bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of Cordylus machadoi (Squamata: Cordylidae) in southwestern Angola, with the description of a new species from the Pro-Namib desert
Authors: STANLEY EDWARD L. , CERÍACO LUIS M. P. , BANDEIRA SUZANA , VALERIO HILARIA , BATES MICHAEL F. , BRANCH WILLIAM R.
Published: January 2016

The girdled lizard genus Cordylus is represented in Angola by two species, Cordylus angolensis and C. machadoi, separated from their nearest congeners by over 700 km. Here we describe a new species, Cordylus namakuiyus sp. nov., endemic to the arid lowlands west of the southern Angolan escarpment. Phylogenetic analysis using three mitochondrial and eight nuclear genes shows that the low-elevation forms and the proximate, high-elevation species C. machadoi are genetically divergent and reciprocally monophyletic, and together form the earliest diverging lineage of the northern Cordylus clade. Morphological data, collected using computed tomography and traditional techniques (scalation and morphology), identify consistent phenotypic differences between these high- and low-elevation species and allows for a detailed description of the osteology and osteodermal arrangements of the new species. A series of 50 specimens, collected during the 1925 Vernay expedition to southwestern Angola and housed at the American Museum of Natural History, are assigned to the new species, although the identity of Cordylus from northern Namibia remains ambiguous and requires further investigation.
A new species of Scinax Wagler (Anura: Hylidae) from Mato Grosso, Brazil
Authors: ARAUJO-VIEIRA KATYUSCIA , VALDUJO PAULA HANNA , FAIVOVICH JULIÁN
Published: January 2016

A new species of the Scinax ruber Clade is described from Municipality of Barra do Garças, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. It is diagnosed by its size (SVL 29.4–35.4 mm in males); dorsum with a background that varies from light and dark gray to dark brown, with round and irregular dark blotches; hidden surfaces of thigh and shank light or dark brown, with lighter, large and irregular blotches (yellow in life); and nuptial pad that covers the medial margin of Metacarpal I, and obscures the posterior portion and the outer margin of the inner metacarpal tubercle. It is most similar with Scinax rupestris, from which it differs by having larger adult males; less developed nuptial pad; and hidden surfaces of thigh and light or dark brown, with lighter, large and irregular blotches (yellow in life). The new species occurs near the headwaters of permanent or temporary streams, where males call from vegetation or rocks at the margins of small streams.
On the type species of the South American dung beetle genus Chalcocopris Burmeister, 1846 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), with some comments on the type locality of C. hesperus (Olivier, 1789)
Authors: Cupello MARIO , Rossini Michele , Vaz-de-mello Fernando z.
Published: January 2016

Recently, a new paper authored by two of us (Rossini & Vaz-de-Mello, 2015) addressed a taxonomic revision of Chalcocopris Burmeister, 1846, describing a second species for the genus and expanding our knowledge of its distribution and morphological diversity. In the present work, we address additional nomenclatural and historical issues not covered in that paper.
A new dromiid crab (Crustacea, Brachyura, Dromioidea) from the Upper Eocene of Huesca (Aragón, northern Spain)
Authors: ARTAL PEDRO , BAKEL BARRY W.M. VAN , DOMÍNGUEZ JOSÉ L. , GÓMEZ GUILLERMO
Published: January 2016

A new genus and species of brachyuran crab from the Upper Eocene (Priabonian) strata in Basa Valley (Huesca, northern Spain) assignable to the superfamily Dromioidea, Basadromia longifrons n. gen., n. sp., adds to current knowledge of the morphological diversity and geographical-stratigraphical distribution of the superfamily. The main characters of the new form, such as the orbitofrontal construction with two median teeth and an rostral tooth situated in a lower plane, two minor frontal (inner orbital) teeth, well-marked cervical and branchial grooves, general carapace outline, and the shape and distribution of dorsal regions, confirm placement in Dromioidea. Unique features, such as the four conspicuous frontal teeth, lateral margins of carapace with small, subtle spines, the reduced length of the posterior margin, disposition of dorsal grooves, and peculiar shape and distribution of the dorsal regions (mainly protogastric and epibranchial), warrants the erection of a new genus and new species. In the absence of ventral features the new taxon is tentatively assigned to the family Dromiidae after detailed comparison with both fossil and extant members.
“Big Data Assimilation” Revolutionizing Severe Weather Prediction
Authors: Miyoshi Takemasa , Kunii Masaru , Ruiz Juan , Lien Guo-Yuan , Satoh Shinsuke , Ushio Tomoo , Bessho Kotaro , Seko Hiromu , Tomita Hirofumi , Ishikawa Yutaka
Published: January 2016

