bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Superstability of Lobačevskiǐ’s Functional Equations with Involution
Authors: Chung Jaeyoung , Lee Bogeun , Ha Misuk
Published: April 2016

LetGbe a uniquely2-divisible commutative group and letf,g:G→Candσ:G→Gbe an involution. In this paper, generalizing the superstability of Lobačevskiǐ’s functional equation, we considerf(x+σy)/22-g(x)f(y)≤ψ(x)orψ(y)for allx,y∈G, whereψ:G→R+. As a direct consequence, we find a weaker condition for the functionsfsatisfying the Lobačevskiǐ functional inequality to be unbounded, which refines the result of Găvrută and shows the behaviors of bounded functions satisfying the inequality. We also give various examples with explicit involutions on Euclidean space.
The Effects of Controlled Drainage on N Concentration and Loss in Paddy Field
Authors: Lu Bin , Shao Guangcheng , Yu Shuang’en , Wu Shiqiang , Xie Xinghua
Published: April 2016

To relieve the situation of the agricultural nonpoint pollution (NPS) in south and east China, paddy field controlled drainage (PFCD) is applied as an important and efficient approach to agricultural water management. A series of PFCD tests at four major growth stages of rice were conducted by use of 18 lysimeters. Concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) in surface and subsurface paddy water was observed. The results indicated that the concentration ofNH4+-N andNO3--N in paddy water declined with the persistence of a waterlogged condition. Compared to traditional drainage, PFCD reduced N loss in surface water by 95.6%, 78.7%, 59.6%, and 87.4% at the stage of tillering, jointing-booting, heading-flowering, and milking, respectively. It should be noted that loads of N losses in surface water increased on the fourth day after waterlogging at the jointing-booting and milking stage, and surface water exhibited higher N concentration on the first day after waterlogging at each stage. Therefore, paddy field surface water drainage should be avoided in these periods.
Evaluating the Effects of Chemical Composition on Induction Heating Ability of Fe2O3-CaO-SiO2Glass Ceramics
Authors: Wang Y. Y. , Li B. , Yu Y. L. , Tang P. S.
Published: April 2016

In order to investigate the relationship between induction heating ability of Fe2O3-CaO-SiO2glass ceramics and chemical composition, a series of glass ceramic samples with different chemical compositions were prepared by the sol-gel method. The structural, textural, and magnetic properties of the samples were analyzed and correlated with the Fe2O3content. This is the first time work of its kind that evaluates the relationships between induction heating ability and chemical composition of Fe2O3-CaO-SiO2glass ceramics. The results showed that induction heating ability of Fe2O3-CaO-SiO2glass ceramics increased gradually with increasing magnetite content. Also, the induction heating ability became considerably better when a small amount of phosphorus was introduced. This study thus reveals a methodology to control the induction heating ability of Fe2O3-CaO-SiO2glass ceramics through modifying the chemical composition.
HIV Prophylaxis in High Risk Newborns: An Examination of Sociodemographic Factors in an Inner City Context
Authors: Alidina Zenita , Wormsbecker Anne E. , Urquia Marcelo , MacGillivray Jay , Taerk Evan , Yudin Mark H. , Campbell Douglas M.
Published: April 2016

Background.Perinatal HIV transmission is less than 1% with antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis. Transmission risk appears higher in “high risk” dyads, yet this is not well defined, possibly exposing more infants to combination ARV compared with standard care.Objective.To describe characteristics of mother-infant dyads where infants received ARVs and how these characteristics relate to specific ARV regimens.Methods.Retrospective chart review of ARV-receiving newborns at St. Michael’s Hospital from 2007 to 2012 (and their mothers). Numerical and categorical variables were analyzed usingt-tests/ANOVAF-tests and Fisher’s exact tests, respectively.Results.Maternal HIV status at delivery was as follows: 69% positive and 24% unknown. Maternal factors significantly associated with newborn-triple therapy are Canadian origin, substance abuse, unstable housing, lost custody of previous children, and sex work. Neonatal factors are child protective services involvement, NICU, and lengthier admission. Maternal factors associated with monotherapy are African origin, HIV-positive, employment, and education. Further analysis based on maternal presentation at delivery demonstrated unequal distribution of many aforementioned factors.Discussion.This cohort revealed associations between particular factors and newborn-monotherapy or triple therapy that exist, suggesting that sociodemographic factors may influence the choice of ARV regimen. Canadian perinatal HIV transmission guidelines should qualify how to risk stratify newborns and consider use of rapid HIV antibody testing.
Effects of Low-Dose and Long-Term Treatment with Erythromycin on Interleukin-17 and Interleukin-23 in Peripheral Blood and Induced Sputum in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Tan Caimei , Huang Huijuan , Zhang Jianquan , He Zhiyi , Zhong Xiaoning , Bai Jing
Published: April 2016

