bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotective activity of a virus‐safe nanofiltered human platelet lysate depleted of extracellular vesicles in Parkinson's disease and traumatic brain injury models
Authors: Delila Liling , Nebie Ouada , Le Nhi Thao Ngoc , Barro Lassina , Chou Ming‐Li , Wu Yu‐Wen , Watanabe Naoto , Takahara Masayasu , Buée Luc , Blum David , Devos David , Burnouf Thierry
Published: June 2022

Brain administration of human platelet lysates (HPL) is a potential emerging biotherapy of neurodegenerative and traumatic diseases of the central nervous system. HPLs being prepared from pooled platelet concentrates, thereby increasing viral risks, manufacturing processes should incorporate robust virus‐reduction treatments. We evaluated a 19 ± 2‐nm virus removal nanofiltration process using hydrophilic regenerated cellulose hollow fibers on the properties of a neuroprotective heat‐treated HPL (HPPL). Spiking experiments demonstrated >5.30 log removal of 20–22‐nm non‐enveloped minute virus of mice‐mock particles using an immuno‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. The nanofiltered HPPL (NHPPL) contained a range of neurotrophic factors like HPPL. There was >2 log removal of extracellular vesicles (EVs), associated with decreased expression of pro‐thrombogenic phosphatidylserine and procoagulant activity. LC‐MS/MS proteomics showed that ca. 80% of HPPL proteins, including neurotrophins, cytokines, and antioxidants, were still found in NHPPL, whereas proteins associated with some infections and cancer‐associated pathways, pro‐coagulation and EVs, were removed. NHPPL maintained intact neuroprotective activity in Lund human mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron model of Parkinson's disease (PD), stimulated the differentiation of SH‐SY5Y neuronal cells and showed preserved anti‐inflammatory function upon intranasal administration in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Therefore, nanofiltration of HPL is feasible, lowers the viral, prothrombotic and procoagulant risks, and preserves the neuroprotective and anti‐inflammatory properties in neuronal pre‐clinical models of PD and TBI.
Association of tumors having Epstein–Barr virus in surrounding lymphocytes with poor prognosis
Authors: Yogi Norikazu , Usui Genki , Matsusaka Keisuke , Fukuyo Masaki , Fujiki Ryoji , Seki Motoaki , Takano Shigetsugu , Abe Hiroyuki , Morikawa Teppei , Ushiku Tetsuo , Ohtsuka Masayuki , Kaneda Atsushi
Published: June 2022

Infection with certain viruses is an important cause of cancer. The Pan‐Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium recently analyzed the whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) data from 2656 cases across 21 cancer types, and indicated that Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is detected in many different cancer cases at a higher frequency than previously reported. However, whether EBV‐positive cancer cases detected by WGS‐based screening correspond to those detected by conventional histopathological techniques is still unclear. In this study, to elucidate the involvement of EBV in various cancers, we reanalyzed the WGS data of the PCAWG cohort combined with the analysis of clinical samples of gastric and pancreatic cancer in our cohort. Based on EBV copy number in each case, we classified tumors into three subgroups: EBV‐High, EBV‐Low, and EBV‐Negative. The EBV‐High subgroup was found to be EBV‐positive in the cancer cells themselves, whereas the EBV‐Low subgroup was EBV‐positive in the surrounding lymphocytes. Further, the EBV‐Low subgroup showed a significantly worse prognosis for both gastric cancer and across cancer types. In summary, we classified tumors based on EBV copy number and found a unique cancer subgroup, EBV‐positive in the surrounding lymphocytes, which was associated with a poor prognosis.
Mechanistic Insights into the Inhibitory Activities of Chemical Constituents from the Fruits ofTerminalia boiviniion α‐Glucosidase
Authors: Dlamini Bongani Sicelo , Chen Chiy‐Rong , Chen Yu‐Kuo , Hsu Jue‐Liang , Shih Wen‐Ling , Chang Chi‐I
Published: June 2022

Regulation of key digestive enzymes is currently considered an effective remedy for diabetes mellitus. In this study, bioactive constituents were purified fromTerminalia boiviniifruits and identified by1H‐NMR,13C‐NMR and EI‐MS.In vitroandin silicomethods were used to evaluate α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, and lipase inhibition activities. Compounds1,2, and4–7with IC50values between 89 and 445 μM showed stronger α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities than the antihyperglycemic drug acarbose (IC50=1463.0±29.5 μM). However, the compounds showed lower inhibitory effects against α‐amylase and lipase with IC50values above 500 μM than acarbose (IC50=16.7±3.5 μM) and ursolic acid (IC50=89.5±5.6 μM), respectively. Lineweaver‐Burk plots showed that compounds1,2, and7were non‐competitive inhibitors, compounds4and5were competitive inhibitors and compound6was a mixed‐type inhibitor. Fluorescence spectroscopic data showed that the compounds altered the microenvironment and conformation of α‐glucosidase. Computer simulations indicated that the compounds and enzyme interacted primarily through hydrogen bonding. The findings indicated that the compounds were inhibitors of α‐glucosidase and provided significant structural basis for understanding the binding activity of the compounds with α‐glucosidase.
Comparative Palynological, Physicochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Romanian Honey Varieties for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Iosageanu Andreea , Mihai Elena , Prelipcean Ana‐Maria , Anton Ruxandra Elena , Utoiu Elena , Oancea Anca , Craciunescu Oana , Cimpean Anisoara
Published: June 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate the melissopalynology, physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of seven honey samples harvested from different geographical regions and climates of Romania. The melissopalynological analysis revealed that monofloral and multifloral samples contained a wide diversity of minor pollen types from Romanian flora. The moisture, pH and free acidity values were within international limit. HPLC analysis indicated high content of fructose and glucose and low content of sucrose. Bioactive compounds including proteins, phenolics, flavonoids and ascorbic acid were present in variable quantities, according to the botanical origin and geographical area. The highest phenolics and ascorbic acid content was in multifloral honeys from Crisana mountain and meadow and the extrafloral honeydew honey. The same honey samples have exerted free radical scavenging and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The free radical scavenging activity was strongly correlated to phenolics and ascorbic acid content, while the antimicrobial activity was medium correlated only to phenolics content. In conclusion, the selected Romanian honey samples with best antioxidant and antimicrobial activity could be further tested for the development of novel biomedical products.
Retained fetal bone post‐abortion causing infertility
Authors: Cao Jiexin , Grubb Carla‐Marie , Khurshid Mian , Gumma Aparna
Published: June 2022

