bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fate of nitrate during groundwater recharge in a fractured karst aquifer in Southwest Germany
Authors: Visser Anna-Neva , Lehmann Moritz F. , Rügner Hermann , D’Affonseca Fernando Mazo , Grathwohl Peter , Blackwell Nia , Kappler Andreas , Osenbrück Karsten
Published: February 2021

Over the past decades, fractured and karst groundwater systems have been studied intensively due to their high vulnerability to nitrate (NO3−) contamination, yet nitrogen (N) turnover processes within the recharge area are still poorly understood. This study investigated the role of the karstified recharge area in NO3−transfer and turnover by combining isotopic analysis of NO3−and nitrite (NO2−) with time series data of hydraulic heads and specific electrical conductivity from groundwater monitoring wells and a karstic spring in Germany. A large spatial variability of groundwater NO3−concentrations (0.1–0.8 mM) was observed, which cannot be explained solely by agricultural land use. Natural-abundance N and O isotope measurements of NO3−(δ15N and δ18O) confirm that NO3−derives mainly from manure or fertilizer applications. Fractional N elimination by denitrification is indicated by relatively high δ15N- and δ18O-NO3−values, elevated NO2−concentrations (0.05–0.14 mM), and δ15N-NO2−values that were systematically lower than the corresponding values of δ15N-NO3−. Hydraulic and chemical response patterns of groundwater wells suggest that rain events result in the displacement of water from transient storage compartments such as the epikarst or the fissure network of the phreatic zone. Although O2levels of the investigated groundwaters were close to saturation, local denitrification might be promoted in microoxic or anoxic niches formed in the ferrous iron-bearing carbonate rock formations. The results revealed that (temporarily) saturated fissure networks in the phreatic zone and the epikarst may play an important role in N turnover during the recharge of fractured aquifers.
Complexity of linear relaxations in integer programming
Authors: Averkov Gennadiy , Schymura Matthias
Published: February 2021

For a set X of integer points in a polyhedron, the smallest number of facets of any polyhedron whose set of integer points coincides with X is called the relaxation complexity $${{\,\mathrm{rc}\,}}(X)$$

rc

(
X
)

. This parameter, introduced by Kaibel & Weltge (2015), captures the complexity of linear descriptions of X without using auxiliary variables. Using tools from combinatorics, geometry of numbers, and quantifier elimination, we make progress on several open questions regarding $${{\,\mathrm{rc}\,}}(X)$$

rc

(
X
)

and its variant $${{\,\mathrm{rc}\,}}_\mathbb {Q}(X)$$

rc

Q

(
X
)

, restricting the descriptions of X to rational polyhedra. As our main results we show that $${{\,\mathrm{rc}\,}}(X) = {{\,\mathrm{rc}\,}}_\mathbb {Q}(X)$$

rc

(
X
)

=

rc

Q

(
X
)

when: (a) X is at most four-dimensional, (b) X represents every residue class in $$(\mathbb {Z}/2\mathbb {Z})^d$$

(
Z
/
2
Z
)

d

, (c) the convex hull of X contains an interior integer point, or (d) the lattice-width of X is above a certain threshold. Additionally, $${{\,\mathrm{rc}\,}}(X)$$

rc

(
X
)

can be algorithmically computed when X is at most three-dimensional, or X satisfies one of the conditions (b), (c), or (d) above. Moreover, we obtain an improved lower bound on $${{\,\mathrm{rc}\,}}(X)$$

rc

(
X
)

in terms of the dimension of X.
COVID-19 and income inequality in OECD countries
Authors: Wildman John
Published: February 2021

Objective

To determine the association between income inequality and COVID-19 cases and deaths per million in OECD countries.

Methods

Cross-sectional regression methods are used to model the relationship between income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, and COVID-19 reported cases and deaths per-million.

Results

The results demonstrate a significant positive association between income inequality and COVID-19 cases and death per million in all estimated models. A 1% increase in the Gini coefficient is associated with an approximately 4% increase in cases per-million and an approximately 5% increase in deaths per-million.

Conclusions

The results demonstrate that countries with high levels of income inequality have performed significantly worse when dealing with the COVID-19 outbreak in terms cases and deaths. Income inequality is a proxy for many elements of socioeconomic disadvantage that may contribute to the spread of, and deaths from, COVID-19. These include poor housing, smoking, obesity and pollution.

