bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exit the frog, enter the human: physiology and experimental psychology in nineteenth-century astronomy
Authors: CANALES JIMENA
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with one of the first attempts to measure simple reactions in humans. The Swiss astronomer Adolph Hirsch investigated personal differences in the speed of sensory transmission in order to achieve accuracy in astronomy. His controversial results, however, started an intense debate among both physiologists and astronomers who disagreed on the nature of these differences. Were they due to different eyes or brains, or to differences in skill and education? Furthermore, they debated how to eliminate them. Some, for example, wanted to eliminate the observer, and prescribed the use of new technologies like the electro-chronograph or photography, while others believed in discipline and education. By debating the nature of these differences, astronomers and physiologists sketched both different conceptions of ‘man’ and different paths to objectivity. These diverse conceptions, moreover, were tied to current nineteenth-century debates, such as the benefits or disadvantages of railroads, telegraphy and the standardization of time and longitudes. By focusing on the debates surrounding the speed of sensory transmission, this paper reevaluates the history of astronomy, physiology and experimental psychology. Furthermore, in investigating astronomy's relation to the human sciences, it uncovers profound connections in the traditionally separate histories of objectivity and the body.

L'heure sera distribuée dans les maisons,

comme l'eau ou le gaz.

Adolph Hirsch
Estimation of additive and dominance variance components
in finite polygenic models and complex pedigrees
Authors: DU F.-X. , HOESCHELE I. , GAGE-LAHTI K. M.
Published: July 2002

Estimation of variance components with the finite polygenic model (FPM) was evaluated.
Phenotypic data for a 6300-pedigree simulated under a wide range of additive genetic models were
analysed with constant homozygote difference across loci using deterministic Maximum Likelihood
(DML) and a Bayesian method implemented via Gibbs sampling (BGS). Results indicate that
under no selection, both DML and BGS accurately estimated the variance components, with a
FPM of 5 loci or more. When both analysis methods were applied to equivalent data sets on
populations that had undergone selection, the DML method produced upward biased estimates of
additive genetic variation and heritability due to its use of pedigree loop cutting, while BGS
provided more accurate estimation. BGS was extended to non-additive FPMs with variable
homozygote differences and dominance effect across loci. This method was used to analyse data
simulated under two genetic models with positive, completely dominant gene action at all loci.
Results indicate that the estimates of additive and dominance variances slowly increase as the
number of loci in the FPM for analysis increases, while accuracy of predicting individual breeding
values and dominance deviations remains unaffected. For the simulated pedigree structure, a FPM
with 10 loci or slightly fewer appears to be appropriate for variance component estimation in the
presence of dominance.
EARLY AMERICAN WAYS OF WAR: A NEW RECONAISSANCE, 1600–1815
Authors: LEE WAYNE E.
Published: July 2002

This review examines recent work on the ideology, culture, and socio-economic composition of early American militaries down to 1815. A fresh place has been given to the role of a Native American culture of war in influencing colonial warfare, although the exact nature of the synthesis of European and Indian traditions remains unclear. Social and economic investigations of the colonial militias and the Continental Army have revealed persistent patterns of expectations of contractual service and subsequent effective resistance when those conditions were not met. Taken together these works have brought us closer to a deeper understanding of the links between culture and military behaviour.
Statistical modelling of grazing preference of sheep when presented with a range of plant types
Authors: REAL D. , GORDON I. L. , HODGSON J.
Published: July 2002

A statistical model of the grazing preference of sheep is presented for the evaluation of spaced plants
in small plots for plant breeding purposes. Plants are located randomly to reduce the effect of external
factors on diet selection, and to differentiate between discriminatory and random grazing. Consistency
of discrimination among grazings and sites (Massey University, New Zealand and INIA La
Estanzuela, Uruguay) was tested. The statistical design and subsequent analyses considered all
sources of variation to minimize error, and to separate genetic effects from environment effects.
Clonal replicates were used to enhance error-control, and hence the precision of heritability estimates,
as most characters are inherited quantitatively. Post-grazing leafiness is considered the best character
to select and breed for animal preference in a red clover germplasm.
Shearing strength as an additional selection criterion
for quality in Brachiaria pasture ecotypes
Authors: HUGHES N. R. G. , BORGES do VALLE C. , SABATEL V. , BOOCK J. , JESSOP N. S. , HERRERO M.
Published: July 2002

Leaves of 12 accessions of Brachiaria sp. (three accessions from each of four species) were subjected
to tests of shearing strength using a Warner Bratzler meat shear. Morphological measurements of
these leaves were also taken in an attempt to standardize shearing strength measurements per unit of
leaf tissue. The technique was evaluated for its capacity to detect differences between accessions of
the same species. All samples were also analysed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral
detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin, crude protein, silica and digestibility in
order to relate measures of physical strength to chemical components. Results demonstrated the
presence of a clear relationship between shearing strength and structural (cell wall) components.
Correlations between shearing strength and NDF, ADF and lignin were 0·74, 0·82 and 0·80
respectively. The technique identified clear differences between accessions of the same species
(P < 0·05). These measurements can thus be used as a powerful tool for identifying forage plants of
superior nutritional quality within selection programmes. Measurements of strength standardized for
morphological characteristics illustrated that the ranking of the samples varied considerably
depending on which morphological character was used.
SECULAR TREND AND INTRAPOPULATIONAL VARIATION IN AGE AT MENOPAUSE IN SPANISH WOMEN
Authors: VAREA C. , BERNIS C. , MONTERO P. , ARIAS S. , BARROSO A. , GONZÁLEZ B.
Published: July 2002

