bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulations of Polymers at the Nanoscale
Authors:   , Dhondi Srikanth
Published: November 2021

In this thesis we study a variety of nanoscale phenomena in certain polymer systems using a combination of numerical simulation methods and mathematical modelling. The problems considered are: (a) the mixing behaviour of polymeric fluids in micro- and nanofluidic devices, (b) capillary absorption of polymer droplets into narrow capillaries, and (c) modelling the phase separation and self-assembly behaviour in polymer systems with freely deforming boundaries. These problems are significant in nanotechnological applications of polymer-based systems. First, the mixing behaviour of a polymeric melt over two parallely patternedslip surfaces is considered. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, it is shown that mixing is enhanced when the polymer chain size is smaller than the wavelength of the chemical pattern of the surfaces. An off-set in the upper and lowerwall patterns improved themixing in the centre of the channel. Application of a sinusoidally varying body force in addition to the patterned-slip conditions is shown to enhance mixing further, compared to a constant body force case, with some limitations. Simulation findings for the constant body force cases are in qualitative agreement with the continuum theory of Pereira [1]. However, in the case of a sinusoidally varying body force our simulations do not agree with the continuum theory. We explain the reasons for the discrepancy between the two and point out the deficiencies in the continuum theory in predicting the correct behaviour. Second, the capillary phenomena of polymer droplets in narrow capillaries is studied using MD simulations. It is demonstrated that droplets composed of longer chains require wider tubes for absorption and this result is in agreement with our continuum modelling. The observed capillary dynamics deviate significantly from the standard Lucas-Washburn description thus questioning its validity at the nanoscale. The metastable states during the capillary absorption in some cases cannot be explained using the existing models of capillary dynamics. Lastly, the phase separation process in polymer blends between both confined and unconfined boundaries is studied using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). The SPH technique has the advantage of not using a grid to discretize the spatial domain, which makes it appealing when dealing with problems where the spatial domain can change with time. The applicability of the SPH method in describing phase separation in these systems is demonstrated. In particular, its ability to model freely deforming polymer blends is shown.
Emergency futures: An ethnographic design exploration of a public health crisis
Authors:   , Bialostocki Maria
Published: November 2021

Overcrowding in emergency departments is becoming a public health crisis in Aotearoa New Zealand. As demand for acute care continues to rise, and hospitals are running over capacity, emergency department patients requiring admission to hospital wards have nowhere to go. Healthcare workers are being forced to use unsafe interim solutions like corridor stays. Despite numerous attempts at intervention, the situation is not improving, posing serious risks to patient safety and staff wellbeing. This research explores, first, what we can learn from the voices of frontline healthcare workers when trying to understand the problem of emergency department overcrowding and, second, how design might enable us to imagine possible futures for emergency care as a way to reflect on the values and assumptions underpinning the current system. Through in-depth interviews and onsite observations, I discovered that the key challenges staff face relate back to the relationship with patients, staff, and the organisation. Moral distress, victimisation and scepticism towards change were the key themes constructed across these different levels. My research suggests that speculative design can offer a fresh approach for the healthcare sector to ask questions and open up space for thinking about how things could be radically different, as well as building new connections between the disciplines of healthcare and design.
Student-Teacher Relationships/Rapport in Physical Education: A Perspective from New Zealand Secondary Schools
Authors:   , Hullena Thomas
Published: November 2021

Student engagement is an essential element in students' learning. An important factor that is increasingly associated with student engagement and learning in schools involves student-teacher relationships. The purpose of this study has been to look at student-teacher relationships in the context of physical education in New Zealand secondary schools. Specifically, it has investigated, from the perspective of students and teachers of physical education, the significance of student-teacher relationships with respect to students' educational outcomes, along with the teacher related factors thought to enhance and/or inhibit such relationships. The research participants were selected from a range of schools in terms of decile (socio-economic) rating, and ethnic and cultural make up. Apart from one integrated single sex school all participants were drawn from state co-educational schools in the wider Wellington region. The participants included physical education teachers from six schools and physical education students from three schools. Research data was gathered by way of focus group interviews. In total, nine focus group interviews were held. Significantly, all participants stated that they believed positive-student-teacher relationships were crucial for students' engagement and learning in physical education. In terms of the factors (teacher behaviours, attitudes, attributes, skills, etc) thought to impact on student-teacher relationships, considerable consistency was found to exist in terms of the broad themes identified by both students and teachers. These included factors such as, being supportive and encouraging, showing care, being fair and respectful, providing a safe learning environment, and the use of humour. However, in terms of the specific aspects (teacher behaviours, attitudes, etc) making up or comprising these broad themes greater variation was found to exist between the nine groups involved in the study.
From Potholes to Policy: How Invercargill City Council Informs Itself of and has Regard to, the Views of all of its Communities
Authors:   , Malcolm Janette
Published: November 2021

