bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of intravenous iron combined with low‐dose recombinant human erythropoietin on transfusion requirements in iron‐deficient patients undergoing bilateral total knee replacement arthroplasty (CME)
Authors: Na Hyo‐Seok , Shin Soon‐Young , Hwang Jin‐Young , Jeon Young‐Tae , Kim Chong‐Soo , Do Sang‐Hwan
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: The authors examined the impact of parenteral iron and recombinant human erythropoietin‐β (rHuEPO‐β) administered in the bilateral total knee replacement arthroplasty (TKRA), on postoperative anemia and transfusion requirements in iron‐deficient patients.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 108 iron‐deficient patients were randomly assigned to two groups: Group C (control) or Group IE (200 mg of iron sucrose intravenously over 1 hr and 3000 IU of rHuEPO‐β subcutaneously during the operation and during the postoperative period if the hemoglobin [Hb] level was 70‐80 g/L). One or 2 units of blood were transfused to patients in both groups according to postoperative Hb level (between 60 and 70 g/L or betweeen 50 and 60 g/L, respectively). Perioperative laboratory and clinical outcomes (Hb, iron variables, postoperative bleeding amount, and number of units of RBCs transfused and incidences) were documented.

RESULTS: Although preoperative Hb and the amount of postoperative bleeding were comparable in the two groups, Hb levels at 1, 2, and 3 days and at 2 and 6 weeks postoperation were significantly higher in Group IE. Furthermore, the transfusion rate was significantly lower in Group IE (20.4% vs. 53.7%, p = 0.011) and the mean number of red blood cell units transfused was markedly lower in Group IE (0.2 ± 0.5 vs. 0.8 ± 0.8, p = 0.005). Postoperative iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation levels were significantly higher in Group IE.

CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with parenteral iron and low‐dose rHuEPO‐β in bilateral TKRA effectively attenuated anemia and decreased transfusion requirements in iron‐deficient patients.
Bilingual Education in Flanders: Policy and Press Debate (1999–2006)
Authors: BOLLEN KATRIEN , BATEN KRISTOF
Published: July 2010

Although Belgium is officially trilingual (Dutch, French, and German), its legislation does not allow for bilingual education (BE). Recently, concerns about the position of Dutch in the face of French and immigrant languages have politicized the issue in the bilingual capital of Brussels and the Dutch‐speaking region of Flanders. Considering Belgium's linguistic and educational policies, the authors analyze the media coverage of BE in Flanders by looking at the region's major newspapers for the pivotal period 1999–2006. Their content‐analytical approach reveals a fairly positive bias toward BE. Yet, Flemish newspapers also reflect a tendency described byBrisk (2005): the tension between the promotion of BE for the majority (i.e., native speakers of Dutch and French) and its rejection for minorities (i.e., immigrants). Nevertheless, the fear of “frenchification” remains prominent in articles on majority‐language BE. The study therefore sheds light on the complexities of the BE public debate in Flanders and on current political developments in the field.
Bedside Ultrasound Diagnosis of Clavicle Fractures in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Cross Keith P. , Warkentine Fred H. , Kim In K. , Gracely Edward , Paul Ronald I.
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:687–693 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  Clavicle fractures are among the most common orthopedic injuries in children. Diagnosis typically involves radiographs, which expose children to radiation and may consume significant time and resources. Our objective was to determine if bedside emergency department (ED) ultrasound (US) is an accurate alternative to radiography.

Methods:  This was a prospective study of bedside US for diagnosing clavicle fractures. A convenience sample of children ages 1–18 years with shoulder injuries requiring radiographs was enrolled. Bedside US imaging and an unblinded interpretation were completed by a pediatric emergency physician (EP) prior to radiographs. A second interpreter, a pediatric EP attending physician with extensive US experience, determined a final interpretation of the US images at a later date. This final interpretation was blinded to both clinical and radiography outcomes. The reference standard was an attending radiologist’s interpretation of radiographs. The primary outcome was the accuracy of the blinded US interpretation for detecting clavicle fractures compared to the reference standard. Secondary outcome measures included the interrater reliability of the unblinded bedside and the blinded physicians’ interpretations and the FACES pain scores (range, 0–5) for US and radiograph imaging.

Results:  One‐hundred patients were included in the study, of whom 43 had clavicle fractures by radiography. The final US interpretation had 95% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] = 83% to 99%) and 96% specificity (95% CI = 87% to 99%), and overall accuracy was 96%, with 96 congruent readings. Positive and negative predictive values (PPVs and NPVs, respectively) were 95% (95% CI = 83% to 99%) and 96% (95% CI = 87% to 99%), respectively. Interrater reliability (kappa) was 0.74 (95% CI = 0.60 to 0.88). FACES pain scores were available for the 86 subjects who were at least 5 years old. Pain scores were similar during US and radiography.

