bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ricoeur on Violence and Religion
Authors: Alvis Jason W. ,   Romanian Society for Phenomenology
Published: December 2019

This essay demonstrates Ricoeur’s explication of the various roles religion can play especially in regards to acts of collective violence, and also how his conceptions take us beyond the traditional dichotomies of religion as necessarily violent, or necessarily peaceful. It focuses on three essays where his most formidable reflections on religion and violence can be found: “Religion and Symbolic Violence” (1999), “Power and Violence” (first published 1989), and “State and Violence” (first published 1955). First, the essay hermeneutically describes the intricate relationship between violence and religion within these three essays, pointing to (i) three perils of religion especially regarding communities, (ii) the figure of the magistrate within some religiously motivated political revolutions, and (iii) the danger of ecclesiastical orders demonstrating not only authority but also forms of domination. The essay then phenomenologically ties these three threads together, demonstrating a way of understanding both the promises and perils of religion as it relates to violence, both in the work of Ricoeur and beyond it.
La Dissidence et l’unité des trois mouvements de l’existence chez Jan Patočka
Authors: Cochereau Mathieu ,   Romanian Society for Phenomenology
Published: December 2019

Jan Patočka is usually connected with Czech dissidence, a political movement which stood up against the communist government. We want to defend the hypothesis that the notion of dissidence is not originally a political one but, above all, a phenomenological one. Dissidence is a movement of distancing which implies a rootedness, and this movement of distancing is peculiar to human beings. Patočka calls “movement of human existence” this paradoxical rootedness which is an extramundane and mundane position. Thus, we have to review the theory of the three movements of human existence. While it is tempting to separate the third movement, as a movement of transcendence, and to describe it as a political dissidence, we would like to show that the three movements (and not only the third), have to be understood as Dissidence.
Parasitic Confrontations
Authors: Staudigl Michael ,   Romanian Society for Phenomenology
Published: December 2019

This paper provides a phenomenological exploration of the phenomenon of collective violence, specifically by following the leading clue of war from Plato to the “new wars” of late globalization. It first focuses on the genealogy of the legitimization of collective violence in terms of “counter-violence” and then demonstrates how it is mediated by constructions of “the other” in terms of “violence incarnate.” Finally, it proposes to explore such constructions—including the “barbarian” in Greek antiquity, “the cannibal” in the context of Colonialism, or the contemporary cipher of religious irrationality—as mirror effects of one’s own disavowed forms of violence.
Phenomenological Reflections on the Intertwining of Violence, Place and Memory
Authors: Breuer Irene ,   Romanian Society for Phenomenology
Published: December 2019

Acts of violence develop in relation to place and involve the violation of its very limits. Every significant place is a scene of history, its limits embrace presence and sense. As such, it is the life-worldly home of memory. In this article, I will retrieve the bodily affective dimension of the phenomenon of place memory in instances of public commemoration. Drawing on different philosophical horizons like those of mainly Heidegger, Husserl, Merleau-Ponty, Derrida, Adorno, Ricoeur and Bataille, I’ll contrast their different perspectives on the question of the intertwining of violence, place and memory and refer them to the narrative work of memorials (e.g. Libeskind’s and Eisenman’s for Berlin). Insofar violence has been traditionally represented and thereby obliterated by architecture, we may ask how should genocide, as the unspeakable and ungraspable be expressed? I’ll suggest that it can only be attained by the suspension of meaning and presence: A narrative of bodily affections, of pathos, suffering and excess that accounts for what in itself remains beyond expression.
ACRL Annual Report 2018-2019
Authors: Of College and Research Libraries Association
Published: December 2019

See the ACRL FY19 4th Quarter Budget Report supplement for additional information.
NCCN Guidelines Insights: Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer, Version 1.2020
Authors: Ettinger David S. , Wood Douglas E. , Aggarwal Charu , Aisner Dara L. , Akerley Wallace , Bauman Jessica R. , Bharat Ankit , Bruno Debora S. , Chang Joe Y. , Chirieac Lucian R. , D’Amico Thomas A. , Dilling Thomas J. , Dobelbower Michael , Gettinger Scott , Govindan Ramaswamy , Gubens Matthew A. , Hennon Mark , Horn Leora , Lackner Rudy P. , Lanuti Michael , Leal Ticiana A. , Lin Jules , Loo Jr Billy W. , Martins Renato G. , Otterson Gregory A. , Patel Sandip P. , Reckamp Karen L. , Riely Gregory J. , Schild Steven E. , Shapiro Theresa A. , Stevenson James , Swanson Scott J. , Tauer Kurt W. , Yang Stephen C. , Gregory Kristina ,   OCN, Hughes Miranda
Published: December 2019

The NCCN Guidelines for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) address all aspects of management for NSCLC. These NCCN Guidelines Insights focus on recent updates in immunotherapy. For the 2020 update, all of the systemic therapy regimens have been categorized using a new preference stratification system; certain regimens are now recommended as “preferred interventions,” whereas others are categorized as either “other recommended interventions” or “useful under certain circumstances.”
Changes in Management of Left-Sided Obstructive Colon Cancer: National Practice and Guideline Implementation
Authors: Veld Joyce Valerie , Amelung Femke Julie , Borstlap Wernard Aat Antoine , Eise van Halsema Emo , Consten Esther Catharina Josephina , Siersema Peter Derk , ter Borg Frank , Silvester van der Zaag Edwin , Fockens Paul , Bemelman Willem Adrianus , Elise van Hooft Jeanin , Tanis Pieter Job , _ _
Published: December 2019

