bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The novel bZIP transcription factor Fpo1 negatively regulates perithecial development by modulating carbon metabolism in the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Shin Jiyoung , Bui Duc‐Cuong , Kim Sieun , Jung So Yun , Nam Hye Jin , Lim Jae Yun , Choi Gyung Ja , Lee Yin‐Won , Kim Jung‐Eun , Son Hokyoung
Published: February 2020

Fungal sexual reproduction requires complex cellular differentiation processes of hyphal cells. The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum produces fruiting bodies called perithecia via sexual reproduction, and perithecia forcibly discharge ascospores into the air for disease initiation and propagation. Lipid metabolism and accumulation are closely related to perithecium formation, yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate these processes are largely unknown. Here, we report that a novel fungal specific bZIP transcription factor, F. graminearum perithecium overproducing 1 (Fpo1), plays a role as a global transcriptional repressor during perithecium production and maturation in F. graminearum. Deletion of FPO1 resulted in reduced vegetative growth, asexual sporulation and virulence and overproduced perithecium, which reached maturity earlier, compared with the wild type. Intriguingly, the hyphae of the fpo1 mutant accumulated excess lipids during perithecium production. Using a combination of molecular biological, transcriptomic and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that repression of FPO1 after sexual induction leads to reprogramming of carbon metabolism, particularly fatty acid production, which affects sexual reproduction of this fungus. This is the first report of a perithecium‐overproducing F. graminearum mutant, and the findings provide comprehensive insight into the role of modulation of carbon metabolism in the sexual reproduction of fungi.
Diversity and functional analysis of Chinese bumblebee gut microbiota reveal the metabolic niche and antibiotic resistance variation of Gilliamella
Authors: Zhang Zi‐Jing , Huang Ming‐Fei , Qiu Li‐Fei , Song Rui‐Hao , Zhang Zi‐Xuan , Ding Yi‐Wen , Zhou Xin , Zhang Xue , Zheng Hao
Published: February 2020

Bumblebees play an important role in maintaining the balance of natural and agricultural ecosystems, and the characteristic gut microbiota of bumblebees exhibit significant mutualistic functions. China has the highest diversity of bumblebees; however, gut microbiota of Chinese bumblebees have mostly been investigated through culture‐independent studies. Here, we analyzed the gut communities of bumblebees from Sichuan, Yunnan, and Shaanxi provinces in China through 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing and bacterial isolation. It revealed that the bumblebees examined in this study harbored two gut enterotypes as previously reported: one is dominated by Gilliamella and Snodgrassella, and the other is distinguished by prevalent environmental species. The gut compositions obviously varied among different individual bees. We then isolated 325 bacterial strains and the comparative genomic analysis of Gilliamella strains revealed that galactose and pectin digestion pathways were conserved in strains from bumblebees, while genes for the utilization of arabinose, mannose, xylose, and rhamnose were mostly lost. Only two strains from the Chinese bumblebees possess the multidrug‐resistant gene emrB, which is phylogenetically closely related to that from the symbionts of soil entomopathogenic nematode. In contrast, tetracycline‐resistant genes were uniquely present in three strains from the USA. Our results illustrate the prevalence of strain‐level variations in the metabolic potentials and the distributions of antibiotic‐resistant genes in Chinese bumblebee gut bacteria.
China's Role in Global Development Finance: China Challenge or Business as Usual?
Authors: Babones Salvatore , Åberg John H.S. , Hodzi Obert
Published: February 2020

China's economic success has prompted both academic political economists and applied policy analysts to speculate about the implications of a new ‘China model’ of economic development and global economic governance. A particular issue is the degree to which the China model involves developing in opposition to or in cooperation with the pre‐existing norms of global economic governance. Recognizing the ambiguity of the China model, we consider two alternative interpretations of China's role in global economic governance: China Challenge (CC) and Business as Usual (BaU). We flesh out these contrasting interpretations using evidence from the lending behavior of four major development finance institutions in which China plays a leading or determinative role: the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the New Development Bank (NDB), the Silk Road Fund (SRF), and the China‐Africa Development Fund (CADF) of the China Development Bank. We find that (at least in the restricted domain of international development finance) China's role in global economic governance is largely characterized by BaU behavior, and although on a regional level this does represent a challenge to the historical role of Japan, it nonetheless suggests that the China model is not so revolutionary as many analysts suppose.
Significance of piezo‐type mechanosensitive ion channel component 2 in premature ejaculation: An animal study
Authors: Chen Zhenghao , Yuan Mingzhen , Ma Zhen , Wen Jiliang , Wang Xuesheng , Zhao Mengmeng , Liu Jiaxin , Zhang Xiulin , Zhao Shengtian , Guo Liqiang
Published: February 2020

Background

Penile hypersensitivity is one of the main pathological mechanisms of premature ejaculation. However, little is known about the neurophysiological mechanism of penile peripheral nerve sensitization. Piezo Type Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Component 2 (PIEZO2), was recently identified as a mechanically sensitive channel.

