bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
28.5: Research and Realization of Picture Quality Calibration Technology in Monitor System
Authors: Wang Xian , Rao Tianmin , Lin Yilin , Duan Ran , Geng Lihua , Ma Xitong
Published: August 2021

Picture quality calibration technology plays an important role in the display system. The focus of the radio and television system is to obtain the best visual experience, and many of them include beautifying images and pleasing the audience. And the focus of the professional monitor system is to restore the live effects of the camera and other film sources to the greatest extent. This paper introduces the image quality calibration technology in the monitor system, mainly around the color temperature, gamma and color gamut calibration technology, and realizes the automatic calibration process. This method has been successfully applied to the image quality calibration work of monitor products. It liberates human resources, significantly improves the efficiency of R&D and testing of monitor products, and greatly promotes the mass production of monitor products.
41.3: A New Inspection and Review Solution with EFIB Accelerating the Yield Ramp of Display Panel Manufacturing
Authors: Peng Pai , Meng Lin , Li Lingjia , Geng Tao , Mei Xiaohan , Knaub Nikolai , Shen Lei , Li Xiao , Wu Chengye
Published: August 2021

A new inspection and review solution has been introduced with the adoption of display industry's first inline EFIB (Electron Beam Review — Focused Ion Beam) system. Combined with AOI (auto optical inspection), Array tester and repair system, it provides critical information for failure analysis in a timely and cost‐effective manner. It has the capabilities of performing in‐depth and reliable failure analysis in active area, GOA (gate on array) and fanout area. In this paper, we present a number of EFIB applications during the yield ramp phase, demonstrating the value of this new solution in accelerating the yield ramp up process.
51.1: Invited Paper: Stable Full Color Perovskite Nanocrystals for Display Application
Authors: Xu Shu
Published: August 2021

Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) are emerging luminescent materials that are promisingfor display application owing to their excellent optical properties and easy processing. However, it is still challenging to achieve high stability for PNCs in lighting emitting devices because of their high sensitivity to air, heat and moisture. Here we summary the recent developments in making highly efficient and stable PNCs‐polymer nanocomposite by the strategies of in‐situ surface reaction and initiator‐free polymerization. We show the PNCs that are surface capped with more‐covalent ligands and robust polymer shell present extraordinary stability in the conditions of air, light, moisture, and polar solvents. The applications of the polymer composite in LED device fabrication and micro/nano manufacturing are discussed. Finally, the color performance of the nanocomposites is summarized with a prospect for nano/micro‐LED display applications.
52.4: Properties of High Bonding Force Ultra‐Violet Induced Debonding Adhesives Film and Application on Process of Flexible AMOLED Modules Lamination
Authors: Huang Walter , Lin Yu-Chen , Feng Chao
Published: August 2021

Flexible active‐matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) displays are adopted by smart phones which will soon be expanded in applications in the next few years. Displays with curved surfaces on both sides or surround designs have gradually become mainstream and are widely used in the terminal consumer market. For the purpose to respond to the design of curved surfaces on both sides of the mobile phone display mode, when the flexible AMOLED display is assembled, the display areas on both sides need to be temporarily bent and fixed. Due to the limitation of the mobile phone mechanism exterior design, the temporary bonding of the bent areas on both sides is required. Use ultra‐violet (UV) induced debonding adhesives film with higher bonding force for temporary bonding, however the present mainstream UV induced debonding adhesives film from Japan and South Korea mostly only has an adhesive force before UV irradiation below 2,400 gf/25mm, for the bonding areas on both sides of the shorter and longer sides, Insufficient adhesion and bonding failure often occur, resulting in low yield problems. The R&D team of Anhui Film Tech Materials proposed a new high‐polymer recipe of high‐peeling force UV induced debonding adhesives, which has increased the adhesion by 50% compared with the present products which arefrom Japan and South Korea, and it has increased the adhesion by 100% compared with traditional materials. When the adhesion is improved, the stability of the material specifications over time is also ensured, and superior antistatic ability is maintained at the same time.
52.5: Influence of magnet deflection on after value and shadow in OLED coating
Authors: Wenyue Fu , Haoran Gao , Guangcai Yuan
Published: August 2021

In the process of OLED device coating, alignment accuracy is an important factor to determine the resolution and yield of OLED panel. In the process of OLED device, after value is used to indicate the alignment deviation of substrate and mask before and after coating. Therefore, after value is commonly used to indicate the reliability of alignment accuracy in the industry. Among the factors that affect the after value, the magnet's attraction to the block is the most important, and the deflection of magnets with different support structures is very different, which directly leads to the influence of different magnet support structures on the after value. Therefore, this paper analyzes the magnets with different support structures, and verifes them with experiments, and finally obtains the influence trend relationship of magnet support structures on the after value.

