bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultra-short-term prediction of photovoltaic output based on an LSTM-ARMA combined model driven by EEMD
Authors: Jiang Yuanxu , Zheng Lingwei , Ding Xu
Published: July 2021

A new method is proposed for ultra-short-term prediction of photovoltaic (PV) output, based on an LSTM (long short-term memory)-ARMA (autoregressive moving average) combined model driven by ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and aiming to reduce the intermittency and uncertainty of PV power generation. Considering the superposition of the overall trend and local fluctuations contained in the PV output data, an EEMD adaptive decomposition criterion based on continuous mean square error is proposed to extract the various scale components of the PV output data in the time–frequency domain; an ARMA (autoregressive moving average) model suitable for short correlation analysis is constructed for the intrinsic mode function components that characterize local fluctuations of PV output. Environmental parameters such as solar radiation, temperature, and humidity are introduced to construct a LSTM prediction model with autocorrelation capability and environmental characteristics for the EEMD residual that characterizes the overall trend of PV output. Finally, the overall trend and the local fluctuation forecast results are fused to realize an ultra-short-term forecast of PV output. The training set and test set were randomly selected from the PV microgrid system of Hangzhou Dianzi University and used for PV output prediction according to different seasons and weather types. The maximum MAPE on sunny, cloudy, and rainy days was 23.43%, 32.34%, and 33.10%, respectively. The minimum MAPE on sunny, cloudy, and rainy days was 5.53%, 6.47%, and 19.19%, respectively. The results show that the prediction performance of this method is better than traditional models. The ultra-short-term forecasting method for PV output proposed in this paper can help us to improve the safety, flexibility, and robustness of PV power systems.
Puccinia sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia sorghi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on some 30 species of
Oxalis
including
O. corniculata
(some of these by artificial inoculation only). Uredia and telia on
Euchlaena mexicana, E. perennis
and
Zea mays
. DISEASE: Rust of maize causing chlorosis and death of leaves and leaf sheaths. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The aecial infection is limited in distribution to temperate regions in Europe, the United States of America, Mexico and South Africa, with one record from Nepal (
C.P. News
7: 59, 1961). The uredial and telial stages are practically co-extensive with the distribution of their hosts (CMI Map 279). In the tropics it is less common than
Puccinia polysora
below 4, 000 feet. TRANSMISSION: By air (
Phytopathology
47: 101-7), by seed (Reyes,
Philippine J. Agric
. 18: 115-128; 1953) and probably also by infected or contaminated material.
Puccinia polysora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia polysora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Erianthus divaricatus, E. alopecuroides, Euchlaena mexicana, Tripsacum dactyloides (= T. monastachyum), T
.
lanceolatum, T. latifolium. T. laxum, T. pilosum, Zea mays
. DISEASE: Rust of maize causing chlorosis and premature death of leaves and leaf-sheaths. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Tropical, South, and Madagascar), Asia (S.E.), Australia (Queensland), Australasia, N. America (S. and E.), Central America and W. Indies, S. America (N.) (CMI Map 237). TRANSMISSION: By air over relatively short distances (37: 657) and by infected or contaminated material via air transport over long distances (38: 591).
Puccinia purpurea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia purpurea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cymbopogon citratus, Sorghum almum, S. cafforum, S. halepense, S. nitens, S. nitidun, S. sudanense, S. verticilliflorum, S. virgatum
and
S. vulgare
. DISEASE: Leaf rust of sorghum, generally occurring on older leaves when crop is maturing and in such cases causing only slight loss. Premature leaf necrosis with reduction of forage value and grain yield is reported on some highly susceptible cultivars. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, probably co-extensive with hosts and wherever sorghums are cultivated including North, South and Central America, West Indies, Africa, Australia, Fiji, Asia and Europe (CMI Map 212). TRANSMISSION: Probably by air-borne urediospores.
Pseudomonas sesami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas sesami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sesamum orientale (Pedaliaceae
). Infects stems, pods, but not the leaves of
Phaseolus vulgaris
on inoculation. DISEASE: A leaf spot affecting aerial parts of plant. Blackish-brown spots which coalesce may extend along whole length of stem. Angular spots on leaves delimited by veins. Infected capsules blacken. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Parts of East Africa; China, Japan, Korea, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Yugoslavia, United States, Brazil (CMI Map 398). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind driven rain; on seed, see Noble
et al., An Annotated List Of Seed-Borne Diseases
, CMI, Kew, 1958, p. 117.
