bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A NOTE ON THE SUGARCANE LEAF HOPPER (PYRILLA) IN SOUTH ARCOT DISTRICT
Authors:   Cane Farm SuperIntendent, East India Distilleries & Sugar Factories, Ltd Nilikuppam, C.B FRANCIS
Published: November 2023

This pest of sugarcane, though noted in the S. Arcot district for some years past, appeared in some appreciable numbers only last year and has this season for the first time reached the status of a major pest. It was suggested to the writer by Dr. T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar, the Government Entomologist, Madras, that a connected record on the observations made and some work done during this year might be of some interest and this note is an attempt in that direction. It must however be emphasized that the paper has been prepared by one not specially qualified to observe from an entomological point of view, and that conclusions cannot safely ba drawn until more knowledge of the pest and the damage caused by it is obtained.
THE PERIOD OF RECEPTIVITY OF RICE STIGMA
Authors:   Assitant Paddy Specialist,Coimbatore, K RAMASWAMY
Published: November 2023

A knowledge of the natural pollination and fertilisation in cultivated crops is of extreme importance to the plant breeder in the matter of evolving successful techniques of artificial hybridisa- tion for crop improvement. In most of the crop plants, which are self fertilised, natural pollination occurs at the time of flower opening. when the anthers dehisce and shed their pollen on the stigma, which is receptive then, enabling the pollen to germinate and fertilise the ovule. In plants where cross fertilisation is the rule, self fertilisation is pre- vented in nature by the different times of maturity of the anther and the stigma i. e., the pollen is shed either long before (protandry) or long after the stigma is receptive (protogyny). In grasses protandry is more common than protogyny. A study of the period of pollen viabi- lity and the receptivity of the stigma forms an important preliminary work in crop improvement. The present paper deals with the studies on the period of receptivity of the rice stigma.
THE PLACE OF PADDY IN THE WELFARE OF THE COUNTRY
Authors:   Directore of Agriculture,Government of Madras, G.R HILSON
Published: November 2023

I understand that you are interested not only in the dry parts of economics but also in the effect on the community at large, of malad- justments in the economic position. I have therefore chosen as the subject of my discourse what I consider to be a grave maladjustment in the agricultural economy of this Presidency. I refer to the large area under paddy, more particularly swamp paddy. The total area actually under crop, in the Presidency, is approximately thirty-nine million acres. The total area under paddy is approximately, eleven million acres, of which area approximately eight millions are swamp paddy. This does not mean that every third or fourth crop is a paddy crop and that other crops are given in rotation with it. If that were so, much of what I have to say would not need to be said. As you are aware, thete are wide stretches of country where paddy follows paddy monotonously every year and these stretches are getting wider and the area under swamp paddy is being added to yearly. This is the position.
COST OF PRODUCTION OF COTTON AT THE GOVERNMENT FARM, KOILPATTI
Authors:   Cotton Specialist,Coimbatore  641 003, V RAMANATHAN
Published: November 2023

The economics of crop growing is always a subject of great importance to all farmers since the prime object of farming is, as in other industries, to obtain profits. This term expresses the relationship between expenditure and income. The former is greatly influenced, especially in India, by the wages paid to the labour engaged, while the latter is mostly dependent on the prices obtained for the agricultural produce. If the prices paid to labour and to the various commodities grown on a farm move in conso- nance, a constancy in the profits will result. On the contrary such a simple situation rarely occurs. As the problem stands at present, there is a ruinous slump in the markets for all agricultural products and there is no corres- ponding change in the labour bill and in the standards of living which have risen considerably during the war. This lag has caused great anxiety in the minds of cultivators. The margin of profit has become very narrow. only they possess an accurate knowledge of the cost of production of each crop they grow, they can face the crisis by cultivating the crops that will pay them to grow without at the same time impoverishing the natural fertility of the land. But every Indian ryot feels shy to keep accounts of his husbandry and is consequently in a fix to decide intelligently how and where to effect a retrenchment. It is thought desirable at this juncture to present the data relating to cotton-the chief money crop on the black soils.
THE PRICKLY-PEAR COCHINEAL (ITS UTILIZATION FOR DESTROYING CACTUS IN SOUTH INDIA)
Authors:   Government Entomologist, Coimbatore 641003, Y RAO SAHIR RAMACHANDRA RAO
Published: November 2023

The Prickly-Pear. The prickly-pear-the familiar thorny hedge of fields in most parts of our province, is a Mexican cactus introduced about two or three centuries ago into India in an endeavour to cultivate the valuable cochineal insect of commerce. Owing to want of technical know- ledge, however, the wrong species of cacti were. imported; and the conse quence was that the true cochineal insect could not be grown, while the prickly-pear plants could establish themselves and flourish by reason of the ease with which they could take root. The pears have now spread through- out the land, planted, in the first instance, as a live fence in cultivated fields, and later on, escaping into uncultivated land and pastures. Though serving as a cheap and efficient hedge-plant, experience has shown that, unless periodically cut back, the cactus can become an unmitig- ated nuisance, especially around village sites, giving shelter to various reptiles and vermin and making the surroundings not only ugly but also insanitary. In a great many places, therefore, in the Madras Presidency there has been a keen demand for cheap and efficient methods for its destruction. 2
A SHORT NOTE ON THE POMEGRANATE AND ITS CULTIVATION IN SOMANUR (COIMBATORE DISTRICT)
Authors:   Sub-Assitant in Mycology, P.S SURYANARAYANA AYYAR
Published: November 2023

