bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BLAST AND BALLISTIC SURVIVABILITY ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR DESIGN
OPTIMIZATION DEVELOPED IN DARPA’S ADAPTIVE VEHICLE MAKE
(AVM)
Authors: Walker James D. , Chocron Sidney , Moore Michael S. , Willden Gregory C.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

As part of DARPA’s Adaptive Vehicle Make (AVM) portfolio of programs,
blast and ballistic survivability analysis tools were developed. The intent of
these tools was to facilitate design and design optimization by making it
possible for designers to perform survivability analysis from CAD and to
automate the survivability analysis pipeline to allow optimization codes to
invoke the survivability tools and obtain results. This paper describes some of
the tools and their capabilities through highlighting five innovations utilized
in the program: multi-fidelity modeling; automated meshing and welding;
uncertainty quantification and 95% bounds; a large material property database
and more accurate blast loads; and automating the entire computational
pipeline.
ACTIVE BLAST MITIGATION SYSTEMS USING LINEAR ROCKET MOTORS
Authors: Sloman Roger
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Modern warfighters face a continual threat of injury or death from
mine/IED attacks on vehicles, and this, coupled with an increase in
operations requiring off-road movement across areas containing substantial
blast threats means that an urgent need exists for lightweight blast
mitigation technologies which can be easily integrated on new and existing
vehicles to protect the occupants from injury. The currently heavy passive
protection technology in terms of V-hulls, high ground clearance, and very
heavy vehicle weights degrades the off-road capability and performance of
the vehicles excessively, so lightweight Active Mine Protection Systems
(AMPS™) are viewed as the way forward. This paper describes the
development of the ABBS Vehicle Global Acceleration Mitigation
(VGAM™) technology designed to keep vehicles on the ground when hit
by under-belly mines, and further developments to protect the crew from the
other secondary effects of mine blasts such as Floor Shock and Floor
Deformation are also briefly introduced.
A TOOL FOR DESIGN EXPLORATION AND OPTIMIZATION WITH DYNAMIC POWERTRAIN SIMULATION MODELS
Authors: Cooper Stephen , Krishnamachari Ramprasad , John Srodawa , David Nickel , Patterson Frank , Santiago Balestrini-Robinson , Ender Tommer , Zentner Jack , Claus Michael
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Powertrain system design and integration for ground vehicles is often
accomplished using a dynamic simulation to evaluate vehicle performance.
This paper applies modern multidisciplinary design, analysis, and
optimization methods to facilitate powertrain system design through dynamic
simulation analysis. A collection of surrogate modeling-based MDAO tools are
applied to a representative powertrain example to explore the available
design space, analyze the feasibility of system performance goals, and make
decisions about systems design. Surrogate modeling is shown to facilitate
visualization, information synthesis, and decision making in a highly
dimensional design problem. Surrogate-based optimization is also
demonstrated on the example powertrain design problem to uncover a Pareto
frontier of design options for further analysis.
The Impact of Enterprise Architecture Strategy on Realizing
End-to-End Condition Based Maintenance-Plus
Authors: Zandstra Robert , Reineke Daniel , Ward William T.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Realizing End-to-End capabilities such as Condition Based Maintenance-Plus (CBM+)
using the DoD’s acquisition process presents significant challenges that
need to be overcome. Acquisition of new capabilities, especially non-Programs of
Records (PoR), has become more difficult to demonstrate and field based on a set
of complex factors which include unique and special build requirements, more
options for components, cost and schedule constraints, and quality risks of
unprecedented systems. In this paper, we document the process on how Enterprise
Architecture (EA) methodologies can be effectively used to incorporate critical
structures within the Systems Engineering Process to streamline the requirements
and architectures development for a non-PoRs. We then explore the dimensions of
strategic planning, testing, and data collection that are needed to determine
basis of issue requirements and Capability Set Architectures from EA
methodologies. We conclude by presenting the results from the EA methodology
integration into the Department of Defense Architecture Framework views for the
CBM+ Communication Architectures.
Automotive Lightweighting Methodology Adapted and Applied to Ground
Combat & Tactical Vehicle Systems
Authors: Kolwich Greg , Schecter Charles , Tirwomwe Donald , Lane Jerry , Gerth Richard , Ostberg Don
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper will discuss how proven automotive systems engineering lightweighting
principles and practices are being adapted and applied to combat and tactical
ground vehicle systems. An automotive lightweighting methodology has most
recently been utilized to reduce the weight of a light-duty pickup truck by 511
kilograms resulting in a 20.8% vehicle mass reduction. A holistic approach to
light-weighting offers great benefits with additional mass reduction at a cost
savings, reducing the overall vehicle lightweighting cost impact. Automotive
studies have shown additional vehicle mass-reductions in the range of 3-5% are
achievable when vehicles are aggressively light-weighted (i.e., approximate 20%
vehicle mass reduction range). Although many factors like customer usage,
function and performance requirements, production volumes, product life cycles,
value stream, manufacturing infrastructure, litigation application, etc., are
indeed considerably different between automotive and military, these differences
do not significantly alter the fundamentals of a robust systems engineering
approach to lightweighting.
APPLIED SIX SIGMA IMPROVEMENTS IN SE INTERFACE WITH PROJECT
MANAGEMENT – BOTH SCIENCE & ART
Authors: Maholick William , Godell Carl J
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The key to a better correlation between the interface of systems engineering and
project management is in fact a strong sigma relationship. In the recent past
this would be termed Value Engineering and was that activity that took place
prior to cutting the tools, but it is considerably more common today with the
computer systems and software suites in use for modeling and the emphasis on
Design for Six Sigma and time to market. All of these tools and methodologies
are placing the focus on the final product performance, quality and cost and in
so doing helping to again strengthen the manufacturing posture and job outlook
of America and re-shore much of the work that was outsourced to save money.
Whether of Military or U.S. vehicle manufacturing requirements, for the safety
of our programs this work can and should stay in the United States when
appropriate. This paper will develop better tools solutions, to provide better
risk decisions which improve safety, budget, predictions, and time to market all
toward improving risk identification to the systems engineering interface and to
project management.
Application of Model-Based Systems Engineering to VICTORY-Enable
Tactical Radios
Authors: Kroculick Joseph , Lucchesi Walter , Ward William
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Tactical Radio Systems such as the Mid-Tier Networking Vehicular Radio (MNVR) and
the Handheld, Manpack, and Small Form Fit (HMS) Radio provide common functions
that can be componentized with standardized interfaces. In the Army’s
acquisition and testing processes, next generation radios are being fielded with
related systems and components as capabilities. Model-Based Systems Engineering
(MBSE) is an ideal methodology to develop a Reference Architecture using a
common development process. MBSE uses a formal model of a system of systems to
represent all systems engineering information. Key benefits of MBSE include
traceability, communication, configuration management and common languages and
notations. This paper evaluates implementation experiences in applying MBSE to
develop a Reference Architecture (RA) that provides VICTORY interfaces for
radio, computing systems, and Satellite Communications (SATCOM) terminals. The
information representation of the Hardware/Software (HW/SW) RA is especially
suited for interface constructs provided by the Unified Modeling Language (UML)
and Systems Modeling Language (SysML) including blocks, ports and associations.
This paper also presents an architecture development process that can realize a
reference architecture that represents VICTORY applications such as health
monitoring of components, status and actionable data collection and
transmission.
OPTIMIZATION/INTEGRATION OF METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC FOAMS FOR
STRUCTURE, THERMAL DISIPATION, MINE BLAST PROTECTION, AND BUOYANCY FOR
AMPHIBIOUS MILITARY VEHICLES.
Authors: Capouellez James , Vunnam Madan , Khatib-Shahidi Bijan , Tison Nathon , Lee In-Ho , Dunbar Patrick , Helsel Floyd , Kerr Steve , Harowitz Jack
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

