bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canada, pergélisol
Authors: Heginbottom J A , Dubreuil M -A , Harker P T
Published: March 2017

Contained within the 5th Edition (1978 to 1995) of the National Atlas of Canada has a large that shows the extent of permafrost and abundance of ground ice; mapping units are based on physiographic regions. Point data on map give permafrost temperature and
thickness for specific sites. The second, smaller, map shows the mean annual ground temperatures. Graphs show four shallow temperature profiles (to 25 metres depth), and four deep temperature profiles (to several hundred metres depth).
Relief Map of Canada
Authors:   Natural Resources Canada
Published: March 2017

Contained within the Atlas of Canada's Reference Map Series, 1961 to 2010, is a map showing Canada with a very-detailed digital shaded relief. Ocean contours are shown using bathymetric tints. Major physical features including mountain ranges, peaks, and spot
elevations are identified. The map also shows the extent and name for all of Canada's national parks. An extensive set of populated places is shown, using six population size classes. Transportation data is extensive, but relatively muted: for example, roads are only in two classes. All official
Canadian, provincial, and surrounding international boundaries are shown, including the proposed boundary for the new territory of Nunavut (which came into existence in 1999), The offshore boundary delineating Canada's exclusive 200-mile fishing and economic zone is also shown. There are three small
maps of Canada shown on this map sheet, all at scale 1: 35 000 000. One shows the major physiographic regions; the second shows major drainage basins, and t
Canada's Sawmills
Authors:   Natural Resources Canada
Published: March 2017

The map 'Canada's Sawmills' shows the location of all facilities operating in 2002 that had a lumber-producing capacity of 10 000 cubic metres or more, or that produced at least this much lumber within a year between 1999 and 2002.
A study of existing temperature data from Canadian sedimentary basins
Authors: Jones F W , Lam H L , Yuen D
Published: March 2017

Temperature data from 7147 wells in Saskatchewan and 631 wells in Manitoba have been compiled. Preliminary analysis of temperature gradients show numerous small anomalies.
The Acoustic Properties of Structure I and Ii Gas Hydrates By Brillouin Spectroscopy
Authors: Clouter M J , Kiefte H
Published: March 2017

Measurements of the acoustic velocities in the Structure I methane and xenon hydrates and on Structure II tetrahydrofuran have been made for the first time. The results obtained using Brillouin spectroscopy are in reasonable agreement with earlier theoretical
estimates for methane hydrate. Values average 0 .88 of the ice velocity for methane hydrate, 0.76 for xenon hydrate and 0.97 for THF.
Geotechnical behaviour of sand containing a gas hydrate, phase 1
Authors: Sego D C , Morgenstern N R , Wittebolle R J
Published: March 2017

The first measurements on the mechanical properties of a clathrate hydrate and a hydrate saturated sand are reported . The initial results indicate that the materials are weaker than frozen sand at an equivalent temperature below phase change, but that the shear
resistance is higher than for unfrozen sand.
Acoustic Properties of Structure I and Ii Gas Hydrates By Brillouin Spectroscopy
Authors: Clouter M J , Kiefte H
Published: March 2017

The report documents continued studies of the elastic properties of Xeron, Methane, Tetrahydrofuran and Propane hydrates using the techniques of Brillouin spectroscopy.
Induction Anomaly near the West Coast of Hudson Bay, Canada
Authors: Gupta J C , Kurtz R D , Camfield P A
Published: March 2017

Geomagnetic data collected during the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) are used to investigate the terrestrial electrical conductivity structure of northeastern Manitoba and part of the Northwest Territories. The computed transfer functions resolve a
major east-west trending conductor between the comrnunities of Gillam and Back in Manitoba. Regional trends in the surface geology suggest that this conductor rnight be linked with the North American Central Plains electrical conductor. Two-dimensional modelling of the data suggests that the
conductor dips to the north from a shallow depth beneath Gillam and rnay extend to the lowerrnost crust.
Canadian seismograph operations - 1984
Authors: Munro P S , Shannon W E , Halliday R J , Schieman D R J
Published: March 2017

At the end of 1984 the Division of Seismology and Geomagnetism of the Earth Physics Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, operated or contracted the operation of 16 standard seismograph stations, 41 regional stations, 2 telemetered networks, based in
Ottawa and near Victoria, a medium-aperture array at Yellowknife, two strong-motion seismograph networks on the east and west coasts and several special or temporary seismographs. This report gives the characteristics of the various systems and describes the format and availability of the recorded
data.
An investigation into possibilities for implementation of a virtual community of practice delivered via a mobile social network for rural community media in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Muwanga-Zake Oliva , Herselman Marlien
Published: March 2017

Background: The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of how a virtual community of practice can be delivered via a mobile social networking framework to support rural community media in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.Objectives: The article presents the results of a study conducted to ascertain the possibilities of utilising mobile social networking as a means to provide access to required information and knowledge to rural community media through creation of a virtual community of practice. Improving the operational effectiveness of rural community media as a component of the rural community communication process would serve to improve the entire rural community communication process as well, making them more effective tools for availing relevant news and information to rural communities and reflecting the realities of rural communities to their broader environment.Method: The study was conducted on rural community media small micro and medium enterprises (SMMEs) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The study applied an interpretive research philosophy, qualitative research design and multiple–case study approach. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews supported by a questionnaire, with secondary data collected via literature review, observation and documentation analysis.Results: Findings were that rural community media do make use of social media and mobile devices in operating their business, require access to generic and domain specific support services and actively engage their peers and stakeholders in this respect, although no formalised structure existed. The authors’ recommendation is to create a formalised virtual community of practice through the establishment of a mobile social network.Conclusion: Because of the fact that rural community SMMEs already utilise mobile devices and social media to operate their businesses, development of a solution based on a mobile social networking platform could be a useful tool in providing support to these SMMEs.
Dynamic characteristics of nanocomposite on the basis of porous Al2O3 doped by liquid crystal with magnetite under carbon monoxide influence
Authors: Vistak Maria , Prystay Taras , Petryshak Vasyl , Sushynskyi Orest , Mikityuk Zinoviy
Published: March 2017

