bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neil Hamilton Fairley KBE FRCP FRS (1891–1966): An outstanding tropical physician in the twentieth century
Authors: Cook GC
Published: May 2014

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, British physicians led the way in tropical medicine research. Several years later scientific advances had slowed, and Fairley's numerous contributions were thus most welcome. Neil Hamilton Fairley was born of Scottish parents at Victoria, Australia. After qualification at Melbourne, he joined the Australian Army Medical Service (AAMS) and after several minor research projects, made valuable contributions to the understanding of tropical sprue at Bombay ( now Mumbai), India. However, Fairley's major researches were carried out during World War II (1939–45). Together with J S K Boyd he demonstrated the great value of sulphaguanidine in bacillary dysentery. Working in northern Australia and the south-Pacific region, he both contributed to elucidation of the Plasmodium vivax life-cycle, and more importantly demonstrated the value of alternative anti-malarial compounds to quinine (which was not readily available). Back in London after the war, Fairley briefly occupied the Wellcome Chair of Tropical Medicine, strongly supported London's clinical tropical medicine, and was subsequently knighted in 1950.
Thomas Eshelby (1769–1811), Nelson’s Surgeon
Authors: Khan SK , Saeed I , Brinsden MD
Published: May 2014

Horatio Nelson is an icon of British naval history. His above-elbow amputation by Thomas Eshelby remains one of the most famous surgical procedures ever performed. Yet the surgeon himself remains relatively obscure and uncelebrated. We present a vignette of this young Yorkshireman and reflect on his life and times. Eshelby was a competent and conscientious surgeon and was certainly held in high regard by Nelson. Quite a few documents pertaining to his tour of duty in the Mediterranean and to his later appointment at Plymouth have been archived. These shed valuable light on his professional life, betraying his clinical acumen, his conscientious and pragmatic nature and his demeanour toward both his peers and his superiors. Eshelby was also the patriarch of an enterprising family including three generations of surgeons and others with eponymous discoveries in the fields of geography and science.
Victor Vaughan (1851–1929) and the birth of bacteriology in the United States
Authors: Saadeh Yamaan , Bartlett Robert
Published: May 2014

Victor Vaughan is well known for his numerous accomplishments and services to science, medicine, and public health. This paper discusses one of Dr Vaughan’s earliest and most significant accomplishments: founding the Hygienic Laboratory at the University of Michigan in 1887, the first in the United States. The vision, initiative and planning demonstrated by this episode illustrate the characteristics that enabled Vaughan to have such an accomplished and storied career.
Transforming African Agriculture
Authors: McIntire John Murray
Published: May 2014

This article examines the challenges facing agriculture in Africa. First the article outlines agriculture’s connection with overall economic growth; then, the author evaluates agricultural productivity and food security in Africa in 2010. From this point, the author evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of seven paths that African agriculture is likely to evolve along between now and 2050: five for Sub-Saharan African and two for North Africa. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the types of farming proposed are: extensive, mechanized; intensive export; intensive peri-urban; subsistence; and reserves, game ranching, and tourism. In North Africa, the author proposes: irrigated and rainfed. In order to realize the most positive benefits of these paths in 2050, Africa has to tackle six challenges, outlined by the author: reducing population growth, promoting irrigation, adapting the role of the state, promoting the acceleration of technical change (including fertilizer and biotechnology), and preparing for climate change. Increasing the competitiveness of Africa’s commercial farming will improve income, inequality, and nutrition across the continent.
Occasions and non-occasions: Identity, femininity and high-heeled shoes
Authors: Dilley Rachel , Hockey Jenny , Robinson Victoria , Sherlock Alexandra
Published: May 2014

This article addresses theoretical problems around the notion of ‘choice’, using empirical data from a three-year, ESRC-funded study of identity, transition and footwear among both women and men. With a focus on female participants who wore, or had worn high-heeled shoes, it draws on Budgeon’s argument for viewing the body as event, as becoming, and Finch’s use of the concept of display, to explore the temporalities of high-heeled shoe wear, particularly as an aspect of ‘dressing up’. Data from both focus groups and year-long case studies allowed everyday and life course patterns of high-heeled shoe wear to be explored – in many cases, as they unfolded. This material has led us to critique the linear, goal-oriented nature of a modernist ‘project of the self’, and to argue that identification, as a dynamic process, may often be erratic, partial and temporary. Emphasized femininity, it is suggested, can be ‘displayed’ episodically, as an aspect of ‘doing gender’, a perspective that problematizes notions of a ‘post-feminist masquerade’ that inevitably secures gender retrenchment. Through an examination of the occasions and non-occasions that pattern the temporalities of women’s lives, therefore, the article demonstrates a distinction between displaying femininity and doing gender, one that simultaneously sheds light on their relationship with one another.
KLF1 mutations are relatively more common in a thalassemia endemic region and ameliorate the severity of β-thalassemia
Authors: Liu Dun , Zhang Xinhua , Yu Lihua , Cai Ren , Ma Xiaoxia , Zheng Chengguang , Zhou Yuqiu , Liu Qiji , Wei Xiaofeng , Lin Li , Yan Tizhen , Huang Jiwei , Mohandas Narla , An Xiuli , Xu Xiangmin
Published: May 2014