Menopause is associated with the general ageing process and marks the end of follicular depletion, a process that begins in the intrauterine stage and lasts throughout the lifetime of women until their reproductive senescence. Controversy persists about whether the age at menopause is sensitive to the ecological determinants prevailing during the lifecycle or whether it has a predominantly genetic component that would allow groups of women to be characterized with respect to particular menstrual characteristics manifested throughout their fertile life. By contrast, there is a definite secular trend in age at menarche in populations that have registered improvements in their environment: sexual maturation is closely associated with the general processes of growth and development. These aspects were analysed in a sample of Spanish women, mothers and daughters, born between 1883 and 1941. The results show (a) indications – although not conclusive – of a secular trend in the age at menopause, (b) a possible association between the age at menopause of mothers and their daughters, and (c) an association at the individual level between age at menarche, particular characteristics of ovarian function (fetal loss) and age at menopause. The reproductive ageing process therefore seems to result from the expression of the influence of ecological conditions in which the lifecycle of the women develops and of a degree of heritability that affects not only the age at menopause but also a range of characteristics of ovarian function.
Gradient enhancement and filament ejection for a non-uniform elliptic vortex in two-dimensional turbulence
Authors: KIMURA Y. , HERRING J. R.
Published: July 2002

The axisymmetrization of a two-dimensional non-uniform elliptic vortex is studied in
terms of the growth of palinstrophy, the squared vorticity gradient. First, it is pointed
out that the equation for palinstrophy growth, if written in terms of the strain rate
tensor, has a similar form to that of enstrophy growth in three-dimensions – the
vortex-stretching equation. Then palinstrophy production is analysed, particularly for
non-uniform elliptic vortices. It is shown analytically and verified numerically that
a non-uniform elliptic vortex in general has a quadrupole structure for palinstrophy
production, and that in the positive production regions, vortex filaments are ejected
following the gradient enhancement process for vorticity. Numerical simulations are
conducted for two different initial conditions, compact support and Gaussian vorticity
distributions. These are characterized by distinctly different features of filament ejection
and energy spectra. For both cases, the total palinstrophy production is a good
indicator of the development of small-scale vorticity. In particular for the compact
support case, a possible intermittency mechanism in the filament ejection process is
proposed.
Thermocapillary migration of bubbles: convective effects at low Péclet number
Authors: LESHANSKY A. M. , LAVRENTEVA O. M. , NIR A.
Published: July 2002

The effect of a weak convective heat transfer on the thermocapillary interaction of
two bubbles migrating in an externally imposed temperature gradient is examined.
It is shown that, for short and moderate separation distances, the corrections to
the individual migration velocities of the bubbles are of O(Pe), where Pe is Péclet
number. For separation distances larger than O(Pe−1/2)
the correction is of O(Pe2)
as previously found for an isolated drop. The perturbations to the bubble velocities
have opposite signs: the motion of the leading bubble is enhanced while the motion
of the trailing one is retarded. A newly found feature is that equal-sized bubbles,
which otherwise would move with equal velocities, acquire a relative motion apart
from each other under the influence of convection. For slightly unequal bubbles there
are three different regimes of large-time asymptotic behaviour: attraction up to the
collision, infinite growth of the separation distance, and a steady migration with equal
velocities, the steady motion separation distance being a function of the parameters
of the problem. Sufficient conditions for the realization of each regime are given in
terms of the Péclet number, initial separation and radii ratio.
The late stages of transition induced by a low-amplitude wavepacket

in a laminar boundary layer
Authors: BREUER KENNETH S. , COHEN JACOB , HARITONIDIS JOSEPH H.
Published: July 2002

The evolution of a wavepacket in a laminar boundary layer is

studied experimentally,

paying particular attention to the stage just prior to the formation of
a turbulent

spot. The initial stages of development are found to be in very good agreement
with

previous results and indicate a stage in which the disturbance grows according
to

linear theory followed by a weakly nonlinear stage in which the subharmonic
grows,

apparently through a parametric resonance mechanism. In a third stage,
strong

non-linear interactions are observed in which the disturbance develops
a

streaky structure

and the corresponding wavenumber–frequency spectra exhibit an organized
cascade

mechanism in which spectral peaks appear with increasing spanwise wavenumber

and with frequencies which alternate between zero and the subharmonic frequency.

Higher harmonics are also observed, although with lower amplitude than
the

low-frequency peaks. The final (breakdown) stage is characterized by the

appearance of

high-frequency oscillations with random phase, located at low-speed

‘spike’ regions

of the primary disturbance. Wavelet transforms are used to analyse the
structure of

both coherent and random small-scale structure of the disturbance.

