bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superamphiphobic Bionic Proboscis for Contamination‐Free Manipulation of Nano and Core–Shell Droplets
Authors: Wong William S. Y. , Liu Guanyu , Tricoli Antonio
Published: January 2017

Manipulation of nanoliter droplets is a key step for many emerging technologies including ultracompact microfluidics devices, 3D and flexible electronic printing. Despite progress, contamination‐free generation and release of nanoliter droplets by compact low‐cost devices remains elusive. In the present study, inspired by butterflies' minute manipulation of fluids, the authors have engineered a superamphiphobic bionic proboscis (SAP) layout that surpasses synthetic and natural designs. The authors demonstrate the scalable fabrication of SAPs with tunable inner diameters down to 50 µm by the rapid gas‐phase nanotexturing of the outer and inner surfaces of readily available hypodermic needles. Optimized SAPs achieve contamination‐free manipulation of water and oil droplets down to a liquid surface tension of 26.56 mN m−1 and a volume of 10 nL. The unique potential of this layout is showcased by the rapid and carefully controlled in‐air synthesis of core‐shell droplets with well‐controlled compositions. These findings provide a new low‐cost tool for high‐precision manipulation of nanoliter droplets, offering a powerful alternative to established thermal‐ and electrodynamic‐based devices.
Work fragmentation in developer interaction data
Authors: Cruz Luis C. , Sanchez Heider , González Víctor M. , Robbes Romain
Published: January 2017

Information workers and software developers are exposed to work fragmentation, an interleaving of activities and interruptions during their normal work day. Small‐scale observational studies have shown that this can be detrimental to their work. In this paper, we perform a large‐scale study of this phenomenon for the particular case of software developers performing software evolution tasks. Our study is based on several thousands interaction traces collected by Mylyn and the Eclipse Usage Data Collector. We observe that work fragmentation is correlated to lower observed productivity at both the macro level (for entire sessions) and at the micro level (around markers of work fragmentation); further, longer activity switches seem to strengthen the effect, and different activities seem to be affected differently. These observations give ground for subsequent studies investigating the phenomenon of work fragmentation.
Proposed clinical management of pregnancies after combined screening for pre‐eclampsia at 35–37 weeks' gestation
Authors: Panaitescu A. M. , Wright D. , Militello A. , Akolekar R. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: January 2017

Objective

To estimate the patient‐specific risk of pre‐eclampsia (PE) at 35–37 weeks' gestation by a combination of maternal characteristics and medical history with multiples of the median (MoM) values of mean arterial pressure (MAP), uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA‐PI), serum placental growth factor (PlGF) and serum soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1), and stratify women into high‐, intermediate‐ and low‐risk management groups.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study in women attending a third‐trimester ultrasound scan at 35–37 weeks as part of routine pregnancy care. Patient‐specific risks of delivery with PE at < 4 weeks from assessment and PE at < 42 weeks' gestation were calculated using the competing‐risks model to combine the prior risk from maternal characteristics and medical history with MoM values of MAP, UtA‐PI, PlGF and sFlt‐1. On the basis of these risks, the population was stratified into high‐, intermediate‐ and low‐risk groups. Different risk cut‐offs were used to vary the proportion of the population stratified into each risk category and the performance of screening for delivery with PE at < 40 and ≥ 40 weeks' gestation was estimated.

Results

The study population of 3703 singleton pregnancies included 38 (1.0%) with PE < 40 weeks' gestation and 22 (0.6%) with PE ≥ 40 weeks. Using a risk cut‐off of 1 in 50 for PE delivering at < 4 weeks after assessment to define the high‐risk group and a risk cut‐off of < 1 in 100 for PE delivering at < 42 weeks' gestation to define the low‐risk group, the proportion of the population stratified into high, intermediate and low risk was 12.7%, 28.8% and 58.5%, respectively. The high‐risk group contained 92% of pregnancies with PE at < 40 weeks' gestation and 73% of those with PE at ≥ 40 weeks. The intermediate‐risk group contained a further 27% of women with PE at ≥ 40 weeks. In the low‐risk group, none of the women developed PE at < 40 or ≥ 40 weeks' gestation.

Conclusion

The study presents risk stratification of PE by the combined test at 35–37 weeks, aiming to identify a high‐risk group in need of intensive monitoring from the time of the initial assessment and up to 40 weeks' gestation, an intermediate‐risk group in need of reassessment at 40 weeks' gestation and a low‐risk group that can be reassured that they are unlikely to develop PE. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
X‐ray waveguide arrays: tailored near fields by multi‐beam interference
Authors: Zhong Q. , Osterhoff M. , Wen M. W. , Wang Z. S. , Salditt T.
Published: January 2017

