bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KAJIAN SISTEM AGRIBISNIS KOPI ARABIKA DI DESA SUKOREJO KECAMATAN SUMBERWRINGIN KABUPATEN BONDOWOSO
Authors: Hariyono Dede Cristantoa Alvin Dwi , Soetriono Soetriono , Mulyo Aji Joni Murti
Published: February 2019

Sistem agribisnis yang terdiri dari beberapa subsektor dimana setiap subsektor memiliki peran dalam kegiatan agribisnis kopi arabika. Perbaikan dan peningkatan sistem agribisnis kopi arabika merupakan hal yang penting bagi pelaku agribisnis kopi arabika. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sistem agribisnis kopi arabika. Metode penentuan daerah penelitian ini dilakukan secara sengaja (purposive method). Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif dan analitik. Alat analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis pendapatan, analisis nilai tambah metode hayami, dan analisis TOWS. Subsektor sarana input produksi terdiri dari penyediaan bibit unggul, pupuk, alat-alat usahatani, tenaga kerja dan modal. Subsektor usahatani memiliki pendapatan sebesar Rp 9.619.907,01 per Hektar dan nilai efisiensi sebesar 1,32. Subsektor pengolahan kopi gelondong merah menjadi kopi green bean memiliki nilai tambah sebesar Rp. 12.524,44/ kg, dan proses pengolahan kopi green bean menjadi kopi bubuk sebesar Rp 83.404,44/kg. Subsektor pemasaran yang efisien meliputi petani menjual kopi kepada UPH dan UPH menjual ke konsumen. Subsektor sarana penunjang meliputi Pemda Bondowoso, Bank Indonesia, Puslit, Bank Jatim, dan Perhutani. Strategi pengembangan di Desa Sukorejo adalah memanfaatkan bantuan dan pembinaan pemerintah dan stakeholder untuk memastikan dan menjaga penerapan MoU kluster kopi arabika dan pengolahan produk kopi arabika untuk menjaga dan meningkatkan kualitas harga kopi arabika.Kata kunci: sistem agribisnis, kopi arabika, pendapatan, nilai tambah, analisis TOWS
RESPON MATA TUNAS CROWN TERHADAP JENIS PERANGSANG TUMBUH PADA PERBANYAKAN TANAMAN NANAS
Authors: Warid Warid , Efendi Rezta Sari , Widianti Risma Arbia
Published: February 2019

Tingginya produksi nanas bergantung dengan bibit yang dipakai. Menurut Naibaho (2012) terdapat beberapa hal yang menyebabkan menurunnya luas pertanaman nanas yaitu, tidak tersedianya bibit siap tanam, terbatasnya jumlah bibit yang berkualitas, tingginya biaya produksi bibit. Perbanyakan nanas menggunakan crown memang paling mudah dan cepat berbuah. Namun, kebutuhan jumlah bibit yang banyak pada industri budidaya nanas membuat teknik tersebut tidak mampu memenuhi keinginan pasar. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan teknik lain agar kebutuhan bibit yang tinggi dan seragam dapat dipenuhi. Salah satu alternatifnya adalah dengan menggunakan mata tunas yang terdapat dalam crown. Agar pertumbuhan akar pada mata tunas dalam crown cepat terbentuk, maka digunakan berbagai jenis zat pengatur tumbuh, baik yang alami seperti sari tauge, air kelapa, dan bawang merah maupun sintetik (root up). Penelitian faktor tunggal ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap yang dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Agroekoteknologi, Universitas Trilogi pada bulan Oktober 2017 hingga Februari 2018. Hasil yang dapat disimpulkan dari percobaan ini adalah jumlah tunas yang terbentuk dan tinggi tunas yang paling baik terdapat pada perlakuan kontrol, sedangkan jumlah daun dan panjang akar yang terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan menggunakan sari bawang merah.Kata kunci: air-kelapa, mahkota, pembiakan-tanaman, sari-bawang-merah, sari-tauge
Family-Related Policies in Southern African Countries: Are Working Parents Reaping Any Benefits?
Authors: Smit Ria
Published: February 2019

The continuous rise in the labour market participation rate of women, the emphasis on gender equality in the workplace, and the debate around equitable parenting responsibilities when it comes to child care are some of the factors that shed light on the importance of family-related policies that address work/family life issues. This article focuses specifically on policies that give working parents more choices in reconciling vocational and familial responsibilities. The attention falls in particular on the policies of the fifteen member states in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The discussion starts by scrutinising maternity health protection policies, followed by an overview of parenthood-related leave policies, such as maternity, paternity and parental leave. Policies relating to child care also receive attention. The article concludes by making recommendations regarding matters that need attention in drafting policies that may facilitate the work/family life integration of working parents with young children in the SADC region.
Why Does Women’s Empowerment In One Generation Not Lead To Later Marriage and Childbearing In The Next?: Qualitative Findings from Bangladesh
Authors: Schuler Sidney Ruth , Rottach Elisabeth
Published: February 2019

