bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Discharge Time, Kind of Additive, and Kind of Aggregate on the Properties of Three-Stage Mixed Concrete
Authors: Sicakova Alena , Urban Karol
Published: October 2018

Application of recycled aggregates (RA) for concrete production is limited due to their poor quality. While the environmental benefits of using the RA are well accepted, some unsolved problems prevent this type of material from wide application in structural concrete. The research and development of techniques which can minimize the adverse effect of RA on the concrete properties are highly requested. A specific mixing approach can also be helpful; here, mineral additives play a significant role for improvement of RA performance within the mixing process. However, delivery process can influence the homogeneity and uniformity of the concrete mixtures, resulting in negative effect on technical parameters. In this study, the impact of delivery time (0 min, 45 min, and 90 min) on the set of hardened concrete properties is presented while the three-stage mixing is used. Two kinds of additives—fly ash (FA) and recycled concrete powder (RCP)—were tested to coat the coarse fraction of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in the first step of mixing. For comparison, cement as coating material and natural aggregate instead the RCA were also used. The following parameters were tested after 28 days of setting and hardening: density, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, water absorption capacity, and depth of penetration of water under pressure. Generally, 90 min of working with concrete mixtures left no significantly negative influence on tested characteristics. Based on ANOVA results, with prolonged discharge time, the changes in composition of the mixtures become less important for compressive strength, density, and water absorption.
A Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment-Based Decision-Analysis Framework
Authors: Hannouf Marwa , Assefa Getachew
Published: October 2018

One of the main challenges in using life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) is the difficulty of integrating the interrelationships between the three dimensions (environmental, economic and social dimensions) of LCSA results in decision-making toward proposing sustainability improvements for existing product systems. This paper is addressing this challenge by presenting an LCSA-based decision-analysis framework, which is a systematic and structured framework that appraises the pool of potential actions determined based on LCSA results and evaluates their trade-offs to propose potential sustainability solutions. The framework is composed of two parts: (a) LCSA application; (b) decision-analysis approach. The decision analysis part of the framework is built based on some features from previous decision-making approaches and considering the characteristics of LCSA results. The decision-analysis part of the framework, which is the main focus of this study, is divided into five phases to propose and select some recommendations to improve the sustainability performance of product systems. The framework developed is illustrated using results from a previous LCSA case study. The framework can handle the complexity in understanding the interrelationships between the three dimensions of LCSA results, through a structured way of dividing the process into manageable steps. Further work is still needed to apply this framework to a real case study.
Authentication with What You See and Remember in the Internet of Things
Authors: Chiu Wayne , Su Chunhua , Fan Chuan-Yen , Chen Chien-Ming , Yeh Kuo-Hui
Published: October 2018

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm seamlessly integrating a great number of smart objects ubiquitously connected to the Internet. With the rise in interest in the IoT, industry and academia have introduced a variety of authentication technologies to deal with security challenges. Authentication in IoT involves not only shifting intelligent access control down to the end smart objects, but also user identification and verification. In this paper, we build an authentication system based on brainwave reactions to a chain of events. Brainwaves, as external signals of a functioning brain, provide a glimpse into how we think and react. However, seen another way, we could reasonably expect that a given action or event could be linked back to its corresponding brainwave reaction. Recently, commercial products in the form of wearable brainwave headsets have appeared on the market, opening up the possibility of exploiting brainwaves for various purposes and making this more feasible. In the proposed system, we use a commercially available brainwave headset to collect brainwave data from participants for use in the proposed authentication system. After the brainwave data collection process, we apply a machine learning-based approach to extract features from brainwaves to serve as authentication tokens in the system and support the authentication system itself.
On Adaptive Control for Electrical Discharge Machining Using Vibroacoustic Emission
Authors: Melnik Yury A. , Kozochkin Mikhail P. , Porvatov Artur N. , Okunkova Anna A.
Published: October 2018

The article is related to the research of the parameters of vibroacoustic emission for development of the monitoring and adaptive control system for electrical discharge machining. The classical control system based on a response of electrical parameters does not give an adequate data in the cases of a new class of materials processing as conductive ceramics reinforced by conductive nano additives and carbon nanotubes and whiskers. The idle pulses, which are working on the destruction of the erosion products in the gap, count as working pulses. The application of the monitoring and control tools based on vibroacoustic emission gives adequate data about conditions in the working zone. The developed system is available to count only impulses involved in working on the destruction of the workpiece. The experiments were conducted on the samples of materials with a low melting point as austenitic steel and aluminum alloy, and hard alloys. The records of vibroacoustic signals were analyzed for detection of the monitoring and adaptive control criteria.
The Acute Toxicity of Tetrodotoxin and Tetrodotoxin–Saxitoxin Mixtures to Mice by Various Routes of Administration
Authors: Finch Sarah C. , Boundy Michael J. , Harwood D. Tim
Published: October 2018

