bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Em tempos de pandemia, (des)oriente-se
Authors: Corrêa Lays Matias Mazoti
Published: August 2020

Diante da pandemia de Covid-19 que estamos vivendo, casos de racismo e xenofobia contra a população do leste asiático vieram à tona de forma mais significativa. Nesse sentido, este ensaio busca analisar algumas destas questões socioantropológicas presentes na atualidade. O texto se inicia a partir do problema da sopa de morcego a fim de evidenciar os pré-conceitos existentes no imaginário popular ocidental acerca dos hábitos alimentares na China. Para tanto, o Orientalismo é utilizado como chave teórica na abordagem sobre o engendramento histórico de discursos que criaram o corpo leste-asiático como inferior epidemiologicamente, isto é, a representação estereotipada que resultou na produção e reprodução de uma história única sobre os países e população que compõe essa região. Por fim, a partir desta abordagem, será possível compreender que os hábitos alimentares envolvem questões que extrapolam o simples ato de comer, se alimentar e/ou nutrir, pois também manifestam, implícita ou explicitamente, as relações de poder, neste caso, entre o Ocidente e o Oriente.
A pandemia de COVID-19 e a conversão de idosos em “grupo de risco”
Authors: Dourado Simone Pereira da Costa
Published: August 2020

No final de dezembro de 2019, autoridades internacionais são alertadas sobre a  existência de  um novo tipo de coronavírus, responsável por causar a doença COVID-19, que até meados de julho  de 2020 infectou quase 13 milhões de pessoas e matou aproximadamente  600 mil em todo o mundo. Nesse período, o Brasil alcançou a triste marca de segundo país em número de contaminados, quase 2 milhões, e  de mortes, mais de 75 mil. Com a definição de que se vive uma pandemia, os idosos, população com sessenta e mais anos, são reconhecidos como os mais afetados e, automaticamente, convertidos em “grupo de risco”. Nesse ensaio discuto como os estudos sobre envelhecimento são impactados pela conversão dos idosos em “grupo de risco” e reflito sobre  desdobramentos do emprego dessa classificação na revalidação de imagens estereotipadas da velhice.
De xawara, estratégias nativas e a pesquisa antropológica na Terra Indígena Yanomami
Authors: Sousa Marina
Published: August 2020

O objetivo deste relato é descrever os principais impactos da pandemia do novo corona vírus e o trabalho do (a) antropólogo (a) na Terra Indígena Yanomami. A identificação de uma continuidade histórica de ação estatal para eliminação dos povos indígenas toma forma na omissão de atividades ilegais como garimpo, desmatamento e precário acesso à saúde. A partir destes fatores adversos, diversas estratégias nativas contra epidemias e contágio são elaboradas desde deslocamentos para a mata e distante de zonas de proximidade com a população não-indígena. Essas estratégias visam o isolamento social em relação a áreas de maior contágio. Portanto, em frente a novo risco de genocídio aponta-se a necessidade da continuidade da pesquisa antropológica ainda que na impossibilidade de ingresso nas terras indígenas
Sociabilidade pandêmica?
Authors: Toledo Luiz Henrique de , Souza Junior Roberto De Alencar Pereira de
Published: August 2020

No contexto global da crise sanitarista, a cidade de São Paulo, epicentro da pandemia no Brasil, também se viu diante da necessidade de retenção dos corpos em movimentação, enunciando medidas restritivas de urgência num quadro geral denominado de quarentena. Paradoxalmente, percepções aparentemente lúdicas e jocosas de se lidar com a pandemia puderam ser observadas nos meandros da sociabilidade citadina, chamando nossa atenção para os usos de alguns conceitos e noções caros à Antropologia Urbana. Esse texto discute como essa conjuntura de sofrimento se desdobrou em manejos mais lábeis numa sintomatologia popular, sem desconsiderar o potencial analítico da noção de sociabilidade ao lidar com a politização de corpos dispostos a operar a partir do cenário que moldou localmente a pandemia: de um lado, estratégias políticas e científicas orientando as ações públicas na administração da cidade e, do outro, a presença de contradiscursos anti-intelectualistas e/ou cientificistas dissonantes ressoados pelas esferas federais de poder.
Excessos funcionalistas, feminismos e inimigos mortais
Authors: Lopes Ana Claudia
Published: August 2020

