bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In silico evaluation of phytocompounds from Indian medicinal plants for Canine Mammary Tumours
Authors: Ramakrishnan V , Ravikumar P , Raja T , Vijayarani K , Arivuchelvan A , Parthiban M , Thangapandiyan M , Preetha SP
Published: March 2021

Canine mammary tumours are among the most predominant neoplasms and happen all the more usually among unblemished females which are not spayed at an early age. The previous study carried out at Madras Veterinary College reported that out of the 14,326 clinical cases presented in an eight months study, 61 cases were mammary tumours. The current study was aimed to screen chemo preventive effect of phytocompounds of Indian medicinal plants for Canine mammary tumours. Mammaglobin-B was taken as a target protein and it was modeled using I-Tasser. Around 920 phytocompounds were collected from different Indian medicinal plants using Dr. Duke’s database. In which, after checking Lipinski Rule of five, 132 compounds were selected for this study. The 3D structure of all the phytocompounds were retrieved from PubChem database. Docking studies were done using Discovery Studio 4.0. From the results, the phytocompounds Homocapsaicin (Libdcok score: 102.27), Homodihydrocapsaicin (Libdcok score: 101.55) and Isositsirikine (Libdcok score: 99.19) showed the best Libdcok score. Hence, the present study was concluded that the phytocompounds Homocapsaicin and Homodihydrocapsaicin from Capsicum annuum and Isositsirikine from Catharanthus roseus had potential effect against Canine mammary tumours.
Antimicrobial, Cytotoxicity, Acute Oral Toxicity, and Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of the Aqueous and Methanolic Stem-Bark Extracts of Croton megalocarpus Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Kathare Joseph M , Mbaria James M , Nguta Joseph M , Moriasi Gervason A
Published: March 2021

Microbial infections are feared to cause over 10 million deaths by the year 2050, whereby 50% of the global burden squarely lies in less developed countries of Africa and Asian continents. The current drugs have suffered resistance by previously susceptible strains, are associated with severe side effects, among other therapeutic and economic drawbacks, hence the need for alternatives. Despite the widespread usage of medicinal plants by over 80% of the global population to treat common ailments, including microbial infections, only a few have been empirically validated. Croton megalocarpus is used to treat microbial-associated infections like pneumonia and typhoid among the Agikuyu community of Kenya. However, its healing claims and safety have not been evaluated empirically to date, hence this study. We investigated the antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, acute oral toxicity, and qualitative phytochemical composition of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of C. megalocarpus. The disk diffusion and broth microdilution techniques described by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) were adopted for antimicrobial assays. The acute oral toxicity effects of the studied plant extracts were evaluated according to the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline document number 425. The brine shrimp lethality assay technique was used to appraise the cytotoxic effects of the studied plant extracts. Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed following standard procedures. The results revealed that all the studied plant extracts had varied antimicrobial effects on selected microbial strains and showed MIC values of <1000 µg/ml indicating their antimicrobial potential. Moreover, the studied plant extracts had LC50 values of >100 µg/ml and >2000 mg/Kg bw in the brine shrimp lethality and acute oral toxicity assays, respectively, demonstrating their safety. Antimicrobial- associated phytocompounds were detected in the studied plant extracts suggesting they were responsible for the reported bioactivity. Further studies to establish the specific mode(s) of antimicrobial action, toxicological, and safety should be performed. Furthermore, antimicrobial investigations of the studied plant extracts on other clinically significant microbial strains and the isolation, characterization, and optimization of antimicrobials from the studied plant extracts should be done.
PEMBUATAN YOGHURT SINBIOTIK KACANG MERAH (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) DENGAN PENGGUNAAN BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT DENGAN PENAMBAHAN PREBIOTIK
Authors:   Program Studi Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Bioindustri, Universitas Trilogi, Sonya Sekarningrum Agatha , Seveline Seveline ,   Program Studi Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Bioindustri, Universitas Trilogi
Published: March 2021

Manufacture of probiotic product that has been done a lot is manufacture of yoghurt. In the process, addition of red beans and prebiotic is done to add value to the product. Addition of Lactic Acid Bacteria and inulin in the form of banana flour with different amounts is done to find the right synbiotic yogurt formulation. This research was conducted to test the quality of product physically, chemically, microbiology and organoleptics. This research was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design with the first factor being the BAL levels added and the second factor being the levels of inulin added. Based on the tests, the results obtained that the formulation using L. plantarum as much as 1% and 2% commercial inulin is the right formulation with results that are in accordance with SNI 2891: 1992 standards. The total value of LAB resulting from the formulation is 3.24 x 106 cfu/ml with a total non-fat solid of 11.16%.
Introduction
Authors: Shelemay Kay Kaufman , Kaplan Steven
Published: March 2021

