bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnogenomic diversity of Caucasus, Daghestan
Authors: Bulayeva K.B. , Jorde L. , Watkins S. , Ostler C. , Pavlova T.A. , Bulayev O.A. , Tofanelli S. , Paoli G. , Harpending H.
Published: August 2006

Autosomal short‐tandem repeats (STRs) were typed in ethnic populations of Kubachians, Dargins, Avars, Lezgins, Kumiks, and Nogais of the Caucasus (Daghestan, Russia) at the University of Utah. Daghestan ethnic populations demonstrated differences in STR allele frequency distributions, but these differences were much lower among these ethnic groups compared to worldwide ethnic groups. The observed genetic diversity was low while FST values were high, both of which provided supporting evidence for small population sizes and high levels of isolation among the ethnic groups. An analysis of genetic distance from the three major continents, encompassing Daghestan populations and groups, reveals three distinct clusters: all populations of African affiliation, European and Daghestan populations except the Nogais, and Asian populations with ethnic Nogais. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:610–620, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal study of the frequency and duration of breastfeeding in rural Bangladeshi women
Authors: Ghosh Rohini , Mascie‐Taylor C.G. Nicholas , Rosetta Lyliane
Published: August 2006

A 27‐month longitudinal study of 140 Bangladeshi mothers living in three tea gardens examined the effect of maternal factors (mother's age, number of live births, birth interval, and mother's work status) and sex of the infant on the duration and bout frequency of breastfeeding over 8‐hr daytime periods. Prolonged breastfeeding of the infant was observed, but there was a sharp decline in duration of breastfeeding over the first 6 months, followed by a more gradual diminution thereafter. The feeding bouts showed a different pattern, with a more gradual decline over time. Housewives consistently showed a greater duration and bout frequency than women in paid employment as tea‐pluckers. Over the first 6 months, primigravid mothers breastfed more frequently, but not thereafter. Older mothers (>35 years of age) breastfed with higher frequency during the first 2 months, but thereafter, the bout frequency decreased with increasing age of the infant. Over the 27‐month study, maternal work status was the main factor associated with the duration and frequency of breastfeeding, with significantly higher frequency and duration among housewives. However, in the first 6 months after birth, there was very little difference in frequency or duration of breastfeeding between tea‐workers and housewives, indicating that working mothers probably adjusted their time to breastfeed their infants before going, or after coming back, from work. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:630–638, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ancient mitochondrial DNA from Malaysian hair samples: Some indications of Southeast Asian population movements
Authors: Ricaut François‐X. , Bellatti M. , Lahr Marta Mirazon
Published: August 2006

The late Pleistocene and early Holocene population history of Southeast Asia is not well‐known. Our study provides new data on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages of the aboriginal inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula, and through an extensive comparison to the known mtDNA diversity in Southeast and East Asia, provides some new insights into the origins and historical geography of certain mtDNA lineages in the region. We extracted DNA from hair samples (dating back 100 years) preserved in the Duckworth Collection and belonging to two Peninsular Malaysian individuals identified as “Negrito.” Ancient DNA was analyzed by sequencing hypervariable region I (HVS‐I) of the mtDNA control region and the mtDNA region V length polymorphism. The results show that the maternal lineages of these individuals belong to a recently defined haplogroup B sub‐branch called B4c2. A comparison of mitochondrial haplotypes and haplogroups with those of 10,349 East Asian individuals indicates their very restricted geographical distribution (southwestern China, Southeast Asia Peninsula, and Indonesia). Recalculation of the B4c2 age across all of East Asia (∼13,000 years) and in different subregions/populations suggests its rapid diffusion in Southeast Asia between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic expansion of the Holocene. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:654–667, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Menstruation does not cause anemia: Endometrial thickness correlates positively with erythrocyte count and hemoglobin concentration in premenopausal women
Authors: Clancy Kathryn B.H. , Nenko Ilona , Jasienska Grazyna
Published: August 2006

Menstruation has often been cited as a risk factor for iron‐deficiency anemia. This study tested whether normal, premenopausal women's luteal endometrial thickness (ET) was associated with their red blood cell count (RBC) and hemoglobin concentrations (Hg), and therefore whether a high ET put women at risk for anemia. Endometrial thickness can be considered a reasonable proxy for menstrual blood loss in normal women. Twenty‐six healthy women from the Mogielica Human Ecology Study Site in Poland, aged 20–40 years (29 ± 5.3 years, mean ± SD), were selected. Subjects' ET was measured by transvaginal ultrasound in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, and their red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentrations were measured by fasting morning blood samples. Controlling for day of ET measurement, RBC and Hg were positively correlated with ET (r2 = 0.24, P = 0.05; r2 = 0.25, P = 0.04, respectively). We propose that, contrary to popular understanding, a thicker endometrium suggests greater iron reserves, rather than greater risk for anemia, in healthy women. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:710–713, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of daily exercise on blood pressure, plasma glucose, and obesity measures in 55–64‐year‐old obese Asian Indian men: The Calcutta longitudinal study
Authors: Ghosh Arnab
Published: August 2006

