bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR SUBSTANTIATING SAFE LEVELS OF EXPOSURE TO ARTIFICIAL NANOMATERIALS (FOR EXAMPLE, CARBON NANOTUBES)
Authors:   Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia, Timerbulatova G.A. ,   Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), Kazan, Russia
Published: December 2021

Abstract: The unique physicochemical properties of carbon nanotubes allow them to be used in many fields. The global nanomaterials market is growing every year. An important step in introducing products to the domestic and world markets is to determine the safe exposure levels of CNTs. Establishing a corporate standard can serve as a preliminary stage before the approval of a state hygiene standard. Justification of the corporate standard is carried out in in vitro and in vivo experiments. The planning of experiments should be carried out taking into account the target organ under the influence of CNT - the respiratory system. The recommended dose / concentration range for experiments should include doses / concentrations derived from calculated and literature data. A necessary step is to obtain homogeneous dispersions in which CNTs become bioavailable for biological systems. During in vitro and in vivo experiments, the exposure level is determined at which no harmful effect is observed and / or the lowest level of exposure at which there is a harmful effect on the cell culture / respiratory tract of animals.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MORTALITY OF THE MALE POPULATION RESIDING IN THE ACTIVITY AREA OF COPER-NICKEL ENTERPRISE
Authors:   FSBSI «Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health», Moscow, Russia, Tikhonova G.I. , Bryleva M.S.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Introduction. The city-forming enterprise are the main work-givers and the source of socio-economic well-being of monotowns. However, its activities may have a negative impact on the health of workers and citizens. The goal is a differentiated assessment of production activities of a copper-nickel enterprise and its socio-economic policy consequences on mortality of population in monotowns. Methods. Using mortality rates for 5-year age groups averaged for the period 2010-2017 was compared male population of Monchegorsk to Norilsk both are Arctic monotowns placed copper-nickel enterprises, and to Russia. To assess the consequences of copper-nickel enterprise production activities Monchegorsk male population was compared to Russia To assess the effect socio-economic development, Norilsk male population was compared to Monchegorsk. Results. In Monchegorsk working age mortality rate was compared to Russia for circulatory diseases 416.3 and 269.8 per 100,000; for MN 143.5 and 102.5. Also higher for post-working age for circulatory diseases 3962.4 and 3305.8; for MN 1283.8 and 1106.4. In Norilsk circulatory mortality were lower in all age groups compared to Monchegorsk and Russia (215.3 per 100,000 in working age and 2377.2 in post-working age); cancer mortality was lower for working age (74.3 per 100,000) and higher for post-working age (1185.3 per 100,000). Conclusions. Carcinogenic copper-nickel enterprise production activity is the cause of increased MN and circulatory mortality of the male population, which indicates the need to improve occupational and environmental conditions The socio-economic activity of city-forming enterprise in Norilsk, aimed at improving the standard of living and quality of medical care, had reduce the circulatory mortality throughout life and cancer mortality in working age. In older ages, the death risk for MN kept high, suggestive of the priority of measures reducing carcinogenic risk, and enhanced medical and social care for older age groups.
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICALS IN THE WORKING AIR DURING THE METALLOTHERMIC PRODUCTION OF FERROCHROME BY A SMOKELESS TECHNOLOGY
Authors:   Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, Russia, Fedoruk A. , Kudryashov I. , Shtin T.
Published: December 2021

Abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the chemicals in the working air during the metallothermic production of ferrochrome by a smokeless technology. The technological process under study is divided into stages. A gas-aerosol mixture releases into the working air. Its components have an acute, irritative, carcinogenic, fibrogenic, and allergenic action. This mixture also has substances, which are hazardous to human reproductive health. According to the chemical factor, the working conditions correspond to the 3rd class of 3-4 hazard degree. They are characterized by a high and very high occupational health risk for workers. The metallothermic production of ferrochrome by smokeless technology requires drawing up a number of measures aimed at minimizing the release of chemicals into the working air. Additionally, it is essential to choose high-class respiratory protective devices for workers. The identification of aerosol components need to be further studied.
ASSESSMENT OF THE PREVALENCE OF DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN TRANSPORT INDUSTRY WORKERS IN VARIOUS AGE GROUPS
Authors:   FSBSI «Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health», Moscow, Russia, Khotuleva A.G. , Karpushina A.V. , Kuzmina L.P.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Summary. The leading cause of mortality, temporary and permanent disability is "age-dependent" (age-associated) diseases, the main of which are pathologies of the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of diseases of the circulatory system in workers of the transport industry in various age groups. Materials and methods. The data of objective periodic and preliminary medical examinations conducted in the FSBSI «Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health», among Metro employees for people, were analyzed. The assessment was carried out in various age groups, starting from the age of 30 to 70 years (in increments of 5 years). The prevalence of diseases of the circulatory system in workers of different ages was analyzed. Results. There is a pronounced tendency to increase the prevalence of diseases of the cardiovascular system with age in Metro workers. There was a significant increase in the relative risk of diseases characterized by high blood pressure in all age groups relative to the previous age group, except for the 70-74 year group, in which the risk does not increase relative to the 65-69 year group, which indicates a gradual increase in the prevalence of the disease with increasing age. The prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was also estimated. An increase in the frequency of occurrence of this pathology has been shown from the age of 55-59 years.
ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF OCCUPATIONAL PATHOLOGY IN WORKERS OF NOISE-HAZARDOUS PROFESSIONS OF METALLURGICAL PRODUCTION
Authors:   Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Pathology of Rospotrebnadzor, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, Chernikova E.F. , Fedotova I.V. , Nekrasova M.M.
Published: December 2021