Key Points

The prevalence of KLF1 mutations is significantly higher in a thalassemia endemic region of China than in a nonendemic region. KLF1 mutations ameliorate the clinical and hematologic features of β-thalassemia.
Impact of Cancer Supportive Care Pathways Compliance on Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations
Authors: Kreys Eugene D. , Kim Ted Y. , Delgado Andrew , Koeller Jim M.
Published: May 2014

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor pathway compliance was associated with a significant decrease in the rate of neutropenia-related emergency department visits/hospitalizations and resulting costs.
Quality Oncology Practice Initiative: An Approach to Solving the Value Equation
Authors: Schnipper Lowell E.
Published: May 2014

There must be recruitment of a majority of the oncology practices (community, hospital based, and academic based) into the QOPI initiative, and payers must be encouraged to develop incentives for physicians who deliver high-quality oncology care.
A novel mouse model for inhibition of DOHH mediated hypusine modification reveals crucial function for embryonic development, proliferation and oncogenic transformation
Authors: Sievert Henning , Pällmann Nora , Miller Katharine K. , Hermans-Borgmeyer Irm , Venz Simone , Sendoel Ataman , Preukschas Michael , Schweizer Michaela , Böttcher Steffen , Janiesch P. Christoph , Streichert Thomas , Walther Reinhard , Hengartner Michael O. , Manz Markus G. , Brümmendorf Tim H , Bokemeyer Carsten , Braig Melanie , Hauber Joachim , Duncan Kent E. , Balabanov Stefan
Published: May 2014

The central importance of translational control by posttranslational modification has spurred major interest in regulatory pathways that control translation. One such pathway uniquely adds hypusine to eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), and thereby affects protein synthesis and subsequently cellular proliferation through an unknown mechanism. Using a novel conditional knockout mouse model and a Caenorhabditis elegans knockout model, we found an evolutionarily conserved role for the DOHH-mediated second step of hypusine synthesis in early embryonic development. At the cellular level we observed reduced proliferation and induction of senescence in 3T3 Dohh-/- cells as well as reduced capability for malignant transformation. Furthermore, by mass spectrometry we observed that deletion of DOHH results in an unexpected complete loss of hypusine modification. Our results provide new biological insight into the physiological roles of the second step of the hypusination of eIF5A. Moreover, the conditional mouse model presented here provides a powerful tool to manipulate hypusine modification in a temporal and spatial manner, both to analyze how this unique modification normally functions in vivo, as well as how it contributes to different pathological conditions.
Encapsulation by Cyclic Porphyrin Dimers Using Various Interaction Modes
Authors: Terao Jun , Chiba Yusuke , Fujihara Tetsuaki , Tsuji Yasushi
Published: May 2014

We synthesized cyclic host molecules, A, B, and C, based on a rigid π-conjugated system composed of porphyrin and fluorene units. After the transformation of the ester units of cyclic host B to carboxylates, host C became soluble in water. These host molecules could encapsulate different molecules, based on various interactions: coordination bonds between porphyrin-bound metals (Zn) and N atoms, π–π interactions, or hydrophobic interactions.
First In Situ NMR Observation of Hydrogen Adsorbed inside [Cu3(btc)2] at Ambient Temperature and Pressure
Authors: Dekura Shun , Kobayashi Hirokazu , Li Guangqin , Ikeda Ryuichi , Kubota Yoshiki , Takata Masaki , Kitagawa Hiroshi
Published: May 2014

We report the first in situ NMR observation of 2H2 adsorbed inside [Cu3(btc)2] (HKUST-1; btc: benzenetricarboxylate) at ambient temperature and pressure. Hydrogen adsorption behavior was investigated by hydrogen sorption analysis and in situ solid-state 2H NMR under controlled 2H2 gas pressure. Although HKUST-1 adsorbed very little amount of H2 at 303 K, we could successfully observe the 2H2 signal inside HKUST-1 in the NMR spectra. Furthermore, the NMR signal demonstrated that HKUST-1 interacts with H2 molecules even at ambient temperature and hydrogen pressure.
Effects of Buffer on the Structure and Catalytic Activity of Palladium Nanomaterials Formed by Biomineralization
Authors: Janairo Jose Isagani B , Sakaguchi Kazuyasu
Published: May 2014

Effects of a buffer on the structure and catalytic activity of Pd nanostructures obtained from biomineralization were evaluated. Significant structural differences attributed to the buffer were observed. In addition, the Pd nanostructures prepared in buffered solutions had enhanced catalytic activity in the reduction of aminonitrophenol isomers. Our findings emphasize that the buffer selection is critical for biomineralization. Moreover, these findings indicate that the buffer can be possibly used to control the structure and activity of Pd nanomaterials, which is a very simple and cost-effective way compared with other methods.
Simple Gravity-assisted Evaluation for Self-directed Movement of a Droplet Driven by Heterogeneous Surface Energies
Authors: Kusaka Yasuyuki , Ushijima Hirobumi
Published: May 2014

We report a simple method that allows facile evaluation of the driving force required to move a droplet settled on a boundary of two surfaces with different surface energies. In the method, a vertically placed sample substrate holding a droplet is gradually recovered to the horizontal state, so that the driving force of the self-directed movement can be obtained from the counterbalancing gravitational force exerted on the droplet at the critical tilt angle at which the droplet starts to move.
A Reassessment of Real Business Cycle Theory
Authors: McGrattan Ellen R. , Prescott Edward C.
Published: May 2014

