bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Laboratory Investigations into Zinc and Copper Adsorption by Crushed Bivalve Shells
Authors: Thind Jaspreet , McDougall Daniel R. , Jones Mark I. , Jeffs Andrew G.
Published: August 2022

Crushed shells from three bivalve mollusc species (mussel, oyster and scallop) in two particle size ranges (63–150 μm and 710–1180 μm) were tested for their ability to remove dissolved copper and zinc ions from synthetic stormwater in a column. For comparison, zeolite (1–2 mm), which is commonly used for heavy metal ion capture, was also assessed. All shell types of both particle sizes were effective in removing zinc from solution with 97–100% removal efficiency which was similar to the removal efficiency by zeolite (97.6%). The removal of copper was most efficiently achieved with oyster shell with a particle size range of 710–1180 μm (83.6%), which was similar to the removal efficiency by zeolite (83.4%). Brunauear-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurements showed significant decreases in the surface area of the shells after exposure to synthetic stormwater due to adsorption of heavy metals, visually confirmed by observation of a fine layer of metal precipitate adsorbed to the shell particle surfaces using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Overall, the results indicate that crushed bivalve shells have excellent potential for the removal of dissolved zinc and copper from stormwater and should be tested in more complex stormwater studies. This work has significant implications for stormwater infrastructure design using a local, cheap and readily accessible waste material.
Modelling acute myeloid leukemia (AML): What’s new? A transition from the classical to the modern
Authors: Dozzo Annachiara , Galvin Aoife , Shin Jae-Won , Scalia Santo , O’Driscoll Caitriona M. , Ryan Katie B.
Published: August 2022

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous malignancy affecting myeloid cells in the bone marrow (BM) but can spread giving rise to impaired hematopoiesis. AML incidence increases with age and is associated with poor prognostic outcomes. There has been a disconnect between the success of novel drug compounds observed in preclinical studies of hematological malignancy and less than exceptional therapeutic responses in clinical trials. This review aims to provide a state-of-the-art overview on the different preclinical models of AML available to expand insights into disease pathology and as preclinical screening tools. Deciphering the complex physiological and pathological processes and developing predictive preclinical models are key to understanding disease progression and fundamental in the development and testing of new effective drug treatments. Standard scaffold-free suspension models fail to recapitulate the complex environment where AML occurs. To this end, we review advances in scaffold/matrix-based 3D models and outline the most recent advances in on-chip technology. We also provide an overview of clinically relevant animal models and review the expanding use of patient-derived samples, which offer the prospect to create more “patient specific” screening tools either in the guise of 3D matrix models, microphysiological “organ-on-chip” tools or xenograft models and discuss representative examples.

Graphical abstract
Activation of the HSP27-AKT axis contributes to gefitinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer cells independent of EGFR mutations
Authors: Choi Seul-Ki , Kim Minsuh , Lee Haeseung , Kwon Youngjoo , Cha Hyuk-Jin , Jang Se Jin , Na Younghwa , Lee Yun-Sil
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Although epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-activating mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) usually show sensitivity to first-generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), most patients relapse because of drug resistance. Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) has been reported to be involved in the resistance of EGFR-TKIs, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we explore the mechanisms of HSP27-mediated EGFR TKI resistance and propose novel therapeutic strategies.

Methods

To determine the mechanism of HSP27 associated gefitinib resistance, differences were assessed using gefitinib-sensitive and -resistant NSCLC cell lines. In vivo xenograft experiments were conducted to elucidate the combinatorial effects of J2, a small molecule HSP27 inhibitor, and gefitinib. Analyses of human NSCLC tissues and PDX tissues were also used for comparison of HSP27 and phosphorylated AKT expression.

Results

Large-scale cohort analysis of NSCLC cases revealed that HSP27 expression correlated well with the incidence of EGFR mutations and affected patient survival. Increased pAKT and HSP27 was observed in gefitinib-resistant cells compared with gefitinib-sensitive cells. Moreover, increased phosphorylation of HSP27 by gefitinib augmented its protein stability and potentiated its binding activity with pAKT, which resulted in increased gefitinib resistance. However, in gefitinib-sensitive cells, stronger binding activity between EGFR and HSP27 was observed. Moreover, these phenomena occurred regardless of EGFR mutation including secondary mutations, such as T790M. AKT knockdown switched HSP27-pAKT binding to HSP27-EGFR, which promoted gefitinib sensitivity in gefitinib-resistant cells. Functional inhibition of HSP27 yielded sensitization to gefitinib in gefitinib-resistant cells by inhibiting the interaction between HSP27 and pAKT.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that combination of EGFR-TKIs with HSP27 inhibitors may represent a good strategy to overcome resistance to EGFR-TKIs, especially in cancers exhibiting AKT pathway activation.
Current knowledge on practices targeting soil fertility and agricultural land rehabilitation in the Sahel. A review
Authors: Nord Alison , Snapp Sieglinde , Traore Bouba
Published: August 2022

