bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of arterial supply to the developing brain in tetrapod vertebrates
Authors: Yu Eamon , Ashwell Ken W. S. , Shulruf Boaz
Published: November 2019

Understanding the metabolic cost of building developing tetrapod brains is critically important to explaining the more than 10‐fold differences in encephalization of adult tetrapods that have emerged during evolution. The exact metabolic costs of developing the variety of tetrapod brains are impossible to determine, but one can compare cerebral artery caliber (internal radius raised to the fourth power—r4) across developing tetrapod vertebrate groups as a proxy of cerebral arterial flow, the delivery of nutrients during embryogenesis and early postnatal development, and hence the metabolic costs of brain development. In this study, r4 of aortic outflow and cerebral inflow arteries, as well as aortic wall thickness as a proxy of arterial pressure, were measured and compared between developing representatives of all four tetrapod classes (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians). We found a clear endotherm/ectotherm dichotomy in aortic outflow and cerebral inflow between developing mammals and birds on the one hand, and developing reptiles and amphibians on the other. We did not find strong evidence for functionally significant differences in cerebral arterial caliber between groups at the order level (i.e., within birds, reptiles or amphibians). In particular, we did not find evidence in favor of increased blood supply to the brain for more behaviorally complex and encephalized avian species.
Using Autoantibodies and Cutaneous Subset to Develop Outcome‐Based Disease Classification in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Nihtyanova Svetlana I. , Sari Alper , Harvey Jennifer C. , Leslie Anna , Derrett‐Smith Emma C. , Fonseca Carmen , Ong Voon H. , Denton Christopher P.
Published: November 2019

Objective

To describe the associations between autoantibodies, clinical presentation, and outcomes among patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) in order to develop a novel SSc classification scheme that would incorporate both antibodies and the cutaneous disease subset as criteria.

Methods

Demographic and clinical characteristics, including cutaneous subset, time of disease and organ complication onset, and autoantibody specificities, were determined in a cohort of SSc subjects. Survival analysis was used to assess the effect of the autoantibodies on organ disease and death.

Results

The study included 1,325 subjects. Among the antibody/skin disease subsets, anticentromere antibody–positive patients with limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) (n = 374) had the highest 20‐year survival (65.3%), lowest incidence of clinically significant pulmonary fibrosis (PF) (8.5%) and scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) (0.3%), and lowest incidence of cardiac SSc (4.9%), whereas the frequency of pulmonary hypertension (PH) was similar to the mean value in the SSc cohort overall. The anti–Scl‐70+ groups of patients with lcSSc (n = 138) and patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) (n = 149) had the highest incidence of clinically significant PF (86.1% and 84%, respectively, at 15 years). Anti‐Scl‐70+ patients with dcSSc had the lowest survival (32.4%) and the second highest incidence of cardiac SSc (12.9%) at 20 years. In contrast, in anti‐Scl‐70+ patients with lcSSc, other complications were rare, and these patients demonstrated the lowest incidence of PH (6.9%) and second highest survival (61.8%) at 20 years. Anti–RNA polymerase antibody–positive SSc patients (n = 147) had the highest incidence of SRC (28.1%) at 20 years. The anti–U3 RNP+ SSc group (n = 56) had the highest incidence of PH (33.8%) and cardiac SSc (13.2%) at 20 years. Among lcSSc patients with other autoantibodies (n = 295), the risk of SRC and cardiac SSc was low at 20 years (2.7% and 2.4%, respectively), while the frequencies of other outcomes were similar to the mean values in the full SSc cohort. Patients with dcSSc who were positive for other autoantibodies (n = 166) had a poor prognosis, demonstrating the second lowest survival (33.6%) and frequent organ complications.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the importance of autoantibodies, cutaneous subset, and disease duration when assessing morbidity and mortality in patients with SSc. Our novel classification scheme may improve disease monitoring and benefit future clinical trial designs in SSc.
CD4+ Memory Stem T Cells Recognizing Citrullinated Epitopes Are Expanded in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Sensitive to Tumor Necrosis Factor Blockade
Authors: Cianciotti Beatrice C. , Ruggiero Eliana , Campochiaro Corrado , Oliveira Giacomo , Magnani Zulma I. , Baldini Mattia , Doglio Matteo , Tassara Michela , Manfredi Angelo A. , Baldissera Elena , Ciceri Fabio , Cieri Nicoletta , Bonini Chiara
Published: November 2019

Objective

Memory stem T (Tscm) cells are long‐lived, self‐renewing T cells that play a relevant role in immunologic memory. This study was undertaken to investigate whether Tscm cells accumulate in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

The polarization and differentiation profiles of circulating T cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Antigen‐specific T cells were characterized by staining with major histocompatibility complex class II tetramers. The T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire was analyzed by high‐throughput sequencing using an unbiased RNA‐based approach in CD4+ T cell subpopulations sorted by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting.

