bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anthrax lethal toxin disrupts the endothelial permeability barrier through blocking p38 signaling
Authors: Liu Tiegang , Milia Erica , Warburton Rod R. , Hill Nicholas S. , Gaestel Matthias , Kayyali Usamah S.
Published: May 2011

Exposure to anthrax causes life‐threatening disease through the action of the toxin produced by the Bacillus anthracis bacteria. Lethal factor (LF), an anthrax toxin component which causes severe vascular leak and edema, is a protease which specifically degrades MAP kinase kinases (MKK). We have recently shown that p38 MAP kinase activation leading to HSP27 phosphorylation augments the endothelial permeability barrier. We now show that treatment of rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells with anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx), which is composed of LF and the protective antigen, increases endothelial barrier permeability and gap formation between endothelial cells through disrupting p38 signaling. LeTx treatment increases MKK3b degradation and in turn decreases p38 activity at baseline as well as after activation of p38 signaling. Consequently, LeTx treatment decreases activation of the p38 substrate kinase, MK2, and the phosphorylation of the latter's substrate, HSP27. LeTx treatment disrupts other signaling pathways leading to suppression of Erk‐mediated signaling, but these effects do not correlate with LeTx‐induced barrier compromise. Overexpressing phosphomimicking (pm)HSP27, which protects the endothelial permeability barrier against LeTx, blocks LeTx inactivation of p38 and MK2, but it does not block MKK3b degradation or Erk inactivation. Our results suggest that LeTx might cause vascular leak through inactivating p38‐MK2‐HSP27 signaling and that activating HSP27 phosphorylation specifically restores p38 signaling and blocks anthrax LeTx toxicity. The fact that barrier integrity could be restored by pmHSP27 overexpression without affecting degradation of MKK3b, or inactivation of Erk, suggests a specific and central role for p38‐MK2‐HSP27 in endothelial barrier permeability regulation. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 1438–1445, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dual‐color fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy to quantify protein–protein interactions in live cell
Authors: Padilla‐Parra Sergi , Audugé Nicolas , Coppey‐Moisan Maïté , Tramier Marc
Published: May 2011

Dual‐color fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is an interesting method to quantify protein interaction in living cells. But, when performing these experiments, one must compensate for a known spectral bleed through artifact that corrupts cross‐correlation data. In this article, problems with crosstalk were overcome with an approach based on fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy (FLCS). We show that FLCS applied to dual‐color EGFP and mCherry cross‐correlation allows the determination of protein–protein interactions in living cells without the need of spectral bleed through calibration. The methodology was validated by using EGFP‐mCherry tandem in comparison with coexpressed EGFP and mCherry in live cell. The dual‐color FLCS experimental procedure where the different laser intensities do not have to be controlled during experiment is really very helpful to study quantitatively protein interactions in live sample. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of alveolex on the bone defects repair stimulated by rhBMP‐2: Histomorphometric study
Authors: Pereira Nathalia Terra , Issa João Paulo Mardegan , Nascimento Cássio Do , Pitol Dimitrius Leonardo , Ervolino Edilson , Cunha Marcelo Rodrigues Da , Pedrazzi Vinícius
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this study was to evaluate histomorphometrically the effect of alveolex (Propolis 10%) on the repair of bone cavities in the calvaria of rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A 5 mm diameter bone defect was made in the calvaria of male Wistar rats using the drill‐type trephine. The defects were filled with rhBMP‐2+Alveolex, rhBMP‐2, Alveolex, or coagulum. Twenty‐eight animals with seven subjects on each were sacrificed 30 days after surgery and samples were fixed and embedded in paraffin. Histological sections stained by HE (hematoxylin and eosin) were obtained from the calvaria bone defect and analyzed by a differential point‐counting method.

RESULTS:

Group I and II, rhBMP‐2+Alveolex and rhBMP‐2, respectively, presented higher levels of newly formed bone than other groups (P < 0.001). There were not significant differences between groups I and II (P > 0.05). In addition, there was not significant difference between groups III and IV, Control‐Coagulum and Alveolex, respectively (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION:

Alveolex has increased the bone repair in calvaria defects of rats when associated to rhBMP‐2, however without significant differences for rhBMP‐2 isolated group; Alveolex isolated group showed the lowest levels of newly formed bone with no significant differences to coagulum group (control). Microsc. Res. Tech. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vitro evaluation of the microbial contamination on new toothbrushes: A preliminary study
Authors: Do Nascimento Cássio , Scarabel Thayla Tessa , Miani Paola Kirsten , Watanabe Evandro , Pedrazzi Vinícius
Published: May 2011

