bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macular Blood Flow and Pattern Electroretinogram in Normal Tension Glaucoma
Authors: Jeon Soo Ji , Jung Kyoung In , Park Chan Kee , Park Hae-Young Lopilly
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To investigate whether macular vessel density (VD) was associated with the pattern electroretinogram (PERG) in normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Seventy-six eyes from patients with NTG were included in this study. Macular VD was calculated from the superficial retinal layer, including the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL), using the built-in software provided with the optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) device. Functional parameters were obtained from standard automated perimetry (SAP) and PERG, using a commercial ERG stimulator. Moreover, structural parameters, such as peripapillary RNFL and macular ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness, were measured using OCT. Results: Patients with higher VD had higher N95 amplitude (p = 0.048). Macular VD was significantly correlated with N95 amplitude, irrespective of disease severity (r = 0.352, p = 0.002 for the total subjects and r = 0.276, p = 0.043 for mild glaucoma). According to regression analyses, N95 amplitude and macular VD were bidirectional significant factors (p = 0.035 and 0.019, respectively). For patients with mild to moderate glaucoma, N95 amplitude and macular VD were also significantly associated bidirectionally, according to regression analyses (p = 0.032 and 0.040, respectively). Conclusions: Macular VD was significantly associated with N95 amplitude from PERG. The correlation was prominent in early glaucoma, in contrast to the other structural or functional parameters. When considering that PERG represents the objective function of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), macular VD was associated with RGC dysfunction before the functional change became apparent on SAP.
Exfoliation Syndrome in Baja Verapaz Guatemala: A Cross-Sectional Study and Review of the Literature
Authors: Paulson Chase , Thomas Samuel C. , Gonzalez Orlando , Taylor Samuel , Swiston Cole , Herrick Jennifer S. , McCoy Lori , Curtin Karen , Chaya Craig J. , Stagg Brian C. , Wirostko Barbara M.
Published: March 2022

There are little epidemiologic data on exfoliation syndrome (XFS) or exfoliation glaucoma (XFG) in Guatemala, especially in the underserved Baja Verapaz region. This observational study assessing XFS/XFG and demographic factors of this region aims to better understand unique exogenous and endogenous risk factors associated with XFS/XFG in Guatemala. During Moran Eye Center’s global outreach medical eye camps from 2016–2017, 181 patients age 15 years and older presented for complete eye exams. These individuals were screened for eye disease and evaluated for possible surgical interventions that could occur during the camps to improve eyesight. During the dilated exams, XFS was noted as missing or present. Of those 181, 10 had insufficient data and 18 lacked a definitive diagnosis of XFS or XFG, resulting in 153 evaluable patients; 46 XFS and 9 XFG were identified. Age, gender, hometown, ancestry (languages spoken by parents and grandparents), past medical history, family medical history, and occupational data (only 2017 trip) were obtained for each patient. The most common occupations of these individuals were farming and housekeeping. Higher rates of XFS/XFG were noted in individuals of rural compared to urban settings and Mayan speaking people compared with Spanish speakers. Based on this subset of patients, with various ocular pathologies being evaluated during medical eye outreach camps, the prevalence of XFS/XFG appeared to be 36%, a high prevalence compared to other world populations. Location and higher altitude, along with a farming occupation, may contribute to XFS development and subsequent progression to XFG. To our knowledge, this is the largest study looking at the epidemiology of XFS/XFG in the Baja Verapaz region of Guatemala for those over the age of 15 years seeking eye exams and interventions.
Do Circulating Histones Represent the Missing Link among COVID-19 Infection and Multiorgan Injuries, Microvascular Coagulopathy and Systemic Hyperinflammation?
Authors: Ligi Daniela , Maniscalco Rosanna , Plebani Mario , Lippi Giuseppe , Mannello Ferdinando
Published: March 2022

Several studies shed light on the interplay among inflammation, thrombosis, multi-organ failures and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Increasing levels of both free and/or circulating histones have been associated to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), enhancing the risk of heart attack and stroke with coagulopathy and systemic hyperinflammation. In this view, by considering both the biological and clinical rationale, circulating histones may be relevant as diagnostic biomarkers for stratifying COVID-19 patients at higher risk for viral sepsis, and as predictive laboratory medicine tool for targeted therapies.
Minimizing MRONJ after Tooth Extraction in Cancer Patients Receiving Bone-Modifying Agents
Authors: Avishai Gal , Muchnik Daniel , Masri Daya , Zlotogorski-Hurvitz Ayelet , Chaushu Liat
Published: March 2022