This essay offers a general introduction to the volume’s papers, providing the necessary background information about their genesis and relationship to other relevant publications within Ethiopian, African, and diaspora studies. The concept of diaspora and its relevance for the Ethiopian experience is discussed, providing a historical overview of Ethiopian movement abroad, culminating in the mass exodus sparked by the 1974 revolution. The essay explores the topic of cultural creativity in critical perspective, offering definitions of creativity and its relationship to Ethiopian concepts, along with an overview of the essays, a note on technical matters, and acknowledgments. (18 May 2009)
Framing a Deterritorialized, Hybrid Alternative to Nationalist Essentialism in the Postcolonial Era: Tjalie Robinson and the Diasporic Eurasian “Indo” Community
Authors: Dewulf Jeroen
Published: March 2021

In her study of Transnational South Asians (2008), Susan Koshy highlights the systematic neglect by scholars of the perspectives and activities of such seemingly peripheral actors as diasporic subjects in the macro-narratives of nationalism and globalization. Such neglect was even more pronounced in the case of the “repatriates” from European colonies in Asia and Africa. The epistemological implications of the dislocated, de-territorialized discourse produced by repatriates from former European colonies remain largely overlooked. One of those groups that seem to have slipped between the pages of history is the diasporic Eurasian “Indo” community that has its roots in the former Dutch East Indies. In this article, I focus on Tjalie Robinson, the intellectual leader of this community from the 1950s to the mid-1970s. In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in what Homi Bhabha, in The Location of Culture (1994, 38), called “the conceptualization of an international culture, based not on the exoticism of multiculturalism or the diversity of cultures, but on the inscription and articulation of culture’s hybridity.” Long before Bhabha, Robinson had already published substantially on hybrid, transnational identity. As the son of a Dutch father and a British-Javanese mother, Robinson had made a name in Indonesia with his writings. He left Indonesia in 1954, and soon became the leading voice of the diasporic Indo community in the Netherlands and, later, also in the United States. His engagement resulted in the founding of the Indo magazine Tong Tong and the annual Pasar Malam, the world’s biggest Eurasian festival. With his writings, Robinson played an essential role in the cultural awareness and self-pride of the Indo community through the acceptance of their essentially hybrid and transnational identity.
Constructing the “Domestic Abroad”: Re-examining the Role of Diasporas in International Relations
Authors: Glover Robert W.
Published: March 2021

On 9 April 2003, the American-led invasion of Iraq seemed to have reached an important turning point as troops rumbled into Baghdad. With the assistance of the occupying force, Iraqis took to the streets, toppling and dismantling the forty-foot statue of the dictator that had loomed over Firdos Square. This appeared to be the pivotal moment of liberation that the Bush administration had promised, a speedy defeat coupled with jubilant Iraqis praising the cause. The global news network CNN, not wanting to miss a moment of the dramatic unfolding events, went live . . . to Dearborn, Michigan.
Diasporan Subalternities: The Armenian Community in Syria
Authors: Payaslian Simon
Published: March 2021

This article offers an account of Syria’s substantial Armenian diasporic community, concentrating on how it negotiated its integration without assimilation into the larger Syrian society (itself not homogeneous but long dominated by a single political system). The analysis relies on themes and approaches developed by subaltern studies; ideas drawn from it enable us to delineate the trajectory of the diasporan community. Successfully maintaining its distinct cultural identity as a result of the closed nature of the political system, and further buttressed by the religio-cultural barriers between the Armenian Christian community and the Arab Muslim dominant groups, this community has nevertheless accepted permanent subalternization; it has failed to develop its full potential in cultural creativity and political confidence. Neither the technological nor the economic forces emanating from globalization, despite the liberalization policies pursued under the Asad governments, have proved sufficient to change the closed nature of the Syrian political economy. The permanent peripheralization of the Armenians in Syria has meant that they either dwell voicelessly in the realm of diasporan subalternities or exit. The community has declined, in terms of both numbers and vitality, since the early 1960s. This article proposes a theoretical framework that combines studies of diasporan transformation and Albert Hirschman’s analysis of “voice, exit, and loyalty” in order to develop a more complete picture of the evolution of an exilic community into a diasporic community and, finally, its decline and potential dissolution.
Diaspora Philanthropy in Australia: A Preliminary Critique
Authors: Baker Christopher , Battiston Simone , Mascitelli Bruno
Published: March 2021

Australia is home to numerous diaspora communities that have settled in Australia throughout the twentieth century. Over the decades, these ethnic communities have adapted to the Australian way of life and while there was an attempt to create a single national identity, many immigrant communities continue to maintain their cultural and linguistic links with their origin homeland. It is to be expected that many within these communities feel they owe some obligation to their original homeland. At times this manifests itself as personal, economic support to family structures back home; at others, in more complex, event-based investments. This study is a preliminary critique of philanthropic trends in Australiás diasporic coarious diasporas, very few address the dual theme in Australia. Some studies havemmunties. While studies exist across the world on the philanthropic practices of v pursued the two themes in separate contexts. Very few have explored the two concepts of diaspora communities and the philanthropic behavior of these communities as a single combined theme. The aim of this article is to undertake a preliminary and critical study on this significant and growing phenomenon.
The Apocalyptic Creole, from Dessalines to the Chimères
Authors: Munro Martin
Published: March 2021

