bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined Genetic Deletion of IL (Interleukin)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 Does Not Affect Ischemic Brain Injury in Mice
Authors: Perego Carlo , Fumagalli Stefano , Miteva Kapka , Kallikourdis Marinos , De Simoni Maria-Grazia
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose—

After ischemic injury, microglia and infiltrated macrophages may acquire different polarization phenotypes promoting inflammation and injury (M1) or repair and protection (M2). There is evidence that immunomodulation, via type 2 helper T-cells (Th2) cytokines, exerts neuroprotection after ischemia. We investigated the consequences of simultaneous genetic deletion of Th2 cytokines (IL [interleukin]-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13) on the histopathologic outcome, microglia and infiltrated macrophages markers, and ischemic microenvironment at different time points after ischemic injury in mice subjected to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.

Methods—

Wild-type and Th2 cytokine-deficient mice (4KO) were subjected to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery by electrocoagulation and followed up to 5 weeks after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Neuropathologic outcome was assessed at 24 hours (n=6), 7 days (n=6), and 5 weeks (n=6–7) by examination of the ischemic lesion, neuronal count, microglia and infiltrated macrophages markers, brain atrophy, collagen deposition, and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) immunohistochemistry. Selected gene expression was investigated at 7 days (n=6).

Results—

4KO mice showed no difference in lesion and neuronal count 7 days and up to 5 weeks after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery compared with wild type. Ischemic 4KO mice had lower CD16/32 expression at 24 hours, lower CD11b and CD16/32 expression at 7 days than wild type. They had higher CD206 expression at 24 hours, higher CD206 and arginase1 at 7 days, and increased mRNA for CXCL9 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 9) compared with wild type. Additional histopathologic analysis, including brain atrophy, gliotic scar, and collagenous scar confirmed no difference between genotypes at 5 weeks.

Conclusions—

This study casts light on the proposed neuroprotective function of Th2 cytokines, showing that combined IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 deletion does not affect the neuropathologic response to ischemic stroke in the subacute and chronic phases. Our findings indicate that Th2 cytokines are not an essential neuroimmunological cue able to drive the brain’s ischemic outcome.
The Contralateral Delay Activity Tracks the Sequential Loading of Objects into Visual Working Memory, Unlike Lateralized Alpha Oscillations
Authors: Wang Sisi , Rajsic Jason , Woodman Geoffrey F.
Published: July 2019

Visual working memory temporarily represents a continuous stream of task-relevant objects as we move through our environment performing tasks. Previous work has identified candidate neural mechanisms of visual working memory storage; however, we do not know which of these mechanisms enable the storage of objects as we sequentially encounter them in our environment. Here, we measured the contralateral delay activity (CDA) and lateralized alpha oscillations as human subjects were shown a series of objects that they needed to remember. The amplitude of CDA increased following the presentation of each to-be-remembered object, reaching asymptote at about three to four objects. In contrast, the concurrently measured lateralized alpha power remained constant with each additional object. Our results suggest that the CDA indexes the storage of objects in visual working memory, whereas lateralized alpha suppression indexes the focusing of attention on the to-be-remembered objects.
The Origin of Korean Church Architecture
Authors: So John
Published: July 2019

This article examines the characteristics of Korean church architecture from the perspective of the hanok (the traditional Korean house). Previously, Western commentators criticized Korean church architecture as not reflecting a theological ideology and lacking a consistent architectural style. However, examining Korean church architecture through the lens of Western church architecture does not allow for the adequate appreciation or understanding of this form. This study, therefore, considers the development of Korean churches through an examination of the hanok, including floor plans, the concept of spatial expansion, and attitudes toward daylight. In addition, gender-based seating arrangements, the horizontal extension of space, and windows that admit horizontal daylight also reflect common aspects of the hanok. Beyond showing how a distinctly Korean church architecture developed over time, these characteristics also demonstrate the central role of women and the congregation in Korean churches, in contrast to the clergy-centric design of Western churches.
Entrenchment Clauses in the History of Modern Constitutionalism
Authors: Hein Michael
Published: July 2019

This article examines the origins, differentiation, and migration of constitutional entrenchment clauses from the beginning of modern constitutionalism until today. It is based on a broad understanding of ‘entrenchment clauses,’ covering all constitutional provisions that make amendments either to certain parts of a constitution or under certain circumstances more difficult to achieve than ‘normal’ amendments or even impossible, i.e., legally inadmissible. In particular, the article answers three questions: (1) When, and in which contexts, did the different types of constitutional entrenchment clauses emerge? (2) How have these types spread globally? (3) Which constitutional subjects do such clauses protect, and thus, which main functions do they aim to fulfill? The article is based on the new and unique Constitutional Entrenchment Clauses Dataset (CECD), which comprises 860 written national constitutions worldwide from 1776 until the end of 2015.
The Gloss to the Saunteen Kesta (Seventeen Statutes) of the Frisian Land Law
Authors: Hallebeek Jan
Published: July 2019

