bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dilatancy as a measure of fracturing development in the process of rock damage
Authors: Cieślik Jerzy
Published: September 2018

Dilatancy understood as inelastic volume changes of rock under conditions of differential stress not only foreshadows brittle rock failure [1, 2, 3], preceding such phenomena as earthquakes or mining-induced rockbursts, but also defines the kinematics of rock deformation [4, 5]. This article shows that there is a quantitative relationship between the dilatancy occurring at different levels of rock load and the development of fracturing that accompanies the process of rock degradation. Based on the mechanical laboratory test results of Wustenzelleer fine-grained sandstone, the article presents analyses of plastic volume changes in rock samples and a certain measure of fracture development accompanying the process of their degradation. Thanks to the characteristics obtained through mechanical tests with unloading, the inelastic volumetric strain of the samples was established, and the scalar damage variable (CDM - continuum damage mechanics approach) was determined at various load levels. These results demonstrated the relationship between dilatancy and rock stiffness changes describing the development of fracturing. Three load intervals were determined, in which the nature of the analysed phenomena, i.e. dilatancy and damage describing the development of cracks, undergoes significant changes. The highest intensity of both phenomena was obtained in the post-critical load range, between the ultimate strength limit and the residual strength of the samples, in which rock samples undergo the process of degradation the most. Obtained dependencies allow the correlation to be taken into account in damage mechanics models describing the variable stiffness of rocks in the loading process.
Effect of knots and holes on the modulus of elasticity prediction and mapping of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) veneer using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI)
Authors: Sofianto Imran Arra’d , Inagaki Tetsuya , Ma Te , Tsuchikawa Satoru
Published: September 2018

Naturally occurring knots reduce the mechanical strength of wood. Veneers from sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) served as research material to study the effect of knots and holes. Veneer samples were first subjected to a three-point bending test to obtain measured modulus of elasticity (MOE) values. Then, near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was used to construct a prediction model and map the predicted MOE values. This is the first attempt for MOE prediction from the entire veneer surface based on NIR-HSI technology, while the mathematical part relies on chemometrics and cross-validation partial least squares regression (CV-PLSR). Maps of MOE prediction values could distinguish between latewood (LW) and earlywood (EW), as well as between a sound knot and a dead knot.
Switchable inteins for conditional protein splicing
Authors: Di Ventura Barbara , Mootz Henning D.
Published: September 2018

Synthetic biologists aim at engineering controllable biological parts such as DNA, RNA and proteins in order to steer biological activities using external inputs. Proteins can be controlled in several ways, for instance by regulating the expression of their encoding genes with small molecules or light. However, post-translationally modifying pre-existing proteins to regulate their function or localization leads to faster responses. Conditional splicing of internal protein domains, termed inteins, is an attractive methodology for this purpose. Here we discuss methods to control intein activity with a focus on those compatible with applications in living cells.
Signs of length
Authors: Vertegaal Alexander J. J.
Published: September 2018

In Vertegaal 2017, it was argued that plene spellings(〈CV-V〉 sign sequences) in Hieroglyphic Luwian can be divided into two types: space-fillers on the one hand, and non-fillers on the other. This article focuses on plene spellings of the latter kind, as attested in texts from the Iron Age (CHLI). It is demonstrated that these non-filler plene writings are non-randomly distributed across morphemes and lexemes, indicating that this mode of spelling marks a phonetic feature. Using secure etymologies and analyses, it is proposed that non-filler (“linguistically real”) plene spellings mark the presence of long vowels or disyllabic sequences. The validity of this hypothesis is subsequently tested against less secure and doubtful etymologies as well as counterexamples. Finally, it is concluded that the hypothesis holds, thereby providing, for the first time, direct evidence for the writing of vowel length in Hieroglyphic Luwian.
Greco-Armenian
Authors: Kim Ronald I.
Published: September 2018

It has been generally held since the beginning of the 20th century that Armenian is more closely related to Greek than to any other Indo-European branch. A more recent minority opinion posits an especially close relationship between Greek and Armenian, even going so far as to assume a period of Greco-Armenian unity. Following upon recent publications, above all Clackson 1994, this paper argues that the available evidence does not at all support this stronger hypothesis. In contrast to the lexical innovations common to Greek and Armenian, the phonological isoglosses shared by the two languages are extremely few and of an easily repeatable nature. The morphological features claimed as shared innovations may likewise represent independent developments and/or have parallels in other Indo-European branches, whereas other features of verbal morphology rather appear to connect Armenian with Indo-Iranian or Balto-Slavic. These considerations suggest that pre-Armenian belonged to a dialect continuum encompassing the ancestors of Greek, Phrygian, and Indo-Iranian for some time after the breakup of Proto-Indo-European, but made up a distinct speech community already by the late 3rd millennium BC.
Invariant Causal Prediction for Nonlinear Models
Authors: Heinze-Deml Christina , Peters Jonas , Meinshausen Nicolai
Published: September 2018

An important problem in many domains is to predict how a system will respond to interventions. This task is inherently linked to estimating the system’s underlying causal structure. To this end, Invariant Causal Prediction (ICP) [1] has been proposed which learns a causal model exploiting the invariance of causal relations using data from different environments. When considering linear models, the implementation of ICP is relatively straightforward. However, the nonlinear case is more challenging due to the difficulty of performing nonparametric tests for conditional independence.

