bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stented versus Non-Stented Snodgrass Urethroplasty for Distal Hypospadia Repair
Authors: Almusafer Murtadha , Abduljabbar Osama Hussein , Buchholz Noor
Published: November 2019

Background: Hypospadia is one of the most common congenital anomalies in children. Patients with distal hypospadias can be treated successfully with a tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty, usually with a postoperative urethral stent to divert urine into the diaper or a urine bag for approximately 1 week. However, these stents have their own morbidity and complications. We therefore tried to determine the safety of distal penile hypospadias repair without the use of a postoperative stent. Patients and Method: Fifty patients with distal penile hypospadias were prospectively assessed from May 2016 to August 2018. All patients underwent Snodgrass urethroplasty by the same surgeon. Half of the patients had a postoperative stent for 1 week. The other half had no stent. Clinical follow-up was over 6 months with an emphasis on possible stent-related complications. Results: Fifty children underwent TIP urethroplasty for distal hypospadia repair. The mean age was 5.9 years (range 2–12). In 25 cases, a stent was removed within 1 week. In the other 25 cases, no postoperative stent was placed. The overall complication rate for the stented group was 48% (n = 12) and for the non-stented group 68% (n = 17), respectively. In the stented group, 1 patient (4%) developed a fistula, whilst there were 2 (8%) in the non-stented group. All fistulas were repaired after 6 months postoperatively. Neourethral stenosis and glans dehiscence occurred in each 1 case (4%) in both groups. Differences were not statistically significant. However, there were significantly more wound infections in the stented group. On the other hand, stents prevented temporary urinary retention which occurred in 2 patients in the non-stented group. Conclusion: Despite the limited number of cases, our study suggests that, all in all, there is no significant difference in severe complication rates regardless whether a postoperative stent is used or not.
Risks for Rebleeding and In-Hospital Mortality after Gastrointestinal Bleeding in a Tertiary Referral Center in Japan
Authors: Fukuda Sho , Shimodaira Yosuke , Watanabe Kenta , Takahashi So , Sugawara Kae , Suzuki Yusato , Watanabe Noboru , Koizumi Shigeto , Matsuhashi Tamotsu , Iijima Katsunori
Published: November 2019

Background: Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is one of the most common medical emergencies. We investigated the overall mortality after GIB in our institute and analyzed the prognostic factors in upper GIB (UGIB) and lower GIB (LGIB) separately. Summary: Between January 2010 and December 2018, 190 patients diagnosed with GIB in our hospital were retrospectively enrolled. Clinical records and biological data were collected. Risks for rebleeding and in-hospital mortality were assessed by a logistic regression analysis. Overall, the rebleeding rate and in-hospital mortality were 22.6 and 7.6%, respectively. GIB itself was not the direct cause of death in any cases. While older age (>65 years) was a significant risk factor for rebleeding in UGIB with an OR of 6.1 and 95% CI of 1.3–29.1, a poorer performance status (PS; ≥3) was a strong risk factor for rebleeding in LGIB, with an OR of 11.8 and 95% CI of 1.7–83.8. Poor PS and tachycardia (>100/min) were significantly associated with mortality in both UGIB and LGIB. In contrast, hypoalbuminemia (<3.0 g/dL) was associated with the mortality in LGIB alone. Key Messages: There were considerable differences in the risk factors for rebleeding and in-hospital mortality between UGIB and LGIB. The overall in-hospital mortality was 7.9% after GIB, including that a substantial portion of patients with GIB died from systemic complications after successful endoscopic hemostasis. Physicians need to diligently perform systematic treatment for GIB, which may be particularly important in societies of advancing aging, like Japan.
Effects of Prodromal Stage and Untreated Psychosis on Subsequent Psychopathology of Schizophrenia: A Path Analysis
Authors: Gebhardt Stefan , Schmidt Peter , Remschmidt Helmut , Hanke Markus , Theisen Frank Michael , König Udo
Published: November 2019

Background: To examine psychopathology present under prolonged antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia and to analyse their relationship to both the duration of the prodromal stage (DPS; time between onset of first unspecific psychological symptoms and first schizophrenic symptoms) and the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP; time between the onset of psychosis and the initiation of antipsychotic treatment). Methods: The psychopathology of 93 patients was assessed cross-sectionally using the Scales for the Assessment of Negative and Positive Symptoms and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. DPS and DUP were assessed by means of the patient records and the Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset and Course of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses. A path analysis using maximum likelihood estimation was conducted with the program Analysis of Moment Structures for Windows. Results: The resulting path model indicated that DPS was predictive for a more severe negative symptomatology in schizophrenia, whereas DUP was associated with a more severe positive symptomatology in the long-term. Furthermore, DUP showed an inverse correlation with the age of the patients at the onset of both first unspecific psychological symptoms and first schizophrenic symptoms. Conclusion: A long prodromal stage suggests an increased risk of a long-term progression with negative symptoms in schizophrenia, whereas a delayed start of antipsychotic treatment could lead to an increased manifestation and severity of positive symptoms in the long term. These results underline the need to shorten the duration of the prodrome by an early detection and adequate intervention in patients with increased risk to develop psychosis.
High Metabolic Tumour Volume on 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Predicts Poor Survival from Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Authors: Chan David L. , Bernard Elizabeth J. , Schembri Geoffrey , Roach Paul J. , Johnson Meaghan , Pavlakis Nick , Clarke Stephen , Bailey Dale L.
Published: November 2019

