bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial Decontamination of Fresh Produce (Strawberry) Using Washing Solutions
Authors: Shahi Naresh , Min ByungJin , Bonsi Eunice A.
Published: March 2015

This study was carried out to determine the effect of natural antimicrobial washing solutions against microbial growths on fresh produce specifically strawberries. Selected washing solutions used for strawberry washing, and treatments were sterile water (control), white vinegar (VI), crude lemon juice extract (LE), VI+Origanum oil (VIO), LE+Origanum oil (LEO), and VI+LE+Origanum oil (VILEO). From the preliminary study of antimicrobial activity of washing solutions in aqueous model system tested at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min against S. Typhimurium, washing time was determined as 5 min to be used for this study. After the washing, strawberries were stored at 4 °C for 5 days. Results showed that all natural washing solutions exhibited inhibitory effect against total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold. On day 5, compared to the control, all washing solutions significantly reduced S. Typhimurium by 2.7 Log CFU/g (P<0.05). Color results showed that samples color were slightly changed by washing with VIO and VILEO. However, there was no significant difference in total color change on strawberries compared to the control (P>0.05). Based on the results, it is indicated that the combination of vinegar with crude lemon juice extract and essential oil might be suitable as natural sanitizer for decontamination of fresh produce.
Low-Grade Fibromatosis-like Spindle Cell Carcinoma of the Breast
Authors: Dwyer Jessica B. , Clark Beth Z.
Published: March 2015

Low-grade fibromatosis-like spindle cell carcinoma is a rare tumor in the breast, and represents a variant of the very heterogeneous group of metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. These tumors warrant distinction because of their resemblance to pure fibromatosis, their propensity for local recurrence, and their favorable prognosis among the metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. The diagnosis is potentially challenging, particularly on core needle biopsies, because of the morphologic overlap with other low-grade spindle cell lesions. Recognition of a proliferation of cytologically bland spindle cells with areas of epithelial differentiation in combination with immunohistochemistry using antibodies against cytokeratins and myoepithelial markers should aid in producing a definitive diagnosis. These tumors can be locally aggressive with an increased incidence of local recurrence, but the potential for lymph node or distant metastasis is low. Complete excision with adequate margins is considered curative in the majority of cases.
A Triple Stain of Reticulin, Glypican-3, and Glutamine Synthetase: A Useful Aid in the Diagnosis of Liver Lesions
Authors: Swanson Benjamin J. , Yearsley Martha M. , Marsh William , Frankel Wendy L.
Published: March 2015

Context

The correct histologic diagnosis of mass lesions of the liver can be difficult, especially in biopsy samples. Reticulin, glypican-3, and glutamine synthetae are stains that can help distinguish hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic adenoma, and focal nodular hyperplasia.

Objective

To evaluate the utility of a triple stain of reticulin, glypican-3, and glutamine synthetae in distinguishing hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic adenoma, and focal nodular hyperplasia.

Design

Whole tissue sections and tissue microarrays were evaluated with a triple stain of reticulin, followed by glutamine synthetae (diaminobenzidine, brown chromogen) and glypican-3 (alkaline phosphatase, red chromogen). The 109 cases evaluated included whole tissue section hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 16), tissue microarray hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 19), whole tissue section hepatic adenoma (n = 15), tissue microarray hepatic adenoma (n = 13), whole tissue section focal nodular hyperplasia (n = 13; 12%), tissue microarray focal nodular hyperplasia (n = 13), as well as nonmalignant liver parenchyma adjacent to hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 20). All cases were scored for reticulin being intact or lost, positive or negative staining for glypican-3, and diffuse, maplike, perivenular, or negative staining for glutamine synthetae.

Results

The combination of intact reticulin with either glypican-3 negativity or negative glutamine synthetae was 92% sensitive and 95% specific in the distinction of tissue microarray hepatic adenoma from hepatocellular carcinoma. For the distinction of tissue microarray focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma, maplike glutamine synthetae was most useful and was 85% sensitive and 100% specific.

Conclusions

The triple stain of reticulin, glypican-3, and glutamine synthetae is useful in the differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic adenoma, and focal nodular hyperplasia on biopsy specimens. Furthermore, this triple stain is advantageous to single stains and can help when aberrant staining patterns are observed.
Diagnostic Utility of PHOX2B in Primary and Treated Neuroblastoma and in Neuroblastoma Metastatic to the Bone Marrow
Authors: Hata Jessica L. , Correa Hernan , Krishnan Chandra , Esbenshade Adam J. , Black Jennifer O. , Chung Dai H. , Mobley Bret C.
Published: March 2015

Context

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial tumor of childhood. Although most cases have a distinctive histology, a subset of primitive cases require immunohistochemical studies to distinguish them from other small round blue cell tumors of childhood. Immunohistochemistry is also used to detect small amounts of tumor metastatic to the bone marrow and in posttreatment samples with obscuring fibrosis, calcification, or inflammation. The transcription factor PHOX2B is essential for the differentiation and survival of sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells, and therefore is highly specific for the peripheral autonomic nervous system.

Objective

To determine the diagnostic utility of PHOX2B immunohistochemistry as a marker of primary, treated, and metastatic NB.

Design

Neuroblastoma tissue microarrays were stained with PHOX2B, CD57, and synaptophysin. Arrays containing rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and Wilms tumor were stained with PHOX2B, and negative bone marrow samples were stained with PHOX2B and CD57.

