bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Interstitial Hemosiderin in Infancy: A Common Consequence of Normal Labor
Authors: Becroft David M. O. , Thompson John M. D. , Mitchell Edwin A.
Published: October 2005

Deposits of hemosiderin are found frequently in the interstitium of the lungs of infants who die suddenly and have been a suggested marker for hypoxia during previous episodes of apnea. We studied the epidemiology of pulmonary interstitial hemosiderin (PIH) in 94 infants with a diagnosis of the sudden infant death syndrome that was established during the New Zealand Cot Death Study. Twenty-seven infants (29%) had widely distributed PIH. Associations were sought between PIH and variables on which information had been obtained from parental interviews or from medical records. Previous suggestions of associations with increasing birth weight and decreasing age at death were confirmed in multivariate analysis ( P = 0.0018 and P = 0.03, respectively) and with increasing gestation in univariate analysis ( P < 0.0001). PIH was not found in any of the 13 infants delivered by elective cesarean section compared with a 33% incidence in those exposed to labor ( P = 0.02). There was no association with previous apnea. We consider that the likely explanation of these findings is that PIH is a residue of interstitial hemorrhage caused by chest compression during labor that occurs particularly in larger infants of greater gestational age and then clears gradually during early infancy.
Extranodal Rosai-Dorfman Disease with Multifocal Bone and Epidural Involvement Causing Recurrent Spinal Cord Compression
Authors: Al-Saad Khulood , Thorner Paul , Ngan Bo-Yee , Gerstle J. Ted , Kulkarni Abhaya V. , Babyn Paul , Grant Ronald M. , Read Stanley , Laxer Ronald M. , Chan Helen S. L.
Published: October 2005

Sinus histocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, or Rosai-Dorfman disease, is a rare histiocytic disorder that typically presents with chronic, self-limiting, cervical lymphadenopathy. We present a case, a diagnostic dilemma for multiple consultation services, of an otherwise well 17-year-old boy without lymphadenopathy who, 8 months after excision of a T9 lytic vertebral lesion and epidural mass that caused cord compression, again presented with cord compression from progressive vertebral disease, recurrent epidural mass, and development of a paraspinal mass and tibial lesion. The excised vertebral and epidural lesions, 2 paraspinal biopsies, and tibial biopsy were interpreted as chronic inflammation until large histiocytes were noted, which were positive for CD68, S100 protein, fascin, and MAC387, and demonstrated characteristic emperipolesis (lymphophagocytosis) that was diagnostic of Rosai-Dorfman disease. This atypical clinical behavior and sites of involvement of multiple bones but not of lymph nodes is unusual and constitutes the aggressive end of the clinical spectrum and a rare cause for cord compression.
Proteomic identification of activin receptor‐like kinase‐1 as a differentially expressed protein during hyaloid vascular system regression
Authors: Albè Elena , Escalona Elizabeth , Rajagopal Rama , Javier Joel A. , Chang Jin-Hong , Azar Dimitri T.
Published: September 2005

The hyaloid vascular system (HVS) is a transient network of capillaries that nourishes the embryonic lens and the primary vitreous of the developing eye. We used proteomic analysis and immunohistochemical staining to identify activin receptor‐like kinase‐1 (ALK1), a type I receptor for transforming growth factor‐β1, during the HVS regression phase. In addition, we overexpressed ALK1 in corneas implanted with bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) pellets and observed that ALK1 overexpression resulted in inhibition of bFGF‐induced corneal neovascularization in vivo. Our data suggest that ALK1 may play a role in HVS regression during ocular development.
The relation between sphingomyelinase activity, lipid peroxide oxidation and NO‐releasing in mice liver and brain
Authors: Alessenko A.V. , Shupik M.A. , Gutner U.A. , Bugrova A.E. , Dudnik L.B. , Shingarova L.N. , Mikoyan A. , Vanin A.F.
Published: September 2005

We used animal models to study connection between oxidating system and sphingomyelin signaling cascade, because this models are more close related to people disease. Activation of n‐sphingomyelinase (n‐SMase) in mice liver and brain is coincided in time with increased level of peroxide products (conjugated dienes) after injection of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α). We found that ceramide can induce peroxide oxidation and lead to accumulation of TNF‐α in animal organs. Nitric oxide (NO) donors (S‐nitrosoglutathione and dinitrosyl iron complex) reversibly inhibited activity of n‐SMase and decreased level of lipid peroxidation products. This data proposed that both SMase and messengers of oxidative systems could be targets for NO‐derived oxidants.
Seasonal environmental changes regulate the expression of the histone variant macroH2A in an eurythermal fish
Authors: Pinto Rodrigo , Ivaldi Corinne , Reyes Mauricio , Doyen Cécile , Mietton Flore , Mongelard Fabien , Alvarez Marco , Molina Alfredo , Dimitrov Stefan , Krauskopf Manuel , Vera Maria Ines , Bouvet Philippe
Published: September 2005

