bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is There Any Basis for Categorizing the Business Judgment Rule as a Presumption?
Authors: Jarusevičius Justinas
Published: September 2019

This article analyzes whether there are grounds for the case law to categorize the business judgment rule as a presumption. The author presents the main criterions that cause the categorization of the legal norm as a presumption. In the context of the identified criterions of the presumption category, it is evaluated whether the business judgment rule matches such criterions.
Legal Instruments for Improving the Role of Civil Society Institutions as Subjects of Cultural Policy in the Field of Historical and Cultural Heritage
Authors: Martynenko Igor
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this article is to determine the purpose, principles, and essence of integrating law enforcement and control systems exercising state and public control related to countering crimes and offenses in the fields of historical and cultural heritage, thus developing a single system of subjects of law enforcement activity that can be combined with the function of coordination.
Testamentary Freedom and its Bounds in an International Succession Case
Authors: Bronušienė Simona
Published: September 2019

This article presents the legal steps that should be made in an intercountry succession case dealing with testamentary succession – first of all, which court is competent to value the will; second, according to which law it should be done. The determination of applicable law is the crucial question inevaluating the will of de cujus – how much the individual was free to dispose their possession. The best way to reveal testamentary freedom in different countries is to overlook its restrictions, such as forced heirship. In the article, there are presented four systems of succession law differently restricting testamentary freedom.
Sarcocystis rileyi emerging in Hungary: is rice breast disease underreported in the region?
Authors: Szekeres Sándor , Juhász Alexandra , Kondor Milán , Takács Nóra , Sugár László , Hornok Sándor
Published: September 2019

Reports of Sarcocystis rileyi-like protozoa (‘rice breast disease’) from anseriform birds had been rare in Europe until the last two decades, when S. rileyi was identified in northern Europe and the UK. However, despite the economic losses resulting from S. rileyi infection, no recent accounts are available on its presence (which can be suspected) in most parts of central, western, southern and eastern Europe. Between 2014 and 2019, twelve mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were observed to have rice breast disease in Hungary, and the last one of these 12 cases allowed molecular identification of S. rileyi, as reported here. In addition, S. rileyi was molecularly identified in the faeces of one red fox (Vulpes vulpes). The hunting season for mallards in Hungary lasts from mid-August to January, which in Europe coincides with the wintering migration of anseriform birds towards the south. Based on this, as well as bird ringing data, it is reasonable to suppose that the first S. rileyi-infected mallards arrived in Hungary from the north. on the other hand, red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), which are final hosts of S. rileyi, are ubiquitous in Hungary, and our molecular finding confirms an already established autochthonous life cycle of S. rileyi in the region. Taken together, this is the first evidence for the occurrence of S. rileyi in Hungary and its region.
Complex and Kähler structures on hom-Lie algebras
Authors: PEYGHAN Esmaeil , NOURMOHAMMADİFAR Leila
Published: September 2019

(Almost) Complex and Hermitian structures on hom-Lie algebras are introduced and some examples of these structures are presented. We study the complexification of hom-Lie algebras. Also, the notion of Kähler hom-Lie algebras is introduced and then using a Kähler hom-Lie algebra, we present a phase space. Finally, we describe all two-dimension non-abelian Kähler hom-Lie algebra and also it is shown that there does not exist a non-abelian Kähler proper hom-Lie algebra of dimension two.
Hopf algebra structure on superspace $\text{SP}_q^{2|1}$
Authors: CELİK Salih
Published: September 2019

Super-Hopf algebra structure on the function algebra on the extended quantum symplectic superspace $\text{SP}_q^{2|1}$, denoted by ${\mathbb F}({\text{SP}}_q^{2|1})$, is defined. A quantum Lie superalgebra derived from ${\mathbb F}({\text{SP}}_q^{2|1})$ is explicitly obtained.
Asymptotically isometric copies of $\ell^{1\boxplus 0}$
Authors: NEZİR Veysel
Published: September 2019

Using James' Distortion Theorems, researchers have inquired relations between spaces containing nice copies of $c_0$ or $\ell^1$ and the failure of the fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings especially after the fact that every classical nonreflexive Banach space contains an isometric copy of either $\ell^1$ or $c_0$. For instance, finding asymptotically isometric (ai) copies of $\ell^1$ or $c_0$ inside a Banach space reveals the space's failure of the fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings. There has been many researches done using these tools developed by James and followed by Dowling, Lennard, and Turett mainly to see if a Banach space can be renormed to have the fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings when there is failure.In this paper, we introduce the concept of Banach spaces containing ai copies of $\ell^{1\boxplus 0}$ and give alternative methods of detecting them. We show the relationsbetween spaces containing these copies and the failure of the fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings. Finally, we give some remarks and examples pointing our vital result: if a Banach space contains an ai copy of $\ell^{1\boxplus 0}$, then it contains an ai copy of $\ell^1$ but the converse does not hold.
Finding Poland’s International Position
Authors:   Leiden University (Netherlands), M. Lubojemski Aleksander
Published: September 2019

