bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION, AND PROPERTIES OF BACILLUS SOTTO TOXIN
Authors: Angus T. A.
Published: February 2010

A proteinaceous toxin has been extracted from sporulated cultures of Bacillus sotto Ishiwata. The toxin is similar in amino acid composition and biological activity to the crystalline inclusions produced by this microorganism and it appears that the toxic protein is associated with the crystals. The toxin is stable, and causes paralysis and death in the larvae of Bombyx mori L. (the silkworm) and other lepidopterous insects. The symptoms caused by the toxin are identical with those caused by ingestion of the whole microorganism.
A COMPARISON OF THE OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF LIGHT AND DARK GROWN RHODOSPIRILLUM RUBRUM
Authors: Crook P. G. , Lindstrom E. S.
Published: February 2010

Using a manometric or a dehydrogenase assay, activity for most of the intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle was demonstrated in extracts from Rhodo spirillum rubrum grown photosynthetically (anaerobic light), heterotrophically (aerobic dark), or a combination of both (aerobic light). Dehydrogenases for succinate and α-ketoglutarate were more active in extracts from cells grown photosynthetically. Extracts from cells grown heterotrophically had the greatest oxidative activity. Succinic dehydrogenase was associated with larger macromolecular units in all extracts while the other dehydrogenases behaved as soluble enzymes. Conditions of cultivation affected the rate at which keto acids were formed from citrate. Rhodopseudomonas palustris also possessed tricarboxylic acid dehydrogenases whether grown photosynthetically or heterotrophically.
THE REVERSAL OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM DETERGENT INHIBITION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE BY A FRACTION DERIVED FROM YEAST EXTRACT
Authors: Rich Marvin A. , Stern Arthur M.
Published: February 2010

It was demonstrated that yeast extract is capable of reversing the inhibition of S. cerevisiae by a quaternary ammonium surface active agent. A reversing factor representing a 25-fold increase in activity was obtained by chemical fractionation of the yeast extract, and the chemical nature of this reversing factor was partially characterized. It was observed that the growth response of cells which had been inhibited and then reversed was the same as that of uninhibited cells. Mechanisms of reversal compatible with the experimental results have been suggested.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL GROUPS OF SOIL BACTERIA FROM THE ROOTS OF BARLEY AND OATS
Authors: King H. DeL. , Wallace R. H.
Published: February 2010

Morphological and physiological characteristics were studied of more than 2400 stock-cultures of bacteria isolated from rhizosphere soils of barley and oats, and from control soils. Gram-positive rods were proportionately more numerous in control soils than in rhizosphere soils; this difference was greater with oats than with barley. The proportion of Gram-negative rods was greater in rhizosphere soils than in controls but not more so for one crop than the other. Gram-positive rods replaced a significant portion of Gram-negative rods in soils of the mature barley plants. The only significant increase in percentage incidence of physiological groups in rhizosphere soils was in regard to nitrate-reducing bacteria of the young oats plants. On the other hand there were significantly smaller percentages for starch-hydrolyzing bacteria and gelatin liquefiers in oats rhizospheres than in the controls. There were not any significant differences between rhizospheres and controls with regard to physiological groups from the barley plants. It is concluded that the proportional incidences of some physiological groups of soil bacteria are not greatly increased, but in some instances are decreased, by the presence of barley or oat roots growing in Chicot sandy loam.
INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS AND THE CYTOLOGICAL RESPONSE IN EMBRYONATED EGGS
Authors: Buchner B. K. , French R. C. , Deinhardt F. , Sinclair J. C. , McKee Elizabeth , van Rooyen C. E.
Published: February 2010

The histiocyte response in embryonated eggs, following inoculation with acute infectious hepatitis serum, has been investigated and found to be both erratic and non-specific in character. High histiocyte counts were obtained with normal human serum, with serum from a case of simple obstructive jaundice, and with sera from convalescent cases of infectious hepatitis. Irrespective of the original source of inoculated material, it was impossible to transmit the histiocyte response by serial propagation in embryonated eggs. Consistently high histiocyte counts were obtained when the egg adapted strains of influenza and mumps viruses were employed. Moreover with influenza virus, the effect could be neutralized by specific influenza antiserum. Attempts to produce a similar histiocyte response with poliomyelitis virus types 1, 11, and 111 failed. In interpreting our results we have concluded that the histiocyte effect may be produced not only by certain egg adapted viruses but also by reactive components of human serum occurring in both normal and pathological states.
MICROCOCCUS CEROLYTICUS, NOV. SP., AN AEROBIC LIPOLYTIC ORGANISM ISOLATED FROM THE AFRICAN HONEY-GUIDE
Authors: Friedmann H. , Kern J.
Published: February 2010

A micrococcus has been isolated from the droppings and intestinal contents of the African honey-guide. Because of its marked cerolytic activity, the organism has been named Micrococcus cerolyticus, nov. sp. A culture of this organism is being deposited at the American Type Culture Collection, Washington, D.C.
EFFECTS OF DEPTH OF STYLET PENETRATION ON APHID TRANSMISSION OF POTATO VIRUS Y
Authors: Bradley R. H. E.
Published: February 2010

