bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Science, Technology, and Religion in Chosŏn Korea
Authors: Baker Don
Published: December 2016

During the 518 years of Korea’s Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910), many things changed and many things stayed the same. After the Yi family established the Chosŏn dynasty, Confucianism became the dominant philosophy. Although Confucianism’s grip on Chosŏn weakened somewhat at the end of the 19th century, it nevertheless continued to provide the basic framework for how government officials and most of the educated elite conceptualized ethics, religion, nature, and technology. This changed when the Chosŏn dynasty was absorbed into the Japanese empire in 1910. Chosŏn-era science, technology, and religion operated within a Confucian framework. This affected astronomical, geographical, mathematical, and medicinal thought and practice. It also affected the role of technology in Chosŏn life and society. Moreover, when Buddhism, folk religion and, from the end of the 18th century even Christianity, were practiced in Korea, it was necessary to maneuver within constraints imposed by a Confucian state and society.

Korea’s Confucianism was imported from China. Koreans, however “Koreanized” what they adopted from China to make it their own. When dealing with religion, Chosŏn-era Koreans adopted a much harsher attitude toward non-Confucian religions. When dealing with science and technology, Koreans sometimes made improvements on Chinese models. For example, in the 15th century, Koreans built astronomical instruments that were better than those they had learned about from Chinese astronomers. And, in the 17th century, Koreans produced the most comprehensive encyclopedia of traditional East Asian medicine of pre-modern times. However, none of those changes threatened the hegemony of Confucianism. Chosŏn Korea remained Confucian in its science, technology, and religiosity for over five centuries.
Farming and Herding in Eastern Africa: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives
Authors: M'Mbogori Freda Nkirote
Published: December 2016

The inception of agriculture in eastern Africa is a major topic of discussion among Africanist archaeologists, although very sparse evidence exists. Questions range from whether domestication was a local invention or whether it was introduced from the Near East, Asia, or elsewhere outside of Africa. These questions have remained unanswered because wild progenitors and models of the spread of African domesticates are yet to be established using undisputable data. The paucity of direct data has therefore necessitated the use of objects of material culture such as pottery, beads, burial cairns, architectural structures, and so on as indicators of pastoralism and cereal farming. In addition to the origins of African domesticates, research in eastern Africa has concerned itself with questions of farming technologies from later archaeological and historical times to the present. The remains of elaborate farming systems with extensive irrigation networks have drawn considerable attention. Though not unchanged, some of these farming systems remain in contemporary use in Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia.
The Swahili in the African and Indian Ocean Worlds to c. 1500
Authors: Sheriff Abdul
Published: December 2016

The East African coast is an interface between the continental world of Africa and the maritime world of the Indian Ocean, and the monsoons provided a convenient wind system to link them. It was inhabited by a littoral society that was best placed to play a leading role in economic, social, and cultural interaction, including intermarriage, between the two worlds. Its written history goes back at least to the beginning of the Contemporary Era, and it can be termed Swahili from the beginning of the second millennium when this branch of the Bantu languages spread down the coast to give it linguistic unity. Its speakers were organized in towns and villages from southern Somalia to northern Mozambique, which developed into city-states when there were major upturns in international trade and were integrated in the wider Indian Ocean world. The citizens spoke an “elegant” language that was further embellished through its interactions with Arabic and other Indian Ocean languages and literature. Islam spread with that trade, and mosques became a prominent part of the archaeological remains along the Swahili coast. In the process, the Swahili became thoroughly cosmopolitan. Any attempt to disentangle the different strands, “oriental” or “African”—which are two sides of the dense cultural fabric of the littoral people—is bound to be futile. They are two sides of the Swahili coin. This civilization was partially disrupted by the entry of the Portuguese in the 16th century when they tried to divert the spice trade to their channel around the Cape of Good Hope, but it revived during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Cannabis and Tobacco in Precolonial and Colonial Africa
Authors: Duvall Chris S.
Published: December 2016

Cannabis and tobacco have longstanding roles in African societies. Despite botanical and pharmacological dissimilarities, it is worthwhile to consider tobacco and cannabis together because they have been for centuries the most commonly and widely smoked drug plants. Cannabis, the source of marijuana and hashish, was introduced to eastern Africa from southern Asia, and dispersed widely within Africa mostly after 1500. In sub-Saharan Africa, cannabis was taken into ethnobotanies that included pipe smoking, a practice invented in Africa; in Asia, it had been consumed orally. Smoking significantly changes the drug pharmacologically, and the African innovation of smoking cannabis initiated the now-global practice. Africans developed diverse cultures of cannabis use, including Central African practices that circulated widely in the Atlantic world via slave trading. Tobacco was introduced to Africa from the Americas in the late 1500s. It gained rapid, widespread popularity, and Africans developed distinctive modes of tobacco production and use. Primary sources on these plants are predominantly from European observers, which limits historical knowledge because Europeans strongly favored tobacco and were mostly ignorant or disdainful of African cannabis uses. Both plants have for centuries been important subsistence crops. Tobacco was traded across the continent beginning in the 1600s; cannabis was less valuable but widely exchanged by the same century, and probably earlier. Both plants became cash crops under colonial regimes. Tobacco helped sustain mercantilist and slave-trade economies, became a focus of colonial and postcolonial economic development efforts, and remains economically important. Cannabis was outlawed across most of the continent by 1920. Africans resisted its prohibition, and cannabis production remains economically significant despite its continued illegality.
glass, Roman
Authors: Cool H.E.M.
Published: December 2016

