bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myocardial first‐pass perfusion assessment using rotational long‐axis MRI
Authors: Wang Yi , Moin Khurram , Mathew Sunil T. , Akinboboye Olakunle , Reichek Nathaniel
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To study a first‐pass myocardial perfusion imaging method, such that long‐axis imaging slices are obtained rotationally around the short‐axis centroid of the left ventricular cavity, in order to improve myocardial coverage and better delineate the basal and apical myocardium.

Materials and Methods

This rotational long‐axis (RLA) method was examined in 12 volunteers and compared to the perfusion images from conventional parallel short‐axis (PSA) acquisitions in terms of the contrast to noise ratio (CNR), relative signal upslope and myocardial coverage. Both RLA and PSA first‐pass perfusion images were acquired on each volunteer with otherwise identical imaging parameters using the partial Fourier saturation recovery steady state gradient echo sequence with refocused magnetization (TrueFISP) technique.

Results

Compared to PSA, RLA perfusion images with identical imaging parameters on the same subject exhibit an average of near 30% improvement in total myocardial area imaged. In addition, true basal and apical myocardium was seen on RLA, but not on PSA. The mean CNR and relative upslope were similar between the two techniques.

Conclusions

This RLA perfusion imaging scheme is superior to the conventional PSA approach in terms of extent myocardial coverage and delineation of basal and apical regions of the left ventricle. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:53–58. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dough aeration and rheology: Part 2. Effects of flour type, mixing speed and total work input on aeration and rheology of bread dough
Authors: Chin Nyuk L , Campbell Grant M
Published: June 2005

The aeration and rheological properties of bread doughs prepared from strong and weak flours at various mixing speeds and work inputs in a high‐speed laboratory‐scale mixer were investigated. Dough aeration was quantified in terms of gas‐free dough density and gas void fraction using density measurements, while dough rheology was characterized in terms of the strain hardening index, failure strain and failure stress under large biaxial extensional deformation using the SMS Dough Inflation System. Increasing mixing speed had little effect on the gas‐free dough density but increased the void fraction of gas occluded in dough. As mixing progressed, the gas‐free dough density initially increased, more dramatically for the weak than the strong flour, before reaching a plateau at approximately 30 kJ kg−1 energy input. The gas content tended to increase over the range of work inputs tested. For both flours, the strain hardening index, failure strain and failure stress increased with work input initially, followed by a decrease. The absolute values were all higher for the strong flour, while maximum values and the work input at which the maximum occurred depended on the mixing speed. These results show that both aeration and rheological characteristics of dough are dependent on both the total work input and the work input rate. The results also demonstrate the facility of the Dough Inflation System to describe the mechanical development of dough rheology over the course of high‐speed mixing. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Genotyping of fig (Ficus carica L) via RAPD markers
Authors: De Masi Luigi , Castaldo Domenico , Galano Giovanni , Minasi Paola , Laratta Bruna
Published: June 2005

The genetic diversity among 15 fig accessions (Ficus carica L), belonging to 9 renowned cultivars of the Calabrian fig collection, and 24 unidentified genotypes of figs also located in the Calabrian region of Southern Italy, was investigated by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The genetic similarity values were calculated for the 39 samples, and a dendrogram was elaborated by cluster analysis according to the UPGMA algorithm. The generated DNA fragments grouped the samples into two main clusters of RAPD profiles. Most of the 24 unknown samples, coming from the Luzzi area, formed a unique cluster with high degree of genetic similarity. This indicates that it is possible to distinguish, at DNA level, the fig trees with an already well‐known potential to produce figs suitable for the drying process and possibly to specify cultivars with suitable features for industrial transformation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Star Polyfluorenes with a Triphenylamine‐Based Core
Authors: Sun Minghao , Fu Yaqin , Li Jing , Bo Zhishan
Published: June 2005

Summary: Conjugated three‐ and four‐arm star polymers were successfully prepared by palladium catalyzed one‐pot Suzuki polycondensation of the multifunctional cores and an AB‐type monomer. The molecular weight of the star polymers could be controlled by the feed ratios of the monomers. The bromo end groups could be completely modified by fluorene mono boronic acid or triphenylamine mono boronic ester. The investigation of the optical, electrochemical, and thermal properties of the star polymers was also reported. All polymers exhibited good thermal stabilities and all the TPA‐capped polymers showed good hole‐transport abilities.

Preparation of three‐ and four‐arm star polyfluorences.

magnified image

Preparation of three‐ and four‐arm star polyfluorences.
Elementary Steps of Initiation and Termination Processes in Radical Polymerization
Authors: Buback Michael
Published: June 2005

Investigations into the kinetics of primary radicals produced in photochemically and thermally induced decomposition of peroxides of type R1C(O)O‐OR2 are presented. The correlation of peroxide structure with decomposition rate and with initiator efficiency in radical polymerizations is discussed. Termination rate coefficients, kt, as a function of temperature, pressure, polymer content, and of chain length may be deduced from two types of time‐resolved experiments in which, after applying an excimer laser pulse, either monomer conversion is measured via near‐infrared spectroscopy or the decay in radical concentration is monitored via electron spin resonance.
Enzymatic Precision Polymerization for Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycans and Their Derivatives
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro , Ohmae Masashi , Fujikawa Shun‐ichi , Ochiai Hirofumi
Published: June 2005