Objective: The presence and survival of microorganisms on toothbrush bristles might play a role on the etiology of oral infections. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the presence of bacterial contamination on new toothbrushes before oral contact. Materials and methods: Forty toothbrushes from five different manufacturers were used in this experimental study. Each manufacturer was divided according to conventional local of obtaining: industry, drugstore, market, and perfumery. The toothbrush heads were completely immersed into tubes containing 5.0 mL of sterile peptonated water (dilution 1:10). A group of eight tubes containing the sterile solution was used as control. After 21 days of anaerobic incubation, occurrence of contamination was visually evaluated and confirmed by light microscopy. Results: Bacterial growth in the medium, indicative of bristles contamination, was found in a total of 19 out of 40 samples (47.5%) evaluated: 6 out of 14 samples (42.85%) from industry group, 4 out of 8 samples (50.0%) from drugstore, 5 out of 10 samples (50.0%) from market, and 4 out of 8 samples (50.0%) from perfumery. Only the toothbrushes with bristles coated with chlorhexidine did not show contamination. The Gram‐negative sporulating bacilli were the most prevalent form recovered. Conclusions: Except for chlorhexidine group, bacterial growth was observed in all groups evaluated irrespective local of obtaining. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of microscopy in authentication of valuable Chinese medicine i—Cordyceps sinensis, its counterfeits, and related products
Authors: Au Dawn , Wang Lijing , Yang Dajian , Mok Daniel K.W. , Chan Albert S.C. , Xu Hongxi
Published: May 2011

Light and polarized microscope was applied to authenticate 32 Cordyceps and 6 artificial counterfeits and 8 fermented Cordyceps as well as 7 Cordyceps capsules available in Hong Kong markets. Results showed that transverse sections of stroma and powder of larvae can be used to differentiate C. sinensis from its counterfeits. The fermented Cordyceps are in powder form. Among the eight fermented Cordyceps collected, half of them were pure; three were a mixture of fermented Cordyceps and soya beans; one was a mixture of unknown plant tissues and soya beans. For the seven Cordyceps capsules, the powders of five samples were a mixture of fermented Cordyceps and soya beans; the powders of other two were a mixture of C. sinensis stroma powder and fermented Cordyceps. The study indicated that the microscopy is an unambiguous method that requests fewer sample for the authentication of valuable Chinese medicine—C. sinensis and its related products. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An imaging technique using rotational polarization microscopy for the microstructure analysis of carbon/carbon composites
Authors: Miaoling Li , Lehua Qi , Hejun Li
Published: May 2011

A novel image analysis technique was proposed for microstructure investigation of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. The rotational polarization microscopy was developed to meet the special imaging requirements. The samples of C/C composites were observed in reflection polarized light microscope, where the analyzer was rotated instead of the stage, and the polarizer was taken out. The bireflectance of like‐graphite negative uniaxial crystal was analyzed. It was the theoretic foundation of image collection and data processing. The analyzer was rotated through 36 × 10° intervals without any movement of the specimen. The polished cross‐section of C/C composites took micrographs at each analyzer orientation. All image data collected from the same field of view were processed by image registration and image fusion. The synthesized images were obtained by calculating the maximum and minimum gray values and their differences at each point of the million pixels at 18 orientations of the analyzer. They are unique and quite reliable to be applied to analyze the microstructure of C/C composites. Subsequently, image segmentation was performed, and the feature parameters of each component were calculated. Good agreement was found between the results from image analysis and experimental data. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New insights into the synthesis and characterization of 2‐methoxy‐3‐alkylpyrazines and their deuterated isotopologues
Authors: Schmarr H.‐G. , Sang W. , Ganß S. , Koschinski S. , Meusinger R.
Published: May 2011

A previously described synthetic route for preparation of 2‐methoxy‐3‐alkylprazines (MPs) based on condensation of glyoxal with an α‐amino acid amide, followed by methylation with iodomethane yields 3‐alkyl‐1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazin‐2‐ones (N‐methyl derivatives), rather than the designated 2‐methoxy‐3‐alkylpyrazines (O‐methyl derivatives). Despite similar nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral properties, gas chromatographic (GC) retention indices differ significantly, indicating chemical difference. With the example of 3‐sec‐butyl‐1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazin‐2‐one and its 3‐sec‐butyl‐1‐[2H3]methyl‐1H‐pyrazin‐2‐one isotopologue, the position of the methyl group introduced could be assigned unambiguously, using heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) NMR experiments. For future characterization, the spectroscopic (NMR, EI+MS) as well as GC retention index data on two stationary phases of the most aroma relevant MPs and their deuterated isotopologues are summarized. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new interpretation of stomatogenesis in a peritrich ciliate: Using Campanella umbellaria as a model system
Authors: Wang Hongliang , Shi Xinlu , Clamp John C. , Liu Guijie , Wu Shu , Ma Limin
Published: May 2011

The process of stomatogenesis in peritrich ciliates is still incompletely understood. Previous studies on the stomatogenesis of four species of peritrichs, Telotrochidium sp., Carchesium polypinum, Opercularia coarctata, and Astylozoon pyriforme conflict with one another in some cases and omit details of events in others. We described the entire process of stomatogenesis in the peritrich ciliate Campanella umbellaria (C. umbellaria) using an improved method of staining with protargol. Our results disagree with some previous studies with regard to the formation of some rudimentary structures, reorganization of the parental haplokinety, formation of new germinal rows, and separation of daughter oral complexes. The pattern of stomatogenesis characteristic of peritrichs is compared to the stomatogenetic patterns of three other oligohymenophorean subclasses and a hypothesis about the evolution of stomatogenesis in the class Oligohymenophorea is offered. Details of stomatogenesis need to be described and verified in a greater variety of peritrichs to clarify possible differences between taxa and make it possible to relate stomatogenesis to evolution within the subclass Peritrichia. Ultrastructural studies are the next step in description of morphogenetic processes in peritrichs, and characteristics of C. umbellaria make it a useful model for this work. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction and identification‐based prediction of Chinese hepatitis C viral‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes
Authors: Duan Li , Lei Pan , Yumei Xie , Xiaoping Xue , Futao Zhao , Li Ma , Xin Wei , Jiuping Wang , Xuefan Bai , Zhansheng Jia
Published: May 2011