Objectives

This study explored the possible neural mechanisms of PIEZO2 action in the mechanisms of premature ejaculation using molecular biology and electrophysiology approaches.

Materials and methods

One hundred seventy male rats and 85 female rats were recruited. The females were induced estrus by injection of estradiol benzoate and progesterone followed by surgically castrated. Subsequently, the copulatory behaviors were record by a video camera six times, once a week. The last three mating processes of 134 male rats were successfully recorded. The males were divided into three groups according to ejaculation frequency value. Immunocytochemical and molecular methods as well as whole‐cell patch clamp recording were used to show the difference between premature ejaculation rats and control rats. To further clarify the involvement of PIEZO2 in premature ejaculation, we constructed a PIEZO2 knockdown model in rats by intrathecal injection of PIEZO2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides.

Results

We showed that PIEZO2 in the penis head and in the dorsal root ganglia(DRG) were significantly increased in premature ejaculation rats. Whole‐cell patch clamp recording demonstrated that mechanical stimulation evoked a higher inward current density in premature ejaculation rats compared with control rats, which could be inhibited by the PIEZO2‐specific antagonist, FM1‐43. PIEZO2 knockdown experiments revealed that the inward current density induced by mechanical stimulation was significantly decreased in PIEZO2 knockdown rats, and that the mount frequency and ejaculation latency and frequency were significantly improved in PIEZO2 knockdown rats.

Discussion and Conclusion

Our data demonstrate PIEZO2 involvement in peripheral nerve sensitization, indicating that pharmacological antagonism of PIEZO2 may be a useful strategy for treating premature ejaculation.
Editorial: calcineurin inhibitors as a bridge to vedolizumab for severe ulcerative colitis
Authors: Battat Robert
Published: February 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Ollech et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15616.
Editorial: choosing an appropriate risk stratification tool for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease—one size does not fit all
Authors: Shaheen Abdel‐Aziz , Swain Mark G.
Published: February 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Kang et al and Jun and Nguyen papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15626 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15651
Resource Rumours in the Bolivian Andes: The Potential of Gold in Community Land
Authors: SHEILD JOHANSSON MIRANDA
Published: February 2020

This article discusses the rumour of gold in an indigenous, Andean community. As the rumour circulated, it triggered speculation regarding potential claims to the gold, as well as concerns about how extraction should be managed in order to maintain a good relationship with the animate landscape. Specifically, the rumour tested the previous flexibility of community rules concerning land access, as well as assigning more responsibility to the rotated local leadership position. Rumours offer insights into the social and emotional contexts within which resource extraction takes place, while at the same time playing an important part in shaping these very same contexts.
Mining against the State? Gold Mining and Emerging Notions of Territoriality in Southeastern Venezuela
Authors: Bonet Natalia Garcia
Published: February 2020

The current economic crisis in Venezuela has drawn members of Pemón communities to the practice of informal (illegal) gold mining, as mining, undertaken alongside other ‘traditional’ economic activities, is a more effective source of income than waged jobs. The increased involvement of Pemón people in informal mining has encouraged their partial retreat from the state's frontiers, and it reveals transformations in the ways in which local people imagine and relate to the Venezuelan state. These transformations are embodied in both a reorganisation of the space, and in burgeoning notions of land ownership.
A narrative review of cognitive behavioural therapy in supporting bereaved adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Lonergan Aoife
Published: February 2020

Accessible summary

People with an intellectual disability may have feelings that are hard to manage when a loved one dies.

People with an intellectual disability may not receive access to enough support to help them understand and manage difficult feelings when someone dies.

Cognitive behavioural therapy is a therapy that can be adapted and may be useful to support people with intellectual disability when someone they love has died.

Background

As the life expectancy of adults with intellectual disability has increased, experience of familial bereavement is becoming more frequent. However, this group may not receive adequate information and support to enable them to understand and cope with the experience of loss.

Method

This narrative review examined the impact of bereavement, the ability to engage in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and learn skills to understand and cope with bereavement, in an intellectual disability context.

Results

Findings indicated that the loss of someone close can render adults with intellectual disability at increased risk for additional mental health difficulties. Among variables associated with better death comprehension are higher levels of cognitive ability, adaptive behaviour skills and receptive language ability. However, research indicates that understanding the concept of death is not a requirement for experiencing the emotions associated with grieving. Findings indicated that the successful use of CBT for bereavement in people with intellectual disability requires adaptation, such as the use of visuals and preparatory training in relation to the CBT model.

