bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Different Weed Management Practices in Mustard for Enhancement of Productivity
Authors: Sharma Nupur , Yadav Tikendra Kumar , Yadav Vinod Kumar , Ankita  , Jangir Manisha
Published: March 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan kendra, Sawaimadhopur, Rajasthan, India in two consecutive years during 2018-19 and 2019-20 on Zone III –B of Rajasthan, India. In this experiment was performed in randomized block design which includes four treatments of weed control i.e. weedy check (T1), Hand weeding at 25 DAS (T2), Hand weeding at 25 & 45 DAS (T3), Pre emergence application of Pendimethaline @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 (T4) and replicated five times. Results revealed that  Weed Density (no m-2) 60 days after sowing, Dry weight (kg ha-1) 60 days after sowing, weed control efficiency (%) and weed index found lowest in two hand weeding at 25 and 45 days after sowing fb Pre emergence application of Pendimethaline @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 (T4) during both the years during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Highest seed yield (2341 kg ha-1) and (2431 kg ha-1) was found under two hand weeding (25 & 45 days after sowing) during 2018-19 and 2019-20 respectively.
Studies on Effect of Different Cutting and Varieties on Growth Parameter of Spinach Beet (Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis L.)
Authors: Kumar Shani , Ram R. B. , Verma Subhash , Verma Ravi Shankar , Kishor Braj , Veersain  , Kumar Lav
Published: March 2023

During the Rabi season, the Department of Horticulture at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow (U.P.) conducted research on the effect of different cuttings and varieties on the Horticulture Research Farm. The experiment was conducted in a RBD design with 16 treatments and two factor varieties (V1 Chandrika, V2 Pusa Jyoti, V3 All Green, and V4 Palak Katadar) and treatment (C0 no cutting, C1 cutting 1, C2 cutting 2, and C3 cutting 3). We found that the effect of cutting on vegetative growth parameters, viz., plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, leaf petiole length, and germination percentage, is significant. We found that cutting C0 had a significant influence on the growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, and petiole length), with the minimum observed at C3, the maximum germination observed at C1 as compared to C2 treatment, and the least germination recorded at C0 treatment. While plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, and germination percentage have a greater influence on Pusa jyoti (V2) than on All Green (V3), minimums are reported for Chandrika (V1).Find that combination V2C3 getting maximum green yield per unit area and per unit time.
Telehealth for Breastfeeding Support and Lessons for Digital Equity
Authors: Uscher-Pines Lori , Lawrence Rebecca , Waymouth Molly
Published: March 2023

This Viewpoint examines the current state of telelactation and its role in digital equity.
Life Prediction for Directed Energy Deposition‐Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel using a Coupled Crystal Plasticity–Machine Learning Framework
Authors: Ye Wenye , Zhang Xing , Hohl Jake , Liao Yiliang , Mushongera Leslie T.
Published: March 2023

Additively manufactured stainless steels have become increasingly popular due to their desirable properties, but their mechanical behavior in structural parts is not yet fully understood. Specifically, the impact of columnar microstructures on fatigue behavior is still unclear. A typical directed energy deposition (DED)‐fabricated 316L stainless steel microstructure consists of distinct zones with equiaxed and columnar grains. To answer the question of how these zones of a DED‐fabricated 316L stainless steel microstructure affect the local mechanical behavior individually, such as the fatigue strength, stress/strain distribution, and fatigue life, crystal plasticity simulations are conducted to investigate the influence of microstructure on local mechanical behavior such as fatigue strength, stress/strain distribution, and fatigue life. The simulations find that columnar microstructures exhibit better fatigue strength than equiaxed structures when the load is parallel to the major axis of the columnar grains, but the strength decreases when the load is perpendicular. This study also uses machine learning to predict fatigue life, which shows good agreement with crystal plasticity modeling. The study suggests that the combined crystal plasticity–machine learning approach is an effective way to predict the fatigue behavior of additively manufactured components.
Laser‐Induced Polymerization of Photosensitive Resin for Silk Fabric Joining
Authors: Li Lei , Zhou Shutong , Wu Yongling , Zheng Hongyu , Zhao Yuanliang , Yu Xingjian
Published: March 2023

Herein, a new joining method for silk fabrics based on polymerization of polyurethane acrylate (PUA) photosensitive resin induced by a nanosecond 355 nm ultraviolet laser is proposed. After the resin is applied and cured, not only the space between the fiber bundles, but also the gaps within the bundles are filled up with the resin, forming strong interlocking bonds. The infrared spectra of the joint area indicate that there is no textile burning or chemical change on silk fibers. The increase of laser energy density can improve the polymerization degree of the resin and increase the joint strength. However, when the energy density exceeds 1.68 J cm−2, ablation of the photosensitive resin occurs. The amount of filled resin affects the thickness of the joint and its strength. When the resin filling rate is 0.76 mL min−1, the joint has a high filling density and high bearing capacity. The tensile force of the joint reaches 297.10 N, which is higher than the breaking force of the base silk fabric. The tensile force of the joint also increases with the increasing of the joint width. This study provides an alternative process for conventional sawing and stitching in garments fabrication.
Water‐Surface‐Mediated Precise Patterning of Organic Single‐Crystalline Films via Double‐Blade Coating for High‐Performance Organic Transistors
Authors: Xiao Yanling , Deng Wei , Hong Jiajing , Ren Xiaobin , Zhang Xiujuan , Shi Jialin , Sheng Fangming , Zhang Xiaohong , Jie Jiansheng
Published: March 2023