In this work, we present and evaluate an array of methods for nonlinear and nonparametric versions of ICP for learning the causal parents of given target variables. We find that an approach which first fits a nonlinear model with data pooled over all environments and then tests for differences between the residual distributions across environments is quite robust across a large variety of simulation settings. We call this procedure “invariant residual distribution test”. In general, we observe that the performance of all approaches is critically dependent on the true (unknown) causal structure and it becomes challenging to achieve high power if the parental set includes more than two variables.

As a real-world example, we consider fertility rate modeling which is central to world population projections. We explore predicting the effect of hypothetical interventions using the accepted models from nonlinear ICP. The results reaffirm the previously observed central causal role of child mortality rates.
Seasonality of month of birth in children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis: a continuing conundrum
Authors: Kyrgios Ioannis , Giza Styliani , Tsinopoulou Vasiliki Rengina , Maggana Ioanna , Haidich Anna-Bettina , Galli-Tsinopoulou Assimina
Published: September 2018

Background

The aim of this study was to analyze the seasonal birth month pattern in young patients with autoimmune thyroiditis and compare it with youth controls.

Methods

Medical records of a total of 298 children and adolescents of Greek origin, with a diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) before the age of 21 years that were born from 1987 to 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. In addition, 298 consecutive subjects that were born from 1988 to 2012 and evaluated in a tertiary unit for any reason, served as controls, provided that they had no personal or family history of thyroid or any other autoimmune disease.

Results

Significant differences were found between children and adolescents with HT and healthy controls in the yearly pattern of month of birth distribution (p=0.029). During month-by-month analysis, it was shown that the highest and lowest predispositions to HT were among those born in spring (March) (odds ratio [OR] 2.34, p=0.005), and autumn (November) (OR 0.49, p=0.035), respectively. A binary logistic regression model also revealed that season of birth and sex were the only factors that remained related to HT disease, even after adjustment for confounding factors such as year of birth and age (p<0.001, Nagelkerke r-square 0.151).

Conclusions

This study suggests that the effect of certain seasonal factors during fetal development, reflected by the seasonal differences in birth pattern, in children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis could contribute to long-term programming of an autoimmune response against the thyroid gland. Further studies are needed to demonstrate a clear cause and effect relationship between month of birth and HT.
Adipocyte aquaporin 7 (AQP7) expression in lean children and children with obesity. Possible involvement in molecular mechanisms of childhood obesity
Authors: Oikonomou Eleni , Kostopoulou Eirini , Rojas-Gil Andrea Paola , Georgiou George , Spiliotis Bessie E.
Published: September 2018

Background

Aquaporin 7 (AQP7), a water/glycerol transporting protein, regulates adipocyte glycerol efflux and influences lipid and glucose homeostasis. Altered AQP7 expression in adults leads to impaired glycerol dynamics, adipocyte hypertrophy and it predisposes them to obesity and diabetes. To assess its possible involvement in childhood obesity, this study investigated the expression of adipocyte AQP7 in cultured adipocytes of children.

Methods

Primary in vitro differentiated adipocyte cultures were developed from surgical biopsies of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue from 61 (46 prepubertal, 15 pubertal) lean children (body mass index [BMI] <85%) and 41 (22 prepubertal, 19 pubertal) children with obesity (BMI >95%). AQP7 expression was studied by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western immunoblotting and insulin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

AQP7 messenger RNA (mRNA) was increased in the younger obese prepubertal (YOP) children but decreased in the obese adolescents (OA) (p=0.014) who also had increased insulin and homeostatic model assessment – insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Lean pubertal (LP) children and YOP had increased 41 kDa AQP7 protein expression (p=0.001 and p=0.005, respectively). The OA who expressed 34 kDa AQP7 had lower triglyceride (TG) levels than those who did not express it (p=0.013). In the lean children, TG were negatively correlated with 34 kDa AQP7 (p=0.033).

Conclusions

The lower AQP7 mRNA expression in the OA may reflect a predisposition to adipocyte hypertrophy and metabolic dysfunction, as in the adults, whereas the YOP may be protected from this. The increased 41 kDa AQP7 protein expression in the LP may reflect the increased energy requirements of puberty for glycerol while in the YOP it may also be protective against the development of adipocyte hypertrophy.
On stretched magnetic flow of Carreau nanofluid with slip effects and nonlinear thermal radiation
Authors: Ganesh Kumar K. , Ramesh G.K. , Gireesha B.J. , Rashad A.M.
Published: September 2018

Present article reports the magnetohydrodynamic flow of Carreau nanofluid in the presence of nonlinear thermal radiation. In this model we incorporated slip condition on heat and mass boundary conditions. Similarity transformations are applied to convert the governing dimensional expressions into non-dimensional forms. Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method of fourth–fifth order using shooting technique utilized to elaborate the numerical solutions of physical phenomenon.A comparative analysis is presented with the previous published data in special case for the justification of present results. The role of physical constraints on liquid velocity, temperature and concentration are discussed through numerical data and plots.
An adaptive mesh method for time dependent singularly perturbed differential-difference equations
Authors: Pramod Chakravarthy P. , Kumar Kamalesh
Published: September 2018

