bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Áreas verdes e qualidade de vida: uso e percepção ambiental de um parque urbano na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Santos Talita Batista dos , Nascimento Ana Paula Branco Do , Regis Milena De Moura
Published: August 2019

A percepção e uso de espaços verdes é importante para compreensão das contribuições que estes locais exercem na vida da população.Objetivo do estudo: O presente estudo avaliou o uso e a percepção de frequentadores sobre o Parque Mário Pimenta Camargo (conhecido como Parque do Povo).Metodologia: Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas estruturadas realizadas com 100 frequentadores do parque localizado na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e categorizadas. Utilizou-se o software Iramuteq para análise de conteúdo.Resultados: A percepção sobre o parque é positiva, destacando-se desde as áreas verdes, playground, aparelhos de ginástica, segurança, acessibilidade, bem como sanitários e bebedouros. O uso do parque está relacionado para os frequentadores com a prática de atividade física e contato com natureza, sendo relacionado com melhor qualidade de vida. A falta de estacionamento e opções de alimentação foram considerados aspectos negativos. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o Parque do Povo é percebido e utilizado pela população de forma satisfatória tanto em relação ao contato com a natureza quanto a melhoria no bem-estar e saúde, implicando em uma melhor qualidade de vida.Contribuições: Ressalta-se a relevância de se considerar as informações sobre percepção, usos e preferências de frequentadores e aplicá-las para melhoria de parques urbanos.Palavras-chave: Espaços verdes urbanos, Percepção ambiental, Biodiversidade, Saúde, Sustentabilidade.
Odlišné světy učitelů a rodičů: interakce s rodiči jako zdroj stresu učitele
Authors: Martanová Veronika Pavlas , Konůpková Olga
Published: August 2019

Cílem této empirické studie je popsat, jaké faktory identifikovali učitelé základních škol jako zdroj stresu v kontaktu s rodiči. V první části mapuje výzkumné aktivity v oblasti učitelského stresu v posledních desetiletích. Ve druhé části se za-bývá metodologií výzkumu – tematickou analýzou dat a popisem vzorku responden-tů (45 rozhovorů z 12 ZŠ). Ve třetí části jsou prezentovány výsledky šetření, čtvrtá část je věnována diskusi a pátá část praktickým doporučením. Studie naznačuje, že na pozadí teorie stojí učitelská kauzalita potíží dítěte (učitel viní rodiče – jedná se o obranu proti vlastnímu stresu). Centrální kategorií zdroje stresu je vzájemná ko-munikace a některé její aspekty: míra komunikace, její obsah a směr, vyváženost sil při komunikaci a její dokumentace. „In vivo“ pak vzniká termín „rodič-prudič“, v němž se násobí nevhodná míra (příliš často), obsah (emocionálně a kriticky) i směr ko-munikace (od rodiče ke škole) s nežádoucí podporou ze strany institucí a nutností vše dokumentovat. „Rodič-prudič“ je koncentrátem učitelského stresu. Většina námi popisovaných stresorů v komunikaci s rodiči se objevuje již ve studiích publikova-ných po roce 2000, přínos studie je spíše v popisu vzájemného vztahu jevů a jejich prohlubování. Jsou formulována praktická doporučení: témata vztah rodiny a školy a komunikace v zátěžových situacích pro pregraduální studium, zavádění supervize do škol a systémová podpora učitelů.
Aspectos das fenofases reprodutiva e vegetativa de Campomanesia guazumifolia (Myrtaceae), na Região de Lages, Santa Catarina
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Ortiz Jacqueline , Oliveira Luciana Magda de , Souza Anieli Cioato de , Sá Alexandra Cristina Schatz , Souza Gabriela Fernanda , Corrêa Bruno Jan Schramm
Published: August 2019

Objetivou-se compreender os ciclos reprodutivo e vegetativo de Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., monitorando os eventos fenológicos e correlacionando com dados climáticos da região de estudo. Foram utilizados dois métodos de avaliação, o Índice de Atividade e o Índice de Intensidade (Índice de Fournier). A fenofase de floração ocorreu entre os meses de outubro a dezembro, e março a abril, com picos de intensidade de Fournier em novembro. A frutificação ocorreu de dezembro a abril, sendo que dezembro foi o mês de maior intensidade de frutos. A espécie apresentou período de maior queda foliar entre março e setembro, com pico de intensidade em agosto, e o brotamento com pico em setembro. Foi observada correlação positiva entre as variáveis climáticas de temperaturas máximas e mínimas mensais e a frutificação, e correlação negativa entre temperaturas máximas e médias mensais e a queda foliar.
Desempenho produtivo e saúde de cordeiros lactentes consumindo sucedâneos lácteos com diferentes proporções de lactose
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Vedovatto Marcelo , Farinatti Luis Henrique Ebling ,   Universidade Federal do Acre, Todero Cristiano ,   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina
Published: August 2019