During the downturn of 2008-2009, output and hours fell significantly, but labor productivity rose. These facts have led many to conclude that there is a significant deviation between observations and current macrotheories that assume business cycles are driven, at least in part, by fluctuations in total factor productivities of firms. We show that once investment in intangible capital is included in the analysis, there is no inconsistency. Measured labor productivity rises if the fall in output is underestimated; this occurs when there are large unmeasured intangible investments. Microevidence suggests that these investments are large and cyclically important.
Weak Identification in Maximum Likelihood: A Question of Information
Authors: Andrews Isaiah , Mikusheva Anna
Published: May 2014

In this paper we connect the discrepancy between two estimates of Fisher information, one based on the quadratic variation of the score and the other based on the negative Hessian of the log-likelihood, to weak identification. Classical asymptotic approximations assume that these two estimates are asymptotically equivalent, but we show that this equivalence fails in many weakly identified models, which can distort the behavior of the MLE. Using a stylized DSGE model we show that the discrepancy between information estimates is large when identification is weak.
Demand and Defective Growth Patterns: The Role of The Tradable and Non-Tradable Sectors in an Open Economy
Authors: Hlatshwayo Sandile , Spence Michael
Published: May 2014

This paper examines the underlying structural elements of US growth patterns, pre- and post-crisis. Prior to the recession, the US economy exhibited a defective growth pattern driven by outsized domestic demand. As domestic aggregate demand retreats to more sustainable levels relative to total income, the tradable side of the economy is a catalyst for restoring strong growth. A structural rebalancing is already underway; although it is only a third of the economy, the tradable sector generated more than half of gross gains in value-added since the start of the recovery. However, distributional issues loom on the horizon.
Labor Supply and Household Dynamics
Authors: Mazzocco Maurizio , Ruiz Claudia , Yamaguchi Shintaro
Published: May 2014

Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we provide evidence that to understand household decisions and evaluate policies designed to affect individual welfare, it is important to add an intertemporal dimension to the by-now standard static collective models of the household. Specifically, we document that the observed differences in labor supply by gender and marital status do not arise suddenly at the time of marriage, but rather emerge gradually over time. We then propose an intertemporal collective model that has the potential of explaining the observed patterns.
Benefits of Neuroeconomic Modeling: New Policy Interventions and Predictors of Preference
Authors: Krajbich Ian , Oud Bastiaan , Fehr Ernst
Published: May 2014

Neuroeconomics strives to use knowledge from neuroscience to improve models of decisionmaking. Here we introduce a biologically plausible, drift-diffusion model that is able to jointly predict choice behavior and response times across different choice environments. The model has both normative and positive implications for economics. First, we consistently observe that decisionmakers inefficiently allocate their time to choices for which they are close to indifference. We demonstrate that we can improve subjects' welfare using a simple intervention that puts a time limit on their choices. Second, response times can be used to predict indifference points and the strength of preferences.
Powering up China: Income Distributions and Residential Electricity Consumption
Authors: Auffhammer Maximilian , Wolfram Catherine D.
Published: May 2014

Current forecasts suggest that the vast majority of growth in energy demand will come from the developing world, and that China will play a major part in that growth. This paper presents evidence suggesting that the shape of the income distribution, which is typically omitted from forecasting models, plays a major role in driving household acquisition of energy-using durable goods in rural China. We use province-level data for rural households to show that the share of the population living above the poverty line is an important determinant of household appliance holdings even controlling for average household income.
Assessment of Nuclear Nanomorphology Marker to Improve the Detection of Malignancy From Bile Duct Biopsy Specimens
Authors: Hartman Douglas J. , Krasinskas Alyssa M. , Uttam Shikhar , Staton Kevin , Bista Rajan , IIyas Sumera I , Slivka Adam , Brand Randall , Liu Yang
Published: May 2014

Objectives:

The accurate diagnosis of malignancy from small bile duct biopsy specimens is often challenging. This proof-of-concept study assessed the feasibility of a novel optical technology, spatial-domain low-coherence quantitative phase microscopy (SL-QPM), that assesses nanoscale structural alterations in epithelial nuclei for improving the diagnosis of malignancy in bile duct biopsy specimens.

Methods:

The SL-QPM analysis was performed on standard histology specimens of bile duct biopsy specimens from 45 patients. We analyzed normal cells with benign follow-up, histologically normal cells with pancreaticobiliary malignancy, and malignant epithelial cells.

Results:

The SL-QPM–derived nuclear nanomorphology marker can not only distinguish benign and malignant epithelial cells but can also detect features of malignancy in those cells normal by light microscopy with a discriminatory accuracy of 0.90. When combining pathology with SL-QPM, the sensitivity is improved to 88.5% from 65.4% of conventional pathology, while maintaining 100% specificity.