The changing political system of the XXI century has brought many shifts not only in the global balance of power but also in various regional balances scattered across the globe. The rise of national power in countries beforehand classified as small powers or other equivalents has forced to once again place these states in the newly created balances of power. Amongst these states is Poland, whose national power has grown substantially in the last decade. Hence, it is necessary to analyze how Poland compares to other states in the international system, on a global and regional level, and through this evaluate what Poland’s international position is. The article aims at assessing Polish national power and roles in regional initiatives to examine how Poland is placed in the global and regional balance of power.
The Convergence of Presidential and Parliamentary Elections in France: Analysis of Systemic Tendencies from the Perspective of Sixty Years of the Fifth Republic
Authors:   Jagiellonian University, Jakubiak Łukasz
Published: September 2019

The paper deals with specific links between presidential and parliamentary elections in contemporary France. The main goal is to demonstrate that the timing of the two types of political events is a significant factor preserving the configuration of a pro-presidential majority fact as one of the possible variants of French semi-presidentialism. This raises the question of the role of both elections as instruments for controlling the process of setting up a space of political rivalry that could be perceived as optimal from the viewpoint of ruling camps. The author analyses possibilities to provide the convergence of presidential and parliamentary elections under the conditions of a seven-year presidential term as well as after its shortening to five years in 2000. Hence, of particular importance is the impact of some mechanisms used in this field on the institutional logic of the French political system. Specific application of constitutional tools and some normative changes introduced in previous years cause the extent of the aforementioned control to be now much greater than in the first decades of the Fifth Republic. Looking at the convergence of both types of elections from the perspective of the evolution of the existing political system, the author argues that it is legitimate to divide the whole period of the Fifth Republic into three sub-periods: 1. the absence of electoral convergence (1958–1981); 2. partial electoral convergence (1981– –2002); full electoral convergence (since 2002). Due to the acceptance of the pro-presidential paradigm, the latter formula is now definitely preferred and supported by legal regulations, which affects the flexibility of French semi-presidentialism (significantly reduced, but not fully eliminated, probability of cohabitation).
Leaders, Managers or Administrators – Mayors in Central and Eastern European Countries
Authors:   University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Tybuchowska-Hartlińska Karolina
Published: September 2019

This paper is the first step to fill a gap in the studies on the position of mayors in European local government systems. The first part of the paper will be devoted to critical analysis of theoretical and methodological studies on the position and selection of mayors. The second part will focus on verifying the proposed hypotheses. In the conclusions, an attempt will be made to present a profile of local democracy in CEE countries.
The Citizenship Policies of the Baltic States within the EU Framework on Minority Rights
Authors:   Committee Scientific Member of International Problems Study Centre, Carpinelli Cristina
Published: September 2019

The ethnic landscape in the Baltic States is dominated by one large ethnic minority: Russians. Lithuania is an exception as here the first biggest ethnic minority are Poles, followed by Russians. The Baltic States have also significant Slavic minorities, such as Belarusians and Ukrainians. There are many barriers for people from different ethnic groups to overcome because the Baltic societies are segregated according to ethnicity across a number of dimensions: language, work and geography. During the Soviet period there were separate language schools, a system that reinforced ethnic separation. Labor market was also split along ethnic lines and a large proportion of ethnic minorities lived spatially segregated from the majority group and was concentrated mostly in urban centers. The impact of communist heritage and the construction of the post-communist state order had a negative impact on the integration process of the Russian minorities in those countries. The ethnic Russians had been heavily marginalized as many of them had no citizenship at all. As a result, they had limited access to labor-market and less social protection. However, the accession of the Baltic States to the European Union (EU) has succeeded in significantly changing policies with respect for and protection of minorities in the three Baltic countries. In the last years the ethnic Russians have in fact been partially accommodated through the consistency of the citizenship laws with the European Union norms, which precisely require the protection of minorities and respect for them. The aim of the study described herein is to investigate the historic roots of ethnic segregation between the native Baltic population and the Russian minority and show how the entry of the Baltic States into the EU has facilitated the process of promoting minority rights, especially from the perspective of granting citizenship right to Russian (and Polish) ethnic persons living in those countries.
New Forms of Public Administration Activity in Poland after 1989 as an Attempt of Realization Current Social Demands
Authors:   Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Bieś-Srokosz Paulina
Published: September 2019

The deep changes in Polish legal system and economy that took place after 1989 contributed to the emergence of new challenges for public administration. The legislator, in order to satisfy growing numbers of social demands, appointed new tasks and created a new legal form of action for public administration entities. However, not every of the new forms were fitted to classically understood administrative law. Part of this new forms at the same time combines some features characteristic for administrative law as well as typical for civil law, which gives them untypical (hybrid) character. As an example, there can be mentioned: civil law contracts with so called “overlays” (obligatory additional conditions) imposed by certain legal acts as well as administrative settlements and administrative contracts. The aim of this article is to analyze those hybrid forms of action of public administration entities in terms of implementation the objectives of regulation set by the legislator.
Alternative diplomacy and the political role of clerical elites: The Roman Catholic Church as an ideological counterforce in interwar Banat
Authors:   West University, A. Panu Mihai
Published: September 2019