Sudden local severe weather is a threat, and we explore what the highest-end supercomputing and sensing technologies can do to address this challenge. Here we show that using the Japanese flagship “K” supercomputer, we can synergistically integrate “big simulations” of 100 parallel simulations of a convective weather system at 100-m grid spacing and “big data” from the next-generation phased array weather radar that produces a high-resolution 3-dimensional rain distribution every 30 s—two orders of magnitude more data than the currently used parabolic-antenna radar. This “big data assimilation” system refreshes 30-min forecasts every 30 s, 120 times more rapidly than the typical hourly updated systems operated at the world’s weather prediction centers. A real high-impact weather case study shows encouraging results of the 30-s-update big data assimilation system.
Forced and Internal Components of Winter Air Temperature Trends over North America during the past 50 Years: Mechanisms and Implications*
Authors: Deser Clara , Terray Laurent , Phillips Adam S.
Published: January 2016

This study elucidates the physical mechanisms underlying internal and forced components of winter surface air temperature (SAT) trends over North America during the past 50 years (1963–2012) using a combined observational and modeling framework. The modeling framework consists of 30 simulations with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) at 1° latitude–longitude resolution, each of which is subject to an identical scenario of historical radiative forcing but starts from a slightly different atmospheric state. Hence, any spread within the ensemble results from unpredictable internal variability superimposed upon the forced climate change signal. Constructed atmospheric circulation analogs are used to estimate the dynamical contribution to forced and internal components of SAT trends: thermodynamic contributions are obtained as a residual. Internal circulation trends are estimated to account for approximately one-third of the observed wintertime warming trend over North America and more than half locally over parts of Canada and the United States. Removing the effects of internal atmospheric circulation variability narrows the spread of SAT trends within the CESM ensemble and brings the observed trends closer to the model’s radiatively forced response. In addition, removing internal dynamics approximately doubles the signal-to-noise ratio of the simulated SAT trends and substantially advances the “time of emergence” of the forced component of SAT anomalies. The methodological framework proposed here provides a general template for improving physical understanding and interpretation of observed and simulated climate trends worldwide and may help to reconcile the diversity of SAT trends across the models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5).
Evaluation of Thermosalinograph and VIIRS Data for the Characterization of Near-Surface Temperature Fields
Authors: Schloesser Fabian , Cornillon Peter , Donohue Kathleen , Boussidi Brahim , Iskin Emily
Published: January 2016

Detailed understanding of submesoscale processes and their role in global ocean circulation is constrained, in part, by the lack of global observational datasets of sufficiently high resolution. Here, the potential of thermosalinograph (TSG) and Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) data is evaluated, to characterize the submesoscale structure of the near-surface temperature fields in the Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea. In addition to spectral density, the structure function is considered, a statistical measure less susceptible to data gaps, which are common in the satellite-derived fields. The structure function is found to be an unreliable estimator, especially for steep spectral slopes, nominally between 2 and 3, typical of the Gulf Stream and Sargasso regions. A quality-control threshold is developed based on the number and size of gaps to ensure reliable spectral density estimates. Analysis of the impact of gaps in the VIIRS data on the spectra shows that both the number of missing values and the size of gaps affect the results, and that the steeper the spectral slope the more significant the impact. Furthermore, the TSG, with a nominal resolution of 75 m, captures the spectral characteristics of the fields in both regions down to scales substantially smaller than 1 km, while the VIIRS fields, with a nominal resolution of 750 m, reproduce the spectra well down to scales of about 20 km in the Sargasso Sea and 5 km in the Gulf Stream. The scales at which the VIIRS and TSG spectra diverge are thought to be determined by sensor and retrieval noise.
Effect of mesostructure on the tensile properties of sisal fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites
Authors: Sun Zhanying , Yi Fengqiang , Zhao Xiongyan
Published: January 2016

In this paper, the effects of fiber shape, fiber distribution, fiber size and fiber hybridization on the tensile properties of short sisal fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites were studied by the generalized method of cells and laminate analogy approaches. It is found that the fiber distribution has a large effect on the axial Young’s modulus. The fiber shape and fiber size have stronger influences on the transverse Young’s modulus and axial Poisson’s ratio than the fiber distribution. The fiber type hybridization and fiber shape are shown to be important factors in affecting the axial shear modulus. Hybridization with glass fiber is found to be an efficient method of creating high-performance composites.
On Visualizing Mixed-Type Data
Authors: Grané Aurea , Romera Rosario
Published: January 2016