Policy Implications

The findings suggest the importance of closing the gap in income inequality and improving the health and incomes of the poorest and most vulnerable groups.
Catalytic activity of metals in heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation of wastewater contaminants: a review
Authors: Hussain Sajid , Aneggi Eleonora , Goi Daniele
Published: February 2021

Innovations in water technology are needed to solve challenges of climate change, resource shortages, emerging contaminants, urbanization, sustainable development and demographic changes. In particular, conventional techniques of wastewater treatment are limited by the presence of poorly biodegradable organic matter. Alternatively, recent Fenton, Fenton-like and hybrid processes appear successful for cleaning of different types of liquid wastewaters. Here, we review the application of metallic catalyst-H2O2 systems in the heterogeneous Fenton process. Each metallic catalyst-H2O2 system has unique redox properties due to metal oxidation state. Solution pH is a major influencing factor. Catalysts made of iron and cerium form stable complexes with oxidation products and H2O2, thus resulting in reduced activities. Copper forms transitory complexes with oxidation products, but copper catalytic activity is restored during the reaction. Silver and manganese do not form complexes. The catalyst performance for degradation and mineralization decreases in the order: manganese, copper, iron, silver, cerium, yet the easiness of practical application decreases in the order: copper, manganese, iron, silver, cerium.
Testing as an approach to control the Corona epidemic dynamics and avoid lockdowns
Authors: Gries Thomas , Welfens Paul J. J.
Published: February 2021

Vaccinations, lockdowns and testing strategies are three potential elements of an effective anti-coronavirus, and in particular Covid-19, health policy. The following analysis considers - within a simple model - the potentially crucial role of a Corona testing approach in combination with a quarantine approach which is shown herein to be a substitute for broad lockdown measures. The cost of lockdowns/shutdowns are rather high so that – beyond progress in terms of a broad vaccination program – a rational testing strategy should also be carefully considered. Testing has to be organized on the basis of an adequate testing infrastructure which could largely be implemented in firms, schools, universities and public administration settings. As regards the cost of a systematic broad Covid-19 testing strategy, these could come close to 0.5% of national income if there are no vaccinations. The Testing & Quarantine approach suggested here – with tests for symptomatic as well as asymptomatic people - is based on a random sampling and would require rather broad and frequent testing; possibly one test per person every 7–10 days. At the same time, one should consider that the cost of further lockdowns/shutdowns of a duration of 1 month could be very high, such that a standard cost benefit analysis supports the testing approach suggested herein. Also, an optimal policy mix could be designed where both vaccinations and testing play a crucial role. As of late January 2021, no further lockdowns in Germany and other OECD countries would be necessary if a broad testing infrastructure can be established rather quickly. This in turn will reinforce economic optimism and help to jumpstart economic growth in Europe, the US and Asia in a solid way. The basic logic of the testing approach pointed out here for industrialized countries could also be applied in developing countries. The approach presented is complementary to the IMF analysis of Cherif/Hasanov.
How do personality traits manifest in daily life of older adults?
Authors: Lindner Stefanie , Aschwanden Damaris , Zimmermann Johannes , Allemand Mathias
Published: February 2021

The present study examined how personality traits manifest in daily life of older adults and distinguished between the manifestations of experiences and behaviors. We used data from an ambulatory assessment study over 10 days with assessments of trait-related experiences and behaviors obtained from 136 older adults aged between 60 and 91 years (41.2% male; M = 70.45 years). Multilevel models revealed that on average, 61.2% of variance in trait-related experiences and 39.6% of variance in behaviors were due to consistent differences between persons. Older adults were rather variable and diverse in their trait manifestations, while they also showed relative stability in trait manifestations. Across older age, some age effects for trait manifestations were found. Moreover, within-person variation of experiences and behaviors showed, with one exception, joint fluctuations in daily life. The findings portray a nuanced picture of trait manifestations in older adulthood. The findings complement the literature on within-person variability in older adulthood and might encourage further studies from a within-person perspective to better understand how older adults navigate through daily life.
Limiting the explanatory scope of extended active inference: the implications of a causal pattern analysis of selective niche construction, developmental niche construction, and organism-niche coordination dynamics
Authors: Fabry Regina E.
Published: February 2021

Research in evolutionary biology and philosophy of biology and cognition strongly suggests that human organisms modify their environment through active processes of niche construction. Recently, proponents of the free-energy principle and variational active inference have argued that their approach can deepen our understanding of the reciprocal causal relationship between organisms and their niche on various scales. This paper examines the feasibility and scope of variational formalisations and conceptualisations of the organism-niche nexus with a particular focus on the extended active inference account. I will draw a conceptual distinction between selective niche construction, developmental niche construction, and organism-niche coordination dynamics and argue that these notions capture different causal patterns, each of which with a distinct scope. Against this background, I will analyse and discuss the extended active inference account and its strategy to integrate variational active inference with work on extended cognition. The proponents of extended active inference assume that their account can provide an explanation of selective niche construction, developmental niche construction, and organism-niche coordination dynamics. However, my key claim will be that this account has the potential to elucidate the workings of organism-niche coordination dynamics, but does not adequately capture the causal patterns of selective niche construction and developmental niche construction.
Unveiling a unique genetic diversity of cultivated Coffea arabica L. in its main domestication center: Yemen
Authors: Montagnon C. , Mahyoub A. , Solano W. , Sheibani F.
Published: February 2021

