bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) on Cryopreservation of Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cells (pMSCs)
Authors: Ock Sun-A , Rho Gyu-Jin
Published: November 2011

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a commonly used cryoprotectant in cryopreservation procedures, is detrimental to viability of cells. In this view point, a comparative study was carried out to evaluate the effect of DMSO on porcine mesenchymal stem cells (pMSCs). We compared the viability, colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) assay, expression of Bak and Bcl2 genes, Bcl2 protein antigen, and CD90 in pMSCs cryopreserved with 5%, 10%, and 20% DMSO. pMSCs isolated from bone marrow were characterized by alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of transcription factors, such as Oct 3/4, Nanog, and Sox2. The cells were then cryopreserved by cooling at a rate of −1°C/min in a programmable freezer and stored in liquid nitrogen. The results of survival of pMSCs cryopreserved at 5% DMSO were comparable to control group (fresh pMSCs). The survival and the number of colonies formed in cryopreserved pMSCs were inversely proportional to the concentration of DMSO. The number of colonies formed in pMSCs cryopreserved with all concentrations of DMSO was significantly ( p < 0.05) lower than the control group. An increased tendency for Bak and Bcl2 gene expression was noticed in cryopreserved pMSCs at 3 h postthawing compared to control group. There was a close resemblance in higher level of expression of CD90 between control and cryopreserved pMSCs. Because there was no considerable difference in the results of pMSCs cryopreserved at 5% and 10% DMSO, this study strongly suggests the use of 5% DMSO in cryopreservation of pMSCs as an alternative to conventional 10% DMSO.
Clinical-Scale Cultures of Cord Blood CD34+ Cells to Amplify Committed Progenitors and Maintain Stem Cell Activity
Authors: Ivanovic Zoran , Duchez Pascale , Chevaleyre Jean , Vlaski Marija , Lafarge Xavier , Dazey Bernard , Robert-Richard Elodie , Mazurier Frédéric , Boiron Jean-Michel
Published: November 2011

We developed a clinical-scale cord blood (CB) cell ex vivo procedure to enable an extensive expansion of committed progenitors—colony-forming cells (CFCs) without impairing very primitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). CD34++ cells, selected from previously cryopreserved and thawed CB units, were cultured in two steps (diluted 1:4 after 6 days) in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF), fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt-3L), megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) (100 ng/ml each), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) (10 ng/ml) in HP01 serum-free medium. HSC activity was evaluated in a serial transplantation assay, by detection of human cells (CD45, CD33, CD19 and CFC of human origin) in bone marrow (BM) of primary and secondary recipient NOD/SCID mice 6–8 weeks after transplantation. A wide amplification of total cells (~350-fold), CD34+ cells (~100-fold), and CFC (~130-fold) without impairing the HSC activity was obtained. The activity of a particular HSC subpopulation (SRCCFC) was even enhanced. Thus, an extensive ex vivo expansion of CFCs is feasible without impairing the activity of HSCs. This result was enabled by associating antioxidant power of medium with an appropriate cytokine cocktail (i.e., mimicking physiologic effects of a weak oxygenation in hematopoietic environment).
Enhanced Survival of Dopaminergic Neuronal Transplants in Hemiparkinsonian Rats by the p53 Inactivator PFT-α
Authors: Chou J. , Greig N. H. , Reiner D. , Hoffer B. J. , Wang Y.
Published: November 2011

A key limiting factor impacting the success of cell transplantation for Parkinson's disease is the survival of the grafted cells, which are often short lived. The focus of this study was to examine a novel strategy to optimize the survival of exogenous fetal ventromesencephalic (VM) grafts by treatment with the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-α (PFT-α), to improve the biological outcome of parkinsonian animals. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 6-hydroxydopamine into the left medial forebrain bundle to induce a hemiparkinsonian state. At 7 weeks after lesioning, animals were grafted with fetal VM or cortical tissue into the lesioned striatum and, thereafter, received daily PFT-α or vehicle injections for 5 days. Apomorphine-induced rotational behavior was examined at 2, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after grafting. Analysis of TUNEL or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining was undertaken at 5 days or 4 months after grafting. The transplantation of fetal VM tissue into the lesioned striatum reduced rotational behavior. A further reduction in rotation was apparent in animals receiving PFT-α and VM transplants. By contrast, no significant reduction in rotation was evident in animals receiving cortical grafts or cortical grafts + PFT-α. PFT-α treatment reduced TUNEL labeling and increased TH+ cell and fiber density in the VM transplants. In conclusion, our data indicate that early postgrafting treatment with PFT-α enhances the survival of dopamine cell transplants and augments behavioral recovery in parkinsonian animals.
Expansion of Adipose Mesenchymal Stromal Cells is Affected by Human Platelet Lysate and Plating Density
Authors: Cholewa Dominik , Stiehl Thomas , Schellenberg Anne , Bokermann Gudrun , Joussen Sylvia , Koch Carmen , Walenda Thomas , Pallua Norbert , Marciniak-Czochra Anna , Suschek Christoph V. , Wagner Wolfgang
Published: November 2011

