bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration, Precarization and the Democratic Deficit in Global Governance
Authors: Schierup Carl‐Ulrik , Ålund Aleksandra , Likić‐Brborić Branka
Published: July 2014

This article attempts to provide a critical understanding of the dual signification of “precarity”. It explores what “precarity” as a concept may potentially offer to studies of the changing contemporary political economy of migration. It discusses shifting trends in global migration and point to tendencies for a possible convergence between “South” and “North”, “East” and “West”. Based on a review of current advances in research, it discusses, with reference to the classical work of Karl Polanyi, the potential for a contemporary “countermovement” which would challenge the precarity of migrants. Bringing forward the issue of the “space for civil society” the article addresses a still lingering democratic deficit in the global governance of migration.

Policy Implications

The article is relevant to policymakers, trade unions and civil society organizations. It contributes to the understanding of policy making processes in emerging multilevel global governance and focuses on issues of precarization, migration, and the implementation and accountability of human, migrant and labour rights.
Processing of ThO2/CeO2 Ceramic Fuel
Authors: Chen Ching‐Fong , Kelly Julian , Asphjell Øystein , Papin Pallas A. , Forsyth Robert T. , Guidry Dennis R. , Safarik Doug J. , Llobet Anna
Published: July 2014

The paper describes an effective procedure for mixing and conditioning ThO2 and CeO2 powders so they are suited for pressing and sintering into high‐density (Th0.9,Ce0.1)O2 ceramic pellets – this material being a “pilot” for (Th,Pu)O2 fuels. Wet ball milling with an organic dispersant aided the powder dispersing process by reducing the agglomeration of very small oxide particles. Homogeneous elemental distributions were seen within the calcined powder mixture. Heat treatments were applied to the calcined, mixed ThO2/CeO2 mix to study phase and surface area transformations. Solid solution formation commences at around 1300°C and goes to completion at a temperature of 1500°C. We also report the effect of a granulation strategy that can be applied to the production of high quality, mixed ThO2 nuclear fuel ceramics. Sized granules of blended ThO2/CeO2 powder were produced from precompacted disks of this material that were subsequently heat treated. This had a positive effect on die filling and compaction into green pellets, as well as on final sintered (Th,Ce)O2 pellet density. The microstructure of the sintered (Th,Ce)O2 ceramic was characterized using SEM‐based electron back‐scatter diffraction from which a uniform density and grain size were readily apparent. XRD results showed that a single phase Th0.9Ce0.1O2, fuel ceramic had been produced. Its density was ~94% TD.
A comparative review of nurse turnover rates and costs across countries
Authors: Duffield Christine M. , Roche Michael A. , Homer Caroline , Buchan James , Dimitrelis Sofia
Published: July 2014

Aims

To compare nurse turnover rates and costs from four studies in four countries (US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) that have used the same costing methodology; the original Nursing Turnover Cost Calculation Methodology.

Background

Measuring and comparing the costs and rates of turnover is difficult because of differences in definitions and methodologies.

Design

Comparative review.

Data Sources

Searches were carried out within CINAHL, Business Source Complete and Medline for studies that used the original Nursing Turnover Cost Calculation Methodology and reported on both costs and rates of nurse turnover, published from 2014 and prior.

Methods

A comparative review of turnover data was conducted using four studies that employed the original Nursing Turnover Cost Calculation Methodology. Costing data items were converted to percentages, while total turnover costs were converted to US 2014 dollars and adjusted according to inflation rates, to permit cross‐country comparisons.

Results

Despite using the same methodology, Australia reported significantly higher turnover costs ($48,790) due to higher termination (~50% of indirect costs) and temporary replacement costs (~90% of direct costs). Costs were almost 50% lower in the US ($20,561), Canada ($26,652) and New Zealand ($23,711). Turnover rates also varied significantly across countries with the highest rate reported in New Zealand (44·3%) followed by the US (26·8%), Canada (19·9%) and Australia (15·1%).

Conclusion

A significant proportion of turnover costs are attributed to temporary replacement, highlighting the importance of nurse retention. The authors suggest a minimum dataset is also required to eliminate potential variability across countries, states, hospitals and departments.
Mortality salience, self‐esteem, and defense of the group: mediating role of in‐group identification
Authors: Hohman Zachary P. , Hogg Michael A.
Published: July 2014

Numerous studies have shown that mortality salience strengthens defense of cultural institutions and that this effect is buffered by self‐esteem. The present study examines a novel prediction, based on social identity processes, that group identification mediates the impact of the interaction of mortality salience and self‐esteem on worldview defense. Self‐esteem and mortality salience were manipulated using Greenberg and colleagues' standard methods, the dependent measure was defense of America, and the mediating variable was identification with America. As predicted, mortality salience only increased identification with America and defense of America when self‐esteem was not enhanced, enhancing self‐esteem attenuated the effects of mortality salience. Also following predictions, the interactive effect of mortality salience and self‐esteem on defense of America was mediated by identification with America.
Brachial Pulse Pressure and Cardiovascular or All‐Cause Mortality in the General Population: A Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies
Authors: Zhao Leilei , Song Yijuan , Dong Pingshuan , Li Zhijuan , Yang Xuming , Wang Shaoxin
Published: July 2014

