bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunofluorescence in Cells Derived from Burkitt's Lymphoma
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner
Published: January 2020

Henle, Gertrude
(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.),
and Werner Henle
. Immunofluorescence in cells derived from Burkitt's lymphoma. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1248–1256. 1966.—Indirect immunofluorescence tests led to the brilliant staining of a small proportion of the cells in five different cultures derived from Burkitt's (African) lymphomas. The reaction was not restricted to the 17 sera from cases of this disease but extended to many sera from American individuals, whether healthy donors or patients suffering from a variety of illnesses. The incidence of positive sera increased with age from about 30% in childhood to > 90% in adults. Fluorescein-isothiocyanate-conjugated human γ-globulins were suitable for direct staining of the same proportion of cells. The stained cells appeared to be in varying stages of degeneration, but cultural conditions leading to an increase in the cellular death rates failed to result in a rise in fluorescent cells. Several observations suggest that the stainable cells might be those which are seen to harbor virus particles under the electron microscope. Two cell lines derived from leukemic patients in this country also contained a small fraction of stainable cells but two others, and numerous primary human leukocyte cultures, gave consistently negative results. Attempts to relate the staining to known viral antigens have failed to implicate herpes simplex, varicella, cytomegalo, and reo viruses types 1, 2, and 3. The nature of the virus carried by the lymphoma cells as well as of the staining reactions remains to be determined.
Endotrophic Calcium, Strontium, and Barium Spores of
Bacillus megaterium
and
Bacillus cereus
Authors: Foerster Harold F. , Foster J. W.
Published: January 2020

Foerster, Harold
F. (The University of Texas, Austin),
and
J. W.
Foster
. Endotrophic calcium, strontium, and barium spores of
Bacillus megaterium
and
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1333–1345. 1966.—Spores were produced by washed vegetative cells suspended in deionized water supplemented with CaCl
2
, SrCl
2
, or BaCl
2
. Normal, refractile spores were produced in each case; a portion of the barium spores lost refractility and darkened. Thin-section electron micrographs revealed no apparent anatomical differences among the three types of spores. Analyses revealed that the different spore types were enriched specifically in the metal to which they were exposed during sporogenesis. The calcium content of the strontium and the barium spores was very small. From binary equimolar mixtures of the metal salts, endotrophic spores accumulated both metals to nearly the same extent. Viability of the barium spores was considerably less than that of the other two types. Strontium and barium spores were heat-resistant; however, calcium was essential for maximal heat resistance. Significant differences existed in the rates of germination; calcium spores germinated fastest, strontium spores were slower, and barium spores were slowest. Calcium-barium and calcium-strontium spores germinated readily. Endotrophic calcium and strontium spores germinated without the prior heat activation essential for growth spores. Chemical germination of the different metal-type spores with
n
-dodecylamine took place at the same relative rates as physiological germination. Heat-induced release of dipicolinic acid occurred much faster with barium and strontium spores than with calcium spores. The washed “coat fraction” from disrupted spores contained little of the spore calcium but most of the spore barium. The metal in this fraction was released by dilute acid. The demineralized coats reabsorbed calcium and barium at neutral
p
H.
Comparison of Mycoplasmas Associated with Human Tumors, Leukemia, and Tissue Cultures
Authors: Leach R. H. , Butler M.
Published: January 2020

Leach, R. H. (Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, England),and M. Butler. Comparison of mycoplasmas associated with human tumors, leukemia, and tissue cultures. J. Bacteriol.91:934–941. 1966.—Mycoplasmas originally isolated by various workers from tissue cultures prepared from or inoculated with tumor or leukemic cells fell into four groups; each related to existing species or serotypes. These wereMycoplasma pulmonis, M. fermentans, M. hominis, and the GDL serotype, the last two being well known as contaminants of uninoculated cell lines. All the test strains were able to grow well in certain tissue cultures, and some caused cytopathic effects and acidity. These observations are discussed in terms of the relationship of these strains to the malignant tissues with which they were originally associated. The variable results obtained in certain biological tests on these strains emphasized the need for standardization of the conditions under which such tests may be employed to assist in identification ofMycoplasmaspecies.
Antileptospiral Activity of Serum I. Normal and Immune Serum
Authors: Johnson Russell C. , Muschel Louis H.
Published: January 2020

Johnson, Russell
C. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis),
and Louis H. Muschel
. Antileptospiral activity of serum. I. Normal and immune serum. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1403–1409. 1966.—Normal serum was found to exert a leptospiricidal effect, mediated by the complement system, against the nonpathogenic leptospires. Although resistant to normal serum, the pathogenic serotypes were susceptible to antiserum plus complement. Several variables in these immune leptospiricidal reactions were investigated. A reaction period of 3 hr at 37 C between serum substances and 1-day-old cells provided a maximal leptospiricidal effect. The normal serum of the rabbit, guinea pig, bovine, and human were leptospiricidal against the nonpathogenic serotypes, and, in conjunction with rabbit antiserum, rabbit and bovine complement were leptospiricidal against the pathogenic serotypes. Studies with C
14
-labeled leptospires indicated that the immune leptospiricidal reaction was associated with a loss of permeability control. Thus, like the gram-negative bacteria, the treponemes, erythrocytes, and nucleated mammalian cells, the leptospires may be included as cell types susceptible to the antibody-complement system.
Heterogenetic Antigens of Gram-Positive Bacteria
Authors: Chorpenning Frank W. , Dodd Matthew C.
Published: January 2020

