bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of IL-6 in exercise-induced anorexia in normal-weight boys
Authors: Hunschede Sascha , Schwartz Alexander , Kubant Ruslan , Thomas Scott G. , Anderson G. Harvey
Published: March 2018

Our previous study showed that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is associated with suppression of appetite after high-intensity exercise (HIEX), but an independent role in food intake (FI) was not defined. We hypothesized that IL-6 suppresses appetite and FI, independently of appetite hormones, after HIEX in normal-weight (NW) boys. We investigated the effect of HIEX, with and without the inflammation inhibitor ibuprofen (IBU), on IL-6, other biomarkers of inflammation and appetite, FI, and ratings of appetite in NW boys. Fifteen NW boys (aged 13–18 years) were randomly assigned in a crossover design to 4 sessions: (i) water and rest, (ii) IBU and rest, (iii) water and HIEX, and (iv) IBU and HIEX. HIEX consisted of three 10-min bouts of exercise at 75% of maximal oxygen uptake with 90 s of active rest between bouts. IBU (300 mg) was given as a liquid suspension. FI, ratings of appetite, and plasma biomarkers of appetite, inflammation, stress, and glucose control were measured. FI was not affected by HIEX or IBU. Appetite increased over time (p = 0.002) but was lower after HIEX (p < 0.001) and not affected by IBU. HIEX, but not IBU, resulted in higher levels of IL-6 (p < 0.001) and cortisol (p < 0.001) and lower active ghrelin (p < 0.001). IL-6 correlated with active ghrelin (r = 0.37; p = 0.036) and cortisol (r = 0.26; p = 0.049). An independent role for IL-6 in appetite suppression was not supported. However, IL-6 was correlated with active ghrelin and cortisol, thus potentially mediating appetite via these interactions.
Level bounds for exceptional quantum subgroups in rank two
Authors: Schopieray Andrew
Published: March 2018

There is a long-standing belief that the modular tensor categories [Formula: see text], for [Formula: see text] and finite-dimensional simple complex Lie algebras [Formula: see text], contain exceptional connected étale algebras (sometimes called quantum subgroups) at only finitely many levels [Formula: see text]. This premise has known implications for the study of relations in the Witt group of nondegenerate braided fusion categories, modular invariants of conformal field theories, and the classification of subfactors in the theory of von Neumann algebras. Here, we confirm this conjecture when [Formula: see text] has rank 2, contributing proofs and explicit bounds when [Formula: see text] is of type [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], adding to the previously known positive results for types [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].
Mod2 local invariants of maps between 3-manifolds
Authors: Aicardi Francesca
Published: March 2018

This paper refers to the work [V. Goryunov, Local invariants of maps between 3-manifolds, J. Topology 6 (2013) 757–776] on local invariants of maps between 3-manifolds. It is assumed that the manifolds have no boundary, and that the source is compact. In the case when the source and the target are oriented, Goryunov proved that every local order one invariant with integer values can be written as a linear combination of seven basic invariants, and gave a geometrical interpretation for them. When the target is the oriented [Formula: see text], there are further four basic mod2 invariants. One of the mod2 invariants has been provided with a topological interpretation, in terms of the number of components and of the self-linking of a framed link constructed from the cuspidal edge. Here, we show that two further independent linear combinations of the mod2 invariants have a topological interpretation, involving the self-linking number of two curves defined by all irregular points of the critical value set of a generic map from an oriented closed 3-manifold to [Formula: see text].
CORRELATION BETWEEN WETTABILITY AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER-BASED THIN FILMS PREPARED BY SPUTTERING METHOD WITH INCLINED SUBSTRATE AND SHADOWING EFFECT
Authors: SIABI-GARJAN A. , FAKHRI-MIRZANAGH SH. , AZIZIAN-KALANDARAGH Y.
Published: March 2018

In this work, various silver-based thin films were prepared by sputtering method with inclined substrates in the presence of shadowing object. The morphology and structural and optical properties of the prepared thin films were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), respectively. The wettability of films was investigated by measuring contact angles of the films. The obtained results show that by increasing shadowing effect, a decrease in contact angle of the prepared samples is observed. Bruggeman homogenization simulation method was applied to describe the film structures. The theoretical part and simulation using Bruggeman homogenization confirm the experimental findings and show the best possible agreements. Finally, an increase in contact angle of the prepared thin films with high porosity and high surface roughness was observed. In films with silver–silver oxide compositions, the higher contribution of oxide part in the structure of the films leads to the hydrophilicity of the surface.
Cosmological evolution of non-interacting and interacting holographic dark energy model in Brans–Dicke theory
Authors: Srivastava Milan , Singh C. P.
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this paper is to study the dynamics of non-interacting and interacting holographic dark energy (HDE) models in the framework of Brans–Dicke (BD) cosmology. As system’s infrared cutoff, we consider the future event horizon. The scalar function of BD theory is assumed to be a logarithmic form of scale factor, which is claimed to avoid a constant result for deceleration parameter. We investigate the cosmological implications of this model in detail. We obtain the time-dependent equation of state parameter and deceleration parameter which describe the phase transition of the Universe. We observe that the model explains the early time inflation and late time acceleration including matter-dominated phase. It is also observed that the equation of state parameter may cross phantom divide line in late time evolution. The cosmic coincidence problem is also discussed for both the models. We observe that this logarithmic form of Brans–Dicke scalar field is more appropriate to achieve a less acute coincidence problem in non-interacting model whereas a soft coincidence can be achieved if coupling parameter in interacting model has small value.
CuTCPP hybridized Bi2MoO6 composite with enhanced photocatalytic activity
Authors: Zhang Zhijie , Huang Hairui , Sun Shu , Xu Jiayue , Zhang Na
Published: March 2018