A novel 1‐D X‐ray waveguide, the Mo/C waveguide array (WGA), is introduced to tailor the optical near field distribution by precisely designed and controlled multi‐beam interference at 19.9 keV hard X‐ray energy. Seven precisely controlled guiding layers with optimized layer thickness variation were fabricated by high‐precision direct‐current magnetron sputtering of amorphous carbon (C) and molybdenum (Mo). The thickness variations are designed in such a way to introduce the desired phase shifts between the guided output beams, to act as a quasi‐focusing device. The WGA and the layer thicknesses are characterized by X‐ray reflectivity, transmission electron microscopy, and measurement of the synchrotron radiation far‐field intensity pattern. Based on the measurements and simulations, a reliable Mo/C multilayer layers combination can be verified. With the layers thicknesses, simulations inside the WGA and in the optical near field behind it show that multi‐beam interference with the designed phase shifts lead to a relative beam intensity of 0.59 in a quasi‐focal plane 0.08 mm behind the exit, with a spot size of 23.8 nm. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ante-, péri- ou post mortem ? Profil de fracturation en contexte humide : le cas du dépôt en puits (iie–iiie siècles apr. J.-C.) de la place du Jeu-de-Paume, Beauvais (Oise)
Authors: Augias A. , Benmoussa N. , Jacqueline S. , Boudeau J. , Femolant J.-M. , Jaeger J. Nogel , Weil R. , Muller A.-L. , Charlier P.
Published: January 2017

L'étude archéoanthropologique médicolégale d'un squelette humain mis au jour dans un puits lors des fouilles archéologiques préventives de la place du Jeu-de-Paume à Beauvais avait pour objectif premier la détermination des causes du décès par le biais d'examens biomédicaux des fractures fémorales mises en évidence. La scanographie et la microscopie électronique à balayage ont permis de mettre en lumière les limites de la discipline vis-à-vis de la compréhension du mécanisme fracturaire, mais surtout de pointer l'influence du contexte taphonomique dans la persistance des caractéristiques osseuses péri-mortem. Ce cas ostéoarchéologique illustre la difficulté du diagnostic des traumatismes sur os anciens et précise les mécanismes lésionnels intervenant sur matrice mixte organique/minérale ancienne, au service de l'anthropologie biologique.
A sharp Cauchy theory for the 2D gravity-capillary waves
Authors: Nguyen Huy Quang
Published: January 2017

This article is devoted to the Cauchy problem for the 2D gravity-capillary water waves in fluid domains with general bottoms. Local well-posedness for this problem with Lipschitz initial velocity was established by Alazard–Burq–Zuily [1]. We prove that the Cauchy problem in Sobolev spaces is uniquely solvable for initial data

\frac{1}{4}

-derivative less regular than the aforementioned threshold, which corresponds to the gain of Hölder regularity of the semi-classical Strichartz estimate for the fully nonlinear system. In order to obtain this Cauchy theory, we establish global, quantitative results for the paracomposition theory of Alinhac [5].
Market-Based Regulatory Responses to Private Lending in China: Beyond a Law and Society Paradigm
Authors: SHEN Wei
Published: January 2017

Along with China’s economic downturn, there has been an increase in the size of China’s underground lending market. The mounting risk in connection with this underground lending market triggers tremendous interest and debates over appropriate and effective regulatory responses. Because of its private and non-transparent character, the underground lending market is likely to confound those seeking to find “black letter” law governing its regulatory framework. Instead of relying on its conventional tighten-up strategy—using the muscle of the Criminal Law—China has orchestrated an experiment by allowing local legislation to formalize part of the underground lending market, as well as a judicial approach by recognizing a higher interest rate charged by underground lenders to borrowers. This article tries to understand the underlying rationale of regulatory and judicial movements through both law and society, and law and finance lens.
Experimental Approach to the Study of the European Mode 1 Lithic Record: The Bipolar Core Technology at Vallparadís (Barcelona, Spain)
Authors: Sánchez-Yustos Policarpo , Garriga Joan Garcia , Martínez Kenneth
Published: January 2017

In this article we present an experimental approach focused on bipolar core technology. The main goal is to define the major constraints and parameters faced when identifying the bipolar component of the Early Pleistocene site of Vallparadís (Spain). For these experiments we have used the same varieties of raw materials and blanks as those documented in the archaeological record. The methodological framework applied in the study of the experimental sample is largely based on the most diagnostic parameters recurrently cited in bipolar-related literature: double striking platforms and opposite battering damage. This information has been encoded by grouping blanks, cores and detached elements in morphotechnical types. The results suggest that the reduction process is conditioned by the morphology and fracture consistency of the knapped nodules. Although blank morphology does not categorically determine the final shape of the cores and flakes, there is a clear correlation between them. The most diagnostic parameter for identifying bipolar objects in statistical terms is the presence of opposite battering damage. However, there are many non-diagnostic pieces generated throughout the bipolar knapping process. Hence we consider it pertinent to analyse the archaeological assemblage of Vallparadís according to alternative methodological approaches (e.g. morphotechnical types).
New taxa and phyletic evolution of the Aeronian (Llandovery, Silurian) Petalocrinidae (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) in Guizhou, South China Block
Authors: Mao Yingyan , Ausich William I. , Li Yue , Lin Jih-Pai , Lin Caihua
Published: January 2017

