bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Clinical Audit of Pap Smear Test for Screening of Cervical Cancer
Authors: Tamrakar SR , Chawla CD
Published: September 2014

Aims: Cervical cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in gynecology clients. It accounts for the most common cancer in women. A Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test (cervical cytology screening) is one of the best tests to screen for cervical cancer in its premalignant stage. The objective of this study is to find out the prevalence of abnormal Pap smear results and to determine the contributing factors for it. Methods: The out patient clinic register was reviewed. Out-patients clinic register from 1 Jan 2008 to 31 Dec 2011showed that a total of 25511 gynecology clients were seen. In these four years duration, a total of 1506 Pap smear samples were taken which accounted for 5.9% of the total gynecology clients. The samples were collected only after proper counseling and consent from the clients who visited the clinic for various gynecology complaints. Assumed predictors of abnormal Pap smear results were examined through inferential way (Chi square test) using Software SPSS version 13.0 for Windows. Results: The preliminary analysis showed the mean age was 37.57 ± 10.72 years (ranging from 18 to 81 years). Most of them were of Newar caste (28.7%), with 3 children (37.6%) and from Kavre District (66%). Most of them (343 clients) were of age group 30 – 34 years whereas 15.8, 10.8, 3.1 and 10.0 % (clients were of 40 – 44, 45 – 49, 50 – 54 and 55 above respectively. A total of 1062 samples were normal whereas 379 samples were suggestive of inflammatory and 39 samples were inadequate for evaluation. We had 22 samples suspicious for malignancy and/or low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and 4 frank malignant cases. This accounted for 1.7% of total Pap smear samples. These cases were scheduled for colposcopic guided biopsies and histologic evaluations. There was significant difference between the age groups and Pap smear results (p=0.003) and parity with Pap smear results (p=0.000, highly significant). But there was no significant difference between caste and Pap smear results (p=0.166). Conclusions: There is no doubt that Pap test is one of the best and easiest tests to screen for precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions. In order to have a high yield it has to be combined with other alternative tests like HPV testing and/or visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) or Lugol’s Iodine (VILI). Besides its use as screening tool, we can also evaluate for chronic cervicitis, sexually transmitted infection (STI), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)and genital prolapse (if any) in same setting. Thus the community people will have broader benefits from the screening program. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11137   Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 21-24
Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) Program at Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital: A Review
Authors: Shrestha M , Chaudhary P , Tumbhahangphe M , Poudel J
Published: September 2014

Aims: Vertical transmission from mother to fetus is the main route of HIVinfection among children. This study is an effort to review utilization of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) services by pregnant women seeking care in Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital (PMWH). Methods: Case records of 165 pregnant women with HIV positive status who delivered at Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Kathmandu from April 2005 to Dec 2011 were reviewed. Demographic profile of these women and interventions to prevent mother to child transmission (MTCT) including antiretroviral prophylaxis (ARV), mode of delivery, infant feeding practice as well as HIV status of their children were recorded. Results: Hospital records showed 109262 antenatal attendees and 120823 deliveries including 165 HIV infected women who delivered in this facility. Prevalence of HIV infection among antenatal attendees was 0.11 % and 0.13% in hospital deliveries. Migrant worker spouse (44.2%) was the main source of infection in their wives. Eighty eight (55.7%) out of 150 eligible women received ARV drugs and 97% babies received antiretroviral prophylaxis . Spontaneous vaginal delivery occurred in 60% women and caesarean section performed in the rest. While 60.8% women opted for exclusive breast feeding, remaining 39.2% chose formula feeding. For prophylaxis of opportunistic infection, Cotrimoxazole was given to 70.3% children. The incidence of HIV infection in babies born to HIV infected mother was 5.1%. Conclusions: Integrating PMTCT services into existing maternal and child health system can significantly reduce perinatal transmission of HIV infection to children. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11138 Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 25-28
Maternal Mortality: Sharing Experience from Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital
Authors: Ghimire S
Published: September 2014

Aims: To analyse causes of maternal deaths and to identify avoidable factors. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of maternal deaths, during a period of one year from 15th April, 2011-15th April, 2012, at Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar in the Eastern Region of Nepal case files and hospital records being the data sources. All the maternal deaths were recorded. Results: In one year study period, out of a total of 2,754 deliveries, there were 8 maternal deaths giving maternal mortality ratio of 310/100,000 live births. Three of them resulted from an induced abortion mishap and five of them were obstetric deaths. Four of the direct obstetric deaths resulted from complications of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) of which one case died due to traumatic post partum hemorrhage postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) as a result of torrential bleeding from extensive vaginal wall tear. One indirect obstetric death occurred in a case of twin pregnancy with severe anemia and congestive cardiac failure. Conclusions: Provision of safe abortion services is still not available to many women despite of legalization of abortion in Nepal. Quality antenatal care services would be helpful in avoiding maternal mortality in many situations by detecting and managing medical complications of pregnancy. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11140   Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 33-35
Comparison of Reliability of Tap Test and Shake Test for Determination of Fetal Lung Maturity
Authors: Bajracharya S
Published: September 2014

