bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF POLISH AGRICULTURE IN THE LIGHT OF THE CAP IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Wigier Marek
Published: August 2016

Agricultural policy in Poland supports the functioning of numerous types of agriculture, including the model-based one: traditional, industrial, environmental, induced development and sustainable growth. The CAP objectives and mechanisms, as well as individual characteristics of Polish agriculture indicate that in the long run its pattern should be based on the dual model. Certain farms, while maintaining the basic requirements of environmental protection, should implement production methods ensuring high economic viability (industrial agriculture); other farms should base their development on methods more ecosystem-friendly, which enable the use of the environmental and social and cultural assets at hand (sustainable agriculture). This article defines the most important development stages of global agriculture, indicates the connection between the necessity of State’s intervention-based policy and sustainable development, presents selected characteristics of Polish agriculture with an analysis of the most important effects of implementing the CAP and illustrates the conclusions concerning the shape of the future long-term agricultural policy in Poland.
Preoperative risk factors of malnutrition for cardiac surgery patients
Authors: Ringaitienė Donata , Gineitytė Dalia , Vicka Vaidas , Žvirblis Tadas , Šipylaitė Jūratė , Irnius Algimantas , Ivaškevičius Juozas
Published: July 2016

Background. Malnutrition (MN) is prevalent in cardiac surgery, but there are no specific preoperative risk factors of MN. The aim of this study is to assess the clinically relevant risk factors of MN for cardiac surgery patients.
Materials and methods. The nutritional state of the patients was evaluated one day prior to surgery using a bioelectrical impedance analysis phase angle (PA). Two groups of patients were generated according to low PA: malnourished and well nourished. Risk factors of MN were divided into three clinically relevant groups: psychosocial and lifestyle factors, laboratory findings and disease-associated factors. Variables in each different group were entered into separate multivariate logistic regression models.
Results. A total of 712 patients were included in the study. The majority of them were 65-year old men after a CABG procedure. Low PA was present in 22.9% (163) of patients. The analysis of disease-related factors of MN revealed the importance of heart functions (NYHA IV class OR: 3.073, CI95%: 1.416–6.668, p = 0.007), valve pathology (OR: 1.825, CI95%: 1.182–2.819, p = 0.007), renal insufficiency (OR: 4.091, CI95%: 1.995–8.389, p
The Paradigmatic Evolution of U.S. Television and the Emergence of Internet-Distributed Television
Authors: Lotz Amanda D.
Published: July 2016

Las industrias de televisión de todo el mundo han resistido al profundo cambio que las tecnologías avanzadas y los servicios desarrollados que facilitan la distribución de television por Internet suponen como competencia de la distribución de televisión abierta y por cable. Este artículo, partiendo del contexto de los Estados Unidos, explora la aparición de la televisión distribuída por internet como un mecanismo que habilita y ofrece la distribución no lineal. Evalúa la organización inicial de la televisión distribuida por internet a través del análisis de portales y explora las similitudes y diferencias entre estos portales y las redes y canales, poniendo el foco en la conceptualización de las prácticas y estrategias de negocio emergentes.
Synovial Sarcoma in the Foot of a 5-Year-Old Child
Authors: Lepow Gary M. , Grimmer Daniel L. , Lemar Onya V. , Bridges Evan A.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this case report is to present a rare finding of synovial sarcoma in a 5-year-old child. Most soft-tissue masses of the foot are too often presumed to be small and benign; therefore, compared with soft-tissue sarcomas, they are difficult to clinically differentiate and treat. A 5-year-old girl presented with a painful lesion that was diagnosed as synovial sarcoma after an excisional biopsy was performed. This was an unexpected finding of synovial sarcoma involving the tibialis posterior tendon of her right foot. The patient presented with an 8-month history of tenderness and an antalgic gait. We would like to encourage that all soft-tissue tumors of the foot be preoperatively evaluated with the aid of diagnostic imaging so that a well-planned biopsy assessment can be performed, with adequate margins excised.
Building Effective Partnerships Between Vascular Surgeons and Podiatric Physicians in the Effective Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Authors: Wu Timothy , Chaer Rabih A. ,   on behalf of the Society for Vascular Surgery Young Surgeons Committee, Salvo Nichol L. ,   on behalf of the American Podiatric Medical Association Young Physicians' Leadership Panel
Published: August 2016

Both vascular surgeons and podiatric physicians care for patients with diabetic foot ulcerations (DFUs), one of today's most challenging health-care populations in the United States. The prevalence of DFUs has steadily increased, along with the rising costs associated with care. Because of the numerous comorbidities affecting these patients, it is necessary to take a multidisciplinary approach in the management of these patients. Such efforts, primarily led by podiatric physicians and vascular surgeons, have been shown to effectively decrease major limb loss. Establishing an interprofessional partnership between vascular surgery and podiatric medicine can lead to an improvement in the delivery of care and outcomes of this vulnerable patient population.
Active tuning of epsilon-near-zero point of hyperbolic metamaterial at visible and near-infrared regimes
Authors: Wang Hao , Zhao Hua , Su Hang , Hu Guangwei , Zhang Jingwen
Published: August 2016