Conclusions:  Compared to radiographs, bedside US can accurately diagnose pediatric clavicle fractures. US causes no more discomfort than radiography when detecting clavicle fractures. Given US’s advantage of no radiation, pediatric EPs should consider this application.
Neuroimaging for Pediatric Head Trauma: Do Patient and Hospital Characteristics Influence Who Gets Imaged?
Authors: Mannix Rebekah , Bourgeois Florence T. , Schutzman Sara A. , Bernstein Ari , Lee Lois K.
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:694–700 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  The objective was to identify patient, provider, and hospital characteristics associated with the use of neuroimaging in the evaluation of head trauma in children.

Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional study of children (≤19 years of age) with head injuries from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. NHAMCS collects data on approximately 25,000 visits annually to 600 randomly selected hospital emergency and outpatient departments. This study examined visits to U.S. emergency departments (EDs) between 2002 and 2006. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze characteristics associated with neuroimaging in children with head injuries.

Results:  There were 50,835 pediatric visits in the 5‐year sample, of which 1,256 (2.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2% to 2.7%) were for head injury. Among these, 39% (95% CI = 34% to 43%) underwent evaluation with neuroimaging. In multivariable analyses, factors associated with neuroimaging included white race (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.02 to 2.1), older age (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1 to 1.5), presentation to a general hospital (vs. a pediatric hospital, OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.1 to 5.3), more emergent triage status (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1 to 1.8), admission or transfer (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.4 to 5.3), and treatment by an attending physician (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1 to 3.7). The effect of race was mitigated at the pediatric hospitals compared to at the general hospitals (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:  In this study, patient race, age, and hospital‐specific characteristics were associated with the frequency of neuroimaging in the evaluation of children with closed head injuries. Based on these results, focusing quality improvement initiatives on physicians at general hospitals may be an effective approach to decreasing rates of neuroimaging after pediatric head trauma.
Kinetics and Efficacy of an Organophosphorus Hydrolase in a Rodent Model of Methyl‐parathion Poisoning
Authors: Gresham Chip , Rosenbaum Christopher , Gaspari Romolo J. , Jackson Colin J. , Bird Steven B.
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:736–740 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides exert a tremendous health burden, particularly in the developing world. Limited resources, the severity of intentional OP ingestions, and a paucity of beneficial therapies all contribute to the morbidity and mortality of this broad class of chemicals. A novel theoretical treatment for OP poisoning is the use of an enzyme to degrade the parent OP in the circulation after poisoning. The aims of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of an OP hydrolase (OpdA) in a rodent model of severe methyl‐parathion poisoning.

Methods:  Two animal models were used. First, Wistar rats were administered two different doses of the hydrolase (0.15 and 1.5 mg/kg), and the ex vivo hydrolytic activity of plasma was determined by a fluorometric method. Second, an oral methyl‐parathion animal poisoning model was developed to mimic severe human poisoning, and the efficacy of postpoisoning OpdA (as measured by survival to 4 and 24 hours) was determined.

Results:  The half‐life of OpdA in the Wistar rat was dependent on the dose administered and ranged between 45.0 and 57.9 minutes. The poisoning model of three times the lethal dose to 50% of the population (3 × LD50) of methyl‐parathion resulted in 88% lethality at 4 and 24 hours. Using a single dose of 0.15 mg/kg OpdA 10 minutes after poisoning resulted in 100% survival at 4 hours (p = 0.001 vs. placebo), but 0% at 24 hours postpoisoning (p = NS vs. placebo).

Conclusions:  The OP hydrolase OpdA exhibits pharmacokinetics suitable for repeated dosing and increases short‐term survival after severe methyl‐parathion poisoning.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010: Summary, Analysis, and Opportunities for Advocacy for the Academic Emergency Physician
Authors: Kline Jeffrey A. , Walthall Jennifer D.H.
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:E69–E74 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Bill, commonly referred to as the “Health Care Bill” or the “Health Care Reform Bill,” was enacted in March 2010. This article is a review and analysis of the sections of this Act that are relevant to researchers and teachers of emergency care. The purpose of this document is to serve as a citable reference for interested parties and a reference to quickly locate the sections of the Bill relevant to academic emergency physicians. When appropriate, text was copied verbatim from the Bill. The source of the downloaded Act, and the page numbers of the text sections, are provided to help the reader to find the sections described. This review is presented in two parts. Part I presents 11 sections extirpated from the Act, with short interpretations of the significance of each section. Part II presents an analysis of the sections that the authors believe represent opportunities for emergency care researchers and teachers to make the most impact, through active involvement with the various departments and agencies of the federal government that will be charged with interpreting and implementing this Act. The Act contains sections that could lead to new funding opportunities for research in emergency care, especially for comparative clinical trials and clinical studies that focus on integration and efficiency of health care delivery. The Act will establish several new institutes, centers, and committees that will create policies highly relevant to emergency care. The authors conclude that this Act can be expected to have a profound influence on research and training in emergency care.
Resveratrol regulates p66Shc activation in HaCaT cells
Authors: Fabbrocini Gabriella , Kisslinger Annamaria , Iannelli Paola , Vitale Nicoletta , Procaccini Claudio , Sparaneo Giuseppina , Chieffi Paolo , Ayala Fabio , Mancini Francesco Paolo , Tramontano Donatella
Published: July 2010

Please cite this paper as: Resveratrol regulates p66Shc activation in HaCaT cells. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 895–903.