In addition, the deflection of the magnet also affects the size of the shadow area to a great extent. The influence of the magnet on the after value and shadow is analyzed below.
53.2: Fabrication and Characterization of InGaN‐GaN MQWs Micro‐LEDs with Optimized Morphology and array structure
Authors: Huang Wen-Jun , Yang Hang , Liu Zhaojun
Published: August 2021

Single individual and array matrix Micro‐LED were designed and fabricated with size from 6um to 100um We investigated the effects of current density on the performance of color shift and evaluate our device stability and uniformity. Meanwhile, we measured the device leakage current less than 10−12A and calculated the ideal factor, which are between 1.8 and 2.0. We also compared with different etching power (high power and low power) on Micro‐LEDs’ sidewall morphology and current‐voltage performance.
P‐1.12: Effects of Gate Voltage Pulse Width and Amplitude on Eliminating Persistent Photoconductivity in Amorphous InZnO TFTs
Authors: Fan Changhui , Xin Yu , Qin Ludong , Zhou Xiaoliang , Zhang Shengdong
Published: August 2021

The effects of gate voltage pulses with different widths and amplitudes on eliminating persistent photoconductivity (PPC) after light illumination in a‐InZnO thin film transistors are investigated. By applying a −10 V gate voltage pulse with a duration of 0.5 s and a 5 V gate voltage pulse with a duration of 1 µs still can well eliminate the PPC. By analyzing the changes of energy band diagrams near the gate side after illumination when applying the gate voltage pulse, an explanation of the physical mechanism on eliminating PPC is proposed.
P‐4.12: Research on Mobile High Frequency Technology Charging Rate
Authors: Ai-yu Ding , Hong Liu , Wei Li , Jian Sun , Jing-Yi Xu , Jian-Yun Xie
Published: August 2021

As Mobile's refresh rate continues to increase, so do the technical difficulties associated with high refresh rates, one of the most important parameters affecting refresh rates is the charging rate. The increase in refresh rate (frame) will lead to a reduction in charging time and a decrease in the charging rate of pixels, resulting in graphics that ultimately do not achieve the desired display effect; in addition, the increase in refresh rate will also bring about problems such as increased VCOM coupling, which will affect the end‐use experience of the product.

The article introduces three options to improve the charging rate from the design and process perspective: 1) increase the gate drive circuit unit (GOA) to enhance the driving capability of the pixel TFT gate and improve the charging rate; 2) increase the W/L and gate drive voltage values of the TFT tube in the panel to increase the open state current according to the calculation formula of the TFT tube open state current; 3) use metal materials with lower square resistance 3) Use metal materials with lower square resistance to reduce the wire resistance and improve the efficiency of signal transmission. At the same time, the thickness of the insulation layer between the Common electrode and the Pixel electrode is increased to reduce the capacitance of the pixel capacitor (Cst), which effectively reduces the coupling value and improves the VCOM coupling. After the above theoretical model calculations and the verification of the introduction of actual products show that each improvement scheme can effectively improve the charging rate of high frequency displays and break through the high frequency technology barrier. The results of this paper also provide an important reference value for the design and production of high refresh rate screens in the future.
P‐4.14: Viewing zones of Lenticular‐Auto‐stereoscopic 3D system
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Chu Minglei , Sun Yan , Shi Tiankuo , Peng Xiangjun , Hou Yifan , Ji Zhihua , Sun Wei , Duan Xin , Dong Xue
Published: August 2021

In this paper, the geometric model of the viewing zone is established and the factors that influence the distribution of the viewing zone are analyzed. For the first time, the impact of input image of display panel is considered. Through simulation, not only the best viewing distance and the distance between adjacent viewpoints can be obtained, but also the change of the viewing zone with the input image can be obtained. The geometric model makes the calculation of the view zone and the design layout more accurate and simple.
P‐6.11: ESD Related Defects Analysis and Improvement Design Solution in TFT‐LCD Array Process
Authors: Chen Luqin , Zheng Huijie , Tang Bo , Guo Chunxi , Shen Wendong , Chen Xiangcao , Lu Ting , Li Ting , Zhang Xiaona , Zhang Jingsi , Jiang Wei , Yan Maocheng
Published: August 2021

In this paper, the question of point defects caused by ESD (electrostatic discharge) is analyzed, and the method of reducing ESD risk is proved via unconventional pixel ITO (indium tin oxide) design. Through the analysis of the actual verification results, it is found that the phenomenon of ESD occurs between the dry etching of the channel and the SiNx (silicon nitride) film formation of passivation. The results also show that the occurrence of ESD point defects is related to product design. Compared with the products designed based on metal com and mid com, the products designed based on top com are more prone to ESD point defects. The ESD defect ratio increases with the increase of pixel ITO area in the top com and mid com products. In order to reduce the ESD defect ratio, the pixel ITO of top com products can be designed to partially cover the gate line, which refers to the design of metal com. In the experiment, the ESD defect ratio of 7‐inch top com product with the unconventional ITO design is reduced from 1.59% to 0. The results fully demonstrate that unconventional pixel ITO design can be applied to the actual product to reduce the ESD risk during the array process.
P‐7.2: Study on the gray‐scale flicker mechanism and improvement methods of LTPS ADS products
Authors: Qiu Yadong , Wang Zhiqiang , Feng Xiaoqing , Tang Wulijibaier , Xie Jianyun
Published: August 2021

