bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrospinning of nanofibers: Potentials and perspectives for active food packaging
Authors: Zhang Cen , Li Yang , Wang Peng , Zhang Hui
Published: February 2020

Electrospun nanofibers with structural and functional advantages have drawn much attention due to their potential applications for active food packaging. The traditional role of food packaging is just storage containers for food products. The changes of retailing practice and consumer demand promote the development of active packaging to improve the safety, quality, and shelf life of the packaged foods. To develop the technique of electrospinning for active food packaging, electrospun nanofibers have been covalently or non‐covalently functionalized for loading diverse bioactive compounds including antimicrobial agents, antioxidant agents, oxygen scavengers, carbon dioxide emitters, and ethylene scavengers. The aim of this review is to present a concise but comprehensive summary on the progress of electrospinning techniques for active food packaging. Emphasis is placed on the tunability of the electrospinning technique, which achieves the modification of fiber composition, orientation, and architecture. Efforts are also made to provide functionalized strategies of electrospun polymeric nanofibers for food packaging application. Furthermore, the existing limitations and prospects for developing electrospinning in food packaging area are discussed.
Protecting what is left after colonisation: embedding climate adaptation planning in traditional owner narratives
Authors: Lyons Ilisapeci , Hill Rosemary , Deshong Samarla , Mooney Gary , Turpin Gerry
Published: February 2020

Key insights

In this case study, Traditional Owners in the Great Barrier Reef identified that protecting what is left of Indigenous material culture and socio‐cultural relationships provides the best approach to climate adaptation planning. Protecting what is left supports decolonising and strengthens Indigenous customary practices and governance, thereby supporting their strategies for cultural renewal and survival.
A Seismic Hazard Map Based on Geology and Shear‐wave Velocity in Rawalpindi–Islamabad, Pakistan
Authors: KHAN Sarfraz , WASEEM Muhammad , KHAN M. Asif
Published: February 2020

The ‘twin cities’ district of Rawalpindi–Islamabad is among the most endangered seismic regions in Pakistan, with the seismic hazard assessed (0.32 g) to intensity IX MMI for a 475‐year return period. A seismic hazard map for Rawalpindi–Islamabad is presented herein, based on 85 shear‐wave velocity (VS) profiles obtained through geophysical H/V measurements and from the geological map of the region. Relationships between the average top thirty‐meter shear‐wave velocities (VS30) and surficial geological units have been determined. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) maps for 150, 475 and 2475‐year return periods were converted into a seismic intensity map. Intensity increments for different soils were used to compute PGA values for 150, 475 and 2475‐year return periods. Sites located on softer ground experienced a higher degree of damage from moderate earthquakes. Due to the presence of soft clay or liquefiable soil and lateral spreading, a few locations may be classified as hybrid sites class C and D. This map is a critical step in facilitating code‐based site classification and seismic design throughout Rawalpindi–Islamabad. Although the seismic hazard map based on seismic intensities is no longer used in engineering geology, it is still important in seismological analysis and for civil protection purposes.
Geochemical Characteristics of Early Permian Pyroclastic Rocks in the Jimunai Basin, West Junggar, Xinjiang (NW China): Implications for Provenance and Tectonic Setting
Authors: SHANGGUAN Yunfei , ZHUANG Xinguo , LI Baoqing , LI Jing , QUEROL Xavier , LIU Shunbin
Published: February 2020

During the Late Paleozoic, West Junggar (Xinjiang, NW China) experienced a shift in tectonic setting from compression to extension. Ha'erjiao is an important area for investigating collisional structures, post–collisional structures, and magmatic activities. Based on the petrological and geochemical characteristics of pyroclastic and other volcanic rocks in the Permian Kalagang Formation from the borehole ZKH1205 in the Jimunai Basin, the main types of source rock for the pyroclastic rocks deposited in the basin are identified and their implications for the Early Permian tectonic setting examined. The abundance of basalt and andesite lithic fragments in the pyroclastic rocks, together with the REE characteristics and the contents of transition and high field strength elements show that the source rocks were chiefly intermediate–basic volcanic rocks. High ICV values, low CIA values, low Rb/Sr ratios, low Th/U ratios and the mineralogical features suggest weak chemical weathering of the source rocks; the geochemical patterns of the pyroclastic rocks might not only have been impacted by crustal contamination but also might be related to the nature of the magma from the source area. The geochemical properties of the pyroclastic rocks distinguish them from arc‐related ones, and such samples plot in the within‐plate basalt (WPB) field in some diagrams. This is consistent with the formation background of the Early Permian volcanic rocks in this region.
Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications of Middle Ordovician Ocean Island Basalts from the Chagantaolegai Ophiolitic Mélange in Junggar, NW China
Authors: CHEN Jiafu , LI Rongyan , MA Haitao , HAN Baofu , LIU Junlai
Published: February 2020