This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the predictive value of brachial pulse pressure and cardiovascular or all‐cause mortality in the general population based on prospective observational studies by conducting a meta‐analysis. Only prospective observational studies investigating baseline brachial pulse pressure and cardiovascular or all‐cause mortality risk were selected from PubMed and Embase databases until July 2013. Fourteen studies involving 510,456 participants were analyzed. Pooled risk ratio (RR) of cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality for the highest vs lowest brachial pulse pressure category was 1.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49–2.17) and 1.32 (95% CI, 1.23–1.41), respectively. Pooled RR of cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality per 10 mm Hg pulse pressure increment was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.10–1.17) and 1.09 (95% CI, 1.07–1.11), respectively. Wide brachial pulse pressure is associated with greater risk of cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality. However, more well‐designed studies specifically on age and sex are needed to further confirm these findings.
Plasma Cardiotrophin‐1 Levels are Associated With Hypertensive Heart Disease: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Song Kangxing , Wang Shuxia , Huang Bihui , Luciano Amelia , Srivastava Roshni , Mani Arya
Published: July 2014

Cardiotrophin‐1 (CT‐1) is a member of the interleukin 6 cytokine superfamily. Plasma CT‐1 levels have been associated with heart failure and hypertension in small independent studies. Whether plasma CT‐1 levels are associated with progression of hypertensive heart disease is poorly understood. The authors carried out a meta‐analysis using published studies and electronic databases. Relevant data were extracted using standardized algorithms. Additional data were obtained directly from investigators when indicated. A total of 18 studies were included that reported on association between CT‐1 level and hypertension (n=8), cardiac hypertrophy (n=9), and heart failure (HF) (n=10). The serum levels of CT‐1 were significantly higher in patients with hypertension (standard mean difference [SMD], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64–1.06 fmol/mL), left ventricular hypertrophy (SMD, 0.88; 95% CI 0.60–1.17 fmol/mL), or HF (SMD, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.51–0.80 fmol/mL) compared with controls. Subgroup analysis revealed CT‐1 levels to be highest in patients with hypertension‐induced hypertrophy with HF, followed by patients with hypertension‐induced left ventricular hypertrophy without HF (SMD, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30–0.75 fmol/mL), patients with hypertension without left ventricular hypertrophy (SMD, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46–0.88 fmol/mL) as compared with normotensive patients (SMD, 0.74; 95% CI, 10.45–1.04 fmol/mL). Increased plasma CT‐1 levels are associated with risk for HF in hypertensive patients. CT‐1 may serve as a novel biomarker in determining prognosis in hypertensive patients.
PENSION REFORM IN CHINA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: Cai Yong , Cheng Yuan
Published: July 2014

China's current segmented pension system features regional imbalance, fiscal inefficiency, social inequality and economic unsustainability. It is a result of three‐decade evolution guided by vague long‐term objectives, constrained by economic and political circumstances and swayed by interest‐group infighting. Expecting rapid population ageing and economic transformation, China aims to establish a national pension system that provides ‘wide coverage, basic security, multi‐level options and sustainability’ by 2020. The paper reviews the history of China's pension system, examines proposed reform options and discusses the challenges and opportunities faced by the reform.
Assessment of cervicovaginal vascular endothelial growth factor in predicting preterm delivery
Authors: Yilmaz Embiye , Ustunyurt Emin , Kucukkomurcu Sakir , Budak Ferah , Ozkaya Guven
Published: July 2014

Aim

The aim of this study is to estimate the effectiveness of cervicovaginal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in predicting preterm delivery.

Methods

Cervicovaginal VEGF was measured in 30 women who presented symptoms or signs of threatened preterm labor and the control group of 30 healthy pregnant patients by enzyme‐linked immunoassay.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference in cervicovaginal VEGF values between the threatened preterm labor group and the control group (P > 0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant difference was observed in terms of cervical length and cervicovaginal VEGF values between preterm and term‐delivered groups (P > 0.05). Additionally, there was no correlation between cervicovaginal VEGF values and cervical length (P > 0.05) between the threatened preterm labor and the control groups.

Conclusion

No correlation was found between cervicovaginal VEGF values and the preterm delivery. However, we believe that the role of VEGF in preterm delivery needs to be investigated further in well‐designed studies with larger samples.
Comparison of gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with ultrasound in evaluation of cesarean scar pregnancy
Authors: Huang Qiang , Zhang Miao , Zhai Ren‐You
Published: July 2014

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosing cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) and to compare this with ultrasound results.

Material and Methods

Forty‐two consecutive patients underwent both gadolinium‐enhanced MRI and ultrasound to evaluate CSP before treatment from May 2010 to September 2013. The results of both MRI and ultrasound were reviewed and compared to each other with diagnosis of CSP confirmed by pathological findings and clinical outcome.

Results

MRI and ultrasound were performed in all 42 patients, with ultrasound performed more than twice in 29 cases. Pathological findings confirmed CSP in all 42 patients, 41 of whom were diagnosed correctly using MRI, with one misdiagnosed as uterine fibroid. Misdiagnosis occurred in seven cases in the first ultrasound, and report was inconclusive in one case. However, correct and definite diagnosis was achieved in repeated ultrasound in seven of the eight cases. The case misdiagnosed as uterine fibroid using MRI was also misdiagnosed as blood clot by ultrasound. The specificity of MRI in diagnosing CSP was 97.6% (41/42) versus 81% (34/42) of the initial ultrasound (P < 0.05). No contrast‐agent‐related complications occurred in our series.