In this paper, a time dependent singularly perturbed differential-difference convection-diffusion equation is solved numerically by using an adaptive grid method. Similar boundary value problems arise in computational neuroscience in determination of the behaviour of a neuron to random synaptic inputs. The mesh is constructed adaptively by using the concept of entorpy function. In the proposed scheme, prior information of the width and position of the layers are not required. The method is independent of perturbation parameterεand gives us an oscillation free solution, without any user introduced parameters. Numerical examples are presented to show the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed scheme.
Surface modification of Sb-SnO2/potassium titanate composite and their performance for acrylic coatings
Authors: Li Xifeng , Zuo Shixiang , Yao Chao , Liu Wenjie , Li Xiazhang , Li Guang
Published: September 2018

Sb-SnO2/potassium titanate (SSP) composites were synthesized by densely coating Sb-doped SnO2 on the surface of fibrous-like potassium titanate. X-ray diffraction demonstrated that Sb was successfully doped into the crystal lattice of SnO2. To improve the dispersion of SSP composites in the acrylic resin, the as-prepared SSP was modified with sodium stearate. Fourier transform infrared spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that stearate radicals existed on the surface of SSP in the form of physical adsorption. The hydrophilic degree of modified SSP was largely improved by water contact angle measurements. The properties (surface resistivity and mechanical properties) of the conductive coatings prepared by adding the obtained composites were investigated in detail. The modified SSP coatings exhibit more superior electrical conductivity due to their better dispersion in the matrix compared with SSP. Moreover, the obtained composite coatings present high pencil hardness of 4H–5H and excellent adhesion force, flexibility, and impact resistance.
Multilingualism and sameness versus otherness in a semiotic context
Authors: Hoxha Bujar
Published: September 2018

Many countries throughout the globe function in a system that allows the usage of more than one language. Such a multilingual social reality’s construction, especially in societies like the one in which I am living, is perceived in many different ways: attempting thus to provide for the process of differentiating identity’s oneness and sameness into various cultural subcategories, which already represent new realities (and/or otherness in terms of identity’s conceptualization). Due to newly created social realities, semiotics naturally discusses the differences and/or oppositions that can contribute to various cultures’ mutual exclusivity or inclusivity, in terms of various heterogeneous “transformations,” which would thus overcome dualities, and be viewed as single acts of signs, or as a result of a process of singularization of their constituent components. I shall also attempt using a semiotic style that may enact a semiotics of action, grounded on the semiotics of passions, through a way of producing semantic taxonomies as pride versus humiliation, hegemony versus subordination, etc., obtainable due to disjunctive and/or conjunctive semiotic relations such as contextualization versus de-contextualization.
Financial fragmentation and the monetary transmission mechanism in the euro area: a smooth transition VAR approach
Authors: Kotz Hans-Helmut , Semmler Willi , Tahri Ibrahim
Published: September 2018

This paper investigates the effect of financial fragmentation on the monetary transmission mechanism in different Euro area economies, categorized into two groups: countries considered as “core” economies and countries characterized as “peripheral” economies. We analyze the effects of financial fragmentation on the monetary transmission mechanism through the traditional interest rate channel. To gauge the impact of changes in policy rates on the behavior of real variables such as aggregate output and employment we use a Smooth Transition VAR (VSTAR) model. Employing a nonlinear multivariate time series approach helps us capture the regime-dependent dynamics of the variables under study. The results obtained show that money market rates targeted by the central bank do not completely pass through to banks’ lending rates to firms, particularly in a financially fragmented environment. This finding supports the hypothesis of an impairment of the monetary transmission mechanism as a result of financial fragmentation. Given this impairment in some sectors and regions an accompanying credit volume policy might have been appropriate.
Beobachtungs- und Evaluationsaufträge an den Gesetzgeber in der Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts
Authors: Bieback Karl-Jürgen
Published: September 2018

Die Beobachtungs- (zusammen mit der Nachbesserungs-) Pflicht des Gesetzgebers ist ein vielgebrauchter Topos des Bundesverfassungsgerichts aus recht unterschiedlichen Kontexten. Sie lässt sich nur begrenzt systematisieren. Aus ihr folgt kein Auftrag zu bestimmten Methoden der „Beobachtung“. Durch ihre Einbindung in die Prüfung der Verhältnismäßigkeit begrenzt die Pflicht die gesetzgeberische Gestaltungsfreiheit etwas. Sie stützt sie (politisch wie verfassungsrechtlich) vor allem in Fällen von Gesetzesentscheidungen unter großer Unsicherheit, komplexen Wirkungszusammenhängen sowie unklarer Handhabung/Umsetzung.
Novel Facile Technique for the Determination of Binding Strength of Adhesives
Authors: Ezeh Emmanuel C. , Chime Charles C. , Nweze Bernardine N. , Okenwa Jude C. , Chukwuma Sabestine A. , Nnaona Chiedozie C.
Published: September 2018