In particular, the

breakdown oscillations are also observed to have a wavepacket character
riding on

the large-amplitude primary disturbance.
The long-time behaviour of incompressible
swept-wing boundary layers subject to impulsive forcing
Authors: TAYLOR M. J. , PEAKE N.
Published: July 2002

The long-time limit of the response of incompressible
three-dimensional boundary
layer flows on infinite swept wedges and infinite swept wings to
impulsive forcing is
examined using causal linear stability theory. Following
the discovery by Lingwood
(1995) of the presence of absolute instabilities caused by
pinch points occurring in
the radial direction in the boundary layer flow of a
rotating disk, we search for
pinch points in the cross flow direction for both the
model Falkner–Skan–Cooke
profile of a swept wedge and for a genuine swept-wing
configuration. It is shown
in both cases that, within a particular range of the
parameter space, the boundary
layer does indeed support pinch points in the wavenumber
plane corresponding to
the crossflow direction. These crossflow-induced pinch
points do not constitute an
absolute instability, as there is no simultaneous pinch
occurring in the streamwise
wavenumber plane, but nevertheless we show here how they
can be used to find
the maximum local growth rate contained in a wavepacket
travelling in any given
direction. Lingwood (1997) also found pinch points in the
chordwise wavenumber
plane in the boundary layer of the leading-edge region of
a swept wing (i.e. at
very high flow angles). The results presented in this paper,
however, demonstrate the
presence of pinch points for a much larger range of flow
angles and pressure gradients
than was found by Lingwood, and indeed describe the flow
over a much greater, and
practically significant, portion of the wing.
Stability of vorticity defects in viscous shear
Authors: BALMFORTH NEIL J.
Published: July 2002

The stability of viscous shear is studied for flows that
consist of predominantly linear
shear, but contain localized regions over which the vorticity varies rapidly.
Matched
asymptotic expansion simplifies the governing equations for the dynamics
of such
‘vorticity defects’. The normal modes satisfy explicit
dispersion relations. Nyquist
methods are used to find and classify the possible instabilities. The defect
equations
are analysed in the inviscid limit to establish the connection with inviscid
theory.
Finally, the defect approximation is used to study nonlinear stability
using weakly
nonlinear techniques, and the initial value problem using Laplace transforms.
Cusping, capture, and breakup of interacting drops by a curvatureless
boundary-integral algorithm
Authors: ZINCHENKO ALEXANDER Z. , ROTHER MICHAEL A. , DAVIS ROBERT H.
Published: July 2002

A three-dimensional boundary-integral algorithm for interacting deformable drops
in Stokes flow is developed. The algorithm is applicable to very large deformations and
extreme cases, including cusped interfaces and drops closely approaching
breakup. A new, curvatureless boundary-integral formulation is used, containing only
the normal vectors, which are usually much less sensitive than is the curvature to
discretization errors. A proper regularization makes the method applicable to small
surface separations and arbitrary λ, where λ is the ratio of the viscosities of
the drop and medium. The curvatureless form eliminates the difficulty with the concentrated
capillary force inherent in two-dimensional cusps and allows simulation
of three-dimensional drop/bubble motions with point and line singularities, while
the conventional form can only handle point singularities. A combination of the
curvatureless form and a special, passive technique for adaptive mesh stabilization
allows three-dimensional simulations for high aspect ratio drops closely approaching
breakup, using highly stretched triangulations with fixed topology. The code is applied
to study relative motion of two bubbles or drops under gravity for moderately high
Bond numbers [Bscr ], when cusping and breakup are typical. The deformation-induced
capture efficiency of bubbles and low-viscosity drops is calculated and found to be in
reasonable agreement with available experiments of Manga & Stone (1993, 1995b).
Three-dimensional breakup of the smaller drop due to the interaction with a larger
one for λ=O(1) is also considered, and the algorithm is shown to accurately
simulate both the primary breakup moment and the volume partition by extrapolation for
moderately supercritical conditions. Calculations of the breakup efficiency suggest
that breakup due to interactions is significant in a sedimenting emulsion with narrow
size distribution at λ=O(1) and [Bscr ][ges ]5–10. A combined capture
and breakup phenomenon, when the smaller drop starts breaking without being released from
the dimple formed on the larger one, is also observed in the simulations. A general
classification of possible modes of two-drop interactions for λ=O(1) is made.
Three-dimensional structure and momentum transfer in a turbulent cylinder wake
Authors: VERNET A. , KOPP G. A. , FERRÉ J. A. , GIRALT FRANCESC
Published: July 2002

Simultaneous velocity and temperature measurements were made with rakes of sensors
that sliced a slightly heated turbulent wake in the spanwise direction, at different
lateral positions 150 diameters downstream of the cylinder. A pattern recognition
analysis of hotter-to-colder transitions was performed on temperature data measured
at the mean velocity half-width. The velocity data from the different ‘slices’ was
then conditionally averaged based on the identified temperature events. This procedure
yielded the topology of the average three-dimensional large-scale structure which was
visualized with iso-surfaces of negative values of the second eigenvector of
[S2+Ω2].
The results indicate that the average structure of the velocity fluctuations (using a
triple decomposition of the velocity field) is found to be a shear-aligned ring-shaped
vortex. This vortex ring has strong outward lateral velocities in its symmetry plane
which are like Grant's mixing jets. The mixing jet region extends outside the ring-like vortex and is bounded by two foci separated in the spanwise direction and an
upstream saddle point. The two foci correspond to what has been previously identified
in the literature as the double rollers.