This study uses qualitative data to explore the socio-cultural processes through which women influence two proximate determinants of health and well-being-age at marriage and age at initiation of childbearing-in the next generation, and to investigate social processes that may be undermining women’s empowerment and its effects across generations. Open-ended, in-depth interviews were conducted with triads of womenyoung married women, their mothers, and their mothers-in-law-with one of the senior women in each triad having been identified as comparatively empowered based on a set of indicators measured in a prior survey. The findings suggest the cultural meanings and social dynamics of marriage in the context of poverty and vulnerability to economic crisis are persistent constraints to later marriage and childbearing even in families of empowered women who are aware of the risks and disadvantages of early marriage and childbearing. No substantial differences were found between empowered versus unempowered women and their families in the ways that decisions about the timing of marriage and childbearing were made, nor, in general, between mothers versus mothers-in-law.
Domestic Violence against Women: Statistical Analysis of Crimes across India
Authors: Hackett Michelle
Published: February 2019

Due to the difficulties involved in obtaining data, especially on a nation-wide basis, statistical studies of domestic violence have been limited. This is particularly true for developing countries, including India, where gender discrimination is deeply entrenched. This study draws on data from one of the only current sources of nationwide information about domestic violence in India, the Indian National Crime Records Bureau. To examine the general patterns in domestic crimes against women across India, multivariate linear regression is performed on Dowry Death (wife murder) and Cruelty (wife abuse) crime rates for the major Indian states and cities. The primary findings reveal a robust inverse relationship between Dowry Death crimes and a state’s level of development, and suggest a possible link between development and other domestic violence. Specifically, the urban-rural disparities in the Cruelty data are explained with a “gendered resource theory” hypothesis that wife-abuse is more prevalent in areas of higher social development change (such as changing gender roles). The paper discusses these results within an ecological domestic violence paradigm, and addresses the inherent complications with using crime data.
Historical Testimony and Social Transformation on Memory Processes in Farmer and Steelworker Families in Luxembourg
Authors: Boesen Elisabeth , Scuto Denis
Published: February 2019

The article addresses the question whether, besides major historical events like that of the Second World War, experiences of gradual change are also transmitted from one generation to the next within the family, and, if this is the case, whether these familial memories are an instance in the formation of collective representations. By analysing narrative interviews with “three-generation families” the authors compare families representing two social milieus that have undergone profound change during the last few decades, namely agriculture and steel industry. The comparative analysis starts from the hypothesis–eventually to be refuted–that sociostructural factors or, more precisely, heritage and heritage relations influence memory processes in farmer’s families to a much higher degree than in working class families, thus hampering the integration or “co-production” of familial memories and the collective memory of social change.
Memories of Home: Family in the Diaspora
Authors: Tsolidis Georgina
Published: February 2019

This article draws on long-term work on diasporic identification whereby the Greek community is used as an exemplar of diaspora. A particular focus of this work has been the maternal and the role women play in transferring cultural identity between nations and between generations. In this context, diasporic identification is understood in Hall’s sense of invoking a past and evoking a future personal becoming. Qualitative research has been carried out in Australia and Canada and with ‘return migrants’ in Greece. These women invoke their parents’ memories of ‘home’ and their own memories of growing up as migrants to evoke new cultural identities for their own children. In this sense, their family becomes a transnational space in which memories manufacture futures. Feminist theory is used to reflect on the tensions these women experience because family can be both a potential source of oppression because of patriarchy, and a potential source of support against xenophobia.
“Living Together Without Being Married”: Perceptions of Female Adolescents in the Mexico-United States Border Region
Authors: Ojeda Norma
Published: February 2019

This is a study of the Mexico-United States Border female youth’s perceptions about “living together without being married” as an alternative in the process of family formation and as a new modality of intimate relationships of youth in their transition to adulthood. We analyze the case of working class females between 15-18 years old residing in Tijuana, Mexico, and in San Diego County, California. This comparative analysis focuses on individual, cultural, gender, institutional, and community factors shaping youth perceptions between two groups of Mexican-origin youth residing on different sides of the border but sharing the same family culture roots. The study uses information from fifteen focus groups conducted with female students from two of the largest public high schools in Tijuana and three public high schools in San Diego. Among the findings, we observe interesting differences between these two groups of young women. Latino adolescents in San Diego prefer to use the concept of cohabitation when referring to the idea of “living together without being married.” This type of relationship forms part of the process of growing up. Tijuana girls, however, prefer to use the concept of consensual union. This term mixes the traditional Mexican consensual union with some traces of the modern concept for cohabitation. The traditional meaning tends to dominate the “idea of living together without being married” among Tijuana girls.
Needs of Refugee Children in Canada: What can Roma Refugee Families Tell Us?
Authors: Walsh Christina A , Este David , Krieg Brigette , Giurgiu Bianca
Published: February 2019