Conclusions

Gadolinium‐enhanced MRI is highly specific in the diagnosis of CSP. Ultrasound is relatively less specific when initially performed, but it can be repeated conveniently, with specificity greatly improved. Repeated ultrasound is as specific as MRI in confirming diagnosis of CSP.
Efficacy of kidney‐tonifying traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions in hypoplastic uterus treatment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chen Xichuang , Hong Yuan , Zheng Panpan , Qin Yaping , Zhang Xiaoyan , Feng Jinhua , Ye Jianlin , Song Huizhu , You Xiaohong
Published: July 2014

Aim

To review and evaluate the efficacy of kidney‐tonifying traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions (KT‐TCMP) in hypoplastic uterus (HU) treatment.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), WANFANG and VIP databases until 14 December 2013 independently with two investigators. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) involving KT‐TCMP as a combined or monotherapy in the treatment of HU were reviewed and analyzed. Meta‐analysis was performed by Review Manager (version 5.2).

Results

Nine RCT of 1745 patients were eligible for this review and meta‐analysis, of which eight RCT described the primary outcome of clinical efficacy and three RCT drew the secondary outcome of uterine size. Meta‐analyzed ‘recovery’ clinical efficacy of KT‐TCMP in seven RCT was conducted which considered diethylstilbestrol therapy alone as control, as well as three RCT that meta‐analyzed the effect of KT‐TCMP on uterine diameter enlargement. As a result, KT‐TCMP therapy had a significantly improved difference in increasing ‘recovery’ clinical efficacy (risk ratio, 2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.90–2.89) and enlarging the uterine diameter (standardized mean difference, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.39–1.84). One study reported adverse reactions as an important outcome and found it was safe during KT‐TCMP therapy.

Conclusion

The therapy of applying KT‐TCMP as a combined or monotherapy in the treatment of HU may be more efficacious. However, these RCT were of moderate methodological quality and small sample size; thus, the results should be confirmed with more rigorously controlled further studies.
Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Biodegradable Polymer Biolimus‐Eluting Stents and Durable Polymer Everolimus‐Eluting Stents: Propensity Score‐Matched Analysis
Authors: LEE JI HYUN , LEE JUN‐WON , YOUN YOUNG JIN , AHN MIN SOO , AHN SUNG GYUN , KIM JANG YOUNG , YOO BYUNG‐SU , LEE SEUNG‐HWAN , CHOI EUNHEE , YOON JUNGHAN
Published: July 2014

Objectives

We investigated and compared the clinical outcomes between biodegradable polymer biolimus‐eluting stents (BES) and durable polymer everolimus‐eluting stents (EES) in a single‐center prospective registry.

Background

There is limited data regarding the safety and efficacy of the biodegradable BES compared to second‐generation drug‐eluting stents.

Methods

From January 2010 to April 2012, a total of 1,279 patients were treated with BES (n = 647) or EES (n = 632) in a single center. We included 1,231 patients (BES = 625, EES = 606) after excluding 48 patients (BES = 22, EES = 26) with acute myocardial infarction accompanied by cardiogenic shock. The 1‐year incidences of target lesion failure (TLF), patient‐oriented composite outcomes (POCO), and stent thrombosis (ST) after the index procedure were compared in propensity score‐matched analyses.

Results

Propensity score matching yielded 406 well‐balanced pairs (EES = 406, BES‐B = 406). In the propensity‐matched population, the 1‐year incidence of TLF (BES = 3.0% vs. EES = 2.5%, P = 0.666) and POCO (BES = 5.4% vs. EES = 6.4%, P = 0.552) were similar between the 2 groups. In addition, the incidence of definite or probable ST was also similar (BES = 0.74% vs. EES = 0.74%, P = 1.000). In subgroup analysis, the number of patients who reached the primary end‐point did not differ significantly between the 2 groups.

Conclusion

In a single‐center registry with unrestricted use of EES and BES‐B, these stents showed comparable efficacy and safety in terms of TLF, POCO, and ST at 1‐year follow‐up. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:399–407)
Breakeven Time on New Product Launches: An Investigation of the Drivers and Impact on Firm Performance
Authors: Calantone Roger J. , Randhawa Praneet , Voorhees Clay M.
Published: July 2014

The ability to break even faster on new product projects is becoming increasingly critical for firms in fast‐moving industries where continually reinvesting in research and development efforts matters greatly for survival. However, most research to date has focused on studying the impact of two primary innovation outcomes: sales and profits. The exclusive emphasis on sales and profit may be warranted for certain types of goods such as durable goods, but when examining the effects of new products in fast‐moving consumer goods or in the entrepreneurial sphere, where cash to cash matters greatly for survival, it is critical for both researchers and practitioners to not only consider the profits and sales generated by the new product but also the time to breakeven. This paper develops a theoretical framework using the competency‐based literature to examine the effects of innovation drivers (customer idea source, speed to market, product quality, and product newness) on breakeven time (BET) and project profits, and their subsequent impact on firm performance. A three‐stage least square estimation method was employed using longitudinal data on 945 new product development projects and launches in the morning (breakfast) foods category. The results clearly pinpoint that for successful product innovation, managers need to consider the time taken to breakeven on new product development. Specifically, the results demonstrate that speed to market and product quality shorten BET, but customer idea source extends BET. Second, the analysis also empirically demonstrates that BET is an equally effective predictor of firm performance as project profits in the short run, but significantly a stronger predictor of firm performance in the long run (t + four years), suggesting that BET should be regarded as a superior leading indicator of firm performance versus product profitability for fast‐moving consumer goods segment. This is an important finding that suggests firms that recoup their cash investments more quickly experience greater short‐term and significantly more long‐term success.
Formalization, Communication Quality, and Opportunistic Behavior in R&D Alliances between Competitors
Authors: Walter Sascha G. , Walter Achim , Müller Dirk
Published: July 2014