Fetal bone retention is a rare but under‐diagnosed complication after abortion. If left untreated, it can cause menstrual dysfunction and secondary infertility. We present a case of a 39‐year‐old woman who undergone abortion 20 years ago but suffered with secondary infertility due to retained fetal bone.
Pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor in a male child: A case report
Authors: Seyedi Seyed‐Javad , Saeidinia Amin , Dehghanian Parisa
Published: June 2022

Pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare condition in the normal population and specifically in the pediatric population. We reported a 9‐year‐old male child who presented with cough and intermittent fever and weight loss that was most suggestive of the infectious process. We reviewed the consideration of diagnosis and treatment.
Graphene Quantum Dot‐Doped PEDOT for Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid, Dopamine, and Uric Acid
Authors: Chul Lim Hong , Jang Seung‐Joo , Cho Yujin , Cho Hyunju , Venkataprasad Gujapaneni , Vinothkumar Venkatachalam , Shin Ik‐Soo , Hyun Kim Tae
Published: June 2022

We propose a novel strategy to prepare poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thin films (PEDOT‐GQD) doped with graphene quantum dots (GQD) as an electrode active material for an electrochemical biosensor. The PEDOT‐GQD was prepared through simultaneous electropolymerization and doping of EDOT using an ionic complex composed of several Li+ cations and one multivalent GQD anion (Li‐GQD) by potential cycling without any additives. The Li‐GQD, acting as a supporting electrolyte and an anionic dopant, leads a conformational change in the PEDOT chains into an expanded‐coil structure. This led to the formation of the PEDOT‐GQD with expanded‐coil polymeric chains which increases not only intramolecular electron transfer among PEDOT chains but also interfacial charge transfer between the aromatic moieties of target molecules and that of PEDOT through π–π interaction. Moreover, PEDOT‐GQD revealed a porous structure with interconnected 3D networks, as GQD doped into the PEDOT backbone affects the growth mechanism of PEDOT. Interestingly, applying a potential of more than +1.2 V in the electropolymerization caused the mixed formation of oxidized PEDOT and overoxidized PEDOT, leading to the high electrocatalytic activity of PEDOT‐GQD. The resulting PEDOT‐GQD based electrochemical sensor exhibited excellent electrochemical performances in the simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid, such as high sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, stability, also in real sample analysis.
How do tanniferous forages influence soil processes in forage cropping systems?
Authors: Clemensen Andrea , Villalba Juan J. , Lee Stephen , Provenza Frederick , Duke Sarah , Reeve Jennifer
Published: June 2022

Nitrogen‐fixing legumes such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) may benefit agricultural systems. In addition to quality forage, both legumes contain secondary metabolites that play important roles in agroecological systems. Alfalfa contains triterpenes (saponins), and sainfoin contains phenolic compounds (tannins). Terpenes and phenolics can influence soil nutrient dynamics by inhibiting microbial activity, which could slow nitrogen mineralization and minimize nitrogen losses. However, research evaluating their influence in the soil has largely come from silviculture or laboratory studies. Therefore, we initiated a field study in Lewiston, UT, assessing how alfalfa and sainfoin influence soil characteristics. The randomized split‐plot block design had three replicates and included a fertilized bale‐and‐remove system, a green manure system (leaving mown plant forage in the field), and a no‐fertilizer bale‐and‐remove system. We measured saponin and condensed tannin (CT) concentrations in alfalfa and sainfoin, respectively, forage biomass, and soil characteristics [e.g., ammonium (NH4), nitrate (NO3), dehydrogenase, organic C, soil respiration, etc.]. Green manure plots showed greater microbial respiration (p = .02), microbial biomass (p < .01), and readily mineralized carbon (p = .04) than other systems. Forage biomass was greater in sainfoin than in alfalfa (p < .001), whereas soil NO3 was greater in alfalfa than in sainfoin (p < .01). The soil NO3 differences could be explained by the inhibition of mineralization by CT in sainfoin compared with the saponins in alfalfa. Planting forages containing tannins may reduce nitrogen losses, thereby enhancing agricultural sustainability.
Understanding of Photo‐Induced Reversible Rearrangement from Borepin to Borirane
Authors: Zhu Hong‐Yang , Li Quan‐Song
Published: June 2022