Comentário a Feminismo para os 99%: Um manifesto, de Cinzia Arruzza, Tithi Bhattacharya e Nancy Fraser (São Paulo: Boitempo, 2019)
O texto comenta a Feminismo para os 99%: Um manifesto, de Cinzia Arruzza, Tithi Bhattacharya e Nancy Fraser, e levanta questões relacionadas aos seguintes pontos: (1) a conceitualização abrangente de capitalismo; (2) a caracterização e identificação entre feminismo liberal, feminismo corporativo e feminismo do 1%; (3) a política que, já longe  opta por caracterizar um inimigo.
A methodology for apportioning federal SUS resources: the health needs index
Authors: Mendes Áquilas , Leite Marcel Guedes , Carnut Leonardo
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE: To present a methodology for apportioning Union resources to the federative units (FU – 26 states and one federal district) within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) based on health needs measured by demographic, socioeconomic, epidemiological and geographical dimensions. METHODS: The apportionment methodology proposal prioritizes the health needs axis, based on Law 141/2012. We adopted a proxy of needs that measures relative inequalities between, socioeconomic, geographic demographic and epidemiological conditions of the populations of the Brazilian Federative Units (FU) for 2015. We first used an adjustment so that the populations of the 27 FU are corrected by their relative needs regarding age and gender. To calculate the health needs axis, the multivariate techniques factorial analysis and principal components were used, and, based on such correction, we applied the health needs index. Subsequently, this index was applied to simulate the resources that should be transferred by the Ministry of Health to states in 2015. RESULTS: As we made the methodological choice of transferring a single per capita amount to all states, so the proposal required population correction. Thus, in the analysis of health needs, the FUs that had their population corrected by a factor higher than the national average because of their greater relative need, were the states of: Maranhão, Piauí, Alagoas, Paraíba, Ceará, Pará, Bahia, Acre, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe, Amazonas, Tocantins and Roraima. For the simulation aggregating all the financing blocks, without reducing the resources already distributed to the remaining states in 2015, indicated the additional need of R$ 4.6 billion. CONCLUSIONS: The proposal addresses the absence of studies presenting quantitative simulations of federal resources distribution within the scope of SUS to the FUs, based on the apportionment criteria defined by Law 141/2012, in order to contribute to the reduction health inequalities and mitigate the effects of the economic crisis.
Increase in fall-related hospitalization, mortality, and lethality among older adults in Brazil
Authors: Stolt Lígia Raquel Ortiz Gomes , Kolisch Daniel Vieira , Tanaka Clarice , Cardoso Maria Regina Alves , Schmitt Ana Carolina Basso
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the trends of fall-related hospitalization, mortality, and lethality among older adults in Brazil and regions. METHODS: This is a descriptive study based on data from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified Health System. We included records of every older adult, aged 60 years or older, hospitalized for accidental fall from January, 1998 to November, 2015 in all Brazilian regions. We selected the codes E885, E886, E880, E884, E884 from the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, and W01, W03, W10, W17, W18 from the 10th revision, and calculated fall-related hospitalization and mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants, as well as lethality. To estimate trends, we applied the Prais-Winsten regression for time series analysis. RESULTS: During the period, 1,192,829 fall-related hospitalizations occurred, among which 54,673 had a fatal outcome; lethality was 4.5%. Hospitalization rates showed upward trends, with seasonality, in Brazil (11%), and in the Northeast (44%), Midwest (13%), and South regions (14%). The North showed a decreasing hospitalization rate (48%), and the Southeast a stationary one (3%). CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, fall-related hospitalizations, mortality, and lethality among older adults showed an upward trend from 1998 to 2015, with seasonal peaks in the second and third quarters. Considering we are in plain demographic transition, to improve hospital healthcare and encourage falls prevention programs among older adults is essential.
Neoliberalism in Latin America: effects on health system reforms
Authors: Göttems Leila Bernarda Donato , Mollo Maria de Lourdes Rollemberg
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the recommendations of international organizations based on the Washington Consensus on health system reforms of selected countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1980s and 1990s and to investigate the effects of the competitive market logic on public action in the health system. METHODS: Comparative analysis of the characteristics of health system reforms conducted in the 1980s and 1990s, still seen in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Data were collected by documental analysis and literature review. The systems were described based on the characteristics of: co-payment, privatization mechanisms, decentralization, fragmentation of the system, integration of funding sources and coverage of the population (universal or segmented). RESULTS: The reforms were implemented differently, worsening inequalities in health service delivery systems. Changes related to the neoliberal idea of transforming public action in the direction of private logic point to the predominance of competition rules and the reduction in economic costs in all countries analyzed, contrary to the logic of universal health systems. CONCLUSION: The reduction in economic costs, the fragmentation of systems and inequalities in the provision of health services, among others, may mean other future costs resulting from low protection to the population’s health. A striking and multidimensional counter-reform is essential to make health a right of all again, in a solidarity system that can lead to the reduction in inequalities and a more democratic society.
Interventions in overcrowding of emergency departments: an overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Bittencourt Roberto José , Stevanato Angelo De Medeiros , Bragança Carolina Thomé N. M. , Gottems Leila Bernarda Donato , O’Dwyer Gisele
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE: To present an overview of systematic reviews on throughput interventions to solve the overcrowding of emergency departments. METHODS: Electronic searches for reviews published between 2007 and 2018 were made on PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Health Systems Evidence, CINAHL, SciELO, LILACS, Google Scholar and the CAPES periodicals portal. Data of the included studies was extracted into a pre-formatted sheet and their methodological quality was assessed using AMSTAR 2 tool. Eventually, 15 systematic reviews were included for the narrative synthesis. RESULTS: The interventions were grouped into four categories: (1) strengthening of the triage service; (2) strengthening of the ED’s team; (3) creation of new care zones; (4) change in ED’s work processes. All studies observed positive effect on patient’s length of stay, expect for one, which had positive effect on other indicators. According to AMSTAR 2 criteria, eight revisions were considered of high or moderate methodological quality and seven, low or critically low quality. There was a clear improvement in the quality of the studies, with an improvement in focus and methodology after two decades of systematic studies on the subject. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some limitations, the evidence presented on this overview can be considered the cutting edge of current scientific knowledge on the topic.
Metabolic Age Based on the BBMRI-NL
1
H-NMR Metabolomics Repository as Biomarker of Age-related Disease
Authors: van den Akker Erik B. , Trompet Stella , Barkey Wolf Jurriaan J.H. , Beekman Marian , Suchiman H. Eka D. , Deelen Joris , Asselbergs Folkert W. , Boersma Eric , Cats Davy , Elders Petra M. , Geleijnse J. Marianne , Ikram M. Arfan , Kloppenburg Margreet , Mei Haillang , Meulenbelt Ingrid , Mooijaart Simon P. , Nelissen Rob G.H.H. , Netea Mihai G. , Penninx Brenda W.J.H. , Slofstra Mariska , Stehouwer Coen D.A. , Swertz Morris A. , Teunissen Charlotte E. , Terwindt Gisela M. , ‘t Hart Leen M. , van den Maagdenberg Arn M.J.M. , van der Harst Pim , van der Horst Iwan C.C. , van der Kallen Carla J.H. , van Greevenbroek Marleen M.J. , van Spil W. Erwin , Wijmenga Cisca , Zhernakova Alexandra , Zwinderman Aeilko H. , Sattar Naveed , Jukema J. Wouter , van Duijn Cornelia M. , Boomsma Dorret I. , Reinders Marcel J.T. , Slagboom P. Eline
Published: August 2020

