bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Focus on the European Side
Authors: Fuglestad Finn
Published: January 2019

The Portuguese were (from 1471) the European “pioneers” everywhere in West Africa. They were interested in gold, hence the region called ‘the Gold Coast’ (Ghana today). The slave trade, and especially the Slave Coast, came much later, the Slave Coast because of the forbidding local conditions that long dissuaded the Europeans (they had in fact to be invited in). Rivalry between the Europeans meant that (from the 1590s) the Dutch, the English, the French and others challenged the Portuguese monopoly with success. The needs of the “sugar revolution” in America did the rest. But was it the offer of slaves from Africa which made that revolution possible? The inter-European rivalries on the coast may have influenced relations between the European powers to a greater extent than is usually admitted.
The African Side the Early/Legendary Past
Authors: Fuglestad Finn
Published: January 2019

The village of Tado in the north looms large in some local traditions. It was possibly the first general polity of the region (a theory supported by archaeological findings). What we think we know is that its ruler was a typical sacred king and the society a kinship-type one. But at some stage a group of people known as the Aja or Agasuvi had to flee towards the south. They founded Notsé and Allada. From Allada some groups moved to establish Dahomey in the north and, somewhat later, Porto Novo/Hogbonu in the east. The author argues that all the Ewe of the Western Slave Coast originated from Notsé – a contention modern anthropologists and historians are skeptical of – and that if there was migration, it must have involved few people and short distances. The chapter observes that there is a rival tradition to that of Tado, which underlines the importance of the kingdom of Grand Popo on the coast in the south.
Allada, its Vassals and Neighbours, and the Europeans
Authors: Fuglestad Finn
Published: January 2019

It is clear that Allada, reputedly founded by people from Tado, was for long the main polity on the Slave Coast. It is also clear that it was a polity of the traditional kind, typical of West Africa of old. As such, the society was a kindred-type society, its kings of the sacred kind, and the power of those kings possibly limited by “contrapuntal paramountcy”. The kings ruled most of their realm indirectly, since most local vassals were in fact (sacred) rulers in their own right who could not be removed, only persuaded/forced to pay allegiance. All those vassal polities had their own deities and their own ancestors which the over-king was required to respect. Among the vassals, we note especially the kingdom of Hueda with the future town of Ouidah-Glehue which was to play a central role in the slave trade. We also note the “temptation” Christianity represented to many rulers. It had the potential to do away with “contrapuntal paramountcy” and all of the other local institutions and beliefs/deities which severely limited the power of the over-king.
The 1680s–1720s
Authors: Fuglestad Finn
Published: January 2019

The chapter attempts to provide a bird’s eye overview of the period in question. It details the strong rivalry between the Europeans in this period of intense slave-trading, due in part to the arrival of the French (linked to the War of the Spanish Succession, 1702–1714). The rivalry was heightened by the strengthened position of the Portuguese/Brazilians, thanks to Brazilian gold and the famous third-grade tobacco. This climate of rivalry on the European side exacerbated internal tensions among the Africans, and among the main polities: Allada, Hueda (increasingly independent of Allada), Dahomey, but also Glidji and even Akwamu, both of whom tried their luck at times on the Central Slave Coast. One important outcome was the famous treaty of 1703 (to 1794) which guaranteed the neutrality of the “port” of Ouidah-Glehue, converting that place into a safe haven, and triggering the rapid development of the town of Ouidah.
The Dramatic and Decisive 1720S
Authors: Fuglestad Finn
Published: January 2019

From 1724, dramatic changes took place on the Slave Coast, with the Dahomean conquests of Allada (1724–6) and Hueda/ Ouidah-Glehue in 1727-30/33. It was, all told, a tremendously bloody affair. But those conquests did not go unchallenged; they provoked the intervention of the mighty northern (and Yoruba) polity of Oyo – not quite a newcomer on the local scene, since Oyo had since exported a considerable number of slaves through the Slave Coast. The redoubtable cavalry of Oyo inflicted an apparently shattering defeat on Dahomey in April 1726. Oyo had defeated Dahomey several times but was never able to conquer that polity, and the Dahomeans emerged apparently unscathed each time from the assaults of Oyo. Dahomey had, however, to become a vassal of Oyo and to pay a heavy tribute. Dahomey had also to face slightly later the surprisingly tough resistance of the exiled Huedans who had found refuge in the west. For the Europeans it was a dangerous time; those who opted for what turned out to be the “wrong” side at a particular moment, paid for this error with their lives.
More About the Tegbesu Era
Authors: Fuglestad Finn
Published: January 2019

