bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving team performance prediction in MMOGs with temporal communication networks
Authors: Ghawi Raji , Müller Siegfried , Pfeffer Jürgen
Published: July 2021

Virtual teams are becoming increasingly important. Since they are digital in nature, their “trace data” enable a broad set of new research opportunities. Online Games are especially useful for studying social behavior patterns of collaborative teams. In our study, we used longitudinal data from the massively multiplayer online game Travian collected over a 12-month period that included 4753 teams with 18,056 individuals and their communication networks. For predicting team performance, we selected several social network analysis-based attributes frequently used in team and leadership research. We find that using these features, the accuracy of predicting the team performance, in terms of $$R^2$$

R
2

, is about 60%; whereas the accuracy of classifying the top-performing teams exceeds 95%. Moreover, we examine the ability to predict the team performance based on historic data of the network features, i.e., before several weeks. We find that the best accuracy can be achieved using the features in the present and the past, as well as the past performance. For a delay of one week, the accuracy of this model is about $$R^2$$

R
2

 = 97%.
Increasing risks for emerging infectious diseases within a rapidly changing High Asia
Authors: Mishra Charudutt , Samelius Gustaf , Khanyari Munib , Srinivas Prashanth Nuggehalli , Low Matthew , Esson Carol , Venkatachalam Suri , Johansson Örjan
Published: July 2021

The cold and arid mountains and plateaus of High Asia, inhabited by a relatively sparse human population, a high density of livestock, and wildlife such as the iconic snow leopard Panthera uncia, are usually considered low risk for disease outbreaks. However, based on current knowledge about drivers of disease emergence, we show that High Asia is rapidly developing conditions that favor increased emergence of infectious diseases and zoonoses. This is because of the existing prevalence of potentially serious pathogens in the system; intensifying environmental degradation; rapid changes in local ecological, socio-ecological, and socio-economic factors; and global risk intensifiers such as climate change and globalization. To better understand and manage the risks posed by diseases to humans, livestock, and wildlife, there is an urgent need for establishing a disease surveillance system and improving human and animal health care. Public health must be integrated with conservation programs, more ecologically sustainable development efforts and long-term disease surveillance.
Agronomic and genetic assessment of organic wheat performance in England: a field-scale cultivar evaluation with a network of farms
Authors: Costanzo Ambrogio , Amos Dominic , Bickler Charlotte , Trump Andrew
Published: July 2021

Yield gaps between organic and conventional agriculture raise concerns about future agricultural systems which should reduce external inputs and face an unpredictable climate. In the UK, the performance gap is especially severe for wheat that, as a result, has a small and shrinking organic acreage. In organic wheat production, most determinants of crop performance are managed at a rotation level, which leaves cultivar choice as the major decision on a seasonal basis. Yet, conventionally generated cultivar recommendations might be inappropriate to organic farms. Furthermore, uncertainty about field-scale crop performance hinders positive developments of the supply chain of organic grains and seeds. Here, we present a field-scale evaluation of winter wheat cultivars, integrated with an agronomic crop performance survey, across a network of organic farms. The relation between crop performance and climatic patterns is explored, to capitalise past growing seasons in cultivar and management decisions on-farm. Grain yield and grain protein content were linked by a dual relation, positive across environments and negative across cultivars. Feed-grade cultivars showed a relatively high yield (4.5–5.5 t/ha) but low protein (8.5–9.3%), whereas breadmaking and historic cultivars showed higher protein (10.4–11.1%) and lower yields (3.5–4.0 t/ha). Historic phenotypes showed better weed suppressive ability than modern ones, without trade-offs with yield or quality. Multiple regressions showed that weed abundance at wheat anthesis was the main yield predictor. The effects of two different post-emergence weed management strategies were observed. Farms relying on interrow hoeing showed lower weed abundance, but a higher relative abundance of the dominant species than that of those relying on spring tine harrowing. Future wheat breeding and cultivar testing should account for crop-weed relations, weed management strategies and their effects on nutrient use efficiency. Further data collection can inform plant breeding on critical traits for low-input farming and shed light on cultivar-environment-management interactions.
The Scapegoat Mechanism in Human Evolution: An Analysis of René Girard’s Hypothesis on the Process of Hominization
Authors: Riordan D. Vincent
Published: July 2021

According to anthropological philosopher René Girard (1923–2015), an important human adaptation is our propensity to victimize or scapegoat. He argued that other traits upon which human sociality depends would have destabilized primate dominance-based social hierarchies, making conspecific conflict a limiting factor in hominin evolution. He surmised that a novel mechanism for inhibiting intragroup conflict must have emerged contemporaneously with our social traits, and speculated that this was the tendency to spontaneously unite around the victimization of single individuals. He described an unconscious tendency to both ascribe blame and to imbue the accused with a sacred mystique. This emotionally cathartic scapegoat mechanism, he claimed, enhanced social cohesion, and was the origin of religion, mythology, sacrifice, ritual, cultural institutions, and social norms. It would have functioned by modifying the beliefs and behaviors of the group, rather than of the accused, making the act of accusation more important than the substance. This article aims to examine the empirical evidence for Girard’s claims, and argues that the scapegoat hypothesis has commonalities with several other evolutionary hypotheses, including Wrangham’s execution hypothesis on self-domestication, Dunbar’s hypothesis on the role of storytelling in maintaining group stability, and DeScioli and Kurzban’s hypothesis on the role of non-consequentialist morality in curtailing conflict. Potential implications of the scapegoat hypothesis for evolutionary psychology and psychiatry are discussed.
Survivors of Hell: Resilience Amongst Unaccompanied Minor Refugees and Implications for Treatment- a Narrative Review
Authors: Rodriguez Irene Mateos , Dobler Veronika
Published: July 2021

