bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Informal carer's knowledge of traumatic brain injury questionnaire: Initial development and validation
Authors: Awadh Bamatraf Amena , Chong Mei Chan , Mazlan Mazlina , Che Chong Chin , Fauziningtyas Rista , Nursalam Nursalam
Published: March 2021

Aim

To develop and psychometrically test the instrument for measuring the knowledge of traumatic brain injury of informal carers.

Design

Instrument development.

Method

Focus group discussions were conducted among informal carers and healthcare specialists in March 2017. The content validity was determined by the mean of the item content validity index. A reliability test was performed by the Kuder‐Richardson 20 and Pearson's correlation coefficient among 40 informal carers of patients with a traumatic brain injury in the rehabilitation medicine department of a tertiary hospital from August–September 2017.

Results

The final 34‐item questionnaire covers the nature of traumatic brain injury, the consequences of traumatic brain injury, the rehabilitation process, and the role of the caregiver. The item content means ranged from 0.8–1.00, and the difficulty of knowledge items ranged from 0.18–0.98. The internal consistency reliability and correlation coefficient were 0.70 and 0.84, respectively.
Novel Pluronic F‐127‐coated ZnO nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and their in‐vitro cytotoxicity evaluation
Authors: Abuelsamen Abdulsalam , Mahmud Shahrom , Mohd Kaus Noor Haida , Farhat Omar F. , Mohammad Sabah M. , Al‐Suede Fouad Saleih R. , Abdul Majid Amin Malik Shah
Published: March 2021

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly recognized for their potential use in various biomedical applications. However, the tendency of bare ZnO NPs to aggregate and their poor stability in the biological environment reduce their biocompatibility and lead to cytotoxicity in normal healthy cells. This study attempted to avoid this by synthesizing a novel Pluronic F‐127‐coated ZnO NPs and evaluating their cytotoxicity impact on normal healthy human endothelial AE.hy296 cells. The characterization results revealed that Pluronic coating process remarkably enhanced the stability of ZnO NPs and did not alter their desired crystalline structure. The cytotoxicity of bare and Pluronic F‐127‐coated ZnO NPs were evaluated through MTT assay and microscopy imaging. The results of the cytotoxicity tests showed that Pluronic F‐127 modification significantly improved the biocompatibility and reduced the cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs toward the normal endothelial human EA.hy926 cells. Based on their high crystallinity, stability, and biocompatibility, Pluronic F‐123‐coated ZnO NPs hold promising potential for miscellaneous biomedical applications.
Synergistic anticancer effects of different combinations of He+O2 plasma jet and doxorubicin on A375 melanoma cells
Authors: Zhang Hao , Xu Shengduo , Zhang Jishen , Li Bing , Liu Dingxin , Guo Li , Liu Zhijie , Xu Dehui
Published: March 2021

Cold atmospheric plasma technology is expected to become an option for adjuvant therapy in cancer due to its promising anticancer effect. Here, we evaluated the effects of different combinations of He+O2 plasma jet and clinical anticancer drug, doxorubicin, on A375 melanoma cells in vitro. The results show that the synergistic anticancer effect of plasma jet and doxorubicin is dependent on the manner of their combination. Although doxorubicin does not affect plasma jet‐induced exogenous oxidative stress in A375 cells, the synergistic anticancer effect of continuous doxorubicin treatment with subsequent plasma jet treatment is significantly better than that of simultaneous continuous doxorubicin and plasma jet treatment. It is proposed that plasma jet interventions may create transitory therapeutic windows for continuous chemotherapy. Our results will help to optimize therapeutic approaches that include combinations of anticancer drugs and plasma for future clinical applications.
Silver Antimony Sulfide Selenide Thin‐Film Solar Cells via Chemical Deposition
Authors: Capistrán-Martínez Jesús , Nair M. T. Santhamma , Nair P. Karunakaran
Published: March 2021

Silver antimony sulfide selenide (AgSbS1.3Se0.7) thin film forms from silver antimony sulfide (AgSbS2, 700 nm) and amorphous selenium (Se, 300 nm), both obtained via chemical deposition and heated in contact at 180 °C for 30 min in an argon ambient. The face‐centered cubic (fcc) structure of AgSbS2 (cuboargyrite) is maintained in AgSbS1.3Se0.7. The optical bandgap of 1.8 eV (direct forbidden) in AgSbS2 reduces to 1.47 eV in AgSbS1.3Se0.7 with an increase in the light‐generated current density from 19 to 29 mA cm−2. The photoconductivity in AgSbS1.3Se0.7 of 2 × 10−5 Ω−1 cm−1 is an order of magnitude higher than that in AgSbS2. A solar cell of SnO2:F/CdS(80 nm)/AgSbS1.3Se0.7(700 nm)/C‐Ag, produced by heating at 280 °C with the graphite (C) electrode applied, shows a conversion efficiency (η) of 0.65%, open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.537 V, short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 2.07 mA cm−2, and fill factor of 0.60. In AgSbS2 solar cell, η is of 0.54% with a Voc of 0.625 V. The merits of AgSbS1.3Se0.7 as a solar cell absorber and ways to increase the Jsc in the AgSbS1.3Se0.7 solar cell to match its JL are discussed.
A Model for Adsorption and Diffusion in Water Vapor Barrier Films
Authors: Lian Songyou , Zhang Jintong , Wang Jiangyong , Xu Congkang , Swart Hendrik C. , Terblans Jacobus J.
Published: March 2021