Chorpenning, Frank
W. (The Ohio State University, Columbus),
and Matthew C. Dodd
. Heterogenetic antigens of gram-positive bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1440–1445. 1966.—Soluble antigens obtained by various methods from gram-positive bacteria were used to modify erythrocytes whose hemagglutinating reactions with immune rabbit sera and normal human sera were then studied. Antigens from all gram-positive organisms studied except corynbacteria altered red cells, causing them to react with specific bacterial antisera and with normal human sera; however, cross-absorption and inhibition tests indicated that at least three different specificites were involved. One of these antigens seemed to be similar to Rantz's streptococcal NSS, which is shared with
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Bacillus
spp., and is therefore heterogenetic. Another was found in streptococci but was apparently not present in
S. aureus
and
Bacillus
spp. A third antigen, also heterogenetic, appeared to be shared by several species of
Bacillus
and by
S. aureus
, but not by streptococci or any gram-negative bacteria. The third antigen was heat-stable at
p
H 8.0, and appeared to be essentially polysaccharide in nature. Normal human sera varied in their content of antibodies which reacted with erythrocytes modified by extracts from gram-positive bacteria. Whereas some sera reacted very broadly with red cells modified by extracts of practically any gram-positive organism, other sera agglutinated only cells which had been modified by streptococcal antigen.
Properties and Regulation of the β-
d
-Galactosidase in
Shigella dysenteriae
and in
Escherichia coli-Shigella dysenteriae
Hybrids
Authors: Sarkar S.
Published: January 2020

Sarkar
, S. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge). Properties and regulation of the β-
d
-galactosidase in
Shigella dysenteriae
and in
Escherichia coli-Shigella dysenteriae
hybrids. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1477–1488. 1966.—
Shigella dysenteriae
strain 60 has a β-
d
-galactosidase related to that of
Escherichia coli
but more heat-sensitive and with a turnover number about 10 times lower. Hybridization by transduction produces strains with enzymes of intermediate properties by recombination within the
z
gene. Both
E. coli
and
S. dysenteriae
have a regulatory
i
+
gene. Recombination between
i
−
mutants of the two organisms leads to restoration of the
i
+
genotype. In
S. dysenteriae
60, most of the
i
−
mutants are subject to genetic suppression by suppressor mutations at unlinked loci. The effect of these suppressors on the products of the suppressed
i
−
genes is discussed.
Intracellular Forms of λ Deoxyribonucleic Acid in
Escherichia coli
Infected with Clear or Virulent Mutants of Bacteriophage λ
Authors: Weissbach Arthur , Lipton Allan , Lisio Arnold
Published: January 2020

Weissbach, Arthur
(National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.),
Allan Lipton, and Arnold Lisio
. Intracellular forms of λ deoxyribonucleic acid in
Escherichia coli
infected with clear or virulent mutants of bacteriophage λ. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1489–1493. 1966.—Infection of either the sensitive or lysogenic strain of
Escherichia coli
K-112S by λ
+
leads to the formation of a new phage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) species having the properties of a twisted circular DNA duplex. This new phage DNA species is also seen in cells infected with clear or virulent mutants of λ which cannot lysogenize, or do so at a low frequency. The sedimentation rate of circular λ DNA duplex at various
p
H values and its lability were examined.
Induction of Cellular Morphogenesis in
Myxococcus xanthus
I. General Description
Authors: Dworkin Martin , Sadler William
Published: January 2020

Dworkin, Martin
(University of Minnesota, Minneapolis),
and William Sadler
. Induction of cellular morphogenesis in
Myxococcus xanthus
. I. General description. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1516–1519. 1966.—The details of a process for converting vegetative rods of
Myxococcus xanthus
to microcysts rapidly (120 min), quantitatively, and synchronously are presented. The conversion is induced by 0.5
m
glycerol. On the basis of a number of morphological and physiological parameters, the microcysts thus produced are identical with those produced within fruiting bodies. Microcyst formation requires Mg
++
or Ca
++
and aeration, and is considerably stimulated by the presence of the growth medium. The process is reversible, by the removal of the inducer, and will take place only with exponentially growing cells. Mutants unable to form microcysts have been isolated. These are also deficient in their ability to form fruiting bodies.
Induction of Cellular Morphogenesis in
Myxococcus xanthus
II. Macromolecular Synthesis and Mechanism of Inducer Action
Authors: Sadler William , Dworkin Martin
Published: January 2020

Sadler, William
(University of Minnesota, Minneapolis),
and Martin Dworkin
. Induction of cellular morphogenesis in
Myxococcus xanthus
. II. Macromolecular synthesis and mechanism of inducer action. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1520–1525. 1966.—Net changes in ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and protein syntheses in cells of
Myxococcus xanthus
during induced, synchronous conversion to microcysts are described. The net synthesis of all three macromolecules was temporarily halted for a brief period during the initiation of shape change. Synthesis then resumed and leveled off when refractile microcysts began to appear. The conversion was completely sensitive, throughout the process, to low concentrations of chloramphenicol and actinomycin D. The uptake of amino acids and uracil was linear throughout the conversion, suggesting that the plateaus in rates of net synthesis of protein and RNA represented a period of rapid turnover. The most effective inducers of microcyst formation were fully saturated aliphatic compounds containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms and at least one primary or secondary alcohol group. Studies with labeled inducer indicated that the inducer need not be taken up by the cells to be effective, and probably interacts with some peripheral structure of the cell. The possibility that induction involves an alteration of a membrane-DNA complex is discussed.
Quantitative Aspects of Exchangeable Calcium in Spores of
Bacillus megaterium
Authors: Rode L. J. , Foster J. W.
Published: January 2020