Objetivou-se avaliar o ganho de peso, consumo de alimentos e a saúde de cordeiros lactentes da raça Lacaune consumindo leite de ovelha ou sucedâneos lácteos com diferentes proporções de lactose (LAC). Foram utilizados 36 cordeiros machos lactentes, com aproximadamente seis dias de idade (4,98 ± 1,20 kg) e avaliados até o desmame (60 dias de idade). Estes foram divididos em 12 lotes, com três animais cada, e alojados em baias, correspondendo a quatro baias por tratamento. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: Leite de ovelha; Sucedâneo 36% LAC, sucedâneo lácteo contendo 36% de lactose e; sucedâneo 29% LAC, sucedâneo lácteo contendo 29% de lactose. Os cordeiros alimentados com sucedâneo 29% LAC apresentaram menores (p≤0,05) peso corporal final, ganho médio diário, consumo total de alimentos e pior conversão alimentar, em relação aos animais do tratamento Leite de ovelha. Os cordeiros que receberam Sucedâneo 36% LAC não diferiram (p>0,05) dos animais dos tratamentos Leite de ovelha e Sucedâneo 29% LAC para as variáveis acima citadas. Não houve efeito de tratamento (p>0,05) na taxa de mortalidade ou na ocorrência de diarreia. Assim, o Sucedâneo 36% LAC pode substituir o Leite de ovelhas sem prejuízos ao desempenho, consumo e saúde dos cordeiros, porém a utilização do sucedâneo 29% LAC, apesar de não ter afetado a saúde, pode reduzir o desempenho e o consumo de alimentos pelos cordeiros.
Comportamento de leitões na fase de creche submetidos ao enriquecimento ambiental
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Andrade Tiago Vieira de , Andrade Larissa Siqueira ,   Universidade Federal do Piauí, Farias Leonardo Atta ,   Universidade Federal do Piauí, Sousa Paulo Henrique Amaral Araújo de ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Borges Laylson da Silva ,   Universidade Federal do Piauí, Santos Raimundo Nonato Vieira ,   Universidade Federal do Piauí, Lima Barbara Silveira Leandro de ,   Universidade Federal do Ceará, Barros Junior Cicero Pereira ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Carvalhinho Sandro Tavares ,   Universidade Federal do Piauí
Published: August 2019

O enriquecimento ambiental constitui no aperfeiçoamento das instalações na forma de estímulos ambientais necessários para alcançar o bem-estar dos animais nas condições psíquico, fisiológico e melhor qualidade de vida. Nos últimos anos, o bem-estar animal vem se tornando um dos maiores desafios para os modernos sistemas de produção. A pressão da sociedade e do mercado internacional para que os sistemas de produção respeitem o bem-estar animal, aumenta a necessidade de pesquisas que possam gerar conhecimentos sobre possíveis formas de se produzir suínos garantindo a lucratividade do sistema em combinação com a manutenção da qualidade de vida dos mesmos. Sendo assim, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o comportamento de leitões na fase de creche submetidos a enriquecimento ambiental. Foram utilizados 12 suínos na fase de creche, distribuídos em dois tratamentos, com presença e ausência de enriquecimento ambiental. Para avaliação das variáveis comportamentais foram observadas as seguintes características: em pé, deitado, explorando, cheirando, bebendo, comendo, ócio, fuçando, defecando, urinando, sentado, andando, vocalizando, mordendo, brincando e brigando. As observações foram realizadas a cada 10 minutos durante seis dias. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) para os comportamentos brincando, comendo e mordendo em relação aos tratamentos avaliados. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) para o comportamento brigando em relação aos tratamentos, dias e animais. O comportamento dos animais foi influenciado pela presença do enriquecimento ambiental, em que o mesmo proporcionou a diminuição de alguns comportamentos indesejáveis nos sistemas de produção.
Carbono orgânico e nitrogênio do solo sob alturas de pastejo da Urochloa ruziziensis em sistema agropastoril
Authors:   Colégio Agrícola Estadual de Umuarama, Ferreira Gilberto Alves , Alves Sérgio José ,   Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Oliveira Paulo Sérgio Rabello de ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Costa Antonio Carlos Torres da ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Nolla Antonio ,   Universidade Estadual de Maringá
Published: August 2019

A matéria orgânica do solo é essencial dentro do sistema agrícola e seu acúmulo pode ser favorecido pelo aporte de resíduos vegetais sobre o solo. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da altura de pastejo de Urochloa ruziziensis nos teores e estoques de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio do solo, em sistema agropastoril, em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico. Para o estudo foram coletadas amostras de solo entre os anos de 2010 e 2012. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas no tempo e cinco tratamentos, constituídos pelas alturas de pastejo: 10; 20; 30 e 40 cm e mais uma área não pastejada de Urochloa ruziziensis, e três repetições. Determinou-se nas camadas do solo (0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm de profundidade) o teor e estoque de carbono orgânico total, carbono orgânico particulado, carbono orgânico associado aos minerais, teor e estoque de nitrogênio total e o teor de nitrogênio mineral. As variáveis estudadas foram submetidas à análise de variância pelo teste F e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, ambos, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Os teores e estoques de carbono orgânico total e suas respectivas frações, os teores de nitrogênio total e mineral do solo, além, dos estoques de nitrogênio total do solo, não foram alterados pelas alturas de pastejo e a área não pastejada. Todavia, na camada 0-10 cm, ocorreu aumento dos teores e estoques de carbono orgânico total, carbono orgânico associado aos minerais e redução do carbono orgânico particulado do solo, e, também, aumento dos teores e estoques de nitrogênio total entre o primeiro e o segundo ano de condução, sob plantio direto. Houve aumento dos teores de nitrogênio mineral após a colheita da soja para todas as camadas do solo.
Winter crops affecting seed germination and early plant growth of corn and soybean
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Fabiani Mirian Fracasso , Carvalho Leonardo Bianco ,   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Cerveira Júnior Wilson Roberto ,   Universidade Estadual Paulista, Barroso Arthur Arrobas Martins ,   Universidade Federal do Paraná, de la Cruz Ricardo Alcántara ,   Universidade Federal de São Carlos
Published: August 2019

