bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Perceptions of Infant Distress Signals Varying in Pitch by Cocaine‐Using Mothers
Authors: Schuetze Pamela , Zeskind Philip Sanford , Eiden Rina Das
Published: January 2004

Perceptual responses to infant distress signals were studied in 16 cocaine‐using and 15 comparison mothers. All mothers rated tape recordings of 48 replications of a newborn infant's hunger cry digitally altered to increase in fundamental frequency in 100‐Hz increments. Cries were rated on 4 perceptual (arousing, aversive, urgent, and sick) and 6 caregiving rating scale items (clean, cuddle, feed, give pacifier, pick up, and wait and see) used in previous studies. Analyses of variance showed that, as cry pitch increased, cries were rated as more arousing, aversive, and urgent sounding. The highest pitched cries received the highest ratings for caregiving interventions. Main effects for cocaine use showed cocaine‐using mothers (a) rated cries as less arousing, aversive, urgent, and sick; (b) indicated they were less likely to pick up or feed the infant; and (c) indicated they more likely to give the crying infant a pacifier or just “wait and see.” A Group x Cry Pitch interaction effect showed that mothers in the cocaine group gave higher ratings to wait and see as the pitch of the cries increased, whereas mothers in the comparison group gave lower ratings to wait and see as the pitch of the cries increased. These ratings indicate that cocaine‐using mothers found cries to be less perceptually salient and less likely to elicit nurturant caregiving responses. These results suggest that maternal cocaine use is associated with altered perceptions of infant distress signals that may provide the basis for differential social responsivity in the caregiving context.
Maternal Attention‐Directing Strategies and Infant Focused Attention During Problem Solving
Authors: Bono Michael A. , Stifter Cynthia A.
Published: January 2004

Forty‐nine mother‐infant dyads participated in the study. Mothers were observed during free play with their infants to assess their attention‐directing strategies. Infants were observed during the Bayley to assess their focused attention abilities. Assessments were made when infants were 10 and 18 months. Whereas consistently high levels of maintaining over time were modestly associated with better infant focused attention at 18 months, consistently high levels of redirecting were moderately associated with poorer infant focused attention at 18 months. Additionally, more focused attention was associated with higher Bayley scores at both ages. Although the direction of effects could not be determined, the findings suggest links between maternal attention‐directing strategies (maintaining and redirecting) during play and infant attentional abilities during problem solving.
Newborns' Perceptual Categorization for Closed and Open Geometric Forms
Authors: Turati Chiara , Simion Francesca , Zanon Lara
Published: January 2004

This study explored newborns' ability to perceive perceptual similarities between different exemplars of 2 broad classes of simple shapes: closed and open geometric forms. Three experiments were carried out using a visual paired‐comparison task. Evidence showed that, after familiarization either to closed‐shaped or to open‐shaped forms, newborns manifested a novelty preference for a novel‐category rather than for a familiar‐category exemplar (Experiment 1). This result could not be explained either as a consequence of the newborns' inability to discriminate between instances of the same category of simple geometric forms (Experiment 2), or as a consequence of a spontaneous preference for the novel‐category exemplars (Experiment 3). Overall, findings revealed that newborns are able to form broad categories of distinguishable geometric shapes by relying on the shapes' perceptual similarity.
Consumers’ Responses to Negative Word‐of‐Mouth Communication: An Attribution Theory Perspective
Authors: Laczniak Russell N. , DeCarlo Thomas E. , Ramaswami Sridhar N.
Published: January 2004

Research on negative word‐of‐mouth communication (WOMC) in general, and the process by which negative WOMC affects consumers’ brand evaluations in particular, has been limited. This study uses attribution theory to explain consumers’ responses to negative WOMC. Experimental results suggest that (a) causal attributions mediate the negative WOMC‐brand evaluation relation, (b) receivers’ attributions depend on the manner in which the negative WOMC is conveyed, and (c) brand name affects attributions. Results also suggest that when receivers attribute the negativity of the WOMC message to the brand, brand evaluations decrease; however, if receivers attribute the negativity to the communicator, brand evaluations increase.
An Influence of Positive Affect on Decision Making in Complex Situations: Theoretical Issues With Practical Implications
Authors: Isen Alice M.
Published: January 2004

This article reviews evidence indicating that, in most circumstances, positive affect enhances problem solving and decision making, leading to cognitive processing that is not only flexible, innovative, and creative, but also thorough and efficient. These results have implications regarding consumers’ potential reactions to affect generated by ads, products, consumption situations, and service encounters.

These cognitive effects of positive affect are considered in the context of effects on social interaction that show that positive affect leads to helping, generosity, and interpersonal understanding. Together, these findings suggest implications especially for customer satisfaction, and particularly for a role for employee positive affect, or employee satisfaction, in generating customer satisfaction.

