bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SURFACE SOURCES OF CENTRALIZED DRINKING WATER SUPPLY: THEIR PURIFICATION FROM BIOCONTAMINATION AND PURIFIACTION EFFICIENCY DETERMINATION (WITH THE CITY OF SIMFEROPOL TAKEN AS AN EXAMPLE)
Authors: STRELKOV Alexandr K. , KOTOVSKAYA Elena Ye. , TEPLYKH Svetlana Yu.
Published: February 2018

The paper demonstrates statistical analysis results of biocontamination of Simferopol water reservoirs of centralized drinking water supply sources. The biocontamination results were obtained by permanganate oxidizability factor. The analysis revealed a consistent patt ern of biocontamination distribution and its analytical description for four sources of centralized water supply. The paper also introduces models of this factor distribution for water purifi ed in water-purifi cation plants of the city of Simferopol (in clean-water reservoirs). The eff ectiveness of two-step water purifi cation scheme (horizontalstrainer chamber - high-rate trickling fi lter) from biocontamination is calculated. The research demonstrates a probability of exceeding permanganate oxidizability normative values for drinking water according to WHO and EU standards and according to drinking water requirements for this indicator in the Russian Federation. The required degree of permanganate oxidizability disposal at water treatment plants which will make the quality of drinking water meet WHO and EU standards is also defi ned.
Jute-Gate: A Case Study on the Development of a Subject Gateway
Authors: Sanyal Surojit , Bandyopadhyay Ratna , Panigrahi Pijushkanti
Published: February 2018

Documents on Jute have proliferated considerably along with the growth of the Jute Industry. The aim of this study is to develop a comprehensive single-window knowledge dissemination tool on Jute. Survey of subject gateways and Jute websites has been conducted to ascertain the need for the same. Development of a subject gateway on Jute information (i.e. Jute-Gate) is an obvious choice as there is no subject gateway on Jute, although different subject gateways have been developed across the world for disseminating qualitative information to information seekers on other subjects. A prototype Jute-Gate has been designed based on the feedback from a field survey of Jute Mills and other stakeholders using a free open-source Content Management Software (CMS) (i.e. Drupal).
Isochamaejasmin and other flavonoids isolated from an endemic Algerian desert species
Authors: Oke-altuntas Feyza , Noman Labib , Zellagui Amar , Demirtas Ibrahim , Salah Rhouati
Published: February 2018

Thymelaea
microphylla Coss. et Dur is an endemic desert species from Algeria belongs to Thymelaeaceae
family. The dichloromethane-methanolic extract from aerial parts of T.
microphylla was subjected to silica gel column. Three flavonoids were
isolated from the extract; isochamaejasmin (1), cis-tiliroside (2) and
trans-tiliroside (3). The structures of the compounds were determined on the
basis of the HPLC-TOF/MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. To the best of
our knowledge, compound (1) was isolated from T. microphylla for the
first time and there is no report in the literature. Moreover, in
this study, antioxidant activity of the compound (3) was also evaluated.
Los efectos del Tratado de Libre Comercio con Estados Unidos y los precios del maíz colombiano
Authors: Trochez Gonzalez Johanna , Valencia Cárdenas Marisol , Salazar Uribe Juan Carlos
Published: February 2018

Desde la década de los 90, Colombia ha firmado diferentes acuerdos de libre comercio con diversos países y comunidades, a fin de liberar los aranceles de importación de varios productos agropecuarios sensibles a grandes volúmenes de importaciones, como es el caso del maíz, alimento básico de la canasta familiar, el cual ha presentado una disminución en la producción en los últimos veinte años. Este artículo propone una evaluación de los efectos del Tratado de Libre Comercio celebrado con Estados Unidos a través del modelo lineal mixto, teniendo como variable respuesta los precios semanales del maíz blanco y amarillo comercializado en las principales plazas de mercado colombianas, en un lapso de tiempo comprendido entre junio de 1996 hasta diciembre de 2016. Donde se encontró una disminución en los precios de comercialización en el tiempo, generando repercusiones sobre el ingreso del productor de maíz colombiano por tonelada producida.
Los retos de la economía colombiana para 2018
Authors: Vallejo Zamudio Luis Eudoro
Published: February 2018

Los objetivos de la  política económica para el 2018 en Colombia en cuanto al crecimiento económico, el desempleo, la inflación y el sector externo, plantean algunos factores favorables, pero, también, incertidumbre y limitaciones de todo orden.
O planejamento da política de alimentação: uma análise a partir dos casos do México, Brasil e Peru
Authors: Souza Luciana Rosa de , Belik Walter
Published: February 2018

As políticas de alimentação vêm ganhando participação na agenda de políticas de combate à fome em vários países da América Latina. Buscamos apreender em quais aspectos o conceito de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) pode contribuir para o planejamento das políticas de alimentação. Assim, a hipótese deste artigo é que o conceito de SAN ao mencionar dimensões múltiplas das causas da fome ampliou as dimensões de ações para o planejamento da política de alimentação. O objetivo principal deste artigo é apresentar os avanços e os retrocessos vivenciados no planejamento e execução das políticas de alimentação no México, Brasil e Peru.
Vem cada vez mais de longe o leite nosso de cada dia: alterações recentes na cadeia dos lácteos no Estado de São Paulo
Authors: Baccarin José Giacomo , Aleixo Sany Spínola
Published: February 2018

