bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-redshift damped Ly α absorbing galaxy model reproducing the N H I − Z distribution
Authors: Krogager Jens-Kristian , Møller Palle , Christensen Lise B , Noterdaeme Pasquier , Fynbo Johan P U , Freudling Wolfram
Published: May 2020

We investigate how damped Lyman α absorbers (DLAs) at $z$ ∼ 2 − 3, detected in large optical spectroscopic surveys of quasars, trace the population of star-forming galaxies. Building on previous results, we construct a model based on observed and physically motivated scaling relations in order to reproduce the bivariate distributions of metallicity, Z, and H i column density, $N_{\rm H\, \rm{\small {I}}}$. Furthermore, the observed impact parameters for galaxies associated to DLAs are in agreement with the model predictions. The model strongly favours a metallicity gradient, which scales with the luminosity of the host galaxy, with a value of γ* = −0.019 ± 0.008 dex kpc−1 for L* galaxies that gets steeper for fainter galaxies. We find that DLAs trace galaxies over a wide range of galaxy luminosities, however, the bulk of the DLA cross-section arises in galaxies with L ∼ 0.1 L* at $z$ ∼ 2.5 consistent with numerical simulations.
Re-examining the evidence of the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall
Authors: Christian Sam
Published: May 2020

In the lambda cold dark matter paradigm of cosmology, anisotropies larger than 260 Mpc should not exist. However, the existence of the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall (HCB) is purported to challenge this principle by some with an estimated size exceeding 2000 Mpc. Recently, some have challenged the assertion of the existence of the HCB, attributing the anisotropy to sky exposure effects. It has never been explained why the original methods purporting the existence of the HCB produce anisotropies, even if sky-exposure effects are taken into account. In this paper, I apply the methods of the original papers purporting the existence of the HCB in various Monte Carlo simulations that assume isotropy to analyse the empirical meaning of the significance levels of the original tests used. I find that, although the statistical tests at first glance show significant anisotropies present in the suspect sample, Monte Carlo simulations can easily reproduce the sample in most cases, and if not, the differences can be accounted for by other statistical considerations. An updated sample raises the probability of drawing the observed clustering from an isotropic sample ten-fold in some cases. Thus the statistical tests used in prior studies overestimate the significance of the observed anisotropy, and an updated sample returns even less significant probabilities. Given the ability to reproduce the observed anisotropy in Monte Carlo simulations, the new, higher probabilities of being drawn from isotropy for an updated sample, and the work of previous papers attributing anisotropies to sky-selection effects, the existence of the HCB must be treated as doubtful at best.
Fainter harder brighter softer: a correlation between αox, X-ray spectral state, and Eddington ratio in tidal disruption events
Authors: Wevers Thomas
Published: May 2020

We explore the accretion states of tidal disruption events (TDEs) using a sample of seven X-ray bright sources. To this end, we estimate the relative contribution of the disc and corona to the observed X-ray emission through spectral modelling, and assess the X-ray brightness (through αox, L$_{2\ \rm keV}$, and fEdd,X) as a function of the Eddington ratio. We report strong positive correlations between αox and fEdd,bol; fEdd,X and fEdd,UV; and an anticorrelation for L$_{2\ \rm keV}$ and fEdd,UV. TDEs at high fEdd,bol have thermal dominated X-ray spectra and high (soft) αox, whereas those at low fEdd,bol show a significant power-law contribution and low (hard) αox. Similar to X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei, the transition between X-ray spectral states occurs around fEdd,bol ≈ 0.03, although the uncertainty is large due to the small sample size. Our results suggest that X-ray surveys are more likely to discover TDEs at low fEdd,bol, whereas optical surveys are more sensitive to TDEs at high Eddington ratios. The X-ray and optical selected TDEs have different UV and X-ray properties, which should be taken into account when deriving rates, luminosity, and black hole mass functions.
ASAP 2020 update: an open, scalable and interactive web-based portal for (single-cell) omics analyses
Authors: David Fabrice P A , Litovchenko Maria , Deplancke Bart , Gardeux Vincent
Published: May 2020

Single-cell omics enables researchers to dissect biological systems at a resolution that was unthinkable just 10 years ago. However, this analytical revolution also triggered new demands in ‘big data’ management, forcing researchers to stay up to speed with increasingly complex analytical processes and rapidly evolving methods. To render these processes and approaches more accessible, we developed the web-based, collaborative portal ASAP (Automated Single-cell Analysis Portal). Our primary goal is thereby to democratize single-cell omics data analyses (scRNA-seq and more recently scATAC-seq). By taking advantage of a Docker system to enhance reproducibility, and novel bioinformatics approaches that were recently developed for improving scalability, ASAP meets challenging requirements set by recent cell atlasing efforts such as the Human (HCA) and Fly (FCA) Cell Atlas Projects. Specifically, ASAP can now handle datasets containing millions of cells, integrating intuitive tools that allow researchers to collaborate on the same project synchronously. ASAP tools are versioned, and researchers can create unique access IDs for storing complete analyses that can be reproduced or completed by others. Finally, ASAP does not require any installation and provides a full and modular single-cell RNA-seq analysis pipeline. ASAP is freely available at https://asap.epfl.ch.
Inhibition of SETMAR–H3K36me2–NHEJ repair axis in residual disease cells prevents glioblastoma recurrence
Authors: Kaur Ekjot , Nair Jyothi , Ghorai Atanu , Mishra Saket V , Achareker Anagha , Ketkar Madhura , Sarkar Debashmita , Salunkhe Sameer , Rajendra Jacinth , Gardi Nilesh , Desai Sanket , Iyer Prajish , Thorat Rahul , Dutt Amit , Moiyadi Aliasgar , Dutt Shilpee
Published: May 2020