Moreover, studies specifically in the domain of medical decision making and problem solving indicate that these implications would apply to the specific areas of doctor–patient interaction, medical decision making, and medical consumer satisfaction. Finally, it is suggested that the benefits of positive affect be considered when formulating healthcare policy and be included in economic models and policy decisions more generally as well.
Exploring the Role of Alternative Perceived Performance Measures and Needs‐Congruency in the Consumer Satisfaction Process
Authors: Wirtz Jochen , Mattila Anna
Published: January 2004

Prior research suggests that perceived performance of a product or a service is directly linked to postpurchase satisfaction. We argue that this causal relationship might be a measurement artifact and/or insufficient modeling of the satisfaction process rather than an accurate assessment of how consumers form satisfaction judgments.

To test our hypotheses, a 2 x 2 x 2 (Performance x Expectations x Needs) factorial design was used with 2 types of perceived performance measures (value‐laden and objective). The findings demonstrate that the observed direct link from perceived performance to overall satisfaction diminishes when more objective perceived performance indicators replace the commonly used value‐laden measures. Furthermore, desire‐congruency was found to contribute independently to satisfaction over and above a disconfirmation‐of‐expectations standard. In fact, desire‐congruency was found to be a better predictor of satisfaction than disconfirmation‐of‐expectations. Finally, our results suggest that the direct performance–satisfaction link becomes insignificant when the modeling of the satisfaction process is improved. Taken together, these findings support the view that the frequently observed high correlations between perceived performance and satisfaction might be a reflection of the type of measures used and/or insufficient capturing of the evaluative process leading to satisfaction, rather than support for a direct causal link.
Psychological Indicators of Innovation Adoption: Cross‐Classification Based on Need for Cognition and Need for Change
Authors: Wood Stacy L. , Swait Joffre
Published: January 2004

Predicting how and when consumers will switch from a current familiar brand to a new option is a matter of concern for every level of new product introduction—from brand extensions to “really new” discontinuous innovations. In this article, we build on the innovativeness literature by investigating the degree to which 2 consumer characteristics, the need for cognition (Ncog) and the need for change (Nchange), help explain individuals’ propensity to choose new innovations versus status quo options. We demonstrate that by separating Ncog and Nchange and cross‐classifying individuals based on these attributes, 4 unique patterns of change behavior emerge. A large‐scale choice study was conducted by surveying metropolitan residents about changes in telecommunication services (local, long distance, and cellular). We use a latent class model to uncover the segmentation structure in the choice data, using the constructs as concommitant variables in the segment classification portion of the econometric model. The results show that the predicted theoretical structure explains observed data and can be used to significantly increase the predictive power of models of change behavior.
The Moderating Role of Involvement and Differentiation in the Evaluation of Brand Extensions
Authors: Maoz Eyal , Tybout Alice M.
Published: January 2004

Two experiments qualify the previously observed finding that a moderately incongruent brand extension is evaluated more favorably than a congruent or extremely incongruent brand extension and reconcile this finding with other outcomes that have been reported in the brand extension literature. A congruent brand extension is judged more favorably than either a moderately incongruent extension or an extremely incongruent extension when involvement in the task is low. Apparently, incongruity per se does not always prompt the elaboration required to reconcile a moderately incongruent extension with the parent brand and, thereby, enhance evaluation of the moderately incongruent extension. Further, when involvement is high, a moderately incongruent brand extension may only be judged more favorably than a congruent one if the extension is undifferentiated. If the extension is differentiated, the differentiation may provide a basis for favorable evaluation irrespective of the level of congruity with the brand. Recall of information about the performance of the extension relative to competitive brands and measures of attitude toward the parent brand, fit between the extension and the parent brand, and task satisfaction provide insight into the processes that underlie these effects.
Category Attitude Measures: Exemplars as Inputs
Authors: Loken Barbara , Joiner Christopher , Peck Joann
Published: January 2004

The role of exemplars in formation of attitudes toward a category has, surprisingly, been ignored in prior consumer research. In the present research we seek to develop a better understanding of the relationship between category exemplars (e.g., the products in a brand category) and overall attitudes toward the category. Attitude measures that incorporate evaluations of individual branded products may be useful, both conceptually and practically, and can complement more traditional multi‐attribute measures of attitude. Across 3 studies we present evidence that a composite index of attitudes toward category exemplars, weighted by exemplar typicality, is related to overall category attitudes, sometimes more strongly than a traditional multi‐attribute index. We also demonstrate that elaboration upon the individual exemplars further strengthens the relationship between category attitudes and this composite index. Theoretical implications for attitude theory, as well as managerial implications, are discussed.
The Influence of Culture on Consumer Impulsive Buying Behavior
Authors: Kacen Jacqueline J. , Lee Julie Anne
Published: January 2004

