bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aldosterone
Authors: Ganguly Arunabha
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Regulation of Synthesis and Secretion

Agents Stimulating Aldosterone Secretion

Agents Inhibiting Aldosterone Secretion

Other Factors

Pathophysiological Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion

Cellular Actions

Receptors

11β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase

Sodium Channel

Sodium‐Potassium Adenosinetriphosphatase

Effects on the Kidney

Effects on the Colon

Effects on the Vascular Smooth Muscle

Effects on the Brain

Effects on the Skin

Effects on the Heart

Possible Non‐genomic Effects
Endocrine Hypertension
Authors: Fraser Robert
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Corticosteroids

Mineralocorticoid Hypertension

Glucocorticoid Hypertension

Renin–Angiotensin System

Catecholamines

Pheochromocytoma

Insulin and Growth Hormone

Vascular Hormones: Endothelin and Nitric Oxide

Sodium‐Losing Hormones
Endocrine Control of Potassium Balance
Authors: Young David B. , McCabe Richard D.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Potassium Transport Along the Nephron

Aldosterone: Cellular Mechanisms of Action

Aldosterone Receptors

Energetics

Sodium Conductance

Hydrogen Ion Transport

Potassium Transport

Sodium–Potassium‐Adenosine Triphosphatase

Chloride Transport

Long‐Term Actions of Aldosterone

Potassium Excretion

Potassium Distribution

Other Hormonal and Nonhormonal Factors that may Affect Potassium Excretion and Distribution

Sodium Intake and Excretion

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Vasopressin

Insulin

Angiotensin

Thyroxin

Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion

Quantitative Assessments of the Participation of Aldosterone in Potassium Regulation

Changes in Potassium Intake

Change in Sodium Intake

Changes in Aldosterone or Mineralocorticoid Activity

Potassium Regulation over Combined Ranges of Sodium and Potassium Intake

Conclusion
Tissue Kallikrein–Kinin System
Authors: Clements Judith A.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Historical Perspectives

Kallikrein–Kinin Systems

Plasma Kallikrein–Kinin System

Tissue Kallikrein–Kinin System

Components of the Tissue Kallikrein–Kinin System

Tissue Kallikrein

Kallikrein Inhibitors: Kallistatin

Kininogens

Kinins and Peptidase Metabolism

Kinin Receptors

Tissue Kallikrein–Kinin System and Electrolyte and Water Balance in the Kidney

Localization of Kallikrein–Kinin System Components

Interrelationship of Renin–Angiotensin and Kallikrein–Kinin Systems

Regulatory and Mediatory Factors

Kinins and Electrolyte Transport

Prostaglandins and Other Intracellular Mediators

Tissue Kallikrein–Kinin System and Electrolyte Transport in Other Tissues

Colon and Intestinal Epithelia

Other Epithelia

Overview
Natriuretic Peptides
Authors: De Bold Adolfo J. , Bruneau Benoit G.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Historical Perspectives

Primary Structure

Assay Methods

The Endocrine Heart

Functional Morphology

Biological Properties of Natriuretic Peptides and Their Receptors

Natriuretic Peptide Gene Structure

Mechanical and Neuroendocrine Control of Natriuretic Peptide Gene Expression and Release

Contribution of Natriuretic Peptides to Cardiovascular Homeostasis
Physiological Responses to Natriuretic Hormones
Authors: Zeidel Mark L.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Cellular Actions of Natriuretic Peptides

The Family of Natriuretic Peptides

Natriuretic Peptide Receptors

Natriuretic Peptide Signaling

Adrenal and Other Endocrine Actions of Natriuretic Peptides

Regulation of Blood Pressure by Natriuretic Peptides

Regulation of Autonomic Reflexes

Cardiac Output

Peripheral Vascular Resistance

Distribution of Fluid Between Intravascular and Extravascular Compartments

Integrative Effects on Blood Pressure

Growth of Vascular Cells

Renal Actions of Natriuretic Peptides

Renal Hemodynamics

Renal Epithelial Actions

Integrative Effects on Renal Function

Integrative Physiology of Natriuretic Peptides

Roles in Normal Physiology and Disease

Summary and Future Directions
Vitamin D
Authors: Henry Helen L.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Metabolism of Vitamin D

Synthesis of Vitamin D

Synthesis of 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3

Synthesis of the Dihydroxylated Metabolites of 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3

24R,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3

Regulation of Hydroxylation of 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3in the Kidney

Catabolism of Vitamin D Metabolites

Vitamin D Binding Protein

Actions of 1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3

Intestine

Bone

Kidney

Parathyroid Gland

Growth and Differentiation

Immune System

Mechanisms of 1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3Action

Genomic

Rapid Actions

Biological Activity of 24R,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3
Role of Endogenous Glucocorticoids in Immune System Function: Regulation and Counterregulation
Authors: Spencer Robert L. , Kalman Brian A. , Dhabhar Firdaus S.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

In Vivo Versus in Vitro Glucocorticoids

Natural Versus Synthetic Glucocorticoids

Corticosteroid Receptor Subtypes

Corticosteroid‐Binding Globulin

Physiological Versus Nonphysiological Concentrations of Glucocorticoids

Factors Regulating Immune Cell Exposure to Glucocorticoids

Factors in the Absence of Immune Challenge

Factors in the Presence of Immune Challenge

Direct Effects of Glucocorticoids on Immune Cells

Molecular Features of Intracellular Glucocorticoid Receptors

Regulatory Effects of Glucocorticoids on the Expression of Immunologically Important Genes

Possible Alternative Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid Action

Strategies for Assessing the Role of Endogenous Glucocorticoids in Immune System Function

