bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endocrine and safety assessment pre‐ and post‐ingestion of Natural S‐equol for 12 weeks in healthy Japanese adult males
Authors: Jenks Belinda H. , Iwashita Soh , Uchiyama Shigeto
Published: June 2021

S‐equol is an intestinal bacterial metabolite of daidzein. S‐equol is produced by 50% of Japanese but only 30% of North Americans and Western Europeans. SE5‐OH is an S‐equol containing ingredient made via fermentation of soy germ by Lactococcus garvieae 20–92. Serum hormone measures were conducted in equol and non‐equol producing adult Japanese men given a daily supplement of SE5‐OH containing Natural S‐equol. In this randomized, double blind placebo controlled parallel study 46 males ages 22–64 yr on a regular diet were divided into 3 groups and given either a placebo, S‐equol 10 mg/d or S‐equol 30 mg/d for 12 weeks followed by a 4 week period without the supplement. Measures of serum total and free testosterone, estradiol, TSH, free T3, free T4 and PSA were assessed at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16. All serum hormone measures and PSA were within normal limits, and the treated groups did not differ significantly from placebo or each other. In the 30 mg group, a non‐significant trend for an increase in serum total testosterone was noted: 6.2±1.6 ng/mL at week 12 versus 5.49 ng/mL at week 0. No adverse events were observed. The data showed that SE5‐OH with Natural S‐equol given at doses of 10 mg and 30 mg for 12 weeks would be safe for endocrine function in Japanese adult males. There is potential for assessment for use of SE5‐OH for benefits for prostate health. Support for this study was provided by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd.
Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Nutritional Status in Humans after Oral Supplementation
Authors: Harris Calliandra , Chowanadisai Winyoo , Satre Michael , Bauerly Kathryn , Bauerly Kathryn , Tchaparian Eskouhie
Published: June 2021

PQQ is a novel growth factor. Reproduction and mitochondrial metabolism are impaired in animals fed diets devoid of PQQ. However, little is known about PQQ functional parameters in humans. In a randomized study, 10 subjects ingested PQQ and were examined at daily/weekly intervals. PQQ serum levels and urinary excretion increased directly with PQQ intake. At each dose (0 to 40 mg/day), ~0.1% was excreted in urine. PQQ peaked in serum at 2–3 h after each dose with a half‐life of 3–5 h. Assays, for plasma anti‐oxidant potential (e.g. TRAP), indicated improvements at nM PQQ concentrations. In contrast, micromolar amounts are usually required for other biofactors. Decreased TAG, uric acid and urinary NAG activity (a marker for renal damage) levels were also observed. In addition, a decrease in the mtDNA/nuclear DNA ratio of nucleated cells in blood occurred in response to PQQ (~ 30 mg PQQ/day X 3 d; ~ 15 %, P <0.05). Current efforts are directed at elucidating the significance of this decrease in view of the favorable changes in antioxidant potential and serum TAG and mtDNA increases previously observed in animal tissues in response to PQQ. Support: the UCD CHNR and Mitsubishi Gas and Chem. Co.
Effect of Pre‐adipocyte and Differentiated Adipocyte Conditioned Media on Galectin‐3 Expression in Mouse Intestinal Epithelial Cell
Authors: Kim Jon‐Sang , Garcia Annalene , SEO Jiyeon , LIM Ji Sun , Park Jia , Nam Dae Hwan , Sung Mi‐Kyung
Published: June 2021

We hypothesized that obesity cause inflammation which, in turn, promotes colon carcinogenesis. To test the hypothesis mouse intestinal IEC‐6 cells were incubated in the presence of preconditioned media collected from culturing LPS‐stimulated macrophage, followed by comparing protein expression profile with control cells. The proteomic analysis revealed 45 differentially regulated proteins in mouse intestinal IEC‐6 cells under the inflammation‐mimicking condition. Among others, galectin‐3, a beta‐galactoside‐binding protein, was up‐regulated. Galectin‐3 has been reported to play anti‐apoptotic role in tumor progression and metastasis, and its over‐expression has been observed in several types of cancer such as colon cancer. In order to determine relationship between obesity‐induced inflammation and colon carcinogenesis, conditioned media (CM) from LPS‐stimulated or non‐stimulated 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes or differentiated adipocytes were utilized to induce inflammation in IEC‐6 cells. Nitric oxide (NO) level was determined using Griess method and galectin‐3 expression was analyzed by western blot. Results showed enhanced generation of NO and upregulation of galectin‐3 in both LPS‐stimulated pre‐adipocyte and adipocyte. The increased expression of galectin‐3 in IEC cells might be caused by high levels of TNF‐alpha and IL‐6 in CM.
Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate increases the expression and secretion of adiponectin protein in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Montero Cindy , Frost Susan C. , Percival Susan S.
Published: June 2021