In this paper dynamics characteristics of nanocomposite on the basis of cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) with magnetite dopant introduced into porous structures are studied. We studied the behavior of spectral characteristics of transmittance of CLC2103L with Fe3O4 introduced in porous structures of Al2O3 under carbon monoxide influence. The diameter pores of Al2O3 is 20 nm, 35 nm and 50 nm, and CO concentration is in the range of 0-100 mg/m3. Interaction of investigated nanocomposite is the most intensive in the first minutes of CO influence. Further increase of interaction time does not lead to changes in the structure of the CLC. Full Text: PDF ReferencesS. Youssef, J. Podlecki, R. Habchi, M. Brouche, A. Foucarana, D. Bouvier, N. Brillouet, P. Coudray, "Innovative prototype of a zinc-oxide based optical gas sensor", Sens. and Act. B. 173, 391 (2012). CrossRef N.Yamazoe, G. Sakai, K. Shimanoe, "Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors", Catalysis Surveys from Asia 7, 63 (2003). CrossRef B. W. Kooa, C. K. Songa, C. Kimb, "CO gas sensor based on a conducting dendrimer", Sens. and Act. B 77. 432 (2001). CrossRef O. Sushynskyi, M. Vistak, Z. Gotra, A. Fechan, Z. Mikityuk, "Silicon dioxide nanoporous structure with liquid crystal for optical sensors", Proc. SPIE 9127, 91271F (2014). CrossRef A. Andrushchak, Z. Hotra, Z. Mykytyuk, M. Vistak, T. Prystay, O. Sushynskyi, "Nanostructures on the Basis of Porous Alumina with Intercalated with Cholesteric Liquid Crystal", Mol. Cryst. and Liq. Cryst. 611, 132 (2015). CrossRef O. Aksimentyeva, Z. Mykytyuk, A. Fechan, B.Tsizh, O. Sushynskyi, "Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Doped by Nanosize Magnetite as an Active Medium of Optical Gas Sensor", Mol. Cryst. and Liq. Cryst. 589, 83 (2014). CrossRef M. Vistak, O. Sushynsky, Z. Mykytyuk, O. Aksimentyeva, Y. Semenova, "Sensing of carbon monoxide with porous Al2O3 intercalated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles-doped liquid crystal", Sens. and Act. A: Physical. 235, 165 (2015). CrossRef
Numerical simulations of glacier evolution performed using
flow-line models of varying complexity
Authors: Rimac Antonija , van Geffen Sharon , Oerlemans Johannes
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The performance of two numerical models of different complexity, i.e., a Shallow Ice Approximation (SIA) and a Full-Stokes Model (FSM), is studied by analyzing glacier evolutions at various bed geometries and by applying different climatic forcings. Glacier bed geometry changes from a constant slope and a uniform width to a superimposed Gaussian bump or ice-fall on a constant slope and an exponentially varying width. Constant slopes of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 are chosen to study the evolution of a large, medium and small glacier, respectively. A specific mass balance serves as a climatic forcing. The steady state is reached 60, 30 and 10 years, respectively faster for large, medium and small glacier, when simulations are performed using SIA instead of FSM. Glaciers time response is studied by using step and periodic changes, and by imposing natural variability in the equilibrium-line altitude. Glacier length response time is up to 14 years longer when FSM is used compared to SIA. When periodic and natural variability are enforced, glaciers simulated using SIA lag in phase compared to the forcing up to 81.2° for glacier length and up to 56.5° for volume. Contrary to that, glaciers simulated with FSM show greater lag in phase compared to the forcing for glacier length and smaller lag for volume. The models differ in their treatment of glacier flow mechanics and differences in physical variables become apparent with increasing glacier bed slope and bed profile complexity.
Flexicurity and corporate social responsibility (CRS)
Authors: Suska Justyna
Published: March 2017