Background: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) is a mucosal lesion of the maxillofacial region with necrotic bone exposure. MRONJ is believed to be multifactorial. Tooth extraction is debatably a risk factor for MRONJ. The targets of the present study were to examine MRONJ occurrence in patients using bone modifying agents (BMAs) for oncology indications and undergoing a dental extraction, and to assess whether suspected predisposing factors can predict MRONJ. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, cohort study included all patients fitting the inclusion criteria and a large tertiary medical center. Data were obtained from the hospital’s medical records using a structured questionnaire. Results: We performed 103 extractions on 93 patients. Local inflammation/infection of the extraction site was most associated with a complication (p = 0.001) OR = 13.46, 95% CI = (1.71, 105.41), OR = 13.5. When the indication for extraction was periodontal disease, vertical root fracture, or periapical pathosis, the odds of developing MRONJ were 4.29 times higher than for all other indications (p = 0.1), OR = 4.29, 95% CI = (1.16, 15.85). A significant association was found between the time of onset of BMA treatment and time of extraction and the development of MRONJ, OR = 3.34, 95% CI = (1.01, 10.18). Other variables did not correlate with the development of MRONJ. Conclusion: Local inflammation/infection and onset of BMA treatment prior to extraction yield a 10.23 times higher chance of developing MRONJ following tooth extraction. Future protocols should use this information to minimize MRONJ incidence.
Understanding the Bioactivity and Prognostic Implication of Commonly Used Surface Antigens in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Lebel Eyal , Nachmias Boaz , Pick Marjorie , Gross Even-Zohar Noa , Gatt Moshe E.
Published: March 2022

Multiple myeloma (MM) progression is dependent on its interaction with the bone marrow microenvironment and the immune system and is mediated by key surface antigens. Some antigens promote adhesion to the bone marrow matrix and stromal cells, while others are involved in intercellular interactions that result in differentiation of B-cells to plasma cells (PC). These interactions are also involved in malignant transformation of the normal PC to MM PC as well as disease progression. Here, we review selected surface antigens that are commonly used in the flow cytometry analysis of MM for identification of plasma cells (PC) and the discrimination between normal and malignant PC as well as prognostication. These include the markers: CD38, CD138, CD45, CD19, CD117, CD56, CD81, CD27, and CD28. Furthermore, we will discuss the novel marker CD24 and its involvement in MM. The bioactivity of each antigen is reviewed, as well as its expression on normal vs. malignant PC, prognostic implications, and therapeutic utility. Understanding the role of these specific surface antigens, as well as complex co-expressions of combinations of antigens, may allow for a more personalized prognostic monitoring and treatment of MM patients.
Efficacy and Safety of Zero-Fluoroscopy Approach during Catheter Ablation of Accessory Pathway
Authors: Rodkiewicz Dariusz , Koźluk Edward , Piątkowska Agnieszka , Gąsecka Aleksandra , Krzemiński Krzysztof , Opolski Grzegorz
Published: March 2022

Background: Catheter ablation (CA) is a safe and efficient treatment in patients with an atrioventricular accessory pathway (AP). Electroanatomical mapping (EAM) systems are useful during CA of AP, especially for reducing fluoroscopy. There are limited data about the feasibility of CA procedures performed with the use of the EAM system entirely without fluoroscopy in adults with AP. The aim of the study is to assess the feasibility, efficacy and safety of CA with the use of EAM without fluoroscopy, compared to CA with EAM and fluoroscopy in patients with AP. Methods: The study included 83 consecutive patients (age 38.25 ± 15.8 years), who were subjected to CA for AP. In 40 patients CA was performed with the use of EAM without fluoroscopy (EAM group), and in 43 patients CA was performed with EAM and fluoroscopy (control group). Baseline characteristics, procedure parameters and complications were obtained from the medical records. Data on permanent success rate was obtained after the mean follow-up time of 1 year. Primary outcomes were acute procedural success rate, long term success rate at 1-year follow-up and complications. Secondary outcomes were the procedure time and number of applications. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics between the groups, except for the AP locations. Right-sided AP was more common in the EAM group, while left-sided AP was more common in the control group (p = 0.007 and p = 0.004, respectively). Acute procedural success was achieved in 38 patients (95.0%) in the EAM group and in 39 patients (90.7%) in the control group (p = 0.449). Long term success rate was achieved in 36 patients (90.0%) in the EAM group and in 36 (83.7%) patients in the control group (p = 0.399). There was one minor complication in the form of RBBB in the EAM group (p = 0.138). The mean procedure time was shorter in the EAM group compared to the control group (93.0 ± 58.3 min vs. 127.6 ± 57.5 min; p = 0.009). Conclusions: CA of both right-sided and left-sided AP completely guided by EAM without the use of fluoroscopy is feasible, safe and effective.
Current Status of Robot-Assisted Revisional Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Vanetta Carolina , Dreifuss Nicolás H. , Schlottmann Francisco , Mangano Alberto , Cubisino Antonio , Valle Valentina , Baz Carolina , Bianco Francesco M. , Hassan Chandra , Gangemi Antonio , Masrur Mario A.
Published: March 2022