Background: Previous analysis of Dutch practice in treatment of left-sided obstructive colon cancer (LSOCC) until 2012 showed that emergency resection (ER) was preferred, with high mortality in patients aged ≥70 years. Consequently, Dutch and European guidelines in 2014 recommended a bridge to surgery (BTS) with either self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) or decompressing stoma (DS) in high-risk patients. The implementation and effects of these guidelines have not yet been evaluated. Therefore, our aim was to perform an in-depth update of national practice concerning curative treatment of LSOCC, including an evaluation of guideline implementation. Patients and Methods: This multicenter cohort study was conducted in 75 of 77 hospitals in the Netherlands. We included data on patients who underwent curative resection of LSOCC in 2009 through 2016 obtained from the Dutch ColoRectal Audit. Additional data were retrospectively collected. Results: A total of 2,587 patients were included (2,013 ER, 345 DS, and 229 SEMS). A trend was observed in reversal of ER (decrease from 86.2% to 69.6%) and SEMS (increase from 1.3% to 7.8%) after 2014, with an ongoing increase in DS (from 5.2% in 2009 to 22.7% in 2016). DS after 2014 was associated with more laparoscopic resections (66.0% vs 35.5%; P<.001) and more 2-stage procedures (41.5% vs 28.6%; P=.01) with fewer permanent stomas (14.7% vs 29.5%; P=.005). Overall, more laparoscopic resections (25.4% vs 13.2%; P<.001) and shorter total hospital stays (14 vs 15 days; P<.001) were observed after 2014. However, similar rates of primary anastomosis (48.7% vs 48.6%; P=.961), 90-day complications (40.4% vs 37.9%; P=.254), and 90-day mortality (6.5% vs 7.0%; P=.635) were observed. Conclusions: Guideline revision resulted in a notable change from ER to BTS for LSOCC. This was accompanied by an increased rate of laparoscopic resections, more 2-stage procedures with a decreased permanent stoma rate in patients receiving DS as BTS, and a shorter total hospital stay. However, overall 90-day complication and mortality rates remained relatively high.
Unlocking the potential of party research: Bringing sociology back in
Authors: Ringel Leopold , Schank Jan , Krichewsky Damien , Brichzin Jenni
Published: December 2019

Research on political parties is a rich field, its origins dating back more than a century. Sociology played a crucial role in the foundation of party research. However, while party research has narrowed its scope and agenda, thus overlooking significant contributions from sociology, sociology has neglected the significance of political parties in the study of related social phenomena. To address this mismatch, the article explores how a sociological outlook on political parties can open up new research questions by conceptualizing political parties as embedded in societal processes, by accounting for various informal processes in party organizations, and by investigating the political profession with a comprehensive practice-based lens.
À partir d’ « (Une scène primitive ?) » : « Écrire pour s’interrompre » ou le tragique chez M. Blanchot
Authors: Durand Thierry
Published: December 2019

L’article examine la présence du tragique dans la réflexion blanchotienne. À partir du commentaire des fragments de L’Écriture du désastre intitulés « (Une scène primitive ?) », l’analyse met en lumière l’irréconciliation fondamentale de l’homme avec lui-même, qui hante tout le travail de Blanchot. La réflexion porte dans un premier temps sur le paradoxe d’un savoir de soi à la fois nécessaire et défait. Elle souligne ensuite l’importance du corps impropre et de la dénaturation dans l’écriture blanchotienne et montre que c’est tout l’être qui se trouve mis à l’épreuve par l’intensité d’un pathos associé à une disconvenance à la fois originaire et immémoriale. L’analyse montre dans un troisième temps que la réflexion sur le fragment comme dire de l’être doit être interprétée chez Blanchot comme l’expérience tragique, à la fois désappropriatrice et jubilatoire, d’une errance ontologique.
A simple method for the selective quantification of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene plastic debris in soil by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Steinmetz Zacharias , Kintzi Aaron , Muñoz Katherine , Schaumann Gabriele E.
Published: December 2019

The lack of adequate analytical methods for the quantification of plastic debris in soil challenges a better understanding of their occurrence and fate in the terrestrial environment. With this proof-of-principle study, we developed a simple and fast method for the selective quantification of the three most environmentally relevant polymers polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) in soil using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). In order to facilitate the preparation of calibration series and to better account for the heterogeneity of soil matrix, polymers were dissolved in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) at 120 °C. Thereby, liquid sample aliquots from up to 4 g of solid sample became amenable to pyrolysis without further preparation. To evaluate the performance of this approach, three reference soils with 1.73–5.16 % organic carbon (Corg) were spiked at 50 and 250 μg g−1 of each polymer and extracted with TCB. A prior cleanup step with methanol, flocculation with KAl(SO4)2, and Fenton digestion were tested for their suitability to reduce potentially interfering Corg. Calibration curves responded linearly (adj. R2 > 0.996) with instrumental detection limits of 1–86 ng corresponding to method detection limits of 1–86 μg g−1. The measurement repeatability was 3.2–7.2 % relative standard deviation. Recoveries of 70–128 % were achieved for plastic contents of 250 μg g−1 extracted with TCB without prior cleanup from soils with less than 2.5 % Corg. A higher Corg particularly interfered with the quantification of PE. The addition of non-target polymers (polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, poly(methyl methacrylate), and tire wear particles) did not interfere with the quantification of the analytes highlighting the selectivity of the method. Further research is needed to determine low plastic contents in soils exceeding 2.5 % Corg. With 1–3 h processing time per sample, our method has the potential for routine analyses and screening studies of agricultural systems to be complemented with microspectroscopic techniques for additional information on particle shapes and sizes.
A SCREENING STUDY ABOUT DOCTORATE AND PROFICIENCY IN ARTS THESIS IN THE FIELD OF INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE
Authors: VAROL Adem , BALABAN VAROL Eda
Published: December 2019