Background

Residual disease of glioblastoma (GBM) causes recurrence. However, targeting residual cells has failed, due to their inaccessibility and our lack of understanding of their survival mechanisms to radiation therapy. Here we deciphered a residual cell–specific survival mechanism essential for GBM relapse.

Methods

Therapy resistant residual (RR) cells were captured from primary patient samples and cell line models mimicking clinical scenario of radiation resistance. Molecular signaling of resistance in RR cells was identified using RNA sequencing, genetic and pharmacological perturbations, overexpression systems, and molecular and biochemical assays. Findings were validated in patient samples and an orthotopic mouse model.

Results

RR cells form more aggressive tumors than the parental cells in an orthotopic mouse model. Upon radiation-induced damage, RR cells preferentially activated a nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathway, upregulating Ku80 and Artemis while downregulating meiotic recombination 11 (Mre11) at protein but not RNA levels. Mechanistically, RR cells upregulate the Su(var)3-9/enhancer-of-zeste/trithorax (SET) domain and mariner transposase fusion gene (SETMAR), mediating high levels of H3K36me2 and global euchromatization. High H3K36me2 leads to efficiently recruiting NHEJ proteins. Conditional knockdown of SETMAR in RR cells induced irreversible senescence partly mediated by reduced H3K36me2. RR cells expressing mutant H3K36A could not retain Ku80 at double-strand breaks, thus compromising NHEJ repair, leading to apoptosis and abrogation of tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of the NHEJ pathway phenocopied H3K36 mutation effect, confirming dependency of RR cells on the NHEJ pathway for their survival.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that the SETMAR-NHEJ regulatory axis is essential for the survival of clinically relevant radiation RR cells, abrogation of which prevents recurrence in GBM.
Utility of the Hospital Frailty Risk Score for Predicting Adverse Outcomes in Degenerative Spine Surgery Cohorts
Authors: Hannah Theodore C , Neifert Sean N , Caridi John M , Martini Michael L , Lamb Colin , Rothrock Robert J , Yuk Frank J , Gilligan Jeffrey , Genadry Lisa , Gal Jonathan S
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

As spine surgery becomes increasingly common in the elderly, frailty has been used to risk stratify these patients. The Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) is a novel method of assessing frailty using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes. However, HFRS utility has not been evaluated in spinal surgery.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the accuracy of HFRS in predicting adverse outcomes of surgical spine patients.

METHODS

Patients undergoing elective spine surgery at a single institution from 2008 to 2016 were reviewed, and those undergoing surgery for tumors, traumas, and infections were excluded. The HFRS was calculated for each patient, and rates of adverse events were calculated for low, medium, and high frailty cohorts. Predictive ability of the HFRS in a model containing other relevant variables for various outcomes was also calculated.

RESULTS

Intensive care unit (ICU) stays were more prevalent in high HFRS patients (66%) than medium (31%) or low (7%) HFRS patients. Similar results were found for nonhome discharges and 30-d readmission rates. Logistic regressions showed HFRS improved the accuracy of predicting ICU stays (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.87), nonhome discharges (AUC = 0.84), and total complications (AUC = 0.84). HFRS was less effective at improving predictions of 30-d readmission rates (AUC = 0.65) and emergency department visits (AUC = 0.60).

CONCLUSION

HFRS is a better predictor of length of stay (LOS), ICU stays, and nonhome discharges than readmission and may improve on modified frailty index in predicting LOS. Since ICU stays and nonhome discharges are the main drivers of cost variability in spine surgery, HFRS may be a valuable tool for cost prediction in this specialty.
A Systematic Review of Deep Brain Stimulation Targets for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Raviv Nataly , Staudt Michael D , Rock Andrew K , MacDonell Jacquelyn , Slyer Julia , Pilitsis Julie G
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex neuropsychiatric disease characterized by obsessions and compulsions. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has demonstrated efficacy in improving symptoms in medically refractory patients. Multiple targets have been investigated.

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review the current level and quality of evidence supporting OCD-DBS by target region with the goal of establishing a common nomenclature.

METHODS

A systematic literature review was performed using the PubMed database and a patient/problem, intervention, comparison, outcome search with the terms “DBS” and “OCD.” Of 86 eligible articles that underwent full-text review, 28 were included for review. Articles were excluded if the target was not specified, the focus on nonclinical outcomes, the follow-up period shorter than 3 mo, or the sample size smaller than 3 subjects. Level of evidence was assigned according to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons joint guideline committee recommendations. Quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.

RESULTS

Selected publications included 9 randomized controlled trials, 1 cohort study, 1 case-control study, 1 cross-sectional study, and 16 case series. Striatal region targets such as the anterior limb of the internal capsule, ventral capsule/ventral striatum, and nucleus accumbens were identified, but stereotactic coordinates were similar despite differing structural names. Only 15 of 28 articles included coordinates.