Rode
, L. J. (The University of Texas, Austin),
and J. W. Foster
. Quantitative aspects of exchangeable calcium in spores of
Bacillus megaterium
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1589–1593. 1966.—More than 90% of the calcium in Ca
45
-labeled native spores was released from the cells during germination. Some 95% of the spore calcium was not exchangeable when ungerminated native spores were titrated to
p
H 4 with HNO
3
. Ca, Mg, Na, Si, and Fe were displaced from the spores by H
+
. The adsorption of Ca
45
by H-spores and its subsequent release were studied under a variety of conditions. The isolated “coat fraction” of spores adsorbed substantial amounts of Ca
45
. Release of the adsorbed Ca was achieved with various reagents.
Disruption of Wall-less Bacteria by Streptococcal and Staphylococcal Toxins
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W.
Published: January 2020

Bernheimer, Alan
W. (New York University School of Medicine, New York, N.Y.). Disruption of wall-less bacteria by streptococcal and staphylococcal toxins. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1677–1680. 1966.—Earlier studies demonstrating that staphylococcal α-toxin and streptolysin S have the capacity to lyse protoplasts and spheroplasts of certain species of bacteria and
Mycoplasma
have been extended to encompass additional kinds of wall-less bacteria including L forms. It is suggested that sensitivity to staphylococcal α-toxin and streptolysin S may be explicable in terms of specific phospholipid composition of cell membranes, whereas sensitivity to streptolysin O is dependent upon the presence in cell membranes of cholesterol. The results suggest that streptolysin O might prove to be a useful reagent for differentiating L forms from parasitic pleuropneumonia-like organisms.
Method of Temperature-Gradient Incubation and Its Application to Microbiological Examinations
Authors: Nakae Toshitaka
Published: January 2020

Nakae, Toshitaka
(Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan). Method of temperature-gradient incubation and its application to microbiological examinations. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1730–1735. 1966.—An apparatus for incubating organisms by means of a temperature-gradient system under steady-state conduction of liquid was devised. This “temperature-gradient bath” consists of a cylindrical temperature-gradient compartment mounted between two circulating water compartments which are regulated separately at constant temperature, the upper compartment being warmer than the lower compartment. A series of different, constant temperatures in the temperature-gradient compartment can be established simultaneously. Water is a suitable heat-transfer liquid for this purpose. Incubation tubes containing solid media are inserted vertically into the temperature-gradient bath and incubated. Visible growth of the organism appears in a definite portion of the agar column, corresponding to its temperature range for growth. The apparatus was successfully applied to the rapid and simultaneous estimation of maximal, minimal, and optimal temperatures for microbial growth, as well as for the simultaneous isolation of psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles.
Sequence of Events During
Bacillus megaterium
Spore Germination
Authors: Levinson Hillel S. , Hyatt Mildred T.
Published: January 2020

Levinson, Hillel
S. (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, Mass.),
and Mildred T. Hyatt
. Sequence of events during
Bacillus megaterium
spore germination. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1811–1818. 1966.—An integrated investigation of the sequence of events during the germination of
Bacillus megaterium
spores produced on three different media—Liver “B” (LB), synthetic, and Arret and Kirshbaum (A-K)—is reported. Heat-activated spores were germinated in a mixture of glucose and
l
-alanine. For studies of dipicolinic acid (DPA) release and increase in stainability and phase-darkening, germination levels were stabilized by the addition of 2 m
m
HgCl
2
. Heat resistance was measured by conventional plating techniques and by a new microscopic method. The sequence (50% completion time) of LB spore germination events was: loss of resistance to heat and to toxic chemicals (3.0 min); DPA loss (4.7 min); stainability and Klett-measured loss of turbidity (5.5 min); phase-darkening (7.0 min); and Beckman DU-measured loss of turbidity (7.2 min). The time difference between 50% completion of stainability and complete phase darkening was 1.5 min, in excellent agreement with the microgermination time of 1.49 min as determined by observation of spores darkening under phase optics. Alteration of the sporulation medium modified the 50% completion times of these germination events, and, in some cases, their sequence. In the A-K spores, the rates of loss of heat resistance and DPA were substantially higher than those of the other germination events, whereas in spores produced in the LB and synthetic media all germination events followed an approximately parallel time course. This is discussed from the point of view of spore population heterogeneity and germination mechanisms.
Comparison of the Tryptophan Synthetase α Subunits of Several Species of
Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Creighton T. E. , Helinski D. R. , Somerville R. L. , Yanofsky C.
Published: January 2020

Creighton
, T. E. (Stanford University, Stanford), D. R.
Helinski, R. L. Somerville, and C. Yanofsky
. Comparison of the tryptophan synthetase α subunits of several species of
Enterobacteriaceae
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1819–1826. 1966.—The tryptophan synthetase α subunits of
Escherichia coli
K-12,
E. coli
B,
Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium
, and
Aerobacter aerogenes
have been purified and their structures compared. Each of these α subunits exhibits a sedimentation coefficient of about 2.7
S
. Peptide patterns of trypsin plus chymotrypsin digests of the α subunits have indicated that all of the α subunits have peptide regions in common. The patterns of
E. coli
K-12,
E. coli
B, and
S. dysenteriae
α subunits appear to be nearly identical, whereas the α subunits from
S. typhimurium
and
A. aerogenes
differ from those of
E. coli
and from each other. It has also been shown that the
E. coli
structural gene for the α subunit is translated identically in
E. coli
and
S. typhimurium
.
Growth and Survival of
Mycoplasma neurolyticum
in Liquid Media
Authors: Hottle G. A. , Wright D. N.
Published: January 2020