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a critical role in the host immune response to infection by the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). In the current study, a number of HCV CTL epitopes that represent the HLA polymorphisms found in the majority of Chinese people were predicted based on genomic and bioinformatic approaches. The predicted epitopes were evaluated for validity by examining the peptide‐binding affinity for MHC class I molecules, the stability of peptide–MHC complexes, and frequencies of IFN γ‐positive T cells. Among the predicted epitope peptides, HLA‐A2 restricted epitopes [NS4B (1793–1801) SMMAFSAAL] and HLA‐B7 restricted epitopes [P7 (774–782) AAWYIKGRL] were able to induce high frequencies of IFN γ‐producing T cells, and the specific CTLs for other epitopes were not detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with HCV. Moreover, NS4B (1793–1801) exhibited high binding affinity for HLA‐A2 molecules, and its stability of peptide–MHC class I complexes was sufficient, indicating that the high binding affinity for MHC class I molecules is an important factor for immunogenicity. Primary analyses of the immunogenicity of predicted epitopes, such as in the current study, will contribute to the future design of an efficient vaccine that will be able to induce vigorous, sustainable, and broad HCV‐specific CTL responses for the Chinese population. J. Med. Virol. 83:1315–1320, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human papillomavirus type distribution in vulval intraepithelial neoplasia determined using PapilloCheck DNA Microarray
Authors: Bryant Dean , Rai Nirmala , Rowlands Gareth , Hibbitts Sam , Jones Joanne , Tristram Amanda , Fiander Alison , Powell Ned
Published: May 2011

Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia is a precursor of vulval carcinoma, and is frequently associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Estimates of HPV prevalence in vulval intraepithelial neoplasia vary widely in the UK. The objective of this study was to assess HPV infection in a sample of women with vulval intraepithelial neoplasia, confirmed histologically, and determine the proportion of disease associated with HPV types targeted by prophylactic HPV vaccines. HPV infection was assessed in biopsies from 59 patients using the Greiner Bio‐One PapilloCheck® DNA chip assay. Valid results were obtained for 54 cases. HPV infection was present in 43 of the 54 cases (79.6%: 95% CI 67.1–88.2%). The most common HPV types were HPV 16 (33/54: 61.1%), HPV 33 (8/54: 14.8%), HPV 6 (5/54: 9.3%), and HPV 42 (3/54: 5.6%). The mean age of HPV positive women was significantly less than the mean age of HPV negative women. This is the largest UK series of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia in which HPV type has been investigated, and 34/54 (63.0%, 95% CI: 49.6–78.6%) cases were associated with HPV 16/18, which are targeted by current prophylactic HPV vaccines. J. Med. Virol. 83:1358–1361, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes in Paraguayan women according to the severity of the cervical lesion
Authors: Mendoza L.P. , Arbiza J. , Paez M. , Kasamatsu E. , Castro A. , Giménez G. , Basiletti J. , Gonzalez J. , Mongelós P. , Picconi M.A.
Published: May 2011

The incidence of cervical cancer in Paraguay is among the highest in the world. This study aimed to determine the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in Paraguayan women, according to the severity of the cervical lesion. This cross‐sectional study included 207 women without a squamous intraepithelial lesion, 164 with low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 74 with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 41 with cervical cancer. Type‐specific HPV was determined by the polymerase chain reaction with MY9/11 L1 and GP5+/GP6+ L1 primers, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and reverse line blotting hybridization, respectively. In total, 12 high‐risk and 24 low‐risk HPVs types were detected. HPV 16 was the most prevalent, followed by HPV 18 in cervical cancer (14.6%), HPV 31 in high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (14.9%), HPVs 58/42 in low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (9.1% each), and HPVs 31/58 (2.4% each) in women without squamous intraepithelial lesions. Among 285 positive samples, 24.2% harbored multiple HPV types, being this more prevalent in women with squamous intraepithelial lesions (30.8% in low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 22.5% in high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 22.0% in cervical cancer) than in women without lesions (9.3%). The higher prevalence of HPV 16 and other high‐risk HPVs in women both with and without cervical lesions may explain the high incidence of cervical cancer in Paraguay. This information may be of importance for local decision makers to improve prevention strategies. In addition, these results may be useful as baseline pre‐vaccination data for a future virological surveillance in Paraguay. J. Med. Virol. 83:1351–1357, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous loss of hepatitis C virus RNA from serum is associated with genotype 1 and younger age at exposure
Authors: Rolfe K.J. , Curran M.D. , Alexander G.J.M. , Woodall T. , Andrews N. , Harris H.E.
Published: May 2011