Conclusions:

SL-QPM–derived nuclear nanomorphology markers represent a novel approach for detecting malignancy from histologically normal-appearing epithelial cells, with potential as an adjunctive test in patients with negative or inconclusive pathologic diagnosis on bile duct biopsy specimens.
Vernacular masculinity and politics of space in contemporary Bollywood cinema
Authors: Sinha Suvadip
Published: May 2014

A series of popular Hindi films, specifically located in north-Indian small towns, not just depict a new spatiality through realist overtures; they also stage the appearance of a distinct form of masculinity on-screen. This article specifically looks at the representation and construction of masculine subjectivity in contemporary small-town films such as Dabangg (2010), Ishaqzaade (2012) and Gangs of Wasseypur I and II (2012) to analyse how this new spatiality is conjured through the re-configuration of non-urban manhood. Visibly distinctive bodily gestures, unique modes of consumption, often accompanied by localized dispensation, make it possible for these male characters to represent the in-between-ness of the small town. While the device of cinematic excess marks the representation of the vernacular space and its masculine inhabitant, such excess, this article further argues, enables the provincial India to appropriate its own discourses of legality, politics and community.
‘Images riddled with language’: An Interview with Tom Conley
Authors: Rowland Clara , Duarte Susana Nascimento
Published: May 2014

In this interview, Tom Conley talks about writing and cinema, images and language, hieroglyphs and maps.
New Media as Software
Authors: Portela Manuel
Published: May 2014

Recensão de Lev Manovich, Software Takes Command: Extending the Language of New Media. London: Bloomsbury, 2013, 358 pp. ISBN 978-1-6235-6817-7.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_1-2_13
There is no way you can frame it. Ideias de Teatro e Cinema a partir de Michael Fried
Authors: Frazão Francisco
Published: May 2014

Partindo do artigo "Art and Objecthood" (1967) de Michael Fried, analisam-se as ideias de teatro e cinema ali construídas, de forma a postular uma teatralidade cinematográfica imune ao preconceito antiteatral que muitas vezes carateriza os trabalhos sobre a interseção das duas artes. Dado o lugar tangencial do cinema em "Art and Objecthood", recorre-se a outros textos (muitos do mesmo período e sobretudo da linhagem dos Cahiers du Cinéma) para desmontar a ideia de cinema de Fried e fazer emergir uma nova. Duas cenas, uma de Godard e outra de Tsai Ming-liang, são usadas para exemplificar a teatralidade proposta.Abstract I analyze the concepts of theatre and film in Michael Fried's "Art and Objecthood" (1967), in order to argue for a cinematic theatricality immune to the anti-theatrical prejudice often found in works about the intersection of these two art forms. Given the tangential place of movies in Fried's article, other texts are used (mostly from the same period and mainly from the Cahiers du Cinéma tradition) to deconstruct Fried's idea of film so that a new concept can emerge. Two scenes, one from Godard and the other from Tsai Ming-liang, are used to illustrate the proposed theatricality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_1-2_6
Defect Prediction for New Products During the Development Phase
Authors: Chu Tao-Peng , Wang Fu-Kwun
Published: May 2014

Defect prediction is an important task in the development phase of new products. We present a new method of predicting the number of defects for new products in the computer industry, such as laptops, during the development phase. The proposed approach is based on robust regression and reliability growth models. We use a robust regression model to predict the number of defects for new products, and a growth model is used to track the test progress during the development phase. The Weibull growth model achieves the best fit compared with other models, such as the exponential, three-parameter logistic, and Gompertz model. The predicted defects for four example products are similar to the actual defects during the whole development phase. The Weibull growth curve also provides a good fit for monitoring defect trends.
Alterations in diurnal rhythmicity in patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma: a controlled study and literature review
Authors: Joustra S D , Thijs R D , van den Berg R , van Dijk M , Pereira A M , Lammers G J , van Someren E J W , Romijn J A , Biermasz N R
Published: May 2014

Objective

Patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas (NFMAs) have fatigue and alterations in sleep characteristics and sleep–wake rhythmicity frequently. As NFMAs often compress the optic chiasm, these complaints might be related to dysfunction of the adjacent suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We aimed to explore whether indirect indices of SCN functioning are altered in the long term after surgery for NFMAs.

Methods

We studied 17 NFMA patients in long-term remission after transsphenoidal surgery, receiving adequate and stable hormone replacement for hypopituitarism, and 17 control subjects matched for age, gender, and BMI. Indirect indices of SCN function were assessed from 24-h ambulatory recordings of skin and core body temperatures, blood pressure, and salivary melatonin levels. Altered melatonin secretion was defined as an absence of evening rise, considerable irregularity, or daytime values >3 pg/ml. We additionally studied eight patients treated for craniopharyngioma.

Results

Distal–proximal skin temperature gradient did not differ between NFMAs and control subjects, but proximal skin temperature was decreased during daytime (P=0.006). Core body temperature and non-dipping of blood pressure did not differ, whereas melatonin secretion was often altered in NFMAs (OR 5.3, 95% CI 0.9–30.6). One or more abnormal parameters (≥2.0 SDS of control subjects) were observed during nighttime in 12 NFMA patients and during daytime in seven NFMA patients. Similar patterns were observed in craniopharyngioma patients.

Conclusion

Heterogeneous patterns of altered diurnal rhythmicity in skin temperature and melatonin secretion parameters were observed in the majority of patients treated for NFMAs. On a group level, both NFMA and craniopharyngioma patients showed a lower daytime proximal skin temperature than control subjects, but other group averages were not significantly different. The observations suggest altered function of central (or peripheral) clock machinery, possibly by disturbed entrainment or damage of the hypothalamic SCN by the suprasellar macroadenoma or its treatment.
Seasonal Difference in Percutaneous Absorption of N,N‐Dimethylformamide as Determined Using Two Urinary Metabolites
Authors: Tsuda Yoko , Miyauchi Hiroyuki , Minozoe Aoi , Tanaka Shigeru , Arito Heihachiro , Tsukahara Teruomi , Nomiyama Tetsuo
Published: May 2014

Seasonal Difference in Percutaneous Absorption of N,N‐Dimethylformamide as Determined Using Two Urinary Metabolites: Yoko TSUDA, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Shinshu University School of Medicine—

Objective

We evaluated the percutaneous absorption of N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) in DMF‐exposed workers in the summer and winter by assessing their urinary levels of DMF metabolites.