Systematic paleontology of three new species of Petalocrinidae (Crinoidea) are documented from the carbonate-dominated units of the Shihniulan and equivalent Leijiatun formations (Llandovery, Silurian) of the Baisha, Fengxiang, and Shuibatang sections in Guizhou (China). New taxa are from the Upper Yangtze Epicontinental Sea of the South China Block. The new taxa includePetalocrinus stenopetalusnew species,Spirocrinus circularisnew species, andS.dextrosusnew species. They have a narrow spatial and temporal (Aeronian) distribution. Evolutionary patterns of the four genera of Petalocrinidae are outlined based on the specialized characters of the fused arm plates. Phylogenetic analysis was used to assess morphological relationships within the Petalocrinidae.Petalocrinus inferiorrepresents the plesiomorphic condition for the group and nests as a sister group ofP.stenopetalusn. sp. and theSpirocrinusspecies used in this analysis and the clade exclusively comprised ofSinopetalocrinus. The phylogenetic analysis suggests thatPetalocrinus, as currently defined, might be a paraphyletic genus.
Fermented green tea extract exhibits hypolipidaemic effects through the inhibition of pancreatic lipase and promotion of energy expenditure
Authors: Seo Dae-Bang , Jeong Hyun Woo , Kim Yeon-Ji , Kim Sukyung , Kim Jeongkee , Lee Ji Hae , Joo Kyungmi , Choi Jin Kyu , Shin Song Seok , Lee Sung-Joon
Published: January 2017

Hyperlipidaemia is a major cause of atherosclerosis and related CVD and can be prevented with natural substances. Previously, we reported that a novelBacillus-fermented green tea (FGT) exerts anti-obesity and hypolipidaemic effects. This study further investigated the hypotriglyceridaemic and anti-obesogenic effects of FGT and its underlying mechanisms. FGT effectively inhibited pancreatic lipase activityin vitro(IC50, 0·48 mg/ml) and ameliorated postprandial lipaemia in rats (26 % reduction with 500 mg/kg FGT). In hypertriglyceridaemic hamsters, FGT administration significantly reduced plasma TAG levels. In mice, FGT administration (500 mg/kg) for 2 weeks augmented energy expenditure by 22 % through the induction of plasma serotonin, a neurotransmitter that modulates energy expenditure and mRNA expressions of lipid metabolism genes in peripheral tissues. Analysis of the gut microbiota showed that FGT reduced the proportion of the phylum Firmicutes in hamsters, which could further contribute to its anti-obesity effects. Collectively, these data demonstrate that FGT decreases plasma TAG levels via multiple mechanisms including inhibition of pancreatic lipase, augmentation of energy expenditure, induction of serotonin secretion and alteration of gut microbiota. These results suggest that FGT may be a useful natural agent for preventing hypertriglyceridaemia and obesity.
THE RHETORIC OF VISIBILITY AND INVISIBILITY IN ANTIPHON 5,ON THE MURDER OF HERODES
Authors: O'Connell Peter A.
Published: January 2017

Alone among surviving Athenian homicide orations, Antiphon'sOn the Murder of Herodesresembles a modern murder mystery. Antiphon's client, a Mytilenean named Euxitheus, tells a story of a stormy night, an isolated harbour, a drunken murder victim, a missing corpse, misleading bloodstains, forged documents and hints of political intrigue. And, like in any good whodunnit, Euxitheus insists that no one knows who the killer is. Although all the clues seem to point to him, he maintains that Herodes' relatives have manipulated the evidence to make him seem guilty. We do not know whether Euxitheus succeeded in convincing his jurors, but the author of theLife of Antiphonattributed to Plutarch, who says that Antiphon was ‘adept in situations with no way out’ (ἐν τοῖς ἀπόροις τεχνικός), considersOn the Murder of Herodesone of Antiphon's finest compositions (832E, 833D).
PAREMVS OVANTES: STOICISM AND HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY INAENEID4
Authors: Zanker Graham
Published: January 2017

In the fourth book of theAeneidVirgil presents the epic's titular hero as fated to found Rome, initially neglecting and ultimately reassuming his mission, all the while being accorded praise or blame for his progress. In this article I shall re-examine Virgil's use of the specifically Chrysippan Stoic doctrine of Fate and human responsibility inAeneid4, with a focus on three key points: the role of assent in creating a compatibility of Fate and human responsibility; the ‘Lazy Argument’, the position that Chrysippus combatted, that if things are fated they will happen without any effort on my part; and the Stoic conception of Fate as a chain of causes that includes human assents. I shall argue that Virgil's impeccable, almost obsessive, scholarship results in a detailed homage to Chrysippan Stoic doctrine that actually alludes to its finer points. I restrict my comments to Book Four on the grounds that the Dido-episode tests to the limit Aeneas’ resolve to ‘follow … Italy’ (361), even ifnon sponte, and that the juxtaposition with Dido sheds added light on the picture. I hope thereby to contribute to a topic of research that deserves renewed investigation using the discoveries in Hellenistic philosophy over the last two generations.
THE BOOK INDICES IN THE MANUSCRIPTS OF CASSIUS DIO
Authors: Mallan C.T.
Published: January 2017