The composition of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) changes in the course of in vitro culture expansion. Little is known how these cell preparations are influenced by culture media, plating density, or passaging. In this study, we have isolated MSCs from human adipose tissue in culture medium supplemented with either fetal calf serum (FCS) or human platelet lysate (HPL). In addition, culture expansion was simultaneously performed at plating densities of 10 or 10,000 cells/cm2. The use of FCS resulted in larger cells, whereas HPL significantly enhanced proliferation. Notably, HPL also facilitated expansion for more population doublings than FCS (43 ± 3 vs. 22 ± 4 population doubling; p < 0.001), while plating density did not have a significant effect on long-term growth curves. To gain further insight into population dynamics, we conceived a cellular automaton model to simulate expansion of MSCS. It is based on the assumptions that the number of cell divisions is limited and that due to contact inhibition proliferation occurs only at the rim of colonies. The model predicts that low plating densities result in more heterogeneity with regard to cell division history, and favor subpopulations of higher migratory activity. In summary, HPL is a suitable serum supplement for isolation of MSC from adipose tissue and facilitates more population doublings than FCS. Cellular automaton computer simulations provided additional insights into how complex population dynamics during long-term expansion are affected by plating density and migration.
Enhancement of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Transplantation-Mediated Bone Formation
Authors: Yang Hee Seok , Kim Ga Hee , La Wan-Geun , Bhang Suk Ho , Lee Tae-Jin , Lee Jong Ho , Kim Byung-Soo
Published: November 2011

Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of osteoblast progenitor cells in circulating blood. Here we show that local delivery of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) to cell transplantation sites induces in situ osteogenic differentiation of transplanted human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and enhances in vivo bone formation mediated by PBMNC transplantation. Human PBMNCs were seeded on scaffolds with or without BMP-2 and implanted subcutaneously into athymic mice. Nonseeded scaffolds with BMP-2 were also implanted. Eight weeks later, radiographic and histological analyses showed that the PBMNC + BMP-2 group had undergone much more extensive bone formation than either the PBMNC group or BMP-2 group. Only the PBMNC + BMP-2 group expressed human Cbfa1, osteonectin, and osteocalcin, suggesting in situ osteogenic differentiation of and bone formation by transplanted human PBMNCs, while the other groups did not express these genes. This study provides a method to enhance human PBMNC transplantation-mediated bone formation.
Transplantation of Rat Synapsin-EGFP-Labeled Embryonic Neurons into the Intact and Ischemic CA1 Hippocampal Region: Distribution, Phenotype, and Axodendritic Sprouting
Authors: Kucharova K. , Hefferan M. P. , Patel P. , Marsala S. , Nejime T. , Miyanohara A. , Marsala M. , Drummond J. C.
Published: November 2011

A major limitation of neural transplantation studies is assessing the degree of host–graft interaction. In the present study, rat hippocampal/cortical embryonic neurons (E18) were infected with a lentivirus encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the neuron-specific synapsin promoter, thus permitting robust identification of labeled neurons after in vivo grafting. Two weeks after transient forebrain ischemia or sham-surgery, GFP-expressing neurons were transplanted into CA1 hippocampal regions in immunosuppressed adult Wistar rats. The survival, distribution, phenotype, and axonal projections of GFP-immunoreactive (IR) positive transplanted neurons were evaluated in the sham-operated and ischemia-damaged CA1 hippocampal regions 4, 8, and 12 weeks after transplantation. In both experimental groups, we observed that the main phenotype of host-derived afferents projecting towards grafted GFP-IR neurons as well as transplant-derived GFP-IR efferents were glutamatergic in both animal groups. GFP axonal projections were seen in the nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei, and subiculum—known target areas of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Compared to sham-operated animals, GFP-IR neurons grafted into the ischemia-damaged CA1 migrated more extensively throughout a larger volume of host tissue, particularly in the stratum radiatum. Moreover, enhanced axonal sprouting and neuronal plasticity of grafted cells were evident in the hippocampus, subiculum, septal nuclei, and nucleus accumbens of the ischemia-damaged rats. Our study suggests that the adult rat brain retains some capacity to direct newly sprouting axons of transplanted embryonic neurons to the correct targets and that this capacity is enhanced in previously ischemia-injured forebrain.
Article Commentary: Technology and Innovation: 2010 a Year in Review
Authors: Sanberg Paul R. , Vindrola-Padros Cecilia , Eve David J. , Federoff Howard J.
Published: November 2011

The following commentary provides a discussion of the articles published in Technology and Innovation in 2010 and where possible places them into context with those reported in Cell Transplantation. These articles can be divided into the following topics: a) models for innovation and technological commercialization, b) the ethical and legal consequences of the emergence of new technologies, c) research on novel technologies and methods, and d) the difficulties involved in peer review and scientific assessment. The articles shed light on the effects of technological innovation and commercialization on scientific ethical regulation, the establishment of legal standards for the protection of intellectual property, and the development of financial models.
Comity or Conflict? A Qualitative Study on Host–Guest Relationship in Second Home Tourism
Authors: Volo Serena
Published: November 2011

Studies on second home tourism in Italy have focused mainly on statistical estimations of tourist flows in small destinations where the prevalence of second homes is suspected to account for a significant fraction of the destination's domiciles or a significant amount of tourism activity.
These studies, however, have generally overlooked the character and magnitude of local social attitudes and their effects on this constantly growing form of leisure activity. The present study sought to advance the understanding of the level of social comity or conflict existing between second
home owners and local residents in an Italian province. Using the long interview process documented by McCraken in 1988, data for the investigation were collected from both second home owners and permanent residents. The interaction between sociocultural and economic factors in the creation
of comity and conflict were modeled and theoretical implications drawn for future empirical predictive second home tourism model building, and practical implications have been drawn for local strategic planning and policy development.
Low-Income Earners as Second Home Tourists in South Africa?
Authors: Hoogendoorn Gijsbert
Published: November 2011