Seamount accretion is one of the most significant accretionary orogenic processes in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, but there are few paleo‐seamounts reported from and debate on the tectonic evolution of the Junggar Ocean still exists. In this study, we present geochronological, mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic data for basalts from the Chagantaolegai ophiolitic mélanges in Junggar. Zircon U‐Pb dating on one basalt yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 469 ± 7 Ma, which suggests that it formed in the Middle Ordovician. All rock samples belong to alkaline basalt and show similar geochemical characteristics, displaying high TiO2 (∼3 wt%), (La/Yb)N (17.6–19.0), ΣREE (232–289 ppm) and enrichment in Nb and Ta, which implies an ocean island basalt (OIB) affinity. Based upon positive εNd(t) (+4.16 to +4.23), ΔNb (0.20–0.22) and low initial 87Sr/86Sr (0.70425 to 0.70452) and Zr/Nb (3.35–3.57), we suggest that the Chagantaolegai OIB samples were likely derived from a fertile mantle source related to plume. The OIB rock assemblage, chert and marble in the southern part of the Chagantaolegai ophiolitic mélange indicates that a Middle Ordovician seamount was accreted to the Boshchekul‐Chingiz arc due to the northward subduction of the Junggar‐Balkhash Ocean.
Age, sex, race and ethnicity representativeness of randomised controlled trials in peri‐operative medicine
Authors: Lindsay W. A. , Murphy M. M. , Almghairbi D. S. , Moppett I. K.
Published: February 2020

The applicability of the results of any clinical trial will depend to a large extent on whether the study population is representative of the population seen in clinical practice. The growing older surgical population presents challenges for peri‐operative researchers to ensure there is adequate representation of patients in terms of their age, sex, race and ethnicity in clinical trials. A review of purposively sampled published randomised controlled trials was performed to establish the age, sex, race and ethnicity of study participants. These data were compared with national registry data for the relevant surgical populations. We included 224 peri‐operative trials that were cited in 469 retrieved meta‐analyses. Of these, 50 (22.3%) had an upper age limit to recruitment. The median (range [IQR]) difference in study population age from the registry population age was: ‐2.4 (−6.2 to 1.0 [−34.7 to 14.5]) years for all randomised controlled trials; −6.2 (−9.4 to −2.8 [−18.6 to 4.6]) years for randomised controlled trials of patients undergoing hip arthroplasty; and −3.4 (−9.6 to −1.1 [−34.7 to 2.9]) years for randomised controlled trials of patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. In 92 (41.1%) randomised controlled trials, the proportion of each sex in the study population was more than 25% different from the proportion in the registry population. Only 5 (2.2%) trials published data on the race or ethnicity of participants. We conclude that peri‐operative randomised controlled trials are unlikely to be representative of the age and sex of clinically treated surgical populations. Researchers must endeavour to ensure representative study populations are recruited to future clinical trials.
Knowledge of disease and self‐management of adolescents with inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Krauthammer Alex , Harel Tal , Zevit Noam , Shouval Dror S. , Shamir Raanan , Weiss Batia
Published: February 2020

Aim

To describe factors that might affect successful transition in young adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods

Questionnaires regarding the personal disease history, treatment and diseases specific knowledge and patients’ self‐efficacy were completed by teenaged patients with IBD aged 14‐18 years, during routine clinic visits. Patient answers were then compared with information obtained from the medical records and information provided by treating physician.

Results

The study included 80 patients with IBD, 54 (67.5%) with Crohn's disease. Patients demonstrated good knowledge in their personal disease history and current treatment. Knowledge gaps were observed in medication dosages, knowledge of potential side effects and effects of smoking on disease, with only 53/80 (66%), 12/80 (15%) and 6/36 (16.7%) of patients providing correct answers. Only 25/36 (69.4%) of the patients aged 16‐18 had read about their disease. All patients in 16‐18 age group reported needing assistance to schedule a gastroenterologist appointment.

Conclusion

Knowledge and self‐efficacy skills of IBD teenagers are suboptimal regarding medications, smoking and appointment management. Medical providers should work with parents and teenaged patients with IBD to allow them to attain missing information and promote self‐efficacy skills, in order to reinforce readiness towards transition.
Narrative review of interventions suitable for well‐baby clinics to promote infant attachment security and parents’ sensitivity
Authors: Bergström Malin , Gebreslassie Mihretab , Hedqvist Maria , Lindberg Lene , Sarkadi Anna , Hjern Anders
Published: February 2020

Aim

The aim of this narrative review was to evaluate the evidence for interventions for children's secure attachment relationships and parents’ caregiving sensitivity that could potentially be implemented in the context of a well‐baby clinic.

Methods

Literature search on programmes for parental caregiving sensitivity and secure attachment for infants aged 0‐24 months. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published 1995‐2018 with interventions starting from one week postpartum, and with a maximum of 12 sessions (plus potential booster session) were included.

Results

We identified 25 studies, of which 22 studied effects of home‐based programmes using video feedback techniques. Positive effects of these interventions in families at risk were found on parental caregiving sensitivity and to a lesser extent also on children's secure or disorganised attachment. The effects of two of these programmes were supported by several RCTs. Three intervention studies based on group and individual psychotherapy showed no significant positive effects. Most of the interventions targeted mothers only.