Survey data are usually of mixed type (quantitative, multistate categorical, and/or binary variables). Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is one of the most extended methodologies to visualize the profile structure of the data. Since the past 60s, MDS methods have been introduced in the literature, initially in publications in the psychometrics area. Nevertheless, sensitivity and robustness of MDS configurations have been topics scarcely addressed in the specialized literature. In this work, we are interested in the construction of robust profiles for mixed-type data using a proper MDS configuration. To this end, we propose to compare different MDS configurations (coming from different metrics) through a combination of sensitivity and robust analysis. In particular, as an alternative to classical Gower’s metric, we propose a robust joint metric combining different distance matrices, avoiding redundant information, via related metric scaling. The search for robustness and identification of outliers is done through a distance-based procedure related to geometric variability notions. In this sense, we propose a statistic for detecting multivariate outliers in the context of mixed-type data and evaluate its performance through a simulation study. Finally, we apply these techniques to a real data set provided by the largest humanitarian organization involved in social programs in Spain, where we are able to find in a robust way the most relevant factors defining the profiles of people that were under risk of being socially excluded in the beginning of the 2008 economic crisis.
Evaluating an Online Resourcefulness Training Intervention Pilot Test Using Six Critical Parameters
Authors: Musil Carol M. , Zauszniewski Jaclene A. , Burant Christopher J. , Toly Valerie B. , Warner Camille B.
Published: January 2016

Few resources are available to help grandmother caregivers to grandchildren manage their complex family situations that may have immediate and long-term consequences for themselves and their families. Resourcefulness training is an intervention designed to help grandmothers improve their ability to deal with these problems. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the necessity, feasibility, acceptability, fidelity, safety, and effectiveness (i.e., effect sizes) of an online, computer-based resourcefulness training intervention that was adapted from a face-to-face intervention. Twelve grandmothers raising or living with grandchildren participated in the pilot intervention that included (a) watching an instructional video on resourcefulness, (b) completing two online questionnaires over a 6-week time period, and (c) writing in an online journal every day for 4 weeks. Data are evaluated within the context of the six parameters important to intervention development. Qualitative and quantitative results provide initial support for all six parameters. Recommendations to improve aspects of the intervention are discussed.
Policy Responsiveness in Local Government
Authors: Ybarra Vickie D. , Krebs Timothy B.
Published: January 2016

Whether U.S. county governments are responsive to their policy environments is a critical question in light of evidence that counties have expanded their policy portfolios and governmental professionalism to meet increased citizen demands. This study examines whether economic interests and political preferences influence decisions by counties to impose smoking bans in nonhospitality workplaces, restaurants, and bars. Results show that counties are responsive to their environments, but that the nature of responsiveness varies by the policy in question and the form of government. These results therefore shed light on the ability of counties to function as democratic institutions.
As in the Question, So in the Answer? Language Style of Human and Machine Speakers Affects Interlocutors’ Convergence on Wordings
Authors: Linnemann Gesa A. , Jucks Regina
Published: January 2016

People adapt their word choice to both humans and computers. In this study, language style (elaborated vs. restricted) and perceived conversational partner (human vs. spoken dialogue system) were varied. Convergence was greater when reacting to a restricted language style. Participants preferred human partners and an elaborated language style. In line with communication accommodation theory, results suggest that considering restricted capabilities (cognitive organization) constitutes a central motive for convergence. Implications for spoken dialogue system design are discussed.
The dangers of growing on gold: Lessons for mine downscaling from the Free State Goldfields, South Africa
Authors: Marais Lochner , Nel Etienne
Published: January 2016

The settlements that spring up around mines have huge environmental, social and economic consequences. The environmental consequences have been well studied, but less attention has been paid to the social and economic consequences, particularly the effects of mine closure on what are often significant urban settlements which grew up around them. This paper relates the history of the urban centers of the Free State Goldfields and draws lessons for questions of economic and social sustainability in mining settlements. We argue that the rushed way the mining settlements in the area established, the emphasis on modernity in their planning and the over-arching context of decentralized planning under apartheid did not lay the right foundations for dealing with the long-term effects of mine closure. We highlight the way that booming commodity prices can hinder economic diversification. The paper concludes with some recommendations for new mine settlements.
Missed diagnosis of oesophageal perforation in ankylosing spondylitis cervical fracture: Two case reports and literature review
Authors: Qian Sheng-Jun , Ye Xue-Shi , Chen Wei-Shan , Li Wan-Li
Published: January 2016

Oesophageal perforation after blunt injury cervical fracture in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is rarely reported. The early diagnosis of oesophageal perforation is extremely important. We present two cases of patients with AS who sustained cervical fracture dislocation and spinal cord injury. The ossified sharp fragments caused oesophageal perforation, and the delayed diagnoses had serious consequences. Oesophageal perforation should be suspected in patients with AS and cervical fracture if bone fragments are pressing against the oesophagus and a gas shadow is visible around the fracture site on computed tomography imaging.
Snow albedo feedback
Authors: Thackeray Chad W. , Fletcher Christopher G.
Published: January 2016

