bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic Behaviour of the Micro Urban Areas: A Comprehensive Study of Sachal Goth, Sindh, Pakistan
Authors: Pasha Yasira Naeem , Adnan Shahla , Memon Reena Majid , Soomro Tania Ali , Mobeen Asim
Published: August 2021

The socioeconomic profile of the sub-urban areas in Pakistan is a matter of concern for the presumable developments in the future. The micro urban areas are the indicators of the prospective developments in the city. The role of the prevailing socioeconomic patterns in the city is important for the future developmental opportunities to be identified. These socioeconomic behaviours are depicted through several factors which indicate the behaviours of the inhabitants and the opportunities and discrepancies the particular area is facing. The objective of this research is to explore the socioeconomic behaviour of the inhabitants of the selected area in order to analyze the comprehensive socioeconomic profile of the area. It adopts the mixed methods approach to conduct the research surveys and necessary documentation. It also signifies the understanding of the socioeconomic profiles of the inhabitants in the area by analyzing their historic background, work profiles, expenditure distribution, educational aspects, commercial activities, transport facilities, and the provision of amenities. The findings are detailed out in a quantitative mode and further summarized in the SWOT analysis which also indicates the potential areas for the future developments. The current study takes into account the collective socioeconomic profiles and concludes the organic growth. Moreover, the findings are also helpful to establish that the socioeconomic profiles of the area which can be useful for suggesting the developmental patterns for the betterment of the area.
Revitalization of the Urban Space from Grey to Green in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Mujahid Ar. Saad , Saeed Naeema
Published: August 2021

Lahore is a metropolitan city renowned for its historical background. It is also known as the ‘City of Gardens’. In today’s world, the progression towards the construction of concrete structures and junk spaces is occurring at a rapid pace. The persona of the city is changing in order to accommodate the booming population. Ecological imbalance is resulting into the disappearance of the fauna from the city. The current study was carried out to provide the inhabitants with various opportunities in the form of lively public spaces that are being lost with the passage of time. The site selected for the project was diligently marked by considering some important aspects including an easy approach and a place that provides a rich amalgam of history, culture, traditional cuisine and education to maximize the interaction of people belonging to different professions. It was designed in a fashion that kept intact the Mughal roots of the city by adding a water feature interwoven with the modern world by carefully planning the vegetation, thus making the selection vibrant and colorful in order to make a concoction of the Mughal and contemporary art. The purpose of the fusion was to attract the inhabitants by building a characteristically distinct place that remains non-identical to the already existing public spaces, as well as to revive the lost culture which is fading away due to excessive construction and environmental pollution.
Understanding the Context of Education in an Urban Slum: A Case of Babu Sabu, Lahore
Authors: Naeem Mehek , Zafar Naeem , Rehman Atia-ur , Akram Waseem
Published: August 2021

Article 25 A of the Constitution of Pakistan stipulates that free and compulsory education must be given to all children between the ages of 5 and 16. However, there are gaps in its implementation leaving out pockets such as children in slums. Non-government organizations (NGOs) play an essential part in bridging the said gaps. This study explored the context of education in a slum area located at Babu Sabu Interchange, Lahore where an NGO PAHCHAAN (Protection and Help of Children against Abuse and Neglect)is providing non-formal education to children via community engagement. The current study explored the context of education in a slum where intervention is already implemented through/using the case study method. A survey from all the households in this area (N=26) and a focus group discussion from six mothers were conducted. The results showed a positive attitude of the mothers towards the education of their children, as 65.4% of the participants strongly agreed that it is essential to get children enrolled in schools. The findings from the focus group discussion highlighted several challenges such as the lack of financial resources, distance of school from the slum area, lack of acceptance of over-aged children and a difficult admission procedure. Bullying and cursing were, however, the leading cause of dropping out of regular schools. This preliminary study highlights the importance of taking a strategic approach towards “education for all,” looking at deep-rooted issues so that no child is left behind.
Incidencia delictiva y subsidio para la seguridad pública local. Caso de estudio de Oaxaca, México, 2008-2019
Authors: Christian Martinez Olivera Christian , Martínez García Karina Aidee , Andrés Enrique Miguel Velasco Andrés Enrique
Published: August 2021

El artículo analiza a Oaxaca de Juárez, San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec y Salina Cruz, municipios del estado de Oaxaca, México, durante el período 2008-2019, con el objetivo de conocer la relación entre la incidencia delictiva y el subsidio para la seguridad municipal. Utiliza una metodología cuantitativa a través del diseño de una base de datos con información documentada de instituciones gubernamentales. La hipótesis que se propone es que el subsidio para la seguridad tiene un impacto positivo y significativo en la reducción de la incidencia delictiva de los municipios de estudio. Para su comprobación se aplican métodos de estadística descriptiva y regresión, obteniendo una alta asociación positiva entre las variables analizadas. Así, representa una información valiosa para el diseño de políticas públicas para la seguridad pública.
IMUNITAS PASIEN ASIMTOMATIS SEBAGAI SUPER-SPREADER COVID-19
Authors: Tania Putu Oky Ari
Published: August 2021