For technology ventures (and also other firms), R&D alliances provide great learning opportunities and access to scarce resources. However, R&D alliances, in particular between competitors, also involve the concomitant threat of opportunistic behavior, which many firms attempt to manage by formalizing the partnership. Yet, prior research provided mixed findings suggesting that formalization alleviates opportunism, fails to do so, or, ironically, even promotes it. The questions of whether and, if so, when formalization can deter opportunism remains topical. This study differentiates two forms of opportunistic behavior, strategic manipulation and knowledge appropriation, and examines how they are affected by formalization per se and in combination with communication quality. Findings from 82 R&D alliances between competitors indicate that extensive formalization promotes opportunistic behavior. In contrast, communication quality mitigates the dysfunctional effect on strategic manipulation and also alleviates both forms of opportunism directly. Most effects vary with the type of opportunistic behavior.

Our findings add to the literature by demonstrating a positive formalization–opportunism relationship in the context of R&D alliances and by suggesting that relational governance (communication quality) compensates for the dysfunctional effects of formal governance (formalization), rather than both having complementary relationships. The results also support the call for more research into nuances of opportunism: they show that differentiating forms of opportunism matters for understanding the efficacy of safeguards against opportunism. Managers are warned against over‐formalizing alliances, which spurs opportunism. Instead, they should cultivate an atmosphere of open communication while they can still maintain some “healthy distrust.” This attenuates the adverse effects of formalization, which is important since a certain level of formalization is often inevitable in R&D alliances.
Sexual Desire Discrepancy as a Feature, Not a Bug, of Long-Term Relationships: Women's Self-Reported Strategies for Modulating Sexual Desire
Authors: Herbenick Debby , Mullinax Margo , Mark Kristen
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Sexual desire discrepancy is commonly reported by couples in long-term romantic relationships. Given the idiosyncratic nature of desire, and the lack of a “one size fits all” model approach to address desire concerns, it is useful to understand more about the range of ways that women and their partners modulate sexual desire.

Aim

This study aims to assess women's strategies to influence their sexual desire and the self-reported effectiveness of these strategies.

Methods

One hundred seventy-nine women who had been in a relationship with a male partner for 5+ years completed an anonymous Internet-based survey.

Main Outcome Measures

Participants responded to three open-ended items about the strategies they use to address desire issues and how helpful those strategies are.

Results

The most common responses regarding what participants did to get desire back on track included: communication, trying to meet partner's needs, having sex without desire, and having patience/letting time work out the problem. Women also mentioned several specific strategies they had employed: communication, scheduling sex, lingerie, and a date night. However, a large number of women discussed that the issue was not resolved, and they were dissatisfied with attempted strategies.

Conclusions

This research provides valuable insight into the construction of women's sexual desire and the strategies used to navigate sexual desire in long-term relationships.
Cardiac Troponin I and T as Prognostic Markers in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Langhorn R. , Tarnow I. , Willesen J.L. , Kjelgaard‐Hansen M. , Skovgaard I.M. , Koch J.
Published: July 2014

Background

Myocardial injury detected by cardiac troponin I and T (cTnI and cTnT) in cardiac disease is associated with increased risk of death in humans and dogs.

Hypothesis

Presence of myocardial injury predicts long‐term death in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and ongoing myocardial injury reflects change in left ventricular wall thickness over time.

Animals

Thirty‐six cats with primary HCM.

Methods

Prospective cohort study. Cats with HCM were included consecutively and examined every 6 months. Echocardiography, ECG, blood pressure, and serum cTnI and cTnT were evaluated at each visit. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to evaluate prognostic potential of serum troponin concentrations at admission and subsequent examinations. Correlations were used to examine associations between troponin concentrations and cardiac hypertrophy.

Results

Troponin concentrations at admission were median [range] 0.14 [0.004–1.02] ng/mL for cTnI, and 13 [13–79.5] ng/L for cTnT. Both were prognostic for death (P = .032 and .026) as were the last available concentrations of each (P = .016 and .003). The final cTnT concentration was a significant predictor of death even when adjusting for the admission concentration (P = .043). In a model containing both markers, only cTnT remained significant (P = .043). Left ventricular free wall thickness at end‐diastole (LVFWd) at admission was correlated with cTnI at admission (r = 0.35, P = .035), however no significant correlations (r = 0.2–0.31, P = .074–.26) were found between changes in troponin concentrations and left ventricular thickness over time.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Myocardial injury is part of the pathophysiology leading to disease progression and death. Low sensitivities and specificities prevent outcome prediction in individual cats.
Discrepancies in Identification of Left Atrial Enlargement Using Left Atrial Volume versus Left Atrial‐to‐Aortic Root Ratio in Dogs
Authors: Wesselowski S. , Borgarelli M. , Bello N.M. , Abbott J.
Published: July 2014

Background

Left atrial size is prognostically important in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).

