bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information received and information needed on electronic prescriptions - Finnish pharmacy customers' experiences during the nationwide implementation
Authors: Lämsä Elina , Timonen Johanna , Ahonen Riitta
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To investigate (1) what Finnish pharmacy customers have learned about the implemented electronic prescriptions (e-prescriptions), (2) from whom or where have they learned about them, (3) whether they are satisfied with the information received and if not, (4) what more information they would like.

Methods

We surveyed 1288 (44%) pharmacy customers aged ≥18 years collecting medicines for themselves with e-prescriptions in 18 pharmacies across Finland in 2015. Descriptive analysis, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used in the analysis.

Key findings

Nearly all respondents had received information about e-prescriptions (97%). A physician (67%) and a pharmacy (53%) were the most common information sources. The vast majority of the respondents had learned about how to purchase medicines with an e-prescription (86%). Most of them had also received information about the benefits of e-prescriptions (59%) and how they can view their e-prescriptions on a computer (58%). The majority of pharmacy customers felt they had received sufficient information on e-prescriptions (83%). Those dissatisfied with the information received asked for more information about how e-prescriptions are protected against misuse (47%) and who can view their e-prescriptions (44%).

Conclusions

Most Finnish pharmacy customers have learned how to use e-prescriptions, what their benefits are and how to view e-prescriptions on a computer. The information is generally obtained from physicians and pharmacies. Information needs concern data protection and data security. Customers are mainly satisfied with the information received. However, their knowledge only partly meets the national requirements on the information they should be provided with.
Periodontitis, periodontal inflammation, and mild cognitive impairment: A 5‐year cohort study
Authors: Iwasaki Masanori , Kimura Yumi , Ogawa Hiroshi , Yamaga Takayuki , Ansai Toshihiro , Wada Taizo , Sakamoto Ryota , Ishimoto Yasuko , Fujisawa Michiko , Okumiya Kiyohito , Miyazaki Hideo , Matsubayashi Kozo
Published: October 2018

Background and Objectives

Identification of modifiable factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is important since individuals with MCI are at a high risk of dementia and disability. Previous studies have suggested a potential association between periodontitis and cognitive impairment, but the results remain inconclusive. We designed a 5‐year longitudinal study to explore the association between MCI and periodontitis and periodontal inflammation in older adults.

Methods

This study included 179 community‐dwelling dentate individuals (62 men and 117 women, average age: 80.1 years). A full‐mouth periodontal examination at six sites per tooth was performed at baseline. Case definitions provided by the European Workshop in Periodontology Group C (EWP definition) and the Centers for Disease Control/American Academy of Periodontology (CDC/AAP definition) were used to define severe periodontitis. Additionally, the periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA), reflecting the amount of inflamed periodontal tissue, was calculated using clinical periodontal parameters. Follow‐up cognitive examinations for MCI diagnosis were performed by neurologists 1, 2, 3, and 5 years after baseline. Odds ratios (ORs) for MCI according to the presence of periodontitis and periodontal inflammation at baseline were calculated using multilevel mixed‐effects logistic regression.

Results

At baseline, 56.4% and 27.4% of the participants had severe periodontitis by the EWP and CDC/AAP definitions, respectively. After adjusting for follow‐up period and other baseline health characteristics (age, sex, smoking status, educational level, physical activity level, obesity, depression, and diabetes), severe periodontitis by either definition was significantly associated with MCI (for the EWP definition: adjusted OR = 3.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.45‐8.87; for the CDC/AAP definition: adjusted OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.08‐6.28). Periodontal inflammation assessed by PISA was also significantly associated with a higher OR for MCI (adjusted OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.01‐1.10, per 10‐mm2 increase in PISA).

Conclusion

Severe periodontitis and periodontal inflammation were associated with incident MCI among older community‐dwelling men and women.
Fiber concentrates from raspberry and blueberry pomace in gluten‐free cookie formulation: Effect on dough rheology and cookie baking properties
Authors: Šarić Bojana , Dapčević‐Hadnađev Tamara , Hadnađev Miroslav , Sakač Marijana , Mandić Anamarija , Mišan Aleksandra , Škrobot Dubravka
Published: October 2018

Raspberry and blueberry pomace, by‐products from fruit juice industry, were dehydrated to obtain fruit fiber concentrates and valorized as ingredients in gluten‐free (GF) cookies formulation. The aim was to evaluate the effect of substituting 30% (w/w) of GF flour mixture with different ratios of blueberry/raspberry fiber concentrates (0/30, 15/15, and 30/0) on rheological properties of cookie dough and cookie baking quality. Generally, the incorporation of the fiber concentrates increased the elastic and the viscous moduli thus producing harder doughs and consequently firmer cookies in comparison to the control. Although having similar total, soluble and insoluble fiber content, blueberry fiber concentrates were characterized with higher water absorption capacity and consequently yielded cookies with more rigid dough structure, higher water loss during baking, lower cookie thickness, higher spread ratio, more dense inner structure, and increased cookie hardness than those containing raspberry fiber concentrates. Enrichment of GF cookies with raspberry and blueberry fiber concentrates resulted in products with dietary fiber content higher than 6 g per 100 g, thus making them candidates for bearing “high fiber” nutrition claim.

