bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protective Effect of Yi Shen Pai Du Formula against Diabetic Kidney Injury via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Epithelial‐to‐Mesenchymal Transition in db/db Mice
Authors: Zhang Qilin , Liu Xiaocui , Sullivan Mitchell A. , Shi Chen , Deng Bin
Published: September 2021

Objective. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common chronic microvascular complications of diabetes; however, there remains a lack of effective therapeutic strategies. Yi Shen Pai Du Formula (YSPDF), a traditional Chinese medicine preparation, has been clinically used in treating chronic kidney disease (CKD) for more than 20 years. However, whether YSPDF has a therapeutic effect on DKD has not been studied. Methods. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of YSPDF administration on db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes that develops DKD, and reveal its underlying mechanism of action through a high glucose‐ (HG‐) induced renal injury cell model. Results. We found that YSPDF significantly improved numerous biochemical parameters (fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, 24 h urine total protein, total cholesterol, and total triglycerides) and ameliorated the abnormal histology and fibrosis of renal tissue. Moreover, the status of oxidative stress and levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and MCP‐1) were markedly inhibited by YSPDF treatment. YSPDF treatment significantly mitigated renal fibrosis, with evidence suggesting that this was by inhibiting epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) via suppression of the TGF‐β1/Smad pathway. Interestingly, the expression of Nrf2, HO‐1, and NQO1, proteins known to be associated with oxidative stress, were significantly increased upon administration of YSPDF. The levels of NLRP3 inflammasome proteins, including NLRP3, ASC, caspase‐1, and cleaved caspase‐1 were decreased in the YSPDF‐treated group. Cell experiments showed that YSPDF inhibited EMT and the NLRP3 inflammasome in HG‐exposed HK‐2 cells, possibly via activation of Nrf2. Conclusion. Our study indicates that YSPDF may ameliorate renal damage in db/db mice via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and EMT, with the mechanism potentially being related to the activation of the Nrf2 pathway.
Involvement of TRPC7-AS1 Expression in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Shaoliang , Ye Hang , Xu Xiaojie , Huang Weiru , Peng Ziyu , Liao Yingyang , Peng Ningfu
Published: September 2021

Objective. To investigate the expression of transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily genes, especially TRPC7-AS1 in hepatitis B virus- (HBV-) related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods. Three cancer samples of HBV-related HCC at phase IV and matched paracancerous liver tissues were included in the study. Total RNA was extracted, and differential expression of RNA was screened by high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. The expression of TRPC7-AS1 was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The N6-adenosyl methylation RNA in MHCC97H, HepG2, and HL-7702 was enriched by coimmunoprecipitation with m6A antibody, and the relative level of N6-adenosyl methylation RNA in TRPC7-AS1 was detected. Results. The expression of TRP family genes in cancer tissues was higher than that in paracancerous liver tissues, including TRPC7-AS1, TRPC4AP, PKD1P6, and PKD1P1. Moreover, the expression level of TRPC7-AS1 in MHCC97H and HepG2 was also significantly higher than that in L02, a normal liver cell. The methylation level of N6-adenosine of TRPC7-AS1 was lower in HepG2 cells than that in L02 cells. Conclusion. TRP superfamily genes, especially TRPC7-AS1, were highly expressed in HBV-related HCC. TRPC7-AS1 could be a potential therapeutic target or diagnostic marker for HCC.
Investigation of Seepage Law in Broken Coal and Rock Mass under Different Loading and Unloading Cycles
Authors: Kan Zihao , Zhang Lei , Li Mingxue , Yuan Xiaochuan , Huang Mengqian
Published: September 2021

In order to study the seepage law of broken coal seams affected by multiple mining operations, a cyclic loading and unloading seepage experiment was carried out. For this purpose, the seepage law of broken samples with different coal and rock ratios was analyzed. The results of our study demonstrated that the permeability of the broken samples showed a decreasing trend. After a loading and unloading cycle, the permeability was significantly reduced. The impact of the loading stage on the broken sample was higher than that of the unloading phase. When the proportion of coal particles in the mixed samples of broken coal and rock was 50%, the irreversible permeability loss rate and permeability loss rate of the samples showed the highest values. The irreversible permeability loss rate and permeability loss rate of the broken rock mass were greater than those displayed by the broken coal mass. The stress sensitivity coefficient curves of the 5 types of broken coal and rock masses presented the same changes. The stress sensitivity coefficient curve and the effective stress displayed an exponential relationship.
Dynamic Drag Reduction Effects of Aerospikes and Aerodisks
Authors: Han Rong , Liu Wei , Yang Xiaoliang , Chang Xinghua
Published: September 2021

In order to investigate the dynamic characteristics of blunt aircraft mounted with aerospikes and aerodisks in large-amplitude force-pitching, the Roe spatial scheme and the lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel (LU-SGS) method with dual time step are employed for discretization of unsteady Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations. A parametric investigation on the flow fields is conducted by altering the pitching period, aerospike length, and aerodisk diameter consequently via a variable-controlling procedure. Dynamic characteristics of aerodynamic drag as well as the visualization of unsteady flow fields are achieved, and the results show that the aerodynamics of hypersonic aircraft under the condition of large-amplitude force-pitching vibration have hysteresis characteristics affected by periods of force-pitching vibration. In addition, when changing aerospike length and aerodisk diameter, the variation tendency of drag reduction efficiency is determined by the pitching angle of the oscillation process.
Credit Risk Assessment of e-Commerce Supply Chain Finance of SMEs Based on Dynamic Reward and Punishment Perspective
Authors: Chen Baitong , Bao Xinzhong , Xu Kun
Published: September 2021