Objective.To study the effects of low-dose and long-term treatment with erythromycin on IL-17 and IL-23, in peripheral blood and induced sputum, in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods. Patients were randomly divided into placebo-treated group, group A (12 months of additive treatment with erythromycin,N=18), and group B (6 months of additive treatment with erythromycin followed by 6 months of follow-up,N=18). Inflammatory cells in induced sputum, pulmonary function, and the 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) were analyzed. Concentrations of IL-17 and IL-23 in peripheral blood and sputum were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.Results. After treatment, sputum and peripheral blood concentrations of IL-17 and IL-23 significantly decreased in groups A and B compared with placebo-treated group. There were no significant differences after erythromycin withdrawal at months 9 and 12 in group B compared with placebo-treated group. An increase in 6MWD was observed after treatment.Conclusions. Erythromycin was beneficial and reduced airway inflammation in COPD patients. Underlying mechanisms may involve inhibition of IL-17 and IL-23 mediated airway inflammation. COPD patients treated with erythromycin for 6 months experienced improved exercise capacity. Finally, treatment for 12 months may be more effective than treatment for 6 months.
The Virtual Screening of the Drug Protein with a Few Crystal Structures Based on the Adaboost-SVM
Authors: Wang Meng-yu , Li Peng , Qiao Pei-li
Published: April 2016

Using the theory of machine learning to assist the virtual screening (VS) has been an effective plan. However, the quality of the training set may reduce because of mixing with the wrong docking poses and it will affect the screening efficiencies. To solve this problem, we present a method using the ensemble learning to improve the support vector machine to process the generated protein-ligand interaction fingerprint (IFP). By combining multiple classifiers, ensemble learning is able to avoid the limitations of the single classifier’s performance and obtain better generalization. According to the research of virtual screening experiment with SRC and Cathepsin K as the target, the results show that the ensemble learning method can effectively reduce the error because the sample quality is not high and improve the effect of the whole virtual screening process.
CRAM: A Conditioned Reflex Action Inspired Adaptive Model for Context Addition in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Hussain Majid , Shafeeq Muhammad Farrukh , Jabbar Sana , Akbar Ali Hammad , Khalid Shahzad
Published: April 2016

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Context Awareness is typically realized through Context Aware Systems (CASs). Although almost each CAS follows sense-decide-adapt cycle, the notion of context is hardwired into the applications; that is, when an event is triggered, the sense-decide-actuate cycle runs and performs required actuation. In situations, for instance, whenever the same event is triggered, the cycle produces the same actuation through mechanical use of the same resources, posing the same processing and time. In this paper, we propose CRAM, a context added system in which actuations once performed by the system help it to internally evolve by serving as new contexts. As the system is exposed to more situations overtime, its context repository is enriched through such retrospective contexts, gradually letting it perform internal actuation through improved introspective contexts. This internal actuation leads the system towards the evolution of intelligent processing by reducing the independent function of decision in sense-decide-actuate cycle and merging it with new context. Finally, the system reaches a juncture where recurrence of each event proves to be a stimulus for the system to respond impulsively, through priming memory of introspective contexts, to achieve an imitation of learned reflex action resulting into reduced time and energy expenditure.
Prevalence of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth among Chronic Pancreatitis Patients: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Therrien Amelie , Bouchard Simon , Sidani Sacha , Bouin Mickael
Published: April 2016

Background. Patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) exhibit numerous risk factors for the development of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).Objective. To determine the prevalence of SIBO in patients with CP.Methods. Prospective, single-centre case-control study conducted between January and September 2013. Inclusion criteria were age 18 to 75 years and clinical and radiological diagnosis of CP. Exclusion criteria included history of gastric, pancreatic, or intestinal surgery or significant clinical gastroparesis. SIBO was detected using a standard lactulose breath test (LBT). A healthy control group also underwent LBT.Results. Thirty-one patients and 40 controls were included. The patient group was significantly older (53.8 versus 38.7 years;P< 0.01). The proportion of positive LBTs was significantly higher in CP patients (38.7 versus 2.5%:P< 0.01). A trend toward a higher proportion of positive LBTs in women compared with men was observed (66.6 versus 27.3%;P= 0.056). The subgroups with positive and negative LBTs were comparable in demographic and clinical characteristics, use of opiates, pancreatic enzymes replacement therapy (PERT), and severity of symptoms.Conclusion. The prevalence of SIBO detected using LBT was high among patients with CP. There was no association between clinical features and the risk for SIBO.
Tribological Behavior of Laser Textured Hot Stamping Dies
Authors: Shihomatsu Andre , Button Sergio Tonini , Silva Iris Bento da
Published: April 2016

Hot stamping of high strength steels has been continuously developed in the automotive industry to improve mechanical properties and surface quality of stamped components. One of the main challenges faced by researchers and technicians is to improve stamping dies lifetime by reducing the wear caused by high pressures and temperatures present during the process. This paper analyzes the laser texturing of hot stamping dies and discusses how different surfaces textures influence the lubrication and wear mechanisms. To this purpose, experimental tests and numerical simulation were carried out to define the die region to be texturized and to characterize the textured surface topography before and after hot stamping tests with a 3D surface profilometer and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that laser texturing influences the lubrication at the interface die-hot sheet and improves die lifetime. In this work, the best texture presented dimples with the highest diameter, depth, and spacing, with the surface topography and dimples morphology practically preserved after the hot stamping tests.
Measurement of the Residual Stresses and Investigation of Their Effects on a Hardfaced Grid Plate due to Thermal Cycling in a Pool Type Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor
Authors: Balaguru S. , Murali Vela , Chellapandi P.
Published: April 2016

In sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFR), grid plate is a critical component which is made of 316 L(N) SS. It is supported on core support structure. The grid plate supports the core subassemblies and maintains their verticality. Most of the components of SFR are made of 316 L(N)/304 L(N) SS and they are in contact with the liquid-metal sodium which acts as a coolant. The peak operating temperature in SFR is 550°C. However, the self-welding starts at 500°C. To avoid self-welding and galling, hardfacing of the grid plate has become necessary. Nickel based cobalt-free colmonoy 5 has been identified as the hardfacing material due to its lower dose rate by Plasma Transferred Arc Welding (PTAW). This paper is concerned with the measurement and investigations of the effects of the residual stress generated due to thermal cycling on a scale-down physical model of the grid plate. Finite element analysis of the hardfaced grid plate model is performed for obtaining residual stresses using elastoplastic analysis and hence the results are validated. The effects of the residual stresses due to thermal cycling on the hardfaced grid plate model are studied.
Modeling of Drift Effects on Solar Tower Concentrated Flux Distributions
Authors: Lara-Cerecedo Luis O. , Moreno-Cruz Isaias , Pitalúa-Diaz Nun , Arancibia-Bulnes Camilo A.
Published: April 2016

A novel modeling tool for calculation of central receiver concentrated flux distributions is presented, which takes into account drift effects. This tool is based on a drift model that includes different geometrical error sources in a rigorous manner and on a simple analytic approximation for the individual flux distribution of a heliostat. The model is applied to a group of heliostats of a real field to obtain the resulting flux distribution and its variation along the day. The distributions differ strongly from those obtained assuming the ideal case without drift or a case with a Gaussian tracking error function. The time evolution of peak flux is also calculated to demonstrate the capabilities of the model. The evolution of this parameter also shows strong differences in comparison to the case without drift.
Hyperintense Acute Reperfusion Marker on FLAIR in a Patient with Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Förster Alex , Wenz Holger , Groden Christoph
Published: April 2016

The hyperintense acute reperfusion marker (HARM) has initially been described in acute ischemic stroke. The phenomenon is caused by blood-brain barrier disruption following acute reperfusion and consecutive delayed gadolinium enhancement in the subarachnoid space on fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. Here we report the case of an 80-year-old man who presented with transient paresis and sensory loss in the right arm. Initial routine stroke MRI including diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging demonstrated no acute pathology. Follow-up MRI after three hours demonstrated subarachnoid gadolinium enhancement in the left middle cerebral artery territory consistent with HARM that completely resolved on follow-up MRI three days later. This case illustrates that even in transient ischemic attack patients disturbances of the blood-brain barrier may be present which significantly exceed the extent of acute ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging. Inclusion of FLAIR images with delayed acquisition after intravenous contrast agent application in MRI stroke protocols might facilitate the diagnosis of a recent acute ischemic stroke.
“The Mirror of All Perfection”: Jesus and the Strongman in America, 1893–1920
Authors: Lindsey Rachel McBride
Published: April 2016

In the summer of 1893, American audiences were introduced to the perfect man. EugenSandow was a Prussian-born strongman whose sinewy physique was instantly lauded as the height of physical perfection. To mark his distance from laboring classes and colonized peoples, the theatrics of Sandow’s presentation positioned him as a modern incarnation of classical beauty. But influential as he was, Sandow was not the only physical embodiment of corporeal perfection Americans plucked from antiquity. Another contender for the title of the perfect man was Jesus. The contours of manhood coded in Sandow’s sinew were rendered in contemporaneous depictions of Jesus as the model physical type. The face of Jesus was not simply mimeographed onto Sandow’s flesh. Instead, a language of physical perfection and attending visual and imaginative strategies of representation linked Jesus and Sandow—American Christianity and American manhood—in minds and bodies. Rather than compare Jesus and the strongman, this article explores visual regimes of late nineteenth-century American masculinity to demonstrate the mutual articulation of religious and national imaginaries through visual iconographies of race.
State Forestry Incentives and Community Stewardship: A Political Ecology of Payments and Compensation for Ecosystem Services in Guatemala’s Highlands
Authors: vonHedemann Nicolena , Osborne Tracey
Published: April 2016

