bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of optimized soft‐tissue suppression schemes for ultrashort echo time MRI
Authors: Li Cheng , Magland Jeremy F. , Rad Hamidreza Saligheh , Song Hee Kwon , Wehrli Felix W.
Published: December 2011

Ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging with soft‐tissue suppression reveals short‐T2 components (typically hundreds of microseconds to milliseconds) ordinarily not captured or obscured by long‐T2 tissue signals on the order of tens of milliseconds or longer. Therefore, the technique enables visualization and quantification of short‐T2 proton signals such as those in highly collagenated connective tissues. This work compares the performance of the three most commonly used long‐T2 suppression UTE sequences, i.e., echo subtraction (dual‐echo UTE), saturation via dual‐band saturation pulses (dual‐band UTE), and inversion by adiabatic inversion pulses (IR‐UTE) at 3 T, via Bloch simulations and experimentally in vivo in the lower extremities of test subjects. For unbiased performance comparison, the acquisition parameters are optimized individually for each sequence to maximize short‐T2 signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) between short‐ and long‐T2 components. Results show excellent short‐T2 contrast which is achieved with these optimized sequences. A combination of dual‐band UTE with dual‐echo UTE provides good short‐T2 SNR and CNR with less sensitivity to B1 homogeneity. IR‐UTE has the lowest short‐T2 SNR efficiency but provides highly uniform short‐T2 contrast and is well suited for imaging short‐T2 species with relatively short T1 such as bone water. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toward understanding transverse relaxation in human brain through its field dependence
Authors: Mitsumori Fumiyuki , Watanabe Hidehiro , Takaya Nobuhiro , Garwood Michael , Auerbach Edward J. , Michaeli Shalom , Mangia Silvia
Published: December 2011

Apparent transverse‐relaxation rate constants (R = 1/T) were measured in various regions of the healthy human brain using a multiecho adiabatic spin‐echo sequence at five different magnetic fields, 1.5, 1.9, 3, 4.7, and 7 T. The R values showed a clear dependence on magnetic field strength (B0). The regional distribution of the R was well explained by the sum of three components: (1) regional nonhemin iron concentration ([Fe]), (2) regional macromolecular mass fraction (fM), and (3) a region‐independent factor. Accordingly, R = α[Fe] + βfM + γ, where coefficients α, β, and γ were experimentally determined at each magnetic field by a least square fitting method using multiple regression analysis. Although the coefficient α linearly increased with B0, β showed a quadratic dependence on top of a field‐independent component. The coefficient γ also increased slightly with B0 on top of a field‐independent component. The linear dependence of α on B0 was consistent with that observed for the transverse‐relaxation rate of water protons in ferritin solutions as found previously by others. The quadratic dependence of β on B0 was accounted for by isochronous and anisochronous exchange mechanisms using intrinsic‐relaxation parameters obtained from the literature. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma: prevalence of PTSD and partial PTSD compared with sibling controls
Authors: Varela Veronica Sanchez , Ng Andrea , Mauch Peter , Recklitis Christopher J.
Published: December 2011

Objectives

Studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) document a significant proportion of cancer survivors reporting severe posttraumatic stress symptoms, even when they do not meet full diagnostic criteria. However, few studies have directly examined the clinical significance of these ‘partial PTSD’ symptoms in survivors. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PTSD symptoms in a cohort of long‐term survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and to explore the clinical relevance of the partial PTSD phenomenon by assessing impairment of function secondary to sub‐threshold symptomatology.

Methods

The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale was completed by 105 HL survivors and 101 sibling controls. Survivors' age at time of participation ranged from 24 to 71 years, age at time of diagnosis ranged from 6 to 61 years, and the median time since diagnosis was 16 years (range = 7–34).

Results

Posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence was not significantly higher in HL survivors (13%) compared with sibling controls (6.9%, p = 0.098). However, a significantly larger proportion of survivors (35.2%) met criteria for partial PTSD compared with siblings (17.8%, p = 0.004). Moreover, the majority of the survivors with partial PTSD (86.5%) reported experiencing some functional impairment related to these posttraumatic stress symptoms.

Conclusions

A significant number of HL survivors experience posttraumatic stress symptoms severe enough to result in functional impairment. This finding underscores the importance of future research detailing the psychological and functional outcomes in survivors with partial PTSD and of careful clinical practice that assesses for functional impairment secondary to partial PTSD symptomatology, in male and female survivors, even years after completion of therapy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic structure of fluorinated and hydrogenated beryllium monoxide nanostructures
Authors: Wang Yanli , Ding Yi
Published: December 2011

Using first‐principles calculations, we investigate the chemical functionalizations of beryllium monoxide (BeO) nanostructures by the fluorine and hydrogen atoms. We find that the hydrogenation weakens the Be–O bonds and causes the instability of semihydrogenated nanosheets, while the fluorination is energetically favorable and forms a stable semifluorinated conformation. More importantly, the semifluorinated BeO sheet exhibits an intrinsic half‐metallic behavior, which is robust with a large half‐metal gap and a high Curie temperature above room temperature. By the same strategy of fluorination, the half‐metallicity can also be achieved in the one‐dimensional BeO nanotubes and nanoribbons. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rapid and specific detection of urea nitrate and ammonium nitrate by electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry using infusion with crown ethers
Authors: de Perre Chloé , Prado Adelheid , McCord Bruce R.
Published: December 2011

