bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolated with persistence or dynamically connected? Genetic patterns in a common granite outcrop endemic
Authors: Tapper S.‐L. , Byrne M. , Yates C. J. , Keppel G. , Hopper S. D. , Van Niel K. , Schut A. G. T. , Mucina L. , Wardell‐Johnson G. W.
Published: March 2014

Aim

Granite outcrops are prominent throughout the world and harbour many endemic species. Their topographic complexity and range of environments have led to the hypothesis that they act as refugia facilitating the persistence of species through climate change. We evaluate this hypothesis by investigating the phylogeographic patterns in a common granite endemic shrub.

Location

Granite outcrops of the Southwest Australian Floristic Region.

Methods

Chloroplast haplotypes of 89 Kunzea pulchella individuals from 16 granite outcrops were determined from sequences of three chloroplast intergenic spacer regions. Phylogenetic reconstruction and divergence dating was inferred using Bayesian and Parsimony analyses and phylogenetic relationships between haplotypes were examined in relation to geographic distributions. Nuclear diversity and differentiation of populations were assessed through analysis of 11 nuclear microsatellite loci across 384 individuals from the 16 granite outcrops.

Results

Kunzea pulchella exhibited low haplotype and allelic diversity within outcrops and high levels of divergence among outcrops, indicating an ancient restriction to specific outcrops with genetic drift as the main driver of evolution. Two divergent lineages were revealed in the chloroplast phylogeny dating to the Pliocene and potentially reflecting the initial impact of increased aridity prior to isolation on individual outcrops.

Main conclusions

Rather than uncovering the typical pattern for Pleistocene refugia with contraction to, and expansion from particular granite outcrops, we observed persistence, prolonged isolation and divergence of populations. We suggest the persistence of K. pulchella on multiple outcrops through a period of considerable climatic change may be a result of broad climatic tolerances or contraction and expansion dynamics operating at microrefugial scales within outcrops. Our observations of low haplotype and allelic diversity within populations of K. pulchella provide some support for the latter. The enduring nature of K. pulchella and evolutionary potential of populations on individual outcrops accentuates the value of these environments for biodiversity conservation planning in a changing climate.
Beyond Dutch disease
Authors: van der Marel Erik , Dreyer Iana
Published: March 2014

How does the deterioration of rule of law in Russia in recent years affect its ability to move away from an export pattern dominated by natural resources? We investigate this question using three datasets for Russia's bilateral trade relations for goods, services and investment at disaggregated level with its partner countries over the world. Our empirical analysis shows that the deterioration of the rule of law in Russia since 2003 has affected the long‐run trade performance of Russia in sophisticated and technology‐intensive manufactured goods, as well as its inward investments with advanced economies. It is precisely this type of trade that Russia should nurture to diversify away from hydrocarbons export dependence. Our statistical analysis also shows that Russia remains to a large extent an outlier within the multilateral trading system. It exports disproportionately less to partner countries which are or had become members of the WTO over our period of analysis. Russia's trade appears to have been negatively affected by the accession of these countries to the WTO. Russia itself finally acceded to the WTO in July 2012 amidst signs of a modest improvement of its rule‐of‐law indicators.
GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area receive dual GABA/enkephalin‐mediated inhibitory inputs from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Authors: Kudo Takehiro , Konno Kohtarou , Uchigashima Motokazu , Yanagawa Yuchio , Sora Ichiro , Minami Masabumi , Watanabe Masahiko
Published: March 2014

Activation of mu‐opioid receptor (MOR) disinhibits dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) through inhibition of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. This mechanism is thought to play a pivotal role in mediating reward behaviors. Here, we characterised VTA‐projecting enkephalinergic neurons in the anterior division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and investigated their targets by examining MOR expression in the VTA. In the BST, neurons expressing preproenkephalin mRNA were exclusively GABAergic, and constituted 37.2% of the total GABAergic neurons. Using retrograde tracer injected into the VTA, 21.6% of VTA‐projecting BST neurons were shown to express preproenkephalin mRNA. Enkephalinergic projections from the BST exclusively formed symmetrical synapses onto the dendrites of VTA neurons. In the VTA, 74.1% of MOR mRNA‐expressing neurons were GABAergic, with the rest being glutamatergic neurons expressing type‐2 vesicular glutamate transporter mRNA. However, MOR mRNA was below the detection threshold in dopaminergic neurons. By immunohistochemistry, MOR was highly expressed on the extrasynaptic membranes of dendrites in GABAergic VTA neurons, including dendrites innervated by BST–VTA projection terminals. MOR was also expressed weakly on GABAergic and glutamatergic terminals in the VTA. Given that GABAAα1 is expressed at GABAergic BST–VTA synapses on dendrites of GABAergic neurons [T. Kudo et al. (2012) J. Neurosci., 32, 18035–18046], our results collectively indicate that the BST sends dual inhibitory outputs targeting GABAergic VTA neurons; GABAergic inhibition via ‘wired’ transmission, and enkephalinergic inhibition via ‘volume’ transmission. This dual inhibitory system provides the neural substrate underlying the potent disinhibitory control over dopaminergic VTA neurons exerted by the BST.
Differences in Diet Between Six Neighbouring Groups of Vervet Monkeys
Authors: Tournier Emilie , Tournier Virginia , van de Waal Erica , Barrett Alan , Brown Leslie , Bshary Redouan
Published: March 2014

