bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlates of work-alienation and positive job attitudes in high- and low-status workers
Authors: Fedi Angela , Pucci Letizia , Tartaglia Stefano , Rollero Chiara
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The concept of alienation boasts a long history in the academic literature. However, their empirical relations are not clear. The purpose of this paper is to test a model of predictors and outcomes of alienation. Since occupational status plays a key role in alienation processes, such model was tested with high- and low-status workers.

Design/methodology/approach

Participants were 340 workers holding high-status (n=98) and low-status (n=242) positions. Data were collected through a self-report questionnaire. The authors verified the hypothesized relationships by means of a structural equation modelling, simultaneously tested on high- and low-status workers.

Findings

Results showed that individual determinants of alienation, i.e. locus of control, appear to play a more relevant role for high-status professionals, whereas organizational dimensions, i.e. perception of decision making, have an impact only for low-status workers. Relational variables, i.e. work-family conflict, fostered alienation, regardless the status. Concerning outcomes, alienation decreased both job satisfaction and job involvement.

Research limitations/implications

The specificities of the cultural context have to be considered. Generalizing the results to other cultural contexts requires caution.

Practical implications

Work alienation has a negative influence on work attitudes that can be better managed by the knowledge of alienation’s correlates and peculiarities.

Originality/value

The study confirms the relevance of alienation for workers’ satisfaction and involvement highlighting the difference between high- and low-status workers.
“The monster of the month”: teachers’ views about alcohol within personal, social, health, and economic education (PSHE) in schools
Authors: Davies Emma Louise
Published: November 2016

Purpose

There is a lack of evidence for effective school-based prevention programmes to reduce alcohol misuse in adolescents. The purpose of this paper is to explore teacher’s views about alcohol education in secondary schools in order to inform the subsequent development of new educational and intervention measures.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine female teachers from a range of schools who had responsibility for designing and delivering personal social, health, and economic education (PSHE).

Findings

Three main themes were identified in a thematic analysis of the interview transcripts. The themes demonstrated the importance of PSHE to these teachers, who faced challenges in delivering a comprehensive enough curriculum. Alcohol unit knowledge and responsible drinking were priorities for the teachers. However, given the many pressures faced by young people, alcohol could be viewed as just one challenge amongst many.

Research limitations/implications

Interventions may be seen as too compartmentalised by teachers if they fail to address the wider concerns of adolescents. Intervention developers should consider gaining input from teachers on the content of their programmes prior to running a trial to enhance feasibility and acceptability.

Originality/value

There are few studies that have explored what teachers think about alcohol education in general or about the content of specific interventions prior to their implementation. This study adds their voice to the literature and highlights the importance of considering the views and first hand experiences when developing new alcohol interventions aimed at adolescents.
Transformative gender interventions
Authors: de Vries Jennifer Anne , van den Brink Marieke
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Translating the well-established theory of the gendered organization into strategic interventions that build more gender equitable organizations has proven to be difficult. The authors introduce the emergence of the “bifocal approach” and its subsequent development and examine the potential of the “bifocal approach” as a feminist intervention strategy and an alternative means of countering gender inequalities in organizations. While pre-existing transformative interventions focus on more immediately apparent structural change, the focus begins with the development of individuals. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

Developed through iterative cycling between theory and practice, the “bifocal approach” links the existing focus on women’s development with a focus on transformative organizational change. The bifocal approach deliberately begins with the organization’s current way of understanding gender in order to build towards frame-breaking transformative change.

Findings

The authors show how the bifocal is able to overcome some of the main difficulties of earlier transformative approaches, maintaining organizational access, partnership building, sustaining a gender focus and ultimately sustaining the change effort itself. The bifocal approach seeks structural change, however, the change effort rests with individuals. The development of individuals, as conceived within the bifocal approach was designed to create a “small wins” ripple effect, linking individual (agency) and organizational change (structure).

Practical implications

The bifocal approach offers a comprehensive re-modelling of traditional interventions for other scholars and practitioners to build on. Organizational interventions previously categorized as “fixing women” could be re-examined for their capacity to provide the foundation for transformative change.

Originality/value

The contribution of this paper lies in proposing and examining the bifocal approach as a feminist intervention strategy that overcomes the dualism between the existing frames of organizations and the transformative frame of scholars, in order to move practice and theory forward.
Workplace inclusion of persons with a disability
Authors: Kulkarni Mukta , Boehm Stephan Alexander , Basu Soumyak
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to integrate research on human resource systems with work on disability management practices to outline how multinationals across India and Germany are engaged in efforts to increase workplace inclusion of persons with a disability.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi-structured interviews with respondents from multinational corporations in India and Germany were conducted, transcribed, and analyzed.