In this paper, the Gray 127 jitter mechanism and improvement method are researched after electrostatic accumulation of advanced super‐dimension switch (ADS) mode products of low‐temperature poly‐silicon (LTPS) based on the flexural electrical effect. Firstly, the Gary 127 jitter mechanism of module in FOG state is explored through the abnormally powering down to accumulate electrostatic. Then, the mechanism of Flicker pattern drift and Gary jitter is further explained after the static electricity is eliminated through heating and standing. Finally, the jitter of Gary 127 is improved by adjusting the dose of Vth doping. The test results show that the degree of the Panel Gary 127 jitter is affected by the value of pixel CST capacitance after the CELL ET is powered down abnormally. At the same time, the degree of gray‐scale jitter is weakened but can not be completely eliminated after the panel is standing under the normal temperature for 48h. With the high temperature of 80 °C aging 1H, the gray‐scale jitter can be significantly reduced. However, at this time, flicker pattern has serious drift phenomenon. Finally, the influence of changing the dose of Vth doping on the degree of the Panel Gary 127 jitter is verified under the condition of CST unchanged. The results show that the degree of the Panel Gary 127 jitter can be substantially weaken by decreasing the dose of Vth less than 5E12(ions/cm2). According to the above verification, it can be concluded that ADS mode product of LTPS is prone to gray 127 jitter on the state of abnormally powering down. And this phenomenon can be weaken through standing and heating for a while. More specifically, static electricity can be released by decreasing the value of CST capacitance and the dose of Vth doping.
P‐8.1: Unequal brightness gain between LCM and BLU based on Advanced Polarizer Film and BLU films cooperation
Authors: Luo Zhang , Xiaoping Zhang , Yangli Zheng , Jian Ren , Site Cai , Hao Wu , Hailin Xue
Published: August 2021

Unequal brightness gain between LCM (Liquid Crystal Module) and BLU (Back Light Unit) in LCDs(Liquid Crystal Display) is described when APF(Advanced Polarizer Film) film is applied. The loss of light in multiple reflections between APF and reflector leads to the unequal brightness gain. APF cooperates with higher r parameter films in BLU will give more rise to brightness improvement of LCDs.
P‐8.5: A Visual Display System for Automobile A‐pillars Blind Area Visualization
Authors: XUE Yachong , CHU Minglei , XUE Yachong , ZHANG Hao , CHEN Lili , SUN Jiankang , ZHANG Menglei
Published: August 2021

For safety reasons, the current car's A‐pillars are generally designed to be relatively wide, causing a large visual blind area and resulting in a great safety hazard in driving process[1]. This paper presents a visual display system for the A‐pillar to eliminate the blind area, which combines face detection, pupil detection, gaze calculation and image extraction module, and achieves displaying effect of scene moving with people and seamless splicing. Only the head position is calculated in traditional methods because the head position cannot represent the gaze direction, causing a large spliced error. In this paper, when calculating the spliced image, gaze calculation algorithm is added to the visual system, which greatly improves the calculation accuracy of the spliced image, reaching 1.6°, and improves final splicing performance.
P‐8.6: The Brief Trends Analysis of Gaming Display Device
Authors: Sha LIU , Shi-qing MA , Dan WANG , Yun QIU , Xiao SUN , Ping-qi ZHANG
Published: August 2021

Throughout the development of games, from the FC (family computer) to console games, PC games and mobile games, etc, the whole evolution history has accompanied and benefited from the breakthrough and development of basic technologies such as system software/hardware, content creation and network communication. As one of the key terminal hardware in the industry chain, gaming display product shoulders the responsibility of presenting perfect visual information for all game players. This paper mainly focuses the gaming display based on PC game scenarios, which has shown the trend of diminishing refresh rate Marginal Diminishing Effect, and gives an insight into the next innovative development opportunity — High Display Quality. And then, taking the data volume as the main line, we analyze the increase of the data volume when the refresh rate and resolution improvement and review the feasibility of the core links such as processing unit, transmission,memory and display, facing the inevitable technical challenge of gaming display in the near future of High Display Quality.
P‐8.12: One‐way Observable Floating Image Display for Aero Signage Using Micro Optical Prisms Which Enable to Make Transparent View from Back Side
Authors: Sakamoto Kunio , Sakata Ryo
Published: August 2021

Suppose that you look Arabic numerals on transparent glass windows or in the air. Which does it mean ‘85’ or ‘28’? You end up watching the mirrored images when you view from back side. This paper shows a one‐way observable display for aero signage whose images are floating in the air. To solve mirrored image problems of an aero signage, the authors have utilized dye‐doped prisms and total internal reflection in optics. You know that water is generally clear and transparent but the water in a bath tub is little blue. The color changes depending on the depth of water. The deeper, the darker water becomes blue. This is the reason why some color is generated in the dye‐doped material. The authors put the letterings made by intaglio printings for arranging dye‐doped tiny prisms on a glass window. You can watch these colored letterforms from front and transparent pixels from back. Moreover the authors discuss a one‐way observable edgeilluminated window signage display which enables us to observe light emitting signs in the dark night without requiring external illuminating lights.
P‐12.2: Study of LCOS Assembly Process
Authors: Li Aiyuan , Wang Qiusheng , Zou Zhiming , Xiong Peicheng , Wu Zirong , Huang Xingchen , Hong Junbin , Chen Wenjian
Published: August 2021