The ring vortex extracts energy from the mean flow by stretching in the mixing
jet region just upstream of the ring boundary. The production of the small-scale
(incoherent) turbulence by the coherent field and one-component energy dissipation
rate occur just downstream of the saddle point within the mixing jet region. Incoherent
turbulence energy is extracted from the mean flow just outside the mixing jet region,
but within the core of the structure. These processes are highly three-dimensional
with a spanwise extent equal to the mean velocity half-width.

When a double decomposition is used, the coherent structure is found to be a
tube-shaped vortex with a spanwise extent of about 2.5l0.
The double roller motions
are integral to this vortex in spite of its shape. Spatial averages of the coherent
velocity field indicate that the mixing jet region causes a deficit of mean streamwise
momentum, while the region outside the foci of the double rollers has a relatively
small excess of streamwise momentum.
On the causal behaviour of flow over an elastic wall
Authors: LINGWOOD R. J. , PEAKE N.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we consider the causal response of the inviscid shear-layer flow over
an elastic surface to excitation by a time-harmonic line force. In the case of uniform
flow, Brazier-Smith & Scott (1984) and Crighton & Oswell (1991) have analysed the
long-time limit of the response. They find that the system is absolutely unstable for
sufficiently high flow speeds, and that at lower speeds there exist certain anomalous
neutral modes with group velocity directed towards the driver (in contradiction of the
usual radiation condition of out-going disturbances). Our aim in this paper is to repeat
their analysis for more realistic shear profiles, and in particular to determine whether
or not the uniform-flow results can be regained in the limit in which the shear-layer
thickness on a length scale based on the fluid loading, denoted ε, becomes small.
For a simple broken-line linear shear profile we find that the results are qualitatively
similar to those for uniform flow. However, for the more realistic Blasius profile very
significant differences arise, essentially due to the presence of the critical layer. In
particular, we find that as ε → 0 the minimum flow speed required for absolute
instability is pushed to considerably higher values than was found for uniform flow,
leading us to conclude that the uniform-flow problem is an unattainable singular limit
of our more general problem. In contrast, we find that the uniform-flow anomalous
modes (written as exp (ikx − iωt), say) do persist
for non-zero shear over a wide range
of ε, although now becoming non-neutral. Unlike the case of uniform flow, however,
the k-loci of these modes can now change direction more than once as the imaginary
part of ω is increased, and we describe the connection between this behaviour and
local properties of the dispersion function. Finally, in order to investigate whether
or not these anomalous modes might be realizable at a finite time after the driver is
switched on, we evaluate the double Fourier inversion integrals for the unsteady flow
numerically. We find that the anomalous mode is indeed present at finite time, once
initial transients have propagated away, not only for impulsive start-up but also when
the forcing amplitude is allowed to grow slowly from a small value at some initial
instant. This behaviour has significant implications for the application of standard
radiation conditions in wave problems with mean flow.
A generalized rightward movement analysis
of Antecedent Contained Deletion
Authors: ABE JUN , HOSHI HIROTO
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we will argue that the LF Object Shift analysis of the infinite regress
resolution of Antecedent Contained Deletion is untenable conceptually and
empirically. Generalizing Baltin's (1987) CP Extraposition analysis, we will instead
propose that any type of rightward movement, including NP and PP Rightward Shift,
is available for the infinite regress resolution. Furthermore, we will show that our
generalized rightward movement analysis explains a wider range of data than the LF
Object Shift analysis. Finally, we will address a question as to why rightward
movement, which is non-feature checking movement, is triggered/involved in
Antecedent Contained Deletion. We will suggest a way to derive this property under
the assumptions of Chomsky's (1993, 1995) Minimalist Program.
Arbitrary potential drops between collector
and emitter in pure electron diodes
Authors: KOLINSKY HEIDRUN , SCHAMEL HANS
Published: July 2002

A novel Lagrangian integral formalism is applied to pure electron
diodes.
Analytical expressions are obtained in terms of the injected current and
of
the potential
drop for two DC states. These two states are either completely transmitted
flows
or flows with partial reflection at a virtual cathode. Splitting rates
and other
quantities are presented for arbitrary potentials.
Dispersion and wave excitation in nongyrotropic plasmas
Authors: MOTSCHMANN UWE , GLASSMEIER KARL-HEINZ
Published: July 2002

In a nongyrotropic plasma no symmetry of the distribution function
with
respect to the velocity space coordinates exists, and, in particular, axial

symmetry with respect to the background magnetic field is broken. The
propagation of small-amplitude waves and their stability under such conditions

are studied here in the framework of linearized Maxwell–Vlasov theory.
Two
types of nongyrotropic distributions are investigated: stationary and rotating

distributions. Stationary nongyrotropy may be maintained by sources and

sinks in velocity space. Gyrophase organization couples modes that are

decoupled in a gyrotropic plasma, and drives unstable waves in a parallel
as
well as a perpendicular propagation direction with respect to the background

magnetic field. In a rotating nongyrotropic plasma there is an additional

coupling of waves at different frequencies that is analogous to a three-wave

scattering process. The frequency difference of the coupling modes is just
the
gyrofrequency of the rotating distribution or its harmonics. This frequency-shifted

coupling distributes the energy in a cascade fashion over an extended
frequency range. It tends to stabilize the plasma and inhibits wave excitation.
An Authentic Saying of Jesus in the Gospel of Thomas?
Authors: BROADHEAD EDWIN K.
Published: July 2002