Glass came of age during the Roman period. Within the ancient world it had been used from the mid-second millennium bce onwards, but only for jewellery and luxury items like small perfume bottles. This started to change in the late 2nd century bce, when the Hellenistic industries started to produce simple glass drinking vessels. In the early Imperial period there was an explosion in the vessel forms available, in part made possible by the discovery of how to blow glass. The new types included both the luxurious, such as exquisite cameo vessels, and the utilitarian, such as disposable packaging for cosmetics. A similar expansion was seen in its role in buildings, where glass went from luxurious interior decoration to structurally important window glass. References in literary works and depictions in wall paintings at the time attest to the considerable attention this new phenomenon attracted in the early to mid-1st century ce.

Vessels, windows and other items spread widely throughout the empire and beyond, and to all levels of society. Over the next 400 years, how the material was used changed with time and place as the various regional industries responded to the needs and preferences of their communities.

This was a major high-temperature industry which would have made considerable demands on resources such as fuel, but there are still many things that are unknown about it. Where, for example, was the glass itself made? Waste from secondary workshops producing vessels is regularly encountered, but evidence for the primary production is extremely rare. This has led to considerable debate, with competing models being proposed. Glass is not a material where scientific techniques such as those used to provenance pottery have proved very helpful. The composition of Roman glass is extremely uniform throughout the empire, and again there has been much debate about why this might be. Of late, some useful advances have started to be made in approaching these questions, and this may eventually disentangle what was going on.

The study of Roman glass provides a unique window into the past. Through it the impact of new technologies and materials can be seen, as well as the choices people made about what was useful in their lives—all against the background of some of the most beautiful and skilful vessels ever made.
Oats and Other Forage Crops
Authors: Redfearn Daren
Published: December 2016

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Please check back later for the full article.

Oats and the other small grains have been “rediscovered” with the drive towards intensifying agricultural production, integrating crops and livestock into diversified systems, and increasing environmental stewardship. Globally, oats and other winter annual small grains such as wheat, cereal rye, triticale, and barley, have been used primarily for grain production. The secondary market following grain production has been restricted to straw, used mainly as livestock bedding. In regions where livestock are economically important, oats and the other annual small grain crops can be used as a grazed forage or fodder crop, hay, or silage. There are several characteristics that make oats and other small grains suitable for multiple agricultural uses. All the small grains are fairly easy to establish, have rapid growth, can be productive, and have a high nutritional value for livestock. Recent improvements in cultivar development have allowed oats and wheat to be grown across a broader range of stressful environmental conditions. Similarly, cultivar development in oats and wheat has improved grazing tolerance, which is important in dual-purpose systems that emphasize both grazing and grain production. On a worldwide scale, oats and other annual small grains are economically and environmentally important forage crops, especially when used as focused components within intensified agricultural systems. Challenges include development of improved cultivars of oats and other small grains for use in intensified agricultural systems, including both grazing and no grazing, that serve as short rotation crops, dual-purpose crops, or are designed to mitigate a specific environmental issue.
Comparative analysis of stakeholder experiences with an online approach to prioritizing patient-centered research topics
Authors: Khodyakov Dmitry , Grant Sean , Meeker Daniella , Booth Marika , Pacheco-Santivanez Nathaly , Kim Katherine K
Published: December 2016

Objective: Little evidence exists about effective and scalable methods for meaningful stakeholder engagement in research. We explored patient/caregiver experiences with a high-tech online engagement approach for patient-centered research prioritization, compared their experiences with those of professional stakeholders, and identified factors associated with favorable participant experiences.

Methods: We conducted 8 online modified-Delphi (OMD) panels. Panelists participated in 2 rating rounds with a statistical feedback/online discussion round in between. Panels focused on weight management/obesity, heart failure, and Kawasaki disease. We recruited a convenience sample of adults with any of the 3 conditions (or parents/guardians of Kawasaki disease patients), clinicians, and researchers. Measures included self-reported willingness to use OMD again, the panelists’ study participation and online discussion experiences, the system’s perceived ease of use, and active engagement metrics.