This investigation draws on a continued research program on understanding second homes in South Africa. Processes of mobility, migration, and circulation are explored within this type of tourism. Thereafter, a research agenda is proposed in terms of the same processes as recreational
second home users, but the focus shifts to nonrecreational/tribal/rural second home users or low-income earners as second home tourists in South Africa. Some similarities and differences are highlighted between high-income and low-income earners' second home usage patterns, in terms of temporal
and spatial dimensions, including seasonality, distances traveled, purpose of visit, place connection, and rural linkages. It is proposed that the research focus of second home tourism be broadened to "poor persons" (or low-income earners) nationally and internationally, as part of second
home tourism to develop a richer and more inclusive focus of investigation.
Ilha de Moçambique: Conserving and Managing World Heritage in the Developing World
Authors: Dantas É SÁ Vanessa , Mather Charles
Published: November 2011

The problem of managing and maintaining cultural and natural sites inscribed in the list of World Heritage Sites (WHS) is a global one. Yet the challenge of maintaining the "outstanding universal value" of WHS is almost certainly more pressing in the developing world. This article draws
from the experience of Mozambique's WHS, the Island of Mozambique, to reflect on the challenges of meeting the goal of outstanding universal value in a context of poverty and postconflict reconstruction. We contrast proposals to rehabilitate the island's cultural heritage produced in the late
1990s with more recent conservation efforts, in the context of the broad goal of addressing human settlement challenges while also preserving the past.
The Tourism Global Commodity Chain in Namibia: Industry Concentration and its Impacts on Transformation
Authors: Lapeyre Renaud
Published: November 2011

Applying Global Commodity Chain (GCC) theory, this article uncovers governance patterns in the Namibian tourism industry. The sector, it is argued, is best characterized as a buyer-driven GCC, in which large tour operators and accommodation groups control most economic transactions,
and in which local actors remain generic suppliers with limited power to capture a significant share of the value. In a context of rapid globalization and fierce competition, horizontal and vertical integration have further concentrated economic powers in the hands of larger groups (national
or international). With such an ownership structure, previously disadvantaged Namibians lack economic leverage to be fully involved in the largely white-dominated tourism sector.
The Changing All-Suite Hotel in South Africa: From "Extended Stay" to African "Condo Hotel"
Authors: Rogerson Jayne M.
Published: November 2011

Despite a growth of scholarship in African tourism only limited work has been pursued on the accommodation sector in general and the hotel industry in Africa in particular. This article examines the phenomenon of the all-suite hotel. Against the backdrop of a review of the international
development of the all-suite hotel, the article analyzes the growth and characteristics of all-suite hotels in South Africa. It is argued that while the trajectory of all-suite hotel development in South Africa exhibits certain common features with the US, Western Europe, and Australia, there
are also certain distinctive local trends in the evolving all-suite sector.
Tourism, Second Homes, and an Emerging South African Postproductivist Countryside
Authors: Hoogendoorn Gijsbert , Visser Gustav
Published: November 2011

Issues concerning postproductivism have seen limited direct systematic research attention within South African tourism studies. However, it has recently been proposed that postproductivism as part of tourism development, although difficult to discern in its early stages, has as a process
gathered sufficient momentum to warrant scholarly attention in the local context. This article develops this contention by focusing on the role of second home tourism as a contributor to developing a South African postproductivist countryside. The investigation tracks the development of a
postproductivist countryside in one of South Africa's main agricultural regions: the eastern Free State. Drawing on the experiences of the rural town of Clarens and its hinterland, the diversification of economic activities away from classic productivist functions to those of postproductivism
linked to consumptive activities, such as second home tourism, is outlined.
Tourism Research Within the Southern African Development Community: Production and Consumption in Academic Journals, 2000–2010
Authors: Rogerson Christian M. , Rogerson Jayne M.
Published: November 2011

The production and consumption of tourism knowledge has emerged as a vibrant research focus. This article extends this body of research by analysis of the production and consumption of tourism knowledge across the 15 countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) for
the period 2000–2010. Issues of concern in the production of tourism research are patterns of publishing, nature of journals (tourism vs. nontourism), and extent of local versus nonlocal scholarship. Using Google Scholar citations the consumption of tourism research discloses the most
cited articles published in the period 2000–2010, most cited as published 2006–2010, and most cited for each country. In relation to international tourism scholarship as a whole, a key finding from the SADC is that the majority of tourism research is published outside of tourism-focused
journals. This suggests that bibliometric studies that track tourism scholarship based only on the contents of major tourism journals fail to capture a key segment of tourism scholarship.
Doing fandom, (mis)doing whiteness: Heteronormativity, racialization, and the discursive construction of fandom
Authors: Stanfill Mel
Published: November 2011

