bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bio-oil characteristics of palm oil shell and empty fruit bunch (EFB) pyrolysis
Authors: Raju  , Panggabean S , Irfan A
Published: June 2021

Oil palm shell and empty fruit bunch (EFB) are biomass which contains lignocellulose which can potentially converted to bio-oil (liquid product of pyrolysis). Pyrolysis process produces solid, liquid and gas products. Temperature level of pyrolysis process influences bio-oil composition and its characteristics. The objective of this research was to characterize bio-oil of pyrolysis product on palm oil shell and empty fruit bunch at 3 different temperature levels. Pyrolysis process was done by using mini pyrolysis reactor. The temperature was set at 400°C, 500°C and 600°C. The result showed that mass fraction of palm oil shell was fluctuating along with the temperature difference. Shell solid fraction was decreasing at range 44.27-34.99% while shell liquid and gas fraction were increasing at range 38.33-43.28% and 17.40-21.73%, respectively. EFB products mass fraction was fluctuating at range 30.66-45.28%, 24.85-29.16% and 28.86-44.49% for solid, liquid and gas respectively. The highest shell bio-oil calorific value was 36.15 kJ/g at temperature 500°C and EFB highest bio-oil calorific value was 40.86 kJ/g at temperature 600°C. The highest shell and EFB bio-oil energy was 7,445.39 kJ and 1117.62 kJ.
Estimating water requirements of tomato plant based on Forecast-Evapotranspiration Equation in Semangat Village, Merdeka Sub-district, Karo Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia
Authors: Ichwan N , Purba D P , Nasution D L S , Sartiva H , Daulay S B
Published: June 2021

Tomato plant is one of the horticulture products that produce in Semangat Village. One of the problems focused by tomato’s farmer was how much water will give. Estimating water requirements for tomato plants will make it easier for farmers to provide water according to the phase of plant growth. The aims of the research was to estimating water requirements of tomato plants in Semangat Village Merdeka District, Karo Residence. The methods divided two steps, they were analysis the forecast-potential evapotranspiration, and estimating water requirements of tomato plant where calculated by the relation of crop coefficient and forecast-potential evapotranspiration. The results showed forecast-potential evapotranspiration (ETo) in Semangat Village were 3.36 – 6.89 mm/day during January until July, 2020. The water requirements of tomato plant showed 3.141 mm/day in the early phase, 6.02 mm/day in the middle phase, and 4.188 mm/day in the final phase. The conclusion showed that the water requirement of tomato plants for all of growth phase was increase as high as crop coefficient of tomato plants.
The effect of marination using sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) spices on the physical quality of local chicken meat
Authors: Patriani P , Hafid H , Sepriadi S
Published: June 2021

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is a popular herb for flavouring and has a fresh taste. Besides being used for spices, sweet basil is also commonly used as medicine because it has nutritional content. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of marination using sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) at different concentrations on the physical quality of local chicken meat. This study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. This study had several treatments based on the concentration of sweet basil, namely P0: 0%, P1: 3%, P2: 6%, and P3: 9% with a marinating time of 30 minutes. After marinating, meat was stored at room temperature for 24 hours and then physical quality measurements were taken. The results of the study showed that marination with sweet basil had a significant influence (P<0.05) on the physical quality of local chicken meat. Sweet basil can reduce the pH value, maintain water content, reduce the percentage of cooking loss, reduce the percentage of drip loss, and increase meat tenderness. It can be concluded that 6% sweet basil marinade (Ocimum basilicum) can produce the best physical quality of local chicken meat.
In vitro antibacterial activities of Syzygium polyanthum leaves extract-nanoparticle against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherchia coli, and Lactobacillus acidophilus
Authors: ‘Afifah A N , Zuprizal  , Dono N D
Published: June 2021

A research with six treatments in a completely randomized design was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activities of Syzygium polyanthum leaves extract (SpLE)-nanoparticles against Salmonella typhimurium FNCC-0050, Escherichia coli FNCC-0091, and Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC-0051. The disc diffusion method was used to measure antibacterial activities of the bay leaves extract. The sample plates were incubated at room temperature 37 ° C for 24 hours, and the antibacterial activity was further determined by measuring the inhibition zone diameter manually using a precision ruler. The treatments were: aquades only (SpLE-0), aquades with 50 ppm antibiotic Tetracycline (SpLE-1), aquades with 0.2% chitosan (SpLE-2), aquades with 0.04% Sodium triphosphate (SpLE-3), aquades with 2.0% SpLE (SpLE-4), and aquades with 2.0% SpLE-N (SpLE-5). One-way ANOVA was used to analysese data statistically and if there were significant differences, it was followed by Duncan’s new multiple range test. The results showed that there was an inhibition zone in SpLE against S. typhimurium, E. coli, and L. acidophilus (P <0.001). SpLE-N and chitosan inhibited S. typhimurium and E. coli (P<0.001). While Tetracycline inhibited only E. coli (P<0.001). Currently, findings show that S. polyanthum leaf extract was able to inhibit the growth and colonization of several pathogenic bacteria.
The effect of palm kernel meal (PKM) fermentation by different level and time using Aspergillus Niger to nutrition composition and digestibility on the sensi Agrinak-1 Chicken
Authors: Sitindaon S H , Hanafi N D , Tafsin M , Ginting S P
Published: June 2021