Over the past decade, substantial progress has been made in improving our understanding of surface albedo feedbacks, where changes in surface albedo from warming (cooling) can cause increases (decreases) in absorbed solar radiation, amplifying the initial warming (cooling). The goal of this review is to synthesize and assess recent research into the feedback caused by changing continental snow cover, or snow albedo feedback (SAF). Four main topics are evaluated: (i) the importance of SAF to the global energy budget, (ii) estimates of SAF from various data sources, (iii) factors influencing the spread in SAF, and (iv) outstanding issues related to our understanding of the physical processes that control SAF (and their uncertainties). SAF is found to exert a small influence on a global scale, with amplitude of ∼ 0.1 Wm−2 K−1, roughly 7% of the strength of water vapor feedback. However, SAF is an important driver of regional climate change over Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropical land, where observation-based estimates show a peak feedback of around 1% decrease in surface albedo per degree of warming during spring. Viewed collectively, the current generation of climate models represent this process accurately, but several models still use outdated parameterizations of snow and surface albedo that contribute to biases that impact the simulation of SAF. This discussion serves to synthesize and evaluate previously published literature, while highlighting promising directions being taken at the forefront of research such as high resolution modeling and the use of large ensembles.
Stereotypes About Gender and Science
Authors: Carli Linda L. , Alawa Laila , Lee YoonAh , Zhao Bei , Kim Elaine
Published: January 2016

We conducted two studies and our primary goal was to assess the similarity between stereotypes about women and men and stereotypes about successful scientists. In addition, we examined the degree to which scientists, men, and women are seen as agentic or communal. Results revealed greater similarity between stereotypes about men and stereotypes about scientists than between stereotypes about women and scientists. Men and scientists were seen as highly agentic, women as highly communal, and scientists as less communal than either men or women. The higher the proportion of women in a scientific field, the more similar the stereotypes of scientists in that field were to stereotypes about women. Female participants perceived more similarity between women and scientists and judged women to be more agentic than male participants did. The results are consistent with role-congruity and lack-of-fit theories that report incompatibility of female gender stereotypes with stereotypes about high-status occupational roles. The results demonstrate that women are perceived to lack the qualities needed to be successful scientists, which may contribute to discrimination and prejudice against female scientists. A podcast conversation with the author of this article is available to PWQ subscribers on PWQ's website at http://pwq.sagepub.com/supplemental
Evaluation of Executive Functions in Patients With Childhood Absence Epilepsy
Authors: Gencpinar Pinar , Kalay Zuhal , Turgut Sevil , Bozkurt Öznur , Duman Özgür , Ozel Deniz , Haspolat Senay
Published: January 2016

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the executive function of patients with typical absence epilepsy.

Methods:

Thirty-eight (19 healthy children and 19 patients) individuals were enrolled in this study. Neurocognitive function tests, such as the Serial Digit Learning Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Visual Aural Digit Span Test–Form B, KAS-Animal Test, Trail Making Test–A Time Test, and STROOP Test, were given to all of the participants.

Results:

There was a significant difference between the groups on the Serial Digit Learning Test ( P = .037) and on a subtest of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. As for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance, there were significant differences in perseverative errors and perseverative responses between the patient and control groups ( P = .011 and P = .010, respectively).

Conclusion:

Long-term risk for learning impairments, failure in executive abilities, and short-term memory and attention disorders can occur in children with absence epilepsy.
Family Governance at Work
Authors: De Massis Alfredo , Kotlar Josip , Frattini Federico , Chrisman James J. , Nordqvist Mattias
Published: January 2016

A growing body of research is concerned with how family governance influences innovation. Yet the organizational issues that family governance engenders for innovation processes have been largely overlooked. In a study of six small- and medium-size family enterprises, we investigate the design decisions that fit family and business logics to create high-performing new product development programs. Our results reveal three design principles concerning teams, leadership, and incentives that diverge from customary approaches of organizing for new product development, adding important dimensions to the determinants of successful new product development in small- and medium-size family enterprises.
An audit of hepatitis B vaccination for men who have sex with men before and after sexual health service integration
Authors: Wielding Sally , Ma Andy HY , Clutterbuck Daniel J
Published: January 2016

Scottish Government guidelines identify hepatitis B vaccination as a key standard reflecting access to sexual health care for men who have sex with men (MSM). This audit was performed before and after service redesign to assess the impact of the integration of genitourinary medicine and sexual and reproductive health services on the provision of care to MSM. There was no significant difference between the proportion of males receiving at least one dose of vaccination ( p = 0.64, χ2 = 0.222), but a significant drop in the proportion of males receiving three doses of vaccination pre- and post-integration ( p = 0.0157, χ2 = 5.834). Advised standards are being met but follow up and recall require improvement if previously reported completion rates are required for protection.
Climatic variability during the last millennium in Western Iceland from lake sediment records
Authors: Holmes Naomi , Langdon Peter G , Caseldine Chris J , Wastegård Stefan , Leng Melanie J , Croudace Ian W , Davies Siwan M
Published: January 2016