Implementing sustainable production practices to rehabilitate soils is a grand challenge of our day, particularly for resource-poor farmers. The West African Sahel requires attention to balancing the need for increasing agricultural production against harsh environmental conditions. While there is much research documenting technologies for soil regeneration in the Sahel, there has been limited focus on how agricultural practices contribute or exacerbate these efforts. Previous assessments of agricultural practices in this region have been largely descriptive, and some soil ameliorating practices have been promoted with little empirical evidence on their effectiveness. Here we systematically review the literature on soil fertility and conservation practices that have been studied within West African Sahelian agricultural systems. We identified practices in the West African Sahel that have been tested to improve soil fertility and reduce land degradation, and summarized the outcomes of these practices. A unique contribution of this review is the assessment of site-specific conditions and contexts under which practices are most effective in studies which recorded these specific characteristics. We found that research in this area is dominated by chemical fertilizer and organic amendment practices, with moderate to few studies focused on soil and water conservation, crop diversification, or agroforestry. Additionally, most studies consisted of single practices rather than combining practices that target the range of biophysical limitations farmers face in agricultural production. These limitations highlight the need for increased research testing combinations of practices across long-term on-farm studies to generate stronger evidence of conditions under which practices best perform. These findings provide key lessons for research and extension on sustainable agricultural management under the challenging conditions of the Sahel.
Radical support for multigraded ideals
Authors: Conca A. , De Negri E. , Gorla E.
Published: August 2022

Can one tell if an ideal is radical just by looking at the degrees of the generators? In general, this is hopeless. However, there are special collections of degrees in multigraded polynomial rings, with the property that any multigraded ideal generated by elements of those degrees is radical. We call such a collection of degrees a radical support. In this paper, we give a combinatorial characterization of radical supports. Our characterization is in terms of properties of cycles in an associated labelled graph. We also show that the notion of radical support is closely related to that of Cartwright-Sturmfels ideals. In fact, any ideal generated by multigraded generators whose multidegrees form a radical support is a Cartwright-Sturmfels ideal. Conversely, a collection of degrees such that any multigraded ideal generated by elements of those degrees is Cartwright-Sturmfels is a radical support.
Candidate City Human Rights Proposals for the 2026 World Cup: The Promise of a Positive Legacy
Authors: Alfrey David , Amis Lucy , Nickelsburg Steve , Rook William
Published: August 2022

Since 2017, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) has incorporated human rights risk assessments into its bidding requirements for major events, beginning with the competition to host the 2026 FIFA Men’s World Cup.1 This process began at a time of increased scrutiny on the impact of major events and greater focus on the applicability of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) to sport. In 2014, the Centre for Sport and Human Rights’ founding Chair Mary Robinson, together with John Ruggie (author of the UNGPs), wrote to FIFA in their respective capacities as Patron and Chair of the Institute for Human Rights and Business (IHRB) to stress the need for ‘sustained due diligence […] with respect to decisions about host nations and how major sporting events are planned and implemented’.2 Following recommendations set forth in the letter, expanded upon in Ruggie’s 2016 report ‘For the Game, For the World’, FIFA introduced robust bidding requirements that any country or region wishing to bid to host a World Cup will have to conduct a human rights risk assessment and outline how they intend to mitigate each of the risks identified.3 These requirements are designed to align the World Cup bidding process with the UNGPs.
Campaign Disaster Response – What Makes It Different
Authors: Zeitz Kathryn , Kay Rachael , Naughton David , Bennett Scott , Bolton Shane
Published: August 2022

Objective:

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has seen health systems adapt and change in response to local and international experiences. This study describes the experiences and learnings by the Central Adelaide Local Health Network (CALHN) in managing a campaign style, novel public health disaster response.

Methods:

Disaster preparedness has focused on acute impact, mass casualty incidents. In early 2020, CALHNs largest hospital the Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) was appointed as the state primary COVID-19 adult receiving hospital. Between the period of February 1, 2020, when the first COVID-19 positive patient was admitted, through to December 31, 2020, the RAH had admitted 146 inpatients with COVID-19, 118 admitted to our hospital in the home service, 18 patients admitted to Intensive Care, and 4 patients died while inpatients. During this time CALHN has sustained an active (physical and virtual) Network Incident Command Centre (NICC) supported by a Network Incident Management Team (NIMT).

Results:

This study describes our key lessons learnt in relation to the management of a campaign style disaster response including the importance of disaster preparedness, fatigue management, and communication. Also described, were the challenges of operating in a command model and the role of exercising and education and an overview of our operating rhythm, how we built capability, and lessons management.

