bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Maintenance Chemotherapy Appropriate for the Management of Canine Malignant Lymphoma?
Authors: Hahn Kevin A. , Richardson Ralph C. , Teclaw Robert F. , Cline J. Mark , Carlton William W. , DeNicola Dennis B. , Bonney Patty L.
Published: March 2010

A retrospective study was conducted between two groups of dogs with histopathologically diagnosed multicentric malignant lymphoma to determine if treatment with either short‐term or continuous chemotherapy resulted in a significant difference in first‐remission length or survival time. One group was treated with single agent, short‐term (three cycles) of doxorubicin.* Dogs obtaining complete remission while receiving doxorubicin were given no further chemotherapy. The other group received combination agent, long‐term chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide,† vincristine sulfate,‡ and prednisone (COP). Dogs obtaining complete remission on COP by the end of 6 weeks were given maintenance chemotherapy of cyclophosphamide, prednisone and methotrexate.§ One hundred and five dogs were treated. Thirty‐eight dogs received doxorubicin and 67 received COP. All dogs were evaluated at 6 weeks for response to chemotherapy and followed until death. No significant differences were observed in first‐remission length or survival time when comparing dogs treated with either short‐term doxorubicin or long‐term COP (P> 0.05). Sex, weight, age, clinical stage, performance status, histopathologic cell type, and grade were not significant factors for determining the responsiveness to either chemotherapy protocol. However, within either treatment group, significant differences in first‐remission length were observed in dogs evaluated histopathologically by the Keil and NCI working formulation and in survival time when evaluated by performance status (P< 0.05). (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:3–10)
Pasteurella haemolytica A1 and Bovine Respiratory Disease: Pathogenesis
Authors: Whiteley Laurence O. , Maheswaran Samuel K. , Weiss Douglas J. , Ames Trevor R. , Kannan Mathur S.
Published: March 2010

The severe fibrinonecrotic pneumonia associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis usually results from colonization of the lower respiratory tract byPasteurella haemolyticabiotype A, serotype 1(A1). Despite recent research efforts, the authors lack a detailed understanding of the interactions and host response to P. haemolytica in the respiratory tract. The authors hypothesize that management and environmental stress factors or viral infection alters the upper respiratory tract (URT) epithelium allowingP. haemolyticato colonize the epithelium. Once the URT is colonized, large numbers of organisms enter the lung where they interact with alveolar macrophages. Endotoxin, released from the bacteria, crosses the alveolar wall where it activates pulmonary intravascular macrophages, endothelium, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, complement, and Hageman factor leading to complex interactions of cells and mediators. It is the progression of this inflammatory response with neutrophil influx that is ultimately responsible for the pulmonary injury. Leukotoxin is a major virulence factor ofP. haemolyticathat allows it to survive by destroying phagocytic cells. At subcytolytic concentrations it may also enhance the inflammatory response by activating cells to produce mediators and release reactive oxygen metabolites and proteases. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:11–22)
Coagulopathic Effects and Therapy of Brodifacoum Toxicosis in Dogs
Authors: Woody Benny J. , Murphy Michael J. , Ray AIlen C. , Green Robert A.
Published: March 2010

The clinical signs and laboratory changes of brodifacoum (BDF) intoxicated dogs and their response to vitamin K1treatment were examined. Brodifacoum, a second‐generation anticoagulant rodenticide, was fed to four dogs for 3 consecutive days producing a cumulative dose of 1.1 mg BDF/kg body weight. Clinical observations of the animals were made daily throughout the study. Monitored laboratory parameters included: one‐stage prothrombin time (OSPT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), activated coagulation time (ACT), complete blood counts, thrombocyte counts, and serum chemistry values. Response to vitamin K, therapy was evaluated clinically and by laboratory tests. Serum BDF concentrations were monitored. Inappetence and hemorrhagic tendencies were exhibited by day 5 postro‐denticide exposure. One‐stage prothrombin time, APTT, and ACT were 25% greater than time zero values at 24, 24, and 72 hours postdosing, respectively. All laboratory parameters returned to normal within 48 hours of initiating vitamin K1therapy (0.83 mg/kg orally, TID for 5 days). Serum brodifacoum concentrations were highest (1065–1215 ng/mL) during the 3 days after BDF dosing and were detectable (3.0–7.5 ng/mL) until day 24 postexposure. A mean BDF elimination half‐life of 6 ± 4 days was observed. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:23–28)
Use of64Copper Measurements to Diagnose Canine Copper Toxicosis
Authors: Brewer George J. , Schall William , Dick Robert , Yuzbasiyan‐Gurkan Vilma , Thomas Michael , Padgett George
Published: March 2010

Inherited canine copper toxicosis is a serious problem in Bedlington terriers and West Highland White terriers, and may also be a problem in other less‐studied breeds. Affected dogs become ill at midlife with progressive and ultimately fatal liver disease. Treatments for removal of copper and prevention of copper accumulation are available, but are most effective if begun before the dog becomes ill. Until recently diagnosis has not been available until the dog is 1 year of age, and then only by an invasive liver biopsy with determination of liver copper concentration. The authors studied the use of “copper for early diagnosis of canine copper toxicosis. Two procedures were evaluated. The first involved measuring the concentration of64copper in blood 24 hours after oral administration of the radioisotope. At this time,64copper was associated primarily with ceruloplasmin secreted into the blood by the liver. This procedure is useful in the diagnosis of the human counterpart, Wilson's disease. However, the authors found it to be nondiscriminatory between affected and unaffected dogs. In contrast, the second procedure, which involved measuring”copper excreted in stool during 48 hours after an intravenous dose of radioisotope, yielded results that differentiated most affected and unaffected dogs. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:41–43)
Prognostic Variables for Survival of Neonatal Foals Under Intensive Care
Authors: Hoffman A. M. , Staempfli H. R. , Willan A.
Published: March 2010