For this particular effort, the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research Development
and Engineering Center (TARDEC) Center for Systems Integration (CSI) was tasked
to develop a buoyancy/survivability kit that would serve multiple functions. The
underbody kit would meet or surpass current required protection levels. Plus the
kit was to ensure that the LAV-25A2 (Light Armored Vehicle) continues to meet
the swim requirement. However, the overarching objective is to meet the
survivability, ground mobility, and water mobility requirements. Combining the
accomplishments in the TARDEC & PM-LAV (Program Manager for the Light
Armored Vehicle) survivability program in 2013-2014 with the TARDEC & PM-LAV
buoyancy/survivability kit developed in 2015-2016, the overall weight is
decreased, water mobility is improved, and survivability is significantly
improved.

This is a unique challenge as a combination of buoyancy, mine blast, and
structural requirement on a ground military vehicle is novel idea. The current
underbody D-kit weighs 3,700lbs and results in a loss of ground clearance that
adversely impacts the ground mobility capability. TARDECs survivability program
conducted for the Program Manager for the Light Armored Vehicle (PM-LAV) in 2014
estimated that to add survivability upgrades it would add an additional 460 lbs.
Furthermore, planned LAV Programs would add an additional 1,600 lbs. This is a
weight growth of 5,760 lbs and would severely impact the water and land mobility
of LAV-25A2.