In this article, I explore the idea of the hybrid, creolized subject in Haiti as a kind of living phantom. To do so, I refer initially to the notion of the “Creole Dessalines,” the idea that Haiti’s first leader was island-born and culturally creole. I then move forward in time 200 years, to just before the bicentenary, a time that seemed to usher back into Haitian society figures that appear to echo in many ways the creole Dessalines in their ambiguous, contradictory values, actions, and relations to broader Haitian society. These figures are the so-called Chimères, the term used to refer to the gangs from the shantytowns of Port-au-Prince who were used in the service of Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s government and who developed a reputation for extreme violence, used against the antigovernment popular movement. Beginning with a discussion of the origins of the Chimères, I will then focus on three works in which the Chimères figure prominently: the documentary films Ghosts of Cité Soleil and Haïti, la fin des chimères, and Lyonel Trouillot’s Bicentenaire. In all but Trouillot’s work, the prominent Chimères brothers known as Billy and Tupac are featured, which allows one to move from the general conceptions of the Chimères into the particular realities of these individual lives.
Introduction: Diasporic Return
Authors: Olsson Erik , King Russell
Published: March 2021

In his article questioning the recent tendency to broaden and loosen the definition and conceptualization of diaspora, Brubaker (2005) argues for a return to three core features of diasporas, namely, that they involve a geographic dispersal process, often over a long period of time; that diasporic people retain a sense of their own ethnic/diasporic identity, distinct from the host societies within which they are located; and that they preserve a homeland orientation. It is with the last of these defining criteria that this special issue is concerned, stimulated by the fact that studies on the actualization of the homeland orientation through a physical return to the country of origin are rather rare.
Cubans in the United States and Spain: The Diaspora Generational Divide
Authors: Eckstein Susan , Berg Mette Louise
Published: March 2021

For decades the Miami-based Cuban diaspora successfully represented itself globally as a monolithic bloc and influenced US policy vis-a-vis Cuba. Yet the success glosses over the diversity of the Cuban diaspora, not only in Miami, but in the United States more widely, as well as internationally. The first wave of emigres, who are known as “exiles, “ have for decades campaigned for a watertight embargo against Cuba and have on principle refused to visit their homeland. By contrast, more recent Cuban emigres, who have left the island since the economic crisis of the 1990s and who are less affluent and have less political clout, have forged cross-border transnational links with kin and friends on the island. In this article, building on Mannheim’s thesis about the long-lasting impact that early-life experiences may have, we show that diasporic Cubans who left Cuba with shared experiences and then settled in the United States or Spain adapted similarly, and relate to Cuba in similar ways, and differently from Cubans who emigrated at other points in time with different pre-migration lived experiences. Specifically, we compare and contrast two historically grounded generations in the United States and in Spain in terms of labor market insertion, political incorporation, and linguistic and cultural acculturation in the two host countries. We thereby illustrate the explanatory power of our historically grounded thesis of diasporic generation formations that we elucidated in the Introduction. The article shows how historically grounded pre-migration experiences continue to shape and mold the ways in which immigrants relate to their homeland from abroad, in ways that neither the assimilationist nor the transnational framework can account for. The article then discusses implications of this finding for the conceptualization of “generation” within research on migration more broadly.
The Diasporic Crane: Discursive Migration across the Armenian-Turkish Divide
Authors: Pifer Michael
Published: March 2021

Despite the fact that rubrics for reading national and “world” literatures through comparative optics have grown increasingly sophisticated over the last decade, the problem of how to theorize cross-cultural and literary interaction still plays a critical role in debates on global connectivity. This article suggests an approach for reading cross-cultural interaction across literary systems and musical cultures by tracing the migration of discourses beyond their supposedly native origins. It therefore examines how a popular discourse about a well-traveled bird, the crane, itself migrated across Arabic, Punjabi, and Turkish literary cultures, a process that in part enabled Armenian intellectuals to configure the wandering crane into the predominant symbol of the Armenian diaspora during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Consequently, in mapping the non-linear flight of “cranes” as a symbol of dispersion between Armenian and Turkish literary and musical cultures in particular, this article argues the need to complicate simple un-and bidirectional models for understanding cross-cultural exchange. Instead, it suggests that we ought to give more attention to specifying multiple forms of transmission—such as the interplay between manuscript, oral, and print cultures—in the study of semiotic ties between different peoples, even across far-flung geographic regions.
Rewriting Oromo History in the North: Diasporic Discourse about National Identity and Democracy in Ethiopia
Authors: Virtanen Pekka
Published: March 2021

