bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Steinmann pin retractor-assisted reduction with circle plate fixation via sinus tarsi approach for intra-articular calcaneal fractures: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Zhao Bin , Zhao Wenqian , Assan Isaac
Published: November 2019

Background

Sinus tarsi approach and mini-calc plate have been used for intra-articular calcaneal fractures. However, the sinus tarsi approach has limited exposure to the lateral wall, which makes it challenging to obtain an excellent anatomic reduction of the calcaneal body. What is more! To restore the width of the calcaneal body entirely and prevent the heel varus simultaneously with mini-calc plate was tough as well. Aimed to solve the aforementioned problems, our study focused on using the Steinmann pin retractor for reduction and the circle plate for fixation via the sinus tarsi approach.

Methods

From March 2017 to January 2019, 15 patients with closed calcaneal fractures were treated with the method of Steinmann pin retractor-assisted reduction and circle plate fixation via the sinus tarsi approach. All these patients received a positive postoperative clinical and radiological evaluation.

Results

A postoperative follow-up was done for each of the 15 patients, and the following scores and parameters were observed: value of visual analogue scale (VAS) was 1.44 ± 0.63, and The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot score was 84.31 ± 5.03 at the last follow-up. The Böhler angle (30.81 ± 3.56°), width (37.83 ± 4.87 mm), length (87.4 ± 3.33 mm), and height (86.23 ± 5.36 mm) of the calcaneus were improved significantly in comparison with preoperative values (− 0.94 ± 10.06°, 45.67 ± 5.68 mm, 82.72 ± 5.54 mm, 76.32 ± 7.98 mm), and these parameters were maintained excellently after 6–19 months’ follow-up.

Conclusion

Our present study suggested that Steinmann pin retractor-assisted reduction with circle plate fixation via the sinus tarsi approach may serve as a safe and effective method for Sanders type II and type III calcaneus fractures. The Böhler angle, height, length, and body of the calcaneus were excellently restored postoperatively and maintained at last follow-up and rare postoperative complications.

Trial registration

This study has been registered. The unique identifying number is research registry 5092.
The diagnostic value of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) for the discrimination of vertebral osteomyelitis and degenerative diseases of the spine
Authors: Scharrenberg Jan Simon , Yagdiran Ayla , Brinkmann Julia , Brune Maik , Siewe Jan , Jung Norma , Mahabir Esther
Published: November 2019

Background

There is still a challenge in discriminating between vertebral osteomyelitis and degenerative diseases of the spine. To this end, we determined the suitability of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and compared the diagnostic potential of suPAR to CRP.

Methods

Patients underwent surgical stabilization of the lumbar and/or thoracic spine with removal of one or more affected intervertebral discs, as therapy for vertebral osteomyelitis (n = 16) or for erosive osteochondrosis (control group, n = 20). In this prospective study, we evaluated the suPAR and CRP levels before (pre-OP) and after surgery (post-OP) on days 3–5, 6–11, 40–56, and 63–142.

Results

The suPAR levels in vertebral osteomyelitis patients were significantly higher than those from controls pre-OP, 3–5 days post-OP, and 6–11 days post-OP. Significantly higher CRP levels were observed in the vertebral osteomyelitis group than in the controls pre-OP and 6–11 days post-OP. Levels of suPAR and CRP correlated positively in all patients in the pre-OP period: r = 0.63 (95% CI: 0.37–0.79), p < 0.0001. The values for the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) for pre-OP and the overall model post-OP were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.76–1.00) and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.71–0.97) for suPAR, 0.93 (95% CI: 0.85–1.00) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.62–0.93) for CRP, and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96–1.00) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.82–1.00) for the combination of suPAR and CRP. The AUC for suPAR pre-OP revealed an optimum cut-off value, sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and PPV of 2.96 ng/mL, 0.69, 1.00, 0.80, and 1.00, respectively. For CRP, these values were 11.58 mg/L, 0.88, 0.90, 0.90, and 0.88, respectively.

Conclusion

The present results show that CRP is more sensitive than suPAR whereas suPAR is more specific than CRP. Moreso, our study demonstrated that improvement in the diagnostic power for discrimination of vertebral osteomyelitis and degenerative diseases of the spine can be achieved by a combination of both suPAR and CRP.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02554227, posted Sept. 18, 2015, and updated Aug. 13, 2019
Pathway to diagnosis and burden of illness in mucopolysaccharidosis type VII – a European caregiver survey
Authors: Morrison Alexandra , Oussoren Esmee , Friedel Tabea , Cruz Jordi , Yilmaz Nalan
Published: November 2019

Background

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (Sly disease, MPS VII), is an ultra-rare, multi-symptom disease with variable clinical presentations which can present challenges with diagnosis, management and care. We believe this survey is the first to explore the patient experience through direct questioning of the caregivers of 13 individuals with MPS VII.

Methods

This European survey, using a specifically designed questionnaire, was conducted in order to describe the pathway to diagnosis and the burden of illness of MPS VII. Information on early symptoms, clinicians seen, and current symptoms was collected. Questions on the caregivers’ ability to work and the use and availability of health, social and educational support were included.