Little attention has been paid to the needs of refugee children in Canada. The last decade has seen increasing numbers of Roma refugees settling in southern Ontario, and this qualitative study explored the needs of Roma refugee children in the education, health and social services sectors. We interviewed or conducted focus groups with 24 Roma and 62 service providers from those sectors. Participants indicated that Roma children had high needs for service in all these sectors, but that families were often unable or unwilling to access services effectively. Specifically, children needed schooling for language acquisition and for the development of social relationships; absenteeism was a concern. Income assistance was needed by Roma and other newly-arriving families. Continuity and quality of health care was an issue. In all sectors, barriers were related to language, culture and the unique history of the Roma people. This paper contextualizes study findings by briefly summarizing Roma historical and current experience in Europe; this experience is critical to an understanding of the difficulties that Roma encounter with institutional systems.
When Men Become Fathers: Men’s Identity at the Transition to Parenthood
Authors: Höfner Claudia , Schadler Cornelia , Richter Rudolf
Published: February 2019

Men in the transition to parenthood have to integrate fatherhood into their self-concepts and identities. Contemporary societies, in particular, provide two contradictory discourses for fathersto-be: (1) discourses which state that fathers are to take care of financial providing (as breadwinners), and (2) over the last decades, discourses that describe highly involved and caring fathers. Most men adopt the traditional position of a breadwinning identity and describe themselves as responsible for financial care. As a consequence they tend to show little attentiveness to their children’s needs. Still, some men take up nontraditional practices and engage in child caring. We found two types of identities for such involved fathers: the feminized fatherhood identity and the distinctive fatherhood identity. Paternal identities were formed within the discourses provided by their social environment. The identity of feminized fatherhood is characterized by rejection of other concepts, but also by a devaluation of their own position as marginalized men. The distinctive fatherhood identity, in contrast, is defined by negation of hegemonic concepts and a positive valuation of difference.
Beliefs on Parenting and Childhood in India
Authors: Tuli Mila
Published: February 2019

In India, the family is a central unit of social existence and the socialization of children is a key function. Cultural scripts, parents own experiences, family situations and location guide parenting and familial practices. Parents’ beliefs and ethnotheories contain explicit and implicit ideas about the manner in which children ought to be raised. With increasing global interaction and urban movement, the urban Indian family is continually faced with the challenge of keeping up with the fast pace of change. Such change exerts tremendous pressure on the ethos of the family as well as on parenting goals and motivations. This paper explores the nature of parental beliefs or ethnotheories among Indian families. The relatively unexplored territory of everyday conversations, interactions and routines within families has been used to access the nature and source of parents’ ethnotheories. The paper specifically focuses on the manner in which mothers organize the daily routines of young children in the age group 3-6 years. The narratives provide a rich description of family life and have been organized within significant domains of childhood such as feeding and eating, regulation of behavior, development and learning, interpersonal relationships, agency for children and parental aspirations. Families living in Delhi, India formed a part of the study. The influence of cultural and familial diversity as well as situational factors was found to contribute largely to the multiplicity of beliefs. The rapidly changing urban situation indicates a need to renew ideas about parenting and childhood in India.
Men’s Experiences of Depression and the Family’s Role in Gender Socialization: A Phenomenological Study from Urban South India
Authors: Liang Tommy K.L , George Tony Sam
Published: February 2019

With the overwhelming suicide rate among men over women, and family problems and illness being the major causes of suicide in India, it is important that we have a better understanding of how men struggle with depression in the context of family. The aim of this study is to understand the subjective experiences of depression and family’s role in gender socialization among Indian men. A non-clinical sample of nine men was selected using convenience sampling from a human service organization. Theoretical sampling of biographical accounts of a clinical group (one male client with a history of clinical depression) was used for the triangulation of data. A consensual qualitative research methodology was adopted. The findings contribute to new insights into the understanding of depression in the light of early family influences among Indian men. Implications suggest that further studies of male depression in the family context, the challenge of family life education in India, and the importance of gender sensitivity in counseling with men are required.
Work-Family Conflict in the Nordic Countries: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Öun Ida
Published: February 2019