Conclusions

With adaptation, CBT may be beneficial in supporting adults with intellectual disability to understand and cope with bereavement. The lack of controlled studies available for review exploring the impact of CBT on bereavement and the lack of standardised measures available in a population intellectual disability limit this review's findings. Controlled studies examining the effectiveness of adapted CBT for bereavement in a population with intellectual disability are recommended.
Genetic Diversity in Drug Transporters: Impact in African Populations
Authors: Rajman Iris , Knapp Laura , Hanna Imad
Published: February 2020

Polymorphisms in drug transporters, like the adenosine triposphate‒binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) superfamilies, may contribute to the observed diversity in drug response in African patients. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary and analysis of the frequencies and distributions in African populations ofABCandSLCvariants that affect drug pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Of polymorphisms evaluated in African populations,SLCO1B1rs4149056 andSLC22A6rs1158626 were found at markedly higher frequencies than in non‐African populations.SLCO1B1rs4149056 was associated with reduction in rifampin exposure, which has implications for dosing this important anti‐tuberculosis therapy.SLC22A6rs1158626 was associated with increased affinity for antiretroviral drugs. Genetic diversity in SLC and ABC transporters in African populations has implications for conventional therapies, notably in tuberculosis and HIV. More PK and PD data in African populations are needed to assess potential for a different response to drugs compared with other global populations.
Pharmacogenomics in Asian Subpopulations and Impacts on Commonly Prescribed Medications
Authors: Lo Cody , Nguyen Samantha , Yang Christine , Witt Lana , Wen Alice , Liao T. Vivian , Nguyen Jennifer , Lin Bryant , Altman Russ B. , Palaniappan Latha
Published: February 2020

Asians as a group comprise > 60% the world’s population. There is an incredible amount of diversity in Asian and admixed populations that has not been addressed in a pharmacogenetic context. The known pharmacogenetic differences in Asian subgroups generally represent previously known variants that are present at much lower or higher frequencies in Asians compared with other populations. In this review we summarize the main drugs and known genes that appear to have differences in their pharmacogenetic properties in certain Asian populations. Evidence‐based guidelines and summary statistics from the US Food and Drug Administration and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium were analyzed for ethnic differences in outcomes. Implicated drugs included commonly prescribed drugs such as warfarin, clopidogrel, carbamazepine, and allopurinol. The majority of these associations are due to Asians more commonly being poor metabolizers of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 and carriers of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B*15:02 allele. The relative risk increase was shown to vary between genes and drugs, but could be > 100‐fold higher in Asians. Specifically, there was a 172‐fold increased risk of Stevens‒Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis with carbamazepine use among HLA‐B*15:02 carriers. The effects ranged from relatively benign reactions such as reduced drug efficacy to severe cutaneous skin reactions. These reactions are severe and prevalent enough to warrant pharmacogenetic testing and appropriate changes in dose and medication choice for at‐risk populations. Further studies should be done on Asian cohorts to more fully understand pharmacogenetic variants in these populations and to clarify how such differences may influence drug response.
Temperature‐body size responses in insects: a case study of British Odonata
Authors: Wonglersak Rungtip , Fenberg Phillip B. , Langdon Peter G. , Brooks Stephen J. , Price Benjamin W.
Published: February 2020

1. Body size is highly correlated with physiological traits, fitness, and trophic interactions. These traits are subject to change if there are widespread reductions of body size with warming temperatures, which is suggested as one of the ‘universal’ ecological responses to climate change. However, general patterns of body size response to temperature in insects have not yet emerged.

2. To address this knowledge gap, we paired the wing length (as a proxy for body size) of 5331 museum specimens of 14 species of British Odonata with historical temperature data. Three sets of analyses were performed: (i) a regression analysis to test for a relationship between wing length and mean seasonal temperature within species and subsequent comparisons across species and suborders; (ii) an investigation of whether the body size of species has an effect on sensitivity to warming temperature; and (iii) a linear‐mixed effects model to investigate factors that potentially affect temperature–size response.

3. The regression analysis indicated that wing length is negatively correlated with mean seasonal temperatures for Zygoptera, whereas Anisoptera showed no significant correlation with temperature.

4. There is a significant decline in wing length of all Zygoptera (but not Anisoptera) with collection date, suggesting that individuals emerging later in the season are smaller.

5. Life‐cycle type was not important for predicting wing length–temperature responses, whereas sex, species, and suborder were indicated as important factors affecting the magnitude of temperature–size responses in Odonata.

6. Overall, wing lengths of Zygoptera are more sensitive to temperature and collection date than Anisoptera.
Phosphorus alleviation of nitrogen‐suppressed methane sink in global grasslands
Authors: Zhang Lihua , Yuan Fenghui , Bai Junhong , Duan Hongtao , Gu Xueying , Hou Longyu , Huang Yao , Yang Mingan , He Jin‐Sheng , Zhang Zhenhua , Yu Lijun , Song Changchun , Lipson David A. , Zona Donatella , Oechel Walter , Janssens Ivan A. , Xu Xiaofeng
Published: February 2020