A variety of factors have been associated with spontaneous loss of hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐RNA from serum, including infecting HCV type, although results are conflicting. This study aimed to investigate further whether infecting HCV type was linked to spontaneous loss of HCV‐RNA. Serum samples from 321 untreated HCV antibody positive patients presenting at the Hepatology clinic at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge between 2004 and 2007 were tested. These individuals were classified either as HCV antibody and HCV‐RNA positive (viremic, n = 219) or HCV antibody positive and repeatedly HCV‐RNA negative (non‐viremic, n = 102). Infecting HCV type was identified by genotyping (viremic) or serotyping (non‐viremic). Binomial regression analysis investigated the independent effect of HCV type on spontaneous loss of HCV‐RNA from serum by comparing the two groups. Ninety‐one percent of patients were found to be either genotype 1 or genotype 3. The prevalence of type 1 infection was greater among non‐viremic (64.5%) than viremic individuals (45%). After controlling for the effects of potential confounding factors, multivariable analyses showed that individuals with type 1 infections were more likely to be non‐viremic than genotype 3 infections (RR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.25, 3.43; P = 0.005). Individuals infected at an older age were also less likely to become HCV‐RNA negative spontaneously (RR = 0.42 comparing those infected at ≥20 years of age against those infected at <20 years of age, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.72; P = 0.002). In conclusion, the results suggest that HCV genotype 1 infections are more likely than genotype 3 infections to become spontaneously non‐viremic, as are infections acquired at younger age. J. Med. Virol. 83:1338–1344, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alternations of 14‐3‐3 θ and β protein levels in brain during experimental sepsis
Authors: Memos Nikolaos , Kataki Agapi , Chatziganni Emmy , Nikolopoulou Marilena , Skoulakis Euthimios , Consoulas Christos , Zografos George , Konstadoulakis Manousos
Published: May 2011

The 14‐3‐3 family members play a crucial role in the determination of cell fate, exerting their antiapoptotic activity through directly interfering with the critical function of the mitochondrial core proapoptotic machinery. Dimerization of 14‐3‐3 is vital for the interaction with many of its client proteins and is regulated by phosphorylation. In a previous study, we observed time‐dependent neuronal apoptosis during sepsis. Therefore, in the present study, we sought to evaluate the expression of 14‐3‐3 θ and β isoforms in septic brain and their association with apoptosis. Sepsis was induced by a CLP model in Wistar rats that were sacrificed at predefined time points. Flow cytometric analysis showed a sepsis‐induced, time‐dependent alteration of 14‐3‐3 θ and β isoforms in both Neun+ and GFAP+ cells. 14‐3‐3 θ was linearly correlated with apoptosis, and stratified analysis for alive and apoptotic neuronal cells demonstrated a gradual down‐regulation of θ isoform in alive neurons and astrocytes. The phospho‐P38 (pP38) MAP kinase levels were altered in a time‐dependent manner during sepsis, presenting a peak at 6 hr post‐CLP. A significant correlation between the two isoforms of 14‐3‐3 was observed in septic rats, with the θ isoform predominant at all time points. The hippocampus, Purkinje cells, and glia‐like cells showed intense immunohistochemical reactivity for 14‐3‐3 θ isoform, whereas the choroid plexus showed constantly increased β isoform expression. Our results showed that sepsis alters the expression of both 14‐3‐3 θ and β isoforms in a time‐, cell‐, and topography‐dependent manner. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of drilling and screw fixation of the growth plate—an experimental study in rabbits
Authors: Hajdu Stefan , Schwendenwein Elisabeth , Kaltenecker Gerhard , László Ilonka , Lang Susanna , Vécsei Vilmos , Sarahrudi Kambiz
Published: May 2011

Injury of the growth plate is a specific problem in traumatology and can cause limb deformity and length discrepancy as a result of growth arrest. The purpose of this study was to evaluate alterations of the growth plate after artificially created injuries. A total of 14 New Zealand White rabbits were used for this experiment. The right and left ulna of each animal was used resulting in a total of 28 ulnae. In six animals drill holes were driven into the growth plate either from the distal/epiphyseal side or from the proximal/metaphyseal side of the physis. In six animals a fracture of the distal ulna corresponding to a Salter–Harris fracture type IV was created. This fracture was fixed by screws from either the epiphyseal or the metaphyseal side. Two animals served as controls. Histologic and radiologic examinations were performed to evaluate the growth process at 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks following surgery. Drilling or fixation of the growth plate from the metaphyseal side resulted in temporary growth disturbance which was compensated within a short time. In contrast fixation from the epiphyseal side caused severe growth disturbances. Based on our findings K‐wires or screws should be inserted from the metaphyseal side and be placed in the center of the growth plate. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:1834–1839, 2011
Quantitative inter‐annual and decadal June–July–August temperature variability ca. 570 BC to AD 120 (Iron Age–Roman Period) reconstructed from the varved sediments of Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland
Authors: Stewart Monique M. , Larocque‐Tobler Isabelle , Grosjean Martin
Published: May 2011