An active method of continuously tuning the effective permittivity of a hyperbolic metamaterial at visible and near-infrared spectra is introduced in this letter. A transparent conducting oxide, whose optical properties can be altered accurately by applying an external voltage, is inserted into a traditional metal–dielectric multilayer structure to increase the degree of freedom for tuning the epsilon-near-zero point by shifting the topological transition point. The tuning effect is explained in detail by combining the relationship between permittivity and voltage with wavevector analysis. This may promote other active applications of hyperbolic metamaterials and ultrafast tunable optoelectronic devices.
Synthesis of calcium oxalate crystals in culture medium irradiated with non-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasma
Authors: Kurake Naoyuki , Tanaka Hiromasa , Ishikawa Kenji , Nakamura Kae , Kajiyama Hiroaki , Kikkawa Fumitaka , Mizuno Masaaki , Yamanishi Yoko , Hori Masaru
Published: August 2016

Octahedral particulates several tens of microns in size were synthesized in a culture medium irradiated through contact with a plume of non-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasma (NEAPP). The particulates were identified in the crystalline phase as calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD). The original medium contained constituents such as NaCl, d-glucose, CaCl2, and NaHCO3 but not oxalate or oxalic acid. The oxalate was clearly synthesized and crystallized in the medium as thermodynamically unstable COD crystals after the NEAPP irradiation.
Analysis of line-and-space resist patterns with sub-20 nm half-pitch fabricated using high-numerical-aperture exposure tool of extreme ultraviolet lithography
Authors: Kozawa Takahiro , Santillan Julius Joseph , Itani Toshiro
Published: August 2016

The resolution of resist processes for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography has been steadily improved and has reached the sub-20 nm half-pitch region. Currently, the resist materials capable of resolving 11 nm half-pitch line-and-space patterns are being developed in industrial fields. In this study, the line-and-space resist patterns with sub-20 nm half-pitches were fabricated using a high-numerical-aperture (NA) EUV exposure tool and analyzed by the Monte Carlo simulation. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of resist patterns after their development were compared with the latent images calculated on the basis of the sensitization and reaction mechanisms of chemically amplified EUV resists. The approximate relationship between resist patterns and latent images was clarified for the sub-20 nm half-pitch region. For the realization of 11 nm half-pitch fabrication, the suppression of the stochastic effects in the development process is an important consideration.
Sinai 357
Authors: Wilson-Wright Aren Max
Published: August 2016

Although Sinai 357 is one of the longest and best-preserved early alphabetic inscriptions from Serabit el-Khadem, these characteristics have not made it any easier to interpret. Most scholars read it as a command from a mining foreman to one of his subordinates, but this reading creates logical and contextual problems. To avoid these problems, I read Sinai 357 as a votive inscription to the Hurrian deity Teššob that employs language similar to first-millennium Northwest Semitic dedicatory inscriptions. Such a reading reflects cultural and linguistic contact between speakers of Egyptian, Hurrian, and a Northwest Semitic language at the site of Serabit el-Khadem.
Swimming against the Current
Authors: Sahner Christian C.
Published: August 2016

This article explores Muslim conversion to Christianity using a body of hagio-graphical sources in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, and Latin. Through these lives of Christian martyrs, the article seeks to understand why Muslims undertook the surprising journey from “mosque to church” in the early centuries after the conquests. Many studies of Islamization are teleological, aiming to explain the large-scale conversion of the Middle East by the end of the Crusades. In contrast, this article aims to show why Islamization—especially in the Umayyad and early ʿAbbāsid periods—could be highly contingent, even fragile, at a time when Muslims formed a numerical minority in many regions under their control.
Rethinking the Taqlīd Hegemony
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed Fekry
Published: August 2016

The primary and secondary sources of Islamic law often assume a binary distinction between ijtihād and taqlīd, ignoring a third level of engagement with the sources, which was conceptualized by some jurists as forming a distinct category. In this article I discuss the evolution of the terms ijtihād, taqlīd, and ittibāʿ, using a conceptual-historical approach (Begriffsgeschichte). I argue that the use of taqlīd to mean “precedent-following” did not emerge as a technical term until after the time of al-Shāfiʿī (d. 204/820). The distinction between precedent-following (taqlīd) and verifiable-following (ittibāʿ) did not appear in legal discourse until the time of Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal (d. 241/855). I also demonstrate that there were three approaches to these terms in legal discourse after the time of Ibn Ḥanbal, with three groups of jurists defining them in ways that advanced their different visions of law-making. I conclude with a discussion of the debate over the meanings of these terms in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Eine buddhistische Kritik der indischen Götter: Śaṃkarasvāmins Devātiśayastotra mit Prajñāvarmans Kommentar. Nach dem tibetischen Tanjur herausgegeben und übersetzt. By Johannes Schneider
Authors: Pecchia Christina
Published: August 2016

Eine buddhistische Kritik der indischen Götter: Śaṃkarasvāmins Devātiśayastotra mit Prajñāvarmans Kommentar. Nach dem tibetischen Tanjur herausgegeben und übersetzt. By Johannes Schneider. Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde, vol. 81. Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universität Wien, 2014. Pp. viii + 195. €18.
Front Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: August 2016

Front matter
Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of 99.9% Pure Copper Processed via Selective Electron Beam Melting
Authors: Raab Sebastian J. , Guschlbauer Ralf , Lodes Matthias A. , Körner Carolin
Published: August 2016

This paper investigates the physical properties of 99.91% pure copper produced by Additive Manufacturing via selective electron beam melting (SEBM). Eddy current measurements and laser flash analyses are used to determine the electrical and the thermal conductivity. Electrical and thermal conductivity follow the Wiedemann‐Franz law. The correlation of conductivities and porosity shows that 99.95 % dense components with nearly optimal conductivities (σ = 55.82 MS m–1 and λ = 400.1 W m–1 K–1) can be fabricated with SEBM. The small deviation from the theoretical maximum of copper (59.7 MS m–1) can be explained by the characteristics of the raw material and chemical impurities.
Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al/Mg/Al Composite Sheets Fabricated by Roll Bonding
Authors: Zheng Haipeng , Yang Jinliang , Wu Ruizhi , Wang Tianzi , Ma Xudong , Hou Legan , Zhang Milin , Betsofen Sergey , Krit Boris
Published: August 2016