In the 1990s, governments in the Western world were seeking solutions to the economic and social dysfunction resulting from a decade of pure neo-liberal policies. Increased inequalities in the distribution of wealth, the promotion of individualism at the expense of community and citizens feeling alienated from government had become critical problems, nowhere more so than in New Zealand. A solution that has been adopted is to reconnect government at all levels with citizens and the civic sector. The good governance agenda proposed increased transparency and accountability of government to citizens, and a new role for citizens as participants and partners. It became the foundation for a fundamental reform of local government in New Zealand, resulting in the Local Government Act 2002. However, the acquisition of a right to participate does not necessarily lead to knowledge of that right and the capacity to exercise it on the part of citizens: nor the willingness to allow it on the part of government. There are also more general questions about the exercise of power, about representation and about whose voices are heard. This thesis, through a case study of Invercargill City Council, a local government authority in Southland, New Zealand, examines these issues relating to citizen participation and the extent to which the Council has been able to create an environment and processes that enable all of its communities to participate. In doing so, it draws on a body of literature in the field of Development Studies, where participatory theory and practice have held centre stage for almost two decades. The thesis asks whether the lessons learned in that field could inform the practice of citizen participation in local government in New Zealand.
Simulation and Optimisation of a Two Degree of Freedom, Planar, Parallel Manipulator
Authors:   , Haughey Ben
Published: November 2021

Development in pick-and-place robotic manipulators continues to grow as factory processes are streamlined. One configuration of these manipulators is the two degree of freedom, planar, parallel manipulator (2DOFPPM). A machine building company, RML Engineering Ltd., wishes to develop custom robotic manipulators that are optimised for individual pick-and-place applications. This thesis develops several tools to assist in the design process. The 2DOFPPM’s structure lends itself to fast and accurate translations in a single plane. However, the performance of the 2DOFPPM is highly dependent on its dimensions. The kinematics of the 2DOFPPM are explored and used to examine the reachable workspace of the manipulator. This method of analysis also gives insight into the relative speed and accuracy of the manipulator’s end-effector in the workspace. A simulation model of the 2DOFPPM has been developed in Matlab’s® SimMechanics®. This allows the detailed analysis of the manipulator’s dynamics. In order to provide meaningful input into the simulation model, a cubic spline trajectory planner is created. The algorithm uses an iterative approach of minimising the time between knots along the path, while ensuring the kinematic and dynamic limits of the motors and end-effector are abided by. The resulting trajectory can be considered near-minimum in terms of its cycle-time. The dimensions of the 2DOFPPM have a large effect on the performance of the manipulator. Four major dimensions are analysed to see the effect each has on the cycle-time over a standardised path. The dimensions are the proximal and distal arms, spacing of the motors and the height of the manipulator above the workspace. The solution space of all feasible combinations of these dimensions is produced revealing cycle-times with a large degree of variation over the same path. Several optimisation algorithms are applied to finding the manipulator configuration with the fastest cycle-time. A random restart hill-climber, stochastic hill-climber, simulated annealing and a genetic algorithm are developed. After each algorithm’s parameters are tuned, the genetic algorithm is shown to outperform the other techniques.
Representative Institutions in Western Samoa During the Mandate 1919 - 1946
Authors:   , Martin J. R.
Published: November 2021

This study began as a description of the government of Western Samoa as a whole during the Mandate period 1919-1946. It soon became apparent that within the limits imposed by the time and space available it would not be possible to give an adequate treatment of such a wide subject, The scope was then reduced to a study of representative institutions during the period; the thesis is thus concerned with a well defined aspect of colonial administration rather than to provide a well rounded study in comparative political institutions. (To put the study in its correct perspective it was necessary also to include a brief chapter on District and Village Government and quite lengthy descriptive and historical chapters.) An additional reason for reducing the scope of the work was the wealth of untouched primary material available in the records of the Department of Island Territories, which were made freely available by the Secretary (Mr. J.M. McEwen). The scarcity of documentation available on the controversial history of New Zealand's Mandate a matter of considerable concern in view of the Territory's imminent independence made it seem worthwhile to collate as fully as possible material from this primary source. Although this may perhaps have been achieved at the cost of developing an original narrative, the exercise of compilation will have been of some value if it provides a starting point for more analytical studies.
Strategic Culture, Identity and the Shaping of Security Policy: A Comparative Study of Australia and New Zealand
Authors:   , Mastalerz Marcelina
Published: November 2021