The study consisted of two stages; the first stage was to evaluate the chemical nutritional content of palm kernel meal fermented Aspergillus niger then followed by a biological test of the palm kernel meal treatment. The research was conducted using a factorial completely randomized design. The first factor was the dose of Aspergillus niger inoculum: D1 = 4 g/kg DM PKM, D2 = 8 g/kg and D3 = 12 g/kg. The second factor is fermentation time: T1 = fermentation for 3 days, T2 = 6 days and T3 = 9 days. The fermented PKM results were analysed for chemical composition followed by a biological test. The biological test was carried out by placing 30 Sensi Agrinak-1 chickens in individual cages. Chickens were fed palm kernel meal in the first treatment by force feeding as much as 40 g/head. Observation data were tabulated and statistically analysed. The results showed that fermentation of oil palm kernel meal using a dose of Aspergillus niger and different fermentation times could increase the nutrients (chemicals) of palm kernel meal, especially the content of organic matter, besides that it can also increase the digestibility value of dry matter and organic matter in native chickens.
Strategy development of goat and sheep in North Labuhanbatu Regency to support North Sumatra Province as a producer of goat and sheep
Authors: Anwar S , Mirwandhono R E , Wahyuni T H , Sepriadi S
Published: June 2021

North Labuhanbatu regency is one of the districts in North Sumatra Province that has the potential in the development of agriculture and livestock sector. This research aims to identify internal and external factors in the development of goat and sheep farming businesses, formulate alternative development strategies, and strategic priorities that can be applied in the development of goat and sheep in North Labuhanbatu regency. The research site is in North Labuhanbatu regency in February – April 2020. The data used is primary and secondary data. The basic method used in this study is descriptive analytics. The data analysis method used matrix analysis (IFE), matrix (EFE) and matrix (SWOT). The results showed that alternative strategies that can be used in the development of goat and sheep livestock in North Labuhanbatu regency are active and professional agriculture and livestock counselling human resources, establishing livestock institutions such as livestock groups, the role of local governments in mentoring and approaching, establishing livestock health services and cooperative as well as strengthening the livestock and sheep markets in North Labuhanbatu regency.
The effect of Batak onion (Allium
chinense) extract and powder adduction on the carcass characteristic of broiler chicken infected by Escherichia coli
Authors: Sadeli A , Hanafi N D , Tafsin M , Hamdan  , Syahputra K
Published: June 2021

Batak onion (Allium chinense) is a local plant typical of North Sumatra and have several antimicrobial compounds, so it has the potential to be used as natural antibiotics. One of the bacteria that often infects the broiler chickens is Escherichia
coli which can reduce the carcass quality of broiler chickens. This research aimed to determine the influence of giving extract and powder of Batak Onions (Allium chinense) on carcass characteristics of broiler chickens infected by Escherichia
coli. The research was using a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 3 repetitions, and there were five broiler chicken for each repetition. The treatments were P0A: Control without infection, P0B: infected by E. coli, P1: P0A + Batak Onion extract, P2: P0A + Batak Onion powder, P3: P0B + Batak Onion extract, P4: P0B + Batak Onion powder and P5: P0B + Tetracycline antibiotic of 0.05%. Research results indicated that the giving of batak onion extract and powder gave a significant difference to the carcass characteristics including slaughter weight, carcass weight and carcass percentage of broiler chickens infected with Escherichia
coli. The conclusion of this research was that the giving of Batak onion extract and powder was effective in improving the carcass characteristics of broiler chickens infected with Escherichia
coli.
Institutional evaluation of the community plantation forest (CPF) permit holders in Langkat District
Authors: Lubis A Z , Rahmawaty  , Harahap R H
Published: June 2021

CPF in Langkat District has been permitted since 2012 and most commercial productions of forest resources, both timber (charcoal) and non-timber, are in place. This study aims to analyse the institutional, economic and social conditions of HTR permit holders in Langkat Regency. The research was using the descriptive analysis method, a scoring method based on the Regulation of the Director General of PSKL Number 9 of 2019 concerning Guidelines for Evaluating Social Forestry Permits. Data was obtained from interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) on group institutional aspect and scoring analysis on social and economic aspect. The result showed that Bahagia Keluarga Bahari Cooperative, Rakyat Pantai and Wahana Hijau had a decent institutional, while Tunas Baru had poor institutional due to lack of member found in the location. The economic aspect shows that the Rakyat Pantai Cooperative are good (100%), Wahana Hijau are medium (80%), Bahagia Keluarga Bahari are not good (56%), and Tunas Baru are not good (40%). The social aspect shows that the Rakyat Pantai Cooperative are good (86%), Wahana Hijau are medium (76%), Bahagia Keluarga Bahari are medium (72%), and Tunas Baru are not good (55%).
Identification of land cover trajectories before and after forest and land fires in Jambi Province in 2019
Authors: Thoha A S , Istima N , Daulay I A , Hulu D L N , Budi S , Ulfa M
Published: June 2021