Adaptation to cold and warm conditions requires dramatic change in gene expression. The acclimatization process of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. in its natural habitat has been used to study how organisms respond to natural environmental changes. At the cellular level, adaptation to cold condition is accompanied by a dramatic alteration in nucleolar structure and a down regulation of the expression of ribosomal genes. We show that the enrichment of condensed chromatin in winter adapted cells is not correlated with an increase of the heterochromatin marker trimethyl and monomethyl K20H4. However, the expression of the tri methyl K4 H3 and of the variant histone macroH2A is significantly increased during the winter season together with a hypermethylation of CpG residues. Taking into account the properties of macroH2A toward chromatin structure and dynamics and its role in gene repression our data suggest that the increased expression of macroH2A and the hypermethylation of DNA which occurs upon winter‐acclimatization plays a major role for the reorganization of chromatin structure and the regulation of gene expression during the physiological adaptation to a colder environment.
The adiponectin paralog CORS‐26 has anti‐inflammatory properties and is produced by human monocytic cells
Authors: Weigert Johanna , Neumeier Markus , Schäffler Andreas , Fleck Martin , Schölmerich Jürgen , Schütz Christian , Buechler Christa
Published: September 2005

The adiponectin paralog CORS‐26 (collagenous repeat‐containing sequence of 26 kDa protein) is a member of the C1q/TNF‐α molecular superfamily. CORS‐26 is a secreted protein and baculovirus‐produced CORS‐26 released in the supernatant of insect cells forms stable trimers. Adiponectin exerts anti‐inflammatory effects in LPS‐treated monocytic cells and CORS‐26 also reduces IL‐6 and TNF‐α secretion but does not increase IL‐10. Suppression of NFκB signalling may explain the anti‐inflammatory actions of CORS‐26. Furthermore CORS‐26 protein was detected in human monocytic and dendritic cells. The present data demonstrate for the first time that CORS‐26 forms trimers, exerts anti‐inflammatory properties and that it is expressed in monocytic cells. Therefore CORS‐26 may provide a new target for pharmacological drugs in inflammatory diseases like the metabolic syndrome.
ADAM12‐mediated focal adhesion formation is differently regulated by β1 and β3 integrins
Authors: Thodeti Charles Kumar , Fröhlich Camilla , Nielsen Christian Kamp , Takada Yoshikazu , Fässler Reinhard , Albrechtsen Reidar , Wewer Ulla M.
Published: September 2005

ADAM12, a disintegrin and metalloprotease, has been demonstrated to be upregulated in human malignant tumors and to accelerate the malignant phenotype in a mouse model for breast cancer. ADAM12 is a substrate for β1 integrins and may affect tumor and stromal cell behavior through its binding to β1 integrins. Here, we report that cells deficient in β1 integrin or overexpressing β3 integrin can bind to recombinant full‐length human ADAM12 via β3 integrin. Furthermore, cell binding to ADAM12 via β3 integrin results in the formation of focal adhesions, which are not formed upon β1 integrin‐mediated cell attachment. We also show that RhoA is involved in β3 integrin‐mediated focal adhesion formation.
The effects of partial thiamin deficiency and oxidative stress (i.e., glyoxal and methylglyoxal) on the levels of α‐oxoaldehyde plasma protein adducts in Fischer 344 rats
Authors: Shangari Nandita , Depeint Flore , Furrer Rudolf , Bruce W. Robert , O'Brien Peter J.
Published: September 2005

We hypothesized that in marginal thiamin deficiency intracellular α‐oxoaldehydes form macromolecular adducts that could possibly be genotoxic in colon cells; and that in the presence of oxidative stress these effects are augmented because of decreased detoxification of these aldehydes. We have demonstrated that reduced dietary thiamin in F344 rats decreased transketolase activity and increased α‐oxoaldehyde adduct levels. The methylglyoxal protein adduct level was not affected by oral glyoxal or methylglyoxal in the animals receiving thiamin at the control levels but was markedly increased in the animals on a thiamin‐reduced diet. These observations are consistent with our suggestion that the induction of aberrant crypt foci with marginally thiamin‐deficient diets may be a consequence of the formation of methylglyoxal adducts.
BH3‐ligand regulates access of MCL‐1 to its E3 ligase
Authors: Warr Matthew R. , Acoca Stephane , Liu Zhiqian , Germain Marc , Watson Mark , Blanchette Mathieu , Wing Simon S. , Shore Gordon C.
Published: September 2005

A genome wide search for new BH3‐containing Bcl‐2 family members was conducted using position weight matrices (PWM) and identified a large (480 kDa), novel BH3‐only protein, originally called LASU1 (now also known as Ureb‐1, E3histone, ARF‐BP1, and Mule). We demonstrated that LASU1 is an E3 ligase that ubiquitinated Mcl‐1 in vitro and was required for its proteasome‐dependent degradation in HeLa cells. Of note, the BH3 domain of LASU1 interacted with Mcl‐1 but not with Bcl‐2 or Bcl‐Xl. A competing BH3‐ligand derived from Bim interacted with Mcl‐1 and prevented its interaction with LASU1 in HeLa cells, causing elevation of the steady‐state levels of Mcl‐1. This suggests that the unliganded form of Mcl‐1 is sensitive to LASU1‐mediated degradation of Mcl‐1.
Estimation of mackerel (Scomber scombrus L., 1758) and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus L., 1758) daily egg production outside the standard ICES survey area
Authors: Dransfeld Leonie , Dwane Oonagh , Molloy John , Gallagher Sarah , Reid Dave G.
Published: October 2005

