bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Breakdown of Political Fairness
Authors: Drutman Lee
Published: March 2020

This chapter addresses the implications of the new party system for the foundational democratic norm of shared fairness. If people cannot agree on fair democratic processes, then nothing is legitimate. If nothing is legitimate, people no longer have rule of law. The chapter then discusses the breakdown of procedural fairness in election law, focusing on gerrymandering and voting rules; examines how partisanship is shaping facts and information; and looks ahead at what happens without shared understandings or shared rules in politics. It looks very ugly, and potentially violent. Given that all these problems are self-reinforcing doom loops in a two-party system, it will be very hard to break them without major electoral reforms to facilitate more parties.
Designing the Save American Democracy Act
Authors: Drutman Lee
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores the specifics of a new voting system: ranked-choice voting, with multi-member districts for the US House. As the name suggests, ranked-choice voting lets voters rank their choices. The votes are then tallied as follows: If one candidate has an outright majority of first-place votes, that candidate wins. However, if no candidate has a majority in the first round, second-choice preferences come into play. The candidate with the fewest number of first-choice votes is eliminated, and voters who had ranked that candidate first have their votes transferred to the candidate they ranked second. This continues until a single candidate gathers a majority, with subsequent preferences transferring as candidates get eliminated from the bottom up. Ranked-choice voting, especially multi-winner ranked-choice voting, is the best way to balance voter choice, stronger parties, and encourage moderation. Moreover, a bigger U.S. House would improve American democracy and support more multiparty democracy.
Two Few
Authors: Drutman Lee
Published: March 2020

This chapter argues the case for multiparty democracy. Multiparty democracy with proportional representation is the norm among advanced democracies. America is the rare democracy left behind with an antiquated first-past-the-post voting system. The rigid two-party system that emerges from this voting method makes it impossible to find a new political center in changing times. Instead, it has reduced the political system to a doom loop of gridlock and zero-sum toxic politics as major problems mount and society becomes more and more unequal. This need not be America’s fate. Electoral reform is a straightforward and proven remedy. Moreover, the track record for multiparty democracy is strong. Countries with proportional voting systems that generate multiparty democracy have higher voter turnout, more compromise-oriented politics, more broadly legitimate policymaking, and better minority representation. The chapter then discusses why multiparty democracy is better equipped to respond to the rise of far-right populism.
The Politics of Electoral Reform
Authors: Drutman Lee
Published: March 2020

This chapter explains how electoral reform can happen in America. Nobody doubts American politics is broken. Poll after poll confirms a deeply discontented electorate. However, there is less agreement around a solution. Americans seem to agree they want more parties. However, few Americans understand the institutional reasons why more parties do not emerge: The first-past-the-post electoral system. Absent this understanding, Americans are unlikely to demand electoral reform. Instead, they will keep blaming politicians for responding to the incentives the political system demands, and continue to be disappointed. As such, it is urgent that people make the connection between electoral reform and more parties. The encouraging news is that Americans may now be unusually open to institutional reforms. Politicians may also be open to reform; they do not like the system either. Ultimately, America must end the winner-take-all system of elections that is powering the two-party doom loop. The future of American democracy depends on it.
The American Hegemonic System in Theoretical and Historical Perspective
Authors: Cooley Alexander , Nexon Daniel
Published: March 2020

Nearly every recent National Security Strategy of the United States takes for granted that the United States is a hegemonic power, that it constructed a liberal international order after World War II, and that it expanded that order from the 1990s onward. This chapter looks closely at these assumptions. What is international liberalism? What is hegemony? What is international order? How does world history look through the lens of theories of hegemony and hegemonic ordering? We argue that international orders have architectures—norms, rules, and principles—and infrastructures—the interactions, practices, and relationships that undergird them. Overall, international order resembles a dynamic ecosystem, one that structures the behavior of the states and other actors that constitute it. This helps explain not only why post–Cold War liberal enlargement faltered but also how it created conditions for its own unraveling.
Comedy, History, and Culture
Authors: Costanzo William V.
Published: March 2020

How has comedy evolved around the globe from earliest times to today? Chapter 4 offers a chronology of comedy. Distinguishing among laughter, comedy, and humor, it finds evidence of humor in ancient texts and imagery, tracing the evolution of comic genres through classical Greek drama, Sanskrit poetry, early China, medieval Europe, and feudal Japan. The chronology continues with an account of popular festivals of laughter, comedic stage performances, and precursors of the comic novel, showing how they led to modern literary and cinematic forms as well as televised sitcoms and live standup. Motion pictures borrowed silent gags and witty wordplay from vaudeville, channeled the freewheeling energy of picaresque stories into episodic road movies, adapted the amatory impulses of Shakespeare’s romantic comedies to the screen, and turned the Carnivalesque spirit into scenes of cinematic mischief and mayhem.
Between Copyright and Creativity
Authors: Egbe Amanda
Published: March 2020