Abstract: Working conditions at metallurgical enterprises are characterized by the impact of a complex of harmful production factors that do not correspond to the normalized levels, which causes the risk of developing professional and professionally conditioned pathology. Trained workers who are exposed for a long time to industrial noise that exceeds the permissible values by 10 dB or more are considered as a risk group for the development of aural (sensorineural hearing loss, SHT) and extraaural (high blood pressure, HBP) pathology. Hearing loss is an important medical and social problem, as it turns into a cognitive dissonance and a violation of verbal communication for the employee. Working conditions at one of the modern metallurgical plants were evaluated according to the data of sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions. The study of the prevalence of SHT and HBP was carried out based on the materials of a medical examination and a questionnaire survey of workers (n=73, male, aged 36-75 years (57.32±0.89), with work experience of 8-58 years (34.29±1.16)). To assess the joint influence of age and seniority, an original scoring system was used, which allowed us to distinguish 3 observation groups. The severity of SHT and HBP was also assessed in points. The study showed a significant increase in the prevalence and severity of hearing loss and HBP with an increase in the duration of exposure and the age of employees. The presence of a close relationship between the analyzed pathology and working conditions is illustrated by the value of the odds ratio in groups 1-3 (ORSHT = 3.75-4.71; ORHBP = 2.0-5.0). Thus, the studied professional group of trained qualified metallurgists needs to develop health-improving measures to preserve labor longevity.
ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE DUE TO INDUSTRIAL AEROSOLS CONTAINING
Authors:   FSBEI HE Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia, Shpagina L.A. , Logashenko E.B. ,   Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine. Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia, Kotova O. S.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Phenotypes of exacerbations of occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to aerosols containing nanoparticles is not studied enough. The objective was to establish rate, severity, cellular type of inflammation, clinical features of acute exacerbations of occupational COPD due to industrial aerosols containing nanoparticles exposure. Materials and methods. A prospective observational study of 50 subjects with occupational COPD (of which 26 due to aerosols, containing metal nanoparticles and 24 due to aerosols containing silica nanoparticles) and of 50 subjects with COPD due to tobacco smoke performed. Follow up period was 26 (24; 30) months. Groups were matched by age, gender, COPD duration. Groups of occupational COPD has the same smoking status. Nanoparticles and dust concentrations at workplaces air were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and by scanning electron microscopy. COPD exacerbations rate and severity, cellular type of inflammation during exacerbations were investigated. Relationships were assessed by Cox proportional-hazards regression. Results. Occupational COPD due to aerosols containing metal nanoparticles exposure was characterized by high exacerbation rate. In comparison to occupational COPD due to aerosols containing silica nanoparticles exposure the hazard ratio (HR) was 4,59, 95% CI 1,35–15,63, in relation to COPD in tobacco smokers HR was 3,35, 95% CI1,22 – 9,21. The risk of exacerbations requiring hospitalization also was higher in this group, HR 4,35, 95% CI 1,10-12,3 and HR 3,90, 95% CI 1,33–11,42, respectively. In occupational COPD due to aerosols containing silica nanoparticles the exacerbation rate was the least. Metal nanoparticles mass concentration at the workplace air was associated with COPD exacerbations HR 1,031, 95% CI 1,012–1,11, exacerbations requiring hospitalization HR 1,028, 95% CI 1,010–1,092 and with eosinophilic inflammation during COPD exacerbation ОР 0,015, 95% CI 0,002 – 0,036. Silica nanoparticles mass concentration was associated with COPD exacerbations HR 0,025, 95% CI 0,003–0,094, exacerbations requiring hospitalization HR 0,021, 95% CI 0,009–0,105 and with neutrophilic inflammation during COPD exacerbation HR 1,019, 95% CI 1,008–1,057. Exacerbations of occupational COPD due to aerosols containing nanoparticles exposure had higher rate of respiratory support and excess length of hospital stay. Conclusion. Occupational COPD exacerbations are associated with chemical composition and mass concentration of nanoparticles in industrial aerosols
Does internationalization moderate the effect of SMEs size, age, and other financial determinants on investment opportunities set? Evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Soesetio Yuli , Rudhiningtyas Dyah Arini , Sudarmiatin Sudarmiatin , Mukhlis Imam
Published: December 2021