The Seventeen Statutes is one of the oldest classical texts of Old Frisian Law. In its late fifteenth century edition, as part of the Frisian Land Law, it was provided with Latin glosses. Analysis of these glosses, which were scarcely investigated until now, enables us to pronounce with more certainty upon the date of both the Frisian Land Law, as a compilation, and its Gloss. Moreover, the glosses to the Seventeen Statutes reflect a considerable increase of ecclesiastical competence, point to certain principles of Romano-canonical procedure and use Roman law texts when applying provisions of indigenous law. This all may indicate a stronger presence of learned law in late medieval Friesland than previously assumed.
A new genus and two new species of saccamminid foraminiferans (Protista, Rhizaria) from the deep Southern Ocean
Authors: CEDHAGEN TOMAS , GOODAY ANDREW J. , PAWLOWSKI JAN
Published: July 2019

We describe two new species of spherical single-chambered ('saccamminid') foraminifera from the bathyal and abyssal Weddell Sea (Southern Ocean), collected in epibenthic sledge and Agassiz trawl samples obtained during the 2005 ANDEEP III campaign. Both are assigned to Leptammina gen. nov. The new genus is similar in overall test morphology to Saccammina Carpenter, 1869; it is distinguished mainly by its test wall, which is delicate, flexible and composed of fine mineral grains, rather than being rigid and coarsely agglutinated. In Leptammina grisea gen. et sp. nov., the test wall is relatively thick, grayish with a violet tinge and a dull surface; the cytoplasm is dark greenish. In Leptammina flavofusca gen. et sp. nov., the test is yellowish brown, with a very finely, almost transluscent agglutinated wall; the cytoplasm is pale yellowish. Both species have prominent circular apertures. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of SSU rRNA gene data showed that both species group together with an undescribed shallow-water Antarctic species (“silver saccamminid”) in a very strongly supported clade (100 %). Leptammina grisea gen. et sp. nov. is a relatively uncommon species (29 specimens from 3 stations), found at 1580–4822 m depth in the central and north–western Weddell Sea; Leptammina flavofusca gen. et sp. nov. is common (398 specimens from 4 stations) at depths of 3138–4795 m in the central Weddell Sea and off Kapp Norvegia. Both species are presently known only from ANDEEP III samples.
Phylogenetic systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni
Authors: GUAYASAMIN JUAN M. , CASTROVIEJO-FISHER SANTIAGO , TRUEB LINDA , AYARZAGÜENA JOSÉ , RADA MARCO , VILÀ CARLES
Published: July 2019

Based on a molecular phylogeny, a new phylogenetic taxonomy that is compatible with both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and the PhyloCode is proposed for Glassfrogs and their sister taxon, Allophryne ruthveni. The arrangement presented herein emphasizes the recognition of clades having (i) significant statistical support and congruence among phylogenetic estimation methods (i.e., parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference criteria), (ii) congruence among genetic markers, and (iii) morphological and/or behavioral distinctiveness. Also, when previously recognized groups are recovered as monophyletic or nearly monophyletic, we propose taxa that minimize the number of name changes required to make these groups monophyletic, preserving the names and contents of previous classifications (i.e., nomenclatural stability). The evolutionary proximity of Centrolenidae and Allophrynidae is recognized by combining these families into an unraked taxon, Allocentroleniae—a proposal that maintains the traditional names and species contents of Centrolenidae and Allophrynidae. We arrange centrolenid diversity in two subfamilies: Centroleninae and Hyalinobatrachinae. Within Centroleninae, the diagnosis and species content of the genera Centrolene, Cochranella, and Nymphargus are modified; Teratohyla is resurrected and modified, and Chimerella, Espadarana, Rulyrana, Sachatamia, and Vitreorana are proposed as new genera. The other subfamily, Hyalinobatrachinae, contains the new genus Celsiella and a modified Hyalinobatrachium that fully corresponds to the former fleischmanni Group. Additionally, the genus Ikakogi is described. Ikakogi could not be assigned with confidence to either subfamily and it is placed as incertae sedis in Centrolenidae. The data at hand suggest that Ikakogi tayrona is a lineage as old as the subfamilies Hyalinobatrachinae and Centroleninae. The revised taxonomy differs markedly from previous arrangements, which were based on phenetics and few morphological characters. Most of the genera defined herein are confined to distinct biogeographic regions, highlighting the importance of geography in the speciation of Glassfrogs. The principal limitation of this proposal is that it is based on an incomplete sampling of taxa (54% of the recognized Glassfrogs). Although diagnoses are based on phenotypic traits, there are several cases (16% of all species) in which the allocation of species is ambiguous because of morphological homoplasy and the lack of molecular data. Finally, in an attempt to facilitate species identification, comparison, and generic placement, we provide photographs for most (~ 96%) of the recognized centrolenid species.
Eriophyoid mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea) of Latvia: an annotated checklist
Authors: STALAŽS ARTURS , TURKA INĀRA
Published: July 2019