Focusing on Edison’s early cinematic apparatus and the optical printer, this chapter explores how copyright law intersects with creativity, providing an alternative to teleological accounts of moving-image technologies. Thomas Edison attempted to control the film industry through patents and copyright. Edison’s first film experiments were registered as a series of photographs on card by his assistant, W. L. Dickson. In protecting these contact copies as paper prints with copyright, the new medium of motion pictures was being formalized. The necessity to duplicate film to support the development of exhibition and distribution was also necessary for copyright purposes. An archaeological approach is utilized to explore how paper prints enabled innovation in the area of the optical printer, a primary form of duplication in cinema. In developing approaches that could bring to life the remaining examples of early cinema, novel solutions in the form of innovations were required. The overlapping concerns of the copyright clerk, the film entrepreneur, and the film historian thus provide a basis for new materials and new innovations in moving-image technology and film history.
‘It’s all just a little bit of History repeating’
Authors: White Mo
Published: March 2020

The chapter looks at the use of slide-tape by artists during the 1970s and 1980s in the UK. Slide-tape was a series of projected 35 mm photographic slides with a synchronized audio soundtrack. As a form, it is significant in the UK for being used by a number of key and emerging artists for a brief period before being abandoned. This moment itself has been largely forgotten, and the chapter considers this and the importance of slide-tape as a critical tool used in artists’ projected works. Slide-tape was a time-based media form, with the technology—the slide projector—itself having a distinct presence in the live performance of the work. Amongst the artists who used the form were Black Audio Film Collective and Tina Keane and others who took part in the key exhibition About Time: Video, Performance and Installation by 21 Women Artists, which took place at the ICA, London, in 1980. In the chapter the author accounts for the emergence of this work and suggests that slide-tape allowed for artists’ experimental work where the simultaneous projection of images and sound was transformed to establish a new form. As the form has been taken up and used recently by contemporary artists, the impact of this overlooked history to what is described as legacy media is discussed and located.
Projection between Exhibition and Information
Authors: Mey Adeena
Published: March 2020

Among the many reconfigurations and experiments with the ‘medium of the exhibition’ of the 1960–1970s, Sonsbeek 71 stands as one the most audacious examples. Organized by curator Wim Beeren as an attempt to find a new curatorial language and innovative exhibition form, Sonsbeek 71 took ‘the entire country as its field of operation’, the ‘exhibition’ consisting of several works of land art, ‘information centres’, as well as pavilions dedicated to film, video, and art mediation. The ‘spatial relations’ exposed by the scale of this apparatus became the very object of Beeren’s curatorial inquiry. Focusing on projected moving images at Sonsbeek 71, this chapter discusses it on three different levels. First, it identifies the way both the film and exhibition apparatus were reconfigured and how Sonsbeek 71 functioned as an epistemology of the exhibition as medium. Second, it articulates a critique of the exhibition as a form intersecting technical, discursive, informational, and sensible elements, and shows how, in its radical expansion of the exhibition medium, Sonsbeek 71 ‘conflates media history with earth history’ (Parikka). Third, what is meant by the notion of the exhibition as ‘medium’ is discussed in light of the inflatable pavilions designed by the Eventstructure Research Group where structural films and artists’ films were projected. This eventually opens up to a critique of the informational, cybernetic epistemology of Sonsbeek 71.
Bark and Butterflies
Authors: Palka Adrian
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores the role of site-specific projections in the digital remediation of family and personal history and their role in memorial work and remembrance. The chapter refers primarily to the mixed-media performance/installation Bark and Butterflies by the author (palkadiaries.com). Drawing on the work of Marianna Hirsch, the chapter explicates the notion of post-memory, which complicates and extends family history through the idea of inherited traumatic memory. The concept is applied to Bark and Butterflies and accordingly the chapter offers a case study, amplified with theoretical reflections, on the role of projection in the creation of mixed-media memorial works and their dissemination. Bark and Butterflies was the artistic result of a research trip to Siberia following in the footsteps of an inherited wartime diary, which narrates the exile to the Gulag of the author’s father and grandfather. The chapter outlines and demonstrates the role of site-specific projections in a series of action-research performance interventions en route and examines the potential they offer for the visual interrogation and remediation of symbolic space. The chapter argues that site-specific projections produce a ‘phantasmagoric’ counter-world in which the experience of time and space becomes collapsed and that through this temporal and spatial overlap Bark and Butterflies enacts an immersive process of ‘self-sacralization’, using projections to re-enact paradigmatic devotional forms (Turner), in a type of secular ‘aesthetic redemption’ (Kristeva). In this case, the chapter concludes, the art of projection acts as a contemporary procedure within a personal ritual of pilgrimage and remembrance.
Introduction
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F.
Published: March 2020