Second to the wide application of different types of adhesives in various industries, offices, and homes and to the paucity of raw materials for the production of adhesives, as well as constraints in access to the conventional instruments for determination of binding strength, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries, there is a need to source and produce adhesives locally from readily available and inexpensive raw materials and to develop simple and reliable techniques to determine the binding strength. In this work, adhesives were produced from pumpkin and watermelon seeds. The binding strength of the adhesives was successfully tested using a simple technique involving a retort stand and standard objects of known mass. The adhesives were of good quality and easily applied, especially on paper, foam, footwear, and wood works. This novel technique provides a very easy and inexpensive route for the determination of binding strength as it does not require electric power, advanced technical skills, or other chemicals.
Perception of Illiterate Society Toward The Functional Literacy Program
Authors: Laksono Bayu Adi , Supriyono Supriyono , Wahyuni Sri
Published: September 2018

Perception has the important role in determining the worldview and impacts significantly, including on the functional literacy programs. The aim of this study is to reveal the perception of the illiterate in functional literacy programs. This research uses the qualitative approach with the type of phenomenology research. The research was conducted in Kadur Sub-district, Pamekasan Regency. The informants used were 6 persons who were illiterate in the functional literacy program. Data collection techniques use in-depth interviews and documentation studies. Analysis of this research data using Miles and Huberman model. The results of the study show several peceptions that formed in the functional literacy programs. Based on the research, it can be concluded that illiterate people perceive the functional literacy program as a place of fulfilment of desire, including the desire to get reward, acknowledgement, and appreciation of figure. As a place of fulfilment of needs, including the need to socialize, facing the times, empowered, and worship. The benefits of this research can be used for literacy education practitioners to improve the quality of the program by accommodating the wishes and needs of the learning community
Overcoming CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in ER-positive breast cancer
Authors: Portman Neil , Alexandrou Sarah , Carson Emma , Wang Shudong , Lim Elgene , Caldon C Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

Three inhibitors of CDK4/6 kinases were recently FDA approved for use in combination with endocrine therapy, and they significantly increase the progression-free survival of patients with advanced estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer in the first-line treatment setting. As the new standard of care in some countries, there is the clinical emergence of patients with breast cancer that is both CDK4/6 inhibitor and endocrine therapy resistant. The strategies to combat these cancers with resistance to multiple treatments are not yet defined and represent the next major clinical challenge in ER+ breast cancer. In this review, we discuss how the molecular landscape of endocrine therapy resistance may affect the response to CDK4/6 inhibitors, and how this intersects with biomarkers of intrinsic insensitivity. We identify the handful of pre-clinical models of acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors and discuss whether the molecular changes in these models are likely to be relevant or modified in the context of endocrine therapy resistance. Finally, we consider the crucial question of how some of these changes are potentially amenable to therapy.
Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Interactive Medications Among Medically Vulnerable Youth
Authors: Weitzman Elissa R. , Magane Kara M. , Wisk Lauren E. , Allario Joseph , Harstad Elizabeth , Levy Sharon
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Despite their medical vulnerability, youth with chronic medical conditions (YCMCs) drink at levels commensurate with healthy youth. However, information about the prevalence of alcohol use among YCMCs who take alcohol-interactive (AI) medications is scant. To address gaps and inform interventions, we quantified simultaneous exposure to alcohol use and AI medications among YCMCs, hypothesizing that AI exposure would be associated with lower alcohol consumption and mediated by perceptions of alcohol-medication interference.

METHODS:

Adolescents with type 1 diabetes, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, moderate persistent asthma, cystic fibrosis, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or inflammatory bowel disease completed an electronic survey. We measured the prevalence of exposure to AI medications and the associations with past-year alcohol use as well as binge drinking and total consumption volume in the past 3 months using multivariate regression to estimate the odds of alcohol use given AI medication exposure and perceptions of interference.

RESULTS:

Of 396 youth, 86.4% were on AI medications, of whom, 35.4% reported past-year alcohol use (46.3% among those who were not on AI medications). AI medication use was associated with 43% lower odds of past-year alcohol use (adjusted odds ratio: 0.57; 95% confidence interval: 0.39–0.85) and lower total consumption (β = −.43; SE = 0.11; P < .001). Perceptions of alcohol-medication interference partially mediated the relationship between AI medication exposure and past-year alcohol use (Sobel test P = .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Many YCMCs reported using alcohol; however, drinking was less likely among those who were taking AI medications. Perceptions about alcohol-medication interference mediated the association between drinking and AI medication exposure, suggesting the potential salience of interventions that emphasize alcohol-related risks.
Heavy metal contribution by runoff in a high-altitude megacity: a method based on the road-deposited sediment characterization
Authors: Zafra-Mejía Carlos , Rondón-Quintana Hugo , Gutiérrez-Malaxechebarria Álvaro
Published: September 2018