Calonectria rigidiuscula
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Calonectria rigidiuscula
[Nectria rigidiuscula]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Theobroma cacao
and many other hosts represented by the following families:
Anonaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Bombacaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae
. Also pathogenic on wound inoculation to hosts in the above and following additional families:
Bignoniaceae
and
Ulmaceae
(31: 232). DISEASES: Causing die-back and canker of branches associated with capsid injury, 'green-point' cushion gall of buds, and pod rot of cacao; panel decay of
Hevea
rubber associated with
Pbytophthora
spp. ; stem canker of robusta coffee associated with
Xyleborus morstatta
; stem rot of durian; and blight of rice plants including grain. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Cameroons, Central African Republic, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Nigeria, Sierra Leone); North America [United States (Okla.)]; Central America and West Indies (British Guiana, Costa Rica, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Colombia, Surinam, Venezuela); Asia (Ceylon, India, Indo-China, Java, Malaya, Philippines); Australasia & Oceania (New Caledonia, North Borneo, Tahiti). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores, either microconidia produced on recently infected tissue of injured, living stems, or macroconidia from sporodochia on recently dead stems, or ascospores from perithecia produced on long dead stems or cracks in bark (25: 548). The pathogen has been transmitted to cacao cotyledons by means of mealybugs (
Pseudococcus njalensis
[Planococcoides njalensis]
and
Ferrisiana virgata
[Ferrisia virgata]
) in the laboratory, but not elsewhere. Also a soil invader commonly recovered from previous sites of cacao (13: 128, 594) or coffee plantations (34: 179), and in grassland areas (33: 687); seed-borne on rice (32: 449).
Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On several hosts of economic importance in the
Gramineae
; also on a wide range of hosts represented by the following families:
Amaryllidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Iridaceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Marantaceae, Musaceae, Palmae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sterculiaceae
(14: 708; 31: 515; 36: 501; 40: 89 and Herb. IMI). DISEASES: Causes a seedling blight, and root, stalk and kernel rot of maize; also on heads and stalks of sorghum associated with a foot and stem rot, and causing a stem rot and top rot of sugar-cane ('pokkah boeng'). Other records include a wilt of
Crotalaria
, a heart rot of leaves of banana and Manila hemp, and fruit rot of banana, cacao and pineapple. There appear to be no references to pathogenicity to rice. Also entomogenous on cereal stem borer larvae and other insects (27: 71; 33: 382; 38: 141, 740). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Central African Republic, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Reunion, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika, Uganda); Asia (Formosa (Taiwan), Hong Kong, India, Java, Indo-China, Philippines, Syria); Australasia (Hawaii, New South Wales, New Zealand, Victoria); Europe (Czechoslovakia, Germany,? Italy, Poland, Romania); Central America & West Indies (French Antilles, Honduras, Trinidad); North America (Canada, United States); South America (Argentina, Peru). (CMI Map 191). TRANSMISSION: Both seed and soil-borne. Air-borne ascospores produced from perithecia on over-wintered plant debris or on dead stalks of sugar-cane at the beginning of the rainy season are also important sources of infection (30: 344). The pathogen may also be disseminated on pupae and adults of cereal stem borers and their parasites in sugar-cane (33: 382).
Fusarium avenaceum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium avenaceum
[Gibberella avenacea]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A large number of plant species representing more than 150 genera in the following families. including the
Gramineae
, are attacked:
Caryophyllaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Juglandaceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Moraceae, Onagraceae, Palmae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Salicaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Sterculiaceae, Theaceae, Thymeliaceae, Umbelliferaceae, Valerianaceae, Vitaceae
. Also recorded on
Equisetaceae, Polypodiaceae
and insects Wollenweber & Reinking (1935), Gordon (34: 258; 38: 581; 40: 89) and Herb. IMI. DISEASES: Causing damping-off of a large number of nursery seedlings, and a seedling blight, 'spring yellows', foot and root rot, premature ripening and blight of ears of wheat, barley, oats and rye; and on maize cobs: a wilt of flax, a basal rot of carnation cuttings and root rots of lucerne and sweet clover; also storage rots of potato, sugar-beet, carrot and dahlia as well as fruit of apple, pear, cocurbits, citrus, walnut and tomato. DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the temperate zone but also found in parts of the humid tropics. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne on a wide range of hosts [Noble
et. al
. (An Annotated List Of Seed-Borne Diseases, Commonw. Mycol. Inst. Kew, pp. 159, 1958), Gordon (34: 258)], also soil-borne, and from mycelium or wind-borne spores produced on over-wintered crop residues.