The aim of this research was to create a decadal-scale terrestrial quantitative palaeoclimate record for NW Iceland from lake sediments for the last millennium. Geochemical, stable isotope and chironomid reconstructions were obtained from a lake sequence constrained by tephra deposits on the Snæfellsnes peninsula, western Iceland. Obtaining a quantitative record proved problematic, but the qualitative chironomid record showed clear trends associated with past summer temperatures, and the sedimentological records provided evidence for past changes in precipitation, mediated through catchment soil in-wash. When the full range of chronological uncertainty is considered, four clear phases of climatic conditions were identified: (1) a relatively warm phase between AD 1020 and 1310; (2) a relatively stable period between AD 1310 and 1510, cooler than the preceding period but still notably warmer than the second half of the millennium; (3) a consistent reduction of temperatures between AD 1560 and 1810, with the coolest period between AD 1680 and 1810; and (4) AD 1840–2000 has temperatures mainly warmer than in the preceding two centuries, with a rising trend and increased variability from c. AD 1900 onwards. The reconstructions show clearly that the first half of the millennium experienced warmer climatic conditions than the second half, with a return to the warmer climate only occurring in the last c. 100 years. Much of the variability of the chironomid record can be linked to changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The reconstructions presented can track low-frequency and long-term trends effectively and consistently but high-resolution and calibrated quantitative records remain more of a challenge – not just in finding optimal sedimentary deposits but also in finding the most reliable proxy. It is this that presents the real challenge for Holocene climate reconstruction from this key area of the North Atlantic.
Probability of atrial fibrillation after ablation: Using a parametric nonlinear temporal decomposition mixed effects model
Authors: Rajeswaran Jeevanantham , Blackstone Eugene H , Ehrlinger John , Li Liang , Ishwaran Hemant , Parides Michael K
Published: January 2016

Atrial fibrillation is an arrhythmic disorder where the electrical signals of the heart become irregular. The probability of atrial fibrillation (binary response) is often time varying in a structured fashion, as is the influence of associated risk factors. A generalized nonlinear mixed effects model is presented to estimate the time-related probability of atrial fibrillation using a temporal decomposition approach to reveal the pattern of the probability of atrial fibrillation and their determinants. This methodology generalizes to patient-specific analysis of longitudinal binary data with possibly time-varying effects of covariates and with different patient-specific random effects influencing different temporal phases. The motivation and application of this model is illustrated using longitudinally measured atrial fibrillation data obtained through weekly trans-telephonic monitoring from an NIH sponsored clinical trial being conducted by the Cardiothoracic Surgery Clinical Trials Network.
Combating Indiscipline in the Imperial Japanese Army: Hayao Torao and Psychiatric Studies of the Crimes of Soldiers
Authors: Matsumura Janice
Published: January 2016

Problems of indiscipline are not commonly part of the post-war image of the Imperial Japanese Army, but even before the Asia-Pacific War its officials had reasons to question the obedience of soldiers and called upon psychiatrists to identify the causes of crimes. This article traces the emergence of explanations critical of the army’s prioritization of crimes and, specifically, policies for bolstering morale that constituted or contributed to war crimes. Focusing on the research of Hayao Torao, it proposes that these explanations reflected an expectation of protection for civilians, if not prisoners of war, that was encouraged by home-front propaganda.
MI6’s Atomic Man: The Rise and Fall of Commander Eric Welsh
Authors: Goodman Michael S.
Published: January 2016

This article recounts the life and career of Eric Welsh. A remarkable figure within MI6, Welsh started life as a scientist for a maritime paint company in Norway, but with war in 1939 his contacts and knowledge of the region brought him into direct contact with British intelligence. He rapidly became head of the Norwegian Section of MI6 and through the attacks on the heavy water plant in Vemork assumed responsibility for wartime and post-war atomic intelligence. His personality and dedication saw him rise to the pinnacle, but the flaws associated with these traits also led to his downfall and untimely death.
Governance in sport-for-development: Problems and possibilities of (not) learning from international development
Authors: Lindsey Iain
Published: January 2016

The lack of attention towards issues of governance in both global sport-for-development (SfD) policy and academic literature is placed in stark relief when compared to the significance accorded to such issues in international development. This article addresses this lacuna in sport-for-development by drawing on international development literature as well as interview data from representatives of international agencies, domestic governments and in-country non-governmental organisations involved with sport-for-development in Ghana and Tanzania. As previously recognised in other development sectors, the commonality of narrow, project-based approaches in sport-for-development contributes to excessive donor influence, fragmentation, competition and limits both impact and sustainability. It was in response to similar problems that, from the mid-1990s, Sector-Wide Approaches were instigated within specific sectors in particular countries as a more systematic model of development governance based on leadership by the domestic government and co-ordination among donors and other stakeholders. Although interviewees’ perspectives and some exemplar sport-for-development initiatives aligned with key features of Sector-Wide Approaches, significant challenges to their effective instigation in sport-for-development can be identified. Nevertheless, examining the applicability of Sector-Wide Approaches to sport-for-development raises important issues that require further consideration and demonstrates the necessity that sport-for-development, more generally, learns from the longer-established field of international development.
Protecting Student Intellectual Property in the Entrepreneurial Classroom
Authors: Wright Sarah L. , Katz Jerome A.
Published: January 2016