In this study, aimed to investigate the doctorate and proficiency in arts thesis which was done in the field of interior architecture in Turkey. First stage, in the context of this purpose, doctorate and proficiency in arts thesis in the field of interior architecture which accessible from YÖK National Thesis Center were analyzed according to permission status, the types, the years, the university and the institute. In the second stage, the content of the thesis studies (methods, data collection tools and subjects) were evaluted by classifying the according to the information of the thesis (type, year, university and institute). Descriptive survey model was chosen as the method of study. The findings obtained from the analysis are important in terms of revealing the status and trends of the field of interior architecture.
COLOR AND PATTERN AS SPATIAL AND CONCEPTUAL CONVECTION TOOLS IN INTERIOR DESIGN STUDIOS: A SURFACE DESIGN EXAMPLE
Authors: TAŞDEMİR Güliz , GÜMÜŞAY ÖZBEK Büşra
Published: December 2019

‘Learning by Doing’ method, that takes its origin ideas from Ecole des Beaux-Arts and Bauhaus design schools, serves education with interdisciplinary vision. Studio education in consideration with interior design, is practiced with creating applications beside its consistence of cognitive and creative process. Students in this process aim to reach keywords that lead design processes. With this way, convection of these keywords in plan geometries and three-dimensional design elements of spaces could be considered as an ‘application’ problem that students faced with in the process. The aim and scope of this study takes its roots from this defined problem and designing patterns with colors in studio environment considered as tools to convey conceptual ideas. Support of pattern and color studies to convey conceptual keywords in interior design studios in consideration of Basic design principles and making connections with previous information is crucial to provide permanency of conveyed data. The study titled with ‘core space for a commercial function’ is programmed for second year design studio to design stand for a selected and defined corporate identity. It is aimed that selection of corporate identity and conceptual keywords need to be reflected on spatial design elements. Fifteen students participated in this study and worked for creation of patterns for eight hours of design process. This study included a pedagogical approach to convey limitless possibility of color and pattern to reflect conceptual keywords in a defined duration of studio process. As a result of this study, corporate identity, space perception, user profiles are taken into consideration and the ability of conceptual thinking is improved. This approach is observed to increase the quality of designed spaces. Another result showed that this approach needs to be researched in detail for further studies.
Current research opportunities of image processing and computer vision
Authors: Gupta Abhishek
Published: December 2019

Image processing and computer vision is an important and essential area in today’s scenario. Several problems can be solved through computer vision techniques. There are a large number of challenges and opportunities which require skills in the field of computer vision to address them. Computer vision applications cover each band of the electromagnetic spectrum and there are numerous applications in every band. This article is targeted to the research students, scholars and researchers who are interested to solve the problems in the field of image processing and computer vision. It addresses the opportunities and current trends of computer vision applications in all emerging domains. The research needs are identified through available literature survey and classified in the corresponding domains. The possible exemplary images are collected from the different repositories available for research and shown in this paper. The opportunities mentioned in this paper are explained through the images so that a naive researcher can understand it well before proceeding to solve the corresponding problems. The databases mentioned in this article could be useful for researchers who are interested in further solving the problem. The motivation of the article is to expose the current opportunities in the field of image processing and computer vision along with corresponding repositories. Interested researchers who are working in the field can choose a problem through this article and can get the experimental images through the cited references for working further.
Designing Institutional Arrangements for Collaborative Governance of Forests in Kenya Using a Delphi Process
Authors: Ming’ate Felix Lamech Mogambi , Letema Sammy , Obiero Kennedy
Published: December 2019

The focus of the study is to examine the institutional arrangement for forests governance in Kenya to understand the important design issues that can improve their performance in the delivery of sustainable livelihoods and conserve forests as they have been previously regarded as problematic. The study uses the Delphi technique to assemble information from 46 experts with vast experience in collaborative governance of forests in developing countries. The researchers then developed four questions which were asked across all the study experts. In the second round, all the expert responded to the four open-ended questions and all the qualitative results were analyzed manually by grouping them into interquartile ranges and only those issues that were above the 75th interquartile range were retained.  In the subsequent third round of the Delphi technique the experts gave their answers, the responses were collated and returned to each respondent who then was invited to revise his/her estimates or to specify the reasons for remaining outside the consensus. In the fourth and final round, again, the responses were assembled and reported back to the participants to justify his/her position, whether or not he wishes to change his/her position. The results show that the Delphi technique has the potential for studying institutional design for collaborative governance of forests.  The study recommends that the important issues identified can be used to help in the formulation of collaborative governance institutional design policies.
Flexible 2.5D Metamaterial with High Mechanical Bearing Capacity for Electromagnetic Interference Filters at Microwave Frequency
Authors: Fu Xueyan , Zhang Zidong , Jiang Yuliang , Zhang Wenjin , Bi Ke , Sun Kai , Fan Runhua
Published: December 2019

