bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Placemaking: The Australian Bush
Authors: Page Tara
Published: May 2021

Chapter One is an assemblage of data of the socio-material embodied ways of making a place-world, the Australian bush. This chapter is an intra-action of the participants and authors everyday and artistic practices-makings and critical reflections. This intra-action of experiential-embodied prose and art practices-outcomes, is a sharing of the senses of place and to ‘work’ the differences that make a difference. The content of this chapter enables an understanding of the ways of making place, and how through everyday practices with creative-artistic makings place and belonging is made and learned https://www.tarapage.org/placemaking
Place
Authors: Page Tara
Published: May 2021

Chapter Three, is a theoretical and philosophical mapping of the concepts of place that are used to underpin and position this assemblage. As there are many theoretical understandings of place with different epistemological underpinnings, this Chapter maps how place and the theories of place have been on a winding path through philosophical thought from Aristotle, Newton, Descartes and Kant where place was gradually subsumed by space. But by returning to Aristotle’s premise of the bound relationship between place and the body, the resurrection of place is enabled through Kant, Whiteread, Husserl and especially Merleau-Ponty and Delueze. Through examining these theories and philosophers the main premise of this assemblage is argued; that there can be no place without the body, and that place is continually made through and with the everyday socio-material practices of bodies and is more than a background for action and thought.
The Ethics of Working the Spaces Between
Authors: Page Tara
Published: May 2021

Practice research, underpinned by new materialism, embraces new and different ways of researching but it also disrupts the practices and discourses that make the identities of researcher as subject and participant as research object. What is of interest is not the subject or object of the research but the space between, the withness. Chapter Six is an exploration and examination of how these spaces can be worked and how these intra-actions enable this continuous making and remaking or positioning of researcher, participant, learner and teacher. This chapter plunges into the complexity, the colour, texture and messiness of the ethics of new materialist practice research; and attempts to address researching with care; mind, body, spirit with matter.
A Parsed Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English
Authors: Truswell Robert , Alcorn Rhona , Donaldson James , Wallenberg Joel
Published: May 2021

This chapter reports on the construction of a new resource, the Parsed Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (PLAEME). Prose is underrepresented in the period 1250-1350, which is why this period is also underrepresented in the Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English (PPCHE). This data gap is unfortunate, as we know that the period is important for morphosyntactic change. PLAEME addresses that data gap by transforming material from the Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (LAEME) into the same format as the PPCHE. The chapter present a detailed account of its construction, as well as three case studies replicating three recent studies of Middle English syntax: the establishment of not as the expression of sentential negation (Ecay and Tamminga 2017), the fixing of the syntax of the dative alternation (Bacovcin 2017), and the introduction of argumental headed wh-relative clauses (Gisborne and Truswell 2017). These case studies show that PLAEME allows these changes to be charted in much greater detail, and hence demonstrates how PLAEME fills an important data gap.
Post-Colonial Settlement Strategy
Authors: Eiran Ehud
Published: May 2021

Settlement projects are sustained clusters of policies that allow states to strategically plan, implement and support the permanent transfer of nationals into a territory not under their sovereignty.
Once a common feature of the international system, settlement projects are now rare, and contradict international norms. Yet, these modern projects had been an important feature of some of the longest conflicts of our times, such as Israel-Palestine and Morocco-Western Sahara. Moreover, they had a profound effect on conflicts: they led to their prolongations, affected their levels of violence, patterns of resolution, as well as post-conflict stability.
With this significance in mind, the book asks why states launched new settlement projects during the era of decolonization, against common practice and against international norms.
The book introduces the international environment as an important enabling variable for the launch of these projects. By drawing comparisons between three such major projects--Israel in the West Bank and Gaza, Morocco in Western Sahara and Indonesia in East-Timor—the book classifies post-colonial settlement projects as a distinct cluster of cases that warrant a different analytical approach to traditional colonial studies, including settler-colonialism approaches.
Built on a careful synthesis of existing principles in international relations theory and empirical research, the book advances a clearly formulated theoretical position on the launch of post-colonial settlement projects. The result yields a number of fresh insights into the relationship between conflict, territory and international norms.
The Israeli Settlement Project in the West Bank and Gaza (1967–77)
Authors: Eiran Ehud
Published: May 2021