Hyaluronidase (HAase)‐catalyzed polymerization was performed to provide synthetic hyaluronan (HA), chondroitin (Ch) and their derivatives. The 2‐methyl oxazoline derivatives derived from their repeating disaccharides of N‐acetylhyalobiuronate (1a) and N‐acetylchondrosine (3a) were effectively polymerized by the enzyme, giving rise to synthetic HA and synthetic Ch in good yields through regio‐selective and stereo‐controlled ring‐opening polyaddition. The oxazoline derivatives of 2‐ethyl (1b, 3b), 2‐n‐propyl (1c, 3c), 2‐isopropyl (1d, 3d), 2‐phenyl (1e, 3e), 2‐vinyl (1f, 3f) and 2‐isopropenyl (1g) were synthesized and subjected to the enzymatic reaction. Monomers 1b, 1c, 1f, 3b and 3f were polymerized to corresponding polysaccharides 2b, 2c, 2f, 4b and 4f, all of which are unnatural glycosaminoglycans. Compounds 1d, 3c and 3d were also catalyzed by the enzyme, affording oligomers of 2d, 4c and 4d were produced in trace amounts. Monomers 1e, 1g and 3e were not catalyzed by HAase.
In‐Situ Monitoring of Emulsion Polymerisations of MMA and Styrene Using Conductimetry and Calorimetry
Authors: Santos A.F. , Pinto J.C. , McKenna T.F.
Published: June 2005

In the present work, conductimetry is applied for on‐line evaluation of anionic surfactant dynamics during emulsion polymerisation of methyl methacrylate and styrene and for on‐line estimation of particle size and number. Reactor and jacket temperatures are used to perform energy balance computations on‐line and to provide on‐line evaluation of monomer conversion. The parameters of a previously proposed model are re‐estimated in order to describe the conductivity signal during methyl methacrylate runs. Some important issues regarding the effects of the surfactant micelles over the conductivity signal are addressed. Finally, the model is inverted and combined with conversion and reactor temperature measurements, providing good predictions of the number of polymer particles in the latex, without needing of on‐line measurements of particle size.
Preparation and Application of Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymer Particles
Authors: Tauer Klaus , Khrenov Victor , Shirshova Natasha , Nassif Nadine
Published: June 2005

The preparation of some unique block copolymers and block copolymer particles via radical heterophase polymerization is described. Special emphasis is placed on double hydrophilic block copolymers such as poly(styrene sulfonic acid)‐b‐poly(methacrylic acid) diblock copolymer and double hydrophilic block copolymer particles consisting of both hydrophilic shells and cross‐linked hydrophilic cores. Examples are given for the application of such particles as adsorbents, nano‐reactors for chemical synthesis, and as colloidal stabilizers in both heterophase polymerization and biomineralization reactions.
Hybrid Organic‐Inorganic Colloids with a Core‐Corona Structure: A Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigation
Authors: Sanson Nicolas , Putaux Jean‐Luc , Destarac Mathias , Gérardin Corine , Fajula François
Published: June 2005

The present paper describes a simple route to prepare organic‐inorganic colloids with a core‐corona structure. Colloids are obtained by complexation of multivalent metal cations by anionic‐neutral double hydrophilic block copolymers leading to hybrid polyion complex micelles. The hybrid colloids can then be mineralized in suspension by performing hydrolysis of metal cations within the micelles. The present study focuses on the structural characterization of the colloidal complexes and of the mineralized nanoparticles using a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques including conventional bright‐field imaging (with and without negative staining) and cryo‐TEM observations. It is shown that the different types of TEM observations are complementary and necessary to get a complete picture of the core‐corona colloids.
Inherently self‐calibrating non‐cartesian parallel imaging
Authors: Yeh Ernest N. , Stuber Matthias , McKenzie Charles A. , Botnar Rene M. , Leiner Tim , Ohliger Michael A. , Grant Aaron K. , Willig‐Onwuachi Jacob D. , Sodickson Daniel K.
Published: June 2005

The use of self‐calibrating techniques in parallel magnetic resonance imaging eliminates the need for coil sensitivity calibration scans and avoids potential mismatches between calibration scans and subsequent accelerated acquisitions (e.g., as a result of patient motion). Most examples of self‐calibrating Cartesian parallel imaging techniques have required the use of modified k‐space trajectories that are densely sampled at the center and more sparsely sampled in the periphery. However, spiral and radial trajectories offer inherent self‐calibrating characteristics because of their densely sampled center. At no additional cost in acquisition time and with no modification in scanning protocols, in vivo coil sensitivity maps may be extracted from the densely sampled central region of k‐space. This work demonstrates the feasibility of self‐calibrated spiral and radial parallel imaging using a previously described iterative non‐Cartesian sensitivity encoding algorithm. Magn Reson Med 54:1–8, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipid content in the musculature of the lower leg: Evaluation with high‐resolution spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Weis Ján , Courivaud Frédéric , Hansen Michael Schacht , Johansson Lars , Ribe Lars Riisgaard , Ahlström Håkan
Published: June 2005