While universities are intensely protective of revenue streams related to intellectual property interests for the institution and professors, the financial and legal interests of students in the entrepreneurial process have largely been overlooked. This lack of attention, both in universities and in the literature, is intriguing given the mushrooming growth in entrepreneurial education courses in almost every U.S. university. This article builds and reflects on an original article by Katz, Harshman, and Lund Dean where the authors advocate for establishing classroom norms for promoting and protecting student intellectual property. We present research, insights, and reflections from Professor Katz regarding the controversial ethical and legal issues related to student intellectual property in university settings and provide suggested resources for faculty traversing these issues.
Opioid Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics
Authors: MacKenzie Meghan , Zed Peter J. , Ensom Mary H. H.
Published: January 2016

Objective: To evaluate acute traumatic pain protocols and to suggest optimization by characterizing opioid pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK-PD). Data Sources: MEDLINE (1946 to November 2015), EMBASE (1974 to November 2015), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970 to December 2014), and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2005 to November 2015). Keywords: morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl, trauma, acute pain, intravenous, opioid, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Literature characterizing opioid PK-PD was included. Additionally, studies evaluatingoutcomes of opioids for acute severe pain in adult trauma patients were selected. Data Synthesis: PK-PD literature suggests that morphine exhibits an effect delay of 1.6 to 4.8 hours; however, clinical significance is doubtful. The relative onset of morphine is approximately 6 minutes, and duration, 96 minutes. Morphine 0.1 mg/kg IV then 0.05 mg/kg every 5 minutes achieved pain control in 40% of patients at 10 minutes and 76% at 60 minutes. The effect delay of hydromorphone (orally) is 18 to 38 minutes; its relative onset (IV), 5 minutes; and duration, 120 minutes. Hydromorphone every 15 minutes achieved variable success in clinical trials. The effect delay of fentanyl IV is 16.4 minutes; relative onset, 2 minutes; and duration, 7 minutes. One randomized controlled trial used fentanyl 0.1 µg/kg IV every 5 minutes. Conclusions: Further integration of opioid PK-PD into acutepain protocols is possible. One opioid should not be deemed more effective but rather titrated to effect. Morphine and hydromorphone can be titrated IV every 5 minutes until adequate pain control. Fentanyl can be titrated every 3 minutes.
Assessment of the Quality of Chronic Anticoagulation Control With Time in Therapeutic Range in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Treated With Vitamin K Antagonists by Hemostasis Specialists: The TERRA Registry: Tiempo en rango en la República Argentina
Authors: Tajer Carlos , Ceresetto José , Bottaro Federico Jorge , Martí Alejandra , Casey Marcelo
Published: January 2016

Background:

Oral anticoagulation therapy with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) such as warfarin and acenocoumarol is recommended in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and risk factors for embolism. The quality of anticoagulation control with VKA may be assessed by the time in therapeutic range (TTR). In our country, there are no data available about the quality of anticoagulation in patients with AF. The primary goal of our study was to assess the level of effective anticoagulation in a multicenter network of anticoagulation clinics in Argentina, which included patients with nonvalvular AF (NVAF) treated with VKA oral anticoagulants.

Methods:

The TERRA trial is a multicenter, cross-sectional study involving 14 anticoagulation clinics that were invited to participate and recruit 100 consecutive patients with NVAF treated with VKA for more than 1 year. The international normalized ratio (INR) values were retrospectively obtained from patient charts, and TTR was calculated using the Rosendaal method.

Results:

A total of 1190 patients were included in the analysis. Mean age was 74.9 ± 9.9 years, and 52.5% of the patients were male. Median TTR was 67.5% (interquartile interval 54-80). During 55% of the TTR, INR was >3. Interinstitution variability was substantial, with a range of 57.7% ± 17% to 87.7% ± 17%, P < .001. The 10th percentile of TTR was 41%, the 20th percentile was 50%, the 30th was 58%, and the 35th percentile was 60%. In 40% of patients, TTR was <70%.