Indonesia sebagai negara dengan penduduk berusia 15-44 tahun sebanyak 46,87% dari total penduduk, terdapat lonjakan kasus positif COVID-19 yang mencapai 797.723 kasus per 7 Januari 2021. Kelompok usia muda diduga menjadi kelompok penyumbang kasus infeksi tanpa gejala atau asimtomatis. Pasien asimtomatis umumnya tidak menyadari bahwa mereka berpotensi untuk menularkan infeksi dari SARS-CoV-2 penyebab COVID-19. Penulisan literatur review ini menggunakan metode pencarian literatur dari Pubmed dengan kata kunci asymptomatic, COVID-19, cytokine, inflammation. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menelaah sistem imun dari pasien asimomatis dan mengapa pasien tersebut menunjukkan gejala yang lebih ringan.
A digitális korszak beköszönte és a Covid-19-világjárvány generálta helyzetben történő helytállás
Authors: Ruzsonyi Péter
Published: August 2021

A tanulmány részletesen ismerteti a Rendészettudományi Kar (Kar) szervezetének a bővítését, a Katasztrófavédelmi Intézet és a  Nemzetbiztonsági Intézethez tartozó Polgári Nemzetbiztonsági Tanszék és Terrorelhárítási Tanszék Kar szervezetébe integrálódását,  valamint új szakirányok létrehozását. A Ludovíceum tantárgycsoport bevezetése és a kettős jogállású hallgatók nappali munkarendű  képzésének elindítása fontos állomásnak volt tekinthető a Kar életében. Jelentős mérföldkő volt a távoktatás, a digitális oktatás  bevezetése, a digitalizáció és a képzések megreformálásának folyamatában elindított Kreatív Tanulás Program.
A rendőrtisztképzés és a tiszti továbbképzés reformja
Authors: Kratochwill Ferenc
Published: August 2021

Kratochwill főigazgató úr életútjához szorosan kötődik a miskolci jogi kar alapítása, valamint a Rendőrtiszti Főiskola  nagyívű reformja. Komoly vesztesége a rendészeti  felsőoktatásnak, hogy ez utóbbi félbemaradt. A Rendészeti  Szemle szerkesztősége kötelességének érzi, hogy a főigazgató úr szellemi végrendeletének tekinthető  gondolatait – posztumusz – közzétegye.
Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on the Weight Gain of Experimental Rats
Authors: Pakpahan Patrick , Edianto Deri
Published: August 2021

Background: Obesity, as defined by the WHO is an abnormal fat consolidation or excessive fat deposit. Those excessive fat deposits have been known to be the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. One such additive is known to improve the taste of the food is Monosodium Glutamate (MSG). The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of MSG on weight gain.
Methods: This is a simple experimental design with a pretest-posttest design. The study was conducted in the Animal House laboratories of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Sumatera Utara between October and November of 2019. The sample in this experiment is male Wistar rats aged 10-11 weeks that will be fed with standard animal feed mixed with MSG. There are 2 groups of rats (each group 16 rats), one group 1 (non-MSG), and group 2 (MSG). The rats were fed with animal feed (ad labium) for 31 days. The feed given every single day will be weighed and documented. The subcutaneous fat was taken from the abdominal and axillary regions.
Result. After 31 days of treatment, re-weighing of both groups of animals was carried out. The initial weight, final weight, total weight gain, total fat extracted and total feed consumed was not different significant (p>0,05).
Conclusion. The feeding of MSG for 31 days, did not have significant effects on weight gain. A longer time is needed for evaluation of MSG effect on weight gain
Suitability of Teak Log Quality from Gunung Kidul and Bantul Yogyakarta Community Forest for Export Meubel Purpose
Authors: Mastap Sushardi , Prayitno Tibertius Agus , Suranto Yustinus , Lukmandaru Ganis
Published: August 2021

Natural defect or poor log quality are common in community teak forests. Furniture manufacturers typically use these log types for export purposes. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of community teak forest location and teak stand age affect on teak wood quality. Three teak forest locations were Bantul and two locations in Gunung Kidul. The teak stand age class namely 6, 8, and 10 years old. The data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 with Tukey test. The result showed that brittleness defect, sapwood defect, and different wooden knot defects were significant in all locations, while log straightness defect was found only in Dlingo. Similarly, all teak stand age (6, 8, and 10 years old) also produced the same defects such as brittleness defect, sapwood defect, and wood knot defect, while the straightness defect at the age of 10 years old was different from to other two teak stand age (6 and 8-year-old). Average teak log defects were straightness defect 1.87-3.53%, brittleness defect 1.19–6.21%, sapwood defect 1.49-4.82 cm, and wood knot defect 5.10-11.46 cm. However, the teak log quality still met the SNI 7534.2-2010 and 7535.2-2010 as raw material for exporting furniture.
Legacy Digital Transformation: TCO and ROI Analysis
Authors: Kiran Mallidi Ravi , Sharma Manmohan , Singh Jagjit
Published: August 2021