Annually resolved June–July–August (JJA) temperatures from ca. 570 BC to AD 120 (±100 a; approximately 690 varve years) were quantified from biogenic silica and chironomids (Type II regression; Standard Major Axis calibration‐in‐time) preserved in the varved sediments of Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland. Using 30 a (climatology) moving averages and detrended standard deviations (mean–variability change, MVC), moving linear trends, change points and wavelets, reconstructed temperatures were partitioned into a warmer (+0.3°C; ca. 570–351 BC), cooler (−0.2°C; ca. 350–16 BC) and moderate period (+0.1°C; ca. 15 BC to AD 120) relative to the reconstruction average (10.9°C; reference AD 1950–2000 = 9.8°C). Warm and variable JJA temperatures at the Late Iron Age–Roman Period transition (approximately 50 BC to AD 100 in this region) and a cold anomaly around 470 BC (Early–Late Iron Age) were inferred. Inter‐annual and decadal temperature variability was greater from ca. 570 BC to AD 120 than the last millennium, whereas multi‐decadal and lower‐frequency temperature variability were comparable, as evident in wavelet plots. Using MVC plots of reconstructed JJA temperatures from ca. 570 BC to AD 120, we verified current trends and European climate model outputs for the 21st century, which suggest increased inter‐annual summer temperature variability and extremes in a generally warmer climate (heteroscedasticity; hotspot of variability). We compared these results to MVC plots of instrumental and reconstructed temperatures (from the same sediment core and proxies but a different study) from AD 1177 to AD 2000. Our reconstructed JJA temperatures from ca. 570 BC to AD 120 showed that inter‐annual JJA temperature variability increased rapidly above a threshold of ∼10°C mean JJA temperature. This increase accelerated with continued warming up to >11.5°C. We suggest that the Roman Period serves with respect to inter‐annual variability as an analogue for warmer 21st‐century JJA temperatures in the Alps. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcriptome at the Time of Hepatitis C Virus Recurrence May Predict the Severity of Fibrosis Progression After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Mas Valeria , Maluf Daniel , Archer Kellie J. , Potter Amiee , Suh Jihee , Gehrau Ricardo , Descalzi Valeria , Villamil Federico
Published: May 2011

Allograft gene expression analysis may provide insights into the mechanisms involved in liver damage during hepatitis C virus recurrence (HCVrec) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and allow the identification of patients who have a higher risk of developing severe disease. Forty-three OLT recipients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) were evaluated. Genomewide gene expression analysis was performed with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver biopsy samples obtained from 21 OLT recipients with HCV at the time of clinical HCVrec, which was defined as increased alanine aminotransferase levels and detectable HCV RNA levels in serum. Patients were classified into 3 groups according to the severity of the fibrosis in the liver biopsies at 36 months post-OLT : group 1 (G1) for mild fibrosis (F0-F1), group 2 for moderate fibrosis (F2), and group 3 (G3) for severe fibrosis (F3-F4). No significant differences were observed between the groups with respect to donor age, histology during HCVrec, treated episodes of acute cellular rejection, or immunosuppression therapy. The results were validated in the remaining 22 OLT recipients with HCV using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Fifty-seven beadtypes showed significantly different expression (P < 0.001) between the groups during HCVrec. In G3, the gene expression of interleukin-28RA (IL-28RA), IL-28, and angiotensin-converting enzyme was up-regulated. Samples from G1 and G3 were used to determine whether a multigenetic classifier could be derived to predict the group class. The final model included the intercept and 9 bead types. Pairwise scatter plots of these 9 bead types revealed that G1 and G3 were well separated with respect to each gene. Our analysis has demonstrated the utility of a set of molecular markers indicating HCVrec severity early after OLT. Liver Transpl 17:824-835, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Bladder dysfunction in peripheral neuropathies
Authors: Burakgazi Ahmet Z. , Alsowaity Bander , Burakgazi Zeynep Aydin , Unal Dogan , Kelly John J.
Published: May 2011

Normal bladder function depends on the complex interaction of sensory and motor pathways. Bladder dysfunction can develop as a result of several neurological conditions. It can happen in a number of ways, including diabetic cystopathy, detrusor overactivity, bladder outlet obstruction, and urge and stress urinary incontinence. Diabetic neuropathy is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy–associated bladder dysfunction. Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐associated neuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), and amyloid neuropathy are other major causes. The diagnosis of bladder dysfunction should be established by the history of neurological symptoms, neurological examination, and urological evaluation. Functional evaluation of the lower urinary tract includes cystometry, sphincter electromyography, uroflowmetry, and urethral pressure profilometry. Management of urinary symptoms in patients with bladder dysfunction is usually supportive. In some cases, alpha‐blocker and/or anti‐muscarinic agents are needed to help improve urinary dysfunction. Intermittent self‐catheterization is needed occasionally for patients with slow and/or poor recovery. Muscle Nerve 45: 2–8, 2012
Muscle metabolic alterations assessed by 31‐phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in mild becker muscular dystrophy
Authors: Tosetti Michela , Linsalata Stefania , Battini Roberta , Volpi Leda , Cini Claudio , Presciutti Otello , Muntoni Francesco , Cioni Giovanni , Siciliano Gabriele
Published: May 2011

Although the molecular defect causing Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) has been identified, the biochemical mechanisms that lead to muscle necrosis remain unclear. Exercise‐related muscle metabolism in 9 mildly affected BMD patients was assessed by muscle 31‐phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) during an incremental workload. Compared with normal controls, BMD patients showed deregulation of resting pH and intramuscular membrane breakdown. We also observed increased reliance upon anaerobic metabolism during sustained submaximal contraction and maintenance of oxidative function during recovery. Muscle Nerve, 2011
An enhanced homogenization approach for masonry structures with compressible joints. Application to hearth thermomechanical computations
Authors: Mathieu N. J. , Sab K. , Zaïmi S. A.
Published: May 2011

