bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
l‐Theanine inhibits proinflammatory PKC/ERK/ICAM‐1/IL‐33 signaling, apoptosis, and autophagy formation in substance P‐induced hyperactive bladder in rats
Authors: Tsai Wen‐Hsin , Wu Chung‐Hsin , Yu Hong‐Jeng , Chien Chiang‐Ting
Published: February 2016

Aims: Upregulation of substance P (SP) and neurokinin‐1 receptor (NK1R) activation induces pro‐inflammatory bladder hyperactivity through the PKC/ERK/NF‐κB/ICAM‐1/IL‐33 signaling pathways to increase the leukocyte infiltration and adhesion leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, autophagy, and apoptosis. l‐Theanine is a unique non‐protein‐forming amino acid present in tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze) with its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and relaxation effects to improve cognition, mood, gastric ulcer injury, and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and posttraumatic stress disorder. We explored the protective effect of l‐theanine on SP‐induced bladder hyperactivity.

Methods: In urethane‐anesthetized female Wistar rats, we explored the transcystometrogram, pelvic nerve activity, proinflammatory PKC/ERK/NF‐κB/ICAM‐1/IL‐33 signaling, apoptosis‐related Caspase 3/poly‐(ADP‐ribose)‐polymerase (PARP), and autophagy‐mediated LC3 II expression by Western blot, electrophoretic‐mobility shift assay and immunohistochemistry, bladder ROS amount by a ultrasensitive chemiluminescence method, and possible ROS sources from the different leukocytes by specific stains in SP‐evoked hyperactive bladder.

Results: l‐Theanine dose‐dependently depressed H2O2 and HOCl activity in vitro. In urethane‐anesthetized female Wistar rats, intra‐arterial SP through NK1R activation increased voiding frequency (shortened intercontraction intervals) associated with the increase in bladder nerve activity, proinflammatory PKC/ERK/NF‐κB/ICAM‐1/IL‐33 signaling, Caspase 3/PARP‐mediated apoptosis, LC3 II‐mediated autophagy, ROS amount, neutrophils adhesion, CD68 (monocyte/macrophage) infiltration, and mast cells degranulation in the hyperactive bladder. Intragastrical l‐theanine (15 mg/kg) twice daily for 2 weeks efficiently ameliorated all the enhanced parameters in the SP‐treated hyperactive bladder.

Conclusions: In conclusion, l‐theanine through antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory actions ameliorates SP‐induced bladder hyperactivity via the inhibition of proinflammatory PKC/ERK/NF‐κB/ICAM‐1/IL‐33 signaling, oxidative stress, bladder nerve hyperactivity, apoptosis, and autophagy. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:297–307, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aversion learning can reduce meal size without taste avoidance in rats
Authors: Tracy Andrea L. , Schurdak Jennifer D. , Chambers James B. , Benoit Stephen C.
Published: February 2016

Objective

Nausea and aversive food responses are commonly reported following bariatric surgery, along with post‐surgical reduction in meal size. This study investigates whether a meal size limit can be conditioned by associating large meals with aversive outcomes.

Methods

In rats, the intake of meals exceeding a pre‐defined size threshold was paired with lithium chloride‐induced gastric illness, and the effects on self‐determined food intakes and body weight were measured.

Results

Rats given LiCl contingent on the intake of a large meal learned to reliably reduce intake below this meal size threshold, while post‐meal saline or LiCl before meals did not change meal size. It was further demonstrated that this is not a conditioned taste aversion and that this effect transferred to foods not explicitly trained. Finally, when rats received LiCl following all large meals, the number of small meals increased, but total food intake and body weight decreased.

Conclusions

While further work is needed, this is the first demonstration that meal size may be conditioned, using an aversion procedure, to remain under a target threshold and that this effect is distinct from taste avoidance. Corresponding reduction in food intake and body weight suggests that this phenomenon may have implications for developing weight loss strategies and understanding the efficacy of bariatric surgery.
Metabolic effects of eradicating breath methane using antibiotics in prediabetic subjects with obesity
Authors: Mathur Ruchi , Chua Kathleen S. , Mamelak Mindy , Morales Walter , Barlow Gillian M. , Thomas Rita , Stefanovski Darko , Weitsman Stacy , Marsh Zachary , Bergman Richard N. , Pimentel Mark
Published: February 2016

Objective

Methanogens colonizing the human gut produce methane and influence host metabolism. This study examined metabolic parameters in methane‐producing subjects before and after antibiotic treatment.

Methods

Eleven prediabetic methane‐positive subjects (9F, 2M) with obesity (BMI 35.17 ± 7.71 kg/m2) aged 47 ± 9 years were recruited. Subjects underwent breath testing, symptom questionnaire, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), lipid profile, and stool Methanobrevibacter smithii levels, gastric transit, and energy utilization analyses. After a 10‐day antibiotic therapy (neomycin 500 mg bid/rifaximin 550 mg tid), all testing was repeated.

Results

Baseline stool M. smithii levels correlated with breath methane (R = 0.7, P = 0.05). Eight subjects (73%) eradicated breath methane and showed reduced stool M. smithii (P = 0.16). After therapy, methane‐eradicated subjects showed significant improvements in low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) (P = 0.028), total cholesterol (P = 0.01), and insulin levels on OGTT (P = 0.05 at 120 minutes), lower blood glucose levels on OGTT (P = 0.054 at 90 minutes), significant reductions in bloating (P = 0.018) and straining (P = 0.059), and a trend toward lower stool dry weight. No changes were detected in gastric emptying time or energy harvest.