Jambi Province has a very extensive forest area. However, the forest area in Jambi Province continues to decline due to forest and land fires which result in changes in land cover every year. There have been large-scale forest and land fires in Jambi Province in 2019. The objectives of this study to determine the temporal and spatial distribution of hotspots in Jambi Province and to find out changes in the land cover before and after forest and land fires in 2019. The method used in this study was an analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of hotspots and satellite imagery processing of land cover at locations with the highest hotspot density. The period of increasing hotspots in Jambi Province in 2019 occurred from August to December and reached a peak in September. The highest hotspot density was in Muaro Jambi District. Land cover that experienced forest and land fires was dominated by palm oil plantation and swamp shrubs. The forest and land fire incidents generally occur at the same location over the years.
Vegetation diversity of feeding plant of Tapanuli Orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) in the land of other uses around the Batang Toru Forest Area, North Sumatera
Authors: Patana P , Zahra M , Rivai M I
Published: June 2021

The Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) is an endemic species found in the Batang Toru ecosystem. The population of Tapanuli orangutan is divided into two main regions (west and east blocks), and also a small population in the natural reserve. Its status based on the IUCN red list is classified as “Critically Endangered”. It is necessary to identify the diversity and abundance of forage vegetation for Tapanuli orangutan using vegetation analysis especially in other zones of Batang Toru forest area. All is related to the importance and urgency of Orangutan habitat protection. This research aimed to estimate the availability of forage sources of Orangutans particularly outside the protection area. It shows a total diversity index (H’) of 4.62, which means that the level of diversity is high. Consequently, protection efforts outside the conservation area are really needed to support Batang Toru ecosystem from land conversion threat that may cause negative impact on the sustainability of Orangutan habitat itself.
Habitat fragmentation effect on the characteristics of orangutan nest tree selection
Authors: Auliah N L , Maulana M I , Onrizal O
Published: June 2021

Orangutans are an endemic to Indonesia and Malaysia with an almost extinct with critically endangered status and only found on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan/Borneo. Orangutan extinction is mainly threat by habitat loss and fragmentation as well as low reproduction rates. Habitat fragmentation, along with habitat loss, should be clearly considered when assessing implications of landscape change for population extinctions. Environmental changes force species to immediately adapt both behaviourally and physiologically. Forest structure affects the adaptability and nesting behaviour of orangutans. One of the steps to prevent orangutan extinction is by increasing habitat connectivity through corridors and reducing fragmentation of landscapes as well as stopping habitat lost.
Effect of different salt concentrations on the growth and biomass of Rhizophora apiculata seedlings
Authors: Basyuni M , Keliat D A , Utomo B , Amelia R
Published: June 2021

Rhizophora apiculata Blume is very easy species to find and is widely distributed in mangroves. This study was purposed to determine the optimum salinity concentration for mangrove seedling growth as a reference when rehabilitating mangrove forests. The effect of salinity on the growth and development of R. apiculata mangrove seedling roots was carried out in the greenhouse, Universitas Sumatera Utara. This study used five levels of salinity concentration of 0%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 2%, and 3% with 10 replications. Parameter observations comprised of height, diameter, number of leaves, leaf thickness, leaf area, number of main roots, number of lateral roots, main root length, lateral root length, main root diameter, lateral root diameter, canopy water content, root moisture content, and canopy and root ratio. The most parameter of R. apiculata seedlings was at the salinity concentration level of 0.5%.
Types and benefit of non timber forest product for community around the forest
Authors: Latifah S , Purwoko A , Fachrudin K A , Dahriyanti N S T
Published: June 2021

Community dependence on logging forest resources which exceeds the carrying capacity limit. The existence of natural resources in the form of Non-Timber Forest Products can directly reduce the exploitation of timber forest products. Method of data collection were interview technique and field observation. The results showed that the types of non-timber forest products (HHBK) that have economic potential are sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), frankincense (Sytrax benzoin), rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and areca nut (Areca catechu).
Agricultural sector financing to realize green banking in Indonesia
Authors: Nasution A H , Nasution B , Saidin O K , Sunarmi
Published: June 2021

Indonesia is known as an agricultural country for its abundant natural wealth. It has a very strategic geographical position, located in the tropics and having high rainfall. The banking sector has a vital role in economic development. Even though bank business activities do not have a direct impact on the environment, banks can protect the environment through credit financing management. The problem observed in this study is the role of agricultural credit financing in realizing green banking in Indonesia. This research uses a normative juridical method supported by a literature review. The results show that the agricultural sector is directly in contact with society and has the potential to damage the environment. The protection from the banking sector is greatly needed to conserve the environment. Any form of potential environmental damage can be prevented through a special clause in the credit agreement. In conclusion, banks have a significant contribution to realizing the environmental sustainability of agricultural activities in Indonesia. At present, green banking in credit agreements has not included a clause regarding environmental management. This research suggests the banks to include a clause on environmental protection in credit agreements in accordance with the concept of green banking.
Agroecological management at sloping land areas using land resources evaluation approach to achieve sustainable agricultural development (a case study of Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia)
Authors: Amelia V , Sinaga S , Bhermana A
Published: June 2021