Grassland ecosystems account for more than 10% of the global CH4 sink in soils. A 4‐year field experiment found that addition of P alone did not affect CH4 uptake and experimental addition of N alone significantly suppressed CH4 uptake, whereas concurrent N and P additions suppressed CH4 uptake to a lesser degree. A meta‐analysis including 382 data points in global grasslands corroborated these findings. Global extrapolation with an empirical modelling approach estimated that contemporary N addition suppresses CH4 sink in global grassland by 11.4% and concurrent N and P deposition alleviates this suppression to 5.8%. The P alleviation of N‐suppressed CH4 sink is primarily attributed to substrate competition, defined as the competition between ammonium and CH4 for the methane mono‐oxygenase enzyme. The N and P impacts on CH4 uptake indicate that projected increases in N and P depositions might substantially affect CH4 uptake and alter the global CH4 cycle.
Latitudinal biodiversity gradients at three levels: Linking species richness, population richness and genetic diversity
Authors: Lawrence Elizabeth R. , Fraser Dylan J.
Published: February 2020

Motivation

Theory describing biodiversity gradients has focused on species richness with less conceptual synthesis outlining expectations for intraspecific diversity gradients, that is, broad‐scale population richness and genetic diversity. Consequently, there is a need for a diversity–gradient synthesis that complements species richness with population richness and genetic diversity.

Review methods

Species and population richness are the number of different species or populations in an area, respectively. Population richness can be totalled across species, within a species or averaged across species. Genetic diversity within populations can be summed or averaged across all species in an area or be averaged across an individual species. Using these definitions, we apply historical, ecological and evolutionary frameworks of species richness gradients to formulate predictions for intraspecific diversity gradients.

Review conclusions

All frameworks suggest higher average population richness at high latitudes, but similar total population richness across latitudes. Predictions for genetic diversity patterns across species are not consistent across frameworks and latitudes.

New analysis methods

Species range size tends to increase with latitude, so we used empirical data from c. 900 vertebrate species to test hypotheses relating species range size and richness to population richness and genetic diversity.

New analysis conclusions

Species range size was positively associated with its population richness but not with species‐specific genetic diversity. Furthermore, a positive linear relationship was supported between species richness and total population richness, but only weakly for average population richness.

Overall conclusion

Through the lens of species richness theories, our synthesis identifies an uncoupling between species richness, population richness and genetic diversity in many instances due to historical and contemporary factors. Range size and taxonomic differences appear to play a large role in moderating intraspecific diversity gradients. We encourage further analyses to jointly assess diversity–gradient theory at species, population and genetic levels towards better understanding Earth’s biodiversity distribution and refining biodiversity conservation.
Effectiveness of a simplified reablement program to minimize functional decline in hospitalized older patients
Authors: Hu Fang‐Wen , Huang Yi‐Ting , Lin Huey‐Shyan , Chen Ching‐Huey , Chen Mei‐Ju , Chang Chia‐Ming
Published: February 2020

Aim

To examine the effects of a simplified reablement program on physical function and quality of life in hospitalized older patients.

Methods

The randomized controlled trial enrolled 114 older patients aged ≥65 years who, 2 weeks before admission, had been able to walk independently. Patients randomized to the reablement group received supervision and assistance to carry out the simplified reablement program 30 min daily during their hospital stay. Patients in the reminding group received only oral encouragement to continue the reablement program for 30 min daily. The control group received only usual care that included medical intervention consistent with the patient's diagnosis. The main outcome was improvement in physical function, including the modified version of the Katz Activities of Daily Living (ADL) score, Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and Hand Grip Strength (HGS). Secondary outcomes included the EuroQoL 5 Dimension (EQ‐5D) Questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale (VAS).

Results

The intervention had no significant effect on the Katz ADL score. However, a significant within‐group improvement in TUG occurred in the reminding group and reablement group. In addition, a significant time‐dependent improvement in HGS occurred only in the reablement group. With respect to secondary outcomes, the EQ5D score improved significantly only in the reablement group at 3 months after discharge.

Conclusions

The simplified reablement program may be beneficial to optimize physical function and improve quality of life in hospitalized older patients. It is recommended that health professionals should assist or encourage older patients to do simplified reablement during their hospital stay. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 436–442.
Increased production of functional small extracellular vesicles in senescent endothelial cells
Authors: Riquelme Jaime A. , Takov Kaloyan , Santiago‐Fernández Concepción , Rossello Xavier , Lavandero Sergio , Yellon Derek M. , Davidson Sean M.
Published: February 2020

Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel players in vascular biology. However, a thorough understanding of their production and function remains elusive. Endothelial senescence is a key feature of vascular ageing and thus, is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular disease. In this study, we sought to characterize the EV production of senescent endothelial cells. To achieve this, Human Umbilical Vascular Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) were replicated until they reached senescence, as determined by measurement of Senescence‐Associated β‐Galactosidase activity via microscopy and flow cytometry. Expression of the endosomal marker Rab7 and the EV marker CD63 was determined by immunofluorescence. Small EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized using electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and immunoassays to assess morphology, size, concentration and expression of exosome markers CD9 and CD81. Migration of HUVECs in response to EVs was studied using a transwell assay. The results showed that senescent endothelial cells express higher levels of Rab7 and CD63. Moreover, senescent endothelial cells produced higher levels of CD9‐ and CD81‐positive EVs. Additionally, small EVs from both young and senescent endothelial cells promoted HUVEC migration. Overall, senescent endothelial cells produce an increased number of functional small EVs, which may have a role in vascular physiology and disease.
Missing data in longitudinal studies: Comparison of multiple imputation methods in a real clinical setting
Authors: Rosato Rosalba , Pagano Eva , Testa Silvia , Zola Paolo , di Cuonzo Daniela
Published: February 2020

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Missing data represent a challenge in longitudinal studies. The aim of the study is to compare the performance of the multivariate normal imputation and the fully conditional specification methods, using real data set with missing data partially completed 2 years later.

