bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decoding the Urban Plan of the City of Pilsen (Plzen)
Authors: Ragkos Nikolaos
Published: September 2021

The historic centre of the city of Pilsen in western Bohemia, today a region of the Czech Republic, was constructed at the end of the thirteenth century, at a time when Gothic architecture was universal across most of western and central Europe. The Gothic style had emerged and developed during an era when social and economic changes were favouring the development of new urban settlements, and when the translation of ancient Greek natural philosophy, including astronomy, was giving rise to a new intellectual movement. This revival of the natural sciences was inevitably bound up with the Roman Catholic Church, since much of this knowledge had been preserved within monastic institutions and was now being used by theologians/natural philosophers who wanted to apply reason to theology. This paper’s analysis of the urban plan of the historic centre of Pilsen is an attempt to investigate the possible influence that the science of astronomy had on architectural thought and creativity in western Bohemia, and how this was represented in the light of scientific advancement.
Action bids in children with speech impairments
Authors: Fasulo Alessandra , Nomikou Iris , Nye Joanna
Published: September 2021

The paper illustrates a practice, which we have called ‘marking’, observed in play interactions between parents and children with Down syndrome (DS) aged 3–8 years. Markings are minimal turns that rely on prosody, embodied resources and indexicality to foreground events within an ongoing activity and convey a stance toward them. Markings can be both retrospective and prospective (i.e. referring to a just-occurred or an incipient event). As first pair parts, they are open action bids that prompt recipients to display their co-orientation towards the referent. Responses from parents (i.e. second markings) can take the form of repeats or expansions; after prospective marking the recipient can also add support to the incipient activity the child has marked. We discuss marking as the core constituent of a larger family of actions for ‘sharing noteworthiness’, but also as a designedly undetermined action bid with specific conversational uses for children and adults alike.
Open innovation factors for higher education institutions
Authors: Palacios-Osma Jose Ignacio , Abuchar-Porras Alexandra
Published: September 2021

Open innovation is a fundamental strategy in all institutions of higher education which allows them to achieve the goals and mission objectives, having as one of its essential purposes the generation and transfer of knowledge which is sup-ported and achieved by research groups and seedbeds generating innovation and development products of great impact, however, are not always incorporated to meet any requirement or provide solutions in society or in the productive sector among others. The article presents factors of open innovation, which must be analyzed, developed or strengthened within the institutions, therefore, while innovation has an important role, the application and adaptation requires disci-pline and integration with the organizational culture. The article identifies and describes the various components needed to incorporate open innovation in higher education institutions
Procurement process and financial performance: a systematic literature review
Authors: Georgino Mônica , Alcantara Rosane Lucia Chicarelli , Albuquerque Andrei Aparecido de
Published: September 2021

Purpose – The aim of this study was to identify the elements and practices under the responsibility of the Procurement process that can influence the financial performance of a company.Design/methodology/approach - A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted to identify the elements and practices from the Procurement process and financial indicators.Findings - Twelve elements were identified (focusing on: Information technology and shared information and communications) and eight practices in the procurement process (focusing on: supplier relationship management and cost reduction), which contributes to the company's financial performance, mainly on the Profit and ROI financial indicators.Originality/value - This study presents an overview, a consolidated view of the literature on the current relationship between the procurement process and financial performance.Keywords – Procurement. Financial Performance. Systematic Literature Review. Elements. Practices.
Moving up and down in real space
Authors: Viberg Åke
Published: September 2021

The paper focuses on the role of the Swedish spatial particles upp ‘up’ and ner ‘down’ to signal the endpoint-of-motion in the description of motion situations and is based on Swedish original fiction texts and their translations into English, German, French and Finnish. Frequently the endpoint is marked with a locative preposition such as på ‘on’ or i ‘in’, and then a particle is required to signal change-of-place. In German and Finnish, the particle is often zero translated and change-of-place is indicated by case. The particle is often zero translated also in French, a V(erb)-framed language. This leads to contrasts at the conceptual level since verticality is not expressed. The result points to radical intra-typological differences between S(atellite)-framed languages in the expression of Path depending on general morpho-syntactic differences. Another important conclusion is that several different classes of motion verbs must be distinguished even in S-languages to describe the expression of change-of-place.
Hvordan gjøre scenekunst med teatervitenskap
Authors: Eiermann André
Published: September 2021