Legacy Digital Transformation is modernizing or migrating systems from non-digital or older digital technology to newer digital technologies. Digitalization is essential for information reading, processing, transforming, and storing. Social media, Cloud, and analytics are the major technologies in today's digital world. Digitalization (business process) and Digital Transformation (the effect) are the core elements of newer global policies and processes. Recent COVID pandemic situation, Organizations are willing to digitalize their environment without losing business. Digital technologies help to improve their capabilities to transform processes that intern promote new business models. Applications cannot remain static and should modernize to meet the evolving business and technology needs. Business needs time to market, Agility, and reduce technical debt. Technology needs consist of APIs, better Security, Portability, Scalability, Cloud support, Deployment, Automation, and Integration. This paper elaborates different transformation/modernization approaches for Legacy systems written in very long or End of Life (EOL) systems to newer digital technologies to serve the business needs. EOL impacts application production, supportability, compliance, and security. Organizations spend money and resources on Digital Transformation for considering Investment versus Return on Investment, Agility of the System, and improved business processes. Migration and Modernization are critical for any Legacy Digital Transformation. Management takes decisions to proceed with Digital Transformation for considering Total Cost Ownership (TCO) and Return on Investment (ROI) of the program. The paper also includes a TCO-ROI calculator for Transformation from Legacy / Monolithic to new architectures like Microservices.
Language Errors in Editing a Manuscript in Indonesian Language
Authors: Setiawan Dedy , Purbandini Wastu K.
Published: August 2021

Editing is the process of correcting language expressions in a manuscript before it is published. Editing can change a word, phrase, clause, or sentence into the same sentence unit or another. Even editing can also change sentences into paragraphs or vice versa. The most important thing in editing is correcting language errors to become appropriate and standard language expressions. Meanwhile, before it became a published book, the manuscript went through a reasonably strict editing process, both in language and content. This study looks at the changes from a book manuscript to a manuscript ready to be published. Many changes have occurred to correct language errors caused by writing due to typos, misunderstandings, or false disclosures, causing non-standard or incomprehensible. This analysis uses the theory of Dulay (1982), which states that language errors can be categorized into errors due to omission, addition, misinformation, and misordering. However, other errors were also quite influential in writing, namely, typing errors (typo). The present study found that the most common type of error was the addition, followed by misinformation, typo, misordering and the least was omission. A typo error is a common error that may occur when typing in Indonesian because until now. There is no spelling check application on a computer written in Indonesian.
Task-Based Language Teaching to Enhance Learner Communicative Competence in Vietnam: A Matter of Opinion?
Authors: Nghia Vu Nguyen Dinh , Quang Nguyen Nhat
Published: August 2021

This critical review investigates the efficacy in using Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) to boost learner communicative competence as TBLT is taking a pioneering role in developing communicative language in Asia and Vietnam. The application of TBLT in Vietnam has faced several problems, including exam-based learning programs, classroom constraints, and teachers' willingness for innovative approaches. Our in-depth analysis exposed why Vietnamese and Asian teachers cannot initially trust TBLT, and overcome these challenges to enhance communicative competence. The thorough review of research works in Asia evinced that (1) TBLT can holistically improve communicative competence and (2) the criticisms against TBLT can be solved with patience, flexibility, strategic task design, and openness. Then, the authors suggested a table for TBLT practitioners to consider based on students’ level of proficiency to cater to different teaching contexts and other pedagogic suggestions to implement TBLT in exam-oriented classes. Finally, we also introduce some research gaps for further investigation.
The Sayings about the Manchu Lady in Maugham’s The Painted Veil
Authors: Mei Feng
Published: August 2021

In Maugham’s novel, The Painted Veil, many Chinese characters are depicted in it. This paper will focus on the Chinese declined aristocrat, the Manchu Lady, one of the Chinese characters, trying to expound the profound connotation and cultural meaning from the imagological approach. In the novel, the description of the Manchu Lady can be divided into two parts: the things we heard and saw about her and our stress will lay on the former one, for she is the only character aroused the westerner’s interest and keeps an intimate relationship with one of the foreigners. How people talked about her could reflect their attitude toward her and we could not ignore it.
Perceptions of Thai Teachers of English Towards English Medium Instruction: A Case Study of a Local Primary School
Authors: Penthisarn Tawanshine , Phusawisot Pilanut
Published: August 2021