A model for describing the diffusion behavior of water vapor in barrier films is developed and applied to the cases of 1) pure polyethylene terephthalate (PET); 2) an inorganic thin film (ITF) with defects on a PET substrate (ITF/PET); and 3) PET/ITF/PET. The normalized concentration profile and the relative mass of water vapor in the ITF/PET and PET/ITF/PET barrier films are simulated as a function of diffusion time by considering the sorption and desorption of water vapor. The number of atoms penetrating the barrier films is quantitatively evaluated by the concentration gradient of water vapor, which is related to the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). The simulated WVTR values in pure PET, PET/SiOx, and PET/SiOx/ORM layered structures are in good agreement with the experimental ones.
Dam cascade alters taxonomic composition of benthic macroinvertebrate community in upper Yangtze River
Authors: Zhang Hui , Zhu Chenxi , Mo Kangle , Chen Qiuwen , Tang Lei , Zhang Jianyun , Li Ting , Wang Jun
Published: March 2021

Cascade dams segment river connectivity, modify the hydrological process, and change the hydraulic properties, thus influencing the river ecosystem significantly. Ecological effects of dams have been extensively studied, but investigations on zoobenthos in a large area covering tributaries and mainstream with cascade dams are lacking. Here, we studied the features of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in the lower Jinshajiang River, which is the upper reach of the Yangtze River. Over 15,000 macroinvertebrate individuals were collected in the mainstream and eight tributaries. Altogether, 105 taxa belonging to 19 orders and 55 families were identified. The structure of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages was considerably different between the natural‐flow reach and the reservoir reach in the mainstream. The diversity and abundance of Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Megaloptera decreased to almost zero as a result of dam impoundment. By contrast, the abundance of Diptera, Chironomidae, and Tubificida increased significantly in the mainstream reservoir reach. The diversity of macroinvertebrate species in the mainstream reservoir reach was only half of that in the natural‐flow mainstream. The difference between macroinvertebrate assemblages in natural‐flow mainstream and tributaries was insignificant. Therefore, dam construction was considered the main cause of macroinvertebrate assemblage changes. Our results highlighted the necessity of maintaining sufficient natural river sections between cascade reservoirs to conserve the biodiversity of benthic macroinvertebrate.
Towards evidence‐based decision‐making for identification and usage of assets in composite software: A research roadmap
Authors: Wohlin Claes , Papatheocharous Efi , Carlson Jan , Petersen Kai , Alégroth Emil , Axelsson Jakob , Badampudi Deepika , Borg Markus , Cicchetti Antonio , Ciccozzi Federicio , Olsson Thomas , Sentilles Séverine , Svahnberg Mikael , Wnuk Krzysztof , Gorschek Tony
Published: March 2021

Software engineering is decision intensive. Evidence‐based software engineering is suggested for decision‐making concerning the use of methods and technologies when developing software. Software development often includes the reuse of software assets, for example, open‐source components. Which components to use have implications on the quality of the software (e.g., maintainability). Thus, research is needed to support decision‐making for composite software. This paper presents a roadmap for research required to support evidence‐based decision‐making for choosing and integrating assets in composite software systems. The roadmap is developed as an output from a 5‐year project in the area, including researchers from three different organizations. The roadmap is developed in an iterative process and is based on (1) systematic literature reviews of the area; (2) investigations of the state of practice, including a case survey and a survey; and (3) development and evaluation of solutions for asset identification and selection. The research activities resulted in identifying 11 areas in need of research. The areas are grouped into two categories: areas enabling evidence‐based decision‐making and those related to supporting the decision‐making. The roadmap outlines research needs in these 11 areas. The research challenges and research directions presented in this roadmap are key areas for further research to support evidence‐based decision‐making for composite software.
Progress in Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Duan Leiping , Hoex Bram , Uddin Ashraf
Published: March 2021

