bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penyuluhan Dampak Pernikahan dini Bagi Perempuan
Authors: Limbong Mesta , Deliviana Evi
Published: March 2021

Pernikahan dini adalah pernikahan yang berlangsung di usia yang belum genap 18 tahun. Fenomena tersebut di Indonesia masih menjadi sorotan karena jumlahnya yang semakin meningkat. Padahal, dampak yang ditimbulkan dari pernikahan dini sangat kompleks, terutama bagi pihak perempuan. Salah satu bentuk upaya pencegahan terjadinya pernikahan dini adalah melalui pemberian penyuluhan berisi informasi kerugian atau dampak negatif dari pernikahan dini terutama bagi perempuan. Penyuluhan sebaiknya diberikan kepada berbagai pihak yang dapat berkontribusi untuk menekan angka pernikahan dini, salah satunya adalah guru di sekolah. Interaksi guru dengan murid yang cukup intens, dapat menjadi peluang bagi guru untuk memberikan pemahaman bagi siswa serta orangtua siswa mengenai kerugian atau dampak negatif dari pernikahan dini. Oleh karena itu, pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini memberikan penyuluhan kepada seluruh guru-guru perempuan yang mengajar di berbagai tingkat pendidikan, mulai dari Taman Kanak-kanak (TK) sampai dengan Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) yang ada di wilayah perkebunan kelapa sawit Pekanbaru milik PT. Astra Agro Lestari. Hasil dari penyuluhan yang diberikan adalah bahwa seluruh guru-guru sepakat dan mendukung segala upaya yang dapat menekan angka kejadian pernikahan dini di wilayah perkebunan kelapa sawit dengan meneruskan hasil dari penyuluhan ini kepada siswa-siswa maupun orangtua siswa bahwa pernikahan seharusnya dilakukan saat seseorang telah siap secara mental, sosial maupun fisik. Hal tersebut akan berdampak positif bagi generasi baru yang berkualitas.

Kata kunci: pernikahan dini, guru, perempuan
Implications of Plant Selectors' Rights for herbage seed production - a grower's viewpoint
Authors: Robertson G.
Published: March 2021

Over 60% of the herbage seed produced in New Zealand is exported but because plant breeders have concentrated on the local market New Zealand seed has lost its pre-eminence in the United Kingdom. The introduction of Plant Selectors' Rights will encourage the New Zealand seed industry to meet market requirements. There is little future in multiplying overseas-owned cultivars in New Zealand. A progressive seed industry requires greater cooperation between breeders, farmers and merchants. Key words: Plant Selectors' Rights, herbage seed production, New Zealand.
Growth of the white clover plant in relation to seed production
Authors: Thomas R.G.
Published: March 2021

The growth and development at the stolen apex of white clover is described, particularly in relation to inflorescence initiation, and the factors controlling such initiation are reviewed for the range of cultivars which has been studied. The difference between the responses to environment in plants of Mediterranean and high latitude origin are emphasized. Key words: Trifolium repens, growth, flowering, photoperiod, temperature, seed production.
Reproductive performance from feeding tree fodder to ewes grazing drought pasture during mating
Authors: Mcwilliam E.L. , Barry T.N. , Lopez-Villalobos N. , Cameron P.N. , Kemp P.D. , Cameron D.J.
Published: March 2021

Grazing experiments were conducted in late summer/autumn of 2001 and 2002, at Massey University's Riverside Farm, Masterton, to determine the effects of poplar and willow supplementation during drought on ewe reproductive rate, when grazing low quality drought pasture. Ewes (55-57 kg live weight) grazed drought pasture in a rotational grazing system, with pre- and post-grazing pasture masses of 1040- 940 and 530-550 kg dry matter (DM)/ha. In 2001, poplar trimmings were offered at the rate of 1.50 and 0.75 kg/ewe/day (fresh), to the high and low treatment groups, respectively (n=100 ewes/group). In 2002, 1.40 kg/head/day (fresh) willow and poplar trimmings were offered to the willow or poplar treatment groups (n=95 ewes/group). The poplar trimmings offered to ewes in the 2002 experiment were severely contaminated by poplar leaf rust. Poplar and willow consumed was higher in mean nitrogen content and organic matter digestibility, and lower in average neutral detergent fibre content, than the low quality drought pasture consumed by the control ewes. Control ewes lost live weight (82 and 104 g/day) during the mating periods in both experiments. Supplementation with poplar and willow slightly reduced live weight loss and loss of body condition, however these differences disappeared in the post-treatment period. Reproductive rate was low in the control groups of ewes (121 & 131 lambs born/ 100 ewes mated). In the 2001 experiment, poplar supplementation increased ewe reproductive rate by 20% units (p
Trees and pasture - an overview
Authors: Cameron D.J.
Published: March 2021

New Zealand's hill country landscape is a volatile mixture of steep slopes, tectonic activity, relatively new soils, and intensive grazing systems. This has created a range of pressures on the landscape necessitating careful consideration of the long-term effects of the various land use options.
Comparative growth forms of dryland forage legumes
Authors: Thomas R.G.
Published: March 2021