Conclusions

Breath methane eradication and M. smithii reduction are associated with significant improvements in total cholesterol, LDL, and insulin levels and with lower glucose levels in prediabetic subjects with obesity. The underlying mechanisms require further elucidation.
Chronic endothelin‐1 infusion causes adipocyte hyperplasia in rats
Authors: Lien Chih‐Chan , Jiang Jia‐Ling , Jian Deng‐Yuan , Kwok Ching‐Fai , Ho Low‐Tone , Juan Chi‐Chang
Published: February 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory mechanism of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), an endothelium‐derived vasoconstrictor, on adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

3T3‐L1 preadipocytes were used to explore the mechanisms mediating ET‐1 actions on preadipocyte proliferation and adipocyte differentiation. To investigate the in vivo effect of ET‐1, male Sprague‐Dawley rats were infused with ET‐1 or saline for 4 weeks via intraperitoneally implanted osmotic pumps, and the fat pad weight and adipocyte size of adipose tissues were measured.

Results

ET‐1 stimulated preadipocyte proliferation and increased the cell number at the mitotic clonal expansion stage of adipocyte differentiation via the endothelin A receptor (ETAR) and activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. ET‐1, via ETAR, inhibited adipocyte differentiation partially through an ERK‐dependent pathway. Furthermore, no significant difference in the body weight and fat pad weight was observed in either ET‐1‐ or saline‐infused rats. Compared with saline‐infused rats, the adipocyte cell number was significantly increased but the adipocyte size was significantly decreased in ET‐1‐infused rats.

Conclusions

Chronic ET‐1 infusion increased the number of small adipocytes without the change of white adipose tissue mass in rats, which were associated with ET‐1‐stimulated preadipocyte proliferation, but not ET‐1‐suppressed adipocyte differentiation.
Self‐Reported Medication Adherence Barriers Among Ambulatory Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Campbell Noll L. , Zhan Jia , Tu Wanzhu , Weber Zach , Ambeuhl Roberta , McKay Caroline , McElwee Newell
Published: February 2016

Study Objective

To compare the frequencies of barriers to medication adherence reported by ambulatory older adults with a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and ambulatory older adults with normal cognition.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Outpatient clinics within a safety‐net health care system.

Participants

Ambulatory older adults (≥ 65 yrs) with a diagnosis of MCI (96 participants) or normal cognition (104 participants).

Measurements and Main Results

Self‐reported beliefs and barriers to medication nonadherence were assessed by items from the Morisky Medication Adherence Survey, the Adherence Estimator, and barriers derived from a systematic review of studies in older adults with cognitive impairment. Participants with a diagnosis of MCI had a mean age of 72 years, 77% were female, and 37% were African‐American. Participants with normal cognition had a mean age of 76 years, 79% were female, and 47% were African‐American. Among all participants, 83% reported the presence of at least one barrier to medication adherence, and 62.5% reported two or more barriers to medication adherence. The most commonly reported barriers were difficulty remembering the amount or time of each medication to take (49%), difficulty opening or reading prescription bottles (42%), feeling worse when taking medications (29%), and trouble affording medications (26%). Considering the multiple comparisons made in this analysis, few significant differences in barrier frequencies were identified between the groups with MCI and normal cognition.

Conclusion

Multiple medication adherence barriers were identified among all participants, including cognitive, physical, and financial barriers, although few significant differences were identified between those with and without MCI. Interventions capable of addressing multiple barriers are required to improve medication adherence in older adults with and without MCI.
Thermovoltages under a non‐linear Seebeck coefficient
Authors: Bärner K. , Morsakov W. , Irrgang K.
Published: February 2016

The thermovoltages in the case of a nonlinear absolute Seebeck‐coefficient S(T) of a material A are discussed up to the quadratic term in the expansion of S(T) for inhomogeneous (AB) as well as for homogeneous (AA) material rings. The quadratic term results in additional thermovoltages and in particular in a Benedicks effect, ΔuAA ∼ (ΔT)3, but only if there is a thermal asymmetry in the bisectional ring AA, too. The coefficients of the expansion of S(T) are calculated for the case that the quadratic term originates from the thermal expansion of a metallic material, using the Boltzmann–Fermi theory.
First principle study on alkali metals promotion of CO oxidation over Ir(100)
Authors: Erikat Ihsan A.
Published: February 2016

The effects of adsorption of lithium and potassium atoms on CO oxidation at Ir(100) surface are investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) within generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The reaction path, transition state, and energy barrier are obtained by using climbing image nudged elastic band method (CI‐NEB). The results of CO oxidation on Ir(100)‐(3 × 2) clean surface indicate that the energy barrier is related to the changes of energy that caused by the movements of the reactant from the initial state to the transition state. The coadsorption of A (A for alkali, A = Li or K) atoms on Ir(100)‐(3 × 2)‐(CO–O) system promote the CO oxidation. In particular, the alkali atom induces changes in the reaction path and energy barrier. Potassium atom induces a large reduction in the reaction barrier more than Li atom. K atom interacts directly with the reactant, which stabilizes the reactant and increases the reactivity of the catalyst. The bent CO2 appears at the transition state for CO oxidation reaction on both alkali‐precovered Ir(100) surface (A = K or Li).
Microscopic insight into the pump–probe relaxation dynamics of superconductors: Model study of MgB2 relaxation within nonlinear response theory
Authors: Baňacký Pavol , Szöcs Vojtech
Published: February 2016

