bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dermatophyten‐Infektionen bei Kindern und Erwachsenen in Deutschland – eine retrospektive multizentrische Studie
Authors: Kromer Christian , Celis Daniel , Hipler Uta‐Christina , Zampeli Vasiliki A. , Mößner Rotraut , Lippert Undine
Published: July 2021

Hintergrund und Zielsetzung

Dermatophyten‐Infektionen der Haut und der Nägel sind weltweit verbreitet, sie unterscheiden sich je nach geographischer Region und verändern sich im Laufe der Zeit. Ziel dieser Studie war es, das epidemiologische Profil von Dermatophyten in Deutschland zu erfassen, wobei ein Schwerpunkt auf dem Vergleich von Kindern und Erwachsenen lag.

Patienten und Methodik

Für diese retrospektive multizentrische Studie wurden die Befunde mykologischer Dermatophytenkulturen aus dem Zeitraum 01/2014 bis 12/2016 nach identifiziertem Erreger, Alter und Geschlecht der Patienten sowie Krankheitsbild ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse

Von 1136 Infektionen (Kinder: n = 88, Erwachsene: n = 1.048) wurden 50,8 % klinisch als Onychomykose klassifiziert, gefolgt von Tinea pedis (34,6 %), Tinea corporis (16,2 %), Tinea manus (16,2 %), Tinea capitis (2,5 %) und Tinea faciei (1,2 %). Der häufigste Erreger war Trichophyton (T.) rubrum (78,6 %), gefolgt von T. interdigitale (14,3 %), T. benhamiae (3,2 %), T. mentagrophytes (2,1 %) und Microsporum canis (1,7 %). Das Erregerspektrum unterschied sich insbesondere bei Tinea corporis und Tinea capitis zwischen Kindern und Erwachsenen mit einem breiteren Erregerspektrum bei den Kindern. Nur selten wurde Trichophyton tonsurans als Ursache für Tinea corporis (2,7 %) oder Tinea capitis (3,3 %) identifiziert.

Schlussfolgerungen

Für die optimale Auswahl eines geeigneten Therapieregimes sollten die Unterschiede bei den Erregern und der Häufigkeit von Pilzinfektionen zwischen den Altersgruppen berücksichtigt werden.
Superficially serrated adenoma: Novel precursor in the serrated pathway
Authors: Togashi Kazutomo
Published: July 2021

This Editorial refers to the article by Y. Mizuguchi et al., p 153‐162 of this issue.
Psychosocial impact of genetic testing on parents of children with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Nevin Suzanne M , Wakefield Claire E , Barlow‐Stewart Kristine , McGill Brittany C , Bye Ann , Palmer Elizabeth E ,   Children's Hospital At Westmead Neurology Group,   Cogenes Group
Published: July 2021

Aim

To investigate the psychosocial impact of genetic testing for childhood‐onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) in order to identify parents’ information and support needs.

Method

In this mixed‐methods study, we conducted in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with parents (n=25) of children, recruited from the Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Australia, who had received genetic testing. Thematic saturation was reached; interviews were transcribed, deidentified, line‐by‐line coded, and thematically analysed by three coders, using an inductive approach. We also quantitatively assessed the impact of genetic testing on quality of life outcomes and parents’ satisfaction with genetics services.

Results

Qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed that compassionate genetic counselling and consistent clinician–parent partnerships facilitated parents’ capacity to process their child’s genetic diagnosis. Parents believed that a sparsity of diagnosis‐specific information to contextualize their child’s genetic DEE, combined with limited psychosocial resources to support coping with ongoing prognostic uncertainty, contributed to chronic psychological stress. Access to diagnosis‐specific resources and peer support was considered necessary to support parents in communicating their child’s genetic DEE and to reduce social isolation.

Interpretation

Integrated psychosocial resources, including tailored psychological supports, diagnosis‐specific information, and peer‐to‐peer supports, are priority areas to complement genetic services.
Schooling's Relative Nonautonomy: Technocratically Subordinated Schooling and Desublimated Education
Authors: Hayden Matthew J. , Harman William Gregory
Published: July 2021

Education's autonomy cannot be found in schooling. For a theory of education to also adequately support education's autonomy, it must decouple itself from schooling since schooling is a technology of efficiency and acculturation that serves technocratic interests that strip autonomy from education. Using Christer Fritzell's examination of relative autonomy of schools, Matthew Hayden and William Gregory Harman will show that the ideological domination of schooling by technocratic interests structurally and functionally subordinates schooling. This subordination takes the form of technocratic operationalization of education concepts and schooling practices, resulting in the desublimation of learning. Hayden and Harman conclude that resublimation is required in order to restore the possibility of education's autonomy in schooling.
Philosophy's Voices in Teaching, and Teachers' Voices in Philosophy: Notes on a Philosophical Conversation
Authors: Hansen David T.
Published: July 2021

