bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity Loss Threatens the Current Functional Similarity of Beta Diversity in Benthic Diatom Communities
Authors: Virta Leena , Soininen Janne , Norkko Alf
Published: August 2020

The global biodiversity loss has increased the need to understand the effects of decreasing diversity, but our knowledge on how species loss will affect the functioning of communities and ecosystems is still very limited. Here, the levels of taxonomic and functional beta diversity and the effect of species loss on functional beta diversity were investigated in an estuary that provides a naturally steep environmental gradient. The study was conducted using diatoms that are among the most important microorganisms in all aquatic ecosystems and globally account for 40% of marine primary production. Along the estuary, the taxonomic beta diversity of diatom communities was high (Bray-Curtis taxonomic similarity 0.044) and strongly controlled by the environment, particularly wind exposure, salinity, and temperature. In contrast, the functional beta diversity was low (Bray-Curtis functional similarity 0.658) and much less controlled by the environment. Thus, the diatom communities stayed functionally almost similar despite large changes in species composition and environment. This may indicate that, through high taxonomic diversity and redundancy in functions, microorganisms provide an insurance effect against environmental change. However, when studying the effect of decreasing species richness on functional similarity of communities, simulated species loss to 45% of the current species richness decreased functional similarity significantly. This suggests that decreasing species richness may increase variability and reduce the stability and resilience of communities. These results highlight the importance of high taxonomic biodiversity for the stable functioning of benthic communities.
Epibenthic megafauna communities in Northeast Greenland vary across coastal, continental shelf and slope habitats
Authors: Fredriksen Rosalyn , Christiansen Jørgen S. , Bonsdorff Erik , Larsen Lars-Henrik , Nordström Marie C. , Zhulay Irina , Bluhm Bodil A.
Published: August 2020

The marine area of Northeast Greenland belongs to the largest national park in the world. Biodiversity assessments and tailored conservation measures often target specific physiographic or oceanographic features of an area for which detailed knowledge on their biological communities is incomplete. This study, therefore, characterizes epibenthic megafauna communities in a priori defined seabed habitats (fjord, shelf, shelf break and slope) and their relationship to environmental conditions in Northeast Greenland waters as a basis for conservation and management planning. Megabenthos was sampled from the Bessel Fjord across the shelf to the upper continental slope between latitudes 74.55°N–79.27°N and longitudes 5.22°W–21.72°W by Campelen and Agassiz trawls at 18 locations (total of 33 samples) at depths between 65 and 1011 m in August 2015 and September 2017. A total of 276 taxa were identified. Gross estimates of abundance ranged from 4 to 854 individuals 1000 m−2 and biomass ranged from 65 to 528 g wet weight 1000 m−2 (2017 only). The phyla Arthropoda and Porifera contributed the most to taxon richness, while Mollusca and Echinodermata were the most abundant, and Echinodermata had the highest biomass of all phyla. Fjord, shelf, shelf break and slope seabed habitats revealed different megafaunal communities that were partly explained by gradients in depth, bottom oxygen concentration, temperature, salinity, and turbidity. The present study provides a current baseline of megabenthos across seabed habitats in Northeast Greenlandic waters and reveals putative connections between Arctic and Atlantic biota.
Understanding precipitation recycling over the Tibetan Plateau using tracer analysis with WRF
Authors: Gao Yanhong , Chen Fei , Miguez-Macho Gonzalo , Li Xia
Published: August 2020

The precipitation recycling (PR) ratio is an important indicator that quantifies the land-atmosphere interaction strength in the Earth system’s water cycle. To better understand how the heterogeneous land surface in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) contributes to precipitation, we used the water-vapor tracer (WVT) method coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model. The goals were to quantify the PR ratio, in terms of annual mean, seasonal variability and diurnal cycle, and to address the relationships of the PR ratio with lake treatments and precipitation amount. Simulations showed that the PR ratio increases from 0.1 in winter to 0.4 in summer when averaged over the TP with the maxima centered at the headwaters of three major rivers (Yangtze, Yellow and Mekong). For the central TP, the highest PR ratio rose to over 0.8 in August, indicating that most of the precipitation was recycled via local evapotranspiration in summer. The larger daily mean and standard deviation of the PR ratio in summer suggested a stronger effect of land-atmosphere interactions on precipitation in summer than in winter. Despite the relatively small spatial extent of inland lakes, the treatment of lakes in WRF significantly impacted the calculation of the PR ratio over the TP, and correcting lake temperature substantially improved both precipitation and PR ratio simulations. There was no clear relationship between PR ratio and precipitation amount; however, a significant positive correlation between PR and convective precipitation was revealed. This study is beneficial for the understanding of land-atmosphere interaction over high mountain regions.
Association of FKBP5 genotype with depressive symptoms in patients with coronary heart disease: a prospective study
Authors: Brandt Julia , Warnke Katharina , Jörgens Silke , Arolt Volker , Beer Katja , Domschke Katharina , Haverkamp Wilhelm , Kuhlmann Stella L. , Müller-Nordhorn Jacqueline , Rieckmann Nina , Schwarte Kathrin , Ströhle Andreas , Tschorn Mira , Waltenberger Johannes , Grosse Laura
Published: August 2020