Aims: To compare the reliability of tap test and shake test for determination of fetal lung maturity in pregnant women between 28 weeks and 36 completed week’s gestation either with preterm prelabour rupture of membrane or preterm labour. Methods: Amniotic fluid samples from vaginal pool were obtained from one hundred pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria. Both tap test and shake test were performed in each sample. All deliveries occurred within 72 hours of collection of amniotic fluid. The results of the tests were compared with the incidence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Results: Out of 100 tests performed, tap test predicted 17% as immature and 83% as mature and shake test predicted 51% as immature and 49% as mature. Among 100 newborns, 9 (9%) were found to be true immature as they developed respiratory distress syndrome. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive value for fetal lung immaturity and maturity by tap test was 88.9%, 90.1%, 47.1% and 98.8% respectively and the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value for fetal lung immaturity and maturity by shake test was 100%, 53.8%,17.6% and 100% respectively. Conclusions: In view of very low specificity and predictive value for fetal lung immaturity by shake test compared to that by tap test and lower sensitivity of the tap test than the shake test, neither of the tests is reliable than the other and these two tests can not replace each other DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11141   Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 36-39
Spontaneous Hemoperitoneum Masquerading Placental Abruption: A Case Report
Authors: Subedi S , Banerjee B
Published: September 2014

Hemoperitoneum during pregnancy is a rare but potentially life threatening condition to both mother and fetus. Spontaneous hemoperitoneum may develop from rupture of various abdominal or pelvic viscera like spleen, pancreas and also uterus from the uterine ovarian vessels and rarely from pelvic endometrial implants. It mimics placental abruption having similar clinical presentation like acute abdominal pain, peritonitis, shock and fetal distress or fetal death. We present a case of spontaneous rupture of superficial uterine vessels in third trimester of pregnancy with an objective to share our experience in managing this rare emergency condition having diagnostic dilemmas. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11145   Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 50-51
Gene-expression profiling elucidates molecular signaling networks that can be therapeutically targeted in vestibular schwannoma
Authors: Agnihotri Sameer , Gugel Isabel , Remke Marc , Bornemann Antje , Pantazis Georgios , Mack Stephen C. , Shih David , Singh Sanjay K. , Sabha Nesrin , Taylor Michael D. , Tatagiba Marcos , Zadeh Gelareh , Krischek Boris
Published: September 2014

Object

Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are common benign tumors of the vestibular nerve that cause significant morbidity. The current treatment strategies for VS include surgery or radiation, with each treatment option having associated complications and side effects. The transcriptional landscape of schwannoma remains largely unknown.

Methods

In this study the authors performed gene-expression profiling of 49 schwannomas and 7 normal control vestibular nerves to identify tumor-specific gene-expression patterns. They also interrogated whether schwannomas comprise several molecular subtypes using several transcription-based clustering strategies. The authors also performed in vitro experiments testing therapeutic inhibitors of over-activated pathways in a schwannoma cell line, namely the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Results

The authors identified over 4000 differentially expressed genes between controls and schwannomas with network analysis, uncovering proliferation and anti-apoptotic pathways previously not implicated in VS. Furthermore, using several distinct clustering technologies, they could not reproducibly identify distinct VS subtypes or significant differences between sporadic and germline NF2–associated schwannomas, suggesting that they are highly similar entities. The authors identified overexpression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling networks in their geneexpression study and evaluated this pathway for therapeutic targeting. Testing the compounds BEZ235 and PKI-587, both novel dual inhibitors of PI3K and mTOR, attenuated tumor growth in a preclinical cell line model of schwannoma (HEI-293). In vitro findings demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway with next-generation compounds led to decreased cell viability and increased cell death.

Conclusions

These findings implicate aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway as a molecular mechanism of pathogenesis in VS and suggest inhibition of this pathway as a potential treatment strategy.
Study of Number, Shape, Size and Position of Mental Foramen in Bangladeshi Dry Adult Human Mandible
Authors: Hoque Md Mesbahul , Ara Shamim , Begum Shahanaz , Kamal AHM Mostafa , Momen Md Abdul
Published: September 2014