In this article, David T. Hansen addresses a two‐year‐long philosophical conversation he initiated with a group of dedicated public school teachers who work in a metropolitan setting. The conversation was part of a larger inquiry pivoting around the questions of what it means to be a person in the world today, and what it means to be a person in the role of teacher. Hansen describes the character of the conversation, including its difficult moments, and elucidates the educational values it both surfaced and generated. He shows how philosophical conversation can amplify teachers' voices, and how their perspectives enrich and enhance philosophy. The author also illuminates how philosophical conversation helps disclose the ethical primacy of dignity in teaching and in being a teacher. Hansen argues that the recognition of voice and dignity remain crucial as a counterpoise to the heavy hand of utilitarian ideologies in today's educational landscape.
Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging reveals tract‐specific microstructural correlates of electrophysiological impairments in non‐myelopathic and myelopathic spinal cord compression
Authors: Valošek Jan , Labounek René , Horák Tomáš , Horáková Magda , Bednařík Petr , Keřkovský Miloš , Kočica Jan , Rohan Tomáš , Lenglet Christophe , Cohen‐Adad Julien , Hluštík Petr , Vlčková Eva , Kadaňka Zdeněk , Bednařík Josef , Svatkova Alena
Published: July 2021

Background and purpose

Non‐myelopathic degenerative cervical spinal cord compression (NMDC) frequently occurs throughout aging and may progress to potentially irreversible degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM). Whereas standard clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electrophysiological measures assess compression severity and neurological dysfunction, respectively, underlying microstructural deficits still have to be established in NMDC and DCM patients. The study aims to establish tract‐specific diffusion MRI markers of electrophysiological deficits to predict the progression of asymptomatic NMDC to symptomatic DCM.

Methods

High‐resolution 3 T diffusion MRI was acquired for 103 NMDC and 21 DCM patients compared to 60 healthy controls to reveal diffusion alterations and relationships between tract‐specific diffusion metrics and corresponding electrophysiological measures and compression severity. Relationship between the degree of DCM disability, assessed by the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale, and tract‐specific microstructural changes in DCM patients was also explored.

Results

The study identified diffusion‐derived abnormalities in the gray matter, dorsal and lateral tracts congruent with trans‐synaptic degeneration and demyelination in chronic degenerative spinal cord compression with more profound alterations in DCM than NMDC. Diffusion metrics were affected in the C3‐6 area as well as above the compression level at C3 with more profound rostral deficits in DCM than NMDC. Alterations in lateral motor and dorsal sensory tracts correlated with motor and sensory evoked potentials, respectively, whereas electromyography outcomes corresponded with gray matter microstructure. DCM disability corresponded with microstructure alteration in lateral columns.

Conclusions

Outcomes imply the necessity of high‐resolution tract‐specific diffusion MRI for monitoring degenerative spinal pathology in longitudinal studies.
Factors affecting breastfeeding in women with epilepsy
Authors: Al‐Faraj Abrar O. , Pandey Samiksha , Herlihy Mary M. , Pang Trudy D.
Published: July 2021

Objective

This study aimed to compare rates of breastfeeding initiation and maintenance in women with epilepsy (WWE) with those of the general population and to identify factors affecting breastfeeding patterns in WWE.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed data for the following variables in pregnant WWE (n = 102) and healthy women without epilepsy (n = 112): demographic characteristics (age, race, ethnicity), epilepsy type (focal or generalized onset), antiseizure medication(s), psychiatric comorbidities, postpartum seizure control, breastfeeding counseling, and lactation consultation. Fisher exact test and logistic regression analyses were performed to compare the rates of breastfeeding initiation and continuation in pregnant WWE with those of healthy pregnant women and to determine factors associated with rates of breastfeeding initiation and maintenance.

Results

The rate of breastfeeding initiation in WWE was significantly lower than in healthy women without epilepsy (50.9% vs. 87.6%), and WWE were less likely to maintain breastfeeding at 6 weeks (38.2%) and 3 months (36%) postpartum. Nearly half (53%) of WWE received antepartum breastfeeding counseling by their neurologists, and these women had higher odds of breastfeeding initiation and continuation (odds ratio [OR] = 2.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14–5.72, p = .02). Postpartum consultation with a board‐certified lactation consultant was associated with higher odds of breastfeeding continuation at 6 weeks (OR = 5.43, 95% CI = 1.39–27.23, p = .02) and at 3 months (OR = 4.9, 95% CI = 1.34–20.87, p = .019). Women taking levetiracetam were more likely to initiate and continue breastfeeding than those taking lamotrigine (OR = 6.22, 95% CI = 2.15–20.20, p = .001).

Significance

The initiation rate and duration of breastfeeding were significantly lower in WWE than in healthy women without epilepsy and were significantly associated with several factors. Identification of potential barriers to breastfeeding in WWE may lead to development of intervention strategies that can improve breastfeeding rates in WWE to maximize positive health outcomes for WWE and their infants.
False cheilitis (fausse cheilitis) as a clinical manifestation of oral secondary syphilis
Authors: Gilligan Gerardo , Leonardi Nicolás , Garola Federico , Sanfedele Agustina , Beltramo Agostina , Panico René , Piemonte Eduardo
Published: July 2021

Background

Syphilis is the oldest sexually transmitted infectious disease in humanity. In the last decades, it was noted the re‐emergence of the disease, and actually it remains an important public health problem. Oral mucosa could be affected by the infection. Oral manifestations are commonly associated with secondary syphilis. It was described that the labial commissure could be involved as a split papule, also known as false cheilitis (FC). However, this clinical manifestation is poorly described in current literature.