The aim of this article is to examine men’s and women’s subjective experiences of work-family conflict in the Nordic welfare states. These countries are often considered to be frontrunners with regard to gender equality, especially regarding the provision of policies that aim to support the reconciliation between work and family life. However, previous research has produced divergent results in response to the question of whether the welfare state institutions of the Nordic countries help to reduce work-family conflict. Do supportive institutions matter, or is the household division of labour of greater importance regarding experiences of work-family conflict? Drawing on data from the 2002 module of the International Social Survey Programme, the analyses indicate that experiences of work-family conflict among Nordic men and women can be divided into three clusters: work-family balance, occupational work overload, and dual work overload. In spite of their shorter working hours, women experience higher levels of work-family conflict than men. An unfair division of housework also increases work-family conflict. In the main, experiences of work-family conflict do not differ greatly among the Nordic countries, with the exception of Finland, where the level is lower than in the other countries. This points to a difference within the Nordic welfare state regime regarding the transition towards gender equality.
The Genealogy of Eastern European Difference: An Insider’s View
Authors: Szołtysek Mikołaj
Published: February 2019

The view of Eastern Europe as a locus of complex family organisation and familistic societal values has reached the status of general dogma in Western social sciences and demography. By offering an overview of almost entirely unknown scholarly achievements of Eastern Europeanists, this essay represents an attempt to persuade scholars to accept less stereotypical images of families from outside “Western Europe.” Well into the late 1990s, Eastern European literature on family forms remained screened off from the main current of European thought. Thus, not surprisingly, tracing the lineage of work from east of the ostensible Hajnal Line reveals the sharp differences between the findings of Eastern European researchers and the dominant assumptions of Western science. These marginalised discourses need to be integrated into mainstream research and discussion, so that scholars can better understand marriage, family, household and community patterns in Europe and elsewhere. The diversity of family forms and the rhythms of their development in historical Eastern Europe revealed in this literature also provide us with an excellent opportunity to free ourselves from a simplistic view of the continent’s familial history, and particularly from the one implied by the notion of a “dividing line.”
Transformation of Partnership Formation in Eastern Europe: The Legacy of the Past Demographic Divide
Authors: Puur Allan , Rahnu Leen , Maslauskaite Ausra , Stankuniene Vlada , Zakharov Sergei
Published: February 2019

This article analyses the transformation in the mode of partnership formation in seven countries of Eastern Europe. The aim of the study is to provide an up-to-date account of the switch from direct marriage to non-marital cohabitation as it has progressed from the 1960s to the mid-2000s, using data from the Generations and Gender Surveys. Unlike previous analyses of partnership formation, we examined the extent to which crossnational variations, in the onset and scale of transformation characteristic of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT), could be linked to nuptiality regimes that existed in the region in the 19th and early 20th centuries. With few exceptions, the results support the notion of correspondence between historical and contemporary patterns. Forerunners in the transition to partnership formation outside marriage tend to come from areas which exhibited a late/low prevalence of marriage; the latecomers are typically situated east of the Hajnal line. Thus our study corroborates earlier findings pertaining to the legacy the historical marriage patterns, extending them further, from the onset of the first to the second demographic transition. Our results are also in line with idea of the spatial continuity across successive waves of demographic innovation demonstrated in several studies for Western Europe. The findings reported in the article make a similar argument for Eastern Europe. In a broader framework, the results point to diversity of pathways along which family and fertility characteristic of the SDT have evolved. In view of the evidence presented in the article, Eastern Europe seems to embody two variants with regard to synchronism between a shift from direct marriage to non-marital cohabitation and postponement of childbearing.
The Effect of Social Integration on Self-rated Health for Elderly Japanese People: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Tanaka Kimiko , Johnson Nan E
Published: February 2019

The current study used the 1999 wave of the Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging to measure intrafamilial and extrafamilial social integration scores for people aged 65-plus, and their self-ranked health reported in follow-up interviews in 2001. An innovation was the usage of ordinal logit regressions of this ordinally-measured dependent variable on the two dimensions of social integration. Higher scores on each dimension of social integration in 1999 predicted more favorable rankings on self-rated health scores in 2001. The five conclusions of this study are: (1) the relationship between social integration and self-rated health did not vanish during the “lost decade” of the 1990s; (2) the relationship is causal; (3) both intrafamilial and extrafamilial dimensions of social integration cause more favorable rankings of self-perceived health; (4) extrafamilial roles have a stronger effect than intrafamilial roles, and (5) the roleenhancement perspective is more useful than the role-strain perspective in understanding the relationship of social integration to health.
Social Change and Estonian Parents’ Time Allocation to Their Children
Authors: Hansson Leeni , Ugaste Aino
Published: February 2019