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly considering international expansion as one of the sustainable growth strategic options. This study aims to reveal how the effect of internationalization as a moderator of SMEs size, age, and other financial determinants toward investment opportunity set of SMEs that listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2006 to 2020. Market to book asset ratio used as a proxy of investment opportunity set of SMEs. This study is one of the most important in the context of Indonesian SMEs as there were limited previous studies that have explored the internationalization factor. A total of 102 SMEs companies with 156 data observations were studied. A moderation regression analysis was used to test whether the determinants of the investment opportunity set were statistically significant. Surprisingly, the study found that the degree of internationalization has a moderating effect that weakens the relationship between SMEs age and size on investment opportunities set (market value ratio).
Evaluations of an entrepreneurship development program: A systematic literature review
Authors: Ferdilan Ronal , Dhewanto Wawan , Rustiadi Sonny
Published: December 2021

The contribution of entrepreneurship at both the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels is remarkable. There are many entrepreneurship development programs (EDP) initiatives proposed by policymakers around the world to ensure the growth of entrepreneurs. While EDP is necessary to improve entrepreneur capabilities, however studies on EDP evaluation literacy remain limited. This study aims to fill the gap by investigating EDP evaluation literacy by using a systematic literature review (SLR). This study carried out a bibliometric analysis on a Scopus database in the last three decades, from 1989 to 2021 with all the manuscripts were written in English. The results show that most of the literature on EDP evaluation-related themes is mainly focused on program evaluation, characteristics, challenges, stakeholders, and context, with program evaluation and characteristics are considered as the most significant issues of EDP evaluation. Interestingly, this study also reveals that few manuscripts review the process of EDP as the success criterion of EDP implementation.
Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliğinde Metafor Kullanımı
Authors: Çam Mahire Olcay , Topcu Ege Miray
Published: December 2021

Bu derleme, temelinde, metaforların günlük yaşantıda kapladığı yerin genişliğinin ve etkisinin fark edilmesinin üzerine, “Ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları hemşiresi olarak bakımımızda ne kadar yer alıyor ya da nasıl iyileştirici olarak kullanılabilir?” sorularından yola çıkılarak hazırlanmıştır.Günlük hayatta metafor dilde, düşüncede ve davranışta yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bireyin ilişkisiz görünen yaşantıları arasında bağlantı kurmaya yardım eden metaforlar, bu yaşantılara bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan duyguların ve algıların da bağlanmasına, daha iyi anlaşılmasına olanak sağlar. Metaforlar, yüzleştirici ve tehdit edici olmayan bir ortamda, kişilerin kendilerini ve sorunlarını keşfetmelerini ve yeni çözümler üretmelerini sağladıkları için iyileştirici açıdan faydalıdır. Ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları hemşiresi metaforlar aracılığı ve yardımı ile hastasını anlamada ve anladığını yansıtma gibi empati becerileri başta olmak üzere metaforları bir değişim ve değerlendirme aracı olarak kullanabilir. Metaforu yerinde ve iyi kullanan hemşire, bu becerisi ile iyileşme sürecinin hızlanmasında ve benlik bütünlüğünün artmasında büyük katkı sağlayacaktır. Alanda çalışan hemşirelerin bu düzeyde gelişim göstermeleri ve bu becerileri kazanmaları için harcanacak emek misliyle geri dönüş sağlayarak, hem hemşireye, hem alana hem de hizmet alan insanlara verilen değeri arttıracaktır.
Analisis Sumber dan Penggunaan Modal Kerja
Authors: Safitry
Published: December 2021

Analisiss sumber dan penggunaan modal kerja merupakan analisis yang berhubungan dengan sumber-sumber dan penggunaan dana perusahaan. Modal kerja kotor (gross working capital) adalah semua komponen yang ada aktiva lancar secara total dan sering disebut modal kerja.Modal kerja bersih (net working capital) merupakan seluruh komponen aktiva lancar dikurangi dengan seluruh total kewajiban lancar (utang jangka pendek).
Analisis Laporan Keuangan
Authors: Alimin Fahira
Published: December 2021

Laporan keuangan ialah suatu media informasi yang digunakan oleh suatu perusahaan untuk memberi tahu kondisi serta posisi keuangan perusahaan kepada pihak- pihak yang berkepentingan ialah pihak internal serta eksternal perusahaan yang berguna untuk pihak tersebut dalam pengambilan keputusan secara ekonomi. Informasi tersebut disusun serta disajikan perusahaan dalam bentuk neraca, laporan laba- rugi, laporan pergantian modal serta laporan arus kas. Sebab laporan keuangan ialah bentuk pertanggung jawaban pimpinan perusahan ataupun pihak manajemen atas tugas yang diberikan untuk mengelola perusahaan kepada pihak- pihak yang berkepentingan dalam perusahaan. Bila perusahaan tidak membuat laporan keuangan, maka pihak- pihak yang berkepentingan dalam perusahaan tidak bisa mengambil keputusan ekonomi dalam rangka memajukan perusahaan
Adat Perkawinan Masyarakat Sunda
Authors: risna
Published: December 2021

Adat Perkawinan Masyarakat Sunda
Quantum Mechanics in Terms of Consciousness Theory
Authors: Bondarev Vladimir
Published: December 2021