Practical applications

Currently available GF bakery products mostly lack dietary fibers (DFs) and other important nutrients, because they are usually manufactured from refined flour and/or starches. As the products with long shelf‐life, very popular in daily diet of almost all consumer profiles, cookies could represent good matrices for the addition of functional ingredients, such as DFs. In this paper, GF cookies were enriched with the fiber concentrates recovered from blueberry and raspberry pomace. Application of these fiber sources enabled recycling of fruit processing industry by‐products into novel, “high fiber” GF product with improved nutritive profile.
Saliva could act as an emulsifier during oral processing of oil/fat
Authors: Glumac Miodrag , Qin Lanxi , Chen Jianshe , Ritzoulis Christos
Published: October 2018

Human saliva is a fluid naturally secreted in the oral cavity that interacts with food and food components for bolus formation, structure degradation, as well as lubrication. Because of the presence of salivary proteins, we speculate that saliva could also function as an effective emulsifier during oral processing of oil/fat. In this preliminary work, experiments were then designed to test this hypothesis. Whole human saliva from three healthy subjects were collected and analyzed for protein content, surface tension, and molecular weight distribution. Saliva emulsions were obtained both in vitro one and in situ for all three participating subjects. Droplet size distribution, zeta potential, and microstructure of such emulsions were examined immediately after the emulsification. Results show that stable saliva emulsions can be produced during oral processing of either pure oil (rapeseed oil) or fat food (pork belly in this work). Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) analysis showed that protein fractions of 27 and 55 kDa molecular weights were favored for emulsion formation. This work suggests that human saliva could function as an effective emulsifier and oral emulsification could be an important mechanism for the oral processing of oil/fat. Despite being preliminary, findings from this work provide a new scientific insight to our understanding of the oral behavior of oil/fat and their sensory perception.

Practical applications

Food industry is currently under a growing pressure to use novel techniques and ingredients to minimize the use of oil/fat in food products but without compromising its sensory quality. However, food industry has limited progresses because of the lack of understanding of the mechanisms of oral sensation and perception of oil/fat. Whereas there have been extensive debates about the sensory mechanisms of oil/fat, this work takes a step back by examining the oral behavior of oil/fat. Findings show that saliva can actually function as emulsifier to oil/fat, which means that ingested oil/fat will be dispersed and converted into an emulsion at the oral stage. The findings from this work offer food industry new insight on the sensory mechanisms of oil/fat.
The Formateur’s Bonus in European Constitutional Monarchies, 1901–99
Authors: Akirav Osnat , Cox Gary W.
Published: October 2018

In this article, we examine bonuses garnered by government formateurs in all European democracies that began the 20th century as constitutional monarchies. Using a new data set on how portfolios were allocated in each democratic coalition cabinet formed 1901–99, we show that formateurs’ bonuses were positive and significant when the monarch still exercised discretion in choosing them but declined after the monarch’s role was constrained. Relatedly, Gamson’s Law was more strongly violated when monarchs played a larger role. After identifying the dates at which monarchs were constrained, we conduct a difference‐in‐differences analysis, comparing formateurs’ bonuses in each reformed country with those in otherwise similar countries that did not reform at the same time. The results support the hypothesis that greater royal discretion engendered larger formateurs’ bonuses.
Shock stage distribution of 2280 ordinary chondrites—Can bulk chondrites with a shock stage of S6 exist as individual rocks?
Authors: Bischoff Addi , Schleiting Maximilian , Patzek Markus
Published: October 2018

The brecciation and shock classification of 2280 ordinary chondrites of the meteorite thin section collection at the Institut für Planetologie (Münster) has been determined. The shock degree of S3 is the most abundant shock stage for the H and LL chondrites (44% and 41%, respectively), while the L chondrites are on average more heavily shocked having more than 40% of rocks of shock stage S4. Among the H and LL chondrites, 40–50% are “unshocked” or “very weakly shocked.” Considering the petrologic types, in general, the shock degree is increasing with petrologic type. This is the case for all meteorite groups. The main criteria to define a rock as an S6 chondrite are the solid‐state recrystallization and staining of olivine and the melting of plagioclase often accompanied by the formation of high‐pressure phases like ringwoodite. These characteristics are typically restricted to local regions of a bulk chondrite in or near melt zones. In the past, the identification of high‐pressure minerals (e.g., ringwoodite) was often taken as an automatic and practical criterion for a S6 classification during chondrite bulk rock studies. The shock stage classification of many significantly shocked chondrites (>S3) revealed that most ringwoodite‐bearing rocks still contain more than 25% plagioclase (74%). Thus, these bulk chondrites do not even fulfill the S5 criterion (e.g., 75% of plagioclase has to be transformed into maskelynite) and have to be classified as S4. Studying chondrites on typically large thin sections (several cm2) and/or using samples from different areas of the meteorites, bulk chondrites of shock stage S6 should be extremely rare. In this respect, the paper will discuss the probability of the existence of bulk rocks of S6.
Spatiotemporal variations in microbial diversity across the three domains of life in a tropical thalassohaline lake (Dziani Dzaha, Mayotte Island)
Authors: Hugoni Mylène , Escalas Arthur , Bernard Cécile , Nicolas Sébastien , Jézéquel Didier , Vazzoler Fanny , Sarazin Gerard , Leboulanger Christophe , Bouvy Marc , Got Patrice , Ader Magali , Troussellier Marc , Agogué Hélène
Published: October 2018