Tegbesu tried to get around his problem of legitimacy by manipulating the ideological-religious sphere. In particular, he promoted the cult of Mawu-Liisa, the Supreme Deity, and tried to link it to the monarchy. But the evidence seems to indicate that the internal opposition, as symbolized by the formally outlawed divinities of the “owners of the land”, especially Sakpata, continued to be significant. If the beginnings of the bocio art (grotesque sculptures of fury), can be attributed to this period, then we might say that we are confronted with a society which suffered from a collective trauma. It is possible that all the members of that society were actually slaves of the king. As for the wider geopolitical picture, we note the increasing importance of the Eastern Slave Coast, due in part to the policy of Oyo. And on the Western Slave Coast, the Danes and especially the new mighty Asante empire of the Gold Coast began to make their impact felt, whether directly or indirectly.
Continuation
Authors: Fuglestad Finn
Published: January 2019

From around the 1760s, we enter into the Age of the Atlantic Revolutions with the corresponding growing opposition in many quarters to slavery and the slave trade. The pivotal date is 1807 when Britain abolished the slave trade. But on the local scene, little changed initially. Dahomey continued to be immersed in crisis and its rulers proved utterly unable to conquer any new territory – although the Dahomeans did manage at times to send raiding parties into the Eastern Slave Coast. On the other hand, the Huedan exiles were finally wiped out, and the once mighty Oyo empire, Dahomey’s overlord, began slowly to fall apart, as did also Glidji, another of Dahomey’s foes. In the middle of it all, in 1797, the Dahomean king Agonglo expressed his intention to convert to Christianity. This led to a coup in which Agonglo lost his life, and then to a counter-coup, both extremely bloody. On the Western Slave Coast the Danes, up until 1793, tried but failed to carve out a colony for themselves.
The Science of Social Work Roundtables
Authors: Stone Susan , Floersch Jerry
Published: January 2019

This chapter has three aims. The first is to familiarize readers with the general tenor, proceedings, and discussions at the five “Science in Social Work” roundtables that took place between 2012 and 2016. A key role of these roundtables was to engage in further dialogue that was, in part, sparked by John Brekke’s provocative Aaron Rosen lecture and initial responses to his lecture that were formally presented at the International Invitational Conference on Social Work Education. This summary draws on both published manuscripts and unpublished presentations associated with roundtable activities. It also provides a synthesis of key convergence points that emerged from these discussions. Finally, it situates the roundtable discussions within long-standing debates that have evolved over time concerning the role and status of social work research and knowledge development. This summary and synthesis provides a general frame to structure the chapters included in this volume.
Defining a Social Work Science
Authors: Brekke John
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides some proposed intellectual boundaries of the scientific discipline of social work (its domains), as well as some of the core constructs that can guide the science. Since these issues have been addressed in detail elsewhere, they are only summarized here, with more focus in this chapter on arguments for the utility of defining a science of social work, alternative approaches to social work scientific identity, and emerging issues that could inform the development of social work science. The chapter covers the nature of a science of social work, benefits and challenges of establishing an identity as a scientific discipline, perspectives on defining a science of social work, and emerging issues in social work science.
Theory in Social Work Science
Authors: Kemp Susan P. , Samuels Gina Miranda
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that it is time to (re)invest in the theoretical as well as methodological and analytic foundations of social work science and in the theoretical preparedness of social work scientists. Such (re)investment should, however, be based in clearly articulated understandings as to what constitutes a robust theoretical foundation for 21st-century social work science. Also needed is careful analysis and reflection regarding what theories the field typically relies on, the form these take, and where and how they are deployed. To this end, this chapter has three primary components. First, it makes an argument for the necessity of theory in social work science as an essential ingredient in transformative science. Second, it provides an overview of the various forms theory takes in the scientific enterprise. Third, it offers some perspectives on opportunities for a more robust approach to the theoretical preparation of social work scientists.
Who Knows?
Authors: Anastas Jeane
Published: January 2019

An aspect of proposing a definition of a science of social work is defining the domains that it should or could address. Critical realism calls for examining and critiquing the social arrangements that frame our science and our knowledge. Like social work itself, it aspires to be an emancipatory project. The concept of embodiment from philosophy of mind is introduced; it suggests that a mind, whether the same or different from a brain, is embedded in the organism, the social world, the cultural world that includes the historical, and the ecological world. This framework has implications for understanding how we know and what we need to know. Embodiment is a concept that can be used in defining the scope and concerns of social work science.
Alexander the Great Had Aristotle
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: January 2019

