bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of institutions on ecological attitudes and behaviour of consumers in a developing Asian country: the case of the Philippines
Authors: Martinez Carmelita P. , Castaneda Marigold G. , Marte Rodilina B. , Roxas Banjo
Published: April 2015

This study examines the effects of institutions emanating from the social environment on ecologically sustainable consumer behaviour in a developing country context. Drawing on the behavioural perspective model of consumer choice and institutional theory, this study argues that the regulative, normative and cognitive dimensions of the institutional environment play critical roles in shaping the pro‐environmental attitudes called eco‐attitudes of consumers. In turn, eco‐attitudes positively influence the eco‐behaviour of consumers. The structural equation modelling of data from a survey of 1045 consumers from the Philippines shows the significant and positive effects of the regulatory, normative and cognitive dimensions of the institutional environment on the eco‐attitudes of consumers, which in turn have strong positive influence on eco‐behaviour. The findings about the partial mediating role of eco‐attitudes offer a more nuanced explanation on how institutions explain the eco‐behaviour of consumers which is a topic that is less understood especially in a developing country context. The study highlights the theoretical, methodological, policy and future research implications of the findings.
7 Tesla MRI in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Benjamin Philip , Viessmann Olivia , MacKinnon Andrew D. , Jezzard Peter , Markus Hugh S.
Published: April 2015

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a major cause of stroke and cognitive decline. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) currently plays a central role in diagnosis, and advanced MRI techniques are widely used in research but are limited by spatial resolution. Human 7 Tesla (7T) MRI has recently become available offering the ability to image at higher spatial resolution. This may provide additional insights into both the vascular pathology itself as well as parenchymal markers which could only previously be examined post mortem. In this review we cover the advantages and limitations of 7T MRI, review studies in SVD performed to date, and discuss potential future insights into SVD which 7T MRI may provide.
Factors Contributing to Sexual Violence at Selected Schools for Learners with Mild Intellectual Disability in South Africa
Authors: Nyokangi Doris , Phasha Nareadi
Published: April 2015

Background

This paper reports part of the findings of a study which exposed sexual violence in schools for learners with mild intellectual disability in South Africa. Special attention was paid on factors contributing to such a problem.

Methods

Data were collected using focus groups and individual interviews with 16 learners with mild intellectual disability at two special schools in South Africa. This was followed by individual interviews with the school nurse and social worker, and an analysis of schools' books of incidents.

Results

Factors contributing to sexual violence at schools for learners with mild intellectual disability included: (i) peer pressure, (ii) concealment of reported incidents of sexual violence, (iii) unsupervised areas linked to schools and (iv) arranged relationships.

Conclusion

The following suggestions are put forth: (i) awareness programmes, (ii) sensitization of teachers about the consequences and prevention of sexual violence, (iii) boundaries within which the arranged relationship occurs, (iv) intensification of sexuality education and (v) supervision around the school premises.
Effects on Physical Health of a Multicomponent Programme for Overweight and Obesity for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Martínez‐Zaragoza Fermín , Campillo‐Martínez José M. , Ato‐García Manuel
Published: April 2015

Background

Overweight and obesity are major health risk factors in people with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of a multicomponent programme (physical activity, diet and motivation) for overweight and obesity in adults with intellectual disabilities.

Material and Methods

A quasi‐experimental design with repeated‐measures and non‐equivalent control group (n = 33, n = 31) was used. The programme was conducted over 17 weeks, with follow‐up at 6 months in a sample of Spanish adults with a mild and moderate intellectual disability from a community occupational day centre, aged from 23 to 50, 40.6% of which were women.

Results

A significant reduction in weight and diastolic blood pressure was obtained over time, and this reduction was maintained in the follow‐up for weight. Reduction in heart rate was only marginally significant.

Conclusions

The treatment was effective in reducing overweight and obesity, improving cardiovascular capacity and therefore the physical health of the participants.
Myocardial function and effects of biologic therapy in patients with severe psoriasis: a prospective echocardiographic study
Authors: Ahlehoff O. , Hansen P.R. , Gislason G.H. , Frydland M. , Bryld L.E. , Elming H. , Jemec G.B.E.
Published: April 2015

Background

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease and is associated with cardiovascular events. Little is known about subclinical myocardial dysfunction and potential changes in myocardial function during anti‐inflammatory treatment in these patients. We prospectively studied left ventricular function in patients with severe psoriasis who initiated biologic therapy.

Methods

Between November 1 2013 and May 31 2014 the study subjects underwent physical, laboratory and comprehensive echocardiographic examination at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Pearson correlation coefficients and Student's t‐test were applied to assess changes in diastolic function (defined as the E/e’ ratio) and global longitudinal strain (GLS).