In order to increase the availability of the solar light, a Cu(II) meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (CuTCPP) sensitizer was introduced into Bi2MoO6 photocatalyst. The obtained CuTCPP/Bi2MoO6 composite exhibited much enhanced photocatalytic activity in the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under both simulated solar light and visible light beyond the absorption edge of Bi2MoO6 (λ > 500 nm), which can be attributed to the broadened photo-response range, as well as the increased charge separation rate of the CuTCPP/Bi2MoO6 composite. Our study demonstrates that hybridizing with porphyrin derivatives can be an effective strategy to increase the utilization rate of the solar light efficiently in a photocatalytic system.
CVD Synthesis of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes onto Different Catalysts at Low Temperature
Authors: Diao Guiqiang , Li Hao , Liang Hao , Ivanenko Iryna , Dontsova Tetiana , Astrelin Ihor
Published: March 2018

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized onto a series of individual and bimetallic catalysts by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of acetylene at low temperature (600[Formula: see text]C). The catalysts were prepared by two methods, i.e., precipitation and sol–gel, with two different carriers – MgO and Al2O3. The catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis, low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen. The yield of the MWCNTs was calculated in two ways, while the highest yield of 800% was achieved onto the two-component NiO/Co2O3/MgO catalyst, SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results confirm that uniform tube-like structure MWCNTs with the yield of 410% were obtained onto Co2O3/Al2O3 catalyst. These MWCNTs are smooth and pointing in the same direction. Their tube diameter is about 20[Formula: see text]nm, which is the smallest around all observed MWCNTs. Moreover, nonuniform curved bamboo-like MWCNTs with nozzles in the yield of 760% were obtained onto NiO/V2O3/MgO catalyst. Their diameter ranges from 25[Formula: see text]nm to 50[Formula: see text]nm. Results show that single-component catalyst promotes the growth of uniform and smaller nanotubes. Among the as-grown nanotubes, their specific surface area increases and average pores diameter reduces after the treatment with concentrated nitric acid at reflux and washing condition. The largest specific surface area (305[Formula: see text]m2/g) and average pores diameter (26[Formula: see text]m2/g) are processed to MWCNTs grown onto the NiO/Co2O3/MgO catalyst. MWCNTs with such large structural adsorption characteristics and purity of more than 99% obtained with yield 800% show potential use for preparation of nanocomposites as anode materials in lithium ion batteries.
Ontology-Based Surgical Subtask Automation, Automating Blunt Dissection
Authors: Nagy Dénes Ákos , Nagy Tamás Dániel , Elek Renáta , Rudas Imre J. , Haidegger Tamás
Published: March 2018

Automation of surgical processes (SPs) is an utterly complex, yet highly demanded feature by medical experts. Currently, surgical tools with advanced sensory and diagnostic capabilities are only available. A major criticism towards the newly developed instruments that they are not fitting into the existing medical workflow often creating more annoyance than benefit for the surgeon. The first step in achieving streamlined integration of computer technologies is gaining a better understanding of the SP. Surgical ontologies provide a generic platform for describing elements of the surgical procedures. Surgical Process Models (SPMs) built on top of these ontologies have the potential to accurately represent the surgical workflow. SPMs provide the opportunity to use ontological terms as the basis of automation, allowing the developed algorithm to easily integrate into the surgical workflow, and to apply the automated SPMs wherever the linked ontological term appears in the workflow. In this work, as an example to this concept, the subtask level ontological term “blunt dissection” was targeted for automation. We implemented a computer vision-driven approach to demonstrate that automation on this task level is feasible. The algorithm was tested on an experimental silicone phantom as well as in several ex vivo environments. The implementation used the da Vinci surgical robot, controlled via the Da Vinci Research Kit (DVRK), relying on a shared code-base among the DVRK institutions. It is believed that developing and linking further building blocks of lower level surgical subtasks could lead to the introduction of automated soft tissue surgery. In the future, the building blocks could be individually unit tested, leading to incremental automation of the domain. This framework could potentially standardize surgical performance, eventually improving patient outcomes.
Entrainment and abrasion of megaclasts during submarine landsliding and their impact on flow behaviour
Authors: Hodgson D. M. , Brooks H. L. , Ortiz-Karpf A. , Spychala Y. , Lee D. R. , Jackson C. A.-L.
Published: March 2018