In view of problems such as lack of dynamism, limited research subjects, and lack of future development trends in previous studies, the paper takes small and microenterprises (SMEs) as research objects under the background of e-commerce supply chain finance. Based on the perspective of dynamic rewards and punishments, credit rewards and punishment value and time weights are embedded in the static evaluation results obtained by the traditional TOPSIS method. The Grey relative analysis method is used to reflect the development trend of enterprises’ credit and to build the traditional TOPSIS model and the credit risk evaluation model of e-commerce supply chain finance of SMEs by the improved TOPSIS method based on the dynamic perspective of rewards and punishments. Finally, the model is applied to SMEs credit risk evaluation of e-commerce supply chain finance to verify the feasibility and rationality of the model.
Increasing Cervical Cancer Prevention Through HPV Testing: Challenges in Developing Persuasive Messages
Authors: Dignan Mark , Kruse-Diehr Aaron
Published: September 2021

Decades of promotion of the Pap test have fallen short in persuading vulnerable women to get screened for cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing provides an additional screening tool, and the task for cancer control is to promote understanding of the test and encourage its use. Ogden and colleagues investigated the effect of message framing on increasing knowledge and intention to receive HPV testing. Although both messages increased knowledge and intention, no differences were found between gain- and loss-framed messages. We explore implications of this finding and discuss needed research to expand upon and contextualize this important formative research.

See related article, p. 839
G-Quadruplex Assembly by Ribosomal DNA: Emerging Roles in Disease Pathogenesis and Cancer Biology
Authors: Datta Arindam , Pollock Kevin J. , Kormuth Karen A. , Brosh Jr Robert M.
Published: September 2021

Unique repetitive elements of the eukaryotic genome can be problematic for cellular DNA replication and transcription and pose a source of genomic instability. Human ribosomal DNA (rDNA) exists as repeating units clustered together on several chromosomes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms whereby rDNA interferes with normal genome homeostasis is the subject of this review. We discuss the instability of rDNA as a driver of senescence and the important roles of helicases to suppress its deleterious effects. The propensity of rDNA that is rich in guanine bases to form G-quadruplexes (G4) is discussed and evaluated in disease pathogenesis. Targeting G4 in the ribosomes and other chromosomal loci may represent a useful synthetic lethal approach to combating cancer.
Congenital Chylothorax of the Newborn: A Systematic Analysis of Published Cases between 1990 and 2018
Authors: Resch Bernhard , Sever Yildiz Gülsen , Reiterer Friedrich
Published: September 2021

Background: Congenital chylothorax (CCT) of the newborn is a rare entity but the most common cause of pleural effusion in this age-group. We aimed to find the optimal treatment strategy. Material and Methods: A PubMed search was performed according to the PRISMA criteria. All cases were analyzed according to prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal treatment modalities and follow-ups. Results: We identified 753 cases from 157 studies published between 1990 and 2018. The all-cause mortality rate was 28%. Prematurity was present in 71%, male gender dominated 57%, mean gestational age was 34 weeks, and birth weight was 2,654 g. Seventy-nine percent of newborns had bilateral CCT, the most common associated congenital anomalies with CCT were pulmonary lymphangiectasia and pulmonary hypoplasia, and the most common chromosomal aberrations were Down, Noonan, and Turner syndromes, respectively. Mechanical ventilation was reported in 381 cases for mean 17 (range 1–120) days; pleural punctuations and drainages were performed in 32% and 64%, respectively. Forty-four percent received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for mean 21 days, 46% medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet for mean 37 days, 20% octreotide, and 3% somatostatin; chemical pleurodesis was performed in 116 cases, and surgery was reported in 48 cases with a success rate of 69%. In 462 cases (68%), complete restitution was reported; in 34 of 44 cases (77%), intrauterine intervention was carried out. Conclusion: Respiratory support, pleural drainages, TPN, and MCT diet as octreotide remain to be the cornerstones of CCT management. Pleurodesis with OK-432 done prenatally and povidone-iodine postnatally might be discussed for use in life-threatening CCT.
Use of Systemic Corticosteroids for Reasons Other than Asthma in Subjects with Asthma
Authors: Watanabe Keisuke , Horita Nobuyuki , Hara Yu , Kobayashi Nobuaki , Kaneko Takeshi
Published: September 2021