Pythium aphanidermatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pythium aphanidermatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts, often similar to those attacked by
P. butleri
, but inducing different symptoms, represented in the following families:
Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Araceae, Basellaceae, Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Passifloraceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Umbelliferae, Violaceae, Vitaceae, Zingiberaceae
. DISEASES: Damping-off of various seedlings; 'cottony-leak' of cucurbit fruit in storage; 'cottony blight' of turf grasses; root and stalk rot of maize. Other hosts: tobacco, sugar-beet, sugar-cane, papaw, pineapple, ginger, bean and cotton. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Central African Republic, Fernando, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Sudan, Togo, Zambia); Asia (Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines, Sumatra); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia); North America (Canada, Mexico); Central America & West Indies (Antilles, Jamaica, Puerto Rico); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela); Europe Austria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Greece, Holland, Italy, Poland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia). (CMI Map 309) TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Eggplant fruit become infected when blossom end is in contact with soil (5: 465). Readily isolated from soil using fresh potato cubes treated with streptomycin and pimaricin as baits (43, 1519; 43, 46) or seedling papaw roots in soil containing papaw tissue (43, 1720). Also recorded as seed-borne on tomato and cucurbits but doubtful whether seed-transmitted (see Noble
et al., An Annotated List of Seed-Borne Diseases
, 1958, pp. 23, 25, 124).
Pythium butleri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pythium butleri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis pepo, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Ricinus communis
(on inoculation),
Zingiber officinalis
. DISEASES: Foot rot of papaw; soft rot of ginger rhizome; damping-off of tobacco, tomato and chill); cottony rot of cucurbits (plants and fruits) and stem and pod rot of string-bean. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Equatorial and West); Asia (India) and North America (U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne but may be propagated in diseased planting material in the case of ginger rhizomes.
Pythium arrhenomanes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pythium arrhenomanes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On over 30 genera in the
Gramineae
. DISEASE: Seedling blight, pre-emergence rotting and root rot of maize, wheat, sugarcane and other
Gramineae
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Bechuanaland, Mauritius); Asia (Philippines); Australasia & Oceania (Hawaii); Europe (Italy, U.S.S.R.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); South America (Brazil). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne.
Pythium intermedium
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterstan J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pythium intermedium
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts represented by the following families:
Begoniaceae, Bromeliaceae, Chenopodiaceae
,
Compositae, Coniferae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Geraniaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Moraceae, Onagraceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Violaceae
; also in the
Equisetales
and
Filicales
. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings, foot rot and root rot of ornamentals, occasionally of crop plants and trees. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China); Australia & Oceania (Hawaii); Europe (England, Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, Sweden, U.S.S.R.); North America (U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: A common soil inhabitant.
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Maluspumila, Rosa
spp.,
Rubus
spp. A further 23 hosts representing 22 genera in 12 families are listed by Elliott (31: 105), p. 4. DISEASE: Hairy root of apple, pear, raspberry, and rose. Symptoms on apple consist of a very large number of small roots protruding from the stems or roots or from localized hard swellings at graft unions, or in roses at the ends of cuttings or at disbud scars (43: 487). These malformations may be fleshy at first but eventually become fibrous. Distinguished from crown gall caused by
A. tumefaciens
, by the production of fibrous roots on the surface of the gall. Apple trees inoculated with
A. rhizogenes
became stunted whilst trees infected with
A. tumefaciens
were not significantly smaller than controls (38: 527). Inoculation of apple trees with mixed cultures of the two species resulted in gall formations showing intergrading features characteristic of both diseases (11: 461). The two pathogens also produce distinct symptoms on rose (43: 487). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in apple nurseries and orchards in the U.S.A. Also recorded on rose in Calif, and Texas (43: 487; 19: 348; 16: 613). Outsize the U.S.A., there are few definite records. There are reports from Japan (Fujioka, 32: 278, p. 12), Bulgaria (13: 493), France (43: 2639), and two unconfirmed from Italy (15: 774; 25: 493). Records given by Hedgecock (
Bull. Bur. Pl. Ind. U.S. Dep. Agric
. 186: 12, 1910) of the occurrence of the pathogen in Canada, Germany and the Netherlands have not been confirmed and are probably incorrect (CMI Map 140). TRANSMISSION:
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
is exclusively a wound pathogen (13: 776), and is readily disseminated on nursery stock which may become infected from soil or by tools contaminated with the pathogen when cuttings or grafts are made. Infection is also spread in apple stocks by insects which eat the galls and other underground parts. On rose, the bacteria may penetrate roots through injuries causes by the root-lesion nematode,
Pratylenchus vulnus
(43, 481). Survival in steamed or untreated soil for more than one year has been demonstrated, and virulence has been maintained in culture for over 19 years (40: 513).