Approximately half of the world’s displaced population are children and a significant proportion of these are unaccompanied asylum-seeking children (UASC). UASC are the most vulnerable of all refugee populations. Up to 90% of UASC have been subjected to exploitation, including trafficking or being drafted into military groups. Having survived the perils of flight, UASC are confronted with continued challenges, including the uncertainties regarding their residential rights in host counties. Unsurprisingly, the prevalence of mental health problems is higher amongst UASC than in any other refugee group. Yet, Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) appears to neither reach nor engage UASC. This begs for re-examination of what and how MHPSS is offered. Despite high levels of adversity, UASC often have considerable resilience, and make remarkable recoveries. However, literature exploring their resources or their own views of what helps or hinders recovery is scarce. In this narrative review, we explore individual and systemic factors promoting recovery in UASC. We consider theoretical understanding of resilience, emerging data and user perspectives. From these we deduct four areas of resilience in UASC: Individual factors – prosocial behaviour, problem-solving skills; Lifetime relationships – positive early family relationships, connection with family and country of origin, positive peer and adult relationships in host country; Acculturation – integration of own and new culture, positive relationships with prosocial institutions; Care arrangements – supported but less restrictive living arrangements. We suggest, MHPSS may need to focus on enhancing social networks, including connectedness with positive relationships in the home-country, life-history work with a focus on resource-building experiences in addition to trauma, and promoting integration of old and new cultural values. We also conclude that despite growing data, there is a gap in both eliciting user perspectives and understanding adaptive resources, especially those emerging during early development and within their cultural setting.
‘Take the Money and Run’: Dutch Evidence on Inheritance and Transfer Receiving and Divorce
Authors: Basiglio Stefania
Published: July 2021

This paper aims to investigate whether a wealth endowment, such as an inheritance or a gift, can increase the chances of getting divorced, using Dutch panel data for the period from 2002 to 2016. According to the literature, different factors may lead to the breakdown of a marriage; however, the role played by inherited wealth has never been explored so far. Starting from the idea that the receipt of an inheritance might have an impact on various aspects of an individual’s life, estimations of a Cox proportional hazard ratios model are performed and tests are carried out to establish which variables, with particular attention being given to inherited wealth, act as drivers in increasing the chances of withdrawing from a marriage. The findings suggest that when the wealth endowment has been received by the wife, this increases the chances of the couple separating. This signals that receiving an inheritance/gift changes the bargaining power between the couple: for the husband, it does not represent an incentive to divorce, while the results suggest that the wife might perceive a change in the bargaining power, increasing the likelihood of marital disruption.
Electrochemical Lithium Storage Performance of Molten Salt Derived V2SnC MAX Phase
Authors: Li Youbing , Ma Guoliang , Shao Hui , Xiao Peng , Lu Jun , Xu Jin , Hou Jinrong , Chen Ke , Zhang Xiao , Li Mian , Persson Per O. Å. , Hultman Lars , Eklund Per , Du Shiyu , Chai Zhifang , Huang Zhengren , Jin Na , Ma Jiwei , Liu Ying , Lin Zifeng , Huang Qing
Published: July 2021

MAX phases are gaining attention as precursors of two-dimensional MXenes that are intensively pursued in applications for electrochemical energy storage. Here, we report the preparation of V2SnC MAX phase by the molten salt method. V2SnC is investigated as a lithium storage anode, showing a high gravimetric capacity of 490 mAh g−1 and volumetric capacity of 570 mAh cm−3 as well as superior rate performance of 95 mAh g−1 (110 mAh cm−3) at 50 C, surpassing the ever-reported performance of MAX phase anodes. Supported by operando X-ray diffraction and density functional theory, a charge storage mechanism with dual redox reaction is proposed with a Sn–Li (de)alloying reaction that occurs at the edge sites of V2SnC particles where Sn atoms are exposed to the electrolyte followed by a redox reaction that occurs at V2C layers with Li. This study offers promise of using MAX phases with M-site and A-site elements that are redox active as high-rate lithium storage materials.
Investigation of deviations in SI-engine behaviour due to manufacturing tolerances in cylinder heads
Authors: Zeilinga Stephan , Rottengruber Hermann , Dafis Aristidis , Wagner Alexander , Stolt Torsten , Feikus Franz Josef
Published: July 2021