An experimental egg survey was carried out to assess whether there was significant spawning of mackerel and horse mackerel outside the area surveyed triennially by the international mackerel and horse mackerel standard egg survey. In all, 170 stations were sampled in May 2002 on the Porcupine, Rockall, and Hatton Banks, over the Rockall Trough, and in Faroese waters, with 38 control stations inside and 132 stations outside the standard survey area. There was some spawning of mackerel south and east of the Rockall Bank and southeast of the Faroe Bank, extending to west of the Scottish Shelf. Limited horse mackerel egg production was found west of the Rockall Bank and south of the Faroe Bank. The total mackerel and horse mackerel daily egg production estimated from samples collected in 2002 outside the standard survey area was low compared with the egg production estimated in adjacent waters just inside the standard area in the same year and during the international standard surveys in May and June of 2001. The results suggest that including the spawning activity of both species outside the standard survey area would not significantly contribute to the total estimated egg production.
Natural FCoV infection: Cats with FIP exhibit significantly higher viral loads than healthy infected cats
Authors: Kipar Anja , Baptiste Keith , Barth Andreas , Reinacher Manfred
Published: October 2005

Natural feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection has been shown to not only induce intestinal infection with viral shedding, but also systemic infection which either remains without clinical signs or leads to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). As systemic infection is not the key event in the development of FIP, the question arises as to whether a potential difference in viral load might be of importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA loads in haemolymphatic tissues of healthy, long-term FCoV-infected cats and cats with FIP. In cats that died from FIP, viral loads were significantly higher, indicating a higher rate of viral replication or a reduced capacity for viral clearance in cats developing and/or suffering from FIP.
the population biology of the thornback ray, raja clavata in caernarfon bay, north wales
Authors: whittamore j.m. , mccarthy i.d.
Published: October 2005

amid concern about the status of skates and rays in welsh waters the present work set out to provide up-to-date information on the population biology of raja clavata in caernarfon bay. the von bertalanffy growth parameters were l∞=100.9 cm, k=0.18 y−1 and t0=−0.95 y for males; and l∞=117.6 cm, k=0.16 y−1 and t0=−0.7 y for females. male r. clavata reached 50% maturity at 58.8 cm and 3.9 y, which was smaller and younger than females (l50 and a50 were 70.5 cm and 5.3 y, respectively). although previously over-exploited, the present estimate of total mortality (z) was 0.48–0.49 y−1 which, in terms of replacement mortality (calculated as 0.7 y−1), suggests no immediate prospect of recruitment failure for r. clavata in caernarfon bay. the potential for the recovery of a depleted population is discussed in relation to the allee effect.
biological parameters and population structure of psammobatis extenta in ubatuba region, north coast of the state of são paulo, brazil
Authors: martins itamar a. , martins camila l. , de a. leme maria helena
Published: October 2005

specimens of the zipper sand skate psammobatis extenta were collected in the region of ubatuba off the northern coast of the state of são paulo, brazil, monthly for one year (january–december 2000), at 25- to 40-m isobaths. a total of 123 individuals were caught. the total length (tl) of females averaged 224.6 mm, and of males 217 mm. the overall sex ratio was 1:1. analysis of the length–weight relationship indicated the existence of positive allometry in females, and isometry in males. the length at onset of sexual maturity was determined for both sexes; females reached sexual maturity at smaller sizes than males (tl50=230.7 and tl50=237.7 mm respectively). females showed functional parity of both ovaries and uteri. females that were pregnant or were carrying vitellogenic oocytes were observed during nine of the 12 months of the survey, indicating a continuous reproductive cycle. psammobatis extenta was most abundant from january to april, and again from june to october. most individuals were collected at the 40-m isobath. both adults and neonates were collected in the study area. however, adolescent skates were scarce, which either indicates differential occupation of the area, or suggests that the shallow waters of the continental shelf are used as breeding grounds.
predatory behaviour of white sharks (carcharodon carcharias) at seal island, south africa
Authors: martin r. aidan , hammerschlag neil , collier ralph s. , fallows chris
Published: October 2005

between 1997 and 2003, there were 2088 natural predations by white sharks (carcharodon carcharias) on cape fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) and 121 strikes on towed seal-shaped decoys were documented from observation vessels at seal island, south africa. white sharks at seal island appear to selectively target lone, incoming young of the year cape fur seals at or near the surface. most attacks lasted <1 min and consisted of a single breach, with predatory success rate decreasing rapidly with increasing duration and number of subsequent breaches. a white shark predatory ethogram, composed of four phases and 20 behavioural units, is presented, including four varieties of initial strike and 11 subsequent behaviour units not previously defined in the literature. behaviour units scored from 210 predatory attacks revealed that, for both successful and unsuccessful attacks, polaris breach was the most commonly employed initial strike, while surface lunge was the most frequent second event, closely followed by lateral snap. examination of video footage, still images, and tooth impressions in decoys indicated that white sharks at seal island bite prey obliquely using their anterolateral teeth via a sudden lateral snap of the jaws and not perpendicularly with their anterior teeth, as previously supposed. analysis of white shark upper tooth morphology and spacing suggest the reversed intermediate teeth of white sharks occur at the strongest part of the jaw and produce the largest wound. white shark predatory success at seal island is greatest (55%) within one hour of sunrise and decreases rapidly with increasing ambient light; the sharks cease active predation on seals when success rate drops to ±40%; this is the first evidence of cessation of foraging at unproductive times by any predatory fish. at seal island, white shark predatory success is significantly lower at locations where frequency of predation is highest, suggesting that white sharks may launch suboptimal strikes in areas of greatest intraspecific competition; this is the first evidence of social influence on predation in any elasmobranch. idiosyncratic predatory behaviours and elevated success rates of known individual white sharks at seal island suggest some degree of trial-and-error learning. a hypothetical decision tree is proposed that models predatory behaviour of white sharks attacking cape fur seals at the surface.
The diagnostic interview for psychoses (DIP): development, reliability and applications
Authors: CASTLE D. J. , JABLENSKY A. , McGRATH J. J. , CARR V. , MORGAN V. , WATERREUS A. , VALURI G. , STAIN H. , McGUFFIN P. , FARMER A.
Published: September 2005