The introduction defines “political action” and “solidarity” theoretically, as frameworks for organizing and dispersing the relationship between music and protest. It also introduces the Polish opposition to state socialism, giving an overview of the political agents (activists, critics, citizens, priests, bureaucrats, Party members, journalists) who are the main protagonists of this history and who guide the musics and scenes upon which the book focuses. One cabaret anthem, Jan Pietrzak’s “So That Poland Will Be Poland,” serves as an orientation point. The song’s text, key performances in Warsaw, and use by the US Information Agency for propaganda give insight into national and international perspectives on the Solidarity movement and its historiography from the 1980s into the present.
Protest
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F.
Published: March 2020

Successful nonviolent protests are the celebrated theaters of musical politics; the same is true for the month of protests that brought about the legalization of the Solidarity Union, the first independent trade union in the Eastern bloc. This chapter takes the reader into the important role that sound media played both in coordinating efforts on the ground and in narrating the August 1980 strikes’ power to a broader public in Poland and abroad. Written and recorded accounts of the protest scenes show sound’s coordinating power and music’s entertainment value for this occupational strike. The charismatic workers’ representative Lech Wałęsa sang at the negotiating table, bringing music to the political stage. The chapter also critiques romantic notions of music and protest to dwell on questions of authorship and agency by tracing the rise of the opposition’s protest anthem, “Walls” (1978), by singer-songwriter Jacek Kaczmarski.
State of the Practice in Performance Management
Authors: Battista Mariangela
Published: March 2020

Performance management (PM) is one of the few organizational processes that touches every single employee and requires their active participation. In spite of its ubiquitous position in organizations, there has been a groundswell of questions emerging about the usefulness, value, and effectiveness of PM. This introductory chapter addresses the current state of PM, including its history. It provides an overview of academic research highlighting the evolution from performance evaluation to performance management and the current status. Then, the practical realities and challenges people in organizations experience with performance management every day are discussed. This includes performance management being viewed as an administrative “human resources activity” with a lack of strategic alignment to business goals; lack of manager capability to manage employee performance effectively; and an overreliance on system automation. The chapter continues with an outline and overview of the book, including nine case studies written by in-house talent and human resources practitioners and six chapters (written by scholars in the performance management and feedback arena) describing next-generation research as well as future research trends.
Aligning the Advocates, Traditionalists, and Questioners
Authors: Orlando Jeffrey W.
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores Deloitte’s journey to transform performance management (PM). This effort—spanning 70 months of testing, piloting, and deployment—has resulted in a lean, rapid, and research-backed approach that fits the Deloitte environment of today. Against the backdrop of a successful and multifaceted global business, this case confronts some of the major questions around performance and development. It explores what really creates higher individual and team performance, how a “reinvented” model can be used to drive key talent processes like compensation and promotion, how an agile approach really works when driving change, where technology platforms are a help and where they are a hindrance, and the degree of data transparency that is needed to satiate employee demands in balance with organizational needs? The case details these questions in concept form and lists the actionable steps the firm took to drive successful adoption and positive outcomes.
Implementing the PID Scheme in HM Courts and Tribunals Service
Authors: Dietmann Antonia , Milton Emma , Moore Phillip
Published: March 2020

Her Majesty’s Courts and Tribunals Service (HMCTS) is responsible for the administration of the criminal, civil, and family courts and tribunals in England and Wales and nondevolved tribunals in Scotland and Northern Ireland. In 2016, HMCTS began a 6-year, £1.2 billion transformational reform program to modernize and upgrade the courts and tribunals system. A need was identified to change the HMCTS performance management (PM) process; the personal impact and development (PID) scheme was developed in response. The PID scheme includes regular conversations with direct reports to discuss performance, strengths, aspirations, and potential. It moves the HMCTS away from a past-focused, manager-driven PM system to a joint manager–colleague approach; employees are supported to achieve their goals and reach their potential. To achieve this, the objective setting was replaced with high-level outcomes and in-year monetary reward. Feedback about the PID scheme has been positive. People like the development focus, and line managers generally enjoy the flexibility they have. It takes fewer resources to operate—principally achieved through removing the moderation process—even when accounting for the higher frequency of performance conversations. Nearly three quarters of respondents to the annual staff survey said they had regular PID chats with their line manager. Of those who said yes, 67% agreed that the PID scheme had made them feel more supported by their line manager, and 69% agreed that their line manager had the skills needed to have a meaningful chat. HMCTS is heartened by early evidence, including feedback and internal audit results.
Optimizing Performance Through Alignment With Mission and Purpose in a Global Nonprofit Organization
Authors: Ginsberg Harris R. , Habbas So’ud
Published: March 2020