Leaders can emerge only under certain conditions; they need opportunities, experience, and education. Some famous leaders from the past have developed without formal education, but Alexander the Great studied with Aristotle. We should look at examples of leaders who changed the world without armies, however. Today, institutions of higher education can provide the necessary education, as well as opportunities and experience; they should do so intentionally in order to make good on their promise to students and parents. Opportunities arise inside and outside the classroom. Students should make the most of these opportunities in order to gain experience as leaders. Freedom is an essential component of opportunity for leadership, since leadership does not flourish in a strict hierarchical community. Education for leadership suits all students; there are many ways of being a leader, and in a healthy organization, every member is prepared to show leadership. Leaders need followers, of course, but good followers develop the same abilities as good leaders. This chapter outlines the main topics that the book will cover.
Becoming Magnetic
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: January 2019

Leaders are magnetic when their good qualities are evident in their action, or, as Socrates would say, when they have beautiful souls. Then they can bring their followers into alignment, as the Earth’s magnetism draws compass pointers everywhere. Beauty of soul comes from commitment to the qualities we look for in leaders and followers: justice, reverence, courage, self-control, wisdom, loyalty, and so on. But commitment is not enough; successful leaders make their qualities shine out. You can develop such commitments and make them shine with the help of a supportive community. According to the ancient Chinese ideal, the perfect leader need only shine, like a star, to give guidance to the people.
Radical Phenomenology
Authors: Duckworth Douglas S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers tantra, and the contemplative practices in Tibet informed by Mind-Only and Madhyamaka, where language plays a more explicitly creative and liberating role. Tantric traditions, including the Great Perfection and Mahāmudrā, resonate deeply with Mind-Only. In significant ways, these traditions can even be said to be iterations of Yogācāra, as extensions of its contemplative (yoga) practice (ācāra). This chapter discusses the “radical phenomenology” of these traditions, as extensions of Mind-Only. It describes how the guiding principle of emptiness, a Madhyamaka forte, is embedded in these traditions as well. Indeed, the “three greats” of the Great Madhyamaka, the Great Seal (Mahāmudrā), and the Great Perfection explicitly incorporate features of Madhayamaka.
Performance
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the many ways of experiencing live performance in school settings, with special emphasis on one of the main performance venues that was developed at the school where the activities described in this book took place. The school’s short, weekly “recess concerts” featured a variety of works, including guest performances by vocalists, flautists, and a French horn player from the community. Children played recorders, Orff instruments, piano, and flute, and they sang and narrated computer compositions, featuring both their own compositions and other repertoire. In emulating concert-going behavior outside of school, children were required neither to attend nor to perform. The role of audience members, as both supportive and critical, is also discussed in terms of creating a culture for children’s compositions. The nature of an informed audience, with ways of fostering such an audience through classroom interactions, is a construct that is woven throughout the chapter.
A Community of Practice to Support Notational Development
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides the means for teachers to create a community of practice in their classrooms, through both the types of approaches and specific activities, setting the stage for children to create their own music notations. It argues that rich learning can take place when notations are created and developed in a community of musicians engaged in similar undertakings. Examples in the chapter abound. The students notate their compositions to remember them or to allow someone else to play their music, just as notations developed historically for similar reasons. The activities described in this chapter, deliberately designed to develop notational skills, are relayed through anecdote and example. These activities set the backdrop for a closer look at notational development in the two chapters that follow.
Bridging Invented Notations to Standard Notation
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

This chapter suggests various ways in which children’s invented notations can be used as bridges to standardized forms. It begins by exploring how conventional symbols can be introduced through invented symbols, and it goes on to discuss the role of audience in shaping notational systems, especially when that audience is made up of peers who are also learning to use standard systems through their own invented notations. Several methods of moving to standard forms through direct instruction are also described, including instructional methods that involve movement, visual representations, and sound to embody the relationships among pitch, rhythm, and notational forms.
Music and Story
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the links between music and story, mirroring chapter 3, which investigated connections between music and movement. Daily classroom activities are presented and analyzed. A key focus is the ways in which a major performance can complement and extend classroom learning. In addition, this chapter explores the phenomenon of monotone singing, describing one child’s way of learning to sing, and brings into question the ways in which some musical elements are privileged over others. The crux of the story is that the child described in this chapter sang in a monotone voicing while, at the same time, reproducing the rhythmic patterns of songs perfectly. Over time, the pitches were shaped, by the child himself, into melody. Possible reasons for this emerging ability to sing pitches in a melodic way are discussed from a developmental perspective.
Making Instruments—Sound and Symbol
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