The first reversible photoisomerization between a borepin and a borirane was reported in the photo‐induced reactions of B(npy)Ar2 (npy=2‐(naphthalen‐1‐yl) pyridine, Ar=phenyl or electron rich aryl; S. Wang, et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 6683–6687). In this work, the detailed mechanisms of the unprecedented reversible photoisomerization between the borepin (compound a) and the borirane (compound b) of B(npy)Ph2 in the first excited singlet (S1) state and the ground (S0) state were studied by carrying out calculations with the complete active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF) and its second‐order perturbation (CASPT2) methods combined with time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT). The calculation results show that photoexcitation of a‐S0 at 365 nm and b‐S0 at 450 nm populate their S1 state with evident charge transfer characteristics. The photoisomerization is triggered in the S1 state and ends in the S0 state, at which the intersection points in a (S1/S0)x intersection seam participate in and promote phenyl migration and ring‐closure processes. Furthermore, we reveal that the not large energy difference (less than 0.6 eV) and similar conjugation properties of π electrons between a‐S0 and b‐S0 are responsible for their unique photo‐reversible reactivity, compared with those of the isomers of the thermally reversible compound B(ppy)Mes2. Our results contribute to an understanding of the excited‐state reactivity of organoboron compounds and will be useful to support the design of new boron‐based photo‐responsive materials.
Gaining Insights on the Interactions of a Class of Decorated (2‐([2,2′‐Bipyridin]‐6‐yl)phenyl)platinum Compounds with c‐Myc Oncogene Promoter G‐Quadruplex and Other DNA Structures
Authors: Savva Loukiani , Fossépré Mathieu , Keramidas Odysseas , Themistokleous Alexandros , Rizeq Natalia , Panagiotou Nikos , Leclercq Maxime , Nicolaidou Eliana , Surin Mathieu , Hayes Sophia C. , Georgiades Savvas N.
Published: June 2022

Organometallic molecules offer some of the most promising scaffolds for interaction with G‐quadruplex nucleic acids. We report the efficient synthesis of a family of organoplatinum(II) complexes, featuring a 2‐([2,2′‐bipyridin]‐6‐yl)phenyl tridentate (N∧N∧C) ligand, that incorporates peripheral side‐chains aiming at enhancing and diversifying its interaction capabilities. These include a di‐isopropyl carbamoyl amide, a morpholine ethylenamide, two enantiomeric proline imides and an oxazole. The binding affinities of the Pt‐complexes were evaluated via UV‐vis and fluorescence titrations, against 5 topologically‐distinct DNA structures, including c‐myc G‐quadruplex, two telomeric (22AG) G‐quadruplexes, a duplex (ds26) and a single‐stranded (polyT) DNA. All compounds exhibited binding selectivity in favour of c‐myc, with association constants (Ka) in the range of 2–5×105 M−1, lower affinity for both folds of 22AG and for ds26 and negligible affinity for polyT. Remarkable emission enhancements (up to 200‐fold) upon addition of excess DNA were demonstrated by a subset of the compounds with c‐myc, providing a basis for optical selectivity, since optical response to all other tested DNAs was low. A c‐myc DNA‐melting experiment showed significant stabilizing abilities for all compounds, with the most potent binder, the morpholine‐Pt‐complex, exhibiting a ΔTm>30 °C, at 1 : 5 DNA‐to‐ligand molar ratio. The same study implied contributions of the diverse side‐chains to helix stabilization. To gain direct evidence of the nature of the interactions, mixtures of c‐myc with the four most promising compounds were studied via UV Resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy, which revealed end‐stacking binding mode, combined with interactions of side‐chains with loop nucleobase residues. Docking simulations were conducted to provide insights into the binding modes for the same four Pt‐compounds, suggesting that the binding preference for two alternative orientations of the c‐myc G‐quadruplex thymine ‘cap’ (‘open’ vs. ‘closed’), as well as the relative contributions to affinity from end‐stacking and H‐bonding, are highly dependent on the nature of the interacting Pt‐complex side‐chain.
Differential prognostic effect of systemic inflammation in patients with non–small cell lung cancer treated with immunotherapy or chemotherapy: A post hoc analysis of the phase 3OAKtrial
Authors: Cortellini Alessio , Ricciuti Biagio , Borghaei Hossein , Naqash Abdul Rafeh , D'Alessio Antonio , Fulgenzi Claudia A. M. , Addeo Alfredo , Banna Giuseppe L. , Pinato David James
Published: June 2022

Background

A proinflammatory diathesis, as measured by the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), heralds an adverse disease course for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

This post hoc analysis used data from the phase 3 OAK trial (NCT02008227), which randomized previously treated patients with NSCLC to atezolizumab or docetaxel. The main objective was assessing the differential impact of the pretreatment NLR on overall survival according to the treatment modality. In addition, patients' genomic characteristics were assessed according to their inflammatory status with a circulating free DNA (cfDNA) next‐generation sequencing (NGS) analysis.