Thalassohaline ecosystems are hypersaline environments originating from seawater in which sodium chloride is the most abundant salt and the pH is alkaline. Studies focusing on microbial diversity in thalassohaline lakes are still scarce compared with those on athalassohaline lakes such as soda lakes that have no marine origin. In this work, we investigated multiple facets of bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic diversity in the thalassohaline Lake Dziani Dzaha using a metabarcoding approach. We showed that bacterial and archaeal diversity were mainly affected by contrasting physicochemical conditions retrieved at different depths. While photosynthetic microorganisms were dominant in surface layers, chemotrophic phyla (Firmicutes or Bacteroidetes) and archaeal methanogens dominated deeper layers. In contrast, eukaryotic diversity was constant regardless of depth and was affected by seasonality. A detailed focus on eukaryotic communities showed that this constant diversity profile was the consequence of the high predominance of Picocystis salinarum, while nondominant eukaryotic groups displayed seasonal diversity turnover. Altogether, our results provided an extensive description of the diversity of the three domains of life in an unexplored extreme environment and showed clear differences in the responses of prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities to environmental conditions.
Extreme copy number variation at a tRNA ligase gene affecting phenology and fitness in yellow monkeyflowers
Authors: Nelson Thomas C. , Monnahan Patrick J. , McIntosh Mariah K. , Anderson Kayli , MacArthur‐Waltz Evan , Finseth Findley R. , Kelly John K. , Fishman Lila
Published: October 2018

Copy number variation (CNV) is a major part of the genetic diversity segregating within populations, but remains poorly understood relative to single nucleotide variation. Here, we report on a tRNA ligase gene (Migut.N02091; RLG1a) exhibiting unprecedented, and fitness‐relevant, CNV within an annual population of the yellow monkeyflower Mimulus guttatus. RLG1a variation was associated with multiple traits in pooled population sequencing (PoolSeq) scans of phenotypic and phenological cohorts. Resequencing of inbred lines revealed intermediate‐frequency three‐copy variants of RLG1a (trip+; 5/35 = 14%), and trip+ lines exhibited elevated RLG1a expression under multiple conditions. trip+ carriers, in addition to being over‐represented in late‐flowering and large‐flowered PoolSeq populations, flowered later under stressful conditions in a greenhouse experiment (p < 0.05). In wild population samples, we discovered an additional rare RLG1a variant (high+) that carries 250–300 copies of RLG1a totalling ~5.7 Mb (20–40% of a chromosome). In the progeny of a high+ carrier, Mendelian segregation of diagnostic alleles and qPCR‐based copy counts indicate that high+ is a single tandem array unlinked to the single‐copy RLG1a locus. In the wild, high+ carriers had highest fitness in two particularly dry and/or hot years (2015 and 2017; both p < 0.01), while single‐copy individuals were twice as fecund as either CNV type in a lush year (2016: p < 0.005). Our results demonstrate fluctuating selection on CNVs affecting phenological traits in a wild population, suggest that plant tRNA ligases mediate stress‐responsive life‐history traits, and introduce a novel system for investigating the molecular mechanisms of gene amplification.
Altitudinal variation of the gut microbiota in wild house mice
Authors: Suzuki Taichi A. , Martins Felipe M. , Nachman Michael W.
Published: October 2018

The maintenance of oxygen homeostasis in the gut is critical for the maintenance of a healthy gut microbiota. However, few studies have explored how the concentration of atmospheric oxygen affects the gut microbiota in natural populations. High‐altitude environments provide an opportunity to study the potential effects of atmospheric oxygen on the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Here, we characterized the caecal microbial communities of wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) in two independent altitudinal transects, one in Ecuador and one in Bolivia, from sea level to nearly 4,000 m. First, we found that differences in altitude were associated with differences in the gut microbial community after controlling for the effects of body mass, diet, reproductive status and population of origin. Second, obligate anaerobes tended to show a positive correlation with altitude, while all other microbes tended to show a negative correlation with altitude. These patterns were seen independently in both transects, consistent with the expected effects of atmospheric oxygen on gut microbes. Prevotella was the most‐enriched genus at high elevations in both transects, consistent with observations in high‐altitude populations of pikas, ruminants and humans, and also consistent with observations of laboratory mice exposed to hypoxic conditions. Lastly, the renin–angiotensin system, a recently proposed microbiota‐mediated pathway of blood pressure regulation, was the top predicted metagenomic pathway enriched in high altitudes in both transects. These results suggest that high‐altitude environments affect the composition and function of the gut microbiota in wild mammals.
The economics of the super‐multiplier: A comprehensive treatment with labor markets
Authors: Palley Thomas
Published: October 2018