Aim

This brief report aims to determine the frequency of FC in patients diagnosed with secondary syphilis in our institution during the period 2009‐2019.

Material & Methods

A cross‐sectional retrospective study was conducted using the medical records of the Oral Medicine Department, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. The cases included were patients with provisional diagnosis of secondary syphilis with oral manifestations, confirmed by laboratory tests. Collection of clinical and serological data was performed. Absolute and relative values were obtained.

Results

In this study, 58 patients (26 males and 32 females) with an average age of 34.70 years old were included. The frequency of false cheilitis in these patients was 13% (8/58). All these patients with false cheilitis and secondary syphilis were young females with an average age of 25.12 years old. These lesions presented as angular cheilitis with an unilateral pattern with painful fissured papules associated with other oral lesions such as fissures, intraoral papules, tongue depapillation, white or red plaques, and the evidence of submandibular lymphadenopathies when examining the head and neck region.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that when angular cheilitis presents in young females as a painful, unilateral lesion, in the clinical context of other lesions and lymphadenopathies in the head and neck region, it could represent a suspicious clinical sign of syphilis. Considering the global re‐emergence of sexually transmitted diseases, dentists should be aware of the oral clinical manifestations of syphilis as they play a significant role in the early detection of these conditions.
Effects of the addition of exogenous lipase on lipolysis and lipid oxidation during wet‐curing and dry‐ripening of silver carp inoculated with mixed starter cultures
Authors: Wang Caixia , Sang Shengwang , Qian Dengfan , Jian Yuying , He Xin , Li Xiyuan , Li Cheng , Liu Yuntao , Chen Saiyan
Published: July 2021

Lipid degradation caused by lipolysis and oxidation plays an important role in the evolution of final product quality of cured silver carp. This study aimed to determine the impact of exogenous lipase (ExL) on lipolysis and lipid oxidation during the wet‐curing and dry‐ripening of silver carp inoculated with mixed starter cultures. The addition of ExL to silver carp increased the hydrolysis of total lipids and phospholipids. The free fatty acids (FFAs) content during wet‐curing was significantly higher in the ExL‐treated group compared with the control. Increased FFA accumulation contributed to a high level of conjugated dienes, peroxides and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances in the ExL‐treated group, indicating that the lipid oxidation was improved by the addition of ExL. Increased neutral lipase, acid lipase and phospholipase activities during the wet‐curing stage might explain the more extensive release of FFAs in the presence of ExL. The addition of ExL promotes the hydrolysis and oxidation of lipids in cured silver carp.
Effect of innovative food processing technologies on microbiological quality, colour and texture of fresh‐cut potato during storage
Authors: Procaccini Luz Milagros García , Mu Taihua , Sun Hongnan
Published: July 2021

The objective of this work was to find the optimal conditions that extend the shelf life of fresh‐cut potatoes using innovative food processing technologies. Potato cultivar, Longshu No. 10, was treated with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) with 200 MPa (HHP 200) for 2, 6 and 10 min, and HHP with 400 MPa (HHP 400) for 1, 2 and 6 min; electrolysed water with pH 5.2 (EW 5.2) for 2, 5 and 10 min of soaking; and ultrasonic (US) with 200 W (US 200) for 5 and 10 min, and US with 500 W (US 500) for 5, 10 and 15 min. Microbiological quality, colour and textural changes and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity were determined during 12 days of storage at 4 °C. Processing technologies showed an effect on reducing the microbial load of fresh‐cut potatoes with respect to control. EW (5 min) and US (500 W for 15 min) were the best treatments in terms of colour, and these treatments did not modify the texture of the fresh‐cut potato, which make them promising for extending the shelf life of fresh‐cut potatoes. Also, the US treatment showed the lowest PPO activity.
Laboratory evaluation and prognostication among adults and children with CEBPA‐mutant acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Mendoza Hadrian , Podoltsev Nikolai A. , Siddon Alexa J.
Published: July 2021

CEBPA‐mutant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) encompasses clinically and biologically distinct subtypes of AML in both adults and children. CEBPA‐mutant AML may occur with monoallelic (moCEBPA) or biallelic (biCEBPA) mutations, which can be somatic or germline, with each entity impacting prognosis in unique ways. BiCEBPA AML is broadly associated with a favorable prognosis, but differences in the type and location of CEBPA mutations as well as the presence of additional leukemogenic mutations can lead to heterogeneity in survival. Concurrent FLT3‐ITD mutations have a well‐documented negative effect on survival in adult biCEBPA AML, whereas support for a negative prognostic effect of mutations in TET2, DNMT3A, WT1, CSF3R, ASXL1, and KIT is mixed. NPM1 and GATA2 mutations may have a positive prognostic impact. MoCEBPA AML has similar survival outcomes compared to AML with wild‐type CEBPA, and risk stratification is determined by other cytogenetic and molecular findings. Germline CEBPA mutations may lead to familial biCEBPA AML after acquisition of second somatic CEBPA mutation, with variable penetrance and age. BiCEBPA AML in children is likely a favorable‐risk diagnosis as it is in adults, but the role of a single CEBPA mutation and the impact of concurrent leukemogenic mutations are not clear in this population. Laboratory evaluation of the CEBPA gene includes PCR‐based fragment‐length analysis, Sanger sequencing, and next‐generation sequencing. Phenotypic analysis using multiparameter flow cytometry can also provide additional data in evaluating CEBPA, helping to assess for the likelihood of mutation presence.
Machine learning in health care and laboratory medicine: General overview of supervised learning and Auto‐ML
Authors: Rashidi Hooman H. , Tran Nam , Albahra Samer , Dang Luke T.
Published: July 2021