This article is based on a lecture presented on the 25th of May 2018 at the conference Teatervitenskap – historiografi, teori og praksis in Bergen. This conference’s objective was to defend the section of Theatre Studies at the University of Bergen against cuts, and the lecture’s corresponding objective was to exemplify how theatre studies, besides consisting in research on performing arts, also is productively effective in creative processes of performing arts respectively in this field’s artistic research. In relation to the conference’s three focal points – historiography, theory, and practice – referred the lecture to three examples: Mette Ingvartsen’s performance 69 positions from 2014, Iggy Malmborg’s performance b o n e r, also from 2014, and the author’s own work as theatre scholar with background in Applied Theatre Studies, particularly his collaboration as dramaturge with Heine Avdal and Yukiko Shinozaki / fieldworks in their productions distant voices (2014), carry on (2015) and unannounced (2017). The article presents these examples in a slightly changed order and adds, as their description’s background, a discussion on, firstly, the arguments that were used to defend theatre studies in the conference’s context, and, secondly, the relation between research and artistic research in Norway and the debate about it.
Effect of polypropylene fibre reinforcement on UCS and ductility of cemented sand
Authors: Khodabandehlou Saeid , Makarchian Masoud , Razmara Mehrdad
Published: September 2021

A series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests was carried out to evaluate the effect of polypropylene fibre (PPF) reinforcement on the compressive strength and ductility properties of cemented sand. Poorly graded sand was mixed with different cement contents (2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) and reinforced with three different PPF ratios (0, 0.5% and 1%). Specimens were compacted to different relative densities (50% and 70%) and were cured for 3 and 7 days. The results showed that the UCS of the specimens increased with increasing PPF content. The UCS development rate in specimens with 0.5% and 1% PPF and 2% and 4% cement was almost twice as high as that of the specimens with 6% and 8% cement at both relative densities. For a cement content of up to approximately 4%, PPF inclusion yielded positive results. However, PPF inclusion in specimens with more than 4% cement was ineffective. Furthermore, the axial strain at peak strength of the cemented sand specimens increased with increasing PPF content. In cases where the fibre ratio was constant, the peak strains were almost independent of the cement content.
On quantified DPs in Baule-Kode
Authors: Konan Yannick Romain , Puskas Genoveva
Published: September 2021

Baule-Kode, a variant of the Baule language belonging to the Kwa family, has a rich set of quantifiers, which systematically occur post-nominally within the DP. Moreover, Baule-Kode DPs can also combine more than one quantifier, and the order of occurrence of the quantifiers yields different interpretations of the quantified DPs. We focus on three quantifiers, ngba ‘all’, klwaa ‘every’ and jwe ‘some’. Given the distribution and the semantic contribution of these quantifiers, we propose a structure of the Baule-Kode DP in which quantifiers merge as the head of different functional projections. We show that Baule-Kode DPs are strictly head-initial, and argue that the word orders observed within the DP are the result of systematic leftward movement of different portions of the nominal structure.
Obsolescencia y revitalización de un parque. Acción colectiva, cognición y ciudadanía en la apropiación del espacio público
Authors: García Arias Manuel Felipe , Hernández Pulgarín Gregorio
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. Analizamos las transformaciones de un espacio público en Manizales, Colombia, mostrando cómo la acción colectiva que se materializa en sus usos y algunos procesos cognitivos que permiten representarlo, influyen en la manera en que es apropiado. Metodología. Partimos de una aproximación etnográfica a un parque urbano entre 2016 y 2017. Resultados. La idea de parque como espacio obsoleto que se hacen sus habitantes y usuarios, obedece a la valoración simbólica de las transformaciones materiales asociadas al deterioro y de los cambios de usuarios y usos. Asimismo, evidenciamos que un cambio en la apropiación del lugar a través de la acción colectiva incide en su valoración simbólica y en su revitalización. Conclusiones. Los espacios públicos son escenarios de confluencia compleja y conflictiva de actores que a través de sus diversas formas de apropiación ponen en juego la ciudadanía, pero también la vitalidad de los lugares.
Presentación
Authors: Quintero Londoño Sergio Andrés
Published: September 2021