In interwar Romania, non-political institutions played a decisive role in the process of containing the expansion of totalitarian ideologies. The two major colliding ideological forces, National Socialism and Communism, rapidly reshaped the European sociopolitical profile after World War I and caused an unprecedented long-term deterioration of various intergovernmental relations. The Banat region was systematically exposed to external ideological factors due to the fact that its heterogeneous ethno-cultural profile allowed a rapid proliferation of political ideas and programs.
Micrandropsis, novo gênero de Euphorbiaceae da Amazônia
Authors: Rodrigues William A.
Published: September 2019

Sinopse O autor propõe neste trabalho um novo gênero de Euphorbiaceae denominado Micrandropsis W. Rodr., cuja espécie típica é Micrandopsis scleroxylon (W. Rodr.) W. Rodr., uma árvore amazônica relativamente freqüente nas matas de terra firme das cercanias de Manaus, Amazonas.
Triatomíneos da Amazônia II. Encontro do Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus (Champion, 1899) no Estado do Amazonas (Hemiptera, Reiluviidae)
Authors: Almeida Flávio Barbosa de , Santos Elcy Israel
Published: September 2019

Sinopse Os AA assinalam pela primeira vez a presença do Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus no Estado do Amazonas. O exemplar foi capturado na foz do rio Preto, afluente do rio Unini, bacia do Rio Negro.
Sobre a ocorrência da moléstia de Chagas no Estado do Amazonas, Brasil ()
Authors: Almeida Flávio Barbosa de , Mello J A Nunes de
Published: September 2019

Resumo Em área do Estado do Amazonas (Município de Barcelos) onde recentemente foram assinalados seis casos humanos suspeitos de moléstia de Chagas por sorologia positiva, procuramos o Trypanosoma cruzi em 35 pessoas, 9 cães domésticos e 71 mamíferos silvestres. Todos foram negativos para tripanosomas, exceto 6 morcegos de quatro espécies, que albergavam flagelados com características do subgênero Schizotrypanum: Carollia perspicilata, Glossophaga soricina, Desmodus rotundus e Mollossidae sp. Cultura do flagelado de um dos G. soricina infectou camundongo, caráter que o aproxima do T. cruzi. Todos os triatomíneos que capturamos — Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus, Eratyrus mucronatus, Rhodnius pictipes e R. brethesi — foram negativos para flagelados.
Household Energy Conservation Intervention: a Game versus Dashboard Comparison
Authors: Fijnheer Jan Dirk Lou , Van Oostendorp Herre , Veltkamp Remco
Published: September 2019

This paper presents the results of a study, comparing a game versus a dashboard with respect to energy conservation in the household. In a pretest-posttest design, an empirical study tested whether change in attitude, knowledge, engagement and behaviour with respect to energy conservation in the household was different for participants playing Powersaver Game compared to a control condition where participants used an energy dashboard with the same content, but excluding game features. The aim of this game (developed using an iterative user-centered game design methodology) is to influence household energy consumption by means of electricity and gas usage in the long-term. The intervention time was at least 5 weeks and pre and post measures were based on 21 days intervals. All energy conservation activities that the application provides (e.g. washing clothes on low temperatures) take place in the real world and feedback is based on real time energy consumption. This real data into the game approach aims to optimize the transfer between the game world and the real world. Energy consumption significantly changed in the game condition compared to the control condition, and the difference between both conditions is more than 33% after the intervention. In the game condition, knowledge about energy conservation was significantly increased, although no significant differences in increase of attitude and engagement were found. We conclude that Powersaver Game is effective in transfer of energy conservation knowledge, which leads to energy saving behaviour on the long term. However, it cannot be concluded that playing the game leads to a greater change in attitude, probably because attitude scores of the participants were high from the start.
РОССИЯ И АФРИКА: НОВЫЕ РУБЕЖИ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА
Authors: Громыко Андрей Алексеевич , Алешин Кирилл Андреевич , Ибрагимов Ибрагим Эминович
Published: September 2019

Цель: авторы ставят цель проанализировать актуальное состояние развития российско-африканских отношений и выработать предложения по их укреплению и интенсификации. Обсуждение: авторами проведен анализ развития отношений между Российской Федерацией и Африканским континентом. Отмечается имеющийся высокий потенциал в области торговых и инвестиционных связей между Россией и регионом. Идентифицированы приоритетные направления сотрудничества со странами Африканского континента в целом и отдельными государствами в частности. Результаты: авторы приходят к выводу, что для дальнейшего ускоренного развития российско-африканских отношений необходима новая стратегия (концепция) российской политики в Африке, совершенствование и внедрение новых механизмов поддержки экспортеров и инвесторов, оказание гуманитарного, научно-технического содействия африканским партнерам, а также информационно-аналитическое и экспертное сопровождение российских компаний при работе на африканском направлении.
The Redistribution of Representation through Participation: Participatory Budgeting in Chengdu and Delhi
Authors: Frenkiel Emilie , Lama-Rewal Stéphanie Tawa
Published: September 2019