Results

Eighteen patients with severe psoriasis treated with biologic therapy with a mean follow‐up of 85.6 ± 18.2 days were included. The patients had a baseline psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) of 12.0 ± 4.1 and normal left ventricular ejection fraction [(LVEF) 56.3 ± 3.8%], diastolic dysfunction (E/e′ 8.1 ± 2.1) and GLS (−16.8 ± 2.1%). At follow‐up, an improvement (baseline vs. follow‐up) of PASI (12.0 ± 4.1 vs. 2.7 ± 3.1, P < 0.001), E/e′ (8.1 ± 2.1 vs. 6.7 ± 1.9, P ≤ 0.001) and GLS (−16.8 ± 2.1 vs. −18.3 ± 2.3%, P < 0.001) were recorded. No changes were demonstrated in LVEF (56.3 ± 3.8 vs. 56.8 ± 3.3%, P = 0.31), body mass index (30.9 ± 5.7 vs. 31.0 ± 5.8 kg/m2, P = 0.90), mean arterial blood pressure (103.1 ± 8.5 vs. 103.7 ± 10.8 mmHg, P = 0.74). Likewise, no changes were seen in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate and glycosylated haemoglobin.

Conclusion

In patients with severe psoriasis treatment with biologic therapy was associated with improved PASI and amelioration of myocardial dysfunction.
Spatio‐temporal variability in the cannibalistic behaviour of European hake Merluccius merluccius: the influence of recruit abundance and prey availability
Authors: Preciado I. , Punzón A. , Velasco F.
Published: April 2015

Cannibalistic behaviour of European hake Merluccius merluccius was studied through the analysis of 49 836 gut contents belonging to individuals from 6 to 82 cm in total length (LT). Samples were collected every autumn between 1993 and 2009. The results showed that the consumption of conspecific individuals was consistent over space and time. The abundance, spatial distribution patterns and LT structure of M. merluccius recruits were the main variables involved in M. merluccius cannibalism. A geographical pattern was found since increasing cannibalism was observed in areas of recruit aggregations. The LT spectrum of recruits in autumn was also a key factor and dependent on the spawning period. When adults spawned from late spring to summer, an increasing cannibalism trend was found in autumn, due to the ideal size structure of the prey (M. merluccius recruits) for predators. Depth was also a significant variable, and a cannibal peak was detected at depths ranging between 50 and 200 m, coinciding with a spatial overlap of predator (pre‐adults) and prey (recruits). The cannibalistic behaviour of M. merluccius began at c. 12 cm, although 75% were mid‐sized individuals between 16 and 30 cm. Additionally, 90% of prey‐hake were recruits <18·5 cm. Some biological and ecological aspects such as growth rate, spawning period, predation and competition interactions and the effect of some oceanographic events on M. merluccius cannibalism are also discussed.
Do Sleep Complaints Predict Persistent Fatigue in Older Adults?
Authors: Endeshaw Yohannes W.
Published: April 2015

Objectives

To examine the association between sleep complaints, use of sleep‐promoting medications, and persistent severe fatigue (PSF).

Design

Analysis of data from the National Health Aging Trends Study.

Setting

Contiguous United States.

Participants

A representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older.

Measurements

Difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty staying asleep, use of sleep‐promoting medications, demographic characteristics, presence of pain, use of pain medications, depression, chronic medical disease, physical activity level, and Short Physical Performance Battery score measured at baseline. The outcome of interest was PSF (fatigue that limits daily activities reported at baseline and 12‐month follow‐up).

Results

Of 8,245 participants at baseline, 7,075 completed 12‐month follow‐up; 31% reported severe fatigue at baseline and 31% at follow‐up, and 19% reported PSF. In a logistic regression model, difficulty staying asleep some nights (odds ratio (OR) = 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08–1.60) and most nights or every night (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.09–1.79) and use of sleep‐promoting medications most nights or every night (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.08–1.67) independently predicted PSF.

Conclusion

The results indicate greater risk of PSF in older adults with difficulty staying asleep and those who use sleep‐promoting medications. These findings underscore the significance of sleep problems and present potential targets for interventional studies that aim to improve fatigue in older adults.
Longitudinal Changes in Beliefs by Stage of Physical Activity Adoption in Iranian Girls
Authors: Taymoori Parvaneh , Berry Tanya R.
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

The aims of this study were to examine the relationships among physical activity (PA)‐related beliefs and to determine to what extent Iranian adolescents in different stages of PA adoption differ in perceived benefits and barriers during a 3‐year transition from junior high school to high school.