Here we present a quantum‐statistical formulation of relaxation dynamics of superconductors related to pump–probe (PP) spectroscopy. The method is based on the perturbation expansion of the non‐equilibrium density matrix for calculation of multi‐time correlation functions, and the corresponding response function. As a model for our study, the high‐temperature superconductor MgB2 has been selected. Knowledge of the electronic structure and of the corresponding Eliashberg function of electron–phonon (EP) interactions enabled us to distinguish non‐equilibrium processes in a sequence of interactions with laser pulses on a microscopic level. Temperature‐dependent relaxation dynamics as a function of delay time between the pump and probe pulses have been derived. We have shown that an abrupt increase of the relaxation time at Tc is the direct consequence of sudden changes in the character of EP coupling in transition from an adiabatic to a stabilized superconducting anti‐adiabatic state, as it predicts the anti‐adiabatic theory of electron–vibration interactions. The BCS model, which is based on adiabatic character of EP coupling, is basically unable to reflect the enormous sudden increase of the relaxation time at Tc. Differences in the optical pump–optical probe and the optical pump–terahertz probe settings of PP relaxation dynamics are discussed within diagrammatic perturbation theory.
Effect of vanadium doping on the magnetic properties of LiMnPO4
Authors: Kellerman D. G. , Chukalkin Yu. G. , Medvedeva N. I. , Gorshkov V. S. , Semenova A. S.
Published: February 2016

Vanadium‐substituted LiMnPO4 has been synthesized by the solid state reaction route. To obtain tetravalent state of vanadium, the samples have been additionally annealed under hydrogen atmosphere. Comparative magnetic and neutron powder diffraction investigations of the two solid‐solution lines were performed as a function of V content. The divergence between static zero‐field‐cooled (ZFC) and field‐cooled (FC) magnetizations in the fields of H < 1 T and the magnetization hysteresis indicating the presence of a ferromagnetic component were observed for all vanadium concentrations. The ferromagnetic component in the reduced V‐doped LiMnPO4 is more intensive than in the as‐prepared samples. To gain insight into the reason for this effect, the formation energies of antisite defects in V‐doped and reduced LiMnPO4 were calculated within the density functional theory. The appearance of the ferromagnetic clusters above the Néel temperature is discussed.
Dihydro‐Resveratrol Ameliorates Lung Injury in Rats with Cerulein‐Induced Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Lin Ze‐Si , Ku Chuen Fai , Guan Yi‐Fu , Xiao Hai‐Tao , Shi Xiao‐Ke , Wang Hong‐Qi , Bian Zhao‐Xiang , Tsang Siu Wai , Zhang Hong‐Jie
Published: February 2016

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process originated in the pancreas; however, it often leads to systemic complications that affect distant organs. Acute respiratory distress syndrome is indeed the predominant cause of death in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. In this study, we aimed to delineate the ameliorative effect of dihydro‐resveratrol, a prominent analog of trans‐resveratrol, against acute pancreatitis‐associated lung injury and the underlying molecular actions. Acute pancreatitis was induced in rats with repetitive injections of cerulein (50 µg/kg/h) and a shot of lipopolysaccharide (7.5 mg/kg). By means of histological examination and biochemical assays, the severity of lung injury was assessed in the aspects of tissue damages, myeloperoxidase activity, and levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. When treated with dihydro‐resveratrol, pulmonary architectural distortion, hemorrhage, interstitial edema, and alveolar thickening were significantly reduced in rats with acute pancreatitis. In addition, the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and the activity of myeloperoxidase in pulmonary tissues were notably repressed. Importantly, nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB) activation was attenuated. This study is the first to report the oral administration of dihydro‐resveratrol ameliorated acute pancreatitis‐associated lung injury via an inhibitory modulation of pro‐inflammatory response, which was associated with a suppression of the NF‐κB signaling pathway.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density‐matrix propagation driven by semiclassical correlation
Authors: Elliott Peter , Maitra Neepa T.
Published: February 2016

Methods based on propagation of the one‐body reduced density‐matrix hold much promise for the simulation of correlated many‐electron dynamics far from equilibrium, but difficulties with finding good approximations for the interaction term in its equation of motion have so far impeded their application. These difficulties include the violation of fundamental physical principles such as energy conservation, positivity conditions on the density, or unchanging natural orbital occupation numbers. We review some of the recent efforts to confront these problems, and explore a semiclassical approximation for electron correlation coupled to time‐dependent Hartree‐Fock propagation. We find that this approach captures changing occupation numbers, and excitations to doubly‐excited states, improving over TDHF and adiabatic approximations in density‐matrix propagation. However, it does not guarantee N‐representability of the density‐matrix, consequently resulting sometimes in violation of positivity conditions, even though a purely semiclassical treatment preserves these conditions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Examining the Factor Structure and Reliability of the Safe Patient Handling Perception Scale: An Initial Validation Study
Authors: White-Heisel Regina , Canfield James P. , Young-Hughes Sadie
Published: February 2016

Purpose:

Perceiving imminent safe patient handling and movement (SPH&M) dangers may reduce musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries for nurses in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the 17-item Safe Patient Handling Perception Scale (SPHPS) as an evaluation instrument assessing perceptual risk of MSK injury based on SPH&M knowledge, practice, and resource accessibility in the workplace.