Bariatric surgery has been demonstrated to be effective in achieving significant weight loss and remission of obesity-related comorbidities. However, a percentage of patients fail to lose enough weight, regain weight, or experience postoperative complications, requiring additional interventions. Revisional bariatric surgeries (RBS) involve the wide spectrum of procedures that aim to treat complications of the index operation or achieve further weight loss. These are technically challenging procedures due to adhesions of the internal organs, reduced working space, and a distorted anatomy. Indications, timing, and type of operation for RBS are not standardized, and there is no consensus on the best surgical approach. Some authors claim a robotic platform could be advantageous in these types of procedures that are performed in reduced, deep operating fields, or those requiring precision and accuracy. This review examines the most current and representative literature on the outcomes of robot-assisted RBS. Included studies demonstrate the safety and feasibility of the robotic approach for RBS. However, long operative times and high costs remain major drawbacks of the device. Finally, if we consider that many centers have not yet completed the learning curve for robot-assisted RBS, the potential for improved outcomes seems promising.
Early Motor Repertoire of Very Preterm Infants and Relationships with 2-Year Neurodevelopment
Authors: Kwong Amanda K.-L. , Boyd Roslyn N. , Chatfield Mark D. , Ware Robert S. , Colditz Paul B. , George Joanne M.
Published: March 2022

The Motor Optimality Score, revised (MOS-R) is an extension of the Prechtl General Movements Assessment. This study aims to determine the relationship between MOS-R and 2-year neurodevelopmental outcomes in a cohort of 169 infants born very preterm (<31 weeks’ gestational age), and to examine the predictive validity of the MOS-R at 3–4 months’ corrected age (CA) above perinatal variables associated with poor outcomes, including Prechtl fidgety movements. Development at 2 years’ CA was assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third edition (Bayley-III) (motor/cognitive impairment: Bayley-III ≤ 85) and Neurological, Sensory, Motor, Developmental Assessment (NSMDA) (neurosensory motor impairment: NSMDA ≥ 12). Cerebral palsy (CP) was classified at 2 years as definite or clinical. The MOS-R was related to 2-year outcomes: Bayley-III motor (BMOS-R = 1.24 95% confidence interval (0.78, 1.70)), cognitive (BMOS-R = 0.91 (0.48, 1.35)), NSMDA scores (BMOS-R = −0.34 (−0.42, −0.25)), definite CP (odds ratio [OR] 0.67 (0.53, 0.86)), clinical CP (OR 0.74 (0.66, 0.83)) for each 1-point increase in MOS-R. MOS-R ≤ 23 predicted motor (sensitivity 78% (60–91%); specificity 63% (54–72%)) and neurosensory motor impairment (sensitivity 86% (64–97%); specificity 59% (51–68%)). The MOS-R is strongly related to CP and motor and cognitive delay at 2 years and is a good predictor of motor and neurosensory motor impairment.
Assessing Prevalence and Transmission Rates of Malaria through Simultaneous Profiling of Antibody Responses against Plasmodium and Anopheles Antigens
Authors: Chaudhury Sidhartha , Bolton Jessica S. , Eller Leigh Anne , Robb Merlin , Ake Julie , Ngauy Viseth , Regules Jason A. , Kamau Edwin , Bergmann-Leitner Elke S.
Published: March 2022

Reliably assessing exposure to mosquitoes carrying malaria parasites continues to be a challenge due to the lack of reliable, highly sensitive diagnostics with high-throughput potential. Here, we describe an approach that meets these requirements by simultaneously measuring immune responses to both disease vector and pathogen, using an electro-chemiluminescence-based multiplex assay platform. While using the same logistical steps as a classic ELISA, this platform allows for the multiplexing of up to ten antigens in a single well. This simple, reproducible, quantitative readout reports the magnitude, incidence, and prevalence of malaria infections in residents of malaria-endemic areas. By reporting exposure to both insect vectors and pathogen, the approach also provides insights into the efficacy of drugs and/or other countermeasures deployed against insect vectors aimed at reducing or eliminating arthropod-borne diseases. The high throughput of the assay enables the quick and efficient screening of sera from individuals for exposure to Plasmodium even if they are taking drug prophylaxis. We applied this assay to samples collected from controlled malaria infection studies, as well as those collected in field studies in malaria-endemic regions in Uganda and Kenya. The assay was sensitive to vector exposure, malaria infection, and endemicity, demonstrating its potential for use in malaria serosurveillance.
Mathematical Model Insights into EEG Origin under Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in the Context of Psychosis
Authors: Riedinger Joséphine , Hutt Axel
Published: March 2022

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disease that develops progressively over years with a transition from prodromal to psychotic state associated with a disruption in brain activity. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), known to alleviate pharmaco-resistant symptoms in patients suffering from schizophrenia, promises to prevent such a psychotic transition. To understand better how tDCS affects brain activity, we propose a neural cortico-thalamo-cortical (CTC) circuit model involving the Ascending Reticular Arousal System (ARAS) that permits to describe major impact features of tDCS, such as excitability for short-duration stimulation and electroencephalography (EEG) power modulation for long-duration stimulation. To this end, the mathematical model relates stimulus duration and Long-Term Plasticity (LTP) effect, in addition to describing the temporal LTP decay after stimulus offset. This new relation promises to optimize future stimulation protocols. Moreover, we reproduce successfully EEG-power modulation under tDCS in a ketamine-induced psychosis model and confirm the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction hypothesis in the etiopathophysiology of schizophrenia. The model description points to an important role of the ARAS and the δ-rhythm synchronicity in CTC circuit in early-stage psychosis.
Pan-Genotypic Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents for Undetermined or Mixed-Genotype Hepatitis C Infection: A Real-World Multi-Center Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Yen Hsu-Heng , Chen Yang-Yuan , Lai Jun-Hung , Chen Hung-Ming , Yao Chih-Ta , Huang Siou-Ping , Liu I-Ling , Zeng Ya-Huei , Yang Fang-Chi , Siao Fu-Yuan , Chen Mei-Wen , Su Pei-Yuan
Published: March 2022