Purpose – Flexicurity and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) are important issues of the modern social policy in Europe, and at the same time they are becoming part of the social, economic and political reality. Economic development has been occurring in parallel within the social, economic, political and cultural spheres. These changes served as a backdrop for the creation of two solution models called Flexicurity and CSR. The first term, Flexicurity, means that solutions are focused on securing the performance of work to the company’s benefit, while at the same time caring about the employee’s terms and conditions of employment and work performance. Flexicurity combines two elements, i.e. flexibility and job security, and makes it possible for the employer and employee to secure their interests. CSR is a concept that expresses a certain formula of a company’s strategy, realized from the point of view of interests of such an entity, but with consideration of entities from its surroundings, such as: employees, business partners, clients, competitors, local society and natural environment. The aim of this article is to present scientific insight concerning the relations between the Flexicurity and CSR models. Study methodology – For the purposes of this paper, the following research methods were used: critical analysis of literature, document research method, diagnostic (scenario) survey method and comparative study method. Synthesis, deduction and induction methods were also used. Result – As a result of the conducted study, it was shown that modern companies operating in this new economy face an incredible challenge – they must learn how to manage in a manner altogether different than before. Because of this, there is need to take many actions and make much effort, which is not an easy task. In a modern, knowledge-based economy, companies need to fulfil a new role – social responsibility that is also concerned with the introduction of Flexicurity and making it a permanent element of company management Originality/value – The conducted analysis creates a foundation for the discussion on the subject of eliminating imbalance between the scale at which the solutions of the Flexicurity and CSR models are currently used and the present demand for their introduction on the part of employees, companies, local government institutions, employers’ organizations and employee unions.
Psychosocial determinants of consumer’s involvement in gamification
Authors: Świeszczak Marika , Świeszczak Krzysztof
Published: March 2017

Gamification uses elements of the gaming world to engage the participants in activities and to fulfill the tasks inherently unattractive in a way that bring them pleasure, joy and fun. The aim of the publication is to review the theory of motivation for understanding the determinants of a player dodging certain activities within gamification and the mechanism of satisfying his needs, using selected elements of game.
Building long lasting customer loyalty in e-commerce – literature review
Authors: Hofman-Kohlmeyer Magdalena
Published: March 2017

It is commonly known that customer loyalty is the most desirable asset in company activity. It provides steady income and feeling of safety on the marketplace. Building long lasting relationship is hard to achieve, especially when it comes to companies selling their product on the websites. The present article is aimed to give an outlook on this problem and indicate some directives from literature review. The survey indicates the important role of website quality and functionality at every stage of purchase process. Additionally, quality of customer service as a human factor, play an important role in creating customer loyalty. Moreover, there is a recognition of some limitations such as cultural factor or maturity of electronic commerce.
Project management in class organizational and technological systems
Authors: Prokopenko Tetyana , Kataev Dmitrij , Kulisz Victoria
Published: March 2017

The article deals with the analysis of the main issues of the project as the organizational and technical (technological) systems. Abstract concept of the project, the properties of the model and the concept of the project, the properties of the model of organizational and technical (technological) systems. The findings provide an opportunity to consider the project in the class of organizational and technical (technological) systems that will be used in project management combined modern techniques and technologies.
Editor's Preface
Authors: Kastberg Peter
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
Mediating Controversial Technology: The Case of Monsanto's Attempt to Introduce Genetically Modified Wheat in North Dakota
Authors: Sullivan Dale
Published: March 2017

When Monsanto attempted to release transgenic wheat in the upper Midwest of the U.S., localization efforts to accommodate stakeholders were unsuccessful. This paper explores this break down, focusing on the rhetoric of a group of people who attempted to establish protocols that would make co-existence between transgenic and organic producers possible. Their goal was to document best management practices that would satisfy both parties. The case points to the need for co-existence groups of this kind, but also indicates that there is still much we need to learn about negotiating controversial technology.
Globalizing Rhetoric: Using Rhetorical Concepts to Identify and Analyze Cultural Expectations (Specialized Knowledge) Related to Genres
Authors: St. Amant Kirk
Published: March 2017

The growing connections among international economies means that professionals will increasingly ﬁnd themselves interacting with persons from other cultures. Cultures, however, can have different expectations of what constitutes an effective professional communiqué. This article examines how the rhetorical factors of the forum, ethos, and the special topics provide a mechanism for identifying and analyzing such differences.
Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanisms and Impact
Authors: Puglia Anna Maria , Gualerzi Claudio O.
Published: March 2017

Bacterial multidrug resistance poses an enormous threat to the health of mankind and risks to push back the clock of human medicine to the preantibiotic era, when bacterial infections (eg, tuberculosis, syphilis, and staphylococcal infections of wounds) were almost untreatable and resulted in a huge death toll. Bacterial antibiotic resistance (AR) may be conferred by a plethora of mechanisms that can be grouped into three categories: (a) Modification or protection of the antibiotic target—This can occur (i) as a result of one or more mutations of the gene encoding the target (eg, fluoroquinolones resistance due to mutations of topoisomerase II); (ii) following an enzymatic process that chemically modifies structure and properties of the target (eg, macrolide resistance due to 23S rRNA methylation); or (iii) the physical removal of the inhibitor from its target (resistance to tetracycline by the intervention of ribosomal protection proteins). (b) Enzymatic inactivation of the antimicrobial drug (e.g. resistance to β‐lactam antibiotics upon hydrolysis of the β‐lactam ring by β‐lactamases). (c) Blocking the entrance of the antibiotic or promoting its extrusion by remodeling of the cellular membrane (eg, resistance to polymixins) or activation of cellular efflux pumps (eg, multidrug resistance).

In this article, we review in some depth all these mechanisms of resistance to various types of antibiotics, describe the concerns of the world health organizations, the likely socioeconomical impact that AR will have in the future, and some possible actions that can be taken to cope with this global problem.
Toxicology
Authors: Britt Janice K. , James Robert C.
Published: March 2017

Toxicology is a multidisciplinary field of study of the physiologic, pathological, biochemical, and molecular changes that chemical, physical, and biological agents initiate in organisms after having interacted with some extra‐ or intracellular molecular entity.