The fans depicted in mainstream media representation are unrelentingly white in a way that constructs fandom—from Star Trek to baseball to Elvis—as the property of white bodies. Though whiteness is typically understood in contemporary American culture as a position of privilege, represented fans seem to contradict this conventional wisdom; they are conceptualized in television shows, fictional films, and documentaries as white people deviating from the constructed-as-white norm of heterosexuality and employment through a "childish" fixation on the object of their fandom. Dominant culture produces an idea of fandom as a sort of failed nonheteronormative whiteness that serves a regulatory function, positioning the supposed inadequacy of fans as the result of bad—but correctable—decisions, reinforcing rather than challenging privilege as a natural property of white, heterosexual masculinity as it produces fandom as a racialized construct.
(Un)gendering the homoerotic body: Imagining subjects in boys' love and yaoi
Authors: McHarry Mark
Published: November 2011

Language is a condition for a subject's formation, and identity is a factor in a subject's understanding of self. The Japanese-derived literary forms boys' love and yaoi portray male subjects as valorizing and acting on same-sex erotic desire, yet with little or no sense of possessing a same-sex desiring identity. Following Elizabeth Grosz, Julia Kristeva, and Michel Foucault, a reading is performed of a Western yaoi fan fic to explore how subjects in yaoi and boys' love enter into language, and hence subjectivity.
Whodology: Encountering "Doctor Who" fan fiction through the portals of play studies and ludology
Authors: Hoge Charles William
Published: November 2011

The fan fiction that is inspired by the textual world of both the original and new series of Doctor Who seems to provide a paratextual world of its own that produces a fascinatingly multidirectional relationship with the narratives that inspire it. Specifically, an interrogation of the intersections of these two worlds yields compelling evidence that the textual world of the new incarnation of the television series is aware of the concerns that tend to be generated by the writers of fan fiction and has adapted its own world to accommodate, or at least acknowledge, many of those concerns. If the writing of Doctor Who fan fiction can be productively read as play and as a creative, ludic engagement, how might the heuristic of ludology be employed as a means to encounter these texts and the playful relationship they create with the textual world from which their content is inspired?
K-pop, Indonesian fandom, and social media
Authors: Jung Sun
Published: November 2011

Around the world, pop consumers are increasingly accessing popular products through social media. Online fan groups of Korean popular music (K-pop) in Asia have dynamically and transculturally circulated their product through social media such as Facebook and Twitter. In October 2010, Super Junior, a K-pop idol boy band, was ranked as the number one worldwide trending topic on Twitter—ranking even higher than a sensational news story about trapped Chilean miners. Regional fans in Indonesia in particular have been identified as the source of a spike in tweets on this topic. Such a phenomenon illustrates how social media–empowered online fandom enhances cultural flow and affects transcultural pop circulation dynamics. I examine these dynamics by means of the specific case study of K-pop fandom in Indonesia. By focusing on three specific aspects of new media circulation of K-pop in Indonesia—performing immediate transculturations, embodying K-pop, and building intimacies—I contextualize transnationally focused, newly emerging, and social media–deployed cultural circulation driven by online fan practices.
Editorial: Textual echoes
Authors: Cyber Echoes ~
Published: November 2011

This section of the special issue gathers articles by scholars who attended Textual Echoes, an academic conference solely focused on fan fiction.
Laparoscopic Percutaneous Endoclose Closure of a Paraumbilical Hernia Defect
Authors: Sadri Amir , Vaughan-Huxley Eyston , Nott David
Published: November 2011

We describe a technique of endoloop closure of a paraumbilical abdominal wall hernia defect when using 5 mm laparoscopic ports.
Staff perceptions of organisational values in a large South African manufacturing company: exploring socio-demographic differences
Authors: Martins Nico , Coetzee Melinde
Published: November 2011

