bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Labial softening
Authors: Recasens Daniel
Published: September 2020

This chapter is about the palatalization and assibilation of labial and nasal stops, and of labiodental fricatives. Based on several diachronic pathways, it presents the hypothesis that labial softening is achived through glide fricativization or occlusivization, depending on the language or dialect taken into consideration. A special analysis is performed of labial palatalization and assibilation in the Bantu languages, Romanian dialects, and /Cl/ onset clusters in Romance, where those changes may have taken place once the alveolar lateral shifted to a palatal approximant. In so far as two independent articulators, i.e., lips and tongue, are involved in the production of the labial and labiodental sequences of interest, their diachronic development turns out to be far more complex than the palatalization and softening of velar and dentoalveolar obstruents.
On Lived Eschatology
Authors: Robbins Joel
Published: September 2020

Millenarianism has a long pedigree as a phenomenon of anthropological concern. In the form of eschatology and apocalypticism, it has also had a fitful but sometimes important presence in theology. This chapter lays out some of what anthropologists have learned about the ways in which people live in millennial time, and it considers how their studies can be enhanced by a grasp of influential theological work on eschatology produced by theologians such as Wolfhart Pannenberg and Jürgen Moltmann. It also demonstrates how anthropological work on this topic can suggest a new interpretation of the theme of early Christian millenarian disappointment that has been important over the course of the history of modern theology. Ethnographic materials are drawn from the author’s fieldwork in Papua New Guinea and a contemporary ethnography of Scottish Christians.
Morphological variation *
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

The principles of twofold vowel harmony and fourfold vowel harmony form, together with a number of consonant assimilations, the core of what at first sight looks like an enormous variation in suffixes. Since this apparent proliferation is largely predictable, it can neatly be reduced by adopting archetypical notations: –(y)E can be rewritten as four variants of the dative suffix: –ye, –ya, –e, and –a, and similarly, using –TE for the locative is more economical than spelling out –te, –ta, –de, and –da all the time. Another important issue is the question of how to deal with variable word stems. Only five noun classes exhibit stem variation: a dictionary form and an alternative stem; the latter being employed when a vowel follows via suffixation. The underlying mechanism is the process of re-syllabification, as set forth in the final section.
Simple sentences
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

Embroidering the distinction made in the chapter (18) on negation, this chapter discusses the full spectrum of simple sentences with a nominal predicate based on a noun, genitive-possessive construction, question-word, pronoun, demonstrative, and copular forms. Furthermore, negated and question forms, as well as combinations thereof, are discussed for these types of predicate. Besides a preliminary account of ordering principles for the noun phrase, special attention is given to copular forms of possessive nouns and inflected pronouns. Existential predicatesare: var ‘there is’ and its negational counterpart yok. Such structures are essential when it comes to expressing availability or possession. The final section is on verbal predicates, showing that there are two ordering patterns for the relative positions of the question particle and personal endings.
Sundry particles
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

Particles belong to the class of so-called function words; in contrast to content words such as green or house, which immediately evoke some image, the meaning of a particle becomes clear only as soon as it is put in the right place in a sentence. There are quite a few in Turkish. Conjunctions are the particles used for the coordination of nouns, and these are treated here, together with the question particle. This particle is not only applied to form choice questions, but it forms yes/no questions as well. The negational particle değil is used to contrast two or more nouns and combined with the question particle it is also the core of tag questions. In the third section so-called clitics are discussed, by means of which emphatic statements and rhetorical questions are formulated. Also, some clause linkers and devices for topicalization are discussed.
Formation of adjectives and nouns
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

With three lexical categories—noun, adjective, verb—there are nine theoretical derivational pathways for a transition of an item from one category to another. How adjectives are made from nouns and conversely, as well as how category-internal operations are carried out, is shown in the first two sections. The section ‘other formations’ gives an overview of various unproductive formations. Because of its recursive nature the process of nominal compounding is a particular powerful derivational device. Some special attention is given to derivatives and the use of geographical names, names of nations, peoples, etc. Also, the Persian ezafe construction (izafet) is dealt with, especially because this construction is abundantly present in the older literature. The final three sections discuss and illustrate the formation and usage of three types of deverbal noun.
Relative clauses
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

