bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE MOTIVATIONAL DOMINANCE IN THE COURSE OF BINOCULAR VISION RECOVERY IN THE PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORGANIC AND FUNCTIONAL BRAIN PATHOLOGY
Authors: Rabichev Igor’ Engelevich , Kotov A. V
Published: September 2020

The authors proposed an original method for the rehabilitation of the patients presenting with disturbances in the oculomotor system including the saccadic eye movements and different types of strabismus associated with the craniocerebral injuries, cranial surgeries and stroke. The most important condition for the achievement of the positive results of the compensatory and restorative processes including the patients’ visual functions, such as binocular vision and their further preservation within the bounds of physiological optimum is the creation and maintenance at an adequate level of the specific motivational dominance in the course of corrective treatment.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMAND FOR RECREATIONAL SERVICES IN THE CAUCASIAN MINERAL WATERS REGION
Authors: Efimenko N. V , Slatvinskaya Ekaterina Alekseevna , Gaydamaka I. I , Demchenko A. P , Kaysinova A. S , Reps V. F
Published: September 2020

Objective: to study the dynamics of the value orientations of tourists to identify the factors influencing the demand for recreational services in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (CMW). Materials and methods. A method of questioning was chosen for the survey, which was conducted anonymously in 2010-2015 years among holidaymakers of the CMW recreational complex on the following topics: «Satisfaction with the services quality» and «Study of the tourism social aspects». The questionnaires included closed and semi-closed questions. Results. The main purpose of the visit to the CMW region at more than 80% of holidaymakers is a spa treatment and rehabilitation, that is, in the system of values is a concern for health. And only about 15% of visits to the region have other purpose. This suggests that the main specialization of the region of the CMW continues to be a spa treatment, which is a historically prevailing direction of the leisure activities organization for the residents of Russia.
THE EXPERIENCE WITH THE APPLICATION OF THE POLYCHROMATIC INCOHERENT POLARIZED LIGHT FOR THE TREATMENT OF THE PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ONYCHODYSTROPHIES ASSOCIATED WITH LICHEN RUBER PLANUS
Authors: Shakhnovich Anna Aleksandrovna , Kotenko K. V , Levshin R. N
Published: September 2020

This article was designed to report our original results and share the experience with the application of low-intensity polychromatic incoherent polarized radiation for the treatment of the patients presenting with onychodystrophies associated with lichen ruber planus. The clinical effectiveness of phototherapy was evaluated taking into consideration the dermatological index and dynamics of structural changes in the nail. In the patients treated by the medication therapy alone, the dermatological index reflecting the severity of the pathological process decreased by 74% within 4 months after the onset of therapy whereas it fell down by 96% on the average during the same period in the patients in whom the medication therapy was supplemented by the application of low-intensity polychromatic incoherent polarized radiation. It is concluded that the combined pharmacophysiotherapeutic method produces more pronounced effect on the ultrastructure of the nail apparatus than pharmacotherapy alone; its application is pathogenetically substantiated.
THE POTENTIAL OF PREVENTIVE ACUPUNCTURE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SECONDARY CONTRACTURE OF MIMIC MUSCLES
Authors: Mindubaeva Liliya Zhamilevna , Jakupov R. A , Karimova D. Yu , Karimova G. M
Published: September 2020

The present article is concerned with the substantiation of the main principles of preventive acupuncture for the management of the secondary contracture of mimic muscles taking into consideration the results of clinical and neurophysiological investigations. We have undertaken the analysis of dynamics of clinical, psychological, and neurophysiological characteristics of the patients following a course of basal treatment and maintenance courses of reflexotherapy. It has been shown that manifestations of the pain syndrome in the patients presenting with the secondary contracture of mimic muscles are consistent with high polysynaptic reflectory excitability. It is recommended, based on the results of this study, to carry out neurophysiological monitoring (for the evaluation of the eye-closure reflex) prior to the prescription of preventive acupuncture for the patients presenting with disturbances of polysynaptic reflectory excitability with a view to obviating the development of a relapse of pain syndrome.
EXPERIENCE WITH TRANSVAGINAL APPLICATION OF ELECTROPHORESIS IN THE COMPLEX THERAPY OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SALPINGOOPHORITIS
Authors: Medoeva T. M , Dugieva Madina Zautdinovna , Korchazhkina N. B
Published: September 2020