Cast engine components are experiencing ever tighter tolerance requirements and at the same time a more complex cast design. The geometries, some of which are inaccessible, are tested for quality assurance on the basis of relevant component characteristics, among other things. The position check measures the actual position of a feature in a spatial dimension. Information about the alignment and geometry of the combustion chamber cannot be derived from the measurement methods applied. The use of three-dimensional measuring methods, e.g., imaging by computer tomography, can additionally record the spatial component position and the component geometry. Further measurement data can be derived from this, which serves to increase process reliability and component quality, and to increase component quality within an entire component batch. On the one hand, the cylinder head limits the working space by the roof of the combustion chamber, on the other hand, the cylinder head has a significant influence on the charge movement, especially at the beginning of the intake flow, due to the geometry of the intake ducts. On account the high demands of modern gasoline engines with tumble combustion process paired with Miller operation at partial load, variable timing, etc., mixture formation is important for efficient operation. Mixture formation in air- and wall-guided combustion processes depends on the components air duct and injection. From the point of view of cylinder head production, the mixture formation component air guiding is an elementary development approach for implementing efficient and sustainable component production while ensuring component properties. From this, the question can be derived as to what influence, for example, different dimensional tolerances in the combustion chamber size have on engine operation. To address this question, 3D simulations and physical test bench measurements were performed. With a variation of the above-mentioned intake duct and combustion chamber geometries and due to manufacturing tolerances, simulation results and measurement data were evaluated, analysed and presented in this paper. The influence of manufacturing-relevant tolerance deviations in the early process step of cylinder head production on combustion engine operation can be recognised in different ways.
Trends in Testosterone Therapy use in Prostate Cancer Survivors in the United States
Authors: Chen Tony , Li Shufeng , Eisenberg Michael L.
Published: July 2021

Background

Physician prescribing patterns surrounding the use of testosterone therapy (TTh) in men with a history of prostate cancer (CaP) is not well described.

Aim

To characterize the demographics and usage patterns of testosterone therapy in men with a history of prostate cancer in the United States.

Methods

This was a retrospective review using Optum’s De-identified Clinformatics Data Mart database. Administrative diagnosis, procedural, pharmacy, and laboratory codes were used to identify male subjects 40 years and older with prostate cancer treated with surgery or radiation between 2003 and 2018 who went on to receive TTh. Demographic and clinical factors are identified. Temporal trends in TTh usage were reported.

Outcomes

The main outcomes were rates of testosterone prescriptions in men with treated prostate cancer and associated laboratory values such as Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and testosterone levels before TTh.

RESULTS

126,374 men completed treatment for CaP during the study period (42,515 surgery, 75,186 radiation, 8,673 both). Of these, 3,074 men (2.4%) received testosterone after CaP treatment. Men who received testosterone were younger, more likely to have erectile dysfunction, depressive disorder, and lower pretreatment PSA values compared to men who did not receive. Median PSA levels before TTh initiation were 0 – 0.2 depending on CaP treatment modality and median total testosterone level was <300 ng/dL. TTh began an average of 1.5 years after radical prostatectomy and 2.6 years after radiation treatment. We observed an increase in TTh after CaP from the beginning of the study period until it peaked in 2013 at 4.9%. After 2013, rates decreased annually until a plateau of approximately 1.8% of men. Approximately a third of men did not have testosterone labs checked before initiation of TTh.

Clinical Implications

These findings provide insight into trends in testosterone prescriptions in men after prostate cancer treatment and may aid in clinical decision-making, as well as areas for improvement in cancer survivorship care.

Strengths and Limitations

Strengths include the large sample size, length of data coverage, and real-world analysis of testosterone prescribing patterns across the United States. Limitations include the reliance on insurance claims data, the retrospective study design, and lack of additional relevant clinical variables that may impact decision making regarding TTh.

CONCLUSION

National trends in testosterone prescriptions for men with treated prostate cancer suggest that many men are treated with TTh after prostate cancer therapy with patterns of indications and monitoring consistent with the general population.
After the Arab Uprisings
Authors: Mako Shamiran , Moghadam Valentine M.
Published: July 2021

Why were some, but not all the Arab mass social protests of 2011 accompanied by relatively quick and nonviolent outcomes in the direction of regime change, democracy, and social transformation? Why was a democratic transition limited to Tunisia, and why did region-wide democratization not occur? After the Arab Uprisings offers an explanatory framework to answer these central questions, based on four key themes: state and regime type, civil society, gender relations and women's mobilizations, and external influence. Applying these to seven cases: Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, Bahrain, Libya, Syria, and Yemen, Valentine M. Moghadam and Shamiran Mako highlight the salience of domestic and external factors and forces, uniquely presenting women's legal status, social positions, and organizational capacity, along with the presence or absence of external intervention, as key elements in explaining the divergent outcomes of the Arab Spring uprisings, and extending the analysis to the present day.
Changes in infection control practice for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between 2020 and 2021: A nationwide questionnaire survey in Japan
Authors: Honda Hitoshi , Takamatsu Akane , Saito Hiroki , Okamoto Koh
Published: July 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has influenced current infection control practices in the healthcare setting. We surveyed 74 hospitals in Japan regarding changes in their infection control practices or policies between 2020 and the present. We found that the current hospital infection control practices for COVID-19 are adequate.
Resistance Is Not Futile: Co-operatives, Demutualization, Agriculture, and Neoliberalism in Australia
Authors: Patmore Greg , Balnave Nikola , Marjanovic Olivera
Published: July 2021