The suffix that creates the subject participle for verbs is used on an auxiliary verb in nominal and existential relative clauses, thus showing that they are all modelled on that of the verb. It seems plausible to assume that the object participle is pre-eminently used for non-subjects. This is, however, not irrefutable; in structures labelled Başı-Bozuk construction and Focus-Locus construction the subject participle occurs although the head of the relative clause is not its subject. Adverbial phrases are relativised according to the model of object phrases. The section on various temporal aspects shows that a relative clause based on a compositional tense is formed by an auxiliary verb. Frequently used headless relatives are good candidates for lexicalization. Special attention is given to pseudo-relative clauses; despite their appearance these do not contain an relativised element.
Stacking embedded sentences
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses how recursion works for several types of verbal predicates. Every verb that allows for a sentential complement based on a verb can form the core of such a complement itself. These comprise verbs of perception such as see, hear, feel and verbs of mental content such as know, remember, believe, suppose, and the like. The type of overall constituent ordering in Turkish is often characterized as subject-object-verb; the verb is preferably put at the end of the sentence and all other constituents precede it. This has important implications for the internal structure of the Turkish sentence, namely that the embedded verb in a sentential complement undergoes the process of nominalization, as is visible in suffixes signalling tense and person. Passive verbs are formed by suffixation and this explains why stacking of passive forms is quite common as well.
Bravais Lattices
Authors: Cantor Brian
Published: September 2020

Most solid materials are crystalline, with their component atoms and molecules arranged in regular arrays throughout space. The French scientist Auguste Bravais showed that there are only 14 different ways of doing this, called the Bravais lattices, each with different symmetry. In other words, there is a Bravais equation for the number of different lattices: N
L = 14. This chapter examines the relationship between Bravais lattices, crystal systems and symmetry groups, the use of Miller indices to describe crystal planes and directions, and the use of stereograms to describe crystal orientations. Bravais’ early life in the Ardèche in France is described, along with his exciting career during and after the French Revolution: as an officer in the French navy during the Barbary wars; as an explorer in North Africa, the Arctic and the Alps, notably leading the second scientific ascent of Mont Blanc; and as an environmental, geophysical and crystallographic scientist.
Bragg’s Law
Authors: Cantor Brian
Published: September 2020

The diffraction of X-rays is used as the main method for determining the atomic and molecular structures of inorganic and biological materials. The basic law of diffraction was discovered by Lawrence Bragg when he was a student at Cambridge University and he was just 22 years old. Bragg’s law explains how the angle of a diffracted X-ray beam varies with the wavelength of the X-rays and the spacing of the atoms and molecules in the material. This chapter examines the way X-rays are generated and scattered by electrons, atoms and crystals; the use of structure factors and Fourier transforms to calculate the intensity of the scattered X-rays; and the effect of using electrons or neutrons instead of X-rays. Bragg was born and brought up in Adelaide in Australia. He discovered Bragg’s law with the help of his father, William, after they had moved to England. Lawrence was a Professor at Manchester University, Cambridge University, and the Royal Institution; contributed to the development of range-finding, asdic, and sonar during the First and Second World Wars; and supervised Crick and Watson when they discovered the structure of DNA.
The Fermi Level
Authors: Cantor Brian
Published: September 2020

The Fermi level is the maximum energy of the electrons in a material. Effectively there is a Fermi equation: EF = E
max. This chapter examines the discrete electron energy levels in individual atoms as a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle, the corresponding energy bands in a material composed of many atoms or molecules, and the way in which conductor, insulator and semiconductor materials depend on the position of the Fermi level relative to the energy bands. It explains: the concepts of electron mobility, mean free path and conductivity; the dielectric effect and capacitance; p-type, n-type, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors; and the behaviour of some simple microelectronic devices. Enrico Fermi was the son of a minor railway official in Rome. He had a meteoric scientific career in Italy, developing Fermi-Dirac statistics for the energies of fundamental fermion particles (such as electrons and protons), discovering the neutrino, and explaining the behaviour of different materials under bombardment from fast and slow neutrons. After initially joining Mussolini’s Fascist Party, he became unhappy at the level of anti-Semitism (his wife was Jewish) and left suddenly for America, immediately after receiving the Nobel Prize in Sweden. At Columbia and Chicago Universities and at Los Alamos National Labs, he played a key scientific role in developing controlled fission in an atomic pile, leading to the development of the atomic bomb towards the end of the Second World War, and the nuclear energy industry after the war.
Earth, Air, Fire, and Water
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