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin associated with human poisonings through the consumption of pufferfish. More recently, TTX has been identified in bivalve molluscs from diverse geographical environments, including Europe, and is therefore recognised as an emerging threat to food safety. A recent scientific opinion of the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain recognised the need for further data on the acute oral toxicity of TTX and suggested that, since saxitoxin (STX) and TTX had similar modes of action, it was possible that their toxicities were additive so could perhaps be combined to yield one health-based guideline value. The present study determined the toxicity of TTX by various routes of administration. The testing of three different mixtures of STX and TTX and comparing the experimentally determined values to those predicted on the basis of additive toxicity demonstrated that the toxicities of STX and TTX are additive. This illustrates that it is appropriate to treat TTX as a member of the paralytic shellfish group of toxins. Since the toxicity of TTX was found to be the same as STX by feeding, a molar toxicity equivalence factor of 1.0 for TTX can be applied.
HigB Reciprocally Controls Biofilm Formation and the Expression of Type III Secretion System Genes through Influencing the Intracellular c-di-GMP Level in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Zhang Yueying , Xia Bin , Li Mei , Shi Jing , Long Yuqing , Jin Yongxin , Bai Fang , Cheng Zhihui , Jin Shouguang , Wu Weihui
Published: October 2018

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems play important roles in bacteria persister formation. Increasing evidence demonstrate the roles of TA systems in regulating virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria. The toxin HigB in Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributes to persister formation and regulates the expression of multiple virulence factors and biofilm formation. However, the regulatory mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we explored the HigB mediated regulatory pathways. We demonstrate that HigB decreases the intracellular level of c-di-GMP, which is responsible for the increased expression of the type III secretion system (T3SS) genes and repression of biofilm formation. By analyzing the expression levels of the known c-di-GMP metabolism genes, we find that three c-di-GMP hydrolysis genes are up regulated by HigB, namely PA2133, PA2200 and PA3825. Deletion of the three genes individually or simultaneously diminishes the HigB mediated regulation on the expression of T3SS genes and biofilm formation. Therefore, our results reveal novel functions of HigB in P. aeruginosa.
Biodiversity of Streptococcus thermophilus Phages in Global Dairy Fermentations
Authors: Lavelle Katherine , Martinez Ines , Neve Horst , Lugli Gabriele A. , Franz Charles M. A. P. , Ventura Marco , Bello Fabio dal , Sinderen Douwe van , Mahony Jennifer
Published: October 2018

Streptococcus thermophilus strains are among the most widely employed starter cultures in dairy fermentations, second only to those of Lactococcus lactis. The extensive application of this species provides considerable opportunity for the proliferation of its infecting (bacterio)phages. Until recently, dairy streptococcal phages were classified into two groups (cos and pac groups), while more recently, two additional groups have been identified (5093 and 987 groups). This highlights the requirement for consistent monitoring of phage populations in the industry. Here, we report a survey of 35 samples of whey derived from 27 dairy fermentation facilities in ten countries against a panel of S. thermophilus strains. This culminated in the identification of 172 plaque isolates, which were characterized by multiplex PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and host range profiling. Based on this characterisation, 39 distinct isolates representing all four phage groups were selected for genome sequencing. Genetic diversity was observed among the cos isolates and correlations between receptor binding protein phylogeny and host range were also clear within this phage group. The 987 phages isolated within this study shared high levels of sequence similarity, yet displayed reduced levels of similarity to those identified in previous studies, indicating that they are subject to ongoing genetic diversification.
Elements Involved in the Rsv3-Mediated Extreme Resistance against an Avirulent Strain of Soybean Mosaic Virus
Authors: Alazem Mazen , Tseng Kuan-Chieh , Chang Wen-Chi , Seo Jang-Kyun , Kim Kook-Hyung
Published: October 2018

Extreme resistance (ER) is a type of R-gene-mediated resistance that rapidly induces a symptomless resistance phenotype, which is different from the phenotypical R-resistance manifested by the programmed cell death, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and hypersensitive response. The Rsv3 gene in soybean cultivar L29 is responsible for ER against the avirulent strain G5H of soybean mosaic virus (SMV), but is ineffective against the virulent strain G7H. Rsv3-mediated ER is achieved through the rapid accumulation of callose, which arrests SMV-G5H at the point of infection. Callose accumulation, however, may not be the lone mechanism of this ER. Analyses of RNA-seq data obtained from infected soybean plants revealed a rapid induction of the abscisic acid pathway at 8 h post infection (hpi) in response to G5H but not to G7H, which resulted in the down-regulation of transcripts encoding β-1,3 glucanases that degrade callose in G5H-infected but not G7H-infected plants. In addition, parts of the autophagy and the small interfering (si) RNA pathways were temporally up-regulated at 24 hpi in response to G5H but not in response to G7H. The jasmonic acid (JA) pathway and many WRKY factors were clearly up-regulated only in G7H-infected plants. These results suggest that ER against SMV-G5H is achieved through the quick and temporary induction of ABA, autophagy, and the siRNA pathways, which rapidly eliminate G5H. The results also suggest that suppression of the JA pathway in the case of G5H is important for the Rsv3-mediated ER.
Effects of the Concept of the Dualist Division of Lakes in Polish Law on Shaping Lake Water Policy from the Hydrological Perspective
Authors: Marszelewski Włodzimierz , Marszelewski Michał
Published: October 2018