Backgrounds: Recent studies have reported increased risks of adverse events from systemic corticosteroids even with only low-dose or short-term use. Some patients with asthma experience complications requiring systemic corticosteroids. However, few studies have examined issues associated with administration of systemic corticosteroids for reasons other than asthma among subjects with asthma. Objectives: We investigated patterns of systemic corticosteroid exposure for reasons other than asthma in subjects with asthma. Method: We retrospectively reviewed the records of adult subjects with asthma followed up for >1 year at Yokohama City University Hospital from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019. We investigated patterns and reasons for systemic corticosteroid use during follow-up. In addition, factors related to systemic corticosteroid use for reasons likely other than asthma were investigated. Results: Among the 568 subjects with asthma analyzed, 326 (57.4%) had received systemic corticosteroids for some reason. Among those 326 patients, 120 (36.8%) had received systemic corticosteroids for reasons likely other than asthma. Multivariable analysis revealed rheumatoid arthritis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, other collagen vascular diseases, chronic rhinosinusitis, and malignancy as positively associated with systemic corticosteroid exposure for reasons likely other than asthma in subjects with asthma. Conclusions: About 40% of systemic corticosteroid use in subjects with asthma was for reasons likely other than asthma. Clinicians should be aware of their asthma patients’ exposures to systemic corticosteroids for nonasthma reasons, to avoid missing adverse events or underestimating the severity of asthma, and to reduce systemic corticosteroid use.
Quantitative Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Biomarkers for Alport Syndrome
Authors: Cunha Ana Maria , Teixeira Daniela , Cabral Diogo , Estrela-Silva Sérgio , Falcão-Reis Fernando , Carneiro Ângela
Published: September 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate microvascular abnormalities of patients with Alport syndrome (AS) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) quantitative biomarkers. Methods: This was cross sectional, prospective evaluation of consecutive patients with AS and healthy subjects. AS diagnosis was performed by the genetic test. All participants underwent a retinal vasculature evaluation by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and OCT-A of the macula. Quantitative analysis included whole vascular density, foveal avascular zone area, fractal dimension (FD), and lacunarity (LAC). Results: Ninety-four eyes were included in this study, 45 eyes from patients with AS and 49 eyes from healthy subjects. The pathogenic mutation in the COL4A5 gene on the chromosome X was found in 14 patients; the pathogenic autosomal recessive mutations in the COL4A3 gene were found in 9 patients. Quantitative evaluation demonstrated a significant difference between AS and healthy subjects on LAC of the superficial capillary plexus and deep capillary plexus (DCP) (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) and on FD in the DCP (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The DCP Alport patients have a higher vessel nonuniformity than DCP of healthy subjects. We hypothesize that endothelial cell lesion in the setting of low resistance at the DCP circuit could lead to long-term structural disorganization.
Stress, Stress Reduction and Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Kappes Claudia , Stein Robert , Körner Antje , Merkenschlager Andreas , Kiess Wieland
Published: September 2021

Background: Obesity in childhood and adolescence remains a great global health challenge. Stress exposure during childhood and adolescence is associated with a higher risk for obesity, yet the linkage between stress and obesity is multidimensional, and its biological and behavioral mechanisms are still not fully understood. Summary: In this literature review, we identified different types of stress exposure in children and adolescents, including first studied effects of the COVID-19 pandemic as a prolonged stress exposure and their association with obesity risk. We investigated studies on the connection of altered stress biology and behavioral pathways as well as intervention programs on stress reduction in children and adolescents with obesity. Key Messages: There is evidence that stress exposure in childhood and adolescence promotes biological and behavioral alterations that contribute to the multifactorial pathogenesis of obesity. COVID-19 related-stress presents the most current example of a negative influence on weight development in children and adolescents. However, longitudinal studies on the linkage between environmental, behavioral, and biological factors across development are few, and results are partly equivocal. Intervention programs to reduce stress in children through mindfulness might be a promising adjunctive tool in the prevention and treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity that could further offer proof of concept of theoretically elaborated cause-and-effect relationships.
Transaminase Concentrations Cannot Separate Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Morbidly Obese Patients Irrespective of Histological Algorithm
Authors: Lemmer Peter , Selbach Nicole , Baars Theodor , Porsch-Özcürümez Mustafa , Heider Dominik , Canbay Ali , Sowa Jan-Peter
Published: September 2021

Background: In current general practice, elevated serum concentrations of liver enzymes are still regarded as an indicator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this study, we analyzed if an adjustment of the upper limit of normal (ULN) for serum liver enzymes can improve their diagnostic accuracy. Methods: Data from 363 morbidly obese patients (42.5 ± 10.3 years old; mean BMI: 52 ± 8.5 kg/m2), who underwent bariatric surgery, was retrospectively analyzed. NAFL and NASH were defined histologically according to non-alcoholic fatty liver activity score (NAS) and according to steatosis activity fibrosis (SAF) score for 2 separate analyses, respectively. Results: In 121 women (45%) and 45 men (46%), elevated values for at least one serum parameter (ALT, AST, γGT) were present. The serum concentrations of ALT (p < 0.0001), AST (p < 0.0001) and γGT (p = 0.0023) differed significantly between NAFL and NASH, irrespective of the applied histological classification method. Concentrations of all 3 serum parameters correlated significantly positively with the NAS and the SAF score, with correlation coefficients between 0.33 (ALT/NAS) and 0.40 (γGT/SAF). The area under the curves to separate NAFL and NASH by liver enzymes achieved a maximum of 0.70 (ALT applied to NAS-based classification). For 95% specificity, the ULN for ALT would be 47.5 U/L; for 95% sensitivity, the ULN for ALT would be 17.5 U/L, resulting in 62% uncategorized patients. Conclusion: ALT, AST, and γGT are unsuitable for non-invasive screening or diagnosis of NAFL or NASH. Utilizing liver enzymes as an indicator for NAFLD or NASH should generally be questioned.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire in Men and Women With Heart Failure
Authors: Hejjaji Vittal , Tang Yuanyuan , Coles Theresa , Jones Philip G. , Reeve Bryce B. , Mentz Robert J. , Spatz Erica S. , Dunlay Shannon M. , Caldwell Brittany , Saha Anindita , Tarver Michelle E. , Tran Andy , Patel Krishna K. , Henke Debra , Piña Ileana L. , Spertus John A.
Published: September 2021