This thesis seeks to explain the roots of security thinking in Australia and New Zealand and what it argues has been a gradual divergence in the two countries' approaches to defence issues. Drawing upon constructivist international relations theory, it highlights the importance of ideational rather than material influences on policy formulation. It focuses on two key variables: strategic culture and identity, arguing that they provide significant clues as to the varying threat perceptions, policy preferences and the domestic values that underpin thinking on security matters in these two countries. By tracing the evolution of Australian and New Zealand defence policies over a long historical timeframe, the study identifies persistent cultural norms and preferences that explain policies seemingly difficult to reconcile with a materialist understanding of world politics. After providing a detailed comparison of the influences on defence thinking in each country, the study compares Australian and New Zealand perspectives on regional security in the Pacific and the rationales given for participating in the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) in 2003. This thesis concludes that compared to a materialist approach, an examination which includes ideational variables such as strategic culture and identity better explains why the two countries have pursued divergent security paths and provides a more comprehensive understanding of the logic shaping thinking on defence issues in these two states.
Literary-Historical Influences on the Novels of Sarah Waters
Authors:   , Robinson Rae
Published: November 2021

In this thesis I examine the influences on the historical novels of Sarah Waters. Waters uses multiple sources from the Victorian literary tradition to construct her novels and displays an awareness of recent trends in scholarship in selecting those sources. Waters uses conventions that were popular with Victorian readers and updates them for a contemporary audience, by focusing, for example, on gay and lesbian characters and on sexuality.
From Tourist to Traveller: Discourses of Authenticity and Self-Transformation in Television Travel Genres
Authors:   , Sugandi Kania
Published: November 2021

Tourism and travel programmes, in the form of direct advertorials, travel and adventure shows, and reality television series set in exotic locations, now constitute a significant set of media forms, genres and sub-genres. This is clearly in line with recent and contemporary increases in the number of people travelling, facilitated by sophisticated transportation infrastructure, inexpensive airfares and an increased exposure, through the media, of what is on offer to the tourist/traveller. Considerable study has been done on the field of travel and tourism in order to ascertain what motivates people to travel; the nature of the interaction between the visitor and the visited; and how cultures are impacted by the introduction of tourism in the area. However, it is curious that, given its abundance and popularity, there is a noticeable absence of academic literature on television travel programmes and genres. Travel programmes give viewers a window onto travel destinations both within their own countries and, more commonly, around the world. Within the genre of travel programmes, there exists a wide variety of types and sub-genres, usually with an emphasis on tourism, adventure, and culture and heritage. Those differences aside, most travel programmes inform viewers (that is, either potential travellers or so-called ‘armchair travellers’) about what is available to see and do in, and generally what to expect from, a place, its people and its culture. Travel programmes act as advertisements for both destinations and the act of travelling itself. Three travel programmes will be analysed in this thesis: Sahara with Michael Palin, Long Way Down, and Intrepid Journeys. ...
Exploring Sellers' Experiences in the C2C Online Auction Environment
Authors:   , Nguyen Mai Anh
Published: November 2021

Online auction websites are becoming increasingly important as an intermediary for both sellers and buyers. They offer consumers an alternative source of goods to those sold at retail stores and other second-hand traditional consumer-to-consumer (C2C) channels, such as garage sales or flea markets. They also represent a new market model which incorporates a new distribution channel and a new means of establishing prices. Some researchers predict that retailers are now facing a new competition and the potential for declining sales as a result of the cannibalisation effect of the C2C online auction market. Noticeably, although much research has been carried out in an attempt to understand online auctions in relation to buying behaviour, little effort has been made to investigate the dynamic nature of individual sellers, in particular C2C sellers, in the online auction environment. Therefore, this study is aimed at filling in the gaps by exploring the sellers' behaviour and experiences in the C2C online auction environment. Its objectives are: (1) to explore the learning process that individual sellers go through in the C2C online auction environment; and (2) to find out what skills and techniques are commonly used by sellers and how these skills have been applied when marketing their products in the online auction environment. This study used a qualitative method, and a market-oriented ethnography was adopted. Data was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with sellers on TradeMe and from a wide range of archival documents. Nineteen sellers were recruited to participate into this study. Consequently, a learning model has been built, based on the consumer socialisation model, to explain the learning process of sellers as they become experienced in the C2C online auction environment. The findings from this study highlighted that sellers went through a learning process to become more experienced in online auctions. Moreover, different learning methods occurred at different stages of the learning process, including social interaction, observing and imitating, rewards and punishments, and other sources of information. This study also demonstrated the fact that sellers both implicitly and explicitly perceived the importance of marketing strategies and tactics and had extensively applied them. Several implications and recommendations arise from this study, including the need for more in-depth research on sellers' behaviour and experiences, using a longitudinal approach. Additionally, it is recommended that TradeMe should continue to improve their auction site in order to attract more sellers which, in turn, will lead to a greater number of buyers.
Reproductive Allocation and Maternal Investment in Intertidal Whelks
Authors:   , Van der Sman John
Published: November 2021

