bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF PARTICLE SWARM AND EVOLUTIONARY PROGRAMMING AS THE GLOBAL CONFORMATION OPTIMIZER OF CLUSTERS
Authors: IWAMATSU MASAO
Published: June 2005

The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and two variants of the evolutionary programming (EP) are applied to the several function optimization problems and the conformation optimization of atomic clusters to check the performance of these algorithms as a general-purpose optimizer. It was found that the PSO is superior to the EP though the PSO is not equipped with the mechanism of self-adaptation of search strategies of the EP. The PSO cannot find the global minimum for the atomic cluster but can find it for similar multi-modal benchmark functions of the same size. The size of the cluster which can be handled by the PSO and the EP is limited, and is similar to the one amenable to the popular simulated annealing. The result for benchmark functions only serves as an indication of the performance of the algorithm.
QUASI-SPHERICAL GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE AND THE ROLE OF INITIAL DATA, ANISOTROPY AND INHOMOGENEITY
Authors: CHAKRABORTY SUBENOY , DEBNATH UJJAL
Published: June 2005

In this paper, the role of anisotropy and inhomogeneity has been studied in quasi-spherical gravitational collapse. Also the role of initial data has been investigated in characterizing the final state of collapse. Finally, a linear transformation on the initial data set has been presented and its impact has been discussed.
HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERFLUID AND FESHBACH RESONANCE
Authors: HONG DEOG KI , HSU STEPHEN D. H.
Published: June 2005

We study an effective field theory describing cold fermionic atoms near a Feshbach resonance. The effective theory gives a precise description of the dynamics in the limit that the energy of the Feshbach resonance is tuned to be twice that of the Fermi surface. We compute the zero temperature superfluid condensate in this limit, and obtain a critical temperature TC≃0.43 TF.
UNIFIED TREATMENT OF HETERODYNE DETECTION: THE SHAPIRO–WAGNER AND CAVES FRAMEWORKS
Authors: LANDOLFI GIULIO , RUGGERI GIOVANNA , SOLIANI GIULIO
Published: June 2005

A comparative study is performed on two heterodyne systems of photon detectors expressed in terms of a signal annihilation operator and an image band creation operator called Shapiro–Wagner and Caves' frame, respectively. This approach is based on the introduction of a convenient operator [Formula: see text] which allows a unified formulation of both cases. For the Shapiro–Wagner scheme, where [Formula: see text], quantum phase and amplitude are exactly defined in the context of relative number state (RNS) representation, while a procedure is devised to handle suitably and in a consistent way Caves' framework, characterized by [Formula: see text], within the approximate simultaneous measurements of noncommuting variables. In such a case RNS phase and amplitude make sense only approximately.
VAGUE GROUPS AND Ω-VAGUE GROUPS
Authors: BHUTANI KIRAN R. , MORDESON JOHN N.
Published: June 2005

Given a group G, we show how one can define a vague group structure on G via a chain of subgroups of G. We discuss how a group homomorphism f from a vague group X onto a group Y induces a vague group structure on Y with f satisfying the vague homomorphism property. The notion of Ω-vague groups is introduced, where Ω is a fuzzy subset. The direct product G1 × G2 of two vague groups and the internal vague direct product of subgroups of a vague group is introduced.
APPLYING THE GENETIC-BASED NEURAL NETWORKS TO VOLATILITY TRADING
Authors: WANG SHINN-WEN
Published: June 2005

The Black-Scholes options pricing model is widely applied in various options contracts, including contract design, trading, assets evaluation, and enterprise value estimation, etc. Unfortunately, this theoretical model limited by the influences of many unexpected real world phenomena due to six unreasonable assumptions. If we were to soundly take these phenomena into account, the opportunity to gain an excess return would be created. This research therefore combines both the remarkable effects caused by the implied volatility smile (or skew) and the tick-jump discrepancy between the underlying and derivative prices to establish a two-phase options arbitrage model using a genetic-based neural network (GNN). Using evidence from the warrant market in Taiwan, it is shown that the GNN model with arbitrage operations is superior in terms of performance to the original Black-Scholes-based arbitrage model. The GNN model is found to be suitable for application to various options markets as the valuation factors are modified. This paper helps to integrate the theoretical model with important practical considerations.
PROTEIN TRANSLOCATION BY THE SEC61/SECY CHANNEL
Authors: Osborne Andrew R. , Rapoport Tom A. , van den Berg Bert
Published: June 2005

The conserved protein-conducting channel, referred to as the Sec61 channel in eukaryotes or the SecY channel in eubacteria and archaea, translocates proteins across cellular membranes and integrates proteins containing hydrophobic transmembrane segments into lipid bilayers. Structural studies illustrate how the protein-conducting channel accomplishes these tasks. Three different mechanisms, each requiring a different set of channel binding partners, are employed to move polypeptide substrates: The ribosome feeds the polypeptide chain directly into the channel, a ratcheting mechanism is used by the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP, and a pushing mechanism is utilized by the bacterial ATPase SecA. We review these translocation mechanisms, relating biochemical and genetic observations to the structures of the protein-conducting channel and its binding partners.
Leukemia inhibitory factor regulates glucocorticoid receptor expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Authors: Kariagina Anastasia , Zonis Svetlana , Afkhami Mahta , Romanenko Dmitry , Chesnokova Vera
Published: June 2005

