bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
H172Y mutation perturbs the S1 pocket and nirmatrelvir binding of SARS-CoV-2 main protease through a nonnative hydrogen bond
Authors: de Oliveira Vinicius , Ibrahim Mohamed , Sun Xinyuanyuan , Hilgenfeld Rolf , Shen Jana
Published: August 2022

Nirmatrelvir is an orally available inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and the main ingredient of PAXLOVID, a drug approved by FDA for high-risk COVID- 19 patients. Although the prevalent Mpro mutants in the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (e.g., Omicron) are still susceptible to nirmatrelvir, a rare mutation, H172Y, was found to significantly reduce nirmatrelvir’s inhibitory activity. As the selective pres- sure of antiviral therapy may favor resistance mutations, there is an urgent need to understand the effect of H172Y mutation on Mpro’s structure, function, and drug re- sistance. Here we report the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations as well as the measurements of stability, enzyme kinetics of H172Y Mpro, and IC50 value of nir- matrelvir. Simulations showed that mutation disrupts the interactions between the S1 pocket and N terminus of the opposite protomer. Intriguingly, a native hydrogen bond (H-bond) between Phe140 and the N terminus is replaced by a transient H- bond between Phe140 and Tyr172. In the ligand-free simulations, strengthening of this nonnative H-bond is correlated with disruption of the conserved aromatic stacking between Phe140 and His163, leading to a partial collapse of the oxyanion loop. In the nirmatrelvir-bound simulations, the nonnative H-bond is correlated with the loss of an important H-bond between Glu166 and nirmatrelvir’s lactam nitrogen at P1 position. These results are consistent with the newly reported X-ray structures of H172Y Mpro and suggest a mechanism by which the H172Y substitution perturbs the S1 pocket, leading to the decreased structural stability and binding affinity, which in turns explains the drastic reduction in catalytic activity and antiviral susceptibility.
Mir-4699 Promotes the Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Hosseini Vahedeh , Paryan Mahdi , Koochaki Ameneh , Cesaire Henry Manuel , Mohammadi-Yeganeh Samira
Published: August 2022

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are drawing considerable attention in the field of regenerative medicine due to their differentiation capabilities. The miRNAs are among the most important epigenetic regulators of MSC differentiation. Our previous study identified miR-4699 as a direct suppressor of the DKK1 and TNSF11 genes expression. However, the precise osteogenic-related phenotype or mechanism caused by miR-4699 change has yet to be dealt with in depth. In the present study, miR-4699 mimics were transfected into Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs) and osteoblast marker genes expression were analyzed to investigate whether that miR-4699 promotes osteoblast differentiation of hAd-MSCs through targeting the DKK-1 and TNFSF11. We further examined and compared the effects of recombinant human BMP2 with miR-4699 on cell differentiation. In addition to quantitative PCR, analyses of alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin red staining were used to explore osteogenic differentiation. The overexpression of miR-4699 in hA-MSCs resulted in the stimulation of alkaline phosphatase activity, osteoblast mineralization, and the expression of ALP and OCN osteoblast marker genes. Our findings indicated that miR-4699 supported and synergized the BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. We suggest, thereof, the utilization of hsa-miR-4699 for further in vivo experimental investigation to reveal the potential therapeutic impact upon regenerative medicine for different types of bone defects.
Phase transformation and deformation of the high frequency induction brazed grinding wheel based on multi-field coupling
Authors: Li Qilin , Wang Xichao , Hou Chaopeng , Ding Kai , Ren Weibin , Han Jinjin , Lei Weining
Published: August 2022

With the characteristic of the high bonding strength to matrix, good sharpness and large chip-storage spaces, the brazed super abrasive grinding wheels have superiorities in the machining of difficult-to-machine materials. However, thermal deformation is caused by the high temperature during the brazing process, leading the accuracy of the brazed grinding wheel degraded greatly. By means of local heating, high frequency induction brazing can reduce the thermal deformation of the wheel. Aiming at the thermal deformation mechanism of the induction brazed wheel, a numerical simulation model of thermal-stress-phase multi-field coupling was established considering the temperature dependent physical properties of the material. The simulation result indicated that the phase transformation occurred near the work surface of the wheel substrate. The depth of phase transformation layer decreased from 6.0 mm to 2.9 mm with the scanning speed increasing from 0.5 mm/s to 2.0 mm/s. Microstructure of the phase transformation layer mainly consisted of ferrite, pearliten and bainite after brazing. An appropriate scanning speed was more important for the high accuracy of the wheel substrate during the induction brazing, since it had remarkable influence on the stress and deformation than brazing temperature. The experimental results of the microstructure morphology and deformation proved that the numerical simulation model was correct with 10.4% error.
The association of executive functions and physical fitness with cognitive-motor multitasking in a street crossing scenario
Authors: Mack Melanie , Stojan Robert , Bock Otmar , Voelcker-Rehage Claudia
Published: August 2022