Nas últimas décadas uma série de transformações ampliou o alcance do mercado dos lácteos, sendo possível a captação de leite in natura em estabelecimentos distantes dos laticínios e a comercialização dos produtos processados em locais mais longínquos. O artigo se propõe a analisar mudanças que ocorreram na produção primária, na industrialização e no consumo do leite de vaca e seus derivados no Estado de São Paulo, entre 1990 e 2010. A pecuária leiteira paulista apresentou baixo dinamismo, fazendo com que São Paulo passasse de segundo para sexto maior Estado brasileiro produtor de leite cru ou resfriado no período. Sob o avanço da lavoura canavieira, a área de pastagem no Estado diminuiu e houve crescimento relativo da pecuária bovina de corte. Os ganhos de produtividade da pecuária leiteira paulista ocorreram em ritmo menor do que no Brasil e não foram suficientes para que se garantisse o aumento ou pelo menos a manutenção de sua produção de leite in natura. Os laticínios em São Paulo apresentaram dinamismo menor que no Brasil, embora sua produção tenha crescido além da produção primária de leite do Estado. O tamanho médio dos laticínios ficou maior e cresceu consideravelmente a produção paulista de leite longa vida, enquanto diminuía a produção do leite comercializado em embalagens de polietileno, de queijos e leite em pó. O consumo total de laticínios pelas famílias paulistas na década de 2000 aumentou, mas diminuiu o consumo per capita. A produção total de laticínios no Estado de São Paulo atende atualmente menos que 60% do seu consumo estadual total.
Conselhos de Alimentação Escolar (CAEs): análise dos pareceres conclusivos sobre a execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE)
Authors: Silva Marina Vieira da , Danelon Mariana Schievano
Published: February 2018

Os Conselhos de Alimentação Escolar (CAEs) são órgãos deliberativos que devem, entre as suas competências, elaborar um parecer conclusivo quanto à regularidade da aplicação, pelos Estados e Municípios, dos recursos destinados à alimentação escolar. A análise destes pareceres pode fornecer subsídios para a avaliação do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE). O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as informações contidas nos pareceres elaborados, no ano de 2003, pelos CAEs de amostra de Municípios (n = 568) da totalidade das Regiões geográficas do Brasil. Os resultados mostraram que em 8,5% dos Municípios (sendo que destes, 89,3% pertenciam às Regiões Norte e Nordeste) não houve o fornecimento de refeições em um mínimo de 200 dias letivos, conforme preconizado em legislação. O custo médio da refeição foi de R$ 0,22, e na maioria dos Municípios o custo excedeu o valor repassado pelo Governo Federal, indicando a complementação de recursos pelos Estados e Municípios. A insuficiência dos recursos federais destinados ao programa foi a principal crítica realizada pelos conselheiros nos pareceres. Entre os elogios, predominaram a qualidade da alimentação oferecida pelo programa, o fato desta ser bem aceita pelos alunos e a presença do nutricionista. Parcela dos conselheiros deixou de informar aspectos que deveriam constar no parecer, o que pode indicar desconhecimento acerca do preenchimento dos documentos ou da rotina de execução do programa. Conclui-se que os pareceres contêm informações relevantes para a melhoria do PNAE e que esforços devem ser dedicados na capacitação dos conselheiros para a elaboração dos mesmos.
Fuel Gas Network Synthesis Using Block Superstructure
Authors: Li Jianping , Demirel Salih Emre , Hasan M. M. Faruque
Published: February 2018

Fuel gas network (FGN) synthesis is a systematic method for reducing fresh fuel consumption in a chemical plant. In this work, we address the synthesis of fuel gas network using block superstructure originally proposed for process design and intensification (Demirel et.al. [1]). Instead of a classical source-pool-sink superstructure, we consider a superstructure with multiple feed and product streams. These blocks interact with each other through direct flows that connect a block with its adjacent blocks and through jump flows that connect a block with all blocks. The blocks with feed streams are viewed as fuel sources and the blocks with product streams are regarded as fuel sinks. Addition blocks can be added as pools when there exists intermediate operations among 9 source blocks and sink blocks. These blocks can be arranged in a I × J two-dimensional grid with I = 1 for problems without pools, or I = 2 for problems with pools. J is determined by the maximum number of pools/sinks. With this representation, we formulate fuel gas network synthesis problem as a mixed-integer nonlinear (MINLP) problem to optimally design a fuel gas network with minimal total annul cost. We present a real-life case study from LNG plant to demonstrate the capability of the proposed approach.
On the Design of Bubble Columns Equipped with a Fine Pore Sparger: Effect of Gas Properties
Authors: Kanaris Athanasios G. , Pavlidis Theodosios I. , Chatzidafni Ariadni P. , Mouza Aikaterini A.
Published: February 2018

