bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimation of effective calibration sample size using visible near infrared spectroscopy: deep learning vs machine learning
Authors: Ng Wartini , Minasny Budiman , Mendes Wanderson de Sousa , Demattê José A. M.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The number of samples used in the calibration dataset affects the quality of the generated predictive models using visible, near and shortwave infrared (VIS-NIR-SWIR) spectroscopy for soil attributes. Recently, convolutional neural network (CNN) is regarded as a highly accurate model for predicting soil properties on a large database, however it has not been ascertained yet how large the sample size should be for CNN model to be effective. This paper aims at providing an estimate of how much calibration samples are needed to improve the model performance of soil properties predictions with CNN. It is hypothesized that the larger the amount of data, the more accurate is the CNN model. The performance of two commonly used machine learning models (Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and Cubist) are compared against the CNN model. A VIS-NIR-SWIR spectral library from Brazil containing 4251 unique sites, with averages of 2–3 samples per depth (a total of 12,044 samples), was divided into calibration (3188 sites) and validation (1063 sites) sets. A subset of the calibration dataset was then created to represent smaller calibration dataset ranging from 125, 300, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 2700 unique sites, or equivalent to sample size approximately 350, 840, 1400, 2800, 4200, 5600, 7000, and 7650. All three models (PLSR, Cubist, and CNN models) were generated for each sample size of the unique sites for the prediction of five different soil properties, i.e. cation exchange capacity, organic matter, sand, silt and clay content. These calibration subset sampling processes and modelling were repeated ten times to provide a better representation of the model performances. Similar results were observed when the performances of both PLSR and Cubist model were compared to the CNN model where the performance of CNN outweighed the PLSR and Cubist model at sample size of 1500 and 1800 respectively. It can be recommended that deep learning is most efficient for spectral modelling for sample size above 2000. The accuracy of the PLSR and Cubist model seemed to reach a plateau above sample size of 4200 and 5000 respectively. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the CNN model to determine important wavelengths region that affected the predictions of various soil attributes.
Spatial and temporal variations in glacier surface roughness during melting season, as observed at August-one glacier, Qilian mountains, China
Authors: Liu Junfeng , Chen Rensheng , Han Chuntan
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The roughness of glacier surfaces is an important factor governing surface albedo and turbulent heat transfer. Previous studies have not directly observed spatial and temporal variation in surface roughness (z0) over a whole glacier and whole melting season. Such observations can do much to help us understand variation in z0 and thus variations in albedo and turbulent heat transfer. This study, at the August-one ice cap in the Qilian mountains, collected three-dimensional ice surface data at plot-scale, using both automatic and manual close-range digital photogrammetry. Data was collected from sampling sites spanning the whole glacier for the whole of the melting season. The automatic site collected daily photogrammetric measurements from July to September of 2018 for a plot near the center of the ice cap; during this time, snow cover gave place to ice and then returned to snow. Z0 was calculated from this data. Manual measurements were taken at sites dotted from terminal to top; they showed that z0 was larger at the snow and ice transition zone than in areas fully snow or ice covered. This zone moved up the ice cap during the melting season. It is clear that persistent snowfall and rainfall both reduce z0. Using data from a meteorological station near the automatic photogrammetry site, we were able to calculate surface energy balances over the course of the melting season. We found that high or rising turbulent heat as a component of surface energy balance tended to produce a smooth ice surface; low or decreasing turbulent heat tended to produce a rougher surface.
La difficile "ars" epigrammatica di Marziale
Authors: Salanitro Maria
Published: September 2019

Marziale è un epigrammista molto acuto e la sua raffinata arguzia, unita alla sinteticità dello stile, può trarre in inganno i moderni interpreti. Così le traduzioni che rivelano, senza possibilità di dubbio, le interpretazioni, si trasformano in un tradimento nei confronti del poeta. Questo accade nel gruppo di epigrammi del decimo libro in cui il poeta annuncia ai suoi lettori l’intenzione di ritornare a Bilbilis, la città spagnola in cui era nato. Particolarmente sorprendenti sono gli errori di interpretazione di 10.37 e 10.104.
La función del "Bellum Iugurthinum" de Salustio en "Glaxo", de Hernán Ronsino
Authors: Aprile Guillermo
Published: September 2019

El "Bellum Iugurthinum" de Salustio es un destacado intertexto de "Glaxo", novela del escritor argentino Hernán Ronsino. La obsesiva lectura de esta historia romana por parte de uno de los personajes de la novela condiciona su percepción de la realidad y el recuerdo de los acontecimientos que narra. En el presente artículo, se estudia cómo el texto de Salustio constituye un elemento central en la creación del universo diegético de "Glaxo".
Vitamin a supplementation in terms of lifestyle disease
Authors: Ślifirczyk M. , Jędrzejewska B. , Ślifirczyk A. , Modestowicz-Dobrowolski A. , Bochno K.
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Rational nutrition is one of the most important factors affecting human development, maintaining good health and prevention of civilization diseases.

Purpose: To assess the state of knowledge among students from John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska in the impact and effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation on the human body. As well as the assessment of students' knowledge concerning the problem of deficits and diseases caused the overdose of vitamin A.

Materials and methods: The study was conducted among 70 students of the John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska in the period March - April 2018. We used the diagnostic survey
method based on the original questionnaire.