Although the pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral regimen was approved for treating chronic hepatitis C infection regardless of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype, real-world data on its effectiveness against mixed-genotype or genotype-undetermined HCV infection are scarce. We evaluated the real-world safety and efficacy of two pan-genotypic regimens (Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir and Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir) for HCV-infected patients with mixed or undetermined HCV genotypes from the five hospitals in the Changhua Christian Care System that commenced treatment between August 2018 and December 2020. This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy and safety of pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment in adults with HCV infection. The primary endpoint was the sustained virological response (SVR) observed 12 weeks after completing the treatment. Altogether, 2446 HCV-infected patients received the pan-genotypic DAA regimen, 37 (1.5%) patients had mixed-genotype HCV infections and 110 (4.5%) patients had undetermined HCV genotypes. The mean age was 63 years and 55.8% of our participants were males. Nine (6.1%) patients had end-stage renal disease and three (2%) had co-existing hepatomas. We lost one patient to follow-up during treatment and one more patient after treatment. A total of four patients died. However, none of these losses were due to treatment-related side effects. The rates of SVR12 for mixed-genotype and genotype-undetermined infections were 97.1% and 96.2%, respectively, by per-protocol analyses, and 91.9% and 92.7% respectively, by intention-to-treat population analyses. Laboratory adverse events with grades ≥3 included anemia (2.5%), thrombocytopenia (2.5%), and jaundice (0.7%). Pan-genotypic DAAs are effective and well-tolerated for mixed-genotype or genotype-undetermined HCV infection real-world settings.
Infective Endocarditis by Moraxella Species: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ioannou Petros , Alexakis Konstantinos , Baliou Stella , Kofteridis Diamantis
Published: March 2022

Moraxella catarrhalis is the most clinically relevant species among Moraxella spp. For decades, it was considered to be part of the normal human flora in the upper respiratory tract. However, since the late 1970s, considerable evidence has proposed that M. catarrhalis is an important pathogen in the human respiratory tract. Even though Infective Endocarditis (IE) is rarely caused by Moraxella spp., these infections can be problematic due to the lack of experience in their management. The aim of this study was to systematically review all published cases of IE by Moraxella spp. A systematic review of PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane library (through 8 December 2021) for studies providing epidemiological, clinical, microbiological data as well as treatment data and outcomes of IE by Moraxella spp. was performed. A total of 27 studies, containing data for 31 patients, were included. A prosthetic valve was present in 25.8%. Mitral valve was the most commonly infected site. Fever, sepsis and embolic phenomena were the most common clinical presentations. Cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, aminopenicillins and penicillin were the most commonly used antimicrobials. Overall mortality was 12.9%.
The Influence of Culture Capital, Social Security, and Living Conditions on Children’s Cognitive Ability: Evidence from 2018 China Family Panel Studies
Authors: Dai Xianhua , Li Wenchao
Published: March 2022

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of economic capital, culture capital, social capital, social security, and living conditions on children’s cognitive ability. However, most studies only focus on the impact of family socio-economic status/culture capital on children’s cognitive ability by ordinary least squares regression analysis. To this end, we used the data from the China Family Panel Studies in 2018 and applied proxy variable, instrumental variables, and two-stage least squares regression analysis with a total of 2647 samples with ages from 6 to 16. The results showed that family education, education expectation, books, education participation, social communication, and tap water had a positive impact on both the Chinese and math cognitive ability of children, while children’s age, gender, and family size had a negative impact on cognitive ability, and the impact of genes was attenuated by family capital. In addition, these results are robust, and the heterogeneity was found for gender and urban location. Specifically, in terms of gender, the culture, social capital, and social security are more sensitive to the cognitive ability of girls, while living conditions are more sensitive to the cognitive ability of boys. In urban locations, the culture and social capital are more sensitive to rural children’s cognitive ability, while the social security and living conditions are more sensitive to urban children’s cognitive ability. These findings provide theoretical support to further narrow the cognitive differences between children from many aspects, which allows social security and living conditions to be valued.
Multi-Tunnel Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Scavenging Mechanical Energy in Marine Floating Bodies
Authors: Zhang Ziyi , Hu Zhiyuan , Wang Yan , Wang Yawei , Zhang Qiqi , Liu Dehua , Wang Hao , Xu Minyi
Published: March 2022