Here, we investigated whether age-related cognitive-motor interference is influenced by individual’s levels of executive functions and physical fitness in a more ecological valid scenario. Participants (N = 61, 65–75 years) crossed a virtual street on a treadmill without getting hit by a car during single- and multitasking (typing numbers). Outcomes were cognitive and motor performance parameters. Further, participants’ executive functions, motor coordinative, and cardiovascular fitness were tested. Linear mixed-effects models showed beneficial main effects of executive functions for the cognitive parameters typing (p = .004) and crossing failures (p = .023), and a beneficial main effect of motor coordinative fitness for the motor parameter stay time (p = .043). We found interaction effects between condition and executive functions for typing (p = .044) with higher benefits during multi- than single-tasking. Commonality analysis revealed an increasing relative contribution of executive functions on cognitive parameters and of motor coordinative fitness on motor parameters from single- to multitasking. Additionally, the proportion of variance commonly explained by executive functions and physical fitness was small for both cognitive and motor parameters. Findings substantiate the benefits of maintaining cognitive functioning and physical fitness up to old age.
Is simultaneous bilateral total hip arthroplasty deleterious in a biomechanical point of view? A comparative gait analysis study
Authors: Caudron Martin , Detrembleur Christine , Cauter Maïté Van
Published: August 2022

Purpose: Uni- or bilateral hip osteoarthritis is a common disease generating pain, stiffness, and functional disabilities. Changes in the normal walking with higher energy expenditures are observed. Facing a cruel lack of biomechanical data, we decided to analyse the impact on the walking of single and simultaneous bilateral total hip arthroplasties (THA).Method: We conducted a prospective monocentric study, comparing two matched groups of 15 patients able to walk with symptomatic isolated uni- (group 1) or bilateral HO (group 2) and treated respectively by unilateral THA (UTHA) or simultaneous bilateral THA (SBTHA). Surgery was performed by a single surgeon with a direct anterior approach and approved by local ethical committee. Walking was assessed by a « 3D Gait analysis motion » pre and at 6 months post operatively.Result: In the UTHA group, recovery, i.e., efficiency of locomotor mechanism (p-value <0.001) and pelvis sagittal balance (p-value 0.03) improved, while external and total work (p-value 0.01) decreased post operatively. In the SBTHA group, speed (p-value 0.03), step length (p-value 0.04), range of motion of knee sagittal stance (p-value 0.009) and hip frontal (p-value 0.03), and internal work are significatively higher (p-value >0.001) post operatively. Conclusions: This original study attests that THA has a positive impact on walking and energetics outcome in UTHA and SBTHA.
Visible-light stimulated synaptic phototransistors based on CdSe quantum dot/In-Ga-Zn-O hybrid channels
Authors: Fu En-bo , Liu Yu , Hou Xiang-Rui , Feng Ye , Yang Chun-lei , Shao Yan
Published: August 2022

Light-stimulated synaptic devices are promising candidates for the development of artificial intelligence systems because of their unique properties, which include broad bandwidths, low power consumption, and superior parallelism. The key to develop such devices is the realization of photoelectric synaptic behavior in them. In this work, visible-light stimulated synaptic transistors based on CdSe quantum dot (CdSe QD)/amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) hybrid channels are proposed. This design can not only improve the charge separation efficiency of the photogenerated carriers, but also can induce delayed decay of the photocurrent. The improved charge separation efficiency enhances the photoelectric properties significantly, while the delayed decay of the photocurrent led to the realization of photoelectric synaptic behaviors. This simple and efficient method of fabricating light-stimulated phototransistors may inspire new research progress into the development of artificial intelligence systems.
The Perception of National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) Among Corps Medical Doctors in Nigeria. A Cross- Sectional Study
Authors: Nwachukwu Chibuike Emmanuel , Olufunmilayo Edward Oluwatobi , Chiroma Gideon Bulus , Okoye Chukwuebuka Francis
Published: August 2022