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the gp130 family. LIF is induced peripherally and within the brain during inflammatory or chronic autoimmune diseases and is a potent stimulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Here we investigated the role of LIF in mediating glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the HPA axis. LIF treatment (3 μg/mouse, ip) markedly decreased GR mRNA levels in murine hypothalamus (5-fold, P < 0.01) and pituitary (1.7-fold, P < 0.01) and downregulated GR protein levels. LIF decreased GR expression in murine corticotroph cell line AtT20 within 2 h, and this effect was sustained for 8 h after treatment. LIF-induced GR mRNA reduction was abrogated in AtT20 cells overexpressing dominant-negative mutants of STAT3, indicating that intact JAK-STAT signaling is required to mediate LIF effects on GR expression. Conversely, mice with LIF deficiency exhibited increased GR mRNA levels in the hypothalamus and pituitary (3.5- and 3.5-fold, respectively; P < 0.01 for both) and increased GR protein expression when compared with wild-type littermates. The suppressive effects of dexamethasone on GR were more pronounced in LIF-null animals. These data suggest that LIF maintains the HPA axis activation by decreasing GR expression and raise the possibility that LIF might contribute to the development of central glucocorticoid resistance during inflammation.
cPLA2-interacting protein, PLIP, causes apoptosis and decreases G1 phase in mesangial cells
Authors: Muckova Katarina , Duffield Jeremy S. , Held Kathryn D. , Bonventre Joseph V. , Sheridan Alice M.
Published: June 2005

The balance between proliferation and apoptosis of mesangial cells is a critical component of proliferative glomerulonephritis. The regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis is linked at the level of the cell cycle (Shankland SJ. Kidney Int 52: 294–308, 199). cPLA2-interacting protein (PLIP), the Tip60 splice variant, interacts with cPLA2and enhances the susceptibility of renal mesangial cells to serum deprivation-induced apoptosis (Sheridan AM, Force T, Yoon HJ, O'Leary E, Choukroun G, Taheri MR, and Bonventre JV. Mol Cell Biol 21: 4470–4481, 2001). We report that adenoviral-driven PLIP expression results in enhanced apoptosis of non-serum-deprived mesangial cells associated with a marked decrease in G0/G1 phase cells. The effect of PLIP on the cell cycle may be independent of its interaction with cPLA2because a mutation of PLIP that does not interact with cPLA2also causes a decrease in G0/G1 cells. Endogenous PLIP and Tip60 protein levels are increased in cells exposed to injurious stimuli including X-irradiation and H2O2, but the intracellular localization of the splice variants may differ. Whereas PLIP localizes in the nucleus of all mesangial cells, Tip60 localizes in the cytosol of untreated mesangial cells and of cells exposed to low concentrations (50–200 μM) of H2O2. Tip60 is targeted to the nucleus of cells exposed to high concentrations (1–2 mM) of H2O2. We conclude that PLIP may cause cells to exit from the cell cycle after the S phase and may function as part of a G2/M checkpoint mechanism. Tip60 splice variants may function in both cytosolic and nuclear signaling pathways in mesangial cells.
Cluster Analysis–Based Physiological Classification and Morphological Properties of Inhibitory Neurons in Layers 2–3 of Monkey Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Krimer Leonid S. , Zaitsev Aleksey V. , Czanner Gabriela , Kröner Sven , González-Burgos Guillermo , Povysheva Nadezhda V. , Iyengar Satish , Barrionuevo German , Lewis David A.
Published: June 2005

In primates, little is known about intrinsic electrophysiological properties of neocortical neurons and their morphological correlates. To classify inhibitory cells (interneurons) in layers 2–3 of monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex we used whole cell voltage recordings and intracellular labeling in slice preparation with subsequent morphological reconstructions. Regular spiking pyramidal cells have been also included in the sample. Neurons were successfully segregated into three physiological clusters: regular-, intermediate-, and fast-spiking cells using cluster analysis as a multivariate exploratory technique. When morphological types of neurons were mapped on the physiological clusters, the cluster of regular spiking cells contained all pyramidal cells, whereas the intermediate- and fast-spiking clusters consisted exclusively of interneurons. The cluster of fast-spiking cells contained all of the chandelier cells and the majority of local, medium, and wide arbor (basket) interneurons. The cluster of intermediate spiking cells predominantly consisted of cells with the morphology of neurogliaform or vertically oriented (double-bouquet) interneurons. Thus a quantitative approach enabled us to demonstrate that intrinsic electrophysiological properties of neurons in the monkey prefrontal cortex define distinct cell types, which also display distinct morphologies.
Statistical Issues in the Analysis of Neuronal Data
Authors: Kass Robert E. , Ventura Valérie , Brown Emery N.
Published: June 2005