Recognition of co-operatives as a legitimate business model and form of economic participation was significantly challenged by the rise of neo-liberalism in the 1980s with its emphasis on individuals and markets. This fueled an externally and internally driven push to demutualize co-operatives and convert them into Investor Owned Businesses (IOB). While the international trend to demutualize emerged from the end of the Second World War, evidence indicates it accelerated from the late 1980s until the onset of the Global Financial Crisis. Drawing on an ongoing project of historical data collection and visual analysis of Australian co-operatives, this paper explores the Australian experience with demutualization, particularly with regard to agriculture. In line with the international experience, there has been a surge in Australian demutualization since the 1980s. However, while demutualization continues to be a feature of the Australian landscape post-GFC as co-operatives tackle with the changed political and economic environment, the paper also challenges the view that demutualization is inevitable for agricultural co-operatives. Co-operative managers can make strategic choices to avoid demutualization and retain member control. Further, co-operative culture and the persistence of co-operative clusters in particular regions can blunt the push to demutualize.
Relationships, Authority, and Reasons: A Second-Personal Account of Corporate Moral Agency
Authors: Morrison Alan D. , Mota Rita , Wilhelm William J.
Published: July 2021

We present asecond-personalaccount of corporate moral agency. This approach is in contrast to thefirst-personalapproach adopted in much of the existing literature, which concentrates on the corporation’s ability to identify moral reasons for itself. Our account treats relationships and communications as the fundamental building blocks of moral agency. The second-personal account rests on a framework developed by Darwall. Its central requirement is that corporations be capable of recognizing the authority relations that they have with other moral agents. We discuss the relevance of corporate affect, corporate communications, and corporate culture to the second-personal account. The second-personal account yields a new way to specify first-personal criteria for moral agency, and it generates fresh insights into the reasons those criteria matter. In addition, a second-personal analysis implies that moral agency is partly a matter of policy, and it provides a fresh perspective on corporate punishment.
Neurological Determination of Death Following Infratentorial Stroke: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Kramer Andreas H. , Kromm Julie A. , Doig Christopher J. , Chassé Michaël , Couillard Philippe L.
Published: July 2021

Background:

There is international variability in whether neurological determination of death (NDD) is conceptually defined based on permanent loss of brainstem function or “whole brain death.” Canadian guidelines are not definitive. Patients with infratentorial stroke may meet clinical criteria for NDD despite persistent cerebral blood flow (CBF) and relative absence of supratentorial injury.

Methods:

We performed a multicenter cohort study involving patients that died from ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke in Alberta intensive care units from 2013 to 2019, focusing on those with infratentorial involvement. Medical records were reviewed to determine the incidence and proportion of patients that met clinical criteria for NDD; whether ancillary testing was performed; and if so, whether this demonstrated the absence of CBF.

Results:

There were 95 (27%) deaths from infratentorial and 263 (73%) from supratentorial stroke. Sixteen patients (17%) with infratentorial stroke had neurological examination consistent with NDD (0.55 cases per million per year). Among patients that underwent confirmatory evaluation for NDD with an apnea test, ancillary test (radionuclide scan), or both, ancillary testing was more common with infratentorial compared with supratentorial stroke (10/12 (85%) vs. 25/47 (53%), p = 0.04). Persistent CBF was detected in 6/10 (60%) patients with infratentorial compared with 0/25 with supratentorial stroke (p = 0.0001).

Conclusions:

Infratentorial stroke leading to clinical criteria for NDD occurs with an annual incidence of about 0.55 per million. There is variability in clinicians’ use of ancillary testing. Persistent CBF was detected in more than half of patients that underwent radionuclide scans. Canadian consensus is needed to guide clinical practice.
Vortex dynamics on a Möbius strip
Authors: Vanneste Jacques
Published: July 2021

We consider the dynamics of a two-dimensional incompressible perfect fluid on a Möbius strip embedded in

$\mathbb {R}^{3}$

. The vorticity–stream function formulation of the Euler equations is derived from an exterior-calculus form of the momentum equation. The non-orientability of the Möbius strip and the distinction between forms and pseudo-forms this introduces lead to unusual properties: a boundary condition is provided by the conservation of circulation along the single boundary of the strip, and there is no integral conservation for the vorticity density or for any odd function thereof. A finite-difference numerical implementation is used to illustrate the Möbius-strip realisation of familiar phenomena: translation of vortices along boundaries, shear instability and decaying turbulence.
How and when perceived leader narcissism impacts employee voice behavior: a social exchange perspective
Authors: Zhang Li , Lou Ming , Guan Huihui
Published: July 2021