Attempts to reduce consciousness to notions of quantum mechanics lead to quantum theories of consciousness that are unlikely to be successful. The main drawback of these theories is that they consider reality, which is studied by quantum mechanics, as the cause of consciousness a priori. The paper shows that this reality exists only in one's mind and is the product, not the cause, of consciousness. This allows us to take a new look at the problem of the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
DAMPAK PENDIDIKAN KRISTEN BAGI ANAK
Authors: Modingge Titania
Published: December 2021

Every Christian, especially children, really need criteria to test the truth, views, and understandings that develop in the midst of context. Christians believe that God is the source of truth and has revealed His truth in and through the word and person of Christians. Therefore, the philosophical formulation of Christians who contemplate various aspects of life cannot be separated from the framework of the Bible's thought as God's written revelation.Christian education for children as part of the spiritual sciences in empirical science is called to be able to test certainty, truth, views, and understandings that develop in the context of a society that has been influenced by modern science that has developed apart from the word of God. Christians as educators for children must hold that God is the source of truth and has revealed His truth in the Word and the Christian person. The Bible should be a source of education for children.
Culture food
Authors: L Ichsanul Ahkam
Published: December 2021

budaya makanan yang ada di berbagai negara maupun daerah di Indonesia
Ma Jaza bay'uhu Jaza rohnuhu
Authors: Addahlawiyah Afifah , Kurniawan Rachmad Risqy
Published: December 2021

Dalam pembahasan ini tentu apa yang boleh dijual maka boleh juga digadaikan, tapi ada pengecualiannya seperti manfaat barang boleh disewakan tapi tidak boleh digadaikan karna tidak adanya serah terima.[ 1.] Hukum apa yang boleh dijual apa pula yang boleh digadaikan dapat dilakukan dalam bentuk lisan maupun tertulis, asalkan didalamnya terdapat perjanjian gadai diantara pihak tersebut. Karna gadai merupakan perjanjian yang menyangkut atau melibatkan harta yang memerlukan pernyataan seperti halnya jual beli. Karena setiap barang yang diperdagangkan boleh pula digadaikan dalam tanggungan hutangnya. [ 2.]. Pokok bahasan diantaranya adalah pengertian jual beli, persyariátan jual beli, rukun jual beli dan pegertian rahn, dasar hukum rahn, syarat dan rukun rahn.Ini sesuai kaidah yang saya sebutkan diatas apa yang boleh dijual boleh pula digadaikan.
Human Resource Management in an Organization
Authors: Yusriadi Yusriadi
Published: December 2021

Human resource management is organizing, implementing, and controlling human resources within the organization to achieve goals effectively and efficiently. Human resources, as one of the funds in the organization, play an essential role in the success of achieving organizational goals. Success depends on the ability of human resources to carry out their duties and functions. Employee performance is the result of the quality and quantity of work achieved by an employee in carrying out tasks following the responsibilities given to him. Productivity is servicing union input resources used in the production process. Motivation is a collection of behaviors that provide a foundation for someone to act in a way that directed to a specific goal. Seven crucial factors that are used to employee performance Work spirit is a condition of how an employee does the work every day. The higher the mind, the work will improve employee productivity.
Analisis Laporan Keuangan
Authors: SYAHRA AISYAH
Published: December 2021

Analisis laporan keuangan tidak lain merupakan suatu proses untuk membedah laporan keuangan
UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND SOCIAL SECURITY IN FISHERMEN FAMILIES ON SALEMO ISLAND AND WEST RANGAS, SOUTH SULAWESI PROVINCE
Authors: Yusriadi Yusriadi
Published: December 2021

Purpose of the study: This study aims to reveal the social security of traditional fishers in Salemo Island and West Rangas, South Sulawesi Province. Methodology: The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a type of case study research. The research location was determined purposively, namely on Salemo Island, and West Rangas. Informants chose purposively, those who deserve used as sources of information. Data collection by in-depth interviews and observations, collect community ideas collectively with a Group Discussion Forum. Data collected and then reduced to the main findings following the focus of research. Main Findings: The utilization of income for social security’s is done by helping small fishers by providing loans for money to buy the equipment needed, among other anglers, borrowing mechanisms, especially fishermen who open businesses selling goods for daily necessities. Social securities are still running, such as fishers get a lot of results from the sea handing out their fish. Applications of this study: The implications of this research can be a social function in overcoming the basic needs of community members to be used as a strengthening of the nation's character. Salemo Island fishers traditionally use local assets to use the environmentally friendly fishing gear as a form of local cultural wisdom of coastal communities. Novelty/Originality of this study: The use of environmentally friendly fishing gear by Salemo Island fishers needs to be used as a model to be applied to other fishing communities, to avoid using explosives (fish bombs, anesthesia, and trawl) to catch fish.
TEORI ATAU KONSEP ALGORITMA PEMROGRAMAN
Authors: Purnamasari Periyanti
Published: December 2021