The Gospel of Thomas provides an important component in many recent portraits of Jesus as a non-eschatological sage. Various material is cited from Thomas, yet careful analysis of individual sayings and redactional layers is rare. This is particularly true of sayings without Synoptic attestation. Is it possible that Thomas contains authentic sayings not found in the NT? What methodological steps would be necessary to isolate such material? How would such sayings affect portraits of the historical Jesus? These issues are explored though analysis of Saying 82 of the Gospel of Thomas.
Variation in the nature of attachment of phosphorylcholine

to excretory–secretory products of adult Brugia pahangi
Authors: NOR Z. M. , HOUSTON K. M. , DEVANEY E. , HARNETT W.
Published: July 2002

The mechanism of linkage of phosphorylcholine (PC) to

excretory–secretory products (ES) of adult Brugia pahangi
has

been investigated. Biosynthetic radio-isotope labelling of ES with

[3H]choline followed by SDS–PAGE/fluorography

revealed a smear of molecular weight approximately 40–100 kDa

which loses its radiolabel following exposure to N-glycosidase
F,

but not mild alkali. PC is thus attached to this smear

of molecules via N-type glycans, a mechanism of

linkage previously observed with respect to PC–ES of

Acanthocheilonema viteae. Western blotting analysis of

non-radiolabelled ES demonstrated the existence of additional PC–ES

which were insensitive to N-glycosidase F, but not to

alkali. This second group of molecules is therefore likely to contain

PC linked to O-glycans. Filarial nematodes may thus

utilize 2 classes of glycan for attachment of PC. Examination of

B. pahangi and A. viteae whole worm extracts by Western

blotting indicated that their PC content could not be cleaved by

N-glycosidase F and hence the use of N-type glycans may

be restricted to a subset of ES products. The implications of these

findings with respect to developing inhibitors of PC

attachment for use as anti-filarial drugs are discussed.
Chagas' disease: reactivity against homologous tissues
induced by different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: TEKIEL V. S. , MIRKIN G. A. , GONZALEZ CAPPA S. M.
Published: July 2002

We have previously reported that the mechanisms of neuromyopathic
damage induced by Trypanosoma cruzi are mediated
by T cells and are parasite-strain dependent. In the present
study our aim was to determine whether the humoral response
against muscle and nervous system is also parasite-strain dependent. Of
the
sera from mice infected with RA and CA-I
T. cruzi strains, 93% reacted against antigens of the nervous
system (sciatic nerve, spinal cord and brain). No differences
in the ability to recognize heart antigens were found between RA (48%)
and CA-I (63%) antisera. Reactivity against
skeletal muscle was only relevant in anti-CA-I sera at 270 days post-infection.
Each of the antisera assayed in Western
blots developed a particular antigenic pattern, but 3 antigens in the nervous
system of molecular weight 48, 60 and 70 kDa
were detected by 42, 28 and 23% of the sera, respectively. On the other
hand,
deposits of IgG were observed at the
interstitial matrix in sciatic nerve and as endomisial and sarcolemmal
patterns
in skeletal muscle by IFAT for both RA and
CA-I antisera. Absorption of sera with parasite antigens did not abolish
the
autoreactivity. Our results suggest that major
serum autoreactivity from T. cruzi-infected mice is not parasite-strain
dependent and does not arise from molecular mimicry.
Ultrastructural localization of an Echinococcus granulosus

laminin-binding protein
Authors: JONES M. K. , ZHANG L.-H. , GOULD R. J. , McMANUS D. P.
Published: July 2002

Murine antibodies, raised against a purified recombinant 30 kDa
laminin-binding protein from Echinococcus granulosus,
were used to investigate the tissue distribution of the native protein
in protoscoleces and brood capsules. Immunofluorescence,
in combination with confocal microscopy, revealed that the protein was
distributed in small annular foci near
the peripheral regions of the protoscoleces. Immunoelectron microscopy
of thawed cryosections demonstrated that the
laminin-binding protein was present in the cytoplasm of tegumentary cytons
and myocytons, but not in cells of the
excretory system. The protein was associated with amorphous regions of
the cytoplasm, and was not expressed at the
surfaces of cells. This distribution resembles those of other invertebrate
laminin-binding proteins, which are thought to
act in the cell cycle and cell proliferation events. A low degree of label
was consistently detected in extracellular matrices
of the protoscolex.
The utility of complete genome sequences in the study of
pathogenic bacteria
Authors: HOOD D. W.
Published: July 2002

The availability of complete genome sequences is a revolution in the study of microorganisms. A fully annotated genome
sequence provides an interactive tool for scientists and influences the approach and focus of research. In this article I
discuss the impact of genome sequencing projects of bacteria. Much useful data have been obtained but the experimental
methods needed to fully exploit the information continue to develop. Some of the approaches and particular applications
relevant to bacteria of clinical importance are discussed.
A review of performance and pathogenicity of male and
female Schistosoma mansoni during the life-cycle
Authors: BOISSIER J. , MORAND S. , MONÉ H.
Published: July 2002