Orientation: Companies’ concerns about increasing their competitiveness, responsiveness and adaptability in a globalised, highly complex and turbulent business environment have led to a renewed interest in the role of corporate values and culture in improving organisational effectiveness and performance.Research purpose: The objective of the study was to explore the perceptions of men and women staff members, as well as members of various race and age groups, in a large South African manufacturing company about the current enactment of organisational values and the importance of these values.Motivation for the study: The challenge of managing multi-cultural work forces from different gender, race and generational backgrounds makes an understanding of how peoples’ values align with those of their organisations, as reflected in their cultures, necessary. Research design, approach and method: Using an organisational values scale, the researchers conducted a quantitative survey on a random sample of 988 participants employed in a large South African manufacturing company.Main findings: ANOVAs and post hoc multiple comparison of means tests revealed that gender, race and age have a significant effect on some of the dimensions of organisational values and that these biographical groups differ significantly in their perceptions of the importance of certain organisational values as well as how their organisations enact them.Practical/mangerial implications: The findings highlight the importance of understanding staff perceptions in creating greater commitment to organisational values as important aspects of an effective organisational culture.Contribution/value-add: This study is original research that contributes new knowledge to the field of organisational psychology and management practices.
A Multi-sensor Upper Tropospheric Ozone Product (MUTOP) based on TES ozone and GOES water vapor: validation with ozonesondes
Authors: Moody J. L. , Felker S. R. , Wimmers A. J. , Osterman G. , Bowman K. , Thompson A. M. , Tarasick D. W.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Accurate representation of ozone in the extratropical upper troposphere (UT) remains a challenge. However, the implementation of hyper-spectral remote sensing using satellite instruments such as the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) provides an avenue for mapping ozone in this region, from 500 to 300 hPa. As a polar orbiting satellite TES observations are limited, but in this paper they are combined with geostationary satellite observations of water vapor. This paper describes a validation of the Multi-sensor UT Ozone Product (MUTOP). MUTOP is statistical retrieval method, a derived product image based on the correlation of two remotely sensed quantities, TES ozone, against geostationary (GOES) specific humidity and modeled potential vorticity, a dynamical tracer in the UT. These TES-derived UT ozone mixing ratios are compared to coincident ozonesonde measurements of layer-average UT ozone mixing ratios made during the NASA INTEX/B field campaign in the spring of 2006; the region for this study is effectively the GOES west domain covering the Eastern North Pacific Ocean and the Western United States. This intercomparison evaluates MUTOP skill at representing ozone magnitude and variability in this region of complex dynamics. In total, 11 ozonesonde launch sites were available for this study, providing 127 individual sondes for comparison; the overall mean ozone of the 500–300 hPa layer for these sondes was 78.0 ppbv. MUTOP reproduces in-situ measurements reasonably well, producing an UT mean of 82.3 ppbv, with a mean absolute error of 12.2 ppbv and a root mean square error of 16.4 ppbv relative to ozonesondes across all sites. An overall UT mean bias of 4.3 ppbv relative to sondes was determined for MUTOP. Considered in the context of past TES validation studies, these results illustrate that MUTOP is able to maintain accuracy similar to TES while expanding coverage to the entire GOES-West satellite domain. In addition MUTOP provides six-hour temporal resolution throughout the INTEX-B study period, making the visualization of UT ozone dynamics possible. This paper presents the overall statistical validation as well as a selection of ozonesonde case studies. The case studies illustrate that error may not always represent a lack of TES-derived product skill, but often results from discrepancies driven by observations made in the presence of strong meteorological gradients.
Improving PM2.5 retrievals in the San Joaquin Valley using A-Train Multi-Satellite Observations
Authors: Strawa A. W. , Chatfield R. B. , Legg M. , Scarnato B. , Esswein R.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. This paper demonstrates the use of a combination of multi-platform satellite observations and statistical data analysis to dramatically improve the correlation between satellite observed aerosol optical depth (AOD) and ground-level retrieved PM2.5. The target area is California's San Joaquin Valley which has a history of poor particulate air quality and where such correlations have not yielded good results. We have used MODIS AOD, OMI AOD, AAOD (absorption aerosol optical depth) and NO2 concentration, and a seasonal parameter in a generalized additive model (GAM) to improve retrieved/observed PM2.5 correlations (r2 at six individual sites and for a data set combining all sites. For the combined data set using the GAM, r2 improved to 0.69 compared with an r2 of 0.27 for a simple linear regression of MODIS AOD to surface PM. Parameter sensitivities and the effect of multi-platform data on the sample size are discussed. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that the PM retrieved using the GAM captures many of the PM exceedences that were not seen in the simple linear regression model.
Analysis of co-located MODIS and CALIPSO observations near clouds