The idea that matter is composed of four fundamental elements—Earth, Air, Fire, and Water—dates back to the Greek philosopher Empedocles. This idea was enormously influential. It was adapted to medicine by Hippocrates, who developed the theory of the four humours and the four temperaments. It also influenced the proto-science of alchemy. The eighth-century Islamic scholar known in Europe as Geber or Jabir believed that all metals are composed of mixtures of sulphur and mercury. Geber speculated that idealized philosophic sulphur and philosophic mercury were thought to be the chemical forms of two of the elements: Fire and Water.
The Vanishing Point
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Filippo Brunelleschi was a pivotal figure in the Renaissance. He designed and constructed the dome of the cathedral in Florence whose size has only been surpassed using modern building materials. Even more influential was his invention of single-point perspective as a technique for producing geometrically realistic paintings. His methods were disseminated by Alberti and developed by painters such as Paolo Uccello and Piero della Francesca. Chapter 12 provides a simple explanation of how a perspective grid is constructed and discusses examples of its use, including Raphael’s School of Athens.
The Perils of Parallels!
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

In the nineteenth century, three mathematicians—Bolyai, Gauss, and Lobachevsky—almost simultaneously discovered the possibility of non-Euclidean or hyperbolic geometries. These geometries rest on axioms that do not include the parallel postulate. This means that many results of Euclidean geometry do not hold. Spherical geometry is considered as a model to illustrate why this is the case. The mathematician Donald Coxeter inspired artist M. C. Escher to produce remarkable artworks based on the hyperbolic geometry of the Poincaré disc. Gauss attempted to measure the curvature of the space around the Earth. Since Einstein, we know that gravity curves space and time.
Old Rivals Merge; New Divisions Emerge
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: September 2020

Although there have been few denominational mergers at the national level, there has been a great deal of facility-sharing and even merger of local congregations. Such rationalization has been driven by the need to replace or renovate crumbling churches and chapels coinciding with declining numbers of members to fund such work. While secularization has created a need for rationalization, it has also made it possible by reducing knowledge of, and interest in, the classic theological divisions that produced Britain’s current churches, sects, and denominations. As old arguments about baptism, church organization, liturgy, the nature of communion, and what is required for salvation have faded, new divisions have emerged. Apparently trivial disputes about church seating and music styles point to the bigger issue of whether churches should accommodate or resist social and cultural change. Gay rights and the roles of women have been particularly contentious.
Religion and Politics
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: September 2020

In Catholic Europe, progressive and working-class politics have often been anti-religious. In Britain, class conflict was often expressed within, rather than against, Christianity, with the Labour Party having deep roots in dissenting movements such as the Methodists. This chapter details such class connections and associated regional movements (such as the anti-English appeal of the Welsh chapels). It considers Muslim involvement in the Labour Party and the roots of anti-Semitism. The rapid rise and fall of the Christian Party and the Christian People’s Alliance are used to test the electoral popularity of conservative socio-moral positions. An apparent connection between identifying as Church of England and BREXIT-era xenophobia is demonstrated to be largely a matter of nostalgia: regular churchgoers are more likely than nominal identifiers to be pro-European Union and sympathetic to immigrants.
The Problem of De Re Modality
Authors: Hale Bob
Published: September 2020

Quine has two arguments against the intelligibility of de re modality: a ‘logical’ argument and a ‘metaphysical’ argument. That the ‘logical’ argument is central to Quine’s attack is surely indisputable. This chapter claims that this ‘logical argument’ is his basic argument. However, Kit Fine disagrees. It is conceded that Fine is correct that there are some significant differences between the two arguments. However, the most important question for the purposes of this chapter is whether Fine is right to claim that the two arguments have force independently of one another; that the metaphysical argument raises a separate and independent objection to the intelligibility of quantifying into modal contents. This chapter suggests not.
Properties, Predication, and Arbitrary Sets
Authors: Hale Bob
Published: September 2020

Shapiro and Hale disagree over the appropriate domain of quantification for second-order logic: Shapiro allows property variables to range over the full power set of the first-order domain, whereas Hale restricts the domain to only subsets which can be defined. Hale defends his view, via a discussion of Shapiro’s view that objects in a domain of quantification need not be able to be objects of singular reference (for example, geometrical points and electrons). Shapiro’s view is clearly at odds with Hale’s favoured broadly Fregean approach to ontology, according to which objects are simply those things to which reference may be made by means of actual or possible singular terms.
The Evolution of Competition Law in New Zealand
Authors: Ahdar Rex
Published: September 2020

