bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wheat gibberellin oxidase genes and their functions in regulating tillering
Authors: Wang Ting , Li Junchang , Jiang Yumei , Zhang Jing , Ni Yongjing , Zhang Peipei , Yao Ziping , Jiao Zhixin , Li Huijuan , Li Lei , Niu Yufan , Li Qiaoyun , Yin Guihong , Niu Jishan
Published: September 2023

Multiple genetic factors control tillering, a key agronomy trait for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. Previously, we reported a dwarf-monoculm mutant (dmc) derived from wheat cultivar Guomai 301, and found that the contents of gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) in the tiller primordia of dmc were significantly higher. Transcriptome analysis indicated that some wheat gibberellin oxidase (TaGAox) genes TaGA20ox-A2, TaGA20ox-B2, TaGA3ox-A2, TaGA20ox-A4, TaGA2ox-A10 and TaGA2ox-B10 were differentially expressed in dmc. Therefore, this study systematically analyzed the roles of gibberellin oxidase genes during wheat tillering. A total of 63 TaGAox genes were identified by whole genome analysis. The TaGAoxs were clustered to four subfamilies, GA20oxs, GA2oxs, GA3oxs and GA7oxs, including seven subgroups based on their protein structures. The promoter regions of TaGAox genes contain a large number of cis-acting elements closely related to hormone, plant growth and development, light, and abiotic stress responses. Segmental duplication events played a major role in TaGAoxs expansion. Compared to Arabidopsis, the gene collinearity degrees of the GAoxs were significantly higher among wheat, rice and maize. TaGAox genes showed tissue-specific expression patterns. The expressions of TaGAox genes (TaGA20ox-B2, TaGA7ox-A1, TaGA2ox10 and TaGA3ox-A2) were significantly affected by exogenous GA3 applications, which also significantly promoted tillering of Guomai 301, but didn’t promote dmc. TaGA7ox-A1 overexpression transgenic wheat lines were obtained by Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Genomic PCR and first-generation sequencing demonstrated that the gene was integrated into the wheat genome. Association analysis of TaGA7ox-A1 expression level and tiller number per plant demonstrated that the tillering capacities of some TaGA7ox-A1 transgenic lines were increased. These data demonstrated that some TaGAoxs as well as GA signaling were involved in regulating wheat tillering, but the GA signaling pathway was disturbed in dmc. This study provided valuable clues for functional characterization of GAox genes in wheat.
Metabolome and transcriptome analyses identify the characteristics and expression of related saponins of the three genealogical plants of bead ginseng
Authors: Ye Yihan , Ma Nan , Peng Yidan , Chen Ying , Zhang Yuqu , Zhao Shuyan , Ren Wei , Yan Yonggang , Zhang Gang , Yang Xinjie , Peng Xiujuan
Published: September 2023

Objective

The classification and clinical usage of the different species of bead ginseng are often confused. Therefore, we conducted an integrated metabolomics and transcriptome analysis of three main species of Panax, including Panax japonicas, Panax pseudoginseng, and Panax pseudo-ginseng var. elegantior.

Methods

A broad metabolome and transcriptome analysis for three origins of bead ginseng plants was performed using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, RNA sequencing and annotation, and bioinformatic analysis of transcriptome data.

Results

The levels of 830 metabolites were determined. A total of 291 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) between Panax pseudo-ginseng var. elegantior and Panax japonicas (Group A), with 73 upregulated and 218 downregulated. A total of 331 DAMs (110 upregulated and 221 downregulated) were found between Panax pseudoginseng and Panax japonicas (group B). There were 160 DAMs (102 up-regulated and 58 down-regulated) between Panax pseudoginseng and Panax pseudo-ginseng var. elegantior (group C). In addition, RNA sequencing was performed in the above three ways. A total of 16,074 differential expression genes (DEGs) were detected between Group A, in which 7,723 genes were upregulated and 8,351 genes were downregulated by RNA sequencing. Similarly, 15,705 genes were differentially expressed between group B, in which 7,436 genes were upregulated and 8,269 genes were downregulated. However, only 1,294 genes were differentially expressed between group C, in which 531 genes were upregulated and 763 genes were downregulated. We performed differential gene analysis on three groups of samples according to the Venn diagram and found that 181 differential genes were present. A total of 3,698 and 2,834 unique genes were in groups A and B, while 130 unique genes were in group C.