The costly nature of intensive care for neonatal foals prompted a study of predictive variables for survival in a referral hospital. Applying stepforward logistic regression to parameters that differed significantly (P< 0.10) between survivors (S) and nonsurvivors (NS) in a retrospective study (n = 56), two variables retained statistical significance (anion gap (AG,P= 0.0047) and venous PO2(PvO2,P= 0.0342)], thus forming the basis for a predictive equation for survival: the Pn (probability of NS) = eA/(l + eA) where A =–1.46 – 0.107 (PVO2) + 0.213 (AG). The predictive equation was evaluated prospectively in foals (n = 48), irrespective of diagnosis, that underwent intensive care. Sepsis was the most common medical problem identified in both groups of foals (51/104). In the prospective study, a Pn ≤ 0.5 predicted S (positive test) and Pn > 0.5 predicted NS (negative test). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the predictive equation were 100%, 40%, 62%, and 100%, respectively. All foals with Pn > 0.4 (n = 14) did not survive. Erroneous predictions were consistently false positives (predicted S, outcome NS). The predictive equation for survival may aid in identification of high risk neonates, i.e., unlikely to survive. The prognostic merits of anion gap and PvO2 imply that tissue oxygen debt was a significant problem for these critically ill foals (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:89–95)
Acute Pancreatitis in Cats With Hepatic Lipidosis
Authors: Akol Kelly G. , Washabau Robert J. , Saunders H. Mark , Hendrick Mattie J.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to characterize the incidence, clinical features, and prognosis of acute pancreatitis in cats with hepatic lipidosis. Of 13 cats histologically diagnosed with hepatic lipidosis between July 1988, and November 1989,5 (38%) were also histologically diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. In cats with hepatic lipidosis alone, the signalment, history, physical examination, and clinicopatho‐logic findings were generally indistinguishable from those of cats with concurrent acute pancreatitis except that cats with acute pancreatitis were more likely to be cachectic and to have coagulation abnormalities. Hepatomegaly was seen on abdominal radiographs in both groups. Of the 5 cats with concurrent acute pancreatitis, abdominal ultrasonography detected 1 cat with a hypoechoic pancreas and 5 with peritoneal effusion; those abnormalities were not seen in cats without concurrent acute pancreatitis. Cats with concurrent acute pancreatitis had only a 20% recovery rate, compared with a 50% recovery rate in cats with hepatic lipidosis alone. We conclude that cats with hepatic lipidosis should be rigorously evaluated for concurrent acute pancreatitis because of 1) the rate of disease coincidence, 2) the inability of signalment, history, physical examination, and clinicopathologic findings to adequately distinguish between hepatic lipidosis and acute pancreatitis, 3) the worse prognosis associated with concurrent acute pancreatitis, and 4) the opposing nutritional strategies for hepatic lipidosis and acute pancreatitis. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:205–209. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Radiation Therapy of Canine Brain Masses
Authors: Evans Sydney M. , Dayrell‐Hart Betsy , Powlis William , Christy Gertrude , VanWinkle Thomas
Published: March 2010

This article evaluates the responses of 14 dogs with brain masses using orthovoltage irradiation for definitive treatment. Dogs were anesthetized for computed tomography (CT) examination, formation of head immobilization and positioning devices, radiation treatment simulation, and treatments. Total doses of 39 Gy (9 dogs) or 45 Gy (5 dogs) to the tumor were administered over 25 to 41 days. Two or three portals (parallel opposed lateral with or without a dorsal field) were used. Treatment volumes included the tumor and peritumoral edema, as determined by CT scan, and a 1‐cm margin. Histopathologic diagnoses were available in 9 of 14 dogs. There were 4 meningiomas, 1 lymphosarcoma, 1 pituitary adenoma, 1 metastatic anaplastic carcinoma, 1 anaplastic oligodendroglioma and 1 dog with granuloma‐tous meningoencephalitis. At the end of radiation therapy, 10 dogs could be evaluated for progression of clinical signs: 3 dogs deteriorated or failed to improve, and 7 dogs improved. At the time of analysis, all dogs were dead. Mean and median survival times, measured from the beginning of radiation, were 345 and 489 days, respectively. This was compared with mean survival times of 30 to 81 days reported in the literature for dogs with brain tumors that did not receive treatment. The median survival time of 9 dogs treated with 39 Gy was 153 days, versus 519 days for 5 dogs that received 45 Gy. It appears that radiation therapy prolongs survival times for dogs with brain masses. Although megavoltage therapy would be optimal, orthovoltage radiation can be applied in total doses of 45 Gy in 3.75 Gy fractions over 28 days without adverse effects. Histopathologic evidence of multifocal demyelination and astrocytosis may be found. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:216–219. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Pharmacokinetic and Phase I Evaluation of Carboplatin in Dogs
Authors: Page Rodney L. , McEntee Margaret C. , George Steven L. , Williams Patrick L. , Heidner Greta L. , Novotney Carol A. , Riviere Jim E. , Dewhirst Mark W. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: March 2010