Muchos programas de pagos por servicios ambientales (PSA) en América Latina persiguen motivar la protección del medio ambiente por medio de la valuación de los servicios que generan para la sociedad, y a través de ello proporcionar fondos para el desarrollo local. Este artículo se enfoca en los programas de incentivos forestales de Guatemala los cuales han experimentado una rápida expansión. Nuestro análisis pretende mostrar la complejidad de una modalidad de PSA que compensa a los participantes por buenas prácticas de gestión forestal. Desde el enfoque de la política ecológica, investigamos el impacto de estos incentivos con respecto a los beneficios para los participantes locales y el acceso a los recursos en dos municipios del altiplano. Los participantes en el área rural a través del buen manejo de los bosques, han aprovechado la oportunidad de recibir pagos por esfuerzos de conservación preexistentes, motivando también a organizaciones comunitarias a inscribirse a estos programas. La inscripción en los programas no obstaculiza la continuidad en los beneficios que resultan de sus tierras, pero la participación en el PSA también implica la apertura de los bosques manejados tradicionalmente por indígenas al control estatal tecnócrata. Los programas pueden incrementar los ingresos económicos de los hogares rurales en pobreza por un tiempo limitado pero con frecuencia estos programas privilegian a los hombres jefes de familia que poseen tierras suficientes para la inscripción. Nuestro argumento es que para estos participantes estos incentivos forestales no mercantilizados pueden tener la flexibilidad para satisfacer las necesidades de los pequeños poseedores de tierra, un resultado que no se encuentran en los programas de PSA basados en el mercado y enfocados en la producción de servicios ecosistémicos específicos. Esta investigación puede ofrecer indicios importantes para el programa de REDD+ (United Nations initiative for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation), ya que destaca los beneficios sociales y ecológicos de la administración comunitaria e indígena de bosques y la importancia de priorizar la distribución amplia de los fondos REDD+ a los poseedores que mantienen actividades forestales sostenibles.
The Geography of Border Militarization: Violence, Death and Health in Mexico and the United States
Authors: Slack Jeremy , Martínez Daniel E. , Lee Alison Elizabeth , Whiteford Scott
Published: April 2016

A pesar de las propuestas para aumentar los gastos en agentes y equipo para la seguridad fronteriza, la geografía compleja de la militarización de la frontera y la violencia que produce son muy pocos entendidos. Tomamos una perspectiva geográfica para entender el papel de la violencia tanto en sus formas oficiales como el encarcelamiento y castigos para migrantes, que los no-oficiales, tales como los abusos y la violencia perpetrada por agentes. Por medio de los datos del Estudio de Migrantes y el Cruce Fronterizo (MBCS por sus siglas en ingles), basado en más que 1,100 encuestas con un muestreo aleatorio de deportados con un equipo binacional en cinco ciudades fronterizos y la Ciudad de México y una investigación con familiares y migrantes que han devuelto a Puebla. proporcionamos una explicación sobre la geografía de violencia y migración. Las diferencias regionales demuestran las prioridades y el uso estratégico de la violencia en ciertas zonas fronterizas. Afirmamos que el entendimiento del papel de la violencia nos permite explicar la prevalencia de varias formas de abuso en las estrategias de control fronteriza. La violencia no es un efecto secundario sino un aspecto central de las prácticas fronterizas militarizadas.
The A-map model: Articulatory reliability in child-specific phonology
Authors: Byun Tara McAllister , Inkelas Sharon , Rose Yvan
Published: April 2016

This article addresses a phenomenon of long-standing interest: the existence of child-specific phonological patterns that are not attested in adult language. We propose a new theoretical approach, termed the A( rticulatory )- map model, to account for the origin and elimination of child-specific phonological patterns. Due to the performance limitations imposed by structural and motor immaturity, children’s outputs differ from adult target forms in both systematic and sporadic ways. The computations of the child’s grammar are influenced by the distributional properties of motor-acoustic traces of previous productions, stored in episodic memory and indexed in the eponymous A-map. We propose that child phonological patterns are shaped by competition between two essential forces: the pressure to match adult productions of a given word (even if the attempt is likely to fail due to performance limitations), and the pressure to attempt a pronunciation that can be realized reliably (even if phonetically inaccurate). These forces are expressed in the grammar by two constraints that draw on the motor-acoustic detail stored in the A-map. These constraints are not child-specific, but remain present in the adult grammar, although their influence is greatly attenuated as a wide range of motor plans come to be realized with a similar degree of reliability. The A-map model thus not only offers an account of a problematic phenomenon in development, but also provides a mechanism to model motor-grammar interactions in adult speech, including in cases of acquired speech impairment.
Individual-level contact limits phonological complexity: Evidence from bunched and retroflex /ɹ/
Authors: Mielke Jeff , Baker Adam , Archangeli Diana
Published: April 2016

We compare the complexity of idiosyncratic sound patterns involving American English /ɹ/ with the relative simplicity of clear/dark /l/-allophony patterns found in English and other languages. For /ɹ/, we report an ultrasound-based articulatory study of twenty-seven speakers of American English. Two speakers use only retroflex /ɹ/, sixteen use only bunched /ɹ/, and nine use both /ɹ/ types, with idiosyncratic allophonic distributions. These allophony patterns are covert, because the difference between bunched and retroflex /ɹ/ is not readily perceived by listeners. We compare this typology of /ɹ/-allophony patterns to clear/dark /l/-allophony patterns in seventeen languages. On the basis of the observed patterns, we show that individual-level /ɹ/ allophony and language-level /l/ allophony exhibit similar phonetic grounding, but that /ɹ/-allophony patterns are considerably more complex. The low complexity of language-level /l/-allophony patterns, which are more readily perceived by listeners, is argued to be the result of individual-level contact in the development of sound patterns. More generally, we argue that familiar phonological patterns (which are relatively simple and homogeneous within communities) may arise from individual-level articulatory patterns, which may be complex and speaker-specific, by a process of koineization. We conclude that two classic properties of phonological rules, phonetic naturalness and simplicity, arise from different sources.
Method of measuring the amplitude directivity pattern of parabolic mirrored antennas in the audio frequency range
Authors: Sadchenko A. V. , Kushnirenko O. A. , Al’khamidi M. T. , Alkhadi A. M.
Published: April 2016

