bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytokines and HIV Infection
Authors: Alfano Massimo , Poli Guido
Published: August 2010

HIV is the ethiological agent of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV
infects mostly CD4+ immune cells, such as T lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes and myeloid
dendritic cells and induces a progressive and deadly state of immunodeficiency if untreated with potent
combinations of antiretroviral agents. The immunodeficient status of the host allows the development of
several opportunistic infections as well as “opportunistic” tumors such as Kaposis’ sarcoma and B cell
lymphomas. In addition, the ability of HIV-1 infected immune cells to localize in various tissues leads to
tissue specific HIV-associated pathology, such as AIDS dementia, interstitial lung disease, nephropathy,
enteropathy, and wasting syndrome. Of note, all these processes involve the upregulation or modulation of
cytokines, soluble factors that regulate the immune responses and inflammation in addition to
hematopoiesis. Due to space limitation and to the extent of informations about HIV and cytokines, this
chapter will not discuss topics such as interactions between intracellular signalings by cytokines and HIV
or the effect of the single viral proteins, such as gp120 Env, Tat and Nef, for which updated reviews/book
chapters are available. In this chapter, we describe the general activities of cytokines and their role in
modulating HIV infection, both in vitro and in vivo, animal models and human tissues such as gut and
lymphoid tissue, and finally ways to which cytokines have been used as immunotherapy, either alone or in
combination with anti-retrovirals.
Analysis of secondary structure within sgm and kgmB mRNA
Authors: Vojnovic Sandra , Ilic-Tomic Tatjana , Moric Ivana , Vasiljevic Branka
Published: August 2010

Sgm methyltransferase from Micromonospora zionensis and KgmB methyltransferase from Streptoalloteichus tenebrarius are resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics as a result of their ability to specifically methylate G1405 within the bacterial 16S rRNA A-site. The (C)CGCCC motif, assumed to be a regulatory sequence responsible for the autoregulation of the sgm gene, could most likely also be responsible for the autoregulation of the kgmB gene. This sequence, found within the 5' untranslated region of both sgm and kgmB mRNAs, as indicated by in silico prediction, may be involved in the formation of a specific stem-loop structure. Sgm and KgmB are mutually down-regulated and it is likely that they share the same cis-acting elements. Structure probing experiments confirmed the existence of a stable secondary structure within the 5' UTR of the sgm mRNA, while the analysis of kgmB mRNA failed to confirm the predicted structure. .
Combined effect of GSTM1 gene deletion, GSTT1 gene deletion and MTHFR C677T mutation in male infertility
Authors: Djordjevic Valentina , Nikolic A. , Ljujic M. , Nestorovic A. , Ristanovic M. , Tulic C. , Radojkovic D.
Published: August 2010

The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletion and MTHFR C677T mutation and male infertility. The study has encompassed 52 infertile and 56 fertile males. Genotype distributions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions and the MTHFR C677T mutation did not differ significantly among the analyzed groups, however, a difference in distribution of certain genotype combinations was observed. The obtained results indicate that carriers of double GSTM1/GSTT1 deletion and the MTHFR 677CC genotype are at higher risk of infertility than carriers of any other combination of genotypes (OR 3.5, 95%CI 0.68-18.30). .
Mature embryo-derived wheat transformation with major stress-modulated antioxidant target gene
Authors: Galovic Vladislava , Rausch T. , Grsic-Rausch Slobodanka
Published: August 2010

The mature embryos of fourteen elite winter wheat cultivars have been transformed by a biolistic approach. The gene coding for ?-glutamylcysteine synthetase (EC 6.3.2.2) was used as a transgene in order to obtain stable transformants resistant to drought stress. A binary vector, pBinarUTRECS, was used. The gene was under the control of the CaMV35S promoter region. GUS::GFP gene fusion was used as a reporter system and nptII served as a selectable marker gene. A high regeneration capacity of callus tissue under the selective pressure and successful GUS assay of transformed tissue were an indication of successful insertion of a transgene into mature embryo derived wheat tissue. .
Comparison of α-amylase isoforms from the midgut of Cerambyx cerdo L. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae developed in the wild and on an artificial diet
Authors: Dojnov Biljana , Loncar N. , Bozic Natasa , Nenadovic Vera , Ivanovic Jelisaveta , Vujcic Z.
Published: August 2010

?-Amylase isoforms of Cerambyx cerdo larvae from the wild (ML and SL) and reared in the laboratory (ADL) were compared. Three amylase isoforms were presented in the SL and ML extracts while two isoforms were presented in the ADL according to zymogram after isoelectric focusing (IEF). All C. cerdo amylase isoforms were acidic proteins (pI < 3.5). Seven amylase isoforms (ACC 1-7) from the midgut of C. cerdo larvae were found in the ML midgut extract, six in the SL extract, and four in the ADL extract according to native PAGE zymogram. The ADL amylase had the highest activity. All crude midgut extracts of C. cerdo larvae were fractionated on a Superose 12 HR column. The molecular mass of the ACC was estimated to be 34 kDa. .
Occurrence and distribution of viruses infecting the bean in Serbia
Authors: Petrovic Dragana , Ignjatov Maja , Nikolic Zorica , Vujakovic Milka , Vasic Mirjana , Milosevic Mirjana , Taski-Ajdukovic Ksenija
Published: August 2010

