bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Schubert's "Der Neugierige": A Tribute to Greta Kraus
Authors: Beach David
Published: August 2013

This brief study is a tribute to Greta Kraus who taught for many years in the Faculty of Music, University of Toronto. It is a personal interpretation of a single song, "Der Neugierige" from Franz Schubert's Die schöne Müllerin, following the linear approach developed by Heinrich Schenker, with whom Greta studied many years ago in Vienna. Greta had maintained her interest in Schenker's ideas, particularly their practical application to performance issues, throughout her long and industrious teaching career.
Deconstructing the Local: The Aesthetic Space and Geographic Place of Oskar Morawetz's String Quartet no. 5 "A Tribute to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" (1991)
Authors: Sallis Friedemann
Published: August 2013

The oppositional notions of centre and periphery, mainstream and margin, and universal and local have long been important criteria for the scholarly study of Western music. Indeed they are often taken for granted. This paper will take a critical look at the relationship obtaining between art music the notion of a national music. The object of study is taken from among the works of the Canadian composer (of Czech origin) Oskar Morawetz. The point is not to deny that music can be legitimately associated with a given place but rather to examine how these complex, problematic relationships are created and how they evolve and/or dissolve over time.
Narrative Theory and Music; Or, the Tale of Kundry's Tale
Authors: McClatchie Stephen
Published: August 2013

In recent years, narrative theory has been an influential model for many writers on music. Things in musical syntax like repetitions, expectations, and resolutions make it tempting to speak of music as narrative, as an emplotment of events, yet such a model in fact involves more narrativization than narrative. It is perhaps more fruitful to focus upon the musical side of unambiguously narrative moments.

In this paper, I want to try to integrate recent approaches to musical narration by suggesting that narrative in music is a performance which functions according to the logic of the supplement. My approach will be two-fold: first, I want to justify restricting the enquiry to pre-existing narratives set to music by considering the limitations of the emplotment model; second, I shall use Kundry's Act II narrative in Wagner's Parsifal as a magnet to attract a number of narrative approaches: some will stick and some will not.
God, Desire, and Musical Narrative in the Isorhythmic Motet
Authors: Fast Susan
Published: August 2013

This article examines the relationship between late Medieval narrative structure in French literature and music (specifically the isorhythmic motet) and how that structure was shaped by deeply held beliefs within Medieval culture, including the idea that a person's identity and desires were directed by God. A detailed analysis of the motet De bon espoir/Puis que la douce rousee/Speravi by Guillaume de Machaut is made to support the argument.
CUMS Remembered
Authors: Beckwith John
Published: August 2013

On the occasion of his induction as a lifetime honorary member of the Canadian University Music Society, the Dean of Canadian composers, John Beckwith, offers a personal reflection on the triumphs and vicissitudes across more than thirty years of the Society. From its 1964 founding as a network of music deans and directors under the acronym CAUSM, through its metamorphosis into a learned society in the 1980s, to its present day hybrid form, CUMS is remembered—with affection and whimsy—as an agent in development of the Canadian music establishment.
CUMS Imagined
Authors: Gordon Tom
Published: August 2013

Encouraged by the engaging reflections of John Beckwith, the current President of the Canadian University Music Society, Tom Gordon, peers into the institutional crystal ball to imagine the challenges that lay ahead for the Society and the roles it might play in the future. Building on the organization's strengths of disciplined scholarship and the healthy diversity that characterizes our membership, a provocative role is envisaged for CUMS in communication around the many issues that unite the Canadian university music milieu.
From Le sacre to Les noces: Primitivism and the Changing Face of Modernity
Authors: Berman Nancy
Published: August 2013

The function of the primitivist aesthetic in modern French culture shifted dramatically from the pre- to the post-war period. Whereas the primitivism of the Ballets russes's Le sacre du printemps was understood by its contemporaries to be radical, excessive, even prophetic and apocalyptic, the primitivism of Les noces was perceived to some extent as a manifestation of both the classicist "call to order" and the mechanistic aesthetic of the post-war period. Indeed, Les noces was one of many cultural products by means of which post-war modernists extolled the virtues of the machine age.
Faire du théâtre en français en continent dominé
Authors: Pliya José
Published: August 2013

Notre contribution est de l’ordre du témoignage au titre fortement référencé – elle s’inspire du célèbre essai Écrire en pays dominé de l’intellectuel et écrivain martiniquais Patrick Chamoiseau – et elle ambitionne d’aborder trois problématiques qui sont distinctes et mêlées à la fois. Il s’agit de poser la question complexe et passionnante des pratiques théâtrales d’expression française et francophone dans un espace dominé par les langues anglaise et espagnole. Quatre îles de l’arc antillo-caribéen, français et francophone, serviront d’exemples : la Dominique, Haïti, la Martinique et la Guadeloupe. Pour chacun de ces pays, nous questionnerons l’actualité des pratiques théâtrales, aussi bien dans leur diversité que dans leur spécificité d’expression en langue française ou francophone ; puis nous tâcherons de mettre en perspective les rapports de résistance, conflictuels et contradictoires, qu’à partir de cette langue première, ils entretiennent avec le continent américain.
Une poétique de la marge : bilinguisme et surtitrage sur les scènes francophones de l’Ouest canadien
Authors: Ladouceur Louise , Liss Shavaun
Published: August 2013