Hypothesis/Objectives

To compare the level of agreement in identification of left atrial enlargement (LAE) between the left atrial‐to‐aortic root ratio (LA : Ao) and left atrial volume using the biplane area‐length method indexed to body weight (LA Vol/BW).

Animals

Sixty dogs with MMVD and 22 normal dogs were prospectively studied with 2‐dimensional echocardiography.

Methods

The upper limit of normal for LA Vol/BW was defined as 1.1 mL/kg. LA : Ao was deemed normal if ≤1.5. To define overall disease severity, each dog was assigned a mitral regurgitation severity score (MRSS) based on echocardiographic parameters that did not include left atrial size. ACVIM staging also was utilized.

Results

Of 60 affected dogs, 20 were ACVIM Stage B1, 25 were Stage B2, and 15 were Stage C. LA Vol/BW identified LAE in 12 cases in which LA : Ao was normal; 7 of these were Stage B1 and 5 were Stage B2. This diagnostic disagreement was significant (P = .00012). Of the 12 cases in which diagnostic discrepancies were identified, 5/5 of the B2 dogs and 3/7 B1 dogs had a moderate MRSS, whereas 4/7 B1 dogs had a mild MRSS. No diagnostic discrepancies between LA : Ao and LA Vol/BW were apparent in dogs with a severe MRSS.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

This study shows evidence of diagnostic disagreement between LA : Ao and LA Vol/BW for assessment of LAE. LA Vol/BW may be superior to LA : Ao for identification of mild LAE.
Cryptococcal meningitis successfully treated with voriconazole and low‐dose amphotericin B
Authors: Koike Yuka , Ishihara Tomohiko , Ozawa Tetsutaro , Mezaki Naomi , Moro Hiroshi , Shimohata Takayoshi , Nishizawa Masatoyo
Published: July 2014

A 79‐year‐old patient with diabetes mellitus was diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis based on detection of Cryptococcus neoformans from cerebrospinal fluid culture. After administration of liposomal amphotericin B, the patient promptly developed acute renal failure as a side‐effect. We therefore switched treatment to voriconazole with low‐dose liposomal amphotericin B. Cerebrospinal fluid cultures and antigen titer for Cryptococcus became negative 266 days after initiating voriconazole. The present case suggests that voriconazole might be useful as induction therapy to reduce the risk of renal insufficiency and achieve successful outcomes.
Counselling about HIV serological status disclosure: nursing practice or law enforcement? a Foucauldian reflection
Authors: O'Byrne Patrick , Holmes Dave , Roy Marie
Published: July 2014

Recently, focus groups and qualitative interviews with nurses who provide frontline care for persons living with HIV highlighted the contentiousness surrounding the seemingly innocuous activity of counselling clients about HIV‐status disclosure, hereafter disclosure counselling. These empirical studies highlighted that while some nurses felt they should instruct clients to disclose their HIV‐positive status if HIV transmission were possible, other nurses were equally adamant that such counselling was outside the nursing scope of practice. A review of these opposing perceptions about disclosure counselling, including an examination of the empirical evidence which supports each point, revealed that the dichotomous arguments needed to be nuanced. The empirical evidence about serostatus disclosure neither supported nor refuted either of these assertions; rather, it substantiated parts of each. To create this understanding, both empirical and theoretical works are used. First, the results of empirical studies about serostatus disclosure, or lack thereof and HIV transmission is presented; as part of this, Marks and Crepaz's HIV disclosure and exposure framework is examined. Second, the work of Michel Foucault on disciplinary and pastoral power is drawn from. The outcome is a nuanced understanding about the interrelationships between disclosure counselling and nursing practice and a final interpretation about what this understanding means for public health practice.
Intraosseous adenoid cystic carcinoma of the mandible: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Elbeshir E.I. , Karrar M.A. , Elamin E.M. , ElHassan A.M.
Published: July 2014

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and histological feature of intraosseous adenoid cystic carcinoma (IACC) and the treatment modalities with review of the literature. The authors report a case of intraosseous cystic carcinoma of the anterior mandible in an otherwise healthy 47‐year‐old patient along with a brief review of the literature. The main complaint was swelling and numbness of the right side of the lower lip. Clinically and radiologically, IACC is indistinguishable from benign odontogenic tumours and cyst. Routine histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry of incisional biopsy revealed adenoid cystic carcinoma. The lesion was surgically excised with surgical margins, which subsequently reconstructed using an iliac crest bone graft and followed by denture construction. On clinical and radiographic review 3 years post‐operatively, the patient was well, free of symptoms with complete oral rehabilitation. The case demonstrates the features of IACC. Surgical excision with bone reconstruction and removable prosthetic replacement was effective in the treatment of this case. Regular follow‐up was recommended.
Detection of T‐Wave Beat‐By‐Beat Variations prior to Ventricular Arrhythmias Onset in ICD‐Stored Intracardiac Electrograms: The Endocardial T‐Wave Alternans Study (ETWAS)
Authors: MAURY PHILIPPE , LIN CHAO , PASQUIÉ JEAN‐LUC , RACZKA FRANK , BECK LIONEL , TAIEB JÉRÔME , MAILHES CORINNE , TOURNERET JEAN‐YVES , ROLLIN ANNE , DUPARC ALEXANDRE , MONDOLY PIERRE , WINUM PIERRE , ROLLAND PHILIPPE , CASTANIÉ FRANCIS , HALLIER BENOIT
Published: July 2014

