bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on rheological behavior of polystyrene‐polyisoprene‐polystyrene around viscous flow transformation: Effect of polystyrene block content and molecular weight
Authors: Shang Zihao , Luo Hengyu , Han Hui , Jia Tingting , Hu Haiqing
Published: July 2023

The flow behavior of triblock copolymer polystyrene‐polyisoprene‐polystyrene (SIS) was different below and above the viscous flow transition temperature (Tf). The study investigated the relationship between molecular structure (molecular weight and polystyrene block content) and the macroscopic rheological properties of SIS melt around Tf via capillary rheometer. The results indicated that below the Tf, shear viscosity of SIS melt was controlled by the polystyrene (PS) block content. On the other hand, above the Tf, shear viscosity was controlled by molecular weight. The rheological phenomena were explained based on the state change of the PS domains below and above Tf. The effect of PS block content on the viscous flow activation energy (Eη) and pressure drop of SIS melt was also investigated.
Preparation and laboratory study of a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose smart temperature‐controlled crosslinked gel fracturing fluid system
Authors: Zuo Chengwei , Wu Yan , Du Kun , Zhu Lianggen , Gou Zhuyin , Xia Yinfeng , Jia Zhenfu , Zeng Wenbi
Published: July 2023

Water‐based fracturing fluids are widely used in the development of tight, low‐permeability unconventional oil and gas fields, where the crosslinking agent component can thicken the low‐viscosity, high‐flowability base fluid to ensure sufficient proppant is transported from the wellbore to the tip of the fracture and generate the required net pressure to support the fracture. Zirconium crosslinking agents are widely used due to their good stability and high shear resistance. In the paper, glycerin, zirconium chloride, lactic acid, sodium hydroxide, and water were reacted at a molar ratio of 7:1:3:4:98 and a temperature of 80°C for 5 h; Using triethanolamine, zirconium chloride, lactic acid, and water as raw materials, the molar ratio of 4:1:3:98, reaction at 80°C for 5 h, and then zirconium lactate crosslinker and triethanolamine zirconium lactate crosslinker were synthesized respectively, which were incorporated into a newly designed self‐generating acid temperature‐controlled crosslinking system to crosslink salt‐resistant cleaning fracturing fluids mainly composed of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, achieving delayed crosslinking of the fracturing fluid in different temperature formations. The strong crosslinking temperature range of glycerol‐lactic acid zirconium and the rheological properties of triethanolamine zirconium lactate gel and zirconium lactate gel in the system were tested. The viscosity of triethanolamine zirconium lactate gel and zirconium lactate gel were 88.86 and 94.69 mPa·s, respectively, at the shear rate of 300 s−1, and the viscosity remained above 200 mPa·s at the shear rate of 170 s−1, 60°C for 1 h. These figures far exceed the gels formed by commercially purchased zirconate. This system can make glycerol lactic achouid zirconium crosslinking agents undergo strong crosslinking at 40–65°C and triethanolamine lactic acid zirconium undergo strong crosslinking at 55–75°C. It has significant implications for the delayed crosslinking effect of massive fracturing operations.
Green synthesis and environmental applications of alginate/polyacrylamide/titanium dioxide composite hydrogel
Authors: Wu Tongmeng , Sawut Amatjan , Simayi Rena , Gong Xuankun , Zhang Xiaohui , Jiang Menghao , Zhu Ziwen
Published: July 2023

A multifunctional sodium alginate/polyacrylamide/titanium dioxide (SA/PAM/TiO2) double network composite hydrogel was successfully prepared by sunlight‐induced polymerization and ionic cross‐linking method and the relationship between its structure and properties was studied. During the polymerization process, TiO2 is used as an initiator to promote the polymerization and is homogeneously immobilized on the three‐dimensional double network hydrogel matrix as the active component of photo‐catalysis. The dual network structure and highly hydrophilic functional groups in the structure improves the adsorption capacities of the hydrogel and photocatalytic performance of the catalyst by avoiding the aggregation of TiO2. The influences of different factors, such as the amount of cross‐linker, monomer ratio, titanium dioxide content, and exposure time, on the swelling properties of the hydrogel during the reaction process were investigated. The effects of titanium dioxide content, pH value, and initial concentration of methyl orange solution on the adsorption properties and photocatalytic performance of the hydrogel were also examined. In addition, the environmental applications of the material as a reusable adsorbent and an effective photo‐catalyst for the treatment of dyes were explored. The hydrogel possesses excellent mechanical properties and stability and was recycled for 10 times without any significant decrease in photocatalytic efficiency.
Times new plural: The multiple temporalities of contemporary life and the infosphere
Authors: Mason Tom , Bawden David
Published: July 2023

Experiences of time and temporalities in contemporary life are analysed, with Floridi's conception of the infosphere as a central concept. The effects of instantaneous communication and digital information are shown to result not simply in the obvious acceleration of many aspects of life, but in multiple temporalities. The informational spaces of Floridi's hyperhistorical time form a new time‐based society, with our informational activities expressed in linear, cyclic, re‐cyclic, and iterative processes. Examples from the information sciences, particularly information seeking and “slow information,” are given, and an outline model for time literacy is presented.
Advances in hybridoma preparation using electrofusion technology
Authors: Kou Jiaqian , Shen Jianzhong , Wang Zhanhui , Yu Wenbo
Published: July 2023