Methods

Breathing‐zone concentrations of DMF and workers' urinary levels of N‐methylformamide (NMF) and N‐acetyl‐S‐(Nmethylcarbamoyl)‐cysteine (AMCC) were simultaneously measured in the summer and winter in 193 male workers wearing a respirator and chemical protective gloves.

Results

The mean breathing‐zone concentrations of DMF in both seasons were below the occupational exposure limit of 10 ppm. Although there was no significant seasonal difference in the breathing‐zone concentrations of DMF, workers' urinary levels of NMF and AMCC were significantly higher in the summer than in the winter. Log‐transformed urinary levels of the metabolites were significantly correlated with log‐transformed breathing‐zone concentrations of DMF in the summer, whereas no significant correlation between AMCC and DMF was found in the winter. The urinary levels of AMCC were dispersed more widely than those of NMF, suggesting that urinary AMCC reflected the cumulative exposure to DMF over a workweek.

Conclusions

Percutaneous absorption was the principal route of exposure to DMF for the respirator‐wearing workers. Increased urinary levels of NMF and AMCC in the summer were attributed to increased percutaneous absorption of DMF resulting from the increased amount of water‐soluble DMF absorbed by sweaty skin caused by the increased summertime room temperature and humidity.
Manufacturing and Fracture Behavior of Large Scale Multilayered Metal-Ceramic Nanocomposites
Authors: Young Austin T. , Farias Stephen L. , Hemker Kevin J. , Cammarata Robert C.
Published: May 2014

Uniform and multilayered nanocomposites are of growing interest due to their desirable mechanical properties and their performance under high stress, wear, and impact conditions. Composite structures offer an opportunity to combine the useful properties from multiple materials. Controlled variations in composition and microstructure within a composite material allow for tunable local variations in properties. The simplest version of such a variation is to periodically change the composite volume fraction to create a multilayered composite material. Such structures would have hard layers to maintain strength and softer layers to allow for greater plasticity and prevent brittle failure. We are able to manufacture uniform and layered composites of nickel matrices embedded with alumina nanoparticles using electrodeposition. In this method a rotating disk electrode (RDE) is used to directly control the rate of particle incorporation. Uniform composites are made by holding a constant RDE rotation rate while layered composites are manufactured by periodically varying the rotation rate during deposition. We have demonstrated this novel manufacturing process for large-scale samples, several square centimeters in area and hundreds of microns thick, while maintaining submicron microstructural resolution.
Fatigue Crack Growth on Heterogeneous Stress Fields: Best Analytical Approach
Authors: Martin-Meizoso Antonio , Martinez-Esnaola Jose M. , Bergara Asier , Falconer Shaun
Published: May 2014

A way of estimating Stress Intensity Factors is proposed by extending available solutions (solid and crack configurations) to stress fields not considered in available formulations. The accuracy of the proposed estimation is considered with respect to fatigue life assessment and crack shape tracing. It is aimed as very fast initial estimation, in comparison with the use of Finite Elements, in those cases were a high stress gradient is observed: stress concentrations (holes, notches, grooves) or due to surface residual stresses produced by machining techniques or induced –on purpose- to improve fatigue life (for example, by shot-peening), where no SIF solutions are available.
On Fatigue Behavior of Cold Spray Coating
Authors: Moridi A. , Hassani-Gangaraj S. M. , Guagliano M.
Published: May 2014

Cold spray is a novel and promising technology to obtain surface coating. Notwithstanding the several technological advantages with respect to other processes, its diffusion is somewhat limited because of the limited knowledge on the mechanical properties of the cold sprayed materials and in particular, the fatigue behavior. Moreover, the existing data concerning fatigue behavior of coated specimens are controversial and different material system shows different behaviors. The aim of this study is to distinguish the involved parameters and their effect on fatigue behavior of cold sprayed systems. A critical discussion on four important parameters i.e. interface quality, material properties, deposition parameters and residual stress is given. The influential parameters are consolidated in one formula, which can predict the fatigue limit of cold spray system as a function of residual stress, coating hardness and stress gradient in the specimen.
When Particles Meet Nanoindentation: A Novel Strategy for Studying Particle Motion and Particle/Surface Interaction
Authors: Fuchs Regina , Weinhart Thomas , Meyer Jan , Zhuang Hao , Staedler Thorsten , Jiang Xin , Luding Stefan
Published: May 2014

A plethora of applications in pharmacy, cosmetics, food industry and other areas are directly linked to the research fields of particle technology and contact mechanics. Here, a typical particle ensemble features particle sizes ranging from the nanometer up to the micrometer regime. In this context we introduce a nanoindentation based approach capable of probing mechanical interaction of micron-sized particles. Basically, the concept of the colloid probe technique, which is well established in the AFM community, is transferred to a nanoindenter. In particular, this setup allows addressing limitations, which are typically associated with AFM based techniques, such as particle weight and accessible load regime. Additionally, we will show the versatility of this approach by presenting simple experimental paths capable of probing sliding, rolling and torsional friction. The potential of such setting is shown by studying rolling friction of silica microspheres featuring radii of about 2.5µm, 10µm, 25 and 50µm in contact with various substrates, respectively. Substrates utilized within the framework of this study are Si surfaces featuring various roughness as well as flat gold films (300nm film thickness). Key aspects of this work include the influence of surface roughness, adhesion force, humidity and the elastic/plastic transition on the rolling contact of the corresponding particles.
Morphological aspects of Clinostomidae metacercariae (Trematoda: Digenea) in Hoplerytrinus unitaeniatusand Hoplias malabaricus (Pisces: Erythrinidae) of the Neotropical region, Brazil
Authors: BENIGNO RAIMUNDO N.M. , KNOFF MARCELO , MATOS EDILSON R. , GOMES DELIR C. , PINTO ROBERTO M. , CLEMENTE SÉRGIO C. SÃO
Published: May 2014