In this report we present our study on the assembly process of both the 8 inches substrate assembling as well as the single LCOS module. After the process parameter optimization, 6 um±0.3 um thickness variation were obtained for the 8 inches substrate which is suitable for the WSS based application. Assembly process of single LCOS with 5.8±0.1 um thickness was finally obtained with the optimized process.
P‐12.9: Dye‐Doped Nematic Liquid Crystal for Smart Windows
Authors: Wu Wei , Sun Gang , Wu Lidong , Fan Chengshi
Published: August 2021

Dye‐doped nematic liquid crystal mixtures (DNLC) were prepared by mixing positive dichroic dye into our novel designed negative liquid crystals. Furthermore, the optical transmittance of their devices was investigated, with the concentration increasing of dichroic dye from 0.8wt% to 6.5wt%, the transmittance of both ON/OFF states decreases simultaneously and the contrast ratio goes up from 1.5 to 8.5 gradually. It is noted that when the dichroic dye is used at the concentration of 4.5wt% in DNLC, the dimming range is able to reach a high value up to 46.6%. Besides, owning to the low flow viscosity design of DNLC mixture, the devices are possible to be prepared easily by ODF process. For dimmer application, the low energy consumption is important and attractive, the DNLC with high dielectric constant makes the devices work at low voltage, the usable dimming can be driven even from 4V, besides the devices present low haze level. Moreover, the DNLC devices have fast response time under 200ms, and good low temperature storage properties at ‐ 40°C for 240hr. It is worth emphasizing here, there are two points of technology innovation for our reported DNLC devices. One is that the dimming range have an increase to 46.6% in comparison with 35−40% of our previous results. The other is that reliabilities are promoted because of the novel‐designed DNLC mixture. We expect our DNLC as smart windows could be applied in high‐speed train, automobile, airplane, buildings and so on in the close future widely.
P‐13.7: Tuning the Inorganic‐Organic Property of Silicon Nitride for the Encapsulation of OLED devices
Authors: Miao Yang , Du Yanying , Qian Jiajia , Li Jinchuan , Cao Weiran
Published: August 2021

Employing the inorganic‐organic multi‐layer thin film encapsulation (TFE) was an efficient way to retard the water permeation to OLEDs and enhance the life time of OLED devices. In this study, a novel SiNy film with kind of organic property was developed by adjusting the deposition condition of plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), and the SiNy was used as the buffer layer for the fabrication of multi‐layer TFE. Compared to the normally inorganic SiNx, the buffer SiNy possessed more chemical bonds in chain, which endowed the SiNy with low stress and coverage ability. Subsequently, the buffer SiNy was employed in the encapsulation of OLEDs, and the RA test showed the SiNy buffer could efficiently prolong the lifetime of OLEDs.
P‐16.16: Study on product adhesion characteristic of OGM
Authors: Qi-di Wu , Le Li , Bi-sheng Li , Wen-jin Fan , Zong-jie Guo , Jia-wei Xu , Bao-ran Li , Zhao Dong , Zhi Zhang
Published: August 2021

This article in view of the OGM adhesion faqs, Metal Peeling, open channel and so on, to explore the influence factors of adhesion, designed to improve adhesion of the metal. Through different process and different lamination process validation, design verification plan.Starting from the basic theory of adhesion, combined with the actual production process, analysis may affect the product adhesion factor: OC pickling, black Decap, fluctuation, slow down and washing, NO Mask STRIP OC0.Top Mo thinning, skip Anneal, OC, RM herculean task, SION, OC migration, etc.Comparing different Metal material, lamination, the panel position design verification. Through the adhesion test, process validation concluded that the relevant impact factors in actual production, OC pickling, alloy product USES cancel Metal2 black bottom, design verification of pure aluminium products go line area adopts GND excavated W/S below 15/15, BD area adopts single layer Metal line design.In this paper, the result is mainly used in Touch.
P‐17.6: The Solutions of Improving Brightness for HUD with non‐color Filter LCD
Authors: Jie Yu , Peng-tao Li , Chun-hua Wang , Wei-ning Chi , Tie-lei Zhao , Feng-ping Wang , Rui Han , Qing Ma , Yoon Dk
Published: August 2021

This paper discusses the solution of improving the brightness of HUD. By using non‐color filter LCD can improve the transmission rate. At the same time, with the collimating backlight, the BLU outputs R/G/B picture to achieve high brightness HUD.
Covalently Linked Polymer/Inorganic Hybrid Electrolyte with Ionic Liquid for Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Song Yaduo , Jiang Yanxin , Hu QingQing , Deng Longjiang , Yang Guang
Published: August 2021