This monograph presents a detailed, lively, and original chronicle and analysis of New Zealand’s competition law. The modern era began with the Commerce Act 1986 and since then a steady corpus of case law has traversed all the major areas of antitrust law: cartels, resale price maintenance, exclusive dealing, tying, monopolization, predatory pricing, mergers, private and public enforcement, and so on. The volume explains the rationale for the major reforms of the Commerce Act and traces the development of key concepts such as effective competition, efficiency, market power, market definition, entry barriers, wealth transfers, and public benefit over the last 34 years. The book provides an extended critique of the landmark cases and legislative amendments. It assesses the desirable, and undesirable, aspects of competition law’s interpretation and doctrinal development by the courts and Commerce Commission. Systemic issues are explored such as: how well has New Zealand moulded its own competition law, whilst, nonetheless, selectively drawing upon the policy prescriptions, case law, and wisdom from foreign jurisdictions? How well has it adapted its competition law to the reality of it being a small, distant, isolated, deregulated, open economy? How has the transplanted Harvard School versus Chicago School debate played out in New Zealand? How have unique, if not rash, experiments such as its “light-handed” regulation for utilities worked? It concludes by drawing together the common threads that mark the modern era and offering some predictions about how the next decades of New Zealand competition law might unfold.
The Undulating Path of Merger Policy
Authors: Ahdar Rex
Published: September 2020

Merger control has been marked by two major changes to both procedural and substantive law; the mandatory pre-merger notification regime was becoming increasingly burdensome for both businesses and the Commission. In 1990, the pre-merger notification system was abruptly abolished in favour of a voluntary notification system. The so-called “strike down” system already existed in Australia, but the change was probably due less to harmonization and more to some effective lobbying by big business. Regarding the substantive test, the “dominance” standard proved to be highly permissive. Few mergers were halted and the presence of very large market shares post-merger could still be overcome by an unduly generous view of the likelihood of new entry disciplining the merged firm. An idealized version of potential competition (contestability theory) held sway. In 2001, the test in s 47 was changed to the SLC threshold in an effort to toughen up the law. Horizontal mergers, increasing the likelihood of collusion (due to increased market concentration), could now be caught. Yet it is doubtful that the sterner test actually resulted in more mergers being prohibited. This chapter briefly explores the experience of vertical and conglomerate mergers as well as a new section (s 47A) that addresses overseas mergers that have effects upon New Zealand markets.
Words
Authors: Zamponi Raoul , Comrie Bernard
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides extensive coverage of Akabea word classes: nouns, pronouns, definite article, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, postpositions, conjunction, particles, interjections, and ideophones, as well as of the language’s inflectional morphology (possessivity in nouns, number in nouns, adjectives, and verbs, and tense, aspect, and mood in verbs).
Jeremy Bentham
Authors: Narens Louis , Skyrms Brian
Published: September 2020

Bentham used Utilitarian thinking to successfully drive social reform. He had a rich, unfinished, set of ideas about measurement of pleasure and pain.
Using Chance to Measure Utility
Authors: Narens Louis , Skyrms Brian
Published: September 2020

This discusses the von Neumann-Morgenstern representation theorem. Preference orderings over chancy prospects are used to measure utility on an interval scale. Ramsey’s earlier theorem from the 1920s is also discussed.
Creation and Religious Pluralism
Authors: Cheetham David
Published: September 2020

In the well-worn debates about religious pluralism and the theology of religions there have been many different rubrics used to account for, comprehend, or engage with the religious other. This book is chiefly a work of Christian theology and seeks to bring the doctrine of creation and the theology of religions into dialogue and in so doing it comes at things from a different direction than other works. It contains an extensive exploration of the doctrine of creation and asks how it might intervene distinctively in these discourses to produce a new conceptual and practical topography. It will consider interreligious engagement from the perspective of the doctrine of creatio ex nihilo that forms the dominant view in the Jewish, Christian and Islamic traditions. In the course of the book’s narrative, there will be close consideration given to anthropology (i.e. creaturehood), the quotidian and wisdom, the idea of ‘sabbath’, human action, and work, and vivifying the immanent through a consideration of some representative phenomenologists. The book will develop these ideas in a more practical direction by considering sacraments and rituals in the public sphere as well as attempting to describe the kind of ‘creational politics’ that might bring traditions into dialogue. Whilst these themes will challenge more conventional ways of considering relations between religions, such themes—because they are different from concerns commonly found in the literature—can also be profitably engaged with across the spectrum of opinion (i.e. exclusivist or pluralist etc.). Thus, whilst the position adopted in this work is creatio ex nihilo, part of the motivation is to review the ways in which this focus helps to broaden rather than limit the discussion.
Love’s Body
Authors: Kahn Andrew
Published: September 2020

Mandelstam’s love poetry is built out of a dialectical tension between sexual desire and repudiation of the body, expressed by sublimating eroticism into either intimate feeling or rapture that transports the lover into ‘a country beyond the eye-lashes’. Poems written in the mid-1920s stage scenes in which feeling escalates from attraction via flirtation to carnal desire, and then to a transcendent vision involving self-sacrifice and Liebestod. The male figure in a number of these poems moves from a sexually passive posture to sexual desire that is more overt, but also dressed up in theatrical role playing, and the ideal of the sexless male is posited, as is an ideal of devotion including Caritas. The stylistic range of the poems places them among Mandelstam’s most enchanting and challenging. He was always capable of poetic difficulty, and these poems present enigmas whose interpretation folds in earlier discoveries such as the use of the emblem and the figure of Chaplin, and expands our sense of the parallel developments of the worldly and unworldly writer.
Interactions of particles with matter
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