Urea nitrate (UN) and ammonium nitrate (AN) are fertilizer‐based explosives that are commonly used in improvised munitions and can have highly destructive effects. Because they are in the form of salts, their relatively low volatility makes them difficult to detect at trace levels. In addition, these salts readily undergo metathetic reactions in water to form urea, ammonium and nitrate, which are ubiquitous in the environment. Thus, selective methods are needed for their detection. In this study, a procedure was developed to detect UN and AN in non‐aqueous environments by positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry through the addition of 18‐crown‐6. The method is sensitive, with detection limits under 2 μM, and selective. The procedure is capable of differentiating urea from uronium ions (protonated urea) and a mixture of urea and AN did not interfere with the UN signal. The procedure is quite versatile and the addition of crown ethers to the sample matrix does not interfere with the detection of high explosives in the negative ionization mode. Experimental results are presented on the utilization of the method in the detection of UN and AN on various surfaces. Semi‐quantitative studies showed that AN and UN can be detected at trace levels following finger transfer and a series of studies were performed to demonstrate the effect of various interferences. The results show the method to be a quick and robust procedure for trace detection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid‐phase microextraction and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for identification and quantification of basic drugs in human urine
Authors: Thunig Janina , Flø Linda , Pedersen‐Bjergaard Stig , Hansen Steen Honoré , Janfelt Christian
Published: December 2011

Hollow fibre liquid‐phase microextraction (LPME) and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI‐MS) were evaluated for the identification and quantification of basic drugs in human urine samples. The selective extraction capabilities of three‐phase LPME provided a significant reduction in the matrix effects otherwise observed in direct DESI‐MS analysis of urine samples. Aqueous LPME extracts (in 10 mM HCl) were deposited on porous Teflon, dried at room temperature, and the dried spots were then analyzed directly with DESI‐MS in full scan mode. Pethidine, diphenhydramine, nortriptyline, and methadone were used as model compounds for identification, and their limits of identification were determined to be 100, 25, 100, and 30 ng/mL, respectively. In a reliability test with 19 spiked urine samples, 100 % of the positive samples containing the model drugs in concentrations at or above the limit of identification were identified. Diphenhydramine was used as a model compound for quantitative analysis with diphenhydramine‐d5 as an internal standard. The calibration curve was linear in the range 50–2000 ng/mL (R2 = 0.992) with a limit of quantification at approximately 140 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations were <9.5 %. In a reliability test with six spiked urine samples, deviations between the measured and the true values for diphenhydramine were in the range 0.2–22.9 %. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexible Pillared Graphene‐Paper Electrodes for High‐Performance Electrochemical Supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Gongkai , Sun Xiang , Lu Fengyuan , Sun Hongtao , Yu Mingpeng , Jiang Weilin , Liu Changsheng , Lian Jie
Published: December 2011

Flexible graphene paper (GP) pillared by carbon black (CB) nanoparticles using a simple vacuum filtration method is developed as a high‐performance electrode material for supercapacitors. Through the introduction of CB nanoparticles as spacers, the self‐restacking of graphene sheets during the filtration process is mitigated to a great extent. The pillared GP‐based supercapacitors exhibit excellent electrochemical performances and cyclic stabilities compared with GP without the addition of CB nanoparticles. At a scan rate of 10 mV s−1, the specific capacitance of the pillared GP is 138 F g−1 and 83.2 F g−1 with negligible 3.85% and 4.35% capacitance degradation after 2000 cycles in aqueous and organic electrolytes, respectively. At an extremely fast scan rate of 500 mV s −1, the specific capacitance can reach 80 F g−1 in aqueous electrolyte. No binder is needed for assembling the supercapacitor cells and the pillared GP itself may serve as a current collector due to its intrinsic high electrical conductivity. The pillared GP has great potential in the development of promising flexible and ultralight‐weight supercapacitors for electrochemical energy storage.
Web‐based computer‐aided personalized system of instruction
Authors: Pear Joseph J. , Schnerch Gabriel J. , Silva Kathleen M. , Svenningsen Louis , Lambert Jody
Published: December 2011

This chapter describes a Web‐based program based on well‐researched principles of behavior. Among the innovations of the program is a peer‐review component. The program has been well accepted by administrators, staff, and students at institutions where it is or has been used.
Collaborative Reasoning: Language‐Rich Discussions for English Learners
Authors: Zhang Jie , Dougherty Stahl Katherine A.
Published: December 2011

Collaborative Reasoning (CR) is a peer‐led, small group discussion approach that aims to promote intellectual and personal engagement in elementary school classrooms. In CR, students read a text that raises an unresolved issue with multiple and competing points of view. Students are expected to take positions on a big question, support the positions with reasons and evidence, carefully listen, evaluate, and respond to one another's arguments, and challenge one another when they disagree. Multiple studies provide evidence that CR positively impacts thinking, the level of talk and the quality of written essays by participants. This article summarizes the body of CR research and presents the results of a study of CR with English Language Learners (ELLs). Finally, implications and practical suggestions for applying CR with ELLs are provided.
Towards a Better Understanding of Fashion Clothing Involvement
Authors: Hourigan Sally Rebecca , Bougoure Ursula-Sigrid
Published: December 2011