This work describes the incidence and distribution of the most important bean viruses in Serbia: Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). The viral isolates were characterized serologically and biologically. BCMV was found in the largest number of plants (30.53%), followed by BCMNV (2.67%), CMV (5.34%), and AMV (3.41%), since BYMV was not determined. Mixed viral infections were found in several samples. The RT-PCR method was used to prove that the tested isolates belong to the BCMV, family Potyviridae and strains Russian and NL-3 D. Results obtained in this work will enable further studies of the genetic variability of bean virus isolates from Serbia. .
Stimulating effects of different basal media and cytokinine types on regeneration of endemic and endangered Muscari aucheri
Authors: Uranbey Serkan
Published: August 2010

In this study a simple protocol has been developed for the endemic and endangered Muscari aucheri plant. 2-4 bulb scale explants of M. aucheri were cultured in different basal media (Nitsch mineral salts and vitamins, Orchimax Medium mineral salts and vitamins) supplemented with 2 mgL-1 2,4-D, 20 mgL-1 mannitol, 20 mgL-1 sucrose, 0.5 mgL-1 NAA and different concentrations of BAP, KIN, 2iP and TDZ. The medium was solidified with 2 mgL-1 Gelrite. The Orchimax and Nitsch & Nitsch medium promoted shoot and bulblet regeneration. BAP, KIN and 2-iP were suitable for induction of the bulblet for 2-4 bulb scales of Maucheri. The highest number of bulblets per explant for 2 and 4 scales was achieved on the Orchimax medium supplemented with 1 mgL-1 KIN and 2 mgL-1 KIN, respectively. Whereas, the maximum number of bulblets per explant for 4 scales was recorded on the Nitsch medium supplemented with 2 mgL-1 BAP. However, the Nitsch medium containing 10 mgL-1 2-iP gave the best number of bulblets per explant for 2 scales. Bulblets acclimatized very well under greenhouse and garden conditions. .
Determination of tea polysaccharides in Camellia sinensis by a modified phenol-sulfuric acid method
Authors: Xi Xionggang , Wei Xinlin , Wang Yuanfeng , Chu Qinjie , Xiao Jianbo
Published: August 2010

A direct procedure for the determination of total polysaccharides (TPS) in Camellia sinensis was set up based on the modified phenol-sulfuric acid method. The monosaccharide composition of TPS was analyzed by GC. Based on the results of GC, model monosaccharide mixtures were made which provided an adequate standard for this procedure. Through single-factor and orthogonal (L934) experiments, the experimental conditions such as the volume of phenol, the volume of concentrated sulfuric acid, the reaction time, and the incubation temperature, were optimized. The highest sensitivity of absorbance was obtained when the volume of concentrated sulfuric acid, the volume of phenol (6%), and the incubation temperature were 2.5 ml, 0.2 ml, and 50?C, respectively. Under optimum conditions, the prepared samples were determined satisfactorily, with the recovery from 100.2% to 103.7%, and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.1%. Overall, the modified method is easily operated, rapid, sensitive and accurate. A similar procedure can be applied to the determination of other plant polysaccharides as well. .
The influence of vitamin E supplementation on the oxidative status of rat liver
Authors: Djurasevic S.F. , Djordjevic Jelena , Jasnic N. , Lakic Iva , Vujovic P. , Cvijic Gordana
Published: August 2010

We tested to see if the additional intake of vitamin E in the form of ?-tocopheryl-succinate would improve liver antioxidative protection. Thus, we studied the tissue oxidative status in rats supplemented by two doses of the antioxidant over a four week period of time. Our results confirmed that the additional intake of vitamin E decreased the liver lipid peroxidation level and SOD activity level and preserved its vitamin C content. However, the hydrogen peroxide content and catalase activity remained unchanged, probably due to the mechanism of vitamin E liver metabolism. .
Variability of features in half-sib posterity as a basis in plant breeding of the species Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.
Authors: Ocokoljic Mirjana , Medarevic M. , Nikic Z. , Galecic Nevenka , Stojicic Djurdja
Published: August 2010

Based on the comparative morphophysiological analysis of the seedlings Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. produced in a generative manner by using one line of the oldest half-sib tree and two lines of younger half-sib trees, data regarding the seedlings' features and the variability of the plant breeding are presented. Recorded parameters are the indexes which point to the influence of age over biological reproduction. This paper also puts forward that the variability of the seedlings exerts an influence on the selection of mother trees, and provides the technology of production of breeding plants with desired features and its practical usage in landscape architecture, horticulture and forestry. Namely, by selecting the superior genotypes and with their breeding, different sorts of koelreuteria (China-tree) could be synthesized and thanks to the high level of general adaptability would provide reciprocally high productivity of studied parameters and be the base material for plants for specific purposes. .
Diversity and ecological differentiation of oak forests in NW Thrace (Turkey)
Authors: Kavgaci Ali , Carni Andraz , Tecimeni Bariş , Özalp Gülen
Published: August 2010