La capacidad autocreadora del ser humano que tiene como base fundamental el trabajo, exige el conocimiento objetivo de la realidad, el cual pasa por la necesaria comprensión ontológica del ser social. Gracias al conocimiento de la realidad, entendida como proceso sociohistórico, se hace posible la construcción de nuevas formas de producción y reproducción social.
Sentimientos y pensamientos de jóvenes frente al acoso escolar : el suicidio como una alternativa.
Authors: Palacio Chavarriaga Catalina , Rodríguez Marín Leidy Johana , Gallego Henao Adriana María
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. Dar a conocer algunos sentimientos, pensamientos y visiones que tienen los estudiantes de noveno grado frente al tema del acoso escolar. Metodología. Se basó en el paradigma cualitativo desde un enfoque hermenéutico privilegiándose el estudio de caso como la estrategia de investigación. Participaron 35 adolescentes de una institución educativa de Medellín a quienes se les aplicaron 16 técnicas interactivas y ocho entrevistas semiestructuradas. Resultados. Se encontró que los jóvenes consideran el suicidio como alternativa para enfrentar el acoso escolar. Conclusión. Es importante sensibilizar a los maestros a no limitar sus acciones al momento de evidenciar conductas agresivas entre los estudiantes sino más bien preocuparse por desarrollar la empatía entre estos, de tal manera que sean capaces de ponerse en el lugar del otro.
Representar "El Bogotazo" en Colombia : apuntes para su comprensión como un "shock político" para repensar el conflicto y el posacuerdo.
Authors: Agudelo Gómez César Augusto
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. Este artículo de reflexión pretende repensar el acontecimiento histórico del “Bogotazo”, acompañado por la luz del lente fotográfico como el resultado de un “shock político” que exacerbó la violencia bipartidista y lo encumbró como uno de los hitos del imaginario colectivo sobre los cuales se teje la historia reciente de la violencia política en Colombia y su último tratado de paz. Metodología. Se hizo una revisión bibliográfica sobre dicho acontecimiento. Resultados. Se encontró que diversas fuentes documentales delinean el inicio o agudización del periodo denominado como «La Violencia» con dicho acontecimiento; así mismo, que se requieren nuevas interpretaciones sobre este porque es uno de los hitos históricos más importantes para comprender nuestro presente. Conclusiones. Se constató que a 70 años de El Bogotazo siguen fluyendo representaciones para azuzar el imaginario colectivo de la sociedad colombiana y narrarlo desde diversas perspectivas. Emanan tanto de discursos historiográficos como de expresiones artísticas.
Marx : el método de la economía política como crítica ontológica.
Authors: Duayer Mario
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. Este artículo tiene por objetivo discutir la llamada cuestión del método en Marx. El debate en torno a las cuestiones metodológicas en la tradición marxista se basa en gran parte en el famoso texto titulado “El Método de la Economía Política”. Metodología. La metodología empleada es la crítica inmanente de los materiales abordados. Resultados. De ese modo, la crítica desarrollada en el artículo procura mostrar, en primer lugar, que es una grave equivocación sugerir que Marx establece allí las líneas generales de su método; en segundo, y más relevante, que, con la excepción de Lukács, las interpretaciones más influyentes no pueden dar cuenta de la orientación ontológica del texto marxiano, justamente la dimensión fundamental de su crítica. Conclusión. El conjunto de esos aspectos constituye el resultado alcanzado y las conclusiones del trabajo.
Prácticas de socialización política en la confluencia juvenil surgiendo del sur de Ibagué.
Authors: Acosta Huerfia Lina
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. La participación de los jóvenes del sur de Ibagué se genera bajo contextos de apatía y conflictos sociales. Este ejercicio académico brinda categorías como socialización, socialización política e ideologías, interpretadas a la luz de prácticas desarrolladas en el colectivo juvenil Surgiendo de la ciudad de Ibagué. Metodología. Esta investigación tiene una aproximación metodológica desde la etnografía reflexiva, valiéndose de entrevistas a profundidad,análisis de narrativas, entre otras. Resultados. La incidencia política se convierte en agente socializador al transmitir conocimientos e intercambiar saberes en escenarios comunitarios participando como sujetos de transformación social. Conclusión. Las formas de involucrarse en la política y el papel que los jóvenes desempeñan en sus colectividades contextualizan las dinámicas territoriales en el sur de Ibagué con miras a recuperar las organizaciones juveniles como un espacio para habitar la vida.
Emociones, conflicto y educación: bases para pensar la educación emocional para la paz
Authors: Alzate-Henao Gina Paola , Bedoya-Rojas Mónica María , Fajardo-Sandoval Aura María , Hoyos-Mejía Ángela Del Pilar , Ocampo-Flórez Esteban
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. Analizar tres categorías conceptuales presentes en la investigación “Educación Emocional para la Paz en ambientes escolares, una aproximación desde las percepciones de los actores”, a saber, emociones, conflicto y educación. Metodología. Revisión de bibliografía especializada para reconocer tanto elementos comunes en cada categoría como las relaciones entre estas. Resultados. Se proponen cinco consideraciones claves para pensar la educación emocional para la paz: que sea vivencial, transversal, que promueva valores y actitudes sobre el cuidado de sí y el respeto por la diversidad, que sea evaluable y que se realice colaborativamente con toda la comunidad involucrada. Conclusión. Una educación que responda a los desafíos de la época asume el desarrollo socioafectivo, una concepción positiva de conflicto y entornos de aprendizaje significativo y colaborativo, como elementos esenciales para la construcción de sociedades pacíficas, solidarias y equitativas.