This paper will present how U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research Development and
Engineering Center (TARDEC) developed innovative solutions to enable the
LAV-25A2 to significantly improve survivability, meet current swim requirements,
and have enough weight reserve that a ride height suspension and new engine
could be added without impacting the other two requirements.
MODELING FRAGMENTATION OF A 155MM ARTILLERY SHELL IED IN A BURIED
MINE BLAST EVENT
Authors: Rasico James G. , Newman Craig A. , Jensen Morten Rikard
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The shapes of Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) used by insurgents in recent
conflicts are complex and can take many forms. To model unique shapes that are
embedded in the soil, in addition to the actual shape of the High Explosive
(HE), adds to the complexity of simulating the mine blast event. By considering
an artillery shell as the container, further complicates the analysis because
fragmentation of the shell has to be included. Unfortunately, this complex IED
is not uncommon and in order to develop protective structures for our soldiers
and civilians, finite element techniques are employed. The work presented is an
investigation of how to do this modeling using the explicit non-linear transient
finite element software, the IMPETUS Afea Solver®. The first
step is a large sensitivity study of an explosive driven expansion of a simple
cylinder and the outcome influence of nine design variables, leading to hundreds
of computational hours. The modeling approach chosen for the HE is the discrete
particle method (DPM). Applying the knowledge obtained from the expanding
cylinder simulations, a model was created to simulate the explosion of a buried
mine in the form of a structurally representative IED. The structure for the IED
resembles a M795 artillery shell. To capture the fragmentation, the node
splitting algorithm available in the IMEPTUS solver is used. The soil and HE are
represented as discrete particles and modeled using the IMPETUS DPM algorithm.
The blast ejecta target structure utilized is a modified model of the TARDEC
Generic Vehicle Hull containing a seated IMPETUS Afea Hybrid III 50th
Percentile Dummy.
ENHANCED BLAST PROTECTION WITH POLYMER COMPOSITES CONTAINING
XGNP® GRAPHENE NANOPLATELETS
Authors: Privette R. , Fukushima H. , Drzal L.T. , Robinson M.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Fiber reinforced thermoset composites are well known for delivering 50% or more
weight savings when compared with steel components while also providing
strength, stiffness, and toughness. Nanoparticle additives have been shown to
significantly increase the mechanical properties of thermoplastic and thermoset
polymer matrices over the base matrix values. Extensive testing and
characterization of composites containing graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) has been
conducted and reported by XG Sciences’ (XGS) collaborators at the
Michigan State University (MSU) Composite Materials and Structures Center. In a
recent program with U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and
Engineering Center (TARDEC), MSU investigated lightweight composites for blast
and impact protection. High strain rate test facilities as well as high speed
photography and non-destructive interferometry-based evaluation techniques were
used to evaluate blast performance. The experimental results are presented here.
The graphene nanoplatelets were shown effective in two distinct approaches for
improving the toughness of lightweight composite components.
EFFECTS OF AUGMENTED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS ON DRIVER TRUST IN SEMI-AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE OPERATION
Authors: Petersen Luke , Tilbury Dawn , Robert Lionel , Yang Xi Jessie
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Although autonomy has the potential to help military drivers travel safely while
performing other tasks, many drivers refuse to rely on the technology. Military
drivers sometimes fail to leverage a vehicle’s autonomy because of a
lack of trust. To address this issue, the current study examines whether
augmenting the driver’s situational awareness will promote their trust
in the autonomy. Results of this study are expected to provide new insights into
promoting trust and acceptance of autonomy in military settings.
DISTRIBUTED POWER AND CONTROL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(DPCMS)
Authors: Peterson Christopher R. , Swartzwelter Scott R.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Upgrading and modernizing vehicle electrical systems in a cost-effective manner
has been an ongoing challenge for PEOs and PMs across multiple services. UEC
Electronics’ advanced DPCMS achieves that end state.
Development of a Non-Catalytic JP-8 Reformer
Authors: Chen Chien-Hua , Crawmer Joel , Richard Brad , Pearlman Howard , Ronney Paul
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc. (ACT) has been developing a Swiss-roll type,
non-catalytic, thermal partial oxidation JP-8 reformer. The principle is using
effective heat recirculation to increase the partial oxidation reaction
temperature, which maximizes the H2 and CO yield without using
catalyst. The gas phase reaction eliminates catalyst-associated issues, such as
poisoning, coking, degradation, etc. Since the process uses only air and JP-8
fuel as the reactants, and is self-sustained (no external energy input), minimum
balance-of-plant is required. One challenge of this reforming technology is the
“out-of-center” reaction. Due to being highly preheated, the
fuel and air mixture from the inlet is auto-ignited before entering the designed
center reaction zone. The out-of-center reaction causes low reforming efficiency
and potentially damages the inlet channel walls. In the previous study, direct
injection of JP-8 fuel into the center reaction zone is able to avoid the
out-of-center reaction. However, without proper mixing of fuel and air, the
reaction happens in a non-premixed fashion that results in a large amount of
soot formation in the reformate. To overcome this issue, a center mixing chamber
is designed. JP-8 fuel is directly injected in this mixing chamber and mixed
with preheated air before entering the center reaction zone. Experimental
results show a significant improvement in the reformate quality after the
implementation of the mixing chamber. Test data of syngas (H2 and CO)
yield and reforming efficiency (chemical enthalpy in the reformate compared to
the parent fuel) are also reported.
A CHEMISTRY-AGNOSTIC BATTERY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE
PARALLEL INTERMIXING OF LITHIUM-ION 6T BATTERY PACKS
Authors: Rentel Carlos H. , Cheng Shuo , Xing Laura , Pecht Michael
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper presents results that quantify how the homogenous and heterogeneous
parallel interconnection of lithium-ion battery packs affect adversely their
cycle-life, and how this problem can be corrected. Laboratory tests and
modeling/simulation of two different lithium-ion battery packs are presented
that highlight the importance of monitoring and controlling battery packs in
parallel. A solution to this problem was designed and a prototype implemented
that has the potential to fit within the available space of a commercially
available lithium-ion 6T battery pack [1],
[2]. This solution controls the
sharing of load among heterogeneous and homogeneous lithium-ion 6T batteries
with an efficiency of 95% or better, which is anticipated via simulations, to
provide an improvement of cycle life of at least 3% for homogeneous and 10% for
heterogeneous interconnections. This solution provides additional benefits
including terminal voltage regulation and the flexibility to work as an active
balancer in series interconnections of 6T battery packs without additional power
paths.
Corrosion Surveys of Army Ground Assets to Identify Leading Issues
and Opportunities for Corrosion Prevention
Authors: Ault J. Peter , Scott Porter Thomas Sanders , Repp John , Pike Timothy
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Army Regulation (AR) 750-59 requires the Corrosion Prevention and Control (CPC)
program manager to conduct a survey of Army Materiel for corrosion on a 4-year
basis. With Army ground assets estimated to number at over 500,000, statistical
sampling of equipment and installations was determined to be the most effective
means to meet this requirement. Starting in FY2015, the Integrated Logistics
Support Center (ILSC) at the Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM),
working with Tank Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Center
(TARDEC), contracted Elzly Technology Corporation (Elzly) to develop a
methodology to perform these surveys and catalog the assessment data. From
January 2015 through May 2018, Elzly and ILSC personnel have visited 22
installations, inspected over 8,200 assets, recorded corrosion or coating damage
on over 121,000 parts, and have cataloged over 180,000 photos of parts with
corrosion and coating damage (surveys continue today). As part of the
methodology, Elzly developed customized database tools on a mobile platform to
collect, organize and analyze the inspection data without needing to move or
operate the equipment. The data collected is used to identify trends in
corrosion observations, highlight parts that are common for all assets, or
identify issues that are specific to vehicle platforms, certain models, or in
certain areas. This information is used to inform Product Managers (PdMs) of
corrosion prevention and control opportunities that exist, where military or
commercially available technologies can be used to reduce this degradation. The
information is also available to inform future acquisition programs on material,
coating, or construction methods that can be used, reduce corrosion using design
and manufacturing. This paper will provide an overview of the survey tool that
had been developed for assessment of vehicles, a high-level summary of the data
collected, and examples of reporting provided to facilitate corrosion prevention
on ground assets, both currently fielded and being developed as part of a new
acquisition program.
UTILIZING A STRUCTURED DECISION PROCESS FOR U.S. GOVERNMENT SOURCE
SELECTIONS: CASE OF A COMBAT VEHICLE ENGINE
Authors: Hartman Gregory D.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