Particles are sensed through their interactions with matter. To begin with, the chapter introduces the terms cross section and absorption. Then successively the most important interactions that are employed for the detection of the various particle types are discussed: energy loss of charged particles by ionisation and bremsstrahlung, multiple Coulomb scattering of charged particles, interactions of photons and hadrons with matter. The interactions leading to the development of electromagnetic and hadronic showers are treated in more detail in chapter 15 (Calorimeters), while energy loss by Cherenkov and transition radiation are discussed in chapters 11 and 12, respectively. When describing the interaction processes an attempt is made to address the theoretical background in a way that the derivations ought to be comprehensible.
Signal formation by moving charges
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

Normally modern detectors are read out electronically. The signals that are induced on the detector electrodes are generated by the movement of charges relative to the electrodes. The general principle for the calculation of the signals is introduced on the basis of the Shockley-Ramo theorem applying the concept of weighting fields to an arbitrary number of electrodes in field volumes with and without space charge. Examples of the time development of signals are calculated for electrode arrangements with plate and cylinder geometry and for electrodes with strip or pixel segmentation.
Gas-filled detectors
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

Detectors that record charged particles through their ionisation of gases are found in many experiments of nuclear and particle physics. By conversion of the charges created along a track into electrical signals, particle trajectories can be measured with these detectors in large volumes, also inside magnetic fields. The operation principles of gaseous detectors are explained, which include charge generation, gas amplification, operation modes and gas mixtures. Different detector types are described in some detail, starting with ionisation chambers without gas amplification, proceeding to those with gas amplification like spark and streamer chambers, parallel plate arrangements, multi-wire proportional chambers, chambers with microstructured electrodes, drift chambers, and ending with time-projection chambers. The chapter closes with an overview of aging effects in gaseous detectors which cause negative alterations of the detector performance.
Semiconductor detectors
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

Already since the early 1960s semiconductor detectors have been employed in nuclear physics, in particular for gamma ray energy measurement. This chapter concentrates on position sensitive semiconductor detectors which have been developed in particle physics since the 1980s and which feature position resolutions in the range of 50–100 μm by structuring the electrodes, thus reaching the best position resolutions of electronic detectors. For the first time this made the electronic measurement of secondary vertices and therewith the lifetime of heavy fermions possible. The chapter first conveys the basics of semiconductor physics, of semiconductor and metal-semiconductor junctions used in electronics and detector applications as well as particle detection with semiconductor detectors. It follows the description of different detector types, like strip and pixel detectors, silicon drift chambers and charged-coupled devices. New developments are addressed in the sections on ‘Monolithic pixel detectors’ and on ‘Precision timing with silicon detectors’. In the last sections detector deterioration by radiation damage is described and an overview of other semiconductor detector materials but silicon is given.
Track reconstruction and momentum measurement
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

The reconstruction of a charged particle’s trajectory in a magnetic field allows us to determine the momentum vector, that is both the particle’s momentum and its direction. This chapter begins with the description of typical magnetic field configurations and the parametrisation of particle trajectories in homogeneous magnetic fields. For different detector configurations a detailed discussion of the reconstruction of particle trajectories from the measured points. Special attention is given to the achievable resolutions of position, direction, momentum and impact parameter, including newly derived formulas for the effects of multiple scattering.
Calorimeters
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

The determination of the energy of particles is called ‘calorimetry’ and the corresponding detectors are called calorimeters. The particle energy is deposited in a calorimeter through inelastic reactions leading to the formation of particle showers. The deposited energy is measured either through the charge generated by ionisation or through scintillation or Cherenkov light. Depending on the particle type initiating a shower one distinguishes electromagnetic calorimeters from hadronic calorimeters. In this chapter the formation of showers for both cases is explained and the corresponding construction principles are discussed. For hadron calorimeters special attention is given to the different response to electromagnetically and hadronically deposited energy and the possible compensation of invisible energy. This is followed by a description of typical implementations of electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters as well as of systems combining both types. Special emphasis is given to the discussion of the energy resolution of the different detectors and detector systems.
Detectors for cosmic particles, neutrinos and exotic matter
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