Thirty dogs with spontaneously occurring malignant neoplasms were treated monthly with carboplatin (CBDCA) given as a 30‐minute intravenous infusion in a dose escalation study. Twenty‐eight dogs were considered evaluable for toxicity. The maximally tolerated dose of CBDCA was conceptually defined as that dose, determined by logistic regression analyses of toxicity data, resulting in a 50% incidence of moderate toxicity (MOD50) or a 5% incidence of severe toxicity (SEV5). Each designated maximally tolerated dose was calculated for the first course of treatment only and for the first and second courses of treatment combined to estimate cumulative drug toxicity. The MOD50 and SEV5 for the first treatment course were 340 and 278 mg/M2, respectively. MOD50 and SEV5 values for the first plus second treatment courses were 327 and 231 mg/M2, respectively. The nadir of neutrophil and platelet counts occurred approximately 14 days after treatment. The mean neutrophil and platelet values for all dogs experiencing myelosuppression during the first two treatment courses were 1541/μL and 62,600/μL, respectively. Nonparametric pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma CBDCA values suggested that half‐life (T1/2), area‐under‐the‐curve and total body clearance (CLb) were not dose dependent. Volume of distribution (VDss) significantly increased with dose only between 100 and 150 mg/M2, not between 150 and 300 mg/M2. Dose‐independent serum CBDCA pharmacokinetic disposition indicates that detailed investigation of tissue CBDCA distribution would be warranted and may identify novel dosing strategies that could improve the therapeutic index of CBDCA by minimizing toxicity. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:235–240. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Urinary Indices of Horses After Intravenous Administration of Crystalloid Solutions
Authors: Roussel AIlen J. , Cohen Noah D. , Ruoff Walter W. , Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Schmitz David G. , Kuesis Bruce S.
Published: March 2010

Saline or glucose solution was infused for approximately 4 hours into six healthy mares in two separate experiments to determine the effect of infusion of crystalloid solutions on fractional excretion (FE) of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P), ratio of urinary creatinine to serum creatinine (UCr/SCr), and ratio of urinary osmolality to serum osmolality (Uosm/Sosm). After intravenous infusion of either saline or glucose solution, FENa, FECland FEPwere significantly increased, whereas UCr/SCrand Uosm/Sosmwere significantly decreased. In addition, FEKwas significantly increased after infusion of glucose solution. It was concluded that urinary indices were altered by intravenous infusion of crystalloid solutions in healthy mares and that fluid therapy may interfere with the use of these indices for diagnostic purposes. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:241–246. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Recommendations for Standards in Transthoracic Two‐Dimensional Echocardiography in the Dog and Cat
Authors: Thomas William P. , Gaber Cathy E. , Jacobs Gilbert J. , Kaplan Paul M. , Lombard Christophe W. , Vet Med , Moise N. Sydney , Moses Bradley L.
Published: March 2010

Recommendations are presented for standardized imaging planes and display conventions for two‐dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat. Three transducer locations (“windows”) provide access to consistent imaging planes: the right parasternal location, the left caudal (apical) parasternal location, and the left cranial parasternal location. Recommendations for image display orientations are very similar to those for comparable human cardiac images, with the heart base or cranial aspect of the heart displayed to the examiner's right on the video display. From the right parasternal location, standard views include a long‐axis four‐chamber view and a long‐axis left ventricular outflow view, and short‐axis views at the levels of the left ventricular apex, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, mitral valve, aortic valve, and pulmonary arteries. From the left caudal (apical) location, standard views include long‐axis two‐chamber and four‐chamber views. From the left cranial parasternal location, standard views include a long‐axis view of the left ventricular outflow tract and ascending aorta (with variations to image the right atrium and tricuspid valve, and the pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery), and a short‐axis view of the aortic root encircled by the right heart. These images are presented by means of idealized line drawings. Adoption of these standards should facilitate consistent performance, recording, teaching, and communicating results of studies obtained by two‐dimensional echocardiography. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:247–252. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Ultracentrifugal and Electrophoretic Characteristics of the Plasma Lipoproteins of Miniature Schnauzer Dogs With Idiopathic Hyperlipoproteinemia
Authors: Whitney Marlyn S. , Boon G. Daniel , Rebar AIan H. , Story Jon A. , Bottoms Gerald D.
Published: March 2010

To better characterize the idiopathic hyperlipoproteinemia of Miniature Schnauzer dogs, the plasma lipoproteins of 20 Miniature Schnauzers (MS) and 11 dogs of other breeds (DOB) were evaluated by ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis, and biochemical tests. Seventeen MS were healthy; 3 had diabetes mellitus. Plasma from 6 of 17 healthy and all 3 diabetic MS was visibly lipemic. Lipemia was slight to marked in healthy lipemic MS, and marked in diabetic ones. All DOB had clear plasma; 8 were healthy and 3 had diabetes. All healthy lipemic MS and diabetic lipemic MS had hypertriglyceridemia associated with excess very low density lipoproteins. Chylomicronemia was present in 4 of 6 healthy lipemic MS and all 3 diabetic lipemic MS. Lipoproteins with ultracentrifugal and electrophoretic characteristics of normal low density lipoprotein were lacking in 4 of 6 healthy lipemic MS. The lipoprotein patterns of 4 of 11 healthy nonlipemic MS were characterized by mild hypertriglyceridemia associated with increased very low density lipoproteins and a lack of lipoproteins with characteristics of normal low density lipoproteins. Lipoprotein patterns of diabetic DOB closely resembled those of healthy DOB; those of diabetic lipemic MS resembled those of markedly lipemic healthy lipemic MS. In conclusion, the hyperlipoproteinemia of Miniature Schnauzers is characterized by increased very low density lipoproteins with or without accompanying chylomicronemia; some affected dogs may have decreased low density lipoproteins. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:253–260. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Hypophosphatemia and Hemolytic Anemia Associated With Diabetes Mellitus and Hepatic Lipidosis in Cats
Authors: Adams Larry G. , Hardy Robert M. , Weiss Douglas J. , Bartges Joseph W.
Published: March 2010