At some point before the late fifth centurya.d.an unidentified writer compiled and affixed to each book of Dio'sRoman Historyan index, most notably comprising a table of contents and an excerpt of the consularfasti. Of dubious provenance these paratexts have played a peripheral role in the editorial history of the work. Bekker and Dindorf, with somewhat puritanical zeal, removed them from the main text of their editions of theRoman Historyin the belief that they were not by Dio's hand. Conversely, the stereotyped edition of Dio's history produced under the auspices of Karl Tauchnitz at Leipzig in 1818 provided Latin translations of the indices, but omitted the Greek. Dio's more recent editors have restored them to their editions of theRoman History, despite questions over their origins.
Infinitely Many Solutions for Schrödinger–Kirchhoff-Type Fourth-Order Elliptic Equations
Authors: Song Hongxue , Chen Caisheng
Published: January 2017

This paper deals with the class of Schrödinger–Kirchhoff-type biharmonic problems

where Δ2denotes the biharmonic operator, andf∈C(ℝN× ℝ, ℝ) satisfies the Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz-type conditions. Under appropriate assumptions onVandf, the existence of infinitely many solutions is proved by using the symmetric mountain pass theorem.
STRUCTURED STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT LEADS TO DEVELOPMENT OF MORE DIVERSE AND INCLUSIVE AGROFORESTRY OPTIONS
Authors: DUMONT EMILIE SMITH , BONHOMME SUBIRA , PAGELLA TIMOTHY F. , SINCLAIR FERGUS LLOYD
Published: January 2017

There is a lot of interest in the contribution that agroforestry can make to reverse land degradation and create resilient multifunctional landscapes that provide a range of socio-economic benefits. The agroforestry research agenda has been characterized by approaches that promote a few priority tree species, within a restricted set of technological packages. These have often not spread widely beyond project sites, because they fail to take account of fine scale variation in farmer circumstances. New methods are needed to generate diverse sets of agroforestry options that can reconcile production and conservation objectives and embrace varying local conditions across large scaling domains. Here, we document a novel approach that couples local knowledge acquisition with structured stakeholder engagement to build an inclusive way of designing agroforestry options. We applied this approach in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where armed conflict, erratic governance and poverty have resulted in severe pressure on forests in the Virunga National Park, a global biodiversity hotspot. Around the park, natural resources and land are severely degraded, whereas most reforestation interventions have consisted of exotic monocultures dominated by Eucalyptus species grown as energy or timber woodlots mainly by male farmers with sufficient land to allocate some exclusively to trees. We found that structured stakeholder engagement led to a quick identification of a much greater diversity of trees (more than 70 species) to be recommended for use within varied field, farm and landscape niches, serving the interests of a much greater diversity of people, including women and marginalized groups. The process also identified key interventions to improve the enabling environment required to scale up the adoption of agroforestry. These included improving access to quality tree planting material, capacity strengthening within the largely non-governmental extension system, and collective action to support value capture from agroforestry products, through processing and market interventions. Integrating local and global scientific knowledge, coupled with facilitating broad-based stakeholder participation, resulted in shifting from reliance on a few priority tree species to promoting tree diversity across the Virunga landscape that could underpin more productive and resilient livelihoods. The approach is relevant for scaling up agroforestry more generally.
Combined sea-level and climate controls on limestone formation, hiatuses and ammonite preservation in the Blue Lias Formation, South Britain (uppermost Triassic – Lower Jurassic)
Authors: WEEDON GRAHAM P. , JENKYNS HUGH C. , PAGE KEVIN N.
Published: January 2017

Lithostratigraphic and magnetic-susceptibility logs for four sections in the Blue Lias Formation are combined with a re-assessment of the ammonite biostratigraphy. A Shaw plot correlating the West Somerset coast with the Devon/Dorset coast at Lyme Regis, based on 63 common biohorizon picks, together with field evidence, demonstrate that intra-formational hiatuses are common. Compared to laminated shale deposition, the climate associated with light marl is interpreted as both drier and stormier. Storm-related non-deposition favoured initiation of limestone formation near the sediment–water interface. Areas and time intervals with reduced water depths had lower net accumulation rates and developed a greater proportion of limestone. Many homogeneous limestone beds have no ammonites preserved, whereas others contain abundant fossils. Non-deposition encouraged shallow sub-sea-floor cementation which, if occurring after aragonite dissolution, generated limestones lacking ammonites. Abundant ammonite preservation in limestones required both rapid burial by light marl during storms as well as later storm-related non-deposition and near-surface carbonate cementation that occurred prior to aragonite dissolution. The limestones are dominated by a mixture of early framework-supporting cement that minimized compaction of fossils, plus a later micrograde cement infill. At Lyme Regis, the relatively low net accumulation rate ensured that final cementation of the limestones took place at relatively shallow burial depths. On the West Somerset coast, however, much higher accumulation rates led to deeper burial before final limestone cementation. Consequently, the oxygen-isotope ratios of the limestones on the West Somerset coast, recording precipitation of the later diagenetic calcite at higher temperatures, are lower than those at Lyme Regis.
A novel assay for the detection of anthelmintic activity mediated by cuticular damage to nematodes: validation onCaenorhabditis elegansexposed to cysteine proteinases
Authors: PHIRI A. M. , DE POMERAI D. I. , BUTTLE D. J. , BEHNKE J. M.
Published: January 2017