Background:

The blood metabolome incorporates cues from the environment and the host’s genetic background, potentially offering a holistic view of an individual’s health status.

Methods:

We have compiled a vast resource of proton nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics and phenotypic data encompassing over 25 000 samples derived from 26 community and hospital-based cohorts.

Results:

Using this resource, we constructed a metabolomics-based age predictor (metaboAge) to calculate an individual’s biological age. Exploration in independent cohorts demonstrates that being judged older by one’s metabolome, as compared with one’s chronological age, confers an increased risk on future cardiovascular disease, mortality, and functionality in older individuals. A web-based tool for calculating metaboAge (
metaboage.researchlumc.nl
) allows easy incorporation in other epidemiological studies. Access to data can be requested at
bbmri.nl/samples-images-data
.

Conclusions:

In summary, we present a vast resource of metabolomics data and illustrate its merit by constructing a metabolomics-based score for biological age that captures aspects of current and future cardiometabolic health.
Changing the World from “Below”: U.S. Peace Activists and the Transnational Struggle for Peace and Détente in the 1980s
Authors: Peterson Christian Philip
Published: August 2020

Much more so than previous works in the field of U.S. foreign relations, this article explores the relationship between the Helsinki Accords and peace activism in the United States. The article explains how well-known groups such as U.S. Helsinki Watch and lesser-known ones such as Campaign for Peace and Democracy West/East used the Helsinki Final Act when they challenged U.S. peace activists to defend the rights of imprisoned anti-nuclear activists in the Soviet bloc and to link the causes of peace and human rights. The article also demonstrates how the exchanges between U.S. human rights and anti-nuclear activists fit into transnational debates about linkages between the issues of human rights, peace, détente, and the “Helsinki process.”
The Sanctuary and the Glacis: France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Nuclear Weapons in the 1980s (Part 1)
Authors: Bozo Frédéric
Published: August 2020

This article explores efforts at bridging the nuclear gap between France and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) during the last decade of the Cold War. It does so by examining the various manifestations of this gap: the two sides’ relative international standing in light of France's possession of nuclear weapons and the FRG's decision to forswear them; the two countries’ different commitments to the military components of NATO; their shared but differing aspirations for a more autonomous Western Europe; and their differing outlooks on conventional and tactical nuclear military options, an issue on which they found it particularly hard to reconcile their views. Ultimately, they were not able to overcome the dilemmas of nuclear sharing, but progress was made during that crucial period in narrowing the differences between these two important countries whose bilateral relationship was essential for the West at large.
Swiss Counterintelligence and Chinese Espionage during the Cold War
Authors: Knüsel Ariane
Published: August 2020

This article discusses Swiss counterintelligence measures against Chinese espionage during the Cold War, focusing on the problems the Swiss Federal Police encountered when trying to uncover and eliminate the national and transnational intelligence networks the PRC operated from Switzerland in the 1950s and 1960s. Using newly declassified Swiss Federal Police files, the article details the Swiss federal counterintelligence system as well as the Federal Police filing system, showing the effects this had on the surveillance and investigation of Chinese officials and their contacts in Switzerland and abroad. It also describes Swiss Federal Police methods for identifying intelligence agents among the Chinese diplomatic staff, as well as the problems encountered with wiretapping and surveillance by car. Finally, the article details the Federal Police's cooperation with other countries in investigating China's international espionage networks and trade in embargoed goods.
Active Learning of Bayesian Linear Models with High-Dimensional Binary Features by Parameter Confidence-Region Estimation
Authors: Inatsu Yu , Karasuyama Masayuki , Inoue Keiichi , Kandori Hideki , Takeuchi Ichiro
Published: August 2020