Circadian Studies

Stress Studies

In Vivo Secretagogue Stimulation Studies

Adrenalectomy and Glucocorticoid Replacement Studies

Other More Selective Manipulations of Glucocorticoid Action

Glucocorticoid Effects on Immune Subsystems

Immune Cell Maturation, Differentiation, and Turnover

Immune Cell Trafficking

Inflammation

Septic Shock

T helper 1 and T helper 2 Response

Antibody Production

Cytotoxicity and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity

General Models of Glucocorticoid Regulation of the Immune System

Counterregulatory Role of Glucocorticoids

Regulatory Role of Glucocorticoids

Regulatory Role of Glucocorticoids During Stress

Bidirectional Regulatory Effects of Glucocorticoids
Social Ordering and Health
Authors: Coriell Marilee , Adler Nancy E.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Evidence for the Socioeconomic Status and Health Gradient

Socioeconomic Status and Mortality

Socioeconomic Status and Morbidity

Biopsychosocial Model of Socioeconomic Status and Disease

Environmental Factors

Psychological Factors

Differential Exposure to Stress

Psycho‐Neuroendocrine‐Immune Pathways

Summary and Conclusions
Vanilloid Derivatives as Tyrosinase Inhibitors Driven by Virtual Screening‐Based QSAR Models
Authors: Rescigno Antonio , Casañola‐Martin Gerardo M. , Sanjust Enrico , Zucca Paolo , Marrero‐Ponce Yovani
Published: December 2010

A number of vanilloids have been tested as tyrosinase inhibitors using Ligand‐Based Virtual Screening (LBVS) driven by QSAR (Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationship) models as the multi‐agent classification system. A total of 81 models were used to screen this family. Then, a preliminary cluster analysis of the selected chemicals was carried out based on their bioactivity to detect possible similar substructural features among these compounds and the active database used in the QSAR model construction. The compounds identified were tested in vitro to corroborate the results obtained in silico. Among them, two chemicals, isovanillin (KMapp = 1.08 mM) near to kojic acid (reference drug) in one cluster and isovanillyl alcohol (KMapp = 0.88 mM) at the same distance as hydroquinone (reference drug) in another cluster showed inhibitory activity against tyrosinase. The algorithm proposed here could result in a suitable approach for faster and more effective identification of hit and/or lead compounds with tyrosinase inhibitory activity, helping to shorten the long pipeline in the research of novel depigmenting agents to treat skin disorders. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Voltammetric assay of anti‐anginal drug nicorandil in different solvents
Authors: Jain Rajeev , Yadav Rajeev Kumar
Published: December 2010

Voltammetric behaviour and assay of nicorandil were investigated using square‐wave and cyclic voltammetry. Voltammograms in Britton‐Robinson (BR) buffer exhibited one well‐defined and two merged reduction peaks. The influence of different buffers, electrolytes, pH, scan rates, and concentration of the drug on cathodic peak current was studied. On the basis of electrochemical behaviour of nicorandil, a direct square‐wave voltammetric procedure for quantitation of nicorandil has been developed and validated. The proposed square‐wave voltammetric method allows quantitation over the range 12.5–62.5 µg mL−1 with correlation coefficient of 0.992. The limit of quantification and limit of detection were 21.95 µg mL−1 and 6.58 µg mL−1, respectively. Precision and accuracy were also checked and found within limits. The developed square‐wave method has also been successfully applied for the determination of nicorandil in pharmaceutical formulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
5′‐Phosphate oligodeoxynucleotides enhance the phosphodiester‐CpG DNA‐induced inflammatory response in macrophages
Authors: Yoshida Hiroyuki , Nishikawa Makiya , Kiyota Tsuyoshi , Uno Shota , Toyota Hiroyasu , Takahashi Rei , Narita Miwako , Takakura Yoshinobu
Published: December 2010

Dying cells release genomic DNA into the surroundings where the DNA is first degraded to oligodeoxynucleotides, then to nucleotides, nucleosides and so on. Given that the unmethylated CpG dinucleotide (CpG motif), which is characteristic of bacterial DNA, is also contained in mammalian DNA and has been reported to be involved in the exacerbation of DNA‐associated autoimmune diseases, we investigated whether nucleotides and nucleosides affect immune responses to phosphodiester (PO)‐CpG DNA. Addition of non‐CpG DNA to RAW264.7, murine macrophage‐like cells, induced no significant TNF‐α production irrespective of treatment with DNase I; however, DNase I‐treated, but not untreated, non‐CpG DNA increased the PO‐CpG DNA‐mediated TNF‐α production. This increase was not observed with phosphorothioate‐CpG DNA or ligands for TLR3, TLR4 or TLR7. Deoxynucleotides with a 5′‐phosphate showed similar effects to those of DNase I‐treated non‐CpG DNA, but DNase II‐treated DNA or deoxynucleosides did not. Subcutaneous injection of PO‐CpG DNA into the mouse footpad induced little swelling of the paw; however, significant swelling was observed when DNase I‐treated DNA was co‐injected with PO‐CpG DNA. These results imply that PO‐CpG DNA‐dependent inflammatory responses are increased by DNA molecules with a 5′‐phosphate; such molecules could therefore be considered as exacerbating factors for CpG motif‐related inflammation.
Thermodynamic Properties and Stability of In‐Doped SrCeO3 Proton‐Conducting Ceramics
Authors: Matskevich Nata I. , Wolf Thomas , Chupakhina Tatiana I.
Published: December 2010

The standard enthalpy of formation of SrCe0.5In0.5O2.75 has been determined by solution calorimetry by combiningthe solution enthalpies of SrCe0.5In0.5O2.75 and a SrCl2 + 0.5CeCl3 + 0.5InCl3 mixture in 1.0 M HCl with KI as a solvent at 298.15 K and literature data. The results show that SrCe0.5In0.5O3–δ is thermodynamically stable with respect to decomposition to binary oxides. Calculation of the Gibbs energies for the interaction of SrCe0.5In0.5O2.75 with aluminum oxide and zirconium dioxide allows one to predict that SrCe0.5In0.5O2.75 does not react with Al2O3 or ZrO2 at ambient temperatures.
ModifiedB‐Alkylcatecholboranes as Radical Precursors
Authors: Lüthy Monique , Darmency Vincent , Renaud Philippe
Published: December 2010