Hottle
, G. A. (Naval Biological Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley),
and D. N. Wright
. Growth and survival of
Mycoplasma neurolyticum
in liquid media. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1834–1839. 1966.—Maximal growth of
Mycoplasma neurolyticum
(between 10
8
and 10
9
colony-forming units per ml) was obtained after 3 days of incubation at 36 C in broth media containing 10% agamma horse serum. When whole horse serum was used in the medium, a complement-mediated inhibition was observed. This inhibition could only be detected when growth was followed by daily plate counts. Maximal growth was delayed for about 24 hr by the horse serum, and the inhibition was spontaneously reversed at the temperature of incubation. Penicillin G was also found to have a temporary inhibitory effect. This was detected with as little as 40 units per ml. Maximal growth was delayed until the 6th day of incubation, when 200 units per ml was present, and until the 16th day, when 1,000 units per ml was present. The survival of
M. neurolyticum
at undetectable levels in cultures during the incubation period presented an “eclipse” phenomenon which has not been explained. The recrudescence of growth in such cultures late in the incubation period illustrates the events which may occur when mycoplasmas are isolated from clinical material by prolonged incubation in the presence of inhibitors. Survival data showed that
M. neurolyticum
had greatest stability at
p
H 8.0, with reduced viability at
p
H 9.0, 7.0, 10.0, and 6.0, in that order The data on growth and stability suggest a close relationship between the species. of
Mycoplasma
studied and bacteria.
Growth of
Lactobacillus acidophilus
in the Absence of Folic Acid
Authors: Soška Jiří
Published: January 2020

Soška, Jiří
(Kansas State University, Manhattan). Growth of
Lactobacillus acidophilus
in the absence of folic acid. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1840–1847. 1966.—A chemically defined medium, containing no folic acid, was used for the cultivation of
Lactobacillus acidophilus
R-26. In such a medium, the organism required thymine in addition to a deoxyriboside, purines, pyrimidines, and most amino acids. If thymine was present in this medium, an unlimited exponential growth was possible. The influence of the components of this medium on the growth is described. The concentration and type of adenine compounds in this medium were most important. Adenine and adenosine inhibited utilization of thymine, but not of thymidine, whereas adenylic acid inhibited recovery from amino acid starvation. In the absence of thymine or deoxyribosides, cells continued to grow in length, and after 3 hr a slow decline in viable count ensued.
Inhibitory Effect of Saliva on Glutamic Acid Accumulation by
Lactobacillus acidophilus
and the Role of the Lactoperoxidase-Thiocyanate System
Authors: Clem W. H. , Klebanoff S. J.
Published: January 2020

Clem
, W. H. (University of Washington, Seattle),
and S. J. Klebanoff
. Inhibitory effect of saliva on glutamic acid accumulation by
Lactobacillus acidophilus
and the role of the lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate system. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1848–1853. 1966.—Saliva contains an antimicrobial system which inhibits the growth of
Lactobacillus acidophilus
, as well as a number of other organisms, in complete growth medium. This antimicrobial system consists of the salivary peroxidase (lactoperoxidase) and thiocyanate ions, and requires the presence of H
2
O
2
. Saliva inhibits the accumulation of glutamic acid and certain other amino acids by resting cells. This effect of saliva is decreased by dialysis, and thiocyanate ions restore the inhibitory effect of dialyzed saliva. The inhibitory effect of saliva is decreased by heat (100 C, 10 min), and lactoperoxidase restores the inhibitory effect of heated saliva. Thus, the inhibition of glutamic acid accumulation by saliva appears to be due in part to the lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate antimicrobial system. H
2
O
2
increases the inhibitory effect of both saliva and the lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate system on glutamic acid accumulation. The inhibition of glutamic acid accumulation is not preceded by a loss in microbial viability. The glutamic acid accumulated by
L. acidophilus
under the conditions employed remains largely (over 90%) as free glutamic acid. This suggests that saliva and the lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-H
2
O
2
system inhibit the net transport of glutamic acid into the cell.
Persistent Cyclic Herpes Simplex Virus Infection In Vitro III. Asynchrony in the Progression of Infection and Cell Regrowth
Authors: Hampar Berge
Published: January 2020

Hampar, Berge(National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Md.). Persistent cyclic herpes simplex virus infection in vitro. III. Asynchrony in the progression of infection and cell regrowth. J. Bacteriol.91:1965–1970. 1966.—The progression of virus-induced cytopathic effects (CPE) and virus synthesis was studied in localized areas of Chinese hamster cell cultures persistently infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV). CPE was initially evidenced by the presence of small multinucleated giant cells, followed by expanding plaquelike lesions with an occasional uninfected cell remaining within the infected areas. Cell detachment rapidly followed the appearance of viral antigen in infected cells. The surviving cells which proliferated to re-establish the cell sheet arose from two sources. The first was from viable cells which remained attached after expansion of localized areas of CPE, and the second was from reattachment of viable cells in the medium. CPE in localized areas was initiated at various times during the cycle irrespective of the virus titer in the medium. Cell regrowth in some areas and CPE in other areas occurred simultaneously throughout the cycle in an asynchronous fashion. Consequently, during periods of rising virus titers, most areas showed CPE while few areas displayed cell regrowth. As the virus titers declined, more areas showed cell regrowth and fewer areas displayed new cycles of CPE. CPE in localized areas was not initiated until cell regrowth had occurred. It is proposed that the proliferating cells were temporarily resistant to HSV infection, and that this resistance was ultimately lost in their progeny cells.
Parasitic Interaction of
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
with Other Bacteria
Authors: Starr Mortimer P. , Baigent Nancy L.
Published: January 2020