Conclusions:

Undertaking a longer duration disaster response, relating to the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that, although traditional disaster principles still are important, there are many nuances that need to be considered to retain a proportionate response. Our key lessons have revolved around the key tenants of disaster management, communication, capability, and governance.
Forty-five terawatt vortex ultrashort laser pulses from a chirped-pulse amplification system
Authors: Chen Zhenkuan , Zheng Shuiqin , Lu Xiaoming , Wang Xinliang , Cai Yi , Wang Congying , Zheng Maijie , Ai Yuexia , Leng Yuxin , Xu Shixiang , Fan Dianyuan
Published: August 2022

We report on a vortex laser chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) system that delivers pulses with a peak power of 45 TW. A focused intensity exceeding 1019W/cm2has been demonstrated for the first time by the vortex amplification scheme. Compared with other schemes of strong-field vortex generation with high energy flux but narrowband vortex-converting elements at the end of the laser, an important advantage of our scheme is that we can use a broadband but size-limited q-plate to realize broadband mode-converting in the front end of the CPA system, and achieve high-power amplification with a series of amplifiers. This method is low cost and can be easily implemented in an existing laser system. The results have verified the feasibility to obtain terawatt and even petawatt vortex laser amplification by a CPA system, which has important potential applications in strong-field laser physics, for example, generation of vortex particle beams with orbital angular momentum, fast ignition for inertial confinement fusion and simulation of the extreme astrophysical environment.
An experimental study of flow–structure interaction regimes of a freely falling flexible cylinder
Authors: Lorite-Díez Manuel , Ern Patricia , Cazin Sébastien , Mougel Jérôme , Bourguet Rémi
Published: August 2022

The fluid–structure interaction problem composed of an elongated, finite-length, flexible cylinder falling in a fluid at rest is investigated experimentally. Tomographic reconstruction of the cylinder and three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry of the surrounding fluid, based on the Shake-The-Box algorithm, are used jointly to capture both solid and fluid motions. Starting from the rectilinear vertical fall characterized by a steady wake, focus is placed on subsequent regimes involving, mainly in the horizontal direction, periodic rigid-body motions (RBM) of weak amplitude or periodic large-amplitude bending oscillations (BO). Two RBM regimes are explored: the TRA regime where the cylinder exhibits translational oscillations in a plane perpendicular to its axis, and the AZI regime in which the body displays an azimuthal oscillation around its centre. The associated unsteady wakes are composed of counter-rotating vortices bending near the body ends to connect with the adjacent vortex rows. Specific organizations of the vortical structures are uncovered, depending on the regime. In particular, in the AZI regime, they present an antisymmetrical distribution relative to the midspan point. For a sufficiently long cylinder, BO regimes emerge, resembling the structural modes of an unsupported beam. The associated wakes exhibit a cellular organization. Within each cell delimited by two deformation nodes, two counter-rotating vortex rows are shed per oscillation cycle. Flow velocity fluctuations are in phase opposition on each side of a deformation node. For both RBM and BO regimes, frequency and phase analyses of cylinder and wake behaviours, along the span, highlight the spatio-temporal synchronization of the unsteady flow and moving body.
Maritime glacier retreat and terminus area change in Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska, between 1984 and 2021
Authors: Black Taryn , Kurtz Deborah
Published: August 2022

Glacier change in Kenai Fjords National Park in southcentral Alaska affects local terrestrial, fresh water and marine ecosystems and will likely impact ecotourism. We used Landsat 4–8 imagery from 1984 through 2021 to manually map lower glacier ice margins for 19 maritime glaciers in Kenai Fjords National Park. Of these glaciers, six are tidewater, three are lake-terminating, six are land-terminating and four terminated in more than one environment throughout the study period. We used the mapped ice margins to quantify seasonal terminus position and areal change, including distinguishing between ice loss at glacier termini and along glacier margins. Overall, 13 glaciers substantially retreated (more than 2σ), 14 lost substantial area and only two underwent both net advance and area gain. The glaciers that had insubstantial length and area changes were predominantly tidewater. Cumulatively, the lower reaches of these 19 glaciers lost 42 km2 of ice, which was nearly evenly distributed between the terminus and the lateral margins. The rapid rate of glacier change and subsequent land cover changes are highly visible to visitors and locals at Kenai Fjords National Park, and this study quantifies those changes in terms of glacier length and area.
Compulsory licensing: an effective tool for securing access to Covid-19 vaccines for developing states?
Authors: Davies Lowri
Published: August 2022

A significant issue in combatting the Covid-19 pandemic is the need to enhance developing states’ access to Covid-19 vaccines. The present paper considers the request for a temporary waiver of intellectual property rights in relation to Covid-19 technologies and treatments submitted to the World Trade Organization and analyses a key argument against the proposed waiver: that the compulsory licensing provisions set out in the TRIPS Agreement are sufficiently flexible to help states get access to vaccines. The compulsory licensing flexibilities set out in TRIPS, including the amendment to TRIPS in Article 31bis, are evaluated, to explore whether compulsory licensing could be an effective tool in helping developing states to access Covid-19 vaccines. Key issues are explored from a human rights perspective to examine whether a rights-based approach to the compulsory licensing provisions could offer further insights as to how the provisions could be more workable, to enhance access to medicines and vaccines for developing states.
GASKAP-HI Pilot Survey Science III: An unbiased view of cold gas in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Dempsey James , McClure-Griffiths N. M. , Murray Claire , Dickey John M. , Pingel Nickolas M. , Jameson Katherine , Dénes Helga , van Loon Jacco Th. , Leahy D. , Lee Min-Young , Stanimirović S. , Breen Shari , Buckland-Willis Frances , Gibson Steven J. , Imai Hiroshi , Lynn Callum , Tremblay C. D.
Published: August 2022