PYXERA Global facilitates partnerships between public, private, and social sectors worldwide to create social impact projects that enrich lives and livelihoods, inclusively and sustainably. A nonprofit based in Washington, D.C., PYXERA Global has worked in over 90 countries—navigating economic, geographic, and political realities to find common ground between corporations, development agencies, governments, and nongovernmental organizations. In 2017, PYXERA Global opted to revitalize performance management (PM) practices. Previously “one size fits all,” goals were organized around operational efficiency, which ensured that staff followed consistent rules of engagement in getting the work done. Missing in the process were the organization’s three Strategic Pillars—Smart Growth, Impact, and Influence—which aligned daily work with the organization’s mission. By explicitly incorporating the pillars (the “what”) with mission- and client-centered imperatives, senior leaders shifted the paradigm. Similarly, replacing conventional competencies with Organizational Imperatives focused on the “how” to achieve goals. After 1 year of the new practice, staff reported deeper and more personal connections to what work gets done and how. Often cited is the Organizational Imperative, “No money, no mission,” a well-described imperative for employees that was disconnected from day-to-day activity. That imperative became an umbrella for financial responsibility at all levels; employees are clearer how budgeting is core to impactful engagements for clients, that attending to cost requirements and expense overruns reflects the staff’s commitment to the financial well-being of the organization. In addition, staff report having regular conversations about performance, solving problems, and removing obstacles and giving and receiving feedback more often.
Transforming Performance at Patagonia
Authors: Mason Chris
Published: March 2020

In the summer of 2015, Patagonia began a transformation to an entirely new approach to employee performance, one that would reinforce the company culture and empower employees to drive their performance continuously throughout the year and more directly connect their work to the company mission. The new approach drew on the latest research and emerging practices in performance management (PM) and was built on more frequent goal setting and performance conversations, supplemented by continuous crowdsourced feedback. At the heart of the approach is the belief that employees need to be the best drivers of their own performance, leading to an employee-centric design for each action or tool that enables the new approach. This case shares Patagonia’s journey to transformation from a traditional PM system to a more dynamic and employee-centric approach to performance.
Climate for Feedback
Authors: Schneider Benjamin , Ledford Jr. Gerald E.
Published: March 2020

Perceptions of the effectiveness of performance appraisal and feedback techniques are frequently neutral to negative. This chapter proposes that a focus on techniques for doing appraisal and feedback has been shortsighted and argues that the creation and maintenance of a context delivering honest and effective feedback—here called a feedback climate—is the best way to improve the effectiveness of the feedback process. The feedback climate is defined as the bundle of practices organizations implement to ensure that performance feedback to members of the organization is honest and effective. The strategic climate literature supports the conclusion that the degree to which organizations focus bundles of practices on important processes (e.g. fairness and ethics) leads directly to important outcomes (e.g. safety and customer service). Using a sample of 234 companies, a new measure of feedback climate is developed, and support for it is found as a correlate of positive perceptions of (1) individual employee feedback effectiveness (e.g. developing employee skills and abilities and motivating employees) and (2) organizational feedback effectiveness (e.g. increasing organizational performance and supporting business strategy). In addition, it is indicated that feedback climate is more central to such perceptions of effectiveness than are the usual appraisal/feedback techniques studied by researchers and used by practitioners (including type of ratings used, ratingless reviews, developmental vs. evaluative feedback, crowdsourced feedback, and so forth). Based on results obtained with this new cross-organization diagnostic feedback climate measure, several implications for research and especially for practice are presented.
Teaching Music in Higher Education
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