As a rapidly developing cell engineering technique, cell electrofusion has been increasingly applied in the field of hybridoma preparation in recent years. However, it is difficult to completely replace the polyethylene glycol‐mediated cell fusion using electrofusion due to the high operation requirements, high cost of electrofusion instruments, and lack of prior reference research work. The key elements limiting electrofusion in the field of hybridoma preparation also introduce practical complications, such as the use/choice of electrofusion instruments, setup/optimization of electrical parameters, and precise control of cells. This review summarizes the state of the art of cell electrofusion in hybridoma preparation based on recent published literature, mainly focusing on electrofusion instruments and their components, process control and characterization, and cell treatment. It also provides new information and insightful commentary critically important for further electrofusion development in the field of hybridoma preparation.
Aged mice are less susceptible to motion sickness and show decreased efferent vestibular activity compared to young adults
Authors: Lorincz David , Drury Hannah R. , Smith Doug W. , Lim Rebecca , Brichta Alan M.
Published: July 2023

Introduction

The efferent vestibular system (EVS) is a feedback circuit thought to modulate vestibular afferent activity by inhibiting type II hair cells and exciting calyx‐bearing afferents in the peripheral vestibular organs. In a previous study, we suggested EVS activity may contribute to the effects of motion sickness. To determine an association between motion sickness and EVS activity, we examined the effects of provocative motion (PM) on c‐Fos expression in brainstem efferent vestibular nucleus (EVN) neurons that are the source of efferent innervation in the peripheral vestibular organs.

Methods

c‐Fos is an immediate early gene product expressed in stimulated neurons and is a well‐established marker of neuronal activation. To study the effects of PM, young adult C57/BL6 wild‐type (WT), aged WT, and young adult transgenic Chat‐gCaMP6f mice were exposed to PM, and tail temperature (Ttail) was monitored using infrared imaging. After PM, we used immunohistochemistry to label EVN neurons to determine any changes in c‐Fos expression. All tissue was imaged using laser scanning confocal microscopy.

Results

Infrared recording of Ttail during PM indicated that young adult WT and transgenic mice displayed a typical motion sickness response (tail warming), but not in aged WT mice. Similarly, brainstem EVN neurons showed increased expression of c‐Fos protein after PM in young adult WT and transgenic mice but not in aged cohorts.

Conclusion

We present evidence that motion sickness symptoms and increased activation of EVN neurons occur in young adult WT and transgenic mice in response to PM. In contrast, aged WT mice showed no signs of motion sickness and no change in c‐Fos expression when exposed to the same provocative stimulus.
Synthesis, Anticancer Evaluation and in Silico Studies of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines
Authors: Merugu Santha Kumari , Krishnan K V. B. R. , Kumar K Ravi , Ansari Siddique Akber , Ansari Irfan Aamer , Bollikolla Hari Babu
Published: July 2023

An efficient 1,4‐dihydropyridine synthesis under mild conditions has been developed. Numerous substrates were tested, with yields of 1,4‐dihydropridines ranging from good to excellent and a wide range of functional group tolerance. A549, HT‐29, and HepG2 cancer cells were used to investigate the anticancer efficacy of each of the produced compounds. Additionally, in‐silico docking studies were conducted to understand the structure‐based features of the anticancer mechanism with the cancer medication target of Adenosine A2A receptor as well as the molecular level interactions of the compounds.
Investigating the Antioxidant and Color Properties of Bee Pollens of Various Plant Sources
Authors: Végh Rita , Sipiczki Gizella , Csóka Mariann
Published: July 2023

In our study, Central and Eastern European bee pollens of different botanical origins were compared, based on their antioxidant and color properties. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and in vitro antioxidant capacity (by FRAP, CUPRAC, ABTS⋅+ and DPPH⋅ assays) were determined spectrophotometrically. Besides, Relative Antioxidant Capacity Indexes (RACI) were calculated. CIELAB color parameters (L*, a*, b*, chroma) were determined by using a tristimulus‐based instrument. Potential correlations between the investigated parameters were also identified. Based on the results of the preliminary study, ethanol:distilled water (60 : 40) was chosen as an extraction solvent. The total phenolic content of our samples ranged between 9.41 and 27.49 mg GAE/g dw. Pollens showed TFC:TPC ratios between 9 and 44 %. RACI values indicate that rapeseed (Brassica napus), traveller's joy (Clematis vitalba) and phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia) pollens have relatively high, while pollens of certain plants of the Asteraceae family possess low antioxidant potential. Antioxidant properties correlated significantly in most cases. RACI values showed strong positive correlation with each of the other antioxidant capacity parameters, suggesting that this approach is well applicable for comparing the antioxidant potential of bee pollens. No clear correlation was found between the antioxidant and color parameters.
Research Progress on the Structural Modification of Magnolol and Honokiol and the Biological Activities of Their Derivatives
Authors: Ming‐Xin Guo M. M. , Wu Xia , Feng Yi‐Fan , Hu Zhi‐Qiang
Published: July 2023