The ocean has an abundant reserve of wave energy, which is considered to be a clean, widely distributed and inexhaustible resource. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been regarded as a reliable technology for harvesting wave energy due to its robustness and efficiency in scavenging random mechanical energy. In this study, a wave energy harvesting multi-tunnel TENG (MT-TENG) has been proposed, which could be integrated easily with ocean buoys. The MT-TENG consists of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) balls and a multi-tunnel frame, which could convert wave energy into electrical energy. The multi-tunnel design also avoids possible mutual obstruction of the PFTE balls during the movement. Compared with the flat type structure, the multi-tunnel structure could enhance output performance obviously. With an agitation frequency of 2 Hz and vibration amplitude of 130 mm, the MT-TENG has a peak power density of 8.3 W/m3, which is five times that of the flat type structure TENG. By integrating with a life buoy and floating pipe line, the MT-TENG could harvest wave energy to light LEDs continuously, which could provide a new solution for maritime rescue and night offshore oil delivery warning.
Evolution of Phytoplankton as Estimated from Genetic Diversity
Authors: Sjöqvist Conny
Published: March 2022

Phytoplankton are photosynthetic, single-celled organisms producing almost half of all oxygen on Earth and play a central role as prey for higher organisms, making them irreplaceable in the marine food web. As Global Change proceeds, imposing rapidly intensifying selection pressures, phytoplankton are forced to undergo evolution, local extinction, or redistribution, with potentially cascading effects throughout the marine ecosystem. Recent results from the field of population genetics display high levels of standing genetic diversity in natural phytoplankton populations, providing ample ‘evolutionary options’ and implying high adaptive potential to changing conditions. This potential for adaptive evolution is realized in several studies of experimental evolution, even though most of these studies investigate the evolution of only single strains. This, however, shows that phytoplankton not only evolve from standing genetic diversity, but also rely on de novo mutations. Recent global sampling campaigns show that the immense intraspecific diversity of phytoplankton in the marine ecosystem has been significantly underestimated, meaning we are only studying a minor portion of the relevant variability in the context of Global Change and evolution. An increased understanding of genomic diversity is primarily hampered by the low number of ecologically representative reference genomes of eukaryotic phytoplankton and the functional annotation of these. However, emerging technologies relying on metagenome and transcriptome data may offer a more realistic understanding of phytoplankton diversity.
Effects of Antrodia camphorata-Supplemented Diets on the Non-Specific Immune Responses and Disease Resistance of Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) against Vibrio alginolyticus and Streptococcus iniae
Authors: Chuang Hsiang-Chieh , Shi Yin-Ze , Cheng Chiu-Min , Pan Chieh-Yu , Cheng Ann-Chang
Published: March 2022

In Taiwan, the mushroom Antrodia camphorata (AC) is used for medicinal purposes, including cancer prevention and treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of AC-supplemented diets on the innate immunity and disease resistance of the orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides against two bacterial infections—Vibrio alginolyticus and Streptococcus iniae. Orange-spotted groupers were fed AC-supplemented diets at 0 (control), 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 g kg−1 for 28 days and examined for innate immune responses and survival rates against V. alginolyticus and S. iniae. The results showed that the innate cellular and humoral immune parameters, including respiratory burst, phagocytic activity, and lysozyme activity of leukocytes, along with serum alternative complement activity (ACH50) and superoxide dismutase activity, as well as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-6, were all significantly increased in groupers fed AC-supplemented diets. Groupers fed diets containing AC at doses higher than 3.0 g kg−1 had better survival rates than the control group 3–18 days after V. alginolyticus or S. iniae challenge. The enhanced disease resistance may be attributable to AC-induced innate immunity, suggesting that utilizing AC as a dietary supplement at 3.0 g kg−1 may enhance the disease resistance of orange-spotted groupers against Vibrio or Streptococcus infection.
Development of a Modular Software Architecture for Underwater Vehicles Using Systems Engineering
Authors: Zuluaga Carlos A. , Aristizábal Luis M. , Rúa Santiago , Franco Diego A. , Osorio Dorie A. , Vásquez Rafael E.
Published: March 2022

This paper addresses the development of a modular software architecture for the design/construction/operation of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), based on systems engineering. First, systems engineering and the Vee model are presented with the objective of defining the interactions of the stakeholders with the software architecture development team and establishing the baselines that must be met in each development phase. In the development stage, the definition of the architecture and its connection with the hardware is presented, taking into account the use of the actor model, which represents the high-level software architecture used to solve concurrency problems. Subsequently, the structure of the classes is defined both at high and low levels in the instruments using the object-oriented programming paradigm. Finally, unit tests are developed for each component in the software architecture, quality assessment tests are implemented for system functions fulfillment, and a field sea trial for testing different modules of the vehicle is described. This approach is well suited for the development of complex systems such as marine vehicles and those systems which require scalability and modularity to add functionalities.
Fungal Infections of Implantation: More Than Five Years of Cases of Subcutaneous Fungal Infections Seen at the UK Mycology Reference Laboratory
Authors: Borman Andrew M. , Fraser Mark , Patterson Zoe , Linton Christopher J. , Palmer Michael , Johnson Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2022

