bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Geology of Barbados. Part II. The Oceanic Deposits
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J. , Harrison J. B.
Published: October 2009

In a former paper we described the raised coral-reefs of Barbados; we now offer an account of the important series of raised oceanic deposits which form part of the solid framework of the island, beneath its comparatively superficial coating of coral-limestone.

1. General Descriptions of the Deposits.

(a) Geological Position.-The Oceanic Deposits form a group or series of beds which is clearly marked off from the Scotland Series below and the Coral Limestones above. They do not, however, appear as a continuous band between the other two formations, because the elevation of the island from oceanic depths was accompanied by a considerable amount of faulting, and tracts of the Oceanic Deposits were dropped down between blocks of the older Scotland Series. Waves and currents then formed a surface of erosion across the faulted mass before the corals began to grow, and consequently the reefs rest, not only on various parts of the Oceanic Series, but in many places directly on the Scotland Beds.

The unconformity between the Oceanic Deposits and the Scotland Series on which they rest is as clear as the lithological contrast between the two formations is great. The older series has been thrown into a succession of folds and flexures which in many places amount to plications and contortions, and all this compression was accomplished before the formation of the Oceanic Deposits, which often rest on the edges of highly-inclined or vertical strata. In respect of colour and lithological composition there could hardly be a greater contrast
The
Olenellus
Zone in the North-west Highlands of Scotland
Authors: Peach B. N. , Horne J.
Published: October 2009

While tracing the various subdivisions of the Durness Series of quartzites and limestones from Sutherland southwards into Rossshire, careful attention has been paid to any indications of fossiliferous zones which might throw additional light on the age of the strata. During last season's campaign, certain sections in the Dundonnell Forest happily furnished the evidence which has been eagerly sought after.

Physical Features of the Dundonnell Forest.

Between Little Loeir Broom and Loeh Maree the members of this series traverse one of the wildest tracts in the west of Ross-shire. The Dundonnell Forest lies mainly to the south of the head of Little Loch Broom, stretching southwards by An Teallach (3483 ft.) to Loch an Nid and Creag Rainich (2646 ft.). The southern portion of the Forest is drained by the Loch an Nid river, which, finding its source in the loeh of that name, flows northwards for about three miles towards the shooting-lodge of Achneigie. The river is bounded on the east for part of this distance by a precipitous crag (1000 ft. high), and on the west by the long dip-slopes of quartzite and Torridon Sandstone of Sgurr Ban (3194 ft.) and Ben a Chlaidheimh. Near Achneigie the river bends towards the north-west, soon pouring its waters into Loch na Sheallag. From this loch issues the Gruinard river, discharging into Gruinard Bay.

The sections from which the fragments of
Olenelluz
were obtained occur along the eastern slope of the valley drained by the Loch an Nid river, between Loch
On the Basalts and Andesites of Devonshire, known as ‘Felspathic Traps’
Authors: Hobson Bernard
Published: October 2009

I. Previous Literature. 1797. W. G. Maton. Observations relative chiefly to the Natural History, Picturesque Scenery, and Antiquities of the Western Counties of England. Salisbury, vol. i. pp. 95-97 (describes the Thorverton stone).

1811. J.F. Berger. Observations on the Physical Structure of Devonshire and Cornwall. Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. i. pp. 100-102 (describes the amygdaloid of Poucham [probably Pocombe], Upton Pyne, 1 and Thorverton).

1821. Rev. J. J. Conybeare. On the Geology of the neighbourhood of Okehampton, Devon (" memoranda on the Red Marle" at end); Annals of Philosophy, new series, vol. ii. pp. 165, 166 (describes the amygdaloid of Thorverton, Silverton, and Radden [Raddon Court] quarries).

1835. Sir H. T. De la Beche. " Note on the Trappean Rocks associated with the (New)Red Sandstone of Devonshire," Prec. Geol. Soc. vol. ii. (1833-8) pp. 196-8 (mentions the trappean rocks "near Tiverton, Thorverton, Silverton, Kellerton Park, Crediton, and Exeter," and gives the geological history of those at Washfield, near Tiverton.

1839. Sir H. T. De la Beche. Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset (Geol. Survey Memoir)pp. 199-204, 211, 212, 215, 216, 489.

1839 ? (no date). One-inch Geological Survey Maps, Sheets 21, 22, 24, 26 (almost all the important exposures are included in Sheets 21 and 22).

1865. W. Vicary, F.G.S. On the Feldspathic Traps of Devonshire. Trans. Devon. Assoc. vol. i. pt. iv. pp. 43--49 (gives additional localities and fuller details of the macroscopical characters of the rocks).

1890. R. N. Worth, F.G.S. The Igneous Constituents
Notes on the Geology of the Northern Etbai
Authors: Floyer Ernest A.
Published: October 2009

By the scientific expedition despatched by H.H. the Khedive in the beginning of the year 1891 the whole country between the Red Sea and the Nile, and between Kos and Kosair on the north and Assuan and Berenice on the south, was examined and mapped out. Close attention was paid to the geology, for a study of which special preparation had been made, and the simplicity with which the formations are arranged enables a fairly correct picture to be drawn of an area of 2300 square miles, although the time given to its examination extended but little over three months.