Drawing from social exchange theory, this study proposes the effects of perceived leader narcissism on employees' voice behaviors (promotive voice and prohibitive voice) via organizational justice depending on the conditions of employees' trust in leader. Through investigating 257 employees and conducting a scenario study in China, this research shows that perceived leader narcissism is negatively related to prohibitive voice. The relationships between perceived leader narcissism and voice behaviors are moderated by trust in leader, and perceived leader narcissism is positively related to employees' voice behaviors when trust in leader is low. Results also show that organizational justice mediates the relationships between perceived leader narcissism and voice behaviors. The indirect effect of perceived leader narcissism on voice behaviors via organizational justice is moderated by trust in leader. This study has important implications for explaining the relationships between perceived leader narcissism and employees' voice behaviors and contributes to the social exchange theory by illustrating trust in the partner in exchange relationship as a boundary condition of norm reciprocity violation.
RADIOCARBON IN MEXICO: FROM PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS TO AMS
Authors: Solís Corina , Chávez Efraín , Huerta Arcadio , Ortiz María Esther , Alcántara Alberto , Rodríguez-Ceja María , Martínez Carrillo Miguel Ángel
Published: July 2021

Augusto Moreno is credited with establishing the first radiocarbon (14C) laboratory in Mexico in the 1950s, however, 14C measurement with the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) technique was not achieved in our country until 2003. Douglas Donahue from the University of Arizona, a pioneer in using AMS for 14C dating, participated in that experiment; then, the idea of establishing a 14C AMS laboratory evolved into a feasible project. This was finally reached in 2013, thanks to the technological developments in AMS and sample preparation with automated equipment, and the backing and support of the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the National Council for Science and Technology. The Mexican AMS Laboratory, LEMA, with a compact 1 MV system from High Voltage Engineering Europa, and its sample preparation laboratories with IonPlus automated graphitization equipment, is now a reality.
‘Ancient lore with modern appliances’: networks, expertise, and the making of the Open Polar Sea, 1851–1853
Authors: Kaalund Nanna Katrine Lüders , Woitkowitz John
Published: July 2021

This article provides a transnational analysis of the campaigns for the organization of expeditions to the central Arctic region by the American explorer Elisha Kent Kane and the Prussian cartographer August Petermann between 1851 and 1853. By adopting a comparative approach, this study focuses on three interventions in the history of Arctic science and exploration: the construction of scientific expertise surrounding the relationship between the ‘armchair’ and the field, the role of transnational networks, and the significance of maps as travelling epistemic objects in the production of knowledge about the Arctic regions. In bringing both campaigns in conversation with each other, this article demonstrates that the histories of Kane's and Petermann's campaigns did not constitute isolated episodes but form part of a transnational nexus of imperial science and Arctic exploration in the nineteenth century. Moreover, based on research in libraries and archives in the United States, Germany and England, this study reconnects otherwise siloed collections and contributes new findings on the interpersonal networks of science and exploration. Finally, this article illustrates the importance of adopting comparative transnational approaches for understanding the fluid and reciprocal nature of Arctic science throughout the transatlantic world.
Trees of tangles in infinite separation systems
Authors: ELBRACHT CHRISTIAN , KNEIP JAKOB , TEEGEN MAXIMILIAN
Published: July 2021

We present infinite analogues of our splinter lemma for constructing nested sets of separations. From these we derive several tree-of-tangles-type theorems for infinite graphs and infinite abstract separation systems.
Neuropsychological Profiles of Patients with Progressive Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia
Authors: Polsinelli Angelina J. , Machulda Mary M. , Martin Peter R. , Duffy Joseph R. , Clark Heather M. , Butts Alissa M. , Botha Hugo , Lowe Val J. , Whitwell Jennifer L. , Josephs Keith A. , Utianski Rene L.
Published: July 2021

Objective:

To characterize and compare the neuropsychological profiles of patients with primary progressive apraxia of speech (PPAOS) and apraxia of speech with progressive agrammatic aphasia (AOS-PAA).

Method:

Thirty-nine patients with PPAOS and 49 patients with AOS-PAA underwent formal neurological, speech, language, and neuropsychological evaluations. Cognitive domains assessed included immediate and delayed episodic memory (Wechsler Memory Scale-Third edition; Logical Memory; Visual Reproduction; Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test), processing speed (Trail Making Test A), executive functioning (Trail Making Test B; Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning Scale – Sorting), and visuospatial ability (Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure copy).

Results:

The PPAOS patients were cognitively average or higher in the domains of immediate and delayed episodic memory, processing speed, executive functioning, and visuospatial ability. Patients with AOS-PAA performed more poorly on tests of immediate and delayed episodic memory and executive functioning compared to those with PPAOS. For every 1 unit increase in aphasia severity (e.g. mild to moderate), performance declined by 1/3 to 1/2 a standard deviation depending on cognitive domain. The degree of decline was stronger within the more verbally mediated domains, but was also notable in less verbally mediated domains.