Results

Caregivers of 13 patients from Germany, Spain, The Netherlands and Turkey responded to the survey. Five patients with non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) were diagnosed with MPS VII at a mean age of 1.9 years (median 0.3 years, range 0.2 to 6 years). Those without NIHF (n = 7) were diagnosed at a mean age of 6.1 years (median 6.0 years, range 1.9 to 14 years). The symptoms most likely to raise a suspicion of MPS VII, excluding NIHF, did not appear until a median age of at least three years.

Over one half of patients required assistance with daily living and mobility. Reduction of the working hours of caregivers was often necessary (46.2% reduced hours, 30.8% stopped working).

Patients attended frequent medical appointments (12.7/year), over 80% had surgery and 30% had been hospitalised for respiratory issues.

While support for learning and behavioural needs was generally available, support for mobility was not available to 50% of patients. Half of the respondents (6/12) said they were not offered genetic counselling.

Conclusions

For children that do not present with NIHF, diagnosis can take several years as early symptoms can be non-specific and mistaken for other conditions. Increased awareness of the early signs of disease and more information for parents/caregivers at diagnosis are needed. MPS VII poses significant burden to patients, caregivers, healthcare, social and educational services. Access to information and support varies across Europe and the availability of genetic counselling is limited in some countries.
Systemic bevacizumab for high-output cardiac failure in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an international survey of HHT centers
Authors: Al-Samkari Hanny , Albitar Hasan A. , Olitsky Scott E. , Clancy Marianne S. , Iyer Vivek N.
Published: November 2019

Background

Systemic bevacizumab is a novel targeted anti-angiogenic therapy for high-output cardiac failure (HOCF) in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) but published data is limited. This survey-based study measured physician-reported safety, effectiveness and current treatment practices for systemic bevacizumab in HHT-HOCF.

Methods

A 27-item survey was sent to center directors of 31 international HHT Centers of Excellence.

Results

Response rate was 74% with centers reporting 150 total patients receiving systemic bevacizumab for HHT-HOCF. Approximately two-thirds of centers had treated ≥5 patients. All centers utilize a 5 mg/kg dose for induction treatment and most administer 6 doses (range, 4–6) every 2 weeks, although maintenance regimens varied considerably. Center directors reported bevacizumab to be effective, with 55% reporting significant improvement in cardiac index and HOCF symptoms in most patients treated with bevacizumab, although normalization of cardiac parameters was uncommon. Adverse events were uncommon with three-quarters of centers reporting adverse event rates < 10%. Discontinuation for adverse events or ineffectiveness was rare. Bevacizumab was typically administered by hematologists and pulmonologists (50 and 39% of centers, respectively), with highly variable thresholds for initiation. Although half the centers reported difficulty with the insurance approval process, 70% of centers were ultimately able to obtain coverage for most or all of their patients.

Conclusions

Systemic bevacizumab is a widely-used therapy for HHT-HOCF with reasonable safety and effectiveness. HHT centers appear to vary considerably in maintenance treatment practices and disease severity thresholds for initiation of bevacizumab in HHT-related HOCF.
Application of CRISPR genetic screens to investigate neurological diseases
Authors: So Raphaella W. L. , Chung Sai Wai , Lau Heather H. C. , Watts Jeremy J. , Gaudette Erin , Al-Azzawi Zaid A. M. , Bishay Jossana , Lin Lilian Tsai-Wei , Joung Julia , Wang Xinzhu , Schmitt-Ulms Gerold
Published: November 2019

The adoption of CRISPR-Cas9 technology for functional genetic screens has been a transformative advance. Due to its modular nature, this technology can be customized to address a myriad of questions. To date, pooled, genome-scale studies have uncovered genes responsible for survival, proliferation, drug resistance, viral susceptibility, and many other functions. The technology has even been applied to the functional interrogation of the non-coding genome. However, applications of this technology to neurological diseases remain scarce. This shortfall motivated the assembly of a review that will hopefully help researchers moving in this direction find their footing. The emphasis here will be on design considerations and concepts underlying this methodology. We will highlight groundbreaking studies in the CRISPR-Cas9 functional genetics field and discuss strengths and limitations of this technology for neurological disease applications. Finally, we will provide practical guidance on navigating the many choices that need to be made when implementing a CRISPR-Cas9 functional genetic screen for the study of neurological diseases.
Redesigning N-glycosylation sites in a GH3 β-xylosidase improves the enzymatic efficiency
Authors: Rubio Marcelo Ventura , Terrasan César Rafael Fanchini , Contesini Fabiano Jares , Zubieta Mariane Paludetti , Gerhardt Jaqueline Aline , Oliveira Leandro Cristante , de Souza Schmidt Gonçalves Any Elisa , Almeida Fausto , Smith Bradley Joseph , de Souza Gustavo Henrique Martins Ferreira , Dias Artur Hermano Sampaio , Skaf Munir , Damasio André
Published: November 2019

Background

β-Xylosidases are glycoside hydrolases (GHs) that cleave xylooligosaccharides and/or xylobiose into shorter oligosaccharides and xylose. Aspergillus nidulans is an established genetic model and good source of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Most fungal enzymes are N-glycosylated, which influences their secretion, stability, activity, signalization, and protease protection. A greater understanding of the N-glycosylation process would contribute to better address the current bottlenecks in obtaining high secretion yields of fungal proteins for industrial applications.