The Map which accompanies the present abridgment shows the principal places mentioned in the text, and may be useful to any one who may have time and opportunity to visit the country.

Kina-Kosair-Berenice

The principal feature is a long ridge of igneous rock running N.N.W. and S.S.E. In this ridge, porphyry at times rises up into lofty peaks. These are at Jebel Dukhan, where are the quarries of the ‘imperial red porphyry’ now worked by Mr. Brindley, F.G.S. Next southwards come the porphyry peaks of Hullus, and south again the peaks of Jebel Ferayeg, the πεντεδάκτυλον őρος of Ptolemy. Between these peaks the ridge is lower, granites and metamorphic rocks alone appearing. The ridge runs near the sea, and the valleys on the east are short, frequent, and deeply eroded, both from the more frequent rains consequent on the sea-moisture, and from the slopes being steeper on the eastern than
The Gold-quartz Deposits of Pahang (Malay Peninsula)
Authors: Becher H. M.
Published: October 2009

The Gold–quartz formation of Pahang traverses an extensive series of sedimentary rocks, of which the low hill-country lying on the eastern side of the granitic mountain-axis chiefly consists. These rocks, probably of Palæozoic age, are for the most part thinly-bedded slates, with some sandstones, and fewer dark-coloured, impure limestone-beds. Locally they are more or less metamorphosed and contorted; quartzites, and micaceous and other schists, often intervening between the slate-series proper and the greater igneous rock-masses.

Generally the strata are regularly and evenly bedded, with a prevailing strike approximately north-and-south; they dip at steep angles, mostly eastwards, from which it would appear that they have been subjected to an upheaval, due to intrusion of the central granite. Other upheavals are traceable to syenitic intrusions, which form lesser hill-ranges between the backbone-chain and the eastern coast; while numerous dykes of trappean rock have caused minor local disturbances. There are not, to my knowledge, any indications of eruptive volcanic action in Pahang, or in any other part of the Malay Peninsula.

Besides the extensive slate-formation, the only sedimentary rock noticeable is a peculiar crystalline limestone, which apparently over-lies the first-named unconformably, and is found in isolated hill-patches, characterized by abrupt vertical cliffs and numerous caves.

All the alluvial formations appear to be of quite recent origin, and to have been undisturbed since the commencement of their deposition.

Although the Gold-quartz formation in Pahang is most frequently associated with certain characteristic dark-grey and black slate-rocks, it is not confined to these, but it is
The Petrography of the Island of Capraja
Authors: Emmons Hamilton
Published: October 2009

1.
Topography Of The Island

The Island of Capraja, situated 43° 2′ 35″ lat. N. and 9° 50′ 45″ long. E. of Greenwich, according to the Admiralty chart, constitutes one of the northernmost members of the Tuscan Archipelago. From it on a clear day the observer can easily see the Island of Elba to the south-east, Monte Cristo and Pianosa to the south, Corsica to the south-west, and Gorgona to the north, besides a long stretch of Apennines ranging east and north-east.

The island is roughly oval; its longest axis, lying almost north and south, measures, according to the Italian Ordnance Map, 8 kilometres (5 miles); and from east to west nearly 4 kilometres
(2½ miles) in the broadest parts. A chain of hills, ranging in height from 350 to 450 metres (1150 to 1475 feet), traverses its entire length; the eastern slopes of these hills fall away gradually, while the western plunge abruptly to the sea, often in precipitous cliffs, or deep ravines, exposing the structure of the island remarkably well. The east coast also is bounded by a line of cliffs; and these, though generally much lower than the western cliffs, offer equal facilities for study. 0nly at one point on this side of the island do they reach a height comparable with the cliffs on the west,
i. e.
beneath the twin hills of Monte Campanile and Monte Majone.

Inland, the slopes are everywhere cut into by little valleys, which present a chequered
On a Radiolarian Chert from Mullion Island
Authors: Fox Howard , Teall J. J. H.
Published: October 2009

I.
Description Of The Island And Its Predominant Rocks

Mullion Island lies off the western coast of the Lizard Peninsula, a little south of Mullion Cove. The channel separating it from the mainland is only about 250 yards wide at its narrowest part, and yet the rocks of which the island is composed are quite distinct from those of the adjacent coast.

The island somewhat resembles in shape the leaf of the trefoil. From the central part three promontories, each 150 yards in length, answering to the three lobes of the leaf, run out into the sea; one towards the north, another towards the west, and a third towards the south-east. The coast-line is almost everywhere backed by cliffs which vary in height from 20 to 100 feet. The culminating point lies at the extreme edge of the western promontory, facing the open sea. The upper portions of the cliffs in this part of the island glow with brilliant orange and yellow tints, owing to the luxuriant growth of the ubiquitous lichen
Parmelia parietina
. The lower part of the island is covered in places with miniature forests of tree-mallow. Sea-beet and other marine plants abound.