Conclusion:

The study provides neuropsychological evidence further supporting the distinction of PPAOS from primary progressive aphasia and should be used to inform future diagnostic criteria. More immediately, it informs prognostication and treatment planning.
Primär- und Sekundärprävention des Hirnschlags: Gesunde Ernährung
Authors: Bicvic Antonela , Hammer Helly , Sarikaya Hakan , Heldner Mirjam R.
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Ungesunde Ernährung ist einer der modifizierbaren Risikofaktoren für die Entstehung von Hirnschlägen. Dennoch zeigt sich weltweit eine suboptimale Ernährung. Ungesunde Lebensmittel wie Süssgetränke, verarbeitete Fleischprodukte und salzreiche Nahrungsmittel werden im Übermass konsumiert; gesunde Lebensmittel wie Vollkornprodukte und nährstoffreiche Nahrung wie Gemüse, Früchte und Fisch zu wenig. Dies trifft auch auf die Schweiz zu. Wir fassen hier in diesem Artikel die Erkenntnisse über den Einfluss der Ernährung auf das Hirnschlagrisiko zusammen. So wird für die Senkung des Hirnschlagrisikos eine salzarme und kaliumreiche Ernährung basierend auf hohen Anteilen an Gemüse, Früchten, Vollkornprodukten und ungesättigten Fettsäuren, mässigem Fischkonsum und niedrigem Fleischgehalt empfohlen. Die mediterrane Diät, welche alle diese Aspekte beinhaltet, konnte nachweislich das Hirnschlagrisiko reduzieren. Eine ausgewogene, abwechslungsreiche Ernährung ist wichtiger als die Zufuhr von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln.
Post Stroke Depression
Authors: Sebestova Martina , Lackner Ingrid , Inayat Muhammad , Ademaj Armend , Mikutta Christian
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die Post Stroke Depression (PSD) ist eine häufig psychische Störung nach einem Insult. Sie beeinflusst den Outcome der Rehabilitation nach Insult und erhöht die Mortalität. Die symptomatologische Beschreibung der depressiven Symptome und Diagnostik erfolgt via ICD-10 Kriterien. Der vorliegende Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über Ätiologische Theorien, diagnostische Ansätze und therapeutische Strategien der PSD.
Stroke Unit- / Stroke Center-Management
Authors: Fladt Joachim , Engelter Stefan , De Marchis Gian Marco , Psychogios Marios , Lyrer Philippe , Bonati Leo , Gensicke Henrik
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. In der Schweiz erleiden etwa 16’000 Menschen pro Jahr einen Hirnschlag. Für deren Behandlung stehen derzeit 23 Stroke Units und Stroke Center zur Verfügung. Die Akutbehandlung auf einer Stroke Unit folgt einem standardisierten, ganzheitlichen und interdisziplinären Ansatz, dessen Kernaufgaben die Prävention und Therapie von Akutkomplikationen, die Ursachenabklärung und Rezidivprophylaxe sowie die Frührehabilitation und Sozialplanung umfassen. Die Stroke Unit-Behandlung senkt die Mortalität und das Risiko bleibender Beeinträchtigungen nach einem Hirnschlag und ist neben der intravenösen Thrombolyse und der mechanischen Thrombektomie der Grundpfeiler der Hirnschlag-Akutbehandlung. Der folgende Artikel liefert einen detaillierten Überblick über die Kernaufgaben und aktuellen Behandlungsstandards des Stroke Unit-Managements.
Development of Short and Ultra-Short Forms of the Multidimensional	Self-Esteem Scale
Authors: Rentzsch Katrin , Erz Elina , Schütz Astrid
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The multidimensional assessment of self-esteem plays an important role in self-esteem research. In this article, we present the development of a short form and an ultra-short form of the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Scale (MSES; Schütz et al., 2016 ). Items were selected by eliminating redundant items and by using a deterministic search algorithm in a sample of 644 adults ( Mage = 47.0). Construct validity was established by investigating the relations between each MSES short form and other constructs and cross-validating the factor structure of both short forms of the MSES in 674 adolescents ( Mage = 14.2) and in 425 adults from a preregistered study ( Mage = 49.1). Both short scales demonstrated satisfactory reliability and factorial validity in all samples. Analyses examining relations with the Big Five personality traits, narcissism, and academic achievement supported construct validity in all age groups. The present research indicates that the short versions of the MSES are economic and valid instruments for measuring multidimensional self-esteem in adolescents and adults. The short form (MSES-24) should be particularly useful in applied research settings with a need to reduce participants’ burden, whereas the ultra-short form (MSES-12) may prove convenient for panel studies and large-scale research with limited time capacities.
Comparison of CIMI Simulations and TWINS Observations on June 28 and 29, 2013
Authors: Shekhar Sapna , Perez J. D. , Davidson K. , Fok M. C.
Published: July 2021

A moderate geomagnetic storm (Sym/H −100 nT) during June 28 and 29, 2013 was studied using Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere (CIMI) simulations and results were compared with Two wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS) observations of the spatial and temporal evolution of ring current (RC) ions including ion pressure, anisotropy, intensity, and median energy. At the onset of the storm (11:00 UT on June 28), TWINS ion pressure peaks were located radially outward and dusk ward compared to CIMI. During the main phase and the recovery phase (06:00 UT on June 28 to 16:00 UT on June 29), southward IMF Bz and rapid AE index fluctuations were observed indicating substorm ion injections and TWINS observed multiple ion pressure peaks at least one of which were found to be close to the locations of CIMI ion pressure peaks. TWINS also observed regions of parallel pressure anisotropy near pre‐midnight sectors. The RC ion energies in TWINS were found to be very low (10 keV) indicating convective transport of ions. When the storm had nearly recovered post 17:00 UT on June 29, TWINS and CIMI observed single pressure peaks but TWINS ion pressure peaks were radially outward compared to CIMI. Also, the spatial profiles of TWINS ion energies showed gradual removal of low‐energy ions. Over all, TWINS and CIMI results were found to agree on the general features of the RC. However, effects of shielding electric fields, particle injections, and presence of ions were more prominent in TWINS data.
Large Eddy Simulation of Particle Transport and Deposition Over Multiple 2D Square Obstacles in a Turbulent Boundary Layer
Authors: Le Ribault C. , Vinkovic I. , Simoëns S.
Published: July 2021