Results

We analyzed the dynamics of circulating Tscm cells (identified as CD45RA+CD62L+CD95+ T cells) by flow cytometry in 27 RA patients, 16 of whom were also studied during treatment with the anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) agent etanercept. Age‐matched healthy donors were used as controls. CD4+ Tscm cells were selectively and significantly expanded in RA patients in terms of frequency and absolute numbers, and significantly contracted upon anti‐TNF treatment. Expanded CD4+ Tscm cells displayed a prevalent Th17 phenotype and a skewed TCR repertoire in RA patients, with the 10 most abundant clones representing up to 53.7% of the detected sequences. CD4+ lymphocytes specific for a citrullinated vimentin (Cit‐vimentin) epitope were expanded in RA patients with active disease. Tscm cells accounted for a large fraction of Cit‐vimentin–specific CD4+ cells.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that Tscm cells, including expanded clones specific for relevant autoantigens, accumulate in RA patients not exposed to biologic agents, and might be involved in the natural history of the disease. Further analysis of Tscm cell dynamics in autoimmune disorders may have implications for the design and efficacy assessment of innovative therapies.
Regulation of the Inflammatory Synovial Fibroblast Phenotype by Metastasis‐Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 Long Noncoding RNA in Obese Patients With Osteoarthritis
Authors: Nanus Dominika E. , Wijesinghe Susanne N. , Pearson Mark J. , Hadjicharalambous Marina R. , Rosser Alex , Davis Edward T. , Lindsay Mark A. , Jones Simon W.
Published: November 2019

Objective

To identify long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with the inflammatory phenotype of synovial fibroblasts from obese patients with osteoarthritis (OA), and to explore the expression and function of these lncRNAs.

Methods

Synovium was collected from normal‐weight patients with hip fracture (non‐OA; n = 6) and from normal‐weight (n = 8) and obese (n = 8) patients with hip OA. Expression of RNA was determined by RNA‐sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Knockdown of lncRNA was performed using LNA‐based GapmeRs. Synovial fibroblast cytokine production was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Synovial fibroblasts from obese patients with OA secreted greater levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) (mean ± SEM 162 ± 21 pg/ml; P < 0.001) and CXCL8 (262 ± 67 pg/ml; P < 0.05) compared to fibroblasts from normal‐weight patients with OA (IL‐6, 51 ± 4 pg/ml; CXCL8, 78 ± 11 pg/ml) or non‐OA patients (IL‐6, 35 ± 3 pg/ml; CXCL8, 56 ± 6 pg/ml) (n = 6 patients per group). RNA‐sequencing revealed that fibroblasts from obese OA patients exhibited an inflammatory transcriptome, with increased expression of proinflammatory messenger RNAs (mRNAs) as compared to that in fibroblasts from normal‐weight OA or non‐OA patients (>2‐fold change, P < 0.05; n = 4 patients per group). A total of 19 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between normal‐weight OA and non‐OA patient fibroblasts, and a further 19 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in fibroblasts from obese OA patients compared to normal‐weight OA patients (>2‐fold change, P < 0.05 for each), which included the lncRNA for metastasis‐associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1). MALAT1 was rapidly induced upon stimulation of OA synovial fibroblasts with proinflammatory cytokines, and was up‐regulated in the synovium from obese OA patients as compared to normal‐weight OA patients (1.6‐fold change, P < 0.001) or non‐OA patients (6‐fold change, P < 0.001). MALAT1 knockdown in OA synovial fibroblasts (n = 4 patients) decreased the levels of mRNA expression and protein secretion of CXCL8 (>1.5‐fold change, P < 0.01), whereas it increased expression of mRNAs for TRIM6 (>2‐fold change, P < 0.01), IL7R (<2‐fold change, P < 0.01), HIST1H1C (>1.5‐fold change, P < 0.001), and MAML3 (>1.5‐fold change, P < 0.001). In addition, MALAT1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation of synovial fibroblasts from obese patients with OA.

Conclusion

Synovial fibroblasts from obese patients with hip OA exhibit an inflammatory phenotype. MALAT1 lncRNA may mediate joint inflammation in obese OA patients.
Effects of small‐scale dynamo and compressibility on the Λ effect
Authors: Käpylä Petri J.
Published: November 2019

The Λ effect describes a rotation‐induced nondiffusive contribution to the Reynolds stress. It is commonly held responsible for maintaining the observed differential rotation of the Sun and other late‐type stars. Here, the sensitivity of the Λ effect to small‐scale magnetic fields and compressibility is studied by means of forced turbulence simulations either with anisotropic forcing in fully periodic cubes or in density‐stratified domains with isotropic forcing. Effects of small‐scale magnetic fields are studied in cases where the magnetic fields are self‐consistently generated by a small‐scale dynamo. The results show that small‐scale magnetic fields lead to a quenching of the Λ effect which is milder than in cases where also a large‐scale field is present. The effect of compressibility on the Λ effect is negligible in the range of Mach numbers from 0.015 to 0.8. Density stratification induces a marked anisotropy in the turbulence and a vertical Λ effect if the forcing scale is roughly two times larger than the density scale height.
Beyond Toxins: A Source‐to‐Treatment Strategy for Harmful Algal Blooms
Authors: Smith Stephanie A.
Published: November 2019

Key Takeaways

Water treatment plant managers can benefit by going beyond conventional treatment techniques for effective HAB mitigation.

Utilities can work with the community, agricultural partners, and other stakeholders to best manage source water inputs.

Plant operators should maintain reservoir water quality with effective monitoring to ensure early detection and treatment of algal growth.
Are Secondary Disinfectants Performing as Intended?
Authors: Speight Vanessa , Rubinato Matteo , Rosario‐Ortiz Fernando L.
Published: November 2019

Key Takeaways

In many countries, regulations do not require the use of secondary disinfectants to ensure safe drinking water.