Using a case study approach, this study investigated teachers’ perceptions of EMI, the challenges teachers encountered while adopting EMI, and opportunities for EMI in Thai EFL classrooms. The participants were three Thai teachers who used English as a medium of instruction in subjects such as mathematics and science in an intensive English program at a private primary school in the northeastern part of Thailand. Data were obtained from teachers’ journals and semi-structured interviews. The data were transcribed and coded into themes using content analysis. The current study reports the perceptions of Thai EFL teachers and reveals the challenges of EMI in Thai EFL classrooms. As the findings reveal, the participants perceived EMI as an educational advantage, as preparation for the international community and as an approach to enhance students’ speaking confidence. Although EMI offers potential benefits, the study reveals that when teaching, the participants are challenged by students’ language proficiency, classroom size, a lack of teaching materials, teacher’s lack of content knowledge and a lack of support from the school. Moreover, the study suggests some recommendations for pedagogical implication in adopting EMI in Thai EFL classrooms.
Polyfunctionality and inflectional economy
Authors: Stump Gregory
Published: August 2021

This paper serves two purposes. It is a summary of much work concerning One compelling kind of evidence for the autonomy of a language’s morphology is the incidence of inflectional polyfunctionality, the systematic use of the same morphology to express distinct but related morphosyntactic content. Polyfunctionality is more complex than mere homophony. It can, in fact, arise in a number of ways: as an effect of rule invitation (wherein the same rule of exponence serves more than one function by interacting with other rules in more than one way), as an expression of morphosyntactic referral, as the effect of a rule of exponence realizing either a disjunction of property sets or a morphomic property set, or as the reflection of a morphosyntactic property set’s cross-categorial versatility. I distinguish these different sources of polyfunctionality in a formally precise way. It is inaccurate to see polyfunctionality as an ambiguating source of grammatical complexity; on the contrary, by enhancing the predictability of a language’s morphology, it may well enhance both the memorability of complex inflected forms and the ease with which they are processed.
Semi-separate exponence in cumulative paradigms. Information-theoretic properties exemplified by Ancient Greek verb endings
Authors: Milizia Paolo
Published: August 2021

By using the system of Ancient Greek verb endings as a case study, this paper deals with the cross-linguistically recurrent appearance of inflectional paradigms that, though generally characterized by cumulative exponence, contain segmentable “semi-separate” endings in correspondence with low-frequency cells. Such an exponence system has information-theoretic properties which may be relevant from the point of view of morphological theory. In particular, both the phenomena of semi-separate exponence and the instances of syncretism that conform to the Brøndalian Principle of Compensation may be viewed as different manifestations of a same cross-linguistic tendency not to let a paradigm’s exponent set be too distant from the situation of equiprobability.
Démonette, a French derivational morpho-semantic network
Authors: Hathout Nabil , Namer Fiammetta
Published: August 2021

Démonette is a derivational morphological network created from information provided by two existing lexical resources, DériF and Morphonette. It features a formal architecture in which words are associated with semantic types and where morphological relations, labelled with concrete and abstract bi-oriented definitions, connect derived words with their base and indirectly related words with each other.
Evaluative prefixes in translation: From automatic alignment to semantic categorization
Authors: Lefer Marie-Aude , Grabar Natalia
Published: August 2021

This article aims to assess to what extent translation can shed light on the semantics of French evaluative prefixation by adopting Noël (2003)’s ‘translations as evidence for semantics’ approach. In French, evaluative prefixes can be classified along two dimensions (cf. (Fradin and Montermini 2009)): (1) a quantity dimension along a maximum/minimum axis and the semantic values BIG and SMALL, and (2) a quality dimension along a positive/negative axis and the values GOOD (EXCESS; HIGHER DEGREE) and BAD (LACK; LOWER DEGREE). In order to provide corpus-based insights into this semantic categorization, we analyze French evaluative prefixes alongside their English translation equivalents in a parallel corpus. To do so, we focus on periphrastic translations, as they are likely to ‘spell out’ the meaning of the French prefixes. The data used were extracted from the Europarl parallel corpus (Koehn 2005; Cartoni and Meyer 2012). Using a tailormade program, we first aligned the French prefixed words with the corresponding word(s) in English target sentences, before proceeding to the evaluation of the aligned sequences and the manual analysis of the bilingual data. Results confirm that translation data can be used as evidence for semantics in morphological research and help refine existing semantic descriptions of evaluative prefixes.
Clustering of Novels Represented as Social Networks
Authors: Coll Ardanuy Mariona , Sporleder Caroline
Published: August 2021