Al1070/Mg–3Al–1Zn (AZ31)/Al1070 laminated sheets are prepared by roll bonding method. The microstructure and mechanical properties after rolling and annealing are investigated. The layer of Al3Mg2 forms at the interface after annealing at 250 °C, and the thickness increases with the increase of annealing temperature. It weakens the bonding strength of the laminated sheets. In addition, during tensile testing, the delamination happens, except for the specimen annealed at 200 °C. With the increase of annealing temperature, the dimension of the delamination part increase gradually. The laminated sheets annealed at 250 °C possess the best comprehensive properties.
Polyfluorinated Electrolyte for Fully Printed Carbon Nanotube Electronics
Authors: Li Huaping , Tang Yifan , Guo Wenmin , Liu Hongyu , Zhou Lili , Smolinski Nina
Published: August 2016

Flexible electronics with highly thermal stability and mechanical strength are highly needed in advanced transportation systems. Semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes are one of the leading active materials for such thin film transistors because they are printable, flexible, thermally stable, and mechanically strong. Dielectrics with large capacitance are another major component, and polymer electrolytes are printed for flexible electronics, but they suffer from poor mechanical strength and low operating temperature. Here, a transparent, mechanically flexible, and thermally stable polyfluorinated electrolyte (PFE) is developed with high capacitance by curing printed polyfluorinated resin (PFR) and ionic liquid composite at high temperature. PFE inherits the mechanical flexibility and thermal stability from PFR. The immobilized ionic liquid inside the porous structures of PFE accounts for the high capacitance. With top‐gated PFE, fully printed electronically pure single‐chirality (6,5) single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) exhibit air stable, consistent, and reliable ambipolar characteristics with high transconductance (1 mS) and small subthreshold swing (<0.15 V dec−1) at low voltage in ambient air for p‐type and n‐type carriers, and >105 ON/OFF current ratio for both carriers under low operation voltage.
Tailoring Surface Acidity of Metal Oxide for Better Polysulfide Entrapment in Li‐S Batteries
Authors: Wang Xiwen , Gao Tao , Fan Xiulin , Han Fudong , Wu Yiqing , Zhang Zhian , Li Jie , Wang Chunsheng
Published: August 2016

The polysulfide shuttle reaction has severely limited practical applications of Li‐S batteries. Recently, functional materials that can chemically adsorb polysulfide show significant enhancement in cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency. However, the mechanism of the chemisorption and the control factors governing the chemisorption are still not fully understood. Here, it is demonstrated for the first time that the surface acidity of the host material plays a crucial role in the chemisorption of polysulfide. By tailoring the surface acidity of TiO2 via heteroatom doping, the polysulfide‐TiO2 interaction can be fortified and thus significantly the capacity fading be reduced to 0.04% per cycle. The discovery presented here sheds light on the mechanism of this interfacial phenomenon, and opens a new avenue that can lead to a practical sulfur/host composite cathode.
Synthesis of Ultrathin, Homogeneous Copolymer Dielectrics to Control the Threshold Voltage of Organic Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Pak Kwanyong , Seong Hyejeong , Choi Junhwan , Hwang Wan Sik , Im Sung Gap
Published: August 2016

This work demonstrates that threshold voltage (VT) of organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) can be controlled systematically by introducing new copolymer dielectrics with electropositive functionality. A series of homogeneous copolymer dielectrics are polymerized from two monomers, 1,3,5‐trimethyl‐1,3,5‐trivinyl cyclotrisiloxane (V3D3) and 1‐vinylimidazole (VI), via initiated chemical vapor deposition. The chemical composition of the copolymer dielectrics is exquisitely controlled to tune the VT of C60 OTFTs. In particular, all the copolymer dielectrics demonstrated in this work exhibit extremely low leakage current densities (lower than 2.5 × 10−8 A cm−2 at ±3 MV cm−1) even with a thickness less than 23 nm. Furthermore, by introducing an ultrathin pV3D3 interfacial layer (about 3 nm) between the copolymer dielectrics and C60 semiconductor, the high mobility of the C60 OTFTs (about 1 cm2 V−1 s−1) remains unperturbed, showing that VT can be controlled independently by tuning the composition of the copolymer dielectrics. Coupled with the ultralow dielectric thickness, the independent VT controllability allows the VT to be aligned near 0 V with sub‐3 V operating voltage, which enables a substantial decrease of device power consumption. The suggested method can be employed widely to enhance device performance and reduce power consumption in various organic integrated circuit applications.
Urchin‐Like CoSe2 as a High‐Performance Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Kai , Park Mihui , Zhou Limin , Lee Gi‐Hyeok , Li Weijie , Kang Yong‐Mook , Chen Jun
Published: August 2016