The water industry may be overly reliant on secondary disinfectants to compensate for less‐than‐ideal treatment and distribution system management.

The water industry should evaluate the use of secondary disinfectants to ensure the benefits are realized and that public health goals are being met.
Free‐Standing Hydrated Sodium Vanadate Papers for High‐Stability Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Tan Huiteng , Chen Dong , Liu Weiling , Liu Chuntai , Lu Bo , Rui Xianhong , Yan Qingyu
Published: November 2019

Making batteries more sustainable and affordable is seen as fundamental for enabling the electric grid to depend on power generated from renewable sources. In this context, zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are seen as promising candidates to suit the niche application stemming from the appealing properties of Zn, but their advancement is plagued by a limited choice of cathode and a better understanding of structure‐property relationships that underpin the electrochemistry. Here, we demonstrate a hydrothermal method to prepare Na2V6O16 ⋅ 3H2O nanobelts with high degree of homogeneity and preferred orientation, enabling the construction of free‐standing paper electrode for ZIBs. By virtue of the favorable structural features of the Na2V6O16 ⋅ 3H2O nanobelts that arise from the pillaring effect of interlayer metal ions/structural water and nanoscale morphology, the electrode displays good cycling performance (281 and 142 mAh g−1 is achieved at 2.0 and 5.0 A g−1 after 5000 cycles, respectively) with nearly 100 % Coulombic efficiency and impressive rate capability (216 and 167 mAh g−1 are achieved at 3.0 and 5.0 A g−1 respectively). Mechanistic study on the intercalation reaction of the Na2V6O16 ⋅ 3H2O nanobelts using ex situ XRD and HRTEM reveals their good structural and electrochemical reversibility, which enlightens the material advantages as promising cathode for ZIBs.
Inhibitors of Aurora Kinases Screened by a Chip‐based Assay System
Authors: Cho Yong Wan , Lim Hye Jin , Han Moon Hi , Kim Byung‐Chul , Han Sanghwa
Published: November 2019

Aurora kinases (AKs) are involved in cell division and thus an important target for cancer therapy. We have developed a chip‐based AK assay system that can be applied to screening of a large chemical library. Two compounds, 1S‐04785 and 1S‐30 957, were identified as an inhibitor of AKA and AKB enzymes level and also an inhibitor of cell proliferation. Molecular docking simulation showed that the steric hindrance imposed by Asp274 of AKA and Glu161 of AKB is a determining factor of binding mode. Compared with a known inhibitor ZM447439, they had larger IC50 values for the enzymatic inhibition of AKs but comparable values in the MTT assays of cytotoxicity. HeLa cells treated with 1S‐04785, 1S‐30 957, and ZM447439 were all arrested at the G2/M phase. Unlike the enzyme‐based assays in which the three compounds inhibited both AKA and AKB, cell‐based experiments using flow cytometry and fluorescence confocal microscopy suggest that 1S‐04785 inhibits AKA whereas 1S‐30 957 and ZM447439 inhibit AKB.
Remorse in psychotic violent offenders: An overvalued idea?
Authors: Dandawate Akshita , Kalebic Natasha , Padfield Nicola , Craissati Jackie , Taylor Pamela J.
Published: November 2019

Expressing remorse – or not – appears to influence criminal justice outcomes, but preliminary exploration of both judicial and psychological concepts suggests they lack clarity. We asked the following questions: does psychosis impair capacity for, or expression of, remorse for a homicide or other serious harm to others? Is failure to express remorse for an offence associated with recidivism? We conducted systematic reviews of empirical literature on remorse for serious violence while psychotic, and on relationships between remorse and reoffending regardless of mental state. No articles on remorse for homicide or other serious violence while psychotic were identified. There is weak evidence that lack of remorse is associated with reoffending generally, but nothing specific to psychosis. The literature is strong enough to support a case for research into valid measurement of remorse for offending, associations of such measures with recidivism, and whether a change in remorse can be effected – or matters. It is not strong enough to support reliance on perceptions of the presence or absence of remorse as a basis for judicial decisions.
Milling affects rheological and gel textural properties of rice flour
Authors: Ma Mengting , Wen Yadi , Qiu Chen , Zhan Qian , Sui Zhongquan , Corke Harold
Published: November 2019

Background and objective

Generally, most milled rice is consumed as cooked grain. Nevertheless, a steady increase in new processes and products involving rice flour as a fundamental ingredient can be observed, which imposes a need for deeper knowledge of the properties of milled rice flours. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of combinations of milling speed (750, 950, and 1,050 r/min) and milling time (20, 40, and 60 s) on the rheological and gel textural properties of waxy, low‐, and high‐amylose rice of flour.

Findings

Steady shear rheological measurements revealed that a positive relationship exists between milling revolution (speed × time) and the consistency coefficient values or hysteresis area of rice flour pastes; that is, the more the total milling revolutions, the higher the viscosity and stronger the thixotropic properties. During rheological measurement, waxy and low‐amylose rice flour pastes from milled rice with higher storage moduli and lower the ratio of storage moduli and loss moduli δ exhibited more elastic properties and higher gel strength than those from unmilled rice, indicating that a more rigid structure was formed. As milling speeds and durations increased, the hardness of waxy and low‐amylose rice flour gels increased, but the adhesiveness decreased.

