bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperation between China and the United States in the field of science and education in 1969-1993.
Authors: Li Meng
Published: August 2023

Cooperation in the field of science and education has always been one of the key directions in the development of relations between China and the United States. The object of study in this paper is the Sino-American relations. The subject of the study is the interaction and cooperation between China and the United States in the field of science and education in the period 1969-1993. The purpose of the study is to assess the Chinese-American cooperation in the field of science and education in 1969-1993. The author examines the evolution of interaction in the field of science and education between China and the United States, identifies the factors that influenced cooperation in this area. The novelty of this study lies in a comprehensive assessment of the development trend of Chinese-American cooperation in the field of science and education based on an analysis of the achievements and problems of such cooperation in the period 1969-1993. The system method made it possible to consider the trend of cooperation in the field of science and education between China and the United States based on the wide use of sources. The author concludes that political stability was a necessary condition for cooperation in the field of science and education, and despite the asymmetry of partnership in this area, Sino-American cooperation in this period has achieved significant results.
Improved clinical data imputation via classical and quantum determinantal point processes
Authors: Kazdaghli Skander , Kerenidis Iordanis , Kieckbusch Jens , Teare Philip
Published: August 2023

Imputing data is a critical issue for machine learning practitioners, including in the life sciences domain, where missing clinical data is a typical situation and the reliability of the imputation is of great importance. Currently, there is no canonical approach for imputation of clinical data and widely used algorithms introduce variance in the downstream classification. Here we propose novel imputation methods based on determinantal point processes (DPP) that enhance popular techniques such as the multivariate imputation by chained equations and MissForest. Their advantages are twofold: improving the quality of the imputed data demonstrated by increased accuracy of the downstream classification and providing deterministic and reliable imputations that remove the variance from the classification results. We experimentally demonstrate the advantages of our methods by performing extensive imputations on synthetic and real clinical data. We also perform quantum hardware experiments by applying the quantum circuits for DPP sampling since such quantum algorithms provide a computational advantage with respect to classical ones. We demonstrate competitive results with up to 10 qubits for small-scale imputation tasks on a state-of-the-art IBM quantum processor. Our classical and quantum methods improve the effectiveness and robustness of clinical data prediction modeling by providing better and more reliable data imputations. These improvements can add significant value in settings demanding high precision, such as in pharmaceutical drug trials where our approach can provide higher confidence in the predictions made.
How parasitic larvae affect the brain
Authors: Klaft Zin-Juan , Dulla Chris
Published: August 2023

The release of the neurotransmitter glutamate by the parasitic tapeworm Taenia solium appears to be implicated in the pathophysiology of a widespread, but neglected, form of adult-onset epilepsy.
Lexicogénesis de ficción: una propuesta
Authors:   Departamento de Estudios Románicos, Franceses, Italianos, Traducción e Interpretación (ERFITeI), Facultad de Filología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Hernández Rodilla Itziar
Published: August 2023

El siguiente trabajo se basa en la investigación traductológica de la versión original, escrita en lengua inglesa, de las novelas The Handmaid’s Tale (Margaret Atwood) y Never Let Me go (Kazuo Ishiguro), y del relato Story of Your Life (Ted Chiang), así como de los textos meta publicados en España (El cuento de la criada, trad. de Elsa Mateo Blanco; Nunca me abandones, trad. de Jesús Zulaika, y La historia de tu vida, trad. de Luis G. Prado), examinando el contenido lexicosemántico ficticio compuesto por los autores para construir sus universos y su reflejo en la lengua española (variedad peninsular), con el fin de desarrollar estrategias de traducción para los neologismos de un universo ficticio mucho más basado en el léxico como el de Ribofunk, de Paul di Filippo
La asamblea como recurso didáctico para mejorar la competencia oral en lengua inglesa: comparación entre alumnado bilingüe y no bilingüe de Educación Primaria
Authors:   Departamento de Filologías Inglesa y Alemana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Córdoba, Gómez-Parra M.ª Elena , Huertas-Abril Cristina A. ,   Departamento de Filologías Inglesa y Alemana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Córdoba
Published: August 2023

La asamblea de clase, a pesar de ser un recurso didáctico que permite desarrollar las competencias social, cívica y lingüística del alumnado de todas las etapas educativas, suele quedarse limitada a su praxis en Educación Infantil. Es por ello que resulta paradójico que la asamblea sea poco explotada en Educación Primaria, teniendo en cuenta su uso para el desarrollo de la competencia oral en lengua inglesa. Tras explicar el sentido del uso de la asamblea para el desarrollo de las destrezas lingüísticas (con especial atención a las destrezas en lengua extranjera), este artículo demuestra que se trata de un recurso didáctico eficaz para la mejora de la producción y recepción orales, tanto para el alumnado de programas bilingües como no bilingües. El objetivo de este trabajo, pues, consiste en comparar el desarrollo de las competencias orales en lengua inglesa antes y después de una intervención didáctica mediante la asamblea en dos colegios, un centro bilingüe y un centro no bilingüe, de la provincia de Córdoba (España), así como analizar si existen diferencias significativas en la progresión del alumnado bilingüe y en comparación con el no bilingüe. Los resultados derivados de la implementación muestran que la asamblea es una herramienta que permite mejorar la competencia lingüística oral en inglés de todos los participantes, resultando en un mayor impacto entre el alumnado bilingüe.
The role of corpus linguistics in sentiment analysis of Persian texts, case study: a Farsi news agency website
Authors:   Linguistics Department, Faculty of Letters, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Heidarypur Mohammad , Reza Pahlavannezhad Mohammad ,   Linguistics Department, Faculty of Letters, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Kahani Mohsen ,   Linguistics Department, Faculty of Letters, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Published: August 2023