Results

PHOX2B and CD57 were similar to synaptophysin in their ability to detect NB. PHOX2B and CD57 similarly showed robust staining in posttreatment NB and NB metastatic to the bone marrow. In contrast to the cytoplasmic staining pattern seen with synaptophysin and CD57, clear and strong nuclear PHOX2B permitted identification of individual tumor cells. PHOX2B staining was absent in all cases of rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and Wilms tumor, and in the negative bone marrow.

Conclusions

PHOX2B and CD57 are useful markers of NB. PHOX2B is specific for NB in its differential diagnosis with other small round cell tumors, and its nuclear staining may be helpful for accurate bone marrow tumor quantification.
Le paysage linguistique en milieu minoritaire : une étude de l’affichage commercial à Saint-Boniface, au Manitoba
Authors: Cormier Gail
Published: March 2015

Ce texte analyse le paysage linguistique de Saint-Boniface, au Manitoba, une communauté francophone minoritaire. Il démontre que le français y est représenté comme langue ayant un statut minoritaire. Même dans le quartier français de la ville, il est facile de voir l’influence de l’anglais. La majorité des panneaux et des enseignes sont bilingues et, souvent, l’anglais y occupe une position prépondérante. Le vandalisme commis contre l’affichage public en français démontre également qu’il existe encore des relations tendues entre les anglophones et francophones de la ville de Winnipeg. Malgré cela, il s’avère primordial de revendiquer l’utilisation de la langue minoritaire dans son paysage linguistique puisque c’est une manière de légitimer la communauté de langue minoritaire.
Territoire, langues et sphères publiques : enjeux identitaires et défis structurels de la cohabitation linguistique
Authors: Wade Mathieu
Published: March 2015

Les revendications traditionnelles des communautés francophones minoritaires visent l’accès à des services publics ou la gestion d’institutions dans leur langue. Ces revendications sont légitimées par laLoi sur les langues officielleset s’appuient sur des arguments légaux. Or, des luttes récentes menées dans des municipalités de l’Ontario et du Nouveau-Brunswick pour légiférer les langues d’affichage commercial ont déplacé les enjeux linguistiques dans la sphère et dans l’espace publics, faisant apparaître le paysage comme nouvel enjeu. Ce texte porte sur la mobilisation pour légiférer les langues d’affichage commercial dans le Grand Moncton. Cette revendication a fait apparaître quelques dynamiques structurelles d’une sphère publique et d’un territoire bilingue et a mis en évidence quelques limites des sciences sociales francophones en milieu minoritaire.
L’acadianité au coeur du « Vortex » américain : l’inscription de l’Acadie dans l’imaginaire continental chez Jean Babineau
Authors: Thibeault Jimmy
Published: March 2015

On a pu constater dans les littératures d’expression française du Canada un mouvement de réinvestissement de l’espace américain et de son imaginaire. Plusieurs auteurs ouvrent le discours identitaire à une américanité qui se définit moins comme l’assimilation culturelle de la minorité francophone à un mode de vie étatsunien que comme l’expression d’une expérience continentale fondatrice. Dans la littérature acadienne, ce phénomène de réinvestissement de la mémoire continentale correspond à un désir de rompre avec une identité fondée sur des lieux communs inhérents à une mythologie continentale qui a longtemps confiné l’Acadie à une image relevant davantage d’une blessure historique que d’une présence active au sein d’une quelconque américanité. Menant une analyse du roman Vortex de Jean Babineau, cet article étudie la transformation du soi dans son rapport identitaire à l’espace américain et examine comment les transformations vécues sur le plan individuel participent à la recomposition de la figure de l’Acadien à partir de l’expérience proprement acadienne de l’Amérique.
L’oubli n’est pas absolu : réminiscences et prise de parole chez les Premiers peuples de la francophonie des Amériques
Authors: Ross-Tremblay Pierrot
Published: March 2015

L’auteur questionne le rapport que les Premiers peuples entretiennent avec le passé et le phénomène d’intériorisation des politiques de l’oubli dans le contexte des Amériques francophones. Il décrit comment la mémoire autobiographique du chercheur issu d’une minorité culturelle doit être attentivement prise en compte dans la recherche, en particulier en ce qui concerne l’étude de l’amnésie culturelle liée à l’expérience de traumatismes. Il réfléchit sur le potentiel émancipateur de la recherche autant en ce qui a trait à la revalidation des savoirs sur soi qu’à la génération de nouveaux modèles sociaux.
Monitoring deep‐ocean temperatures using acoustic ambient noise
Authors: Woolfe Katherine F. , Lani Shane , Sabra Karim G. , Kuperman W. A.
Published: March 2015

Measuring temperature changes of the deep oceans, important for determining the oceanic heat content and its impact on the Earth's climate evolution, is typically done using free‐drifting profiling oceanographic floats with limited global coverage. Acoustic thermometry provides an alternative and complementary remote sensing methodology for monitoring fine temperature variations of the deep ocean over long distances between a few underwater sources and receivers. We demonstrate a simpler, totally passive (i.e., without deploying any active sources) modality for acoustic thermometry of the deep oceans (for depths of ~ 500–1500 m), using only ambient noise recorded by two existing hydroacoustic stations of the International Monitoring System. We suggest that passive acoustic thermometry could improve global monitoring of deep‐ocean temperature variations through implementation using a global network of hydrophone arrays.
Identifying the role of typhoons as drought busters in South Korea based on hidden Markov chain models
Authors: Yoo Jiyoung , Kwon Hyun‐Han , So Byung‐Jin , Rajagopalan Balaji , Kim Tae‐Woong
Published: March 2015