Results: Students have knowledge about dietary supplements; they could indicate the main effect of the preparations. 62.86% of the respondents knew the correct definition of dietary supplements. They had difficulty with the term of vitamin A in the human body and the diseases caused by the lack of it. The problem was a detailed knowledge of the occurrence and impact on the body of vitamin A supplementation. A small percentage (14.29%) students have ever taken supplements.

Conclusions: Students have knowledge about dietary supplements
Glucagonoma as a rare case of neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas: a case report
Authors: Zińczuk J. , Lewoniewska S. , Zaręba K. , Pryczynicz A. , Guzińska-Ustymowicz K.
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Glucagonoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor with characteristic features such as the presence of the glucagon-producing tumor, diabetes, and necrolytic migratory erythema.

Case presentation: the 60-year-old patient was admitted to hospital with periodic pain in the right and middle upper abdominal appearing after eating. Laboratory tests presented a high glucose level and anemia. Tumor of the body and tail of the pancreas passing the organ pouch has been found during the surgery. Diagnosis of glucagonoma was confirmed in histopathological examination in immunohistochemical stainings: a positive reaction was observed with chromogranin, synaptophysin and CEA. The proliferative activity of Ki-67 was less than 1%. Staining for glucagon also was positive so confirmed the presence of neuroendocrine tumor - glucagonoma.

Conclusions: Glucagonoma sometimes may occur without characteristic features which may cause delayed diagnosis. Early diagnosis of glucagonoma is important because it increases the chances of successful recovery.
History and activities of the Polish Association
for the Study of Pain
Authors: Kocot-Kępska Magdalena , Kurbiel Agnieszka , Dobrogowski Jan , Garstka Jerzy
Published: September 2019

Rosnące zainteresowanie lekarzy medycyną bólu przyczyniło się
do powstania w Polsce w 1976 roku, tj. dwa lata po utworzeniu
Międzynarodowego Towarzystwa Badania Bólu (IASP), Sekcji
Badania i Leczenia Bólu przy Towarzystwie Anestezjologów
Polskich. Sekcja ta zrzeszała początkowo czternastu członków,
a byli to: M. Borzęcki, J. Dobrogowski, J. Garstka, M. Hilgier, J.
Kącki, M. Kowalczyk, A. Kurzbauer, M. Kuś, T. Niedziałkowska, J.
Otto, B. Rutkowski, K. Sedlak, B. Szatanik, A. Szczudlik. Inicjatorem
i założycielem Sekcji był doc. dr hab. Aleksander Lewiński.
MUSEOLOGIST VERSUS COMMUNITY OF
MEMORY. ATTEMPT AT DEFINING TERMS FOR
THE SAKE OF LEGISLATIVE AMENDMENTS
Authors: Niezabitowski Michał
Published: September 2019

The contemporary role of museum reaches far
beyond the traditional understanding of the institution’s
role to be played in the preservation of tangible culture
monuments. It is currently a creative institution on various
levels of man’s activity, a centre for continuous learning,
community and creative hub of healthy social relations.
Museums continue to cover with their interests newer and
newer domains of human activity, among which art and
history remain essentially important, though not the only
ones. Traditional factual competences that we used to find
in museums: a historian of art, a historian, an archaeologist,
an ethnologist, continue to be needed, however far
insufficient. Today museums have a need of staff who
represent a wide range of competences, both to work on
the ‘collections’, and on the intangible heritage as well as
contacts with the public. Today’s museums expect from the staff the competence in so-called 2nd grade history, namely
these who do not only identify and document the past, but
also explain what and why we remember from the past.
Looking from such a perspective at museums, whose
activity seems to be described in the Act on Museums of
21 November 1996 (with later amendments), and in the
implementation regulations to the Act, the employee
relations require a prompt legislative intervention. The
distinction of the staff of museums and around them
into ‘museologists’ and ‘non-museologists’ is today
unquestionably anachronistic and inefficient, impeding
the implementation of the tasks facing these institutions.
Furthermore, the source of the name ‘museologist’ is
sought, and the analysis of the legislative contradiction in
this respect is conducted, while new solutions adjusted to
the social needs are provided.
Over, Böbrek ve Beyinde İskemi / Reperfüzyon Sonrası Redoks Dengesi ve Tribulus Terrestris L.’nin Etkileri
Authors: DEMİR Enver Ahmet
Published: September 2019

Amaç: Oksidatif stres prooksidan ve antioksidan sistemler arasında oksidasyon lehine bir dengesizlik olarak tanımlanır ve iskemi / reperfüzyon hasarı gibi çeşitli patolojilerden sorumlu tutulmaktadır. Eksojen antioksidanlar redoks dengesinin geri kazanılmasında faydalıdırlar. Tribulusterrestris L. (demir dikeni) güçlü antioksidan etki sergileyen flavonoidler ve saponinler açısından zengin bir tıbbi bitkidir. Bu çalışma over, böbrek ve beyinde reperfüzyon hasarında Tribulus ekstresinin redoks dengesi üzerine etkilerini araştırmayı hedeflemiştir.Yöntemler: Dişi Wistar albino sıçanlaraTribulus veya fizyolojik salin uygulandı ve hayvanlar 60 dakika süreli over, böbrek ya da beyin iskemisini takip eden 60 dakika süreli reperfüzyona maruz bırakıldılar. Bahsedilen dokularda total antioksidan durum (TOS), total oksidan durum (TAS) ve oksidatif stres indeksi (OSI) belirlendi.Bulgular: Tribulus’un over, böbrek ve beyinde yalnızca reperfüzyon hasarı oluşturulan hayvanlara kıyasla TOS’u düşürdüğü bulundu (sırasıyla, p<0.001, p=0.004 ve p=0.035). Aynı zamanda Tribulus uygulamasıyla her üç dokuda yalnızca reperfüzyon hasarı oluşturulan hayvanlara kıyasla redoks dengesinin önemli bir göstergesi olan OSI’de azalma sağlandı (over: p<0.001, böbrek: p=0.007 ve beyin: p=0.002).Sonuç: Bu bulgular Tribulus’un reperfüzyon hasarının yüksek oksidatif ortamında dahi güçlü bir antioksidan etki sergilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Oksidatif stresin reperfüzyon hasarının yıkıcı sürecine iştiraki düşünüldüğünde Tribulus’un stresi sınırlayıcı etkisi, redoks dengesinin korunmasına katkı sunmak marifetiyle reperfüzyon hasarına karşı faydalı olabileceğini göstermektedir.
Political Determination of Human Nature in the Context of Rousseau
Authors: Çağmar Mehmet Ş.
Published: September 2019