The seed germination and the early plant growth of corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) sowed after cropping and under straw residues (simulating crop rotations) of oat (Avena sativa), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated in pot experiments carried out under controlled conditions. The germination rates ranged from 78 to 95% (corn) and from 68 to 97% (soybean), while the speed emergence index ranged from 0.9 to 1.3 (corn) and from 0.7 to 0.12 (soybean). The lowest germination rates and speed emergence indexes occurred in crop rotation for wheat (corn) and ryegrass (soybean). In addition, the highest seedling emergence average time occurred in the crop rotation for wheat (corn) and ryegrass (soybean). On the other hand, the crop rotation for oat affected neither the speed emergence index nor the seedling emergence average time, despite causing a slight reduction of the seed germination (corn and soybean) and the shoot length (corn). Except for the crop rotation for ryegrass (soybean), the total dry mass of corn and soybean reduced when winter crops were previously cultivated. These results suggest that a delay and a reduction of seed germination and seedling emergence can occur in subsequent summer crops, depending on the winter species previously cropped, impacting on the early growth of summer crops.
Avaliação da macrotextura do pavimento asfáltico do anel viário do município de Palmas (TO)
Authors: Zenkner Thais Freitas , Braga Marcus de Barros , Silva Junior Flávio Vieira da
Published: August 2019

O pavimento pode ser definido com uma estrutura de múltiplas camadas semi-infinitas cuja função é transmitir os esforços causados pelo tráfego no terreno de fundação (subleito), além de proporcionar aos usuários boas condições de conforto e segurança. Sabemos que a morte no trânsito é responsável por gerar grandes despesas ao governo, desta forma, a segurança das estradas é crucial para o desenvolvimento do país. A textura superficial dos pavimentos condiciona diversos aspectos relacionados ao conforto e a segurança dos usuários sobretudo o efeito de aderência pneu/pavimento e hidroplanagem. O presente estudo avalia as principais características da macroestrutura do pavimento ao longo do traçado da Avenida NS-15 entre as avenidas Juscelino Kubitscheck e LO-08 e verifica se estes valores estão em concordância com as normas regulamentadoras ASTM E 965-96 e ASTM E 2380. Para tal, foram realizados os ensaios de Mancha de Areia e de Drenabilidade, de acordo os valores de referência no Brasil.
Knowledge of Hospital Staff on the Procedures and Obstacles to Public Procurement in Ghana
Authors: Agambire Ramatu , Adusei Charles
Published: August 2019

Healthcare is an essential part of human life and cannot be disregarded whether for an individual, a family or a state. A conscious and planned effort must be taken by the state to make sure that goods and services are made available and accessed through effective and efficient procurement systems. The purpose of the study was to examine hospital staff knowledge on application, procedures and obstacles to public procurement at Oda Government Hospital in Ghana. A mixed method approach using survey and interview guide was used to solicit information from the hospital staff and the Procurement Manager. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and Kendall Coefficient of Concordance. The study revealed that the staff had knowledge on procurement procedures and tried to follow the recommended guidelines. The highest mean was scored for application and familiarity with the Public Procurement Act (PPA) whereas verification of documentation, opening tenders for bidding and publishing contract awards were the key procurement procedures.Major obstacles identified included bureaucracy, lack of skilled personnel and adhoc membership of the tender team. The Medical Superintendent and the hospital Administrator were the officers responsible for policy approval and supervision of the Public Procurement Act. There is a need to enforce adherence to the Public Procurement Act and ensure regular training of staff and stronger stakeholder participation in the procurement processes to equip the staff with knowledge and skills on the application of the Public Procurement Act.
Association between Non-secretion of ABH Antigens and Sickle Cell Anaemia
Authors: Igbeneghu C. , Olisekodiaka J. M. , Fawole O. A. , Ayoola A. O.
Published: August 2019

Aim: To determine whether non-secretion of ABH blood group antigens was associated with Sickle Cell Anaemia.

Materials and Methods: Haemaglutination inhibition test was carried out on saliva samples from 300 individuals; 100 of whom had haemoglobin (Hb) genotype AA, 100 HbAS, 50 HbAC and 50 HbSS. ABO blood grouping was carried out by standard methods and Haemoglobin genotype test was performed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis technique.