Opaque and semitransparent organic solar cells (ST‐OSCs) have made tremendous progress in recent years. Efficiencies over 18% and 13% have been demonstrated for opaque ST‐OSCs, respectively. OSCs do not contain unfavorable elements such as lead, which makes them available for broader potential applications when compared with other lead‐contained thin‐film solar cells. There has also been tremendous progress in the ST‐OSCs, which makes them extremely appealing for promising emerging applications such as building‐integrated photovoltaics. Herein, a progress review in the field is presented for helping the researchers better understand ST‐OSCs and further realize their potentials. Recent strategies in ST‐OSCs based on three perspectives are summarized, including electrode engineering, active layer engineering, and device engineering. A wide range of applications where ST‐OSCs can be used is discussed and challenges for future developments of ST‐OSCs are pointed out. Finally, the outlook for promising future research directions is presented.
Recent advances in vacancy engineering of metal‐organic frameworks and their derivatives for electrocatalysis
Authors: Wu Yuhang , Li Yuwen , Gao Junkuo , Zhang Qichun
Published: March 2021

The efficient electrocatalysis plays the key role in the development of electrochemical energy conversion technologies to alleviate energy crisis. Given their multiple active sites and large specific surface areas as electrocatalysts, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives have attracted considerable interests in recent years. Specially, exploring the roles of the enhanced active sites in MOFs and their derivatives is significant for understanding and developing new effective electrocatalysts. Recently, the vital role of vacancies has been proven to promote electrocatalytic processes (such as H2 or O2 evolution reactions, O2 reduction reactions, and N2 reduction reactions). In order to in‐depth exploring the effect of vacancies in electrocatalysts, the vacancies classification, synthetic strategy, and the recent development of various vacancies in MOFs and their derivatives for electrocatalysis are reviewed. Also, the perspectives on the challenges and opportunities of vacancies in MOFs and their derivatives for electrocatalysis are presented.
When Both Utterances and Appearances are Deceptive: Deception in Multimodal Film Narrative
Authors: Dynel Marta
Published: March 2021

This article gives a comprehensive theoretical account of deception in multimodal film narrative in the light of the pragmatics of film discourse, the cognitive philosophy of film, multimodal analysis, studies of fictional narrative and – last but not least – the philosophy of lying and deception. Critically addressing the extant literature, a range or pertinent notions and issues are examined: multimodality, film narration and the status of the cinematic narrator, the pragmatics of film construction (notably, the characters’ communicative level and the one of the collective sender and the recipient), the fictional world and its truth, the recipient’s film engagement and make believing, as well as narrative unreliability. Previous accounts of deceptive films are revisited and three main types of film deception are proposed with regard to the two levels of communication on which it materialises, the characters’ level and the recipient’s level, as well as the intradiegetic and/or the extradiegetic narrator involved. This discussion is illustrated with multimodally transcribed examples of deception extracted from the American television seriesHouse.In the course of the analysis, attention is paid to how specific types of deception detailed in the philosophy of language (notably, lies, deceptive implicature, withholding information, covert ambiguity, and covert irrelevance) are deployed through multimodal means in the three types of film deception (extradiegetic deception, intradiegetic deception, and a combination of both when performed by both cinematic and intradiegetic narrators). Finally, inspired by the discussion of Hitchcock’s controversial lying flashback scene inStage Fright, as well as films relying on tacit intradiegetic, unreliable narrators (focalising characters) an attempt is made to answer the thorny question of when the extradiegetic (cinematic) narrator can perform lies (through mendacious multimodal assertions) addressed by the collective sender to the recipient, and not just only other forms of deception, as is commonly maintained.
Concepts in Magnetism
Authors: Blundell Stephen J.
Published: March 2021

I review some general concepts in magnetism including the nature of magnetic exchange (direct, indirect and superexchange), and how exchange interactions play out in multiple spin systems. The nature of atomic orbitals and the way in which they interact with the spin system is also considered. Several examples are also treated, including the Jahn–Teller interaction and its role in the properties in layered manganites.
Spintronics and Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Mattana Richard , Locatelli Nicolas , Cros Vincent
Published: March 2021

Having access to the electronic and magnetic properties of spintronic systems is of crucial importance in view of their future technological developments. Our purpose in this chapter is to elaborate how a variety of synchrotron radiation-based measurements provides powerful and often unique techniques to probe them. We first introduce general concepts in spintronics and present some of the important scientific advances achieved in the last 30 years. Then we will describe some of the key investigations using synchrotron radiation concerning voltage control of magnetism, spin-charge conversion and current-driven magnetization dynamics.
The Dawn of a New Common
Authors: Aarts Emile , Fleuren Hein , Sitskoorn Margriet , Wilthagen Ton
Published: March 2021

On Thursday, February 27, 2020, during a live broadcast on television, Minister Bruno Bruin is handed a note saying that it has just been confirmed that a patient with the coronavirus has been identified in the Netherlands. Allegedly, it concerns a man who is placed in isolation in the Elisabeth-Tweesteden hospital in Tilburg.