(−)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCg) has been shown to play a role in the improvement of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in both diabetic and hypertensive rats. Adiponectin is an insulin‐sensitizing hormone secreted almost exclusively from mature adipocytes, which improves glucose uptake by tissues. We hypothesized that the improvement in insulin sensitivity in EGCg‐fed animals may be a result of changes in adiponectin expression. The objective of this study was to measure adiptonectin levels in EGCg treated 3T3‐L1 cells after their differentiation into mature adipocytes. Mature 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were incubated with 5μM EGCg or vehicle for 24h. EGCg increased intracellular accumulation of adiponectin, which was demonstrated by Western blot analysis. In addition, an increase in the secretion of adiponectin by adipocytes into culture media was detected by ELISA. These results show that a physiologically relevant concentration of EGCg can influence the expression of adiponectin, and suggest a mechanism by which EGCg can modify glucose metabolism. Supported by FAES
Time‐dependent comparison of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and conjugated nonadecadienoic acid (CNA) on lipid metabolism in mice
Authors: Park Yooheon , Wong Janice , Kim Byung Hee , Park Yeonhwa
Published: June 2021

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has shown a number of health benefits, particularly on controlling body fat. As one of CLA cognates, conjugated nonadecadienoic acid (CNA, 19‐carbon conjugated fatty acid) has been previously reported to have greater efficacy on body fat control. In this current investigation, we compared the time‐dependent effects of CNA and CLA. 12‐week‐old male CD‐1 mice were fed one of the treatment diets with 20% total fat (control, 0.5 w/w% CLA, and 0.1 w/w% CNA) for 4, 8, or 12 weeks. There was significant bodyweight decrease for both CLA and CNA groups compared to control over time, while there was no difference in food intake between treatments. The liver weights were significantly increased by CLA but not CNA treatment. Both CLA and CNA groups showed comparable adipose tissue weights which were significantly less than control, with the greatest reduction at week 12. Both CLA and CNA groups had increased white adipose tissue acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, hormone‐sensitive lipase, and uncoupling protein‐2 and decreased peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ, fatty acid synthase, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) compared to control at all time points. Muscle GLUT4 was significantly improved by both CLA and CNA treatments compared to control at all time points. In conclusion, CNA reduces body fat in mechanisms similar to those of CLA without adversely influencing liver weight. Supported by AHA SDG
Comprehensive Weight Management Program for Army ROTC Cadets
Authors: Cardenas Arisa , Rogers Jesse , Von Bank Julia , Friedman BJ , Crixell Sylvia
Published: June 2021

A comprehensive weight management program following evidence‐based guidelines was implemented to improve weight related measures in a class of Army ROTC cadets. The program was requested by ROTC officers because 13% of the class exceeded Army standards for BMI and percent body fat, which would prohibit acceptance into the Army's Leadership Development and Assessment Course (LDAC). All protocols were compliant with Institutional Review Board guidelines. 23 subjects were randomly assigned to a control (n=12) or treatment (n=13) group. Controls were given access to web‐based nutrition education. Treatment subjects were provided with 20 weekly individualized counseling sessions to improve dietary practices and increase physical activity (PA). All were assessed for height, weight, body fat (BODPOD®) and BMI at baseline, mid‐point and end. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed a between group difference in fruit intake, with the treatment group consuming more servings/day (P<.05). Within group differences were found for % calories from fat (P<.02), % body fat (P<.05), PA (P<.007) and Army Physical Fitness Test scores (P<.001). At conclusion, all cadets met Army BMI and body fat standards. This weight management program was effective in improving cadets’ dietary intake and all subjects met the BMI and % body fat requirements for entry into LDAC. This research was funded by a grant from Texas State University.
A Group Visit Model Integrating Medications, Nutrition, and Behavioral Change To Treat Obesity
Authors: Donahoo William Troy , McGuire Joni K
Published: June 2021

Pharmacotherapy for obesity has a long and storied history. Currently there are only 2 medications approved by the FDA for long‐term management of obesity, both have modest average weight loss, and both work best in combination with behavioral/nutrition/activity interventions. Integrating pharmacotherapy into clinical care in a cost‐effective manner that supports behavioral/lifestyle intervention and maintains patient involvement and satisfaction has remained a challenge. Sibutramine is a centrally acting serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that primarily acts as an appetite suppressant. Integrating sibutramine into a medication group visit clinic will be presented as a model for the use of weight loss medications in the clinic setting. Using the RE‐AIM model, data on: Reach, Efficacy (weight loss and change in co‐morbidities), Adoption/Implementation (process mapping of the clinic flow, curriculum), and Maintenance (patient involvement and satisfaction and cost) will be discussed. A group visit model is an ideal setting for integrating obesity pharmacotherapy into the clinic in a cost effective high quality manner that also addresses patient satisfaction.
Interaction of the pepsin resistant soy proteins to the intestinal mucosa of rat
Authors: Kong Mijung , Lee Jin‐Woo , Park Seonmin , Lee Aeri , Kim Jong Sang
Published: June 2021

Identification of the pepsin resistant soluble soy proteins and their binding characteristics to the intestinal mucosa of rat, and the cell signaling in the human epithelial cell line, IEC‐2, were investigated. Proteomic methods were adopted to identify the soy proteins resistant to pepsin, the binder proteins on the intestinal mucosa layer, and the posttranslational modification of proteins involved in cell signaling upon binding of the pepsin resistant soy proteins to the cell surface receptor. Most of the pepsin resistant soluble soy proteins were identified as well known food allergens and storage proteins, such as glycinin. The binding of the resistant proteins to the intestinal mucosa proteins identified a 32 kDa protein by a blot binding assay. The interaction of the resistant protein to the intestinal epithelial cell, IEC‐2, changes the phosphorylation states on the cell signaling proteins involved in metabolic turnover, cell structure formation and protein turn‐over. The results suggest that some soluble soy proteins resistant to the pepsin digestion can interact with intestinal proteins and change the cellular activity in the intestine. This study was supported by a research grant from KISTEP.