Conclusions

This study showed that milling speed had more pronounced effects on the extent of change than did milling time regarding steady flow and textural properties. Meanwhile, both milling speed and duration could change the properties of rice flour to different extents.

Significance and novelty

These findings provided fundamentals for the effects of combinations of milling speed and milling time on the rheological and gel textural properties of the flours produced from waxy, low‐, and high‐amylose rice grains. Moreover, this research may help enable rice millers to produce improved functional rice products with minimal processing by precise control of suitable milling conditions.
Visible Light Induced Selective Aerobic Formation of N‐benzylidene Benzylamine over 2‐aminoterephthalic Acid Sensitized {110}‐Facetted BiOCl Nanosheets
Authors: Han Aijuan , Sun Jiulong , Zhang Hongwei , Chuah Gaik‐Khuan , Jaenicke Stephan
Published: November 2019

Surface modification with a photosensitizer is an efficient way to improve visible light activity of wide band gap semiconductors, but is rarely applied in photocatalytic organic synthesis. Herein, we report that 2‐aminoterephthalic acid (ATA) sensitized {110}‐facetted BiOCl nanosheets, prepared by a solvothermal method, exhibit outstanding photocatalytic activity for the selective oxidative coupling of benzylamine to N‐benzylidenebenzylamine under visible light. UV‐vis diffuse reflectance spectra confirmed that the introduction of ATA extends the light absorption of wide band gap BiOCl into the visible light region. Characterization by HRTEM and SAED indicated that the samples were predominantly terminated by {110} facets. BiOCl incorporating 0.18 % ATA exhibited superior activity for the photocatalytic oxidation of benzylamine under visible light, with 100 % conversion and 100 % selectivity towards N‐benzylidenebenzylamine. The catalyst exhibited excellent recyclability and works well with other substituted benzylamines, suggesting its robust and universal nature. This work provides an example for the application of a low‐cost and highly efficient visible‐light‐responsive photocatalyst in organic synthesis.
Thermodynamically and Kinetically Controlled Reactions in Biocatalysis – from Concepts to Perspectives
Authors: Marsden Stefan R. , Mestrom Luuk , McMillan Duncan G. G. , Hanefeld Ulf
Published: November 2019

The enzymatic synthesis of esters and peptides is unfavoured in aqueous solvent systems due to competing hydrolysis. This can be overcome by using energy rich substrate analogues: elimination of a good leaving group temporarily establishes more favourable equilibrium conditions, allowing for (nearly) complete conversion. While kinetically controlled syntheses of esters and peptides in water are common knowledge in biocatalysis textbooks, the prevalence of kinetic control is less well known for other enzyme classes. Here, the general concepts of thermodynamic and kinetic control are illustrated at the example of the well‐studied synthesis of β‐lactam antibiotics and are shown to similarly also apply to other enzyme classes. Notably, the enzymatic synthesis of diastereomers shows the same characteristic energy profile as that of Diels‐Alder reactions. This allows for the selective synthesis of different diastereomers under either thermodynamically or kinetically controlled conditions. Prospects and pitfalls of this notion are discussed at the example of the thermodynamic epimerisation of hydroxysteroids and recent examples of kinetically controlled aldol reactions. Kinetic reaction control can therefore not only be used to increase conversions towards a single product, but also to selectively afford different diastereomers. This review highlights the prevalence of both concepts within the field of biocatalysis.
Bioinspired Hollow Nanoreactor: Catalysts that Carry Gaseous Hydrogen for Enhanced Gas‐Liquid‐Solid Three‐Phase Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Li Zhaohua , Zhu Zhongpeng , Cao Changyan , Jiang Lei , Song Weiguo
Published: November 2019

For conventional gas‐liquid‐solid three‐phase heterogeneous hydrogenation reactions, hydrogen must be dissolved into the solvent to be a participating reactant, restricting the reaction rates. In this study, we demonstrate that gaseous hydrogen could be directly involved in gas‐liquid‐solid hydrogenation reactions through a bioinspired hollow nanoreactor with superaerophilic surface to enhance the reaction rates. We produce Pd@meso‐SiO2 hollow nanoreactor, whose external surface is modified with perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTS). In aqueous solutions, H2 gas could be spread quickly on the surface and stored in the cavity of hollow spheres, and participated in hydrogenation reactions, thereby enhancing H2 concentration around Pd nanoparticles. In hydrogenation of olefin reactions, such three‐phase interface allows rapid and direct transportation of H2 bubbles to the surface of Pd nanoparticles rather than through diffusion of dissolved H2 in liquid phase, leading to an enhanced catalytic rate. This strategy is expected to be useful for designing and developing new catalytic systems of gas‐liquid‐solid three‐phase reaction.
Reduced‐order modeling of hemodynamics across macroscopic through mesoscopic circulation scales
Authors: Adjoua Olivier , Pitre‐Champagnat Stéphanie , Lucor Didier
Published: November 2019

We propose a hemodynamic reduced‐order model bridging macroscopic and mesoscopic blood flow circulation scales from arteries to capillaries. In silico tree‐like vascular geometries, mathematically described by graphs, are synthetically generated by means of stochastic growth algorithms constrained by statistical morphological and topological principles. Scale‐specific pruning gradation of the tree is then proposed in order to fit computational budget requirement. Different compliant structural models with respect to pressure loads are used depending on vessel walls thicknesses and structures, which vary considerably from macroscopic to mesoscopic circulation scales. Nonlinear rheological properties of blood are also included, and microcirculation network responses are computed for different rheologies. Numerical results are in very good agreement with available experimental measurements. The computational model captures the dynamic transition between large‐ to small‐scale flow pulsatility speeds and magnitudes and wall shear stresses, which have wide‐ranging physiological influences.
Cationic Polymerization via Activation of Alkoxyamines Using Photoredox Catalysts
Authors: Konya Masato , Uchiyama Mineto , Satoh Kotaro , Kamigaito Masami
Published: November 2019