The aphid Myzus persicae (Sulz.) most often became infective with potato virus Y on inserting the stylets only superficially into infected tobacco plants after a period without food; the further the stylets penetrated into the plant, the less likely the aphid was to be infective. When epidermis was removed from infected plants, aphids acquired virus Y as readily from the exposed mesophyll as from the piece of removed epidermis. M. persicae can feed by inserting its stylets through a membrane and into tobacco plants. But aphids rarely became infective with virus Y when they inserted their stylets through a membrane and into infected plants; and infective aphids rarely transmitted the virus when they inserted their stylets through a membrane into susceptible plants. Yet infective aphids that penetrated a membrane could afterwards infect a plant not covered with a membrane. Also, aphids did not become infective when they penetrated the deeper tissues of infected plants that had had the virus in the superficial tissues inactivated by ultraviolet radiations. The main conclusion is that M. persicae rarely becomes infective with virus Y or transmits it after the stylets penetrate beyond the first layer of plant cells.
UTILIZATION OF ADDED SUBSTRATES BY UREDOSPORES OF WHEAT STEM RUST
Authors: Shu P. , Neish A. C. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: February 2010

Uredospores of wheat stem rust utilized a number of externally-supplied, labelled carbohydrates, amino acids, and volatile fatty acids. The carbon of these substrates appeared in the spore materials and in the carbon dioxide. This metabolic activity, though very weak, is definite. D-Mannose, D-mannitol, D-glucose, sucrose, and D-fructose were utilized better than the other carbohydrates. Glutamic acid gave the highest yield of carbon dioxide while the basic amino acids, L-arginine and L-lysine, were more efficiently incorporated into the spore material.
STUDIES ON MYCOBACTERIA: I. CYTOCHEMICAL STUDY AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LIPIDS OF MYCOBACTERIUM MARIANUM
Authors: Suzanne Soeur Marie , Portelance V. , Panisset M.
Published: February 2010

Several authors have reported that the composition of the lipids of the tubercle bacillus varies with the type and composition of the culture media. Major differences may therefore exist between the bacillary lipids of bacilli growing on culture media and those of such microorganisms parasitizing a host.The present paper deals with the cytochemical and chemical analyses of Mycobacterium marianum, which is, to our knowledge, the first strain of Mycobacterium to be stained by the Sudan black B method when grown on Sauton's medium. Details on the isolation and fractionation of several lipid fractions of Mycobacterium marianum are presented together with some of their properties. The results are discussed in relation to our working hypothesis that the chemical composition of Mycobacterium marianum grown under our conditions may resemble more closely that of bacilli growing in vivo than do most cultured mycobacteria.
A COMPARATIVE APPRAISAL OF THE PROPERTIES OF "STAPHYLOCOCCI" ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SITES AND FROM DAIRY PRODUCTS
Authors: Thatcher F. S. , Simon W.
Published: February 2010

A comparative study of properties of 263 isolates of mannitol-positive micrococci ("staphylococci") obtained from clinical sources and from cheese or butter has shown that isolates from the dairy products were predominantly type 42 D, Group IV, of bovine origin, while among the isolates from hospital specimens Group III was most common, and type 42 D was rarely encountered. Two strains lysed by phage type 42 D have, however, been isolated from cases of severe enteritis developing after antibiotic therapy. Isolates from phage Group IV were more consistent than any other phage group in the production of coagulase, of phosphatase, and of potent amounts of alpha- and beta-hemolysins and enterotoxin. Except in Group IV, wide variation in these properties occurred within a species or within a phage group from either the dairy or clinical source.Coagulase and phosphatase were not directly comparable in their indication of toxigenic strains and neither was absolute in relation to specific toxin production.Toxins were detected in six species (after Bergey) though in only small amounts in all species other than Micrococcus pyogenes. Coagulase production was the more nearly consistent single indicator of toxigenicity among those tested.The data are discussed in relation to pathogenicity of strains and food-poisoning propensities.
A SURVEY OF FUNGAL POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Martin S. M. , Adams G. A.
Published: February 2010

A survey of the constituents of the polysaccharides of 31 species of fungi (12 genera) has been made. On the basis of two of the constituents, glucuronic acid and fucose, the extracellular preparations could be classified into three groups. Mucor and Rhizopus species produced material containing glucuronic acid and fucose, in addition to galactose, glucose, and mannose. Fusarium and Trichoderma species yielded glucuronic acid but not fucose and the remainder yielded neither glucuronic acid nor fucose. The intracellular preparations could be classified into two groups on the basis of the presence or absence of fucose. Those from Mucor and Rhizopus species yielded fucose whereas the remainder did not. Glucosamine occurred in all intracellular preparations and glucuronic acid was absent.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY ENTEROCOCCI AND CHLORTETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE ON THE INTESTINAL FLORA AND GROWTH OF CHICKS
Authors: Anderson G. W. , Hauser M. M. , Wright M. L. , Couch J. R.
Published: February 2010

The addition to the diet daily of 10% (v/w) of a high level (28 × 109 cells) of a viable culture consisting of two strains of beta hemolytic enterococci sensitive to 10 and 30 μgm./ml. of chlortetracycline HCl respectively caused a highly significant reduction in growth of chicks. The reduction in growth was accompanied by an increase in numbers of enterococci in the ceca and a decrease in coliforms in the ileum and ceca as well as a decrease in lactobacilli in all segments of the intestine examined. The addition of 40 gm. of crystalline chlortetracycline HCl to the diet overcame the reduction in growth caused by the high level of dietary enterococci and resulted in a decrease in numbers of enterococci in the ileum and ceca.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM BY LEUGONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES
Authors: Blackwood A. C. , Blakley E. R.
Published: February 2010