In our previous works we have proposed design equations that can predict with reasonable accuracy the transition point from homogeneous to heterogeneous regime as well as the gas holdup and the mean Sauter diameter at the homogeneous regime. The validity of the proposed correlations was checked with data obtained using different geometrical configurations and several Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids as well as the addition of surfactants. However, in all the experiments the gas phase was atmospheric air. This work investigates the effect of gas phase properties by conducting experiments employing various gases (i.e., air, CO2, He) that cover a wide range of physical property values. Experiments revealed that only the use of low-density gas (He) has a measurable effect on bubble column performance. More precisely, when the low-density gas (He) is employed, the transition point shifts to higher gas flow rates and the gas holdup decreases, a fact attributed to the lower momentum force exerted by the gas. In view of the new data, the proposed correlations have been slightly modified to include the effect of gas phase properties and it is found that they can predict the aforementioned quantities with an accuracy of ±15%. It has been also proved that CFD simulations are an accurate means for assessing the flow characteristics inside a bubble column.
Smartphones Magnetic Sensors within Physics Lab
Authors: Escobar Isabel , Ramirez-Vazquez Raquel , Gonzalez-Rubio Jesus , Belendez Augusto , Arribas Enrique
Published: February 2018

Current smartphones incorporate different types of sensors that allow us to know our spatial position, they give us information about pressure, speed, acceleration, time, acoustic level, and other different physical magnitudes. These smartphones measure each component of the magnetic field, bearing in mind that any current perpendicular to a magnetic field produces a small potential difference, transversal to the said current, being this voltage easily measurable by Hall sensors. With the implementation of three Hall sensors, and an appropriate app, we can measure the three components of the magnetic field vector, and with this we can obtain information and deduce properties of the physical systems considered. In this paper we are exploring the use of smartphones in a physics laboratory for freshman students. To do this, we have measured, using Hall sensors, the magnetic field created by a linear quadrature, and we have obtained, first of all, its dependence on the distance between the quadrupole and the magnetic sensor. The second purpose of this work is to show that the laboratory is a powerful tool that increases the significant learning of freshman students through advanced technological tools.
Optical Properties of Complex Plasmonic Materials Studied with Extended Effective Medium Theories Combined with RCWA
Authors: Nadal Elie , Barros Noemi , Glénat Hervé , Kachkachi Hamid
Published: February 2018

In this study we fabricate gold nanocomposites and model their optical properties. The nanocomposites are either homogeneous films or gratings containing gold nanoparticles embedded in a polymer matrix. The samples are fabricated using a recently developed technique making use of laser interferometry. The gratings present original plasmon-enhanced diffraction properties. In this work, we develop a new approach to model the optical properties of our composites. We combine the extended Maxwell-Garnett model of effective media with the Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis (RCWA) method and compute both the absorption spectra and the diffraction efficiency spectra of the gratings. We show that such a semi-analytical approach allows us to reproduce the original plasmonic features of the composites and can give us entails about their inner structure. Such approach could be a simple and efficient tool to study complex micro-structured system based on plasmonic components, such as metamaterials.
Pemahaman Siswa SMA Kelas XI IPA Tahun Ajaran 2016/2017 di Kabupaten Wonogiri dan Kecamatan Sintang tentang Pemantulan pada Cermin Datar dan Cermin Lengkung
Authors: Novianti Andrea Vicky , Sarkim Tarsisius
Published: February 2018

Abstract: The aim of the research was to measure students of High School academic year 2016/2017 Wonogiri Regency and Sintang District understanding about Reflection on Flat Mirror and Concave Mirror. This research was carried out on March of 8th – 31st 2017 on eleven Senior High Schools in Wonogiri Regency and Sintang District. The participants were 2 Private Senior High Schools and 4 State Senior High Schools in Wonogiri Regency and 3 Private Senior High Schools and 2 State Senior High Schools in Sintang District. The subjects of this research were the students of 2 nd science group, these were 449 students consist of 311 students in Wonogiri Regency and 138 students in Sintang District. The method of this research was descriptive type Survey Cross Sectional. The research utilized CRI (Certainty Response Index) technique for identifying understanding students. The identification through 5 questions of essay test which completed by student confidential’s index for answering questions. Interview has been conducted to confirm quantitative data. The result of this research were students understanding of 2nd Science High School Wonogiri Regency and Sintang District  was very lo, because the percentage of student understanding less than 40%. Eventhough, percentage of students understanding in Wonogiri Regency higher than percentage of student understanding on Sintang District.

 

Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pemahaman siswa SMA kelas XI tahun ajaran 2016/2017  di Kabupaten Wonogiri dan Kecamatan Sintang tentang materi pemantulan pada cermin datar dan cermin lengkung. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 8 – 31 Maret 2017 di 11 SMA di Kabupaten Wonogiri dan Kecamatan Sintang. Sekolah yang terlibat penelitian terdiri dari 2 SMA Swasta dan 4 SMA Negeri di Kabupaten Wonogiri serta 3 SMA Swasta dan 2 SMA Negeri di Kecamatan Sintang. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI IPA sejumlah 449 siswa yang terdiri dari: 311 siswa di Kabupaten Wonogiri dan 138 siswa di Kecamatan Sintang. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif tipe survey cross sectional. Pada penelitian ini digunakan teknik CRI (Certainty Response Index) untuk mengidentifikasi pemahaman siswa. Identifikasi tersebut dilakukan dengan menggunakan tes esai sebanyak 5 butir soal yang dilengkapi dengan indeks keyakinan siswa dalam menjawab soal. Wawancara dilakukan untuk mengkonfirmasi data kuantitattif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman siswa SMA kelas XI IPA di Kabupaten Wonogiri dan Kecamatan Sintang tentang cermin datar dan cermin cekung masih sangat rendah, hal ini ditunjukkan dari hasil persentase pemahaman siswa yang kurang dari 40%. Namun demikian, persentase pemahaman siswa di Kabupaten Wonogiri lebih tinggi dibanding pemahaman siswa di Kecamatan Sintang.
Sintesis Karbon Aktif Tempurung Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) Sebagai Adsorben Minyak Jelantah
Authors: Megiyo Megiyo , Aldila Herman , Afriani Fitri , Mahardika Robby Gus , Enggiwanto Sito
Published: February 2018

Abstract: Activated carbon is the most common adsorbents used in regeneration of cooking oil process. Waste frying oil is a residual of frying that has been destructed due to repeated use. For reusable, it must through by oil regeneration process to eliminate impurities and free radicals. One of the abundant biomass and feasible to be activated carbon is ketapang shell. The synthesis of activated carbon used activator H2SO4 11% with ratio 1: 4 (w / v) followed by thermal activation at 650oC for 2 hours. Activated carbon is then mixed with waste frying oil with variations of 5%, 7.5% and 10% and is left for 24 hours. As an antioxidant to free radicals added extract iding-iding (Stenochlaena palustris) of 5%. Based on the observation data SEM pore distribution on activated charcoal fairly evenly with the average pore width around 10 mm. The results of acid number and free fatty acid test showed that the greater amount of activated carbon used, the value of acid number and free fatty acid content will decrease. The optimum condition was obtained on 10% active carbon and 5% extract with 0.8% acid value and 0.78% free fatty acid content.

 

Abstrak: Karbon aktif merupakan salah satu adsorben yang umum digunakan dalam upaya peningkatan regenerasi minyak jelantah. Minyak jelantah merupakan limbah hasil sisa penggorengan yang telah terdestruksi akibat pemakaian yang berulang-ulang. Untuk dapat digunakan kembali minyak jelantah harus mengalami proses regenerasi minyak untuk menghilangkan impuritas dan radikal bebas. Salah satu biomassa yang begitu melimpah dan layak untuk dijadikan karbon aktif adalah tempurung ketapang. Sintesis karbon aktif tempurung ketapang dilakukan dengan menggunakan aktivator H2SO4 11% dengan perbandingan 1:4 (b/v) dilanjutkan dengan aktivasi termal pada temperatur 650oC selama 2 jam. Karbon aktif yang diperoleh kemudian dicampurkan dengan minyak jelantah dengan variasi 5%, 7,5% dan 10% dan dibiarkan selama 24 jam. Sebagai penangkal radikal bebas ditambahkan ekstrak iding-iding (Stenochlaena palustris) sebesar 5%. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan data SEM sebaran pori pada arang aktif tempurung ketapang cukup merata dengan lebar pori rata-rata berkisar 10 mm. Hasil uji bilangan asam dan kadar asam lemak bebas menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar jumlah karbon aktif yang digunakan maka nilai bilangan asam dan kadar asam lemak bebas akan semakin menurun. Kondisi optimum diperoleh pada komposisi 10% karbon aktif dan 5% ekstrak iding-iding dengan nilai bilangan asam 0,8% dan kadar asam lemak bebas 0,78%.
Experimental study of interaction of bubble media with acoustic field
Authors: Sametov S.P.
Published: February 2018

In the paper, the procedure for performing experimental measurements and the results of studies on the dynamics of interaction of ultrasonic fields with a bubble liquid in a closed volume with reflecting walls and a free surface were detailed description. The influence of different concentrations of bubbles in the liquid on the nature of the purification of the medium from them is considered. In a bubble liquid, the velocity of acoustic waves decreases substantially, which leads to a redistribution of the conditions for the formation of standing waves. It was found that an increase in concentration leads to a more intensive displacement of air bubbles by an ultrasonic field with forming of a displacement front.
What the Bushmen try to keep....
Authors: Verpoorte Alexander
Published: February 2018

This article has a double goal. First, it tries to enlighten keynotions in Wein                                  ers book: inalienable possessions, brother-sister-relations, hierarchy and equality, cosmological authentication. Second, it relates the paradox of keeping-while-giving to the concept of possession and exchange among Southern African groups of hunters and gatherers. The article aims at clarifying the strengths and weaknesses of this paradox and contributing tot the ethnography of the Bushmen. KEY WORDS: Bushmen, inalienable possessions, exchange, Southern Africa, hunter-gatherers.
Definition of the Adjective in Bantu Languages
Authors: Baka Jean
Published: February 2018