In this work, a type of polymer/inorganic hybrid electrolytes (PIHEs) containing imidazolium‐based ionic liquids (ILs) was prepared through polyaddition method. The obtained hybrid electrolytes possess excellent thermal stability (>240 °C), low glass transmission temperature (−46.8 °C) accompanied by good lithium ion transference number (tLi+=0.35). The interaction of Li+ ion with the HEs has been verified by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) tests. Furthermore, high ion conductivity (σ) of 0.97×10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C was found for this type of PIHEs. At the same time, stable and reversible lithium deposition and dissolution process mediated by the synthesized PIHEs was confirmed by galvanostatic plating/stripping cyclic measurements which reflected its excellent electrochemical stability. This work provides a facile way to construct PIHEs with covalent linkage and decent properties for lithium metal batteries.
Effects of Perilla frutescens var. crispa herb extract, the essential oil perillaldehyde, and the caffeetannin rosmarinic acid on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility in mice
Authors: Kimura Yoshiyuki , Taniguchi Masahiko
Published: August 2021

Aim

Recently, it has been reported that functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, or functional constipation, affect up to 40% of the general people with two‐thirds exhibiting chronic fluctuating symptoms. The Perilla frutescens var. crispa herb is used to treat gastrointestinal diseases in Japan.

Methods

The present study examined the effects of P. frutescens var. crispa herb extract and its two major components, rosmarinic acid and perillaldehyde, on gastric emptying and small‐intestinal motility in atropine‐, dopamine‐, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)‐, and 5‐HT3 receptor agonist‐treated mice.

Results

Perilla herb extract and rosmarinic acid attenuated the atropine‐ and dopamine‐induced inhibition of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility, while rosmarinic acid did not affect 5‐HT‐induced inhibition. Perillaldehyde ameliorated the 5‐HT‐ and 5‐HT3 receptor agonist‐induced suppression of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility. Collectively, these results suggest that gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility were stimulated by rosmarinic acid in Perilla herb extract through the inhibition of dopamine D2 receptors. In HPLC analysis, the amount of perillaldehyde contained in Perilla herb extract is very small; therefore, we think that perillaldehyde does not contribute to gastrointestinal motility in this extract.

Conclusion

In this study, rosmarinic acid in Perilla herb may be effective for functional dyspepsia.
Charming ALPs
Authors: Carmona Adrian , Scherb Christiane , Schwaller Pedro
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Axion-like particles (ALPs) are ubiquitous in models of new physics explaining some of the most pressing puzzles of the Standard Model. However, until relatively recently, little attention has been paid to its interplay with flavour. In this work, we study in detail the phenomenology of ALPs that exclusively interact with up-type quarks at the tree-level, which arise in some well-motivated ultra-violet completions such as QCD-like dark sectors or Froggatt-Nielsen type models of flavour. Our study is performed in the low-energy effective theory to highlight the key features of these scenarios in a model independent way. We derive all the existing constraints on these models and demonstrate how upcoming experiments at fixed-target facilities and the LHC can probe regions of the parameter space which are currently not excluded by cosmological and astrophysical bounds. We also emphasize how a future measurement of the currently unavailable meson decay D → π + invisible could complement these upcoming searches.
Supersymmetry and superstrata in three dimensions
Authors: Houppe Anthony , Warner Nicholas P.
Published: August 2021

Abstract

We analyze the supersymmetry transformations of gauged SO(4) supergravity coupled to extra hypermultiplets in three dimensions, and find large families of smooth BPS solutions that preserve four supersymmetries. These BPS solutions are part of the consistent truncation of some families of six-dimensional superstrata. From the three-dimensional perspective, these solutions give rise to “smoothly-capped BTZ” geometries. We show how the twisting of the spin connection, the holomorphy of the fields, and the Chern-Simons connections all play an essential role in the existence of these supersymmetric solutions. This paper also closes the circle on the consistent truncation of superstrata, showing precisely how every feature of the superstratum enters into the three-dimensional BPS structure.
Subsystem complexity after a local quantum quench
Authors: Di Giulio Giuseppe , Tonni Erik
Published: August 2021

Abstract

We study the temporal evolution of the circuit complexity after the local quench where two harmonic chains are suddenly joined, choosing the initial state as the reference state. We discuss numerical results for the complexity for the entire chain and the subsystem complexity for a block of consecutive sites, obtained by exploiting the Fisher information geometry of the covariance matrices. The qualitative behaviour of the temporal evolutions of the subsystem complexity depends on whether the joining point is inside the subsystem. The revivals and a logarithmic growth observed during these temporal evolutions are discussed. When the joining point is outside the subsystem, the temporal evolutions of the subsystem complexity and of the corresponding entanglement entropy are qualitatively similar.
A basis of analytic functionals for CFTs in general dimension
Authors: Mazáč Dalimil , Rastelli Leonardo , Zhou Xinan
Published: August 2021

Abstract

We develop an analytic approach to the four-point crossing equation in CFT, for general spacetime dimension. In a unitary CFT, the crossing equation (for, say, the s- and t-channel expansions) can be thought of as a vector equation in an infinite-dimensional space of complex analytic functions in two variables, which satisfy a boundedness condition at infinity. We identify a useful basis for this space of functions, consisting of the set of s- and t-channel conformal blocks of double-twist operators in mean field theory. We describe two independent algorithms to construct the dual basis of linear functionals, and work out explicitly many examples. Our basis of functionals appears to be closely related to the CFT dispersion relation recently derived by Carmi and Caron-Huot.
Short- and long-term outcome of patients with spontaneous echo contrast or thrombus in the left atrial appendage in the era of the direct acting anticoagulants
Authors: Backhaus Julian Felix , Pflaumbaum Andreas , Krogias Christos , Kreimer Fabienne , Mügge Andreas , Gold Ralf , Gotzmann Michael
Published: August 2021

Background

Thrombi and spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) in the left atrial appendage (LAA) are associated with thromboembolic events and poor prognosis. There are very few data on long-term outcome, especially with the use of direct acting anticoagulants (DOAC).