When one makes one’s own instruments, many opportunities arise for understanding how sound is created. This chapter describes not only how students made instruments but also how they explored sound using simple materials like string and straws, learning how pitch is changed through, for example, the length of the string, the tension, and the thickness. The discussion is integrated with anecdotes of how this instrument making was reflected in the children’s compositions and performances. Finally, the chapter considers how the instruments made and/or chosen by students, and the ensembles they create, have an influence on notation—and vice versa. There is also discussion of how performance and careful listening can help students understand Western harmonic structures and develop their sense of form.
Teachers as Mentors
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the important relational role that teachers can play in shaping the musical development of their students. Literature on the mentorship role that teachers can play is used to frame the chapter. A discussion of the importance of caring for students and showing passion for one’s discipline is followed by a description of the author’s personal and professional relationship with one of her childhood private music teachers. The chapter contemplates the nature of the teacher-student relationship, particularly in the context of private music lessons, and offers a description of the maturing of a relationship where the teacher became a coach, and eventually a trusted colleague.
Revolutions and Civil War
Authors: Perović Jeronim
Published: January 2019

The focus of this chapter is on the complex developments in the North Caucasus during the time of Revolution and Civil War (1917-1921). If the period of the February and October revolutions was characterized by attempts of the North Caucasian political and religious elite to form a single state entity, the outbreak of civil war brought societal and ethnic cleavages to the fore, undermining common state-building efforts. Caucasians fought on all sides of the front, but most of the North Caucasian Muslims allied themselves with the forces of the Bolsheviks, with whom they shared a common cause: to prevent the re-establishment of the old regime. While the “White” troops under former tsarist General Anton Denikin fought for a Russia “one and united,” the Bolsheviks promised the non-Russian peoples land and freedom. Shortly after the triumph of the Bolsheviks, cracks began to appear in these alliances. By mid-1920, the mountainous parts of Chechnia and Dagestan had been set aflame in a large-scale anti-Bolshevik uprising led Imam Gotsinskii. Only in late 1921 did the Bolsheviks, with assistance from regular units of the Red Army, manage to crush this rebellion and establish military superiority.
The North Caucasus During Collectivisation
Authors: Perović Jeronim
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents the first detailed account of the tragic impact of the collectivization and “de-kulakization” campaign in the North Caucasus based on Soviet archival sources. In 1929-30, under the slogan of “socialist transformation of the country,” the Soviet state reached out to the countryside, trying forcibly to change traditional economic ways of life and break up the existing social structures within the villages. In the eyes of the peasants, however, the state’s collectivization and “de-kulakization” campaign represented nothing less than a brutal assault, plunging the whole country into chaos and provoking large-scale rebellions. Resistance was especially fierce in the Muslim-dominated parts of the North Caucasus, where Soviet structures were weak and the social cohesion of mountain communities strong. Ultimately, the Red Army and the armed forces of the secret police crushed these rebellions ruthlessly. However, especially in Chechnia, Ingushetia, Karachai, and the mountainous parts of Dagestan, they were at least sufficiently violent for the Soviet leadership to decide to suspend their collectivization attempt altogether. In fact, it was not until mid-1930s, much later than in most other areas of the Soviet Union, that collectivization was formally completed.
Reproducible Econometrics Using R
Authors: Racine Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2019

This book is designed to facilitate reproducibility in Econometrics. It does so by using open source software (R) and recently developed tools (R Markdown and bookdown) that allow the reader to engage in reproducible research. Illustrative examples are provided throughout, and a range of topics are covered. Assignments, exams, slides, and a solution manual are available for instructors.
Introduction to Linear Time Series Models
Authors: Racine Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces time series data and outlines how it differs from cross sectional data. It also highlights how the object of interest when modelling time series data is the forecast, which differs from the object of interest in cross-sectional modelling, which is typically some parameter of interest that has an economic interpretation.
Random Walks, Unit Roots, and Spurious Relationships
Authors: Racine Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter outlines pitfalls of using standard inference procedures common in cross- sectional settings in time series settings and presents alternative procedures. It also addresses the issue of spurious regression and cautions the reader against the unquestioning use of cross section tools in time series settings.
Robust Parametric Inference
Authors: Racine Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at alternatives to the use of asymptotic theory and finite-sample theory for the purpose of inference. It considers numerical approaches that include the bootstrap and the Jackknife and considers procedures for dependent processes as well as heteroskedastic and independent identically distributed instances.
Things
Authors: Korsmeyer Carolyn
Published: January 2019

Things: In Touch with the Past explores the value of artifacts that have survived from the past and that can be said to “embody” their histories. Such genuine or “real” things afford a particular kind of aesthetic experience—an encounter with the past—despite the fact that genuineness is not a perceptually detectable property. Although it often goes unnoticed, the sense of touch underlies such encounters, even though one is often not permitted literal touch.
Introduction
Authors: Korsmeyer Carolyn
Published: January 2019

