bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Este, Padova, Italy: Dating the Iron Age Waterfront
Authors: Meadows John , Martinelli Nicoletta , Nadeau Marie-Josée , Citton Elodia Bianchin
Published: January 2014

Two floating tree-ring chronologies were developed from oak timbers recovered during salvage excavations of a pre-Roman wharf in Este, a prominent center of the Veneti people, who lived in northeastern Italy during the Iron Age. Wiggle-match radiocarbon dating shows that one chronology spans the 10th and 9th centuries cal BC, and that the waterfront was probably built ∼800 cal BC. The second chronology apparently spans most of the 7th century cal BC, and is associated with a phase of construction about 2 centuries after the first. One of the samples gave what appeared to be anomalous 14C results that may best be explained as evidence of a short-term fluctuation in atmospheric 14C level, which can be seen in short-lived samples but is not apparent in the decadal or bidecadal calibration data. Both chronologies cover periods for which there are no other tree-ring chronologies in this region, and could become key to refining the local Iron Age chronology.
Wood Pretreatment Protocols and Measurement of Tree-Ring Standards at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU)
Authors: Staff Richard A , Reynard Linda , Brock Fiona , Ramsey Christopher Bronk
Published: January 2014

This article presents the pretreatment protocols for wood samples processed at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU), including recent implementation of a purification method to α-cellulose for non-routine samples. We examine the long-term reproducibility of measurement on wood samples at ORAU through the >1000 14C determinations made on known-age tree-ring standards processed in each AMS wheel since our present High Voltage Engineering Europa (HVEE) AMS system came on-line in September 2002. A discussion of background measurements is also provided.
Absolute Chronology for the Beaker Culture Site of Coval Simó (Mallorca, Balearic Islands)
Authors: Coll Jaume , Ramis Damià
Published: January 2014

This contribution of the absolute chronology for the Beaker culture presents the results of archaeological research that took place at Coval Simó (Mallorca) between 1998 and 2008. Coval Simó is a rockshelter situated at the summit of one of the mountains that forms part of the northern mountain range of the Serra de Tramuntana. The site provided an exceptional undisturbed context, shielding a small space of only 25 m2. Thin sedimentary layers were deposited in a short timespan and later were sealed off by large blocks due to a rockslide falling from the top of the rockshelter. This site has offered significant information related to the occupation of a human group linked to the Bell Beaker culture, and users of other distinctive undecorated pottery vessels. Direct evidence of early island metallurgy was also obtained: smelting slags from local copper minerals. Regarding the methodology used for analysis, short-lived samples were chosen for radiocarbon dating, consisting of bone fragments identified and classified taxonomically. The samples were submitted alternately to two different14C laboratories and the obtained results point to a clear horizon for the early human occupation of the site, ranging between about 2300 and 1900 cal BC.
EUBAR: A Database of 14C Measurements for the European Bronze Age. A Bayesian Analysis of 14C-Dated Archaeological Contexts from Northern Italy and Southern France
Authors: Capuzzo Giacomo , Boaretto Elisabetta , Barceló Juan A
Published: January 2014

The chronological framework of European protohistory is mostly a relative chronology based on typology and stratigraphic data. Synchronization of different time periods suffers from a lack of absolute dates; therefore, disagreements between different chronological schemes are difficult to reconcile. An alternative approach was applied in this study to build a more precise and accurate absolute chronology. To the best of our knowledge, we have collected all the published 14C dates for the archaeological sites in the region from the Ebro River (Spain) to the Middle Danube Valley (Austria) for the period 1800–750 BC. The available archaeological information associated with the 14C dates was organized in a database that totaled more than 1600 14C dates. In order to build an accurate and precise chronology, quality selection rules have been applied to the 14C dates based on both archaeological context and analytical quality. Using the OxCal software and Bayesian analysis, several 14C time sequences were created following the archaeological data and different possible scenarios were tested in northern Italy and southern France.
Conventions for Reporting Radiocarbon Determinations
Authors: Millard Andrew R
Published: January 2014

Current conventions for reporting radiocarbon determinations do not cover the reporting of calibrated dates. This article proposes revised conventions that have been endorsed by many 14C scientists. For every determination included in a scientific paper, the following should apply: (1) the laboratory measurement should be reported as a conventional radiocarbon age in 14C yr BP or a fractionation-corrected fraction modern (F14C) value; (2) the laboratory code for the determination should be included; and (3) the sample material dated, the pretreatment method applied, and quality control measurements should be reported. In addition, for every calibrated determination or modeled date, the following should be reported: (4) the calibration curve and any reservoir offset used; (5) the software used for calibration, including version number, the options and/or models used, and wherever possible a citation of a published description of the software; and (6) the calibrated date given as a range (or ranges) with an associated probability on a clearly identifiable calendar timescale.
Simulations and Outputs
Authors: Griffiths Seren
Published: January 2014