Directivity pattern (DP) or graphical representation of the dependence of gain factor (directivity gain) of antennas on the direction of the antenna in the target plane is the main characteristic that describes its directional properties.
Running DP measurements directly in the microwave range is very expensive. While generating and receiving devices for the acoustic frequency range are reasonably priced.
In this paper, we propose a method for measuring the amplitude directivity pattern of parabolic mirrored antennas on the basis of sound equivalent, which is based on the identity of the numerical values of the directivity gain of microwave range, and at audio frequencies.
The paper presents analytical expressions for the calculation of equivalent frequency and defines the requirements for the minimum size of the antenna.
The paper contains a modified block diagram for an amplitude directivity pattern meter for parabolic mirrored antennas in the audio frequency range.
Detector properties of Cd0,9Zn0,1Te:Al under the influence of low doze gamma irradiation
Authors: Kondrik A. I.
Published: April 2016

Clarification of the influence of defects on detecting properties of CdZnTe detectors and understanding of the behavior of defects under the influence of aggressive radiation environment are very important to improve detector performance. The objective was to study the charges collection efficiency and the resistivity of Cd0,9Zn0,1Te:Al detectors operating under the influence of low dose γ-radiation. The study was carried out by computer simulation, where initial data were provided by the experiment results of other researchers. The possible reason for the change of measured signatures of defect levels in high resistance Cd0.9Zn0.1Te:Al during gamma irradiation and 1 month later is the change in compensation degree of the material. The changes in the properties of Cd0.9Zn0.1Te:Al detector have been researched depending on the concentration and energy level of the deep donor for different concentrations of deep acceptors, as well as on the degree of alloying with aluminum. The negative factor for registering properties of Cd0.9Zn0.1Te:Al detector is increased concentration of zinc vacancies, which may arise at manufacturing stage and under influence of -irradiation during operation. The degradation of properties of irradiated detector may occur due to the offset dependence of the resistivity on the aluminum dopant concentration N(Al) towards to higher concentrations of Al when the value of doping is not enough large. Only resistivity will be reduced and charge collection efficiency may increase. The increase in resistivity of Cd0.9Zn0.1Te and charges collection efficiency of the detector occur when there is a sufficiently high level of doping the material with aluminum.
The linear correlation research in paired small volume samples
Authors: Popukaylo V. S.
Published: April 2016

This article describes the methods of finding the values of the linear correlation in paired small volume samples. The importance of the study lies in the fact that in problems of technical control it is not always possible to obtain a data set sufficiently large for traditional analysis methods. In this research the author investigates and visually illustrates the possibility of Pearson correlation coefficient usage (and the impact on the value of the virtual procedures increasing the volume sample), as well as the possibility of the Fechner’s modified index usage after applying the method of pointed distributions and tabulation of the virtual two-dimensional distribution. The study allows concluding that the considered methods do not provide the required accuracy on small volume samples, and the usage of “bootstrapping” and the method of point distributions during the correlation analysis are not recommended here.
Operational Rule Curves of a Reservoir in Sergipe Derived by Implicit Stochastic Optimization and Nonlinear Regression
Authors: De Sousa Santos José Amaury , Celeste Alcigeimes B.
Published: April 2016

This paper presents the development and application of operational rule curves for water supply reservoirs, using as a case study the Poxim river dam, Sergipe, by means of implicit stochastic optimization supported by regression analysis (ISO-REG). The performance of ISO-REG is compared with those of the standard reservoir operating policy (SOP), perfect-forecast deterministic optimization (PFDO) and stochastic dynamic programming (SDP). At first, a hundred 100-year monthly inflow scenarios are used for the model calibration. Later, a hundred new inflow series are applied for validation of the four procedures. The results indicate the feasibility of using ISO in view of its less vulnerability when compared to the SOP as well as the proximity of its operations with those from the PFDO. The comparison of ISO-REG with SDP shows small differences between both, including less vulnerable operations by ISO-REG, justifying its adoption for its simplified mathematics as compared to SDP.  http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v4iss1p32
Hacia un perfil del intelectual digital: la expresión recuperada de Gombrowicz
Authors: Ferrari Nieto Enrique
Published: April 2016