A novel spectroscopic imaging method with high spectral and spatial resolution was developed for the specific goal of assessing muscle fat. Sensitivity to the methylene and methyl protons of fatty acids was improved by the use of a binomial 1 1 excitation pulse instead of the standard radiofrequency (RF) pulse. Acceptable measurement time is achieved by using a narrow spectral bandwidth (6 ppm). The spectral resolution is sufficient to resolve extramyocellular (EMCL) and intramyocellular (IMCL) lipids. A post‐detection data processing scheme that permits correction of spectral artifacts caused by chemical shifts, spectral line aliasing, and magnetic field inhomogeneities is suggested. The lipid content in different lower leg muscles was evaluated. Muscle fiber orientation was taken into account in assessing quantities of EMCL and IMCL. The proposed technique allows small amounts of inhomogeneously distributed muscle lipids to be quantified. Magn Reson Med 54:152–158, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PSF‐choice: A novel MRI method for shaping point‐spread functions in phase‐encoding dimensions
Authors: Panych Lawrence P. , Zhao Lei , Mulkern Robert V.
Published: June 2005

An imaging method to obtain arbitrary point‐spread functions (PSFs) in phase‐encoding dimensions is described. This method, called PSF‐Choice, is particularly relevant for applications, such as spectroscopic imaging, in which only a very few phase encodes are acquired and ringing artifact can be a serious problem. PSF‐Choice uses partial 2D RF excitations to produce aliased excitations that are encoded using standard phase‐encoding gradients. Theoretically, the PSF of the reconstructed result depends only on the RF excitation profile. Simulations demonstrate that a Gaussian‐like PSF can be achieved, eliminating the side lobes that are associated with ringing artifact. It is further shown that neither the spatial resolution (as represented by the width of the PSF) nor the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the method is adversely affected when compared to standard phase encoding. In the sense that the same number of encodes are required as with standard phase encoding, temporal resolution is also maintained. Phantom experiments demonstrate the initial feasibility of the method to eliminate ringing artifact. Magn Reson Med 54:159–168, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic susceptibility matching at the air–tissue interface in rat lung by using a superparamagnetic intravascular contrast agent: Influence on transverse relaxation time of hyperpolarized helium‐3
Authors: Vignaud Alexandre , Maître Xavier , Guillot Geneviève , Durand Emmanuel , de Rochefort Ludovic , Robert Philippe , Vivès Véronique , Santus Robin , Darrasse Luc
Published: June 2005

Transverse relaxation of hyperpolarized helium‐3 magnetization in respiratory airways highly depends on local magnetic field gradients induced by the magnetic susceptibility difference between gas and pulmonary tissue. Fast transverse relaxation is known to be an important feature that yields information about lung microstructure and function, but it is also an essential limitation in designing efficient strategies for lung imaging. Using intravascular injections of a superparamagnetic contrast agent in rats, it was possible to increase the overall susceptibility of the perfused lung tissues and hence to match it with the gas susceptibility. The transverse decay time constant of inhaled hyperpolarized helium‐3 was measured in multiple‐spin‐echo experiments at 1.5 T as a function of the superparamagnetic contrast agent concentration in the animal blood. The time constant was increased by a factor of 3 when an optimal concentration was reached as predicted for susceptibility matching by combining intrinsic susceptibilities of tissue, blood, and gas. Magn Reson Med 54:28–33, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a duplication of the small bowel
Authors: Adair Humphrey M. , Trowell Jeremy E.
Published: June 2005

A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in a cystic duplication within the small bowel mesentery of a 65‐yr‐old man is described. The cyst wall had a double layered smooth muscle coat with intervening ganglionic plexus; part of the cyst was lined by ciliated columnar epithelium.

Twelve previously reported cases of carcinoma arising in duplications are reviewed together with the present case. In all but one case, the onset of symptoms was probably related to malignant change; the age at presentation ranged from 26 to 65 yrs. Pre‐operative diagnosis proved difficult, and led to a delay in the appropriate treatment of some of the five cases involving duplications of the rectum.

Duplications of the alimentary tract are encountered only occasionally in adults; malignant change, although rare, should be recognised as a possible complication.
Abnormalities of the spinal meninges in anencephalic fetuses
Authors: Bell Jeanne E. , Gordon A. , Maloney A. F. J.
Published: June 2005

The spinal cord and meninges were examined, at all levels, in seven anencephalic fetuses of between 19 and 24 weeks of gestation. Four of the seven anencephalics showed dense collections of cells resembling immature neural tissue throughout the spinal subarachnoid space. The leptomeninges were excessively vascular and contained many active macrophages and small round cells in all the anencephalics and the cord was more slender than normal. Control fetuses did not show these features, although inactive macrophages were seen occasionally.

It is concluded that the abnormal collections are made up of heterotopic neural tissue which may have been dislodged downwards from the skull during earlier development and that the spinal leptomeninges show an inflammatory response. The significance of both the heterotopia and the phagocytic activity in these anencephalic fetuses is discussed. In particular, the findings are compared with those in patients with the “respirator brain” syndrome, in whom displacement of brain tissue is associated with raised intracranial pressure.
The macrophage in Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Katz D. R.
Published: June 2005

Methods used to separate macrophages from human lympho‐medullary tissue samples have been applied to involved and uninvolved spleens and lymph nodes from 44 patients with Hodgkin's disease. The tumour samples yielded a population of ultrastructurally atypical cells with the anatomical and functional attributes of macrophages. The findings suggest that the macrophage was the neoplastic element in the cases of Hodgkin's disease studied.