Introduction: 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) avidity in neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) has been associated with higher-grade disease. 18F-FDG avidity and high SUVmax have been demonstrated to predict poor outcome. Quantitative metrics of 18F-FDG PET, specifically metabolic tumour volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG), have been shown to be prognostic factors in other malignancies, but these have not been investigated to date in NENs. Methods: Patients with NEN undergoing 18F-FDG at Royal North Shore Hospital from 2012 to 2018 were included. Images were analysed with automated segmentation (SUV cut-off of 4) followed by contour verification by a nuclear medicine physician and manual segmentation where required. Variables collected included patient age, histological grade, MTV, TLG, and SUVmax/SUVmean. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), and the secondary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS). Univariate (UV) and multivariate (MV) analyses were performed for OS and PFS for MTV and TLG separately. For UV analysis, the median MTV and TLG were used to dichotomise the cohort. MTV/TLG for NENs of different histological grade were compared using ANOVA. Results: One hundred and ninety patients were included (median age 63.5, 49% female). Primary site: 42% small bowel, 32% pancreas, 15% other gastrointestinal, 6% lung, 6% other. Grade for gastroenteropancreatic NENs and bronchial NEN: G1/typical carcinoid 37%, G2/atypical carcinoid 40%, G3/large-cell/small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma 16%, unknown 8%. Median MTV was 4.83 mL (range 0–3,161 mL) and median TLG was 29.22. Patients with high MTV had worse median OS compared to those with low MTV (29.7 months vs. not reached, HR 4.1, 95% CI 2.25–7.49, p < 0.00001). Considered as a continuous variable, MTV predicted for poorer OS on UV (p < 0.00001) and MV (p = 0.003) analyses. Whilst histological grade was significant on both UV and MV, SUVmax was significant on UV (p < 0.00001) but not MV (p = 0.76). Tumours of higher grade had higher MTV (mean MTV – G1: 39.6 mL, G2: 107 mL, G3: 337 mL; p = 0.0001 by ANOVA). Conclusions: Quantitative analysis of 18F-FDG PET in NEN is feasible. High MTV/TLG are predictors of poor prognosis in NEN. Further analyses are underway to investigate a larger cohort of NEN patients.
CRISPR-Mediated Activation of Endogenous Gene Expression in the Postnatal Heart
Authors: Schoger Eric , Carroll Kelli J. , Iyer Lavanya M. , McAnally John R. , Tan Wei , Liu Ning , Noack Claudia , Shomroni Orr , Salinas Gabriela , Groß Julia , Herzog Nicole , Doroudgar Shirin , Bassel-Duby Rhonda , Zimmermann Wolfram-H. , Zelarayán Laura C.
Published: November 2019

Rationale:

Genome editing by CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 is evolving rapidly. Recently, second-generation CRISPR/Cas9 activation systems based on nuclease inactive dead (d)Cas9 fused to transcriptional transactivation domains were developed for directing specific guide (g)RNAs to regulatory regions of any gene of interest, to enhance transcription. The application of dCas9 to activate cardiomyocyte transcription in targeted genomic loci in vivo has not been demonstrated so far.

Objective:

We aimed to develop a mouse model for cardiomyocyte-specific, CRISPR-mediated transcriptional modulation, and to demonstrate its versatility by targeting
Mef2d
and
Klf15
loci (2 well-characterized genes implicated in cardiac hypertrophy and homeostasis) for enhanced transcription.

Methods and Results:

A mouse model expressing dCas9 with the VPR transcriptional transactivation domains under the control of the
Myh
(myosin heavy chain) 6 promoter was generated. These mice innocuously expressed dCas9 exclusively in cardiomyocytes. For initial proof-of-concept, we selected
Mef2d
, which when overexpressed, led to hypertrophy and heart failure, and
Klf15
, which is lowly expressed in the neonatal heart. The most effective gRNAs were first identified in fibroblast (C3H/10T1/2) and myoblast (C2C12) cell lines. Using an improved triple gRNA expression system (TRISPR [triple gRNA expression construct]), up to 3 different gRNAs were transduced simultaneously to identify optimal conditions for transcriptional activation. For in vivo delivery of the validated gRNA combinations, we employed systemic administration via adeno-associated virus serotype 9. On gRNA delivery targeting
Mef2d
expression, we recapitulated the anticipated cardiac hypertrophy phenotype. Using gRNA targeting
Klf15
, we could enhance its transcription significantly, although
Klf15
is physiologically silenced at that time point. We further confirmed specific and robust dCas9VPR on-target effects.