Chronic salpingooophoritis occupies one of the leading places in the structure of gynecological diseases (60-70%) with a tendency to generalization and chronicization of the inflammatory process, the development of serious pathophysiological and pathomorphological changes in affected tissues, involvement of the reproductive system in the pathological process and a significant negative effect on the quality of life. In clinical conditions, 25 patients (mean age 29.9 ± 3.6 years) with a verified diagnosis of chronic salpingooophoritis were examined and treated. Treatment included transvaginal electrophoresis of the complex of collagenases (15 procedures for a course, 3-4 times a week). Efficacy was assessed taking into account the indices of the scale of symptoms, degree of pain syndrome and quality of life. Transvaginal electrophoresis with collagenase preparations has a high efficiency for all clinical symptoms of chronic salpingooophoritis, which is confirmed by the dynamics of the index of the symptom scale, the reduction of which was 74.9%, while the global therapeutic effectiveness of the method was 80%. The developed method is highly effective in terms of relief of pain, which significantly contributes to improving the quality of life of this category of patients.
SENSORY MECHANISM OF KINESIOLOGY TAPING CLINICAL EFFECT
Authors: Konovalenko K. A , Petrova A. B , Afanasyev S. V , Aleksandrov N. Yu , Guzalov Pavel Irkinovich , Mikheev M. M
Published: September 2020

The mechanisms of clinical effects of kinesiology taping (KT) remain unclear. Goals: to study the mechanisms of KT clinical effect and to compare the results with the present literature data. 23 subjects were examined for H-reflex parameters with KT classic application on m. soleus, without KT and with KT on the proximal and distal zones of the S1 dermatome. 6 subject were examined for motor response to transcranial magnetic stimulation from m. abductor pollicis brevis with/without KT application. A significant difference in the mean values of the H-reflex amplitudes was obtained for conditions with/without KT. No reliable differences in the amplitudes of the H-reflex for various types of KT applications were found (KT in the projection of the muscle, distal or proximal zone of the dermatome). A significant increase in the amplitude and the duration of motor responses from m. abductor pollicis brevis with KT application were revealed. The obtained results estimate the role of sensory activation mechanisms in the clinical effect of KT and contradict the existing hypotheses about a direct KT influence on a muscle.
THE 135TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE G.A. ALBRECHT FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC CENTRE OF REHABILITATION OF THE DISABLED, MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL PROTECTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: MAIN DIRECTIONS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CENTRE OF REHABILITATION AND ABILITATION OF THE DISABLED
Authors: Ponomarenko G. N , Vladimirova Oksana Nikolaevna , Shestakov V. P , Svintsov A. A
Published: September 2020

In the article devoted to the 135th anniversary of the G.A. Albrecht Federal Scientific Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled of The Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Russian Federation it is said about the main directions of the activity of the Institute of Rehabilitation and Abilitation of the Disabled. The Centre made a significant contribution to the formation and development of the foundations of medical and labour, and later medical and social expertise, social and labour, professional and social rehabilitation. The researches of the physiological functions of the disabled in the process of their work conditions were holding during many years in the Institute. The scientific potential of the centre in modern conditions consists of the development of two institutions that are part of the centre: the Institute of Rehabilitation and Abilitation and the Institute of Prosthetics and Orthotics. The researches currently are related to the implementation of the rights of the disabled and monitoring the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Disabled (UN, 2006), the creation of organizational and legal mechanisms for the functioning of the rehabilitation system for disabled in the Russian Federation, the creation of an early assistance system, the development of methodological foundations for the creation of an accessible environment for life of the disabled.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE OF USING SUBMILISECOND Nd:YAG-LASER RADIATION 1064 NM AND CREAM WITH 1% OF IVERMEKTIN FOR TREATMENT OF PAPULOPUSTULAR FORM OF ROSACEA
Authors: Novikov K. A , Tamrazova Olga Borisovna , Bagramova G. E , Savenkov V. V
Published: September 2020

Rosacea is a polyethiological disease at the base of it progress is pathologically changed innervation of vessels of the skin of face - angioneurosis and it undergoes several stages of development. Initially, against the background of permanent extension, the vascular wall loses elasticity and the blood plasma penetrates it. Microcirculation disorders lead to hypostasis of tissues. This process leads to change of a biota of the face skin - to the uncontrollable growth of number of a Demodex tick, which is one of the ethyopathogenetics factor of promotion from erythemoteleangiectatic form to papulopustular. Etiological reasonable approach for therapy of papulopustular rosacea is a combination of external and physiotherapeutic methods of therapy. As medicamentous therapy for suppression of excess activity of a Demodex tick and its uncontrollable growth in our research we have taken the cream with 1% of Ivermektin. As a physiotherapeutic influence - the submilisecond Nd:YAG-laser radiation (1064 nm). This radiation influences at expanded vessels, sanifies pustules, moderate temperature increase in a derma to 41-42оС, leads to elimination of puffiness and stage-by-stage restructuring of collagen fibers.
KINESIOTHERAPY IN MEDICAL REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH FOREARM FRACTURES
Authors: Kerimov Ullubiy Shagabutdinovich , Yulov V. V
Published: September 2020