Background:

The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) has been psychometrically evaluated in multiple heart failure (HF) populations, but the comparability of its psychometric properties between men and women is unknown.

Methods:

Data from 3 clinical trials (1 in stable HF with preserved ejection fraction, 1 each in stable and acute HF with reduced ejection fraction) and 1 prospective cohort study (stable HF with reduced ejection fraction), incorporating 6773 men and 3612 women with HF, were used to compare the construct validity, internal and test-retest reliability, ability to detect change, predict mortality and hospitalizations and minimally important differences between the 2 sexes. Interactions of the KCCQ overall summary and subdomain scores by sex were independently examined.

Results:

The KCCQ-Overall Summary score correlated well with New York Heart Association functional class in both sexes across patients with stable (correlation coefficient: −0.40 in men versus −0.49 in women) and acute (−0.37 in men versus −0.34 in women) HF. All KCCQ subdomains demonstrated concordant relationships with relevant comparison standards with no significant interactions by sex in 19 of 21 of these construct validity analyses. All KCCQ scores were equally predictive and other psychometric evaluations showed similar results by sex: test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.94 in men versus 0.92 in women), responsive to change (standardized response mean 1.01 in both sexes), as were the minimally important differences and internal reliability.

Conclusions:

The psychometric properties of the KCCQ, in terms of validity, prognosis, reliability, and sensitivity to change, are comparable in men and women with HF with preserved ejection fraction and HF with reduced ejection fraction.
Cardiac Arrhythmias and Impaired Heart Rate Variability in Older Patients With Ventricular Septal Defects
Authors: Maagaard Marie , Eckerström Filip , Hjortdal Vibeke E.
Published: September 2021

Background

Congenital ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are considered to have benign long‐term outcome when treated correctly in childhood. However, abnormal parameters are described in younger adults, including impaired heart rate variability (HRV). It is not known whether such abnormalities will deteriorate with age. Therefore, HRV and cardiac events, such as premature ventricular contraction, were evaluated in patients aged >40 years with congenital VSDs and compared with healthy peers.

Methods and Results

A total of 30 surgically closed VSDs (51±8 years, repair at median age 6.3 years with total range 1.4–54 years) with 30 healthy controls (52±9 years) and 30 small, unrepaired VSDs (55±12 years) with 30 controls (55±10 years) were all equipped with a Holter monitor for 24 hours. Compared with healthy peers, surgically closed patients had lower SD of the normal‐to‐normal (NN) interbeat interval (129±37 versus 168±38 ms;
P
<0.01), SD of the average NN intervals for each 5‐minute segment of a 24‐hour HRV recording (116±35 versus 149±35 ms;
P
<0.01) and 24‐hour triangular index (31±9 versus 44±11;
P
<0.01). SD of the NN intervals, SD of the average NN intervals for each 5‐minute segment of a 24‐hour HRV recording, and triangular index were comparable between unrepaired VSDs and healthy peers. SD of the NN intervals was <100 ms in 22% of surgically closed and 10% of unrepaired VSDs, whereas controls were within normal ranges. A high number of premature ventricular contractions (>200 events) was registered in 57% of surgical patients compared with 3% of controls (
P
<0.01), and 53% of unrepaired VSDs compared with 10% in controls (
P
<0.01).

Conclusions

Adults aged >40 with congenital VSDs demonstrate impaired HRV, mainly among surgically closed VSDs. More than half demonstrated a high number of premature ventricular contractions. These novel findings could indicate long‐term cardiovascular disturbances. This necessitates continuous follow‐up of VSDs throughout adulthood.
Effects of Fluoxetine on Outcomes at 12 Months After Acute Stroke
Authors: Lundström Erik , Isaksson Eva , Greilert Norin Nina , Näsman Per , Wester Per , Mårtensson Björn , Norrving Bo , Wallén Håkan , Borg Jörgen , Hankey Graeme J. , Hackett Maree L. , Mead Gillian E. , Dennis Martin S. , Sunnerhagen Katharina S. ,   on the behalf of the EFFECTS Writing Committee
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose:

The EFFECTS (Efficacy of Fluoxetine—a Randomised Controlled Trial in Stroke) recently reported that 20 mg fluoxetine once daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome but reduced depression and increased fractures and hyponatremia at 6 months. The purpose of this predefined secondary analysis was to identify if any effects of fluoxetine were maintained or delayed over 12 months.