Methods:

Data were collected from a convenience sample (N = 117) of nursing employees at a Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Factor analysis identified three factors: knowledge, practice, and accessibility.

Findings:

The SPHPS demonstrated high levels of reliability, supported by acceptable alpha scores (SPHM knowledge [α = .866], SPHM practices [α = .901], and access to SPHM resources [α = .855]), in addition to the relatively low standard error of measurement scores (SEM).

Conclusion:

The study outcomes suggest that the SPHPS is a valid and reliable tool that can measure participants’ perceived risk factors for MSK injuries.
Trafficability Assessment of Deformable Terrain through Hybrid Wheel‐Leg Sinkage Detection
Authors: Comin Francisco J. , Lewinger William A. , Saaj Chakravarthini M. , Matthews Marcus C.
Published: February 2016

Off‐road ground mobile robots are widely used in diverse applications, both in terrestrial and planetary environments. They provide an efficient alternative, with lower risk and cost, to explore or to transport materials through hazardous or challenging terrain. However, nongeometric hazards that cannot be detected remotely pose a serious threat to the mobility of such robots. A prominent example of the negative effects these hazards can have is found on planetary rover exploration missions. They can cause a serious degradation of mission performance at best and complete immobilization and mission failure at worst. To tackle this issue, the work presented in this paper investigates the novel application of an existing enhanced‐mobility locomotion concept, a hybrid wheel‐leg equipped by a lightweight micro‐rover, for in situ characterization of deformable terrain and online detection of nongeometric hazards. This is achieved by combining an improved vision‐based approach and a new ranging‐based approach to wheel‐leg sinkage detection. In addition, the paper proposes an empirical model, and a parametric generalization, to predict terrain trafficability based on wheel‐leg sinkage and a well‐established semiempirical terramechanics model. The robustness and accuracy of the sinkage detection methods implemented are tested in a variety of conditions, both in the laboratory and in the field, using a single wheel‐leg test bed. The sinkage‐trafficability model is developed based on experimental data using this test bed and then validated onboard a fully mobile robot through experimentation on a range of dry frictional soils that covers a wide spectrum of macroscopic physical characteristics.
Self–confined synthesis of HKUST‐1 membranes from CuO nanosheets at room temperature
Authors: Guo Yi , Mao Yiyin , Hu Pan , Ying Yulong , Peng Xinsheng
Published: February 2016

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have drawn great interest in several applications. MOFs can be successfully synthesized by metal oxide or hydroxide, but the synthesis of MOFs membranes has been rarely reported. Here we found the CuO nanosheets (CuO NSs) were highly positively charged and reactive enough to form HKUST‐1 powders in trimesic acid (H3BTC) ethanol‐water solution even at room temperature. Thus we design a self‐confined and healing strategy to prepared well‐intergrown HKUST‐1 membranes on macroporous support by solid‐to‐solid conversion from CuO NSs film. During the growth process, HKUST‐1 (Cu3(BTC)2⋅3H2O) crystals are self‐confined and tightly intergrown. The gaps and defects are healed with elongation growth time, resulting in a continuous and well‐intergrown HKUST‐1 membrane. The continuous and well intergrown HKUST‐1 thin membranes demonstrate good gas separation performance. The process presented here may pave a new way to prepare MOFs membranes by using active metal oxide nanostructures.
Dicyanomethylene‐benzopyran‐based alkynyl conjugatable near–infrared fluorescent probe for detection of fluoride anion
Authors: Xu Longfei , Wang Qin , Yuan Mao‐Sen , Zhang Yanrong
Published: February 2016

Near‐infrared (NIR) fluorophore with one functional group, which can be utilized to conjugate other molecules, could meet various requirements just through structural modification, such as for regulating their subtle equilibrium between hydrophilicity and lipophilicity. Herein, considering the favorable photophysical properties of dicyanomethylene‐benzopyran (DCMB) derivatives and the orthogonality of functional groups and the excellent biocompatibility of CuI‐catalyzed click chemistry, the synthesis of azido and phenolic hydroxyl‐bifunctionalized DCMB‐based compound N3‐DCMBOH is described, which can conjugate with other molecules by click chemistry. As a preliminary exploration, tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl group and alkynyl‐contained quaternary ammonium were successively conjugated onto N3‐DCMBOH to construct NIR fluorescent sensor QA‐DCMBSi for detection of F−. The dramatic absorption band change with 196 nm red shift and distinct NIR fluorescence enhancement at 718 nm, can be attributed to F− mediated cleavage of silicon‐oxygen bond to release QA‐DCMBOH, which was verified by MS spectrum.
Physico‐chemical, functional and pasting properties of native and chemically modified water yam (Dioscorea alata) starch and production of water yam starch‐based yoghurt
Authors: Awolu Olugbenga Olufemi , Olofinlae Sunday John
Published: February 2016