This book is designed for faculty and graduate assistants working with undergraduate music majors as well as non-majors in colleges and universities in the United States. It includes suggestions for designing and organizing music courses (applied music as well as academic classes) and strategies for meeting the developmental needs of the undergraduate student. It addresses concerns about undergraduate curricula that meet National Association of School of Music requirements as well as teacher education requirements for music education majors in most states. A common theme throughout the book is a focus on learner-centered pedagogy or trying to meet students where they are and base instruction on their individual needs. The text also maintains a constant focus on the relationship between teaching and learning and encourages innovative ways for instructors to assess student learning in music courses. Teaching is connected throughout the book to student learning and the lecture model of teaching as transmission is discouraged. Activities throughout the book ask instructors to focus on what it means to be an effective teacher for music courses. As there is limited research on teaching music in higher education, the book relies on comprehensive texts from the general education field to help provide the research base for our definition of effective teaching.
Designing an Undergraduate Music Course
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 1 includes information regarding designing curriculum for undergraduate classes including consideration of objectives, repertoire, knowledge, and skills. The chapter includes a focus on learner-centered pedagogy and avoiding the transmission model of teaching. Readers are encouraged to consider pedagogical content knowledge and courses within the curriculum at large. Attention to policy stakeholders such as certification bodies is discussed and an undergraduate student vignette is at the center of the chapter. Much of the chapter provides information regarding understanding the various cultures at different music schools. Sample degree outlines for music degrees are included, as is a checklist for early course decisions.
Understanding the Learners
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 4 examines the sequencing of undergraduate instruction in relation to student musical growth. Sample purposes and goals for undergraduate music education and typical degree outlines are provided from the National Association of Schools of Music. Vignettes written by music students are provided for each level of undergraduate student—freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior, which highlight student musical needs at various stages of development. The chapter encourages readers to reflect back on their own musical growth as undergraduate students, and provides instructors with suggestions for differentiating musical instruction.
Understanding the Learners
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 5 begins with a discussion of the notion of emerging adulthood and provides examples of ways that music students display this development including through identity exploration, instability, being self-focused, feeling “in between” and finally the “age of possibilities.” The chapter then examines techniques for facilitating inclusive classrooms including attention to terminology, gender, ethnicity and race, sexuality, language learning, and disabilities. Stories from music students and professors are provided throughout. The chapter concludes with discussion of music schools as spaces for the development of allyhood.
Creating a Culture for Learning
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 7 provides suggestions for creating a positive learner-centered classroom. It begins with consideration of teaching personality, reflection, and professor identity. The middle section of the chapter gets at the “nitty gritty” of preparing for the first day of class; assessing prior knowledge, experience, and interest; weekly class planning; interaction with readings and materials; and student assignments. The final section of the chapter focuses on communication with students and dealing with difficult situations. Outlines are provided for the first day of class and weekly planning and preparation. Various scenarios are provided and discussed in relation to communication with students, attendance, cheating, and plagiarism, and other potentially difficult situations.
Strategies for Active Learning in Music Classrooms
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 9 provides a focus on learner-centered pedagogy and a move away from the transmission model of teaching leads to active learning. I open this chapter with an extended discussion of some of the various types of group work including cooperative as well as collaborative learning groups. Cooperative groups work together on a task that is most often presented or designed by the instructor whereas collaborative groups are often involved in task generation as well as completion. Strategies for grouping students as well as room set-up, planning for group work, and assessment of group activities are addressed. The second part of the chapter provides suggestions for specific types of problem-based learning including case-based teaching, games, and simulations.
Teaching Applied Music
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 11 provides suggestions for recruiting students into a college or university applied studio. A portion of the chapter is devoted to planning and delivering master classes and planning visits to middle and high schools in the effort to recruit. Stories from applied faculty and students provide materials for discussion of the culture of a studio, dealing with competition in the studio. Studio activities such as studio class, technique class, repertoire class, and excerpt class are described. Policies and ideas for recital attendance, studies and professor visibility, and travel are discussed. Questions for discussion encourage the reader to consider various teaching contexts for the implementation of these ideas.
Reflection and Improvement of Teaching
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 13 examines ways in which the new professor can collect information on teaching in the effort to continue to improve. A key tenant in learner-centered teaching is professor critical reflection. The chapter suggests videorecording teaching, peer observation as well as teaching journals as strategies for reflection. A sample observation for music classroom is provided as are several sample forms for reflection. Collecting and interpreting feedback from students through midterm and final course evaluations is also considered. The chapter concludes with a focus on the types of resources typically provided by institutions to assist faculty in the improvement of teaching.
Navigating a Music Career in Higher Education
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