Aims: to study the effectiveness of kinesiotherapy in medical rehabilitation of patients with isolated fractures of the forearm bones. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 44 patients aged 19-85 years with isolated fractures of the forearm bones, who underwent surgical treatment with osteosynthesis. In the control group (n=21), a standard course of medical rehabilitation was conducted in the postoperative period, which included massage, physiotherapy exercises and magnetotherapy. In the main group (n=23), in the postoperative period, the kinesiotherapy of the shoulder and forearm was performed against the background of a standard course of medical rehabilitation. Kinesio tapes were used on the 2nd day after the operation and applied for 72 hours, after which they were changed to new ones. The duration of the study was 12 months. The severity of the pain syndrome, the amplitude of the movement of the wrist joint and the rotational movements of the forearm, the strength of the fist grasp, the function of the upper limb, the quality of life of the patients were evaluated. Results. The use of kinesiotherapy in the period from 1 month after the operation significantly reduced the subjective severity of the pain syndrome by an average of 22.7%, reduced the number of patients with persistent edema by 1.75 times and increased the number of patients without edema by 2.3 times compared with application of a standard course of medical rehabilitation. The parameters of the amplitude of motion in the wrist joint, rotational movements, and the dynamometry of the fist grasp in patients of the main group were slightly higher than those in the control group throughout the observation period. In the long-term period, the number of patients with excellent treatment outcomes in the main group was 1.5 times higher than in the control group, the number of patients with satisfactory results was 1.3 times lower than in the control group. Conclusions. Kinesiotherapy is a promising, simple, non-traumatic method with no side effects and complications, allows to significantly reduce the severity of the pain syndrome, improve the quality of life of patients, contribute to earlier relief of postoperative edema and the most complete restoration of clinical and functional parameters of the wrist joint and can be used as one of the methods in the complex rehabilitation of patients with isolated fractures of the forearm bones.
Justification of the application of laser radiation of the purple spectrum (405 nm) after conducting surgical operations in the oral cavity
Authors: Lepilin A. V. , Raygorodskiy Yu. M. , Grigoryevа Darya Alekseevna , Erokina N. L. , Bakhteeva G. R.
Published: September 2020

An important task for the dentist of the surgeon is the prevention of purulent complications in the postoperative period. This study demonstrates the dynamics of the clinical picture and laboratory data in the application of laser radiation violet wavelength range after surgery in the oral cavity. Patients with detected microorganisms before treatment, after conducting a five-day course of treatment by the device Lazurit with the wavelength of 405 nm, 86,7% of the microflora was not determined.
The modern aspects of the application of magnetic stimulation in the clinical practice
Authors: Kulikov A. G , Voronina Dar’ya Dmitrievna
Published: September 2020

This article was designed to describe the magnetic stimulation technique, its biological and therapeutic effects. Based on the publications in the scientific literature, the currently available data concerning the potential of magnetic stimulation for the combined treatment of somatic disorders and post-operative rehabilitation of the patients are reviewed and discussed with special reference to their application in the pediatric practice. Special attention is given to the use of magnetic therapy for the stimulation of the neuromuscular apparatus of the pelvic floor. Moreover, the article provides information on the innovative medical devices being used to magnetically stimulate neuromuscular tissue of the pelvic floor; their basic technical characteristics are considered.
THE MONITORING OF SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL GENERAL STATE OF THE STUDENTS: EXPERIENCE OF EMPIRICAL STUDY
Authors: Ishkineieva F. F , Kaveieva A. D , Ozerova K. A , Minzaripov R. G
Published: September 2020

The article presents the project of longitudinal interdisciplinary study on junction of biomedicine and social sciences concerning detection of students' health in process of education. Health is one of the most important capitals that can be applied with more or less success in the process of self-fulfillment of personality. The higher education is a significant factor determining process of human development, its values and priorities, key elements of life-style and behavior. In the context of reforming Russian higher school, the issue of factors playing their role in reproduction of health on youth seems to be actual from scientific and practical point of view. The key research problem of project is an issue of reproduction of students' health in institutional environment of university and how this environment effects health i.e. promotes development of habits of preservation and promotion of one's own health or develops unfavorable conditions for this process. The object of study were students entered the Federal university in 2015. The subject of study was reproduction of their health in university environment. Te article presents results of first stage of study of health of first course students from experimental group, elements of their life-style, self-preservation practices and subjective attitude to health. The initial data is presented to be analyzed hereinafter in dynamics in the process of further education of students in the university.
THE MEDIATION IN HEALTH CARE: FROM LAW ENFORCEMENT TO DIALOG ABOUT RIGHTS
Authors: Shamlikashvili Tz. A , Ostrovsky A. N , Kabanova E. A , Silnitskaia A. S
Published: September 2020

The normative base and publications were analyzed to review present notions «defect of medical care», «medical error». The absence of unified comprehension of the given definitions in the Russian legal practice was established. The established situation has advantages of pretrial and extrajudicial mode of settlement of disputes (mediation) in case of consideration of conflicts related to medical care support as an instrument directed to quick searching of decision mutually acceptable for both sides, including necessity of compensation of damage done.
THE SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PHENOMENON OF NON-DEVELOPING PREGNANCY
Authors: Selikhova M. S , Zakharova E. A
Published: September 2020