Context: Paralysis of the mental nerve is one of the principal complications of surgery of the mandibular canal and mental foramen region. Therefore, identification of mental foramen is important for dental surgeons in nerve block and surgical procedures like apico curettage of mandibular premolars, amalgam filling, peridental surgery etc. to avoid injury to neurovascular bundle. Verification of the existence of accessory mental foramina would prevent accessory mental nerve injury during periapical surgery. Therefore, prior knowledge of morphology and morphometry of mental and accessory mental foramen to particular block may cause effective mental block anaesthesia. Besides this, mental foramen and accessory mental foramen have been found to vary in position in different ethnic groups. So, it is important to study the morphology and morphometry of mental foramen. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, analytical type of study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College using dried adult human mandibles of unknown sexes. Number and shapes of mental foramen and accessory mental foramen were observed. Size and position were determined by using digital sliding calipers. Result: Mental foramen was present in all one hundred and eighty five (185) observed mandibles and it was bilateral. Accessory mental foramen was present in 1.62% on left side while on right side, it was 0.54%. None of the mandibles presented with bilateral accessory mental foramen. Shape was predominantly oval with 55.7% on right side and 53.5% on left side while it was round in 44.3% on right side and 46.5% on left side. Mental foramen was commonly located between 1st and 2nd premolar, below 2nd premolar and between 2nd premolar and 1st molar. Conclusion: Prior knowledge of mental foramen variations helps surgeon in planning surgery in that region to avoid nerve damage and also for effective mental nerve block anaesthesia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20501 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 7-10
Socio Demographic Factors Related to Smoking among Rural Adolescent
Authors: Khan Farzana Islam , Afrin Sharmina , Huq Md Ehsanul , Zaman UK Sharmin , Rahman Md Rezwanur
Published: September 2014

Background: Smoking is one of the leading preventable causes of premature death, disease, and disability. Adolescence is the period of physical, psychological and social maturation from childhood to adulthood and adolescent smoking is a continuous process which is related to many disease factors. Objective: To find out the factors related to smoking among rural adolescents. Materials and method: One hundred and fifty one male adolescent aged 13 to 19 years from rural areas were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire during January to June 2013, at Dhamrai Upazilla Health Complex, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The socio demographic details, smoking and depression history were recorded. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale was used to measure the presence of depression. Smoking behavior was measured by a number of questions. Results: Mean(±SD) age of the study subjects was 16.8(±1.9) years. Most of the respondents started smoking around the average age of 14.3 years. The study shows that 64% respondents were smokers. Among smokers 80% were influenced by their friends about smoking. Seventy eight percent of the smokers were suffering from depression while 22% of nonsmokers were depressed (p<0.001). Majority (72%) of the issues of the smoker parents were smoker (p<0.5). Domestic violence (p<0.001) and stressful events in life (p<0.05) also played significant roles for smoking. Conclusion: Depression, parent smoking and peer smoking, domestic violence, and stressful life events are important factors to start smoking in rural adolescents. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v2i2.20525 Delta Med Col J. Jul 2014; 2(2): 58-63
An Audit of Rational Use of Antibiotics in a Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Begum Tanzima , Khan Md Ismail , Kawser Shamima , Huq Md Ehsanul , Majid Nadira , Akhter Afia
Published: September 2014

Background: Drug can cure ailment when used rationally on the other hand they may become harmful or even may threaten a life when used irrationally. Absence of guidelines for antibiotic use, protocols for rational therapeutics and infection control committees, have led to overuse and misuse of antimicrobials even in different specialized units in hospitals. Objective: The study has been designed to get a picture of use of antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh. Materials and method: Cross sectional study was conducted in the department of Medicine of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, for 3 months from 1st January 2009 to 31st March 2009. Admitted patients of Medicine unit-1 who got antibiotics were included in the study. Total number of patients was 1563. Results: Five hundred out of 1563 patients were prescribed antibiotics (38%). Out of 500 prescriptions, 68(14%) prescriptions were found irrational. Conclusion: Continuous surveillance should be carried out to reduce the irrational use of antibiotics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v2i2.20526 Delta Med Col J. Jul 2014; 2(2): 64-67
Reviewers in this issue Vol.2(2)
Authors: Editor The
Published: September 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v2i2.20530 Delta Med Col J. Jul 2014; 2(2): 81
Impact of Infection caused by Extended Spectrum ?-Lactamase Producing Bacteria: A Review Update
Authors: Islam M Saiful , Moazzem Naima , Yusuf M Abdullah , Begum Shahin Ara
Published: September 2014

Emergence of bacterial resistance causes limitation of the action of antimicrobial agents. Frequency of extended spectrum ?-Lactamase (ESBL) production is high among Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella species. This has created a worldwide problem resulting in treatment failure. ESBLs have become widespread throughout the world. Microbes undergo mutation of genes, which can spread from cell to cell by mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons and bacteriophages. Resistant bacteria flourish in areas of heavy antibiotic use such as hospitals and ICU. With widespread use of antibiotic, the frequency of penicillinase producing staphylococci increased. The availability of the second-generation cephalosporin, such as cefamondole, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime, or 3rd generation cephalosporin, such as cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone has been the leading cause of potential resistances in nosocomial Gram-negative bacilli. Hospital outbreaks of multi-drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae are now being frequently caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers. Incidence of ESBL producing strains among clinical isolates has been steadily increasing over past years resulting in limitation of therapeutic options. Bacterial antibiotic resistance has become a major clinical concern worldwide including Bangladesh. Recently, the use of second and third generation cephalosporin has led to the selection of Gram-negative organisms resistant to ?-lactamase stable cephalosporin. This resistance is attributed to the production of extended spectrum ?-lactamases.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcamr.v1i1.19560J Curr Adv Med Res 2014;1(1):13-19
Chikungunya Patient presented with Arthritis: A Case Report
Authors: Hassan Mohammad Sayeed , Sonia Sheikh Farjana , Yusuf Mohammad Abdullah , Ara Ferdous , Sharif Ahmad Raihan , Ahmed Farid , Rahman Md. Atiqur
Published: September 2014