A strong contention of the “representative turn” is that representation is consubstantial with politics (Saward, 2010). One way to test the heuristic value of this vision is to look for representation in an institution that was historically built against representation, namely participatory budgeting (PB), a democratic innovation that has spread globally with exceptional rapidity. The literature on PB identifies two types of relationships between participation and representation: (i) participation “challenges” (Houtzager & Gurza Lavalle, 2009) existing forms and principles of representation (through “assumed representation” by civil society activists; or through “citizen agents”; Montambeault, 2016); or (ii) participation is “instrumentalised” (Fischer, 2012) by classic forms and actors of representation. On the basis of a comparative analysis of PB experiences in Chengdu (China) and Delhi (India), we argue in this article that a third type of relationship can be observed: participation—as implemented through PB—can also redistribute representation insofar as new, official representative roles are created. Moreover, looking at these new roles provides important clues about the principles of representation that are implemented and therefore about the transformative nature of PB.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FLAME CHARACTERISTICS AND STABILITY FOR CONICAL NOZZLE BURNER
Authors: DAKKA Sam M
Published: September 2019

The
stability and the mean structure of methane partially premixed conical burner
flames was investigated numerically using ANSYS Fluent. The study presents and
discusses the stability curves of the partially premixed flame and maps the
mean flame structure based on contours of mass fraction of O2, CO
and temperature. From the data obtained, it can be concluded that both premixed
and non-premixed flames are less stable than the partially premixed flames. An
optimum level of partially premixing was found and the flames beyond this
threshold were found to be less stable. This optimum level was found, when the
ratio of the mixing length to the nozzle diameter is equal to 5. At this
specific degree of partially premixing, the flame exhibited triple interaction
reaction zones. It was found that with an increase of the angle of the cone of
the burner, the air entrainment increases which, in turns breaks the
stabilization core and hence cause a reduction in the flame stability limit.
The main role of the cone is to provide a protection from the surrounding
environment at early phase of the reaction near the jet exit where turbulence
with high intensity was observed.
Study of neutrophil lymphocyte ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with glycemic control
Authors: N. Devamsh G. , M. Parvathi , R. Madhumathi , Raghavan Leela
Published: September 2019

Background: Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an indicator of subclinical inflammation. Subclinical inflammation may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Raised NLR is associated with metabolic syndrome and is found to be a predictor of cardiovascular disorders. There are only few studies assessing the correlation between NLR and glycemic control. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between NLR and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients.Methods: This observational study was conducted in Department of Medicine, Bangalore medical college. 100 patients diagnosed to have type 2 diabetes mellitus were assessed. They were divided into three groups based upon HbA1c levels: Group 1, HbA1c ≤7%; group 2, HbA1c 7-9%, and group 3, HbA1c>9%. Complete blood count and other relevant investigations were performed. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. T test was used for continuous variables and chi square test for categorical variables. ANOVA test was used to compare three groups. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Out of 100 patients, the white blood cell count (WBC count) was higher in group 3 as compared to group 1 and group 2(p 0.008). Similarly, the absolute neutrophil count was higher in group 3 as compared to group 1 and group 2(p.017). The neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was significantly higher in group 3 as compared with group 1 and group 2(p.009). NLR had a positive correlation with HbA1c and was found to be an independent predictor of poor glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusConclusions: Our study found a significant positive correlation between NLR and glycemic control. Increased NLR is associated with elevated HbA1c and poor glycemic control. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with raised NLR should be evaluated for cardiovascular, renal and ocular complications of diabetes.
Level of knowledge regarding breast cancer and breast self-examination among working women in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Bakthavatchalam Archana , Govindarajan Perumal Kandasamy , Felix John William
Published: September 2019

Background: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women in worldwide. One potentially important strategy in reducing breast cancer mortality is the use of screening methods such as breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination, and mammography for early detection. This Study was conducted to assess knowledge and awareness regarding breast cancer and BSE among working women.Methods: A part of the interventional study was carried out among a total sample of 124 working women in Annamalai University. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information about the knowledge of breast cancer and BSE. The collected information was entered in Microsoft excel sheet and analysed using SPSS. One way ANOVA test has been applied to find out whether level of knowledge differs by age, education, occupation and BSE awareness.Results: Majority (67%) of women had inadequate knowledge on breast cancer and BSE. The education, occupation and breast self-awareness has influence on the knowledge level.Conclusions: The level of awareness on breast cancer and BSE among educated working women was low. Active steps and necessary interventions should be taken to increase awareness through health education program.
Expediente
Authors: Ferraz Ana Targina Rodrigues
Published: September 2019