Bayesian analysis is now routinely applied for the construction of site-specific stratigraphic chronological models. Other approaches have analyzed the chronology of phases of archaeological activity across regions. The available radiocarbon results—the nature of the samples and their associations—provide the basis for what chronological questions it is possible to address for any site or region. In dealing with regional analyses, due consideration must be made of data selection. While data selection might be a relatively self-evident consideration in the analysis of a site chronology, working with data from a larger region poses a number of specific data selection issues. Robust association between dated samples and a particular type of diagnostic material culture or site may provide one means of producing regional chronologies. However, if the activity under investigation includes a number of different cultural traits, which are related but with each having a slightly different chronological currency, defining the temporal end of data selection becomes more problematic. This article presents one approach, using a case study from the British Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, with 880 simulation OxCal models used to investigate the effect of variously defining the end of a regional archaeological phase. The results emphasize that for a regional case study, sensitivity analysis may provide a useful tool to ensure representative models; the study also highlights the importance of comparing multiple model posteriors.
19 Years of Mortar Dating: Learning from Experience
Authors: Ringbom Åsa , Lindroos Alf , Heinemeier Jan , Sonck-Koota Pia
Published: January 2014

Since 1994, our team has gained extensive experience applying accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon analysis for mortar dating, totaling over 465 samples and 1800+ measured CO2 fractions. Several samples have been analyzed repeatedly. The research covers both Medieval and Classical archaeology. We therefore believe our experience can be helpful when developing preparation procedures for different kinds of mortars in different areas and in varying chronologies. So far, the main areas of interest have been (a) the churches of the Åland Islands (in the archipelago between Finland and Sweden); (b) the churches in the Åboland Archipelago (SW Finland); (c) sites in the Iberian Peninsula including Torre de Palma (a Roman village in Portugal); and (d) Rome, Pompeii, and Herculaneum (Italy). Most of the analyses before 2000 were hydrolized in only two CO2 fractions per sample, and reliability criteria were defined on the basis of how well the ages of the two fractions agree with each other. These criteria have proved most helpful in determining the reliability of 14C mortar analyses. Different types of mortar have been investigated, including lime mortars made both from limestone and marble, pozzolana mortars, fire-damaged mortars, and mortars based on burnt shells. Most importantly, separate lime lumps sampled from these mortars have been analyzed sporadically and recently more systematically. The research also includes different types of hydrolysis applied in the pretreatment. In addition to using 85% phosphoric acid (H3PO4), the experimental research includes tests with smaller concentrations of phosphoric acid, and tests based on 2–3% hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissolutions. To characterize the dissolution process, results are presented as age profiles of 2–5 CO2 fractions. In our experience, pozzolana mortars have been difficult to date, and HCl dissolution should be used only in special cases and in complementary tests.
Heterococcus sp. DN1 draft genome: focus on cold tolerance and lipid production
Authors: Nelson David R. , Jin Tu Zheng , Lefebvre Paul A.
Published: January 2014

A yellow-green alga,
Effects of Three Kinds of Sugar Syrups on Colony Development of Bumble Bee (Bombus terrestris L.)
Authors: Gurel Fehmi , Karsli Bahar A. , Gosterit Ayhan
Published: January 2014

The effects of three kinds of sugar syrups on colony development were studied. Weekly sugar syrup consumption of the Bombus terrestris dalmatinus colonies were investigated. A total of 60 queens were separately placed in standard nest boxes and randomly divided into three groups. We tested high fructose corn syrup (HFCS - fructose 42-45%, glucose 50-54%), sucrose syrup (SS - sucrose 99%), and industrial bee feeding sugar syrup (BFSS - fructose 37-40%, glucose 27-30%, sucrose 30-36%). All queens and colonies were fed with the same fresh pollen and reared under standard laboratory conditions (28 ± 1oC, 60 ± 5% RH). Pollen and sugar syrups (approximately 1:1 water:sugar) were provided ad libitum. Colony development traits, weekly syrup consumption, total syrup consumption, and total pollen consumption of each colony were recorded during periodic observations. The highest egg laying rate, colony production rate and saleable colony production rate (90, 75, and 50%, respectively) were found in the BFSS treatment. However, no significant difference was found among treatments in terms of examined colony characteristics. Until the colonies were large enough for sale (50-60 workers), the consumption of sugar syrup and pollen per one colony varied from 461 to 546 ml and from 164 to 190 g, respectively.
A Test of Bombus terrestris Cocoon and other Common Methods for Nest Initiation in B. lapidarius and B. hortorum
Authors: Bučánková Alena , Ptáček Vladimír
Published: January 2014

Several methods for stimulating nest initiation (particularly the use of the Bombus terrestris cocoon) in queen bumblebees of the species B. lapidarius and B. hortorum were compared. For B. lapidarius, it was determined that the percentage success rate for establishing the first egg cell on a cocoon of B. terrestris is similar to that on a conspecific cocoon. Nest establishment, however, was significantly slower on the cocoon of B. terrestris. Moreover, it was determined that queens of B. lapidarius are able to initiate a nest without hibernation. Queens hibernated in the laboratory displayed a similar percentage success rate in establishing an egg cell during stimulation with the cocoon of B. terrestris as did the outdoor queens, but the lab queens established it significantly more slowly. Queens of B. hortorum did not incubate the cocoon of B. terrestris, nor did they establish an egg cell on it.
Use of Thymol Formulations, Amitraz, and Oxalic Acid for the Control of the Varroa Mite in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera carnica) Colonies
Authors: Gregorc Aleš , Planinc Ivo
Published: January 2014