The predominant rock is of igneous origin. It is greenish, fine-grained, much jointed, and often highly decomposed. The old term ‘greenstone’ may be appropriately applied to it. In the mass it is separated into rude rolls by curvilinear joints. These rolls show circular or elliptical outlines in cross-section and measure from a few inches to
On a Mammalian Incisor from the Wealden of Hastings
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

Hiltherto the only evidence of the existence of mammals in the English Wealden is afforded by a cheek-tooth from the Wadhurst Clay of Hastings, described recently by Mr. A. Smith Woodward,¹ and referred to the Purbeckian genus
Plagiaulax
. I am now, thanks to Sir John Evans, K.C.B., in a position to affirm the presence of a second mammal in the same formation, which likewise seems to be referable to a genus originally described from the Purbeck.

The specimen on which this determination rests is an apparently entire, small incisor tooth embedded in a fragment of Tilgate Grit. Sir John Evans tells me that he found the specimen in a block of stone at Hastings, in or about the year 1854, and that he presented it to Prof. Prestwich, by whose permission it is to be now transferred to the collection at the Natural History Museum, South Kensington. The rock in which the tooth is embedded shows some signs of having formed part of a bone-bed, although there are in it no other distinctly recognizable organic remains.

The tooth, of which figures are given in the accompanying cut (figs. 1, 1
a
), is so embedded in the matrix as to exhibit only the front edge and one lateral surface
A Fossiliferous Pleistocene Deposit at Stone on the Hampshire Coast
Authors: Reid Clement
Published: October 2009

About a year ago I communicated to this Society a note on ‘The Pleistocene Deposits of the Sussex Coast,’ in which were given some of the more important results brought out by the new geological survey of that district. It was suggested, among other things, that the fossils of the ‘mud-deposit’ of Selsey indicated an interglacial mild period, represented also by some abundantly-fossiliferous strata at West Wittering. The continuation of the survey westward now enables me to state that the same deposit is found also in Hampshire, where it yields similar fossils, and distinctly underlies the mass of the implement-bearing gravels of that coast.

The new locality for the ‘mud-deposit’ is the foreshore at Stone, three miles south of the village of Fawley, and the same distance from the entrance to Southampton Water; it is consequently about 20 miles west of the patches already known. The mass of tenaceous
Scrobicularia
-clay, now visible at Stone, may have been observed by other geologists, but I can find no record of it ; in all probability, if observed at all, it was passed by as being merely an exposure of recent estuarine mud belonging to the Dark Water, a stream which now flows into the Solent a quarter of a mile farther west. Opposite the spot where the clay is seen, a low cliff marks the seaward edge of the great gravel-plateau of the New Forest ; but this cliff is so low, that at first sight the gravel might be mistaken for
The Bajocian of the Sherborne District: its Relation to Subjacent and Superjacent Strata
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTION.

Definition of the Term ‘Bajocian.’
—For the strata which are equivalent to the upper part of the Inferior Oolite, with a portion of the Fullers' Earth, d'Orbigny proposed the term ‘ Bajocien . ’ Like our own terms ‘ Inferior Oolite ’ and ‘ Fullers ’ Earth,’ its boundaries were somewhat uncertain; and like them, too, it would seem that the same palæontological horizon has received different geological names at different localities—for this, probably, a difference in lithological characters may be blamed. In the present paper I use the term ‘ Bajocian ’ in a merely conventional sense—for the lower beds of the upper part of the ‘ Inferior Oolite ’; but I do not express any opinion as to its merits. I may, however, remark that the division of the Jurassic period on palæontological grounds— disregarding the details of its inconstant and merely local lithology —is a necessity. Ammonites have been chosen as the indicators of horizons, and their rapidity in development makes them peculiarly suitable. Therefore, as far as possible, the chronological unit and the Ammonite–species should go together; and any system of grouping the chronological units should depend on the epacme, acme, and paracme of Ammonite-families. No doubt, in practical application, the epacme of one family would be found contemporaneous with the paracme of another, so that possibly it might be necessary to consider only two of the developmental phases.

Such terms as Bajocian, Toarcian, etc., might be used from the chronological point of view only, to
On the Stratigraphical, Lithological, and Palæontological Features of the Gosau Beds of the Gosau District, in the Austrian Salzkammergut
Authors: Kynaston Herbert
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

During the latter part of the summer of 892, I was enabled by means of a grant from the Worts Fund (Cambridge University) to do some geological work in the Eastern Alps. My observations during the seven weeks or so that I spent on the Continent were confined to the Upper Triassic and Upper Cretaceous rocks of the neighbourhood of Aussee, Altausse, Hallstatt, and Gosau, in the Austrial Salzkammergut, and more especially to the Cretaceous rocks of Gosau; and it is the remarkable formation here developed that I proose to deal with in this paper.

I am aware that the subject of the Gosan Beds is by no means a new one, and that many eminent stratigraphists and palæontologists, whose researches have brought forth a copious literature and much discussion, have been before me in the same field. With the exception, however, of the remarkable researches of Murchison and Sedgwick, little, if any, detailed work has been done on these beds by English geologists. Furthermore, although the formation at Gosau and other places in the Eastern Alps has been known for a long time, yet its isolated position, peculiar stratigraphical relations, and unique fauna have always been subjects of much discussion amongst European geologists, and the question of the exact geological horizon of the beds and their palæontological relations cannot even yet be said to have been definitely settled.