Background: The National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) is a compulsory one-year programme for graduates of tertiary schools including doctors. This study was conducted to explore the perceived benefits and challenges of serving corps medical doctors. The study would influence policy making so as to improve the experiences of corps medical doctors and help NYSC to achieve its objectives.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 399 medical doctors doing their compulsory national youth service in Nigeria. The research instrument was developed by the researchers and pretested before use. The data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test using p < 0.05. Results: The majority (83.5%) of respondents believed that the scheme offers one or more benefits to corps medical doctors. These include Exposure to new culture (47.6%), Gaining of medical/surgical skills (36.3%) and finding lover/spouse (4.5%). Similarly, most of respondents (89.2%) reported one or more serious challenges. Some of the perceived challenges reported include; No provision of accommodation (51.6%), poor remuneration (44.7%) and exploitation (41.4%). Majority of the corps doctors expressed dissatisfaction with their job on the scheme reporting that it would have no role to play in their professional development. There was a significant association between job satisfaction and region of deployment (p-value: <0.001), gender (p-value: 0.021) and marital status (p-value: 0.008). The region of deployment and marital status were found to have a statistically significant association with the overall perceived challenges with p-value of 0.012 and < 0.001 respectively. Treatment at Places of Primary Assignment (PPAs) was mostly reported to be fair and it had a statistically significantly association with region of deployment (p-value: 0.012), location of medical school (p-value: 0.023) and gender (p-value: <0.001)Conclusions: The overall perception of NYSC among corps doctors is poor and majority have suggested that the scheme be scrapped or revamped.
Relationship between serum sodium levels and all-cause mortality in congestive heart failure patients: A retrospective cohort study based on the Mimic-III database
Authors: Peng Shixuan , Peng Jianxing , Yang Lianju , Ke Weiqi
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND: The relationship between serum sodium levels and mortality in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients has not been well studied previously. Serum sodium levels are linked to an increased risk of all-cause death in CHF patients over the short, medium, and long term. Serum sodium levels are strongly linked to an increased risk of death from congestive heart failure and could be a new risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The goal of this study is to look into the relationship between serum sodium levels and all-cause mortality in people with CHF after controlling for other factors.METHODS: The publicly accessible Mimic III database was the source of data for our study. We use the ICU Admission Scoring System to collect demographic data, laboratory findings, comorbidities, vital signs, and scoring information for each patient. Cox proportional risk analysis, smooth curve fitting, and the Kaplan-Meier survival curve were used to assess the relationship between baseline sodium levels and all-cause mortality in CHF patients.RESULTS: The segmentation regression model discovered a turning point value of serum sodium levels (137.5mmol/L) between serum sodium levels and all-cause mortality. According to the results of the fully adjusted Cox proportional hazard model, lower serum sodium levels (<137.5mmol/L) were associated with an increased risk of 30-day, 90-day, 365-day, and 4-year all-cause deaths. The HRs and 95th confidence intervals were 0.96 (0.94, 0.99) , 0.96 (0.94, 0.99), 0.96 (0.94, 0.98) , and 0.96 (0.95, 0.98), respectively; The higher Serum sodium levels(≥137.5mmol/L) were related to associate multiplied risk of 30-day, 90-day, 365-day, and 4-year all-cause deaths; the HRs and 95th confidence intervals were 1.02 (1.00, 1.05), 1.02 (1.00, 1.04), 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) , and 1.02 (1.00, 1.03), respectively.CONCLUSION: Serum sodium levels were u-shaped about all-cause mortality. In individuals with CHF, serum sodium levels are linked to an elevated risk of short-, medium-, and long-term all-cause mortality.
Application of life cycle assessment of system solution scenarios for municipal solid waste management in European Union
Authors: ÇETİNKAYA Afşın Yusuf , BİLGİLİ Levent
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study is to present the results of a life cycle assessment for several scenarios for municipal solid waste management in the European Union. After the entry into force of the European Union Landfill Directive, activities have been taken in succession to establish sustainable MSW management. A life cycle assessment was conducted to determine the environmental impact of municipal solid waste. To determine the environmental effect of various disposal and recovery methods, five different scenarios most commonly used in the European Union were compared: (1) 100% landfill, (2) 100% metals are recycled, remaining waste are sent to incineration, (3) 40% of organic and recyclable waste are composted and recycled, respectively and the remaining wastes are sent to landfill, (4) 100% of organic and recyclable waste are composted and recycled, respectively and the other wastes are sent to landfill, (5) 100% of organic and metal waste are composted and recycled, respectively and the remaining waste are sent to incineration. In Scenario-1, disposal methods contribute significantly to global warming and increase the environmental impact of non-carcinogenic substances. In order to reduce the negative impact on the environment in landfills, the recovery of electricity from methane gas has significantly reduced the potential impact of global warming. The results showed that Scenario-4 and Scenario-5 are more environmentally friendly compared to other scenarios.
Neonatal subgaleal hemorrhage in a multihospital healthcare system: twenty years of trends in incidence, associations, and outcomes
Authors: Christensen Thomas , Henry Erick , Bahr Timothy , Ling Con Yee , Hanton Taylor , Page Jessica , Ilstrup Sarah , Carr Nicholas , Ohls Robin , Christensen Robert
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND:In 2011 we reported 38 neonates with subgaleal hemorrhage (SH), relating that our incidence appeared to be increasing.DESIGN:We retrospectively analyzed every recognized case of SH in our hospitals from the end of our previous report to the present. We redescribed the incidence, compared severity to fetal/neonatal and obstetrical features, tabulated the blood products transfused, and recorded the outcomes at two-years.RESULTS:Across 141 months, 191 neonates were diagnosed with SH; 30 after vacuum or forceps. The overall incidence (one case/1815 births) was higher than in our 2011 report (one case/7124 births). Also, the incidence ofsevereSH (requiring transfusions) was higher (one case/10,033 births) than in our previous report (one case/20,950 births). Four died (all withsevereSH) and 12 had neurodevelopmental impairment at two years.CONCLUSION:Recognized cases of SH are increasing in our healthcare system, without a clear explanation. Adverse outcomes are rare but continue to occur.
Neurogenic timing of the inferior olive subdivisions is related to the olivocerebellar projection topography
Authors: Luo Yuanjun , Chao Yuhan , Zhang Jingyun , Hirata Tatsumi , Sugihara Izumi
Published: August 2022