This study is concerned with consumer involvement in fashion clothing. Amidst the consumer objects that facilitate everyday life, fashion clothing is an important and meaningful object for many consumers. In the extant consumer literature few studies have attempted to examine fashion clothing involvement, particularly in terms of its causes and outcomes. This study then focuses on building a reliable nomological network to bring a greater understanding to this facet of consumer behaviour. To achieve this, materialism and gender are examined as drivers of fashion clothing involvement. Recreational shopper identity, ongoing information search, market mavenism, and purchase decision involvement are explored as outcomes of fashion clothing involvement. Data were gathered using an Australian Generation Y sample resulting in 200 completed questionnaires. The results support the study's model and its hypotheses and show that materialism and gender are significant drivers of fashion clothing involvement. While also, recreational shopper identity, ongoing information search, market mavenism and purchase decision involvement are significant outcomes of fashion clothing involvement.
Exploitation of the propulsive force of chemotherapy for improving the response to cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Proietti Enrico , Moschella Federica , Capone Imerio , Belardelli Filippo
Published: December 2011

Since the early clinical studies of cancer immunotherapy, the question arose as to whether it was possible to combine it with standard cancer treatments, mostly chemotherapy. The answer, now, is past history. The combined use of immunotherapy and chemotherapy is not only possible but, in certain cases, can be advantageous, depending on the drug, the dose and the combination modalities. In order to find the best synergisms between the two treatments and to turn weak immunotherapeutic interventions into potent anticancer instruments, it is mandatory to understand the complex mechanisms responsible for the positive interactions between chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In this article, we review the current knowledge on mechanisms involved in the immunostimulating activity of chemotherapy and summarize the main studies in both mouse models and patients aimed at exploiting such mechanisms for enhancing the response to cancer immunotherapy.
Possible causes of quasiperiodic variations in geomagnetic reversal frequency and 87Sr/86Sr ratios in marine carbonates through the Phanerozoic
Authors: Didenko A.N.
Published: December 2011

Variations in frequency of geomagnetic reversals through the Phanerozoic have been analyzed jointly with 87Sr/86Sr ratios in marine carbonate sediments. The time series of both parameters contain principal components with periods from 90 to 110 Ma and show a certain correlation. Namely, (i) both time series have five local minimums spaced at similar intervals (period lengths); (ii) the minimums in the Δ87Sr/86Sr curve follow in time those of the reversal frequency, with a lag from 12 Myr in the Ordovician to 38 Myr in the Cretaceous; (iii) the rate of heat transfer from processes at the core-mantle boundary (in D″ layer) which control the Earth’s geological life was from 7 to 25 cm/yr in the Phanerozoic. This rate approaches the observed velocities of horizontal plate motion and the predicted mantle convection rates.
Relationship between the Ordovician and Carboniferous–Permian collisional events in the southeastern Tunka bald mountains, East Sayan (southwestern framing of the Siberian Platform)
Authors: Zhimulev F.I. , Buslov M.M. , Glorie S. , De Grave J. , Fidler M.A. , Izmer A.
Published: December 2011

Granites from the Tunka pluton of the Sarkhoi complex, located in the eastern Tunka bald mountains (East Sayan), have been dated at the Middle Ordovician (462.6 ± 7.8 Ma) by LA ICP MS. The granites of the Sarkhoi complex within the studied area cut a foldthrust structure consisting of deformed fragments of the Vendian (Ediacaran)–Early Cambrian cover of the Tuva–Mongolian microcontinent (Upper Shumak metaterrigenous formation, Gorlyk carbonate formation). The red-colored conglomerates and sandstones of the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous(?) Sagan-Sair Formation overlie the eroded surface of the Tunka pluton granites in the eastern Tunka bald mountains. The Sagan-Sair Formation, in turn, is overlain along a low-angle thrust by a group of tectonic sheets, which comprises the volcanic and carbonate sediments of the Tolta Formation, biotitic schists, and plagiogneisses with garnet amphibolite bodies. Two nappe generations have been revealed on the basis of the described geologic relationships, the Middle Ordovician age of the Tunka pluton granites, and numerous Late Paleozoic Ar–Ar dates of syntectonic minerals from the metamorphic rocks in the area. The first thrusting stage was pre-Middle Ordovician, and the second, Late Carboniferous–Permian. The Lower Paleozoic thrust structure resulted from the accretion of the Tuva–Mongolian microcontinent to the Siberian Platform. The Late Paleozoic nappes resulted from intracontinental orogeny and the reactivation of an Early Paleozoic accretionary belt under the effect of the Late Paleozoic collisional events.
Early Mesozoic lamprophyres in Gorny Altai: petrology and age boundaries
Authors: Vasyukova E.A. , Izokh A.E. , Borisenko A.S. , Pavlova G.G. , Sukhorukov V.P. , Anh Tran Tuan
Published: December 2011