A bibliographical checklist of eriophyoid mites reported from Latvia is compiled. To date, 67 eriophyoid mite species associated with more than 29 plant genera have been recorded from Latvia. Many eriophyoid mite species previously reported in the literature were based on damage symptoms only rather than mite morphology. Some species records did not involve collecting and identifying actual specimens. To date, the majority of eriophyoid species documented from Latvia are associated with ornamental and wild woody plants with low commercial significance. Only damage caused by several Cecidophyopsis species, the pests of blackcurrants and redcurrants, is considered to be of economic significance, although in recent years Aculus fockeui (Nalepa & Trouessart) has become a problem in plum orchards. Eriophyoid mites inhabiting herbaceous plants in Latvia have been poorly studied as only five species have been described. The present study shows that major revision is necessary for many of the eriophyoid mite species previously recorded.
The genus Passaloecus Shuckard (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) from China with four new species and two new records
Authors: BASHIR NAWAZ HAIDER , DU SHI-JIE , YUE DAN , LI QIANG , MA LI
Published: July 2019

Four new species of genus Passaloecus Shuckard, (Crabronidae: Pemphredoninae: Pemphredonini) from China are described, namely P. bisulcatus Bashir & Ma, sp. nov., P. profundesulcatus Bashir & Ma, sp. nov., P. tuberangustus Bashir & Ma, sp. nov., and P. tuberculiformis Bashir & Ma, sp. nov. In addition, eight Palearctic species are reported, of which P. turanicus Gussakovskij and P. turionum Dahlbom are first records for China. A key to the species of Passaloecus from China is provided.
A new species of the ant-parasitizing genus Pseudacteon Coquillett (Diptera, Phoridae) from China
Authors: ZHANG JIAO , LIU GUANG-CHUN
Published: July 2019

A new scuttle fly of the genus Pseudacteon Coquillett, P. trapeziformis, from Mt. Changbai, northeat China is described and illustrated. The new species is distinguished from others of the genus mainly by shorter palp bristles and trapezoid sternite VI. A key to known Pseudacteon species of China is presented.
Redescription of Ololaelaps tasmanicus (Womersley, 1956) and description of a new species of Ololaelaps Berlese (Acari: Laelapidae) from Iran
Authors: BABAEIAN ESMAEIL , GHOBARI HAMED , SAMANI KYUMARS MOHAMMADI
Published: July 2019

Ololaelaps tasmanicus (Womersley, 1956) is redescribed from the holotype female and two additional female specimens from Australia. Ololaelaps elongatus Babaeian sp. nov. is described and illustrated from specimens from soil in Western Iran. The new species can be distinguished from the other congeners by four diagnostic morphological character states: (1) dorsal shield setae moderately long; (2) sternal shield elongate, almost reaching to level of mid-coxa IV, and fused with endopodals III–IV posterolaterally; (3) peritrematal shield posteriorly fused to exopodal shields IV, and free from genitiventrianal shield; (4) genitiventrianal shield with four pairs of pre-anal setae, Zv2 and Jv3 off shield. Additional notes on the holotype of Ololaelaps obovata (Womersley, 1960) and a key to the identification of species of Ololaelaps occurring in Iran are also presented. O. paratasmanicus Ryke, 1962 is considered as junior synonym of O. tasmanicus.
Revision of the Oriental subgenus Patrisaspilota Fischer, 1995 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae: Orthostigma Ratzeburg, 1844) with description of a new species from Papua New Guinea
Authors: PERIS-FELIPO FRANCISCO JAVIER , STIGENBERG JULIA , QUICKE DONALD L.J. , BELOKOBYLSKIJ SERGEY A.
Published: July 2019

A revision of all Oriental species of subgenus Patrisaspilota Fischer, 1995 of the genus Orthostigma Ratzeburg, 1844 is provided and a new species from Papua New Guinea, Orthostigma (Patrisaspilota) enduwaense sp. nov., is described and illustrated. The species name Patrisaspilota memorandum Fischer, 1995 is synonymized with Orthostigma multicarinatum Tobias, 1990. A comprehensive key to the World Patrisaspilota species is presented and all known species are re-described and illustrated.
Application of Classical Coastal Trapped Wave Theory to High-Scattering Regions
Authors: Brunner Kelsey , Rivas David , Lwiza Kamazima M. M.
Published: July 2019

Since the 1970s, analytical models of coastal trapped waves (CTWs) have been developed using a first-order wave equation in the long-wave limit. Formulations of this kind require assumptions of a straight coastline with similar shelf bathymetry. These assumptions prevent the models from capturing the scattering and backscattering behavior of propagating CTWs that encounter changing coastlines, bathymetry, or shelf width. CTW modes from two different analytical models, one of which includes friction and stratification, are compared with CTW observations of velocity and pressure from a study region near the Outer Banks off the North Carolina coast in the United States. The coastline in the study region is relatively straight locally but is bounded by an estuary to the north and shelf narrowing to the south, both of which induce scattering. The models suggest that the CTWs in this region are insensitive to changes in stratification, implying that observed seasonal differences in wave magnitude are due to seasonal wind forcing. Furthermore, friction is found to be important, particularly for mode-1 propagation, but higher-order modes are prevalent despite the importance of friction. There is very poor agreement between the observed and modeled free and forced CTWs because of scattering. This lack of agreement indicates that this is not a globally applicable theoretical formulation because many global coastlines violate the basic assumptions.
Age Matters: Stopping Out, Going Back, and Criminal Desistance Based on Timing of Educational Return
Authors: Abeling-Judge David
Published: July 2019