Experiments were conducted in three apiaries to assess the comparative efficacy of: Thymovar (Andermatt BioVet AG); Apiguard (Vita Europe Ltd., UK); an oxalic acid solution (OA) which consisted of 2.9% oxalic acid and 31.9% sugar in water; and amitraz fumigation, for controlling the honey bee mite Varroa destructor. Mite mortality increased significantly (p<0.001) in the Thymovar, Apiguard, OA or amitraz treated colonies. The relative mite mortality after: four OA applications, two Thymovar or two Apiguard applications during August and September in the Senično apiary was 41.80% (±14.31), 14.35% (±10.71), and 18.93% (±13.56), respectively. In the control, i.e. untreated colonies, the mite natural mortality was reduced by 3.10% (±3.50). In the Bohinj apiary, two Apiguard applications and a single amitraz treatment resulted in reducing the mite populations by 19.71% (±12.61) and 23.89% (±14.25), respectively. At the Mediterranean located apiary of Vipava, the Thymovar and Apiguard treatments trigged 59.02% (±17.28) and 46.50% (±13.33) of the total mite reduction. In the Vipava apiary, colonies treated with any miticide during the brood period presented no difference (P>0.05) in efficacy. The results indicate that OA, Thymovar, Apiguard or amitraz fumigations are of limited use during the brood periods.
Adhesion Molecules as Predictors of Nasal Polyposis Recurrence
Authors: Batzakakis Dimitrios , Stathas Theodoros , Mastronikolis Nikos , Kourousis Christos , Aletras Alexandros , Naxakis Stephanos
Published: January 2014

Background

Nasal polyposis is a chronic inflammation of nasal and paranasal sinuses in the pathogenesis of which adhesion molecules may have a significant role. This study investigates the possible role of certain adhesion molecules, mucins, and oncogenes in nasal polyposis recurrence.

Methods

A sample study of 21 individuals (17 men and 4 women) aged 47.44 ± 15.10 years with nasal polyposis who had undergone nasal surgery twice was used. Twenty-one individuals aged 46.9 ± 12.8 years suffering from nasal polyposis who had undergone surgery only once in the same period were used as a control sample.

Results

Statistically significant differences between the two groups were observed regarding epithelial membrane antigen (EMA/mucin 1) of stromal cells (p < 0.001) and CD86 stromal expression (p = 0.009). No patient of the control group exhibited high (++) D86 stromal expression, whereas six patients of the resurgery group did so. When EMA and CD86 were included in a logistic regression model, stromal EMA was found to be positively related to recurrence.

Conclusion

Adhesion molecules may relate to nasal polyp prognosis and recurrence rates.
Staphylococcus Enterotoxin a Induces Muc5B Expression Via Toll-Like Receptor 2, Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinase 1/2, and P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Human Airway Epithelial Cells
Authors: Song Si-Youn , Chi Deok Hwan , Bae Chang Hoon , Kim Yong-Dae
Published: January 2014

Background

Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are known to induce an inflammatory response of the airways, increase sensitization to inhaled allergens, and decrease T-cell sensitivity to steroids. However, the effects of Staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA) on mucin secretion of airway epithelial cells still have not been reported. Therefore, in this study, the effect and brief signaling pathway of SEA on MUC5B expression were investigated in human airway epithelial cells.

Methods

In the mucin-producing human NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells and the primary cultures of normal nasal epithelial cells, the effect and signaling pathway of SEA on MUC5B expression were investigated using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, enzyme immunoassay, and immunoblot analysis with several specific inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA).

Results

SEA increased MUC5B mRNA and protein expression. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mRNA expression was significantly increased after treatment with SEA. Knockdown of TLR2 by siRNA significantly blocked SEA-induced MUC5B mRNA expression. SEA significantly activated phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). U0126 (ERK1/2 MAPK inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) significantly inhibited SEA-induced MUC5B mRNA expression. In addition, knockdown of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK by siRNA significantly blocked SEA-induced MUC5B mRNA expression. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK was significantly blocked by knockdown of TLR2 by siRNA.

Conclusion

These results show for the first time that SEA induces MUC5B expression via TLR2, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells.
Endogenous Production of Hydrogen Sulfide in Human Sinus Mucosa and its Expression Levels are Altered in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with and without Nasal Polyps
Authors: Hwang Jae Woong , Jun Young Joon , Park Se Jin , Kim Tae Hoon , Lee Ki Jeong , Hwang Soo Min , Lee Seung Hoon , Lee Heung Man , Lee Sang Hag
Published: January 2014

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) or CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNPs) is characterized by persistent inflammation of sinonasal mucosa. No one causative factor fully explains for the pathological manifestations of CRS. Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to participate in inflammatory diseases, functioning as an inflammatory mediator in various organs. We analyzed the contents and synthesis activity of H2S, the expression and distribution pattern of H2S-generating enzymes, cystathione β-synthase (CBS), and cystathione γ-lyase (CSE) in CRSwNPs and CRSsNPs. The effects of H2S on the expression of CRS-relevant cytokines and the effects of cytokines on the expression of CBS and CSE were assessed in an in vitro experiment.

