FOLLOW-UP RESULTS AND FEATURES OF THE COURSE OF COVID-19 IN PATIENTS WITH NEUROENDOCRINE CELL HYPERPLASIA OF INFANСY
Authors:   People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia, Karpenko M.A. ,   Moscow City Children's Infectious Diseases Hospital No. 6 of the Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia, Ovsyannikov D.Yu. ,   People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia,   Moscow City Children's Infectious Diseases Hospital No. 6 of the Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia, Shchepkina E.V. ,   "Statistics for Medicine" Department with the "Techdepartment," LLC, Khimki, Moscow Oblast, Russia,   Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), Moscow, Russia,   Scientific and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia, Bystrova O.V. ,   People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia, Bondarenko N.A. ,   People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia, Alekseeva O.V. ,   People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia, Grigoriadis N.K. ,   Moscow City Children's Infectious Diseases Hospital No. 6 of the Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia, Osmanov I.M. ,   Z.A. Bashlyaeva Children’s City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia, Samitova E.R. ,   Z.A. Bashlyaeva Children’s City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia, Gabliya E.M. ,   People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia, Larina V.N. ,   Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
Published: February 2023

Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI) is a rare interstitial lung disease in children. The clinical features of the disease are characterized by tachypnea, moist rales/crepitus, retraction of compliant chest areas and delayed weight gain. The disease is diagnosed using the NEHI clinical scale coupled with the computed tomography of the chest organs. The clinical manifestations of NEHI regress as the child grows, but may persist up to the age of 10 y/o. The purpose of the research was to characterize the course of NEHI including the features of COVID-19 and the impact of passive smoking in children below the age of 8 y/o. Materials and methods: a single-center longitudinal study with follow-up observation of 29 patients with NEHI in January 2012 - December 2022 aged 8 months to 8 years old, 21 of which had COVID-19. Results: 20 of 29 patients with a known follow-up have undergone the long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) at home lasting from 2 weeks up to 5.5 years (Me 1 year and 2 months; IQR 6 months - 4.5 years). Bronchial asthma was diagnosed in 2. 8 (28%) were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, 6 (21%) with mental retardation, 3 (10%) with acute urticaria, and 2 (7%) with allergic rhinitis. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was diagnosed in 7, all requiring LTOT. The frequency of episodes of respiratory infection was maximum in the first 2 years of life, amounting to 16 episodes per 2 years (Me 7; IQR 4 to 10), and the maximum frequency of hospitalizations during this age period was 5 (Me 2; IQR 1 to 2). Children-passive smokers were diagnosed with malnutrition more often (75%, p=0.449) and required LTOT more often (75%, p=0.694), were more often hospitalized (42%, p=0.422). Despite the possible need for LTOT patients with NEHI had COVID-19 in the form of nasopharyngitis in the majority of cases (89%). Only 8 out of 14 patients had symptoms of NEHI after 5 years of age, and only 1 out of 5 after 7 years. Malnutrition (body mass index for the age<-2) in the first year of life was diagnosed in 13 (45%) children. Malnutrition persisted in 9 out of 24 (37%) by the second year of life, in 5 out of 19 (26%) by the third year, and in 2 out of 14 (14%) by the fourth year of life. Not a single child died. Conclusion: the course of NEHI is characterized by the absence of lethal outcomes, frequent respiratory infections that led to hospitalizations in the first 2 years of life, mild course of COVID-19, regression of clinical symptoms and malnutrition as the child grows, comorbidity with atopic diseases and GERD. The priority should be given to the prevention of passive smoking in children with NEHI.