This paper links the super‐multiplier to Keynesian macroeconomics, showing it to be the most Keynesian of growth perspectives. Next, the paper shows that the super‐multiplier is a micro‐economically coherent theory of investment and capital accumulation. Firms’ decisions regarding capital accumulation coordinate demand and supply growth in goods markets. The paper then explores the implications of incorporating the super‐multiplier in the neo‐Kaleckian and Cambridge growth models. Lastly, it shows how labor markets and unemployment can be added into super‐multiplier models to provide a comprehensive growth model that addresses Solow's (1956, Journal of Economics, 70, 65–94) labor market knife‐edge problem. Incorporating labor markets does not change the fundamental super‐multiplier result that growth is determined by the growth of autonomous demand.
An inconvenient discussion
Authors: Teunissen Pim W
Published: October 2018

This commentary argues for the importance of informing patients about their participation in medical education when being cared for by trainees.
Multi‐level analysis of national nursing students’ disclosure of patient safety concerns
Authors: Palese Alvisa , Gonella Silvia , Grassetti Luca , Mansutti Irene , Brugnolli Anna , Saiani Luisa , Terzoni Stefano , Zannini Lucia , Destrebecq Anne , Dimonte Valerio ,   the SVIAT TEAM
Published: October 2018

Context

Error reporting is considered one of the most important mediating factors for patient safety (PS). However, reporting errors can be challenging for health care students.

Objectives

The aims of the study were: (i) to describe nursing students’ opportunity to report errors, near misses or PS issues that emerged during their clinical learning experience; and (ii) to explore associated factors of the process of reporting itself.

Methods

A national survey was conducted on 9607 (91.7%) undergraduate nursing students. The endpoint was to have reported PS issues in the last clinical learning experience (from 0 ‘never’ to 3 ‘always’). Explanatory variables were set individual, nursing programme and regional levels.

Results

A total of 4004 (41.7%) nursing students reported PS issues from ‘never/rarely’ to ‘sometimes’. In the multi‐level analysis, factors increasing the likelihood of reporting events affecting PS have been mainly at the nursing programme level: specifically, higher learning opportunities (odds ratio [OR] = 3.040; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.667–3.466), self‐directed learning opportunities (OR = 1.491; 95% CI, 1.364–1.630), safety and nursing care quality (OR = 1.411; 95% CI, 1.250–1.594) and quality of tutorial strategies OR = 1.251; 95% CI, 1.113–1.406). By contrast, being supervised by a nurse teacher (OR = 0.523; 95% CI, 0.359–0.761) prevented the disclosure of PS issues compared with being supervised by a clinical nurse. Students attending their nursing programmes in some Italian regions showed a higher likelihood (OR from 1.346 to 2.938) of reporting PS issues compared with those undertaking their education in other regions.

Conclusions

Nursing students continue to be reticent to report PS issues. Given that they represent the largest generation of future health care workers, their education regarding PS should be continuously monitored and improved; moreover, strategies aimed at developing a non‐blaming culture should be designed and implemented both at the clinical learning setting and regional levels.
The effect of autostereoscopic holograms on anatomical knowledge: a randomised trial
Authors: Hackett Matthew , Proctor Michael
Published: October 2018

Context

Three‐dimensional (3‐D) visualisation in anatomical education has been shown to be broadly beneficial for students. However, there is limited research on the relative efficacy of 3‐D modalities. This study compares knowledge performance, mental effort and instructional efficiency between autostereoscopic 3‐D visualisation (holograms), monoscopic 3‐D visualisation (3‐DPDFs) and a control (2‐D printed images).

Methods

A cardiac anatomy model was used to generate holograms, 3‐DPDFs and 2‐D printed images. Nursing student participants (n = 179) were randomised into three groups: holograms (n = 60), 3‐DPDFs (n = 60) and printed images (n = 59). Participants completed a pre‐test followed by a self‐study period using the anatomical visualisation. Afterwards, participants completed the NASA‐Task Load Index (NASA‐TLX) cognitive load instrument and a knowledge post‐test.

Results

Post‐test results showed participants studying with holograms (median = 80.0, interquartile range [IQR] = 66.7–86.7) performed significantly better regarding cardiac anatomy knowledge than participants using 3‐DPDF (median = 66.7, IQR = 53.3–80.0, p = 0.008) or printed images (median = 66.7, IQR = 53.3–80.0, p = 0.007). Mental effort scores, on a scale from 1 to 20, showed hologram (mean = 4.9, standard deviation [SD] = 3.56) and 3‐DPDF participants (mean = 4.9, SD = 3.79) reported significantly lower cognitive load than printed images (mean = 7.5, SD = 4.9, p < 0.005). Instructional efficiency (E) of holograms (E = 0.35) was significantly higher than printed images (E = −0.36, p < 0.001), although not significantly higher than 3‐DPDF (E = 0.03, p = 0.097).