Quercus robur, Q. frainetto, Q. cerris and Q. petraea that predominate in forests in the Thrace region, a bridge between the Balkans and Anatolia, were sampled, elaborated and classified. The ecological conditions were estimated by bio-indicator values. Oak forests can be divided into four groups: Q. robur-Fraxinus angustifolia forests thriving in floodplains, Q. petraea forests found at higher altitudes, Q. frainetto-Carpinus orientalis forests appearing in the warmest and driest sites and Q. frainetto forests on more humid sites. It was established that the most important topographic factor is altitude, while slope and aspect are of minor importance. .
The implementing of some plant species in erosion control on slopes
Authors: Matic Vjaceslava
Published: August 2010

With the need to conserve and improve the environment, it is recommended to employ plant materials in the erosion control of torrents and slopes alongside roads. Considering the well-known properties of some willow species regarding their power of vegetative reproduction, survival in poor soils and often flooded alluvium, we researched into the potentials of the following species: Salix triandra L., Salix purpurea L. and Salix incana Schrk. in the catchment of the warehouse 'Gvozdac', Experimental Estate Goc, Serbia. The research started in 2004 and has continued till the present day. The above-mentioned willow species showed significant efficiency in the bank protection of torrential watercourses and on the moist slopes of embankments and cuts of roads. Some of them can even stand a certain degree of aridity, while other species, on poor, eroded soil exposed to long and extreme drought, could not survive and did not show the expected effect, which is also the consequence of the absence of maintenance and adequate attention to such erosion-control works. In spite of the above, one of the willow species survived even in the most severe conditions, checking the erosion of the road cut slope and the road construction itself, and prevented the impacts of aggressive atmospheric waters, thus halting the erosion ridges and the removal of the asphalt road surface. The above facts prove that, with adequate measures of maintenance, plant materials can be very successfully applied for both longitudinal structures and to check dams in torrent control, as well as in erosion control on the slopes in catchments, both in civil engineering works and in forest exploitation. The research requires closer attention, extending the interests to some grass and shrub species, with the aim of ecological erosion control and reclamation of endangered watercourses, slopes and, in general, environmental protection and nature conservation. .
The morphological variation of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from peach and tobacco in Serbia and Montenegro
Authors: Vucetic Andja , Petrovic-Obradovic Olivera , Stanisavljevic Lj.Z.
Published: August 2010

Multivariate morphometric analysis was used to compare nine characteristics of 47 populations of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) originating from two host-plants, peach and tobacco, from 13 localities in 2004 and 34 localities in 2005, in Serbia and Montenegro. Multivariant discriminant analysis showed there to be a distinct discrimination between the populations from the peach and tobacco host-plants. The most important discrimination characteristics are the ultimate rostral segment length and processes terminalis length, which are greater in the aphids from tobacco than in those from peach. This is the first indication that in this part of Europe there are two subspecies: M. persicae (Sulzer) and M. persicae nicotianae Blackman. .
The ethical justification for the use of animals in biomedical research
Authors: Kostomitsopoulos N.G. , Djurasevic S.F.
Published: August 2010

Despite all the benefits, the use of animals in biomedical research is still a subject of debate with respect to its true value. The sensitivity of the community and the interest of scientists who work in the field of laboratory animal science and welfare have clearly demonstrated that the use of animals in biomedical research must be conducted under specific scientific, legal and ethical rules. The ethical justification of a research project starts from its initial designing phase until its completion and the review of the obtained results. Justification of the necessity of the project and the need to use animals in the interests of human or animal health, the importance of conducting a pilot study and a systematic review of previously published animal research on the topic, and the availability of the proper facilities, equipment and personnel are the main issues of concern in the ethical review of a research project. The ethical justification of the proposed project by the scientists themselves involves team-work, and should be a sustainable rather than a one-off procedure. This justification reflects the interest and the responsibility of scientists to reduce the number of animals, refine the procedures, and possibly replace animals in their research projects. The end-results of the ethical review process will be the creation of a trust relationship between scientists and society. .
The diet of water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus 'complex') from the Petrovaradinski Rit marsh (Serbia)
Authors: Paunovic Ana , Bjelic-Cabrilo Olivera , Simic Smiljka
Published: August 2010

In the Petrovaradinski Rit marsh region, the composition, dynamics and importance of the food components of three syntopic anuran species of the genus Pelophylax were analyzed through all the seasons of their activity in order to determine the vulnerability of each species in the trophic competition. The results of the studies have shown that the trophic niche breadth, according to the importance index of contents, was the smallest for the species Pelophylax kl. esculentus and largest for the species Pelophylax ridibundus, meaning that the species Pelophylax kl. esculentus has the most uniform diet and is therefore most vulnerable to competition by other species. .
Two new epigean pseudoscorpions (Neobisiidae, Pseudoscorpiones) from the Maritime Alps, France
Authors: Curcic B.P.M. , Lemaire J.M. , Curcic S.B. , Dimitrijevic R.N. , Milincic M. , Pecelj M.
Published: August 2010