Hypophosphatemia associated with hemolytic anemia was diagnosed in five cats with diabetes mellitus and in one cat with idiopathic hepatic lipidosis. The hematocrit began decreasing within 24 to 48 hours after documented hypophosphatemia in each case. The anemia resolved in all five surviving cats. Because of the temporal relationship and lack of other detectable causes, hemolytic anemia was presumed to be caused by hypophosphatemia. There were increased Heinz bodies in three of six hypophosphate‐mic cats during episodes of hemolysis. Intravenous potassium phosphate administration corrected the hypophosphatemia in four of five cats. The effective dosages of intravenous phosphate ranged from 0.011 to 0.017 mmol of phosphate/kg/h for 6 to 12 hours. Hypocalcemia (5.4 to 8.7 mg/dL) occurred in four of five cats treated with intravenous phosphate; however, only one cat developed clinical signs attributable to hypocalcemia. Based on this retrospective study, we recommend monitoring serum phosphorus concentration every 6 to 12 hours in cats likely to become hypophosphatemic. Treatment of hypophosphatemia in cats is warranted because of the apparent increased susceptibility of cats to hypophosphatemia‐induced hemolysis. Cats with severe hypophosphatemia (≤1.5 mg/dL) should be given oral or parenteral phosphate if contraindications do not exist. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:266–271. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Spontaneous Adult‐Onset Hypothyroidism in a Cat
Authors: Rand Jacqueline S. , Levine Jamie , Best Susan J. , Parker Wendy
Published: March 2010

Spontaneous adult‐onset hypothyroidism, confirmed by a thyroid‐stimulating hormone stimulation test, thyroid biopsy, and response to replacement therapy, is described in a female cat. Clinical signs consisted of profound apathy, hypothermia, poor hair growth, severe seborrhea sicca, and a puffy face. Cutaneous histological changes consisted of epidermal and follicular hyperkeratosis, teloginization of hairs, and dermal mucin deposition. There was no adnexal atrophy. Lymphocytic thyroiditis, equivalent to Hashimoto's thyroiditis, was shown by thyroid biopsy. Clinical signs rapidly responded to thyroxine replacement therapy. Glucose intolerance was coexistent with the hypothyroidism, but was not dramatically influenced by thyroxine therapy and probably was an independently occurring endocrinopathy. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:272–276. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Radiographic and Scintigraphic Evidence of Focal Pulmonary Neoplasia in Three Cats With Hyperthyroidism: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Considerations
Authors: Cook Suzanne M. , Daniel Gregory B. , Walker Michael A. , Maddux Jeanne M. , Jenkins Christine C. , Klebanow Edward R. , Bouley Donna M. , Dean David F. , Petersen Mark G.
Published: March 2010

Three cats were diagnosed as hyperthyroid based on clinical signs, historical findings, laboratory abnormalities, and basal serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations, and/or nuclear thyroid scans. Additionally, a presumptive diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis was made in each cat based on radiographic or scintigraphic evaluation. All three cats had solitary pulmonary nodules 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter on survey thoracic radiographs; one cat also had chylous pleural effusion and pulmonary lobar consolidation. Focal pulmonary accumulation of sodium pertechnetate (99mTcO4‐) and/or radioiodine (131I) corresponding to radiographic lesions were seen in all cats. Two cats were treated with single ablative doses (1111 to 1480 MBq) of131I; the remaining cat was euthanatized.

One of the treated cats died 8 days later; the other cat was euthanatized 22 weeks following treatment. Histopathologic examination of tissue obtained at necropsy confirmed metastatic thyroid carcinoma in one cat and bronchogenic adenocarcinoma in two cats. Our findings indicate that increased radionuclide uptake in focal pulmonary lesions and cytologic evaluation of tissue obtained by fine‐needle aspiration are not specific for thyroid tissue. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:303–308. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Endoscopic Diagnosis of Chronic Hypertrophic Pyloric Gastropathy in Dogs
Authors: Leib Michael S. , Saunders Geoffrey K. , Moon Martha L. , Mann Mary Ann , Martin Robert A. , Matz Michael E. , Nix Beverlee , Smith Mark M. , Waldron Don R.
Published: March 2010

The endoscopic appearance of chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy (CHPG) in five dogs is described. Several patterns of enlarged mucosal folds that surrounded and obstructed the pyloric canal were observed. Initially, endoscopically obtained biopsy samples of mucosa were judged to be histologi‐cally normal. Diagnosis of CHPG was confirmed and relief of pyloric obstruction accomplished at exploratory laparotomy (in four dogs). Retrospective evaluation of pyloric tissue samples, obtained during endoscopy, identified subtle histological characteristics of CHPG. Gastric and duodenal neopla‐sia or antral polyps can mimic the endoscopic appearance of CHPG but can be differentiated based on their endoscopic and histological appearance. These cases show that endoscopic examination is a valuable procedure for the diagnosis of CHPG in dogs that chronically vomit. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:335–341. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Intramuscular Selenium Administration in Selenium‐Deficient Cattle
Authors: Maas John , Peauroi John R. , Tonjes Terry , Karlonas Julianne , Galey Francis D. , Han Bin
Published: March 2010