Species of fish of Marajó Island, State of Pará, Brazil, were examined to identify the trematodes parasitizing 102 Hoplerytrinus unitaeniatus (gold wolf fish) and 104 Hoplias malabaricus (thraira). Metacercariae of two species of trematodes, 170 specimens of Clinostomatopsis sorbens and 10 Ithyoclinostomum dimorphum were found and identified. The parasitary indices of C. sorbens from H. unitaeniatus and H. malabaricus, were 43.14% and 30.77% for prevalence, 2.52 and 1.84 for mean intensity, 1.09 and 0.57 for mean abundance and 1 to 9 and 1 to 7 for range of infection, respectively, on both fish the site of infection was the mesentery. The parasitary indices of I. dimorphum from H. unitaeniatus were 2.94% for prevalence, 2.66 for mean intensity, 0.08 for mean abundance, 1 to 4 for range of infection, and the sites of infection were the mesentery and the muscle. Metacercariae of I. dimorphum were collected in muscles of a specimen of H. malabaricus, with 0.96% of prevalence, intensity of infection of 2 parasites and 0.02 of abundance. New morphological data of external and internal structures are presented. This is the first record of metacercariae of C. sorbens and I. dimorphum in Amazonian fish.
Funções executivas, atividades da vida diária e habilidade motora de idosos com doenças neurodegenerativas
Authors: Felippe Lilian Assunção , Oliveira Renata Terra de , Garcia Milena , Silva-Hamu Tânia Cristina Dias da , Santos Suhaila Mahmoud Smaili , Christofoletti Gustavo
Published: May 2014

Objetivo: Analisar as funções executivas de idosos com doença de Parkinson (DP – com e sem quadro demencial) e doença de Alzheimer (DA), e confrontar os escores dos participantes no que se refere às atividades funcionais da vida diária e à habilidade motora em situações de dupla tarefa. Métodos: Sob um desenho transversal, 54 idosos foram divididos em quatro grupos: G1, composto por 11 sujeitos com DP; G2, formado por 10 sujeitos com demência de Parkinson; G3, composto por 13 participantes com DA; e G4, formado por 20 idosos saudáveis. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolveram análise das funções cognitivas pré-frontais dos sujeitos, da realização das atividades da vida diária e da habilidade motora em situações de dupla tarefa. A análise dos dados envolveu a estatística descritiva (média e erro-padrão) e inferencial (teste ANOVA e pós-teste de Scheffé), admitindo significância de 5% (p < 0,05) e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: As funções cognitivas pré-frontais apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos, sobretudo nas comparações envolvendo G2 e G3, em relação a G1 e G4 (p = 0,001). Os grupos com déficit cognitivo apresentaram pior rendimento na realização das atividades da vida diária, com menor escore do G2, na qual há junção de déficit cognitivo e motor (p = 0,001). Em situações de dupla tarefa, G2 e G3 apresentaram maiores dificuldades que os demais grupos (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Distúrbios pré-frontais repercutem negativamente nas atividades funcionais e na habilidade psicomotora dos indivíduos. Quando não vinculado a quadro demencial, os pacientes com DP apresentaram escores cognitivos pré-frontais e independência funcional semelhantes aos de idosos saudáveis.
In silico phylogenetic and virulence gene profile analyses of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli genome sequences
Authors: Rojas Thaís C.G. , Maluta Renato P. , Koenigkan Luciano V. , Silveira Wanderley Dias da
Published: May 2014

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infections are responsible for significant losses in the poultry industry worldwide. A zoonotic risk has been attributed to APEC strains because they present similarities to extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) associated with illness in humans, mainly urinary tract infections and neonatal meningitis. Here, we present in silico analyses with pathogenic E. coli genome sequences, including recently available APEC genomes. The phylogenetic tree, based on multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of seven housekeeping genes, revealed high diversity in the allelic composition. Nevertheless, despite this diversity, the phylogenetic tree was able to cluster the different pathotypes together. An in silico virulence gene profile was also determined for each of these strains, through the presence or absence of 83 well-known virulence genes/traits described in pathogenic E. coli strains. The MLST phylogeny and the virulence gene profiles demonstrated a certain genetic similarity between Brazilian APEC strains, APEC isolated in the United States, UPEC (uropathogenic E. coli) and diarrheagenic strains isolated from humans. This correlation corroborates and reinforces the zoonotic potential hypothesis proposed to APEC.
Qualidade do leite de vacas criadas no sistema silvipastoril no Vale do Cauca, Colômbia
Authors: Bolaños Carmen A.D. , Pantoja José C.F. , Alves Ana C. , Risseti Rafaela M. , Listoni Fernando J.P. , Ribeiro Márcio G.
Published: May 2014