Astroparticle physics deals with the investigation of cosmic radiation using similar detection methods as in particle physics, however, mostly with quite different detector arrangements. In this chapter the detection principles for the different radiation types with cosmic origin are presented, this includes charged particles, gamma radiation, neutrinos and possibly existing Dark Matter. In the case of neutrinos also experiments at accelerators and reactors are included. Examples, which are typical for the different areas, are given for detectors and their properties. For cosmic ray detection apparatuses are deployed above the atmosphere with balloons or satellites or on the ground using the atmosphere as calorimeter in which high-energy cosmic rays develop showers or in underground areas including in water and ice.
Signal processing, readout and noise
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

The electronic readout and processing of detector signals, generated by radiation in detectors, is today by far the most common form of signal acquisition in particle physics. In this chapter typical procedures for electronic readout of detectors are discussed with special attention to small, noise-prone signals. An overview is given of standard techniques for signal processing, like amplification, pulse shaping, discrimination and digitization where also the new developments in microelectronics are discussed. In applications with high data rates, as at modern accelerator experiments or also in (X-ray) image processing, deadtimes can occur which are discussed in a dedicated section. Similarly, there is a section on wave guide properties of signal cable. Often the signals are so small, in particular those of semiconductor detectors, that electronic noise and its suppression play an important role.
Stages of Loss
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George
Published: September 2020

Stages of Loss supplies an original and deeply researched account of travel and festivity in early modern Europe, complicating, revising, and sometimes entirely rewriting received accounts of the emergence and development of professional theatre. It offers a history of English actors travelling and performing abroad in early modern Europe, and Germany in particular, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These players, known as English Comedians, were among the first professional actors to perform in central and northern European courts and cities. The vital contributions made by them to the development of a European theatre institution have long been neglected. They are here introduced in their proper contexts for the first time. Stages of Loss explores connections real and perceived between diminishments of national value and the material wealth transported by itinerant players; representations of loss, waste, and profligacy within the drama they performed; and the extent to which theatrical practice and the process of canonization have led to archival and interpretive losses in theatre history. Situating the English Comedians in a variety of economic, social, religious, and political contexts, it explores trends and continuities in the reception of their itinerant theatre, showing how their incorporation into modern theatre history has been shaped by derogatory assessments of travelling theatre and itinerant people in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Stages of Loss reveals that the Western theatre institution took shape partly as a means of accommodating, controlling, evaluating, and concealing the work of migrant strangers.
The Business of War
Authors: Rennie David A.
Published: September 2020

War writing was implicated in and shaped by wider cultural forces. During the war, patriotic bestsellers flooded the literary marketplace, censorship suppressed certain anti-war writing, while authors participated in the CPI’s propaganda machine. After the war, changes in the publishing industry, allied to a growing awareness of the importance of advertising, shaped the way war writing was presented to the public. Hollywood, meanwhile, provided opportunities for writers to supplement their income, either by writing for the studios or by sanctioning adaptations of their work. Discussing the work of Guy Empey, John Dos Passos, and E. E. Cummings, this chapter considers the ways the content of American World War I texts—and the formats in which they were presented to the public—were influenced by these factors.
Edith Wharton
Authors: Rennie David A.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 2 discusses the ways in which Wharton’s prolific, if short-lived, output of World War I writing changed in reaction to external forces. Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort and French Ways and their Meaning were influenced by the military authorities, while The Book of the Homeless was spurred on by the need to raise funds for Wharton’s charities. A comparison between The Marne and A Son at the Front, however, reveals that, after the war, Wharton’s perspective shifted, as she came to doubt the moral efficacy of the war effort that she had so intently supported in her writing and philanthropic work.
The Village of the Damned? Narrative, Structure and the Coproduction of Translocal Mobility
Authors: Lawreniuk Sabina , Parsons Laurie
Published: September 2020