This study proposed a hidden Markov chain model‐based drought analysis (HMM‐DA) tool to understand the beginning and ending of meteorological drought and to further characterize typhoon‐induced drought busters (TDB) by exploring spatiotemporal drought patterns in South Korea. It was found that typhoons have played a dominant role in ending drought events (EDE) during the typhoon season (July–September) over the last four decades (1974–2013). The percentage of EDEs terminated by TDBs was about 43–90% mainly along coastal regions in South Korea. Furthermore, the TDBs, mainly during summer, have a positive role in managing extreme droughts during the subsequent autumn and spring seasons. The HMM‐DA models the temporal dependencies between drought states using Markov chain, consequently capturing the dependencies between droughts and typhoons well, thus, enabling a better performance in modeling spatiotemporal drought attributes compared to traditional methods.
A compact photomicroreactor design for kinetic studies of gas‐liquid photocatalytic transformations
Authors: Su Yuanhai , Hessel Volker , Noël Timothy
Published: March 2015

A compact photomicroreactor assembly consisting of a capillary microreactor and small‐scale light emitting diodes was developed for the study of reaction kinetics in the gas‐liquid photocatalytic oxidation of thiophenol to phenyl disulfide within Taylor flow. The importance of photons was convincingly shown by a suction phenomenon due to the fast consumption of oxygen. Mass transfer limitations were evaluated and an operational zone without mass transfer effects was chosen to study reaction kinetics. Effects of photocatalyst loading and light sources on the reaction performance were investigated. Reaction kinetic analysis was performed to obtain reaction orders with respect to both thiophenol and oxygen based on heterogeneous and homogeneous experimental results, respectively. The Hatta number further indicated elimination of mass transfer limitations. Reaction rate constants at different photocatalyst loadings and different photon flux were calculated. Furthermore, the advantages of this photomicroreactor assembly for studying gas‐liquid photocatalytic reaction kinetics were demonstrated as compared with batch reactors. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2215–2227, 2015
Neuropsychological and dimensional behavioral trait profiles in Costa Rican ADHD sib pairs: Potential intermediate phenotypes for genetic studies
Authors: Peskin Viviana A. , Ordóñez Anna , Mackin R. Scott , Delucchi Kevin , Monge Silvia , McGough James J. , Chavira Denise A. , Berrocal Monica , Cheung Erika , Fournier Eduardo , Badner Judith A. , Herrera Luis Diego , Mathews Carol A.
Published: March 2015

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with substantial functional impairment in children and in adults. Many individuals with ADHD have clear neurocognitive deficits, including problems with visual attention, processing speed, and set shifting. ADHD is etiologically complex, and although genetic factors play a role in its development, much of the genetic contribution to ADHD remains unidentified. We conducted clinical and neuropsychological assessments of 294 individuals (269 with ADHD) from 163 families (48 multigenerational families created using genealogical reconstruction, 78 affected sib pair families, and 37 trios) from the Central Valley of Costa Rica (CVCR). We used principal components analysis (PCA) to group neurocognitive and behavioral variables using the subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and 15 neuropsychological measures, and created quantitative traits for heritability analyses. We identified seven cognitive and two behavioral domains. Individuals with ADHD were significantly more impaired than their unaffected siblings on most behavioral and cognitive domains. The verbal IQ domain had the highest heritability (92%), followed by auditory attention (87%), visual processing speed and problem solving (85%), and externalizing symptoms (81%). The quantitative traits identified here have high heritabilities, similar to the reported heritability of ADHD (70–90%), and may represent appropriate alternative phenotypes for genetic studies. The use of multigenerational families from a genetically isolated population may facilitate the identification of ADHD risk genes in the face of phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of adhesive thickness on the stringiness of crosslinked polyacrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives
Authors: Shitajima Kohei , Karyu Nozomi , Fujii Syuji , Nakamura Yoshinobu , Urahama Yoshiaki
Published: March 2015

The effect of adhesive thickness on stringiness behavior during 90° peel testing was investigated for crosslinked poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐acrylic acid) (A) and poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate‐acrylic acid) (B) with a constant crosslinker content. The adhesive thickness was varied over the range from 15 to 60 μm. All adhesive thicknesses exhibited sawtooth‐type peeling with a front frame for B, but only the 30‐μm thickness generated a front frame‐type for A. The peel rate decreased from 15 to 45 μm and plateaued above 45 μm under a constant load test. These results indicate that the adhesion strength increases with adhesive thickness, but reaches a constant value at high thicknesses. The stringiness was also analysed for B and the sawtooth interval observed to increase with increasing thickness. This means the sawtooth number decreased. As a result, the concentrated stress per sawtooth induces easier peeling and so this factor tend to increase the peel rate. Conversely, the stringiness width increased with increasing thickness. The stress load over the stringiness region decreased with an increase in thickness, meaning that a decrease in the concentrated stress decreases the peel rate. The actual peel rate is influenced by the contributions of these two factors. The strain rates during constant peel rate tests decreased slightly with increasing thickness, due to a reduction in the apparent modulus. The molecular mobilities near the adherend and the backing surfaces were evidently restrained by these surfaces, and the relative rates of motion of such restrained molecules decrease with increased thickness. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42210.
Multiple censored data in dentistry: A new statistical model for analyzing lesion size in randomized controlled trials
Authors: Wright Marvin N. , Ziegler Andreas
Published: March 2015