In this letter, we study an active learning problem for maximizing an unknown linear function with high-dimensional binary features. This problem is notoriously complex but arises in many important contexts. When the sampling budget, that is, the number of possible function evaluations, is smaller than the number of dimensions, it tends to be impossible to identify all of the optimal binary features. Therefore, in practice, only a small number of such features are considered, with the majority kept fixed at certain default values, which we call the working set heuristic. The main contribution of this letter is to formally study the working set heuristic and present a suite of theoretically robust algorithms for more efficient use of the sampling budget. Technically, we introduce a novel method for estimating the confidence regions of model parameters that is tailored to active learning with high-dimensional binary features. We provide a rigorous theoretical analysis of these algorithms and prove that a commonly used working set heuristic can identify optimal binary features with favorable sample complexity. We explore the performance of the proposed approach through numerical simulations and an application to a functional protein design problem.
Eleocharis endounifascis: A new species of Eleocharis subgenus Limnochloa (Cyperaceae) from northern South America
Authors: Hinchliff C. E. , Petersen S. , Roalson E. H.
Published: August 2020

A new species, Eleocharis endounifascis, is described and illustrated. This species inhabits standing water in disturbed, open habitats, occurring among a mosaic of wet forest, and probably also flourishes in sunny, seasonally inundated wetlands from Belize to southeastern Venezuela and Guyana to Brazil. It was previously confused with Eleocharis interstincta in herbarium collections and floristic works.
Additions to the rubiaceous flora of Papua New Guinea: Psychotria stolonifera and P-ternatifolia, two remarkable species from the Muller limestone
Authors: Takeuchi W.
Published: August 2020

Psychotria stolonifera and P. ternatifolia are newly described from limestone environments in the Muller Range of Papua New Guinea. Both species have unique vegetative characteristics allowing for instant separation from their closest allies. Psychotria stolonifera has an astonishing stoloniferous habit and diminutive stems; P. ternatifolia is the only Papuasian Psychotria with whorled leaves.
Anchietea ferrucciae (Violaceae), a new species from the Brazilian Caatinga
Authors: DE PAULA-SOUZA JULIANA , ZMARZTY SUE , PIRANI JOSÉ RUBENS
Published: August 2020

A new species of Anchietea (Violaceae) is described and illustrated. Anchietea ferrucciae is characterized by its 4-carpellate ovary, small flowers and mostly, by its obovate seeds, cuneate at the base, and with a narrow, toothed wing. The new species is narrowly endemic to a very restricted area of the dry Caatinga in Bahia state (Brazil). An identification key to the species of Anchietea is provided.
Taxonomic notes on the genus Astragalus (Fabaceae) in Iran, with the description of a new species
Authors: Ranjbar M.
Published: August 2020

Astragalus jaldiyanensis is described and illustrated as a new species from Iran. The new species belongs to Astragalus section Hymenostegis. It is closely related to A. assadabadensis, which is a rare species in the subalpine areas of Western Iran. Geographically A. jaldiyanensis is well separated from A. assadabadensis as it occurs in the northwest of Iran. The habit, shape of the calyx and petals are very similar in both species, but the new species differs sufficiently from its relative by having white flowers (vs. yellowish white), leaflets in 8-9 (vs. 4-5) pairs, leaflet size 6-8 x 1.5-2 mm (vs. 15-25 x 2-2.5 mm), keel length 12-13 mm (vs. ca. 16 mm) and peduncle length 7-9 cm (vs. ca. 5 cm). The relationships between the species are discussed. In addition, A. ranjbarii of Astragalus section Dissitiflori is reduced to synonymy of A. ghahremaninejadii.
Newer and Better? Comparing Direct Oral Anticoagulants to Warfarin in Patients With Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage
Authors: Billings Joshua D. , Khan Abid D. , McVicker John H. , Schroeppel Thomas J.
Published: August 2020

Background

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have overtaken warfarin as the preferred anticoagulants for stroke prevention with atrial fibrillation and for treatment of venous thromboembolism. Despite the increased prevalence of DOACs, literature studying their impact on trauma patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) remains limited. Most DOAC reversal agents have only been recently available, and concerns for worse outcomes with DOACs among this population remain. This study aims to assess the outcomes of patients with traumatic ICH taking DOACs compared with those taking warfarin.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patients with traumatic ICH over a 5-year period was conducted. Demographics, injury severity, medication, and outcome data were collected for each patient. Patients taking warfarin and DOACs were compared.