Expediente da revista.
Imigração, Internacionalismo e Solidariedade
Authors: Varela Raquel Cordeira
Published: September 2019

O presente artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar que a imigração, tema que divide a sociedade Europeia, está relacionada com um fator objetivo - o valor da massa salarial e a segurança no emprego. As políticas migratórias do lado dos Estados europeus têm respondido prioritariamente à gestão da força de trabalho e não em primeiro lugar – nem principalmente - a causas humanitárias ou de inspiração multicultural. As políticas de incentivo à imigração para reverter a escassez de força de trabalho, para a Europa ser “competitiva” no quadro da concorrência globalizada, longe de responder a chamada “crise demográfica”, constitui a grande “válvula de escape” do modo de acumulação capitalista hoje. Com essas políticas há uma queda real do salário dos trabalhadores, inserindo a concorrência massiva – de dois lados: deslocalização de fábricas e empresas da Europa para fora; deslocalização de trabalhadores da periferia para o centro ou da semi-periferia. Este contexto, embora tenha criado concorrência entre trabalhadores rebaixando o salário de todos à escala mundial, pode ter criado também o seu contrário - o internacionalismo e a solidariedade, como observado na greve protagonizada pelos portuários de Portugal, em contestação às relações laborais precárias.
Review of the Cosolvency Models for Predicting Drug Solubility in Solvent Mixtures: An Update
Authors: Jouyban Abolghasem
Published: September 2019

The cosolvency models frequently used in solubility data modeling of drugs in mixed solvents were reviewed and their accuracies for calculating the solubility of solutes were briefly discussed. The models could be used either for correlation of the generated solubility data with temperature, solvent composition etc or for prediction of unmeasured solubility data using interpolation/extrapolation technique. Concerning the correlation results employing a given number of independent variables, the accuracies of the investigated models were comparable, since they could be converted to a single mathematical form, however, the accuracies were decreased when models emplyed more independent variables. The accurate correlative models could be employed for prediction purpose and/or screening the experimental solubility data to detect possible outliers. With regard to prediction results, the best predictions were made using the cosolvency models trained by a minimum number of experimental data points and an ab initio accurate prediction is not possible so far and further mathematical efforts are needed to provide such a tool. To connect this gap between available accurate correlative models with the ab initio predictive model, the generally trained models for calculating the solubility of various drugs in different binary mixtures, various drugs in a given binary solvent and also a given drug in various binary solvents at isothermal condition and/or different temperatures were reported. Available accuracy criteria used in the recent publications were reviewed including mean percentage deviation (MPD). The MPD for correlative models is 1-10% whereas the corresponding range for predictive models is 10-80% depend on the model capability and the number of independent variables employed by the model. This is an update for a review article published in this journal in 2008.
Musculoskeletal disorder risk level evaluation of posterior maxillary tooth extraction procedures
Authors: Prayudha Anggy , Simandjuntak Roberto M. , Sumarta Ni Putu Mira
Published: September 2019

Background: The professional activity of dentists involves a relatively small treatment area, namely; the oral cavity. Dental treatment requires a high level of precision with the result that dentists frequently perform their duties in a physically uncomfortable position over a relatively extended period of time. Tooth extraction is the most common form of treatment performed in a standing position, with extraction of the posterior maxillary tooth being the most challenging. 80 per cent of students and dentists working in the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Indonesia present musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). Purpose: To evaluate the level of MSD risk of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic students at the Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital following posterior maxillary tooth extraction. Methods: The evaluation of MSD risk level was performed over a period of three months on 73 subjects who had experienced posterior maxillary tooth extraction, categorized as extraction under anaesthesia, extraction involving the use of an elevator and extraction using forceps. Evaluation was conducted by two observers by means of CCTV video footage using a Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) worksheet. Results: Under anaesthetic sedation, 67.12% experienced medium risk, 31.51% high risk, and 1.37% low risk. During extraction using an elevator, 58.90% experienced high risk, 35.62% medium risk and 5.48% extremely high risk. During extraction using forceps, 57.53% ran medium risk, 39.73% high risk, and 2.74% extremely high risk. Conclusion: Students who performed posterior maxillary tooth extraction could be categorized as running a high risk of MSD during extraction using an elevator, but medium risk when administering anaesthesia and performing extraction with forceps.
The difference between porcelain and composite resin shear bond strength in the administration of 4% and 19.81% silane
Authors: Widjiastuti Ira , Junaedi Dwina Rahmawati , Effendy Ruslan
Published: September 2019