Methods

In this retrospective study, all transoesophageal echocardiographies performed at a tertiary care university hospital from 2015 to 2020 were analyzed. All patients with thrombus or SEC in the LAA were included. Medical history, laboratory, echocardiographic parameters and medication at discharge were documented. The primary endpoint of the study was a composite endpoint (all-cause mortality, non-fatal stroke or transient ischaemic attack [TIA], non-fatal systemic embolization, non-fatal major bleeding and non-fatal myocardial infarction).

Results

Of a total of 4062 transoesophageal echocardiographies, thrombi were detected in 51 patients (1.2%) and SEC in 251 patients (6.2%). These patients formed the final study cohort (n = 302). During a mean follow-up period of 956 ± 663 days, 87 patients (29%) suffered the primary point. The following baseline characteristics predicted the primary endpoint: age, haemoglobin, a previous coronary artery bypass grafting, dialysis and choice of anticoagulation. Prescription of apixaban at discharge was associated with lower rate of adverse events (hazard ratio 0.564, confidence interval 0.331–0.960; p = 0.035) while prescription of dabigatran was associated with higher rate of adverse events (hazard ratio 3.091, confidence interval 1.506–6.347; p = 0.002).

Conclusion

Even in the DOAC era, the occurrence of thrombus or SEC in the LAA is associated with a high rate of MACCE. Our study suggests that the choice of DOAC therapy may have an impact on long-term survival.

Graphic abstract
Distribution of H$$^\upbeta$$ Hyperfine Couplings in a Tyrosyl Radical Revealed by 263 GHz ENDOR Spectroscopy
Authors: Hiller M. , Tkach I. , Wiechers H. , Eltzner B. , Huckemann S. , Pokern Y. , Bennati M.
Published: August 2021

$$^1$$1H ENDOR spectra of tyrosyl radicals (Y$$^\bullet$$∙) have been the subject of numerous EPR spectroscopic studies due to their importance in biology. Nevertheless, assignment of all internal$$^1$$1H hyperfine couplings has been challenging because of substantial spectral overlap. Recently, using 263 GHz ENDOR in conjunction with statistical analysis, we could identify the signature of the H$$^{\upbeta _2}$$β2coupling in the essential Y$$_{122}$$122radical ofEscherichia coliribonucleotide reductase, and modeled it with a distribution of radical conformations. Here, we demonstrate that this analysis can be extended to the full-width$$^1$$1H ENDOR spectra that contain the larger H$$^{\upbeta _1}$$β1coupling. The H$$^{\upbeta _2}$$β2and H$$^{\upbeta _1}$$β1couplings are related to each other through the ring dihedral and report on the amino acid conformation. The 263 GHz ENDOR data, acquired in batches instead of averaging, and data processing by a new “drift model” allow reconstructing the ENDOR spectra with statistically meaningful confidence intervals and separating them from baseline distortions. Spectral simulations using a distribution of ring dihedral angles confirm the presence of a conformational distribution, consistent with the previous analysis of the H$$^{\upbeta _2}$$β2coupling. The analysis was corroborated by 94 GHz$$^2$$2H ENDOR of deuterated Y$$_{122}^\bullet$$122∙. These studies provide a starting point to investigate low populated states of tyrosyl radicals in greater detail.
Socioeconomic influence on treatment and outcome of patients with oral cancer in Germany
Authors: Klingelhöffer Christoph , Obst Annegret , Meier Johannes K. , Reichert Torsten E. , Ettl Tobias , Mueller Steffen
Published: August 2021

Purpose

To illustrate the influence of different socioeconomic factors on the treatment and outcome of patients in Germany with oral cancer.

Methods

In this retrospective single-center study, 400 patients of our department of oral and maxillofacial surgery with primary cases of oral cancer were included. Preoperative diagnostics, occupational groups, and marital and health insurance status were evaluated. Overall and disease-specific survival were analyzed. Occupations were distinguished in 5 groups (unemployed, physically light workers, physically hard worker, university graduate, and freelancer). Data were adjusted to covariables like tumor size, positive lymph nodes, age, alcohol, or tobacco abuse.

Results

There was no differences between private and statutory insured patients concerning overall (p = 0.858) or disease-specific survival (p = 0.431). Private insured patients received more preoperative PET-CT (p = 0.046) and had a better dental status (p = 0.006). The occupational groups showed also no differences in survival (p = 0.963). The hospitalization of freelancers was in average 2 days shorter. Physically hard workers were diagnosed with bigger tumors (p = 0.018) and consumed more tobacco and alcohol. The 5-year survival rate of married patients was approximately 20% points better than not married patients, without showing a significant difference over the entire observation time (p = 0.084).