Conclusions

Participants using holograms demonstrated significant knowledge improvement over printed images and monoscopic 3‐DPDF models, suggesting additional depth cues from holographic visualisation provide benefit in understanding spatial anatomy. Mental effort scores and instructional efficiency of holograms indicate holograms are a cognitively efficient instructional medium. These findings highlight the need for further study of novel 3‐D technologies and learning performance.
Education or regulation? Exploring our underlying conceptualisations of remediation for practising physicians
Authors: Bourgeois‐Law Gisèle , Varpio Lara , Regehr Glenn , Teunissen Pim W
Published: October 2018

Context

The remediation of practising physicians is coming to the fore in several countries in response to increasing demands for physician accountability and quality improvement initiatives in health care. However, the profession continues to grapple with the concepts and processes of remediation, particularly for physicians in practice who struggle with performance issues related to clinical competence. This suggests that current conceptualisations of remediation might be contributing to this situation. This study therefore, explored how various administration‐level stakeholders conceptualise remediation in order to construct a description of the nature and meaning of remediation.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted using purposive sampling across the range of Canadian stakeholders involved in the remediation of practising physicians, including regulatory authorities, universities, national certifying bodies and medical organisations. With the use of constructivist grounded theory processes, analysis proceeded apace with data collection in an iterative process, with initial insights guiding subsequent interviews.

Results

Participants often simultaneously held two different conceptualisations of remediation: (i) remediation as part of an educational continuum involving different degrees of support, and (ii) remediation as a regulatory process removing an individual's educational autonomy. Interviewees moved between these two conceptualisations but did not always appear to be aware of doing so. These conceptualisations each had different implications regarding the degree to which remediation can be incorporated into professional processes of maintaining competence.

Conclusions

Understanding that stakeholders frequently approach the complex issue of remediation with two different perspectives without conscious awareness of doing so may help to explain several challenges in the field, including the issues of what falls under the umbrella of remediation and who should be responsible for offering remediation support. Our findings suggest the need for conceptual clarity around remediation, both to ensure that we illuminate logistical dilemmas in enacting remediation and to address the stigma of ‘de‐professionalisation’ that the provision of even minor educational supports (such as feedback) might invoke by association.
Erythropoietin signal protected human umbilical vein endothelial cells from high glucose‐induced injury
Authors: Yasuda Haruka , Iwata Yasunori , Nakajima Satoshi , Furuichi Kengo , Miyake Taito , Sakai Norihiko , Kitajima Shinji , Toyama Tadashi , Shinozaki Yasuyuki , Sagara Akihiro , Miyagawa Taro , Hara Akinori , Shimizu Miho , Kamikawa Yasutaka , Sato Kouichi , Oshima Megumi , Yoneda‐Nakagawa Shiori , Kaneko Shuichi , Wada Takashi
Published: October 2018

Aim

High glucose (HG) induces endothelial injury in vasculature, leading to tissue injury in diabetic condition. Therefore, diabetes is one of the major cause of end‐stage kidney disease as well as cardiovascular diseases. Chronic inflammation is involved in the progression of HG‐induced cell injury. Recently, it has been reported that erythropoietin (EPO) protects the tissues from some kind of injury, such as hypoxia and mechanical stress. However, the contribution of EPO to HG‐induced tissue injury remains to be explored. Therefore, we hypothesized that EPO protects endothelial cells from HG‐induced injury via the regulation of inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory balance.

Methods

We performed genome‐wide transcriptome profiling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), which were stimulated by HG with/without EPO treatment and detected the expression of inflammation associated genes.

Results

The expression pattern of mRNA expression in HG stimulated HUVEC with/without EPO were different in hieralchial clustering analysis. While inflammatory cytokines/chemokines mRNA expression were increased by the HG stimulation in HUVEC, Th2‐related cytokine receptors and intracellular signaling molecules showed the reduced mRNA expression levels. EPO treatment reduced inflammatory cytokines/chemokines mRNA expression and increased Th2‐related cytokine mRNA expression levels. Moreover, EPO stimulation increased mRNA expression of EPO receptor and β‐common receptor.

Conclusion

EPO signaling protects HG‐induced cell injury by the regulation of immune balance.
Accumulation of phosphoinositides in distinct regions of the periarbuscular membrane
Authors: Ivanov Sergey , Harrison Maria J.
Published: October 2018

Phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid are small anionic lipids that comprise a minor proportion of total membrane lipids in eukaryotic cells but influence a broad range of cellular processes including endomembrane trafficking, signaling, exocytosis and endocytosis.

To investigate the spatial distribution of phosphoinositides during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, we generated fluorescent reporters of PI(4,5)P2 and PI4P, as well as phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol and used them to monitor lipid distribution on the cytoplasmic side of membrane bilayers in colonized cortical cells.