A feature of samples of uninvolved tissue from Hodgkin's disease patients was that there were fewer macrophages identifiable in the samples than in normal control tissues. These findings suggest that there may be a deficiency of normal macrophages as well as macrophage ncoplasia in this disease. Both abnormalities would contribute to the defective cell‐mediated immunity which is a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.
The in‐vitro interaction of eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells with nematode surfaces in the presence of complement or antibodies
Authors: Mackenzie C. D. , Jungery Michele , Taylor Patricia M. , Ogilvie Bridget M.
Published: June 2005

The adherence in vitro of leucocytes to the surface of various stages in the life cycle of T. spiralis and N. brasiliensis in the presence of serum was examined. Considerable differences were observed in the behaviour of mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages in this interaction. Mast cells adhered for a short time, did not flatten onto the surface and did not degranulate. Adherence ceased after 4–6 hr. Eosinophils adhered within minutes to the surface of worms, flattened and degranulated; only their cytoplasmic remnants could be seen on the worms' surface after 24 hr in culture. In contrast, only a small area of the cytoplasmic membrane of neutrophils flattened on the surface of the worms and adherence ceased after 2–24 hr. The NBT conversion reaction showed a positive deposit at the interface between neutrophils and parasites during neutrophil adherence. This deposit remained as “foot prints” on the surface of the nematodes following neutrophil detachment. This positive NBT reaction occurred only with neutrophils and not with eosinophils, mast cells or macrcphages. Macrophages adhered permanently to the surface of these worms, they did not flatten and retained their integrity. Under the light microscope the cytoplasmic inclusions appeared to decrease in size during culture. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of fewer granules and an increased number of vacuoles in later cultures of macrophages.

These findings are discussed in relationship to the immuno‐pathology of nematode infection in vivo.
Centrioles, microtubules and microfilaments in activated mononuclear and multinucleate macrophages from rat peritoneum: Electron‐microscopic and immunofluorescence microscopic studies
Authors: Cain H. , Kraus B. , Fringes B. , Osborn M. , Weber K.
Published: June 2005

In male Wistar rats of the BD I strain, mononuclear macrophages and multinucleate giant cells obtained from the peritoneum 1 day to 5 weeks after implantation of coverslips coated with dermoid cyst sebum, were examined by light microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy, using antibodies specific for actin and tubulin and also by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

In activated mononuclear macrophages, microtubules radiate, from the centrioles, situated in the perinuclear area, into the cytoplasm and the major cell processes. Microfilaments form a dense meshwork beneath the plasmalemma. When mononuclear macrophages fuse to form multinucleate giant cells, the initially unordered (“Foreign body”) syncytia still reveal the original distribution patterns of centrioles, microtubules and micro‐filaments similar to those seen in the individual cells. In the ordered (Langhans) multinucleate giant cell all centrioles are accumulated in a main pluricorpuscular central group. Centrioles are the initiating and organising centres in the formation of microtubules. From the centrioles microtubules extend into the entire cytoplasm of the syncytium as a uniformly organised, stellate, radial system. The centrosphere, which is characteristic for ordered multinucleate giant cells, seems free from micro‐filaments, which form a ring‐shaped woven network encircling the nuclei.

Depolymerisation and inhibition of microtubules upon exposure to colchicine, indicates that both the organisation of the cytoplasm and the cellular movements depend on the undisturbed coordination of centrioles, microtubules and microfilaments. This applies also to the fusion of mononuclear macrophages to form syncytia, the ordering processes within multinucleate giant cells, and the function of ordered giant cells.
Mast cells and metachromasia in human breast cancer: Their occurrence, significance and consequence: A preliminary report
Authors: Hartveit F.
Published: June 2005

Metachromasia of the connective tissue in 50 human breast carcinomas following staining with toluidine blue was associated with mast cell degranulation and granular depletion. When present at the tumour edge it marked areas of infiltrative growth, accompanied by a mild vascular response consistant with the release of vasoactive substance from the mast cells. The rôle of this inflammatory response in local tumour spread is discussed.
The ultrastructural features of malakoplakia
Authors: McClure J. , Cameron C. H. S. , Garrett R.
Published: June 2005

The ultrastructural features of a case of disseminated malakoplakia are described and compared with available published cases. Generally macrophages were involved (although characteristic inclusions were seen in association with some plasma cells) and contained three types of cellular inclusion. These were (1) the phagolysosomes (2) an intermediate structure sharing features of the phagolysosome and the Michaelis‐Gutmann (MG) body and (3) the MG body. All inclusions were delineated by unit membranes and their matrices (except those of large MG bodies) composed of membranous whorls and loops. It is suggested that these inclusions represent stages in the development of the MG body. Septate junctional complexes were observed between phagolysosomes and small MG bodies. These complexes may represent either a mechanism of organelle fusion or an abnormality of molecular organisation of the limiting unit membrane.
A quantitative cytochemical analysis of resident and exudate macrophages
Authors: Papadimitriou J. M. , van Bruggen Ivonne
Published: June 2005