Urchin‐like CoSe2 assembled by nanorods has been synthesized via simple solvothermal route and has been first applied as an anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) with ether‐based electrolytes. The CoSe2 delivers excellent sodiation and desodiation properties when using 1 m NaCF3SO3 in diethyleneglycol dimethylether as an electrolyte and cycling between 0.5 and 3.0 V. A high discharge capacity of 0.410 Ah g−1 is obtained at 1 A g−1 after 1800 cycles, corresponding to a capacity retention of 98.6% calculated from the 30th cycle. Even at an ultrahigh rate of 50 A g−1, the capacity still maintains 0.097 Ah g−1. The reaction mechanism of the as‐prepared CoSe2 is also investigated. The results demonstrate that at discharged 1.56 V, insertion reaction occurs, while two conversion reactions take place at the second and third plateaus around 0.98 and 0.65 V. During the charge process, Co first reacts with Na2Se to form NaxCoSe2 and then turns back to CoSe2. In addition to Na/CoSe2 half cells, Na3V2(PO4)3/CoSe2 full cell with excessive amount of Na3V2(PO4)3 has been studied. The full cell exhibits a reversible capacity of 0.380 Ah g−1. This work definitely enriches the possibilities for anode materials for SIBs with high performance.
Catalytic Asymmetric Allylation of 3‐Aryloxindoles by Merging Palladium Catalysis and Asymmetric H‐Bonding Catalysis
Authors: Boucherif Amina , Duan Shu‐Wen , Yuan Zhi‐Guang , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: August 2016

A catalytic asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction of 3‐aryloxindoles was accomplished via a dual catalysis merging palladium catalysis and asymmetric H‐bonding catalysis for the first time. Using this approach, allylated oxindoles bearing chiral all‐carbon quaternary centers were produced in high yields with good enantioselectivities (up to 92 % yield and 96:4 er).

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Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Hydroarylation of Diphenylphosphorylallenes with Arylboronic Acids in the Presence of Sodium Hydroxide and Oxygen
Authors: Chen Yang , Ma Dong‐Mei , Ba Fei‐Fei , Sun Jing , Liu Tian , Zhu Lei , Zhou Ming‐Dong
Published: August 2016

The palladium(II)‐catalyzed hydroarylation of diphenylphosphorylallenes (via 1,2‐addition of the allenic double bond) with arylboronic acids in the presence of sodium hydroxide and oxygen is developed. The regioselectivities turn out to be well controlled, affording 2‐aryl‐3‐(diphenylphosphinyl)alkenes as the only product. Moreover, the stereoselectivities for reactions of γ‐substituted allenes can also be nicely controlled, resulting in the formation of Z‐alkenes. The reaction shows high substituent loading capability and tolerance of various substituents. A mechanism, including transmetalation of arylboronic acid with palladium halides, insertion of the 1,2‐allenic double bond to the Pd−Ar bond, and protonation to afford the final hydroarylation product is proposed.

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One‐Pot Quinine‐Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Chiral γ‐Keto Esters: Enantioenriched Precursors of cis‐α,γ‐Substituted‐γ‐Butyrolactones
Authors: Meninno Sara , Volpe Chiara , Lattanzi Alessandra
Published: August 2016

A highly enantioselective one‐pot synthesis of important building blocks, α‐chiral γ‐keto esters, has been developed by combining a quinine‐catalyzed Michael addition of malononitrile to trans‐enones followed by magnesium monoperoxyphthalate (MMPP) oxidation. These synthons proved to be useful reagents for a simple access to challenging cis‐α,γ‐disubstituted γ‐butyrolactones in good diastereoselectivity and high enantiocontrol.

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Boron Substituted Na3V2(P1−xBxO4)3 Cathode Materials with Enhanced Performance for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hu Pu , Wang Xiaofang , Wang Tianshi , Chen Lanli , Ma Jun , Kong Qingyu , Shi Siqi , Cui Guanglei
Published: August 2016

The development of excellent performance of Na‐ion batteries remains great challenge owing to the poor stability and sluggish kinetics of cathode materials. Herein, B substituted Na3V2P3–xBxO12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) as stable cathode materials for Na‐ion battery is presented. A combined experimental and theoretical investigations on Na3V2P3–xBxO12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) are undertaken to reveal the evolution of crystal and electronic structures and Na storage properties associated with various concentration of B. X‐ray diffraction results indicate that the crystal structure of Na3V2P3–xBxO12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1/3) consisted of rhombohedral Na3V2(PO4)3 with tiny shrinkage of crystal lattice. X‐ray absorption spectra and the calculated crystal structures all suggest that the detailed local structural distortion of substituted materials originates from the slight reduction of V–O distances. Na3V2P3‐1/6B1/6O12 significantly enhances the structural stability and electrochemical performance, giving remarkable enhanced capacity of 100 and 70 mAh g−1 when the C‐rate increases to 5 C and 10 C. Spin‐polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculation reveals that, as compared with the pristine Na3V2(PO4)3, the superior electrochemical performance of the substituted materials can be attributed to the emergence of new boundary states near the band gap, lower Na+ diffusion energy barriers, and higher structure stability.
Continuous reactive crystallization of pharmaceuticals using impinging jet mixers
Authors: Liu Wen J. , Ma Cai Y. , Liu Jing J. , Zhang Yang , Wang Xue Z.
Published: August 2016

For reactive crystallization of pharmaceuticals that show a rapid reaction rate, low solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredient and hence a large supersaturation, it was found in a recent study that a process design which integrates an impinging jet mixer and batch stirred tank produces high quality crystals. The current investigation examines if the short processing time of reactive crystallization permits the impinging jet mixer—stirred tank design to be modified to operate in a continuous mode. The new design combines an impinging jet mixer for feed introduction and reaction with a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and tubular reactor for crystal growth. A study of reactive crystallization of sodium cefuroxime (an antibiotic), using first a 1L CSTR then scaling to a 50L CSTR, found that the new design produces crystals of higher crystallinity, narrower particle size, and improved product stability, than batch crystallizers. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 967–974, 2017
Slot coating flows of non‐colloidal particle suspensions
Authors: Campana Diego M. , Valdez Silva Luis D. , Carvalho Marcio S.
Published: August 2016