Toxicologists perform two basic functions: (1) examine and characterize the specific set of adverse effects a chemical agent is capable of causing—the hazard identification/characterization function; and (2) use dose–response relationships to assess the probability these toxicities will occur under specific conditions of exposure—the safety or risk assessment function.

In this article, classification and the nature of toxic effects and factors influencing toxicity are presented. General toxicology studies and testing procedures as well as dose–response relationships and risk assessment are discussed. Brief definitions for keys terms commonly used in the field of toxicology are provided.
Green and Practical Oxidative Deoximation of Oximes to Ketones or Aldehydes with Hydrogen Peroxide/Air by Organoselenium Catalysis
Authors: Jing Xiaobi , Yuan Dandan , Yu Lei
Published: March 2017

Organoselenium‐catalyzed oxidative deoximations afforded ketones and aldehydes under mild conditions. The reactions employ hydrogen peroxide and air as clean oxidants and lead to a waste‐free and metal‐free deprotection protocol for carbonyl protection strategies as well as the green synthesis of ketones and aldehydes. The mechanisms of this interesting organoselenium‐catalyzed reaction have been investigated by control experiments as well as the selenium 77 nuclear magnetic resonance (77Se NMR) tests. This novel reaction largely expands the application scope of organoselenium catalysis.

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Block Copolymer Micellization as a Protection Strategy for DNA Origami
Authors: Agarwal Nayan P. , Matthies Michael , Gür Fatih N. , Osada Kensuke , Schmidt Thorsten L.
Published: March 2017

DNA nanotechnology enables the synthesis of nanometer‐sized objects that can be site‐specifically functionalized with a large variety of materials. For these reasons, DNA‐based devices such as DNA origami are being considered for applications in molecular biology and nanomedicine. However, many DNA structures need a higher ionic strength than that of common cell culture buffers or bodily fluids to maintain their integrity and can be degraded quickly by nucleases. To overcome these deficiencies, we coated several different DNA origami structures with a cationic poly(ethylene glycol)–polylysine block copolymer, which electrostatically covered the DNA nanostructures to form DNA origami polyplex micelles (DOPMs). This straightforward, cost‐effective, and robust route to protect DNA‐based structures could therefore enable applications in biology and nanomedicine where unprotected DNA origami would be degraded.
Amine‐Rich Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanodots as a Platform for Self‐Enhancing Electrochemiluminescence
Authors: Carrara Serena , Arcudi Francesca , Prato Maurizio , De Cola Luisa
Published: March 2017

Amine‐rich nitrogen‐doped carbon nanodots (NCNDs) have been successfully used as co‐reactant in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) processes. Primary or tertiary amino groups on NCNDs have been studied as co‐reactant sites for Ru(bpy)32+ ECL, showing their eligibility as powerful alternatives to tripropylamine (TPrA). We also report the synthesis and ECL behavior of a new covalently linked hybrid of NCNDs and Ru(bpy)32+. Notably, the NCNDs in the hybrid act both as carrier for ECL labels and as co‐reactant for ECL generation. As a result, the hybrid shows a higher ECL emission as compared to the combination of the individual components, suggesting the self‐enhancing ECL of the ruthenium complex due to an intramolecular electron transfer process.
Precise Photoremovable Perturbation of a Virus–Host Interaction
Authors: Erickson Sarah B. , Mukherjee Raja , Kelemen Rachel E. , Wrobel Chester J. J. , Cao Xiaofu , Chatterjee Abhishek
Published: March 2017

Viruses utilize distinct binding interactions with a variety of host factors to gain entry into host cells. A chemical strategy is described to precisely perturb a specific molecular interaction between adeno‐associated virus and its host cell, which can be rapidly reversed by light. This strategy enables pausing the virus entry process at a specific stage and then restart it rapidly with a non‐invasive stimulus. The ability to synchronize the invading virus population at a discrete step in its entry pathway will be highly valuable for enabling facile experimental characterization of the molecular processes underlying this process. Additionally, adeno‐associated virus has demonstrated outstanding potential for human gene therapy. This work further provides a potential approach to create therapeutic vectors that can be photoactivated in vivo with high spatial and temporal control.
Ultrathin Covalently Bound Organic Layers on Mica: Formation of Atomically Flat Biofunctionalizable Surfaces
Authors: Sen Rickdeb , Gahtory Digvijay , Carvalho Rui Rijo , Albada Bauke , van Delft Floris L. , Zuilhof Han
Published: March 2017

Mica is the substrate of choice for microscopic visualization of a wide variety of intricate nanostructures. Unfortunately, the lack of a facile strategy for its modification has prevented the on‐mica assembly of nanostructures. Herein, we disclose a convenient catechol‐based linker that enables various surface‐bound metal‐free click reactions, and an easy modification of mica with DNA nanostructures and a horseradish peroxidase mimicking hemin/G‐quadruplex DNAzyme.
Pelvic Breadth and Locomotor Kinematics in Human Evolution
Authors: Gruss Laura Tobias , Gruss Richard , Schmitt Daniel
Published: March 2017