This article analyzes the way the Oromo intellectuals living in diaspora have reflected on and positioned themselves in the ethno-political conflict and related debate between the dominant Amharic- and Tigrinya-speaking “Abyssinian” groups and the descendants of the various Oromo groups, which were conquered by the former during the nineteenth century. Even though they are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, a large part of the Oromo perceive themselves as discriminated against and exploited by the groups holding political power, and many have fled the country. In the debate, the Oromo diaspora has had an important role. Theoretically, the article takes off from the concept of “orientational frame” launched by Kevin Gillan, which is developed further with support from postcolonial theory, particularly Arjun Appadurai’s discussion about “ideoscapes.” A key research question is whether diaspora intellectuals are what Homi Bhabha calls “strategic intellectuals” who provide resources for postcolonial discourse and practice that surpass the traditional claims to representation and objectivity made by the dominant discourse. Can they come up with an alternative space that does not merely revise or invert the dualities, but reconsiders the ideological bases of division and difference? The article is based on twenty-two individual interviews with members of the Ethiopian diaspora in the Nordic countries and representatives of academic institutions and non-governmental organizations in Ethiopia, participant observation in three ethnic identity-based culture and history workshops organized in Europe, and selected research papers and books published by key members of the diaspora.
Kinship, Nation, and Paul Gilroy’s Concept of Diaspora
Authors: Helmreich Stefan
Published: March 2021

In the literature of traditional anthropology, “community” and “culture” have been privileged units of analysis and have often been considered to be isomorphic with well-defined national or ethnic territories. Recent anthropological attempts to understand constitutions of community and identity in a transnational, postcolonial, and global economic context have questioned this easy relationship between culture, community, and place and have focused on how social worlds can be webbed together across transnational space (see Appadurai, Gupta and Ferguson). Among the many contenders for an analytical concept accountable to the complexities of culture and economy in a transnationally interconnected world are such notions as “the deterritorialized nation state” (Glick-Schiller, Basch, and Blanc-Szanton), “ethnoscapes” (Appadurai), “borderlands” (An-zaldua), and “diaspora” (Hall; Gilroy, “Cultural Studies”; Safran; Tololyan). Each of these concepts calls into question the “natural” bond that anthropology historically has presumed to exist between community, culture, and place.
A Family Affair: Migration, Dispersal, and the Emergent Identity of the Chinese Cosmopolitan
Authors: Bun Chan Kwok
Published: March 2021

This essay puts forward two main claims. First, it argues that dispersing the patrilineal Chinese family is, paradoxically, often a rational family decision to preserve the family, a resourceful and resilient way of strengthening it: families split in order to be together translocally. The “astronaut families” of Hong Kong are a model of such dispersion for our time. Second, the essay argues that these spatially dispersed families constitute strategic nodes and linkages of an ever-expanding transnational field within which a new type of Chinese identity is emerging—that of the Chinese cosmopolitan.
1960’lardan 2000’lere Hukuki ve Toplumsal Yönleriyle Türkiye’de Vatandaşlık ve Kimlik Düzenlemelerinin Ana Eksenleri
Authors: ÇOBAN Funda
Published: March 2021

Bu çalışma, 1960’lardan 2000’li yıllara Türkiye’de vatandaşlık ve kimlik meselelerini özellikle 1961 ve 1982 anayasaları, temsil edici kanun metinleri ve düzenlemeler etrafında ele alarak, bunları her bir dönemin toplumsal tartışmaları ile ilişkisi içinde değerlendirmektedir. Bu minvalde çalışma, ilgili milliyetçilik literatürü ve Erözden’in ulus-devletlerin kurgusal ve olgusal boyutları olarak nitelediği soyutlama yardımıyla, vatandaşlık ve kimlik tartışmalarının bir panoramasını sunmaktadır. Çizilen bu panorama etrafında da Türkiye’de demokrasinin derinleştirilmesi çabalarına katkı sağlamak üzere öneriler getirmektedir. Bu çerçevede de özellikle “ulus-sonrası yapılanmalar ve vatandaşlığın ulus-devletten arındırılması” seçenekleri arasında ikincisinin Türkiye’de demokrasinin derinleşmesi için alternatif bir politika izleği olabileceğini öne sürmektedir. Çalışma bu suretle karşılaştırmalı analiz yöntemiyle literatür çalışması kullanarak kimlik ve vatandaşlık sorunsalı çerçevesinde Türkiye’nin hukuki prosedürleri kapsamında, demokrasi çalışmalarına katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Konstrüktivizm ve Kimlik: Türkiye’nin Bosna-Hersek Savaşı Politikasının İncelenmesi
Authors: BATTAL Merve
Published: March 2021

Bu çalışmada, konstrüktivist teori ve kimlik kavramı, Türkiye’nin Bosna-Hersek Savaşı politikası ile somutlaştırılarak incelenmiştir. Bu somutlaştırma işlemi konstrüktivizmin temel prensiplerine odaklanarak yapılmıştır. Bu prensipler; uluslararası siyaset teorisi için devletler analizin baş aktörleridir; devletler sisteminde en önemli yapılar maddiden ziyade intersubjektifdir; son olarak devlet kimlikleri ve çıkarları sosyal yapılar tarafından inşa edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada öncelikle konstrüktivist teori açıklanmış ve bu teorinin temel argümanları tartışılmıştır. Ardından kimlik konusu; kavramsal, teorideki yeri ve dış politika ile ilişkisi şeklinde incelenmiştir. Son olarak, Türkiye’nin Bosna-Hersek Savaşı politikası konstrüktivist teori ile analiz edilmiştir.
AĞRI OVASI TARIM TOPRAKLARINDAKİ ORGANİK MADDE MİKTARININ DİĞER TOPRAK ÖZELLİKLERİ VE COĞRAFİ KOŞULLARLA İLİŞKİSİ
Authors: KARACA Sevda
Published: March 2021