Results

In this study, BxlB—a highly secreted GH3 β-xylosidase from A. nidulans, presenting high activity and several N-glycosylation sites—was selected for N-glycosylation engineering. Several glycomutants were designed to investigate the influence of N-glycans on BxlB secretion and function. The non-glycosylated mutant (BxlBnon-glyc) showed similar levels of enzyme secretion and activity compared to the wild-type (BxlBwt), while a partially glycosylated mutant (BxlBN1;5;7) exhibited increased activity. Additionally, there was no enzyme secretion in the mutant in which the N-glycosylation context was changed by the introduction of four new N-glycosylation sites (BxlBCC), despite the high transcript levels. BxlBwt, BxlBnon-glyc, and BxlBN1;5;7 formed similar secondary structures, though the mutants had lower melting temperatures compared to the wild type. Six additional glycomutants were designed based on BxlBN1;5;7, to better understand its increased activity. Among them, the two glycomutants which maintained only two N-glycosylation sites each (BxlBN1;5 and BxlBN5;7) showed improved catalytic efficiency, whereas the other four mutants’ catalytic efficiencies were reduced. The N-glycosylation site N5 is important for improved BxlB catalytic efficiency, but needs to be complemented by N1 and/or N7. Molecular dynamics simulations of BxlBnon-glyc and BxlBN1;5 reveals that the mobility pattern of structural elements in the vicinity of the catalytic pocket changes upon N1 and N5 N-glycosylation sites, enhancing substrate binding properties which may underlie the observed differences in catalytic efficiency between BxlBnon-glyc and BxlBN1;5.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the influence of N-glycosylation on A. nidulans BxlB production and function, reinforcing that protein glycoengineering is a promising tool for enhancing thermal stability, secretion, and enzymatic activity. Our report may also support biotechnological applications for N-glycosylation modification of other CAZymes.
Antimicrobial functional divergence of the cecropin antibacterial peptide gene family in Musca domestica
Authors: Peng Jian , Wu Zhaoying , Liu Weiwei , Long Huiling , Zhu Guiming , Guo Guo , Wu Jianwei
Published: November 2019

Background

It has been reported that there are more than ten antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) belonging to the cecropin family inMusca domestica; however, few of them have been identified, and the functions of the other molecules are poorly understood.

Methods

Sequences of theM. domesticacecropin family of genes were cloned from cDNA template, which was reverse-transcribed from total mRNA isolated from third-instar larvae ofM. domesticathat were challenged with pathogens. Sequence analysis was performed using DNAMAN comprehensive analysis software, and a molecular phylogenetic tree of the cecropin family was constructed using the Neighbour-Joining method in MEGA v.5.0 according to the mature peptide sequences. Antibacterial activity of the syntheticM. domesticacecropin protein was detected and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using broth microdilution techniques. Time-killing assays were performed on the Gram-negative bacteria,Acinetobacter baumannii, at the logarithmic or stabilizing stages of growth, and its morphological changes when treated with Cec4 were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and detection of leakage of 260 nm absorbing material.

Results

Eleven cecropin family genes, namelyCec01,Cec02andCec1-9, show homology to the Cec form in a multigene family on the Scaffold18749 ofM. domestica. In comparing the encoded cecropin protein sequences, most of them have the basic characteristics of the cecropin family, containing 19 conservative amino acid residues. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration that most genes in the Cec family are functional. Cec02, Cec1, Cec2, Cec5 and Cec7 have similar antibacterial spectra and antibacterial effects against Gram-negative bacteria, while Cec4 displays a more broad-spectrum of antimicrobial activity and has a very strong effect onA. baumannii. Cec4 eliminatedA. baumanniiin a rapid and concentration-dependent manner, with antibacterial effects within 24 h at 1× MIC and 2× MIC. Furthermore, SEM analysis and the leakage of 260 nm absorbing material detection indicated that Cec4 sterilized the bacteria through the disruption of cell membrane integrity.

Conclusions

Although there are more than ten cecropin genes related toM. domestica, some of them have no preferred antibacterial activity other than Cec4 againstA. baumannii.
iNOS dependent and independent phases of lymph node expansion in mice with TNF-induced inflammatory-erosive arthritis
Authors: Bell Richard D. , Slattery Pamelia N. , Wu Emily K. , Xing Lianping , Ritchlin Christopher T. , Schwarz Edward M.
Published: November 2019

Introduction

A pivotal effect of lymphatic vessel (LV) function in joint homeostasis was identified in the tumor necrosis factor-transgenic (TNF-Tg) mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Specifically, loss of LV contractions is associated with progressive synovitis and erosions. Furthermore, draining lymph node expansion is a biomarker of arthritic progression, and both macrophages and lymphatic endothelial cells express inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which disrupts LV contraction and transport of immune cells to the draining lymph nodes. Therefore, to directly assess these relationships, we tested the hypothesis that TNF-Tg mice with global genetic ablation of iNOS (iNOS−/−) will show delayed draining lymph node expansion, maintained LV contractions, and decreased synovitis and erosions.