Depression and coronary heart disease (CHD) are prevalent and often co-occurring disorders. Both have been associated with a dysregulated stress system. As a central element of the stress system, the FKBP5 gene has been shown to be associated with depression. In a prospective design, this study aims to investigate the association of FKBP5 with depressive symptoms in CHD patients. N = 268 hospitalized CHD patients were included. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) at four time points (baseline, and after 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months). The functional FKBP5 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1360780 was selected for genotyping. Linear regression models showed that a higher number of FKBP5 C alleles was associated with more depressive symptoms in CHD patients both at baseline (p = 0.015) and at 12-months follow-up (p = 0.025) after adjustment for confounders. Further analyses revealed that this effect was driven by an interaction of FKBP5 genotype with patients’ prior CHD course. Specifically, only in patients with a prior myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization, more depressive symptoms were associated with a higher number of C alleles (baseline: p = 0.046; 1-month: p = 0.026; 6-months: p = 0.028). Moreover, a higher number of C alleles was significantly related to a greater risk for dyslipidemia (p = .016). Our results point to a relevance of FKBP5 in the association of the two stress-related diseases depression and CHD.
High-frequency ecological momentary assessment of emotional and interpersonal states preceding and following self-injury in female adolescents
Authors: Koenig Julian , Klier Julia , Parzer Peter , Santangelo Philip , Resch Franz , Ebner-Priemer Ulrich , Kaess Michael
Published: August 2020

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a considerable health problem among adolescents. Affect regulation by means of self-injury may promote the maintenance of NSSI. However, existing findings have limited ecological validity. The present study aimed to assess emotional and interpersonal states preceding and following incidents of NSSI in female adolescents. Adolescents with NSSI-disorder completed ecological momentary assessments of affective and interpersonal states on an hourly basis for multiple days. Multilevel mixed-effect regression analyses were conducted to assess antecedences and consequences of acts of self-injury. Data from n = 73 female adolescents covering a total of 52 acts of self-injury were available for analyses. The urge to self-injure on the between subject-level and negative affect on the within-level were best predictors of self-injury. Surprisingly, self-injury increased negative affect and decreased feelings of attachment (mother only) in the following hour. In line with findings in adults, results illustrate the important association between negative affect and self-injury in female adolescents. However, the occurrence of NSSI itself was related to concurrent increases in negative affect, and even prospectively predicted a consecutive increase in negative affect. Therefore, improvements of negative affect following (or during) self-injury, as previously reported, are at best short-lived (< 1 h).
Social media and sensemaking patterns in new product development: demystifying the customer sentiment
Authors: Giannakis Mihalis , Dubey Rameshwar , Yan Shishi , Spanaki Konstantina , Papadopoulos Thanos
Published: August 2020

Artificial intelligence by principle is developed to assist but also support decision making processes. In our study, we explore how information retrieved from social media can assist decision-making processes for new product development (NPD). We focus on consumers’ emotions that are expressed through social media and analyse the variations of their sentiments in all the stages of NPD. We collect data from Twitter that reveal consumers’ appreciation of aspects of the design of a newly launched model of an innovative automotive company. We adopt the sensemaking approach coupled with the use of fuzzy logic for text mining. This combinatory methodological approach enables us to retrieve consensus from the data and to explore the variations of sentiments of the customers about the product and define the polarity of these emotions for each of the NPD stages. The analysis identifies sensemaking patterns in Twitter data and explains the NPD process and the associated steps where the social interactions from customers can have an iterative role. We conclude the paper by outlining an agenda for future research in the NPD process and the role of the customer opinion through sensemaking mechanisms.
Why Soot is not Alike Soot: A Molecular/Nanostructural Approach to Low Temperature Soot Oxidation
Authors: Hagen Fabian , Hardock Fabian , Koch Sergej , Sebbar Nadia , Bockhorn Henning , Loukou Alexandra , Kubach Heiko , Suntz Rainer , Trimis Dimosthenis , Koch Thomas
Published: August 2020