Sixty-six carbohydrates were surveyed as potential substrates for Leuconostoc mesenteroides, PRL L33. A significant amount of 12 of 43 sugars, none of 10 sugar alcohols, and two of 13 sugar acids were utilized under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In addition, acid was produced from a number of the sugars that were not metabolized appreciably. Although the organism has a limited substrate specificity, no essential configurational pattern was observed. Carbon balance studies with K-D-gluconate and K-2-keto-D-gluconate showed that the metabolic products were equimolar amounts of carbon dioxide, lactate, and ethanol plus acetate. Similar products were formed from D-fructose but in addition D-mannitol was produced.
LYSOZYME IN THE BACTERIOLYSIS OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA: II. FACTORS INFLUENCING CLEARING DURING THE NAKAMURA TREATMENT
Authors: Grula E. A. , Hartsell S. E.
Published: February 2010

Nakamura conditions are helpful in demonstrating the presence of the lysozyme substrate in Gram-negative bacteria because: (1) the low pH (3.5) pretreatment uncovers or releases the substrate from a "bound" state within the cell wall for lysozyme digestion; (2) the addition of alkali (to pH 10.0 or above) allows for increased hydration and dispersion of the cell proteins once the lysozyme substrate has been removed. Increased hydration and dispersion alter the index of refraction of bacterial suspensions so that it is near the index of water, and clearing of the suspensions results. Irrespective of the acids and/or alkalies used, little difference was noted in their effect on clearing. The need for caution in attributing lack of clearing in bacterial suspensions to inactivation or inhibition of autolytic enzyme systems is discussed.
QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS: XIV. SPECIFIC VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF THE PREDOMINANT BACTERIAL FLORA
Authors: Lochhead A. G. , Burton Margaret O.
Published: February 2010

A relatively high proportion of the indigenous bacteria of a field soil (27.1%, corresponding to 14.1 millions/g.) required one or more vitamins for growth. The vitamins found to be essential, either alone or with others, were, in order of frequency, thiamine, biotin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, folic acid, nicotinic acid, and riboflavin. In all, 16 different 'patterns' were noted for vitamin requirements, the number of vitamins needed by individual strains ranging from one to five. The findings point to the soil as an important habitat of vitamin-requiring bacteria, many of which show potentiality as assay organisms. Their occurrence in the numbers found indicates that growth-factors should receive equal emphasis with antibiotics in problems involving the microbial equilibrium in soil and interrelationships between the normal soil microflora, soil-borne disease organisms, and growing plants.
THE FEULGEN REACTION IN THE UNSECTIONED MACRO YEAST CELL
Authors: Townsend G. Fred
Published: February 2010

The Feulgen stain was applied to the macro yeast cells, derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Feulgen-positive areas were readily located. Staining could not be observed within the central vacuole and could be found at only one point outside of the vacuole. This point was considered as being the location of the yeast cell nucleus.
IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF ERGOT ALKALOIDS BY CULTURES OF CLAVICEPS PURPUREA (FR.) TUL.
Authors: Taber W. A. , Vining L. C.
Published: February 2010

Stationary cultures of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. grown 50 days on a liquid medium containing mannitol, ammonium succinate, and salts produced small amounts of ergot alkaloids.Ergometrine, ergometrinine, ergotamine, ergotaminine, ergocornine, ergocorninine, ergocryptine, agroclavine, and penniclavine were identified by paper chromatography of culture extracts. The selection of strains, the composition of the medium, and the length of the incubation period appeared to be important factors influencing the production of alkaloids.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL BACTERIA WITH SIMPLE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND THOSE REQUIRING AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Payne T. M. B. , Rouatt J. W. , Lochhead A. G.
Published: February 2010

Twenty-two of 30 representative soil bacteria having simple nutritional requirements, in that they showed maximum development in a medium of inorganic salts and sugar, were found to be able to synthesize a variety of amino acids, though in no single case were more than four ninhydrin-positive substances found. The culture filtrates permitted the growth of amino-acid-requiring bacteria to the extent that they contained the specific amino acid or acids required by strains of the latter group. The findings point to an associative action between these nutritional groups of soil organisms and suggest that the preferential stimulation in the rhizosphere of bacteria requiring amino acids may be ascribed in part to the ability of the other group of bacteria, which are numerically increased in the rhizosphere, to synthesize amino acids.
BACTERIA IN CLOVER ROOT TISSUE
Authors: Philipson M. N. , Blair I. D.
Published: February 2010

Detection of bacteria other than Rhizobium in nodule cultures led to studies on bacteria existing within normal clover roots. Those isolated from clover root tissue appeared to fall into five groups on the basis of morphology and biochemical characteristics. The identity of three of the groups was tentatively established respectively as Aerobaclcr cloacae Jordan, Bergey et al., Bacillus megatherium De Bary, and Flavobacterium rhenanus (Migula) Bergey et al.
A STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND THE EFFECTS OF BACTERIOPHAGE OF ROOT NODULE BACTERIA IN THE SOIL
Authors: Kleczkowska Janina
Published: February 2010