The current article aims to improve a linguistic model in the sentiment analysis of a Persian news agency website. After investigating many computational problems and shortages in the field of computational linguistics, we could see that the main problem of computational linguists could be found in linguistics, not in computational sciences. Presenting a model can lead to the management of uncertainty of semantic and sentiment analysis of Persian documents. The integration of systems that operate in the field can result in considerable developmental growth in smart systems of sentiment analysis of the Persian language in a way that could reduce complexities in the Persian language. Moreover, the presence of a comprehensive model can facilitate the generation of smart systems of sentiment analysis in text mining. First, we collected existing models for text mining of sentiment analysis and tried to suggest a model as a general principle. The obtained model will help for information management and planning of text mining systems in computational linguistics and shows the shortages of Persian language natural processing in line with the automation of sentiment analysis.
Readiness of future teachers for successful professional activities is the result of effective management of the university's educational process
Authors: Kondrashova Lidia , Chuvasova Nataliia , Chuvasov Mykhailo , Volkova Nataliia , Drazhko Olena , Mankuta Alina , Krasiuk Iryna
Published: August 2023

The article theoretically substantiates the strategy of managing the training of a successful personality of a future teacher, an important resource for improving the quality of the educational process of the university. The possibilities of managerial functions of a teacher in the formation of students' readiness for successful professional activity are revealed; readiness for successful professional activity is considered as a result of effective management of student training. The essence, content, structure, criteria and levels of formation of this complex personal formation are concretized; the structural-functional "Model of managing the formation of students' readiness for successful professional activity" was developed and tested, its effectiveness was experimentally confirmed. The possibilities of various forms of organization of the educational process (lectures, practical classes, trainings), methods, means of its implementation were checked; the role of management in the use of educational technologies is shown, which ensure the effectiveness of managing the professional training of students and the positive dynamics of the level of their readiness for successful pedagogical activity.
Review of Gods of Mount Tai: Familiarity and the Material Culture of North China, 1000–2000
Authors: Ma Zhujun
Published: August 2023

Gods of Mount Tai: Familiarity and the Material Culture of North China, 1000–2000. By Susan

Naquin. Leiden: Brill, 2022. Pp. xv + 538. $305.
Review of The Sumerians
Authors: Podany Amanda H.
Published: August 2023

The Sumerians. By Paul Collins. Lost Civilizations. London: Reaktion Books, 2021. Pp. 214, illus. $25. [Distributed by University of Chicago Press.]
Review of The Crown and the Courts: Separation of Powers in the Early Jewish Imagination
Authors: Rosen-Zvi Ishay
Published: August 2023

The Crown and the Courts: Separation of Powers in the Early Jewish Imagination. By David C. Flatto. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2020. Pp. 367. $39.95.
Growth and Reproduction Rate of Eisenia fetida, using Lagerstroemia speciosa and Waste Disposable Face Masks to Test the NPK Level of the Compost
Authors: Keerthana R. , Pavithran S. , Ganesan G. , Sujatha P. S.
Published: August 2023

The main objective of the study is to estimate the NPK produced in the waste disposable of a Face Mask (FM) is decomposed with a medicinal plant Lagerstroemia speciosa (LS). The experimental design consists of 5 groups; each group contains yard soil, cow dung, and coir pith as compost bedding materials. T1 - control, T2 - KWCO, T3 - FMCO, T4 - LSCO and T5 - ESLS. The result shows that the growth rate of Eisenia fetida depends on the length and weight of worms. The reproduction rate varies depending on compost materials, with higher rates in T4 and lower rates in T1. The T5 shows a high level but is a little lower than the T4. Juvenile numbers are low in T2 and T3 trials. NPK Level: The nitrogen level 413.2±2.90** is highest in T4 and T3 is 404.3±1.78. Low in T1 336.6±2.84 trial, moderate in 376.3±3.13** T2 trial and T5 consist of 372.3±2.59**. The Phosphorus is commendably high in T5 1011.3±2.59** and T1 contains 992.3±3.06.  The moderate amount is in T4 894.3±2.22**. The lowest level of P 623±2.94** is in T2 and T3 contain 676.6±2.88**. The potassium amount is varying in each trial. T1 is the most prominent amount of Potassium, and the level of K is 1900.3±1.18. The kitchen waste T2 trial produced 1840.6±2.37** and the amount of K is in 1670.3±1.18** T4. The most important face mask blue and black colour samples is mixed with kitchen waste T3 produces 1700±3.77** and medicinal Plant T5 which produces 1569.3±2.84**. Our conclusion is that the medicinal plants had a significant effect on the growth and reproductive rate of red wrigglers, and this effect was positively correlated with the NPK level in the soil.
Functional and Sensory Quality of Complementary Food Blended with Moringa Leaf Powder
Authors: Salha Selemani Yustus , Abdulsudi Issa-Zacharia , Lucy Chove Mlipano
Published: August 2023