Herein, the conception of 2.5D metamaterial is proposed. The basic idea of the 2.5D metamaterial is to build “3D” metamaterial by stacking 2D metasurfaces layer‐by‐layer. In this design, the trapezoidal prism units (3D) is built up by stacking a series of rectangle units (2D) together. This means, in the conception of 2.5D metamaterial, any kind of 3D structure with complex geometrical shape can be easily built up by controlling the 2D shape in each layer, which provide a new way for the fabrication of 3D complex units. Furthermore, paper is chosen as the substrate of 2D layer, because the interconnected lignocellulosic microfibers in paper will not only bring in flexibility to the 2.5D metamaterial but also strong mechanical strength. The results show that the 2.5D metamaterial still maintain a good filtering performance at 11 GHz when the pressure loading rise up to 7 MPa, whereas the classic 3D metamaterial (built by copper‐clad plate) undergoes a fracture failure. The conception and demonstration of 2.5D metamaterial with high mechanical property not only overcome the lacking of the basic structural carrying capacity in 3D electromagnetic metamaterial but also give new idea to the design of multifunctional metamaterial.
Reversible Water Transportation Diode: Temperature‐Adaptive Smart Janus Textile for Moisture/Thermal Management
Authors: Wang Yuanfeng , Liang Xin , Zhu He , Xin John H. , Zhang Qi , Zhu Shiping
Published: December 2019

“Air‐conditioning” textiles with thermal‐ or moisture‐managing functions are of high interest for not only improving human comfort but also reducing energy consumption. However, making the textile sensitive to the surrounding environment and exhibit adaptive thermal/moisture management still remains a great challenge. Herein, a double‐sided synergetic Janus textile is developed, featuring reversible diode‐like water transportation and adjustable thermal convection upon temperature change. The incorporated responsive polymer networks with inverse transitions on the opposite sides provide synergistic surface energy gradients and capillary gradients that generate drying and cooling effects (with 50% faster water evaporation and 1.2–2.3 °C cooler than with cotton fabric) in hot weather while offering thermal preservation (120 s longer needed to be cooled down and maximumly 3.3 °C warmer than with cotton fabric) in a cold environment. This method could provide ideas for the development of more adaptive textiles and clothing to address maximum personal comfort in demanding situations.
Dry Mechanochemical Synthesis of Highly Luminescent, Blue and Green Hybrid Perovskite Solids
Authors: Martínez‐Sarti Laura , Palazon Francisco , Sessolo Michele , Bolink Henk J.
Published: December 2019

A simple method to obtain bright photoluminescent wide bandgap mixed‐halide 3D perovskites is reported. The materials are prepared by dry mechanochemical synthesis (ball‐milling) starting from neat binary precursors, and show enhanced photoluminescence upon the addition of an adamantane derivative in the precursors' mixture. The structural characterization suggests that the additive does not participate in the crystal structure of the perovskite, which remains unvaried even with high loading of amantadine hydrochloride. By simple stoichiometric control of the halide precursors, the photoluminescence can be finely tuned from the UV to the green part of the visible spectrum. Photoluminescence quantum yields as high as 29% and 5% have been obtained for green‐ and blue‐emitting perovskite solids, even at very low excitation densities.
Reversing Interfacial Catalysis of Ambipolar WSe2 Single Crystal
Authors: Wang Zegao , Wu Hong‐Hui , Li Qiang , Besenbacher Flemming , Li Yanrong , Zeng Xiao Cheng , Dong Mingdong
Published: December 2019

An improved understanding of the origin of the electrocatalytic activity is of importance to the rational design of highly efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Here, an ambipolar single‐crystal tungsten diselenide (WSe2) semiconductor is employed as a model system where the conductance and carrier of WSe2 can be individually tuned by external electric fields. The field‐tuned electrochemical microcell is fabricated based on the single‐crystal WSe2 and the catalytic activity of the WSe2 microcell is measured versus the external electric field. Results show that WSe2 with electrons serving as the dominant carrier yields much higher activity than WSe2 with holes serving as the dominant carrier even both systems exhibit similar conductance. The catalytic activity enhancement can be characterized by the Tafel slope decrease from 138 to 104 mV per decade, while the electron area concentration increases from 0.64 × 1012 to 1.72 × 1012 cm−2. To further understand the underlying mechanism, the Gibbs free energy and charge distribution for adsorbed hydrogen on WSe2 versus the area charge concentration is systematically computed, which is in line with experiments. This comprehensive study not only sheds light on the mechanism underlying the electrocatalysis processes, but also offers a strategy to achieve higher electrocatalytic activity.
Superior Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Phosphorus‐Doped Carbon Dot/Graphene Aerogel for All‐Solid‐State Flexible Al–Air Batteries
Authors: Wang Mengran , Li Yuan , Fang Jing , Villa Cesar J. , Xu Yaobin , Hao Shiqiang , Li Jie , Liu Yexiang , Wolverton Chris , Chen Xinqi , Dravid Vinayak P. , Lai Yanqing
Published: December 2019

Carbon dots have been recognized as one of the most promising candidates for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. However, the desired ORR performance in metal–air batteries is often limited by the moderate electrocatalytic activity and the lack of a method to realize good dispersion. To address these issues, herein a biomass‐deriving method is reported to achieve the in situ phosphorus doping (P‐doping) of carbon dots and their simultaneous decoration onto graphene matrix. The resultant product, namely P‐doped carbon dot/graphene (P‐CD/G) nanocomposites, can reach an ultrahigh P‐doping level for carbon nanomaterials. The P‐CD/G nanocomposites are found to exhibit excellent ORR activity, which is highly comparable to the commercial Pt/C catalysts. When used as the cathode materials for a primary liquid Al–air battery, the device shows an impressive power density of 157.3 mW cm−2 (comparing to 151.5 mW cm−2 of a similar Pt/C battery). Finally, an all‐solid‐state flexible Al–air battery is designed and fabricated based on our new nanocomposites. The device exhibits a stable discharge voltage of ≈1.2 V upon different bending states. This study introduces a unique biomass‐derived material system to replace the noble metal catalysts for future portable and wearable electronic devices.
Long‐Life, High‐Rate Lithium–Sulfur Cells with a Carbon‐Free VN Host as an Efficient Polysulfide Adsorbent and Lithium Dendrite Inhibitor
Authors: He Jiarui , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: December 2019

Lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries are a promising next‐generation energy‐storage system, but the polysulfide shuttle and dendritic Li growth seriously hinder their commercial viability. Most of the previous studies have focused on only one of these two issues at a time. To address both the issues simultaneously, presented here is a highly conductive, noncarbon, 3D vanadium nitride (VN) nanowire array as an efficient host for both sulfur cathodes and lithium‐metal anodes. With fast electron and ion transport and high porosity and surface area, VN traps the soluble polysulfides, promotes the redox kinetics of sulfur cathodes, facilitates uniform nucleation/growth of lithium metal, and inhibits lithium dendrite growth at an unprecedented high current density of 10 mA cm−2 over 200 h of repeated plating/stripping. As a result, VN‐Li||VN‐S full cells constructed with VN as both an anode and cathode host with a negative to positive electrode capacity ratio of only ≈2 deliver remarkable electrochemical performance with a high Coulombic efficiency of ≈99.6% over 850 cycles at a high 4 C rate and a high areal capacity of 4.6 mA h cm−2. The strategy presented here offers a viable approach to realize high‐energy‐density, safe Li‐metal‐based batteries.
Increased mitochondrial apoptotic priming with targeted therapy predicts clinical response to re‐induction chemotherapy
Authors: Garcia Jacqueline S. , Bhatt Shruti , Fell Geoffrey , Sperling Adam S. , Burgess Michael , Keshishian Hasmik , Yilma Binyam , Brunner Andrew , Neuberg Donna , Carr Steven A. , Ebert Benjamin L. , Ballen Karen , Stone Richard M. , DeAngelo Daniel J. , Medeiros Bruno C. , Letai Anthony
Published: December 2019

Most patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) do not benefit from current re‐induction or approved targeted therapies. In the absence of targetable genetic mutations, there is minimal guidance on optimal treatment selection particularly in the R/R setting highlighting an unmet need for clinically useful functional biomarkers. Blood and bone marrow samples from patients treated on two clinical trials were used to test the combination of lenalidomide (LEN) and MEC (mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine) chemotherapy in R/R AML patients. The bone marrow samples were available to test the clinical utility of the mitochondrial apoptotic BH3 and dynamic BH3 profiling (DBP) assays in predicting response, as there was no clear genetic biomarker identifying responders. To test whether LEN‐induced mitochondrial priming predicted clinical response to LEN‐MEC therapy, we performed DBP on patient myeloblasts. We found that short‐term ex vivo treatment with lenalidomide discriminated clinical responders from non‐responders based on drug‐induced change in priming (delta priming). Using paired patient samples collected before and after clinical LEN treatment (prior to MEC dosing), we confirmed LEN‐induced increased apoptotic priming in vivo, suggesting LEN enhanced vulnerability of myeloblasts to cytotoxic MEC chemotherapy. This is the first study demonstrating the potential role of DBP in predicting clinical response to a combination regimen. Our findings demonstrate that functional properties of relapsed AML can identify active therapies.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for aplastic anemia with pre‐transplant conditioning using fludarabine, reduced‐dose cyclophosphamide, and low‐dose thymoglobulin: A KSGCT prospective study
Authors: Kako Shinichi , Kanda Yoshinobu , Onizuka Makoto , Aotsuka Nobuyuki , Usuki Kensuke , Tachibana Takayoshi , Kobayashi Takeshi , Kato Jun , Yano Shingo , Shimizu Hiroaki , Shono Katsuhiro , Tanaka Masatsugu , Tsukamoto Shokichi , Mori Takehiko , Yamazaki Etsuko , Najima Yuho , Hangaishi Akira , Hoshino Takumi , Watanabe Reiko , Matsumoto Kenji , Okamoto Shinichiro ,   for Kanto Study Group for Cell Therapy (KSGCT)
Published: December 2019

The optimal pre‐transplant conditioning for aplastic anemia (AA) remains unclear. We performed a prospective study on allogeneic transplantation from a related or unrelated donor for adult patients with AA. We assessed whether reduced‐dose cyclophosphamide (CY) could decrease toxicity while maintaining engraftment, and low‐dose thymoglobulin could safely prevent graft‐vs‐host disease (GVHD). The pre‐transplant conditioning regimen consisted of fludarabine 120 mg/m2, CY 100 mg/kg, and thymoglobulin 2.5 mg/kg with or without 2 Gy of total body irradiation. Twenty‐seven patients with a median age of 36 years were analyzed. Sixteen patients received graft from related donors. The stem cell source was bone marrow in 26 patients. All of the patients but one, who died early, achieved neutrophil engraftment at a median of 19 days. Mixed chimerism was observed in six and five patients at days 30 and 90, respectively. Only one patient experienced secondary engraftment failure with complete donor‐type chimerism. None of the patients developed severe acute GVHD. The cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD was 37.7% at 1 year. The overall survival rate was 96.3% at 1 year and 3 years. A high EB virus‐DNA load was detected in one patient at days 60. No one developed EBV‐lymphoproliferative disorder within a year. The results suggest that the conditioning regimen in this study was safe and effective. However, relatively high incidence of chronic GVHD needs further improvement.
Deletion 20q12 is associated with histological transformation of nodal marginal zone lymphoma to diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Qian Lei , Soderquist Craig , Schrank‐Hacker April , Strauser Honore , Dupoux Vanessa , Tang Chi Ngong , Smith Jennifer R. , Sun Ang , Majumdar Sonali , Nguyen Tran , Widura Sandy , Landsburg Daniel J. , Schuster Stephen J. , Baxter Richard H. G. , Bogusz Agata M.
Published: December 2019