Pursuant to the Polish Water Law Act of 2017, lakes are divided into those with flowing and stagnant waters. Such a division, originating from the socialist law, is questioned in the scope of numerous disciplines. One of them is hydrology. The legal division introduces criteria uncertain from the hydrological point of view, incomplete, unclear, and difficult to apply. This results in further problems in the implementation of water policy and in the socio-economic sphere. The latter particularly concerns expensive and long-lasting court proceedings, fear of losing ownership of lakes with no financial compensation, and the uncertainty of the binding law. This has a significant impact on the broadly understood management of water resources, such as fisheries, recreation, and water protection. The paper covers a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of Polish legal solutions from a hydrological and water policy perspective. Moreover, it presents the comparison of Polish law and selected legal orders in the scope of ownership of lakes.
Experimental Analysis of River Evolution with Riparian Vegetation
Authors: Yang Shuqing , Bai Yuchuan , Xu Haijue
Published: October 2018

Studying the effects of different riparian vegetation densities on river channel evolution has practical significance for predicting the river channel evolution process during flood periods and ecological river engineering via the artificial planting of vegetation. In this study, we simulated the formation and evolution processes of river channels under different riparian vegetation coverage rates in laboratory conditions. The riparian vegetation coverage rates were set as 0, 20, 40 and 80%, on unilateral and bilateral sides of a river channel bank. Given the same flow and sediment boundary conditions, experiments were carried out in a 4 × 1.5 m tank. This paper focuses on the comparative analysis of main stream stability characteristics, bend migration characteristics, river bank erosion characteristics and sediment transport intensity. The results showed that different amounts of riparian vegetation cover created different characteristics of river channel evolution and strongly impacted the stability of the banks and bed. River channel evolution under unilateral vegetation cover is often accompanied by alternate development of the main stream and branch, and the bend stability under unilateral riverbank vegetation cover is worse than under bilateral cover. For a bilateral vegetation-covered river channel, a narrow and deep regime channel more easily forms with a higher vegetation coverage rate; the curvature of the stable river bend is smaller, but the adaptation period of the flow to the river channel bed increases. Planting of riparian vegetation played a positive role in the erosion resistibility, which effectively reduced the lateral migration rate of the riverbank. The higher the vegetation coverage rate, the greater the flow shear stress needed for the same river channel migration rate. While effectively reducing lateral migration, riparian vegetation coverage increased the vertical migration and led to a trend in overall scour depth along the riverbank.
Climate Warming and Drought in the Bialowieza Forest from 1950–2015 and Their Impact on the Dieback of Norway Spruce Stands
Authors: Boczoń Andrzej , Kowalska Anna , Ksepko Marek , Sokołowski Karol
Published: October 2018

The Bialowieza Primeval Forest (BF) is one of the well-known forests in Central Europe. The most common tree species in BF was Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst), comprising 26%. However, a mass dieback of spruce has occurred during recent years. The spruce dieback in Bialowieza Forest is directly caused by the spruce bark beetle. However, the mass appearance of this pest can be a consequence of global warming and drought. Changes in air temperature were presented and drought indices were calculated as follows: standardized precipitation index, Palmer drought severity index, climatic water balance and soil water storage deficit. The warming of the climate of Bialowieza from 1950 to 2015 is comparable to that observed throughout central Europe. The temperature increased by 1.27 °C. The occurrence of drought from 1950 to 1966 and from 1985 to 2015 had a similar frequency. From 1963 to 1966, the volume of removed deadwood from the managed part of Bialowieza Forest was 27 thousand m3 but from 2012 to 2016, the volume was more than one million m3.
The Potential Utility of Satellite Soil Moisture Retrievals for Detecting Irrigation Patterns in China
Authors: Zhang Xiaohu , Qiu Jianxiu , Leng Guoyong , Yang Yongmin , Gao Quanzhou , Fan Yue , Luo Jiashun
Published: October 2018