Impulse buying generates over $4 billion in annual sales volume in the United States. With the growth of e‐commerce and television shopping channels, consumers have easy access to impulse purchasing opportunities, but little is known about this sudden, compelling, hedonically complex purchasing behavior in non‐Western cultures. Yet cultural factors moderate many aspects of consumer's impulsive buying behavior, including self‐identity, normative influences, the suppression of emotion, and the postponement of instant gratification. From a multi‐country survey of consumers in Australia, United States, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, our analyses show that both regional level factors (individualism–collectivism) and individual cultural difference factors (independent –interdependent self‐concept) systematically influence impulsive purchasing behavior.
Outraged Consumers: Getting Even at the Expense of Getting a Good Deal
Authors: Bechwati Nada Nasr , Morrin Maureen
Published: January 2004

This article introduces the concept of desire for consumer vengeance. Desire for consumer vengeance (DCV) is conceptualized as the desire of a decision maker to “get even” with an entity, such as a firm, in response to a perceived wrongdoing. Drawing on research in psychology and organization behavior, a theoretical framework is proposed for understanding variables that influence the extent to which the DCV is felt and the conditions under which one acts on such feelings. The results of 2 experiments show that, given sufficient desire for vengeance, some consumers will choose a suboptimal decision outcome to get even with a firm. We also find that it is the interpersonal factors of the redress experience, rather than its tangible outcomes, that drive consumers to exact revenge on firms after a dissatisfying experience.
Assimilation and Diversity: An Integrative Model of Subgroup Relations
Authors: Hornsey Matthew J. , Hogg Michael A.
Published: January 2004

A model of sociostructural relations among subgroups within a superordinate category is presented. Contextualized by discussion of political and social psychological models of intergroup contact, we extend principles of social identity theory to address structural differentiation within groups. Subgroup identity threat plays a pivotal role in the nature of subgroup relations, as do the social realities of specific subgroup relations (i.e., inclusiveness, nested vs. crosscutting categories, leadership, instrumental goal relations, power and status differentials, subgroup similarity). Our analysis suggests that subgroup identity threat is the greatest obstacle to social harmony; social arrangements that threaten social identity produce defensive reactions that result in conflict. Social harmony is best achieved by maintaining, not weakening, subgroup identities, and locating them within the context of a binding superordinate identity.
Fleeing the Body: A Terror Management Perspective on the Problem of Human Corporeality
Authors: Goldenberg Jamie L. , Pyszczynski Tom , Greenberg Jeff , Solomon Sheldon
Published: January 2004

From the perspective of terror management theory, the human body is problematic because it serves as a perpetual reminder of the inevitability of death. Human beings confront this problem through the development of cultural worldviews that imbue reality-and the body as part of that reality-with abstract symbolic meaning. This fanciful flight from death is in turn the psychological impetus for distancing from other animals and the need to regulate behaviors that remind us of our physical nature. This analysis is applied to questions concerning why people are embarrassed and disgusted by their bodies' functions; why sex is such a common source of problems, difficulties, regulations, and ritualizations; why sex tends to be associated with romantic love; and why cultures value physical attractiveness and objectify women. This article then briefly considers implications of this analysis for understanding psychological problems related to the physical body and cultural variations in the need to separate oneself from the natural world.
Self-Esteem and Socioeconomic Status: A Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Twenge Jean M. , Campbell W. Keith
Published: January 2004

Socioeconomic status (SES) has a small but significantrelationship with self-esteem (d = .15, r = .08) in a meta-analysis of 446 samples (total participant N = 312,940). Higher SES individuals report higher self-esteem. The effect size is very small in young children, increases substantially during young adulthood, continues higher until middle age, and is then smaller for adults over the age of 60. Gender interacts with birth cohort: The effect size increased over time for women but decreased over time for men. Asians and Asian Americans show a higher effect size, and occupation and education produce higher correlations with self-esteem than income does. The results are most consistent with a social indicator or salience model.
Of Different Minds: An Accessible Identity Model of Justice Reasoning
Authors: Skitka Linda J.
Published: January 2004

An accessible identity nodel (AIM) of justice reasoning is introduced to explain when people become concerned about justice and how they define what is fair or unfair once justice concerns are activated. This model has two core propositions: (a) People are most likely to think about justice and fairness when self-relevant values and goals are highly accessible or activated, and (b) how people define fairness depends on which aspect of the self (i.e., material, social, or personal and moral) dominates the working self-concept. A review of the literature indicates that this general model provides an integrative account for when and how people become concerned about both procedural and distributive justice, and provides a cogent explanationfor known effects and results previously thought to be anomalies. Finally, the model generates novel hypotheses about how identity threat may lead to motivated perceptions off airness or unfairness.
Justice and Identity: Changing Perspectives on What Is Fair
Authors: Clayton Susan , Opotow Susan
Published: January 2004