Magnolol and Honokiol are the primary active components that have been identified and extracted from Magnolia officinalis, and several investigations have demonstrated that they have significant pharmacological effects. Despite their therapeutic benefits for a wide range of illnesses, research on and the implementation of these compounds have been hindered by their poor water solubility and low bioavailability. Researchers are continually using chemical methods to alter their structures to make them more effective in treating and preventing diseases. Researchers are also continuously developing derivative drugs with high efficacy and few adverse effects. This article summarizes and analyzes derivatives with significant biological activities reported in recent research obtained by structural modification. The modification sites have mainly focused on the phenolic hydroxy groups, benzene rings, and diene bonds. Changes to the allyl bisphenol structure will result in unexpected benefits, including high activity, low toxicity, and good bioavailability. Furthermore, alongside earlier experimental research in our laboratory, the structure‐activity relationships of magnolol and honokiol were preliminarily summarized, providing experimental evidence for improving their development and utilization.
Nucleic‐Acid‐Templated Synthesis of Smart Polymer Vectors for Gene Delivery
Authors: García Coll José , Ulrich Sébastien
Published: July 2023

Nucleic acids are information‐rich and readily available biomolecules, which can be used to template the polymerization of synthetic macromolecules. Here, we highlight the control over the size, composition, and sequence one can nowadays obtain by using this methodology. We also highlight how templated processes exploiting dynamic covalent polymerization can, in return, result in therapeutic nucleic acids fabricating their own dynamic delivery vector – a biomimicking concept that can provide original solutions for gene therapies.
Recent DFT Calculations on the Mechanism of Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed C−O Activation of Alcohols
Authors: Liu DeGuang , Xu ZheYuan , Yu HaiZhu , Fu Yao
Published: July 2023

In recent decades, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been extensively employed to investigate the mechanism of transition metal‐catalyzed C−O activation reactions. These studies provide valuable insights into the structure‐reactivity/selectivity correlations via theoretical simulations and energy profile analysis. Alcohols, a category of molecules that are readily available from biomass and are low cost, represent one of the most extensively studied compounds in organic synthesis. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the DFT studies conducted since 2017 on the C−OH bond activation of alcohols catalyzed by transition metals. Specifically, the activation can be mainly divided into four categories: free radical cleavage, metal insertion, nucleophilic attack, and β‐OH elimination. We will also cover some promising strategies and give a perspective regarding future research directions in this field.
Formation of Single‐Chain Anionic Bolaamphiphiles on Indium Tin Oxide Surfaces through Self‐Assembly To Improve Optoelectronic Device Performance
Authors: Batdelger Ankhnybayar , Lee Soon‐Gyu , Park Sang‐Geon
Published: July 2023

The surface of indium tin oxide (ITO) was modified with bolaamphiphilic (BA) materials to tune the energy‐level alignment of electrodes in optoelectronic devices (OEDs). Tuning the energy‐level alignment of the electrode is crucial for enhancing OED efficiency by improving carrier injection. Although the dielectric properties of organic solvents influence the formation of BA self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs), our study found that the intermolecular forces of the dissolved BA materials and the solution medium are more important for the formation of a well‐ordered film on the electrode. Our results also showed efficient tunneling phenomenon between the electrode and the hole transport layer (HTL) using BA material. The holes were transported to the tunnel junctions where the Fermi energy was sufficiently close to the HOMO band of the BA. Therefore, the tunnel barrier height of the ITO/HTL of the OED was reduced, and favorable conditions for hole injection was created, resulting in a 2–3 times increase in luminance and current density. It is believed that the larger area of interface contact between electrode/BA/HTL and the formation of well‐ordered BA layers are responsible for the improved performance of the BA‐modified electrode surface and OED.
Alkylcyanoborate Anions: Building Blocks for Fluorine‐Free Low‐Viscosity, Electrochemically and Thermally Stable Ionic Liquids
Authors: Schopper Nils , Landmann Johannes , Sprenger Jan A. P. , Zapf Ludwig , Bertermann Rüdiger , Ignat'ev Nikolai V. , Finze Maik
Published: July 2023

A set of mixed‐substituted potassium alkylcyano‐ and alkylcyanofluoroborates has been synthesized using easily accessible starting compounds and characterized by elemental analysis, NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. In addition, single‐crystal structures of salts of the cyanoborate anions have been derived from X‐ray diffraction experiments. The 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium room temperature ionic liquids ([EMIm]+‐RTILs) with the new borate anions have been synthesized and their physicochemical properties, that is, high thermal and electrochemical stability, low viscosity, and high conductivity, have been compared to the properties of related [EMIm]+‐RTILs. The influence of the different alkyl substituents at boron has been assessed. The exemplary study on the properties with the [EMIm]+‐ILs with the mixed water stable alkylcyanoborate anions points towards the potential of these fluorine‐free borate anions, in general.
Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition of Alkynyl Boronates
Authors: Liashuk Oleksandr S. , Grygorenko Oleksandr O. , Volovenko Yulian M. , Waser Jérôme
Published: July 2023

A photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition of alkynyl boronates and maleimides is reported. The developed protocol provided 35–70 % yield of maleimide‐derived cyclobutenyl boronates and demonstrated wide compatibility with various functional groups. The synthetic utility of the prepared building blocks was demonstrated for a range of transformations, including Suzuki cross‐coupling, catalytic or metal‐hydride reduction, oxidation, and cycloaddition reactions. With aryl‐substituted alkynyl boronates, the products of double [2+2] cycloaddition were obtained predominantly. Using the developed protocol, a cyclobutene‐derived analogue of Thalidomide was prepared in one step. Mechanistic studies supported the participation of the triplet‐excited state maleimides and ground state alkynyl boronates in the key step of the process.
Chemical Recycling of Polyolefins with the Molten Metal Reactor at 460 °C
Authors: Riedewald Frank , Zuber Jan , Rathsack Philipp , Duffy Gavin , O'Mahoney Maria , Sousa-Gallagher Maria
Published: July 2023

This paper describes the pyrolysis of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) in a molten metal reactor, where the HDPE is initially in direct contact with molten metal at 460 °C. Due to the equal temperature across the molten metal, secondary reactions are minimised, and long‐chain waxes with boiling points over 600 °C accumulate on the molten metal. Once enough wax has accumulated, further HDPE pyrolysis occurs within the wax in a direct heat transfer reaction.
A beneficiation study to recover xenotime minerals from rich‐iron‐silicate ores
Authors: Nguyen Kien Trung , Nguyen Bac Quang , Nguyen Chi Thi Ha , Pham Chuc Ngoc , Duong Lim Thi , Nguyen Mai Vu Ngoc , Luu Ha Thi Viet , Dao Nhiem Ngoc
Published: July 2023

The Yen Phu (YP) rare‐earth mine, located in Yen Bai, Vietnam, currently reserves 28,000 tons of total rare earth oxides (TREO) with a TREO grade of about 1.16%. A mineralogy study shows the dominance of iron‐oxide‐ and silicate‐bearing minerals in YP ore, whereas xenotime presents as the major rare‐earth metal (REM) bearing mineral. Chemical analyses also exhibit a relatively high proportion of heavy rare earth metals (HREMs) at 41.2%, which suggests the high economic value of YP ores. The factors influencing the flotation involving the pH, the depressant, and the collector dosage were first assessed. Then, a beneficiation flowsheet including grinding, wet magnetic separation, and flotation was recommended and practically conducted to enrich the TREO. The proposed process successfully promoted the TREO grade from 1.16% to 29.70% with a high recovery of 80.31% in the REM concentrates, while a tiny loss of TREO was exhibited in the tailing. The chemical analysis of REM concentrates also demonstrated the conservation of REM composition throughout the beneficiation.
N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide for prediction of ventricular arrhythmias: Data from the SMASH study
Authors: Sourour N. , Riveland E. , Næsgaard P. , Kjekshus H. , Larsen A. I. , Omland T. , Røsjø H. , Myhre P. L.
Published: July 2023

Background

Elevated N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) concentrations predict heart failure (HF) and mortality, but whether NT‐proBNP predicts ventricular arrhythmias (VA) is not clear.

Hypothesis

We hypothesize that high NT‐proBNP concentrations associate with the risk of incident VA, defined as adjudicated ventricular fibrillation or sustained ventricular tachycardia.

Methods

In a prospective, observational study of patients treated with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), we analyzed NT‐proBNP concentrations at baseline and after mean 1.4 years in association to incident VA.

Results

We included 490 patients (age 66 ± 12 years, 83% men) out of whom 51% had a primary prevention ICD indication. The median NT‐proBNP concentration was 567 (25–75 percentile 203–1480) ng/L and patients with higher concentrations were older with more HF and ICD for primary prevention. During mean 3.1 ± 0.7 years, 137 patients (28%) had ≥1 VA. Baseline NT‐proBNP concentrations were associated with the risk of incident VA (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.39, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.22–1.58, p < .001), HF hospitalizations (HR: 3.11, 95% CI: 2.53–3.82, p < .001), and all‐cause mortality (HR: 2.49, 95% CI: 2.04–3.03, p < .001), which persisted after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, coronary artery disease, HF, renal function, and left ventricular ejection fraction. The association with VA was stronger in secondary versus primary prevention ICD indication: HR: 1.59 (95% CI: 1.34–1.88 C‐statistics 0.71) versus HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.02–1.51, C‐statistics 0.55), p‐for‐interaction = 0.06. Changes in NT‐proBNP during the first 1.4 years did not associate with subsequent VA.

Conclusions

NT‐proBNP concentrations are associated with the risk of incident VA after adjustment for established risk factors, with the strongest association in patients with a secondary prevention ICD indication.
Facile Fabrication of Ultrathin Bimetal‐Organic Nanosheets as High‐Performance Anode of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Han Yang , Hong Xinyi , Zheng Hao , Zhu Renzhi , Liu Yefeng , Gao Hua‐Min , Zhang Yang , Wang Xiaodong , Li Honglin , Yin Xiaojie
Published: July 2023