Parental investment per offspring is a key life history trait in which offspring size and number combinations are balanced in order to maximise fitness. When food is scarce and energy for reproduction is reduced, changes in reproductive allocation can be expected. These adjustments may go on to influence the growth and survival of the next generation. Trade-offs in reproductive allocation in response to food availability occurred differently in each of the three whelks species of this study. However, each species traded numbers of offspring rather than size of offspring when fed low food. Offspring size was more variable among and within capsules than among food treatments. Capsule size was a plastic trait that varied in response to food treatments in each of the species and varied among populations of the same species. Carry-over effects of maternal nutrition influenced juvenile growth in all three species. However, while juvenile growth was greater when adults were fed high food in two of the species, high adult food suppressed the growth of juveniles of the third species. This may be a mechanism to prevent potential negative consequences of rapid growth. There was no evidence of a maternal effect of mortality in any of the three species. Greater variation in hatchling size occurred in the species in which nurse egg feeding occurred. Nurse egg feeding may be a successful strategy in unpredictable environments where optimal offspring size changes from year to year. Regional differences in reproductive allocation between whelks separated by small distances suggest that populations may be isolated from one another and may need to be managed separately for conservation purposes. This study highlights the influence of maternal nutritional effects on life history and the potential impacts that these may have on population and community structure.
The Effect of the Decorator Crab Notomithrax Minor on Cultivated Greenshell Mussel Spat (Perna Canaliculus) Survival, Growth, and Byssal Characteristics
Authors:   , Van de Ven Irene
Published: November 2021

The decorator crab Notomithrax minor is common on Greenshell mussel (Perna canaliculus) farms in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Individuals in the Greenshell mussel industry have suggested that the presence of N. minor, found on mussel lines, is related to substantial losses of Greenshell mussel spat. Laboratory and field investigations were used to assess the effect of N. minor presence on the retention and productivity of Greenshell musselTM spat. Specific consideration was given to predation pressure and induced anti-predator defenses, both of which can cause financial losses to mussel farmers. High (12 crabs/cage-1) and low (3 crabs/cage-1) densities of large (males: >20mm, females: >15mm TCW) and medium (males: 15-20mm, females: 10-15mm TCW) decorator crabs were placed in cages on commercial Greenshell mussel farm droppers at two sites in the Pelorus Sound. The byssal characteristics, spat retention rate and spat shell length were assessed at 8 and 11 weeks after trial initiation. Greenshell mussel density on the experimental droppers decreased significantly when medium and high densities of the decorator crabs (N. minor) were introduced. N. minor presence induced the remaining Greenshell mussel spat to produce more and thicker byssus threads which consequently lead to increased mussel attachment. The decrease in retention rate and the increase in mussel attachment strength were more pronounced in small recently seeded spat. Laboratory experiments to assess the consumption rate of small (≤5mm) Greenshell mussel spat by decorator crabs showed that mussel consumption by N. minor peaked at 56.43 (± 13.02 (95% C.I.)) crab-1 hr-1, however the rate of consumption decreased significantly over the duration of the three day trial. N. minor prey size preference was also assessed using Laboratory trials; crabs were offered 4 size classes of mussels (small (<5 mm), small-medium (5-10 mm), medium-large (10-15 mm), large (>15 mm) simultaneously. Female crabs consumed more mussels in the <5 mm and 5-10 mm size classes than in the two larger mussel size classes (10-15 mm and >15 mm), whereas the male crabs showed a numerical preference for mussel spat in the small-medium and medium-large size classes. This study provides preliminary evidence that the decorator crab N. minor is a previously overlooked and under-estimated threat to the Greenshell Mussel industry in the Marlborough Sounds that deserves closer scrutiny and experimental testing.
Grain Boundary Propagation and Epitaxy on (111) Surfaces of FCC Substrates: A Kinetic Monte Carlo Study with Lennard-Jones and Iridium Potentials
Authors:   , Williamson David John
Published: November 2021

A Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) method was developed to model homoepitaxy and grain boundary propagation on a (111) surface. Barrier energies were calculated using the Nudged Elastic Band (NEB) technique. A recently reported inertial relaxation technique named FIRE (the Fast Inertial Relaxation Engine) was used to relax the NEB images. Both the Lennard-Jones potential and a Sutton-Chen Iridium potential were used and compared. A doubly-refined lattice mesh was developed to incorporate atoms in Face-Centred-Cubic (FCC) and Hexagonal-Close-Packed (HCP) sites as well as atoms in decorated row sites (i.e. supported by 4 atoms). A look-up table was developed to identify hops in the KMC algorithm. The KMC results show that a small difference in energy barriers between FCC and HCP sites on the substrate can cause a substantial bias in the direction of grain boundary propagation. We also investigated the effect of the geometry of the grain boundary on its propagation, as well as the atomistic processes involved in grain boundary propagation and the merger of grain boundaries. Our deposition simulations produced islands with loosely triangular envelopes, where FCC islands are rotated 180° with respect to HCP islands. The results are similar to scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of Iridium deposition, although lack of computing power forced us to use a high deposition rate and this caused some differences.
Te Rākau Whanake me Ona Ahuatanga Angitu Hei Hopu Reo Māori
Authors:   , Kire Andrea
Published: November 2021

During the 1970s research showed that less than 20% of Māori people were proficient in the Māori language. Leading sociolinguists of that time predicted the Māori language would be extinct by 2000. This provided the impetus for the emergence of various Māori language revitalisation strategies. Te Whanake and Te Ataarangi are two examples of such diverse language acquisition programmes developed in response to these findings. This thesis will provide a comparative analysis of both programmes through an examination of the respective historical backgrounds, the methodological factors particular to each programme and consequently highlight why they continue to be successful models after 30 years at the forefront of Māori language revitalisation.
Te mana motuhake o Tūhoe
Authors:   , Williams Te Rangimārie
Published: November 2021

The primary purpose of this thesis is to provide a way in which the law can protect and respect Te Mana Motuhake. In the course of achieving this purpose, the meaning of Te Mana Motuhake o Tūhoe is discussed. Firstly, a discussion is presented on the concept of mana motuhake as a part of tikanga Māori. Like all tikanga Māori, mana motuhake is sourced from Māori cosmogony. Secondly, a Tūhoe specific analysis of mana motuhake is presented. While mana motuhake has unique meanings for different iwi, for Tūhoe, mana motuhake is connected to Te Urewera, the lands within which they dwell, the lands that sustained Tūhoe in times of adversity and in times of peace. Mana motuhake is also intertwined with Tūhoetanga or Tūhoe identity. Mana motuhake is in the songs Tūhoe sing, the haka Tūhoe perform, and the phrase adorns the flag that has become known as Tūhoe’s symbol. Mana motuhake for Tūhoe is also about having Tūhoe control over the governance of Te Urewera. To create avenues through which the law can better respect mana motuhake, the Urewera District Native Reserve Act 1896 is analysed. Although this Act was considered by Tūhoe to give recognition to Te Mana Motuhake o Tūhoe, an analysis of this Act reveals that mana motuhake was not recognised. This thesis concludes with notes for a draft Act which would capture and reflect the essence of Te Mana Motuhake o Tūhoe. These notes are not intended to be a full draft of an Act and many decisions regarding Tūhoe tikanga are left for Tūhoe to determine. However, the notes do intend to give life to the essential aspects of Te Mana Motuhake identified in this thesis, which are Tūhoe Land, Tūhoe People and Tūhoe Self-determination.
Internal Migration in the Survey of Family, Income and Employment (SoFIE)
Authors:   , Li Ying
Published: November 2021

This thesis studies the short term outcomes in family annual income changes associated with internal migration in New Zealand. This is carried out through analysis of the unit record dataset produced from the Survey of Family, Income and Employment (SoFIE) which is a longitudinal social survey undertaken by Statistics New Zealand starting in October 2002. Results from data analysis shows us that family migration status and time of measurement have a close relationship with family annual income. Moveover, family structure, average age of adult members in a family, education level of family members, ownership of family residential property and the number of dependent children in a family are all factors related to family annual income.  We apply the General Linear Mixed Model to control these confounding variables and explore the relationship between migration status and annual income of a family. The results from our final model show that changes in the family annual income from before to after their internal migration are different for families. The difference depends on the average age of adult family members. Families with a younger average age benefit from internal migration: their family annual incomes are increased shortly after their movement. In contrast, families with a older average age experience a loss of income.
One Fish, Two Fish, Few Fish, No Fish: Regional Fisheries Management Organisations, IUU Fishing and High Seas Fisheries Management
Authors:   , Irving Aaron
Published: November 2021