The pomegranate is a fruit that has been grown in this country from time immemorial. It is reported to have been introduced into Southern Europe and seems to have travelled further west to America and the West Indian islands. In Europe, Granada in Spain was for a long time famous for its pomegranates, the fruits reaching a high degree of perfection in its gentle climate'. The word pomegranate is derived from two words Pomum Granatum, literally meaning seeded apple. Linnaeus gave it the scientific name of Punica granatum. Soil. The plant grows in almost all kinds of soils, but the yield is heaviest on 'deep soils of fairly heavy texture. It grows also on alkaline soils but then it cannot be expected to yield as well. At Somanur it is found thriving on good red loam tending to be sandy. Nursery. For an acre of plantation the nursery required is half a cent. The plot is well dug up with an ordinary mamutty, a month before the actual sowing time. About 10 basketfuls of ashes, village sweepings or cattle manure are added to the soil and well mixed up and the plot levelled.
THE SUNSHINE RECORDER AND SOME INTERESTING WEATHER DATA
Authors:   Assitant to Government Agricultural Chemist, B.S NARASIMHAN
Published: November 2023

Of all the manifested forces of nature, the Sun probably is the most important for life on earth. Every activity of living beings, both animals and plants can ultimately be traced to the apparently inexhaustible store of solar energy. Horses, cattle and men derive their physical energy from it, all kinds of vegetation thrive wonderfully in sunlight and die when it is denied to them. Water-power used by men whether it beriver or waterfall, owes its origin to the action of the sun. Coal and petroleum are in fact stored up reservoirs from the stream of solar energy, for these are but the vegetation of past ages conserved in the entrails of the earth. The sun even exerts a mental influence. It is associated with joy and the bright side of life. The sleeper is awakened from his lazy bed by the rays of the early morning sun; the dull dreary feeling caused by days of cloudy weather is dissipated by the appearance of the bright sun and one is whipped up to energy and feels more active and cheerful than before. All nature herself smiles at the appearance of the sun, the flowers open out, the bees hum, the crickets chirp and one shares with Browning, the feeling that God is in His Heaven and all is right with the World'. The sun is therefore rightly named as Poornasthamo Mochakah (the destroyer of all thamas).
YOUTH AND RURAL UPLIFT-A CALL FROM ONE OF THEM
Authors:   Student (B.Sc 3), M.J DAVID
Published: November 2023

It is amazing when we begin to think how many of us wander through the vale of life without any particular end in view. We are born, we grow, we act our various parts, and are ultimately consigned to oblivion, without having had any great accomplishment to our credit. We do not realize until we give a thought to it, how much we are slaves to circumstances and how little we try to rise above them so as to look at things from a wider perspective. If we study the lives of world's great men and compare them with ours we will realize what life led by those great men signifies. We will find, that a life lived strenuously for a mighty purpose, is as different from a purposeless life, as light is from darkness. We find in the lives of great men a passion dominating all their activities. It is their singleness of purpose and perseverance that helped them to achieve their goal.
NOTE ON PINE-APPLE CULTIVATION ON THE SLOPES OF THE SIMHACHALAM HILL
Authors:   Agricultural Demonstrator, N RAMADAS
Published: November 2023

Pine-apples are cultivated on the slopes of the hill at Simhachalam, which is nearly 1,000 feet above the sea level. The place belongs to the Simhachalam Devasthanam under the management of the Vizianagaram Estate. The Estate gives the hill slopes for the cultivation of the pine- apples on lease generally for a term of ten years at a rental of Rs. 10 per acre per annum with a stipulation that the lessee should plant and grow at least 10 trees per acre of jack, mango, and cashewnut during that period. Generally the land is to be surrendered at the expiry of the ten years' period, as by that time, the soil would have been depleted and the trees would have grown up and shaded the land too much to allow of further successful culti- vation of pine-apples. In rare cases the term of lease is extended for a further period of ten years, when fresh planting is made.
STUDIES IN THE COST OF PRODUCTION OF CROPS- SUGARCANE
Authors:   Deputy Directore of Agriculture 4 Circle, KIDAVU GOVINDA
Published: November 2023

Below is given an abstract statement giving the cost of production of jaggery, arrived at from figures elicited by enquiry in typical cane- growing areas in North Arcot, South Arcot and Chittoor Districts, as also from figures taken from the Palur Agricultural Research Station.
THE ECONOMICS OF PADDY GROWING IN TANJORE
Authors:   Paddy Specialist,Coimbatore, K RAMIAH
Published: November 2023