Conclusions:

The developed mouse model permits enhancement of gene expression by using endogenous regulatory genomic elements. Proof-of-concept in 2 independent genomic loci suggests versatile applications in controlling transcription in cardiomyocytes of the postnatal heart.
Impaired Fetal Environment and Gestational Age: What Is Driving Mortality in Neonates With Critical Congenital Heart Disease?
Authors: Steurer Martina A. , Peyvandi Shabnam , Baer Rebecca J. , Oltman Scott P. , Chambers Christina D. , Norton Mary E. , Ryckman Kelli K. , Moon‐Grady Anita J. , Keller Roberta L. , Shiboski Stephen C. , Jelliffe‐Pawlowski Laura L.
Published: November 2019

Background

Infants with critical congenital heart disease (
CCHD
) are more likely to be small for gestational age (
SGA
) or born to mothers with maternal placental syndrome. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between maternal placental syndrome,
SGA
, and gestational age (
GA
) on 1‐year mortality in infants with
CCHD
.

Methods and Results

In a population‐based administrative database of all live‐born infants in California (2007–2012) we identified all infants with
CCHD
without chromosomal anomalies. Our primary predictor was an impaired fetal environment (
IFE
), defined as presence of maternal placental syndrome or
SGA
. We calculated hazard ratios to quantify the association between different components of
IFE
and 1‐year mortality and conducted a causal mediation analysis to assess
GA
at birth as a mediator. We identified 6863 infants with
CCHD
.
IFE
was present in 25.1%. Infants with
IFE
were more likely to die than infants without
IFE
(16.6% versus 11.1%; hazard ratios 1.55, 95%
CI
1.34–1.78). Only
SGA
(hazard ratios 1.76, 95%
CI
1.50–2.05) and placental abruption (hazard ratios 1.70, 95%
CI
1.17–2.48) were significantly associated with mortality; preeclampsia and gestational hypertension had no significant association with mortality. The mediation analysis showed that 32.8% (95%
CI
24.9–47.0%) of the relationship between
IFE
and mortality is mediated through
GA
.

Conclusions

IFE
is a significant contributor to outcomes in the
CCHD
population.
SGA
and placental abruption are the main drivers of postnatal mortality while other maternal placental syndrome components had much less of an impact. Only one third of the effect between
IFE
and mortality is mediated through
GA
.
Long‐Term Outcome of Additional Superior Vena Cava to Septal Linear Ablation in Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Jin Moo‐Nyun , Lim Byounghyun , Yu Hee Tae , Kim Tae‐Hoon , Uhm Jae‐Sun , Joung Boyoung , Lee Moon‐Hyoung , Hwang Chun , Pak Hui‐Nam
Published: November 2019

Background

We previously reported the benefit of linear ablation from the superior vena cava to the right atrial septum (
SVC
‐L) within a year after circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (
CPVI
) in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (
AF
). We explored the long‐term effects of
SVC
‐L and its potential related mechanisms.

Methods and Results

Among 2140 consecutive patients with
AF
ablation, we included 614 patients (73.3% male, aged 57.8±10.7 years, 13.7% with persistent
AF
) who did not undergo an extra–pulmonary vein left atrial ablation after propensity score matching; of those, 307 had additional
SVC
‐L and 307 had
CPVI
alone. We evaluated the heart rate variability and computational modeling study to explore mechanisms. Although the procedure time was longer in the
SVC
‐L group than the
CPVI
group (
P
<0.001), the complication rates did not differ (
P
=0.560). During 40.5±24.4 months of follow‐up, the rhythm outcome was significantly better in the
SVC
‐L group than the
CPVI
group (log rank,
P
<0.001). At 2‐year follow‐up of heart rate variability, a significantly higher mean heart rate (
P
=0.018) and a lower ratio of low/high‐frequency components (
P
=0.011) were found with
SVC
‐L than
CPVI
alone. In realistic in silico biatrial modeling, which reflected the electroanatomies of 10 patients,
SVC
‐L significantly reduced biatrial dominant frequency compared with
CPVI
alone (
P
<0.001) and increased
AF
termination and defragmentation rates (
P
=0.033).

Conclusions

SVC
‐L ablation in addition to
CPVI
significantly improved the long‐term rhythm outcome over 2 years after
AF
catheter ablation by mechanisms involving autonomic modulation and
AF
organization.
‘Every Frenchman Must Read This Book’: The Impact of Politics and Ideology on the Production, Translation and Dissemination of Hitler’s Mein Kampf in France, 1933-1939
Authors: Brouwer Aron
Published: November 2019

This article examines the political and ideological circumstances surrounding the two French translations of Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf during the 1930s. It focuses on the personal histories of the translation agents involved in the production, translation and dissemination of Mein Kampf—such as diplomats, politicians, investors, publishers, editors and translators. By uncovering and exposing their ideological attitudes, this study shows how Hitler’s book was altered, censored and repurposed in France to suit different political agendas. Consequently, it argues that the two French translations during the prewar period, entitled Mon Combat (1934) and Ma Doctrine (1938), should be regarded as historical artifacts in their own right, rather than mere reproductions.
Changes and Developments of the Latin Patriarchate and the Melkite Catholic Church in the Post-Great War Lands of Palestine and Transjordan
Authors: Maggiolini Paolo
Published: November 2019