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
has the widest host range of any bacterial plant pathogen; Elliott (1951) lists 140 genera in 61 families of which only
Liliaceae
and
Araceae
are monocotyledons. No antibiotic effect has been found in the monocotyledons to explain their resistance (43, 2199), but sap from oats and barley has been shown to inhibit initiation of tumours in sunflower and to kill tumour cells (43, 3119). A distinct species,
Agrobacterium rubi
, is recognized as the cause of cane gall on
Rubus
spp. (34: 380, 138). DISEASE: Crown gall of apple, peach, rose and many other plants in the family
Rosaceae
, also on vine, hop, mulberry, beetroot, swede and mangold. The pathogen stimulate the cells of the host parenchyma to abnormal growth with the production of spherical or convoluted outgrowths. The galls may be subterranean on the roots at the collar or crown (on peach or rose) or they may be aerial on the stems (on willow or vine). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: One of the most widely distributed bacterial pathogens which has been reported from all five continents (CMI Map 137, 1947). TRANSMISSION: A wound pathogen which is capable of saprophytic survival for long periods in the soil. Wounds may be caused by a variety of agencies including root-chewing insects (10: 505) and pruning instruments. Readily disseminated on nursery stock which may become infected by tools contaminated with the pathogen when cuttings or grafts are made. Reports of survival in soil vary widely depending on soil type (41: 277, 641; 32: 25; 20: 521, 292) and moisture content (3: 104). On hop, the pathogen is said to be transmitted on seed as well as by infected plant debris and infested soil (41: 52). It has also been shows to be disseminated by irrigation water in a peach nursery (24: 65; 23: 379).
Pseudomonas phaseolicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas phaseolicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Phaseolus vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. lunatus
var.
macrocarpus, P. multiflorus, Pueraria thunbergiana
(9: 424). Also
Glycine max
on inoculation (32: 114).
Phaseolus atropurpureus
is recorded as a natural secondary host in Queensland (42: 298). DISEASE: Halo spot or halo blight. On seeds, pods (especially the sutures), leaves and stem, and also causing stem girdling or wilt. Frequently referred to as grease spot in Europe because of the dark green spots appearing on the pods. The symptoms of halo blight are very similar to common blight (
Xanthomonas phaseoli
; CMI Descripts. 46). Distinguishing signs are given by the exudate, when present, which is yellow in common blight and light cream or silver coloured in halo blight. In halo blight a single water-soaked spot may be at the centre of a halo-like zone 2.5 cm diam. Systemic infection often results in foliar mosaic and leaf malformation (35: 807). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread and probably in most countries where dwarf beans are grown (CMI Map 85, Ed. 2 19S6). TRANSMISSION: On the surface of seed or between the seed coat and cotyledons. Also spread in the field by wind-driven rain splash which may carry inoculum as far as 85 ft. from a point source (43, 2141). Wounds are not a necessary prerequisite for infection which normally occurs through the stomata. The pathogen may be spread by overhead sprinkler irrigation in a late maturing crop in arid regions (34: 339), but not by furrow irrigation.
Pseudomnas phaseolicola
does not appear to survive the winter in soil or plant debris (26: 41, 373) but may overwinter in cankers of living kudzuvine (
Pueraria thunbergiana
) (7: 585).