The genetic and molecular abnormalities underlying histological transformation (HT) of nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL) to diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are not well known. While del(20q12) is commonly deleted in myelodysplastic syndrome it has not previously been associated with DLBCL. We recently described a case of DLBCL harboring del(20q12) in a patient with a history of MZL involving lymph nodes and skin. Here we report eight matched cases of transformed MZL(tMZL): six from nodal MZL (tNMZL) and two from splenic MZL (tSMZL). We found >20% del(20q12) in 4/6 tNMZL, but not in tSMZL, nor in unmatched DLBCL, MZL with increased large cells (MZL‐ILC), or MZL cases. To examine whether transformation is associated with a specific gene signature, the matched cases were analyzed for multiplexed gene expression using the Nanostring PanCancer Pathways panel. The differential gene expression signature revealed enrichment of inflammatory markers, as previously observed in MZL. Also, tMZL and de novo DLBCL were enriched for extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and fibronectin, vascular development protein PDGFRβ, DNA repair protein RAD51, and oncogenic secrete protein Wnt11. A subset of genes is expressed differentially in del(20q12) tMZL cases vs non‐del(20q12) tMZL cases. These results suggest a specific pathway is involved in the histological transformation of NMZL, which could serve as an indicator of aggressive clinical course in this otherwise indolent neoplasm.
Synthetische Photoelektrochemie
Authors: Barham Joshua P. , König Burkhard
Published: December 2019

In der organischen Synthese werden Photoredoxkatalyse (PRK) und synthetische organische Elektrochemie häufig als von Grund auf verschiedene Technologien betrachtet, weshalb ihre Kombination weitgehend unbeachtet blieb. In diesem Aufsatz fassen wir den aktuellen Stand der synthetisch‐organischen Photoelektrochemie zusammen und unterteilen diese anhand von Beispielen in drei Gruppen: 1) elektrochemisch‐vermittelte Photoredoxkatalyse (e‐PRK), 2) entkoppelte Photoelektrochemie (dPEC, decoupled photoelectrochemistry) und 3) Grenzflächen‐Photoelektrochemie (iPEC, interfacial photoelectrochemistry). Die Synergien der Methoden wirken sich nicht nur positiv auf die synthetische Nachhaltigkeit und die chemische Selektivität aus, sondern erlauben auch ein Aufsummieren von Energie, um Zugang zu superoxidierenden oder ‐reduzierenden Einelektronenüberträgern (SET, single‐electron transfer) zu erhalten. Die Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen dieses aufstrebenden und spannenden Gebietes werden diskutiert.
Ge=B‐π‐Bindung: Synthese und reversible [2+2]‐Cycloaddition von Germaborenen
Authors: Raiser Dominik , Sindlinger Christian P. , Schubert Hartmut , Wesemann Lars
Published: December 2019

Phosphan‐stabilisierte Germaborene mit einer Ge=B‐Doppelbindung konnten ausgehend von einem intramolekularen Germylen‐Phosphor‐Lewis‐Paar (1) synthetisiert werden. Die erhaltenen Germaborene haben einen bemerkenswert kurzen B⋅⋅⋅Ge‐Kontakt von 1.886(2) (4) und 1.895(3) Å (5). Nach oxidativer Addition der Bortrihalogenide BX3 (X=Cl, Br) konnten die Additionsprodukte mit Magnesium und katalytischen Mengen Anthracen zu den Borylen‐Derivaten reduziert werden, mit Ausbeuten von 78 % (4) und 57 % (5). Die Halogen‐substituierten Germaborene wurden mittels Röntgendiffraktometrie charakterisiert und ihre elektronische Struktur durch quantenchemische Rechnungen genauer untersucht. Aus NBO‐NRT‐Analysen lässt sich ebenfalls eine Ge=B‐Doppelbindung als dominierende Lewis‐Struktur ableiten. Die Germaborene gehen bei Raumtemperatur eine reversible, photochemisch induzierte [2+2]‐Cycloaddition mit einer Phenylgruppe des Terphenylsubstituenten ein. Hierbei entsteht eine komplexe heterocyclische Struktur, in welcher das GeIV‐Atom in einer stark verzerrten Koordinationsumgebung vorliegt.
Carboxymethyl cellulose‐based nanocomposites reinforced with montmorillonite and ε‐poly‐l‐lysine for antimicrobial active food packaging
Authors: He Yunqing , Fei Xiang , Li Hui
Published: December 2019