Results

736 patients had traumatic ICH over the study period, 75 of which were on either DOACs (25 patients) or warfarin (50 patients). The median age of the anticoagulated patients was 78 years; 52% were female, and 91% presented secondary to a fall. DOACs were reversed at close to half the rate of warfarin (40% vs 77%; P = .032). Despite this, the 2 groups had similar rates of worsening examination, need for operative intervention, and in-hospital mortality. In the follow-up, fewer patients taking DOACs had died at 6-months postinjury compared with those taking warfarin (8% vs 30%; P = .041).

Discussion

Despite DOACs being reversed at nearly half the rate of warfarin, patients presenting with traumatic ICH on warfarin had higher 6-month mortality suggesting a potential survival advantage for DOACs over warfarin in this population.
Intratextuality in Luke: Connecting the Emmaus Road with the Boy in the Temple
Authors: James Rob
Published: August 2020

The story of the boy Jesus in the Temple (Luke 2:41–51) and of the Road to Emmaus (Luke 24:13–35) are compared and are shown to be likely to be a deliberate piece of intratextuality on the part of the author of the Gospel of Luke. Four main agreements between the stories are examined. A motive for the intratextuality is also proposed in that it fits in very well with Luke’s overall theological approach to the poor and the powerless.
The Anglophone Significance of the Work of Joachim Jeremias
Authors: Townley Peter
Published: August 2020

Following his outstanding tenure as Professor of New Testament Studies at the Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Joachim Jeremias died eleven years after his retirement in 1968 on the 6th September 1979. Renowned as an eminent Neutestamentler throughout the world, with his works translated into many languages, a Symposium was held at the University in Göttingen in October 2019 to celebrate Jeremias’s life and scholarship on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of his death. With contributions reflecting the breadth of his thinking and the depth of the affection in which he is still held, this particular contribution focussed on the Anglophone significance of Jeremias’s work not only as a Biblical scholar, with an encyclopaedic knowledge of the world of the Bible, but also to his sometimes indirect but significant contribution to the work of the ecumenical movement and the formation of clergy.
Proning Patients With COVID-19: A Review of Equipment and Methods
Authors: Wiggermann Neal , Zhou Jie , Kumpar Dee
Published: August 2020

Objective

To identify and critically evaluate methods for proning patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Background

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is common in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Proning improves blood oxygenation and survival rates in these patients but is not commonly performed due to the difficulty of the procedure.

Methods

An academic literature review, internet video search, and consultation with five subject-matter experts was performed to identify known methods for proning. Evaluation of each method considered the number of healthcare workers required, physical stresses on staff, risk of adverse events to patients, and equipment cost and availability.

Results

Several variations of manual techniques and-lift assisted techniques were identified in addition to a specialized proning bed. Manual methods require more healthcare workers, higher physical stresses, and greater risk of adverse events than lift-assisted methods or the proning bed.

Conclusion

Both the specialized proning bed and a lift-assisted method using straps largely eliminated manual forces required for proning while allowing for a controlled lowering and positioning of the patient.

Application

This review will guide practitioners to the most suitable methods for proning patients in the ICU.
The Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis: How Neoliberalism Helps Microbes Dodge Our Drugs
Authors: Dutescu Ilinca A.
Published: August 2020

The urgent public health threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has received much attention from the world’s most important health agencies and national governmental organizations. However, despite large investments being allocated to strategizing national and international plans for addressing this public health problem, the incidence of untreatable, antimicrobial-resistant diseases continues to rise in many nations. To avoid returning to a society in which common infections once again become deadly, one must consider the often-ignored root causes driving inappropriate behaviors relating to antimicrobial use, such as the history of antimicrobial drug development, the effects of commodifying health-related services, and the rise in social inequalities. By employing the lens of political economy to analyze the phenomenon of AMR on national and international scales, it is found that the acceptance of neoliberalism as a governing ideology by authorities is hindering our ability to globally combat AMR through the depoliticization of issues that require political intervention to stimulate change. Differences in level of AMR and approaches to pharmaceutical governance between social democratic and liberal welfare states provide validity to this hypothesis.
Child Body Concerns and Behavior Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties of a Body Image Scale for Children
Authors: Neves Clara Mockdece , Filgueiras Meireles Juliana Fernandes , Morgado Fabiane Frota da Rocha , Campos Priscila Figueiredo , Ferreira Maria Elisa Caputo
Published: August 2020

There are few instruments with good validity and reliability for evaluating body image in children. In this study we aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a scale for Brazilian children. In Study 1, we developed 53 items on the basis of a literature review, previous body image scales and qualitative study. We developed the item format and response options and developed instructions for both researchers and participants. In Study 2, we used 10 experts and 21 boys and girls aged 7–11 years ( M = 8.25 years, SD = 1.70) to evaluate item content and semantics. The scale went through further refinement, leading to the exclusion of some items and the modification of others. In Study 3, we analyzed the instrument’s psychometric properties in 571 girls ( M = 9.17 years of age, SD = 1.23) and 597 boys ( M = 9.32 years, SD = 1.24) from all over Brazil, using exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses with independent samples. The scale’s final version for females was composed of 17 items divided into five factors; and the final male version included 13 items and two factors. Both versions presented satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity, and these scales can now be used reliably with 7-11 year old Brazilian children.
“Let me heare … if thou canst say”: The Utility of the Prayer Book Catechism (1549–1604)
Authors: Keane Drew N.
Published: August 2020