Application‐oriented growth of patterned organic semiconductor (OSC) thin films with a single domain is a nonnegotiable requirement for the manufacturing of high‐performance organic electronic devices. However, the prevalent selective‐wetting patterning method remains a challenge in controlling the density of nucleation events in microscale spaces, resulting in thin films with high grain boundary density and no preferential orientation spherulites. Herein, a simple double‐blade‐coating printing technique using a combination of wetting‐patterned substrates to produce an array of highly crystalline OSC thin films is developed. Specifically, the approach confines the OSC crystallization on a molecular‐flat water surface in specific areas, enabling a significant reduction in the number of nuclei. Consequently, patterned 2,7‐dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b] benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT) thin films comprising single‐crystal domains are achieved with an exceptionally high yield of 62.5%. The organic field‐effect transistor array developed from such patterns of C8‐BTBT single‐crystalline films exhibits an excellent average mobility of 11.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 which is 12.5‐fold higher compared to that of the reference sample fabricated via conventional single‐blade coating. It is believed that this approach can be widely applied to other soluble organic materials, thereby opening up opportunities for fabricating multicomponent integrated electronics.
Super Strengthening Nano‐Polycrystalline Diamond through Grain Boundary Thinning
Authors: Yao Mingguang , Shen Fangren , Guo Dezhou , Zhang Hua , Zhai Chunguang , Shang Yuchen , Dong Jiajun , Zhao Yuanlong , Liu Zhaodong , Li Zhipeng , Li Haixin , Li Hongdong , An Qi , Liu Bingbing
Published: March 2023

Introducing nanostructures into diamonds is quite appealing for the synthesis of superhard materials with superior properties. However, as the grain size decreases to nanoscale, grain boundary effects become crucial yet complicated in the nanopolycrystalline diamond (NPD), making it challenging to tailor nanostructures. Here, atomistic simulations are combined with experiment to demonstrate a strengthening strategy for the sintered NPD by introducing thin amorphous grain boundary (AGB). The additive of small percentage of fullerene into precursors during sintering can significantly reduce crushed amorphous‐like nanodomains in diamond nanocrystals, leading to the formation of thin AGB. Such sintered NPD exhibits a significant hardness and fracture toughness enhancement, exceeding that of single crystal diamonds. These atomistic simulations show that upon straining the plastic deformation, crack initiation and propagation in NPD is AGB thickness dependent, and thin AGB can reduce crack nucleation and block crack propagation, well explaining the experimental observations. This study indicates that grain boundary modulation provides a promising approach for rational designs of high‐performance superhard materials with desired high strength.
Designing Heterovalent Substitution with Antioxidant Attribute for High‐Performance Sn‐Pb Alloyed Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chang Zhen , Zheng Dexu , Zhao Shuai , Wang Le , Wu Sajian , Liu Lu , Li Zhipeng , Zhang Lu , Dong Qingshun , Wang Hui , Wang Shiwei , Wang Kai , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: March 2023

All‐perovskite tandem solar cells are promising for breaking through the single‐junction Shockley–Queisser limit, and that potentially raises interest in configuring efficient Sn‐Pb alloyed narrow‐bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the Sn‐Pb alloyed perovskites are commonly plagued by uncontrollable crystallization dynamics and severe p‐doping levels. Herein, an effective additive molecule is designed with heterovalent substitution and antioxidant functions, whereby an organic metal coordination compound of tris(2,4‐pentanedionato)gallium (TPGa) is employed to upgrade the quality of perovskite films. Ga3+ substitution obviously boosts the formation energy of Sn vacancies and heals the trap states. Meanwhile, the crystal structure evolution process is improved by the anchoring effect of 2,4‐pentanedionato. The PSCs incorporating these improvements deliver not only a power conversion efficiency of 21.5% but also outstanding stability, as demonstrated by retaining 80% of the initial efficiency for over 1500 h. In addition, 23.14%‐efficient all‐perovskite tandem solar cells are further obtained by pairing this PSC with a wide‐bandgap (1.74 eV) top cell. This study supports the feasibility of doping trivalent ions into the Sn‐Pb alloyed perovskites to compromise the self‐p‐doping effect and highlights the importance of acetylacetone for passivating defects and hindering oxidation.
Dual Behavior Regulation: Tether‐Free Deep‐Brain Stimulation by Photothermal and Upconversion Hybrid Nanoparticles
Authors: Sun Feiyi , Shen Hanchen , Yang Qinghu , Yuan Zhaoyue , Chen Yuyang , Guo Weihua , Wang Yu , Yang Liang , Bai Zhantao , Liu Qingqing , Jiang Ming , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Sun Jianwei , Ye Ruquan , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: March 2023