In this study, we will try to show that human nature can be handled with a political determination in Rousseau. Human nature has always been a controversial subject of political philosophy in the historical process. So much so that in these discussions we can see that human nature, especially with Rousseau, is now treated as something that is shaped and changed separately for each of various processes of history. Therefore we will first focus on how human nature is defined in Rousseau in the state of nature to show that human nature has been subjected to political influence in the historical process. Then we will examine how the human nature takes shape with the civilization leading to the end of the state of nature. Finally, through social contracting, we will focus on how human nature is transformed into a political thing by gaining a new dimension.
Philosophical and Anthropological Dimension of Technoscience
Authors: Petrushenko Victor , Chursinova Oksana
Published: September 2019

The authors of this article provide arguments for the necessity to complement the existing approaches to understanding the phenomenon of technoscience with the analysis of technoscience within the context of philosophical and anthropological interpretation of technology (F. Dessauer). The article provides a critical insight into the neutral technology assessment suggested by K. Jaspers, outlines new prospects for studying technoscience taking into account the fact how a person fits into deeper structures of the world. The philosophical and anthropological interpretation of technology relates it with basic anthropic characteristics of a person, therefore, the article makes an attempt to prove that such vision of technoscience organically requires from its researchers and creators consideration of social, cultural and value-based aspects of its development and implementation.
Engaging the Ethiopian Knowledge Diaspora
Authors: Woldegiyorgis Ayenachew A.
Published: September 2019

Although there is a consensus that Africa has considerable intellectual resources in its diaspora, the benefit that the continent is garnering from it is limited for different reasons. The political climate in several countries and the absence of well-articulated strategies are among the main factors preventing the African knowledge diaspora from engaging with their home countries. Even when, occasionally, political relations improve—such as currently in Ethiopia, diaspora engagement in higher education is challenged by routine issues such as bureaucratic processes, the absence of a coordinating body, and a mismatch between demand and supply.
Humanités numériques et archives : la longue émergence d’un nouveau paradigme
Authors: Giuliano Frédéric
Published: September 2019

Cet article vise à démystifier le domaine de recherche que sont les humanités numériques en révélant sa contribution et l’immense potentiel de ses approches pour la pratique archivistique et bibliothéconomique. L’auteur y présente une réflexion sur les apports conceptuels et technologiques des humanités numériques tout en soulignant les défis que doivent relever les professionnels de l’information associés à ces projets, mais aussi les nouveaux rôles que ces derniers sont appelés à y jouer.
Sitting at Baldwin’s Table
Authors: Swindall Lindsey R.
Published: September 2019

Last year, in the dispatch “There Is No Texting at James Baldwin’s
Table,” I began to assess the ways in which audiences were engaging with
Baldwin’s writing at several public discussions that I co-facilitated
with NYC actor/comedian Grant Cooper. Based on the initial reaction to two
five-part Baldwin conversations at a high school and middle school in Manhattan,
I posited that a need for meaningful communion is drawing people to discuss the
writer. As I wrote that article, I was busy scheduling seven new Baldwin
discussions in communities across New Jersey and another five-part series in
Manhattan. Having completed those sessions, I am pleased to report that
Baldwin’s welcome table is indeed a powerful vehicle for engaging in
impactful dialogue. This dispatch will demonstrate that discussing Baldwin not
only opened an avenue for productive sharing but went further by inspiring
people to ask how they could contribute to hastening positive social and
personal transformation. Three questions will frame this analysis of putting the
welcome table into practice: How many people want to sit at James
Baldwin’s table? Can conversations about James Baldwin sustain more
“welcome table moments”? Can these interactions create a sense of
kinship that deepens personal interaction in the digital age?
Baldwin This Time
Authors: Mullen Bill V.
Published: September 2019

This excerpt from James Baldwin: Living in Fire details a key
juncture in Baldwin’s life, 1957–59, when he was transformed by a
visit to the South to write about the civil rights movement while grappling with
the meaning of the Algerian Revolution. The excerpt shows Baldwin understanding
black and Arab liberation struggles as simultaneous and parallel moments in the
rise of Third World, anti-colonial and anti-racist U.S. politics. It also shows
Baldwin’s emotional and psychological vulnerability to repressive state
violence experienced by black and Arab citizens in the U.S., France, and
Algiers.
Development and characterization of novel cross-species tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) from Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis)
Authors: Hu Yacheng , Yang Jing , Liu Xueqing , Xiao Kan , Wang Binzhong , Du Hejun
Published: September 2019

Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) is an important economic fish because of its nourishing caviar, isinglass and flesh. In order to facilitate the recovery of this species, the full understanding of its population genetic structure is necessary for taking appropriate management actions. However, genetic data on the use of nuclear loci in sterlet is still quite poor because microsatellite markers in sterlet that had been developed appeared to be polyploidy which add difficulties in studying the genetic of the sterlet. In this study, 24 tetranucleotide microsatellite markers were developed in sterlet from 160 microsatellite markers of the endangered Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis). Ten (ZHX76, ZHX64, Z194, Z217, Z184, Z242, Z250, Z258, Z268 and Z269) of the 24 loci showed disomic patterns while the rest loci showed tetrasomic patterns. In this paper, 24 microsatellite markers were characterized in 16 sterlet individuals and all of them were polymorphic with 2 to 7 alleles per locus. The Hardy-Weinberg departure value (d), polymorphic information content (PIC), the observed heterozygosity (HO), the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Indices (H') and the mean expected heterozygosity (HE) of all 24 polymorphic loci ranged from -0.334 to 0.484, 0.367 to 0.725, 0.438 to 1, 0.659 to 1.695, from 0.466 to 0.777, respectively. The markers described here will help in addressing practical problems such as the study of population genetics, conservation genetics and evolution in the polyploidy derivative nature of sterlet.
Inventory statistics meet big data: Complications for estimating numbers of species
Authors: Khalighifar Ali , Jiménez Laura , Nuñez-Penichet Claudia , Freeman Benedictus , Ingenloff Kate , Jiménez-García Daniel , Peterson A. Townsend
Published: September 2019

Abstract

We point out complications inherent in biodiversity inventory metrics when applied to large-scale datasets. The number of samples in which a species is detected saturates, such that crucial numbers of detections of rare species approach zero. Any rare errors can then come to dominate species richness estimates, creating upward biases in estimates of species numbers. We document the problem via simulations of sampling from virtual biotas, illustrate its potential using a large empirical dataset (bird records from Cape May, New Jersey, USA), and outline the circumstances under which these problems may be expected to emerge.
Multivariable two-sample Mendelian randomization estimates of the effects of intelligence and education on health
Authors: Davies Neil Martin , Hill W David , Anderson Emma L , Sanderson Eleanor , Deary Ian J , Davey Smith George
Published: September 2019

Intelligence and education are predictive of better physical and mental health, socioeconomic position (SEP), and longevity. However, these associations are insufficient to prove that intelligence and/or education cause these outcomes. Intelligence and education are phenotypically and genetically correlated, which makes it difficult to elucidate causal relationships. We used univariate and multivariable Mendelian randomization to estimate the total and direct effects of intelligence and educational attainment on mental and physical health, measures of socioeconomic position, and longevity. Both intelligence and education had beneficial total effects. Higher intelligence had positive direct effects on income and alcohol consumption, and negative direct effects on moderate and vigorous physical activity. Higher educational attainment had positive direct effects on income, alcohol consumption, and vigorous physical activity, and negative direct effects on smoking, BMI and sedentary behaviour. If the Mendelian randomization assumptions hold, these findings suggest that both intelligence and education affect health.
The effect of elevational gradient on alpine gingers (Roscoea alpina and R. purpurea) in the Himalayas
Authors: Paudel Babu Ram , Dyer Adrian G. , Garcia Jair E. , Shrestha Mani
Published: September 2019

There is currently enormous interest in how morphological and physiological responses of herbaceous plants may be affected by changing elevational gradient. Mountain regions provide an excellent opportunity to understand how closely related species may adapt to the conditions that rapidly change with elevation. We investigated the morphological and physiological responses of two Himalayan alpine gingers (Roscoea alpina and R. purpurea) along two different vertical transects of 400 m, R. purpurea between 2,174–2,574 m a.s.l and R. alpina between 2,675–3,079 m a.s.l. We measured the variables of plant height, leaf length, leaf area, specific leaf area, and stomata density at five plots, along the vertical transect at an elevational gap of ca. 100 m. Results revealed that with increased elevation plant height, and leaf area decreased while stomata density increased, whereas changes in specific leaf area, were not correlated with the elevation. Our results reveal that these alpine gingers undergo local adaptation by modifying their plant height, leaf area and stomata density in response to the varying selection pressure associated with the elevational gradient. Thus, the findings of this research provide valuable information on how a narrow range of elevational gradient affects the herbaceous plants at the alpine habitat of the Himalayas.
Properties of Gypsum Boards Made of Mixtures of Wood and Rice Straw
Authors: Sahin Halil Turgut , Demir İlkhan , Yalçın Ömer Ümit
Published: September 2019

Aims: It was investigated to produce gypsum-based experimental composite panels with red pine wood/rice straw particles in the mixture up to 60:40 (ratio) (w/w) in gypsum-water mixture. In this case, the additives could be observed more closely.

Methodology: The red pine wood chips and the rice straw (stalks) have been turned into suitable particle dimensions. The experimental boards were cut to determine the IB (Internal bond), MOE–MOR (Modulus of Elasticity and Rupture), and TS (thickness swelling after 24 hours immersion in water). A standard flame combustion test system was conducted according to TS EN-ISO 11925-2. For surface chemical analyses, FTIR was used to evaluate the chemical groups present in the board surface. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted for measuring changes in boards as a function of increasing temperature.  The natural weathering tests were conducted that were exposed to outdoor for two months then color and surface hardness measurements conducted for determining property changes.