Coinciden en nuestro tiempo la impresión generalizada del fin del intelectual clásico y el nacimiento de nuevos foros de opinión menos restrictivos debido a las posibilidades de edición y difusión de Internet. Ante la reacción suspicaz que arremete contra estas nuevas voces, cabe plantear -para dar con una imagen más equilibrada- las posibilidades del intelectual digital para protegerse, con su papel redefinido, de los peligros que han amenazado siempre su autonomía. En esta tarea, para acertar con el perfil del nuevo intelectual, mi propuesta es una relectura de la reflexión de Gombrowicz sobre los modos de la cultura y su exhibición.
Participación e integración de la mujer marroquí en Madrid
Authors: Boundi Boundi Mohamed
Published: April 2016

La mujer marroquí que vive y trabaja en la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid es portadora de una serie de valores culturales que define su identidad como árabe y musulmana. En su sociedad de acogida, intenta adaptarse a la realidad de su nuevo entorno como madre y a veces como trabajadora y ciudadana. Es joven, independiente y dispuesta a desarrollar sus habilidades, tejar amistades con los autóctonos y adquirir nuevos conocimientos y habilidades. Su meta es convertirse en ciudadana de pleno derecho en España.
Perspectivas sobre educación en valores en tiempos de crisis
Authors: Merma Molina Gladys , Peiró i Gregòri Salvador , Gavilán Martín Diego
Published: April 2016

En medio de la actual crisis económica mundial, todas las instituciones de la sociedad están afectadas por la crisis moral, de manera que existe una evidente y preocupante contradicción entre ellas. Esta crisis moral implica la carencia de valores personales y ciudadanos, que afectan, significativamente, al desarrollo del individuo y a la convivencia social. Tratamos de verificar si hay indicios de ello en la realidad escolar con relación a la axiología curricular y su desarrollo. Para analizar la situación de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de los valores en la educación española, hemos aplicado una encuesta a 1320 profesores de educación secundaria, con el fin de averiguar los objetivos, los tipos de valores y las habilidades personales y sociales, que desarrollan en el aula. La situación nos indica que son necesarios nuevos enfoques de educación en valores, que se adapten a estos tiempos.

La formación axiológica debe estar incorporada en todos los ámbitos del conocimiento y ha de ir a la par que la formación de la inteligencia. El binomio actividad intelectual-actividad moral ha de formar un todo insociable. En esta propuesta, reflexionamos en torno a la aplicación de un nuevo paradigma axiológico que se separe del racionalismo mecanicista, y que se oriente a una educación personal holística, sistemática, interdisciplinaria y transversal a todo el currículo educati
El sistema institucional de participación ciudadana en las políticas y los servicios sociales de la comunidad de Madrid
Authors: Pastor Albaladejo Gema
Published: April 2016

El artículo analiza el sistema institucional de participación de la Comunidad de Madrid con la finalidad de constatar si sus diferentes mecanismos formales (marco regulador y órganos estables de participación) cuentan con un diseño institucional adecuado para garantizar el acceso y el poder de intervención de los ciudadanos en aquellos procesos deliberativos que pueden llegar a incidir, de algún modo, en las políticas y los servicios sociales regionales.
La cooperación municipal al desarrollo ante la crisis actual
Authors: Rodríguez Maciá Manuel
Published: April 2016

La crisis económica es responsable de recortes destinados por el Estado a políticas de cooperación internacional, en sus diversas administraciones. España ha invertido muchos recursos en cooperación, pero ha faltado un discurso de entender ésta como eje de la vida política. La cooperación municipal es una de las particularidades de la cooperación española. El municipio, como escuela de ciudadanía, debe formular la cooperación como parte esencial del discurso político, su visión de cercanía, de conocimiento de los problemas concretos, es esencial en aras de la eficacia. La cooperación como necesidad para desarrollar nuestra vocación humana; hay que destruir el cerco de la xenofobia. Optar por la cooperación, es hacerlo por la civilización ante la barbarie. La crisis económica es una oportunidad para revisar las mejoras que precisa el sistema de cooperación. Sugerencias a partir de la experiencia: asistencias técnicas, ayudas al desarrollo institucional, fortalecimiento de las Asociaciones Nacionales de Municipios, etc.
El liberalismo social del Presidente Clinton. La cooperación como política pública
Authors: Sanmartín Pardo José J.
Published: April 2016

Bill Clinton recuperó la tradición de liberalismo social que, desde una perspectiva de transversalidad, conformaba su diseño de una Presidencia donde confluían la acción y la respuesta, en forma de política pública, de las demandas sociales. La Administración Clinton hizo de la democracia como un activo social de necesaria incorporación a la idea compartida de Buen Gobierno y servicio público. En este artículo se estudian diversos ámbitos de aplicación del liberalismo social implementado por el Presidente Clinton. Las políticas públicas constituyeron el centro de su acción de Gobierno, mediante la implementación de una elasticidad que abarcaba la atención al ciudadano y la defensa de su dignidad como miembro activo del demos. El despliegue de lo social como parte del patrimonio moral de la democracia.
Study of dilution, height, and lateral spread of vertical dense jets in marine shallow water
Authors: Ahmad Nadeem , Suzuki Takayuki
Published: April 2016