Grant Funding Source: KISTEP in Korea
Two common variants in the human CYP4F2 gene result in substantial alterations in vitamin E‐ω‐hydroxylase specific activity
Authors: Bardowell Sabrina Anne , Stec David E. , Parker Robert S.
Published: June 2021

Human cytochrome P450 CYP4F2 catalyzes the ω‐hydroxylation of the side chain of tocopherols (TOHs) and tocotrienols (T3s), the first step in their catabolism to polar metabolites which are excreted in urine. CYP4F2 exhibits strong substrate preference for vitamin E forms other than α‐TOH, and in conjunction with α‐TOH transfer protein results in the conserved phenotype of selective accumulation of α‐TOH. The purpose of this work was to determine the functional effect of two genetic variants in the human CYP4F2 gene on TOH‐ω‐hydroxylase specific activity. CYP4F2 TOH‐ω‐hydroxylase specific activity was measured in microsomal preparations from insect cells infected with baculovirus containing human wild‐type or polymorphic CYP4F2 DNA expressing the respective enzyme variants. The W12G variant exhibited a 130–175% increase in enzyme activity (pmol product/min/pmol CYP4F2) toward α, γ, δ‐TOH and a 250–253% increase in enzyme activity toward α, γ, δ‐T3. The V433M variant exhibited a 36–58% decrease in enzyme activity towards TOHs and a non‐significant decrease in activity toward T3s. Since CYP4F2 is the only known enzyme to mediate vitamin E metabolism in humans, the observed substantial enhancement and impairment in enzyme activity due to these two genetic variants may result in alterations in vitamin E status in individuals carrying these mutations. Supported in part by NIH grant DK067494.

Grant Funding Source: NIH grant DK067494
Genotype‐based online nutrition guidance
Authors: Kohlmeier Martin
Published: June 2021

The complexity of multiple gene‐nutrient interactions prevents consumers from making, on a daily basis, unassisted dietary choices that fit their personal needs. The objective therefore was to demonstrate the feasibility of personalized computer‐assisted menu selection.

An online tool (http://www.nim.unc.edu/guidance/guidance.html) was developed to match daily menus to individual genetic profiles. The algorithm calculates the sum of normalized distances for all nutrients in a potential menu, using parabolic functions tailored to nutrients and user characteristics. The settings ensure the selection of menus that closely meet intake targets for energy and critical nutrients.

Hypothetical scenarios used non‐pregnant 40 year‐old women, one with the full‐length DHFR gene with normal folic acid tolerance, and one with two copies of the 19del variant (rs70991108) with possibly low folic acid tolerance. The program found twenty well‐balanced one‐day menus for the first woman, all of which met her folate target with less than 6.7% deviation. Setting the folic acid to 25% of total folate intake for the carrier of the 19del variant yielded six one‐day menus that met the total folate target with up to 4.4% deviation, while keeping folic acid below the limit.

This draft version of a nutrition guidance program establishes proof of concept. Ongoing development aims at expanding the database and adding functionalities.
Folate network genetic variation, plasma homocysteine, and global genomic methylation content
Authors: Wernimont S M , Smith E M , Clark A G , Stover P J , Wells M T , Litonjua A A , Weiss S T , Gaziano J M , Tucker K L , Baccarelli A , Schwartz J , Cassano P A
Published: June 2021

Sequence variants in genes of the folate network are hypothesized to cause differences in homocysteine and DNA methylation. We studied 334 SNPs in 52 network genes in relation to plasma homocysteine and global genomic methylation. SNPs were selected based on function and gene coverage, and genes were categorized based on role in the folate metabolic pathway. Age‐ and smoking‐adjusted general linear models estimated genotype—phenotype associations. 23 SNPs were associated with homocysteine levels (p≤0.05), 29 were associated with Alu methylation (p≤0.05), and 13 were associated with LINE‐1 methylation (p≤0.05). The absorption and transport, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial genes had the most SNPs associated with homocysteine levels. The mitochondrial and cytoplasmic genes had the most SNPs associated with Alu, and cytoplasmic genes had the most SNPs associated with LINE‐1. MTHFR SNPs were significant predictors of all 3 outcomes, while ALDH1L1, CBS, CTH, DNMT1, MTHFD1L, SARDH, and TCN2 SNPs were significant predictors of 2 outcomes. The set of most significant SNPs that predicted homocysteine levels or Alu or LINE‐1 methylation was unique to each outcome. Funding: NIH T32 DK007158‐34 (SMW), G105 NHLBI Resequencing and Genotyping Service (PAC).
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the phosphatidylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase gene may influence choline requirement
Authors: da Costa Kerry‐Ann , Fischer Leslie , Hwang Hye Mee , Zeisel Steven
Published: June 2021