Slot coating is used in the manufacturing of functional films, which rely on specific particle microstructure to achieve the desired performance. Final structure on the coated film is strongly dependent on the suspension flow during the deposition of the coating liquid and on the subsequent drying process. Fundamental understanding on how particles are distributed in the coated layer enables optimization of the process and quality of the produced films. The complex coating flow leads to shear‐induced particle migration and non‐uniform particle distribution. We study slot coating flow of non‐colloidal suspensions by solving the mass and momentum conservation equations coupled with a particle transport equation using the Galerkin/Finite element method. The results show that particle distribution in the coating bead and in the coated layer is non‐uniform and is strongly dependent on the imposed flow rate (wet thickness). © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1122–1131, 2017
Photonenenergie als dritte Dimension bei der Analyse der kristallographischen Textur
Authors: Grünewald Tilman A. , Rennhofer Harald , Tack Pieter , Garrevoet Jan , Wermeille Didier , Thompson Paul , Bras Wim , Vincze Laszlo , Lichtenegger Helga C.
Published: August 2016

Die herkömmliche Bestimmung der Kristallvorzugsorientierung (kristallographische Textur) beruht auf Röntgenbeugung mit Flächendetektoren und 2D‐Daten. Echte, ortsaufgelöste 3D‐Informationen erfordern eine Probendrehung im Strahl. Dabei wird das beleuchtete Volumen ständig verändert und das Streusignal verschmiert, was die Bestimmung komplexer Strukturen verhindert. Diese Einschränkung lässt sich mit energieauflösender Laue‐Beugung umgehen. Es wurde eine Methode entwickelt, um einen großen Teil des reziproken Raums abzudecken und aus der Energie der Röntgenphotonen die dritte Raumdimension zu errechnen. Das Verfahren wurde auf Kohlenstofffasern und Hummerpanzer, als Beispiel für biomineralisiertes Gewebe, angewendet. Das besondere Potenzial dieser Methode liegt darin, dass sie nur eine einzige Messung erfordert, sowie am direkten Erfassen von 3D‐Informationen ohne Vorwissen über die Probe. Das Verfahren ermöglicht daher das Abrastern großer Proben mit komplexer Struktur und eröffnet die konzeptuelle Möglichkeit, Texturänderungen in situ zu verfolgen, z. B. während Kristallisationsvorgängen.
Glyceride‐Mimetic Prodrugs Incorporating Self‐Immolative Spacers Promote Lymphatic Transport, Avoid First‐Pass Metabolism, and Enhance Oral Bioavailability
Authors: Hu Luojuan , Quach Tim , Han Sifei , Lim Shea F. , Yadav Preeti , Senyschyn Danielle , Trevaskis Natalie L. , Simpson Jamie S. , Porter Christopher J. H.
Published: August 2016

First‐pass hepatic metabolism can significantly limit oral drug bioavailability. Drug transport from the intestine through the lymphatic system, rather than the portal vein, circumvents first‐pass metabolism. However, the majority of drugs do not have the requisite physicochemical properties to facilitate lymphatic access. Herein, we describe a prodrug strategy that promotes selective transport through the intestinal lymph vessels and subsequent release of drug in the systemic circulation, thereby enhancing oral bioavailability. Using testosterone (TST) as a model high first‐pass drug, glyceride‐mimetic prodrugs incorporating self‐immolative (SI) spacers, resulted in remarkable increases (up to 90‐fold) in TST plasma exposure when compared to the current commercial product testosterone undecanoate (TU). This approach opens new opportunities for the effective development of drugs where oral delivery is limited by first‐pass metabolism and provides a new avenue to enhance drug targeting to intestinal lymphoid tissue.
A Biodegradable Polydopamine‐Derived Electrode Material for High‐Capacity and Long‐Life Lithium‐Ion and Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Sun Tao , Li Zong‐jun , Wang Heng‐guo , Bao Di , Meng Fan‐lu , Zhang Xin‐bo
Published: August 2016

Polydopamine (PDA), which is biodegradable and is derived from naturally occurring products, can be employed as an electrode material, wherein controllable partial oxidization plays a key role in balancing the proportion of redox‐active carbonyl groups and the structural stability and conductivity. Unexpectedly, the optimized PDA derivative endows lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) or sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) with superior electrochemical performances, including high capacities (1818 mAh g−1 for LIBs and 500 mAh g−1 for SIBs) and good stable cyclabilities (93 % capacity retention after 580 cycles for LIBs; 100 % capacity retention after 1024 cycles for SIBs), which are much better than those of their counterparts with conventional binders.
Template‐Directed Synthesis of Porous and Protective Core–Shell Bionanoparticles
Authors: Li Shaobo , Dharmarwardana Madushani , Welch Raymond P. , Ren Yixin , Thompson Christina M. , Smaldone Ronald A. , Gassensmith Jeremiah J.
Published: August 2016