Abstract:  Skin is exposed to both endogenous and environmental oxidant agents, leading to the harmful generation of reactive oxygen species. Particular interest has been pointed on plant antioxidants, such as resveratrol, because of their wide‐ranging biological activity and clinical potential. Resveratrol exerts antioxidant, metabolism‐regulating and pro‐apoptotic/anti‐cancer effects on a variety of experimental models and has been suggested to protect skin from ultraviolet‐induced photodamaging and photoaging. In parallel, also the biological significance of p66Shc, a member of the Src Homologue and Collagene homologue family with redox activity, is getting further attention. Because of the striking intersection among the activities of resveratrol with those of p66Shc, we investigated whether resveratrol would activate p66Shc in human immortalised keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), a well known and largely used model for skin keratinocytes. HaCaT cells were treated with resveratrol (10–150 μm) for different times. The effect of resveratrol on the proliferation of HaCaT cells and the activation of ERK1/2, AKT, and p66Shc was investigated by cell counting, fluorescence‐activated cell sorting, and western blot analysis of total or immunoprecipitated cell extracts. In HaCaT cells, resveratrol induces dose‐ and time‐dependent growth arrest, p66Shc‐Ser36 phosphorylation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and AKT dephosphorylation. Finally, we showed that resveratrol‐induced p66Shc‐Ser36 phosphorylation is dependent on ERK1/2 activation. Interestingly, these resveratrol‐induced molecular effects were associated with reduced adhesion and reversible growth arrest rather than cell death pathways. This is the first evidence linking resveratrol with p66Shc and suggests that p66Shc may contribute to the effect of resveratrol on cell proliferation and function in the outermost layer of the skin.
Spatial variability of common carp populations in relation to lake morphology and physicochemical parameters in the upper Midwest United States
Authors: Weber M. J. , Brown M. L. , Willis D. W.
Published: July 2010

Weber MJ, Brown ML, Willis DW. Spatial variability of common carp populations in relation to lake morphology and physicochemical parameters in the upper Midwest United States. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 555–565. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widespread invasive species that is tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions. Despite the circumpolar distribution of the species, limited information is available describing factors related to spatial variation in population characteristics. Eighty‐four lakes and impoundments in the upper Midwest United States were sampled to investigate the relationships of common carp relative abundance with size structure, condition and growth rates. We also investigated abiotic factors (lake morphology, physical solids and water quality) that may broadly influence common carp populations. Common carp size structure and condition were inversely related to relative abundance. Common carp relative abundance increased and size structure shifted to smaller individuals with increased lake depth, whereas lake surface area, watershed:surface area ratio and physical solids were also important in explaining common carp abundance and size structure. Common carp condition was best explained by water quality parameters and increased with metrics of lake productivity. We conclude that knowledge of factors associated with variation in common carp populations among lakes provides insights into the autecology and broad provisions for management of this generalist invasive species.
Genetics of novelty seeking, amphetamine self‐administration and reinstatement using inbred rats
Authors: Meyer A. C. , Rahman S. , Charnigo R. J. , Dwoskin L. P. , Crabbe J. C. , Bardo M. T.
Published: July 2010

Previous research using outbred rats indicates that individual differences in activity in a novel environment predict sensitivity to the reinforcing effect of psychostimulant drugs. The current study examined if the link between responses related to novelty and amphetamine self‐administration is heritable. Twelve inbred rat strains were assessed for locomotor activity in a novel environment, preference for a novel environment, and intravenous amphetamine self‐administration (acquisition, extinction and amphetamine‐induced reinstatement). Strain differences were observed in activity in a novel environment, novelty preference and amphetamine self‐administration, indicating a genetic influence for each of these behaviors. While there was no relation between activity in an inescapable novel environment and amphetamine self‐administration, strain‐dependent differences in novelty preference were positively correlated with the amount of amphetamine self‐administered. There was also a positive correlation between the dose‐dependent rate of amphetamine self‐administration and magnitude of reinstatement. These results show that the activity in an inescapable novel environment and the preference for a novel environment are different genetically, and thus likely to reflect different behavioral constructs. Moreover, these results implicate a genetic influence on the relation between novelty seeking and stimulant self‐administration, as well as on the relation between stimulant reward and reinstatement.
Intestinal microbiota in allergic and nonallergic 1‐year‐old very low birth weight infants after neonatal glutamine supplementation
Authors: Van Zwol A , Van Den Berg A , Knol J , Twisk JWR , Fetter WPF , Van Elburg RM
Published: July 2010

Aim: Previously, glutamine‐enriched enteral nutrition in very low birth weight infants (VLBW) decreased the incidence of atopic dermatitis at age 1 year. The aim of this study was to determine whether this effect is related to changes in intestinal bacterial species that are associated with allergy, such as bifidobacteria, clostridium histolyticum, clostridium lituseburense (Chis/lit group) andEscherichia coliat age 1 year.