The appropriate concept of land use planning is required since the lands have the opportunity to be developed for agricultural purposes. Gunung Mas regency with total areas of 1,084,012 hectares is mainly covered by forest with various slope classes. The objective of study was to allocate the lands to be utilized based on its capabilities and suitability for food and plantation crops. Land evaluation approach was implemented to provide appropriate land use planning especially for food crop farming and plantation. Hierarchically, procedure of land capability evaluation (LCE) was used to classify lands based on their capability to produce common cultivated crops without deteriorating over a long period of time. Therefore, the proper land use for cultivation was further analysis using land suitability evaluation (LSE) procedure to determine fitness of a given type of land for a specific crop. The application of GIS and remote sensing technology were then used to generate additional spatial data as basic planning analysis. The results showed that agricultural system was located and implemented appropriately at arable lands. The use of LCE and LSE procedure can then be implemented to promote proper land use on sustained basis as important part of agroecological management.
Effect of outlet temperature and total soluble solid in 2-stage spray dryer on black tea powder extract production
Authors: Krisetyadi B C , Hermansyah H
Published: June 2021

The black tea powder extract produced through the spray drying technique is an alternative to tea steeping or brewing in the industry. The production of black tea powder extract using the 2-stage spray dry method still has problems such as different colour, product swelling or inflate and blocking. To determine the source of the problem, this study used varied outlet temperatures 105°C, 110°C, 115°C, 120°C and total soluble solids (TSS) 31.3, 35.2, 37.2, 43.9, 44.1, 47.4. Spraying through 2-stage spray dryer with combi fluid bed and high nozzle pressure atomizer model SC 40 SDX III by Delavan. The results show a significant difference between the outlet chamber temperatures with the flowrates, the pressures, and the densities. An increase in outlet temperatures by a multiple of 10°C can significantly reduce the pressure and the flow rate, while the temperatures multiple of 20°C can significantly reduce the densities, but not for the moisture contents and the powder colours. Changes in the outlet temperatures did not have a 0.2% effect on the steeping colours but were affected by TSS. The higher TSS’s value gives an increase in flow rate, pressure, moisture content and steeped powder colours of 0.2%
Optimization of pectin and citric acid concentration on the physical and organoleptic characteristics of Barhi date jam using response surface methodology
Authors: Sunarharum W B , Renika F , Ali D Y , Asih N E
Published: June 2021

Date is a tropical plant originating from Middle East. Among various types of dates in the world market, Barhi is the most famous one as its edibility during all stages of maturity. Barhi date has a short ripening stage, therefore further processing is needed to extend its shelf life. One of them is by processing the Barhi dates into a jam. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum formulation of the jam. The optimization method was using Response Surface Methodology with Centre Composite Design and two independent variables, i.e., pectin and citric acid concentration and the responses are total colour difference (ΔE) and spreadability. The optimum formulation of Barhi date jam was 0.52% pectin and 0.69% citric acid. It had total colour difference (ΔE) of 6.77 and spreadability of 9.2 cm. The results of the actual data verification and the predicted value of the software showed no significant difference (p-value> 0.05). The results of quality acceptance test showed that Barhi date jam can be accepted by consumers.
Test of Chloramphenicol (CAP) on shrimp Vannamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) food products with elisa method
Authors: Yusni E , Manurung V R
Published: June 2021

This study aims to determine of Chloramphenicol test for Vannamei shrimp conducted of ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) method with 1 treatment. This method is done by adding the Abenzyme conjugate, and ends with the addition of the substrate and the reaction stop buffer. Each treatment was performed three times. The value of Chloramphenicol (CAP) of Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) which was tested at for 4 weeks with ranged from 0.021 to 0.153 ppb. This result showed for the value of Chloramphenicol (CAP) in shrimp is still in the standard CAP value specified.
Invigoration of expired chilli plant (Capsicum frutescens L.) seeds with various concentrations and soaking duration of bean sprout extract
Authors: Kamson W , Lahay R R , Rahmawati N
Published: June 2021

Expired seed has a very low vigour and viability which can inhibit the sprout growth due to difficulty in imbibition. Bean sprout extract contains more auxin, cytokinin and gibberellic acid that are important to increase growth potential of expired seed. Therefore, it is a must to pay attention to the concentration and soaking duration of bean sprout extract when soaking the seeds. The research was conducted in March to April 2020 at Sei Rengas I Subdistrict, Medan Kota, North Sumatera, using randomized complete block design with two treatment factors. The result showed that the concentration of bean sprout extract significantly affected the parameters of the membrane leakage rate which the best treatment is soaking in aquadest. The soaking duration significantly affected the parameters of the membrane leakage rate and growth speed which the best soaking duration is 12 hours. The interaction of two treatments significantly affected the parameters of the membrane leakage rate which the best combination is soaking in aquadest for 12 hours.
Ex-situ conservation effort for Dipterocarpus spp through the seedling collection and nursery management
Authors: Susilowati A , Rachmat H H , Hidayat A , Elfiati D , Yulita K S , Ginting I M
Published: June 2021

Dipterocarpus or keruing belongs to member Dipterocarpaceae, known as commercial timber producer and oil for pharmacological purposes. Of 70 keruing species in the world, 38 species were found in Indonesia and listed in the IUCN Red List. Due to illegal logging, land conversion, low natural reproduction, and specific habitat requirements, the keruing population tend to decrease every year. Conservation effort was urgent for this species, one of which is an increasing number of species through conservation strategies using the conservation nursery concept. Nursery management in this research was conducted through keruing material field collection followed by sowing and acclimatization for seed and wildings, vegetative propagation using the Komatsu-FORDA Fog Cooling System cutting system, and nursing (watering, weeding, fertilizing, and soil change). The result of our research showed that using KOFFCO nursery application, 1226 individuals of fifteen dipterocarpus species seedlings originated from five provinces in Indonesia was conserved. All species are categorized as threatened based the IUCN red-list category and criteria. Hence, more than 60% of these threatened species were conserved and well-managed through the KoFCo nursery. Seedlings collection and KOFFCO nursery, therefore, play a vital role and support in ex-situ conservation effort and management of dipterocarps genetic resources.
Antifungal activity and IAA production by endophytic fungi isolated from Elettaria sp
Authors: Munir E , Yurnaliza Y , Lutfia A , Hartanto A
Published: June 2021

Medicinal plants may become a favourable habitat for associative microorganisms, especially endophytic microbes inhabiting Zingiberaceaen species. Preliminary investigation has revealed an assemblage of endophytic fungi colonizing the healthy rhizome of Elettaria sp. collected from Sibayak Forest, North Sumatra based on molecular evidences. This study investigated the IAA-producing and antifungal activity from Elletaria endophytic fungi identified as Curvularia lunata, Pholiota multicingulata, Trichoderma atroviride, T. harzianum and Schizophyllum commune. Quantification of IAA was based on colorimetry method using Salkowsky reagent which produced pinkish to reddish solution indicating the presence of IAA. Antagonistic test was based on dual culture assay measured in colony growth inhibition (%). Statistical test to signify the differences were analysed using one-way ANOVA. C. lunata produced the highest IAA concentration of 45.17 µg.mL−1 followed by S. commune, and T. atroviride with concentration of 11.7 and 5.27 µg.mL−1, respectively. The strongest antagonistic activities were displayed by T. harzianum against both G. boninense (CGI>75%) and R. lignosus (CGI>50%). In addition, the strongest endophytic fungus against F. oxysporum was P. multicingulata (CGI>70%). Further investigations are being conducted to elaborate other plant growth promotion properties and even characterization of bioactive metabolites produced by Elettaria endophytic fungi.
Effect of giving triple super phosphate and dolomite fertilizer on mushroom media (baglog) on production of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)
Authors: Sianturi M , Bintang  , Sabrina T
Published: June 2021

The effort to increase the growth and production of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), it is necessary to add nutrients to sawdust which will be used as a growing medium for white oyster mushroom. One of the nutrients that need to be added is minerals including Ca (calcium) and Magnesium (Mg) contained in dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and macronutrients such as phosphorus contained in TSP fertilizer. The aim of this research to determine the effect of giving TSP fertilizer and dolomite on mushroom growing media (baglog) on the production of white oyster mushrooms. This research was conducted in September 2019 to March 2020 in the village, of, Lau Bakeri village, Kutalimbaru District, Deli Serdang Regency The research used a factorial randomized block design with two treatment factors, namely TSP fertilizer (control, 1.2%, 2.4%) and dolomite (control, 1%, 2%, 3%. The results showed the application of triple super phosphate fertilizer and dolomite did not significantly affect to all observation parameters of white oyster mushrooms, but the interaction between triple super phosphate fertilizer and dolomite was able to accelerate the age of harvesting, increase the fresh weight of mushrooms in the first and second harvests and the number of mushroom caps at the third harvest.
Effectiveness of mycorrhizae on growth and production of orange sweet potato at various watering level
Authors: Rahmawati N , Sitepu F E , Tarigan M F A
Published: June 2021

Sweet potato is a food crop that is widely cultivated during the dry season in rice fields. Increasing sweet potato production can be done by inoculating mycorrhizae which play a role in increasing plant resistance to drought. This research was conducted to analyse the effectiveness of mycorrhizae to increase the growth and production of sweet potatoes cultivated in paddy fields with different levels of watering. Sweet potato planting began in April-July 2020 in rainfed paddy fields located in Tandem Hilir I Village, Deli Serdang Regency. The research design used was a randomized block design with 2 factors namely mycorrhizal inoculation (0 g/plant inoculum, 20 g/plant inoculum) and watering level (watered once in 10 days for 1 month, watered once in 10 days for 2 months, watered once in 10 days for 3 months, and watered once in 10 days for 4 months). The results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation treatment at a dose of 20 g/plant significantly affected the length increase of sweet potato plants. All parameters observed were not affected by the treatment watering level. The best interaction is the combination of treatment with 20 g of mycorrhizal inoculum/plant and watered once in 10 days for 3 months.
The phenotypic appeal of lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) prompted mutation by colchicine
Authors: Girsang R M Y , Kardhinata E H , Damanik R I M , Karo B
Published: June 2021

One of the efforts to assemble high yielding varieties is to use a chemical mutation method, such as colchicine. The objective of this study was to examine the phenotypic appeal of lily convinced by colchicine to acquire a current application and interval of the period for soaked colchicine. The research was steered in the investigational research place of Institute for Vegetable Research (IIVR) at Tongkoh, Sub-District Dolat Rakyat, District Karo, North Sumatera, and Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara, from July 2019 up to March 2020. The research castoff Randomized Block Design technique (Factorial-RBD) by two factorials, i.e.: application of colchicine (0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm) and the interval of time for soaked colchicine (3, 6, 9, and 12 h). The constraint experimental was the plant tallness, the span of bud after flourishing, and the width of bloom. The outcome of this study indicated the concentration of colchicine hip 300 ppm (K3) devours pointedly influenced on the plant tallness in the first week until sixth weeks when planting and the concentration of colchicine in 100 ppm (K1) has considerably influenced on the size of bud after flowering and the span of bloom.
The potency of antagonistic microbes as plant growth-promoting on oil palm seedling infected with basal stem rot disease (Ganoderma boninense.)
Authors: Fadly F , Lisnawita  , Safni I , Lubis K , Nurliana
Published: June 2021

Basal stem rot disease (BSR) is one of the significant oil palm plant diseases triggered by the presence of Ganoderma boninense. This poses a major risk in terms of production oil palm sustainability in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia, and is implicated in great economic loss. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the antagonistic potential of plant growth-promoting microbes on oil palm seedlings infected by BSR disease which involved the use of four antagonistic microbial agents, including T. harzianum (TF), Trichoderma viride (TC), Stenotrophomonas sp2. (S81-1), Stenotrophomonas sp1. (S51-3). The results showed that in dual culture antagonistic test, it was found that all antagonistic microbes used had the ability to inhibit the growth of G. boninense in vitro with the percentage of inhibition from 38-60%. T. viride and T. harzianum combine (A6), as well as a mixture of Trichoderma and Stenotrophomonas (A12, A13, and A16), can significantly increase the height of oil palm seedlings infected with G. boninense. The use of T. viride and T. harzianum were singly (A2 and A3) and combined with Stenotrophomonas sp1. and Stenotrophomonas sp2. (A12, A13, and A16) had increased number of leaves and leaf colours.
Growth response of binahong (Anredera cordifolia (L.) Steenis) accessions from lowland and highland as affected by technological packet
Authors: Mawarni L , Hasanah Y , Sitepu F E , Nasution M I
Published: June 2021

The objective of the research is to identify the growth response of binahong accessions from lowland and highland as affected by technological packet. This study used a factorial RBD with two treatments. Factor I: Plant accession named A1 from lowland medan johor; A2 from highland barus jahe karo; A3 from lowland medan sunggal. Factor II: binahong cultivation technology package, named P1: planting medium top soil: compost: manure (3: 1: 1); 25% shade; natural GR bamboo shoot extract 40%; liquid organic fertilizer 10 ml / l; P2: top soil: compost: manure (2: 1: 1); 25% shade; bamboo shoots extract 40%; liquid organic fertilizer 20 ml / l; P3: top soil: compost: manure (3: 1: 1); 25% shade; bamboo shoots extract 60%; liquid organic fertilizer 10 ml / l; and P4: top soil: compost: manure (2: 1: 1); 25% shade; bamboo shoots extract 60%; liquid organic fertilizer 20 ml / l. The results showed on 7, 8 and 9 WAP, the accession of binahong significantly affected plant length and number of leaves. The application of technological packet unsignificantly affected plant length of binahong at 7 to 11 WAP. Shoot-root ratio among the treatments was not significant.
Fungi diversity in the rhizosphere of corn and Spodoptera frugiperda larvae
Authors: Lubis W H , Lisnawita  , Tobing M C
Published: June 2021

Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that can find in many habitat likes soil rhizosphere, and insect larvae in the field. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of fungi in the soil rhizosphere of corn and Spodeptera frugiperda larvae that are attacked by fungi in the field. Sampling of soil and insects infested by fungi in this study was carried out in a corn cropping in Gedung Johor Sub-district, Medan Johor District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Isolation and identification were conducted at the Biology Laboratory, Universitas Negeri Medan. The results showed that the number of fungi found from the soil rhizosphere of corn plants was higher than from S. frugiperda larvae that were attacked by the fungus. There were 16 fungal isolates found from the soil rhizosphere of corn, namely: Penicillium (1 isolate), Trichoderma (2 isolates), Fusarium (3 isolates), Mucor (1 isolate), Aspergillus (3 isolates), and 6 isolates have not identified yet. Meanwhile, 9 fungal isolates found from S. frugiperda, consisting of 6 isolates from Aspergillus, and 3 other isolates have not been identified.
The response of morphological characteristics of some Soybean Varieties (Glycine max (L.) Merill) a vegetative phase in waterlogging condition
Authors: Simbolon M S , Varin Q N , Damanik R I , Rahmawati N
Published: June 2021

Indonesia’s microclimate change issues base the big impending for inundation to happen when precipitation is too extraordinary in the area of soybean farming, which can give an influence soybean production. Inundation is a major difficulty in many parts of the entire world and soybeans are delicate to inundation. The use of plant growth regulators (PGR) can respond to soybean plant alteration to inundation stresses. This research was conducted from June to September 2020 in the irrigated rice fields of Kwala Sememe Deli Tua, Deli Serdang District, using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) one factor consisting of Anjasmoro, Grobongan, Deja 1, Devon 1 varieties with 96 h of inundation, with the application of PGR GA3 and Salicylic Acid. The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, and number of adventitious roots. The results showed that inundation had an effect on the cultivar used. Anjasmoro cultivar showed the best response to plant height variables while Grobogan cultivar showed the opposite response.
Growth pattern of shoot and root Mucuna bracteata from seeds and cuttings
Authors: Hanum C
Published: June 2021

Mucuna bracteata is a legume crop commonly used as a cover crop in plantations. In order to better understand the growth patterns of Mucuna sourced from seedling or cutting, studying shoot-root growth and biomass allocation are an important step that needs to be done. Biomass is divided into shoot and root, while to study the assimilate allocation is done by observing the shoot-root ratio. An increase in the number of leaves was also observed to see the potential assimilation of plants. This research used a non factorial randomized design with 5 replications. The planting media used is top soil: manure: sand with a ratio of 1:1:1. The results of the research showed that the shoot and root biomass from cuttings were higher than seedlings. The shoot root ratio was higher in seedlings. The increase number of leaves was higher in seedlings than cutting up to the age of 8 weeks after plating.
Isolation of potassium solubilizing bacteria in Andisol soil affected by the eruption of Sinabung
Authors: Sianturi J K , Sembiring M , Guchi H
Published: June 2021

The Sinabung eruption emits smoke and volcanic ash which will decompose into the main soil material and turn into effect the structure of Andisol that will be formed. This study aims to find isolates of potassium solubilizing bacteria in several thicknesses of volcanic ash. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Soil Biology, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Potassium solubilizing bacteria was isolated using medium Aleksandrov. The results showed that 7 isolates were found in different thickness, in the soil sample there was 1 isolate (K1), at a thickness of 1 - <2 cm 2 isolates (K2, K3) were found, at a thickness of 2-5 cm there were 2 isolates (K4, K5), and at >5cm there were 2 isolates (K6, K7).
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)–Specific Antibodies in Pregnant Women and Subsequent Risk of RSV Hospitalization in Young Infants
Authors: Koivisto Karoliina , Nieminen Tea , Mejias Asuncion , Capella Gonzalez Cristina , Ye Fang , Mertz Sara , Peeples Mark , Ramilo Octavio , Saxén Harri
Published: June 2021

Background

The fusion (F) glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represents the major neutralizing antigen, and antibodies against the pre-F conformation have the most potent neutralizing activity. This study aimed to assess the correlation between maternal antibody titers against the pre-F, post-F, and G glycoproteins and the child’s risk of developing severe RSV bronchiolitis early in infancy.

Methods

We identified previously healthy term infants <3 months of age hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis from December 2015 to March 2016. We measured IgG antibody titers to pre-F, post-F, and G proteins in maternal sera obtained at 9–12 weeks of pregnancy of these hospitalized infants’ mothers (n = 94) and compared them with serum antibody titers of control pregnant mothers (n = 130) whose children were not hospitalized.

Results

All maternal samples (n = 224) had detectable pre-F antibodies. Pre-F antibody titers were significantly lower in mothers whose infants were hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis compared with those mothers whose infants were not hospitalized (23.9 [range (or antibody titer range), 1.4–273.7] µg/L vs 30.6 [XXX, 3.4–220.0] µg/L; P = .0026). There were no significant differences in maternal post-F and G antibody titers between hospitalized and nonhospitalized infants.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that maternal pre-F antibodies are fundamental for providing immune protection to the infant.
Discrepancy in sustained efficacy and resistance emergence under human-simulated exposure of cefiderocol against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia between in vitro chemostat and in vivo murine infection models
Authors: Gill Christian M , Abdelraouf Kamilia , Oota Merime , Nakamura Rio , Kuroiwa Miho , Gahara Yoshinari , Takemura Miki , Yamano Yoshinori , Nicolau David P
Published: June 2021

Objectives

The present study evaluated the sustained kill and the potential for resistance development of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia exposed to a human-simulated exposure of cefiderocol over 72 h in in vitro and in vivo infection models.

Methods

A total of seven S. maltophilia isolates with cefiderocol MICs of 0.03–0.5 mg/L were utilized. The sustained bactericidal activity compared with the initial inoculum and the appearance of resistance after the 72 h treatment were evaluated in both an in vitro chemostat model (four strains) and an in vivo murine thigh infection model (six strains) under the human-simulated exposure of cefiderocol (2 g every 8 h as a 3 h infusion).

Results

In the in vitro model, regrowth was observed for three of four tested isolates and resistance emergence (>2-dilution MIC increase) was observed for all of the four test isolates. Conversely, sustained killing over 72 h and no resistance emergence were observed for all of the six tested isolates in the in vivo models. The mechanism of all resistant isolates that appeared only in the in vitro chemostat studies was a mutation in the tonB-exbB-exbD region, which contributes to the energy transduction on the iron transporters.

Conclusions

The discrepancy in the sustained efficacy and resistance emergence between in vivo and in vitro models appears to be due to the resistance acquisition mechanism caused by mutation in the tonB-exbB-exbD region developing in the enriched media utilized in vitro. These studies reveal the in vivo bactericidal activity and the low potential for development of resistance among Stenotrophomonas evaluated under human-simulated exposures.
Dual-scopic robotic thymectomy for a large thymic malignant tumor
Authors: Yanagiya Masahiro , Hiyama Noriko , Matsumoto Jun
Published: June 2021

Minimally invasive surgery for large thymic malignant tumors remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate dual-scopic robotic thymectomy for a challenging malignant thymic tumor. An asymptomatic 70-year-old woman clinically diagnosed with a large thymic malignant tumor invading the left phrenic nerve and pericardium underwent surgery. After dissecting the left phrenic nerve and pericardium under left unilateral video-assisted thoracic surgery, a robotic subxiphoid approach was conducted to achieve complete thymectomy. During robotic surgery, the large tumor sometimes limited the surgical view. To overcome this limitation, we added a conventional thoracoscope and utilized both images of the conventional thoracoscopic view and robotic camera via TilePro display to achieve complete resection of the thymic epithelial tumor. The patient was discharged with no complications except left phrenic palsy. The pathological diagnosis was a thymic neuroendocrine tumor invading the left phrenic nerve. This approach is potentially useful in surgery for challenging thymic malignant tumors.
How does post-flowering heat impact grain growth and its determining processes in wheat?
Authors: Girousse Christine , Inchboard Lauren , Deswarte Jean-Charles , Chenu Karine
Published: June 2021

Wheat grain yield is anticipated to suffer from the increased temperatures expected under climate change. In particular, the effects of post-anthesis temperatures on grain growth and development must be better understood in order to improve crop models. Grain growth and development involve several processes, and we hypothesized that some of the most important processes, namely grain dry biomass and water accumulation, grain volume expansion, and endosperm cell proliferation, will have different thermal sensitivity. To assess this, we established temperature–response curves of these processes for steady post-anthesis temperatures between 15 °C and 36 °C. From anthesis to maturity, grain dry mass, water mass, volume, and endosperm cell number were monitored, whilst considering grain temperature. Different sensitivities to heat of these various processes were revealed. The rate of grain dry biomass accumulation increased linearly up to 25 °C, while the reciprocal of its duration increased linearly up to at least 32 °C. In contrast, the growth rates of traits contributing to grain expansion, such as increase in grain volume and cell numbers, had higher optimum temperatures, while the reciprocal of their durations were significantly lower. These temperature–response curves can contribute to improve current crop models, and allow targeting of specific mechanisms for genetic and genomic studies.
Transcriptional up-regulation of host-specific terpene metabolism in aphid-induced galls of Pistacia palaestina
Authors: Davidovich-Rikanati Rachel , Bar Einat , Hivert Gal , Huang Xing-Qi , Hoppen-Tonial Carolina , Khankin Vered , Rand Karin , Abofreih Amal , Muhlemann Joelle K , Marchese José Abramo , Shotland Yoram , Dudareva Natalia , Inbar Moshe , Lewinsohn Efraim
Published: June 2021

Galling insects gain food and shelter by inducing specialized anatomical structures in their plant hosts. Such galls often accumulate plant defensive metabolites protecting the inhabiting insects from predation. We previously found that, despite a marked natural chemopolymorphism in natural populations of Pistacia palaestina, the monoterpene content in Baizongia pistaciae-induced galls is substantially higher than in leaves of their hosts. Here we show a general up-regulation of key structural genes in both the plastidial and cytosolic terpene biosynthetic pathways in galls as compared with non-colonized leaves. Novel prenyltransferases and terpene synthases were functionally expressed in Escherichia coli to reveal their biochemical function. Individual Pistacia trees exhibiting chemopolymorphism in terpene compositions displayed differential up-regulation of selected terpene synthase genes, and the metabolites generated by their gene products in vitro corresponded to the monoterpenes accumulated by each tree. Our results delineate molecular mechanisms responsible for the formation of enhanced monoterpene in galls and the observed intraspecific monoterpene chemodiversity displayed in P. palaestina. We demonstrate that gall-inhabiting aphids transcriptionally reprogram their host terpene pathways by up-regulating tree-specific genes, boosting the accumulation of plant defensive compounds for the protection of colonizing insects.