Education can reduce criminal behavior through preventive influences and later desistance. However, the desistance effect may be hindered by the age at which one returns to formal education. This study explores this point by examining drop out and stop out offenders in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Specifically, this study creates separate subgroups of respondents who reported recommitting to educational pursuits before and after age 18. Results indicate that recommitting to education, and specific degree attainment, differ in their impact on future crime depending on when an offender reenrolls in formal education. This study expands the importance of studying the timing of social events within lives and suggests targeting policy interventions in adolescence.
Effects of Self-Esteem Threat on Physical Attractiveness Stereotypes
Authors: Westfall R. Shane , Millar Murray , Walsh Mandy
Published: July 2019

Certainly one of the first things that we notice when meeting someone new is how physically attractive that they are. Although the vast majority of studies in the literature suggest favoritism for physically attractive humans, some research indicates that negative biases may occur as well. This discrepancy in the literature may simply indicate the failure of differing experimental methods to adequately tap the same construct; however, it is also a likely indicator of moderating factors at work. This study employs an episodic memory task to demonstrate the moderating effects of self-esteem threat on physical attractiveness attributions. Furthermore, results indicate that attractiveness-based stereotypes are susceptible to fluctuations in self-esteem, such that individuals experiencing a threat to self-esteem become more reliant on stereotyping.
Embodying the Police: The Effects of Enclothed Cognition on Shooting Decisions
Authors: Mendoza Saaid A. , Parks-Stamm Elizabeth J.
Published: July 2019

The theory of enclothed cognition proposes that wearing physical articles of clothing can trigger psychological processes and behavioral tendencies connected to their symbolic meaning. Furthermore, past research has found that increases in power are associated with greater approach orientation and action tendencies. In this study, we integrate these two literatures to examine how embodying the role of a police officer through wearing a uniform would affect responses on a reaction-time measure known as the Shooter Task. This first-person video game simulation requires participants to shoot or not shoot targets holding guns or objects. The task typically elicits a stereotypical pattern of responses, such that unarmed Black versus White targets are more likely to be mistakenly shot and armed Black versus White targets are more likely to be correctly shot. Based on the relationship between power and action, we hypothesized that participants who were randomly assigned to wear a police uniform would show more shooting errors, particularly false alarms, than control participants. Consistent with our hypotheses, participants in uniform were more likely to shoot unarmed targets, regardless of their race. Moreover, this pattern was partially moderated by attitudes about the police and their abuse of power. Specifically, uniformed participants who justified police use of power were more likely to shoot innocent targets than those who were wary of it. We discuss implications for police perceptions and the theory of enclothed cognition more broadly.
Book review: Narasimhan Srinivasan and Girija Srinivasan, State of India’s Livelihood Report 2017
Authors: Bhattacharya Niloshree
Published: July 2019

Narasimhan Srinivasan and Girija Srinivasan, State of India’s Livelihood Report 2017. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2018, 198 pp., ₹1945 (Paperback). ISBN: 978-93-528-0580-8.
Caring for human trafficking victims: A description and rationale for the Medical Safe Haven model in family medicine residency clinics
Authors: Chambers Ronald
Published: July 2019

Human trafficking is a growing public health issue. As we understand more about the prevalence of persons experiencing trafficking accessing clinical services and their unique healthcare needs, we recognize the need for programs dedicated to creating a safe environment to ensure victims and survivors have equitable, sustainable access to the physical, mental, and psychosocial care they require. Healthcare providers are often a first line of care for persons experiencing trafficking and represent a significant opportunity to positively impact outcomes in terms of health, overall quality of life, and reintegration into society. Here we discuss how persons experiencing trafficking present in the clinic, including survivors’ reported experiences with healthcare providers, how to identify victims, and why it is important to do so appropriately in a trauma-informed manner. We then describe key characteristics of a “Medical Safe Haven” clinic, an umbrella term used to describe clinics providing longitudinal care for patients who have been trafficked using validated victim-centered trauma-informed care techniques and incorporating survivor-informed practices. Medical Safe Haven clinics coordinate care with local community agencies, provide training for healthcare providers, and ensure longitudinal, comprehensive care by mitigating barriers to access, reducing risk of re-traumatization, and preventing failure of victim rehabilitation. We conclude with recommendations for next steps in evaluation and dissemination of this model of care.
Teaching curiosity in public affairs programs
Authors: Hatcher William
Published: July 2019