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have now spawned a new field within health care and health science research. These new predictive analytics tools are starting to change various facets of our clinical care domains including the practice of laboratory medicine. Many of these ML tools and studies are also starting to populate our literature landscape as we know it but unfamiliarity of the average reader to the basic knowledge and critical concepts within AI/ML is now demanding a need to better prepare our audience to such relatively unfamiliar concepts. A fundamental knowledge of such platforms will inevitably enhance cross‐disciplinary literacy and ultimately lead to enhanced integration and understanding of such tools within our discipline. In this review, we provide a general outline of AI/ML along with an overview of the fundamental concepts of ML categories, specifically supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. Additionally, since the vast majority of our current approaches within ML in laboratory medicine and health care involve supervised algorithms, we will predominantly concentrate on such platforms. Finally, the need for making such tools more accessible to the average investigator is becoming a major driving force for the need of automation within these ML platforms. This has now given rise to the automated ML (Auto‐ML) world which will undoubtedly help shape the future of ML within health care. Hence, an overview of Auto‐ML is also covered within this manuscript which will hopefully enrich the reader's understanding, appreciation, and the need for embracing such tools.
Full‐field hemocytometry. Forty years of progress seen through Clinical and Laboratory Hematology and the International Journal of Laboratory Hematology
Authors: d'Onofrio Giuseppe
Published: July 2021

The extraordinary advances in clinical hematology, biology, and oncology in the last decades would not have been possible without discovering how to identify and count the cells circulating in the blood. For centuries, scientists have used slides, counting chambers (hemocytometers), and diluting and staining solutions for this task. Then, automated hemocytometry began. This science, now linked to the daily routine of laboratory hematology, has completed an overwhelming path over a few decades. Our laboratories today operate with versatile multiparameter systems, ranging from complex single‐channel instruments to bulky continuous flow machines. In terms of clinical information obtained from a simple routine blood test, the full exploitation of their potential depends on the operators' imagination and courage. A comprehensive review of the scientific publications that have accompanied the development of hemocytometry from the 1950s to today would require entire volumes. More than seven hundred contributions that authors worldwide have published in Clinical and Laboratory Haematology until 2007 and then the International Journal of Laboratory Hematology are summarized. Such journals have represented and hopefully will continue to represent the privileged place of welcome for future scientific research in hemocytometry. Improved technologies, attention to quality, new reagents and electronics, information technology, and scientist talent ensure a more profound and deeper knowledge of cell properties: current laboratory devices measure and count even minor immature or pathological cell subpopulations. Full‐field hemocytometry includes the analysis of nonhematic fluids, digital adds to the microscope, and the development of effective point‐of‐care devices.
Diagnosing heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia: The need for accuracy and speed
Authors: Pishko Allyson M. , Cuker Adam
Published: July 2021

Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic condition resulting from pathogenic antibodies to complexes of heparin and platelet factor 4 (PF4). The diagnosis of HIT can be challenging due to the widespread use of heparin and the frequency of thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients. Laboratory testing for HIT typically includes an immunoassay to detect antibodies to PF4‐heparin and a functional assay. Current HIT diagnostic algorithms recommend using the 4Ts score to determine the need for HIT laboratory testing. Automated calculation of HIT clinical prediction scores in the electronic health record may improve the identification of patients who should undergo HIT testing. Another challenge in the management of patients with suspected HIT is the turnaround time of the laboratory testing needed to confirm the diagnosis. Due to the high daily thrombotic risk of HIT, clinicians must treat patients with intermediate to high pretest likelihood of HIT empirically while awaiting the test results. Treatment for HIT often involves alternative anticoagulants that lack reversal agents, which may increase bleeding risk, prolong hospital stays, and increase costs for patients suspected of having HIT. Rapid immunoassays hold promise to improve the speed of HIT diagnosis. These assays must retain a very high sensitivity for this “can't miss” diagnosis, yet have sufficient specificity to be of diagnostic value. A Bayesian approach has been proposed using two rapid immunoassays in succession, which decreased analytic turnaround time to 60 minutes. Such an approach has the potential to be a much‐needed clinical advance in improving accuracy and speed in the diagnosis of HIT.
Flow cytometric myeloma measurable residual disease testing in the era of targeted therapies
Authors: Ng David P.
Published: July 2021