We present the first unbiased survey of neutral hydrogen absorption in the Small Magellanic Cloud. The survey utilises pilot neutral hydrogen observations with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder telescope as part of the Galactic Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder neutral hydrogen project whose dataset has been processed with the Galactic Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder-HI absorption pipeline, also described here. This dataset provides absorption spectra towards 229 continuum sources, a 275% increase in the number of continuum sources previously published in the Small Magellanic Cloud region, as well as an improvement in the quality of absorption spectra over previous surveys of the Small Magellanic Cloud. Our unbiased view, combined with the closely matched beam size between emission and absorption, reveals a lower cold gas faction (11%) than the 2019 ATCA survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud and is more representative of the Small Magellanic Cloud as a whole. We also find that the optical depth varies greatly between the Small Magellanic Cloud’s bar and wing regions. In the bar we find that the optical depth is generally low (correction factor to the optically thin column density assumption of$\mathcal{R}_{\mathrm{HI}} \sim 1.04$) but increases linearly with column density. In the wing however, there is a wide scatter in optical depth despite a tighter range of column densities.
Identification and properties of isolated field elliptical galaxies from CFHTLS-W1
Authors: Ulgen E. Kaan , Alis Sinan , Benoist Christophe , Yelkenci F. Korhan , Cakir Oguzhan , Fisek Suleyman , Karatas Yuksel
Published: August 2022

We present a catalogue of isolated field elliptical (IfE) galaxies drawn from the W1 field of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS). 228 IfEs were identified from a flux-limited$(r<21.8)$galaxy catalogue which corresponds to a density of 3 IfE/sq.deg. For comparison we consider a sample of elliptical galaxies living in dense environments, based on identification of the brightest cluster galaxies (BGCs) in the same survey. Using the same dataset for the comparison sample ensures a uniform selection, including in the redshift range as IfEs (i.e.$0.1<z<0.9$). A comparison of elliptical galaxies in different environments reveals that IfEs and BCGs have similar behaviours in their colours, star formation activities, and scaling relations of mass–size and size–luminosity. IfEs and BCGs have similar slopes in the scaling relations with respect to cluster ellipticals within the$-24 \leq M_{r} \leq -22$magnitude and$10.2< \textrm{log}(M_{*}/ \textrm M_\odot)\leq12.0$mass ranges. Three IfEs identified in this study can be associated with fossil groups found in the same survey area which gives clues for future studies.
Human Paleodemography and Paleoecology of the North Pacific Rim from the Mid to Late Holocene
Authors: Fitzhugh Ben , Brown William A. , Misarti Nicole , Takase Katsunori , Tremayne Andrew H.
Published: August 2022

Using 14 proxy human population time series from around the North Pacific (Alaska, Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands), we evaluate the possibility that the North Pacific climate and marine ecosystem includes a millennial-scale regime shift cycle affecting subsistence and migration. We develop both visual and statistical methods for addressing questions about relative population growth and movement in the past. We introduce and explore the use of a Time Iterative Moran I (TIMI) spatial autocorrelation method to compare time series trends quantitatively – a method that could prove useful in other paleoecological analyses. Results reveal considerable population dynamism around the North Pacific in the last 5000 years and strengthen a previously reported inverse correlation between Northeast and Northwest Pacific proxy population indices. Visual and TIMI analyses suggest multiple, overlapping explanations for the variability, including the potential that oscillating ecological regime shifts affect the North Pacific basin. These results provide an opening for coordinated research to unpack the interrelated social, cultural and environmental dynamics around the subarctic and arctic North Pacific at different spatial and temporal scales by international teams of archaeologists, historians, paleoecologists, paleoceanographers, paleoclimatologists, modelers and data management specialists.
MERIP as a Model for Politically Committed Knowledge Production in Middle East Studies
Authors: Hazbun Waleed
Published: August 2022

While MERIP's offered incisive critiques of the power relations that defined the existing field of Middle East studies, this essay explores how it also represents an alternative model of knowledge production, built outside academia, that has helped reshape scholarship and teaching about the Middle East and North Africa and more broadly about the US relationship to the region. The essay also introduces the other contributions in this forum including an edited transcript of 2020 MESA roundtable on the impact of MERIP on Middle East studies, a historical account that traces the origins of the MERIP collective and three essays exploring the evolution of MERIP's approach addressing, in turn, contributions and innovations within the areas of critical political economy, gender studies, and the politics of culture. Finally, drawing on these contributions as well as Middle East Report issue no. 300 that reviews how MERIP covered various topics, the essay concludes by highlighting the continuing value of MERIP as a teaching resource that allows students and others to understand the transformations across the region over the past half century as well as shifting approaches and theories that have come to help define Middle East studies as an academic field.
Erosion by Design: Rethinking Innovation, Sea Defense, and Credibility in Guyana
Authors: Vaughn Sarah E.
Published: August 2022