Results: Eighteen percent (18%) of HbAA, 23% of HbAS, 18% of HbAC and 42% of HbSS individuals were non-secretors of ABH antigens (p = 0.007). Non-secretion of ABH substances was more associated with HbSS persons than HbAA (p = 0.002), HbAS (p = 0.016) and HbAC (p = 0.009) individuals.

Conclusion: Non-secretion of ABH blood group substances is associated with Sickle Cell Anaemia.
Environmental Impact of Commercial Motorcycles in Katsina Metropolis: Implications for Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Muazu Naseer Babangida
Published: August 2019

The pattern globally nowadays is to reduce environmental pollution by all means as part of sustainable development goals. However, daily increase in the number of commercial motorcycles in Nigeria does not help in achieving this objective. It is for this reason, the present study assessed the environmental impact of commercial motorcycles in Katsina metropolis with special emphasis on air and noise pollution. A structural questionnaire and interviews were formulated, stratified random sampling technique was used in obtaining data. Ten (10) wards were selected from the twelve (12) wards of the local government area from which 150 completed questionnaires were received from randomly selected households. Also, the study used a structured interviews to collect relevant data from fifty (50) households respondents, (5) respondents in each of the ten (10) wards.

 Additionally, a noise dosimeter was used to detect noise pollution in five (5) selected locations within Katsina metropolis namely; Katsina central market, Kofar Kwaya round about, Batsari round about, a long Kofar Soro road and Kofar Marusa road. A descriptive analysis and dosimeter readings were used to present the results. The findings revealed that 72% of the respondents reported commercial motorcycles as a source of air pollution and the level of pollution in the area is very high, only 1% of the respondents indicated low air pollution. In terms of noise pollution, 78% of the respondents reported very high noise pollution.  Results of noise dosimeters showed that Katsina central market location recorded 89.7dB (highest), while Kofar Soro road recorded 84.1dB (lowest). The result in central market location is higher than 55dB maximum permissible limit set by NESREA Act, 2007 and closer to 90dB permissible limit set by World Health Organization (WHO). The findings of the study has important implication on environmental sustainability in Nigeria.
TRPM4 is highly expressed in human colorectal tumor buds and contributes to proliferation, cell cycle, and invasion of colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Kappel Sven , Stokłosa Paulina , Hauert Barbara , Ross‐Kaschitza Daniela , Borgström Anna , Baur Roland , Galván José A. , Zlobec Inti , Peinelt Christine
Published: August 2019

Transient receptor potential melastatin‐4 channel (TRPM4) dysregulation contributes to heart conditions, immune diseases, and cervical and prostate cancer. Up to now, the involvement of TRPM4 in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathophysiology remains unknown. Here, we investigated tumor tissue microarrays from 379 CRC patients and analyzed TRPM4 protein expression, tumor characteristics, and clinical outcome. High TRPM4 protein expression was associated with unfavorable tumor features characteristic for epithelial–mesenchymal transition and infiltrative growth patterns, that is, a high number of tumor buds and a low percentage in tumor border configuration. Compared to CRC cells representing early cancer stages, TRPM4 protein expression was the highest in cells representing late‐stage metastatic cancer. Investigation of CRC cell line HCT116 and five CRISPR/cas9 TRPM4 knockout clones demonstrated that TRPM4 exhibited large Na+ current densities (~ 60 pA/pF). In addition, CRISPR/cas9 TRPM4 knockout clones showed a tendency toward decreased migration and invasion, cell viability, and proliferation and exhibited a shift in cell cycle when compared to HCT116. Stable overexpression of TRPM4 (TRPM4 wild‐type) in two CRISPR/cas9 TRPM4 knockout clones rescued the decrease in cell viability and cell cycle shift. Stable overexpression of a nonconducting, dominant‐negative TRPM4 mutant (TRPM4 D894A) did not rescue the decrease in viability or cell cycle shift. Taken together, these findings pointed to TRPM4 ion channel conductivity as the underlying mechanism for decreased viability and cell cycle shift in the TRPM4 knockout clones. Together with previous findings, our present data suggest that TRPM4 plays a versatile role in cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle, and invasion.
Aging Female Inmates
Authors: Aday Ronald H.
Published: August 2019

Aging female inmates represent a special needs population which has not been fully recognized in research endeavors and gender‐specific policies. Despite having complex biopsychosocial needs, their small numeric representation has left them “the forgotten minority” by policy makers, prison administrators, security personnel, clinicians, researchers, and the community. As a much maligned and vulnerable population, prolonged exposure to stressful conditions of prison hinder the ability to successfully adjust to prison life. With high rates of mental and physical health conditions, older incarcerated women have difficulty with the physical constraints of prison, separation from families and children, and end of life issues related to a rapid decline in health status.
Alternatives to Incarceration: Prisons and Female Offenders
Authors: Wilcox Paula S.
Published: August 2019