Optogenetics has been plagued by invasive brain implants and thermal effects during photo‐modulation. Here, two upconversion hybrid nanoparticles modified with photothermal agents, named PT‐UCNP‐B/G, which can modulate neuronal activities via photostimulation and thermo‐stimulation under near‐infrared laser irradiation at 980 nm and 808 nm, respectively, are demonstrated. PT‐UCNP‐B/G emits visible light (410–500 nm or 500–570 nm) through the upconversion process at 980 nm, while they exhibit efficient photothermal effect at 808 nm with no visible emission and tissue damage. Intriguingly, PT‐UCNP‐B significantly activates extracellular sodium currents in neuro2a cells expressing light‐gated channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2) ion channels under 980‐nm irradiation, and inhibits potassium currents in human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing the voltage‐gated potassium channels (KCNQ1) under 808‐nm irradiation in vitro. Furthermore, deep‐brain bidirectional modulation of feeding behavior is achieved under tether‐free 980 or 808‐nm illumination (0.8 W cm−2) in mice stereotactically injected with PT‐UCNP‐B in the ChR2‐expressing lateral hypothalamus region. Thus, PT‐UCNP‐B/G creates new possibility of utilizing both light and heat to modulate neural activities and provides a viable strategy to overcome the limits of optogenetics.
Programmed Self‐Assembly of Single Colloidal Gyroids for Chiral Photonic Crystals
Authors: Flavell Wesley , Neophytou Andreas , Demetriadou Angela , Albrecht Tim , Chakrabarti Dwaipayan
Published: March 2023

Gyroid structures are of extensive interest because they provide a rich platform for chiroptics as well as topological photonics. While the double‐gyroid morphology as a bicontinuous structure is not uncommon in self‐assembled soft materials, direct self‐assembly of single‐network gyroids has proven elusive. Here, an enantiomorphic pair of single‐gyroid crystals comprising colloidal spheres is presented, and two distinct routes are demonstrated for programmed self‐assembly of each single colloidal gyroid enantiomorph from rationally designed patchy spheres. The designer colloidal patchy spheres, which closely hew to their synthetic feasibility, are chiral, having either two staggered rectangular patches at opposite poles or four circular patches arranged in a well‐defined geometry. The single colloidal gyroid, as well as its inverse structure, is shown to support a wide complete photonic bandgap in addition to exhibiting rich chiroptical properties, making them attractive chiral photonic crystals. The versatility of this single colloidal gyroid, the bottom‐up routes devised here in silico, and the robustness of the design space for the chiral colloidal patchy spheres together make a strong case for single colloidal gyroids to supersede colloidal diamond, as a target for programmed self‐assembly, in the quest for photonic crystals operating at optical frequencies.
Transition Metal‐Based Therapies for Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Song Yilin , You Qing , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: March 2023

Inflammatory disease (ID) is a general term that covers all diseases in which chronic inflammation performs as the major manifestation of pathogenesis. Traditional therapies based on the anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs are palliative with the short‐term remission. The emergence of nanodrugs has been reported to solve the potential causes and prevent recurrences, thus holding great potential for the treatment of IDs. Among various nanomaterial systems, transition metal‐based smart nanosystems (TMSNs) with unique electronic structures possess therapeutic advantages owing to their large surface area to volume ratio, high photothermal conversion efficiency, X‐ray absorption capacity, and multiple catalytic enzyme activities. In this review, the rationale, design principle, and therapeutic mechanisms of TMSNs for treatments of various IDs are summarized. Specifically, TMSNs can not only be designed to scavenge danger signals, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and cell‐free DNA, but also can be engineered to block the mechanism of initiating inflammatory responses. In addition, TMSNs can be further applied as nanocarriers to deliver anti‐inflammatory drugs. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of TMSNs are discussed, and the future directions of TMSN‐based ID treatment for clinical applications are emphasized.
Achieving High Quantum Efficiency Broadband NIR Mg4Ta2O9:Cr3+ Phosphor Through Lithium‐Ion Compensation
Authors: Wang Shangwei , Pang Ran , Tan Tao , Wu Haiyan , Wang Qi , Li Chengyu , Zhang Su , Tan Taixing , You Hongpeng , Zhang Hongjie
Published: March 2023

Ultra‐efficient broadband near‐infrared (NIR) phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs) are urgently needed to improve the detection sensitivity and spatial resolution of current smart NIR spectroscopy‐based techniques. Nonetheless, the performance of NIR pc‐LED has severely limited owing to the external quantum efficiency (EQE) bottleneck of NIR light‐emitting materials. Herein, a blue LED excitable Cr3+‐doped tetramagnesium ditantalate (Mg4Ta2O9, MT) phosphor is advantageously modified through lithium ion as a key efficient broadband NIR emitter to achieve high optical output power of the NIR light source. The emission spectrum encompasses the 700–1300 nm electromagnetic spectrum of first biological window (λmax = 842 nm) with a full‐width at half‐maximum (FWHM) of ≈2280 cm−1 (≈167 nm), and achieves a record EQE of 61.25% detected at 450 nm excitation through Li‐ion compensation. A prototype NIR pc‐LED is fabricated with MT:Cr3+, Li+ to evaluate its potential practical application, which reveals an NIR output power of 53.22 mW at a driving current of 100 mA, and a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 25.09% at 10 mA. This work provides an ultra‐efficient broadband NIR luminescent material, which shows great promise in practical applications and presents a novel option for the next‐generation high‐power compact NIR light sources.
A Molecular‐Scale Understanding of Misorientation Toughening in Corals and Seashells
Authors: Lew Andrew J. , Stifler Cayla A. , Tits Alexandra , Schmidt Connor A. , Scholl Andreas , Cantamessa Astrid , Müller Laura , Delaunois Yann , Compère Philippe , Ruffoni Davide , Buehler Markus J. , Gilbert Pupa U. P. A.
Published: March 2023