Starr, Mortimer
P. (University of California, Davis),
and Nancy L. Baigent
. Parasitic interaction of
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
with other bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2006–2017. 1966.—The interactions of the predatory parasite,
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
, with
Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas tabaci
, and
P. phaseolicola
were examined by means of phase-contrast and electron microscopy. Attachment of the bdellovibrio to the host cell is apparently initially reversible; detachment occurs infrequently in the later stages. Formation of a pore in the host cell wall is followed by disorganization of the host nucleus and of the murein layer of the host cell wall. Short host cells become totally spheroplasted; the longer rods of
Pseudomonas
usually are partially spheroplasted. The parasite completely invades the host cell, and the cell contents of the host are digested. Bdellovibrios living as parasites inside the host increase considerably in size in comparison with those which have been living away from the host for a time. When the host protoplast is entirely lysed, the parasites leave the disintegrating “ghosted” cell envelope, and are ready to reinitiate the parasitic cycle. The time taken for a mature
Bdellovibrio
cell to complete the parasitic cycle may vary depending on the length of time the parasite has been away from its hosts.
Electron Microscopy of
Botrytis cinerea
Conidia
Authors: Buckley Patricia M. , Sjaholm Virginia E. , Sommer N. F.
Published: January 2020

Buckley, Patricia
M. (University of California, Davis),
Virginia E. Sjaholm, and N. F. Sommer
. Electron microscopy of
Botrytis cinerea
conidia. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2037–2044. 1966.—Sections of germinating and nongerminating
Botrytis cinerea
conidia were examined with an electron microscope. Uranyl acetate or lead citrate provided contrast between membranes and cytoplasm. Membrane-bounded, dense inclusions previously unreported in dormant spores were termed “storage bodies.” Whorled structures, spherules, granules, and membrane loops were seen within these inclusions. The various forms assumed by the enclosed materials closely resemble phospholipid inclusions described for other cells. It is suggested that the inclusions provide material for the assembly of membranous organelles during germination. Utilization of the stored material apparently results in extensive vacuolization in advanced germinants.
Structure of
Bacillus subtilis
Bacteriophage φ29 and the Length of φ29 Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Authors: Anderson D. L. , Hickman D. D. , Reilly B. E.
Published: January 2020

Anderson
, D. L. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis), D. D.
Hickman, and B. E. Reilly
. Structure of
Bacillus subtilis
bacteriophage φ29 and the length of φ29 deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2081–2089. 1966—
Bacillus subtilis
bacteriophage φ29 were negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid. The head of φ29 has a hexagonal outline with a flattened base, and is about 315 A wide and 415 A in length. The virus has an intricate tail about 325 A in length. Twelve spindle-shaped appendages are attached to the lower of two collars which comprise the proximal portion of the tail. The distal 130 A of the tail axis has a diameter of about 60 A and is larger in diameter than the axis of the upper portion of the tail. Comparison of electron microscopic counts of φ29 with plaque-forming units indicated that about 50% of the microscopic entities were infective. Phenol-extracted φ29 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules were prepared for electron microscopy by the cytochrome
c
film technique of Kleinschmidt et al. Measurement of contour lengths of DNA molecules from three preparations gave skewed distributions of lengths with observed modal class values ranging from 5.7 to 5.9 μ. Assuming that φ29 DNA is a double helix in the B form, the corresponding molecular weights would be 10.9 × 10
6
to 11.3 × 10
6
daltons. The largest DNA molecules would have a volume of 1.9 × 10
7
A
3
which is about 25% greater than the estimated 1.4 × 10
7
A
3
internal volume of the phage head.
Regulation of Synthesis of Alkaline Phosphatase by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in a Constitutive Mutant of
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Hiraga Sota
Published: January 2020

Hiraga, Sota
(Osaka University, Osaka, Japan). Regulation of synthesis of alkaline phosphatase by deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in a constitutive mutant of
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2192–2199. 1966.—It was found that synthesis of alkaline phosphatase (APase) correlated with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in a partially constitutive mutant of
Bacillus subtilis
. When cultures of the mutant were made to undergo synchronous growth by germination of spores in an excess-phosphate medium, synthesis of APase was repressed at the beginning of DNA synthesis. If the initiation of DNA synthesis was inhibited by thymine starvation, the repression of APase was not observed. When DNA synthesis, previously initiated, was inhibited by thymine or uracil starvation, or by addition of mitomycin C, the repression was partially released at a later stage. In contrast, this correlation between repression and DNA synthesis was not observed in a repressible strain.
Long-Chain Fatty Acid Inhibition of Growth of
Streptococcus agalactiae
in a Chemically Defined Medium
Authors: Willett Norman P. , Morse Guy E.
Published: January 2020