The chapter explains the launch of the Israeli settlement project in Gaza and the West-Bank (Including East-Jerusalem) following Israel’s occupation of these regions in the 1967 Six-Day War. The chapter uses the theory advanced in the book and shows that Israel launched the settlement project in order to secure permanent territorial expansion into these areas. Israel believed that the future of these areas will be determined in a negotiation within the framework of UNSCR 242. The settlement project was meant to affect the outcome of these future talks. The chapter identifies the conditions for the launch of the project: US support and a legal ambiguity regarding the status of these areas, American support, and an institutional capacity to carry out such a project. The local population’s low level of affinity with Israel further contributed to the launch of the project.
Denmark Beyond Denmark: Soft Power, Talent Development, and Filmmaking in the Middle East
Authors: Hjort Mette
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Danish soft power, reform and democratization, and on dialogue and collaboration. Soft power here is as framed by the Danish Arab Partnership Programme, facilitating new forms of “direct speech” in the Middle East. Particularly significant in this regard is the work of small-scale institutions such as the AIF and SIB, and, more recently, FilmLab Palestine (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark n.d., 67). Especially striking is the fact that many of the filmmakers who are gaining support for their independent documentary projects are deeply committed, as Sandra Madi puts it, to telling some of the “dramatic stories” that “go under the same title,” under “Palestine.” Soft power, it appears, is not a matter in this case of instituting certain desires and values, but of creating the conditions under which an already existing desire to articulate stories of deep personal significance can be realized, and this within an independent space offering scope for a whole range of values, including, especially, cultural, and artistic ones. Soft power, in this case, would appear to be a rather hopeful phenomenon.
Dreyer’s Jeanne d’Arc at the Cinéma d’Essai: Cinephiliac and Political Passions in 1950s Paris
Authors: Tybjerg Casper
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses Carl Th. Dreyer as a Pan-European filmmaker during the Cold War and in relation to the ways in which Scandinavian art cinema was canonized by Cahiers du cinéma and other French outlets of public discourse. It argues that Dreyer’s 1928 film The Passion of Joan of Arc (La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc) is a key contribution by a Nordic director to French film history and examines the importance of the 1952 French re-issue of the film and the contemporary critical reaction to it. The French film scholar Laurent Jullier has argued quite sharply that the standard version of the history of film style has been excessively influenced by Parisian cinephiles clustered around Cahiers du cinéma and certain other institutions. This chapter pays particular attention to the role of Cahiers’ co-founder and editor Lo Duca in the reception history of La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc.
Pierced with Passion: Brains, Bodies and Worlds in Early Modern Texts
Authors: Lochman Daniel T.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores early modern theories and representations of the cognitive connectedness of brain and body – a connectedness effected by fluid processes of emotion, sensation, and intellection that found coherent expression in disparate early modern literary forms and disciplines, from imaginative narratives by Spenser to theological/philosophical and medical texts by Melanchthon, Lemnius, and Thomas Wright. Rooted in versions of Galenism, wherein conceptual ‘piercings’ afforded perceptions of embodiment as extended and in dynamic, enactive engagement with others – including imagined characters and readers. The metaphor facilitated models of reciprocal exchanges of emotion from one literary character to another, from imaginative texts to readers, from the deity to its creatures, and from the world to the body and brain. An idea of affective penetration that early moderns represented by the pierced body helped shape systemic versions of what we today call embodied, enactive and extended affectivity.
Metaphors They Lived By: The Language of Early Modern Intersubjectivity
Authors: Wojciehowski Hannah Chapelle
Published: May 2021

This chapter contends that conceptual metaphors constitute a form of distributed cognition. But while Lakoff and Johnson (1999) propose a transhistorical theory of conceptual metaphor, the present essay, following Trim (2007, 2011), presents a diachronic account of conceptual metaphor that allows for cultural evolution and historical change. Originally presented as a companion piece to Lochman, this chapter offers a case study of metaphors of emotional and cognitive enaction that were prominent during the European Middle Ages and Renaissance, and that throw into relief certain premodern perceptions of intersubjectivity and synchrony. Conceptual metaphors frequently entail notions of gender, in addition to those of embodiment, extension, and enaction. Drawing attention to the gendered aspect of the history of distributed cognition helps us to understand our own embodiment better, while also enabling us to perceive and to critique in new ways the long history of real and imagined gender differences, as well as the political, social, and conceptual hierarchies that have been naturalized in and by our metaphors.
Introduction: Modernism beyond the Metropolis
Authors: Gano Geneva M.
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter offers a meditation on the spaces and places of modernist activity, positing that the metropolis is incidental, rather than essential, to the production of social and aesthetic modernism. In de-centring the metropolis, this chapter proposes that rural, peripheral spaces—those Raymond Williams memorably dismissed as ‘hinterlands’—should not only be recognized as essential to the development of modernist practices, but also may productively be recognized as part of a broad, modernist impulse toward ‘little’ and small-scale production in general. Working from Wallerstein’s conceptualisation of the networked, capitalist, modern world-system, this chapter makes the case for a more careful, site-specific examination of sub- or extra-urban places in which modernist practices emerged and coalesced and argues for seeing the modern little art colony as a representative modernist space. This chapter also offers a brief historical background to the development of the little art colony in the US, pointing to its nineteenth-century European antecedents as well as US-based utopian colonies (most notably that at Brook Farm), where the social practices associated with modernism fused with new and experimental arts-based practices.
Robinson Jeffers, the Art Worker and the ‘Carmel Idea’
Authors: Gano Geneva M.
Published: May 2021