Humans derive the choline they require from their diet and from de novo biosynthesis catalyzed by the enzyme phosphatidylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PEMT). In previous studies, we found that pre‐menopausal women were resistant to developing organ dysfunction when consuming a low choline diet as compared to post‐menopausal women and men. Also, we showed that the gene PEMT is estrogen responsive, allowing pre‐menopausal women to form more of their required choline via PEMT. However, some pre‐menopausal women (44%) did develop choline deficiency and we found that they had a haplotype containing an allele for a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PEMT (rs12325817). To determine whether this effect of the SNP increased with the number of mutant alleles, we recruited 27 pre‐menopausal women with 0, 1 or 2 of the alleles. They were fed a baseline diet containing 550 mg choline/day for 10 days, followed by a choline deficient diet for up to 42 days, and a repletion diet with 850 mg choline for 10 days. Subjects were deemed clinically choline deficient if they developed hepatic steatosis or muscle dysfunction on the low choline diet and if the organ dysfunction disappeared when choline was returned to the diet. We found that 80% of the subjects who were homozygous for the SNP became choline deficient compared to 43% with 1 variant allele, and 13% without the SNP (p=0.02). We conclude that the risk of a pre‐menopausal woman becoming choline deficient is proportional to the allele dose for the SNP rs12325817.

This research is supported by grants from NIH‐ DK55865, DK56350 and RR00046.
No effect of a rapidly fermentable fiber on satiety in healthy subjects
Authors: Hess Jennifer , Birkett Anne , Thomas William , Slavin Joanne
Published: June 2021

The role of fiber in body weight regulation may involve enhanced satiety. This double blind, crossover design study (N=20) sought to examine the satiety response of a short‐chain fructooligosaccharide (scFOS) and its ability to decrease energy intake. On 3 occasions subjects were randomly assigned to consume 2 separate doses of 0g (control), 5g or 8g of scFOS, the first at breakfast in beverage form, the second prior to dinner in solid chews. Visual analogue scales (VAS) were completed to assess satiety between breakfast and lunch. Ad libitium food intake was measured at a lunch meal and over 24 hours. Hydrogen breath measures were obtained and gastrointestinal tolerance was assessed. Results were analyzed as area under the curve (AUC). Food intake was lower after scFOS treatments; however, differences were not significant. No enhancements in satiety were found. Hydrogen breath measures indicated significant dose dependent fermentation rates within 4 hours of ingestion; however, all treatments were well tolerated with no significant differences in gastrointestinal symptoms. These results indicate that scFOS are well tolerated but do not enhance satiety. Hydrogen breath response evidenced rapid fermentation indicating that the prebiotic properties of scFOS may provide physiological benefits beyond satiety.

This research was supported by GTC Nutrition, Golden, CO.
Toward understanding of disparities in exclusive breastfeeding
Authors: Bai Yeon , Wunderlich Shahla M , Fly Alyce D
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to identify and compare psychosocial determinants of “intention to continue exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for 6 months” among mothers with varying ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Data were collected from 236 volunteer mothers (<2 months postpartum, breastfeeding exclusively, speaking English or Spanish) between 2008–09 from hospitals and WIC clinics in southern New Jersey and central Indiana using a self‐administered questionnaire. Items measured constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior: attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control. Racial/ethnic groups were different (p<0.01) in marital status, education level, and WIC participation. Multiple regression analyses revealed that predictors of “intention to continue EBF for 6 months” varied by race/ethnicity not by socioeconomic status. Significant predictors (p<0.01) were perceived behavioral control (β=0.64) for Latina, subjective norm (β=0.52) for Black, attitude (β=0.53) for White. Attitude (β=0.37 vs. 0.37) and subjective norm (β=0.38 vs. 0.33) were significant predictors across socioeconomic status (WIC vs. non‐WIC). Health professionals may help eliminate disparities in mother's breastfeeding rates by creating familial, societal, and technical support for Black and Latina and by improving Whites’ attitude toward breastfeeding. Sources of support: Montclair State Univ. & Indiana Univ.
Relations between diet intake and parenting stress in breastfeeding women
Authors: Butler Kara , Kennedy Tay , Aubuchon‐Endsley Nicki , Valtr Tabitha , Rudluff Rebecca , Thomas David G
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between diet as measured by the Diet History Questionnaire and parenting stress in 50 women breastfeeding their 3 month old infants. The Parenting Stress Index (Short From) assessed total stress (TS) and has subscales assessing parental distress (PD), parent‐child dysfunctional interactions (PCDI) and child difficulty (DC). Mean age of women was 28.3 years (SD 5.3) and infant birth weight was 7.5 lbs (SD .9). Correlation analyses found that PCDI was correlated with caffeine (r = .317, p = .025); dairy servings (r = .377, p = .007) and added sugar (r = .283, p = .047). However, DC was correlated with saturated fat (r = .327, p = .020) and dairy servings (r = .477 p = .000). Dairy servings were also related to TS (r = .381, p = .006) and PD was related to grain servings (r = −.291, p = .040). Results suggest further investigation into the relation between food choice and stress to provide appropriate guidance to women.