The article considers problem of non-developing pregnancy as an important social occurrence progressively deteriorating level of birth rate despite achievements of modern medicine. The evaluation was implemented concerning medical social portrait of women with non-developing pregnancy. The reliable relationship is established between developed pathology of pregnancy and presence of somatic diseases, number of abortions and miscarriages and also housing conditions, public professional activity, unfavorable conditions of labor, presence of occupational hazards.
THE PROBLEMS OF ORGAN DONORSHIP AND TRANSPLANTATION IN RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE SOCIAL NETWORKS
Authors: Romanov S. V , Abaeva O. P
Published: September 2020

The article considers issue of attitude of population of Russia to programs of donorship and transplantation of human organs. The content analysis was applied to messages about transplants of human organs in Russian-language social networks for one month of 2019. The attitude of Russian-speaking net surfers to this problem turned out to be as disinterested and neutral one. Only 11.5% of all messages were emotionally negative due to issues of insecurity of postmortem donorship of organs. The emphasis is made on necessity of more active promotion of humanity of work of transplantologists.
THE IMAGE OF «IDEAL» FAMILY IN NOTIONS OF MUSCOVITES
Authors: Prisiazhnaia N. V
Published: September 2020

The article considers concepts of Moscow residents related to the issue of «ideal» family. The generalized character of the «ideal» family in view of respondents is presented as follows: complete family with two children living in their own apartment, family relationship is based on love, mutual assistance, support, mutual understanding, domestic duties are distributed fairly and taking into account «female» and «male» types of domestic life. Furthermore, both parents are working and devote their free time to children. At that, joint leisure is mostly organized as active rest (walks, travel, sports). The study established serious gap between factual characteristics of transformation of social institution of family at present stage (increasing numbers of divorces and single parenthood, leveling of family values, decreasing of numbers of children in family, wide range of problems of modern family) and perceptions by respondents of the «ideal» family as it is. It is noted that perception of respondents of the «ideal» family may indicate preservation of value of family as social (and vital) construct. This perception also may act as intentional sources of motivation and striving for achievement of the «ideal» of family relations.
THE CATEGORIES OF HEALTH AND DISEASE IN EVOLUTION OF PARADIGMS OF MEDICINE
Authors: Panova E. I
Published: September 2020

The article presents results of analysis of concepts “health” and “disease” to identify patterns of changes in their meaning and content which resulted into increasing of technologization of modern medicine. Every of considered ways of interpreting concept of “disease” contains certain image of human and one's attitude to internal (natural) and external (natural, social) environment and determines the degree of necessity, direction and character of impact on human body. The modifications of ways these categories are interpreted reflect evolutionary transition of successive changes in three paradigms of medicine: biocentric - sociocentric - technocentric. There is no clear demarcation between pathological and normal states of organism in the biocentric paradigm. The medical standard is identical to biological one; its criterion is viability. In the sociocentric paradigm, social factors of human activity dominate natural ones. The concept of “disease” acquires negative meaning and begins to be defined as “failure”, violation of adaptation of human organism. The natural consequence of this approach is increasing of spectrum and intensity of medical intervention: medical technologies begin to be applied to eliminate biologically normal conditions of patient's body. The main feature of technocentric paradigm is its constructivist character: biomedicine seeks to create new states of human body and psyche that do not exist in the nature. Understanding health as “well-being” leads to relativity of medical standards that becomes depended on constantly changing individual standards.
THE ACCESSIBILITY OF NEPHROLOGICAL CARE AS A PREDICTOR OF CHRONIC DISEASES OF KIDNEYS
Authors: Petrov G. S , Krom I. L , Erugina M. V
Published: September 2020

The chronic kidney diseases are recognized as one of leading problems of modern health care due to high prevalence and unfavorable prognosis. The article considers modern classification of predictors of chronic kidney diseases. It is emphasized that none of known modern classifications of chronic kidney diseases predictors don't take into account medical care accessibility to patients in disease condition as a predictor. It is proposed to consider accessibility of medical care from perspective of macrolevel social factors that represent the most widely background health predictors. The original typology of accessibility of nephrological medical care to patients with chronic kidney disease is proposed, which is implemented through prevention and/or minimization of predictors of the onset of chronic kidney diseases, management of disease progression and nephroprotection modifiable predictors, and renal replacement therapy for patients with chronic kidney disease. The one of reasons of limited accessibility of renal replacement therapy for patients with chronic kidney diseases is transportation problem that is solved in the Saratov region through organization of transportation of dialysis patients and development of domiciliary methods of renal replacement therapy. The restriction of medical care accessibility to patients is considered as an obligatory predictor of the onset, progression and unfavorable prognosis of chronic kidney diseases.
The methods for the surgical correction of pareses, paralyses of the superiorinferior oblique muscle in the children
Authors: Babadjanova Lola Djananovna , Narzullaeva D. U , Gopurov M. K
Published: September 2020