The PI4P reporter accumulated strongly on the periarbuscular membrane (PAM) and transiently labeled Golgi bodies, while the PA reporter showed differential labeling of endomembranes and the PAM. Surprisingly, the PI(4,5)P2 reporter accumulated in small, discrete regions of the PAM on the arbuscule trunks, frequently in two regions on opposing sides of the hypha. A mutant reporter with reduced PI(4,5)P2 binding capacity did not show these accumulations.

The PI(4,5)P2‐rich regions were detected at all phases of arbuscule development following branching, co‐localized with membrane marker proteins potentially indicating high membrane bilayer content, and were associated with an alteration in morphology of the hypha. A possible analogy to the biotrophic interfacial membrane complex formed in rice infected with Magnaporthe orzyae is discussed.
Comparison of host susceptibilities to native and exotic pathogens provides evidence for pathogen‐imposed selection in forest trees
Authors: Freeman Jules S. , Hamilton Matthew G. , Lee David J. , Pegg Geoff S. , Brawner Jeremy T. , Tilyard Paul A. , Potts Brad M.
Published: October 2018

The extent to which spatial structuring of host resistance in wild plant populations reflects direct pathogen‐imposed selection is a subject of debate. To examine this issue, genetic susceptibilities to an exotic and a coevolved native fungal pathogen were compared using two Australian host tree species.

Damage to common host germplasm of Corymbia citriodora ssp. variegata (CCV) and Eucalyptus globulus, caused by recently introduced (Austropuccinia psidii) and native (Quambalaria pitereka and Teratosphaeria sp.) pathogens was evaluated in common‐garden experiments.

There was significant additive genetic variation within host species for susceptibility to both the exotic and native pathogens. However, susceptibility to A. psidii was not genetically correlated with susceptibility to either native pathogen, providing support for pathogen‐specific rather than general mechanisms of resistance.

Population differentiation (QST) for susceptibility to the native pathogens was greater than neutral expectations (molecular FST), arguing for divergent selection. Coupled with lower native, but not exotic, pathogen susceptibility in host populations from areas climatically more prone to fungal proliferation, these findings suggest that pathogen‐imposed selection has contributed directly to a geographic mosaic of host resistance to native pathogens.
Evolution of phytolith deposition in modern bryophytes, and implications for the fossil record and influence on silica cycle in early land plant evolution
Authors: Thummel Ryan V. , Brightly William H. , Strömberg Caroline A. E.
Published: October 2018

Anecdotal evidence indicating substantial silica accumulation in tissues of bryophytes suggests that silica (phytolith) deposition evolved early on in embryophytes. To test this hypothesis, we conducted the first survey of phytolith content representing the major liverwort, moss and hornwort clades. We also assessed the diagnostic value of bryophyte phytoliths.

Silica extracted from bryophyte material through wet‐ashing was described, focusing on abundance, classifying taxa as nonproducers, light producers and higher producers; and phytolith morphotypes. Ancestral state reconstruction of these characters was performed for mosses and liverworts using published phylogenies.

Phytoliths are present in multiple subclades within liverworts, mosses and hornworts, but these phyla were not ancestrally high silica‐producers. Higher deposition occurs in liverworts and mosses with specialized water‐conducting cells.

We hypothesize that active, high silica accumulation was not ancestral for embryophytes, but became possible in clades with increased water conductance. Phytoliths of diagnostic structures (e.g. pegged rhizoids) could help track bryophyte clades or water conductance evolution in the fossil record.
Provision of micronutrients in coexisting public health programs and risk of excessive intake: regulatory considerations
Authors: Mejia Luis A. , Kuo Wan‐Yuan , Beltran‐Velazquez Filiberto
Published: October 2018

Countries around the world have been implementing public health interventions to provide vitamins and minerals. There is a concern that the cumulative micronutrient contribution of coexisting programs, when targeting the same population, may exceed their safe levels of intake, thus potentially challenging the primum non nocere principle. We assessed the regulatory framework of such interventions and determined qualitatively whether there were provisions in the regulations that called for coordination among programs to ensure their innocuousness. Country cases from various WHO regions were selected for the study: (1) the Americas: Chile, Costa Rica, and Guatemala; (2) Africa: Malawi, Uganda, and Zambia; (3) South Asia: Bangladesh; and (4) the Western Pacific Region: China and the Philippines. We did not identify any provisions in the existing regulations requiring coordination mechanisms among interventions. However, in some countries, governments have established national micronutrient fortification commissions or alliances aimed to foster interprogram coordination. Their focus, however, has been mostly on the efficacy of the programs and less on their safety. A regulatory framework for coexisting micronutrient interventions should be comprehensive, accounting for all micronutrient sources and including regulatory provisions for coordination among programs.
Integrating intraoperative physiology data into outcome analysis for the ACS Pediatric National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
Authors: Görges Matthias , Afshar Kourosh , West Nicholas , Pi Shanshan , Bedford Julie , Whyte Simon D.
Published: October 2018

Background

The Pediatric National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (P‐NSQIP) samples surgical procedures for benchmarking and quality improvement. While generally comprehensive, P‐NSQIP does not collect intraoperative physiologic data, despite potential impact on outcomes.