Intervención educativa basada en la gamificación: experiencia en el contexto universitario
Authors: Alarcón-Diaz Mitchell Alberto , Alarcón-Diaz Henry Hugo , Rodríguez-Baca Liset Sulay , Alcas-Zapata Noel
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. Identificar la existencia de diferencias estadísticas significativas en la aplicación de la gamificación como estrategia didáctica en estudiantes universitarios de una universidad privada de Lima. Metodología. El enfoque empleado fue el cuantitativo con un diseño cuasiexperimental; el método seguido fue el hipotético–deductivo ya que a través de la contrastación de hipótesis se pudo determinar las diferencias existentes en los grupos de trabajo; participaron 72 estudiantes, 35 en el grupo control y 37 en el grupo experimental. La intervención basada en la gamificación tuvo una duración de siete semanas e incluyó actividades empleando diferentes recursos TIC. Resultados. Existen diferencias estadísticas significativas entre el grupo experimental y el grupo control; los alumnos que experimentaron a través de la gamificación muestran mejores resultados. Conclusión. Una correcta intervención pedagógica mediada por las TIC y aplique la gamificación motiva al estudiante a mejorar su aprendizaje.
Positive patient experience of wide awake local anaesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) hand surgery in the government setting: a prospective descriptive study
Authors: Naude Jaco J , Koch Odette , Schmidt Ludwig W , le Roux Theo LB
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to establish a subjective patient experience with wide awake local anaesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) procedures performed in the institution from May 2019 to March 2020. WALANT surgery was initiated to improve standard operating procedure and to decrease theatre burden METHODS: This prospective, descriptive study included 100 patients with a mean age of 59 years who required either a carpal tunnel or trigger finger release. The patients' pain experience was documented on the visual analogue scale (VAS) for the local anaesthetic injection and the surgical procedure. Overall experience was assessed on the patient's preference to have the procedure performed by the WALANT method or the conventional method RESULTS: One hundred patients were included, of which 67 had medical comorbidities. The mean VAS score was 1.5 (SD±1.6) with pain on injection. The mean VAS pain score during the surgical procedure was 0.2 (SD±0.7). One hundred per cent of patients (100/100) felt they would do the WALANT outpatient procedure again instead of admission to hospital and surgery in the theatre. Two complications occurred related to wound care problems, and were successfully managed. None of the patients required reoperations for incomplete release of the carpal tunnel or trigger finger surgery CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that minor hand surgery using the WALANT protocol can be performed effectively and with high patient satisfaction rates in the orthopaedic outpatient clinic, and is a useful tool in the skillset of a hand surgeon Level of evidence: Level 4 Keywords: WALANT, hand surgery, trigger finger, carpal tunnel release
The prevalence of vascular injury utilising the lateral parapatellar approach for malignant distal femoral tumour resections: a case series
Authors: van der Watt Nicolaas P , Koch Odette , le Roux Theo LB , Meijer Jannes G , McLoughlin Heather
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Distal femoral tumour resections are mostly performed through a medial or anteromedial approach. The lateral parapatellar approach is an alternative method. This case series assessed vascular complications during the resection of malignant distal femoral tumours via the lateral parapatellar approach METHODS: A retrospective case series at a private practice in Pretoria was performed. All patients who underwent malignant distal femoral tumour resections through a lateral parapatellar approach between 2001 and 2019 were included in the study. All cases were performed by a single surgeon. An analysis of the patients' files was performed, to determine if there were any intraoperative or immediately postoperative vascular complications RESULTS: Thirty-six patients were identified who underwent resection of their malignant distal femoral tumours via the lateral parapatellar approach. Osteosarcoma was the most prevalent bone tumour (81%). All resection margins were clear on histology reports. The vascular complication rate was 3% (95% CI 0-8%). Twelve patients demised over the 18-year period (33% CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that a low risk of vascular complications can be expected when resecting malignant distal femoral tumours through a lateral parapatellar approach. This rate of vascular injury is comparable to other studies that also performed distal femoral tumour resections through other approaches Level of evidence: Level 4 Keywords: malignant distal femoral tumours, lateral parapatellar approach, vascular complications, tumour resection, endoprosthesis
STATE LIABILITY VIS-À-VIS VICTIMS OF CRIME IN POST-1994 SOUTH AFRICAN CASE LAW – SOMETHING NEW OR A REINVENTED WHEEL?
Authors: John C von Bonde
Published: September 2021