Pseudomonas syringae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas syringae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of host plants including representatives of the following genera:
Chrysanthemum, Citrus, Cyamopsis, Hibiscus, Juglans, Malus, Pennisetum, Persica, Phaseolus, Piper, Prunus, Pyrus, Rosa, Sorghum, Synura, Trifolium, Vicia, Vigna
and
Zea
. Several species of
Pseudomonas
described in the literature are likely to prove synonymous with
P. syringae
and the host range is probably even wider than that given by Elliott (31: 105) p. 90. Poplar canker, at one time attributed to a forma specialis of
P. syringae
(32: 522), is now known to be caused by an entirely distinct pathogen,
Aplanobacterium populi
Ride (37: 604). DISEASE: Bacterial canker of stone fruits causing gum exudation on trunks, limbs, twigs and fruit; blighting of buds and blossom; leaf spot and shoot wilt. Also on hosts other than
Prunus
causing blossom blight and die-back in pear, blossom blight of apple, blast or black pit of citrus, lilac blight, bacterial brown spot of string bean and lima bean, and bacterial leaf blight of sudan grass and other
Gramineae
. The symptoms of blossom blight on apple ant pear have often been confused with fire blight incited by
Erwinia amylovora
(CMI Descript. 44) and boron deficiency (41: 46; 35: 463). The symptoms on stone fruit trees are generally indistinguishable from those incited by
P. morsprunorum
. The reddish-brown leaf spots on bean incited by
P. syringae
lack an extensive yellow halo which serves to distinguish the symptoms from those of the halo blight pathogen,
P. phaseolicola
(CMI Descript. 45) except under dry conditions (17: 578). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in all the major fruit growing areas (CMI Map 336, 1957). On other hosts the distribution may be more restricted as in bacterial brown spot of bean which has been reported only from the Netherlands (34: 567), Tanganyika (34: 350) Queensland (33: 110), New South Wales (17: 578), and from parts of U.S.A. (43: 2453; 37: 63). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is spread by wind-driven rain and is favoured by cold spring weather, rain and high humility. Penetration is through stomata or wounds caused by insects, pruning or hail (31: 63, 183; 12: 281). Frost injury is also a predisposing factor for citrus blast and blossom blight of pear (42: 177; 43, 2329). Spur and node infections of cherry are reported to occur through leaf scars in England (35: 198), but in Oregon they have been shown to originate more commonly at the base of the external bud scales (42: 270).
Pseudomonas syringae
is seed borne on bean and the pathogen has been found to survive in soil over one but not two winters in Wisconsin (37: 63).
Xanthomonas campestris
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas campestris
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Brassica campestris
and other species of
Brassica, Matthiola incana
and
Raphanus sativus
in the
Cruciferae
and
Boerhaavia erecta
in the
Nyctaginaceae
. DISEASE: Black rot of crucifers on leaves, stems and seeds. This is a vascular bacteriosis causing yellowing of the leaves, and brown to black discoloration of the leaf veins. Symptoms vary according to host and the environmental conditions, and leaf lesions may be predominantly marginal or systemic depending on the temperature (31: 585). A transverse section of the stem shows a blackened ring of vascular tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in parts of Africa, Asia, Australasia and Oceania, Europe, North America, Central America and West Indies, and South America (CMI Map 136, Ed. 2, 1959). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen can remain viable and virulent in the soil from one season to the next or survive on diseased plant refuse, e.g. cabbage stumps. The bacteria may be carried externally on seed (32: 172) and survival up to three years has been reported (4: 459). In the field, the pathogen is carried from plant to plant by irrigation and rain water (36: 380). Spread by aphids has not been proven experimentally (30: 442). The pathogen is frequently transmitted from the seed bed on apparently healthy seedlings to fields previously free of infection (27: 175). Entry into the plant is through the hydathodes of the leaf margins (13, 610) or less often through the stomata under conditions of water congestion, or through wounds to the root system.
Puccinia psidii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia psidii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pimenta officinalis
and
Psidium guajava
, also on
Callistemon speciosus, Eucalyptus citriodora, Eugenia jambos, E. malaccensis, E. uvalha, Marlierea edulis, Myrcia
spp.,
Myrciaria jaboticaba
and
Pimenta acris
. DISEASE: Guava rust. Attacks foliage, inflorescences and young succulent twigs of pimento and
Eucalyptus
, and foliage and fruit of guava, causing severe defoliation under certain conditions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Central America and Caribbean (Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela). (CMI Map 181, Ed. 2, 1949 & Herb. IMI.) TRANSMISSION: Urediospores disseminated by rain-splash in Jamaica (41: 569).
Uromyces pisi-sativi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Uromyces pisi-sativi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on
Euphorbia
, uredia and telia on
Lathyrus, Orobus, Pisum
and
Vicia
. DISEASE: Rust on pea, vetches and broad bean. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Libya, Morocco); Asia (China, India,? Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, U.S.S.R.); Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sicily, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); South America (Argentina, Chile) (CMI Map 404 and Herb. IMI). TRANSMISSION: Pea rust has been recorded at a distance of 25 km from the nearest source of infected
Euphorbia cyparissias
in Norway by Jorstad (1948), who considered wind-borne spores from other extraneous sources unlikely. Wild species of
Lathyrus tuberosus
serve as source of infection to vetchling in U.S.S.R. (39: 717).