Reconsidering the relationship between the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Melkite Catholic Church, the paper aims to analyze the changes and developments of the Catholic Church’s presence in post-World War I Palestine and Transjordan. It specifically examines how the dialectic and debate on the issue of Arabization and Latin-Melkite competition during the Mandate period went beyond the traditional inter-Church rivalry, epitomizing the progression of a complex process of reconfiguring the Catholic ecclesiastical and missionary presence in the Holy Land in efforts to amalgamate and harmonize its “national-local” and “transnational” scopes and characters. The paper will specifically look at the local Catholic dimension and its religious hierarchies to understand the logic behind their positioning in regard to such issues. This perspective makes it possible to reveal how local religious Catholic leaderships (of both the Latin Patriarchate and Melkite Catholic Church) sought to interpret and promote the reconfiguration of their respective Church and religious community organizations and structures in these two lands during the Mandate. The intra-Catholic perspective will help us understand how intra-denominational as well as inter-denominational competition acted as tools for missionary, ecclesiastical and community development as well as a catalyst of change, anticipating most of the issues that still characterize the complex position and condition of the Church in this territory.
Missionary Politics in Late Ottoman Palestine
Authors: Papastathis Konstantinos
Published: November 2019

The aim of the paper is to elaborate on the Jerusalem Orthodox Patriarchate’s missionary work in late Ottoman times, paying special attention on its incapacity to counteract the activities of its rivals within the religious market of Palestine. In particular, the article addresses the following research questions: What was the extent of the Patriarchate’s missionary activity, and its stance vis-à-vis the work of the other Church missions, i.e. the Roman-Catholic, and Protestant? Was its policy effective; and if not, why? Overall, the article argues that neither the missionary enterprise nor the blocking of the western missions’ conversion activities were at the top of the patriarchal agenda. It is suggested that the causes of this stance were mainly: a) the financial and political disadvantageous position of the institution; b) the centrality of the custodianship of the Holy Places as the primary aim of its function; and c) the development of Greek nationalism as the nodal point of the discourse.
Catholic Missionaries of the ‘Holy Land’ and the Nahda
Authors: Pieraccini Paolo
Published: November 2019

At the beginning of the twentieth century, some Palestinian and Lebanese Salesians, influenced by the Arab Renaissance movement, began to claim the right to oppose the ‘directorships’ of the institutes of the Don Bosco Society in Bethlehem and the surrounding area. They also began to request better recognition of their native language, in schools and within the religious community. They clashed with their superiors who, in the meantime, had signed an agreement with the Salesian government in Rome, committing them to developing the Italian language in their teaching institutes. The struggle became particularly fierce after the Holy See rebuked the Palestinian religious congregations for teaching the catechism and explaining the Sunday Gospel to people in a foreign language and urged them to do so in Arabic. The clash caused a serious disturbance within the Salesian community. Finally, after the First World War, the most turbulent Arab religious were removed from the Society of Don Bosco. All converged in the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, where they continued forcefully (but in vain) to put forward their national demands. This article is based on several unpublished sources.
The Role of Zonally Averaged Climate Change in Contributing to Intermodel Spread in CMIP5 Predicted Local Precipitation Changes
Authors: Garfinkel Chaim I. , Adam Ori , Morin Efrat , Enzel Yehoudah , Elbaum Eilat , Bartov Maya , Rostkier-Edelstein Dorita , Dayan Uri
Published: November 2019

While CMIP5 models robustly project drying of the subtropics and more precipitation in the tropics and subpolar latitudes by the end of the century, the magnitude of these changes in precipitation varies widely across models: for example, some models simulate no drying in the eastern Mediterranean while others simulate more than a 50% reduction in precipitation relative to the model-simulated present-day value. Furthermore, the factors leading to changes in local subtropical precipitation remain unclear. The importance of zonal-mean changes in atmospheric structure for local precipitation changes is explored in 42 CMIP5 models. It is found that up to half of the local intermodel spread over the Mediterranean, northern Mexico, East Asia, southern Africa, southern Australia, and southern South America is related to the intermodel spread in large-scale processes such as the magnitude of globally averaged surface temperature increases, Hadley cell widening, polar amplification, stabilization of the tropical upper troposphere, or changes in the polar stratosphere. Globally averaged surface temperature increases account for intermodel spread in land subtropical drying in the Southern Hemisphere but are not important for land drying adjacent to the Mediterranean. The factors associated with drying over the eastern Mediterranean and western Mediterranean differ, with stabilization of the tropical upper troposphere being a crucial factor for the former only. Differences in precipitation between the western and eastern Mediterranean are also evident on interannual time scales. In contrast, the global factors examined here are unimportant over most of the United States, and more generally over the interior of continents. Much of the rest of the spread can be explained by variations in local relative humidity, a proxy also for zonally asymmetric circulation and thermodynamic changes.
Youth- and Crime-Related Political Claims in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Uba Katrin , Stendahl Ludvig
Published: November 2019