Willett, Norman
P. (University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pa.),
and Guy E. Morse
. Long-chain fatty acid inhibition of growth of
Streptococcus agalactiae
in a chemically defined medium. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2245–2250. 1966.—A chemically defined medium was developed for
Streptococcus agalactiae
which supported growth comparable to that obtained in complex medium. The effects of long-chain fatty acids on growth of the organisms were determined turbidimetrically. The order of activity of the fatty acids was dependent upon whether complete inhibition or median response (50% inhibition point) was used as a parameter of activity. When complete inhibition of growth was used as a measure, the degree of unsaturation of C
18
acids enhanced antimicrobial activity. However, when the median response was used as an index, this order was reversed. Increase in carbon chain from C
12
to C
18
did not correlate with either complete inhibition or median response points. Antimicrobial activity of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids was reversed by bovine serum albumin and other compounds, suggesting a bacteriostatic action.
Interaction of Arsenate with Phosphate-Transport Systems in Wild-Type and Mutant
Streptococcus faecalis
Authors: Harold F. M. , Baarda J. R.
Published: January 2020

Harold
, F. M. (National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colo.),
and J. R. Baarda
. Interaction of arsenate with phosphate-transport systems in wild-type and mutant
Streptococcus faecalis
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2257–2262. 1966.—Arsenate competitively inhibits the growth of
Streptococcus faecalis
, primarily by competition with phosphate for a common transport system. Arsenate is itself accumulated by the cells; the uptake requires metabolic energy, and the intracellular arsenate level may reach 0.01
m
. Cells loaded with arsenate have lost the capacity to take up radioactive glutamate, rubidium, phosphate, or arsenate itself, apparently by the uncoupling of adenosine triphosphate generation. The
p
H dependence of arsenate uptake is complex. At low concentrations of extracellular arsenate, uptake by the wild-type strain 9790 exhibits a single maximum about
p
H 8; mutant PT-1, previously shown to be defective in phosphate uptake, takes up essentially no arsenate. At high concentrations of arsenate, uptake by the wild type is bimodal with maxima at
p
H 5.5 and 9; the uptake curve for mutant PT-1 corresponds to the shoulder in the curve for the wild type. The apparent dissociation constant for arsenate uptake by the wild type is approximately 10
−5
m
from
p
H 5 to 9, whereas that for mutant PT-1 is about 5 × 10
−5
M at
p
H 5 and rises rapidly with increasing
p
H. The results confirm the earlier conclusion that the lesion in mutant PT-1 resides in the transport of phosphate and arsenate. It is proposed that the wild type has two distinct transport systems, whereas the mutant has lost the one with alkaline
p
H optimum.
Physiology of Growth and Sporulation in
Bacillus cereus
I. Effect of Glutamic and Other Amino Acids
Authors: Buono F. , Testa R. , Lundgren D. G.
Published: January 2020

Buono
, F. (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.), R.
Testa, and D. G. Lundgren
. Physiology of growth and sporulation in
Bacillus cereus
. I. Effect of glutamic and other amino acids. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2291–2299. 1966.—Growth and sporulation were studied in
Bacillus cereus
by use of an active culture technique and a synthetic medium. A high level of glutamic acid (70 m
m
) was required for optimal growth and glucose oxidation followed by sporulation even though relatively little glutamic acid was consumed (14 m
m
). Optimal growth occurred with a combination of 14 m
m
glutamic acid and 56 m
m
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, aspartic acid, or alanine. Ornithine or arginine at 70 m
m
could replace glutamic acid in the synthetic medium without affecting the normal growth cycle. Glutamic acid was not replaced by any other amino acid, by (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, or by a combination of either α-ketoglutarate or pyruvate plus (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
. Enzyme assays of cell-free extracts prepared from cells harvested at different times were used to study the metabolism of glutamic acid. Glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvate transaminases were completely activated (or derepressed) during early stages of sporulation (period of 6 to 8 hr). Alanine dehydrogenase responded in a similar manner, but the levels of this enzyme were much higher throughout the culture cycle. Neither glutamic dehydrogenase nor α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase was detected. Sporulation in a replacement salts medium was studied with cells harvested at different times from the synthetic medium. Cultures 2 to 6 hr old were unable to sporulate in the replacement salts medium unless glutamic acid (7.0 m
m
) was present. By the 6th hr, cells were in the early stages of sporulation, showing spore septa development. Cultures 8 hr old sporulated in the replacement salts medium. Other metabolic intermediates able to replace glutamic acid in the replacement salts medium were alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamine at equimolar concentrations. Also, ammonium ions in combination with pyruvic, oxaloacetic, α-ketoglutaric, or fumaric acid replaced glutamic acid. The likely role of these metabolites is discussed.
Spontaneous Mutation and Recombination Among Brucellaphages
Authors: Merz George S. , Wilson Joe B.
Published: January 2020

Merz, George
S. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),
and Joe B. Wilson
. Spontaneous mutation and recombination among brucellaphages. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2356–2361. 1966.—Two plaque morphology variants, as seen on
Brucella abortus
544A, termed c (for clear plaque) and lc (for late-clearing plaque) were isolated from stocks of wild-type brucellaphage and from colonies of
B. abortus
544A which had undergone an alteration in colonial morphology associated with the establishment of the phage carrier state. Single-burst experiments showed that the phage variants arise by spontaneous mutation of the wild-type phage during its replication on
B. abortus
strain R19. Two-factor crosses of independently occurring c mutant phages showed the presence of wild-type recombinants among the progeny. Control experiments showed that there are no strong selective forces against either wild-type or c mutant phage inherent in the cross-procedure. Other control experiments ruled out the possibility that wild-type phage in the cross-progeny resulted from either back mutation of the c mutants or the presence of wild-type phage among the input c mutants.
Inhibition of Inducible Liver Enzymes by Endotoxin and Actinomycin D
Authors: Berry L. Joe , Smythe Dorothy S. , Colwell Louise S.
Published: January 2020