A broad pelvis is characteristic of most, if not all, pre‐modern hominins. In at least some early australopithecines, most notably the female Australopithecus afarensis specimen known as “Lucy,” it is very broad and coupled with very short lower limbs. In 1991, Rak suggested that Lucy's pelvic anatomy improved locomotor efficiency by increasing stride length through rotation of the wide pelvis in the axial plane. Compared to lengthening strides by increasing flexion and extension at the hips, this mechanism could avoid potentially costly excessive vertical oscillations of the body's center of mass (COM). Here, we test this hypothesis. We examined 3D kinematics of walking at various speeds in 26 adult subjects to address the following questions: Do individuals with wider pelves take longer strides, and do they use a smaller degree of hip flexion and extension? Is pelvic rotation greater in individuals with shorter legs, and those with narrower pelves? Our results support Rak's hypothesis. Subjects with wider pelves do take longer strides for a given velocity, and for a given stride length they flex and extend their hips less, suggesting a smoother pathway of the COM. Individuals with shorter legs do use more pelvic rotation when walking, but pelvic breadth was not related to pelvic rotation. These results suggest that a broad pelvis could benefit any bipedal hominin, but especially a short‐legged australopithecine such as Lucy, by improving locomotor efficiency, particularly when carrying an infant or traveling in a foraging group with individuals of varying sizes. Anat Rec, 300:739–751, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
mTORC1 senses stresses: Coupling stress to proteostasis
Authors: Su Kuo‐Hui , Dai Chengkai
Published: March 2017

Beyond protein synthesis and autophagy, emerging evidence has implicated mTORC1 in regulating protein folding and proteasomal degradation as well, highlighting its prominent role in cellular proteome homeostasis or proteostasis. In addition to growth signals, mTORC1 senses and responds to a wide array of stresses, including energetic/metabolic stress, genotoxic stress, oxidative stress, osmotic stress, ER stress, proteotoxic stress, and psychological stress. Whereas growth signals unanimously stimulate mTORC1, stresses exert complex impacts on mTORC1, most of which are repressive. mTORC1 suppression, as a generic adaptive strategy, empowers cell survival under various stressful conditions. In this essay, we provide an overview of the emerging role of mTORC1 in proteostasis, the distinct molecular mechanisms through which mTORC1 reacts to diverse stresses, and the schemes exploited by cancer cells to circumvent stress‐induced mTORC1 suppression. Hence, acting as a stress sensor, mTORC1 intimately couples stresses to cellular proteostasis.
Patterns, predictive factors and prognostic impact of multilevel metastasis in N1b papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Kim S K , Park I , Hur N , Choe J-H , Kim J-H , Kim J S
Published: March 2017

Background

The patterns, predictive factors and prognostic impact of multilevel metastasis in patients with N1b papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) were investigated.

Methods

A retrospective review of patients with N1b PTC from a tertiary referral centre in Korea who underwent unilateral modified radical neck dissection was undertaken.

Results

Of 658 patients, multilevel metastasis was found in 73·9 per cent; the most common type was metastasis in two levels. Tumour size per 0·1-cm increment (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1·33, 95 per cent c.i. 1·08 to 1·64), microscopic extrathyroidal extension (adjusted OR 1·72, 1·10 to 2·71), gross extrathyroidal extension (adjusted OR 2·35, 1·24 to 4·46), unilateral central lymph node metastasis (adjusted OR 2·45, 1·53 to 3·92) and bilateral central lymph node metastasis (adjusted OR 4·06, 2·29 to 7·18) were independent predictors of multilevel metastasis. Only four-level metastasis significantly increased the risk of overall locoregional recurrence (LRR) (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 7·41, 95 per cent c.i. 2·20 to 24·53) and lateral neck LRR (adjusted HR 7·22, 1·82 to 28·65), compared with one-level metastasis. Two subgroup analyses were conducted, showing that only three-level metastasis including metastasis in level V significantly increased the risk of overall LRR (adjusted HR 5·66, 1·20 to 26·75). In addition, having level V metastasis was an independent predictor of both overall (adjusted HR 3·26, 1·72 to 6·18; P < 0·001) and lateral neck (adjusted HR 3·28, 1·50 to 7·16; P = 0·003) LRR.

Conclusion

Level V metastasis rather than multilevel metastasis itself is associated with an increased risk of LRR. Patients with N1b PTC and level V metastasis require risk restratification and meticulous follow-up.
A Simple and Green Procedure to Prepare Efficient Manganese Oxide Nanopowder for the Low Temperature Removal of Formaldehyde
Authors: Ciotonea Carmen , Averlant Rémy , Rochard Guillaume , Mamede Anne‐Sophie , Giraudon Jean‐Marc , Alamdari Houshang , Lamonier Jean‐François , Royer Sébastien
Published: March 2017

Activated reactive synthesis, as a top‐down synthesis approach, is proposed for the production of a nanocrystalline, high surface area, manganese (IV) oxide starting from commercial micrometric α‐MnO2. The developed approach consists of two‐steps: 1) high energy ball milling (HEBM) produces a nano‐sized material, 2) low energy ball milling (LEBM) improves textural properties. During the HEBM step, elementary crystals are observed to evolve from several hundred elongated cylindrical particles to short length cylinders and pseudo spherical particles. Despite fractioning of the elementary crystals, surface area remains low over the HEBM derived solid. The LEBM step, achieves crystal shape modification, giving rise to only pseudo‐spherical nanometric particles and significantly increasing the surface area to approximately 60–80 m2 g−1. Catalytic activity of α‐MnO2 powder is affected by the grinding process. Activity is similar to the fresh commercial MnO2 after HEBM, and increases upon LEBM reaching a maximum for LEBM time of 1 h. Thereafter, activity remains constant despite the further increase in surface area upon prolonged LEBM. The presence of an optimal activity after limited LEBM time is paralleled with the increase of the iron contamination occurring after prolonged LEBM time which impacts manganese reducibility and results in less reactive surface.
Synthesis of Robust Silicon Nanoparticles@Void@Graphitic Carbon Spheres for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion‐Battery Anodes
Authors: Ma Xiaomei , Gao Yujie , Chen Min , Wu Limin
Published: March 2017