The sexual life-history traits of Schistosoma mansoni have been reviewed to compare male and female performance and
pathogenicity against Biomphalaria glabrata during the life-cycle. A meta-analysis was used on pooled results from
different experiments. In most cases, there was no difference between males and females but male cercariae were
significantly more infectious than female cercariae. Conversely, cercarial production and cercarial life-span were significantly
greater for females than for males; furthermore, females have a tendency to occur in molluscs of larger size. Each
difference is discussed and interpreted when possible in terms of male and female differences in transmission strategies.
The female strategy may consist of producing many long-living larvae. The male strategy may consist of producing few
short-living larvae and would invest in the quality of these larvae instead of their quantity or their life-span.
Cellular and humoral immune response of European
sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) (Teleostei: Serranidae)
immunized with Sphaerospora dicentrarchi
(Myxosporea: Bivalvulida)
Authors: MUÑOZ P. , SITJÀ-BOBADILLA A. , ÁLVAREZ-PELLITERO P.
Published: July 2002

The immune response of European sea bass after intracaelomic immunization with Sphaerospora dicentrarchi was studied.
Fish were injected with S. dicentrarchi spores (DIC), with spores plus adjuvant (DIC+FCA), with adjuvant alone (FCA)
or with PBS. Several parameters of the immune response were measured. Serum lysozyme increased significantly in DIC
fish 1 week after immunization (p.i.) and it remained significantly higher in DIC+FCA fish 4 weeks p.i., and in DIC fish
8 weeks p.i. than in PBS-injected fish. The number of nitroblue tetrazolium-positive blood cells was significantly higher
in DIC+FCA fish 1, 4 and 8 weeks p.i, but the highest values were detected 1 week p.i. The highest stimulation index
was detected in phagocytes from DIC+FCA fish. The number of S. dicentrarchi antibody-secreting cells was significantly
higher in DIC+FCA fish than in DIC fish. Serum from DIC and DIC+FCA fish, stained the polar capsules and the
valves of S. dicentrarchi spores in immunohistochemistry. Serum antibodies could not be detected using immunoblot
assay. All these results show that immunization with S. dicentrarchi resulted in the activation of the non-specific immune
response, mainly 7 days p.i. A specific humoral response against the parasite was also demonstrated but it had a low
magnitude.
Requirements for in vivo IFN-γ induction by live
microfilariae of the parasitic nematode, Brugia malayi
Authors: LAWRENCE R. A. , ALLEN J. E. , GRAY C. A.
Published: July 2002

Lymphatic filariasis caused by the parasitic nematode, Brugia malayi, is a chronic human disease immunologically
characterized by stimulation of Th2 cells and reduced antigen-specific T cell responses. Single stage intra-peritoneal
infections with infective larvae (L3) or adult nematodes induce Th2 cells, while the microfilarial stage (Mf) stimulates
IFN-γ and Mf-specific IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 and IgM, but not IgE. To investigate whether IFN-γ is elicited by
live Mf in their natural site of infection, mice were infected intravenously. Intravenous infection had a striking effect on
the response to Mf and high levels of IgE were induced even in the presence of IFN-γ. Indeed IgE levels to Mf increased
markedly with the number of immunizations, higher doses of Mf and prolonged exposure to Mf suggesting that under
conditions of chronic antigen exposure, typical of human disease, Mf will stimulate high levels of IgE. The ability of Mf-induced
IFN-γ to modulate or regulate a pre-existing Th2 response, was investigated by infecting mice initially with adult
male worms to induce a Th2 response, followed 14 days later by infection with Mf. Although Mf stimulated IFN-γ in
the presence of male adults, the antibody isotypes elicited did not reflect IFN-γ induction and IgG1and IgE dominated
the response. Although it cannot be discounted that IFN-γ induction by Mf may act locally as an inflammatory mediator
or modulator of Th2 cells, these data suggest that Mf-stimulated IFN-γ does not have a profound effect overall on
progression of the Th2-dominated immune response to filarial infection.
Cognitive impenetrability of early vision does not imply cognitive impenetrability of perception
Authors: Moore Cathleen M.
Published: July 2002

Pylyshyn argues that early vision is cognitively impenetrable,
and therefore – contrary to knowledge-based theories of
perception – that perception is noncontinuous with cognition.
Those processes that are included in “early vision,”
however, represent at best only one component of perception, and it is
important that it is not the component with which most knowledge-based
theories are concerned. Pylyshyn's analysis should be taken as a
possible source of refinement of knowledge-based theories of
perception, rather than as a condemnation of them.
A non-singular inverse Vitali lemma with applications
Authors: MORTISS GENEVIEVE
Published: July 2002

A proof for a non-singular version of the inverse Vitali lemma is given. The result is used to describe non-singular orbit equivalence within the framework of Rudolph's restricted orbit equivalence and in the construction of an alternative proof of the Hurewicz ergodic theorem.
Topological weak-mixing of interval exchange maps
Authors: NOGUEIRA A. , RUDOLPH D.
Published: July 2002

An interval map with only one discontinuity is isomorphic
to a rotation of the circle, and has continuous
eigenfunctions. What we show here is that for almost every choice
of lengths of the intervals, this is the only way an irreducible interval
exchange
can have a somewhere continuous eigenfunction. We show slightly more,
considering certain towers over the interval exchange, showing
that outside of a set of choices for interval lengths of measure zero
these have a
somewhere continuous eigenfunction only if they are isomorphic to either a
rotation,
or a tower of constant height over an interval exchange.
Integer sequences with big gaps and the pointwise ergodic theorem
Authors: JONES ROGER L. , LACEY MICHAEL , WIERDL MÁTÉ
Published: July 2002