Results: Out of 349 panelists, 292 (84%) completed the study. Of those, 46% were patients, 36% were clinicians, and 19% were researchers. In multivariate models, patients were not significantly more actively engaged (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.94–3.05) but had more favorable study participation (β = 0.49; P ≤ .05) and online discussion (β = 0.18; P ≤ .05) experiences and were more willing to use OMD again (β = 0.36; P ≤ .05), compared to professional stakeholders. Positive perceptions of the OMD system’s ease of use (β = 0.16; P ≤ .05) and favorable study participation (β = 0.26; P ≤ .05) and online discussion (β = 0.57; P ≤ .05) experiences were also associated with increased willingness to use OMD in the future. Active engagement was not associated with online experience indices or willingness to use OMD again.

Conclusion: Online approaches to engaging large numbers of stakeholders are a promising and efficient adjunct to in-person meetings.
Identifying Model-Based and Model-Free Patterns in Behavior on Multi-Step Tasks
Authors: Miller Kevin J. , Brody Carlos D. , Botvinick Matthew M.
Published: December 2016

Recent years have seen a surge of research into the neuroscience of planning. Much of this work has taken advantage of a two-step sequential decision task developed by Daw et al. (2011), which gives the ability to diagnose whether or not subjects’ behavior is the result of planning. Here, we present simulations which suggest that the techniques most commonly used to analyze data from this task may be confounded in important ways. We introduce a new analysis technique, which suffers from fewer of these issues. This technique also presents a richer view of behavior, making it useful for characterizing patterns in behavior in a theory-neutral manner. This allows it to provide an important check on the assumptions of more theory-driven analysis such as agent-based model-fitting.
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Bacterial Microbiota on LacustrineCladophora Glomerata(Chlorophyta)
Authors: Braus Michael J. , Graham Linda E. , Whitman Thea L.
Published: December 2016

The branched periphytic green algaCladophora glomerata,often abundant in nearshore waters of lakes and rivers worldwide, plays important ecosystem roles, some mediated by epibiotic microbiota that benefit from host-provided surface, organic C, and O2. Previous microscopy and high throughput sequencing studies have indicated surprising epibiont taxonomic and functional diversity, but have not included adequate consideration of sample replication or the potential for spatial and temporal variation. Here we report the results of 16S rRNA amplicon-based phylum-to-genus taxonomic analysis ofCladophora-associated bacterial epibiota sampled in replicate from three microsites and at six times during the open-water season of 2014, from the same lake locale (Picnic Point, Lake Mendota, Dane Co., WI, USA) explored by high throughput sequencing studies in two previous years. Statistical methods were used to test null hypotheses that the bacterial community: 1) is homogeneous across microsites tested, and 2) does not change over the course of a growth season or among successive years. Results indicated a dynamic microbial community that is more strongly influenced by sampling day during the growth season than by microsite variation. A surprising diversity of bacterial genera known to be associated with the key function of methane-oxidation (methanotrophy)-including relatively high-abundance ofCrenothrix, Methylomonas,andMethylocaldum–showed intra-seasonal and inter-annual variability possibly related to temperature differences, and microsite preferences possibly related to variation in methane abundance. By contrast, a core assemblage of bacterial genera seems to persist over a growth season and from year-to-year, possibly transmitted by a persistent attached host resting stage.
Infectious Disease Dynamics Inferred from Genetic Data via Sequential Monte Carlo
Authors: Smith R. A. , Ionides E. L. , King A. A.
Published: December 2016

Genetic sequences from pathogens can provide information about infectious disease dynamics that may supplement or replace information from other epidemiological observations. Currently available methods first estimate phylogenetic trees from sequence data, then estimate a transmission model conditional on these phylogenies. Outside limited classes of models, existing methods are unable to enforce logical consistency between the model of transmission and that underlying the phylogenetic reconstruction. Such conflicts in assumptions can lead to bias in the resulting inferences. Here, we develop a general, statistically efficient, plug-and-play method to jointly estimate both disease transmission and phylogeny using genetic data and, if desired, other epidemiological observations. This method explicitly connects the model of transmission and the model of phylogeny so as to avoid the aforementioned inconsistency. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach through simulation and apply it to estimate stage-specific infectiousness in a subepidemic of HIV in Detroit, Michigan. In a supplement, we prove that our approach is a valid sequential Monte Carlo algorithm. While we focus on how these methods may be applied to population-level models of infectious disease, their scope is more general. These methods may be applied in other biological systems where one seeks to infer population dynamics from genetic sequences, and they may also find application for evolutionary models with phenotypic rather than genotypic data.
Tradeoﬀs between microbial growth phases lead to frequency-dependent and non-transitive selection
Authors: Manhart Michael , Adkar Bharat V. , Shakhnovich Eugene I.
Published: December 2016