Method

The data used came from an ongoing randomized controlled trial with 5‐year follow‐up. At a certain time, we observed a number of patients with missing data and a number of patients whose data were unobserved because they were not yet eligible for a given follow‐up. Both unobserved and missing data were imputed. The imputed unobserved data were compared with the corresponding real information obtained 2 years later.

Results

Both imputation methods showed similar performance on the accuracy measures and produced minimally biased estimates.

Conclusion

Despite the large number of repeated measures with intermittent missing data and the non‐normal multivariate distribution of data, both methods performed well and was not possible to determine which was better.
Outbreaks of severe myositis in cultured white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus L.) associated with Streptococcus iniae
Authors: Pierezan Felipe , Shahin Khalid , Heckman Taylor I. , Ang June , Byrne Barbara A. , Soto Esteban
Published: February 2020

Outbreaks of an infectious disease affecting cultured white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) were investigated. Clinical signs included erratic swimming, arching of the back and mortality. Necropsy findings included poorly demarcated yellow to dark‐red and friable lesions in the epaxial muscle, ulcerative skin lesions and haemorrhages in the swim bladder and coelomic wall. Histological evaluation revealed areas of necrotizing and heterophilic myositis with aggregates of bacterial cocci. The lumen of blood vessels in the dermis, under ulcerated areas, and in the posterior kidney, was occluded by fibrin thrombi. Aggregates of Gram‐positive cocci were observed in the muscle lesions and within the fibrin thrombi in the dermis and kidney. Genetically homogeneous Streptococcus iniae strains were recovered from affected fish from different outbreaks. The isolates shared high degree of similarity at gene locus (gyrB) with previously characterized S. iniae from cultured fish in California, confirming the emergence of this particular strain of S. iniae in US aquaculture.
Risk factors of parenteral nutrition‐associated cholestasis in very‐low‐birthweight infants
Authors: Wang Nan , Yan Weihui , Hong Li , Lu Lina , Feng Yi , Wu Jiang , Tao Yijing , Ruan Huijuan , Tang Qingya , Cai Wei , Wang Ying
Published: February 2020

Aim

We aimed to explore risk factors associated with parenteral nutrition‐associated cholestasis (PNAC) in very‐low‐birthweight (VLBW) infants.

Methods

VLBW infants receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) for at least 14 days were enrolled in a retrospective dual‐centre study and divided into two groups chronologically: group A (2000–2007) and group B (2008–2015). The incidence of PNAC and related factors were investigated. We compared the differences between PNAC and non‐PNAC groups. A multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify the potential risk factors of PNAC.

Results

A total of 387 VLBW infants (53 in group A and 334 in group B) were enrolled in the study. The total incidence of PNAC was 6.7%, 9.4% in group A and 6.3% in group B. The dosage of amino acid (P = 0.009), glucose (P = 0.006), PN calories (P = 0.021) and the ratio of glucose/fat (P = 0.014) were significantly higher in group B than in group A. Non‐protein energy to nitrogen ratio (P = 0.017) was lower in group B. Birthweight was significantly lower in the PNAC group than in the non‐PNAC group (P = 0.021). Subgroup analysis showed that gestational age and duration of PN were significantly different between the PNAC and non‐PNAC groups (P < 0.05). Logistic regression showed that prolonged duration of PN (≥43 days) (odds ratio 3.155, 95% confidence interval 1.009–9.861, P = 0.048) was an independent risk factor of PNAC.

Conclusions

For VLBW infants, prolonged duration of PN is a risk factor for the development of PNAC. PNAC may be prevented by weaning off PN as early as possible in VLBW infants.
Sleep problems and solution seeking for children with cerebral palsy and their parents
Authors: Petersen Sacha , Francis Kate L , Reddihough Dinah S , Lima Sally , Harvey Adrienne , Newall Fiona
Published: February 2020

Aim

Sleep problems are common in school‐aged children with cerebral palsy (CP). Despite the significant impact of sleep disturbance and deprivation, there is a paucity of research in the area. The aims of this study were to (i) investigate the frequency of sleep problems in children with CP and their parents and (ii) understand what happens when parents ask for help with sleep problems from their health‐care professionals.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study using an online survey sent to parents/primary care givers of children with CP aged 6–12 years recruited through the Victorian Cerebral Palsy Register. The following sleep assessment tools: The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Gross Motor Function Classification System Parent Rating Tool were administered along with custom‐designed questions that were informed by a preceding qualitative scoping study.