Plant cysteine proteinases (CPs) fromCarica papayakill parasitic and free-living nematodesin vitroby hydrolysis of the worm cuticle, a mechanism that is different to all commercially available synthetic anthelmintics. We have developed a cheap and effective, rapid-throughputCaenorhabditis elegans-based assay for screening plant CP extracts for anthelmintic activity targeting cuticular integrity. The assay exploits colorimetric methodology for assessment of cuticular damage, and is based on the ability of viable cells to incorporate and bind Neutral red dye within lysosomes and to release the dye when damaged. Living worms are pre-stained with the dye, exposed to CPs and then leakage of the dye through the damaged cuticle is quantified by spectrophotometry. In contrast to motility assays and semi-subjective interpretation of microscopical images, this colorimetric assay is independent of observer bias. Our assay was applied to a series ofC. elegans busmutant strains with leaky cuticles and to cystatin knockout mutants. At ambient temperature and over 0.5–24 h, bothbusmutants and the cystatin knockouts were highly susceptible to CPs, whereas wild-type Bristol N2 worms were essentially unstained by Neutral red and unaffected by CPs, providing validation for the utility of this assay.
A history of McMurdo Station through its architecture
Authors: Davis Georgina A.
Published: January 2017

McMurdo Station, Antarctica, is a US Federal research facility operated year-round by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Its primary mission is to support scientific research, but it also provides logistical air and ground support for South Pole Station, seasonal field sites and nearby stations operated by other countries. It is the largest station in Antarctica, supporting up to 1,200 people. While McMurdo Station has a long scientific legacy, the facility also has an interesting architectural and engineering history that spans 60 years and has its antecedents in the ‘heroic age’ of exploration (1898–1916) and the Little America expeditions (1929–1958). Here, I describe the history of the built environment of McMurdo Station to clarify how it evolved from a temporary air station in the late 1950s to its current role as the flagship research facility of the US Antarctic Research Program (USAP). This historical review may provide insights that are useful as the station continues to transform and evolve, allowing it to continue its scientific mission into the 21st century.
Noun phrase complexity in Nigerian English
Authors: Akinlotan Mayowa , Housen Alex
Published: January 2017

Structural simplicity/complexity is an important variable with which New Englishes and native varieties are identified and conceptualised, but predicting such variation in complexity has received little attention in the literature. New Englishes, especially the outer circle varieties such as Nigerian or Indian English, differ in form and function from the inner circle varieties, such as British or American English, but the extent of such variation varies greatly and merits further investigation. According to Gorlach (1998), we should expect New Englishes to demonstrate simplification at the levels of morphology, lexis, and syntax. This has indeed been shown to be the case in some varieties, but it has also been shown that this variation differs according to different linguistic and non-linguistic factors. Most recently, Schilk and Schaub (2016) have shown how noun phrase (NP) structure can reveal the underlying structural simpification predicted in the New Englishes varieties. Brunner (2014) examined NP complexity across three New Englishes (British, Singaporean, and Kenyan English), explicating how grammars of the indigeneous languages in Singapore and Kenya influence NP simplicity/complexity.
Intra-specific competition and insect larval development: a model with time-dependent delay
Authors: Gourley Stephen A. , Liu Rongsong , Lou Yijun
Published: January 2017

We derive a stage-structured model for an insect population in which a larva matures on reaching a certain size, and in which there is intra-specific competition among larvae that hinders their development, thereby prolonging the larval phase. The model, a system of delay differential equations for the total numbers of adults and larvae, assumes two forms. One of these is a system with a variable state-dependent time delay determined by a threshold condition, the other has constant and distributed delays, a size-like independent variable replacing time t, and no threshold condition. We prove theorems on boundedness and on the linear stability of equilibria.
An approach to human–machine collaboration in innovation
Authors: McCaffrey Tony , Spector Lee
Published: January 2017

If a solvable problem is currently unsolved, then something important to a solution is most likely being overlooked. From this simple observation we derive the obscure features hypothesis: every innovative solution is built upon at least one commonly overlooked or new (i.e., obscure) feature of the problem. By using a new definition of a feature as an effect of an interaction, we are able to accomplish five things. First, we are able to determine where features come from and how to search for new ones. Second, we are able to construct mathematical arguments that the set of features of an object is not computably enumerable. Third, we are able to characterize innovative problem solving as looking for a series of interactions that produce the desired effects (i.e., the goal). Fourth, we are able to construct a precise problem-solving grammar that is both human and machine friendly. Fifth, we are able to devise a visual and verbal problem-solving representation that both humans and computers can contribute to as they help counteract each other's problem-solving weaknesses. We show how computers can counter some of the known cognitive obstacles to innovation that humans have. We also briefly discuss ways in which humans can return the favor. We conclude that a promising process for innovative problem solving is a human–computer collaboration in which each partner assists the other in unearthing the obscure features of a problem.
Salient Public Beliefs Underlying Disaster Preparedness Behaviors: A Theory-Based Qualitative Study
Authors: Najafi Mehdi , Ardalan Ali , Akbarisari Ali , Noorbala Ahmad Ali , Elmi Helen
Published: January 2017

Introduction

Given the increasing importance of disaster preparedness in Tehran, the capital of Iran, interventions encouraging disaster preparedness behavior (DPB) are needed. This study was conducted to show how an elicitation method can be used to identify salient consequences, referents, and circumstances about DPB and provide recommendations for interventions and quantitative research.