CONCLUSION

The striatal area is the most commonly targeted region for OCD-DBS. We recommend a common nomenclature based on this review. To move the field forward to individualized therapy, active contact location relative to stereotactic coordinates and patient specific anatomical and clinical variances need to be reported.
低碳水化合物饮食与心脏代谢健康:碳水化合物“质”重于“量”
Authors: Sievenpiper John L
Published: May 2020

碳水化合物日益与肥胖、糖尿病及其下游心血管代谢疾病的流行 有关。已有学者提出了” 碳水化合物-胰岛素模型” 来解释碳水化合物 的这种作用。推测碳水化合物的高摄入诱导了以高胰岛素血症为特征 的内分泌失调，改变能量分配——脂肪组织中能量储存的增加，从而 导致食物摄入的适应性增加和能量消耗的降低。是否所有碳水化合物 食物在真实的摄入条件下直接导致体重增加及其并发症，或该模型是 否能解释这些临床现象，还需要经过严格查验。本综述的目的是评估 碳水化合物的数量与质量在心脏代谢健康作用的证据。尽管” 碳水化 合物-胰岛素模型” 的临床研究已经表明胰岛素分泌减少并且脂肪氧化 增加，但是在低碳水化合物摄入下并没有实现预期的脂肪减少。现有 最佳证据的系统评价和网络荟萃分析未能表明低碳水化合物膳食在长 期临床减重方面具有优势，或所有来源的碳水化合物的作用相同。强 调含有重要营养素和物质的食物的高碳水化合物膳食，如全谷类(特 别是燕麦和大麦)、豆类或水果；低血糖指数和负荷；或高纤维(特别 是粘性纤维源) 在随机试验中降低了心脏代谢中间危险因素，并且在 前瞻性队列研究中与体重减轻、糖尿病、心血管疾病的发病率和心血 管死亡率的降低相关。糖作为碳水化合物质量标志的证据似乎高度依 赖于能量控制和食物来源，提供过多的能量的含糖饮料已显示出危害，含糖的高质量碳水化合物食物源(如，水果、100% 果汁、酸奶和早餐 谷物)显示出在能量供给上相匹配的替代精制淀粉(低质碳水化合物 食物源)的益处。这些数据反映了当前膳食指南的变化——允许膳食 中宏量营养素(包括碳水化合物)比例更加灵活，重点关注“质量”胜 过“数量”以及膳食模式，而非单一营养素的影响
Social isolation and loneliness of UK veterans: a Delphi study
Authors: Leslie C , McGill G , Kiernan M D , Wilson G
Published: May 2020

Background

Evidence increasingly acknowledges the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the lives of military veterans and the wider Armed Forces Community.

Aims

The study gathered expert consensus to (i) understand if veterans are considered ‘unique’ in their experiences of social isolation and loneliness; (ii) examine perceived factors leading to social isolation and loneliness of veterans; (iii) identify ways to tackle veterans’ social isolation and loneliness.

Methods

This study adopted a three-phase Delphi method. Phase 1 utilized a qualitative approach and Phase 2 and Phase 3 utilized a mixed-methods approach.

Results

Several outcomes were identified across the three phases. Transition out of the military was viewed as a period to build emotional resilience and raise awareness of relevant services. It was also concluded that veterans would benefit from integrating into services within the wider community, and that social prescribing services could be a vehicle to link veterans to relevant services. Furthermore, access to, and the content of, programmes was also of importance.

Conclusions

These findings illustrate various important interventional aspects to consider when funding and implementing programmes focussed on tackling social isolation and loneliness.
Cefiderocol for Extensively Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: Real-world Experience From a Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: Zingg Sandra , Nicoletti G Jacopo , Kuster Sabine , Junker Milena , Widmer Andreas , Egli Adrian , Hinic Vladimira , Sendi Parham , Battegay Manuel , Bättig Veronika , Khanna Nina , Tschudin-Sutter Sarah
Published: May 2020

Cefiderocol is a new siderophore cephalosporin with activity against carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Data on its clinical efficacy are limited to complicated urinary tract infections. We present a series of 3 patients successfully treated with cefiderocol for complicated health care–associated infections and review published case reports.
Breaking the Exclusion Cycle
Authors: Bracic Ana
Published: May 2020

Social exclusion of marginalized populations is an intractable problem of global relevance. Breaking the Exclusion Cycle develops a theory of how individual behaviors contribute to its persistence, and presents a possible solution. The book introduces the “exclusion cycle,” which consists of four parts. Antiminority culture gives rise to discrimination by members of the majority. Members of the minority anticipate maltreatment and develop survival strategies. Members of the majority often disapprove of minority’s survival strategies, ethnicize them, and attribute them to the minority as such, and not the discrimination. Such attribution errors feed the existing anti-minority culture and the cycle repeats. The empirical portion of the book is centered on the social exclusion of Roma (derogatively known as “Gypsies”) in Slovenia, which the book uses to illustrate the theory and to offer evidence that the vicious cycle can be broken. Specifically, the findings in the book suggest that Roma-led, NGO-promoted dialogue and intergroup contact strategies can help reduce non-Roma discrimination against the Roma. The empirics in the book rest on original evidence collected over twelve months of fieldwork. The centerpieces are two lab-infield experiments, one involving a trust game and one involving the public goods game administered via original videogame. The experiments capture discriminatory behavior by non-Roma and survival strategies by Roma, and are supplemented by interviews, field observations, and surveys. While the empirics focus on Roma and non-Roma, the theory as well as the implications of the findings apply to other cases of marginalized populations.
From the Other Side
Authors: Bracic Ana
Published: May 2020