Dans l’Ouest canadien, où les francophones sont bilingues par nécessité, se développe un théâtre qui explore les possibilités esthétiques du bilinguisme. Ce répertoire bilingue, représentatif d’une dualité linguistique qui imprègne la vie au quotidien, inclut les pièces de Roger Auger créées à Saint-Boniface en 1975, 1976 et 1978, celles de Marc Prescott produites à partir de 1993 à Saint-Boniface et à Edmonton, ainsi que la plus récente production bilingue de Cowboy poétré de Kenneth Brown, présentée à Calgary en 2012. Ces productions révèlent une activité complexe de traduction et d’imbrication des langues qui façonne tout le processus de création de l’oeuvre théâtrale. Avec Prescott, le bilinguisme est mis à l’épreuve comme objet d’une démarche esthétique audacieuse qui élabore une véritable poétique bilingue. Par ailleurs, l’emploi de plus en plus répandu des surtitres anglais dans les théâtres franco-canadiens permet d’élargir l’auditoire visé tout en conservant l’oralité spécifique de l’oeuvre et la dualité linguistique sur laquelle elle est construite. Cette pratique est en soi une manifestation de multilinguisme puisqu’elle donne accès simultanément à plusieurs langues et constitue, pour le spectateur unilingue, une fenêtre sur une culture et une théâtralité autres.
Du « maghanage » : la re(-)présentation de l’Histoire dans Le marquis qui perdit de Réjean Ducharme
Authors: Jaubert Claire
Published: August 2013

Le marquis qui perdit, texte négligé par la critique et la scène québécoises, constitue une oeuvre dramatique intéressante dès lors qu’on aborde la question de l’«  américanité » du Québec. Par cette réécriture de la fin du Canada français, Réjean Ducharme propose une oeuvre déroutante, jouant de la parodie autant que de l’autoparodie grinçante, et une vision outrancière de l’histoire de son pays.
Le huis clos tragique de Comme deux frères de Maryse Condé
Authors: Romanowski Sylvie
Published: August 2013

Deux jeunes Antillais, Jeff et Grégoire, amis depuis longtemps, ont commis de nombreux crimes que Jeff planifiait, que Grégoire exécutait et pour lesquels Jeff acceptait d’être emprisonné. Ils se retrouvent un jour dans une cellule de prison après un braquage qui a mal tourné. Ils font face alors à un dilemme : rester tous les deux en prison ou consentir à ce que l’un des deux soit libéré parce que l’autre aura pris sur lui toute la responsabilité du crime. En partageant leurs souvenirs et leurs rêves, ils se confrontent et dressent un portrait féroce de la société guadeloupéenne. Ainsi Maryse Condé fait-elle réfléchir sur les carences institutionnelles qui n’offrent aucune solution à leur situation.
Occupy, indignados, et le Printemps Érable : vers un agenda de recherche
Authors: Weinstock Daniel
Published: August 2013

Les mobilisations populaires dont ont été témoins
plusieurs sociétés occidentales soulèvent de
nombreuses questions de philosophie politique et juridique que les
chercheurs de ces disciplines devront s’approprier s’ils
veulent contribuer de manière utile au débat social que
nous imposent les protagonistes du mouvement Occupy, les Indignados,
ou encore les citoyens qui sont descendus dans la rue au Québec
au moment du Printemps Érable. Les questions les plus urgentes
nous semblent être les suivantes : les manifestations et
protestations publiques font-elles une entorse à la
démocratie en ne passant pas par les institutions formelles, ou
bien devraient-elles, à certaines conditions, être
perçues comme faisant partie de la vie démocratique?
Deuxièmement, quelle est l’extension de la notion de
« grève »? S’agit-il d’un
non-sens pour une association étudiante de prétendre
qu’elle peut, au même titre qu’un syndicat de
travailleurs, se prévaloir de cet outil de pression?
Troisièmement, quelles sont les conditions qui rendent
légitime dans le contexte d’une démocratie
libérale le recours à la désobéissance
civile? Enfin, la conception de la propriété
privée, centrale aux sociétés occidentales
modernes, exclut-elle que même la propriété
privée puisse avoir des fonctions sociales, en vertu desquelles
cette institution tirerait peut-être même sa justification?
Le champ d’application de l’article XX(A) du GATT et le travail dangereux des
enfants : une question relevant de la moralité publique
Authors: Villanueva Francisco F.
Published: August 2013

Le présent article s’insère dans le cadre de la discussion quant à la possibilité
d’identifier une clause sociale implicite dans le texte de l’Accord général sur les
tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT). La reconnaissance d’une telle clause
permettrait éventuellement aux États membres de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)
d’avoir recours aux exceptions prévues par l’article XX du GATT afin d’adopter des
mesures commerciales restrictives à l’encontre des pays tenus responsables des
transgressions des droits fondamentaux des travailleurs, parmi lesquels se trouve la
protection des enfants contre le travail dangereux. L’analyse effectuée au cours de cet
article s’attardera sur l’exception de l’article XX(a), qui concerne la protection de la
moralité publique du pays importateur. Plus précisément, ce texte tentera de démontrer prima
facie que l’exploitation des enfants par le travail, à l’occasion du processus de production
des biens importés, porte atteinte à la moralité publique du pays importateur. De ce fait,
des mesures visant ces biens pourraient relever de l’application de l’article XX(a) du
GATT, sous réserve de satisfaire à la condition de nécessité de cette
règle.
Dunsmuir’s Flaws Exposed: Recent Decisions on Standard of Review
Authors: Daly Paul
Published: August 2013

In Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, the Supreme Court of Canada
attempted to clarify and simplify Canadian judicial review doctrine. I
argue that the Court got it badly wrong, as evidenced by four of its
recent decisions.