Conclusion:

In this multicenter study, mean TTR values in patients with AF under VKA were similar to those in international therapeutic clinical trials (55%-65%). Marked variations among institutions were observed and, although average results obtained were high, one third of the patients exhibited a TTR below 60%. This cutoff value is conservative according to current recommendations, and guidelines suggest that when management with VKA cannot be improved, patients should be switched to direct oral anticoagulants. The addition of TTR calculation to clinical practice may help improve the quality of oral anticoagulation in patients with AF, thus improving anticoagulation outcomes.
Rs5918ITGB3 Polymorphism, Smoking, and BMI as Risk Factors for Early Onset and Recurrence of DVT in Young Women
Authors: Komsa-Penkova Regina , Golemanov Georgi , Tsankov Boris , Ivanov Petar , Beshev Lyubomir , Tonchev Pencho
Published: January 2016

Objective:

To evaluate the contribution of rs5918ITGB3 on the incidence and recurrence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in women and the relationship with body mass index (BMI) and smoking and to compare with data in men.

Results:

Rs5918(C) polymorphism in ITGB3 gene was assessed in 224 patients diagnosed with DVT and 216 controls. Thrombophilic genetic variant rs5918(C) was significantly pronounced in women (χ2 =7.565, P = .008) and total patients (χ2 = 9.266, P = .002) but not in men. Women patients (<45 years) who were carriers of rs5918ITGB3 polymorphism had an early onset of DVT (34.5 vs 39.4 years, χ2 = 7.027, P = .008) as analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and a higher risk of the recurrent event (χ2 = 3.405, odds ratio = 2.581, P = .044). The period before recurrent venous thromboembolism event was related to smoking status and BMI in young female who were carriers of rs5918 polymorphism but not in the males.

Conclusions:

Carriage of genetic variant rs5918(C) polymorphism in ITGB3 gene in women contributes to higher risk of single and recurrent DVT events at younger age.
Endorsement of Traditional Male Role Norms and Marital Adjustment among Turkish Men
Authors: Kalkan Melek , Odacı Hatice
Published: January 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between married men’s level of male role norms and their level of marital adjustment. Male role norms were examined as predictors of marital adjustment in Turkish married men using a Turkish version of the Marital Adjustment Scale and the Male Role Norms Inventory. Academic and managerial staff from Ondokuz Mayıs University participated in the research. The study sample consisted of 183 male participants, all of whom had been married to a member of the opposite sex for at least one year. The correlations among the study variables indicate that avoidance of femininity, restrictive emotionality, aggression, achievement status, self-reliance, and attitudes toward sex are significantly related to marital adjustment. Additionally, the results reveal that male role norms are a predictor of marital adjustment. We conclude that marital adjustment is determined by avoidance of femininity, restrictive emotionality, aggression, achievement status, and attitudes toward sex.
Evaluation of mechanical properties of sandwich structures with polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride core
Authors: Garay André C , Souza Jeferson A , Amico Sandro C
Published: January 2016

Sandwich structures are comprised of two external faces/skins (usually made of synthetic fiber/resin) and a core, being lightweight and with high stiffness. These structures when based on a foam core are commonly processed using liquid molding techniques. In this study, the light resin transfer molding process is used to inject the polymeric resin (vinyl ester) into the porous cavity between the impermeable core and the mold walls. The main goal of the present work is to study the effect of different types of cores (polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate) and faces (glass fiber cloths or mats) on the mechanical characteristics of the sandwich structures. Specimens were subjected to flexural, flatwise and edgewise compression, and Shore-D hardness testing. General comparison between the different core materials indicated higher flatwise compressive, flatwise tensile and shear strength of the PVC. However, the effect of the core on the properties of the sandwich structure, e.g. flatwise compressive and edgewise compressive strength, was much less evident.
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex With Cutaneous Lesions
Authors: Kollipara Ramya , Richards Kristen , Tschen Jaime , Campbell Lauren , Tyring Stephen , Mays Steven
Published: January 2016

Background:

Although most commonly encountered in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is becoming more common in patients receiving immunosuppressive medications. Disseminated MAC with skin lesions may occur, and several presentations have been reported, including panniculitis, cutaneous granulomas, pustules, ulcerations, and erythematous skin lesions.

Objectives:

The objective of this report is to describe an unusual presentation of MAC that is unlikely to be encountered frequently in the outpatient dermatology setting, especially in a patient without human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Methods:

The authors present a case of disseminated MAC infection with cutaneous manifestations in an iatrogenically immunocompromised patient.