Methods: Eighty‐nine infants were eligible for this follow‐up study, conducted at a Tertiary care hospital. Bifidobacteria, Chis/lit group andE. coliwere measured by fluorescentin situhybridization in faecal samples collected at age 1 year. Information on allergic and infectious diseases was previously determined by questionnaire.

Results: Seventy‐two of 89 (81%) infants were participated. Prevalence of all studied species was not different between glutamine‐supplemented and control groups. Allergic infants were less frequently colonized with bifidobacteria than nonallergic infants (p = 0.04). Between neonatal period and 1 year, prevalence of bifidobacteria was increased (p < 0.001), of Chis/lit group was unchanged (p = 0.84), and ofE. coliwas decreased (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: The beneficial effect of glutamine‐enriched enteral nutrition on the incidence of atopic dermatitis in the first year of life in VLBW infants is not related to changes in bifidobacteria, Chis/lit group orE. coli. Allergic VLBW infants are less frequently colonized with bifidobacteria compared to nonallergic VLBW infants.
Premature Ejaculation in Infertile Couples: Prevalence and Correlates
Authors: Shindel Alan W. , Nelson Christian J. , Naughton Cathy K. , Mulhall John P.
Published: July 2010

Introduction

The incidence of premature ejaculation (PE) and other sexual problems in infertile couples is unknown.

Aims

We attempted to determine the prevalence of PE in infertile couples.

Methods

Infertile couples presenting for evaluation at our institutions were invited to participate in our study. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to assess for associations between partner responses.

Main Outcome Measure

Respondents completed a demographic survey, the Short Form-36 (SF-36), and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Both partners also completed a gender-specific survey instrument to detect PE and distress related to the condition. Male partners completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and the Self-Esteem and Relationship Quality (SEAR) scale. Female partners completed the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and a modified version of the SEAR.

Results

Fifty percent of men reported that they ejaculated more rapidly than they wished. When men reported PE, their partners agreed with the diagnosis in 47% of cases. Female partners of men who did not report PE reported PE in 11% of cases. Partner frustration related to PE was reported by 30% of men. Partners agreed that they were frustrated in 43% of these cases. Among the 70% of men who did not report partner frustration from PE, 93% of the partners agreed that they were not frustrated. There was a statistically significant negative association between male and female report of PE and SEAR scores. There were no other statistically significant associations between PE responses and demographic variables, IIEF, FSFI, CES-D, and SF-36 scores.

Conclusions

PE is prevalent among infertile couples although the perceived incidence of the condition among men is higher than partner perceived incidence. Additionally, many men may overestimate the level of partner frustration related to PE. PE is associated with lower relationship satisfaction in both men and women. Further research is required.
Genome‐Wide Analysis of WOX Gene Family in Rice, Sorghum, Maize, Arabidopsis and Poplar
Authors: Zhang Xin , Zong Jie , Liu Jianhua , Yin Jinyuan , Zhang Dabing
Published: July 2010

WUSCHEL‐related homeobox (WOX) genes form a large gene family specifically expressed in plants. They are known to play important roles in regulating the development of plant tissues and organs by determining cell fate. Recent available whole genome sequences allow us to do more comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the WOX genes in plants. In the present study, we identified 11 and 21 WOXs from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and maize (Zea mays), respectively. The 72 WOX genes from rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum, maize, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and poplar (Populus trichocarpa) were grouped into three well supported clades with nine subgroups according to the amino acid sequences of their homodomains. Their phylogenetic relationship was also supported by the observation of the motifs outside the homodomain. We observed the variation of duplication events among the nine sub‐groups between monocots and eudicots, for instance, more gene duplication events of WOXs within subgroup A for monocots, while, less for dicots in this subgroup. Furthermore, we observed the conserved intron/exon structural patterns of WOX genes in rice, sorghum and Arabidopsis. In addition, WUS (Wuschel)‐box and EAR (the ERF‐associated amphiphilic repression)‐like motif were observed to be conserved among several WOX subgroups in these five plants. Comparative analysis of expression patterns of WOX genes in rice and Arabidopsis suggest that the WOX genes play conserved and various roles in plants. This work provides insights into the evolution of the WOX gene family and is useful for future research.
Molecular Docking and QSAR Studies on Substituted Acyl(thio)urea and Thiadiazolo [2,3‐α] Pyrimidine Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of Influenza Virus Neuraminidase
Authors: Sun Jiaying , Cai Shaoxi , Mei Hu , Li Jian , Yan Ning , Wang Qin , Lin Zhihua , Huo Danqun
Published: July 2010