Within the field of literary analysis, there are few branches as confusing as that of genre theory. Literary criticism has failed so far to reach a consensus on what makes a genre a genre. In this paper, we examine the degree to which the character structure of a novel is indicative of the genre it belongs to. With the premise that novels are societies in miniature, we build static and dynamic social networks of characters as a strategy to represent the narrative structure of novels in a quantifiable manner. For each of the novels, we compute a vector of literary-motivated features extracted from their network representation. We perform clustering on the vectors and analyze the resulting clusters in terms of genre and authorship.
Predicting and Using a Pragmatic Component of Lexical Aspect
Authors: Loáiciga Sharid , Grisot Cristina
Published: August 2021

This paper proposes a method for improving the results of a statistical Machine Translation system using boundedness, a pragmatic component of the verbal phrase’s lexical aspect. First, the paper presents manual and automatic annotation experiments for lexical aspect in English-French parallel corpora. It will be shown that this aspectual property is identified and classified with ease both by humans and by automatic systems. Second, Statistical Machine Translation experiments using the boundedness annotations are presented. These experiments show that the information regarding lexical aspect is useful to improve the output of a Machine Translation system in terms of better choices of verbal tenses in the target language, as well as better lexical choices. Ultimately, this work aims at providing a method for the automatic annotation of data with boundedness information and at contributing to Machine Translation by taking into account linguistic data.
Modal Sense Classification At Large
Authors: Marasović Ana , Zhou Mengfei , Palmer Alexis , Frank Anette
Published: August 2021

Modal verbs have different interpretations depending on their context. Their sense categories – epistemic, deontic and dynamic – provide important dimensions of meaning for the interpretation of discourse. Previous work on modal sense classification achieved relatively high performance using shallow lexical and syntactic features drawn from small-size annotated corpora. Due to the restricted empirical basis, it is difficult to assess the particular difficulties of modal sense classification and the generalization capacity of the proposed models. In this work we create large-scale, high-quality annotated corpora for modal sense classification using an automatic paraphrase-driven projection approach. Using the acquired corpora, we investigate the modal sense classification task from different perspectives.
Selective Annotation of Modal Readings
Authors: Moon Lori , Kirvaitis Patricija , Madden Noreen
Published: August 2021

Modal auxiliaries have different readings, depending on the context in which they occur (Kratzer, 1981). Several projects have attempted to classify uses of modal auxiliaries in corpora according to their reading using supervised machine learning techniques (e.g., Rubinstein et al., 2013, Ruppenhofer & Rehbein, 2012). In each study, traditional taxonomic labels, such as ‘epistemic’ and ‘deontic’ are used by human annotators to label instances of modal auxiliaries in a corpus. In order to achieve higher agreement among annotators, results in these previous studies are reported after collapsing some of the initial categories. The results show that human annotators have fairly good agreement on some of the categories, such as whether or not a use is epistemic, but poor agreement on others. They also show that annotators agree more on modals such as might than on modals such as could. In this study, we used traditional taxonomic categories on sentences containing modal auxiliary verbs that were randomly extracted from the English Gigaword 4th edition corpus (Parker et al., 2009). The lowest inner-annotator agreement using traditional taxonomic labels occurred with uses of could, with raw agreements of 42%−48% (κ = 0.196−0.259), compared to might, for instance, with raw agreement of 98%. In response to the low numbers, rather than collapsing traditional categories, we tried a new method of classifying uses of could with respect to where the reading situates the eventuality being described relative to the speech time. For example, the sentence ‘Jess could swim.’ is about a swimming eventuality in the past leading up to the time of speech, if it is read as being an ability. The sentence is about a swimming eventuality in the future, if it is read as being a statement about a possibility. The classification labels we propose are crucial in separating uses of could that have actuality inferences (Bhatt, 1999, Hacquard, 2006) from uses that do not. For the temporal location of the event described by a use of could, using four category labels, we achieved 73%−90% raw agreement (κ = 0.614−0.744). Sequence of tense contexts (Abusch, 1997) present a major factor in the difficulty of determining the temporal properties present in uses of could. Among three annotators, we achieved raw agreement scores of 89%−96%(κ =0.779−0.919%) on identification of sequence of tense contexts. We discuss the role of our findings with respect to textual entailment.
Sarcastic Soulmates
Authors: Hallmann Koen , Kunneman Florian , Liebrecht Christine , Van den Bosch Antal , Van Mulken Margot
Published: August 2021

Verbal irony, or sarcasm, presents a significant technical and conceptual challenge when it comes to automatic detection. Moreover, it can be a disruptive factor in sentiment analysis and opinion mining, because it changes the polarity of a message implicitly. Extant methods for automatic detection are mostly based on overt clues to ironic intent such as hashtags, also known as irony markers. In this paper, we investigate whether people who know each other make use of irony markers less often than people who do not know each other. We trained a machine-learning classifier to detect sarcasm in Twitter messages (tweets) that were addressed to specific users, and in tweets that were not addressed to a particular user. Human coders analyzed the top-1000 features found to be most discriminative into ten categories of irony markers. The classifier was also tested within and across the two categories. We find that tweets with a user mention contain fewer irony markers than tweets not addressed to a particular user. Classification experiments confirm that the irony in the two types of tweets is signaled differently. The within-category performance of the classifier is about 91% for both categories, while cross-category experiments yield substantially lower generalization performance scores of 75% and 71%. We conclude that irony markers are used more often when there is less mutual knowledge between sender and receiver. Senders addressing other Twitter users less often use irony markers, relying on mutual knowledge which should lead the receiver to infer ironic intent from more implicit clues. With regard to automatic detection, we conclude that our classifier is able to detect ironic tweets addressed at another user as reliably as tweets that are not addressed at a particular person.
Argument alternations in complex predicates: an LFG+glue perspective
Authors: Lowe John J.
Published: August 2021