Modern tarım yöntemlerinin yanlış kullanımı gün geçtikçe toprak dengesini bozmakta ve toprağın geleceğini tehdit eden sorunlar ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Sürüm teknikleri, gübreleme ve zararlılarla mücadele konularında doğa ile uyumlu uygulamalar yerine sadece verim odaklı yapılan uygulamalar organik madde başta olmak üzere, toprağın tüm fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik yapısını değiştirmeye başlamıştır. Gelecekte hem dünyada hem de ülkemizde sağlıklı gıda açlığının yaşanması uzak bir ihtimal değildir. Ortaya çıkarabilecek bu duruma dikkat çekmek amacıyla bu çalışma yapılmış. Çalışma alanı verimli toprakları ve ulaşım yolları üzerindeki konumu sebebiyle tarih boyunca Ağrı İlinde hüküm sürmüş medeniyetlerin tarım alanı vazifesi görmüş Ağrı Ovası’dır (1600-1700m). Ova modern tarım tekniklerinin bilinçsiz kullanımı yüzünden organik madde miktarını her geçen yıl kaybetmeye devam etmektedir. Kullanılan organik maddenin sürdürülebilir bir şekilde tekrar yerine konulamaması diğer toprak özelliklerinin de bozulmasına neden olmaktadır.
Çalışma hazırlanırken önce çalışmamıza ışık tutabilecek, konuyu destekleyecek tüm çalışmalar araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda yayınlanmış kitap, makale, rapor ve diğer yayınlar incelenmiştir. Ağrı İl Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüğü tarafından yapılan toprak analizi sonuçları incelenmiştir. Bir karşılaştırmanın yapılabilmesi ve sonuçların görülmesi açısından 2018 yılına ait analiz sonuçları esas alınmıştır. Arazi çalışmaları yapılarak çiftçilerle irtibat kurulmuştur. Ekilen ürün, ekim ve sürüm yöntemleri, gübreleme, ilaçlama gibi konuları içeren bir mülakat çalışması yapılmıştır. Yapılan tüm araştırma ve incelemeler sonucunda elde edilen veriler değerlendirilmiştir. En önemli geçim kaynaklarından biri tarım olan Ağrı ilinin tarım topraklarındaki organik madde eksikliğinin sebepleri ve ortaya çıkardığı sonuçlar açıklanmıştır.
Combining Bioinformatics and Experiments to Identify and Verify Gene Prognostic Markers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Luo Li , Wang Rong , Zhang Liaoyun , Zhang Piao , Tian Dongmei , Liu Xin , Zhu Wanlong , Tao Xuemei , Huang Yilan , Luo Li
Published: March 2021

Background: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the highly malignant tumors threatening human health. The current research aimed to identify potential prognostic gene biomarkers for HCC.
Materials and Methods: Microarray data of gene expression profiles of HCC from GEO were downloaded. After screening overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by R software. The STRING database and Cytoscape were used to identify hub genes. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to screen the potential prognostic genes. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR analyses were performed to detect the expression of ANLN in liver cancer cells and tissues. Finally, its possible pathways and functions were predicted using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA).
Result: A total of 566 DEGs were obtained from the overlapping analysis of three mRNA microarray dataset. Six key hub genes including RACGAP1, KIF20, DLGAP5, CDK1, BUB1B and ANLN, were associated with poor prognosis of patients with HCC. Higher expression of ANLN was associated with reduced overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with HCC. Multivariate analysis revealed that ANLN expression was an independent risk factor affecting overall survival. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis further demonstrated that ANLN expression was increased in HCC compared with patient-matched adjacent normal tissues. Notably, Gene enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs in ANLN-high patients were enriched in cell cycle, DNA duplication and p53 signaling pathway.
Conclusion: The high expression of RACGAP1, KIF20, DLGAP5, CDK1, BUB1B and ANLN might be poor prognostic biomarkers in HCC patients, and may help to individualize the management of HCC.
Synthesis and characterization of isoniazid immobilized polylactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles
Authors:   Karagandy University of the name of academician E.A.Buketov, Kazakhstan, Tazhbayev Ye.M. , Galiyeva A.R. ,   Karagandy University of the name of academician E.A.Buketov, Kazakhstan, Zhumagaliyeva T.S. ,   Karagandy University of the name of academician E.A.Buketov, Kazakhstan, Burkeyev M.Zh. ,   Karagandy University of the name of academician E.A.Buketov, Kazakhstan, Kazhmuratova A.T. ,   Karagandy University of the name of academician E.A.Buketov, Kazakhstan, Zhakupbekova E.Zh. ,   Karagandy University of the name of academician E.A.Buketov, Kazakhstan, Zhaparova L.Zh. ,   Karagandy University of the name of academician E.A.Buketov, Kazakhstan, Bakibayev A.A. ,   Tomsk State University, Russia
Published: March 2021