Aims

The aims of this study were (a) to describe a methodology to augment P‐NSQIP with vital signs data and (b) demonstrate its utility by exploring relationships that intraoperative hypothermia and hypotension have with P‐NSQIP outcomes.

Methods

Vital signs from 2012 to 2016 were available in a research databank. Episodes of hypotension and hypothermia were extracted and recorded alongside local P‐NSQIP data. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to explore associations with undesired outcomes, including: surgical site infection, wound disruption, unplanned return to the operating room, and blood transfusion. Model variables were selected with the Akaike information criterion using 2012‐2014 as the training set and validated with receiver operating characteristics analysis using 2015‐2016 as the testing set.

Results

Data from 6737 patients were analyzed, with 43.9% female, median [interquartile range] age 5.8 [1.3‐12.4] years, undergoing procedures lasting 118 [75‐193] minutes. Hypothermia, observed in 45% of cases, was associated with wound disruption (odds ratio 1.75, 95% CI 1.1‐2.83). Hypotension, observed in 60% of cases, was associated with unplanned returns (odds ratio 1.58, 95% CI 1.02‐2.51), and transfusions (odds ratio 1.95, 95% CI 1.14‐3.52). Surgical site infection, wound disruption, unplanned return, and transfusion models had areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.69/0.67, 0.59/0.63, 0.78/0.79, and 0.92/0.93 for validation models including hypothermia/hypotension respectively.

Conclusion

Adding intraoperative vital signs to P‐NSQIP data allowed identification of two modifiable risk factors: hypothermia was associated with increased wound disruption, and hypotension with increased blood transfusions and unplanned returns to the operating room. These findings may motivate prospective studies and prompt other centers and P‐NSQIP to augment outcome data with intraoperative physiological data.
IN PRAISE OF A LOGIC OF DEFINITIONS THAT TOLERATES Ω‐INCONSISTENCY
Authors: Gupta Anil
Published: October 2018

I argue that a general logic of definitions must tolerate ω‐inconsistency. I present a semantical scheme, , under which some definitions imply ω‐inconsistent sets of sentences. I draw attention to attractive features of this scheme, and I argue that yields the minimal general logic of definitions. I conclude that any acceptable general logic should permit definitions that generate ω‐inconsistency. This conclusion gains support from the application of to the theory of truth.
Balancing competing life‐stage requirements in salmon habitat rehabilitation: between a rock and a hard place
Authors: Merz Joseph , Caldwell Lucius , Beakes Michael , Hammersmark Chris , Sellheim Kirsten
Published: October 2018

Gravel augmentation is often applied to rivers and streams to rehabilitate salmonid spawning and incubation habitat. However, the effect of gravel size on salmon spawning utilization and embryo survival during incubation is not well understood. We conducted an experiment on a regulated and previously mined Northern California salmonid‐bearing stream in which different sized gravel (small, medium, and large) patches were placed into the stream's degraded spawning reach. We documented Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Chinook salmon) spawning activity within the three gravel sizes for two seasons. In addition, we deployed Chinook salmon embryos into each gravel size patch and allowed them to incubate until estimated emergence time. Although all experimental gravel sizes were predicted to be within the spawning population's mobilization capabilities, model results indicated the probability of salmon building redds decreased as substrate size increased. Conversely, embryo survival increased as gravel size increased. A possible mechanism of disparate Chinook salmon embryo survival is provided by an observed decrease in embryo survival correlating with greater presence of embryo predators (leeches), which are associated with smaller gravel. Our results indicate a parent‐offspring conflict in optimal spawning gravel size for Chinook salmon, and suggest that an intermediate gravel size would maximize overall reproductive success across both spawning and incubation life stages.
An Investigation of Multidimensional Energy Poverty among South African Low‐income Households
Authors: Olawumi Israel‐Akinbo Sylvia , Snowball Jeanette , Fraser Gavin
Published: October 2018

This paper empirically assesses multidimensional energy poverty for low‐income households in South Africa using the four waves of the National Income Dynamics Study. The study adopts the Nussbaumer et al. (Measuring Energy Poverty, 2011) methodology, the multidimensional energy poverty index (MEPI), to estimate energy poverty on 10,801 low‐income households. The results indicate that low‐income households in rural areas are more energy deprived than those in the urban areas. The MEPI score across the years in low‐income urban and rural households depicts a moderate state of energy poverty. Furthermore, low‐income households in both the urban and the rural areas are mostly deprived in the dimension of heating fuel. The study recommends that suitable measures to combat energy poverty be rural–urban specific.
text4peds: a randomised text‐messaging trial
Authors: Brownsworth Christopher , Kaniecki Timothy , Broom Matthew
Published: October 2018

Background

The use of cell phone text messaging in the medical field is of growing interest, but there are few data examining its value in medical education. The text4peds educational text‐messaging program was created for third‐year medical students preparing for the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) paediatric subject examination.

Methods

A randomised, controlled trial was conducted with third‐year medical students on their paediatric clerkship. Students in the intervention group received daily messages consisting of multiple‐choice questions with links to online material. The control group received no text messages. The impact of the intervention was assessed by examining the participants’ NBME examination scores and by participant surveys.