Focusing on the re-emergence of an ancient folk tale about begging migration, Chapter 6 address the relationship between myths, moral narratives, and translocal livelihoods in Cambodia. Specifically, it interrogates a popular myth, known throughout Cambodia, about the cursed village of Prey Veng province where all inhabitants, rich or poor, must migrate to beg at least once a year. The chapter examines how the resurgence of this story is not only related to the rise in begging migration from some of Cambodia’s most agro-ecologically vulnerable southeastern provinces, but dynamically intertwined with the structural characteristics of that mobility. Specifically, it highlights how moral narratives of the ‘deserving poor’ shape translocal begging, engendering overlaps and interlinkages with other forms of labour migration that in turn serve to proliferate and entrench the curse myth. By comparing the form of the curse myth in Phnom Penh and Prey Veng, Chapter 6 concludes by considering how discourse is shaped, sustained and reproduced in translocal environments.
We Move Therefore We Are
Authors: Lawreniuk Sabina , Parsons Laurie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 explores how translocal livelihoods have contributed to a rise in nationalistic discourse, national communitarian ideology and the ethnically mediated ‘othering’ of certain groups. The chapter begins by exploring the linkages between the domestic garment industry, the union movement and political opposition to the incumbent Cambodia People’s Party, before extending the analysis to explore these themes in relation to Cambodia’s two major international migration systems: those with Thailand and Vietnam. The first of these examines issues of national identity amongst translocal migrants to Thailand in order to interpret the impact of international household and community economies on political conceptions of the state. The second examines the perspectives of translocal migrants between Cambodia and Vietnam, in the context of Cambodia’s recent upsurge in anti-Vietnamese popular sentiment and political discourse. Chapter 7 concludes by drawing together the lessons of these case studies to consider both how mass translocal livelihoods have shaped national discourse and how national narratives of nationhood have contributed to structuring Cambodia’s international diaspora.
Realism
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel
Published: September 2020

While “realism” is usually studied in novels, paintings, or photography, Chapter 2 analyzes realism in the illustrated newspaper, newly invented in 1842. The chapter focuses on reportage of the Crimean War (1853–6), often dubbed the first “media war”: this was the first international conflict to be documented by independent war correspondents, on-the-spot sketch artists, and photojournalists. The chapter argues that the war’s disastrous turns prompted a representational crisis demanding a new visual vocabulary, one that pictorial journalists addressed using four kinds of reality effects. These are designated as the descriptive, the authentic, the everyday, and the plausible, and they are tracked through the Crimean War’s distinctive newspaper imagery, including the trenches, the amputee, the nurse, and “the Valley of Death.” Alongside new journalistic norms, the 1850s also saw the first use of “realism” as a term of literary criticism, reflecting the spread of realist paradigms across media and genres.
The Hypocritical Figure
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: September 2020

Paradiastole and the paradiastolic hypocritical figure can be found throughout Piers Plowman, escalating in the disastrous last scene at the barn of Unity. Langland is alert to the ways in which almost any term, concept or narrative can be abused or become a complacent version of itself. He uses the techniques of paradiastole and the paradiastolic hypocritical figure to put pressure on and distort propositions and phenomena that previously looked like acceptable moral commonplaces. He ventriloquizes many of these distorted positions in his allegory, going further than most of his predecessors by allowing some of his most important speakers and personifications to turn into degraded versions of themselves. The difficulty of identifying the deceiving and internally divided hypocritical figure is what makes his poem so challenging to read, not least because Langland never makes explicit his use of the figure: the reader has to work out for herself that a given speaker’s language no longer quite seems to accord with its name, ideological claims or what the speaker or the poem has said elsewhere. Langland’s allegory dramatizes at many levels the slippage of moral postures, institutional positions and theological concepts, and the challenge that they pose for anyone engaging with them. The chapter discusses the debate of Meed and Conscience, the relation of Haukyn and Patience, several scenes of paradiastolic pastoral care and lay discontent, and concludes with the paradiastolic drama of the barn of Unity.
Ethical Adjacency in Piers Plowman
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: September 2020

The chapter argues that the intellectual tradition that underlies medieval personification debate is Aristotelian and medieval logical teaching on ‘opposites’, the relationship by which opposed terms illuminate each other—available in Aristotle’s elementary logical works. This teaching has a special relevance to personification debate, where the heuristic drive is dramatized in speakers that represent opposed positions and phenomena, each of which is explored in the process of debate itself. This suggests why personification debate provides for over a thousand years one of the main tools with which allegory unpacks its structuring terms and reflects on its conflictual work. Aristotle’s teaching on opposites also enables us to query some aspects of the literary history of medieval debate literature; it suggests that a critical concern about resolution in debate, or its lack, fails to see where the real intellectual work of debate occurs. It also suggests that the critical distinction between supposedly open ‘horizontal’ debates and closed ‘vertical’ debates may be misguided. In fact, Aristotle’s subcategory of the ‘relative’ opposition (master and slave, artisan and tool) often involves a hierarchy. The chapter uses these materials to argue that personification debate can be formally unresolved and ‘vertical’, and yet also challenging and seriously investigative. This is illustrated with analyses of some debates, several hierarchical: ‘four daughters of God’, body and soul, Nature and Grace (Deguileville) and the Middle English Pearl.
Animate Oppositions
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: September 2020