Most research on justice has aimed to describe abstract, depersonalized models that could apply to anyone. However, much of this research has involved identity, if only implicitly. We argue that justice needs to be contextualized to take into account the powerful effects of identity in determining when justice matters. The complexity and fluidity of identity need to be considered to understand when, why, and how strongly people care about justice, and how people choose among competing models of justice. We review existing research on distributive, procedural, and inclusionary justice and describe their connection to identity. We illustrate the intersection of justice and identity in environmental issues, a context in which these constructs have significant implications for individual, community, and planetary well-being. We conclude with 4 points to stimulate further research on the intersections of identity and justice.
The Structure of the Psychology Undergraduate Curriculum
Authors: Perlman Baron , McCann Lee I.
Published: January 2004

A review of 500 college catalogs for 4 institutional types found the modal undergraduate psychology program follows the traditional model. It is taught in the liberal arts tradition as recommended by the St. Mary's Conference (Brewer et al., 1993), balancing natural and social science content. The major typically requires 34 credits including introductory, statistics, and a capstone course (either a senior seminar, colloquium or history); at least one content course; and limited laboratory experience. It neither necessarily requires the integrative capstone course nor psychometric methods courses recommended by the St. Mary's Conference. Prerequisites for methodology and capstone courses are limited.
More News from Abroad: Educational Changes in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hartley James
Published: January 2004

In this article, I review recent changes in higher education in the United Kingdom (UK). These changes fall under 4 headings: organization, numbers, finance, and teaching quality. The general picture is one of increasing student numbers, static—if not declining—faculty and staff numbers, and reduced resources. In this article, I assess the impact of these changes on the teaching and learning of psychology in the UK.
Combining the Use of Progressive Writing Techniques and Popular Movies in Introductory Psychology
Authors: Hemenover Scott H. , Caster Jeffrey B. , Mizumoto Ayumi
Published: January 2004

We designed a paper assignment for introductory psychology that used progressive writing techniques to discuss course material as illustrated in popular movies. We provided students with a written tutorial that explained a 6-step writing process and provided feedback on their progress at each step. Course evaluations indicated that students liked the assignment and believed that the progressive writing approach helped them write a high-quality paper. Although student motivation was lower than expected, paper performance was high with 44% of students earning more than 90% of the available points.
A Forensic Psychology Exercise: Role Playing and the Insanity Defense
Authors: Fass Michael E.
Published: January 2004

In this article, I present a forensic psychology role playing exercise that may be used in several psychology courses. I developed this exercise to enhance student interest and stimulate classroom discussion on the issue of the insanity defense and related psychological topics. Evaluation data indicate that students enjoyed this exercise and believed it improved their understanding of the insanity defense and related issues.
Promoting Reflexivity in the Classroom
Authors: Sinacore Ada L. , Blaisure Karen R. , Justin Monica , Healy Patricia , Brawer Sarah
Published: January 2004

In this article, we describe teaching strategies that promote reflexivity, a practice of observing and locating one's self as a knower within certain cultural and sociohistorical contexts. Reflexivity leads to self-awareness, scholarly accountability, and recognition of a range of human truths.
Narrative, Believed-In Imaginings, and Psychology's Methods: An Interview with Theodore R. Sarbin
Authors: Hevern Vincent W.
Published: January 2004

Vincent W. Hevern is an Associate Professor and Chair of the Psychology Department at Le Moyne College. His teaching interests are in abnormal psychology, psychological measurement, and psychotherapy. His research has included the Adolescent Form of the MMPI and field experience coursework for undergraduate psychology students. He currently serves as the Web master for “OTRP Online, ” which distributes teaching resources on behalf of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology, and edits the Web site, “Narrative Psychology: Internet and Resource Guide.”

Theodore R. Sarbin, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, has also taught at the University of California, Berkeley and the Naval Postgraduate School. His research interests include role theory, hypnosis, delinquency, narrative psychology, and the social psychology of deviant conduct. His first journal article appeared 62 years ago, and his most recent book, Believed-In Imaginings: The Narrative Construction of Reality, edited with Joseph de Rivera, was published by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1998. Division 24 gave him the Award for Distinguished Theoretical and Philosophical Contributions to Psychology at the 1999 APA Convention in Boston.
Preparing Students for Success in Fieldwork
Authors: LoCicero Alice , Hancock John
Published: January 2004

We designed an interviewing techniques course to facilitate students' acquisition of professional role attributes and skills we consider likely to contribute to success in fieldwork. Advanced undergraduates rated the value of various components of the course 1 to 2 years after taking it, when they were near completion of senior fieldwork placements. Faculty members who teach field-work seminars and fieldwork preparation courses also rated the value of course components. Overall ratings by both students and faculty were quite high. Students gave the highest ratings to learning experiences that took place in class, were active, related directly to interviewing skills, and included interactions with others.
Social and Abnormal Psychology Textbooks: An Objective Analysis
Authors: Christopher Andrew N. , Griggs Richard A. , Hagans Chad L.
Published: January 2004