This is where the story of our book starts. The hospital mentioned by the minister is hardly a kilometer away from our university, Tilburg University. Things now start to develop quickly. During several weeks, the region of Tilburg becomes the “Corona Capital” of the Netherlands in terms of the number of people infected. On March 18, Minister Bruno Bruins collapses due to exhaustion during a debate in the Government’s House of Representatives. The following day, he resigns and soon after is temporarily replaced by a politician of a party that is not part of the current political coalition. Two days earlier, the country had gone into a lockdown after a historical speech of Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte.
Litigating the Crisis: Towards a Rebalancing of the Rights of Investors Versus Public Interest?
Authors: Goodwin Morag , Paiement Phillip
Published: March 2021

This chapter reflects on the anticipated rush by private corporations to seek compensation from states for emergency measures taken to address the current health crisis. Where states have, for example, commandeered privately run health facilities, foreign corporations can claim for any negative impact on their current and future profits. This anticipated wave of state-investor litigation draws upon the web of bilateral investment treaties that span the globe and on Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanisms. In place of a “new normal,” this short paper suggests that these threats represent an intensification of an existing trend, with the main difference being that states of the Global North are increasingly finding themselves disciplined by instruments that they created to protect their own companies abroad. If this happens, as seems likely, this crisis will add to the growing calls to rethink how we regulate the boundary between the public interest and private investors.
Perspectives on the Common: The Input of Literature
Authors: Heynders Odile
Published: March 2021

In the COVID-19 context, journalists and columnists frequently refer to literary texts in order to demonstrate that what is happening under the current circumstances has already been described by writers of fiction. The idea is that literature opens a window to the real world, that, in imagination, we can find a representation of factual events. Various historical and contemporary works of fiction describe societies infected with all sorts of contagious diseases from the bubonic plague in London to AIDS in Africa. Most of these novels can be read as allegories; they demonstrate how people react to illness, social panic, and isolation. They confirm that, although times are changing, the impact of pandemics on individuals does not differ that much. All these works underline that communities can only be based on a humanist approach and solidarity. But they also describe individuals that do not always strive for the common good. The violence in some of the novels is illustrative; the norms and values of social groups become permeated when people get weak or invalid due to a spreading disease.
Shaping the Post-COVID-19 Agenda: A Call for Responsible Leadership
Authors: de Jong Ronald , van Reisen Mirjam
Published: March 2021

In 1970, the late economist and Nobel Prize Winner Milton Friedman spread a doctrine that has dominated the business world ever since: that a company’s solitary purpose is to increase financial value for its shareholders. Author during the height of the Cold War, Friedman tied in with the narrative that economic freedom is essential to political freedom. Friedman died in 2006, but his mantra did not. From the beginning of the 1990s until the financial crisis in 2007, the business world increasingly witnessed a movement towards the “Anglo-American” or “neo liberal” model, based upon Friedman’s doctrine. In the period after the collapse of Lehmann Brothers, leaders in the public and the private sector tried to fight the financials crisis by holding on to the very same measures and instruments that—arguably—caused the financial crisis in the first place. The last convulsions of Friedman’s doctrine?
The Comeback of the Old Theological Narratives During the Coronavirus Crisis: A Critical Reflection
Authors: Loffeld Jan
Published: March 2021

Martin Luther had no doubt about it: diseases were a punishment from God. In espousing this view, Luther, who was one of the first people to translate the Bible from Greek into another language, stood on firm biblical grounds. For the Semitic people of the biblical world, this causal connection had been self-evident as well. Diseases, plagues, catastrophes were the consequences of the sin that people commit. Ultimately, the intuition that evil is the result of sin is the basis for the adage that adversity causes people to pray: sooner or later, human beings will be confronted with the contingency of their own lives, which, in the Christian perspective, is rooted in the fact that creation has fallen into sin. This is why the idea that adversity causes people to pray is often trotted out in times of crisis even though it has long been empirically disproven.
Covid-Spiracy: Old Wine in New Barrels?
Authors: Achterberg Peter
Published: March 2021

How to make sense of the current COVID-19 crisis? While many people rely on official statements made by governments, scientific institutions, and experts for answering this question, others do not. Recently, the Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad reported on people who adhere to the conspirational theory that the current COVID-19 crisis is linked to the introduction of 5G technology. These people point, for example, to so-called 5G experiments in the province of Wuhan, China, where the current COVID-19 crisis started in 2019. The “covid-spiracy” theory suggests that behind the societal curtains, elites are trying to deal with the problem of overpopulation by means of introducing 5G and blaming COVID-19 for the negative side effects. On Facebook and Twitter, people are actively discussing these theories with increasing momentum. And, inspired by theories on the adverse effects of 5G, people have tried to destroy 5G technology and hinder the spread of this technology in the Netherlands.
Fortified Nudges? Protecting the Vulnerable in a Post-COVID Society
Authors: Pierce Robin
Published: March 2021

The eagerly awaited transition back into a functioning and vibrant society presents numerous challenges, not the least of which is how to protect the vulnerable. As society emerges from the “crisis” phase and the lockdown is lifted, it remains unclear to what extent it should be left to the vulnerable to protect themselves.