Two‐dimensional metal‐organic frameworks (2D MOFs) with more exposed active sites and stable structures are auspicious electrode materials for high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). In the current work, ultrasonic treatment was used to prepare two‐dimensional CoNi‐BDC ultrathin nanosheets (N‐CoNi‐BDC) by coordinating Ni2+, Co2+, and benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC). The N‐CoNi‐BDC was used as the anode of LIBs, demonstrating an exceptional reversible storage capacity of 1358 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.1 A g−1. In addition, a charging capacity of 757 mAh g−1 was observed at a high current density of 1 A g−1 without observable capacity degradation up to 300 cycles. The superior behavior of N‐CoNi‐BDC was attributed to its distinct morphology of ultrathin nanosheets with more exposed active sites and stable structures. Ex‐situ FTIR and XPS results revealed that the benzene ring, carboxylate, and Ni2+ in N‐CoNi‐BDC were the active parts of lithium‐ion storage.
Current oral hygiene and recreational behavioral trends in HIV disease
Authors: Mercante Donald E. , Guarisco Emily , Lilly Elizabeth A. , Rao Arni , Treas Kelly , Beall Clifford J. , Thompson Zach , Griffen Ann L. , Leys Eugene J. , Vazquez Jose A. , Hagensee Michael E. , Fidel Paul L.
Published: July 2023

Objective

HIV disease is evolving with more HIV+ persons experiencing a high quality of life with well‐controlled viremia. We recently enrolled a large cohort of HIV+ and clinically relevant HIV− persons for oral microbiome analyses that included a questionnaire related to oral hygiene and recreational behaviors. Here, the questionnaire responses were analyzed for behavioral trends within the cohort, together with trends over time by comparison to a previous geographically centered HIV+ cohort.

Methods

Data were collected by questionnaire at baseline visits as cross‐sectional assessments. Multivariable analyses were conducted for associations of HIV status as well as age, race, and sex, on oral hygiene/recreational behaviors.

Results

HIV+ subjects had reduced brushing frequency, but increased incidence of past cleanings and frequency of dry mouth, compared to the HIV− subjects. Within the entire cohort, positive associations were identified between age and several oral hygiene practices, and between age, race, and sex for several recreational behaviors. In comparison to the historical cohort, the contemporary HIV+ cohort participated in fewer high‐risk behaviors, but with similar trends for smoking and oral hygiene practices.

Conclusion

HIV status had little association with oral hygiene and recreational behaviors despite several differences in age, race, and sex. Behavioral trends over time support a higher quality of life in people currently living with HIV.
When and how do children solve the Weather Prediction Task?
Authors: Bochud‐Fragnière Emilie , Lavenex Pierre , Banta Lavenex Pamela
Published: July 2023

The Weather Prediction Task (WPT) can be solved by adults using several strategies dependent on different memory systems. One developmental study reported that 8–12‐year‐old children can solve WPT‐like tasks but, because of inadequate analyses, the cognitive processes involved in solving the task have not been established. The present study aimed to determine at what age children can first solve the WPT and identify the strategies used by children of different ages. We tested 3–12‐year‐old typically developing children and 20–30‐year‐old adults on a modified WPT. We performed detailed analyses of performance for each pattern of cue–outcome associations to decipher the strategies used by participants. None of the 3–5.5‐year‐old children solved the task. About one third of 5.5–7.5‐year‐old children performed above chance, relying only on the two most predictive cues. In contrast, about 80% of 7.5–12‐year‐old children performed above chance, relying on a conditional hierarchical strategy. Similar to 20–30‐year‐old adults, 7.5–12‐year‐old children considered the highly predictive cues primarily and the less predictive cues secondarily. These findings indicate that the learning strategies used to solve the WPT evolve from middle to late childhood and reflect an increasing ability to use a conditional strategy concomitant with the development of the hippocampus‐dependent memory system.
Developmental age and fatty acid amide hydrolase genetic variation converge to mediate fear regulation in female mice
Authors: Gerhard Danielle M. , Tse Nathaniel , Lee Francis S. , Meyer Heidi C.
Published: July 2023

Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in females than in males, yet a majority of basic neuroscience studies are performed in males. Furthermore, anxiety disorders peak in prevalence during adolescence, yet little is known about neurodevelopmental trajectories of fear expression, particularly in females. To examine these factors, we fear conditioned juvenile, adolescent, and adult female mice and exposed them to fear extinction and a long‐term recall test. For this, we used knock‐in mice containing a common human mutation in the gene for fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the primary catabolic enzyme for the endocannabinoid anandamide (FAAH‐IN). This mutation has been shown to impart a low‐anxiety phenotype in humans, and in rodents relative to their wild‐type littermates. We find an impact of the FAAH polymorphism on developmental changes in fear behavior. Specifically, the FAAH polymorphism appears to induce a state of hypervigilance (increased fear) during adolescence. We also used markerless pose estimation software to classify alternative behaviors outside of freezing. These analyses revealed age differences in vigilance to indicators of threat and in the propensity of mice to explore an aversive environment, though genotypic differences were minimal. These findings address a gap in the literature regarding developmental patterns of fear learning and memory as well as the mechanistic contributions of the endocannabinoid system in females.
High‐latitude kelps and future oceans: A review of multiple stressor impacts in a changing world
Authors: Farrugia Drakard Veronica , Hollarsmith Jordan A. , Stekoll Michael S.
Published: July 2023