The front cover artwork is provided by the group of Prof. Masami Kamigaito at the Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Nagoya University (Japan). The image shows cationic polymerization via the mesolytic cleavage of alkoxyamine triggered by an exited cationic Ir(III) catalyst under blue LED irradiation, in contrast to radical polymerization via the homolytic cleavage under heat. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cptc.201900148.
Orthogonal Supramolecular Assembly Triggered by Inclusion and Exclusion Interactions with Cucurbit[7]uril for Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
Authors: Song Dengmeng , Li Bo , Li Xin , Sun Xuzhuo , Li Jun , Li Chengbo , Xu Tongyu , Zhu Yong , Li Fei , Wang Ning
Published: November 2019

The fabrication of efficient and convenient photocatalytic H2 evolution systems is a fascinating research topic in the field of solar energy conversion. A ternary self‐assembled photocatalytic H2 evolution system was fabricated through supramolecular host–guest chemistry. The system consisted of the H2 evolution catalyst [Co(dmgH)2(4‐ppy)2]NO3 (1; dmgH2=dimethylglyoxime, 4‐ppy=4‐phenylpyridine) and the photosensitizer Eosin Y (EY) assembled with the macrocyclic compound cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) to form the 1@CB[7]/EY complex through inclusion and exclusion interactions, respectively. The synchronous self‐assembly drives an orthogonal arrangement of the 1@CB[7]/EY system. The inclusion complex 1@CB[7] was successfully characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal XRD. The exclusion process of CB[7] with EY was identified by NMR titration and the optimized geometry of the exclusion structure was determined by DFT calculations. The use of CB[7] resulted in a 6‐fold increase in turnover number, a 3‐fold increase in turnover frequency, and a 3‐fold extension of lifetime for photocatalytic H2 evolution as compared with the system in the absence of CB[7]. The improvement of the light‐driven H2 evolution activity was ascribed to the ability of CB[7] to link the photosensitizer and catalyst.
Power‐saving policies for annual energy cost savings in green computing
Authors: Sharma Bhisham , Mittal Payal , Obaidat Mohammad S.
Published: November 2019

The concept of green computing is a step toward advanced information technology‐related data computations. There is an urgent need to develop sustainable mobile telecommunication networks subscribed by Telecommunication Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI). This paper aims at deploying major recommendations and directions in computing systems directed by regulating authorities. Green computing–based power‐saving policies include virtualization technique, power‐saving method, and recycling technique‐type solution components that we tried to embed in existing systems. The energy‐efficient green computing reserves the reliability and power of information‐driven technology. This research paper provides a comprehensive approach toward applying green mechanism by spotting the difference between energy consumption of current academic scenario and after embedding power‐saving policies of green computing. Moreover, an account has been maintained about the amount of energy preservation. The extraordinary energy‐ and cost‐saving features of green computing make environment sustainable and lively for future generations.
Development of ultrasonic calls in rat pups follows similar patterns regardless of isolation distress
Authors: Stark Rachel A. , Harker Allonna , Salamanca Sophia , Pellis Sergio M. , Li Fangfang , Gibb Robbin L.
Published: November 2019

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) emitted by rat pups have been extensively studied in the context of isolation from their mother and littermates. The heightened call rate of isolation‐induced USVs indicates increased anxiety, whereas other acoustic parameters, such as frequency and call duration, are thought to be useful in reflecting developmental changes, which by weaning have developed into their adult form. However, it is possible that stress can affect the quality as well as the quantity of calls, and that as the pups become more mobile, the effects of the stress may change. Therefore, in the present study rats were tested in a test arena either in isolation or with littermates, so as to assess the effects of isolation stress on the developmental changes reported in the literature. Rat pups of both sexes were tested on multiple days from postnatal day (PND) 7 to weaning. Overall, the main changes in the frequency, duration, and types of calls were accounted for by age. The effects of isolation were minor, as were sex differences. This study indicates that the development of USVs in infant rats is a robust process and seemingly resistant to the effects of isolation‐induced stress.
Early‐ and later‐developing shyness in children: An investigation of biological and behavioral correlates
Authors: Poole Kristie L. , Schmidt Louis A.
Published: November 2019

Early theoretical work by Buss (1986a, 1986b) posited that there is an early‐developing fearful shyness that emerges during toddlerhood, and a later‐developing self‐conscious shyness that emerges during early childhood. It has been theorized that early‐developing shyness is related to fear, rooted in inherited biases, and manifests in contexts of social novelty, whereas later‐developing shyness is related to self‐conscious emotions, may result from social ridicule or poor social skills, and manifests in contexts of social exposure. Despite the hypothesized correlates of these shyness subtypes, this theory has not been empirically tested in children. We tested 96 children aged 5 to 10 years old and classified them into three groups: early‐developing shyness (n = 28; MAgeOnset = 2.4 years), later‐developing shyness (n = 19; MAgeOnset = 4.8 years), and non‐shy (n = 49). Findings revealed that children with later‐developing shyness had the highest relative cortisol responses in the context of self‐presentation, highest levels of embarrassment, and lowest social skills relative to the other groups, while children with early‐developing shyness displayed the highest relative resting right frontal brain asymmetry (a neural correlate of fear) relative to the other groups. These preliminary findings provide partial empirical support for the previously theorized correlates and distinction of early‐developing and later‐developing shyness in childhood.
Mapping microhabitat thermal patterns in artificial breakwaters: Alteration of intertidal biodiversity by higher rock temperature
Authors: Aguilera Moisés A. , Arias René M. , Manzur Tatiana
Published: November 2019