The elderly, the infirm, and those with existing health conditions are particularly susceptible to tragic outcomes from the coronavirus. To be vulnerable to a severe impact of COVID-19 turns the disease into a pervasively lurking death threat. Yet, to suggest that the vulnerable spend their lives in retreat in order to significantly minimize the risk is problematic in multiple ways. As policy-makers craft the way forward, the question must be asked whether an appeal to the goodwill and voluntary cooperation of people, along with the slow evolution of social norms, is an adequate approach to protecting the vulnerable.
Can AI Help to Avert the Environmental Great Filter?
Authors: Postma Eric , Postma Marie
Published: March 2021

While the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our lives is still evident on a daily basis, there is a much larger disaster looming in our future. We are faced with massive evidence that civilization is threatened by a climate disaster, and drastic measures are needed to avoid a point of no return. Will humankind succeed in adopting the necessary measures in time?

In this essay, we explore the potential of present-day AI systems to mitigate the apparent human inability to respond timely and adequately to the imminent peril threatening the existence of our civilization. We will argue that contrary to focusing on the widespread concerns of AI superseding humanity, the role of AI in climate change solutions needs to be prioritized and appreciated. To illustrate the potential of AI, we first contemplate the suboptimal human response to the nonlinear dynamics of the COVID-19 crisis. Subsequently, we generalize our observations to the climate crisis.
Balancing Public Health and Economic Interests Whilst Creating New Opportunities for Labor Migrants
Authors: Rijken Conny
Published: March 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic unveils structural weaknesses and vulnerabilities in societal structures that we have become to take as ordinary parts of our society. This especially holds true for such structures in the labor market in general (see Chap. 5 by Bekker) and especially for labor migrants, the focus of this chapter. The COVID-19 crisis not only augmented their precarious situation but also enlarged the awareness of the dependency of developed countries on migrant workers and, in some countries, led to a positive response by way of regularization of the migratory status of migrant workers. Apparently, the COVID-19 crisis has revealed that a public health risk generated more impact than academic and grounded research on work and living conditions of migrant workers and the work of organizations fighting for migrant workers’ rights. In this chapter, I will first address how COVID-19 has impacted the position of migrant workers before discussing opportunities created for migrant workers and the way forward.
There Is an App for That: Technological Solutionism as COVID-19 Policy in the Global North
Authors: Taylor Linnet
Published: March 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic took high-income countries entirely by surprise. Despite funding pandemic preparedness programs in Asia for more than 20 years, donor countries had not experienced an uncontrolled pandemic since HIV in the 1980s. When Ebola, Zika, SARS, and MERS threatened, countries outside the immediate geographic neighborhood or income level of those diseases’ places of origin were left largely untouched. In contrast to the swift, comprehensive response of South-East Asian countries, authorities in Europe and the United States assumed this coronavirus would behave like its predecessors SARS and MERS.

What happened next around the world was both harrowing and illuminating. Lacking protective material resources, the human capacity for contact tracing or understanding of the disease, policymakers in higher-income countries turned to technology for a miracle. The technology sector responded with history’s most extensive hackathon, illuminating the mutual shaping of technology and public health policy. The most striking feature of the technological response to the pandemic has been the degree of what Morozov has called solutionism driving it—the belief that complex problems can be solved by technological intervention alone.
Being a Collective Jeremiah: The Academic Responsibility to Clarify How Not All Is Well
Authors: Borgman Erik
Published: March 2021

COVID-19 has been frequently described as a great equalizer. The reality, however, is that long-standing inequities have been further exacerbated. The result is a lack of presence of a lot of stories on the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on societies and people. Thus speaks the website of Voice of Witness (https://voiceofwitness.org/unheard-voices-of-the-pandemic/, 2020), a San Francisco based organization with a mission to advance human rights “by amplifying the voices of people impacted by injustice.”

For obvious reasons, during the COVID-19 pandemic, public attention went almost exclusively to saving lives and overcoming problems in doing so. As a result, people felt their souls were left behind in the limbo of uncertainty without accompaniment.