Method

A theory-based qualitative study using a semi-structured elicitation questionnaire was conducted with 132 heads of households from 22 districts in Tehran, Iran. Following the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), six open-ended questions were used to record the opinion of people about DPB: advantages of engaging in DPB; disadvantages of doing so; people who approve; people who disapprove; things that make it easy; and things that make it difficult. Content analysis showed the categories of salient consequences, reference groups, and circumstances.

Results

The three most frequently mentioned advantages obtained from inhabitants of Tehran were health outcomes (eg, it helps us to save our lives, it provides basic needs, and it protects us until relief workers arrive); other salient advantages were mentioned (eg, helps family reunification). The main disadvantage was preparedness anxiety. Family members were the most frequently mentioned social referent when people were asked who might approve or disapprove of their DPB. The two main circumstances perceived to obstruct DPB included not having enough knowledge or enough time.

Conclusion

The results of this qualitative study suggest that interventions to encourage DPB among Tehran inhabitants should address: perceived consequences of DPB on health and other factors beyond health; barriers of not having enough knowledge and time perceived to hinder DPB; and social approval. More accurate research on salient beliefs with close-ended items developed from these open-ended data and with larger sample sizes of Tehran inhabitants is necessary. Research with other stakeholder groups is needed to understand their perceptions about DPB in creating the people’s social environment.

NajafiM,ArdalanA,AkbarisariA,NoorbalaAA,ElmiH.Salient public beliefs underlying disaster preparedness behaviors: a theory-based qualitative study.Prehosp Disaster Med.2017;32(2):124–133.
Exploring Injury Panorama, Consequences, and Recovery among Bus Crash Survivors: A Mixed-Methods Research Study
Authors: Doohan Isabelle , Björnstig Ulf , Östlund Ulrika , Saveman Britt-Inger
Published: January 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore physical and mental consequences and injury mechanisms among bus crash survivors to identify aspects that influence recovery.

Methods

The study participants were the total population of survivors (N=56) from a bus crash in Sweden. The study had a mixed-methods design that provided quantitative and qualitative data on injuries, mental well-being, and experiences. Results from descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analysis were interpreted and integrated in a mixed-methods analysis.

Results

Among the survivors, 11 passengers (20%) sustained moderate to severe injuries, and the remaining 45 (80%) had minor or no physical injuries. Two-thirds of the survivors screened for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk were assessed, during the period of one to three months after the bus crash, as not being at-risk, and the remaining one-third were at-risk. The thematic analysis resulted in themes covering the consequences and varying aspects that affected the survivors’ recoveries. The integrated findings are in the form of four “core cases” of survivors who represent a combination of characteristics: injury severity, mental well-being, social context, and other aspects hindering and facilitating recovery. Core case Avery represents a survivor who had minor or no injuries and who demonstrated a successful mental recovery. Core case Blair represents a survivor with moderate to severe injuries who experienced a successful mental recovery. Core case Casey represents a survivor who sustained minor injuries or no injuries in the crash but who was at-risk of developing PTSD. Core case Daryl represents a survivor who was at-risk of developing PTSD and who also sustained moderate to severe injuries in the crash.

Conclusion

The present study provides a multi-faceted understanding of mass-casualty incident (MCI) survivors (ie, having minor injuries does not always correspond to minimal risk for PTSD and moderate to severe injuries do not always correspond to increased risk for PTSD). Injury mitigation measures (eg, safer roadside material and anti-lacerative windows) would reduce the consequences of bus crashes. A well-educated rescue team and a compassionate and competent social environment will facilitate recovery.

DoohanI,BjörnstigU,ÖstlundU,SavemanBI.Exploring injury panorama, consequences, and recovery among bus crash survivors: a mixed-methods research study.Prehosp Disaster Med.2017;32(2):165–174.
Utilization of Functional Exercises to Build Regional Emergency Preparedness among Rural Health Organizations in the US
Authors: Obaid Jannah M. , Bailey Ginger , Wheeler Heidi , Meyers Laura , Medcalf Sharon J. , Hansen Keith F. , Sanger Kristine K. , Lowe John J.
Published: January 2017

Rural communities face barriers to disaster preparedness and considerable risk of disasters. Emergency preparedness among rural communities has improved with funding from federal programs and implementation of a National Incident Management System. The objective of this project was to design and implement disaster exercises to test decision making by rural response partners to improve regional planning, collaboration, and readiness. Six functional exercises were developed and conducted among three rural Nebraska (USA) regions by the Center for Preparedness Education (CPE) at the University of Nebraska Medical Center (Omaha, Nebraska USA). A total of 83 command centers participated. Six functional exercises were designed to test regional response and command-level decision making, and each 3-hour exercise was followed by a 3-hour regional after action conference. Participant feedback, single agency debriefing feedback, and regional After Action Reports were analyzed. Functional exercises were able to test command-level decision making and operations at multiple agencies simultaneously with limited funding. Observations included emergency management jurisdiction barriers to utilization of unified command and establishment of joint information centers, limited utilization of documentation necessary for reimbursement, and the need to develop coordinated public messaging. Functional exercises are a key tool for testing command-level decision making and response at a higher level than what is typically achieved in tabletop or short, full-scale exercises. Functional exercises enable evaluation of command staff, identification of areas for improvement, and advancing regional collaboration among diverse response partners.