Generation of radicals fromB‐alkylcatecholboranes represents an efficient tin‐free procedure for the generation of alkyl radicals. A modified version of this method has been developed. The simple catechol is replaced by a dihydroxylated tetrahydroisoquinoline, which can be separated from the reaction products by simple extraction with an aqueous acid solution. The modified alkyl radical precursors are easily prepared from alkenes by hydroboration with BH3·Me2S followed by treatment with the dihydroxytetrahydroisoquinoline. The new alkylboronates of this type are suitable radical precursors in a wide range of reactions such as sulfenylation, allylation, alkynylation, vinylation, and addition to quinones. This strategy is particularly useful when separation of reaction products from catechol residues is problematic, as illustrated by a radical addition to 1,4‐benzoquinone leading to 2‐alkyl‐1,4‐hydroquinones.
Trends in nonpolar polymer‐based monolithic columns for reversed‐phase capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Karenga Samuel , El Rassi Ziad
Published: December 2010

This review article is concerned with describing the various strategies that have been introduced for the preparation of nonpolar polymer‐based monolithic columns for RP‐CEC. First, the various traditional ways of generating the EOF that involved the introduction of fixed charges on the surface of the monoliths are reviewed. This is followed by a description of the development of neutral monoliths as the most promising monoliths for the separation of a wide range of neutral and charged species at a relatively moderate to strong EOF in the absence of electrostatic attraction or repulsion.
Records of land use and medieval settlement history in Vuonninen, Dvina Karelia, Northwest Russia
Authors: Alenius Teija , Saarnisto Matti , Taavitsainen Jussi‐Pekka , Lunkka Juha‐Pekka
Published: December 2010

Although the documented history of Dvina Karelia (northern Russian Karelia) does not begin until the second half of the 16th century, individual finds of prehistoric artifacts point to earlier human occupation. The present paleoecological study of the Vuonninen area is the first of its kind concerning prehistoric land use in Dvina Karelia, a large region extending from Finland to the White Sea. It is based on the pollen analysis of sediments from Lake Ylä‐Kuittijärvi near the old Karelian village of Vuonninen. In its general features, the picture of the early stages of cultivation and human activity in the village of Vuonninen is comparable to results from East Finland, the Karelian Isthmus, and the northern shores of Lake Ladoga. The first, minor indications of human influence appear in the sediments of the 4th–6th centuries A.D. in Lake Kuittijärvi. Distinct and unambiguous signs of human activity appear in the pollen record in the 12th century. This is particularly evident in the decreasing proportion of Picea, caused by the clearance of spruce forest. The beginning of cultivation is dated according to Secale pollen to the beginning of the 15th century. Intensive arable farming emerges in the early 19th century in the form of regular occurrences of Secale and Hordeum pollen. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Translocator protein (18 kDa)/peripheral benzodiazepine receptor specific ligands induce microglia functions consistent with an activated state
Authors: Choi Judy , Ifuku Masataka , Noda Mami , Guilarte Tomás R.
Published: December 2010

In the brain, translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), previously called peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), is a glial protein that has been extensively used as a biomarker of brain injury and inflammation. However, the functional role of TSPO in glial cells is not well characterized. In this study, we show that the TSPO‐specific ligands R‐PK11195 (PK) and Ro5‐4864 (Ro) increased microglia proliferation and phagocytosis with no effect on migration. Both ligands increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and this effect may be mediated by NADPH‐oxidase. PK and Ro also produced a small but detectable increase in IL‐1β release. We also examined the effect of PK and Ro on the expression of proinflammatory genes and cytokine release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activated microglia. PK or Ro had no effect on LPS‐induced increase of pro‐inflammatory genes, but they both decreased the ATP‐induced increase of COX‐2 gene expression. Ro, but not PK, enhanced the LPS‐induced release of IL‐1β. However, Ro decreased the ATP‐induced release of IL‐1β and TNF‐α, and PK decreased the ATP‐induced release of TNF‐α. Exposure to Ro in the presence of LPS increased the number of apoptotic microglia, an effect that could be blocked by PK. These findings show that TSPO ligands modulate cellular functions consistent with microglia activation. Further, when microglia are activated, these ligands may have therapeutic potential by reducing the expression of pro‐inflammatory genes and cytokine release. Finally, Ro‐like ligands may be involved in the elimination of activated microglia via apoptosis. ©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trophic neuron‐glia interactions and cell number adjustments in the fruit fly
Authors: Hidalgo Alicia , Kato Kentaro , Sutcliffe Ben , Mcilroy Graham , Bishop Simon , Alahmed Samaher
Published: December 2010

Trophic interactions between neurons and enwrapping glia, and between neurons and target cells, provide plasticity to the mammalian nervous system. Here, we review evidence that analogous cell interactions operate in the development of the nervous system of the fruit‐fly Drosophila. Homologues of the canonical mammalian trophic factors also maintain neuronal and glial survival in Drosophila, adjusting cell populations to enable appropriate function, and revealing commonalities in nervous system development across the animals. There are also differences between neuron‐glia interactions in flies and humans, not surprisingly, because we are only related to flies through a remote common ancestor. Nevertheless, the shared cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying developmental plasticity and enwrapping glial functions, strengthen the opportunity to use Drosophila to understand the brain, to model brain diseases and to understand the involvement of glial cells in nervous system regeneration. ©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial cell modulation of circadian rhythms
Authors: Jackson F. Rob
Published: December 2010