It is proposed, therefore, in the following pages to give a summary of the results of the principal previous
The Geology of Monte Chaberton
Authors: Davies A. M. , Gregory J. W.
Published: October 2009

I
n
the study of the geology of the Cottian Alps the problem that has given rise to most difference of opinion is the age of the beds of serpentine and ‘pietre verdi’ which occur so abundantly among the schists of this district. Most geologists now admit them to be altered igneous rocks, though the theory of their being bedded sediments still lingers in Italy. As to their age, however, there is much greater uncertainty, so that in spite of all the work that had been done in the Cottians, when the subject was considered in 1890 in the description of the Variolitic Rocks of Mont Genèvre, it was only possible to conclude that “we must in fairness merely style them Post-Carboniferous until further evidence is forthcoming.” The locality that offered the best prospect of the solution of this question seemed to be on the flanks of Monte Chaberton, the great dolomite mass on the north side of the well-known pass of Mont Genévre. Here a typical series of the intrusive rocks is associated with stratified beds containing three distinct sets of fossils, namely, those of the radiolarian phthanites of Cesana, the
Gyroporella
and other Triassic organisms of Clavières, and those hitherto known only from some fallen boulders on the eastern talus-slopes of Chaberton. The age of the first and last of these was uncertain, and it was necessary to determine that of the last before any great advance could be made.

The fossils in the boulders had been found on
On the Origin of Certain Novaculites and Quartzites
Authors: Rutley Frank
Published: October 2009

A
lthough
various explanations have been offered regarding the origin of certain novaculites it seems that more may yet be said upon this subject. A useful
résumé
of the opinions held by different authors is given in the ‘Annual Report of the Geological Sarvey of Arkansas for 1890,’ by Mr. L. S. Griswold. Before attempting to explain my own views it seems desirable that I should allude briefly to the specimens upon which those views are based, and especially to the Arkansas novaculites, since Mr. Griswold's intimate acquaintance with these rocks, both in the field and in the laboratory, lends great weight to his opinions. Indeed, it may seem presumptuous on my part to question them, since I have no knowledge of the ground with which he is so familiar, and also because the material at my disposal consisted of two small specimens, while he has had mountain-ranges to work upon.

The specimen of Arkansas stone which I have examined is a bluish-white rock with a faint yellowish tinge, translucent in moderately thick splinters, breaking with a conchoidal to splintery fracture and bearing a general resemblance to chalcedony. The structure is cryptocrystalline, and it shows under the microscope the outlines of what were once cavities of rhombohedral form, now occupied by siliceous deposits of secondary origin. The specimen of Ouachita stone resembles a faintly yellowish-white or cream-coloured biscuit-porcelain, except that it exhibits barely a trace of translucency on thin edges.

Under the microscope this rock is also seen to possess a
A Comparison of the Permian Breccias of the Midlands with the Upper Carboniferous Glacial Deposits of India and Australia
Authors: Oldham R. D.
Published: October 2009

I.
Introduction

In 1855 the late Sir Andrew Ramsay read before this Society a paper on the Permian breccias of Enville and of the Clent, Abberley, and Malvern Hills, in which he gave his reasons for believing that they were deposits of glacial origin. This was followed in 1875 by a paper of the late Mr. H. F. Blanford, in which the suggestion was made that the Talehir boulder-beds of India, whose glacial origin had been recognized in 1856, might have been formed during that glacial period the traces of which had been preserved in the Permian breccias of England.

The glacial origin of these breccias has frequently been disputed, and the doubts cast on them have been to a certain extent reflected on the Indian deposits to which a similar origin has been ascribed. No actual comparison of the two by any observer acquainted with both had, however, been made, and I determined to take an opportunity of visiting some of the exposures with a view of comparing the English and Indian rocks. The opportunity came last Easter, and I have to express my obligations to Mr. Wickham ing, F.G.S., who has made a special study of the deposits, and was good enough to guide me to the principal localities and the best exposures.

II.
The Permian Breccias of England

The grounds on which the late Sir Andrew Ramsay based his beliefs in the glacial origin of the beds were, stated briefly, (1) the distance from which the included
Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.—Part I. The Glacial Geology of Mount Kenya
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: October 2009

In the discussion as to the respective merits of the rival theories concerning the causes of former glaciation, few lines of work seem likely to yield better results than the study of the originally greater extension of glaciers in tropical regions. When therefore, on emerging from the dense forests of the lower slopes of Mount Kenya, I came upon a series of old moraines, not 10 miles from the Equator and far below the level of the existing glaciers, my interest was at once aroused in the additional problems presented for solution.

Mount Kenya is situated in long. 37° 20′ E. and lat. 0° 6′ S.; it rises to the height of approximately 19,500 feet, and covers an area of about 700 square miles. It consists in its lower part of a huge pile of volcanic ash and débris, with a low gradient, rising from 7200 to 10,200 feet, densely covered with forest and bamboo-jungle. Above this frown steep craggy slopes of coarse agglomerates, ash, and lava, while the whole is surmounted by a rugged pyramidal peak which is part of the central core of the old volcano.

The central peak is of such excessive steepness that the snow is scattered irregularly over it, instead of forming a ‘calotte’ or snow-cap, similar to those on Kibo (the higher summit of Kilima Njaro) and Chimborazo. The snow accumulates in the hollows and on the slopes with lower gradients; from these snow-fields a series of glaciers flow down into the valleys.