Due to worldwide increasingly sharpened emission regulations, the development of Gasoline Direct Injection and Diesel Direct Injection engines not only aims at the reduction of the emission of nitrogen oxides but also at the reduction of particulate emissions. Regarding present regulations, both tasks can be achieved solely with the help of exhaust after treatment systems. For the reduction of the emission of particulates, Gasoline (GPF) and diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) offer a solution and their implementation is intensely promoted. Under optimal conditions particulates retained on particulate filters are continuously oxidized with the exhaust residual oxygen so that the particulate filter (PF) is regenerated possibly without any additional intervention into the engine operating parameters.
The regeneration behavior of PF depends on the reaction rates of soot particles with oxidative reactants at exhaust gas temperatures. The reaction rates of soot particles from internal combustion engines (ICE) often are discussed in terms of order/disorder on the particle nanoscale, the concentration and kind of functional groups on the particle surfaces, and the content of (mostly polycyclic aromatic) hydrocarbons in the soot. In this work the reactivity of different kinds of soot (soot from flames, soot from ICE, carbon black) under oxidation conditions representative for PF regeneration is investigated. Soot reactivity is determined in dynamic Temperature Programmed Oxidation (TPO) experiments and the soot primary particle morphology and nanostructure is investigated by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). An image analysis method based on known methods from the literature and improving some infirmities is used to evaluate morphology and nanostructural characteristics. From this, primary particle size distributions, length and separation distance distributions as well as tortuosities of fringes within the primary particle structures are obtained. Further, UV–visible spectroscopy and Raman scattering and other diagnostic techniques are used to study the properties connected to the reactivity of soot and to corroborate the experimental findings. It is found that nanostructural characteristics predominantly affect reactivity. Oxidation rates are derived from TPO and interpreted on a molecular basis from quantum chemistry calculations revealing a replication/activation oxidation mechanism.
A ground motion logic tree for seismic hazard analysis in the stable cratonic region of Europe: regionalisation, model selection and development of a scaled backbone approach
Authors: Weatherill Graeme , Cotton Fabrice
Published: August 2020

Regions of low seismicity present a particular challenge for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis when identifying suitable ground motion models (GMMs) and quantifying their epistemic uncertainty. The 2020 European Seismic Hazard Model adopts a scaled backbone approach to characterise this uncertainty for shallow seismicity in Europe, incorporating region-to-region source and attenuation variability based on European strong motion data. This approach, however, may not be suited to stable cratonic region of northeastern Europe (encompassing Finland, Sweden and the Baltic countries), where exploration of various global geophysical datasets reveals that its crustal properties are distinctly different from the rest of Europe, and are instead more closely represented by those of the Central and Eastern United States. Building upon the suite of models developed by the recent NGA East project, we construct a new scaled backbone ground motion model and calibrate its corresponding epistemic uncertainties. The resulting logic tree is shown to provide comparable hazard outcomes to the epistemic uncertainty modelling strategy adopted for the Eastern United States, despite the different approaches taken. Comparison with previous GMM selections for northeastern Europe, however, highlights key differences in short period accelerations resulting from new assumptions regarding the characteristics of the reference rock and its influence on site amplification.
Capitalism and Civil Society Revisited or: Conceptualizing a Civil, Sustainable and Solidary Economy
Authors: Adloff Frank
Published: August 2020

After a brief reconstruction of the discourse on civil society, the notion that civil society and the economy are two separate spheres is criticized. Economies are not only embedded in civil society; they can also be organized according to civil society principles. This is discussed conceptually on the one hand, while on the other, the degrowth movement and cooperatives are used as examples to show what a civil, sustainable and solidary economy may look like. It will be shown that the concept of civil society is indispensable for the understanding of modern societies in general and also for economic processes. If one overcomes the sector-specific understanding of civil society and the identification of economy with profit-oriented capitalism on the basis of private property, a variety of connecting lines can be observed. Civic practices can also be identified in the economy and offer a reform approach that is largely overlooked and underestimated in social scientific and political debates. Many experiments on the entanglement of business and civil society are underway, and it is necessary to explore how these spaces can be created and expanded.
Radial Two Weight Inequality for Maximal Bergman Projection Induced by a Regular Weight
Authors: Korhonen Taneli , Peláez José Ángel , Rättyä Jouni
Published: August 2020

It is shown in quantitative terms that the maximal Bergman projection $$ {P}^{+}_{\omega}(f)(z)={\int}_{\mathbb{D}} f(\zeta)|{B}^{\omega}_{z}(\zeta)|\omega(\zeta) dA(\zeta), $$

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is bounded from $L^{p}_{\nu }$

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to $L^{p}_{\eta }$

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if and only if $$ \underset{0<r<1}{\sup}\left( {\int}_{0}^{r}\frac{\eta(s)}{\left( {\int}_{s}^{1}\omega(t) dt\right)^{p}} ds+1\right)^{\frac{1}{p}} \left( {\int}_{r}^{1}\left( \frac{\omega(s)}{\nu(s)^{\frac{1}{p}}}\right)^{p^{\prime}}ds\right)^{\frac{1}{p^{\prime}}}<\infty, $$

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provided ω,ν,η are radial regular weights. A radial weight σ is regular if it satisfies ${\sigma }(r){\asymp {\int \limits }}_{r}^{1}{\sigma }(t) dt/(1-r)$
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are simultaneously bounded.
Nucleolin Mediates LPS-induced Expression of Inflammatory Mediators and Activation of Signaling Pathways
Authors: Fang Li , Wang Kang-kai , Huang Qing , Cheng Feng , Huang Fang , Liu Wei-wei
Published: August 2020