Studies of Drosophila and mammals have documented circadian changes in the morphology and biochemistry of glial cells. In addition, it is known that astrocytes of flies and mammals contain evolutionarily conserved circadian molecular oscillators that are similar to neuronal oscillators. In several sections of this review, I summarize the morphological and biochemical rhythms of glia that may contribute to circadian control. I also discuss the evidence suggesting that glia‐neuron interactions may be critical for circadian timing in both flies and mammals. Throughout the review, I attempt to compare and contrast findings from these invertebrate and vertebrate models so as to provide a synthesis of current knowledge and indicate potential research avenues that may be useful for better understanding the roles of glial cells in the circadian system. ©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult mice lacking 1,25‐dihydroxy vitamin D3(1,25‐(OH)2D3)
Authors: Zhu Ying , Zhou Rong , Yang Rong , Zhang Zhuo , Bai Yinyang , Chang Fei , Li Lin , Sokabe Masahiro , Goltzman David , Miao Dengshun , Chen Ling
Published: December 2010

In this study, we employed 1α‐hydroxylase knockout (1α‐(OH)ase−/−) mice to investigate the influence of 1,25‐dihydroxy vitamin D3(1,25‐(OH)2D3) deficiency on the adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). The numbers of both 24‐hr‐old BrdU+cells and proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive cells in 8‐week‐old 1α‐(OH)ase−/−mice increased approximately twofold compared with wild‐type littermates. In contrast, the numbers of 7‐ and 28‐day‐old BrdU+cells in 1α‐(OH)ase−/−mice decreased by 50% compared with wild‐type mice, while the proportion of BrdU+/NeuN+cells in BrdU+population showed no difference between 1α‐(OH)ase−/−and wild‐type mice. Apoptotic cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of DG markedly increased in 1α‐(OH)ase−/−mice. Replenishment of 1,25‐(OH)2D3, but not correction of serum calcium and phosphorus levels, completely prevented changes in the neurogenesis in 1α‐(OH)ase−/−mice. The absence of 1,25‐(OH)2D3led to an increase in the expression of L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channel (L‐VGCC) and a decrease in the nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA level. Treatment with the L‐VGCC inhibitor nifedipine blocked the increased cell proliferations by 1,25‐(OH)2D3deficiency. Administration of NGF significantly attenuated the loss of newborn neurons in 1α‐(OH)ase−/−mice. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Zur Kenntnis von N2‐substituierten Säurehydraziden
Authors: Rinderspacher Th. , Prijs B.
Published: December 2010

Syntheses and properties of several N2‐substituted hydrazides are described.
Ein triquartäres Calebassin‐Derivat. Beitrag zur Festlegung der Bruttoformel des C‐Calebassins. 28. Mitteilung über Calebassen‐Alkaloide
Authors: Bernauer Karl , Schmid H. , Karrer P.
Published: December 2010

Aus Desoxy‐calebassin konnte ein Desoxy‐calebassin‐N(a)‐monometho‐tripikrat der Formel C41H53N4 · 3(C6H2O7N3) in schön kristallisierter und einheitlicher Form hergestellt werden, wodurch erneut bewiesen wird, dass dem Calebassin eine Formel mit 40 C‐Atomen (und nicht der Hälfte davon) zukommt. Diese Schlussfolgerung wird weiter bestätigt durch die Darstellung eines Isocalebassinperchlorat‐hydroperchlorats der Zusammensetzung C40H50O2N4(ClO4)2+HClO 4.
Synthese des (+)‐ und des (−)‐ϵ‐Carotins. Carotinoidsynthesen XXII
Authors: Tscharner Ch. , Eugster C. H. , Karrer P.
Published: December 2010

Die optisch aktiven (+)‐ und (−)‐ϵ‐Carotine werden synthetisiert und beschrieben.
Protonenresonanzspektren einfacher cyclischer Äther und Ketone I
Authors: Primas H. , Frei K. , Günthard Hs. H.
Published: December 2010

The proton magnetic resonance spectra of ethylenoxyde, trimethylenoxyde, tetramethylenoxyde, pentamethylenoxyde, cyclobutanone, cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone have been measured in pure liquid state and in solution in carbon disulfide and cyclopentane. The spectra of these compounds with one, two and more sets of equivalent nuclei show the expected behaviour with respect to chemical shifts, with the exception of cyclopentanone. In this compound the difference in chemical shifts of the α‐ and β‐protons is abnormally small. The analysis of the spectra will be discussed in a subsequent paper.
Sui N1, N2‐derivati della fenilidrazina
Authors: Büchi J. , Perazzi G.
Published: December 2010

Per condensazione di N2‐acetil‐N2‐metil‐fenilidrazina con cloruri dialchilam minoacilici, dialchilamminoetilici e di acidi aromatici vennero sintetizzati alcuni derivati della fenilidrazina. Vengono esposte considerazioni avute nella preparazione dei derivati, le loro proprietà chimiche e farmacologiche. Vengono resi noti i risultati delle esperienze farmacologiche e batteriologiche sulla attività analgesica, spasmolitica e tubercolostatica.
Untersuchungen in der Benztropylium‐Reihe. VIII. Das Säure‐Basen‐Gleichgewicht zwischen den Benzologen des Tropylium‐Kations und ihren konjugaten Pseudobasen
Authors: Meuche Doris , Strauss Hansruedi , Heilbronner E.
Published: December 2010

It is shown that the experimentally determined pK‐values and the position of the long wave absorption bands of the tropylium cation and some of its benzologues correlate closely with the theoretical predictions drawn from simple LCAO MO models for these compounds. The observed correlation may be used for predictions concerning still missing members of the series.
Dehydrohalogenierung mit Trialkylphosphiten: Neue Methode zur Herstellung von 7‐Dehydro‐cholesterin
Authors: Hunziker F. , Müllner F. X.
Published: December 2010

Treatment of 7‐bromo‐cholesteryl esters by trialkyl phosphites in boiling xylene gives the corresponding esters of 7‐dehydro‐cholesterol with excellent yield. Isolation of the latter is most convenient when the benzoate and trimethyl phosphite are used.
Totalsynthese von 18‐oxygenierten 16‐Ketonen der Androstanreihe. Über Steroide, 150. Mitteilung
Authors: Wieland P. , Heusler K. , Ueberwasser H. , Wettstein A.
Published: December 2010