The Mesozoic Chuya dike complex was recognized by R.V. Obolenskaya based on the similar mineral composition of dikes and their age characteristics. Lamprophyres occur along the large Terekta–Tolbonur and Kurai–Kobda shear zones. The Chuya complex was studied by the example of two areas, South Chuya and Yustyd, with different levels of erosional truncation. The dikes of the first area are localized in the South Chuya Ridge, where they cut Cambrian–Ordovician metamorphic rocks, and the dikes of the Yustyd area occur in the Devonian terrigenous blackshale deposits of the Yustyd trough. The dikes of these areas differ in structures, textures, the degree of carbonatization, and mineral composition. The performed studies of rocks and minerals confirmed that the dikes of both areas belong to the same complex. They helped to establish the regularities of the lithologic composition of the entire complex and its local areas and to substantiate the recognition of areas not only from their geologic position but also by the composition, structures, and textures of rocks and their mineral composition. Geochronological data show two stages of the complex formation: 236–234 and 250–242 Ma. The results of studies also demonstrate that the lamprophyres and coeval syenites of the Tarkhata massif are fractionates of the same parental melt and can be united into a hypabyssal-plutonic complex. Comparison with other Permo-Triassic lamprophyre complexes showed that the wide variations of the composition of the Chuya rocks and its trend as well as the geochemical anomalies are specific features of complexes of high-K lamprophyres.
Neoproterozoic terrigenous deposits of the Tuva–Mongolian massif: geochemical correlation, sourcelands, and geodynamic reconstruction
Authors: Letnikova E.F. , Veshcheva S.V. , Proshenkin A.I. , Kuznetsov A.B.
Published: December 2011

We have established that the terrigenous deposits of the Haisuin Formation and metamorphic deposits of the Shutkhulai block are similar in geochemical characteristics to the rocks of the Oka Group. The volcanics of the Sarkhoi Group and, to a lesser extent, the crystalline deposits of the Gargan block and rocks of the Dunjugur ophiolite complex served as sourcelands for the studied deposits. The terrigenous deposits of the Oka Group and Haisuin Formation and the pararocks of the Shutkhulai block accumulated in the same sedimentary basin localized on the margin of the Tuva–Mongolian massif in the setting of an island-arc system.
Soft catenaries
Authors: Kamrin Ken , Mahadevan L.
Published: December 2011

Using the classical catenary as a motivating example, we use slender-body theory to derive a general theory for thin filaments of arbitrary rheology undergoing large combined stretching and bending, which correctly accounts for the nonlinear geometry of deformation and uses integrated state variables to properly represent the complete deformation state. We test the theory for soft catenaries made of a Maxwell fluid and an elastic yield-stress fluid using a combination of asymptotic and numerical analyses to analyse the dynamics of transient sagging and arrest. We validate our results against three-dimensional finite element simulations of drooping catenaries, and show that our minimal models are easier and faster to solve, can capture all the salient behaviours of the full three-dimensional solution, and provide physical insights into the basic mechanisms involved.
Motivational interviewing and interaction skills training for parents to change cannabis use in young adults with recent-onset schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Smeerdijk M. , Keet R. , Dekker N. , van Raaij B. , Krikke M. , Koeter M. , de Haan L. , Barrowclough C. , Schippers G. , Linszen D.
Published: December 2011

Background

Cannabis use by people with schizophrenia has been found to be associated with family distress and poor clinical outcomes. Interventions to reduce drug use in this patient group have had limited efficacy. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a novel intervention for parents of young adults with recent-onset schizophrenia consisting of family-based motivational interviewing and interaction skills (Family Motivational Intervention, FMI) in comparison with routine family support (RFS).

Method

In a trial with 75 patients who used cannabis and received treatment for recent-onset schizophrenia, 97 parents were randomly assigned to either FMI (n=53) or RFS (n=44). Assessments were conducted at baseline and 3 months after completion of the family intervention by an investigator who remained blind throughout the study about the assignment of the parents.

Results

At follow-up, patients' frequency and quantity of cannabis use was significantly more reduced in FMI than in RFS (p<0.05 and p<0.04 respectively). Patients' craving for cannabis was also significantly reduced in FMI whereas there was a small increase in RFS (p=0.01). There was no difference between FMI and RFS with regard to patients' other substance use and general level of functioning. Both groups showed significant improvements in parental distress and sense of burden.

Conclusions

Training parents in motivational interviewing and interaction skills is feasible and effective in reducing cannabis use among young adults with recent-onset schizophrenia. However, FMI was not more effective than RFS in increasing patients' general level of functioning and in reducing parents' stress and sense of burden.
The snake head-shape signal: a reply to Valkonen & Mappes
Authors: Guimarães Murilo , Sawaya Ricardo J.
Published: December 2011

It has already been suggested that snake head triangulation might be related to mimicry of the head shape of vipers (Greene & McDiarmid 2005, and references therein). Until very recently, this hypothesis has never been experimentally tested. We first tested the hypothesis of snakes’ head shape as a dangerous signal to predators by use of plasticine models (Guimarães & Sawaya 2011). We suggested in that study that shape of the head does not confer advantage itself but may work in synergy with a set of traits including colour and behavioural displays that warn and discourage predator attacks.
Evidence of genetic susceptibility to infectious mononucleosis: a twin study
Authors: HWANG A. E. , HAMILTON A. S. , COCKBURN M. G. , AMBINDER R. , ZADNICK J. , BROWN E. E. , MACK T. M. , COZEN W.
Published: December 2011