Methods:

EFFECTS was an investigator-led, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group trial in Sweden that enrolled adult patients with stroke. Patients were randomized to 20 mg oral fluoxetine or matching placebo for 6 months and followed for another 6 months. The primary outcome was functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale), at 6 months. Predefined secondary outcomes for these analyses included the modified Rankin Scale, health status, quality of life, fatigue, mood, and depression at 12 months.

Results:

One thousand five hundred patients were recruited from 35 centers in Sweden between 2014 and 2019; 750 were allocated fluoxetine and 750 placebo. At 12 months, modified Rankin Scale data were available in 715 (95%) patients allocated fluoxetine and 712 (95%) placebo. The distribution of modified Rankin Scale categories was similar in the 2 groups (adjusted common odds ratio, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.76–1.10]). Patients allocated fluoxetine scored worse on memory with a median value of 89 (interquartile range, 75–100) versus 93 (interquartile range, 82–100);
P
=0.0021 and communication 93 (interquartile range, 82–100) versus 96 (interquartile range, 86–100);
P
=0.024 domains of the Stroke Impact Scale compared with placebo. There were no other differences in secondary outcomes.

Conclusions:

Fluoxetine after acute stroke had no effect on functional outcome at 12 months. Patients allocated fluoxetine scored worse on memory and communication on the Stroke Impact Scale compared with placebo, but this is likely to be due to chance.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02683213.
Strengthening teacher trainers´ICT competencies through ICT design teams: lessons learned
Authors: Pynoo Bram
Published: September 2021

In order for teacher trainers to effectively integrate ICT in their teaching practice and serve as a model to their pre-service teachers, teacher training should consist of technological, pedagogical and content knowledge. One way to achieve this is by setting up collaborative (design) teams. In this contribution four cases of ICT design teams are presented, each starting from a different perspective. The functioning of the design teams is assessed by making use of two recently developed frameworks. The team leaders are vital for the functioning of their team, and all teams succeed (at least to some extent) in designing learning materials and strengthening the ICT competences of the team members. Other success factors are the networked nature of the design teams and the personal interest of the team members; whereas time and duration of the project were the limiting factors. The project ran over two academic years; limiting the activities of the design team to one school-year might have led to fewer drop-outs and more involvement.
The role of youth in water source management in Tanzania: experience of villages in the Great Ruaha River, Iringa District
Authors: Ngowi Norbert J. , Genda Elizabeth L. , Sallema Adelaide E.
Published: September 2021

Youth refers to the young active human resources which in 2012 constituted about 34.7% of the total population of Tanzania. However, there is a paucity of information on the role of youth in the management of water resources in the majority of the rural areas. This paper draws on the experience of the conceptual framework for water governance at the local level. The study examines the role of youth in water source management as it draws on strategies for water management in Kihanga and Migoli Villages located adjacent the Great Ruaha River of Iringa District. The Great Ruaha River covers 47% of the largest Rufiji Basin in Tanzania. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 161 youths within the surveyed households. In-depth interviews with 5 key informants and focus group(s) of 50 participants were used to supplement data that could not be obtained through surveys. The results show that 59.6% of respondents were not involved in the Water Committee activities. Patrolling the sources and fetching water at night are among the major strategies used in the management of water sources and supply at least in the short term. These findings together with methods used could be replicated in other areas as they provide opportunities for the study of water governance at the local level. The study recommends the integration of young people into water committees and the establishment of water pumping stations at a suitable distance from Mtera dam to reduce degradation.
Political-institutional barriers to energy access and efficiency in Tanzania: a case study of Mvomero District
Authors: Lyakurwa Felichesmi S. , Mkuna Eliaza
Published: September 2021

Recently, energy access and efficiency have attracted much research interest due to their critical role in addressing the challenges of climate change and the country’s social and economic development. The major question in this study is whether household energy demand can be influenced by government institutions and political systems which switch their preferences towards clean energy sources including renewable energy. The analysis revealed that government agencies are not well-coordinated when dealing with energy access and efficiency issues e.g., ward and village leaders are not always in agreement and lack common understanding of issues arising out of increasing energy supply and use of energy efficient appliances. In addition, households witnessed that despite their low level of income, they would have done better in terms of accessing quality and affordable energy had they been educated or informed about the need to shift from using wood to electricity for different social and economic activities. The study recommends that universities offer training, research and consultancy in the energy field to help raise awareness among communities of costs and benefits of using clean energy sources. The results therefore, provide useful and current information to policy making and energy planning institutions on the barriers to energy access and efficiency in order to help formulate remedial action.
Clonal hematopoiesis, myeloid disorders and BAX-mutated myelopoiesis in patients receiving venetoclax for CLL
Authors: Blombery Piers , Lew Thomas E. , Dengler Michael A. , Thompson Ella R. , Lin Victor S. , Chen Xiangting , Nguyen Tamia , Panigrahi Ashish , Handunnetti Sasanka M. , Carney Dennis A. , Westerman David A. , Tam Constantine S. , Adams Jerry M. , Wei Andrew H. , Huang David C. S. , Seymour John F. , Roberts Andrew W. , Anderson Mary Ann
Published: September 2021

The BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax has established therapeutic roles in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). As BCL2 is an important determinant of survival of both myeloid progenitor and B cells, we investigated whether clinical and molecular abnormalities arise in the myeloid compartment during long-term continuous venetoclax treatment of CLL in 89 patients (87 with relapsed/refractory CLL). Over a median follow-up of 75 (range 21-98) months, persistent cytopenias (≥1 of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia) lasting ≥4 months and unrelated to CLL occurred in 25 patients (28%). Of these patients, 20 (80%) displayed clonal hematopoiesis, including 10 with therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MNs). t-MNs occurred exclusively in patients previously exposed to fludarabine-alkylator combination therapy with a cumulative 5-year incidence of 10.4% after venetoclax initiation, consistent with rates reported for patients exposed to fludarabine-alkylator combination therapy without venetoclax. To determine whether the altered myelopoiesis reflected the acquisition of mutations, we analyzed samples from patients with no or minimal bone marrow CLL burden (n = 41). Mutations in the apoptosis effector BAX were identified in 32% (13/41). In cellular assays, C-terminal BAX mutants abrogated outer mitochondrial membrane localization of BAX and engendered resistance to venetoclax killing. BAX-mutated clonal hematopoiesis occurred independently of prior fludarabine-alkylator combination therapy exposure and was not associated with t-MNs. Single-cell sequencing revealed clonal co-occurrence of mutations in BAX with DNMT3A or ASXL1. We also observed simultaneous BCL2 mutations within CLL cells and BAX mutations in the myeloid compartment of the same patients, indicating lineage-specific adaptation to venetoclax therapy.
Root canal morphology and variations in mandibular second molars: an in vivo cone-beam computed tomography analysis
Authors: Gomez Francisco , Brea Gisbeli , Gomez-Sosa Jose Francisco
Published: September 2021

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomical variations of the root canal system of mandibular second molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Methods

190 mandibular second molars cone-beam computed tomography images were reviewed. The evaluation was performed by a radiologist with endodontic experience and two endodontists trained with CBCT technology. Tooth position, number of root and root canals, C-shaped root canal system configuration, presence of extra root (radix), and radicular grooves were assessed. Data was statistically analyzed using The Chi-square test (α = 0,05) to determine any significant difference between gender and the total number of root and root canals, and any significant difference between gender and root canal anatomical variation.

Results

Overall, 85.5% showed two separated roots, 12.1% a single root, 2.6% three roots or radix. 87.7% showed three root canals, 12.1% two root canals, 2.6% four root canals, and 1.6% a single root canal. 10% showed a single foramen, 75.3% two foramina, 13.6% three foramina and 1% showed four foramina.19.5% showed C-shaped anatomical variation, 51.4% in male patients, 48.6% in female patients. According to Fan classification: C1 13.6% in cervical third, C2 10% in the middle third, C3 17.3% in middle third, 15.5% in apical third, and C4 12.7% in the apical third. Root canals number in these samples were 5.4% a single canal, 21.6% two canals, 70.3% three canals, and 2.7% four canals. The root showed 46% with one foramen, 46% two foramina, and 8% three foramina. Radicular grooves 83.3% were found in the lingual area and 16.2% towards the buccal area.

Conclusions

The most prevalent anatomic presentation of the evaluated sample was a mandibular second molars with two roots, three root canals, and two apical foramina. Their variation was C-shaped root canals and Radix Paramolaris.
Myelodysplastic syndrome presenting with central diabetes insipidus is associated with monosomy 7, visible or hidden: report of two cases and literature review
Authors: Yang Yunfan , Lin Ting , Dong Tian , Wu Yu
Published: September 2021

Background

Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is a rare complication of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Although the cytogenetic features of patients with MDS and CDI are not clear, CDI in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with chromosome 7 and/or 3 anomalies.

Case presentation

In this report, we describe two patients with MDS and concurrent CDI, and in one of them, CDI was the first manifestation. One patient had monosomy 7 on metaphase cytogenetics (MC). Monosomy 7 and numerous cytogenetic abnormalities were found in the other patient using single-nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP-A) karyotyping, while the MC did not uncover monosomy 7. In this manuscript we also reviewed reported cases of MDS with diabetes insipidus (DI-MDS) to summarize the relationship between DI-MDS and karyotype, and explore the best treatment strategy for DI-MDS.