This project was supported by National Research Initiative Grant 2008‐35200‐18779 from the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture.
Oligosaccharide Diversity: Bovine Glycans through Lactation
Authors: Yeung Henry Fan , Hua Serenus S. , DePeters Edward , Lebrilla Carlito B , German J Bruce
Published: June 2021

Non‐digestible oligosaccharides in mammalian milk are the subject of interest to the fields of glycobiology, analytical chemistry, microbiology, genetics, nutritional biology, and food science. In colostrum, oligosaccharides are the third most abundant non‐aqueous component in bovine milk after lipid and lactose; yet their abundance is dramatically lower in mature milk. We have developed separation protocols and analytical platforms to profile extracted oligosaccharides in milk from various mammals and stages of lactation. Oligosaccharides were isolated in microgram quantities using the Gilson automated solid phase extraction robot. Isolated oligosaccharides were identified, structurally characterized, and quantified using various mass analyzers including matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform‐ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy, microchip liquid time‐of‐flight mass spectroscopy, and quadrupole liquid time‐of‐flight mass spectroscopy (Agilent Technologies Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA). Oligosaccharides profiled in Holstein cows over the course of the first seven days of lactation showed that acidic oligosaccharides decrease relative to neutral oligosaccharides as lactation progresses. We are now using these methods to establish the environmental and genetic factors that control acidic oligosaccharide biosynthesis.
Relationship of overweight‐obesity with some health conditions in Women beneficiaries of Oportunidades, Results of a National probabilistic survey.
Authors: Mejia‐Rodriguez Fabiola , Quezada‐Sanchez David , Shamah‐Levy Teresa , Villalpando‐Hernandez Salvador
Published: June 2021

Objective

to evaluate the relationship of overweight‐obesity with some health conditions in Women beneficiaries of Oportunidades program in Mexico.

Methods

For the present analysis, a subsample representative of Oportunidades was extracted from ENSANUT‐2006, the National Nutrition Survey, 2006. For the purpose of this analysis we selected data for 3,293 women (weighted 1,477,984 women). Venous blood samples were drawn from an antecubital vein. We calculated high levels of cholesterol (>240 mg/dL), glucose (>126 mg/dL), hypertension (>140 mmHg). We evaluate the relationship of overweight‐obesity with that health conditions using probit regression after adjustment for age, socioeconomic status level, area, and indigenous condition.

Results

The women with overweight‐obesity have high probability (p<0.001) to present high levels of cholesterol, glucose, hypertension. But probability falls if they are young and indigenous women.

Conclusions

Equal what has been reported in some poor countries, overweight in poor women from rural Mexico is associated with high levels of cholesterol, glucose and hypertension. Further studies are required to understand how we can make action to reduce or to prevent these conditions of overweight‐obesity in population from the Oportunidades.
Development of Screening Tool Identifying Korean Adolescent females at Fe Deficiency Anemic Status.
Authors: Park Suh yeon , Son Sook Mee
Published: June 2021

To develop a simple screening tool for identifying Korean adolescent females at risk of Fe deficiency anemic status. Dietary intake, dietary behavior food habit, anthropometric data and biochemical data were obtained from the subjects.

The field survey was carried out with 94 anemic female students(middle school: 90, high school: 104) and 253 normal female students(middle school: 159, high school: 94). The parameter used to evaluate the students as anemic was hemoglobin(Hb<11.5g/dl). Significant factors related to anemia were investigated and selected to make screening tool with can be used to screen out the subjects with the risk of anemia. Screening tools including dietary and non‐dietary factors were developed for each middle school and high school student. Above all, we developed convenient food frequency questionnaire for predicting iron intake or hemoglobin. We used convenient food frequency questionnaire(Fe 15food items) for development of screening tool. Fe index with 15 food items, frequency of soybean curds and soy products, education of mother, biceps skinfold thickness were adopted in the screening tool for middle school girls. There factors explained 32.0% of the variation in hemoglobin and the sensitivity was 81.25% to screen out anemic subjects evaluated as anemic with Hb(<11.5g/dl). For high school students, the screening tool was consisted with Fe index with 15 food items, biceps skinfold thickness, height and family size. There factors significantly explanined 24.7% of the variation of hemoglobin and the sensitivity was 75.5%.
Are prices changes adequate to produce long‐term dietary change: Lessons from Russia's Economic Transition?
Authors: Dellava Jocilyn E. , Popkin Barry
Published: June 2021

Altering of price subsidizes and taxation to promote a healthful diet are major tenets of nutrition‐related food policy. In tobacco, taxation was a main component of smoking reduction campaigns, but public education and norm changing occurred concurrently. In the diet area, tax changes may be opposed by added food marketing. Russia offers an opportunity to test the role of price shifts and subsidy removal unaccompanied by programming. This study evaluates the effect of price change on percent total fat calories consumed and percent total fat from meat, dairy, and fats and determines if effects of price changes differed by income level. Using data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey we evaluated dietary changes from 1994–2004 in low, middle, and high income groups. Following economic price shocks and soaring inflation, percent of calories from fat and percent of fat calories consumed from meat, dairy, and fats decreased. Despite continuing increasing costs, percent calories from fat and percent fat from meats and dairy rebounded with income improvements. Cost was inversely associated with percent total fat calories consumed from an item, but over time, had less of an effect on this relation. The rebound was quicker and more apparent in middle and high income groups. The effect of price change is likely short lived if not accompanied by social norm changes and educational programming. Funding T32MH07669403
Usual Folic Acid Intake among US Women Aged 15–44 Years, NHANES, 2003–2006
Authors: Tinker Sarah C , Cogswell Mary E , Devine Owen J , Berry Robert J
Published: June 2021