The cases demonstrate that the new categorical approach is unworkable.
A reviewing court cannot apply the categorical approach without
reference to something like the much-maligned “pragmatic and
functional” analysis factors. The categories regularly come into
conflict, in that decisions could perfectly reasonably be assigned to
more than one category. When conflict occurs, it must be resolved by
reference to some factors external to the categorical approach.

The new, single standard of reasonableness is similarly unworkable
without reference to external factors. Different types of decision
attract different degrees of deference, on the basis of factors that
are external to the elegant elucidation of reasonableness offered in Dunsmuir.

Clarification and simplicity have thus not been achieved.
A Coaching Model for Student Affairs Assessment
Authors: Slager Emily M. , Oaks D'Arcy J.
Published: August 2013

Emily M. Slager and D'Arcy J. Oaks describe the coaching philosophy that helped the Student Life departments at The Ohio State University excel at the sometimes daunting process of outcomes–based assessment.
A Miniaturized Multipurpose Platform for Rapid, Label‐Free, and Simultaneous Separation, Patterning, and In Vitro Culture of Primary and Rare Cells
Authors: Didar Tohid Fatanat , Bowey Kristen , Almazan Guillermina , Tabrizian Maryam
Published: August 2013

Given that current cell isolation techniques are expensive, time consuming, yield low isolation purities, and/or alter target cell properties, a versatile, cost effective, and easy‐to‐operate microchip with the capability to simultaneously separate, capture, pattern, and culture rare and primary cells in vitro is developed. The platform is based on target cell adhesion onto the micro‐fabricated interfaces produced by microcontact printing of cell‐specific antibodies. Results show over 95% separation efficiency in less than 10 min for the separation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and cardiomyocytes from rat brain and heart mixtures, respectively. Target cell attachment and single cell spreading can be precisely controlled on the basis of the designed patterns. Both cell types can maintain their biofunctionality. Indeed, isolated OPCs can proliferate and differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes, while isolated cardiomyocytes retain their contractile properties on the separation platform. Successful separation of two dissimilar cell types present in varying concentrations in their respective cell mixtures and the demonstration of their integrity after separation open new avenues for time and cost‐effective sorting of various cell types using the developed miniaturized platform.
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Hinder Microglia Function Interfering with Cell Migration and Phagocytosis
Authors: Villegas Juan C. , Álvarez‐Montes Laura , Rodríguez‐Fernández Lidia , González Jesús , Valiente Rafael , Fanarraga Mónica L.
Published: August 2013

The intranasal drug delivery route provides exciting expectations regarding the application of engineered nanomaterials as nano‐medicines or drug‐delivery vectors into the brain. Among nanomaterials, multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) are some of the best candidates for brain cancer therapy since they are well known to go across cellular barriers and display an intrinsic ability to block cancer cell proliferation triggering apoptosis. This study reveals that microglial cells, the brain macrophages and putative vehicles for MWCNTs into the brain, undergo a dose‐dependent cell division arrest and apoptosis when treated with MWCNTs. Moreover, it is shown that MWCNTs severely interfere with both cell migration and phagocytosis in live microglia. These results lead to a re‐evaluation of the safety of inhaled airborne CNTs and provide strategic clues of how to biocompatibilize MWCNTs to reduce brain macrophage damage and to develop new nanodrugs.
Carbon‐Nanotube‐Modified Electrodes for Highly Efficient Acute Neural Recording
Authors: Shin Jung Hwal , Kim Guk Bae , Lee Eun Joo , An Taechang , Shin Kumjae , Lee Seung Eun , Choi WooSeok , Lee Sukchan , Latchoumane Charles , Shin Hee‐Sup , Lim Geunbae
Published: August 2013

Microelectrodes are widely used for monitoring neural activities in various neurobiological studies. The size of the neural electrode is an important factor in determining the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of recorded neural signals and, thereby, the recording sensitivity. Here, it is demonstrated that commercial tungsten microelectrodes can be modified with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), resulting in a highly sensitive recording ability. The impedance with the respect to surface area of the CNT‐modified electrodes (CNEs) is much less than that of tungsten microelectrodes because of their large electrochemical surface area (ESA). In addition, the noise level of neural signals recorded by CNEs is significantly less. Thus, the SNR is greater than that obtained using tungsten microelectrodes. Importantly, when applied in a mouse brain in vivo, the CNEs can detect action potentials five times more efficiently than tungsten microelectrodes. This technique provides a significant advance in the recording of neural signals, especially in brain regions with sparse neuronal densities.
Multifunctional Nanoparticle@MOF Core–Shell Nanostructures
Authors: Liu Yaling , Tang Zhiyong
Published: August 2013