In this study, we investigated the effects of nucleolin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of MAPK and NF-KappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathways and secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1 in THP-1 monocytes. Immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting were used to identify the nucleolin expression in cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus of THP-1 monocytes. Inactivation of nucleolin was induced by neutralizing antibody against nucleolin. THP-1 monocytes were pretreated with anti-nucleolin antibody for 1 h prior to LPS challenge. The irrelevant IgG group was used as control. Secretion of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1) and activation of MAPK and NF-κB/I-κB signaling pathways were examined to assess the effects of nucleolin on LPS-mediated inflammatory response. Nucleolin existed in cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus of THP-1 monocytes. Pretreatment of anti-nucleolin antibody significantly inhibited the LPS-induced secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1. P38, JNK, ERK and NF-κB subunit p65 inhibitors could significantly inhibit the secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α and HMGB1 induced by LPS. Moreover, the phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK and p65 (or nuclear translocation of p65) was significantly increased after LPS challenge. In contrast, pretreatment of anti-nucleolin antibody could significantly inhibit the LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK and p65 (or nuclear translocation of p65). However, the irrelevant IgG, as a negative control, had no effect on LPS-induced secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β and phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK and p65 (or nuclear translocation of p65). We demonstrated that nucleolin mediated the LPS-induced activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, and regulated the secretion of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1).
Role of Interleukin 17A in Aortic Valve Inflammation in Apolipoprotein E-deficient Mice
Authors: Liu Fa-yuan , Bai Peng , Jiang Ye-fan , Dong Nian-guo , Li Geng , Chu Chong
Published: August 2020

Interleukin 17A (IL17A) is reported to be involved in many inflammatory processes, but its role in aortic valve diseases remains unknown. We examined the role of IL17A based on an ApoE−/−mouse model with strategies as fed with high-fat diet or treated with IL17A monoclonal antibody (mAb). 12 weeks of high-fat diet feeding can elevate cytokines secretion, inflammatory cells infiltration and myofibroblastic transition of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) in aortic valve. Moreover, diet-induction accelerated interleukin 17 receptor A (IL17RA) activation in VICs. In an IL17A inhibition model, the treatment group was intra-peritoneally injected with anti-IL17A mAb while controls received irrelevant antibody. Functional blockade of IL17A markedly reduced cellular infiltration and transition in aortic valve. To investigate potential mechanisms, NF-κB was co-stained in IL17RA+VICs and IL17RA+macrophages, and further confirmed by Western blotting in VICs. High-fat diet could activate NF-κB nuclear translocation in IL17RA+VICs and IL17RA+macrophages and this process was depressed after IL17A mAb-treatment. In conclusion, high-fat diet can lead to IL17A upregulation, VICs myofibroblastic transition and inflammatory cells infiltration in the aortic value of ApoE−/−mice. Blocking IL17A with IL17A mAb can alleviate aortic valve inflammatory states.
Feeding behaviour of Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae) changes when infected with Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum
Authors: Valenzuela Isabel , Sandanayaka Manoharie , Powell Kevin S. , Norng Sorn , Vereijssen Jessica
Published: August 2020

Pathogens which need a vector for their transmission can alter the vectors’ behaviour to favour their spread. We used the electrical penetration graph technique to investigate this hypothesis by using the tomato potato psyllidBactericera cockerelliinfected or not with the plant pathogenCandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum (CLso) on African boxthorn and tomato. Probing was not affected by the host type but there was a significant effect on probing due to the infection status of the psyllid. More psyllids carried out probing activities in the sieve elements when infected with CLso, and more probing activities were observed from CLso-infected psyllids by comparison to the non-infected groups. Specifically, significant increases in salivation, phloem ingestion and number of probes, before and after reaching the sieve elements, were noticed in the infected groups. Furthermore, time elapsed to reach the sieve elements was significantly shortened by 2 h in the infected group. Remaining probing activities in xylem tissues were not different between all psyllid groups. The observed changes in feeding behaviour by pathogen-infected psyllids may well ensure further spread of the pathogen as greater salivation has the potential to increase transmission, highlighting at the same time the important role that crop and non-crop hosts play in disease epidemiology.
PKCγ-Mediated Phosphorylation of CRMP2 Regulates Dendritic Outgrowth in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells
Authors: Winkler Sabine C. , Shimobayashi Etsuko , Kapfhammer Josef P.
Published: August 2020