Poet Robinson Jeffers’ conflicted relationship with Carmel’s tourist economy and his own role, as its widely-recognized poet laureate, within it provides the focus of the second chapter in this section. Concentrating on the early, notorious narrative, Tamar (1924), this chapter extends a discussion of modernist primitivism in Carmel to show how Jeffers reformulates what might otherwise be understood as an exotic and entertaining spectacle of local colour as a scathing political commentary that is aimed both locally and globally. Tamar, a terrifying poem that centres on a dissolute young man who fantasizes about going off to war as a pilot in order to escape problems at home, indicates how the experience of international war profoundly affects the lives of a pastoral farming community on the West Coast. As Jeffers shows, being far from the national capitols of government and culture neither isolates nor insulates the family from modern violence. Further, the poem presents the tragedy of the World War as divine retribution for the long and violent history of Western colonialism and imperialism, material and spiritual traces of which have collected on Carmel’s gorgeous beachfront property.
Eugene O’Neill: Superpersonalisation and Racial Spectacularism
Authors: Gano Geneva M.
Published: May 2021

Playwright Eugene O’Neill jumpstarted his career and had his first major successes in and from the little art colony in Provincetown; this chapter focuses on O’Neill, the Provincetown Players’ most prominent member, who lived and worked there between 1916 and 1922. The chapter shows how the compressed scale and distinctive mobility of Provincetown’s creative community was crucial to O’Neill’s success. There, O’Neill was exposed to the art colony’s distinctive amalgamation of modern and experimental theatre practices, including those dealing with writing, staging, and promotion. His own work built upon these: he was especially adept at harvesting, adapting, and exporting these practices from the rural outpost to the metropolitan hub of modernist activity in New York. This chapter argues that the formal and topical elements of O’Neill’s notorious play The Emperor Jones (conceived and written in Provincetown), along with its production and promotional strategies, were distinctive to the little art colony. There, O’Neill cultivated and marketed to a ‘special audience,’ drew topical inspiration from long-simmering racial anxieties in the region, and expanded upon the Provincetown Players’ theatrical practice of superpersonalization: a writing and staging strategy that amplifies the bleed between character and actor in order to heighten the audience’s engagement in the play. These strategies kindled his white audience’s ‘racial feelings’: a move that brought the relatively unknown O’Neill into the national and international public consciousness and created a still-resonant sensation about his work.
Epilogue: The Afterlife of the Little Arts Colony: Institutionalising Creative Collectivities
Authors: Gano Geneva M.
Published: May 2021

This brief epilogue begins by looking at the current development of the little art colony at Marfa, Texas, then extends a consideration of the little art colony in the U.S. past mid-century. By this time, the growth of the modern tourist industry had largely overwhelmed the places examined in this study and, as the local economies expanded and diversified beyond arts tourism and became physically and financially accessible to the masses, their reputations as vital little art colonies became diluted and faltered. As a model of possibility, however, the little arts community seems to have spawned two significant iterations that continue to be alive and well in the twenty-first century: the widespread, not-for-profit, artist residency program that fosters cross-pollination across the arts and the ubiquitous ‘arts district’ of cities eager to attract and capitalize on the creative class as part of a development and investment plan. the sketches out the salient features of each that draw from the model of the modern little arts colony and considers the effects of institutionalization in each instance.
Introduction: On Revenge Tragedy and the Shaping Influence of Classical Philosophy
Authors: Crosbie Christopher
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines how the modern creation of revenge tragedy as a genre has estranged theatrical revenge from most forms of philosophical inquiry in our critical hermeneutic. The first half of the introduction reveals how the constellation of conventions used to identify "revenge tragedy" imprecisely fits the plays it ostensibly describes. After charting how this contributes to obscuring the deeper philosophical investments of theatrical revenge, the chapter briefly summarizes the argument of each of the book’s chapters. The introduction argues that revenge dramatists tether their revenge narratives to specific ontological assumptions about how the worlds they create work and, in doing so, create a sense of retribution as fitting, as seeming consonant with those worlds’ most fundamental operations.
‘A Fine Pate Full of Fine Dirt’: Hamlet Among the Atomists
Authors: Crosbie Christopher
Published: May 2021

This chapter situates Shakespeare’s Hamlet in a late sixteenth century atomism increasingly shorn of its atheist metaphysics and Epicurean ethics. Making available new ways of thinking about matter as theoretically compatible with theistic ideas, early modern atomism provides a set of ontological assumptions that governs the playworld and shapes the course of Hamlet’s revenge. Paying special attention to two strands of atomist thought – namely, the body as particularized and the functions of perception, memory, and time as material imprints – this chapter reads Hamlet’s understanding of the dissolvable body and his attempt to remold the court's collective memory, the most proximate record of historical time, as of a piece. Hamlet's revenge, consonant with his prior ways of conceptualizing embodied existence, functions as a kind of material accretion to the past. In his brooding and revenge, Hamlet seeks comfort, then, in the prospect of a reassuringly enduring materiality but a comfort that remains theoretical and contingent. The most intense poignancy of his tragic demise emerges from Hamlet’s surprisingly persistent refusal to abandon the tantalizing, if elusive, consolations proffered by the material world itself.
Introduction
Authors: White Eric B.
Published: May 2021