Climate change and anthropogenic activities, including agricultural irrigation have significantly altered the global and regional hydrological cycle. However, human-induced modification to the natural environment is not well represented in land surface models (LSMs). In this study, we utilize microwave-based soil moisture products to aid the detection of under-represented irrigation processes throughout China. The satellite retrievals used in this study include passive microwave observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and its successor AMSR2, active microwave observations from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), and the blended multi-sensor soil moisture product from the European Space Agency (i.e., ESA CCI product). We first conducted validations of the three soil moisture retrievals against in-situ observations (collected from the nationwide agro-meteorological network) in irrigated areas in China. It is found that compared to the conventional Spearman’s rank correlation and Pearson correlation coefficients, entropy-based mutual information is more suitable for evaluating soil moisture anomalies induced by irrigation. In general, around 60% of uncertainties in the anomaly of “ground truth” time series can be resolved by soil moisture retrievals, with ASCAT outperforming the others. Following this, the potential utility of soil moisture retrievals in mapping irrigation patterns in China is investigated by examining the difference in probability distribution functions (detected by two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) between soil moisture retrievals and benchmarks of the numerical model ERA-Interim without considering the irrigation process. Results show that microwave remote sensing provides a promising alternative to detect the under-represented irrigation process against the reference LSM ERA-Interim. Specifically, the highest performance in detecting irrigation intensity is found when using ASCAT in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, followed by advanced microwave scanning radiometer (AMSR) and ESA CCI. Compared to ASCAT, the irrigation detection capabilities of AMSR exhibit higher discrepancies between descending and ascending orbits, since the soil moisture retrieval algorithm of AMSR is based on surface temperature and, thus, more affected by irrigation practices. This study provides insights into detecting the irrigation extent using microwave-based soil moisture with aid of LSM simulations, which has great implications for numerical model development and agricultural managements across the country.
Relevant tumor sink effect in prostate cancer patients receiving 177Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy
Authors: Filss Christian , Heinzel Alexander , Miiller Berthold , Vogg Andreas , Langen Karl-Josef , Mottaghy Felix
Published: October 2018

Aim: In metastatic prostate cancer patients PSMA targeting radioligands have gained significant impact as theranostic probes. In this study a correlation between total tumor volume (TTV) and measured kidney dose as well as salivary glands (SG) uptake in 177Lu-PSMA-617 therapy was evaluated.

Methods: Eleven consecutive prostate cancer patients receiving a first cylcle of 177Lu-PSMA-617 (administered activity of approximately 6GBq) were included. The 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scan previous to therapy was used to determine TTV and SG uptake (glandulae submandibularis) employing PMOD version 3.403 with different 68Ga-PSMA-11 thresholds based on the standardized uptake value (SUV).The kidney dose was estimated with the software ULMDOS using planar whole-body scintigrams.

Results: Kidney dose and SG uptake was inversely correlated to TTV, indicating high kidney dose and high SG uptake in case of low tumor load and low kidney dose and low SG uptake in case of high tumor load.

Conclusion: Our data support the hypothesis that in 177Lu-PSMA-617 therapy an individualized treatment activity based on total tumor volume could be beneficiary.
Radiotoxicity of alpha particles versus high and low energy electrons in hypoxic cancer cells
Authors: Runge Roswitha , Oehme Liane , Kotzerke Jörg , Freudenberg Robert , Maucksch Ute
Published: October 2018

Purpose: Hypoxic regions of tumors are less sensitive to radio- and chemotherapy, leading to poor prognosis of patients. One option to overcome the radioresistance is the irradiation of hypoxic tumors with high linear energy transfer (LET) α- or Auger electronemitters assuming their radiotoxicity would be less dependent on the cellular oxygenation status. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether irradiation with the intracellularly distributed Auger electron/γ-emitter 99mTc using the tracer [99mTc]TcHMPAO is a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of hypoxic tumor cells. Thus, the high LET α-particleemitter 223Ra ([223Ra]RaCl2) and the low LET β-emitter 188Re ([188Re]NaReO4) were studied in comparison to [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO. Materials and methods: A431 tumor cells were incubated with [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO (1–20 MBq/2 mL), [223Ra]RaCl2 (1.4–16.3 kBq/2 mL) or [188Re]NaReO4 (0.3–13.7 MBq/2 mL) under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. The degree of radiotoxicity was analyzed using the colony forming assay (CFA), and the intracellular radionuclide uptake of the radiotracers was quantified. Results: Hypoxic A431 cells are less radiosensitive to irradiation with [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO or [188Re]NaReO4 than normoxic ones. In contrast, the radiosensitivity of A431 cells is almost independent of the oxygen status when treated with the [223Ra]RaCl2. Conclusions: We demonstrate that the Auger electron/γ-emitter 99mTc ([99mTc]Tc-HMPAO), which does not bound directly to the DNA, is not a promising therapeutic option for hypoxic tumor cells. But the high LET α-particle-emitter 223Ra is more suitable for the treatment of hypoxic tumor cells than irradiation with [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO or the low LET bemitter 188Re.
La méthode formelle (en guise de nécrologie)
Authors: Tomaševskij Boris , Depretto Catherine
Published: October 2018