Berry, L. Joe
(Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.),
Dorothy S. Smythe, and Louise S. Colwell
. Inhibition of inducible liver enzymes by endotoxin and actinomycin D. J. Bacteriol.
92:
107–115. 1966.—Bacterial endotoxin at the
ld
50
level lowers liver tryptophan pyrrolase in mice, it prevents for 16 to 20 hr the induction of the enzyme by a concurrent injection of cortisone, it lowers significantly but does not prevent substrate induction, and it reduces the enzymatic activity promptly and significantly when administered during the course of hormonal induction. The
ld
50
amount of actinomycin D has a similar effect on tryptophan pyrrolase, except that its inhibition of induction by cortisone persists for a longer period of time. Endotoxin in the intact mouse induces tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate transaminase almost as well as cortisone, but not in the adrenalectomized animal, a fact that suggests induction of this enzyme is due to release of endogenous adrenal hormones. Actinomycin D, on the other hand, has an effect on this transaminase similar to that on tryptophan pyrrolase. The site of action of endotoxin and actinomycin D would appear to be similar for one of the two enzymes studied and different for the other, a relationship that requires a specificity difficult to imagine for a material as complex as endotoxin.
Effects of Pancreatin on the Growth of Reovirus
Authors: Wallis Craig , Melnick Joseph L. , Rapp Fred
Published: January 2020

Wallis, Craig
(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),
Joseph L. Melnick, and Fred Rapp
. Effects of pancreatin on the growth of reovirus. J. Bacteriol.
92:
155–160. 1966.—The influence of pancreatin and other proteolytic enzymes on the growth, plaque formation, and antigenicity of reovirus was studied. Single-cycle yields of virus in the presence of enzyme were not increased, but multiple-cycle yields of virus were greatly enhanced. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that the transmission of reovirus from cell to cell is more rapid in the presence of the enzyme. These findings led to the development of a rapid plaque assay system for reovirus, a virus which has previously been difficult to assay by the plaque method. In the recommended procedure, pancreatin is incorporated into the agar overlay. Monkeys immunized with enzyme-treated reovirus yielded higher antibody titers than animals receiving the same amount of untreated virus.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition of Some Members of the
Micrococcaceae
Authors: Auletta Angela E. , Kennedy E. R.
Published: January 2020

Auletta, Angela
E. (Catholic University, Washington, D.C.),
and E. R. Kennedy
. Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of some members of the
Micrococcaceae
. J. Bacteriol.
92:
28–34. 1966.—Thirty-seven strains from the genera
Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Gaffkya
, and
Sarcina
were examined for deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and biochemical activity. Organisms were tested for production of catalase, coagulase, deoxyribonuclease, oxidase, phosphatase, hydrogen sulfide, indole, and acetoin; nitrate reduction; gelatin, starch, and urea hydrolysis; citrate and ammonium phosphate utilization; NaCl tolerance; growth at 10 and 45 C, and growth in litmus milk. They were tested for production of acid from dextrose and mannitol under anaerobic conditions, and for aerobic production of acid from dextrose, mannitol, lactose, sucrose, raffinose, maltose, xylose, and glycerol. Organisms could be divided into two groups on the basis of guanine-cytosine (GC) content. Group I had an average GC content of 32%, and included all organisms which produced acid from dextrose. Group II had an average GC content of 62%, and included those organisms incapable of producing acid from dextrose under anaerobic conditions.
Sarcina ureae
had a GC content of 43%.
Alanine and Aspartate Formation During Growth on Valine-C
14
by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Sokatch J. R.
Published: January 2020

Sokatch
, J. R. (University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City). Alanine and aspartate formation during growth on valine-C
14
by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. J. Bacteriol.
92:
72–75. 1966.—
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
grown with
dl
-valine-
4,4
′-
C
14
synthesized alanine labeled mainly in carbons 1 and 3, indicating that the isopropyl carbons of valine were the precursors of pyruvate for alanine formation by a pathway which did not involve randomization of isotope. Alanine from cells grown on valine-
1-C
14
contained isotope only in the carboxyl carbon, suggesting another route to pyruvate from valine by carbon dioxide fixation. Oxidation of valine to propionyl-coenzyme A (CoA), as it occurs in animal tissues, followed by the oxidation of propionyl-CoA to acrylyl-CoA, lactyl-CoA, and pyruvate, would account for the isotope data. Cells grown on valine oxidized valine, isobutyrate, and propionate immediately, whereas cells grown on acetate did not oxidize valine or isobutyrate and required an induction period before propionate was oxidized.
P. aeruginosa
grown with propionate-
1-C
14
or propionate-
2-C
14
formed alanine-
1-C
14
and alanine-
2-C
14
, respectively, which agrees with the contention that at least part of the propionate is oxidized via the acrylate pathway. Aspartate formed from valine-
1-C
14
was labeled only in the carboxyl carbons, whereas that formed from valine-
4,4
′-
C
14
was labeled in all four carbons, but most heavily in carbons 1 and 3. These data suggest that the main route for the formation of the carbon skeleton of aspartate was by a C
3
plus C
1
condensation, with the C
3
unit derived from the isopropyl carbons of valine and the C
1
unit probably from carbon dioxide.
Electrophoretic and Immunoelectrophoretic Studies of Sera from Normal, Tuberculous, and Noninfected Tuberculin-Sensitive Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dardas T. J. , Mallmann V. H.
Published: January 2020