In this short chapter, the starting point of Voice of Witness is taken: an understanding of any crucial issue is incomplete without deep listening and learning from people who have experienced it firsthand.
Online Proctoring Put to the Test
Authors: Cuijpers Colette
Published: March 2021

Traditionally, universities are places where students and professors physically interact. Knowledge and skills of students are generally tested in oral and written forms, on campus. In times of COVID-19, however, a new common in education is called for as students are unable to be physically present on campus. Both education and assessments need to take place at a distance. This development creates opportunities. However, education at a distance also bears risks, such as the risk of fraud. Universities are responsible for safeguarding the quality of education, assessments, and diplomas. Only students who actually master the learning objectives should receive a diploma. Online proctoring systems can help to achieve this. A challenging issue is that some students oppose these systems from the perspective of privacy and data protection. In view of the key focus of this book, moving towards a new common while preserving the best of the old common, it is thus important to put online proctoring systems to the test and consider their impact on human rights.
Introduction: The Politics of Diversity in Music Education
Authors: Kallio Alexis Anja , Marsh Kathryn , Westerlund Heidi , Karlsen Sidsel , Sæther Eva
Published: March 2021

The Politics of Diversity in Music Education attends to the political structures and processes that frame and produce understandings of diversity in and through music education. Recent surges in nationalist, fundamentalist, protectionist, and separatist tendencies highlight the imperative for music education to extend beyond nominal policy agendas to critically consider the ways in which understandings about society are upheld or unsettled and the ways in which knowledge about diversity is produced. This chapter provides an overview of the scholarly foundations that this book builds upon before introducing the four sections of the book and contributing chapters. The first section of the book focuses on the politics of inquiry in music education research. The second section attends to the paradoxes and challenges that arise as music teachers negotiate cultural identity and tradition within the political frames and ideals of the nation state. The third section considers diversities that are often overlooked or silenced, and the final section turns to matters of leadership in higher music education as an inherently political and ethical undertaking. Together, chapters work towards a more critical, complex, and nuanced understanding of the ways in which the politics of diversity shape our ideals of what music education is, and what it is for.
Where Does Diversity Go Straight? Biopolitics, Queer of Color Critique, and Music Education
Authors: Gould Elizabeth
Published: March 2021

Diversity discourses in music education have evolved from (white) liberalism of the 1990s that conceived difference in terms of dualisms such as insider/outsider to global neoliberalism currently in which sources of difference are interchangeable as long as the historicity of each remains occluded. In this way, so-called “diversity-relevant” groups, such as white queer people are positioned against non-white groups, straight or otherwise, in ways that support neoliberalism and contribute to violence against the latter. To ask where diversity goes straight assumes a place where it is not straight—if not exactly queer, with queer understood (in the context of race) as a “refusal to inherit” kinship relations in which queer(s) disappear(s). Whether conceived in terms of culture, race, (dis)ability, gender, and/or sexuality, diversity has become “all the rage” in music education and academic research generally. Theorizing diversity discourses in music education at their discursive limits, I argue that those limits are also where they also may be exceeded and demonstrate this through an example using queer of color critique to analyze interactions of sources of difference as a way to historicize and racialize “diversity” in music education.
The Politics of Intercultural Collaboration in Higher Music Education: Challenges Seen from a Leadership Point of View
Authors: Karlsen Sidsel
Published: March 2021

Internationally, various mandates and policy directives require higher music education institutions to engage in intercultural collaboration. These include fulfilling national policy demands for internationalization in higher education, providing students with experience of working internationally to increase their employability, and conducting proper diversity management so as to facilitate diversity-conscious and responsible interaction with employees, students, and the broader educational community. In this chapter, the topic of intercultural collaboration in higher music education is approached from a different starting point, asking what, from a leadership point of view, creates obstacles to such collaboration and what makes it challenging or difficult either at the levels of individual participants, administrators, or the institution. Twelve leadership representatives from three different institutions of higher music education were interviewed about their experiences with intercultural collaboration and the benefits and challenges of engaging in such interactions. From the interviewees’ experiences, their work of attempting to govern or manage situations of complex intercultural interaction while simultaneously negotiating between the different interests expressed within the frames of their respective institutions featured prominently in the empirical material. In this chapter, these negotiations and deliberations are theorized and discussed attending to perspectives borrowed from literature on intercultural competences, leadership in higher education, and new managerialism.
The Politics of Reflexivity in Music Teachers’ Intercultural Dialogue
Authors: Timonen Vilma , Juntunen Marja-Leena , Westerlund Heidi
Published: March 2021

In this chapter, we explore the politics of music teacher reflexivity that emerged in a transnational collaboration between two institutions, the Nepal Music Center (NMC) and the Sibelius Academy, University of the Arts Helsinki when co-developing intercultural music teacher education. We examine in particular the reflexivity in this intercultural dialogue and how the collaboration became a complex field of issues of power related to social positions and epistemologies. Such reflexivity may act as an invitation to discomfort but at the same time as an invitation to deep professional learning. The empirical material was generated in the flow of activities within teachers’ pedagogical studies organized by the Sibelius Academy for the NMC teachers in Nepal. The authors’ experiences and the omnipresent colonial setting were taken as a backdrop of the overall interpretation and discussion. We argue that in an intercultural dialogue, negotiating one’s premises, stance, and the ethical relations with the Other requires reflection on one’s existential groundings. However, professional learning in intercultural dialogue is prone to persistent paradoxes that cannot be swiped away, or even solved. The politics of reflexivity thus keeps the questions open, with no final answers or ultimate solutions.
After/Lives: Insights from the COVID-19 Pandemic for Gay Neighborhoods
Authors: Miles Sam , Coffin Jack , Ghaziani Amin , Hess Daniel Baldwin , Bitterman Alex
Published: March 2021