Many mass transport complexes (MTCs) contain up to kilometre-scale (mega)clasts encased in a debritic matrix. Although many megaclasts are sourced from the headwall areas, the irregular basal shear surfaces of many MTCs indicate that megaclast entrainment during the passage of flows into the deeper basin is also common. However, the mechanisms responsible for the entrainment of large blocks of substrate, and their influence on the longitudinal behaviour of the associated flows, have not been widely considered. We present examples of megaclasts from exhumed MTCs (the Neuquén Basin, Argentina and the Karoo Basin, South Africa) and MTCs imaged in three-dimensional seismic reflection data (Magdalena Fan, offshore Colombia and Santos Basin, offshore Brazil) to investigate these process–product interactions. We show that highly sheared basal surfaces are well developed in distal locations, sometimes extending beyond their associated deposit. This points to deformation and weakening of the substrate ahead of the flow, suggesting that preconditioning of the substrate by distributed shear ahead of, and to the side of, a mass flow could result in the entrainment of large fragments. An improved understanding of the interactions between flow evolution, seabed topography, and the entrainment and abrasion of megaclasts will help to refine estimates of run-out distances, and therefore the geohazard potential of submarine landslides.
3D Printed Organ Models for Surgical Applications
Authors: Qiu Kaiyan , Haghiashtiani Ghazaleh , McAlpine Michael C.
Published: March 2018

Medical errors are a major concern in clinical practice, suggesting the need for advanced surgical aids for preoperative planning and rehearsal. Conventionally, CT and MRI scans, as well as 3D visualization techniques, have been utilized as the primary tools for surgical planning. While effective, it would be useful if additional aids could be developed and utilized in particularly complex procedures involving unusual anatomical abnormalities that could benefit from tangible objects providing spatial sense, anatomical accuracy, and tactile feedback. Recent advancements in 3D printing technologies have facilitated the creation of patient-specific organ models with the purpose of providing an effective solution for preoperative planning, rehearsal, and spatiotemporal mapping. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in 3D printed, patient-specific organ models with an emphasis on 3D printing material systems, integrated functionalities, and their corresponding surgical applications and implications. Prior limitations, current progress, and future perspectives in this important area are also broadly discussed.
Activation of TRPV1 in nucleus tractus solitarius reduces brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, arterial pressure, and heart rate
Authors: Mohammed Mazher , Madden Christopher J. , Andresen Michael C. , Morrison Shaun F.
Published: March 2018

The sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) to brown adipose tissue (BAT) regulates BAT thermogenesis to defend body temperature in cold environments or to produce fever during immune responses. The vagus nerve contains afferents that inhibit the BAT SNA and BAT thermogenesis evoked by skin cooling. We sought to determine whether activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), which are prominently expressed in unmyelinated vagal afferents, would affect cold-evoked BAT thermogenesis, cardiovascular parameters, or their vagal afferent-evoked responses. In urethane-chloralose-anesthetized rats, during skin cooling, nanoinjection of the TRPV1-agonist resiniferatoxin in NTS decreased BAT SNA (from 695 ± 195% of baseline during cooling to 103 ± 8% of baseline after resiniferatoxin), BAT temperature (−0.8 ± 0.1°C), expired CO2 (−0.3 ± 0.04%), mean arterial pressure (MAP; −20 ± 5 mmHg), and heart rate (−44 ± 11 beats/min). Pretreatment of NTS with the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine prevented these resiniferatoxin-mediated effects. Intravenous injection of the TRPV1 agonist dihydrocapsaicin also decreased all the measured variables (except MAP). Bilateral cervical or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy attenuated the decreases in BAT SNA and thermogenesis evoked by nanoinjection of resiniferatoxin in NTS but did not prevent the decreases in BAT SNA and BAT thermogenesis evoked by intravenous dihydrocapsaicin. We conclude that activation of TRPV1 channels in the NTS of vagus nerve intact rats inhibits BAT SNA and decreases BAT metabolism, blood pressure, and heart rate. In contrast, the inhibition of BAT thermogenesis following systemic administration of dihydrocapsaicin does not require vagal afferent activity, consistent with a nonvagal pathway through which systemic TRPV1 agonists can inhibit BAT thermogenesis.
Lateral septum growth hormone secretagogue receptor affects food intake and motivation for sucrose reinforcement
Authors: Terrill Sarah J. , Wall Kaylee D. , Medina Nelson D. , Maske Calyn B. , Williams Diana L.
Published: March 2018

The hormone ghrelin promotes eating and is widely considered to be a hunger signal. Ghrelin receptors, growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHSRs), are found in a number of specific regions throughout the brain, including the lateral septum (LS), an area not traditionally associated with the control of feeding. Here we investigated whether GHSRs in the LS play a role in the control of food intake. We examined the feeding effects of ghrelin and the GHSR antagonists ([d-Lys3]-growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 and JMV-2959) at doses subthreshold for effect when delivered to the lateral ventricle. Intra-LS ghrelin significantly increased chow intake during the midlight phase, suggesting that pharmacological activation of LS GHSRs promotes feeding. Conversely, GHSR antagonist delivered to the LS shortly before dark onset significantly reduced chow intake. These data support the hypothesis that exogenous and endogenous stimulation of GHSRs in the LS influence feeding. Ghrelin is known to affect motivation for food, and the dorsal subdivision of LS (dLS) has been shown to play a role in motivation. Thus, we investigated the role of dLS GHSRs in motivation for food reward by examining operant responding for sucrose on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. Intra-dLS ghrelin increased PR responding for sucrose, whereas blockade of LS GHSRs did not affect responding in either a fed or fasted state. Together these findings for the first time substantiate the LS as a site of action for ghrelin signaling in the control of food intake.
Transverse Vibration of Rotating Tapered Cantilever Beam with Hollow Circular Cross‐Section
Authors: Wang Zhongmin , Li Rongrong
Published: March 2018