Therapies in myeloma are rapidly advancing with a host of new targeted therapies coming to market. While these drugs offer significant survival benefits and better side‐effect profiles compared with conventional chemotherapeutics, they raise significant difficulties in monitoring post‐therapy disease status by flow cytometry due to assay interference and/or selection of phenotypically different sub‐clones. The principal culprit, anti‐CD38 monoclonal antibodies, limits the ability to detect plasma cells based on classical CD38/CD45 gating. Other markers, such as CD138, are known to be suboptimal by flow cytometry. Various techniques have been proposed to overcome this problem. The most promising of these techniques has been the marker VS38c, a monoclonal antibody targeting an endoplasmic reticulum protein which has shown high sensitivity for plasma cells. Alternative techniques for gating plasma cells, while variably effective in the near term are already the subject of several targeted therapies rendering their usefulness limited in the longer term. Likewise, future targets of these therapies may render present aberrancy markers ineffective in MRD testing. These therapies pose challenges that must be overcome with new markers and novel panels in order for flow cytometric MRD testing to remain relevant.
A systematic review of empirical research on learning with3Dprinting technology
Authors: Novak Elena , Brannon Megan , Librea‐Carden Mila Rosa , Haas Amy L.
Published: July 2021

Although 3D printing (3DP) technology has become an increasingly popular educational tool in recent years, very little is known about the learning benefits of this technology. This systematic literature review synthesized empirical research on learning with 3DP in various educational settings, focusing on publication and study participants' characteristics, curriculum areas, research methodologies, instructional approaches, educational outcomes and benefits. A comprehensive survey of published and unpublished studies identified 78 empirical studies that met the inclusion criteria. In addition to positive effects on learning, 3DP facilitated innovative curriculum development and created opportunities for cross‐disciplinary research. The findings revealed five major trends in 3DP learning: (1) prepare a new generation of engineers, (2) democratize additive manufacturing technology and production, (3) support learning using low‐cost 3D printed learning aids, (4) produce assistive technologies, and (5) promote creativity and innovation. The review identifies critical gaps in the literature and offers suggestions for future research.
Peripheral blood transcriptome heterogeneity and prognostic potential in lung cancer revealed by RNA‐Seq
Authors: Zhang Qi , Kuang Manchao , An Haiyin , Zhang Yajing , Zhang Kai , Feng Lin , Zhang Lei , Cheng Shujun
Published: July 2021

Understanding of the complex interaction between the peripheral immune system and lung cancer (LC) remains incomplete, limiting patient benefit. Here, we aimed to characterize the host peripheral immune response to LC and investigate its potential prognostic value. Bulk RNA‐sequencing data of peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) from healthy volunteers and LC patients (n = 142) were analysed for characterization of host systemic immunity in LC. We observed broad blood transcriptome perturbations in LC patients that were heterogeneous, as two new subtypes were established independent of histology. Functionally, the heterogeneity between the two subtypes included dysregulation of diverse biological processes, such as the cell cycle, blood coagulation and inflammatory signalling pathways, together with the abundance and activity of blood cells, particularly lymphocytes and neutrophils, ultimately manifesting as differences in antitumour immune status. Based on these findings, a prognostic model composed of ten genes dysregulated in one LC subtype with relatively poor immune status was developed and validated in a Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data set (n = 108), helping to generate a prognostic nomogram. Collectively, our study provides novel and comprehensive insight into the heterogeneity of the host peripheral immune response to LC. The expression heterogeneity–based predictive model may help guide prognostic management for LC patients.
COVID‐19 Transmission during Transportation of 1st to 12th Grade Students: Experience of an Independent School in Virginia
Authors: Ramirez Dana W.E. , Klinkhammer Martin D. , Rowland Leah C.
Published: July 2021

Background

In‐school transmission of COVID‐19 among K‐12 students is low when mitigation layers are used, but the risk of acquiring COVID‐19 during school bus transportation is not well defined. Given the operational limitations of many school districts, more data is needed to determine what mitigation is required to keep COVID‐19 transmission low during bus transport.

Methods

An independent school in Virginia monitored 1154 students in grades 1 to 12 with asymptomatic PCR testing every 2 weeks from August 24, 2020 to March 19, 2021, during the highest community transmission. Fifteen buses served 462 students while operating at near capacity of 2 students in every seat, using a physical distancing minimum of 2.5 ft, universal masking, and simple ventilation techniques.

Results

A total of 39 individuals were present on buses during their COVID‐19 infectious period, which resulted in the quarantine of 52 students. Universal testing and contact tracing revealed no transmission linked to bus transportation.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates a model for the safe operation of school buses while near capacity. COVID‐19 transmission can be low during student transport when employing mitigation including simple ventilation, and universal masking, at minimal physical distances and during the highest community transmission.
Adaptive and nonadaptive causes of heterogeneity in genetic differentiation across the Mimulus guttatus genome
Authors: Colicchio Jack M. , Hamm Lauren N. , Verdonk Hannah E. , Kooyers Nicholas J. , Blackman Benjamin K.
Published: July 2021