Subcutaneous fungal infections, which typically result from traumatic introduction (implantation) of fungal elements into the skin or underlying tissues, can present as a range of different clinical entities including phaeohyphomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, subcutaneous nodules or masses, and genuine eumycetoma. Here, we mined our laboratory information management system for such infections in humans and domestic animals for the period 2016–2022, including (i) fungal isolates referred for identification and/or susceptibility testing; (ii) infections diagnosed at our laboratory using panfungal PCR approaches on infected tissue; and (iii) organisms cultured in our laboratory from biopsies. In total, 106 cases were retrieved, involving 39 fungal species comprising 26 distinct genera. Subcutaneous infections with Alternaria species were the most frequent (36 cases), which possibly reflects the ubiquitous nature of this common plant pathogen. A substantial proportion of Alternaria spp. isolates exhibited reduced in vitro susceptibility to voriconazole. Notably, a significant number of subcutaneous infections were diagnosed in renal and other solid organ transplant recipients post transplantation, suggesting that humans may harbour “inert” subcutaneous fungal elements from historical minor injuries that present as clinical infections upon later immunosuppression. The current study underscores the diversity of fungi that can cause subcutaneous infections. While most organisms catalogued here were responsible for occasional infections, several genera (Alternaria, Exophiala, Phaeoacremonuim, Scedosporium) were more frequently recovered in our searches, suggesting that they possess virulence factors that facilitate subcutaneous infections and/or inhabit natural niches that make them more likely to be traumatically inoculated.
The Fungal Endophyte Penicillium olsonii ML37 Reduces Fusarium Head Blight by Local Induced Resistance in Wheat Spikes
Authors: Rojas Edward C. , Jensen Birgit , Jørgensen Hans J. L. , Latz Meike A. C. , Esteban Pilar , Collinge David B.
Published: March 2022

The fungal endophyte Penicillium olsonii ML37 is a biocontrol agent of Fusarium head blight in wheat (caused by Fusarium graminearum), which has shown a limited direct inhibition of fungal growth in vitro. We used RNA-seq and LC-MS/MS analyses to elucidate metabolic interactions of the three-way system Penicillium–wheat–Fusarium in greenhouse experiments. We demonstrated that P. olsonii ML37 colonises wheat spikes and transiently activates plant defence mechanisms, as pretreated spikes show a faster and stronger expression of the defence metabolism during the first 24 h after pathogen inoculation. This effect was transient and the expression of the same genes was lower in the pathogen-infected spikes than in those infected by P. olsonii alone. This response to the endophyte includes the transcriptional activation of several WRKY transcription factors. This early activation is associated with a reduction in FHB symptoms and significantly lower levels of the F. graminearum metabolites 15-acetyl-DON and culmorin. An increase in the Penicillium-associated metabolite asperphanamate confirms colonisation by the endophyte. Our results suggest that the mode of action used by P. olsonii ML37 is via a local defence activation in wheat spikes, and that this fungus has potential as a novel biological alternative in wheat disease control.
Designing for Trust on E-Commerce Websites Using Two of the Big Five Personality Traits
Authors: Saw Chian Chyi , Inthiran Anushia
Published: March 2022

Online consumers perceived performing an online transaction as risky. The inability to trust the website is one reason why online consumers are reluctant to perform an online transaction. In this research study, 46 design features are examined to identify features that are able to increase the value of trust. Eighty-nine individuals participated in this research study. Participants completed one questionnaire which was divided into four parts. The questionnaire collected information on demographics, personality traits, trust and website design features. Data were analysed using quantitative statistical methods. A pilot test was conducted prior to the main experiment. Results indicate there are sixteen design features that have the ability to increase the level of trust amongst participants with the neuroticism trait. Fourteen design features had the ability to increase the level of trust amongst participants with the conscientiousness personality trait. E-commerce website designers could use these design features to increase the online consumer’s perception of trust on e-commerce websites.
Allometric Models for Estimating the Height of Robinia pseudoacacia L. in Restoration Plantations
Authors: Manolopoulos Dimitrios , Vasileioris Konstantinos , Milios Elias , Kitikidou Kyriaki , Spyroglou Gavriil , Radoglou Kalliopi
Published: March 2022

In this study, we aimed to develop height growth models using forest data with the measured total height, bole height and diameter at breast height, targeting Robiniapseudoacacia plantations of various ages, located in restoration plantations of former mining areas of a lignite center in Northwestern Greece. To achieve this goal, 24 circular plots were randomly established in plantations of different ages. Eleven models were tested for data fit, and the selection of the models was based on three statistical criteria. The developed models revealed that black locust plantations grow well, thus being an excellent species for the restoration of former mines. There is no comparison between pre- and post-mining areas, thus site quality and other aspects are not taken into account; our models give a basis for assessments of areas affected by mining.
History of Seoul’s Parks and Green Space Policies: Focusing on Policy Changes in Urban Development
Authors: Choi Jeonghee , Kim Gunwoo
Published: March 2022