The Δ14‐16‐oxo‐androstene derivative VIII has been prepared in a fully stereospecific way from the tricyclic ketone I by di‐methallylation, ozonisation of the methallyl double bonds, condensation of the 2β‐acetonyl residue with the 4 β‐hydroxyl group with formation of the cyclic enol ether V, and cyclisation.
Zur Kenntnis der Triterpene. 195. Mitteilung. Hydroxyhopanon, ein neuartiges pentacyclisches Triterpen
Authors: Schaffner K. , Caglioti L. , Arigoni D. , Jeger O.
Published: December 2010

The constitution VII of hydroxyhopanone, the first natural squalenoid pentacyclic triterpene, has been proved by an unequivocal partial synthesis of its dehydration product hopenone‐I (XVI).
Eine einfache Synthese vonL‐Lysin
Authors: Brenner M. , Rickenbacher H. R.
Published: December 2010

Ausgehend von Caprolactam wirdDL‐α‐Aminocaprolactam gewonnen. Dieses lässt sich leicht inL‐α‐Aminocaprolactam verwandeln. Hydrolyse des letzteren gibt quantitativL‐Lysin‐dihydrochlorid.
Stoffwechselprodukte von Actinomyceten. 12. Mitteilung. Über die Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Acetomycin
Authors: Ettlinger L. , Gäumann E. , Hütter R. , Keller‐Schierlein W. , Kradolfer F. , Neipp L. , Prelog V. , Zähner H.
Published: December 2010

Aus den Kulturfiltraten von Streptomyces ramulosus sp. nov. wurde ein neutrales, lipophiles Antibioticum, das Acetomycin C10H14O5, isoliert. Die analytischen Daten und die Eigenschaften weisen darauf hin, dass es sich um ein gesättigtes Keto‐acetoxy‐lacton mit drei zusätzlichen C‐Methyl‐Gruppen handelt.
Recherches sur la biochimie des cyclitols V. Glucogenèse à partir de méso‐inositols deutériés chez le Rat phloriziné
Authors: Posternak Th. , Schopfer W. H. , Reymond D. , Lark Cynthia
Published: December 2010

Des méso‐inositols deutériés essentiellement en position 4 et 6 ont été administrés par voie intrapéritonéale à des rats phlorizinés. Il apparaît que seul le ms‐inositol‐6‐D donne lieu à une incorporation d'isotope dans le glucose urinaire qui est deutérié principalement en 1 et en 3. Un mécanisme a été proposé, qui comporte, par ouverture du cycle de l'inositol entre C‐1 et C‐6, la formation d'acide D‐glucuronique. Ce dernier, par une suite de réactions déjà observée dans des tissus de mammifères, donnerait naissance, entre autres intermédiaires, à du D‐xylulose qui, par le cycle habituel des pentoses, fournirait du D‐glucose ayant la répartition isotopique observée. Le même mécanisme expliquerait la formation observée antérieurement, à partir du ms‐inositol‐2‐D, de glucose urinaire marqué essentiellement en 6.
Die Nebenalkaloide vonAspidosperma ulei Mgf. Aspidosperma‐Alkaloide, 2. Mitteilung
Authors: Schmutz J. , Hunziker F.
Published: December 2010

Die in geringer Menge aus der Wurzelrinde vonAspidosperma ulei Mgf.isolierten sauerstoffreien u‐Alkaloide B, C und D werden näher charakterisiert. Auf Grund ihrer UV.‐Spektren handelt es sich um Carbazol‐Derivate.
Hydroxylierung von Androsten‐(4)‐dion‐(3,17), Testosteron, Progesteron und Cortexon durch Fusarium lini (Bolley). 2. Mitteilung über Reaktionen mit Mikroorganismen
Authors: Gubler Alice , Tamm Ch.
Published: December 2010

Es werden einige mikrobiologische Umsetzungen mit Fusarium lini (Bolley) beschrieben. Aus Androsten‐(4)‐dion‐(3,17) (I) wurde das bekannte 15α‐Hydroxy‐androsten‐(4)‐dion‐(3,17) (II) erhalten. Testosteron (III) lieferte das noch unbekannte 15α‐Hydroxy‐testosteron (IV). Progesteron (VI) ergab als Hauptprodukt das bekannte 15α‐Hydroxy‐progesteron (VII), das bisher nicht beschriebene 6β, 15α‐Dihydroxy‐progesteron (X), dessen Konstitution bewiesen wird, sowie 15α‐Hydroxy‐5ξ‐pregnan‐dion‐(3,20) (XIII). Die Konstitution von XIII ist nicht gesichert. Der Umsatz von Cortexon (XIV) führte zum bekannten 15α‐Hydroxy‐cortexon (XV).
Gekoppelte Oxydation von Formiat und Thiolverbindungen durch Katalase
Authors: Aebi H. , Frei Eva
Published: December 2010

Catalase in combination with thiol compounds is capable oxidizing Formate peroxidatically. This mechanism of coupled oxidation has been investigated using 14C‐labeled Formate and a number of different thiols, e.g. Cystein and red. Glutathion.

There is a close relationship between the components of the system. At pH = 6 for each Mol O2 consumed 1 Mol Formate and 2 Mols of SH‐compound are oxidized simultaneously; at the optimal pH = 7 somewhat lower yields of formate are observed.

The overall reaction rate seems to be limited by thioloxidation. Accordingly labile thiols, e.g. BAL and Cysteamine are very active, Thioglycolic acid being least active.