Water yam starch was isolated and subjected to chemical modification by acetylation, oxidation and acid thinning. Chemical composition, functional properties and pasting characteristics of native and modified starches were determined using standard methods. Chemical modification reduced the fat, protein, reducing sugar and amylose content. Amylose content ranged between 9.42 and 12.53% for native and modified starches. Acetylation and oxidation reduced the ash content while acid thinning increased the ash content. There were increases in resistant starch content and oil absorption capacity while the water absorption capacity and bulk density were reduced due to modification. Acetylation and oxidation improved gelation while acid thinning reduced gelation. Swelling power and solubility were pH and temperature dependent. Oxidation improved clarity but acid thinning reduced it. The result of pasting characteristics showed that overall, commercial cassava flour was the best; while for the native and modified water yam starches, acid thinned was the best. Sensory evaluation revealed that yoghurt produced from acetylated starch was the best. While water yam generally had good starch qualities, acid‐thinned water yam had the best overall result which could be adopted for industrial uses.
Effects of connection flexibility in bridge girders under moving loads
Authors: Machelski Czesław , Toczkiewicz Robert
Published: February 2016

This paper looks at the problem of connection flexibility in steel‐concrete bridge girders under moving loads. The static action of the load changing location on the structure is considered. An analytical model of the girder is used assuming strain discontinuity at the steel‐concrete interface as a result of beam‐plate partial interaction. The effects of a flexible connection are characterized by the proposed index defined on the basis of the internal forces in the girder. This index can be calculated during loading tests on the basis of the neutral axis position at the section of the girder considered. Numerical analyses show that values of the index characterizing beam‐plate interaction depend on the position of the load on the structure and the function describing connection stiffness.
Circular hollow through plate connections
Authors: Voth Andrew P. , Packer Jeffrey A.
Published: February 2016

This article reviews prior research on connections between through‐plates and circular hollow sections (CHS) and presents a finite element (FE) study validated against laboratory experiments. The FE analysis indicates that, for a given geometric configuration, the behaviour of through‐plate‐to‐CHS connections closely matches the sum of branch‐plate‐to‐CHS connection behaviour in plate tension and compression. A connection design strength, which is shown to be valid for a wide range of connection geometries and which is the sum of existing design recommendations for branch plate‐to‐CHS connections loaded in axial tension and compression, is hence proposed for through‐plate‐to‐CHS T‐connections. This therefore enables maximum advantage to be taken of the capacity of this type of “reinforced” tubular connection.
Design of single‐span beams for SLS and ULS using semi‐continuous beam‐to‐column joints
Authors: Braun Matthias , da Costa Job Duarte , Obiala Renata , Odenbreit Christoph
Published: February 2016

This article explains a method for determining how semi‐continuous joints influence the deflection, natural frequency and bending moment distribution of single‐span beams with constant inertia under uniformly distributed load. The method is adequate for simple hand calculations, allowing the structural engineer to assess potential savings already in the pre‐design phase. Further, the economical potential of semi‐continuous joints according to EN 1993‐1‐8 [1] is demonstrated by an application example.
Simple Bridges
Authors: Keil Andreas , Plieninger Sven , Linden Sebastian , Sander Christiane
Published: February 2016

Many famous footbridges show have a spectacular, eye‐catching design or functionality. They feature extravagant structures, large spans or outstanding locations and they are globally published and widely discussed amongst professionals and laymen.

However, there are smaller and simpler bridges, whose good and appropriate design, structural behaviour and sustainability can only be seen at the second look. While not having showy features they are beautiful, reasonable, efficient, sometimes trendsetting but always interesting enough to justify careful attention.

This paper presents five bridges – designed by schlaich bergermann partner, completed within the past few years – that are characterized especially by their apparent simplicity: a simple beam bridge in Backnang, three arch bridges in Dortmund, a prestressed concrete beam bridge in Hamburg, a two‐span stress ribbon bridge in Schwäbisch Gmünd and a fixed‐end beam bridge in Esslingen.
Punching shear strength of flat slabs – critical review of Eurocode 2 and fib Model Code 2010 design provisions
Authors: Ricker Marcus , Siburg Carsten
Published: February 2016

The fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 introduces a new design concept for punching shear based on critical shear crack theory. This paper presents and provides the background to the design provisions for punching shear according to fib Model Code 2010, Eurocode 2 and the corresponding German National Annex to Eurocode 2. The different punching shear design provisions are critically reviewed by means of parameter studies and a comparison of the calculated resistances and test results. The safety levels of the code provisions are verified and the influence of the different punching parameters on the calculated resistances is examined in detail.
Numerical limit analysis of keyed shear joints in concrete structures
Authors: Herfelt Morten A. , Poulsen Peter N. , Hoang Linh C. , Jensen Jesper F.
Published: February 2016

This paper concerns the shear capacity of keyed joints that are transversely reinforced with overlapping U‐bar loops. It is known from experimental studies that the discontinuity of the transverse reinforcement affects the capacity and the failure mode. However, to the best knowledge of the authors, previous theoretical works and current design equations in standards do not account for this important effect. This paper introduces a detailed model based on finite element limit analysis to assess the effect of the discontinuous reinforcement. The model is based on the lower bound theorem and uses the modified Mohr‐Coulomb yield criterion, which is formulated for second‐order cone programming. The model provides a statically admissible stress field as well as the failure mode. Twenty‐four different test specimens were modelled and the calculations compared with the experimental results. The results of the model show satisfactory agreement with the experimental observations. The model produces estimates of the shear capacity that are significantly better than those of the Eurocode 2 design equations.
Treatment engagement of individuals experiencing mental illness: review and update
Authors: Dixon Lisa B. , Holoshitz Yael , Nossel Ilana
Published: February 2016