Controllable integration of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is leading to the creation of many new multifunctional materials. In this Research News, an emerging type of core–shell nanostructure, in which the inorganic NP cores are encapsulated by the MOF shells, is briefly introduced. Unique functions originating from the property synergies of different types of inorganic NP cores and MOF shells are highlighted, and insight into their future development is suggested. It is highly expected that this Research News could arouse research enthusiasm on such NP@MOF core–shell nanostructures, which have great application potential in devices, energy, the environment, and medicine.
Survival of trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) and trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome) in England and Wales: 2004–2011
Authors: Wu Jianhua , Springett Anna , Morris Joan K.
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study is to determine the survival of live births with trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 and their variants. Information on live births with trisomy 18 or trisomy 13 recorded in the National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register (NDSCR) was linked by the NHS Information Centre to obtain information about survival. Survival was known for 326 (88%) of live births with trisomy 18 and 142 (82%) of live births with trisomy 13 born in England and Wales between 2004 and 2011. The median survival time for live births with full trisomy 18 was 14 days and with full trisomy 13 was 10 days, the 3‐month survival was 20% and 18%, respectively, and the 1‐year survival for both syndromes was 8%. The 1‐year survival for live births with trisomy 18 mosaicism (n = 17) was 70%, for those with trisomy 13 mosaicism (n = 5) was 80% and for those with partial trisomy 13 (Robertsonian translocations) (n = 17) was 29%. This study is based on the largest data set on survival for live births with trisomy 18 and trisomy 13. Although median survival for these children is 2 weeks or less, about one in five survive for 3 months or more and about 1 in 12 survive for 1 year or more. We suggest that these survival rates are used in counselling as well as the median survival time. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Search for genetic modifiers of IRF6 and genotype–phenotype correlations in Van der Woude and popliteal pterygium syndromes
Authors: Leslie Elizabeth J. , Mancuso Jennifer L. , Schutte Brian C. , Cooper Margaret E. , Durda Kate M. , L'Heureux Jamie , Zucchero Theresa M. , Marazita Mary L. , Murray Jeffrey C.
Published: August 2013

Van der Woude syndrome is the most common form of syndromic orofacial clefting, accounting for 1–2% of all patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Van der Woude and popliteal pterygium syndromes are caused by mutations in IRF6, but phenotypic variability within and among families with either syndrome suggests that other genetic factors contribute to the phenotypes. The aim of this study was to identify common variants acting as genetic modifiers of IRF6 as well as genotype–phenotype correlations based on mutation type and location. We identified an association between mutations in the DNA‐binding domain of IRF6 and limb defects (including pterygia). Although we did not detect formally significant associations with the genes tested, borderline associations suggest several genes that could modify the VWS phenotype, including FOXE1, TGFB3, and TFAP2A. Some of these genes are hypothesized to be part of the IRF6 gene regulatory network and may suggest additional genes for future study when larger sample sizes are also available. We also show that families with the Van de Woude phenotype but in whom no mutations have been identified have a lower frequency of cleft lip, suggesting there may be locus and/or mutation class differences in Van de Woude syndrome. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Observer‐based scheme for the control of high order systems with two unstable poles plus time delay
Authors: Novella Rodríguez David Fernando , del Muro‐Cuéllar Basilio , Sename Olivier
Published: August 2013

This paper deals with the problem of the stabilization and control of linear time invariant high order systems with two unstable real poles plus time delay. A simple observer‐based controller is designed in order to achieve a stable behavior of the closed‐loop system. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the proposed control structure are stated. Hence, only four proportional gains and the model of the plant are enough to obtain a stable response of the delayed system. Moreover, a robustness analysis is presented in order to compute the maximal uncertainty bound accepted for the delay term. In addition, a two degree of freedom proportional‐integral control action is implemented in order to track step references and to reject step disturbances. The achieved performance of the proposed control strategy is illustrated by mean of numerical simulations. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of combined pretreatment of quadrol and anhydrous ionic liquid microemulsion on the physicochemical property of masson pine
Authors: Li Long , Yang Ren‐dang , Liu De‐tao , Yang Fei
Published: August 2013

The physical properties of laboratory‐prepared anhydrous ionic liquid microemulsion, including quasi‐ternary phase diagram, conductivity, surface tension, and simulating graph of a microscopic particle system were investigated to maintain the optimum ratio of CTAB (Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium Bromide) and n‐butyl alcohol at 1/24 to 1/12. The microemulsion region can reach a maximum of 75% at lower temperatures. We constructed a combined pretreatment of quadrol and anhydrous ionic liquid microemulsion on masson pine powder and analyzed its properties by Fourier‐transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis‐derivative thermogravimetry, XRD (X‐ray diffraction), and scanning electron microscope. Results showed that hemicellulose and a noncrystalline region in cellulose were disrupted effectively after pretreatment. Relative crystallinity increased from 35.8 to 49.8. A few crystalline structures of cellulose I were recrystallized and then transformed to cellulose II as indicated by IR, XRD, and DTG results. Thermostability decreased, and the region with a main thermal weight loss at 375°C shifted to the region with a lower temperature at 310°C. The yield of glucose can reach to 78.2%, which is 2.2 times than that of untreated powder; the combined pretreatment is an effective method to promote the development of bio‐energy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39794.
Brazilian wetlands: their definition, delineation, and classification for research, sustainable management, and protection
Authors: Junk W. J. , Piedade M. T. F. , Lourival R. , Wittmann F. , Kandus P. , Lacerda L. D. , Bozelli R. L. , Esteves F. A. , Nunes da Cunha C. , Maltchik L. , Schöngart J. , Schaeffer‐Novelli Y. , Agostinho A. A.
Published: August 2013

Although 20% of Brazilian territory is covered by wetlands, wetland inventories are still incomplete. In 1993, Brazil signed the Ramsar Convention but a coherent national policy for the sustainable management and protection of wetlands has yet to be established.