Chapter 6, the third and final empirical chapter, explores Roma engagement in survival strategies, focusing on three factors that might affect it: deprivation, personal experience of discrimination, and perceptions of stereotype intractability. The chapter links Roma game behaviors to their answers to an extensive survey and finds that neither deprivation nor perceptions of stereotype intractability are linked to engagement in survival strategies. However, Roma who report personally experiencing discrimination are more likely to resort to survival strategies. By asking Roma about their experiences of discrimination, this chapter provides independent corroboration of the experimental findings presented in Chapters 4 and 5, which directly captured non-Roma discriminatory behaviors.
O’Hara, the Heel
Authors: Lindberg Julianne
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines John O’Hara’s influence on the flavor of Pal Joey. The musical is loosely based on his “Joey” stories (originally published between 1938 and 1940 in installments in the New Yorker), which reflect a style typical of the author: frank, realistic, and modern in vernacular. One of O’Hara’s specialties was his characterization of the antihero; this type of character features throughout his novels and short stories and was accompanied by a cynical realism that went on to permeate the atmosphere of Pal Joey, the musical. Understanding O’Hara’s literary style and reputation, and his laser-like focus on class relations, illuminates the place of his Joey stories in American literature. It also helps contextualize theater critics’ mixed reaction to O’Hara’s script, and to literary realism on the Broadway stage.
Digging for Dirt
Authors: Lindberg Julianne
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers the club numbers in Pal Joey, performed diegetically in either rehearsal or performance. These songs—“Chicago,” “That Terrific Rainbow,” and “Flower Garden of My Heart”—best characterize the sleazy atmosphere of the club; the first two are performed in Mike’s South Side Club, and the last in rehearsal at the aspirational Chez Joey. All three are excellent character numbers, and they’re meant to reflect poorly on the performers who sing and dance to them. Rodgers and Hart here faced an interesting dilemma: how might one write an effectively “bad” song that’s also entertaining in its own right? With help from O’Hara’s scathingly satirical dialogue, they turned their keen and critical eye toward the manners of cheap nightclubs and their patrons, balancing aural realism with carefully crafted social commentary. Their efforts resulted in some of the funniest numbers in the show.
Sound-Gesture
Authors: Hedberg Olenina Ana
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 analyzes Viktor Shklovskii’s reflections on Futurist poets, who presented their experiments as an inquiry into the biodynamics of verbal expressivity. Shklovskii suggested that Aleksei Kruchenykh’s trans-rational poetry (zaum’) uncovered deeply ingrained motor programs, which shape the verbalization of various ideas and states of consciousness. Shklovskii contended that identifying these motor programs, or “sound gestures,” and putting them to play was the Futurists’ method of palpating the “inner form” of words in the Russian language. In contextualizing Shklovskii’s conception, the chapter maps the spread of psychophysiological terms in Russian literary theory and linguistic scholarship in the 1910s, with a particular emphasis on the echoes of William James’s theory of the corporeal experience of emotion and Wilhelm Wundt’s ideas on the gestural origin of language.
Kinesthetic Empathy in Sergei Eisenstein’s Film Theory
Authors: Hedberg Olenina Ana
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 explores Sergei Eisenstein’s theory of the audience’s corporeal empathy, evoked by actors’ movements and graphical, nonhuman “gestures”—that is, “movements” implied by the structure of the shot composition, editing, and other formal devices. In scrutinizing Eisenstein’s theory that spectatorship is, fundamentally, an enactive experience, this chapter traces the roots of his ideas and evaluates the aesthetic and political implications of his position. First, I analyze the filmmaker’s engagement with psychological theories of William James, William Carpenter, Vladimir Bekhterev, Alexander Luria, and Lev Vygotsky, as well as the 19th-century German theorists of empathy (Einfühlung). Special attention is devoted to one of Eisenstein’s major sources: Vladimir Bekhterev’s Collective Reflexology (1921), a seminal work of early Soviet psychology, which discussed nonverbal communication in crowds and argued that the processing of visual sensations by the brain instantaneously impacts motor networks. I argue that although Eisenstein’s model of spectatorship appears manipulative, it is also potentially emancipatory. Embracing the utopian spirit of the avant-garde, he was willing to subject himself and his audience to radical experimentation aimed at testing the sensory properties of cinema and demystifying the mass production of emotions.
Christianity’s Broad Appeal in the 1990s
Authors: Howell Charlotte E.
Published: May 2020