The Introduction sets out how transatlantic avant-gardes probed the intricate relationships between socio-technical ensembles, the human body and the quotidian operations of urban living. In the early twentieth century, these bathetic processes had been camouflaged by sublime cultural narratives that magnified the presence of technology in the public sphere while shrouding key aspects of its operations and functions. Beginning with a famous anecdote by Gertrude Stein, in which she describes an encounter between Pablo Picasso and a camouflaged cannon, the Introduction explores how technology became a cipher for avant-gardes’ encounter with modernity in the First World War. Following a survey of its key subjects and chapter synopses, the first section engages with the work of Gilbert Simondon to triangulate key technological terms and concepts, before applying them to modernist and avant-garde studies. The subsequent section builds ‘techno-bathetic’ frameworks from those concepts to critique the means by which technology is transduced into culture. Finally, analyses of Marcel Duchamp’s Encore à cet astre [Once More to This Star] and the radical Harlem Renaissance journal Fire!! illustrate how vanguardists deployed technicity as a crucial creative practice for intervening in cultural narratives and promulgating social change.
Afterword: The Robot Does (Not) Exist
Authors: White Eric B.
Published: May 2021

The Afterword consolidates the book’s arguments about the spatial practices of the techno-bathetic avant-gardes, who harnessed the semantic power of technology to critique its broader cultural contexts. It extends Chapter 5’s discussion of Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man by exploring how the unnamed protagonist critiqued the technicities by which white hegemonies sustained cultural dominance, while simultaneously introducing alternative approaches. As in other chapters, the Afterword locates the technological sublime at the root of this dominance; Ellison not only exposes the potent grip that its servile dialectics exert on Western imaginations, but also the bathetic contexts of their articulation in culture, which are often repressed. For Ellison, as for Gilbert Simondon, this occlusion is exemplified by the ‘robot’, a cultural creation that fuses technical discourses in engineering with industrial alienation and narratives of the technological sublime. By exposing the means by which techno-servility entered culture, and yoking it to racial difference, Ellison ‘plung[es] outside history’ to engender new modes of technological agency, in the US and beyond. The Afterword argues that Ellison’s diachronic strategies exemplify the task of techno-bathetic avant-gardes: to perform an intermediary critique of the technological sublime before introducing alternative, emancipatory narratives, which can gain traction in the public sphere.
Women, Writing and the Iraqi Ba'thist State
Authors: Al-Hassan Hawraa
Published: May 2021

The book examines the trajectory of the state sponsored novel in Iraq and considers the ways in which explicitly political and/or ideological texts functioned as resistive counter narratives. It argues that both the novel and ‘progressive’ discourses on women were used as markers of Iraq’s cultural revival under the Ba‘th and were a key element in the state’s propaganda campaign within Iraq and abroad. In an effort to expand its readership and increase support for its pan-Arab project, the Iraqi Ba‘th almost completely eradicated illiteracy among women. As Iraq was metaphorically transformed into a ‘female’, through its nationalist trope, women writers simultaneously found opportunities and faced obstacles from the state, as the ‘Woman Question’ became a site of contention between those who would advocate the progressiveness of the Ba‘th and those who would stress its repressiveness and immorality. By exploring discourses on gender in both propaganda and high art fictional writings by Iraqis, this book offers an alternative narrative of the literary and cultural history of Iraq. It ultimately expands the idea of cultural resistance beyond the modern/traditional, progressive/backward paradigms that characterise discourses on Arab women and the state, and argues that resistance is embedded in the material form of texts as much as their content or ideological message.
Introduction: Women, Wars and Weapons: Mapping the Cultural Battlefield of Ba‘thist Iraq
Authors: Al-Hassan Hawraa
Published: May 2021