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising high surface area coordination polymers with tunable pore structures and functionality; however, a lack of good size and morphological control over the as‐prepared MOFs has persisted as an issue in their application. Herein, we show how a robust protein template, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), can be used to regulate the size and shape of as‐fabricated MOF materials. We were able to obtain discrete rod‐shaped TMV@MOF core–shell hybrids with good uniformity, and their diameters could be tuned by adjusting the synthetic conditions, which can also significantly impact the stability of the core–shell composite. More interestingly, the virus particle underneath the MOF shell can be chemically modified using a standard bioconjugation reaction, showing mass transportation within the MOF shell.
Chemische Verzwilligung von Salz und Metall in den Subnitridometallaten Ba23Na11(MN4)4 mit M=V, Nb, Ta
Authors: Wörsching Matthias , Tambornino Frank , Datz Stefan , Hoch Constantin
Published: August 2016

Die Subnitridometallate Ba23Na11(MN4)4 (M=V, Nb, Ta) kristallisieren in einem neuen Strukturtyp, in dem sowohl ionische ortho‐Nitridometallat‐Anionen als auch Strukturmotive aus einfachen (inter)metallischen Packungen zu finden sind: Na‐zentrierte [Na8]‐Würfel als Ausschnitte aus der bcc‐Struktur von elementarem Natrium und Na‐zentrierte [Ba10Na2]‐Ikosaeder, wie sie z. B. in Laves‐Phasen vorkommen. Einkristall‐ und Pulverröntgenstrukturanalyse unterstreichen in Kombination mit quantenchemischen Berechnungen der elektronischen Struktur und Raman‐Spektroskopie den Charakter der Subnitridometallate als “chemische Zwillinge”. Sie weisen unabhängige Strukturbausteine mit lokal überwiegend entweder ionischer oder metallischer Bindung in einer insgesamt metallischen Verbindung auf.
Importance of a Fluorine Substituent for the Preparation of meta‐ and para‐Pentafluoro‐λ6‐sulfanyl‐Substituted Pyridines
Authors: Kosobokov Mikhail , Cui Benqiang , Balia Andrii , Matsuzaki Kohei , Tokunaga Etsuko , Saito Norimichi , Shibata Norio
Published: August 2016

Although there are ways to synthesize ortho‐pentafluoro‐λ6‐sulfanyl (SF5) pyridines, meta‐ and para‐SF5‐substituted pyridines are rare. We disclose herein a general route for their synthesis. The fundamental synthetic approach is the same as reported methods for ortho‐SF5‐substituted pyridines and SF5‐substituted arenes, that is, oxidative chlorotetrafluorination of the corresponding disulfides to give pyridylsulfur chlorotetrafluorides (SF4Cl‐pyridines), followed by chloride/fluoride exchange with fluorides. However, the trick in this case is the presence on the pyridine ring of at least one fluorine atom, which is essential for the successful transformation of the disulfides into m‐and p‐SF5‐pyridines. After enabling the synthesis of an SF5‐substituted pyridine, ortho‐F groups can be efficiently substituted by C, N, S, and O nucleophiles through an SNAr pathway. This methodology provides access to a variety of previously unavailable SF5‐substituted pyridine building blocks.
Contrasting Frustrated Lewis Pair Reactivity with Selenium‐ and Boron‐Based Lewis Acids
Authors: Wilkins Lewis C. , Günther Benjamin A. R. , Walther Melanie , Lawson James R. , Wirth Thomas , Melen Rebecca L.
Published: August 2016

The activation of π‐bonds in diynyl esters has been investigated by using soft and hard Lewis acids. In the case of the soft selenium Lewis acid PhSeCl, sequential activation of the alkyne bonds leads initially to an isocoumarin (1 equiv PhSeCl) and then to a tetracyclic conjugated structure with the isocoumarin subunit fused to a benzoselenopyran (3 equiv PhSeCl). Conversely, the reaction with the hard Lewis acidic borane B(C6F5)3 initiates a cascade reaction to yield a complex π‐conjugated system containing phthalide and indene subunits.
Branched Arylalkenes from Cinnamates: Selectivity Inversion in Heck Reactions by Carboxylates as Deciduous Directing Groups
Authors: Tang Jie , Hackenberger Dagmar , Goossen Lukas J.
Published: August 2016

A decarboxylative Mizoroki–Heck coupling of aryl halides with cinnamic acids has been developed in which the carboxylate group directs the arylation into its β‐position before being tracelessly removed through protodecarboxylation. In the presence of a copper/palladium catalyst, both electron‐rich and electron‐deficient aryl bromides and chlorides bearing numerous functionalities were successfully coupled with broadly available cinnamates, with selective formation of 1,1‐disubstituted alkenes. This reaction concept, in which the carboxylate acts as a deciduous directing group, ideally complements traditional 1,2‐selective Heck reactions of styrenes.
Identifying potential “breakthrough” publications using refined citation analyses: Three related explorative approaches
Authors: Schneider Jesper W. , Costas Rodrigo
Published: August 2016

The article presents three advanced citation‐based methods used to detect potential breakthrough articles among very highly cited articles. We approach the detection of such articles from three different perspectives in order to provide different typologies of breakthrough articles. In all three cases we use the hierarchical classification of scientific publications developed at CWTS based on direct citation relationships. We assume that such contextualized articles focus on similar research interests. We utilize the characteristics scores and scales (CSS) approach to partition citation distributions and implement a specific filtering algorithm to sort out potential highly‐cited “followers,” articles not considered breakthroughs. After invoking thresholds and filtering, three methods are explored: A very exclusive one where only the highest cited article in a micro‐cluster is considered as a potential breakthrough article (M1); as well as two conceptually different methods, one that detects potential breakthrough articles among the 2% highest cited articles according to CSS (M2a), and finally a more restrictive version where, in addition to the CSS 2% filter, knowledge diffusion is also considered (M2b). The advance citation‐based methods are explored and evaluated using validated publication sets linked to different Danish funding instruments including centers of excellence.
Propensity score-based analysis of outcomes of laparoscopic versus open liver resection for colorectal metastases
Authors: Cipriani F , Rawashdeh M , Stanton L , Armstrong T , Takhar A , Pearce N W , Primrose J , Abu Hilal M
Published: August 2016

Background

There is a need for high-level evidence regarding the added value of laparoscopic (LLR) compared with open (OLR) liver resection. The aim of this study was to compare the surgical and oncological outcomes of patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) undergoing LLR and OLR using propensity score matching to minimize bias.