Analysis of data from neurophysiological investigations can be challenging. Particularly when experiments involve dynamics of neuronal response, scientific inference can become subtle and some statistical methods may make much more efficient use of the data than others. This article reviews well-established statistical principles, which provide useful guidance, and argues that good statistical practice can substantially enhance results. Recent work on estimation of firing rate, population coding, and time-varying correlation provides improvements in experimental sensitivity equivalent to large increases in the number of neurons examined. Modern nonparametric methods are applicable to data from repeated trials. Many within-trial analyses based on a Poisson assumption can be extended to non-Poisson data. New methods have made it possible to track changes in receptive fields, and to study trial-to-trial variation, with modest amounts of data.
Selecting Genes by Test Statistics
Authors: Chen Dechang , Liu Zhenqiu , Ma Xiaobin , Hua Dong
Published: June 2005

Gene selection is an important issue in analyzing multiclass microarray data. Among many proposed selection methods, the traditional ANOVA F test statistic has been employed to identify informative genes for both class prediction (classification) and discovery problems. However, the F test statistic assumes an equal variance. This assumption may not be realistic for gene expression data. This paper explores other alternative test statistics which can handle heterogeneity of the variances. We study five such test statistics, which include Brown‐Forsythe test
statistic and Welch test statistic. Their performance is evaluated and compared with that of F statistic over different
classification methods applied to publicly available microarray datasets.
Therapie des Mammakarzinoms – Wandel von der radikalen zur qualitätskontrollierten individualisierten Therapie
Authors: Fink D. , Kimmig R. , Winter R.
Published: June 2005

Die Therapie des Mammakarzinoms unterliegt einem stetigen Wandel. So gilt die Sentinel-Lymphonodektomie heute bei kleinem unifokalem Mammakarzinom mit klinisch negativer Axilla als Standard. Auf dem Gebiet der adjuvanten Therapie fand in St. Gallen vom 26. bis 29. Januar 2005 das 9. Early Adjuvant Breast Cancer Meeting mit Konsensuskonferenz statt. Die Publikation der Kongresszusammenfassung wird auf Frühsommer 2005 erwartet.
Aromataseinhibitoren in der adjuvanten Therapie des Mammakarzinoms
Authors: Bauerschlag D. , Schem C. , Maass N. , Jonat W.
Published: June 2005

Das Mammakarzinom ist vor allem bei postmenopausalen Frauen in der Mehrzahl hormonrezeptorpositiv. Die Bestimmung des Hormonstatus des Karzinoms gilt als der Prädiktor für das Ansprechen auf eine endokrine Therapie. Standard der bisherigen Therapie beim adjuvant zu behandelnden hormonrezeptorpositiven Mammakarzinom in der Postmenopause ist der selektive Östrogenrezeptormodulator Tamoxifen. Die Aromataseinhibitoren der 3. Generation waren bislang für die Therapie bei Metastasen zugelassen. Neuere Studienergebnisse weisen jedoch auf eine İberlegenheit dieser Substanzen für das krankheitsfreie İberleben bei günstigerem Nebenwirkungsprofil in der adjuvanten Therapie gegenüber dem bisherigen Standard hin. Damit eröffnet sich für die Aromatasehemmer ein neues Therapiefeld. Der Einsatz in der adjuvanten Therapie wird sich immer weiter ausdehnen, jedoch die Modalitäten – «up-front», «switch» oder erweiterte Therapie – sind Grundlage von aktuellen Studien.
Upregulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases following Nerve Injury Is Not Mediated by Mast Cell Activation
Authors: Zuo Yun-Xia , Tracey David J. , Geczy Carolyn
Published: June 2005

Objective: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to inflammatory and degenerative processes in injured nerves. Since mast cells release mediators which upregulate and activate MMPs, we tested the hypothesis that activation of mast cells is responsible for changes in the expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the injured peripheral nerve. Methods: The sciatic nerve was partially ligated in Wistar rats in which mast cells were stabilized with sodium cromoglycate. Expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured in the injured and contralateral nerve using gelatin zymography, and compared between mast cell-stabilized and control groups. Results: Expression and activity of MMP-9 were increased in both the injured and contralateral nerve, but activity of MMP2 was slightly reduced by nerve injury. However, stabilization of mast cells did not alter the changes in expression or activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 following nerve injury. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the contribution of MMP-9 upregulation to the inflammatory and degenerative changes that follow nerve injury is independent of mast cell activation.
Sexism vs. Superhuman Agency in the Theravada Buddhist Ritual System
Authors:   Jason Slone, Mort Joel
Published: June 2005

There are currently no fully ordained nuns in the Theravada Buddhist system. The doctrinal reason is because ordination ritual guidelines require the presence of senior nuns (of which, due to the dissolution of the nun orders, there are none) at a female's ordination. A more critical reason offered by feminists is that sexism (textual, traditional, and institutional) maintains the status quo. We argue that the Ritual Form Hypothesis of McCauley and Lawson (2002) best explains the continued lack of nun ordinations by making claims about cognitive constraints on ritual efficacy. Furthermore we predict that the institutional prevention of full nun ordinations will persist unless a new superhuman agent (i.e. a new Buddha) emerges with a new doctrine or unless Buddhists discover a different teaching that stipulates new conditions for ordination. Both are unlikely, however, given Theravada's theological conservatism.
Health locus of control and preventive behaviour among students of music
Authors: Spahn Claudia , Burger Thorsten , Hildebrandt Horst , Seidenglanz Karin
Published: June 2005