Quantitative cytochemical investigations have detected individual variations between murine peritoneal macrophages and have shown distinct differences between resident and exudate populations. The latter generally contain greater amounts of protein, RNA, acid phosphatase, succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, and NADH dehydrogenase. On the other hand, no differences were detected in the cellular content of DNA, non‐specific esterase, and NADPH dehydrogenase. In many instances they reflect the biochemical findings of other investigators including the stimulation of glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and hexose monophosphate shunt pathways, which can occur in elicited or activated macrophages. Although cytochemical differences between the two populations exist, it cannot be stated whether they represent distinct cell lines or different functional states of the same cell population.
The fate of plasma protein which escapes from blood vessels of the choroid plexus of the rat–an electron microscope study
Authors: Hurley J. V. , McD. Anderson R. , Sexton P. T.
Published: June 2005

Fenestrated blood vessels in the rat choroid plexus are permeable to dye‐labelled proteins, HRP and ferritin. Most leakage appears to be via fenestrae but some additional escape of marker appears to take place through transient and reversible openings in the junctions between endothelial cells.

After they have escaped into the choroidal stroma markers are prevented from entering the CSF by tight junctions between the epithelial cells which cover the choroid plexus, but how they are removed from the extravascular space is not known.

Electron microscope study of rats who have been given multiple intravenous injections of ferritin shows that extravascular ferritin is taken up both by connective tissue cells in the choroidai stroma and by choroidal epithelial cells. The findings suggest that the ingested protein is subsequently broken down within lysosomal vacuoles in the cytoplasm of these cells.

Such intracellular digestion may be the major means of controlling the protein content of the extravascular spaces of the choroid plexus.
Immunohistochemical identification of adult and fetal haemopoiesis in the spleen in lymphoma, leukaemia and myeloproliferative disease
Authors: Underwood J. C. E. , Dangerfield V. J. M.
Published: June 2005

Antisera to adult and fetal haemoglobins were used in the immunoperoxidase method to identify haemopoietic cells in spleens from patients with lymphoproliferative and myelopro‐liferative disorders. Splenic extramedullary haemopoiesis in adults often contains a major fetal component. Spleens infiltrated by Hodgkin's lymphoma are invariably negative, but other lymphomas, leukaemias and myeloproliferative diseases are commonly associated with splenic fetal haemopoiesis. Immunoperoxidase staining for haemoglobins is a useful way of determining the haemopoietic origin of round cell infiltrates in tissue sections.
The development of an acth‐induced renal glomerular lesion in Mus musculus. An ultrastructural study
Authors: Feldman David L. , Christian John J.
Published: June 2005

Male house mice (Mus musculus) were injected with 4 international units of ACTH daily for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks and with four units daily for four weeks followed by 8 units for 8 days. Light microscopy of kidneys showed a glomerular lesion characterised by the expansion of the mesangium, deposition of PAS positive material in the glomerular mesangium and extra‐glomerular mesangium hypertrophy of juxtaglomerular cells and a successive increase in oil red‐O staining material in the glomerulus. Electron microscopy revealed the progressive accumulation in the mesangial matrix of three morphologically distinct forms of deposits: amorphous, globular and particulate. The accumulation of amorphous deposit apparently is partially responsible for me increased PAS positive staining of the mesangium. Globular (and possibly particulate) deposit probably corresponds to the oil red‐O positive material. The evidence suggests that the deposits are extraglomerular in origin, but their chemical nature is unknown.
Hog kidney diamine oxidase conversion of biogenic diamines to inhibitors of cell proliferation
Authors: Gaugas J. M. , Dewey D. L.
Published: June 2005

Hog kidney diamine oxidase (DAO) interacted with 1,3‐diaminopropane, putrescine and cadaverine to arrest proliferation of cultured mammalian cells. The byproducts of DAO‐substrate interaction, H2O2 and NH are themselves cytotoxic but were apparently not responsible for any significant antiproliferative effect in the experimental system. DAO is known to react with putrescine to generate labile 4‐aminobutyraldehyde. This primary product was compatible with a compound (radio‐labelled) separated from DAO‐putrescine reactive mixtures by ion‐exchange chromatography. Its rate of generation, level attained and lability (half‐life, 2 hr) in culture simulated conditions were measured. Circumstantial evidence suggested that the amine aldehyde products of diamine oxidation had a potent antiproliferative effect on cells.
Differentiation of human breast carcinomas: An immunohistological study of appropriate and inappropriate protein production
Authors: Walker Rosemary A.
Published: June 2005

Secretory piece of immunoglobulin A, a product of normal breast tissue, and beta1 pregnancy‐specific glycoprotein, a product of syncytiotrophoblast of placenta, have been demonstrated in breast carcinomas by an indirect immunoperoxidase method. A close relationship has been found between the site of staining within cells and tumour structure for both secretory piece, the appropriate protein, and beta1 pregnancy‐specific glycoprotein, the inappropriate protein. The reaction was at the periphery of cells in areas of tubular differentiation and was diffusely intracytoplasmic in solid groups of tumour cells.