Through practicing curiosity by asking questions in the hopes of seeking answers, public administrators may practice empathy, build knowledge about how the world works, and in doing so, dispel ignorance in public agencies. By valuing curiosity, or dispelling ignorance about how the world works, public administrators may help create bureaucracies that are effective, democratic, and trustworthy. Thus, curiosity is a concept that can help public administrators improve the delivery of public services and better serve their communities. However, public affairs curriculum rarely addresses the topic. This article discusses the importance of curiosity in public administration, examines how public affairs programs can teach the concept, and concludes with advice on incorporating the exercises teaching curiosity in the public administration classroom.
Expression of Sp100 Protein in Human Papillomavirus-Associated Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma
Authors: Wang Fei , Zhang Jingru , Wang Hongming , Li Wei
Published: July 2019

Objective:

Sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) is a benign tumor characterized by an aggressive growth, a tendency to recur, and an association with malignancy. However, the precise etiology of SNIP is still unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the expression pattern of speckled protein 100 (Sp100) in the malignant transformation (MT) of SNIP and its correlation with human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and HPV-18 infections and other clinical features. This would further help in understanding the possible mechanisms for the development of SNIP.

Methods:

Individual nasal mucosa specimens from 40 patients (25 males and 15 females) and 10 inferior turbinate specimens as controls were included in the present study. The samples were divided into several sections for histopathological examination, HPV DNA detection, and immunohistochemical staining.

Results:

We observed that as SNIP progressed, the Sp100 protein expression was gradually downregulated, and SP100 localization changed from nucleus to the cytoplasm. Positive rate of HPV infection in the SNIP with MT group was higher than that in the other groups, and Sp100 expression was correlated to HPV infections and SNIP with MT. However, no correlation was observed between Sp100 expression and clinical features, such as age, gender, and smoking.

Conclusion:

Positive rate of HPV infection is high in the SNIP with MT and has a correlation with Sp100 expression. In addition, the expression of Sp100 is downregulated in SNIP with MT, and Sp100 may play a role in the progression of SNIP.
Examining the Impact of Differential Item Functioning on Classification Accuracy in Cognitive Diagnostic Models
Authors: Paulsen Justin , Svetina Dubravka , Feng Yanan , Valdivia Montserrat
Published: July 2019

Cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) are of growing interest in educational research because of the models’ ability to provide diagnostic information regarding examinees’ strengths and weaknesses suited to a variety of content areas. An important step to ensure appropriate uses and interpretations from CDMs is to understand the impact of differential item functioning (DIF). While methods of detecting DIF in CDMs have been identified, there is a limited understanding of the extent to which DIF affects classification accuracy. This simulation study provides a reference to practitioners to understand how different magnitudes and types of DIF interact with CDM item types and group distributions and sample sizes to influence attribute- and profile-level classification accuracy. The results suggest that attribute-level classification accuracy is robust to DIF of large magnitudes in most conditions, while profile-level classification accuracy is negatively influenced by the inclusion of DIF. Conditions of unequal group distributions and DIF located on simple structure items had the greatest effect in decreasing classification accuracy. The article closes by considering implications of the results and future directions.
How Does Mothering Look Like: A Multidimensional Approach to Maternal Cognitive Representations
Authors: Camilo Cláudia , Garrido Margarida Vaz , Ferreira Mário B. , Calheiros Maria Manuela
Published: July 2019

From a cognitive information processing perspective, parents’ cognitive schemas strongly influence the way they perceive and act toward their children. In order to explore how maternal cognitive representations about parenting are organized in a multidimensional space, mothers referred to child protection services and mothers with no such reference completed a free description task of maternal attributes and a sorting task of those attributes according to their probability of co-occurrence in the same mother. Overall, the results suggest that maladaptive parenting seems to be associated with less positive parental schemata, higher schemata rigidity, and higher external attributions regarding parenting. Using multidimensional scaling to represent the structure and content of maternal schemata constitutes an innovative contribution to the parenting domain with potential applications. These conceptual maps representing maternal schemata that shape parental responses in child-rearing situations can be used as theoretical frameworks to develop empirically based guidelines for intervention work with maltreating parents.
Happy Moms, Happier Dads: Gendered Caregiving and Parents’ Affect
Authors: McDonnell Cadhla , Luke Nancy , Short Susan E.
Published: July 2019

Parenting is emotionally demanding and highly gendered. We use data from the American Time Use Survey to examine mothers’ and fathers’ momentary affect during childcare activities. We observe a gender imbalance in the emotional rewards of childcare: Fathers report more happiness, less stress, and less tiredness than mothers. We introduce the “care context”—defined as the type of childcare activity, when and where it takes place, who is present, and how much care is involved—as an explanation for these gender differences in parents’ affect. The analysis reveals that most dimensions of the care context vary between mothers and fathers. We also find that the care context fully accounts for differences in mothers’ and fathers’ happiness, partially explains differences in stress, and does little to explain differences in tiredness. Thus, the gender imbalance in the emotional rewards of childcare is partially due to parents’ highly gendered engagement with their children.
Enhancing the Knowledge and Behaviors of Fieldworkers to Promote Family Planning and Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health in Bangladesh Through a Digital Health Training Package: Results From a Pilot Study
Authors: J. Limaye Rupali , Ballard Sara Anne , Ahmed Naheed , Ohkbuo Saori , Deka Sidhartha , Mickish Gross Cassandra , Arnold Rebecca
Published: July 2019