Conclusions

DI-MDS is closely related to monosomy 7. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be the only effective treatment for DI-MDS. The SNP-A-based karyotyping is helpful to reveal subtle cytogenetic abnormalities and unveil their roles in the clinical features of MDS.
Selective digestive decontamination, a seemingly effective regimen with individual benefit or a flawed concept with population harm?
Authors: Hurley James C.
Published: September 2021

Selective digestive decontamination (SDD) regimens, variously constituted with topical antibiotic prophylaxis (TAP) and protocolized parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis (PPAP), appear highly effective for preventing ICU-acquired infections but only within randomized concurrent control trials (RCCT’s). Confusingly, SDD is also a concept which, if true, implies population benefit. The SDD concept can finally be reified  in humans using the broad accumulated evidence base, including studies of TAP and PPAP that used non-concurrent controls (NCC), as a natural experiment. However, this test implicates overall population harm with higher event rates associated with SDD use within the ICU context.
Left ventricular myocardial performance index in prediabetic patients without coronary artery disease
Authors: Mahmoud Hossam Eldin M. , Alsenbesy Mohamed , Sayed Gehad Osama Fawzy , Ali Abdulla Eliaw Mohamed , Sabra Ahlam M.
Published: September 2021

Background

Prediabetes is considered a major risk factor for diabetes mellitus (DM), leading to microvascular and cardiovascular disorders. Myocardial performance index (MPI) is a non-invasive Doppler method for the determination of global ventricular activity. We have not enough knowledge about the effect of prediabetes on the left ventricular (LV) function. We aimed to assess the MPI in prediabetic patients without coronary artery disease (CAD) utilizing echocardiography tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).

Results

We conducted a randomized controlled study that included fifty prediabetic patients and fifty healthy participants as the control group. All the participants were subjected to laboratory tests and echocardiography TDI to evaluate the LV systolic and diastolic functions

We found that the isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and MPI values were significantly increased in the prediabetic patients compared to the control group (P < 0.001). In contrast, left ventricular ejection time (ET) was significantly longer in the control group than in prediabetic patients.

Conclusion

Prediabetes may adversely affect the LV function as assessed by MPI. Screening for prediabetes and early intervention is required for the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Foundation News
Authors: Burk Katie
Published: September 2021

SEG continues to support students through the Scholarships program. Since 1956, almost US$11.3 million in SEG scholarships has been awarded to more than 3000 global undergraduate and graduate students studying geophysics or closely related fields.
Matrix permeability and flow-derived DFN constrain reactivated natural fracture rupture area and stress drop — Marcellus Shale microseismic example
Authors: Kurison Clay , Kuleli Huseyin S.
Published: September 2021

Microseismic events associated with shale reservoir hydraulic fracturing stimulation (HFS) are interpreted to be reactivations of ubiquitous natural fractures (NFs). Despite adoption of discrete fracture network (DFN) models, accounting for NFs in fluid flow within shale reservoirs has remained a challenge. For an explicit account of NFs, this study introduced the use of seismology-based relations linking seismic moment, moment magnitude, fault rupture area, and stress drop. Microseismic data from HFS monitoring of Marcellus Shale horizontal wells had been used to derive planar hydraulic fracture geometry and source properties. The former was integrated with associated well production data found to exhibit transient linear flow. Analytical solutions led to linear flow parameters (LFPs) and system permeability for scenarios depicting flow through infinite and finite conductivity hydraulic fractures. Published core plug permeability was stress-corrected for in-situ conditions to estimate average matrix permeability. For comparison, the burial and thermal history for the study area was used in 1D Darcy-based modeling of steady and episodic expulsion of petroleum to account for geologic timescale persistence of abnormal pore pressure. Both evaluations resulted in matrix permeability in the same picodarcy (pD) range. Coupled with LFPs, reactivated NF surface area for stochastic DFNs was estimated. Subsequently, the aforementioned seismology-based relations were used for determining average stress drops needed to estimate NF rupture area matching flow-based DFN surface areas. Stress drops, comparable to values for tectonic events, were excluded. One of the determined values matched stress drops for HFS operations in past and recent seismological studies. In addition, calculated changes in pore pressure matched estimates in the aforementioned studies. This study unlocked the full potential of microseismic data beyond extraction of planar geometry attributes and stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). Here, microseismic events were explicitly used in the quantitative account of NFs in fluid flow within shale reservoirs.
Earth Science Week to make a splash
Authors: Camphire Geoff
Published: September 2021

Geoscientists have important roles in the management of the world's water at local, regional, national, and global scales. Geophysical information is critical to ensure that people have enough water for domestic, agricultural, industrial, and other needs. Given the current challenges of water management, it has never been more critical to promote awareness of water's place in earth system science. To encourage everyone to understand, conserve, and protect water, Earth Science Week 2021 will be held 10–16 October.
Spin selective electron transmission through a layered structure subjected to light irradiation: Efficient engineering
Authors: Koley Arpita , Maiti Santanu K.
Published: September 2021

This work deals with engineering spin selective electron transmission through a layered structure where a ferromagnetic (FM) system is clamped between two non-magnetic (NM) regions. The site energies of NM layers are modulated in the well-known Aubry-Andre-Harper (AAH) form, and the FM layer is subjected to a light irradiation. The interplay between the cosine modulation and light irradiation brings several interesting features in spin-dependent transport which we investigate in detail within a tight-binding (TB) prescription following the Green's function formalism. The effect of irradiation is included within a minimal coupling scheme based on the Floquet ansatz. High degree of spin polarization together with its phase reversal can be obtained at multiple energy regions. The proposed prescription can be utilized to design efficient spintronic devices, and can be generalized to other similar kinds of fascinating systems.
Pituitary Somatotroph Adenoma-derived Exosomes: Characterization of Nonhormonal Actions
Authors: Zhou Cuiqi , Shen Stephen , Moran Rosemary , Deng Nan , Marbán Eduardo , Melmed Shlomo
Published: September 2021

Context

The identification and biological actions of pituitary-derived exosomes remain elusive.