The work of improvement of any particular crop consists of four distinct stages, (1) cultural improvement, i.e. better cultivation of the land,. better manuring, use of proper seed rate; etc., (2) growing of particular varieties most suitable to the locality, (3) improvement in such varieties by isolation of superior strains, and (4) producing better varieties by hybridization. The first two lines of work are being tackled by the depart- ment for over two decades now and the results are quite familiar to you all. Lines 3 and 4 are definitely more the work of a Crop Botanist and work on these for this province was commenced just 16 years ago. This station is the outcome of the Crop Botanist's work and has been in existence for the last nine years. While some of you here would realise that something has been done by this section of the department to benefit this district, I am sure there are others who feel that more has not been done. That the public is impatient and expects results more rapidly is a healthy sign. As one however who has had a very intimate knowledge of crop improvement work in some of the most advanced agricultural countries of Europe, I do not at all feel diffident of the results achieved so far. It must be mentioned, at the same time, that most of the improvements in these European countries were being done in the earlier years by enterprising farmers themselves. Every other farmer there was a Sabapathi Mudaliar of Bellary, and a Raghunatha Rao of Tanjore. In Sweden, there is a private association which is running a Plant Breeding Institute quite as big as the Agricultural College at Coimbatore, with a set of highly paid technical staff all of whom have earned world wide reputation by their scientific achieve- ments.
THE RELATION BETWEEN GROWTH AND INTAKE OF NUTRIENTS IN THE CHOLAM PLANT
Authors:   Assitant Lecturer in Chemistry ,Agricultural College Coimbatore  641 003, C NARASIMHA ACHARYA
Published: November 2023

This paper reports the results of a Study of the variation in chemical composition of the Cholam plant, at successive stages of growth, as shown by periodical analysis of representative samples taken from a field crop of Periamanjal Cholam. The analysis included the determination of Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, Potash, Calcium, Magnesium, Silica, Iron, Alumina, Total Mineral Ash, Carbohydrates and Diastatic Activity.
BETTER FARMING, OR, AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATION.
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, V MATHRUBUTHAM
Published: November 2023

The Indian peasant is proverbially poor, ignorant, illiterate, improvi- dent, depending on the vicissitudes of precarious monsoons and subject to disease and famines. Chronic poverty leads to low agricultural pro- duction and low agricultural production leads in turn to poverty. This, in general, is the case of the 73 per cent of the population living in the 700,000 villages throughout India. The miserable position of the Indian is very deplorable with his average life of 224 years and average income of Rs. 46 per year. The agricultural indebtedness of the peasantry is appal- ling and the mortgage indebtedness of India has been computed by experts at 600 crores, so much so that it has reduced the Indian cultivator to the position of one who is no better than a serf.
NEED FOR AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS AND WHAT THEY ARE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOUTH KANARA
Authors:   District Agricultural Officer , Tellicherry, K UNNIKRISHNA MENON
Published: November 2023

To improve the position of the farmer either with regard to his economic position or health-two inter-dependent factors-is the problem on hand. I shall in this paper attempt to place before you certain hard facts which every ryot in the country, especially in the West Coast, has to care for to improve his agricultural programme. We have to remember at the outset that the prosperity of the country with about 80 per cent of its population engaged in agriculture, must be identical with the advance that the country will make in economic farming, in providing food for the increasing population and in supplying raw materials.
A SHORT NOTE ON THE SUGARCANE CULTIVATION IN HINDUPUR TALUK
Authors:   Agricultural Demonstrator, Hindupur, K AMBIKACHARAN
Published: November 2023

My idea in writing this article is to popularize some of the methods adopted by the Hindupur ryots in growing sugarcane. Garden cultivation is important in this taluk and sugarcane forms the chief commercial crop which pays ready money to the ryot. Notwithstanding the various difficulties met with by the ryots in growing a crop of sugarcane every year they cultivate at least half an acre of sugarcane always.
POULTRY AS A SIDE LINE
Authors:   Officiating Deputy Directore of Agriculture Livestock, T MURARI
Published: November 2023

In nearly every civilized country the egg has been recognized as a wholesome food. The demand for the article is so great that nearly every country is paying a great deal of attention to poultrying. Apart from mere production, marketing has become highly efficient. In Europe, especially in Denmark eggs are collected, each egg marked as to the number of Co- operative Society concerned, etc. and packed efficiently so that it may reach the market some hundreds of miles away with as little breakage as possible. From the East, China is able to produce large quantities of eggs for the market in England and make a decent profit, despite the distance the eggs have to travel. Assam is also making strenuous efforts in the marketing of eggs.
A NOTE ON E. C. 47 RAGI
Authors:   Assitant Farm Manager, Central Manager Coimbatore, N NARAYANAN
Published: November 2023

This short note gives particulars of the performance of a variety of Ragi known as E.C. 47, evolved by the Millets Specialist and tried on the Central Farm during the two seasons 1929-30 and 1930-31. Raised on 23 million acres out of a total 34-38 million acres under cultivation in the Presidency, Ragi is next to Cholam, the chief millet crop, and its importance to the ryot is considerable. Any method adopted to improve the quantity or the quality of the grain is a step taken in the right direction.
ON SOIL HUMUS
Authors:   Soil Physicist, T.R SESHADRI
Published: November 2023