Two species of pseudoscorpions new to science (Neobisium montisageli n. sp. and Roncus peissei n. sp.), collected in Southeastern France, are described, the diagnostic characteristics are illustrated, and their distribution is given. The possible establishment of two species groups of Roncus in Europe is discussed briefly in view of the importance of some of the diagnostic characteristics. .
Trojan horses in mobile devices
Authors: Fuentes Daniel , Álvarez Juan , Ortega Juan , Gonzalez-Abril Luis , Velasco Francisco
Published: August 2010

This paper focuses on the behavior of Trojan horses in mobile devices. This malicious software tries to steal information from a mobile device while the user is unaware. We describe the communication links through a Trojan horse installed into a mobile device. To demonstrate the effects of a Trojan horse infection we present a practical example on a PDA. Via SMS, the malicious user can access a user?s contacts information through the previous installation of the Trojan horse. The results show that this process means a loss of information and a quantified cost to the attacked user too. This paper proposes different solutions to avoid this malware and its effects.
Mite pests in plant crops: Current issues, inovative approaches and possibilities for controlling them: Part 2
Authors: Petanovic Radmila , Marcic Dejan , Vidovic Biljana
Published: August 2010

Part one discusses some principal mite pests in agroecosystems and urban horticulture in European countries, Serbia and its neighbouring countries focusing primarily on issues with regard to plant production, novel methods and approaches in applied acaralogy. Part two displays some major properties of acaricides inhibiting respiration, growth and development and other synthetic substances with acaricide action on the market in the last decade of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century. Also some products of natural origin (azadirachtin, oils, micoacaricides) are said to be gaining in importance. Issues with regard to the fact that mites can readily develop resistance to acardicides are discussed and a survey on the results of biochemical, physiological and genetical causes of resistance are analyzed. Some basic principles of biological control of phytophagous mites and modern advances and approaches are discussed as well as current knowledge on host plant resistance to mites. Eventually, the possibility of using a combination of selective acaricides and biological control agents is discussed but also the inclusion of other modes of control (agricultural practices and physical measures) expected to contribute to an integrated management of pest populations.
Field efficacy of mandipropamid for the control of potato late blight
Authors: Rekanovic Emil , Stepanovic Milos , Stevic Milan , Potocnik Ivana , Todorovic Biljana , Milijasevic-Marcic Svetalana
Published: August 2010

The efficacy of mandipropamid (Revus 250 SC) in controlling Phytophthora infestans in potato was evaluated in field trials. The efficacies of Revus 250 SC in comparison with standard fungicides Quadris (azoxystrobin) were tested in several localities in Serbia (Kasarske Livade, Valjevska Kamenica and Opovo) in 2007 and 2008. Both of the tested fungicides exhibited high efficacy in controlling potato late blight. The differencies in the efficacy of Revus 250 SC (96.3- 99.2%) and Quadris (94.1-95.5%) were insignificant. Our experiments showed that the investigated fungicide was highly effective against P. infestans even under high disease pressure.
Historical approach to the treatment of people with disability as an indicator of their social positioning
Authors: Dimoski Sanja
Published: August 2010

This paper deals with the historical approach to the study of disability, and attempts of its use in explaining the modern trends that determine the position of people with disability in society. Historical approach, through monitoring the chronological position of persons with disability, from ancient times until the present day, suggests the complexity of status of these persons in society, and their constant discrimination. The position of these people in modern society is significantly changed, but still, in addition to transparent right to equality, one can hardly speak of substantial equality. The essential equality would imply greater inclusion of persons with disability themselves, that began through the development of the social model of disability, as well as a multidisciplinary scientific approach to this problem.
Indicators for the assessment of professional response in situations of partner violence
Authors: Ignjatovic Tanja
Published: August 2010

The creation of a 'matrix' consisting of 30 indicators for the assessment of professional response in situations of partner violence serves as a test of the possibilities of implementation of the key assumptions of the theoretical concept of violence as control by coercion and of the intervention principle from the 'Duluth model' in the local context. Empirical analysis of the current procedures through the examination of expert documentation on 53 cases of partner violence in one local community is indicative of: a) the existence of a minimum of common understanding of the phenomenon and keeping record of the facts that influence the effects of protection; b) the need for a standardized assessment of the links between the characteristics of the violent situation, the perpetrator and the victim on one hand, and the intervention on the other. In order to improve the response of professionals it is requisite to establish: a) standard forms and lists of questions explicitly directed at relevant facts and assessments b) training and written instructions for implementation. The proposed 'matrix' of indicators can serve for the formulation of instructions and forms, as well as for the supervision of procedures.
Socio-demographic factors of valuing autonomous and conformist educational styles in Serbia
Authors: Pavlovic Zoran
Published: August 2010