Predicting solid particle transport in the lowest parts of the atmosphere is a major issue for man‐made obstacles in semi‐arid regions. Here, we investigate the effects on solid particle saltation, of square obstacles on the ground with different spacings. The aerodynamic field is determined by large eddy simulations coupled with an immersed boundary method for the obstacles. Solid particles are tracked by a Lagrangian approach. Take‐off and rebound models are introduced for the interaction of particles with the wall. Without particles, fluid velocity profiles are first compared with experiments (Simoens et al., 2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.013) showing good agreement. Special focus is put on the recirculation zone that plays an important role in solid particle entrapment.

Particle concentration fields are presented. Accumulation zones are studied regarding the different obstacle spacings as an extension of the aerodynamic scheme by Oke (1988, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(88)90026-6) to solid particle transport. A deposition peak appears before the first obstacle. When the spacing between the two obstacles is large enough, some particles are trapped within the recirculation and a second deposition peak arises. The streamwise evolution of the horizontal saltation flux shows that the lowest flux downstream of the obstacles is obtained for the highest separation. The deposition rate or the streamwise saltation flux are estimated globally as a function of obstacle spacing. These results illustrate how the numerical tool developed here can be used for assessing air quality in terms of solid particle concentration.
Climate‐Driven Limits to Future Carbon Storage in California's Wildland Ecosystems
Authors: Coffield Shane R. , Hemes Kyle S. , Koven Charles D. , Goulden Michael L. , Randerson James T.
Published: July 2021

Enhanced ecosystem carbon storage is a key component of many climate mitigation pathways. The State of California has set an ambitious goal of carbon neutrality by 2045, relying in part on enhanced carbon sequestration in natural and working lands. We used statistical modeling, including random forest and climate analog approaches, to explore the climate‐driven challenges and uncertainties associated with the goal of long‐term carbon sequestration in forests and shrublands. We found that seasonal patterns of temperature and precipitation are strong controllers of the spatial distribution of aboveground live carbon. RCP8.5 projections of temperature and precipitation are estimated to drive decreases of 16.1% ± 7.5% in aboveground live carbon by the end of the century, with coastal areas of central and northern California and low/mid‐elevation mountain areas being most vulnerable. With RCP4.5 projections, declines are less severe, with 8.8% ± 5.3% carbon loss. In either scenario, increases in temperature systematically cause biomass declines, and the spread of projected precipitation across 32 CMIP5 models contributes to substantial uncertainty in the magnitude of that decline. Projected changes in the environmental niche for the 20 most biomass‐dominant tree species revealed widespread replacement of conifers by oak species in low elevation regions of central and northern California, with a corresponding decline in carbon storage depending on expected migration rates. The spatial patterns of vulnerability we identify may allow policymakers to assess where carbon sequestration in aboveground biomass is an appropriate part of a climate mitigation portfolio, and where future climate‐driven carbon losses may be a liability.
Intermittent Post‐Paleocene Continental Collision in South Asia
Authors: Liu Liang , Liu Lijun , Xu Yi‐Gang
Published: July 2021

Three different conceptual models have been proposed for the Cenozoic subduction style in South Asia, including Greater India, Intra‐oceanic Arc, and Continental Terrane (or Greater Indian basin). Since these models imply distinctive origins for the Tethyan–Greater Himalayan (TGH) sequences, for example, as a relic of the subducted Greater India or Gondwana–affiliated continental terrane, quantitively reproducing the relic TGH crustal mass with numerical models could help further constrain the debated Cenozoic subduction history between India and Eurasia. Based on the modeling results, we show that the subducted plate since the Paleocene should consist of a significant oceanic portion that is, ∼1,000 km long for the Intra‐oceanic Arc model and up to 2,000 km long for the Terrane model. Our results do not support the existence of a continuous >3,000 km long continental Greater India before the early Eocene collision in South Asia.
Impact Versus Frictional Earthquake Models for High‐Frequency Radiation in Complex Fault Zones
Authors: Tsai Victor C. , Hirth Greg , Trugman Daniel T. , Chu Shanna X.
Published: July 2021