O sistema silvipastoril caracteriza-se por aumentar a produção de leite, com maior número de vacas por hectare devido ao maior aporte de proteína na dieta. Neste sistema as vacas são alimentadas, além do pasto, de pequenas árvores e arbustos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar os principais indicadores de qualidade do leite e agentes causais de mastite em vacas criadas em sistema silvipastoril. Foram avaliadas a composição (teor de gordura, proteína total, lactose, extrato seco, extrato seco desengordurado e nitrogênio uréico), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), contagem bacteriana total (CBT), ocorrência de mastite clínica e subclínica, isolamento microbiológico, perfil de sensibilidade bacteriana "in vitro" e detecção de resíduos antimicrobianos no leite produzido por 100 vacas, bem como do tanque de expansão e latões em propriedades do Vale do Cauca, Colômbia. Os teores médios dos principais constituintes do leite foram 3,24% de gordura, 3,27% de proteína total, 4,40% de lactose, 10,62% de extrato seco, 8,57% de extrato seco desengordurado e 15,82mg/dL de nitrogênio uréico, enquanto do tanque de expansão e latões foi 3,51% de gordura, 3,20% de proteína total, 4,34% de lactose, 11,72% de extrato seco, 8,47% de extrato seco desengordurado e 14,57mg/dL de nitrogênio uréico. A celularidade média dos quartos mamários e do tanque de expansão foi 141.252,75 CS/mL e 363.078,05 CS/mL respectivamente. A CBT média dos quartos mamários e do tanque de expansão foi 4.466,84 UFC/mL e 24.547,01 UFC/mL. Os principais micro-organismos isolados dos quartos mamários foram Corynebacterium bovis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus dysgalatiae, enquanto do tanque de expansão foram identificados Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter cloacae, Hafnia alveii, Streptococcus hemolítico e Streptococcus spp., com maior frequência. A presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos em leite de vacas e do tanque ou latão foi detectada em 30% e 86% das amostras, respectivamente. O sistema silvipastoril mostrou ser uma boa alternativa para produção de leite em vacas. No entanto, são necessários cuidados no tratamento mamário para evitar resíduos no leite e a análise de todos os parâmetros de qualidade para garantir um produto diferenciado.
Diagnóstico imuno-histoquímico e caracterização anatomopatológica de Mycoplasma gallisepticum em galinhas de subsistência
Authors: Casagrande Renata A. , Castro Luiza A. , Rolim Veronica M. , Wouters Flademir , Boabaid Fabiana M. , Souza Suyene O. , Guerra Priscila R. , Silva Sérgio C. , Driemeier David
Published: May 2014

A micoplasmose aviária é causada por bactérias da família Mycoplasmataceae. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) é a espécie mais patogênica e que tem a maior importância econômica para a produção avícola. Este estudo teve por objetivo utilizar a técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) como método de diagnóstico da infecção por MG em aves. No presente relato são descritos dois surtos de micoplasmose por MG em galinhas de subsistência. Clinicamente as aves apresentaram prostração, hiporexia, dificuldade respiratória, secreção nasal e ocular. Na necropsia foram observados secreção serosa, edema e deposição de cáseo em conjuntiva (7/10) e seios nasais (4/10), sacos aéreos espessados com espuma e cáseo (6/10); traqueia difusamente avermelhada (4/10); pulmões com pontos esbranquiçados de 0,5cm (2/10); e saco pericárdico com deposição de fibrina (2/10). No exame histopatológico foram evidenciados traqueíte (10/10), sinusite (5/5) e conjuntivite (3/4) hiperplásica linfoplasmocitária aguda; broncopneumonia fibrinonecrótica (5/10); pericardite fibrinosa aguda (2/10); e aerossaculite fibrinonecrótica (1/1). No exame de IHQ anti-MG foi evidenciada marcação na superfície extracelular dos cílios e/ou topo do epitélio da traqueia (10/10), brônquios (5/10) e seios nasais (4/5). Em sete dos dez casos analisados foi detectada a presença de MG por PCR em tempo real realizado a partir de amostras de suabe traqueal. A técnica de IHQ anti-MG utilizada como método de diagnóstico apresentou boa concordância com os sinais clínicos, as lesões histopatológicas e os resultados de PCR em tempo real.
Motivação autônoma de estudantes de física: evidências de validade de uma escala
Authors: Clement Luiz , Custódio José Francisco , Rufini Sueli Édi , Alves Filho José de Pinho
Published: May 2014

Sob a orientação da Teoria da Autodeterminação foi elaborado um instrumento para avaliar a motivação de estudantes do Ensino Médio para realizar atividades da disciplina de Física e buscaram-se evidências de sua validade. À pergunta inicial "Por que eu faço as atividades nas aulas de Física?" seguiu-se um conjunto de 55 afirmativas, em escala Likert de cinco pontos. A escala foi aplicada a uma amostra composta por 708 estudantes do Ensino Médio. Foram realizadas as seguintes análises estatísticas: análise fatorial, com extração dos componentes principais; análises de consistência interna; estatísticas descritivas e correlação de Pearson. Foram encontrados seis fatores representativos: Desmotivação α=0,89; Regulação Externa - RP (Regras ou Punições) α=0,73; Regulação Externa - RS (Recompensas Sociais) α=0,76; Regulação Introjetada α=0,68; Regulação Identificada α=0,91 e Motivação Intrínseca α=0,93, os quais explicam 51,74% da variabilidade dos dados. Os resultados indicaram que a escala é confiável e apta para ser utilizada em novas investigações.
Percepções de estudantes do ensino fundamental sobre sua avaliação de aprendizagem
Authors: Sasaki Karen , Oliveira Luana da Cruz Portella , Barreto Maribel Oliveira , Rocha Nívea Maria Fraga
Published: May 2014