The present longitudinal study was undertaken to study the effect of brisk walking on blood pressure, plasma glucose, and obesity measures in 55–64‐year‐old obese Asian Indian men. A total of 45 obese (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) men took part in the study. They were monitored for 20 weeks. Obesity measures, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 30 min of brisk walking were recorded for each participant. Brisk walking was defined as 2 km of walking by 30 min with moderate sweating. A general linear model (GLM) repeated‐measures analysis procedure with Scheffé's post hoc test revealed that group I (up to 5 weeks of exercise) had significantly greater means compared to groups II (6–10 weeks), III (11–15 weeks), and IV (16–20 weeks) for body mass index (P < 0.01), waist‐hip ratio (P < 0.001), percent body fat (P < 0.05), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), and FPG (P < 0.001), whereas group I had a significantly lower mean than groups II, III, and IV for frequency of brisk walking (P < 0.01). It was also observed that change in Δ blood pressure and Δ FPG had a significant positive association with Δ obesity measures, independent of age effect. Therefore, brisk walking is recommended to lower blood pressure, blood glucose, and obesity (particularly central obesity) in middle‐aged obese individuals. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:718–721, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Y‐STR haplotype diversity in distinct linguistic groups from East Timor
Authors: Souto Luís , Gusmão Leonor , Amorim António , Côrte‐Real Francisco , Vieira Duarte N.
Published: August 2006

East Timor is a country which harbors multiple ethnolinguistic groups generally assigned to an Austronesian or Papuan ancestry. The present study aimed to characterize Y‐chromosome haplotype diversity in East Timor, and to test possible population structures based on linguistic and/or geographical information. Using a set of 12 Y‐chromosome‐specific STRs (DYS19, DYS389I and II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385, DYS437, DYS438, and DYS439), haplotypes were established in 342 individuals from 12 linguistic groups (Tetum, Kwaimina, Galoli, Wetarese, Dawan, Mambai, Kemak, Tokodede, Bunak, Makasai, Makalero, and Fataluku) belonging to the three major ethnolinguistic groups in East Timor: two from the Timorese‐Austronesian branch (Fabronic and Ramelaic), and a third including languages related to a Trans‐New Guinea phylum (Papuan). High values of haplotype diversity, average gene diversity, and mean number of pairwise differences per locus were found in all 12 linguistic groups, except for the Wetarese from the island of Ataúro. Analysis of genetic variance (AMOVA) and pairwise genetic distance analysis showed that the East Timor population is genetically structured, and if the Bunak and Wetarese are excluded, samples group well with respect to their language affinities, and furthermore, the most genetically homogeneous groups are those following the broad ethnolinguistic classifications. Bunak and Wetarese behave as outsider groups, and are genetically more closely related to populations classified in a different linguistic group. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:691–701, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute symptoms associated with asphalt fume exposure among road pavers
Authors: Tepper Allison L. , Burr Gregory A. , Feng H. Amy , Singal Mitchell , Miller Aubrey K. , Hanley Kevin W. , Olsen Larry D.
Published: August 2006

Background

Although asphalt fume is a recognized irritant, previous studies of acute symptoms during asphalt paving have produced inconsistent results. Between 1994 and 1997, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) evaluated workers at seven sites in six states.

Methods

NIOSH (a) measured exposures of asphalt paving workers to total (TP) and benzene‐soluble particulate (BSP), polycyclic aromatic compounds, and other substances; (b) administered symptom questionnaires pre‐shift, every 2 hr during the shift, and post‐shift to asphalt exposed and nonexposed workers; and (c) measured peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of asphalt paving workers when they completed a symptom questionnaire.

Results

Full‐shift time‐weighted average exposures to TP and BSP ranged from 0.01 to 1.30 mg/m3 and 0.01 to 0.82 mg/m3, respectively. Most BSP concentrations were <0.50 mg/m3. Asphalt workers had a higher occurrence rate of throat irritation than nonexposed workers [13% vs. 4%, odds ratio (OR) = 4.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–13]. TP, as a continuous variable, was associated with eye (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.12–1.60) and throat (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.06–1.85) symptoms. With TP dichotomous at 0.5 mg/m3, the ORs and 95% CIs for eye and throat symptoms were 7.5 (1.1–50) and 15 (2.3–103), respectively. BSP, dichotomous at 0.3 mg/m3, was associated with irritant (eye, nose, or throat) symptoms (OR = 11, 95% CI: 1.5–84). One worker, a smoker, had PEFR‐defined bronchial lability, which did not coincide with respiratory symptoms.

Conclusions

Irritant symptoms were associated with TP and BSP concentrations at or below 0.5 mg/m3. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:728–739, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory complaints and high sensitization rate at a rennet‐producing plant
Authors: Jensen Anker , Dahl Søren , Sherson David , Sommer Birgitte
Published: August 2006

Background

Workers in a rennet producing plant reported airway symptoms, mainly rhinitis. Rennet was produced as fluid and powder with proteolytic enzymes as the active component.

Methods

Data on airway symptoms and known allergies were collected and skin prick tests (SPTs) with the rennet types produced in the plant and standard allergens were carried out on 35 plant employees. An identical SPT was carried out on 28 controls without known exposure to rennet.