The importance of humus or organic matter for the fertility of the soil cannot be overstated. It has been at the bottom of all our agricultural methods and practice. The presence of organic matter rectified most of the physical defects of the soil producing proper tilth and right conditions of acidity and temperature. It increases the capacity of the soil for retaining moisture, a point of very great value to hot and dry tracts that are so common in India. Besides itself offering plant nutrients in an available form, it provides the necessary, food and energy to the countless soil micro- organisms which bring about nitrification and other useful changes essential for the growth of the crop. The nature and the decomposition of soil organic matter is of primary importance to the Indian ryot since in his climate it disappears far more quickly than under milder climatic conditions. Most of the Indian soils are notorious indeed for their lack of organic matter.
A GENERAL STUDY OF FLUCTUATIONS IN INSECT PEST DAMAGE
Authors:   Assitant Government Entomologist, Coimbatore 641003, V TIRUMAL RAO
Published: November 2023

A detailed study of the variations in the degree of insect damage under varying conditions may not only enable us to assess the value of the present state of knowledge in economic entomology, but also possibly enable us to get glimpses into new vistas of possibilities of pest-control. The rapid strides that are being made in plant-breeding to achieve results of economic importance may, for instance, lead to practical results if the entomologist were to indicate to the plant-breeder the lines on which he could help in the solution of problems of entomological interest. Wherever a large number of varieties of a crop is under experimenta- tion, one frequently notices much variation in the degree of insect attack. In certain cases, it may possibly be by chance that a particular variety consistently shows the same degree of damage. It is in gortant to ascer- tain whether the degree of infestation exhibited is really due to any definite. inherent characters by the careful elimination of external factors that some- times bring about insect attack. It is the object of this article to indicate briefly some of the external factors that have to be taken into consideration before one can assess the true value of the powers of resistance shown by any variety, and to examine some of the inherent characters to see how far they are helpful in the repellency of attack by insect pests. In this connec- tion it may be noted that it is no easy matter to compare varieties as regards their differences in the degree of susceptibility to insect attack, as the hatchlings do not usually confine themselves to the strips on which the eggs may happen to be laid, but get themselves distributed with little regard to the object of the observations in view.
G. E. B. 24 IN PALGHAT
Authors:   Agricultural Demonstrator Palghat, P.A VENKATESWARAN
Published: November 2023

What have Government to do with the actual processes of Agriculture? How could these Government officers expect to help us?are questions still put by ryots to Agricultural officers. As often the questions have been asked, so often the answers have been given. Instances of the methods by which Agricultural officers have been hitherto able to assist ryots in different localities, have already been quoted and can still be multiplied. The object of this paper is to furnish one particular instance of how the department has helped the ryots with the strain of Paddy known as G. E. B. 24 in Palghat Taluk. In Palghat Taluk, whose total area is about 4 lakhs of acres, paddy claims about 2 lakhs of acres. From this it is seen of what great importance paddy is to Palghat, which has been aptly described as the Granary of Malabar. Of the two lakhs of acres under paddy, about 120,000 acres will be single crop and the rest double crop area. The main paddy varieties used in the first crop season are Chemban (4) months), Chornali (5 months), Tavalakannan (5) months) and Arikiri (6) months).. The important second crop varieties are Chetteni (5 months) and Anakomban (6 months). It is important to note that Chettent alone occupies more than half the second crop area in Palghat, i.e., over 40,000 acres.
SINDEWAHE DOUBLE FURNACE
Authors:   Agricultural Demonstrator Gudiyattam, M.A BALAKRISHNAN
Published: November 2023

The sugar-cane cultivators of our Presidency mostly adopt the practice of converting the juice into jaggery by means of boiling. Various types of furnaces are in use for this purpose. The ordinary country furnace is one of them. It is a big circular pit with slightly curved sides. In this, facilities for feeding the fuel and for the inlet and exit of air are so poorly provided that much heat is wasted. For manufacturing jaggery from an acre of cane, the ryot has to spend about Rs. 50 worth of fuel, in addition to using the whole of his megass and trash. This is a costly and tedious process, and takes about three weeks to finish the work. The introduction of the Sindewahe furnace by the Agricultural Department found favour with the ryots and this is the type now in common use by a large number of the sugar-cane cultivators. Its construction and use have been dealt with in detail in the Villagers' Calendar for the year 1923-24. Apart from the savings in the item of fuel, the time required for making jaggery is comparatively less. It takes about 12 days per acre and hence the popularity of this type of furnace.
SUGAR-CANE IN BELLARY (ITS CULTIVATION, MANUFACTURE OF JAGGERY AND THE NEED FOR A SUGAR FACTORY)
Authors:   Sugar Technologist, A.R YATHIRAJA
Published: November 2023

In the neighbourhood of Hospet in the Bellary District, there are large areas of land devoted to growing sugar-cane. There are between 6,000 to 7,000 acres within a radius of 10 to 15 miles, and as much as 3,000 to 3,500 acres can be easily had for any sugar factory which may be established in the locality. In view of such possibilities, a careful study of the sugar-cane and the local conditions, etc., was undertaken. A sugar-cane mill was hired from the Department of Industries to collect the necessary data. Consultations were held both with the ryots and the merchants.
A NOTE ON ORYZA SATIVA VAR. (PLENA) PRAIN
Authors:   Assitant Paddy Specialist,Coimbatore, N PARTHASARATHY
Published: November 2023