There are strong social and economic arguments against incarcerating women offenders who are rarely a danger to the general public. Despite this, criminal justice systems (CJS) throughout the world are sentencing more women than ever to prison. Research suggests women offenders have different pathways into crime when compared with men and in particular links have been established between violence against women and girls and their involvement in crime. This entry looks at the arguments in favor of alternatives to incarceration (ATI) for female offenders. It emphasizes the need for gender‐responsive approaches which take account of the realities of women's lives and provide more effective interventions to encourage women to desist from offending.
Asian Female Victimization
Authors: Ren Xin
Published: August 2019

This entry discusses three forms of victimization faced by Asian females: human trafficking, domestic violence, and sexual assault. Asian women who are victims of human trafficking may experience either labor or sex trafficking victimization; these women are victims of international migration abuses and work as illegal domestic workers or in brothels which can make them vulnerable to many other forms of victimization. Asian women who are victims of domestic violence are more likely to become victims of in‐law abuse than of intimate violence as indicated in some studies; and these victims are less likely than members of other races to seek mental health services to deal with their abuse. Asian women victims of sexual assault are more likely to be attacked by a stranger than a person known to the female and many victims are under the age of 30. Victim services for foreign‐born Asian women are lacking.
B
athory, Countess
E
lizabeth
Authors: Sheridan Matthew J.
Published: August 2019

Countess Elizabeth Bathory, a noblewoman of Transylvania who lived in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, was an early serial killer who utilized bizarre methodologies for killing her victims. The total number of murders is suspected to have exceeded 600 and the actual number may be much greater. She murdered her victims over at least a ten year period. When the murders could no longer be denied, her nobility excluded her from trial and she was confined to a room. Her accomplices, however, were executed.
Battered Woman Syndrome Defense
Authors: Van Brown Bethany L.
Published: August 2019

It is generally accepted that domestic violence is a piece of gender‐based violence and that women are victims of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse more often than men. Arguably, gender‐based violence can begin with the gender socialization of boys and girls where, in the United States, men are taught to be more powerful than women. In some men, for reasons that are not yet fully understood, this socialization process and outcome creates the need for men to abuse power and to control women. There are many consequences for victims of intimate partner violence. One particular psychological symptom or consequence is called battered woman syndrome, which develops in some women who have been victims of abuse. Over time, the victim starts to feel that the abuse is her own fault, which can develop into learned helplessness.
B
lanco,
G
riselda
Authors: Capps Jennifer E.
Published: August 2019

Griselda Blanco was one of the most successful drug traffickers in history, establishing the cocaine trade from Colombia to the United States. Blanco was known for violence, especially via drive‐by shooting on motorcycles. It is believed she was responsible for more than 200 murders, although she served less than 20 years in US prison.
C
hesney‐
L
ind,
M
eda
Authors: Fitch Chivon H.
Published: August 2019

Chesney‐Lind is one of the most significant figures in feminist criminology; she has even been referred to as the “mother of feminist criminology.” Her work has been integral in advancing the examination of the treatment of women and girls within the criminal justice system.
Civil Rights Act of 1964, TitleVII
Authors: Weiss Jillian T.
Published: August 2019

Title VII has been very effective in reducing overt discrimination in the workplace, including sexual harassment and sexual assault of women. However, much covert discrimination still remains. The law's effectiveness has been reduced by Supreme Court interpretations narrowing its coverage, and its lack of intersectional approach creates concerns for women of color.
College Athletes and Crimes Against Women
Authors: Waid‐Lindberg Courtney A. , Orr Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

For many years, social research on sport has examined the nature of violence against women by athletes. In recent years, the issue has been exposed as a critical one to which the communities of colleges and universities devote time and resources to address. College administrators and athletic department representatives have started, with increasing frequency, to work with student athletes to raise awareness, change cultural attitudes, and create safe environments for all students and staff on campus.
C
otton,
M
ary
A
nn
Authors: Callahan Kelli
Published: August 2019

The current entry provides a background on the murderous reign of Mary Ann Cotton, often dubbed one of England's first female serial killers. Cotton administered lethal doses of arsenic to various family members and acquaintances for the predominate motivation of collecting life insurance disbursements. Cotton is historically referred to as one of England's early black‐widow female offenders.
Cycle of Violence
Authors: Wilson Janet K.
Published: August 2019

In 1979, Lenore Walker published
The Battered Woman
within which she proposed her tension‐reduction theory of three distinct stages associated with recurring battering in cases of domestic violence: the tension‐building phase, the acute battering incident, and the honeymoon phase. Instead of seeing domestic violence as a set of randomly occurring episodes of violence, Walker demonstrated how the violence followed a predictable cycle or pattern that repeated itself. With each cycle, the length of time required to complete it becomes shorter and the violence within it increases. To explain why women stay in the abusive relationship, Walker incorporated such concepts as learned helplessness, battered woman syndrome, and posttraumatic stress syndrome. Tests of Walker's theory have found it to have limitations in accounting for bi‐directional abuse, recognizing the intermittent occurrence of violence, and explaining the range of nonviolent, controlling behaviors used by batterers as proposed in the Duluth model.
Elder Abuse
Authors: Stein Karen
Published: August 2019