The olivocerebellar projection is organized into an intricate topographical connection from the inferior olive (IO) subdivisions to the longitudinally-striped compartments of cerebellar Purkinje Cells (PCs) to play an essential role in cerebellar coordination and learning. The central mechanisms for the formation of this topography have been unclear. PCs and IO neurons are generated during overlapping periods of a few days in embryonic development. Here we examined whether their generation timing is specifically involved in the formation of the topographical relationship of the olivocerebellar projection. We mapped neuronal generation timing in the entire IO by using the neurogenic-tagging system of Neurog2-CreER (G2A) mice and specific labeling of IO neurons with FoxP2. IO subdivisions were classified into three groups depending on their neurogenic timing range. Then, we examined the relationships in the neurogenic-timing gradient between PCs and IO neurons based on the reported topographic olivocerebellar projection pattern and PC generation timing. Early, intermediate, and late groups of IO subdivisions projected to late, intermediate, and early groups of the cortical compartments, respectively, except for a few particular areas. The results indicated that the olivocerebellar topographic relationship is essentially arranged according to the reverse neurogenic-timing gradients of the origin and target.
Transcriptomic and physiological analysis reveal phytohormone and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in root of Cynanchum auriculatum
Authors: Sun Miao , Zhu Zhi-Peng , Yu Jian-Xiang , Wu Ke-Xin , Guo Yao-Xian , Shen Min , Liu Fang-Fang , Tang Xin-Hui , Kang Yi-Jun
Published: August 2022

Baishouwu (Cynanchum auriculatum), a medicinal and food dual-use plant, has been cultivated for centuries and is favored by consumers. C. auriculatum tuberous roots contain large amounts of flavonoids, lignin, and other nutrients. However, the developmental characteristics and phenylpropanoid metabolic mechanism in C. auriculatum have not been clarified. Here, C. auriculatum tuberous roots were observed in three developmental stages, compared with root forming stage (S1), there were significant morphological differences in root expanding stage (S2) and harvest stage (S3). Through Illumina HiSeq2500, nine transcriptomic libraries were constructed for transcriptomic analysis. 28,926 DEGs were activated during the development of C. auriculatum tuberous root, and many DEGs were enriched in ‘phytohormone signal transduction’ and ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’. The analysis of phytohormone content and gene expression revealed that, auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene participated in the regulation of C. auriculatum tuberous root development. With phloroglucinol staining, it was observed that lignified cells were mainly distributed in the central xylem at S1, followed by ring-like structure formation in S2, and finally formed the connecting rays between the xylem and the phloem in S3. Lignin content increased at S2 and then decreased at S3, and the expression of lignin synthesis genes also presented a similar trend. Total flavonoids content showed a gradually increasing trend, and the expression of flavonoid synthesis genes was also gradually up regulated. C. auriculatum might divert the precursors to the flavonoid synthesis pathway by reducing the activity of key enzymes in lignin synthesis, resulting in the reduction of lignin content and the promotion of flavonoid synthesis. This study provided a basis for the developmental mechanism of C. auriculatum and the further utilization of C. auriculatum tuberous roots.
TMAO promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the ERS/NF-kb pathway in ox-LDL-induced THP-1 macrophages and accelerates the secretion of IL-1β、IL-18
Authors: Zhao Haiyan , Yu Xiaochen , Luo Zhisheng , Wang Mingxue , Wang Wenxiao , Guan Xiuru
Published: August 2022

Macrophages inflammation from variety of risk factors is critical in the rupture of atherosclerotic(AS) plaques. Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), a dietary metabolite that depends on Gut microbiota, exerts strongly pro-inflammatory effects on Atherosclerosis. Nowadays, mounting research showed that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is essential for the pathogenesis of AS. The present study was to investigate the effect of TMAO on ox-LDL-induced NLRP3 inflammasomes activation of THP-1 cells, and to explore the potential mechanism. Used Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, LDH assay to evaluate the changes of macrophage activity under TMAO and ox-LDL, respectively, to clarify the appropriate dosage. Proteins related to NLRP3 inflammasomes, NF-kb and ERS were determined via Western Blot. Inflammatory cytokine secretion was then examined via ELISA. PCR detected gene levels of inflammatory markers, and caspase-1 activity assay was utilized to detect intracellular caspase-1 activity. The results showed that TMAO could activate NLRP3 inflammasome in ox-LDL-induced THP-1 macrophages and accelerate inflammatory factor release. In addition, TMAO can further activate the expression of ERS-related proteins( including BiP、p-PERK) and NF-KB pathway. NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950, NF-kb inhibitor JSH-23, and ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA reversed TMAO's promoting effect in ox-LDL-induced macrophage. Given these data, we conclude that TMAO promotes NLRP3 inflammasomes activation via the ERS/NF-kb pathway in ox-LDL induced THP-1 macrophages. Reducing the TMAO levels may be a viable approach to prevent atherosclerosis plaque development.
Occurrence of Onchocerciasis infection after decades of mass drug administration in the Western North Region of Ghana: The case of Sefwi Akontombra district
Authors: Mensah Derrick Adu , Debrah Linda Batsa , Boateng John , Ahiadorme Monica , Osei-Mensah Jubin , Opoku Vera Serwaa , Obeng Michael Agyemang , Kuutiero Eunice Kyaakyile , Opoku John , Rahamani Abu Abudu , Amponsem Sarfowaa , Obeng Prince , Gyasi Charles , Kutu Emmanuel Donawugube , Debrah Alexander Yaw
Published: August 2022