Given the increased demand for undergraduate psychology courses beyond the introductory level, research on textbooks for such courses is surprisingly sparse. This study partially rectifies this problem. Because social and abnormal psychology are the two most frequently listed advanced courses in college catalogs (Perlman & McCann, 1999), we provide feature and content analyses of the 14 social psychology and 17 abnormal psychology survey texts published from 1995 to 1998. We also furnish comparisons between these two types of tesxts and introductory psychology texts. These analyses and comparisons should greatly facilitate the text selection process for teachers of social and abnormal psychology courses.
The Need for Comparative Research in Developmental Textbooks: A Review and Evaluation
Authors: Eaton Rebecca F. , Sleigh Merry J.
Published: January 2004

We argue that current animal research from comparative literature can assist students' understanding of basic developmental principles in courses that traditionally focus on human development. However, authors often exclude these studies from developmental textbooks. Our evaluation of 24 developmental texts published between 1995 and 2000 revealed 249 references of 154 different animal studies, which comprises less than 1.5% of references in all texts. Furthermore, the average publication date of the animal studies that did appear was 1976, reflecting an emphasis on older studies, rather than current research. We discuss how more recently published animal research articles can enhance class discussion and suggest that basic animal research is fundamental to the study of developmental processes.
Improving Students' Exam Performance by Introducing Study Strategies and Goal Setting
Authors: Fleming Victoria Manion
Published: January 2004

This study addresses whether learning strategies would improve students' exam performance. Students in 2 sections (N = 65) of Introductory Psychology participated. I introduced students in the experimental section to learning strategies. Students set individual learning goals and recorded their learning related behavior during the first 2 units. Students in the control condition engaged in nonacademic tasks. All students experienced a lesson on learning at the end of Unit 2. First-year students in the control condition obtained significantly lower scores than all other students on the first 2 exams. On the 3rd exam, differences were not significant. On the final exam, the original pattern reemerged.
Personal Ad Content Analysis Teaches Statistical Applications
Authors: Rajecki D. W.
Published: January 2004

Students analyzed newspaper personal advertisements for the age preferences of younger and older male and female writers. Several applications of the F statistic revealed between-group preferences for partners of relatively different ages. Many applications of the r statistic revealed within-group preferences for partners of absolutely similar ages. Students communicated this formal statistical information in a written report. Subsequently, most students rated the personal ads as interesting and as giving the impression of working with real people. Success on final examination computational items (including naming degrees of freedom and probabilities) exceeded 90%. A separate quantitative assessment revealed a reliable increase in mastery of r and F statistical notation and concepts from before to after the project.
Helping Students Read Reports of Empirical Research
Authors: Varnhagen Connie K. , Digdon Nancy
Published: January 2004

“Reading the Research” is a Web-based interactive learning module designed to help students learn to comprehend and critically evaluate reports of empirical research. The module can be adapted for use with any report of empirical research. Students work through the module, take self-tests for factual knowledge, and discuss critical-thinking questions in an asynchronous discussion group. We conducted a formative evaluation with upper level experimental psychology students and a summative evaluation with introductory students. Students had positive attitudes toward the module and believed it improved their learning. Increased use of the module was also correlated with better learning of the report of empirical research.
The Exam-A-Day Procedure Improves Performance in Psychology Classes
Authors: Leeming Frank C.
Published: January 2004

Students in 4 classes had a short exam at the start of every class. Grades were significantly better than in previous classes where the same material was taught but with only 4 exams, and there were fewer withdrawals from the exam-a-day classes. Students taught with the exam-a-day procedure also performed better on a retention test than did students from classes taught using less frequent exams. Responses to anonymous questionnaires administered in all 4 classes indicated that most students believed having an exam every day led to more studying and better learning than in their other classes and that they liked the procedure.
Simulated Family Therapy: A Classroom Demonstration
Authors: Banyard Victoria L. , Fernald Peter S.
Published: January 2004

In this article, we describe a demonstration and discussion of an initial family therapy interview simulated by 4 student volunteers. Several concepts and principles fundamental to family therapy are illustrated: interview stages, one-person definition of a problem, systemic perspective, clear generation line, unified executive team, disengaged parent, overinvolved parent, scapegoated child, functional–dysfunctional family, and family dance. Some interview scenarios also illustrate the concepts of triangulation and coalition. Pretesting and posttesting indicate that the demonstration and discussion were instructive and positively perceived.
Faculty Forum
Authors: Dillinger Ronna J. , Landrum R. Eric
Published: January 2004