Biominerals are organic–mineral composites formed by living organisms. They are the hardest and toughest tissues in those organisms, are often polycrystalline, and their mesostructure (which includes nano‐ and microscale crystallite size, shape, arrangement, and orientation) can vary dramatically. Marine biominerals may be aragonite, vaterite, or calcite, all calcium carbonate (CaCO3) polymorphs, differing in crystal structure. Unexpectedly, diverse CaCO3 biominerals such as coral skeletons and nacre share a similar characteristic: Adjacent crystals are slightly misoriented. This observation is documented quantitatively at the micro‐ and nanoscales, using polarization‐dependent imaging contrast mapping (PIC mapping), and the slight misorientations are consistently between 1° and 40°. Nanoindentation shows that both polycrystalline biominerals and abiotic synthetic spherulites are tougher than single‐crystalline geologic aragonite. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of bicrystals at the molecular scale reveal that aragonite, vaterite, and calcite exhibit toughness maxima when the bicrystals are misoriented by 10°, 20°, and 30°, respectively, demonstrating that slight misorientation alone can increase fracture toughness. Slight‐misorientation‐toughening can be harnessed for synthesis of bioinspired materials that only require one material, are not limited to specific top‐down architecture, and are easily achieved by self‐assembly of organic molecules (e.g., aspirin, chocolate), polymers, metals, and ceramics well beyond biominerals.
Design of SnO2 Electron Transport Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells to Achieve 2000 h Stability Under 1 Sun Illumination and 85 °C
Authors: Gil Bumjin , Yun Alan Jiwan , Lim Jiheon , Cho Jaemin , Kim Beomsoo , Ryu Seokjoo , Kim Jinhyun , Park Byungwoo
Published: March 2023

In order to realize both efficient and stable perovskite solar cells, designing electron transport layer (ETL) is of crucial importance to withstand constant light illumination and thermal stress while maintaining high charge extractability. Herein, commonly used SnO2 nanoparticle‐based ETL for perovskite solar cells is modified by ionic‐salt ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and tin chloride dihydrate (SnCl2∙2H2O) as additives, which is easily fabricated by simple one‐step spin coating of single precursor solution. With the presence of these dual additives at the ETL, the crystallinity of the upper perovskite layer is clearly enhanced. Defect analyses on the devices suggest that these modifications can effectively passivate trap sites that reside within the ETL and at the perovskite interfaces with the carrier‐transport layers. As a result, the modified SnO2 ETL results in an improvement of device stability under thermal or light stress condition, maintaining over 80% of its initial efficiency after ≈2000 h storage under elevated temperature (85 °C) and after ≈2400 h of operation under 1 sun illumination.
Extending Imaging Volume in Soft X‐Ray Tomography
Authors: Ekman Axel , Chen Jian-Hua , Vanslembrouck Bieke , Loconte Valentina , Larabell Carolyn A. , Le Gros Mark A. , Weinhardt Venera
Published: March 2023

Soft X‐ray tomography offers rapid imaging of whole, single cells with a few tens of nanometers spatial resolution without fixation or labeling. Herein, this technique is limited to specimens about 10 μm thick, such that applications of soft X‐ray tomography of large human cells or multicellular specimens are not possible. A theoretical and experimental framework for soft X‐ray tomography that enables extension of imaging volumes to 18 μm‐thick specimens is developed. This approach, based on long depth of field and half‐acquisition tomography, is easily applicable to microscopes equipped with a full‐rotation specimen stage. This opens opportunities for imaging large human cells, such as those commonly seen in cancer research, as well as cell‐to‐cell interactions, where two or more cells occupy the same imaging volume.
Lab‐on‐Fiber Based on Optimized Gallium Selenide for Femtosecond Mode‐Locked Lasers and Fiber‐Compatible Photodetectors
Authors: Yu Qiang , Liu Fangqi , Zhang Yan , Deng Haiqin , Shu Bowang , Zhang Junrong , Yi Tianan , Dai Yongping , Fan Chao , Su Wei , Wang Zhiqiang , Zhu Sicong , Jiang Zongfu , Wu Jian , Zhang Kai
Published: March 2023

Although the physicochemical properties of gallium selenide (GaSe) have been widely investigated, the property and application exploration of GaSe‐coupled fiber devices are still in its infancy. There are obvious challenges, namely, selecting from multiple GaSe phases and effectively coupling to the unique fiber structure. Herein, lab‐on‐fiber (LOF) based on optimized GaSe is proposed to be used for robust femtosecond pulse generation and fiber‐compatible photodetection. First, based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, ε‐GaSe is selected as a preferable model material for its suitable band structures, low work function, and high damage threshold. Benefiting from the fiber‐compatible ε‐GaSe combined with micro–nano processing, stable femtosecond soliton pulse (≈303 fs, 16.67 MHz, 51.64 dB) output and multiwavelength (520, 808, and 1550 nm) detection are realized in LOF. These results pave the way for optics research of polyphase semiconductors and design of integrated all‐fiber devices.
On the Fiber Geometry Dependence of Forward Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fiber
Authors: Zhou Yunshan , Zhao Zhiyong , Yang Chen , Tang Ming
Published: March 2023

Nowadays, forward Brillouin scattering in optical fibers has attracted massive research interests worldwide, owing to its great potential for applications in sensing, filtering, lasing, and all‐optical signal processing, etc. The manipulation of spectrum properties of forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (FSBS) turns out to be particularly important for various application scenarios. However, the manipulation approaches are still very limited by now. Herein, for the first time to the best of one's knowledge, a thorough investigation on the fiber geometry dependence of FSBS effect in optical fibers is presented, where the dependencies of FSBS on fiber core diameter and cladding diameter are investigated, revealing the characteristics of FSBS in terms of linewidth, frequency interval, and nonlinear coefficient, etc. It is indicated in the result that changing the size of the fiber core/cladding might give rise to considerable modification of the FSBS spectrum. The investigation paves the way to engineer FSBS in optical fibers, where acousto‐optic interaction can be manipulated and the FSBS spectrum can be tailored by adjusting the geometric size of the fiber for various applications.
NOTCH1 loss of the TAD and PEST domain: An antimorph?
Authors: Boerkoel Pierre , Huynh Stephanie , Yang Gui Xiang , Boerkoel Cornelius F. , Patel Millan S. , Lehman Anna , Terry Jefferson , Elbert Adrienne
Published: March 2023