METHODS

Data were collected from female adolescents in 2010 (N = 558), of whom 412 provided follow‐up data in 2013. One‐way analysis of variance and logistic regression were conducted for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Participants in the action and maintenance stages reported the greatest agreement with benefits. Pre‐contemplators were about 4 times more likely to cite “not enough time” than preparers (OR = 3.95). Pre‐contemplators were over 4 times more likely to cite not liking exercise than those in action and maintenance stages at baseline (OR = 4.32 and 4.85), a finding which was maintained at follow‐up (OR = 3.66 and 8.65).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings could help with the creation of interventions tailored to encourage pre‐contemplators to progress toward adoption of PA. Providing transportation supports, enhancing time management, and mitigating boredom may be helpful strategies either to prevent relapse in adoption stages or to move females in early stages of change toward action and maintenance.
Are qualitative and quantitative sleep problems associated with delinquency when controlling for psychopathic features and parental supervision?
Authors: Backman Heidi , Laajasalo Taina , Saukkonen Suvi , Salmi Venla , Kivivuori Janne , Aronen Eeva T.
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between sleep, including both qualitative and quantitative aspects, and delinquent behaviour while controlling for psychopathic features of adolescents and parental supervision at bedtime. We analysed data from a nationally representative sample of 4855 Finnish adolescents (mean age 15.3 years, 51% females). Sleep problems, hours of sleep and delinquency were evaluated via self‐report. Psychopathic features were measured with the Antisocial Process Screening Device – Self‐Report. In negative binomial regressions, gender and sleep‐related variables acted as predictors for both property and violent crime after controlling for psychopathic features and parental supervision at bedtime. The results suggest that both sleep problems (at least three times per week, at least for a year) and an insufficient amount of sleep (less than 7 h) are associated with property crime and violent behaviour, and the relationship is not explained by gender, degree of parental supervision at bedtime or co‐occurring psychopathic features. These results suggest that sleep difficulties and insufficient amount of sleep are associated with delinquent behaviour in adolescents. The significance of addressing sleep‐related problems, both qualitative and quantitative, among adolescents is thus highlighted. Implications for a prevention technique of delinquent behaviour are discussed.
Ethno‐Regional Favouritism in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Ahlerup Pelle , Isaksson Ann‐Sofie
Published: April 2015

Studies of political favouritism in Africa often treat ethnic and regional favouritism as interchangeable concepts. The present paper distinguishes between the two and investigates their relative influence in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Focusing on whether individuals perceive their ethnic group to be unfairly treated by government, we assess the importance of being a co‐ethnic of the country president, of living in the president's region of origin and of the regional share of president co‐ethnics. Empirical findings drawing on detailed individual level survey data covering more than 19 000 respondents across 15 African countries suggest that ethnic and regional favouritism are not the same, but rather have independent effects.
The association between the serum levels of uric acid and alanine aminotransferase in a population‐based cohort
Authors: Zelber‐Sagi Shira , Ben‐Assuli Ofir , Rabinowich Liane , Goldstein Alex , Magid Avi , Shalev Varda , Shibolet Oren , Chodick Gabriel
Published: April 2015

Background & Aims

Elevated serum uric acid levels reflect and also cause both oxidative stress and insulin resistance and are frequently observed in patients with the metabolic syndrome. A strong association exists between the metabolic syndrome and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, we aimed to test the association between uric acid and elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as a surrogate for NAFLD, using real‐world data.

Methods

Data used for the cross‐sectional study were obtained from Maccabi Healthcare System, a 2‐million member health maintenance organization in Israel. The population consisted of individuals aged 20–60 years who underwent blood tests for ALT and uric acid between 1997 and 2012. Individuals with secondary liver disease, celiac, and inflammatory bowel‐disease were excluded. Subgroup analysis was performed in subjects who were given the diagnosis of fatty liver in their medical records (n = 2628).

Results

The study population included 82 608 people (32.5% men, mean age 43.91 ± 10.15 years). There was a significant positive dose‐response association between serum uric acid levels and the rate of elevated serum ALT (P for trend <0.001). In multivariable model, controlling for potential confounders, the association between uric acid and elevated ALT persisted (OR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.93–2.29, for the fourth quartile vs. the first). This association was maintained in all categories of gender and BMI. Similar results were observed among patients diagnosed with fatty liver (OR = 1.77, 1.22–2.57).

Conclusions

Serum uric acid is independently associated with elevated ALT, as a surrogate for NAFLD, and thus may serve as a serum marker for liver damage and should be further investigated as a risk factor for NAFLD.
The effectiveness of conservation interventions to overcome the urban–environmental paradox
Authors: McDonald Robert I.
Published: April 2015

Globally, urbanization is rapidly growing cities and towns at a historically unprecedented rate, and this rapid urban growth is influencing many facets of the environment. This paper reviews the effectiveness of conservation interventions that are designed to increase urban sustainability. It presents evidence for an apparent urban–environmental paradox: while the process of urban growth converts natural habitat to other land covers and degrades natural resources and ecosystem function, the increase in human population can increase demand for natural resources and ecosystem services. The fundamental problem that many conservation interventions try to address is that most facets of the environment are common or public goods, and are hence undervalued in decision making (market failure). The paper presents a threefold classification of conservation interventions in cities: conservation in the city (protecting biodiversity), conservation by the city (reducing per capita resource and energy use), and conservation for cities (projects that maintain or enhance ecosystem services). It ends by discussing methods for spatially targeting conservation interventions of all three types and for quantifying the effectiveness of interventions retrospectively.
Pediatric Periorificial Dermatitis: Clinical Course and Treatment Outcomes in 222 Patients
Authors: Goel Nikita S. , Burkhart Craig N. , Morrell Dean S.
Published: April 2015

Background

Periorificial dermatitis (POD) is a rosacea‐like papulopustular facial eruption most commonly reported in young adult women. Although POD has been reported in children as young as 6 months of age, there are limited data on the diagnosis and management of POD in pediatric cases.