Results

In all, 600 and 575 patients with NLR data were included in the atezolizumab and docetaxel cohorts, respectively, with a median NLR of 4 (interquartile range, 2.6–6.7) for the pooled population. An NLR ≥4 was associated with a positive smoking status (88.6% vs. 78.1%;p < .01), male sex (66.4% vs. 57.6%;p = .01), a worse performance status (71.3% vs. 55.2%;p < .01), a higher number of metastatic sites (63.2% vs. 51.6%;p = .01), squamous histology (32.1% vs. 21.4%;p < .01), and tissueKRASmutations (30% vs. 18.7%;p = .02) but not with programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression or the tissue epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) status. A pretreatment NLR ≥4 was more strongly associated with mortality after atezolizumab (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35–2.01) versus docetaxel (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08–1.60; multivariable [MVA] interactionp = .08). The HR for an increased risk of death for PD‐L1–negative/NLR ≥4 patients (compared with PD‐L1–positive/NLR <4 patients) was significantly higher in the atezolizumab cohort (MVA interactionp = .01). The exclusion ofEGFR/ALK‐positive patients further increased the prognostic ability of the baseline NLR in favor of atezolizumab (MVA interactionp = .02). Pretreatment cfDNA data from NGS showed that patients with a high blood tumor mutation burden (cutoff, 16 mut/Mb) had a higher median NLR (4.6 vs. 3.7;p = .01). After adjustments for multiple comparisons, none of the selected variants of interest (EGFR, KRAS, TP53, KEAP1, STK11, SMARCA4, ARID1A, and targeted DNA damage response and repair genes) were significantly associated with the NLR.

Conclusions

A low baseline NLR identified patients with NSCLC who derived a greater survival benefit from atezolizumab in comparison with those identified in the docetaxel cohort. The NLR could complement PD‐L1 expression in tailoring treatment in this setting.
Chemical Interpretation of Charged Point Defects in Semiconductors: A Case Study of Mg2Si
Authors: Toriyama Michael Y. , Brod Madison K. , Snyder G. Jeffrey
Published: June 2022

The electronic structures of charged point defects influence electrical and optical properties of semiconductors. Understanding the orbital interactions responsible for the electronic structures of defects therefore promotes a chemical intuition for defect‐driven mechanisms in semiconductors. In this tutorial, we discuss a molecular orbital theory‐based framework for understanding defect‐induced electronic states based on local chemical interactions between the defect and the atoms surrounding the defect site. By using Mg2Si as a case study, we show how both the chemical interactions and molecular orbitals (i. e., wave functions) responsible for the charge state(s) of a defect can be understood from the bonding symmetry of the defect site. We anticipate that a chemistry‐based perspective of charged defects will enrich defect engineering efforts for electronic and optical materials.
Effect of pretreatment with matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors on the durability of bond strength of fiber posts to radicular dentin
Authors: Ghazvehi Kiamehr , Saffarpour Aida , Habibzadeh Sareh
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Application of matrix metalloproteinases inhibitors has been suggested to improve the durability of resin–dentin bonding. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), carbodiimide (EDC), and chlorhexidine (CHX) treatment on the push‐out bond strength of fiber posts to radicular dentin.

Materials and Methods

24 extracted premolars were assigned randomly to 4 groups after root canal treatment and post space preparation (n = 6). In the first, second, and third groups, radicular dentin was treated with 1 ml of 5% DMSO, 0.3 M EDC, and 2% CHX, respectively. The fourth group (control) received no treatment. The root canals were primed with ED primer II, and the fiber posts were cemented with Panavia F2.0. In each group, half of the specimens were subjected to the push‐out test and the other half to 3000 thermal cycles before testing. Data were analyzed using two‐way analysis of variance via SPSS version 20 (p < .05).

Results

Among the nonthermocycled specimens, the values of push‐out bond strength were observed in the control, EDC, CHX, and DMSO groups, in decreasing order. Among the thermocycled specimens, the values were observed in the control, EDC, DMSO, and CHX groups in decreasing order. Thermocycling had a significant adverse effect on the push‐out bond strength (p = .015), but the effect of material (p = .375), and the interaction effect of material and thermocycling (p = .998) were not significant.

Conclusions

Application of CHX, DMSO, and EDC had no significant effect on the bond strength of fiber posts to radicular dentin.
Rational Design of Artificial Biofilms as Sustainable Supports for Whole‐Cell Catalysis Through Integrating Extra‐ and Intracellular Catalysis
Authors: Dong Hao , Zhang Wenxue , Zhou Shengmin , Ying Hanjie , Wang Ping
Published: June 2022

Biofilms are promising candidates for sustainable bioprocessing applications. This work presents a rational design of biofilm catalysts by integrating extra‐ and intracellular catalysis systems with optimized substrate channeling to realize efficient multistep biosynthesis. An assembly of four enzymes in a “three‐in‐one” structure was achieved by rationally placing the enzymes on curli nanofibers, the cell surface, and inside cells. The catalytic efficiency of the biofilm catalysts was over 2.8 folds higher than that of the control whole‐cell catalysis when the substrate benzaldehyde was fed at 100 mm. The highest yield of d‐phenyllactic acid catalyzed by biofilm catalysts under optimized conditions was 102.19 mm, also much higher than that of the control catalysis test (52.29 mm). The results demonstrate that engineered biofilms are greatly promising in integrating extra‐ and intracellular catalysis, illustrating great potentials of rational design in constructing biofilm catalysts as sustainable supports for whole‐cell catalysis.
Novel integrated structure consisting of CO2 capture cycle, heat pump unit, Kalina power, and ejector refrigeration systems for liquid CO2 storage using renewable energies
Authors: Ebrahimi Armin , Ghorbani Bahram , Taghavi Masoud
Published: June 2022