BackgroundOnchocerciasis is the world’s second leading cause of infectious blindness and a major public health problem in many parts of the world, including Ghana, with severe impact on the skin also. Mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin began in the Sefwi Akontombra district of the Western North Region of Ghana in 1994. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the impact of about three decades of MDA on onchocerciasis and its clinical manifestations by investigating the current nodule and microfilaria (MF) prevalence in the Sefwi Akontombra district using established protocols. MethodologyThis cross-sectional study had participants examined for signs of dermal/skin onchocerciasis and palpated, and those with ≥1 palpable sub-cutaneous nodule had skin snips taken from the left and right iliac crests for later parasitological (microfilariae) assessment. Logistic regression models were used to identify independent predictive and risk factors significantly associated with nodule and MF prevalence.ResultsA total of 1980 participants from 25 communities in three sub-districts were recruited. Compliance to the MDA intervention in the district was 93.7%. The study recorded Onchocerca nodule prevalence of 35.4% (N=701), out of which 31.5% (N=221) were MF positives, with district community microfilariae load (CMFL) and geometric mean intensity of 0.25 MF/ss and 0.26 MF/ss respectively. Adawu, the central community among the 25 surveyed recorded the highest CMFL (0.77 MF/ss)— with 14 communities being hypoendemic and 11, mesoendemic for the onchocerciasis infection. The overall estimated district onchocerciasis MF prevalence was 11.2%, making the district hypoendemic. Of the 17 participants who presented with dermal symptoms, acute papular onchodermatitis (41.2%) was the most prevalent. Age, ivermectin intake and gender were the independent predictive factors significantly associated (p<0.05) with onchocerciasis in the district.ConclusionDespite decades of ivermectin administration in the district, the MF prevalence in the district was > the 1% threshold required for elimination. As the focus of the Ghana Onchocerciasis Control Programme has changed from control to elimination, MDA should be intensified in areas with MF prevalence >1%. Though the district’s CMFL was far below the 5.0 MF/ss public health problem threshold, macrofilaricidal drugs should be explored to complement the microfilaricidal ivermectin.
Tailored SnO2 @MWCNTs Efficient and Recyclable Nano-Catalyst for Selective Synthesis of 4, 5- Dihydropyrrolo[1, 2-a]Quinoxalines via Pictet–Spengler Reaction
Authors: Mathapati Sushil , Alange Ravindra , Mol Sherin C B , Bhande Sambhaji , Jadhav Arvind
Published: August 2022

Heterocyclic compounds have wide range of applications and Pictet–Spengler reaction is effectual in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as quinoline and isoquinoline. The present work describes an effective Pictet–Spengler-type protocol for the selective synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives from substituted pyrroles and diverse aromatic aldehydes over tailored SnO2 nanoparticles anchored multi walled carbon nanotubes (SnO2@MWCNTs) nano-catalyst under greener reaction condition. An elementary reaction process (chemical synthesis) of oxidation of MWCNTs followed by uniform dispersion of SnO2 nanoparticles is used to synthesize the SnO2@MWCNTs catalyst. The SnO2@MWCNTs catalyst was then characterized by using modern spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The activity of catalysts was investigated towards the formation of selective quinoxaline. The reaction progressed with 100% conversion and 93 − 80% yield for the desired product at ambient operating conditions in just 2.30–3.30 h of reaction time. The effect of different parameters such as reaction temperature, time, and loading of SnO2 on MWCNTs, SnO2@MWCNTs catalyst loading were also investigated and discussed in detail. The protocol displayed high tolerance to different functionalities with respect to different substituted aromatic aldehydes to form quinoxaline derivatives in efficient and selective yield. Plausible reaction mechanistic pathway for the selective formation of quinoxaline over SnO2@MWCNTs is also proposed. It is believed that, high dispersion of SnO2 over MWCNTs provided sufficient Lewis acidic sites for the reaction to selectively obtain the final product. Additionally, recyclability of SnO2@MWCNTs catalyst was also studied which demonstrated that the catalyst could be efficiently reused for six successive cycles without significant loss of activity and selectivity. The present work provides greener approach for synthesis of quinoxaline derivative preparation with high selectivity (free from oxidized quinoxaline as a side-product) and efficient yield.
Bipolar disorders in Nigeria: A mixed-methods study of patients, family caregivers, clinicians, and the community members’ perspectives
Authors: Jidong Dung Ezekiel , Husain Ishrat M. , Ike Tarela Juliet , Husain Nusrat , Taru Maigari Yusufu , Nwoga Charles Nnaemeka , Francis Christopher , Jack David B. , Mwankon Shadrack B. , Xue Siqi , Pwajok Juliet Y. , Nyam Pam N. , Murshed Maisha
Published: August 2022