Functional and Sensory Quality of Complementary porridge made from Moringa Leaf Powder blended with Pearl millet, Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato, Dateswas evaluated using standard methods. The Pearl millet grain flour, Moringa leaf powder and dates were blended in ratios of 90:2.5:7.5 [PmMD1], 95:2.5:2.5 [PmMD2], 88:3:9 [PmMD3] respectively.  Also, Pearl millet grain flour, Moringa leaf powder and Orange fleshed sweet potato were blended in ratios of 95.5:2:2.5 [PmMP1], 88:2:10 [PmMP2], 95:2.5:2.5 [PmMP3], respectively. The ratios were calculated based on Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) for children aged 1-2 years. Control sample was blended with Pearl millet, Dates and Orange fleshed sweet potato in a ratio of 50:15:35 [PmDP], respectively. A significant difference (p<0.05) in bulk density and viscosity were observed due to the difference in amounts of Orange fleshed sweet potato and Dates. No significant difference (p>0.05) in water absorption capacity was observed. Sensory evaluation showed significant difference (p<0.05) between all samples and in all sensory parameters namely aroma, taste, color and overall acceptability. The sample PmDP was the most accepted in terms of colorwhereas PmMP2 was the most accepted in terms of aroma, taste and overall acceptability. Quantitative descriptive analysis was conducted to determine the intensity of color, aroma, sweetness, thickness and grittiness among the samples. No significant difference (p>0.05) in the intensity of color, aroma, thickness and grittiness. There was a significant difference in the intensity of sweetness among the samples (p<0.05) and the mean values ranged from 4.2-1.9. The control sample [PmDP] had the highest value in sweetness intensity as it contained Orange fleshed sweet potato and Dates which are both of a sweet nature. A PCA biplot was drawn to indicate the association between the samples and the attributes. All ingredients used in this study had a different contribution in the functional quality of the porridge together with the sensory quality.Orange fleshed sweet potato and Dates generally improved the sensory quality of the porridge samples.
Effects of Drying Procedures on the Nutritional, Biochemical and Phytochemical Compositions of Cola nitida Seeds
Authors: Olorundare B. O. , Ogunsowo A. O. , Akinola C. O. , Odeyemi E. F. , Jayeola C. O.
Published: August 2023

The effects of drying methods on the proximate compositions and phytochemical constituents of Cola nitida seeds were investigated by exposing the kola nuts to different drying procedures. The fresh C. nitida seeds were sorted and divided into four portions with each portion subjected to air-drying (AID), solar drying (SOD), oven-drying (OVD) and sun-drying (SUD) respectively. The results obtained markedly revealed that the proximate property of C. nitida seeds varies from one drying method to the other with OVD retaining the highest moisture and fat contents but has the least ash contents. On the other hand, air-dried C. nitida samples with the maximum carbohydrate composition had the lowest fat, protein and fiber contents. The protein and ash contents of the sun-dried samples were the highest while SOD showed the least moisture and peak fiber contents respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that the phytochemical composition of C. nitida seeds on exposure to these drying procedures differs with the drying methods. Apparently, the air-dried nitida samples had the highest level of total phenols, tannins, alkaloids with good amounts of saponins. However, solar-dried C. nitida seeds which are rich in alkaloids had the least tannins, phenols and saponins composition. The trend of result from this present study revealed that the different drying methods employed in the post-harvest processing of Cola nitida seeds markedly affect the nutrient retention and bioactive constituents of kolanut.
Heat Exchangers Using Multi Types of Nanofluids: A Review
Authors: Rahmah Nisreen M.
Published: August 2023

A heat exchanger, which may be found in cooling systems, refineries, power plants, and other facilities, is one of the frequently utilized devices in the application heat transfer process. Water, mineral oil, and ethylene glycol—which has poor heat transfer characteristics—were the typical fluids utilized in heat exchangers. Hence, nanofluid was employed to enhance the fluid's ability to transport heat in heat exchangers. The issue of enhancing heat transmission in heat exchangers with nanofluid was researched experimentally, theoretically, and experimentally. Some of the research done in this area is as follows.
Quinhentos anos de luta pela terra no Caribe
Authors: Childs Matt D.
Published: August 2023

'Resenha de:DUBOIS, Laurent; e TURITS, Richard Lee. Freedom Roots: Histories from the Caribbean. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022. 395 p.
As disputas regionais no Brasil do ponto de vista de São Paulo
Authors: Albuquerque Junior Durval Muniz de
Published: August 2023

Resenha de:WEISTEIN, Bárbara. A cor da modernidade: a branquitude e a formação da identidade paulista. São Paulo: Edusp, 2022. 655 p.
Escolarização e subalternidades na América Latina
Authors: Pinho Vilma Aparecida de
Published: August 2023

Resenha de:Veiga, Cynthia Greive. Subalternidade e opressão sociorracial: questões para a historiografia da educação latino-americana. São Paulo: Editora da UNESP; Sociedade Brasileira de História da Educação, 2022, 376 p.
Diferenças e desigualdades vivenciadas por afrodescendentes na Índia
Authors: Rodrigues Thays Alves
Published: August 2023

Resenha de:HOFBAUER, Andreas. Diáspora africana na Índia: sobre castas, raças e lutas. São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2021. 414 p.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Inorganics in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Ashraf‐Khorassani Mehdi , Taylor Larry T. , Combs Michael T.
Published: August 2023