Findings

Employers followed three guiding principles (i.e. beliefs): importance of harnessing diversity, encouraging multi-stakeholder engagement internally, and engaging with the external ecosystem to build internal human resource capabilities. Respondents further noted two interdependent and mutually constitutive programs that covered the life cycle of the employee: job flexibility provisions and integration programs. Country-specific differences existed in terms of perceived external stakeholder support and availability of talent.

Research limitations/implications

The results complement prior research with respect to the importance of organizational factors for the inclusion of persons with a disability and also extend prior research by shedding light on the role of the national context in such inclusion endeavors.

Practical implications

Findings indicate that disability-inclusion principles may be universal, but their operationalization is region specific. Global organizations must be aware of these differences to design effective inclusion programs.

Social implications

The study helps in designing and evaluating appropriate inclusion initiatives for persons with disabilities, an important yet underutilized group of potential employees in both India and Germany.

Originality/value

This is the first study to investigate country-specific commonalities and differences in fostering workplace inclusion of persons with disabilities in India and Germany.
From legalism to value-oriented Islamic finance practices
Authors: Bin Hasan Zulkifli
Published: November 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to provide analysis on the state of Islamic finance through critical appraisal on its current form and practices. This paper argues that the current form of Islamic finance practices is due to its legalistic approach and hence requires value-oriented reform. In this regard, Shari’ah governance system can be one of the mechanisms toward such reformation.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses case study research method and comparative studies of other’s works to develop understanding on the extent of Islamic finance practices. The study utilizes descriptive, comparative and critical analysis approaches in extracting and analyzing the information.

Findings

The literature has indicated the growing frustration of scholars and proponents of Islamic economics on the failure of Islamic finance in addressing the real economic and ethical issues beyond the legal realm of Shari’ah compliance. Legalism leads to a narrow understanding and ignores certain dimensions of Islamic finance practices. Considering all factors and through critical observation, this paper argues that the current form of Islamic finance practices is due to its legalistic approach and hence requires value-oriented reform. At this juncture, the paper suggests that Shari’ah governance system can be one of the mechanisms toward such reformation.

Originality/value

This paper provides valuable discussion and fresh and recent information on Islamic finance practices, including Shari’ah governance practices of Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) through case studies. The study shares experience of Malaysia in developing its Islamic finance framework and practices from legalistic toward value-oriented approach.
Natural convection and entropy generation in a three dimensional volumetrically heated and partially divided cavity
Authors: Kolsi Lioua , Abu-Hamdeh Nidal , Öztop Hakan F. , Alghamdi Abdulaziz , Mohamad Naceur Borjini , Ben Assia Habib
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a solution for natural convection in a cavity with a partial heater in case of volumetric heating and analysis of the entropy generation.

Design/methodology/approach

The control volume method based on three-dimensional (3D) vorticity-potential vector was applied to solve governing equations of natural convection in a 3D cavity with a fin for different governing parameters as external Rayleigh numbers (103=RaE=106), internal Rayleigh numbers 103=RaI=106, partition height (0.25=h=0.75) and partition location (0.25=c=0.75). A code was written by using Fortran platform.

Findings

The edge of the fin becomes important on entropy generation. The ratio of the RaI/RaE plays the important role on natural convection and entropy generation. The variation of external Rayleigh number becomes insignificant for the RaI/RaE>1.

Originality/value

The originality of this work is to analyze the entropy generation and natural convection in a cubical cavity with volumetrically heating.
An introduction to an ancient Chinese algorithm and its modification
Authors: He Chun-Hui
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Every student knows Newton’s iteration method from a textbook, which is widely used in numerical simulation, what few may know is that its ancient Chinese partner, Ying Buzu Shu, in about second century BC has much advantages over Newton’s method. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the ancient Chinese algorithm and its modifications for numerical simulation.

Design/methodology/approach

An example is given to show that the ancient Chinese algorithm is insensitive to initial guess, while a fast convergence rate is predicted.

Findings

Two new algorithms, which are suitable for numerical simulation, are introduced by absorbing the advantages of the Newton iteration method and the ancient Chinese algorithm.

Research limitations/implications

This paper focuses on a single algebraic equation; however, it is easy to extend the theory to algebraic systems.

Practical implications

The Newton iteration method can be updated in numerical simulation.

Originality/value

The ancient Chinese algorithm is elucidated to have modern applications in various numerical methods.
An evaluation of human capital theory and female entrepreneurship in sub-Sahara Africa
Authors: Adom Kwame , Asare-Yeboa Irene Tiwaa
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The study aims to evaluate critically how the elements of human capital theory such as level of education, area of education, training and prior work experience influence female entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa, with focus on Ghana. Though it is very critical that the elements of human capital are known and assessed, there is currently very little known about the elements of human capital as pertains to female entrepreneurship in Ghana. This situation has called for a study such as this one.