Major gaps in the definition of a specific wetland policy are twofold: (1) the lack of standardized criteria by which wetlands are defined and delineated that reflects the specific ecological conditions of the country and (2) the lack of a national classification of wetlands that takes into account specific hydrological conditions and respective plant communities.

In recent years, efforts have been made at a regional level to improve public awareness of the ecology of Brazilian wetlands, their benefits to society, and the major threats endangering them. Studies have shown that wetlands play a crucial role in the regional hydrological cycle and provide multiple benefits for local populations. Furthermore, Brazilian wetlands contribute significantly to South American biodiversity. Therefore, wetland conservation and sustainable management should be given high legislative priority.

This article provides a synthesis of the current body of knowledge on the distribution, hydrology, and vegetation cover of Brazilian wetlands. Their definition, delineation, and classification at the national level are proposed in order to establish a scientific basis for discussions on a national wetland policy that mandates the sustainable management of Brazil's extremely diverse and complex wetlands. This goal is particularly urgent in the face of the continuing and dramatic deterioration of wetlands resulting from large‐scale agro‐industrial expansion, and hydroelectric projects as well as the projected impact of global climate change on hydrological cycles.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Single‐Handed Helical Carbon/Silica and Carbonaceous Nanotubes by Using 4,4′‐Biphenylene‐Bridged Polybissilsesquioxane
Authors: Zhang Chuanyong , Li Yi , Li Baozong , Yang Yonggang
Published: August 2013

Single‐handed, helical, 4,4′‐biphenylene‐bridged polybissilsesquioxane nanotubes were prepared by using the self‐assemblies of a pair of chiral low‐molecular‐weight gelators as templates. Single‐handed, helical, carbon/silica nanotubes were obtained after carbonization of the self‐assemblies, and single‐handed helical carbonaceous nanotubes were then obtained by removal of silica with aqueous HF. Samples were characterized by using field‐emission SEM, TEM, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and circular dichroism. The polysilsesquioxane and carbonaceous structures exhibited optical activity. The walls of the carbon/silica and carbonaceous nanotubes were predominantly amorphous carbon. The surface area of the left‐handed, helical, carbonaceous nanotubes was 1439 m2 g−1, and such materials have potential applications as catalyst supports, chirality sensors, supercapacitor electrodes, and adsorbents.
Application of TLC, HPLC and GC methods to the study of amino acid and peptide enantiomers: a review
Authors: Dołowy Małgorzata , Pyka Alina
Published: August 2013

Amino acids are very important organic compounds in nature. The biological activity of amino acids depends mainly on their stereoisomeric configuration (d‐ or l‐). Thus, the stereochemical analysis of amino acids and peptides is an important aspect of their characterization. Owing to the increasing role of amino acid configuration in biomedical and pharmaceutical studies, numerous analytical methods have been described in the literature. Among a wide range of analytical techniques available for the steroselective separation of different amino acids, which were obtained from plants or biological samples, chromatographic methods such as thin‐layer chromatography, high‐performance chromatography and also gas chromatography are very useful. This review presents such systems developed for direct stereoisomeric separation and quantitative determination of amino acid and peptide enantiomers with emphasis on selected literature published during two last decades. Almost all aspects, including sample preparation prior chromatographic analysis, stationary phase, solvent system and detection system, are discussed. New possibilities in chiral amino acid analysis have been opened up by the application of mass spectrometry and infrared detection in thin‐layer chromatography and mass spectrometry–selected ion monitoring detection system in gas chromatography. A modern trend in high‐performance chromatography is two‐dimensional chromatography. These innovations have led to decreased development time and increased amino acid resolution and detectability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment with the vascular disruptive agent OXi4503 induces an immediate and widespread epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the surviving tumor
Authors: Fifis Theodora , Nguyen Linh , Malcontenti‐Wilson Cathy , Chan Lie Sam , Nunes Costa Patricia Luiza , Daruwalla Jurstine , Nikfarjam Mehrdad , Muralidharan Vijayaragavan , Waltham Mark , Thompson Erik W. , Christophi Christopher
Published: August 2013