Beginning in 2020, COVID-19 produced shock-shifts that were felt across the globe, not least at the level of the local neighborhood. Some of these shifts have called into question the role of physical places for face-to-face gatherings, including those used by LGBTQ+ people. Such open questions are a key concern for a book on gayborhoods, so this chapter engages in three analytic tasks to provide preliminary reflections on how pandemics problematize places. While acknowledging a range of threats and challenges that the pandemic poses to the future of LGBTQ+ spaces, this chapter focuses on the potential opportunities and unexpected benefits that COVID-19 can create, running counter to more pessimistic predictions that abound in popular discourse. First, the chapter contextualizes how the COVID-19 pandemic is reminiscent of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, allowing the gayborhood to be well-equipped to respond with grassroots activism, particularly in the face of government inaction or apathy. Second, the chapter explores trends that can ensure the future vitality of LGBTQ+ spaces, including (i) the potential of mutual aid networks, (ii) the power of institutional anchors in LGBTQ+ placemaking efforts, (iii) urban changes related to homesteading and population shifts, (iv) innovations in the interior design of physical spaces, and (v) opportunities to enhance social connections through augmented virtual engagements. Far from signaling the death knell of LGBTQ+ spaces, these trends demonstrate the enduring appeal provided by neighborhoods and communities. Third, the cognitive schemas of lockdowns, re-closeting, and digitalscapes are identified as unique expressions of the shifting spatialities of sexuality in post-pandemic urban space. The chapter concludes by arguing that place will still matter for LGBTQ+ people in a post-COVID-19 era, albeit with altered meanings and material expressions. The socio-spatial consequences of the novel coronavirus will be a confluence of positiveandnegative developments, and while some will be reversed as soon as an effective vaccine is found, others will linger indelibly in bodies and the built environment for years to come.
Breaking Down Segregation: Shifting Geographies of Male Same-Sex Households Within Desegregating Cities
Authors: Spring Amy
Published: March 2021

From 2000 to 2010, the segregation of male same-sex couples from different-sex couples declined in almost all of the nation’s largest cities. This trend toward a more even distribution of male same-sex couples across city neighborhoods calls into question the demographic future of gay neighborhoods. However, it is unclear how exactly male same-sex couples are spatially reorganizing within desegregating cities. Multiple processes could be driving declining segregation, including declining shares of same-sex households within gay neighborhoods, the emergence of gay neighborhoods in new parts of the city, and/or a general dispersal of same-sex couples to almost all neighborhoods. Moreover, it is unclear what characteristics—like urbanicity, housing values, or racial/ethnic composition—define neighborhoods that have gained (or lost) same-sex partners. This chapter uses data from the 2000 and 2010 Decennial Censuses to investigate neighborhood-level changes within desegregating cities. The small number of increasingly segregated cities are also explored. Results indicate that increasing representation of male same-sex households across most neighborhoods and an expanding number of gay neighborhoods are important contributors to the trend of declining segregation. In contrast, the loss of gay neighborhoods from a city was fairly uncommon—most neighborhoods that obtained large concentrations of same-sex partners tended to keep those concentrations over time. Finally, the same residential expansion of same-sex households that occurred within desegregating cities did not occur in cities that experienced increasing segregation. These results have important implications for the spatial organization of same-sex households into the future. The chapter concludes with a discussion and critique of census data for the continued study of the geography and segregation of same-sex partners.
A Queer Reading of the United States Census
Authors: Frisch Michael
Published: March 2021

LGBTQ neighborhoods face change. Planning for these neighborhoods requires data about LGBTQ residential concentration. Some analysts have used US Census same-sex partner data to make judgments about LGBTQ neighborhoods. Two agency actions make this reliance problematic. The US Census was required to enforce the Defense of Marriage Act and reassigned some LGBTQ responses in a heteronormal way. The Census also assigned sex based upon patterns of names. These US Census actions of gay removal and sex assignment to datasets raise questions about the usefulness of the partner dataset. A queer reading of the census may give a better representation of neighborhood development and decline. Data are developed for four queer neighborhoods: the West Village in New York City, Center City Philadelphia, Midtown Atlanta, and Midtown Kansas City. The results show that queer attributes of these areas grew to about 1990. Some queer attributes may have declined some from their peak. The results raise questions about social surveys, the closet, and the direction of LBGTQ neighborhoods in the twenty-first century. LGBTQ displacement has occurred.
Why Gayborhoods Matter: The Street Empirics of Urban Sexualities
Authors: Ghaziani Amin
Published: March 2021