Whilst it is established that almost all cultivated coffee (Coffea arabica L.) varieties originated in Yemen after some coffee seeds were introduced into Yemen from neighboring Ethiopia, the actual coffee genetic diversity in Yemen and its significance to the coffee world had never been explored. We observed five genetic clusters. The first cluster, which we named the Ethiopian-Only (EO) cluster, was made up exclusively of the Ethiopian accessions. This cluster was clearly separated from the Yemen and cultivated varieties clusters, hence confirming the genetic distance between wild Ethiopian accessions and coffee cultivated varieties around the world. The second cluster, which we named the SL-17 cluster, was a small cluster of cultivated worldwide varieties and included no Yemen samples. Two other clusters were made up of worldwide varieties and Yemen samples. We named these the Yemen Typica-Bourbon cluster and the Yemen SL-34 cluster. Finally, we observed one cluster that was unique to Yemen and was not related to any known cultivated varieties and not even to any known Ethiopian accession: we name this cluster the New-Yemen cluster. We discuss the consequences of these findings and their potential to pave the way for further comprehensive genetic improvement projects for the identification of major resilience/adaptation and cup quality genes that have been shaped through the domestication process of C. arabica.
Testing Fairness Principles for Public Environmental Infrastructure Decisions
Authors: Schmid Sara , Vetschera Rudolf , Lienert Judit
Published: February 2021

Public infrastructure decisions affect many stakeholders with various benefits and costs. For public decisions, it is crucial that decision-making processes and outcomes are fair. Fairness concepts have rarely been explored in public infrastructure planning. We close this gap for a global issue of growing importance: replacing sewer-based, centralized by decentralized wastewater systems. We empirically study fairness principles in this policy-relevant context, and identify possible influencing factors in a representative online survey of 472 Swiss German residents. In a transition phase, innovative, decentralized pilot wastewater systems are installed in households. We designed two vignettes for this context to test the adhesion to principles of distributive justice—equality, equity, and need—at individual and community levels. A third vignette tests procedural justice with increasing fulfilment of fair process criteria. The results confirm our hypotheses: equity is perceived as fairer than equality at individual and collective levels. Contrary to expectations and literature, need is perceived as even fairer than equity. Procedural justice results confirm literature, e.g., the majority (92%) of respondents deems a policy fair that includes them in decision-making. Only few demographic and explanatory factors are significantly correlated with respondents’ fairness perceptions. Although unexpected, this is positive, implying that introducing decentralized wastewater technology can be designed for the entire population independent of characteristics of individuals. Generally, our results confirm literature: fairness perceptions depend on the circumstances. Hence, they should be elicited in the exact application context to be able to enter negotiation processes and provide concrete advice to decision makers.
Fast track to the labour market? Experiences of learning in an active labour market policy measure for migrant teachers in Sweden
Authors: Ennerberg Elin
Published: February 2021

This article analyses the case of a Swedish so-called “fast-track” programme for newly arrived migrant teachers with the use of a conceptual model of lifelong learning dimensions (Boyadjieva & Ilieva-Trichkova, 2016). The material is based on individual and focus group interviews with individual participants, public employment officers and university teachers. While some aspects of the course can be seen as transformative and allowing for intrinsic learning, the participants’ need for work often overshadowed more ambitious course goals. Nevertheless, the course provides participants with the opportunity to reflect on new aspects of teaching and broader societal values.
Naturalizing the contributory
Authors: Fox Philip
Published: February 2021

This paper has two aims. First, I critically discuss Daniel Whiting’s (Philos Stud 195(9):2191–2208, 2018) recent proposal that a reason to ϕ is evidence of a respect in which it is right to ϕ. I raise two objections against this view: (i) it is subject to a modified version of Eva Schmidt’s (Ethics 127(3):708–718, 2018) counterexample against the influential account of reasons in terms of evidence and ‘ought’, and—setting aside judgments about specific cases—, (ii) it is also in an important senseuninformative. Interestingly, it turns out that this last objection cannot be helpfully understood in terms of circularity. This leads to a more general question about the criteria of adequacy for reductive accounts of reasons: In what sense, if any, should such accounts be informative? The second aim of this paper is to clarify one such sense, which is suggested by reflection on Whiting’s proposal. In particular, I argue that successful reductive accountsnaturalize the contributory—by which I mean, roughly, that they explain the specifically contributory nature of reasons in fully non-normative terms. Moreover, I explain how views that fail this criterion are unable to meet certain key explanatory desiderata for reductive accounts of reasons. After broaching some of the wider implications for the project of understanding the notion of a reason in other terms, I conclude that the notion of naturalizing the contributory is a helpful notion for structuring the debate over reductive accounts of reasons.
Reconstructing the Intrinsic Statistical Properties of Intermittent Locomotion Through Corrections for Boundary Effects
Authors: Cocconi Luca , Kuhn-Régnier Alexander , Neuss Malte , Sendova-Franks Ana B. , Christensen Kim
Published: February 2021