This article explores the changes in Estonian parents’ subjective feelings about the sufficiency of time they spend with their children and the factors related to their assessments. The study uses data from the population surveys Work, Family and Leisure (WFL) conducted in Estonia over five-year intervals, from 1993-2008. Using the historical change hypothesis, we identify how the changes in Estonian society that have taken place since Estonia re-established its independence have led to changes in parents’ feelings about the time they devote to their children. We also examine how in different historical periods fathers’ and mothers’ satisfaction with the time spent with their children is related to their employment status, educationlevel, andfamily - based characteristics. The findings of the study draw attention to the need for further research on the subject of parental time with children.
Domestic Violence in Mexico: Perspectives of Mexican Counselors
Authors: Orozco Arturo Enrique , Nievar M. Angela , Middlemiss Wendy
Published: February 2019

Drawing on professional experiences of Mexican counselors, we examined the lives of women who experienced domestic violence from the perspective of those counselors working most closely with them. Although there are many studies that have investigated the origin and perpetuation of domestic violence in Mexico, few have included the participation of counselors. In the present study, we identify common antecedents of abuse from the perspective of counselors and note whether these antecedents match those identified in the literature from the victim’s perspective. Economic resources, psychological treatment, social support, and an awareness of their situation are important factors identified by the counselors in moving women involved in domestic violence toward a positive resolution. According to counselors, economic and emotional dependence, a distorted view of family violence, partner’s addiction to alcohol, social and family pressure, and specific cultural patterns may predict negative outcomes. Differences in antecedents identified by counselors were found in comparison to antecedents identified in literature from the victim’s perspective. The present study revealed that alcohol may decrease inhibition in people who are already prone to use violence. In addition, the participants in this study pointed out other successful resolutions, which are not documented in previous studies. These resolutions are brought about through separation from the abusive partner and help from the legal system.
Chinese Parents’ Perceptions of Early Development of Their Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Qian Xueqin , Reichle Joe , Bogenschutz Matthew
Published: February 2019

This study investigated parental perceptions of the early signs, age of initial concern, age of diagnosis, and age of initial intervention for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in mainland China. A sample of 146 Chinese parents of children with ASD responded to an online survey. The findings suggested that parents were concerned about their child’s development at a mean age of approximately three years, obtained an initial diagnosis at an average age of four years, and procured intervention for their child at an average age of four years-three months. The results also revealed that early indicators of ASD validated in the United States were among those used hy Chinese parents, though some early signs may gain particular salience in the Chinese context. Additionally, educational implications and areas of future research are discussed.
The Repercussions of Marriage Breakdowns on Housing Preferences: An Empirical Research Study in Spain
Authors: Navarro-Galera Andrés , Sánchcz-Fernández Juan , González-González José María , Díaz-Bretone Francisco
Published: February 2019

Analysis of the relations between family events and the demand for housing has, to date, received very little attention from researchers, although there can be no douht that housing preferences vary with changing personal circumstances. The spectacular growth in the number of singleparent households throughout Europe highlights the timeliness and interest in studying the specific housing demands of this type of family. The aim of the present study is to contribute to empirical knowledge of the housing needs arising from a change in family circumstances to one of single parenthood. Therefore, we carried out a survey of 209 single-parent households in Spain, producing interesting findings on the housing demand by such families and on the factors determining this demand.
(In)Formal Support and Unmet Needs in The National Long-Term Care Survey
Authors: Davey Adam , Takagi Emiko , Sundström Gerdt , Malmberg Bo
Published: February 2019

We linked individual-level data from the 2004 wave of the National Long-Term Care Survey with state-level data from the National Aging Program Information Systems (NAPIS) State Program Reports to predict care mix and unmet need for assistance. Our sample consisted of 2422 community-dwelling individuals aged 65 and older (69% women, 8% nonwhite) who reported at least one limitation in an instrumental or basic activity of daily living. We used the data to predict the mix of formal and informal support received, and the probability of having at least one unmet need from individual (predisposing, enabling, and need) characteristics with statelevel home help coverage rates, intensity of home help services, and proportion of population aged 60+ residing in institutional settings. Consistent with past research, a majority (52.6%) of the disabled sample reported unmet need. At the individual level, enabling (availability of kin support) and need (number of basic and instrumental activity of daily living impairments, BADLs and IADLs) were most strongly associated with care mix and unmet need. Statelevel services were not associated with receipt of informal supports. In states providing home help services to a higher proportion of elders, women were more likely to receive formal help. In states providing more intensive services, women were less likely and individuals living alone more likely to receive formal supports. In states where a higher proportion of elders lived in nursing homes, individuals living alone were more likely to receive formal assistance, less likely overall to report unmet needs, but the oldest-old were more likely to report unmet need.
Motives for Care that Adult Children Provide to Parents: Evidence from “Point Blank” Survey Questions
Authors: Cox Donald , Soldo Beth
Published: February 2019