Dès son apparition, le formalisme a été l’objet de discussions et de polémiques, ce qui a conduit ses représentants à prendre à leur tour la parole pour défendre le mouvement. Nous traduisons ici un texte inédit en français de Boris Tomaševskij, « La méthode formelle (en guise de nécrologie) », rédigé dès 1922, publié en 1925, et dont l’intérêt est loin d’être anecdotique. Il replace la genèse du formalisme dans un large contexte historico-culturel et précise la nature du mouvement, qui n’est pas une doctrine constituée mais repose sur un principe fondamental : étudier en littérature ce qui est donné (y compris la composante idéologique qu’aucun formaliste n’ignore), et le faire d’une façon spécifiquement littéraire.
Energeia , an Underestimated Facet of Šklovskij’s Concept of Sujet
Authors: Schmid Wolf
Published: October 2018

Cet article examine un aspect, largement négligé par les recherches sur le formalisme russe, de la notion de sujet ( sjužet ) inventée par Viktor Šklovskij. Le concept de sujet ne désigne généralement ni le résultat de transformations ni le niveau ou le plan où ces transformations interviennent, mais le processus de la construction artistique, un moment de la « forme ». Šklovskij conçoit le sujet comme energeia . Il partage la conception aristotélicienne de l’origine de l’art, lequel ne résulterait pas d’une croissance organique, d’une transmission du passé ou d’un héritage, mais de l’acte de faire, πόειν . L’accent mis sur la fabrication correspond au concept central de la Poétique d’Aristote, la ποίησις , « réunion d’événements ». Le concept de sujet correspond à la catégorie ontologique d’ ἐνέργεια , c’est-à-dire d’« actualité » (« ce qui est à l’œuvre ») ou d’ ἐντελέχεια (« étant arrivé à destination et y demeurant »). Le sujet est ἐνέργεια , l’actualité, l’âme de l’œuvre narrative. Ce double aspect du concept de sujet chez Šklovskij, pouvoir énergétique au sens moderne et energeia au sens aristotélicien, détermine l’essence du récit.
Qu’est-ce qu’une forme littéraire ?
Authors: Roussin Philippe
Published: October 2018

On doit plus aux formalistes russes qu’un modèle d’étude interne fondé sur l’identification et la caractérisation linguistique de la littérature. Ce paradigme linguistique a permis d’objectiver le fait littéraire et de formaliser cet objet comme construction, somme de ses procédés et objet distinct. Les formalistes travaillaient moins sur les formes au sens traditionnel et esthétique du terme que sur la mise en forme, la transformation et l’évolution des formes, les lois de production poétique et les procédés. La forme, chez eux, n’est jamais ni fixée ni statique. Elle ressortit à une vision dynamique. C’est pourquoi, alors qu’on a souvent, en France, voulu rapprocher Paul Valéry et son culte de la forme des formalistes russes, dont il fut contemporain, on peut dire que les conceptions de la forme que défendaient respectivement Valéry et les formalistes différaient profondément et, même, s’opposaient.
Évaluation des connaissances des personnels soignants sur les pratiques d’administration de l’insuline et impact de l’introduction des insulines à forte concentration
Authors: Leroy Vincent , Lazaro Marine , Raymond Bastien , Henry Agnès
Published: October 2018

L’insuline est un médicament à risque dont une variation des concentrations sanguines même légère peut entraîner des effets indésirables graves allant jusqu’au décès. L’erreur de dose administrée est une des principales causes de sur- ou de sous-dosage et la commercialisation récente des insulines à forte concentration (IFC) accroît ce risque. Nous avons évalué les connaissances de personnels soignants sur ces IFC, leur représentation de « l’unité d’insuline » (UI) et l’impact de ces connaissances sur le risque d’erreur d’administration. Une enquête, par entretien direct, a été menée dans huit services de médecine et de chirurgie au sein d’un centre hospitalier universitaire. Soixante-huit infirmiers et sages-femmes ont été interrogés. Vingt-six pour cent d’entre eux avaient déjà été confrontés à une prescription d’IFC et seuls 51,5 % définissaient correctement la notion d’UI. Seuls 18 % répondaient correctement à un cas pratique d’administration d’une prescription d’IFC, quand 35 % doublaient la dose et 24 % divisaient la dose par deux. Soixante pour cent indiquaient pratiquer régulièrement le prélèvement direct dans le septum du stylo avec une seringue à insuline graduée en U-100. Le risque lié à ce mésusage, très bien décrit dans la littérature, associé à une méconnaissance de la définition de l’UI est désormais majoré, avec l’arrivée des IFC.
Modelling rein tension during riding sessions using the generalised additive modelling technique
Authors: Egenvall A. , Byström A. , Roepstorff L. , Rhodin M. , Eisersiö M. , Clayton H.M.
Published: October 2018