Kelp forests worldwide are threatened by both climate change and localized anthropogenic impacts. Species with cold‐temperate, subpolar, or polar distributions are projected to experience range contractions over the coming decades, which may be exacerbated by climatic events such as marine heatwaves and increased freshwater and sediment input from rapidly contracting glaciers. The northeast Pacific has an extensive history of harvesting and cultivating kelps for subsistence, commercial, and other uses, and, therefore, declines in kelp abundance and distributional shifts will have significant impacts on this region. Gaps in our understanding of how cold‐temperate kelp species respond to climate stressors have limited our ability to forecast the status of kelp forests in future oceans, which hampers conservation and management efforts. Here, we conducted a structured literature review to provide a synthesis of the impacts of multiple climate‐related stressors on kelp forests in the northeast Pacific, assess existing knowledge gaps, and suggest potential research priorities. We chose to focus on temperature, salinity, sediment load, and light as the stressors most likely to vary and impact kelps as climate change progresses. Our results revealed biases in the existing literature toward studies investigating the impacts of temperature, or temperature in combination with light. Other stressors, particularly salinity and sediment load, have received much less focus despite rapidly changing conditions in high‐latitude regions. Furthermore, multiple stressor studies appear to focus on kelp sporophytes, and it is necessary that we improve our understanding of how kelp microstages will be affected by stressor combinations. Finally, studies that investigate the potential of experimental transplantation or selective cultivation of genotypes resilient to environmental changes are lacking and would be useful for the conservation of wild populations and the seaweed aquaculture industry.
Diversity–stability relationships across organism groups and ecosystem types become decoupled across spatial scales
Authors: Wisnoski Nathan I. , Andrade Riley , Castorani Max C. N. , Catano Christopher P. , Compagnoni Aldo , Lamy Thomas , Lany Nina K. , Marazzi Luca , Record Sydne , Smith Annie C. , Swan Christopher M. , Tonkin Jonathan D. , Voelker Nicole M. , Zarnetske Phoebe L. , Sokol Eric R.
Published: July 2023

The relationship between biodiversity and stability, or its inverse, temporal variability, is multidimensional and complex. Temporal variability in aggregate properties, like total biomass or abundance, is typically lower in communities with higher species diversity (i.e., the diversity–stability relationship [DSR]). At broader spatial extents, regional‐scale aggregate variability is also lower with higher regional diversity (in plant systems) and with lower spatial synchrony. However, focusing exclusively on aggregate properties of communities may overlook potentially destabilizing compositional shifts. It is not yet clear how diversity is related to different components of variability across spatial scales, nor whether regional DSRs emerge across a broad range of organisms and ecosystem types. To test these questions, we compiled a large collection of long‐term metacommunity data spanning a wide range of taxonomic groups (e.g., birds, fish, plants, invertebrates) and ecosystem types (e.g., deserts, forests, oceans). We applied a newly developed quantitative framework for jointly analyzing aggregate and compositional variability across scales. We quantified DSRs for composition and aggregate variability in local communities and metacommunities. At the local scale, more diverse communities were less variable, but this effect was stronger for aggregate than compositional properties. We found no stabilizing effect of γ‐diversity on metacommunity variability, but β‐diversity played a strong role in reducing compositional spatial synchrony, which reduced regional variability. Spatial synchrony differed among taxa, suggesting differences in stabilization by spatial processes. However, metacommunity variability was more strongly driven by local variability than by spatial synchrony. Across a broader range of taxa, our results suggest that high γ‐diversity does not consistently stabilize aggregate properties at regional scales without sufficient spatial β‐diversity to reduce spatial synchrony.
Porous Indium Nanocrystals on Conductive Carbon Nanotube Networks for High‐Performance CO2‐to‐Formate Electrocatalytic Conversion
Authors: Xiao Liangping , Zhou Rusen , Zhang Tianqi , Wang Xiaoxiang , Zhou Renwu , Cullen Patrick J. , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: July 2023

Ever‐increasing emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) cause global environmental and climate challenges. Inspired by biological photosynthesis, developing effective strategies NeuNlto up‐cycle CO2 into high‐value organics is crucial. Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is highly promising to convert CO2 into economically viable carbon‐based chemicals or fuels under mild process conditions. Herein, mesoporous indium supported on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (mp‐In@MWCNTs) is synthesized via a facile wet chemical method. The mp‐In@MWCNTs electrocatalysts exhibit high CO2RR performance in reducing CO2 into formate. An outstanding activity (current density −78.5 mA cm−2), high conversion efficiency (Faradaic efficiency of formate over 90%), and persistent stability (~30 h) for selective CO2‐to‐formate conversion are observed. The outstanding CO2RR process performance is attributed to the unique structures with mesoporous surfaces and a conductive network, which promote the adsorption and desorption of reactants and intermediates while improving electron transfer. These findings provide guiding principles for synthesizing conductive metal‐based electrocatalysts for high‐performance CO2 conversion.
A scoping review of heart failure transitional care quality indicators and outcomes for use in clinical care and research
Authors: Oskouie Suzanne , Michael Faith , Whitelaw Sera , Bozkurt Biykem , Fonarow Gregg C. , Van Spall Harriette G.C.
Published: July 2023

Aims

There are no accepted quality indicators for transitional care following hospitalization for heart failure (HF). Current quality measures focus on 30‐day readmissions without accounting for competing risks such as death. In this scoping review of clinical trials, we aimed to develop a set of HF transitional care quality indicators for clinical or research applications following hospitalization for HF.