Nine recently weaned Hereford heifers were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 3) or a treatment group (n = 6). The animals were selenium (Se) deficient (mean ± SD blood Se concentration = 0.024 ± 0.012 μg/mL). They were maintained on a selenium‐deficient diet, and on day 0 of the study the treatment group was given 0.05 mg Se/kg body weight intramuscularly, while the control group received a placebo. The Se concentration of blood, serum, and urine as well as the glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity of blood and serum was measured over an 84‐day period. Peak blood Se and serum Se concentrations (mean ± SD) in the treatment group occurred at 5 hours postinjection and were 0.131 ± 0.028 μg/mL and 0.154 ± 0.027 μg/mL, respectively. The mean blood Se concentration of the treatment group was greater (P< .05) than that of the control group for the first 28 days after injection. The mean serum Se concentration of the treatment group was greater (P< .05) than that of the control group for all times after injection, except for day 56. The mean (±SD) blood GSH‐Px activity of the treatment group (12.0 ± 2.3 mU/min/mg hemoglobin) was increased (P< .05) over the control group (2.0 ± 1.4 mU/min/ mg hemoglobin) by day 28 and continued to be greater (P< .05) throughout the 84 day postinjection period. The blood GSH‐Px activity and the blood Se concentrations in the treatment group heifers did not reach concentrations considered indicative of Se adequacy (30 mU/min/mg hemoglobin and 0.10 μg/mL, respectively) except briefly, at 5 hours postinjection when the blood Se concentration of the treatment group was 0.131 ± 0.028 μg/mL. The mean serum GSH‐Px activity of the treatment group did not differ at any time from that of the control group (P≥ .17). The mean (±SD) fractional excretion (FE) of Se, as an estimate of Se excretion, was greater (P< .05) in the treatment group heifers (n = 5; 6.2 ± 2.5%) than in the control heifers (n = 3; 1.3 ± 0.6%) at 24 hours postinjection. The mean (±SD) weight gain, from day 0 to day 84, for the treatment group heifers was 63.0 ± 18.1 kg and the mean weight gain for the control group heifers was 53.1 ± 7.3 kg at 84 days postinjection and there was no difference between the groups (P< .39). Conclusions drawn from this study include: 1) the increase in blood GSH‐Px activity occurs approximately 28 days after Se injection given to Se‐deficient heifers, 2) a single label dose of injectable Se does not result in blood Se concentrations or blood GSH‐Px activity normally considered to be adequate, 3) the label dose of injectable Se, although therapeutically beneficial for nutritional myodegeneration (NMD), does not seem to be a desired method for long‐term Se supplementation of cattle consuming a Se‐deficient diet, and 4) blood Se is a better predictor of Se status than serum Se. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:342–348. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
A Retrospective Study of 77 Cats With Severe Hepatic Lipidosis: 1975–1990
Authors: Center Sharon A. , Crawford Mary A. , Guida Louis , Erb Hollis N. , King John
Published: March 2010

The physical, clinicopathologic, and survival rates of 77 cats with severe spontaneous hepatic lipidosis are detailed in this report. Cats were subdivided into groups designated as idiopathic lipidosis if no other disease process was recognized, or secondary lipidosis if another disease process was diagnosed. Cats were also subdivided into groups designated as survivors or nonsurvivors on the basis of successful recuperation at 4 months after initial diagnosis. Differences between disease and survival groups were evaluated for significance. Overall, more female cats and middle‐aged cats were affected. Presenting complaints of vomiting, anorexia, weakness, and weight loss were common. Physical assessment of most cats showed obvious hepatomegaly, jaundice, dehydration, and a weight loss ≥ 25% of usual body weight. Neurobehavioral signs indicative of hepatic encephalopathy, other than ptyalism and depression, were rare. Clinicopathologic features are characterized by hyperbilirubinemia and increased activities of serum ALT, AST, and ALP, with only small if any increase in γGT activity. Clinical features distinguishing cats with hepatic lipidosis from those with other serious cholestatic disorders include absence of hyperglobulinemia and low γGT activity relative to ALP activity. Although coagulation tests were abnormal in 45% of cats tested (n = 44), few cats showed clinical bleeding tendencies. Most cats received prophylactic vitamin K1therapy. Forty two cats received aggressive nutritional and supportive care and of these 55% survived. Cats with idiopathic disease were significantly younger, had significantly higher ALP activity and bilirubin concentration, and had a slightly better survival rate than cats with secondary lipidosis. Low PCV, hypokalemia, and an older age were significantly related to nonsurvival. Because of the variety of diets and food supplements used in case management, the influence of nutritional factors on survival could not be evaluated. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:349–359. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Chemotherapy of Canine Hemangiosarcoma With Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Sorenmo Karin U. , Jeglum K. Ann , Helfand Stuart C.
Published: March 2010