General additive modelling (GAM-modelling) is an exploratory technique that can be used on longitudinal (time series) data, e.g. rein tension, over a period of time. The aim was to apply GAM-modelling to investigate changes in rein tension during a normal flatwork training session. Six riders each rode two or three of their horses (n=17 horses) during a normal flatwork/dressage training session with video recordings and rein tension measurements (128 Hz). Training sessions were classified according to rider position, stride length and whether horses were straight, bent to the left or bent to the right. The rein tension data were split into strides and for each stride minimal (MIN) and maximal (MAX) rein tension were determined and the area under the rein tension curve (AUC) was calculated. Using data on a contact the three outcome variables MIN, MAX and AUC rein tension were modelled by horse and rein (left/right), and time within the session was modelled as a smooth function. Two additional sets of models were constructed; one set using data within-rein with gait as a fixed effect and one set with rein and gait as fixed effects. Mean ± standard deviation values were MIN: 8.0±7.7 N, AUC: 180±109 Ns, and MAX: 49±31 N. GAM-modelling extracted visually interpretable information from the originally chaotic rein tension signals. Modelled data suggest that MIN, AUC and MAX follow the same pattern within horse. In general, rein tension was lowest in walk, intermediate in trot and highest in canter. Evaluating the entire ride, 12/17 horses systematically showed higher tension in the right rein. It is concluded that GAM-models may be useful for detecting patterns through time in biomechanical data.
Seven-Millimeter Bilateral Medial Rectus Recessions in Infantile Esotropia
Authors: Weakley David R , Stager David R , Everett May E
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Thirty-six patients with large angle infantile esotropia averaging 74 prism diopters underwent 7-mm bilateral medial rectus recessions by the cul-de-sac approach. Successful horizontal alignment with the initial procedure when measured at the most recent follow-up examination (average 18.2 months postoperatively) was achieved in 27 patients (75%). Five patients (14%) were undercorrected and four patients (11%) were overcorrected.

The advantages of the method, as opposed to three or four muscle procedures, are that it is quicker, simpler, and a less traumatic procedure which leaves the lateral rectus muscles unoperated for future surgeries if necessary. This is effective even in very large angle congenital esotropia.
Global Health Governance, Human Rights, and the Control of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Folarin Sheriff , Njoaguani Oluwatobi
Published: October 2018

The human right to the highest attainable standard of health has both a legal and normative basis. The legal foundations derive from a range of international agreements and declarations while the normative basis is rooted in humanitarianism. Alongside the rights-based declarations came the growing recognition of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, as ill effects of globalization and potential risk to peace and development. The threats posed by infectious diseases like the Ebola virus disease (EVD) are now seen as universally relevant, as the speed and volume of international travel has made an outbreak or epidemic anywhere in the world a potential threat anywhere else. The question then arises as to where individual freedom is given up in the protection of the collective interest and national security of states. This chapter examines these right issues, with respect to the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, as they collide with state actions to combat infectious diseases.
Teaching English to Marketing Students
Authors: Vasconcelos Sandra Vieira , Balula Ana
Published: October 2018

The marketing sector has been experiencing substantial changes due to the constant need to adjust to apace-evolving markets and demands. Digital development takes on an important role in this scenario, which may not be echoing in marketing education. Thus, there is an increasing discussion surrounding the skills required of marketing graduates in the current educational and professional set. Given that English proficiency is ranked as crucial by stakeholders, and it seems not to translate into many Portuguese marketing programs, the goal of this chapter is to provide a holistic view over the state of the art on the match/gap between the language skills developed in marketing programs and those expected from practitioners and marketing professionals in the 21st century. The results of the content analysis showed that (in)formal communication in English, namely through emails, instant messaging, and social media, should be recognized as a core competence within the marketing curriculum.
Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Consequences of Empowering Employees as a Contemporary Management Approach
Authors: Doğru Çağlar
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, as a critical contemporary management approach and a vital factor for organizations to gain competitive advantage, the concept of empowerment of employees is evaluated. The main purpose of this chapter is to investigate the antecedents and consequences of employees' empowerment. To achieve this, a meta-analysis was conducted including 216 independent studies. Among these are: organizational culture, organizational support, supervisor support, organizational justice, human resources practices, job characteristics and employees' personality characteristics. Moreover, by scanning the literature, the consequences of empowerment were remarked as, task performance, organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and creativity. Throughout the meta-analysis, positive relationships were witnessed between empowerment and these consequences. Moreover, empowerment was found to decrease turnover intentions and occupational stress of employees.
The Effects of Perceived Organizational Support and Leader-Member Exchange on Contextual Performance
Authors: Doğru Çağlar
Published: October 2018