The comparative approach provides a powerful tool to study evolutionary questions on both intra‐ and interspecific variation. It has been applied to a great variety of taxa, including primates. Primate studies differ from those on most other taxa in two ways: first, data from most study sites contain information about only one group. Second, primatologists have used the comparative approach also to identify local traditions, that is, behaviours that spread through social learning. Here, we evaluate the appropriateness of such data by comparing the diet composition of six neighbouring groups of vervet monkeys,Cercopithecus aethiops. We used scan samples to collect diet data, and abundance measures and phenology to assess the availability of the 14 most important tree species utilised during the study. We calculated indices of diet overlap, which were highly variable and could be remarkably low. Furthermore, we found significant differences between group diets with respect to the relative utilisation of 13 of the 14 tree species. For all 13 species, we found positive correlations between local abundance and appearance in the diet, consistent with the importance of local ecology for diet composition. Nevertheless, more detailed comparisons of pairs of groups often revealed significant mismatches between the relative importance of a tree species and its local abundance. In conclusion, local variation merits increased attention by primatologists. While our results are compatible with the possibility that traditions exist on a local (group) rather than population scale, alternative explanations have to be considered.
Prevalence of exertional rhabdomyolysis in endurance horses in thePacificNorthwesternUnitedStates
Authors: Wilberger M. S. , McKenzie E. C. , Payton M. E. , Rigas J. D. , Valberg S. J.
Published: March 2014

Reasons for performing study

Exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) is a reported syndrome in competing endurance horses; however, the prevalence and cause ofERin this population have not been defined.

Objectives

To determine the prevalence ofERin a sample of endurance racing horses and investigate factors, including relevant genetic defects, contributing to the occurrence of rhabdomyolysis in this group.

Study design

Prospective clinical study.

Methods

Riders of 101 horses participating in one of four 50‐mile (80.5 km) distance races completed a comprehensive questionnaire regarding the medical history, management and performance of their horse. Serum creatine kinase activity (CK) was measured before and 4 h after completion of exercise. Hair samples were analysed byPCRfor theR309Hmutation in the glycogen synthase gene (GYS1) responsible fortype 1polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) and theC7360Gmutation in the ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) gene causing malignant hyperthermia (MH).

Results

Samples were obtained from 68Arabians, 20 half‐Arabians and 13 horses of other breeds. SerumCKwas above the resting reference interval (145–633 u/l) in 38 horses after racing (median 883 u/l, range 658–3739) but was compatible with values previously reported in apparently healthy endurance horses. PathologicalERwas suspected to occur in 4 horses with serumCKactivities exceeding 10,000 u/l 4 h after racing (median 84,825 u/l; range 10,846–381,790) including 3Arabians and one half‐Arabian horse.GYS1andRYR1mutations were not present in hair samples from any horses.

Conclusions

Exertional rhabdomyolysis occurred at a prevalence of 4.0% in a sample of horses participating in 50 mile distance events and all affected horses wereArabian or half‐Arabian. The cause ofERin the endurance horse population remains unknown; however,ERin competingArabian endurance horses is unlikely to be due totype 1 PSSMorMH.
Childhood Poverty and the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Kendig Sarah M. , Mattingly Marybeth J. , Bianchi Suzanne M.
Published: March 2014

The authors used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics 2007 Transition to Adulthood data in combination with the 2002 Child Development Supplement to examine social class bifurcation in young adulthood. Results indicate that poor youth possibly take on adult roles “too early” at the same time that high‐income youth may be supported for a long period past their 18th birthday. Although not all evidence is consistent with this bifurcated story, childhood poverty does play a key role. Young adults from poor families establish financial independence early (e.g., contributing to family bills during adolescence, considering themselves fully responsible for their finances as young adults), whereas young adults from more affluent homes are more likely to receive financial transfers from their parents (who often help them pay for college and other expenses). These findings highlight the ways in which socioeconomic inequality in childhood can differentiate youth's experiences of adolescence and young adulthood.
The Regional Impact of Monetary Policy inIndonesia
Authors: Ridhwan Masagus M. , de Groot Henri L. F. , Rietveld Piet , Nijkamp Peter
Published: March 2014

This paper employs vector autoregressive (VAR) models to measure the impact of monetary policy shocks on regional output inIndonesia. We find substantial cross‐regional variation in policy responses in terms of both magnitude as well as timing. Our work adds to the existing literature by providing insights from a large developing country, viz.Indonesia, where monetary policy has both a national and a regional dimension. The results support previous findings that the differential regional effects of monetary policy are significantly related to sectoral composition (especially the share of manufacturing), providing evidence for the relevance of the interest rate channel of monetary policy. We also find that firm size contributes to these differences, providing evidence for the importance of the credit channel. As a whole, both types of channels appear to operate simultaneously in the decentralized Indonesian monetary policy and to impact on the real part of the regional economy.
Effects of ambient ultraviolet‐B on ecophysiological characteristics and forage quality of Elymus nutans in the Tibetan alpine grasslands
Authors: Zhou Xianhui , Li Chuanlong , Zhang Shiting
Published: March 2014

An ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) exclusion experiment was established in native Tibetan alpine grasslands to investigate the possible effects of ambient UV‐B on ecophysiological characteristics and forage quality. Selective filters were used to reduce UV‐B radiation in the field. During one growing season, specific leaf area (SLA) and net photosynthetic capacity (Pn) were measured on Elymus nutans Griseb. Total flavonoid contents, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) acid detergent lignin (ADL) and crude protein (CP) were determined from a late season harvest. Compared with the reduced UV‐B treatment, the plants in ambient UV‐B were found to have higher total flavonoid contents, ADL and CP, but lower SLA and Pn. Our results indicated the current level of UV‐B in the Tibetan grasslands is a significant stress factor for E. nutans growth and has differential effects on forage components.
Rare coagulation factor deficiencies: a countrywide screening data from India
Authors: Shetty S. , Shelar T. , Mirgal D. , Nawadkar V. , Pinto P. , Shabhag S. , Mukaddam A. , Kulkarni B. , Ghosh K.
Published: March 2014

As compared to haemophilia, although the clinical features and the management strategies for rare coagulation factor deficiencies are discussed, little is known about them. This study was undertaken to assess the distribution, clinical presentation and treatment of patients with rare coagulation factor deficiency disorders in a cross‐sectional population of India. Blood samples and other clinical details from patients suspected of rare coagulation factor deficiencies were collected by the Haemophilia Treatment Centers across India and were diagnosed at National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai. A total of 321 cases of rare clotting factor deficiencies were diagnosed, of which 88% were severe, 10% moderate and 2% mild. Commonest deficiency encountered was factor XIII (FXIII) (30%) followed by FX (15.6%), FVII (15%), fibrinogen (12.1%), FXI (9%), combined V and VIII deficiency (5.6%) and congenital multiple vitamin K‐dependent coagulation factor deficiency (MCFD, 2.1%). Major representation of these deficiencies was from Southern and Western India (82%). Mucocutaneous bleeding was the commonest clinical presentation (59%); intracranial (IC) haemorrhage was seen in 18% of the patients; menorrhagia was an important clinical pointer in women in the reproductive age group (78%); 8% of the severe cases had no history of bleeding and 73% of the FXIII deficiency cases had umbilical stump bleeding. The major therapeutic products used was fresh frozen plasma (64%), cryoprecipitate (15%), whole blood (15%), antifibrinolytics (5%) and recombinant FVIIa (1%). A distinct pattern in the distribution of rare clotting factor deficiencies was observed which was based on multiple factors that include ethnicity and the available diagnostic facilities in different regions of this vast country.
Effect of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] protein isolates on the microbial transglutaminase‐mediated porcine myofibrillar protein gels at various salt concentrations
Authors: Lee Hong C. , Kang Iksoon , Chin Koo B.
Published: March 2014

This study was performed to investigate the effects of mungbean protein isolates (MPI) as a meat/water binder on the MTGase‐mediated porcine myofibrillar protein (MP) gels at 0.15, 0.3, and 0.45 m salt concentrations. The general property of MP gel was evaluated by pH, cooking loss (CL) (%) and gel strength (gf). Protein–protein interactions among MPI, MTGase, and MP during cooking were also assessed using gel electrophoresis, thermal analysis and microstructure. When salt content was reduced, gel CL (%; P < 0.05) was increased while pH and gel strength (gf) values were decreased (P < 0.05). Addition of MTGase to MP increased pH, CL (%), and gel strength (gf) values, while co‐addition of MTGase and MPI induced synergistic effects on the MP gel strength (gf; ≥0.3 m salt concentration; P < 0.05). In scanning electron micrograph images, increase of salt concentrations made MP gels more swollen and interwoven or conglomerated, regardless of treatment. In conclusion, addition of MPI and MTGase strengthened gel‐forming ability and improved cooking yield of MP gel at salt concentration (≥0.3 m).
Potential of nanofiltration for the concentration of bioactive compounds from watermelon juice
Authors: Arriola Nathalia Aceval , dos Santos Gielen Delfino , Prudêncio Elane Schwinden , Vitali Luciano , Petrus José Carlos Cunha , Castanho Amboni Renata D. M.
Published: March 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of nanofiltration for the concentration of bioactive compounds of watermelon juice. Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant activities were determined through two assays, ferric reducing antioxidant power and DPPH. The content of lycopene, flavonoids and total phenolic in the concentrate samples increased with the increase in the volume reduction factor. Volume reduction factor of three showed the best performance of concentration, generating the highest values for lycopene, flavonoid and total phenolic contents. Average permeation flux was 2.3 L h−1 m−2, with continuous extraction of the concentrate at a volumetric reduction ratio of three. Lycopene showed the highest rejection coefficient (0.99), followed by flavonoids (0.96) and total phenolic content (0.65). The hydrophilic antioxidant activity values in both assays were higher than the lipophilic antioxidant activity values. A highly significant correlation was noted between the contents of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and lycopene and their antioxidant potential in both lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions.
Antioxidant capacity and anti‐inflammatory activity of lycopene in watermelon
Authors: Kim Cheol‐Hyun , Park Min‐Kyung , Kim Sung‐Kyu , Cho Young‐Hee
Published: March 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory effects of watermelon lycopene. The antioxidant activities of watermelon were measured using various assays including the evaluation of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities, superoxide anion scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, compared with those of tomato lycopene and Trolox as a positive control. Watermelon lycopene showed significantly higher antioxidant activities than those of tomato lycopene and comparable superoxide anion scavenging activity to that of Trolox. Furthermore, the protein and mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated HaCaT cells were investigated by Western blotting and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Watermelon lycopene dose dependently inhibited the expressions of iNOS and COX‐2 mRNA levels and their proteins, suggesting that watermelon lycopene has strong anti‐inflammatory activity. Consequently, the watermelon lycopene was proved as a good source of antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory agent.
Tolerance evaluation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium challenged with sublethal amounts of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil or 1,8‐cineole in meat model
Authors: Gomes‐Neto Nelson J. , Luz Isabelle S. , Franco Octavio L. , Magnani Marciane , Souza Evandro L.
Published: March 2014