Methods

All children diagnosed with POD at the Dermatology Clinic at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill between June 2002 and March 2014 were included in the current study. Information related to demographics, associated risk factors, treatment prescribed, adverse effects, and response to treatment were obtained from a retrospective analysis of medical records.

Results

Of the 222 children identified, 55.4% were female, 62.2% Caucasian, and the average age at presentation to the clinic was 6.6 years. Although the etiology of POD remains uncertain, 29.3% reported a past medical history of atopic dermatitis, 14.9% reported a history of asthma and 58.1% reported a history of steroid use prior to POD onset. Fifty‐nine percent were seen at a clinic visit for follow‐up at an average of 3.8 months. Treatment often involved combining oral azithromycin with topical metronidazole or sodium sulfacetamide lotion. Of the patients with documented follow‐up, 71.8% experienced complete resolution of POD. Recurrence of POD occurred in children dependent on inhaled steroids or nebulizers. Adverse effects were minimally noted, but included pigmentary changes (1.8%), worsening of symptoms (1.8%), gastrointestinal upset (0.9%), irritant dermatitis (0.9%), and xerosis (0.5%).

Conclusion

This study discusses the clinical diagnosis and management of POD in pediatric cases.
Idiopathic Facial Aseptic Granuloma: Review of an Evolving Clinical Entity
Authors: Zitelli Kristine B. , Sheil Amy T. , Fleck Robert , Schwentker Ann , Lucky Anne W.
Published: April 2015

Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma (IFAG), originally termed pyodermite froide du visage, describes a generally asymptomatic facial nodule presenting in childhood with clinical resemblance to pyoderma or cystic, granulomatous, or vascular lesions. Clinical understanding is constantly evolving, with recent observations indicating that IFAG may represent a subtype of childhood rosacea. We present a case of IFAG associated with eyelid chalazions in a 19‐month‐old boy. Although his clinical course paralleled previously reported IFAG cases, we observed a unique ultrasound variation during initial diagnostic examination. Further delineation of clinical, imaging, and histologic properties of IFAG may reveal insights into etiologic associations and ideal management.
Pediatric Cutaneous Nontuberculous Mycobacterium Infections in Singapore
Authors: Ng Shanna Shan‐Yi , Tay Yong‐Kwang , Koh Mark Jean‐Aan , Thoon Koh‐Cheng , Sng Li‐Hwei
Published: April 2015

Background

Nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections are rare in children, with limited published studies. The course of the disease can be variable and there are no accepted treatment guidelines for the management of NTM infections in children.

Objective

To review a cohort of pediatric patients admitted to a tertiary pediatric hospital in Singapore for cutaneous NTM infections.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of all children admitted to KK Women's and Children's Hospital with cutaneous NTM infections from 2002 to 2012.

Results

Sixty‐seven patients with positive NTM cultures from various body sites were identified. Eight of the 67 patients (11.9%) presented with cutaneous NTM without evidence of systemic involvement. The mean age at diagnosis for these eight patients was 10 years (range 5–21 yrs). Mycobacterium abscessus was the most common NTM isolated (five patients), followed by Mycobacterium hemophilium (two patients) and Mycobacterium kansasii (one patient). Most patients presented with isolated skin abscesses. Two patients were immunocompromised. Six patients required multidrug antibiotic treatment for a median duration of 5.5 months (range 3–17 mos). The median follow‐up duration was 8.5 months (range 2 wks–29 mos).

Conclusion

Although the incidence of cutaneous NTM is rare, the diagnosis should be considered in patients presenting with chronic wounds. Most patients require treatment with multidrug antibiotic therapy, although uncomplicated abscesses can be treated with surgical incision and drainage alone.
CHILD Syndrome: Successful Treatment of Skin Lesions with Topical Simvastatin/Cholesterol Ointment—A Case Report
Authors: Alexopoulos Alexios , Kakourou Talia
Published: April 2015

CHILD syndrome is a rare X‐linked dominant condition that presents with congenital hemidysplasia, Ichthyosiform erythroderma, and limb defects in affected patients. We report the case of a 10‐year‐old girl treated with topical simvastatin and cholesterol ointment, after which her skin lesions significantly improved within the first 30 days of treatment.
Supra‐therapeutic tacrolimus concentrations associated with concomitant nicardipine in pediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Hurst Amanda L. , Clark Natalie , Carpenter Todd C. , Sundaram Shikha S. , Reiter Pamela D.
Published: April 2015