The Introduction to this book outlines the subject to be explored: the value and nature of encounters with genuine things that embody their pasts. These might be works of art or ordinary objects, grand or small. Many of them are old, and thus part of the marvel they evoke is contemplation of the passage of time that they manifest. Endorsement of the value of encounters with singular, old things is at odds with an emphasis on replication and simulation that often describes postmodern cultures. The views of Walter Benjamin are especially considered in anticipation of the defense of the real. The overall argument of the book concerns the sense of touch and its role in encounters with old, “real” things, and the arguments to come are briefly summarized. The Introduction ends with sketches of the chapters.
Tarnished Halos
Authors: Korsmeyer Carolyn
Published: January 2019

This chapter acknowledges the mistakes that may be made when we think we are encountering something unique, genuine, or otherwise special because of its history, but in fact we are wrong. Under those circumstances, it is likely that the experience that things once evoked diminishes and the value we ascribed them is withdrawn. Different kinds of errors can beset our understanding of objects, including the value of the person who owned them, their origin, and their history. This chapter also begins to emphasize the fact that counting something as genuine is rarely an all-or-nothing assessment, for restoration and repair are part of the history of old things. The purpose of this part of the argument is to emphasize the complexities that must be acknowledged in a defense of the value of the Real Thing.
Loss and Rescue, Help and Harm
Authors: Korsmeyer Carolyn
Published: January 2019

The ways that artifacts are treated almost inevitably change them. Looting and vandalism damage, time causes breakage and wear, and even restoration can inadvertently damage something that one sought to preserve. How ought we to treat objects such that their value is respected? Previous chapters have emphasized aesthetic aspects of artifacts but this one expands discussion to consider their ethical standing and our obligations to them. The initial section considers memorials and memorial sites, where integrity of location is especially important. The latter part of the chapter engages the complexities of restoration and repair, bearing in mind the tension between appearance (what can still be seen) and material persistence (aspects of artifacts that sustain the transitivity of touch). The chapter ends with a return to ruminating on touch and the phenomenon of replication by means of digital technologies.
Freedom and Morality
Authors: Shapshay Sandra
Published: January 2019

Most contemporary ethical theorists do not look to Schopenhauer as a resource for contemporary normative ethics. Chapters 1 and 2 dispel one of the main reasons for this—namely, that Schopenhauer’s pessimism leads only to the recommendation of resignation. But there is another reason why Schopenhauer has been neglected as an ethical theorist that this chapter addresses. It is widely held that Schopenhauer espouses hard determinism, the view that human beings (in addition to non-human animals) are determined to act as they do on the basis of physical and psychological laws. Yet, without the presumption of freedom it makes little sense to offer a normative ethical theory. Accordingly, before reconstructing Schopenhauer’s normative ethical theory, one needs to get clearer on his views on freedom. This chapter begins with Schopenhauer’s grappling with the problem of how freedom is possible in his dissertation (1813) and traces the development of his theory of freedom through The World as Will and Representation (1818) and his essay “On the Freedom of the Will” (1839). Next, it offers an interpretation of Schopenhauer’s mature compatibilist view that shows how it aims to depart from, but remains highly indebted to Kant’s theory of freedom. This under-acknowledged debt is the “ghost of Kantian freedom” in Schopenhauer’s thought. Ultimately, for Schopenhauer, though we are each born with an innate character and are shaped largely by our empirical circumstances, a rational being is nonetheless responsible for her character, which she can shape and even, albeit rarely, transform.
Compassionate Moral Realism
Authors: Shapshay Sandra
Published: January 2019

This chapter reconstructs Schopenhauer’s ethical theory. As with his metaphysical system as a whole, his ethical theory is in part a rejection but also a development of Kant’s ethical theory. The major departure from Kant—and a serious departure indeed—is the jettisoning of the Categorical Imperative and the imperatival form of morality as a whole, for reasons echoed famously by G. E. M. Anscombe, Philippa Foot, and others in the 20th century. In the place of the CI, Schopenhauer puts the feeling of compassion as the foundation of morality, and as the sole criterion for actions of moral worth. What is really novel in Schopenhauer’s ethics, is his synthesis of elements of moral sense theory and a realist foundation he retains from Kantian ethics, a synthesis this chapter calls “compassionate moral realism.”
Introduction
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2019