Adult children who care for aging parents incur costs along psychic, monetary, emotional, and even physical dimensions. What motivates them? Is it altruism, guilt, obligation, or gratitude? Perhaps the anticipation of a bequest? Familial norms, or desire for recognition? Understanding motivation for care is high on the agenda of both economics and sociology. A primary focus of economics is the prospect that public transfers may supplant or stimulate private transfers, depending on the motivation of the private donor. Motives are usually inferred indirectly, on the basis of observed behavior. In contrast, sociologists focus on how familial bonds and networks might be forged and maintained. We depart from each of these approaches to focus on direct questions from a special module in the Health and Retirement Study, which contains questions on motivations for, and concerns about, the provision of familial assistance. Our (deliberately) simple descriptive work reveals abundant new information about motivation for familial transfers and care. These not always provided free of pressure from relatives, for example, and obligations and traditions appear to matter. Findings suggest that the standard economic considerations like utility interdependence or exchange provide an incomplete account of transfer behavior, and that insights from sociological models are essential. We also find that women are far more likely to provide care and take seriously family obligations. Past experience in the provision of financial help and care matters as well, sometimes in intriguingly anomalous ways. Though self-reported motivations must be interpreted carefully, we nonetheless conclude that "point-blank" questions provide a worthwhile complement to conventional methods for unraveling motivations for private, intergenerational transfers.
Ethnic Affiliation of Children and the Risk of Union Dissolution
Authors: Saarela Jan , Finnäs Fjalar
Published: February 2019

This paper illustrates that the ethnic affiliation of the first-born child can be used to deepen our understanding of ethnic heterogamy effects on unions’ dissolution risk. We use longitudinal population register data from Finland that cover the period 1971-2003, consisting of almost 65,000 unions, whereof the number of ethnically mixed unions is 11,365. Those in which a greater proportion of the parents are likely to have made a more deliberate choice for the child, meaning that the child and the father have the same ethnic affiliation, are found to have an almost seven per cent lower risk of dissolution than other ethnically mixed unions. We argue that the attenuated risk of union dissolution reflects that these parents are more perceptive with respect to each other’s preferences and more alike in terms of values, norms and tastes. The estimate is still likely an underestimate of the true effect of the ethnically mixed couples’ strategies and behaviours on the dissolution risk. We find also strong ethnic heterogamy effects, signalling that even after the birth of the first child, the distinctive attitudes of different cultures towards marriage, the family, and divorce remain important for the union’s survival.
Marriage and Cohabitation in South Africa: An Enriching Explanation?
Authors: Moore Elena , Govender Rajen
Published: February 2019

Patterns of marriage and family formation in South Africa have changed dramatically in recent years. Many studies have indicated that marriage patterns and changes in family structure can be attributed to economic and social changes. However, the role of cultural norms and attitudes towards marriage and cohabitation across different social locations is under-researched. Using survey data from the 2005 South African Social Attitudes Survey, we investigate the extent to which structural variables and cultural attitudes towards marriage and cohabitation predict the likelihood of such transitions. In common with other research findings, we find that structural variables such as age, gender, employment status and location were significant predictors of marriage. However the findings also indicate that cultural attitudes, when examined in conjunction with sociodemographic factors, explains more of the changes in coupling in South Africa. In particular, individuals who cohabit as a means of preparing for marriage are significantly more likely to get married at some point in the future. We argue that explanations of low marriage rates in South Africa cannot exclude the cultural context of rules and norms governing coupledom.
The Politics of Bi-nationality in Couple Relationships: A Case Study of European Bi-national Couples in Manchester
Authors: Brahic Bénédicte
Published: February 2019