Background. We describe the development, reliability and applications of the Diagnostic Interview for Psychoses (DIP), a comprehensive interview schedule for psychotic disorders.

Method. The DIP is intended for use by interviewers with a clinical background and was designed to occupy the middle ground between fully structured, lay-administered schedules, and semi-structured, psychiatrist-administered interviews. It encompasses four main domains: (a) demographic data; (b) social functioning and disability; (c) a diagnostic module comprising symptoms, signs and past history ratings; and (d) patterns of service utilization and patient-perceived need for services. It generates diagnoses according to several sets of criteria using the OPCRIT computerized diagnostic algorithm and can be administered either on-screen or in a hard-copy format.

Results. The DIP proved easy to use and was well accepted in the field. For the diagnostic module, inter-rater reliability was assessed on 20 cases rated by 24 clinicians: good reliability was demonstrated for both ICD-10 and DSM-III-R diagnoses. Seven cases were interviewed 2–11 weeks apart to determine test–retest reliability, with pairwise agreement of 0·8–1·0 for most items. Diagnostic validity was assessed in 10 cases, interviewed with the DIP and using the SCAN as ‘gold standard’: in nine cases clinical diagnoses were in agreement.

Conclusions. The DIP is suitable for use in large-scale epidemiological studies of psychotic disorders, as well as in smaller studies where time is at a premium. While the diagnostic module stands on its own, the full DIP schedule, covering demography, social functioning and service utilization makes it a versatile multi-purpose tool.
alternative perspectives on omission bias
Authors: anderson christopher j.
Published: October 2005

the act/omission distinction is likely to lead to biases and be used as a moral heuristic. however, it is frequently difficult to determine whether this act/omission distinction is responsible for a judgment outside the lab. further, more encompassing theories of omission bias are needed to make progress in dealing with its harmful consequences. one such theory is briefly presented.
biting the utilitarian bullet
Authors: baron jonathan
Published: October 2005

the heuristics-and-biases approach requires a clear separation of normative and descriptive models. normative models cannot be justified by intuition, or by consensus. the lack of consensus on normative theory is a problem for prescriptive approaches. one solution to the prescriptive problem is to argue contingently: if you are concerned about consequences, here is a way to make them better.
towards an intuitionist account of moral development
Authors: bartsch karen , wright jennifer cole
Published: October 2005

sunstein's characterization of moral blunders jointly indicts an intuitive process and the structure of heuristics. but intuitions need not lead to error, and the problems with moral heuristics apply also to moral principles. accordingly, moral development may well involve more, rather than less, intuitive responsiveness. this suggests a novel trajectory for future research into the development of appropriate moral judgments.
moral heuristics and the means/end distinction
Authors: fried barbara h.
Published: October 2005

a mental heuristic is a shortcut (means) to a desired end. in the moral (as opposed to factual) realm, the means/end distinction is not self-evident: how do we decide whether a given moral intuition is a mere heuristic to achieve some freestanding moral principle, or instead a freestanding moral principle in its own right? i discuss sunstein's solution to that threshold difficulty in translating “heuristics” to the moral realm.
rethinking brain asymmetries in humans
Authors: dräger bianca , breitenstein caterina , knecht stefan
Published: October 2005

similar to directional asymmetries in animals, language lateralization in humans follows a bimodal distribution. a majority of individuals are lateralized to the left and a minority of individuals are lateralized to the right side of the brain. however, a biological advantage for either lateralization is lacking. the scenario outlined by vallortigara & rogers (v&r) suggests that language lateralization in humans is not specific to language or human speciation but simply follows an evolutionarily conserved organizational principle of the brain.
the semiotic dynamics of colour
Authors: steels luc , belpaeme tony
Published: October 2005

the interesting and deep commentaries on our target article reflect the continued high interest in the problem of colour categorisation and naming. clearly, colour remains for many cognitive science related disciplines a fascinating microworld in which some of the most fundamental issues for cognition and culture can be studied. although our target article took the stance of practically oriented engineers who are trying to find the best solution for orchestrating the self-organisation of communication systems in artificial agents, most commentators focus on the implications for cognitive science and we will do the same in our reply.
Three‐dimensional estimates of the coronal electron density at times of extreme solar activity
Authors: Butala M. D. , Frazin R. A. , Kamalabadi F.
Published: September 2005