The present study investigated health locus of control, preventive behaviour and previous playing-related health problems of music students; 326 students of music (58% female, mean age 22 years) filled in the Locus of Control Inventory for Illness and Health (Lohaus and Schmitt, 1989) and the Epidemiological Questionnaire for Musicians (Spahn, 1998). It was shown that previous playing-related problems, being a string instrumentalist or a singer as well as high powerful others locus of control (LOC) and low external chance LOC, were predictive factors for the utilizing of preventive measures. It was not possible to confirm that a high internal LOC, in and of itself, furthers preventive behaviour. For prevention programmes at universities of music, it would seem important that previous health problems are actively ascertained at the commencement of the course of study, as they are an important point of departure for further, differentiated preventive counselling measures.
A Dynamic Neuro-Fuzzy Model Providing Bio-State Estimation and Prognosis Prediction for Wearable Intelligent Assistants
Authors: Wang Yu , Winters Jack M
Published: June 2005

Background

Intelligent management of wearable applications in rehabilitation requires an understanding of the current context, which is constantly changing over the rehabilitation process because of changes in the person's status and environment. This paper presents a dynamic recurrent neuro-fuzzy system that implements expert-and evidence-based reasoning. It is intended to provide context-awareness for wearable intelligent agents/assistants (WIAs).

Methods

The model structure includes the following types of signals: inputs, states, outputs and outcomes. Inputs are facts or events which have effects on patients' physiological and rehabilitative states; different classes of inputs (e.g., facts, context, medication, therapy) have different nonlinear mappings to a fuzzy "effect." States are dimensionless linguistic fuzzy variables that change based on causal rules, as implemented by a fuzzy inference system (FIS). The FIS, with rules based on expertise and evidence, essentially defines the nonlinear state equations that are implemented by nuclei of dynamic neurons. Outputs, a function of weighing of states and effective inputs using conventional or fuzzy mapping, can perform actions, predict performance, or assist with decision-making. Outcomes are scalars to be extremized that are a function of outputs and states.

Results

The first example demonstrates setup and use for a large-scale stroke neurorehabilitation application (with 16 inputs, 12 states, 5 outputs and 3 outcomes), showing how this modelling tool can successfully capture causal dynamic change in context-relevant states (e.g., impairments, pain) as a function of input event patterns (e.g., medications). The second example demonstrates use of scientific evidence to develop rule-based dynamic models, here for predicting changes in muscle strength with short-term fatigue and long-term strength-training.

Conclusion

A neuro-fuzzy modelling framework is developed for estimating rehabilitative change that can be applied in any field of rehabilitation if sufficient evidence and/or expert knowledge are available. It is intended to provide context-awareness of changing status through state estimation, which is critical information for WIA's to be effective.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Tamoxifen in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Barbare Jean-Claude , Bouché Olivier , Bonnetain Franck , Raoul Jean-Luc , Rougier Philippe , Abergel Armand , Boige Valérie , Denis Bernard , Blanchi Alain , Pariente Alexandre , Milan Chantal , Bedenne Laurent
Published: June 2005

Purpose

Randomized studies on tamoxifen treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) produced conflicting results. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of tamoxifen administration in improving overall survival of patients with advanced HCC.

Patients and Methods

A total of 420 patients with HCC who were not suitable for surgery or local treatment were randomly assigned between April 1995 and May 2000: 210 in the control group and 210 in the tamoxifen group (20 mg/d orally). Patients with WHO performance status greater than 2, belonging to Child-Pugh class C, or with serum creatinine greater than 130 μmol/L were not eligible.

Results

Tolerance was good and the main reported adverse effects were thrombophlebitis (three patients), nausea (two patients), and hot flushes (three patients). Outcome did not differ between the two treatment arms: estimated median survival was 4.8 and 4.0 months in the tamoxifen and in the control groups, respectively (P = .25). Univariate analysis showed significant association of survival with age, Okuda stage, WHO performance status, Child-Pugh class, intrahepatic tumor stage, alpha-fetoprotein serum concentration, and presence of extrahepatic spread, portal vein thrombosis, hepatomegaly, or hepatalgia. In a Cox proportional hazards model we found a significant beneficial effect of tamoxifen on survival in patients belonging to Okuda I or II stages.

Conclusion

In this large study, tamoxifen did not improve the survival of patients with advanced HCC, but there is a suggestion that patients without major hepatic insufficiency seem to have some survival benefit. New trials involving this specific population are warranted.
Proteolytic maturation and activation of autotaxin (NPP2), a secreted metastasis-enhancing lysophospholipase D
Authors: Jansen Silvia , Stefan Cristiana , Creemers John W. M. , Waelkens Etienne , Van Eynde Aleyde , Stalmans Willy , Bollen Mathieu
Published: June 2005