Problems related to the transverse vibration of a rotating tapered cantilever beam with hollow circular cross‐section are addressed, in which the inner radius of cross‐section is constant and the outer radius changes linearly along the beam axis. First, considering the geometry parameters of the varying cross‐sectional beam, rotary inertia, and the secondary coupling deformation term, the differential equation of motion for the transverse vibration of rotating tapered beam with solid and hollow circular cross‐section is derived by Hamilton variational principle, which includes some complex variable coefficient terms. Next, dimensionless parameters and variables are introduced for the differential equation and boundary conditions, and the differential quadrature method (DQM) is employed to solve this differential equation with variable coefficients. Combining with discretization equations for the differential equation and boundary conditions, an eigen‐equation of the system including some dimensionless parameters is formulated in implicit algebraic form, so it is easy to simulate the dynamical behaviors of rotating tapered beams. Finally, for rotating solid tapered beams, comparisons with previously reported results demonstrate that the results obtained by the present method are in close agreement; for rotating tapered hollow beams, the effects of the hub dimensionless angular speed, ratios of hub radius to beam length, the slenderness ratio, the ratio of inner radius to the root radius, and taper ratio of cross‐section on the first three‐order dimensionless natural frequencies are more further depicted.
Statistical Identification of Markov Chain on Trees
Authors: Xiang Xuyan , Zhang Xiao , Mo Xiaoyun
Published: March 2018

The theoretical study of continuous-time homogeneous Markov chains is usually based on a natural assumption of a known transition rate matrix (TRM). However, the TRM of a Markov chain in realistic systems might be unknown and might even need to be identified by partially observable data. Thus, an issue on how to identify the TRM of the underlying Markov chain by partially observable information is derived from the great significance in applications. That is what we call the statistical identification of Markov chain. The Markov chain inversion approach has been derived for basic Markov chains by partial observation at few states. In the current letter, a more extensive class of Markov chain on trees is investigated. Firstly, a type of a more operable derivative constraint is developed. Then, it is shown that all Markov chains on trees can be identified only by such derivative constraints of univariate distributions of sojourn time and/or hitting time at a few states. A numerical example is included to demonstrate the correctness of the proposed algorithms.
Acquisition of Letter Naming Knowledge, Phonological Awareness, and Spelling Knowledge of Kindergarten Children at Risk for Learning to Read
Authors: Paige David D. , Rupley William H. , Smith Grant S. , Olinger Crystal , Leslie Mary
Published: March 2018

This study measures letter naming, phonological awareness, and spelling knowledge in 2,100 kindergarten students attending 63 schools within a large, urban school district. Students were assessed across December, February, and May of the kindergarten year. Results found that, by May, 71.8% of students had attained full letter naming knowledge. Phonological awareness emerged more slowly with 48% of students able to reliably segment and blend phonemes in words. Spelling development, a measure of phonics knowledge, found that, by May, 71.8% of students were in the partial-alphabetic phase. A series of regression analyses revealed that by the end of kindergarten both letter naming and phonological awareness were significant predictors of spelling knowledge (b = .332 and .518 for LK and PA, resp.), explaining 52.7% of the variance.
Research on GNSS Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Method Based on M-Estimation
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Chen Pengyun , Song Dan , Fan Guochao
Published: March 2018

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) method is an effective means to provide integrity monitoring for users in time. In order to solve the misjudgment caused by the interference of gross error to the least squares algorithm, this paper proposes a RAIM method based on M-estimation for multiconstellation GNSS. Based on five programs, BDS, GPS/BDS, and GPS/BDS/GLONASS at the current stage, the future Beidou Global Navigation Satellite System, and the future GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo system, the new RAIM method is compared with the traditional least squares method by simulation. The simulation results show that, with the increase of constellations, RAIM availability, fault detection probability, and fault identification probability will be improved. Under the same simulation conditions, the fault detection and identification probabilities based on M-estimation are higher than those based on least squares estimation, and M-estimation is more sensitive to minor deviation than least squares estimation.
Stanniocalcin Expression as a Predictor of Late Breast Cancer Recurrence
Authors: Brantley Kristen D. , Kjærsgaard Anders , Cronin-Fenton Deirdre , Yacoub Rami , Nielsen Anja S. , Lauridsen Kristina L. , Hamilton-Dutoit Stephen , Lash Timothy L.
Published: March 2018

Background: Expression of human paracrine hormones stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) and stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) may potentiate late breast cancer recurrence. We tested the hypothesis that expression of STC1 and STC2 in primary breast tumors is more strongly associated with late versus early recurrences.

Methods: A total of 541 estrogen receptor–positive, tamoxifen-treated (ER+/TAM+) and 300 ER-negative, tamoxifen-untreated (ER−/TAM−) breast cancer patients who experienced recurrence within 10 years of primary diagnosis and matched recurrence-free controls were selected from a cohort of 11,251 Danish breast cancer patients diagnosed with stage I, II, or III breast cancer during 1985 to 2001. The association between IHC expression of STC1 and STC2 in primary breast tumor tissue microarrays and breast cancer recurrence was evaluated within median time to recurrence quintiles.