Our study objective was to estimate the prevalence and determinants of recommended intake of folic acid among US women of childbearing age. We analyzed data from 2617 non‐pregnant women aged 15–44 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2006. We estimated usual intake from diet and supplements; the proportion of women consuming the recommended usual intake; and associations of recommended intake with multiple characteristics. Overall, 25% of non‐pregnant US women of childbearing age consumed the recommended usual intake (95% confidence interval [CI]=22%–27%). Among women who used supplements with folic acid, 72% (95% CI=68%–75%) consumed the recommended usual intake. Use of supplements was the strongest determinant (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR]:10.2, 95% CI=6.9–15.2) of achieving the recommended intake. Among the 68% of women who did not use supplements, consumption of cereals with folic acid was the strongest determinant of achieving the recommended usual intake (PR:22.9, 95% CI=13.4–39.2). Postfortification, the majority of US women of childbearing age do not consume the recommended amount of folic acid.
The relationship between whole grain consumption and fiber intake in American adults: Results from NHANES 1999‐04
Authors: Albertson Ann Marie , Holschuh Norton M.
Published: June 2021

Evidence indicating the role of whole grain (WG) foods in the reduction of risk for various cancers, coronary heart disease and overweight continues to grow. Total dietary fiber (TDF) is one nutrient often associated with whole grain. One‐day food intakes from the NHANES 1999‐04 and the USDA MyPyramid Equivalents Database 2.0 (MPED) were used to examine this relationship for adults 19+ years. Results indicate that adults in the highest tertile of TDF consumption consumed significantly more WG than adults in the lower 2 tertiles. Adults meeting WG recommendations (≥ 3 oz. eq.) also had significantly higher TDF intakes (28.8g versus 13.4g for no WG group). Vegetables and ready‐to‐eat cereals were the largest contributors of TDF among those adults who met WG recommendations (15% and 13%, respectively). Among adults with the lowest WG intake, RTE cereal contributed very little TDF (<2%). TDF consumption from MPED groups was also examined. For the adults meeting WG recommendation, WG foods were a significant source of TDF (~ 25%). Whole grain consumption should continue to be encouraged for all Americans.
Participation of 1,725 fourth‐grade children in the School Breakfast Program (SBP) and National School Lunch Program (NSLP): Comparing study records to parental responses on consent forms
Authors: Baxter Suzanne Domel , Royer Julie A , Mackelprang Alyssa J , Devlin Christina M , Guinn Caroline H , Hardin James W
Published: June 2021

On study records created for a validation study of dietary recall accuracy, research staff indicated which children participated (obtained meals) in SBP and NSLP on 10 to 29 random days per fourth‐grade child between August and May. For analyses, we used a cutpoint of whether children participated on ≥50% of days. Parents responded to 2 questions on consent forms regarding children's usual participation in school meals (breakfast; lunch). For the 1,126 children who participated in SBP on ≥50% of days, 66% of consent forms indicated that breakfast was usually eaten at school, 27% at school and home, 5% at home, 1% not eaten, and 1% indicated a combination of responses; for the 599 children who participated in SBP on <50% of days, consent forms indicated 23%, 27%, 42%, 4%, and 4%, respectively. For the 1,672 children who participated in NSLP on ≥50% of days, 91% of consent forms indicated that lunch was usually from school, 2% brought from home, 5% from school and brought from home, and 2% not eaten or a combination of responses; for the 53 children who participated in NSLP on <50% of days, consent forms indicated 28%, 62%, 10%, and 0%, respectively. In summary, parental responses of children's participation had acceptable accuracy for NSLP, but not for SBP. Funded by R21HL088617 and R01HL074358.
Is protein intake associated with bone mineral density in young women?
Authors: Beasley Jeannette Michele , Ichikawa Laura E , Ange Brett A. , Spangler Leslie , LaCroix Andrea Z , Ott Susan M , Scholes Delia
Published: June 2021

Background

The range of protein intake for optimizing bone health among pre‐menopausal women is unclear.

Objective

To examine cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between baseline dietary protein and bone mineral density (BMD) among 560 women aged 14–40.

Methods

Dietary protein intake was assessed using a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire in participants enrolled in a study investigating associations between contraceptive use and bone health. Annual change in hip, spine, and whole body BMD were measured using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between baseline protein intake (%kcal) and BMD were examined using linear regression analysis and generalized estimating equations adjusted for confounders.

Results

Baseline mean (±SD) protein intake was 15.5%±3.2% kcal. After multi‐variable adjustment, mean BMD was similar across each tertile of protein intake. In cross‐sectional analyses, low vegetable protein intake was associated with lower BMD (p=0.03 for hip, p=0.10 for spine, p=0.04 for whole body). For every percent increase in protein(%kcal), there were no significant longitudinal changes in BMD at any anatomic site.

Conclusion

Data from this longitudinal study suggest higher protein intake does not have an adverse impact on bone in pre‐menopausal women. Cross‐sectional analyses suggest low vegetable protein intake is associated with lower BMD. This study was funded by R01 HD31165‐01, R01 HD31165‐08 and T32‐AG027677.
Alcohol in food during childhood exposure as a risk factor for heavy drinking when adults: a case‐control study in Europe
Authors: Gregori Dario , Ghidina Marco , Morpurgo Giada , Zobec Federica
Published: June 2021

A case control study, matched by gender and age has been conducted in Germany to understand if exposure to food containing alcohol during childhood is associated with an increased risk of heavy drinking when adult.