This Bengal variety of paddy, popularly known as Double rice or double grain paddy was obtained from Poona Agricultural College in the year 1920. It is similar in most of the morphological char- acters to the cultivated types, but differs essentially from them in having more than one pistil in each spikelet-the unit of inflorescence. In this Double rice 6.3,4 the number of pistils varies ordinarily from two to four, and rarely five are met with. The number of developed rice- kernels found in each paddy grain varies from one to three so that the popular name Double rice is a misnomer. The failure of some of the pistils to develop into kernels may probably be due to the infertility of those ovules, and this remains to be investigated.
SOME EXPERIMENTS ON FLY CONTROL IN THE CENTRAL FARM, COIMBATORE
Authors:   Lecture in Entomology,Coimbatore  641 003, M.C CHERIAN , M.S KYLASAM ,   Assitant Government Entomologist, Coimbatore 641003
Published: November 2023

Before giving an account of the various experiments tried at the Central Farm towards Fly control it may be useful to consider what flies are, and how their control is of importance. What are flies ? Flies are insects with a single pair of wings and belong to the order Diptera. Their mouth parts are adapted for sucking in liquid food. They pass through four stages in their life history, viz., egg, larva, pupa and adult. In the case of the common housefly, eggs are laid by the female in manure heaps, etc. After a short period of 8 to 24 hours, maggots hatch out of the eggs and feed on nutrient substances in the manure. When full fed, they pupate and in course of time, emerge as adult flies. The whole life-cycle of a fly worked out in November (1930), came to about 10 days, the egg, larval and pupal periods being 8 hours, 3 days and 6 days respectively. The total life-cycle may vary according to the different seasons.
THE MOTOR VEHICLES TAXATION ACT AND MADRAS AGRICULTURE
Authors:   Vakil and President of the City Audil Union Madura, E.S SUNDA
Published: November 2023

Readers of the Journal are aware of the recent passing of the Madras Motor Vehicles Taxation Act. They may be also aware of Section 11/A of the Act which came in at the instance of our President-elect, Rao Bahadur T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar. The section reads thus: Nothing in this Act shall apply to a motor vehicle used solely for the purposes of Agriculture.
NORTHERNS' COTTONS - 1. THEIR HISTORY AND PRESENT POSITION
Authors:   Assitant Lecturer in Agriculture,Agricultural College and Reserch Institute,  Coimbatore  641 003, M SATYANARAYANA
Published: November 2023

Topography of the tract and the habitat of types.-Circumvented by the Veligondi Hills-that part of the Eastern Ghats bordering Nellore and the two inland districts of Cuddapah and Kurnool-by the Uppalapad Plateau which is an outspur of the Mysore Tableland in the south-west of the Kurnool District, by several bosses west of the Handri valley in the Pattikonda Taluq, by Tungabhadra in the north till Sangameswaram and the Kistna in continuation after the confluence, lies the Northerns Cottons Tract, rich in long stapled cotton, amongst the indigenous types of the Peninsula. It comprises chiefly Kurnool District excepting a portion of the Pattikonda Taluq, Cuddapah District, and a portion of Anantapur. Nandyal, Kurnool, Proddatur and Tadpatri are the important centres of the tract. According to the Report of the Indian Cotton Committee, 1919, the estimate of area and output of Northerns is 439,000 acres and 65,000 bales (each of 400 lb. of lint) respectively. But groundnut, in its expansion, taking a portion of the extent under cotton and the prohibition of rail-borne cotton from beyond Tarlupadu (on the Guntakal-Bezwada line of the M.S.M. Ry.) into the tract under the Cotton Transport Act of 1925 have reduced the acreage and output. With 50 lb. of lint as acre-yield (official average for the districts concerned), or at 8 acres for a bale of 400 lb. lint (and allowing a margin for the quantity utilized in hand-spinning), the general output of the three markets of the tract.
ΒΕΕ-ΚΕΕΡING
Authors:   Cheif Secrotary Y.M.C.A Rural Centre Ramanathapuram Coimbatore, J.N JAYAKARAN
Published: November 2023

The scope of this note is limited. Its object is only to introduce the reader to the possibilities of bee-keeping in India and will not, therefore, include what a hand-book on the subject may be expected to contain. Bee- keeping has several advantages over other similar occupations, such as poultry-keeping, gardening, fruit-raising, etc., and in fact is very much easier and almost inexpensive; but yet, the subject is so vast that all about bee-keeping cannot be dealt with in a short note such as this. In the western countries bee-keeping is pursued not only as a hobby but also as a money-making business. The introduction of modern bee-keeping in the year 1852 marks the commencement of the new era in this industry. Tons of honey are produced every year for local consumption as well as export. Scientific research and practical work among bees have advanced so much in these days that this new industry is being taken up by increasing numbers of people with profit to themselves. Apiaries with several thousands of hives are very common in Europe and America.
A STATISTICAL STUDY OF PADDY YIELD IN SOUTH KANARA IN RELATION TO WEATHER
Authors:   Lecturer in Statistics, University of Madras, N.K ADYANTHAYA
Published: November 2023