Aim. The objective of the present study was to estimate the effectiveness of the surgical correction of hyperfunction of the inferior oblique muscle in the children depending on the degree of overaction. Materials and methods. We undertook the analysis of hyperactivity of the inferior oblique muscle in 78 children (128 eyes) at the age varying from 4 to 15 years. All the patients were followed up for 9 years. The ophthalmological examination included the determination of vertical deviation with the use of the Hirschberg test and prisms, the study of eyeball movements in 8 gaze directions, the Bielschowsky darkening wedge test, the assessment of the character of vision by means of the Worth's four-dot test, visiometry, dioptos copy, and ophthalmoscopy. Results. The patients underwent myotomy, anterior transposition or myoectomy of the inferior oblique muscle with recession taking into consideration the degree of hyperfunction. Conclusion. Myotomy eliminates vertical deviation only in case of grade 1 overaction. Anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle provides an efficient tool for the surgical treatment of the condition being considered because it permits to rapidly correct the large angle of vertical strabismus in the patients presenting with grade 2 or 3 hyperfunction of the inferior oblique muscle. It is recommended to treat grade 4 overaction my means of myoectomy with a recession of up to 10 mm.
The results of the treatment of cataract in the children and adolescents at the age under 14 years
Authors: Pashtaev N. P , Pozdeyeva Nadezhda Aleksandrovna , Bat'kov E. N , Lukin V. P , Tolmacheva T. G , Nikitin V. P , Tikhonova O. I , Shipunov A. A , Mikhailov N. O
Published: September 2020

Objective. To analyze the results of the surgical treatment of cataract of different etiology in the children and adolescents at the age under 14 years based at the Cheboksary branch of C.N. Fedorov Eye Microsurgery Complex during the past 10 years. Material and methods. We undertook the retrospective comparative analysis of the results of the surgical intervention for the treatment of cataract in the children and adolescents at the age varying between 3 months and 14 years (390 eyes). The majority of the children presenting with post-traumatic cataract were at the age of 4-6 years. The long-term results of surgery were evaluated in 194 children (253 eyes or 65%) during the 6-36 month follow-up period. The presence of cataract was documented in 209 eyes of the patients with congenital cataract (including 92 ones with unilateral and 58 with bilateral cataract respectively). Post-traumatic cataract was documented in 44 eyes. Facoaspiration combined with the implantation of an intraocular lens and without it was performed in in 242 and 11 eyes respectively. The post-operative complications that developed in 79 children required the secondary surgical treatment. Results. The inflammatory reaction during the post-operative period was apparent in the children given the surgical treatment during the first year of life. The visual acuity in the patients with congenital cataract increased to 0.8-1.0 in 12.3% of the cases, to 0.5-0.7 in 49.2% of the cases, and to 0.2-0.4 in 23.1% of the patients. In the children presenting with post-traumatic cataract, the visual activity increased to 0.8-1.0 in 3.7% of the cases, to 0. 5-0.7 in 14.8 in 14.8% of the cases, and to 0.2-0.4 in 33.3% of the patients with this pathology. Conclusion. The removal of cataract with simultaneous implantation of the intraocular lens into the capsular sac is the highly physiological treatment that improves the conditions for the management of amblyopia and makes it possible to increase the number of eyes with improved visual function after the surgical treatment of this pathology. The application of the small-incision technology allows the occurrence of inflammatory reactions during the post-operative period to be reduced.
The clinical case of orbital dirofilariasis in an adolescent patient
Authors: Revta Andrej Mikhailovich , Shabalina N. A , Bebyakova N. A , Poslavskaya T. N , Kalinina L. P
Published: September 2020

The authors report the clinical case of a 15 year-old adolescent patient presenting with orbital dirofilariasis that has been for the long time mistakenly regarded as chronic dacryocystitis.
The clinical manifestations of keratoconus in the patients presenting with Down syndrome
Authors: Bikbov M. M , Surkova V. K , Usubov E. L , Oganisyan Karine Khachaturovna
Published: September 2020

Down syndrome is one the most widespread forms of genomic pathology accompanied by mental retardation and impairment of cognitive functions. One of the commonest eye diseases in the patients with Down syndrome is corneal ectasia that occurs 10 times more frequently in the children with Down syndrome than in the general population. Objective. Of the present study was the comparative analysis of the biometric parameters of the cornea and the clinical manifestations of keratoconus in the patients presenting with Down syndrome. Materials and methods. We undertook the comprehensive analysis of the biometric parameters of the cornea in 54 patients (108 eyes) with Down syndrome who made up the main study group. The control group was comprised of 62 practically healthy children (124 eyes). Results. The patients presenting with Down syndrome were found to have a higher refractive power of the cornea, a more pronounced elevation of the posterior corneal surface and its irregular patterns, a smaller corneal thickness, and lower degree of corneal hysteresis in comparison with the control children. The verified diagnosis of keratoconus was established in 11 patients of the main group. Conclusion. The present study has revealed keratoconus in 11 (20.4%) children presenting with Down syndrome which suggests a higher prevalence of this pathology in our study group in comparison with its mean prevalence reported thus far for the general population. The early subclinical forms of ceratoconus are known to more frequently occur in the children aged from 12 to 18 years, with the incidence of its later stages being especially high in the group of the patients between 19 and 38 years of age. This discrepancy is supposed to be attributable to the progression of the clinical symptoms of the eye disease with age and its late diagnostics. The deviation of corneal biometric characteristics from the respective normal values documented in 79.6% of the patients included in the present study should be regarded as reflecting the objective situation. It is concluded that the patients presenting with Down syndrome should be referred to the group at enhanced risk of development of keratoconus and undergo the regular ophthalmological examination.
The main methods for the optical correction of progressive myopia in the children
Authors: Zaraiskaya M. M , Bodrova S. G , Pozdeyeva Nadezhda Aleksndrovna , Pashtaev N. P , Tikhonova O. I
Published: September 2020