Tacrolimus is prescribed to prevent allograft rejection in pediatric liver transplant recipients; however, its metabolism through the cytochrome P‐450 enzyme system presents a multitude of challenges in regard to drug interactions. Here, we describe four children (ages 1.4–8.7 yr) who acutely developed supra‐therapeutic serum tacrolimus trough concentrations, despite standard dosing, while on concomitant nicardipine therapy following liver transplantation. Even though tacrolimus regimens were altered (dosage reductions and held doses), serum tacrolimus concentrations remained elevated. Resolution of high tacrolimus concentrations was achieved only after the discontinuation of nicardipine. Following the termination of nicardipine, all children eventually required dosage increases in their tacrolimus regimens to re‐achieve target serum concentrations. We conclude that concomitant use of tacrolimus and nicardipine can result in high tacrolimus concentrations due to the inhibition of cytochrome p450 enzymes responsible for the metabolism of tacrolimus. We encourage clinicians to consider alternative antihypertensive options in children on tacrolimus therapy. If nicardipine therapy is necessary, we recommend a 50% reduction in tacrolimus dose and daily serum concentration monitoring.
The Ethics of Human Enhancement
Authors: Giubilini Alberto , Sanyal Sagar
Published: April 2015

Ethical debate surrounding human enhancement, especially by biotechnological means, has burgeoned since the turn of the century. Issues discussed include whether specific types of enhancement are permissible or even obligatory, whether they are likely to produce a net good for individuals and for society, and whether there is something intrinsically wrong in playing God with human nature. We characterize the main camps on the issue, identifying three main positions: permissive, restrictive and conservative positions. We present the major sub‐debates and lines of argument from each camp. The review also gives a flavor of the general approach of key writers in the literature such as Julian Savulescu, Nick Bostrom, Michael Sandel, and Leon Kass.
The Role of Attachment Style in Predicting Repetition of Adolescent Self‐Harm: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Glazebrook Katie , Townsend Ellen , Sayal Kapil
Published: April 2015

This study investigated whether insecure attachment is associated with poorer outcomes at 6‐month follow‐up in adolescents who self‐harm. At baseline the Child Attachment Interview was administered to 52 adolescents (13‐17 years) referred to specialist child and adolescent mental health services and with a recent history of self‐harm. Participants also completed self‐report measures of self‐harm, peer attachment, anxiety, and depression and were administered the means end problem‐solving task. Self‐harm behavior and problem‐solving skills were assessed again at 6‐month follow‐up. At baseline, 14 (27%) were securely attached to their mothers. In the 49 (94%) adolescents followed‐up, those with insecure maternal attachment and insecure peer attachment were more likely to have repeated self‐harm. In addition, securely attached adolescents showed greater improvement in problem‐solving skills. These findings indicate that secure maternal and peer attachments may help recovery from self‐harm, possibly by supporting the acquisition of problem‐solving skills, and highlights the importance of social connections and attachments for youth with a history of self‐harm.
“Indian Arrivistes and Cyber Coolies: Reflections on Global Outsourcing and the Middle Class”
Authors: Nadeem Shehzad
Published: April 2015

Globalization, we used to think, meant the movement of manufacturing jobs to the developing world. It brought work to regions that needed it, while dislocating the lives of the working classes in the richer countries. That was until it moved into the information technology and service sectors at the turn of the century. This article examines the globalization of white‐collar service work, with a view to its impact on emerging economies like India. The bulk of evidence suggests that while offshore outsourcing benefits the middle class in receiving countries, it does not appreciably expand it. Nor does it reliably produce upward mobility or recognizable career paths or even significant upskilling – most of the work being outsourced is rote and standardized. It produces decent jobs in holding patterns. And there are more and more of them as corporations look to continue cutting costs. Rather than authors of their own destinies, corporations have made of countries in the global south their willing and faithful scribes. I first provide a bird's eye view of what is happening and then look more closely at discoveries on the ground.
The Changing Practices and Meanings of Grandparenthood. Reflections on the Demographical Trends and Changing Representations of Ageing
Authors: Hasmanová Marhánková Jaroslava
Published: April 2015

Deep demographical shifts in western societies are significantly influencing the patterns of family life including the various forms of solidarity between generations. At the same time, we are facing significant changes in the social representation of ageing, which also influence the ways in which the roles of seniors in society are perceived and how the meaning of old age is constructed. The paper highlights the significance of these changes for the possible (re)definition of grandparenthood. It discusses the ways in which these demographical changes, the current heterogeneity of family life, and changing representations of ageing can affect the practices and meanings of grandparenthood. Simultaneously, it points out the need to analyse grandparenthood as a role which is strongly gendered.
Posaconazole liquid suspension in solid organ transplant recipients previously treated with voriconazole
Authors: Shoham S. , Ostrander D. , Marr K.
Published: April 2015

Background

Posaconazole (PCZ) has become an attractive alternative to voriconazole (VCZ) in transplant recipients with suspected or proven invasive filamentous fungal infections, causing fewer drug interactions. Here, we describe our experience with PCZ after VCZ in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients.

Methods

VCZ was replaced by PCZ liquid solution in 19 SOT recipients (15 lung, 2 kidney, 1 liver, and 1 heart/lung) with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (12/19; 63.2%), possible invasive pulmonary fungal infection (2/19; 10.5%), prophylaxis (2/19; 10.5%), or pulmonary scedosporiosis, mucormycosis, and mixed fungal species (1 each). Rationales for switch were suspected adverse reactions to VCZ (17/19; 89.4%) and desire to broaden spectrum of coverage to include agents of mucormycosis (3/19; 15.8%).