This article analyzes youth collective activism in relation to crime and violence in the context of long-term dominance of “moral panics” discourse, where young people are often framed as a “threat” and “problem.” While many prior studies focus on media presentation of youth in single countries, we investigate how youth actors themselves make political claims related to crime and violence, and take a comparative perspective on this question. Based on a unique data on youth-related political claims from the newspapers of nine European countries—France, Greece, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, we demonstrate that youth are rarely present in the public discussions about crime and violence, especially in the countries where youth actors face restricted discursive opportunities in the print media. The dominant “adult view” in claims about crime and violence often connect youth to diverse social problems and attribute blame to youth more often than to adults; the claims made by youth do not make such a difference in blame attribution.
Patterns of Cannabis Consumption, Social Networks, and Foraging
Authors: Phillips James G. , Evans Mark , Hughes Barry , Ogeil Rowan P.
Published: November 2019

This study considered contextual factors (i.e., times, places, peers) associated with cannabis use. A total of 153 participants answered an anonymous online survey, completed the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test – Revised (CUDIT-R), and indicated their numbers of regular smoking partners, and times and places cannabis was normally purchased. Recent cannabis smokers had higher CUDIT-R scores and purchased cannabis from more places more often. Multiple regression considered subscales of the CUDIT-R. Greater cannabis consumption was associated with more smoking partners and purchases of cannabis at more times and places. Cannabis dependence was associated with cannabis purchases from more places and times and reports that there were more people prepared to do them favors. Harmful use was associated with more purchases at more locations. Patterns of cannabis foraging were compared with foraging behaviors previously observed for caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. The data could inform the development and use of social media and location-aware services seeking to target risky substance use.
Beyond the “Tourist Environmental Bubble”: Encounters with Locals and Destination Experiences of Business Travelers
Authors: Unger Orit , Fuchs Galia , Uriely Natan
Published: November 2019

The current study explores the destination experiences of business travelers by focusing on their social contacts with local colleagues. By crossing out of the local “tourist environmental bubble” (TEB), as conceptualized by Erik Cohen, business travelers are expected to experience difficulties associated with the strangeness of the visited destination but to gain an authentic experience in return. Based on in-depth interviews (n = 28) and a quantitative survey (n = 231) of Israeli business travelers, this mixed-methods study confirms that the supposedly inconvenient extra-TEB experience (particularly confronting strangeness) turns out to be rewarding, and the assumed benefits of crossing out of the bubble (mainly experiencing authenticity) are limited. By focusing on business travelers, the current study provides insight into guest–host interactions and the subjective experiences of travelers who cross out the TEB, mainly with respect to the complex and multidimensional sense of authenticity.
Neonatal complications in women with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) at term and near term and its correlation with time lapsed since PROM to delivery
Authors: Gupta Shruti , Malik Sunita , Gupta Shailesh
Published: November 2019

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a common problem with controversies in its management. The aim of our study was to find out the prevalence of neonatal complications and their correlation with the latent period in babies born to mothers with PROM at 34–40 weeks of gestation. This prospective cohort study was performed on 200 pregnant women with PROM at or near term. After birth, neonates were screened for sepsis. Other outcome measures included birth asphyxia, stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and neonatal mortality. These were correlated against time spent from PROM. Duration after which risk of neonatal sepsis increased immensely was calculated by ROC. The prevalence of specific neonatal complications was as follows: birth asphyxia (8%); neonatal sepsis (4%); NICU admission (26%); and neonatal mortality (2%). Complications increased with an increasing latent period. Beyond 37 h of latency, the rate of neonatal sepsis increases dramatically. In conclusion, pregnancies with PROM at and near term should not be managed expectantly. All neonates born after 37 h of latent PROM should be stringently evaluated for sepsis.
The Influence of Race-Related Stress on Eating Pathology: The Mediating Role of Depression and Moderating Role of Cultural Worldview Among Black American Women
Authors: Salami Temilola K. , Carter Sierra E. , Cordova Blaine , Flowers Kelci C. , Walker Rheeda L.
Published: November 2019

The current study aimed to advance the eating pathology literature through investigating the association between a salient stressor for Black American women (race-related stress) and eating pathology, while also examining the potential mediating role of depressive symptoms on this association. In addition, the study aimed to examine the potential protective role of cultural worldview in this model. A community sample of 119 Black women between the ages of 18 and 60 years ( M = 36.34, SD = 12.51) were recruited for the study. Results supported a significant indirect effect of race-related stress on eating pathology through depressive symptoms. Moderated mediation analyses revealed a conditional effect of depression at various levels of worldview. Contrary to our hypotheses, participants with a more collectivistic and spiritual worldview often engaged in more eating pathology as a result of self-reported depressive symptoms stemming from experiences of race-related stress. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Evaluating Robust Scale Transformation Methods With Multiple Outlying Common Items Under IRT True Score Equating
Authors: He Yong , Cui Zhongmin
Published: November 2019