Conclusion

The review found some evidence for positive effects of selective interventions with video feedback techniques for children's secure attachment and strong evidence for positive effects on parental caregiving sensitivity. Important knowledge gaps were identified for universal interventions and interventions for fathers and parents with a non‐Western background.
Music work: Traditional Cambodian music and state‐building under the Khmer Rouge
Authors: Rhodes Mark A.
Published: February 2020

Recent scholarship has opened questions as to the everyday actions of the Khmer Rouge and those living under the regime which led to the Cambodian Genocide. Current work examines the critical cultural geographies of the Khmer Rouge: photography, poetry and music, for example. Music specifically has an interesting underpinning, as it was previously understood to be have been eradicated in the genocide as the standard narrative has us believe. This paper instead investigates the pieces of evidence that exist, which explain the use of music by the Khmer Rouge. I explore the geographies of music beyond the lyrics and look at the transformation and use of music in Cambodia and Democratic Kampuchea. What elements of traditional Khmer music were used during the regime? What modifications occurred to the music of Cambodia during the regime, and how did the Khmer Rouge modify existing Cambodian (and other) music to best fit their desired uses (state‐building and genocide)? This paper goes beyond traditional geographies of music, which rely on lyrical analyses, to bring an ethnomusicological perspective to the work of music and its role in shaping the idea of the Democratic Republic of Kampuchea.
Censored quantile regression model with time‐varying covariates under length‐biased sampling
Authors: Cai Zexi , Sit Tony
Published: February 2020

Quantile regression is a flexible and effective tool for modeling survival data and its relationship with important covariates, which often vary over time. Informative right censoring of data from the prevalent cohort within the population often results in length‐biased observations. We propose an estimating equation‐based approach to obtain consistent estimators of the regression coefficients of interest based on length‐biased observations with time‐dependent covariates. In addition, inspired by Zeng and Lin 2008, we also develop a more numerically stable procedure for variance estimation. Large sample properties including consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed estimator are established. Numerical studies presented demonstrate convincing performance of the proposed estimator under various settings. The application of the proposed method is demonstrated using the Oscar dataset.
Fifty years of British Journal of Educational Technology: A topic modeling based bibliometric perspective
Authors: Chen Xieling , Zou Di , Xie Haoran
Published: February 2020

The British Journal of Educational Technology (BJET) has been active in the field of educational technology since 1970. To celebrate its 50th anniversary and to demonstrate a comprehensive overview of the field, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of the 3710 publications in this journal from 1971 to 2018 as indexed in the Web of Science with full bibliographic information. This study aimed to (1) identify the publication and citation trends, (2) explore the distribution of paper types, (3) recognize the most relevant countries/regions, affiliations and authors, and (4) reveal relevant thematic features by analyzing publication abstracts and titles with the use of word cloud analysis and topic modeling analysis. The results highlighted several research hotspots and emerging topics such as Technology‐enhanced classroom pedagogy, Blended learning, Online social communities, Mobile assisted language learning, Game‐based learning and Socialized e‐learning.
The Zn2+ and Ca2+‐binding S100B and S100A1 proteins: beyond the myths
Authors: Baudier Jacques , Deloulme Jean Christophe , Shaw Gary S.
Published: February 2020

The S100 genes encode a conserved group of 21 vertebrate‐specific EF‐hand calcium‐binding proteins. Since their discovery in 1965, S100 proteins have remained enigmatic in terms of their cellular functions. In this review, we summarize the calcium‐ and zinc‐binding properties of the dimeric S100B and S100A1 proteins and highlight data that shed new light on the extracellular and intracellular regulation and functions of S100B. We point out that S100B and S100A1 homodimers are not functionally interchangeable and that in a S100A1/S100B heterodimer, S100A1 acts as a negative regulator for the ability of S100B to bind Zn2+. The Ca2+ and Zn2+‐dependent interactions of S100B with a wide array of proteins form the basis of its activities and have led to the derivation of some initial rules for S100B recognition of protein targets. However, recent findings have strongly suggested that these rules need to be revisited. Here, we describe a new consensus S100B binding motif present in intracellular and extracellular vertebrate‐specific proteins and propose a new model for stable interactions of S100B dimers with full‐length target proteins. A chaperone‐associated function for intracellular S100B in adaptive cellular stress responses is also discussed. This review may help guide future studies on the functions of S100 proteins in general.
Low fuel cost and rising fish price threaten coral reef wilderness
Authors: Januchowski‐Hartley Fraser A. , Vigliola Laurent , Maire Eva , Kulbicki Michel , Mouillot David
Published: February 2020

Wilderness areas offer unparalleled ecosystem conditions. However, growing human populations and consumption are among factors that drive encroachment on these areas. Here, we explore the threat of small‐scale fisheries to wilderness reefs by developing a framework and modeling fluctuations in fishery range with fuel costs and fish prices. We modeled biomass of four fishery groups across the New Caledonian archipelago, and used fish and fuel prices from 2005 to 2020 to estimate the extent of exploited reefs across three fishing scenarios.  From 2012 to 2018, maximum profitable range increased from 15 to over 30 hr from the capital city, expanding to reefs previously uneconomic to fish, including a UNESCO heritage site. By 2020, over half of New Caledonian (∼17% global) wilderness reefs will become profitable to fish. Our results demonstrate that remoteness from humans should not be considered protection for wilderness coral reefs in the context of rising fish prices.
Endothelial function after pancreas transplantation—A single‐center observational study
Authors: Nordheim Espen , Dahle Dag Olav , Halden Thea , Birkeland Kåre I. , Åsberg Anders , Hartmann Anders , Horneland Rune , Jenssen Trond Geir
Published: February 2020

Background

Patients with diabetes mellitus treated with successful pancreas transplantation (PTX) normalize hyperglycemia, but are exposed to immunosuppressive drugs that may impair endothelial function. This study aimed to evaluate endothelial function in single PTX recipients.