Objective

This work aimed to validate production of exosomes derived from human and rat pituitary and elucidate their actions.

Methods

Isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) were analyzed by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and expressed exosomal markers detected by Western blot, using nonpituitary fibroblast FR and myoblast H9C2 cells as controls. Exosome inhibitor GW4869 was employed to detect attenuated EV release. Exosomal RNA contents were characterized by RNA sequencing. In vitro and in vivo hepatocyte signaling alterations responding to GH1-derived exosomes (GH1-exo) were delineated by mRNA sequencing. GH1-exo actions on protein synthesis, cAMP (3′,5′-cyclic adenosine 5′-monophosphate) response, cell motility, and metastases were assessed.

Results

NTA, exosomal marker detection, and GW4869 attenuated EV release, confirming the exosomal identity of pituitary EVs. Hydrocortisone increased exosome secretion in GH1 and GH3 cells, suggesting a stress-associated response. Exosomal RNA contents showed profiles distinct for pituitary cells, and rat primary hepatocytes exposed to GH1-exo exhibited transcriptomic alterations distinct from those elicited by growth hormone or prolactin. Intravenous GH1-exo injection into rats attenuated hepatic Eif2ak2 and Atf4 mRNA expression, both involved in cAMP responses and amino acid biosynthesis. GH1-exo suppressed protein synthesis and forskolin-induced cAMP levels in hepatocytes. GH1-exo–treated HCT116 cells showed dysregulated p53 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and attenuated motility of malignant HCT116 cells, and decreased tumor metastases in nude mice harboring splenic HCT116 implants.

Conclusion

Our findings elucidate biological actions of somatotroph-derived exosomes and implicate exosomes as nonhormonal pituitary-derived messengers.
The French Revolution and the New Spatial Format for Empire
Authors: Maruschke Megan
Published: September 2021

Both global history and the new imperial history identify an emerging convergence of spatial formats, practices, and knowledge for organizing societies during the nineteenth century, though each emphasizes different competitive formats: the territorializing nation-state and the enduring empire. Rather than contrasting empire and nation-state, this article takes their combination seriously through the example of the respatialization of the French Empire during the Revolution and the reorganization of domestic territory into departments. The history of departmentalization underscores the emerging and changing interrelationships between nation and empire. The territorialization of metropolitan France, which developed out of imperial and transregional exchanges, was emblematic of the new type of empire that became a prevailing model for societal organization in the nineteenth century: the nation-state with imperial extensions.

L'histoire globale et la nouvelle histoire impériale ont toutes deux signalé l’émergence d'une convergence des formats spatiaux, des pratiques et des savoirs tout au long du dix-neuvième siècle, mais chacun de ces deux champs de recherche insiste sur des formats distincts et rivaux pour organiser les sociétés : l'Etat-nation en voie de territorialisation, d'une part, et l'empire qui perdure, d'autre part. En effet, plutôt que d'opposer l'empire à l'Etat-nation, cet article prend au sérieux leur conjonction en examinant à nouveaux frais la respatialisation de l'empire français pendant la Révolution et la réorganisation du territoire national en départements. L'histoire de la départementalisation met ainsi en évidence l’émergence et le développement des relations mutuelles entre nation et empire. La territorialisation de la France métropolitaine, qui se développa à la faveur d’échanges impériaux et transrégionaux, fut caractéristique du nouveau type d'empire qui devint un modèle dominant d'organisation des sociétés au dix-neuvième siècle : celui de l'Etat-nation pourvu de prolongements impériaux.
Bacterial Diversity in Soil Surround Subterranean Termites-Damaged Wooden
Buildings in Seonamsa Temple and Effect of the Termites on Bacterial Diversity
in Humus Soil
Authors: Kim Young Hee , Lim Boa , Lee Jeung Min , Hong Jin Young , Kim Soo Ji , Park Ji Hee
Published: September 2021

In order to determine the changes in microbial community due to termites, soil microorganisms surrounding the termites were investigated. First, bacterial communities from soil with termites collected at Seonamsa temple, Suncheon city, Korea were compared by next-generation sequencing (NGS, Illumina Miseq). The bacterial composition of soil from Daeungjeon without termites and the soil from Josadang, Palsangjeon, and Samjeon with termites were compared. Next, the bacterial composition of these soils was also compared with that of humus soil cultured with termites. A total high-quality sequences of 71,942 and 72,429 reads were identified in Seonamsa temple’s soil and humus soil, respectively. The dominant phyla in the collected Seonamsa temple’s soil were Proteobacteria (27%), Firmicutes (24%) and Actinobacteria (21%), whereas those in the humus soil were Bacteriodetes (56%) and Proteobacteria (37%). Using a two-dimensional plot to explain the principal coordinate analysis of operational taxonomic unit compositions of the soil samples, it was confirmed that the samples were divided into soil with and without termites, and it was especially confirmed that the Proteobacteria phylum was increased in humus soil with termites than in humus soil without termites.