Introduction to the Psychology Major is a course required for beginning psychology majors. Participants (N = 190) completed a pretest and posttest examining their knowledge and perceptions regarding course goals, such as PsycLIT database familiarity, career options with a bachelor's degree in psychology, curriculum requirements, and graduate school options. Statistically significant differences emerged for 18 of 21 questions. At posttest, students indicated less commitment to the psychology major. Those students who continue as psychology majors are better informed and more aware of the realities and opportunities in psychology.
Development of a method for calculating the environmentally optimum lifespan of electrical household products
Authors: Chalkley A M , Billett E , Harrison D , Simpson G
Published: January 2004

This paper considers the idea that for many products there is a particular length of lifespan for which the environmental impact of the item is at a minimum. It is suggested that for some types of product this ideal lifespan is not, as is often believed, ‘as long as possible’ but until the performance of a new product justifies replacing the existing one. Electrical household appliances are identified as a product group for which this issue is particularly relevant. It is proposed that the improvement over time of use-phase energy consumption shown by many products in this group means that at a certain point it is environmentally beneficial for the customer to replace their existing machine with the latest model. The paper suggests that it is possible to calculate this point in the life of the product when replacement is most beneficial from information about new and existing machines. The development of a method for calculating this optimum lifespan from energy consumption data is described, using a dishwasher to demonstrate the technique. Using the equation devised, the environmentally optimum lifespan of a dishwasher is found to be 8.1 years in 2003.
Recent trends in numerical simulation of three-dimensional sheet forming processes
Authors: Yang D Y , Kim T J , Yoon S J
Published: January 2004

The numerical method of analysis plays a key role in simulation of sheet metal forming processes for design innovation through virtual manufacturing. Recently, important advances in research and development of the sheet metal forming processes have been made by many scientists and engineers. This paper covers general issues in sheet metal forming but deals with the most challenging subjects including finite element (FE) techniques, springback, hydroforming and process design. Furthermore, the results of the proposed benchmark problems in NUMISHEET 2002 with both experiments and simulation results will be discussed.
Effect of wall angle on Al 3003 strain hardening for parts formed by computer numerical control incremental forming
Authors: Hagan E , Jeswiet J
Published: January 2004

The change in material properties for annealed Al 3003 after computer numerical control (CNC) incremental forming was studied through a series of tensile tests. Specific shapes were designed with wall angles of 20–60°, in 10° increments, to allow for removal of flat specimens of adequate size. A relationship was found, with plots of stress-strain curves, showing an increase in yield and necking stress for increasing wall angle. Empirical equations proposed by both Hollomon and Voce were applied to the data, showing the usefulness of each method for Al 3003 formed to large strains. Strain data were used to offset the stress-strain curves, and show a tendency to follow an overall curve. A log plot of these offset curves resulted in a straight line, and therefore a Hollomon equation was determined for Al 3003 over the full range of working strain.
Machining of precise multihole perforation in punch-and-die tooling plates
Authors: Kudla L
Published: January 2004

In the tooling of some piercing operations, plates are used that contain hundreds of holes with small diameters and very tight position and dimension tolerances. The best way to ensure high requirements is the machining of the holes in plates together. Because of the greater length-diameter ratio, an intermittent drilling process must be applied. The errors of the holes could then be reduced in the second drilling, followed by reaming and/or burnishing. Interchangeable dies are manufactured using a specially prepared master drilling plate or the existing guide plate.
Burr formation in face milling of cast iron with different milling cutter systems
Authors: De Souza A M , Sales W F , Ezugwu E O , Bonney J , Machado A R
Published: January 2004

Two face milling cutter systems, both with PCBN (polycrystalline cubic boron nitride) tools, were used to study burr formation in high-speed machining of grey cast iron under various cutting conditions. Surface roughness parameters Ra and Ri, tool life (based on flank wear, VBmax) and burr formation (length of the burr, h) were recorded and used for comparing machining performance. The best performance in terms of tool life and surface roughness was obtained with the milling cutter system consisting of 24 teeth and 24 square wiper inserts. Machining with this cutter configuration produced acceptable surface roughness values, well below the rejection criterion, after machining a batch of 3000 motor blocks in addition to achieving a significant reduction in the burr length.
Study of electrical discharge machining using powder-suspended working media
Authors: Kozak J , Rozenek M , Dabrowski L
Published: January 2004

This paper reports investigations of electrical discharge machining (EDM) using a powder-suspended working fluid instead of a pure dielectric. The EDM characteristics obtained using hydrocarbon dielectric (kerosene) and a mixture of deionized water with abrasive powder have been compared. The relationships between surface roughness parameters, material removal rate and operating parameters of EDM have been determined for different kinds of powder and concentration in kerosene/water.
Flow analysis and nozzle-shape optimization for the cold-gas dynamic-spray process
Authors: Grujicic M , Tong C , DeRosset W S , Helfritch D
Published: January 2004