Locomotion characteristics are often recorded within bounded spaces, a constraint which introduces geometry-specific biases and potentially complicates the inference of behavioural features from empirical observations. We describe how statistical properties of an uncorrelated random walk, namely the steady-state stopping location probability density and the empirical step probability density, are affected by enclosure in a bounded space. The random walk here is considered as a null model for an organism moving intermittently in such a space, that is, the points represent stopping locations and the step is the displacement between them. Closed-form expressions are derived for motion in one dimension and simple two-dimensional geometries, in addition to an implicit expression for arbitrary (convex) geometries. For the particular choice of no-go boundary conditions, we demonstrate that the empirical step distribution is related to the intrinsic step distribution, i.e. the one we would observe in unbounded space, via a multiplicative transformation dependent solely on the boundary geometry. This conclusion allows in practice for the compensation of boundary effects and the reconstruction of the intrinsic step distribution from empirical observations.
Stichwort: Digitalisierung in der kulturell-ästhetischen Bildung – eine konfigurierende Forschungssynthese
Authors: Kröner Stephan , Christ Alexander , Penthin Marcus
Published: February 2021

Digitalisierung verändert zunehmend die kulturelle Bildung. Im Zuge des technologischen Fortschritts werden auch soziale Interaktionen, ästhetische Erfahrungen und Ausdrucksformen transformiert. In diesem Beitrag wird über eine konfigurierende Forschungssynthese zur Kartierung des sich entwickelnden Forschungsfeldes zur Digitalisierung in der kulturellen Bildung berichtet. Dazu wurden im Fachportal Pädagogik und in Scopus empirisch ausgerichtete Originalarbeiten mit explizitem Bezug zu Digitalisierung in der kulturellen Bildung identifiziert und nach formalen sowie inhaltlichen Kriterien kategorisiert. Inhaltlich wird ein Schwerpunkt in den bildenden Künsten deutlich. Arbeiten zu aktuellen Entwicklungen wie Digital Making und Virtual Reality sind jedoch selten. Ein Großteil der vorliegenden Arbeiten fokussiert auf formale Bildungsprozesse. Im Zentrum steht oft die Frage nach Determinanten von Kompetenzerwerb, Interesse und Motivation. Resultierende Evidenz wird jedoch häufig begrenzt durch schwache Designs, naive Vergleiche analog/digital und unterausgewertete Datensätze. Diskutiert wird, wie diese Desiderate in künftiger quantitativer wie qualitativer Forschung adressiert werden können.
Gemeinsam lernen, miteinander teilen – Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Besuch eines inklusiven Bildungsettings und dem sozialen Verhalten von SchülerInnen ohne sonderpädagogischen Förderbedarf
Authors: Labsch Amelie , Nusser Lena , Schmitt Monja , Schüpbach Marianne
Published: February 2021

Kinder erlernen soziales Verhalten u. a. im schulischen Kontext indem sie mit anderen SchülerInnen interagieren. Insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der Ratifizierung der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention stellt sich die Frage, ob sich SchülerInnen ohne sonderpädagogischen Förderbedarf (SPF) innerhalb inklusiver Klassen sozial anders verhalten als innerhalb von Klassen ohne SchülerInnen mit SPF. Mit Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS) zeigt sich in mehrebenanalytischer Betrachtung, dass SchülerInnen ohne SPF in inklusiven Klassen nicht von höherem prosozialem Verhalten berichten, aber von höherem Problemverhalten im Umgang mit Gleichaltrigen als ihre Peers in nicht-inklusiven Klassen. Darüber hinaus fällt ihr Problemverhalten im Umgang mit Gleichaltrigen umso höher aus, je inklusiver die Klassenkomposition gestaltet ist. Dies lässt sich über die sozioökonomische Klassenkomposition erklären, indem in inklusiven Klassen ein bedeutsam höherer Anteil an SchülerInnen mit niedrigem sozioökonomischen Status zu finden ist als in nicht-inklusiven Klassen. Die ethnische Klassenkomposition kann dagegen nicht als Erklärung herangezogen werden.
Sleep apps for children—a critical view
Authors: Schlarb Angelika A. , Kater Maren-Jo , Werner Anika , Hertel Daniela , Lollies Friederike , Landwehr Janna , Kolip Petra
Published: February 2021

Background

During the last few years, technology support for various health-related areas is becoming increasingly common. Not only are nutrition apps or sports apps available, but apps regarding sleep are also available. As the prevalence of sleep disturbances in infancy and childhood is quite high, supportive strategies are necessary to help families to sleep healthy. Thus, this study addresses the topic of sleep apps for babies and children.

Methods

Sleep apps were searched using different strings. Age-oriented apps were scored using different criteria which were theoretically based (e.g., description, costs, downloads).

Results

We found 573 sleep apps using the Apple App Store and Google Play Store with the search strings “sleep” and “app” and “baby” or “children”. Of these, 15.4% were not declared for children or babies. Content of most apps was lullabies or music and songs. Sleep-related aspects as sleep information or sleep education was very rare.