Methods

The contents and synthesis activity of H2S and the expression and distribution pattern of CBS and CSE in sinus mucosa were evaluated using spectrophotometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Cultured epithelial cells were used to elucidate the effects of H2S donor, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), on the expression of CRS-relevant cytokines and the effects of cytokines on H2S-generating enzymes expression.

Results

The contents and synthesis activity of H2S were increased in CRSwNPs and CRSsNPs. CBS and CSE were localized to the superficial epithelium and submucosal glands, but CSE was also found in vascular endothelium. N S induced increased expression of IL-4, IL-5, interferon γ, and TNF-α. CBS and CSE expression in cultured cells was up-regulated by CRS-relevant cytokines.

Conclusion

H2S levels are increased in CRS, contributing to increased production of cytokines. These results suggest that H2S may function as inflammatory mediator in CRS.
Upper Lateral Strut Graft: A Technique to Improve the Internal Nasal Valve
Authors: Craig John , Goyal Parul , Suryadevara Amar
Published: January 2014

Background

Internal nasal valve (INV) collapse can contribute significantly to nasal obstruction and may be caused by upper lateral cartilage (ULC) collapse medially or laterally. Surgical techniques addressing INV collapse have focused more on treating the narrowed INV angle, with less consideration of the lateral INV area. This article describes a technique to improve INV patency both medially and laterally. This study analyzes the changes in minimal cross-sectional area (MCA) at the INV after graft placement and determines whether these changes are significantly different for normal versus narrow INVs.

Methods

Noses of six fixed cadavers were dissected by open rhinoplasty to release the ULCs from the septum. Upper lateral strut grafts were placed through subperichondrial pockets along the ULC undersurfaces and out over the piriform apertures into subperiosteal pockets. Grafts were secured to the dorsal septum. Acoustic rhinometry and nasal endoscopy were used to classify INVs before graft placement as narrow or normal and to assess changes at the INV after graft placement.

Results

Mean pregraft MCA was 0.58 cm2. Mean MCA percent increase after graft placement was 22%. By INV type, percent increases were 51% for narrow INVs and 1% for normal INVs. Mean increases in MCA after graft placement were statistically significant for the entire group and for narrow INVs, with increases of 0.10 cm2 (p = 0.03) and 0.22 cm2 (p = 0.004), respectively.

Conclusion

The upper lateral strut graft improved patency of cadaveric INVs, with statistically significant increases in the MCA most notable when placed for narrow INVs.
Clinical Control in the Dual Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Rhinitis: A Prospective Analysis
Authors: Parikh Neil G. , Junaid Imran , Sheinkopf Lee , Randhawa Inderpal , Santiago Silverio M. , Klaustermeyer William B.
Published: January 2014

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and allergic rhinitis (AR) are common coexisting disorders. Upper airway, specifically al resistance, is thought to increase during exacerbations of AR and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR), as well as in OSAS. The study objective was to determine if a correlation exists between clinical control of rhinitis and OSAS.

Methods

This prospective study followed 43 patients with concurrent OSAS and AR or NAR. OSAS was diagnosed by polysomnography, and AR or NAR was diagnosed by history, skin testing, serum-specific IgE, and total IgE levels. Measurements of control of OSAS included the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) survey and compliance with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device. Measurements of rhinitis control included Assessment of Nasal Symptom Severity and Assessment of Nonnasal Symptom Severity (NSS refers to both) and Global Assessment of Nasal and Nonnasal Symptom Severity surveys (GSS). Higher NSS scores correlate with more rhinitis symptoms, whereas higher GSS scores correlate with less symptoms.

Results

All patients completed the study. There was a positive correlation between ESS and NSS scores (p < 0.001), inverse correlation between ESS and GSS scores (p < 0.001), inverse correlation between CPAP compliance and NSS scores (p < 0.001), and positive correlation between CPAP compliance and GSS scores (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the AR, NAR, and AR/NAR groups.

Conclusion

Our study showed a statistically significant positive correlation between clinical control of rhinitis symptoms and clinical control of OSAS. This study emphasizes the importance of achieving concurrent optimal control of both OSAS and AR/NAR.
The Immunoexpression of Cd34, Bcl-2, and Ki-67 Antigens in Sinonasal Inverted Papillomas
Authors: Pajor Anna M. , Danilewicz Marian , Stasikowska-Kanicka Olga , Józefowicz-Korczyńska Magdalena
Published: January 2014

Background

Numerous molecular markers of sinonasal inverted papillomas (IP) were investigated in the past; however, significance of angiogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis were not well documented. This study was designed to determine expression of angiogenic marker CD34 antigen, antiapoptotic marker Bcl-2 oncoprotein, and proliferative marker Ki-67 antigen in the group of patients with IP. We matched up these findings to the group of patients with sinonasal carcinoma (SNC) and used chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients as control group. In addition, we compared expression of the markers among IP patients who displayed distinctly different patterns of clinical behavior.

Methods

Tissue samples were obtained from 46 surgically treated patients; 18 of them had a diagnosis of IP, 9 had documented SNC, and the remaining 19 patients had CRS. All specimens were stained using immunohistochemistry techniques for CD34 (mean vessel density [MVD]), Bcl-2, and Ki-67 antigens. Morphometry was evaluated by computer image analysis system.