This paper presents quantitative three‐dimensional (3‐D) reconstructions of the electron density (Ne) in the solar corona between 1.14 and 2.7 solar radii (R⊙) formed from polarized brightness (pB) measurements made by the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory Mark‐IV (Mk4) K‐coronameter at the time of the extreme solar events of October and November 2003. The 3‐D reconstructions are made by a process called solar rotational tomography that exploits the view angles provided by solar rotation during a 2‐week period. Although this method is incapable of resolving dynamic evolution on timescales of less than about 2 weeks, a qualitative comparison of the reconstructions to instantaneous Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope images (EIT) shows good agreement between coronal holes, active regions, and “quiet Sun” structures on the disk and their counterparts in the corona at 1.2 R⊙.
From the Sun to the outer heliosphere: Modeling and analyses of the interplanetary propagation of the October/November (Halloween) 2003 solar events
Authors: Intriligator Devrie S. , Sun Wei , Dryer Murray , Fry Craig D. “Ghee” , Deehr Charles , Intriligator James
Published: September 2005

We use the space weather validated 3‐D HAFv2 model to help us study the interplanetary propagation of the October/November 2003 solar eruptions from the Sun to >90 AU and over a wide range of heliolongitudes and heliolatitudes. The HAFv2 model predictions at ACE (1 AU), Ulysses (5.23 AU), Cassini (8.67 AU), Voyager 2 (73 AU), and Voyager 1 (93 AU) are compared with available data. These comparisons indicate the importance of asymmetric interplanetary propagation both in heliolongitude and heliolatitude. We recommend that these effects explicitly be taken into account. The HAFv2 results appear to be useful for interpreting the Voyager 2 and Voyager 1 energetic particle data in the outer heliosphere. They are consistent with the effects of the Halloween solar events observed in the energetic particle data at both spacecraft. The HAFv2 results also may be helpful for predicting the plasma wave 2–3 kHz radio emission previously associated with large shocks and their interaction with the heliopause. Our study indicates that the Halloween events may give rise to 2–3 kHz radio emission in early 2005, assuming that the shocks which propagated beyond Voyager 1 will be strong enough.
Dynamics in the polar thermosphere after the coronal mass ejection of 28 October 2003 observed with the EPIS interferometer at Svalbard
Authors: Thuillier G. , Perrin J.‐M. , Lathuillère C. , Hersé M. , Fuller‐Rowell T. , Codrescu M. , Huppert F. , Fehrenbach M.
Published: September 2005

The upper atmosphere dynamics in the polar cap is mainly driven by ion‐drag momentum sources imposed by the mapping of magnetosphere convection into the thermosphere/ionosphere and by Joule and auroral particle heating. Auroral particles also enhance conductivity particularly in the middle and lower ionosphere. Changes in the magnetospheric energy and momentum sources can significantly modify the wind circulation during geomagnetic storms. To observe these effects, a Michelson interferometer has been installed in Svalbard to measure winds in the thermosphere. Prior to 30 October 2003, cloud cover over Svalbard rendered the conditions unfavorable for optical observation. However, meteorological conditions improved after this date to enable the thermospheric response to the 28 October coronal mass ejection to be made. During quiet geomagnetic conditions measured wind velocities were in good agreement with those predicted by the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM). During disturbed geomagnetic conditions, HWM tended to underestimate the observed velocities. Comparison of the wind observations with a physical model tended to show reasonable agreement during both the strongly driven and recovery phase of the storm. Although the physical model did not always capture the timing of the rapid changes in the wind response in the early phase of the storm, the amplitudes of the fluctuations were in good agreement. After the initial phase the physical model agreed well with both the timing and amplitude of the meridional and zonal wind fluctuations. The meridional wind component was also derived from the EISCAT Svalbard Radar ion velocity and was found to be in close agreement with the optical winds observations.
Laboratory experiments on mesoscale vortices interacting with two islands
Authors: Cenedese Claudia , Adduce Claudia , Fratantoni David M.
Published: September 2005

The present study investigates the interaction between a self‐propagating cyclonic vortex with two right vertical cylinders and determines the conditions for a vortex to bifurcate into two or more vortices. As in previous studies, after the cyclonic vortex came in contact with a cylinder, fluid peeled off the outer edge of the vortex and a so‐called “streamer” went around the cylinder in a counterclockwise direction. Under the right conditions, this fluid formed a new cyclonic vortex in the wake of the cylinder, causing bifurcation of the original vortex into two vortices. In some cases, two streamers formed and went around the two cylinders, each forming a new cyclonic vortex. During the experiments, three parameters were varied: G, the separation between the cylinders; d, the diameter of the incident vortex; and y, the distance of the center of the vortex from an axis passing through the center of the gap between the cylinders. The number of vortices generated by the interaction depends on the ratio G/d and on the geometry of the encounter, which is given by the ratio y/g, where g = G/2. An unexpected and revealing result was the formation of a dipole vortex downstream of the two islands for values of −2 < y/g < 0, 0.25 ≤ G/d ≤ 0.4, and ReG > 200, where ReG = UGG/ν is the Reynolds number and UG is the maximum velocity of the vortex fluid in the gap. A possible mechanism is that the flow within the vortex was funneled between the two islands, and provided it had a sufficiently high velocity, a dipole formed, much like water ejected from a circular nozzle generates a dipole ring. The formation of a vortex of opposite sign to the incident vortex (i.e., anticyclonic) is in agreement with recent observations of North Brazil Current (NBC) rings interacting with the islands of Saint Vincent and Barbados in the eastern Caribbean. The passage between the islands of Saint Vincent and Barbados has values of G/d of approximately 0.5; hence the laboratory result suggests that both cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices could form downstream of them.
Revisiting radiosonde upper air temperatures from 1958 to 2002
Authors: Thorne Peter W. , Parker David E. , Tett Simon F. B. , Jones Phil D. , McCarthy Mark , Coleman Holly , Brohan Philip
Published: September 2005