The biological significance of these findings is discussed in view of results obtained previously on tissue slices.
Untersuchungen über Aromastoffe. 2. Mitteilung. Über das Erdbeeraroma
Authors: Seidel C. F. , Schinz H. , Stoll M.
Published: December 2010

A short analysis of strawberry extract has been made. Besides some compounds already mentioned by other workers, phenylethyl alcohol and phydroxyphenylethyl alcohol have been isolated.
Totalsynthese von 18‐oxygenierten Ätiansäuren. Über Steroide, 151. Mitteilung
Authors: Wieland P. , Heusler K. , Ueberwasser H. , Wettstein A.
Published: December 2010

18‐Substituted etio‐acid derivatives have been prepared from 16‐oxoandrostanes by two methods. The first consists in the condensation with a formic ester, etherification of the hydroxymethylene compound formed, reduction of the 16‐oxo group and acid cleavage to give an α,β‐unsaturated etioaldehyde. By catalytic reduction and oxidation with permanganate the etio‐acid was obtained. Alternatively the 16‐ketone was condensed with diethyl carbonate and the 16‐oxygen function removed by hydrogenolysis of the 16‐enol‐acetate. – The second method was also applied to a Δ14‐16‐ketone of the androstane series.
Zum Verhalten des Riboflavins und strukturverwandter Verbindungen gegenüber Metallionen
Authors: Hemmerich P. , Fallab S.
Published: December 2010

The tendency of riboflavine to form metal chelates has been thoroughly investigated. Comparison of reactivity towards Cu2+ in solution with model compounds of different types and analysis of the insoluble complexes formed leads to the conclusion that riboflavine forms only weak complexes with a stability constant of log k1 < 4. The possible chelation mechanisms are discussed.
Nickelkomplexe von Formazylen mit 3 Liganden
Authors: Grün F. , Freiesleben W.
Published: December 2010

Eine physikalisch‐chemische Untersuchung der Nickelkomplexe des o‐Carboxyformazylbenzols und des o‐Hydroxyformazylbenzols ergibt in Bestätigung des Befunds vonR. Wizingerund Mitarbeitern, dass in den Komplexen das Nickelatom von drei Liganden umgeben ist. Das Nickelatom hat in den Komplexen das magnetische Moment Null; dieser Befund wird diskutiert, eine neue Strukturformel wird vorgeschlagen.
Recherches sur l'oxydation de l'éthyl‐2‐hexène‐2‐al et de quelques aldéhydes apparentés. II. α,β‐Epoxy‐aldéhydes
Authors: Schaer C.
Published: December 2010

Un des premier termes de l'oxydation, par l'hypochlorite de sodium, des aldéhydes α,β‐non saturés éthyl‐2‐hexée‐2‐al, hexéne‐2al et crotonal, est l'α,β‐époxy‐aldéhyde correspondant.
Kinetik der thermischen Umlagerung von 2‐[α‐14C]‐6‐Diallylphenyl‐allyläther. (Zur Kenntnis der Claisen‐Umlagerung X)
Authors: Haegele W. , Schmid H.
Published: December 2010

Es wurde die Kinetik der thermischen Umlagerung von 2‐[α‐14C]‐6‐Diallyl‐phenyl‐allyläther (V) untersucht, woraus k1, die spez. Geschwindigkeit der Sauerstoff‐ortho‐Umlagerung, und k3/k2, das Verhältnis der spez. Geschwindigkeiten der ortho‐para‐Umlagerung und der ortho‐Sauerstoffumlagerung des Allylrestes bestimmt wurden. Der bei 149,9° ermittelte k3/k2‐Wert von 3,0 stimmt mit demjenigen von Curtin&Crawford am 2,6‐Dimethyl‐2‐allyl‐cyclohexa‐3,5‐dien‐1‐on bei 75–100° ermittelten k3/k2‐Verhältnis von 2,7 gut überein. Der Gehalt des aus V gebildeten 2,4,6‐Triallylphenols an 2,6‐Diallyl‐4‐[γ‐14C]‐allylphenol entspricht dem auf Grund von k1 und k3/k2 berechneten. Daraus kann der Schluss gezogen werden, dass bei der para‐Claisen‐Umlagerung von 2,6‐disubstituierten Phenyl‐allyläthern nur die oben erwähnten Reaktionen für die Wanderung des Allylrestes von Bedeutung sind.
Infrarotspektren von Cyclanen und Cyclanonen. V. Schwingungsspektren von Cyclodecan
Authors: Billeter E. , Günthard Hs. H.
Published: December 2010

The following vibrational spectra of cyclodecane have been investigated: (1) the IR.‐spectrum of the liquid between 1500 and 450 cm−1 at room temperature; (2) the IR.‐spectra of the solid in the surroundings of the melting point and at − 70 and − 170° C in the frequency range 1500…650 cm−1; (3) the Raman‐spectrum of the liquid from 1500 to 300 cm−1 at room temperature.
Die Isomerisierung von 5‐Methyl‐19‐nor‐koprosten‐Derivaten. I. Teil. Die Irreversibilität der Westphalen‐Lettré‐Umlagerung
Authors: Aebli H. , Grob C. A. , Schumacher E.
Published: December 2010

Dehydration of 5‐hydroxy cholesterol derivatives is attended by C–10 to C–5 methyl migration (Westphalen‐Lettré rearrangement) only if a β‐substituent is present at C–6. In the absence of such a substituent dehydration and dehydrochlorination of 5‐hydroxy and 5‐chloro derivatives respectively yield mainly 5‐cholestenes in a rate‐controlled 1,2‐elimination process.
Die Spaltung von d,l‐Muscarin in die optischen Antipoden. 10. Mitteilung über Muscarin
Authors: Eugster C. H. , Häfliger F. , Denss R. , Girod E.
Published: December 2010

With the aid of the two di‐p‐toluyl‐tartaric acids dl‐Muscarine has been resolved into its optical antipodes. Contrary to the indicatitons of F.Kögl et al.