Conclusions

There is a new field of sleep help—with sleep apps used by families. Because of the high prevalence concerning sleep problems, the market concerning sleep helping apps is well used. However, most of the sleep apps did not have declarations concerning age and other factors. Parents should be careful using sleep apps for their offspring.
Interpolation in wavelet spaces and the HRT-conjecture
Authors: Berge Eirik
Published: February 2021

We investigate the wavelet spaces $$\mathcal {W}_{g}(\mathcal {H}_{\pi })\subset L^{2}(G)$$

W
g

(

H
π

)

⊂

L
2

(
G
)

arising from square integrable representations $$\pi :G \rightarrow \mathcal {U}(\mathcal {H}_{\pi })$$

π
:
G
→
U
(

H
π

)

of a locally compact group G. We show that the wavelet spaces are rigid in the sense that non-trivial intersection between them imposes strong restrictions. Moreover, we use this to derive consequences for wavelet transforms related to convexity and functions of positive type. Motivated by the reproducing kernel Hilbert space structure of wavelet spaces we examine an interpolation problem. In the setting of time–frequency analysis, this problem turns out to be equivalent to the HRT-conjecture. Finally, we consider the problem of whether all the wavelet spaces $$\mathcal {W}_{g}(\mathcal {H}_{\pi })$$

W
g

(

H
π

)

of a locally compact group G collectively exhaust the ambient space $$L^{2}(G)$$

L
2

(
G
)

. We show that the answer is affirmative for compact groups, while negative for the reduced Heisenberg group.
Applications of Lipidomics to Age-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
Authors: Mo Chenglin , Du Yating , O’Connell Thomas M.
Published: February 2021

Purpose of Review

The goal of this review is to highlight the need for new biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, especially osteoporosis and sarcopenia. These conditions are characterized by loss of bone and muscle mass, respectively, leading to functional deterioration and the development of disabilities. Advances in high-resolution lipidomics platforms are being used to help identify new lipid biomarkers for these diseases.

Recent Findings

It is now well established that bone and muscle have important endocrine functions, including the release of bioactive factors in response to mechanical and biochemical stimuli. Bioactive lipids are a prominent set of these factors and some of these lipids are directly related to the mass and function of bone and muscle. Recent lipidomics studies have shown significant dysregulation of lipids in aged muscle and bone, including alterations in diacylglycerols and ceramides. Studies have shown that alterations in some types of plasma lipids are associated with aging including reduced bone mineral density and the occurrence of osteoporosis.

Musculoskeletal disorders are a major burden in our society, especially for older adults. The development and application of new lipidomics methods is making significant advances in identifying new biomarkers for these diseases. These studies will not only lead to improved detection, but new mechanistic insights that could lead to new therapeutic targets and interventions.
Longitudinal Changes in Sleep: Associations with Shifts in Circulating Cytokines and Emotional Distress in a Cancer Survivor Population
Authors: Tucker Jo A. , Osann Kathryn , Hsieh Susie , Wahi Aditi , Monk Bradley J. , Wenzel Lari , Nelson Edward L.
Published: February 2021

Background

Sleep disturbances are associated with numerous mood disorders. Similarly, anxiety and depression are associated with modulation of the psychoneuroimmune (PNI) axis. This study hypothesized that changes in both monitored and self-reported measures of sleep would relate to changes in circulating cytokine levels in an emotionally distressed population of cervical cancer survivors.

Methods

Biospecimens, patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures, and actigraphy were collected from cervical cancer survivors enrolled in a biobehavioral clinical trial. Longitudinal changes over a 4-month period were examined. Sleep time measured by actigraphy and PRO were analyzed for correlative changes with emotional distress and serum cytokines (n = 71).

Results

Longitudinal change in the actigraph measure of sleep time was inversely associated with changes in depression and anxiety (test for linear trend, p = 0.02 and p = 0.05 respectively), as well as acute-phase response/pro-inflammatory cytokines (test for linear trend, p = 0.003, interleukin (IL)-2; 0.022, IL-1β; 0.0002, IL-6; and 0.049, tumor necrosis factor α). Conversely, changes in self-reported sleep problems were related to an increase in depression and anxiety (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01 respectively), the T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine IL-5 (p = 0.027), and the counter-regulatory cytokine IL-10 (0.016).

Conclusion

This study showed that an increase in sleep time or decrease in sleep problems corresponded with a reduction in self-reported emotional distress and attenuation of pro-inflammatory, Th2, and counter-regulatory cytokines. Our results support sleep measurement as a meaningful biobehavioral variable in cancer survivorship. This study also indicates that sleep investigators should be aware that choice of methodology might influence concordance with different classes of immune parameters.
Der Viererbobstart
Authors: Elm Annika , Gugutzer Robert
Published: February 2021