In this research, the relationship between perceived organizational support (POS) and leader- member exchange (LMX) with contextual performance is analyzed on the basis of social exchange theory and the norm of reciprocity. To achieve this, data was collected from 314 employees working in twenty-five bank branches in Ankara, Turkey. According to the correlation analysis, it has been found statistically significant that POS and LMX have positive relationships with contextual performance. Besides, affect, loyalty, contribution and professional respect dimensions of LMX have positive and significant relationships in terms of statistics with contextual performance. According to multiple regression analysis, the positive effect of POS on contextual performance has been found statistically significant. Similarly, the positive effect of LMX on contextual performance has been found statistically significant, too. Again, it has been identified that the positive effects of affect, loyalty, contribution and professional respect dimensions of LMX on contextual performance are statistically significant.
Toward a Conceptualization of Organizational Modularity
Authors: Soyer Ayberk , Asan Umut , Eriş Özgür Utkan
Published: October 2018

Organizations are complex systems made up of many different elements interacting with each other. One particular form of organizational design, emerging from the need to deal with organizational complexity and environmental uncertainty, is modularity. There are several studies in the literature dealing with organizational modularity. However, neither a common definition nor a complete measurement model is proposed for this concept. What are the common properties of an organization characterized as highly modular? How are these properties related to organizational design parameters? None of these questions have been adequately addressed in the literature. Thus, this chapter aims to identify the common properties of an organization which can be considered to be highly modular and to propose a theoretical conceptualization of organizational modularity based on a framework originally linking Baldwin and Clark's visible design rules with Mintzberg's organizational design parameters and provides a suggestion for operationalizing the concept of organizational modularity.
YouTube as a Contemporary C2C Communication Channel for Companies
Authors: Herrada-Lores Sara , Estrella-Ramón Antonia
Published: October 2018

The rise of social networks coupled with the new consumption habits are the triggers of the appearance of influencers. The connection between influencers and customers and the influence they exert on them through social networks is of great interest to implement an up-to-date marketing communication strategy. Influencers are creating a new way to reach customers through the generation of customer-to-customer communication (C2C), which can be exploited by companies through the sponsorship of some contents. In this sense, the main goal of this research is to analyze if there are differences between sponsored and non-sponsored influencers' videos in terms of engagement and other variables. Data used for this study have been manually collected from three different YouTube channels (from the category How to & Style) using statistics offered by YouTube and behavioral information about the interactions users/social media. The results have interesting implications for the marketing communication strategy.
A Training Project to Develop Teachers' Assessment Literacy
Authors: Lee Jiyoon
Published: October 2018

While every stakeholder in education is concerned with assessment in one way or another, it is undeniable that the teachers play pivotal roles in assessment. Teachers are involved in developing and administering the classroom-based or high-stakes assessment, analyzing and using the assessment results for their instruction, and communicating the results with other stakeholders including students and parents. However, research studies documented that pre-service teachers do not receive enough education to develop their assessment literacy. This chapter described a pedagogical project that pre-service ESOL teachers engaged to improve their language assessment literacy (LAL). Based on the definitions of LAL discussed in the chapter and test-usefulness framework, the author developed a pedagogical project where pre-service ESOL teachers developed and critique their assessment practices.
Case Illustrations of 3D Printing in Brazilian Schools and Community
Authors: Formiga Manuel Marcos Maciel , De Araujo Marcondes Moreira , Santos Ieda M.
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses 3D printing technologies in Brazilian schools through analysis of selected cases including one case implemented in the community with implications to schools. A description of the methodology and review of the cases are presented. Analysis is supported by international literature to enrich the review and compare how the field is evolving in the country. Results indicate that students and teachers are predominantly experiencing 3D printing via extra-curricular activities supported by research projects implemented outside the schools. On the other hand, the Lite Maker project made it possible to bring a 3D printer to schools. The community-based project illustrates how 3D printed objects can support visually impaired students. 3D printing technology is moving slowly into the mainstream of Brazilian educational landscape. However, schools will increase access to this technology as printers and its accessories become more affordable. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Creating Tactile Graphs for Students With Visual Impairments
Authors: Cavanaugh Terence W. , Eastham Nicholas P.
Published: October 2018

Educational technologists are often asked to provide assistance in the identification or creation of assistive technologies for students. Individuals with visual impairments attending graduate schools are expected to be able to work with data sets, including reading, interpreting, and sharing findings with others in their field, but due to their impairments may not be able to work with standard displays. The cost and time involved in preparing adapted graphs based on student research data for individuals with visual impairments can be prohibitive. This chapter introduces a method for the rapid prototyping of tactile graphs for students to use in data analysis through the use of spreadsheets, internet-based conversion tools, and a 3D printer.
Employing 3D Printing to Fabricate Augmented Reality Headsets for Middle School STEM Education
Authors: Tillman Daniel A. , Teller Ross C. , Perez Paul E. , An Song A.
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines the theories, strategies, and techniques for employing 3D printing technologies to fabricate education-appropriate augmented reality (AR) headsets and provides a concrete example of an AR headset that the authors developed. The chapter begins by discussing theories and historically relevant events that provide a context for the chapter's narrative about use of 3D printers to support AR in education. Next, the chapter presents the strategies that were employed while developing and 3D fabricating a custom-designed AR headset that was intended for supporting middle school students learning science and mathematics content knowledge. Afterward, the chapter provides directions and resources for the reader describing how to build the presented AR headset design themselves by using a 3D printer and affordable electronic components, as well as information about how to join the Maker community and participate in the designing and producing of similar projects. Lastly, the chapter delivers a summarization of all findings discussed.
Education for Justice-Oriented and Participatory Citizenship in a Politicized Era in Hong Kong
Authors: Ng Shun Wing , Wong Koon Lin
Published: October 2018