This article was designed to present the review of the published research concerning the methods for the correction of progressive myopia in the children and adolescents for the purpose of prophylaxis of its further development.
The clinico-functional and biomechanical aspects of pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment of congenital myopia: the review of the literature and the analysis of the native data
Authors: Markossian G. A , Tarutta E. P , Iomdina E. N , Panteleeva O. A , Ryabina M. V , Zol'nikova I. V , Kruzhkova G. V , Firsova E. N
Published: September 2020

This article presents the review of the literature focusing on the current state-of-the-art in genetic, clinical, functional, and biomechanical aspects of pathogenesis, diagnostics, and treatment of congenital myopia. The involvement of hereditary factors in etiology of myopia has been repeatedly confirmed in numerous publications. Suffice it to mention that at least 23 MYP loci localized in 15 different chromosomes are associated with the development of myopia and determine the quantitative characteristics of this pathology. Nevertheless, the specific genes and alleles responsible for the predisposition to myopia belong, with a high degree of probability, to different polygenic systems and are therefore extremely difficult to identify. The results of investigations into congenital myopia give evidence that it must be a special clinical form of myopia characterized by certain peculiar patterns of the retinal relief in the foveal area, specific biophysical properties of the fibrous capsule of the eye, and a particular, both ophthalmologically and morphometrically, shape of the optic nerve. A substantial variation in the optic disc size and excavation patterns associated with congenital myopia as well as the relationship between these two parameters should be taken into consideration when examining the adult highly myopic patients for the early differential diagnostics of glaucoma. The biomechanical properties of the corneoscleral capsule affect the morphometric parameters of the optic disc in congenital and acquired myopia in the children which should be taken into account when choosing the type of the surgical treatment in the event of myopia progression and controlling its advancement. The available results of investigations confirm that contact correction in combination with additional spectacle correction is the most efficient method for the treatment of the patients presenting with congenital myopia. The data obtained show that the reconstructive treatment of the sclera including buckling of the posterior pole provides a very promising approach to the prevention of progression of myopic macular dystrophy and addressing a variety of forms and stages of myopic staphylomas.
The comparative analysis of the effectiveness of implantation of toric, spherical and aspherical intraocular lenses for the surgical treatment of congenital cataract
Authors: Pershin K. B , Pashinova N. F , Cherkashina Alina Vasil’evna , Tsygankov A. Yu
Published: September 2020

Objective. The comparative analysis of the outcomes of the surgical treatment of the children presenting with congenital cataract and astigmatism following the implantation of toric, spherical, and aspherical intraocular lenses (IOLs). Materials and methods. A total of 97 children (127 eyes) presenting with congenital cataract were selected for the present study. Group 1 consisted of the patients suffering from corneal astigmatism of more than 1,0 D who had undergone toric IOLs implantation (25 children, 38 eyes). Group 2 was comprised of the patients with corneal astigmatism of more than 1,0 D who had undergone implantation of spherical and aspherical intraocular lenses (40 children, 48 eyes). Group 3 was composed of 32 children (41 eyes) with corneal astigmatism of less than 1,0 D who had undergone implantation of non-toric intraocular lenses. Lensectomy was performed with the use of the small (1,8 mm and 2,2 mm) incision technique. Various IOL models (Alcon, USA) were used for implantation. The vector analysis of astigmatic correction (Alpinus) was employed to evaluate the quality of astigmatism correction. Results. The patients of all groups experienced a significant improvement of postoperative non-correctable and maximally correctable visual acuity during the long-term follow-up period (over 3 years in duration). In the children comprising group 1, the estimated value of vector astigmatism (-0,72) was close to the actual postoperative value (-0,81). The TIA axis was 113,7 degrees and the SIA axis 92,6 degrees. The vector difference was 0,18 diopters which suggested the high precision of astigmatism correction. The correction index averaged 1,12 ± 0,14. The IOL index was 0,25 ± 0,16 in comparison with its ideal value of 0.0. In the children of group 2, the estimated value of vector astigmatism (-0,87) was significantly higher than the actual postoperative values (-0,56). The TIA axis was 134,3 degrees and the SIA axis 77,1 degrees (p
Conjunctivitis and dacryocystitis in the children: the clinical characteristic and modern approaches to the treatment
Authors: Arestova Nataliya Nikolaevna , Katargina L. A , Yani E. V
Published: September 2020