Alogaritma pemograman merupakan T RAK urutan logis pengambilan suatu keputusan untuk memecahkan suatu masalah.kata yaitu langkah-- kata yang harus logis dalam memecahkan masalah langkah yang tidak benar akan membarikan hasil yang salah.algoritma berasal dari kata algorism dan ritmis ya ng pertamakali diungkapkan oleh Abu Ja’far Muhammad Ibnu dalam bukunya.dalam perograman algoritma berarti suatu metode yang secara khusus yang tepat terdiri dari serangkaian langkah yang ditulis secara sistematis yang dikerjakan untulangkah dan stratuktur k menyelesaikan masalah dengan bantuan computer.Pemrokraman merupakan kumpulan intruksiintruksi tersendiri yang biasa nya disebut dengan source code yang dibuat oleh pembuat program itu sendiri.ahli dari sejarah matematika menemukan bahwa asal kata algoritma yang beral dari nama penulis buku itu sendiri.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DÉFENSE PUBLIC POLICY DEFEND THE STATE IN INDONESIAN UNIVERSITIES
Authors: Yusriadi Yusriadi
Published: December 2021

Indonesia in May 2018 was again shocked by the act of terrorism in the form of an explosion that occurred in urban areas on three Surabaya churches carried out by one family, the next action was an explosion in the North Surabaya Police Resort City with a suicide bombing involving one family as well. This fact is an indicator that the nation must re-evaluate the country's defence, which is carried out by the people. The perpetrators have been living with the community all this time but have escaped our mutual attention. Terrorism and radicalism cases also continue to thrive among universities, both state and private, especially those in urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to re-examine how the implementation of state defence which has been carried out in higher education. In this study the method used is descriptive phenomenological quality and the theory used is the theory of public policy implementation George Edward III. The results of the study show that communication between stake holders is still running independently and has not been integrated and coordinated optimally, the resources used are still carried out individually which results in ineffective and inefficient, disposition (authority) regarding state defence still has its own perceptions between agencies, the bureaucratic structure also has not shown the achievement of effective and efficient goals.
Tugas Kewirausahaan Strategi Pemasaran (Makaroni & Singkong)
Authors: R Nurul Zahra Zahirah , Amaliah Nur Indah , Ilman Afnan Nur , febianil  , hijriani  , Rahmadani Sofhia
Published: December 2021

Kelompok 4 Kewirausahaan
Qowaidh Al-amr alaa saii’ nahii an diddhi dalam Bertransaksi dengan Bank Konvensional dan Efeknya terhadap Pertumbuhan Perbankan Syariah
Authors: Ula Fiskiatul , Kurniawan Rachmad Risqy
Published: December 2021

Abstract In this article, we will discuss the commands and prohibitions in transacting with conventional banks and their impact on the growth of Islamic banking. In the Qur'an, it has been explained that Muslims are prohibited from doing usury and it is God's rule to leave his servants in the transaction of usury and don't even approach him. Therefore, Islamic banks are banks that have securities that carry out business activities based on sharia principles, or Islamic legal principles regulated in the fatwa of the Indonesian ulema Council such as the principles of justice and balance, benefit, universalism, and do not contain gharar, maysir, usury, tyranny and unlawful object. While conventional banks are banks that carry out conventional business activities which in their activities provide services in payment traffic based on established procedures and provisions.Abstrak Dalam artikel ini akan membahas tentang perintah dan larangan dalam bertransaksi dengan bank konvensional dan dampaknya terhadap pertumbuhan perbankan syariah. Dalam Al-quran sudah dijelaskan bahwasanya umat muslim dilarang melakukan riba dan itu sudah peraturan Allah untuk meninggalkan hambanya dalam bertransaksi riba bahkan jangan sampai mendekatinya. Maka dari itulah Bank syariah merupakan bank yang memepunyai efek yang menjalankan kegiatan usaha berdasarkan prinsip syariah, atau prinsip hukum islam yang diatur dalam fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia seperti prinsip keadilan dan keseimbangan, kemaslahatan, universalisme, serta tidak mengandung gharar, maysir, riba, zalim dan obyek yang haram. Sedangkan bank konvensional yaitu bank yang melaksanakan kegiatan usaha secara konvensional yang mana dalam kegiatannya memberikan jasa dalam lalu lintas pembayaran berdasarkan prosedur dan ketentuan yang telah ditetapkan.
Interactions within the social brain: Co-activation and connectivity among networks enabling empathy and Theory of Mind
Authors: Maliske Lara , Schurz Matthias , Kanske Philipp
Published: December 2021

While empathy and Theory of Mind (ToM) have classically been studied as separate social functions, recent advances demonstrate the need to investigate the two in interaction: Naturalistic settings often blur the distinction of affect and cognition and demand the simultaneous processing of such different stimulus dimensions. Here, we investigate how empathy and ToM related brain networks interact in contexts wherein multiple cognitive and affective demands must be processed simultaneously. Building on the findings of a recent meta-analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis, we perform meta-analytic connectivity modeling to determine patterns of task-context specific network changes. We analyze 140 studies including classical empathy and ToM tasks, as well as complex social tasks. For studies at the intersection of empathy and ToM, neural co-activation patterns included areas typically associated with both empathy and ToM. Network integration is discussed as a means of combining mechanisms across unique behavioral domains. Such integration may enable adaptive behavior in complex, naturalistic social settings that require simultaneous processing of a multitude of different affective and cognitive information.
Water Quality of Marshyangdi River, Nepal: An Assessment Using Water Quaity Index (WQI)
Authors: Singh Reeta , Kayastha Sadhana Pradhanang , Pandey Vishnu Prasad
Published: December 2021