This study provides information for the design of sea outfalls to dispose of brine from desalination plants into shallow lagoons of the sea. The behavior of vertical dense jets was studied experimentally by discharging cold saline water vertically upward into a tank filled with hot freshwater under stagnant ambient conditions. The minimum return point dilution, μmin, was determined using thermocouples, and the maximum height, Zm, and the lateral spread, Rsp, of the fountains were determined by observing shadowgraph pictures. The flow was turbulent and the densimetric Froude number Fr0 varied from 9 to 18.8. Three mixing regimes were identified: deep, intermediate, and impinging mixing regimes. In the intermediate mixing regime, μmin and Zm were analyzed and compared with the results of deep water studies. The μmin and Zm values of fountains at an intermediate water depth were found to be higher than those of fountains at deep water depths. In the impinging regime, μmin decreases rapidly when a fountain starts to continuously impinge on the water surface, showing a noticeable disturbance in the water surface. Therefore, a good rule of thumb is to reduce the flow through multiport diffusers from desalination plants when the noticeable disturbance is observed from the top water surface.
Effect of granisetron in attenuation of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia in parturients undergoing elective caesarean section - a double blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lamichhane Suraj , Koirala Siddhartha , Singh Satyendra Narayan
Published: April 2016

Background: Spinal anaesthesia has side effects like hypotension and bradycardia, which may be induced by sympathetic blockade and Bezold-Jarisch reflex (mediated by peripheral serotonin receptor, 5-HT3 type). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of type 3 serotonin receptors blockade by intravenous granisetron  pre-treatment  in  spinal  induced hypotension in parturient undergoing elective caesarean section.Methods: Fifty six parturient with American Society of Anaesthesiologists Physical Status I and II undergoing elective caesarean section were assigned randomly to receive either Normal Saline (control) or Granisetron 1mg intravenously five minutes before spinal anaesthesia. Spinal anaesthesia was performed with 2.2 ml 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine solution and then heart rates, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure were recorded every two and half minutes for ten minutes and then every five minutes for till end of surgery after. Hemodynamic parameters were compared with baseline in each group.Results: Change in mean, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure compared with baseline value were comparable in both the groups, but use of ephedrine as rescue vasopressor drug was significantly reduced in granisetron group. The episodes of hypotension, nausea/vomiting and shivering were comparable in both groups.Conclusions: Type 3 serotonin blockade by intravenous granisetron pre-treatment does not reduce spinal induced hypotension in parturient undergoing elective caesarean section; however there is reduction in need of rescue vasopressor.
Efectos de las políticas de recursos humanos socialmente responsables en el capital intelectual
Authors: Barrena-Martínez Jesus , López-Fernández Macarena , Romero-Fernández Pedro Miguel
Published: April 2016

Purpose: This research focuses on the benefits that social responsibility can report on the area of human resources, examined the impact of a socially responsible configuration of human resource policies and practices in the generation value process for the company, and more specifically in its intellectual capital.Design/methodology/approach: The study performed a regression analysis, testing the individual effects of socially responsible human resource policies on intellectual capital, broken down into three main variables such as human, social and organizational capital.Findings: The results shed light on how the introduction of socially responsible aspects in the management of human resources can facilitate the exchange of knowledge, skills and attitudes human--capital; lead to improvements in communication, trust, cooperation among employees social-capital and, in turn, generates an institutionalized knowledge encoded in the own organizational culture –organizational capital–.Research limitations/implications: The study only provides information from large companies with over 250 employees.Practical implications: There are important implications in the measure of corporate social responsibility concerns in the area of human resources.Social implications: Also important intangible effects on non-economic variables are confirmed, such as intellectual capital.Originality/value: The value of the study lies in its novelty, testing socially responsible configurations of human resources as well as the direct effects of different policies on intellectual capital.
Biomarkers and Autoantibodies of Interstitial Lung Disease with Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
Authors: Yoshifuji Hajime
Published: April 2016

Various autoantibodies are seen in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Among myositis-specific antibodies, anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) antibodies are associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD). Anti-MDA5 antibodies are associated with dermatomyositis (DM) or clinically amyopathic DM complicated with rapidly progressive ILD. In anti-MDA5-positive patients, a random ground-glass attenuation pattern is a characteristic finding of ILD in chest high-resolution computed tomography. Conversely, anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies are not associated with rapidly progressive ILD but with chronic ILD. DM or clinically amyopathic DM patients with anti-MDA5, and characteristic high-resolution computed tomography findings are highly likely to have devastating ILD and need aggressive treatment.
The Use of Detergents to Purify Membrane Proteins
Authors: Orwick‐Rydmark Marcella , Arnold Thomas , Linke Dirk
Published: April 2016