Caries infiltration is a novel treatment option for proximal caries lesions. The idea is to build a diffusion barrier inside the lesion to slow down or stop the caries progression. If a lesion still reaches a critical size, restorative treatment is required. Clinical trials investigating caries infiltration thus produce multiple censored ordinal data. Standard statistical models do not take into account this censoring, and we therefore propose the Multiple Ordered Tobit (MOT) model. The model is implemented inRand compared with standard approaches. Simulation studies demonstrate that for all sample sizes and scenarios the MOT model has the largest statistical power among all methods compared, and it is robust against heteroscedasticity to some extent. Finally, a comparison with dichotomous and ordinal scaled models shows that the use of metric data for the lesion size reduces the required sample size considerably.
Meta-analysis of reconstruction techniques after low anterior resection for rectal cancer
Authors: Hüttner F J , Tenckhoff S , Jensen K , Uhlmann L , Kulu Y , Büchler M W , Diener M K , Ulrich A
Published: March 2015

Background

Options for reconstruction after low anterior resection (LAR) for rectal cancer include straight or side-to-end coloanal anastomosis (CAA), colonic J pouch and transverse coloplasty. This systematic review compared these techniques in terms of function, surgical outcomes and quality of life.

Methods

A systematic literature search (MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library, from inception of the databases until November 2014) was conducted to identify randomized clinical trials comparing reconstructive techniques after LAR. Random-effects meta-analyses were carried out, and results presented as weighted odds ratios or mean differences with corresponding 95 per cent c.i. A network meta-analysis was conducted for the outcome anastomotic leakage.

Results

The search yielded 965 results; 21 trials comprising data from 1636 patients were included. Colonic J pouch was associated with lower stool frequency and antidiarrhoeal medication use for up to 1 year after surgery compared with straight CAA. Transverse coloplasty and side-to-end CAA had similar functional outcomes to the colonic J pouch. No superiority was found for any of the techniques in terms of anastomotic leak rate.

Conclusion

Colonic J pouch and side-to-end CAA or transverse coloplasty lead to a better functional outcome than straight CAA for the first year after surgery.
Nisin production of Lactococcus lactisN8 with hemin‐stimulated cell respiration in fed‐batch fermentation system
Authors: Kördikanlıoğlu Burcu , Şimşek Ömer , Saris Per E. J.
Published: March 2015

In this study, nisin production of Lactococcus lactis N8 was optimized by independent variables of glucose, hemin and oxygen concentrations in fed‐batch fermentation in which respiration of cells was stimulated with hemin. Response surface model was able to explain the changes of the nisin production of L. lactis N8 in fed‐batch fermentation system with high fidelity (R2 98%) and insignificant lack of fit. Accordingly, the equation developed indicated the optimum parameters for glucose, hemin, and dissolved oxygen were 8 g L−1 h−1, 3 μg mL−1 and 40%, respectively. While 1711 IU mL−1 nisin was produced by L. lactis N8 in control fed‐batch fermentation, 5410 IU mL−1 nisin production was achieved within the relevant optimum parameters where the respiration of cell was stimulated with hemin. Accordingly, nisin production was enhanced 3.1 fold in fed‐batch fermentation using hemin. In conclusion the nisin production of L. lactis N8 was enhanced extensively as a result of increasing the biomass by stimulating the cell respiration with adding the hemin in the fed‐batch fermentation. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:678–685, 2015
Simple “On‐Demand” Production of Bioactive Natural Products
Authors: Bode Edna , Brachmann Alexander O. , Kegler Carsten , Simsek Rukayye , Dauth Christina , Zhou Qiuqin , Kaiser Marcel , Klemmt Petra , Bode Helge B.
Published: March 2015

Exchange of the native promoter to the arabinose‐inducible promoter PBAD was established in entomopathogenic bacteria to silence and/or activate gene clusters involved in natural product biosynthesis. This allowed the “on‐demand” production of GameXPeptides, xenoamicins, and the blue pigment indigoidine. The gene clusters for the novel “mevalagmapeptides” and the highly toxic xenorhabdins were identified by this approach.
Socioeconomic disparities in neurocognitive development in the first two years of life
Authors: Noble Kimberly G. , Engelhardt Laura E. , Brito Natalie H. , Mack Luke J. , Nail Elizabeth J. , Angal Jyoti , Barr Rachel , Fifer William P. , Elliott Amy J. ,   in collaboration with the PASS Network
Published: March 2015

Socioeconomic status (SES) is strongly associated with cognition and achievement. Socioeconomic disparities in language and memory skills have been reported from elementary school through adolescence. Less is known about the extent to which such disparities emerge in infancy. Here, 179 infants from socioeconomically diverse families were recruited. Using a cohort‐sequential design, 90 infants were followed at 9 and 15 months, and 89 were followed at 15 and 21 months. SES disparities in developmental trajectories of language and memory were present such that, at 21 months of age, children of highly educated parents scored approximately .8 standard deviations higher in both language and memory than children of less educated parents. The home language and literacy environment and parental warmth partially accounted for disparities in language, but not memory development. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 535–551, 2015.
List Edge‐Coloring and Total Coloring in Graphs of Low Treewidth
Authors: Bruhn Henning , Lang Richard , Stein Maya
Published: March 2015