Item parameter estimates of a common item on a new test form may change abnormally due to reasons such as item overexposure or change of curriculum. A common item, whose change does not fit the pattern implied by the normally behaved common items, is defined as an outlier. Although improving equating accuracy, detecting and eliminating of outliers may cause a content imbalance among common items. Robust scale transformation methods have recently been proposed to solve this problem when only one outlier is present in the data, although it is not uncommon to see multiple outliers in practice. In this simulation study, the authors examined the robust scale transformation methods under conditions where there were multiple outlying common items. Results indicated that the robust scale transformation methods could reduce the influences of multiple outliers on scale transformation and equating. The robust methods performed similarly to a traditional outlier detection and elimination method in terms of reducing the influence of outliers while keeping adequate content balance.
Effects of Computerized Instruction on Mastery and Generalized Use of Commas Strategies by Students With LD
Authors: Schumaker Jean B. , Walsh Lisa D. , Fisher Joseph B.
Published: November 2019

The effects of an interactive multimedia (IM) software program for teaching comma strategies to students with learning disabilities (LD) were determined with regard to the students’ sentence-editing and sentence-construction skills. Students with LD at the middle-school and high-school levels were randomly selected in their intact cohorts for the experimental and control groups. Results showed that the experimental students completed the software program and readily learned information about and mastered the comma strategies. Additionally, experimental students at both school levels significantly outperformed the control students with regard to the percentage of correct commas inserted in an editing task. Moreover, they inserted significantly fewer incorrect commas. They also outperformed the control students with regard to the construction of complete sentences containing correct comma usage when prompted to write certain kinds of sentences while writing about a topic. Furthermore, both cohorts of experimental students with LD significantly outperformed their corresponding age groups of students who participated in validating the editing task. Therefore, this study indicates that students with LD can learn and generalize complex writing skills through the use of an IM program at a high level of quality.
Crook!: The impact of perceived corruption on non-electoral forms of political behaviour
Authors: Bazurli Raffaele , Portos Martín
Published: November 2019

Anti-corruption claims have been at the core of many mass mobilizations worldwide. However, the nexus between corruption and collective action is often overlooked. Bridging social movement and corruption studies, this article contends that believing in extensive corruption has a positive impact on non-electoral forms of participation. But this effect is uneven across the population and contingent upon the individual’s political interest and education. Using survey data from 34 countries, the analysis confirms that people prefer non-electoral mobilization when institutions are seemingly captured by vested interests. Moreover, perceiving endemic corruption is likely to breed indignation among lesser-educated and less politically interested citizens, who are keener to embrace anti-elitist arguments and ultimately engage in extra-institutional behaviour. These findings help refine theories of societal accountability, which generally assume that politically sophisticated citizens are the driving force in the fight against corruption.
Accent Beliefs Scale (ABS): Scale Development and Validation
Authors: Hansen Karolina
Published: November 2019

People’s accents in speech strongly influence how they are perceived by others. The current Accent Beliefs Scale was inspired by work on stigmatization, implicit theories of intelligence, and essentialism. The scale has two dimensions: accent diagnosticity and accent stability. The scale was developed, validated, and applied using a mixed methods approach with a QUAN–qual sequential design. Pretest and Study 1 developed the items, the subscales, and showed that diagnosticity and stability beliefs are independent of each other. Study 2 confirmed the scale’s two-factor structure on a large sample and proved its divergent and convergent validity. Study 3 addressed predictive validity and showed that the more perceivers viewed accents as diagnostic of other traits and the more they believed accents can be changed, the worse they evaluated a nonnative speaker with a strong accent. The developed scale can help understanding and predicting negative reactions to nonnative speakers.
Provisional police authority in Maputo’s inner-city periphery
Authors: Kyed Helene Maria
Published: November 2019

In Maputo city, post-war liberalisation implied new police reforms based on the rule of law, but it also led to rising crime and an unequal distribution of public security provision that favours the inner-city over the poorer peripheries. This article explores how this spatial bordering of the city affected the configuration of police authority in an underprioritised inner-city periphery. Based on ethnography, I show how police officers struggle to perform their duty and assert authority through what I refer to as institutional–jurisdictional ‘bordering practices’. Central here is the borders that separate law from popular justice and civilians from the police as a state authority with the de jure monopoly on violence and law enforcement. The officers themselves continuously deborder their own distinct authority by resolving crimes informally and by relying on civilians. Yet, this co-exists with efforts to re-border their authority through displays of state power and threats of legal processes. These (de/re)bordering practices, I argue, reflect the provisional authority of the police. The officers constantly face conflicting demands: between the new rule of law restrictions and popular preferences for immediate justice, which are both informed by historical legacies of popular justice and by the spatial bordering of the city that produces the inner-city periphery as unsafe and uncertain spaces.
Untangling the effects of partner responsiveness on health and well-being: The role of perceived control
Authors: Alonso-Ferres María , Imami Ledina , Slatcher Richard B.
Published: November 2019