Conclusions

This study provides metabolome and transcriptome information for three bead ginseng plants. The analysis of the metabolite content showed differences in the attributes of the three bead ginseng, contained mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids as well as terpenes.
Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy and Social Support on the Relationship Between eHealth Literacy and Self-Care Competency in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Jo Eunhee , Lee Su-Jin , Han Sun Hee
Published: September 2023

Purpose: This descriptive correlational study aimed to investigate the mediating effects of self-efficacy and social support on the relationship between eHealth literacy and self-care competency in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.Methods: The participants of this study were 146 patients who underwent multiple percutaneous coronary interventions at the Department of Cardiology at Y General Hospital in Jeollabuk-do, South Korea. Data were collected between September 19, 2022 and February 3, 2023, and analyzed using a parallel multiple mediation model in SPSS/WIN 23.0 and Model 4 of the PROCESS Macro 3.5 program. To determine the statistical significance of the indirect effect, 10,000 bias-corrected bootstrapping with 95% confidence intervals was used.Results: The effect size of the indirect effect of eHealth literacy on self-care competency via self-efficacy was 0.07, which was statistically significant, and the effect size of the indirect effect of eHealth literacy on self-care competency via social support was statistically significant at 0.13. These results verified the mediating effects of self-efficacy and social support.Conclusion: This study is significant in that it confirmed the effects of self-efficacy and social support on the relationship between eHealth literacy and self-care competency. In order to improve self-care competency in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions, it is necessary to provide customized education that can improve eHealth literacy. Furthermore, there is a need for self-efficacy enhancement programs and social support strengthening programs that use various educational and material support systems to help individuals accept and access health information easily.
Factors Influencing Nurses’ Job Performance in Korea and Mongolia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Bayarsaikhan Zolzaya , Shin YunHee
Published: September 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the factors influencing job performance among Korean and Mongolian nurses.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the factors affecting job performance among Korean and Mongolian nurses. In Korea, data collected using paper questionnaires from 129 nurses in wards caring for cancer patients were analyzed. In Mongolia, data from 131 individuals collected through an online questionnaire were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 25.0 were utilized for data analysis.Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that based on the Korean data, grit (β=.35, p<.001) and social support (β=.29, p=.001) were the main variables explaining job performance. The explanatory power of the model was approximately 41%. Meanwhile, multiple regression analysis of the Mongolian data revealed grit (β=.37, p=.001) and age (β=-.19, p=.027) as the main variables explaining job performance. The explanatory power of the model was approximately 8%.Conclusion: Grit strongly affected the job performance of nurses in both countries. Their grit may be improved by developing educational programs that help nurses clearly set self-development goals and ultimately improve their job performance. As social support also significantly affected the job performance of Korean nurses, this factor may be considered in improving the job performance of nurses in Mongolia.
Efficacy of Celecoxib and Diclofenac Sodium in the Management of Postoperative Pain, Swelling and Mouth Opening after Surgical Removal of Impacted Third Molars: A Split-mouth Randomised Clinical Study
Authors: Jha Gaurav Kumar , Kshirsagar Rajesh Ashok , Singh Vikram , Pawar Sudhir Ramlal , Nair Vivek , Kedia Daksh Manish , Desai Ojas , Jain Saurabh
Published: September 2023

Introduction: The surgical removal of mandibular third molars is generally followed by complaints of pain, trismus, and swelling. The duration of surgery and the reflection of a mucoperiosteal flap have been shown to affect the intensity and frequency of postoperative complaints. Pain from third molar surgery typically begins within one to three hours after surgery and ranges in intensity from moderate to severe. Numerous analgesics have been used to minimise pain and discomfort following the surgical removal of impacted third molars. Commonly used agents include ibuprofen, diclofenac sodium, paracetamol, or their combinations. Newer drugs, such as selective COX inhibitors, have not been extensively used for minor oral surgical procedures. Aim: To compare the clinical efficacy of celecoxib and diclofenac sodium on pain, swelling, and mouth opening after the surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. Materials and Methods: A split-mouth randomised controlled clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at BharatiVidyapeeth DU Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India. The study duration was six months, from August 2022 to January 2023. A total of 21 subjects (11 males and 10 females) who required surgical extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar were selected. All subjects were randomly allocated to receive one of the following treatments twice a day for five days after surgery: celecoxib 200 mg (n=11) or diclofenac sodium 75 mg (n=10). Pain scores were evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) on postoperative day one, two, and three. Swelling and mouth opening were evaluated on Postoperative Day (POD) two and seven. Intergroup comparison was done using Student’s t-test. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 28±1.5 years, and the mean VAS score for pain evaluation with celecoxib was 6.61, 5.38, and 5.00 on day 1 (p=0.027), 2 (p=0.972), and 3 (p=0.809), respectively. The difference in swelling values for the celecoxib group was significant, while there were no significant differences in the values of mouth opening. Conclusion: It was concluded that celecoxib 200 mg is a better analgesic and anti-inflammatory compared to diclofenac sodium 75 mg. Celecoxib was easily tolerable and comfortable for the patients. There was no significant difference in the values of mouth opening.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on the Use of Cross-Linkers During Dentin Bonding among Practitioners Specialised in Conservative Dentistry
Authors: Anumula Lavanya , Ramesh Sindhu , Kolaparthi Venkata Suneel Kumar , Govula Kiranmayi
Published: September 2023