We prove that the list chromatic index of a graph of maximum degree Δ and treewidth is Δ; and that the total chromatic number of a graph of maximum degree Δ and treewidth is . This improves results by Meeks and Scott.
Partial depletion of striatal dopamine enhances penetrance of cognitive deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Melief Erica J. , Cudaback Eiron , Jorstad Nikolas L. , Sherfield Emily , Postupna Nadia , Wilson Angela , Darvas Martin , Montine Kathleen S. , Keene C. Dirk , Montine Thomas J.
Published: March 2015

Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are recognized to coexist on a spectrum of neurodegeneration, and it has been proposed that molecular interactions among pathogenic proteins are a basis for the overlap between these two diseases. We instead hypothesized that degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system enhances the clinical penetrance of early‐stage AD. To determine the effect of striatal dopamine (DA) on the pathological effects in an experimental model of AD, APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice received striatal injections of the neurotoxin 6‐hydroxydopamine (6OHDA). Animals were tested in a Barnes maze protocol and in a water T‐maze protocol at different ages to determine the onset of cognitive impairment. APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice that received 6OHDA injections showed significant impairment in Barnes maze performance at an earlier age than controls. Additionally, at 12 months of age, APPswe/PS1ΔE9 + 6OHDA mice demonstrated worse behavioral flexibility than other groups in a task‐switch phase of the water T‐maze. To determine the neuroprotective effects of dopaminergic neurotransmission against amyloid‐β42 (Aβ42) toxicity, neuronal branch order and dendrite length were quantified in primary medium spiny neuron (MSN) cultures pretreated with increasing doses of the D1 and D2 receptor agonists before being exposed to oligomerized Aβ42. Although there were no differences in Aβ peptide levels or plaque burden among the groups, in murine MSN culture dopaminergic agonists prevented a toxic response to Aβ42. Depletion of DA in the striatum exacerbated the cognitive impairment seen in a mouse model of early‐stage AD; this may be due to a protective effect of dopaminergic innervation against Aβ striatal neurotoxicity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cryptotephras: the revolution in correlation and precision dating
Authors: DAVIES SIWAN M.
Published: March 2015

From its Icelandic origins in the study of visible tephra horizons, tephrochronology took a remarkable step in the late 1980 s with the discovery of a ca. 4300‐year‐old microscopic ash layer in a Scottish peat bog. Since then, the search for these cryptotephra deposits in distal areas has gone from strength to strength. Indeed, a recent discovery demonstrates how a few fine‐grained glass shards from an Alaskan eruption have been dispersed more than 7000 km to northern Europe. Instantaneous deposition of geochemically distinct volcanic ash over such large geographical areas gives rise to a powerful correlation tool with considerable potential for addressing a range of scientific questions. A prerequisite of this work is the establishment of regional tephrochronological frameworks that include well‐constrained age estimates and robust geochemical signatures for each deposit. With distal sites revealing a complex record of previously unknown volcanic events, frameworks are regularly revised, and it has become apparent that some closely timed eruptions have similar geochemical signatures. The search for unique and robust geochemical fingerprints thus hinges on rigorous analysis by electron microprobe and laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. Historical developments and significant breakthroughs are presented to chart the revolution in correlation and precision dating over the last 50 years using tephrochronology and cryptotephrochronology.
Tic Phenomenology and Tic Awareness in Adults With Autism
Authors: Kahl Ursula , Schunke Odette , Schöttle Daniel , David Nicole , Brandt Valerie , Bäumer Tobias , Roessner Veit , Münchau Alexander , Ganos Christos
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT

Background: Tics are common in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, their phenomenology and characteristics have not been studied in detail. Methods: Based on video sequences of 21 adults with ASD without intellectual disability and 16 adults with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), tic severity, tic repertoires, and tic awareness were determined. Results: Ten ASD and all GTS participants had tics during video recordings. The ASD group had significantly fewer tics, compared to GTS. Tic distribution and tic repertoires were comparable, but more restricted in ASD. All GTS participants, but only 5 of the 10 ASD participants, were aware of their tics. Conclusions: Tics are common in adults with ASD. They are indistinguishable from tics in GTS and are similarly distributed, but less severe. Tic awareness is limited in ASD.
PRINCIPAL ATTITUDES REGARDING ZERO TOLERANCE AND RACIAL DISPARITIES IN SCHOOL SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Heilbrun Anna , Cornell Dewey , Lovegrove Peter
Published: March 2015

Zero tolerance school discipline practices have been associated with a national increase in suspensions, a practice that has had a disproportionate negative impact on Black students. The present study investigated an association between principal attitudes toward zero tolerance and suspension rates for White and Black students in 306 Virginia high schools. Black suspension rates were more than double White suspension rates. Regression analyses controlling for student poverty and school enrollment showed that principal endorsement of zero tolerance was moderately associated with suspension rates for both White and Black students, but was not associated with the size of the racial disparity. Paired‐samples t tests showed statistically significant differences in the types of offenses that resulted in suspensions, with Black students significantly more likely to be suspended for disruptive offenses and White students more likely to be suspended for alcohol‐ and drug‐related offenses.
Diagnostic accuracy of placental growth factor and ultrasound parameters to predict the small‐for‐gestational‐age infant in women presenting with reduced symphysis–fundus height
Authors: Griffin M. , Seed P. T. , Webster L. , Myers J. , MacKillop L. , Simpson N. , Anumba D. , Khalil A. , Denbow M. , Sau A. , Hinshaw K. , von Dadelszen P. , Benton S. , Girling J. , Redman C. W. G. , Chappell L. C. , Shennan A. H.
Published: March 2015

Objectives

To assess the diagnostic accuracy of placental growth factor (PlGF) and ultrasound parameters to predict delivery of a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) infant in women presenting with reduced symphysis–fundus height (SFH).