Chikungunya is an arthropod borne viral disease considered as the new emerging infectious disease in many countries of Asia, Africa, Europe and America. In this present case report a 45 year old lady was presented with multiple joint pains following exanthematous febrile illness. Laboratory result revealed this case as positive for chikungunya.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcamr.v1i1.19562J Curr Adv Med Res 2014;1(1):21-22
Frequency of ESBL in Surgical Site Infection at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Islam M Saiful , Yusuf M Abdullah , Islam M Badrul , Jahan Waseka Akhter
Published: September 2014

Background: Infection caused by ESBL in the surgical site infection is very alarming. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the status of ESBL bacteria isolated from surgical site infection with their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern.Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from January, 2005 to December, 2005 for a period of one (1) year. All the patients presented with surgical site infections at any age with both sexes were included a study population. Detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Gram negative bacteria was done by using disc diffusion method and was confirmed by E- test ESBL method. Sensitivity pattern of ESBL producers were observed against quinolone and fluoroquinolones. ESBLs are the enzymes capable of hydrolyzing all penicillin, monobactam and cephalosporins except cephamycin, but inactive against imipenem.Result: A total number of 92 surgical wound samples were collected of which 68(73.9%) samples were culture positive. Interestingly, most of the E. coli was ESBL positive (55.0%). Klebsiella species was 33.1% ESBL positive. ESBL positivity of Proteus and Pseudomonas species were low (11.1%). Among the isolated Pseudomonas species, 1(6.67%) of the 15 strains isolated from wound swab was ESBL producers. ESBL positivity was significantly found in surgically wound samples (p=0.0001). Among the ESBL producers, all the E. coli, Klebsiella species, Proteus species and Pseudomonas species were resistant to amoxicillin, cephradine, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, ceftazidime and cefotaxime. All the Gram negative bacteria were sensitive to imipenam. Conclusion: A considerable numbers of ESBL producing bacteria were detected from surgical wound.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcamr.v1i2.20514 Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research Vol.1(2) 2014: 25-29
Lingual Thyroid Diagnosed as a Cause of Cretinism: A Case Report
Authors: Haque Jasmine Ara , Rahman Hosne Ara , Jahan Waseka Akhter
Published: September 2014

Hypothyroidism is one of the common endocrine disorders. Causes are variable. It can be congenital or acquired. Congenital hypothyroidism termed as cretinism. Lingual thyroid is one of the rare congenital anomaly causing hypothyroidism. Its clinical incidence varies between 1/3000 and 1/10,000.  Up to 70% of patients with lingual thyroid have hypothyroidism and 10% suffer from cretinism. Here a 14 year old short stuttered obese female present with the complaints of voice change & weight gain. Biochemically she was diagnosed as hypothyroid. To find out the cause it was detected the gland was not in normal position but in the lingual position which was detected by SPECT CT Tc-99m isotope thyroid scan. The patient was treated with levo-thyroxin accordingly and was improved.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcamr.v1i2.20518 Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research Vol.1(2) 2014: 42-48
Regulating the 20S Proteasome Ubiquitin-Independent Degradation Pathway
Authors: Ben-Nissan Gili , Sharon Michal
Published: September 2014

For many years, the ubiquitin-26S proteasome degradation pathway was considered the primary route for proteasomal degradation. However, it is now becoming clear that proteins can also be targeted for degradation by the core 20S proteasome itself. Degradation by the 20S proteasome does not require ubiquitin tagging or the presence of the 19S regulatory particle; rather, it relies on the inherent structural disorder of the protein being degraded. Thus, proteins that contain unstructured regions due to oxidation, mutation, or aging, as well as naturally, intrinsically unfolded proteins, are susceptible to 20S degradation. Unlike the extensive knowledge acquired over the years concerning degradation by the 26S proteasome, relatively little is known about the means by which 20S-mediated proteolysis is controlled. Here, we describe our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that coordinate 20S proteasome-mediated degradation, and highlight the gaps in knowledge that remain to be bridged.
Towards a Mathematical Description of Biodiversity Evolution
Authors: Horvath Jorge
Published: September 2014

We outline in this work a mathematical description of biodiversity evolution based on a second-order differential equation (also known as the “inertial/Galilean view”). After discussing the motivations and explicit forms of the simplest “forces”, we are lead to an equation analogue to a harmonic oscillator. The known solutions for the homogeneous problem are then tentatively related to the biodiversity curves of Sepkoski and Alroy et al., suggesting mostly an inertial behavior of the time evolution of the number of genera and a quadratic behavior in some long-term evolution after extinction events. We present the Green function for the dynamical system and apply it to the description of the recovery curve after the Permo-Triassic extinction, as recently analyzed by Burgess, Bowring and Shen. Even though the agreement is not satisfactory, we point out direct connections between observed drop times after massive extinctions and mathematical constants and discuss why the failure ensues, suggesting a more complex form of the second-order mathematical description.
Hierarchical Sensor Placement Using Joint Entropy and the Effect of Modeling Error
Authors: Papadopoulou Maria , Raphael Benny , Smith Ian , Sekhar Chandra
Published: September 2014