This essay explores the intersecting socio-material and ethical demands that engineers confront in adapting sea defenses to climate change in Guyana. It focuses on the tensions in climate adaptation that create the possibilities for theorizing innovation as a key theme of counter-modernities in the Anthropocene. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, oral histories, and archival research, I show that engineers’ decision-making regarding whether or not to innovate sea defenses is a fraught process dependent upon processes of erosion and the ontological (in)stability of specific infrastructures known as groynes. To cope, engineers produce what I call “innovation narratives” to describe how obstacles to climate adaptation are created by combinations of neocolonial empire, shapeshifting ecologies, inconsistent maintenance programs, and fiscal debt. At the same time, their efforts signal an emerging global politics of credibility that is reinforced by desires for more inclusive forms of governance rather than brute power or capitalization.
Rural–urban mobility influences wildmeat access and consumption in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Carignano Torres Patricia , Morsello Carla , Parry Luke
Published: August 2022

Research demonstrates substantial urban consumption of wildmeat and the existence of trade networks in the Brazilian Amazon. Yet rural–urban mobility persists in this urbanized region, with the circulation of people, goods and ideas, blurring boundaries between rural and urban lives. Here we examined the relationships between rural–urban mobility and wildmeat access in highly forested areas of central Brazilian Amazonia. We surveyed 798 urban households in four towns and 311 rural households in 63 riverine communities. Rural–urban mobility was common amongst urban households: 49.7% maintained rural livelihoods and 57.3% were headed by rural in-migrants. Although many urban consumers purchased wildmeat, gifting was equally important. Urban households with greater rural–urban mobility consumed more wildmeat and were less likely to purchase it. Buying wildmeat was rare in rural areas but emergent in larger rural communities. Rural consumption was greater in remote areas, non-floodplain communities and during the high-water season. Urban populations placed particular pressure on three preferred species: the lowland pacaCuniculus paca, tapirTapirus terrestrisand white-lipped peccaryTayassu pecari. Rural consumption was more diverse, and per-capita wildmeat consumption was four times greater in rural than urban households (21 vs 5 kg/person/year). Total estimated annual wildmeat consumption was 3,732 t across 43 riverine urban centres compared to 11,351 t in surrounding rural areas. Because of poverty in these towns and socially mediated wildmeat acquisition, it is debatable whether urban consumers should or could be denied access to wildmeat. Nonetheless, the probable future increase in urban demand and related risks to sustainable, equitable resource use necessitate the monitoring and management of rural–urban wildmeat flows.
Ejective stops in Hittite: evidence for a phonemic length distinction
Authors: Kloekhorst Alwin
Published: August 2022

In this article, it is argued that Hittite did not only possess a series of long ejective stops, as has previously been proposed, but that it also knew a series of short ejective stops. In this way, the Hittite stop system can be analysed as consisting of two types of stops, plain and ejective ones, with both types showing a length opposition: plain short /t/ vs. plain long /tː/, and ejective short /t’/ vs. ejective long /t’ː/.
The Definition of Consequentialism: A Survey
Authors: Horta Oscar , O'Brien Gary David , Teran Dayron
Published: August 2022

There are different meanings associated with consequentialism and teleology. This causes confusion, and sometimes results in discussions based on misunderstandings rather than on substantial disagreements. To clarify this, we created a survey on the definitions of ‘consequentialism’ and ‘teleology’, which we sent to specialists in consequentialism. We broke down the different meanings of consequentialism and teleology into four component parts: Outcome-Dependence, Value-Dependence, Maximization, and Agent-Neutrality. Combining these components in different ways we distinguished six definitions, all of which are represented in the philosophical literature. We asked the respondents which definition is best for consequentialism and for teleology. The most popular definition of consequentialism was the one which accepted value-dependence, but not maximization and agent-neutrality. We therefore recommend the use of this meaning to avoid misunderstandings. The results for teleology were more problematic, with several respondents claiming they never use the term, or indicating that it is confusing.
Developmental profiles of child behavior problems from 18 months to 8 years: The protective effects of structured parenting vary by genetic risk
Authors: Leve Leslie D. , Anderson Daniel , Harold Gordon T. , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Natsuaki Misaki N. , Shaw Daniel S. , Ganiban Jody M. , Reiss David
Published: August 2022