Method

iNOS−/−× TNF-Tg female and male mice, and control littermates (iNOS−/−, TNF-Tg, and WT), were examined with (1) ultrasound to determine popliteal lymph node (PLN) volume and (2) near-infrared imaging (NIR) to assess popliteal LV contraction frequency, and differences between genotypes were assessed at 3, 4, 5, and 6 months of age. Knees and PLN were harvested at 4 months in females and 6 months in males, to assess synovitis, bone erosions, and cellular accumulation in PLN sinuses via histology.

Results

Initially, an increase in PLN volume was observed for both female and male iNOS−/−× TNF-Tg and TNF-Tg compared to their WT and iNOS−/− counterparts at 2 and 3 months, respectively. Subsequently, TNF-Tg PLNs continue to increase in volume, while iNOS−/−× TNF-Tg did not increase in volume from the initial timepoints. WT and iNOS−/− PLN volume was unchanged throughout the experiment. LV contraction frequency was increased at 4 months in females and 5 months in males, in the iNOS−/−× TNF-Tg mice compared to the TNF-Tg. Synovitis and erosions were moderately reduced in iNOS−/−× TNF-Tg versus TNF-Tg knees in females, while no differences in knee pathology were observed in males.

Conclusions

Genetic iNOS ablation maintains draining lymph node volume and LV function during TNF-induced inflammatory arthritis and is associated with moderately decreased joint inflammation and damage.
Validation and evaluation of a common biomarker in human cancers sera protein detected by a monoclonal antibody UNIVmAb
Authors: Manjunath D. , Kumaraswamy Sunil B. , Venkatakrishniah Shashidhar Aladhi , Appaiah Hitesh Nidumanda , Thomas Anil , Banerjee Shib D.
Published: November 2019

Objective

Management and diagnosis of multiple human cancers remains a challenge and search for a common biomarker is still debatable. In this manuscript we have evaluated the use of monoclonal antibody UNIVmAb, to detect the protein (H11) as a common biomarker for all cancers irrespective of the grade and origin. We have shown by both ELISA and Western Blot that the H11 protein, is a unique hyaluronan binding protein that has not been detected earlier. H11 protein was fractionated in an anion exchange column followed by cibacron blue gel exclusion chromatography. Hyaluronan binding H11 protein reacted with Monoclonal antibody UNIVmAb and b-HA inspite of b-Hyaluronan (biotinylated Hyaluronan) interaction and HA-Oligo (Hyaluronan oligosaccharides) competition from various grades of Human cancers sera.

Results

ELISA, Western blot and b-Hyaluronan interactions clearly showed an over-expression of UNIVmAb reacted H11 protein in all fifty cancer’s sera when compared with seventy normal sera. UNIVmAb reactive H11 protein can be used as a common biomarker. We believe, UNIVmAb detected H11 protein, is a unique hyaluronan binding protein, that can be used as a common biomarker for all cancers.
Exponential stability analysis of nonlinear systems with bounded gain error
Authors: Hu Xingkai , Nie Linru
Published: November 2019

Considering technology limitation or device restriction in practical application, we formulate new nonlinear systems with bounded gain error, which contain switched control and impulsive control. We then investigate the exponential stability of the considered systems. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed criteria is confirmed via an example based on Chua’s oscillator.
Preview tracking control for a class of fractional-order linear systems
Authors: Liao Fucheng , Xie Hao
Published: November 2019

This paper studies the preview tracking control of a class of fractional-order linear systems. Firstly, we use the fractional derivative property to take the fractional derivative of both sides of the state equation several times, and we obtain a formal ordinary linear system. An augmented error system is constructed for the transformed ordinary linear system, the appropriate performance index function is introduced and relevant results of the optimal preview control are applied to design the optimal preview controller for the augmented error system when the reference signal is previewable. Based on the relationship between the original system and the augmented error system, the preview tracking controller of the original system can be obtained. It can guarantee the asymptotic tracking of the output of the original closed-loop system to the reference signal. The validity of the theoretical results is verified by numerical simulation.
On the new fractional hybrid boundary value problems with three-point integral hybrid conditions
Authors: Baleanu D. , Etemad S. , Pourrazi S. , Rezapour Sh.
Published: November 2019

We investigate some new class of hybrid type fractional differential equations and inclusions via some nonlocal three-point boundary value conditions. Also, we provide some examples to illustrate our results.
Hosting spatial justice: Riace model and rhetorics of recognition
Authors: Li Destri Nicosia Giulia
Published: November 2019

Introduction

The paper investigates the relation between spatial justice and recognition. With this respect, it focuses on rhetorics of recognition, namely discourses, narratives and slogans put in place by actors who produce a territorial identity in order to be recognized in their peculiar and different characters.

Case description

The case-study employed is the Riace model, a worldwide known example of refugees and asylum seekers hosting and welcoming practice in Italy. Fieldnotes, public statements and newspaper articles were used to investigate both narratives through which Riace’s identity was produced and how this identity shaped Riace’s rhetorics of recognition within the context of a conflict between the local administration and the national government.

Discussion and evaluation

The paper shows how claims for recognition may drive towards negative outputs. Specifically, in the case of Riace, claims for diversity re-affirmed path-dependency and conditions of marginalization as a result of a depersonalised place-based approach and logics of exception.