The poorly differentiated carcinomas have a low incidence of detection for both antigens but the tumours showing good histological differentiation appear to be functionally heterogeneous with some being negative for both proteins, some staining for the appropriate secretory piece of immunoglobulin A and the inappropriate beta1 pregnancy‐specific glycoprotein and only one out of 12 producing the appropriate protein alone.
Microfocal radiography in the quantitative assessment of experimentally induced inflammatory arthritis in guinea‐pigs
Authors: Buckland‐Wright J. C.
Published: June 2005

Microfocal projection radiography was used to examine a new model of experimentally induced inflammatory arthritis, developed at Roche Products Ltd. The high resolution and magnification of the stereoprojection radiographs provided a non‐destructive and three‐dimensional assessment of the changes in the arthritic knee joints and enabled direct measurements to be made from the radiographs.

During the time course study it was possible to quantify the increase in the size of the suprapatella bursa in the early stages of the inflammatory process, the onset and development of erosions in the articular bones and both juxta‐articular and systemic osteoporosis.

The results of the quantitative radiographic study when compared with standard arthritis assay techniques of knee diameter and flexion showed maximum damage when the latter were near normal. Histology confirmed the radiographic results, although, alone it did not contribute substantially to the assessment of the changes occurring in the diseased joints.

The measurements from the projection radiographs showed that the destruction of the articular bone progressed rapidly subsequent to subperiosteal erosions and consequent invasion of pannus into the epiphyses. The rate and degree to which articular bone was destroyed was independent of the extent to which juxta‐articular and systemic osteoporosis had developed.

Microfocal projection radiography has considerable advantages over any other method in quantifying the changes in arthritic joints for evaluating the pathogenesis of the arthritis and in screening different compounds.
The ultrastructure of glomerular haematoxylin bodies
Authors: Ordoñz Nelnson G. , Gomez Luis G.
Published: June 2005

The ultrastructural features of haematoxylin bodies, present in a patient with active lupus glomerulonephritis, appear to include cellular elements, especially dense chromatin of probable neutrophil leucocyte origin and electro‐dense, immune complex‐like material. Although the participation of immune complexes in the formation of haematoxylin bodies has been previously proposed, this is the first reported demonstration of such deposits in haematoxylin bodies.
Isolated epithelioid cells from disaggregated BCG granulomas—some functional studies
Authors: Williams Geraint T.
Published: June 2005

Isolated epithelioid cells from disaggregated rat BCG granulomas show a morphological spectrum from “plasmacytoid” to “vesicular” forms on electron microscopy. Functional studies on these isolated cells showed that all epithelioid cells exhibited poor trypsin‐resistant glass adherence and poor phagocytosis of latex, zymosan, antibody coated and complement coated erythrocytes when compared with macrophages, especially at the vesicular end of the spectrum. A high proportion of all epithelioid cell types was found to have Fc surface receptors but C3 receptors were reduced on vesicular cells compared with the plasmacytoid variety. The findings indicate that the progressive transformation of mononuclear phagocyles into vesicular epithelioid cells through plasmacytoid intermediates is accompanied by a concomitant modification of cell function. The significance of these changes is discussed.
Experimental granulomas induced by mycobacterial immune complexes in rats
Authors: Ridley Marian J. , Marianayagam Y. , Spector W. G.
Published: June 2005

After BCG were complexed with homologous anti‐ BCG serum IgM was found to be firmly bound to the organisms. Preparations were made at antigen/antibody equivalence and at two‐fold and four‐fold antibody excess. They were injected subcutaneously into rats. At equivalence the mixtures provoked rapidly developing necrotic destructive lesions containing many bacilli, Injection of mixtures at antibody excess caused the rapid formation of epithelioid cell granulomas without necrosis and containing few bacilli.

Compared with the injection of BCG alone, injection of comparable numbers of IgM‐complexed bacilli at equivalence led to more rapid necrosis but also more rapid resolution of the granulomas which followed. Delayed‐type skin reactions to PPD took longer to develop after injection of complexed BCG, usually as long as 4 weeks. The delay varied directly with the degree of antibody excess. This failure to detect cell mediated immunity was reflected in the histology of the draining lymph nodes which differed strikingly from that seen after injection of BCG alone. In animals injected with bacilli in excess antibody, epithelioid cell granulomas formed and viable bacilli were apparently eliminated before skin reactions to PPD developed. It is concluded that circulating immunoglobulin, perhaps IgM in particular, is likely to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and similar diseases and that the relative ratio of antigen to antibody within the lesions may be crucial in influencing the balance between tissue destruction and healing.
Macrophages in human tumours: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Nash J. R. G.
Published: June 2005