First, we show that there exists a sequence $(a_n)$ of integers which is a
good averaging sequence in $L^2$ for the pointwise ergodic theorem and satisfies
$$
\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}>e^{(\log n)^{-1-\epsilon}}
$$
for $n>n(\epsilon)$. This should be contrasted with an earlier result of ours which says that if a sequence $(a_n)$ of integers (or real numbers) satisfies
$$
\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}>e^{(\log n)^{-\frac{1}{2}+\epsilon}}
$$
for some positive $\epsilon$, then it is a bad averaging sequence in $L^2$ for the pointwise ergodic theorem.

Another result of the paper says that if we select each integer $n$ with probability $1/n$ into a random sequence, then, with probability 1, the random sequence is a bad averaging sequence for the mean ergodic theorem. This result should be contrasted with Bourgain's result which says that if we select each integer $n$ with probability $\sigma_n$ into a random sequence, where the sequence $(\sigma_n)$ is decreasing and satisfies
$$
\lim_{t\to\infty}\frac{\sum_{n\le t}\sigma_n}{\log t}=\infty,
$$
then, with probability 1, the random sequence is a good averaging sequence for the mean ergodic theorem.
Finding the inverse kinematics of manipulator arm using artificial
neural network with lookup table
Authors: Morris A.S. , Mansor A.
Published: July 2002

Neural networks were used to find the inverse kinematics of a
two-link planar and three-link manipulator arms. The neural networks
utilised were multi-layered perceptions with a back-propagation training
algorithm. Because of the redundancy in the manipulators studied, this work
used lookup tables for the different configurations of the manipulator arm.
LEAST ABSOLUTE DEVIATIONS REGRESSION UNDER NONSTANDARD CONDITIONS
Authors: Rogers Alan J.
Published: July 2002

Most work on the asymptotic properties of least absolute
deviations (LAD) estimators makes use of the assumption
that the common distribution of the disturbances has a
density that is both positive and finite at zero. We consider
the implications of weakening this assumption in a number
of regression settings, primarily with a time series orientation.
These models include ones with deterministic and stochastic
trends, and we pay particular attention to the case of
a simple unit root model. The way in which the conventional
assumption on the error distribution is modified is motivated
in part by N.V. Smirnov's work on domains of attraction
in the asymptotic theory of sample quantiles. The approach
adopted usually allows for simple characterizations (often
featuring a single parameter, γ), of both the shapes of
the limiting distributions of the LAD estimators and their
convergence rates. The present paper complements the closely
related recent work of K. Knight.
Bumblebee pollination of understorey shrub species in a tropical montane forest in Costa Rica
Authors: Wesselingh Renate A. , Burgers Heino C. M. , Nijs Hans C. M. Den
Published: July 2002

This study addresses the pollination ecology of shrub species in an upper montane forest in Costa Rica, where the diversity of insect visitors is much below that of the well-studied tropical forests of lower elevations. Data are presented on visitation rates by the tropical bumblebee Bombus ephippiatus to flowers of three species, pollen loads on bumblebee bodies, and pollen loads on stigmas of two of the species. High visitation rates to flowers of Palicourea brenesii were found, a species which produces copious amounts of nectar. Visitation rates to nectarless Leandra subseriata and Deppea grandiflora were much lower. Conspecific pollen comprised on average 90% of the pollen load on stigmas of Leandra, while Palicourea stigmas carried only 26 to 55% conspecific pollen. With only two ovules per flower, fruit and seed set in Palicourea were not limited by a shortage of conspecific pollen. In Leandra, 20–25% of the flowers received too few conspecific pollen grains for maximum seed set among 440 ovules per flower. Individual bumblebees showed no constancy in plant choice, judging from the high number of different pollen types (6–12) on their bodies. Workers returned frequently to the same Palicourea patch without visiting nearby Palicourea plants, which suggests the use of foraging paths.
Word learning in a special population: do individuals
with Williams syndrome obey lexical constraints?
Authors: STEVENS TASSOS , KARMILOFF-SMITH ANNETTE
Published: July 2002

Williams syndrome (WS), a rare neurodevelopmental
disorder, is of
special interest to developmental psycholinguists because
of its uneven
linguistico-cognitive profile of abilities and deficits.
One proficiency
manifest in WS adolescents and adults is an unusually
large vocabulary
despite serious deficits in other domains. In this paper,
rather than focus
on vocabulary size, we explore the processes underlying
vocabulary acquisition, i.e. how new words are learned. A
WS group was compared
to groups of normal MA-matched controls in the range
3–9 years in four
different experiments testing for constraints on word
learning. We show
that in construing the meaning of new words, normal
children at all ages
display fast mapping and abide by the constraints tested: mutual
exclusivity, whole object and taxonomic. By contrast, while the WS
group showed fast mapping and the mutual exclusivity
constraint, they
did not abide by the whole object or taxonomic constraints. This
suggests that measuring only the size of WS vocabulary can distort
conclusions about the normalcy of WS language. Our
study shows that
despite equivalent behaviour (i.e. vocabulary test age),
the processes
underlying how vocabulary is acquired in WS follow a somewhat
different path from that of normal children and that the
atypically developing brain is not necessarily a window on
normal development.
A quantum obstruction to embedding
Authors: FROHMAN CHARLES , KANIA-BARTOSZYŃSKA JOANNA
Published: July 2002