Methods

This was a single-centre retrospective study using a prospective database of patients undergoing liver resection for CRLM between August 2004 and April 2015. Co-variates selected for matching included: number and size of lesions, tumour location, extent and number of resections, phase of surgical experience, location and lymph node status of primary tumour, perioperative chemotherapy, unilobar or bilobar disease, synchronous or metachronous disease. Prematching and postmatching analyses were compared. Surgical and oncological outcomes were analysed.

Results

Some 176 patients undergoing LLR and 191 having OLR were enrolled. After matching, 133 patients from each group were compared. At prematching analysis, patients in the LLR group showed a longer overall survival (OS) and higher R0 rate than those in the OLR group (P = 0·047 and P = 0·030 respectively). Postmatching analyses failed to confirm these results, showing similar OS and R0 rate between the LLR and OLR group (median OS: 55·2 versus 65·3 months respectively, hazard ratio 0·70 (95 per cent c.i. 0·42 to 1·05; P = 0·082); R0 rate: 92·5 versus 86·5 per cent, P = 0·186). The 5-year OS rate was 62·5 (95 per cent c.i. 45·5 to 71·5) per cent) for OLR and 64·3 (48·2 to 69·5) per cent for LLR. Longer duration of surgery, lower blood loss and morbidity, and shorter postoperative stay were found for LLR on postmatching analysis.

Conclusion

Propensity score matching showed that LLR for CRLM may provide R0 resection rates and long-term OS comparable to those for OLR, with lower blood loss and morbidity, and shorter postoperative hospital stay.
Propensity score-matched analysis of robotic versus open surgical enucleation for small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: Tian F , Hong X-F , Wu W-M , Han X-L , Wang M-Y , Cong L , Dai M-H , Liao Q , Zhang T-P , Zhao Y-P
Published: August 2016

Background

Enucleation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) via robotic surgery has rarely been described. This study sought to assess the safety and efficiency of robotic surgery for the enucleation of small pNETs.

Methods

A comparison was conducted of enucleation of pNETs smaller than 2 cm by robotic or open surgery between January 2000 and May 2015. Propensity score matching was used to balance sex, age, BMI, tumour location and tumour diameter. Pathological results, safety-related outcomes (postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) rate, estimated blood loss, and short-term mortality and morbidity) and efficiency-related outcomes (duration of surgery and postoperative length of hospital stay) were compared between the groups.

Results

A cohort of 120 patients with pNET were enrolled in the study (1 : 1 matched for open or robotic surgery, 60 per group). Ninety-three patients (77·5 per cent) had a grade 1 tumour and 114 (95·0 per cent) had an insulinoma. Robotic surgery had a conversion rate of 5 per cent (3 of 60), and was not associated with an increased POPF rate (10 per cent versus 17 per cent after open surgery; P = 0·283) or grade III–V surgical complications according to the Dindo–Clavien classification (3 versus 10 per cent respectively; P = 0·272). Estimated blood loss was reduced with the robotic approach (32·5 versus 80·0 ml in the open group; P = 0·008), as was duration of surgery (117 versus 150 min; P < 0·001). Length of hospital stay after surgery was similar in the two groups (12·0 versus 13·5 days respectively; P = 0·071).

Conclusion

Robotic surgery for enucleation of pNETs smaller than 2 cm did not increase POPF or major complication rates, and reduced the duration of surgery and estimated blood loss, compared with open surgery. Registration number: NCT02125929 (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/).
Mandarin functional MRI Language paradigms
Authors: Ci He , van Graan Andre , Gonzálvez Gloria , Thompson Pamela , Hill Andrea , Duncan John S.
Published: August 2016

Objective

The objective of this study was to implement convenient, fast, and accurate Mandarin task paradigms for functional MRI, and to locate the Chinese language functional areas in frontal and temporal lobes.

Materials and Methods

Nineteen healthy Chinese volunteers participated in this study, which utilized a block design with four language tasks: auditory naming (AN), picture naming (PN), verbal fluency‐character (VFC), and verbal fluency‐letter (VFL). All functional images were preprocessed by SPM 8, followed by first‐ and second‐level analyses and lateralization index calculation.

Results

Group analyses showed that for AN and PN, maximal responses were located in the right superior temporal gyrus. The picture naming‐scrambled pictures and faces contrast gave maximal responses in the left fusiform gyrus; VFC in the left middle frontal gyrus and the left superior frontal gyrus. For VFL the maximal response was in the left superior temporal gyrus. There was some inconsistency of activations for individual subjects. At a threshold of Z > 2.5, 10 voxels extent, activations were seen in >50% subjects for AN in the right superior temporal gyrus, the right middle frontal gyrus, and the left middle temporal gyrus, for PN in the right superior temporal gyrus and for picture naming‐scrambled pictures and faces in left inferior frontal gyrus. As a group, the lateralization index of all contrasts were left hemisphere dominant in the frontal lobes. In the temporal lobe, the hemispheric dominance differed for different contrasts.