Results

Complete data sets were received from 126 parents/care givers. Almost half (46%) of the parents reported their child had sleep problems. Of the 64 parents who reported seeking help for a child's sleep problem, only 21 indicated that their attempt was successful. If a child had poor sleep, the parent was more likely to have a sleep problem than parents who did not report poor child sleeping.

Conclusion

Sleep problems are common in children with CP and their parents. Parents do not always seek help, and those who do may not find an effective solution. Future research should explore how sleep problems can be effectively prioritised for children with CP and their parents/care givers.
Using and communicating uncertainty for the effective control of invasive non‐native species
Authors: Ward Alastair I. , Richardson Suzanne , Macarthur Roy , Mill Aileen C.
Published: February 2020

Estimates of quantities needed to plan invasive species control, such as population size, are always uncertain; this is an issue that can become a problem when mishandled in ecological science and its communication. The complexities of incorporating uncertainty into sophisticated decision‐support tools may be a barrier to their use by decision makers, leading to decisions being made without due regard to uncertainty and risking misplaced certainty of predicted outcomes. We summarise ways in which uncertainty has been incorporated into and used to advise decisions on the management of invasive non‐native species and other problem species, and offer a simple conceptual model for accommodating and using uncertainty at the planning stage. We also demonstrate how frequently uncertainty has been misused and miscommunicated in the wildlife management literature. We contend that uncertainty in estimates of natural quantities must be acknowledged, can inform decisions and can be made to derive decisions, and should not be ignored if invasive species policy is to be delivered effectively. Uncertainty must be communicated thoroughly and correctly by scientists if decision makers are to understand its consequences for planning and resourcing control programmes.
Characterizing organic particle impacts on inert metal surfaces: Foundations for capturing organic molecules during hypervelocity transits of Enceladus plumes
Authors: New J. S. , Mathies R. A. , Price M. C. , Cole M. J. , Golozar M. , Spathis V. , Burchell M. J. , Butterworth A. L.
Published: February 2020

The presence and accessibility of a sub‐ice‐surface saline ocean at Enceladus, together with geothermal activity and a rocky core, make it a compelling location to conduct further, in‐depth, astrobiological investigations to probe for organic molecules indicative of extraterrestrial life. Cryovolcanic plumes in the south polar region of Enceladus enable the use of remote in situ sampling and analysis techniques. However, efficient plume sampling and the transportation of captured organic materials to an organic analyzer present unique challenges for an Enceladus mission. A systematic study, accelerating organic ice‐particle simulants into soft inert metal targets at velocities ranging 0.5–3.0 km s−1, was carried out using a light gas gun to explore the efficacy of a plume capture instrument. Capture efficiency varied for different metal targets as a function of impact velocity and particle size. Importantly, organic chemical compounds remained chemically intact in particles captured at speeds up to ~2 km s−1. Calibration plots relating the velocity, crater, and particle diameter were established to facilitate future ice‐particle impact experiments where the size of individual ice particles is unknown.
Bacterial wilt of dry beans caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens: A new threat from an old enemy
Authors: Osdaghi Ebrahim , Young Anthony J. , Harveson Robert M.
Published: February 2020

Bacterial wilt and tan spot of dry beans (family Fabaceae), caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, is an important emerging disease threatening the edible legume industry around the globe. The management of bacterial wilt has been a major problem since its original description in 1922. This is in part due to the seedborne nature of the pathogen allowing the bacterium to be transmitted long distances via infected seeds, as well as a lack of detailed molecular information concerning the pathogenicity repertoires and virulence determinates of the pathogen. Identification can also be difficult owing to the presence of five different colony colour variants (i.e., yellow, orange, pink, purple, and red) on culture media. In this review, we provide an overview of the aetiology, epidemiology, and management strategies of bacterial wilt disease. First, a comprehensive and comparative symptomology of the disease on different dry bean species is described. Then, the taxonomic history of the causal agent and utility of high‐throughput sequencing‐based approaches in the precise characterization of the pathogen is explained. Furthermore, we provide an updated outline on the global distribution of the pathogen, highlighting expansion of the causal agent into the areas with no history of the disease until the beginning of the current century. Finally, because there are limited options for use of conventional pesticides against the pathogen, we highlight the use of integrated pest management strategies, for example quarantine inspections, resistant cultivars, and crop sanitation, to combat the risk of bacterial wilt disease in the dry bean industry.

Disease symptoms

Interveinal chlorosis on leaflets leading to necrotic areas and systemic wilt. Seed discolouration to yellow, orange, pink, or purple is seen in white‐seeded cultivars.

Host range

Causes bacterial wilt and tan spot disease on edible dry beans in the Fabaceae family, including common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), mungbean (Vigna radiata), soybean (Glycine max), as well as a number of weed species.

Taxonomic status of the pathogen

Bacteria; phylum Actinobacteria; order Actinomycetales; suborder: Micrococcineae; family Microbacteriaceae; genus Curtobacterium; species Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens.