This article considers someaspects of synthesis and characterizationof polylactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles immobilized withthe antituberculous drug isoniazid. The influence of some synthesis parameters of nanoparticles (the ratio of drug substance:polymer and surfactant concentration) onproperties of the obtained nanosomal drug form of isoniazid has been studied. Optimal conditions for obtainingthenanoparticles with the best physicochemical parameters such as: particle size, polydispersity, conversion, etc. have been found. These nanoparticlescan be used asdrug carriers.The results revealed thata polymer: drug ratio of 1:1 and the use of 3% Twin 80 are necessaryto obtain stable emulsions of nanoparticles of polylactide-co-glycolide with satisfactory characteristics. Average size of the obtained particles was 196.4 nm,and the polydispersity value was 0.323. The aggregation stability of nanoparticles during 4 hours at temperatures of 4ºC and 20ºC has been evaluated. The morphology of the obtained nanoparticles has been studied.Analysis of nanoparticles was characterized by various instrumental methods includinggas chromatography and thermogravimetrytechniques. The resulting nanoparticles of polylactide-co-glycolide immobilized with isoniazid are stable in time andcanprolong the action of the drug. In vitrorelease of isoniazid from polylactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles hasbeen studied.
The impact of the banking system concentration level and the pandemic on the Georgian banking sector
Authors: Guruli Ana
Published: March 2021

Introduction. The importance of the banking sector is vital for the economic development of any country, since it is the main structural unit of monetary use, which plays the greatest role in the development of the state. As in all markets, we are faced with competition in the banking market, which is characterized by certain specifics, since the main product is money that cannot be replaced by other goods, and the main purpose of competition is to gain an advantage among agents operating in the same market, which is reflected in the final profit. The more the banking market develops and the more diversified the services offered to clients, the more the role of competition in the banking sector increases. The spread of the pandemic not only impeded the development of healthy competition, but also called into question the normal functioning and development of the banking sector.
Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to determine the level of competition in the Georgian banking sector by the method of identifying total assets and net loans, which aims to identify the causes of the market concentration level and find solutions, as well as to determine and assess the shock effects of the pandemic, because The pandemic period has become an even bigger challenge for the Georgian banking sector, where most of the market players occupy a small volume of the market, the National Bank of Georgia is actively trying to keep up with the challenges, and in order to mitigate the negative impact caused by the pandemic
Results. The results of the study showed the monopoly functioning of the market, which is an obstacle to the development of a competitive market, resulting in unhealthy functioning of the market and the development of a flexible banking system, which ultimately negatively affects the stability of the country's economic development. As for the post-pandemic situation, it has been dealt with quite positively in Georgia, with the management of loan and deposit portfolios successfully managed through a temporary supervisory plan developed by the government, which has not been followed by outflow of funds from banks and loan portfolio mismanagement.
Conclusions. In conclusion, it should be noted that in a highly concentrated market, small banks should be promoted with various legislative benefits, which will lead to competition, it is possible to impose a so-called "Capital tax", which implies high demands on capital, it will allow small banks to develop in a healthy competitive environment. Despite the fact that no bank was disrupted during the virus shock in Georgia, the financial result was so unfavorable, it was damaged, the main reason for which was the provision of possible losses on loans, which amounted to a total of 1.22 billion GEL, the National Bank of Georgia is actively trying to keep up with the challenges.
Theoretical approach to E-learning quality
Authors: Weis Lidija
Published: March 2021

Introduction. Over the past decade, as technology coupled with the increasingly frequent use of the internet have become the forefront of business and academia, e-learning has emerged on the global higher education stage as a leading means of gaining an education in Higher Education. Because internet-based learning is currently such a relevant topic, inter alia due to the occurrence of the pandemic, there is a dire need for the creation of a common language to proceed in a collectively positive direction regarding the development of a culture of excellence within e-learning. This paper provides a springboard to discuss the underlying issues and challenges related to quality of internet-based learning, including the need for right measuring, and understanding dimensions of e-learning quality.
Aim and tasks. The quality of education needs to be addressed (measured and managed) comprehensively, which means that, in addition to pedagogical aspects, it is also necessary to address the market quality. Therefore, a distinction must be made between quality that meets specifications (standard quality) and quality that meets expectations. Therefore, the main aim of the article is to review the different definitions of quality in e-learning and the dimensions that must be included in measuring the quality of e-learning.
Results. Based on an extensive review of the literature on quality in e-learning, we conclude that the quality of e-learning cannot be viewed only from the student's perspective, but from the point of view of all participants in the e-learning process. In addition to pedagogical aspects, organizational, economic, and legal aspects must also be considered. What dimensions are key to measuring quality in e-learning thus remains a question to be answered.
Conclusions. The quality of e-learning depends on many factors. Despite many discussions about quality and the search for appropriate dimensions of quality in e-learning, there is still no single evaluative standard. Because of this, effective qualitative metrics for e-learning are urgently required.
Sri Lankan Patterns of Female Cancers: Incidence and Mortality Over 1995-2010
Authors: Vithana Palatiyana V. S. C , Dheerasinghe Dompeyalage S. A.F , Handagiripathira Hadagiripathira M. I , Alahapperuma Shreeni , Nilaweera Irosha , Perera Suraj
Published: March 2021