Globally, urban areas have been expanding rapidly since industrialization. In South Korea, urban policy has evolved according to urban development, but the change in parks and green spaces policy for a pleasant urban environment is insignificant. The purpose of this study is to present the direction of the Seoul Metropolitan Government’s parks and green spaces policy in terms of green infrastructure, by examining urban policies and changes in the parks and green spaces policy of the Seoul Metropolitan Government. The research method established the concepts of urbanization, green park areas, and green infrastructure, focusing on a literature review. The trends in urban development in South Korea and abroad, the correlation between urban development and green park areas, and changes in the parks and green spaces policy of Seoul are examined. The study found that urbanization in South Korea has augmented since 1960, and the parks and green spaces policy has also focused on quantitative expansion. As the era of local autonomy passed, there were remarkable policy changes tailored to citizens’ needs, and major policy directions were determined according to the political inclinations of policymakers. The era of low growth adopted the policy of introducing green park areas as green infrastructure to solve urban environmental problems, and parks and green spaces policies as strategic plans to re-naturalize smart green cities and urban infrastructure, and to increase urban resilience using advanced technology. Future research is expected regarding consistent policy implementation measures linked to the state-regions, such as analyzing citizens’ perceptions of policies to solve urban problems and taking practical measures for the implementation of parks and green spaces policies to expand green infrastructure. The implication of the study is that the green infrastructure strategy is important as a solution to urban environmental issues such as climate change. Therefore, there should be a will of policymakers and strong institutional support for continuous policy promotion.
The Relationship Network within Spatial Situation: Embeddedness and Spatial Constraints of Farmers’ Behaviors
Authors: Hu Xueyao , Li Xiaojian , Zhu Ruiming , Sun Yaru , Wang Quankun
Published: March 2022

It has been persuasively argued that relationship networks affect the socio-economic behaviors of actors. However, few studies have recognized the location and context of actors in relationship network. To address this challenge, this paper examined the skill learning and chain migration which were affected by relationship network within spatial situation, by using data covering 115 households in the specialized village of fried dough sticks (youtiao). The results showed learning from neighbors with geographical closeness played an important role in expanding the space and enhancing efficiency of skill learning. It could be noted that the establishment of master-prentice relationship networks was related to the spatial proximity of farmers’ dwellings, and constrained by the space of villagers’ group. Farmers’ chain migration showed the closer the spatial distance of farmers, the nearer the migration destination they choose. Farmers’ livelihoods were constrained by the differences of spatial contexts. Farmers with smaller amounts of cultivated land were more likely to flow into cities with long distance for selling fried dough sticks, and they usually became fixed merchants. In contrast, farmers with more cultivated land were more likely to migrate to the countryside with short distance and usually became mobile vendors. It should better understand the socio-economic behaviors and the change of regional livelihoods, if we will focus on relationship networks embedded in spatial situation in future research.
Friction-Excited Oscillation of Air Conditioner Rotary Compressors: Measurements and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Hu Yusheng , Zhang Rongting , Zhang Jinquan , Song Qifeng , Chen Guangxiong
Published: March 2022

The oscillation of a rotary compressor was measured and analyzed in the frequency and time domains. The harmonic wavelet transform was used to dissolve the oscillation signal into a series of single-frequency components. A power spectrum analysis of the single-frequency components shows that there are many vibration components whose frequencies are one, double, triple, quadruple, and even tens of times the rotating frequency. An envelope spectrum analysis shows that some single-frequency components originate from the friction-excited oscillation of the compressor. A full-size mode-coupling model of the rotary compressor was established to forecast the friction-excited oscillation of the compressor using the transient dynamics method and the complex eigenvalue method. The measurement results are consistent with the predictive results. A sensitivity analysis of the main parameters shows that the coefficient of friction has a major impact on the development tendency of the friction-excited oscillation of rotary compressors.
Formation of Composite Coatings on Galvanized Steel from Organosilane Solutions Using Electrophoresis and Sol–Gel Technology
Authors: Makarychev Yuriy B. , Gladkikh Natalia A. , Redkina Galina V. , Grafov Oleg Yu. , Aliev Ali D. , Kuznetsov Yuriy I.
Published: March 2022

New hybrid composite coatings (HCCs) on hot-dip galvanized steel (HDGS) were obtained using electrophoresis (cathodic polarization (CP)) and sol–gel technology. For this purpose, a technique for the preparation of a cationic precursor based on TiCl4 and aminopropyltriethoxysilane was developed. Electrophoresis of the charged particles of the precursor and organosilanes promotes the production of denser sol–gel coatings with improved adhesion. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods, the formation mechanism and protective properties of HCC on galvanized steel were investigated.
Study on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Diamond Particle-Reinforced Copper-Iron Sandwich Composites Prepared by Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Sun Jian , Jiang Boyi , Li Wanzhong , Cheng Xiaole , Liu Hui , Li Ziyang
Published: March 2022

Synthetic diamond particle-reinforced copper-iron composites (SD/Cu-Fe) were produced by the powder metallurgical method for stone cutting applications, and the microstructure, density, compactness, hardness, flexure strength, and wear resistance of the composites were characterized in this work. The results showed that the diamond particles were relatively uniformly distributed in most areas of the copper matrix and the crystal shape of diamond particles were relatively intact in the sintering temperature range from 740 °C to 780 °C. The interfaces between the diamond particles and copper matrix, as well as the interfaces between the copper matrix and iron layer, were well bonded without significant gaps. The physical properties of composites increased first and then decreased with the sintering temperature. When the sintering temperature was 770 °C, the related properties reached the best. Diamond played a key role in improving the properties of the SD/Cu-Fe sandwich composite. This work provides a basis for the research and development of high-performance diamond-reinforced copper-based iron sandwich composites.
Deflections and Stresses in Rectangular, Circular and Elliptical Insulating Glass Units
Authors: Respondek Zbigniew , Kozłowski Marcin , Wiśniowski Maciej
Published: March 2022