This chapter aims at introducing issues of citizenship education arising from the social, historical, and political context of Hong Kong before and after its handover from Britain to the People's Republic of China in 1997. It then analyzes conceptions and typologies of active and participatory citizenship and the impeding factors affecting promotion of participatory and justice-oriented citizenship in the citizenship education curriculum by reviewing the education policy documents published by the Hong Kong Education Bureau. Ultimately, it conceptualizes four stages of development of citizenship education chronologically in Hong Kong with regard to the nature of politicization and de-politicization. Through reflection on the political movements triggered by young people in recent years in Hong Kong, this chapter concludes by specifying the importance of nurturing participatory and justice-oriented citizens in the citizenship education classrooms with immediate urgency for students' development, especially in the rapidly changing social and political context of Hong Kong.
Governmentality, Curriculum Policies, and Citizenship Education
Authors: Romero Jesús , Estellés Marta
Published: October 2018

Citizenship education has received increasing attention in recent decades. After its inclusion in the agenda of international organizations and European institutions, many studies and academic debates have taken place. Despite their undoubted merits, a significant portion of that literature has not sufficiently discussed its starting presuppositions. It has often introduced citizenship education as if it were a novelty. That presentism has had a dangerous effect: the ease with which some ways of thinking and talking about citizenship education have been naturalized. Precisely for that reason, a historical perspective is essential: It helps us distance ourselves from our own frame of reference to question what is usually taken for granted by analyzing the changes in the tacit knowledge systems. In this chapter, the authors try to illustrate this by examining the main tendencies that have introduced citizenship education in national curricula during the two key cycles of socio-institutional restructuring experienced by Western countries since the end of the 19th century.
Geographical Concepts and the Goal of Citizenship Formation in Brazilian Researches Concerning Geography Teaching
Authors: Cavalcanti Lana de Souza , Camilo de Souza Vanilton
Published: October 2018

Post-graduate education and research at Brazil has been amplified by quantitative and qualitative standards. One of its lines of inquiry which has stood out in the last three decades is geography teaching. The analysis of this theme, and particularly of investigations about geographical concepts and citizenship formation, is the motivation to the development of this essay's ideas. The text is a result of reviews into the state-of-the-art of the area's researches in the 2004 to 2015 period, amongst which the abstracts of theses and dissertations were considered. Based on the titles, abstracts, and keywords, studies concerning geographical concepts and citizenship formation in geography were selected. The data points out a diversification of thematic focuses to discuss the formation of concepts and the growing efforts to reference geographical concepts, as well as to the potentialities of the citizenship formation on those researches.
Expanding Notions of Student Activism and Advocacy in the Community College
Authors: Miller Ryan A. , Forester Rachael , Kendra-Dill Zachary N. , Smith Steven C. , Wheeler Emily , D'Amico Mark M.
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to explore student activism within community colleges, including opportunities for and barriers to activism. The authors argue that community colleges can and should leverage curricular and co-curricular venues to teach about and promote activism, thus encouraging socio-academic integrative moments that combine both academic and social integration. While four-year institutions might engage students in learning about and practicing activism via opportunities primarily outside of the classroom such as student affairs offices and student leadership opportunities, community colleges can encourage greater student activism primarily in curricular contexts. Indeed, given the demographic diversity present in community colleges—where students often work part- or full-time off campus, spend little time on campus outside of coursework, and have significant personal and family responsibilities—the classroom may be the optimal venue to engage students.
Activism and College Student Mental Health
Authors: Bjornsen-Ramig Abby L. , Kissinger Daniel B.
Published: October 2018

Activism on college campuses in the United States is a long-standing phenomenon rooted in the counterculture movements of the 1960s. Today, local, regional, and national issues and sociopolitical influences remain closely aligned with activism in higher education, with contemporary issues shaping student activism efforts on campus. College student activism ranges from organized marches and protests to more widespread social media campaigns, targeting issues ranging from inclusion and diversity to sexual assault and intimate partner violence. Involvement in activism can influence the mental health and overall wellness of college students who engage in these activities. This chapter focuses on contemporary activism in higher education, specifically as related to the potential impact of activism on the mental health and wellness of college student activists. Also discussed are implications for student affairs professionals, university-based mental health professionals, and higher education administrators.