Synonyms

Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens subsp. flaccumfaciens; Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens, Phytomonas flaccumfaciens, Bacterium flaccumfaciens.

Microbiological properties

Multicoloured (yellow, orange, pink, purple, and red), gram‐positive, aerobic, curved rod, nonspore‐forming, polar flagellated, motile cells.

Distribution

Widespread in America (Brazil, Canada, and the USA), Australia, and Iran. Restricted occurrence in Africa and Europe.

Phytosanitary categorization

EPPO A2 list no. 48, EU Annex II⁄B.
Endoscope presence during endoluminal functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) influences FLIP metrics in the evaluation of esophageal dysmotility
Authors: Bianca Amanda , Schindler Valeria , Schnurre Larissa , Murray Fritz , Runggaldier Daniel , Gyawali Chandra Prakash , Pohl Daniel
Published: February 2020

Background

The functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) system is an FDA‐approved tool for dynamic evaluation of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ). Even though commercially available since 2009, FLIP utilization remains low, partly due to lack of consensus in methodology and interpretation. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the influence of concurrent endoscopy on FLIP measurements.

Methods

In this single‐center study, we reviewed data from 93 patients undergoing FLIP for symptomatic esophageal motility disorders between 2016 and 2018. During sedated endoscopy, we measured luminal values (distensibility, cross‐sectional area (CSA), and balloon pressure) at the EGJ and distal esophagus using 30, 40, and 50 mL distension volumes, with and without concurrent endoscope presence. All recorded values were compared at the various distension volumes between the two measurements using a Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Key Results

There was a significant difference in distensibility and CSA with index distension volume (40 mL) at the EGJ comparing the two measurements: Lower median distensibility was 2.1 mm2 mm Hg−1 in the group with concurrent inserted endoscope, respectively, 3.4 mm2 mm Hg−1 without endoscope (P < .001), and median CSA was 86.0 resp. 110.0 mm2 (P < .001). No significant difference could be found in the measurements of the distal esophagus.

Conclusions & Inferences

Our results show a significant difference in FLIP measurements with and without endoscope presence. This underlines the importance of establishing a consensus of a standardized FLIP protocol to define normal luminal values and guiding future FLIP diagnostic studies.
Fair reliability of eckardt scores in achalasia and non‐achalasia patients: Psychometric properties of the eckardt spanish version in a multicentric study
Authors: Cisternas Daniel , Monrroy Hugo , Riquelme Arnoldo , Padilla Oslando , Fuentes‐López Eduardo , Valle Arturo , Mejia Ricardo , Hani Albis , Ardila‐Hani Andres F. , Leguizamo Ana Maria , Bilder Claudio , Ditaranto Andres , Remes‐Troche Jose Maria , Ruiz de León Antonio , Pérez de la Serna Julio , Marin Ingrid , Serra Jordi
Published: February 2020

Background

Eckardt symptom score (ESS) is the most used tool for the evaluation of esophageal symptoms. Recent data suggest that it might have suboptimal reliability and validity. The aims of this study were as follows: (a) Develop and validate an international Spanish ESS version. (b) Perform psychometric ESS evaluation in patients with achalasia and non‐achalasia patients.

Methods

Eckardt symptom score translation was performed by Delphi process. ESS psychometric evaluation was done in two different samples of patients referred for manometry. First sample: 430 dysphagia non‐achalasia patients. Second sample: 161 achalasia patients. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's α and Guttman coefficient (<0.5 = unacceptable. 0.5‐0.7 = fair. >0.7 = acceptable).

Key Results

Our data show that in patients without and with achalasia, ESS behaves similarly. Both show a fair reliability with Cronbach's α of 0.57 and 0.65, respectively. Based on our results, we recommend interpretation of the Spanish ESS be done with caution. The psychometric quality of the ESS could not be improved by removal of any items based on the single‐factor structure of the scale and no items meeting criteria for elimination.

Conclusions and Inferences

Eckardt symptom score Spanish translation was developed. ESS showed a fair reliability for the evaluation of patients with any causes of dysphagia. Our results highlight the need for development and psychometric validation of new dysphagia scoring tools.
Frey syndrome‐like developmental dysautonomia in a child with PHACE syndrome
Authors: Kurian Shannon R. , Siegfried Elaine C.
Published: February 2020

PHACE syndrome classically presents with a large, segmental facial infantile hemangioma (IH) associated with structural and vascular abnormalities involving the head and neck, heart, and eyes. We evaluated an infant who presented with ptosis caused by a clinically subtle, deep right‐sided periorbital IH identified on MRI that also incidentally revealed hypoplasia of the right common carotid and right internal carotid arteries, supporting a diagnosis of PHACE syndrome. She subsequently developed acute‐onset, transient right‐sided facial erythema without anisocoria, triggered by feeding and emotional stress. We believe this represents a Frey syndrome‐like developmental dysautonomia, previously unreported in association with PHACE syndrome, suggesting an associated defect in neurovascular embryogenesis.
Comparison of woman‐picked, expert‐picked, and computer‐picked Peak Day of cervical mucus with blinded urine luteinising hormone surge for concurrent identification of ovulation
Authors: Stanford Joseph B. , Schliep Karen C. , Chang Chun‐Pin , O'Sullivan John‐Paul , Porucznik Christina A.
Published: February 2020

Background

Previous research has demonstrated that women instructed in fertility awareness methods can identify the Peak Day of cervical mucus discharge for each menstrual cycle, and the Peak Day has high agreement with other indicators of the day of ovulation. However, previous studies enrolled experienced users of fertility awareness methods or were not fully blinded.