Results

PCZ was well tolerated in all patients. In those patients with baseline liver enzyme abnormalities, a median change occurred in concentrations of alanine transaminase (−20 IU/L), aspartate aminotransferase (−17.5 IU/L), and alkaline phosphatase (−61.5 IU/L). Clinical success (resolution, stabilization, or prevention of infection) was achieved in 16/19 (84%) people.

Conclusion

PCZ appears to have a reasonable safety and tolerability profile and may be an effective alternative in SOT patients who require an agent with anti‐mold activity, but are unable to tolerate VCZ.
Extent of sewage pollution in coastal environment of Mumbai, India: an object‐based image analysis
Authors: Vijay Ritesh , Kushwaha Vikash K. , Pandey Neha , Nandy Tapas , Wate S. R.
Published: April 2015

The coastal water quality of Mumbai is deteriorating by receiving partially treated effluent from wastewater treatment facilities, sewage discharges from ocean outfalls and discharges from point and non‐point sources in the creek and coast. A novel approach of object‐based image analysis has been used in this research study to assess the extent of sewage pollution in the coastal environment of Mumbai. For this, Indian Remote Sensing P6 Linear Imaging Self Scanning IV image was used for multiresolution segmentation and rule‐based image classification as per normalised difference water index and normalised difference turbidity index. Water quality regions as per classification were strongly correlated with observed water quality parameters. Based on classified regions and water quality parameters, extent of sewage pollution in the coast was ranked from high to least polluted. The approach developed in this methodology should be tested in similarly polluted waters to ascertain its adaptability for assessing the spatial extent of sewage pollution.
Measured and simulated flow downstream of the submerged sluice gate
Authors: Demirel Ender
Published: April 2015

In this study, turbulent flow downstream of the submerged sluice gate was investigated experimentally and numerically. Experimental studies were conducted in a laboratory flume to measure the flow velocities and turbulence characteristics. Three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed to investigate the flow structure downstream of the sluice gate. It is found that the flow downstream of the submerged sluice gate is highly three‐dimensional and unsteady in nature because of the interaction of mean flow and recirculation flow. The three‐dimensional simulation results indicate that the interacted flow triggers the formation of two corner vortices. Secondary velocities associated with the free surface vortices are found to be about 6% of the mean jet velocity at the inlet, which is significant for the river bank erosion. Vortex induced free surface fluctuations were also observed in the vicinity of the submerged gate.
Development of chloroplast DNA markers in Japanese Imperata cylindrica
Authors: Nomura Y , Shimono Y , Tominaga T
Published: April 2015

Imperata cylindrica (cogongrass) is one of the most invasive grass weeds found worldwide. In Japan, this grass grows as three climate types: cool temperate (CT), common (CM) and subtropical (ST). An early flowering (E) type has been also reported. Among them, the CM type is large and most invasive. Recent global warming may cause the extension of distribution of the CM type to northern parts of Japan and may allow hybrids to form between the CM and CT or E types. The hybrids sometimes show heterosis and this leads to new weed problems. Distinguishing between the hybrids and parents on a morphological basis is difficult. We investigated polymorphisms of eight cpDNAs to enable distinction between the ecotypes and the hybrids. Fourteen haplotypes were detected in 33 Japanese clones, based on variations in eight cpDNA regions. Based on three substitutions in the psbA–matK spacer, the ORF170 intron1, the trnL(UAA) intron–trnF(GAA) spacer and indels in the trnL(UAA) intron–trnF(GAA) spacer, the haplotypes were clustered into three phylogenetic groups: I, IIa and IIb, which corresponded with the CM and ST, E and CT types, respectively. The polymorphism in the cpDNA therefore enables us to distinguish among the ecotypes and is useful for prediction of the range expansion of the CM type.
A Monte Carlo experiment for measuring acoustic properties of macroalgae living tissue
Authors: Hermand Jean-Pierre , Randall Jo
Published: April 2015

A methodology is developed to measure ex situ ultrasonic velocity of submerged aquatic vegetation tissue, in particular, macroalgae, in a nondestructive and efficient manner. An entire thallus is submerged in artificial seawater-filled tank through which many ultrasonic pulse-echo measurements are recorded while thallus parts are randomly displaced. Average sound speed of tissue is estimated from normal fit to extracted travel times given measured total volume fraction of tissue and travel time in water alone. For species Ecklonia radiata the resulting values for sound speed 1573.4 ± 4.8 m s−1 and adiabatic compressibility 3.134 ×10−10 ± 1.34 ×10−11 Pa−1 at 18 °C agree with more laborious and destructive methods.
Reductant-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels and microgel-based optical materials
Authors: Li Xue , Gao Yongfeng , Serpe Michael J.
Published: April 2015