Results

Twenty‐one employees (60%) had hay fever‐like symptoms, 10 cases mainly at work. Nine had mild to moderate asthma‐like symptoms, in six cases related to the work place. Fourteen had a positive SPT to one or more rennets. The sensitization rate was highest among employees with regular contact to rennet powder.

Conclusion

Rennet is a potent allergen. Respiratory symptoms and sensitization can occur in connection with rennet exposure, especially as a powder. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic yield of various genetic approaches in patients with unexplained developmental delay or mental retardation
Authors: Rauch Anita , Hoyer Juliane , Guth Sabine , Zweier Christiane , Kraus Cornelia , Becker Christian , Zenker Martin , Hüffmeier Ulrike , Thiel Christian , Rüschendorf Franz , Nürnberg Peter , Reis André , Trautmann Udo
Published: August 2006

The underlying cause of mental retardation remains unknown in up to 80% of patients. As chromosomal aberrations are the most common known cause of mental retardation, several new methods based on FISH, PCR, and array techniques have been developed over recent years to increase detection rate of subtle aneusomies initially of the gene rich subtelomeric regions, but nowadays also genome wide. As the reported detection rates vary widely between different reports and in order to compare the diagnostic yield of various investigations, we analyzed the diagnostic yield of conventional karyotyping, subtelomeric screening, molecular karyotyping, X‐inactivation studies, and dysmorphological evaluation with targeted laboratory testing in unselected patients referred for developmental delay or mental retardation to our cytogenetic laboratory (n = 600) and to our genetic clinic (n = 570). In the cytogenetic group, 15% of patients showed a disease‐related aberration, while various targeted analyses after dysmorphological investigation led to a diagnosis in about 20% in the genetic clinic group. When adding the patients with a cytogenetic aberration to the patient group seen in genetic clinic, an etiological diagnosis was established in about 40% of the combined study group. A conventional cytogenetic diagnosis was present in 16% of combined patients and a microdeletion syndrome was diagnosed in 5.3%, while subtelomeric screening revealed only 1.3% of causes. Molecular karyotyping with a 10 K SNP array in addition revealed 5% of underlying causes, but 29% of all diagnoses would have been detectable by molecular karyotyping. In those patients without a clear diagnosis, 5.6% of mothers of affected boys showed significant (>95%) skewing of X‐inactivation suggesting X‐linked mental retardation. The most common diagnoses with a frequency of more than 0.5% were Down syndrome (9.2%), common microdeletion 22q11.2 (2.4%), Williams–Beuren syndrome (1.3%), Fragile‐X syndrome (1.2%), Cohen syndrome (0.7%), and monosomy 1p36.3 (0.6%). From our data, we suggest the following diagnostic procedure in patients with unexplained developmental delay or mental retardation: (1) Clinical/dysmorphological investigation with respective targeted analyses; (2) In the remaining patients without an etiological diagnosis, we suggest conventional karyotyping, X‐inactivation screening in mothers of boys, and molecular karyotyping, if available. If molecular karyotyping is not available, subtelomeric screening should be performed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohols by MoVI compounds
Authors: Jeyakumar Kandasamy , Chand Dillip Kumar
Published: August 2006

Selective and controlled aerobic oxidation of activated benzyl alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes is achieved in refluxing CH3CN using catalytic amounts of MoO2Cl2(L)2 where L is DMSO, DMF or THF. The catalysis reactions are possible under open air in the absence of any other external co‐oxidants. However, bubbling of oxygen to the reaction mixture is useful in making the catalysis reaction sustained. Both activated and deactivated varieties of α‐substituted benzyl alcohols (secondary alcohols) give ketones in the same reaction conditions. The inexpensive catalyst is selective towards activated primary benzyl alcohols and also, being mild, stops the oxidation at the aldehyde stage, making it synthetically useful. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Open Video Digital Library: A Möbius strip of research and practice
Authors: Marchionini Gary , Wildemuth Barbara M. , Geisler Gary
Published: August 2006

The Open Video Digital Library (OVDL) provides digital video files to the education and research community and is distinguished by an innovative user interface that offers multiple kinds of visual surrogates to people searching for video content. The OVDL is used by several thousand people around the world each month and part of this success is due to its user interface. This article examines the interplay between research and practice in the development of this particular digital library with an eye toward lessons for all digital libraries. We argue that theoretical and research goals blur into practical goals and practical goals raise new research questions as research and development progress—this process is akin to walking along a Möbius strip in which a locally two‐sided surface is actually part of a globally one‐sided world. We consider the gulf between the theories that guide current digital library research and current practice in operational digital libraries, provide a developmental history of the OVDL and the research frameworks that drove its development, illustrate how user studies informed its implementation and revision, and conclude with reflections and recommendations on the interplay between research and practice.
Transition States of Binap–Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Theoretical Studies on the Origin of the Enantioselectivity
Authors: Mori Seiji , Vreven Thom , Morokuma Keiji
Published: August 2006