The World's fisheries are in a desperate state, they have been utilised to a point where a majority of the fisheries resources are fully exploited. In addition to overfishing, the responsibility of the sad state of affairs of the world's High Seas' fish stocks can be put down to inefficient management. The high seas fisheries regime is dominated by two powerful, tried, tested and consented to norms: the principle of freedom of fishing on the high seas and the principle of exclusive flag state jurisdiction over flagged vessels on the high seas. These Grotius norms (unintentionally) obstruct effective and meaningful high seas fisheries management, and have enabled unscrupulous states and actors to take advantage of the lacunae created by the UNCLOS High Seas fisheries framework and engage in IUU fishing which has resulted in a tragedy of the high seas commons. Furthermore these norms have a 'hobbling' effect on RFMOS and coastal states alike, and leave them almost powerless to ensure flag-state compliance with their sustainable fishing measures without the consent of the flag state, and totally unable to enforce its measures directly on that flagged vessel. Thus in the absence of an express reference to the superiority of coastal state rights over those of high seas fishing states, freedom of high seas fishing prevails. However the international community armed with weaker UNCLOS obligations of conservation and co-operation and have fought the good fight, and in lightening speed have constructed a normative framework that is additional to but consistent and complimentary with the UNCLOS regime. With the use of port state measures, voluntary instruments that codify responsible fisheries practice, surveillance and the denial of the right to land IUU fish – the fight is gradually beginning to turn in favour of the international community.
Household Energy Use in New Zealand: the Changing Role of Televisions
Authors:   , Pahalawatta Marion R
Published: November 2021

Energy efficiency plays a major role in policies to mitigate climate change and to secure future energy supply. Understanding energy use behaviour and appliance energy use is vital to policy design. The drivers of energy use in household sector are complex. Households use energy for comfort, health and entertainment in contrast to, the uses of energy for making a profit in industrial and commercial sectors. As a part of this study a model was developed identifying the major drivers of household energy use. Household income and behaviour, house size, appliance technology and appliance energy efficiency are few factors that can influence household energy consumption patterns. Many OECD countries have managed to restrain traditional household energy end-uses such as space and water heating. However, IEA studies have indicated energy used by information, communication and entertainment appliances continue to increase. Television energy use was chosen for this study because it is widely used and operates together with many other associated appliances. This analysis draws from the New Zealand Television Energy Usage and Purchasing Survey to understand the current trends and patterns of television usage. The survey suggests television and associated appliance ownership and usage is increasing. Analysis draws from the survey to quantify TV energy use in New Zealand. This study illustrates how household behaviour, technology and size affects household energy use. The survey also demonstrate how households associate energy use with environmental impact. Some OECD data on household energy was used to analyse and contrast New Zealand’s patterns in a wider context.
A History of the New Zealand Civil Service, 1840-1866
Authors:   , Zohrab Balfour Douglas
Published: November 2021

The New Zealand Civil service is a typically British growth; it has developed from an inchoate, unregulated aggregation of disorganised departments along no settled line of growth, following no definite policy, aiming at nothing in particular; it sprang in the first instance rather from an imitation of Engliah models than from a real local need; it has been the prey of Governor after Governor, and Ministry after Ministry, and has changed its form and even to some extent its functions according to the ideas of the country's rulers every few years; not until the adoption of the recommendations of the Hunt Commission in 1912 did the service emerge into the regulated atmosphere that is essential to the smooth working of a modern administrative system. It can therefore be said that not until the twentieth century was the New Zealand Civil Service a modern institution; not until 1908 did the Government realise how far New Zealand then lagged behind Great Britain; even now, when we still lag behind, there are few signs of improvement. From the establishment of British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840 until the passing of the Civil Service Act twenty-six years later there was no system either in the departments themselves or in the service as a whole; if indeed, it may be considered a whole during that time. From 1866 until 1912 the service drifted back towards chaos, as the authorities either did not carry out the provisions of the 1866 Act, or avoided its provisions and winked at its implications. The basis provisions of the Act, indeed, could not be ignored; but loopholes were many, and several of its most beneficial reforms were vitiated by systematic evasion.
Seeing Green and Becoming Green: Applying Normative Social Influence to Promote Pro-Environmental Behaviour Across Two New Zealand Contexts
Authors:   , Tilyard Benjamin A
Published: November 2021