Perceived partner responsiveness (PPR)—the extent to which people feel understood, cared for, and appreciated—has been identified as an organizing principle in the study of close relationships. Previous work indicates that PPR may benefit physical health and well-being, but how PPR is associated with personal benefits is less clear. One cognitive mechanism that may help to explain these associations is perceived control. Here we tested two competing models (moderation vs. mediation) in which we assessed whether perceived control might explain how PPR impacts health, well-being, and mortality in a 20-year longitudinal study of adults ( N = 1,186). We found that PPR has a long-term positive association with health, well-being, and mortality via increased perceived control and, in turn, decreased negative affect reactivity to daily stressors. These findings have important implications for understanding the cognitive mechanisms that link PPR to health and well-being.
Visibility and vulnerability: A mixed methodology approach to studying Roma individuals’ victimization experiences
Authors: Wallengren Simon , Wigerfelt Anders , Wigerfelt Berit , Mellgren Caroline
Published: November 2019

The present study examines the prevalence and impact of victimization among a sample of Roma individuals in Malmö and Gothenburg (Sweden). The aim of the study was to examine the link between visibility and victimization, and whether the Roma community employs behavioural strategies to reduce visibility, and, finally, to analyse how such strategies affect the group. The study design combines survey data ( n=610) with interviews ( n=30). The findings suggest that visibility is an important risk factor for victimization and that the study participants’ attempt to conceal their ethnicity affects them negatively both at an individual and a community level. The discussion concludes by presenting a number of policy implications.
Graft Size and Orientation Within the Femoral Notch Affect Graft Healing at 1 Year After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Oshima Takeshi , Putnis Sven , Grasso Samuel , Klasan Antonio , Parker David Anthony
Published: November 2019

Background:

The combined influence of anatomic and operative factors affecting graft healing after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction within the femoral notch is not well understood.

Purpose:

To determine the influence of graft size and orientation in relation to femoral notch anatomy, with the signal/noise quotient (SNQ) of the graft used as a measure of graft healing after primary single-bundle ACL reconstruction.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A total of 98 patients with a minimum 2-year follow-up after primary single-bundle ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon autografts were included. Graft healing was evaluated at 1 year on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan as the mean SNQ measured from 3 regions situated at sites at the proximal, middle, and distal graft. Patient characteristics, chondropenia severity score, tunnel sizes, tunnel locations, graft bending angle (GBA), graft sagittal angle, posterior tibial slope (PTS), graft length, graft volume, femoral notch volume, and graft-notch volume ratio (measured using postoperative 3-T high-resolution MRI) were evaluated to determine any association with 1-year graft healing. The correlation between 1-year graft healing and clinical outcome at minimum 2 years was also assessed.

Results:

There was no significant difference in mean SNQ between male and female patients ( P > .05). Univariate regression analysis showed that a low femoral tunnel ( P = .005), lateral tibial tunnel ( P = .009), large femoral tunnel ( P = .011), large tibial tunnel ( P < .001), steep lateral PTS ( P = .010), steep medial PTS ( P = .004), acute graft sagittal angle ( P < .001), acute GBA ( P < .001), large graft volume ( P = .003), and high graft-notch volume ratio ( P < .001) were all associated with higher graft SNQ values. A multivariate regression analysis showed 2 significant factors: a large graft-notch volume ratio ( P = .001) and an acute GBA ( P = .004). The 1-year SNQ had a weak correlation with 2-year Tegner Activity Scale score ( r = 0.227; P = .026) but no other clinical findings, such as International Knee Documentation Committee subjective and Lysholm scores and anterior tibial translation side-to-side difference.

Conclusion:

The 1-year SNQ value had a significant positive association with graft-notch volume ratio and GBA. Both graft size and graft orientation appeared to have a significant influence on graft healing as assessed on 1-year high-resolution MRI scan.
Can the refugee speak? Albert Hirschman and the changing meanings of exile
Authors: Heins Volker M.
Published: November 2019

This article presents a critical reading of Albert O. Hirschman’s typology of exit, voice and loyalty as a heuristic for understanding the changing meanings of exile in the 20th and early 21st centuries. It is argued that Hirschman’s experiences as well as the theory he distilled from them are highly relevant for researchers of forced migration and exile. After first defending the usefulness of Hirschman’s analytical framework for exile and diaspora studies, the article then highlights the need to revise and complicate his approach. Hirschman could not foresee the emerging global possibilities of cultivating ‘the art of voice’, new forms of internal and self-exile as a result of post-fascist versions of authoritarianism, and the growing difficulties faced by refugees including, refugee scholars and writers, to exit their countries and find a safe haven somewhere else. The gaps in Hirschman’s theory are addressed by drawing on insights from the writings of Judith Shklar.
Teaching Rate of Change and Problem Solving to High School Students With High Incidence Disabilities at Tier 3
Authors: Bundock Kaitlin , Hawken Leanne S. , Kiuhara Sharlene A. , O’Keeffe Breda V. , O’Neill Robert E. , Cummings Margarita B.
Published: November 2019