Traditional packaging materials with single function or weak activity cannot meet the requirements of active packaging. In this study, antimicrobial carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)‐based nanocomposites containing montmorillonite (MMT) and ε‐poly‐(l‐lysine) (ε‐PL) were prepared by solution casting method. The morphological, optical, mechanical, barrier, thermal, and antimicrobial properties of the resulted ternary nanocomposites were investigated. The surface morphology of the films was dependent on the contents of the ε‐PL used. The incorporation of MMT and ε‐PL into CMC matrix improved the UV barrier property, tensile strength, hydrophobicity, and water vapor barrier property. When incorporation of 7.5 wt % ε‐PL, the tensile strength increased more than threefold and the water vapor permeability decreased by about 35% compared with pure CMC film, the water contact angle reached up to the highest value of 65.38°. The ε‐PL incorporated CMC/MMT films exhibited good antimicrobial activities against Gram‐positive (Staphylococus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria and fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus oligosporus). Microbial growth inhibition rate of above 90% was obtained when the content of ε‐PL got up to 7.5 wt %. In addition, CMC/MMT/ε‐PL7.5 wt % film‐forming solution having the appropriate properties was used as coating for the strawberries preservation, the shelf life of strawberries was extended for 2 days. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48782.
Comparative dental anatomy in newborn primates: Cusp mineralization
Authors: Paddock Kelsey , Zeigler Larissa , Harvey Brianna , Prufrock Kristen A. , Liptak Jordan M. , Ficorilli Courtney M. , Hogg Russell T. , Bonar Christopher J. , Evans Sian , Williams Lawrence , Vinyard Christopher J. , DeLeon Valerie B. , Smith Timothy D.
Published: December 2019

Previous descriptive work on deciduous dentition of primates has focused disproportionately on great apes and humans. To address this bias in the literature, we studied 131 subadult nonhominoid specimens (including 110 newborns) describing deciduous tooth morphology and assessing maximum hydroxyapatite density (MHD). All specimens were CT scanned at 70 kVp and reconstructed at 20.5–39 μm voxels. Grayscale intensity from scans was converted to hydroxyapatite (HA) density (mg HA/cm3) using a linear conversion of grayscale values to calibration standards of known HA density (R2 = .99). Using Amira software, mineralized dental tissues were captured by segmenting the tooth cusps first and then capturing the remainder of the teeth at descending thresholds of gray levels. We assessed the relationship of MHD of selected teeth to cranial length using Pearson correlation coefficients. In monkeys, anterior teeth are more mineralized than postcanine teeth. In tarsiers and most lemurs and lorises, postcanine teeth are the most highly mineralized. This suggests that monkeys have a more prolonged process of dental mineralization that begins with incisors and canines, while mineralization of postcanine teeth is delayed. This may in part be a result of relatively late weaning in most anthropoid primates. Results also reveal that in lemurs and lorises, MHD of the mandibular first permanent molar (M1) negatively correlates with cranial length. In contrast, the MHD of M1 positively correlates with cranial length in monkeys. This supports the hypothesis that natural selection acts independently on dental growth as opposed to mineralization and indicates clear phylogenetic differences among primates.
Ag@TiO2 Nanoprisms with Highly Efficient Near‐Infrared Photothermal Conversion for Melanoma Therapy
Authors: Nie Chuang , Du Peng , Zhao Hongwei , Xie Hainan , Li Yuxin , Yao Li , Shi Yuanyuan , Hu Lianna , Si Shaoyan , Zhang Maonian , Gu Jianwen , Luo Ling , Sun Zaicheng
Published: December 2019

Melanoma is a primary reason of death from skin cancer and associated with high lethality. Photothermal therapy (PTT) has been developed into a powerful cancer treatment technique in recent years. Here, we created a low‐cost and high‐performance PTT agent, Ag@TiO2 NPs, which possesses a high photothermal conversion efficiency of ≈65 % and strong near‐infrared (NIR) absorption about 808 nm. Ag NPs were synthesized using a two‐step method and coated with TiO2 to obtain Ag@TiO2 NPs by a facile sol‐gel method. Because of the oxide, Ag@TiO2 NPs exhibit remarkable high photothermal conversion efficiencies and biocompatibility in vivo and in vitro. Cytotoxicity and therapeutic efficiency of photothermal cytotoxicity of Ag@TiO2 NPs were tested in B16‐F10 cells and C57BL/6J mice. Under light irradiation, the elevated temperature causes cell death in Ag NPs‐treated (100 μg mL−1) cells in vitro (both p<0.01). In the case of subcutaneous melanoma tumor model, Ag@TiO2 NPs (100 μg mL−1) were injected into the tumor and irradiated with a 808 nm laser of 2 W cm−2 for 1 minute. As a consequence, the tumor volume gradually decreased by NIR laser irradiation with only a single treatment. The results demonstrate that Ag@TiO2 NPs are biocompatible and an attractive photothermal agent for cutaneous melanoma by local delivery.
Effects of disulfide bond and cholesterol derivatives on human calcitonin amyloid formation
Authors: Lantz Richard , Busbee Brian , Wojcikiewicz Ewa P. , Du Deguo
Published: December 2019

Human calcitonin (hCT) is a 32‐residue peptide that aggregates to form amyloid fibrils under appropriate conditions. In this study, we investigated the effect of the intramolecular disulfide bond formed at the N‐terminal region of the peptide in the aggregation kinetics of hCT. Our results indicate that the presence of the disulfide bond in hCT plays a crucial role in forming the critical nucleus needed for fibril formation, facilitating the rate of hCT amyloidogenesis. Furthermore, we reported for the first time the effects of cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate, and 3β‐[N‐(dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl]‐cholesterol (DC‐cholesterol) on the amyloid formation of oxidized hCT. Our results show that while cholesterol does not affect amyloidogenesis of oxidized hCT, high concentrations of cholesterol sulfate exhibits a moderate inhibiting activity on hCT amyloid formation. In particular, our results show that DC‐cholesterol strongly inhibits amyloidogenesis of oxidized hCT in a dose‐dependent manner. Further studies at different pH conditions imply the crucial impact of electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions in mediating the interplay of hCT and the surface of DC‐cholesterol vesicles and the inhibiting function of DC‐cholesterol on hCT fibrillization.
Das Jahr des Distelfalters
Authors: Petrischak Hannes
Published: December 2019