Surflex–Dock was employed to dock 36 thiourea and thiadiazolo [2,3‐α] pyrimidine derivatives into neuraminidase 1a4g. Molecular docking results showed that hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and hydrophobic features were important factors affecting inhibitory activities of these neuraminidase inhibitors. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the predicted binding affinity (total scores) and experimental pIC50 values with correlation coefficient r = 0.846 and p < 0.0001. Hologram quantitative structure–activity relationship, comparative molecular field analysis, and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis were used to develop quantitative structure–activity relationship models. Squared multiple correlation coefficients (r 2) of hologram quantitative structure–activity relationship, comparative molecular field analysis, and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis models were 0.899, 0.878, and 0.865, respectively. Squared cross‐validated correlation coefficient (q 2) of hologram quantitative structure–activity relationship, comparative molecular field analysis, and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis models was in turn 0.628, 0.656, and 0.509. In addition, squared multiple correlation coefficients for test set (r 2test) of hologram quantitative structure–activity relationship, comparative molecular field analysis, and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis models were 0.558, 0.667, and 0.566, respectively. The most active sample ID 2 was taken as a template molecule to design new molecules. Based on the comparative molecular field analysis model, new compounds were designed by LeapFrog. Seven new compounds with improved binding energy and predicted activities were finally obtained.
Snoring and Insomnia are Not Associated with Subclinical Atherosclerosis in the Northern Manhattan Study
Authors: Ramos-Sepulveda Alberto , Wohlgemuth William , Gardener Hannah , Lorenzo Dalia , Dib Salim , Wallace Douglas M. , Nolan Bruce , Boden-Albala Bernadette , Elkind Mitchell S. V. , Sacco Ralph L. , Rundek Tatjana
Published: July 2010

Background

Sleep-disordered breathing is a risk factor for stroke, but its association with subclinical atherosclerosis remains controversial. Snoring and insomnia are frequently comorbid with sleep-disordered breathing and may contribute to stroke. Data on the relationship between snoring and insomnia with atherosclerotic disease are sparse. We investigated the relationship between markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, insomnia, snoring, and carotid intima-media thickness, in the Northern Manhattan Study.

Methods

A group of 1605 participants (mean age 65±8 years; 40% men; 61% Hispanic, 19% black, 20% white) who had carotid intima–media thickness measurements performed was assessed for self-reported sleep habits. Habitual snoring was defined as self-reported snoring greater than four times per week. Presence of insomnia was based on three items extracted from the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Carotid intima–media thickness was expressed as a mean composite measure of intima–media thickness in the carotid bifurcation, common, and internal carotid artery. Multivariate linear regression models were used to identify associations between snoring, insomnia, and carotid intima–media thickness.

Results

Habitual snoring was present in 29% of the subjects and insomnia in 26%. There was a higher prevalence of self-reported snoring (84%) and insomnia (66%) among Hispanics than non-Hispanics. The mean total carotid intima–media thickness was 0.95±0.09 mm; among those with self-reported snoring was 0.94±0.09 mm; and among those with insomnia was 0.95±0.08 mm. After controlling for age, gender, race-ethnicity, body mass index and cardiovascular risk factors, snoring ( P = 0.986) and insomnia ( P = 0.829) were not significantly associated with increased carotid intima–media thickness.

Conclusion

Snoring and insomnia were not significantly associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in this population-based community cohort.
Disability Burden Due to Stroke in Western Australia: New Insights from Linked Data Sources
Authors: Katzenellenbogen Judith M. , Begg Stephen , Somerford Peter , Anderson Craig S. , Semmens James B. , Codde James P. , Vos Theo
Published: July 2010

Background

The disability-adjusted life year index is used extensively to compare disease burden among diseases and locations, but difficulties remain in accurately estimating the nonfatal stroke burden in years lived with disability.

Aims

To improve stroke-related years lived with disability estimates in Western Australia for 2000, by improving the accuracy of component inputs: nonfatal (28-day survivor) incidence, disease duration and disability (severity) weights.

Methods

Nonfatal stroke incidence and the mortality difference between prevalent cases and the general population were estimated from linked hospital and mortality data using the Western Australian Data Linkage System. Dismod software used these inputs to model disease duration. Disability weights were estimated from population-based stroke survey data, using indirect health valuation methods and adjusting for prestroke disability. Years lived with disability were calculated from the three components.

Results

The annual age-standardised nonfatal incidence ( n = 1985) was higher ***In males (121/100 000) than females (96/100 000). The duration varied between 35.8 (females 15–24 years) and 3.4 years (males 85+ years). The mean pre-stroke-adjusted disability weight was higher at 4-months (0.38) than at 12-months (0.31). The age-standardised rate of nonfatal burden in males (302/100 000; 95% CI 290–314) was significantly higher than that in females (250/100 000; 95% CI 240–260). The nonfatal proportion of stroke burden (males 45%; females 37%) was higher than estimated in previous studies.

Conclusion

This study illustrates that previous reports most likely underestimated disability burden as a contributor to the total stroke burden in Australia. Methodological refinements will contribute to burden of disease studies elsewhere.
A Stepwise Approach to Stroke Surveillance in Brazil: the EMMA (Estudo de Mortalidade E Morbidade Do Acidente Vascular Cerebral) Study
Authors: Goulart Alessandra C. , Bustos Iara R. , Abe Ivana M. , Pereira Alexandre C. , Fedeli Ligia M. , Benseñor Isabela M. , Lotufo Paulo A.
Published: July 2010

Background:

Stroke mortality rates in Brazil are the highest in the Americas. Deaths from cerebrovascular disease surpass coronary heart disease.