This final chapter examines the tenure and promotion process and provides sample paperwork from the School of Music, Theatre & Dance at the University of Michigan with details regarding rank and eligibility, promotion guides for teaching, promotion guidelines for scholarship, research and creative activity, and promotion guidelines for local, state, regional, national, and international service. Rules for deliberation and voting are shared including details about internal and external reviews and student evaluations. Instructions for the submission of paperwork including CVs, statements of teaching, research, and service and summaries of student evaluations are provided. Questions for discussion and final activities assist readers in considering the University of Michigan documents in relation to their home institution.
Prologue
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: March 2020

The prologue introduces this psychological interpretation of Donald Trump’s life through the lens of Robert Louis Stevenson’s 19th-century novel, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Whereas Stevenson’s story famously illustrated the split duality of human personality, the strange case of Donald Trump suggests a startling reversal: There is no duality: Trump is all Hyde, and no Jekyll. In the strange case of Donald Trump, there is no artifice, no hidden inner self behind the public persona. Trump is completely present in the moment, which is the psychological key to understanding his overwhelming strangeness. He is a man without an inner story, a primal force that moves from one discrete moment in life to the next, with no narrative build-up, no story arc. The prologue introduces the book as an evidence-based and objective analysis of Trump’s life and his personality, drawing extensively upon contemporary research and theory in personality, developmental, and social psychology.
Me
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: March 2020

The chapter, “Me,” examines in detail Donald Trump’s love of himself—that is, his narcissism. Tracing the concept back to the ancient Greek myth of Narcissus, the chapter explores different theories of and empirical research on narcissism, and considers how they may apply to Trump. The chapter dismisses common clinical speculations regarding the origins of Trump’s narcissism in the alleged early failings of the mother–infant bond. The chapter traces Trump’s long career in narcissism, from school experiences through the presidency. Trump never tires of glorifying the self. As the episodic man, each new moment is a completely refreshed opportunity to gaze anew at the beautiful and powerful me. If too many moments go by without the fix, Trump feels an aching longing for me, a desire to gaze upon the me, like Narcissus gazing into his reflection in the pool, as if he were addicted to the me—the me as an object, not a person, but a beautiful and mesmerizing thing.
Goldwater
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: March 2020

As a short digression into the world of psychiatric diagnosis, the chapter “Goldwater” discusses the controversy over whether or not mental health professionals should diagnose President Trump with a mental illness, such as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). The chapter’s title recalls the 1964 U.S. presidential election wherein the results of a survey of psychiatrists were published in an American magazine, concluding that the Republican candidate Barry Goldwater was mentally unfit to hold office. Goldwater later sued the magazine, and the case led to what has become known as the Goldwater Rule, prohibiting psychiatrists from diagnosing public officials from afar. The chapter makes a clear distinction between psychiatric diagnosis, which adopts the language of medicine and illness, on the one hand, and psychological commentary on the other. The latter conception better characterizes what the current book aims to accomplish. Psychological commentary draws from psychological science to develop a personality portrait of a person, without diagnosis and without judgment regarding mental health and illness. Moreover, Donald Trump is much stranger than any psychiatric label can convey.
Knowledge, Default, and Skepticism
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: March 2020

Virtue epistemology takes its own approach to the questions of traditional epistemology. In what follows, a fresh treatment of philosophical skepticism is enabled by a distinctive notion of default assumptions, along with an analogy between epistemic and athletic performance, and between episteme and praxis more generally. The novel response to the skeptics will explain how they’ve mistaken what’s required for the epistemic quality of ordinary judgments and beliefs. Our virtue epistemological approach relies on a category of default assumptions that is different from any “default justification” or “entitlement” already in the literature, if only because ours is embedded in virtue theory and is to be understood thereby. Wittgenstein comes closest in On Certainty, though his own ideas are also unhinged from any broader virtue epistemology.
Varieties of Singularity
Authors: Sainsbury Mark
Published: March 2020

What is it for a thought to be singular? The chapter argues that there is no single answer. Singularity in thought is associated with a variety of non-equivalent features. For example, some argue that the object of a singular thought should be something with which we are acquainted, or should involve the exercise of a mental file; or the thought should essentially “involve” its object, or refer to it rigidly. The chapter claims that the main task should be to examine the relations between these various features; there is little interest in trying to determine what a “real” singular thought is.
De Jure Anti-Coreference and Mental Files
Authors: Pinillos Ángel
Published: March 2020