Im Bobsport herrscht Konsens, dass die Startphase von zentraler Bedeutung für eine gute Endzeit ist. Dennoch hat sich die Sportwissenschaft mit der Frage, wie der Bobstart gelingt, bis dato kaum auseinandergesetzt. Der Beitrag holt dies in Form einer leibphänomenologischen Analyse der Startphase im Viererbob nach, indem er sein Augenmerk sowohl auf die leibliche Kommunikation der Athleten untereinander als auch zwischen ihnen und ihrem Sportgerät richtet. Theoretisches Fundament hierfür ist die Leibphänomenologie von Hermann Schmitz, empirische Grundlage sind problemzentrierte Interviews mit acht Kaderathleten des Bob- und Schlittenverbands für Deutschland (BSD). Zentrales Ergebnis der Untersuchung ist erstens, dass für das Gelingen des Viererbobstarts vor allem die antagonistisch-einseitige Einleibung der Athleten untereinander wie auch der Athleten mit dem Bob bedeutsam ist. Zweitens erweist sich die solidarische Einleibung der Athleten als wichtige Bedingung und gleichermaßen spürbarer Ausdruck eines gelungenen Viererbobstarts. Der Text präsentiert damit einen vollkommen neuen Blick auf den Bobsport. Mit seinem theoretisch-konzeptionellen Fokus auf leibliche Kommunikation im Sport liefert er darüber hinausgehend einen innovativen Beitrag zur phänomenologischen Sportforschung, wie er generell die fruchtbare Verbindung von Philosophie und empirischer Sportwissenschaft belegt.
Judgment Post-stratified Assessment Combining Ranking Information from Multiple Sources, with a Field Phenotyping Example
Authors: Ozturk Omer , Kravchuk Olena
Published: February 2021

This paper presents novel estimators for a judgment post-stratified (JPS) sample, which combine the ranking information from different methods or rankers. A JPS sample divides the units in the original simple random sample (SRS) into several ranking groups based on the relative positions (ranks) of the units in their individual small comparison sets. Ranks in the comparison sets may be assigned with several different ranking procedures. When considered separately, each ranking method leads to a different JPS sample estimator of the population mean or total. Here we introduce equally or unequally weighted estimators, which combine the ranking information from multiple sources. The unequal weights utilize the standard errors of the individual ranking methods estimators. The weighted estimators provide a substantial improvement over an SRS estimator and a JPS estimator based on a single ranking method. The new estimators are applied to crop establishment phenotypic data from an agricultural field experiment.

Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online.
COVID-19: From health crises to food security anxiety and policy implications
Authors: Chiwona-Karltun Linley , Amuakwa-Mensah Franklin , Wamala-Larsson Caroline , Amuakwa-Mensah Salome , Abu Hatab Assem , Made Nolwandle , Taremwa Nathan Kanuma , Melyoki Lemayon , Rutashobya Lettice Kinunda , Madonsela Thulisile , Lourens Marna , Stone Wendy , Bizoza Alfred R.
Published: February 2021

Like the rest of the world, African countries are reeling from the health, economic and social effects of COVID-19. The continent’s governments have responded by imposing rigorous lockdowns to limit the spread of the virus. The various lockdown measures are undermining food security, because stay at home orders have among others, threatened food production for a continent that relies heavily on agriculture as the bedrock of the economy. This article draws on quantitative data collected by the GeoPoll, and, from these data, assesses the effect of concern about the local spread and economic impact of COVID-19 on food worries. Qualitative data comprising 12 countries south of the Sahara reveal that lockdowns have created anxiety over food security as a health, economic and human rights/well-being issue. By applying a probit model, we find that concern about the local spread of COVID-19 and economic impact of the virus increases the probability of food worries. Governments have responded with various efforts to support the neediest. By evaluating the various policies rolled out we advocate for a feminist economics approach that necessitates greater use of data analytics to predict the likely impacts of intended regulatory relief responses during the recovery process and post-COVID-19.
A review of public acceptance of nature-based solutions: The ‘why’, ‘when’, and ‘how’ of success for disaster risk reduction measures
Authors: Anderson Carl C. , Renaud Fabrice G.
Published: February 2021

Nature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly recognized as sustainable approaches to address societal challenges. Disaster risk reduction (DRR) has benefited by moving away from purely ‘grey’ infrastructure measures towards NbS. However, this shift also furthers an increasing trend of reliance on public acceptance to plan, implement and manage DRR measures. In this review, we examine how unique NbS characteristics relate to public acceptance through a comparison with grey measures, and we identify influential acceptance factors related to individuals, society, and DRR measures. Based on the review, we introduce the PA-NbS model that highlights the role of risk perception, trust, competing societal interests, and ecosystem services. Efforts to increase acceptance should focus on providing and promoting awareness of benefits combined with effective communication and collaboration. Further research is required to understand interconnections among identified factors and how they can be leveraged for the success and further uptake of NbS.
FR-type algorithm for finding approximate solutions to nonlinear monotone operator equations
Authors: Abubakar Auwal Bala , Muangchoo Kanikar , Ibrahim Abdulkarim Hassan , Abubakar Jamilu , Rano Sadiya Ali
Published: February 2021

This paper focuses on the problem of convex constraint nonlinear equations involving monotone operators in Euclidean space. A Fletcher and Reeves type derivative-free conjugate gradient method is proposed. The proposed method is designed to ensure the descent property of the search direction at each iteration. Furthermore, the convergence of the proposed method is proved under the assumption that the underlying operator is monotone and Lipschitz continuous. The numerical results show that the method is efficient for the given test problems.
Cognitive, physical and disability trajectories in community-dwelling elderly people
Authors: Ferraro Ottavia Eleonora , Guaita Antonio , Villani Simona
Published: February 2021

Backgrounds and aims

Health trajectories in aging, rather than single time-point assessments, could be early indicators of the onset of conditions such as dementia. The aim of this study was to identify different aging trajectories and to investigate their influence on the cumulative incidence of dementia.