An isentropic, one-dimensional model is used to analyse the dynamics of dilute two-phase (feed powder particles plus the carrier gas) flow during the cold-spray process. While the physical foundation of the model is quite straightforward, the solution for the model can be obtained only numerically. The results obtained show that there is a particle-velocity-dependent, carrier-gas-invariant optimal value of the relative gas/particle Mach number that maximizes the drag force acting on feed powder particles and, hence, maximizes the acceleration of the particles. Furthermore, it is found that if the cold-spray nozzle is designed in such a way that at each axial location the acceleration of the particles is maximized, a significant increase in the average velocity of the particles at the nozzle exit can be obtained. For the optimum design of the nozzle, helium as the carrier gas is found to give rise to a substantially higher exit velocity of the particles than air. All these findings are in good agreement with experimental observations.
Tool-path generation system for micro-electro discharge machining milling
Authors: Dimov S , Pham D T , Ivanov A , Popov K
Published: January 2004

The paper presents a new tool-path generating approach for layer-based micro-EDM (electro discharge machining) milling. The material removal volumes are represented by a sequence of two-dimensional slices taking into account the specific requirements of three-dimensional micro-EDM milling. The proposed approach allows electrode wear to be compensated for by varying the layer thickness. The capabilities of the developed computer aided manufacture (CAM) system have been verified experimentally.
Measurement of Concentration of Singlet Molecular Oxygen in the Gas Phase by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Authors: Yagi Mikio , Takemoto Syougo , Sasase Ryouji
Published: January 2004

The concentration of the lowest excited state of molecular oxygen, O2(1Δg), generated by gas-phase photosensitization with octafluoronaphthalene has been determined by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The ground-state oxygen molecule, O2(3Σg−), was used as a quantitative standard. At low pressures, ≈0.12 Torr, about 30% of O2(3Σg−) was converted to O2(1Δg) under steady-state conditions.
Mechanochemical Michael Reactions of Chalcones and Azachalcones with Ethyl Acetoacetate Catalyzed by K2CO3 under Solvent-Free Conditions
Authors: Zhang Ze , Dong Ya-Wei , Wang Guan-Wu , Komatsu Koichi
Published: January 2004

Michael addition reactions of chalcones and azachalcones with ethyl acetoacetate have been successfully performed in the presence of catalytic amount of K2CO3 (10 mol %) and under the high-speed vibration milling conditions. The reactions take place at ambient temperature without any solvent and full completion can be achieved in very short time (20–40 min). In most cases, conventional side reactions were avoided and thus high chemoselectivity and quantitative yields were achieved. The desired Michael adducts were exclusively obtained consisting of two diastereoisomers anti and syn, which were determined and assigned by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Pension Wealth and Household Saving: Evidence from Pension Reforms in the United Kingdom
Authors: Attanasio Orazio P , Rohwedder Susann
Published: January 2004

Using three major U.K. pension reforms as natural experiments we investigate the relationship between pension saving and discretionary private savings. Unlike most differences-in-differences approaches which rely on average differences between control and treatment group, we use economic theory to model the response of each individual household. The empirical analysis, based on the Family Expenditure Survey, uses both time-series and cross-sectional variation to identify the behavioral response. The earnings-related tier of the pension scheme is found to have a negative impact on private savings with relatively high substitution elasticities; the impact of the flat-rate tier is not significantly different from zero.
Stochastic Technical Progress, Smooth Trends, and Nearly Distinct Business Cycles
Authors: Rotemberg Julio J
Published: January 2004

This paper studies a model of random technical progress where technology diffuses at realistically slow rates. It fits smooth trends to the sum of GDP series generated by this model and series representing transitory, or cyclical, fluctuations. Detrended GDP is then largely unrelated to technical progress. The detrending method proposed by Rotemberg (1999) reconstructs cyclical variations somewhat more accurately than the HP filter. With sufficiently slow diffusion it is also more accurate than a method based on VARs fitted to hours and GDP growth. Consistent with the model’s predictions, permanent shocks initially depress both hours and output in these VARs.
Fundamentals, Panics, and Bank Distress During the Depression
Authors: Calomiris Charles W , Mason Joseph R
Published: January 2004

We assemble bank-level and other data for Fed member banks to model determinants of bank failure. Fundamentals explain bank failure risk well. The first two Friedman-Schwartz crises are not associated with positive unexplained residual failure risk, or increased importance of bank illiquidity for forecasting failure. The third Friedman-Schwartz crisis is more ambiguous, but increased residual failure risk is small in the aggregate. The final crisis (early 1933) saw a large unexplained increase in bank failure risk. Local contagion and illiquidity may have played a role in pre-1933 bank failures, even though those effects were not large in their aggregate impact.
Assessing the Importance of Tiebout Sorting: Local Heterogeneity from 1850 to 1990
Authors: Rhode Paul W , Strumpf Koleman S
Published: January 2004