Microsporum equinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Microsporum equinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of the horse, sometimes transmitted to man. Cats, dogs, guineapigs and rabbits have been experimentally infected. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). Infected hairs usually fluoresce bright green under Wood's light and show a small-spored ectothrix type of invasion. In horses the lesions cannot be distinguished clinically from those caused by other species. Usually they are dry, raised and scaling and lead to circumscribed, bare patches. They may occur on any part of the animal, but particularly on the saddle and girth regions. In man, infections of the glabrous skin (tinea corporis), particularly of the arms, and of the beard area (tinea barbae) have been reported, the lesions usually being small and erythematous. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Congo (from cases of 'Kenya Mange' of horses), Madagascar, Morocco, Sudan), Asia (Iran, Java, U.S.S.R.); Australasia and Oceania (Fiji); Europe (Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, (?) Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, U.S.S.R.); North America (N.J., N.Y.); South America (Uruguay).
Nannizzia obtusa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nannizzia obtusa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of the pig, occasionally transmitted to man. Guinea-pigs have been experimentally infected. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). In pigs lesions are circular and circumscribed to irregular in outline, sometimes involving almost the whole body. They are reddish in colour and are frequently covered with brownish crusts. Alopecia and pruritis do not occur (RMVM 5, 226, 491-492). In man the scalp (tinea capitis) and glabrous skin (tinea corporis) may be infected. Scalp lesions reported have shown a kerion type of reaction with endothrix hair invasion; in some cases infected hairs have fluoresced light green under Wood's light. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from Africa (Kenya), Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); North America (Canada, U.S.A. (Ind., Kans., Ky, Miss., N.J., Pa)), Central America and West Indies (Mexico, Cuba). Possibly world-wide in distribution.
Sphacelotheca reiliana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sphacelotheca reiliana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum bicolor
(
S. vulgare
) (sorghum),
S. sudanense
(Sudan grass), and other
Sorghum
spp.,
Zea mays
(maize),
Euchlaena mexicana
(teosinte), and species of
Andropogon, Hackelochloa
and
Cleistachne
. DISEASE: Head smut of sorghum and maize. The inflorescence being replaced by the sorus infected sorghum plants produce little grain; they are not stunted although they mature earlier than healthy plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, N., C. and S. America, see CMI Map 69, Ed. 2, 1959. The race on sorghum is more widely distributed than the race on maize. TRANSMISSION: Although seed-borne infection may occur, head smut is typically soil borne (40: 607) with infection at the seedling stage. Infection is favoured by soil temperatures of 21-28°C according to Halisky (42: 18).
Ustilago maydis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ustilago maydis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Zea mays
(maize) and
Euchlaena mexicana
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide, wherever maize is grown with the major exception of Australia and New Zealand; see CMI Map 93, Ed. 3, 1964. On
E. mexicana
in N. and S. America. TRANSMISSION: Infection of the host, which occurs via any actively growing tissue, is localized. Spores carried on seed (Noble
et al., An annotated list of seed-borne diseases
, p. 79, 1958) are easily controlled by treatment with a fungicide but seed treatment is of no avail if the soil is infected. Spores have retained their viability in dry sand for more than eight years (16: 738).
Septoria lycopersici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria lycopersici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lycopersicon esculentum
. Also on
Datura stramonium, Solanum carolinense, S. nigrum
and
S. melongena
. Other species of
Lycopersicon
and
Solanum tuberosum
have been reported susceptible on inoculation (MacNeill, 1950). DISEASE: Leaf spot of tomato. Lesions abundant, amphigenous, circular to irregular, rarely confluent, often vein-limited and depressed, water-soaked, becoming pale brown and later grey with dark margins, up to 2 mm. diam. All stages of growth of the plant may be attacked. Severe infection causes leaves to shrivel and produces premature defoliation, exposing the fruit to sun-scald. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide on tomato (CMI Map 108, ed. 3, 1959). TRANSMISSION: Spores are disseminated by rain-splash and wind-blown water, and may also be carried on the hands and clothing of fruit-pickers or by insects (chiefly beetles) (Martin, 1918; 20: 183). The fungus is not a soil inhabitant but may persist in a viable condition from one season to the next on debris of diseased plants incorporated in the soil (3: 615; 20: 181). Solanaceous weeds also serve as one of the main means of overwintering the pathogen (3: 615). Seed contaminated with spores can produce infected seedlings (20: 183) but there is some doubt whether the pathogen is truly seed-borne (32: 154; 43, 3324; Noble
et al
, 1958).