Vaidya et al. (2019) discuss argument alternations in Hindi complex predicates, and propose an analysis within an LTAG framework, comparing this with an LFG analysis of complex predicates. In this paper I clarify the inadequacies in existing LFG analyses of complex predicates, and show how the LFG+glue approach proposed by Lowe (2015) can both address these inadequacies and provide a relatively simple treatment of the phenomena discussed by Vaidya et al. (2019).
Complex Predicates and Multidimensionality in Grammar
Authors: Butt Miriam
Published: August 2021

This paper contributes to the on-going discussion of how best to analyze and handle complex predicate formations, commenting in particular on the properties of Hindi N-V complex predicates as set out by Vaidya et al. (2019). I highlight features of existing LFG analyses and focus in particular on the modular architecture of LFG, its attendant multidimensional lexicon and the analytic consequences which follow from this. I point out where the previously existing LFG proposals have been misunderstood as viewed from the lens of theories such as LTAG and HPSG, which assume a very different architectural set-up and provide a comparative discussion of the issues.
Computational Inflection of Multi-Word Units
Authors: Savary Agata
Published: August 2021

Similarly to simple words, compounds and other multi-word units (MWUs) are subject to inflection. A correct and exhaustive treatment of this issue has an important impact on natural language applications. However it raises some nontrivial questions such as: the role of separators in MWUs, morphological non-compositionality of MWUs, their syntactic and semantic variation, huge sizes of inflection paradigms in highly inflected languages, etc. Due to such problems, the inflectional description of MWUs must be, at least partly, lexicalized. We present a comparative review of eleven lexical approaches to this issue, with respect to linguistic properties of those units. The review is based on case studies of several natural languages. It allows us to put forward some recommendations for a cross-language standard morphological description of MWUs.
A Conditional Random Field Approach for Named Entity Recognition in Bengali and Hindi
Authors: Ekbal Asif , Bandyopadhyay Sivaji
Published: August 2021

This paper describes the development of Named Entity Recognition (NER) systems for two leading Indian languages, namely Bengali and Hindi, using the Conditional Random Field (CRF) framework. The system makes use of different types of contextual information along with a variety of features that are helpful in predicting the different named entity (NE) classes. This set of features includes language independent as well as language dependent components. We have used the annotated corpora of 122,467 tokens for Bengali and 502,974 tokens for Hindi tagged with a tag set of twelve different NE classes, defined as part of the IJCNLP-08 NER Shared Task for South and South East Asian Languages (SSEAL). We have considered only the tags that denote person names, location names, organization names, number expressions, time expressions and measurement expressions. A number of experiments have been carried out in order to find out the most suitable features for NER in Bengali and Hindi. The system has been tested with the gold standard test sets of 35K for Bengali and 50K tokens for Hindi. Evaluation results in overall f-score values of 81.15% for Bengali and 78.29% for Hindi for the test sets. 10-fold cross validation tests yield f-score values of 83.89% for Bengali and 80.93% for Hindi. ANOVA analysis is performed to show that the performance improvement due to the use of language dependent features is statistically significant.
Issues in Translating and Producing Japanese Referring Expressions for Dialogues
Authors: Van der Sluis Ielka , Luz Saturnino
Published: August 2021

This paper presents an analysis of cross-cultural and linguistic issues in the generation of referring expressions (REs) for English and Japanese dialogues. The analysis is based on a translation activity carried out for a study on the perception of automatically generated REs in a virtual world involving participants in Tokyo and Dublin and complemented by two data elicitation studies. In order to preserve the output of the RE generation algorithm the translation sought to produce a Japanese dialogue in which the REs were as close to the English originals as possible, but within a scenario adapted to the Japanese culture. The two data elicitation experiments assessed Japanese speakers preferences of REs in the same dialogue context. Insights from this work are relevant to the design of RE generation algorithms for use in real-life situations and raise questions as to what extent the current algorithms are transferable between languages and cultures. Results suggest that current approaches to generating REs are biased towards the English language, which becomes apparent when considering, for instance, the realisation of Japanese locative expressions and the absence of a distinction between singular and plural in the Japanese language.
On Achieving and Evaluating Language-Independence in NLP
Authors: Bender Emily M.
Published: August 2021

Language independence is commonly presented as one of the advantages of modern, machine-learning approaches to NLP, and it is an important type of scalability.