Intervention programmes aimed at promoting pro-environmental behaviours typically rely solely on information-only appeals. However, research has shown that information-based interventions do not often lead to behaviour change, instead presenting the use of social norms as a better catalyst for change (see, e.g., Cialdini, 2003; Schultz, 1998; Schultz & Kaiser, forthcoming). The current research adds to a growing body of literature that employs normative influence (information regarding the behaviour commonly conducted by others) to promote pro-environmental behaviour. Two experimental studies compared the effectiveness of normative information with information-only environmental messages. Study 1 used a survey questionnaire to measure participants’ self-reports of household energy efficiency and Study 2 used a field experiment to directly measure hotel guests’ towel reuse. Results indicated that individuals provided with social norm information engaged in more pro-environmental behaviour than those who were presented solely with environmental information. The findings also suggest that there is a need to distinguish between types of pro-environmental behaviour and the role of social reference groups when designing normative messages. The implications of these findings are discussed along with directions for future research.
The Participation of Small Museums in Visitor Research
Authors:   , Larkin Casimar
Published: November 2021

Visitor research appears to be a practice which currently has limited application in New Zealand, especially within small museums. There are challenges in undertaking such research, which have led to an emphasis placed upon collecting visitation numbers. Visitor research is a practice which can be used by museums for a range of purposes, such as improving exhibitions, future planning, or for funding bids. In this way, promoting a range of visitor research methods can enhance the overall value of data gathered. Using Museums Aotearoa’s National Visitor Survey as a starting point, this research explores the needs of small museums with regard to visitor research, and also looks into the ways in which these needs might be met. Seven face-to-face interviews were conducted with key people in small museums and galleries. Diversity within the research sample ensured opportunities for comparison, building a picture of differences and similarities in their perceptions of visitor research. The interview responses generated themes around current and ideal practice, funding and management, and community value and involvement. Many reasons emerged as to why small museums and galleries do not carry out visitor research. Shortages of money and staff were two of the main barriers identified. These and other limitations, such as a lack of experience with implementation and analysis, need to be addressed before an institution can seriously undertake valuable visitor research. The findings suggest that within this group of small museums and galleries there is generally a limited understanding about visitor research and the usefulness of the collected data, often restricting practice. There are a number of benefits which would result from access to experts to educate and support visitor research practice. However, there is also the need for funding, possibly in the form of “start up” grants. If more visitor research was undertaken using such support mechanisms, it could ultimately improve the operation of small museums, by creating benchmarks for reporting and potentially increasing funding.
History in Fiction, History as Fiction: Two Contemporary Novels and the Problems of the Australian Past
Authors:   , Waghorn Margaret Ruth
Published: November 2021

In 2008 two high profile mid-career Australian novelists published works of historical fiction. Kate Grenville’s The Lieutenant and Richard Flanagan’s Wanting both fictionalise events and characters from Australia’s actual colonial past. In addition to their shared genre and subject matter the novels have other similarities. Both novels are concerned with ideas about writing and reading, sharing an interest in the creation of written texts. In fictionalising the creation of actual historical texts they destabilise the authority of written texts. This destabilisation creates a tension with the novels own use of the historical record as source material. Both novels engage with the history of white representations of indigenous peoples while also creating new representations themselves. The Lieutenant and Wanting have received significant critical attention from the popular media. This critical attention places the novels within current debates about Australia’s past and present. The novels arise from a specific context in post-colonising Australia and reflect current white liberal anxieties about the facts of the Australian past. Fiction is positioned as providing a new angle for tackling the “problem” of Australian history. Their fictional engagement with the actual past appears to provide a new method for examining Australia’s traumatic past, by offering an alternative for those readers fatigued by the heated political debates of the so-called History Wars. However, the novels do not ultimately suggest a hopeful new direction or resolution to these debates, instead they reflect back the stalled nature of the Australia’s public discourse around the facts and meanings of its contested past.
The Effects of Reward on a Racially-Biased Decision to Shoot
Authors:   , Stolpe Alice V.
Published: November 2021