Elder abuse as a general term encompasses physical and emotional abuse, as well as neglect and financial exploitation. An estimate that approximately 10% of older people in the United States have experienced abuse is widely published. However, there is general agreement among both researchers and practitioners that elder abuse and neglect is underreported. Risk factors for victimization include gender (with more older women victimized than older men), physical frailty, and mental impairment. Most states have civil and criminal statutes that address elder abuse, but the laws vary by state because of differing definitions. Most forms of elder abuse may also be actionable as a violation of general criminal, family, or probate state statutes.
Evil Women Hypothesis
Authors: Gibson Camille
Published: August 2019

The evil women hypothesis is significant in its influence on the sentencing disposition of women and especially girls. If a female offender is deemed to have acted contrary to gender norms, she could be perceived as evil and thus worthy of harsher sanctions before the law. The hypothesis has its origins in Puritanism. The susceptibility to evil is associated with Judeo‐Christian ideas of the woman as the weaker sex and thus more vulnerable to evil's influence.
Female Correctional Officers
Authors: Nicholas Lorie A. L.
Published: August 2019

Although male correctional staff within the prison system continue to outnumber the ratio of female correctional staff by 3 : 1, female correctional officers entering this primarily male‐dominated field are continuing to increase. Despite their increase in number, women continue to face challenges and obstacles. A majority of these challenges stem from working in a male‐dominated field, in which women continue to face resistance from men, which can be very stressful. Notwithstanding the adverse environment, women can succeed and manage these stressors.
Female Officers and Sexual Harassment on the Job
Authors: Brodeur Vanessa , Reitzel John David
Published: August 2019

Sexual harassment is unlawful workplace conduct that creates a hostile work environment for the victim. Despite its pervasiveness, sexual harassment is largely underreported due to fear of reprisal from superiors and fellow officers or because officers are sometimes unaware that incidents are sexual harassment or they ignore such instances in order to maintain their career. Research on sexual harassment of female officers reveals that there are many negative psychological and physical health effects from increased rates of work‐related stress, anxiety, and depression, to negative respiratory and cardiovascular effects, and to lower job satisfaction and a higher likelihood of burnout.
Female‐Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Neal Angela M.
Published: August 2019

Female‐perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV), including physical, psychological (also known as emotional violence), and sexual violence against a current or former romantic partner influences a large number of women, depending on the age of the sample, the type of IPV reported on, as well as the timeframe (e.g., past year, lifetime). There are also a wide variety of correlates of female IPV perpetration, both at the individual level, such as a history of abuse, and the community level, such as neighborhood disorder. There are also various motives, or attributions, cited by female perpetrators for their use of violence, consisting of retaliation, inability to express oneself verbally, and anger for physical and psychological IPV and sexual arousal, proving love, and losing control, for sexual IPV.
Female Status Offenders
Authors: McKinney Sydney
Published: August 2019

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) defines status offenses as acts that are considered illegal because of a person's age. Typically, these offenses include, but are not limited to, truancy, running away, ungovernability, and liquor law and curfew violations. Since the advent of the juvenile court in the late 1890s, girls have been disproportionately criminalized for engaging in these noncriminal behaviors that many consider conduct characteristic of troubled youth. This entry discusses the origins of the status offense system and the judicial policy responsible for its disparate impact on the lives of adolescent females.
Female Terrorists
Authors: Erez Edna
Published: August 2019

This entry reviews the history of women's participation in terrorism, their motivation to participate, and the roles women play in terrorist organizations and operations. It reviews the reasons terrorist organizations employ women and the strategic and tactical advantages that women bring to terrorist missions. The multifaceted nexus between gender and terrorism is noted, highlighting the advantages and liabilities that women's involvement bring to terrorist organizations and missions.
Female Victimization by Terrorist Groups
Authors: Mell Shana M.
Published: August 2019

The research focusing on female victims of terrorism is limited. Existing literature suggests that differences exist in the ways in which females are targeted by terrorists. Females may also be particularly vulnerable to the effects of terrorism. This entry explores the ways in which women experience terrorism and the effects with which they are faced upon survival.
Female Victims and Juries
Authors: McLaughlin Kendra J.
Published: August 2019

Female victims are often called to testify in court about violence perpetrated against them. The victim's gender, race, and even her physical attractiveness can influence jurors' perceptions of her testimony and subsequent evaluation of the defendant's guilt. The limited research on the impact of victim gender on jury decision making has primarily focused on the influence of this extralegal factor in capital cases and in domestic violence, rape, or sexual assault cases. Generally, research has found significant, though varying, effects of victim gender on jurors' legal decisions and verdicts.
Females, Race, and Ethnicity in Prison
Authors: Barnes Ashlee R.
Published: August 2019

The explosive increase of female involvement in the criminal justice system – particularly incarceration rates, has stimulated research on the experiences, needs, and criminogenic profiles of female offenders. Although there is more interest in the causes and consequences of the increasing rates, the focus on the “universal” experiences of women has inadvertently led to the marginalization of incarcerated women of color. Given that the intersecting identities of being female and a racial or ethnic minority are not widely examined, this entry presents the social characteristics of women in prison, and recommends intersectionality theory as a framework to better understand the specific challenges associated with occupying marginalized social positions while involved in the criminal justice system.
Gender and Drug and Alcohol Use, Abuse
Authors: Jackson Robin D.
Published: August 2019