Earthquakes occur within complex fault zones containing numerous intersecting fault strands. This complexity poses a computational challenge for rupture models, which typically simplify fault structure to a small number of rough fault surfaces, with all other deformation assumed to be off‐fault viscoplastic deformation. In such models, high‐frequency ground motions originate solely from frictionally mediated, heterogeneous slip on a small number of potentially rough fault surfaces or from off‐fault viscoplastic deformation. Alternative explanations for high‐frequency ground motion generation that can account for a larger number of fault surfaces remain difficult to assess. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of a recently proposed stochastic impact model in which high‐frequency ground motion is caused by elastic impacts of structures within a complex fault zone. Impacts are envisioned to occur in response to fault motion in the presence of geometrical incompatibilities, which promotes transfer of slip onto different fault strands on timescales mediated by elasticity. We investigate the role of a complex fault zone for high‐frequency ground motion by comparing the underlying assumptions and resulting predictions of impact and rough fault frictional models. Relative to rough fault frictional models, impact models are characterized by deformation timescales and corner frequencies that are set by elasticity rather than viscoplasticity, relatively angular rather than smoothly varying fault roughness geometries, high‐frequency radiation patterns that are more isotropic, and higher P/S radiated energies. We outline ways to discriminate whether impact or rough fault frictional models are more likely to explain observations of high‐frequency ground motions.
Nutrients in Water Masses in the Atlantic Sector of the Arctic Ocean: Temporal Trends, Mixing and Links With Primary Production
Authors: Duarte Pedro , Meyer Amelie , Moreau Sebastien
Published: July 2021

There is strong evidence of an increase in primary production (PP) in the Arctic Ocean (AO) over the last two decades. Further increases will depend on the interplay between decreasing light limitation for primary producers, as the sea ice extent and thickness decrease, and the availability of nutrients, which is controlled by, but not limited to, inputs from the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. While these inputs are the major nutrient sources to the AO, ocean vertical mixing is required to bring the nutrients into the photic zone. We analyze data collected in the Western Eurasian Basin (WEB) between 1980 and 2016 and characterize the nutrient climatology of the various water masses. We conclude that there were no significant trends in the concentrations of the two macronutrients that typically limit PP in the AO (nitrate and silicic acid, in the case of diatoms), except a decreasing trend for silicic acid in Polar Surface Water (PSW), which is consistent with the reported increase in PP in the AO. We suggest that the Whalers Bay polynya, located in the northwestern corner of Svalbard, may act as a mixing hotspot, creating patches of nutrient replenished PSW. These patches may then be advected to higher latitudes under the ice pack, later boosting PP upon release from light limitation or else, keeping a nutrient reservoir that may be used in a subsequent growth season. It is likely that this remaining nutrient reservoir will decrease as sea ice cover retreats and light limitation alleviates.
A two-stage amplified PZT sensor for monitoring lung and heart sounds in discharged pneumonia patients
Authors: Chen Hongbin , Yu Shuai , Liu Haiyang , Liu Jie , Xiao Yongguang , Wu Dandan , Pan Xiaoyu , Zhou Cuihong , Lei Yifeng , Liu Sheng
Published: July 2021

Assessment of lung and heart states is of critical importance for patients with pneumonia. In this study, we present a small-sized and ultrasensitive accelerometer for continuous monitoring of lung and heart sounds to evaluate the lung and heart states of patients. Based on two-stage amplification, which consists of an asymmetric gapped cantilever and a charge amplifier, our accelerometer exhibited an extremely high ratio of sensitivity to noise compared with conventional structures. Our sensor achieves a high sensitivity of 9.2 V/g at frequencies less than 1000 Hz, making it suitable to use to monitor weak physiological signals, including heart and lung sounds. For the first time, lung injury, heart injury, and both lung and heart injuries in discharged pneumonia patients were revealed by our sensor device. Our sound sensor also successfully tracked the recovery course of the discharged pneumonia patients. Over time, the lung and heart states of the patients gradually improved after discharge. Our observations were in good agreement with clinical reports. Compared with conventional medical instruments, our sensor device provides rapid and highly sensitive detection of lung and heart sounds, which greatly helps in the evaluation of lung and heart states of pneumonia patients. This sensor provides a cost-effective alternative approach to the diagnosis and prognosis of pneumonia and has the potential for clinical and home-use health monitoring.
Guanylate-binding proteins induce apoptosis of leukemia cells by regulating MCL-1 and BAK
Authors: Luo Yongyang , Jin Hanyong , Kim Je Hyeong , Bae Jeehyeon
Published: July 2021

Interferon-inducible guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are well-known for mediating host-defense mechanisms against cellular pathogens. Emerging evidence suggests that GBPs are also implicated in tumorigenesis; however, their underlying molecular mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we identified that GBP1 and GBP2 interact with MCL-1, the key prosurvival member of the BCL-2 family, via its BH3 domain. GBPs induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, where the proapoptotic BCL-2 member, BAK, is an indispensable mediator. In particular, GBP2 completely inhibited the MCL-1-mediated promotion of the survival of CML cells through competitive inhibition, resulting in BAK liberation from MCL-1. Concurrently, GBP2 dramatically upregulates BAK expression via its inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Moreover, paclitaxel upregulates GBP2 expression, and paclitaxel-induced apoptotic activity was distinctively compromised by knockout of GBP2 in CML cells. Bioinformatics analyses of leukemia databases revealed that transcripts of GBPs were generally downregulated in leukemia patients and that GBPs were favorable prognosis markers. Thus, these findings provide molecular evidence of GBPs as apoptosis-inducing proteins of leukemia cells and suggest that GBPs are attractive targets for the development of chemotherapeutics.