This paper argues that long-run trends in geographic segregation are inconsistent with models where residential choice depends solely on local public goods (the Tiebout hypothesis). We develop an extension of the Tiebout model that predicts as mobility costs fall, the heterogeneity across communities of individual public good preferences and of public good provision must (weakly) increase. Given the secular decline in mobility costs, these predictions can be evaluated using historical data. We find decreasing heterogeneity in policies and proxies for preferences across (i) a sample of U.S. municipalities (1870–1990); (ii) all Boston-area municipalities (1870–1990); and (iii) all U.S. counties (1850–1990).
Kin Groups and Reciprocity: A Model of Credit Transactions in Ghana
Authors: Ferrara Eliana La
Published: January 2004

This paper studies kinship band networks as capital market institutions. Membership in a community where individuals are dynastically linked has two effects on informal credit. First, the nonanonymity of the dynastic link allows to sanction the defaulters’ offspring and induce compliance even in short-term interactions (social enforcement). Second, preferential agreements can arise in which kin members condition their behavior on the characteristics of a player’s predecessor, expecting others to do the same with their offspring (reciprocity). These effects are incorporated in an OLG game with endogenous matching between lenders and borrowers and tested using household-level data from Ghana.
Seed migration in prostate brachytherapy: a re-implant case report
Authors: Di Muzio N , Longobardi B , Losa A , Mangili P , Nava L D , Rigatti P , Calandrino R , Villa E , Guazzoni G
Published: January 2004

Seed embolisation to the lung is a possible risk following permanent prostate brachytherapy. The purpose of this work is to analyse a seed migration case and to suggest methods to reduce such occurrences. With this aim, the clinical history of the patient who experienced seed migration, the implant technique and the pre- and post-plan procedures have been investigated. The massive seed migration has been detected in the patient by means of a pelvic X-ray and a CT-scan of the thorax. The use of loose seeds, the implant technique and the presence of unfavourable anatomical characteristics, have been recognised as possible causes of this event. The use of linked seeds embedded in vicryl sutures for the peripheral portions of prostate, and the development of an implant technique based on both transverse and longitudinal ultrasound guidance are proposed in order to reduce seed migration.
State-of-the-art imaging of pancreatic neoplasms
Authors: Kalra M K , Maher M M , Mueller P R , Saini S
Published: January 2004

Pancreatic imaging with multidetector CT allows multiphase acquisition of thin slices in a single breath-hold and is especially valuable in obtaining isotropic three-dimensional reformations that improves our ability to provide accurate pre-operative vascular mapping. Advanced MR technology allows faster imaging of pancreas, thus facilitating MR cholangiopancreatography. Use of tissue-specific MR contrast agents, endoscopic ultrasound and PET in pancreatic imaging has evolved considerably. This review article discusses the role of CT, MR, endoscopic ultrasound and PET imaging in pancreas.
Pulmonary lesions associated with Sjögren's syndrome: radiographic and CT findings
Authors: Matsuyama N , Ashizawa K , Okimoto T , Kadota J , Amano H , Hayashi K
Published: January 2004

The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the chest radiographic and CT findings in patients with primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome. We retrospectively evaluated the frequency of abnormality and findings of both the chest radiography (n=107) and CT (n=59) in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Abnormal cases were classified into five patterns based on predominant CT findings. Chest radiographic and CT abnormalities were seen in 24 (22%) and in 34 (58%) patients, respectively. Most frequently observed abnormal findings were linear and reticular opacities on chest radiograph, and ground-glass opacity, interlobular septal thickening and intralobular interstitial thickening on CT in both primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome. Centrilobular abnormalities were significantly more common in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (p=0.018). According to our CT classification, interstitial pneumonia (IP) pattern was the most common in patients with both primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome. Bronchiolitis pattern was more common in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) pattern was only observed in primary Sjögren's syndrome. In conclusion, although the most frequently observed pattern in our CT classification was IP pattern in both primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome, centrilobular abnormalities and LPD pattern were relatively characteristic in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome.
Implementation of IMRT in the radiotherapy department
Authors: McNair H A , Adams E J , Clark C H , Miles E A , Nutting C M
Published: January 2004

This paper describes the implementation of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in a radiotherapy department. When preparing to set-up an IMRT programme, it is important to review departmental protocols with regard to immobilization, CT planning, treatment planning and verification. Any additional quality assurance steps also need to be fully understood. A new IMRT programme is most likely to be successful if it builds on established clinical experience with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (CRT). Training of radiographers, clinicians and physicists is critical, and both team-work and communication are vital to ensure a smooth transition from 3DCRT to IMRT delivery in the clinic.