Water quality index (WQI) is a valuable arithmetic tool that depicts the overall status of water quality in a single number to prioritize for management interventions. This study aims to assess water quality based on the WQI to provide insights into the status of the aquatic ecosystems in the Marshyangdi River basin, a tributary of the Narayani River, originating from the Himalaya. Water samples were collected from twenty-one sampling locations in the Marshyangdi River covering four districts from upstream (Kangsar) to the downstream region (Mugling) during pre-monsoon season (May) 2019. Eight selected physico-chemical parameters (TDS, pH, EC, DO, Cl-, NH3, PO43-, NO3-) were analyzed and aggregated in the form of WQI. Results showed that WQI ranges from 32.5 to 46.9, indicating the excellent water quality suitable for the sustenance of the aquatic ecosystem at all the sampling locations. These study results are expected to provide the baseline information on the present status of water quality along the longitudinal section of the Marshyangdi River, which could be helpful for the concerned authorities to manage water quality for the sustenance of the aquatic ecosystem.
Regeneration Status of Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) in Community Managed Forests, Tanahun District, Nepal
Authors: Poudel Prativa , Devkota Anjana
Published: December 2021

The present research aims to know the regeneration status of community managed Shorea robusta (Sal) forests; managed for 6-21 years in Tanahun district, a part of Gandaki Province, Nepal. These forests were categorized into two groups according to management duration (more than 10 years and equal or less than 10 yrs). The regeneration status of the forest was estimated by calculating the density of each species in each developmental phase (seedling, sapling and tree). The total tree density of community forest managed for more than 10 years (MCF forest; 1230 plants/ha) was less than the community forest managed for equal or less than 10 years (LCF forest; 1314 plants/ha). The results suggest that the size class distribution of the trees resembling inverse-J shaped indicates the good regenerating capability of both forests. After the handover of forests to the community, Sal density had increased rapidly in both the forests. Community management had a significant positive impact on the regeneration of the forest, and thus, the productivity of the forest. Thus, the study of regeneration of forest trees has important implications for the conservation and management of natural forests.
Landslide Susceptibility Assessment using Open-Source Data in the Far Western Nepal Himalaya: Case Studies from Selected Local Level Units
Authors: Paudyal Kabi Raj , Devkota Krishna Chandra , Parajuli Binod Prasad , Shakya Puja , Baskota Preshika
Published: December 2021

This paper explores openly available geo-spatial and earth observatory data to understand landslide risk in data scarce rural areas of Nepal. It attempts to explore the application of open-source data and analytical models to inform future landslide research. The first step of this procedure starts from the review of global open datasets, literatures and case studies relevant to landslide research. The second step is followed by the case study in one of the mountainous municipalities of Nepal where we tested the identified open-source data and models to produce landslide susceptibility maps. Past studies and experiences show that the major potential sites of landslide in Nepal are highly concentrated in a geologically weak area such as the active fault regions, shear zones, axis of folds and unfavorable setting of lithology. Triggering factors like concentrated precipitation, frequent earthquake phenomenon and haphazard infrastructural development activities in the marginally stable mountain slopes have posed serious issues of landslides mostly through the geologically weak regions. In this context, openly available geo-spatial datasets can provide baseline information for exploring the landslide hazard scenario in the data scarce areas of Nepal. This research has used the available open-source data to produce a landslide susceptibility map of the Bithadchir Rural Municipality in Bajhang District and Budiganga Municipality in Bajura District of the Sudurpaschim Province of Nepal. We used qualitative analysis to evaluate the parameters and assess the susceptibility of landslide; the result was classified into five susceptibility zones: Very High, High, Moderate, Low, and Very Low. Slope and Aspect were identified to be the major determinants for the assessment. This approach is applicable, specifically, for the preliminary investigation in the data scarce region using open data sources. Furthermore, the result can be used to plan and prioritize effective disaster risk reduction strategies.
Determinants of Municipal Solid Waste in Urban Zone of Baglung Municipality, Nepal
Authors: Regmi Tejendra , Ghimire Manisha , Shrestha Suman Man
Published: December 2021