The induction of direct bacterial tolerance and cross‐tolerance (NaCl, acid pH, high temperature) in Salmonella Typhimurium ATTC 14028 following the exposure to sublethal amounts of the essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis L. (ROEO), and its major component 1,8‐cineole (CIN) was evaluated in this study. Direct protection was not induced when cells were exposed to 1/2 MIC and 1/4 MIC of ROEO or CIN in meat broth and in previously irradiated meat ground‐beef. Cells exposed to ROEO or CIN at sublethal amounts did not present cross‐protection to high temperature, lactic acid and NaCl. Likewise, cells progressively subcultured in meat broth containing increasing amounts of ROEO or CIN were able to survive only up to 1/4 MIC for both tested substances. From these results, S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 was not capable to develop direct or cross‐tolerance when exposed to ROEO or CIN in a meat‐based growth media and was not able to develop direct tolerance in a meat‐based model.
Statistical Analysis Plan for the ‘Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke’ (ENOS) Trial
Authors: Bath Philip M. W. , Houlton Aimee , Woodhouse Lisa , Sprigg Nikola , Wardlaw Joanna , Pocock Stuart
Published: March 2014

High blood pressure is common during the acute phase of stroke and is associated with a poor outcome. However, the management of high blood pressure remains unclear. The ‘Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke’ trial tested whether transdermal glyceryl trinitrate, a nitric oxide donor that lowers blood pressure, is safe and effective in improving outcome after acute stroke. Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke is an international multicenter, prospective, randomized, single-blind, blinded endpoint trial, with funding from the UK Medical Research Council. Patients with acute ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage and systolic blood pressure 140–220 mmHg were randomized to glyceryl trinitrate or no glyceryl trinitrate and, where relevant, to continue or stop prestroke antihypertensive therapy. The primary outcome is shift in modified Rankin Scale at three-months. Patients or relatives gave written informed (proxy) consent, and all sites had research ethics approval. Analyses will be done by intention to treat. This paper and attachment describe the trial's statistical analysis plan, developed prior to unblinding of date. The statistical analysis plan contains design and methods for analyses, and unpopulated tables and figures for the two primary publications and some secondary publications. The database will be locked in late February 2014 in preparation for presentation of the results in May 2014. The data from the trial will improve the precision of the estimates of the overall treatment effects (efficacy and safety) of results from completed trials of blood pressure management in acute stroke, and provide the first large-scale randomized evidence on transdermal glyceryl trinitrate, and of continuing (vs. stopping) prestroke antihypertensive medications, in acute stroke.
The Effect of Time to Treatment on Outcome in Very Elderly Thrombolysed Stroke Patients
Authors: Frank Benedikt , Fulton Rachael L. , Lees Kennedy R. ,   for the VISTA Collaborators
Published: March 2014

Background

Intravenous thrombolysis is beneficial in, even very elderly, acute ischemic stroke patients. However, while the relation between treatment benefit and treatment delay (onset time to treatment) in patients younger than 80 years is well known, it is uncertain in the very elderly.

Aims

This analysis aims at examining this relationship in the elderly, and to provide a comparison with the derived relationship in younger patients as a check of validity.

Methods

We assessed the interaction between age, onset time to treatment, and thrombolysis exposure by analyzing the modified Rankin scale score distribution or mortality rate at 90 days, among patients registered in a trials archive. We established whether the effect of alteplase changes with onset time to treatment, by treating onset time to treatment as a continuum in a multivariate logistic regression model.