The
Notes on the Geology of South-eastern Africa
Authors: Draper David
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
: P
hysical
F
eatures

I purpose, in the following pages, to give a brief description of the principal physical and geological features of that portion of South Africa which is situated between the 26th and 31st degrees of south latitude and the 29th and 31st degrees of east longitude

This area includes the Colony of Natal, the native States of Zululand and Swaziland, the south-eastern portion of the South African Republic (Transvaal), and the eastern portion of the Orange Free State and of Basutoland

(1) The Drakensberg Range

This range of mountains is the continuation of the main range, which runs roughly parallel with the coast-line of Cape Colony, from west to east, and turns rather suddenly northward at the Natal boundary. It is known under various names in Cape Colony, and as the ‘Drakensberg’ where it forms the boundary of East Griqualand and the Colony of Natal

The Drakensberg forms the watershed of the south-eastern portion of the continent; it divides the waters flowing westward into the Atlantic from those flowing eastward into the Indian Ocean. The rivers flowing westward, viz. the Orange and the Vaal, drain the inland portion of South Africa. Those flowing eastward, the principal of which are the Tugela, the Usuto, and the Pongolo, drain the coastal portion. These latter small in comparison with the Vaal and Orange rivers

the Drakensberg range consists of three distinct portions, differing greatly in aspect.

The
Mountain portion
, extending northward to the ‘Montaux-Sources,’ forming a bold and rugged mountain-chain
On the Relations of some of the Older Fragmental Rocks in North-western Caernarvonshire
Authors: Bonney T. G. , Raisin Catherine A.
Published: October 2009

In a recent paper published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, a new and revolutionary hypothesis is put forward as to the age and position of certain well-known conglomerates and associated beds in North-western Caernavonshire. The new explanation presents at once some difficulties, but these have been increased in number and gravity by a fresh study of the district. We selected those portions of it examined by Mr. Blake, in which the more critical sections occur, and tested with the microscope the questions raised by work in the field. The one or the other author was already in possession of a fair number of slides from a district in dispute, and nearly fifty additional specimens have been expressly prepared for the present paper

According to the new hypothesis, the strata previously mapped and described from near Llyn Padarn and from neighbouring districts can be distinguished into two groups separated by a strongly marked unconformity. While the one part is held by Mr. Blake to be of early Cambrian age, the other is ‘post-Llanberis.’ A question at once suggests itself, namely, to what epoch (from the Menevian onwards) do these so-called ‘post-Llanberis’ sediments belong, and where in adjacent districts may we find beds that can be correlated with them? Of this problem Mr. Blake has not succeeded in offering a solution, but he evidently perceives that it is one which claims consideration

The new hypothesis, however, would involve two consequences of far-reaching import. The unformity is described as being
On the Banded Structure of some Tertiary Gabbros in the Isle of Skye
Authors: Geikie Archibald , Teall J. J. H.
Published: October 2009

The dark basic rocks which stand out so prominently in the geological structure and scenery of the Inner Hebrides have long attracted notice and have been the subject of frequent description. The writings of Macculloch, Von Oeynhausen and Von Dechen, and J. D. Forbes in the earlier half of this century, and of Prof. Zirkel and Prof. Judd in the later half, have made geologists familiar with the general character and distribution of the Tertiary gabbros. There is one feature, however, in these interesting masses which has hardly received as yet the attention which it deserves. We refer to the frequent bedding and banding which they present. Even from a distance this structure may be distinctly recognized on many of the great declivities. The northern hills of Rum, for instance, can be readily seen to be built up of successive sheets, and on the flanks of the Cuillin Hills in Skye a similar structure may be observed. Macculloch has referred to what he calls the “obscurely bedded disposition” of some of these rocks, and Prof. Judd has stated that “the great masses of gabbro in Rum exhibit that pseudo-stratification so often observed in igneous rocks.” One of the authors of the present paper has drawn particular attention to this structure as evincing that the gabbro masses are not simple eruptive bosses, but are composed of many sills and sheets, the result of successive protrusions of material. He has also dwelt on the fact that not only do these masses exhibit
Additions to the Fauna of the Olenellus-zone of the Northwest Highlands
Authors: Peach B. N.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

It is now two years since Mr. Horne and I communicated to this Society details of the discovery by the Geological Survey of
Olenellus
in the ‘Fucoid Beds’ and Serpulite Grit of the west of Ross-shire, which in our opinion proved the Lower Cambrian age of those strata. The discovery has been followed up by the Survey, and through the kindness of Major Robertson, the shooting tenant, and of Mr. A. P. Purves, the agent for Mr. Mackenzie, the proprietor of the Dundonnell Porest, facilities were afforded to Mr. A. Macconochie, Fossil Collector of the Survey, which allowed him to make a more exhaustive search of the localities mentioned in our paper. The search resulted in his obtaining a considerable amount of new material.