HadAT is a new analysis of the global upper air temperature record from 1958 to 2002 based upon radiosonde data alone. This analysis makes use of a greater number of stations than previous radiosonde analyses, combining a number of digital data sources. Neighbor buddy checks are applied to ensure that both spatial and temporal consistency are maintained. A framework of previously quality controlled stations is used to define the initial station network to minimize the effects of any pervasive biases in the raw data upon the adjustments. The analysis is subsequently expanded to consider all remaining available long‐term records. The final data set consists of 676 radiosonde stations, with a bias toward continental Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. Temperature anomaly time series are provided on 9 mandatory reporting pressure levels from 850 to 30 hPa. The effects of sampling and adjustment uncertainty are calculated at all scales from the station series to the global mean and from seasonal to multidecadal. These estimates are solely parametric uncertainty, given our methodological choices, and not structural uncertainty which relates to sensitivity to choice of approach. An initial analysis of HadAT does not fundamentally alter our understanding of long‐term changes in upper air temperature changes.
Last deglaciation in the Okinawa Trough: Subtropical northwest Pacific link to Northern Hemisphere and tropical climate
Authors: Sun Youbin , Oppo Delia W. , Xiang Rong , Liu Weiguo , Gao Shu
Published: October 2005

Detailed deglacial and Holocene records of planktonic δ18O and Mg/Ca–based sea surface temperature (SST) from the Okinawa Trough suggest that at ∼18 to 17 thousand years before present (kyr B.P.), late spring/early summer SSTs were approximately 3°C cooler than today, while surface waters were up to 1 practical salinity unit saltier. These conditions are consistent with a weaker influence of the summer East Asian Monsoon (EAM) than today. The timing of suborbital SST oscillations suggests a close link with abrupt changes in the EAM and North Atlantic climate. A tropical influence, however, may have resulted in subtle decoupling between the North Atlantic and the Okinawa Trough/EAM during the deglaciation. Okinawa Trough surface water trends in the Holocene are consistent with model simulations of an inland shift of intense EAM precipitation during the middle Holocene. Millennial‐scale alternations between relatively warm, salty conditions and relatively cold, fresh conditions suggest varying influence of the Kuroshio during the Holocene.
Height distribution between cloud and aerosol layers from the GLAS spaceborne lidar in the Indian Ocean region
Authors: Hart William D. , Spinhirne James D. , Palm Steven P. , Hlavka Dennis L.
Published: September 2005

The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), a nadir pointing lidar on the Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) launched in 2003, now provides important new global measurements of the relationship between the height distribution of cloud and aerosol layers. GLAS data have the capability to detect, locate, and distinguish between cloud and aerosol layers in the atmosphere up to 40 km altitude. The data product algorithm tests the product of the maximum attenuated backscatter coefficient β′(r) and the vertical gradient of β′(r) within a layer against a predetermined threshold. An initial case result for the critical Indian Ocean region is presented. From the results the relative height distribution between collocated aerosol and cloud shows extensive regions where cloud formation is well within dense aerosol scattering layers at the surface.
Hurricane‐forced upwelling and chlorophyll a enhancement within cold‐core cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Walker Nan D. , Leben Robert R. , Balasubramanian Shreekanth
Published: September 2005

Clear skies, subsequent to Hurricane Ivan's passage across the Gulf of Mexico in September 2004, provided a unique opportunity to investigate upper ocean responses to a major hurricane. Oceanic cyclonic circulation was rapidly intensified by the hurricane's wind field (59–62 m s−1), maximizing upwelling and surface cooling (3–7°C) in two large areas along Ivan's track. Upward isothermal displacements of 50–65 m, computed from wind stress and sea surface height changes, caused rapid ventilation of thermoclines and nutriclines, leading to phytoplankton blooms with peak concentrations 3–4 days later. Wind speed changes along Ivan's track demonstrated that the cool waters (20–26°C) provided immediate negative feedback to the hurricane's intensity. Although our study focused on a relatively small ocean area, it revealed that mesoscale cyclones, in addition to warm anticyclones, may play an important role in producing along‐track hurricane intensity changes.
Variability of the Mindanao Current: Mooring observation results
Authors: Kashino Yuji , Ishida Akio , Kuroda Yoshifumi
Published: September 2005