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) based hydrogel particles (microgels) crosslinked with N,N′-bis(acryloyl)cystamine were prepared using free-radical precipitation polymerization. By coating a single layer of microgels on a gold-coated glass substrate followed by the addition of another gold layer, an optical device (etalon) was fabricated. The devices were shown to exhibit optical properties that are typical of microgel-based etalons, i.e., they exhibit visual color and unique multipeak reflectance spectra. Unique to the devices here are their ability to change their optical properties in the presence of thiols. Specifically, in the presence of dithiothreitol, the microgel crosslinks were reduced, leading to microgel swelling, which ultimately changes the optical properties of the etalon. We observed a linear relationship between the shift in the position of the reflectance peaks and the concentration of dithiothreitol, which suggests that they can be used to quantify thiols in solution.
On Finsler surfaces of constant curvature with two-dimensional isometry group
Authors: Huang Libing , Mo Xiaohuan
Published: April 2015

In this paper, we study Finsler surfaces of constant (flag) curvature. We show that the space of those, with two-dimensional isometric group depends on two arbitrary constants. We also give a new technique to recover Finsler metrics from the specified two constants. Using this technique we obtain some new Finsler surfaces of constant flag curvature with two-dimensional isometry group.
An Ensemble Cost-Sensitive One-Class Learning Framework for Malware Detection
Authors: Liu Jia-Chen , Song Jian-Feng , Miao Qi-Guang , Cao Ying , Quan Yi-Ning
Published: April 2015

Machine learning is among the most popular methods in designing unknown and variant malware detection algorithms. However, most of the existing methods take a single type of features to build binary classifiers. In practice, these methods have limited ability in depicting malware characteristics and the binary classification suffers from inadequate sampling of benign samples and extremely imbalanced training samples when detecting malware. In this paper, we present a malware detection Framework based on ENsemble One-Class Learning, namely FENOC. It uses hybrid features at different semantic layers to ensure a comprehensive insight of the program to be analyzed. We construct the malware detector by a novel learning algorithm called Cost-sensitive Twin One-class Classifier (CosTOC), which uses a pair of one-class classifiers to describe malware and benign programs respectively. CosTOC is more flexible and robust in comparison to conventional binary classifiers when training samples are extremely imbalanced or the benign programs are inadequately sampled. Finally, random subspace method and clustering-based ensemble method are developed to enhance the generalization ability of CosTOC. Experimental results show that FENOC gives a comparative detection rate and a lower false positive rate than many other binary classification algorithms, especially when the detector are trained with imbalanced data, or evaluated in terms of false positive rate.
Heegaard diagrams corresponding to Turaev surfaces
Authors: Armond Cody , Druivenga Nathan , Kindred Thomas
Published: April 2015

We describe a correspondence between Turaev surfaces of link diagrams on S2 ⊂ S3 and special Heegaard diagrams for S3 adapted to links.
On the flat spacetime Galileons and the Born–Infeld type structures
Authors: Campuzano Cuauhtemoc , Cordero Rubén , Cruz Miguel , Rojas Efraín
Published: April 2015

We show how the flat spacetime Galileon field theories (FSGFT) in arbitrary dimensions can be obtained through a Born–Infeld (BI) type structure. This construction involves a brane metric and nonlinear combinations of derivatives of a scalar field. Our setup gives rise to some Galileon tensors and vectors useful for the variational analysis which are related to the momentum density of the probe Lovelock branes floating in a N-dimensional flat bulk. We find further that the Noether currents associated to these Galileon theories may be written in terms of such tensors.
Classical dynamics on Snyder spacetime
Authors: Mignemi S.
Published: April 2015

We study the classical dynamics of a particle in Snyder spacetime, adopting the formalism of constrained Hamiltonian systems introduced by Dirac. We show that the motion of a particle in a scalar potential is deformed with respect to special relativity by terms of order βE2. A remarkable result is that in the relativistic Snyder model a consistent choice of the time variable must necessarily depend on the dynamics. This is a consequence of the nontrivial mixing between position and momentum coordinates intrinsic to the Snyder model.
AIM and NBO analyses on the interaction between SWCNT and cyclophosphamide as an anticancer drug: A density functional theory study
Authors: Felegari Zahra , Monajjemi Majid
Published: April 2015

In this work, the molecular structures of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), cyclophosphamide and cyclophosphamide–SWCNT complex were optimized B3LYP/6–31G* level of theory. The nanotube used in this study was a (5,5) SWCNT including 150 C atoms. The NBO analysis showed that the transfer electron can be occurred from the lone pair of oxygen (donor atom) in the cyclophosphamide to the σ* or π* orbitals of the carbon atoms (acceptor atoms) in the SWCNT. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and energy gap (HOMO–LUMO) were calculated for the studied structures and the results indicated the stability of the complex. In addition, the calculated chemical shift isotropy (σ) and the chemical shift anisotropy (Δσ) confirmed the interaction between cyclophosphamide and SWCNT. Also, the results of the atoms in molecule (AIM) theory indicated that the H145– O164bond is a partial covalent bond.
Preparation and High Degradation Activity of Supported Nano-Bi2WO6–TiO2/Nickel Foam Photocatalyst
Authors: Tong Qin , Dong Ya-Mei , Wang Xiao-Jia , Yan Peng , He Dan-Nong
Published: April 2015