Extraction of membrane proteins from biological membranes is usually accomplished with the help of detergents. This unit describes the use of detergents to solubilize and purify membrane proteins. The chemical and physical properties of the different classes of detergents typically used with biological samples are discussed. A separate section addresses the compatibility of detergents with applications downstream of the membrane protein purification process, such as optical spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, protein crystallography, biomolecular NMR, or electron microscopy. A brief summary of alternative membrane protein solubilizing and stabilizing systems is also included. Protocols in this unit include the isolation and solubilization of biological membranes and phase separation; support protocols for detergent removal, detergent exchange, and the determination of critical micelle concentration using different methods are also included. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Situ Proteolysis for Crystallization of Membrane Bound Cytochrome P450 17A1 and 17A2 Proteins from Zebrafish
Authors: Lei Li , Egli Martin
Published: April 2016

Fish and human cytochrome P450 (P450) 17A1 catalyze both steroid 17α‐hydroxylation and 17α,20‐lyase reactions. Fish P450 17A2 catalyzes only 17α‐hydroxylation. Both enzymes are microsomal‐type P450s, integral membrane proteins that bind to the membrane through their N‐terminal hydrophobic segment, the signal anchor sequence. The presence of this N‐terminal region renders expression of full‐length proteins challenging or impossible. For some proteins, variable truncation of the signal anchor sequence precludes expression or results in poor expression levels. To crystallize P450 17A1 and 17A2 in order to gain insight into their different activities, we used an alternative N‐terminal sequence to boost expression together with in situ proteolysis. Key features of our approach to identify crystallizable P450 fragments were the use of an N‐terminal leader sequence, a screen composed of 12 proteases to establish optimal cleavage, variations of protease concentration in combination with an SDS‐PAGE assay, and analysis of the resulting fragments using Edman sequencing. Described in this unit are protocols for vector preparation, expression, purification, and in situ proteolytic crystallization of two membrane‐bound P450 proteins. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring Bioenergetics in T Cells Using a Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer
Authors: van der Windt Gerritje J.W. , Chang Chih‐Hao , Pearce Erika L.
Published: April 2016

This unit contains several protocols to determine the energy utilization of T cells in real‐time using a Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer (http://www.seahorsebio.com). The advantages to using this machine over traditional metabolic assays include the simultaneous measurement of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, in real‐time, on relatively small numbers of cells, without any radioactivity. The Basic Protocol describes a standard mitochondrial stress test on the XFe96, which yields information about oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, two energy‐generating pathways. The alternate protocols provide examples of adaptations to the Basic Protocol, including adjustments for the use of the XFe24. A protocol for real‐time bioenergetic responses to T cell activation allows for the analysis of immediate metabolic changes after T cell receptor stimulation. Specific substrate utilization can be determined by the use of differential assay media, or the injection of drugs that specifically affect certain metabolic processes. Accurate cell numbers, purity, and viability are critical to obtain reliable results. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Contact Hypersensitivity
Authors: Gaspari Anthony A. , Katz Stephen I. , Martin Stefan F.
Published: April 2016

Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a simple in vivo assay of cell‐mediated immune function in which exposure of epidermal and dermal cells to exogenous haptens results in a delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction that can be measured and quantified. Epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells are the critical antigen‐presenting cells in this reaction which initiate sensitization to haptens by presenting antigens to CD4‐ and CD8‐bearing T lymphocytes which, in turn, secrete cytokines and recruit other cells to the site of the reaction. In the protocol described here, mice are shaved and the skin of their abdomens is exposed to a hapten. After 5 or 6 days (the afferent phase), the baseline ear thickness is measured prior to initiation of the efferent phase. Finally, the ear is treated epicutaneously with the hapten solution and ear thickness is measured in ∼24 hr. The magnitude of the ear swelling reaction after allergen treatment reflects the strength of the immune response. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using ClinVar as a Resource to Support Variant Interpretation
Authors: Harrison Steven M. , Riggs Erin R. , Maglott Donna R. , Lee Jennifer M. , Azzariti Danielle R. , Niehaus Annie , Ramos Erin M. , Martin Christa L. , Landrum Melissa J. , Rehm Heidi L.
Published: April 2016

ClinVar is a freely accessible, public archive of reports of the relationships among genomic variants and phenotypes. To facilitate evaluation of the clinical significance of each variant, ClinVar aggregates submissions of the same variant, displays supporting data from each submission, and determines if the submitted clinical interpretations are conflicting or concordant. The unit describes how to (1) identify sequence and structural variants of interest in ClinVar by multiple searching approaches, including Variation Viewer and (2) understand the display of submissions to ClinVar and the evidence supporting each interpretation. By following this protocol, ClinVar users will be able to learn how to incorporate the wealth of resources and knowledge in ClinVar into variant curation and interpretation. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Overview of Biochemical Genetics
Authors: Sharer J. Daniel
Published: April 2016

Biochemical genetics focuses on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of inherited metabolic disorders. While individually rare, the combined incidence of these diseases makes them a significant source of morbidity and mortality, particularly among infants and young children, and new conditions continue to be identified. Inherited metabolic disorders may present as an acute, life‐threatening illness or with more chronic, progressive symptoms. Population‐scale newborn screening allows for early detection and treatment for >40 different metabolic disorders. This introductory unit is intended to provide an overview of the different clinical categories of metabolic disorders, including a description of modern diagnostic methods and treatment options. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.