National data show that the gender gap in drug and alcohol use and abuse has closed. Across most age groups, males are more likely than females to report alcohol and drug use. However, among 12–17‐year‐olds, females are more likely to report prescription drug use, and alcohol consumption rates are similar among teenage males and females. Furthermore, gender differences exist in how males and females react to and are affected by various types of drugs as well as in the reasons for drug use. Substance abuse treatment is also briefly discussed.
Ginsburg, Justice Ruth Bader
Authors: Vaughn Michael S.
Published: August 2019

Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg became the 107th Justice of the US Supreme Court, appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1993.
Girl Runaways, Truants, and Incorrigibles
Authors: Burke Alison S. , Mustafa Hena , Boies Kaeanna
Published: August 2019

Running away, truancy, and incorrigibility are status offenses disproportionately affecting girls. Running away often stems from abuse and other familial dysfunctions, and leads to truancy and other aspects of general incorrigibility. Since these behaviors are not considered illegal for anyone over the age of majority, the 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) sought to divert and deinstitutionalize status offenders. Although this Act significantly decreased the number of girls processed through the court system for these offenses, it is still important to understand and address the motivation for girls to runaway, be truant from school, and be labeled by justice officials as incorrigible.
History of Prostitution
Authors: Steely Mollee , Bratton Tabrina , Lytle Robert
Published: August 2019

This entry briefly reviews the historical narrative of prostitution that begins in ancient civilizations, continues through medieval Europe, and ends with current perspectives on prostitution in the United States. In this brief story of prostitution, we note key evolutions in the role prostitution plays in society, as well as common themes that have persisted throughout history.
Intimate Partner Violence in Urban Communities
Authors: Ivey Caroletta A. Shuler
Published: August 2019

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide problem that is also manifest among the urban communities in the United States. Concepts usually found with this type of crime are physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence, and financial abuse. Moreover, there is limited research concerning women victims of IPV within urban communities. It has been found that community resources within these urban communities have a viable impact on women dealing with intimate partner violence.
Lawrence v. Texas
Authors: Thompson R. Alan
Published: August 2019

The Supreme Court case of
Lawrence v. Texas
(2003) ruled as unconstitutional laws that criminalized certain intimate behaviors among same‐sex couples but not different‐sex couples. These laws were determined to be violative of both the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision in this case also reversed the Court's ruling in a previous case that had upheld such laws.
Letourneau, Mary Kay
Authors: Spina Francesca
Published: August 2019

Mary Kay Letourneau was a school teacher who had a relationship with her 12‐year‐old student, Vili Fualaau. She pleaded guilty to rape of a child. As a result, she spent time in prison and was ordered to have no contact with Fualaau. Upon her release, however, Fualaau successfully had the no‐contact order revoked. The two are currently married and have two children together.
Levy, Chandra
Authors: Pashea Joseph J.
Published: August 2019

Chandra Ann Levy was a former intern at the Federal Bureau of Prisons in Washington DC. Levy disappeared mysteriously on May 1, 2001. Her body was discovered a year later near Pierce‐Klingle Mansion, located in the Rock Creek Park. At the time of her disappearance, Levy was having an affair with US Congressman Gary Condit. This led to an informant stating that Ingmar Guandique was paid $25,000 by Representative Condit to kill Levy. While Condit was ruled out as a suspect, Guandique was charged with the murder of Levy. Guandique was convicted on two counts of first‐degree felony murder and sentenced to serve a 60‐year sentence. In 2015, however, Guandique was granted a new trial, but prosecutors announced that the Levy murder case against Guandique would not proceed, and prosecutors would instead seek to deport Guandique. The murder of Chandra Levy remains unsolved to this day.
LGBTQ Community and Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Tomsich Elizabeth
Published: August 2019

Intimate partner violence (IPV) affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ), and same‐sex relationships represents a relatively new, but growing topic of research in criminology and criminal justice. Studies examining LGBTQ and same‐sex IPV provide a preliminary understanding of prevalence, risk factors, and the impact of stigma on help‐seeking.
Lombroso's Delinquent Woman
Authors: Baldry Anna Costanza
Published: August 2019

The
Donna Delinquente, la Prostituta e la Donna Normale
[Criminal woman, the prostitute, and the normal woman] by Cesare Lombroso, written with the young scholar Guglielmo Ferrero, is considered to be a milestone for studies on female criminality. It gained a lot of attention and interest as the first study on women and criminal behavior with a scientific basis. Lombroso's main tenets concerned women's intellectual inferiority when compared to men. The work was used and cited until the 1970s when the feminist movement was generally opposed to an approach that was based on masculine superiority.
Mental Illness, Infanticide, and Neonaticide
Authors: Dodson Kimberly D.
Published: August 2019