O artigo apresenta a percepção de estudantes do Ensino Fundamental I sobre o processo de avaliação de sua aprendizagem. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, com análise de estudo de caso descritivo. A seleção de instrumentos e técnicas de pesquisa incluiu entrevistas semiestruturadas, complemento de frases e mapas mentais. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em uma escola de Educação Básica privada de Salvador-Bahia, coma participação de onze sujeitos, entre os quais gestores e estudantes com idade entre seis e dez anos. Foi constatado que a escola possui proposta pedagógica humanista e gestores capacitados pedagogicamente, mas os estudantes consideram a avaliação como um instrumento de verificação tradicional com sobrecarga emocional e estressante. A avaliação não é percebida pelos estudantes como um mecanismo processual que integre sua aprendizagem.
Síndrome de Burnout: estudo comparativo entre professores do ensino especial e do ensino regular
Authors: Braun Ana Claudia , Carlotto Mary Sandra
Published: May 2014

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se existem diferenças nos índices das dimensões de SB, Perfil 1 e 2 entre professores de ensino especial e regular. A amostra constituiu-se de 160 professores, 80 de ensino especial e 80 de ensino regular. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um questionário elaborado para levantamento de dados demográficos e laborais e o Cuestionario para la Evaluacióndel Síndrome de Quemarse por elTrabajo - CESQT. Os resultados encontrados, por meio do teste t de student, evidenciaram que professores de ensino especial possuem média mais elevada na dimensão de Ilusão pelo Trabalho e professores de ensino regular, maiores índices médios de Perfil 1 e Perfil 2 de Burnout. Resultados apontam a necessidade de intervenções diferenciadas que considerem as peculiaridades funcionais dos grupos investigados.
Silica decouples fungal growth and litter decomposition without changing responses to climate warming and N enrichment
Authors: Schaller Jörg , Hines Jessica , Brackhage Carsten , Bäucker Ernst , Gessner Mark O.
Published: May 2014

Ongoing global changes, such as climate warming and increasing supply of reactive nitrogen (N), are expected to affect essential ecosystem processes such as the decomposition of plant litter. Determining the influence of environmental heterogeneity on the magnitude of these effects remains an important task, with silicon (Si) availability being a notable component of this heterogeneity, especially for grasses. We conducted an outdoor enclosure experiment to test if increased Si supply to a widespread foundation species (Phragmites australis) alters the effect of climate warming and excess N supply on litter decomposition by curbing fungal decomposers. Consistent with expectations, Si supply during plant growth reduced fungal biomass in decomposing leaf blades by 50%, an effect that was doubled by excess external N supply. These strong impacts, however, did not directly translate to reduced litter decomposition or associated changes in nutrient dynamics. Instead, plant tissue‐specific effects determined the influence of Si, N, and elevated temperature on litter mass loss. Specifically, Si accelerated the decomposition of leaf sheaths, warming enhanced leaf‐sheath and leaf‐blade decomposition, and N decreased the decomposition of culm litter, in line with expectations based on differences in litter chemistry. Thus, despite highly detrimental effects of Si and N on fungal decomposers, compensation by other members of the microbial community could dampen the realized impact of these global‐change factors on the decomposition of plant litter in the future.
Linking rainforest ecophysiology and microclimate through fusion of airborne LiDAR and hyperspectral imagery
Authors: Broadbent Eben N. , Zambrano Angélica M. Almeyda , Asner Gregory P. , Field Christopher B. , Rosenheim Brad E. , Kennedy-Bowdoin Ty , Knapp David E. , Burke David , Giardina Christian , Cordell Susan
Published: May 2014

We develop and validate a high‐resolution three‐dimensional model of light and air temperature for a tropical forest interior in Hawaii along an elevation gradient varying greatly in structure but maintaining a consistent species composition. Our microclimate models integrate high‐resolution airborne waveform light detection and ranging data (LiDAR) and hyperspectral imagery with detailed microclimate measurements. We then use modeled microclimate and forest structural and compositional variables to explain variation in spatially explicit measurements of leaf traits, including gas exchange and structure. Our results highlight the importance of: (1) species differences in leaf traits, with species explaining up to 65% of the variation in some leaf traits; (2) differences between exotic and native species, with exotic species having greater maximum rates of assimilation and foliar δ15N values; (3) structural factors, with foliar %N and light saturation of photosynthesis decreasing in mid‐canopy locations; (4) microclimate factors, with foliar %N and light saturation increasing with growth environment illumination; and (5) decreases in mean annual temperature with elevation resulting in closure of the nitrogen cycle, as indicated through decreases in foliar δ15N values. The dominant overstory species (Metrosideros polymorpha) did not show plasticity in photosynthetic capacity, whereas the dominant understory species (Cibotium glaucum) had higher maximum rates of assimilation in more illuminated growth environments. The approach developed in this study highlights the potential of new airborne sensors to quantify forest productivity at spatial and temporal scales not previously possible. Our results provide insight into the function of a Hawaiian forest dominated by native species undergoing simultaneous biological invasion and climatic change.