The object of this paper is to point out the possibilities of the application of the modern theory of statistics in the fruitful field of Agricultural Meteorology. As an example, a study of yield in relation to weather will be taken up. In this connection it is worth noticing that in 1927, Mr. J. H. Field, the then Director-General of Observatories, while giving his evidence before the Royal Commission on Agriculture in India, stressed the importance of the service which the Meteorological department can render to Indian agriculture by researches on the correlation between weather and crops. How the computed coefficients of correlation between yield and certain meteorological elements enable us to predict the yield in a certain year or period from a knowledge of the conditions of weather in that year or period, will be clear from the treatment of the topic taken up below.
PROBABLE ORIGIN OF THE SOILS OF CENTRAL FARM, COIMBATORE
Authors:   Assitant to Government Agricultural Chemist, Coimbatore, C RAGHAVENDRACHAR
Published: November 2023

It is known that soils are broadly classified as (i) sedentary or in situ soils and (ii) drift or transported soils. The sedentary soils are distinguished by (1) the absence of any clear contact between the underlying bed and the top soil and (2) the existence of the fragments of the parent weathered rock mingled with the soil itself, as can be detected by the naked eye. A third test may be found in the close microscope. resemblance of the sandy fraction of the soil with the mineral constituents of the subjacent weathered rock, when examined under a petrological In the case of transported soils a clear distinct contact is seen between the soil and the subjacent geological formation. This contact by itself should in most cases be sufficient to decide the nature of the soil. It is needless to say that the other two conditions mentioned for sedentary soils. are absent. in this case. In addition all the circumstances which prove an unconformity between two geological sedimentary beds (e.g. change of fossils, denuded surface, change in the angle of dip) go to show the trans- ported nature of the soil.
RURAL STUDIES-MADATHUPALAYAM VILLAGE, COIMBATORE DISTRICT
Authors:   Assitant Cotton Specialist,Coimbatore  641 003, P GOPALARATNAM
Published: November 2023

Madathupalayam is a hamlet situated to the north-west of Avanashi and is separated from it by a large area of cultivated land. As part of the Union, the village is entitled to the conveniences of roads, lighting and sanitary upkeep. The Avanashi tract has itself long been noted for its tobacco crop, and recently it has become the proud home of cambodia cotton under irrigation. An account of the village which is given below, epitomises the condi- tions of the inhabitants and the crops in this region. The extent of this hamlet is a little over 200 acres. The village is a level plain situated in a valley and enjoys fairly copious subterranean water supply. The place is characterised by the presence of red soils of shallow depth which are nowhere deeper than a foot, but are underlain by gravel of varying size, which facilitates free drainage. The shallow depth, however, is corrected by an annual dumping of tank silt, which is a regular feature of the preliminary cultivation of the lands.
NOTES ON SUGARCANE CULTIVATION IN HOSPET
Authors:   District Agricultural Officer , Kurnool, M.V RAGHAVA RAO
Published: November 2023

On account of the rapid and continued fall in prices of almost all commodities any suggestion which aims at a reduction in the cost of production of the crops should be welcome to the ryot. In the following lines an attempt is made to describe the cultivation of sugarcane, an important crop in the Hospet taluk on simple yet scientific lines, and also to indicate how an appreciable saving could be effected in the initial stages. In the Hospet taluk under the Tungabhadra channels ryots leave a portion of their sugarcane crop unharvested as stand-overs for seed purposes, as the tendency of the ryot there, is to repeat a crop year after year on the same land. It is known that the top portions of canes, which are usually removed and thrown into the manure pit or fed to cattle, make excellent material for seed purposes. Generally the ryot experiences difficulty in getting all his cane crushed in time, to prepare his land for the next crop, be it the same crop or a different one. If he would only preserve the top portions from each of which two setts are easily got, then this difficulty is overcome.
Maternal mortality study in a level II hospital in guinea from 2016 to 2020
Authors: Soumah AFM  , Conte I  , Sylla I  , Bah OH  , Tolno JT  , Léno DW A  , A Diallo  , Baldé IS  , Sy Telly
Published: November 2023

The objective of this work was to study the epidemiological profile of maternal deaths at the Forécariah prefectural hospital from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2020. Methodology: this was a descriptive, cross-sectional study with retrospective collection, including women who died before, during or within 42 days after childbirth. Sociodemographic and clinical variables, circumstances and causes of death as well as the process of maternal death reviews (MDR) were studied. The data were analyzed using EPI Info version 7.2 6 software. Central tendency parameters (mean, standard deviation), relative and absolute frequencies were reported. Results: The maternal mortality ratio was 348 deaths per 100,000 live births. The average age was 31 ±5.65 years. The majority of deceased women were unemployed (67.69%), most of them married (72.31%), and multiparous in 33.85% of cases. Hemorrhages during delivery constituted 52.72% of the direct causes. The effectiveness of reviews of maternal deaths was 10.77% and deaths deemed avoidable represented 98.46%, mainly linked to the 3rd delay in 58.46% of cases. Conclusion: achieving the goal of sustainable development (SDG 3.1) requires community participation, reorganization of the health system and government involvement.
Spatial distribution and population density of submerged aquatic vegetation in Shatt Al-Arab River
Authors: Dunya A. Al-Abbawy  , Sama A. Al-Zaidi
Published: November 2023

Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is an integral component of aquatic ecosystems and provides essential habitats and ecosystem services. This study investigated the distribution and abundance of SAV in the Shatt Al-Arab River, located in Southern Iraq, and examined its relationship with changing environmental factors. Monthly surveys were conducted at three stations from October 2015 to September 2016 to assess the percentage cover of vegetation, biomass, and the physicochemical properties of water and sediment. Three SAV species belonging to the Potamogetonaceae family have been recorded. Canonical correspondence analysis showed a negative relationship between Potamogeton perfoliatus and depth/reactive phosphorus. The abundance of plants in this area was significantly lower than that reported in previous studies. Species richness and abundance were analyzed at all stations during the same period using biodiversity indices. The analysis revealed differences in species richness between the stations. This decline in abundance was likely due to increased salinity, nutrients, and anthropogenic pressures. This study demonstrates the impact of environmental changes on ecologically important SAV and emphasizes the necessity of implementing conservation and management strategies.
Characterization of biosimilars: Description of the analytical approach
Authors: Hichem NAAS  , Sarra MEHENNAOUI  , Abdelaziz GHARBI
Published: November 2023

Biological drugs stand out from chemically synthesized drugs by their complexity. The latter puts developers, manufacturers, and controllers of drugs facing really scientific and technological challenges to ensure a safe, effective, and high-quality product. Regulatory agencies evaluate biosimilars based on their level of similarity to the innovative drug, rather than their exact resemblance to it. The recommendations of the Food and Drugs Administration indicate that, when evaluating the product, “The totality of the evidence” will be considered. With the aim of providing access to cheaper treatment options for patients, the development of biosimilar now focuses on characterization analytical by comparing structural and functional similarities with the product reference biological as it has already undergone the efficacy tests required for its initial approval. Advances in analytical techniques allow for detailed characterization and the identification of differences that may affect the purity, safety, and efficacy of biological product potentially similar to the reference product. Comparative clinical trials will only take place when the regulatory authority considers them necessary as they are expensive and require more development time, which will against the aim of creating more available and affordable treatment options for patients. In this presentation, the notion of comparability of these agents and their analytical characterization will be presented.
Applications and functions of wet fountain fittings used in pre-salt cluster of santos basin
Authors: Mehtiyev Rafail Karim  , Tanriverdiyev Yusif Alovsat
Published: November 2023

"Fountain fitting " - deep and ultra- deep in the waters oil and natural dig it up removal for needed which is main underwater of equipment is one Petrobras well in Brazil the mouth with (Wet Christmas Tree – fountain armature ) between WCT installed (Production Adapter Base - production adapter base ) (PAB) . This equipment is a wellhead equipment used to install oil and gas wellhead, control it and control the mode of operation. There are Fontan fittings for surface (for wells drilled on land) and subsea (offshore wells). According to its construction, it is horizontal and has three steps. Fountain accessories consist of tube and belt head, Christmas tree fountain. The belt head located at the bottom of the fountain shield is used to hang the protective belt, close the gap between the pipes, etc. It is for the Pipe head to hang and seal the pump compressor pipe lowered into the well attached to the belt head. The resource head directs the product from the well to the discharge line, enabling control and monitoring of the well. The fountain armature is equipped with a pressure gauge and thermometer. BOP and fountain of the armature absolutely different equipment that it is clarify need a lot people this two underwater equipment mix it up because it can each two of them the well in the mouth is installed . Dump Blow-Out Preventer (BOP) of wells digging , completion and processing during use which is security equipment . His main components drawers (rams), annular discharge against preventers and suffocation and don't kill are lines (choke & kill lines). Fountain pipes are lowered into the well where the fountain is expected to shoot. It is necessary to hang these pipes from something at the wellhead and direct the product of the well to the outside through it, and for this, it is necessary to mold the space between the fountain pipes and the production line. In order for the fountain to pump in an optimal mode, to regulate the use of reservoir energy, it is necessary to create counter pressure at the well mouth by any means. Therefore, the equipment at the mouth of the fountain well must be able to create any back pressure in the discharge line, including closing the well. In addition, the wellhead equipment should allow to measure the pressures behind the pipe, in the discharge line, and also to inject gas or liquid into the well if necessary.
Dampak Merokok Terhadap Status Kebersihan Gigi Dan Mulut Di Masyarakat
Authors: Marina Depi , Reca Linda Suryani Reca
Published: November 2023

Merokok merupakan kebiasaan yang sangat umum di kalangan masyarakat termasuk pada remaja. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kebiasaan merokok pada remaja atau masyarakat adalah faktor lingkungan serta kurangnya pengetahuan tentang dampak merokok. Merokok dapat memberikan dampak terhadap kesehatan gigi dan mulut seperti perubahan warna pada gigi, dan karang gigi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak merokok terhadap kebersihan gigi dan mulut di masyarakat. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan rancangan studi literatur. Studi literatur yaitu dengan mengumpulkan data-data yang mempunyai kaitan erat dengan permasalahan yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini berhubungan dengan masalah yang dibahas. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkanbahwa untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat perlumendapatkan pelayananpromotif dan preventif. Pelayan promotif seperti memberikan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat dan meningkatkan motivasi masyarakat untuk memeriksakan kesehatan gigi dan mulut.Sedangkan pelayan preventif untuk meningkatkan pencegahan penyakit kebersihan gigi dan mulut. Saran untuk meningkatkan kebersihan gigi dan mulut di harapkan kepada masyarakat untuk menghindari rokok untuk menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulut pribadi dan masyarakat serta memeriksakan kesehatan gigi dan mulut selama 6 bulan sekali kepada tenaga kesehatan gigi dan mulut.
Gambaran Pengetahuan Ibu Tentang Rampan Karies Pada Balita Di Gampong Lamreung Kecamatan Darul Imarah Kabupaten Aceh Besar
Authors: Hardi Hilda , Reca Reca , Nurasikin Cut Aja
Published: November 2023