while the work of the Survey was advancing in the region around the head of Loch Maree, prior to the discovery of
Olenellus
at Dundonnell, certain outcrops of the ‘Fucoid Beds’ were considered fossiliferous, and were accordingly marked off to be further searched by the collector. One of these, situated in Glen Cruchallie, more commonly, though erroneously, known as Glen Logan, yielded Mr. Macconochie specimens of
Salterella
and
Hyolithes
, but no recognizable fragments of trilobite. The other outcrop, noticed by Mr. Greenly, occurs on the northern slopes of Meall a' Ghubhais at a height of between 1200 and 1300 feet, just over the tree-line, and about 4 miles north-west of Kenlochewe. As this locality is situated in the Sanctuary, or most carefully preserved part
Notes on the Geology and Mineral Resources of Anatolia (Asia Minor)
Authors: Wilkinson W. F.
Published: October 2009

So little is known of the geography and geology of the interior of Asia Minor that the following notes, made during a journey of about 50 miles inland from Brusa, may be worth recording. The route followed by the author passed through the following places, commencing at the coast:—Mudania, Brusa, Edrenos, and Heimanjik. Straight lines connecting Mudania with Edrenos, and Edrenos with Kutahia, would run roughly along the line of section accompanying this paper (see fig. 1, p. 96). Starting from the coast in a southerly direction, one crosses first of all a low range of mountains consisting principally of limestones, running parallel with the coast. About 15 miles east of Mudania are the marble quarries of Gemlek. After passing this range, which attains here an altitude of 1000 feet, the route crosses the plain of Brusa, watered by the Nilufer river, and covered with alluvial deposits. On the south side of the plain, and at the foot of the lofty range of Mount Olympus, lies the city of Brusa, the ancient capital of the Osmanlis, and still a city of considerable importance. The southern slopes of Mount Olympus consist of limestones and mica-schists. The granite, which is the backbone of the ridge, is not met with, in travelling due south of Brusa, till after a three hours' climb. This granite is principally a white variety, with dark mica. The higher peaks of Mount Olympus lie to the east; the loftiest of them is said to attain an altitude of
The Lower Greensand above the Atherfield Clay of East Surrey
Authors: Leighton Thomas
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
district to which this paper refers extends from Leith Hill in the west to Tilburstow Hill in the east, and the beds more partieularly discussed are those which have been described by the Geological Survey as the Hythe and S~mdgate Beds. I exclude the Atherfield Clay from consideration here because, although rarely exposed in the district, it is so distinct in itself and of such persistent occurrence at the base of the series, that there can be no reason for doubting its position as mapped. Many geologists have treated of this district in the past; amongst the chief are Mantell, Fitton, T. Webster, Murchison, Mr. C. J. A. Meÿer, and Mr. F. Drew with Mr. W. Topley. The Weald Memoir of the Geological Survey prepared by Mr. Topley, so far as this district is concerned, chiefly from the notes of the late Mr. Drew, sets forth what may be called the hitherto accepted view of the Lower Greensand succession. That view is, that the northern outcrop of the series (as here limited) in the Weald is divisible into three sets of beds, named respectively the: Hythe, Sandgate, and Folkestone Beds, which are mapped more or less continuously from the typical areas after which they are named. This view would no doubt have sufficed, but for the new light thrown on the question in 1885 by Dr. G. ,1. Hinde's paper ‘ On Beds of Sponge-remains in the Lower and Upper Greensand of the South of England ‘ It should
The Formation of Oolite
Authors: Wethered E. B.
Published: October 2009

If a thin section of oolite be mounted in Canada balsam and examined under a microscope, it is seen to be made up of a number of granules associated with fragmental remains of calcareous organisms, and the interstitial spaces are filled in with calcite.

Looked at with a 2-inch object-glass these oolitic granules show, for the most part, a series of concentric strata or laminæ of calcium carbonate around a nucleus. There are also other secondary structures, the principal of which are dark striæ and patches, the former placed more or less at right angles to the nucleus.

At the Bath meeting of the British Association in 1888 Prof. H. G. Seeley read a paper ‘On the Origin of Oolitic Texture in Limestone Rocks.’ In this communication the author stated that he ‘believed that oolitic texture might originate in many ways……’ He also drew attention to the ‘close resemblance of the internodal grains of the nullipores to grains of oolite as furnishing a further explanation of oolitic texture. These grains show a concentric structure as well as a radiated tubular structure, which would favour the recrystallization such as commonly occurs.’

Generally speaking, up to the year 1889 the concentric layers were supposed to be chemically deposited calcium carbonate. Thus Dr. Sorby, F.R.S., in his most able and memorable address to the Geological Society in 1879, describes the formation of normal Jurassic oolitic grains in the following words : They are ‘ composed of more or less well-defined layers of small
Notes on the Genus
Murchisonia
and its Allies; with a Revision of the British Carboniferous Species, and Descriptions of some New Forms
Authors: Donald Jane
Published: October 2009

I. T
he
S
ubdivision of the
G
enus
M
urchisonia
and its A
llies

17 a previous paper 1 I gave an account of the establishment of the genus
Murchisonia
by D'Archiac and De Yerneuil, and described its characteristics. Since that date several new subdivisions of the genus have been made by pal~eontologists, and however reluctant we may be to introduce new terms, we cannot well avoid doing so, for many of the
Murchisoniæ
vary considerably from the type. Palmontologists differ both in the divisions that they adopt and also in the value that they attach to them. While some merely consider these as sections, others regard them as subgenera, or even distinct genera. Before proceeding to examine these divisions it may be well to enumerate the generic characters of
Murchisonia
as now defined :—

Shell elongated, turreted, composed of more than six gradually increasing whorls. Whorls more or less angular, variously ornamented or smooth. Mouth oblong, oblique, terminated at the base by a very short or truncated canal. Columella arched. In the outer lip there is a narrow and more or less deep slit with parallel edges, the successive filling-up of which during the growth of the shell produces a continuous band throughout the whole length of the spire. This band is distinctly defined, and composed of either a single or double keel. Umbilicus open or closed.