Silicon is known to be a promising candidate anode material for lithium‐ion batteries because of its ultrahigh capacity; however, its volume expansion/shrinkage during lithiation/delithiation reactions represent the biggest challenge in practical applications. In this paper, we successfully design and synthesize a new type of robust silicon nanoparticles@void@graphitic carbon spheres (Si@void@C) material to buffer the silicon volume changes in the cyclic lithiation/delithiation process. The as‐obtained Si@void@C nanocomposite spheres with well‐dispersed silicon nanoparticles, efficient void spaces, and graphitic carbon shells can endow this nanocomposite anode with the robustness to solve the volume expansion/shrinkage issue. As demonstrated by coin battery performances, the Si@void@C nanocomposite sphere‐based anode exhibits a specific capacity retention of 1565 and 1260 mAhg−1 at C/5 and C/2 (1C=4200 mAg−1), respectively, after 1000 cycles of deep charge/discharge processes (voltage between 0.01 and 2.7 V versus Li/Li+). It provides a promising anode for a safe and high‐performance Si‐based materials in high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries.
Fluorine‐Substituted Molecular Motors with a Quaternary Stereogenic Center
Authors: Štacko Peter , Kistemaker Jos C. M. , Feringa Ben L.
Published: March 2017

A series of unprecedented second generation molecular motors featuring a quaternary stereogenic center substituted with a fluorine atom has been synthesized. It is demonstrated that a seemingly benign replacement of the stereogenic hydrogen for a fluorine atom, regarded as a common substituent in pharmacology, resulted in a dramatic change in the energetic profile of thermal helix inversion. The barrier for the thermal helix inversion was found to increase considerably (by 20–30 kJ mol−1), presumably due to destabilization of the transition state by increased steric hindrance when the fluorine atom is forced to pass over the lower half of the motor. This results in the activation barrier for the thermal helix inversion to be higher than the barrier for backward thermal E–Z isomerization, impairing the motor function. A fluorine‐substituted motor capable of performing unidirectional rotation is successfully prepared when these limitations are considered in the design phase.
Inhibitory Mechanism of Epigallocatechin Gallate on Fibrillation and Aggregation of Amidated Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide
Authors: Xu Zhi‐Xue , Ma Gong‐Li , Zhang Qiang , Chen Cong‐Heng , He Yan‐Ming , Xu Li‐Hui , Zhou Guang‐Rong , Li Zhen‐Hua , Yang Hong‐Jie , Zhou Ping
Published: March 2017

The abnormal fibrillation of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is associated with development of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (−)‐Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) can bind amyloid proteins to inhibit the fibrillation of these proteins. However, the mechanic detail of EGCG inhibiting amyloid formation is still unclear at the molecular level. In the present work, we sought to investigate the effect of EGCG on amidated hIAPP (hIAPP‐NH2) fibrillation and aggregation by using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, and also sought to gain insights into the interaction of EGCG and hIAPP22–27 by using spectroscopic experiments and quantum chemical calculations. ThT fluorescence, real‐time NMR, and TEM studies demonstrated that EGCG inhibits the formation of hIAPP‐NH2 fibrils, while promoting the formation of hIAPP‐NH2 amorphous aggregates. Phenylalanine intrinsic fluorescence and NMR studies of the EGCG/hIAPP22–27 complex revealed three important binding sites including the A ring of EGCG, residue Phe23, and residue Ile26. DFT calculations identified the dominant binding structures of EGCG/Phe23 and EGCG/Ile26 complexes, named structure I and structure II, respectively. Our study demonstrates the inhibitory mechanism of EGCG on fibrillation and aggregation of hIAPP‐NH2 in which EGCG interacts with hIAPP‐NH2 through hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions between the A ring and residue Phe23 as well as hydrophobic interactions between the A ring and residue Ile26, which can thus inhibit the interpeptide interaction between hIAPP‐NH2 monomers and finally inhibit fibrillation of hIAPP‐NH2. This study agrees with and reinforces previous studies and offers an intuitive explanation at both the atomic and molecular levels. Our findings may provide an invaluable reference for the future development of new drugs in the management of diabetes.
Utilization of Solid Acid SO42−/TiO2 as Catalyst to the Three‐Component Mannich Reaction at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Yao Yuanyong , Zhang Meng , Chen Shixue , Xing Mingming , Shu Hua
Published: March 2017

The three‐component Mannich reaction of among dimethyl malonate, aromatic primary amine, and aromatic aldehyde was made successfully in the presence of solid acidic catalyst SO42−/TiO2, with excellent catalytic activity, as compared to SO42−/γ‐Al2O3 and SO42−/ZnO. To the best of our knowledge, SO42−/TiO2 prepared at varied calcination temperatures can perform different intensities of Lewis and Brønsted acidities. Because of this point, under the optimum conditions, the effect of SO42−/TiO2 (prepared at 200°C) was much more than that of SO42−/TiO2 (prepared at 300°C or 400°C) in the three‐component Mannich reaction. In observing ionization activation mode of the three‐component Mannich reaction, it disclosed that the plausible mechanism possibly undergoes formation of aldimines and transformation of aldimines into β‐amino esters by applying solid acidic catalyst SO42−/MxOy.
The impact of binding of macrocyclic metal complexes on amyloid fibrillization of insulin and lysozyme
Authors: Kovalska Vladyslava , Chernii Svitlana , Cherepanov Vsevolod , Losytskyy Mykhaylo , Chernii Victor , Varzatskii Oleg , Naumovets Anton , Yarmoluk Sergiy
Published: March 2017