U.S. Government procurement spending exceeds $500B annually. A request for
proposal is one of the more common forms of solicitation, and source selection
(SS) is the process for evaluating proposals submitted by contractors. The U.S.
Department of Defense and the Army promulgate manuals and supplements that
direct the SS process within those organizations. Those publications identify
“trade-offs” as a preferred method for conducting a SS, and
encourage the use of this process “when it may be in the best interest
of the Government to consider award to other than the lowest-price
offeror.” Under this process, cost and non-cost factors are evaluated
and the contract is awarded to the offeror proposing the combination of factors
that represents the best value based on the evaluation criteria. This case study
will describe how a trade-off, or structured decision, process was used to
support a U.S. Army SS by thoroughly evaluating multiple vendors and their
proposals of a major subsystem for a major defense acquisition program. The
purpose of this case study is not to focus solely on how to accomplish a
trade-off, or execute a SS, but rather to share lessons-learned about how to
address special situations encountered during a SS trade-off.

Citation: Hartman, G., “Utilizing a Structured Decision
Process for U.S. Government Source Selections: Case of a Combat Vehicle
Engine”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
ADVANCING SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS TOOLSET (SoSAT) AND THE FULLY BURDENED COST TOOL (FBCT) TO JOINTLY ASSESS OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE, SUSTAINMENT, COST, AND OPERATIONAL ENERGY
Authors: Ernst Brian , Agusti Rachel , Anderson Dennis , Le Hai , Kish Alan , Bosselut Francois , Pitluck-Schmitt Meagan , Zabat Michael
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Joint Operational Energy Initiative (JOEI) models energy (and all classes of
supply) consumption, generation, and sustainment across a virtual battlefield
area of operations utilizing the System of Systems Analysis Toolset (SoSAT) and
the Fully Burdened Cost Tool (FBCT). Recent advances in SoSAT provide a
capability to model condition-based scenarios that better represent complex
dynamic scenario changes and provide more accurate, realistic operational
scenario and sustainment modeling. In addition, the JOEI team developed a new
operational metric called Combat Effective Operational Endurance (CEOE) using
SoSAT system-level outputs to determine unit combat power over time based on
system availability and system combat weights. FBCT improvements include
increased synchronization with SoSAT and expansion of capabilities to model
Class V (ammunition), Class VII (major end item) transport, troop movement,
convoy generation and higher fidelity cost allocation. The new SoSAT
condition-based scenario capability and FBCT Class-VII capability were recently
used by the JOEI team to model dynamic transport operations for crew and
equipment transportation and resupply convoys in Phase II operations. Example
results for a trailer study involving the Phase II model and for the new CEOE
metric are presented.