Sixteen dogs with a histologic diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma were treated with surgery and doxorubicin/ cyclophosphamide. The patients' characteristics, ie, age, size, and breed, were similar to those of previous studies. Historic controls for surgery alone were used to evaluate efficacy of the chemotherapy. The results show a trend of improved survival in dogs with localized disease (Stage I) receiving combination therapy. The median survival was 250 days, with a mean of 403 days. The survival times for dogs with stage I, II, and III disease was also improved with combination therapy, when compared to historical controls treated with surgery alone. The overall median survival was 202 days with a mean of 285 days. Toxicities included mild to moderate neutropenia (9 of 16) and clinical signs, such as lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever (13 of 16). Three dogs had severe neutropenia requiring hospitalization and supportive care. One dog died from sepsis and related complications. Chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide appears to improve survival with acceptable morbidity in patients with early stage disease. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:370–376. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Quantitative Determination of Equine Alkaline Phosphatase lsoenzymes in Foal and Adult Serum
Authors: Hank A. M. , Hoffmann W. E. , Sanecki R. K. , Schaeffer D. J. , Dorner J. L.
Published: March 2010

Automated and semiautomated assays were developed and validated for the determination of equine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes including intestinal (IALP), bone (BALP), and liver (LALP). The addition of levamisole selectively inhibited more than 97%of LALP while inhibiting only 55% of IALP. Because these percentages were highly reproducible in an automated system, the IALP activity could be calculated in a sample. Bone alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme was selectively precipitated by adding an equal volume of wheat germ agglutinin (5 mg/mL), incubating for 30 minutes at 37d̀C, and centrifugating. The LALP activity was determined from the supernatant fluid and BALP activity was calculated by subtraction from total ALP activity. The within‐run coefficient of variation for determination of BALP activity was 4.7%.These assays were used to identify and quantify the isoenzymes present in pony foal sera through the first 21 days of life, in horse foal sera before colostrum ingestion and during the first 21 days of life, and in adult horse and pony sera. Intestinal ALP activity was not found in sera of any of the foals or adult ponies or horses. A majority of serum ALP activity of newborn foals is of bone origin (80 to 92%)which decreases markedly over the first 21 days. In adults, only 17.9% (51.2 ± 18.1 U/L) of serum ALP is derived from bone. The absolute LALP activity in foal serum is similar to that in adults.
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis and Acute Suppurative Pancreatitis in the Cat
Authors: Hill Richard C. , Van Winkle Thomas J.
Published: March 2010

Medical records and histologic sections of 40 cats with acute pancreatitis were reviewed. Two distinct groups of cats with pancreatitis were established by histologic analysis of tissue. Group I (32 cats) had acute pancreatic necrosis (APN). Group 2 (8 cats) had suppurative pancreatitis. Ages of affected cats ranged from 3 weeks to 16 years. l h e majority consisted of indoor cats of the Domestic Short‐Haired breed but Siamese cats were over‐represented relative to the general population (P> 0.05). Twenty‐two percent of cats were obese and 57%were underweight. Thirty‐eight percent of cats had acute disease. In the other cats, two stages in the progression of the disease were evident: (1) anorexia. weight loss, and lethargy, followed by (2) acute deterioration, development of shock, and a moribund state, despite fluid therapy. The most common clinical signs were severe lethargy (100%), reduced appetite (97%), dehydration (92%), and hypothermia (68%). The initial hemogram occasionally showed a neutrophilia (30%) and anemia (2670)but packed cell volume (PCV) decreased markedly to the extent that 555% of cats were anemic terminally. Serum biochemical abnormalities included increased activities of A1, T (68%) and ALP (50%). and increased conrentrations of bilirubin (64%) and cholesterol (64%).Cats with APN were hyperglycemic (64%)), glycosuric (60%) and ketonuric (20%), whereas cats with suppurative pancreatitis tended to be hypoglycemic (7%). Renal failure and electrolyte abnormalities were mild or infrequent escept for hypokalemia (56%)).This study characterizes a severe necrotizing pancreatitis in the cat similar to that reported in other species, and a histologically distinct suppurative pancreatitis.
Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Commercial Feline Leukemia Virus Vaccine
Authors: Pedersen Niels C.
Published: March 2010

Twenty young adult specific pathogen‐free cats were randomly divided into two groups of 10 animals each. One group was vaccinated with two doses of feline leukemia virus vaccine according to the manufacturer's recommendations. All 20 cats were challenge exposed oronasally (4 times over a 1‐week period), beginning 3 weeks after immunization, with a virulent subgroup A strain of FeLV (CT600‐FeLV). The severity of the FeLV infection was enhanced by treating the cats with methylprednisolone acetate at the time of the last FeLV exposure. Ten of 10nonvaccinated cats became persistently viremic compared with 0/10 of the vaccinates. ELISA antibodies to whole FeLV were present at high concentrations after immunization in all of the vaccinated cats, and there was no observable anamnestic antibody response after challenge exposure. ELISA antibodies to whole FeLV appeared at low concentrations in the serum of nonvaccinated cats after infection but disappeared as the viremia became permanently established. Virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in 3/10 vaccinates and 0/10 nonvaccinates immediately before FeLV challenge exposure, and in 8/10 vaccinates and 1/10 nonvaccinates 5 weeks later. Although vaccination did not consistently evoke virus neutralizing antibodies, it appeared to immunologically prime cats for a virus‐neutralizing antibody response after infection. Active FeLV infection was detected in bone marrow cells taken 14 weeks after infection from 10/10 nonvaccinates and 0/10 vaccinates. Latent FeLV infection was not detected in bone marrow cells from any of the vaccinated cats 14 weeks after challenge exposure.
Nephrogenic Diabetes lnsipidus—in Sibling Colts
Authors: II Harold C. Schott , Bayly Warwick M. , Reed Stephen M. , Brobst Duane F.
Published: March 2010