Rampan karies adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan suatu keadaan sebagian besar atau semua  gigi susu yang mengalami kerusakan (karies) secara luas dan berkembang dengan cepat. Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan yang peneliti lakukan di desa Lamreung kec. Darul imarah kab. Aceh Besar tahun 2019 dari 50 anak diperoleh  hasil bahwa 80% anak balita menderita rampan karies. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan ibu tentang rampan karies pada balita di desa Lamreung Kec. Darul imarah kab. Aceh besar tahun 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif yang dilaksanakan di desa Lamreung Kec. Darul imarah kab. Aceh besar tahun 2019 pada tanggal 15 Maret sampai 20 Maret 2019. Populasi dalam penelitian ini seluruh ibu yang mempunyai balita yaitu 50 ibu. Sampel pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan ibu tentang rampan karies pada anak balita didesa Lamreung dengan kategori baik berjumlah 30 orang (60%) sedangkan kategori kurang baik berjumlah 20 orang (40%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengetahuan ibu tentang rampan karies pada balita di desa Lamrheung berkategori baik. Di sarankan kepada ibu yang mempunyai anak balita untuk selalu menjaga kebersihan gigi dan mulut anaknya,  karena kesehatan gigi dan mulut sangat mempengaruhi kesehatan tubuh pada umumnya.
Pengetahuan Pemeliharaan Kebersihan Gigi dan Mulut dengan Status Kebersihan Gigi dan Mulut pada Pengguna Orthodonti Cekat
Authors: Amaniya Cut Fitria , Niakurniawati Niakurniawati , Mardhiah Ainun , Nurasikin Cut Aja
Published: November 2023

Pemeliharaan kebersihan gigi dan mulut bagi pengguna orthodonti cekat sangat penting karena akan mempengaruhi tingkat keberhasilan dan lamanya perawatan orthodonti yang dilakukan, sehingga pemakaian alat orthodonti cekat dapat menyebabkan impaksi makanan yang berakibat lanjut terjadinya penumpukan plak dan karang gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai pengetahuan pemeliharaan kebersihan gigi dan mulut dengan status kebersihan gigi dan mulut pada pengguna orthodonti cekat. Manfaat penelitian yaitu untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang pengetahuan pemeliharaan kebersihan gigi dan mulut dengan status kebersihan gigi dan mulut pada pengguna orthodonti cekat, dengan rancangan yang digunakan dalam penyusunan skripsi ini adalah deskriptif dengan jenis studi literatur yaitu systematic review. Pengetahuan kebersihan gigi dan mulut yang baik akan mempengaruhi seseorang dalam memelihara kebersihan gigi dan mulutnya sehingga dapat meningkatkan kebersihan gigi dan mulut yang optimal serta dapat meningkatkan derajat kesehatan gigi dan mulut.
Asupan Serat dan Cairan terhadap Konstipasi pada Masyarakat Lanjut Usia di Kecamatan Darul Imarah Aceh Besar
Authors: Wirdayana Wirdayana , Rahmad Agus Hendra
Published: November 2023

Konstipasi/sembelit merupakan susah buang air besar, fesesnya yang keras dan merasa tidak puas saat buang air besar. Makanan rendah serat akan menyebabkan feses menjadi keras dan kering sehingga mengeluarkan feses dibutuhkan peningkatan tekanan saluran cerna. Tujuan untuk mengukur tingkat hubungan asupan serat dan cairan terhadap konstipasi pada mayarakat Lanjut usia di Kecamatan Darul Imarah Aceh Besar. Penelitian bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan desain penelitian cross-sectional. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 68 orang dengan tehnik purposive sampling. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan juni 2019. Variabel penelitian terdiri asupan serat, cairan dengan kejadian konstipasi, menggunakan uji chi-square. Pada lanjut usia asupan Serat kategori kurang yaitu 52,9%, asupan cairan kategori kurang yaitu 47,1% dan yang mengalami konstipasi yaitu 58,8%. Terdapat hubungan asupan serat dengan kejadian konstipasi dengan p value 0.000 (p <0,05) dan tidak terdapat hubungan asupan cairan dengan kejadian konstipasi pada masyarakat lanjut usia di Kecamatan Darul Imarah Aceh Besar dengan p value 0.462 (p > 0,05). Diharapkan bagi petugas tenaga gizi Puskesmas dibagian Poswindu agar dapat memberikan konseling dan penyuluhan tentang pentingnya konsumsi asupan serat dan asupan cairan untuk mencegah terjadinya konstipasi.