Opposition is especially pertinent to Piers Plowman, a poem whose allegory is characterized by markedly dialectical and ‘negating’ modes of procedure; opposition both drives Langland’s debates and shapes the relation of those debates to each other. The chapter claims that Langland is inward with the tradition of personification debate shaped by elementary Aristotelian theories about ‘opposites’. A Langlandian complication, however is that alongside the debating opponents there are also other debating companions with whom one of the opponents may also share forms of likeness: here, the allegorical play of opposition works in conjunction with the allegorical play of likeness. We see this in the debate of the ‘four daughters of God’, where Mercy opposes Truth and Rightwisnesse opposes Peace, but Mercy and Peace also have much in common, as do Truth and Rightwisnesse. The main body of the chapter analyses three dialogues or debates involving the multi-dimensional personification Conscience. These debates allow Langland to do some complex investigative work on Conscience, whom he situates and re-situates in relation to different interlocutors. Conscience opposes the corrupt Meed, the vulnerable Haukyn and finally, at the barn of Unity, a series of dubious figures culminating in a flattering friar. But in these debates Conscience also shares features with a series of companions: Reason, Patience, and, in B.20, Peace and Hende Speeche. Langland takes Aristotelian oppositionality and the personification debate to a whole new level of investigative activity.
Opposition and Debate in Piers Plowman
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: September 2020

The chapter investigates the various work that insult and verbal violence can do in medieval dialogue and debate texts, arguing that aggressive language is not a carrier of fixed meanings, but a technique that can do many kinds of work—excitatory, catalytic, repudiatory, or apophatic. The chapter opens by looking at medieval rhetorical theories about the psychological and affective impact of sharp language. It then explores three traditions of agonistic dialogue and debate; in all three there is a conceptual dimension to the debate, and the speakers tend to be personifications or generic prosopopoiae. The first tradition is elementary pedagogical texts in grammar and rhetoric, and the second is a wider range of allegorical debate writings written under the influence of medieval schoolroom practice. Here it is clear that verbal rudeness is a mechanism with which writers stimulate response, highlight oppositionality, and sharpen the contours of difference. The third tradition is a series of spiritual texts that describe contemplative progress by using highly rebarbative language to cast aside ‘lower’ stages of experience and devotion. Here insult and verbal violence are used for the more extreme purposes of iconoclasm and apophasis. If the authors of some medieval debates use violent words to stimulate exchange, others use them to throw all such exchanges into question.
Are there Natural Rights? The Sceptical Critique and Rights after 1776
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: September 2020

This chapter moves to extend the testing of the Sceptical Tradition’s objections to natural rights from the pre-modern or early modern periods to classic modern affirmations. It begins with the American and French declarations of the late eighteenth century, before proceeding to two famous treatises of the same period, Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man and Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, and then ending with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenants of the mid-twentieth century. The chapter concludes that its scrutiny of modern affirmations has found ample evidence to substantiate many of the sceptics’ charges: some of the rights asserted are truistic or merely aspirational; others are ludicrously or dangerously abstract, licensing unrealistic hopes and political recklessness; yet others conflate conditional positive rights justified by natural morality with natural rights, misleadingly endowing the former with the universality and inviolability of the latter. Further, David Ritchie’s claim has been substantiated: the content of certain rights cannot be determined by a sheer appeal to ‘nature’, and apart from consideration of the common good in the relevant circumstances. On the other hand, the critical survey of modern natural rights-talk also shows that it can acknowledge the insufficiency of rights for overall political well-being, talk of duties too, and recognise the need for virtue and a cultural matrix that generates it.
What’s Wrong with (Some) Judges?Al-Skeini, Al-Jedda, Smith, and the Fog of War
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: September 2020

What is wrong with rights might lie in several places. Some accuse the very concept of a right belonging to an individual as a kind of property. Chapter 6 considered this charge and found it wanting. Instead, Chapters 5, 7, 8 and 9 identified problems in misleading connotations of talk about ‘natural rights’, the failure to reckon with the contingency of rights upon economic and political conditions, and the importation of what is paradigmatically a legal idea into ethical deliberation. An additional possibility is that problems lie not only in concepts of rights, but also in the way in which judges treat them. This is the topic of this chapter and the following one. The present chapter examines recent decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (Al-Skeini [2011], Al-Jedda [2011]), and the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (Smith [2013]), which threaten the UK’s military power. It concludes that, in these cases, the jurisprudence of the European court is vitiated by an imprudence born of a limited historical and political imagination, a culture of risk-aversion, and an ideological rights-fundamentalism. Such imprudent jurisprudence serves to weaken the military effectiveness of European States Party and their ability to support politically fragile states, to undermine states’ confidence in international treaties, and to provoke calls for states’ withdrawal from the Convention altogether.