In this position paper, I critically review the widespread approaches to achieving and evaluating language independence in the field of computational linguistics and argue that, on the one hand, we are not truly evaluating language independence with any systematicity and on the other hand, that truly language-independent technology requires more linguistic sophistication than is the norm.
A Pendulum Swung Too Far
Authors: Church Kenneth
Published: August 2021

Today's students might be faced with a very different set of challenges from those of the 1990s in the not-too-distant future. What should they do when most of the low hanging fruit has been pretty much picked over?

In the particular case of Machine Translation, the revival of statistical approaches (e.g., Brown et al. (1993)) started out with finite-state methods for pragmatic reasons, but gradually over time, researchers have become more and more receptive to the use of syntax to capture long-distance dependences, especially when there isn't very much parallel corpora, and for language pairs with very different word orders (e.g., translating between a subject-verb-object (SVO) language like English and a verb final language like Japanese). Going forward, we should expect Machine Translation research to make more and more use of richer and richer linguistic representations. So too, there will soon be a day when stress will become important for speech recognition.

Since it isn't possible for textbooks in computational linguistics to cover all of these topics, we should work with colleagues in other departments to make sure that students receive an education that is broad enough to prepare them for all possible futures, or at least all probable futures.
Semantic Annotation for the Digital Humanities
Authors: Frank Anette , Bögel Thomas , Hellwig Oliver , Reiter Nils
Published: August 2021

This contribution investigates novel techniques for error detection in automatic semantic annotations, as an attempt to reconcile error-prone NLP processing with high quality standards required for empirical research in Digital Humanities. We demonstrate the state-of-the-art performance of semantic NLP systems on a corpus of ritual texts and report performance gains we obtain using domain adaptation techniques. Our main contribution is to explore new techniques for annotation consistency control, as an attempt to reconcile error-prone NLP processing with high quality requirements. The novelty of our approach lies in its attempt to leverage multi-level semantic annotations by defining interaction constraints between local word-level semantic annotations and global discourse-level annotations. These constraints are defined using Markov Logic Networks, a logical formalism for statistical relational inference that allows for violable constraints. We report first results.
The Meaning of Lexical Causatives in Cross-Linguistic Variation
Authors: Samardžić Tanja , Merlo Paola
Published: August 2021

The causative alternation has been recognised in the linguistic literature as one of the most widely spread linguistic phenomena, attested in almost all languages, although differently realised and involving partially different sets of verbs. In this paper, we identify the degree of spontaneity of the event described by a verb as a general component of meaning of alternating verbs which underlies the within-language and cross-linguistic variation in their realisations. We first establish that a corpus-based measure of this property, the ratio of the frequency of usage of the causative and anticausative form, is strongly correlated to an independent typological measure (Haspelmath, 1993). Then we examine the influence of this property on the cross-linguistic realisations of verbs. We find that the degree of variation and parallelism in forms across languages is strongly related to the degree of spontaneity of the verb.
Learning to Classify Documents According to Formal and Informal Style
Authors: Sheikha Fadi Abu , Inkpen Diana
Published: August 2021

This paper discusses an important issue in computational linguistics: classifying texts as formal or informal style. Our work describes a genre-independent methodology for building classifiers for formal and informal texts. We used machine learning techniques to do the automatic classification, and performed the classification experiments at both the document level and the sentence level. First, we studied the main characteristics of each style, in order to train a system that can distinguish between them. We then built two datasets: the first dataset represents general-domain documents of formal and informal style, and the second represents medical texts. We tested on the second dataset at the document level, to determine if our model is sufficiently general, and that it works on any type of text. The datasets are built by collecting documents for both styles from different sources. After collecting the data, we extracted features from each text. The features that we designed represent the main characteristics of both styles. Finally, we tested several classification algorithms, namely Decision Trees, Naïve Bayes, and Support Vector Machines, in order to choose the classifier that generates the best classification results.
Decomposing Semantic Inferences
Authors: Cabrio Elena , Magnini Bernardo
Published: August 2021

Beside formal approaches to semantic inference that rely on logical representation of meaning, the notion of Textual Entailment (TE) has been proposed as an applied framework to capture major semantic inference needs across applications in Computational Linguistics. Although several approaches have been tried and evaluation campaigns have shown improvements in TE, a renewed interest is rising in the research community towards a deeper and better understanding of the core phenomena involved in textual inference. Pursuing this direction, we are convinced that crucial progress will derive from a focus on decomposing the complexity of the TE task into basic phenomena and on their combination. In this paper, we carry out a deep analysis on TE data sets, investigating the relations among two relevant aspects of semantic inferences: the logical dimension, i.e. the capacity of the inference to prove the conclusion from its premises, and the linguistic dimension, i.e. the linguistic devices used to accomplish the goal of the inference. We propose a decomposition approach over TE pairs, where single linguistic phenomena are isolated in what we have called atomic inference pairs, and we show that at this granularity level the actual correlation between the linguistic and the logical dimensions of semantic inferences emerges and can be empirically observed.
Intensions as Computable Functions
Authors: Lappin Shalom
Published: August 2021