Urbanization is altering community structure and functioning in marine ecosystems, but knowledge about the mechanisms driving loss of species diversity is still limited. Here, we examine rock thermal patterns in artificial breakwaters and test whether they have higher and spatially less variable rock temperature than natural adjacent habitats, which corresponds with lower biodiversity patterns. We estimated rock temperatures at mid‐high intertidal using infrared thermography during mid‐day in summer, in both artificial (Rip‐raps) and natural (boulder fields) habitats. We also conducted diurnal thermal surveys (every 4 hr) in four seasons at one study site. Concurrent sampling of air and seawater temperature, wind velocity, and topographic structure of habitats were considered to explore their influence on rock temperature. Rock temperature was in average 3.7°C higher in the artificial breakwater in two of the three study sites, while air temperature was about 1.5–4°C higher at this habitat at summer. Thermal patterns were more homogeneous across the artificial habitat. Lower species abundance and richness in the artificial breakwaters were associated with higher rock temperature. Mechanism underlying enhanced substrate temperature in the artificial structures seems related to their lower small‐scale spatial heterogeneity. Our study thus highlighted that higher rock temperature in artificial breakwaters can contribute to loss of biodiversity and that integrated artificial structures may alter coastal urban microclimates, a matter that should be considered in the spatial planning of urban coastal ecosystems.
Limited seed retention during winter inhibits vegetation establishment in spring, affecting lateral marsh expansion capacity
Authors: van Regteren Marin , Colosimo Irene , de Vries Pepijn , van Puijenbroek Marinka Elisabeth Barbara , Freij Victor Sebastiaan , Baptist Martin Josephus , Elschot Kelly
Published: November 2019

Coastal systems worldwide deliver vital ecosystem services, such as biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and coastal protection. Effectivity of these ecosystem services increases when vegetation is present. Understanding the mechanisms behind vegetation establishment in bio‐geomorphic systems is necessary to understand their ability to recover after erosive events and potential adaptations to climate change. In this study, we examined how seed availability affects vegetation establishment in the salt marsh–intertidal flat transition zone: the area with capacity for lateral marsh expansion. This requires vegetation establishment; therefore, seed availability is essential. In a 6‐month field experiment, we simulated a before and after winter seed dispersal at two locations, the salt‐marsh vegetation edge and the intertidal flat, and studied seed retention, the seed bank, and the seed viability of three pioneer marsh species: Salicornia procumbens, Aster tripolium, and Spartina anglica. During winter storm conditions, all supplied seeds eroded away with the sediment surface layer. After winter, supplied seeds from all three species were retained, mostly at the surface while 9% was bioturbated downwards. In the natural seed bank, A. tripolium and S. anglica were practically absent while S. procumbens occurred more frequently. The viability of S. procumbens seeds was highest at the surface, between 80% and 90%. The viability quickly decreased with depth, although viable S. procumbens seeds occurred up to 15 cm depth. Only when seeds were supplied after winter, many S. procumbens and some S. anglica individuals did establish successfully in the transition zone. Viable seed availability formed a vegetation establishment threshold, even with a local seed source. Our results suggest that, although boundary conditions such as elevation, inundation, and weather conditions were appropriate for vegetation establishment in spring, the soil surface in winter can be so dynamic that it limits lateral marsh expansion. These insights can be used for designing effective nature‐based coastal protection.
Population genetics of Anopheles koliensis through Papua New Guinea: New cryptic species and landscape topography effects on genetic connectivity
Authors: Ambrose Luke , Hanson Jeffrey O. , Riginos Cynthia , Xu Weixin , Fordyce Sarah , Cooper Robert D. , Beebe Nigel W.
Published: November 2019

New Guinea is a topographically and biogeographically complex region that supports unique endemic fauna. Studies describing the population connectivity of species through this region are scarce. We present a population and landscape genetic study on the endemic malaria‐transmitting mosquito, Anopheles koliensis (Owen). Using mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data, as well as microsatellites, we show the evidence of geographically discrete population structure within Papua New Guinea (PNG). We also confirm the existence of three rDNA ITS2 genotypes within this mosquito and assess reproductive isolation between individuals carrying different genotypes. Microsatellites reveal the clearest population structure and show four clear population units. Microsatellite markers also reveal probable reproductive isolation between sympatric populations in northern PNG with different ITS2 genotypes, suggesting that these populations may represent distinct cryptic species. Excluding individuals belonging to the newly identified putative cryptic species (ITS2 genotype 3), we modeled the genetic differences between A. koliensis populations through PNG as a function of terrain and find that dispersal is most likely along routes with low topographic relief. Overall, these results show that A. koliensis is made up of geographically and genetically discrete populations in Papua New Guinea with landscape topography being important in restricting dispersal.
Vitamin D deficiency is endemic in neurosurgical patients and is associated with a longer length of inpatient stay
Authors: Ved Ronak , Taylor Peter , Stewart Philippa , Foulkes Jonathan , Fields‐Jewell Wilem , Davies Steve , Hayhurst Caroline
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Vitamin D deficiency is common in spinal surgery and critical care. Hypovitaminosis D may impact on outcomes in cranial neurosurgical care and play roles in underlying disease processes.