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el desarrollo y aplicación de un método para determinar la contribución de metales pesados (MP) derivados del lavado ejercido por la escorrentía sobre sedimentos viales (SV) en una megaciudad de elevada altitud (Bogotá, Colombia). El método está basado en una ecuación que considera dos procesos: transporte y lixiviación de MP. La contribución de MP por escorrentía varía entre un 24.7-50.3%, con respecto a la masa total por unidad de área de MP asociados con SV de tiempo seco (Mn, Cd, As, Zn, Cu, Ba, Pb y Fe). Los MP que presentan una mayor contribución son Cd, Zn y Mn. La fracción inferior a 250 μm de los SV contribuye en promedio con un 81.6% de la carga total de MP. Los hallazgos sugieren que la fracción inferior a 250 μm es referente para el diseño de sistemas de control de contaminación en Bogotá.
Evaluation of water use in food SMEs: case study of a poultry processing plant in Colombia
Authors: Zorrilla-Ortega Yelitza Angelica , Silva Juan Pablo , Prado Lopez Valentina , Manyoma Velásquez Pablo César
Published: September 2018

El sector de alimentos y el agua en países en desarrollo, son elementos fundamentales para alcanzar los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible. Este reto a enfrentar es mayor cuando el 90% de las empresas son pequeñas y medianas (Pymes). Para evaluar cómo es el manejo del agua en las Pymes, un estudio de caso fue desarrollado en una planta de beneficio avícola colombiana. Visitas técnicas, monitoreos y balances de agua determinaron el funcionamiento. El desempeño fue evaluado por un análisis de sensibilidad. El consumo promedio de agua fue 206,2m3.d-1 hallando desempeños entre 10,9 y 28,8 L.pollo-1, con las áreas de desplume y evisceración responsables del 62% y la limpieza del 19%. Diariamente 32,4m3 de agua son empleados como medio de transporte. Se encontró que el consumo de agua excede los valores recomendados del Programa de Mejores Prácticas de Tecnología Ambiental. Propuestas de mejora enfocadas en prevención y minimización fueron planteadas.
Morphological and nanomechanical characterization of Guadua Angustifolia kunth fiber by means of SEM and AFM
Authors: Espitía-Nery Martin Eduardo , Corredor-Pulido Dery Esmeralda , Rodríguez-Ramírez Nelson Javier , Calderón-Bustos Jeimy Natalia
Published: September 2018

El desarrollo reciente en la ingeniería propone el uso de materiales compuestos reforzados a partir de fibras naturales, lo cual genera la iniciativa de estudiarlos mediante herramientas sofisticadas. En esta investigación se muestran los resultados de la caracterización morfológica y nanomecánica como dureza (nanoidentación), rugosidad y topografía de la sección paralela al eje axial de fibras de guadua Angustifolia kunth, con el fin de encontrar las propiedades mecánicas a nanoescala de las fibras. Para ello se emplearon los microscopios electrónico de barrido (SEM) y de fuerza atómica (AFM), con este último se obtuvieron curvas de fuerza vs desplazamiento, características de sistemas dinámicos de nanoindentación e imágenes, donde a partir de análisis se encontró que la guadua Angustifolia kunth (GAK) presenta crestas y ondulaciones en su superficie, las cuales le brindan una rugosidad adecuada otorgando adherencia entre el polímero y la fibra, además la dureza, el módulo reducido y la topografía a escala nanométrica, lo que permite concluir que las fibras de GAK presentan mejores propiedades para ser utilizadas como material de refuerzo en matrices poliméricas.
Kinetic parameters of lactic acid bacterial isolated from fermented milk "Suero Costeño"
Authors: Valencia-García Francia Elena , Motato-Rocha Karina Edith , Vera-Peña Madalyd Yurani , Sepúlveda-Lindarte Martha Liliana
Published: September 2018

El aislamiento de bacterias a partir de productos lácteos artesanales ha incrementado en diferentes países, debido a que éstas han reportado características de interés tecnológico únicas. Conocer los parámetros cinéticos de estos microorganismos caracterizados es importante para escalamiento biotecnológico. Este estudio, evaluó tres bacterias ácido lácticas de “Suero Costeño” de preparación artesanal: Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp), Streptococcus infantarius (Si) y Lactococcus lactis (Ll), identificados por 16S rRNA. Las cinéticas de crecimiento en condiciones ideales fueron evaluadas. Los resultados muestran que los microorganismos presentaron comportamientos diferentes de crecimiento, Si y Ll presentaron una rápida acidificación, lo que indica que podrían ser usados como cultivos primarios en fermentaciones y Lp como cultivo adjunto por la lenta producción de ácido y mayor resistencia a pH bajo. Además, el estudio mostró que es necesario controlar el pH entre 5,3 y 5,7 para favorecer el consumo de sustrato y el aumento de la biomasa.
Design of metacognitive expectations of cognitive functions through ontological representations
Authors: Madera-Doval Dalia P. , Caro-Piñeres Manuel F. , Gómez-Salgado Adán A. , Cardozo-Soto Ana M. , Jiménez-Builes Jovani A.
Published: September 2018

Este artículo presenta un modelo de expectativas metacognitivas sobre el tiempo de funcionamiento de las funciones cognitivas en la arquitectura metacognitiva CARINA. Se crea una representación formal y ontológica que establece la relación entre el proceso de observar un hecho en el auto-modelo y una creencia almacenada en la memoria semántica del sistema. La ontología cognitiva evidenció el proceso de búsqueda e intercambio de información entre diferentes tipos de recuerdos, tales como: memoria sensorial, memoria semántica, memoria de procedimientos, memoria prospectiva y memoria de trabajo. El experimento realizado demostró la funcionalidad del modelo en donde se generó expectativas para cada observación y podía compararlas con los valores observados en tiempo real. Otro tipo de resultado fue avance conceptual de una expectativa, la representación matemática formal, el diseño de la ontología y el modelo como un mecanismo de implementación en la arquitectura CARINA.
Entropy and negentropy of private electric vehicles in urban systems: homeostasis of mobility in Mexico
Authors: González-Pérez Mario Guadalupe
Published: September 2018