Background

The aim of the Endocardial T‐Wave Alternans Study was to prospectively assess the presence of T‐wave alternans (TWA) or beat‐to‐beat repolarization changes on implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD)‐stored electrograms (EGMs) immediately preceding the onset of spontaneous ventricular tachycardia (VT) or fibrillation (VF).

Methods

Thirty‐seven VT/VF episodes were compared to 116 baseline reference EGMs from the same 57 patients. A Bayesian model was used to estimate the T‐wave waveform in each cardiac beat and a set of 10 parameters was selected to segment each detected T wave. Beat‐by‐beat differences in each T‐wave parameter were computed using the absolute value of the difference between each beat and the following one. Fisher criterion was used for determining the most discriminant T‐wave parameters, then top‐M ranked parameters yielding a normalized cumulative Fisher score > 95% were selected, and analysis was applied on these selected parameters. Simulated TWA EGMs were used to validate the algorithm.

Results

In the simulation study, TWA was detectable even in the case of the smallest simulated alternans of 25 μV. In 13 of the 37 episodes (35%) occurring in nine of 16 patients, significant larger beat‐to‐beat variations before arrhythmia onset were detected compared to their respective references (median one positive episode per patient). Parameters including the T‐wave apex amplitude seem the more discriminant parameters.

Conclusions

Detection of beat‐by‐beat repolarization variations in ICD‐stored EGMs is feasible in a significant subset of cases and may be used for predicting the onset of ventricular arrhythmias.
Intraspecific variation in wing colour is related to larval energy reserves in monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus)
Authors: Davis Andrew K.
Published: July 2014

The physiological basis for pigment synthesis in lepidopteran wing scales is well‐studied, although less is known about the reasons why individuals of the same species vary in pigmentation. Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) show subtle variations in the shade of orange on their wings and this is known to predict flight ability and mating success. The present study tests the possibility that the shade of orange is associated with the amount of residual energy reserves carried over from the larval stage. Using monarchs reared in captivity under identical conditions (n = 207), the residuals of a regression of wing size and mass at eclosion, which indicate larval energy reserves, are obtained. This measure is positively related to adult longevity without feeding, indicating the importance of this reserve to the monarchs, as well as the value of the measure for this investigation. The shade of orange (i.e. hue) is determined on scanned wings using image analysis. Importantly, orange hue is predicted significantly by residual mass at eclosion (individuals with more mass are redder). The linkage between these traits may explain previous findings whereby redder monarchs fly further and mate more because both behaviours would be enhanced with greater energy stores. The findings of the present study add to a growing body of work showing how intraspecific variation in pigmentation has biological significance to monarchs, and possibly other butterflies. Although much remains to be investigated regarding the physiological underpinnings of this variation, the results of the present study indicate that future efforts should be rewarding.
Seed transmission of Papaya meleira virus in papaya (Carica papaya) cv. Maradol
Authors: Tapia‐Tussell R. , Magaña‐Alvarez A. , Cortes‐Velazquez A. , Itza‐Kuk G. , Nexticapan‐Garcez A. , Quijano‐Ramayo A. , Martin‐Mex R. , Perez‐Brito D.
Published: July 2014

Papaya meleira virus (PMeV), the causal agent of papaya sticky disease, was first reported in Brazil and more recently in Mexico. Yield losses in papaya (Carica papaya) orchards related to this virus can be considerable over relatively short time spans. To date, very little is known regarding the transmission mechanisms of PMeV, which has made it difficult to effectively control the virus and to prevent dissemination. A few published reports have claimed that PMeV is not seed‐transmissible. However, in this study, evidence is presented for seed transmission of PMeV in papaya cultivar Maradol. Three seed materials (whole dry seed, seed coat and embryo–endosperm) from Maradol were analysed using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. A seed transmission rate of c. 81% was observed, suggesting that this mechanism is an important route of virus dissemination. For the first time, this study shows that PMeV is seedborne and can be transmitted to the next generation through contaminated papaya seeds.
Significant variation in sensitivity to a DMI fungicide in field populations of Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Talas F. , McDonald B. A.
Published: July 2014

Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum (Fg) is a destructive disease on cereals around the world. Intensive application of fungicides on cereals has selected for resistance in many cereal pathogens. Two hundred and twenty‐four isolates of Fg from 13 different German field populations, 22 isolates from the UK and six reference isolates from Italy and the USA were tested for sensitivity to propiconazole. Propiconazole sensitivity showed a high heritability (H2 = 0·97), with mean EC50 values ranging from 5·4 to 62·2 mg L−1. Nearly 80% of the variance for propiconazole sensitivity was distributed within field populations, suggesting significant potential for selection of resistant isolates at the field scale. Sequence analysis revealed that the CYP51A and CYP51C genes carried several non‐synonymous substitutions but the CYP51B protein was not polymorphic. The non‐synonymous substitutions were distributed randomly among populations and were not correlated with fungicide sensitivity. Although not conclusive, the findings suggest that genes outside of the CYP51 family may make the most important contribution to DMI resistance in F. graminearum.
Avian Response to Mechanical Aspen Restoration in Sierra Nevada Coniferous Forest
Authors: Campos Brent R. , Burnett Ryan D.
Published: July 2014