Background: Damage to porcelain restorations such as fractures requires a repair that can be performed either directly or indirectly. Direct repair involves directly performing restoration of fractured porcelain with a composite resin application. This technique has more advantages than indirect repair because it requires no laboratory work and can be completed during a single visit. Silane, on the other hand, has been widely used and is reported to increase porcelain and composite resin attachments during the direct repair process. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the differences in shear bond strength between porcelain and composite resin during the administering of 4% and 19.81% silane. Methods: 27 porcelain samples were divided into three groups, namely: Group A - 4% silane, Group B - 19.81% silane and Group C - no silane, prior to the application of composite resin. Each sample was tested for shear bond strength by means of Autograph and fracture analysis performed through stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope tests. Data analysis was subsequently performed using an ANOVA test. Results: There was a significant difference between the three groups with p=0.000 (p<0.005). The lowest bond strength was found in the group without silane, while the highest was in the group with 4% silane (p<0.005). Conclusion: The use of 4% silane can produce the highest shear bond strength of porcelain and resin composite.
The different symptoms determining management of hand foot and mouth disease and primary varicella zoster infection
Authors: Apriasari Maharani Laillyza
Published: September 2019

Background: Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a medical condition endemic among children in South-East Asia, including Indonesia and, more specifically, Banjarmasin – the capital of South Sulawesi. The disease is mediated by Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus 16 which attack the oral cavity, hands, feet, buttocks and genital areas. One differential diagnosis of this disease is Primary Varicella Zoster infection. Both diseases have similar clinical symptoms but different etiologies which can precipitate errors in the administration of therapy Purpose: To elucidate the distinction between HFMD and Primary varicella zoster infection. Case: An 8 year-old male sought treatment complaining of ulcers on the upper maxillary gingiva followed by the appearance of itchy and painful lesions affecting the nose, upper lip, hands and feet. The patient’s mother reported his history of 39oC fever followed by the development of red spots and ulcers on the face, hands and feet which caused itching. Clinically, it is similar to Primary varicella zoster infection which can affect any part of the body. The patient only used an immunomodulator once a day and was actively seeking available healthcare. Case management: Extraoral examination confirmed the presence of multiple erythematous vesicles and ulcers, 2 mm in diameter, which caused a sensation of itching around the nose and upper lip region. Multiple painful and itchy red macules and vesicles, 3-6 mm in diameter, appeared not only on the patient’s palms, back of the hands and feet. Intraoral examination of the right maxillary gingiva revealed multiple painful ulcers, 1-2 mm in diameter and yellowish in appearance, surrounded by erythema. The results of history-taking implied that no lesions appeared on other parts of the body. Conclusion: While these conditions share similar clinical manifestations, their contrasting etiologies require different treatments. The ultimate diagnosis can be determined clinically by the dentist, thereby preventing errors in the administration of therapy.
Protection against periodontal destruction in diabetic condition with Sardinella longiceps fish oil: expression of matrix-metalloproteinase 8 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1
Authors: Damaiyanti Dian Widya , Mulawarmanti Dian , Parisihni Kristanti
Published: September 2019

Background: There is strong evidence to support the claim that periodontitis may be more prevalent among diabetic individuals. Collagen degradation represents one of the key events in periodontal destructive lesions. The level of matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) are key to periodontal collagenolysis and associated with the severity of periodontal inflammation and disease. Host modulatory therapy has been proposed as a treatment for periodontal diseases. Sardinella longiceps (lemuru) fish oil containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including omega 3 and 6, has been shown to possess therapeutic anti-inflammatory and protective properties effective against inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. Purpose: The study aimed to examine the effect of dietary supplementation of Sardinella longiceps fish oil on protection against periodontal destruction resulting from the expression of MMP-8 and TIMP-1. Methods: Wistar rat samples are divided into four groups: a negative control group and three groups receiving Sardinella longiceps fish oil treatment (4 ml/ weight (Kg), 8 ml/ weight (Kg) and 16 ml/ weight (Kg). One week before treatment, all groups were administered with streptozotocin (STZ) 65 ml/ weight (Kg) and nicotinamide 110 ml/ weight (Kg) to induce diabetic conditions. Immunohistochemistry slides of periodontal tissues were prepared after three weeks of treatment. The expression of MMP-8 and TIMP-1 was counted using the HSCORE index, data was analyzed by means of non-parametric methods using Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Statistical analyses confirmed a significant increase in MMP-8 expression and a reduction in TIMP-1 expression in the negative control group compared to the treatment group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the treatment group showed a significant reduction in MMP-8 expression and a marked increase in TIMP-1 expression, with the best result produced by the administering of 16 ml/ weight (Kg) Sardinella longiceps fish oil to the treatment group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of Sardinella longiceps fish oil can protect against periodontal destruction under diabetic conditions, by decreasing MMP-8 expression and increasing TIMP-1 expression.
The Meaning of the Microprocessor: Accounting for Evolution of Structural-Functional Novelty in the Canonical microRNA Biogenesis Pathway
Authors: Robinson Jeffrey
Published: September 2019