Methods and results

We performed a scoping review using MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, HealthSTAR, reference lists and grey literature from January 1990 to November 2022. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of adults hospitalized for HF who received a healthcare service or strategy intervention that aimed to improve patient‐reported or clinical outcomes. We independently extracted data and performed a qualitative synthesis of the results. We generated a list of process, structure, patient‐reported, and clinical measures that could be used as quality indicators. We highlighted process indicators that were associated with improved clinical outcomes and patient‐reported outcomes that had high adherence to COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) and United States Food and Drug Administration standards. From 42 RCTs included in the study, we identified a set of process, structure, patient‐reported, and clinical indicators that could be used as transitional care measures in clinical or research settings.

Conclusion

In this scoping review, we developed a list of quality indicators that could guide clinical efforts or serve as research endpoints in transitional care in HF. Clinicians, researchers, institutions, and policymakers can use the indicators to guide management, design research, allocate resources, and fund services that improve clinical outcomes.
Impact of comorbidities on health status measured using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire in patients with heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Yang Mingming , Kondo Toru , Adamson Carly , Butt Jawad H. , Abraham William T. , Desai Akshay S. , Jering Karola S. , Køber Lars , Kosiborod Mikhail N. , Packer Milton , Rouleau Jean L. , Solomon Scott D. , Vaduganathan Muthiah , Zile Michael R. , Jhund Pardeep S. , McMurray John J.V.
Published: July 2023

Aim

Patients with heart failure (HF) often suffer from a range of comorbidities, which may affect their health status. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of different comorbidities on health status in patients with HF and reduced (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

Methods and results

Using individual patient data from HFrEF (ATMOSPHERE, PARADIGM‐HF, DAPA‐HF) and HFpEF (TOPCAT, PARAGON‐HF) trials, we examined the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) domain scores and overall summary score (KCCQ‐OSS) across a range of cardiorespiratory (angina, atrial fibrillation [AF], stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) and other comorbidities (obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease [CKD], anaemia). Of patients with HFrEF (n = 20 159), 36.2% had AF, 33.9% CKD, 33.9% diabetes, 31.4% obesity, 25.5% angina, 12.2% COPD, 8.4% stroke, and 4.4% anaemia; the corresponding proportions in HFpEF (n = 6563) were: 54.0% AF, 48.7% CKD, 43.4% diabetes, 53.3% obesity, 28.6% angina, 14.7% COPD, 10.2% stroke, and 6.5% anaemia. HFpEF patients had lower KCCQ domain scores and KCCQ‐OSS (67.8 vs. 71.3) than HFrEF patients. Physical limitations, social limitations and quality of life domains were reduced more than symptom frequency and symptom burden domains. In both HFrEF and HFpEF, COPD, angina, anaemia, and obesity were associated with the lowest scores. An increasing number of comorbidities was associated with decreasing scores (e.g. KCCQ‐OSS 0 vs. ≥4 comorbidities: HFrEF 76.8 vs. 66.4; HFpEF 73.7 vs. 65.2).

Conclusions

Cardiac and non‐cardiac comorbidities are common in both HFrEF and HFpEF patients and most are associated with reductions in health status although the impact varied among comorbidities, by the number of comorbidities, and by HF phenotype. Treating/correcting comorbidity is a therapeutic approach that may improve the health status of patients with HF.
Rich‐defect carbon nanotubes for highly sensitive detection of Dopamine
Authors: Jiang Li Ke , Li Juan , Shi Fan , Peng Gan Li , Sun Wei , Song Lu Zhi , Zou Zhuo , Ming Li Chang
Published: July 2023

Dopamine (DA) plays an essential role in the central nervous, renal, hormonal and cardiovascular systems. Various modified carbon nanotubes (CNT)‐based dopamine sensors have been reported, but inexpensive, highly sensitive plain CNT‐based ones are seldom studied. In this work, a facile and inexpensive CNT‐based DA sensor is made by rich‐defect multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (RD‐CNT) via an ultrasound method. The defect and elemental states of the RD‐CNT are systematically studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray‐photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results show that massive holes and cracks exist in RD‐CNT. The level of defects increases from the additional exposed edges. The electrochemical characterizations indicate that the electrochemical sensor has the highest sensitivity of 438.4 μA/(μM ⋅ cm2) among all carbon materials‐based DA sensors while well meeting the clinically required detection range and selectivity. The DA sensor was further used to detect live healthy human serum and live PC12 cells with satisfactory results, thus holding great promise for an inexpensive but sensitive DA sensor in practical applications of clinical diagnosis and biological research.
Effect of Solder Flux on Resistive Solder Bond Hotspot Generation in Photovoltaic Module Circuit Process and Restoration of Hotspot Module
Authors: Han Seungyong , Cho Yeonghyeon , Cho Sungbae , Lee Koo , Yi Junsin
Published: July 2023