Aim:

To verify stroke mortality rates and morbidity in an area of São Paulo, Brazil, using the World Health Organization Stepwise Approach to Stroke Surveillance.

Methods:

We used the World Health Organization Stepwise Approach to Stroke Surveillance structure of stroke surveillance. The hospital-based data comprised fatal and nonfatal stroke (Step 1). We gathered stroke-related mortality data in the community using World Health Organization questionnaires (Step 2). The questionnaire determining stroke prevalence was activated door to door in a family-health-programme neighbourhood (Step 3).

Results:

A total of 682 patients 18 years and above, including 472 incident cases, presented with cerebrovascular disease and were enrolled in Step 1 during April–May 2009. Cerebral infarction (84.3%) and first-ever stroke (85.2%) were the most frequent. In Step 2, 256 deaths from stroke were identified during 2006–2007. Forty-four per cent of deaths were classified as unspecified stroke, 1/3 as ischaemic stroke, and 1/4 due to haemorrhagic subtype. In Step 3, 577 subjects over 35 years old were evaluated at home, and 244 cases of stroke survival were diagnosed via a questionnaire, validated by a board-certified neurologist. The population demographic characteristics were similar in the three steps, except in terms of age and gender.

Conclusion:

By including data from all settings, World Health Organization stroke surveillance can provide data to help plan future resources that meet the needs of the public-health system.
The phosphate regulating hormone fibroblast growth factor‐23
Authors: Marsell R. , Jonsson K. B.
Published: July 2010

Over the last decade, the regulation of phosphate (Pi) homeostasis has been under intense investigation. By utilizing modern biochemical and genetic tools, the pathophysiological mechanisms behind several known hereditary and acquired hypo‐ and hyperphosphatemic diseases have been clarified. The results of these efforts have opened new insights into the causes of Pi dysregulation and hereby also the physiological mechanisms determining Pi homeostasis. Although several potential Pi‐regulating proteins have been discovered and investigated, current data strongly argues for fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF23), a hormonal factor produced in bone, as a particularly important regulator of Pi homeostasis. In this article, we review the discovery of the FGF23 protein, as well as its biochemistry, localization of production, receptor specificity and mechanisms of action.
Coevolution of neuropeptidergic signaling systems: from worm to man
Authors: Janssen Tom , Lindemans Marleen , Meelkop Ellen , Temmerman Liesbet , Schoofs Liliane
Published: July 2010

Despite the general knowledge and repeated predictions of peptide G protein–coupled receptors following the elucidation of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome in 1998, only a few have been deorphanized so far. This was attributed to the apparent lack of coevolution between (neuro)peptides and their cognate receptors. To resolve this issue, we have used an in silico genomic data mining tool to identify the real putative peptide GPCRs in the C. elegans genome and then made a well‐considered selection of orphan peptide GPCRs. To maximize our chances of a successful deorphanization, we adopted a combined reverse pharmacology approach. At this moment, we have successfully uncovered four C. elegans neuropeptide signaling systems that support the theory of receptor–ligand coevolution. All four systems are extremely well conserved within nematodes and show a high degree of similarity with their vertebrate and arthropod counterparts. Our data indicate that these four neuropeptide signaling systems have been well conserved during the course of evolution and that they were already well established prior to the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes.
Molecular coevolution of kisspeptins and their receptors from fish to mammals
Authors: Um Haet Nim , Han Ji Man , Hwang Jong‐Ik , Hong Sung In , Vaudry Hubert , Seong Jae Young
Published: July 2010

Kisspeptin and its receptor, GPR54, play a pivotal role in vertebrate reproduction. Recent advances in bioinformatic tools combined with comparative genomics have led to the identification of a large number of kisspeptin and GPR54 genes in a variety of vertebrate species. Genome duplications may have produced at least two isoforms of both ligand (KiSS1 and KiSS2) and receptor (GPR54‐1 and GPR54‐2). Additional isoforms of kisspeptin (KiSS1b) and GPR54 (GPR54‐1b) have been found in an amphibian species, Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis. Here, we describe the evolutionary lineages of these kisspeptin and GPR54 isoforms using genome synteny and phylogenetic analyses, and possible molecular interactions between kisspeptin and GPR54 subtypes based on ligand‐receptor selectivity. Together, kisspeptin and GPR54 provide an excellent model for understanding molecular coevolution of the peptide ligand and GPCR pairs.
Translational research of ghrelin
Authors: Ueno Hiroaki , Shiiya Tomomi , Nakazato Masamitsu
Published: July 2010