Conclusions:

Diagnosis of MAC infection is challenging given the varied clinical presentations and the difficulty in culturing MAC. In addition, the acid-fast stain is nonspecific. Clinicians should remember to consider MAC infection in patients with acid-fast-positive skin lesions, as the selection of appropriate antibiotic therapy is species specific.
Institutional change in a conflict setting: Afghanistan’s Environment Law
Authors: Johnson McKenzie F.
Published: January 2016

This article examines the development of Afghanistan’s Environment Law to explore the politics of institutional change in a conflict-affected context. Environment was catapulted to prominence in 2002 when it was included in the agenda for reconstruction under the new transitional government. Subsequent efforts to reconstitute Afghanistan’s environmental institutions culminated in the Environment Law written by the United Nations Environment Programme and other international actors, with input from the Government of Afghanistan. The Environment Law was crafted as a model of best practice, intended to modernize Afghanistan’s legislative foundation. However, it experienced significant content drift during the ratification process. As a result, the Environment Law produced institutions that differed in important ways from those initially proposed. Capitalizing on changes made during ratification, I analyze how actors across governance scales interact to translate development models from international to domestic policy spaces. I draw on both structure- and agent-oriented explanations to argue that changes to the Environment Law reflect attempts to increase structural complementarity between global and local systems of governance and cross-scalar contests over authority in the post/conflict landscape. The data suggest that interactions between domestic and international domains provided an opportunity to challenge institutional meaning and content. Ultimately, exploring how global models are incorporated within local contexts provides explanatory power for understanding institutional development. This is important in conflict studies, where the expansion of security theory to include issues like environment has provided new opportunities for strategic intervention by international actors in managing global conflict and its aftermath.
Has the London 2012 Olympic Inspire programme inspired a generation? A realist view
Authors: Girginov Vassil
Published: January 2016

The organisers of the 2012 London Olympics have endeavoured explicitly to use the Games to inspire a generation. This is nothing short of putting the main claim of Olympism to the test, but surprisingly the Inspire project has received virtually no scholarly scrutiny. Using an educationally-informed view of inspiration, this paper interrogates the official evaluations of the London 2012 Inspire programme from a realist evaluation perspective and asks what are the theory, mechanisms and outcomes of the programme. It also considers the relationship between evidence, research and policy making in the context of the Olympic Games as an educational project. It is contended that the official evaluations of the Inspire programme failed to provide answers to the key questions of why, how and under what conditions the programme effects have occurred and for whom. In this way they further perpetuate the mythical powers of the Olympics to change young people’s behaviour through sport on the basis of highly problematic evidence.
A grounded theoretical approach to understanding innovation in destination marketing organizations
Authors: Zavattaro Staci M , Daspit Joshua J
Published: January 2016

As competition for scarce resources increases, cities are turning toward marketing strategies to attract economic and social development. Innovation is a key component of success for destination marketing organizations (DMOs), but there is a need for additional empirical and theoretical development. Findings from this research based on analysis of interviews with 12 DMO leaders illuminate the need for (1) an innovation-centered organizational culture, (2) the ability to use external stakeholders as knowledge sources, and (3) the ability to use and develop knowledge internally. An organizational capabilities perspective is used to understand these influences. The results offer managers a road map for successful innovation implementation and benefit researchers by providing clarity into the antecedents of the innovation capability with the DMO context.
Online wavelet least-squares support vector machine fuzzy predictive control for engine lambda regulation
Authors: Wong Pak Kin , Wong Hang Cheong , Vong Chi Man , Wong Ka In
Published: January 2016

A novel online wavelet least-squares support machine fuzzy predictive control for engine lambda regulation is presented in this article. The prediction model of the proposed online wavelet least-squares support machine fuzzy predictive control is built and updated with a newly proposed modelling algorithm, namely, online wavelet least-squares support machines. The proposed online wavelet least-squares support machine adopts wavelet function that can inherit the local analysis ability and feature extraction from the wavelet transformation, as well as a novel online incremental and decremental updating procedure that can maintain the built prediction model to be accurate, sparse and updated without losing the generalization by continually adding the latest useful data and pruning out the outdated data. Besides, an advanced fuzzy optimizer is proposed to determine the optimal control signal for the online wavelet least-squares support machine fuzzy predictive control, which is faster than the traditional optimizers. The proposed online wavelet least-squares support machine fuzzy predictive control was implemented on a real performance test car and compared with the latest lambda control techniques based on various modelling algorithms, optimizers, updating procedure and support vector kernel for evaluating the effectiveness. The experimental results show that the proposed online wavelet least-squares support machine fuzzy predictive control is a promising scheme for lambda regulation.
Signs of social change on the bodies of youth: tattoos in Korea
Authors: Park Judy
Published: January 2016

The Korean word for tattoo is munshin, meaning ‘letters engraved on the body’. Munshins could only be seen on Korean gangsters just a few decades ago, but today, increasingly more young Korean people are getting fashionable tattoos like a butterfly or a cross on easily visible parts of their body. The aim of this article is to examine the changing tattoo culture in Korea and find out what it reveals about Korean society, South Korean attitudes about individualism, globalization and modernity, and how these attitudes are related to local and global issues. Based on discourse analysis, field research and interviews, the results indicate that tattoos on the bodies of Korean youth are a fashion statement, expression of self and signs of social change. As the country develops economically and makes further global advancements, Korean society is changing towards expression of individuality, a higher interest in appearance and stronger competition.