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of metal ions via in situ chelation and preformed metal chelates using pure or modified CO2from several matrices has been accomplished. To understand the extraction results better, the solubilities of different ligands and metal chelates have been measured in supercritical fluids (SFs). In most cases, fluorinated chelates have been found to possess higher solubility in the SF than nonfluorinated ones, which in turn can often enhance extraction efficiency. Metal chelate stability under supercritical conditions plays an important role in the extraction of metals. In addition, the matrix has a major effect on extraction efficiency of both hydrated metal ions and metal chelates. In order to obtain sufficient extraction, not only should solubility of the metal complex be considered, but also the overall stability of the complex is critical.
Chromatographic Techniques in Industrial Hygiene
Authors: Hahne Rolf M.A. , LeBouf Ryan F.
Published: August 2023

Chromatographic techniques in industrial hygiene are defined as those separation and analysis techniques that rely on the separation of multiple chemical constituents by taking advantage of the differential adsorption, absorption, mobility, or affinity of the components in a system with a stationary phase (solid, liquid coated on solid, reactive substituent attached to solid surface, ion‐exchange resin, etc.) and a mobile phase (gas or liquid) that transports the separated constituents to a detector for immediate identification and possible quantitation or to a collector for later identification and possible quantitation.

By industrial (occupational) hygiene is meant that science and art, which is the anticipation, identification, assessment, and control of chemical and physical hazards in the workplace (meant to include offices, places of business, retail establishments, and schools) and home. Included among those methods that make possible the identification and assessment of such hazards are those methods that are used to determine the concentration of airborne and surface chemical contaminants, as well as those that assess levels of exposure to chemical contaminants by the analysis of exhaled breath, blood, urine, or other biological samples.
Light Scattering, Classical: Size and Size Distribution Characterization
Authors: Berry Guy C.
Published: August 2023

The use of classical, or time‐averaged, light scattering methods to characterize the size and size distribution of macromolecules in dilute solutions or particles in dilute dispersions is discussed. The necessary scattering relations are presented systematically, starting with three cases at infinite dilution: the scattering extrapolated to zero angle, the scattering at small angle, and the scattering for arbitrary angle, including the inversion of the scattering data to estimate the size distribution. The relationships needed to effect an extrapolation to infinite dilution from data on dilute solutions are also discussed. These are followed by remarks on light scattering methods, and the concluding sections give examples for several applications. The Rayleigh‐Gans‐Debye (RGD) approximation is usually appropriate in the scattering from dilute polymer solutions and is also adequate for the scattering from dilute dispersions of small particles. The approximation is assumed when appropriate, but more complete theories are introduced where necessary, as in the use of the Mie‐Lorentz theory for large spherical particles.
Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bogaerts Annemie
Published: August 2023

Atomic SpectroscopyOptical(atomic absorption spectroscopy, AAS; atomic emission spectroscopy, AES; atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, AFS; and optogalvanic spectroscopy) and mass spectrometric (magnetic sector, quadrupole mass analyzer, QMA; quadrupole ion trap, QIT; Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, FTICR; and time‐of‐flight, TOF) instrumentation are well suited for coupling to the glow discharge (GD).

The GD is a relatively simple device. A potential gradient (500–1500 V) is applied between an anode and a cathode. In most cases, the sample is also the cathode. A noble gas (mostly Ar) is introduced into the discharge region before power initiation. When a potential is applied, electrons are accelerated toward the anode. As these electrons accelerate, they collide with gas atoms. A fraction of these collisions are of sufficient energy to remove an electron from a support gas atom, forming an ion. These ions are, in turn, accelerated toward the cathode. These ions impinge on the surface of the cathode, sputtering sample atoms from the surface. Sputtered atoms that do not redeposit on the surface diffuse into the excitation/ionization regions of the plasma where they can undergo excitation and/or ionization via a number of collisional processes, and the photons or ions created in this way can be detected with optical emission spectroscopy or mass spectrometry.

GD sources offer a number of distinct advantages that make them well suited for specific types of analyses. These sources afford direct analysis of solid samples, thus minimizing the sample preparation required for analysis. The nature of the plasma also provides mutually exclusive atomization and excitation processes that help to minimize the matrix effects that plague so many other elemental techniques. In recent years, there is also increasing interest for using GD sources for liquid and gas analyses.

In this article, first, the principles of operation of the GD plasma are reviewed, with an emphasis on how those principles relate to optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Basic applications of the GD techniques are considered next. These include bulk analysis, surface analysis, and the analysis of solution and gaseous samples. The requirements necessary to obtain optical information are addressed following the analytical applications. This article focuses on the instrumentation needed to make optical measurements using the GD as an atomization/excitation source. Finally, mass spectrometric instrumentation and interfaces are addressed as they pertain to the use of a GD plasma as an ion source. GD sources provide analytically useful gas‐phase species from solid samples. These sources can be interfaced with a variety of spectroscopic and spectrometric instruments for both quantitative and qualitative analyses.
Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Cremers David A. , Multari Rosalie A. , Knight Andrew K.
Published: August 2023

Laser‐induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a novel method of elemental analysis based on a laser‐generated plasma. Pulses from a laser are focused on a sample to atomize a small amount of material resulting in the formation of a microplasma. Because of the high plasma temperature, the resulting atoms are electronically excited to emit light. The plasma light is spectrally resolved and detected to determine the elemental composition of the sample based on the unique emission spectrum of each element. Because of the simplicity of the method, it is suited for analyses that cannot be carried out using conventional methods of atomic emission spectroscopy (AES). This is particularly true for measurements that must be conducted outside of an analytical laboratory. A particular advantage of LIBS is the ability to analyze most types of samples without any preparation. This allows the interrogation of samples in situ, providing rapid measurement capability, permitting the method to be used in the analysis of gases, liquids, and solids in a variety of different sampling configurations. Although LIBS provides sensitive detection for many elements, it is not an ultrasensitive detection technique. In addition, under field conditions, the method typically does not provide the high accuracy and precision offered by laboratory‐based methods of AES. Although basically an element detection method, chemometric methods of analysis have been developed to analyze the LIBS spectrum to provide identification of chemical substances (e.g. explosives, pathogens, and chemical agents).
Roles of Nebulizers in Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Canals Antonio , Aguirre Miguel Á.
Published: August 2023