Methods

We evaluated data referring to 993 elders from the InveCe.Ab study cohort. All subjects were free from dementia at baseline and re-assessed on at least one other occasion thereafter. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), physical function using the Walking Speed Test (WST), and disability on the basis of the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) score. To describe the different courses of the three outcomes combined, the Group-Based Trajectory Model (GBTM) method was applied. We looked for differences in age, gender, education, ApoE-e4 carrier status and obesity, and then investigated the influence of the observed trajectories on the incidence of dementia.

Results

Three trajectories were identified: a “good” scenario was observed in 703 (70.2%) individuals, who showed substantially stable cognitive and physical function and no disability; an “intermediate” scenario in 248 subjects (25.5%), who recorded a longer walking time, lower MMSE score, and a one-point higher ADL score; and a “severe” scenario in 42 elders (4.3%), who recorded declines in all the outcomes. Female gender, obesity and low education were most represented in the “severe” group. ApoE-e4 carrier status showed no difference between groups. The estimated cumulative incidence of dementia was higher in the “severe” (37%) than in the “intermediate” (7%) and “good” (< 1%) scenarios.

Conclusions

Using simple measurements, we built different aging trajectories, and observed that the worst performers had the highest incidence of dementia. Better knowledge of trajectories of aging would be useful for preventive interventions aimed at promoting healthier aging.
Uncertainty Quantification for DIC Displacement Measurements in Industrial Environments
Authors: Siebert T. , Hack E. , Lampeas G. , Patterson E. A. , Splitthof K.
Published: February 2021

Background: most methods of uncertainty quantification for digital image correlation are orientated towards the research environment and it remains difficult to quantify all of the uncertainty introduced along the measurement chain in an industrial environment. This gap in capability can become critical when physical tests are required for certification purposes. Objective: To develop and demonstrate an uncertainty quantification method that was independent of a specific DIC system, easily integrated with the measurement workflow, applicable at the measurement location and capable of capturing the contributions from all sources of uncertainty. Methods: an elegant new method utilises the calibration target, commonly used with DIC systems to evaluate their intrinsic and extrinsic parameters, through reference measurements before and after relative motion between the measurement system and the object of interest. The method is described and demonstrated for quantifying the field of uncertainty associated with maps of displacement and deformation in a large-scale industrial component. Results: The fields of uncertainty associated with measurements, using stereoscopic DIC, of x-, y- and z- displacement components during a compression buckling test on an aircraft fuselage panel are presented. The derived uncertainty has independently been corroborated along one axis by moving a calibrated translation stage. Conclusions: A new method has been proposed that allows the quantification of the fields of uncertainty arising from all sources when DIC measurements are performed on a large-scale object of interest in an industrial environment. The method requires no additional equipment and can be readily included in the workflow of a measurement campaign.
On the Influence of Thermal History on the Martensitic Transformation in Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn (wt%)
Authors: Church N. L. , Talbot C. E. P. , Jones N. G.
Published: February 2021

Metastable β titanium alloys, such as Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn, have potential for application in vibration damping systems due to their ability to display superelastic behaviour. However, their use is currently limited due to large variations in the temperature range over which this behaviour is stable, which can additionally be shown to depend on the thermal history of the sample. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the microstructure to thermal history and highlights a possible cause for this variability. Currently held theories of ω formation supressing the martensitic transformation have been called into question and an alternative mechanism based on a total stress approach has been suggested. Understanding this variability enables better design of alloys and processing routes in order to achieve materials with the desired properties required for industrial application.
Fundamental Study of Palladium Recycling Using “Dry Aqua Regia” Considering the Recovery from Spent Auto-catalyst
Authors: Yoshimura Akihiro , Tochigi Shunta , Matsuno Yasunari
Published: February 2021

In this research, a recycling process for palladium using “dry aqua regia,” which consists of iron(III) chloride–potassium chloride, was proposed. Palladium was dissolved in “dry aqua regia,” and the dissolved palladium was recovered by leaching with potassium chloride solution with added ammonium chloride and nitric acid. Palladium was almost completely dissolved in 3 h at 600 K, and the recovery ratio of dissolved palladium was up to 80%. In addition, the dissolution of palladium in coexistence with platinum and the dissolution of platinum-palladium alloy by “dry aqua regia” were also tested. The dissolved palladium and platinum were separated and recovered by solid–liquid separation technique using the difference in solubility of their compounds in potassium chloride and sodium chloride solutions. As a result, pure compounds of each element were recovered. This result suggested the possibility of using “dry aqua regia” for the separation of platinum-group metals.