It is standard to identify and compare predicted protein sequence of the Drosha and Pasha genes subsidiary to detection and identification of novel microRNAs in newly sequenced taxa or review of previous deep sequencing data. Drosha and Pasha proteins are the key, conserved members of the ‘microprocessor’ protein complex which facilitates nuclear nuclear localized, pri to pre miRNA processing miRNAs of the canonical eumetazoan complement. Because of the necessity of the microprocessor for production of c anonical eumetazoan miRNA, the detection of both (1) bona fide microRNAs and (2) presence of Drosha/Pasha orthologs (or homologs) is often presented as sufficient to represent a functional canonical eumetazoan microRNA biogenesis pathway. However, the fun ctional role of the Drosha and Pasha homologs sometimes, though not always experimentally validated in non model taxa. Differentiation of ‘bona fide miRNAs’, opposed to ‘non bona fide’ small RNAs of similar size, are also necessary for miRNA identificatio n projects. Recent rubrics are based on structural and sequence elements of the miRNAs themselves, however these inclusion criteria include paraphyletic groupings of miRNAs, for example eumetazoan miRNAs and S treptophyte (green plant) miRNAs which are not produced by the Drosha/Pasha microprocessor mechanism. Therefore, a dichotomy exists between the structural definitions for miRNAs and understanding of the evolutionarily conserved function of the microprocessor and its components. In this article, I re view literature in the context of this topic and discuss philosophical significance for understanding the importance of the microprocessor in understanding the evolutionary and molecular origins of miRNA.
How do Lebanese Patients Perceive the Ideal Doctor Based on the CanMEDS Competency Framework?
Authors: Aoun Mabel , Sleilaty Ghassan , Jaoude Simon Abou , Chelala Dania , Moussa Ronald
Published: September 2019

Background During their training, Lebanese medical students develop a high medical expertise but are less acquiring other competencies such as communication, collaboration, erudition, professionalism, leadership and health promotion. There is also insufficient data about patients’ preference for these skills. This study describes the different weights patients attribute to these physician’s competencies. Methods This is a cross-sectional study based on a questionnaire distributed to 133 Lebanese patients. It included 15 questions assessing how patients prioritize the physician’s competencies, with open-ended questions asking them to define “the good doctor”. Krippendorff’s alpha coefficient was used to analyze the reliability of the competencies’ classification. Results 125 patients completed the questionnaire in this cross-sectional study. Their mean age was 48 ± 16.76 years. When classifying competencies, 73.6% opted for medical expertise as first choice and 48% put communication as second. Based on the Krippendorff’s coefficient, we identified a moderate agreement for the seven choices (alpha=0.44). In open-ended questions, patients defined the good doctor in 325 answers: 64.3% mentioned medical expertise, 34.1% high ethics and 26.2% communication. Conclusions This patient-centered study concurs well with the worldwide practice that puts medical expertise at the center of medical education. However Lebanese patients don’t perceive equally other competencies and favor professionalism and communication that should be integrated in priority in students’ curricula.
A Eurasia-wide polyploid species complex involving 6x Trifolium ambiguum, 2x T. occidentale and 4x T. repens produces interspecific hybrids with significance for clover breeding
Authors: Williams Warren , Verry Isabelle M , Ansari Helal A , Hussain S Wajid , Ullah Ihsan , Ellison Nicholas W
Published: September 2019

Background Trifolium ambiguum occurs as a 2x, 4x, 6x polyploid series in W Asia, The 6x form is the most agronomically desirable, having strong rhizomatous spread and drought tolerance. These traits would be potentially very valuable if they could be transferred to white clover (T. repens) which is the most important agronomic clover species. However, to-date, no fertile interspecific hybrids with 6x T. ambiguum are available. Previously, 2x T. occidentale from W Europe has produced synthetic fertile hybrids with both 2x and 4x T. ambiguum and these were inter-fertile with white clover. Here we ask whether 2x T. occidentale can form fertile hybrids with 6x T. ambiguum and act as a genetic bridge to white clover and bring these species together as part of a common gene pool. Results Ten verified F1 (6x T. ambiguum x 2x T. occidentale) hybrids were produced by embryo rescue and seven were studied further. All four investigated for chromosome number were 2n=4x=32 and FISH confirmed the expected 21 T. ambiguum and 8 T. occidentale chromosomes. Hybrid fertility was extremely low but 2n female gametes functioned with white clover pollen to produce seeds. Derived plants were confirmed using FISH and were successfully backcrossed to white clover to produce partially fertile breeding populations. Conclusions Although T. occidentale and 6x T. ambiguum are widely separated by geography and ecological adaptation they have maintained enough genomic affinity to produce partially fertile hybrids. Inter-fertility of the hybrids with allotetraploid T. repens showed that T. occidentale can provide a genetic bridge between 6x T. ambiguum and white clover to produce plants with new phenotypes combining the traits of all three species. Use of this information should enable potentially valuable stress tolerance traits from 6x T. ambiguum to be used in white clover breeding for the first time.
Point-of-care ultrasound defines gastric content in elective surgical patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Zhou Li , Yang Yi , Yang Lei , Cao Wei , Jing Heng , Xu Yan , Jiang Xiaojuan , Xu Danfeng , Xiao Qianhui , Jiang Chunling , Bo Lulong
Published: September 2019