Results

We noted statistically significant differences in expression of CD34 antigen, Bcl-2 protein, and Ki-67 antigen (for all groups, ANOVA p < 0.001) among the investigated groups. The mean value of CD34 antigen was significantly higher in the IP group than in the CRS group, but it was below the levels of the SNC group. Compared with the cases not complicated by recurrence, the patients with recurrent IP exhibited higher MVD levels, while levels of bcl-2 and Ki67 protein expression did not differ in a significant way between recurrent and nonrecurrent cases. The significant positive correlations were observed between Bcl-2 protein and Ki-67 antigen in IP and SNC groups and between Bcl-2 protein and CD34 antigen in the CRS group.

Conclusion

Our findings underscore importance of angiogenesis in the development and prognosis of IP and support further investigation of this aspect of IP tumor growth.
Nasal and Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Polyps
Authors: Jeong Jin Hyeok , Yoo Han Seok , Lee Seung Hwan , Kim Kyung Rae , Yoon Ho Joo , Kim Sang Heon
Published: January 2014

Background

The ciliary epithelial cells in the paranasal sinuses produce nasal nitric oxide (NO) continuously and plays a variety of roles in the paranasal sinuses. The purpose of this study was to assess whether we can use the levels of nasal NO (nNO) and exhaled NO (eNO) as a tool for evaluation in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyp patients.

Methods

We used chemiluminescent NO analyzer to measure nNO and eNO among normal controls (32) and CRS with polyp (30) and CRS with polyp and allergic rhinitis patients (27) and compared it with various clinical symptoms, laboratory data, and computed tomography (CT) scores.

Results

Levels of nNO were significantly lower in patients with CRS with polyps (88.5 ± 54.7 ppb) compared with controls (241.0 ± 89.5 ppb). Levels of nNO in CRS with polyps and allergic rhinitis (167.0 ± 47.6 ppb) were significantly higher than CRS with polyps and lower than controls. A significant inverse relationship was observed between nNO and sinus CT scores, severity of nasal obstruction, and purulent rhinorrhea in CRS with polyps. Low values of nNO separated well patients with CRS with polyps, and the cutoff value of <163 ppb was associated with the best com nation of specificity (93%) and sensitivity (81%). A significant positive relationship was observed between eNO and CT scores.

Conclusion

The nNO could be used for another screening of CRS with polyps for the more severe phenotypes, which may eventually have to be treated with surgery.
Evolution in the Treatment of Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma: Pedicle-Oriented Endoscopic Surgery
Authors: Pagella Fabio , Pusateri Alessandro , Giourgos Georgios , Tinelli Carmine , Matti Elina
Published: January 2014

Background

In the literature, the global endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) success in the treatment of sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) is 95%. This study was designed to describe a conservative endoscopic approach, based on research of the tumor's pedicle and treatment concentrated on its site of attachment, and to compare the results of this technique with the outcome of standard endoscopic treatment.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of the patients treated in our institution for paranasal inverted papilloma (IP), between 2002 and 2011 with a minimum of 18 months follow-up was performed. Group A received a standard ESS including whole sinus demucosization (maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, or sphenoid sinus) and bony wall drilling. Group B patients instead underwent pedicle-oriented endoscopic surgery (POES); in this group, bony demucosization and drilling were selectively conducted around the site of pedicle attachment of the tumor.

Results

The cohort included 73 patients (median age, 60.5 years; median follow-up, 58 months). Group A/group B consisted of 37/36 patients. IP persistence—recurrence for group A/group B was 0/1 cases. Oncological success for global endoscopic/group A/group B was 98.6% (72/73)/100% (37/37)/97.2% (35/36). We noticed a significant difference in surgical operative time and postoperative complication rate among the groups, in favor of POES technique.

Conclusion

Our data confirm the efficacy of the endonasal endoscopic treatment for sinonasal IP. Moreover, the even more conservative endoscopic treatment proposed (POES) seems to offer good control of the disease, shorter operating times, avoidance of unnecessary surgery with respect to uninvolved structures, and permits a follow-up aimed at the site of the pedicle attachment.
Influenza Vaccinations and Chemosensory Function
Authors: Doty Richard L. , Berman Austin H. , Izhar Mohammad , Hamilton Hugh B. , Villano Danylko , Vazquez Britney E. , Warrum Maja N. , Mahbob Mariam
Published: January 2014

Background

Although influenza vaccines have saved millions of lives, some have been associated with extremely rare adverse effects such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, Bell's palsy, and optic neuritis. Despite the fact that olfactory loss after an influenza vaccination is noted in one case report, no quantitative olfactory testing was performed. Hence, it is unclear whether, in fact, olfactory dysfunction can be associated with such vaccinations. This study was designed to (1) identify patients from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center who attributed their empirically determined chemosensory disturbances to influenza vaccinations and (2) determine whether influenza vaccinations add to the degree of olfactory or gustatory dysfunction due to other causes.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of self-reported etiologies of 4554 consecutive patients presenting to the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center with complaints of chemosensory dysfunction was performed. Those who reported dysfunction secondary to influenza vaccinations were identified. Additionally, in a subset of 925 patients for whom detailed inoculation histories were available, it was determined whether the number of lifetime inoculations added to the deficits due to other causes.