Nebulizers offer a wide range of applications in the field of analytical chemistry. This article is a general and comprehensive overview that addresses the most common principles of nebulization and their main and most recent applications in chemical analysis.
Liquid Chromatography‐Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers
Authors: Charles Laurence , Altuntaş Esra
Published: August 2023

Production of increasingly sophisticated functional macromolecules and development of new polymerization processes have placed a severe demand on analytical methodologies for accurate characterization of synthetic polymers. With regard to the variety of heterogeneities found in polymer samples, where molecules can be distributed in terms of molar mass, chemical composition, functionality, molecular architecture, and concentration, development of multidimensional approaches is mandatory. The large orthogonality of liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometric (MS) techniques, both largely employed individually in the field of synthetic polymers, makes their coupling very attractive. Because of its unrivaled softness that ensures molecule integrity upon ionization and of its ability to accommodate a flowing liquid, electrospray is the ideal ionization source to interface them. However, the electrospray process also raises some constraints on the composition of the liquid phase from which molecules have to be transferred in the gas phase as ions to be mass detected. This article reviews the capabilities and limitations of various on‐line LC‐ESI‐MS couplings involving most commonly used chromatographic techniques for synthetic polymer separation in the liquid phase, namely size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), liquid chromatography at critical conditions (LCCCs), and gradient polymer elution chromatography (GPEC).
Field‐Flow Fractionation with Atomic Spectrometric Detection for Characterization of Engineered Nanoparticles
Authors: Suwanpetch Rabiab , Techarang Takdanai , Ornthai Mathuros , M‐M Pornwilard , Siripinyanond Atitaya
Published: August 2023

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have been applied in various applications: biomedical, consumer products, electronic devices, and sensors. Field‐flow fractionation (FFF) is an interesting nonchromatographic technique for size characterization of materials with nanometer range. Various subtechniques of FFF including flow, sedimentation, and electrical are described with some selected applications reviewed. Moreover, FFF can be used via off‐line and on‐line with many elemental detection techniques: GFAAS, ICP‐OES, ICP‐MS, and SP‐ICP‐MS to provide more information in term of quantification and element‐specific detection. In this article, applications of FFF with atomic spectrometric detection for environmental and biological samples and consumer products and food‐related samples are discussed.
Distances and Other Dissimilarity Measures in Chemometrics
Authors: Todeschini Roberto , Ballabio Davide , Consonni Viviana
Published: August 2023

Several similarity/diversity measures for data mining and chemometrics are presented and discussed toward the different data they are applied to. After a short presentation of the axioms for dissimilarity and similarity functions, their relationships, and the required data pretreatment, the theoretical definitions and formulas of distance and similarity measures for real‐valued, binary, ranked, frequency, and mixed‐type data are provided along with the main concepts on distances between sets and meta‐distances. Simple examples of calculation are given, and extended comparisons are performed on the distances defined for real‐valued and binary data.
Miniature and Tabletop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometers
Authors: Blümich Bernhard
Published: August 2023

The most striking component of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers for chemical analysis used to be a large super‐conducting, confining NMR spectrometers to dedicated laboratories away from the chemical work bench. This situation has changed in 2010 with the invention of small permanent magnets capable of providing magnetic fields sufficiently homogeneous and stable to resolve the chemical shift. Up to then NMR with compact magnets was limited to materials testing by relaxation and diffusion measurements without chemical resolution. While sensitivity and spectral dispersion of high‐resolution tabletop NMR spectrometers are lower than those of hitherto conventional high‐field NMR spectrometers due to lower field strength, they can be operated with the whole methodology known from high‐field NMR but inside the chemical laboratory and under the fume hood. This shortens the time for chemical analysis in reaction control applications from hours to minutes and opens up new opportunities for reaction monitoring and analysis of hazardous compounds. The lower cost makes NMR available to a wider user community and drives the progress in simplification and automation of the measurement process. In the following, compact NMR machines and their uses for materials testing and chemical analysis are reviewed.
Detection of Nuclear
DNA
by Interphase Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Iourov Ivan Y. , Vorsanova Svetlana G. , Yurov Yuri B.
Published: August 2023

Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a unique possibility to visualize nuclear DNA in all eukaryotic cells, whether dividing or not. This technology comprises a variety of FISH‐based approaches, which provide either qualitative or quantitative detection of DNA in cellular nuclei. Through hybridization to specific genomic loci or whole chromosomes, detection of nuclear DNA by interphase FISH has become an important technological basis for analyses of intercellular genome variability and molecular diagnosis. Furthermore, direct evaluation of structural DNA arrangement within the nucleus by interphase FISH gives an opportunity to uncover functional significance of genome and chromosome behavior at molecular and supramolecular levels throughout the cell cycle. This article reviews qualitative and quantitative detection of nuclear DNA using interphase FISH with special emphasis on technical details and key applications in biomedical research and analytical biochemistry.
Single‐molecule Fluorescence Imaging Techniques
Authors: Reid Dylan A. , Rothenberg Eli
Published: August 2023