One hundred fifty former ethilists where enrolled in the study and matched by age and gender with 150 no‐ or moderate‐users of alcohol.

People were deeply interviewed by expert psychologists, and history of risk factors related to ethilism where derived (maternal alcohol drinking, familiar environment, personal event history, …). Exposure to food containing alcohol was not significantly different between ethilists and non alcohol drinking people (11% vs, 9% respectively where eating food with alcohol during childhood, P‐value NS).

No significant effect of exposure to food containing alcohol during childhood on the risk of ethilism was detected even after adjusting for other known risk factors in a multivariable analysis.
Carbohydrate Analysis of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) Containing Commercial Beverages
Authors: Wahjudi Paulin Nadi , Hsieh Emmelyn , Patterson Mary E , Mao Catherine S , Lee WN Paul
Published: June 2021

The carbohydrate analysis of HFCS is based on methods which first hydrolyze the syrup into simple sugars before quantitative analysis. We have examined whether HFCS can be hydrolyzed under the same conditions suitable for hydrolyzing sucrose. A new GC/MS method for the quantitation of fructose and glucose as their methoxyamine derivatives and 13C labeled recovery standards was used to determine the carbohydrate content of HFCS in 10 commercial beverages. Samples were analyzed before and after acid hydrolysis. The carbohydrate contents in commercial beverages determined without acid hydrolysis were in agreement with the carbohydrate contents provided on the food labels. However, the carbohydrate contents of beverages determined after acid hydrolysis were substantially (4–5 fold) higher than the listed values of carbohydrates. As fructose and glucose in HFCS may exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides and/or oligosaccharides, analysis of the carbohydrate content of HFCS containing samples may yield widely different results depending on the degree of hydrolysis of the oligosaccharides. With inclusion of mild acid hydrolysis, all samples showed significantly higher fructose and glucose content than the listed values of carbohydrates on the nutrition labels. The underestimation of carbohydrate content in beverages may be a contributing factor in the development of obesity in children.
Bone mineral density, urinary sodium, and urinary calcium in healthy young Asian and Caucasian women
Authors: Barr Susan I. , Bedford Jennifer L.
Published: June 2021

Sodium (Na) intake has been linked to bone density through effects on urinary calcium (Ca) excretion, but few data are available in healthy young women. We assessed 24‐hr urinary Na excretion and its relationship with urinary Ca and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the total body, lumbar spine and total hip in a cross‐sectional study. 110 healthy non‐obese Asian and Caucasian women completed timed 24‐hr urine collections which were analyzed for Na and Ca. Dietary intakes were estimated using the Diet History Questionnaire, a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and aBMD was measured using dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Urinary Na was 2968 ± 1090 mg/d, significantly higher than intake of 2670 ± 1088 mg/d assessed by FFQ. Neither urinary Na nor Na intake differed between Asians and Caucasians. Dietary intakes correlated with 24‐hr urinary losses for both Na (r = 0.23, p = 0.017) and Ca (r = 0.21, p = 0.025). Controlling for calcium intake, urinary Na correlated positively with urinary Ca (r = 0.26, p = 0.007) and negatively with hip aBMD (r = −0.23, p = 0.015). Associations with total body (r = −0.16) and spine (r = −0.10) aBMD were also negative, but not significant. In conclusion, 24‐hr urinary Na (a proxy for intake) is associated with higher urinary Ca loss in young women, and may affect aBMD. Supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research 79563.
Peer Education Initially Helps Prevent Weight Changes in Freshman Women
Authors: Guest Dolores Doane , Thorpe Matthew P , Mojtahedi Mina C , Richey Abby , Mailey Emily , Kedem Leia E , McAuley Edward , Chapman‐Novakofski Karen , Evans Ellen M
Published: June 2021

Adjustment to living on a college campus contributes to increases in weight, known as the “Freshman 15”, presumably due in part to changes in energy intake and physical activity level. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of an 8‐week self‐efficacy based peer education program targeting both nutrition and physical activity behaviors to enhance weight management in freshman females over the first year on campus (PEER: N=65; 18.0±0.13 yr) compared to a control group (CON: N=63; 18.0±0.09 yr). Participants were clustered according to residence hall to avoid contamination effects, matched on race and BMI and subsequently the cluster pairs were randomized to PEER or CON. Weight status measures included weight and circumferences of the hip (HC) and waist (WC). PEER resulted in a benefit to weight change expressed as percent change from baseline after the 8 wk intervention (1.3% difference, p=0.078) with the effect diminishing by the end of the academic year (p=0.32). PEER also benefited HC (1.7%, p<0.01) and WC (1.7%, p=0.03) post 8 wk intervention; however, these effects were also not evident at the end of the academic year (p>0.1). The peer‐led intervention appears to improve measured outcomes initially suggesting the program model would be effective over a longer intervention period. Support: National Research Initiative Grant AG 2008 55215 18828 from the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture.
Weight change in young adults: identifying factors for targeted intervention strategies
Authors: Rueda Janice M. , Doko Eneida , Lanni Karen , Khosla Pramod
Published: June 2021