Good prediction of the behavior of wind around buildings improves designs for natural ventilation in warm climates. However wind modeling is complex, predictions are often inaccurate due to the large uncertainties in parameter values. The goal of this work is to enhance wind prediction around buildings using measurements through implementing a multiple-model system-identification approach. The success of system-identification approaches depends directly upon the location and number of sensors. Therefore, this research proposes a methodology for optimal sensor configuration based on hierarchical sensor placement involving calculations of prediction-value joint entropy. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models are generated to create a discrete population of possible wind-flow predictions, which are then used to identify optimal sensor locations. Optimal sensor configurations are revealed using the proposed methodology and considering the effect of systematic and spatially distributed modeling errors, as well as the common information between sensor locations. The methodology is applied to a full-scale case study and optimum configurations are evaluated for their ability to falsify models and improve predictions at locations where no measurements have been taken. It is concluded that a sensor placement strategy using joint entropy is able to lead to predictions of wind characteristics around buildings and capture short-term wind variability more effectively than sequential strategies, which maximize entropy.
Emodin-Loaded Magnesium Silicate Hollow Nanocarriers for Anti-Angiogenesis Treatment through Inhibiting VEGF
Authors: Ren Hua , Zhu Chao , Li Zhaohui , Yang Wei , Song E
Published: September 2014

The applications of anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) treatment in ophthalmic fields to inhibit angiogenesis have been widely documented in recent years. However, the hydrophobic nature of many agents makes its delivery difficult in practice. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to introduce a new kind of hydrophobic drug carrier by employing nanoparticles with a hollow structure inside. Followed by the synthesis and characterization of magnesium silicate hollow spheres, cytotoxicity was evaluated in retina capillary endothelial cells. The loading and releasing capacity were tested by employing emodin, and the effect on VEGF expression was performed at the gene and protein level. Finally, an investigation on angiogenesis was carried on fertilized chicken eggs. The results indicated that the magnesium silicate nanoparticles had low toxicity. Emodin–MgSiO3 can inhibit the expression of both VEGF gene and protein effectively. Angiogenesis of eggs was also reduced significantly. Based on the above results, we concluded that magnesium silicate hollow spheres were good candidates as drug carriers with enough safety.
Association of Allelic Variation in PtoXET16A with Growth and Wood Properties in Populus tomentosa
Authors: Wang Bowen , Zhang Deqiang
Published: September 2014

Xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XETs) modify the xyloglucan-cellulose framework of plant cell walls and, thus, affect cell wall expansion and strength. Dissecting the mechanism by which natural variation in XETs affects wood properties can inform breeding efforts to improve wood quality and yield traits. To this end, we isolated a full-length PtoXET16A cDNA clone from Populus tomentosa. Real-time PCR analysis showed that PtoXET16A was maximally expressed in the root, followed by phloem, cambium, and developing xylem, suggesting that PtoXET16A plays important roles in the development of vascular tissues. Nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed that PtoXET16A has high single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity (π = 0.01266 and θw = 0.01392) and low linkage disequilibrium (r2 ≥ 0.1, within 900 bp). SNP- and haplotype-based association analyses of 426 individuals from a natural population indicated that nine SNPs (including two non-synonymous markers and one splicing variant) (p ≤ 0.05, false discovery rate Q ≤ 0.01), and nine haplotypes (p ≤ 0.05) were significantly associated with growth and wood properties, each explaining from 3.40%–10.95% of phenotypic variance. This work shows that examination of allelic variation and linkage disequilibrium by a candidate-gene-based approach can help to decipher the genetic basis of wood formation. Moreover, the SNP markers identified in this study can potentially be applied for marker-assisted selection to improve growth and wood-property traits in Populus.
β-Glucan and Dark Chocolate: A Randomized Crossover Study on Short-Term Satiety and Energy Intake
Authors: Akyol Asli , Dasgin Halil , Ayaz Aylin , Buyuktuncer Zehra , Besler H.
Published: September 2014

Aim: The aims of this study were to adapt a traditional recipe into a healthier form by adding 3 g of oat β-glucan, substituting milk chocolate to dark chocolate with 70% cocoa, and to examine the effect of these alterations on short-term satiety and energy intake. Materials and Methods: Study subjects (n = 25) were tested in a randomized, crossover design with four products closely matched for energy content. Four different versions of a traditional recipe including milk chocolate-control (CON), oat β-glucan (B-GLU), dark chocolate (DARK) or oat β-glucan and dark chocolate (B-GLU + DARK) were given to subjects on different test days. After subjects were asked to report visual analog scale (VAS) scores on sensory outcomes and related satiety for four hours ad libitum, lunch was served and energy intake of individuals was measured. Results: VAS scores indicated that none of the test foods exerted an improved effect on satiety feelings. However, energy intake of individuals during ad libitum lunch was significantly lower in dark chocolate groups (CON: 849.46 ± 47.45 kcal versus DARK: 677.69 ± 48.45 kcal and B-GLU + DARK: 691.08 ± 47.45 kcal, p = 0.014). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that substituting dark chocolate for milk chocolate is more effective in inducing satiety during subsequent food intake in healthy subjects.
High-Density LiDAR Mapping of the Ancient City of Mayapán
Authors: Hare Timothy , Masson Marilyn , Russell Bradley
Published: September 2014