In Bantu, as in other language groups, the definition of the adjective depends on the type of criteria that one uses. Some authors make use of morphological criteria, some of syntactic criteria and others of semantic criteria. From this variety of criteria there follows a diversity of definitions. One can reach, nevertheless, a more appropriate definition, by having recourse to the whole set of possible criteria but giving primacy to the syntactic ones. Such definition allows us - on the one hand - to bypass the dichotomy between nouns and pronouns which is founded on a purely morphological criterion « the form of the prefix » and - on the other hand - to restrict the meaning of the word 'adjective' to a purely semantic notion. KEY WORDS : linguistics, Bantu, adjective
Art and Healing: the Rituals of Possession Mahamba related to Fertility among the Luvale of Zambia
Authors: Wastiau Boris
Published: February 2018

This paper deals with a number of symbolic practices and art forms that have developed within rituals of possession known as mahamba in the upper Zambezi and Kasai area. I refer mostly to the Luvale of Zambia, among whom there are numerous mahamba, variously related to serious illness, sterility, madness, failure, social alienation or other ills. Presenting alternatively aspects of ad hoc therapeutic rituals, and"social drama,to borrow V. Turner's  expression, or of religious cults, they are performed by both men and women. Mahamba can lead to initiation into a professional cast or simply serve to restore a possessed patient's physical health or social status. As rituals that are both 'religious' and 'therapeutic', they must be considered within the broad context of cosmology and medical knowledge. Here I will discuss the transforming role of certain artefacts and performances in mahamba rituals that aim at restoring female fertility.KEYWORDS: cult figure, tehrapeutic arts, possession cult, fertility ritual, Zambia
The deposition of Lumumba by Kasavubu, some constitutional considerations
Authors: Beke Dirk
Published: February 2018

Shortly after the independence of the Congo, the political crisis engendered by the conflict between President Kasavubu and Prime Minister Lumumba was accompanied by a serious constitutional crisis. The first Congolese constitution was almost a complete imitation of the Belgian constitution. It established a parliamentary regime with a politically accountable Prime Minister and a non-accountable President as Head of State. The confusing rubric that 'The Head of State appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister' was quickly misused by national and international opponents of Lumumba to persuade Kasavubu to remove him from power. A full and contextual analysis of the constitution, however, shows that dismissal is linked to several other formal procedures and political conditions. Every presidential decision, including the dismissal of the Prime Minister and of Ministers, has to be countersigned by a Minister. Furthermore, it can be deduced clearly from the whole constitutional model that dismissal of the Prime Minister can only take place when the government has been outvoted in parliament. The conclusion is that, in contradiction to the contrived interpretations of some advisers and Belgian jurists, the deposition of Lumumba was unconstitutional. At any rate, Kasavubu's unconstitutional act seriously damaged Lumumba's political position and placed him in a difficult situation of legal defence against it.KEY WORDS : Congo, Constitution, Lumumba, Politics
Planning Policy on afro-european multilingualism in Sub-Saharian Africa
Authors: Baka Jean
Published: February 2018

Generally two types of multilingualism are distinguished: individual multilingualism and social multilingualism. This paper has a double aim: 1. The analysis of the solutions designed for the management of social multilingualism in general and afro-european multilingualism in particular. 2. The proposal of a language policy approach, which takes into account ethnic differences, cultural particularities and the importance of languages of mass communication. This approach will allow democratise the education system by an augmentation of school attendance rates, the limitation of failures and school desertion and annihilation of illiteracy and niral exodus.The approach offered is exemplified by the case of Republic of Congo. Key Words: Multilinguialsm, Congo-Brazzaville, Language Policy, Language Education, Indigenous Development, Sub-Sahara Africa.
The soil information system of Rwanda: a useful tool to identify guidelines towards sustainable land management.
Authors: Verdoodt Ann , Van Ranst Eric
Published: February 2018

On the steep lands of Rwanda, overpopulation and degradation of the land resources are acute problems, especially against the background of present and future populations, food and agricultural demands, and opportunities and constraints. The ability of the land to produce is limited with the limits to production being set by climate, soil and landform conditions, and the use and management applied. Knowledge of the soils, their properties and their spatial distribution, is indispensable for the agricultural development of Rwanda as it  opens opportunities for a more rational management of the land resources. The necessary input data for this agricultural research mainly became available through the realization and updating of a soil information system. Geographic information science and relational database software were combined to capture the spatial as well as the numerical and descriptive data gathered during the national, traditional soil survey that was finalized in 1989. The database was further extended with topographic and climatic data and has been used to characterise the physical production environment that farmers face in the different agricultural regions of the country. Several land evaluation tools, adapted to the Rwandan environment, have subsequently been developed, evaluating the options for stronger crop regionalisation, the strategies for more rational regional land use planning, and the possibilities for further intensification of the crop production.Key Words: Soil Survey, Geographic Information Science, Land Evaluation, Crop Growth Modelling, Rwanda
Ethiopia: Constitutional Protection of Ethnic Minorities at the Regional Level
Authors: Van der Beken Christophe
Published: February 2018