Genetic diversity becomes structured among populations over time due to genetic drift and divergent selection. Although population structure is often treated as a uniform underlying factor, recent resequencing studies of wild populations have demonstrated that diversity in many regions of the genome may be structured quite dissimilar to the genome‐wide pattern. Here, we explored the adaptive and nonadaptive causes of such genomic heterogeneity using population‐level, whole genome resequencing data obtained from annual Mimulus guttatus individuals collected across a rugged environment landscape. We found substantial variation in how genetic differentiation is structured both within and between chromosomes, although, in contrast to other studies, known inversion polymorphisms appear to serve only minor roles in this heterogeneity. In addition, much of the genome can be clustered into eight among‐population genetic differentiation patterns, but only two of these clusters are particularly consistent with patterns of isolation by distance. By performing genotype‐environment association analysis, we also identified genomic intervals where local adaptation to specific climate factors has accentuated genetic differentiation among populations, and candidate genes in these windows indicate climate adaptation may proceed through changes affecting specialized metabolism, drought resistance, and development. Finally, by integrating our findings with previous studies, we show that multiple aspects of plant reproductive biology may be common targets of balancing selection and that variants historically involved in climate adaptation among populations have probably also fuelled rapid adaptation to microgeographic environmental variation within sites.
Broadening the roles of UDP‐glycosyltransferases in auxin homeostasis and plant development
Authors: Mateo‐Bonmatí Eduardo , Casanova‐Sáez Rubén , Šimura Jan , Ljung Karin
Published: July 2021

The levels of the important plant growth regulator indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) are tightly controlled within plant tissues to spatiotemporally orchestrate concentration gradients that drive plant growth and development. Metabolic inactivation of bioactive IAA is known to participate in the modulation of IAA maxima and minima.

IAA can be irreversibly inactivated by oxidation and conjugation to aspartate and glutamate. Usually overlooked because of its reversible nature, the most abundant inactive IAA form is the IAA‐glucose (IAA‐glc) conjugate.

Glycosylation of IAA in Arabidopsis thaliana is reported to be carried out by UDP‐glycosyltransferase 84B1 (UGT84B1), while UGT74D1 has been implicated in the glycosylation of the irreversibly formed IAA catabolite oxIAA.

Here we demonstrated that both UGT84B1 and UGT74D1 modulate IAA levels throughout plant development by dual IAA and oxIAA glycosylation. Moreover, we identified a novel UGT subfamily whose members redundantly mediate the glycosylation of oxIAA and modulate skotomorphogenic growth.
SUMOylation of different targets fine‐tunes phytochrome signaling
Authors: Péter Csaba , Nagy Ferenc , Viczián András
Published: July 2021

Plants monitor their surrounding ambient light environment by specialized photoreceptor proteins. Among them, phytochromes monitor red and far‐red light. These molecules perceive photons, undergo a conformational change, and regulate diverse light signaling pathways, resulting in the mediation of key developmental and growth responses throughout the whole life of plants. Posttranslational modifications of the photoreceptors and their signaling partners may modify their function. For example, the regulatory role of phosphorylation has been investigated for decades by using different methodological approaches. In the past few years, a set of studies revealed that ubiquitin‐like short protein molecules, called small ubiquitin‐like modifiers (SUMOs) are attached reversibly to different members of phytochrome signaling pathways, including phytochrome B, the dominant receptor of red light signaling. Furthermore, SUMO attachment modifies the action of the target proteins, leading to altered light signaling and photomorphogenesis. This review summarizes recent results regarding SUMOylation of various target proteins, the regulation of their SUMOylation level, and the physiological consequences of SUMO attachment. Potential future research directions are also discussed.
The WOMBS Framework: A review and new theoretical model for investigating pregnancy‐related weight stigma and its intergenerational implications
Authors: Incollingo Rodriguez Angela C. , Nagpal Taniya S.
Published: July 2021

As the growing weight stigma literature has developed, one critically relevant and vulnerable population has received little consideration—pregnant and postpartum women. Because weight fluctuations are inherent to this life phase, and rates of prepregnancy overweight and obesity are already high, this gap is problematic. More recently, however, there has been a rising interest in pregnancy‐related weight stigma and its consequences. This paper therefore sought to (a) review the emerging research on pregnancy‐related weight stigma phenomenology and (b) integrate this existing evidence to present a novel theoretical framework for studying pregnancy‐related weight stigma. The Weight gain, Obesity, Maternal‐child Biobehavioral pathways, and Stigma (WOMBS) Framework proposes psychophysiological mechanisms linking pregnancy‐related weight stigmatization to increased risk of weight gain and, in turn, downstream childhood obesity risk. This WOMBS Framework highlights pregnant and postpartum women as a theoretically unique at‐risk population for whom this social stigma engages maternal physiology and transfers obesity risk to the child via social and physiological mechanisms. The WOMBS Framework provides a novel and useful tool to guide the emerging pregnancy‐related weight stigma research and, ultimately, support stigma‐reduction efforts in this critical context.
Wenckebach cycle length: A novel predictor for AV block in AVNRT patients treated with ablation
Authors: Chatzidou Sofia , Kontogiannis Christos , Georgiopoulos Georgios , Kosmopoulos Marinos , Pateras Konstantinos , Spartalis Michael , Stamatelopoulos Kimon , Rokas Stelios
Published: July 2021

Background

Radiofrequency catheter ablation remains the most effective management option for atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT). The risk of atrioventricular (AV) block requiring permanent pacemaker is substantial, but, currently, a reliable method to predict this complication is lacking.