The chapter introduces the phenomenon of de jure anti-coreference. Roughly, two representation occurrences are de jure anti-coreferential when they must refer to distinct objects in virtue of meaning. It argues that in contrast to its opposing notion, de jure coreference, it is rarely found in human representational systems. It explains how the Fregean can hope to explain this asymmetry by appealing to senses or mental files. It argues, however, that such approaches, in order to account for dynamic coordination, must ultimately appeal to semantic relationism. This is surprising since semantic relationism is often thought of as an alternative to Fregean semantics.
Cognitive Focus
Authors: Dickie Imogen
Published: March 2020

The first part of the chapter motivates a unifying alternative to causal theories and description theories of reference and aboutness. The alternative account is built around a claim which the chapter argues brings out the significance for theories of reference and aboutness of the fact that justification is truth conducive: the claim that an aboutness-fixing relation is one which secures what the chapter calls “cognitive focus” on an object of thought. The second part of the chapter argues that a “singular thought” just is a thought made available by a cognitive focus relation, and uses the cognitive focus framework to advance the discussion of descriptive names. An Appendix explains why, though the proposal is a “mental files” proposal, it is better stated without use of this term.
Embedding Language in the World
Authors: Millikan Ruth
Published: March 2020

Direct reference theories hold that nothing beyond reference is carried from speaker to hearer by singular terms. The chapter argues the same is true of common nouns and most other extensional terms such as terms for properties, places, events, and actions. None of these terms carry descriptions, grasp of paradigm property sets, inferential mandates, or anything else to be “loosened” or “tightened” by pragmatic inference. Both thought and language are directly structured by the structure of the world itself, not by peculiarities of the human mind and not by convention. The route from speech to hearer understanding is indirect, passing, typically, through the hearer’s prior grasp of world structure, a structure that hearers may have idiosyncratic ways of grasping. They may have quite different ways of identifying the same thing; that is, different ways of recognizing when new natural or intentional information about the same is arriving at the sensory surfaces.
Kant's Transcendental Deduction
Authors: Laywine Alison
Published: March 2020

The Transcendental Deduction in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason tries to show that all human thought and knowledge depend on the categories of the understanding and that these categories can apply only to appearances. If it works as an argument, it implies that metaphysics as a science of non-sensible things is impossible. The author of this book argues, however, that the Transcendental Deduction reflects Kant’s long engagement with the branch of special metaphysics called ‘general cosmology’: the doctrine of a world as such. General cosmology was supposed to be a science of non-sensible things. That is how Kant treated it in his early metaphysical writings. But the author argues that Kant later adapted it for the purposes of the Transcendental Deduction. He extracted from it a purely formal characterization of a world, stripped of any commitment to non-sensible things, and repurposed it as a characterization of experience. The author argues that Kant’s formal cosmology of experience is at the heart of the Transcendental Deduction: it informs the aim of the Deduction and the details of its argument—even those that appear remote from anything cosmological.
§18 and §19 of the B-Deduction
Authors: Laywine Alison
Published: March 2020

This chapter completes the two-chapter long investigation of the account in the B-Deduction of the conditions of thinking as such. It examines §18 and §19. It has three parts. It devotes the first part to §18 and argues that Kant there takes concepts and understanding to be essential to the association of ideas. It devotes the second part to §19 and argues that §19 tries to address a question raised by §18: what is the difference between the association of ideas and judgement? The answer depends on the synthetic unity of apperception and its intimate relation to the categories taken to be logical functions of the understanding. The third part of the chapter shows how Kant uses §18 and §19 in §20 of the B-Deduction to disclose the conditions of thinking.
Reformed Scholastic Philosophy in the Seventeenth-Century Scottish Universities
Authors: Gellera Giovanni
Published: March 2020

The Reformation influenced most aspects of Scottish culture, including philosophy. The Scottish regents produced an original synthesis of scholastic philosophy (especially Scotism) and Reformed views. The synthesis is centred on the relevance of the doctrine of the Fall in epistemology, a ‘Calvinist’ division of science (chiefly, of theology from philosophy), and a reductionist (meta)physics of the Eucharist developed against transubstantiation. Scottish Reformed philosophy was influential abroad via the intellectual network of the Scots working in the Protestant Academies in France, until the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685), and in the universities in the United Provinces. The history of Scottish Reformed scholastic philosophy is about its place within the European Reformation, late scholasticism, and the arrival of the ‘new’ philosophies.
The Scholastic and Conciliar Roots of Samuel Rutherford’s Political Philosophy
Authors: Burton Simon J. G.
Published: March 2020