Results

Nine of the 4554 patients (0.19%) attributed olfactory disturbances to an influenza vaccination. None complained of taste dysfunction. All nine had abnormally low scores on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (p < 0.001), with three being anosmic and six microsmic. Seven had elevated phenyl ethyl alcohol detection thresholds (p < 0.05). Two cases exhibited mild-to-moderate loss of whole mouth taste function. Of the 925 patients, no association was evident between the number of lifetime vaccinations and the chemosensory test scores. In accord with previous studies, age and sex were significantly related to the test scores.

Conclusion

A very small percentage of the 4554 patients evaluated (0.19%) attributed their chemosensory dysfunction to a prior influenza vaccination. No influences of the number of lifetime influenza vaccinations on the test scores were evident in the subset of 925 patients whose dysfunction was due to other causes.
Regional and Socioeconomic Disparities in Emergency Department Use of Radiographic Imaging for Acute Pediatric Sinusitis
Authors: Sedaghat Ahmad R. , Cunningham Michael J. , Ishman Stacey L.
Published: January 2014

Background

Acute pediatric sinusitis (APS) is a common complication of pediatric upper respiratory tract infections. Children with all degrees of APS severity may present to emergency departments (EDs) for evaluation and management. This study was designed to analyze the use of imaging in APS presenting to U.S. EDs.

Methods

A cross-sectional analysis of the 2008 National Emergency Department Sample database was performed. One hundred one thousand six hundred sixty children, aged ≤18 years, assigned at least one ICD9 code for APS were identified. Current procedural terminology code sinus plain film radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging identified children who underwent sinus imaging. Association of performance of sinus imaging was sought with multiple predictor variables including clinicodemographic and hospital characteristics.

Results

The use of any imaging was associated with older age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07; p < 0.001), male gender (OR = 1.57; p < 0.001), and diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis (OR = 2.46; p < 0.001). Imaging was more common in metropolitan teaching (OR = 1.40;0 p < 0.001) and nonteaching (OR = 5.64; p < 0.001) hospitals. Markers of higher socioeconomic status—private health insurance (OR = 1.37; p < 0.001) and higher income level (OR = 1.96; p < 0.001)—were associated with greater use of imaging, especially CT scans.

Conclusion

The use of ED imaging in APS is appropriately associated with factors known to be associated with APS complications. However, additional disparities with respect to regional and socioeconomic factors exist. Interventions to eliminate these health care disparities in use of imaging resources may lead to quality improvement in care and outcomes for APS.
Evaluation of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nasal Sensor to Assess Deviated Nasal Septum in Comparision with Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow Measurements
Authors: Manjunatha Roopa G. , Rajanna K. , Mahapatra D. Roy , Prakash Surya
Published: January 2014

Background

Deviated nasal septum (DNS) is one of the major causes of nasal obstruction. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nasal sensor is the new technique developed to assess the nasal obstruction caused by DNS. This study evaluates the PVDF nasal sensor measurements in comparison with PEAK nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) measurements and visual analog scale (VAS) of nasal obstruction.

Methods

Because of piezoelectric property, two PVDF nasal sensors provide output voltage signals corresponding to the right and left nostril when they are subjected to nasal airflow. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the voltage signal corresponding to nasal airflow was analyzed to assess the nasal obstruction. PVDF nasal sensor and PNIF were performed on 30 healthy subjects and 30 DNS patients. Receiver operating characteristic was used to analyze the DNS of these two methods.

Results

Measurements of PVDF nasal sensor strongly correlated with findings of PNIF (r = 0.67; p < 0.01) in DNS patients. A significant difference (p < 0.001) was observed between PVDF nasal sensor measurements and PNIF measurements of the DNS and the control group. A cutoff between normal and pathological of 0.51 Vp-p for PVDF nasal sensor and 120 L/min for PNIF was calculated. No significant difference in terms of sensitivity of PVDF nasal sensor and PNIF (89.7% versus 82.6%) and specificity (80.5% versus 78.8%) was calculated.

Conclusion

The result shows that PVDF measurements closely agree with PNIF findings. Developed PVDF nasal sensor is an objective method that is simple, inexpensive, fast, and portable for determining DNS in clinical practice.
A Prospective Multicenter Study of Systemic Reactions in Standardized Specific Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis in China
Authors: Chen Jianjun , Li Bin , Zhao Yan , Zhang Quanming , Wan Lijia , Liu Jun , Tian Xingde , Li Guoyi , Zhou Jie , Zhang Long , Wang Pengju , Cheng Qi , Liang Jianwei , Zhao Ping , Luo Zhihong , He Jingpei , Lu Haitao , Zhou Yi , Zhang Yuanfen , Chen Xiangjun , Pan Fangming , Zhang Zhimao , Zeng Ligang , He Benchao , Zeng Ying , Xu Xiaoyan , Kong Weijia
Published: January 2014

Background

Standardized allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) has been used in China for years. However, there is no extensive study of the safety of standardized SIT in Chinese patients until now. The aim of the current study is to perform a prospective and multicenter study to evaluate the systemic reactions (SRs) of standardized SIT in Chinese patients.