Infectious mononucleosis is a clinical manifestation of primary Epstein–Barr virus infection. It is unknown whether genetic factors contribute to risk. To assess heritability, we compared disease concordance in monozygotic to dizygotic twin pairs from the population-based California Twin Program and assessed the risk to initially unaffected co-twins. One member of 611 and both members of 58 twin pairs reported a history of infectious mononucleosis. Pairwise concordance in monozygotic and dizygotic pairs was respectively 12·1% [standard error (s.e.)=1·9%] and 6·1% (s.e.=1·2%). The relative risk (hazard ratio) of monozygotic compared to dizygotic unaffected co-twins of cases was 1·9 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·1–3·4, P=0·03], over the follow-up period. When the analysis was restricted to same-sex twin pairs, that estimate was 2·5 (95% CI 1·2–5·3, P=0·02). The results are compatible with a heritable contribution to the risk of infectious mononucleosis.
STRANGE BEDFELLOWS: FR. JOHN A. RYAN AND THE MINIMUM WAGE MOVEMENT
Authors: HAMMOND J. DANIEL
Published: December 2011

Fr. John A. Ryan (1869–1945) was one of the early advocates of minimum wage laws in the United States. The thesis of this paper is that in three respects Fr. Ryan stood apart from other advocates of the minimum wage. First, during the period of his work, economics was developing on the basis of the positivist conception of science. Fr. Ryan’s case for the minimum wage combined economics with “non-scientific” theology and philosophy. Second, most religiously motivated American reformers were Protestants, and their advocacy was grounded in the Protestant Social Gospel movement. This was different from Fr. Ryan’s grounding in the social encyclicals of Popes Leo XIII and Pius XI, which themselves were grounded in the Catholic Church’s constant teaching that man is made in the image of God. Third, many reformers were motivated not at all by religion, but by the utilitarian calculus that had become the foundation of the social sciences. Although Fr. Ryan made utilitarian judgments in his analysis, he was not an ethical utilitarian.
Cigarette Smoke Exacerbates Ventricular Remodeling and Dysfunction in the Volume Overloaded Heart
Authors: Bradley Jessica M. , Nguyen Jonathan B. , Fournett Alyssa C. , Gardner Jason D.
Published: December 2011

Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for heart disease and is linked to sudden cardiac death. In this study, we examined the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on the volume overload stressed heart. Our hypothesis was that CS exacerbates volume overload (VO)–induced cardiac dysfunction by accelerating ventricular remodeling. VO stress was surgically induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by abdominal aortocaval fistula (ACF). Rats, with and without ACF, were exposed to either room air or CS (6 cigarettes/day) for 6 weeks. Temporal echocardiogram measurements indicated that CS significantly increased VO-induced left ventricular dilatation, prevented compensatory wall thickening, and depressed fractional shortening. Morphological analysis of ventricular collagen revealed that CS blunted compensatory collagen expression (45% decrease versus ACF alone). CS exacerbated the VO-induced increase of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression in the heart. CS also blocked the compensatory increases of HIF-1α, VEGF, and TGF-β in the VO-stressed heart. These data indicate that CS worsens VO remodeling by disrupting compensatory mechanisms, thereby promoting eccentric dilation and dysfunction.
“The Cambridge Way”: Conversations with Emeritus Professor John Anthony “Tony” Jolowicz for the Squire Law Library Eminent Scholars Archive
Authors: Dingle Lesley
Published: December 2011

Lesley Dingle, founder of the Eminent Scholars Archive, provides a further contribution based on interviews with Emeritus Professor John Anthony “Tony” Jolowicz, one of the great legal scholars at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Trinity College since 1952.
Multisatellite observed responses of precipitation and its extremes to interannual climate variability
Authors: Liu Chunlei , Allan Richard P.
Published: December 2011

The consistency of precipitation variability estimated from the multiple satellite‐based observing systems is assessed. There is generally good agreement between TRMM TMI, SSM/I, GPCP and AMSRE data sets for the inter‐annual variability of precipitation since 1997 but the HOAPS data set appears to overestimate the magnitude of variability. Over the tropical ocean the TRMM 3B42 data set produces unrealistic variability. Based upon deseasonalized GPCP data for the period 1998–2008, the sensitivity of global mean precipitation (P) to surface temperature (T) changes (dP/dT) is about 6%/K, although a smaller sensitivity of 3.6%/K is found using monthly GPCP data over the longer period 1989–2008. Over the tropical oceans dP/dT ranges from 10 to 30%/K depending upon time period and data set while over tropical land dP/dT is −8 to −11%/K for the 1998–2008 period. Analyzing the response of the tropical ocean precipitation intensity distribution to changes in T we find the wetter area P shows a strong positive response to T of around 20%/K. The response over the drier tropical regimes is less coherent and varies with data sets, but responses over the tropical land show significant negative relationships over an interannual time‐scale. The spatial and temporal resolutions of the data sets strongly influence the precipitation responses over the tropical oceans and help explain some of the discrepancy between different data sets. Consistency between data sets is found to increase on averaging from daily to 5‐day time‐scales and considering a 1° (or coarser) spatial resolution. Defining the wet and dry tropical ocean regime by the 60th percentile of P intensity, the 5‐day average, 1° TMI data exhibits a coherent drying of the dry regime at the rate of −20%/K and the wet regime becomes wetter at a similar rate with warming.
Initial observations of lunar impact melts and ejecta flows with the Mini‐RF radar
Authors: Carter Lynn M. , Neish Catherine D. , Bussey D. B. J. , Spudis Paul D. , Patterson G. Wesley , Cahill Joshua T. , Raney R. Keith
Published: December 2011