It is argued that in order to evaluate the capacity of the Ethiopian federal structure to accommodate ethnic diversity and to regulate ethnic conflicts, the research cannot be limited to an analysis of the constitutional mechanisms at the federal level. One of the crucial features of the Ethiopian federal structure is that it provides its nine regions with the power to enact their internal constitutions. This implies that each and every region has the power to develop its own internal state structure, within a minimum federal framework. From here it follows that the federal structure to have the potential to lay the foundations for a viable Ethiopian state, it is essential that not only the federal but also the regional constitutional mechanisms have the capacity to realize unity in diversity. As is explained in this article, not a single Ethiopian region is ethnically homogeneous. The ethnic diversity which characterizes the federal level is therefore also present at the regional level. Therefore, when evaluating the capacity of the Ethiopian state structure to accomplish unity in diversity one also has to include an analysis of the regional mechanisms. The latter analysis is the core objective of this article.Key Words: Federal Constitution, Regional Constitutions, Ethnic Diversity
State and non-state regulation in African protracted crises: governance without government?
Authors: Raeymaekers Timothy , Menkhaus Ken , Vlassenroot Koen
Published: February 2018

This article introduces a collection of papers that treat the question of governance in conditions of protracted crises in Subsahara Africa. Contrary to the widespread belief that African conflicts are little more than (undoubtedly complex and intractable) instances of anarchy and chaos, the authors present the reader with tangible evidence of the existence of non-state governance processes by constituencies attempting to manage the perils of long periods of violent strife and state failure. Their aim is to move beyond the purely empirical and to theorize and situate such phenomena of non-state governance in the broader context of political and social change that is currently reshaping Africa. Key words: protracted crisis, non-state governance, political order
Governing violence in the pastoralist space: Karrayu and state notions of cattle raiding in the Ethiopian Awash Valley
Authors: Mulugeta Alemmaya , Hagmann Tobias
Published: February 2018

Based on recent fieldwork this article examines how cattle raids involving Karrayu pastoralists are governed by the local administration and customary authorities in Ethiopia’s Upper and Middle Awash Valley. It argues that the regulation of violent conflicts in areas marked by weak state presence and legitimacy must be understood as a function of multiple social orders, actors and norms. The authors draw attention to the evolving rationales of inter-ethnic cattle raids, highlight the incomplete nature of state expansion into the Karrayu pastoralist space, and scrutinize the ambiguities of government and community peacemaking. Key words: cattle raiding, pastoralism, conflict resolution, governance, Karrayu, Ethiopia
Rumours of Mau Mau in Northern Rhodesia, 1950 – 1960
Authors: Gewald Jan-Bart
Published: February 2018

In 1950s Northern Rhodesia, present day Zambia, rumours abounded amongst the African population intimating that the white settlers and administration were extensively involved in witchcraft, cannibalism and blood-sucking. In turn, members of the white settler community believed very much the same with regard to the African population of the territory. The development of nationalist politics and the increasing unionization of African workers in colonial Zambia led to agitation that was matched with increasing disquiet and fears on the part of white settlers. The emergence of ‘Mau Mau’ in Kenya and rumours of ‘Mau Mau’ in Northern Rhodesia served to underscore European settler fears in Northern Rhodesia. Based on research in the National Archives of Zambia and Great Britain, this paper explores the manner in which public rumour played out in Northern Rhodesia and gave emphasis to settler fears and fantasies in the territory. Key words: Mau Mau, Northern Rhodesia, colonial rule, rumours, Zambia
Oil exploitation and human rights violations in Nigeria’s oil producing communities
Authors: Oluduro Olubayo
Published: February 2018

This work found that the continuous violations of human rights of the people to- gether with the poor regulation of oil MNCs in Nigeria are caused by a combination of several factors including: an inadequate legal framework which denies local inhabitants of their rights to land and natural resources; scant regard for environmental considerations; poor enforcement of the relevant environmental laws meant to protect the people and the environment; the Nigerian state ́s over-reliance on oil; prolonged military rule; a high level of corruption in the oil industry and the entire body polity of Nigeria; non-justiciability of the right to a clean environment; and weak institutions such as the judiciary and the National Human Rights Commission. All of these deficiencies continue to date. Coming at a time when governments worldwide are striving to ensure corporate accountability for their activities in host nations, this work is unique in that it incisively analyses how the national and regional institutions could be strengthened to provide effective protection against human rights abuses and ensure corporate accountability. The strengthening of these institutions and the promotion of a rights-based approach to environmental justice in the Niger Delta region therefore deserves concentrated attention and efforts by all actors in the industry.
Making the twenty first century its own: Janus faced African (under) development
Authors: Bush Raymond C.
Published: February 2018

This article critiques the idea that Africa under existing conditions of globalisation can take control of its own destiny in the 21st century. It does so by interrogating the empirical economic evidence for recent growth figures on the continent. It argues the optimism that Africa is on the verge of an economic breakthrough is misplaced and needs to be set in the historical context of recurrent optimism that quickly fades under the realities of exploitation and underdevelopment in the continent. Opportunities for sustainable growth and development lie not with greater integration with the world economy but with, among other things, local political and economic struggles in Africa for greater participation in local decision making and control of international capital. Key words: Africa, economic growth, crisis, recovery, capitalist development, hydro-carbons
Performance, poverty and urban development: Kigali’s motari and the spectacle city
Authors: Rollason William
Published: February 2018