Methods

The study was performed in 13 allergy centers in China, using the same vaccine and practice procedure. The length of observation period was 2 years. SRs were recorded and analyzed.

Results

There were 666 patients included (261 children and 405 adults). All patients finished the initial phase and 47 patients withdrew during the maintenance phase. There were 0.47% (94/19,963) SRs in all injections (0.72 in children and 0.31% in adults); 8.26% (55/666) patients experienced SRs (12.26% children and 5.68% adults). The occurrence of SRs was significantly higher in children than that in adults (p < 0.01). A higher ratio of SRs was found among patients accompanied with asthma. There were 74.47% SRs of grade I, 15.96% SRs of grade II, 7.45% SRs of grade III, and 2.13% SRs of grade IV. There were 90.43% of SRs associated with the discomfort of lower respiratory tract.

Conclusion

This multicenter study showed that properly conducted standardized SIT was a safe treatment for allergic rhinitis in China. The incidence of SRs was higher in children than that in adults.
Relationships of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity and Cofactors with Asthma and Nasal Polyps
Authors: Luukkainen Annika , Karjalainen Jussi , Hurme Mikko , Paavonen Timo , Huhtala Heini , Toppila-Salmi Sanna
Published: January 2014

Background

Asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) are coexisting diseases that are multifactorial. The rural environment seems to protect from atopy, but its relation with nonatopic airway inflammations has been less investigated. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme involved in the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn). Low IDO activity has been previously observed in atopy and asthma. The objective was to investigate the relationships of IDO activity, eosinophils, and cofactors during asthma and/or CRSwNPs.

Methods

A Finnish population-based cohort of adult asthmatic patients (n = 245) and nonasthmatic patients (n = 405) was used. The presence of asthma and atopy were based on patient history and standardized diagnostic tests. The presence of acetyl salicylic acid intolerance, doctor-diagnosed NPs, and countryside environment during childhood were based on a questionnaire report. Serum IDO activity was evaluated by assessing the Kyn/Trp ratio by liquid chromatography.

Results

Low IDO activity was associated significantly with atopy, CRSwNPs, and an urban background. IDO activity did not correlate with pulmonary function. As expected, CRSwNPs was more frequent among asthmatic patients. A rural background has a protective effect from atopy and atopic asthma but it did not affect the prevalence of CRSwNPs or nonatopic asthma.

Conclusion

Low IDO activity might result from the urban environment and influence the development of the atopic phenotype. On the other hand, low IDO activity, found in CRSwNPs, does not seem to be related to the urban background an us may result from other, still unknown, factors.
Mac Wellman’sAntigone: The Hegelian Theme
Authors: Shaw Michael
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT:

Mac Wellman, the contemporary American playwright, has said that there is a lot of George Steiner’s Antigones (where Steiner discusses the influence of Sophocles’s play on later writers and philosophers) in his Antigone of 2000. Explicating that relationship reveals that Wellman uses this material in various ways to present a view of the world that has much in common with, and is deeply indebted to, the realist tradition in philosophy and literature. It is also made clear that Wellman’s interest in these authors and this tradition goes far beyond his reading of Steiner’s book. Major elements of that “Hegelian theme” are the division of the spiritual and the real realms, the division within the real realm between word and deed, the predominance of time and change, and the imperfection of the human spirit, leading to endless conflict and disaster. The self, a spiritual thing, is driven to act and encounters resistance but, in the process, proves itself – self-realization. As it proceeds in self-realization, it longs for and, on very rare occasions, succeeds in becoming one with the Absolute. Mac Wellman, true to this philosophical tradition, is a frustrated idealist.
Traffic Signal Control with Connected Vehicles
Authors: Goodall Noah J. , Smith Brian L. , Park Byungkyu (Brian)
Published: January 2014

The operation of traffic signals is currently limited by the data available from traditional point sensors. Point detectors can provide only limited vehicle information at a fixed location. The most advanced adaptive control strategies are often not implemented in the field because of their operational complexity and high-resolution detection requirements. However, a new initiative known as connected vehicles allows the wireless transmission of the positions, headings, and speeds of vehicles for use by the traffic controller. A new traffic control algorithm, the predictive microscopic simulation algorithm, which uses these new, more robust data, was developed. The decentralized, fully adaptive traffic control algorithm uses a rolling-horizon strategy in which the phasing is chosen to optimize an objective function over a 15-s period in the future. The objective function uses either delay only or a combination of delay, stops, and decelerations. To measure the objective function, the algorithm uses a microscopic simulation driven by present vehicle positions, headings, and speeds. The algorithm is relatively simple, does not require point detectors or signal-to-signal communication, and is completely responsive to immediate vehicle demands. To ensure drivers' privacy, the algorithm does not store individual or aggregate vehicle locations. Results from a simulation showed that the algorithm maintained or improved performance compared with that of a state-of-the-practice coordinated actuated timing plan optimized by Synchro at low and midlevel volumes, but that performance worsened under saturated and oversaturated conditions. Testing also showed that the algorithm had improved performance during periods of unexpected high demand and the ability to respond automatically to year-to-year growth without retiming.
Attitudes towards Income and Wealth Inequality and Support for Scottish Independence over Time and the Interaction with National Identity
Authors: Niedzwiedz Claire L. , Kandlik-Eltanani Mor
Published: January 2014

As the Scottish independence referendum is drawing near, the importance of understanding public attitudes that influence support for independence is increasing. The relationship between attitudes towards social inequality and support for independence is not well understood. Using data from the Scottish Social Attitudes Survey, we empirically analysed the relationship between attitudes towards income and wealth inequality, taxation, and income redistribution and support for independence over time. Further, we examined to what extent party identification explained the findings and the interaction between attitudes towards social inequality and national identity. Individuals who held more left-wing attitudes towards social inequality were more likely to support independence and the associations were stronger among individuals identifying as more Scottish. Over time, the associations remained relatively consistent. Party identification explained some, but not all of the associations. There was evidence to suggest that having a positive attitude towards the government's role in income redistribution may be becoming more important for independence support in recent years, especially among the more Scottish groups. The opposite was found for general attitudes towards wealth inequality. Further analysis is required to investigate whether these trends continue as the campaigns for and against independence become more active.
Gelatinase B/MMP-9 in Tumour Pathogenesis and Progression
Authors: Farina Antonietta , Mackay Andrew
Published: January 2014

Since its original identification as a leukocyte gelatinase/type V collagenase and tumour type IV collagenase, gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is now recognised as playing a central role in many aspects of tumour progression. In this review, we relate current concepts concerning the many ways in which gelatinase B/MMP-9 influences tumour biology. Following a brief outline of the gelatinase B/MMP-9 gene and protein, we analyse the role(s) of gelatinase B/MMP-9 in different phases of the tumorigenic process, and compare the importance of gelatinase B/MMP-9 source in the carcinogenic process. What becomes apparent is the importance of inflammatory cell-derived gelatinase B/MMP-9 in tumour promotion, early progression and triggering of the “angiogenic switch”, the integral relationship between inflammatory, stromal and tumour components with respect to gelatinase B/MMP-9 production and activation, and the fundamental role for gelatinase B/MMP-9 in the formation and maintenance of tumour stem cell and metastatic niches. It is also apparent that gelatinase B/MMP-9 plays important tumour suppressing functions, producing endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors, promoting inflammatory anti-tumour activity, and inducing apoptosis. The fundamental roles of gelatinase B/MMP-9 in cancer biology underpins the need for specific therapeutic inhibitors of gelatinase B/MMP-9 function, the use of which must take into account and substitute for tumour-suppressing gelatinase B/MMP-9 activity and also limit inhibition of physiological gelatinase B/MMP-9 function.
Understanding Older Adults’ Usage of Community Green Spaces in Taipei, Taiwan
Authors: Pleson Eryn , Nieuwendyk Laura , Lee Karen , Chaddah Anuradha , Nykiforuk Candace , Schopflocher Donald
Published: January 2014

As the world’s population ages, there is an increasing need for community environments to support physical activity and social connections for older adults. This exploratory study sought to better understand older adults’ usage and perceptions of community green spaces in Taipei, Taiwan, through direct observations of seven green spaces and nineteen structured interviews. Descriptive statistics from observations using the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) confirm that older adults use Taipei’s parks extensively. Our analyses of interviews support the following recommendations for age-friendly active living initiatives for older adults: make green spaces accessible to older adults; organize a variety of structured activities that appeal to older adults particularly in the morning; equip green spaces for age-appropriate physical activity; and, promote the health advantages of green spaces to older adults.
Elevated Th22 Cells Correlated with Th17 Cells in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Yu Shuang , Liu Chuanfang , Zhang Lei , Shan Baozhong , Tian Tian , Hu Yu , Shao Linlin , Sun Yuanxin , Ji Chunyan , Ma Daoxin
Published: January 2014

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological tumor in which progress T helper (Th) subsets including Th22, Th17, and Th1 cells play a pivotal role. However, the role of T helper (Th) subsets in the immune pathogenesis of AML remains unclear. Here, we investigated frequencies of Th22, Th17, pure Th17, and Th1 cells in the peripheral blood (PB) of AML patients. We demonstrated that Th22, Th17, and pure Th17 in newly-diagnosed (ND) and non-complete remission (Non-CR) AML patients and plasma IL-22 in ND AML patients were significantly increased. Retinoid-related orphan receptor C (RORC) expression was significantly elevated in CR and Non-CR AML patients. However, Th1 in ND AML patients and IL-17 in ND, Non-CR or CR AML patients was significantly decreased compared with controls. Moreover, Th22 and IL-22 showed positive correlation with pure Th17, but Th22 showed negative correlation with Th1 in ND AML patients. RORC showed positive correlation with Th22 and approximately positive correlation with pure Th17 in Non-CR patients. PB blast cell showed positive correlation with Th22 and negative correlation with Th1 in ND AML patients. Our results indicate that Th22 and pure Th17 cells conjointly contribute to the pathogenesis of AML and might be promising novel clinical index for AML.