Graphical Abstract
Effects on the distortion of Inconel 718 components along a hybrid laser-based additive manufacturing process chain using laser powder bed fusion and laser metal deposition
Authors: Uhlmann Eckart , Düchting Jan , Petrat Torsten , Krohmer Erwin , Graf Benjamin , Rethmeier Michael
Published: February 2021

The combination of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), known for its geometrical freedom and accuracy, and the nozzle-based laser metal deposition process (LMD), known for its high build-up rates, has great potential to reduce the additive manufacturing times for large metallic parts. For the industrial application of the LPBF-LMD hybrid process chain, it is necessary to investigate the influence of the LMD process on the LPBF substrate. In addition, the build plate material also has a significant impact on the occurrence of distortion along the additive manufacturing process chain. In the literature, steel build plates are often used in laser-based additive manufacturing processes of Inconel 718, since a good metallurgical bonding can be assured whilst reducing costs in the production and restoration of the build plates. This paper examines the distortion caused by LMD material deposition and the influence of the build plate material along the hybrid additive manufacturing process chain. Twin cantilevers are manufactured by LPBF and an additional layer is subsequently deposited with LMD. The distortion is measured in the as-built condition as well as after heat treatment. The effect of different LMD hatch strategies on the distortion is determined. The experiments are conducted using the nickel-base alloy Inconel 718. The results show a significant influence of LMD path strategies on distortion, with shorter tool paths leading to less distortion. The remaining distortion after heat treatment is considerably dependent on the material of the build plate.
Workplace and classroom incivility and learning engagement: the moderating role of locus of control
Authors: Cahyadi Ani , Hendryadi Hendryadi , Mappadang Agoestina
Published: February 2021

This study aims to examine the relationship between workplace and classroom incivility to learning engagement and the moderating role of internal locus of control in these relationships. An online questionnaire was administered to 432 students from three private universities in Jakarta, Indonesia. The regression analysis results showed that both workplace and classroom incivility has a negative and significant effect on learning engagement. In addition, the direct effect of workplace incivility on learning engagement is moderated by the locus of control. The negative effect of workplace incivility on learning engagement is stronger for students with low levels of internal locus of control than for those students with high levels of internal locus of control. This study provides a better understanding of the internal mechanism condition to reduce the negative effects of incivility experiences that occur in the workplace and classroom among student employees. The implications and limitations are also discussed.
Multi-species temporal network of livestock movements for disease spread
Authors: Ruget Anne-Sophie , Rossi Gianluigi , Pepler P. Theo , Beaunée Gaël , Banks Christopher J. , Enright Jessica , Kao Rowland R.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The objective of this study is to show the importance of interspecies links and temporal network dynamics of a multi-species livestock movement network. Although both cattle and sheep networks have been previously studied, cattle-sheep multi-species networks have not generally been studied in-depth. The central question of this study is how the combination of cattle and sheep movements affects the potential for disease spread on the combined network.

Materials and methods

Our analysis considers static and temporal representations of networks based on recorded animal movements. We computed network-based node importance measures of two single-species networks, and compared the top-ranked premises with the ones in the multi-species network. We propose the use of a measure based on contact chains calculated in a network weighted with transmission probabilities to assess the importance of premises in an outbreak. To ground our investigation in infectious disease epidemiology, we compared this suggested measure with the results of disease simulation models with asymmetric probabilities of transmission between species.

Results

Our analysis of the temporal networks shows that the premises which are likely to drive the epidemic in this multi-species network differ from the ones in both the cattle and the sheep networks. Although sheep movements are highly seasonal, the estimated size of an epidemic is significantly larger in the multi-species network than in the cattle network, independently of the period of the year. Finally, we demonstrate that a measure based on contact chains allow us to identify around 30% of the key farms in a simulated epidemic, ignoring markets, whilst static network measures identify less than 10% of these farms.

Conclusion

Our results ascertain the importance of combining species networks, as well as considering layers of temporal livestock movements in detail for the study of disease spread.
Co-designing to advance community health and health equity in Wisconsin: Building the Neighborhood Health Partnerships Program
Authors: Bonham-Werling Jessica , Passmore Susan , Hendricks Korina , Bednarz Lauren , Faust Victoria , Talaga Alan , Smith Maureen
Published: February 2021

Engaging communities can increase the speed of translating health and health equity research into practice. Effective engagement requires a shared understanding of the health of a community. This can be challenging without timely and accurate local health data, or ways to provide that data, that are directly applicable to improving community health outcomes. The University of Wisconsin Institute for Clinical and Translational Research formed the Neighborhood Health Partnerships Program (NHP) to overcome this challenge, making sub-county health data available to researchers and community stakeholders while incorporating community voice into data delivery processes. The NHP team used a human-centered design approach to facilitate community engagement. Through co-design, the team created NHP reports and data-to-action tools to maximize accessibility and utility for a diverse set of community stakeholders. Early indicators show that the final co-designed NHP reports and data-to-action tools will be immediately useful in promoting community–academic partnerships and in planning, implementing, and evaluating research and other initiatives in communities. The NHP program demonstrates that an effective co-design strategy can lead to increased usability and adoption of Clinical and Translational Science Award resources, enabling a shared understanding of community health and ultimately leading to the successful translation of research into practice.