Methods

This was a multicenter prospective observational study recruiting 601 women with a singleton pregnancy and reduced SFH between 24 and 37 weeks' gestation across 11 sites in the UK and Canada. Plasma PlGF concentration < 5th centile, estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th centile, umbilical artery Doppler pulsatility index > 95th centile and oligohydramnios (amniotic fluid index < 5 cm) were compared as predictors for a SGA infant < 3rd customized birth‐weight centile and adverse perinatal outcome. Test performance statistics were calculated for all parameters in isolation and in combination.

Results

Of the 601 women recruited, 592 were analyzed. For predicting delivery of SGA < 3rd centile (n = 78), EFW < 10th centile had 58% sensitivity (95% CI, 46–69%) and 93% negative predictive value (NPV) (95% CI, 90–95%), PlGF had 37% sensitivity (95% CI, 27–49%) and 90% NPV (95% CI, 87–93%); in combination, PlGF and EFW < 10th centile had 69% sensitivity (95% CI, 55–81%) and 93% NPV (95% CI, 89–96%). The equivalent receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve areas were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.74–0.84) for EFW < 10th centile, 0.70 (95% CI, 0.63–0.77) for low PlGF and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.77–0.86) in combination.

Conclusions

For women presenting with reduced SFH, ultrasound parameters had modest test performance for predicting delivery of SGA < 3rd centile. PlGF performed no better than EFW < 10th centile in determining delivery of a SGA infant. © 2015 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the international society of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology.
Sr2MgOsO6: A Frustrated Os6+ (5d2) Double Perovskite with Strong Antiferromagnetic Interactions
Authors: Sarapulova Angelina , Adler Peter , Schnelle Walter , Mikhailova Daria , Felser Claudia , Tjeng Liu Hao , Jansen Martin
Published: March 2015

The Os6+ (t2g2) double perovskite Sr2MgOsO6 was prepared as polycrystalline material from the respective binary metal oxides. Sr2MgOsO6 crystallizes with the tetragonal space group I4/m. Magnetization and specific heat measurements show a broad anomaly near 100 K, but no well‐defined cusp. The magnetism is governed by strong antiferromagnetic interactions. Sr2MgOsO6 constitutes a new example for the peculiar, poorly understood magnetism of 5d2 ions on a frustrated fcc lattice, where spin‐orbit coupling and orbital physics are expected to play an important role.
Adolescent immunization - Protecting youth and preparing them for a healthy future
Authors: Langley Joanne M.
Published: March 2015

Adolescence is a period of profound biological, physical, intellectual and neuro-cognitive growth and development, during which new social roles and responsibilities are ac-quired. Vaccination has the potential to avert acute and chronic illness during this period and to decrease the risk of illness, disability, and cancer in adult life. Here, the vaccines recom-mended for adolescents are reviewed, and the essential role of health care providers in providing education to adolescents about immunization is highlighted. Each health care encounter is an opportunity to ensure that the adolescent has the benefit of all available vac-cines.
Effect of inclination on the transition scenario in the wake of fixed disks and flat cylinders
Authors: Chrust M. , Dauteuille C. , Bobinski T. , Rokicki J. , Goujon-Durand S. , Wesfreid J. E. , Bouchet G. , Dušek J.
Published: March 2015

We take up the old problem of Calvert (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 29, 1967, pp. 691–703) concerning the wake of a cylinder inclined with respect to the flow direction, and consider it from the viewpoint of transition to turbulence. For cylinders placed perpendicular to the flow direction, we address the disagreement between numerical simulation of the ideal axisymmetric configuration and experimental observations. We demonstrate that for a disk (a cylinder of aspect ratio infinity) and a flat cylinder of aspect ratio ${\it\chi}=6$ (ratio of diameter to height), the numerically predicted transition scenario is limited to very small inclination angles and is thus difficult to test experimentally. For inclination angles of about $4^{\circ }$ and more, a joint numerical and experimental study shows that the experimentally observed scenario agrees qualitatively well with the results of numerical simulations. For the flat cylinder ${\it\chi}=6$, we obtain satisfactory agreement with regard to dependence of the critical Reynolds number ($\mathit{Re}$) of the onset of vortex shedding on the inclination angle. Both for infinitely flat disks and cylinders of aspect ratio ${\it\chi}=6$, a small inclination tends to promote vortex shedding, that is, to lower the instability threshold, whereas for inclination angles exceeding $20^{\circ }$ the opposite effect is exhibited. The Strouhal number of oscillations is found to be only very weakly dependent on the Reynolds number, and very good agreement is obtained between values reported by Calvert (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 29, 1967, pp. 691–703) at high Reynolds numbers and our simulations at $\mathit{Re}=250$. In contrast, we observe relatively poor agreement in Strouhal numbers when comparing the results of our numerical simulations and the data acquired from the experimental set-up described in this paper. Closer analysis shows that confidence can be placed in the numerical results because the discrepancy can be attributed to the influence of the support system of the flat cylinder. Suggestions for improvement of the experimental set-up are provided.
A numerical toolkit to understand the mechanics of partially saturated granular materials
Authors: Roux J.-N.
Published: March 2015