Weight gain in the first semester of college is associated with metabolic dysfunctions and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in adulthood. Identifying changes in dietary habits of this population may provide effective intervention strategies and reduce the public health burden of chronic disease. Data from anthropometric and CVD risk biomarker measurements, food diaries and food frequency questionnaires were collected from 53 first‐year college students 4 times over the first 16‐week semester. Of those completing last measurement (n=32), 59% gained weight (2.7±1.6kg, p<0.001) and showed a mean increase in lean mass (2.1±2.3kg, p<0.001), and 25% lost weight (−1.1±0.5kg, p<0.001) and showed a mean reduction in fat mass (−1.3±0.5kg, p<0.001). Weight change was not significantly associated with meal plan type or number of meals consumed in dining halls. Both positive and negative weight change was observed in this population, and factors were identified that may serve as potential intervention strategies to decrease weight gain and disease risk in this population.
Effects of acute and chronic processed tomato intake on LDL oxidation and paraoxonase activity
Authors: Cao Yumei , Kris‐Etherton Penny M. , Burton‐Freeman Britt M
Published: June 2021

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation is an initiating event in atherogenesis. Paraoxonase‐1 (PON1) hydrolyzes lipid peroxides in oxidized LDL. We investigated effects of processed tomato consumption on LDL oxidation and PON1 activity after a high fat meal or following 6 wk in healthy overweight subjects. PON1‐192 genotype also was assessed. Fifty‐four men (n = 20) and women (n = 34) 21 to 70 years, nonsmokers with a BMI of 25 to 35 kg/m2 participated in a randomized, 2‐center, 2‐arm, parallel study. 26 subjects were recruited for postprandial tests. After the run‐in (3 wk of low tomato diet), two postprandial meals were fed; a high fat meal with or without tomatoes (90 g of paste). A third postprandial test (a high fat meal without tomatoes) was conducted at the end of the 6 wk study. After the run‐in, oxidized LDL increased at 6 H versus 0 H after the high fat meal without tomatoes. After 6 wk, PON1 activity increased at 6 H compared to 3 H (P < 0.05) after the high fat meal without tomatoes. There was a trend for greater PON1 activity (P < 0.07) in tomato group versus control subjects after the high fat meal without tomatoes (PON1 QR/RR carriers). In conclusion, postprandial LDL oxidation is decreased when consuming a high fat meal with tomatoes; daily consumption of tomatoes for 6 wk increases PON1 activity.

Study sponsored by the Tomato Products Wellness Council.
Effects of nuts on glycemic control and coronary heart disease risk factors in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kendall Cyril WC , Esfahani Amin , Parker Tina L , Banach Monica S , Mitchell Sandra , Jenkins David JA
Published: June 2021

Background

Nut consumption, including peanuts, has been associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). More recently, interest has grown in the potential value of nuts in diets of individuals with diabetes.

Objective

To determine if tree nuts and peanuts improve glycemic control and CHD risk factors in type 2 diabetes.

Methods

117 subjects with type 2 diabetes were randomized to a 3‐month parallel design study. Subjects were randomized to one of three treatments: 1) Test (Full Dose Nut Diet): 75g/d for 2,000kcal/d; 2) Test (Half Dose Nut Diet): half‐dose of nuts and half‐dose of control muffin; and 3) Control: whole wheat muffins matched with energy content of nut supplements. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and weeks 2, 4, 8, 10 and 12 for markers of glycemic control and CHD risk factors.

Results

Compared to the control, the full dose nut supplement significantly lowered HbA1c (P=0.039), total‐C (P=0.002), LDL‐C (P=0.007), total‐C:HDL‐C (P=0.015), and LDL‐C:HDL‐C (P=0.028). The half‐dose of nuts did not result in any significant improvements in glycemic control or blood lipids.

Conclusions

The addition of nuts to the diet improves glycemic control and reduces blood lipid CHD risk factors in type 2 diabetes.

(Funded by Canada Research Chair Endowment; International Tree Nut Council Nutrition Research & Education Foundation; The Peanut Institute)
The effect of mixed fruit and vegetable concentrates on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: a review of the clinical evidence
Authors: Esfahani Amin , Truan Jennifer , Srichaikul Korbua , Kendall Cyril WC
Published: June 2021

Increased intake of fruit and vegetable (FV) has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, public health campaigns to increase FV intake have had limited success. A variety of mixed FV concentrates are available in the marketplace which may help certain individuals to achieve FV intake recommendations. However, the possible CVD benefits of FV concentrates have not been systematically reviewed. Our purpose, therefore, was to review the clinical trials that have studied the effects of these concentrates on CVD risk factors. A systematic search of EMBASE and MEDLINE databases identified 12 randomized, controlled clinical trials of 2 weeks duration or longer, which reported on at least one CVD risk factor. These studies assessed markers of oxidative stress (e.g. protein carbonyls, interleukin‐6), endothelial function and homocysteine. Daily consumption of FV concentrates significantly increased serum concentrations of antioxidant vitamins in 5 of 6 studies and significantly improved at least one marker (oxidative stress, endothelial function, homocysteine) of CVD risk in 10 of 12 studies. While longer term studies are required, these data indicate that FV concentrates may be of benefit in terms of improving antioxidant vitamin status, decreasing oxidative stress and reducing certain risk factors for CVD. (The study is not funded)