Conjunctivitis and dacryocystitis are the most frequent eye diseases in the children, especially in those of the early age. The approaches to its treatment are characterized by a number of peculiarities. Conjunctivitis is most often treated with the use of local medications (including antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-allergic preparations) depending on the etiology of the disease. The modern strategy of antibacterial therapy of conjunctivitis is based on the application of the new antibiotic agents of the quinolone class to which only a small number of the strains of microorganisms exhibit resistance. To enhance the action of such pharmaceutical products, their accelerated administration is required together with the use of long-acting eye medicines and medications possessed of the combined action. The principal treatment modality for the management of dacryocystitis is the surgical restoration of the patency of the lacrimal drainage system by the probing of the lacrimal ducts in the combination with the local antibiotic treatment for the elimination of the inflammatory process in the lacrimal sac and sanation of the entire lacrimal drainage system. The local antibacterial therapy should be prescribed taking into consideration the shifts in the epidemiological spectrum of the bacterial ophthalmic infections in the children that have been documented during the recent years, in the first place the rise in the occurrence of resistant strains associated with the tendency toward the prevalence of the Gram-negative pathogens.
Anti-VEGF therapy of retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Sadovnikova Nataliya Nikolaevna , Prisich N. V , Brzhesky V. V
Published: September 2020

Laser photocoagulation of avascular retina remains the standard method for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (RP). At the same time, the outcomes of combined multi-stage surgical interventions on the patients presenting with this condition leave much to be desired. In the present review, we have undertaken the analysis of more than 50 articles related to the use of antibodies against the vascular endothelial growth factor (Anti-VEGF) that were published during the period from 2005 to 2015; the analysis included the use of the “off-label” medications as the potentially promising method for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. In the overwhelming majority of the studies, the use of anti-VEGF therapy as monotherapy or in the combination with conventional laser photocoagulation has been shown to be efficient for the treatment of stage III+ of the active period of retinopathy of prematurity. One of the important advantages of monotherapy is it does not cause the irreversible destruction of the peripheral retina, in contrast to the action of laser photocoagulation. Moreover, the intravitreal administration of the inhibitors of angiogenesis does not interfere with the growth of blood vessels in the peripheral retina as demonstrated by fluorescein angiography and electroretinography. At the same time, the results of certain published investigations give evidence of the important role played by the vascular endothelial growth factor in the processes of angiogenesis, glomerulogenesis, and alveolarization during the normal lung development. In addition, it has been demonstrated that bevacizumab can migrate from the vitreous body and penetrate into the systemic circulation where it causes the reduction of the serum VEGF levels in the infants presenting with retinopathy of prematurity. In connection with this, the majority of the authors emphasize the necessity of further investigations (based on the results of monitoring the concentration of serum VEGF) for the evaluation of the safety of such medications, their potential long-term effects on other organs and systems in the course of their development as well as possible adverse reactions they are likely to induce. Some problems related to the timing and dosage of the intravitreal administration of the inhibitors of angiogenesis remain a matter of controversy.
THE CRANIOFACIAL INJURY IN THE CHILDREN COMPLICATED BY ORBITAL ENCEPHALOCELE AND PROLAPSE OF THE UPPER FORNIX CONJUNCTIVA
Authors: Yatsenko O. Yu , Koroleva E. A , Karaseva O. V
Published: September 2020

The cranio-orbital injuries are considered to be the most serious consequences of the combined craniofacial trauma. They are characterized by the complicated clinical picture and are responsible for the high rates of disability among the affected patients. It accounts for the necessity of recruiting the highly specialized multi-disciplinary teams of specialists to assure the comprehensive approach to the treatment of the victims. The analysis of the relevant literature publications has demonstrated that the cranio-orbital injuries account for 6% up to 64% cases of craniocerebral damages and 34% of all combined traumas. The children at the age under 7 years more frequently experience fractures of orbital bones than the adult subjects due to the peculiar structural features of the children’s skulls. Encephalocele is an extremely rare complication of the cranio-orbital injuries that can either acquire the acute form or develop gradually within a few years after the injury. Orbital hernia may be associated with the following complications for the organs of vision and their accessory apparatus: exophthalmos, diplopia, rupture of the optic nerve, oedema of the periorbital tissues, retinal detachment, enophthalmos, subconjunctival hemorrhage, complete loss of vision, and the rupture of the eyeball. Prolapse of the upper fornix conjunctiva is an equally rare complication of the injury to the orbital structures. To the best of our knowledge, the available literature publications contain only a single report of such condition. The present article describes the original clinical observations of orbital encephalocele accompanied by the prolapse of the upper fornix conjunctiva in the children who experienced a severe combined craniofacial injury. One patient (a 10 year old boy) suffered from the serious combined trauma resulting from his fall from the fifth floor. Orbital hernia developed within 5 days after the accident. The second case was that of a girl presenting with a severe combined injury inflicted to her during the road traffic accident. She developed the complication in the form of orbital encephalocele on day 13 after the accident. In both cases, the patients suffered from the well apparent paraorbital oedema, exophthalmos with the downward displacement of the eyeball, and the prolapse of the upper fornix conjunctiva.
THE CLINICAL CASES OF KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS ENCOUNTERED IN THE PEDIATRIC PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS
Authors: Panova I. E , Patlasova Lyudmila Anatol’evna , Chervonyak L. A , Tagieva E. P
Published: September 2020