This article explores the catechism in the Book of Common Prayer, shedding light on the emergence of instructional writing from oral instruction. The 1549 text evinces qualities of preliterate oral communication identified by Ong. By contrast, the 1604 addendum reveals a trend toward modern plain style, which is even more pronounced in the 1647 Westminster Shorter Catechism. The evidence indicates the oral features were useful to the text’s technical aims. What Ramist plain style gains in precision and objectivity comes at the cost of other useful features, such as reiteration, contextualization, and agonism, which (in Tannen's phrase) involve a greater relative focus on interpersonal involvement between speaker and auditor/ reader.
The duality of science: Knowledge in information systems research
Authors: Hevner Alan R
Published: August 2020

Rigorous research in Information Systems requires an understanding of how scientific foundations drive both the process and outcome. This science duality addresses the effective application of the scientific method (process) as well as the advance of knowledge (outcome) from the research project. This commentary responds to Siponen and Klaavuniemi’s paper with a focus on the uses of knowledge in Information Systems research.
Thoughts on Siponen and Klaarvuniemi’s ‘Demystifying Beliefs about the Natural Sciences in IS’: The way forward
Authors: Mingers John
Published: August 2020

This is a comment on the paper by Siponen and Klaarvuniemi concerning the natural sciences. It argues that many of their points are correct but have been made before, particularly within critical realism. It suggests that the way forward is via a ‘mechanisms’ view of natural (and social) science.
Variation in SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) Score Performance in Different Infectious States
Authors: Pawar Rahul D. , Shih Jenny A. , Balaji Lakshman , Grossestreuer Anne V. , Patel Parth V. , Hansen Christopher K. , Donnino Michael W. , Moskowitz Ari
Published: August 2020

Introduction:

In this study, we investigated whether the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score performance differs based on the type of infection among patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with infection.

Materials and Methods:

Single-center, retrospective study of adult ICU patients admitted with infection between January 2008 and April 2018 at an urban tertiary care center. Patients were uniquely classified into different infection types based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision ( ICD-9) and ICD-10 codes. Infection types included were pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, cellulitis, cholangitis/cholecystitis, intestinal and diarrheal disease, endocarditis, urinary tract infection (UTI), and peritonitis. The SOFA score performance and mortality in relation to SOFA score were compared across infection types.

Results:

A total of 12 283 patients were included. Of these, 50.6% were female and the median age was 70 years (interquartile range: 57-82). The most common infection types were pneumonia (32.2%) and UTI (31.0%). Overall, 1703 (13.9%) patients died prior to hospital discharge. The median baseline SOFA score (within 24 hours of ICU admission) for the cohort was 5 (3-8). Patients with peritonitis had the highest median SOFA score, 7 (4-9), and patients with cellulitis and UTI had the lowest median SOFA score, 4 (2-7). The SOFA score discrimination to predict mortality was highest among patients with endocarditis (area under the receiver operating characteristic [AUC]: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.69-0.90) and lowest for patients with isolated bacteremia (AUC: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.49-0.70). Observed mortality by quartile of SOFA score differed substantially across infection types.

Conclusions:

Type of infection is an important consideration when interpreting the SOFA score. This is relevant as SOFA emerges as an important tool in the definition and prognostication of sepsis.
Concussion and the severity of head impacts in mixed martial arts
Authors: Tiernan Stephen , Meagher Aidan , O’Sullivan David , O’Keeffe Eoin , Kelly Eoin , Wallace Eugene , Doherty Colin P , Campbell Matthew , Liu Yuzhe , Domel August G
Published: August 2020

Concern about the consequences of head impacts in US football has motivated researchers to investigate and develop instrumentation to measure the severity of these impacts. However, the severity of head impacts in unhelmeted sports is largely unknown as miniaturised sensor technology has only recently made it possible to measure these impacts in vivo. The objective of this study was to measure the linear and angular head accelerations in impacts in mixed martial arts, and correlate these with concussive injuries. Thirteen mixed martial arts fighters were fitted with the Stanford instrumented mouthguard (MiG2.0) participated in this study. The mouthguard recorded linear acceleration and angular velocity in 6 degrees of freedom. Angular acceleration was calculated by differentiation. All events were video recorded, time stamped and reported impacts confirmed. A total of 451 verified head impacts above 10g were recorded during 19 sparring events (n = 298) and 11 competitive events (n = 153). The average resultant linear acceleration was 38.0624.3g while the average resultant angular acceleration was 256761739 rad/s2. The competitive bouts resulted in five concussions being diagnosed by a medical doctor. The average resultant acceleration (of the impact with the highest angular acceleration) in these bouts was 86.7618.7g and 756163438 rad/s2. The average maximum Head Impact Power was 20.6kW in the case of concussion and 7.15kW for the uninjured athletes. In conclusion, the study recorded novel data for sub-concussive and concussive impacts. Events that resulted in a concussion had an average maximum angular acceleration that was 24.7% higher and an average maximum Head Impact Power that was 189% higher than events where there was no injury. The findings are significant in understanding the human tolerance to short-duration, high linear and angular accelerations.
Improving Breastfeeding in Rural Tanzania Using Eight-Step Policy Analysis Methodology
Authors: Skiff Katherine , deValpine Maria , Knopp Andrea
Published: August 2020