Conclusion

In our cohort, socioeconomic factors have just a limited influence on the survival or treatment of patients with oral cancer. A sufficient statutory health insurance system is a reasonable explanation for this.
Extracellular Microvesicles Released From Brain Endothelial Cells are Detected in Animal Models Of HIV-1 Signifying Unresolved Inflammation
Authors: Ramirez Servio H. , Buzhdygan Tetyana P. , Hale Jonathan F. , Cheng Liang , Li Guangming , Hoover-Hankerson Bryson , Razmpour Roshanak , Sriram Uma , Su Lishan , Potula Raghava , Andrews Allison M.
Published: August 2021

Treatment of HIV-infected patients with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has effectively suppressed viral replication; however, the central nervous system is still a major target and reservoir of the virus leading to the possible development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Furthermore, a hallmark feature of HAND is the disruption of the blood–brain barrier that leads to loss of tight junction protein (TJP) complexes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by every cell type in the body, occur in greater quantities in response to cellular activation or injury. We have found that inflammatory insults activate brain endothelial cells (EC) and induce the release of EVs containing TJPs such as Occludin. We thus hypothesized that HIV infection and unresolved neuroinflammation will result in the release of brain-EC derived EVs. Herein, our results show elevated levels of brain-EC EVs in a humanized mouse model of HIV infection. Furthermore, while ART reduced brain-EC EVs, it was unable to completely resolve increased vesicles detectable in the blood. In addition to inflammatory insults, HIV-1 viral proteins (Tat and gp120) increased the release of Occludin + vesicles from human brain microvasculature ECs. This increase in vesicle release could be prevented by knock-down of the small GTPase ARF6. ARF6 has been shown to regulate EV biogenesis in other cell types, and we provide further evidence for the involvement of ARF6 in brain EC derived EVs. Overall, this study offers insight into the process of brain vascular remodeling (via EVs) in the setting of neuroinflammation and thus provides possibilities for biomarker monitoring and targeting of ARF6.

Graphical abstract
Über den Prozess der Legitimierung
Authors: Bonus Stefanie , Cano Marcela , Wenzler Nils
Published: August 2021

Der Beitrag greift auf Forschungsergebnisse zurück, die im Rahmen der durch das BMBF geförderten Studie „Solidarisches Handeln in der Jugendverbandsarbeit und verbandlichen Selbstorganisation“ entstanden sind. Das Forschungsprojekt ist am Forschungsschwerpunkt Nonformale Bildung der TH Köln angesiedelt und fragt im Anschluss an gegenwärtige gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen danach, wie Solidarität in der Selbstorganisation junger Menschen und dem institutionalisierten System jugendpolitischer Interessenvertretung gedacht, begründet und praktisch umgesetzt wird.
Breast cancer patient-reported outcome of factors influencing cosmetic satisfaction after breast-conserving therapy
Authors: Brands-Appeldoorn A. T. P. M. , Maaskant-Braat A. J. G. , Janssen L. , van Osch L. A. D. M. , Tjan-Heijnen V. C. G. , Roumen R. M. H.
Published: August 2021

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate which factors patients considered to be important for determining the degree of cosmetic satisfaction with regards to perceived body image after previous breast-conserving therapy (BCT).

Methods

Outcomes considered relevant by the patients were first identified using interviews. A questionnaire based on this group input was then devised and added to the physician-based Sneeuw questionnaire. Next, a quantitative study using this questionnaire was conducted in Dutch patients treated at least 6 months earlier for (non-) invasive breast cancer by BCT. Exclusion criteria were: previous mastectomy or BCT of the contralateral breast, BCT with nipple resection, metastatic disease, local recurrence or (previous) plastic breast surgery. Descriptive statistics were used throughout.

Results

A total of 149 patients (aged 36–87 years) completed the questionnaire. From this focus group input, the top three factors in overall importance (important or very important) for satisfaction were: ‘wearability of bra’ (67%), ‘breast sensitivity’ (59%) and ‘asymmetry’ (51%). Younger patients (< 55 years) considered ‘breast size’ to be most important, whereas ‘wearability of bra’ was most frequently reported by older patients (> 55 years). Time since BCT did not significantly influence the rating of relevant factors.

Conclusion

Patients consider ‘wearability of bra’, ‘breast sensitivity’ and ‘asymmetry’ as the most important factors when assessing their satisfaction with regards to cosmetic outcome and body image. These factors should be addressed in routine clinical practice during (pre) counseling.
Body Image Problems in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Troncone Alda , Cascella Crescenzo , Chianese Antonietta , Zanfardino Angela , Borriello Anna , Iafusco Dario
Published: August 2021