The introduction sets the stage for the book by discussing the controversy that surrounded Paul Blanshard’s 1947 and 1948 articles in The Nation, which were published in 1949 as the influential book American Freedom and Catholic Power. Blanshard’s articles, which coincided with the Supreme Court’s initial church–state decisions, represented (and exasperated) the tensions between Protestants and Catholics in the postwar period. The introduction then segues to discuss the ongoing controversy over the Court’s adoption of church–state separation as the jurisprudential norm, including the more recent charge that the justices were influenced to do so by a climate of anti-Catholicism.
The 1950s: Part One
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the Protestant–Catholic tensions of the early 1950s and the meteoric rise of Protestants and Other Americans United for Separation of Church and State (POAU) and its early litigation involving “captive schools.” It examines early criticism of POAU for its alleged anti-Catholicism. It then discusses President Truman’s unsuccessful attempt to appoint an ambassador to the Vatican, which met a groundswell of opposition among Protestants. The chapter then segues to consider the two leading church–state cases heard by the Supreme Court: the first involving a reconsideration of its released-time holding, and the second involving a sensational movie censorship controversy (“The Miracle case”).
The School Prayer Cases
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the background to and the holdings in the two seminal cases involving prayer and Bible reading in the public schools: Engel v. Vitale and Abington Township v. Schempp. It discusses how the justices were cognizant of the potential reaction to the holdings and sought to mollify that response by using particular language in their opinions. It then examines the public reaction to the decisions that precipitated a split among Protestants over church–state separation. Finally, the chapter considers the congressional efforts to amend the Constitution to permit prayer and Bible reading in the public schools.
The Turning Point
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the various events that undermined the public support for church–state separation in the 1960s. It considers the impact of Vatican II, of ecumenism, of the civil rights movement, and of federal social welfare and education legislation on Protestant attitudes. All of these events encouraged Protestants and Catholics to find common ground in working for the greater societal good. These events also suggested a model of church-state cooperation rather than one of separation. The chapter then segues to consider the various church–state cases before the Supreme Court between 1968 and 1975 in which the justices began to step back from applying a strict separationist approach to church–state controversies.
Geopolitical Challenges
Authors: Dahlan Malik R.
Published: January 2019

This geopolitical Chapter covers the impact of decolonization on Arab statehood and the challenge to accept the new order. It includes a discussion on the revival and reform of Arab self-determination after the mandate system was submerged. It gives an overview of independence and models of statehood. It describes the emergence of new states after the Second World War including: Saudi Arabia, the liberal monarchy model; Iran and Turkey, the secular western models. This Chapter also discusses failed attempts at regional organisation - ‘Arab disorganization’- including the United Arab Republic, the short-lived political union between Syria and Egypt between 1958 and 1961. Existing attempts at international Islamic organization in the form of the League of Arab States (now the Arab League) and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) are also discussed here. The common theme being a recognition of the importance of governance and of the Islamic worldview but ultimately a failure to unite and provide alternative structures to effectively compete with inherited Westphalian structures. In a chronological progression it covers the Cold War era leading up to the Mujahideen in Afghanistan, Taliban, Al-Qaida and Daesh neo medievalism.
The Jessey Circle and the Invention of Baptist Identity
Authors: Bingham Matthew C.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 1 introduces the individuals described in standard histories as “Particular Baptists.” Drawing upon the manuscript collection of the early eighteenth-century Baptist historian Benjamin Stinton, the chapter surveys their origins, formation, and early attempts at ecclesiastical organization. But, more importantly, the chapter examines the development of Baptist historiography and the ways in which the deliberate distortions of early Baptist historians continue to influence present scholarship. As the chapter contends, the basic interpretive framework within which early English Baptists have been understood is seriously flawed. Rather than growing organically out of the evidence, many of the fundamental conventions which govern scholarly discussion of early modern English Baptists have been bequeathed to modern historians by eighteenth-century Baptist churchmen. These early denominational historians wrote the story of their collective past with an eye firmly fixed upon the needs of their own collective present, and their decisions continue to negatively affect modern scholarship.
Baptists Along the Congregational Way
Authors: Bingham Matthew C.
Published: January 2019