The Notch proteins play key roles in cell fate determination during development. Germline pathogenic variants in NOTCH1 predispose to a spectrum of cardiovascular malformations including Adams‐Oliver syndrome and a wide variety of isolated complex and simple congenital heart defects. The intracellular C‐terminus of the single‐pass transmembrane receptor encoded by NOTCH1 contains a transcriptional activating domain (TAD) required for target gene activation and a PEST domain (a sequence rich in proline, glutamic acid, serine, and threonine), regulating protein stability and turnover. We present a patient with a novel variant encoding a truncated NOTCH1 protein without the TAD and PEST domain (NM_017617.4: c.[6626_6629del];[=], p.(Tyr2209CysfsTer38)) and extensive cardiovascular abnormalities consistent with a NOTCH1‐mediated mechanism. This variant fails to promote transcription of target genes as assessed by luciferase reporter assay. Given the roles of the TAD and PEST domains in NOTCH1 function and regulation, we hypothesize that loss of both the TAD and the PEST domain results in a stable, loss‐of‐function protein that acts as an antimorph through competition with wild‐type NOTCH1.
De novo mutations disturb early brain development more frequently than common variants in schizophrenia
Authors: Itai Toshiyuki , Jia Peilin , Dai Yulin , Chen Jingchun , Chen Xiangning , Zhao Zhongming
Published: March 2023

Investigating functional, temporal, and cell‐type expression features of mutations is important for understanding a complex disease. Here, we collected and analyzed common variants and de novo mutations (DNMs) in schizophrenia (SCZ). We collected 2,636 missense and loss‐of‐function (LoF) DNMs in 2,263 genes across 3,477 SCZ patients (SCZ‐DNMs). We curated three gene lists: (a) SCZ‐neuroGenes (159 genes), which are intolerant to LoF and missense DNMs and are neurologically important, (b) SCZ‐moduleGenes (52 genes), which were derived from network analyses of SCZ‐DNMs, and (c) SCZ‐commonGenes (120 genes) from a recent GWAS as reference. To compare temporal gene expression, we used the BrainSpan dataset. We defined a fetal effect score (FES) to quantify the involvement of each gene in prenatal brain development. We further employed the specificity indexes (SIs) to evaluate cell‐type expression specificity from single‐cell expression data in cerebral cortices of humans and mice. Compared with SCZ‐commonGenes, SCZ‐neuroGenes and SCZ‐moduleGenes were highly expressed in the prenatal stage, had higher FESs, and had higher SIs in fetal replicating cells and undifferentiated cell types. Our results suggested that gene expression patterns in specific cell types in early fetal stages might have impacts on the risk of SCZ during adulthood.
Gene‐targeted therapies: Overview and implications
Authors: Brooks P J , Urv Tiina K. , Parisi Melissa A.
Published: March 2023

Gene‐targeted therapies (GTTs) are therapeutic platforms that are in principle applicable to large numbers of monogenic diseases. The rapid development and implementation of GTTs have profound implications for rare monogenic disease therapy development. This article provides a brief summary of the primary types of GTTs and a brief overview of the current state of the science. It also serves as a primer for the articles in this special issue.
A Janus Logic Gate with Sensing Function
Authors: Sui Junyang , Liao Siyuan , Dong Ruiyang , Zhang Hai‐Feng
Published: March 2023

A layered metastructure (LM) formed by a quasi‐periodic arrangement of graphene and isotropic dielectric mediums, which can realize the functions of the tunable logic gate and refractive index (RI) sensing based on spin Hall effect (SHE), is theoretically studied. The asymmetric arrangement of the mediums and the increased angle of the incident electromagnetic waves (EWs) equip the LM with Janus feature. Through the modulation of the graphene chemical potential, the sharp absorption peak (AP) in the terahertz (THz) range can be obtained, and then the AP can be used to implement NOT logic and OR logic respectively corresponding to the forward and backward scales. By locating the incident angle of light corresponding to the SHE displacement peak, the linear measurement relationship between RI and SHE angle can be realized, and the widest RI measurement range is 1–1.4 with the angles changing from 21.88° to 61.84°. Additionally, a good linear range can be achieved, owning the optimum sensitivity (S) up to 153.5° RIU−1. The RI sensing still strictly follows the logic functions of the forward NOT and backward OR via adjusting the chemical potential of graphene and discriminating the peak value of SHE displacement.
A Multiresponsive Functional AIEgen for Spatiotemporal Pattern Control and All‐round Information Encryption
Authors: He Xinyuan , Zhang Jianyu , Liu Xinyue , Jin Zhuwei , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: March 2023