A 2013 survey of a 40 square kilometer area surrounding Mayapán, Yucatan, Mexico used high-density LiDAR data to map prehispanic architecture and related natural features. Most of the area is covered by low canopy dense forest vegetation over karstic hilly terrain that impedes full coverage archaeological survey. We used LiDAR at 40 laser points per square meter to generate a bare earth digital elevation model (DEM). Results were evaluated with comparisons to previously mapped areas and with traditional archaeological survey methods for 38 settlement clusters outside of the city wall. Ground checking employed full coverage survey of selected 500 m grid squares, as well as documentation of the chronology and detail of new public and domestic settlement features and cenotes. Results identify the full extent of continued, contemporary Postclassic settlement (A.D. 1150–1450) outside of the city wall to at least 500 meters to the east, north, and west. New data also reveal an extensive modified landscape of terraformed residential hills, rejolladas, and dense settlement dating from Preclassic through Classic Periods. The LiDAR data also allow for the identification of rooms, benches, and stone property walls and lanes within the city.
Oxidized Lipids and Lysophosphatidylcholine Induce the Chemotaxis, Up-Regulate the Expression of CCR9 and CXCR4 and Abrogate the Release of IL-6 in Human Monocytes
Authors: Rolin Johannes , Vego Heidi , Maghazachi Azzam
Published: September 2014

Lipids through regulation of chronic inflammation play key roles in the development of various diseases. Here, we report that a mixed population of human primary monocytes migrated towards LPC, as well as oxidized linoleic acid isoforms 9-S-HODE, 9-R-HODE and 13-R-HODE. Incubation with 9-R-HODE, 13-R-HODE and LPC resulted in increased expression of CXCR4, the receptor for SDF-1α/CXCL12, correlated with increased monocyte migration towards SDF-1α/CXCL12. Further, we report increased expression of CCR9, the receptor for TECK/CCL25, after stimulation with these lipids. Upon examining the migratory response towards TECK/CCL25, it was observed that an increase in CCR9 expression upon pre-treatment with 9-S-HODE, 9-R-HODE, 13-R-HODE and LPC resulted in increased migration of monocytes expressing CCR9. Only LPC but not any other lipid examined increased the influx of intracellular Ca2+ in monocytes. Finally, 9-S-HODE, 9-R-HODE, 13-R-HODE, or LPC inhibited the release of IL-6 from monocytes suggesting that these lipids may play important role in controlling inflammatory responses.
Automatic Heart Rate Normalization for Accurate Energy Expenditure Estimation
Authors: Penders J. , Vullers R. , Amft O. , Altini M.
Published: September 2014

Introduction: This article is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “Pervasive Intelligent Technologies for Health”.

Background: Energy Expenditure (EE) estimation algorithms using Heart Rate (HR) or a combination of accelerometer and HR data suffer from large error due to inter-person differences in the relation between HR and EE. We recently introduced a methodology to reduce inter-person differences by predicting a HR normalization parameter during low intensity Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). By using the HR normalization, EE estimation performance was improved, but conditions for performing the normalization automatically in daily life need further analysis. Sedentary lifestyle of many people in western societies urge for an in-depth analysis of the specific ADLs and HR features used to perform HR normalization, and their effects on EE estimation accuracy in participants with varying Physical Activity Levels (PALs).

Objectives: To determine 1) which low intensity ADLs and HR features are necessary to accurately determine HR normalization parameters, 2) whether HR variability (HRV) during ADLs can improve accuracy of the estimation of HR normalization parameters, 3) whether HR normalization parameter estimation from different ADLs and HR features is affected by the participants’ PAL, and 4) what is the impact of different ADLs and HR features used to predict HR normalization parameters on EE estimation accuracy.

Methods: We collected reference EE from indirect calorimetry, accelerometer and HR data using one single sensor placed on the chest from 36 participants while performing a wide set of activities. We derived HR normalization parameters from individual ADLs (lying, sedentary, walking at various speeds), as well as combinations of sedentary and walking activities. HR normalization parameters were used to normalized HR and estimate EE.

Results: From our analysis we derive that 1) HR normalization using resting activities alone does not reduce EE estimation error in participants with different reported PALs. 2) HRV features did not show any significant improvement in RMSE. 3) HR normalization parameter estimation was found to be biased in participants with different PALs when sedentary-only data was used for the estimation. 4) EE estimation error was not reduced when normalization was carried out using sedentary activities only. However, using data from walking at low speeds improved the results significantly (30–36%).