Results

Data were available for 3063 patients, of whom 2341 were thrombolysed. Five hundred ninety-seven patients were aged >80, of whom 352 were thrombolysed. Among patients aged >80, no significant interaction of outcome with onset time to treatment was observed ( P = 0·4650), but the estimated slope of the decay in benefit with onset time to treatment was comparable with that established for younger patients. Analyzing the entire dataset, there was an interaction between onset time to treatment and alteplase treatment ( P = 0·0159), but neither between age and onset time to treatment ( P = 0·7098) nor between age and alteplase treatment ( P = 0·0755).

Conclusions

In this nonrandomized comparison, the relationship of benefit and safety with thrombolysis across onset time to treatment in very elderly stroke patients was comparable with that in their younger counterparts. Across the investigated time span of 3·5 h, we can safely treat with the same time window as we use for younger patients.
Human Choriogonadotropin and Epoetin Alfa in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients (REGENESIS-LED Trial)
Authors: Cramer Steven C. , Hill Michael D. ,   for the REGENESIS-LED Investigators
Published: March 2014

Introduction

Preclinical studies suggest that growth factors in the early days after stroke improve final outcome. A prior study found three doses of human choriogonadotropin alfa followed by three doses of erythropoietin to be safe after stroke in humans. A proof of concept trial (REGENESIS) was initiated but placed on regulatory hold during review of an erythropoietin neuroprotective trial. Due to financial constraints, the trial was largely moved to India, using lower erythropoietin doses, as the REGENESIS-LED trial.

Methods

Entry criteria included National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 8–20, supratentorial ischemic stroke, and 24–48 h poststroke at start of therapy. Patients were randomized to three QOD doses of subcutaneous human choriogonadotropin alfa followed by three QD doses of intravenous erythropoietin (three escalating dose cohorts, 4000–20 000 IU/dose) vs. placebo. Primary outcomes were safety and neurological recovery.

Results

The study was halted early by the sponsor after 96 enrollees. There was no significant difference across treatment groups in the proportion of patients experiencing death, serious adverse events, or any adverse event. There was no significant difference in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score change from baseline to Day 90 between placebo and active treatment, whether active cohorts were analyzed together or separately, and no exploratory secondary measure of neurological recovery showed a significant difference between groups.

Discussion

Administration of human choriogonadotropin alfa followed by erythropoietin is safe after a new ischemic stroke. At the doses studied, placebo and active groups did not differ significantly in neurological recovery. Study limitations, such as the use of multiple assessors, differences in rehabilitation care, and being underpowered to show efficacy, are discussed.
Perspectives of paediatric and adult gastroenterologists on transfer and transition care of adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Wright E. K. , Williams J. , Andrews J. M. , Day A. S. , Gearry R. B. , Bampton P. , Moore D. , Lemberg D. , Ravikumaran R. , Wilson J. , Lewindon P. , Radford‐Smith G. , Rosenbaum J. , Catto‐Smith A. , Desmond P. V. , Connell W. R. , Cameron D. , Alex G. , Bell S. J. , De Cruz P.
Published: March 2014

Background

Programmes specific to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that facilitate transition from paediatric to adult care are currently lacking.

Aim

We aimed to explore the perceived needs of adolescents with IBD among paediatric and adult gastroenterologists and to identify barriers to effective transition.

Methods

A web‐based survey of paediatric and adult gastroenterologists in Australia and New Zealand employed both ranked items (Likert scale; from 1 not important to 5 very important) and forced choice items regarding the importance of various factors in faciitating effective transition of adolescents from paediatric to adult care.

Results

Response rate among 178 clinicians was 41%. Only 23% of respondents felt that adolescents with IBD were adequately prepared for transition to adult care. Psychological maturity (Mean = 4.3, standard deviation (SD) = 0.70) and readiness as assessed by adult caregiver (Mean = 4, SD = 0.72) were prioritised as the most important factors in determining timing of transfer. Self‐efficacy and readiness as assessed by adult caregiver were considered the two most important factors to determine timing of transition by both groups of gastroenterologists. Poor medical and surgical handover (Mean = 4.10, SD = 0.8) and patients' lack of responsibility for their own care (Mean= 4.10, SD = 0.82) were perceived as major barriers to successful transition by both paediatric and adult gastroenterologists.

Conclusions

Deficiencies exist in current transition care of adolescents with IBD in Australia and New Zealand. Standardising transition care practices with strategies aimed at optimising communication, patient education, self‐efficacy and adherence may improve outcomes.
Induction of hepatitis B virus surface antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be up‐regulated by the inhibition of indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase activity
Authors: Ito Hiroyasu , Ando Tatsuya , Ando Kazuki , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Saito Kuniaki , Moriwaki Hisataka , Seishima Mitsuru
Published: March 2014