Results: The association between STC1 expression, dichotomized as positive or negative, and recurrence was strongly positive for the final time quintile (6–10 years postdiagnosis) in the ER+/TAM+ group [aOR = 2.70; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22–5.98]. Regression of the log ORs relating dichotomous STC1 and STC2 expression to recurrence by median time to recurrence (year) resulted in a relatively large positive effect estimate for STC1 (β = 0.16; 95% CI, −0.03–0.36) and a near-null positive effect estimate for STC2 (β = 0.04; 95% CI, −0.14–0.21).

Conclusions: Our results suggest a stronger association between primary tumor STC1 expression and late recurrence, as opposed to early recurrence, although no clear trend was apparent.

Impact: STC1 expression in the primary tumor may potentiate late recurrences, suggesting dormancy pathways that merit further investigation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(6); 653–9. ©2018 AACR.
Genome Sequencing and RNA-Motif Analysis Reveal Novel Damaging Noncoding Mutations in Human Tumors
Authors: Singh Babita , Trincado Juan L. , Tatlow PJ , Piccolo Stephen R. , Eyras Eduardo
Published: March 2018

A major challenge in cancer research is to determine the biological and clinical significance of somatic mutations in noncoding regions. This has been studied in terms of recurrence, functional impact, and association to individual regulatory sites, but the combinatorial contribution of mutations to common RNA regulatory motifs has not been explored. Therefore, we developed a new method, MIRA (mutation identification for RNA alterations), to perform an unbiased and comprehensive study of significantly mutated regions (SMR) affecting binding sites for RNA-binding proteins (RBP) in cancer. Extracting signals related to RNA-related selection processes and using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from the same specimens, we identified alterations in RNA expression and splicing linked to mutations on RBP binding sites. We found SRSF10 and MBNL1 motifs in introns, HNRPLL motifs at 5′ UTRs, as well as 5′ and 3′ splice-site motifs, among others, with specific mutational patterns that disrupt the motif and impact RNA processing. MIRA facilitates the integrative analysis of multiple genome sites that operate collectively through common RBPs and aids in the interpretation of noncoding variants in cancer. MIRA is available at https://github.com/comprna/mira.

Implications: The study of recurrent cancer mutations on potential RBP binding sites reveals new alterations in introns, untranslated regions, and long noncoding RNAs that impact RNA processing and provide a new layer of insight that can aid in the interpretation of noncoding variants in cancer genomes. Mol Cancer Res; 16(7); 1112–24. ©2018 AACR.
Harnessing and Optimizing the Interplay between Immunotherapy and Radiotherapy to Improve Survival Outcomes
Authors: Mujoo Kalpana , Hunt Clayton R. , Pandita Raj K. , Ferrari Mauro , Krishnan Sunil , Cooke John P. , Hahn Stephen , Pandita Tej K.
Published: March 2018

In the past, radiotherapy was primarily used to control local disease, but recent technological advances in accurate, high-dose ionizing radiation (IR) delivery have not only increased local tumor control but in some cases reduced metastatic burden. These “off target” therapeutic effects of IR at nonirradiated tumor sites, also known as abscopal effects, are thought to be mediated by tumor antigen–primed T cells that travel to metastatic sites and promote tumor regression. Similarly, early indications reveal that IR in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as ipilimumab (anti–CTLA-4) and nivolumab (anti–PD-1), can provide superior therapeutic responses. These observations suggest that local radiotherapy results in altered gene expression, exposure of new antigens, or cell death that can interact with immunotherapy. As such, radiotherapy enhancement of immune responses offers a promising synergy with the potential for substantial clinical benefit. This review focuses on the biology that underlies the mechanisms for the interaction between radiation-induced tumor cell death and enhanced immunologic response. Mol Cancer Res; 16(8); 1209–14. ©2018 AACR.
A Novel Device for Placement of a Secondary Tracheoesophageal Voice Prosthesis: A Preliminary Feasibility Study
Authors: Tkaczuk Andrew T. , Taylor Rodney J. , Wolf Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2018

Background: Tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) for post-laryngectomy speech rehabilitation can be performed at the time of laryngectomy (primary) or at a subsequent time (secondary). Traditionally, the secondary procedure is performed using a rigid esophagoscope. Diseases like esophageal stricture, limited neck extension, and soft-tissue fibrosis can make this procedure technically challenging or impossible. We developed a novel device to perform a secondary tracheoesophageal puncture using a flexible esophagoscope. Objective: To test the feasibility of a novel device used to create a secondary TEP in post-laryngectomy cadavers. Methods: In this study, we performed a total laryngectomy on 3 fresh cadavers to establish the feasibility of our prototype. In each cadaver, a flexible esophagoscope was passed into the pharynx with the prototype. The prototype was passed through a working port and deployed to distend the esophagus. The puncture was visualized and a wire was passed via the newly established fistula. The device was activated, securing the wire, and then the esophagoscope and device were removed. Results: There was 100% successful deployment of the prototype device, allowing rapid creation of the puncture and security of the guide wire in each cadaver. There was no evidence of collateral mucosal injury or esophageal perforation. Conclusions: The prototype device offers an alternative method to safely and efficiently perform a secondary TEP without the requirement of rigid esophagoscopy which can sometimes be technically impossible in this patient population.
Epiretinal Proliferations Associated with Lamellar Macular Holes: Clinical and Surgical Implications
Authors: Marques Marco Frederico , Rodrigues Sónia , Raimundo Miguel , Costa José , Marques João Pedro , Alfaiate Mário , Figueira João
Published: March 2018