ObaidJM, BaileyG, WheelerH, MeyersL, MedcalfSJ, HansenKF, SangerKK, LoweJJ. Utilization of functional exercises to build regional emergency preparedness among rural health organizations in the US. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(2):224–230.
Atom Probe Analysis ofEx SituGas-Charged Stable Hydrides
Authors: Haley Daniel , Bagot Paul A. J. , Moody Michael P.
Published: January 2017

In this work, we report on the atom probe tomography analysis of two metallic hydrides formed by pressurized charging using anex situhydrogen charging cell, in the pressure range of 200–500 kPa (2–5 bar). Specifically we report on the deuterium charging of Pd/Rh and V systems. Using thisex situsystem, we demonstrate the successful loading and subsequent atom probe analysis of deuterium within a Pd/Rh alloy, and demonstrate that deuterium is likely present within the oxide–metal interface of a native oxide formed on vanadium. Through these experiments, we demonstrate the feasibility ofex situhydrogen analysis for hydrides via atom probe tomography, and thus a practical route to three-dimensional imaging of hydrogen in hydrides at the atomic scale.
Individualistic values, institutional trust, and interventionist attitudes
Authors: PITLIK HANS , RODE MARTIN
Published: January 2017

A popular explanation for economic development is that ‘individualistic values’ provide a mind-set that is favorable to the creation of growth-promoting institutions. The present paper investigates the relationship between individualistic values and personal attitudes toward government intervention. We consider two key components of an individualistic culture to be particularly relevant for attitude formation: self-direction (‘social’ individualism) and self-determination (‘economic’ individualism). Results indicate that both are negatively associated with interventionist attitudes. Effects of self-direction are much weaker though, than self-determination. Moreover, the effects of self-direction are mitigated through higher trust in the state and lower confidence in companies, while that is not the case for self-determination values. We conclude that especially economic individualism supports attitudes conducive to the formation of formal market-friendly institutions.
Miniaturized substrate-integrated coaxial line bandpass filter with improved upper stopband
Authors: Lu Yunlong , Wang Yi , Liu Taijun , Yu Bo , Li Kai
Published: January 2017

A miniaturized substrate-integrated coaxial line (SICL) bandpass filter with improved upper stopband using asymmetrical spiral stub-loaded resonators is presented in this paper. Owing to the space-filling feature of the spiral structure, the size of the proposed filter is significantly reduced. A theoretical analysis is carried out to examine the resonance property of the proposed resonator. It is found that the frequency ratios of the second and third harmonics to the fundamental frequency can be extended to 2.86 and 4.4. Benefiting from the circuit structure and SICL technology, the designed filter has a small size, wide stopband, low crosstalk, and high-density integration ability. The measured results show that the proposed filter, with dimensions of 0.051λ0 × 0.044λ0, operates at 1.056 GHz and the 20-dB rejection band is extended to 3.94f0.
Specialized interfaces of Smc5/6 control hinge stability and DNA association
Authors: Alt Aaron , Dang Hung Q. , Wells Owen S. , Polo Luis M. , Smith Matt A. , McGregor Grant A. , Welte Thomas , Lehmann Alan R. , Pearl Laurence H. , Murray Johanne M. , Oliver Antony W.
Published: January 2017

The Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes: cohesin, condensin and Smc5/6 are involved in the organization of higher-order chromosome structure—which is essential for accurate chromosome duplication and segregation. Each complex is scaffolded by a specific SMC protein dimer (heterodimer in eukaryotes) held together via their hinge domains. Here we show that the Smc5/6-hinge, like those of cohesin and condensin, also forms a toroidal structure but with distinctive subunit interfaces absent from the other SMC complexes; an unusual ‘molecular latch’ and a functional ‘hub’. Defined mutations in these interfaces cause severe phenotypic effects with sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents in fission yeast and reduced viability in human cells. We show that the Smc5/6-hinge complex binds preferentially to ssDNA and that this interaction is affected by both ‘latch’ and ‘hub’ mutations, suggesting a key role for these unique features in controlling DNA association by the Smc5/6 complex.
Edge reactivity and water-assisted dissociation on cobalt oxide nanoislands
Authors: Fester J. , García-Melchor M. , Walton A. S. , Bajdich M. , Li Z. , Lammich L. , Vojvodic A. , Lauritsen J. V.
Published: January 2017

Transition metal oxides show great promise as Earth-abundant catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in electrochemical water splitting. However, progress in the development of highly active oxide nanostructures is hampered by a lack of knowledge of the location and nature of the active sites. Here we show, through atom-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy and computational modelling, how hydroxyls form from water dissociation at under coordinated cobalt edge sites of cobalt oxide nanoislands. Surprisingly, we find that an additional water molecule acts to promote all the elementary steps of the dissociation process and subsequent hydrogen migration, revealing the important assisting role of a water molecule in its own dissociation process on a metal oxide. Inspired by the experimental findings, we theoretically model the oxygen evolution reaction activity of cobalt oxide nanoislands and show that the nanoparticle metal edges also display favourable adsorption energetics for water oxidation under electrochemical conditions.
Charge transfer to ground-state ions produces free electrons
Authors: You D. , Fukuzawa H. , Sakakibara Y. , Takanashi T. , Ito Y. , Maliyar G. G. , Motomura K. , Nagaya K. , Nishiyama T. , Asa K. , Sato Y. , Saito N. , Oura M. , Schöffler M. , Kastirke G. , Hergenhahn U. , Stumpf V. , Gokhberg K. , Kuleff A. I. , Cederbaum L. S. , Ueda K
Published: January 2017