Mental illness is a leading cause of neonaticide and infanticide in the United States. Mothers who suffer from pregnancy negation, postpartum depression, postpartum psychosis, bipolar disorder, and postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder are more likely to kill their newborn and infant children. Estimates suggest that approximately 1,000 children less than one year of age die as a result of neonaticide or infanticide annually. Mothers are almost exclusively responsible for instances of neonaticide and about half of the infanticides.
Merkel, Chancellor Angela
Authors: Gallien Martha A.
Published: August 2019

Angela Merkel was the first woman to be elected chancellor of Germany, in 2005; she has held the position for 11 years. Her approval rating in 2012 and 2014 was 77% but dropped to 54% in 2015 during a European migrant crisis. She has also held important positions in Europe, such as president of the European Council in 2007, and chaired the G8 nations. Many consider her to be one of the most powerful women in the world. In 2014, she was featured on the cover of
Time
magazine as “Person of the Year” and “Chancellor of the Free World.” Merkel has encouraged international cooperation and received Israel's highest civilian award because of her ongoing fight against anti‐Semitism. During her years as chancellor of Germany, she has led seven trade delegations to China. Chancellor Merkel maintains that Germany and the United States are strong allies.
National Crime Victimization Survey (
NCVS
) and 1993 Redesign
Authors: Murphy Daniel G.
Published: August 2019

The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) has been the primary source for obtaining crime statistics in the United States until the implementation of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). This narrative focuses on the reasons for NCVS implementation, the methodology of how the data is collected, the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology, and how it affects crime data relating to female victimization.
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health)
Authors: Brady Caitlin M.
Published: August 2019

The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health is a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States that began in 1994 (Wave I) and continues through 2018 (Wave V). The original purpose of the study was to examine adolescent health and health‐related behavior with an understanding of the contexts in the adolescent's life. Many researchers have utilized the public use data to understand changes over time, which have resulted in over a thousand peer‐reviewed journal articles.
Neighborhoods and Female Victimization
Authors: King Sanna
Published: August 2019

Experiences of violence and their responses to it differ for girls and women based on numerous factors, one being their location, space, and place. Some may conceptualize neighborhoods as safe spaces. However, for many girls and women, the very places they call home could be some of the most dangerous places. This entry discusses the multiple oppressions and the social and structural inequalities that influence the various experiences girls and women have with violence, abuse, and victimization in their neighborhoods. This entry also examines the various identity negotiations and survival strategies used by girls and women when faced with violence and victimization in their communities.
Patronizing and Prostitution
Authors: Rippy Michelle
Published: August 2019

Prostitution is thought to be the world's oldest profession and remains a widespread illicit industry. Many reasons may lead women into prostitution, from experiencing childhood trauma to being sexually trafficked. Those who patronize prostitutes are typically driven by sexual desires and encompass the entire range of demographics. Living on the fringes of society, prostitutes can suffer from physical and mental trauma and generally do not trust law enforcement enough to report the crimes. Undercover operations can be completed by law enforcement agencies to crack down on prostitutes and those patronizing prostitutes, though this has become more challenging with prostitution being not just at the street level but also on the Internet. A greater focus has been placed on prostitution enforcement and identification of prostitutes with concerns of sex trafficking victims being forced into the life. Diversion programs are present in some jurisdictions for both prostitutes and those who patronize prostitutes in hopes of deterring future illicit behavior. Prostitution is only legal in small counties in Nevada, though there are suggestions to decriminalize and legitimize the profession to reduce further victimization.
P
eterson,
L
aci
Authors: Clarke Kaitlyn
Published: August 2019

Laci Peterson was eight months pregnant when she disappeared on Christmas Eve in 2002. She was reported missing by her husband, Scott. Several months after her disappearance, her body and her son's fetus were found washed ashore in the San Francisco Bay. Her disappearance and murder, and the subsequent trial of her husband, captivated Americans. After a lengthy trial, her husband was convicted of first‐degree murder and sentenced to death. Legislation recognizing the killing of an unborn child as homicide was later created as a response to the violent act.
Pimps and Madams
Authors: Marcus Anthony , Middleton Aliyah , Horning Amber
Published: August 2019

Although the terms “madam” and “pimp” are both anglophone slang for individuals involved in third‐party support for sex work, they convey unequivocal and diametrically opposed race, class, and gender signals. Regardless of real world behavior or temperament, the term
pimp
denotes a coercive, abusive, hypersexualized, and parasitically exploitative African American male exotic whose work arena is flexible and nomadic. Though engaging in nearly identical labor,
madams
, in contrast, are thought to be hard‐working, entrepreneurial White females whose management tasks in fixed‐site brothels are often represented more sympathetically as mentoring, nurturing, and setting high business standards – again, regardless of real world behavior or temperament.
P
istorius,
O
scar
Authors: Pashea Joseph J.
Published: August 2019

Oscar Pistorius is a convicted murderer and former Para‐Olympic and Olympic sprinter. He was convicted for the 2013 murder of his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp. Pistorius mistook Steenkamp for a burglar and shot her four times through the bathroom door. He is currently incarcerated at the hospital wing of Kgosi Mampuru II jail for a term of six years. He will be eligible for parole after completing two to four years of his sentence.