Autotaxin (NPP2) is an extracellular protein that is upregulated in various malignancies, including breast and lung cancer. It potently stimulates cell proliferation, cell motility and angiogenesis, which is accounted for by its intrinsic lysophospholipase-D activity that generates the lipid mediators lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate. Based on its structural similarities with the better characterized nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase NPP1, it has always been assumed that NPP2 is also synthesized as a type-II integral membrane protein and that extracellular NPP2 is generated from this membrane precursor. We show here, however, using domain swapping and mutagenesis experiments as well as N-terminal protein sequencing, that NPP2 is actually synthesized as a pre-pro-enzyme and that the proteolytically processed protein is secreted. Following the removal of a 27-residue signal peptide by the signal peptidase, NPP2 is subsequently cleaved by proprotein convertases (PCs). The removal of an N-terminal octapeptide by PCs is associated with an enhanced activity of NPP2 as a lysophospholipase D. These novel insights in the maturation of NPP2 have also implications for the development of NPP2 inhibitors as potential anti-cancer agents.
NMR spectroscopy of RNA duplexes containing pseudouridine in supercooled water
Authors: SCHROEDER KERSTEN T. , SKALICKY JACK J. , GREENBAUM NANCY L.
Published: June 2005

We have performed NMR experiments in supercooled water in order to decrease the temperature-dependent exchange of protons in RNA duplexes. NMR spectra of aqueous samples of RNA in bundles of narrow capillaries that were acquired at temperatures as low as −18°C reveal resonances of exchangeable protons not seen at higher temperatures. In particular, we detected the imino protons of terminal base pairs and the imino proton of a non-base-paired pseudouridine in a duplex representing the eukaryotic pre-mRNA branch site helix. Analysis of the temperature dependence of chemical shift changes (thermal coefficients) for imino protons corroborated hydrogen bonding patterns observed in the NMR-derived structural model of the branch site helix. The ability to observe non-base-paired imino protons of RNA is of significant value in structure determination of RNA motifs containing loop and bulge regions.
Vertebrate GLD2 poly(A) polymerases in the germline and the brain
Authors: ROUHANA LABIB , WANG LIAOTENG , BUTER NATASCHA , KWAK JAE EUN , SCHILTZ CRAIG A. , GONZALEZ TANIA , KELLEY ANN E. , LANDRY CHARLES F. , WICKENS MARVIN
Published: June 2005

Cytoplasmic polyadenylation is important in the control of mRNA stability and translation, and for early animal development and synaptic plasticity. Here, we focus on vertebrate poly(A) polymerases that are members of the recently described GLD2 family. We identify and characterize two closely related GLD2 proteins in Xenopus oocytes, and show that they possess PAP activity in vivo and in vitro and that they bind known polyadenylation factors and mRNAs known to receive poly(A) during development. We propose that at least two distinct polyadenylation complexes exist in Xenopus oocytes, one of which contains GLD2; the other, maskin and Pumilio. GLD2 protein interacts with the polyadenylation factor, CPEB, in a conserved manner. mRNAs that encode GLD2 in mammals are expressed in many tissues. In the brain, mouse, and human GLD2 mRNAs are abundant in anatomical regions necessary for long-term cognitive and emotional learning. In the hippocampus, mouse GLD2 mRNA colocalizes with CPEB1 and Pumilio1 mRNAs, both of which are likely involved in synaptic plasticity. We suggest that mammalian GLD2 poly(A) polymerases are important in synaptic translation, and in polyadenylation throughout the soma.
Intégration de la grammaire dans l'enseignement des langues secondes : Le cas des exercices grammaticaux
Authors: Jean Gladys
Published: June 2005

Résumé: Le présent article décrit une étude quasi-expérimentale qui visait à explorer le rôle d'un enseignement explicite de la grammaire dans l'apprentissage du français langue seconde, et plus précisément l'effet de différents types d'exercices grammaticaux. Pour ce faire, un groupe d'apprenants du secondaire du programme régulier a été exposé, dans le cadre d'une séquence d'enseignement à buts communicatifs, à des exercices où il devait comprendre le sens du message afin de pouvoir utiliser le conditionnel ; l'autre groupe a reçu des exercices de type mécanique où il devait manipuler la forme sans avoir à s'attarder au sens. Les habiletés des deux groupes à manipuler le conditionnel ont été comparées à l'aide, entre autres, d'un pré-test et d'un post-test. L'étude avait aussi comme but secondaire de vérifier, à l'aide d'un questionnaire, si les exercices combinant la forme et le sens portaient une charge cognitive plus importante que les exercices axés uniquement sur la forme. Abstract: This article describes a quasi-experimental study that explored the role of explicit grammar teaching in the learning of French by secondary-level students enrolled in regular second language classes. The study investigated whether the type of grammatical exercises used to practise a targeted grammatical feature had an influence on its acquisition. During the experimental treatment, one group of students used mechanical drills in the course of a communicative project-based teaching unit while an other group of students used exercises that forced them to engage with meaning while attending to the form. Both groups were tested on their use of the conditional in a pre-test and in a post-test. The study also attempted to discover, with the help of a questionnaire, whether form-meaning exercises were cognitively more demanding than form-only exercises.
The Canons of Hippolytus and Christian Concern with Illness, Health, and Healing
Authors: Barrett-Lennard R. J. S
Published: June 2005