Despite type 1 diabetes' (T1D) potential influence on adolescents' physical development, the occurrence of body image problems of adolescents with diabetes remains unclear. No research synthesis has yet addressed this issue. This study aims to systematically evaluate the empirical evidence concerning body image in individuals with T1D in order to provide an overview of the existing literature. Using PRISMA methodology, 51 relevant studies that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were found, the majority of them (N = 48) involving youth. The findings varied across studies: 17 studies indicated that in youth with T1D, body dissatisfaction was common and that body concerns were generally greater in youth with T1D than in controls; nine studies did not find any differences in body image problems between participants with and without T1D; three studies described higher body satisfaction in youth with diabetes than in controls; and three studies reported mixed results. Body concerns in individuals with T1D were often found to be associated with negative medical and psychological functioning. The variability and limits in assessment tools across studies, the overrepresentation of female subjects, and the fact that most research in this field is based on cross-sectional data are stressed in the interpretation of these mixed findings. Future research directions that could improve the understanding of body image concerns and clinical implications are discussed.
Three novel piperidones exhibit tumor-selective cytotoxicity on leukemia cells via protein degradation and stress-mediated mechanisms
Authors: Contreras Lisett , Medina Stephanie , Schiaffino Bustamante Austre Y. , Borrego Edgar A. , Valenzuela Carlos A. , Das Umashankar , Karki Subhas S. , Dimmock Jonathan R. , Aguilera Renato J.
Published: August 2021

Background

Cancer is an ongoing worldwide health problem. Although chemotherapy remains the mainstay therapy for cancer, it is not always effective and has detrimental side effects. Here, we present piperidone compounds P3, P4, and P5 that selectively target cancer cells via protein- and stress-mediated mechanisms.

Methods

We assessed typical apoptotic markers including phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation through flow cytometry. Then, specific markers of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis including the depolarization of the mitochondria and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated. Finally, we utilized western blot techniques, RT-qPCR, and observed the cell cycle profile after compound treatment to evaluate the possible behavior of these compounds as proteasome inhibitors. For statistical analyses, we employed the one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test.

Results

P3, P4, and P5 induce cytotoxic effects towards tumorigenic cells, as opposed to non-cancerous cells, at the low micromolar range. Compound treatment leads to the activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins and the pro-apoptotic protein Noxa, both typically observed after proteasome inhibition, occurs after P3, P4, and P5 treatment. The stress-related genes PMAIP1, ATF3, CHAC1, MYC, and HMOX-1 were differentially regulated to contribute to the cytotoxic activity of P3–P5. Finally, compound P5 causes cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase.

Conclusion

Taken together, compounds P3, P4, and P5 exhibit strong potential as anticancer drug candidates as shown by strong cytotoxic potential, activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, and show typical proteasome inhibitor characteristics.
The Effect of Parenting Programme on the Symptoms and the Family Functioning of Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Who Have Residual Symptoms Despite Medical Treatment
Authors: Turan Bahadir , Esin Ibrahim Selcuk , Dursun Onur Burak
Published: August 2021

This study aims to determine the effects of the Parents Plus Children's Programme (PPCP) on children's symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and on family functionality and parenting stress. The children in the study were aged 6–11 years, and they had been diagnosed with ADHD and had residual symptoms despite effective dosage and timing of their medication. Forty-six couples, who with their children met the eligibility criteria, were enrolled and randomly allocated to the PPCP or the control group. The intervention involved a 9-week, 2 h a week, parenting group exercise. Those in the PPCP group improved significantly more over time on Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised, Family Assessment Device, and Parent Stress Index than those in the control condition. The trial is the first clinical study involving the parents of children with ADHD that addresses residual symptoms and functional impairments that remain despite the administration of the maximum effective dose of pharmacological treatment.
The Case for Religious Constitutions: Comparative Constitutional Law among Buddhists and Other Religious Groups
Authors: Schonthal Benjamin
Published: August 2021

This article argues that there is body of governing laws appearing widely throughout the global history of religions that warrants classification as constitutions. Like national constitutions, these religious constitutions present themselves as a form of “higher law” that declare the identity of a given a community, organize its structures of governing power, define its foundational norms, and authorize further acts of rulemaking. In this article, I offer an overview of these texts across several traditions and a defense of their importance in the study of comparative constitutional law. I then draw on fieldwork from Sri Lanka to provide a firsthand account of what a modern religious constitution looks like and how it works to govern one of the country’s largest communities of Buddhist monks. I conclude by urging scholars to view religion and constitutional law not as opposing legal domains but, rather, as homologous forms of social ordering that draw upon similar concepts and logics to address common human dilemmas.
Corporate land acquisitions at the intersection of lineage and patronage networks in Cameroon
Authors: Ndi Frankline A. , Batterbury Simon , Wanki James Emmanuel
Published: August 2021

Despite the proliferation of literature on large-scale land acquisitions (LSLA) in Africa, few empirical studies exist on how patronage networks combine with socio-cultural stratification to determine the livelihood outcomes for African agrarian-based communities. This article draws from ethnographic research on Cameroon to contribute to bridging this gap. We argue that lineage and patronage considerations intersect to determine beneficiaries and losers during LSLA. Second, we show that LSLA tend to re-entrench existing inequalities in power relations that exist within communities in favour of people with traceable ancestral lineage. Concomitantly, non-indigenous groups especially migrants, bear the brunt of exclusion and are unfortunately exposed to severe livelihood stresses due to their inability to leverage patronage networks and political power to defend their interests. We submit that empirical examination of the impacts of land acquisitions should consider the centrality of power and patronage networks between indigenes and non-indigenes, and how this socio-cultural dichotomy restricts and/or mediates land acquisition outcomes in Cameroon.