The eye damage in the children presenting with atopic dermatitis is known to occur in 20-40% of the cases. The nonspecific nature of the ophthalmological symptoms of this pathology markedly complicates differential diagnostics and the choice of the pathogenetically-based therapeutic modalities. This article describes the clinical cases that demonstrate the seriousness of this problem and illustrate the necessity of the comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to its solution. It is concluded that the use of the “Restasis” pharmaceutical for the treatment of dry eye syndrome associated with atopic dermatitis in the young patients is justified as contributing to a stable remission of the disorder and producing no undesirable side effects.
“DRY EYE” SYNDROME IN THE CHILDREN: CURRENT POSSIBILITIES FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT (THE GUIDELINES FOR PRACTITIONERS)
Authors: Brzheskiy Vladimir Vsevolodovich
Published: September 2020

Purpose. The «dry eye» syndrome in the children occurs much less frequently than in the adults, but it is often diagnosed in the contact lens wearers, the subjects presenting with the computer vision syndrome, and in the children with glaucoma (especially against the background of the instillations of the hypotensive eye drops with a preservative), chronic uveitis, diabetes mellitus, and certain congenital diseases of the eyelids and lacrimal glands. On the one hand, the pathology being considered is very similar in the children and adults in terms of etiology and pathogenesis, but on the other hand, it has a number of peculiar age-related features as regards the clinical course and the modes of treatment of this disease specific for either group of the patients. To begin with, the children very rarely complain about this condition and exhibit the relatively mild objective manifestations of the disorder (xerosis), with the exception of its extremely severe forms. Finally, the specific treatment of the children suffering from the «dry eye» syndrome with the majority of the medications currently available for the purpose is hampered by the age-related limitations whereas they are extensively and successfully used for the treatment of the same condition in the adults. Accordingly, the approaches to diagnostics of the «dry eye» syndrome in the children differ from those in the adults. Specifically, questioning of the children and their parents (to evaluate the complaints and the medical history) is of negligible diagnostic value whereas in the adults this approach provides the most valuable diagnostic information. In addition, it is very difficult to conduct a series of diagnostic tests in the young children due to their restless behavior during the examination. Conclusion. At the same time, there are currently the considerable opportunities for the diagnostics and treatment of the «dry eye» syndrome due to the ready availability of “artificial tear” preparations and stimulators of regeneration as well as the possibility of lacrimal duct obturation. It implies the necessity of the more extensive introduction of these modalities into the pediatric ophthalmological practiced.
THE PREVALENCE OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE PERINATAL CENTER BASED AT THE CHILDREN’S MULTI-DISCIPLINARY HOSPITAL
Authors: Sadovnikova Nataliya Nikolaevna , Prisich N. V , Brzheskiy V. V , Olina O. S , Li A. G , Murasheva O. A , Arynova A. T
Published: September 2020

Introduction. Retinopathy of prematurity remains one of the most challenging problems in neonatal ophthalmology and the leading cause of blindness and disability in the young children. Purpose. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity and the effectiveness of its treatment under the present conditions of nursing the preterm infants. Materials and methods. We carried out the ophthalmological observations and treatment of 393 premature children admitted to the Perinatal Centre of the Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University during the period from 2014 to 2016 for the provision of the specialized care needed to manage various obstetric and perinatal pathological conditions. The patients included the children born with a body weight from 450 to 2500 g (average weight of 1056 ± 301,9 g) at the 23d to 33d weeks of gestation (mean age at birth 28,77 ± 2,37 weeks). Results. The frequency of retinopathy of prematurity and dynamics of its clinical course as well as the need for its laser and surgical treatment in such patients differed during these three years. The number of children with retinopathy of prematurity in the group with the extremely low birth weight increased from 75.0% in 2014 to 96.3% in 2016 largely due to the rise in the occurrence of the early stages of the disease among the preterm infants in combination with severe concomitant cardiosurgical and neurosurgical pathologies. 77.8% of the children in this group needed to be treated with the use of preventive retinal laser photocoagulation. However, only every third infant born at the 28-33d week of gestation actually received the required surgical treatment. The effectiveness of retinal laser photocoagulation increased from 85% in 2014 to 95% in 2016. Conclusion. The management of the preterm children presenting with retinopathy of prematurity based at the perinatal centre with the integrated maternity hospital and the multidisciplinary children’s hospital creates the optimal conditions for the comprehensive treatment of such patients