Aspergillus niger
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus niger
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Common as a saprophyte in soil and on decaying vegetable matter e.g. black mould of onion, garlic and shallot; a stem rot of
Dracaena
; a root stalk rot of
Sansevieria
; and a boll rot of cotton; spoilage of cashew kernels, dates, figs, vanilla pods and dried prune; occasionally reported as causing disease in man, animals and some crop plants. DISEASES: On
man and animals
: As a pathogen this fungus has most frequently been isolated as an invader of the middle and outer ear (otomycosis), Austwick, 1965, pp. 100-101; Ismail; RMVM 5, 404).
Aspergillus niger
has also been recorded as causing disease of the pulmonary system, mycetoma of the foot (Austwick, 1965), infection of the eye (Fazakaz; RMVM 4, 1084) and the renal pelvis (Comings, Turbow, Callahan & Waldstein RMVM 4, 1645).
On plants
: Crown rot of groundnut is the most serious plant disease caused by
A. niger
, which invades the hypocotyl and radicle of germinating seedlings above 30°C (Gibson, 1953; Jackson, 1963). It has also been reported pathogenic to seedlings of sorghum and jute (23: 102; 40: 684). Other diseases listed by Raper & Fennell (1965) include black mould of onion, garlic and shallot; a stem rot of
Dracaena
; a root stalk rot of
Sansevieria
; and a boll rot of cotton. Spoilage of cashew kernels, dates, figs, vanilla pods and dried prune has also been reported (40: 701, 725; 41: 163, 165; 43: 513).
Toxin production
: The growth of
A. niger
on mouldy animal food-stuffs producing oxalate poisoning is reported by Wilson & Wilson (RMVM 4, 1864) and Frischbier & Richtesteiger (
Z. Veternark
. 53: 391, 1941). Plant pathogenicity has been correlated with oxalic acid production (Gibson, 1953). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Air and soil-borne. Infection in man and animals may arise from spore contamination from mouldy hay or straw and in some cases mouldy grain and food-stuffs (Austwick, in Raper & Fennell, 1965). The development of crown rot in groundnut in the field is closely related to the soil-borne inoculum potential of the fungus as measured by the amount of organic debris present (Ashworth & Langley, 1964). The pathogen is also seed-borne on groundnut (Jackson, 1963) and its entry and subsequent infection of kernels is facilitated by pod damage caused by
Corticium solani
[Thanatephorus cucumeris]
(44, 936).
Aspergillus terreus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus terreus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs commonly in soil, particularly in warm and comparatively dry arable land (Raper & Thom, 1965, p. 571). It has been recorded as the predominant fungus in the rhizosphere of pineapple and cotton (33: 436; 37: 662) as well as in
Cicer arietinum, Trifolium
sp., and
Viciafaba
(Herb. IMI). When added to sterilized soil containing
Macrophomina phaseoli
[Macrophomina phaseolina]
, the germination of French bean seed and the post emergence of seedlings were greatly reduced (40: 343). It causes a rot of apple and other fruit (43, 38, 2818) and has also been isolated from damaged cotton seed, palm oil and stored grain (30: 58; 40: 153). DISEASES: This fungus is of doubtful significance as a pathogen, but it has been recorded as producing aspergillosis, infection of skin and nails and, more recently, infection of ears, especially following operations (English
et al.
; RMVM 4, 1225, 1226). It was isolated as the cause of mycotic abortion in cattle (Plum, 1932,
Acta Patho !. Microbiol. Scand
. 9: 150-157; Ainsworth & Austwick, 1955,
Vet. Record
67: 88-97; Austwick, 1965, pp. 99-100) and asthma (Weiner; RMVM 4, 1094). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in warm arable soils (Raper & Fennell, 1965). TRANSMISSION: From hay and straw (Austwick, in Raper & Fennell, 1965).
Penicillium expansum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium expansum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found commonly in soil and in a wide variety of organic material including grains and cereal products, and though generally isolated from mouldy fruit, particularly apples, it also occurs on other pomaceous fruit, cherries, grapes, olives, pineapple and sometimes on citrus and avocado (Raper & Thom 1949, 518-522, & Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Blue mould (soft rot) of apple is characterized by the formation of watery, light or yellowish brown areas on the fruit, which may originate from either the stem or calyx ends. A soft brown rot develops which rapidly destroys the whole fruit. Later, under humid conditions, tufts of massed conidiophores with blue-green conidia appear on the surface of the fruit which gives off a characteristic musty odour. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air and soil-borne spores, especially in orchards. The pathogen commonly enters through wounds and injuries but may also penetrate lenticels (11: 658).