W hen Saddam Hussein infamously proclaimed that the word and the bullet came from the same barrel, he created an embattled cultural space which would persist because of, and in spite of, his dominance of Iraqi politics for almost twenty-five years. This book is not an analysis of the status of women in Iraq under Saddam Hussein; nor is it exclusively about Iraqi women writers inside or outside the country, or about constructions of gender and gender identity. Instead the focus of the book is, to use the words of Abir Hamdar, on the ‘ongoing struggle for symbolic power in the Arab world’....
History Writing and Canon-making: the Place of Women in Narratives of the Iran–Iraq War
Authors: Al-Hassan Hawraa
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores why women were by and large excluded as producers of cultural products during the Iran Iraq war, despite the state’s ‘progressive’ discourses and the immense and unprecedented growth of the novel during this period under state patronage. It argues that due to a combination of ideological and pragmatic reasons, female perspectives and voices were marginalized in state sponsored texts, be they from the earlier periods of the war when memoirs from the frontline-style texts were favoured, or in the civilian accounts of the later period. The chapter ultimately points to a shift towards conservative discourses and practices which led to setbacks in the gains made by Iraqi women before the war.
Fighting Fire with Fire: the Islamic Novel in Iraq and the Battle for Hearts and Minds
Authors: Al-Hassan Hawraa
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines for the first time the phenomena of religious novel writing by Iraqi women. It argues that the conservative, and often reactionary religious discourses expounded by devout female authors represented a proxy attack on the Ba‘th’s supposed godlessness. As such, the female body becomes a site of resistance, with modest clothing and limited gender mixing forming part of a wider discourse on purity and contamination. The chapter ultimately concludes that the extremely popular religious novels produced by writers inside and outside Iraq can be considered as a form of counter-propaganda, and their views on women should not be taken at face value.
Conclusion: Binaries, Bonds and Moving beyond the Ba‘th
Authors: Al-Hassan Hawraa
Published: May 2021

In her 2004 novel ‘Ali and ‘Aisha: an Iraqi Symphony of Love, Islamic novelist ‘Alyā’ al-Anṣārī depicts a fictive Sunni–Shia love story to represent the potential for peaceful religious coexistence in a unified Iraqi nation emerging from the trauma of authoritarianism and occupation. Inter-sect marriage is a well-established phenomenon in Iraq, and is hardly unprecedented. However, al-Ansārī’s text draws on a literary trope that bears the hallmark of didactic nationalist writings, which is that a Shia man and a Sunni woman are brought together, rather than the opposite. This specific gender configuration signals the unease with which ethnic and religious collectivities ‘give away’ their women to the ‘Other’, whereas the idea of subsuming a Sunni woman within a Shia family where the children of the union will remain Shia, seems less radical and thus more comfortable. Moreover, the narrative’s tragic, pessimistic ending and failed alliance almost seems to be an extension of unconsummated marriages in state-sponsored texts, where national harmony is desirable metaphorically but ultimately unrealistic. That being said, in the context of the Islamic novel this expansive nationalist perspective beyond pan-Shiism or the insularity of the Iraqi Shia community in ...
The Common Link and its Relation to Hadith Terminology
Authors: Aghaei Ali
Published: May 2021

Ali Aghaei addresses the controversy over whether the medieval technical term madār (‘pivot’), meaning someone to whom lines of transmission for a particular hadith report continually converged, effectively anticipated Joseph Schacht’s term ‘common link’. After examining the usage of madār and related terms such as gharīb and tafarrud, Aghaei tends to vindicate G. H. A. Juynboll’s assertion that madār and ‘common link’ were equivalent, against Halit Özkan.
The Heterocosmic Self: Analogy, Temporality and Structural Couplings in Proust’s Swann’s Way
Authors: Bernini Marco
Published: May 2021

The idea of a distribution of the mind into the world has been largely considered as an empowering of the mind’s domain, an enlargement of its cognitive territory (a cognitive positivity). Experientially, however, it might generate a feeling of disconcerting fluidity or even an anxiety of groundlessness (an ontological concern), especially if we apply the idea of distribution to the self. What if we consider the self too as unbounded, extended and constantly constituted by ever-changing structural couplings with the world? This chapter focuses on the consequences of this question as explored by Marcel Proust’s Swann’s Way. If extended and enactive frameworks can provide important insights on Proust’s literary endeavour, Proust’s devious use of analogies and his focus on analogical experiences as tell-tale markers of the extended self can offer back to cognitive science new avenues of research about phenomenological and ontological aspects related to extended or enactive models of mind, memory, self and cognition.
The Ethnographisation of Syrian Society at the Azem Palace of Damascus: From Compact Minorities to Toponymical Identity
Authors: Rey Virginie , Pascoe Stephen
Published: May 2021

This chapter uses the founding of the Azem palace museum in 1953 in Damascus as a site to explore the transition to colonial ethnography to postcolonial self-representation. The authors argue that the museum was conceived as a statement of resistance against western colonialism, leading to a partial reimagining of the cultural categories developed by the French, from ‘compact minorities’ to ‘toponymical identities.
‘The Performance of Servitude’: Gendered and Racialised Representations of Citizenship at the Bahrain National Museum
Authors: Willis John Thabiti
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores a wedding exhibit near the entrance to the Customs and Traditions Hall in the Bahrain National Museum in Manama, Bahrain. It uses an African diaspora framework to analyse the mannequins and images that depict an olive or light-skinned bridal party and black musicians who accompany her during the most festive moments of the ceremony. Drawing from the work of historian and philosopher Michel Foucault on governance and power and sociologist Tony Bennett, it argues that the exhibit serves as both a parable of Bahraini society and as a way of naturalising and validating racial and gender hierarchies. The museum helps to shape the world of a population of subjects by functioning as part of the contract between a nation-state (embodied by a dynastic monarchy) and its citizens (non-royals).
Afterword – Minoritised Memory and Affect in a Museology of Disaster
Authors: Pieprzak Katarzyna
Published: May 2021