Functional materials with multi‐responsive properties and good controllability are highly desired for developing bioinspired and intelligent multifunctional systems. Although some chromic molecules have been developed, it is still challenging to realize in situ multicolor fluorescence changes based on a single luminogen. Herein, we reported an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) luminogen called CPVCM, which can undergo a specific amination with primary amines to trigger luminescence change and photoarrangement under UV irradiation at the same active site. Detailed mechanistic insights were carried out to illustrate the reactivity and reaction pathways. Accordingly, multiple‐colored images, a quick response code with dynamic colors, and an all‐round information encryption system were demonstrated to show the properties of multiple controls and responses. It is believed that this work not only provides a strategy to develop multiresponsive luminogens but also develops an information encryption system based on luminescent materials.
Amplification of Dissymmetry for Circularly Polarized Photodetection by Cooperative Supramolecular Polymerization
Authors: Xue Yuncong , Zhang Can , Lv Tongjin , Qiu Longzhen , Wang Feng
Published: March 2023

Circularly polarized photodetectors require chiral light absorption materials with high sensing efficiency and low costs. Here readily accessible point chirality has been introduced to dicyanostilbenes as the chiral source, facilitating remote chirality transfer to the π‐aromatic core by cooperative supramolecular polymerization. The single‐handed supramolecular polymers display powerful circularly polarized photodetection capability with a dissymmetry factor value as high as 0.83, superior to those of π‐conjugated small molecules and oligomers. Strong chiral amplification occurs between the enantiopure sergeants and the achiral soldiers. The resulting supramolecular copolymers exhibit comparable photodetection efficiency to those of the homopolymeric ones, with a 90 % decrease in the enantiopure compound consumption. Therefore, cooperative supramolecular polymerization provides an effective yet economical avenue toward circularly polarized photodetection applications.
Modular Synthesis of a Tridecasaccharide Motif of Bacteroides vulgatus Lipopolysaccharides against Inflammatory Bowel Diseases through an Orthogonal One‐Pot Glycosylation Strategy
Authors: Zhang Yunqin , Wang Leilei , Zhou Qingli , Li Zuoshan , Li Dan , Yin Caixia , Wang Xiufang , Xiao Guozhi
Published: March 2023

Lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides vulgatus represent interesting targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, efficient access to long, branched and complex lipopolysaccharides remains challenging. Herein, we report the modular synthesis of a tridecasaccharide from Bacteroides vulgates through an orthogonal one‐pot glycosylation strategy based on glycosyl ortho‐(1‐phenylvinyl)benzoates, which avoids the issues of thioglycoside‐based one‐pot synthesis. Our approach also features: 1) 5,7‐O‐di‐tert‐butylsilylene‐directed glycosylation for stereoselective construction of the α‐Kdo linkage; 2) hydrogen‐bond‐mediated aglycone delivery for the stereoselective formation of β‐mannosidic bonds; 3) remote anchimeric assistance for stereoselective assembly of the α‐fucosyl linkage; 4) several orthogonal one‐pot synthetic steps and strategic use of orthogonal protecting groups to streamline oligosaccharide assembly; 5) convergent [1+6+6] one‐pot synthesis of the target.
Spin Manipulation in a Metal–Organic Layer through Mechanical Exfoliation for Highly Selective CO2Photoreduction
Authors: Wu Dayu , Yin Hua‐Qing , Wang Zeshi , Zhou Mingren , Yu Chengfeng , Wu Jing , Miao Huixian , Yamamoto Takashi , Zhaxi Wenjiang , Huang Zetao , Liu Luying , Huang Wei , Zhong Wenhui , Einaga Yasuaki , Jiang Jun , Zhang Zhi‐Ming
Published: March 2023

Spin manipulation of transition‐metal catalysts has great potential in mimicking enzyme electronic structures to improve activity and/or selectivity. However, it remains a great challenge to manipulate room‐temperature spin state of catalytic centers. Herein, we report a mechanical exfoliation strategy to in situ induce partial spin crossover from high‐spin (s=5/2) to low‐spin (s=1/2) of the ferric center. Due to spin transition of catalytic center, mixed‐spin catalyst exhibits a high CO yield of 19.7 mmol g−1with selectivity of 91.6 %, much superior to that of high‐spin bulk counterpart (50 % selectivity). Density functional theory calculations reveal that low‐spin 3d‐orbital electronic configuration performs a key function in promoting CO2adsorption and reducing activation barrier. Hence, the spin manipulation highlights a new insight into designing highly efficient biomimetic catalysts via optimizing spin state.
Integrating Asymmetric O−B−N Unit in Multi‐Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters towards High‐Performance Deep‐Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Jin Jibiao , Duan Chunbo , Jiang He , Tao Peng , Xu Hui , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: March 2023

Developing deep‐blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters with both high efficiency and color purity remains a formidable challenge. Here, we proposed a design strategy by integrating asymmetric oxygen‐boron‐nitrogen (O−B−N) multi‐resonance (MR) unit into traditional N−B−N MR molecules to form a rigid and extended O−B−N−B−N MR π‐skeleton. Three deep‐blue MR‐TADF emitters ofOBN,NBNandODBNfeaturing asymmetric O−B−N, symmetric N−B−N and extended O−B−N−B−N MR units were synthesized through the regioselective one‐shot electrophilic C−H borylation at different positions of the same precursor. The proof‐of‐concept emitterODBNexhibited respectable deep‐blue emission with Commission International de l′Eclairage coordinate of (0.16, 0.03), high photoluminescence quantum yield of 93 % and narrow full width at half maximum of 26 nm in toluene. Impressively, the simple trilayer OLED employingODBNas emitter achieved a high external quantum efficiency up to 24.15 % accompanied by a deep blue emission with the corresponding CIE y coordinate below 0.1.
An Activatable NIR Fluorescent Probe for NAD(P)H and Its Application to the Real‐Time Monitoring of p53 Abnormalities In Vivo
Authors: Ma Kaiqing , Yang He , Wu Xingkang , Huo Fangjun , Cheng Fangqin , Yin Caixia
Published: March 2023