Introduction: Biomodification involves the application of exogenous cross-linkers to stabilise collagen molecules through the formation of inter- and intramolecular cross-links. This approach shows potential for improving bonding performance in adhesive restorations. Aim: To assess the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) regarding the use of cross-linkers during dentin bonding among practitioners specializing in conservative dentistry. Materials and Methods: An online survey was conducted among dentists practicing conservative dentistry across India from September 2022 to November 2022. The survey consisted of a semi-validated questionnaire with 24 questions and was distributed through personal email and social media. Data was collected over a period of three months and analysed using statistical evaluation in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) via chi-square test. Results: A total of 181 responses were received. Of the study population, 68.2 percent became aware of biomodification through articles in various journals. According to the study, 85 individuals (47%) acknowledged that using cross-linkers could enhance the mechanical properties of dentin by stabilising collagen. However, it is interesting to note that only 33 individuals (18.2%) actually incorporated biomodification techniques in their dental practice. Conclusion: Nearly half of the study population were aware of the use of cross-linkers to enhance dentin strength, prevent degradation and preserve resin-dentin bonds, inhibit demineralisation, and prevent root caries. However, only 18.2% of the participants reported practicing biomodification procedures in their dental practice.
First Record of the Glugea sp. on the Alosa fallax (Lacepède, 1803) Caught in the Marine Waters of Syria (Eastern Mediterranean)
Authors: Rasheed Reem Al-Sheikh , Galiya Mohammad , Almajid Zouhair
Published: September 2023

During the implementation of the current research entitled “Study of diet, growth, reproduction, and determination of the concentrations of some trace elements in Alosa fallax (Lacépède, 1803) in the marine waters of the Lattakian coast”, we found the parasite Glugea sp. inside one of the Alosa fallax caught on 7/24/2023 AD from the Ras Al-Baseet area (35.8524° N, 35.8378° E) using Purse nets. Infection with the parasite Glugea sp. In colonies of yellowish-white masses over the digestive system and muscles. The anatomical and histological characteristics were consistent with scientific references, and this is the first record of the parasite Glugea sp. in the Syrian marine waters and the eastern Mediterranean.
Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc on Growth and Yield of Lentil
Authors: Prasad Kethavath Vijay , C. Umesha
Published: September 2023

A field experiment titled “Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc on Growth and Yield of Lentil” was conducted during Rabi season of 2022-23 at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) India. To study the Response of Nitrogen and zinc on growth and yield of Lentil. The treatment combinations are T1: Nitrogen 10 kg/ha+ Zinc 8.0 kg/ha, T2: Nitrogen 10 kg/ha + Zinc 10 kg/ha, T3: Nitrogen 10 kg/ha + Zinc 12 kg/ha, T4: Nitrogen 20 kg/ha + Zinc 8.0 kg/ha, T5: Nitrogen 20 kg/ha + Zinc 10 kg/ha, T6: Nitrogen 20 kg/ha + Zinc 12 kg/ha, T7: Nitrogen 30 kg/ha + Zinc 8.0 kg/ha, T8: Nitrogen 30 kg/ha + Zinc 10 kg/ha, T9: Nitrogen 30 kg/ha + Zinc 12 kg/ha, T10: Control (RDF: 20:40:20 kg/ha) are used. The soil of experimental plot was sandy loamy in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.8), low in organic carbon (0.35%). Results obtained that the higher plant height (34.01 cm), higher number of nodules (9.20), higher plant dry weight (14.73 g/plant), higher number of pods/plant (153.60), higher number of seeds/pod (1.87), higher 1000 seed weight (21.51 g), higher seed yield (1.61 t/ha) and higher stover yield (3.13 t/ha)   were significantly influenced with application of Nitrogen 30 kg/ha + Zinc 12 kg/ha. Higher gross return (INR 96,480/ha), higher net return (INR 64,094/ha) and higher B:C ratio (2.98) were also recorded in treatment 9 (Nitrogen 30 kg/ha + Zinc 12 kg/ha).
Impact of Climate Variables on Paddy Production in Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Kamesh T. M.
Published: September 2023