This afterword introduces the theoretical concept “museology of disaster” to describe the dynamics of state-administered memory through controlled spaces of circulation in museums, and shows how many of the case studies presented in the book disrupt this museology in order to stage the (re)appearance of minoritised political subjects. The chapter also proposes attention to affect as a methodology of research and practice for the study of minorisation and inclusion in museums. Drawing on a workshop led by the author in Morocco in 2018, the chapter addresses how affect theory might offer new entry points into the histories of minoritised collectivities and go beyond paradigms centered on the recuperation of oppressed authenticity to imagine and produce reparative futures.
Introduction
Authors: Boast Hannah
Published: May 2021

The Introduction provides an overview of key hydropolitical issues in Israel/Palestine. It situates contemporary debates over topics including desalination, greenwashing, water crisis and water wars in a longer historical context that includes earlier Zionist attitudes towards the environment. It relates the book to recent critical trends in Ecocriticism, Environmental Humanities, Geography and Postcolonial Studies, particularly Petrofiction and the Blue Humanities.
The ‘Image-World’ and the Reality of Photography
Authors: Nardelli Matilde
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers Antonioni’s thematisation of photography in and beyond Blow-Up (1966), in the context of the postwar proliferation of media images and image culture. It argues that if photography and what Vilém Flusser more broadly terms ‘technical images’ affect Antonioni’s cinema, his cinema in turn also demonstrates a commitment to reflect on such proliferation, and engage film, as itself a medium of technical images, in a self-critique of the role of the image in mass media culture.
Uncinematic Provocations and the Pursuit of Boredom
Authors: Nardelli Matilde
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores how Antonioni’s persistent engagement with still photography throughout his films, and his 1960s films in particular, produces a distinctive aesthetics. This is an aesthetics which is provocatively uncinematic. The chapter considers how photography and its characteristic stillness are implicated in an intermedial re-articulation of the cinematic image through which means – or, in fact, media – usually called upon to alleviate boredom are harnessed to make boredom manifest aesthetically, and even to encourage its production during consumption of the work as a form of resistance and critique.
Child Protection through the Criminal Law
Authors: Norrie Kenneth McK.
Published: May 2021

The earliest criminal law dealing with children differently from the adult population was that concerned with sexual offences. This chapter explores the changing policies of the law, from the late 19th century fear of girls being exposed to immorality and boys being exposed to homosexuality, through the more protective 20th century legislation which nevertheless hung on to old ideas of immorality and criminality, until the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009 focused almost (but not quite) exclusively on protection from harm and from exploitation. The chapter then turns to the crime of child cruelty or neglect from its earliest manifestation in the common law to its statutory formulation in Prevention of Cruelty to, and Protection of, Children Act 1889, which, re-enacted in 1937, took on a form that, for all intents and purposes, remains to this day. The last part of the chapter explores the legal basis for the power of corporal punishment – the defence previously available to parents, teachers and some others to a charge of assault of a child, known as “reasonable” chastisement. Its gradual abolition from the 1980s to 2019 is described.
The Legal Process in the Modern Era: Scotland’s Children’s Hearing System
Authors: Norrie Kenneth McK.
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at the legal process for child protection in Scotland since the introduction of the children’s hearing system, starting with an exploration of how the Kilbrandon Report was given effect to in the Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968. It then analyses the original grounds of referral to the hearing, tracing their origins and explaining the subsequently added grounds. Thereafter the chapter looks at the world-wide retreat from the juvenile court ideals, especially in England which rejected the opportunity of following the Scottish approach, and ends with some speculation on why Scotland has managed to retain these ideals, developed decades ago, and still considered appropriate here today.
Home Supervision
Authors: Norrie Kenneth McK.
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the origins of the most common outcome available to the children’s hearing – a supervision order in terms of which the child will remain in their own home. Social supervision grew out of the probation service developed at the turn of the 20th century, and was extended to care and protection cases by the Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act 1932. The nature and role of probation officers in the early 20th century is looked at, supervising both child offenders and child victims, and the legislation governing probation is analysed. The formal shift from probation to supervision for all children subject to orders made by the children’s hearing came about with the Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968, under which the probation service came under local authority control, and supervision orders became the main outcome at children’s hearings. The nature of supervision in that Act and its 1995 and 2011 replacements is then examined.
Boarding-out and Fostering by Public Authorities
Authors: Norrie Kenneth McK.
Published: May 2021