Bacteriophage for clover nodule bacteria can be found on roots and nodules of all naturally grown clover plants and also in the soil surrounding the roots, but not in soil without clover plants. Alternative hosts for the phage of clover bacteria are pea bacteria, and vice versa. The bacteria and the phage are heterogeneous in the sense that only a proportion of strains of clover bacteria and of pea bacteria are susceptible to lysis by a given race of phage, and only a proportion of races of phage can lyse a given bacterial strain. There does not seem to be any association between the susceptibility of bacterial strains to lysis by phage and any other features such as antigenic structure and effectiveness in nitrogen fixation. There may be an association with avirulence, i.e. inability to infect the host plant. The behavior of phage–bacterial mixtures depends on the surrounding medium. The longevity of phage in soil or in a soil-like medium such as a vermiculite mixture is relatively short, and the effect of phage can be localized so that phage-susceptible bacteria and the phage can exist close to each other without any apparent interaction. However, as long as the phage is present, phage-resistant bacterial mutants are usually present also. The phage-resistant mutants may also be mutants in other respects such as effectiveness in nitrogen fixation. In the presence of weakened phage, bacterial mutants were found to occur that differ from the parent form in effectiveness but resemble it in susceptibility to the phage.
HOST SPECIFICITIES OF FOUR LOTUS RHIZOBIOPHAGES
Authors: Bruch C. W. , Allen O. N.
Published: February 2010

A study was made of the host affinities of four Lotus rhizobiophages for 91 rhizobial strains from 10 Lotus spp., 376 strains of other rhizobia, and 40 strains of species in the genera Agrobacterium and Chromobacterium. No one phage lysed every rhizobial strain of the Lotus spp.; however, all of the phages lysed every strain from Lotus angustissimus. None of the strains from Lotus uliginosus was susceptible. Among rhizobia from the other eight Lotus spp. all strains were lysed by at least one of the four phages. Of the 376 strains of other rhizobia, 28 strains of six plant genera were lysed by one or more of the four Lotus phages. None of the phages lysed any of the strains of species in the genera Agrobacterium and Chromobacterium.
PREPARATION AND USE OF ENZYMATIC MATERIAL FROM P. LILACINUM TO YIELD CLINICAL DEXTRAN
Authors: Charles Arthur F. , Farrell Leone N.
Published: February 2010

The development of a method for preparing and standardizing extracellular enzyme from strains of Penicillium lilacinum has permitted the degradation of native dextran in such a way that clinical dextran could be separated in reasonable amounts. This enzyme system has been used regularly on crude fermentation broths as well as native dextran. The enzyme system was found to withstand heating at 60 °C. for 30 min. within the range pH 6.0 to 8.5. At pH 5.0 activity was almost completely arrested by heating at 60 °C. At 23 °C. activity was greatest at pH 5.0 to 6.5. It was found to be more labile to acid than to alkali, becoming inactivated at pH 3.0. The optimum medium for enzyme production contained 2% native dextran and 2% corn steep solids. Optimum yield of clinical dextran (50–65% recovery) was obtained when the hydrolysis of the fermentation broth was arrested at ηr2.4. The yield was increased by a second enzymatic hydrolysis of partially degraded dextran which had heretofore not been recoverable for clinical use. The clinical dextran prepared by enzymatic cleavage has complied with the regulations of the Food and Drug Directorate and has been used clinically.
THE COMPARATIVE GROWTH OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM RHIZOSPHERE AND NON-RHIZOSPHERE SOILS
Authors: Rouatt J. W. , Katznelson H.
Published: February 2010

The growth response of bacterial isolates from the rhizosphere of greenhouse and field crops and control soils was studied in media of increasing complexity. In general, a greater proportion of rhizosphere isolates from the greenhouse crops grew more abundantly than did those from non-rhizosphere soils. This was not evident in all cases with the field crops. The addition of root extracts to an already complex medium did not result in growth stimulation. In fact the extract from oat roots was decidedly inhibitory to both rhizosphere and soil isolates.
THE POLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCED BY AZOTOBACTER INDICUM
Authors: Quinnell Clara M. , Knight S. G. , Wilson P. W.
Published: February 2010

A procedure was developed for the isolation and purification of the polysaccharide produced by Azotobacter indicum which resulted in a product containing approximately 5% ash, 0.4–0.6% nitrogen, and 40% carbon. Qualitative tests showed the absence of galactose, pentoses, ketoses, and amino and methylated sugars, and the presence of glucose and a uronic acid. A technique for determining combined uronic acids resulted in a value of 30% uronic acid on the untreated (unhydrolyzed) polysaccharide, and the remaining components were determined by analysis of the material after acid hydrolysis. The relatively severe conditions required to hydrolyze the polysaccharide indicate that the components are present in the pyranose form. The results obtained when the hydrolyzates were analyzed by paper chromatography, the spectrophotometric reactions of Dische, and other specific quantitative assays showed that the polysaccharide is a polymer of glucose, glucuronic acid, and an aldoheptose in the ratio of 3: 2: 1. Infrared analysis confirmed the presence and relative proportion of the uronic acid residues and indicated that the sugar units of the polysaccharide are probably in the beta configuration.
ON THE NATURE OF THE VITAMIN B12 REQUIREMENT IN SOIL BACTERIA ISOLATED BY LOCHHEAD AND HIS CO-WORKERS
Authors: Ford J. E. , Hutner S. H.
Published: February 2010

Of 19 isolates of vitamin-B12-requiring soil bacteria, representing 10 distinct types, only one, "No. 12", responded to Factor A or B or pseudovitamin B12. Growth of several of the organisms was retarded by relatively high concentrations of pseudovitamin B12. Vitamin B12III was active for all but generally less so than cyanocobalamin.The potential usefulness of these organisms as research tools is discussed, together with the ecological implications of the discovery by Lochhead and co-workers of the abundance of vitamin-B12-requiring bacteria in the soil.
NUTRITION OF A COBALAMIN-REQUIRING SOIL BACTERIUM
Authors: Goldberg Milton K. , Hutner S. H. , Ford J. E.
Published: February 2010