Methods

The electrophysiologic studies (EPS) and baseline characteristics of patients who underwent catheter ablation for the treatment of AVNRT were retrospectively analyzed to investigate predisposing factors for AV block after treatment. Patients were followed for AV block at one month and one year after hospital discharge.

Results

Among 784 patients treated with catheter ablation for AVNRT between 1999 to 2019, 15 developed AV block. Patients with AV block were older (p = .001). Among the recorded EPS parameters, patients with AV block had significantly higher Atrial His interval (120 vs. 110 ms, p = .049), Wenckebach cycle length (WCL) (400 vs. 353 ms, p < .001) and tachycardia CL (400 vs. 387 ms, P = .01) during the ablation compared to their peers without AV block. Additionally, only WCL (OR = 1.1, 95% CI 1.02‐1.19, p = .017) remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, ERP, AH interval, and HR. This association was confirmed by comparing patients with (n = 15) and without (n = 15) AV block using propensity score‐matching. A WCL≥400ms was associated with a 4‐fold higher incidence of AV block (4.79% vs. 1.25%).

Conclusion

Increased pre‐procedural WCL was associated with a high risk for AV block after catheter ablation treatment for AVNRT. These findings suggest that this readily available EPS‐derived parameter may be a novel marker of risk for severe complications in these patients.
High anatomical accuracy of a novel high‐resolution wide‐band dielectric imaging system in cryoballoon‐based ablation
Authors: Rottner Laura , Nodorp Milena , Jessica Weimann , Schleberger Ruben , Sinning Christoph , Lemoine Marc , Dinshaw Leon , Münkler Paula , Lin Tina , Meyer Christian , Reissmann Bruno , Metzner Andreas , Rillig Andreas
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Recently, a novel cardiac imaging system based on a wide‐band dielectric technology (KODEX‐EPD) was introduced to guide catheter ablation. The aim of the study was to evaluate this 3D wide‐band dielectric imaging system (WDIS) during cryoballoon (CB)‐based atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation focusing on accuracy of pulmonary vein (PV)‐anatomy.

Methods

In consecutive patients with symptomatic AF, CB‐based ablation was performed in conjunction with the 3D WDIS. Selective PV‐angiographies were performed, and 3D anatomy of the left atrium (LA) and PVs using the 3D WDIS was created. The ostial diameters of the ipsilateral right‐sided and left‐sided PVs and ostial diameters of the right‐/left‐sided upper/lower PVs demonstrated by selective angiographies were analyzed and compared to 3D WDIS‐based PV visualization.

Results

In 65 patients (42/65 (65%) male, age 65 ± 9 years, 29/65 (45%) paroxysmal AF) a total of 260 PVs were identified. Median ostial PV‐diameters for the ipsilateral left‐ and right‐sided PVs were 38 [34; 43] and 37 [34; 40.3] mm when assessed fluoroscopically and 40 [35.7; 43] and 39 [35.0; 43] mm as demonstrated by 3D WDIS. There was no statistically significant difference between both methods regarding PV‐diameter measurements. KODEX‐EPD overestimated fluoroscopy measurements by 1.08 mm (95% limits of agreement of ‐1.93 mm and 4.1 mm).

Conclusion

The novel wide‐band dielectric 3D‐imaging system is feasible to create high‐resolution images of cardiac structures during CB ablation procedures and accurately visualizes PV‐anatomy.
Exploring the diversity of promoter and 5′UTR sequences in ancestral, historic and modern wheat
Authors: Hammond‐Kosack Michael C.U. , King Robert , Kanyuka Kostya , Hammond‐Kosack Kim E.
Published: July 2021

A data set of promoter and 5′UTR sequences of homoeo‐alleles of 459 wheat genes that contribute to agriculturally important traits in 95 ancestral and commercial wheat cultivars is presented here. The high‐stringency myBaits technology used made individual capture of homoeo‐allele promoters possible, which is reported here for the first time. Promoters of most genes are remarkably conserved across the 83 hexaploid cultivars used with <7 haplotypes per promoter and 21% being identical to the reference Chinese Spring. InDels and many high‐confidence SNPs are located within predicted plant transcription factor binding sites, potentially changing gene expression. Most haplotypes found in the Watkins landraces and a few haplotypes found in Triticum monococcum, germplasms hitherto not thought to have been used in modern wheat breeding, are already found in many commercial hexaploid wheats. The full data set which is useful for genomic and gene function studies and wheat breeding is available at https://rrescloud.rothamsted.ac.uk/index.php/s/DMCFDu5iAGTl50u/authenticate.
Development of the Polish‐Language Relationship Disillusionment Scale and its validation
Authors: Niehuis Sylvia , Adamczyk Katarzyna , Trepanowski Radosław , Celejewska Agata , Ganclerz Monika , Frydrysiak Aleksandra , Reifman Alan , Willis‐Grossmann Emma
Published: July 2021