The signalling protein PKCγ is a major regulator of Purkinje cell development and synaptic function. We have shown previously that increased PKCγ activity impairs dendritic development of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Mutations in the protein kinase Cγ gene (PRKCG) cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14). In a transgenic mouse model of SCA14 expressing the human S361G mutation, Purkinje cell dendritic development is impaired in cerebellar slice cultures similar to pharmacological activation of PKC. The mechanisms of PKCγ-driven inhibition of dendritic growth are still unclear. Using immunoprecipitation-coupled mass spectrometry analysis, we have identified collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) as a protein interacting with constitutive active PKCγ(S361G) and confirmed the interaction with the Duolink™ proximity ligation assay. We show that in cerebellar slice cultures from PKCγ(S361G)-mice, phosphorylation of CRMP2 at the known PKC target site Thr555 is increased in Purkinje cells confirming phosphorylation of CRMP2 by PKCγ. miRNA-mediated CRMP2 knockdown decreased Purkinje cell dendritic outgrowth in dissociated cerebellar cultures as did the transfection of CRMP2 mutants with a modified Thr555 site. In contrast, dendritic development was normal after wild-type CRMP2 overexpression. In a novel knock-in mouse expressing only the phospho-defective T555A-mutant CRMP2, Purkinje cell dendritic development was reduced in dissociated cultures. This reduction could be rescued by transfecting wild-type CRMP2 but only partially by the phospho-mimetic T555D-mutant. Our findings establish CRMP2 as an important target of PKCγ phosphorylation in Purkinje cells mediating its control of dendritic development. Dynamic regulation of CRMP2 phosphorylation via PKCγ is required for its correct function.
Long Non-Coding RNA Derived from lncRNA–mRNA Co-Expression Networks Modulates the Locust Phase Change
Authors: Li Ting , Chen Bing , Yang Pengcheng , Wang Depin , Du Baozhen , Kang Le
Published: August 2020

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate various biological processes ranging from gene expression to animal behavior. Although protein-coding genes, microRNAs, and neuropeptides play important roles in the regulation of phenotypic plasticity in migratory locust, empirical studies on the function of lncRNAs in this process remain limited. Here, we applied high-throughput RNA-seq to compare the expression patterns of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the time course of locust phase change. We found that lncRNAs responded more rapidly at the early stages of phase transition. Functional annotations demonstrated that early changed lncRNAs employed different pathways in isolation and crowding phases to cope with changes in the population density. Two overlapping hub lncRNA loci in the crowding and isolation networks were screened for functional verification. One of them, LNC1010057, was validated as a potential regulator of locust phase change. This work offers insights into the molecular mechanism underlying locust phase change and expands the scope of lncRNA functions in animal behavior.
Assessing Shifts in Regional Hydroclimatic Conditions of U.S. River Basins in Response to Climate Change over the 21st Century
Authors: Heidari Hadi , Arabi Mazdak , Warziniack Travis , Kao Shih‐Chieh
Published: August 2020

Characterization of shifts in regional hydroclimatic conditions helps reduce negative consequences on agriculture, environment, economy, society, and ecosystem. This study assesses shifts in regional hydroclimatic conditions across the conterminous United States in response to climate change over the 21st century. The hydrological responses of five downscaled climate models from the Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogs data set ranging from the driest to wettest and least warm to hottest were simulated using the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model. Shifts in regional hydroclimatic conditions at 8‐digit hydrologic unit scale (HUC8) were evaluated by the magnitude and direction of movements in the Budyko space. HUC8 river basins were then clustered into seven unique hydroclimatic behavior groups using the K‐means method. A tree classification method was proposed to illustrate the relationships between hydroclimatic behavior groups and regional characteristics. The results indicate that hydroclimatic responses may vary from a river basin to another, but basins in the same neighborhood follow a similar movement in the Budyko space. The systematic hydroclimatic behavior of river basins is highly associated with their regional landform, climate, and ecosystem characteristics. Most HUC8s with mountain, plateau, and basin landform types will likely experience less arid conditions. However, most HUC8s with Plain landform type behave differently according to the regional ecosystem and climate. This study provides a potential roadmap of shifts in regional hydroclimatic conditions of U.S. river basins, which can be used to improve regional preparedness and ability of various sectors to mitigate or adapt to the impacts of future hydroclimate change.
The Challenges of Fieldwork for LGBTQ+ Geoscientists
Authors: Olcott Alison , Downen Matthew
Published: August 2020

A new survey reveals the unique issues that traveling for research poses for LGBTQ+ scientists. The data should help us create solutions that foster safety and inclusion.
MESSENGER Observations of Flow Braking and Flux Pileup of Dipolarizations in Mercury's Magnetotail: Evidence for Current Wedge Formation
Authors: Dewey Ryan M. , Slavin James A. , Raines Jim M. , Azari Abigail R. , Sun Weijie
Published: August 2020