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was diagnosed in two full sibling Thoroughbred colts. Each colt had a history of excessive urination. Extreme polydipsia (greater than 80 L per day) was documented in both colts. Inability to concentrate urine in response to water deprivation, infusion of hypertonic saline, or exogenous vasopressin administration indicated insensitivity of the collecting duct epithelial cells to vasopressin. A diagnosis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was further supported by a normal increase in plasma vasopressin concentration after water deprivation in the one colt in which such testing was pursued.
Evaluation of a Urine Cortisol:Creatinine Ratio as a Screening Test for Hyperadrenocorticism in Dogs
Authors: Smiley Laura E. , Peterson Mark E.
Published: March 2010

The authors collected urine specimens in 31 normal dogs, 25 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, 21 dogs in which hyperadrenocorticism was suspected but was not present, and 28 dogs with a variety of severe, nonadrenal diseases. Cortisol and creatinine were measured in unextracted urine by radioimmunoassay and spectrophotometry, respectively, and the cortisol:creatinine ratio was calculated for each specimen. The mean ± SD urine cortisol:creatinine concentration ratio in the dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (103.1 ± 100.7) was significantly (P< 0.001) higher than that in the normal dogs (13.1 ± 7.0). The mean urine cortisohcreatinine ratio in dogs initially suspected of having hyperadrenocorticism (16.3 ± 7.0) was significantly (P< 0.001) lower than the ratio in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, but was not significantly different than that in the normal dogs. The mean urinary cortisohcreatinine ratio in the dogs with nonadrenal disease (82.8 ± 97.7) was significantly (P< 0.001) higher than that in both the normal dogs and dogs in which hyperadrenocorticism was initially suspected, but was not different than the ratio in the dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. The sensitivity of the urine cortisohcreatinine ratio as a diagnostic test for hyperadrenocorticism was 0.92. The specificity was high in the normal dogs (0.97) and the dogs initially suspected of having hyperadrenocorticism (0.95), with ≤ 5% having false‐positive results. However, the specificity was very low (0.21) in the dogs with moderate to severe nonadrenal disease, with 79% having false‐positive results. Similarly, both positive and negative predictive values and diagnostic efficiency were high in the normal dogs and dogs suspected of having hyperadrenocorticism but were low in the dogs with nonadrenal illness. When the results of the cortisol assay used in the study were compared to results obtained by two other commercially available cortisol radioimmunoassays, a high correlation between results was found. The urine cortisohcreatinine ratio is a sensitive screening test for the detection of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. As with other pituitary‐adrenal function tests, however, the urine cortisohcreatinine ratio cannot be used to diagnose hyperadrenocorticism in dogs that have moderate to severe nonadrenal disease.
Plasma Cell Myeloma in the Horse
Authors: Edwards David F. , Parker John W. , Wilkinson J. Erby , Helman R. Gayman
Published: March 2010

Plasma cell myelomas in horses have been reported infrequently. Data from 10 cases, 9 from the literature and 1 new case, are used to characterize the disease in the horse. Hot‐blooded horses (7/10), specifically Quarter Horses (4/10), were most often affected. Median age at diagnosis was 11 years (range, 3 mo‐22 yr) and both male (5) and female horses (5) were represented equally. Clinical findings included weight loss (6/8), anorexia (4/8), fever (4/8), limb edema (4/8), pneumonia (3/8), rear leg paresis/ataxia (3/8), epistaxis (3/8), palpable lymphadenopathy (2/8), and bone pain (2/8). Anemia (8/8) was present routinely, and in three horses, RBCs were macrocytic. Leukopenia (2/8), thrombocy‐topenia (2/8), and circulating plasma cells (3/8) were variable findings. Except for abnormal protein concentrations and hyponatremia (3), abnormal results from serum biochemical analysis including hypo‐cholesterolemia (1), hypercalcemia (1), and azotemia (1) were reported infrequently. Hyperproteinemia (8/9), hypoalbuminemia (7/9), and hyperglobulinemia (8/9) were characteristic but not invariable findings. Monoclonal proteins (7/7) were detected in the α2, β, or γ region by serum electrophoresis. The paraprotein's heavy chain, determined in four horses, was a subclass of IgG. Three horses had decreased concentrations of normal immunoglobulins. Variable proteinuria (trace to 4+) was detected by routine urinalysis in four of six horses. Bence Jones proteinuria was detected in one of five horses (heat precipitation) and monoclonal proteins were detected in two of three electrophoresed urine samples. Three of the horses had lytic bone lesions detected radiographically. Bone marrow aspirates were diagnostic in two of five horses. Atypical plasma cells or increased numbers of plasma cells or both were present in histologic sections of bone marrow in six of eight horses. Common extraosseous sites of plasma cell infiltration included lymph nodes (8/8), kidney (5/8), spleen (5/8), liver (3/8), lung (3/8), brain (2/8), and orbit (2/8). Two horses had intracellular and extracellular crystalline deposits.
Hypercoaguable State Associated with a Deficiency of Protein C in a Thoroughbred Colt
Authors: Edens Lucy M. , Morris Debra Deem , Prasse Keith W. , Anver Miriam R.
Published: March 2010