By using the hybrid IMOMM(B3LYP:MM3) method, we examined the binap–RhI‐catalyzed oxidative‐addition and insertion steps of the asymmetric hydrogenation of the enamide 2‐acetylamino‐3‐phenylacrylic acid. We report a path that is energetically more favorable for the major enantiomer than for the minor enantiomer. This path follows the “lock‐and‐key” motif and leads to the major enantiomeric product via an energetically favorable binap–dihydride–RhIII–enamide complex. Our theoretical results are consistent with the mechanism that takes place via RhIII dihydride formation, that is, oxidative addition of H2 followed by enamide insertion.
Prospects for a global Heterogeneous Telescope Network (HTN)
Authors: Hessman F. V.
Published: August 2006

The goal of this meeting is to make real progress towards the creation of a global, heterogeneous network of telescopes (HTN). The purpose of this introductory talk is to set the stage for several days of discussion about how we might create such a network. I describe the generic structure of an HTN, the roles of the necessary components, describe the interfaces needed, and discuss the management problems, and the need for a market model. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The eSTAR network – agent architectures for astronomy
Authors: Allan A. , Naylor T. , Saunders E. S.
Published: August 2006

The eSTAR Project uses intelligent agent technologies to carry out resource discovery, submit observation requests and analyze the reduced data returned from a meta‐network of robotic telescopes. Linking ground based telescopes with astronomical satellites, and using the emerging field of intelligent agent architectures to provide crucial autonomous decision making in software, the project has succeeded in combining data archives and research class telescopes, along with distributed computing nodes, to build an ad‐hoc peer‐to‐peer heterogeneous network of resources. We present the current operations paradigm of the eSTAR network and describe the direction in which the project intends to develop over the next few years. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Design and implementation of a software package to control a network of robotic observatories
Authors: Tuparev G. , Nicolova I. , Zlatanov B. , Mihova D. , Popova I. , Hessman F. V.
Published: August 2006

We present a description of a reusable software package able to control a large, heterogeneous network of fully and semi‐robotic observatories initially developed to run the MONET network of two 1.2m telescopes. Special attention is given to the design of a robust, long‐term observation scheduler which also allows the trading of observation time and facilities within various networks. The handling of the “Phase I&II” project‐development process, the time‐accounting between complex organizational structures, and usability issues for making the package accessible not only to professional astronomers, but also to amateurs and high‐school students is discussed. A simple RTML‐based solution to link multiple networks is demonstrated. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time‐sensitive astronomy in non‐robotic telescopes
Authors: Economou F. , Jenness T. , Cavanagh B. , Adamson A. J. , Allan A.
Published: August 2006

Protocols for dealing with time‐sensitive observations have traditionally focused on robotic telescope networks and other types of automated dedicated facilities, mostly in the optical domain. Using UKIRT and JCMT as examples, which are infrared and sub‐millimetre telescopes with a traditional PI‐dominated user base, we discuss how such facilities can join a heterogeneous telescope network to their mutual advantage. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
STELLA and RoboTel – a prototype for a robotic network?
Authors: Granzer T.
Published: August 2006

Robotic telescopes are more and more commonly used in today's astronomical research. In fact, several facilities are spread around the globe, already forming a loose net. A big leap forward would lie in the capabilities to share observations between different telescopes. One gains immediately weather independence and the possibility of continuous observations from a working network. In this paper, the three robotic telescope operated under the hood of the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam are introduced, the potential of a robotic telescope network are sketched out and principle hints on accomplishing such a network are outlined. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Status of the ROTSE‐III telescope network
Authors: Yost S. A. , Aharonian F. , Akerlof C. W. , Ashley M. C. B. , Barthelmy S. , Gehrels N. , Göğüş E. , Güver T. , Horns D. , Kįzįloǧlu Ü. , Krimm H. A. , McKay T. A. , Özel M. , Phillips A. , Quimby R. M. , Rowell G. , Rujopakarn W. , Rykoff E. S. , Schaefer B. E. , Smith D. A. , Swan H. F. , Vestrand W. T. , Wheeler J. C. , Wren J. , Yuan F.
Published: August 2006

ROTSE‐III is a homogeneous worldwide array of 4 robotic telescopes. They were designed to provide optical observations of γ ‐ray burst (GRB) afterglows as close as possible to the start of γ ‐ray emission. ROTSE‐III is fulfilling its potential for GRB science, and provides optical observations for a variety of astrophysical sources in the interim between GRB events. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Missed opportunity for creating value in negotiations: reluctance to making Integrative Gambit Offers
Authors: Ritov Ilana , Moran Simone
Published: August 2006

In the present study we address a multi‐issue negotiation agenda, where several issues are under consideration and parties have different priorities among these issues. We suggest that in such agendas loss aversion and within issue anchoring may constrain the configuration of offers that parties propose to each other during the course of negotiation. We specifically focus on offers in which negotiators self‐propose to give the other party more than was demanded on one of the issues, while still maintaining or improving their overall value. We term such offers Integrative Gambit Offers (“IGO”s) and show that although making such offers improves integrative negotiation outcome, the frequency of making them is relatively low, and does not increase as negotiators gain experience with the task. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation effects and the neglect of indirect effects of fiscal policies
Authors: McCaffery Edward J. , Baron Jonathan
Published: August 2006