Conclusion: HR normalization parameters able to reduce EE estimation error can be accurately estimated from low intensity ADLs, such as sedentary activities and walking at low speeds (3 – 4 km/h), regardless of reported PALs. However, sedentary activities alone, even when HRV features are used, are insufficient to estimate HR normalization parameters accurately.
AtoxigenicAspergillus flavus biological control of aflatoxin contamination: what is the mechanism?
Authors: Damann Jr. K.E.
Published: September 2014

The term ‘competitive exclusion’ involving physical blockage of growth or access of the toxigenic strain to the seed target has been used to describe the mechanism of biological control of aflatoxin contamination. However, recent evidence suggests that a form of intraspecific aflatoxin inhibition requiring growth of the competing strains together during the infection process in such a way that hyphae physically interact or touch is the trigger for preventing induction of aflatoxin synthesis. This direct touch-based inhibition of aflatoxin synthesis is posited to be the mechanistic basis of biological control in this system. Evidence for this idea comes from the published observations that co-culture of toxigenic and atoxigenic strains in a suspended disc system, in which the hyphae physically interact, prevents aflatoxin production. However, growth of the same strains in the same medium in the two compartments of a filter insert plate well system, separating the atoxigenic and toxigenic strains with a 0.4 μm or 3.0 μm filter, allows aflatoxin production approaching that of the toxigenic strain alone. When the strains are mixed and placed in both the insert and the well compartments, the intraspecific aflatoxin inhibition occurs as it did in the suspended disc culture system. This further suggests that neither nutrient competition nor soluble signal molecules, which should pass through the filter, are involved in intraspecific aflatoxin inhibition. When the two strains are separated by a 12 μm filter that would allow some passage of conidia or hyphae between the compartments the aflatoxin synthesis is approximately half that of the toxigenic strain alone. This phenomenon could be termed ‘competitive inclusion’ or ‘competitive phenotype conversion’. Work of others that relates to understanding the phenomenon is discussed, as well as anAspergillus flavus population biology study from the Louisiana maize agro-ecosystem which has biological control implications.
Inhibition of ochratoxin A production inAspergillus carbonarius by hydroxycinnamic acids from grapes
Authors: Ferrara M. , Gallo A. , Lo Scalzo R. , Haidukowski M. , Picchi V. , Perrone G.
Published: September 2014

Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), phenolic components of wine, are known to have antimicrobial properties. Aspergillus carbonarius is one of the most important ochratoxin A (OTA) producing fungi in wine. Strategies for the control and prevention ofA. carbonarius contamination are important for the maintenance of wine safety. This study sought to determine the potential of HCAs, such as caffeic,p-coumaric and ferulic acids, as antifungal natural compounds for the control ofA. carbonarius growth and OTA production. The HCAs were tested at the increasing concentrations of 0.30, 0.65 and 1.10 mg/ml in minimal medium (MM) and grape juice. Germination of conidia was not affected in neither of the two media in presence of HCAs. At all the concentrations tested, OTA biosynthesis in MM was reduced and the dose effect was more evident forp-coumaric and ferulic acids; in grape juice the reduction trend was confirmed, and ferulic acid showed the highest inhibitory effect. Moreover, the expression level of genes encoding a polyketide synthase (AcOTApks) and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (AcOTAnrps) involved in OTA biosynthesis, was evaluated by real-time PCR inA. carbonarius grown in presence of 0.65 mg/ml of HCAs. From gene expression analysis only theAcOTApks gene showed a marked reduction of transcription level in presence ofp-coumaric and ferulic acids. On the contrary, caffeic acid seemed to not influence the expression levels of the genes analysed in this study, suggesting a different mechanism of action on the regulation of OTA biosynthesis.
A new species ofArchaeochrysaAdams (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the early Eocene of Driftwood Canyon, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Archibald S. Bruce , Makarkin Vladimir N.
Published: September 2014

Archaeochrysa sanikwanew species(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Nothochrysinae) is described from early Eocene (Ypresian) Okanagan Highlands shale at Driftwood Canyon, British Columbia, Canada. The evolutionary trends of three chrysopid wing venation characters (the shape of the intramedian cell, the position of the crossvein 2m-cu, and the development of the pseudocubitus) are analysed. The forewing venation of this species is very plesiomorphic compared with the vast majority species of Nothochrysinae, both fossil and extant.
Human CD141+ Dendritic Cells Induce CD4+ T Cells To Produce Type 2 Cytokines
Authors: Yu Chun I. , Becker Christian , Metang Patrick , Marches Florentina , Wang Yuanyuan , Toshiyuki Hori , Banchereau Jacques , Merad Miriam , Palucka A. Karolina
Published: September 2014