In this paper I explore tensions and conflicts over poverty reduction and urban development in Kigali, Rwanda’s capital in terms of theories of performativity. On one hand, motorcycle taxis offer large numbers of young men good livelihoods – reflecting the government of Rwanda’s stated commitment to poverty reduction, especially amongst youth; on the other, motorcycle taxi drivers suffer harassment at the hands of city authorities and police, who are keen to eradicate motorcycle taxis from the urban scene altogether. I interpret this tension as a conflict over the appropriate performance of development in the city; I argue that in pursuit of urban development, the city itself becomes an image, projected in order to attract the investment which will give body to the simulated spectacle that Kigali present. Conflicts between the city and motorcycle taxi drivers erupt because motorcycle taxis cannot perform to the aesthetic standards of the new Kigali. In conclusion, I suggest that the rendition of Kigali’s development as image has broader lessons for studies of development in general. Specifically, these conflicts expose the operation of images and their performance as political resources, conferring intelligibility and legitimacy in the spectacle of national development. Key words: Rwanda, poverty reduction, urban development, performativity
Gum arabic collection in northern Kenya: unexploited resources, underdeveloped markets
Authors: Vellema Wytse , Mujawamariya Gaudiose , D'Haese Marijke
Published: February 2018

Gum arabic is a resin collected from several types of Acacia tree growing most densely in arid and semi-arid lands in East Africa and the Sahel. Kenya is particularly well endowed with gum-yielding trees but exports only small amounts of gum. Methodology: A combination of descriptive livelihood and value chain analysis was used to gain insight into the socio-economic characteristics of collectors and the role of gum arabic in their livelihood. Results: The degree of poverty encountered is considerable with most collectors barely able to maintain a subsistence level. Marketed quantities of gum arabic are low, collection practices are rudimentary, and the market is severely underdeveloped. Conclusion: Thin markets, evidenced by a lack of specialised traders and the infrequency of their visits, removes incentives for increasing the quantity and quality of marketed gum arabic. Only when this situation changes will collectors be motivated to improve their current collecting and marketing practices, for which there is ample scope. Key words: gum arabic, Kenya, poverty, market development, non-timber forest products
Trace element nutrition in the tropical zebu cattle type. Lessons from the Gilgel Gibe catchment, Ethiopia
Authors: Dermauw Veronique
Published: February 2018

In the tropics, cattle are majorly dependent on natural pastures growing on poor soils and as a result prone to trace element deficiencies. This work investigated several aspects of trace element nutrition in zebu (Bos indicus) cattle, the most widely used cattle type in the tropics. Through several trials conducted at the Gilgel Gibe catchment, Ethiopia, we aimed to study factors influencing the flow of trace elements from soil to plant and grazing zebu cattle, and to investigate the impact of trace element status on health, production and trace elements in animal products. Overall, trace element, e.g., Cu, deficiencies were widely prevalent. Environment and certain grazing strategies were intimately related and affected trace element supply whereas cattle type affected trace element status. The effect of trace element status on trace elements in animal products was obvious, whereas the impact on health and production was less clear-cut. Key words: trace elements, minerals, cattle, zebu, Bos indicus, Ethiopia, tropics
Modernisation néolibérale et transformation du profil des dirigeants des entreprises publiques au Maroc. Cas de la Caisse de Dépôt et de Gestion (CDG) : 1959-2009
Authors: Abdellatif Zeroual
Published: February 2018

“Under analyzed” by social scientists in Morocco, the group of directors of Moroccan public enterprises underwent a series of transformations as a result of neoliberal modernization process of public sector started since the 80s. The purpose of this article is to account of these developments through the case study of one of the largest public companies: the Caisse de Dépôt et de Gestion (CDG). Based on the exploitation of a set of documents (monographs, official documents, newspaper articles ...) produced by or about this institution and the analysis of the profile of its directors between 1959 and 2009 and semi-structured interviews with a sample of current and former executives, it shows that if there has been a changing profile of its officers (from the senior civil servants of the financial administration to the graduates engineers of the French « grandes écoles »), the dominant paradigm in the management remained, however, the same. Key words: directors of public enterprises, modernization, neoliberalism, Morocco, management
Many paths to walk. The political and economic integration of nomadic communities in Roman North Africa (I-III cent. A.D.)
Authors: Vanacker Wouter
Published: February 2018

The colonial image of endemic political and economic antagonism between nomadic and sedentary groups in the context of Roman North Africa should be discarded. Likewise, the rigid adherence to symbiosis and cooperation in more recent studies is based on a rather one-sided reading of anthropological literature. For the analysis of literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources, supported by insights derived from anthropology, shows that political and economic integration trajectories of nomads were much more complex, diverse, and dynamic. Key words: Nomads, integration and insurgence, North Africa, Roman imperialism, coexistence patterns, trans-Saharan trade, clio-anthropology
Vegetative propagation of Garcinia lucida Vesque (Clusiaceae) using leafy stem cuttings and grafting
Authors: Takoutsing Bertin , Tsobeng Alain , Tchoundjeu Zacharie , Degrande Ann , Asaah Ebenazar
Published: February 2018