In this article I examine the theme of illness, health, and healing in the fourth-century Egyptian text, the Canons of Hippolytus. The study seeks to discover what may be distinctive in the Canons as a later reworking of the text known as the Apostolic Tradition. I explore the theme in the Canons under the headings of: (1) the general ministry to the sick by all members of the local church community; (2) the ministry to the sick by those with a charismatic gift of healing; and (3) the ministry to the sick by the bishop and other church leaders. I go on to argue in the light of this analysis that there is a stronger degree of emphasis on this theme in the community that produced the Canons than in other Christian communities outside Egypt for which we have evidence. And I suggest that when this evidence is coupled with evidence from an analysis of the theme in the Egyptian Sacramentary of Sarapion (or Prayers of Sarapion), it may indicate a feature of Christian life that is distinctive to Egypt in terms of the level of interest in, and concern for, this theme in that part of the Christian world in the third and particularly the fourth century.
Sailing to Sophistopolis: Gregory of Nazianzus and Greek Declamation
Authors: Milovanovic Celica
Published: June 2005

Declamation, as a fictitious speech on a popular stock theme, was developed in the schools of rhetoric as a means of practicing the rules of forensic oratory, the so-called staseis. A subset of those stock themes was concerned with school life in general, and the teacher-student animosity in particular. Gregory of Nazianzus might have used the school-related themes as inspiration for some of his own speeches, e.g., Orations 3, 33, 36, etc. Given the fact that a declamation was supposed to demonstrate a good knowledge of the various techniques of argument, but was not expected to be based on real events, one should exercise caution in reading and interpreting Gregory's speeches as historical sources. Also, the place of their delivery (lecture hall perhaps), as well as the occasion (feast days of saints and martyrs, i.e., the panēgureis), give further indication that the speeches in question were not sermons/homilies strictly speaking, but rather educational show pieces sui generis.
The Pious Household and the Virgin Chorus: Reflections on Gregory of Nyssa's Life of Macrina
Authors: Rousseau Philip
Published: June 2005

This article suggests that Macrina presided over an ascetic community more domestic than institutional. After exploring the distinction between a personal view (in this case Gregory's) and objective reportage, the author analyses, first, vocabulary that refers most to family and household; and, second, vocabulary that might anticipate later institutional developments. The first set at once enfolds and modifies the second. The conclusion is that Macrina was, throughout her life, a thoroughly domestic figure and that the community described in the Life is best thought of as an extended family. The setting of the successive anecdotes and the long description of Macrina's death and funeral are compatible with—indeed, supportive of—that "pre-institutional" portrayal.
Meaning in Dickinson's Manuscripts: Intending the Unintentional
Authors: Bushell Sally
Published: June 2005

Situating itself within current debates over the location and valuing of meaning in Dickinson's poetry, in the manuscripts or in edited texts, this essay argues that both positions depend upon unverifiable authorial intentions. Instead, it explores Dickinson's poetry through the idea of "unintended" meaning (external to the poet) which is understood to be an essential part of the creative process for all writers, often present in early manuscript material. The essay then reads a number of poems in the context of their material existence to explore visual and spatialelements of unintentional meaning which they contain.
Trying to Think with Emily Dickinson
Authors: Deppman Jed
Published: June 2005

Emily Dickinson had a sharp mind, but what did she think of thinking? This essay uses letters and poems to examine the many important roles that thought played in her life and poetry. Part one portrays Dickinson as a Lockean-Kantian postmodern artist who used poetry to test and expand her mind's limits. Part two introduces a lyrical subgenre unique to Dickinson: the "try-to-think" poem. Part three, a close reading of "I tried to think a lonelier Thing," reveals key elements of a typically difficult Dickinsonian project: thinking extreme emotion.
Dickinson's Epistolary "Naturalness"
Authors: Esdale Logan
Published: June 2005

Historically, as letter writers have known, not writing for publication allows for a "natural" or unfinished writing style. Even early on, Dickinson understood epistolary conventions and tested them in her letters and, atypically, in her poems as well; in doing so, she asserted to the recipients of her "published" poems that she was unequivocally their author. This essay regards Dickinson as a participant in her culture—she shared, for instance, its fascination with private lives becoming public. Though wary of public attention herself, she knew the popularity of "authentic" things, and cultivated a "natural" writing style that her 1890s editors would exploit in their marketing of her work.
How Anthologists Made Dickinson a Tolerable American Woman Writer
Authors: Gailey Amanda
Published: June 2005

This essay examines how anthologies published before 1955 distorted Dickinson's biography to help shape an ideologically acceptable picture of feminine creativity. This version of the woman poet involved several features: childlikeness, domesticity, intense imagination, and an otherworldliness kept safe within her own head or the walls of her home. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, anthologies of different critical leanings and audiences continually rearticulated such a picture of Dickinson, which likely helped secure her place in the canon.
Late Bloomer: The Gentian as Sign or Symbol in the Work of Dickinson and Her Contemporaries
Authors: Petrino Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2005

This essay discusses the tendency among scientists and poets of Dickinson's era to see nature as an emblem of spiritual life and clarifies, by contrast, the poet's departure from the botanical tradition. During the poet's years at Amherst Academy and Mount Holyoke, she imbibed a religious worldview and attitudes toward proper social behavior for the sexes. In response, Dickinson adopts the gentian, a late-blooming flower, to comment on the writings of William Cullen Bryant and John Greenleaf Whittier, and she transforms the gentian in her poems from a parody of spiritual ascent to a metaphor for her poetic career.
The Many Guises of Xiaoluan: The Legacy of a Girl Poet in Late Imperial China
Authors: Gerritsen Anne
Published: June 2005