The Mini‐RF radar on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft has revealed a great variety of crater ejecta flow and impact melt deposits, some of which were not observed in prior radar imaging. The craters Tycho and Glushko have long melt flows that exhibit variations in radar backscatter and circular polarization ratio along the flow. Comparison with optical imaging reveals that these changes are caused by features commonly seen in terrestrial lava flows, such as rafted plates, pressure ridges, and ponding. Small (<20 km) sized craters also show a large variety of deposits, including melt flows and ponds. Two craters have flow features that may be ejecta flows caused by entrained debris flowing across the surface rather than by melted rock. The circular polarization ratios (CPRs) of the impact melt flows are typically very high; even ponded areas have CPR values between 0.7 and 1.0. This high CPR suggests that deposits that appear smooth in optical imagery may be rough at centimeter‐ and decimeter‐ scales. In some places, ponds and flows are visible with no easily discernable source crater. These melt deposits may have come from oblique impacts that are capable of ejecting melted material farther downrange. They may also be associated with older, nearby craters that no longer have a radar‐bright proximal ejecta blanket. The observed morphology of the lunar crater flows has implications for similar features observed on Venus. In particular, changes in backscatter along many of the ejecta flows are probably caused by features typical of lava flows.
Estimating the vertical electron density profile from an ionogram: On the passage from true to virtual heights via the target function method
Authors: Scotto C. , Pezzopane M. , Zolesi B.
Published: December 2011

The paper describes a new simple method of calculation by which an artificial ionogram trace is obtained from a given vertical electron density profile. The method is discussed in terms of the target function method used by Autoscala to output a reliable estimation of the real vertical electron density profile associated to the recorded ionogram. This new approach solves the issue of the pole in the calculation of virtual height, and consequently eliminates all the divergence phenomena that sometimes characterized the artificial ionogram traces computed by Autoscala. In contrast to the POLAN procedure, the technique introduced in this paper to pass from true to virtual heights is not based on any arithmetical operation related to changes of integration variables. Since the target function method on which Autoscala is based requires that the passage from a vertical electron density profile to an artificial ionogram be repeated a very large number of times, this new calculation procedure is advantageous in terms of speeding up the associated processing time.
Similarity of the CDC and WHO Weight‐for‐Length Growth Charts in Predicting Risk of Obesity at Age 5 Years
Authors: Rifas‐Shiman Sheryl L. , Gillman Matthew W. , Oken Emily , Kleinman Ken , Taveras Elsie M.
Published: December 2011

The World Health Organization (WHO) 2006 weight‐for‐length (WFL) or BMI growth charts are now recommended as the new standard for children under 24 months. The objective of this study was to examine associations of ever being overweight during 1–24 months, based on the older Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and WHO cutpoints, with risk of obesity at age 5 years. From well‐child visits to a Massachusetts multi‐site group practice during 1980–2008, we studied 15,488 children with length/height and weight measurements at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, and at 5 years. The main exposures were ever being overweight during 1–24 months using each of three cutpoints: CDC WFL ≥95th percentile, WHO WFL or BMI ≥97.7th percentile. The main outcome was obesity at 5 years (CDC BMI ≥95th percentile). We calculated multivariable odds ratios (ORs), adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and year. At 5 years, 10.8% of participants were obese. During 1–24 months, 21.3, 18.3, and 20.2% were ever overweight using CDC WFL, WHO WFL, and WHO BMI cutpoints, respectively. ORs (95% confidence interval (CI)) for associations of ever being overweight during 1–24 months with obesity at 5 years were 6.0 (5.4, 6.6), 6.3 (5.7, 7.0), and 6.0 (5.4, 6.7), respectively. Ever being overweight in the first 2 years of life is a strong predictor of obesity at 5 years. CDC WFL, WHO WFL, and WHO BMI cutpoints for overweight in early childhood provided similar estimates of later obesity risk.
Angiotensin II-dependent phosphorylation at Ser11/Ser18 and Ser938 shifts the E2 conformations of rat kidney Na+/K+-ATPase
Authors: Massey Katherine J. , Li Quanwen , Rossi Noreen F. , Mattingly Raymond R. , Yingst Douglas R.
Published: December 2011