Conclusion

These Chinese language stimulus paradigms activated language areas, and the functional regions of brain in different language tasks, and can now be piloted in clinical studies.
Socioeconomic status, white matter, and executive function in children
Authors: Ursache Alexandra , Noble Kimberly G. ,   the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study
Published: August 2016

Background

A growing body of evidence links socioeconomic status (SES) to children's brain structure. Few studies, however, have specifically investigated relations of SES to white matter structure. Further, although several studies have demonstrated that family SES is related to development of brain areas that support executive functions (EF), less is known about the role that white matter structure plays in the relation of SES to EF. One possibility is that white matter differences may partially explain SES disparities in EF (i.e., a mediating relationship). Alternatively, SES may differentially shape brain‐behavior relations such that the relation of white matter structure to EF may differ as a function of SES (i.e., a moderating relationship).

Method

In a diverse sample of 1082 children and adolescents aged 3–21 years, we examined socioeconomic disparities in white matter macrostructure and microstructure. We further investigated relations between family SES, children's white matter volume and integrity in tracts supporting EF, and performance on EF tasks.

Results

Socioeconomic status was associated with fractional anisotropy (FA) and volume in multiple white matter tracts. Additionally, family income moderated the relation between white matter structure and cognitive flexibility. Specifically, across multiple tracts of interest, lower FA or lower volume was associated with reduced cognitive flexibility among children from lower income families. In contrast, children from higher income families showed preserved cognitive flexibility in the face of low white matter FA or volume. SES factors did not mediate or moderate links between white matter and either working memory or inhibitory control.

Conclusions

This work adds to a growing body of literature suggesting that the socioeconomic contexts in which children develop not only shape cognitive functioning and its underlying neurobiology, but may also shape the relations between brain and behavior.
Dual pharmacological inhibition of glutathione and thioredoxin systems synergizes to kill colorectal carcinoma stem cells
Authors: Tanaka Genki , Inoue Ken‐ichi , Shimizu Takayuki , Akimoto Kazumi , Kubota Keiichi
Published: August 2016

NRF2 stabilizes redox potential through genes for glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems. Whether blockade of glutathione and thioredoxin is useful in eliminating cancer stem cells remain unknown. We used xenografts derived from colorectal carcinoma patients to investigate the pharmacological inhibition of glutathione and thioredoxin systems. Higher expression of five glutathione S‐transferase isoforms (GSTA1, A2, M4, O2, and P1) was observed in xenograft‐derived spheroids than in fibroblasts. Piperlongumine (2.5–10 μmol/L) and auranofin (0.25–4 μmol/L) were used to inhibit glutathione S‐transferase π and thioredoxin reductase, respectively. Piperlongumine or auranofin alone up‐regulated the expression of NRF2 target genes, but not TP53 targets. While piperlongumine showed modest cancer‐specific cell killing (IC50 difference between cancer spheroids and fibroblasts: P = 0.052), auranofin appeared more toxic to fibroblasts (IC50 difference between cancer spheroids and fibroblasts: P = 0.002). The synergism of dual inhibition was evaluated by determining the Combination Index, based on the number of surviving cells with combination treatments. Molar ratios indicated synergism in cancer spheroids, but not in fibroblasts: (auranofin:piperlongumine) = 2:5, 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20. Cancer‐specific cell killing was achieved at the following drug concentrations (auranofin:piperlongumine): 0.25:2.5 μmol/L, 0.5:2.5 μmol/L, or 0.25:5 μmol/L. The dual inhibition successfully decreased CD44v9 surface presentation and delayed tumor emergence in nude mouse. However, a small subpopulation persistently survived and accumulated phosphorylated histone H2A. Such “persisters” still retained lesser but significant tumorigenicity. Thus, dual inhibition of glutathione S‐transferase π and thioredoxin reductase could be a feasible option for decreasing the tumor mass and CD44v9‐positive fraction by disrupting redox regulation.
Effect of Conidiobolus coronatus on the Cuticular and Internal Lipid Composition of Tettigonia viridissima Males
Authors: Gołębiowski Marek , Cerkowniak Magdalena , Ostachowska Aleksandra , Naczk Aleksandra M. , Boguś Mieczysława I. , Stepnowski Piotr
Published: August 2016

Conidiobolus coronatus is an entomopathogenic fungus which has a potential as a biological control agent of insects. The cuticular and internal lipid composition of infected and noninfected Tettigonia viridissima males were analyzed by GC/MS. A total of 49 compounds were identified in the infected and noninfected males, including fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), n‐alkanes, alcohols, sterols, and other organic compounds. The most abundant components of the cuticular and internal lipids of the insects were fatty acids. After exposure to C. coronatus, the cuticular lipids of the T. viridissima males contained 17 free fatty acids from C(8) to C(22), while the cuticular lipids of the noninfected insects contained only 15 fatty acids from C(12) to C(24). The cuticular and internal lipids of both the infected and the noninfected males also contained five FAMEs from C(15) to C(19), seven n‐alkanes from C(25) to C(34), five alcohols from C(16) to C(25), five sterols, and the following six other organic compounds: azelaic acid, phenylacetic acid, glutaric acid, benzoic acid, sebacic acid, and glycerol. The compounds which were present only in the cuticular lipids of the infected males could be due to fungal infection.