The studies on the solid waste generation and characterization with their relationships with different determinants are limited in Nepal which helps in the implementation of the solid waste management approach.  This study is focused on the quantification of the municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rate and its characterization in the Baglung Municipality, Nepal. Factors affecting MSW generation with perceptions towards the MSW management were also evaluated through household survey. The study was carried out in the month of January 2021 in four wards of urban zone in the municipality. The average waste generation rate in 188 households (HHs), 20 institutions, and 20 commercial sites were 0.43 kg/c/d, 0.83 kg/institute/day and 2.75 kg/commercial site/day, respectively. The largest component, which accounted for about 74% household waste, 75% institutional waste and 52% commercial waste composed of organic waste. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates a significant variation in between MSW generation rate with respect to household size and type of days. Regarding affordability of MSW management, most of the households can be able to afford service fee ranged from US$ 0.5 to 1.0 (55.38%). Most of the households dispose of solid waste in the municipal vehicle. From this study, the residents of the municipality are suggested to prepare compost manure at the source for the minimization of waste volume to be transported and disposed of. Higher production of recyclable MSW depicts there is a possibility of revenue generation and importance of MSW management in community mobilization in the municipality.
Box Counting Fractal Dimension and Frequency Size Distributon of Earthquakes in the Central Himalaya Region
Authors: Tiwari Ram Krishna , Paudyal Harihar
Published: December 2021

To establish the relations between b-value and fractal dimension (D0) for the earthquake distribution, we study the regional variations of those parameters in the central Himalaya region. The earthquake catalog of 989 events (Mc = 4.0) from 1994.01.31 to 2020.10.28 was analyzed in the study. The study region is divided into two sub-regions (I) Region A: 27.3°N -30.3°N and 80°E -84.8°E (western Nepal and vicinity) and (II) Region B: 26.4°N -28.6°N and 84.8°E -88.4°E (eastern Nepal and vicinity). The b-value observed is within the range between 0.92 to 1.02 for region A and 0.64 to 0.74 for region B showing the homogeneous nature of the variation. The seismic a-value for those regions ranges respectively between 5.385 to 6.007 and 4.565 to 5.218. The low b-values and low seismicity noted for region B may be related with less heterogeneity and high strength in the crust. The high seismicity with average b-values obtained for region A may be related with high heterogeneity and low strength in the crust. The fractal dimension ≥1.74 for region A and ≥ 1.82 for region B indicate that the earthquakes were distributed over two-dimensional embedding space. The observed correlation between D0 and b is negative for western Nepal and positive for eastern Nepal while the correlation between D0 and a/b value is just opposite for the respective regions. The findings identify both regions as high-stress regions. The results coming from the study agree with the results of the preceding works and reveal information about the local disparity of stress and change in tectonic complexity in the central Himalaya region.
Metaphysics of the History of Music in the Scientific Area: Challenges of the Time
Authors: Zharkova Valeriya
Published: December 2021

The relevance of the article is determined by the desire to consider the understanding of the scientific discipline “The History of Music” in its metaphysical dimension. “Metaphysics of the History of Music” appears as a modern discipline that opens new layers of meaning. It deals with problems that combine the musical art with philosophy, anthropology, culturology, aesthetics, but its foundation is determined by the musicological view on the musical artifacts.

Scientific novelty. For the first time, the principles of Aristotle's teaching appear as the methodological foundation of the new discipline “Metaphysics of the History of Music”. This allows us to consider the history of music as a special way of understanding existence. The intersections of synchronous and diachronic parameters of understanding musical texts open new horizons of awareness of his “I” to the man of the 21st century.

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the essential characteristics of the metaphysics of the history of music as a new scientific discipline and to determine the peculiarities of the implementation of synchronous and diachronic dimensions of musical texts in a given problem field.

The research methodology includes the use of metaphysical, historical, comparative methods.

Main results and conclusions. The history of music gives man endless opportunities to ask himself about the essential principles of existence, so at the present stage he is looking for ways in a new direction, which could be called “Metaphysics of the History of Music”.

“Metaphysics of the History of Music” establishes the connection of phenomena each time in a new way, which reveals incomprehensible (to the superficial view of) the laws of the musicaltemporal spiral. Then each fact doesn’t remain a part of the information “herbarium” but is clarified by a living perception of “here and now”.

Due to this context, it is necessary to emphasize that the main factor in making such connection is the live reproduction of all possible combinations. The history of music must unfold in such way as to enable modern man not only to feel the true “taste” of musical events, but also to illuminate them by itself, that is, to create an act that M. Mamardashvili calls the “fullness of interaction”.

Such direction of everyone's spiritual efforts corresponds to the acute challenges of the time. It defines a new position of a human being at the intersection of what is fixed in the narrative about what has “already happened” and what is unfolding through the meanings of the “here and now”. So, it’s established when nothing exists in the automatic mode of perception. In a model of linear coupling that is fundamentally not amenable to horizontal configuration, it is important to have a vertical dimension, which creates Homo Metafisicus as a person who asks essential questions.
Semiological Interpretation of the Electroacoustic Music Phenomenon
Authors: Salynas Marius
Published: December 2021