Dardas
, T. J. (Michigan State University, East Lansing),
and
V. H.
Mallmann
. Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic studies of sera from normal, tuberculous, and noninfected tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs. J. Bacteriol.
92:
76–81. 1966.—Normal guinea pig serum was separated into seven fractions by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes. Thirty antigens were found by immunoelectrophoresis: albumin, 6 α
1
globulins, 11 α
2
globulins, 6 β
1
globulins, 5 β
2
globulins, and γ globulin. Hyper-α
2
-globulinemia was detected in sera from guinea pigs 14 days after inoculation with viable virulent
Mycobacterium bovis
. An additional α
2
globulin, not demonstrable prior to infection, was detected concomitantly with the hyper-α
2
-globulinemia by immunoelectrophoresis. The additional α
2
globulin was tentatively named α
2
-T. It persisted until the death of the guinea pigs. Neither hyper-α-globulinemia nor the α
2
-T antigen was detected by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis of sera from guinea pigs sensitized with heat-killed
M. bovis
. Both changes were due to the disease, not to delayed sensitivity alone.
Utilization of
d
-Methionine by
Escherichia coli
Authors: Cooper Stephen
Published: January 2020

Cooper, Stephen
(University Institute of Microbiology, Copenhagen, Denmark). Utilization of
d
-methionine by
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
92:
328–332. 1966.—Methionine-requiring strains of
Escherichia coli
grow on
d
-methionine. Mutants can be isolated which cannot grow on
d
-methionine. The
d
-methionine nonutilizing mutation is independent of the methionine requirement, and maps near the
lac
region of the
E. coli
genome. Growth of methionine-requiring strains on
d
-methionine is dependent upon aerobic conditions. Cells grown on
d
-methionine have a sixfold greater ability to incorporate
d
-methionine into protein than cells grown on
l
-methionine. The incorporation of
d
-methionine is inhibited by
l
-methionine.
Effects of 5-Fluorouracil and 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine on Growth and Tumor-Inducing Ability of
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Authors: Beardsley Robert E. , Lipetz Jacques
Published: January 2020

Beardsley, Robert
E. (Manhattan College, Bronx, N.Y.), and
Jacques Lipetz
Effects of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine on growth and tumor-inducing ability of
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
. J. Bacteriol.
92:
346–348. 1966.—
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
B6, grown in the presence of 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluodeoxyuridine, exhibited a prolonged lag phase. The tumor-inducing ability of bacteria grown in the presence of these compounds was decreased even after exposures as short as 40 min. A positive correlation was found between the growth-inhibitory effects of these compounds and their effects on the tumor-inducing ability of the bacteria.
Dietary Influence on Innate and Acquired Resistance to Tuberculosis
Authors: Hedgecock Loyd W.
Published: January 2020

Hedgecock, LoydW. (Veterans Administration Hospital, St. Louis, Mo.). Dietary influence on innate and acquired resistance to tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol.92:439–445. 1966.—The pattern of deaths of CF1 mice maintained both on a defined ration and on commercial chow, and infected with the H37Rv strain ofMycobacterium tuberculosiswas compared with that of animals infected with four wild strains of tubercle bacilli as well as with the Vallée and Ravenel strains ofM. bovis. All infected animals fed the defined ration died at a slower rate than those fed chow. The dietary effects were most evident in the groups of mice infected with the human strains ofM. tuberculosisat reduced dose levels. Under these conditions, a decrease in rate of death occurred in the infected mice fed the defined ration at approximately 3 weeks after infection. Deaths in the animals infected with the bovine strains and fed the defined ration were distributed normally. Interval counts of the number of tubercle bacilli in the lungs of mice infected with a reduced dose of the H37Rv strain ofM. tuberculosisshowed that in vivo growth of the organisms was inhibited at 2 weeks in the animals fed the defined ration and at 3 weeks in those fed chow. Nonviable vaccines prepared from the H37Rv human strain and from the Ravenel and Vallée strains ofM. boviswere ineffective against infection with the bovine strains. All vaccines were effective against infection with the H37Rv strain ofM. tuberculosis.
Heat-Labile Antigens ofSalmonella enteritidisI. Extraction of Antigens
Authors: Milne Margaret , Collins F. M.
Published: January 2020

Milne, Margaret(University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia),andF. M.Collins. Heat-labile antigens ofSalmonella enteritidis. I. Extraction of antigens. J. Bacteriol.92:543–548. 1966.—Salmonella enteritidisstrains of high and low mouse virulence were grown in continuous culture. Cell walls were obtained from both strains by sonic disruption, and the washed walls were extracted at 4 C with sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium deoxycholate. The extracts were eluted with a saline gradient from a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column, and the separated peaks were tested for precipitin activity against rabbit antisera prepared with heator ethyl alcohol-killed vaccines. The separated antigens reacted less intensely with the antiserum to heat-killed cells than they did to the antisera prepared against alcohol-killed vaccine. Little antigenic difference could be detected between the extracts prepared from the virulent and the avirulent organisms.