The formation of assumptions about Christianity’s associations with middlebrow taste on television is exemplified in discourses around Touched by an Angel (CBS, 1994–2003) and 7th Heaven (the WB/CW, 1996–2007). These shows employed overt moralizing, a religiously slanted lesson learned by both characters and viewers at the end of an episode, a lesson that in turn would resolve ongoing conflict or dramatic tension. Moreover, the shows’ creative and marketing discourses did not shy from the Christian aspects, assuming the mass audience was majority Christian and thus welcoming of or at least indifferent to Christian representation. These two shows exemplify the type of Christian representation that much of twenty-first-century dramas that followed used various containment strategies to distance themselves from in order to appeal to upscale viewers.
Nonwhite Christian Dramas
Authors: Howell Charlotte E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the vastly different approach to religious representation for prime-time dramas focusing on casts and characters of color: Latinx Catholicism in Jane the Virgin (The CW, 2014–2019) and black megachurch evangelism in Greenleaf (OWN, 2016–). These portrayals of nonwhite Christianity use race as a distancing mechanism to articulate Christianity as a religion without the fear of (white) middlebrow taste associations. The assumed whiteness of upscale audiences allows for these shows to expand the possibilities of engaging with Christianity-qua-religion instead of Christianity as a primarily cultural narrative tool. As a result, Jane the Virgin and Greenleaf wrestle deeply with the characters’ faith as well as the larger institutions and systems surrounding Christianity.
The Biblical Book of Revelation as Mythology
Authors: Howell Charlotte E.
Published: May 2020

Eschatological dramas use the biblical Book of Revelation as their premise; however, despite the direct connection with the New Testament, the shows’ creatives disavow the religious nature of their narratives, reframing Christian elements as mythology. Supernatural (the WB/CW, 2005–2020), Dominion (Syfy, 2014–2015), and Constantine (NBC, 2014–2015) all use the Bible as the basis for what they assert is supernatural mythology. Such a strong disavowal of religion is especially necessary for creatives working on these three shows: they had a particularly strong fear of being associated with religious culture and audiences because their narratives are so closely tied to the Bible. The pushback against religion aligns with the assumption that the upscale fan audience these shows target is nonreligious.
Introduction
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan
Published: May 2020

This introduction outlines the structure of the book’s three parts, which correspond to the prevailing paradigms of expression from the perspective of composers and listeners alike. From about 1770 to 1830 (Part One), this was a paradigm of expressive objectivity, which operated within a framework of rhetoric, a theory of poetics. From around 1830 to around 1920 (Part Two), the prevailing paradigm was one of expressive subjectivity, which operated within a framework of hermeneutics, a theory of interpretation. Instrumental music was at the center of this new mode of listening. Critics continued to perceive vocal music primarily as the projection of a text, but they now began to hear instrumental music as a manifestation of its creator’s unique individuality. Mixed paradigms have coexisted in a state of tension since 1920 (Part Three).
The Framework of Hermeneutics
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan
Published: May 2020

After 1830 the idea of subjective expression in music became the new norm. The framework of rhetoric gave way to the framework of hermeneutics: audiences began to think about what they were hearing from the perspective of the composer, seeking to understand what each was trying to “say” in every new work. Composers, for their part, both encouraged and profited from the new premise of expressive subjectivity. They embraced the role of oracle. Liberated, as it were, from the obligations of comprehensibility, they were now in a position to cultivate increasingly idiosyncratic styles, which in turn were heard as reflecting their distinctive individualities. By the middle of the nineteenth century, listeners assumed that any composer with pretensions to seriousness of purpose would possess a unique “voice” that projected a deeper, inner self.
First-Person Beethoven
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan
Published: May 2020

With the growing perception of composers as oracles, the person of Beethoven became the key to understanding his music. The reminiscences, biographies, and letters that came to light in the years immediately after the composer’s death, particularly the so-called Heiligenstadt Testament, bolstered the perception of his works as an outpouring of his inner self. Critics came to regard Beethoven’s life as a nonfictional Bildungsroman, a record of personal growth and development that was audible in his compositions. Reviews of the late works in A. B. Marx’s Berliner allgemeine musikalische Zeitung in the 1820s proved particularly influential in setting the tone for the future reception of Beethoven’s music within a hermeneutic framework. Later biographies would posit highly detailed connections between specific works and events in the composer’s life.
The Endurance of Subjectivity
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan
Published: May 2020

In spite of modernism’s aesthetics of objectivity, both the projection and the perception of subjectivity have endured. Having grown accustomed to hearing composers in their works over the course of multiple generations, beginning in the 1830s, listeners could not and did not suddenly change their assumptions about the nature of musical expression. The belief that music—particularly instrumental music—comes from deep within the human psyche was too firmly rooted in Western thought to be dislodged altogether. Composers’ claims of self-expression have nevertheless become considerably more muted and ambiguous. Critics, in turn, have become far more cautious about drawing direct connections between an artist’s works and inner self, even if the nature of that connection continues to fascinate, particularly in the realm of popular music.
Conclusion
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan
Published: May 2020