After deconstructing Baptist historiography in chapter 1, chapter 2 builds upon this foundation by advancing a more helpful way of viewing the subject. It suggests that so-called Particular Baptists during the mid-seventeenth century can be more helpfully regarded as a baptistic variation on the more mainstream congregational movement then developing on both sides of the Atlantic. To this end, the chapter introduces the term “baptistic congregationalists,” a neologism that serves both to avoid anachronistic projection and to more closely connect “Baptists” during the English revolution with the congregational religious culture out of which they emerged. The chapter substantiates this link by demonstrating the relational ties that bound baptistic congregationalists to their mainstream paedobaptistic counterparts. Baptistic ministers like Henry Jessey, Hanserd Knollys, and William Kiffen were connected by bonds of friendship and theological affinity to contemporary congregational ministers, a group that included Thomas Goodwin, Philip Nye, Jeremiah Burroughes, and Sidrach Simpson.
“Opposite to the Honour of God” No Longer
Authors: Bingham Matthew C.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 4 examines the position of “Baptists” in relation to the Cromwellian regime. Historians often note that Cromwell extended religious liberty to “Baptists,” but, this chapter argues that the significance of this fact has been obscured by an unacknowledged sense of denominational teleology. By recognizing this and viewing Baptists within the more nuanced framework developed in chapters 1 through 3, we are able to better understand both the extent of religious liberty under Cromwell and why it took the particular shape that it did. In pursuing this, chapter 4 explores the surprising rehabilitation of “Anabaptism” during the Interregnum. Although previously a much maligned and thoroughly unacceptable deviation from Reformed orthodoxy, the rejection of paedobaptism became, under Cromwell, an acceptable theological position and those who held it were not precluded from participating in the new ecclesiastical structures implemented during the Commonwealth and Protectorate.
The Politics of India’s Reformed Labor Model
Authors: Agarwala Rina
Published: January 2019

This chapter offers a new theoretical framework to understand Indian labor in the contemporary context of strengthening ties between the Indian state and business. Labor in the twenty-first century must be redefined to include formal and informal workers; it must be re-envisioned to include manufacturing, as well as the growth sectors of construction and services; and the relationship of labor exploitation must account for the market, as well as state politics and ideology. Drawing from the arguments of Antonio Gramsci and Karl Polanyi, historical sources, and interview data, this chapter exposes how, since the 1980s, the Indian state has used informal labor to organize consent for a powerful political project that undermines labor’s twentieth-century gains, empowers large business, and retains state legitimacy with a mass electorate. In addition to examining these hegemonic forces from above, this chapter details the potential and limits of labor’s budding countermovements emerging from below and nuances the common cries of “jobless growth” in India.
Cabal City
Authors: Heller Patrick , Mukhopadhyay Partha , Walton Michael
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the interaction of politics and business through the lens of the city. The power of business to influence politics in India would suggest that Indian cities are, in the classic sense of the term, growth machines. Yet the chapter argues that fundamental problems of governance in India’s megacities have precluded the possibility of business coalitions exerting cohesive influence over investment policies in cities. The result has been the predominance of what may be called cabals that are expert at extracting rents from the city, but in the end fail to promote development. High levels of growth have not been accompanied by commensurate expansion of the cities’ infrastructure and overall coordination capacities. In the end, what is good for business and politicians has been good for neither dynamic capitalism nor inclusion.
Business-Friendly Gujarat Under Narendra Modi
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe
Published: January 2019

In Gujarat, close relations between a robust business community, politicians and the bureaucracy crystallized at an early date and survived under the Nehruvian system. In the 1990s, Gujarat liberalized its economy more quickly than most other states. In the 2000s, the economic policy of the new chief minister, Narendra Modi, gave a new dimension to the state’s business-friendliness because it benefited SMEs, the entrepreneurial basis of Gujarat, less than large corporate houses. This “model” had implications not only for the economy (as evident from the problems that the SMEs started to face—as well as the exchequer for fiscal reasons), but also for the society (big firms need fewer workers than SMEs), the polity (grand corruption was a corollary of this pattern), and the environment (big companies were allowed to breach rules and regulations in that domain too). These issues are illustrated by relations between Narendra Modi and Gautam Adani.
Contexts
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: January 2019

Chapter 1 provides a sketch of 1920s operatic culture, in order to provide a context for subsequent chapters. It introduces the nostalgic, pessimistic terms in which opera was framed in the years around 1920, before charting how operatic culture developed across the course of the decade. The chapter introduces the key companies that were active during the decade and the sorts of venues in which they performed. Performance standards are analysed, in terms of both singing and staging. The chapter outlines the particular financial problems that opera companies faced during this period and also considers the threat posed to opera by various alternative forms of entertainment and diversion, including film, dance, musical theatre, jazz, sport, and motoring. The chapter examines how the British situation compared with operatic culture in both continental Europe and the USA, and concludes by discussing the ‘feast or famine’ approach to operatic performance that typified the decade.
Repertories
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: January 2019