Citation: A. Brian Ernst, A. Rachel Agusti, A. Dennis Anderson, A.
Hai Le, A. Alan Kish, A. Francois Bosselut, A. Meagan Pitluck-Schmitt, A.
Michael Zabat, “Advancing System of Systems Analysis Toolset (SoSAT) and
the Fully Burdened Cost Tool (FBCT) to Jointly Assess Operational Performance,
Sustainment, Cost, and Operational Energy”, In Proceedings of
the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
THE NEED OF PROPER MODELING OF TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEM IN MOBILITY SIMULATIONS WITH SOFT SOIL
Authors: Slattengren Jesper
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

When building simulation models of military vehicles for mobility analysis over
deformable terrain, the powertrain details are often ignored. This is of
interest for electric and hybrid-electric vehicles where the maximum torque is
produced at low speeds. It is easy to end up with the drive wheels spinning and
reducing traction and eventually the vehicle digging itself down in the
soil.

This paper reveals improvements to mobility results using Traction Control
Systems for both wheeled and tracked vehicles. Simulations are performed on hard
ground and two types of deformable soil, Lethe sand and snow. For each soft
soil, simulations have been performed with a simple terramechanics model (ST)
based on Bekker-Wong models and complex terramechanics (CT) using the EDEM
discrete element soil model which Pratt & Miller Engineering (PME) has been
instrumental in developing.

To model the traction control system a PD controller is used that tries to limit
the slip velocity at low speed and wheel slip at higher velocity. Controlling
the slip velocity, i.e. the relative tangential velocity between the wheel and
ground, or track and ground is usually best for low speed. A typical preset
value would be in the range of 50 – 100 mm/s depending on the usage
scenario. Using relative slip velocity also avoids a division by zero at low
speeds or at wheel lock-up. The lower value is used mainly for crawl mode, when
trying to get unstuck after being dug down deep into the soil. Based on the
optimal pre-set values for slip or slip velocity, a correction factor is applied
to the throttle to limit the slip or slip velocity.

Citation: A. One, A. Two, A. Three, A. Four, A. Five, “Very
Really Incredibly Long Example Sample Title”, In Proceedings of the
Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA,
Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
Autonomous Vehicle Safety Reasoning Utilizing Anticipatory Theory
Authors: Frederick Philip , Rose Mike Del , Cheok KaC
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Today we have autonomous vehicles already on select road-ways and regions of this
country operating in and around humans and human operated vehicles. The
companies developing and testing these systems have experienced varied degrees
of success and failure with regard to safe operations within this public space.
There have been safety incidents that have made national headlines (when human
fatalities have occurred) and their also exist a litany of other physical
incidents, usually with human operated systems, that have not grabbed the
headlines. Some of the select communities where these autonomous systems have
been operationally tested have revoked access to their roadways (kicked out)
some of these companies. As a result of these incidents recent data suggests
that the public trust in autonomous vehicles is eroding [1]. This situation is couponed by the fact that there
are no established safety standards, measures or technological methods to help
local, state or national entities to ensure that these systems are operating
under any level of safety scrutiny. This situation has accelerated the need for
innovative research within the domain of autonomous vehicle safety
approaches.

This paper describes a new methodology for automated driving to address these
safety issues that entails the creation of a new computational process we call
the Safety Reasoning System (SRS). This system will monitor and adjust the
actions of an autonomous vehicle operating in highly cluttered scenarios with a
focus on traffic intersections (specifically T-intersections). The SRS works in
probabilistic space and models the world into propositions informed by both
current and projected data sets. By inferencing on the relationships between
data sets we are able to form anticipated safety propositions on the likely
effects of the autonomous vehicles projected actions. Thus, potentially reducing
the occurrence of catastrophic outcomes.
ERROR TYPE, RISK, PERFORMANCE, AND TRUST: INVESTIGATING THE IMPACTS
OF FALSE ALARMS AND MISSES ON TRUST AND PERFORMANCE
Authors: Zhao Huajing , Azevedo-Sa Hebert , Esterwood Connor , Yang X. Jessie , Robert Lionel , Tilbury Dawn
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Semi-autonomous vehicles are intended to give drivers multitasking flexibility
and to improve driving safety. Yet, drivers have to trust the vehicle’s
autonomy to fully leverage the vehicle’s capability. Prior research on
driver’s trust in a vehicle’s autonomy has normally assumed that
the autonomy was without error. Unfortunately, this may be at times an
unrealistic assumption. To address this shortcoming, we seek to examine the
impacts of automation errors on the relationship between drivers’ trust
in automation and their performance on a non-driving secondary task. More
specifically, we plan to investigate false alarms and misses in both low and
high risk conditions. To accomplish this, we plan to utilize a 2 (risk
conditions) × 4 (alarm conditions) mixed design. The findings of this
study are intended to inform Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) designers by
permitting them to appropriately tune the sensitivity of alert systems by
understanding the impacts of error type and varying risk conditions.