Recent scholarship on women and gender has illustrated the prominent role played by women in the late-imperial Chinese literary establishment. Women wrote poetry, and often their ventures were dependent on the support of men who appreciated their poetic talents. This article discusses the ways in which the work of one woman poet (Ye Xiaoluan, 1616-1632) was transmitted. It argues that Xiaoluan's legacy was largely shaped by the ideals and desires of male literati. The process of recreating Xiaoluan's image to fit with constantly changing needs and desires, reminiscent of the continual recreation of the Greek poet Sappho, should form an important element of our understanding of Xiaoluan. The various guises of Xiaoluan suggest that her poetry was rarely central to her reception. Given the focus of much current scholarship on Chinese "woman writers," this article argues for broader awareness of the changing contexts in which their legacies came into being.
Letter Writing and the Emergence of Gendered Subjectivity in Eighteenth-Century France
Authors: Goodman Dena
Published: June 2005

This article takes up the story of the female subject abandoned by Habermas in a less than hospitable public sphere. Through an analysis of letters written by Geneviève Randon de Malboissière (1746-1766) and Marie-Jeanne (Manon) Phlipon (1754-1793), it reintroduces privateness into our discussion of what it means to become a modern female subject, while introducing notions of subjectivity, practice, and construction into our understanding of the relationship of women to the public sphere. I argue that letter-writing women became conscious of themselves as modern, gendered subjects in the gap between a common experience of privateness and the differential positions defined by gender in the public sphere.
A Tragic Romance, A Nationalist Symbol: The Case of the Murdered White Lover in Colonial Nigeria
Authors: Lindsay Lisa A
Published: June 2005

This article describes the trial, press coverage, and eventual pardon of Esther Johnson, a young Nigerian who murdered her lover, a British railroad employee, in 1953. These events offer insights into the social history of mid-twentieth-century southern Nigeria as well as the relationship between sexuality and colonialism. While scholars have highlighted the threats that mixed-race sexual unions represented to colonial establishments, they have paid less attention to local interpretations of such relationships, particularly in contexts with few European settlers and waning colonial power. Although British administrators and, later, independence-era politicians viewed this case in terms of race and nationalism, newspapers depicted Johnson simply as an attractive young woman wronged by her boyfriend. In fact, the press coverage of the case—with its emphasis on tragic romance, glamorous characters, and moral lessons to be pondered—reads very much like the local, popular literature of the era. While Esther Johnson did come to symbolize Nigerian nationalism, her saga also resonated with the reading public's preoccupations about love and romance. Colonial boundaries may have been at stake, but the meanings that administrators and politicians attached to the case were not necessarily the same as those of participants or Nigerian observers.
Sports, Song, and Socialization: Women's Memories of Youthful Activity and Political Indoctrination in the bdm
Authors: Mouton Michelle
Published: June 2005

In 1933 the National Socialists launched a "Revolution of Youth," calling on every "racially pure" German girl to lead an active political life within the League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Mädel, or BDM). Girls joined the BDM for a sense of belonging and independence. But for most adolescent girls, participation faded as they shied away from the Nazis' pronatalist agenda. That most German women remember the BDM fondly reflects the reality of a group whose appeal lay in its youthful offerings. For those who truly embraced the BDM, however, the fall of the Nazi regime left an indigestible and sullied childhood.
Diplomatic Wives: The Politics of Domesticity and the "Social Game" in the U.S. Foreign Service, 1905-1941
Authors: Wood Molly M
Published: June 2005

In the first half of the twentieth century, U.S. Foreign Service officers and State Department officials understood that marriage generally enhanced an officer's career and served American foreign policy needs. At the same time, many American Foreign Service wives also spoke explicitly about their "careers" in the Foreign Service, understanding that their work as wives, mothers, hostesses, homemakers, and role models gave them considerable influence as informal representatives of the U.S. government. By looking specifically at the domestic presence of American Foreign Service wives overseas we can see the ways in which gender helped to define the conduct of American diplomacy at a time when the United States's interests were expanding rapidly around the globe. By managing an American officer's home, family, and social responsibilities, the wife played a crucial role in presenting, and representing, the United States to the rest of the world.
The Challenge of Multinational Empire for the International Women's Movement: The Habsburg Monarchy and the Development of Feminist Inter/National Politics
Authors: Zimmermann Susan
Published: June 2005

This article analyzes strategies of transnational organizing as developed in the international women's movement prior to 1918, comparing the International Council of Women (ICW) and the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). These organizations developed divergent schemes of dealing with political entities that did not conform to the western notion of the nation state, and with women's movements from these regions. In this context, neither the ICW nor the IWSA overtly challenged constitutional arrangements characterizing the pre-existing, deeply hierarchical international order. Yet in collaborating with organized women from the multinational Habsburg Monarchy, as well as from other dominated nations and regions in European and non-European contexts, the IWSA developed a cautious partisanship for national emancipation and self-determination. The study analyses how ICW and IWSA engaged in constructing the feminist inter/national through a complex set of policies relating women's international representation to state, nation, citizenship, and territory.
The Paradox of Sign Language Morphology
Authors: Aronoff Mark , Meir Irit , Sandler Wendy
Published: June 2005