The pattern of the vitamin B12 requirement of a soil bacterium "Lochhead 38" (provisionally assigned to Arthrobacter) resembled that of the protozoan Ochromonas malhamensis and of higher animals. Of the naturally-occurring B12-vitamins, cyanocobalamin and vitamin B12III are active. Pseudovitamin B12 and Factor A have very little or no intrinsic activity, and when present in relatively high concentrations both compounds depress the rate of the growth response to limiting cyanocobalamin. Factor B, the porphyrin-like nucleus of the vitamin B12 molecule without the nucleotide, is inactive, as are also methionine and deoxyribosides. A disadvantage in the use of Lochhead 38 for assay purposes is that in vitamin-B12-dehcient cultures the organisms flocculate.
APPLICATION OF THE WARBURG RESPIROMETER IN STUDYING RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY IN SOIL
Authors: Chase F. E. , Gray P. H. H.
Published: February 2010

An investigation was made into the feasibility of using the Warburg respirometer to study microbial respiration daily in soil for periods of 1 or more weeks, at levels of temperature and moisture normally occurring in the field. Problems arising from such prolonged continuous operation of the respirometers were overcome; and the method, applied to remoistened air-dried soil, yielded data closely fitting a straight line when log rate of oxygen uptake was plotted against log time (i.e. a parabolic function). The introduction of chemical inhibitors or heat treatment disturbed this linear relationship initially, though it reappeared in many instances, and its reappearance seemed to indicate the resumption of normal microbial activity. Since the parabolic function has no recognizable physiological significance in this application, an hypothesis assuming the simultaneous utilization of substrates of different availability is proposed and discussed.
THE ISOLATION OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS FROM TWO CASES OF POLYARTHRITIS
Authors: Butas C. A.
Published: February 2010

Two strains isolated from two cases of recurrent polyarthritis are discussed. The organisms are antigenically related and according to morphology and growth requirements they are considered to belong to the group of pleuropneumonia-like organisms.
SILICON METABOLISM IN DIATOMS: IV. GROWTH AND FRUSTULE FORMATION IN NAVIGULA PELLICULOSA
Authors: Lewin Joyce C.
Published: February 2010

The cells of Navicula pelliculosa (Bréb.) Hilse, when grown in media which contained 3.5, 8.3, and 34.0 mg. Si per liter, reproduced with generation (doubling) times of 20.4, 13.7, and 13.1 hours respectively. The degree of silicification of the cells in each culture initially fell with increasing population. After exponential growth had ceased, this value varied between 0.8 × 10−9 and 2.2 × 10−9 mg. Si per cell, depending on the amount of silicon originally present in the medium and on the age of the culture. When placed in a fresh silicate solution, the cells took up additional silicate with increases in silicon content of 50%, 90%, and 15%, respectively. Silica (SiO2) may represent from 4% to 22% of the dry weight of the cells. The average thickness of the frustules has been calculated to range between 200 and 600 Å.
PHASE VARIATION OF RICKETTSIA (COXIELLA) BURNETI: STUDY OF THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN GUINEA PIGS AND RABBITS
Authors: Fiset Paul
Published: February 2010

Further studies of the phase variation of Rickettsia burneti described by Stoker (12, 13) and Stoker and Fiset (14) are reported. Animals (guinea pigs and rabbits) infected or vaccinated (with killed purified suspensions) with either Phase 1 or Phase 2 of R. burneti (Nine Mile and Christie strains) develop antibodies that are detectable very early (within 21 days after inoculation) when their sera are tested with antigens in Phase 2. Except for the group of guinea pigs vaccinated with killed purified suspensions of Nine Mile Phase 2, all the animals also produce antibodies against the Phase 1 strains but these appear much later than the anti-Phase 2 antibodies. It is believed that R. burneti when reverting from the non-reactive Phase 1 to the reactive Phase 2 through egg adaptation loses some of its surface antigens.
FORMATION OF EXTRACELLULAR LYSINE BY USTILAGO MAYDIS AND GLIOCLADIUM SP.
Authors: Dulaney Eugene L.
Published: February 2010

A strain of Gliocladium sp. and a strain of Ustilago maydis produced approximately 400 μg./ml. of extracellular lysine in shaken Erlenmeyer flasks. In U. maydis growth media, most of the extracellular lysine, arginine, and histidine is in the free form. Metabolic studies show the lysine to be formed during early growth, concurrent with the formation of most of the extracellular organic nitrogen. The extracellular organic nitrogen and lysine is used during a late growth surge in experiments showing high lysine concentrations but not in those showing low lysine concentrations.None of the compounds tested as precursors or intermediates resulted in an increased concentration of extracellular lysine.
EFFECT OF 4-AMINO-5-IMIDAZOLECARBOXAMIDE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS ON THE GROWTH OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
Authors: Nakamura Mitsuru
Published: February 2010

4-Amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide and 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamidine were found to be stimulatory to Entamoeba histolytica when studied under bacteria-free conditions. These compounds in combination with folic acid or leucovorin, adenosine triphosphate, and ribose-5-phosphate greatly stimulated amoebic multiplication.
POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOL PRODUCTION BY OSMOPHILIC YEASTS: EFFECT OF OXYGEN TENSION AND INORGANIC PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATION
Authors: Spencer J. F. T. , Shu Ping
Published: February 2010