Nowadays, the development of various technologies for improving the quality of life in human societies and, consequently, increased global warming have prioritized environmental factors to reduce major industrial pollutants including carbon dioxide (CO2). Designing efficient integrated processes improves the performance of the whole system. In this study, a novel integrated structure is designed to capture CO2 from power plants' flue gases and liquefy it. For this purpose, a monoethanolamine‐based CO2 capture cycle, an ejector refrigeration system, a Kalina power unit, and a organic Rankine power plant are utilized. High‐ and low‐temperature heat of the system is provided by the heat pump cycle and geothermal energy, respectively. Then, 2.641 kg/s of liquid CO2 is generated as the final product of the system. In the proposed system, 20,562 kW heat duty and 657.3 kW power are supplied geothermal energy and the photovoltaic (PV) system, respectively. The coefficient of performance of the heat pump cycle and thermal efficiency of the organic Rankine unit is calculated at 3.661% and 12.64%, respectively. Results of the exergy investigation indicate that the highest exergy destruction belonged to PV cells, which independently accounted for 39.81% of the total reversibility. The exergy efficiency and total reversibility of the structure are computed at 24.2% and 6555 kW. Sensitivity analysis was performed on several of the most important parameters of the combined structure. The outcomes indicate that the ratio of liquid CO2 rate to total power consumption and net power consumption increase up to 4.096 kg/s LCO2/MW and 1669 kW, respectively, when the CO2 concentration in the flue gas increases from 1 to 9 mol%.
Removing federal subsidies from high‐hazard coastal areas slows development
Authors: Branham Jordan , Kaza Nikhil , BenDor Todd K , Salvesen David , Onda Kyle
Published: June 2022

The US federal government has implemented a variety of policies and subsidies that help coastal development remain viable, including investments in risk reduction measures, subsidized flood insurance, and post‐disaster assistance. In this study, we explored how the removal of federal subsidies impacts coastal development patterns by measuring the causal effect of the US Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA) on building activity. Implemented in 1982, CBRA withdrew eligibility for federal funding for infrastructure, post‐disaster assistance, and subsidized flood insurance along designated sections of coastal barriers (“CBRA units”). Using a novel built‐structures dataset, we employed a spatial regression discontinuity design to compare development rates within and outside of CBRA units in 1980 and 2016. We found that enactment of the CBRA has resulted in significant reductions in development activity: indeed, development rates were reduced by more than 75% in CBRA areas as compared to non‐CBRA areas. Our findings suggest that policies like CBRA can be effective at slowing development in other sensitive or hazardous areas, and could help to preserve natural environments for habitat conservation and climate adaptation purposes.
An expanded framework for wildland–urban interfaces and their management
Authors: Jenerette G Darrel , Anderson Kurt E , Cadenasso Mary L , Fenn Mark , Franklin Janet , Goulden Michael L , Larios Loralee , Pincetl Stephanie , Regan Helen M , Rey Sergio J , Santiago Louis S , Syphard Alexandra D
Published: June 2022

Wildland–urban interfaces (WUIs), the juxtaposition of highly and minimally developed lands, are an increasingly prominent feature on Earth. WUIs are hotspots of environmental and ecological change that are often priority areas for planning and management. A better understanding of WUI dynamics and their role in the coupling between cities and surrounding wildlands is needed to reduce the risk of environmental hazards, ensure the continued provisioning of ecosystem services, and conserve threatened biodiversity. To fill this need, we propose an expanded framework for WUIs that not only conceptualizes these interfaces as emergent and functional components of socioecological processes but also extends them vertically from the bedrock to the top of the vegetation and horizontally across heterogeneous landscapes. This framework encourages management that reconciles pervasive trade‐offs between development and resulting multiple environmental impacts. Focusing on southern California as a case study, we use the framework to facilitate integration across disciplines and between scientists and managers.
Olfactory misinformation: creating “fake news” to reduce problem foraging by wildlife
Authors: Price Catherine , McArthur Clare , Norbury Grant , Banks Peter
Published: June 2022

Finding food is a key motivator of animal behavior and underpins an increasing number of conservation and wildlife management challenges. Introduced predators threaten many vulnerable native species, and some native predators are problematic for declining prey species. Likewise, browsing by native and introduced herbivores threatens endangered plant species, undermines habitat restoration efforts, and alters plant communities. Mammalian predators and herbivores use olfactory information to forage efficiently, pursuing cues that are useful and ignoring those that are not. Here, we present the theoretical basis for why olfactory misinformation should alter foraging decisions and provide compelling evidence that supports the theory. Drawing on this theory and evidence of the success of olfactory misinformation where it has been applied to date, we propose that there is enormous scope for its application more broadly in conservation and wildlife management. Such an approach offers a robust behavioral alternative for protecting valued plants and prey species that are otherwise vulnerable to foraging mammals.
Short planks in the crop nutrient barrel theory of China are changing: Evidence from 15 crops in 13 provinces
Authors: Chen Xiaohui , Wang Zheng , Muneer Muhammad Atif , Ma Changcheng , He Dongdong , White Philip J. , Li Chunjian , Zhang Fusuo
Published: June 2022