Nach zehn Jahren erlebte Europa 2019 wieder einen Masseneinflug des Distelfalters (Vanessa cardui). Anfang Juni überfluteten die Wanderfalter Mitteleuropa geradezu. Für Verwunderung sorgte zunächst die Zugrichtung der Schmetterlinge, da sie vorwiegend in Ost‐West‐Richtung flogen. Bei dem letzten vergleichbaren Ereignis im Jahr 2009 fand der Einflug hingegen von Südwesten her statt. Aufschluss über den Verlauf und die Herkunftsregion der diesjährigen Wanderung geben zahlreiche internationale Medienberichte.
Regulation des Sauerstoffhaushalts bei Hypoxie
Authors: Hille‐Rehfeld Annette
Published: December 2019

Die Wirkungen von Sauerstoff im Körper sind ambivalent: So lebensnotwendig er für den Ablauf der Atmungskette in den Mitochondrien, für Oxidationen bei Biosynthesen, Entgiftungsreaktionen oder physiologischen Regulationsmechanismen ist, im Übermaß kann er oxidativen Stress auslösen, Entzündungen fördern, Zellbausteine aller Art einschließlich der Erbsubstanz irreversibel schädigen oder auch die Bildung von Tumoren auslösen. Wie vor diesem Hintergrund die Versorgung der Gewebe mit Sauerstoff bedarfsgerecht reguliert wird, ist das Forschungsgebiet der drei mit dem diesjährigen Nobelpreis für Physiologie ausgezeichneten Mediziner, William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter Ratcliffe und Gregg L. Semenza.
Supramolecular Chemistry in the Biomembrane
Authors: Barba‐Bon Andrea , Nilam Mohamed , Hennig Andreas
Published: December 2019

The combination of supramolecular functional systems with biomolecular chemistry has been a fruitful exercise for decades, leading to a greater understanding of biomolecules and to a great variety of applications, for example, in drug delivery and sensing. Within these developments, the phospholipid bilayer membrane, surrounding live cells, with all its functions has also intrigued supramolecular chemists. Herein, recent efforts from the supramolecular chemistry community to mimic natural functions of lipid membranes, such as sensing, molecular recognition, membrane fusion, signal transduction, and gated transport, are reviewed.
S‐Adenosyl‐l‐Methionine Salvage Impacts Psilocybin Formation in “Magic” Mushrooms
Authors: Demmler Richard , Fricke Janis , Dörner Sebastian , Gressler Markus , Hoffmeister Dirk
Published: December 2019

Psychotropic Psilocybe mushrooms biosynthesize their principal natural product psilocybin in five steps, among them a phosphotransfer and two methyltransfer reactions, which consume one equivalent of 5′‐adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and two equivalents of S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAM). This short but co‐substrate‐intensive pathway requires nucleoside cofactor salvage to maintain high psilocybin production rates. We characterized the adenosine kinase (AdoK) and S‐adenosyl‐l‐homocysteine (SAH) hydrolase (SahH) of Psilocybe cubensis. Both enzymes are directly or indirectly involved in regenerating SAM. qRT‐PCR expression analysis revealed an induced expression of the genes in the fungal primordia and carpophores. A one‐pot in vitro reaction with the N‐methyltransferase PsiM of the psilocybin pathway demonstrates a concerted action with SahH to facilitate biosynthesis by removal of accumulating SAH.
Proteome‐Wide Survey of Cysteine Oxidation by Using a Norbornene Probe
Authors: Alcock Lisa J. , Langini Maike , Stühler Kai , Remke Marc , Perkins Michael V. , Bernardes Gonçalo J. L. , Chalker Justin M.
Published: December 2019

Rapid detection of cysteine oxidation in living cells is critical in advancing our understanding of responses to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. Accordingly, there is a need to develop chemical probes that facilitate proteome‐wide detection of cysteine's many oxidation states. Herein, we report the first whole‐cell proteomics analysis using a norbornene probe to detect the initial product of cysteine oxidation: cysteine sulfenic acid. The oxidised proteins identified in the HeLa cell model represent the first targets of the ROS hydrogen peroxide. The panel of protein hits provides new and important information about the targets of oxidative stress, including 148 new protein members of the sulfenome. These findings provide new leads for the study and understanding of redox signalling and diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Green Chemistry in der Schule
Authors: Linkwitz Michael , Eilks Ingo
Published: December 2019

Vom Chemieunterricht wird ein stärkerer Wandel hin zu einer Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung gefordert, wobei der Wandel der Chemie zu grünen und nachhaltigen Verfahrensweisen berücksichtigt werden sollte. Aber wie lässt sich die grüne Chemie theoretisch als auch praktisch in den Unterricht integrieren? Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen und macht Vorschläge, wie grüne Chemie systematisch Eingang in den Chemieunterricht in der Sekundarstufe II finden kann. Er fokussiert auf die theoretischen Hintergründe und stellt ausgewählte Experimente hierzu vor.