Samuel Rutherford’s Lex Rex remains a source of perennial fascination for historians of political thought. Written in 1644 in the heat of the Civil Wars it constitutes an intellectual and theological justification of the entire Covenanting movement and a landmark in the development of Protestant political theory. Rutherford’s argument in the Lex Rex was deeply indebted to scholastic and Conciliarist sources, and this chapter examines the way he deployed these, especially the political philosophy of John Mair and Jacques Almain, in order to construct a covenantal model of kingship undergirded by an interwoven framework of individual and communal rights. In doing so it shows the ongoing influence of the Conciliarist tradition on Scottish political discourse and also highlights unexpected connections between Rutherford’s Covenanting and his Augustinian and Scotistic theology of grace and freedom.
The Stigmata in Medieval and Early Modern Europe
Authors: Muessig Carolyn
Published: March 2020

Francis of Assisi’s reported reception of the stigmata on Mount La Verna in 1224 is often considered to be the first account of an individual receiving the five wounds of Christ. The thirteenth-century appearance of this miracle, however, is not as unexpected as it first seems. Interpretations of Galatians 6:17—I bear the stigmata of the Lord Jesus Christ in my body—had been circulating in biblical commentaries since late antiquity. These works explained stigmata as wounds that martyrs received, like the apostle Paul, in their attempt to spread Christianity in the face of resistance. By the seventh century, stigmata were described as marks of Christ that priests received invisibly at their ordination. In the eleventh century, monks and nuns were perceived as bearing the stigmata in so far as they lived a life of renunciation out of love for Christ. By the later Middle Ages holy women like Catherine of Siena (d. 1380) were more frequently described as having stigmata than their male counterparts. With the religious upheavals of the sixteenth century, the way stigmata were defined reflected the diverse perceptions of Christianity held by Catholics and Protestants. This study traces the birth and evolution of religious stigmata as expressed in theological discussions and devotional practices in Western Europe from the early Middle Ages to the early seventeenth century. It also contains an introductory overview of the historiography of religious stigmata beginning in the second half of the seventeenth century to its treatment and assessment in the twenty-first century.
The Mark of a Saintly Woman
Authors: Muessig Carolyn
Published: March 2020

Chapter 3 analyses how stigmatization became predominantly linked to women and female spirituality. It considers the strong theological defence that evolved in the second half of the thirteenth century that asserted holy, virginal women were axiomatic stigmatics. It also inspects the religious lives of stigmatics that often consisted of routinized prayer, illness, and suffering. The nature of invisible stigmata is investigated; it is demonstrated that there is a connection between the development of invisible stigmatization and the increase in female stigmatics during the thirteenth century. As living icons of Christ, these women brought to mind the divine passion and inspired hope in human redemption. Illness and holiness blended into a powerful cocktail of salvation as represented in the stigmatic body. But it was not only their likeness to Christ, but also their likeness to Mary that was remarkable. As virgins, their flesh was sympathetic and open to wounding making them ideal bearers of stigmata.
Epilogue
Authors: Muessig Carolyn
Published: March 2020

In the ‘Introduction’ to this volume, to explicate my methodology I used an example of a contemporary stigmatic, Toaipuapuagā Opapo Soana’i. Her wounds have elicited conflicted responses that include belief, disbelief, and accusations of fraud. In academic circles Toaipuapuagā’s wounds have invited reflection on what the stigmata mean to her immediate community in relation to the social, political, and religious challenges that they face....
Introduction
Authors: Hanna Erika
Published: March 2020

The introduction sets up the story which will be told in the following five substantive chapters. It provides an introduction to the history of Irish photography in the twentieth century and explores how it has been understood by historians. It then goes on to lay out the argument which will be developed throughout the rest of the book. That is, over the course of the twentieth century, photography allowed ordinary Irish people to create spaces of self-expression and contest authority in ways which would have a fundamental impact on the nature of Irish society, and that reading photographic sources can provide us with a new way in to stories of social and cultural change from the perspectives of those on the margins of power.
Beaches and Sunlight
Authors: Hanna Erika
Published: March 2020

Chapter 1 explores the practices and semiotics of photograph albums. Across the twentieth century, making photograph albums moved from an elite to a popular form, and was especially popular among single young people. Familial and personal histories were curated through selecting photographs, arranging them on the page, and fixing their meaning through captioning. In order to unpack these themes in detail, the chapter focuses on photograph albums depicting three ‘ordinary’ Irish lives. These photograph collections can provide us with a host of information about Ireland in the early years of the twentieth century: about how people used a visual language to narrate their lives; received, assimilated, or resisted social and political discourses; and revealed or concealed family secrets. Each of the subjects made particular choices about the stories they told in their albums, drawing on photographic modes drawn from Kodak convention and the visual rhetoric of Ireland.