Conclusions

Finally, the paper suggests that researchers should avoid considering diversity as a value per se in order to address spatial justice issues. Moreover, it suggests that rhetorics of recognition may help both in case of conflicting rationalities and to formulate situated ethical judgments.
Correction to: c-MYC overexpression induces choroid plexus papillomas through a T-cell mediated inflammatory mechanism
Authors: Merve Ashirwad , Zhang Xinyu , Pomella Nicola , Acquati Serena , Hoeck Joerg D. , Dumas Anaelle , Rosser Gabriel , Li Yichen , Jeyapalan Jennie , Vicenzi Silvia , Fan Qianhai , Yang Zeng Jie , Sabò Arianna , Sheer Denise , Behrens Axel , Marino Silvia
Published: November 2019

In the original version of this article [1], there was 1 error in the affiliation of the European Institute of Oncology (affiliation 3). In this correction article the updated affiliation is shown for clarification.
Different aspects of Alzheimer’s disease-related amyloid β-peptide pathology and their relationship to amyloid positron emission tomography imaging and dementia
Authors: Thal Dietmar Rudolf , Ronisz Alicja , Tousseyn Thomas , Rijal Upadhaya Ajeet , Balakrishnan Karthikeyan , Vandenberghe Rik , Vandenbulcke Mathieu , von Arnim Christine A. F. , Otto Markus , Beach Thomas G. , Lilja Johan , Heurling Kerstin , Chakrabarty Aruna , Ismail Azzam , Buckley Christopher , Smith Adrian P. L. , Kumar Sathish , Farrar Gill , Walter Jochen
Published: November 2019

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) pathology in the form of amyloid plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) spreads in its topographical distribution, increases in quantity, and undergoes qualitative changes in its composition of modified Aβ species throughout the pathogenesis of AD. It is not clear which of these aspects of Aβ pathology contribute to AD progression and to what extent amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) reflects each of these aspects. To address these questions three cohorts of human autopsy cases (in total n = 271) were neuropathologically and biochemically examined for the topographical distribution of Aβ pathology (plaques and CAA), its quantity and its composition. These parameters were compared with neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) and neuritic plaque pathology, the degree of dementia and the results from [18F]flutemetamol amyloid PET imaging in cohort 3. All three aspects of Aβ pathology correlated with one another, the estimation of Aβ pathology by [18F]flutemetamol PET, AD-related NFT pathology, neuritic plaques, and with the degree of dementia. These results show that one aspect of Aβ pathology can be used to predict the other two, and correlates well with the development of dementia, advancing NFT and neuritic plaque pathology. Moreover, amyloid PET estimates all three aspects of Aβ pathology in-vivo. Accordingly, amyloid PET-based estimates for staging of amyloid pathology indicate the progression status of amyloid pathology in general and, in doing so, also of AD pathology. Only 7.75% of our cases deviated from this general association.
GNSS brings us back on the ground from ionosphere
Authors: Sun Yang-Yi
Published: November 2019

Both solar activities from above and perturbations of Earth’s surface and troposphere from below disturb ionospheric structure and its dynamics. Numerous ionospheric phenomena remain unexplained due to the complicated nature of the solar–terrestrial environment. We do appreciate the ground- and space-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) techniques being around and providing global observations with high resolutions to help us to resolve unexplained phenomena. This paper summarizes recent studies of the effect of solar (geomagnetic storm and total solar eclipse), tropospheric (typhoon, walker circulation, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation), and earthquake/tsunami activities (2010 Chile, 2011 Tohoku, and 2015 Nepal earthquakes) on the ionosphere utilizing the global ground- and space-based GNSS observations.
On the determinants of trade openness in low- and lower–middle-income countries in Africa: how important is economic growth?
Authors: Osei Dennis Boahene , Sare Yakubu Awudu , Ibrahim Muazu
Published: November 2019

The existing literature highlights the determinants of trade openness with disregard to the income classifications of countries in examining whether the determinants differ given their income levels. This study, therefore, re-examines the drivers of trade openness in Africa relying on panel data with special focus on the role of economic growth. More specifically, we perform a comparative analysis of the factors influencing trade openness for low-income and lower–middle-income countries using the system generalized method of moments. Our findings suggest that, while economic growth robustly enhances openness in low-income countries, in the case of lower–middle-income countries, the impact is not robust and largely negative suggesting that higher growth is associated with less openness. We also find that, economic growth–openness nexus for the lower-income countries exhibits non-linearities and inverted U-shaped relationship in particular. Thus, while increases in real GDP per capita enhance openness, beyond an estimated threshold point, any increases in economic growth dampen openness. We discuss key implications for policy.
Concerted regulation of actin polymerization during constitutive secretion by cortactin and PKD2
Authors: Weeber Florian , Becher Alexander , Seibold Tanja , Seufferlein Thomas , Eiseler Tim
Published: November 2019