Mooring observations were conducted from October 1999 to July 2002 near the east coast of Mindanao Island, the Philippines, (6°50′N, 126°43′E) to observe current variability at the axis of the Mindanao Current (MC). The MC was a strong current with a subsurface velocity maximum exceeding 1.3 m s−1 at approximately 100 m depth. The MC flows shallower than 700 m, and there was no evidence of a steady northward current (the Mindanao Undercurrent) at the study location. Compared with the large average velocity, MC variability was low (standard deviation <0.2 m s−1 for all directions). All the observed interannual, seasonal, and intraseasonal variations in the MC were of comparable amplitude. The MC was strong during boreal summers and during the onset of the 2002–03 El Niño. The core velocity of the MC at approximately 100 m was correlated with the sea level difference between Cebu, Philippines and Malakal, Palau.
Proton, helium, and electron spectra during the large solar particle events of October–November 2003
Authors: Mewaldt R. A. , Cohen C. M. S. , Labrador A. W. , Leske R. A. , Mason G. M. , Desai M. I. , Looper M. D. , Mazur J. E. , Selesnick R. S. , Haggerty D. K.
Published: September 2005

The extraordinary period from late October through early November 2003 was marked by more than 40 coronal mass ejections (CME), eight X‐class flares, and five large solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Using data from instruments on the ACE, SAMPEX, and GOES‐11 spacecraft, the fluences of H, He, O, and electrons have been measured in these five events over the energy interval from ∼0.1 to >100 MeV/nucleon for the ions and ∼0.04 to 8 MeV for electrons. The H, He, and O spectra are found to resemble double power laws, with a break in the spectral index between ∼5 and ∼50 MeV/nucleon which appears to depend on the charge‐to‐mass ratio of the species. Possible interpretations of the relative location of the H and He breaks are discussed. The electron spectra can also be characterized by double power laws, but incomplete energy coverage prevents an exact determination of where and how the spectra steepen. The proton and electron fluences in the 28 October 2003 SEP event are comparable to the largest observed during the previous solar maximum, and within a factor of 2 or 3 of the largest SEP events observed during the last 50 years. The 2‐week period covered by these observations accounted for ∼20% of the high‐energy solar‐particle fluence over the years from 1997 to 2003. By integrating over the energy spectra, the total energy content of energetic protons, He, and electrons in the interplanetary medium can be estimated. After correcting for the location of the events, it is found that the kinetic energy in energetic particles amounts to a significant fraction of the estimated CME kinetic energy, implying that shock acceleration must be relatively efficient in these events.
HNO3, N2O5, and ClONO2 enhancements after the October–November 2003 solar proton events
Authors: López‐Puertas M. , Funke B. , Gil‐López S. , von Clarmann T. , Stiller G. P. , Höpfner M. , Kellmann S. , Mengistu Tsidu G. , Fischer H. , Jackman C. H.
Published: September 2005

The large solar storm in October–November 2003 produced enormous amounts of high‐energy protons which reached the Earth and penetrated into the middle atmosphere in the polar regions. At this time, the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on board the Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) was observing the atmosphere in the 6–68 km altitude range. MIPAS observed significant enhancements of the NOy components HNO3, N2O5, and ClONO2 in the northern polar stratosphere after the intense solar proton events. Two distinct HNO3 enhancements were observed. An instantaneous increase of 1–2 ppbv was observed immediately after the SPEs and is attributed to gas‐phase chemistry: NO2 + OH + M → HNO3 + M, accelerated by SPE‐produced excess OH. A very large second increase of 1–5 ppbv started around 10 November and lasted until the end of December. It is attributed to NOx (NO + NO2) produced in the mesosphere during the major SPEs in late October/early November and then transported downward during November and December, partially converted to N2O5 in the upper stratosphere, which finally formed HNO3 via ion cluster reactions. N2O5 was observed to increase by 0.1–0.4 ppbv 1–3 days after the major SPEs and reached down to 30 km altitude. A second, more pronounced N2O5 enhancement of up to 1.2 ppbv at 40 km appeared about 12–13 days after the major SPEs. With a delay of 1–2 days after the major SPEs ClONO2 increased by up to 0.4 ppbv (40%) at 32 km altitude. NOy enhancements in the Southern Hemisphere were generally less pronounced.
Magnetospheric effects in cosmic rays during the unique magnetic storm on November 2003
Authors: Belov A. , Baisultanova L. , Eroshenko E. , Mavromichalaki H. , Yanke V. , Pchelkin V. , Plainaki C. , Mariatos G.
Published: September 2005

Cosmic ray variations due to changes in the magnetosphere are evaluated for severe magnetic storm on 20 November 2003 using data from the worldwide neutron monitor network and the global survey method. From these results the changes in the planetary distribution of magnetic cutoff rigidities during this disturbed period are obtained in dependence of latitude. A correlation between Dst index and cutoff rigidity variations was defined for each cosmic ray station. The maximum changes in cutoff rigidities occurred while Dst index was around −472 nT. Geomagnetic effect in cosmic ray intensity reached at some stations 6–8%, and it seems to be the greatest one over the history of neutron monitor observations. The latitudinal distribution shows a maximum changes at geomagnetic cutoff rigidities around 7–8 GV. This corresponds to unusually low latitudes for maximal effect. Cutoff rigidity variations were also calculated utilizing the last model of Tsyganenko for a disturbed magnetosphere (T01S). A comparison between experimental and modeling results revealed a big discrepancy at cutoff rigidities less than 6 GV. The results on the geomagnetic effect in cosmic rays can be used for validating magnetospheric field models during very severe storms.
Introduction to violent Sun‐Earth connection events of October–November 2003
Authors: Gopalswamy N. , Barbieri L. , Cliver E. W. , Lu G. , Plunkett S. P. , Skoug R. M.
Published: September 2005