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered an important mechanism in tumor resistance to drug treatments; however, in vivo observation of this process has been limited. In this study we demonstrated an immediate and widespread EMT involving all surviving tumor cells following treatment of a mouse model of colorectal liver metastases with the vascular disruptive agent OXi4503. EMT was characterized by significant downregulation of E‐cadherin, relocation and nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin as well as significant upregulation of ZEB1 and vimentin. Concomitantly, significant temporal upregulation in hypoxia and the pro‐angiogenic growth factors hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐alpha, hepatocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor‐beta were seen within the surviving tumor. The process of EMT was transient and by 5 days after treatment tumor cell reversion to epithelial morphology was evident. This reversal, termed mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) is a process implicated in the development of new metastases but has not been observed in vivo histologically. Similar EMT changes were observed in response to other antitumor treatments including chemotherapy, thermal ablation, and antiangiogenic treatments in our mouse colorectal metastasis model and in a murine orthotopic breast cancer model after OXi4503 treatment. These results suggest that EMT may be an early mechanism adopted by tumors in response to injury and hypoxic stress, such that inhibition of EMT in combination with other therapies could play a significant role in future cancer therapy.
Charge‐Recombination Fluorescence from Push–Pull Electronic Systems Constructed around Amino‐Substituted Styryl–BODIPY Dyes
Authors: Nano Adela , Ziessel Raymond , Stachelek Patrycya , Harriman Anthony
Published: August 2013

A small series of donor–acceptor molecular dyads has been synthesized and fully characterized. In each case, the acceptor is a dicyanovinyl unit and the donor is a boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dye equipped with a single styryl arm bearing a terminal amino group. In the absence of the acceptor, the BODIPY‐based dyes are strongly fluorescent in the far‐red region and the relaxed excited‐singlet states possess significant charge‐transfer character. As such, the emission maxima depend on both the solvent polarity and temperature. With the corresponding push–pull molecules, there is a low‐energy charge‐transfer state that can be observed by both absorption and emission spectroscopy. Here, charge‐recombination fluorescence is weak and decays over a few hundred picoseconds or so to recover the ground state. Overall, these results permit evaluation of the factors affecting the probability of charge‐recombination fluorescence in push–pull dyes. The photophysical studies are supported by cyclic voltammetry and DFT calculations.
Dehydrogenation of AmineBorane Me2NH⋅BH3 Catalyzed by a LanthanumHydride Complex
Authors: Cui Peng , Spaniol Thomas P. , Maron Laurent , Okuda Jun
Published: August 2013

The rare‐earth‐metal hydride complexes [{(1,7‐Me2TACD)LnH}4] (Ln=La 1 a, Y 1 b; (1,7‐Me2TACD)H2=1,7‐dimethyl‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane, 1,7‐Me2[12]aneN4) were synthesized by hydrogenolysis of [{(1,7‐Me2TACD)Ln(η3‐C3H5)}2] with 1 bar H2. The tetrameric structures were confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction of compound 1 a. Both complexes catalyze the dehydrogenation of secondary amineborane Me2NH⋅BH3 to afford the cyclic dimer (Me2NBH2)2 and (Me2N)2BH under mild conditions. Whilst the complete conversion of Me2NH⋅BH3 was observed within 2 h with lanthanumhydride 1 a, the yttrium homologue 1 b required 48 h to reach 95 % conversion. Further reactions of compound 1 a with Me2NH⋅BH3 in various stoichiometric ratios gave a series of intermediate products, [{(1,7‐Me2TACD)LaH}4](Me2NBH2)2 (2 a), [(1,7‐Me2TACDH)La(Me2NBH3)2] (3 a), [(1,7‐Me2TACD)(Me2NBH2)La(Me2NBH3)] (4 a), and [(1,7‐Me2TACD)(Me2NBH2)2La(Me2NBH3)] (5 a). Complexes 2 a, 3 a, and 5 a were isolated and characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. These intermediates revealed the activation and coordination modes of “Me2NH⋅BH3” fragments that were trapped within the coordination sphere of a rare‐earth‐metal center.
Hollow‐Shelled Nanoreactors Endowed with High Catalytic Activity
Authors: Pérez‐Lorenzo Moisés , Vaz Belén , Salgueiriño Verónica , Correa‐Duarte Miguel A.
Published: August 2013

Hollow‐shelled nanoreactors have emerged as efficient structures to maximize the potential of nanoparticles in the field of catalysis. In this Concept article, we underline the importance of both the morphology of the active nanoparticles as well as the composition and porosity of the shell for the catalytic performance of the overall nanocomposite. Different configurations are discussed, with a focus on preparative methods and applications in organic synthesis. Perspectives on future designs that may offer new opportunities to improve the selectivity of the catalyzed transformations and add additional features are also addressed, in order to illustrate the potential of these unique nanostructures.
Chlorophyll Breakdown in Senescent Banana Leaves: Catabolism Reprogrammed for Biosynthesis of Persistent Blue Fluorescent Tetrapyrroles
Authors: Vergeiner Clemens , Banala Srinivas , Kräutler Bernhard
Published: August 2013