In Poland, individuals enter marriages and relationships increasingly to derive personal fulfillment, creating high expectations that may elevate individuals' risk for romantic disillusionment (the perception that the relationship has not lived up to expectations and has deteriorated). Given these dynamics in Poland, a Polish‐language measure of disillusionment would open up new research opportunities. Three studies, therefore, examined psychometric properties of a new Polish‐Language Relationship Disillusionment Scale (RDS‐PL), which was translated and back‐translated with an established English‐language measure. Study 1 (pilot study) administered the English‐ and Polish‐language RDS versions 2 months apart to 19 bilingual Polish university students, yielding cross‐language test–retest reliability of 0.61. In Study 2, 214 individuals completed the RDS‐PL and other Polish‐language measures. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a one‐factor RDS‐PL structure, and significant correlations of the RDS‐PL with relationship satisfaction, forgiveness, and resentment provided convergent validity. Study 3 (N = 280) supported the RDS‐PL's convergent validity with English and Polish‐language relationship measures. Studies 2 and 3 also partially supported its discriminant validity.
The Recent Politicization of Immigration in Poland in Light of Preexisting State Practices: Continuity or Change in the Understanding of Citizenship and Nationhood?
Authors: Skowronska Kaja
Published: July 2021

By drawing a division between citizens and noncitizens, migration policies speak to implicit definitions of what makes a good citizen. Commonly accepted definitions of citizenship are produced not only through explicit political discourse but also through the everyday actions of state agencies. The selection of the “worthy” migrants that those street‐level bureaucracies operate is deeply rooted in interpretations of the nation's boundaries. In this article, I examine this everyday production of citizenship and nationhood by focusing on the case of Polish migration policies approached through the lens of an ethnographic study of street‐level bureaucracies. While the rapid politicization of immigration in this country since 2015 resembles a major shift, an inquiry into the practices of policy implementation invites interrogations concerning continuities between past and present state practices, as well as concerning the definitions of citizens and of “worthy” immigrants that were and are prevalent within Polish institutions.

Related Articles in this Special Issue

Barrault‐Stella, Lorenzo, and Thomas Douniès. 2021. “Introduction to the Special Issue: Citizenship as a Tool of Government in Europe.” Politics & Policy 49 (4).

Haapajärvi, Linda. 2021. “On the Importance of Playing House: Belonging Work and the Making of Relational Citizens in Finnish Immigrant Integration Policies.” Politics & Policy 49 (4).

Mioni, Michele. 2021. “The ‘Good Citizen’ as ‘Respectable Worker:’ State, Unemployment, and Social Policy in the United Kingdom and Italy, 1930 to 1950.” Politics & Policy 49 (4).
Communication about physical activity to reduce vascular erectile dysfunction – A qualitative interview study among men in cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Gerbild Helle , Areskoug Josefsson Kristina , Marie Larsen Camilla , Schantz Laursen Birgitte
Published: July 2021

Background

Physical activity, a core intervention in cardiac rehabilitation, can reduce vascular erectile dysfunction (ED). ED is a common sensitive problem for men with cardiac diseases, decreasing their quality of life. Cardiac health professionals rarely provide information about ED or its relation to physical activity. Developing health professionals’ communicative component of the complex intervention ‘Physical Activity to reduce Vascular Erectile Dysfunction’ (PAVED) is important. Understanding the receiver needs is essential in designing a complex intervention.

Aim

To elucidate men's perspectives on cardiac health professionals’ communication about PAVED.

Ethical issues

An Institutional Data Protection Agency approved the study.

Methods

An interpretive data‐driven thematic analysis was applied to individual, qualitative semi‐structured interviews with 20 Danish men attending cardiac rehabilitation.

Results

The men wanted health professionals’ communicating about ED, as it was perceived as a major problem diminishing masculinity and tabooed by health professionals. Men wanted help for self‐help, which may be possible with the aid of competent health professionals’ communication about how to prevent, reduce and cope with ED ‐ including information about PAVED. The men wanted health professionals’ communication about ED in various contexts: general information in groups, sexual counselling for individuals and couples and written material.

Study limitations

Recruitment was done from a Danish municipality's cardiac rehabilitation, and the transferability of the results may be limited to similar contexts.

Conclusion

Erectile dysfunction was experienced as a major biopsychosocial problem for the men and their partners. The men had a need for health professionals’ communication about sexuality, ED and information about PAVED as well as about prevention, reduction and management of ED. The men had a need for professional communication about sexual health.
Problematizing the “informal sector”: 50 years of critique, clarification, qualification, and more critique
Authors: Rosaldo Manuel
Published: July 2021

Since its coining in 1971, the concept of the “informal sector” has been used to draw scholarly, political, and philanthropic attention to hundreds of millions of workers who lack basic labor protections. But as the term proliferated, so too did its detractors. Critics claim that the label of “informal” homogenizes the world's poor and distorts understandings of the sources of and solutions to their economic woes. What are the origins of the concept's contradictory nature? What strategies have scholars used to increase the likelihood that it will be used to illuminate and uplift, rather than to distort and denigrate? This article analyzes how scholars have resignified and retheorized the informal economy in response to five conceptual challenges: stigmatization, definitional fuzziness, homogenization, an either/or fallacy, and the presumption of “formalization” as the solution. Such efforts have preserved the concept's analytic potency and political relevance. In the longer term, however, a true testament to the concept's value would be if it outlives its own utility; that is, if it mobilizes enough recognition and resources to the invisibilized majority of the world's workers that scholars and state bureaucrats no longer feel the need to lump them together under a misleading catchall label.