People tend to focus on salient cues, ignoring others. We demonstrate such isolation effects in situations involving taxes and public finance, through experiments conducted on the World Wide Web. In general, subjects minimized or ignored the longer‐term or indirect effects of tax policies, such as price increases from business taxes. Subjects preferred “hidden” taxes to transparent ones, failing to think through who would ultimately pay. The preference for hidden taxes was greater when it was uncertain who would pay. When subjects were prompted to think about indirect effects, their preference for hidden taxes was reduced but not eliminated. These observations are symptoms of general tendencies not to think ahead about the effects of public policies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on cytoprotection and repair
Authors: Robertson John A. , Thomas Alex W. , Bureau Yves , Prato Frank S.
Published: August 2006

Ischemia‐reperfusion injuries, such as those suffered from various types of cardiovascular disease, are major causes of death and disability. For relatively short periods of ischemia, much of the damage is potentially reversible and in fact, does not occur until the influx of oxygen during the reperfusion stage. Because of this, there is a window of opportunity to protect the ischemic tissue. Here, we review several mechanisms of protection, such as heat shock proteins, opioids, collateral blood flow, and nitric oxide induction, and the evidence indicating that magnetic fields may be used as a means of providing protection via each of these mechanisms. While there are few studies demonstrating direct protection with magnetic field therapies, there are a number of published reports indicating that electromagnetic fields may be able to influence some of the biochemical systems with protective applications. Bioelectromagnetics © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel fluorescent probe for protein binding and folding studies: p‐cyano‐phenylalanine
Authors: Tucker Matthew J. , Oyola Rolando , Gai Feng
Published: August 2006

Recently, it is has been shown that the CN stretching vibration of a non‐natural amino acid, p‐cyano‐phenylalanine (PheCN), could be used as an infrared reporter of local environment. Here, we further showed that the fluorescence emission of PheCN is also sensitive to solvent and, therefore, could be used as a novel optical probe for protein binding and folding studies. Moreover, we found that the fluorescence quantum yield of PheCN is nearly five times larger than that of phenylalanine and, more importantly, can be selectively excited even when other aromatic amino acids are present, thus making it a more versatile fluorophore. To test the feasibility of using PheCN as a practical fluorescent probe, we studied the binding of calmodulin (CaM) to a peptide derived from the CaM‐binding domain of skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). The peptide (MLCK3CN) contains a single PheCN residue and has been shown to bind to CaM with high affinity. As expected, addition of CaM into a MLCK3CN solution resulted in quenching of the PheCN fluorescence. A series of stochiometric titrations further allowed us to determine the binding affinity (Kd) of this peptide to CaM. Taken together, these results indicated that the PheCN fluorescence is sensitive to environment and could be applicable to a wide variety of biological problems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83: 571–576, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Traumatic aortic rupture
Authors: Balm R , Legemate D A
Published: August 2006

Requires an endovascular approach
Letter 1: Randomized clinical trial of bowel preparation with a single phosphate enema or polyethylene glycol before elective colorectal surgery (Br J Surg 2006; 93: 427–433)
Authors: Pring C , Hornung B , Burke D , Sagar P
Published: August 2006

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Salts of the Cobalt(I) Complexes [Co(CO)5]+ and [Co(CO)2(NO)2]+ and the Lewis Acid–Base Adduct [Co2(CO)7COB(CF3)3]
Authors: Bernhardt Eduard , Finze Maik , Willner Helge , Lehmann Christian W. , Aubke Friedhelm
Published: August 2006

The reaction of [Co2(CO)8] with (CF3)3BCO in hexane leads to the Lewis acid–base adduct [Co2(CO)7COB(CF3)3] in high yield. When the reaction is performed in anhydrous HF solution [Co(CO)5][(CF3)3BF] is isolated. The product contains the first example of a homoleptic metal pentacarbonyl cation with 18 valence electrons and a trigonal‐bipyramidal structure. Treatment of [Co2(CO)8] or [Co(CO)3NO] with NO+ salts of weakly coordinating anions results in mixed crystals containing the [Co(CO)5]+/[Co(CO)2(NO)2]+ ions or pure novel [Co(CO)2(NO)2]+ salts, respectively. This is a promising route to other new metal carbonyl nitrosyl cations or even homoleptic metal nitrosyl cations. All compounds were characterized by vibrational spectroscopy and by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Synthesis and Pairing Properties of α‐Tricyclo‐DNA
Authors: Scheidegger Simon P. , Leumann Christian J.
Published: August 2006

We describe the synthesis of the phosphoramidite building blocks of α‐tricyclo‐DNA (α‐tc‐DNA) covering all four natural bases, starting from the already known corresponding α‐tc‐nucleosides. These building blocks were used for the preparation of three α‐tc‐oligonucleotide 10‐mers representing a homopurine, a homopyrimidine, and a mixed purine/pyrimidine base sequence. The base‐pairing properties with complementary parallel and antiparallel oriented DNA and RNA were studied by UV‐melting analysis and CD spectroscopy. We found that α‐tc‐DNA binds preferentially to parallel nucleic acid complements through Watson–Crick duplex formation, with a preference for RNA over DNA. In comparison with natural DNA, α‐tc‐DNA shows equal to enhanced affinity to RNA and also pairs to antiparallel DNA or RNA complements, although with much lower affinity. In the mixed‐base sequence these anatiparallel duplexes are of the reversed Watson–Crick type, while in the homopurine/homopyrimidine sequences Hoogsteen and/or reversed Hoogsteen pairing is observed. Antiparallel duplex formation of two α‐tc‐oligonucleotides was also observed, although the thermal stability of this duplex was surprisingly low. The base‐pairing properties of α‐tc‐DNA are discussed in the context of α‐DNA, α‐RNA, and α‐LNA.
Highly diastereoselective synthesis of enantiopure naphthylaminoalcohols with analgesic properties
Authors: Azzolina Ornella , Collina Simona , Urbano Mariangela , Fata Emilio , Loddo Guya , Linati Laura , Lanza Enrica , Barbieri Annalisa
Published: August 2006