The past decade has been witnessed to exciting developments in advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques that rely on visualizing single emitting fluorophores. The proliferation of single‐molecule fluorescent imaging techniques and their application in biological research have the potential to revolutionize how research is performed and greatly increase our understanding of biological systems. Presently, these techniques are still relatively niche owing to technological barriers, but it is foreseeable that they will become an increasingly common way in which insights are sought in biology. Here, we review the basic principles of key single‐molecule techniques and their recent biological applications.
Some Philosophical Aspects of Analytical Chemistry
Authors: von Bohlen Alex
Published: August 2023

Some basic topics in Analytical Chemistry regarding the Big Bang Theory are presented. Embedded in a small system of high order, life was developed and mankind is looking for an explanation of this phenomenon. Analytical chemists made substantial contributions to describe the universe in which the solar system was produced. Spectroscopy and techniques of modern instrumental Analytical Chemistry are applied by analytical chemists (
Homo sapiens spectroscopicus
) acting as linking entity among chemistry, physics, biology, and material sciences. The strategies and some ideas about the role of Analytical Chemistry in modern sciences are discussed.
Application of Two‐dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy in Protein Research
Authors: Jung Young Mee , Czarnik‐Matusewicz Bogusława , Wu Yuqing , Zhang Liping , Noda Isao
Published: August 2023

This article provides overview of the application of correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) in biological and biomedical sciences, especially in protein and enzyme studies. The powerful utility of 2DCOS combined with various analytical techniques in protein studies including enzyme are reviewed. The noteworthy developments of 2DCOS used in studies of this field are also highlighted.
Evolution of the Targets in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Moscoso Pérez Carmen M. , Fernández González Verónica , López Mahía Purificación , Muniategui Lorenzo Soledad , Prada Rodríguez Darío
Published: August 2023

This article provides an overview of the evolution and trends of the targets in the main environmental compartments, air, water, soil/sediments, and biota. Air and water are the most important assets for our survival, but in certain areas these are heavily contaminated by notorious pollutants. Water is most often targeted for pollutants because of its good solubility power for a wide range of contaminants.

Among the well‐known and regulated contaminants, several groups of substances have emerged as particularly relevant as environmental pollutants. These compounds constitute new risks for environmental and human health. In order to face up to these new risk challenges, there is an increasing need to assess their occurrence, behavior, and degradation products in the environment.

Under the Stockholm Convention and other agreements, the European countries compelled themselves to eliminate or reduce the production, use, and emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and to decrease human and ecosystem exposure. Now, one aspect under discussion is the extension of the pollutants with POPs properties to new compounds needing environmental monitoring.

This article, divided into four sections (air, water, soil/sediments, and biota), covers the main targets, among POPs, endocrine‐disrupting compounds, and emerging contaminants (EMCs), on which analytical chemistry is focused nowadays. Moreover, the last trends in techniques and strategies to develop suitable methods to analyze these target compounds are briefly commented. Particular attention is focused on those novel aspects and approaches that have attracted interest from the scientific community in recent years.
Electrozone Sensing Goes Nano
Authors: Figueiredo Margarida , Ferreira Paulo J. , Campos Elisa J.
Published: August 2023

Recent advances in nanopore‐based technologies and microelectronics allowed the resurgence of Coulter counter‐based techniques. Known collectively as resistive pulse sensing, this technique is now capable of characterizing nanoscale objects, such as nanoparticles, viruses, DNA, and other polymers, while keeping the main attractions of the classical versions: simplicity, sensitivity and resolution, and single‐object readout.

Besides an accurate characterization of both size and concentration of the nanoparticles in their natural environment, additional information about particle surface charge is currently possible in an individual basis. Furthermore, efforts have been made to integrate the nanopores in microfluidic systems with the inherent advantages in terms of portability and cost as well as the ability to integrate multiple functions.

This survey aims to review the progress in resistive pulse sensing toward the characterization of submicron particles, with special emphasis on nanopore design (natural and synthetic) and on lab‐on‐a‐chip devices.
Carbon‐Based Luminescent Nanosensors
Authors: López‐Lorente Ángela I.
Published: August 2023

Carbon nanomaterials have raised great attention in the past years for the development of luminescent nanosensors. These nanomaterials possess excellent photoluminescence properties, which combined with their low cytotoxicity and high biocompatibility make them ideal platforms for (bio)sensing. In this article, we have focused on recently developed fluorescent carbon nanomaterials such as graphene quantum dots, graphene oxide, and carbon dots, which have emerged as alternative to conventional dyes and semiconductor quantum dots. The different mechanisms underlying the sensors are discussed and examples of (bio)sensors involving these nanomaterials are described. The combination of two nanomaterials in the same sensing scheme has been widely employed in the past years combining both the emission properties of nanomaterials and their quenching ability. Finally, examples of sensors based on carbon nanomaterials developed for the determination of other nanomaterials of the same or different nature are presented.
Elementary kinetic modeling of solid oxide fuel cell electrode reactions
Authors: Adler S. B. , Bessler W. G.
Published: August 2023