Some children are more affected by specific family environments than others, as a function of differences in their genetic make-up. However, longitudinal studies of genetic moderation of parenting effects during early childhood have not been conducted. We examined developmental profiles of child behavior problems between 18 months and age 8 in a longitudinal parent–offspring sample of 361 adopted children. In toddlerhood (18 months), observed structured parenting indexed parental guidance in service of task goals. Biological parent psychopathology served as an index of genetic influences on children’s behavior problems. Four profiles of child behavior problems were identified: low stable (11%), average stable (50%), higher stable (29%), and high increasing (11%). A multinominal logistic regression analysis indicated a genetically moderated effect of structured parenting, such that for children whose biological mother had higher psychopathology, the odds of the child being in the low stable group increased as structured parenting increased. Conversely, for children whose biological mother had lower psychopathology, the odds of being in the low stable group was reduced when structured parenting increased. Results suggest that increasing structured parenting is an effective strategy for children at higher genetic risk for psychopathology, but may be detrimental for those at lower genetic risk.
Phylogenetic placement and life history trait imputation for Grenada DoveLeptotila wellsi
Authors: Peters Catherine , Geary Matthew , Nelson Howard P. , Rusk Bonnie L. , Von Hardenberg Achaz , Muir Anna
Published: August 2022

Phylogenetic analyses can be used to resolve taxonomic uncertainties and reconstruct a species’ evolutionary history. This can be combined with ecological data to predict missing life history traits which are important for creation of conservation management strategies. We investigated the evolutionary and life history of the ‘Critically Endangered’ Grenada DoveLeptotila wellsiby estimating its phylogenetic placement and using this new phylogeny to test the accuracy of phylogenetic comparative methods for estimating both documented and unknown life history traits. We extracted DNA from two Grenada Dove samples and obtained sequences from three mitochondrial markers: Cytochrome oxidase I (COI), NADH dehydrogenase 2 (ND2) and Cytochrome b (Cyt b); and one nuclear marker: β-Fibrinogen intron 7 (β-FIB). We present the first genetic data obtained for the Grenada Dove. Our data identify the Grey-Chested DoveLeptotila cassiniias the species which shares both a most recent common ancestor, with an estimated divergence of approximately 2.53 million years ago, and the smallest genetic distance (P= 0.0303) with the Grenada Dove. Life history trait values for the Grenada Dove predicted from our analyses using phylogenetic imputation are: clutch size = 2 (± 0.09) eggs; clutches per year = 1.4 (± 0.81); incubation time = 14.2 (± 0.75) days; hatching weight = 3.8 g (± 1.05) and single imputation: fledging age (genus median) = 15.5 days, longevity (genus median) = 8.6 years. This study contributes novel information regarding evolutionary history and life history characteristics to inform long-term conservation actions for a ‘Critically Endangered’ species.
Global population and conservation status of the Great Black-backed GullLarus marinus
Authors: Langlois Lopez Samuel , Bond Alexander L. , O’Hanlon Nina J. , Wilson Jared M. , Vitz Andrew , Mostello Carolyn S. , Hamilton Frederick , Rail Jean-François , Welch Linda , Boettcher Ruth , Wilhelm Sabina I. , Anker-Nilssen Tycho , Daunt Francis , Masden Elizabeth
Published: August 2022

The Great Black-backed GullLarus marinusis a generalist species that inhabits temperate and arctic coasts of the north Atlantic Ocean. In recent years, there has been growing concern about population declines at local and regional scales; however, there has been no attempt to robustly assess Great Black-backed Gull population trends across its global range. We obtained the most recent population counts across the species’ range and analysed population trends at a global, continental, and national scale over the most recent three-generation period (1985–2021) following IUCN Red List criteria. We found that, globally, the species has declined by 43%–48% over this period (1.2–1.3% per annum, respectively), from an estimated 291,000 breeding pairs to 152,000–165,000 breeding pairs under two different scenarios. North American populations declined more steeply than European ones (68% and 28%, respectively). We recommend that Great Black-backed Gull should be uplisted from ‘Least Concern’ to ‘Vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species under criterion A2 (an estimated reduction in population size >30% over three generations).
Development and implementation of a paediatric cardiac intensive care advanced practice provider curriculum
Authors: Justice Lindsey , Florez Amy R. , Diller Christin , Moellinger Ashley , Ellis Misty , Riley Christine , Dugan Erin , Heichel Jenna , Williams Brenda , Dykton Theresa I. , Foerster Lillian Adele , Callow Louise
Published: August 2022

Background:

Education of paediatric advanced practice providers takes a generalist approach which lacks in-depth exposure to subspecialties like paediatric cardiac intensive care. This translates into a knowledge gap related to congenital cardiac physiology and management for APPs transitioning to the paediatric cardiac ICU.

Methods:

A specialised interprofessional peer-reviewed curriculum was created and distributed through the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society. This curriculum includes a textbook which is complemented by a didactic and simulation review course. Course evaluations were collected following each course, and feedback from participants was incorporated into subsequent courses. Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society partnered with the Pediatric Nursing Certification Board to develop a 200-question post-assessment (exam) bank.

Results:

From December 2017 to January 2022, 12 review courses were taught at various host sites (n = 314 participants). Feedback revealed that courses improved preparedness for practice, contributed to advanced practice provider empowerment, and emphasised the importance of professional networking. 97% of attendees agreed/strongly agreed that the course improved clinical knowledge, 97% agreed/strongly agreed that the course improved ability to care for patients, and 88% agreed/strongly agreed that the course improved confidence to practice. 49% of participants rated the course as extremely effective, 42% very effective, 6% moderately effective, and 3% as only slightly effective.