Inner-shell ionization of an isolated atom typically leads to Auger decay. In an environment, for example, a liquid or a van der Waals bonded system, this process will be modified, and becomes part of a complex cascade of relaxation steps. Understanding these steps is important, as they determine the production of slow electrons and singly charged radicals, the most abundant products in radiation chemistry. In this communication, we present experimental evidence for a so-far unobserved, but potentially very important step in such relaxation cascades: Multiply charged ionic states after Auger decay may partially be neutralized by electron transfer, simultaneously evoking the creation of a low-energy free electron (electron transfer-mediated decay). This process is effective even after Auger decay into the dicationic ground state. In our experiment, we observe the decay of Ne2+ produced after Ne 1s photoionization in Ne–Kr mixed clusters.
Highly efficient frequency conversion with bandwidth compression of quantum light
Authors: Allgaier Markus , Ansari Vahid , Sansoni Linda , Eigner Christof , Quiring Viktor , Ricken Raimund , Harder Georg , Brecht Benjamin , Silberhorn Christine
Published: January 2017

Hybrid quantum networks rely on efficient interfacing of dissimilar quantum nodes, as elements based on parametric downconversion sources, quantum dots, colour centres or atoms are fundamentally different in their frequencies and bandwidths. Although pulse manipulation has been demonstrated in very different systems, to date no interface exists that provides both an efficient bandwidth compression and a substantial frequency translation at the same time. Here we demonstrate an engineered sum-frequency-conversion process in lithium niobate that achieves both goals. We convert pure photons at telecom wavelengths to the visible range while compressing the bandwidth by a factor of 7.47 under preservation of non-classical photon-number statistics. We achieve internal conversion efficiencies of 61.5%, significantly outperforming spectral filtering for bandwidth compression. Our system thus makes the connection between previously incompatible quantum systems as a step towards usable quantum networks.
A quantized mechanism for activation of pannexin channels
Authors: Chiu Yu-Hsin , Jin Xueyao , Medina Christopher B. , Leonhardt Susan A. , Kiessling Volker , Bennett Brad C. , Shu Shaofang , Tamm Lukas K. , Yeager Mark , Ravichandran Kodi S. , Bayliss Douglas A.
Published: January 2017

Pannexin 1 (PANX1) subunits form oligomeric plasma membrane channels that mediate nucleotide release for purinergic signalling, which is involved in diverse physiological processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and cancer progression and metastasis. Here we explore the mechanistic basis for PANX1 activation by using wild type and engineered concatemeric channels. We find that PANX1 activation involves sequential stepwise sojourns through multiple discrete open states, each with unique channel gating and conductance properties that reflect contributions of the individual subunits of the hexamer. Progressive PANX1 channel opening is directly linked to permeation of ions and large molecules (ATP and fluorescent dyes) and occurs during both irreversible (caspase cleavage-mediated) and reversible (α1 adrenoceptor-mediated) forms of channel activation. This unique, quantized activation process enables fine tuning of PANX1 channel activity and may be a generalized regulatory mechanism for other related multimeric channels.
CK2 abrogates the inhibitory effects of PRH/HHEX on prostate cancer cell migration and invasion and acts through PRH to control cell proliferation
Authors: Siddiqui Y H , Kershaw R M , Humphreys E H , Assis Junior E M , Chaudhri S , Jayaraman P-S , Gaston K
Published: January 2017

PRH/HHEX (proline-rich homeodomain protein/haematopoietically expressed homeobox protein) is a transcription factor that controls cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell migration. Our previous work has shown that in haematopoietic cells, Protein Kinase CK2-dependent phosphorylation of PRH results in the inhibition of PRH DNA-binding activity, increased cleavage of PRH by the proteasome and the misregulation of PRH target genes. Here we show that PRH and hyper-phosphorylated PRH are present in normal prostate epithelial cells, and that hyper-phosphorylated PRH levels are elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and prostate cancer cell lines. A reduction in PRH protein levels increases the motility of normal prostate epithelial cells and conversely, PRH over-expression inhibits prostate cancer cell migration and blocks the ability of these cells to invade an extracellular matrix. We show that CK2 over-expression blocks the repression of prostate cancer cell migration and invasion by PRH. In addition, we show that PRH knockdown in normal immortalised prostate cells results in an increase in the population of cells capable of colony formation in Matrigel, as well as increased cell invasion and decreased E-cadherin expression. Inhibition of CK2 reduces PRH phosphorylation and reduces prostate cell proliferation but the effects of CK2 inhibition on cell proliferation are abrogated in PRH knockdown cells. These data suggest that the increased phosphorylation of PRH in prostate cancer cells increases both cell proliferation and tumour cell migration/invasion.