Similar to Earth, Mercury's magnetotail experiences frequent dipolarization of the magnetic field. These rapid (~2 s) increases in the northward component of the tail field (ΔBz ~ 30 nT) at Mercury are associated with fast sunward flows (~200 km/s) that enhance local magnetic field convection. Differences between the two magnetospheres, namely Mercury's smaller spatiotemporal scales and lack of an ionosphere, influence the dynamics of dipolarizations in these magnetotails. At Earth, the braking of fast dipolarization flows near the inner magnetosphere accumulates magnetic flux and develops the substorm current wedge. At Mercury, flow braking and flux pileup remain open topics. In this work, we develop an automated algorithm to identify dipolarizations, which allows for statistical examination of flow braking and flux pileup in Mercury's magnetotail. We find that near the inner edge of the plasma sheet, steep magnetic pressure gradients cause substantial braking of fast dipolarization flows. The dipolarization frequency and sunward flow speed decrease significantly within a region ~500 km thick located at ~900 km altitude above Mercury's local midnight surface. Due to the close proximity of the braking region to the planet, we estimate that ~10–20% of dipolarizations may reach the nightside surface of the planet. The remaining dipolarizations exhibit prolonged statistical flux pileup within the braking region similar to large‐scale dipolarization of Earth's inner magnetosphere. The existence of flow braking and flux pileup at Mercury indicates that a current wedge may form, although the limitations imposed by Mercury's magnetosphere require the braking of multiple, continuous dipolarizations for current wedge formation.
Improving Reservoir Outflow Estimation for Ungauged Basins Using Satellite Observations and a Hydrological Model
Authors: Han Zhongying , Long Di , Huang Qi , Li Xingdong , Zhao Fanyu , Wang Jianhua
Published: August 2020

Nowadays, most of rivers globally are regulated by dams and reservoirs, which have substantially altered natural streamflow regimes. Understanding the impacts of these dams and reservoirs on streamflow is essential for water resources management. In situ reservoir release data or actual reservoir operating rules are difficult to obtain, particularly for transboundary rivers, resulting in the tremendous difficulty of simulating exact reservoir behaviors. This study aims to use easy‐to‐obtain satellite observations combined with a distributed hydrological model to estimate reservoir releases at the daily time scale. The developed Satellite‐Based Reservoir routing Scheme (SBRS) was applied to two individual reservoirs in the United States and Thailand and cascade reservoirs on the Lancang River in China. The normalized root‐mean‐square error (NRMSE), correlation coefficient (CC), and hydrographs of daily regulated streamflow simulations were used to assess the performance of the reservoir release simulations. The SBRS was compared with four other global reservoir operation schemes and showed better overall performance with higher CC and lower NRMSE. In addition, the SBRS performed better for the individual reservoirs (CC > 0.6, NRMSE < 0.2) than the cascade reservoirs, which is attributed to the uncertainty in the simulation of inflow and reservoir storage changes and to the lack of remote sensing data for all the cascade reservoirs. This study explores the potential of satellite observations combined with hydrological modeling in elucidating reservoir behaviors in ungauged and/or transboundary river basins. A better understanding of reservoir behaviors serves as a basis for water resources management and provides a more cooperative environment for all stakeholders of a basin.
Recent advances in transition metal migration involving reactions
Authors: Dong Xu , Wang Hui , Liu Hui , Wang Fagang
Published: August 2020

In this review, various types of metal-migration involved methodologies, including palladium, rhodium, iron, cobalt, iridium, chromium, nickel, platinum, are summarized and demonstrated elaborately for giving a better access to this field.
Semantic instance segmentation using convolutional networks for reconstruction of spatial distribution of material properties
Authors: Dapkus P. , Mažeika L.
Published: August 2020

The general objective of this research is non‐destructive assessment of the grain size in the metals. The authors suggest a new way of applying neural network technology when the neural network is used for analysis of the ultrasonic structural noise. It was assumed that the signals of ultrasonic structural noise are measured at several frequencies. In order to address structural noise issues, a convolutional neural network is designed to process ultrasonic sensor data, to learn structural noise features and to achieve direct grain size estimation simultaneously. To ensure minimum data gathering of metal samples, the design focuses on neural network with concept of semantic instance segmentation, for data extrapolation. Experimental results show that proposed methods as semantic instance segmentation with combined convolutional and fully connected dense neural networks with classifiers outperform the other single neural networks with original samples with high signal to noise ratio (SN) data.
Benford’s law in the Gaia universe
Authors: de Jong Jurjen , de Bruijne Jos , De Ridder Joris
Published: August 2020

Context. Benford’s law states that for scale- and base-invariant data sets covering a wide dynamic range, the distribution of the first significant digit is biased towards low values. This has been shown to be true for wildly different datasets, including financial, geographical, and atomic data. In astronomy, earlier work showed that Benford’s law also holds for distances estimated as the inverse of parallaxes from the ESA HIPPARCOS mission.

Aims. We investigate whether Benford’s law still holds for the 1.3 billion parallaxes contained in the second data release of Gaia (Gaia DR2). In contrast to previous work, we also include negative parallaxes. We examine whether distance estimates computed using a Bayesian approach instead of parallax inversion still follow Benford’s law. Lastly, we investigate the use of Benford’s law as a validation tool for the zero-point of the Gaia parallaxes.

Methods. We computed histograms of the observed most significant digit of the parallaxes and distances, and compared them with the predicted values from Benford’s law, as well as with theoretically expected histograms. The latter were derived from a simulated Gaia catalogue based on the Besançon galaxy model.