Appropriate breastfeeding has the potential to have the broadest impact on childhood survival in children under 5 years compared with all other preventive interventions. The World Health Organization and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund recommend that all facilities providing maternal services and newborn care have a written policy addressing breastfeeding that is routinely disseminated to staff. A Mara region hospital in rural Tanzania does not have a breastfeeding policy. Collins adapted Bardach’s eightfold path for policy analysis specifically for health policies. This eight-step process was used to evaluate three promising policies to improve breastfeeding in populations in and around this hospital. These policies include exclusive breastfeeding education, complementary food education, and community health worker home visits. Analysis identified exclusive breastfeeding with adjunct complementary food education as the most feasible policies to increase breastfeeding in and around the target hospital. With improved feeding practices, chronic malnutrition rates are expected to decline in the villages that the hospital serves. This methodology can be used by nurses to develop health polices addressing a wide range of health issues in a wide variety of settings.
Passage Through a Bird’s Gut Confers a Germination Head Start to the Seeds of the Nightshade Witheringia stramoniifolia
Authors: Salazar-Rivera Gabriela I. , Sánchez-Velásquez Lázaro R. , Inzunza Ernesto Ruelas
Published: August 2020

In frugivory networks, birds offer plants the advantage of dispersing their seeds away from the parent plants in exchange for macronutrients, primarily sugars, and water. The benefits for birds are clear, as they obtain food and water from fruits, and highly variable for plants, as birds may act in ways that vary from effective dispersers to seed predators. We studied two common species that interact frequently in the frugivory network of a Neotropical, periurban park: The clay-colored thrush ( Turdus grayi) and a nightshade ( Witheringia stramoniifolia), in order to evaluate the advantage of passing its seeds through a bird’s gut. We set up an investigation using captive thrushes that we fed with fruits of W. stramoniifolia. We had four experimental treatments: in two of them, seeds that had passed through the digestive tract of thrushes were germinated under greenhouse and controlled conditions; in the remaining two treatments, we germinated seeds that were not consumed by thrushes and were likewise germinated under greenhouse and controlled conditions. W. stramoniifolia seeds consumed by birds had a germination onset that was 1 to 2 weeks earlier than nonconsumed seeds. Mean germination rate and final germinability, however, did not differ significantly among treatments. In our study, passage through a bird’s gut accelerates the germination onset of seeds, an advantage that possibly enhances seedling establishment, but is not indispensable, for the dispersal of W. stramoniifolia. This bird–plant relationship ultimately accounts to a true mutualism.
Could nasal irrigation and oral rinse reduce the risk for COVID-19 infection?
Authors: Casale Manuele , Rinaldi Vittorio , Sabatino Lorenzo , Moffa Antonio , Ciccozzi Massimo
Published: August 2020

Public health measures are essential to protect against COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The nose and the mouth represent entry portals for the COVID 19. Saline Nasal Irrigations (SNIs) can reduce the viral load in the nasal cavities. Oral rinse with antimicrobial agents is efficacious in reducing the viral load in oral fluids. We advocate the inclusion of SNIs and ethanol oral rinses as additional measures to the current public health measures, to prevent and control the transmission of any respiratory infectious disease, including COVID-19.
Structural and Functional Specialization of OSBP-Related Proteins
Authors: Delfosse Vanessa , Bourguet William , Drin Guillaume
Published: August 2020

Lipids are precisely distributed in the eukaryotic cell where they help to define organelle identity and function, in addition to their structural role. Once synthesized, many lipids must be delivered to other compartments by non-vesicular routes, a process that is undertaken by proteins called Lipid Transfer Proteins (LTPs). OSBP and the closely-related ORP and Osh proteins constitute a major, evolutionarily conserved family of LTPs in eukaryotes. Most of these target one or more subcellular regions, and membrane contact sites in particular, where two organelle membranes are in close proximity. It was initially thought that such proteins were strictly dedicated to sterol sensing or transport. However, over the last decade, numerous studies have revealed that these proteins have many more functions, and we have expanded our understanding of their mechanisms. In particular, many of them are lipid exchangers that exploit PI(4)P or possibly other phosphoinositide gradients to directionally transfer sterol or PS between two compartments. Importantly, these transfer activities are tightly coupled to processes such as lipid metabolism, cellular signalling and vesicular trafficking. This review describes the molecular architecture of OSBP/ORP/Osh proteins, showing how their specific structural features and internal configurations impart unique cellular functions.
Conversion from chronic to episodic migraine in patients treated with erenumab: real-life data from an Italian region
Authors: Ornello Raffaele , Casalena Alfonsina , Frattale Ilaria , Caponnetto Valeria , Gabriele Amleto , Affaitati Giannapia , Giamberardino Maria Adele , Assetta Maurizio , Maddestra Maurizio , Marzoli Fabio , Viola Stefano , Cerone Davide , Marini Carmine , Pistoia Francesca , Sacco Simona
Published: August 2020

Background

Most patients treated with erenumab in clinical practice have chronic migraine (CM). We assessed the rate and possible predictors of conversion from CM to episodic migraine (EM) in a real-life study.