Kidney plasma membranes, which contain a single α-1 isoform of Na+/K+-ATPase, simultaneously contain two sub-conformations of E2P, differing in their rate of digoxin release in response to Na+ and ATP. Treating cells with Ang II (angiotensin II) somehow changes the conformation of both, because it differentially inhibits the rate of digoxin release. In the present study we tested whether Ang II regulates release by increasing phosphorylation at Ser11/Ser18 and Ser938. Opossum kidney cells co-expressing the AT1a receptor and either α-1.wild-type, α-1.S11A/S18A or α-1.S938A were treated with or without 10 nM Ang II for 5 min, increasing phosphorylation at the three sites. Na+/K+-ATPase was bound to digoxin-affinity columns in the presence of Na+, ATP and Mg2+. A solution containing 30 mM NaCl and 3 mM ATP eluted ~20% of bound untreated Na+/K+-ATPase (Population #1). Pre-treating cells with Ang II slowed the elution of Population #1 in α-1.wild-type and α-1.S938A, but not α-1.S11A/S18A cells. Another 50% of bound Na+/K+-ATPase (Population #2) was subsequently eluted in two phases by a solution containing 150 mM NaCl and 3 mM ATP. Ang II increased the initial rate and slowed the second phase in α-1.wild-type, but not α-1.S938A, cells. Thus Ang II changes the conformation of two forms of EP2 via differential phosphorylation.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation reduces ischaemic brain damage following stroke in Type 2 diabetic rats
Authors: Darsalia Vladimer , Mansouri Shiva , Ortsäter Henrik , Olverling Anna , Nozadze Nino , Kappe Camilla , Iverfeldt Kerstin , Tracy Linda M. , Grankvist Nina , Sjöholm Åke , Patrone Cesare
Published: December 2011

Diabetes is a strong risk factor for premature and severe stroke. The GLP-1R (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor) agonist Ex-4 (exendin-4) is a drug for the treatment of T2D (Type 2 diabetes) that may also have neuroprotective effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of Ex-4 against stroke in diabetes by using a diabetic animal model, a drug administration paradigm and a dose that mimics a diabetic patient on Ex-4 therapy. Furthermore, we investigated inflammation and neurogenesis as potential cellular mechanisms underlying the Ex-4 efficacy. A total of seven 9-month-old Type 2 diabetic Goto–Kakizaki rats were treated peripherally for 4 weeks with Ex-4 at 0.1, 1 or 5 μg/kg of body weight before inducing stroke by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and for 2–4 weeks thereafter. The severity of ischaemic damage was measured by evaluation of stroke volume and by stereological counting of neurons in the striatum and cortex. We also quantitatively evaluated stroke-induced inflammation, stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis. We show a profound anti-stroke efficacy of the clinical dose of Ex-4 in diabetic rats, an arrested microglia infiltration and an increase of stroke-induced neural stem cell proliferation and neuroblast formation, while stroke-induced neurogenesis was not affected by Ex-4. The results show a pronounced anti-stroke, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect of peripheral and chronic Ex-4 treatment in middle-aged diabetic animals in a preclinical setting that has the potential to mimic the clinical treatment. Our results should provide strong impetus to further investigate GLP-1R agonists for their neuroprotective action in diabetes, and for their possible use as anti-stroke medication in non-diabetic conditions.
Wolfgang von Ohnesorge
Authors: McKinley Gareth H. , Renardy Michael
Published: December 2011

This manuscript got started when one of us (G.H.M.) presented a lecture at the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications at the University of Minnesota. The presentation included a photograph of Rayleigh and made frequent mention of the Ohnesorge number. When the other of us (M.R.) enquired about a picture of Ohnesorge, we found out that none were readily available on the web. Indeed, little about Ohnesorge is available from easily accessible public sources. A good part of the reason is certainly that, unlike other “numbermen” of fluid mechanics, Ohnesorge did not pursue an academic career. The purpose of this article is to fill the gap and shed some light on the life of Wolfgang von Ohnesorge. We shall discuss the highlights of his biography, his scientific contributions, their physical significance, and their impact today.
Development of an x-ray diffraction camera used in magnetic fields up to 10 T
Authors: Mitsui Yoshifuru , Koyama Keiichi , Takahashi Kohki , Watanabe Kazuo
Published: December 2011

A high-field x-ray diffraction (HF-XRD) camera was developed to observe structural changes of magnetic materials in magnetic fields up to 10 T. The instrument mainly consists of a Debye-Scherrer-type camera with a diameter of 80.1 mm, a 10-T cryocooled superconducting magnet with a 100-mm room-temperature bore, an x-ray source, a power supply, and a chiller for the x-ray source. An x-ray detector (image plate) in the HF-XRD camera can be taken out and inserted into the magnet without changing the sample position. The performance of the instrument was tested by measuring the HF-XRD for silicon and ferromagnetic MnBi powders. A change of x-ray diffraction pattern was observed due to the magnetic orientation of MnBi, showing that the instrument is useful for studying field-induced orientation processes and structural properties of field-controlled materials.
ON-state critical gate overdrive voltage for fluorine-implanted enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Ma Chenyue , Chen Hongwei , Zhou Chunhua , Huang Sen , Yuan Li , Roberts John , Chen Kevin. J.
Published: December 2011

This paper presents a study of the ON-state gate overdrive of enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs fabricated by fluorine plasma implantation technology. A critical gate forward voltage (VGC) is observed, beyond which the channel turn-on voltage (or threshold voltage) of the devices exhibits a persistent and nonrecoverable negative shift. This phenomenon is explained by a proposed physical model based on the impact ionization of the F ions in the barrier layer by hot electron injection. The proposed physical model is further validated by the temperature-dependent characterization of VGC that shows an eventual stabilization at higher temperatures (>125 °C), owing to the efficient relaxation of hot electrons by phonon scattering. The determination of VGC provides valuable guideline for the design of gate drive circuits of GaN power circuits
Thermal energy transport model for macro-to-nanograin polycrystalline semiconductors
Authors: Maldovan Martin
Published: December 2011