Constitutive secretion from the trans-Golgi-network (TGN) is facilitated by a concerted regulation of vesicle biogenesis and fission processes. The protein kinase D family (PKD) has been previously described to enhance vesicle fission by modifying the lipid environment. PKD also phosphorylates the actin regulatory protein cortactin at S298 to impair synergistic actin polymerization. We here report additional functions for PKD2 (also known as PRKD2) and cortactin in the regulation of actin polymerization during the fission of transport carriers from the TGN. Phosphorylation of cortactin at S298 impairs the interaction between WIP (also known as WIPF1) and cortactin. WIP stabilizes the autoinhibited conformation of N-WASP (also known as WASL). This leads to an inhibition of synergistic Arp2/3-complex-dependent actin polymerization at the TGN. PKD2 activity at the TGN is controlled by active CDC42-GTP which directly activates N-WASP, inhibits PKD2 and shifts the balance to non-S298-phosphorylated cortactin, which can in turn sequester WIP from N-WASP. Consequently, synergistic actin polymerization at the TGN and constitutive secretion are enhanced.
Complementary effect of attachment devices in stick insects (Phasmatodea)
Authors: Büscher Thies H. , Gorb Stanislav N.
Published: November 2019

Stick insects are well adapted in their locomotion to various surfaces and topographies of natural substrates. Single pad measurements characterised the pretarsal arolia of these insects as shear-sensitive adhesive pads and the tarsal euplantulae as load-sensitive friction pads. Different attachment microstructures on the euplantulae reveal an adaptation of smooth euplantulae to smooth surfaces and nubby eupantulae to a broader range of surface roughnesses. How different attachment pads and claws work in concert, and how strong the contribution of different structures to the overall attachment performance is, however, remains unclear. We therefore assessed combinatory effects in the attachment system of two stick insect species with different types of euplantular microstructures by analysing their usage in various posture situations and the performance on different levels of substrate roughness. For comparison, we provide attachment force data of the whole attachment system. The combination of claws, arolia and euplantulae provides mechanical interlocking on rough surfaces, adhesion and friction on smooth surfaces in different directions and facilitates attachment on different inclines and on a broad range of surface roughnesses, with the least performance in a range of 0.3 - 1.0 µm. On smooth surfaces stick insects use arolia always, but employ euplantulae, if the body weight can generate load on them (upright, wall). On structured surfaces, claws enable mechanical interlocking at roughnesses higher than 12 µm. On less structured surfaces, the attachment strength depends on the use of pads and, corroborating earlier studies, favours smooth pads on smooth surfaces, but nubby euplantulae on micro-rough surfaces.
Potential for dose reduction in CT emphysema densitometry with post-scan noise reduction: a phantom study
Authors: Wisselink Hendrik Joost , Pelgrim Gert Jan , Rook Mieneke , van den Berge Maarten , Slump Kees , Nagaraj Yeshu , van Ooijen Peter , Oudkerk Matthijs , Vliegenthart Rozemarijn
Published: November 2019

Objective:

The aim of this phantom study was to investigate the effect of scan parameters and noise suppression techniques on the minimum radiation dose for acceptable image quality for CT emphysema densitometry.

Methods:

The COPDGene phantom was scanned on a third generation dual-source CT system with 16 scan setups (CTDIvol 0.035–10.680 mGy). Images were reconstructed at 1.0/0.7 mm slice thickness/increment, with three kernels (one soft, two hard), filtered backprojection and three grades of third-generation iterative reconstruction (IR). Additionally, deep learning-based noise suppression software was applied. Main outcomes: overlap in area of the normalized histograms of CT density for the emphysema insert and lung material, and the radiation dose required for a maximum of 4.3% overlap (defined as acceptable image quality).

Results:

In total, 384 scan reconstructions were analyzed. Decreasing radiation dose resulted in an exponential increase of the overlap in normalized histograms of CT density. The overlap was 11–91% for the lowest dose setting (CTDIvol 0.035mGy). The soft kernel reconstruction showed less histogram overlap than hard filter kernels. IR and noise suppression also reduced overlap. Using intermediate grade IR plus noise suppression software allowed for 85% radiation dose reduction while maintaining acceptable image quality.

Conclusion:

CT density histogram overlap can quantify the degree of discernibility of emphysema and healthy lung tissue. Noise suppression software, IR, and soft reconstruction kernels substantially decrease the dose required for acceptable image quality.

Advances in knowledge:

Noise suppression software, IR, and soft reconstruction kernels allow radiation dose reduction by 85% while still allowing differentiation between emphysema and normal lung tissue.
Clinicoradiological diagnosis: Cough-induced transdiaphragmatic intercostal herniation
Authors: Mohandas Prema , Krim Ahmed O.A. , Glenn Jerry
Published: November 2019

Transdiaphragmatic intercostal herniation can occur following blunt or penetrating trauma and is usually associated with rib fractures. It is uncommon and only sporadically reported in literature. We report a case of cough-induced intercostal herniation containing large bowel, on a background of sustaining a blunt chest trauma 25 years prior to presentation. The patient was treated by reducing the hernia followed by surgical repair of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles defect. He was discharged without further complications and remained well at follow-up.
Panoramic versus CBCT used to reduce inferior alveolar nerve paresthesia after third molar extractions: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Del Lhano Nathalia Calzavara , Ribeiro Rosangela Almeida , Martins Carolina Castro , Assis Neuza Maria Souza Picorelli , Devito Karina Lopes
Published: November 2019

Objectives:

The aim of this systematic review was to verify whether CBCT in comparison with panoramic radiography reduced the cases of temporary paresthesias of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) associated with third molar extractions.