Since 1994 South African courts have dealt with numerous cases where victims of crime have sued the State for its failure to protect them from criminal violation. This article explores these cases in order to ascertain the juristic nature of this liability and the criteria applied in ascertaining whether said liability exists under given circumstances. The author concludes that the legal remedy granted victims is based on the normal rules of the law of delict. Despite the constant reference by judges to constitutional imperatives, the matter is guided by the normal delictual criteria of reasonableness and public policy which, granted, have to be ascertained in deference to constitutional norms. The essential test has thus not changed since to the inception of the Constitution. Nevertheless, it appears that the courts have drawn fresh impetus from the Constitution in granting the claim of the victim of crime. South African courts have thus far shown opposition to the granting of punitive or constitutional damages to victims of crime though the possibility of the granting thereof in future has not been ruled out unequivocally.
NON-RECOGNITION OF MUSLIM MARRIAGES: DISCRIMINATION AND SOCIAL INJUSTICE
Authors: Razaana Denson
Published: September 2021

The following issues are discussed in the article, namely the legal status of Muslim marriages, the legal nature of Muslim marriages, the reasons for non-recognition, in particular the concept of “public policy”, as well as the various approaches adopted by the South African courts when dealing with the issue whether Muslim marriages should be granted legal recognition. The effect of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 on the status and consequences of Muslim marriages as well as the proposal for legal reform in the form of a draft Muslim Marriages Bill which was released on the 22 July 2003 is also dealt with.
DIE AKSIE VAN AFHANKLIKES: DIE HOOGSTE HOF VAN APPÈL GEE ’N TELEURSTELLENDE TERUGWAARTSE STAP Brooks v Minister of Safety and Security 2009 2 SA 94 (HHA)
Authors: J Neethling  , JM Potgieter
Published: September 2021

In ’n reeks beslissings voor Brooks v Minister of Safety and Security (2009 2 SA 94 (HHA)) het die Hoogste Hof van Appèl ’n groot mate van regsekerheid gebring oor die grondslag van en vereistes vir die aksie van afhanklikes. Hiervolgens is die belangrikste vereistes die volgende. Eerstens moet die broodwinner, terwyl hy geleef het, ’n (inter partes regtens afdwingbare) onderhoudsplig teenoor die afhanklike gehad het. Die bestaan van ’n onderhoudsplig is onderworpe aan die kwalifikasies dat die afhanklike sorgbehoewend is en die broodwinner in staat is om in die onderhoud te voorsien. Tweedens moet die afhanklike ’n (teenoor derdes regtens beskermingswaardige) reg op (sodanige) onderhoud gehad het. Die bestaan van ’n beskermingswaardige reg op onderhoud moet aan die hand van die boni mores-onregmatigheidsmaatstaf bepaal word.
THE END OF THE HONEYMOON: PENAL DISCOURSE AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF PRISONERS IN THE AFTERMATH OF SOUTH AFRICA’S SECOND DEMOCRATIC ELECTION − PART 1
Authors: Stephen Allister Peté
Published: September 2021

The years immediately following South Africa’s second democratic election, held in June 1999, were significant in that they marked the end of the “honeymoon” period which followed the country’s transition from apartheid to democracy in 1994. This article focuses on the public discourse surrounding imprisonment in South Africa during this important “post-honeymoon” period. The article traces the continued systematic violation of the basic human rights of many of those confined in South African prisons throughout the period. Part One of the article deals with the many public debates surrounding chronic prison overcrowding and its effects, whereas Part Two deals with a host of evils which beset the South African penal system at this time, including very poor conditions of detention, high levels of gang activity, the spread of HIV/AIDS, the escape of dangerous criminals from different prisons in the country, and instances of corruption and other criminal activity amongst prisoners and staff.
CHALLENGING OLD PERCEPTIONS ― THE CLASSIFICATION OF WEBSITE ADVERTISEMENTS ACCORDING TO SOUTH AFRICAN CONTRACT LAW
Authors: Lehlohonolo Ramokanate  , Wian Erlank
Published: September 2021

South African law draws a distinction between offers and invitations to treat. Although the intention with which a statement is made is usually cited as a controlling factor in determining its proper classification, there are a few cases in which the classification of a declaration into either an offer or an invitation to treat is done by rules of law with very little concern for the intention of a party. Such is traditionally the case amongst others with advertisements and displays of goods on windows or shelves in a self-service store. The classification of these scenarios into invitations to treat is usually premised on certain perceptions at common law, such as the need to protect traders from the risk of inundation by purchase orders, and the right of traders to select their customers. With electronic commerce on the rise, tradesmen today prefer to advertise their goods and services online through websites. Some of these websites go beyond traditional advertising. They can finalize sale transactions, and even perform contracts without any human review on their side. These novel features in trading websites challenge the old conceptions of the common law of contract concerning the proper classification of advertisements and self-service stores. Hence the question arises whether a typical model of a modern trading website constitutes an offer or an invitation to treat. In light of the foresaid technological developments, it is important in the digital age to reconsider the position of the law, and to develop it where necessary with a view to accommodating electronic contracts.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE DIRECTORS’ DECISION-MAKING FUNCTION THROUGH THE LENS OF THE BUSINESS-JUDGMENT RULE
Authors: Jan-Louis van Tonder
Published: September 2021

The main purpose of this article is to examine the standard of conduct required from a director in the exercise of his decision-making function, through the lens of the business-judgment rule. The business-judgment rule provides the circumstances in which the duty to act in the best interests of the company and the duty of care, skill and diligence will be satisfied by a director. In order to achieve the stated goal the board’s statutory managerial authority, the standard of director’s conduct required to discharge the duty of care, skill and diligence as provided for in section 76(3)(c), and the features and functions of the business-judgment rule will also be examined. Section 5(2) of the Act provides that, to the extent appropriate, a court interpreting or applying the provisions of the Act may consider foreign-company law. This is complementary to section 5(1) which directs that the Act must be interpreted and applied in a manner that gives effect to the purpose of section 7. The article will refer to the highly developed corporate law in the State of Delaware to assist the research in examining the content and meaning of the decision-making function as a standard of director’s conduct. For this reason, the corporate legislative framework of the State of Delaware will also be discussed.
THEORIES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND ACCESS TO MEDICINES IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC)
Authors: Lonias Ndlovu  , Amos Saurombe
Published: September 2021

