Contrary to Einstein, the Human Observer and Knowledge are Critical to the Relativity of Simultaneity in Special Relativity: Rock the Psychologist’s Importance and the Logical Nature of c + v and c – v
Authors: Snyder Douglas Michael 
Published: August 2024

Empirical research indicates that: 1) there is a positive association between coherent oscillating electrical fields arising from the brain and coherence in cognition, including memory, that manifests itself in conscious experience; 2) there is a positive association between incoherent oscillating electric fields arising from the brain and incoherence in cognition, including memory, that manifests itself in conscious experience; 3) in certain situations it is possible to apply coherent oscillating electrical fields on the surface of the skull which can decrease incoherence in oscillating electrical fields arising from the brain that is positively associated with increased coherent cognition, including memory, that manifests itself in conscious experience. What has not occurred to date is an explanation of the reason underlying these empirical results that demonstrate these associations. All electromagnetic phenomena are understood through Maxwell’s Laws in inertial reference frames moving at a constant velocity relative to one another. Unlike the case for pre-relativity physics, Maxwell’s Laws do not need to be changed in transforming electromagnetic phenomena from one inertial reference frame to another. The relativity of simultaneity is at the heart of special relativity. It is the relativity of simultaneity in special relativity as opposed to absolute time in pre-relativity physics that leads to the different kinematic and dynamic results between special relativity and pre-relativity physics. Cognition and logic that are at the heart of the relativity of simultaneity in special relativity provide the basis for the above noted empirically demonstrated associations. Different lines of evidence concerning the nature of the relativity of simultaneity supporting this idea are presented. A detailed analysis of Einstein’s arguments on the relativity of simultaneity is presented. Einstein maintained that physical measurements are necessary in all instances in his argument. The flaw in this position is shown, and it is shown that logic and cognition replace the apparent need for certain physical measurements to demonstrate the relativity of simultaneity. Rock the psychologist’s work on induced self-motion and induced self-rest, including an experiment, greatly contributes to this evidence. The relativity of simultaneity involves two reference frames moving at a constant velocity relative to one another. Rock’s theoretical and empirical research on self-induced motion and induced self-rest is central to special relativity since it is only the fact that a moving human observer can experience himself at rest but cannot experience himself at rest if he knows that he is moving that allows for the argument on the relativity of simultaneity to made in either direction, i.e. with either reference frame the “stationary” reference frame while the other reference frame is the “moving” reference frame. Without Rock’s findings, there would be a preferred reference frame and special relativity would not be possible. Descartes thought that the pineal gland was the link between the soul and the body. It appears that electromagnetic phenomena (perhaps light), involving at least oscillating electric fields arising from the brain are the link between body and mind, including consciousness.