tasks in natural language processing (NLP) such as part-of-speech tagging, text chunking, and named-entity recognition can be formulated as sequence labeling problems. Although neural sequence labeling models have shown excellent results on standard test sets, they are very brittle when presented with misspelled texts. In this paper, we introduce an adversarial training framework that enhances the robustness against typographical adversarial examples. We evaluate the robustness of sequence labeling models with an adversarial evaluation scheme that includes typographical adversarial examples. We generate two types of adversarial examples without access (black-box) or with full access (white-box) to the target model’s parameters. We conducted a series of extensive experiments on three languages (English, Thai, and German) across three sequence labeling tasks. Experiments show that the proposed adversarial training framework provides better resistance against adversarial examples on all tasks. We found that we can further improve the model’s robustness on the chunking task by including a triplet loss constraint.
Sonic Scars in Urban Space: Trauma and the Parisian Soundscape during l'année terrible
Authors: Brooks Erin
Published: February 2022

In the “terrible year” of 1870–71 – spanning the Franco-Prussian War through the Commune – Parisians looked on with horror at the nightmarish transformation of their Ville Lumière. They not only watched, they listened – garnering crucial information but also failing to shut out belliphonic sounds that rendered them sleepless, sick or even unable to function. In a flood of lectures and treatises, a generation of neurologists and psychiatrists assessed the impact of this year on French minds and bodies. Moreover, Charcot and Janet formulated early understandings of trauma amidst the cultural memories and traumatized populations impacted by 1870–71.

Weaving together contemporary medical discourse, journals, reportage and iconography, this article reveals a topography of Parisian sonic violence. Drawing on Mark M. Smith and Jennifer Stoever's work on how race, gender, and class structure listening, this case study analyses the positionality of sound's traumatic impacts on nineteenth-century Parisians. Connecting sound, the events of 1870–71, and early conceptions of trauma also critically integrates these decades with subsequent experiences of la grande guerre. As I ultimately situate a specifically urban theorization of the aural experiences of war, I conclude with how sonic trauma of l'année terrible might stretch far beyond 1870–71. Borrowing from Andreas Huyssen's concept of city as palimpsest – where visual reminders of violence leave ‘absent presences’ in the heart of an urban space – I query how sonic memories of conflict might similarly leave traces – sonic scars? – in both physical places and in individual and collective memories.
The 2020 Monte Cristo (Nevada) Earthquake Sequence: Stress Transfer in the Context of Conjugate Strike‐Slip Faults
Authors: Kariche Jugurtha
Published: February 2022

On 15 May 2020 at 11:03 (UTC) a shallow earthquake with a Magnitude Mw 6.5 struck the Central Walker Lane in the Mina Deflection region. This shallow event offers the possibility to model the change in Coulomb failure function (ΔCFF) including the historical events and to analyze the effect of fluid redistribution on fault ruptures. The static stress change modeling shows that the 1932 Cedar Mountain (Mw 7.1) earthquake increased ΔCFF on the 2020 Monte Cristo left‐lateral rupture by an average value of ∼2 bar suggesting a fault interaction in the context of conjugate strike‐slip faults. Also, the ΔCFF caused by the Monte Cristo earthquake shows a 0.1–0.5 bar increase on nearby right‐lateral fault planes at 8 km depth. In contrast to the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence (Mw 6.4 and Mw 7.1), our poroelastic stress change modeling of the 2020 Monte Cristo earthquake shows no apparent correlation between the positive stress change values and fluid redistribution along the Monte Cristo conjugated ruptures. Nevertheless, the Coulomb modeling using adapted poroelastic solutions shows that the 2020 Monte Cristo mainshock increased stresses with a value of 0.2–0.9 bar south of the Mina Deflection along the White Mountains and Fish Lake Valley fault zones. The stress values combined with a strain rate of 40–50 nanostrain/yr represent a shift of 8%–15% of the recurrence time interval for a large earthquake along the White Mountains and Fish Lake Valley faults suggesting an elevated pore‐fluid effect for faults reactivation in both undrained and drained fluid conditions.
Permafrost Degradation Diminishes Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration Capacity on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhuang Qianlai , Zhao Dongsheng , Zheng Du , Kou Dan , Yang Yuanhe
Published: February 2022