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of lamellar hole-associated epiretinal proliferation (LHEP) and to correlate this finding with lamellar macular hole (LMH) morphology and prognosis after a surgical or conservative approach. Methods: This is a retrospective multicenter case series comprising consecutive LMH patients followed for ≥6 months. Serial spectral-domain optical coherence tomographies were evaluated for the presence of epiretinal membrane (ERM) and LHEP, diameter of the LMH aperture, base, and floor thickness. Pars plana vitrectomy with ERM and internal limiting membrane peeling was performed in the surgical cases. Results: A total of 62 eyes from 57 consecutive patients were included. Mean follow-up time was 27.1 ± 19.8 months. LHEP was observed in 33 (53.2%) eyes. Patients with LMH and LHEP presented a larger external diameter (p = 0.001) and thinner floors (p = 0.018). Twenty-seven (81.8%) of the patients with LMH and LHEP presented a degenerative intraretinal cavitation, compared to 23.3% in the non-LHEP group (p = 0.001). No differences were observed in visual performance or closure rate between the 2 groups after surgery or in the subset of patients followed conservatively. Conclusions: LHEP was correlated with the anatomical conformation of the LMH, yielding thinner floors and larger external diameters. However, it did not correlate with the anatomical or functional results, both in the patients who underwent surgery and in those managed conservatively.
Tolvaptan for Primary Aldosteronism and Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Kunizawa Kyohei , Hoshino Junichi , Mizuno Hiroki , Suwabe Tatsuya , Sumida Keiichi , Kawada Masahiro , Yamanouchi Masayuki , Sekine Akinari , Hayami Noriko , Hiramatsu Rikako , Hasegawa Eiko , Sawa Naoki , Takaichi Kenmei , Shibata Shigeru , Ubara Yoshifumi
Published: March 2018

A 59-year-old Japanese woman was admitted for evaluation of muscle weakness. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease had been diagnosed at the age of 47 years, followed by primary aldosteronism at 53 years. At the age of 58, tolvaptan was started (60 mg/day) to treat her renal disease. After 8 months of tolvaptan therapy, hypokalemia-related muscle weakness became prominent, and hypertension became refractory. Finally, treatment with low-dose tolvaptan (30 mg/day) and high-dose spironolactone (100 mg/day) normalized serum potassium and the blood pressure. Tolvaptan can induce urinary excretion of potassium in patients with primary aldosteronism, and possible mechanisms are discussed.
Human Glioblastoma-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell to Pericytes Transition and Angiogenic Capacity in Glioblastoma Microenvironment
Authors: Yi Dongye , Xiang Wei , Zhang Qing , Cen Yongcun , Su Qing , Zhang Fangcheng , Lu Yinping , Zhao Hongyang , Fu Peng
Published: March 2018

Background/Aims: Tumor vascular formation and maintenance are crucial events in glioblastoma development. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to differentiate into pericytes and contribute to neovascularization in the glioma microenvironment. Moreover, glioblastoma-derived mesenchymal stem cells (gb-MSCs), which consist of CD90-MSCs and CD90+MSCs, are a subpopulation of MSCs that are more active in glioma vascularization. However, the functions of gb-MSCs and the microRNA (miRNA) modifications in the glioblastoma microenvironment have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we focus on the pericyte differentiation potential of gb-MSCs and miRNA modifications in gb-MSCs during new vascular formation and glioblastoma growth. Methods: In vitro, surface markers of gb-MSCs were detected by flow cytometry; the differentiation potential was evaluated by Oil Red O staining, Alizarin Red staining and Alcian blue staining; the proliferation and migration of gb-MSCs in different conditioned media were analyzed by the cck8 test and wound-healing assay, respectively; gb-MSC to pericyte transition was detected by immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay; angiogenetic capacity was analyzed by tube formation assay; and levels of cytokines in different supernatant were determined by ELISA. Additionally, RNA was isolated from gb-MSCs, and miRNA modifications were analyzed using the RAffymetrix miRNA microarray Results: We showed that glioblastoma-conditioned medium increased gb-MSC proliferation and migration and was capable of inducing gb-MSC differentiation into pericytes. Glioblastoma secreted angiogenic factors and gb-MSCs incubated in malignant glioblastoma-conditioned medium formed more tube-like structures, and these cells also adhered to tube-like vessels formed by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on Matrigel to maintain tumor vascular structure in vitro. miRNA expression were also modified in gb-MSCs cultured in malignant glioblastoma-conditioned medium in vitro. Conclusion: These results provide new insight into the functional effects of a subpopulation of MSCs in glioblastoma and may help in the development of novel therapies for solid tumors.
Circulating LncRNAs Analysis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Reveals Novel Genes Influencing Glucose Metabolism and Islet β-Cell Function
Authors: Ruan Yuting , Lin Nie , Ma Qiang , Chen Rongping , Zhang Zhen , Wen Weiheng , Chen Hong , Sun Jia
Published: March 2018