The mechanisms by which a wetting, non-saturating liquid bestows macroscopic cohesion and strength to a granular material are usually not accessible to micromechanical investigations for saturations exceeding the pendular regime of isolated menisci, easily studied by discrete element models (DEM). The paper by Delenne et al. (J. Fluid Mech., 2015, vol. 762, R5) exploiting a multiphase lattice Boltzmann approach, pioneers the simulation of the micromorphology and of the mechanical effects on grains of an interstitial liquid, in equilibrium with its vapour, for the whole saturation range. Interestingly, in accordance with some experiments and phenomenological models, the results suggest that the mechanical effect of capillary forces is maximized for some intermediate saturation level (near 40 % in the model), well beyond the pendular range. In general, the proposed simulation technique opens the way to many studies of partially saturated granular assemblies, for different saturation or imbibition processes and histories.
Imidazole-containing phthalazine derivatives inhibit Fe-SOD performance in Leishmania species and are active in vitro against visceral and mucosal leishmaniasis
Authors: SÁNCHEZ-MORENO M. , GÓMEZ-CONTRERAS F. , NAVARRO P. , MARÍN C. , RAMÍREZ-MACÍAS I. , ROSALES M. J. , CAMPAYO L. , CANO C. , SANZ A. M. , YUNTA M. J. R.
Published: March 2015

The in vitro leishmanicidal activity of a series of imidazole-containing phthalazine derivatives 1–4 was tested on Leishmania infantum, Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania donovani parasites, and their cytotoxicity on J774·2 macrophage cells was also measured. All compounds tested showed selectivity indexes higher than that of the reference drug glucantime for the three Leishmania species, and the less bulky monoalkylamino substituted derivatives 2 and 4 were clearly more effective than their bisalkylamino substituted counterparts 1 and 3. Both infection rate measures and ultrastructural alterations studies confirmed that 2 and 4 were highly leishmanicidal and induced extensive parasite cell damage. Modifications to the excretion products of parasites treated with 2 and 4 were also consistent with substantial cytoplasmic alterations. On the other hand, the most active compounds 2 and 4 were potent inhibitors of iron superoxide dismutase enzyme (Fe-SOD) in the three species considered, whereas their impact on human CuZn-SOD was low. Molecular modelling suggests that 2 and 4 could deactivate Fe-SOD due to a sterically favoured enhanced ability to interact with the H-bonding net that supports the antioxidant features of the enzyme.
Sarcocystis chloropusae (protozoa: Sarcocystidae) n. sp. from the common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) from Egypt
Authors: EL-MORSEY A. , EL-SEIFY M. , DESOUKY A. Y. , ABDEL-AZIZ M. M. , SAKAI H. , YANAI T.
Published: March 2015

A new name Sarcocystis chloropusae is proposed for a parasite previously found in two of 25 common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) from Brolos Lake, Egypt. Sarcocysts were microscopic, up to 650 μm long, the cyst wall was up to 4·5 μm thick, and contained villar protrusions that were up to 4 μm long and up to 2 μm wide. The villar protrusions were crowded, contained vesicles but lacked microtubules. The ground substance layer was smooth. The bradyzoites were up to 12 μm long and up to 2 μm wide. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the (ITS-1) supported the conclusion that the Sarcocystis in G. chloropus is a distinct species.
Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Treatment Reveals Crosstalks among Proteome, Ubiquitylome and Acetylome in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549 Cell Line
Authors: Wu Quan , Cheng Zhongyi , Zhu Jun , Xu Weiqing , Peng Xiaojun , Chen Chuangbin , Li Wenting , Wang Fengsong , Cao Lejie , Yi Xingling , Wu Zhiwei , Li Jing , Fan Pingsheng
Published: March 2015

Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is a well-known histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and has been used as practical therapy for breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is previously demonstrated that SAHA treatment could extensively change the profile of acetylome and proteome in cancer cells. However, little is known about the impact of SAHA on other protein modifications and the crosstalks among different modifications and proteome, hindering the deep understanding of SAHA-mediated cancer therapy. In this work, by using SILAC technique, antibody-based affinity enrichment and high-resolution LC-MS/MS analysis, we investigated quantitative proteome, acetylome and ubiquitylome as well as crosstalks among the three datasets in A549 cells toward SAHA treatment. In total, 2968 proteins, 1099 acetylation sites and 1012 ubiquitination sites were quantified in response to SAHA treatment, respectively. With the aid of intensive bioinformatics, we revealed that the proteome and ubiquitylome were negatively related upon SAHA treatment. Moreover, the impact of SAHA on acetylome resulted in 258 up-regulated and 99 down-regulated acetylation sites at the threshold of 1.5 folds. Finally, we identified 55 common sites with both acetylation and ubiquitination, among which ubiquitination level in 43 sites (78.2%) was positive related to acetylation level.
Efficient visible-light photocatalytic degradation system assisted by conventional Pd catalysis
Authors: Yu Yanlong , He Tao , Guo Lingju , Yang Yajun , Guo Limei , Tang Yue , Cao Yaan
Published: March 2015