Understanding thermal energy transport in polycrystalline semiconductors is important for the efficiency of electronic devices and thermoelectric materials. In this paper, we study the reduction of the transport of thermal energy in polycrystalline semiconductors generated by the shortening of the phonon mean free paths due to grain boundary scattering. We calculate the reduction of the thermal conductivity in polycrystals, from macro-to-nanograin sizes and different temperatures, by using a theoretical approach based on the kinetic theory of transport processes. The approach involves an exact expression for the reduction of the phonon mean free paths that includes their directional, frequency, and polarization dependence. By comparing the results of our model for the reduced thermal conductivity of the grain against the thermal boundary Kapitza resistance calculated by others, we find that the thermal conductivity of polycrystalline Si and SiC materials is dominated by the reduced thermal conductivity of the grain. We also show that in order to accurately calculate the thermal conductivity, the proportion of heat transported by transverse and longitudinal phonons must be correctly taken into account. By using the model, we study grain boundary scattering effects on the reduction of the thermal conductivity of polycrystalline silicon and silicon carbide. The calculated results are compared with experiments at different temperatures and grain sizes without using free adjustable variables (e.g., defects concentration) or phenomenological formulas to account for the reduced thermal conductivity of the grain.
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)-based organic, ultrathin, and transparent sound-emitting device
Authors: Tian He , Xie Dan , Yang Yi , Ren Tian-Ling , Feng Ting-Ting , Wang Yu-Feng , Zhou Chang-Jian , Peng Ping-Gang , Wang Li-Gang , Liu Li-Tian
Published: December 2011

An organic, ultrathin, and transparent sound-emitting device was fabricated using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic) (PEDOT:PSS) films. This sound-emitting device was easily processed by spin coating. Sound emission from PEDOT:PSS was measured as a function of power, distance, and frequency. The sound frequency spectrum was found to be ultra-flat in a wide sound frequency range (10–45 kHz). Theoretical analysis showed that the working principle was the thermoacoustic effect. The PEDOT:PSS sound-emitting device has potential applications in the acoustic field. In particular, it can be integrated with a liquid crystal display to realize sound emission and image display at the same time.
Ferroelectricity in yttrium-doped hafnium oxide
Authors: Müller J. , Schröder U. , Böscke T. S. , Müller I. , Böttger U. , Wilde L. , Sundqvist J. , Lemberger M. , Kücher P. , Mikolajick T. , Frey L.
Published: December 2011

Structural and electrical evidence for a ferroelectric phase in yttrium doped hafnium oxide thin films is presented. A doping series ranging from 2.3 to 12.3 mol% YO1.5 in HfO2 was deposited by a thermal atomic layer deposition process. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction of the 10 nm thick films revealed an orthorhombic phase close to the stability region of the cubic phase. The potential ferroelectricity of this orthorhombic phase was confirmed by polarization hysteresis measurements on titanium nitride based metal-insulator-metal capacitors. For 5.2 mol% YO1.5 admixture the remanent polarization peaked at 24 μC/cm2 with a coercive field of about 1.2 MV/cm. Considering the availability of conformal deposition processes and CMOS-compatibility, ferroelectric Y:HfO2 implies high scaling potential for future, ferroelectric memories.
Survival of Endangered Snake River Sockeye Salmon Smolts from Three Idaho Lakes: Relationships with Parr Size at Release, Parr Growth Rate, Smolt Size, Discharge, and Travel Time
Authors: Griswold Robert G. , Kohler Andre E. , Taki Doug
Published: December 2011

In 1991, Snake River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka were listed as endangered. The Sawtooth Valley Project was initiated to conserve and rebuild sockeye salmon populations that historically spawned and reared in five Sawtooth Valley lakes designated as critical habitat in central Idaho. We evaluated smolt survival of sockeye salmon that were stocked as parr into Redfish, Pettit, and Alturas lakes. Smolt travel time, residuals of Salmon River discharge and smolt travel time, and specific growth rate of parr explained 58% of the variation in smolt survival in a multiple-regression model. Smolt survival was inversely related to smolt travel time, and travel time was negatively correlated with mean May discharge in the Salmon River at Salmon, Idaho. We were particularly interested in the relationships between smolt survival and parr size at release, smolt size at migration, and parr growth rate. Smolt survival from nursery lakes to Lower Granite Dam was negatively correlated with mean parr size at release and mean smolt size at emigration. Smaller parr and smolts survived better. Smolt survival to the dam was correlated with parr growth rates in the three lakes combined; the relationship was nonlinear. Smolt survival increased as specific growth rate increased up to 0.06% per day, but further increases in growth rate were associated with reductions in survival. Absolute growth rates of parr were negatively related to parr weight at release. Smaller individuals grew faster than larger individuals, apparently as a result of size-dependent metabolic demand and prey availability. The relationships between smolt survival and parr size, smolt size, and parr growth rate differed among lakes. These data suggest that successful migrants must at least maintain weight during the winter preceding migration and that the stocking of smaller parr with lower metabolic demand may be preferable to stocking larger parr when forage is limited.

Received November 18, 2010; accepted June 1, 2011