People use shortcuts in cognitive processing by making associations that automatically link constructs together. Associations of a stereotypic nature may become accessible, generating responses which bias the perceiver towards one decision over another. Previous research has shown that people are quicker and more accurate to shoot armed targets that are black than targets that are white (Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2002). However, previous research has also biased participants toward a more lenient shooting criterion. The current study proposes that when given motivation to not shoot, the stereotypically-dependent bias to shoot will decrease. That is, altering costs and rewards of decisions should influence participants’ responses towards responding quickly and accurately, regardless of target ethnicity. Results showed that the reward manipulation was unsuccessful in decreasing Shooter Bias. The manipulation was able to sway participants towards more conservative non-shooting decisions overall but participants remained more accurate and quicker in responses to shoot armed black targets compared to armed white targets.
Reflections on Care: Older People Speak about Experiences of Nursing Care in Acute Medical and Surgical Wards
Authors:   , Wilson Christine
Published: November 2021

This phenomenological study describes what it is like for people over 74 years to experience nursing care in acute medical and surgical wards, and relates their insights to implications for nursing practice. The six people who took part responded to newspaper stories inviting older people who had been in hospital recently to speak with a nurse researcher about the times they spent with nurses. They included eight episodes of hospitalisation in seven acute care public hospital wards. All chose to be interviewed in their own homes. The approach followed van Manen's (1990) method for researching lived experience. Their stories are contained in this thesis as individual chapters. The analysis moved from description largely in the respondents' own words, to the researcher's portrayal of the "free act of seeing" resulting in explication of salient features or structures of each story, and then to hermeneutic reflection using the four existentials of lived body, lived space, lived time and lived relation to others. Aggregation of the concerns revealed in each story illuminates the commonalities and differences of each and uncovers aspects of lived care for these people. Notions of care may be experienced negatively, as when care is absent or deficient in meeting patient need and expectation, or positively as when care is fully realised in the nurse-patient encounter. Nursing which includes negotiating the systems, mediating interpersonal issues, and practical help was excellent care for these patients. Value was given to the ability to quickly evaluate a patient's life ways of being and acknowledge these as of equal importance to the expected health outcomes from the particular medical diagnosis and intervention. The description of older people's experience of nursing care is useful for the potential to increase understanding of the needs and expectations of older people in acute wards. Through the phenomenological practice of reflecting and re-writing new perspectives on nursing are developed. These are expressed through myth and metaphor as one means of enhancing the caring work of nursing toward older people. The study offers some implications for nursing education, practice and the organisation of health (illness) care.
State-Structures in Somalia: Why do Some Succeed and Others Fail?
Authors:   , Sand Jens Bjerg
Published: November 2021

State-structures in Somalia is addressing the problem of what a state-structure is, what it should do and how and why they are being created. The Internal demand for structures among ordinaries Somalia to provide them security, often conflict with the security interests that the international society and external actors have in forming a state structure to promote their own security needs. How successful/unsuccessful statestructure are formed, their performance and ability to survive is the focus of this thesis. This thesis concludes that in order to be successful, a state-structure has to be formed bottom-up though the demand of the local people, and build on accepted local governance norms. A state-structure imposed top-down by external actors or the international society will always fail in Somalia due to lack of local legitimacy and support.
A Critique of the Global Literature on the Conservation Refugee Problem
Authors:   , Awuh Harrison Esam
Published: November 2021

Displacement of people has often been driven by large scale development projects, wars, disease and ecological disasters such as famine and drought. However, there is another category of displaced people who have often been ignored. These people who are victims of a much more noble cause are referred to as conservation refugees. Conservation refugees are people displaced from protected areas. Despite the existence of conservation refugees and their plight, only Brockington and Igoe (2006) have attempted a global literature review on the problem. While their study explains who conservation refugees are as well as when and where the displacements have occurred, my study goes further and critiques the international law and declaration designed to protect the rights of conservation refugees. I also examine conservation policies and the impacts of displacement on conservation refugees based on the Impoverishment Risk Reconstruct Model (IRR) of Cernea (1997). My literature review explains who conservation refugees and describes their global distribution. The review of literature in English and French uncovers 170 relevant articles, of which 73 dealt with issues directly related to conservation refugees. I find that most of the approximately 3,058,000 conservation refugees are members of 28 different indigenous groups displaced across 48 protected areas. I also introduce and discuss international law and declarations aimed at protecting conservation refugees and point out that it is not their inadequacy as laws in protecting conservation refugees but rather a local failure to enforce them. Conservation policies themselves are also a major factor in protecting inhabitants of protected areas. Often conservation organizations are more sensitive to the protection of flora and fauna rather than the well-being of the area’s inhabitants. Therefore, the goal of double sustainability is not met and this affects the relationship between local people and protected areas in a negative way. One thing we have learned is that protected areas across the world operate much more successfully when they are managed with or by indigenous peoples themselves.