Amyloid fibrils are insoluble protein aggregates whose accumulation in cells and tissues is connected with a range of pathological diseases. We studied the impact of 2 metal complexes (axially coordinated Hf phthalocyanine and iron (II) clathrochelate) on aggregation of insulin and lysozyme. For both proteins, the host‐guest interaction with these compounds changes the kinetics of fibrillization and affects the morphology of final aggregates.

The Hf phthalocyanine is a very efficient inhibitor of insulin fibrillization; in its presence, only very low amounts of fibrils with the diameters of 0.8 to 5 nm and spherical aggregates were found. Effective concentration of fibrillization inhibition (IC50) was estimated to be 0.11 ± 0.04 μM. The clathrochelate induced the formation of thin fibrils with the diameters of 0.8 to 2.5 nm; IC50 was estimated as 20 ± 9 μM. The lysozyme fibrillization remained quite intensive in the presence of the studied compounds; they induced the formation of long filaments (the length up to 2.5 μm, the diameters of 1.5‐3.5 nm). These fibrils noticeably differed from those of free lysozyme short linear species (the diameters of 3‐5 nm, the length up to 0.6 μm).

Thinning and elongation of fibrils suggest that the metal complexes bind mainly to the grooves of protofilaments; this hinders the stacking of early aggregates or protofilaments together but does not hinder their growth. The image of the fibril separated into 2 protofilaments allows suggesting that the fibril formation occurs via the growth of the parallel protofilaments with their subsequent twisting in the fibril. The changes of the lysozyme intrinsic fluorescence indicate that both metal complexes interact with the protein during the stage of the fibrillar seeds formation.
Bent Polytypic ZnSe and CdSe Nanowires Probed by Photoluminescence
Authors: Kim Yejin , Im Hyung Soon , Park Kidong , Kim Jundong , Ahn Jae‐Pyoung , Yoo Seung Jo , Kim Jin‐Gyu , Park Jeunghee
Published: March 2017

Nanowires (NWs) have witnessed tremendous development over the past two decades owing to their varying potential applications. Semiconductor NWs often contain stacking faults due to the presence of coexisting phases, which frequently hampers their use. Herein, it is investigated how stacking faults affect the optical properties of bent ZnSe and CdSe NWs, which are synthesized using the vapor transport method. Polytypic zinc blende–wurtzite structures are produced for both these NWs by altering the growth conditions. The NWs are bent by the mechanical buckling of poly(dimethylsilioxane), and micro‐photoluminescence (PL) spectra were then collected for individual NWs with various bending strains (0–2%). The PL measurements show peak broadening and red shifts of the near‐band‐edge emission as the bending strain increases, indicating that the bandgap decreases with increasing the bending strain. Remarkably, the bandgap decrease is more significant for the polytypic NWs than for the single phase NWs. This work provides insights into flexible electronic devices of 1D nanostructures by engineering the polytypic structures.
Multidimensional Identity Model Revisited: Implications for Student Affairs
Authors: Pope Raechele L. , Reynolds Amy L.
Published: March 2017

This chapter explores the connection between the authors’ foundational Multidimensional Identity Model and intersectionality. The authors discuss the challenges and promises of capturing a holistic, intersectional perspective in identity theory, as well as how to engage the concept of identity as practitioners.
Accessibility Considerations for Hybrid Courses
Authors: Behling Kirsten
Published: March 2017

This chapter explores the central questions and issues that faculty and administrators need to consider when designing and implementing hybrid courses to ensure that all students, including those with disabilities, have equal access. The author offers resources on faculty development programs, accessibility checklists, and online resources on universal design that can be applied at a range of campuses. Institutional guidelines around choosing accessible platforms and online learning tools are shared.
Effect of Surfactants on Zero‐Valent Iron Nanoparticles (NZVI) Reactivity
Authors: Wang Ziheng , Choi Francis , Acosta Edgar
Published: March 2017

Zero‐valent iron nanoparticles (NZVI) were synthesized and dispersed in solutions of sodium oleate (SO), sodium laurate (SL), sodium dodecyl phosphonate (SDP), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The reactivity of these dispersions was evaluated to assess the impact of surfactants on the reduction rate of hydrophilic reactive black 5 (RB5) and hydrophobic carbon tetrachloride (CT) model contaminants. SO and SL, used at their critical micelle concentration (CMC), lowered the reduction rate of RB5 by two and three orders of magnitude, respectively. SO and SL also decreased the reduction rate of CT by up to one order of magnitude. SDS and SDP, at their CMC, decreased the reduction rate of RB5 by approximately 50‐fold, but increased the reduction rate of CT. The decrease in RB5 reduction rate might be explained by the formation of adsorbed surfactant species on the surface of NZVI that could hinder the transport of RB5 and other hydrophilic species. For SO and SL, the inhibition of RB5 and CT reduction might also be explained by the binding of carboxylates to NZVI. The increase in CT reduction rate with SDS and SDP suggests that providing a non‐binding lipophilic environment on the surface of NZVI would improve the reduction rate and selectivity towards the reduction of hydrophobic contaminants.
Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid‐c9t11 Prevents Collagen‐Induced Arthritis, Whereas Conjugated Linoleic Acid‐t10c12 Increases Arthritic Severity
Authors: Muhlenbeck Jessica A. , Butz Daniel E. , Olson Jake M. , Uribe‐Cano Daniela , Cook Mark E.
Published: March 2017