A study was made of the effects of oxygen tension and inorganic phosphate concentration on the production of glycerol, arabitol, and ethanol by a strain of osmophilic yeast. Increasing the oxygen tension increased the yields of glycerol and arabitol and decreased the yield of ethanol, while increasing the concentration of inorganic phosphate had the opposite effect.The changes in yields of products with increasing phosphate concentration were most pronounced at a partial pressure of oxygen of 280 mm. of mercury. At lower oxygen tensions the yields of polyols were low and the yield of ethanol was high at all concentrations of phosphate, while at very high oxygen tensions the opposite effect was observed. When the ethanol yield was high, the respiratory quotient was also high. These results are discussed in relation to the oxidative phosphate-lack theory of the Pasteur effect.
THE PATHOGENICITY OF DEMATIUM NIGRUM FOR MICE
Authors: Rich Marvin A. , Stern Arthur M.
Published: February 2010

Dematium nigrum, a common laboratory contaminant, was found to have an unsuspected ability to cause a neurological syndrome in mice. Intravenous injection of a suspension caused a fatal, right-sided hemiparesis. Death occurred, most often, after 6–10 days. The organism could be recovered from the brains of afflicted animals but not from other organs.
A DISEASE OF GRASSHOPPERS CAUSED BY THE BACTERIUM PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA (SCHROETER) MIGULA
Authors: Bucher Gordon E. , Stephens June M.
Published: February 2010

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the chief cause of disease in laboratory cultures of grasshoppers. A large number of strains of the bacterium from different localities fell into five types on the basis of reactions with bacteriophages. The five types and their strains were qualitatively similar to one another in morphology, cultural characteristics, and diagnostic biochemical reactions and to a named culture of P. aeruginosa from the American Type Culture Collection, and their characteristics agreed with those listed by most authors in the literature as diagnostic of the species. The strains and types showed some quantitative differences in production of pyocyanin, development of iridescence, and degree of haemolysis of blood and of hydrolysis of casein. The symptoms of infection and the loss from mortality are described. The factors influencing the spread of the infection are discussed and methods of suppression of the disease are recommended. The disease originates from a small number of bacteria intimately associated with a very low percentage of grasshopper eggs collected in the field. Nymphs emerging from these eggs die shortly after emergence and contaminate the food supply. Grasshoppers are normally infected by ingesting food contaminated by the bacteria but the bacteria do not multiply in the gut and most of them are rapidly killed or eliminated. The bacteria are not actively invasive, but when a small number gain access to the haemocoel they increase in numbers to about 1 × 109per insect. Shortly thereafter the host dies from the metabolic activities of the parasites, most probably as a result of protein digestion by the strong proteolytic enzymes of the bacterium. There is no evidence that the bacteria produce a specific toxin, and grasshoppers are more resistant to the poisonous action of pyocyanin than are mice.
THE REMOVAL OF NON-SPECIFIC COMPONENTS FROM THE SOLUBLE ANTIGENS OF INFLUENZA AND MUMPS VIRUSES
Authors: Polley John R.
Published: February 2010

An investigation has been made of methods to remove the non-specific complement-fixing components which sometimes occur in the routine preparation of virus soluble antigens. It was found possible to remove such components from influenza soluble antigens by (1) centrifugation for 1 hour at 36,000 g or (2) treatment of the antigen with 10% Norit, followed by uf. filtration. With mumps soluble antigen, this purification was accomplished by (1) centrifugation as above or (2) heating the antigen for 30 minutes at 70 °C. at pH 9, followed by centrifugation at 9000 g.
THE DEGRADATION OF 2-KETO-D-GLUCONATE-C14,D-GLUCONATE-C14, ANDD-FRUCTOSE-C14BY LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES
Authors: Blakley E. R. , Blackwood A. C.
Published: February 2010

2-Ketogluconate, gluconate, and fructose specifically labeled with C14were fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Radioactive carbon dioxide was recovered from the fermentation of the C-1 labeled substrates, while methyl labeled lactic acid was recovered from the C-6 labeled compounds. The results indicate that the metabolism of these compounds and that previously reported for glucose are similar. This organism can be used to degrade these compounds for the determination of C14distribution.
THE STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR OF THE NUCLEI IN SPORES AND GROWING HYPHAE OF MUCORALES: I. MUCOR HIEMALIS AND MUCOR FRAGILIS
Authors: Robinow C. F.
Published: February 2010

The behavior of the nuclei in resting and germinating spores and in growing hyphae of Mucor hiemalis has been followed during life with phase contrast microscopy. The nuclei consist of a dense central body, the nucleolus, surrounded by a shell of variable shape composed of optically uniform material of low density. The nuclei have been seen to divide by constriction. One half of the nucleolus and one half-shell of the low density material pass to each daughter nucleus.All phases of nuclear division have been recognized in fixed and stained preparations. The nucleolus is readily stained by iron hematoxylin or gentian violet but is Feulgen-negative. The shell of low density has no marked affinity for hematoxylin and other basic or acid stains although it consists largely of granules and filaments which are Feulgen-positive. In these elements the chromosomes of the nuclei must somehow be contained but the size, shape, and behavior of individual chromosomes cannot yet be described. Division of the mass of chromatinic elements is direct and involves neither spindle nor metaphase plate. It is tentatively proposed that the chromosomes in the resting nucleus are already divided and segregated to opposite sides and that the constriction of the nucleus is merely the consummation of a kind of endomitosis initiated during the terminal stages of the previous division. Supporting observations have been made on Mucor fragilis, several other Mucorales, and two species of Saprolegnia. Uncertainties and controversies of the past can be explained in the light of the new findings.
PRODUCTION OF AERIAL MYCELIUM AND UREDOSPORES BY MELAMPSORA LINI (PERS.) LÉV. ON FLAX LEAVES IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Turel F. L. M. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: February 2010