Results: The rice straw had negative impact on thickness swelling (TS) properties of boards in water. The highest TS value of 47.66% was observed in the board that produced from 60:40 (ratio) (w/w) wood/rice straw mixture (DE4). However, the addition of rice straw to the wood/gypsum mixture has a lowering effect on the internal bond (IB) and bending strength (MOR) properties of experimental boards some level.  The maximum IB strength of 0.06 N/mm2 and MOR of 2.77 N/mm2 found control sample (DE0). However, the highest MOE value of 553 N/mm2 was calculated on the DE4 board, which was produced by adding 40% rice straw to the wood/gypsum mixture. The addition of rice straw and wood particles to the gypsum structure has a positive effect on the heat transfer properties.

Conclusion: It is clear that the addition of rice straw to the wood/gypsum mixture adversely affected the strength properties negatively. However, rice straw in wood chip/gypsum mixture helps to improve heat resistance (insulation) properties of panels at some level. Moreover, the addition of rice straw to wood/gypsum mixture effects on extending hardening time.
A concepção materialista da história: divergências entre Thompsom e Althusser
Authors: Ferreira Jr. Amarilio , Bittar Marisa
Published: September 2019

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar as divergências gnosiológicas entre Louis Althusser e E. P. Thompson sobre o materialismo histórico concebido por Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels, e tomou como referência as seguintes obras produzidas pelos dois marxistas da segunda metade do século XX: “A favor de Marx” (1965), “Ler o Capital” (1965) e “A miséria da teoria ou um planetário de erros” (1978), as duas primeiras de Althusser; a terceira de Thompson. Em Althusser, o materialismo histórico se expressa como uma teoria científica geral da história, cujo conceito central é o de “modo de produção”. Já em Thompson, o materialismo histórico assume a configuração de categorias e de conceitos críticos (classe, ideologia e modo de produção) usados para “escrutinar os fatos”.
A base do golpe: a nova colonização pela captura da subjetividade.
Authors: Silva Marcelo Lira
Published: September 2019

Objetiva-se, com este ensaio, desenvolver uma análise do processo de tramitação e aprovação da Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC), na medida em que tal Documento sintetiza um dado período histórico e caracteriza-se por ser expressão e símbolo de um Golpe de Estado que redesenhou, via Estado de Exceção, as instituições políticas brasileiras, inclusive, as educacionais. Deve-se destacar que a BNCC representa a objetivação e exteriorização, tanto em sua forma, quanto em seu conteúdo, dos princípios e diretrizes jurídico-políticos, aprovados pela Lei nº 13.415, de 16 de fevereiro de 2017, e ideologicamente denominada de Reforma do Ensino Médio. Trata-se, portanto, de dois Documentos Institucionais que alteraram profundamente a concepção administrativo-organizativa e pedagógica das instituições político-educacionais. Nesse sentido, buscar-se-á desenvolver uma análise dos Documentos Institucionais, cotejando-os com o processo histórico, a partir do qual emergiram enquanto novo arranjo político-institucional. A hipótese levantada é a de que tanto a BNCC, quanto a chamada Reforma do Ensino Médio, fazem parte da agenda contrarreformista, neoliberal-flexível, imposta de cima para baixo, por um Golpe de Estado no Brasil do século XXI, impondo, pela captura da subjetividade, um colonialismo de novo tipo. Nestes termos, doravante, denominar-se-á o processo em questão, sintetizado em tal Documento, de “A Base do Golpe”. Assim, “A Base do Golpe” caracteriza-se por ser uma tentativa de apreensão e entendimento da particularidade histórica brasileira, como forma de construção de um diagnóstico de época, capaz de iluminar o Brasil do século XXI, que em seu segundo decênio passa por uma crise social profunda e aponta para tendências de neocolonialismo, de avanço da barbárie e deterioração das liberdades democráticas.
Relação público privado e precarização do trabalho: duas faces da mesma moeda.
Authors: Moreira João Gomes , Oliveira Maria Eliza Nogueira , Borges Regilson Maciel
Published: September 2019

O artigo buscou entender como se processa a relação público-privada na educação e de onde vêm essa força do capital que penetra em todas as instâncias do poder público. Esclarecemos que a relação público-privada nada mais é que uma estratégia do capital para criar e ampliar novos nichos de mercado para a superação da crise cíclica do capitalismo, sempre apresentada com novas roupagens nas mutações que se processam, para reduzir os efeitos da inevitável na asfixia social que acabaram por gerar grandes revoluções registrada em seu processo histórico. Por fim, tentou-se demonstrar a influência das relações público-privadas na precarização do trabalho docente e apontar como horizonte a retomada das lutas sociais em defesa da escola pública.
A influência do Banco Mundial na educação brasileira na educação brasileira: a definição de um ajuste injusto
Authors: Amorim Franciel Coelho Luz de , Leite Maria Jorge Dos Santos
Published: September 2019

O artigo analisa as definições e orientações do Banco Mundial nas políticas educacionais brasileiras e identifica as novas orientações propostas por esse organismo a partir da imposição de um ajuste considerado “justo” pelo Banco Mundial à educação brasileira. Para tanto, balizamos a revisão de literatura nas evidências de atuação do órgão com as políticas de educação nacionais, dando suporte a análise de dois documentos: “Atingindo uma educação de nível mundial no Brasil: Próximos Passos” e em “Um Ajuste Justo - Análise da Eficiência e Equidade do Gasto Público no Brasil”, no qual o Banco traça, na última parte, as linhas gerais das principais reformas de educação que o país necessita adotar para seguir seu papel periférico na esteira do neoliberalismo, enxugando os gastos do Estado, mediante reformas que abrem caminho à privatização da educação pública.
O Capital contra a educaÇão da classe trabalhadora
Authors: Peixoto Elza Margarida de Mendonça , Lopes Vania Pereira Moraes , Espírito Santo Filho Edson Espírito Santo , Sousa Itamar Silva
Published: September 2019