Objective

To assess the agreement between cervical mucus Peak Day identified by fertile women without prior experience on assessing cervical mucus discharge with the estimated day of ovulation (1 day after urine luteinising hormone surge).

Methods

This study is a secondary analysis of data from a randomised trial of the Creighton Model FertilityCareTM System (CrM), conducted 2003‐2006, for women trying to conceive. Women who had no prior experience tracking cervical mucus recorded vulvar observations daily using a standardised assessment of mucus characteristics for up to seven menstrual cycles. Four approaches were used to identify the Peak Day. The referent day was defined as one day after the first identified day of luteinising hormone (LH) surge in the urine, assessed blindly. The percentage of agreement between the Peak Day and the referent day of ovulation was calculated.

Results

Fifty‐seven women with 187 complete cycles were included. A Peak Day was identified in 117 (63%) cycles by women, 185 (99%) cycles by experts, and 187 (100%) by computer algorithm. The woman‐picked Peak Day was the same as the referent day in 25% of 117 cycles, within ±1 day in 58% of cycles, ±2 days in 84%, ±3 days in 87%, and ±4 days in 92%. The ±1 day and ± 4 days' agreement was 50% and 90% for the expert‐picked and 47% and 87% for the computer‐picked Peak Day, respectively.

Conclusions

Women's daily tracking of cervical mucus is a low‐cost alternative for identifying the estimated day of ovulation.
Time of day differences in neural reward responsiveness in children
Authors: Tsypes Aliona , Gibb Brandon E.
Published: February 2020

The Reward Positivity (∆RewP) event‐related potential (ERP), generally quantified as the difference between neural responsiveness to monetary gains (RewP‐Gain) and losses (RewP‐Loss) is commonly used as an index of neural reward responsiveness. Despite the popularity of this ERP component in studies of reward processing, knowledge about the role of state‐related influences on the ∆RewP is limited. The present study examined whether ∆RewP amplitudes may differ based on when during the day they are assessed and whether age or sex would moderate this link. Participants were 188 children between the ages of 7 and 11 (47.3% female) without a lifetime history of a major depressive disorder or any anxiety disorder recruited from the community. Children completed the Doors task during which continuous electroencephalography was recorded to isolate the ∆RewP. To better isolate this ERP component from other temporally or spatially overlapping ERPs, we used temporospatial principal component analysis. We found that time of day (ToD) differences in the ∆RewP amplitude varied based on children's age. Specifically, older, compared to younger, children exhibited stronger responses to gains versus losses between 11:15 a.m. and 12:30 p.m. and after around 5:15 p.m. Further, these age‐related differences appeared to be driven specifically by older children's reduced neural responsiveness to losses. The findings have methodological implications by highlighting the importance of accounting for the ToD at which ∆RewP‐focused study sessions are conducted as well as for demographic characteristics of the participants, such as their age.
Long‐term effect of mowing on the restoration of Pannonian sand grassland to replace invasive black locust plantation
Authors: Reis Bruna P. , Kövendi‐Jakó Anna , Szitár Katalin , Török Katalin , Halassy Melinda
Published: February 2020

Invasive species are among the main threats to grassland biodiversity, and nature conservation management seeks the best methods to eliminate them and to restore natural habitats. We studied the long‐term effect of mowing on the restoration of Pannonian sand grassland after elimination of invasive black locust (Robinia pseudo‐acacia) plantation in Hungary, Europe. Stands of R. pseudo‐acacia at three sites were felled and stumps herbicide‐treated in the winter of 1994–1995. Mowing with hay removal treatment was applied twice a year in 1995–2001 to assist grassland recovery. A block of 12 adjacent plots of 10 m by 10 m was assigned for the experiment at each site, with six control (unmowed) and six treatment (mowed) plots randomly selected. Vegetation was sampled in June and August yearly in 1995–1999 in all sites, plus in seminatural reference grasslands then re‐sampled six times until 2017 in two sites. Herbicide application with repeated mowing successfully eliminated R. pseudo‐acacia. In the unmowed plots, dense woody cover developed at all sites. Vegetation of mowed plots approached the reference grasslands in sites with better propagule availability of target species according to trajectory analyses. In these sites, higher cover of target species was found in mowed compared to unmowed plots, though still significantly lower than in the reference. Mowed plots were more prone to secondary invasion than the unmowed. The long‐term monitoring revealed that initial mowing assisted the restoration of Pannonian sand grassland, but further management is needed to control secondary invasion and increase target species cover.