Penicillium italicum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium italicum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs on citrus fruit and occasionally in soil of citrus orchards. DISEASE: Blue-mould of citrus. Causes a characteristic soft rot of the fruit and in advanced stages the surface becomes covered in a bluish green or grey green velvety or tufted layer of conidia with a white margin. Finally the fruit becomes soft and often a slimy shapeless mass. The rot differs from that caused by
P. digitatum
(CMI Descript. 96) which produces an olive coloured conidial layer and finally reduces the fruit to a mummified shell. The two fungi are frequently found together on the same fruit. Raper & Thom (1949) suggest that sclerotial strains might be confused in culture with
P. gladioli
(CMI Descript. 98) but in the latter the sclerotia are always pinkish. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Common in all citrus producing areas but widespread on citrus fruit as a storage rot. TRANSMISSION: The fungus enters fruit through wounds and also spreads by contact from infected to sound fruit in storage.
Phytophthora megasperma
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora megasperma
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts (inculding sugarcane, lucerne, soyabean, crucifers (Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, rutabaga, turnip), beet, carrot, spinach, potato), also in soil and plant debris in pond water.
Phytophthora megasperma
var.
megasperma
has been recorded on
Althaea rosea, Brassica oleracea, Castanea sativa, Matthiola incana, Narcissus
sp. and conifer soil;
Phytophthora megasperma
var.
sojae
on
Asparagus officinalis, Brassica oleracea, Cicer arietinum, Glycine max, Medicago saliva, Melilotus
spp.,
Prunus amygdalus, P. persica, Saccharum officinarum, Senecio cruentus, Solanum tuberosum
and pond and soil water (Tompkins
et al.
, 1936, Herb. IMI). DISEASES: Causing seed-piece rot of sugarcane and a shoot rot of lucerne, soyabean and vegetables particularly crucifers (Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, rutabaga, turnip) as well as beet, carrot, spinach, and potato ('pink rot'). Infected plants wilt and their foliage may be discoloured red or purple at the leaf margins. DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania); Europe (England, France, Ireland, Italy); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). (CMI Map 157, ed 2.) TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne and favoured by wet conditions with temperatures around 15-24°C. Persistence in soil for over 1 yr. is possible due to delayed germination of oospores (31: 394).
Colletotrichum graminicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Elizabeth J. , Mordue M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Colletotrichum graminicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum vulgare
[Sorghum bicolor]
and its varieties,
S. halepensis, Zea, Triticum, Secale
and other cultivated and wild genera distributed amongst at least 8 of the 12 tribes of
Gramineae
(Wilson 1914; Sprague, 1950). Also recorded on lucerne, red clover, soyabean and sweet clover (41: 368; 35: 300; 30: 598). DISEASES: Red stalk rot of internodal stem tissues, anthracnose and red leaf spot, also seedling blight of sorghum. On maize, cereals and other grasses the leaf spot form is most frequently seen, the spots are elliptical to elongated, usually 1-2 cm but occasionally confluent particularly on the midrib, pale orange to blackish purple, the centres greyish with age. Leaf anthracnose and stalk rots are characterized by the reddish discolouration, but pigmentation varies greatly according to host. Root rot is also recorded. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togoland, Uganda, Zambia); Asia (Burma, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, New Zealand), Europe (Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Rumania); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Cuba, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guyana). TRANSMISSION: Seasonal persistence is on infected crop residues and weed hosts; sporulation has been observed on sorghum stalks and stubble after overwintering in the field (Le Beau
et al.
, 1951). Also seed transmitted (35: 653).
Phakopsora gossypii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phakopsora gossypii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gossypium acuminatum, G. arboreum, G. aridium, G. barbadense, G. brasiliense, G. herbaceum, G
.
mexicanum, G. microcarpum, Gossypium
sp. (cult.),
Azanza garckeana
and
Thespesia populnea
. DISEASE: Cotton rust. Confined to the growing tissues, chiefly the leaves and spreading from the older parts to the new leaves as rapidly as they are formed causing premature defoliation. The attack is severe on weak plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Agalega Is. (near Mauritius), Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda); Asia (Burma, Cambodia, Ceylon, China, Fiji, Formosa, India, Java, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Philippines, Thailand); North America (Bermuda, U.S.A.); Central America and West Indies (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent, Trinidad); South America (Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela). (CMI Map 258, 1952, Herb IMI and Literature) TRANSMISSION: Airborne urediospores account for the spread of the rust.