Large quantities of fertilizers, mainly nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), are used in China's crop production; however, whether N, P, and K still limit yield under the current high input remains unknown. In addition, it is not clear whether magnesium (Mg) potentially limits crop production. To address these issues, a national survey of the soil nutrient status and farmers' fertilization practices was conducted in China to determine the soil N, P, K, and Mg status and current fertilization practices. In addition, various experiments, including optimized NPK (OPTNPK) and Mg fertilizer combined with OPTNPK (OPTNPK + Mg) in comparison with farmers' practices (FFP), were performed across China to identify the potential for reducing NPK application and the need for Mg application in crop production. The survey data from 2699 questionnaires indicated that (1) all soil samples were not deficient in NPK, but 73.0% were limited by Mg. (2) The average N, P (in P2O5), K (in K2O), and Mg (in MgO) balances were 422.6, 334.1, 326.3, and −22.6 kg ha−1, respectively. Only 15.7% of all farmers applied Mg fertilizer. (3) NPK fertilization can be reduced by an average of 28.8% without reducing the crop yield and quality. (4) For most crops, the application of Mg fertilizer increased the crop yield by 5.5–40.6% and improved the quality. However, different crops under different conditions had different responses to Mg fertilization. These results indicate that reduced NPK inputs and increased Mg inputs are equally important for the healthy development and sustainability of China's agriculture.
Spatial transcriptomics identifies enriched gene expression and cell types in human liver fibrosis
Authors: Chung Brian K. , Øgaard Jonas , Reims Henrik Mikael , Karlsen Tom H. , Melum Espen
Published: June 2022

Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis have limited therapeutic options and represent a serious unmet patient need. Recent use of single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) has identified enriched cell types infiltrating cirrhotic livers but without defining the microanatomical location of these lineages thoroughly. To assess whether fibrotic liver regions specifically harbor enriched cell types, we explored whether whole‐tissue spatial transcriptomics combined with scRNAseq and gene deconvolution analysis could be used to localize cell types in cirrhotic explants of patients with end‐stage liver disease (total n = 8; primary sclerosing cholangitis, n = 4; primary biliary cholangitis, n = 2, alcohol‐related liver disease, n = 2). Spatial transcriptomics clearly identified tissue areas of distinct gene expression that strongly correlated with the total area (Spearman r = 0.97, p = 0.0004) and precise location (parenchyma, 87.9% mean congruency; range, 73.1%–97.1%; fibrosis, 68.5% mean congruency; range, 41.0%–91.7%) of liver regions classified as parenchymal or fibrotic by conventional histology. Deconvolution and enumeration of parenchymal and fibrotic gene content as measured by spatial transcriptomics into distinct cell states revealed significantly higher frequencies of ACTA2+ FABP4+ and COL3A1+ mesenchymal cells, IL17RA+ S100A8+ and FCER1G+ tissue monocytes, VCAM1+ SDC3+ Kupffer cells, CCL4+ CCL5+ KLRB1+ and GZMA+ IL17RA+ T cells and HLA‐DR+, CD37+ CXCR4+ and IGHM+ IGHG+ B cells in fibrotic liver regions compared with parenchymal areas of cirrhotic explants. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that spatial transcriptomes of parenchymal and fibrotic liver regions express unique gene content within cirrhotic liver and demonstrate proof of concept that spatial transcriptomes combined with additional RNA sequencing methodologies can refine the localization of gene content and cell lineages in the search for antifibrotic targets.
‘But what is the mechanism?’: Demystifying the ever elusive ‘developmental mechanism’
Authors: Benton Deon T.
Published: June 2022

Few issues are more important to developmental scientists than understanding and elucidating mechanisms of developmental change. There are good reasons for this. For example, understanding how developmental change is produced allows developmental researchers to go beyond studying at what age an ability emerges to understanding the underlying processes by which those abilities develop in the first place. Yet, despite their importance, the term mechanism is not well understood. This lack of understanding is problematic because researchers and theorists can disagree and debate about what does and does not ‘count’ as mechanism research, which can slow scientific progress. Given this issue, this paper has three broad aims. The first aim was to provide a clear definition for one kind of developmental mechanism, namely, developmental mechanisms of cognitive change. The second aim is to provide a concrete example of a developmental mechanism and discuss how it works in detail, from start to finish. The third aim is to challenge the field to be more explicit about how their proposed developmental mechanisms work to ensure scientific progress.
Immunologic features of asymptomatic postvaccination infections with the Delta variant of SARS‐CoV‐2 in adults
Authors: Duan Rui , Mao Qiang , Ding Xu , Qiu Qiwu , Wang Pei
Published: June 2022

Background

Asymptomatic infections may play an important role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Delta variant transmissions. However, the immunologic features of asymptomatic postvaccination infections with the Delta variant of SARS‐CoV‐2 in adults remain to be defined.