Hace años que el vehículo eléctrico de uso particular amenaza con interactuar masivamente y sustituir buena parte de la carga vehicular de combustión interna; sin embargo, actualmente la homeostasis de la movilidad urbana relacionada con la velocidad y el tiempo en los trayectos motorizados cotidianos transitan entre las fases sub-crítica y crítica, por la entropía de los procesos de producción y consumo que presionan a este subsistema y viceversa. Este trabajo analiza desde la teoría de los sistemas la participación de los componentes entrópicos de la movilidad urbana en México, a través del modelo entropía-homeostasis-negentropía; una adecuación del modelo presión-estado-respuesta de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico, con el objetivo de mostrar cualitativamente el escenario más probable en la interacción vehículo eléctrico particular-movilidad urbana. Los resultados indican que un mayor número de unidades vehiculares generan mayor entropía intra-sistémica. En este sentido, es indispensable implementar negentropías definitivas para la automovilidad eléctrica.
Tampoco evaluativo: marca subjetiva de inadecuación en el español de México
Authors: Carretero Abigail , De la Mora Juliana , Maldonado Ricardo
Published: September 2018

Además del valor adverbial de tampoco, que relaciona dos proposiciones negativas y tiene una función adversativa, se ha señalado que, en el español actual, tampoco presenta también valores pragmáticos de corte atenuativo o enfático. Este trabajo identifica, adicionalmente, un valor evaluativo que subraya distintos niveles pragmáticos de inadecuación respecto de una emisión previa que contradice el punto de vista del hablante. El análisis se centra en usos del español de México, a partir de datos obtenidos en corpus, así como en el discurso oral espontáneo. El análisis propuesto muestra que el uso evaluativo de tampoco se desprende de su uso adversativo; pero identifica, además, restricciones pragmáticas y discursivas que permiten calificar emisiones, actitudes o presupuestos como inadecuados, según entran en conflicto con situaciones establecidas o con marcos conceptuales específicos.
Corpus de aprendientes de español como lengua extranjera y segunda lengua (CAELE/2): el componente escrito
Authors: Hincapié Diana
Published: September 2018

Este artículo expone el proceso de diseño y construcción del Corpus de Aprendientes de Español como Lengua Extranjera y Segunda Lengua (caele/2) en su componente escrito. Este es el primer corpus de aprendientes de español como lengua extranjera y segunda lengua en Colombia. Tiene como objetivo ofrecer a docentes e investigadores muestras reales de lengua de aprendientes extranjeros y sordos, con el fin de llevar a cabo análisis y propuestas didácticas que beneficien a estas poblaciones. El caele/2 es un corpus abierto con 166 muestras sistematizadas, tomadas de 83 participantes quienes respondieron a las pruebas diseñadas para el proyecto.
Ad obstructos intellectus: da superfície à profundidade em A Ciência da Cruz de Edith Stein
Authors: Machado Elisângela Pereira , Brustolin Leomar Antônio
Published: September 2018

Edith Stein em seu fenomenológico caminho pessoal faz a experiência do adentrar-se no profundo pouco conhecido. Ela rompe as obstruções de um cotidiano ordinário e segue além de uma intelectualidade cuja verdade é sempre buscada com afinco. Este artigo apresenta como o pensamento steiniano ilumina o ser humano contemporâneo na busca de sair da superficialidade e adentrar na profundidade da existência onde se encontra o sentido da vida. Em virtude disso, o intento deste artigo é apresentar reflexões presentes na obra Ciência da Cruz de Edith Stein, baseada na Doutrina Mística de João da Cruz que propõe uma comunicação com Deus consciente e definitiva. Isso consiste em um avançar para além da razão e do intelecto em tempos de estagnação, superfície e vazio.
Os caminhos curvos da Evangelização e da Igreja
Authors: Susin Luiz Carlos
Published: September 2018

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Human Transcendence as a Locus of Revelation and Foundation for Theological Work: Implications from Rahner’s Hearer of the Word
Authors: Bedin Fontana Leandro Luis
Published: September 2018