Citation: H. Zhao, H. Azevedo-Sa, C. Esterwood, X. J. Yang, L.
Robert, D. Tilbury, “Error Type, Risk, Performance, and Trust:
Investigating the Different Impacts of false alarms and misses on Trust and
Performance”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
A practical application of decentralized UGV teaming: Autonomous
Convoy Parking
Authors: Mattes Rich , Bruck Kurt , Cascone Anthony , Martin Dave
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper presents Neya’s efforts in developing autonomous depot
assembly and parking behaviors for the Ground Vehicle Systems Center’s
(GVSC) Autonomous Ground Re-supply (AGR) program. Convoys are a prime target for
the enemy, and therefore GVSC is making efforts to remove the human operators
and make them autonomous. However, humans still have to manually drive multiple
convoy vehicles to and from their depot parking locations before and after
autonomous convoy operations – a time-consuming and laborious process.
Neya systems was responsible for the design, development, and testing of the
autonomous depot assembly and disassembly behaviors, enabling end-to-end
autonomy for convoy operations. Our solution to the problem, including the
concept of operations, design, as well as approaches towards testing and
validation are described in detail.
SECURE HEAVY VEHICLE DIAGNOSTICS
Authors: Daily Jeremy S. , Kulkarni Prakash
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A cybersecurity exploit can be crafted to affect the vehicle diagnostic adapter
system, which consists of the technician, vehicle diagnostic adapter, device
drivers, and maintenance software all working together in a trusting
relationship.

In this paper, application layer encryption of the SAE J1939 diagnostic traffic
between the vehicle diagnostic application and the in-vehicle secure gateway is
developed to mitigate the vulnerabilities in potential attack paths. The
proposed encryption strategy uses AES-128, which uses 16-byte cipher blocks. The
secure connection is established by adjusting the bit rate to over twice the
normal speed and packing a single J1939 message into two encrypted sequential
CAN frames,

The in-vehicle diagnostic gateway employs a hardware security module. A
provisioning process is employed wherein the diagnostic application and the
hardware security module both generate public-private key pairs. An elliptic
curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key exchange then takes place. Thus, each diagnostic
session uses ephemeral symmetric session keys that are securely exchanged
between the hardware security module and the diagnostics application.

This approach is effective in mitigating attacks originating at the driver (DLL)
level, such as an attacker that would exfiltrate and modify data using the
system and vehicle diagnostic subsystems in a Windows environment. Also, as the
secure key system can be centrally administered, the ability for user
attribution through key management is possible.

While the approach requires the addition of a hardware security module on the
vehicle, the hardware strategy presented could be implemented in an arbitrary
electronic control module on the vehicle. Vulnerabilities and mitigations are
explained in detail to provide a solution to secure diagnostic sessions for
heavy vehicles.

Citation: J. Daily, P. Kulkarni, “Secure Heavy Vehicle
Diagnostics”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2020.
DYNAMIC MODELING AND PREDICTION OF ROLLOVER STABILITY FOR ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLES
Authors: Luo Haitao , Chen Zhimin , Naveen Aryan , Li Bing
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

With the particular passage capability, all-terrain vehicle (ATV) has been widely
used for off-road scenarios. In this research, we conduct a lateral sway
stability analysis for the suspension mechanism of a general vehicle and
establish a mathematical model of static and dynamic stability based on the
maximum lateral sway angle and lateral sway acceleration, by considering the
combined angular stiffness of independent suspension, angular stiffness of the
lateral stabilizer bar and vertical stiffness of tires. 3D point cloud data of a
terrain environment is collected using an RGB-Depth camera, and a triangular
topography map is constructed. The results in ADAMS show that the proposed
stability model can accurately predict the critical tipping state of the
vehicle, and the method deployed for real-world terrain modeling and simulation
analysis is generalizable for the stability assessment of the interaction
between ATV and real-world terrain.

Citation: H. Luo, Z. Chen, A. Naveen, B. Li, “Dynamic
Modeling and Prediction of Rollover Stability for All-Terrain Vehicles”,
In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
ENABLING CUSTOM VEHICLE DIAGNOSTICS WITH A COMMON APPLICATION
PLATFORM
Authors: Ludwig Andrew , Tagliente Daniel
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the Diagnostics And System Health (DASH) embedded
diagnostics software originally developed for use on the M109A7 / M992A3 Family
of Vehicles (FoV). The history and background of work completed by the DEVCOM
Armaments Center (AC) System Health & Interactive Future Technologies
(SHIFT) Division in developing and managing the DASH program are described. The
DASH software architecture and design details are also discussed in depth, with
a focus on the more recent efforts to adapt DASH to use a generic core software
application that can be integrated on a wide variety of current and future
ground combat systems to more easily provide embedded diagnostics
capability.

Citation: A. Ludwig, D. Tagliente, “Enabling Custom Vehicle
Diagnostics with a Common Application Platform”, In Proceedings
of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 10-12, 2021.
SECURE RAPID PROTOTYPING FOR UNMANNED SYSTEMS
Authors: Aldridge Hal , Livingston Fred
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Considering the growth of unmanned vehicles in Defense and Government
applications, a simple and efficient way to design, develop and deploy trusted
and secure systems is imperative. Secmation’s SecMUAS brings a platform
for the rapid design and development of secure modular unmanned systems to
defense applications and beyond. SecMUAS “bakes in”
cybersecurity features using a modular design framework for unmanned systems.
SecMUAS enables affordable, high assurance, “future-proof”
solutions to rapidly transition from design to operational use.
Secmation’s SecMUAS hardware and software will provide developers a
capability to address cybersecurity requirements and related certification
approval processes, enabling the rapid transition of technology to the
warfighter.