Despite the adoption of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Doha Declaration on the Agreement on Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and Public Health in 2001, which unequivocally affirmed WTO members’ rights to use compulsory licences and other TRIPS flexibilities to access essential medicines, thirteen years on, developing countries and least developed countries are still grappling with access to medicines issues and a high disease burden. Despite some well-researched and eloquent arguments to the contrary, it is a trite fact that patents remain an impediment to access to medicines by encouraging monopolistic prices. In the Southern African Development Community (SADC), a number of possible solutions to the access to medicines problem, such as local manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, using compulsory licences, using parallel importation and investing in research and innovation, have been raised. This paper looks at the possibility of solving the SADC access-to-medicines problem through rewarding innovation and investment into diseases of the poor, by applying the rewards theory of patents. After an initial exposition of theories of intellectual property in general, the paper specifically looks at the rewards theory and contextualizes it to the SADC situation, and comes to the conclusion that the theory may point to one of the viable solutions to the access-to-medicines problem in the region.
SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE PRESUMPTION THAT LEGISLATION APPLIES PROSPECTIVELY, AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR A CONTEMPORARY THEORY OF INTERPRETATION
Authors: George Devenish
Published: September 2021

As a consequence of section 39 of the Constitution literal interpretation, which prevailed under the previous legal and constitutional dispensation, has been replaced by a purposive/value-based method and theory of interpretation. A new and creative method of legal reasoning has emerged that facilitates social justice. This involves a deontic element, which incorporates ethical and moral evaluation. A far more holistic approach is now adopted, and legal interpretation is now applied in a manner that is allied to the discipline of hermeneutics as found in literature and philosophy. Interpretation has become holistic in this process. The theory of holism has a South African connection since the term has its genesis in Smuts’s book, Holism and Evolution, first published in 1926. Semantic holism is a doctrine in the philosophy of language to the “effect that a certain part of language can only be understood through its relations to a larger segment of language, possibly the entire language”.This note is intended to show how the application of the presumption relating to retrospectivity reflects the new approach, which is creative and supersedes the old mechanical approach that had its origin in the sovereignty of parliament that gave rise to literal or textual interpretation. There has been a paradigmatic shift in the process of interpretation of statutes in South Africa, from a methodology that tended to be rule-bound to one that requires that the use of rules or canons must give expression to the cardinal values found in the Constitution and its Bill of Rights. This requires a semantic holism as explained above. This should emerge from a deontic method of legal reasoning, which must complement deductive and inductive reasoning, by taking into account principles of morality and the values found in the Constitution as explained by Devenish. Such interpretation was in exceptional cases used before the advent of the new constitutional dispensation such as that found in the meritorious majority judgment of Innes CJ in Dadoo Ltd v Krugersdorp Municipal Council (1920 AD 530). Such holistic interpretation is now the rule and not merely an exception.
A NEW CATEGORY OF COMMON PURPOSE LIABILITY?
Authors: Shannon Hoctor
Published: September 2021

Common purpose liability remains a controversial aspect of the principles of criminal liability in South African law, despite the doctrine passing constitutional muster in S v Thebus (2003 (2) SACR 319 (CC)). This definition was most recently set out in the latest edition of Burchell’s Principles of Criminal Law (5ed (2016) 477). It is clear from the definition that the common purpose doctrine can apply in two scenarios: first, where there is a prior agreement between persons to commit a crime, and secondly, where there is an intentional active association with the commission of the crime. Where either of these situations can be established on the facts of the case, it is not necessary for the State to prove a causal contribution on the part of all of those involved in the criminal conduct, since the conduct of the individual who caused the consequence is imputed to all the others who are involved. 

It has been suggested that these requirements apply equally to all cases that involve common purpose, but that they are “more or less self-evident in cases where there is a prior conspiracy”. However, as Snyman points out, there are important distinctions between the two forms of common purpose liability. Thus where reliance is placed on a prior agreement or conspiracy, as opposed to active association, proof of agreement with a general common design (rather than association with a specific act) will suffice for liability. Moreover, with regard to the prior agreement form, presence at the scene of the crime is not required, and it is further not required that the accused actively associated himself with the actual commission of the crime at the time of its commission. In the fourth edition of Burchell, the author introduces an entirely new understanding of the operation of the common purpose doctrine, in explaining the judgment in the case of Mzwempi. Burchell’s discussion is worthy of consideration. My interest is not merely personal ‒ Burchell disagrees with my own interpretation of the judgments in Nzo and Mzwempi – but because adopting this understanding would change the way we view the common purpose doctrine.
Russian School Principals’ Beliefs about Digital Competences of Educational Process’ Participants
Authors: Deryabin Andrey , Boytsov Ilya , Popov Aleksandr , Rabinovich Pavel , Zavedensky Kirill
Published: September 2021