Design/methodology/approach

A phenomenological paradigm was adopted for the study. This includes in-depth interview, documentation and observation. Unlike narrative research that reports on lived experiences of an individual, phenomenological study focuses on describing the lived experiences of several individuals. It is mainly a descriptive account of shared experiences of those individuals located near universal lived experience(s).

Findings

Reporting data from a 2014 qualitative in-depth interview of 25 women entrepreneurs in Accra who work in service delivery, manufacturing and trading, it was revealed that level of education, business training and knowledge gained during the course of their work were crucial factors for their success. As a consequence, this study calls for effective policies that will encourage education and training of women entrepreneurs, especially those with low levels of education, on a sustainable basis.

Research limitations/implications

The study focused on some of the elements of human capital and women’s entrepreneurship in Ghana. However, there exist other issues that are critical to the development of female entrepreneurship in the sub-Saharan region that can be explored to provide more insight on this subject or different context.

Practical implications

The human capital dimensions which were evaluated for this study included level of education, area of education, business training and experience gained from prior employment. The outcome is that these elements are crucial for the success of women entrepreneurs in Ghana, but there is the need for wider research in other global regions on women entrepreneurs and human capital factors and whether similar variations prevail.

Originality/value

Evidence from the literature reveals that little is known until now to evaluate the elements of the human capital of female entrepreneurs in Ghana, and this study seeks to bridge this gap. Results are examined comparing what is pertaining in other international communities, thus avoiding a merely national viewpoint.
Tribological behaviour of calcium grease containing carbon nanotubes additives
Authors: Kamel Bahaa M. , Mohamed Alaa , El Sherbiny M. , Abed K.A.
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to fabricate composite nanogrease for tribological applications. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with a size 10 nm average diameter and 5 μm in length were used as additives to calcium grease.

Design/methodology/approach

The tribological four-ball machine was used to evaluate calcium grease with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as an additive. The interaction between CNT and calcium grease (nanogrease) were studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.

Findings

MWCNTs composite nanogrease was manufactured for tribological applications. The effectiveness of the fabricated grease in improving the tribological performance at different concentrations and under different loads was tested. The results are summarized as follows. CNT nanoparticle additive dispersed in calcium grease significantly improve its anti-wear performance, reducing friction, increasing load-carrying capacity and extreme pressure (EP) property. The friction is reduced by about 50 per cent, the wear scar diameter (WSD) decreased to 32 per cent and the EP properties increases about 38 per cent, with only 3 wt.%. The modified grease with CNTs additives of 3 wt.% showed the most favorable results. Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis shows that C was present on the worn scar surface, with atomic concentration of about 22 per cent. The presence of C suggests that a lubricating film is likely formed because of the presence of CNTs and very likely prevented the steel-to-steel direct contact.

Originality/value

The results indicated that a 3 wt.% of MWCNT nanogrease is an excellent antiwear, with EP and low friction coefficient. It was also found that the friction coefficient was reduced to about 50 per cent, the WSD decreased by about 32 per cent and the EP properties increased about 38 per cent. The mating surfaces were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and EDX. The results show that a boundary film mainly composed of CNTs, Cr and Fe was formed on the rubbed surfaces.
Synthesis of nanostructured flower-like MoS2 and its friction properties as additive in lubricating oils
Authors: Tontini Gustavo , Semione Guilherme Dalla Lana , Bernardi Cristian , Binder Roberto , de Mello José Daniel Biasoli , Drago Valderes
Published: November 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to synthesize nanostructured flower-like molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) particles and evaluate their suitability to act as additives for lubricants.

Design/methodology/approach

A hydrothermal method without any surfactant successfully produced 250 nm mean diameter Nanostructured flower-like MoS2 particles. The resulting product was then solvothermally treated with absolute ethanol producing lipophilic powder particles which after being dispersed in two different lubricants were tribologicaly characterized by using a pin-on-disk tribometer geometry with reciprocal movement under immersion.

Findings

The influence on the stability and the coefficient of friction of the nano-oils is shown to be strongly dependent on their molecular structure. After 1 h of tribological testing, a ramified polyolester oil with 1 Wt.% of MoS2 nanoflowers did not show decrease in its average coefficient of friction, while an additive naphthenic oil with the same concentration of nanoparticles showed a decrease of 86 per cent.