An invariant of a three-manifold with boundary is derived from topological quantum field theory.
This invariant is then used as an obstruction to embedding one 3-manifold into another.
VHF Direction Finding: An Effective System for the Location of Ships
in Distress
Authors: Bermejo Díaz Antonio C.
Published: July 2002

The latest statistics on maritime accident alerts are again
demonstrating a high percentage of
false alarms from Emergency Position Indicating Beacons
(EPIRBS) in Spanish waters. Of a total
number of 243 received distress alarms, only three were real and 123 were
never identified;
a very similar situation exists in the rest of Europe. To address this
problem, as well as
IMO Resolution A.814(19)/23.11.95, there is a Spanish proposal to install
a receiver
(121-5/243/406 MHz) on board ships, so that the
seafarer can detect accidental activation of
an EPIRB. The installation of EPIRBS, which had
seemed to be sufficient to solve the problem
of locating vessels in distress, apparently needs the help of other tools.
One such tool could
be the very high frequency radio direction finder
(VHF/DF) proposed in this paper. Recent
experiments using VHF/DF carried on board the ships

Salvamar Tenerife and Punta Salinas, in
conjunction with the traffic control tower of the Rescue
Coordination Centre (RCC) of Santa
Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands), demonstrated a number of advantages
which are described
in this paper.
A knowledge-based system for the conceptual design of grippers
for handling fabrics
Authors: MOULIANITIS V.C. , DENTSORAS A.J. , ASPRAGATHOS N.A.
Published: July 2002

The paper presents a knowledge-based system (KBS)
for the conceptual design of grippers for handling fabrics.
Its main purpose is the integration of the domain knowledge
in a single system for the systematic design of this type
of grippers. The knowledge presented, in terms of gripper,
material and handling process, are classified. The reasoning
strategy is based upon a combination of a depth-first search
method and a heuristic method. The heuristic search method
finds a final solution from a given set of feasible solutions
and can synthesize new solutions to accomplish the required
specifications. Details of the main features of the system
are given, including its ability to take critical design
decisions according to four criteria, weighted by the designer.
The knowledge-based system was implemented in the Kappa
P. C. 2.3.2 environment. Two examples are given to illustrate
some critical aspects concerning the KBS development, to
explain the operation of the proposed searching heuristic
method, and to show its effectiveness in producing design
concepts for grippers.
Analysis of genomic diversity within the Xr-region of the
protein A gene in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: KOBAYASHI N. , URASAWA S. , UEHARA N. , WATANABE N.
Published: July 2002

Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus contains a polymorphic Xr-region characterized by a
tandem repeat of eight amino acid units. In this study, the diversity of genes encoding the
repeat regions and their relatedness among S. aureus strains was analyzed. Ten different
protein-A types characterized by repeat numbers 4–13 were identified in a total of 293 clinical
isolates. The protein-A type with 10 repeat units (10 repeats) in the Xr-region was most
frequently detected in methicillin-resistant S. aureus, whereas the majority of methicillin-
susceptible strains were distributed almost evenly into protein-A types with 7–11 repeats.
Strains that belonged to a single coagulase type were classified into multiple protein-A types,
e.g. strains with the common coagulase types II and VII were differentiated into 7 and 8
protein-A types, respectively.

Nucleotide sequence analysis of the Xr-region of 42 representative strains revealed the
presence of 37 different genotypes (spa types), which were constituted by a combination of
several of 24 different repeat unit genotypes. Based on the similarity in arrangement of repeat
unit genotypes, 34 strains with different repeat numbers were classified into 5 genetic clusters
(C1–C5). The clusters C1, C2 and C3 consisted exclusively of strains with identical coagulase
types II, III, and IV, respectively. These findings suggested that the protein-A gene of S.
aureus has evolved from a common ancestral clone in individual clusters independently.
Epidemiological analysis of Salmonella enterica Enteritidis

isolates in Japan by phage-typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Authors: TERAJIMA J. , NAKAMURA A. , WATANABE H.
Published: July 2002

Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis isolates of
phage types (PTs) PT1, PT4, PT13a and
PT22 derived from sporadic cases and outbreaks of food poisoning in Japan
during 1994 and
1995 were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). While PT1
strains from 5
different outbreaks showed 14 PFGE patterns, 5 PFGE patterns were observed
among PT4
isolates from 5 different outbreaks and 6 independent isolates from imported
chicken.
Interestingly, 8 out of 9 PT4 strains associated with foreign travel to
Southeast Asia were
indistinguishable in PFGE pattern from 5 independent isolates of imported
chicken from
England. Although both PT13a and PT22 were first reported in Japan in 1994,
PT22 showed
various PFGE patterns compared to PT13a which had the same pattern within
an outbreak,
unlike PT1. These results could indicate that multiple clonal lines of
PT1 and PT22 had
already spread while relatively fewer clonal lines of PT4 and PT13a might
exist in Japan.