Dendritic cells (DCs) play the central role in the priming of naive T cells and the differentiation of unique effector T cells. In this study, using lung tissues and blood from both humans and humanized mice, we analyzed the response of human CD1c+ and CD141+ DC subsets to live-attenuated influenza virus. Specifically, we analyzed the type of CD4+ T cell immunity elicited by live-attenuated influenza virus–exposed DCs. Both DC subsets induce proliferation of allogeneic naive CD4+ T cells with the capacity to secrete IFN-γ. However, CD141+ DCs are uniquely able to induce the differentiation of IL-4– and IL-13–producing CD4+ T cells. CD141+ DCs induce IL-4– and IL-13–secreting CD4+ T cells through OX40 ligand. Thus, CD141+ DCs demonstrate remarkable plasticity in guiding adaptive immune responses.
The NF-κB Regulator Bcl-3 Governs Dendritic Cell Antigen Presentation Functions in Adaptive Immunity
Authors: Tassi Ilaria , Claudio Estefania , Wang Hongshan , Tang Wanhu , Ha Hye-lin , Saret Sun , Ramaswamy Madhu , Siegel Richard , Siebenlist Ulrich
Published: September 2014

Bcl-3 is an atypical member of the IκB family and modulates gene expression via interaction with p50/NF-κB1 or p52/NF-κB2 homodimers. We report in the present study that Bcl-3 is required in dendritic cells (DCs) to assure effective priming of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Lack of Bcl-3 in bone marrow–derived DCs blunted their ability to expand and promote effector functions of T cells upon Ag/adjuvant challenge in vitro and after adoptive transfers in vivo. Importantly, the critical role of Bcl-3 for priming of T cells was exposed upon Ag/adjuvant challenge of mice specifically ablated of Bcl-3 in DCs. Furthermore, Bcl-3 in endogenous DCs was necessary for contact hypersensitivity responses. Bcl-3 modestly aided maturation of DCs, but most consequentially, Bcl-3 promoted their survival, partially inhibiting expression of several antiapoptotic genes. Loss of Bcl-3 accelerated apoptosis of bone marrow–derived DCs during Ag presentation to T cells, and DC survival was markedly impaired in the context of inflammatory conditions in mice specifically lacking Bcl-3 in these cells. Conversely, selective overexpression of Bcl-3 in DCs extended their lifespan in vitro and in vivo, correlating with increased capacity to prime T cells. These results expose a previously unidentified function for Bcl-3 in DC survival and the generation of adaptive immunity.
Prevalence of anaemia and its associated factors in African children at one and three years residing in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Mamabolo Ramoteme L. , Alberts Marianne
Published: September 2014

Objective: The present study evaluated the prevalence of anaemia and its determinants in one- and three-year-old children from the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methods: A prospective cohort study conducted in rural villages in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. At birth, a cohort of 219 children was followed until they were one and three years of age. Data collected included the children’s anthropometric measurements, blood for biochemical analysis (full blood count, ferritin, folate and vitamin B12) and socio-demographic status.Results: At one year, anaemia (Hb < 11 g/dL) was present in 52% of the children, decreasing to 22% by the third year. Iron deficiency (ferritin < 12 µg/mL) was common in these children (39% and 33% at one year and three years, respectively) particularly in the presence of anaemia. Folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies (< 5 ng/mL and < 145 pg/mL, respectively) were common at one year, with the children accumulating enough vitamin B12 by three years; however, folate deficiency levels remained fairly constant between the two time points.Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of anaemia in the study participants at one year and three years of age. Factors that increased the risk of anaemia at three years were: a mother with only a primary school education, anaemia at one year, male gender, overweight, and combined overweight and stunting. Protective factors against anaemia were having a younger mother who served as the main caregiver.
C4d immunohistochemistry in membranous nephropathy
Authors: Hui Monalisa , Uppin Megha S , Prayaga Aruna K , Raju Sree Bhushan , Rajasekhar Liza
Published: September 2014

Background: Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the most common cause of nephropathy in adults. The diagnosis is based on characteristic light microscopic, electron microscope and immunofluorescence (IF) findings. In early MN, the light microscopic findings may be difficult to differentiate from minimal chain disease. In the absence of fresh frozen tissue for IF, immunohistochemistry with C4d aids in the diagnosis.

Materials and Methods: A total 48 cases of MN diagnosed on renal biopsy were analyzed. The formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues were stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin stains along with periodic acid-Schiff and silver methenamine stains to highlight the basement membrane. Fresh frozen tissues were available for IF in 40 cases. Immunostaining with C4d was done on paraffin-embedded sections by polymer-Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP) technique using polyclonal antiserum to C4d (Biogenex, India).

Results: There were 25 cases of idiopathic MN, 17 cases of Class V lupus nephritis and 2 cases were secondary to hepatitis C infection with cirrhosis. The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was diffusely thickened with formation of spikes in 28 cases. In 11 cases the capillary loops were rigid but spikes were not seen and in 9 cases there was no apparent thickening of the basement membrane. All the cases showed diffuse positivity for C4d along the GBM.

Conclusion: C4d is a reliable method to establish the diagnosis of MN and also a sensitive marker of complement activation reflecting the pathogenesis of MN.