In photovoltaic (PV) modules, resistive solder bond (RSB) hotspots are the primary cause for a reduction in output power of over 25%. They may be the result of inadequate soldering between the busbars and/or between the busbars and the interconnector ribbon during the circuit assembly procedure for the PV module. This study proposes a straightforward, dependable, and rapid method for reducing RSB hotspots in PV modules using additional solder flux during the circuit soldering process. The soldering of PV modules is examined in accordance with actual conditions present in PV module manufacturers during the manufacture of circuits. Using the tab pull test and the damp heat test, respectively, the bonding strength and dependability of the soldered connectors are evaluated. Connectors soldered with flux have a void ratio of 10% that is five times lower than connectors soldered without flux. In addition, connectors with flux decrease soldering strength by a range of −1.54% to −7.69%, whereas connectors without flux decrease soldering strength by a range of −17.39% to −29.31%. During long‐term reliability evaluations on repaired 370A and 370B samples, the RSB hotspots are substantially reduced by incorporating additional flux into the circuit process. In addition, the application of additional solder at the busbar to interconnetor ribbon soldering site prevents RSB hotspots effectively. The results are anticipated to provide comprehensive and straightforward solutions for significantly reducing RSB hotspot failures in commercial PV modules.
Highly Efficient Solid‐State Supercapacitor with Porous Electrode Material
Authors: Pulikkottil Merin , Thomas Anitta , Malamal Neelanchery Muralidharan , Gopalan Elavumkal Veena , Ansari Seema
Published: July 2023

Herein, a flexible solid‐state supercapacitor (FSC) with a high level of efficiency with porous electrode material derived from mahogany fruit shell waste (MS) is reported. The mahogany‐fruit‐shell‐derived activated carbon (MSAC) is produced using chemical activation, followed by carbonization at various carbonization temperatures (500, 600, 700, and 800 °C) and activation ratios (MS:KOH = 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). The high‐performance MSAC has an intricate porous structure with a surface area of 1072 m2 g−1. It exhibits a specific capacitance of 267 F g−1 and outstanding capacitance retention of 97% even after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles. The MSAC‐based FSCs are constructed utilizing a gel polymer electrolyte (poly(vinyl alcohol)|sodium sulfate), and their performance is compared with that of conventional supercapacitor systems. The MSAC‐based FSC shows a very high specific capacitance of 121 F g−1, which is remarkably superior to previously reported FSCs. Additionally, as‐prepared FSC exhibits wide electrochemical window, flexibility, ease of handling, safety, along with a high capacitance retention of 78% after 2000 charging–discharging cycles. These exceptional capacitive properties, such as its extended cycle life and excellent rate capability, suggest that it is a potential alternative for a range of next‐generation energy storage applications.
High‐Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride‐Graphene Oxide Nanosheet Composite Nanofibers
Authors: Dai Yang , Zhong Xiaojiang , Xu Tao , Li Yunlong , Xiong Yin , Zhang Shoujing
Published: July 2023

Herein, a vertical contact‐separated triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) composed of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and graphene oxide nanosheets (GO) is prepared. The effect of GO on PVDF nanofibers is analyzed to find the optimal mass fraction of GO. The morphology, structure, and output performance of PVDF nanofibers are characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and digital oscilloscope. The results show that PVDF/GO nanofiber films produce output voltage of about 450 V and short‐circuit current of about 35 μA. The maximum peak power density of TENG consisting of PVDF/GO with cotton fibers is about 5.1 W m−2 under impedance‐matching conditions. Addition with GO suppresses the formation of α‐phase PVDF, thus facilitating the formation of β‐phase PVDF in the crystal structure. Furthermore, doping with GO reduces the average diameter of PVDF nanofibers. The PVDF nanofibers prepared in combination with the electrospinning process yield larger effective contact areas for TENG, which can significantly improve the output performance of the TENG.
Association of retinal nerve layers thickness and brain imaging in healthy young subjects from the i‐Share‐Bordeaux study
Authors: Lima Rebouças Sara Cristina , Crivello Fabrice , Tsuchida Ami , Tzourio Christophe , Schweitzer Cédric , Korobelnik Jean‐François , Delcourt Cécile , Helmer Catherine
Published: July 2023

Given the anatomical and functional similarities between the retina and the brain, the retina could be a “window” for viewing brain structures. We investigated the association between retinal nerve fiber layers (peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, ppRNFL; macular ganglion cell‐inner plexiform layer, GC‐IPL; and macular ganglion cell complex, GCC), and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters in young health adults. We included 857 students (mean age: 23.3 years, 71.3% women) from the i‐Share study. We used multivariate linear models to study the cross‐sectional association of each retinal nerve layer thickness assessed by spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) with structural (volumes and cortical thickness), and microstructural brain markers, assessed on MRI globally and regionally. Microstructural MRI parameters included diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI). On global brain analysis, thicker ppRNFL, GC‐IPL and GCC were all significantly associated with patterns of diffusion metrics consistent with higher WM microstructural integrity. In regional analyses, after multiple testing corrections, our results suggested significant associations of some retinal nerve layers with brain regional gray matter occipital volumes and with diffusion MRI parameters in a region involved in the visual pathway and in regions containing associative tracts. No associations were found with global volumes or with global or regional cortical thicknesses. Results of this study suggest that some retinal nerve layers may reflect brain structures. Further studies are needed to confirm these results in young subjects.