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are thought to be major effectors involved in viral clearance during acute infections, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. A persistent HBV infection is characterized by a lack of or a weak CTL response to HBV, which may be reflective of tolerance to HBV. Efficient induction of HBV‐specific CTLs leads to the clearance of HBV in patients with a chronic HBV infection. Previously, we reported that α‐galactosylceramide (α‐GalCer), a specific natural killer T (NKT) cell agonist, enhanced the induction of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)‐specific CTLs. In the present study, we found that inhibition of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) activity enhanced the induction of HBsAg‐specific CTLs after immunization with HBsAg and α‐GalCer. The administration of HBsAg and α‐GalCer increased the production of interleukin‐2 and interleukin‐12b, which are crucial for the induction of HBsAg‐specific CTLs. The production of these cytokines was more strongly enhanced in IDO knockout mice compared with wild‐type mice. In addition, α‐GalCer induced the production of IDO in CD11b+ cells, and these cells inhibited proliferation of HBsAg‐specific CTLs. Our results lead to strategies for improving the induction of HBsAg‐specific CTLs.
Pressures towards and against formalization: Regulation and informal employment in Mozambique
Authors: DIBBEN Pauline , WOOD Geoffrey , WILLIAMS Colin C.
Published: March 2014

The informal economy accounts for the bulk of employment in many emerging economies. Regulation theory suggests that all economic activity is characterized by a complex combination of formal and informal regulation. Looking at the case of Mozambique, this article explores the pressures towards and against formalization, and the forms regulation can take, drawing on qualitative research based on in‐depth elite interviews and observation. The findings highlight how the State's role in promoting formalization of the informal economy is ambivalent; its approach incorporates both “progressive” elements, which focus on the modernization of regulations and institutions, and “conservative” elements, which inhibit this process of change.
Hydrologic Connectivity of Head Waters and Floodplains in a Semi‐Arid Watershed
Authors: Ochoa Carlos G. , Guldan Steven J. , Cibils Andres F. , Lopez Stephanie C. , Boykin Kenneth G. , Tidwell Vincent C. , Fernald Alexander G.
Published: March 2014

Hydrologic connectivity can be important when assessing the role of water availability and distribution in sustaining different natural processes and human activities in a given landscape. We present a study that served as one of five case studies for an interdisciplinary modeling course. The main objectives of the study presented are: 1) to characterize the hydrologic connectivity between the uplands and the irrigated valley and; 2) to set the foundations for understanding the connections between hydrology and complementary disciplines of ecology, rangeland management, and system dynamics modeling in a semiarid watershed in the southwestern United States. Study results show a strong hydrologic connectivity between surface and groundwater in the lower agricultural valley that follows a seasonal pattern, driven primarily by irrigation contributions to the shallow aquifer. The interdisciplinary modeling team assigned to this study was able to use data from it and outside sources to create a working model that addressed these interconnections and highlighted the study value of concurrent consideration of multiple components of linked hydrologic, economic, ecological, and social systems.
Imagined contact as a prejudice‐reduction intervention in schools: the underlying role of similarity and attitudes
Authors: Stathi Sofia , Cameron Lindsey , Hartley Bonny , Bradford Shona
Published: March 2014

The present research tested a prejudice‐reduction intervention based on imagined contact.White children imagined interacting with a child from an ethnic out‐group (Asian) once a week for 3 weeks, or did not take part in this activity (control group). Compared with the control group, children who engaged in imagined contact subsequently showed more positive attitudes, greater perceived similarity, and willingness for intergroup contact. The effect of the intervention on willingness for contact was mediated by positive attitude change. Implications for imagined‐contact theory and the development of prejudice‐reduction techniques for schools are discussed.
The genetics of speciation: are complex incompatibilities easier to evolve?
Authors: Fraïsse C. , Elderfield J. A. D. , Welch J. J.
Published: March 2014

Reproductive isolation can evolve readily when genotypes containing incompatible alleles are connected by chains of fit intermediates. Experimental crosses show that such Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities (DMIs) are often complex (involving alleles at three or more loci) and asymmetrical (such that reciprocal introgressions have very different effects on fitness). One possible explanation is that asymmetrical and complex DMIs are ‘easier to evolve’, because they block fewer of the possible evolutionary paths between the parental genotypes. To assess this argument, we model evolutionary divergence in allopatry and calculate the delays to divergence caused by DMIs of different kinds. We find that the number of paths is sometimes, though not always, a reliable predictor of the time to divergence. In particular, we find limited support for the idea that symmetrical DMIs take longer to evolve, but this applies largely to two‐locus symmetrical DMIs (which leave no path of fit intermediates). Symmetrical complex DMIs can also delay divergence, but only in a limited region of parameter space. In most other cases, the presence and form of DMIs have little influence on times to divergence, and so we argue that ease of evolution is unlikely to be important in explaining the experimental data.
Adoptive transfusion of tolerogenic dendritic cells prolongs the survival of liver allograft: a systematic review
Authors: Xia Meng Juan , Shan Juan , Li You Ping , Zhou Yan Ni , Guo Ying Jia , Sun Gui Xiang , Wu Wen Qiao , Feng Li
Published: March 2014

Objectives

To systematically review the effects of tolerogenic dendritic cells (Tol‐DCs) induced by different methods on liver transplantation and their possible mechanisms of action.

Methods

PubMed and EMbase were searched for relevant articles through 31 December 2013. The effects of Tol‐DCs on liver allograft survival were semiquantitatively evaluated, and the possible mechanisms by which Tol‐DCs prolong graft survival were analyzed.