NAD(P)H is crucial for biosynthetic reactions and antioxidant functions. However, the current probes developed for detecting NAD(P)H in vivo require intratumoral injection, which limited their application for animal imaging. To address this issue, we have developed a liposoluble cationic probe, KC8, which exhibits excellent tumor‐targeting ability and near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence after reaction with NAD(P)H. By using KC8, it was demonstrated for the first time that the level of NAD(P)H in the mitochondria of living colorectal cancer (CRC) cells was highly related to the abnormality of the p53. Furthermore, KC8 was successfully used to differentiate not only between tumor and normal tissue but also between tumors with p53 abnormality and normal tumors when administered intravenously. Finally, we evaluated tumor heterogeneity through two fluorescent channels after treating a tumor with 5‐Fu. This study provides a new tool for real‐time monitoring of the p53 abnormality of CRC cells.
Exciton Localization for Highly Luminescent Two‐Dimensional Tin‐Based Hybrid Perovskites through Tin Vacancy Tuning
Authors: Chen Yameng , Wang Zhaoyu , Wei Youchao , Liu Yongsheng , Hong Maochun
Published: March 2023

Exciton localization is an approach for preparing highly luminescent semiconductors. However, realizing strongly localized excitonic recombination in low‐dimensional materials such as two‐dimensional (2D) perovskites remains challenging. Herein, we first propose a simple and efficient Sn2+ vacancy (VSn) tuning strategy to enhance excitonic localization in 2D (OA)2SnI4 (OA=octylammonium) perovskite nanosheets (PNSs), increasing their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) to ≈64 %, which is among the highest values reported for tin iodide perovskites. Combining experimental with first‐principles calculation results, we confirm that the significantly increased PLQY of (OA)2SnI4 PNSs is primarily due to self‐trapped excitons with highly localized energy states induced by VSn. Moreover, this universal strategy can be applied for improving other 2D Sn‐based perovskites, thereby paving a new way to fabricate diverse 2D lead‐free perovskites with desirable PL properties.
Fluorine‐Stabilized Defective Black Phosphorene as a Lithium‐Like Catalyst for Boosting Nitrogen Electroreduction to Ammonia
Authors: Liu Honghong , Hai Guangtong , Ding Liang‐Xin , Wang Haihui
Published: March 2023

Electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (NRR) is recognized as a zero‐carbon emission method for NH3 synthesis. However, to date, this technology still suffers from low yield and low selectivity associated with the catalyst. Herein, inspired by the activation of N2 by lithium metal, a highly reactive defective black phosphorene (D−BPene) is proposed as a lithium‐like catalyst for boosting electrochemical N2 activation. Correspondingly, we also report a strategy for producing environmentally stable D−BPene by simultaneously constructing defects and fluorination protection based on topochemical reactions. Reliable performance evaluations show that the fluorine‐stabilized D−BPene can induce a high NH3 yield rate of ≈70 μg h−1 mgcat.−1 and a high Faradaic efficiency of ≈26 % at −0.5 V vs. RHE in an aqueous electrolyte. This work not only exemplifies the first stable preparation and practical application of D−BPene, but also brings a new design idea for NRR catalysts.
Separation of polyamide 66 from mixtures with cellulose fibers by selective dissolution in calcium chloride‐ethanol‐water solvent
Authors: Manian Avinash P. , Kraegeloh Felix E. , Braun Doris E. , Mahmud‐Ali Amalid , Bechtold Thomas , Pham Tung
Published: March 2023

The investigation focused on the separation, through selective dissolution, of polyamide 66 (PA 66) from mixtures with cellulose fibers with calcium chloride‐ethanol‐water (CEW). The dissolved PA 66 was reprecipitated by addition of water. Analysis of the cellulose after separation revealed no change in mechanical strength, suggesting the polymer was undamaged by the treatment. There were residues of the polyamide retained on the cellulose, but a substantial proportion could be removed by carding. About 80–90% of the PA 66 originally present in the mixtures was recovered. Effective removal of calcium residues from the recovered PA 66 is found to be critical, as calcium contents of greater than ca. 0.8 wt% in the polymer is observed to change the melt behavior. These investigations are being conducted in the broad context of fiber‐to‐fiber recycling from textiles, and will be followed up by investigations on the impact and fate of colorants present in the fibers.
Effects of electroacupuncture on glial scar generation in SCI model rats
Authors: Hu Yu , Zhao Haobin , Shi Suhua , Zhao Yali , Gao Xiaoming , Sun Jingwen , Li Zhigang , Yao Haijiang
Published: March 2023