Background Delayed gastric emptying and the resultant “full stomach” is the most important risk factor for perioperative pulmonary aspiration. Using point-of-care gastric sonography, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of full stomach and its risk factors in elective surgical patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods Type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic elective surgical patients were included from July 2017 to April 2018 in a 1:1 ratio. The study was retrospectively registered at July 2017, after enrollment of the first participant. Gastric ultrasound was performed 2h after ingesting clear fluid or 6h after a light meal. Full stomach was defined by the presence of gastric content in both semi-recumbent and right lateral decubitus positions. For patients with full or intermediate stomach, consecutive ultrasound scan was performed until empty stomach was detected. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with full stomach.
Results Fifty-two type 2 diabetic and fifty non-diabetic patients were analyzed. The prevalence of full stomach was 48.1% (25/52) in diabetic patients, with 44.0% for 2-hour fast after clear fluid and 51.9% for 6-hour fast after a light meal, significantly higher than 8% (4/50) in non-diabetic patients (P=0.000). The average time to empty stomach in diabetic patients was 146.50±40.91 mins for clear liquid and 426.50±45.25 mins for light meal, respectively. Further analysis indicated that presence of diabetes-related eye disease was an independent risk factor of full stomach in diabetic patients (OR=4.83, P=0.010).
Conclusions Almost half of type 2 diabetic patients have a full stomach following the current preoperative fasting guideline. Preoperative ultrasound assessment of gastric content in type 2 diabetic patients is suggested, especially for those with diabetes -related eye disease.
Key words : type 2 diabetes mellitus; gastric emptying; regurgitation and aspiration; ultrasonography
Maternal and Fetal outcomes of Cesarean Delivery and factors associated with its unfavorable management outcomes; In Ayder Specialized Comprehensive Hospital, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2017.
Authors: mengesha Meresa Berwo , Adhanu Hadgay Hagos , weldegeorges Desta Abraha , Assefa Natnael Etsay , werid Woldu mammo , weldemariam Mulu Gebretsadik , welay fissaha tekulu , Hidru Hagos Degefa , Gebru Tesfay tsegay
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the unfavorable outcomes and to assess factors contribute for the unfavorable management outcomes after caesarean deliveries in Ayder Specialized Comprehensive Hospital, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2017.
Results: The unfavorable maternal management outcomes were Adhesion 28(8.3%), excessive blood loss and blood transfusion 19(5.6%), caesarean hysterectomy 10(3%), relaparotomy 5(1.5%), wound infection and wound dehiscence 23(6.8%).Unfavorable fetal outcomes were were still birth 9(2.6%), early neonatal death 8(2.4%), low birth weight 58(17.2%). Women’s who did not booked for Antenatal Care and having history of previous Caesarean delivery were found to be associated with unfavorable maternal outcomes and indications of Caesarean delivery as obstructed labor was associated with unfavorable fetal outcomes.
Key words: caesarean delivery, fetal outcomes, maternal outcomes.
Multi-HLA class II tetramer analyses of citrulline-reactive T cells and early treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Gerstner Christina , Turcinov Sara , Hensvold Aase H , Chemin Karine , Uchtenhagen Hannes , Ramwadhdoebe Tamara H , Dubnovitsky Anatoly , Kozhukh Genadiy , Rönnblom Lars , Kwok William W , Achour Adnane , Catrina Anca I , Baarsen Lisa G. M. van , Malmström Vivianne
Published: September 2019

Background: HLA class II tetramers can be used for ex vivo enumeration and phenotypic characterization of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. They are increasingly applied in settings like allergy, vaccination and autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder for which many autoantigens have been described.
Results: Using multi-parameter flow cytometry, we developed a multi-HLA class II tetramer approach to simultaneously study several antigen specificities in RA patient samples. We focused on previously described citrullinated HLA-DRB1*04:01-restricted T cell epitopes from α-enolase, fibrinogen-b, vimentin as well as cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP).First, we examined inter-assay variability and the sensitivity of the assay in peripheral blood from healthy donors (n=7). Next, we confirmed the robustness and sensitivity in a cohort of RA patients with repeat blood draws (n=14). We then applied our method in two different settings. We assessed lymphoid tissue from seropositive arthralgia (n=5) and early RA patients (n=5) and could demonstrate autoreactive T cells in individuals at risk of developing RA. Lastly, we studied peripheral blood from early RA patients (n=10) and found that the group of patients achieving minimum disease activity (DAS28 <2.6) at 6 months follow-up displayed a decrease in the frequency of citrulline-specific memory T cells.
Conclusions: Our study demonstrates the development of a sensitive tetramer panel allowing simultaneous characterization of antigen-specific T cells in ex vivo patient samples including RA ‘at risk’ subjects. This multi-tetramer approach can be useful for longitudinal immune-monitoring in any disease with known HLA-restriction element and several candidate antigens.