Individuals living with serious mental illness are often difficult to engage in ongoing treatment, with high dropout rates. Poor engagement may lead to worse clinical outcomes, with symptom relapse and rehospitalization. Numerous variables may affect level of treatment engagement, including therapeutic alliance, accessibility of care, and a client's trust that the treatment will address his/her own unique goals. As such, we have found that the concept of recovery‐oriented care, which prioritizes autonomy, empowerment and respect for the person receiving services, is a helpful framework in which to view tools and techniques to enhance treatment engagement. Specifically, person‐centered care, including shared decision making, is a treatment approach that focuses on an individual's unique goals and life circumstances. Use of person‐centered care in mental health treatment models has promising outcomes for engagement. Particular populations of people have historically been difficult to engage, such as young adults experiencing a first episode of psychosis, individuals with coexisting psychotic and substance use disorders, and those who are homeless. We review these populations and outline how various evidence‐based, recovery‐oriented treatment techniques have been shown to enhance engagement. Our review then turns to emerging treatment strategies that may improve engagement. We focus on use of electronics and Internet, involvement of peer providers in mental health treatment, and incorporation of the Cultural Formulation Interview to provide culturally competent, person‐centered care. Treatment engagement is complex and multifaceted, but optimizing recovery‐oriented skills and attitudes is essential in delivery of services to those with serious mental illness.
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome and Intra‐abdominal Ischemia in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Smit M. , Buddingh K. T. , Bosma B. , Nieuwenhuijs V. B. , Hofker H. S. , Zijlstra J. G.
Published: February 2016

Introduction

Severe acute pancreatitis may be complicated by intra‐abdominal hypertension (IAH), abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), and intestinal ischemia. The aim of this retrospective study is to describe the incidence, treatment, and outcome of patients with severe acute pancreatitis and ACS, in particular the occurrence of intestinal ischemia.

Methods

The medical records of all patients admitted with severe acute pancreatitis admitted to the ICU of a tertiary referral center were reviewed. The criteria proposed by the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (WSACS) were used to determine whether patients had IAH or ACS.

Results

Fifty‐nine patients with severe acute pancreatitis were identified. Intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) measurements were performed in 29 patients (49.2 %). IAH was present in all patients (29/29). ACS developed in 13/29 (44.8 %) patients. Ten patients with ACS underwent decompressive laparotomy. A large proportion of patients with ACS had intra‐abdominal ischemia upon laparotomy: 8/13 (61.5 %). Mortality was high in both the ACS group and the IAH group.

Conclusion

This study confirms that ACS is common in severe acute pancreatitis. Intra‐abdominal ischemia occurs in a large proportion of patients with ACS. Swift surgical intervention may be indicated when conservative measures fail in patients with ACS. National and international guidelines need to be updated so that routine IAP measurements become standard of care for patients with severe acute pancreatitis in the ICU.
A novel chimeric prophage vB_LdeS-phiJB from commercial Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
Authors: Guo Tingting , Zhang Chenchen , Xin Yongping , Xin Min , Kong Jian
Published: February 2016

Prophage vB_LdeS-phiJB (phiJB) was induced by mitomycin C and UV radiation from the Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus SDMCC050201 isolated from a Chinese yoghurt sample. It has an isometric head and a non-contractile tail with 36,969 bp linear double-stranded DNA genome, which is classified into the group a of Lb. delbrueckii phages. The genome of phiJB is highly modular with functionally related genes clustered together. Unexpectedly, there is no similarity of its DNA replication module to any phages that have been reported, while it consists of open-reading frames homologous to the proteins of Lactobacillus strains. Comparative genomic analysis indicated that its late gene clusters, integration/lysogeny modules and DNA replication module derived from different evolutionary ancestors and integrated into a chimera. Our results revealed a novel chimeric phage of commercial Lb. delbrueckii and will broaden the knowledge of phage diversity in the dairy industry.
Mildly compromised tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor biosynthesis due to Pts variants leads to unusual body fat distribution and abdominal obesity in mice
Authors: Korner Germaine , Scherer Tanja , Adamsen Dea , Rebuffat Alexander , Crabtree Mark , Rassi Anahita , Scavelli Rossana , Homma Daigo , Ledermann Birgit , Konrad Daniel , Ichinose Hiroshi , Wolfrum Christian , Horsch Marion , Rathkolb Birgit , Klingenspor Martin , Beckers Johannes , Wolf Eckhard , Gailus‐Durner Valérie , Fuchs Helmut , de Angelis Martin Hrabě , Blau Nenad , Rozman Jan , Thöny Beat
Published: February 2016