Analysis of preference of educational styles is highly relevant, since it points out both to the more general underlying value orientations and the expected or desired effects of socialization process. This paper deals with the level of acceptance and factors of valuing the autonomous and conformist educational styles among Serbian citizens, operationalised through estimation of importance of qualities that children should learn at home. Based on the three waves of World Values Survey, the analysis of data from Serbia was performed in longitudinal perspective in the period from 1996 to 2006 (total N=3700), as well as in comparative perspective, when the data obtained in Serbia were compared with the data collected in the European countries that participated in the last, fifth wave of World Values Survey (total N=23941). The results indicate that, in the observed period, on the average two thirds of citizens (64%) are characterized by preference of autonomous educational style, while respondents' education and population size of settlement figure as the most important factors of preference. However, according to the level of acceptance of autonomy, Serbia is placed 16th out of 21 analyzed European countries, and therefore, in comparative perspective, valuing of autonomy in the country is on a relatively low level. The results imply that by a non-selective encouragement of autonomy in all students, by cooperation with parents or a more general promotion of knowledge, school may play an important role in this process.
Peculiarities of mathematics instruction for beginners for children with disabilities in regular primary schools
Authors: Jablan Branka , Kovacevic Jasmina , Vujacic Milja
Published: August 2010

The paper studies the issue of education of visually impaired children, hearing impaired children and children with intellectual disabilities in regular primary schools in the context of mathematics instruction for beginners. The authors state the basic characteristics of mathematics instruction for beginners with respect to the contents studied in the first four grades of primary school, as well as the key problems and educational needs of visually impaired children, hearing impaired children and children with intellectual disabilities. The basic characteristics of inclusive education and the key role of teacher in this process are pointed out. Starting from the developmental peculiarities of children with disabilities, the authors emphasize the importance of applying an individualized approach in teaching mathematics. Possible didactic and methodical solutions are discussed, as well as different approaches in teaching this subject that can facilitate learning of mathematical contents to visually impaired children, hearing impaired children and children with intellectual disabilities. Bearing in mind the peculiarities of inclusive education, i.e. the need for the children with disabilities to participate in common activities with the other children in the class, the authors emphasize the importance of encouraging interaction and communication among children in the process of learning mathematical contents.
Palliative care curriculum for speech–language pathology students
Authors: Mathisen Bernice , Yates Patsy , Crofts Penny
Published: August 2010

This paper reports on the experience of undergraduate speech–language pathology students at one university chosen for the implementation stage of the Palliative Care Curriculum for Undergraduates (PCC4U) Project. Funded by a government department for health and ageing through a national palliative care programme, the project was managed by a team of researchers from the discipline of nursing. The PCC4U project championed the inclusion of palliative care education as an integral part of medical, nursing, and allied healthcare undergraduate training. Of the pilot sites chosen for the PCC4U project, only one site, reported here, included both speech–language pathology and social work disciplines, providing an important opportunity for interdisciplinary collaboration on novel curriculum development in an area of mutual interest. This synergy served as an excellent foundation for ongoing opportunities for interdisciplinary teaching and learning in the university. Speech–language pathology students reported that the project was an invaluable addition to their education and preparation for clinical practice.
‘Times Ain't Now Nothin' Like They Used To Be’
Authors: Savage, Jr. William
Published: August 2010

The doctorial dissertation, never the most felicitous of literary forms, is nowadays worse than ever. Oversubscribed graduate programs, student commitment to turgid prose, and indifferent editorial practices have contributed to the situation, which is exacerbated by the economics of scholarly publishing. The author does not see change looming on the horizon.
Looking Back on the Future History of the ‘Book’: The Council of Editors of Learned Journals Keynote Addresses MLA Convention 2002
Authors: Greetham David , Bornstein George , Cornett Michael
Published: August 2010

In the last couple of years, the CELJ keynote addresses have featured speakers who have discussed some aspect of the advancing electronic world of scholarship. This year, I thought it might be profitable to bring what we know of the book's long history to bear on its future - electronic or otherwise. I looked for two leading experts with deep knowledge in the history of the book and editing to look back, as it were, on the future of the book. The academic journal, of course, is one permutation of the category ‘book.’ The idea of the ‘book,’ - or ‘a book’ - and of reading practices that give thela ‘book’ its life in the world, has become a fascinating topic at this historical moment when the technological possibilities of electronic formats have opened up the traditional limitations of the printed book and stimulated much consideration of what a book is or might become. Is the electronic context changing what a ‘book’ is? Or is it simply giving us a new vantage point from which to observe that it has never been quite so clear what we mean by ‘book’? And to what degree have we successfully negotiated the book in its newer guises? David Greetham approaches these issues through the lens of Foucault's notion of the ‘author,’ trying from several theoretical paths to attempt a spacious conceptualization of ‘book.’ George Bornstein then challenges editors, publishers, and scholars to address, in practical and outward-looking terms, the various (especially economic) pressures that are significantly limiting our ambitions for the electronic ‘book.’
My Favourite Plagiarist: Some Reflections of an Offended Party
Authors: Savage, Jr. William
Published: August 2010