Using mechanical treatments to mimic natural disturbances is becoming a standard management and restoration approach. In the Sierra Nevada, as throughout much of western North America, much of aspen habitat is in poor health. Because of the high ecological value of healthy aspen, and its limited extent on the landscape, restoration to reverse the decline and improve stand health has become a management priority in the region. To evaluate the ecological effects of mechanically removing competing conifers to restore aspen in the Sierra Nevada, we compared vegetation characteristics and bird abundance in treated and untreated aspen stands on the Lassen National Forest before and up to 13 years after mechanical conifer removal. Treatments reduced total canopy cover and increased herbaceous cover and the number of aspen stems, while shrub and overstory aspen covers were unchanged. Of 10 aspen focal bird species, 7 increased in abundance following treatment relative to controls, including all species associated with early seral aspen habitat and cavity nesting species; none declined. In contrast, of the six conifer focal species, the four associated with denser conifer habitat declined as a result of the treatments. The two species associated with conifer edges and understory cover increased. Our results demonstrate mechanical conifer removal treatments can provide ecologically meaningful changes in habitat for the avian community and are an effective tool for restoring ecological values of degraded aspen habitat for birds in the Sierra Nevada.
A Theoretical Analysis of the Influence of Money Injections on Risk Taking in Football Clubs
Authors: Franck Egon , Lang Markus
Published: July 2014

This paper analyzes the adverse incentive effects produced by money injections of benefactors [sugar daddies (SD)]. We show that the existence of a SD induces the club to choose a riskier investment strategy and the more the SD commits to bailout the club, the more the clubs’ optimal level of riskiness increases. Moreover, a private SD bails out the club less often than a public SD. Our model further shows that a ‘too‐big‐to‐fail’ phenomenon exists because it is optimal to always bailout a club if its market size is sufficiently large.
Travel behavior and deferral ofDutch blood donors: consequences for donor availability
Authors: Lieshout‐Krikke Ryanne W. , Oei Welling , Habets Karin , Pasker‐de Jong Pieternel C.M.
Published: July 2014

Background

Donors returning from areas with outbreaks of infectious diseases may donate infectious blood back home. Geographic donor deferral is an effective measure to ensure the blood safety, but donor deferral may pose a threat for the blood supply especially after holiday seasons. Insight into the travel behavior of blood donors is a first step to define appropriate deferral strategies. This study describes the travel behavior ofDutch donors, the actual deferral, and the consequences of deferral strategies on donor availability.

Study Design and Methods

A questionnaire designed to assess travel behavior (destination, frequency, and duration of travels) was sent to 2000Dutch donors. The impact of travel deferral policies on donor availability was calculated, expressed as proportionate decrease in donor availability. The deferral policies considered were 1) deferral based on entire countries instead of affected regions where an infection is prevalent and 2) deferral after any travel outsideEurope (“universal deferral”).

Results

Of the 1340 respondents, 790 (58.9%) donors traveled withinEurope only, 61 (4.6%) outsideEurope only, and 250 (18.7%) within and outsideEurope. The deferral for entire countries and universal deferral would lead to 11.1 and 11.4% decrease in donor availability, respectively.

Conclusion

MostDutch donors traveled outside theNetherlands, while 23.2% traveled outsideEurope. Universal deferral resulted in an additional decrease in donor availability of 0.3% compared with deferral for entire countries instead of affected regions where an infection is prevalent. Thus, the universal deferral could be considered as a simpler and safer measure.
The genomic and seroprevalence of human bocavirus in healthy Chinese plasma donors and plasma derivatives
Authors: Li Hongxue , He Miao , Zeng Peibin , Gao Zhan , Bian Guohui , Yang Chunhui , Li Wuping
Published: July 2014

Background

Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a novel parvovirus identified in 2005. It has mostly been detected in respiratory and enteric infections and has not been studied large scale in blood products in relation to transfusion.

Study Design and Methods

An in‐house quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q‐PCR) was developed to test HBoV DNA in plasma and plasma derivatives. Plasma samples (n = 6096) collected from healthy donors, 241 plasma pools, and 326 plasma derivatives were screened for HBoV DNA by Q‐PCR. Positive samples were confirmed by nested PCR and further amplified for sequence analysis and phylogenetic studies. The prevalence of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM specific to HBoV structural proteins was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 209 samples grouped according to virus load (Group 1, HBoV DNA >104 copies/mL; Group 2, HBoV DNA >5 × 102 copies/mL but below 104 copies/mL; Group 3,HBoV DNA negative).

Results

The genomic prevalence of HBoV in the plasma donors was 9.06%, ranging from 5.01 × 102 to 3.02 × 106 copies/mL. HBoV‐specific IgG and IgM were detected at 20.00 and 7.50% in Group 1, at 20.29 and 2.90% in Group 2, and at 13.00 and 4.0% in Group 3, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses proved that HBoV Genotype 1 was the prevalent genotype in Chinese plasma donors.