In his 1845 memoirs, the Czech composer Wenzel Johann Tomaschek compared Beethoven to a comet, an omen of the future whose unusual path that had attracted “superstitious” interpretations. As Thomas Kuhn argued in his classic study The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), prevailing paradigms of thought are rejected when they can no longer explain significant anomalies. And the orbits of comets were among the unusual and seemingly inexplicable phenomena that had led Isaac Newton to develop the theories he would set down in his paradigm-shifting Principia of 1687. In similar fashion, Beethoven’s works provoked the kind of cognitive crisis that precipitates the overthrow of an existing paradigm. Unable to accommodate his instrumental music within the prevailing paradigm of expressive objectivity, listeners began to regard expression as self-expression, and they began to perceive all new music (and some old) from the perspective: that of the composer.
Tokyo—An Irish Burmese Monk in Imperial Japan
Authors: Turner Alicia
Published: May 2020

In 1902 the Irish Buddhist monk U Dhammaloka left Burma for Tokyo, hoping to take part in a planned sequel to the Chicago World’s Parliament of Religions of 1893. Although the event did not take place, Dhammaloka was involved in the formation of the International Young Men’s Buddhist Association (IYMBA), based in a Jodo Shinshu university. The chapter explores this event and Dhammaloka’s other activities in Japan, locating them within wider Japanese religious politics. While his anti-Christian polemic was at odds with the ecumenical “world religions” frame of his hosts, and he found himself at odds with or dismissed by various significant figures, he came away from the experience dedicated to an international Buddhist practice, which he would in fact promote more effectively than the IYMBA proved capable of doing.
Mormonism and White Supremacy
Authors: Brooks Joanna
Published: May 2020

This book examines the role of white American Christianity in fostering and sustaining white supremacy. It draws from theology, critical race theory, and American religious history to make the argument that predominantly white Christian denominations have served as a venue for establishing white privilege and have conveyed to white believers a sense of moral innocence without requiring moral reckoning with the costs of anti-Black racism. To demonstrate these arguments, the book draws from Mormon history from the 1830s to the present, from an archive that includes speeches, historical documents, theological treatises, Sunday school curricula, and other documents of religious life.
Talking Politics
Authors: Carlson Taylor N. , Abrajano Marisa , García Bedolla Lisa
Published: May 2020

Individuals arrive at meaning through conversation. Scholars have long explored political conversations in the United States, and the vast majority of this research suggests that political discussion has important effects on political attitudes and engagement. However, much of this research relies on samples of White respondents, making it potentially difficult to generalize these findings to our increasingly diverse electorate. In this book, we seek to understand how political discussion networks vary across groups who have vastly different social positions in the United States, specifically along the lines of ethnorace, nativity, and gender. We build upon seminal work in the field as we argue that individuals with different social positions likely discuss politics with different groups of people and, as a consequence, their discussion networks have different effects on their political behavior. We use a novel discussion network data set with an ethnoracially diverse sample, paired with qualitative interviews, to test this argument. We assert that this book makes three central contributions: (1) expanding the scope of the political discussion network literature by providing a comparative analysis across ethnorace, nativity, and gender; (2) demonstrating how historical differences in partisanship, policy attitudes, and engagement are reflected within groups’ social networks; and (3) revealing how the social position of our respondents affects the impact that networks can have on their trust and efficacy in government, political knowledge, policy attitudes, and political and civic engagement patterns.
Contesting Conformity through Individuality in Mill’s On Liberty
Authors: Ikuta Jennie C.
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that for Mill, individuality is a solution to a problem in democratic society: conformity. Conformity is a form of social tyranny in this analysis; seeing it in this way enables us to understand its dual nature and grasp what resistance to it demands. Mill’s conception of conformity as social tyranny has both external and internal dimensions. Conformists in the social majority tyrannize others by leveraging social penalties for nonconformity in order to coerce them into publicly adhering to custom. The damage, however, is also to the conformists, who internally tyrannize themselves by undercutting their own capacity for autonomy. Resistance must be both internal and external for Mill. First, by adhering to the Harm Principle, conformists must cease tyrannizing others into conforming; second, conformists must also cease tyrannizing themselves by cultivating individuality.
Introduction
Authors: Jendza Craig
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter presents the reader with the concept of paracomedy, which is tragedy’s appropriation of comedy, and distinguishes it from paratragedy, which is comedy’s appropriation of tragedy. After showing that most previous scholars have tended to ignore paracomedy, to treat it only as a hypothetical possibility, or to reject it as being impossible, the introduction suggests that one motivation behind this treatment was a scholarly attempt to preserve the decorum of tragedy. This introductory chapter shows how the book fills this gap in scholarship, and it concludes by summarizing the content and contributions of the rest of the chapters.
Early Paracomedy
Authors: Jendza Craig
Published: May 2020

This chapter investigates what appear to be the three earliest extant examples of paracomedy: Aeschylus’s Oresteia, Euripides’s Alcestis, and Euripides’s Heracles. Aeschylus’s Oresteia uses paracomedy to confer a sense of ugliness upon the Furies and a sense of transgressive sexuality upon Clytemnestra, which characterizes them as threats to a democratic worldview. Euripides’s Alcestis symbolizes the close relationship between comedy and satyr drama by paracomically staging a drunken, gluttonous version of Heracles, who exemplified the license of both genres. Euripides’s Heracles co-opts aspects of Aristophanes’s Wasps to instill a sense of unsettling horror in Heracles’s madness scene and later on alludes to comic episodes from Heracles’s past to show what he must overcome before regaining his heroic status. This chapter suggests that even in these early examples, tragedians used paracomedy both positively and negatively to delimit tragedy’s relationship with comedy.
The Pentecostal–Charismatic Movement in Goa Today
Authors: Abreu Savio
Published: May 2020