Community health workers, also known as fieldworkers (FWs), are frontline health-care providers in Bangladesh, where unmet need in family planning outcomes related to maternal and child health are high. A digital health intervention provided netbook computers to Bangladeshi FWs with eLearning courses and an eToolkit, which included material on family planning, maternal, newborn, and child health topics to enhance FWs’ knowledge and skills. To understand how the intervention affected FW’s knowledge and counseling behavior, this pre-poststudy measured FWs’ knowledge related to family planning, maternal, newborn, child health, and counseling on family topics before and after the pilot. Bivariate analyses were used to determine changes in FW knowledge, and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine changes in behavior, comparing knowledge and behaviors prepilot to postpilot. Comparing mean knowledge scores after and before the pilot, the difference in mean scores was significant ( p < .05) related to knowledge of benefits of birth spacing (1.26) and benefits of a small family (1.3) and related to maternal health, anemia prevention (0.95), and recommended number of antenatal care visits (0.13). Regarding newborn and child health, the difference in mean scores was significantly ( p < .05) related to knowledge of proper attachment for breastfeeding (3.56) and signs of adequate breast milk supply (1.08). Postintervention, FWs were significantly more likely to counsel couples on all available contraceptive options (adjusted odds ratio: 4.64; 95% CI [3.16, 6.83]) and birth spacing benefits (adjusted odds ratio: 4.54; 95% CI [3.17, 6.50]). Digital health training approaches can improve FWs’ knowledge and counseling skills within an international context, specifically in low-resource settings.
Minority Public Administrators: Managing Organizational Demands While Acting as an Advocate
Authors: Carroll Kristen , Wright Kenicia , Meier Kenneth J.
Published: July 2019

Building on the work of Adam Herbert, this research examines how minority managers navigate the pressures of their organization versus the pressures of their community. Organizational socialization suggests that the socialization process will introduce employees to the goals and priorities of the organization and result in similar behaviors among managers. However, social identities (i.e., race, gender) also significantly influence the values, attitudes, and behaviors of a public servant. Navigating these two competing pressures, minority managers often experience role conflict in their work. We theoretically explore and empirically examine how race affects minority managers’ perceptions, networking behaviors, and hiring outcomes. We test our hypotheses using 6 years of school superintendent survey data. We find that racial minority managers behave in similar ways to their White peers as they have similar perceptions of their role in the organization and engage in professional networking behavior at similar rates. However, minority managers separately address the interests of their same-race minority community by hiring same-race street-level bureaucrats. As public organizations have grown increasingly diverse, this research revisits the experiences of minority public administrators and contributes to our understanding of how race and social identities contemporarily influence public managerial behaviors.
Use of choledochoscopy to treat anastomotic stricture after cholangiojejunostomy through a preset subcutaneous intestinal loop: a study of 30 cases
Authors: Mou Hong-Tao , Li Na , Liu Yun , Feng Qiu-Shi , Xu Jia
Published: July 2019

Objective

This study was performed to summarize our experience in applying choledochofiberscopy to the treatment of anastomotic stricture after cholangiojejunostomy.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent choledochofiberscopy for the treatment of anastomotic stricture via balloon dilatation and were followed up for at least 6 to 12 months.

Results

A 6- to 12-month follow-up was performed in the above-mentioned 30 patients after trans-choledochofiberscopic balloon dilation and stone removal. Among these patients, 19 did not develop recurrent fever or abdominal pain, and the serum levels of direct bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase returned to normal or near normal, with a total success rate of 63%. Eleven patients developed restenosis and recurrence of intrahepatic stones, with a stenosis rate of 37%. Among these 11 patients, 6 underwent trans-choledochofiberscopic balloon dilatation for stone removal, and they recovered uneventfully; the remaining 5 patients were transferred for surgical reoperations for treatment of stenosis following repeated dilatation, with a failure rate of 17%.

Conclusion

Choledochofiberscopy for the treatment of anastomotic stricture after cholangiojejunostomy has the following advantages: minimal trauma, minimal pain, rapid effect, low risk, repeatable treatment procedures, and no serious complications. This is a safe and effective method of treatment.
Pseudotumor cerebri induced by topical application of steroid: a case report
Authors: Mohammad Yousef , Aljafen Bandar N. , Alnafisah Mohammed S. , Al-Hussain Fawaz A.
Published: July 2019

A 19-year-old man visited the neurology clinic for evaluation of a headache and pulsating tinnitus that he had experienced for 2 months. A neurological examination was normal, except for bilateral disc swelling. His medical history was notable for recently diagnosed psoriasis for which he had been applying topical hydrocortisone 2.5% three to four times a day. Neuro-imaging with a computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance venography of the brain was normal, except for tortuosity of the optic nerves and dilatation of the optic nerve sheaths. Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome was suspected. Unfortunately, the patient refused a spinal tap to measure the cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure. Excessive application of topical steroid was believed to be the cause of the patient’s pseudotumor cerebri syndrome. The patient’s headache and disc swelling improved after treatment with acetazolamide and cessation of topical hydrocortisone. This is the first case report of a topical steroid associated with pseudotumor cerebri syndrome.
Toxicities of chemoradiotherapy and radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Chun , Wang Fei , Min Xin , Zhang Qinfang , Shen Li-juan , Jiang Ying , Yan Jun
Published: July 2019

Objective

We investigated the risk of acute and late toxicities of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and radiotherapy alone in patients with nasopharynx carcinoma (NPC).