This study investigates into Russian school principals’ beliefs about the requirements that digital transformation of schools imposes on students, parents, educators and administrators. Answers to an open-ended questionnaire obtained from 7,189 schools representing all administrative districts of the Russian Federation were analyzed using natural language processing technology. Responses were categorized according to the European Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators (DigCompEdu). In general, responses reflect the use of information technology by the relevant groups of participants in the educational process, educators assigning the greatest significance to selection and distribution of educational content, students to information search and communication, parents to communication, control and safety, and administrators to digital interactions. However, the spectrum of digital competences attributed by respondents to every group of participants in the educational process is rather narrow. Low occurrence of most DigCompEdu framework categories in questionnaire responses allows to conclude that school principals have a poor understanding of many important dimensions of digital competences.
Measuring Bullying in Russian Schools: Prevalence, Age and Gender Correlates, and Associations with School Climate
Authors: Novikova Maria , Rean Arthur , Konovalov Ivan
Published: September 2021

This article describes the process of developing instruments to measure school bullying and school climate characteristics as well as presents the results of their evaluation on a sample of 871 middle- and high-school students from a Russian megalopolis. It is shown that bullying prevalence depends on the type of aggressive behavior and involvement, varying from 4% (involvement in physical bullying as a victim or perpetrator) to 45% (involvement in verbal bullying as a bystander). Most often, students get involved in bullying as witnesses, but the number of victims and bullies is not significantly lower. On average, 28% of school students initiate bullying and 33% get bullied once or twice a month. Occasional bullying is more typical of girls, while boys are more likely to bully their peers frequently. Middle-school students (seventh and eighth grades) are at the highest risk of being exposed to bullying in all roles. Four aspects of school climate are also analyzed, all of them being significantly negatively related to bullying involvement (regardless of the type of bullying or respondent’s role in a bullying incident).
Yaşlı Yetişkinlerde Fonksiyonel Uygunluk: 60 – 94 Yaş Arası Normal ve Fazla Kilolu Yaşlı Yetişkinlerin Fonksiyonel Uygunluklarının Karşılaştırılması
Authors: AKSAY Ebubekir
Published: September 2021

Bu çalışmanın birinci amacı 60-94 yaş arası yaşlı yetişkinlerin Senior Fitness Test (SFT) sonuçlarının Vücut Kütle İndeksi (VKİ) ve yaş gruplarında cinsiyete göre, ikinci amacı elde edilen STF sonuçlarının standart norm değerleri ile karşılaştırmasıdır. Araştırmaya yaşları 60-94 arasında olan toplam 273 yaşlı yetişkin birey katılmıştır. VKİ değerleri 25 kg/m2 altında olan 151 (71 kadın, 80 erkek) birey normal kilolu ve 25 kg/m2 üzeri olan 122 (70 kadın, 52 erkek) birey fazla kilolu grubunu oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada tıbbi muayene gerekmeden kısa sürede uygulanabilen kas kuvveti, aerobik dayanıklılık, çeviklik/dinamik denge ve esneklik ölçümleri yapan ve altı farklı test parametresinden oluşan SFT kullanılmıştır. Çarpıklık basıklık değerleri ile normallik a nalizi yapılan veriler normal dağılım gösterdiği için bağımsız iki grup karşılaştırmasında bağımsız örneklem t testi, bağımsız ikiden fazla grubun karşılaştırılmasında tek yönlü varyans analizi ve yaş grupları arasındaki farkın kaynağının belirlenmesi için post hoc testlerinden Bonferroni testi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler esneklik gerektiren testlerde kadınların daha yüksek değerlere ulaştığını, kuvvet, dayanıklılık, çeviklik/beceri gerektiren testlerde erkeklerin ölçüm değerlerinin daha yüksek olduğunu, ilerleyen yaş ile beraber incelenen performans değerlerinin düştüğünü, düşüşün özellikle 70 yaş üzeri grupta üst seviyeye ulaştığını; bacak kuvveti, kol kuvveti, dayanaklılık ve esneklik özelliklerinde artan yaş ile birlikte normal ve fazla kilolu gr uplar arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık olduğunu göstermektedir (p<0,05). Esneklik gerektiren testlerde kadınlar daha yüksek değerlere ulaşırken, kuvvet, dayanıklılık, çeviklik/beceri gerektiren testlerde erkeklerin ölçüm değerlerinin daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar yaşlı yetişkinlerin fiziksel uygunluk değerlendirmeleri için önemli ipuçları vererek, fazla kilonun fiziksel performans üzerine olumsuz etki yaptığını ve katılımcıların testlerin büyük bölümünde standart norm değerlerinin altında kaldığını göstermektedir.
City and Industry: How to Cross Borders? Learning From Innovative Company Site Transformations
Authors: Hüttenhain Britta , Kübler Anna Ilonka
Published: September 2021