Classical intensional semantic frameworks, like Montague’s Intensional Logic (IL), identify intensional identity with logical equivalence. This criterion of co-intensionality is excessively coarse-grained, and it gives rise to several well-known difficulties. Theories of fine-grained intensionality have been been proposed to avoid this problem. Several of these provide a formal solution to the problem, but they do not ground this solution in a substantive account of intensional difference. Applying the distinction between operational and denotational meaning, developed for the semantics of programming languages, to the interpretation of natural language expressions, offers the basis for such an account. It permits us to escape some of the complications generated by the traditional modal characterization of intensions.
NLog-like Inference and Commonsense Reasoning
Authors: Schubert Lenhart
Published: August 2021

Recent implementations of Natural Logic (NLog) have shown that NLog provides a quite direct means of going from sentences in ordinary language to many of the obvious entailments of those sentences. We show here that Episodic Logic (EL) and its Epilog implementation are well-adapted to capturing NLog-like inferences, but beyond that, also support inferences that require a combination of lexical knowledge and world knowledge. However, broad language understanding and commonsense reasoning are still thwarted by the “knowledge acquisition bottleneck”, and we summarize some of our ongoing and contemplated attacks on that persistent difficulty.
Digital resources of the American Library Association for green and sustainable libraries
Authors: Bychkova E. F. , Zverevich V. V.
Published: August 2021

The experience of Russian libraries in educating ecological (ecological information) culture is widely discussed in domestic professional media. However, in Russia we feel the lack of information on relevant activities of foreign libraries and/or library associations. The authors offer their analysis of digital resources in sustainable development, green movement and ecological education of the population as provided by the American Library Association (ALA) and presented on ALA website. The resources comprise information on the efforts of ALA structural units related to organization of sustainable development activities at libraries; ALA politics and guiding materials; the interactive blog on libraries’ supporting sustainable communities; the catalog of new books in the “American Libraries” series within the subject scope “Sustainable development at the libraries”, and key international documents on sustainable development. The concept of three components of sustainable development of the society – Economy, Ecology and Equity – aka Three E, which ALA considers to be fundamental for sustainable libraries, is analyzed. Based on their analysis, the authors suggest that libraries will design and realize their own projects unifying all Three E. They conclude that further studies of the efforts of foreign libraries and/or library associations in ecological education and development of ecological (ecological information) culture, and, in particular, the study of relevant digital (electronic) resources are vitally important for Russian libraries and library science, including commencing digital (electronic) library science.Ecology and studying the related experience of libraries are among the major lines of activities of the Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology (RNPLS&T). The paper is prepared within the framework of the State Order № 075-01300-20-00.
Outcomes of Proximal Femoral Locking-plate Fixation for Pathological Fractures of the Proximal Femur
Authors: Riansuwan Kongkhet , Jivasomboonkul Somkiat , Phimolsarnti Rapin , Chandhanayingyong Chandhanarat , Asavamongkolkul Apichat
Published: August 2021

Objective: To study the treatment outcomes of proximal femoral locking-plate fixation of pathological fractures ofthe proximal femur relative to clinical results, implant failure, and surgical complications.Materials and Methods: From 2007 to 2018, 17 patients (18 femurs) with a diagnosis of impending or existingpathological fracture of the proximal femur were treated with proximal femoral locking-plate fixation. Data collectedincluded operative duration, estimated blood loss, ambulatory status, hardware failure events, and postoperativecomplications.Results: Of the 18 femurs that were included, 13 were existing pathological fractures and 5 were impending fractures.The mean age of patients was 53.7 years (range: 28-89), and 12 of them were female. The mean follow-up was 11.3months (range: 1-67). Ten of 17 patients (62.5%) had progressive lung disease from pulmonary metastasis or fromlung primary. No patient developed oxygen desaturation or cardiac arrest during the intraoperative or postoperativeperiod. Thirteen of 17 patients (76.5%) could walk with or without an assistive device at the time of final follow-up.Two patients required close postoperative monitoring in the intensive care unit due to poor preoperative status,and both of those patients died within one month after surgery from other medical problems. No hardware failureoccurred.Conclusion: For pathological fracture of the proximal femur, proximal femoral locking-plate fixation is a treatmentoption that results in fewer perioperative and postoperative cardiopulmonary events and surgical complications.Most patients can ambulate with or without an assistive device at the final follow-up.