Methods

Flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) in the brachial artery was measured by ultrasound 8 weeks after transplantation in single PTX (n = 27) and compared with healthy controls (n = 58), simultaneous pancreas and kidney recipients (n = 9), and kidney transplant recipients with (n = 41) and without (n = 95) diabetes mellitus. Adjustments for age, gender, blood pressure, and body mass index were included in a linear regression model. Changes in FMD from before to 1 year after transplantation were assessed in a subgroup of PTX recipients (n = 9).

Results

Flow‐mediated dilatation% in PTX recipients was not inferior to healthy controls (8.7 ± 3.6 vs 7.7 ± 3.3, P = .06) and simultaneous pancreas and kidney recipients (6.7 ± 4.5, P = .24) in an adjusted model, and superior to kidney recipients with and without diabetes (3.0 ± 3.0 and 4.8 ± 3.3, respectively, both P < .005). FMD% improved significantly from eight weeks to one year after PTX, mean 7.9 ± 4.2% vs 11.8 ± 4.8% (N = 9; P = .03).

Conclusion

Flow‐mediated dilatation is well preserved in patients undergoing pancreas transplantation and is not impaired when immunosuppressive drugs are introduced.
Once‐Daily Oxycodone Prolonged‐Release Tablets Are Resistant to Alcohol‐Induced Dose Dumping: Results From a Randomized Trial in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Burger Nils , Fraser Douglas , Maritz Martina Alice , Faulkner Janice , Rey Helene
Published: February 2020

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of concomitant alcohol intake on the bioavailability of oxycodone from an oxycodone once‐daily (OOD) formulation and an oxycodone twice‐daily (OTD) formulation. A phase I, open‐label, randomized, crossover alcohol interaction study in 20 healthy volunteers under fasting conditions was conducted. Participants received five treatments, OOD with 240 mL of 0%, 20%, or 40% alcohol; and OTD with 240 mL of 0% or 40% alcohol. Pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ between participants taking OOD with water or with 240 mL of 20% alcohol. There was a slight increase in overall oxycodone absorption from OOD with 40% alcohol but no increase in peak absorption. Oxycodone absorption from OTD showed peak and overall increases with 40% alcohol but maintained a prolonged‐release profile. Although it is recommended that alcohol be avoided while taking opioids, there was no evidence of alcohol‐induced dose dumping in these oxycodone formulations.
Superficial sarcomas with CIC rearrangement are aggressive neoplasms: A series of eight cases
Authors: Ko Jennifer S. , Marusic Zlatko , Azzato Elizabeth M. , Farkas Daniel H. , Van Arnam John , Seiwerth Sven , Fritchie Karen , Patel Rajiv M. , Rubin Brian P. , Billings Steven D.
Published: February 2020

CIC rearranged sarcomas have significant overlap with Ewing sarcoma, are aggressive, and typically present in deep soft tissue. They most commonly have a t(4;19)(q35;q13) with CIC‐DUX4 fusion. Superficial presentation is rare. We report eight (6F, 2M; median 45‐years‐old, range 14‐65) superficial CIC‐rearranged sarcomas, involving the extremities (n = 4), vulva (n = 2), and trunk (n = 2). The tumors were composed of nodules/sheets of round cells with necrosis and hemorrhage separated by dense hyaline bands. Tumor cells had vesicular chromatin, prominent nucleoli and frequent mitotic figures. One showed pagetoid spread. Targeted next‐generation sequencing was positive for CIC‐DUX4 fusion (6/6); fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was positive for CIC rearrangement (2/3). Eight of eight had evidence of CIC‐DUX4 fusion/rearrangement by molecular techniques. Immunohistochemistry was positive for CD99+ (8/8) and DUX4+ (4/4). FISH for EWSR1 rearrangement was negative (5/5). Of five patients with at least 6 months follow‐up, three of five died of disease, all within 2 years of presentation. One is alive with disease at 48 months. One is disease free at 3 months. Superficial CIC‐rearranged sarcomas should be considered in cases exhibiting features reminiscent of Ewing sarcoma, but with increased pleomorphism and/or geographic necrosis. In contrast to superficial Ewing sarcomas, superficial CIC‐rearranged sarcomas are aggressive.
Differenzierung von kombinierten Nävi und Melanomen: Fallkontrollstudie mit komparativer Analyse der dermatoskopischen Merkmale
Authors: Schweizer Anissa , Fink Christine , Bertlich Ines , Toberer Ferdinand , Mitteldorf Christina , Stolz Wilhelm , Enk Alexander , Kilian Samuel , Haenssle Holger A.
Published: February 2020

Hintergrund

Kombinierte Nävi (KN) zeigen zwei oder mehr Komponenten bestimmter Nävustypen und stellen klassische Melanomsimulatoren dar. In dieser Studie wurde eine vorab definierte Auswahl dermatoskopischer Merkmale sowie drei diagnostische Algorithmen hinsichtlich der Differenzierung von KN und Melanomen evaluiert.