This article reviews elementary kinetic modeling approaches for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes and cathodes. By the termelementary kinetics, we refer generally to the idea that the overall observed rate of an electrode reaction is governed by the rates of individual subprocesses that include elementary reaction steps (surface reactions, electron‐transfer steps) and transport (surface diffusion, bulk transport). For the cathode, oxygen reduction mechanisms are discussed for two materials systems, platinum (Pt) and strontium‐doped lanthanum cobaltite (La1−xSrxCoO3−δ, LSC). For the anode, oxidation mechanisms for hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons are discussed for the platinum/ and nickel/yttria‐stabilized zirconia (Pt/YSZ, Ni/YSZ) materials system. The article also covers a general presentation of elementary kinetic modeling concepts and assumptions, the integration of elementary kinetics within a multiscale modeling framework, and consistent approaches for interpreting experimental results.
Glossar
Authors: Leschber Reimar
Published: August 2023

In diesem Glossar werden wichtige Begriffe aus dem Bodenschutz, der Bodenkunde und dem Bodenrecht in kurzen Definitionen erläutert. Der entsprechende englische Begriff ist jeweils mit angegeben.
Stadtböden
Authors: Meuser Helmut
Published: August 2023

Aus bodenkundlicher Sicht sind Stadtböden diejenigen Böden, die urban, gewerblich, industriell oder montan überformt worden sind. Sie finden sich mit hoher Verbreitung vor allem innerhalb der urban‐industriellen Verdichtungsräume (z. B. Ruhrgebiet, Rhein‐Main‐Gebiet, Hamburg, Berlin); kleinflächiger grundsätzlich auch außerhalb der Großstädte. Ihre Aufgabe ist es als Fläche für Siedlungs‐ und Gewerbebau, Verkehr und Erholung zur Verfügung zu stehen und der Entsorgung (Standort für Halden, Deponien und Spülfelder, Entsorgung und Verbau von Substraten wie Kompost und Schlacken) zu dienen. Im diesem Kapitel wird auf die Substratzusammensetzung, den Wasser‐ und Nährstoffhaushalt, das Gefährdungspotenzial sowie die Prozesse der Bodenentwicklung von Stadtböden eingegangen.
Prozesse im Boden
Authors: Wilcke Wolfgang , Wilke Berndt‐Michael
Published: August 2023

Gelangen bodenfremde Substanzen in den Boden, unterliegen sie einer Vielzahl von Prozessen. In Abhängigkeit von Stoffeigenschaften und Umweltbedingungen wie Temperatur und Feuchte können sie sich zwischen der Bodenfestphase, Bodenlösung und der Bodengasphase verteilen. Im vorliegenden Kapitel werden mögliche Reaktionen der bodengefährdenden Stoffe, die abiotischen oder biologischen Prozesse, die Prozessraten und das Verteilungsverhalten (Stofftransport) in der Bodenfestphase, der Bodenlösung und der Bodenluft diskutiert.
Cadmium
Authors: Welp Gerhard
Published: August 2023

Cadmium wurde 1817 entdeckt. In elementarer Form ist es ein silberweiß glänzendes, relativ weiches und plastisches Schwermetall. Cd fällt als Nebenprodukt der Zn‐Gewinnung an. Es wird zur Herstellung von Batterien (35 %), als Korrosionsschutz für Eisen und andere Metalle (20 ‐ 30 %), als Cd‐Legierungen (5 %) sowie in Form von Cd‐Pigmenten und Cd‐Seifen als PVC‐Stabilisatoren verwendet. In der Kerntechnik dient Cd als Brems‐ und Regelstab. In Böden gelangt es auch über Phosphor‐Düngung. Wegen der hohen Toxizität von Cadmium ist dessen wirtschaftliche Bedeutung abnehmend. Seit Dezember 2011 ist es in Schmuck, Legierungen zum Löten und in PVC in der Europäischen Union verboten, eine Überwachung des Gehaltes in der Umwelt ist zwingend nötig.
Endosulfan
Authors: Schmidt Burkhard
Published: August 2023

Beim dem technischen Produkt Endosulfan (CAS‐Nr.: 115‐29‐7, auch 6,7,8,9,10,10‐Hexachlor‐1,5,5a,6,9,9a‐hexahydro‐6,9‐methano‐2,4,3‐benzodioxathiepin‐3‐oxid) handelt es sich um ein Gemisch aus zwei Isomeren (α‐Endosulfan und β‐Endosulfan). Endosulfan ist ein nicht‐systemisches Insektizid und Akarizid mit breiten Aktivitätsspektrum, das in den 50er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts auf den Markt gebracht wurde. Es ist mittlerweile in vielen Staaten verboten und wurde 2011 in die POP‐Liste der Stockholmer Konvention aufgenommen. Trotz seines (langsamen) Abbaus in Böden besteht durch die relativ hohe Giftigkeit ein Gefahrenpotenzial.
LCKW ‐ leichtflüchtige chlorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe
Authors: Bittens Martin , Grathwohl Peter
Published: August 2023

Unter der Stoffgruppe der leichtflüchtigen chlorierten Kohlenwasserstoffe (LCKW) werden die chlorierten Derivate von Methan und Ethan zusammengefasst, wie z. B. Tetrachlorethen, Trichlorethen, cis‐1,2‐Dichlorethen, 1,1,1‐Trichlorethan, Trichlormethan, 1,2‐Dichlorethan, Vinylchlorid, Dichlormethan, Tetrachlormethan und 1,1‐Dichlorethan. Sie werden verwendet als Zwischenprodukte in der Chemischen Industrie und als Reinigungs‐ und Lösungsmittel (gute Entfettungs‐ wie auch Extraktionsmittel). Sie entstehen aber auch als Nebenprodukte in der Industrie. Hauptsächlich werden Sie wegen ihres hohen Dampfdrucks über die Luft in die Umwelt eingetragen. Sie besitzen eine geringe bis mittlere akute Säuger‐ und Ökotoxizität und mittleres Bioakkumulationspotenzial. Ein Problem der biologisch gut abbaubaren LCKW sind mögliche Metaboliten wie toxisches Vinylchlorid.
Nickel
Authors: Wilcke Wolfgang
Published: August 2023