The boarding out of needy children traces its origins in Scotland to 16th century Poor Law legislation and the practice was followed, often without statutory authority, by the Poor Law authorities until the Poor Law was replaced by “national assistance” in 1948. The early child protection statutes had allowed a child to be committed to the care of a “fit person”, which was later specified to include charitable organisations and, after 1932, local authorities. Children tended to be placed in rural areas far from their families, and ran the risk of being treated as unpaid labour in farms and crofts. The early regulatory control is examined in this chapter, as are the various official reports on and policy concerns about boarding out throughout the 20th century, in particular the 1946 Clyde Report. Then the increasing regulation of how foster carers are vetted and overseen by local authorities, from the 1980s on, is dealt with, through the creation of fostering panels and fostering agreements. Finally, the 21st century emphasis on kinship care is explored.
Conclusion
Authors: Montgomery Alan
Published: May 2021

The Conclusion of Classical Caledonia looks at nineteenth century attitudes towards Roman Scotland, also comparing these to Victorian attitudes towards England’s Roman heritage. It reveals striking differences, with the Roman period being viewed as a pivotal moment in the formation of modern England, but the exploits of the Romans in Scotland largely dismissed as an inconsequential footnote. During the Victorian era, the Scottish fascination with the Romans and the Caledonians would be replaced by more romanticised visions of the nation’s early history. This final section categorises the eighteenth-century obsession with Scotland’s Roman past as a historical and patriotic ‘dead end’ and discusses why it failed to become a lasting element of Scotland’s popular history and national identity.
English in Namibia: Multilingualism and Ethnic Variation in the Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces Model
Authors: Schröder Anne , Zähres Frederic
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents a close analysis of the Namibian linguistic ecology and the role of Namibian English (NamE) in the multilingual make-up of the country. This includes the discussion of the status of English in comparison to Afrikaans, the country’s primary lingua franca, and to minority languages, such as German, as well as majority languages, such as Oshiwambo. Taking up and elaborating on observations on Namibian-specific phonetic realizations of vowels, identifying linguistic identity constructions, ethnolinguistic variation and discussing in detail the (historical) relationship between South Africa (as an epicentre) and Namibia, it shows that NamE cannot be seen as a monolithic whole but should rather be considered a bundle of local sub-varieties. The chapter further discusses the applicability of the EIF Model to the Namibian case and makes some suggestions on how to include additional extra-territorial forces, discussions of heterogeneity, norm development as well as a different approach to developmental stages in model making.
English in The Bahamas and Developmental Models of World Englishes: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Hackert Stephanie , Laube Alexander , Wengler Diana
Published: May 2021

This paper examines how the Model of Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces (EIF; Buschfeld and Kautzsch 2016), an offshoot and further development of Schneider’s Dynamic Model (2007), fares in explaining the coming-into-being and current situation of Bahamian Englishes. By integrating colonial and postcolonial forces into a unified account, the EIF Model elegantly accounts for the long-standing regional and supra-regional ties linking the Bahamas with Britain and the United States and for how they have led to the sociolinguistic and linguistic complexity characterizing the Bahamian situation today. The paper also offers some critical remarks on developmental models of World Englishes in general; these revolve around the ideas of varieties as sets of features, that a variety’s most natural basis is the nation, and that all varieties of English undergo not just change but evolution, culminating in a more or less homogeneous standard variety.
Standard English in Trinidad: Multinormativity, Translocality, and Implications for the Dynamic Model and the EIF Model
Authors: Meer Philipp , Deuber Dagmar
Published: May 2021

This article applies the Dynamic Model and the Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces (EIF) Model to Standard English in Trinidad based on the findings of a large-scale attitude study. The results suggest that, in the educational domain in Trinidad, a multidimensional norm orientation with coexisting standards that incorporates exo- and endonormative tendencies is prevalent. The Dynamic Model is not fully able to explain the findings, but the EIF Model can account for this norm complexity. However, the assumption underlying both models that postcolonial Englishes prototypically achieve (full) endonormativity unless their development is stalled at an earlier stage or even reversed is unlikely to fully capture the norm developmental processes in Trinidad and other complex postcolonial speech communities. We therefore propose an extension of the EIF Model that, depending on the constellation, directionality, and continuity of different sets of forces, allows for multinormative stabilization as an alternative development. We also introduce translocality as an alternative theoretical framework for the conceptualization of forces and argue for a more comprehensive understanding of intra-varietal heterogeneity. An extended and modified version of the EIF Model that takes these further complexities into account can help explain the norm developments in highly complex postcolonial speech communities.
English in Ireland: Intra-territorial Perspectives on Language Contact
Authors: Ronan Patricia
Published: May 2021