Em especial, a análise dos documentos oficiais com os quais o Capital coordena a organização da vida social evidenciam a profundidade e a violência do ataque contra os interesses e necessidades dos trabalhadores. A direção da política econômica nestes documentos emitidos pelos órgãos centrais de gestão do capitalismo mundial, como o Banco Mundial, revelam os eixos de uma reestruturação das tarefas do Estado nas relações de produção capitalistas, com vistas a tornar mais agressivo seu direcionamento para o atendimento dos interesses do capital financeiro. Esta reforma impacta especialmente as políticas sociais e a política nacional de ciência e tecnologia. São a prova de uma ação orquestrada de ataques do capital contra a classe trabalhadora, que subordinama vida insignificante e excedente dos que produzem a riqueza – os trabalhadores – à gestão e ao controleda coisa pública conduzida, sob a perspectiva neoliberal, conforme os interesses do capital financeiro. Um ataque que evidencia o desespero pela preservação da acumulação privada assim como o desprezo e o sacrifício da força de trabalho que produz toda a riqueza social. Este Volume 11, Número 1 de Germinal expressa o esforço empreendido pelos intelectuais e educadores marxistas de realizar a crítica materialista e dialética desta conjuntura, enfrentando-a com radicalidade, reconhecendo o movimento da correlação de forças e os limites e possibilidades das políticas que foram possíveis no seio do embate entre capital e trabalho em nível mundial. São 25 manuscritos distribuídos nas seções Debates, Artigos, Entrevista, Documento e Resenha que, no conjunto, cumprem o papel de recuperar a lógica dos processos históricos, os agentes e os instrumentos que foram utilizados pelo Capital no processo coordenado de manter-se hegemônico no controle da produção da existência e na concentração de suas vantagens, mesmo quando parecia as dividir.
Serotonin is essential for eye regeneration in planaria Schmidtea mediterranea
Authors: Sarkar Arunabha , Mukundan Namita , Sowndarya Sai , Dubey Vinay Kumar , Babu Rosana , Lakshmanan Vairavan , Rangiah Kannan , Panicker Mitradas M. , Palakodeti Dasaradhi , Subramanian Sabarinath Peruvemba , Subramanian Ramaswamy
Published: September 2019

Planaria is an ideal system to study factors involved in regeneration and tissue homeostasis. Little is known about the role of metabolites and small molecules in stem cell maintenance and lineage specification in planarians. Using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC‐MS)‐based quantitative metabolomics, we determined the relative levels of metabolites in stem cells, progenitors, and differentiated cells of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Tryptophan and its metabolic product serotonin are significantly enriched in stem cells and progenitor population. Serotonin biosynthesis in these cells is brought about by a noncanonical enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase. Knockdown of Smed‐pah leads to complete disappearance of eyes in regenerating planaria, while exogenous supply of serotonin and its precursor rescues the eyeless phenotype. Our results demonstrate a key role for serotonin in eye regeneration.
What Have We Learned From Trajectory Analysis of Clinical Outcomes in Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis Before Surgery?
Authors: Wieczorek Maud , Rotonda Christine , Guillemin Francis , Rat Anne‐Christine
Published: September 2019

Objective

The past decade has seen a rapid increase in the publication of studies using trajectory analysis to describe the course of osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms. The aim of this systematic review was to describe the distinct trajectories for OA outcomes and the predictors of these trajectories.

Methods

Medline and PsycInfo databases were searched for relevant studies. Selection criteria were 1) patients ≥18 years of age, 2) patients at high risk of or diagnosed with knee or hip OA, 3) studies aiming to identify homogeneous subgroups with distinct trajectories of clinical outcomes, and 4) methodology and analysis designed to identify trajectories (longitudinal design and repeated measures). The search was limited to publications in English or French.

Results

Of the 5,177 abstracts retrieved, 44 studies met the inclusion criteria; 21 described the disease progression before surgery. The most frequent outcomes were pain and physical function. Up to 6 trajectories of pain were found for hip and knee OA. For function, between 1 and 5 trajectories were identified for knee OA. Low educational level, high body mass index, and high number of comorbidities were the most reported predictors of bad evolution.

Conclusion

Although studies were heterogeneous (outcome, subgroup number, and composition), they revealed stable OA trajectories over time. This finding suggests that OA is a chronic disease that does not inevitably worsen in terms of patient‐reported symptoms.
Experimental Investigations of the Depth Filtration inside Open‐Cell Foam Filters Supported by High‐Resolution Computed Tomography Scanning and Pore‐Scale Numerical Simulations
Authors: Hoppach Daniel , Werzner Eric , Demuth Cornelius , Löwer Erik , Lehmann Henry , Ditscherlein Lisa , Ditscherlein Ralf , Peuker Urs A. , Ray Subhashis
Published: September 2019

The removal of nonmetallic inclusions from metal melts is a crucial step in producing high‐quality castings that have to meet strict requirements regarding strength, toughness, and machinability. To separate the unwanted impurities, the liquid metal is usually passed through ceramic foam filters (CFF), in which the inclusions adhere to the surface of a complex strut network. The development of improved CFF structures requires a good understanding of the physical phenomena involved in the filtration process. In this respect, an experimental investigation of the real system is challenging, due to the opacity of the melt, high temperature, and the presence of a protective atmosphere. Therefore, the present study relies on water model experiments, which are conducted for different pore counts and flow velocities. To achieve a high degree of similarity to the real system, the wetting properties of the filters and particles are adjusted accordingly. Experimentally evaluated filtration efficiencies are compared with predictions obtained from a detailed numerical model that considers the CFF geometry, which is digitized using 3D X‐Ray micro‐computed tomography, and previously measured particle adhesion forces. The results suggest that a considerable fraction of particles does not remain attached after collision with the CFF struts.
Microfluidic Synthesis of Gd‐Based Nanoparticles for Fast and Ultralong MRI Signals in the Solid Tumor
Authors: Li Xuanyu , Feng Qiang , Jiang Xingyu
Published: September 2019

Clinically used magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents (MRI CAs) for solid tumors suffer from short life spans and low accumulation at the tumor for their low molecular weights. A good solution is to incorporate these MRI CAs into nanoparticles. Food and Drug Administration‐approved compounds, poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) and lipids, are chosen to assemble these nanoparticles. PLGA/lipid hybrid nanoparticles are assembled in microfluidic channels with a suitable size distribution for imaging tumors. These nanoparticles achieve clearly enhanced MRI contrast at the tumor at 0.5 h postinjection. The enhanced MRI contrast is sustained for 16 h. They can margin the tumor with as good an enhanced MRI contrast as clinical MRI CAs (which visualize the whole tumor) of the solid tumor with much less Gd. They are particularly useful for monitoring the solid tumor after therapy within a day and without repeated administration as clinical MRI CAs.
Individually Silica‐Embedded Gold Nanorod Superlattice for High Thermal and Solvent Stability and Recyclable SERS Application
Authors: Lim Sung‐Hwan , Lee Min‐Jae , Kang Shin‐Hyun , Dey Jahar , Umar Aminah , Lee Sang‐Jo , Choi Sung‐Min
Published: September 2019

A facile method to fabricate 2D hexagonal monolayer superlattices of gold nanorods (GNRs) individually embedded in silica matrix on a substrate is developed. In this method, the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) bilayer‐coated GNRs are self‐assembled into a hexagonally packed monolayer superlattice on the substrate by slow evaporation in the presence of silica precursors in the solution at a highly acidic condition. The GNR superlattices fabricated by this method show excellent structural stability at high temperature as high as 500 °C and in solvents of a wide range of polarities including water, ethanol, toluene, and cyclohexane. The structural stability makes the GNR superlattices highly reusable surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐active substrates for sensitive molecular detection, well‐maintaining the SERS intensity over 10 cycles.
Stretchable Carbon Nanotube‐Polymer Composites with Homogenous Deformation and as Liquid Droplet Sensors
Authors: Chang Shulong , Hou Siyu , Sun Yuping , Ge Yali , Xu Jie , Zhang Yingjiu , Pang Rui , Shang Yuanyuan , Cao Anyuan
Published: September 2019

Carbon nanotubes have the potential to develop functional and stretchable nanocomposites; tailoring the mechanical property especially enabling uniform deformation at large strains is key to those applications. Here, continuously woven are single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) through a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution into a highly flexible and processable composite film combining the reinforcing effect of SWNTs and high stretchability of PVA matrix. Observed is a homogenous strain field distribution throughout the composite film during tensile tests until large strains of 300–358% with a local fluctuation of only 10% that of total strain, also exhibiting consistent transverse and longitudinal true strains as well as Poisson's ratio. This property further leads to highly sensitive and electrical response to attached liquid droplets including water, NaCl solution, and typical organic solvents, in original and stretched states for many cycles, owing to the tunable SWNT networks within the polymer matrix upon volume expansion or shrinkage. The continuously fabricated SWNT/PVA composites with high stretchability and uniform deformation have potential applications in stretchable/weavable electronics, sensors, and actuators.
Simultaneous Achievement of High Efficiency and Long Lifetime in Deep Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Choi Kyung Hyun , Lee Kyung Hyung , Lee Jun Yeob , Kim Taekyung
Published: September 2019

High triplet energy exciplex hosts are developed using new electron transport type hosts with triphenylsilyl blocking groups to obtain high solid state triplet energy and exciplex triplet energy. Two triphenyltriazine derived hosts, 2‐phenyl‐4,6‐bis(4‐(triphenylsilyl)phenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (pSiTrz) and 2‐phenyl‐4,6‐bis(3‐(triphenylsilyl)phenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (mSiTrz), are synthesized as the high triplet energy hosts with electron transport properties. The two hosts show high triplet energy over 2.90 eV both in solution and solid film, and afford high triplet energy over 2.90 eV in the mixed hosts with a hole transport type 2,2′‐di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (oCBP) host. The doping of a deep blue phosphorescent emitter in the mixed host oCBP:mSiTrz achieves high external quantum efficiency over 20% with a color coordinate of (0.14, 0.16) and device lifetime of longer than 1000 h at 100 cd m‐2. This is the first demonstration of simultaneous achievement over 20% external quantum efficiency (EQE) and 1000 h lifetime in the deep blue organic light‐emitting diodes with a x+y color coordinate value below 0.30.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation of Aldimine Esters with Vinyl‐Cyclopropanes to Yield α,α‐Disubstituted α‐Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Wang Jiahua , Dai Zonghao , Xiong Cheng , Zhu Jin , Lu Jinrong , Zhou Qingfa
Published: September 2019