The significant reduction in agricultural production in Sri Lanka, compounded by the rising prices of fuel and basin food items followed by agricultural food shortages in Afghanistan and increase in food consumption worldwide carry our global concern towards food security and sustainability mere self-sufficient in production. Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Extreme climate happens like heavy rainfall, high temperature and drought making heavy losses in agriculture regionally and significantly damaging the harnessing of better crop yields. As a major staple food crop, Paddy is selected for examining the impact of climate variability on paddy crop yield and variance thereof in Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Season and Crop Reports published by the Department of Agriculture, Government of Tamil Nadu and NASA Power Data are the secondary data sources were used for the study. Just-Pope yield function was used to determine the influence of climate variables on mean crop yield and variance. The results indicate that yield of paddy increases from the increase in temperature, however, are negatively associated with precipitation intensity. The variability in the yield of paddy also increases with increase in rainfall. The study has suggested weather-based crop insurance policy and climate-resilient farming techniques to reduce the losses to the farmers.
Physicochemical Evaluation of a Toothpaste Incorporated with Brazilian Red Propolis
Authors: Azevedo Arthur Almeida , Chagas Francineudo Oliveira , Júnior João Hildo de Carvalho Furtado , Júnior Emmanuel Arraes de Alencar , Tapety Celiane Mary Carneiro , Leite Thiago Bezerra , Silva Sarah Mendes de Sousa Macedo , Araújo Catiana Secundino Ralin de , Medeiros Demétrio Morais de , Dantas Thereza Cristina Farias Botelho , Neto Edilson Martins Rodrigues
Published: September 2023

The development of new types of toothpastes can be highlighted, which are the most used products for oral hygiene products. In this context, natural products have been incorporated and propolis has stood out because its several biological properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the mentioned toothpaste during a period of one year. After this, the physical chemical characterization of the BRP dentifrice was performed and the stability was analyzed on the day of the manipulation, 90, 180 and 365 days after storage. The tests included: macroscopic analysis and determination of pH and mass. Odor and appearance also demonstrated stability, exhibiting a characteristic odor characteristic of propolis and mild mentholate as well as a standard dentifrice aspect. The data showed no statistical significance over time intragroup and intergroup (p> 0.05). The pH of the formulation showed slight    variations during measurements. The result of the evaluation of the formulation of the dentifrice incorporated with Brazilian red propolis was within the initial expectations for the product,   meeting the parameters of the Brazilian regulatory agency and presenting parameters that suggest stability.
Parallel Photoelectron Storage and Visual Preprocessing Based on Nanowire Defect Engineering for Image Degradation
Authors: Li Zhexin , Zheng Yiqiang , Li Linlin , Liu Lingchen , Lou Zheng , Wang Lili
Published: September 2023

The image degradation owing to the absorption and scattering of optical propagation medium makes the non‐visualization and anamorphose in real image. The complex algorithms based on highly integrated hardware can restore degraded image while it causes inefficient serial operation and storage redundancy. One improved strategy is to parallel functional integration in front‐end visual perceptron. Here, a parallel photoelectron storage and visual preprocessing in nanowire perceptron to synchronously achieve image perception, visual memory, and in‐sensor preprocessing are demonstrated. This functional integration is originated from charge‐resolved storage in temporal or frequency domain under optical pulsed excitation due to cascaded defect engineering. The proposed system enhances the peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) of degraded image from 152 to 181 dB by feature decompression and also has 7.2% of PSNR improvement by noise filtration. This system is validated to improved train accuracy of back‐end artificial neural network (ANN) by 32.8% and shorten its iteration period by 77.4%.
Reconfigurable Polarized Photodetector with Centrosymmetric Silicon Enabled by Flexoelectric Effect for Encrypted Communication
Authors: Kumar Mohit , Seo Hyungtak
Published: September 2023