Conclusions:

A standardised subspecialty curriculum dedicated to advanced practice provider practice in cardiac intensive care was needed to improve knowledge, advance practice, and empower APPs managing critically ill patients in the cardiac ICU. The developed curriculum provides standardised learning, increasing advanced practice provider knowledge acquisition, and confidence to practice.
Okay boomer… Excess money growth, inflation, and population aging
Authors: Kopecky Joseph
Published: August 2022

What determines the strength of the relationship between money growth and inflation? A large literature suggests that it has weakened since the 1980s, without a definitive explanation of the cause. I explore how population age structure explains changes in the pass through of money growth rates to inflation. I show that the quantity theory of money holds over long time horizons, with sizable estimates of the impact of money growth on inflation in the short to medium term. Various measures of population age structure have significant impact on the strength of this relationship. These demographics account for an increase in the transmission of money growth to prices in the 1970s and a weakening throughout the great moderation. The baby boomer cohort, now in the age groups around retirement, may exert upward pressure on this money transmission to prices at present, with ambiguous implications in the future as low fertility and rising longevity persist.
Food insecurity and physical functioning in Boston area Puerto Rican older adults
Authors: Kuehl Lillian , Lee Jong Soo , Dinesh Deepika , Na Muzi , Tucker Katherine L , Palacios Natalia
Published: August 2022

Objective:

Prior studies have found evidence of a relationship between food insecurity and functional limitations among older populations in the USA.

Design:

This is a longitudinal investigation of food security in relation to functional limitations, assessed as Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scores.

Setting:

The Greater Boston, MA area.

Participants:

1461 Boston Puerto Rican Health study participants, predominantly (70·5 %) female and aged 57·1 years (sd ± 7·6) at baseline followed for 6·2 (sd ± 0·98) years.

Results:

In cross-sectional analysis at baseline, participants reporting severe food insecurity had greater functional limitations (higher ADL; β = 2·34; 95 % CI (1·48, 3·19)) and higher IADL (β = 1·17, 95 % CI (0·68, 1·65)) compared with food secure participants. In longitudinal linear mixed models, severely food insecure participants at baseline had greater functional limitations over 5 years, as assessed by ADL (β = 1·74; 95 % CI (0·95, 2·53); P < 0·001) and IADL (β = 0·93, 95 % CI (0·48, 1·38)) compared with food secure participants. However, baseline food security did not significantly alter the 5-year trajectory in ADL (P-interaction between baseline food security and time for ADL and IADL = 0·41 and 0·47, respectively).

Conclusions:

In this cohort of Boston area Puerto Rican adults, those who are food insecure had consistently higher ADL and IADL scores over time, compared with those who are food secure. Baseline food security did not appear to alter the trajectory in ADL or IADL score.
Comparison of the standardized Valsalva manoeuvre versus the cuff	deflation method to elicit venous reflux
Authors: Berther Dario , Jeanneret-Gris Christina R.
Published: August 2022

Summary: Background: Two standardized methods to detect venous reflux, the Valsalva manoeuvre (VM) and the cuff deflation method (CM) are compared. Patients and methods: We included 72 patients with varicose veins (VV) and 106 patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The proximal leg veins were examined. A survey was sent to the members of the Union of Vascular Societies to assess, which methods are used in the clinical practice. Results: In the VV-group the correlation coefficient (VM vs CM) for the reflux time (RT) amounted to 0.44 (p<0.0001) for the common femoral vein (CFV) and 0.4 for the femoral vein (FV) (p=0.0003). The sensitivity of the two tests in the VV group amounted to 87.5% for both methods in the CFV (p=0.4). The sensitivity for the FV amounted to 87.5% for the VM and 71.4% for the CM (p=0.4). In the DVT – group the correlation coefficient (VM vs CM) for RT amounted to 0.62 for the CFV (p<0.0001) and 0.77 for the FV (p<0.0001), as well as to 0.6 for the great saphenous vein (GSV) (p<0.0001). The sensitivity of the two tests amounted to 50.0% for the VM and 42.9% for the CM in the CFV (p=0.5). The sensitivity, if reflux was measured in the FV, amounted to 42.9% for the VM and 50.0% for the CM (p=0.5). 87.3% of the doctors who answered the survey use a non-standardized reflux measurement method. Conclusions: Both methods of reflux measurement (VM, CM) are comparable. Further studies have to address the issue, whether non standardized methods are as accurate as the standardized manoeuvres.
Three‐Dimensional Magnetotelluric Inversion for Arbitrarily Anisotropic Earth Using Unstructured Tetrahedral Discretization
Authors: Rong Zhihao , Liu Yunhe , Yin Changchun , Wang Luyuan , Ma Xinpeng , Qiu Changkai , Zhang Bo , Ren Xiuyan , Su Yang , Weng Aihua
Published: August 2022