This article concerns the complex relation between the heteronomous authority of divine revelation and human autonomy, particularly having regard to the context of Western, secularized, religiously plural societies. In the face of the current fragmentation of meaning and the crisis of morality, and considering that individuals must take on the responsibility for their own life projects and decisions themselves, they can no longer cope without personal autonomy to form their own frames of reference, rather than deriving them from religions, as in the past, whose doctrines have become alien to them. In Hearer of the Word, Rahner raises human transcendence to a category in which human autonomy and God’s ultimate Word meet on the level of Being, of existence, where eaning is reintegrated, the lively, original experience of Revelation is recovered, and the apparent contradiction between faith and lifeworld can be overcome through an authentic form of religious life. ***A transcendência humana como lugar de Revelação e fundamento do fazer teológico: Implicações da obra Ouvintes da Palavra, de K. Rahner***O presente artigo aborda a complexa relação entre a autonomia humana e a autoridade heterônoma da Revelação divina, dedicando particular atenção ao contexto das sociedades secularizadas e religiosamente plurais do Ocidente. Considerando a fragmentação de sentido, a crise da moralidade, e a necessidade de que os indivíduos desses contextos assumam completa responsabilidade por seus projetos de vida e decisões, tornou-se impossível prescindir da autonomia pessoal que possibilita a cada um/a poder definir os próprios marcos de  referência, ao invés de delegar essa tarefa às religiões, como no passado, o que tem dado origem, não raro, a conflitos existenciais. Em Ouvintes da Palavra,Rahner eleva a transcendência humana a uma categoria na qual a autonomia humana e a Palavra de Deus encontram-se no plano do Ser, da existência, onde o sentido é reintegrado, a experiência viva originária da Revelação é recuperada e a aparente contradição entre fé e mundo da vida pode ser superada através de uma vida religiosa e espiritual autêntica.Palavras-chave: Revelação. Autonomia. Secularidade. Transcendência. Teologia
Influencia humana en las fluctuaciones poblacionales de erizos de mar
Authors: Hernández José Carlos
Published: September 2018

Echinoids play an important role in marine ecosystems structuring. Often, their population density experience markedly fluctuations that promote a state shift in the ecosystems they inhabit. Population increments of some sea urchins may cause catastrophic changes in temperate areas of the planet by decimating the erect macroalgae cover. These population increments results in unproductive and very stable assemblages, known as “blanquizales” (ericeras/moradales), or sea urchin barren ground. Macroalgae are the main ecosystem engineers in temperate areas and generate a suitable nursery and feeding habitat for fishes. These algae stands are also important zones for biofiltration of coastal waters and CO2 uptake. The main consequence of vegetated biomass lost is a trophic disequilibrium that generates important economic losses for artisanal fisheries and tourism. In tropical areas, sea urchin’s outbreaks can cause bioerosion in coral reefs. However, the most important event to highlight was the mass mortality occurred in the Caribbean during the 80’s. This event favored the development of algae communities that suffocated the coral reef ecosystem. Therefore, both in temperate and tropical areas of the planet, these boom-bust echinoids generate undesired ecosystems states. Very recently, various global scale collaborative papers have highlighted a clear anthropogenic cue. Human activity though overfishing or favoring global warming, weakens marine ecosystem resilience and promote these catastrophic ecosystem shifts. To mitigate the effects of these population changes different management strategies have been used. For instance, in temperate areas, sea urchin reduction actions (manually or by using quick lime), sea urchin harvesting or the implementation of marine reserves have been used, with contrasting results. In Caribbean coral reefs affected by urchin mass mortality, some sea urchin juvenile’s reintroduction plans have been used but with very low effectiveness. The more feasible ecosystem scale strategy due to its preventive nature, seems to be the implementation of protected areas. However, the impact of global warming will exceed our capacity to manage marine ecosystems locally and will required more efficient global actions to prevent undesired sea urchin fluctuations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65(Suppl. 1): S23-S34. Epub 2017 November 01.
Distribution and abundance patterns of echinoderms in the fjord and channel complex from a subantarctic north Patagonian Ice field, Magellan region
Authors: Mutschke Erika , Gerdes Dieter , Ríos Carlos
Published: September 2018

The existence of latitudinal marine biodiversity gradients from low to high-southern latitudes is a controversial issue regarding the marine biogeographic division in the Southeastern Pacific. In this region, the Northern Patagonian Icefield is considered a break point for faunistic elements derived from more northern or southern biogeographical realms. However, the division seems to be better defined by distribution patterns and endemism of specific marine taxa. There have been no exhaustive latitudinal benthic inventories compiled along the southern-eastern Pacific Chilean coastline. This study focuses on the spatial distribution variability and relative abundance of the sublittoral echinoderm assemblages and uses them to establish an evaluation of zoogeographic relationship in the Southeastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This is the first time echinoderms have been used for this purpose. A total 3 665 echinoderm specimens were collected in two cruises. Within this organism pool, 29 species were distinguished, belonging to the asteroids (17 species), echinoids (6 species), ophiuroids (4 species) and holothurians (2 species); crinoids were not found. The dominant species were the asteroid Ctenodiscus procurator, the echinoid Pseudechinus magellanicus, the ophiuroid Ophiuroglypha lymani, and the irregular sea urchin Tripylaster philippii. The spatial distribution patterns for the echinoderm clusters along the study area showed only weak geographical trends. Stations belong in three groups: with influence of glacier processes, influence of waters of the open Pacific Ocean, and a third group of stations without any links to specific locations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65(Suppl. 1): S60-S72. Epub 2017 November 01.
Riqueza y distribución de equinodermos en los arrecifes rocosos de Punta Amapala y Los Cóbanos, El Salvador
Authors: Segovia Johanna , Guerra Gilma , Ramos Fernanda
Published: September 2018