Authors: Várnai T. , Marshak A.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. This paper aims at helping synergistic studies in combining data from different satellites for gaining new insights into two critical yet poorly understood aspects of anthropogenic climate change, aerosol-cloud interactions and aerosol radiative effects. In particular, the paper examines the way cloud information from the MODIS imager can refine our perceptions based on CALIOP lidar measurements about the systematic aerosol changes that occur near clouds. The statistical analysis of a yearlong dataset of co-located global maritime observations from the Aqua and CALIPSO satellites reveals that MODIS's multispectral imaging ability can greatly help the interpretation of CALIOP observations. The results show that imagers on Aqua and CALIPSO yield very similar pictures, and that the discrepancies – due mainly to wind drift and differences in view angle – do not significantly hinder aerosol measurements near clouds. By detecting clouds outside the CALIOP track, MODIS reveals that clouds are usually closer to clear areas than CALIOP data alone would suggest. The paper finds statistical relationships between the distances to clouds in MODIS and CALIOP data, and proposes a rescaling approach to statistically account for the impact of clouds outside the CALIOP track even when MODIS cannot reliably detect low clouds, for example at night or over sea ice. Finally, the results show that the typical distance to clouds depends on both cloud coverage and cloud type, and accordingly varies with location and season. The global median distance to clouds in maritime clear-sky areas is in the 4–5 km range.
A soil moisture and temperature network for SMOS validation in Western Denmark
Authors: Bircher S. , Skou N. , Jensen K. H. , Walker J. P. , Rasmussen L.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission (SMOS) acquires surface soil moisture data globally, and thus product validation for a range of climate and environmental conditions across continents is a crucial step. For this purpose, a soil moisture and temperature network of Decagon ECH2O 5TE capacitance sensors was established in the Skjern River Catchment, Denmark. The objectives of this article are to describe a method to implement a network suited for SMOS validation, and to present sample data collected by the network to verify the approach. The design phase included (1) selection of a single SMOS pixel (44 × 44 km), which is representative of the land surface conditions of the catchment and with minimal impact from open water (2) arrangement of three network clusters along the precipitation gradient, and (3) distribution of the stations according to respective fractions of classes representing the prevailing environmental conditions. Overall, measured moisture and temperature patterns could be related to the respective land cover and soil conditions. Texture-dependency of the 0–5 cm soil moisture measurements was demonstrated. Regional differences in 0–5 cm soil moisture, temperature and precipitation between the north-east and south-west were found to be small. A first comparison between the 0–5 cm network averages and the SMOS soil moisture (level 2) product is in range with worldwide validation results, showing comparable trends for SMOS retrieved/initial soil moisture and initial temperature (R2 of 0.49/0.67 and 0.97, respectively). While retrieved/initial soil moisture indicate significant under-/overestimation of the network data (biases of −0.092/0.057 m3 m−3), temperature is in good agreement (bias of −0.2 °C). Consequently, the network performs according to expectations and proves to be well-suited for its purpose. The discrepancies between network and SMOS soil moisture will be subject of subsequent studies.
Estimation of loss caused by earthquakes and secondary technological hazards
Authors: Frolova N. I. , Larionov V. I. , Suschev S. P. , Bonnin J.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Assessment of expected loss and damage caused by earthquakes and secondary technological accidents are of primary importance for the development and implementation of preventive measure plans, as well as for emergency management just after the disaster. The paper addresses the procedures for estimations of loss caused by strong events and secondary hazards with information technology application. Examples of individual seismic risk zoning at Russian federal and regional levels are given, as well as that of scenario earthquakes consequences estimation, taking into account secondary technological hazards.
An empirical stochastic model of sea-surface temperatures and surface winds over the Southern Ocean
Authors: Kravtsov S. , Kondrashov D. , Kamenkovich I. , Ghil M.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. This study employs NASA's recent satellite measurements of sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea-level winds (SLWs) with missing data filled-in by Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), to construct empirical models that capture both intrinsic and SST-dependent aspects of SLW variability. The model construction methodology uses a number of algorithmic innovations that are essential in providing stable estimates of the model's propagator. The best model tested herein is able to faithfully represent the time scales and spatial patterns of anomalies associated with a number of distinct processes. These processes range from the daily synoptic variability to interannual signals presumably associated with oceanic or coupled dynamics. Comparing the simulations of an SLW model forced by the observed SST anomalies with the simulations of an SLW-only model provides preliminary evidence for the ocean driving the atmosphere in the Southern Ocean region.
Psychotropic Medication Use in Canadian Long-Term Care Patients Referred for Psychogeriatric Consultation
Authors: Fischer Corinne E. , Cohen Carole , Forrest Lauren , Schweizer Tom A. , Wasylenki Donald
Published: November 2011