In the rapidly evolving digital landscape, secure communication is crucial, and polarization‐sensitive photodetectors offer a promising approach to enhance security and efficiency. However, conventional devices face limitations in encoding capacity due to material‐specific anisotropic properties and geometric factors. In this study, the critical role of the flexoelectric effect in detecting polarized light in silicon and its effective utilization in secure communication systems are demonstrated. The device shows self‐biased photoresponse, which is modulated by up to 320% with the application of force by a sharp probe, a phenomenon attributed to the flexoelectric effect. The polarization sensing behavior is confirmed through comprehensive scanning photocurrent mapping, which is further supported by rigorous finite element simulations. As a potential application, the device is implemented to sense Morse code and effectively modulate it using the flexoelectric effect and light polarization angle, offering more sophisticated encryption methods for secure communication. This research provides valuable insights for advancing secure communication technologies and overcoming the inherent challenges associated with silicon‐based photodetectors.
Strain Engineering of the Electronic States of Silicon‐Based Quantum Emitters
Authors: Ristori Andrea , Khoury Mario , Salvalaglio Marco , Filippatos Angelos , Amato Michele , Herzig Tobias , Meijer Jan , Pezzagna Sebastien , Hannani Drisse , Bollani Monica , Barri Chiara , Ruiz Carmen M. , Granchi Nicoletta , Intonti Francesca , Abbarchi Marco , Biccari Francesco
Published: September 2023

Light‐emitting complex defects in silicon have been considered a potential platform for quantum technologies based on spin and photon degrees of freedom working at telecom wavelengths. Their integration in complex devices is still in its infancy and has been mostly focused on light extraction and guiding. Here the control of the electronic states of carbon‐related impurities (G‐centers) is addressed via strain engineering. By embedding them in patches of silicon on insulator and topping them with SiN, symmetry breaking along [001] and [110] directions is demonstrated, resulting in a controlled splitting of the zero phonon line (ZPL), as accounted for by the piezospectroscopic theoretical framework. The splitting can be as large as 18 meV, and it is finely tuned by selecting patch size or by moving in different positions on the patch. Some of the split, strained ZPLs are almost fully polarized, and their overall intensity is enhanced up to 7 times with respect to the flat areas, whereas their recombination dynamics is slightly affected accounting for the lack of Purcell effect. This technique can be extended to other impurities and Si‐based devices such as suspended bridges, photonic crystal microcavities, Mie resonators, and integrated photonic circuits.
Recent Advances and Challenges in the Valorization of α‐Pinene toward Value‐Added Chemicals
Authors: Naikwadi Dhanaji R. , Dabas Shilpa , Ravi Krishnan , Singh Amravati S. , Advani Jacky H. , Subramanian Saravanan , Biradar Ankush V.
Published: September 2023

The transformation of abundantly available bioresources into specialty chemicals, particularly as consumer products, remains an important pursuit in chemical research. In this sense, the valorization of bio‐oil strategies that utilize stable and easy‐to‐handle chemical entity not only creates application‐oriented products but also helps in avoiding the usage of toxic and hazardous chemical sources. Recently, the valorization of α‐pinene (readily/naturally available terpenic compounds) has been explored to prepare a wide range of processes to access perfumery products and remains fast‐growing research for industrial and societal applications. Considering the valorization of α‐pinene, challenges for the synthetic and selective preparation of perfumery chemicals are centered around the design of the catalyst and the setting up of the precise reaction conditions. Extensive research is employed using diverse catalytic approaches to utilize α‐pinene to prepare important perfumery intermediates. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art, recent advances and challenges in the utilization of α‐pinene are reviewed, emphasizing two main products, i.e., α‐campholenic aldehyde and carveol via α‐pinene oxide isomerization, and discussed the pertinent role of various homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems.
A Flexible Bidirectional Interface with Integrated Multimodal Sensing and Haptic Feedback for Closed‐Loop Human–Machine Interaction
Authors: Feng Kai , Lei Ming , Wang Xianli , Zhou Bingpu , Xu Qingsong
Published: September 2023