Methods:

The literature search included five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, SciELO), in addition to gray literature and hand search of reference list of included studies. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts, and full texts according to eligibility criteria, extracted data and evaluated risk of bias through Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Trials (RoB 2.0). Data were meta-analyzed by comparing CBCT versus panoramic radiographs for number of events (temporary paresthesia after third molar surgery). Fixed effect model was used for non-significant heterogeneity; relative risk (RR) and 95% CI were calculated. The certainty of evidence was evaluated by Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE).

Results:

Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in meta-analysis, and for the majority of domains they presented low risk of bias. RR was 1.23 (95% IC: 0.75–2.02; I2: 0%; p = 0.43) favouring panoramic radiography, but without significant effect, and with moderate certainty of evidence.

Conclusions:

We concluded that both interventions had a similar ability to reduce temporary paresthesia of the IAN after third molar surgery with moderate certainty of evidence.
Optimization of extraction of genomic DNA from archived dried blood spot (DBS): potential application in epidemiological research & bio banking
Authors: Kumar Abhinendra , Mhatre Sharayu , Godbole Sheela , Jha Prabhat , Dikshit Rajesh
Published: November 2019

Background:Limited infrastructure is available to collect, store and transport venous blood in field epidemiological studies. Dried blood spot (DBS) is a robust potential alternative sample source for epidemiological studies & bio banking. A stable source of genomic DNA (gDNA) is required for long term storage in bio bank for its downstream applications. Our objective is to optimize the methods of gDNA extraction from stored DBS and with the aim of revealing its utility in large scale epidemiological studies. 

Methods:The purpose of this study was to extract the maximum amount of gDNA from DBS on Whatman 903 protein saver card. gDNA was extracted through column  (Qiagen) & magnetic bead based (Invitrogen) methods. Quantification of extracted gDNA was performed with a spectrophotometer, fluorometer, and integrity analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. 

Result:Large variation was observed in quantity & purity (260/280 ratio, 1.8-2.9) of the extracted gDNA. The intact gDNA bands on the electrophoresis gel reflect the robustness of DBS for gDNA even after prolonged storage time. The extracted gDNA amount 2.16 – 24 ng/µl is sufficient for its PCR based downstream application, but unfortunately it can’t be used for whole genome sequencing or genotyping from extracted gDNA. Sequencing or genotyping can be achieved by after increasing template copy number through whole genome amplification of extracted gDNA. The obtained results create a base for future research to develop high-throughput research and extraction methods from blood samples.

Conclusion:The above results reveal, DBS can be utilized as a potential and robust sample source for bio banking in field epidemiological studies.
Interventions to improve linear growth during complementary feeding period for children aged 6-24 months living in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Park Jay J. H. , Harari Ofir , Siden Ellie , Dron Louis , Zannat Noor-E , Singer Joel , Lester Richard T. , Thorlund Kristian , Mills Edward J.
Published: November 2019

Background:Optimizing linear growth in children during complementary feeding period (CFP) (6-24 months) are critical for their development. Several interventions, such as micronutrient and food supplements, deworming, maternal education, and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), could potentially be provided to prevent stunting, but their comparative effectiveness is currently unclear. In this study, we evaluated comparative effectiveness of interventions under these domains on child linear growth outcomes of height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and stunting (HAZ <-2SD)

Methods:For this study, we searched for low- and middle-income country (LMIC)-based randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of aforementioned interventions provided to children during CFP. We searched for reports published until September 17, 2019 and hand-searched bibliographies of existing reviews. We performed random-effects network meta-analysis (NMA) for HAZ and stunting.

Results:The evidence base for our NMA was based on 79 RCTs (96 papers) involving 81,786 children. Among the micronutrients, compared to standard-of-care, iron + folic acid (IFA) (mean difference =0.08; 95% credible interval [CrI]: 0.01, 0.15) and multiple micronutrients (MMN) (mean difference =0.06; 95%CrI: 0.01, 0.11) showed improvements for HAZ; MMN also reduced the risks for stunting (RR=0.86; 95%Crl: 0.73, 0.98), whereas IFA did not (RR=0.92; 95%Crl: 0.64, 1.23). For food supplements, flour in the caloric range of 270-340 kcal (RR=0.73; 95%Crl: 0.51, 1.00) and fortified lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) containing 220-285 kcal (RR=0.80; 95%Crl: 0.66, 0.97) decreased the risk of stunting compared to standard-of-care, but these interventions and other food supplements did not show improvements for HAZ. Deworming, maternal education, and WASH interventions did not show improvements for HAZ nor stunting.

Conclusion:While we found micronutrient and food supplements to be effective for HAZ and/or stunting, the evidence base for other domains in this life stage was limited, highlighting the need for more investigation.