Background: Bipolar Disorders (BDs) are chronic mental health disorders that often result in functional impairment and contribute significantly to the disability-adjusted life years (DALY). BDs are historically under-researched compared to other mental health disorders, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and Nigeria. Design: A mixed-methods design was utilised, with Study 1 exploring knowledge of mood management in BDs in relation to sociodemographic outcomes using quantitative data. Study 2 qualitatively assesses the lived experiences of patients with BDs, clinicians, and family members. Methods: In Study 1, a non-clinical sample of n = 575 participants responded to a compact questionnaire that assessed their knowledge and beliefs about BDs and how they relate to certain sociodemographic variables. One-way ANOVA was used to analyse quantitative data. Study 2 interviewed N = 15 (n = 5 patients with BDs; n = 7 clinicians; n = 3 family caregivers). These semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and thematically analysed.Results: In Study 1, findings showed no statistically significant differences, suggesting low awareness of BDs, especially among vulnerable populations such as young people and older adults. However, there was a trajectory in increased knowledge of BDs among participants between the ages of 25-44 years and part-time workers compared to other ages and employment status. In Study 2, qualitative findings showed that BDs are perceived to be genetically and psycho-socially induced by specific lived experiences of patients and their caregivers or family members. Although psychotropic medications and psychotherapy are available treatment options in Nigeria, cultural and religious beliefs were significant barriers to treatment uptake. Conclusions: This study provides insight into knowledge and beliefs about BDs in Nigeria. The present study provides evidence of the lived experiences of patients with BDs, their caregivers and clinicians in Nigeria. It highlights the need for further studies assessing Nigeria's feasibility and acceptability of culturally adapted psychosocial interventions for patients with BDs.
Incorporating ε-polylysine hydrochloride, tea polyphenols, nisin, and ascorbic acid into edible coating solutions: Effect on quality and shelf life of marinated eggs
Authors: Liu Jingbo , Cheng Dongkun , Zhang Deju , Han Lu , Gan Yiming , Yu Yiding , Zhang Ting
Published: August 2022

This study aimed to develop and characterize the chitosan-edible coating solution (CS-NH-TC) incorporated with ε-polylysine hydrochloride, tea polyphenols, Nisin, and ascorbic acid, then investigate their effect on physicochemical, antibacterial, and sensory properties of marinated eggs stored at 4 °C for 24 days, marinated eggs without coating were set as control. The CS-NH-TC edible coating solution exhibited the lowest particle size (582.6 ± 16.6 nm) and polydispersity index (0.49) and highest zeta potential (30.96) among the coatings. The FT-IR spectra showed that TP, VC, Nisin, and ε-PLH were successfully encapsulated in the CS edible coating solution. The moisture content and water holding capacity of the marinated eggs coated with CS-NH-TC remained stable up to 20 days. Marinated eggs coated with CS-NH-TC edible coating solution exhibited lower total viable counts of microorganisms, and more stable color and pH values compared to the control during the entire storage time. Furthermore, the texture and sensory evaluation results demonstrated that marinated eggs coated with CS-NH-TC edible coating solution had low degradation rate and improved overall acceptability scores. This study confirmed that CS-NH-TC edible coating solution is a promising coating for improving the quality and shelf life of marinated egg products and may have a broad application prospect in the preservation of other food products.
HMGB1 increases myelin debris phagocytosis and ICAM-1 expression in rat CNS endothelial cells in vitro via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway
Authors: Qin Zinxin , Wang Liping , Wang Zhiqiang , Liu Jinming , Deng Chen , Deng Li , Sun Lin
Published: August 2022

HMGB1 regulates the inflammatory response after CNS injury. We aimed to determine the effect and mechanism of HMGB1 on the phagocytosis of myelin debris and the expression of ICAM-1 mediated by myelin debris in endothelial cells.The expression of MBP, CatD, and ICAM-1, as well as macrophage adhesion to endothelial cells, were studied in myelin debris-mediated endothelial cells and the role of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in the regulation of these proteins expression by HMGB1 in myelin debris-mediated endothelial cells .The expression of MBP, CatD, and ICAM-1 in myelin debris-mediated endothelial cells was significantly increased following rHMGB1 exposure. The expression of MBP, CatD, ICAM-1, and macrophagocyte adhesion in myelin debris-mediated endothelial cells without rHMGB1 exposure was significantly reduced. The expression of MBP, CatD, and ICAM-1, and macrophagocyte adhesion were increased in endothelial cells first incubated with rHMGB1 for 24h and then treated with myelin debris. HMGB1 effects on these proteins expression in myelin debris-mediated endothelial cells in vitro were mediated, at least in part, by activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.HMGB1 increased MBP, CatD and ICAM-1 expression, as well as myelin debris phagocytosis and macrophage adhesion in myelin debris-mediated endothelial cells in vitro. These effects occur through the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Study on the Surface Integrity of 7050 Aluminum Alloy with Different Crystal Orientations During High-Speed Machining
Authors: Lu Wei , Zong Chengguo , Ni Chenbing , Yu Xiao , Liu Dejian
Published: August 2022

This paper investigates the effect of crystal orientations and machining parameters on the surface integrity of 7050 aluminum alloy in high-speed machining. Three groups of pre-compression deformations (10%, 15%, and 20%) are performed on the aluminum alloy to fabricate specimens with different crystal orientations. A single-factor dry cutting experiment was designed, and the surface roughness, surface morphology and defects, work hardening, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were tested. The results show that the 15% pre-deformed 7050 aluminum alloy specimen had lower surface roughness and the best surface quality under the same cutting parameters. The surface roughness of 7050 aluminum alloy with different crystal orientations tended to first increase and then decrease with the increase of the cutting speed, and the surface roughness was positively correlated with the cutting depth and feed rate. Under different cutting parameters, the machined surfaces of 7050 aluminum alloy specimens with different crystal orientations exhibited different degrees of plowings, apophysis, sticky chips and pits. Moreover, the degree of work hardening of the 15% pre-deformed 7050 aluminum alloy specimen was small, while that of the 20% pre-deformed specimen was more serious. XRD analysis demonstrated that the diffraction peak width of the 10% pre-deformed 7050 aluminum alloy specimen slightly increased with the increase of the cutting depth. Moreover, the (111) and (200) diffraction peak intensities of the 15% pre-deformed 7050 aluminum alloy specimen increased with the increase of the cutting speed, and there was no obvious Al 2 CuMg phase on the machined surface of the 20% pre-deformed specimen.
Elevated TBC1D1 defined immunosuppressive microenvironment and poor prognosis in low-grade glioma
Authors: Song Daqiang , Liu Jiazhou , Wei Yuxian , Chen Yuru , Luan Tiankuo , Wang Xiaoyu , Feng Rui , Zhang Zhuo , Zhang Chong , Qiu Zhu , Ren Guosheng , Li Hongzhong
Published: August 2022