Implementing an integrated sequence of concrete-representational-abstract depictions of mathematics concepts (CRA-I) can improve the mathematics achievement of students with disabilities, and explicit instructional strategies involving problem-solving heuristics and student verbalizations can help facilitate students’ conceptual understanding of mathematics. Combining CRA-I and explicit instructional strategies may increase students’ conceptual understanding and ability to express mathematical reasoning through writing. This study included three ninth-grade students with disabilities, and employed a multiple-probe design across-participants to investigate a functional relation between an explicit instructional strategy within a CRA-I framework and high school students’ with disabilities proficiency in solving rate of change problems. Results showed that all three students improved their mathematics scores (combined Tau- U effect size = 0.77, p < .001) and maintained improvements during a 1- to 7-week post-instruction phase. Implications for research and practice related to mathematics instruction and intervention specifically for students with learning disabilities are discussed.
Factors That Influence the Reintegration to Normal Living for Older Adults 2 Years Post Hip Fracture
Authors: McGilton Katherine S. , Omar Abeer , Stewart Steven S. , Chu Charlene H. , Blodgett Meagan B. , Bethell Jennifer , Davis Aileen M.
Published: November 2019

Objectives: This study aims to identify factors that influence older adults’ reintegration to normal living 2 years following a hip fracture and the association between caregiver burden and reintegration over time. Methods: This longitudinal cohort study followed 76 community-dwelling older adults and their caregivers for 2 years post-hip fracture. The primary outcome was Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI), and the secondary outcome was caregiver burden. Results: Older adults scored significantly lower on RNLI at 18 to 24 months if they had few social interactions, cognitive impairment, or lower pre-fracture functional status. During follow-up, greater independence in activities of daily living and greater mobility were each positively associated with RNLI. Caregiver burden reduced if reintegration improved. Implications: Results suggest a need for targeted interventions for older adults’ post-hip fracture to improve their function to enhance their reintegration to normal living and to support caregivers in decreasing their burden of care.
Negotiating Urban Redevelopment: Exploring the Neighborhood Council Planning Model
Authors: Rosen Gillad , Avni Nufar
Published: November 2019

This paper analyzes the redevelopment of a residential compound in Jerusalem from a justice perspective. It focuses on the role of the Neighborhood Council (NC) in negotiating representation and recognition of local residents in the planning process. Based on analysis of interviews, planning documents, focus group meetings, and court appeals, we argue that as a hybrid governance structure, which mediates between the residents and the municipality, the NC is uniquely positioned to promote more just and inclusive planning process and outcomes at the neighborhood scale. However, the NC still faces substantial challenges due to its intermediary position.
Clinicoradiologic Profile and Outcome of Children With Tubercular Meningitis in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Fatema Kanij , Rahman Md Mizanur , Akhter Shaheen , Akter Naznin , Paul Bikush Chandra , Begum Suraiya , Begum Fahmida
Published: November 2019

Background:

Children are most vulnerable to tubercular meningitis. Neuroimaging is an important initial investigation in tubercular meningitis.

Objective:

This study was done to describe the clinical profile, neuroimaging changes, and clinical outcome in children with tubercular meningitis.

Methodology:

This was an observational cohort study on children with tubercular meningitis, between January 2012 and June 2018. Tubercular meningitis was diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, neuroimaging, and response to antitubercular drug treatment. Preferably magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast was done.

Result:

Out of 79 pediatric patients, 17 patients were lost during follow-up; thus, a total of 62 patients were studied. Mean age at presentation was 7.040 (±3.99 SD) year, 51.6% children were male. Rural children were more affected. Twenty eight (45.2 patients had contact with a person with tuberculosis. Only 3 (4.8%) patients presented within 10 days of duration of illness. Most of the cases (67.7%) were in stage 2 at the time of diagnosis. The most common clinical feature was fever, seizure, and signs of meningeal irritation (all present in 12.9%). In neuroimaging most common findings were tuberculoma (50%), hydrocephalus (54.8%), and basal meningeal enhancement (33.8%). Regarding outcome, 6 (9.67%) patients expired and 47 (75%) patients had sequelae. The most common complications were hydrocephalus (30.64%) and intellectual disability (12.9 ). Hydrocephalus was the most common neuroimaging finding among the patients who expired (33%).

Conclusion:

Hydrocephalus is the most common neuroimaging finding. Normal neuroimaging is associated with good outcome whereas all the patients who died had abnormal neuroimaging.
Behind Closed Doors: The Role of Risky Lifestyles and Victimization Experiences on Fear of Future Victimization Among South Korean Inmates
Authors: Choi Jaeyong , Dulisse Brandon
Published: November 2019

Criminologists have long considered the extent to which victimization experiences influence fear of future victimization. As a result, some scholars have proposed risky lifestyles theory as a theoretical framework linking individuals’ lifestyles and experiences to their fear of victimization. This study contributes to and extends this line of research by exploring whether risky lifestyles and prior victimization influence fear of future victimization among a large sample of incarcerated felons in South Korea. Results show that although risky lifestyles heighten fear of sexual assault and fear of property theft among inmates, risky lifestyles are not predictive of fear of violent assault. This finding expands the scope of risky lifestyles theory and provides an understanding of why fear of victimization occurs within the prison context.