Urbanists have developed an extensive set of propositions about why gay neighborhoods form, how they change, shifts in their significance, and their spatial expressions. Existing research in this emerging field of “gayborhood studies” emphasizes macro-structural explanatory variables, including the economy (e.g., land values, urban governance, growth machine politics, affordability, and gentrification), culture (e.g., public opinions, societal acceptance, and assimilation), and technology (e.g., geo-coded mobile apps, online dating services). In this chapter, I use the residential logics of queer people—why they in their own words say that they live in a gay district—to show how gayborhoods acquire their significance on the streets. By shifting the analytic gaze from abstract concepts to interactions and embodied perceptions on the ground—a “street empirics” as I call it—I challenge the claim that gayborhoods as an urban form are outmoded or obsolete. More generally, my findings caution against adopting an exclusively supra-individual approach in urban studies. The reasons that residents provide for why their neighborhoods appeal to them showcase the analytic power of the streets for understanding what places mean and why they matter.
Wearing Pink in Fairy Town: The Heterosexualization of the Spanish Town Neighborhood and Carnival Parade in Baton Rouge
Authors: Stone Amy L.
Published: March 2021

The Spanish Town parade is currently the largest Carnival parade in Baton Rouge, Louisiana with hundreds of thousands of attendees dressed in pink costuming, cross-dressing, and wearing pink flamingo paraphernalia. This chapter traces the queer origins of the Spanish Town parade to the racially integrated bohemian gayborhood of Spanish Town in the 1980s. Using interviews, archival research, and participant observation, I argue that current LGBTQ residents of Baton Rouge, even those who have never lived in Spanish Town, claim a vicarious citizenship to the neighborhood and parade through an understanding of the queer origins of the parade in the 1980s and the parade’s beginning in a gayborhood. This vicarious citizenship is tempered by the heterosexualization of the contemporary Spanish Town parade. Although LGBTQ residents still attend the parade in large numbers, there is more ambivalence about the homophobic imagery in the parade and the consumption of gay culture by heterosexual parade participants.
Visions of a Future Research Workplace Arising from Recent Foresight Exercises
Authors: Skulimowski Andrzej M. J.
Published: March 2021

The results of recent foresight projects reveal the impact of future ICT tools on the practice of scientific research. This paper presents several aspects of the process of building scenarios and trends of selected advanced ICT technologies. We point out the implications of emerging global expert systems (GESs) and AI-based learning platforms (AILPs). GESs will be capable of using and processing global knowledge from all available sources, such as databases, repositories, video streams, interactions with other researchers and knowledge processing units. In many scientific disciplines, the high volume, density and increasing level of interconnection of data have already exhausted the capacities of any individual researcher. Three trends may dominate the development of scientific methodology. Collective research is one possible coping strategy: Group intellectual capacity makes it possible to tackle complex problems. Recent data flow forecasts indicate that even in the few areas, which still resist ICT domination, research based on data gathered in non-ICT supported collections will soon reach its performance limits due to the ever-growing amount of knowledge to be acquired, verified, exchanged and communicated between researchers. Growing automation of research is the second option: Automated expert systems will be capable of selecting and processing knowledge to the level of a professionally edited scientific paper, with only minor human involvement. The third trend is intensive development and deployment of brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) to quickly access and process data. Specifically, GESs and AILPs can be used together with BCIs. The above approaches may eventually merge, forming a few AI-related technological scenarios, as discussed to conclude the paper.
Organising Academia Online
Authors: Köhler Thomas , Lattemann Christoph , Neumann Jörg
Published: March 2021

Research on organisational arrangements of scholarly networks in both e-learning and e-research is located at the intersection of different theoretical justifications and developmental contexts such as organisational theory, computer science, education science and media informatics. However, there is still a lack of research on the organisational context of e-learning arrangements and its impact on collaboration in academic communities. E-learning research shows that the integration of electronic media in scientific communities negatively impacts their effectiveness and causes conflicts within communities. Research networks however are far less investigated as there is not direct didactic focus on how to collaborate. Recent theories on organisational design, virtual organisations and governance provide concepts for organising e-collaboration more effectively. Managerial instruments such as direct control of results and behaviours need to be supplemented or even replaced by concepts of social control; typically trust and confidence become the central mechanisms for the new forms of inter- and intra-organisational coordination. This paper starts with concepts. Then, to exemplify the organisational coordination mechanisms in scholarly e-communities, the authors critically discuss and reflect on these organisational arrangements and managerial concepts for two higher education portals and one research network in Germany. The conclusion is that, just as previous research has confirmed for educational networks, governance within academic networks relies heavily on the functionality of social and communicative forms of control.