With the debordering of Europe and the development of intra-European mobility, the number of bi-national couples formed by European nationals is on the rise. This phenomenon is particularly noticeable in large European cities such as Manchester (UK) where the qualitative study underpinning this article took place. Whilst, research has hitherto focused on mixed-raced and/or interreligious couples, other types of mixed relationships such as European bi-national couples remain relatively understudied. Based on in-depth interviews with a sample of forty-two individuals either involved in a bi-national couple formed by one European national and one British national (E/B couples) or a bi-national couple formed by two European migrants movers of different nationalities (E/E couples), this article explores the politics of binationality both between partners and in their relationships with their families of orientation and procreation. On the one hand, the perception of the bi-national component evolves through time and according to the different stages of the couple's life-course. Whilst the bi-national component is a focal point in the early days of the partners' relationship, it progressively becomes normalised and integrated into couples' everyday lives. The experience of otherness as constructed on the basis of national boundaries evolves as couples' practices and perceptions become increasingly hybridised. Nonetheless, this process of normalisation is not linear and can be disrupted by the persistence of imbalances between partners or when significant decisions have to be made. On the other hand, the significance given to the bi-national component is negotiated and reinterpreted according to the situation and its protagonists. Beyond the couple relationship itself, co-presence with both sets of ascending families leads to the resurgence of the bi-national component. Its reinterpretation by family members as a source of constraints rather than opportunities often leads partners to engage in strategies of minimisation and repression of the bi-national component. By contrast, when starting a family of their own, bi-national couples rediscover, celebrate and ultimately engineer their bi-nationality, seeking to seize what they perceive as an opportunity to move beyond binationality to realise mixedness.
Timing of Parental Divorce, Marriage Expectations, and Romance in Taiwan
Authors: Pan En-Ling
Published: February 2019

Using data from the Taiwan Youth Project (TYP), this study attempts to delineate the effect of parental marital disruption and parental conflict on children’s romantic relationship formation as well as marriage expectations in young adulthood. In particular, a special effort is made to distinguish the timing of parental divorce and parental conflict on the process of forming intimate relationships. Young adults who experienced parental divorce at or before age 12 are compared with those whose parents divorced during adolescence. The results show that the effect of parental divorce and conflict on young adults’ outcome varies by the age of the child when parental divorce occurred. Young adults who experienced parental divorce during adolescence are more likely to report without marriage expectation. On the other hand, children whose parents divorced at or before age 12 are more likely to be involved in romantic relationships and to have more boy/girl friends. The implications of the changing family structure on future family systems are briefly discussed.
Foreign Families in the Italian Context: Migration Processes and Strategies
Authors: Crespi Isabella
Published: February 2019

The aim of the paper is to highlights the main trends of the migration process in the last decades, in relations to the migrant families experiences within the Italian context. In particular, the paper will focus on some specific issues: changing patterns of family migrations in Italy, migrant families formation transitions and life-course strategies, migrants and mixed families models from qualitative and quantitative perspectives. These aspects show the peculiarity of the Italian situation as regards the migration process as a family experience that involves genders and generations and different pathways related to this aspects.
Moms & Work: A Complex Relationship
Authors: Mazzucchelli Sara
Published: February 2019

This paper analyses the complex relationship between motherhood and work, a topic ambiguously dealt with in much of the socioeconomic literature and current European policies. A relational perspective, on the other hand, can identify the distinctive elements of this issue, avoiding the reduction of motherhood to the procreative choice and its regulation by purely functional policies focused on workfare and individual rights. This relational framework, supported by relevant statistical findings and international literature, can thus provide an insight into the many-nuanced “new female identity.”
No Country for Old Men? Italian Families Facing the Challenges of an Aging Society
Authors: Meda Stefania Giada
Published: February 2019

The paper illustrates the Italian situation with regard to ageing and the living conditions of the elderly according to a relational family perspective. The paper will therefore attempt to frame the ageing phenomenon within a family context and point out the advantages of this approach for a sociological interpretation of an extremely complex factor the consequences of which lead to problem scenarios. Relevant data from recent official sources will be then presented and contextualized within family relationships, with a view to providing an accurate representation of the changes presently undergone by family and society in Italy, and identifying forms of support to inter-generational relationships, crucial for the development of social capital and cohesion.
Ethnic Differences in the Attitudes and Practice of Consanguineous Marriage among Kurds and Turks in Uromiyeh District, Iran
Authors: Hosseini Hatam , Erfani Amir
Published: February 2019

Despite the spread of modern familial values and norms and the rapid pace of modernization in Iran, kinship marriages remain a common practice among some ethnic groups, including Turk and Kurd. This study is informed by modernization and development idealism theories to examine factors associated with the practice and attitude of Kurdish and Turkish women to consanguineous marriage, utilizing data from a representative sample of 768 ever-married women residing in the district of Uromiyeh in Iran. The results indicated that consanguineous marriage was more prevalent among Kurds rather than Turks, and Kurdish rather than Turkish women held more positive orientations to consanguineous. Multivariate results showed that being a Kurd than a Turk was strongly associated with the likelihood of practicing kinship marriage and having positive attitudes to consanguineous marriage, while the levels of modernization and development idealism showed no or weak association. The results suggest that ethnic belonging can reinforce consanguineous marriage regardless of being modernized or holding modern development ideals.
Changing Times – Family Formation Processes among Turkish Immigrant Women and Their Danish Majority Peers
Authors: Liversage Anika , Ottosen Mai Heide
Published: February 2019