Insulating glass units (IGUs) are construction elements that react to climatic loads in a specific way. Under the influence of changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature, as well as the effect of wind, the gas closed in the tight gap between the glass panes changes its pressure, which affects the resulting static quantities of the loaded IGUs. The calculation models described in the literature mostly concern rectangular units, however, other shapes are being implemented more and more often in modern architecture. The aim of the article was to propose analytical and numerical models of circular and elliptical IGUs and to compare their results in terms of deflections and stresses with static values for square and rectangular units. Calculation examples were presented for various dimensions of IGUs loaded with changes in atmospheric pressure and an external wind effect. For elliptical IGUs, only the numerical calculations were presented, as it is not possible to formulate an applicable deflection function practically. The results were summarized in the form of tables and graphs, which illustrate the percentage differences between the deflection and stress values for the rectilinear and curvilinear shapes of IGUs for various dimensions and types of loads. It was found that in a single circular glass pane the maximum deflection is 4.2% greater, and the maximum stress is 13% greater than in a square unit of the same dimension. Meanwhile, in a circular, symmetrically loaded double-glazed IGU, the deflection in the circular IGU is smaller by 8–9% than in the square unit and the stress is practically identical.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiB2/AlSi7Mg0.6 Composites Fabricated by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on Cold Metal Transfer (WAAM-CMT)
Authors: Yang Qingfeng , Xia Cunjuan , Wang Haowei , Zhou Mingyang , Gao Shixin , Li Bingjin , Liu Shichao
Published: March 2022

Wire and arc additive manufacturing based on cold metal transfer (WAAM-CMT), as a kind of clean and advanced technology, has been widely researched recently. It was analyzed in detail for the microstructure and mechanical properties of WAAM-CMT printed TiB2/AlSi7Mg0.6 samples fore-and-aft heat treatment in this study. Compared with the grain size of casted AlSi7Mg0.6 samples (252 μm), the grain size of WAAM-CMT printed AlSi7Mg0.6 samples (53.4 μm) was refined, showing that WAAM-CMT process could result in significant grain refinement. Besides, the grain size of WAAM-CMT printed TiB2/AlSi7Mg0.6 samples was about 35 μm, revealing that the addition of TiB2 particles played a role in grain refinement. Nevertheless, the grain size distribution was not uniform, showing a mixture of fine grain and coarse grain, and the mechanical properties were anisotropic of the as-printed samples. This study shows that T6 heat treatment is an efficient way to improve the nonuniform microstructure and eliminate the anisotropy in mechanical properties.
Mechanical Properties and Tensile Model of Hemp-Fiber-Reinforced Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Composite
Authors: Zeng Deyong , Zhang Liang , Jin Shaojin , Zhang Youyuan , Xu Cuicui , Zhou Kai , Lu Weihong
Published: March 2022

The preparation of a high-strength biodegradable plastic has always been the focus of academia. Here, we prepared two biodegradable composites using silane coupling-agent-modified hemp fibers (Si-HF) and unmodified hemp fibers (HF) with butylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT), respectively. We compared the differences of Si-HF/PBAT and HF/PBAT in terms of micromorphology, density, mechanical properties, thermal stability and biodegradability. The Si-HF has better interface interaction between the hemp and the PBAT matrix than the HF, which makes Si-HF/PBAT have better tensile properties. Moreover, Si-HF/PBAT has stronger tensile strength and modulus than HF/PBAT. Our results also show that the two composites have good biodegradability. This study provides an important reference for the subsequent development and utilization of hemp fibers.
Evolution of Superhydrophilic Aluminum Alloy Properties in Contact with Water during Cyclic Variation in Temperature
Authors: Domantovsky Alexander G. , Chulkova Elizaveta V. , Emelyanenko Kirill A. , Maslakov Konstantin I. , Emelyanenko Alexandre M. , Boinovich Ludmila B.
Published: March 2022

Hydrophilic or superhydrophilic materials in some cases are considered to be potentially icephobic due to a low ice-adhesion strength to such materials. Here, the evolution of the properties of a superhydrophilic aluminum alloy with hierarchical roughness, fabricated by laser processing, was studied in contact with water during prolonged cyclic variation in temperature. It was shown that the chemical interaction of rough alumina with water molecules caused the substitution of the surface oxide by polymorphic crystalline gibbsite or bayerite phases while preserving hierarchical roughness. Due to such substitution, mechanical durability was notably compromised. Thus, in contrast to the superhydrophobic laser-processed samples, the superhydrophilic samples targeted on the exploitation in an open atmosphere as a material with anti-icing properties cannot be considered as the industrially attractive way to combat icing.