In this paper, a new homogenization‐based finite element model to compute masonry structures with compressible joints is proposed. It is an extension of the model proposed by De Felice et al. (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 2010; 34(3):221–247) for dry block structures where strain hardening was neglected. The proposed strain hardening incremental elasto‐plastic model is obtained by means of a new step‐by‐step homogenization method for a running bond masonry structure made of elastic bricks jointed by an elasto‐plastic ram. The numerical implicit integration of the model is carried out following an iterative implicit procedure in which the elastic trial stress state is corrected through a return mapping algorithm. The procedure has been implemented in the ABAQUS finite element software and applied to the computation of thermal stresses for the hearths made of small carbon refractory bricks surrounded by very compressible joints. Indeed, during its working, the hearth of the blast furnace is submitted to a high thermal gradient in the radial direction because of the inner heating and the outer cooling imposed to the wall. In our application we evaluate the effect of the joints on the thermal stress distribution within the hearth. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clarifying and measuring filial concepts across five cultural groups
Authors: Jones Patricia S. , Lee Jerry W. , Zhang Xinwei E.
Published: May 2011

Literature on responsibility of adult children for aging parents reflects lack of conceptual clarity. We examined filial concepts across five cultural groups: African‐, Asian‐, Euro‐, Latino‐, and Native Americans. Data were randomly divided for scale development (n = 285) and cross‐validation (n = 284). Exploratory factor analysis on 59 items identified three filial concepts: Responsibility, Respect, and Care. Confirmatory factor analysis on a 12‐item final scale showed data fit the three‐factor model better than a single factor solution despite substantial correlations between the factors (.82, .82 for Care with Responsibility and Respect, and .74 for Responsibility with Respect). The scale can be used in cross‐cultural research to test hypotheses that predict associations among filial values, filial caregiving, and caregiver health outcomes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 34:310–326, 2011
Organ targeted prenatal gene therapy—how far are we?
Authors: Mehta Vedanta , Abi Nader Khalil , Waddington Simon , David Anna L
Published: May 2011

Prenatal gene therapy aims to deliver genes to cells and tissues early in prenatal life, allowing correction of a genetic defect, before long‐term tissue damage has occurred. In contrast to postnatal gene therapy, prenatal application can target genes to a large population of dividing stem cells, and the smaller fetal size allows a higher vector‐to‐target cell ratio to be achieved. Early‐gestation delivery may allow the development of immune tolerance to the transgenic protein which would facilitate postnatal repeat vector administration if needed.

Targeting particular organs will depend on manipulating the vector to achieve selective tropism and on choosing the most appropriate gestational age and injection method for fetal delivery. Intra‐amniotic injection reaches the skin, and other organs that are bathed in the fluid however since gene transfer to the lung and gut is usually poor more direct injection methods will be needed. Delivery to the liver and blood can be achieved by systemic delivery via the umbilical vein or peritoneal cavity. Gene transfer to the central nervous system in the fetus is difficult but newer vectors are available that transduce neuronal tissue even after systemic delivery. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure, morphology, and biodegradability of poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐based nanocomposites
Authors: Neppalli Ramesh , Causin Valerio , Marega Carla , Saini Roberta , Mba Miriam , Marigo Antonio
Published: May 2011

Biodegradable polycaprolactone/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by solvent casting, using different amounts of filler and matrices differing by average molecular weight. Intercalated nanocomposites were obtained. The nanocomposites were characterized by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) methods. Negligible variations in the degree of crystallinity were detected by WAXD. The thickness of crystalline lamellae, measured by SAXS, increased in low molecular weight polymer nanocomposites with increasing clay amount; this effect was weakened in matrices with high molecular weight. Differential scanning calorimetry showed an inhibiting effect of clay on crystallization. The composites' ductility was largely increased, whereas stiffness was retained. After biodegradation in compost, in all samples, the degree of crystallinity was increased, meaning that the less ordered portion of the sample was preferentially degraded. Clay slowed down the biodegradation rate, coherently with the observed increase in the lamellar thickness due to the filler. This may offer a strategy for tuning the biodegradability by calibrating their semicrystalline framework. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. ©2011 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Origin of enhanced cold crystallization rate for freeze‐dried poly(L‐lactide) from solutions
Authors: Sasaki Takashi , Morino Daisuke , Tabata Nobuaki
Published: May 2011

Poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) freeze‐dried from dilute 1,4‐dioxane solutions exhibited very porous structure composed of thin membranes of which the mean thickness was estimated to be 104–135 nm. Heating measurements of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the freeze‐dried PLLA (FDPLLA) exhibits an exothermic peak of cold crystallization at 78–81°C, which is at least 20 K lower than that for a quenched amorphous bulk PLLA. In accord with this, the overall rate of isothermal cold crystallization was revealed to be greater for the FDPLLA than that for the bulk. The origin of such high crystallizability of FDPLLA is attributed to its large surface area where the chain mobility is greater than in the bulk PLLA. The exothermic peak in the DSC trace shifted to a further lower temperature when the FDPLLA is immersed in ligroin (nonsolvent), which also suggests a major role of the free surface in enhancing the cold crystallization rate. On the other hand, the density and the chain conformational feature of the FDPLLA were revealed to be identical to the bulk PLLA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Discrepancies between Implicit and Explicit Self–concepts of Intelligence Predict Performance on Tests of Intelligence
Authors: Dislich Friederike X. R. , Imhoff Roland , Banse Rainer , Altstötter–Gleich Christine , Zinkernagel Axel , Schmitt Manfred
Published: May 2011

Three studies investigated the correspondence between implicit and explicit self–concepts of intelligence and how that correspondence is related to performance on different intelligence tests. Configurations of these two self–concepts were found to be consistently related to performance on intelligence tests in all three studies. For individuals who self–reported high intelligence (high explicit self–concept), a negative implicit self–concept (measured with the Implicit Association Test) led to a decrease in performance on intelligence tests. For participants whose self–report indicated a low self–concept of intelligence, positive automatic associations between the self and intelligence had a similar effect. In line with a stress hypothesis, the results indicate that any discrepant configuration of self–concepts will impair performance. Importantly, the prediction of performance on intelligence tests by the self–concept of intelligence was shown to be independent of self–esteem (Study 3). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conflict Resolution as a Dyadic Mediator: Considering the Partner Perspective on Conflict Resolution
Authors: Sierau Susan , Herzberg Philipp Yorck
Published: May 2011

So far, relationship research has only considered an intrapersonal perspective on links between adult attachment, conflict resolution and relationship satisfaction. This study investigated the mediating effects of partner–reported conflict resolution styles among the attachment dimensions of avoidance and anxiety, and relationship satisfaction in a sample of 207 heterosexual couples. Dyadic and structural aspects of mediation were tested using the Actor–Partner Mediator Model with latent variables. Few significant partner–related meditational pathways were found indicating compensating effects of positive problem solving and compliance. More frequent positive problem solving could improve relationship satisfaction, even when the partner showed higher scores on anxious attachment. In addition, the use of compliance could suppress the negative effects of attachment avoidance on partner's relationship satisfaction. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes bearing novel bis(β‐ketoamino) ligand and their catalytic activity toward copolymerization of norbornene and 5‐norbornene‐2‐yl acetate combined with B(C6F5)3
Authors: Wang Kaiti , Chen Yiwang , He Xiaohui , Liu Yueman , Zhou Weihua
Published: May 2011

Two complexes Mt{C10H8(O)C[N(C6H5)]CH3}2 [Mt = Ni(II); Mt = Pd(II)] were synthesized, and the solid‐state structures of the complexes have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffractions. Homopolymerization of norbornene (NB) and copolymerization of NB and 5‐norbornene‐2‐yl acetate (NB‐OCOCH3) were carried out in toluene with both the two complexes mentioned above in combination with B(C6F5)3. Both the catalytic systems exhibited high activity toward the homopolymerization of NB (as high as 2.7 × 105 gpolymer/molNi h, for Ni(II)/B(C6F5)3 and 2.1 × 105 gpolymer/molPd h for Pd(II)/B(C6F5)3, respectively.). Although the Pd(II)/B(C6F5)3 shows very lower activity toward the copolymerization of NB with NB‐OCOCH3, Ni(II)/B(C6F5)3 shows a high activity and produces the addition‐type copolymer with relatively high molecular weights (MWs; 1.80–2.79 × 105 g/mol) as well as narrow MW distribution (1.89–2.30). The NB‐OCOCH3 content in the copolymers can be controlled up to 5.8–12.0% by varying the comonomer feed ratios from 10 to 50%. The copolymers exhibited high transparency, high glass transition temperature (Tg > 263.9 °C), better solubility, and mechanical properties compared with the homopolymer of NB. The reactivity ratios of the two monomers were determined to be rNB‐OCOMe = 0.08, rNB = 7.94 for Ni(II)/B(C6F5)3 system, and rNB‐OCOMe = 0.07, rNB = 6.49, for Pd(II)/B(C6F5)3 system by the Kelen‐Tüdõs method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Frequency, treatment, and functional outcome in children with hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Authors: Buchvald Frederik , Petersen Bodil Laub , Damgaard Karen , Deterding Robin , Langston Claire , Fan Leland L. , Deutsch Gail H. , Dishop Megan K. , Kristensen Lene Agergaard , Nielsen Kim G.
Published: May 2011

Background

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a rare interstitial lung disease and very few data regarding frequency, treatment and outcome exist for children. Children identified with hypersensitivity pneumonia from a Danish national cohort with diffuse interstitial lung disease form the basis of this study focused on disease frequency, treatment, and functional outcome.

Methods

Seventy‐three children with clinical and radiological signs of interstitial lung disease verified by lung biopsy were identified over a 12‐year period. Histologic material from all cases was reviewed by pathologists from the ChILD Clinical and Research Network, USA. Diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis was confirmed in 19 cases.