While working and living coexisted in the historical city, the functions are separated in the Modernist city. Recently, the idea of connected urban districts with short distances and attractive work spaces have received renewed attention from companies and planners alike, as soft site factors, tacit knowledge, and local production are gaining importance. In this article we focus on the development of multi-national company sites and the economic and spatial conditions that encourage them to transform existing sites, improve placemaking, and cross borders. We also have a look at their interactive influence on the neighbourhood. We talked to the real estate managers of BASF, BMW, Bosch, Siemens, and Trumpf about site development strategies and approaches for connecting and mixing functions, and therefore crossing borders and, where it is necessary, separating. The professional discourse on “productive cities” and “urban manufacturing” is concerned with reintegrating production into the city. Reurbanisation is especially instrumental in overcoming a major guiding principle or dogma of the Modernist city: the separation of functions. Nevertheless, reurbanisation results in price rises and increases the competition for land. Therefore, planning has to pay attention to industrial areas, as well as housing or the inner-city. An important thesis of the article is that multi-national companies are pioneers in transforming their priority sites to suit future development. For cities, it is an upcoming communal task to ensure that all existing industrial areas develop into “just, green and productive cities,” as pointed out in the New Leipzig Charter. To a certain extent, it is possible to adapt the urban planning and design strategies of multi-national companies for existing industrial areas. This is especially true regarding the question of how borders and transition zones between industrial areas of companies and the surrounding neighbourhood can be designed to be spatially and functionally sustainable or how they can be transformed to suit future urban needs. However, urban planning has to balance many concerns and therefore the article concludes with a synopsis of the importance of strategic planning for transforming existing industrial areas.
Behavioural Aspects of Office Space Structures in the City: The Case of Warsaw’s Business Districts
Authors: Celińska-Janowicz Dorota , Smętkowski Maciej , Wojnar Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

Agglomeration and urbanisation externalities accelerate the concentration of commercial activities in the urban space and the creation of business districts. As a result, besides the usual central business district (CBD), large cities also have more recent, peripheral, and specialised secondary business districts (SBDs). There is little substantial research on the formation of SBDs in rapidly globalising, semi-peripheral locations, especially in post-socialist metropolises of Central and Eastern Europe. This includes Warsaw, Poland, which is being transformed into an emerging global metropolis. The article aims to determine the differences between the CBD and the SBD in Warsaw in terms of their attractiveness to companies and employees and the spatial behaviours of employees, especially in terms of transport and shopping. The research hypotheses indicate the differences between the two districts in terms of the type of agglomeration economies, transport accessibility, and components of the competitive advantage, as well as the characteristics of companies in those districts. The data are from a survey conducted in 2017–2018 among companies and their employees in both business districts, and they are analysed using basic statistical techniques and discriminatory analysis. The results confirmed there are significant differences between the two Warsaw business areas, mainly in terms of their transport accessibility and urbanisation externalities. In terms of transport, there is a greater role for public transport and rail in the CBD and for motorway and airport proximity in the SBD. Urbanisation externalities are significantly diminished by the traffic congestion in the SBD. The study also revealed that the development of commercial areas in Warsaw—a post-socialist city with a neoliberal model of spatial planning—follows only in some aspects the spatial patterns of business areas in other Western European metropolises.
ECONOMETRICS OF NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENSE OF UKRAINE
Authors: Marko Y. , Kuzmenko V.
Published: September 2021

The article provides the importance of Ukraine's economic development to ensure national security, highlights the main internal and external threats to Ukraine's national security, such as: hybrid economic war, the "needle" of loans from the International Monetary Fund, communal tariffs, opening the gas market in Ukraine, inefficient introduction of the circulation of domestic agricultural lands and insufficient use of the capabilities of the country's economy. The cyclical nature of economic development is practically proved by distinguishing four phases of economic development of the studied countries for the last ten years, weak efficiency of economic policy of Ukraine and possible applied mechanisms of economic growth. An econometric analysis of GDP of Ukraine and countries that occupy the largest share in Ukrainian imports of goods, the budget of Ukraine and the budget of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine using the method of least squares and even linear regressions, calculated the intensity of changes in Ukraine's economic processes. The model of gross domestic product of Ukraine depending on the gross domestic product of China, Poland, Russia, Turkey, Germany, Italy, Belarus, the United States and France (nine-factor model), as well as the model of Ukraine's defense budget depending on the domestic gross domestic product product, budget expenditures, taxes, minimum and average wages and inflation (seven-factor model). On the example of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine as a public sector institution, the registration algorithm for economic (additional) activities by military units and the distribution of revenues to increase the special fund of the state budget of Ukraine and create recovery of the country economy in general.