Registration:PROSPEROCRD42018110449; registered on 17 October 2018.
Aprendizaje-servicio en la formación inicial docente: desarrollo de la inclusión en el área de didáctica de la expresión corporal
Authors: Chiva-Bartoll Oscar , Salvador-Garcia Celina , Capella-Peris Carlos , Maravé-Vivas María
Published: November 2019

INTRODUCCIÓN. La universidad actual debería contribuir a consolidar, en la práctica, competencias personales y sociales vinculadas al conocimiento de los derechos, deberes y libertades propios de las sociedades democráticas. Recientes estudios sostienen que el aprendizaje-servicio representa una vía efectiva para materializar este requerimiento. La presente investigación analiza los efectos de un programa de aprendizaje-servicio aplicado en el Área de Didáctica de la Expresión Corporal, del Grado de Maestro y Maestra de Educación Primaria. MÉTODO. 141 estudiantes (79 mujeres y 62 varones) completaron una de las dos ediciones de aprendizaje-servicio realizadas durante los cursos 2016-2017 y 2017-2018, centradas en facilitar la inclusión de colectivos infantiles en riesgo de exclusión a través del desarrollo motor y social. La estructura del programa siguió las fases del aprendizaje experiencial promulgado por Kolb (1984), haciendo especial hincapié en los procesos de reflexión. Se analizaron los diarios reflexivos escritos por el alumnado en base al modelo conceptual de Butin (2005), llevándose a cabo una fase inicial de codificación abierta y una segunda de codificación axial, asistidas con el programa informático NVivo (10). RESULTADOS. Dando respuesta a las preguntas de investigación, los resultados satisfacen todas las categorías del modelo: técnica, cultural, política y posestructural. DISCUSIÓN. El estudio refleja que cuando los maestros y maestras en formación afrontan en primera persona concepciones sociales o culturales diferentes a las que están acostumbrados a vivir, se esfuerzan por comprenderlas y reexaminar sus propios valores y creencias, concluyendo que existe un impacto positivo del aprendizaje-servicio sobre su formación.
Impacto de un programa de aprendizaje-servicio y tutoría entre compañeros para mejorar la eficacia de la educación superior
Authors: Fernández-Martín Francisco D. , Arco-Tirado José L. , Hervás-Torres Mirian
Published: November 2019

INTRODUCCIÓN. El propósito de este trabajo de investigación fue establecer el impacto de un programa fundamentado en aprendizaje-servicio y tutoría entre compañeros sobre el rendimiento académico del alumnado universitario de nuevo ingreso, así como explorar sus efectos sobre determinadas competencias del alumnado universitario de último curso. MÉTODO. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 71 estudiantes, 48 de nuevo ingreso, distribuidos aleatoriamente en un grupo experimental (N = 24) y control (N = 24), y 23 de cuarto curso que actuaron como alumnado tutor. El rendimiento académico se evaluó mediante el expediente académico, mientras que la autorregulación del aprendizaje y las habilidades sociales se evaluaron a través del Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Pintrich, Smith, García, y McKeachie, 1991) y la Escala de Habilidades Sociales (Gismero, 2000), respectivamente. La intervención consistió en 20 sesiones individuales de tutoría altamente estructuradas con el alumnado de nuevo ingreso, realizadas por alumnado de cuarto curso, previamente entrenado en tres sesiones de formación.  RESULTADOS. Los resultados derivados de las comparaciones entre los grupos experimental y control del alumnado de nuevo ingreso revelan diferencias estadísticamente significativas a favor del grupo experimental en rendimiento académico, mientras que los resultados de las comparaciones pretest-postest sobre autorregulación del aprendizaje y habilidades sociales del alumnado tutor muestran igualmente diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la fase postest. DISCUSIÓN. Este trabajo aporta evidencias empíricas sobre la potencia y validación del modelo causal de intervención del programa para abordar los procesos de ajuste académico y social del alumnado de nuevo ingreso a la vida universitaria, así como sobre los posibles beneficios de participar en este tipo de programas para el alumnado de cursos superiores.
When heritage laws and environmental laws collide: Artisans, guilds and government support for traditional crafts in Tokyo
Authors: Pontsioen Robert
Published: November 2019

This article examines the legislative basis and operational effectiveness of the national and prefectural systems for designating and promoting traditional crafts in Tokyo. Traditional artisans participate in these systems primarily through their involvement in kumiai ('artisan guilds'), whose historical background and organizational structure are briefly summarized. To evaluate the usefulness of government support for contemporary craft practitioners, four broad and interrelated categories of kumiai activities are examined: promoting craft business, maintaining and enhancing craft skills and product quality, securing the future of craft traditions, and procuring craft materials. These goals are reflected in the frameworks of national and prefectural legislation that aims to support the efforts of kumiai. However, these goals and the resulting legislation have created a sustained discourse of tension palpably felt by many crafters themselves: the clash between laws designed to protect or promote 'traditional' crafts and other laws that aim to safeguard ecology or animal welfare. Examination of this tension as it is understood and discussed by artisans themselves reveals that, although the positive impact of traditional craft designation systems is widely recognized, it is also perceived that incompatible environmental protection laws can negatively affect their business and threaten the long-term sustainability of craft traditions.
The rise of experimental film festivals in India
Authors: Nori Gauri
Published: November 2019

This article will examine the emergence of independent platforms to screen radical and alternative cinema in India by tracing two case-studies: Experimenta, a biannual festival curated by Shai Heredia, and The New Medium section curated by Shaina Anand. While Experimenta has remained largely independent, relying on the support of established artists and cultural organizations, The New Medium section has managed to secure its place within the programme of the MAMI Mumbai Film Festival (MFF). Although their approach may differ, both curators are committed to promoting a culture of moving image experimentation in the country. Drawing on first-hand observations, interviews and scrutinizing festival ephemera, this article aims to identify the curatorial practices and strategies that have established these alternative film festivals both within the international film festival network and the larger film community in the country.