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a commonly occurring and severe form of central nervous system (CNS) injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that electroacupuncture (EA) therapy promotes recovery from SCI. In this study, we observed changes in the glial scars of rats with SCI to gain insight into how EA therapy positively influences locomotor function. The experimental rats were randomly divided into three groups: the sham group, the SCI group and the SCI + EA group. Rats in the SCI + EA group received a 28‐day treatment course using the Dazhui (GV14) acupoint and the Mingmen (GV4) acupoint for 20 min/day. The Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan (BBB) score was used to estimate the neural function of rats in all groups. We found that before sacrifice on Day 28, the BBB score was significantly improved in the SCI + EA group, which was higher than that observed in the SCI group. Hematoxylin–eosin staining revealed morphological improvements in spinal cord tissues of the rats in the EA + SCI group with reduced glial scars and cavities. Based on immunofluorescence staining, reactive astrocytes overpopulated both the SCI and SCI + EA groups following SCI. Moreover, improved generation of reactive astrocytes at lesions was observed in the SCI + EA group compared with the SCI group. After treatment, EA inhibited glial scar generation. EA effectively downregulated fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin protein and mRNA expression levels, according to the results from Western blot assays and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). We hypothesized that these findings described might represent the mechanism underlying EA inhibition of glial scar generation, morphological improvements in tissues and promotion of neural recovery from SCI in rats.
From anatomy to immunity in the gastrointestinal system
Authors: Menendez Alfredo , Guttman Julian Andrew
Published: March 2023

The gastrointestinal system is classically known for its function in digesting food for nutrient uptake, but it plays a much larger role in the general health of organisms. Understanding the relationships between the gastrointestinal tract and inflammation, the nervous system, diseases caused through disregulation of molecular components as well as its association with beneficial and pathogenic microbes have been the focus of intense research over the many decades. In this Special Issue we delve into histological, molecular, and evolutionary aspects of gastrointestinal system components in healthy and diseased tissues, to give a broad perspective on the different organs that make‐up this system.
Optimal control and stabilization for linear mean‐field system with indefinite quadratic cost functional
Authors: Wang Wencan , Wang Yu
Published: March 2023

In this paper, we consider an optimal control and stabilization problem of linear mean‐field (MF) system, where the quadratic cost functional is allowed to be indefinite. Inspired by the equivalent cost functional method, we introduce a subset, which helps us to investigate the convergence property of generalized differential Riccati equations arising in indefinite mean‐field linear quadratic (MF‐LQ) problems with finite horizon. A coupled generalized algebraic Riccati equation (GARE) is thus obtained. More importantly, the solution pair of corresponding GARE can be decomposed into a solution pair of a coupled standard algebraic Riccati equation (SARE) and a matrix pair in the subset we introduce. Thus, an equivalent relationship is established between GARE and SARE. With this equivalence, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions to stabilize linear MF‐system with indefinite weighting matrices in mean‐square sense.
High Active Material Loading in Organic Electrodes Enabled by an in‐situ Electropolymerized π‐Conjugated Tetrakis (4‐Aminophenyl) Porphyrin
Authors: Smok Thomas , Abouzari‐Lotf Ebrahim , Frentzen Sebastian , Diemant Thomas , Fichtner Maximilian
Published: March 2023

Porphyrin complexes have been widely studied as promising electrode material in diverse energy storage systems and chemistries. However, like other organic electrodes, porphyrins often suffer from low conductivity and, consequently, require a significant amount (typically 40 %) of electrochemically inactive conductive carbon that occupies volume and mass without storing energy. In this study, we investigate [5,10,15,20 tetrakis(4‐aminophenyl)‐porphyrin] (TAPP) and its metal complexes as redox‐active cathode materials to address the aforementioned issues. The lithium‐ion cells prepared with a high content of CuTAPP active material (70 wt %) demonstrate a stable discharge capacity of ∼120 mAh/g when cycling with a constant current density of 1000 mA/g. The material also showed superior rate capability, e. g., ∼60 mAh/g at 8 A/g. The results of DFT calculations and experimental analysis indicate that the degree of planarity of the metalloporphyrins directly correlates to their cycling stability. Moreover, the contribution from the central metal redox during the cycling is found to be the reason for the significantly higher performance of the Cu‐complex compared to the metal‐free complex. The findings of this study show a general approach for facing common conductivity challenges of organic electrodes and open up a pathway for practical application of organics electrode materials in energy storage application.
Catalytically self‐sufficient CYP116B5: Domain switch for improved peroxygenase activity
Authors: Correddu Danilo , Catucci Gianluca , Giuriato Daniele , Di Nardo Giovanna , Ciaramella Alberto , Gilardi Gianfranco
Published: March 2023

Self‐sufficient cytochromes P450 of the sub‐family CYP116B have gained great attention in biotechnology due to their ability to catalyze challenging reactions toward a wide range of organic compounds. However, these P450s are often unstable in solution and their activity is limited to a short reaction time. Previously it has been shown that the isolated heme domain of CYP116B5 can work as a peroxygenase with H2O2 without the addition of NAD(P)H. In this work, protein engineering was used to generate a chimeric enzyme (CYP116B5‐SOX), in which the native reductase domain is replaced by a monomeric sarcosine oxidase (MSOX) capable of producing H2O2. The full‐length enzyme (CYP116B5‐fl) is characterized for the first time, allowing a detailed comparison to the heme domain (CYP116B5‐hd) and CYP116B5‐SOX. The catalytic activity of the three forms of the enzyme was studied using p‐nitrophenol as substrate, and adding NADPH (CYP116B5‐fl), H2O2 (CYP116B5‐hd), and sarcosine (CYP116B5‐SOX) as source of electrons. CYP116B5‐SOX performs better than CYP116B5‐fl and CYP116B5‐hd showing 10‐ and 3‐folds higher activity, in terms of p‐nitrocatechol produced per mg of enzyme per minute. CYP116B5‐SOX represents an optimal model to exploit CYP116B5 and the same protein engineering approach could be used for P450s of the same class.