Forty‐five human malignant tumours and three benign lesions were stained histochemically for non‐specific esterase (NSE) and acid phosphatase (AP), and immunohistochemically for lysozyme. Most of the tumours contained small numbers of lysozyme positive macrophages (LPM), but colonic tumours showed moderate numbers of LPM around the edge of the lesions. Gastric and secondary duodenal tumours (n = 3) contained moderate numbers of intralesional LPM in addition. Most squamous and all mesenchymal tumours contained no lysozyme positive macrophages. The usefulness of the three staining methods was assessed and it was concluded that lysozyme was specific but detected only part of the macrophage population. Neutrophil polymorphs were also stained but could be recognised by nuclear morphology. AP and NSE detected more cells but stained tumour cells as well as macrophages, making these methods of limited use in tumours showing invasion of the stroma by single cells or small groups of cells.
Ultrastructure of the non‐sclerotic glomeruli in childhood nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Yoshikawa N. , Cameron A. H. , White R. H. R.
Published: June 2005

An electron‐microscopic (EM) study of the non‐sclerotic glomeruli was made in 96 children with the nephrotic syndrome in whom light microscopy had shown minimal change, focal global glomerulosclerosis or segmental glomerulosclerosis. EM showed a variety of alterations. Foot process fusion, duplication and crenation of the lamina densa, and granular and lucent expansion of lamina rara interna were noted in almost all patients in all three groups. Localised ulceration of the podocytes was noted in some patients in each group. There was no difference in the mean thickness of the glomerular basal lamina but there was an increase with age in minimal change. Curious extracellular curved striated bodies, clusters of electron‐dense, round microparticles and microfilaments were found in all three. but most frequently in segmental glomerular sclerosis. Electrondense deposits were seen in all but one of the patients with segmental glomerular sclerosis and usually involved the capillary wall. They were seen in one third of those with minimal change and focal glomerular sclerosis but rarely in the capillary wall. There were no specific features which distinguished segmental glomerular sclerosis although the various types of deposits were more extensive and more frequent than in minimal change and focal glomerular sclerosis. These observations are consistent with common pathogenetic factors operating at different intensities in segmental glomerular sclerosis, focal glomerular sclerosis and minimal change.
Tissue calcification and inflammation in osteoarthritis
Authors: Doyle David V.
Published: June 2005

Clinical evidence of inflammation and the presence of calcium phosphate crystals in the joint fluid are both characteristics frequently seen in osteoarthritic patients. However, the relevance of the crystal deposition to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis remains unclear. In this study of 28 patients with advanced osteoarthritis the frequency and type of crystal deposition has been investigated and the relationship between tissue inflammation and crystal deposition has been explored. Tissue calcification, though present in all patients, is but one of sevral intra‐articular inflammatory agents. Its relevance to inflammation in osteoarthritis is discussed.
Plasma membrane and phagosome localisation of the activated NADPH oxidase in elicited peritoneal macrophages of the guinea‐pig
Authors: Berton Giorgio , Bellavite Paolo , de Nicola Guiseppina , Dri Pietro , Rossi Filippo
Published: June 2005

The subecelluar distribution of the NADPH oxidase of guinea‐pig peritoneal‐elicited macrophages was investigated. Postnuclear supernatants obtained from PMA‐stimulated macrophages were fractionated in discontinuous sucrose gradients. The NADPH xoidase was found to be enriched at the interface between 20 and 34 per cent. sucrose. This interface was also enriched in 5′‐nucleotidase, a plasma membrane marker and in glucose‐6‐phosphatase and NADPH‐cytochrome c reductase, two endoplasmic reticulum maarkers. The distribution in the gradient of β‐glucuronidase, a marker of lysosomes and of succinate dehydrogenase, a marker of mitochondria was clearly different from that of NADPH oxidase and of the marker of plasma membrane and of endoplasmic reticulum.

These results indicated that in stimulated‐elicited macrophages the NADPH oxidase is associated with a membrane fraction. With the fractionation technique employed it was not possible to clarify whether the oxidase is locatd in the plasma membrane or in the endoplasmic reticulum. In order to clarify this matter the isolation of phagosomes was performed. NADPH oxidase was found to be enriched in the phagosomal fraction. Phagosomes were also found to be enriched in the plasma membrane marker 5′‐nucleotidase. Glucose‐6‐phosphatase, a marker of endoplasmic reticulum, and β‐glucuronidase, a marker of lysosomes were not enriched in the phagosomal fraction. The results obtained clearly suggest that the activated NADPH oxidase of peritoneal elicited macrophages of guinea pig is located in the plasma membrane.
Elastase‐induced emphysema: Asynchronous bronchial, alveolar and endothelial cell proliferation during the acute response to injury
Authors: Weinberg K. S. , Hayes J. A.
Published: June 2005

This study was undertaken to determine whether elastase injury, which results in extensive remodelling of the hamster lung to produce a panacinar type of emphysema, also induces significant lung cell damage. Anaesthetised hamsters were given a single intratracheal injection of 0.3 mg (18 units) purified elastase (Sigma Type IV) in phsiologic saline and were killed 4, 6, 8, 16, 24 h, 2, 4, 8, and 16 days after exposure, DNA synthesis was assessed by autoradiography of sectioned tissue and scintillation counting of tissue blocks using injected tritiated thymidine (3HTdR). DNA, RNA and protein levels were also measured. Saline injected and unexposed animals were used as controls.