Garcinia lucida Vesque (Clusiaceae) is a tree species that is highly valued for its medicinal properties by rural households in the humid forest zone of Cameroon. However, the unsustainable exploitation of the species threatens its long-term regeneration. This study focuses on its vegetative propagation via stem cuttings in non-mist propagators and through grafting. The study tests the effects of three rooting media (sand, sawdust, sand + sawdust (1/1); three leaf sizes (0,25 and 50 cm2); and three types of hormone [indole butyric acid (IBA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)], applied as a single dose. Furthermore, three grafting techniques (cleft, side tongue and whip-and-tongue grafting) were tested. All experiments were designed as completely randomized blocks with three replicates. Results showed that cuttings require a medium that has low water holding capacity and high porosity, and a leaf area of 50 cm2 and NAA treatment; grafting success was affected by the technique used, with top cleft grafting yielding a 100% success rate. From this preliminary study, it is concluded that G. lucida is amenable to vegetative propagation by cuttings and grafting. Key words: tree domestication, leaf area, non-mist propagator, rooting hormone, rooting medium, under-utilised species
Is it time to let go? The Best Loser System in Mauritius
Authors: Fessha Yonatan , Nam Nora Ho Tu
Published: February 2018

As Mauritius was moving towards independence, one contested issue was the electoral system to be adopted. Minority groups were wary of any electoral system which would allow for a Hindu- hegemony and which would leave them unable to access power. To respond to this anxiety, Mauritius adopted the best loser system (BLS), a unique system of ethnic representation in the national parliament. This contribution examines how the adoption of BLS, has over the years, contributed to the management of ethnic diversity. More importantly, it examines the current debate regarding the contemporary relevance of BLS to today’s Mauritius. At times heavily criticized for its commu- nal and ethnic undertones, BLS has ensured continued minority representation in parliament. The article argues that one must be cautious about dismissing the relevance of inclusive institutions such as BLS as such an attitude might well undermine the move towards a more united Mauritius.
Langues bantoues de l’entre Congo- Ubangi (RD Congo): documentation, reconstruction, classification et contacts avec les langues oubanguiennes
Authors: Donzo Jean-Pierre Bunza
Published: February 2018

This PhD thesis consists of the documentation, reconstruction and classfication of ten Bantu languages (bolondo , bonyange, ebudzà , ebwela, lib bi, ling mb , mond ng , mony ng , mos ngé, pagabéte) spoken in the geographical area between the Congo and Ubangi Rivers in the north- western part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The study examines the interaction between these languages and seven neighboring Ubangian languages (gb nz r , g b , ma , mb nz , monz mb , ngbandi, ngbaka-m n gend ). By means of a lexicostatistical study which determines the degree of lexical similarity between the languages under study, a phylogenetic classi cation has been established which integrates these languages in the larger sample of 401 Bantu languages used by Grollemund et al. (2015). This quantitative approach has generated Neighbor-Net and Neighbor-Joining networks as well as Bayesian trees, which indicate the in- ternal sub-groups of the Bantu family in general, and more speci cally of the Bantu languages of the central Congo basin to which the Bantu languages spoken between the Congo and Ubangi Rivers belong. Subsequently, we have undertaken a descriptive and comparative study of the those languages as well as a study of regular sound correspondances with regard to Proto-Bantu. They possess certain foreign phonemes that have not been reconstructed to Proto-Bantu, such as im- plosives and labiovelar stops, which have the status of distinct phonemes. The study of these spe- ci c sounds suggests that they were borrowed from the neighboring Ubangian languages. The lexical comparison also revealed an interaction between Bantu and Ubangian languages. Certain lexical borrowings were transferred from Bantu to Ubangian, while others moved in the opposite direction. Through the comparative method, we have obtained a phonological reconstruction of the hypothetical ancestor language of these langues. This Proto-Congo-Ubangi Bantu split into two sub-branches, i.e. Proto-Congo Bantu and Proto-Ubangi Bantu.
Sustainable groundwater management in Lagos, Nigeria: the regulatory framework
Authors: Ogunba Adebola
Published: February 2018

This doctoral research focuses on groundwater degradation in Lagos, Nigeria. Groundwater is a fundamental natural resource in Lagos that is presently troubled by pollution emanating from solid waste and wastewater. The city generates 10,000 metric tons of waste and 350 million gallons of wastewater daily, all of which are improperly managed and are heavily polluting its groundwater. This direct environmental pollution is aggravated by indirect problems of over-urbanization, and legal and institutional shortcomings. Over-urbanization in Lagos has resulted into a monumental population of 21 million people in the tiny city, which generates the enormous quantities of solid waste and wastewater. The population places a tremendous burden on the city’s water resources, forcing residents to revert to groundwater which is suffering the plight of pollution, and hence the concern of this research. The pollution problem is worsened by civic apathy to environmental matters, and unresolved by a nascent water sector whose evolving governance structures do not adequately address the multi-dimensional pollution problem. In the final analysis, the absence of holistic and comprehensive groundwater legislation that addresses all these problems challenges the sustainability of this vital resource. The research study contributes to knowledge by attempting to provide broad and holistic recommendations for law reform which address the pollution, management of the effects of over-urbanization and overpopulation on groundwater, and the strengthening of institutions to achieve a sustainable groundwater resource. Key words: groundwater, solid waste, wastewater, urbanization, pollution