This article compares the family formation processes among young Turkish immigrant women in Denmark with those of their majority Danish peers. The study draws on biographical interviews and available statistics, both of which reveal marked differences between the two groups. The majority women's family formation processes consist of many uncoupled and reversible transitions, focusing on “gaining experience” until making the irreversible decision of having their first child. This birth often occurs before marriage in the Danish context, which subsequently institutionalizes the already formed family. In contrast, Turkish immigrant women's family formation processes consist of tightly clustered transitions, occurring in a normatively sanctioned order. While the timing of these transitions in the 1990s clearly resembled the processes found in Turkish villages, this timing has since changed. Greater participation in education in Denmark contributes both to young Turkish women increasingly postponing marriage and the partner selection processes changing considerably. While Turkish immigrant women are now getting married at older ages, some do so without changing the sequencing of other family formation transitions. Thus, marrying later possibly also means delaying their first sexual experience and moving away from the parental home. In other cases, Turkish immigrant women engage in pre-marital sex but often seek to conceal this from their surroundings.
Fathers in the Fields: Father Involvement Among Latino Migrant Farmworkers
Authors: Arditti Joyce A , Kennington Mathis , Grzywacz Joseph G , Jaramillo Anna , Isom Scott , Quandt Sara A , Arcury Thomas A
Published: February 2019

A substantial number of Latino farmworkers migrate to the U.S. from Mexico and other Central American countries, many of whom are fathers. This study investigated migrant Latino farmworkers' fathering behaviors, father involvement correlates, and family relationship variables. We analyzed structured interview data from primarily Mexican migrant farmworker fathers (N=192) in North Carolina. Father child phone contact, coparenting cooperation, and relationship quality with children's mothers were interrelated and positively correlated with fathers' closeness to their children. Pre-migration father engagement was negatively correlated with fathers' reported closeness to their children following migration. A positive migration outlook among fathers seemed to connect with more cooperative coparenting and less depressive symptomology. Our findings suggest migration for migrant farmwork may still afford men close family relationships given cultural values emphasizing the importance of fathers' financial provision to their family members.
Relationship between Maternal Parenting Style and High School Achievement and Self–Esteem in China, Turkey and U.S.A.
Authors: Newman Joan , Gozu Hamide , Guan Shuyi , Lee Ji Eun , Li Xian , Sasaki Yuriko
Published: February 2019

This cross-cultural study investigated country differences in the relationship between maternal parenting styles and two important developmental outcomes of students – high school achievement and self-esteem. 634 undergraduates resident in three countries (China 207, Turkey 196, USA 231) where socio-cultural orientation and previous research suggest that normative family relationships would be different, were selected. We predicted that in the three countries, different maternal parenting styles would be prevalent and would foster positive development in terms of their congruence with the prevailing individualistic or collectivist ethic of the country. Students completed Buri’s Parent Authority Questionnaire (which yielded scores on maternal authoritarian, authoritative and permissive parenting), Rosenberg’s selfesteem scale, and reported on their high school achievement. Results showed country differences in the prevalence of the three maternal parenting styles, and some differences in the way each parenting style was related to student outcomes. Nevertheless, most differences were not those predicted. In particular, the Chinese findings were unexpected, as the Chinese mothers were the most authoritative, and were the only group for whom authoritarian parenting was negatively associated with high school achievement. Reasons for the unpredicted results are discussed as well as the need for changes in the conceptualization of parenting to accommodate diverse and diversifying cultures. Some novel findings from Turkey suggest the advantages of studying parenting in a wider range of countries to reveal the variety of family processes that contribute to positive child development.
Ageing Population and Family Support in Spain
Authors: Carrascosa Laura Lorenzo
Published: February 2019

Historically the family has been an important source of support and solidarity. However in the current Spanish economic context the crisis has strengthened the mechanisms of family solidarity. In particular the households headed by people 65 years and over are reducing the impact of the crisis. But older people are also receiving help. Demographic aging involves profound social changes that affect the structure and composition of families. The reduction in average household size, the increase in single person households and weakening family and personal networks, affect the welfare and quality of life of the older people. In Spain the family continues to be the main source of support and help in old age due to limited development of the welfare state. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the effect that changes in demographic processes and family dynamics will have on support that older people receive from their families in Spain and Europe. Knowledge of family and residential context of people over 65 years becomes essential when addressing efficient policies for integration from the perspective of age. The considerable increase of older people in developed countries, combined with changes in family-related behaviour and weakening family networks, have caused concerns about older people’s family support in future.