Citation: H. Aldridge, F. Livingston, “Secure Rapid
Prototyping for Unmanned Systems”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 10-12, 2021.
EXPLOSIVE REACTIVE ARMOR ENCLOSURE SIMULATION
Authors: Babu Venkatesh , Vunnam Madan , Klann Shawn C. , Filar Charles A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Heavily armored vehicles contain a thick base armor, yet it is insufficient for
protection against shaped charges of high explosive anti-tank warheads. Add on
armors such as non-explosive reactive armors (NERA) and explosive reactive
armors (ERA) have been developed to increase protection levels of armored
vehicles. ERA elements are composed of plates and explosive materials. ERA
requires a rugged enclosure that reduces the collateral damage during a
ballistic event by controlling the effects of the ensuing blast. An attempt is
made to simulate the enclosure tests and capture sandwich plate’s
behaviors subjected to detonating energetic explosives by using LS-DYNA
nonlinear explicit solver, widely used in simulating detonation, impact,
ballistics, and other structural problems. Successful simulation of ERA
enclosures will allow an evaluation of the influences of some of the parameters,
such as thickness of plate and attack angle, and different materials to improve
design solutions. Numerical simulation will help in identifying the parameters
necessary to achieve the best enclosure design.

Citation: A. Venkatesh Babu, Madan Vunnam, Shawn Klann, Charles
Filar, “EXPLOSIVE REACTIVE ARMOR ENCLOSURE SIMULATION”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 10-12, 2021.
COMPARISONS OF SSDT AND CCUBS SEAT TESTS
Authors: Foster Craig D , Rudek Matthias
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The successful fielding of occupant protection technologies require understanding
their behavior and performance under field-like conditions. To achieve this, the
Occupant Protection Laboratory (OPL) at Selfridge Air National Guard Base
(SANGB) uses a drop tower, called the Sub-System Drop Tower (SSDT), and a
vertical accelerator, called the Crew Compartment Under-Body Blast Simulator
(CCUBS). These two systems have the capability to deliver specified acceleration
profiles to items, such as blast-mitigating seats under test. To gain confidence
that the two systems are producing similar testing conditions for a given
system, a series of experiments was designed to determine the existence of a
correlation between the two systems. A representative seat and an
Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) were tested under similar acceleration
profiles on both systems. Tests were initially conducted without a payload to
determine the testing parameters for each system and to determine the effect of
adding a payload. Spectral analysis techniques were employed to determine signal
processing metrics and descriptive statistics were calculated to evaluate each
systems’ repeatability. The correlation between the two systems was
examined to determine how well the systems produced similar responses for a
given test condition. This study found that each system was highly repeatable
and that the correlation between the two systems was good, but differences did
exist.
Procedure for Fast Ballistic Vulnerability Simulation of Armored Vehicles Supported by Finite Element Results and an Extensive Numerical Sensitivity Study of Key Parameters
Authors: Jensen Morten Rikard , Grate Steven
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The presented work discusses how to make a V/L analysis of a vehicle based on an
RHA equivalence. It is shown how the approach works using small examples and an
impact of an M1 helmet. Further, different V/L analyses of the GAZ-2975 vehicle
are displayed. Considered Response parameters are the VAA damage maps, Expected
Protection Capability plot, and damage area fractions. Explicit Finite Element
models are used to find the critical RHA equivalent armor thickness at normal
impact. It is done with terminal ballistic models for three materials; RHA,
Aluminum 5083-H116, and Armox 500T. The values found are used in a V/L analysis.
A sensitivity study of eight relevant V/L design parameters is carried out on
the driver side section of the GAZ-2975 vehicle with an EPC value as the
response parameter.

Citation: Morten Rikard Jensen, Steven Grate, “Procedure for
Fast Ballistic Vulnerability Simulation of Armored Vehicles Supported by Finite
Element Results and an Extensive Numerical Sensitivity Study of Key
Parameters”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
10-12, 2021.
DRIVE CYCLE MODELING OF SERIES AND PARALLEL HYBRID ARCHITECTURES FOR THE BRADLEY FIGHTING VEHICLE
Authors: Razon Courtney , Mittal Vikram
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The recent climate change plan for the United States Army states that hybridized
combat vehicles will enter the fleet by 2050. The Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV)
and its family of vehicles are prime candidates for hybridization. This paper
sets out to perform a drive cycle analysis for the BFV using its traditional
powertrain along with hybridized powertrains. The analysis considers both series
and parallel hybrid architectures, where the size of the batteries are based on
modifications to the existing powertrain. Three different drive cycles are
considered – stationary, highway, and off-road. The model accounts for
accelerative forces, transmission losses, cooling losses, drag, road grade,
tractive losses, and ancillary equipment. The results indicate that both
parallel and series hybrids provide reduced fuel consumption and increased
range. Of the two, the series hybrid architecture provides more overall
benefits. The study concludes by discussion of the technical challenges
associated with hybridization.

Citation: C. Razon, V. Mittal, “Drive Cycle Modeling of
Series and Parallel Hybrid Architectures for the Bradley Fighting
Vehicle,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
16-18, 2022.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULAR AND SCALABLE HYBRID ELECTRIC CROSS DRIVE
TRANSMISSION
Authors: Caldarella Franco , Johnson Andrew , Wright Grant , Scheper Ron
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the EMX Hybrid Electric Cross Drive transmission developed by
Kinetics Drive Solutions to satisfy RCV as well as conventional tracked vehicle
requirements. Key design characteristics are modularity to enable performance
customization, scalability to suit various vehicle weight classes, and
flexibility to adapt to latest advancements in electric motor/inverter
technology and autonomous control. EMX1000 prototypes have been built and are
currently undergoing testing on dyno as well as in vehicle. Future development
includes refining the prototype design and scaling the design for a heavier
weight class.