Two conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, cis‐9, trans‐11 (CLAc9t11) and trans‐10, cis‐12 (CLAt10c12), reduce inflammation in a number of animal models, including collagen‐induced arthritis (CA). However, little is known about the ability of individual CLA isomers to prevent autoimmune disease onset. Evidence that mixed isomer CLA drives T helper cell (Th) 1 responses suggests that CLA, or a specific isomer, exacerbates onset of Th1 autoimmune diseases. In two experiments, we examined if prior dietary exposure to CLAt10c12 (experiment 1) or CLAc9t11 (experiment 2) affected the incidence or severity of CA. DBA/1 mice were fed a semi purified diet with either 6% corn oil (CO, w/w), 5.75% CO plus 0.25% CLAt10c12, or 5.5% CO plus 0.5% CLAc9t11 prior to arthritis development. Arthritis incidence and severity, anti‐collagen antibodies, paw cytokines, and hepatic fatty acids were measured. CLAt10c12 had no effect on arthritis incidence but increased arthritic severity (42%, P = 0.02); however, CLAc9t11 decreased arthritis incidence 39% compared to CO fed mice (P = 0.01), but had no effect on disease severity. CLAt10c12‐induced increase in anti‐collagen type II IgG antibodies may be a mechanism by which this isomer increased arthritic severity, and CLAc9t11‐induced increase in Th2 paw cytokines (IL‐4 and IL‐10, P ≤ 0.04) may explain how CLAc9t11 reduced the arthritis incidence. While both isomers are well known to reduce inflammation in arthritic mice, these new data suggest isomer differences when fed prior to autoimmune disease.
Breaking down temporal distance in a Continental French variety: Future temporal reference in Vimeu
Authors: Villeneuve Anne-José , Comeau Philip
Published: March 2017

This article examines future temporal reference (FTR) in the French spoken in Vimeu, a rural area of France where French evolved alongside Picard, a Gallo-Romance regional language. Unlike most French varieties, which favour periphrasis, Vimeu Picard favours the inflected form. By comparing French data from Picard–French bilinguals and French monolinguals, we assess the potential effect of Picard contact on Vimeu French. We hypothesized that bilinguals may favour the inflected form more than monolinguals, a hypothesis that was not verified. Instead, education is the best social predictor: speakers with a baccalauréat or higher disfavour the periphrastic future. Regarding linguistic constraints, we expected sentential polarity to constrain FTR (negation favours the inflected form), as in many varieties. Surprisingly, only temporal distance constrains FTR in our data: proximate events favour periphrasis, and do so even more strongly with events to occur within the minute. These results suggest that Vimeu French marks imminence through periphrasis.
Variability in Antifungal and Antiviral Use in Hospitalized Children
Authors: Goldman Jennifer L. , Ross Rachael K. , Lee Brian R. , Newland Jason G. , Hersh Adam L. , Kronman Matthew P. , Gerber Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2017

We analyzed antifungal and antiviral prescribing among high-risk children across freestanding children’s hospitals. Antifungal and antiviral days of therapy varied across hospitals. Benchmarking antifungal and antiviral use and developing antimicrobial stewardship strategies to optimize use of these high cost agents is needed.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2017;38:743–746
Native Forb Establishment following Application of Aminopyralid or Clopyralid
Authors: Jorgensen Niels A. , Moechnig Mike J. , Halstvedt Mary B. , Renz Mark J.
Published: March 2017

Interest exists in planting mixed forb–grass prairies in the midwestern United States. Aminopyralid or clopyralid can be used to suppress competition from invasive plants prior to seeding prairies. As these active ingredients are known to persist, concern exists that reductions in forb establishment could occur. We tested whether common midwestern forb species could tolerate an application of aminopyralid or clopyralid alone or in combination the summer prior to seeding, and whether fall dormant or spring seeding date influenced establishment. This experiment was performed in Beresford, SD, and Arlington, WI, where aminopyralid (54 or 123 g ae ha−1), clopyralid (237 and 420 g ae ha−1), or aminopyralid+clopyralid (54+237 g ae ha−1) were applied to a prepared seedbed in July of 2009. Ten forbs were seeded in November 2009 as a dormant seeding and in April 2010 as a spring seeding at both locations, and establishment was assessed 12 and 24 mo after treatment (MAT). Results were site and species specific. Time of seeding was an important driver of plant counts at both locations 12 and 24 MAT. In Wisconsin at 12 MAT, 60% of species studied exhibited higher counts in the spring seeding. This trend persisted in some, but was not consistent across all 10 species. In South Dakota, 80% of species studied had higher counts at 12 and 24 MAT, but differences were species specific and often differed from those studied in Wisconsin. Those species that had higher counts in spring seeding at 12 MAT, maintained higher counts at 24 MAT. Forbs planted in plots treated with herbicides did not differ from plots left untreated at either location. Results suggest native forbs typically seeded in the upper Midwest can tolerate these herbicides when applied at least 4 mo prior to seeding.