Results

Seven articles were included, and classified according to methods of induction, sources, and methods of infusing Tol‐DCs. Tol‐DCs induced from immature DCs (imDCs), with cytokines, and by gene modification induced liver transplant tolerance for 33.1 ± 32.5 days (2.7‐fold vs. control), 26.17 ± 16.20 days (1.8‐fold vs. control), and 11.7 ± 1.6 days (2.3‐fold vs. control), respectively. DCs derived from recipient bone marrow, donor bone marrow, and donor spleen induced liver transplant tolerance for 51.0 ± 0.0 days (5.9‐fold vs. control), 21.4 ± 26.8 days (2.4‐fold vs. control), and 15.0 ± 0.0 days (2.3‐fold vs. control), respectively. The primary mechanisms by which Tol‐DCs induce liver transplant tolerance were the induction of T‐cell hyporeactivity and Th2 differentiation.

Conclusions

Tol‐DCs induced by three different methods could extend liver allograft survival, with imDCs showing optimal results. The optimal infusion method was intravenous injection of 1–2 × 106 Tol‐DC, similar to findings in renal transplantation. Tol‐DCs prolonged liver transplant tolerance more than renal transplant tolerance.
A Supply‐Use Approach to Waste Input‐Output Analysis
Authors: Lenzen Manfred , Reynolds Christian John
Published: March 2014

In this article, we extend Namakura and Kondo's waste input‐output (WIO) framework by incorporating a supply‐use formalism, resulting in waste supply‐use tables (WSUTs). We present the theoretical underpinnings of the WSUT and, in particular, the transition from Nakamura and Kondo's WIO form to the new WSUT form. Further, we offer a mathematical proof of the equivalence of WIO and WSUT multipliers. We illustrate the workings of the WSUT calculus using economic and waste data for the Australian economy in 2008–2009.
The Effects of Intimate Partner Violence Duration on Individual and Partner‐Related Sexual Risk Factors Among Women
Authors: Fontenot Holly B. , Fantasia Heidi Collins , Lee‐St. John Terrence J. , Sutherland Melissa A.
Published: March 2014

Introduction

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV among women, but less is known about mechanisms of this association and if length of relationship violence is a factor. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the duration of IPV and both individual and partner‐related sexual risk factors that may increase women's risk for STIs and HIV.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of data collected from the medical records of 2000 women. Four distinct categories defined the duration of partner violence: violence in the past year only, past year and during the past 5 years, past year plus extending for greater than 5 years, and no past year violence but a history of partner violence. Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between the duration of partner violence and individual sexual risk behaviors (eg, number of sexual partners, drug and/or alcohol use, anal sex) and partner‐related sexual risk factors (eg, nonmonogamy, STI risk, condom nonuse).

Results

Nearly 30% of the women in the study reported a history of partner violence during their lifetime. All of the individual risk factors, as well as partner‐related risk factors, were significantly associated (P < .05) with partner violence and duration of violence.

Discussion

The study findings extend the knowledge related to partner violence as a risk factor for STIs/HIV, highlighting the effects of partner violence duration on the health of women. Assessing for lifetime experiences of partner violence may improve outcomes for women and their families.
Human immunodeficiency virus antibodies and the vaccine problem
Authors: Chiodi F. , Weiss R. A.
Published: March 2014

Despite the great advances made in controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infection with antiretroviral drug treatment, a safe and efficacious HIV vaccine has yet to be developed. Here, we discuss why clinical trials and vaccine development for HIV have so far been disappointing, with an emphasis on the lack of protective antibodies. We review approaches for developing appropriate HIV immunogens and the stimulation of long‐lasting B‐cell responses with antibody maturation. We conclude that candidate reagents in the pipeline for HIV vaccine development are unlikely to be particularly effective. Although the major funders of HIV vaccine research and development are placing increasing emphasis on clinical product development, a genuine breakthrough in preventing HIV infection through vaccines is more likely to come from novel immunogen research.
A methodological review of research on the antecedents and consequences of workplace harassment
Authors: Neall Annabelle M. , Tuckey Michelle R.
Published: March 2014

Workplace harassment is a well‐researched topic, especially in regard to the antecedents and consequences of the phenomenon. A number of criticisms of this body of research have been raised that influence our understanding of harassment, its causes, and effects. Accordingly, this methodological review was conducted to identify current methodological gaps and propose new strategies for advancing knowledge on harassment at work. A total of 234 samples, from 224 peer‐reviewed articles published over a 26‐year period (1987–2012 inclusive), which focused on the antecedents, consequences, or process of diverse forms of workplace harassment (e.g., bullying, abusive supervision, mobbing, and victimization), were systematically analysed for methodological content. Our analysis focused on identifying threats to construct, internal, external, and statistical conclusion validity, covering issues such as sample characteristics, research design, measurement, methods of data collection, and techniques to analyse data. Findings on the nature and extent of existing methodological limitations underpin suggestions to advance theory development in this area by improving study validity. These include adopting longitudinal and experimental designs, utilizing within‐person approaches, incorporating the perspectives of witnesses and perpetrators of harassment, developing combined group/organizational and individual levels of analysis, and focusing on the dynamic processes of workplace harassment.