Richness and distribution of Echinoderms in rocky reefs at Punta Amapala and Los Cobanos, El Salvador. In El Salvador, taxonomic and distribution studies of echinoderms are scarce, and most of them are from Los Cóbanos. This research aims to explore the richness and abundance of echinoderms associated with shallow rocky reefs of El Salvador, as well as their relationship between distribution and abiotic variables. Sampling was carried out in Los Cóbanos and Punta Amapala, on the Pacific coast of El Salvador; between February and April 2016, with three-hour workdays during low tide. The sampling techniques used were wandering dive and three transects of 30m in length. The relationship between species and abiotic variables (temperature, salinity, coast distance and roughness) was identified with canonical correspondence analysis. We report seven species in five orders. The temperature and coast distance are strongly related to the distribution of organisms. Holothuria (Halodeima) kerfersteini and Echinometra vanbrunti are related to high temperature and greater distance from the coast; however, Ophiocoma aethiops, O. alexandri and Ophiothrix rudis are conditioned by low temperature and shorter coast distance. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65(Suppl. 1): S92-S100. Epub 2017 November 01.
New echinoderm remains in the buried offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan, Mexico City
Authors: Martín-Cao-Romero Carolina , Solís-Marín Francisco Alonso , Caballero-Ochoa Andrea Alejandra , Hernández-Díaz Yoalli Quetzalli , López Luján Leonardo , Zúñiga-Arellano Belem
Published: September 2018

Between 1978 and 1982 the ruins of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan were exhumed a few meters northward from the central plaza (Zócalo) of Mexico City. The temple was the center of the Mexica’s ritual life and one of the most famous ceremonial buildings of its time (15th and 16th centuries). More than 200 offerings have been recovered in the temple and surrounding buildings. We identified vestiges of 14 species of echinoderms (mostly as disarticulated plates). These include six species of sea stars (Luidia superba, Astropecten regalis, Astropecten duplicatus, Phataria unifascialis, Nidorellia armata, Pentaceraster cumingi), one ophiuroid species (Ophiothrix rudis), two species of sea urchins (Eucidaris thouarsii, Echinometra vanbrunti), four species of sand dollars (Mellita quinquiesperforata, Mellita notabilis, Encope laevis, Clypeaster speciosus) and one species of sea biscuit (Meoma ventricosa grandis). They date back to the reigns of kings Axayacatl (AD 1469-1481), Tizoc (AD 1481-1486), Ahuitzotl (AD 1486-1502), and Motecuhzoma II (AD 1502-1520). Apparently the presence of echinoderms in the offerings is related to the realm of Tlaloc (god of rain and earth). It is believed this organisms, like other marine animals, were used by the priests, like other marine animals, to represent the aquatic underworld of Mesoamerican world-view. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65(Suppl. 1): S168-S179. Epub 2017 November 01.
New record of the starfish Ophidiaster ludwigi (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Paciﬁc of Mexico and Costa Rica
Authors: Martín-Cao-Romero Carolina , Solís-Marín Francisco Alonso , Alvarado Juan José , Laguarda-Figueras Alfredo
Published: September 2018

Ophidiaster ludwigi had been reported only from Panama and Peru. Here we add record of the genus and species for Mexico and Costa Rica; and, first time its bathymetric distribution (0-156 m). Rev. Biol. Trop. 65(Suppl. 1): S253-S257. Epub 2017 November 01.
Seagrasses of Costa Rica: from the mighty Caribbean to the dynamic meadows of the Eastern Tropical Pacific
Authors: Samper-Villarreal Jimena , Van Tussenbroek Brigitta I. , Cortés Jorge
Published: September 2018

Seagrass meadows are declining worldwide, mostly attributed to anthropogenic disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of these meadows is urgent in order to establish adequate management and conservation strategies. Here, we analyzed the current knowledge on the seagrass meadows in the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Costa Rica, Central America. Current knowledge was based on literature searches, herbarium collections, informal interviews, and personal observations. We report a total of five genera and seven species for Costa Rica: Thalassia testudinum, Syringodium filiforme, Halophila decipiens, Halophila baillonis, Halodule wrightii, Halodule beaudettei, and Ruppia maritima. Six species are reported for the Caribbean, and four species for the Pacific. Thalassia testudinum, S. filiforme, and H. decipiens have only been reported for the Caribbean. Halodule beaudettei has only been reported for the Pacific coast. Halophila baillonis, H. wrightii and R. maritima have been reported for both coasts. Seagrasses were found at a total of 31 locations in Costa Rica, most from the Pacific coast; 16 of which are reported here for the first time. Seagrass meadows from both coasts are vastly different. Along the Caribbean coast, meadows are often dominated by the robust T. testudinum, they are extensive and stable, persisting for decades. In contrast, the meadows along the Pacific coast are more dynamic and are dominated by pioneer and smaller ephemeral species, such as H. baillonis and H. beaudettei. The number of studies on Costa Rican seagrasses is scarce but has been increasing over time, and mostly concern taxonomic reports and basic descriptions of the dynamics of T. testudinum meadows from the Caribbean. Research, conservation and management efforts on Costa Rican seagrass meadows would benefit from continued monitoring and research on associated fauna and flora, incorporating ecosystem resilience and services.