Low-grade gliomas (LGG) are a group of heterogeneous brain tumors that originate from glial cells, and lack effective biomarkers for diagnosis and predicting prognosis. In this study, we found that both transcriptional and protein levels of TBC1 domain family member 1 (TBC1D1) are significantly increased in tumors, and indicated poor prognosis of LGG patients. In addition, the nomogram constructed based on TBC1D1 showed that TBC1D1 exerted satisfactory performance in predicting the survival probability of LGG patients. Notably, high TBC1D1 expression in M2-like pro-tumor macrophages is closely correlated with the immunosuppressive microenvironment of the glioma. Collectively, these findings support that high TBC1D1 expression indicate immunosuppressive microenvironment and predicted poor prognosis in LGG patients.
Synergistic cytotoxicity and antibacterial effects of the composites of silver nanoparticles and Lonicera japonica extract on human dermal fibroblast and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Bachynskyj-Bilas Daniel , Coward Brad , Li Wei , Wang Zhuo , Wang Jiawei , Griffin Martin
Published: August 2022

In this work we report the synthesis of composites of silver nanoparticles and Lonicera japonica extract. In vitro cytotoxicity of these composites was tested against human foreskin dermal fibroblasts and antibacterial activity tested against Staphylococcus aureus. At the highest concentration of 100 µg/ml, the composites containing 50% Ag nanoparticles and 50% honeysuckle extract were found to provide the greatest antibacterial effect, with minimal cytotoxic effect. The release of three reactive oxygen species (•OH, O2−, H2O2) and silver ions from the composites were studied to understand the synergistic effects. It is hypothesised that whilst all ROS play a pivotal role in antibacterial activity, O2− could be the most important species. We conclude that the composites of silver nanoparticles and Lonicera japonica extract could be an appropriate nanomedicine for medical applications, such as topical dermal dressings.
Variable prognostic value of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and CD3+T cells in schistosomal and non-schistosomal colorectal cancer
Authors: Wang Weixia , Zhang Yingyi , Liu Jican , Jing Hongyan , Lu Kui , Wang Limei , Zhu Ting , Xu Yanchao , Bu Dacheng , Cheng Meihong , Liu Jing , Shen Weidong , Yao Junxia , Huang Sinian
Published: August 2022

Aim: To investigate the prognostic value of the TILs and CD3+ cells and CD20+ cells in schistosomal colorectal cancer (SCRC) and non-schistosomal CRC (NSCRC).Background: Although schistosomiasis has been basically eliminated, it has not been completely extinction in China and occasional outbreaks occur in Europe recently. The relationship between schistosomiasis and CRC is still obscure, and the inflammation based prognostic systems of schistosomal colorectal (SCRC) and Non-schistosomal CRC (NSCRC) has rarely been reported.Methods: HE-stained sections of 351 CRC tumors, which were completely resected, were evaluated for density of TILs. Meanwhile, we evaluated CD3+T lymphocytes and CD20+B lymphocytes by immunochemistry. The relationship of these infiltrating immune cells with clinicopathological features, including schistosomiasis, and clinical outcomes were evaluated and the prognostic roles of TILs in SCRC and NSCRC were explored.Results: Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were negatively correlated with tumor size，pathological T stage, lymph node metastasis and number of tumor budding (p＜0.05). CD3 was also inversely associated with tmuor size, tumor budding, pathological T stage (p＜0.05). And CD20 was correlated with colonic perforin (p=0.003). Besides, sTILs were correlated with the density of iTILs，CD3 and CD20 cells (p＜0.05), CD3 and CD20 were correlated with each other (p＜0.05). In the whole cohort, multivariate analysis identified sTILs and CD3 as independent prognostic factors (p < 0.05), but not the CD20. In subgroups，merely CD3 (p=0.012) was independent prognostic factors both in the NSCRC and SCRC set (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The prognostic roles of sTILs, and CD3+ T and CD20+ B cells were different in CRC patients with and without schistosomiasis, suggesting distinguished role in the immune microenvironment in SCRC and NSCRC patients.
Perceived barriers and opportunities for implementing integrated psychological intervention for depression in adolescents living with HIV in Tanzania
Authors: Njau Tasiana , Mwakawanga Dorkasi L. , Sunguya Bruno , Minja Agape , Kaaya Sylvia , Fekadu Abebaw
Published: August 2022