Chlorophyll breakdown is a visual phenomenon of leaf senescence and fruit ripening. It leads to the formation of colorless chlorophyll catabolites, a group of (chlorophyll‐derived bilin‐type) linear tetrapyrroles. Here, analysis and structure elucidation of the chlorophyll breakdown products in leaves of banana (Musa acuminata) is reported. In senescent leaves of this monocot all chlorophyll catabolites identified were hypermodified fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (hmFCCs). Surprisingly, nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) were not found, the often abundant and apparently typical final chlorophyll breakdown products in senescent leaves. As a rule, FCCs exist only fleetingly, and they isomerize rapidly to NCCs in the senescent plant cell. Amazingly, in the leaves of banana plants, persistent hmFCCs were identified that accounted for about 80 % of the chlorophyll broken down, and yellow leaves of M. acuminata display a strong blue luminescence. The structures of eight hmFCCs from banana leaves were analyzed by spectroscopic means. The massive accumulation of the hmFCCs in banana leaves, and their functional group characteristics, indicate a chlorophyll breakdown path, the downstream transformations of which are entirely reprogrammed towards the generation of persistent and blue fluorescent FCCs. As expressed earlier in related studies, the present findings call for attention, as to still elusive biological roles of these linear tetrapyrroles.
Automated spine and vertebrae detection in CT images using object‐based image analysis
Authors: Schwier M. , Chitiboi T. , Hülnhagen T. , Hahn H.K.
Published: August 2013

Although computer assistance has become common in medical practice, some of the most challenging tasks that remain unsolved are in the area of automatic detection and recognition. The human visual perception is in general far superior to computer vision algorithms. Object‐based image analysis is a relatively new approach that aims to lift image analysis from a pixel‐based processing to a semantic region‐based processing of images. It allows effective integration of reasoning processes and contextual concepts into the recognition method. In this paper, we present an approach that applies object‐based image analysis to the task of detecting the spine in computed tomography images. A spine detection would be of great benefit in several contexts, from the automatic labeling of vertebrae to the assessment of spinal pathologies. We show with our approach how region‐based features, contextual information and domain knowledge, especially concerning the typical shape and structure of the spine and its components, can be used effectively in the analysis process. The results of our approach are promising with a detection rate for vertebral bodies of 96% and a precision of 99%. We also gain a good two‐dimensional segmentation of the spine along the more central slices and a coarse three‐dimensional segmentation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging Nanocarbon Materials: Soot Particles in Flames are Not Structurally Homogeneous
Authors: Schenk Marina , Lieb Sydnie , Vieker Henning , Beyer André , Gölzhäuser Armin , Wang Hai , Kohse‐Höinghaus Katharina
Published: August 2013

For the first time, nascent soot particles are probed by using helium‐ion microscopy (HIM). HIM is a technique that is similar to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) but it can achieve higher contrast and improved surface sensitivity, especially for carbonaceous materials. The HIM microscope yields images with a high contrast, which allows for the unambiguous recognition of smaller nascent soot particles than those observed in previous transmission electron microscopy studies. The results indicate that HIM is ideal for rapid and reliable probing of the morphology of nascent soot, with surface details visible down to approximately 5 nm, and particles as small as 2 nm are detectable. The results also show that nascent soot is structurally and chemically inhomogeneous, and even the smallest particles can have shapes that deviate from a perfect sphere.
Reactivity of Dicoordinated Stannylones (Sn0) versus Stannylenes (SnII): An Investigation Using DFT‐Based Reactivity Indices
Authors: Broeckaert Lies , Frenking Gernot , Geerlings Paul , De Proft Frank
Published: August 2013

The reactivity of dicoordinated Sn0 compounds, stannylones, is probed using density functional theory (DFT)‐based reactivity indices and compared with the reactivity of dicoordinated SnII compounds, stannylenes. For the former compounds, the influence of different types of electron‐donating ligands, such as cyclic and acyclic carbenes, stannylenes and phosphines, on the reactivity of the central Sn atom is analyzed in detail. Sn0 compounds are found to be relatively soft systems with a high nucleophilicity, and the plots of the Fukui function f− for an electrophilic attack consistently predict the highest reactivity on the Sn atom. Next, complexes of dicoordinated Sn compounds with different Lewis acids of variable hardness are computed. In a first part, the double‐base character of stannylones is demonstrated in interactions with the hardest Lewis acid H+. Both the first and second proton affinities (PAs) are high and are well correlated with the atomic charge on the Sn atom, probing its local hardness. These observations are also in line with electrostatic potential plots that demonstrate that the tin atom in Sn0 compounds bears a higher negative charge in comparison to SnII compounds. Stannylones and stannylenes can be distinguished from each other by the partial charges at Sn and by various reactivity indices. It also becomes clear that there is a smooth transition between the two classes of compounds. We furthermore demonstrate both from DFT‐based reactivity indices and from energy decomposition analysis, combined with natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA‐NOCV), that the monocomplexed stannylones are still nucleophilic and as reactive towards a second Lewis acid as towards the first one. The dominating interaction is a strong σ‐type interaction from the Sn atom towards the Lewis acid. The interaction energy is higher for complexes with the cation Ag+ than with the non‐charged electrophiles BH3, BF3, and AlCl3.
Securing a wireless sensor network for human tracking: a review of solutions
Authors: Carrasco Alejandro , Alcaraz Francisco , Barbancho Julio , Larios Diego F. , Luis Sevillano Jose
Published: August 2013

Currently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are formed by devices with limited resources and limited power energy availability. Thanks to their cost effectiveness, flexibility, and ease of deployment, wireless sensor networks have been applied to many scenarios such as industrial, civil, and military applications. For many applications, security is a primary issue, but this produces an extra energy cost. Thus, in real applications, a trade‐off is required between the security level and energy consumption. This paper evaluates different security schemes applied to human tracking applications, based on a real‐case scenario. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oral hypoglycaemic agents and the development of non‐fatal cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hung Yi‐Chih , Lin Che‐Chen , Wang Tzu‐Yuan , Chang Man‐Ping , Sung Fung‐Chang , Chen Ching‐Chu
Published: August 2013

Aims

This study aimed to assess the risk of non‐fatal cardiovascular events among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who are taking metformin, glimepiride or glyburide.