The diastereoselective synthesis via Grignard reaction of enantiopure analgesic naphthylaminoalcohols has been performed. The chiral racemic key intermediate 3‐dimethylamino‐2‐methyl‐1‐(naphthalen‐2‐yl)propan‐1‐one and enantiomers were prepared and transformed into the desired compounds by addition of the organometallic reagent. The chemical characterization of all diastereoisomers was accomplished by 1H NMR and HPLC analyses and the absolute configuration assigned by CD spectroscopy. The in vitro and in vivo profile has also been evaluated. Chirality 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Native nonmuscle myosin II stability and light chain binding in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Franke Josef D. , Boury Amanda L. , Gerald Noel J. , Kiehart Daniel P.
Published: August 2006

Native nonmuscle myosin IIs play essential roles in cellular and developmental processes throughout phylogeny. Individual motor molecules consist of a heterohexameric complex of three polypeptides which, when properly assembled, are capable of force generation. Here, we more completely characterize the properties, relationships and associations that each subunit has with one another in Drosophila melanogaster. All three native nonmuscle myosin II polypeptide subunits are expressed in close to constant stoichiometry to each other throughout development. We find that the stability of two subunits, the heavy chain and the regulatory light chain, depend on one another whereas the stability of the third subunit, the essential light chain, does not depend on either the heavy chain or regulatory light chain. We demonstrate that heavy chain aggregates, which form when regulatory light chain is lacking, associate with the essential light chain in vivo—thus showing that regulatory light chain association is required for heavy chain solubility. By immunodepletion we find that the majority of both light chains are associated with the nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain but pools of free light chain and/or light chain bound to other proteins are present. We identify four myosins (myosin II, myosin V, myosin VI and myosin VIIA) and a microtubule‐associated protein (asp/Abnormal spindle) as binding partners for the essential light chain (but not the regulatory light chain) through mass spectrometry and co‐precipitation. Using an in silico approach we identify six previously uncharacterized genes that contain IQ‐motifs and may be essential light chain binding partners. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myosin VI altered at threonine 406 stabilizes actin filaments in vivo
Authors: Naccache Samia N. , Hasson Tama
Published: August 2006

Myosin VI is a minus‐end directed actin‐based molecular motor implicated in uncoated endocytic vesicle transport. Recent kinetic studies have shown that myosin VI displays altered ADP release kinetics under different load conditions allowing myosin VI to serve alternately as a transporter or as an actin tether. We theorized that one potential regulatory event to modulate between these kinetic choices is phosphorylation at a conserved site, threonine 406 (T406) in the myosin VI motor domain. Alterations mimicking the phosphorylated (T406E) and dephosphorylated state (T406A) were introduced into a GFP‐myosin VI fusion (GFP‐M6). Live cell imaging revealed that GFP‐M6(T406E) expression changed the path myosin VI took in its transport of uncoated endocytic vesicles. Rather than routing vesicles inwards as seen in GFP‐M6 and GFP‐M6(T406A) expressing cells, GFP‐M6(T406E) moved vesicles into clusters at distinct peripheral sites. GFP‐M6(T406E) expression also increased the density of the actin cytoskeleton. Filaments were enriched at the vesicle cluster sites. This was not due to a gross redistribution of the actin polymerization machinery. Instead the filament density correlated to the fixed positioning of GFP‐M6(T406E)‐associated vesicles on F‐actin, leading to inhibition of actin depolymerization. Our study suggests that phosphorylation at T406 changes the nature of myosin VI's interaction with actin in vivo. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Netrin/DCC‐mediated attraction of vagal sensory axons to the fetal mouse gut
Authors: Ratcliffe Elyanne M. , Setru Suhas U. , Chen Jason J. , Li Zhishan S. , D'Autréaux Fabien , Gershon Michael D.
Published: August 2006