Patienten und Methodik

Retrospektive, verblindete Fallkontrollstudie mit Vergleich dermatoskopischer Bilder von 36 KN sowie 36 Melanomen. Insgesamt wurden 21 dermatoskopische Merkmale, die Anzahl der Farben sowie drei diagnostische Algorithmen (ABCD‐Regel, Menzies‐Score, 7‐Punkte‐Checkliste) untersucht.

Ergebnisse

5 von 7 typischen Nävus‐Merkmalen wurden signifikant häufiger in KN im Vergleich zu Melanomen gefunden (alle p < 0,05) und zwei Merkmale wurden ausschließlich in KN gefunden. 11 von 14 typischen Melanom‐Merkmalen wurden signifikant häufiger in Melanomen im Vergleich zu KN gefunden (alle p < 0,03) und fünf Merkmale wurden ausschließlich in Melanomen gefunden. Die mittlere (± SD) Anzahl der Farben in KN war niedriger im Vergleich zu den Melanomen (2,1 ± 0,6 vs. 3,4 ± 0,7; p < 0,001). Bei den untersuchten Algorithmen zeigte die ABCD‐Regel der Dermatoskopie die beste diagnostische Leistung (Sensitivität 91,7 %, Spezifität 77,8 %).

Schlussfolgerungen

Die ABCD‐Regel der Dermatoskopie erzielte die beste Differenzierung von KN und Melanomen. Zusätzliches Wissen über KN‐ oder Melanom‐spezifische dermatoskopische Merkmale kann zur sicheren klinischen Diagnose beitragen.
Multiple Chemikaliensensibilität (MCS) – Ein Leitfaden für die Dermatologie zum Umgang mit den Betroffenen
Authors: Harter Katharina , Hammel Gertrud , Fleming Megan , Traidl‐Hoffmann Claudia
Published: February 2020

Multiple Chemikaliensensibilität (MCS) ist eine subjektiv erlebte, erhöhte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Chemikalien aus der Umwelt. Betroffene reagieren mit vielfältigen, unspezifischen Beschwerden. Symptome an Haut und Schleimhäuten werden von Personen mit MCS häufig auf eine Exposition gegenüber Chemikalien zurückgeführt. Auch Dermatologen sollten sich deshalb mit dieser Gesundheitsstörung auseinandersetzen. Multiple Chemikaliensensibilität ist eine Ausschlussdiagnose. Durch Basisdiagnostik, Allergiediagnostik oder Umweltdiagnostik sollen andere mögliche Ursachen für Symptome ausgeschlossen werden. Die Dermatologie sollte in erster Linie Hauterkrankungen und Allergien als mögliche Ursachen für Beschwerden abklären. Interdisziplinäre Betreuung der Betroffenen ist insbesondere bei schweren Verläufen von Relevanz, beispielsweise, wenn Betroffene in Ihrer Alltagsbewältigung eingeschränkt sind. Wichtige Disziplinen sind dabei unter anderen Umweltmedizin, Psychosomatik, Arbeits‐ und Sozialmedizin. Hautbeschwerden werden durch die Dermatologie symptomatisch, zum Beispiel mit Hautbasispflege, behandelt. Evidenzbasierte Therapieempfehlungen zur Behandlung von MCS gibt es bislang nicht. Menschen mit MCS sollen vor überflüssigen Behandlungen und damit vor psychischen, sozialen und finanziellen Belastungen geschützt werden. Für den Umgang mit Betroffenen sind neben fachlichen, naturwissenschaftlichen Kompetenzen vor allem auch kommunikative und psychosoziale Kompetenzen relevant. Psychotherapeutische Weiterbildung für behandelnde Personen ist hilfreich. Unabhängig von den Mechanismen, die zu MCS führen, ist eine aktiv unterstützende Grundhaltung behandelnder Personen, eine gute Arzt‐Patient‐Beziehung sowie interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit bei Diagnostik und Therapie nötig.
Atopische Dermatitis und psychosoziale Komorbidität
Authors: Kage Paula , Simon Jan‐Christoph , Treudler Regina
Published: February 2020

Die atopische Dermatitis (AD) ist eine chronisch‐entzündliche Erkrankung, die mit einer Reihe von Komorbidität assoziiert sein kann, hierzu zählen auch psychosoziale Erkrankungen, zu denen hier eine Übersicht gegeben werden soll. Hierzu erfolgten eine Literaturrecherche in PubMed sowie gezieltes Screening von Übersichtsarbeiten und Leitlinien.