A professor may build a substantial career in the modern university by stealing the words of others, as long as care is taken not to steal too many at one time. The author calls into question the validity of copyright law, the commitment of scholarly publishers to the protection of academic work, and the determination of university administrators to preserve standards of integrity among facuity.
The Journal of Scholarly Publishing: Continuing and Enhancing the Tradition
Authors: Radko Tom
Published: August 2010

The new editor ofJSP summarizes the journal's traditional mission, and outlines his goals for its future development and continuing contributions to the field of scholarly publishing.
The Price of University Press Books, 1989-2000
Authors: Greco Albert , O'Connor Walter , Smith Sharon , Wharton Robert
Published: August 2010

In this paper the authors analyze the decision-making process at university presses for determining suggested retail prices of books and evaluate the effects of pricing strategies on the financial vitality of the presses. The goal was to test empirically for answers to the following questions: (1) Were university press prices eroded by changes in the economy? (2) Did commercial scholarly presses charge more than university presses for comparable titles? (3) How often did university presses increase backlist prices? (4) Did the emergence of sophisticated online retailing sites create a dynamic sales environment for university press books? Answering these questions required a multifaceted research approach. The authors interviewed university press personnel, collected statistical data on twenty-six distinct book subcategories from university and commercial scholarly presses, and reviewed government data on changes in the economy.
The Commensality of Book Reviewing
Authors: Tobin Ronald
Published: August 2010

Book reviewing has the same ethical and aesthetic imperatives that apply to evaluating the quality of a good meal. The basic principle for both kinds of assessment should be to bring a critical but civil eye to the exercise.
The Twilight of Digitization Is Now
Authors: Hecker Thomas
Published: August 2010

Contemporary wisdom holds that the scholarly community is in transition from a paper-based knowledge system to an electronically based system. ‘Twilight’ argues that this transition is not sustainable and that constraints on energy resources and other necessary resources will arrest digitization in the not-distant future. Thus, archives in physical formats, not digitized archives, are essential to preserve the scholarly record.
Business and Society and Business Ethics Journals: A Citation and Impact Analysis
Authors: Paul Karen
Published: August 2010

Business & Society (B&S), Business Ethics Quarterly (BEQ), and the Journal of Business Ethics (JBE) are leading journals in the related fields of business ethics and business and society. Citations may be used as an indicator of relative influence. An analysis of their 2001 citations to one another and to the Academy of Management Journal and the Academy of Management Review is presented, showing that an argument could be made for ranking for any of the three journals first, depending on criteria used for judgement and the definition of the universe of those being influenced. The journal most widely recognized among management scholars in general is JBE; however, BEQ and B&S are favoured by experts in their respective sub-disciplines, with B&S citations indicating a closer relationship to the Academy of Management journals.
Striving at the Periphery, Craving for the Centre: The Realm of African Scholarly Communication in the Digital Age
Authors: Teferra Damtew
Published: August 2010

This article explores the state of the knowledge domain and the capacity of scholarly communication on the African continent at the beginning of the twenty-first century. It examines the challenges and opportunities in the digital age and proposes ways of capitalizing on the vast resources of global knowledge.
‘Joy! Rapture! I've Got a Brain!’
Authors: Hallock Thomas
Published: August 2010

The following essay was originally published in The Chronicle of Higher Education on 14 May 2004. The essay examines the motivation, and the self-doubt, that propels much academic writing. Drawing upon personal experience (and with a nod to The Wizard of Oz), author Thomas Hallock maintains that many scholars write in order to overcome their own insecurities.
Adventures in Trade Publishing
Authors: Lang James
Published: August 2010

While many academics dream of writing that crossover book that will broadcast their ideas or research to a wider public, most have little idea of what landing a book with trade publisher entails. Drawing on his experiences publishing a memoir with a trade publisher, the author of this essay, which originally appeared in The Chronicle of Higher Education on 17 March 2004, focuses primarily on the responsibilities that an author has in the marketing and promotion of such a book in order to ensure its success in the marketplace
Scholarship at the Crossroads: The Journal of Markets & Morality Case Study
Authors: Ballor Jordan
Published: August 2010

Like many other publications in what J. David Bolter calls ‘the late age of print,’ the Journal of Markets & Morality is at a crossroads, brought about by the rapid advent of technological progress. While embarking on a discussion of the contemporary issues facing the publication of a scholarly journal, the author provides a brief survey of the history of the Journal of Markets & Morality to orient the discussion.
Dermoscopy of Scalp Melanoma: Report of Three Cases
Authors: Torres Fernanda , Fabbrocini Gabriella , Hirata Sergio Henrique , Yamada Sergio , De Vita Valerio , Annunziata Maria Carmela , Tosti Antonella
Published: August 2010