This study investigates in how far Schneider’s Dynamic Model and the Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces Model can explain the rise of the English language in Ireland. The study uses a largely qualitative approach with data drawn from historical texts and corpora. It is argued that the English language, in spite of the strong position of the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman settlers, was a minority language potentially under threat of extinction at the beginning of the early Modern Period and developed into the de facto first language in Ireland due to continued extra- and intra-territorial pressure. Irish language speaking population groups nevertheless retained sufficient linguistic influence to allow for some language contact features to observable in the resulting contact variety of English.
Muriel Spark, Existentialism and The Art of Death
Authors: Craig Cairns
Published: May 2021

Muriel Spark, Existentialism and the Art of Death traces Muriel Spark’s indebtedness to the tradition of Christian existentialism that derives from nineteenth century Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard. Christian existentialism was well-established before Jean Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir developed its influential atheistic version in the 1940s, and the book explores the ways in which Spark, in her novels and short stories, develops Kierkegaardian themes and techniques in celebration of the ‘leap to faith’. It also shows how Spark builds on Kierkegaard’s conception of the ‘aesthetic’ as the condition of secular, sensual existence, and the paradoxical condition of art, which cannot, in itself, escape the aesthetic but must point to its own entrapment within values that its author rejects. Kierkegaard’s ironic adoption of pseudonymous surrogate authors for many of his books is similar to the ways in which Spark endows her central characters with powers normally reserved to the author/narrator of a story. The book provides detailed analysis of these issues in many of Spark’s major novels in order to show her engagement with, and her rejection of, atheistic existentialism, and her insistence that art can only provide the consolation of a pseudo-eternity which distracts from the recognition of Christianity’s true eternity. In this sense, hers is an art of death – of her characters’ efforts to control death, and of the novel’s formal evasion of it.
The Politics and Aesthetics of Extraction: Cultural Interventions in Blackwood’s and the Imperial
Authors: Samuelian Kristin Flieger
Published: May 2021

This chapter contrasts how two late-Romantic periodicals, Blackwood’s and the evangelical Imperial Magazine, extracted and repurposed material from other sources. It focuses first on J. H. Merivale’s 1819 Blackwood’s articles that translates strategic excerpts from Giuseppe Ballardini’s 1608 Italian miscellany, Prato fiorito. These translations suggest that superstition and religious enthusiasm are fundamental components of European Catholicism. o the Catholic cultures of the Continent. In so doing, they illustrate how a discourse composed of extracts can be simultaneously fragmentary and coherent and how extraction can be a practice of both assemblage and disarticulation. Soon thereafter, the Imperial would follow suit, intermixing extracts from older devotional works with contemporary missionary narratives. Because the focus of the travel writing is often the newest worlds of Australia and New Zealand, the Imperial specifically locates evangelicalism within a project of Tory imperialism.
Introduction: The Baroque Body Parts of Henry VI Part Two
Authors: Griffiths Huw
Published: May 2021

The introduction sets up the starting premise of book: that, in the history plays, metaphors involving bodies and body parts always complicate, rather than simplify, any understanding of sovereign power. Founded on recent research into the authorship and revisions of the Henry VI plays, this chapter reveals Shakespeare’s particular contribution to the emerging genre of the history play as one of proliferating complexity. Work on the politics of the baroque in Benjamin and Foucault is used to frame an understanding of the off-kilter figuration employed in the dialogue of these plays. Key examples are taken from the Henry VI part two, where Shakespeare’s contributions to the lengthier Folio text consist almost entirely of the addition of long metaphorical speeches that contest the crown, and characters’ proximity to sovereign power.
Necks, Throats and Windpipes in Henry V: Sovereignty Translated
Authors: Griffiths Huw
Published: May 2021

Henry V features a lot of throats, necks and – in French – “gorges”. It is also a play interested in the relationship between sovereign power and capital punishment. These vulnerable body parts are frequently placed within violent acts of translation and exchange: throats cut, strangled and transformed. French gorges are put in the place of English throats as Nym and Pistol trade threats back in England; Pistol offers to refrain from “couper la gorge” if he is given English “brave crowns” in return; the “col” of a French princess is translated into an English “nick”; and Bardolph’s “vital thread” is “cut / With edge of penny cord” in return for stealing “a pax of little worth”. It is in, and through, the “throat” that Henry V represents and interrogates the transactions that pertain to the mechanics of sovereignty.
All This Has Happened Before: Mythic Repetition in the Film-to-Television Reboot
Authors: Benson Nicholas , Gray Jonathan
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the phenomenon of film-to-television reboots. Noting that television has increasingly become a space for expanding and reinvigorating pre-existing story worlds of feature films, it inquires into the intertextual and narrative strategies that are employed when comparatively limited texts are extended and serialised for television screens. Taking the pilots of television reboots of high-profile feature films – Fargo and The Exorcist – as its case studies, it argues that the strategy of adaptation is to uncover the ‘mythic’ qualities and structures of the source material in order to build their respective televisual narratives upon these foundations. This chapter asserts that the development of the mythic value of these original texts is essential for the film-to-television reboot.