As evolving technologies become more massive and more easily accessible to virtually every user, as the speed of the global Internet grows faster and more, the composer’s relationship with these capabilities takes on new meanings. It was not so much the issues of accessibility and quantity that became relevant, but rather the issues of quality, artistic value, and the uniqueness of creation. This article attempts to review the principles of composing electroacoustic music based on semiological theory. Music, as a message, passes through the various stages of creation, transforming the consciousness of both its sender and receiver. It is important to capture, highlight and define these processes. The identification of oneself as a creator and a clear, unambiguous perception of one’s work provides a clear ideological and esthetic basis for new means of composition. Electroacoustic music opens the way to hear any possible sounds, infinity of sounds — from realistic to surreal. The listener’s traditional connection to physical sound is often severed: electroacoustic sound forms and qualities usually do not reveal the original sound source and cause. Composers face the dilemma of how to ground a new esthetic field in the wide-open world of sounds, how to develop more clearly defined methods of sound creation, how to understand and explain electroacoustic music.
Sonoric as a Compositional Technique the Attempt of Critical Analysis
Authors: Tukova Iryna
Published: December 2021

Relevance of the study. Sonoric is a widespread definition in Post-Soviet countries musicology. However, it is the only one in the system of contemporary compositional techniques that does not have English analogue. This fact conditioned to a number of questions related to this technique: what English terminology should be used as an analogue of sonoric or sonoristic? Why is there no such compositional technique as sonoric in European (with the exception of Poland) and American musicology? Is sonoric a compositional technique? The actualization of these issues makes it possible to solve both terminological problems and partially approach to the creation of a complete theory of contemporary composition techniques.

The purpose of the study is to attempt to identify the structural core of sonoric as a compositional technique, the parameter (or parameters) of tone or noise material, for which organization it is responsible.

Methods. This article is based on the method of systemic analysis of phenomena, general methods of theoretical research (analysis of a term, its semantic boundaries, correlation with other concepts), as well as specific musicological methods of a musical text analyzing.

The results and conclusions. The authors of the theory of the sonoric compositional technique (Yu. Kholopov and A. Maklygin) suggest its use both in a general (a certain quality of concords) and in a narrow sense (a compositional technique that operates with timbre mass). In the process of a critical analysis of the concept of sonoric, it was noted that there are no precise criteria for distinguishing between the sound phenomena described by sonoric. Its methodological underpinning is based more on the elements of psychoacoustics and the theory of perception (without the direct use of the methods of these sciences) than on the theory of music. This thesis is proved by comparing the concepts of sonorically colored harmony and sonoric harmony. Postulating a reliance on synesthesia, the sonoric proposes to use a set of subjective associations to describe a sound phenomenon, relying on imaginative rather than technological characteristics. The analysis of sonoric texture types showed that point, line, spot, stripe, etc. are not original ways of tone and noise sounds organization, but are based on various combinations of pointillistic, cluster, polyphonic, micropolyphonic tools. Based on this conclusion, the idea that sonoric formations are not technically unique is formed. Such sonoric texture types are created by using a certain set of methods typical for various compositional techniques.
Faktor Yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Anemia Pada Petani Sayur
Authors: Ropen Ropen , Sugiarto Sugiarto
Published: December 2021

Anemia merupakan salah satu efek kronis akibat keracunan pestisida. Petani berisiko mengalami anemia disebabkan untuk melindungi tanaman petani tersebut menggunakan pestisida. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia pada petani sayur. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional. Sampel penelitian adalah petani sayur yang melakukan penyemprotan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Paal Merah I sebanyak 44 orang. Sampel diambil dengan teknik total sampling. Instrumen penelitian adalah kuesioner, pedoman observasi, hemometer digital. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan melakukan wawancara dan pemeriksaan kadar hemoglobin. Data dianalsis menggunakan uji statistik chi-square. Sebanyak 40,9% responden mengalami anemia, 54,5% responden memiliki masa kerja kategori lama, 20,5% responden melakukan penyemprotan dengan teknik kurang baik dan 36,4% responden kurang baik dalam penggunaan APD. Ada hubungan antara masa kerja (p=0,023) dan penggunaan APD (p=0,012) dengan kejadian anemia pada petani yang melakukan penyemprotan. Tidak ada hubungan teknik penyemprotan (p=0,534) dengan kejadian anemia pada petani yang melakukan penyemprotan. Tekanan darah pada petani sayur berhubungan dengan masa kerja dan penggunaan APD
Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kadar Hemoglobin Pada Petani Bawang Merah
Authors: Susilowati Devi Ayu , Muzayanah Siti
Published: December 2021

Abstract

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Activities in the agricultural sector cannot be separated from the use of pesticides to prevent agricultural products from pests. The use of pesticides that are at risk can cause abnormalities in the blood profile. This study aims to determine the factors associated with hemoglobin levels in farmers exposed to pesticides in Tegalglagah Village, Brebes Regency. This study used a cross sectional design. Sampling with a total sampling of 42 people, venous blood sampling to determine the hemoglobn level of respondents using the Cyanmethemoglobin method. The results showed that most of the respondents who were exposed to pesticides were normal (52.38%), most of the respondents smoked while spraying pesticides (73.80%), most of them used Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) while spraying (52.38%) ), and most of them sprayed <4 hours per day (59.52%), the factors related to hemoglobin levels were the use of PPE when spraying with a p-value of 0.013 and length of work per day with a p-value of 0.032. It was concluded that the use of PPE when spraying and the length of work per day were related to hemoglobin levels.

Keywords: Farmer spraying, pesticides, hemoglobin levels.