Citation: Caldarella F., Johnson A., Wright G., Scheper R.,
“Development of a Modular and Scalable Hybrid Electric Cross Drive
Transmission,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
16-18, 2022.
DEFENDING CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CAN) BUSES
Authors: Tindell Kenneth
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Modern ground vehicles rely on Controller Area Network (CAN) bus for
communication between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) as a vital component to
connect sensors and actuators together in a mission-critical distributed
real-time vehicle control system. CAN is well-suited to this task and over the
more than three decades since its inception it has become a proven and
ubiquitous technology. But its age means that it was not designed for modern
security threats of local and remote attacks and special techniques must be
deployed to protect CAN. This paper provides a simple taxonomy of attacks on
CAN, including how an attack accesses a CAN bus, and discusses four techniques
used to defend against these attacks.

Citation: K Tindell, “Defending In-vehicle CAN Buses From
Attacks,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
16-18, 2022.
Slovenska verzološka terminologija
Authors: Kočnik Neža
Published: November 2024

Prispevek izpostavlja izbrane verzološke termine, ki znotraj slovenske verzološke stroke izkazujejo določeno mero neustaljenosti. Na kratko so predstavljeni tudi začetki slovenske verzološke terminologije. Terminološka poimenovanja za temeljne verzološke pojme, začenši z imenom discipline, so osvetljena etimološko, ob čemer so vzporejana z ustreznimi tujejezičnimi poimenovanji. Izpostavljenih je tudi nekaj terminov, ki jih je skoval najuglednejši slovenski verzolog Boris A. Novak. Na podlagi izbranih primerov prispevek poudarja nujnost obstoja ustreznega terminološkega aparata za vitalnost posameznega strokovnega področja.
Lektoriranje v sodobni jezikovni kulturi: merila kakovosti in poklicni standardi
Authors: M. Pučnik Kristina
Published: November 2024

Lektoriranje ni popravljanje slabo napisanih besedil, temveč izoblikovana in zvrstno utemeljena skrb za ustrezno podobo javno objavljenih besedil, kar je povsem običajen evropski kulturni in strokovni standard. Lektor je član tima, ki oblikuje kakovostna besedila, namenjena javni objavi, in prvi bralec besedila. Prispevek je namenjen pregledu obstoječih meril, po katerih se presoja kakovost lektorjevega dela, in poklicnih standardov s sorodnih področij. Sklene se s predlogom etičnega kodeksa s poklicnimi standardi za lektorje in jezikovne svetovalce.
Czech and Slovenian Language Consulting: What Do They Tell Us about Language and Language Users?
Authors: Mžourková Hana
Published: November 2024

Članek se osredotoča na jezikovno svetovanje na Češkem in v Sloveniji, ki sta na mnogo načinov tesno povezana. Povezanost je očitna ne le v jezikovnih temah in težavah, o katerih sprašujejo uporabniki obeh jezikovnih svetovalnic, temveč tudi v nalogah in izzivih, s katerimi se morajo sodelavci svetovalnic spoprijemati. Članek poudarja pomen jezikovnega svetovanja kot dragocenega vira podatkov o jeziku in uporabnikih jezika, ki so zelo koristni posebej v postopku kodifikacije ter pri ustvarjanju slovarjev in drugih jezikovnih virov.
Terminološki dogovor kot osnova za oblikovanje terminološke norme: primer klinične prehrane
Authors: Tonin Gašper
Published: November 2024

Terminološki dogovor lahko razumemo kot urejanje in soglasje glede terminologije (pojma, pojmovnega sistema, termina in terminološke definicije) enega ali več področij. Ločujemo implicitni terminološki dogovor, pri katerem pride do tihega sprejetja terminologije z vedno širšo rabo in ustaljenostjo v stroki, ter eksplicitni terminološki dogovor, ki nastane z javno objavljenim dogovorom skupine strokovnjakov. Eksplicitni terminološki dogovor je redkejši, kadar pa obstaja in je primerno oblikovan, pa ima normativno prednost pred implicitnim. Predstavljamo primer oblikovanja eksplicitnega terminološkega dogovora s področja klinične prehrane, ki je nastal kot plod sodelovanja 42 avtorjev iz 19 slovenskih ustanov.
Al prav se reče kákšen ali kàkšen: o gimnazijskem pravorečju
Authors: Trobevšek Marko
Published: November 2024

Prispevek se ukvarja s srednješolskim pravorečjem in z načelnimi vprašanji normativnosti. Pokaže, kako področje obravnavajo zavezujoči uradni dokumenti in kakšne so dejanske razmere, ter je kritičen do škodljivih posledic dveh vrst: ene izhajajo iz vpliva, ki ga ima na šolo lingvistična stroka, druge iz zahtev mature, ki kot orodje selekcije določa vsebino pouka in postaja prvo merilo kakovosti učiteljevega dela. Avtor premišljuje o možnostih izboljšav.