Vagal sensory axons and migrating neural crest‐derived precursor cells follow similar pathways to reach the gut. The crest‐derived cells express the netrin receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and migrate toward netrins expressed by the intestinal mucosa and pancreas; this attraction is required for the formation of submucosal and pancreatic ganglia. We tested the hypothesis that enteric netrins also attract vagal sensory fibers. These axons were located as a function of age in fetal mice by applying the lipophilic tracer 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) bilaterally to nodose ganglia. DiI‐labeled axons were found in the esophagus and proximal stomach by E12 and, more distally, in the small bowel at E14–E16. Transcripts encoding DCC were expressed in the nodose ganglia of mice from E12 to adulthood but were developmentally regulated. Paraesophageal anterior and posterior vagal trunks were DCC immunoreactive from E12 to E16. Transcripts encoding netrin‐1 were expressed in the developing foregut and midgut; netrin‐1 immunoreactivity was detected in the outer gut mesenchyme and mucosal epithelium. Neurites from explanted E14 nodose ganglia grew selectively toward cocultured E14 distal foregut explants (P< 0.01). Antibodies to DCC specifically abolished this preferential outgrowth (P< 0.05). Nodose axons also grew selectively toward cocultured netrin‐secreting 293‐EBNA cells (P< 0.005); antibodies to DCC again blocked this preferential outgrowth (P< 0.05). These data suggest that netrins, which are expressed in the bowel, attract DCC‐expressing vagal sensory axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:567–580, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential origin of projections from SI barrel cortex to the whisker representations in SII and MI
Authors: Chakrabarti Shubhodeep , Alloway Kevin D.
Published: August 2006

We have previously shown that projections from SI barrel cortex to the MI whisker representation originate primarily from columns of neurons that are aligned with the layer IV septa. SI barrel cortex also projects to SII cortex, but the origin of these projections has not been characterized with respect to the barrel and septal compartments. To address this issue, we injected retrograde tracers into the SII whisker representation and then reconstructed the location of the labeled neurons in SI with respect to the layer IV barrels. In some animals, two different tracers were injected into the whisker representations of SII and MI to detect double‐labeled neurons that would indicate that some SI neurons project to both of these cortical areas. We found that the projections to SII cortex originate from sites that are uniformly distributed throughout the extragranular layers of barrel cortex. In cases in which different tracers were injected in SII and MI, double‐labeled neurons appeared above and below the layer IV septal compartment and at sites aligned with the boundaries of the layer IV barrels. To the extent that the columns of neurons aligned with the barrel and septal compartments represent functionally distinct circuits, these results indicate that SII receives information from both circuits, whereas MI receives inputs primarily from the septal circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:624–636, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative mapping of tryptophan hydroxylase‐2, 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT1B, and serotonin transporter expression across the anteroposterior axis of the rat dorsal and median raphe nuclei
Authors: Clark Michael S. , McDevitt Ross A. , Neumaier John F.
Published: August 2006

Depression and anxiety disorders are among the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and disability in the United States. Impaired serotonin neurotransmission appears to be a central mechanism inducing depressive and anxiety symptoms. Most serotonergic innervation of the forebrain arises from the median raphe nucleus (MRN) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). The DRN displays a complex internal morphology, with distinct subregions varying across the anteroposterior (A‐P) axis. However, many studies have considered the DRN as a whole or used easily confused terminology to describe position. Given the large differences in receptor expression, electrophysiological properties, and connectivity between various subregions of the DRN, it appears probable that they have distinct functional roles in the regulation of behavior. To foster uniform definitions of locations within these nuclei, we have quantitatively mapped gene expression in DRN and MRN for tryptophan hydroxylase‐2 (Tph2), the serotonin transporter, as well as 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B receptors. These quantitative studies revealed differences in the density of expression of each gene in the ventromedial, dorsomedial, and dorsolateral subnuclei of the DRN, as well as distinct variation in expression across the A‐P axis. These findings provide additional evidence that subregions of the DRN are heterogeneous and need to be considered independently. In addition, a fine scale map of Tph2 expression suggests definitions for categorical divisions of the DRN across the A‐P axis. These are based on distinct morphological patterns of Tph2 expression and may be more reflective of physiology than the classic terminology dividing the DRN into equal thirds. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:611–623, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vesicular glutamate transporter 3 immunoreactivity is present in cholinergic basal forebrain neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdala in rat
Authors: Nickerson Poulin Amanda , Guerci Aline , El Mestikawy Salah , Semba Kazue
Published: August 2006

The basal forebrain (BF) plays a role in behavioral and cortical arousal, attention, learning, and memory. It has been suggested that cholinergic BF neurons co‐release glutamate, and some cholinergic BF neurons have been reported to contain vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3). We examined the distribution and projections of BF cholinergic neurons containing VGLUT3, by using dual‐label immunofluorescence for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and VGLUT3, in situ hybridization, and retrograde tracing. Neurons immunoreactive (+) or containing mRNAs for both ChAT and VGLUT3 were mainly localized to the ventral pallidum and more caudal BF regions; the co‐immunoreactive neurons represented 31% of cholinergic neurons in the ventral pallidum and 5–9% more caudally. Examination of cholinergic axon terminals in known target areas of BF projections indicated that the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus contained numerous terminals co‐immunoreactive for ChAT and VGLUT3, whereas sampled areas of the olfactory bulb, neocortex, hippocampus, reticular thalamic nucleus, and interpeduncular nucleus were devoid of double‐labeled terminals. The basolateral amygdala is innervated by cholinergic BF neurons lacking low‐affinity p75 nerve growth factor receptors; many ChAT+VGLUT3+ BF neurons were immunonegative to this receptor. Twenty‐five to 79% of ChAT+VGLUT3+ neurons in different BF regions were retrogradely labeled from the basolateral amygdala, up to 52% (ventral pallidum) of the retrogradely labeled ChAT+ neurons were VGLUT3+, and the largest number of amygdala‐projecting ChAT+VGluT3+ neurons was found in the ventral pallidum. These findings indicate that BF cholinergic neurons containing VGLUT3 project to the basolateral amygdala and suggest that these neurons might have the capacity to release both acetylcholine and glutamate. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:690–711, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coexpression of dynorphin and neurokinin B immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamus: Morphologic evidence of interrelated function within the arcuate nucleus
Authors: Burke Michelle C. , Letts Penny A. , Krajewski Sally J. , Rance Naomi E.
Published: August 2006