Basic forage legume morphology and development are described with reference to white, red, subterranean and caucasian clovers, lotus and lucerne, with emphasis on characteristics that relate to persistence in dryland environments, including crown formation, contractile tap roots and rhizomes. The range of structural variation is considered in detail by comparing development of plants with two extreme growth forms, i.e. white clover, which has branching horizontal growth and nodal roots, and lucerne and caucasian clover, which have vertical growth, permanent crowns and deep tap roots. Emphasis is placed on carbon allocation strategies during establishment and the inevitable compromise between shoot and root growth, which results in slow seedling establishment of the tap-rooted species, and on the effect of nodal roots as competitive sinks for carbon, which affect tap root development and longevity in white clover. The influence of storage tissues and the number of viable buds on regrowth following drought, overwintering and grazing is discussed together with the impact of variations in flowering shoot formation. All existing growth forms are seen as having evolved as compromise solutions to the problem of combining maximum growth rates with optimum drought tolerance. The possibility, or otherwise, of being able to combine rapid establishment, involving maximised leaf production, with development of a persistent deeply penetrating tap root is considered in light of present understanding. Key words: carbon allocation, dryland environment, forage legume, morphology, nodal roots, persistence, root:shoot ratio, seedling establishment, tap roots
Management and nitrogen fertiliser options for increased pasture productivity in dryland hill systems
Authors: Gillingham A.G. , Sheath G.W. , Gray M.H. , Webby R.W.
Published: March 2021

Legume productivity in dryland pastures is often less than 10% of the total annual growth and dominated by annual species. White clover content of these pastures is often less than 5% because the period of potentially most active growth coincides with that of low soil moisture levels. Therefore variations in summer rainfall have a dominant effect on the white clover content of the pasture in the following spring. Predictive relationships for white clover content are presented. Attempts to introduce alternative legumes into dryland hill pastures have generally been unsuccessful because of the harsh climate during late spring-summer and competition from resident species. It is unlikely that further research will change this situation. This paper compares improved legume productivity from dryland pastures with the use of N fertiliser as options to increase winter and spring pasture growth for increased economic gain. To optimise productivity and summer persistence of resident legumes, grazing management, especially in spring, must aim to avoid accumulation of surplus grass that will shade associated legumes. During winter and early spring, when soil moisture is adequate, pasture growth in dryland hill pastures is limited by inadequate soil nitrogen (N), due to low legume content and N fixation, even where soil phosphorus (P) is at moderate to high levels. Consequently, pasture responds well to applied N fertiliser. At Waipawa in Hawke's Bay, the magnitude of response to N fertiliser was inversely related to the legume content of the pasture and so was greatest (e.g. up to 47 kg DM/kg N) on steep north aspects with little clover, and much less (8-17 kg DM/kg N) on easy slopes. In winter, N fertiliser offers reliable and significant increases in pasture growth. To optimise economic returns from the additional pasture dry matter, winter stocking rates could be increased. However, a simulation study showed that the maximum economic benefit would be obtained by maintaining ewe numbers and increasing fecundity to produce more lambs. Key words: hill country, legumes, nitrogen fertiliser, pastoral dryland
Leaf development and dry matter production of subterranean clover cultivars in relation to autumn sward management
Authors: Moot D.J. , Black A.D. , Scott W.R. , Richardon J.
Published: March 2021

Seeds of five cultivars of subterranean clover, together with one of white clover, were sown in a wide range of temperature regimes under both controlled environment and field conditions. Results were consistent across temperature regimes and showed that the first trifoliate leaf emerged after 230 Â°Cd for all subterranean clover cultivars and 309 Â°Cd for the white clover cultivar. For subterranean clover, exponential leaf appearance commenced after 434 Â°Cd at the six total leaf stage. At this time, subterranean clover can be defoliated without causing permanent physical damage to seedlings. The field study at Lincoln University showed that subterranean clover that germinated in March produced 44 kg DM/ha/day for 158 days to yield approximately 7 000 kg DM/ha by mid-September. Subterranean clover that germinated in May produced 15 kg DM/ha/day for 120 days to yield only 1 800 kg DM/ha by mid September. These results are discussed in relation to the time of autumn grazing management for subterranean clover, including extrapolation to other climatic areas of New Zealand. Key words: herbage yield, phyllochron, seedling establishment, thermal time, Trifolium subterraneum, T. repens, white clover
Effect of inbreeding on growth of white clover
Authors: Cousins Greig , Woodfield Derek
Published: March 2021

Determining the impact of inbreeding on white clover growth will assist in determining the optimal breeding strategies for future population improvement. A dominant self-fertility allele (Sf) at the S locus was used to inbreed white clover to nearhomozygosity (F=0.99). Inbreeding depression was higher in the glasshouse experiment than was observed under sheep grazing in the field. It was also higher for comparable generations with a 54% reduction in herbage yield of the S1 generation in the glasshouse compared with 29% yield reduction under grazing. The level of inbreeding depression for herbage yield of the S1 and S2 generations observed in the glasshouse were consistent with the theoretical reduction in yield. However in later generations the actual herbage yield was consistently higher than expected. This may be due to heterozygosity being maintained during inbreeding or to the elimination of weaker individuals under higher competition and grazing experienced under field conditions. The degree to which inbreeding depression is overcome by outcrossing (heterosis) in white clover will determine whether hybrids or semi-hybrid cultivars can be successfully developed
Breeding of Rhizomatous Turf Tall Fescue
Authors: Charrier Stephane , Stewart Alan
Published: March 2021

Breeding tall fescue with rhizomes has the potential to improve turf persistence and recovery from wear. Most northern European and North American tall fescue cultivars can produce a few short rhizomes although they are considered to be non-rhizomatous. In contrast, almost all tall fescue plants from north-west Spain and northern Portugal have a high number of long rhizomes. Use of this rhizomatous germplasm in New Zealand turf grass breeding has been shown to provide valuable features, including winter activity, wear recovery and the ability to maintain a desirable winter green colour under our mild winter climate. The extent of rhizomatous spread within this germplasm responds readily to selection
Production of haploids and double haploids in annual (Lolium multiflorum) and perennial (L. perenne) ryegrasses
Authors: Hussain Syed Wajid , Richardson Kim , Faville Marty , Woodfield Derek
Published: March 2021

Anthers from 32 genotypes from one line of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and 229 genotypes from 15 cultivars of perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) were tested for the production of haploids and double haploids. Six (23%) annual and 71 (31%) perennial ryegrass genotypes produced calli ranging from 1.3-16% and 0.8- 12.2% respectively. However none of the annual ryegrass genotypes produced green plants and only one genotype (Option WH-1) of perennial ryegrass produced 16 (1.8%) green plants. The remaining produced only albino regenerates. Twelve of the 16 green plants were evaluated cytologically for chromosome numbers. Four were haploids thus confirming their origin from haploid pollen. The remaining eight were all diploids. One haploid and one diploid were tested for their homozygous condition using seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and were found to be homozygous at all seven loci. In order to increase the recovery of green regenerates, we have used the responsive genotype Option WH-1 in crosses with three other perennial ryegrass genotypes and the progenies are currently been grown for anther culture
The impact of invertebrate pests on pasture persistence and their interrelationship with biotic and abiotic factors
Authors: Zydenbos S.M. , Barratt B.I.P. , Bell N.L. , Ferguson C.M. , Gerard P.J. , Mcneill M.R. , Phillips C.B. , Townsend R.J. , Jackson T.A.
Published: March 2021

New Zealand pastures are host to a range of native and exotic invertebrates. Many of these are pests that feed on the sown plant species, often causing plant death and deterioration in the productivity and persistence of the sward. While most research has focused on pest biology and control, studies of plant productivity show dramatic acute (short-medium term) and chronic (longterm) effects. For example, grass grub has been reported to cause 50% losses to ryegrass swards and Argentine stem weevil can cause a 20% loss of productivity, but the long term effects through loss of the sown species and changes in composition can be even more severe. Insect damage can be exacerbated by other biotic (e.g. weed invasion, grazing animals, plant pathogens) or abiotic factors (e.g. climate, soil fertility) to further reduce plant persistence. Some biotic and abiotic factors may interact with insect pests to have positive effects on pasture persistence, e.g. biocontrol agents that reduce pest density or addition of fertiliser to enable plants to recover from insect damage. For many pasture pests, knowledge of their ecology is based on research from over 20 years ago that, while still valid, needs to be updated to account for modern intensive pasture management practices, such as intensive grazing with a lack of reseeding, and new cultivars. To improve pasture persistence, integrated research programmes are needed that examine the relative importance of all factors contributing to plant survival and develop strategies to mitigate their effects. Keywords: Argentine stem weevil, black beetle, clover root weevil, drought, grass grub, grazing pressure, manuka beetle, nematodes, pasture persistence, pasture quality, pasture yield, porina, soil fertility, striped chafer.
Long term effect of superphosphate fertilisers on pasture persistence
Authors: Fraser T.J. , Dennis S. , Moss R.A. , Tozer K.N. , Stocker N.R. , Taylor A.L. , Faville M.J. , Smith C.
Published: March 2021

Core samples were taken from 60-year-old pastures on a long-term fertiliser trial at the Winchmore research station, in Canterbury, New Zealand. Plots had been treated with 0, 188 or 376 kg/ha of superphosphate annually, grazed by sheep, and pasture yields were recorded. Ryegrass persisted in all treatments, but was only dominant in the superphosphate treatments, unsown grasses dominated in the no superphosphate treatments. White clover was more common with superphosphate, and both cocksfoot and timothy required adequate superphosphate in order to persist. Over 60 years of measurements, yields were 9-15 t DM/ ha with superphosphate, and did not reduce over time. Given adequate fertiliser, a ryegrass-based irrigated pasture can continue to produce high yields 60 years following sowing. Keywords: ryegrass, cocksfoot, t
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO CONTAMINATION OF WHITE CLOVER SEED CROPS BY BURIED SEED
Authors: Clifford P.T.P. , Rolston M.P. , Williams W.M.
Published: March 2021

Buried hard seed from seed returned to the soil during harvesting and incorporated by cultivation, poses the greatest threat of contamination. When a different white clover (Trifolium repens L.) is sown, contamination will occur when hard seeds within the germinating zone soften and emerge. Harvest losses can return 40 to 210 kg/ha of hard seeds to the soil. Flowering management and efficient harvesting are necessary to minimise quantities of hard seed returned to the soil. For a buried seed load of 845/m* in the germinating zone of a cultivated seed bed at sowing in March, 8% of that seed load gave rise to establishing plants of which one-third (19/m') were surviving in mid-October. At closing the percentage crop contamination within the sown row was directly proportional to the within-row seeding rate of the sown cultivar. At wider-than-normal row spaces, (45 cm compared with 15 cm) either inter-row cultivation or spraying for removal of contaminants was necessary at closing to reduce contaminants to a density similar to that in 15 cm spacing treatments. Physical contamination of the harvested seedline, compared with levels present at closing, had doubled for normal, but trebled for wider-than-normal spacings. Lowest percentage physical contamination of a seedline gained was 13% for a 6 kg/ha seeding at 15 cm spacings. The results indicate that successful cultivar change on many areas will be difficult. A buried seed count is considered an essential guideline to aid choice of paddock. Future management systems now being developed, include the use of herbicides and direct drilling, and should help to minimise this problem. Keywords: White clover, Trifolium repens, seed production, contamination, cultivar change, harvest losses, hard seed, cultural practices.
SEED CERTIFICATION - AN ASPECT OF QUALITY ASSURANCE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WHITE CLOVER SEED
Authors: Crump D.K.
Published: March 2021

Seed certification is discussed in relation to the concept of industry quality assurance. The present derivation of product specifications and consumer preferences is described. Procedures are outlined for making improvements to the quality assurance system. Keywords: White Clover, quality assurance, OECD, certification, consumer preference, product specifications, consumer protection, Plants Act 1970, acceptable list, recommended list.
GRASS SEED PRODUCTION: WEEDS, HERBICIDES AND FERTILISERS
Authors: Ralston M.P. , Brown K.R. , Hare M.D. , Young K.A.
Published: March 2021

Four weed species (Bromus mollis, Vulpia sp., Poa annua, Steltaria media) occur in 30% or more of all perennial ryegrass seed samples. Of the listed undesirable species, Avena fatua (wild oat) and Hordeum murinum occurred respectively in 5.3 and 3.5% of ryegrass seedlots. Only 6 herbicides are registered for use in grass seed crops in New Zealand, 2 for wild oat, and 4 for broadleaved weeds. The results of research on weed control in seedling and established seed crops (ryegrass, cocksfoot, tall fescue, phalaris, prairie grass) are presented. Fertilisers for grass seed crops discussed are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), lime and zinc. Autumn N is commonly used and will increase seed yields in early flowering species (Pestuca rubra, F. arundinacea), but in ryegrass variable results have occurred. Spring N should be applied at stem elongation. No responses to P have been reported for ryegrass, while in established cocksfoot responses to P and K have been reported. Overliming can induce Zn deficiencies, and of the grass species only prairie grass may require lime. Keywords: Lolium, ryegrass, seed production, weed occurrence, Bromus mollis, herbicides, fertilisers, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, lime, zinc
Planning, establishment and management of pastures in high country
Authors: Allan B.E. , Lowther W.L. , Walton P.J.
Published: March 2021

Introduced pasture species are used to improve the quantity and quality of feed grown in the South Island high country. However, matching the increased feed supply to annual stock demands is difficult in an environment characterised by long winters, unpredictable climate and rugged terrain. Every high country run faces a different set of problems, and because of this, no set recipe can be given. Nevertheless, when undertaking a development programme, there are many points that need consideration. This paper recommends how to approach development and, within our present know how, how to get the most from it.
General Development Strategies
Authors: Anon A.
Published: March 2021

Having briefly described the high country in terms of its environment, potential pasture production, and suitability of particular pasture species, we need to consider development strategies for sustainable animal production. Important points are: Type of animal Provision of winter feed Land and management requirements to grow young stock Subdivision of land into its various natural units to firhi the year round stock feed requirements Efftcient use of fertilisers General strategies of pasture development using legumes, grasses and nutrient cycling.
Cocksfoot
Authors: Brown K.R. , Lill C.
Published: March 2021

Around 1000 ha of cocksfoot seed are entered for certification each year. Average seed yields are 250 kg ha" for Grasslands Kara and 400 kg ha- for Grasslands Wana, but specialist growers can achieve at least another 100 kg ha-'. In the case of Wana cocksfoot yields of 700 kg ha" have been recorded.. Most of the cocksfoot seed crops in New Zealand are in the Methven area.
Nitrogen fertiliser effects on white clover in dairy pastures
Authors: Harris S.L. , Clark D.A. , Waugh C.D. , Clarkson F.H.
Published: March 2021

Effects of high N fertiliser rates on white clover content in the sward and clover plant morphology were monitored over two years (June1993-June 1995) at the DRC, Hamilton. The clover study was part of a farmlet trial aimed at increasing milksolids (MS) production to 1750 kg MS/ha using urea (0, 200 or 400 kg N/ha/yr) to increase pasture production at low (3.2 cows/ha) or high (4.5 cows/ha) stocking rates. On low stocked farmlets clover contents declined to 10.6% (200 kg N/ ha/yr) and 2.2% (400 kg N/ha/yr) by June 1995 compared with 16.8% under no N. Decreased clover content was a result of increased competition from N-boosted ryegrass. At the high stocking rate, N application resulted in clover contents of 14.9% (200 kg N/ha/yr) and 6.8% (400 kg N/ha/yr) compared with 15.4% under no N. Pasture utilisation was better on these farmlets, suggesting the improved utilisation and control of additional feed, particularly during spring, was responsible for the higher clover content. Measurements of clover plant density supported the clover content observations. By June 1995 there were 438, 227 and 26 plants/m2 under 0, 200 and 400 kg N/ha/yr respectively. High N rates also affected clover plant morphology; plants developed fewer axillary buds and stolons, and had lower stolon dry weights under 400 kg N/ha/yr. Keywords: clover content, dairying, morphology, nitrogen, plant density, Trifolium repens, white clover
Do cattle exhibit a preference for white clover?
Authors: Cosgrove G.P. , Anderson C.B. , Fletcher R.H.
Published: March 2021

Attaining a predictable and stable composition of white clover in pasture is affected by selective grazing and inter-species plant competition. This paper reports an experiment which demonstrates that when given a free choice between monocultures of ryegrass and white clover, cattle did not selectively graze only clover but chose a mixed diet. Ten young heifers were stocked for 3 weeks on 2 ha, comprised of adjacent 1-ha monocultures of each of ryegrass and white clover. Animals were given 1 week to adjust to the spatial separation and then on 2 consecutive days in each of 2 consecutive weeks, cattle were observed at 10-minute intervals during daylight hours. Behaviour (grazing or not) and location (ryegrass or white clover) were recorded. This procedure was conducted in December, February and May to assess seasonal variation in the species preference. At each occasion cattle choose a mixed diet by eating both ryegrass and white clover, but their preference for white clover changed with season. In February they exhibited a partial preference for white clover, by spending approximately 65% of grazing time on white clover and 35% on ryegrass. In December and May the partial preference for white clover was lower, with cattle allocating approximately 47% of grazing time to white clover and 53% to ryegrass. Results are discussed in relation to the extent of preference for white clover when limitations to selection are removed and how this information could be used to enhance white clover proportion in the diet to better match animal preference. Keywords: diet selection, grazing behaviour, perennial ryegrass, preference, Trifolium repens L.
Overview and vision for white clover
Authors: Caradus J.R. , Woodfield D.R. , Stewart A.V.
Published: March 2021

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is the key to the international competitive advantage of New Zealand's pastoral industries, which are reliant on a cheap, high quality feed source. White clover benefits pastoral agriculture through its ability to fix nitrogen, its high nutritive value, its seasonal complementarity with grasses, and its ability to improve animal feed intake and utilisation rates. The annual financial contribution of white clover through fixed nitrogen, forage yield, seed production and honey production is estimated as $3.095 billion. The impact of white clover has resulted from understanding how it grows, and then developing appropriate management systems, fertiliser strategies, and improved cultivars. While the future of white clover as the legume base of our pasture is secure there are challenges and opportunities ahead. These include the increasing use of mineral nitrogen, competitiveness with high endophyte ryegrasses, filling gaps in our knowledge base, responding to industry signals, the advent of transgenic technologies, the removal of anti-quality characters particularly those associated with the incidence of bloat, and assuring that nitrogen fixation rates, in grazed pastures, increase as the yield potential of white clover is itself increased. Keywords: economic value, nitrogen fixation, nutritive quality, pastoral agriculture, white clover
The positioning of white clover cultivars in New Zealand
Authors: Caradus J.R. , Hay R.J.M. , Woodfield D.R.
Published: March 2021

The breeding history of 10 white clover cultivars bred in New Zealand is described. The cultivars are compared for leaf size, cyanogenesis and stolon growing point density. Leaf size and stolon growing point density were negatively associated although more recent cultivars (Prestige, Demand, Sustain and Challenge) had higher stolon growing point densities than older cultivars of similar leaf size. Both leaf size and peak flowering period, and leaf size and cyanogenesis level were positively associated among the 10 New Zealand cultivars. The agronomic performance of cultivars is summarised on the basis of preferred management, key seasonal performance, disease tolerance, and climatic and edaphic adaptation. Keywords: adaptation, breeding, cultivars, cyanogenesis, flowering, leaf size, white clover
Ryegrass endophyte: host/fungus interaction
Authors: Schmid Jan , Christensen Michael
Published: March 2021

This paper provides a brief introduction to the biology of endophyte-ryegrass associations and summarises results of our recent research into the interactions between host and endophyte. Specific topics include: (i) interactions between fungus and plant necessary for their successful association, (ii) the levels of biological activity of endophyte hyphae in the plant, and (iii) the potential of endophyte- ryegrass associations to protect themselves against accumulation of detrimental mutations in the endophyte and to benefit from beneficial mutations in the endophyte. Keywords: clonal selection, compatibility, endophyte-plant interaction, endophyte metabolism, endophyte-plant signalling, evolution, mutation, Neotyphodium, reporter gene, synchronous growth
Progress on nutritional requirements of deer farmed for velvet production in China
Authors: Xiuhua Gao , Fuhe Yang , Chunyi L.I. , Stevens D.R.
Published: March 2021

Research in China has shown a marked variation in the energy and protein requirements of sika deer (Cervus nippon) for velvet antler production as the stag grows. Information includes energy and protein requirements for male sika deer throughout their life and pregnant and lactating females. Estimates of energy utilization and methane production are also included. Protein requirements during early growth and development of the stag are high, while they decline as the stag ages. Protein requirements during velvet antler growth are higher than during other times of year. The maintenance energy requirements of the male sika deer of 0.52 MJME/ kgBW0.75 are similar to those estimated for red deer. The Chinese system of reporting gross energy, digestible energy and digestible protein requirements has been converted into metabolisable energy requirements and diet protein concentrations for the New Zealand feeding system to aid interpretation. Keywords: Cervus nippon, deer, energy, feed requirements, methane, protein, sika, velvet antler
Diet selection by deer: principles, practice and consequences
Authors: Cosgrove G.P. , Hodgson J.
Published: March 2021

The role of diet selection by farmed deer in their nutrient intake and species selection, and the consequences for the management of forages, is considered. In common with sheep and cattle, sward surface height (SSH) is the most influential sward physical factor on the ability of deer to meet their daily nutrient demand from grazed pasture, and a SSH of 10cm is required for maximum intake and performance. Deer discriminate among pasture species, generally preferring legumes and herbs to grasses. The grass dominance and low proportion of clover in typical permanent pasture grazed by deer reflects their selection for clover and avoidance of grass. This dominance of grass and the difficulty deer face in selecting for alternative species that are present only in a low proportion may constrain intake even when sward height is not limiting. Summer-growing forage species such as red clover (Trif olium pratense), white clover (Tri folium repens), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) have high nutritive value, and result in high liveweight gains by deer when provided as specialist swards at critical feeding times. Recent studies indicate that ruminants prefer to eat mixed diets, and management systems that enable mixed grass-clover pastures with a high proportion of legume to be sustained under selective grazing by deer would provide high nutritive value and maintain a balance between winter and summer in the seasonal distribution of pasture dry matter production. Keywords: Cervidae, deer, diet selection, forage, grazing behaviour, nutrient intake, preference
The Feed Requirements of Adult Red Deer
Authors: Mulley R.C.
Published: March 2021

This paper reviews the feeding requirements of adult red deer from nutritional, management and ecological perspectives. Particular emphasis is placed on the need to balance production objectives in the context of ecological sustainability. Topics such as feeding behaviour, feeding management, the relationship of body condition score to nutritional sufficiency, daily and seasonal feed intake requirements, and pasture species selection are also presented. The marketability of venison and the longterm acceptance of deer farming will be largely shaped by consumer perception of the animal welfare implications of production techniques, the ecological impact of production and an industry image that reflects social responsibility. Development of efficient feeding systems for farmed deer will impact on all of these areas.
Preliminary findings of genotype variations in growth rate and feed intake of weaner deer
Authors: Stevens D.R. , Corson I.D. , Littlejohn R.P.
Published: March 2021

Deer are seasonal animals with a feed intake that varies with day length, reaching a low in winter. Feed intake then rises rapidly in spring. Superimposed on the nutritional response to day length are the genetics of the deer. This paper documents preliminary findings of live weight gain in winter and spring and intake during September for red deer (Cervus elaphus) and elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) x red deer hybrids. Two experiments examined the relative growth rates and feed intake of rising 1 year old red and elk x red hybrid male deer during winter and spring 2001 and 2002. Live weight gain was higher in the elk x red than the red deer in both winter (averaging 262 and 144 g/d respectively) and spring (averaging 390 and 272 g/d respectively). Dry matter intake in September 2001 was 1.64 and 2.13 kg DM/d for red and elk x red deer respectively (P=0.003). Dry matter intake in September 2002 averaged 2.04 and 2.35 kg DM/d (P
Effects of winter feed type on feed intake during the transition back to spring pasture
Authors: Stevens D.R. , Corson I.D.
Published: March 2021

Two experiments tested the effects of dif ferent winter diets on intake and digestion of pasture by rising 1-yearold red deer returned to pasture with minimal dietary management during early spring. During May 1998 forty calves were randomly allocated to five winter feeding treatments including pasture only, silage only, 40% concentrate plus silage, 60% concentrate plus silage, and 90% concentrate plus silage. Forage intakes in the five days before and after turnout on 28th September 1998 were higher in weaners fed pasture than those fed winter diets (P
Rancang Bangun Alat Deteksi Sag Tegangan Menggunakan Sistem Data Logger
Authors: Arizal Maulana Pratama  , Kusumaningtyas Ajeng Bening , Ronilaya Ferdian , Wibowo Sapto
Published: March 2021

This research discusses the design and manufacture of a voltage sag detection device using a data logger system. Voltage sag detection device to detect the presence of voltage sag which is one of the power quality problems in industrial electrical systems. Voltage sag can cause disturbances in electronic components that are sensitive to changes in voltage values. In this device, the voltage sag is detected using a voltage sensor by reading the RMS voltage from the PLN 220V AC source, then it is converted into a digital signal. The digital signal is sent to the ESP32 module to be processed and outputs a voltage value which is then displayed on the LCD Display. The voltage value data collection is carried out every <10ms and the data taken is the voltage value <90% of the rms voltage. The data taken is then saved to a micro SD card and displayed on the LCD Display. Several tests were carried out to ensure the performance of the voltage sag detector as designed. By switching the 110 / 220VAC transformer connected to the voltage sensor for 10 seconds, 12 seconds and 17 seconds. Based on these tests, the voltage sag detector can read and store the voltage sag data when the voltage read is below 90% of the rms voltage.
Rancang Bangun Automatic Smart Energy Meter Berbasis RFId
Authors: Ridzki Imron , Hakim Muhammad Fahmi , Kusuma Ichwan Bayu
Published: March 2021

The development of technology today makes it easier for humans in their daily activities. One of them is in the digital world. In the industrial era 4.0. more and more companies are issuing breakthrough new products based on digital technology that aim to be practical in their use. One of the technologies applied is the use of smart cards. For example in the use of smart keys in homes and car doors. Then in the current transaction process, many have implemented this smart card technology. The purpose of this research is to apply the latest technology in the energy transaction process which will be applied to the KWh meter. The smart card used is RFId and is integrated in the database and website so that its use is more practical and flexible. Then the use of this smart card can be applied to the smart energy meter so that later the prepaid energy transaction process can be applied easily with this smart energy meter.
Этнограф и археолог Стефан Кирович Кузнецов: московские годы (1903–1912)
Authors: Загребин Алексей Егорович
Published: March 2021

Пореформенные годы в России стали временем становления плеяды этнографов, для которых ощущение внутренней свободы соединилось с чувством личной сопричастности и желанием деятельности на благо изучаемых этнических сообществ. Одним из ярких представителей генерации исследователей финно-угорских народов России, работавших на рубеже XIX–XX вв. был этнограф С.К. Кузнецов. Служа в Казанском, затем в Томском университетах, он изучал духовную и материальную культуру марийцев и удмуртов Камско-Вятского региона, руководствуясь здравым смыслом и гуманистическими принципами. Выйдя в отставку и поселившись в Москве, Кузнецов сотрудничая с этнографическим отделом Императорского Общества Любителей Естествознания, Антропологии и Этнографии, опубликовал большую часть своих полевых собраний. Читая лекции по «Русской исторической географии» в Московском археологическом институте, он подготовил первые сводные монографии по этнической истории мери, мещеры, муромы, веси и мордвы.

The post-reform years in Russia were the time of formation of ethnographers, for whom a sense of inner freedom was combined with a sense of personal belonging and a desire to work for the benefit of the ethnic communities they studied. One of the brightest representatives of the generation of researchers of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia who worked at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries was the ethnographer S.K. Kuznetsov. While serving at Kazan and then Tomsk universities, he studied the spiritual and material culture of the Mari and Udmurts of the Kama and Vyatka region, guided by common sense and humanistic principles. After retiring and settling in Moscow, S.K. Kuznetsov collaborated with the ethnographic Department of the Imperial Society of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography, and published most of his field collections. While lecturing on "Russian historical geography" at the Moscow Archaeological Institute, he prepared the first consolidated monographs on the ethnic history of Merja, Meshchera, Muroma, Ves` and Mordvins.
Выйти за пределы «гетто»: стигма инвалидности и попытки ее преодоления
Authors: Носенко-Штейн Елена Эдуардовна
Published: March 2021

В научной литературе ведутся споры о существовании культуры или субкультуры инвалидности. Однако не вызывает сомнений, что у людей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья формируются особые стили жизни, обусловленные не только наличием того или иного заболевания или нарушений функций организма, но и восприятием инвалидности как социокультурного феномена в конкретном обществе, а также стигматизацией людей с инвалидностью как социальной группы. Опираясь на свои полевые материалы, а также тексты автобиографических сочинений, автор показывает, каким образом в России складывается социокультурное «инвалидное гетто» – замкнутая среда, в котором люди с ограниченными возможностями здоровья часто учатся, работают, общаются. Отмечается, что такой стиль жизни характерен прежде всего для инвалидов детства. В статье также рассматриваются жизненные стратегии тех, кто получил статус инвалида во взрослом возрасте и кто пытается выйти за пределы «замкнутой» среды. Автор видит причины подобного обособления в низком статусе людей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья, а также в стигматизации инвалидности, глубоко укорененной в российском обществе и культуре.
There are scholarly discussions about the so-called disability culture / subcultures. However, nobody doubts that there are specific lifestyles of disabled persons determined not only by their illness, dysfunction or disability, but also by the perception of disability as a social and cultural phenomenon in various societies in particular historical and cultural contexts. These lifestyles are also much impacted by the stigmatization of disability which exists in many societies. The author examines problems of the so-called sociocultural “ghetto” for disabled people in Russia. Drawing on her field materials – texts of in-depth interviews and analysis of autobiographies, she demonstrates the process of construction of this subculture in which disabled people often live. This lifestyle is mostly typical for persons with innate disability. The author also investigates life experience of people with acquired disability who try to escape life in the “ghetto” and who experience other problems. E. Nosenko-Stein sees the cause of this “ghetto” construction in the stigmatization of disability, which is profoundly rooted in Russian society and culture.
Ю.В. Бромлей и «бромлеевский период» отечественной этнологии
Authors: Карлов Виктор Владимирович
Published: March 2021

Статья посвящена столетию со дня рождения академика Юлиана Владимировича Бромлея, который более 20 лет возглавлял академический Институт этнографии им. Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклая. В целях адекватной оценки периода в истории отечественной этнологии, когда ее развитием руководил Ю.В. Бромлей, предпринят анализ состояния этнографической науки и первоочередных задач, стоявших перед ней к моменту прихода ученого на пост директора института. Среди назревших проблем в первую очередь выделяется важность изучения этнографической современности, а также необходимость обновления теоретико-методологической базы этнографии. Ведущие специалисты – этнографы понимали серьезность и масштаб этих задач, однако методы их решения не были выработаны. В статье дана оценка личного вклада академика в развитие науки в СССР, а также всего периода 1960–1980 годов в отечественной этнологии. Анализируются предложенная Ю.В. Бромлеем теория этноса, разработанные с его участием категориальный аппарат этнологической науки и методологические подходы к изучению этнографической современности. В этих областях этнологического знания в период руководства Ю.В. Бромлея Институтом этнографии были достигнуты серьезные и позитивные сдвиги. Автор высказывает мнение о том, что «бромлеевское время» было весьма плодотворным периодом в истории развития этнологии в СССР.
The article is devoted to the centenary of the birth of Academician Yu. V. Bromley. The scientist headed the Academic Institute of Ethnography for more than 20 years. In order to adequately assess this period in the history of Russian ethnology, when its development was led by Yu. V. Bromley, an analysis of the state of ethnographic science and the priority tasks facing it, at the time of his arrival as director of the Institute, is undertaken. These are, first of all, urgent problems of studying ethnographic modernity, as well as the need to update the theoretical base of ethnography. The leading ethnographers understood the seriousness and scale of these tasks, but the methods for solving them were not developed. The article assesses the personal contribution of the academician to the development of science in the USSR, as well as the entire period of 1960-80 in Russian ethnology. The article analyzes the theory of ethnos proposed by Yu. V. Bromley, the development of the categorical apparatus of ethnological science, and the study of ethnographic modernity. In these areas of ethnological knowledge, during the leadership of Yu. V. Bromley, the Institute of Ethnography achieved serious and positive changes. The author expresses the opinion that this was a very fruitful period in the history of the development of ethnological knowledge in the USSR.
Variants Affecting the C-Terminal of CSF1R Cause Congenital Vertebral Malformation Through a Gain-of-Function Mechanism
Authors: Liu Bowen , Zhao Sen , Yan Zihui , Zhao Lina , Lin Jiachen , Wang Shengru , Niu Yuchen , Li Xiaoxin , Qiu Guixing ,   Deciphering Disorders Involving Scoliosis and COmorbidities (DISCO) study, Zhang Terry Jianguo , Wu Zhihong , Wu Nan
Published: March 2021

CSF1R encodes the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor which regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and biological activity of monocyte/macrophage lineages. Pathogenic variants in CSF1R could lead to autosomal dominant adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia or autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia. In this study, we identified three heterozygous deleterious rare variants in CSF1R from a congenital vertebral malformation (CVM) cohort. All of the three variants are located within the carboxy-terminal region of CSF1R protein and could lead to an increased stability of the protein. Therefore, we established a zebrafish model overexpressing CSF1R. The zebrafish model exhibits CVM phenotypes such as hemivertebral and vertebral fusion. Furthermore, overexpression of the mutated CSF1R mRNA depleted of the carboxy-terminus led to a higher proportion of zebrafish with vertebral malformations than wild-type CSF1R mRNA did (p = 0.03452), implicating a gain-of-function effect of the C-terminal variant. In conclusion, variants affecting the C-terminal of CSF1R could cause CVM though a potential gain-of-function mechanism.
The Role of the Signaling Pathways Involved in the Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Zhao Shizhen , Li Xinping , Lu Ping , Li Xiaotian , Sun Mingfei , Wang Honggang
Published: March 2021

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a kind of organelle with multiple functions including protein synthesis, modification and folding, calcium storage, and lipid synthesis. Under stress conditions, ER homeostasis is disrupted, which is defined as ER stress (ERS). The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER triggers a stable signaling network named unfolded protein response (UPR). Hydrogen sulfide is an important signal molecule regulating various physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies have shown that H2S plays an important role in many diseases by affecting ERS, but its mechanism, especially the signaling pathways, is not fully understood. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the recent studies about the signaling pathways involved in the effects of H2S on ERS in diseases to provide theoretical reference for the related in-depth researches.