Widespread mitotic activity was induced in three separate cell compartments, the peak of activity in each compartment occurring at different times. The first peak in labelling index was seen in non‐ciliated, non‐secretory bronchial cell at 24 h when a value of 8 per cent. was reached. This was followed by mitosis in Type II alveolar cell with a labelling index of 15 per cent. at 2 days and, lastly, in endothelial cells which showed an index of 9.8 per cent. at 4 days. The differences between the peaks was significant (P ≤ 0.001). RNA content in elastase‐exposed animals showed prolonged depression and had not regained control values by the end of the experiment. Protein and DNA content, and 3HTdR incorporation showed significant elevations, particularly about the fourth day after injury. Protein and DNA content and 3HTdR incorporation were not significantly changed in either group of controls.

The study shows that there is asynchronous mitotic activity in bronchial, alveolar Type II epithelial, and endothelial cells following a dose of elastase which is known to induce emphysema. More important, it shows that the lung reaction to elastase is quite different from the response induced by oxygen, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and cadmium chloride injuries, where the injury is predominantly epithelial. In contrast, we believe that elastase damages the structural framework of the lung and that this indirectly stimulates mitotic activity in the cells lining airways and blood vessels.
Ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscles in dengue virus‐infected mice
Authors: Nath Pramod , Agrawal Devendra K. , Mehrotra R. M. L.
Published: June 2005

Dengue type 2 virus was inoculated intracerebrally in 20 adult swiss albino mice. Thigh muscles were removed after 24 h 3, 5 and 7 days after virus inoculation. Electron microscopic studies of the striated muscles show destruction of myofibrils, rarification of the sarcoplasmic reticulum network and changes in the mitochondria. Aggregates of electron‐dense material as well as glycogen particles were also seen in the cytoplasm.
The distribution of immunoglobulin and other plasma proteins in human reactive lymph nodes
Authors: Curran R. C. , Gregory J. , Jones E. L.
Published: June 2005

The distribution of immunoglobulin, transferrin and albumin in human reactive lymph nodes was determined by the unlabelled antibody peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) method and correlated with the structure of the nodes. All the nodes contained secondary lymphoid follicles which showed polarity towards a lymph sinus, usually the marginal sinus. The lymphatic sinuses were usually dilated. Various types of reticulum cells were demonstrated effectively by the metalophil method. Intracellular and extracellular antigen was well shown in paraffin sections of tissues fixed in buffered formaldehyde containing 5 per cent. acetic acid but cryostat sections were superior for surface Ig. The lymphocyte corona of each follicle reacted for surface immunoglobulin (μ, α, δ κ and λ chains). A polyclonal population of immunoglobulin‐containing cells (centrocytes, centroblasts and plasma cells) was present in the follicle centre and numerous plasma cells were often found in the interfollicular areas; each of these cells contained one heavy and one light chain. The many other sites that reacted for immunoglobulin contained not only several heavy chains and both light chains but also transferrin and albumin: these sites included lymphocyte‐like cells in the interfollicular areas; histiocytic, dendritic and fibroblastic reticulum cells; clusters of lymphocytes associated with dendritic reticulum cells; clusters of lymphocytes associated with dendritic reticulum cells; the cells lining the lymphatic sinuses and the intrasinusoidal reticulum cells; endothelial cells of the high endothelial venules; “extracellular” material in the germinal centres. The lymphatic endothelium and intrasinusoidal reticulum cells differed from the other sites, however, in reacting strongly for α and J chain and very weakly for γ chain. The fact that in reactive lymphoid tissue many cells contain several plasma proteins makes it difficult to draw conclusions about the role that such cells may have in the immune system. The morphological structure and immunohistochemical findings in ractive nodes are contrasted with the findings in lymphomas.
The ultra‐structure of a melanotic schwannoma of the skin
Authors: Webb J. N.
Published: June 2005

The case is described of a 53‐year‐old female with a pigmented tumour of the skin of the foot. The light and electron‐microscopic findings established that the tumour was a melanotic Schwannoma. The ultra‐structural features indicated that the Schwann cells, which contained melanosomes in varying stages of maturation, were producing melanin. A second type of cell within the tumour with features of a mesenchymal cell also contained melanosomes. The interrelationships of nerve sheath tumours, their relationship to pigment cells of neural crest origin and to other pigmented tumours of uncertain histogenesis, is discussed in the light of the findings described in the paper.
The effects of disodium ethane‐hydroxy‐ 1, 1‐diphosphonate and disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate on lanthanide‐induced calcergy
Authors: McClure John
Published: June 2005

Systemic treatment with disodium ethane‐hydroxy‐1, 1‐diphosphonate is ineffective in inhibiting the calcergenic reactions induced in mouse skin by the lanthanides. In contrast, disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate prevents lanthanide calcergy induced by 12 of the 15 compounds tested but only when treatment with Cl2MDP is given prior to the subcutaneous (sc) injection of the lanthanide. This is the first experimental calcification system in which EHDP was ineffective in inhibiting the calcification and the first in which Cl2MDP was found to be effective in this regard. It is increasingly apparent that individual members of the diphosphonates show variable anti‐calcific effects, that the activity of one particular compound may vary from one test system to another and that the time of application of treatment of the compounds in respect to the application of the initiating stimulus to calcification may be an important factor in determining the efficacy of a particular compound.