Considerable evidence suggests that dynorphin and neurokinin B (NKB) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus participate in the sex‐steroid regulation of reproduction. In the present study, we used dual‐label immunofluorescence to explore the distribution of prodynorphin and proNKB immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamus. Additionally, we investigated whether arcuate prodynorphin‐ir (immunoreactive) neurons expressed the neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) or nuclear estrogen receptor‐α (ERα). We found that the majority of prodynorphin‐ir neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus expressed proNKB, whereas nearly all (99%) of the proNKB neurons were immunoreactive for prodynorphin. The arcuate nucleus was the only site in the hypothalamus where neuronal somata coexpressing prodynorphin and proNKB‐immunoreactivity were identified. A dense plexus of double‐labeled prodynorphin/proNKB‐ir fibers was found within the arcuate nucleus extending to the median eminence and throughout the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus. Prodynorphin/proNKB fibers were also identified in the paraventricular nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus, anteroventral periventricular nucleus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in a distribution consistent with previously described arcuate nucleus projections. Interestingly, the majority of prodynorphin‐ir neurons in the arcuate nucleus expressed NK3R, and nearly 100% of the prodynorphin‐ir neurons contained nuclear ERα. Our results suggest that there is a close functional relationship between dynorphin and NKB peptides within the arcuate nucleus of the rat, which may include an autofeedback loop mediated through NK3R. The diverse hypothalamic projections of fibers expressing both prodynorphin and proNKB provide evidence that these neurons may participate in a variety of homeostatic and neuroendocrine processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:712–726, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical implications of ZAP‐70 expressionin chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Bosch Francesc , Muntañola Ana , Giné Eva , Carrió Ana , Villamor Neus , Moreno Carolina , Crespo Marta , Montserrat Emili
Published: August 2006

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease with an extremely heterogeneous prognosis. Because of this and because of the lack of a truly effective therapy, treatment of CLL must be adapted to the individual risk of each patient. Over the last quarter of century, prognosis of patients with CLL has been based on clinical features. In the last few years a number of biological prognostic parameters have been identified. Among them, the expression of ZAP‐70 in neoplastic B lymphocytes is increasingly being recognized as of paramount importance to predict outcome. Patients with a low percentage (<20%) of ZAP‐70 positive neoplastic B lymphocytes have a much better prognosis that those with a higher proportion (>20%) of ZAP‐70 positive neoplastic B lymphocytes. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Comparison of methods for determining zeta‐chain associated protein – 70 (ZAP‐70) expression in patients with B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL)
Authors: Bojarska‐Junak Agnieszka , Giannopoulos Krzysztof , Kowal Malgorzata , Dmoszyńska Anna , Roliński Jacek
Published: August 2006

Background:

Zeta‐chain associated protein of 70kDa (ZAP‐70) is the most promising surrogate marker for the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IgVH) mutation status in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL). Crespo et al. proposed the detection of ZAP‐70 by flow cytometry. Recently several novel monoclonal antibodies appeared on market.

Methods:

We compared different staining methods utilizing monoclonal antibodies (moAb) against ZAP‐70: anti‐ZAP‐70 PE, clone 1E7.2, anti‐ZAP‐70 PE, clone 17A/P‐ZAP70 directly stained with flourochrome as well as anti‐ZAP‐70 antibody, clone 2F3.2 stained with Zenon™ Alexa Fluor® 488 Labeling Kit. Additionally different reagents for permeabilization such as IntraPrep, FIX & PERM, Perm/Wash and 70% ethanol/paraformaldehyde were used to find the most clinically relevant and easy assay to determine ZAP‐70 expression in B‐CLL. Moreover we compared results of ZAP‐70 expression assessed by whole blood protocol with those obtained using‐peripheral mononuclear cells isolated from whole blood.

Results:

Anti‐ZAP‐70 moAb clone 17A/P‐ZAP70 gave elevated results for all B‐CLL patients as well as healthy controls. Staining with anti‐ZAP‐70 moAb clone 1E7.2 and anti‐ZAP‐70 moAb clone 2F3.2 was effective in distinguishing negative and positive cells for ZAP‐70 protein expression. Not statistically significant discrepancies of ZAP‐70 expression were noticed between different fixation and permeabilization methods.

Conclusion:

Basing on results obtained during this study we can recommend use of anti‐ZAP‐70 PE, clone 1E7.2 moAb utilizing whole blood protocol with commercial kits for permeabilization as an easy method that brings compatible results to the original method proposed by Crespo et al. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology