bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Influences on Social Relationships: Sex Differences in the Mediating Role of Personality and Social Cognition
Authors: Pearce Eiluned , Wlodarski Rafael , Machin Anna , Dunbar Robin I. M.
Published: November 2019

Objectives

In humans (and primates more generally), evolutionary fitness arises by two separate routes: conventional reproduction build around dyadic relationships and, reflecting the processes of group augmentation selection, how well individuals are embedded in their community. These processes are facilitated by a suite of genetically inherited neuroendocrines and neurotransmitters. It is not, however, known whether these effects are directly due to genetic factors or are mediated by aspects of personality, or whether there are sex differences in the way this is organised.

Methods

We examine whether dispositional factors related to the processing of social information, such as personality (Big 5 and Impulsivity), attachment style (Anxious and Avoidant dimensions) and sociocognitive capacity (emotion recognition) mediate associations between variation in receptor genes for oxytocin, vasopressin, beta-endorphin, dopamine, serotonin, testosterone and two core social relationship indices (the Sociosexual Orientation Index [SOI] and Support Network size).

Results

In men, variation in dopamine genes indirectly influences SOI through its effect on Impulsivity. In contrast, in women, variation in endorphin and vasopressin genes independently affect Openness to Experience, which mediates indirect effects of these genes on SOI. Moreover, endorphin gene variation also impacts on Network Size in women (but not men), via Extraversion.

Conclusions

These findings reveal that dispositional aspects of personality mediate some genetic effects on behaviour, thereby extending our understanding of how genetic and dispositional variation interact to determine individual differences in human sexual and social cognition and behaviour. The differences between the sexes seem to reflect differences in the two sexes’ social strategies.
Reshaping the outdoors through education: exploring the potentials and challenges of ecological restoration education
Authors: Hansen Andreas Skriver , Sandberg Mattias
Published: November 2019

This paper explores and critically discusses a new concept with relevance to outdoor and environmental education: Ecological Restoration Education (ERE). The background of ERE is a recently launched project by the Swedish Anglers Association (SAA) called ‘Skolbäcken’ with an aim to teach children about fish and fish habitats, and how to protect and conserve both, through practical restoration activities. The project is a reaction to an awakening concern about children’s reduced contact with and understanding of nature, both in the Scandinavian countries and elsewhere in the world. With a point of departure in this concern and project Skolbäcken, the paper explores the idea and practice of ERE, drawing from its conceptual roots; ‘ecological restoration’ and ‘outdoor education’. Results show a concept that is both timely and relevant as it not only emphasizes the critique of the children-nature disconnect, but also contributes with strategies to meet the critique with solutions that are appreciated both by the children and their teachers. However, there are also important challenges, including concerns about normative education and the ‘projectification’ of ERE and how these factors may influence the short or long term success and potential continuation of ERE as a learning strategy in schools. Future needs in terms of further grounding of ERE are also discussed.
Dissipative measure-valued solutions for general conservation laws
Authors: Gwiazda Piotr , Kreml Ondřej , Świerczewska-Gwiazda Agnieszka
Published: November 2019

In the last years measure-valued solutions started to be considered as a relevant notion of solutions if they satisfy the so-called measure-valued – strong uniqueness principle. This means that they coincide with a strong solution emanating from the same initial data if this strong solution exists. This property has been examined for many systems of mathematical physics, including incompressible and compressible Euler system, compressible Navier-Stokes system et al. and there are also some results concerning general hyperbolic systems. Our goal is to provide a unified framework for general systems, that would cover the most interesting cases of systems, and most importantly, we give examples of equations, for which the aspect of measure-valued – strong uniqueness has not been considered before, like incompressible magnetohydrodynamics and shallow water magnetohydrodynamics.
Sealing simulation of the joint faces of a split-case pump – Part I
Authors: Zhang Hehui , You Haolin , Lu Haishan
Published: November 2019

The water-pressure test provides an indispensable way of inspecting a split-case pump to ascertain and ensure sealing performance of its joint faces. This article, which is published in two instalments, presents a convenient and practical numerical method, including a sub-model and bolt thread contact, to simulate the above test according to the ANSI/API Standard 610, and speed up the optimal design procedure. The first part of this article, which appears here, mainly describes the computation flow and numerical model, including evaluation criteria of sealing performance, boundary conditions, contact pairs and the sub-model. The second instalment will be published in the December 2019 issue of Sealing Technology.
Active versus passive fault-tolerant control of a redundant multirotor UAV
Authors: Saied M. , Lussier B. , Fantoni I. , Shraim H. , Francis C.
Published: November 2019

This paper considers actuator redundancy management for a redundant multirotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) under actuators failures. Different approaches are proposed: using robust control (passive fault tolerance), and reconfigurable control (active fault tolerance). The robust controller is designed using high-order super-twisting sliding mode techniques, and handles the failures without requiring information from a Fault Detection scheme. The Active Fault-Tolerant Control (AFTC) is achieved through redistributing the control signals among the healthy actuators using reconfigurable multiplexing and pseudo-inverse control allocation. The Fault Detection and Isolation problem is also considered by proposing model-based and model-free modules. The proposed techniques are all implemented on a coaxial octorotor UAV. Different experiments with different scenarios were conducted for the validation of the proposed strategies. Finally, advantages, disadvantages, application considerations and limitations of each method are examined through quantitative and qualitative studies.
The role of epigenetics in respiratory health in urban populations in low and middle-income countries
Authors: Robertson Nicole M. , Kayongo Alex , Siddharthan Trishul , Pollard Suzanne L. , Villalobos Jose Gomez , Ladd-Acosta Christine , Kirenga Bruce , Checkley William
Published: November 2019

As urbanization increases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), urban populations will be increasingly exposed to a range of environmental risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Inadequate living conditions in urban settings may influence mechanisms that regulate gene expression, leading to the development of non-communicable respiratory diseases. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess the relationship between respiratory health and epigenetic factors to urban environmental exposures observed in LMICs using MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar searching a combination of the terms: epigenetics, chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), lung development, chronic obstructive airway disease, and asthma. A total of 2835 articles were obtained, and 48 articles were included in this review. We found that environmental factors during early development are related to epigenetic effects that may be associated with a higher risk of CRDs. Epigenetic dysregulation of gene expression of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) and histone acetyltransferase gene families was likely involved in lung health of slum dwellers. Respiratory-related environmental exposures influence HDAC function and deoxyribonucleic acid methylation and are important risk factors in the development of CRD. Additional epigenetic research is needed to improve our understanding of associations between environmental exposures and non-communicable respiratory diseases.
Changes of EEG band oscillations to tonic cold pain and the behavioral inhibition and fight-flight-freeze systems
Authors: De Pascalis Vilfredo , Scacchia Paolo , Papi Beatrice , Corr Philip J.
Published: November 2019

Using electroencephalography (EEG) power measures within conventional delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands, the aims of the current study were to highlight cortical correlates of subjective perception of cold pain (CP) and the associations of these measures with behavioral inhibition system (BIS), fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS), and behavioral approach system personality traits. EEG was recorded in 55 healthy right-handed women under (i) a white noise interruption detection condition (Baseline); (ii) enduring CP induced by the cold cup test. CP and Baseline EEG band power scores within conventional frequency bands served for covariance analyses. We found that: (1) higher Pain scorers had higher EEG beta power changes at left frontal, midline central, posterior temporal leads; (2) higher BIS was associated with greater EEG delta activity changes at parietal scalp regions; (3) higher FFFS was associated with higher EEG delta activity changes at temporal and left-parietal regions, and with lower EEG gamma activity changes at right parietal regions. High FFFS, compared to Low FFFS scorers, also showed a lower gamma power across the midline, posterior temporal, and parietal regions. Results suggest a functional role of higher EEG beta activity in the subjective perception of tonic pain. EEG delta activity underpins conflict resolution system responsible for passive avoidance control of pain, while higher EEG delta and lower EEG gamma activity changes, taken together, underpin active avoidance system responsible for pain escape behavior.
New Radiocarbon Data from the Paleosols of the NYíRSéG blown Sand Area, Hungary
Authors: Buró Botond , Lóki József , Győri Erika , Nagy Richárd , Molnár Mihály , Négyesi Gábor
Published: November 2019

Despite many ideas about the age and processes of sand movements and paleosol formation, there are still some uncertainties in this relations in the Nyírség, eastern Hungary. The major aim of the present study was to clarify the chronology of fossil soils and blown-sand layers in the sand dunes of the Nyírség using radiocarbon (14C) dating on soil and charcoal samples. Charcoal and soil samples were collected from buried paleosols from different sand quarries for 14C dating. The bulk organic carbon content of the buried soil and charcoal pieces recovered from buried fossil soil layers allowed parallel 14C accelerator mass spectrometry dating in several cases. The new 14C results indicate paleosol development during Younger Dryas, while the preceding interstadial was assumed as a cold and dry period when only sand movement occurred in the area. Our results also confirm and support the previous assumptions, that in the Late Glacial, the first paleosol development period was during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial. Four soil-forming periods could be determined during the Holocene (Preboreal, Boreal, Atlantic, Subatlantic). We have also indirectly identified sand movements during the Oldest Dryas, Younger Dryas, Preboreal, Boreal, and Subatlantic phase in the study area.
Shared alterations in resting-state brain connectivity in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected first-degree relatives
Authors: Pironti Valentino Antonio , Vatansever Deniz , Sahakian Barbara Jacquelyn
Published: November 2019

Background

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental condition that often persists into adulthood with extensive negative consequences on quality of life. Despite emerging evidence indicating the genetic basis of ADHD, investigations into the familial expression of latent neurocognitive traits remain limited.

Methods

In a group of adult ADHD probands (n = 20), their unaffected first-degree relatives (n = 20) and typically developing control participants (n = 20), we assessed endophenotypic alterations in the default mode network (DMN) connectivity during resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in relation to cognitive performance and clinical symptoms. In an external validation step, we also examined the dimensional nature of this neurocognitive trait in a sample of unrelated healthy young adults (n = 100) from the Human Connectome Project (HCP).

Results

The results illustrated reduced anti-correlations between the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus and right middle frontal gyrus that was shared between adult ADHD probands and their first-degree relatives, but not with healthy controls. The observed connectivity alterations were linked to higher ADHD symptoms that was mediated by performance in a sustained attention task. Moreover, this brain-based neurocognitive trait dimensionally explained ADHD symptom variability in the HCP sample.

Conclusions

Alterations in the default mode connectivity may represent a dimensional endophenotype of ADHD, hence a significant aspect of the neuropathophysiology of this disorder. As such, brain network organisation can potentially be employed as an important neurocognitive trait to enhance statistical power of genetic studies in ADHD and as a surrogate efficacy endpoint in the development of novel pharmaceuticals.
Reduced limbic microstructural integrity in functional neurological disorder
Authors: Diez Ibai , Williams Benjamin , Kubicki Marek R. , Makris Nikos , Perez David L.
Published: November 2019

Background

Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a condition at the intersection of neurology and psychiatry. Individuals with FND exhibit corticolimbic abnormalities, yet little is known about the role of white matter tracts in the pathophysiology of FND. This study characterized between-group differences in microstructural integrity, and correlated fiber bundle integrity with symptom severity, physical disability, and illness duration.

Methods

A diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study was performed in 32 patients with mixed FND compared to 36 healthy controls. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images were collected along with patient-reported symptom severity, physical disability (Short Form Health Survey-36), and illness duration data. Weighted-degree and link-level graph theory and probabilistic tractography analyses characterized fractional anisotropy (FA) values across cortico-subcortical connections. Results were corrected for multiple comparisons.

Results

Compared to controls, FND patients showed reduced FA in the stria terminalis/fornix, medial forebrain bundle, extreme capsule, uncinate fasciculus, cingulum bundle, corpus callosum, and striatal-postcentral gyrus projections. Except for the stria terminalis/fornix, these differences remained significant adjusting for depression and anxiety. In within-group analyses, physical disability inversely correlated with stria terminalis/fornix and medial forebrain bundle FA values; illness duration negatively correlated with stria terminalis/fornix white matter integrity. A FND symptom severity composite score did not correlate with FA in patients.

Conclusions

In this first DTI study of mixed FND, microstructural differences were observed in limbic and associative tracts implicated in salience, defensive behaviors, and emotion regulation. These findings advance our understanding of neurocircuit pathways in the pathophysiology of FND.
The use of social–communicative cues to interpret ambiguous pronouns: Bilingual adults differ from monolinguals
Authors: Contemori Carla , Tortajada Fabiola
Published: November 2019

We examine the interpretation of ambiguous pronouns in Spanish–English bilingual adults, in contexts in which social–communicative cues (looking-only or looking-and-pointing) are used. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate that pronoun interpretation is guided by the first-mention bias, which is modulated by the presence of the social–communicative cues both in monolinguals and in bilinguals. In Experiment 2, we show that if the speaker using the social–communicative cues is a non-native speaker of English, bilinguals rely more strongly on the social–communicative cues than monolinguals. Experiment 3 shows that stronger reliance on social–communicative cues in bilinguals’ interpretations is not the result of more accurate speech comprehension. Our results demonstrate that the ability to utilize the looking-only and looking-and-pointing cues is not driven by a superior ability to accurately read social cues in bilingual adults. In addition, monolinguals show lower sensitivity to the speaker’s intent when the speaker is a non-native speaker of English.
Playing the white man’s tune: inclusion in elite classical music education
Authors: Griffiths Austin
Published: November 2019

This study examined the nature of inclusion for female and black and minority ethnic (BME) young people in elite-level classical music in England. By contrasting the numbers of female and BME students taking part in elite youth orchestras and music schools with the representation of female and BME compositions in the professional classical music repertoire, the study asked whether female and BME inclusion was limited to participation as performers or whether it included adequate representation in terms of the music performed. The survey analysed 4897 pieces from 681 composers drawn from the 2017/18 concert seasons of 10 major English orchestras, 1 week’s play lists from two classical music radio broadcasters and the programmes from the last four London Promenade seasons. The study found that female and BME students were well represented in elite music education, but they were very poorly represented in the professional repertoire, where 99% of performed pieces were by white composers and 98% by male composers. Applying Bourdieu’s concepts of doxa and illusio, the study concluded that inclusion in classical music in England allowed female and BME musicians to play, but structures in the field maintained a repertoire that continues to be white and male and does not recognise the contributions of female and BME composers. This suggests that inclusion for female and BME musicians is limited and the field continues to promote white and male dominance in its cultural values.
Toxoplasma gondii infection in children with lymphoma in Eastern China: seroprevalence, risk factors and case–control studies
Authors: Duan Yuhe , Zhi Yunlai , Liu Yusheng , Zhou Na , Li Fujiang , Hao Xiwei , Zhang Xiangyan , Dong Qian , Chen Lili
Published: November 2019

Epidemiological data for Toxoplasma gondii regarding malignancy have gained increasing attention; however, the information about T. gondii infection among children with malignant lymphoma (ML) in China is unclear. Therefore, 314 children with lymphoma and 314 healthy children, age- and gender-matched, were recruited to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii in the participants and identify the risk factors of infection. Blood samples from all participants were collected and examined for T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies using ELISA. The results showed that the overall seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies (including IgG and/or IgM) in ML patients and healthy controls was 19.8% and 9.9%, respectively. Contact with the cats, consumption of oysters and history of chemotherapy were estimated to be the risk factors for T. gondii infection in children with lymphoma by multivariable logistic regression analysis, whereas in healthy children, contact with cats and consumption of oysters were the risk factors. Moreover, among various histological types of lymphoma, individuals with NK/T-cell lymphoma, B-small lymphocytic lymphoma, marginal zone B-lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma had a higher seroprevalence than healthy controls (P < 0.05). These findings indicated the high prevalence of T. gondii infection in children with lymphoma, and hence, efforts should be performed to evaluate the effect of the infection further in lymphoma patients.
Tricuspid atresia with absent pulmonary valve and intact ventricular septum: successful bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis with complete exclusion of the right ventricle
Authors: Lee Cheul , Kim Kyung Min , Lee Jae Young , Yoon Jihong
Published: November 2019

Tricuspid atresia with absent pulmonary valve and intact ventricular septum is an extremely rare cardiac malformation, historically associated with a poor prognosis. Only a few cases with successful surgical palliation have been reported in the literature. We present the case of an 8-month-old infant with this malformation who underwent successful bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis with complete exclusion of the right ventricle.
The Role of ‘Previous Generations’ in the Just Savings Principle of John Rawls
Authors: Pontin Ben
Published: November 2019

This article explores the shift in Rawls’ just savings principle away from an initial iteration that was indifferent to previous generational savings, to one in which past historical savings are the cornerstone of the motivation to save for future generations. Attention is given to the practical application of the revised principle in the field of the environment. The revised principle is argued to be an improvement on the initial one, because previous generations have an existence and identity that is more tangible than yet-to-be future ones.
Non-antimicrobial approaches at drying-off for treating and preventing intramammary infections in dairy cows. Part 1. Meta-analyses of efficacy of using an internal teat sealant without a concomitant antimicrobial treatment
Authors: Dufour Simon , Wellemans Vincent , Roy Jean-Philippe , Lacasse Pierre , Ordonez-Iturriaga Alfredo , Francoz David
Published: November 2019

Use of antimicrobial approaches at drying-off for preventing new intramammary infections (IMI) during the dry period in dairy cows could be replaced by non-antimicrobial approaches. Such approaches would be of interest not only for organic but also for conventional dairy producers. The objective of the current review was to quantify the effect of non-antimicrobial internal teat sealant (ITS)-based approaches at drying-off for treating and preventing IMI, when compared with no treatment or with an antimicrobial-based approach. The protocol for this review was published before initiating the review. A total of 18 trials from 16 articles could be used to investigate the effect of an ITS-based approach. With the available results, we conclude with a high level of confidence that non-antimicrobial ITS-based dry-off approaches are efficient for preventing new IMI during the dry period when compared with no treatment, and would reduce risk of new IMI by 52%. Moreover, we are relatively confident that a bismuth subnitrate-based ITS performed better than an antimicrobial for preventing new IMI during the dry period (a risk reduction of 23%). Similarly, we are relatively confident that an ITS-based approach would only slightly or not at all reduce the prevalence of IMI at calving compared with untreated quarters.
Gender Differences in Legislator Responsiveness
Authors: Thomsen Danielle M. , Sanders Bailey K.
Published: November 2019

A growing body of research shows that women legislators outperform their male counterparts in the legislative arena, but scholars have yet to examine whether this pattern emerges in non-policy aspects of representation. We conducted an audit study of 6,000 U.S. state legislators to analyze whether women outperform or underperform men on constituency service in light of the extra effort they spend on policy. We find that women are more likely to respond to constituent requests than men, even after accounting for their heightened level of policy activity. Female legislators are the most responsive in conservative districts, where women may see the barriers to their election as especially high. We then demonstrate that our findings are not a function of staff responsiveness, legislator ideology, or responsiveness to female constituents or gender issues. The results provide additional evidence that women perform better than their male counterparts across a range of representational activities.
Russia’s Non-Transformative Constitutional Founding
Authors: Partlett William , Krasnov Mikhail
Published: November 2019

The founding of Russia’s 1993 Constitution undermined its transformative potential – The use of pre-existing Soviet legality during Russia’s 1993 founding period encouraged President Yeltsin to push through a constitution that would ensure presidential dominance over the legislative branch – This presidential centralism has hindered the realisation of the transformative potential of the other parts of the constitution – Any future turn to transformative constitutionalism in Russia will require weakening the power of the Russian presidency – Transformative constitutionalism depends as much on the actual process of constitutional foundation as the text of the constitution
Investigating the Accuracy of One‐Dimensional Volcanic Plume Models using Laboratory Experiments and Field Data
Authors: McNeal James S. , Freedland Graham , Mastin Larry G. , Cal Raúl Bayoán , Solovitz Stephen A.
Published: November 2019

During volcanic eruptions, model predictions of plume height are limited by the accuracy of entrainment coefficients used in many plume models. Typically, two parameters are used, α and β, which relate the entrained air speed to the jet speed in the axial and cross‐flow directions, respectively. To improve estimates of these parameters, wind tunnel experiments have been conducted for a range of cross‐wind velocities and turbulence conditions. Measurements are compared directly to computations from the 1‐D plume model, Plumeria, in the near‐field, bending region of the jet. Entrainment coefficients are determined through regression analysis, demonstrating optimal combinations of effective α and β values. For turbulent conditions, all wind speeds overlapped at a single combination, α = 0.06 and β=0.46, each of which are slightly reduced from standard values. Refined coefficients were used to model plume heights for 20 historical eruptions. Model accuracy improves modestly in most cases, agreeing to within 3 km with observed plume heights. For weak eruptions, uncertainty in field measurements can outweigh the effects of these refinements, illustrating the challenge of applying plume models in practice.
Mechanistic Links Between the Sedimentary Redox Cycle and Marine Acid‐Base Chemistry
Authors: Reinhard Christopher T. , Fischer Woodward W.
Published: November 2019

The redox state of Earth's surface is controlled on geological timescales by the flow of electrons through the sedimentary rock cycle, mediated largely by the weathering and burial of C‐S‐Fe phases. These processes buffer atmospheric pO2. At the same time, CO2 influxes and carbonate burial control seawater acid‐base chemistry and climate over long timescales via the carbonate‐silicate cycle. However, these two systems are mechanistically linked and impact each other via charge balance in the hydrosphere. Here, we use a low‐order Earth system model to interrogate a subset of these connections, with a focus on changes that occur during perturbations to electron flow through the sedimentary rock cycle. We show that the net oxidation or reduction of the Earth's surface can play an important role in controlling acid‐base processes in the oceans and thus climate, and suggest that these links should be more fully integrated into interpretive frameworks aimed at understanding Earth system evolution throughout Precambrian and Phanerozoic time.
Electrical Conductivity of Omphacite as a Function of Water Content and Implications for High Conductivity Anomalies in the Dabie‐Sulu UHPM Belts and Tibet
Authors: Zhang Baohua , Zhao Chengcheng , Ge Jianhua , Yoshino Takashi
Published: November 2019

Magnetotelluric surveys revealed high‐conductivity layers in the lower crust beneath Tibet and in the shallow part of the upper mantle relevant to continental collision extending to the Dabie‐Sulu ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic (UHPM) belts of eastern China, which have been interpreted by the presence of aqueous fluids/partial melts or hydrous phases. However, these explanations are not consistent with their petrological features and seismic properties. Hydrogen‐bearing omphacite could be a probable candidate to explain such high‐conductivity anomalies due to its high water‐partitioning coefficient versus coexisting garnet in eclogite. In this study, we investigated electrical conductivities of Fe‐free and Fe‐bearing omphacite as a function of water content (0.005–0.122 wt.%) at 3 GPa and 500–1300 K. Our results show that water significantly enhances the electrical conductivity of omphacite, while iron facilitates conductivity by accelerating hydrogen diffusivity and lowering its activation enthalpy. Assuming a heat flow of 70 mW/m2, the high electrical anomalies observed beneath the Dabie‐Sulu UHPM belts and the Tibetan Plateau can be reasonably explained by omphacite containing 0.07 wt.% water since water content higher than 0.07 wt.% in omphacite was frequently reported in naturally collected eclogite.
A Damping Effect of the Maritime Continent for the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Jiang Xianan , Su Hui , Waliser Duane E.
Published: November 2019

The damping effect of the Maritime Continent (MC) on propagation of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) has been widely recognized; however, its underlying physics remains largely elusive. Capitalizing on the latest high‐resolution reanalysis data (ERA‐5) from the ECMWF, analyses in this study suggest that the interruption of lower‐tropospheric moistening over the MC land during MJO eastward propagation is mainly due to a drying effect induced by zonal advection of the low‐level winter mean moisture by MJO winds. The low‐level mean moisture pattern over the MC tends to closely follow local topography, with moisture maxima collocated with local mountain peaks. Given this mean moisture distribution, the moisture advection by anomalous easterly MJO winds corresponding to the active MJO convection over the eastern Indian Ocean will lead to a drying (moistening) effect to the east (west) of the mountain peaks. Diagnosis based on hourly output from ERA‐5 further illustrates that the diurnal cycle plays a crucial role for the formation of the topographically locked mean moisture pattern over the MC. This study, therefore, indicates that high‐resolution models capable of resolving detailed topography and associated diurnal cycle over the MC could be necessary for realistic depiction of the interaction between the MC and MJO.
Fine‐Particle Deposition, Retention, and Resuspension Within a Sand‐Bedded Stream Are Determined by Streambed Morphodynamics
Authors: Phillips Colin B. , Dallmann Jonathan D. , Jerolmack Douglas J. , Packman Aaron I.
Published: November 2019

Fine‐particle dynamics occupy an integral role in nutrient, contaminant, and pathogen transport in rivers. Due to low settling velocities, fine particles are often treated as if they pass through the river without interacting significantly with bed sediments. However, fine particles are advected toward and into the bed by turbulence and hyporheic exchange, leading to deposition by filtration. Extensive remobilization of fine particles is commonly observed during high flow conditions, but these dynamics are not well understood. Here we analyze the remobilization of fine tracer particles within the context of sediment morphodynamics during an experimental flood. Field data collected within Clear Run, a sand‐bedded stream, by Harvey et al. (2012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JG002043) represent subsurface and water column time series of solute and fine particulate tracers. Overhead time lapse photography of the motion and growth of bed forms during the flood are used to extract and quantify morphodynamics, which we relate to the resuspension of fine particles by transforming bed form wavelength statistics into scour depth through a set of geometric relations derived from laboratory experiments. Particles deposited near the bed surface such that scour from larger bed forms remobilized the majority of particles within the streambed (>72%) accounting for the increase in resuspended fine particles during the flood. This analysis demonstrates that the inclusion of bed form dynamics and scour is necessary for understanding the remobilization of fine particles in Clear Run and that interpreting fine‐particle dynamics during and beyond the event scale requires coupling with bed morphodynamics.
Kindlin-2 suppresses transcription factor GATA4 through interaction with SUV39H1 to attenuate hypertrophy
Authors: Qi Lihua , Chi Xiaochun , Zhang Xi , Feng Xueqian , Chu Wenhui , Zhang Shengchang , Wu Junzhou , Song Yao , Zhang Youyi , Kong Wei , Yu Yu , Zhang Hongquan
Published: November 2019

Kindlin-2 plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac structure and function. Depletion of Kindlin-2 contributes to cardiac hypertrophy and progressive heart failure, however, the precise mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. GATA4 is a critical transcription factor in regulating cardiogenesis. We found that Kindlin-2 suppresses the expression of GATA4 through binding to its promoter and prevents cardiomyocytes from hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol (ISO) treatment. Mechanistically, Kindlin-2 interacts with histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 and recruits it to GATA4 promoter leading to the occupancy of histone H3K9 di- and tri-methylation. Furthermore, to confirm the function of Kindlin-2 in vivo, we generated mice with targeted deletion of cardiac Kindlin-2. We found that 6-month-old Kindlin-2 cKO mice have developed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and that this pathological process can be accelerated by ISO-treatment. GATA4 expression was markedly activated in cardiac tissues of Kindlin-2 cKO mice compared to wild-type animals. Collectively, our data revealed that Kindlin-2 suppresses GATA4 expression by triggering histone H3K9 methylation in part and protects heart from pathological hypertrophy.
eIF2α-CHOP-BCl-2/JNK and IRE1α-XBP1/JNK signaling promote apoptosis and inflammation and support the proliferation of Newcastle disease virus
Authors: Li Yanrong , Jiang Weiyu , Niu Qiaona , Sun Yingjie , Meng Chunchun , Tan Lei , Song Cuiping , Qiu Xusheng , Liao Ying , Ding Chan
Published: November 2019

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes severe infectious disease in poultry and selectively kills tumor cells, by inducing apoptosis and cytokines secretion. In this report, we study the mechanisms underlying NDV-induced apoptosis by investigating the unfolded protein response (UPR). We found that NDV infection activated all three branches of the UPR signaling (PERK-eIF2α, ATF6, and IRE1α) and triggered apoptosis, in avian cells (DF-1 and CEF) and in various human cancer cell types (HeLa, Cal27, HN13, A549, H1299, Huh7, and HepG2). Interestingly, the suppression of either apoptosis or UPR led to impaired NDV proliferation. Meanwhile, the inhibition of UPR by 4-PBA protected cells from NDV-induced apoptosis. Further study revealed that activation of PERK-eIF2α induced the expression of transcription factor CHOP, which subsequently promoted apoptosis by downregulating BCL-2/MCL-1, promoting JNK signaling and suppressing AKT signaling. In parallel, IRE1α mediated the splicing of XBP1 mRNA and resulted in the translation and nuclear translocation of XBP1s, thereby promoting the transcription of ER chaperones and components of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Furthermore, IRE1α promoted apoptosis and cytokines secretion via the activation of JNK signaling. Knock down and overexpression studies showed that CHOP, IRE1α, XBP1, and JNK supported efficient virus proliferation. Our study demonstrates that the induction of eIF2α-CHOP-BCL-2/JNK and IRE1α-XBP1/JNK signaling cascades promote apoptosis and cytokines secretion, and these signaling cascades support NDV proliferation.
Longitudinal dataset of human-building interactions in U.S. offices
Authors: Langevin Jared
Published: November 2019

Adaptive interactions between building occupants and their surrounding environments affect both energy use and environmental quality, as demonstrated by a large body of modeling research that quantifies the impacts of occupant behavior on building operations. Yet, available occupant field data are insufficient to explore the mechanisms that drive this interaction. This paper introduces data from a one year study of 24 U.S. office occupants that recorded a comprehensive set of possible exogenous and endogenous drivers of personal comfort and behavior over time. The longitudinal data collection protocol merges individual thermal comfort, preference, and behavior information from online daily surveys with datalogger readings of occupants’ local thermal environments and control states, yielding 2503 survey responses alongside tens of thousands of concurrent behavior and environment measurements. These data have been used to uncover links between the built environment, personal variables, and adaptive actions, and the data contribute to international research collaborations focused on understanding the human-building interaction.
Shotgun metagenome data of a defined mock community using Oxford Nanopore, PacBio and Illumina technologies
Authors: Sevim Volkan , Lee Juna , Egan Robert , Clum Alicia , Hundley Hope , Lee Janey , Everroad R. Craig , Detweiler Angela M. , Bebout Brad M. , Pett-Ridge Jennifer , Göker Markus , Murray Alison E. , Lindemann Stephen R. , Klenk Hans-Peter , O’Malley Ronan , Zane Matthew , Cheng Jan-Fang , Copeland Alex , Daum Christopher , Singer Esther , Woyke Tanja
Published: November 2019

Metagenomic sequence data from defined mock communities is crucial for the assessment of sequencing platform performance and downstream analyses, including assembly, binning and taxonomic assignment. We report a comparison of shotgun metagenome sequencing and assembly metrics of a defined microbial mock community using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION, PacBio and Illumina sequencing platforms. Our synthetic microbial community BMock12 consists of 12 bacterial strains with genome sizes spanning 3.2–7.2 Mbp, 40–73% GC content, and 1.5–7.3% repeats. Size selection of both PacBio and ONT sequencing libraries prior to sequencing was essential to yield comparable relative abundances of organisms among all sequencing technologies. While the Illumina-based metagenome assembly yielded good coverage with few misassemblies, contiguity was greatly improved by both, Illumina + ONT and Illumina + PacBio hybrid assemblies but increased misassemblies, most notably in genomes with high sequence similarity to each other. Our resulting datasets allow evaluation and benchmarking of bioinformatics software on Illumina, PacBio and ONT platforms in parallel.
Global sea-surface iodide observations, 1967–2018
Authors: Chance Rosie J. , Tinel Liselotte , Sherwen Tomás , Baker Alex R. , Bell Thomas , Brindle John , Campos Maria Lucia A. M. , Croot Peter , Ducklow Hugh , Peng He , Hopkins Frances , Hoogakker Babette , Hughes Claire , Jickells Timothy D. , Loades David , Macaya Dharma Andrea Reyes , Mahajan Anoop S. , Malin Gill , Phillips Daniel , Roberts Ieuan , Roy Rajdeep , Sarkar Amit , Sinha Alok Kumar , Song Xiuxian , Winkelbauer Helge , Wuttig Kathrin , Yang Mingxi , Peng Zhou , Carpenter Lucy J.
Published: November 2019

The marine iodine cycle has significant impacts on air quality and atmospheric chemistry. Specifically, the reaction of iodide with ozone in the top few micrometres of the surface ocean is an important sink for tropospheric ozone (a pollutant gas) and the dominant source of reactive iodine to the atmosphere. Sea surface iodide parameterisations are now being implemented in air quality models, but these are currently a major source of uncertainty. Relatively little observational data is available to estimate the global surface iodide concentrations, and this data has not hitherto been openly available in a collated, digital form. Here we present all available sea surface (<20 m depth) iodide observations. The dataset includes values digitised from published manuscripts, published and unpublished data supplied directly by the originators, and data obtained from repositories. It contains 1342 data points, and spans latitudes from 70°S to 68°N, representing all major basins. The data may be used to model sea surface iodide concentrations or as a reference for future observations.
Neutron detection performance of gallium nitride based semiconductors
Authors: Zhou Chuanle , Melton Andrew G. , Burgett Eric , Hertel Nolan , Ferguson Ian T.
Published: November 2019

Neutron detection is crucial for particle physics experiments, nuclear power, space and international security. Solid state neutron detectors are of great interest due to their superior mechanical robustness, smaller size and lower voltage operation compared to gas detectors. Gallium nitride (GaN), a mature wide bandgap optoelectronic and electronic semiconductor, is attracting research interest for neutron detection due to its radiation hardness and thermal stability. This work investigated thermal neutron scintillation detectors composed of GaN thin films with and without conversion layers or rare-earth doping. Intrinsic GaN-based neutron scintillators are demonstrated via the intrinsic 14N(n, p) reaction, which has a small thermal neutron cross-section at low neutron energies, but is comparable to other reactions at high neutron energies (>1 MeV). Gamma discrimination is shown to be possible with pulse-height in intrinsic GaN-based scintillation detectors. Additionally, GaN-based scintillation detector with a 6LiF neutron conversion layer and Gd-doped GaN detector are compared with intrinsic GaN detectors. These results indicate GaN scintillator is a suitable candidate neutron detector in high-flux applications.
Pressure Measurement-Based Method for Battery-Free Food Monitoring Powered by NFC Energy Harvesting
Authors: Nguyen Thanh-Binh , Tran Viet-Thang , Chung Wan-Young
Published: November 2019

A novel approach for battery-free food freshness monitoring is proposed and demonstrated in this study. The aim is to track the freshness of different sorts of food such as pork, chicken, and fish during storage. To eliminate the drawbacks of conventional food monitoring methods, which are normally based on measuring gas concentration emitted from food in a container, this approach measures the gradual increase in air pressure caused by the gas emission during storage. Additionally, we aim to design a smart sensor tag that can operate in fully passive mode without an external power source. To achieve this goal, near-field communication (NFC)-based energy harvesting is utilized in this work to achieve a self-powered operation of the sensor tag. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, experiments with the above-mentioned food were tested at room and refrigerated temperatures in 2 and 4 days, respectively. For each experiment, 200 g of the target food was placed in a 2-L container with the smart sensor tag. The experiments were conducted with both rigid and flexible containers to consider real food packaging environments. The air pressure inside the container was monitored as an indicator of food freshness by a sensitive pressure sensor on the smart sensor tag. The experimental results showed a remarkable increase in air pressure, which was able to be detected with high accuracy by the pressure sensor. The fabricated battery-free smart sensor tag is small (2.5 cm × 2.5 cm) and is capable of less than 1 mW of power consumption, which is ultra-low relative to other ordinary approaches that have a power consumption that normally surpasses 10 mW. The pressure value was used to classify food freshness into different levels on a mobile display to provide food freshness status using an NFC-enabled smartphone.
Direct-tuning methods for semiconductor metamaterials
Authors: Min Li , Wang Wenjin , Huang Lirong , Ling Yonghong , Liu Tongjun , Liu Jing , Luo Chaoming , Zeng Qingdong
Published: November 2019

Among various tunable optical devices, tunable metamaterials have exhibited their excellent ability to dynamically manipulate lights in an efficient manner. However, for unchangeable optical properties of metals, electromagnetic resonances of popular metallic metamaterials are usually tuned indirectly by varying the properties or structures of substrates around the resonant unit cells, and the tuning of metallic metamaterials has significantly low efficiency. In this paper, a direct-tuning method for semiconductor metamaterials is proposed. The resonance strength and resonance frequencies of the metamaterials can be significantly tuned by controlling free carriers’ distributions in unit cells under an applied voltage. This direct-tuning method has been verified in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional semiconductor metamaterials. In principle, the method allows for simplifying the structure of tunable metamaterials and opens the path to applications in ultrathin, linearly-tunable, and on-chip integrated optical components (e.g., tunable ultrathin lenses, nanoscale spatial light modulators and optical cavities with resonance modes switchable).
First nitrosoproteomic profiling deciphers the cysteine S-nitrosylation involved in multiple metabolic pathways of tea leaves
Authors: Qiu Chen , Sun Jianhao , Wang Yu , Sun Litao , Xie Hui , Ding Yiqian , Qian Wenjun , Ding Zhaotang
Published: November 2019

Cysteine S-nitrosylation is a reversible protein post-translational modification and critically regulates the activity, localization and stability of proteins. Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is one of the most thoroughly studied evergreen crop due to its broad non-alcoholic beverage and huge economic impact in the world. However, little is known about the S-nitrosylome in this plant. Here, we performed a global analysis of cysteine S-nitrosylation in tea leaves. In total, 228 cysteine S-nitrosylation sites were identified in 191 proteins, representing the first extensive data on the S-nitrosylome in tea plants. These S-nitrosylated proteins were located in various subcellular compartments, especially in the chloroplast and cytoplasm. Furthermore, the analysis of functional enrichment and PPI network revealed that the S-nitrosylated proteins were mainly involved in multiple metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, Calvin cycle and TCA cycle. Overall, this study not only systematically identified the proteins of S-nitrosylation in cysteines of tea leaves, but also laid the solid foundation for further verifying the roles of S-nitrosylation in cysteines of tea plants.