Effects of permafrost degradation on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) have rarely been analyzed. This study used a revised process‐based biogeochemical model to quantify the effects in the region during the 21st century. We found that permafrost degradation would expose 0.61 ± 0.26 (mean ± SD) and 1.50 ± 0.15 Pg C of soil organic carbon under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and the RCP 8.5, respectively. Among them, more than 20% will be decomposed, enhancing heterotrophic respiration by 8.62 ± 4.51 (RCP 4.5) and 33.66 ± 14.03 (RCP 8.5) Tg C/yr in 2099. Deep soil N supply due to thawed permafrost is not accessible to plants, only stimulating net primary production by 7.15 ± 4.83 (RCP 4.5) and 24.27 ± 9.19 (RCP 8.5) Tg C/yr in 2099. As a result, the single effect of permafrost degradation would cumulatively weaken the regional C sink by 209.44 ± 137.49 (RCP 4.5) and 371.06 ± 151.70 (RCP 8.5) Tg C during 2020–2099. However, when factors of climate change, CO2 increasing and permafrost degradation are all considered, the permafrost region on the QTP would be a stronger C sink in the 21st century. Permafrost degradation has a greater influence on C balance of alpine meadows than alpine steppes on the QTP. The shallower active layer, higher soil C and N stocks, and wetter environment in alpine meadows are responsible for its stronger response to permafrost degradation. This study highlights that permafrost degradation could continue to release large amounts of C to the atmosphere irrespective of potentially more nitrogen available from deep soils.
Possible Thermal Effect of Tibetan Plateau on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Wen Qin , Yang Haijun , Yang Kai , Li Gen , Liu Zhengyu , Liu Jian
Published: February 2022

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is important in shaping the global climate. To understand how its thermal condition may affect the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), we conduct a series of albedo forcing experiments to simulate the TP warming and cooling conditions. The results show that the TP warming can immediately generate anticyclone in the subtropical North Atlantic, leading to more water vapor transporting from the North Atlantic to eastern tropical Pacific. This results in less precipitation over the North Atlantic and increases the sea surface salinity. The latter enhances the deep‐water formation in the subpolar North Atlantic and thus the AMOC. In contrast, the TP cooling weakens the AMOC via opposite processes. These findings imply that the AMOC change can be affected not only by local factors but also remote forcing from Asia.
An Extreme High Temperature Event in Coastal East Antarctica Associated With an Atmospheric River and Record Summer Downslope Winds
Authors: Turner John , Lu Hua , King John C. , Carpentier Scott , Lazzara Matthew , Phillips Tony , Wille Jonathan
Published: February 2022

High surface temperatures are important in Antarctica because of their role in ice melt and sea level rise. We investigate a high temperature event in December 1989 that gave record temperatures in coastal East Antarctica between 60° and 100°E. The high temperatures were associated with a pool of warm lower tropospheric air with December temperature anomalies of >14°C that developed in two stages over the Amery Ice Shelf. First, there was near‐record poleward warm advection within an atmospheric river. Second, synoptically driven downslope flow from the interior reached unprecedented December strength over a large area, leading to strong descent and further warming in the coastal region. The coastal easterly winds were unusually deep and strong, and the warm pool was advected westwards, giving a short period of high temperatures at coastal locations, including a surface temperature of 9.3°C at Mawson, the second highest in its 66‐year record.
Variable Depths of Magma Genesis in the North China Craton and Central Asian Orogenic Belt Inferred From Teleseismic P Wave Attenuation
Authors: Liu Hanlin , Byrnes Joseph S. , Bezada Maximiliano , Wu Qingju , Pei Shunping , He Jing
Published: February 2022

Eastern Asia is a prime location for the study of intracontinental tectono‐magmatic activity. For instance, the origin of widespread intraplate volcanism has been one of the most debated aspects of East Asian geological activity. Measurements of attenuation of teleseismic phases may provide additional constraints on the source regions of volcanism by sampling the upper mantle. This study uses data from three seismic arrays to constrain lateral variations in teleseismic P wave attenuation beneath the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and the North China Craton. We invert relative observations of attenuation for a 2‐D map of variations in attenuation along with data and model uncertainties by applying a Hierarchical Bayesian method. As expected, low attenuation is observed beneath the Ordos block. High attenuation is observed beneath most of the volcanoes (e.g., the Middle Gobi volcano, the Bus Obo volcano, and the Datong volcano) in the study area, and estimated asthenospheric Qp values span from 95 to 200. These values are within the range of globally average asthenosphere. We infer that these volcanoes may tap melt from ambient asthenosphere and occur where the lithosphere is thin, which is consistent with previous petrologic studies. More complex mantle drivers of volcanism are not rejected but are not needed to explain eruptions in this area. In contrast, at the Xilinhot‐Abaga volcanic site, the observed low attenuation (as low as beneath the Ordos block) excludes a typical shallow melting column. Fluids from the subducted Pacific plate may initiate the deep melting and would be consistent with petrological constraints.
A New Oxybarometer for Basalts Based on Olivine‐Melt Mn‐Fe2+ Exchange Coefficient and FeT/Mn Ratios in Olivine and Melt
Authors: Sun Zhongxing , Xiong Xiaolin
Published: February 2022