Methods

In this meta-analysis, we searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases for eligible randomized clinical trials (RCTs). In addition to the incidence of specific toxicities, risk ratios (RRs) or odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using fixed-effect or random-effects models.

Results

In total, 11 RCTs involving 2801 patients with NPC were included in this analysis. For grade ≥3 adverse events, patients who received CCRT treatment had a higher proportion of acute mucositis (39.9% vs. 30.5%, RR=1.30, 95%CI, 1.16–1.46) acute nausea and vomiting (RR=6.26, 95% CI: 2.01–19.45), and neutropenia (RR=30.86, 95% CI: 7.36 to 129.35). For late severe toxicities, CCRT treatment was significantly associated with higher incidence of hearing loss (116.56% vs. 411.43%, RR=1.461, 95%CI, 1.043–21.095). The incidence of acute nausea and vomiting was more frequent in patients receiving CCRT.

Conclusion

Compared with radiotherapy alone, CCRT increases the risk of severe acute toxicities (mucositis, nausea/vomiting, and neutropenia) and severe late toxicity (hearing loss) in patients with NPC. However, larger studies are needed to confirm this finding.
Association between polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region and risk for irritable bowel syndrome in China: evidence based on a meta-analysis
Authors: Jia Zhanbo , Wang Liping , Yu Bianfang , Li Qinggang , Dong Xin
Published: July 2019

Objective

The association between mutations in the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) differs between populations. This meta-analysis was designed to assess the relationship between 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms and IBS in a Chinese population.

Methods

Relevant published studies from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were accessed prior to May 2018. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using STATA software.

Results

A total of 754 IBS cases and 578 healthy controls in six studies were included in this meta-analysis. Significant results were obtained between 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms and IBS risk among studies with the genotype distribution of controls in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (L vs. S, OR =  1.41, 95% CI: 1.11–1.79; LL vs. SS, OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.16–4.08; LL vs. LS + SS, OR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.25–4.20). In subgroup analyses, 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms were significantly associated with increased IBS-C risk in China; however, no risk was observed for IBS-D and IBS-M.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis clearly indicates that 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of IBS in the Chinese population, especially IBS-C.
Histologic Findings in Captive American Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus)
Authors: LaDouceur Elise E. B. , Mangus Lisa , Garner Michael M. , Cartoceti Andrew N.
Published: July 2019

Histopathology of 61 captive American horseshoe crabs (HSCs; Limulus polyphemus) is reviewed. HSC organs evaluated histologically included body wall (chitin, epidermis, dermis, and skeletal muscle), hepatopancreas, gut, gonads, book gills, eyes, heart, brain, and coxal gland. In descending order, lesions were most frequently identified in compound eye, body wall, book gills, hepatopancreas, chitinous gut, nonchitinous gut, heart, and brain; lesions were not observed in coxal gland or gonads. Hemocytes (also called amoebocytes) surrounded infectious agents and occluded ulcers. Large hemocyte aggregates had a central eosinophilic coagulum (ie, hemocyte coagulum). Cutaneous ulceration (34/60 cases), branchitis (29/48 cases), and ophthalmitis (17/20 cases) were common lesions and consistently associated with fungi, which were invasive into subjacent tissues, and/or bacteria, which were usually superficial. Fungal culture was performed in 3 cases and isolated Fusarium spp., although fungal morphology varied and multiple fungal species may have been present. Presumptive green algae were associated with ulceration in 1 case with minimal to no inflammation. Presumptive cyanobacteria were identified within a biofilm overlying the gills in 4 of 48 cases and were not invasive. Multifocal, random hepatopancreatitis was identified in 16 of 57 cases, 10 of which were associated with bacteria. Metacercarial cysts were identified in 25 of 61 cases and associated with minimal to no inflammation. Depleted eosinophilic globules in hepatopancreatic interstitial cells were interpreted as decreased nutritional status in 12 of 57 cases.
Spontaneous Incidental Brain Lesions in C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Tarrant James C. , Savickas Patrick , Omodho Lorna , Spinazzi Marco , Radaelli Enrico
Published: July 2019