Background and PusposePrior studies have shown a high prevalence of psychotropic medication use among patients residing in long-term care homes (LTCHs). The purpose of this study was to examine psychotropic medication use by LTCH patients in a metropolitan Canadian city referred to outreach teams for psychiatric assessment.MethodsA retrospective review of charts from specialized psychogeriatric outreach teams serving a large metropolitan city in Canada was undertaken. Data from 68 charts were reviewed. Data were analyzed using descriptive and correlational statistics.ResultsAntipsychotic medications were the most frequent drugs prescribed to patients referred for psychogeriatric assessment (55.9%), followed by antidepressants (50.0%), cognitive enhancers (44.1%) and benzodiazepines (29.4%). More than a quarter of patients (26.5%) were on three psychotropic medications. Medications were adjusted in 35.3% of cases mostly resulting in dose increases. Only 5.9% of patients had their medication dose reduced.ConclusionsThis preliminary exploratory study suggests that patients referred to specialized outreach teams may be a difficult-to-treat population. Further studies are required to establish effective prescribing practices and service delivery models.
Acetic Acid
Authors: Cheung Hosea , Tanke Robin S. , Torrence G. Paul
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Carbonylation of Methanol4.2.Direct Oxidation of Saturated Hydrocarbons4.3.Acetaldehyde Process4.4.Other Processes4.5.Concentration and Purification4.6.Construction Materials5.Wastewater and Off‐Gas Problems6.Quality Specifications7.Analysis8.Storage, Transportation, and Customs Regulations9.Uses10.Derivatives10.1.Salts10.1.1.Aluminum Acetate10.1.2.Ammonium Acetate10.1.3.Alkali Metal Salts10.2.Esters10.2.1.Methyl Acetate10.2.2.Ethyl Acetate10.2.3.Butyl Acetate10.2.4.2‐Ethylhexyl Acetate10.2.5.Other Esters10.3.Acetyl Chloride10.4.Amides10.4.1.Acetamide10.4.2.N,N‐Dimethylacetamide10.5.Phenylacetic Acid11.Economic Aspects12.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Acetone
Authors: Sifniades Stylianos , Levy Alan B. , Bahl Hubert
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Cumene Oxidation (Hock Process)4.2.Dehydrogenation of 2‐Propanol4.3.Propene Oxidation4.4.Oxidation of 2‐Propanol4.5.Oxidation ofp‐Diisopropyl Benzene4.6.Fermentation of Biomass5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications and Analysis7.Storage and Transportation8.Uses8.1.Methyl Methacrylate8.2.Bisphenol A8.3.Aldol Chemicals8.4.Solvent Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health11.Derivatives11.1.Acetone Cyanohydrin11.2.Diacetone Alcohol11.3.Miscellaneous Derivatives
Cyclohexanol and Cyclohexanone
Authors: Musser Michael Tuttle
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties3.Production3.1.Hydrogenation of Phenol3.2.Liquid‐Phase Oxidation of Cyclohexane3.3.Boric Acid Modified Oxidation of Cyclohexane3.4.Production and Hydration of Cyclohexene3.5.Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexanol4.Plant Safety5.Quality Specifications and Chemical Analysis6.Storage and Transportation7.Uses and Trade Names8.Derivatives8.1.Esters of Cyclohexanol8.2.Cyclohexanone Oxime8.3.Methylcyclohexanols and Methylcyclohexanones8.4.Trimethylcyclohexanols and Trimethylcyclohexanones9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Laundry Detergents, 1. Introduction
Authors: Smulders Eduard , von Rybinski Wolfgang , Nordskog Anette
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Historical Review2.Physical Chemistry of the Washing Process2.1.Introduction to the Washing Process2.2.Components2.2.1.Substrates2.2.2.Washing Liquid/Water2.2.3.Soils2.3.Wetting/Adsorption on Surfaces2.3.1.Wetting2.3.2.Drainage2.3.3.Adsorption Layer2.4.Soil Removal and Stabilization2.4.1.Builders2.4.1.1.Overview on Builder Systems2.4.1.2.Precipitation Builders2.4.1.3.Complexing Agents2.4.1.4.Ion Exchangers2.4.1.5.Cobuilders2.4.1.6.Soluble Builders2.4.2.Oily Soil2.4.3.Particulate Soil2.4.4.Chemical Reactions2.4.4.1.Bleachable Stains2.4.4.2.Enzymatic Soil Removal2.4.5.Soil‐Repelling Effects2.5.Formulation2.5.1.Foam2.5.2.Microemulsion2.5.3.Phase Stability2.5.4.Softeners2.6.Concluding Remarks
Fibers, 1. Survey
Authors: Frank Erik , Bauch Volker , Schultze‐Gebhardt Fritz , Herlinger Karl‐Heinz
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.History3.Characteristics of Fibers3.1.Fineness3.2.Tenacity and Modulus of Elasticity3.3.Elongation4.Spinning4.1.Wet Spinning4.2.Dry Spinning4.3.Melt Spinning4.4.Electrospinning5.Prerequisites for Fiber Formation5.1.Molecular Mass and Fiber Formation5.2.Molecular Structure and Fiber Properties5.3.Property Requirements for the Formation of Fiber Structures5.4.Crystallization5.5.Organization of Structural Elements5.6.Structural Models5.7.Molecular Symmetry and Physical Properties5.8.Changes in Properties Caused by Symmetry Defects6.Fiber Properties Required by Textiles6.1.Requirements to Be Met by Textiles6.2.Modification of Fiber Properties6.3.Comfort Properties of Textiles7.Economic Aspects8.Tabular Survey of Fibers
Formic Acid
Authors: Reutemann Werner , Kieczka Heinz
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Methyl Formate Hydrolysis4.1.1.Kemira ‐ Leonard Process4.1.2.BASF Process4.1.3.USSR Process4.1.4.Scientific Design ‐ Bethlehem Steel Process4.2.Other Processes4.2.1.Oxidation of Hydrocarbons4.2.2.Hydrolysis of Formamide4.2.3.Production of Formic Acid from Formates4.2.4.Direct Synthesis from Carbon Monoxide and Water4.2.5.Use of Carbon Dioxide4.3.Concentration of Formic Acid4.4.Construction Materials5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications7.Chemical Analysis8.Storage and Transportation9.Legal Aspects10.Uses11.Economic Aspects12.Derivatives12.1.Esters12.1.1.Methyl Formate12.1.2.Ethyl Formate12.1.3.Isobutyl Formate12.1.4.Miscellaneous Esters12.2.Salts12.2.1.Alkali‐Metal and Alkaline‐Earth Metal Formates12.2.2.Ammonium Formate12.2.3.Aluminum Formate12.2.4.Nickel Formate12.2.5.Copper Formate13.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Oxalic Acid
Authors: Riemenschneider Wilhelm , Tanifuji Minoru
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties2.1.Anhydrous Oxalic Acid2.2.Oxalic Acid Dihydrate3.Chemical Properties4.Production Processes and Raw Materials4.1.Oxidation of Carbohydrates4.2.Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol4.3.Oxidation of Propene4.4.Production from Carbon Monoxide4.5.Production of Anhydrous Oxalic Acid5.Chemical Analysis6.Uses6.1.Metal Treatment6.2.Textile Treatment6.3.Bleaching Agents6.4.Chemical Uses7.Economic Aspects8.Storage, Handling, Transportation, Waste Disposal9.Derivatives9.1.Salts9.2.Organic Derivatives10.Toxicology
Styrene
Authors: James Denis H. , Castor William M.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene4.1.1.Reaction Mechanisms4.1.2.Adiabatic Dehydrogenation4.1.3.Isothermal Dehydrogenation4.1.4.Distillation of Crude Styrene4.1.5.Oxidative Hydrogen Removal4.2.Styrene ‐ Propylene Oxide Process4.3.Styrene from Butadiene4.4.Styrene from Toluene4.5.Styrene from Pyrolysis Gasoline5.Quality and Testing6.Storage and Transportation7.Uses and Economic Aspects8.Related Monomers8.1.Vinyltoluene8.2.Divinylbenzene8.3.α‐Methylstyrene8.4.Chlorostyrene8.5.Vinylbenzyl Chloride9.Toxicology and Occupational Health
N‐(Imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene)‐1‐arylmethanamine Oxides: Synthesis, Structure and Pharmacological Evaluation
Authors: Saczewski Jarosław , Hudson Alan , Laird Shayna , Rybczyńska Apolonia , Boblewski Konrad , Lehmann Artur , Ma Daqing , Maze Mervyn , Watts Helena , Gdaniec Maria
Published: November 2011