Main body

We performed a subgroup analysis of patients treated with erenumab from January 2019 to February 2020 in the Abruzzo region, central Italy. Treatment was provided according to current clinical practice. For the purpose of the present study, we included patients fulfilling the definition of CM for the three months preceding erenumab treatment and with at least 6 months of follow-up after treatment. We assessed the rate of conversion to EM from baseline to Months 4–6 of treatment and during each month of treatment. To test the clinical validity of conversion to EM, we also assessed the decrease in monthly headache days (MHDs), acute medication days, and median headache intensity on a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). We included in our study 91 patients with CM. At Months 4–6, 62 patients (68.1%) converted from CM to EM; the proportion of converters increased from Month 1 to Month 5. In the overall group of patients, median MHDs decreased from 26.5 (IQR 20–30) to 7.5 (IQR 5–16;P < 0.001) compared with baseline, while median acute medication days decreased from 21 (IQR 16–30) to 6 (IQR 3–10;P < 0.001) and median NRS scores decreased from 8 (IQR 7–9) to 6 (IQR 4–7;P < 0.001). Significant decreases were found both in converters and in non-converters. We found no significant predictors of conversion to EM among the patients’ baseline characteristics.

Conclusions

In our study, two thirds of patients with CM converted to EM during 6 months of treatment with erenumab. MHDs, acute medication use, and headache intensity decreased regardless of conversion from CM to EM.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: distinct associations with DNA methylation and genetic variation
Authors: Goodman Sarah J. , Burton Christie L. , Butcher Darci T. , Siu Michelle T. , Lemire Mathieu , Chater-Diehl Eric , Turinsky Andrei L. , Brudno Michael , Soreni Noam , Rosenberg David , Fitzgerald Kate D. , Hanna Gregory L. , Anagnostou Evdokia , Arnold Paul D. , Crosbie Jennifer , Schachar Russell , Weksberg Rosanna
Published: August 2020

Background

A growing body of research has demonstrated associations between specific neurodevelopmental disorders and variation in DNA methylation (DNAm), implicating this molecular mark as a possible contributor to the molecular etiology of these disorders and/or as a novel disease biomarker. Furthermore, genetic risk variants of neurodevelopmental disorders have been found to be enriched at loci associated with DNAm patterns, referred to as methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTLs).

Methods

We conducted two epigenome-wide association studies in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (aged 4–18 years) using DNA extracted from saliva. DNAm data generated on the Illumina Human Methylation 450 K array were used to examine the interaction between genetic variation and DNAm patterns associated with these disorders.

Results

Using linear regression followed by principal component analysis, individuals with the most endorsed symptoms of ADHD or OCD were found to have significantly more distinct DNAm patterns from controls, as compared to all cases. This suggested that the phenotypic heterogeneity of these disorders is reflected in altered DNAm at specific sites. Further investigations of the DNAm sites associated with each disorder revealed that despite little overlap of these DNAm sites across the two disorders, both disorders were significantly enriched for mQTLs within our sample.

Conclusions

Our DNAm data provide insights into the regulatory changes associated with genetic variation, highlighting their potential utility both in directing GWAS and in elucidating the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders.
The demographic profile and the management of infantile inguinal hernia: a 3-year’s review
Authors: Aihole Jayalaxmi Shripati
Published: August 2020

Background

Inguinal hernia in neonates and infants including children is as a result of failure of processes vaginalis to close. Once diagnosed, it should be promptly repaired on elective basis to prevent possible risk of bowel incarceration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical profile, management, and outcome of infantile inguinal hernia.

Methods

Aim of this prospective clinical study was to clinically evaluate the infants with clinical diagnosis of inguinal hernia admitted in our tertiary child care institute from January 2014 to December 2017 over a period of three years. The design of this study was to assess the clinical profile, management and outcome of infantile inguinal hernia. Study was conducted in a tertiary care neonatal and paediatric referral centre in southern India. Infants less than 1 year including neonates were selected for this study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The maximum follow-up period was 5 years.

Results

A total of 118 infants admitted with clinical diagnosis of inguinal hernia were included in the present study. They were grouped as per their clinical diagnosis and age on admission into two groups; 0 to 6 months as group I and more than 6 months to 12 months as group II. All of them underwent surgical repair as soon as diagnosed. Overall survival rate was 100%. There was no operative mortality 0/118 (0%). Rate of recurrence was 0.034% without any surgical site infections.

Conclusion

Early surgical intervention in the form of inguinal herniotomy is the most appropriate management of inguinal hernia in infants including the neonates as soon as diagnosed on elective basis.