Methods

A retrospective study involving 36 vaccinated adults infected with the SARS‐CoV‐2 Delta variant was performed. Their demographic and laboratory data were collected and analyzed in The First People's Hospital of Jingmen from August 4 to 20, 2021.

Results

Of the 36 adults, 6 persons had an asymptomatic infection. The severity of the SARS‐CoV‐2 infections was highly correlated with the doses of vaccinations (p = 0.019). The symptomatic and asymptomatic infected SARS‐CoV‐2 adults showed normal levels of leukocytes and lymphocytes. The C‐reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels were elevated in the symptomatic groups. The period between the last vaccination to the time of infection in the asymptomatic group was longer than that in the mild and moderate groups (73 vs. 61 vs. 50 days; p = 0.047). The percentage of suppressor T‐cells in the asymptomatic group was the highest (32.2 ± 4.0% vs. 22.0 ± 7.2% vs. 29.3 ± 8.0%; p = 0.004). The signal‐to‐cutoff ratio value of total antibody against SARS‐CoV‐2 in the asymptomatic group was lower than that in the other two groups (383 vs. 703 vs. 1792; p < 0.001) and much lower than that in the moderate group. The multivariate ordinal logistic analysis after adjusting for gender, vaccination date, and vaccination dose indicated that CRP at Days 4−7 and 8−14, IL‐6 on Days 4−7, and total antibody were risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 severity.

Conclusions

Asymptomatic postvaccination infections with the Delta variant of SARS‐CoV‐2 in adults tend to infect persons vaccinated twice. The immunophenotype profile for asymptomatic postvaccination infections is less inflammatory and accompanied by relatively lower antibody titers.
A retrospective cohort study of pregnancy outcomes during the pandemic period of the SARS‐CoV‐2 omicron variant: A single center's experience
Authors: Floyd Ruairí , Hunter Samuel , Murphy Niamh , Lindow Stephen W. , O'Connell Michael P.
Published: June 2022

Synopsis

Our retrospective review revealed that antenatal infection with the Omicron variant is associated with minimal symptoms in vaccinated patients, minimal medical intervention, and good obstetric outcomes.
Molecular cancer classification on microarrays gene expression data using wavelet‐based deep convolutional neural network
Authors: Pandit Dhiren , Dhodiya Jayesh , Patel Yogeshwari
Published: June 2022

Microarray data analysis is a most promising and difficult process due to the complex nature of data. It includes higher dimensionality, several unbalanced classes, a smaller sample size, the presence of noise, and a higher variation of feature values. This has resulted in a decrease in classification accuracy as well as an overfitting problem. This work proposed an efficient and hybrid deep learning technique for molecular cancer classification using expression data to solve these limitations. The different steps in the proposed work are preprocessing, clustering, extraction, selection, and classification. The input data is preprocessed using a scalable range adaptive bilateral filter. Then clustering is done with the help of an improved binomial clustering approach. After that, the data is extracted with the help of the multifractal Brownian motion method. Then the important features are selected with the help of an improved cuckoo search optimization algorithm. Finally, the data classification is performed using a wavelet‐based deep convolutional neural network. This work is validated with the help of five publically available datasets using the PYTHON platform. The different performance measures considered here are accuracy, precision, recall, and F‐measure. The classification accuracy obtained is 98.36%, 98.12%, 98.55%, 97.70%, and 95.30% for ovarian, breast, colon, leukemia, and prostate cancer datasets. The overall result showed that the suggested technique is better than the existing methods.
Fluorescent carbon dots and noble metal nanoclusters for sensing applications: Minireview
Authors: Lin Yu‐Feng , Yang Cheng‐Ruei , Huang Yu‐Fen , Chang Huan‐Tsung
Published: June 2022

Nanomaterial‐based fluorescence sensing systems with the advantages of sensitivity and selectivity have been popular for quantitation of various analytes, including biomolecules, metal ions, and organic molecules. Fluorescent carbon dots (C dots) and noble metal nanoclusters (MNCs) separately composed of few carbon and metal atoms have attracted considerable research interest in the past decade, mainly because of their biocompatibility, as well as ease in preparation and conjugation. This review briefly discusses simple and popular strategies for the preparation of C dots and MNCs. Their sensing applications in monitoring pH values, quantitation of metal ions, and small molecules are emphasized. Their future use in conjunction with portable microsystems such as array and microfluidic device to develop high‐throughput and sensitive sensing systems for on‐site analysis is also discussed.
A complete description of convex sets associated with matchings and edge‐connectivity in graphs
Authors: Henning Michael A. , Yeo Anders
Published: June 2022

Let be the set of pairs of real numbers with the property there exists a constant , depending only on and , such that for every connected graph of order , size , with maximum degree at most and edge‐connectivity at least . In a recent paper, the authors give a complete description of the set . In this article we raise the problem to a higher level, and give a complete description of the convex set for all , and determine its extreme points.
Mechanisms regulating transitory suppressive activity of neutrophils in newborns: PMNs-MDSCs in newborns
Authors: Perego Michela , Fu Shuyu , Cao Yingjiao , Kossenkov Andrew , Yao Meng , Bonner Erin , Alicea-Torres Kevin , Liu Wangkai , Jiang Zhilong , Chen Zhihong , Fuchs Serge Y , Zhou Jie , Gabrilovich Dmitry I
Published: June 2022