Background: Neoplasms are the second leading cause of deaths in Sri Lanka. Present study analysed the trends in incidence and mortality of all cancers, breast cancer, cervical, ovarian and uterine cancers among Sri Lankan females over 1995-2010. Methods: Cancer incidence was obtained from national hospital-based cancer registries. Cancer mortality was abstracted from World Health Organization database and Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka. Number of new cases and deaths were obtained by five-year age group for all cancers by sex and breast, cervical, ovarian and uterine cancers for females. Particular cancer specific incidence and mortality rates were directly age-standardised to the Segi-Doll world standard population. Age-standardised incidence and mortality for young adults (20-34 years), adults (35-64 years) and older adults (over 64 years) by the type of the female cancer over 1995-2010 were calculated. Results: Age-standardised rates for incidence for all cancers among females rose from 63.3 to 87.5 per 100 000 population during 1995-2010 and its morality increased from 44.5 to 53.5 per 100 000 population. In spite of having similar trends in both sexes, cancer incidence among females remained higher while mortality persisted lower than males. Breast cancer was the commonest cancer among females with its incidence and mortality increasing through-out. Cervical cancer incidence increased during 1995-2000, declined slightly in 2005 and remained stable over 2006-2010.Cervical cancer mortality remained stable over 1995-1999, declined in 1999-2003, increased slightly throughout 2003-2006 and remained stable during 2007-2010. Ovarian cancer incidence remained stable over 1995-2010. Its mortality remained stable over 1995-2000, declined slightly during 2000-2003 and increased in 2003-2010. Uterine cancer incidence and mortality increased steadily throughout 1995-2010. For all these cancers, incidence and mortalityin 0-34 years remained low.Conclusions: Increasing trend of cancer incidence and mortality among females over 1995-2010, directs the need of revisiting female cancer control programmes.
Chromosomal Aberrations in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Response to Conventional TKIs and Risk of Blastic Transformation
Authors: Maqsood Shafaq , Ali Fatima , Hameed Abdul , Siddiqui Neelam
Published: March 2021

Background and Purpose: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a common hematological malignancy. The characteristic molecular abnormality is the presence of Philadelphia chromosome or BCR-ABL fusion gene which is the result of 9:22 translocation. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) form the main stay of treatment in CML with excellent responses. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of additional chromosomal abnormalities on outcomes in CML.Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of all patients who were diagnosed with CML in chronic phase (CP) with additional chromosomal abnormalities (ACAs) over a period of 5 years from 2010 to 2015 at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan. Results: A total of 283 patients were diagnosed with CML from January 2010 to January 2015. 31 patients out of these were found to have additional chromosomal abnormalities at the time of diagnosis in addition to BCR-ABL fusion gene or Philadelphia chromosome detection. Out of these 31 patients, 23 (74.2%) were males whereas 8 (25.8%) were females. 13 (41.9%) were in the age group of 31 to 50 years whereas the other two groups that is 18 to 30 years and 51 to 70 years had 9 patients each. After approval from the government which usually takes a standard 2-3 weeks’ time, these patients were started on tyrosine kinase inhibitors which was Imatinib in 30 (96.8%) and Nilotinib in 1 (3.2%) patient. Conventional cytogenetic analysis performed for each patient at the time of diagnosis revealed that 11 (35.5%) of patients had variant Philadelphia chromosome followed by 7 patients (22.6%) with trisomy 8. 5 patients (16.1%) had multiple chromosomal abnormalities including trisomy 8, deletion 1 and isochrome 17q. 2 patents each had isochrome 17q, inversion 3 and deletion 9 abnormalities. 1 patient had deletion 7 whereas 1 had variant Philadelphia chromosome with other chromosomal abnormalities. Conclusion: It was evident that frequently occurring ACAs In our CML population were Variant Philadelphia chromosome and trisomy 8.
Association of Fatigue, Quality of Life and Functional Capacity in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Amarsheda Shila B. , Bhise Anjali R
Published: March 2021