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, alkylglycerol monooxygenase, and nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Inborn errors of BH4 metabolism lead to severe insufficiency of brain monoamine neurotransmitters while augmentation of BH4 by supplementation or stimulation of its biosynthesis is thought to ameliorate endothelial NOS (eNOS) dysfunction, to protect from (cardio‐) vascular disease and/or prevent obesity and development of the metabolic syndrome. We have previously reported that homozygous knock‐out mice for the 6‐pyruvolytetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS; Pts‐ko/ko) mice with no BH4 biosynthesis die after birth. Here we generated a Pts‐knock‐in (Pts‐ki) allele expressing the murine PTPS‐p.Arg15Cys with low residual activity (15 % of wild‐type in vitro) and investigated homozygous (Pts‐ki/ki) and compound heterozygous (Pts‐ki/ko) mutants. All mice showed normal viability and depending on the severity of the Pts alleles exhibited up to 90 % reduction of PTPS activity concomitant with neopterin elevation and mild reduction of total biopterin while blood L‐phenylalanine and brain monoamine neurotransmitters were unaffected. Yet, adult mutant mice with compromised PTPS activity (i.e., Pts‐ki/ko, Pts‐ki/ki or Pts‐ko/wt) had increased body weight and elevated intra‐abdominal fat. Comprehensive phenotyping of Pts‐ki/ki mice revealed alterations in energy metabolism with proportionally higher fat content but lower lean mass, and increased blood glucose and cholesterol. Transcriptome analysis indicated changes in glucose and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes associated with obesity, weight loss, hepatic steatosis, and insulin sensitivity were consistent with the observed phenotypic alterations. We conclude that reduced PTPS activity concomitant with mildly compromised BH4‐biosynthesis leads to abnormal body fat distribution and abdominal obesity at least in mice. This study associates a novel single gene mutation with monogenic forms of obesity.
Intracranial arterial abnormalities in patients with late onset Pompe disease (LOPD)
Authors: Montagnese Federica , Granata Francesca , Musumeci Olimpia , Rodolico Carmelo , Mondello Stefania , Barca Emanuele , Cucinotta Maria , Ciranni Anna , Longo Marcello , Toscano Antonio
Published: February 2016

Background and objectives

Pompe disease is a rare metabolic disorder due to lysosomal alpha‐glucosidase (GAA) deficiency. It is considered as a multi‐systemic disease since, although glycogen accumulation is largely prominent in heart, skeletal and respiratory muscles, other organs can also be affected. As regards the vascular system, few reports have documented cerebrovascular malformations in Pompe patients. The aim of this study was to define the presence and type of intracranial arterial abnormalities in a cohort of late onset Pompe disease (LOPD) patients.

Methods

We have studied 21 LOPD patients with cerebral CT angiography (CTA), using maximum intensity projection and volume rendering technique for 3D‐image reconstruction.

Results

We found intracranial arterial abnormalities in 13/21 patients (62 %), of whom: 2/21 patients (9.5 %) showed an unruptured intracranial aneurysm (respectively 2 and 4 mm), 10/21 (47 %) had a vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (VBD) and 1/21 a basilar artery fenestration. Signs of lacunar encephalopathy (insular, capsular and frontal subcortical lesions) were detected in 13/21 patients (62 %) and this correlated with the presence of respiratory impairment (p = 0.017).

Conclusions

These findings differ from what has been previously observed in healthy, aged‐matched populations and confirm that cerebral arteries abnormalities, mainly involving the posterior circle, are not so rare in LOPD patients and are often accompanied by a lacunar encephalopathy that might represent a hypoxic‐ischemic origin. A CTA or an MRA is recommended, in LOPD patients, for early detection of cerebrovascular malformations as they could lead to life‐threatening events such as sub‐arachnoid haemorrhage or brainstem compression.
Low conservation value of converted habitat for avifauna in tropical peatland on Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Fujita Motoko S. , Samejima Hiromitsu , Haryadi Dendy Sukma , Muhammad Ahmad , Irham Mohammad , Shiodera Satomi
Published: February 2016

Peat swamp forest is an important refuge for biodiversity in Southeast Asia and is now becoming a target of exploitation. The scarcity of information on avifauna and ecology of birds in peat swamp forests prevents understanding of the effects of land use change on avifauna. In this study, we describe the bird assemblages in habitats with different land uses by comparing species richness, community composition, and feeding guild patterns in Bukit Batu, Indonesia. Bird assemblages in natural peat swamp forests (NPF), high‐maintenance industrial acacia plantations (planted acacia forest, PAF), low‐maintenance rubber plantations (jungle rubber forest, JRF), and village areas (VIL) were studied using a fixed‐radius point‐count method. Of the 95 species observed, 45, 20, 35, and 48 species were observed in NPF, PAF, JRF, and VIL, respectively. Estimated species richness was the highest in NPF, followed by VIL, JRF, and PAF. NPF had the highest species diversity and β‐diversity, more endangered species, and a distinctive species composition characterized by fly‐catching insectivores. The relative conservation value of PAF was notably low, particularly compared with JRF. The avifauna in VIL was characterized by more generalists that favor open spaces and therefore is not considered an important habitat for forest‐dependent birds that are of conservation concern. Our results indicate that NPF has irreplaceable value for bird diversity conservation, but low‐maintenance rubber plantations were home to several forest‐dependent species and partially supported bird diversity, particularly compared with high‐maintenance acacia plantations.
Itaconic Acid Based Surfactants: I. Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium n‐Octyl Sulfoitaconate Diester Anionic Surfactant
Authors: Xu Jun , Cao Fengzhi , Li Tong , Zhang Shuai , Gao Chuanhui , Wu Yumin
Published: February 2016