Dense, felt-like growth of aerial mycelium of Melampsora lini (Pers.) Lév. was obtained when surface-sterilized, rust-infected cotyledons of flax were put on a modified Knop medium, containing fresh, ripe coconut milk, sucrose, and Difco Bacto-Agar. The mycelium remained fully dependent on the living host tissue, but could easily be collected free from host material in quantities sufficient for respiration and small scale chemical studies. Slight modification of the method allowed production of appreciable quantities of uredospores free from contaminating microorganisms.
EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS ON OXIDATION OF PROGESTERONE BY TWO STREPTOMYCETES
Authors: Perlman D. , Weinstein M. J. , Peterson G. E.
Published: February 2010

Studies of the microbial conversion of progesterone to Δ1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione by Streptomyces lavendulae and to 16α-hydroxyprogesterone by Streptomyces sp. ATCC 11,009 have shown that a lag in metabolism of the steroid occurs when the progesterone is added to washed cells of these organisms grown in a medium containing soybean meal, glucose, and calcium carbonate. No lag was observed when the cells were grown in this medium supplemented with a trace of progesterone. Addition to the cell suspensions of sufficient quantities of streptomycin sulphate, viomycin sulphate, dihydrostreptomycin sulphate, neomycin B sulphate, or tetracycline hydrochloride (to give a concentration of 10 μg. per ml.) coincident with the addition of the progesterone resulted in complete inhibition of steroid oxidation. When addition of the antibiotics was delayed until 12 hours after addition of the progesterone or the cells were grown in a medium containing a trace of progesterone, practically no inhibition was observed. These experiments suggest that the enzymes formed in these two streptomycetes which carry out the transformation of progesterone are adaptive in origin.
METABOLISM OF RHIZOBIA IN RELATION TO EFFECTIVENESS
Authors: Katznelson H. , Zagallo A. C.
Published: February 2010

The ability of effective and ineffective strains of rhizobia to degrade 6-phosphogluconate directly to pyruvate and the metabolic activity of these strains in relation to the glycolytic, and hexose monophosphate oxidative pathways of carbohydrate break down were studied. No distinct relationship between metabolic activity, pyruvate production, and effectiveness was obtained although it was found that effective strains of rhizobia oxidized succinate more rapidly than ineffective strains. The organisms possess certain enzymes involved in glycolysis as well as alternate pathways for hexose phosphate utilization via the oxidative route.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE OF HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM
Authors: Labzoffsky N. A. , Fischer J. B. , Hamvas J. J.
Published: February 2010

Employing physical and chemical methods eight antigenic fractions were isolated from Histoplasma capsulatum as determined by complement fixation technique. Two of the fractions were found to cross-react with coccidioidal antisera, two with coccidioidal and Blastomyces antisera, one with Blastomyces antisera, while the remaining three displayed specificity by reacting with Histoplasma antisera only. Some evidence is presented to indicate that the isolated fractions are antigenically distinct.
SURVIVAL OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA (SCHROETER) MIGULA SUSPENDED IN VARIOUS SOLUTIONS AND DRIED IN AIR
Authors: Stephens June M.
Published: February 2010

When added to aqueous suspensions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula, an organism pathogenic to grasshoppers in the laboratory, a number of test agents allowed no survival after 24 hours' desiccation in air; others, 0.001 to 10%; 5% sucrose, 30%. A combination of 1% casein, 5% sucrose, and 1% granular mucin supported the growth of the bacteria and gave 29% survival after 24 hours' drying. Survival rates in this investigation compare favorably to those obtained by other investigators when drying was carried out under complex conditions, such as freeze-drying.
STUDY OF A PLAQUE VARIATION OF BACILLUS MEGATERIUM PHAGE
Authors: Ehrlich H. L. , Pfau C. J.
Published: February 2010

A variation in plaque type of Bacillus megaterium phage ψ16Bcl is described. The host culture for this study was an asporogenic strain of B. megaterium No. 1. The investigation revealed that the cause of the variation is lysogenization, which gives rise to two variants called M-1 and M-2. Some of their characteristics are described. The results suggest that the parent-type phage perpetuates itself during lytic cycles of reproduction, and gives rise to variant phage when it lysogenizes the host.
SOME METABOLIC EFFECTS OF ADENOVIRUS INFECTION IN HELA CELLS
Authors: Rozee K. R. , Ottey L. J. , Rooyen C. E. van
Published: February 2010

HeLa cells infected with type 7 adenovirus produced amounts of lactic acid in excess of those produced by uninfected HeLa cells, as has been found with other adenovirus types. It was found that the increased rate of glucose utilization and higher lactic dehydrogenase activity in adenovirus-infected HeLa cells could partially explain this phenomenon. It is suggested that the terminal degradative mechanisms are more active in adenovirus-infected HeLa cells and that an operative tricarboxylic acid cycle is necessary for optimum replication of type 7 adenovirus.
LOCALIZATION OF GLUCOSE, GLUCONATE, AND GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE OXIDATION SYSTEMS IN EXTRACTS OF PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS
Authors: Eagon R. G.
Published: February 2010

Cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas fluorescens, strain OSU 64, derived by means of sonic oscillation and alumina grinding, were assayed to determine the localization of enzymes necessary for the oxidation of glucose, gluconate, and glucose-6-phosphate. Glucose and gluconate were oxidized to 2-ketogluconate by both the supernatant and particulate fractions of the extracts. Approximately 40% of the activity for the oxidation of glucose was demonstrated to be in the supernatant fraction and 60% in the particulate fraction. Activity for the oxidation of gluconate was found to be located with approximately 50% in each fraction. Oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate was observed only in the soluble portion.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ACTINOMYCETALES: ISOLATION OF A POLYSACCHARIDE CONTAINING D-ARABINOSE AND D-GALACTOSE FROM NOCARDIA ASTEROIDES
Authors: Bishop C. T. , Blank F.
Published: February 2010

A polysaccharide isolated from cultures of Nocardia asteroides contained arabinose and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.7:1. The two monosaccharides were unequivocally identified as D-arabinose and D-galactose by isolating them in crystalline form. Partial hydrolysis showed that some of the D-arabinose units in the polysaccharide were in the furanoside ring form while the D-galactose units possessed the pyranoside structure. Methylation studies showed that the polysaccharide was a branched structure of D-arabinose and D-galactose units with some of the arabinose forming non-reducing, terminal residues. The findings reported here are regarded as further evidence of the close, taxonomic relationship between Nocardia asteroides and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, members of the same order.
THE EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION ON LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
Authors: Bearns Ronald E. , Girard Kenneth F.
Published: February 2010

Using the so-called holding technique of pasteurization (61.7 °C., 35 minutes) it was shown that when known numbers of viable Listeria monocytogenes are added to samples of fresh sterile milk, organisms may be recovered whenever the initial number of bacteria added is 5 × 104/ml. or greater. No significant differences in heat resistance among representatives of various Listeria monocytogenes was observed. After 48 hours at room temperature (22 °C.) survivors multiply in such "pasteurized" milk and viable bacterial counts reach 108 per ml. without producing any grossly detectable changes in the milk or suspicious odors.
PROVISIONAL SHIGELLA SEROTYPES
Authors: Ewing W. H. , Reavis R. W. , Davis Betty R.
Published: February 2010

The results of continued biochemical and serological studies on a number of previously described provisional Shigella serotypes are reported. On the basis of the results obtained it is suggested that provisional serotypes 58 and 2050-52 may now be added to Shigella subgroup A as Shigella dysenteriae 9 and S. dysenteriae 10, respectively, and that serotypes 123, 425, 2770-51, and 703 may be added to Shigella subgroup C as Shigella boydii 12, S. boydii 13, S. boydii 14, and S. boydii 15, respectively. It is suggested that the status of serotypes 3873-50, 3615-53, and 1621-54 remain provisional for the present. Also, the biochemical and serological relationships of three new provisional Shigella serotypes are reported. These are serotypes 2000-53, 3341-55, and 2710-54.The status of several other serotypes, some of which were previously described as provisional shigellae, have been investigated and discussed and it is concluded that these are not shigellae but anaerogenic Escherichia coli instead.
BACTERIAL PERMEABILITY: THE UPTAKE AND OXIDATION OF CITRATE BY ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: MacDonald R. E. , Gerhardt Philipp
Published: February 2010

A direct measurement of total uptake was applied to determine whether surface impermeability could explain why extracts of Escherichia coli can oxidize exogenous citrate but intact cells cannot. The equations for the "space" method are derived and its limitations are pointed out. The observed uptake of citrate was characterized as a variable that was dependent on temperature, pH, external citrate concentration, the species and concentration of cations, and integrity of the cell, but was independent of added energy source, time, and adaptational or mutational processes. Uptake into the citrate space appeared to be a diffusional process. It was concluded that citrate normally diffuses into the cell wall, and under certain environmental conditions may penetrate further into the cell. The lack of correlation between uptake and oxidation of citrate negated the hypothesis of surface impermeability of E. coli to citrate.
OCCURRENCE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA (SCHROETER) MIGULA IN HAEMOLYMPH OF GRASSHOPPERS AFTER INFECTION BY FEEDING
Authors: Stephens June M.
Published: February 2010

When adults of the grasshopper Melanophis bivillalus (Say) were fed large doses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula, the haemolymph remained sterile for various lengths of time. Most of the infected grasshoppers first carried small numbers of P. aeruginosa in the haemolymph and all but one died in 1 to 3 days after its first appearance in the haemolymph.
THE PRODUCTION OF POLYSACCHARIDES BY FUNGI ACTIVE IN THE DECOMPOSITION OF WOOD AND FOREST LITTER
Authors: Bernier B.
Published: February 2010

Four fungi known to be active in the decomposition of wood and forest litter were grown on a liquid medium containing salts and glucose and also on aqueous extracts of a variety of fresh leaves and litter. The polysaccharides produced in the various culture media by the same organism were found, by chromatography of the hydrolyzates, to be of the same composition. In some cases, when the fungi were grown on leaf or litter extracts, polysaccharide synthesis did not take place because of lack of carbohydrate material. In many instances polysaccharide synthesis was inhibited by a factor or factors present even in much diluted extracts.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EXTRACELLULAR PROTEINASE FROM MICROCOCCUS FREUDENREICHII
Authors: Husain I. , McDonald I. J.
Published: February 2010

An extracellular proteinase from Micrococcus freudenreichii is described. The enzyme hydrolyzes casein and crystalline β-lactoglobulin rapidly and crystalline bovine plasma albumin very slowly. The enzyme is most active at 50 °C. but is essentially inactivated in 15 minutes at 60 °C. The optimum pH for enzyme activity is 5.5 to 6.4. The possible role of the proteinase in cheese ripening is discussed.