A synthetically useful approach for the synthesis of functionalized α, α‐disubstituted α‐amino acid derivatives via palladium‐catalyzed 1,7 addition of readily available aldimine esters to vinylcyclopropanes is reported. This methodology was operated under mild conditions, affording α‐allylic α‐amino esters in good to excellent yields and excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity. This transformation displays broad functional‐group tolerance and enantioselective allylic alkylation has also been realized using a chiral phosphine ligand to provide the desired product.

magnified image
[8+3]‐Cycloaddition of Tropones with Azaoxyallyl Cations
Authors: Roy Tony , Jacob Anu , Bhattacharjee Subrata , Biju Akkattu T.
Published: September 2019

Although azaoxyallyl cations are widely used as 1,3‐dipoles for various cycloaddition reactions leading to nitrogen‐containing heterocycles, their application in higher‐order cycloaddition reaction remains scarce. Herein, we present the [8+3]‐cycloaddition reaction of tropones with in situ generated azaoxyallyl cations allowing the one‐step construction of cycloheptatriene‐fused 1,4‐oxazinones in moderate to good yields. This base‐promoted new carbon‐oxygen and carbon‐nitrogen bond‐forming reaction takes place under mild conditions in the absence of transition metal catalysts.
De novo phenol bioproduction from glucose using biosensor‐assisted microbial coculture engineering
Authors: Guo Xiaoyun , Li Zhenghong , Wang Xiaonan , Wang Jing , Chala Juan , Lu Yinghua , Zhang Haoran
Published: September 2019

Microbial biosynthesis has been extensively adapted for the production of commodity chemicals using renewable feedstocks. This study integrated metabolite biosensors into rationally designed microbial cocultures to achieve high‐efficiency bioproduction of phenol from simple carbon substrate glucose. Specifically, two sets of E. coli–E. coli cocultures were first constructed for accommodation of two independent phenol biosynthesis pathways via 4‐hydroxybenzoate (4HB) and tyrosine (TYR), respectively. Biosensor‐assisted microbial cell selection mechanisms were subsequently incorporated into the coculture systems to address the insufficient pathway intermediate provision that limited the overall bioproduction. For the 4HB‐ and TYR‐dependent pathways, this approach improved the phenol production by 2.3‐ and 3.9‐fold, respectively, compared to the monoculture controls. Notably, the use of biosensor‐assisted cell selection strategy in monocultures resulted in reduced phenol production, highlighting the advantage of coculture engineering for coupling with biosensing. After stepwise optimization, the phenol bioproduction yield of the engineered coculture's reached 0.057 g/g glucose. Furthermore, the coculture biosynthesis was successfully scaled up at both shake flask and bioreactor levels. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate the outstanding potential of coupling biosensing and modular coculture engineering for advancing microbial biosynthesis of valuable molecules from renewable carbon substrates.
Effect of Seasonal and Regional Variations on Phenolic Compounds of Deverra scoparia (Flowers/Seeds) Methanolic Extract and the Evaluation of Its in Vitro Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Benarfa Adel , Gourine Nadhir , Mahfoudi Reguia , Harrat Mohamed , Yousfi Mohamed
Published: September 2019

The widespread use of Deverra scoparia Coss. & Durieu in Algerian folk‐medicine as a remedy can be relatively attributed to its total phenolic compounds. The current study aimed to provide a scientific basis for optimal collection and usage of Deverra scoparia Coss. & Durieu plant. Hence, 37 samples were gathered from nine sites in Algeria during two seasons 2016 and 2017, then exposed to a green extraction. Total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (FC) and condensed tannins (CTC) content were estimated spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activity was measured using five different methods, DPPH., ABTS.+, FRAP, CUPRAC and Fe2+‐chelating. The results have revealed considerable amounts of TPC varied from 804 to 1544 mg GAE/100 g dry matter, FC started from 187 up to 410 mg QE/100 g dry matter and CTC varied from 111 to 394 mg CE/100 g dry matter. The best IC50 values (μg/mL) of DPPH., ABTS•+, FRAP, CUPRAC and Fe2+‐chelating tests were 56.62, 5.41, 21.26, 52.93 and 78.10, respectively. Moreover, high correlations were found between CTC and most of the antioxidant tests. Hence, CTC are suggested to be the principal group of antioxidant activity in Deverra scoparia Coss. & Durieu extracts.
Precise Cu Localization‐Dependent Catalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Water
Authors: Liu Xiang , Huang Yu , Zhao Peiqing , Meng Xu , Astruc Didier
Published: September 2019

Two different synthetic strategies have been employed, wet‐impregnation vs. pre‐incorporation, to control the localization of Cu from interior to external surface of α‐MnO2 octahedral molecular sieves (OMS‐2). CuOx/OMS‐2 exhibits dispersed granular CuOx (x=1 or 0.5) attached and located at the external surface of OMS‐2, whereas Cu‐OMS‐2 shows Cu location within OMS‐2. These results indicate that the catalyst CuOx/OMS‐2 is significantly more active than Cu‐OMS‐2 and OMS‐2 itself in the degradation of organic pollutants. In addition, the catalyst CuOx/OMS‐2 has been successfully reused 10 times without significant decrease in catalytic activity. This work highlights the role of the catalyst location in molecular sieve on the catalytic efficiency of the metal and rationalizes the catalyst optimization in nanocatalyst engineering.