Originality/value

In this paper, nanostructured flower-like MoS2 synthesized by the hydrothermal method was dispersed in lubricating oils to study its stability and tribological properties. To ensure good stability of the nano-oils, the particles were solvothermally treated with absolute ethanol to dehydrate and lipophilize them. A ramified polyolester-based nano-oil with 1 Wt.% of MoS2 nanoflowers showed no decrease in its steady state coefficient of friction, while a naphthenic-based nano-oil with the same concentration of nanoparticles presented a remarkable 86 per cent reduction.
Practical electromagnetic compatibility studies of a CubeSat
Authors: Sibanda Matthew , van Zyl Robert Ryk
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Incorporating electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in the design life of traditional satellites is entrenched in the satellite industry. However, EMC treatment of CubeSats has not been widely pursued, for various possible reasons. CubeSats are a young technology platform initially intended for students and researchers at universities to create awareness and excitement amongst them for space technology. This and other factors limited the need for stringent EMC planning. As CubeSats mature in complexity, the success of future missions will rely on incorporating proper EMC designs in their development. This paper aims to address the experimental investigation of known EMC culprits within a CubeSat’s context.

Design/methodology/approach

Electromagnetic interference suppression effectiveness of cable trays in CubeSats, as well as crosstalk in high-speed/frequency data links, is investigated, using the PC/104 connector stack. Some recommendations for improving the EMC and, therefore, enhancing satellite mission success are provided.

Findings

It was found that, if physically feasible in the CubeSat, cable trays are significant radiation suppressors. A further investigation into crosstalk between pins of the PC/104 connector stack showed that grounding a pin in between two signal pins leads to a significant reduction in the coupled signal.

Originality/value

This paper addresses EMC within the context of a CubeSat and outlines experiments done resulting in cost-effective methods of reducing interference by using already available material (such as unused signal pins available in the PC/104 connector).
Design of a heat pump water heater performance monitoring system
Authors: Tangwe Stephen Loh , Simon Michael , Meyer Edson L.
Published: November 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to show that by using air source heat pump (ASHP) water heater in the residential sector, the energy consumption from sanitary hot water production can be reduced by more than 50 per cent. Hence, this study quantitatively and qualitatively confirms that domestic ASHP water heater is a renewable and energy efficient device for sanitary hot water production.

Design/methodology/approach

Design and building of a data acquisition system comprises a data logger, power meters, flow meters, temperature sensors, ambient and relative humidity sensor and an electronic input pulse adapter to monitor the ASHP water heater performance. All the sensors are accommodated by the U30-NRC data logger. The temperature sensors are installed on the inlet pipe containing a flow meter and the outlet pipe of the ASHP unit, the vicinity of both evaporator and expel cold air. An additional temperature sensor and a flow meter that cater for hot water drawn off measurements are incorporated into the data acquisition system (DAS).

Findings

The result from a specific monitoring split type ASHP water heater gives an average daily coefficient of performance (COP) of 2.36 and the total electrical energy of 4.15 kWh, and volume of hot water drawn off was 273 L. These results were influenced by ambient temperature and relative humidity.

Research limitations/implications

The cost involved in purchasing the entire sensors and data logger limits the number and categories of ASHP water heaters whose performance were going to be monitored. Pressure sensors were excluded in the data acquisition system.

Practical implications

The data acquisition system can easily be designed and the logger can also be easily programed. Hence, no high technical or computer skills are needed to install the DAS and to be able to read out the results.

Social implications

Hence, the data acquisition system can be installed on the entire domestic Eskom roll out air source heat pump water heaters to effectively determine the coefficient of performance and demand reductions.

Originality/value

This DAS is the first of its kind to be built in South Africa to be used to determine the performance of an ASHP water heater with high accuracy and precision. DAS is also robust.
Respect in the workplace: an evaluation of a short online intervention program
Authors: Lee Smith Shauna , Kelloway E. Kevin
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of a short, online training program focused on respect in the workplace.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a wait-list control design the authors collected measures of workplace behaviors prior to, immediately following and six weeks following the training from a sample of long-term care employees.

Findings

The training was associated with a small increase in reported civility. Post hoc subsample analyses suggested that the training was particularly effective in increasing civility and efficacy perceptions among those respondents who had themselves reported engaging in incivility.

Practical implications

The data offer support for the effectiveness of the training but suggest that more intensive interventions may be necessary. Results also suggest that the effects of training may vary across subgroups of employees.

Originality/value

Training is one of the most frequently advocated solutions to incivility in the workplace. The findings offer support for a short, online training program.
Development and implementation of a multifaceted well-being intervention
Authors: Mills Maura J. , Fullagar Clive J. , Culbertson Satoris S.
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop and implement an intervention to increase individuals’ hedonic well-being (HWB) and/or eudaimonic well-being (EWB) via cognitive reframing and action-based behaviors.

Design/methodology/approach

Time 1 and Time 2 data were collected two weeks apart from 76 participants (comprised of city employees, extension agents, and students) in an intervention group (23) and a characteristically similar control group (53). The intervention included an in-person facilitated meeting with a series of follow-up e-mails designed to focus participants on well-being improvement strategies and provide them resources for continued well-being development.

Findings

Intervention participants evidenced a significant increase in EWB after two weeks, particularly the personal growth dimension. No significant increase resulted for HWB.

Research limitations/implications

The present intervention indicates the importance of targeting well-being at a facet level, including a focus on multidimensional EWB. The intervention also serves to guide the informed development of future well-being programs.

Practical implications

These findings have important implications for organizations in light of increased employee desire for personal and professional growth opportunities supported by their employer. Group interventions such as the one reported herein are an important way for organizations to develop and invest in employees.

Originality/value

This paper traces the development of prior well-being interventions, evaluating their successes and failures and using those to guide the informed development of the present intervention. By utilizing both in-person and follow-up components, and incorporating both hedonic and multidimensional eudaimonic components, the proposed intervention serves as an important step toward a feasible organizational intervention that can benefit many.
Assessment committees: good practices from ARL libraries
Authors: Brannen Michelle H. , Cunningham Sojourna J. , Mays Regina
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Assessment activities in academic libraries continue to grow as libraries explore assessment endeavors. Ranging from basic stats gathering and reporting to surveys, focus groups, and usability studies and beyond. Many practitioners are finding it necessary to create new processes and programs, with little guidance. The purpose of this paper is to paint a broad picture of assessment activities in Association of Research Libraries (ARL) university libraries with the goal of creating a resource for libraries developing or improving their assessment programs.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey was developed that asked questions about assessment personnel, activities, mission, and website. A total of 113 surveys were sent to academic library members of ARL. Survey results were analyzed to compile a list of recommended good practices for assessment and working with assessment committees in academic libraries.

Findings

The investigators had a response rate of 43 percent. The open-ended nature of the survey questions allowed for the respondents to specifically narrow down the problems and opportunities inherent in library assessment committees.

Originality/value

This study takes the temperature of the current state of assessment programs in ARL libraries, demonstrating the growth of assessment programs. It begins to document the practices of these libraries, particularly in regards to the sometimes informal and hard to track use of committees and other in-house collaborations, as a first step toward developing best practices for the field. The results illuminate productive areas for further study, including investigating how to measure a culture of assessment and maximizing impact of assessment information presented on assessment websites.
Shaping solutions from learnings in PAIs: a blueprint
Authors: Dosanjh Nawtej , Jha Pushkar P.
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The paper outlines a portal that facilitates learning through sharing of experiences. This flow is between experience sharers and solution seekers in the domain of poverty alleviation interventions (PAIs). Practitioners working on PAIs are often confined to searching from within “lessons learned” repositories and also from within limited disparate networks configured by aid agencies and consultancies. They do not, as of yet, have access to a comprehensive portal that explores the pool of knowledge carriers and also evaluates their efficacy in contributing to customised solutions.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper critiques the sufficiency of existing processes for feedback generation and its use in PAIs. In relating to varying contexts of PAIs and experiences that exist from practice, it presents a template of an internet enabled interface to support experience sharing. The authors then illustrate how the portal can deliver to specific issues and problems in different PAI contexts.

Findings

The SOLVER portal and its process map aim to create an interfacing environment between sharers and seekers for shaping customized solutions from past experiences.

Originality/value

Improving the performance of PAIs is crucial for societal goals of equitable living and access to opportunity spaces. PAI practitioners are aware of the wealth of past experiences but then struggle to find a coherent and approachable portal that can churn these in response to their specific and contextual needs.
Plant–phytopathogen interactions: bacterial responses to environmental and plant stimuli
Authors: Leonard Simon , Hommais Florence , Nasser William , Reverchon Sylvie
Published: November 2016

Plant pathogenic bacteria attack numerous agricultural crops, causing devastating effects on plant productivity and yield. They survive in diverse environments, both in plants, as pathogens, and also outside their hosts as saprophytes. Hence, they are confronted with numerous changing environmental parameters. During infection, plant pathogens have to deal with stressful conditions, such as acidic, oxidative and osmotic stresses; anaerobiosis; plant defenses; and contact with antimicrobial compounds. These adverse conditions can reduce bacterial survival and compromise disease initiation and propagation. Successful bacterial plant pathogens must detect potential hosts and also coordinate their possibly conflicting programs for survival and virulence. Consequently, these bacteria have a strong and finely tuned capacity for sensing and responding to environmental and plant stimuli. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the signals and genetic circuits that affect survival and virulence factor expression in three important and well‐studied plant pathogenic bacteria with wide host ranges and the capacity for long‐term environmental survival. These are: Ralstonia solanacerarum, a vascular pathogen that causes wilt disease; Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a biotrophic tumorigenic pathogen responsible for crown gall disease and Dickeya, a brute force apoplastic pathogen responsible for soft‐rot disease.
Enclisis/Proclisis Alternations in Romance: Allomorphies and (Re)Ordering
Authors: Manzini M. Rita , Savoia Leonardo M.
Published: November 2016

Romance clitic pronouns appear to the left of the verb in I and to the right of the verb in C. This alternation correlates with: (a) allomorphy, specificallyl‐vs. zero; (b) stress shifts; and (c) reordering of the clitic string. The alternations in (a)–(c) are also observed between non‐negative and negative contexts. The key points of our analysis are: (i) thel‐ segment is associated with definite content; (ii) interpretively, pronouns scope out of modal/non‐veridical operators; (iii) syntactically, the exponent for modality/non‐veridicality may have the pronoun in its domain; (iv) externalization of thel‐segment is found when semantic scope (ii) and syntactic configuration (iii) are mismatched. Therefore allomorphies (including stress), far from being morphophonological quirks, contribute to the externalization of syntactico‐semantic notions of non‐veridicality. In dealing with clitic (re)ordering we propose a model based on the dissociation between Merge and linear order. Phrasal constituents are ordered to the right of the verb in Romance; clitics mirror them in that they are ordered to the left, while keeping the Merge relations constant.
The Role of Non‐Use Values in Dairy Farmers’ Willingness to Accept a Farm Animal Welfare Programme
Authors: Schreiner Julia A. , Hess Sebastian
Published: November 2016

Choice experiments about a hypothetical farm animal welfare (FAW) programme were presented to a sample of randomly selected German dairy farmers. Based on the theory of social interactions, it was hypothesised that the probability of participating in the programme would increase with (i) the ease of implementing programme attributes on the farm, (ii) perceived use values such as increased milk yield, and (iii) stated levels of non‐use existence values derived from improved animal welfare conditions and extrinsically motivated non‐use values from enhanced prestige among relevant peer groups. It was found that non‐use existence values were negatively related to programme acceptance because relatively high personal standards may not be in line with the programme design and may make the programme seem unnecessary. In addition, the intention of enhancing public acceptance of dairy farming appeared to have an influence on some farmers’ willingness to accept the programme, which can be explained by the relevance of social interactions among peers in the context of farmers’ provision of FAW.
Under Our Nose: The Use of GIS Technology and Case Notes to Focus Search Efforts
Authors: Bunch Ann W. , Kim Moonsun , Brunelli Ronald
Published: November 2016

Missing person searches can entail much time, effort, and resources. With scientific data and techniques increasingly available to law enforcement and investigations units, can these tools be used to predict likely areas where persons or remains may be discovered, especially in cases where little to no information about the disappearance is available? A retrospective study of seventy‐three (73) cases was conducted in Onondaga County, New York, U.S.A., in order to explore this question. Quantitative (geospatial) and qualitative (investigator notes) data were utilized to determine whether patterns exist that may assist in investigations of recent and “cold” missing person cases. Results showed a majority of cases with relative proximity (<5 miles) between victim last seen (VLS) and body recovered (BR) locations. Furthermore, investigators’ notes demonstrated repeated descriptors reflecting natural or cultural features associated with hidden, clandestine provenance (e.g., near bodies of water, wooded areas). With future external validation of this study, consistent priority areas may be identified as foci of searches; these priority areas ideally should be thoroughly checked/cleared before the search zone is expanded.
Comparing Methods to Assess Intraobserver Measurement Error of 3D Craniofacial Landmarks Using Geometric Morphometrics Through a Digitizer Arm
Authors: Menéndez Lumila Paula
Published: November 2016

Intraobserver error (INTRA‐OE) is the difference between repeated measurements of the same variable made by the same observer. The objective of this work was to evaluate INTRA‐OE from 3D landmarks registered with a Microscribe, in different datasets: (A) the 3D coordinates, (B) linear measurements calculated from A, and (C) the six‐first principal component axes. INTRA‐OE was analyzed by digitizing 42 landmarks from 23 skulls in three events two weeks apart from each other. Systematic error was tested through repeated measures ANOVA (ANOVA‐RM), while random error through intraclass correlation coefficient. Results showed that the largest differences between the three observations were found in the first dataset. Some anatomical points like nasion, ectoconchion, temporosphenoparietal, asterion, and temporomandibular presented the highest INTRA‐OE. In the second dataset, local distances had higher INTRA‐OE than global distances while the third dataset showed the lowest INTRA‐OE.
Geo‐spatial analyses in education research: the critical challenge and methodological possibilities
Authors: Lubienski Christopher , Lee Jin
Published: November 2016

The usefulness of spatial perspectives in education research is well known, particularly in fields such as school choice that are operationalised in multiple institutional, demographic, and local geographies. But the modes of spatial inquiry, even as they can potentially lend themselves to integrated research strategies, tend to be fragmented and isolated, failing to take into account multiple dimensions of contextual factors. Our purpose is to provide critical deliberations on geo‐spatial methods in school choice research and suggest an integrative approach to enhance research on school choice from a geographic perspective. This paper first demonstrates the linkage of spatial approaches to school choice, and then surveys geo‐spatial research as typically leveraged on this issue. We argue that there are inherent limitations to the typical conceptions of space in geo‐spatial analyses and discuss two of the major challenges to these conceptions as provided by critical theorists and geographers. But we also point out that these challenges suggest alternatives that themselves have serious shortcomings. The concluding discussion sets out some of the possibilities of a more integrated approach to spatial inquiry in education research, and school choice more specifically.
AGE, GENDER, AND THE CRIME OF CRIMES: TOWARD A LIFE‐COURSE THEORY OF GENOCIDE PARTICIPATION*
Authors: NYSETH BREHM HOLLIE , UGGEN CHRISTOPHER , GASANABO JEAN‐DAMASCÈNE
Published: November 2016

This article asks whether genocide follows the age and gender distributions common to other crime. We develop and test a life‐course model of genocide participation to address this question using a new dataset of 1,068,192 cases tried in Rwanda's gacaca courts. Three types of prosecutions are considered: 1) inciting, organizing, or supervising violence; 2) killings and other physical assaults; and 3) offenses against property. By relying on systematic graphic comparisons, we find that the peak age of those tried in the gacaca courts was 34 years at the time of the genocide, which is older than the peak age for most other types of crime. We likewise find that women were more likely to participate in crimes against property and comparatively unlikely to commit genocidal murder. Symbolic–interactionist explanations of crime suggest people desist from crime as a result of shared understandings of the expectations of adulthood. We argue that this process may be turned on its head during genocide as participants may believe they are defending their communities against a perceived threat. Thus, in contrast to other criminological theories suggesting that people must desist from crime to be accorded adult status, some adults may participate in genocide to fulfill their duties as adult men.
Owning the tooth: exploring the ethical and legal issues relating to the use of extracted human teeth in dental education in Australia
Authors: Holden ACL , Dracopoulos SA
Published: November 2016

Extracted human teeth have been used to practice operative techniques for a very long time. As a natural surrogate for a live tooth in vivo, their use has traditionally been very important for the development of skills in trainee dentists, as well as their qualified colleagues who wish to practise existing or new skills. As synthetic alternatives develop greater authenticity, alongside a society in which many retain their natural dentition well into old age, the current paradigm relating to how extracted teeth in dental education are used needs to be revisited. An ethical and legal dilemma that must be addressed within dental education relates to where and how teeth may be sourced. This article will seek to question whether there is a legal or ethical requirement to gain consent for the use of extracted teeth from patients, as well as exploring the status of whether extracted dental tissue can be considered to be the property of either patient or surgeon. Whilst synthetic alternatives are being utilized more frequently in education, it is unlikely that they will completely replace extracted natural teeth in the immediate future. It is therefore imperative that their use complies with legal doctrine and contemporary ethical thought.
Antenatal ultrasound features in fetuses with gastroschisis and its prediction in neonatal outcome
Authors: Robertson Jessica A. , Kimble Roy M. , Stockton Kellie , Sekar Renuka
Published: November 2016

Background

Gastroschisis is the most common major congenital anomaly managed by paediatric surgeons. The significance of certain associated antenatal ultrasound features in determining fetal outcome is under discussion.

Aim

The study aims to define if associated antenatal ultrasound features of gastroschisis are useful prognostic markers for fetal outcome. By establishing the significance of features, including extra‐ and intra‐abdominal bowel dilatation, stomach herniation, stomach dilatation, bowel matting, growth restriction, abnormal umbilical artery (UA) Doppler ultrasounds, and abnormal amniotic fluid volume, it is hoped clinicians will have enhanced ability to counsel parents about the likely outcomes for their infant.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective analysis of ultrasound images, reports and medical records of 101 pregnancies affected by fetal gastroschisis managed by the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department over a 13 and a half year period was performed. The presence of ultrasound features during antenatal surveillance corresponded to fetal outcome measures, including the diagnosis of postnatal complex gastroschisis, the number of operations required, length of parenteral feeding and length of stay in neonatal intensive care.

Results

The only statistically significant predictor of complex cases of gastroschisis was extra‐abdominal bowel dilatation. Although a statistically significant feature, approximately three‐quarters (44/59) of all infants with gastroschisis with associated extra‐abdominal bowel dilatation had simple gastroschisis.

Conclusions

Extra‐abdominal bowel dilatation is a statistically significant marker of complex gastroschisis and associated morbidity. Its presence in infants who had uncomplicated outcomes, suggests that clinically, its usefulness in antenatal counselling is still debatable.
Risk factors for recurrence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Ebbing Cathrine , Rasmussen Svein , Skjærven Rolv , Irgens Lorentz M.
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) tend to recur from one pregnancy to the next. The aims of the study were to assess the recurrence risk according to type of HDP defined by gestational age at birth and to examine whether recurrence is associated with the following additional risk factors for HDP: maternal age, smoking, inter‐delivery interval, diabetes, body mass index, and fetal growth restriction, and to assess temporal trends in these associations.

Material and methods

All women with two singleton births in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway 1967–2012 (n = 742 980) were included in this population‐based cohort study. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios for the risk of recurrent HDP according to type of HDP.

Results

The highest odds ratio of recurrence was observed for the same type of HDP based on gestational age at delivery. After gestational hypertension and term preeclampsia, the risk for the same type to recur increased 10‐fold, whereas after late and early preterm preeclampsia, the risk increased 27‐ and 97‐fold, respectively. The recurrence of early preterm preeclampsia was less influenced by additional risk factors compared with term HDP. Recurrence of early preterm HDP was significantly lower from 1993 onwards.

Conclusions

Recurrent HDP tended to be of the same type as the previous HDP. Risk of recurrence associated with additional risk factors was observed particularly after term. The odds ratio of recurrence of early preterm HDP was significantly lower from 1993 onwards.
Placental growth factor and its potential role in diabetic retinopathy and other ocular neovascular diseases
Authors: Nguyen Quan Dong , De Falco Sandro , Behar‐Cohen Francine , Lam Wai‐Ching , Li Xuri , Reichhart Nadine , Ricci Federico , Pluim Jennifer , Li William W.
Published: November 2016

The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), including in retinal vascular diseases, has been well studied, and pharmacological blockade of VEGF is the gold standard of treatment for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion and diabetic macular oedema. Placental growth factor (PGF, previously known as PlGF), a homologue of VEGF, is a multifunctional peptide associated with angiogenesis‐dependent pathologies in the eye and non‐ocular conditions. Animal studies using genetic modification and pharmacological treatment have demonstrated a mechanistic role for PGF in pathological angiogenesis. Inhibition decreases neovascularization and microvascular abnormalities across different models, including oxygen‐induced retinopathy, laser‐induced choroidal neovascularization and in diabetic mice exhibiting retinopathies. High levels of PGF have been found in the vitreous of patients with diabetic retinopathy. Despite these strong animal data, the exact role of PGF in pathological angiogenesis in retinal vascular diseases remains to be defined, and the benefits of PGF‐specific inhibition in humans with retinal neovascular diseases and macular oedema remain controversial. Comparative effectiveness research studies in patients with diabetic retinal disease have shown that treatment that inhibits both VEGF and PGF may provide superior outcomes in certain patients compared with treatment that inhibits only VEGF. This review summarizes current knowledge of PGF, including its relationship to VEGF and its role in pathological angiogenesis in retinal diseases, and identifies some key unanswered questions about PGF that can serve as a pathway for future basic, translational and clinical research.
TAYLOR RULE REACTION COEFFICIENTS AND REAL EXCHANGE RATE PERSISTENCE
Authors: Kempa Bernd
Published: November 2016

Recent literature has established a link between the persistence of real exchange rates and the degree of inertia in Taylor rule monetary policy reactions functions. This paper provides a different view on this link by investigating how the size of Taylor rule reaction coefficients impacts the adjustment dynamics of the real exchange rate. Within a stylized sticky‐price open‐economy macro model, it is demonstrated that a stronger interest rate reaction to inflation in the Taylor rule raises the convergence speed of the real exchange rate. Conversely, raising the coefficient on the output gap or attending to the exchange rate in an open‐economy version of the Taylor rule slows down real exchange rate adjustment. In all cases, more rapid convergence comes at the cost of stronger initial real exchange rate misalignments in the wake of monetary policy shocks.