Transitory appearance of immune suppressive polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) defined as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMNs-MDSCs) in newborns is important for their protection from inflammation associated with newly established gut microbiota. Here, we report that inhibition of the type I IFN (IFN1) pathway played a major role in regulation of PMNs-MDSCs-suppressive activity during first weeks of life. Expression of the IFN1 receptor IFNAR1 was markedly lower in PMNs-MDSCs. However, in newborn mice, down-regulation of IFNAR1 was not sufficient to render PMNs immune suppressive. That also required the presence of a positive signal from lactoferrin via its receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2. The latter effect was mediated via NF-κB activation, which was tempered by IFN1 in a manner that involved suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. Thus, we discovered a mechanism of tight regulation of immune suppressive PMNs-MDSCs in newborns, which may be used in the development of therapies of neonatal pathologies.
Prognostic nutritional index: Is it associated with the prognosis of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever
Authors: Ünver Ulusoy Tülay , Hekimoğlu Can H. , Kayhan Sanem , Altın Nilgün , Şencan İrfan
Published: June 2022

Introduction

The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) is calculated using total serum lymphocyte counts and albumin levels. We aimed to analyze the role of PNI in predicting intensive care unit (ICU) referral and mortality in patients with Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF).

Materials and Methods

Our target population was adult (age >18) patients who presented between March 2015 and October 2021 within 5 days of symptom emergence and were diagnosed with CCHF. The predictive value of PNI was analyzed by the receiver operating curve analysis. The patients were categorized based on the severity grading scores (SGS) as mild, moderate, and severe. The relationship between PNI and ICU referral and mortality was analyzed by logistic regression analysis.

Results

Overall, 115 patients with the diagnosis of CCHF were included. 13.9% (n = 16) of the patients were referred to ICU while 11.3% (n = 13) died. A comparison of the patients with different SGS grades revealed that they were significantly different regarding PNI (p < 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between PNI and SGS (r = −0.662;p < 0.001). PNI had a PV regarding ICU referral and mortality ([area under the curve [AUC] = 0.723, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.609–0.836,p = 0.004 [AUC = 0.738, 95% CI: 0.613–0.863,p = 0.005]). The PNI threshold was 36.1 for ICU referral and mortality. The rates of female patients, hospitalization periods longer than 1 week, platelet apheresis replacement, diabetes mellitus, bleeding history, ICU admission, and mortality were significantly higher in patients with a PNI of lower than 36.1 (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

PNI can predict ICU referral and mortality in patients admitted due to CCHF.
Emerging technologies and the use case: A multi‐year study of drone adoption
Authors: Maghazei Omid , Lewis Michael A. , Netland Torbjørn H.
Published: June 2022

Although disruptive “Industry 4.0” technologies often lack a clear business case, vendors are advocating and companies are actively exploring their use in operations settings. The technology management literature suggests that successful adoption derives from an appropriate fit between the specific technology and (1) economic and strategic factors, (2) operational and supply chain factors, and (3) organizational and behavioral factors. Through a five‐year research project, we explore how drones—an archetypal emerging technology supported by a thriving vendor ecosystem—transitioned from early ideas to experimental applications to full adoption in daily operations. We analyze a range of data, including exploratory interviews with drone ecosystem actors, a secondary dataset, and case studies of drone applications in Geberit and IKEA. Key findings relate to our observation that technology adoption patterns for emerging technologies do not always follow the traditional linear logic of technology fit. We find that emerging technologies are characterized by a dynamic interaction between technology push from a thriving ecosystem and market pull from companies exploring meaningful operational and business value using the concept of “use case.” Based on these findings, we contribute to the technology management literature with an alternative technology adoption framework for emerging “Industry 4.0” technologies.
Action mechanisms of two key xanthine oxidase inhibitors in tea polyphenols and their combined effect with allopurinol
Authors: Zhang Guowen , Zhu Miao , Liao Yijing , Gong Deming , Hu Xing
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND

Tea polyphenols have been reported to have the effect of lowering uric acid. However, there are few studies on the inhibitory effects and molecular mechanisms of specific catechins on the urate‐metabolizing enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO). In this research, multiple spectroscopic methods and computer simulations were used to determine the inhibitory ability and mechanisms of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and gallocatechin gallate (GCG) on XO.

RESULTS

Herein, EGCG and GCG reversibly inhibited XO activity in a mixed manner, with IC50 values of 40.50 ± 0.32 and 33.60 ± 0.53 μmol L−1, and also decreased the superoxide anion radical (O2−) of the catalytic system by reducing the XO molecule and inhibiting the formation of uric acid. The combination of EGCG or GCG with allopurinol showed synergistic inhibition on XO. The binding of EGCG or GCG to XO with moderate affinity formed a stable complex by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The presence of EGCG and GCG made the structure of XO more stable and compact. The two inhibitors bound to the vicinity of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in XO, hindering the entry of substrate; thus the activity of XO was suppressed.

CONCLUSION

Both EGCG and GCG are excellent natural XO inhibitors, and inhibited the activity of XO by occupying the channel of the substrate to enter the active center and interfering with the dual substrate reaction catalyzed by XO. These findings provide a scientific basis for the application of catechins in dietary supplements and medicines with lowering uric acid effects. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.