This chapter shifts back to the present structure and organization of the Catholic Charismatic and neo-Pentecostal movements. It draws more specifically from the fieldwork data on the Merces and Mapusa prayer groups of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR) and the two neo-Pentecostal Churches, namely, the ROLC, Panjim, and the WRM, Siolim, to describe the Pentecostal–Charismatic movement in Goa today—the profile of its members, organization, structure, and activities. The profile of a typical Catholic Charismatic in Goa emerges from a questionnaire administered to them, while the two neo-Pentecostal Churches studied show lots of variations. The leadership model both in the CCR and among neo-Pentecostals echoes aspects of Weber’s model of Charismatic authority. The discussion on conversions showed that there was no single causal factor but a combination of leading factors, often mundane and set in the context of everyday life, that led to people joining the neo-Pentecostal Churches.
Power, Inequality, and Terrains of Conflict
Authors: Abreu Savio
Published: May 2020

This chapter deals with the exclusivist and fundamentalist notions of the Pentecostal movement, and the resultant terrains of conflict in Goan society. It describes how the Pentecostal–Charismatic movement by entering in the religious sphere of Goa has attempted to reform Church ritual and challenge the traditions of the Catholic Church as well as promote an evangelistic agenda of preaching and proselytizing. The resultant contestations and conflicts with both the Catholic and Hindu communities are then explored in the chapter by studying specific instances of conflict in Sao Joao de Areal and Siolim. These contestations occur in a rapidly changing Goan society in different spaces such as social, spiritual or metaphysical, and physical. The chapter argues how neo-Pentecostalism in Goa is characterized as fundamentalist and how its image of a militant Church with exclusivist views on salvation and other religions has led to the churning up of the religious space of Goa.
The Concept of Love
Authors: Narang Gopi Chand
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 explains the meaning of love in the context of the Urdu ghazal, especially during the classical period. Physical and transcendental aspects of love get special attention in this discussion. A major portion of the chapter is devoted to Delhi and Lucknow schools of ghazal writing and how they differed from one another. The chapter ends with great literary contributions of two giants of the Urdu ghazal, namely Mir Taqi Mir and Mirza Ghalib.
The Rhetorical Aspects of the Urdu Ghazal
Authors: Narang Gopi Chand
Published: May 2020

The Urdu ghazal is truly an Indian invention. Although initially it borrowed themes and legendary references from the Persian and Arab cultures, with the passage of time it became the mirror-image of blended Indian culture. The chapter explains how the ghazal incorporates Indian mythologies like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, social and geographical features like rivers, festivals, customs and rituals, flowers and flowering trees, birds and animals, seasons and climate, cities and places, and finally music and ragas.
India and the World
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

Chapter 9 contains papers and essays written by the author after his move from academe to the world of policymaking. The essays straddle some of the same topics as in the previous chapters—India’s economic trajectory, India’s slowdown and policies to fire up the economy, and the jostling between China and the United States and its fallout for the world. But the essays are now tainted by the author’s direct, first-hand experience in the world of politics and policymaking, in New Delhi and Washington, DC. The chapter also contains an analysis of India’s demonetization policy.
Poetry, Politics, and Provinces
Authors: Mahmudabad Ali Khan
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 will continue to chart the changes observed in Chapter 1, using examples of a variety of mushā‘irahs, including relatively small ones held in provincial towns and larger ones held in cities in conjunction with political rallies and conferences. The second chapter will look at the way in which the space changed in the twentieth century by looking at a mushā‘irah in a small town in north India and then larger political mushā‘irahs in the 1930s.
Conclusion
Authors: Mahmudabad Ali Khan
Published: May 2020

The Conclusion talks about the idea that a century ago modern ideas of identity were still in ‘the process of becoming’ and were being forged and contested but had not become fixed and defined through the apparatus of the state. There was no need to have a dominant identity like there is today. However, a more metaphysical sense of rootedness eventually got replaced by a more material and fixed conception, which obviously meant that people’s idea of home was circumscribed by physical geography rather than being propelled by imagination and multiple, often overlapping, sets of belonging. Unlike land, literature cannot easily be partitioned and it is, therefore, in the domain of culture and language that we might be able to locate future possibilities of what it means to be Muslim and Indian.
The Liberalism of Diversity
Authors: Melidoro Domenico
Published: May 2020

As the most important chapter in the book, it shows that the political turn should be completed with a commitment to diversity rather than to autonomy. Pro-toleration liberalism, in fact, combines the politicization of liberalism with a general pro-diversity orientation. Chandran Kukathas’s ‘liberal archipelago’ model is assumed as an instance of PT liberalism. It is deeply analysed and criticized. It becomes acceptable only after some substantial amendments. In particular, after an enquiry into the kind of obligations binding individuals to groups and to the mainstream society (and to the state), the chapter claims that understanding such obligations as associative obligations can render PT liberalism more tenable. This view is increasingly defensible when it is completed with a much more extended account of the mainstream society and of the role of the state.
Conclusion
Authors: Melidoro Domenico
Published: May 2020