Results. The observed parallaxes in Gaia DR2 indeed follow Benford’s law. Distances computed with the Bayesian approach of Bailer-Jones et al. (2018, AJ, 156, 58) no longer follow Benford’s law, although low-value ciphers are still favoured for the most significant digit. The prior that is used has a significant effect on the digit distribution. Using the simulated Gaia universe model snapshot, we demonstrate that the true distances underlying the Gaia catalogue are not expected to follow Benford’s law, essentially because the interplay between the luminosity function of the Milky Way and the mission selection function results in a bi-modal distance distribution, corresponding to nearby dwarfs in the Galactic disc and distant giants in the Galactic bulge. In conclusion, Gaia DR2 parallaxes only follow Benford’s Law as a result of observational errors. Finally, we show that a zero-point offset of the parallaxes derived by optimising the fit between the observed most-significant digit frequencies and Benford’s law leads to a value that is inconsistent with the value that is derived from quasars. The underlying reason is that such a fit primarily corrects for the difference in the number of positive and negative parallaxes, and can thus not be used to obtain a reliable zero-point.
Reshaping the Lower Face Using Injectable Fillers
Authors: Braz André , Eduardo Camila Cazerta de Paula
Published: August 2020

The lower third is very important for the pleasant appearance of the face. A well-contoured jawline is desirable in men and women, giving a perception of beauty and youth. It is also key to sexual dimorphism, defining masculine and feminine characteristics. The nonsurgical rejuvenation and beautification of the lower third of the face is becoming more frequent. Injectable fillers can reshape the jawline, lift soft tissues, and improve facial proportions, effectively improving the appearance of the area.

It is paramount to understand the facial anatomy and perform a good facial assessment in order to propose a proper aesthetic treatment plan. The aesthetic goal of the rejuvenation approach is to redefine the mandibular angle and line. In young patients, beautification can be achieved through correction of constitutional deficit or enhancement of the contour of the face, improving the facial shape. It is very important to possess knowledge of facial anatomy and of the aging process in order to deliver effective and safe results.

In this article, we discuss the anatomy of the lower third of the face, facial assessment, aging process, and treatments of the chin, prejowls and mandibular line and angle with injectable fillers. The authors’ experience in the approach of this area is discussed.
Maximizing the effect of visual feedback for pronunciation instruction
Authors: Olson Daniel J. , Offerman Heather M.
Published: August 2020

Visual feedback, in which learners visually analyze acoustic speech characteristics, has been shown to significantly improve pronunciation, but extant research has varied widely with respect to the target feature, length of the intervention, and type of intervention. This study presents a comparative analysis of three methods of visual feedback for L2 segmental pronunciation instruction. These methods, all focused on training voice onset time for English-speaking learners of Spanish, differed in duration of instruction (i.e., short and long) and the nature of each intervention (i.e., phonemes presented simultaneously or sequentially). Results show that while all forms of visual feedback significantly improve L2 Spanish pronunciation, evidenced by a reduction in voice onset time, the greatest improvement was found following both longer treatments and a sequential approach. Theoretical and pedagogical implications are discussed.
Water Flooding Timing Research and Field Practice in Light Oil Reservoir
Authors: Shi Changlin , Yang Lina , Wang Xinran , Wei Li , Yin Yanjun
Published: August 2020

Water flooding timing is the research focus in the process of reservoir development, especially for offshore reservoir, reasonable water flooding timing can ensure better development effect, at the same time, it can save the investment cost in the process of reservoir development, so as to achieve sustainable and efficient development of offshore oilfield. At present, there are many researches on the flooding timing of conventional heavy oil reservoir, but few on the flooding timing of light oil reservoir. In order to clarify the development effect of light oil reservoir under different water flooding timing, taking offshore oilfield A as an example, combining with numerical simulation technology and reservoir engineering analysis method, the development effect under different water flooding timing is analyzed. The results show that when the reservoir pressure drops to half of the saturation pressure, the development effect of water flooding for light oil reservoir is the best. Therefore, the water flooding time can be postponed for the light oil reservoir with high porosity and permeability. The research results are applied to the actual development case of oilfield A. The practice shows that water flooding in the late development stage of light oil reservoir can effectively prolong the water-free oil production period, improve the initial oil recovery rate, reduce the initial development investment, thus effectively shorten the investment recovery period and improve the development effect of the reservoir in the whole life production cycle.
A Feasibility Research for Sustainable General Aviation
Authors: Wang Yang , Feng Rongxin
Published: August 2020