Genetically engineered mouse lines on a C57BL/6J background are widely employed as preclinical models to study neurodegenerative human disorders and brain tumors. However, because of the lack of comprehensive data on the spontaneous background neuropathology of the C57BL/6J strain, discriminating between naturally occurring changes and lesions caused by experimental mutations can be challenging. In this context, this study aims at defining the spectrum and frequency of spontaneous brain changes in a large cohort of C57BL/6J mice and their association with specific biological variables, including age and sex. Brains from 203 experimentally naive and clinically unremarkable C57BL/6J mice were collected and analyzed by means of histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Mice ranged in age from 3 to 110 weeks with 89 females, 111 males, and 3 unknowns. Sixteen different spontaneous lesion categories were described in this cohort. Age-related neurodegenerative and/or neuroinflammatory findings represented the most common pathologic changes and included (1) Hirano-like inclusions in the thalamic neurons, (2) neuroaxonal dystrophy in the medulla oblongata, (3) periodic acid–Schiff–positive granular deposits in the neuropil of the hippocampus, and (4) progressive neuroinflammation characterized by microgliosis and astrogliosis. Neoplastic conditions, developmental abnormalities, and circulatory disorders were rarely observed incidental findings. In conclusion, this study describes spontaneous age-related brain lesions of the C57BL/6J mouse and provides a reference for evaluating and interpreting the neuropathological phenotype in genetically engineered mouse models developed and maintained on this congenic background.
A Simple Spring Mechanics for Molar Intrusion
Authors: Mohan Stuti , Reddy C. Munish , Jain Shalu
Published: July 2019

Loss of the mandibular molar can lead to extrusion of maxillary molar, which may result in occlusal interference and inadequate space to restore the mandibular edentulous space with prosthesis. This molar extrusion also leads to functional disturbance. Thus, the present article will showcase the fabrication of simplified spring to intrude the maxillary first molar within 9 weeks.
A Simple Technique for Retrieval of Fractured Mini-implant
Authors: Ahluwalia Rajiv , Srivastava Shruveta , Garg Himanshu
Published: July 2019

There is a plethora of literature available on miniscrew implant placement since they have been used for anchorage since 1997. Inappropriate usage of a micro-implant could lead to the fracture of the micro-implant, but literature has inadequate documentation probably due to insufficient reporting of these cases. A simple technique for the retrieval of fractured mini-implant is presented here.
Reported restorative experiences associated with everyday activities among university students
Authors: Atler Karen E , Sharp Julia
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Increasing international concern about the mental health of university students continues to rise, as they are among those at great risk for experiencing stress. Yet little research exists on the role of activity engagement as a means to renew resources often impacted by stress. This study aimed to explore university students’ restorative experiences associated with everyday activities.

Method

Data were gathered from 264 students, using a stress scale and time-use assessment. Students’ activity descriptions were coded into 20 activity types. A hierarchical linear mixed effects statistical model was employed to estimate the average restoration by activity types.

Results

No significant differences were found in average restoration within activity types between high and low stress categories. Sleeping was the most restorative activity reported. However, the mean restoration value of sleeping did not significantly differ from eight other activities, such as reading and engaging in a hobby. Working was the least restorative activity, and did not differ from five other activities such as studying and attending class. Restorative experience varied more among some activities, such as engaging in a hobby and caring for the home, than others, such as sleeping and caring for self.

Conclusion

University students’ report of some everyday activities being as restorative as sleep offers support for the use of occupation by occupational therapists, enabling students to learn how to manage their energy needs through everyday occupations.
Spinal Anaesthesia—Early Australian Experience
Authors: Mcbride L. J.
Published: July 2019

Australia in 1902 was a fledgling colony in its second year of Federation with a population of around 3.7 million. European settlement had been largely confined to the coastal margins of this enormous land mass, although some bold adventurers in search of gold and farmland had struggled their way into the interior.

Horsham, situated 300 km northwest of Melbourne in the state of Victoria, was founded in June 1849. By 1902 the town, with a population of around 2500, had grown to boast a hospital, two doctors, a pharmacist and a dentist. It was at the Horsham Hospital on January 7, 1902 that Dr Robert Ritchie performed Australia's first recorded spinal anaesthetic.

Ritchie performed a lumbar puncture at the L3–4 level, injected 2 ml of 2% cocaine solution and waited for a total of 20 minutes before realising that the sensation the patient was feeling when he pinched him was pressure, not pain.

The 78-year-old man with a gangrenous right leg, prostatic obstruction and congestive cardiac failure was laid supine, and had his right leg amputated through the thigh while being administered brandy and water.

Strychnine injections were administered four hourly postoperatively.

The adoption of the technique of spinal anaesthesia spread quickly in Australia despite communication difficulties at that time.
Barriers to ideal transfer of climate change information in developing nations
Authors: Lund Brady
Published: July 2019

Global climate change is one of the most pressing crises of the 21st century, with its economic impact anticipated to be in the trillions of dollars, causing major political and social upheaval. While evidenced-based research suggests means through which nations can adapt to climate change, there are tremendous barriers to this information reaching the most vulnerable populations: those who live in developing nations. An investigation of the factors contributing to these barriers identifies three broad phases in the lifecycle of information that have contributed to these unfavorable conditions: the reproduction and dissemination of information, the organization and storage of information, and the diffusion of information/knowledge. Each of these phases is described as well as potential solutions to improve the transfer of information and the effectiveness of developing nations to adapt to climate change conditions.