Bei Patienten mit AD wird ein gehäuftes Auftreten von Depression, Angststörung, Schlafstörung und Suizidalität berichtet. Die Erkrankung hat negative Effekte auf die Lebensqualität. Bei Kindern wurde vermehrt das gemeinsame Auftreten der AD mit der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit‐/Hyperaktivitätsstörung nachgewiesen. Weniger gut untersucht ist der Zusammenhang zwischen AD und Erkrankungen wie Schizophrenie, Essstörung und Zwangsstörung. Bezüglich der Komorbidität bei der AD gibt es hohen Forschungsbedarf, gerade auch im Hinblick darauf, ob und wie neuere Therapien diese Komorbidität beeinflussen.
Partial knowledge in the development of number word understanding
Authors: O'Rear Connor D. , McNeil Nicole M. , Kirkland Patrick K.
Published: February 2020

A common measure of number word understanding is the give‐N task. Traditionally, to receive credit for understanding a number, N, children must understand that N does not apply to other set sizes (e.g. a child who gives three when asked for ‘three’ but also when asked for ‘four’ would not be credited with knowing ‘three’). However, it is possible that children who correctly provide the set size directly above their knower level but also provide that number for other number words (‘N + 1 givers’) may be in a partial, transitional knowledge state. In an integrative analysis including 191 preschoolers, subset knowers who correctly gave N + 1 at pretest performed better at posttest than did those who did not correctly give N + 1. This performance was not reflective of ‘full’ knowledge of N + 1, as N + 1 givers performed worse than traditionally coded knowers of that set size on separate measures of number word understanding within a given timepoint. Results support the idea of graded representations (Munakata, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 309–315, 2001.) in number word development and suggest traditional approaches to coding the give‐N task may not completely capture children's knowledge.
Pathways of tundra encroachment by trees and tall shrubs in the western Brooks Range of Alaska
Authors: Terskaia Anna , Dial Roman J. , Sullivan Patrick F.
Published: February 2020

Climate change is expected to increase woody vegetation abundance in the Arctic, yet the magnitude, spatial pattern and pathways of change remain uncertain. We compared historical orthophotos photos (1952 and 1979) with high‐resolution satellite imagery (2015) to examine six decades of change in abundance of white spruce Picea glauca and tall shrubs (Salix spp., Alnus spp.) near the Agashashok River in northwest Alaska. We established ~3000 random points within our ~5500 ha study area for classification into nine cover types. To examine physiographic controls on tree abundance, we fit multinomial log‐linear models with predictors derived from a digital elevation model and with arctic tundra, alpine tundra and ‘tree’ as levels of a categorical response variable. Between 1952 and 2015, points classified as arctic and alpine tundra decreased by 31% and 15%, respectively. Meanwhile, tall shrubs increased by 86%, trees mixed with tall shrubs increased by 385% and forest increased by 84%. Tundra with tall shrubs rarely transitioned to forest. The best multinomial model explained 71% of variation in cover and included elevation, slope and an interaction between slope and ‘northness’. Treeline was defined as the elevation where the probability of tree presence equaled that of tundra. Mean treeline elevation in 2015 was 202 m, corresponding with a June–August mean air temperature > 11°C, which is > 4°C warmer than the 6–7°C isotherm associated with global treeline elevations. Our results show dramatic increases in the abundance of trees and tall shrubs, question the universality of air temperature as a predictor of treeline elevation and suggest two mutually exclusive pathways of vegetation change, because tundra that gained tall shrubs rarely transitioned to forest. Conversion of tundra to tall shrubs and forest has important and potentially contrasting implications for carbon cycling, surface energy exchange and wildlife habitat in the Arctic.
Interguild interactions between a non‐native phloem feeder and a native outbreaking defoliator
Authors: MacDonnell Mallory , Edwards Sara , Heard Stephen B. , Pureswaran Deepa S. , Johns Robert C.
Published: February 2020

1. Competitive and synergistic interactions directly or indirectly drive community dynamics of herbivorous insects. Novel interactions between non‐native and native insects are unpredictable and not fully understood.

2. We used manipulative experiments on mature red spruce trees to test interactions between a non‐native phloem feeding insect, the brown spruce longhorn beetle (BSLB), and an outbreaking native defoliator, the spruce budworm. We subjected treatment trees to defoliation by three densities of spruce budworm larvae. Treatment trees were: stressed by (i) girdling (to mimic beetle feeding) or (ii) girdling + BSLB before spruce budworm larvae were introduced on branches in sleeve cages. Budworm larvae then fed on foliage and developed to pupation. We assessed all branches for budworm performance, defoliation, shoot production and shoot growth.

3. Shoot length did not differ in response to stress from girdling or BSLB infestation. Neither stress from girdling, nor interactions with BSLB feeding affected spruce budworm performance or defoliation. Intraspecific impacts on performance and defoliation in relation to budworm density were stronger than the effects of tree stress.

4. Prior infestation of red spruce by BSLB in our experimental set‐up did not influence spruce budworm performance. BSLB is a successful invader that has blended into its novel ecological niche because of ecological and phylogenetic similarities with a native congener,Tetropium cinnamopterum.

5. Outbreaks by BSLB will not likely impede or facilitate spruce budworm outbreaks if they co‐occur. It would be useful to evaluate the reverse scenario of BSLB success after defoliation stress by spruce budworm.
Role of saprophagous fly biodiversity in ecological processes and urban ecosystem services
Authors: Castelli Lucas E. , Gleiser Raquel M. , Battán‐Horenstein Moira
Published: February 2020

1. Direct consumption of organic matter by the saprophagous larvae provides the ecosystem with a fundamental service by recycling nutrients and reducing exposure to decomposing matter. The present study aimed to assess the functional role of saprophagous flies in the mass loss of different types of decomposing organic matter.