Gastrointestinal peptides play important roles regulating feeding and energy homeostasis. Most gastrointestinal peptides including glucagon like peptide‐1, peptide YY, amylin, and oxytomodulin are anorectic, and only ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide. Ghrelin increases appetite, modulates energy balance, suppresses inflammation, and enhances growth hormone secretion. Given its diversity of functions, ghrelin is expected be an effective therapy for lean patients with cachexia caused by chronic heart failure, chronic respiratory disease, anorexia nervosa, functional dyspepsia, and cancer. Clinical trials have demonstrated that ghrelin effectively increases lean body mass and activity in cachectic patients. Ghrelin interrupts the vicious cycle of the cachectic paradigm through its orexigenic, anabolic, and anti‐inflammatory effects, and ghrelin administration may improve the quality of life of cachectic patients. We discuss the significant roles of ghrelin in the pathophysiology of cachectic diseases and the possible clinical applications of ghrelin.
Somatostatin and its receptors from fish to mammals
Authors: Gahete Manuel D. , Cordoba‐Chacón Jose , Duran‐Prado Mario , Malagón María M. , Martinez‐Fuentes Antonio J. , Gracia‐Navarro Francisco , Luque Raul M. , Castaño Justo P.
Published: July 2010

Somatostatin (SST) and its receptors (sst) make up a molecular family with unique functional complexity and versatility. Widespread distribution and frequent coexpression of sst subtypes underlies the multiplicity of (patho)physiological processes controlled by SST (central nervous system functions, endocrine and exocrine secretion, cell proliferation). This complexity is clearly reflected in the intricate evolutionary development of this molecular family. Recent studies postulate the existence of an ancestral somatostatin/urotensin II (SST/UII) gene, which originated two ancestral, SST and UII, genes by local duplication. Subsequently, segment duplication would have originated two diverging SST genes in both fish (SS1/SS2) and tetrapods [(SST/cortistatin(CST))]. SST/CST actions are mediated by a family of GPCRs (sst1–5) encoded by five different genes. sst1–4 sequences are highly conserved compared with sst5, suggesting unique evolutionary and functional relevance for the latter. Indeed, we recently identified novel truncated but functional sst5 variants in several species, which may help to explain part of the complexity of the SST/CST/sst family. Comparative and phylogenetic analysis of this molecular family would enhance our understanding of its paradigmatic evolutionary complexity and functional versatility.
The orexin system: roles in sleep/wake regulation
Authors: Sakurai Takeshi , Mieda Michihiro , Tsujino Natsuko
Published: July 2010

The neuropeptides orexin A and orexin B, produced in hypothalamic neurons, are critical regulators of sleep/wake states. Deficiency of orexin signaling results in narcoleptic phenotype in humans, dogs, and rodents. Recently, accumulating evidence has indicated that the orexin system regulates sleep and wakefulness through interactions with neuronal systems that are closely related with emotion, reward, and energy homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of the physiology of the orexin system especially focusing on its roles in the regulation of sleep/wakefulness states.
Sexual differentiation of kisspeptin neurons responsible for sex difference in gonadotropin release in rats
Authors: Tsukamura Hiroko , Homma Tamami , Tomikawa Junko , Uenoyama Yoshihisa , Maeda Kei‐ichiro
Published: July 2010

The brain mechanism regulating GnRH/luteinizing hormone (LH) release is sexually differentiated in rodents. Estrogen induces a GnRH/LH surge in females but not in males. Kisspeptin neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) have been reported to be sexually dimorphic and suggested to be involved in the GnRH/LH surge generation. Neonatal testicular androgen may cause the reduction of AVPV kisspeptin expression and a lack of LH surge in male rats. Thus, it is plausible that perinatal testicular androgen causes defeminization of the AVPV kisspeptin system, resulting in the loss of the surge system in male rats.
The role of grassland sward islets in the distribution of arthropods in cattle pastures
Authors: HELDEN ALVIN J. , ANDERSON ANNETTE , SHERIDAN HELEN , PURVIS GORDON
Published: July 2010

1. It is well documented that cattle reduce their grazing activity in the vicinity of cattle dung, which gives rise to distinct patches, or islets as they have been termed, of longer sward. The influence of such islets on pasture utilisation and agronomic performance has been widely studied, but very little information is available concerning their influence on grassland biodiversity.

2. In this study the abundance and distribution of arthropods in relation to islets was assessed, using suction sampling, at 26 commercial farms and in a replicated pasture management experiment in the south and east of Ireland.

3. Islets were found to cover approximately 24% of pastures and to contain between 40% and 50% of arthropod individuals.

4. Islets consistently contained a higher density of arthropods, even when the difference in mean sward height between islets and more strongly grazed sward was accounted for. The relative concentration of arthropods in islets declined with increasing mean sward height, which may be related to the recovery of well‐grazed non‐islet sward. Islets appear to act as refugia from sward removal.

5. The potential importance of islets in maintaining arthropod biodiversity within intensively grazed pastures and the wider grass‐based farming landscape is discussed, particularly with reference to standard agronomic practices such as sward topping and chain harrowing, which aim to remove the sward heterogeneity created by grazing livestock.
Distributions of odonate richness and diversity with elevation depend on windward or leeward aspect: implications for research and conservation planning
Authors: BRUCE CAMPBELL WILLIAM , NOVELO‐GUTIÉRREZ RODOLFO , GÓMEZ‐ANAYA JOSÉ ANTONIO
Published: July 2010

Abstract.  1. Assessing species richness (SR) and diversity along environmental gradients is important to see whether abiotic differences alter patterns of species distribution and composition.