Objectives: Cancer treatment related fatigue is a common and distressing symptom among breast cancer patients. With a greater longevity promote by advances in therapeutics & early diagnosis, interest has shifted to the assessment of quality of life (QOL). The concept of functional capacity has been used extensively in disability and rehabilitation research as an indicator of an individual’s ability to engage in physical activity. The aim of this study was to find the association of fatigue, QOL and functional capacity in post-operative breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant therapy.Materials and Methods: A total 30 participants who were receiving third cycle of chemotherapy were recruited from the Cancer Hospital. Facet fatigue questionnaire, FACT B questionnaire and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) were used for the assessment purpose of fatigue, QOL and functional capacity, respectively. Results: The Spearman’s correlation confirmed that the fatigue is strongly associated with subscale score of Fact B and very strongly associated with total score of fact B, Fact G and TOI. There was moderate association between the fatigue and functional capacity. There were above average values in total and subscale scores of QOL but among all the subscale scores of QOL, breast cancer subscale score was having lower value compared to others and social well being score was higher. Conclusion: Fatigue is having strong association with quality of life and moderate effect with functional capacity in these patients. Specific breast cancer related health is having more association among other quality of life aspects and social well being is least affected.
Effect of Anxiety and Depression on Survival of Cancer Patients, a 13 Year Follow-up
Authors: Mohamed Saini Suriati , Mooi Koon Susan Tan , Adam Bujang Mohamad , Lim Chin Chye Gerard , Sharip Shalisah , Wahab Suzaily , Nik Jaafar Nik Ruzyanei , Lai Fong Chan , Baharudin Azlin
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Anxiety and depression occur at a high rate in cancer patients. However, debate remains regarding the effect of anxiety and depression on cancer survival. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of anxiety and depressive symptoms on the survival of cancer patients. Methods: The subjects consisted of 112 cancer patients who attended the Oncology and Radiotherapy outpatient clinic Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 1999. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire at inception. Information on patients’ mortality status for extended 13 years follow-up (in 2011) was obtained from the National Registration Department death records. Overall survival for each anxiety and depressive symptoms scores in HADS at 13 years was calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: Cancer patients experienced more anxiety (83%) compared to depressive symptoms (40.2%). The mean (S.D.) HADS scores for depressive symptoms were 9.9 (2.5), and the anxiety symptoms score was 12.6 (2.1). At 13 years, half of the patients (50.9%) had died. No significant effect of anxiety (p=0.399, 95% C.I.= 6.2-8.4) or depressive symptoms at inception (p=0.749, 95% C.I.= 5.9-8.4) towards cancer patients’ survival was found at 13 years follow-up. Conclusion: The occurrence of anxiety symptoms among cancer patients in this study was 2-folds higher than depressive symptoms. However, no significant increased risk of death was found in cancer patients with anxiety or depressive symptoms at 13 years follow-up. It may imply that as time extended, survival in cancer patients may be related to various interacting elements, and intervening health factors are of importance.
ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL AND DECORATIVNESS OF BEARDED IRIS COLLECTIBLE VARIETIES IN THE INTRODUCTION TO THE CHERNOZEM ZONE
Authors: Yachmeneva S. Yu.
Published: March 2021

In the conditions of the Tambov region, the gene pool of the bearded iris of domestic and foreign breeding is studied. The collection of bearded iris is represented by varieties ('Snow White', 'Border Black', 'Guards', 'Count Tolstoy', 'Ancient Rome', etc.) of medium and late ('Cascade Springs', 'Green Quest', 'Gypsy Caravan', 'Spurna') flowering period. The duration of flowering of the studied varieties is from 7 to 11 days. The longest flowering period (10–11 days) is observed in varieties: 'Snow White', 'Guards', 'Count Tolstoy', 'Marshal Pokryshkin' and 'Gypsy Caravan'. The main disease of the bearded iris in the black earth region is rust (Puccinia iridis), the main pest is the bronze beetle (Cetonia aurata). Varieties with high decorative features with the largest flower diameter (up to 12.5 cm) and peduncle height (up to 90 cm) have been identified: 'Ancient Rome', 'Lilac Wreath', 'Cascade Springs', 'Gypsy Jewels', 'Stepping Out'. Varieties of bearded iris with a light color of the flower (from white to pale blue), severely damaged by a bronze beetle, were noted: 'Snow White' (pale blue), 'Belyanchik' (white), 'Kassandra' (white), etc. The most severe rust damage was observed on varieties of bearded iris with yellow flowers and its shades: 'Galatea' (bright yellow), 'Elf' (yellow-brown), 'Fiesta Time' (golden-amber), 'Invitation' (apricot). Recommendations are given for the introduction of the bearded iris culture in the landscaping of settlements and personal subsidiary farms.
PARTICULAR TECHNIQUES OF OBTAINING BRANCHED PEAR SEEDLINGS
Authors: Tankevich V. V. , Sotnik A. I.
Published: March 2021

The article reviews some methods of cultivation of pear seedlings with branched crown. The main condition for obtaining such seedlings is a high budding that facilitates the shoot formation. Maria and Tavricheskaya varieties of pear grafted on KA 92 stock showed the greatest number of shoots in the crowning area in our study. When budding at a height of 25 cm number of branches in the crowning area increases by 2.5 times (5.4 pcs). It is noted that three nipping at the interval of 10 days (in the second field of the nursery) allows you to obtain 38–86 % more crowned seedlings. The formation of shoots also depends largely on the type of stock, grafted variety and timing of techniques that stimulate this process. The purpose of the research was to improve individual technological methods in the production of pear planting material in order to obtain crowned seedlings. The analysis of the obtained data makes it possible to state the fact that a number of factors affect the final outcome. Obtaining standard crowned seedlings is possible if a number of technological requirements are met. The second ten-day period of July should be considered as optimal terms of nipping of winter pear varieties on the KA and BA 29 series stocks. The highest yield of crowned, standard pear seedlings (83–84 %) was observed in Maria and Tavricheskaya varieties on the stock of KA 92, with high budding (25 cm).