Background/Aims: The islet is an important endocrine organ to secrete insulin to regulate the metabolism of glucose and maintain the stability of blood glucose. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in a variety of biological functions and play key roles in many diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of this study was to determine whether lncRNA-p3134 is associated with glucose metabolism and insulin signaling in pancreatic β cells. Methods: LncRNA microarray technology was used to identify the differentially expressed circulating lncRNAs in T2D patients. RT-PCR analyses were performed to determine the expression of lncRNA-p3134 in 30 pairs of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. The correlation of lncRNA-p3134 to clinical data from T2D patients was analyzed. LncRNA-p3134 was overexpressed in Min6 cells and db/db mice by adenovirus-mediated technology. CCK-8, TUNEL, Western blot, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), ELISAs and immunochemistry were performed to determine the effect of lncRNA-p3134 on proliferation, apoptosis and insulin secretion both in vitro and vivo. Results: The circulating level of lncRNA-p3134 was higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic controls and was correlated with fasting blood glucose and HOMA-β levels. The lncRNA-p3134 had risen by 4 times in serum exosomes but nearly unchanged in exosome-free samples. The secretion of lncRNA-p3134 was dynamically modulated by glucose in both Min6 cells and isolated mouse islet cells. LncRNA-p3134 positively regulate GSIS through promoting of key regulators (Pdx-1, MafA, GLUT2 and Tcf7l2) in β cells. In addition, the overexpression of lncRNA-p3134 resulted in a decreased apoptosis ratio and partially reversed the glucotoxicity effects on GSIS function in Min6 cells. The restoration of insulin synthesis and secretion the increase of the insulin positive cells areas by upregulation of lncRNA-p3134 in db/db mice confirmed the compensatory role of lncRNA-p3134 to preserve β-cell function. Furthermore, a protective effect of lncRNA-p3134 on GSIS by positive modulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling was also confirmed. After blocking the PI3K/AKT signals with their specific inhibitor, the effect of overexpressed lncRNA-p3134 on insulin secretion was obviously attenuated. Conclusion: Taken together, the results of this study provide new insights into lncRNA-p3134 regulation in pancreatic β cells and provide a better understanding of novel mechanism of glucose homeostasis.
Identification of Three Novel Frameshift Mutations in the PKD1 Gene in Iranian Families with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Using Efficient Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Ranjzad Fariba , Aghdami Nasser , Tara Ahmad , Mohseni Marzieh , Moghadasali Reza , Basiri Abbas
Published: March 2018

Background/Aims: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common inherited cystic kidney diseases caused by mutations in two large multi-exon genes, PKD1 and PKD2. High allelic heterogeneity and duplication of PKD1 exons 1–32 as six pseudo genes on chromosome 16 complicate molecular analysis of this disease. Methods: We applied targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) in 9 non-consanguineous unrelated Iranian families with ADPKD to identify the genes hosting disease-causing mutations. This approach was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Results: Here, we determined three different novel frameshift mutations and four previously reported nonsense mutations in the PKD1 gene encoding polycystin1 in heterozygotes. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of NGS in significantly reducing the cost and time for simultaneous sequence analysis of PKD1 and PKD2, simplifying the genetic diagnostics of ADPKD. Although a probable correlation between the mutation types and phenotypic outcome is possible, however for more extensive studies in future, the consideration of renal hypouricemia (RHUC) and PKD1 coexistence may be helpful. The novel frameshift mutations reported by this study are p. Q1997X, P. D73X and p. V336X.
Thalidomide Reduces Hemorrhage of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations in a Mouse Model
Authors: Zhu Wan , Chen Wanqiu , Zou Dingquan , Wang Liang , Bao Chen , Zhan Lei , Saw Daniel , Wang Sen , Winkler Ethan , Li Zhengxi , Zhang Meng , Shen Fanxia , Shaligram Sonali , Lawton Michael , Su Hua
Published: March 2018

Background and Purpose—

Brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) is an important risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage. Current treatments for bAVM are all associated with considerable risks. There is no safe method to prevent bAVM hemorrhage. Thalidomide reduces nose bleeding in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, an inherited disorder characterized by vascular malformations. In this study, we tested whether thalidomide and its less toxic analog, lenalidomide, reduce bAVM hemorrhage using a mouse model.

Methods—

bAVMs were induced through induction of brain focal activin-like kinase 1 (
Alk1
, an AVM causative gene) gene deletion and angiogenesis in adult
Alk1
-floxed mice. Thalidomide was injected intraperitoneally twice per week for 6 weeks, starting either 2 or 8 weeks after AVM induction. Lenalidomide was injected intraperitoneally daily starting 8 weeks after AVM induction for 6 weeks. Brain samples were collected at the end of the treatments for morphology, mRNA, and protein analyses. The influence of
Alk1
downregulation on PDGFB (platelet-derived growth factor B) expression was also studied on cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells. The effect of PDGFB in mural cell recruitment in bAVM was explored by injection of a PDGFB overexpressing lentiviral vector to the mouse brain.

Results—

Thalidomide or lenalidomide treatment reduced the number of dysplastic vessels and hemorrhage and increased mural cell (vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes) coverage in the bAVM lesion. Thalidomide reduced the burden of CD68
+
cells and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the bAVM lesions. PDGFB expression was reduced in ALK1-knockdown human brain microvascular endothelial cells and in mouse bAVM lesion. Thalidomide increased Pdgfb expression in bAVM lesion. Overexpression of PDGFB mimicked the effect of thalidomide.