Protein C is a vitamin K‐dependent serine protease with anticoagulant and profibrinolytic activity which is synthesized in the liver. Decreased protein C activity was detected in a Thoroughbred colt with clinical and histopathologic evidence of recurrent venous thrombosis. Although protein C activity was reduced, protein C antigen concentration was normal. Consumptive coagulopathies produce a decrease in both the functional and antigenic concentrations of protein C, thus a defect in protein C synthesis was suspected. Inhibition of gamma‐carboxylation secondary to vitamin K antagonism results in the synthesis of a protein C molecule with antigenicity, but without biological activity. However, there was no evidence of vitamin K antagonism. The hypercoaguable state resulting from the reduced activity of protein C in this colt was associated with uncomplicated renal disease, rather than a protein C consumptive process such as endotoxemia. A primary hypercoaguable state due to a deficiency of protein C activity was diagnosed. Primary deficiencies of protein C activity have not been previously documented in horses.
Mitral Stenosis in 15 Dogs
Authors: Lehmkuhl Linda B. , Ware Wendy A. , Bonagura John D.
Published: March 2010

Mitral stenosis was diagnosed in 15 young to middle‐aged dogs. There were 5 Newfoundlands and 4 bull terriers affected, suggesting a breed predisposition for this disorder. Clinical signs included cough, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and syncope. Soft left apical diastolic murmurs were heard only in 4 dogs, whereas 8 dogs had systolic murmurs characteristic of mitral regurgitation. Left atrial enlargement was the most prominent radiographic feature. Left‐sided congestive heart failure was detected by radiographs in 11 dogs within 1 year of diagnosis. Electrocardiographic abnormalities varied among dogs and included atrial and ventricular enlargement, as well as atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Abnormalities on M‐mode and two‐dimensional echocardiograms included abnormal diastolic motion of the mitral valve characterized by decreased leaflet separation, valve doming, concordant motion of the parietal mitral valve leaflet, and a decreased E‐to‐F slope. Increased mitral valve inflow velocities and prolonged pressure half‐times were detected by Doppler echocardiography. Cardiac catheterization, performed in 8 dogs, documented a diastolic pressure gradient between the left atrial, pulmonary capillary wedge, or pulmonary artery diastolic pressures and the left ventricular diastolic pressure. Necropsy showed mitral stenosis caused by thickened, fused mitral valve leaflets in 5 dogs and a supramitral ring in another dog. The outcome in affected dogs was poor; 9 of 15 dogs were euthanatized or died by 2 1/2 years of age.
Serum Erythropoietin Concentrations Measured by Radioimmunoassay in Normal, Polycythemic, and Anemic Dogs and Cats
Authors: Cook Suzanne M. , Lothrop Clinton D.
Published: March 2010

Serum erythropoietin (Epo) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in normal, polycythemic, and anemic dogs and cats. The serum Epo concentration in normal dogs (n= 25) ranged from 7 to 37 mU/mL (median, 20 mU/mL); and in normal cats (n= 11) ranged from 9 to 38 mU/mL (median, 18 mU/mL). Polycythemic animals (PCV < 55% in dogs, > 45% in cats) were classified as those with primary (polycythemia vera), secondary, or polycythemia of uncertain etiology. Dogs with polycythemia vera (PV,n= 8) had a median serum Epo concentration in the normal range (17 mU/mL); cats with PV (n= 7) also had a median serum Epo concentration that was within the normal range (10 mU/mL). In the category of secondary polycythemias, dogs (n= 7) (median, 30.7 mU/mL) and cats (n= 2) had normal Epo concentrations. The median serum Epoconcentration was significantly decreased (P> .05) in dogs with PV compared with dogs with secondary polycythemias. The median serum Epo concentrations in dogs (n= 13) and cats (n= 5) with anemias not due to chronic renal disease were significantly increased (P> .05) compared with normal dogs and cats. In cats with anemias due to chronic renal disease (n= 5) the median serum Epo concentration was not significantly different from normal cats. The measurement of the serum EPO concentration may be useful in assessment of anemia or polycythemia but the overlap of values with the normal range in all groups evaluated limit its diagnostic use.
Detection of Antiplatelet Antibody With a Platelet Immunofluorescence Assay
Authors: Kristensen Annemarie T. , Weiss Douglas J. , Klausner Jeffrey S. , Laber Judy , Christie Douglas J.
Published: March 2010

An indirect platelet immunofluorescence assay (PIFA) was developed for detection of circulating antiplatelet antibody in dogs with suspected immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP). The PIFA was performed on 10 healthy dogs with normal platelet counts; 76 thrombocytopenic dogs, 20 of which were suspected of having ITP; and 18 dogs with other diseases and normal platelet counts. All normal dogs had negative test results. Fourteen (70%) of 20 dogs suspected of having ITP had positive test results. Fifteen of the remaining 56 thrombocytopenic dogs had positive test results, 9 had cancer and 6 had other immune‐mediated diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, the PIFA assay seemed to be more sensitive (70%) than the megakaryocyte immunofluorescence assay (41 %) in the diagnosis of ITP. Of the 9 PIFA‐positive dogs with neoplasia, 6 had lymphoproliferative disorders. The PI FA was positive in 5 of 18 diseased dogs with normal platelet counts. There was an inverse relationship between the platelet count and the intensity of fluorescence in the PIFA‐positive dogs. We conclude that the PIFA is a sensitive screening method for detecting circulating antiplatelet antibody.