Conclusion

Low levels of HBoV DNA were detectable at high prevalence in Chinese plasma donors and plasma derivatives. Further study is needed to determine whether HBoV screening is necessary.
Cold agglutinin activity in 2 dogs
Authors: Rojas‐Temahuay Gabriela , Crain Sarah , Benson Catherine , Sharkey Leslie , Nothnagel Geneva
Published: July 2014

A 5‐year‐old neutered male Mastiff and an 8‐year‐old spayed female Labrador Retriever were presented to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center. The Mastiff was presented for evaluation of lameness and pyoderma one month prior in Missouri, where he tested positive forEhrlichia canisby serumELISAtest, treated with doxycycline.PCRforEhrlichiasp, Anaplasmasp, Babesiasp, andBartonellasp,andPCRfor antigen receptor rearrangement were negative, serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) revealed polyclonal gammopathy, and mildly reactive lymphoid cells were seen cytologically. The Labrador presented with a proliferative rostral mandibular gingival mass and lipomas for further presurgical evaluation of cold agglutinin activity documented by a commercial laboratory 2 years earlier prior to removal of a gradeIImast cell tumor. This dog had a negativeSNAP4Dx, normalSPE, and persistently increased serumALPactivity and polyuria/polydipsia suggestive for hyperadrenocorticism. Both dogs had markedly agglutinatedRBCin theEDTAsamples that dispersed with warming, and normal plasma color. Cold agglutinin activity was demonstrated by direct saline agglutination testing using whole blood and washed erythrocytes demonstrating agglutination at 30°C, 25°C, 15°C, and 4°C, but not at 37°C.CBCresults (ADVIA2120i) from the Mastiff revealed no significant differences in theRBCresults obtained at room temperature (RT) and at 37°C; however, theRTrun demonstrated negative bias in neutrophil and platelet concentrations attributed to rapidRBCsettling. This uncommon hematologic condition may cause artifacts on the automated leukogram and platelet count, and may be subclinical for long periods.
A pilot external quality assurance study of transfusion screening for HIV, HCV and HBsAG in 12 African countries
Authors: Bloch E. M. , Shah A. , Kaidarova Z. , Laperche S. , Lefrere J.‐J. , van Hasselt J. , Zacharias P. , Murphy E. L. ,   the Anglophone Africa Transfusion Research Group
Published: July 2014

Background and Objectives

Serologic screening for the major transfusion transmissible viruses (TTV) is critical to blood safety and has been widely implemented. However, actual performance as measured by proficiency testing has not been well studied in sub‐Saharan Africa. Therefore, we conducted an external quality assessment of laboratories engaged in transfusion screening in the region.

Materials and Methods

Blinded test panels, each comprising 25 serum samples that were pedigreed for HIV, HBsAg, HCV and negative status, were sent to participating laboratories. The panels were tested using the laboratories' routine donor screening methods and conditions. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated, and multivariable analysis was used to compare performance against mode of testing, country and infrastructure.

Results

A total of 12 African countries and 44 laboratories participated in the study. The mean (range) sensitivities for HIV, HBsAg and HCV were 91·9% (14·3–100), 86·7% (42·9–100) and 90·1% (50–100), respectively. Mean specificities for HIV, HBsAg and HCV were 97·7%, 97% and 99·5%, respectively. After adjusting for country and infrastructure, rapid tests had significantly lower sensitivity than enzyme immunoassays for both HBsAg (P < 0·0001) and HCV (P < 0·05). Sensitivity also varied by country and selected infrastructure variables.

Conclusion

While specificity was high, sensitivity was more variable and deficient in a substantial number of testing laboratories. These findings underscore the importance of proficiency testing and quality control, particularly in Africa where TTV prevalence is high.
Transfusion‐transmitted infections: testing strategies and residual risk
Authors: Dodd R. Y.
Published: July 2014

Testing blood donations for markers of infectious disease is critical to the maintenance of blood safety. The minimal expectation from WHO is that all donations should be tested for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis and that, in certain parts of the world, it may be appropriate to test for locally prevalent transfusion‐transmissible infectious (TTI) agents. This article will review the rationale for selection of appropriate test methods and properties and will explain why there continues to be residual risk of transmission and how to estimate such risk.
Neutrophil antibodies are clinically important
Authors: Fung Y. L. , Tung J. P. , Minchinton R. M.
Published: July 2014

Background

Neutrophils or polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) make up the largest proportion (45 – 70%) of circulating leukocytes and play a pivotal role in innate immunity. Thus, patients with low PMN counts (neutropenia) or defective PMN function are more likely to be overwhelmed by infection. PMN reactive antibodies can cause either allo‐ or auto‐immune neutropenias. In some transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) events, donor derived neutrophil reactive antibodies can cause inappropriate activation of neutrophils leading to collateral damage of the surrounding pulmonary microvasculature with potentially grave clinical consequences.

Discussion & Conclusion

Clinical outcomes of TRALI and immune neutropenias demand rapid and precise diagnosis using reliable neutrophil serology. The ISBT Granulocyte Immunobiology Working Party brings together members working in diagnostic laboratories, research and clinical fields to enable strong and productive interactions, innovation and collaboration in granulocyte immunobiology, function and pathology.