We propose a new three‐dimensional anisotropic inversion scheme for magnetotelluric (MT) data. In this method, the earth is discretized into unstructured tetrahedral grids that can fit complex structures well, such as the earth topography and coastline. We use a 3 × 3 tensor to describe the anisotropic conductivity in the governing equation for MT inversions that can be simplified to three principal conductivities and three rotation angles. The edge‐based finite‐element (FE) method is adopted to do the forward and adjoint modeling to compute full impedance and sensitivity. To make the inversion flexible in the restoration of anisotropic and isotropic structures tendentiously, we add an additional regularization in the objective function, with its weight controlled by a distribution function. Before solving the inverse problem using L‐BFGS optimization, we add upper‐bound and lower‐bound constraints to the parameters to suppress the solution space. Four synthetic experiments are designed to test the resolvability and resolution for the six anisotropic parameters in the inversion. The results show that our inversion method can well recover the resistivity in the principal x and y directions and the strike angle γ. Finally, we apply our inversion algorithm to the USArray MT data with the aim to reveal anisotropic structure under Oregon State.
Characterizing the Impacts of Turbulence Closures on Real Hurricane Forecasts: A Comprehensive Joint Assessment of Grid Resolution, Horizontal Turbulence Models, and Horizontal Mixing Length
Authors: Romdhani Oussama , Zhang Jun A. , Momen Mostafa
Published: August 2022

Hurricanes are highly complex geophysical flows that have caused billions of dollars in damage in recent years. Despite the significance of these extreme weather events, the turbulence mechanisms that derive the dynamics of hurricane flow systems are poorly understood and ineffectively parameterized in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The objective of this study is to bridge these knowledge gaps by assessing the accuracy and deficiencies of existing horizontal turbulence models in NWPs for hurricane forecasts. In particular, the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) Model is employed to conduct 135 simulations of five real hurricanes by varying the grid resolution, turbulence models, and horizontal mixing length values. Decreasing the default horizontal mixing length values both in low and high resolution WRF simulations significantly improves the wind intensity forecasts. This result indicates that the existing horizontal diffusion parameterizations are overly dissipative for hurricane flows, and thus, generate a weaker vortex compared to observations. These deficiencies are shown to stem from the horizontal mixing‐length parameterization in WRF that is prescribed as a function of grid size without considering the physics of the flows (e.g., rotation). The paper provides notable insights into the role of turbulent fluxes in simulated hurricane evolutions that can be useful to advance the turbulence parameterizations of NWP models for hurricane forecasts.
A Modeling Framework for Assessing the Value of Learning in Dynamic Adaptive Planning: Application to Green Infrastructure Investment Evaluation
Authors: Hung F. , Hobbs B. F. , McGarity A. , Chen X.
Published: August 2022

To cope with the uncertainty of green infrastructure planning, many cities take an adaptive approach and use learning‐by‐doing to improve estimates of the cost and efficacy of stormwater management practices (SMPs) and use that information to improve stormwater plans. However, deciding whether that learning is worth its expense has been a challenge for practitioners. We propose a modeling framework to assess the economic value of learning. Methodologically, we present a generalized adaptive planning method that includes learning from direct and indirect investments and multiple degrees of learning. The formulation enables users to specify possible knowledge gains from near‐term actions and quantify its value by assessing its impacts on subsequent decisions and their performance. Further, we quantify the values of both learning and adaptability by calculating differences in expected system performance between three types of decision making: non‐adaptive (no learning between decisions), passive adaptive (adaptive planning that passively accepts incidental learning), and active adaptive (adaptive planning that considers potential learning opportunities when choosing investments). For illustration, we apply the framework to an example inspired by a real stormwater management setting in Philadelphia, PA. In the example, the ability of SMPs to reduce runoff is evaluated by hydrological simulation. The literature and expert opinions inform estimates of costs, SMP performance deterioration over time, and predictions of possible knowledge gains. The results show that active adaptive planning supported by stochastic optimization can achieve substantial cost savings.
Errors in Simple Climate Model Emulations of Past and Future Global Temperature Change
Authors: Jackson L. S. , Maycock A. C. , Andrews T. , Fredriksen H.‐B. , Smith C. J. , Forster P. M.
Published: August 2022

Climate model emulators are widely used to generate temperature projections for climate scenarios, including in the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report. Here we evaluate the performance of a two‐layer energy balance model in emulating historical and future temperature projections from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 models. We find that emulation errors can be large (>0.5°C for SSP2‐4.5) and differ markedly between climate models, forcing scenarios and time periods. Errors arise in emulating the near‐surface temperature response to both greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing; in some periods the errors due to these forcings oppose one another, giving the spurious impression of better emulator performance. Climate feedbacks are assumed constant in the emulator, introducing time‐varying or state dependent feedbacks may reduce prediction errors. Close emulations can be produced for a given period but, crucially, this does not guarantee reliable emulations of other scenarios and periods. Therefore, rigorous out‐of‐sample evaluation is necessary to characterize emulator performance.