Mutations in a microbial population can increase the frequency of a genotype not only by increasing its exponential growth rate, but also by decreasing its lag time or adjusting the yield (resource efficiency). The contribution of multiple life-history traits to selection is a critical question for evolutionary biology as we seek to predict the evolutionary fates of mutations. Here we use a model of microbial growth to show there are two distinct components of selection corresponding to the growth and lag phases, while the yield modulates their relative importance. The model predicts rich population dynamics when there are tradeoﬀs between phases: multiple strains can coexist or exhibit bistability due to frequency-dependent selection, and strains can engage in rock-paper-scissors interactions due to non-transitive selection. We characterize the environmental conditions and patterns of traits necessary to realize these phenomena, which we show to be readily accessible to experiments. Our results provide a theoretical framework for analyzing high-throughput measurements of microbial growth traits, especially interpreting the pleiotropy and correlations between traits across mutants. This work also highlights the need for more comprehensive measurements of selection in simple microbial systems, where the concept of an ordinary fitness landscape breaks down.
From static to temporal network theory – applications to functional brain connectivity
Authors: Thompson William Hedley , Brantefors Per , Fransson Peter
Published: December 2016

Network neuroscience has become an established paradigm to tackle questions related to the functional and structural connectome of the brain. Recently, there has been a growing interest to examine the temporal dynamics of the brain's network activity. While different approaches to capture fluctuations in brain connectivity have been proposed, there have been few attempts to quantify these fluctuations using temporal network theory. Temporal network theory is an extension of network theory that has been successfully applied to the modeling of dynamic processes in economics, social sciences and engineering. The objective of this paper is twofold: (i) to present a detailed description of the central tenets and outline measures from temporal network theory; (ii) apply these measures to a resting-state fMRI dataset to illustrate their utility. Further, we discuss the interpretation of temporal network theory in the context of the dynamic functional brain connectome. All the temporal network measures and plotting functions described in this paper are freely available as a python package Teneto.
Neuronal gain modulability is determined by dendritic morphology: a computational optogenetic study
Authors: Jarvis Sarah , Nikolic Konstantin , Schultz Simon R
Published: December 2016

The mechanisms by which the gain of the neuronal input-output function may be modulated have been the subject of much investigation. However, little is known of the role of dendrites in neuronal gain control. New optogenetic experimental paradigms based on spatial profiles or patterns of light stimulation offer the prospect of elucidating many aspects of single cell function, including the role of dendrites in gain control. We thus developed a model to investigate how competing excitatory and inhibitory input within the dendritic arbor alters neuronal gain, incorporating kinetic models of opsins into our modeling to ensure it is experimentally testable. To investigate how different topologies of the neuronal dendritic tree affect the neuron’s input-output characteristics we generate branching geometries which replicate morphological features of most common neurons, but keep the number of branches and overall area of dendrites approximately constant. We found a relationship between a neuron’s gain modulability and its dendritic morphology, with neurons with bipolar dendrites with a moderate degree of branching being most receptive to control of the gain of their input-output relationship. The theory was then tested and confirmed on two examples of realistic neurons: 1) layer V pyramidal cells - confirming their role in neural circuits as a regulator of the gain in the circuit in addition to acting as the primary excitatory neurons, and 2) stellate cells. In addition to providing testable predictions and a novel application of dual-opsins, our model suggests that innervation of all dendritic subdomains is required for full gain modulation, revealing the importance of dendritic targeting in the generation of neuronal gain control and the functions that it subserves. Finally, our study also demonstrates that neurophysiological investigations which use direct current injection into the soma and bypass the dendrites may miss some important neuronal functions, such as gain modulation.

Author Summary

Gain modulability indicated by dendritic morphology

Pyramidal cell-like shapes optimally receptive to modulation

All dendritic subdomains required for gain modulation, partial illumination is insufficient

Computational optogenetic models improve and refine experimental protocols
Aggregation of biological particles under radial directional guidance
Authors: Bica Ion , Hillen Thomas , Painter Kevin J.
Published: December 2016

Many biological environments display an almost radially-symmetric structure, allowing proteins, cells or animals to move in an oriented fashion. Motivated by specific examples of cell movement in tissues, pigment protein movement in pigment cells and animal movement near watering holes, we consider a class of radially-symmetric anisotropic diffusion problems, which we call thestar problem. The corresponding diffusion tensorD(x) is radially symmetric with isotropic diffusion at the origin. We show that the anisotropic geometry of the environment can lead to strong aggregations and blow-up at the origin. We classify the nature of aggregation and blow-up solutions and provide corresponding numerical simulations. A surprising element of this strong aggregation mechanism is that it is entirely based on geometry and does not derive from chemotaxis, adhesion or other well known aggregating mechanisms. We use these aggregate solutions to discuss the process of pigmentation changes in animals, cancer invasion in an oriented fibrous habitat (such as collagen fibres), and sheep distributions around watering holes.

JTB classification:

21.050, 21.160, 52.250, 71.060
Genetic and transgenic reagents forDrosophila simulans, D. mauritiana, D. yakuba, D. santomeaandD. virilis
Authors: Stern David L. , Crocker Justin , Ding Yun , Frankel Nicolas , Kappes Gretchen , Kim Elizabeth , Kuzmickas Ryan , Lemire Andrew , Mast Joshua D. , Picard Serge
Published: December 2016

Species of theDrosophila melanogasterspecies subgroup, including the speciesD. simulans, D. mauritiana, D. yakuba, andD. santomea, have long served as model systems for studying evolution. Studies in these species have been limited, however, by a paucity of genetic and transgenic reagents. Here we describe a collection of transgenic and genetic strains generated to facilitate genetic studies within and between these species. We have generated many strains of each species containing mappedpiggyBactransposons including anenhanced yellow fluorescent proteingene expressed in the eyes and aphiC31 attPsite-specific integration site. We have tested a subset of these lines for integration efficiency and reporter gene expression levels. We have also generated a smaller collection of other lines expressing other genetically encoded fluorescent molecules in the eyes and a number of other transgenic reagents that will be useful for functional studies in these species. In addition, we have mapped the insertion locations of 58 transposable elements inD. virilisthat will be useful for genetic mapping studies.
Regulatory B cell is critical in bone union process through suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and stimulating Foxp3 in Treg cells
Authors: Sun Guojing , Wang Yicun , Ti Yunfan , Wang Jun , Zhao Jianning , Qian Hongbo
Published: December 2016

Bone fractures may result in delayed union (DU) or non‐union (NU) in some patients. Evidence suggests that the skewing of the immune system toward the proinflammatory type is a contributing factor. Because B cells were previously found to infiltrate the fracture healing site at abundant levels, we examined the regulatory B cells (Bregs) in DU/NU patients. In bone fracture patients with normal healing, the frequency of interleukin (IL)‐10‐expressing B cells was significantly upregulated in the early healing process (6 weeks post‐surgery) and was downregulated later on (18 weeks post‐surgery), whereas in DU/NU patients, the early upregulation of IL‐10‐expressing B cells was missing. The majority of IL‐10‐expressing B cells were concentrated in the IgM+CD27+ fraction in both controls and patients. IgM+CD27+ B cells effectively suppressed interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), and IL‐2 expression from CD4+ T cells, as well as IFN‐γ and TNF‐α expression from CD8+ T cells. The IgM+CD27+ B cell‐mediated suppression was restricted to the sample from the early healing time point in controls, as the IgM+CD27+ B cells from normal healing patients later on or from DU/NU patients did not present significant regulatory function. In addition, culturing of CD4+CD25+ Tregs with IgM+CD27+ B cells from controls at early healing time point resulted in higher Foxp3 expression, a function absent in controls at later time point, or in DU/NU patients. In conclusion, our results support a role of B cell‐mediated regulation early during the bone healing process.
Rights and responsibilities in rural South Africa: implications for gender, generation, and personhood
Authors: Rice Kathleen
Published: December 2016

In the rural Eastern Cape, South Africa, contests over the meaning and merit of human rights feature prominently in intergenerational and intergendered conflicts. In this article I identify and analyse a tension between amalungelo (a socially embedded and relational form of rights) and irhayti (a Xhosaization of the English ‘[human] right’) as a means of exploring the interpersonal tensions that arise through the production and contestation of the subject positions that human rights set in motion. Using the examples of elders’ complaints of neglect, and of young men's accusations of human rights violations on the part of women, I ground this investigation in men's and elders’ explanations of how human rights enable morally reprehensible actions, and are implicated in what they perceive to be a climate of interpersonal neglect. In analysing these claims, I show that gendered and generational conflict in this region is grounded in uncertainty about the content of gendered and generational subject positions themselves, and speaks to the relative moral value of autonomous versus relational forms of personhood. Moreover, I show that where inequality and interdependence are intrinsic to the ways in which gendered and generational subject positions are constituted and understood, human rights serve both to destabilize the content of these subject positions in ways that render appropriate gendered and generational sociality unclear, and also to bring into question the relative moral value of autonomous versus more relational forms of personhood.
Beyond the Urban–Suburban Divide: Urbanization and the Production of the Urban in Zurich North
Authors: Nüssli Rahel , Schmid Christian
Published: December 2016

Starting from current debates on ‘global suburbanism' and ‘postsuburbia', this article explores the changes that the former ‘urban periphery' of Zurich North has experienced in the last three decades. It mobilizes Henri Lefebvre's triadic concept of conceived, perceived and lived space in aid of an analysis of the profound urban transformations that can be observed. The construction of a new tramline serves as a guideline for an analysis of the implementation of new governance arrangements strengthening cross‐border cooperation between individual municipalities and new strategies of cooptation and expertise. This resulted in the production of new urban structures which led to a more densely woven and connected urban fabric primarily providing spaces for the headquarter economy and middle‐class housing. Concomitantly, great efforts have been made to create new public spaces, an urban image and even an urban atmosphere. These have proved at least partially successful, thus promoting a symbolic redefinition of the former urban periphery as a distinctively ‘urban' space. Conventional definitions and concepts no longer suffice to adequately understand such novel urban forms, leading to the conclusion that division into an ‘urban' and a ‘suburban' world is no longer a useful tool for urban analysis.
Spatial Dislocation and Affective Displacement: Youth Perspectives on Gentrification in London
Authors: Butcher Melissa , Dickens Luke
Published: December 2016

Analyses of contemporary processes of gentrification have been primarily produced from adult perspectives with little focus on how age affects or mediates urban change. However, in analysing young people's responses to transformations in their neighbourhood we argue that there is evidence for a more complex relationship between ‘gentrifiers' and residents than existing arguments of antagonism or tolerance would suggest. Using a participatory video methodology to document experiences of gentrification in the east London borough of Hackney, we found that young people involved in this study experienced their transforming city through processes of spatial dislocation and affective displacement. The former incorporated a sense of disorientation in the temporal disjunctions of the speed of change, while the latter invoked the embodiment of a sense of not belonging generated within classed and intercultural interactions. However, there are expressions of ambivalence rather than straightforward rejection. Benefits of gentrification were noted, including conditions of alterity and the possibility to transcend normative behaviours that they found uncomfortable. Young people demonstrated the capacity to reimagine their relationship with the complex spaces they call home. The findings suggest a need to reframe debates on gentrification to include a more nuanced understanding of its differential impact on young people.
Programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) amplification in stage III/IV lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQC)
Authors: Guo Qinxiang , Sun Yu , Yu Sifan , Bai Hua , Zhao Jun , Zhuo Minglei , Wang Jie
Published: December 2016

Background

This study was conducted to explore programmed cell death‐ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) expression and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) amplification in stage IIIB/IV lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQC). Correlations between PD‐L1 and FGFR1, and with clinicopathological characteristics, efficacy of platinum‐based chemotherapy, and prognosis were analyzed.

Methods

One hundred and twenty‐eight consecutive stage III/IV SQC patients were enrolled in this study from 2009 to 2014. Seventy‐eight patients received platinum‐based chemotherapy. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess PD‐L1 expression and fluorescence in situ hybridization was applied to detect FGFR1 amplification.

Results

PD‐L1 expression was detected in 61.7% (79/128) of lung SQC patients. Smokers had significantly higher PD‐L1 expression rates than non‐smokers (66.1% vs. 44.0%,
P
 = 0.042, respectively). The objective response and disease control rates for platinum‐based chemotherapy were not significantly different between PD‐L1 negative and positive patients (43.3% vs. 36.2%,
P
 = 0.434; 80.0% vs. 78.7%
P
 = 0.840, respectively); however, overall survival in PD‐L1‐negative patients was significantly longer than in PD‐L1‐positive patients (41.5 vs. 19.3 months,
P
 = 0.001). Twenty‐five percent (32/128) of patients displayed FGFR1 amplification, with a lower rate in stage III patients compared to stage IV (17.1% vs. 36.5%,
P
 = 0.013, respectively). There was no significant difference in FGFR1 amplification levels between overall response, disease control or overall survival rates. No correlation was observed between PD‐L1 expression and FGFR1 amplification (
P
 = 0.916).

Conclusion

PD‐L1 expression may function as a prognostic factor in Chinese stage III/IV SQC patients. FGFR1 amplification is more prevalent in late stage SQC patients but does not predict chemotherapy response. There is no apparent correlation between PD‐L1 expression and FGFR1 amplification.
A narrow QRS tachycardia and cannon A waves: What is the mechanism?
Authors: Ali Hussam , Epicoco Gianluca , De Ambroggi Guido , Lupo Pierpaolo , Foresti Sara , Cappato Riccardo
Published: December 2016

Regular narrow QRS tachycardia, particularly if well‐tolerated, is usually considered a “benign” arrhythmia of a supraventricular origin. This case concerns an 82‐year‐old male with ischemic heart disease who presented with recurrent episodes of a narrow QRS tachycardia that was initially diagnosed and treated as atrial tachyarrhythmia. However, careful physical examination and ECG analysis established the correct diagnosis, and the patient was managed appropriately. Remarkably, the observation of irregular cannon A waves, and Lewis lead recording, confirmed atrioventricular dissociation during tachycardia and indicated its underlying mechanism.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the management of chronic refractory pouchitis with an evidence‐based treatment algorithm
Authors: Segal J. P. , Ding N. S. , Worley G. , Mclaughlin S. , Preston S. , Faiz O. D. , Clark S. K. , Hart A. L.
Published: December 2016

Background

Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) is considered the procedure of choice in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) refractory to medical therapy. The incidence of pouchitis is 40% at 5 years. Ten to 15% of patients with pouchitis experience chronic pouchitis.

Aim

To determine the efficacy of medical therapies for the treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis in patients undergoing IPAA for UC.

Methods

A systematic computer‐assisted search of the on‐line bibliographic database MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed between 1966 and February 2016. All original studies reporting remission rates following medical treatment for chronic pouchitis were included. All study designs were considered. Remission was defined according to the individual study. Remission endpoints ranged from 15 days to 10 weeks. Chronic pouchitis was defined by each study.

Results

Twenty‐one papers were considered eligible. Results from all studies combined suggested that overall remission was obtained in 59% of patients (95% CI: 44–73%). Antibiotics significantly induced remission in patients with chronic pouchitis with 74% remission rate (95% CI:56–93%), (P < 0.001). Biologics significantly induced remission in patients with chronic pouchitis with 53% remission rate (95% CI:30–76%), (P < 0.001). Steroids, bismuth, elemental diet and tacrolimus all can induce remission but failed to achieve significance. Faecal microbiota transplantation in a single study was not found to achieve remission.

Conclusions

Treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis remains difficult and is largely empirical. Larger randomised controlled trials will help aid the management of chronic pouchitis.
Mast cells are permissive for rhinovirus replication: potential implications for asthma exacerbations
Authors: Akoto C. , Davies D. E. , Swindle E. J.
Published: December 2016

Background

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a major trigger of asthma exacerbations, with the bronchial epithelium being the major site of HRV infection and replication. Mast cells (MCs) play a key role in asthma where their numbers are increased in the bronchial epithelium with increasing disease severity.

Objective

In view of the emerging role of MCs in innate immunity and increased localization to the asthmatic bronchial epithelium, we investigated whether HRV infection of MCs generated innate immune responses which were protective against infection.

Methods

The LAD2 MC line or primary human cord blood‐derived MCs (CBMCs) were infected with HRV or UV‐irradiated HRV at increasing multiplicities of infection (MOI) without or with IFN‐β or IFN‐λ. After 24 h, innate immune responses were assessed by RT‐qPCR and IFN protein release by ELISA. Viral replication was determined by RT‐qPCR and virion release by TCID50 assay.

Results

HRV infection of LAD2 MCs induced expression of IFN‐β, IFN‐λ and IFN‐stimulated genes. However, LAD2 MCs were permissive for HRV replication and release of infectious HRV particles. Similar findings were observed with CBMCs. Neutralization of the type I IFN receptor had minimal effects on viral shedding, suggesting that endogenous type I IFN signalling offered limited protection against HRV. However, augmentation of these responses by exogenous IFN‐β, but not IFN‐λ, protected MCs against HRV infection.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

MCs are permissive for the replication and release of HRV, which is prevented by exogenous IFN‐β treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest a novel mechanism whereby MCs may contribute to HRV‐induced asthma exacerbations.
Health‐related quality of life and psychological well‐being in adults with differences/disorders of sex development
Authors: Bennecke Elena , Thyen Ute , Grüters Annette , Lux Anke , Köhler Birgit
Published: December 2016

Objective

Rare congenital conditions with incongruence of chromosomal, gonadal and phenotypic sex have been classified as differences/disorders of sex development (DSD). Included in DSD are conditions with diverse genetic aetiology, varying levels of prenatal androgen effects, phenotypes and, subsequently, different medical treatments. Quality of life (QoL) and psychological well‐being are indicators of successful psychosocial adaptation to the conditions. We sought to investigate the HRQoL and psychological well‐being in this population.

Design

This multicentre clinical evaluation study was part of a German network related to DSD funded by the German Ministry of Science and Education (BMBF 2003 to 2007).

Methods

To assess health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), we used the Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36), and for psychological well‐being, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Participants were classified into five groups: females with CAH, females with XY DSD conditions where there is a partial androgen effect (partial androgen insensitivity, mixed/partial gonadal dysgenesis, disorders of androgen biosynthesis), females with XY DSD without androgen effect (complete androgen insensitivity, complete gonadal dysgenesis), males with XY DSD, and individuals with DSD conditions and other gender.

Results

Participants included 110 adults with DSD (age range 17–62). We found a trend of lowered mental HRQoL and significant higher physical HRQoL for participants as compared to the norm. The high physical HRQoL especially applied to females with androgen effect and XY karyotype. Participants reported significant higher psychological distress compared to the norm. Forty‐seven participants (42·7%) reported distress in a clinically relevant range on the BSI.

Conclusions

Although we did not find significant impairments in overall HRQoL, participants reported significant impaired psychological well‐being. Specialized interdisciplinary care should focus in particular on psychological issues to ensure good overall health and well‐being.
Managerial Labor Market during Institutional Transition: A study of CEO compensation and voluntary turnover
Authors: He Lerong , Shaw Tara Shankar , Fang Junxiong
Published: December 2016

Manuscript Type

Empirical

Research Question/Issue

This paper investigates the influence of CEO compensation on voluntary turnover and the moderating role of the managerial labor market. It explores how institutional contingencies related to labor market transparency, mobility, and competitiveness shape supply and demand conditions of the managerial labor market, and consequently affect the relationship between CEO underpayment and turnover.