H. C. Cox, E. Hardegger, F. Kog̈l, P. Liechti, F. Lohse & C. A . Salemink, Helv. 41,229 (1958(.

the less soluble salt of the laevorotatory acid is that of the unnatural (−)‐muscarine; (+)‐muscarine, identical in physical and biological properties with the natural alcaloid, was obtained as the less soluble salt with (+)‐di‐p‐toluyl‐L‐tartaric acid.
Comparison of fixed dose pegfilgrastim and daily filgrastim after autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma autografted on a outpatient basis
Authors: Ferrara Felicetto , Izzo Tiziana , Criscuolo Clelia , Riccardi Cira , Viola Assunta , Delia Rossella , Carbone Antonella , Celentano Maria
Published: December 2010

Different authors have explored the feasibility of autografting patients with multiple myeloma (MM) on an outpatient basis. Peg‐filgrastim (PEG), a long‐acting recombinant G‐CSF, has similar efficacy when compared to conventional G‐CSF for chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia, but little is known about its use in the autologous stem‐cell transplantation (ASCT) setting, namely in patients programmed to be autografted on outpatient basis. In this study, we compared therapeutic results in terms of hematopoietic recovery, non‐hematologic toxicity, duration of hospitalization and percentage of hospital readmission between patients receiving either conventional G‐CSF or PEG. Thirty‐eight MM patients (48 autografts) received PEG, given at a single dose of 6 mg at day +5 from stem cell infusion, while 81 (113 autografts) received G‐CSF from day + 2 up to stable neutrophil recovery. The conditioning regimen was high dose melphalan in all patients. The median age and the median number of CD34 + cell infused were comparable between the two groups. Overall, a second hospital admission was required in 36 procedures out of 161 (32%). Febrile neutropenia (FN) and severe mucositis were the most frequent causes of hospitalization. There was no statistically significant difference as percentage of hospital readmission is concerned: in the PEG group readmission was needed in 6 out of 48 autografts (12%) as opposed to 30 out of 113 (26%) in the G‐CSF subgroup, p: 0.06. The median time of hospital stay for readmitted patients was identical for the two subgroups (9 days vs. 9 days, p: 0.94). Finally, one case of transplant related mortality occurred in the whole patient series (0.6%).

In conclusion, ASCT on an outpatient basis is feasible and safe in patients with MM, the majority of whom are manageable at home. The administration of single dose PEG results in no different outcome in terms of safety and efficacy as compared to 8 days of G‐CSF. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decarboxylative Coupling Reactions
Authors: Goossen Lukas J. , Collet Florence , Goossen Käthe
Published: December 2010

Decarboxylative couplings are chemical transformations in which carboxylic acids extrude CO2 and form new bonds in the place of the former carboxylate group. In recent years, a large number of such reactions with considerable synthetic potential has been developed. This article reviews the rapidly emerging area of decarboxylative couplings. A focus is set on redox‐neutral cross‐couplings, a novel concept for carbon–carbon bond formation that was developed in our group.
Toxicity induced by cumene hydroperoxide in PC12 cells: Protective role of thiol donors
Authors: Vimard F. , Saucet M. , Nicole O. , Feuilloley M. , Duval D.
Published: December 2010

Oxidative shock and production of reactive oxygen species are known to play a major role in situations leading to neuron degeneration, but the precise mechanisms responsible for cell degeneration remain uncertain. In the present article, we have studied in PC 12 cells the effect of cumene hydroxyperoxide on both cell metabolism and morphology. We observed that relatively low concentrations of the drug (100 μM) led to a significant decrease in the cellular content of ATP and reduced glutathione as well as to a decreased mitochondrial potential. These metabolic alterations were followed by an important increase in intracellular free calcium and membrane disruption and death. In parallel, we observed profound changes in cell morphology with a shortening of cell extensions, the formation of ruffles and blebs at the cell surface, and a progressive detachment of the cells from the surface of the culture flasks. We also showed that addition of thiol donors such as N‐acetylcysteine or β‐mercaptoethanol, which were able to enhance cell glutathione content, almost completely protected PC 12 cells from the toxic action of cumene hydroperoxide whereas pretreatment by buthionine sulfoximine, a selective inhibitor of GSH synthesis, enhanced its action. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25:205–215, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20377
Functional conservatism among Drosophila simulans flies experiencing different thermal regimes and mitochondrial DNA introgression
Authors: Chatelain Étienne Hébert , Pichaud Nicolas , Ballard J. William O. , Tanguay Robert M. , Morrow Geneviève , Blier Pierre U.
Published: December 2010

Drosophila simulans possesses three different mitochondrial haplotypes (siI, II and III) that are nonrandomly geographically subdivided with a 3% interhaplogroup variation. The aim of this study was to determine whether perturbation of mitochondrial metabolism and ROS management by temperature variation and mtDNA introgression would influence the development of aerobic capacity and the intensity of oxidative stress in D. simulans at different ages. Environmental temperature divergences during development had few impacts on metabolic capacities. Our data suggested strong functional conservatism of mitochondrial haplotypes between the D. simulans lines studied. This conservatism was expressed by the low divergences in either mitochondrial or ROS buffering enzyme activities, or even markers of ROS damage even after disruption of coevolved genomes. Disruption of coevolved mitochondrial and nuclear genomes through mtDNA introgression induced no clear divergence on metabolic phenotype at any state of development. Reduction of cytochrome c oxidase activity that was observed after introgression of one mitochondrial haplotype will require further investigation to delineate whether it is associated with any modification of mito‐nuclear interactions. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:188–198, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Travel motivations of tourists to selected marine destinations
Authors: Van der Merwe Petrus , Slabbert Elmarie , Saayman Melville
Published: December 2010

South Africa is well known for its favourable climate, wildlife and golden beaches. Adding to this, its long summers make its coastline (over 3500 km) even more attractive to tourists around the world, and so are transforming the South African coast into a major marine tourism attraction. Along this lengthy coastline lie numerous marine destinations attracting thousands of tourists. These destinations offer various activities such as scuba diving, snorkelling, swimming, world class surfing and whale watching to tourists. When trying to capitalise on these assets, marketers clearly state that it is necessary to understand the market that uses them and the reasons people travel. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the travel motives of tourists to selected marine destinations.