Though D'Archiae and De u do not indicate any particular species as type, the first mentioned on the list that they give has generally been accepted
On the Loess and other Superficial Deposits of Shantung (North China)
Authors: Skertchly S. B. J. , Kingsmill T. W.
Published: October 2009

T
his
paper is based upon a recent journey by the authors, extending right across Shantung, from Chefu in the east into Chihli in the west; one of us, however (T. W. K.), had previously traversed the country southwards, and had studied the loess in the provinces of Kiangsu, Shanse, Anhwci, Honan, Shantung, and Chihli. During the recent journey, lasting from April till the end of July, 1892, we had unusual opportunities of studying the surface-beds, and as the conclusions we arrived at were threshed out from time to time, and position after position had to be abandoned, it has been thought best to throw our observations into a more or less narrative form.

I. S
uperfacial
D
eposit
of
N
orth
China
.

We are of opinion that much of the objection taken to the marine theory of the loess is due to a disinclination to concede such great changes in the configuration of Asia, within comparatively recent times, as are therein involved, and we therefore proceed to show that China has been to a large extent submerged even since the loess period. :Hitherto little attention has been paid by geologists to the interesting beds which seem to prove this submergence. The series as at present made out is, in descending order,—

1.
Modern Fluviatile Deposits.
. These consist of the huge deltadeposits of the Yangtse, the far less conspicuous silts and sands of the Yellow River, and the gravels and sands of the preser~t streams. As they apparently belong to the present state
On Bones of a Sauropodous Dinosaur from Madagascar
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

O
riginally
described from the Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks of England and other parts of Europe, the gigantic dinosaurs commonly known as sauropods have been subsequently discovered in great abundance in North America, while they have been recorded by myself some years ago from Southern India, and quite recently from Patagonia. We have thus evidence that the group had a very wide geographical distribution; and it is noteworthy that, while several of its North American representatives appear inseparable from their European allies, the Indian and Argentine forms are likewise referable to one and the same genus. Hitherto we have had no evidence of the occurrence of the group in Africa or Madagascar; and it is therefore a matter of considerable interest to be able to bring before the Society the fact that these gigantic dinosaurs were represented in the island last named.

Before proceeding to the consideration of the specimens themselves, it is important to mention that remains of a Mesozoic reptile of a Jurassic type have already been recorded from the island, and referred to the European genus
Steneosaurus
. The presumption thus afforded of the occurrence of Jurassic strata in Madagascar is converted into a certainty by the discovery of a large series of molluscan remains belonging to forms characteristic of that period.

The specimens that I have the opportunity of now bringing under the notice of the Society comprise a large series of reptilian bones collected by Mr. J. L. Last, at a spot about 20 miles to
An Experiment to Illustrate the Mode of Flow of a Viscous Fluid
Authors: Sollas W. J.
Published: October 2009

Now that the theory of glacier-movement propounded by James Forbes stands alone, undisturbed by conflicting hypotheses, we more readily perceive its simplicity and beauty; and we cannot refuse a tribute of admiration to the clarity of thought, no less to the skill in observation, which led that distinguished investigator to success in the treatment of a problem which his famous contemporaries had found so baffling.

Whatever may be the ultimate explanation, there can be no question of the fact, that the ice of glaciers behaves precisely like a plastic solid or highly viscous liquid; and it is consequently by enquiries into the laws of viscous flow that we may justly seek to extend our knowledge of the movements of flowing ice.

No substance is probably better suited for experiments in this direction than solid pitch, or that substance commonly known as ‘cobbler's wax,’ in which it occurs as the chief constituent. Under a sudden pull or pressure this material behaves like the most brittle solid, but when stress is slowly applied it yields continuously to deformation. A small fragment kneaded between the finger and thumb may be slowly drawn out into a thread of indefinite length, but if suddenly pulled it snaps across with a clean fracture; it may be readily impressed with the finger-nail, but a smart tap with the point of a needle shivers it into angular fragments.

While it thus essentially resembles ice in the manner in which it reacts against deforming forces, it possesses the advantage
The Bajocian of the Mid-Cotteswolds
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: October 2009

Summary and Conclusions

The following are the facts and conclusions advanced in this paper:—

1.

A record of the stratigraphical sequence of the ‘intervening beds’ between Stroud and Leckhampton

2.

The correlation of the Gryphite- and Lower
Trigonia
-grits respectively.

3.

A demonstration of how the stratigraphical sequence has been affected by the ‘Bajocian denudation’

4.

The discovery of the importance of the Cold Comfort section, and the position of its beds.

5.

The discovery of a new ammonitiferous horizon in the Cotteswolds.

6.

The bearing of this discovery on Jurassic chronology.