A high yielding three‐step procedure was applied for the synthesis of N‐(imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene)‐1‐arylmethanamine oxides 3 (α‐aminonitrones) starting from the easily accessible imidazolidin‐2‐one O‐benzyl oxime 1. The α‐aminonitrone–α‐iminohydroxyloamine tautomerism of these products was studied theoretically and the structures of the synthesised compounds were confirmed by single crystal X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The compounds were evaluated in vitro for their binding affinities to α1 and α2 adrenoceptors as well as imidazoline I1 and I2 receptors. The highest potencies at the α2 adrenergic receptors were observed for compounds bearing biphenyl (4h, Ki = 9 nM) and naphthyl (4i, Ki = 92 nM) moieties. Compounds 4h and 4i were further tested in vivo for their cardiovascular and sedative‐hypnotic effects in rats.
Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin is instrumental in the pathogenesis of antibody‐mediated nephritis in mice
Authors: Pawar Rahul D. , Pitashny Milena , Gindea Simona , Tieng Arlene Tan , Levine Benjamin , Goilav Beatrice , Campbell Sean R. , Xia Yumin , Qing Xiaoping , Thomas David B. , Herlitz Leal , Berger Thorsten , Mak Tak W. , Putterman Chaim
Published: November 2011

Objective

The mechanism by which anti‐DNA antibodies mediate lupus nephritis has yet to be conclusively determined. Previously, we found that treatment of mesangial cells with anti‐DNA antibodies induced high expression of neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL), an iron‐binding protein up‐regulated in response to kidney injury. We undertook this study to determine whether NGAL is instrumental in the pathogenesis of nephritis, is induced as part of repair, or is irrelevant to damage/repair pathways.

Methods

To investigate the role of NGAL in antibody‐mediated nephritis, we induced nephrotoxic nephritis by passive antibody transfer to 129/SyJ and C57BL/6 mice. To determine if NGAL up‐regulation is instrumental, we compared the severity of renal damage in NGAL wild‐type mice and NGAL‐knockout mice following induction of nephrotoxic nephritis.

Results

We found that kidney NGAL expression, as well as urine NGAL levels, were significantly increased in mice with nephrotoxic nephritis as compared to control‐injected mice. Tight correlations were observed between NGAL expression, renal histopathology, and urine NGAL excretion. NGAL‐knockout mice had attenuated proteinuria and improved renal histopathology compared to wild‐type mice. Similarly, following nephritis induction, NGAL injection significantly exacerbated nephritis and decreased survival. NGAL induced apoptosis via caspase 3 activation and up‐regulated inflammatory gene expression in kidney cells in vitro and when injected in vivo.

Conclusion

We conclude that kidney binding of pathogenic antibodies stimulates local expression of NGAL, which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of nephritis via promotion of inflammation and apoptosis. NGAL blockade may be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of nephritis mediated by pathogenic antibodies, including anti–glomerular basement membrane disease and lupus nephritis.
Current policies affecting the market penetration of biomaterials*
Authors: Hermann Barbara , Carus M. , Patel M. , Blok K.
Published: November 2011

Policies aimed at supporting the bio‐based economy have so far centered on biomass use for electricity and fuels. But using biomass for the production of materials offers higher greenhouse gas savings than bioenergy per kg feedstock as well as per hectare. This has received comparatively little attention from policy‐makers; analyses of either existing or potential policy measures are almost entirely missing in this field. This paper by Barbara Hermann, M Carus, M Patel and K Blok, provides an overview of policy measures which are currently in place and investigates how they affect market penetration of biomaterials. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Secondary Metabolites from Two Species of Pulicaria and Their Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Triana Jorge , López Mariana , Pérez Francisco Javier , León Francisco , Quintana José , Estévez Francisco , Hernández Juan C. , González‐Platas Javier , Brouard Ignacio , Bermejo Jaime
Published: November 2011

Two new compounds, the sesquiterpene (1E,5E)‐8β‐acetoxy‐4α‐hydroxy‐7βH‐germacra‐1(10),5‐dien‐14‐oic acid (2), and a nor‐sesquiterpene, (5E)‐8β‐acetoxy‐4α‐hydroxy‐7βH‐germacr‐5‐en‐10‐one (3), were isolated from Pulicaria canariensis ssp. lanata, along with ten known compounds, including the flavonoid 5,3′‐dihydroxy‐3,7,4′‐trimethoxyflavone (4). From Pulicaria burchardii, we isolated seven known compounds; the physical and spectroscopic data of the triterpenoid 3β‐hydroxytaraxaster‐20‐en‐30‐al (1) are reported. The structures of compounds 1–3 were determined on the basis of HR‐MS, and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR studies. The structure of 2 was corroborated by X‐ray crystal diffraction. Cell viability experiments revealed that the semisynthetic flavonoid 4b was the most cytotoxic compound against human leukemia cells, and the cytotoxicity was caused by induction of apoptosis, as determined by microscopy of nuclear changes.