2. We examined distributions of odonate SR, average taxonomic distinctness (ATD) and functional diversity (FD) (using the Shannon Index on proportions of plant‐dependent and non‐dependent species) with elevation and slope provided from an exploratory survey along a transect in the Sierra de Coalcomán Mountains, Michoacán State, Mexico. Adults were collected along both sides of a 500 m stream segment for 6 h day−1 site−1 in each of eight sites, and these species lists were complemented by collecting mature larvae.

3. Species richness and FD declined with elevation among windward sites, while ATD increased. Among leeward sites, SR peaked at mid‐elevation, and there was no trend for FD or ATD with elevation. Leeward sites were similar in species composition, whereas windward sites were dissimilar. Slope was correlated with elevation among windward sites, and influenced most variables, but not among leeward sites. FD was negatively correlated with ATD among sites along both aspects. Mean values of SR, ATD and FD between aspects were similar.

4. The Energy‐Richness Hypothesis best explained the species distributions along the windward aspect. Local abiotic influences appeared more important in community assembly among windward sites. Among leeward sites, the potential for Mid‐Domain and Rapoport Effects suggest interspecies interactions control community assembly; providing greater potential for expansion of species elevational ranges, and an increase in range expansion of alien and non‐endemic species along this aspect.
REVIEW: Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1): A Key Factor Linking Fibrinolysis and Age‐Related Subclinical and Clinical Conditions
Authors: Cesari Matteo , Pahor Marco , Incalzi Raffaele Antonelli
Published: July 2010

Introduction: The close relationship existing between aging and thrombosis has growingly been studied in this last decade. The age‐related development of a prothrombotic imbalance in the fibrinolysis homeostasis has been hypothesized as the basis of this increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk. Fibrinolysis is the result of the interactions among multiple plasminogen activators and inhibitors constituting the enzymatic cascade, and ultimately leading to the degradation of fibrin. The plasminogen activator system plays a key role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Methods: Narrative review. Results: Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) is a member of the superfamily of serine‐protease inhibitors (or serpins), and the principal inhibitor of both the tissue‐type and the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator, the two plasminogen activators able to activate plasminogen. Current evidence describing the central role played by PAI‐1 in a number of age‐related subclinical (i.e., inflammation, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance) and clinical (i.e., obesity, comorbidities, Werner syndrome) conditions is presented. Conclusions: Despite some controversial and unclear issues, PAI‐1 represents an extremely promising marker that may become a biological parameter to be progressively considered in the prognostic evaluation, in the disease monitoring, and as treatment target of age‐related conditions in the future.
Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, and Antiinflammatory Activities of Microalgae Spirulina
Authors: Deng Ruitang , Chow Te‐Jin
Published: July 2010

Spirulina is free‐floating filamentous microalgae growing in alkaline water bodies. With its high nutritional value, Spirulina has been consumed as food for centuries in Central Africa. It is now widely used as nutraceutical food supplement worldwide. Recently, great attention and extensive studies have been devoted to evaluate its therapeutic benefits on an array of diseased conditions including hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycerolemia, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and viral infections. The cardiovascular benefits of Spirulina are primarily resulted from its hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory activities. Data from preclinical studies with various animal models consistently demonstrate the hypolipidemic activity of Spirulina. Although differences in study design, sample size, and patient conditions resulting in minor inconsistency in response to Spirulina supplementation, the findings from human clinical trials are largely consistent with the hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina observed in the preclinical studies. However, most of the human clinical trials are suffered with limited sample size and some with poor experimental design. The antioxidant and/or antiinflammatory activities of Spirulina were demonstrated in a large number of preclinical studies. However, a limited number of clinical trials have been carried out so far to confirm such activities in human. Currently, our understanding on the underlying mechanisms for Spirulina's activities, especially the hypolipidemic effect, is limited. Spirulina is generally considered safe for human consumption supported by its long history of use as food source and its favorable safety profile in animal studies. However, rare cases of side‐effects in human have been reported. Quality control in the growth and process of Spirulina to avoid contamination is mandatory to guarantee the safety of Spirulina products.
Nutraceuticals and Prevention of Atherosclerosis: Focus on ω‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Mediterranean Diet Polyphenols
Authors: Massaro Marika , Scoditti Egeria , Carluccio Maria Annunziata , De Caterina Raffaele
Published: July 2010

Nutraceuticals are potentially healthful foods that play a role in maintaining human well being, enhancing health and preventing, or even treating, specific diseases. More than for any other diseases, cardiovascular diseases occur in association with risk factors that are amenable to prevention or treatment by nutraceutical interventions. Several ingredients marketed for use in dietary supplements address such risk factors. The ability of nutraceuticals to favorably influence cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerotic vascular disease should be recognized as an enormous opportunity for the prevention or treatment of this common condition. In this review, we attempt at summarizing some of the recent research findings on ω‐3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant polyphenols that have beneficial cardiovascular effects to update the practicing clinicians on the potential benefits of nutraceuticals in this area.