Sign languages have two strikingly different kinds of morphological structure: sequential and
simultaneous. The simultaneous morphology of two unrelated sign languages, American and
Israeli Sign Language, is very similar and is largely inflectional, while what little sequential
morphology we have found differs significantly and is derivational. We show that at least two
pervasive types of inflectional morphology, verb agreement and classifier constructions, are iconically
grounded in spatiotemporal cognition, while the sequential patterns can be traced to normal
historical development. We attribute the paucity of sequential morphology in sign languages to
their youth. This research both brings sign languages much closer to spoken languages in their
morphological structure and shows how the medium of communication contributes to the structure
of languages.
Learning Animacy Hierarchy Effects in Sesotho Double Object Applicatives
Authors: Demuth Katherine , Machobane Malillo , Moloi Francina , Odato Christopher
Published: June 2005

Researchers have long debated the means by which children learn the argument structure of
verbs. Making syntactic generalizations often entails learning the semantics of different verbs,
complicating and delaying the acquisition process. This study investigates four- to twelve-yearolds'
and adults' knowledge of animacy hierarchy restrictions on postverbal word order in Sesotho
double object applicatives, constructions where verb semantics is kept constant. Performance on
forced-choice elicited production tasks showed that four-year-olds have early knowledge of the
animacy hierarchy restrictions, providing evidence of syntactic generalization even on low-frequency
constructions. Although there were no verb frequency effects, performance was also better
on the highest-frequency animacy constructions. The results suggest that learning restrictions on
verb-argument structure is facilitated when verb semantics is not a confound, but that construction
frequency also plays a role in mastering the argument structure of verbs.
Scale Structure, Degree Modification, and the Semantics of Gradable Predicates
Authors: Kennedy Christopher , McNally Louise
Published: June 2005

In this article we develop a semantic typology of gradable predicates, with special emphasis
on deverbal adjectives. We argue for the linguistic relevance of this typology by demonstrating
that the distribution and interpretation of degree modifiers is sensitive to its twomajor classificatory
parameters: (1) whether a gradable predicate is associated with what we call an open or closed
scale, and (2) whether the standard of comparison for the applicability of the predicate is absolute
or relative to a context. We further showthat the classification of an important subclass of
adjectives within the typology is largely predictable. Specifically, the scale structure of a deverbal
gradable adjective correlates either with the algebraic part structure of the event denoted by its
source verb or with the part structure of the entities to which the adjective applies. These correlations
underscore the fact that gradability is characteristic not only of adjectives but also of verbs
and nouns, and that scalar properties are shared by categorially distinct but derivationally related
expressions.
Perfect Phylogenetic Networks: A New Methodology for Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Natural Languages
Authors: Nakhleh Luay , Ringe Donald A. , Warnow Tandy
Published: June 2005

In this article we extend the model of language evolution exemplified in Ringe et al. 2002,
which recovers phylogenetic trees optimized according to a criterion of weighted maximum compatibility,
to include cases in which languages remain in contact and trade linguistic material as
they evolve. We describe our analysis of an Indo-European (IE) dataset (originally assembled by
Ringe and Taylor) based on this new model. Our study shows that this new model fits the IE
family well and suggests that the early evolution of IE involved only limited contact between
distinct lineages. Furthermore, the candidate histories we obtain appear to be consistent with
archaeological findings, which suggests that this method may be of practical use. The case at
hand provides no opportunity to explore the problem of conflict between network optimization
criteria; that problem must be left to future research.
Neoliberal Ideology in Community College Mission Statements: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Ayers David Franklin
Published: June 2005

This critical discourse analysis focuses on neoliberal discursive representations of the community college mission. The community college's role in reproducing social inequality is explained as a neoliberal discursive project in which meanings of education are reconstituted to secure the interests of the powerful. As such, the community college mission becomes defined in economic instead of democratic terms. The author calls for a counter-hegemonic discourse that represents the community college as an opportunity for emancipation.
The Making of an Activist Governing Board
Authors: Bastedo Michael N
Published: June 2005

Although numerous theories have been proffered, to date activist boards are an empirically unexamined force in public higher education governance. Using the concept of institutional entrepreneurship, this case study examines the reciprocal role that board members and staff played in the organizational development of board activism. In the case of Massachusetts, policy makers were able to successfully negotiate the higher education institutions that mediate policy through the use of political skills, leadership, and political power. The implications for our understanding of board activism and radical change in public higher education governance are discussed.
Predicting College Success with High School Grades and Test Scores: Limitations for Minority Students
Authors: Hoffman John L , Lowitzki Katie E
Published: June 2005

Using a sample of 522 students at a Lutheran university in the Southwestern United States, researchers examined differences in the predictive strength of high school grades and standardized test scores for student involvement, academic achievement, retention, and satisfaction. Findings indicate that high school grades are stronger predictors of success than standardized test scores for both racial and religious minority students. The authors also discuss implications for affirmative action practice and the use of standardized test scores in comprehensive review admissions decisions.