Materials and methods

Using the National Health Insurance Research database in Taiwan, this retrospective cohort study identified 1159 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM from 1998 to 2007, 30 years and older and without a history of cardiovascular disease at baseline. Patients with cancer, liver cirrhosis or chronic kidney disease were excluded. On the basis of prescription, patients were grouped into three medication subcohorts: metformin (N = 595), glimepiride (N = 234) or glyburide (N = 330) monotherapy for 100% of the follow‐up period without any oral anti‐diabetic agents added or changed, by the end of 2009. Incidence and hazard ratios of non‐fatal cardiovascular events including coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke and heart failure among these three subcohorts were compared.

Results

The overall incidence of non‐fatal cardiovascular events was the highest for patients taking glyburide (169.1 per 1000 person‐years), followed by for those taking glimepiride and metformin (95.2 and 49.1 per 1000 person‐years, respectively). Compared with the adjusted hazard ratio for patients taking glyburide, the adjusted hazard ratio for those taking glimepiride was 0.52 (95% CI 0.40–0.69) and for those taking metformin was 0.31 (95% CI 0.24–0.40).

Conclusions

T2DM patients taking metformin and glimepiride are at lower risk of non‐fatal cardiovascular events than those taking glyburide. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin and demographic history of the endemic Taiwan spruce (Picea morrisonicola)
Authors: Bodare Sofia , Stocks Michael , Yang Jeng‐Chuann , Lascoux Martin
Published: August 2013

Taiwan spruce (Picea morrisonicola) is a vulnerable conifer species endemic to the island of Taiwan. A warming climate and competition from subtropical tree species has limited the range of Taiwan spruce to the higher altitudes of the island. Using seeds sampled from an area in the central mountain range of Taiwan, 15 nuclear loci were sequenced in order to measure genetic variation and to assess the long‐term genetic stability of the species. Genetic diversity is low and comparable to other spruce species with limited ranges such as Picea breweriana, Picea chihuahuana, and Picea schrenkiana. Importantly, analysis using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) provides evidence for a drastic decline in the effective population size approximately 0.3–0.5 million years ago (mya). We used simulations to show that this is unlikely to be a false‐positive result due to the limited sample used here. To investigate the phylogenetic origin of Taiwan spruce, additional sequencing was performed in the Chinese spruce Picea wilsonii and combined with previously published data for three other mainland China species, Picea purpurea, Picea likiangensis, and P. schrenkiana. Analysis of population structure revealed that P. morrisonicola clusters most closely with P. wilsonii, and coalescent analyses using the program MIMAR dated the split to 4–8 mya, coincidental to the formation of Taiwan. Considering the population decrease that occurred after the split, however, led to a much more recent origin.
Synthesis of Amides by Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarbonylative Coupling of Carboxylic Acids with Isocyanides
Authors: Huang Lin , Guo Haili , Pan Lingxia , Xie Chunsong
Published: August 2013

Amides were synthesized from carboxylic acids and isocyanides under PdII/AgI/base catalytic conditions. The reaction conditions were optimized, and the scope was studied. Various carboxylic acids and aryl isocyanides are compatible with this reaction, but alkyl isocyanides are not. A plausible mechanism, which features distinctive PdII‐mediated decarbonylative coupling and unprecedented nucleophilic attack of carboxylates to PdII‐ligated isocyanides, was proposed to account for this reaction.
Templated Carbene Metathesis Reactions from the Modular Assembly of Enol‐diazo Compounds and Propargyl Acetates
Authors: Qian Yu , Shanahan Charles S. , Doyle Michael P.
Published: August 2013

A Lewis acid mediated coupling reaction of enol‐diazo nucleophiles and propargyl acetates has provided rapid and diverse access to complex alkynyl‐tethered diazocarbonyl compounds. The ability of the coupling reaction to vary critical functionality flanking the diazo group was explored as a way to direct the outcome of a series of metal‐catalyzed carbene metathesis cascade reactions. These cascade reactions provided diverse, biologically interesting carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds in only a few steps from readily available materials.
Stem cell engineering in bioreactors for large‐scale bioprocessing
Authors: Liu Ning , Zang Ru , Yang Shang‐Tian , Li Yan
Published: August 2013

Stem cells are promising cell sources for many biomedical applications including cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery. However, the commonly used static tissue culture vessels can only generate a low number of cells. To provide an adequate number of stem cells for clinical applications, a scalable process based on bioreactors is needed. Stem cells can be either cultured as free cells/aggregates in suspension or as adherent cells on the solid substrates. Based on the cell property, different bioreactor configurations are developed to better expand stem cells while maintaining their differentiation capacity. In this review, several major types of bioreactor systems and their applications in stem cell engineering are discussed. Continued advancements in bioprocess and bioreactor research and development are important to engineer stem cells for their use in biomedical applications.