The General Aviation industrial is dedicated to create smaller aircraft, which can be accepted as personal transport vehicle. However, regulations on the noise and pollution limited the active range of the aircraft with conventional fuel power system. General Aviation provides an effective transporting method, which saves traveling time compare to the motor car; it can be design for sustainable and affordable. The research shows using near future technology, GA can be remodelled as a low nuisance, low emission sustainable aircraft. A fuel cell based propulsive system for GA is analysed to improve the system efficiency. The reliability of electrical power system is addressed to create a power converting process that reduce the risk. The feasibility research over sustainable design of GA shows zero emission fully sustainable general aviation is possible in the near future.
Typical Application of Energy Storage in Power System
Authors: Zhao Yue , Wang Guilin , Ai Dengxin , Yang Bangyu , Gan Zhiyong , Wang Kun
Published: August 2020

The rapid improvement of renewable energy has brought great pressure to the power grid. To solve the problem, energy storage has been valued as an important flexible resource. Different types of energy storage have significant differences in technical and economic characteristics, and have different applications in power system. Now high capacity energy storage is playing a crucial part in ensuring the power system security and reliability, strengthening the peak-valley load regulation ability of regional power system, improving the capacity of power transmission and transformation, and improving the quality of electric energy. The performance and characteristics of different energy storage forms were discussed and the use of energy storage was analyzed in this paper. It could be concluded that energy storage will became more essential in the power system.
Sustainable Development and Management of Water Resources in the Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Peng Xianze , Chang Kexin
Published: August 2020

Water resources are the basic resources on which people depend for survival. They play an indispensable role in the procedure of modern economic society and also important links in the construction of ecological civilization. With the continuous acceleration of the industrialization process, the problem of rapid population increased cannot be furthermore underestimated. The healthy water resources have increasingly become a prerequisite for sustainable economic and social development, and it is imperative to strengthen the sustainable development and management of water resources. Therefore, including the existing problems in the management of water resources, and propose further development strategies, which provides feasible references for promoting the rational use of environmental resources and protecting China’s river basins.
Basic Characteristics and Application Progress of Supercritical Water
Authors: Zheng Hao , Yu Tao , Qu Chengtun , Li Wanjing , Wang Yanfei
Published: August 2020

Compared with water at normal temperature and normal pressure, supercritical water had large differences and also had some unique characteristics. In this paper, some basic physical properties of supercritical water, included density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, ion product, hydrogen bond, diffusion coefficient and solubility, were introduced. Some applications of supercritical water oxidation technology in waste treatment, hydrogen production by supercritical water gasification of coal and supercritical hydr thermal synthesis, were discussed.
Toxic Rational Analysis of Oily Sludge and Its Treatment Residues
Authors: Li Wanjing , Yu Tao , Qu Chengtun , Zheng Hao , Wang Yanfei
Published: August 2020

In view of the present situation of oily sludge pollution, the different treatment methods for oily sludge in different uses were briefly described. The composition and structure of oily sludge are affected by sludge type, source, pyrolysis conditions and subsequent treatment conditions, which lead to different treatment methods and treatment effects. At present, there is no unified standard for the treatment of oily sludge at home and abroad, which brings difficulties to the unified management of oily sludge treatment. Through the toxicity analysis of oily sludge and its residues, it is helpful to judge the harmfulness of oily sludge and its treatment residues, according to the harmfulness of oily sludge, effectively choose different follow-up treatment methods, it is beneficial to establish the scientific standard of oily sludge treatment. In this paper, the present post-treatment indexes of petroleum hydrocarbon content, heavy metal ion content, water content, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content and sulfur content in oily sludge are summarized.
Research Progress on Corrosion of Oil and Gas Field Gathering Pipeline in H2S-CO2-Cl−System
Authors: Wang Yanfei , Li Jinling , Qu Chengtun , Li Wanjing , Baba Pali Muhammad , Zheng Hao
Published: August 2020

With the development of the oil and gas field industry, the corrosion of metal materials in the H2S/CO2 environment has greatly restricted the development of the oil and gas industry. The corrosion of metal materials has gradually been paid attention to. The corrosion of steel under the H2S-CO2-Cl− system has been studied. Imminent. This paper briefly describes the corrosion and types of H2S and CO2 in steel for gathering pipelines, focusing on the reaction mechanism of corrosion, so as to achieve a more accurate grasp of corrosion laws and provide a theoretical basis for the development of new protection technologies. Keywords. H2S/CO2 environment; gathering pipeline steel; corrosion.
Impurity Elements Determination in High Purity Gold by Using LA-ICP-MS
Authors: Wang Xuan , Yang Tingting , Huang Boling , Zhu Yong , Li Hui , Shen Jiani , Li Lansen , Li Miao
Published: August 2020

The various impurities in high purity gold directly affect the quality and value of gold, and which concentration is usually ultra-low. The laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a quasi-non-destructive multi-elemental analytical method with low detection limits, high sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we introduce this method to detect impurity elements of 99.999% high purity gold through optimizing the parameters of laser energy density, repetition rate, and crater diameter. The concentration of 20 impurities were determined based on standard curve method, independently verified by glow discharge mass spectrometry (GD-MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The result shows the quantitative method was successfully used to the determination of impurity elements in high purity gold with the benefits of quasi-non-destruction, simplicity, real-time and green.