A novel itaconate‐based surfactant, namely sodium n‐octyl sulfoitaconate diester (SOSID), has been synthesized from itaconic acid (IA) and n‐octanol by sulfonation and esterification reaction processes. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratios of n‐octanol to IA and the catalyst dosage on the esterification were investigated. The chemical structure of the surfactants SOSID was characterized by means of LC–MS and confirmed by FT‐IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The surface tension γ and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) were determined as 25.02 mN/m and 4.0 × 10−4 mol/L by using surface tensiometer at 20 °C. Further investigations showed that SOSID possess excellent wetting, emulsifying and lime soap dispersing properties.
Zur Analyse lokaler energiepolitischer Konflikte. Skizze eines Analysewerkzeugs
Authors: Becker Sören , Bues Andrea , Naumann Matthias
Published: February 2016

The success of the German energy transition is highly depending on developments at the local level. However, these local transitions towards a sustainable energy supply do not always run smoothly. Instead, their implementation is often troubled by local conflicts over renewable energy and new grid infrastructures. The question of public acceptance is linked to more fundamental questions such as the underlying objectives of their deployment as well as who benefits from these new facilities. These issues refer to more complex debates and negotiations on the public interest and new forms of organisations for power supply. This paper presents a tool for the analysis of local energy conflicts with special consideration of a notion of public interest and new forms of organisation. The tool links different strands of debate in the social sciences—regarding conflicts, modes of organisation and public interests—and relates them to material, spatial, temporal and actor-based issues of the energy transition. The analysis tool therefore allows an integrative reflection of energy conflicts, which has never been used in his combination so far.
TAMING UNCERTAINTY: THE LIMITS TO QUANTIFICATION
Authors: Tsanakas Andreas , Beck M. Bruce , Thompson Michael
Published: February 2016

Taming the beast of uncertainty has been the grand project to which actuaries have dedicated much of their energy and skill over at least the last 50 years – roughly the time since, in Hans Bühlmann's (1989) famous term, “Actuaries of the Second Kind” emerged.
Characterizing Hospital Admissions to a Tertiary Care Hospital After Typhoon Haiyan
Authors: Chang Mary P. , Simkin Daren J. , de Lara Maria Lourdes , Kirsch Thomas D.
Published: February 2016

Objective

On November 8, 2013, Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) made landfall in the Philippines. The literature characterizing the medical, surgical, and obstetrics burden following typhoons is lacking. This study aimed to improve disaster preparedness by analyzing medical diagnoses presenting to a city district hospital before, during, and after Typhoon Haiyan.

Methods

The assessment of disease burden and trends was based on logbooks from a local hospital and a nongovernmental organization field hospital for the medicine, surgical, and obstetrics wards before, during, and after the typhoon.

Results

The hospital provided no services several days after typhoon impact, but there was an overall increase in patient admissions once the hospital reopened. An increase in gastroenteritis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and motor vehicle collision-related injuries was seen during the impact phase. A dengue fever outbreak occurred during the post-impact phase. There was a noticeable shift in a greater percentage of emergent surgical cases performed versus elective cases during the impact and post-impact phases.

Conclusion

Overall, several public health measures can prevent the increase in illnesses seen after a disaster. To prepare for the nonfatal burden of disease after a typhoon, health care facilities should increase their resources to accommodate the surge in patient volume. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:240–247)
Effect of Hurricane Sandy on Long Island Emergency Departments Visits
Authors: Kim Hyun , Schwartz Rebecca M. , Hirsch Jerrold , Silverman Robert , Liu Bian , Taioli Emanuela
Published: February 2016

Objective

This study aimed to examine the effect of Hurricane Sandy on Long Island mental health emergency department (ED) visits and to determine whether these visits varied according to patient demographics or geographic area and intensity of the impact.

Methods

Individual-level de-identified data were extracted from the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System from New York State ED visits from October 1 to December 2012 for residents of Nassau and Suffolk counties in Long Island. The dates of the ED visits were grouped into 4 periods: (1) pre-Sandy, October 1–28; (2) during Sandy, October 29; (3) post-Sandy I, October 30 to November 1; and (4) post-Sandy II, November 2–30.

Results

A total of 126,337 ED visits were recorded among 23 EDs. A significant drop in volume was observed on October 29; 399 more ED visits for physical health diagnoses were identified in the post-Sandy I period than in the pre-Sandy period. “Diseases of the respiratory system” was the only diagnosis group that showed a positive trend in the post-Sandy I period compared with the pre-Sandy period (increase of 4%). No significant changes in mental health visits were observed after Sandy landfall.

Conclusions

This analysis suggests that the critical temporal window during which ED resources should be increased is in the immediate aftermath of a hurricane. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:344–350)
An established practice in new surroundings: concepts, challenges, pitfalls and guidelines for NCHD Balint Groups
Authors: Douglas L. , Feeney L.
Published: February 2016

Balint groups are now mandatory for psychiatry trainees. Balint groups have been in existence in General Practice for several decades. Providing Balint groups for Psychiatry Non Consultant Hospital Doctors brings with it challenges for the group leader and participants. Many of these challenges are common place in any form of group work, while others are unique to this cohort. This article describes these challenges. Guidelines which offer the the group the best chance of success, in the face of these common challenges, are discussed.