Research Findings/Insights

Using a sample of Chinese listed firms between 2002 and 2011, we document that underpaid CEOs are associated with a larger likelihood of voluntary turnover in China. Importantly, we find that CEO underpayment will increase the likelihood of voluntary turnover to a greater extent when executive compensation disclosure is mandatory, when regional labor mobility is higher, and when industry growth rate is larger. Overall, our study demonstrates that underpayment below the market rate motivates CEOs to exit their organizations and such a reaction is more likely to materialize when managerial labor market conditions are favorable enough to create a strong pull force.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

This study adopts an interdisciplinary perspective built on institutional theory, organizational psychology, and labor economics to examine the role of the managerial labor market during institutional transition. It integrates the social psychological explanation of turnover with the perspective of labor economics by linking both pull side and push side drivers of organizational participation with demand and supply conditions of the managerial labor market.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

This study suggests that the design of executive compensation should consider the ongoing labor market rate for retention and motivation reasons, especially when managerial talent is under tight supply and strong demand.
BALF cytokines in different phenotypes of chronic lung allograft dysfunction in lung transplant patients
Authors: Berastegui Cristina , Gómez‐Ollés Susana , Sánchez‐Vidaurre Sara , Culebras Mario , Monforte Victor , López‐Meseguer Manuel , Bravo Carlos , Ramon Maria‐Antonia , Romero Laura , Sole Joan , Cruz Maria‐Jesus , Román Antonio
Published: December 2016

The long‐term success of lung transplantation (LT) is limited by chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Different phenotypes of CLAD have been described, such as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as markers of these CLAD phenotypes. BALF was collected from 51 recipients who underwent (bilateral and unilateral) LT. The study population was divided into three groups: stable (ST), BOS, and RAS. Levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐13, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) were measured using the multiplex technology. BALF neutrophilia medians were higher in BOS (38%) and RAS (30%) than in ST (8%) (P=.008; P=.012). Regarding BALF cytokines, BOS and RAS patients showed higher levels of INF‐γ than ST (P=.02; P=.008). Only IL‐5 presented significant differences between BOS and RAS (P=.001). BALF neutrophilia is as a marker for both CLAD phenotypes, BOS and RAS, and IL‐5 seems to be a potential biomarker for the RAS phenotype.
Cell count‐based triaging of cytology samples for cell block preparation
Authors: Srebotnik Kirbiš I. , Strojan Fležar M.
Published: December 2016

Objective

Cytology samples can sometimes yield cell blocks of low cellularity that are inadequate for cytomorphological evaluation and ancillary studies. The purpose of this study was to analyse the value of cell count based‐triaging of samples for cell block preparation.

Methods

Cell blocks were prepared from different cytology samples using HistoGel™ according to the manufacturer's instructions following cell count assessment. The adequacy of cell blocks was semi‐quantitatively scored as empty, scanty, moderate or highly cellular by evaluating corresponding haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections. Cell blocks with moderate and highly cellular H&E sections were considered adequate whereas cell blocks with empty and scanty cells in H&E sections were inadequate for cytomorphological evaluation. The average, range and a median number of cells (×106) embedded in adequate and inadequate cell blocks were compared.

Results

Among 54 cell blocks prepared from fine needle aspiration biopsies (FNAs, 32), effusions (4), brushings (13) and cell lines (5), 20 cell blocks (37%) yielded moderate or highly cellular H&E sections and were considered adequate whereas 34 (63%) cell blocks were empty or scanty and thus considered inadequate. The average (± SD) number of cells (×106) embedded in adequate and inadequate cell blocks was 2.1 ± 4.3 and 0.5 ± 0.3, respectively. Samples containing at least 1 × 106 cells yielded adequate cell blocks in 12/16 cases (75%) whereas samples with less than 1 × 106 cells in 13/38 (34%) cases.

Conclusion

The present study showed that cell count‐based triaging of cytology samples could reduce the number of low cellular cell blocks.
Bringing People Back in: How Group Internal Social Capital Influences Routines' Emergence
Authors: Sargis‐Roussel Caroline , Belmondo Cécile , Deltour François
Published: December 2016

This research explores the micro‐dynamics by which routines emerge. By considering group's internal social capital as an antecedent of routines' emergence, we acknowledge the motivational and relational aspects that the practice perspective on routines tends to neglect. We propose a theoretical model that depicts how each dimension of social capital (structural, cognitive, and relational) affects the emergence of both performative and ostensive aspects of routines, and discuss its inner dynamics. Our contribution to the practice perspective is twofold. First, we analyse how the structure, content, and nature of interpersonal interactions affect routines' emergence at a collective level and insist on the participants' motivations to sustain heedful interrelations and effortful achievement. Second, we address the temporality of routines' emergence by discussing the co‐evolution of social capital and routines, and its impact on the potential for routines' endogenous evolution.