Methods

A prospective observational cohort study was performed. All emergency cranial neurosurgical ward admissions from 1st January to 10th May 2017 were screened for inclusion (n = 406). Patients already receiving vitamin D supplementation, spinal patients and elective admissions were excluded. Admission vitamin D levels were checked for all remaining patients (n = 95). Patients with vitamin D <30 nmol/L were defined as “deficient” and those 30‐50 nmol/L as “inadequate.” All patients with levels <50 nmol/L were replaced, as per local guidelines. Descriptive analyses of the cohorts were undertaken, with multivariate regression used to assess the effect of vitamin D on length of stay, inpatient morbidity and mortality.

Results

The median age of participants was 61 years (n = 95; 57% male, 43% female). The median vitamin D level was 23 nmol/L (deficient). 84% (n = 80) of patients had low vitamin D levels, with 61% (n = 58) classed as deficient (<30 nmol/L). Vitamin D deficiency rates were similar in those aged below 65 years (86%; n = 38/44) and those above 65 years (82%; n = 42/51). Deficient vitamin D level was associated with longer hospital stay (P = .03), and this relationship persisted after adjusting for potential confounders such as age, sex and preadmission Charlson co‐morbidity index. No statistically significant association was seen with vitamin D status and inpatient morbidity or mortality.

Conclusions

Vitamin D deficiency is common in cranial neurosurgical patients, even in predefined low‐risk groups (age <65). Lower vitamin D level was associated with longer length of stay. This study supports the need for: (a) further investigation into the roles of vitamin D in neurosurgical pathologies and management and (b) an appropriately powered, randomised investigation into the impact of vitamin D status upon neurosurgical diagnoses and complications.
Designing Functional Polyoxometalate‐Based Ionic Liquid Crystals and Ionic Liquids
Authors: Martinetto Yohan , Pégot Bruce , Roch‐Marchal Catherine , Cottyn‐Boitte Betty , Floquet Sébastien
Published: November 2019

Polyoxometalate (POM) compounds constitute a wide family rich of more than several thousand inorganic compounds which can be finely tuned at the molecular level. Considering the high diversity in their structures and properties, the incorporation of such inorganic components into liquid crystalline phases or ionic liquid phases is particularly relevant for the elaboration of functional materials. By adjusting the molecular structures of the anions and the nature of the counter cations, many authors designed different types of mesophases sometimes with application in optoelectronics, or true POM‐based ionic liquids (POM‐ILs with melting temperatures below 100 °C). The latter turn out to be highly interesting for various applications in catalysis, depollution, or protection of the historical heritage. This review focuses on the recent developments in these organic/inorganic hybrid materials, POM‐based ionic liquid crystals and POM‐ILs, and their applications.
Organic/Inorganic Heterogeneous Silica‐Based Photoredox Catalyst for Aza‐Henry Reactions
Authors: Soria‐Castro Silvia M. , Lebeau Bénédicte , Cormier Morgan , Neunlist Serge , Daou T. Jean , Goddard Jean‐Philippe
Published: November 2019

The transformation of light into chemical energy is a leitmotiv in the development of sustainable and environmentally concerned chemical processes. Chemists invented original concepts to address this purpose, like photoredox catalysis, which became a wonderful tool to transform simple organic compounds into high‐value products. Nevertheless, the most relevant transition metal based photocatalysts suffer from major disadvantages like toxicity, cost, and poor recyclability potential. To circumvent this, we propose a new generation of heterogeneous photoredox catalysts resulting from the combination of porous silica materials and Rose Bengal. They promote carbon–carbon bond formations under visible‐light in environmentally benign solvent using air as the only stoichiometric redox partner. The pure covalent photocatalytic system provides a robust and recyclable system for greener catalysis. This report would be of broad significance because it addresses important sustainability issues: recycling, non‐toxic metal‐free photocatalysts, and less‐waste‐producing chemical process.
A DFT Study on the Barton–Kellogg Reaction – The Molecular Mechanism of the Formation of Thiiranes in the Reaction between Diphenyldiazomethane and Diaryl Thioketones
Authors: Mlostoń Grzegorz , Jasiński Radomir , Kula Karolina , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: November 2019

The mechanism of the reaction of diphenyldiazomethane with thiobenzophenone and related hetaryl thioketones leading to the corresponding tetrasubstituted thiiranes was studied by means of DFT computational methods at the M06‐2X/6‐311+G(d) level of theory. The study showed that the initial step of this conversion is a classic one‐step (3+2) cycloaddition to give 1,3,4‐thiadiazolines in a regioselective manner. These initially formed products undergo a spontaneous extrusion of N2 resulting in the formation of tetraaryl‐substituted thiocarbonyl ylides as reactive intermediates. The calculated parameters of the activation for the subsequent 1,3‐dipolar electrocyclizations are low (ΔG = 10.8–11.9 kcal/mol) and the only products formed in these reactions are the corresponding thiiranes. The alternative pathways leading to thiocarbonyl ylides via stepwise mechanisms involving zwitterionic or biradical nitrogen‐containing intermediates were ruled out.
Synthesis, Aromatization and Derivatization Reactions of 2‐[9‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonyl)‐4‐oxo‐1,5‐dioxa‐9‐azaspiro[5.5]undec‐2‐en‐2‐yl]acetic Acid
Authors: Ma Tsz‐Kan , Parsons Philip J. , Barrett Anthony G. M.
Published: November 2019