Results

A total of 162 students participated in the study. There was no statistical difference between the two groups, with the texting group having a mean score of 77.7 and with the non‐texting group having a mean score of 77.8 on the NBME. Subgroup analysis examining the effect of anticipated specialty and online material interaction also failed to find any statistically significant difference. Students reported satisfaction with the program, with 84% rating the text messages as helpful. The students rated their participation as high, with 92% saying that they looked at the messages more than 60% of the time. Among those who received text messages, 90% would recommend the program to others.

There was no statistical difference between the two group

Conclusion

A text‐messaging‐based educational tool had a perceived positive educational value for medical students. This study failed to show any statistically significant impact on NBME examination scores from the text‐messaging intervention.
Primary infection with human herpes virus type 6, post‐pediatric liver transplantation—A pathogen to remember
Authors: Pappo‐Toledano Adi , Dovrat Sara , Soufiev Zvia , Mozer‐Glassberg Yael , Krause Irit , Rom Eran , Shamir Raanan , Bilavsky Efraim
Published: October 2018

Background

In recent years, liver transplantation (LT) has become a well‐accepted therapeutic modality for children with end‐stage liver disease, with transplantation surgery being performed at a younger age. Human herpes virus 6 (HHV‐6) infection occurs in most children within the first 2 years of life, therefore, data on primary HHV‐6 infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients is scarce.

Objective

To describe the course of primary HHV‐6 infection after pediatric LT.

Methods

Medical files, between the years 2015‐2016, of post‐LT pediatric patients with suspected primary HHV‐6 infection were reviewed. Clinical and laboratory data for enrolled cases were evaluated. Primary infection was defined as DNAemia in children who were seronegative prior to transplantation or seroconversion from negative to positive IgG posttransplantation.

Results

Four cases of primary HHV‐6 (type B) infection were identified among the 26 children who had undergone LT at our center during the study period. All patients were <1 year old and presented with fever, hepatitis, and elevated inflammatory markers, most (75%) within a short‐period posttransplantation. All were initially treated with empiric antibiotics for a suspected bacterial infection and three underwent liver biopsy, one showing signs of rejection. Three were treated with antiviral therapy with a gradual resolution of symptoms.

Discussion

Primary HHV‐6 should be taken into account in young children shortly after LT, especially when presenting with fever and elevated liver enzymes. Treatment with antiviral therapy should be considered.

Conclusions

In young infants post‐LT, a high index of suspicion may promote early detection of HHV‐6 primary infection and prevent serious complications.
The assembly pathway of complex I in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ligas Joanna , Pineau Emmanuelle , Bock Ralph , Huynen Martijn A. , Meyer Etienne H.
Published: October 2018

All present‐day mitochondria originate from a single endosymbiotic event that gave rise to the last eukaryotic common ancestor more than a billion years ago. However, to date, many aspects of mitochondrial evolution have remained unresolved. Comparative genomics and proteomics have revealed a complex evolutionary origin for many mitochondrial components. To understand the evolution of the respiratory chain, we have examined both the components and the mechanisms of the assembly pathway of complex I. Complex I represents the first enzyme in the respiratory chain, and complex I deficiencies have dramatic consequences in both animals and plants. The complex is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and possesses two arms: one embedded in the inner membrane and one protruding in the matrix. Here, we describe the assembly pathway of complex I in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a proteomics approach called complexome profiling, we have resolved the different steps in the assembly process in plants. We propose a model for the stepwise assembly of complex I, including every subunit. We then compare this pathway with the corresponding pathway in humans and find that complex I assembly in plants follows a different, and likely ancestral, pathway compared with the one in humans. We show that the main evolutionary changes in complex I structure and assembly in humans occurred at the level of the membrane arm, whereas the matrix arm remained rather conserved.
Role of physicochemical factors on bacterial attachment in textile fibrous media
Authors: Roy Sukumar , Ghosh Subrata , Bhowmick Niranjan , Roy Choudhury Pradip K.
Published: October 2018

One of the possible approaches to remove thePseudomonasbacteria from surface water by using textile fibrous media has been studied in this article. The attachment ofPseudomonasbacteria inside textile fibrous media was studied using laboratory column experiment which led to the understanding of the physiochemical interaction between textile surface and the bacteria. Colloid‐filtration theory was used to investigate the effects of various physicochemical factors like pH, ionic strength (M) and mass (g) of the porous media on bacterial attachment. The quantitative assessment of bacterial attachment on the textile surface media was carried out by determining the collision efficiency. The physicochemical factors mentioned above were optimized to obtain maximum collision efficiency so as to achieve maximum bacterial attachment on the textile media surface. Bacterial attachment is found to be directly related to the ionic strength of the suspending medium and the mass of the textile media. A significant improvement in collision efficiency is observed when the ionic strength of the suspended medium is increased. Maximum collision efficiency is achieved at high level of ionic strength and medium level of pH with high level of mass of the textile media.