This chapter, after a short synopsis of the book, argues that the version of liberalism defended in this work is not culturally particularistic: In fact, rather than presenting liberalism as a substantive world view, this book presents liberalism as a theory of the limits of the state power. The last section offers some remarks on distributive justice, a topic largely unaddressed in this book but still a relevant one.
Introduction
Authors: Balachandran Jyoti Gulati
Published: May 2020

The Introduction establishes the historical and historiographical context for the production of Persian narrative texts in Gujarat in the fifteenth century. It emphasizes the role of Sufi texts as sites where an expanding Muslim community’s past in Gujarat was narrated and negotiated. At the same time, it places this development within a longer history of Muslim settlements and Sufi textual production in the subcontinent. The Introduction further discusses the importance of spatial contexts for the dissemination of texts, primarily Sufi residences and tomb-shrines, and in creating a regional identity and a history of the Muslim community that was unique to Gujarat.
Texts and Tombs
Authors: Balachandran Jyoti Gulati
Published: May 2020

The consolidation of a texted past around Sufi migrants in fifteenth-century Gujarat was accompanied by the development of the tomb-shrines of Aḥmad Khattū and two members of the Suhrawardi spiritual fraternity, Burhān al-Dīn ‘Abdullāh (d. 1453) and Sirāj al-Dīn Muḥammad (d. 1475). Texts and tombs represented conjoined processes that enabled ongoing community formation. The tomb shrines created regional networks of disciples and pilgrims focused on the burial sites of the Sufis just as texts increasingly cohered the history of the buried Sufis and their community into genealogies and overlapping personal connections. This chapter argues that the participation of the Gujarat Sultans in the creation of a sacral geography—through patronage, shrine veneration, and not least of all the building of palatial structures and royal tombs in close proximity—reflected the intertwined processes of state, community, and region formation in fifteenth-century Gujarat.
Networks of Community Formation
Authors: Balachandran Jyoti Gulati
Published: May 2020

By the time of Mughal presence in Gujarat, the textual inscription of the personal and social networks of Sufis and other learned men in texts like Miṣbāḥ al-‘Ālam and Ṣaḥā’if al-sādāt intersected with an identity that was clearly regional and specific to Gujarat. In the seventeenth century, these networks were organized in texts in overlapping and contrasting ways: long chains of spiritual initiation and practice (silsilahs); distinct familial genealogies (silsilat al-naṣab), families (khānwādas), and tribes (qabīlas). This chapter demonstrates that the textual organization of Suhrawardi networks, in particular, was influential in communicating that the joint enterprise of state, community and region formation had been pre-determined: the Suhrawardi Sufis were pre-ordained to inspire and sanctify the entire region of Gujarat with the message of Islam and Sufism. Such historiographical interventions, representing the second narrative moment, were in turn a testimony to the successful expansion of the Suhrawardi lineage in Gujarat.
Ghalib’s Delhi
Authors: Nizami K. A.
Published: May 2020

The events of 1857 were a dramatic break in the life of Delhi and of its most celebrated poet, Ghalib. Although Delhi had seen many vicissitudes of fortune through its chequered history, each new incarnation was simply an added layer connecting seamlessly with the past. By 1857, the Mughal empire was on its last legs, the writ of the emperor limited merely to the fort area. However, paradoxically, political, economic, and social decline notwithstanding, Delhi continued to bloom culturally. This chapter captures that Delhi of learning and letters, poetry and piety, cultural synthesis and communal amity. It also captures the heartbreak of the city post 1857, so poignantly expressed through Ghalib’s poetry. The aftermath of the revolt left the city and its residents rudderless and lost.
Facing West
Authors: Swartz David R.
Published: May 2020

The dramatic growth of Christianity in the Global South over the last century has shifted the balance of power away from strongholds in Europe and the United States. While we typically imagine religion traveling from West to East and from North to South, David R. Swartz shows that lines of influence also run in other directions. Missionaries and non-Western evangelicals have shaped the American evangelical church. On issues of race, economics, human rights, and social justice, these complex transnational relationships often feature accommodation and mutuality, and they often push toward cosmopolitan sensibilities among elite and establishment evangelicals. But they also feature resistance among American evangelical populists, many of whom voted for Donald Trump in 2016. And on issues of sexuality and the supernatural, they draw sustenance from the Global South. This geographically expansive book, which spans Asia, Africa, and South America, offers new insights into a tradition that imagines itself as both American and part of a global communion. It considers how evangelical networks not only go out to, but also come from, the ends of the earth.
Introduction
Authors: Swartz David R.
Published: May 2020

American evangelicals facing West from abroad have reshaped important elements of their religious tradition. Migration and demographic realignments intensified the impact on issues as varied as humanitarian work, civil rights, missiological strategies, sexuality, supernatural practices, and immigration. There were, however, limits to this global reflex. Transnational encounters often did not fit American categories. They did not cleanly map onto conservative or progressive sectors, and their influence often was limited to establishment evangelicals. Populists, many of whom voted for Donald Trump in 2016, have resisted the global reflex. This book, while narrating important demographic shifts, shows that evangelical cosmopolitanism is not pervasive at present.