Measurements and Main Results

Incidence of hypersensitivity pneumonitis was approximately 2/year and with a point prevalence of 4/1,000,000 children. The median (range) number of monthly courses with intravenous methylprednisolone was 15 courses (8–34) in resolved cases, but in the vast majority (92%), mono‐therapy with high dose pulse methylprednisolone treatment was not sufficient for acceptable improvement. Lung function, DLco and DLco/VA increased significantly after 3 and 6 months of treatment compared to baseline (P < 0.05). However, without reaching normal values [mean SDS (range) FEV1 −0.66 (−1.88 to 0.41) and FVC −0.67(−1.94 to 0)]. No mortality was seen.

Conclusions

Incidence and point prevalence of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in Denmark was 2/year and 4/1.000.000 children. High dose intravenous methylprednisolone constituted the basic treatment, but in most cases supplemental anti‐inflammatory therapy was necessary. Outcome was acceptable without any mortality. Nevertheless, both lung function and diffusion capacity were in subnormal level though without any clinically functional impact. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:1098–1107. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in acute viral bronchiolitis: A systematic review
Authors: Donlan Matthew , Fontela Patricia S. , Puligandla Pramod S.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), used either alone or associated with heliox (CPAP‐He), has become a popular therapeutic option for bronchiolitis. This systematic review assesses the impact of CPAP on endotracheal intubation, carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2) and respiratory distress in patients with bronchiolitis.

Methods

Systematic search including studies that used CPAP or CPAP‐He in infants with bronchiolitis admitted to a PICU. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and the GRADE system.

Results

Five CPAP (one crossover randomized controlled trial [RCT] and four before–after studies) and three CPAP‐He (one quasi‐RCT and two before–after) studies were included. CPAP was reported to reduce PCO2 (−6.9 to −11.7 mmHg, respectively, P < 0.015), respiratory rate (−12 to −16 breaths/min after 2 hr, P < 0.01) and the modified Wood clinical asthma score (mWCAS, −2.2 points after 1 hr, P < 0.01). CPAP‐He studies observed decreases in PCO2 (−9.7 mmHg, P < 0.05), mWCAS (−2.12 points, P < 0.001), and respiratory rate (−8 to −13.7 breaths/min, P < 0.05) after 1 hr of treatment. Endotracheal intubation rates ranged from 0–12.5% (CPAP‐He) to 17–27% (CPAP). After applying the GRADE system, the quality of evidence for a beneficial effect of CPAP and CPAP‐He was classified as low.

Conclusions

The evidence supporting the use of CPAP to reduce PCO2 and respiratory distress in bronchiolitis is of low methodological quality, and there is no conclusive evidence that CPAP reduces the need for intubation. No definitive conclusions could be drawn about the CPAP‐He effect. Further research using higher quality methodology is needed to clarify the beneficial role of these interventions. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:736–746. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chest radiographic and CT evaluation of lung abnormalities in pediatric patients with laryngeal cleft
Authors: Williams Jennifer L. , Lee Edward Y. , Casey Alicia M. , Haver Kenan E. , Buonomo Carlo , Zurakowski David , Rahbar Reza
Published: May 2011

Background

The purpose of this study was to (1) evaluate chest radiography (CR) and computed tomography (CT) findings in pediatric patients with laryngoscopically confirmed laryngeal cleft and (2) determine whether CT provided additional information over CR in evaluating lung abnormalities in pediatric patients with laryngeal cleft.

Methods

Two pediatric radiologists performed a retrospective review of CRs and CTs in pediatric patients with laryngoscopically confirmed laryngeal cleft from January, 2002 to January, 2010. Lungs were evaluated for pattern (airspace or interstitial), distribution (upper, middle, or lower lung zones), and extent (<25% or >25%) of abnormalities on CRs and CTs. In patients who had both CR and CT, CT findings were compared with concurrent CRs to determine whether CT provided additional information and resulted in alterations in patient management.

Results

The final study cohort consisted of 67 pediatric patients (37 males and 30 females; mean age 3.0 years ± 3.5 years; range 25 days to 17.5 years) who had CR. Sixteen (24%) of these 67 patients had both CR and CT. Chest radiographs were abnormal in 47 patients (70%) which included consolidation (n = 35; 74%) and reticular opacities in 12 patients (26%). Lung parenchymal abnormalities were observed in the upper (n = 10; 21%), middle (n = 2; 4%), or lower (n = 35; 75%) lung zones on CR. The extent of lung parenchymal abnormalities was >25% in 30 patients (64%) and <25% in 17 patients (36%). Chest CT examinations were abnormal in all 16 patients (100%) who had available chest CT examinations, which included consolidation (n = 9; 56%) and reticular opacities (n = 7; 44%). Lung parenchymal abnormalities were observed in the upper (n = 2; 12.5%) or lower (n = 14; 87.5%) lung zones on CT. The extent of lung abnormalities was >25% in 10 patients (60%) and <25% in six patients (40%). CT provided major additional findings in 12 patients (75%) and minor findings in four patients (25%). Additionally, CT improved the evaluation of the distribution and extent of lung abnormalities in 11 patients (69%). The additional information provided by CT resulted in alteration of patient management in seven patients (43.8%).

Conclusions

Among pediatric patients with laryngeal cleft, CR and CT often show lung abnormalities such as consolidation and reticular opacities. CT frequently provides additional information, which may change patient management. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:1128–1133. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.