Different approaches like doping and sensitization have been used to develop photocatalysts that can lead to high reactivity under visible-light illumination, which would allow efficient utilization of solar irradiation and even interior lighting. We demonstrated a conceptually different approach by changing reaction route via introducing the idea of conventional Pd catalysis used in cross-coupling reactions into photocatalysis. The –O–Pd–Cl surface species modified on Ni-doped TiO2 can play a role the same as that in chemical catalysis, resulting in remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation. For instance, Pd/Ni-TiO2 has much higher activity than N-TiO2 (about 3 ~ 9 times for all of the 4-XP systems) upon irradiation with wavelength of 420 nm. The catalytically active Pd(0) is achieved by reduction of photogenerated electrons from Ni-TiO2. Given high efficient, stable Pd catalysts or other suitable chemical catalysts, this concept may enable realization of the practical applications of photocatalysis.
Gas-phase reaction of two unsaturated ketones with atomic Cl and O3: kinetics and products
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhou Li , Wang Weigang , Ge Maofa
Published: March 2015

The rate constants and products for the reactions of atomic Cl and O3molecule with 3-methyl-3-buten-2-one (MBO332) and 3-methyl-3-penten-2-one (MPO332) were determined in a 100 L Teflon chamber at 293 ± 1 K and atmospheric pressure.
A multiscale approach for modeling actuation response of polymeric artificial muscles
Authors: Sharafi Soodabeh , Li Guoqiang
Published: March 2015

Artificial muscles are emerging materials in the field of smart materials with applications in aerospace, robotic, and biomedical industries.
Facile colorimetric detection of nitrite based on anti-aggregation of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Ye Yingjie , Guo Yi , Yue Yuan , Zhang Yongxing
Published: March 2015

A sensor for the facile colorimetric detection of nitrite using unmodified gold nanoparticles is developed on the basis of a specific diazo reaction between nitrite and 4-aminothiophenol.
Rutile phase n- and p-type anodic titania nanotube arrays with square-shaped pore morphologies
Authors: Kar Piyush , Zhang Yun , Farsinezhad Samira , Mohammadpour Arash , Wiltshire Benjamin D. , Sharma Himani , Shankar Karthik
Published: March 2015

Elevated temperature flame and furnace annealing of anatase-phase TiO2 nanotube arrays resulted in an unusual morphological transformation that generated square-shaped annular nanostructures, and was accompanied by a change in phase from anatase to rutile. Flame annealing also improved the photoelectrochemical activity of the titania nanotubes.
Diffusion of molecules in the bulk of a low density amorphous ice from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Ghesquière P. , Mineva T. , Talbi D. , Theulé P. , Noble J. A. , Chiavassa T.
Published: March 2015

Arguments for a solvent driven mechanism for the diffusion of CO, CO2, NH3, and H2CO in a LDA water ice.
Selenate as a novel ligand for keplerate chemistry. New {W72Mo60} keplerates with selenates inside the cavity
Authors: Korenev Vladimir S. , Abramov Pavel A. , Vicent Cristian , Zhdanov Artem A. , Tsygankova Alphiya R. , Sokolov Maxim N. , Fedin Vladimir P.
Published: March 2015

The synthesis and characterization of three novel keplerate-type compounds containing the {W72Mo60} mixed-metal core are reported.
Plasma metabolic profiling after cortical spreading depression in a transgenic mouse model of hemiplegic migraine by capillary electrophoresis – mass spectrometry
Authors: Shyti Reinald , Kohler Isabelle , Schoenmaker Bart , Derks Rico J. E. , Ferrari Michel D. , Tolner Else A. , Mayboroda Oleg A. , van den Maagdenberg Arn M. J. M.
Published: March 2015

Cortical spreading depression-induced brain metabolic changes have been captured in the plasma of a transgenic migraine mouse model using CE-MS.
Facile synthesis of CdTe-based quantum dots promoted by mercaptosuccinic acid and hydrazine
Authors: Tan Jiawei , Liang Yan , Wang Jiexin , Chen Jianfeng , Sun Baochang , Shao Lei
Published: March 2015

High-quality CdTe and CdSexTe1−x QDs were prepared at 95 °C within 45 minutes with the sizes controlled by N2H4 concentration.
Palladium/N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Mono- and Double-Cyanation of Aryl Halides Using Potassium Ferrocyanide Trihydrate under Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Xu Zhicheng , Xiao Yunqing , Ding Hong , Cao Changsheng , Li Haitao , Pang Guangsheng , Shi Yanhui
Published: March 2015

A practical palladium/N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed procedure for the mono- and double-cyanation of aryl halides is described using inexpensive, easy-to-handle and nontoxic potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate {K4[Fe(CN)6]·3H2O} as the cyanating agent. The reaction does not require an anhydrous solvent, or the exclusion of air or moisture. A variety of electron-rich and electron-deficient aryl halides are efficiently converted into their corresponding nitriles and dicarbonitriles.
Contributed Review: Quantum cascade laser based photoacoustic detection of explosives
Authors: Li J. S. , Yu B. , Fischer H. , Chen W. , Yalin A. P.
Published: March 2015

Detecting trace explosives and explosive-related compounds has recently become a topic of utmost importance for increasing public security around the world. A wide variety of detection methods and an even wider range of physical chemistry issues are involved in this very challenging area. Optical sensing methods, in particular mid-infrared spectrometry techniques, have a great potential to become a more desirable tools for the detection of explosives. The small size, simplicity, high output power, long-term reliability make external cavity quantum cascade lasers (EC-QCLs) the promising spectroscopic sources for developing analytical instrumentation. This work reviews the current technical progress in EC-QCL-based photoacoustic spectroscopy for explosives detection. The potential for both close-contact and standoff configurations using this technique is completely presented over the course of approximately the last one decade.