Conclusions—

Thalidomide and lenalidomide improve mural cell coverage of bAVM vessels and reduce bAVM hemorrhage, which is likely through upregulation of Pdgfb expression.
A review of the genus Tuberaleyrodes Takahashi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) with description of five new species from Brunei, Hong Kong and Malaysia
Authors: DUBEY ANIL KUMAR , MARTIN JON H.
Published: March 2018

The whitefly genus Tuberaleyrodes Takahashi is reviewed using types and determined specimens. The generic diagnosis is redefined together with description of five new species: T. bruneiensis Dubey & Martin sp. nov. from Brunei, T. crypta Dubey & Martin sp. nov. from Hong Kong, and T. ordo Dubey & Martin sp. nov., T. aequalis Dubey & Martin sp. nov. and T. variabilis Dubey & Martin sp. nov. from Malaysia. New species descriptions are accompanied with camera lucida drawings and microphotographs of holotype and paratypes. Tuberaleyrodes actinodaphnis Takahashi is elevated from its status as a variety of T. machili Takahashi to species level. Lectotypes are selected for T. actinodaphnis Takahashi Stat. nov. and T. bobuae Takahashi. Tuberaleyrodes actinodaphnis Takahashi is a new record to Taiwan. A new combination, Tuberaleyrodes glutae (Corbett) Comb. nov. is proposed for Dialeurodes glutae Corbett. Two species, T. glutae (Corbett) and Tuberaleyrodes spiniferosa (Corbett) are re-described, and placement of T. spiniferosa in the genus Tuberaleyrodes is confirmed. The genus Tuberaleyrodes is newly recorded from Borneo and Sulawesi. An identification key to puparia of Tuberaleyrodes species so far described is provided along with the countries of present records. Four plants families viz., Annonaceae, Fabaceae, Myristicaceae and Pentaphylacaeae are recorded as new hosts for Tuberaleyrodes species. New host plant records are indicated.
Effect of Madden–Julian Oscillation Occurrence Frequency on the Interannual Variability of Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Wave Activity in Winter
Authors: Wang Feiyang , Tian Wenshou , Xie Fei , Zhang Jiankai , Han Yuanyuan
Published: March 2018

This study uses reanalysis datasets and numerical experiments to investigate the influence of the occurrence frequency of the individual phases of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) on the interannual variability of stratospheric wave activity in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during boreal winter [November–February (NDJF)]. Our analysis reveals that the occurrence frequency of MJO phase 4 in winter is significantly positively correlated with the interannual variability of the Eliassen–Palm (E–P) flux divergence anomalies in the northern extratropical stratosphere; that is, higher (lower) occurrence frequency of MJO phase 4 corresponds to weaker (stronger) upward wave fluxes and increased (decreased) E–P flux divergence anomalies in the middle and upper stratosphere at mid-to-high latitudes, which implies depressed (enhanced) wave activity accompanied by a stronger (weaker) polar vortex in that region. The convection anomalies over the Maritime Continent related to MJO phase 4 excite a Rossby wave train that propagates poleward to middle and high latitudes, and is in antiphase with the climatological stationary waves of wavenumber 1 at middle and high latitudes. As the spatial distribution of the convection anomalies during MJO phase 7 has an almost opposite, but weaker, pattern to that during MJO phase 4, the occurrence frequency of MJO phase 7 has an opposite and weaker effect on the northern extratropical stratosphere to MJO phase 4. However, the other MJO phases (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8) cannot significantly influence the northern extratropical stratosphere because the wave responses in these phases are neither totally in nor out of phase with the background stationary wavenumber 1.
Precipitation Intensity Changes in the Tropics from Observations and Models
Authors: Gu Guojun , Adler Robert F.
Published: March 2018

Tropical (30°N–30°S) interdecadal precipitation changes and trends are explored for the satellite era using GPCP monthly analyses and CMIP5 outputs and focusing on precipitation intensity distributions represented by percentiles (Pct) and other parameters. Positive trends occur for the upper percentiles (Pct ≥ 70th), and become statistically significant for Pct ≥ 80th. Negative trends appear for the middle one-half percentiles (~20th–65th) and are statistically significant for the 20th–40th percentiles. As part of these trends there is a decadal shift around 1998, indicating the presence of an interdecadal [Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)] signal. For the lower percentiles (Pct ≤ 10th), positive trends occur, although weakly. The AMIP-type simulations generally show similar trend results for their respective time periods.

Precipitation intensity changes are further examined using four precipitation categories based on the climatological percentiles: Wet (Pct ≥ 70th), Intermediate (70th > Pct ≥ 30th), Dry (30th > Pct ≥ 5th), and No Rain (5th > Pct ≥ 0th). Epoch differences of occurrence frequency between 1988–97 and 1998–2015 have spatial features generally reflecting the combined effect of the PDO and external forcings, specifically the anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG)-related warming based on comparisons with both AMIP and CMIP results. Furthermore, precipitation intensity over Wet zones shows much stronger changes than mean precipitation including a more prominent change around 1998 associated with the PDO phase shift. Trends also appear in the sizes of Intermediate and Dry zones, especially over ocean. However, changes in the sizes of Wet and No Rain zones are generally weak. AMIP simulations reproduce these changes relatively well. Comparisons with the CMIP5 historical experiments further confirm that the observed changes and trends are a combination of the effect of the PDO phase shift and the impact of anthropogenic GHG-related warming.