2. Two types of common urban waste were used to measure the role of flies in reducing organic matter: chicken viscera (chicken) and a mixture of flour and uncooked eggs (flour and eggs), representing leftover food. Ten traps baited with each substrate, under field conditions, allowed fly access (exposed to flies) and three traps from each substrate did not (unexposed controls); adult flies entering the traps or emerging from the substrates and substrate mass loss were recorded.

3. Species from Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae, and Fanniidae families were collected mainly in traps baited with chicken, with Phoridae being the most abundant in traps with flour and eggs as bait. A significantly richer (P < 0.05) assemblage of fly species accessed the traps baited with chicken viscera (21 species) compared with those emerging (11 species), whereas similar numbers of species accessed (n = 5) or emerged (n = 1) from traps baited with flour and eggs (average richness accessing 7.97, emerging 2.83). Chicken substrate mass loss and species richness were positively related (r = 0.56,P = 0.001). In traps where richness was larger than 10 species, the substrates were reduced by more than 85% of their initial weight compared with unexposed controls, which lost 30%. Substrate mass loss significantly increased with the abundance of flies (r = 0.73,P < 0.0001).

4. The results of the present study support the functional role of saprophagous species diversity on the decomposition rates of organic matter, reinforcing the negative consequences of loss or gain of species in modified landscapes and for ecosystem function.
Neurobiology of systems memory consolidation
Authors: Takehara‐Nishiuchi Kaori
Published: February 2020

Psychological theories posit that the hippocampus rapidly forms associations among ongoing events as they unfold. During a subsequent maturation process, so‐called systems memory consolidation, these associations are gradually stabilized within distributed neocortical circuits through close interactions between the hippocampus and neocortex. In the past 50 years, a major effort in neurobiological research has been directed towards translating these descriptive accounts into tangible, biological processes in the brain. Until the early 2000s, most studies exclusively focused on examining whether the hippocampus becomes unnecessary for memory retrieval once the memory has been consolidated. With recent methodological advances, however, the field shifted attention to several other theoretical accounts and began to uncover the genetic, physiological and structural underpinnings of systems memory consolidation at an unprecedented level of precision. Here I review these neurobiological findings in the past 15 years within a framework of six essential predictions extracted from the psychological theories. Genetic approaches have made it possible to tag neurons that were activated during memory encoding and investigate their physiological and genetic profiles as well as reactivation patterns during subsequent retrieval. In parallel, electrophysiological and imaging approaches detected signs of the gradual refinement of memory representations and its underlying hippocampal–neocortical dialogue in millisecond‐resolved neural firing patterns, the inter‐region coupling of neural activity, across‐day stability of neural ensemble activity and functional connectome. This summary represents substantial progress in our understanding of neurobiological mechanisms of systems memory consolidation whilst also identifying several essential remaining questions for future investigations.
Expression of inositol polyphosphate 4‐phosphatase type II and the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yang Qi‐Chao , Li Hao , Xiao Yao , Wu Cong‐Cong , Yang Shao‐Chen , Sun Zhi‐Jun
Published: February 2020

Inositol polyphosphate 4‐phosphatase type II (INPP4B) is a phosphoinositide phosphatase that plays complex roles in the pathogenesis of different tumors. We aimed to explore the expression, clinicopathological significance, and prognostic value of INPP4B in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Tissue microarrays that included samples from 176 primary OSCCs, 42 normal mucosae, and 69 dysplastic tissues were used for immunostaining analyses of INPP4B protein. Aperio ScanScope CS scanner and aperio quantification software were used to scan the microarrays and score the staining, respectively. We also evaluated the correlation between INPP4B expression and clinical parameters, pathological grades, node‐positive status, and immune‐related markers. Expression of INPP4B was statistically significantly upregulated in human primary OSCC tissues compared with dysplastic and normal tissues. Additionally, we found that patients with strong expression of INPP4B had a statistically significantly poorer overall survival than patients with weak expression of INPP4B. Furthermore, our study indicated that expression of INPP4B in OSCC was positively associated with expression of p‐S6Ser235/236, p‐CADSer1859, and certain immune checkpoints (B7‐H4, Galectin‐9). Therefore, INPP4B may be an independent prognostic indicator for patients with OSCC, in which it might function as an oncoprotein.
The impacts of invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwaters: A review
Authors: Emery‐Butcher Holly E. , Beatty Stephen J. , Robson Belinda J.
Published: February 2020

Invasive species are a key stressor in freshwater ecosystems. When these species are also ecosystem engineers, their impacts are exacerbated because they modulate resource availability for a wide range of other species. The aim of this review is to synthesise existing knowledge of the impacts of invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwaters and identify knowledge gaps requiring further research.

The four questions explored in this review are: (1) What are the trends in research into invasive ecosystem engineers? (2) What are common negative effects of invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwater? (3) Do all impacts of invasive ecosystem engineers have negative consequences for biodiversity? (4) What happens when multiple ecosystem engineers interact? Four literature searches in Web of Science have been used to identify articles for the review and to estimate relative research effort between terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems.

The number of research articles focusing on ecosystem engineers across all ecosystem types is increasing. Despite well‐known examples of ecosystem engineer species in freshwaters (e.g. beaver), more research has focussed on terrestrial environments and invasive species.

The effects of invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwater systems are varied and often context dependent. Their effects on biodiversity or native ecosystem engineers are often shown to be negative; however, not all effects associated with these species are deleterious to native species. For instance, some invasive ecosystem engineers support native species through the provision of food or refuges.

Although freshwater ecosystems are often influenced by multiple species of ecosystem engineers (including native, invasive or both), little is known about interactions between these species or the combined effects of multiple ecosystem engineers. More research is also needed that relates the results of laboratory experiments to the field and develops methods for measuring factors that govern the impact of engineers on ecosystems. Understanding the spatial variability of the impacts of invasive ecosystem engineers as well as their interaction with anthropogenic stressors (e.g. hydrologic modification) is also necessary.

The lag in research surrounding invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwater compared to other biomes is concerning, as freshwater ecosystems support biodiversity disproportionate to the area they occupy. Creating predictive models of the impacts of freshwater ecosystem engineers would help anticipate the effects of invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwater and add to the broader understanding of their effects in other biomes.
Hydrochemical Relation Between Shallow Groundwater with Elevated Fluoride and Groundwater in Underlying Carbonates
Authors: Dou Yan , Howard Ken , Yang Liwei , Wang Dong , Guo Li
Published: February 2020

In the arid to semi‐arid district of Chengcheng, Weinan City, in central Shaanxi Province, diminishing groundwater reserves in the shallow Quaternary (QLB) aquifer and elevated fluoride in the similarly shallow Permo‐Triassic (PTF) aquifer, have promoted interest in the development of groundwater resources in the deep but poorly understood Cambrian‐Ordovician carbonate aquifer system (COC). To investigate the origin of the COC groundwaters and the relationship between the deep and shallower systems, a hydrochemical study was undertaken involving 179 major and minor ion analyses, 39 stable isotope analyses (δD and δ18O), and 14 carbon isotope analyses (14C and δ13C). PHREEQC 3.0 was used to investigate mixing. Hydrochemical data support the presence of a well‐connected regional flow system extending southwards from the more mountainous north. Stable isotope data indicate that the COC groundwaters originate as soil zone infiltration, under a much cooler regime than is found locally today. This is confirmed by 14C, which indicates the groundwater to be palaeowater recharged during the late Pleistocene (∼10–12 ka B.P.). The presence of nitrate in the COC groundwaters suggests leakage from overlying shallow aquifers currently provides an additional source of COC recharge, with major faults possibly providing the primary pathways for downward vertical
flow.
Pressure injury data in Australian acute care settings: A comparison of three data sets
Authors: Team Victoria , Tuck Michelle , Reeves Judy , Way Margaret , Enticott Joanne , Evans Susan , Weller Carolina D.
Published: February 2020

Hospital‐acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) represent a serious clinical and economic problem. The cost of treating HAPIs in Australian public hospitals was recently reported at AUS$983 million per annum. There are three main sources of data for documenting pressure injury (PI) occurrence in Australian hospitals: incident reporting, medical record coded data, and real‐time surveys of pressure injury. PI data reported at hospital level and to external agencies using these three different sources are variable. This reporting issue leads to inaccurate data interpretation and hinders improvement in accuracy of PI identification and PI prevention. This study involved a comparison of the three different data sources in selected Australian hospitals, to improve the accuracy and comparability of data. Findings from this study provide benchmark areas for improvement in PI documenting and reporting. Better understanding the agreement between the three data sets could lead to a more efficient and effective sharing of data sources.
A bibliometric analysis of articles identified by editors as representing excellence in nursing publication: Replication and extension
Authors: Nicoll Leslie H. , Oermann Marilyn H. , Carter‐Templeton Heather , Owens Jacqueline K. , Edie Alison H.
Published: February 2020

Aims

To analyse subsequent citations of 91 articles identified by editors as reflecting excellence in nursing literature and in a companion dataset of 82 other articles from the same journals; and to compare the concepts of reach, persistence, and dissemination in these two datasets.

Design

A quantitative bibliometric analysis and qualitative thematic analysis were done between February‐June 2019.

Data sources

In all, 91 articles nominated by editors comprised the first dataset. A companion dataset was created by selecting articles (N = 82) from the same journals.

Review methods

Articles were assessed for type, focus, discipline, total number of authors, and geographical location of the first author. Scopus was searched to obtain bibliographic information and subsequent second‐ and third‐generation citations for all indexed articles.

Results

For the articles selected by the editors, 76 were indexed and 43 (56.5%) were cited at least once, resulting in 333 citations in the second and third generations. For the companion articles, 38 (of 78) were cited, with 175 subsequent citations. These findings are congruent with the prior study.

Conclusion

Articles in nursing journals are being read and cited. The concepts of persistence, reach, and dissemination are supported and their use in bibliometric analysis is warranted.

Impact

This novel research highlights the global and interdisciplinary impact of a unique set of articles representing nursing and nursing specialty areas. All the articles in the virtual journal and companion dataset were from nursing journals, but dissemination was to other disciplines, primarily medicine. Findings from this replication study continue the effort to document the rigour of content in the nursing literature; support its use to inform policy and practice at all levels; and offer evidence of excellence in content to inform nursing curricula.