Melt Fe3+/FeT ratios are widely used as a proxy for the oxygen fugacity (fO2) in magma systems. A particular challenge is a difficulty in quantifying the Fe2+ and Fe3+ contents, which are not easily measurable by conventional techniques. Using the Mn–Fe2+ exchange coefficient (KD) between olivine (ol) and melt (m), this study develops a novel approach to this problem using the relationship of / = 1 − * (/Mnol)/(/Mnm). The key for applying this equation is to combine well‐defined with accurate Mn and FeT analyses of olivine and coexisting melt. The Mn and FeT analyses are readily measured by electron microprobe. To define , we performed experiments at 1.0–1.75 GPa and 1250–1450°C under graphite‐buffered conditions, where FeT can be used as Fe2+ to calculate . The results show that  = 0.730 ± 0.025 is nearly constant over a realistic range of experimental conditions (temperature, pressure, and melt composition) relevant to basaltic magmas, allowing calculation of melt Fe3+/FeT ratios without the need for any further knowledge of these parameters. A comparison with published data, where melt Fe3+/FeT ratios have been directly measured, demonstrates that our calculation method is as accurate as Mossbauer spectroscopy and XANES techniques, thus providing a very simple and accessible approach to melt Fe3+/FeT ratio estimation. However, it should be noted that the accuracy of this method is critically reliant on: (a) accurate Mn and Fe analyses and (b) olivine‐melt chemical equilibrium.
The Spectral Mixture Residual: A Source of Low‐Variance Information to Enhance the Explainability and Accuracy of Surface Biology and Geology Retrievals
Authors: Sousa D. , Brodrick P. , Cawse‐Nicholson K. , Fisher J. B. , Pavlick R. , Small C. , Thompson D. R.
Published: February 2022

Spectrally mixed pixels are the rule, not the exception, in decameter terrestrial imaging. By definition, the reflectance spectrum of a mixed pixel is a function of more than one generative process. Physically based surface biology and geology retrievals must therefore isolate the component of interest from a myriad of unrelated processes, each occurring with unknown presence and abundance across the hundreds of square meters sampled by each pixel. Foliar traits, for example, must be isolated from canopy structure and substrate composition. In many cases, these unrelated processes can dominate overall variance of spatially integrated reflectance. We propose a new approach to isolate low‐variance spectral signatures in mixed pixels. The aggregate effects of (high‐variance) spatial mixing processes within each pixel are modeled by treating the observed reflectance as a linear mixture of a small set of generic endmember spectra. Spatial mixing effects are removed by computing the (low‐variance) difference between the modeled and observed spectra, named the Mixture Residual (MR). The MR, a residual reflectance spectrum that is presumed to carry the subtler and variable signals of interest, is then leveraged as a source of signal. We illustrate the approach using three independent collections of reflectance spectra: synthetic composites computed from field measurements, NEON AOP airborne image compilations, and DESIS satellite data. The MR is found to discriminate between land cover versus plant trait signals, and to accentuate subtle absorption features. Mean band‐to‐band correlations within the visible, NIR, and SWIR wavebands decrease from 0.97, 0.94, and 0.97 to 0.95, 0.04, and 0.31 (respectively). The number of dimensions required to explain 99% of image variance increases from 4 to 13. We focus on vegetation as an illustrative example, but note that the concept can be extended to other classes of spectra and used as an input to other algorithms.
Refractivity Inversions From Point‐To‐Point X‐Band Radar Propagation Measurements
Authors: Pastore Douglas M. , Wessinger Sarah E. , Greenway Daniel P. , Stanek Mathew J. , Burkholder Robert J. , Haack Tracy , Wang Qing , Hackett Erin E.
Published: February 2022

Dynamic refractive environments within the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) pose difficulties in the prediction of X‐band radar wave propagation due to natural phenomena such as evaporation ducts (ED). This study utilizes a unique data set collected during the Coupled Air‐Sea Processes and Electromagnetic Ducting Research (CASPER)‐East field campaign, including multiple refractivity estimation methods and twelve point‐to‐point (PTP) electromagnetic datasets, to assess the efficacy of PTP inversion techniques for remote sensing of atmospheric refractivity within the MABL. Comparison of refractivity between the inverse and other refractivity methods show reasonable evaporation duct height estimates by the inversion, and inverse‐based propagation predictions are also shown to be more accurate than propagation based on other refractivity prediction methods: numerical weather prediction, theory, and in situ atmospheric measurements. These results propose the effectiveness of a PTP metaheuristic radar inversion to remotely sense refractive environments from radar propagation measurements in stable and unstable atmospheric conditions.