Five surveys were conducted at marine resorts by means of a structured questionnaire. Two hundred and two (202) questionnaires were completed at Hartenbos, 210 at Jeffrey's Bay, 333 at Margate, 237 at Amanzimtoti and 153 at Plettenberg Bay. The statistical analysis entailed descriptive statistics and a factor analysis of the five surveys. The results revealed similarity regarding escape and relaxation as travel motives when compared to other research. However, time usage and personal attachment were unique motives identified by this study.

A combination of psychological motives and of more tangible aspects should be used in tourism marketing strategies in order to attract a higher number of visitors to marine destinations. These results will, therefore, assist marketers and product developers of marine destinations, particularly with the marine tourism product being very similar. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of preoperative neck ultrasound in the detection of cervical lymph node metastasis from thyroid cancer
Authors: Hwang Harry S. , Orloff Lisa A.
Published: December 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

This study was performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of surgeon‐performed preoperative neck ultrasound (US) in the detection of both central and lateral cervical lymph node metastases from thyroid cancer.

Study Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Methods:

Data for all patients with thyroid cancers and follicular thyroid lesions who were evaluated by means of preoperative neck US were reviewed. The cervical lymph nodes were assessed for suspicion of metastasis based on US characteristics. The diagnostic accuracy of US was determined according to whether histologically confirmed cancer was present in surgical cervical lymph node specimens.

Results:

The sensitivity and specificity of US in predicting papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) metastasis in the central neck were 30.0% and 86.8%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of US in predicting metastasis in the lateral neck were 93.8% and 80.0%, respectively. A subset of patients underwent US followed by revision neck dissection for PTC, and the sensitivity and specificity of US in predicting metastasis in the lateral neck were 100% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusions:

Preoperative neck US is a valuable tool in assessing patients with thyroid cancers. The highly sensitive and specific nature of US in predicting cervical lymph node metastasis in the lateral neck, especially in the setting of recurrent disease, can provide reliable information to assist in surgical management. Although US for central compartment lymphadenopathy in the presence of the thyroid gland is less sensitive and specific than US for the lateral neck, it still provides useful information that can be obtained at the same time the primary thyroid pathology is assessed. Laryngoscope, 2011
Hydroxytyrosol inhibits growth and cell proliferation and promotes high expression of sfrp4 in rat mammary tumours
Authors: Granados‐Principal Sergio , Quiles Jose L. , Ramirez‐Tortosa Cesar , Camacho‐Corencia Pedro , Sanchez‐Rovira Pedro , Vera‐Ramirez Laura , Ramirez‐Tortosa MCarmen
Published: December 2010

Scope: Hydroxytyrosol (a phenolic compound derived from virgin olive oil) has demonstrated an anti‐tumour effect in several tumour cell lines in addition to other health‐related properties. The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time in an animal model of experimental mammary carcinoma, the anti‐cancer ability of hydroxytyrosol and to discover which pathways are modified by hydroxytyrosol.

Methods and results: Dimethylbenz[α]anthracene‐induced mammary tumours were induced in 28 female Sprague–Dawley rats and ten of them were treated with hydroxytyrosol (0.5 mg/kg b.w. 5 days/week for 6 wk). cDNA microarray and quantitative RT‐PCR experiments were performed. Hydroxytyrosol was found to inhibit the experimental mammary tumour growth and proliferation rate, with results comparable to those of doxorubicin but better with regard to the histopathological outcome. It also altered the expression of genes related to apoptosis, cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation, survival and transformation pathways.

Conclusions: This study shows that hydroxytyrosol exerts anti‐cancer effects in Sprague–Dawley rats with experimental mammary tumours, inhibiting growth and cell proliferation in mammary tumours. Moreover, hydroxytyrosol alters several genes associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis and the Wnt signalling pathway, promoting a high expression of Sfrp4. However, further studies are necessary to better understand the mechanisms of hydroxytyrosol.
Dietary supplements and human health: For better or for worse?
Authors: Jerome‐Morais Anita , Diamond Alan M. , Wright Margaret E.
Published: December 2010

Encouraged by the potential health benefits of higher dietary intake of substances with beneficial properties, the use of supplements containing these compounds has increased steadily over recent years. The effects of several of these, many of which are antioxidants, have been supported by data obtained in vitro, in animal models, and often by human studies as well. However, as carefully controlled human supplementation trials have been conducted, questions about the efficacy and safety of these supplements have emerged. In this Educational Paper, three different supplements were selected for consideration of the benefits and risks currently associated with their intake. The selected supplements include β‐carotene, selenium, and genistein. The use of each is discussed in the context of preclinical and clinical data that provide evidence for both their use in reducing disease incidence and the possible liabilities that accompany their enhanced consumption. Variables that may influence their impact, such as lifestyle habits, baseline nutritional levels, and genetic makeup are considered and the application of these issues to broader classes of supplements is discussed.
Evidences on three relevant obesogenes: MC4R, FTO and PPARγ. Approaches for personalized nutrition
Authors: Razquin Cristina , Marti Amelia , Martinez Jose Alfredo
Published: December 2010

Obesity is a complex disease that results from the interaction between lifestyle (dietary patterns and sedentary habits) and genetic factors. The recognition of a genetic basis for human obesity has driven to identify putative causal genes to understand the pathways that control body mass and fat deposition in humans as well as to provide personalized treatments and prevention strategies to fight against obesity. More than 120 candidate genes have been associated with obesity‐related traits. Genome‐wide association study has so far identified over 20 novel loci convincingly associated with adiposity. This review is specifically focused on the study of the effects of melanocortin 4 receptor, Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene variants and their interactions with dietary intake, physical activity or drug administration on body weight control. The advances in this field are expected to open new ways in genome‐customized diets for obesity prevention and therapy following personalized approaches.