This chapter establishes that different types of opera were classified differently during the 1920s and considers questions of contemporary canon formation. Early opera and some modern operas were acceptable to highbrow tastes; German opera was preferable to Italian. The chapter begins by establishing what the 1920s British operatic repertoire was and considering the ways in which it was perceived to be ossifying into a ‘museum culture’. It considers the repertoire performed by the touring companies and how they adjusted their programming to suit the tastes of different cities. Innovative attempts by Oxford students to revive early opera are discussed. The chapter examines why nineteenth-century Italian opera was deemed so problematic by highbrow commentators, before considering how Wagner’s works cut across highbrow–middlebrow categories in surprising ways. It concludes by considering operatic topics that were deemed particularly well-suited to British tastes, and whether Britain could properly be called an operatic nation at all.
Stars
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines why the star singer was considered by highbrow critics to be so problematic. It examines the cult of personality within the 1920s context and the ways in which this was fuelled by modern advertising methods, and considers the relationship between opera stars and new types of stars from the worlds of film, sport, and variety. The chapter considers how singers promoted themselves through autobiography, press interviews, recordings, and merchandising deals, and how they negotiated the world of modern celebrity in ways that placed them in the middlebrow camp. It examines how singers were presented by the press as simultaneously familiar and exotic. Detailed attention is paid to the ‘celebrity concerts’ of the era, whose pick-and-mix programmes were considered so problematic by highbrow commentators, and to the perceived tension between artistic integrity and commerce. Highbrow attitudes towards the audiences who enjoyed listening to celebrity singers are also scrutinised.
Identities
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how discourses of national identity played into the 1920s opera debate and connected to discussions about cultural categorisation. Focusing in detail upon two magazines devoted explicitly to opera and associated with opera companies (Opera and MILO), it demonstrates the ways in which operatic propaganda played into contemporary identity politics. The chapter analyses the ways in which connections were drawn between opera and sport as a means of popularising opera, masculinising it, and rendering it middlebrow. It also considers connections that were drawn between opera, good health, and model citizenship, focusing in particular on endeavours designed to foster an interest in opera among school children. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Thomas Beecham’s Imperial League of Opera and the ways in which it attempted to masculinise opera by employing imperialist, militaristic rhetoric.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: January 2019

The introduction outlines the topics covered within the book and the critical methodologies used to examine them. It explains the reasons for the emergence of the 1920s 'battle of the brows', before explaining why opera's place within it was complex. In order to provide background for the issues under consideration in the 1920s context, the introduction outlines how opera's social and cultural status had changed across the course of the previous century, from being an elite form of entertainment in the early nineteenth century to something far more populist by 1900. The introduction explains the centrality of opera to broader cultural debates of the 1920s, and makes the case for examining British operatic culture during this period. It outlines the scope of the book in terms of topics covered and methodology, and discusses the main journalistic sources used, before outlining the organisation of material into chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Hannon Michael
Published: January 2019

This introductory chapter outlines the main aim of the book, which is to reveal the nature, purpose, and significance of knowledge by investigating why humans think and speak of knowing. Hannon calls this “function-first epistemology.” At the core of this book are two broad proposals. First, we can make progress in epistemology by taking a function-first approach. Second, the function of the concept of knowledge is to identify reliable informants (a practice that is vital for human survival, cooperation, and flourishing). These ideas are borrowed from Edward Craig’s genealogy of knowledge, but Hannon also highlights some important differences between these two approaches. After situating “function-first epistemology” within the broader theoretical context, a summary of each chapter is provided. The introduction ends by encouraging scholars to apply this “function-first” methodology to other areas of philosophy.
Methodologies in Epistemology
Authors: Hannon Michael
Published: January 2019

This chapter outlines the method of “function-first epistemology” and highlights some of its benefits. This method involves three broad steps: we start with a prima facie plausible hypothesis about the role of some epistemic concept (norm, practice) in human life; then we try to determine what a concept (norm, practice) having this role must be like; finally, we examine the extent to which the concept (norm, practice) we have described matches our everyday judgments. To highlight what is distinctive and fruitful about function-first epistemology, this approach is compared to four alternatives: reductive conceptual analysis, knowledge-first epistemology, reverse engineering epistemic evaluations, and epistemological naturalism. Each of these approaches is shown to face limitations that function-first epistemology does not. This meta-epistemological groundwork provides the basis for the rest of the book, which uses the function-first method to answer some of the most challenging questions in epistemology.
The Point of Knowledge
Authors: Hannon Michael
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a preliminary statement and defense of the book’s central hypothesis, namely: the purpose of the concept of knowledge is to identify reliable informants. This hypothesis is used to yield a systematic account of knowledge and knowledge claims. We start with the idea of an individual inquirer who needs an informant to satisfy her own need for information; then we imagine a more complex situation in which a community of individuals collaborate to pool and share information. As our interest in information becomes more socially directed, it becomes vital that we identify individuals who are sufficiently reliable for members of our community. After outlining this thought, this chapter defends it from objections. For example, what should we say about people who seem not to qualify as reliable informants and yet clearly have knowledge? Also, does this view lead to skepticism? And doesn’t all this rely on dubious quasi-historical postulations? This chapter provides answers to these (and other) questions.