Background
Adolescents living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) have an increased risk of depression that may affect their adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and, therefore, their treatment outcomes. Integrating mental health care in HIV care and treatment settings may help to improve access to comprehensive care. This remains a challenge in Tanzania and other countries with similar contexts. We, therefore, explored challenges to accessing mental health care and opportunities for implementing an integrated, evidence-based psychological intervention to manage adolescent depression in HIV care and treatment centers (HIV-CTC) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Methods
This cross-sectional study utilizing a qualitative design through a phenomenological approach was conducted among adolescents living with HIV, health care providers (HCP), and caregivers. Forty-five in-depth interviews were conducted in three HIV-CTC in Kinondoni Dar es salaam. Audio records were transcribed verbatim and analyzed with NVIVO computer software aided data analysis.
Results
We found a low level of mental health awareness to be a cross-cutting challenge among the caregivers, adolescents, and the HCPs, limiting access to mental healthcare and the quality of care received. Psychological health caregiving was challenged by mental disorders stigma, poor communication between adolescents and HCPs, limited knowledge and skills to manage depression among HCPs, and limited information on treatment coverage for mental disorders. Nevertheless, health system opportunities for integration were apparent. In each HIV-CTC, there were available counseling rooms, nurse counselors delivering HIV and adherence counseling, and well-organized youth clubs indicating a potential for utilizing the existing structures. In addition, positive attitudes about psychological interventions in all groups of participants provide further opportunities to provide mental health care.
Conclusion
Despite several modifiable barriers to accessing mental health care for adolescents living with HIV, there were evident opportunities for implementing an integrated, evidence-based psychological intervention to address depression in adolescents living with HIV in Kinondoni Dar es Salaam Tanzania.
Enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse by the combination of delignification pretreatment and Tween 80
Authors: Dai Tao , Huang Shihang , Xie Jun , Zhang Hongdan
Published: August 2022

Background
Due to the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatment was required to destroy the intact structure by removing hemicellulose and lignin. In this study, delignification pretreatment with alkali or sodium chlorite of sugarcane bagasse was applied to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis under mild conditions.
Results
it was found that delignification contributed more in achieving higher glucose yield comparing with the removal of hemicellulose. In addition, the characterization of untreated and pretreated solids was conducted to determine the influence of hemicellulose and lignin degradation on subsequent enzymatic digestibility. Furthermore, Tween 80 was added to reduce the enzyme loading, shorten the hydrolysis time, and enhance the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis, the results indicated that the glucose yield of 92.2% was obtained at enzyme loading of 5 FPU/g substrate. However, the increased yields of glucose with Tween 80 were increased as the enhancement of lignin content and the reduction of enzyme loading, and decreased sharply as the hydrolysis time was prolonged from 6 h to 24 h.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that NaClO2 pretreatment presented more in improving enzymatic hydrolysis by delignification. The addition of Tween 80 enabled shortening the hydrolysis time and reducing the enzyme loading. This study provided an economically feasible and mild process for the generation of glucose, which will be subsequently converted to bioethanol and biochemicals.
Collision Cross Section of a Small Molecule Determined by its Polarizability rather than its Mass and Shape
Authors: Wisanpitayakorn Pattipong , Sartyoungkul Sitanan , Kurilung Alongkorn , Sirivatanauksorn Yongyut , Visessanguan Wonnop , Sathirapongsasuti Nuankanya , Khoomrung Sakda
Published: August 2022

The rotationally averaged collision cross section (CCS), measured by ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), facilitates the identification of various types of biomolecules. Thus far, the CCS value is known to depend on the shape and size of the molecule, while other physiochemical quantities for determining the CCS values are yet to be explored. In this study, using quantum chemistry and 197 model compounds, we discovered and validated that the CCS value primarily depends on the polarizability of the molecule, a quantity representing both the spatial size and dipole-dipole interaction with buffer gas molecules. Contrary to popular belief, at a constant polarizability, a molecule’s CCS value is completely independent of its mass (m/z) and shape (ovality). The findings of this study deepened our understanding of the CCS values of small molecules, and their application will considerably improve the CCS prediction model accuracy.
Application of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of lollipop sticks in the gastrointestinal tracts of 20 children
Authors: Bi Shi Yue , Wang Yu , Wang Xiao Man , Jia Li Qun
Published: August 2022

Objectives To evaluate the value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of non-metallic foreign bodies in the pediatric gastrointestinal tract.Methods Data of 20 children who were admitted to our hospital after ingesting a lollipop stick from January 2016 to October 2018 were analyzed. Abdominal ultrasonography and plain radiography were performed to confirm the position of the foreign body and assess secondary injuries. The two imaging methods were compared regarding the foreign body display rate and the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the identification of secondary injury. The factors potentially contributing to secondary injury were assessed.Results The foreign body display rate was 100% for ultrasonography and 27.3% for abdominal plain radiography. Plain radiography did not show any signs of secondary injury. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ultrasonography for identifying secondary injury caused by a lollipop stick foreign body were 100%, 93.8%, and 95%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the foreign body retention time and the occurrence of secondary injury (r=0.563, P=0.01).Conclusion Ultrasonography showed a high display rate for non-metallic gastrointestinal foreign bodies in children, and had good sensitivity and satisfactory specificity and accuracy in detecting secondary injury.