The supported nano- Bi 2 WO 6– TiO 2/nickel foam photocatalyst was synthesized via spraying method with silica sol as a binder. The as-prepared photocatalyst with large surface and thermal stability exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance for degradation of Rhodamine B ( RhB ) solution in sunlight irradiation. The results showed that the RhB solution could be degraded to 71.6% within 60min, exhibiting that improved photocatalytic activity increased by 77.6%, compared with that of pure Bi 2 WO 6– TiO 2 nanoparticles. Its high photocatalytic activity was due to the presence of nickel foam in the catalytic process, making the Bi 2 WO 6– TiO 2 highly dispersed and increasing the contact area of the photocatalysts with the organic pollutants. At the same time, a possible photocatalytic mechanism for the enhanced photocatalytic performance was investigated.
Stochastic Optimal Dispatch of Virtual Power Plant considering Correlation of Distributed Generations
Authors: Yu Jie , Feng Qizhi , Li Yang , Cao Jinde
Published: April 2015

Virtual power plant (VPP) is an aggregation of multiple distributed generations, energy storage, and controllable loads. Affected by natural conditions, the uncontrollable distributed generations within VPP, such as wind and photovoltaic generations, are extremely random and relative. Considering the randomness and its correlation of uncontrollable distributed generations, this paper constructs the chance constraints stochastic optimal dispatch of VPP including stochastic variables and its random correlation. The probability distributions of independent wind and photovoltaic generations are described by empirical distribution functions, and their joint probability density model is established by Frank-copula function. And then, sample average approximation (SAA) is applied to convert the chance constrained stochastic optimization model into a deterministic optimization model. Simulation cases are calculated based on the AIMMS. Simulation results of this paper mathematic model are compared with the results of deterministic optimization model without stochastic variables and stochastic optimization considering stochastic variables but not random correlation. Furthermore, this paper analyzes how SAA sampling frequency and the confidence level influence the results of stochastic optimization. The numerical example results show the effectiveness of the stochastic optimal dispatch of VPP considering the randomness and its correlations of distributed generations.
Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography as a Diagnostic Method for Determination of Gingival Thickness and Distance between Gingival Margin and Bone Crest
Authors: Borges Germana Jayme , Ruiz Luis Fernando Naldi , Alencar Ana Helena Gonçalves de , Porto Olavo César Lyra , Estrela Carlos
Published: April 2015

The objective of the present study was to assess cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a diagnostic method for determination of gingival thickness (GT) and distance between gingival margin and vestibular (GMBC‐V) and interproximal bone crests (GMBC‐I). GT and GMBC‐V were measured in 348 teeth and GMBC‐I was measured in 377 tooth regions of 29 patients with gummy smile. GT was assessed using transgingival probing (TP), ultrasound (US), and CBCT, whereas GMBC‐V and GMBC‐I were assessed by transsurgical clinical evaluation (TCE) and CBCT. Statistical analyses used independent t‐test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and simple linear regression. Difference was observed for GT: between TP, CBCT, and US considering all teeth; between TP and CBCT and between TP and US in incisors and canines; between TP and US in premolars and first molars. TP presented the highest means for GT. Positive correlation and linear regression were observed between TP and CBCT, TP and US, and CBCT and US. Difference was observed for GMBC‐V and GMBC‐I using TCE and CBCT, considering all teeth. Correlation and linear regression results were significant for GMBC‐V and GMBC‐I in incisors, canines, and premolars. CBCT is an effective diagnostic method to visualize and measure GT, GMBC‐V, and GMBC‐I.
Successful Isolation of Viable Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Human Adipose Tissue Subject to Long-Term Cryopreservation: Positive Implications for Adult Stem Cell-Based Therapeutics in Patients of Advanced Age
Authors: Devitt Sean M. , Carter Cynthia M. , Dierov Raia , Weiss Scott , Gersch Robert P. , Percec Ivona
Published: April 2015

We examined cell isolation, viability, and growth in adipose-derived stem cells harvested from whole adipose tissue subject to different cryopreservation lengths (2–1159 days) from patients of varying ages (26–62 years). Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue was excised during abdominoplasties and was cryopreserved. The viability and number of adipose-derived stem cells isolated were measured after initial isolation and after 9, 18, and 28 days of growth. Data were analyzed with respect to cryopreservation duration and patient age. Significantly more viable cells were initially isolated from tissue cryopreserved <1 year than from tissue cryopreserved >2 years, irrespective of patient age. However, this difference did not persist with continued growth and there were no significant differences in cell viability or growth at subsequent time points with respect to cryopreservation duration or patient age. Mesenchymal stem cell markers were maintained in all cohorts tested throughout the duration of the study. Consequently, longer cryopreservation negatively impacts initial live adipose-derived stem cell isolation; however, this effect is neutralized with continued cell growth. Patient age does not significantly impact stem cell isolation, viability, or growth. Cryopreservation of adipose tissue is an effective long-term banking method for isolation of adipose-derived stem cells in patients of varying ages.