A series of natural product inspired piperidines spiro‐fused with resorcylic, chromenic and chromanic amides were prepared from a general derivative of a N‐Boc‐4‐oxo‐4H‐spiro[benzo[d][1,3]dioxinone‐2,4‐piperidine], which was prepared through biomimetic aromatization of a β,δ‐diketo dioxinone, in turn synthesized from N‐Boc‐4‐piperidone and geraniol using ketene coupling reagents.
Immobilization of laccase onto modified PU/RC nanofiber via atom transfer radical polymerization method and application in removal of bisphenol A
Authors: Li Xin , Li Dawei , Lv Pengfei , Hu Jinyan , Feng Quan , Wei Qufu
Published: November 2019

In this study, 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was used as the monomers for surface grafting on electrospun PU/RC nanofiber membrane via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method, and the PU/RC‐poly(HEMA) nanofiber membrane was investigated as a carrier for LAC. Free and immobilized LAC was characterized, and efficiency of bisphenol A (BPA) removal was determined. The results indicated that the PU/RC‐poly(HEMA)‐LAC showed relatively higher pH stability, temperature stability, and storage stability than free and PU/RC‐LAC; moreover, more than 60% of the PU/RC‐poly(HEMA)‐LAC activity was retained after 10 cycles of ABTS treatment. Notably, the BPA removal efficiency of PU/RC‐poly(HEMA)‐LAC membrane generally ranged from 87.3 to 75.4% for the five cycles. Therefore, the PU/RC‐poly(HEMA) nanofiber membrane has great potential as a carrier for the LAC immobilization for various industrial applications and bioremediation.
Simplification bias: lessons from laboratory and field experiments on flow through aquatic vegetation
Authors: Tinoco Rafael O. , San Juan Jorge E. , Mullarney Julia C.
Published: November 2019

We present a critical analysis of experimental findings on vegetation–flow–sediment interactions obtained through both laboratory and field experiments on tidal and coastal environments. It is well established that aquatic vegetation provides a wide range of ecosystem services (e.g. protecting coastal communities from extreme events, reducing riverbank and coastal erosion, housing diverse ecosystems), and the effort to better understand such services has led to multiple approaches to reproduce the relevant physical processes through detailed laboratory experiments. State‐of‐the‐art measurement techniques allow researchers to measure velocity fields and sediment transport with high spatial and temporal resolution under well‐controlled flow conditions, yielding predictions for hydrodynamic and sediment transport scenarios that depend on simplified or bulk vegetation parameters. However, recent field studies have shown that some simplifications on the experimental setup (e.g. the use of rigid elements, a single diameter, a single element height, regular or staggered layout) can bias the outcome of the study, by either hiding or amplifying some of the relevant physical processes found in natural conditions. We discuss some observed cases of bias, including general practices that can lead to compromises associated with simplified assumptions. The analysis presented will identify potential pathways to move forward with laboratory and field measurements, which could better inform predictors to produce more robust, universal and accurate predictions on flow–vegetation–sediment interactions. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Satellites will address critical science priorities for quantifying ocean carbon
Authors: Shutler Jamie D , Wanninkhof Rik , Nightingale Philip D , Woolf David K , Bakker Dorothee CE , Watson Andy , Ashton Ian , Holding Thomas , Chapron Bertrand , Quilfen Yves , Fairall Chris , Schuster Ute , Nakajima Masakatsu , Donlon Craig J
Published: November 2019

The ability to routinely quantify global carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption by the oceans has become crucial: it provides a powerful constraint for establishing global and regional carbon (C) budgets, and enables identification of the ecological impacts and risks of this uptake on the marine environment. Advances in understanding, technology, and international coordination have made it possible to measure CO2 absorption by the oceans to a greater degree of accuracy than is possible in terrestrial landscapes. These advances, combined with new satellite‐based Earth observation capabilities, increasing public availability of data, and cloud computing, provide important opportunities for addressing critical knowledge gaps. Furthermore, Earth observation in synergy with in‐situ monitoring can provide the large‐scale ocean monitoring that is necessary to support policies to protect ocean ecosystems at risk, and motivate societal shifts toward meeting C emissions targets; however, sustained effort will be needed.
Risky short positions and investor sentiment: Evidence from the weekend effect in futures markets
Authors: Singal Vijay , Tayal Jitendra
Published: November 2019

This paper examines the weekend effect in futures markets and presents rational and behavioral reasons for its existence. Specifically, we document a weekend effect (Friday's return minus the following Monday's return) in futures markets. The weekend effect occurs partly because of asymmetric risk between long and short positions around weekends; the weekend effect increases when short positions are relatively more risky. In addition, we find that both lagged and contemporaneous changes in investor sentiment are related to the weekend effect. These results are consistent with the investor sentiment literature that finds that mood improves on Fridays but deteriorates on Mondays.