Das Element Nickel wurde 1751 entdeckt und steht zusammen mit Eisen und Cobalt in der so genannten “Eisen‐Gruppe”. Da es recht reaktionsträge ist, wird es zur Passivierung von Oberflächen eingesetzt. Nickel wird vor allem für verschiedene Legierungen, z. B. rostfreien Stahl, verwendet. Unter den im Boden normalerweise vorkommenden Redox‐ und pH‐Bedingungen ist Ni(II) vorherrschend. Nickel ruft bei einer Reihe empfindlicher Pflanzen phytotoxische Effekte hervor und verursacht bei einem beachtlichen Teil der Bevölkerung hautallergische Reaktionen. Eine Akkumulation in Böden sollte vermieden und die Gesamtkonzentrationen überwacht werden.
Quecksilber
Authors: Schwesig David
Published: August 2023

Elementares Quecksilber ist das einzige bei Raumtemperatur flüssige Metall und besitzt im Vergleich zu anderen Metallen einen relativ hohen Dampfdruck. In seinen Salzen tritt es fast ausschließlich als zweiwertiges Ion auf. Unter Quecksilberverbindungen versteht man Verbindungen, die mindestens ein Quecksilberatom enthalten. Als quecksilberorganische Verbindungen wie Methylquecksilber, Ethylquecksilber oder Phenylquecksilber (auch “Quecksilberorganyle” oder “Organoquecksilberverbindungen”) werden solche Verbindungen bezeichnet, die mindestens eine kovalente Quecksilber‐Kohlenstoffbindung enthalten, nicht jedoch Quecksilber‐Salze organischer Säuren. Aufgrund der kumulativen toxischen Effekte vieler Hg‐Verbindungen sind weiterhin Bemühungen zur Reduktion jeglicher Hg‐Einträge in Böden erforderlich und Einträge zu überwachen. Die Datenbasis dafür ist zu vergrößern.
Styrene
Authors: Struppe Thomas
Published: August 2023

Styren (100‐42‐5, auch Styrol oder Phenylethylen) wird zur Herstellung von Polystyrol (Hartschaum), synthetischem Gummi und Harzen zur Isolierung (Wärmedämmung) und für Schutzbeschichtungen verwendet. Es polymerisiert unter Einwirkung von Hitze, Licht oder peroxidischen Katalysatoren schnell in einer exothermen Reaktion. Polystyrol wird über den Hausmüll in größeren Mengen entsorgt, bzw. seit einigen Jahren recycelt. Die ökotoxikologischen Wirkungen sind als gering einzustufen. Für aquatische Organismen ist die toxikologisch relevante Schwelle niedriger, liegt jedoch immer noch weit unterhalb der gemessenen Werte stark kontaminierter Flächen.
TNT (Trinitrotoluen)
Authors: Szöcs Andreas
Published: August 2023

Der Sprengstoff Trinitrotoluen (118‐96‐7, auch 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluol, 2,4,6‐TNT oder α‐TNT) ist eine nitroaromatische Verbindungen, dessen Grundbaustein ein Toluen ist. Durch Substitution der Wasserstoffatome durch Nitrogruppen in 2,4 und 6‐Posistion wird TNT gebildet. In seiner technischen Zusammensetzung besteht er zu etwa 95 % aus 2,4,6 TNT und zu 5 % aus den weiteren fünf möglichen Isomeren. TNT wird hautsächlich militärisch aber auch in gewerblichen Sprengmitteln eingesetzt. Durch eine exzessive Verwendung in dem 2. Weltkrieg gibt es eine gewisse Altlastenproblematik. Akute Emissionen sind hingegen nicht bekannt. TNT und seine Metaboliten sind äußerst persistent und toxikologisch nicht unbedenklich, weil eine Bioakkumulation möglich ist.
Pflanzenschutzmittel
Authors: Litz Norbert
Published: August 2023

Sowohl zur Beurteilung des Stoffverhaltens, als auch zur Abwendung von Gefahren für den Boden und die Menschen ist die Kenntnis der Eintragswege von Bedeutung. Im Hinblick auf die Belastungssituation (einmalige oder repetitive Einträge, aerobe oder anaerobe Bedingungen, schwach toxische bzw. toxische Konzentrationen etc.) können große Unterschiede auftreten, die zu berücksichtigen sind. Aufgrund der differierenden Expositionsbedingungen fallen die Abwehrmaßnahmen auch unterschiedlich aus. Im vorliegenden Kapitel wird der Eintrag von verschiedenen Pflanzenschutzmitteln in die Umwelt, deren Abbau und Metabolisierung und Wirkung auf Biozönosen vorgestellt. Pflanzenschutzmittel sind Mittel zur Bekämpfung tierischer und pflanzlicher Schaderreger im Pflanzenbau, besitzen jedoch häufig auch eine toxische Wirkung gegen Nützlinge.