The solar‐terrestrial events of late October and early November 2003, popularly referred to as the Halloween storms, represent the best observed cases of extreme space weather activity observed to date and have generated research covering multiple aspects of solar eruptions and their space weather effects. In the following article, which serves as an abstract for this collective research, we present highlights taken from 61 of the 74 papers from the Journal of Geophysical Research, Geophysical Research Letters, and Space Weather which are linked under this special issue. (An overview of the 13 associated papers published in Geophysics Research Letters is given in the work of Gopalswamy et al. (2005a)).
Meridional circulation and the surface pressure change associated with the Southern Annular Mode: Comparison with the Arctic Oscillation
Authors: Kuroda Yuhji
Published: September 2005

Eddy forced meridional circulation and corresponding surface pressure change associated with the month‐to‐month variability of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) are examined in the framework of the Eulerian mean dynamics, and they are compared with those of the Arctic Oscillation (AO). Effect of wave forcings on the surface pressure was diagnosed by means of a zonal mean quasi‐geostrophic model on the sphere. It is found that the surface pressure change associated with the SAM is mainly produced by the meridional circulation driven by mechanical and thermal eddy forcings of zonal wave number 1 and mechanical forcing by high‐frequency transient eddies. This contrasts with the surface pressure change associated with the AO, which is produced by the mechanical forcing by zonal wave number 2 or 3 and high‐frequency transient eddies. Close relationship between the meridional circulation and surface pressure was found not only for the month‐to‐month variability but also for the decadal variability as also observed for the AO.
The influence of chain dynamics on the far-infrared spectrum of liquid methanol
Authors: Woods K. N. , Wiedemann H.
Published: September 2005

Far-infrared-absorption spectroscopy is used to investigate the low-frequency (⩽100cm−1) intermolecular interactions in liquid methanol. Using an intense source of far-infrared radiation, modes are elucidated at approximately 30 and 70cm−1 in the absorption spectrum. These modes are believed to arise from intermolecular bending and librational motions, respectively, and are successfully reproduced in an ab initio molecular-dynamics simulation of methanol.
The influence of chain dynamics on the far-infrared spectrum of liquid methanol-water mixtures
Authors: Woods K. N. , Wiedemann H.
Published: September 2005

Far-infrared-absorption spectroscopy has been used to study the low-frequency (⩽100cm−1) intermolecular modes of methanol in mixtures with water. With the aid of a first-principles molecular-dynamics simulation on an equivalent system, a detailed understanding about the origin of the low-frequency IR modes has been established. The total dipole spectrum from the simulation suggests that the bands appearing in the experimental spectra at approximately 55 and 70cm−1 in methanol and methanol-rich mixtures arise from both fluctuations and torsional motions occurring within the methanol hydrogen-bonded chains. The influence of these modes on both the solvation dynamics and the relaxation mechanisms in the liquid is discussed within the context of recent experimental and theoretical results that have emerged from studies focusing on the short-time dynamics in the methanol hydrogen bond network.
Mesoscopic antiferromagnets: statics, dynamics, and quantum tunneling (Review)
Authors: Ivanov B. A.
Published: October 2005

The static and dynamic, quantum and classical properties of antiferromagnets (AFMs) are discussed from a unified point of view. Attention is directed mainly toward mesoscopic magnets, i.e., materials with characteristic scales of nonuniformities of the order of atomic dimensions. The creation of such materials and their study and application have largely shaped the face of the physics of our day. This class includes small magnetic particles and their arrays, magnetic superlattices and clusters, and high-spin molecules. The traditional problems of the physics of antiferromagnetism are also discussed (symmetry analysis of AFMs, reorientation transitions, equations of spin dynamics), but they are represented only to the extent that it is useful to do so for subsequent consideration of the quantum and classical properties of mesoscopic AFMs. For description of the spin dynamics of AFMs, a magnetic Lagrangian of a form matched with the quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian is constructed. The lowering of the symmetry of the AFMs, both that due to conventional causes such as an external magnetic field and that due to the partial decompensation of the sublattice spins, is taken into account. The latter effect is especially important for mesoscopic particles of AFMs of the ferrite type. The influence of defects and of the surface on the reorientation transitions in AFMs is discussed in detail. These effects, which are of fundamental importance for the description of small particles of AFMs, are observed for magnetic superlattices with an antiferromagnetic interaction of the elements of the superlattices. The description of macroscopic quantum effects in mesoscopic AFMs plays a prominent role. The spin Lagrangian obtained describes new tunneling effects such as an oscillatory dependence of the tunneling probability on magnetic field. Quantum effects in magnetic systems with a nonuniform ground state are investigated. These effects can be described as the change due to processes of tunneling of the topological charges of various natures that characterize these states.