Scalp melanoma is rare and often late-discovered because of its unusual position. As a consequence, its prognosis is poorer than melanoma on other body sites and only few clinical reports about its dermoscopic pattern have been published. In this paper, we report three clinical cases of scalp melanoma with photographic documentation and dermoscopic images, in order to improve the early detection of scalp melanoma.
Identification of Serum Biomarkers for Biliary Tract Cancers by a Proteomic Approach Based on Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Wang Wen-Jing , Xu Wang-Hong , Liu Cha-Zhen , Rashid Asif , Cheng Jia-Rong , Liao Ping , Hu Heng , Chu Lisa W. , Gao Yu-Tang , Yu Kai , Hsing Ann W.
Published: August 2010

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are lethal malignancies currently lacking satisfactory methods for early detection and accurate diagnosis. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) is a promising diagnostic tool for this disease. In this pilot study, sera samples from 50 BTCs and 30 cholelithiasis patients as well as 30 healthy subjects from a population-based case-control study were randomly grouped into training set (30 BTCs, 20 cholelithiasis and 20 controls), duplicate of training set, and blind set (20 BTCs, 10 cholelithiasis and 10 controls); all sets were analyzed on Immobilized Metal Affinity Capture ProteinChips via SELDI-TOF-MS. A decision tree classifier was built using the training set and applied to all test sets. The classification tree constructed with the 3,400, 4,502, 5,680, 7,598, and 11,242 mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) protein peaks had a sensitivity of 96.7% and a specificity of 85.0% when comparing BTCs with non-cancers. When applied to the duplicate set, sensitivity was 66.7% and specificity was 70.0%, while in the blind set, sensitivity was 95.0% and specificity was 75.0%. Positive predictive values of the training, duplicate, and blind sets were 82.9%, 62.5% and 79.2%, respectively. The agreement of the training and duplicate sets was 71.4% (Kappa = 0.43, u = 3.98, P < 0.01). The coefficient of variations based on 10 replicates of one sample for the five differential peaks were 15.8–68.8% for intensity and 0–0.05% for m/z. These pilot results suggest that serum protein profiling by SELDI-TOF-MS may be a promising approach for identifying BTCs but low assay reproducibility may limit its application in clinical practice.
Transgenic Mouse Studies to Understand the Regulation, Expression and Function of the Testis-Specific Protein Y-Encoded (TSPY) Gene
Authors: Schubert Stephanie , Schmidtke Jörg
Published: August 2010

The TSPY gene, which encodes the testis-specific protein, Y-encoded, was first discovered and characterized in humans, but orthologous genes were subsequently identified on the Y chromosome of many other placental mammals. TSPY is expressed in the testis and to a much lesser extent in the prostate gland, and it is assumed that TSPY serves function in spermatogonial proliferation and/or differentiation. It is further supposed that TSPY is involved in male infertility and exerts oncogenic effects in gonadal and prostate tumor formation. As a member of the TSPY/SET/NAP protein family, TSPY is able to bind cyclin B types, and stimulates the cyclin B1-CDK1 kinase activity, thereby accelerating the G2/M phase transition of the cell cycle of target cells. Because the laboratory mouse carries only a nonfunctional Y-chromosomal Tspy-ps pseudogene, a knockout mouse model for functional research analyses is not a feasible approach. In the last decade, three classical transgenic mouse models have been developed to contribute to our understanding of TSPY regulation, expression and function. The different transgenic mouse approaches and their relevance for studying TSPY regulation, expression and function are discussed in this review.
Targeting HCV Entry For Development of Therapeutics
Authors: Wong-Staal Flossie , Syder Andrew J. , McKelvy Jeffrey F.
Published: August 2010

Recent progress in defining the molecular mechanisms of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) entry affords the opportunity to exploit new viral and host targets for therapeutic intervention. Entry inhibitors would limit the expansion of the infected cell reservoir, and would complement the many replication inhibitors now under development. The current model for the pathway of entry involves the initial docking of the virus onto the cell surface through interactions of virion envelope and associated low density lipoproteins (LDL) with cell surface glycosaminoglycans and lipoprotein receptors, followed by more specific utilization with other hepatocyte membrane proteins: Scavenger Receptor Class B type 1 (SR-BI), CD81, Claudin 1 (CLDN1) and Occludin (OCLN). The use of blockers of these interactions, e.g. specific antibodies, suggests that inhibition of any one step in the entry pathway can inhibit infection. Despite this knowledge base, the tools for compound screening, HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp) and cell culture virus (HCVcc), and the ability to adapt them to industrial use are only recently available and as a result drug discovery initiatives are in their infancy. Several therapies aiming at modulating the virus envelope to prevent host cell binding are in early clinical testing. The first test case for blocking a cellular co-receptor is an SR-BI modulator. ITX 5061, an orally active small molecule, targets SR-BI and has shown potent antiviral activity against HCVpp and HCVcc. ITX 5061 has exhibited good safety in previous clinical studies, and is being evaluated in the clinic in chronic HCV patients and patients undergoing liver transplantation. Entry inhibitors promise to be valuable players in the future development of curative therapy against HCV.
Water Property Models as Sovereignty Prerogatives: European Legal Perspectives in Comparison
Authors: Perin Roberto Cavallo , Casalini Dario
Published: August 2010