7.

Correlation of the ‘intervening beds’ with Dorset strata, and the necessity of dividing the ‘
Witchelliæ
hemera’ into this and ‘
Sonniniæ
hemera.’

8.

The geographical extent of the ‘intervening beds’; and a demonstration that the strata of the
Witchelliæ
hemera only cover about 1½ square miles in the Mid-Cotteswolds.

9.

Records of the chronological sequence of brachiopoda; with special reference to their value in stratigraphical correlation.

10.

Description of certain new brachiopoda, particularly noticeable for their value as indicators of horizons.

11.

Notes on the development of certain brachiopoda, to show the importance to nomenclature of exactness in recording horizons, and the importance to correlation of having a nomenclature in accordance with development, by avoiding a confusion of heterogenetic forms.
Notes on the Glacial Geology of Arctic Europe and its Islands. Part I.: Kolguev Island
Authors: Feilden H. W.
Published: October 2009

During the month of July 1895, after two ineffectual attempts to reach Novaya Zemlya, owing to the great accumulation of ice in Barents Sea, we ran down the dge of the ice-pack, which extended intact from Novaya Zemlya to the northern end of the Island of Kolguev. We were fortunate enough to meet with a day so fine and a sea so smooth that our party of five persons landed without difficulty at the mouth of the Gobista River, on the southwestern side of Kolguev. Our yacht was sent back to Vardö for coal, and we reminded on Kolguev for ten days, encountering very inclement weather. A most opportune break in an almost continuous series of gales and fogs enabled us to leave Kolguev on the return to our vessel, without difficulty or danger.

The Island of Kolguev lies in Barents Sea, distant some 50 miles from the manland of Arctic Russia, and about 130 miles southwest from the nearest part of Novaya Zemlya. Its greatest breadth is about 50 miles, and its extreme length 40 miles; the general shape is oval. The superficial area may be roughly estimated at 2000 square miles. As a familiar comparison, we might liken it in extent to our East Anglian country of Norfolk.

The soundings between Kolguev and the mainland of Europe do not exceed 30 fathoms, while, in all probability, 70 fathoms is the extreme depth between it and Novaya Zemlya. Kolguev, however, differs completely in geological structure from the mountainous islands
On a Fossil Octopus (Calaïs Newboldi, J. De C. Sby. MS.) from the Cretaceous of the Lebanon
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: October 2009

I am indebted to Mr. C. Davies Sherborn, F.G.S., for drawing my attention to a very remarkable and beautiful fossil from the Cretaceous formation of the Lebanon, Syria, obtained about 1846 by Lieut. T. J. Newbold, and presented by him to the Museum of the Geological Society, where it has since remained. In 1846 it attracted the attention of Mr. J. De Carlo Sowerby, who evidently intended to describe it, ‘at a more convenient season’ which never arrived; for he wrote upon it:— ‘
Calaïs Newbouldii
’ (read
Newboldi
). ‘
Ceph. Octopoda
.
Genus ineditum
.
Abdomen alis triangularibus instructum
. ‘
E strato calcareo tertiario Montis Libani a D
. (T. J.)
Newbo(u)ld effossum
1846. J.
De C. Sowerby
.’

The only criticisms that I would venture to make upon this label are (1) that the stratum of limestone from the Lebanon, whence the fossil was derived, is not of ‘Tertiary’ but Cretaceous age; (2) that the specimen is marked in pencil on the back ‘Major Newbold, Mt. Lebanon’ (whose initials were ‘T. J.’= ‘Thomas John’) not
D
., and there should be no
u
in Newbold. He is spoken of in 1842 as ‘Lieut. Newbold’ (Proc. Geol. Soc. 1842, pp. 782-792), and by Murchison in his Presidential Address, Feb. 17th, 1843, as ‘Lieut. Newbold, of the East India Company's service’ (Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. iv. 1846, p. 137).

In the ‘National Biography,’ 1894, pp. 314–315, Newbold is spoken of as one of the most accomplished officers in the East India Company‘s service. He was made a Lieutenant in
Evidences of Glacial Action in Australia in Permo-Carboniferous Time
Authors: David T. W. Edgeworth
Published: October 2009

The subject of which this paper treats has already been traversed by the author in his Presidential address to the Geological Section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, at its meeting at Brisbane in January 1895.

The author hopes, however, that the presentation to this Society of a summary of these previous records,—with the addition of his subsequent field–work in 1895,—will be justified by the opportunity now given of a discussion which will be of immense benefit in furthering an important and interesting branch of geological investigation.

The personal observations recorded in this paper are the result of 13 years‚, more or less constant, field-work in Australia.

I. Work done by previous observers. The first actual record of evidence of ice–action in Australia is probably that made by Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn in 1859. The statement is as follows :— At one point in the bed of the, Inman I observed a smooth, Striated, and grooved rock–surface, presenting every indication of glacial action. The bank of the creek showed a Section of clay and coarse gravel; or drift, composed of fragments of all sizes irregularly interbedded through the clay. The direction of the grooves and scratches is E. and W. in parallel lines; and though they follow the course of the stream, I do not think they could have been produced by the action of water forcing pebbles and boulders detached from the drift along the bed of the stream. This is the first and only