Practitioner points

Limitations in existing research have constrained what we know about workplace harassment, and how to prevent harassment and its negative consequences.

This paper provides a comprehensive resource for evaluating the quality of the ever‐growing body of research on workplace harassment, which covers issues such as bullying, abusive supervision, aggression, incivility, and other forms of victimization at work.
Backstage performances: a third grader's embodiments of pop culture and literacy in a public school classroom
Authors: Kontovourki Stavroula
Published: March 2014

This article examines the less visible ways in which popular culture enters the classroom and shapes children's embodied performances as students and literate subjects. Foregrounding snapshots from a case study of a low‐achieving, African American female student, I consider how popular culture is inscribed on students' bodies and becomes a means through which they perform their schooled selves, at the same time that school curricula are resources for constructing conceptualisations of popular culture images and texts. The examination of popular culture, literacy curricula and identities is informed by poststructural approaches to discourse, power and the body that allow the consideration of bodies as discursive means and as sites of inscription. This approach makes possible the examination of the politics of the curriculum, that is, the examination of the ways school curricula at their intersection with popular culture exert power onto students' bodies and produce norms and regularities that students take up, subvert and/or resist. From this perspective, I expose the ways in which the curriculum, popular culture and children's performances as gendered, literate and other types of subjects intertwine in the background of the official school space.
“How people read and write and they don't even notice”: everyday lives and literacies on a Midlands council estate
Authors: Jones Susan
Published: March 2014

This article presents data from a British Academy‐funded study of the everyday literacy practices of three families living on a predominantly white working‐class council housing estate on the edge of a Midlands city. The study explored, as one participant succinctly put it, “how people read and write and they don't even notice”. This alludes to the ways in which everyday practices may not be recognised as part of a dominant model of literacy. The study considered too the ways in which these literacy practices are part of a wider policy context that also fails to notice the impact of austerity politics on everyday lives. An emphasis on quantitative measures of disadvantage and public discourse which vilifies those facing economic challenge can overshadow the resilience and resourcefulness of individuals and families in making meaning from their experiences. Drawing together consideration of everyday lives and the everyday literacies which are part of them, this article explores the impact of the current policy context on access to both economic and cultural resources, showing how literacy, as part of this context, should be recognised as a powerful means not only of constricting lives but also of constructing them.
Acetaminophen‐induced liver injury in obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Michaut Anaïs , Moreau Caroline , Robin Marie‐Anne , Fromenty Bernard
Published: February 2014

Although acetaminophen (APAP) is usually considered as a safe drug, this painkiller can lead to acute liver failure after overdoses. Moreover, there is evidence that the maximum recommended dosage can induce hepatic cytolysis in some individuals. Several predisposing factors appear to enhance the risk and severity of APAP‐induced liver injury including chronic alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which refers to a large spectrum of hepatic lesions linked to obesity. In contrast, obesity by itself does not seem to be associated with a higher risk of APAP‐induced liver injury. Since 1987, seven studies dealt with APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity in rodent models of NAFLD and five of them found that this liver disease was associated with higher APAP toxicity. Unfortunately, these studies did not unequivocally established the mechanism(s) whereby NAFLD could favour APAP hepatotoxicity, although some investigations suggested that pre‐existent induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) could play a significant role by increasing the generation of N‐acetyl‐p‐benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the toxic metabolite of APAP. Moreover, pre‐existent mitochondrial dysfunction associated with NAFLD could also be involved. In contrast, some investigations suggested that factors that could reduce the risk and severity of APAP hepatotoxicity in obesity and NAFLD include higher hepatic APAP glucuronidation, reduced CYP3A4 activity and increased volume of body distribution. Thus, the occurrence and the outcome of APAP‐induced liver injury in an obese individual with NAFLD might depend on a delicate balance between metabolic factors that can be protective and others that favour large hepatic levels of NAPQI.
Comment on “The origin of eucrites, diogenites, and olivine diogenites: Magma ocean crystallization and shallow magma processes on Vesta” by B. E. Mandler and L. T. Elkins‐Tanton
Authors: Barrat Jean‐Alix , Yamaguchi Akira
Published: March 2014

Mandler and Elkins‐Tanton () recently proposed an upgraded magma ocean model for the differentiation history of the giant asteroid 4 Vesta. They show that a combination of both equilibrium crystallization and fractional crystallization processes can reproduce the major element compositions of eucritic melts and broadly the range of mineral compositions observed in diogenites. They assert that their model accounts for all the howardites, eucrites, and diogenites (HEDs), and use it to predict the crustal thickness and the proportions of the various lithologies. Here, we show that their model fails to explain the trace element diversity of the diogenites, contrary to their claim. The diversity of the heavy REE enrichment exhibited by the orthopyroxenes in diogenites is inconsistent with crystallization of these cumulates in either shallow magma chambers replenished by melts from a magma ocean or in a magma ocean. Thus, proportions of the various HED lithologies and the crustal thickness predicted from this model are not necessarily valid.