Water resources in European legal systems have always been vested in sovereign power, regardless of their legal nature as goods vested in State property or as res communes omnium not subject to ownership. The common legal foundation of sovereign power over water resources departed once civil law jurisdictions leveled the demesne on ownership model, by introducing public ownership in the French codification of 1804, while common law jurisdiction developed a broader legal concept of property that includes even the rights to use res communes. The models led respectively to the establishment of administrative systems of water rights and markets of water rights. According to the first, public authorities’ power to manage and preserve water resources is grounded in a derogatory regime, whereby water rights, grounded on licenses or concessions, are neither transferable nor tradeable. On the contrary, environmental and social concerns in water market schemes must be enforced by means of regulation, thus limiting private property rights on water, in compliance with the constitutional and common law constraints set out to protect the minimum content of property as a fundamental human right.
Aromatic and heterocyclic perfluoroalkyl sulfides. Methods of preparation
Authors: Boiko Vladimir N
Published: August 2010

This review covers all of the common methods for the syntheses of aromatic and heterocyclic perfluoroalkyl sulfides, a class of compounds which is finding increasing application as starting materials for the preparation of agrochemicals, pharmaceutical products and, more generally, fine chemicals. A systematic approach is taken depending on the mode of incorporation of the SRF groups and also on the type of reagents used.
Emergence of intratreatment resistance to oseltamivir in pandemic influenza a H1N1 2009 virus
Authors: Valinotto Laura E , Diez Roberto A , Barrero Paola R , Farías Julio A , López Eduardo L , Mistchenko Alicia S
Published: August 2010

Background

Pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009 virus presents a new challenge to health authorities and communities worldwide. In Argentina, the outbreak was at its peak by the end of June 2009, during the southern winter. A systematic analysis of samples from patients with pandemic H1N1 2009 studied in our laboratory (Virology Laboratory, Hospital de Niños R Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina) detected two patients presenting intratreatment emergence of the H275Y neuraminidase mutation, which confers resistance to oseltamivir.

Methods

Complementary DNAs, including the 275 codon, were obtained by reverse transcriptase PCR using viral RNAs extracted from nasopharyngeal or tracheal aspirates. Conventional sequencing and pyrosequencing were performed on each sample. In order to measure the virus susceptibility to oseltamivir, 50% inhibitory concentration determinations were performed by chemiluminescence.

Results

Sequential samples of two paediatric patients under oseltamivir treatment were analysed. Pretreatment samples were composed of 100% oseltamivir-sensitive variants. In case 1, the oseltamivir-resistant variant was found 8 days after the beginning of treatment. In case 2, the viral population became resistant on the second day of treatment, with 83% of the viral population bearing the mutation and this reached 100% on the seventh day.

Conclusions

We describe the intratreatment emergence of oseltamivir resistance in two paediatric patients. Pyrosequencing allowed us to detect variant mixtures, showing the transition of the viral population from sensitive to resistant.
Analysis of immune selection as a potential cause for the presence of cleavage site mutation 431V in treatment-naive HIV type-1 isolates
Authors: Verheyen Jens , Schweitzer Finja , Harrer Ellen G , Knops Elena , Mueller Sandra M , Däumer Martin , Eismann Kathrin , Bergmann Silke , Spriewald Bernd M , Kaiser Rolf , Harrer Thomas
Published: August 2010

Introduction

HIV type-1 (HIV-1) protease (PR) and cleavage site (CS) mutations accumulate in protease-inhibitor-resistant isolates. HIV-1 CS mutation 431V is the most frequent treatment-associated CS mutation; however, little is known about its origin in treatment-naive HIV-1 isolates. Recently, it has been shown that the CS mutation 431V is located within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*13-restricted cytotoxic T- lymphocyte (CTL) epitope RQANFLGKI (RI9). Therefore, we investigated whether the presence of CS mutation 431V might additionally be related to immune escape.

Methods

CTL recognition of RI9 and of RI9 variants carrying the 431V or the 436R mutation was analysed by ELISPOT in nine HLA-B*13-positive HIV-1-infected patients. Treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients with primary drug-resistant HIV-1 isolates ( n=58) or carrying 431V ( n=4) were genotyped for HLA class I alleles.

Results

ELISPOT analysis showed different patterns of CTL recognition of RI9. CS mutation 431V could abrogate recognition by RI9-specific CTL in a subgroup of patients. Nevertheless, in our study, the occurrence of 431V in treatment-naive HIV-1 without primary drug resistance could not be explained by HLA-B*13-mediated immune selection. In patients with primary drug-resistant HIV-1 isolates, the frequency of HLA-B*13 was not increased and HLA-B*13 did not correlate with CS mutations 436R or 431V.

Conclusions

HIV-1 CS mutation 431V can abrogate CTL recognition, indicating interactions between development of drug resistance and the CTL response. However, we could not find evidence that the presence of 431V in treatment-naive HIV-1 isolates with and without primary drug resistance is related to immune selection by HLA-B*13 or other HLA class I alleles.