Human–machine interaction (HMI) establishes an interconnected bridge between humans and robots and plays a significant role in industry and medical fields. However, the conventional interface is bulky and rigid with a single function. It lacks feedback information to be provided to the user, limiting its application scenarios and the ability to complete complex tasks in a dynamic environment. Herein, a flexible bidirectional (FBD) interface with integrated multimodal sensing and haptic feedback and the development of an FBD‐based closed‐loop HMI platform are presented. The proposed FBD interface offers programmable haptic feedback through a coin vibration motor array to endow the user with better performance in missions. The multimodal sensing array can perceive signals of joint movement and the pressure imposed on the skin. In addition, the FBD interface exhibits significant advantages of flexibility and a compact structure. The experimental tests verify that the multimodal sensing module can accurately perceive various static and dynamic movements of a human. Furthermore, the actuation module can provide diverse haptic vibrations to convey different information to the user. Moreover, successful applications in the scenarios of bilateral robotic teleoperation and assistance of disabled people indicate great potential of the FBD interface for broad applications.
An overview of photopolymerization and its diverse applications
Authors: He Xianglong , Zang Liheng , Xin Yangyang , Zou Yingquan
Published: September 2023

Photopolymerization is an energy‐saving and environmentally friendly technology and has been widely applied and continuously developed in various fields since the mid‐20th century. Today, photopolymerization technology has become ubiquitous in every aspect of our lives. This review initially explains the principle of photopolymerization reactions, introducing the process of photopolymerization and the initiation mechanisms of photoinitiators. Then, this review focuses on the applications of photopolymerization technology in thiol‐based click reactions, photoinduced controlled/living polymerizations, three‐dimensional printing, ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography photoresist and hydrogels to demonstrate its irreplaceable role at present.
Recent Expedition in Pd‐ and Rh‐Catalyzed C(Ar)−B Bond Formations and Their Applications in Modern Organic Syntheses
Authors: Choy Pui Ying , Tse Man Ho , Kwong Fuk Yee
Published: September 2023

Transition metal‐catalyzed borylation has emerged as a powerful and versatile strategy for synthesizing organoboron compounds. These compounds have found widespread applications in various aspects, including organic synthesis, materials science, and medicinal chemistry. This review provides a concise summary of the recent advances in palladium‐ and rhodium‐catalyzed borylation from 2013 to 2023. The review covers the representative examples of catalysts, substrates scope and reaction conditions, with particular emphasis on the development of catalyst systems, such as phosphine ligands, NHC‐carbene, and more. The diverse array of borylative products obtained for further applications in Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling, and other transformations, are also discussed. Future directions in this rapidly evolving field, with the goal of designing more efficient, selective borylation methodologies are highlighted, too.
Geschmolzenes Antimon (III)‐bromid als ionisierendes Lösungsmittel und das Verhalten darin gelöster Substanzen. III
Authors: Jander Gerhart , Weis Josef
Published: September 2023

Das Verhalten der Antimon(III)‐chalkogenide im Solvens SbBr3 wird in präparativen Versuchen, durch Leitfähigkeitsmessungen und durch konduktometrische Titrationen näher untersucht.

Alle Verbindungen bilden mit SbBr3 kristallisierte Solvate. Sb2O3 entwickelt im Lösungsmittel schwach säurenanaloge Eigenschaften. Sb2Te3 reagiert als basenanaloge Substanz. Sb2S3 und Sb2Se3 sind praktisch Nichtelektrolyte. Einige Umsetzungen von AlBr3‐Lösungen in SbBr3 mit anderen Reaktionspartnern werden näher aufgeklärt und als Koordinationsreaktionen zwischen elektrisch neutralen Stoffen erkannt.

Dabei bilden sich durch Anlagerung von SbSBr und SbSeBr an AlBr3 „komplexe”︁ Säurenanaloge. Das Verhalten von SbN im Solvens SbBr3 wird untersucht, und es wird festgestellt, daß diese Verbindung ein basenanaloges Solvat mit mittelstarker Dissoziation bildet. Mit AlBr3 setzt sich SbN in einer Koordinationsreaktion zu AIN um.
Studien zur Grundlage kerntechnischer Extraktionsprozesse (Verhalten von U, Pu, Zr und Ru)
Authors: Und Werner Knoch , Lindner Roland
Published: September 2023

1. Verteilungskoeffizienten von U(VI), Pu(IV), Zr und [RuNO](III) zwischen wäßrigen salpetersauren Lösungen variierender Molarität und Lösungen tertiärer Amine (Tri‐iso‐oktyl‐amin und Tri‐lauryl‐amin) in Kerosin und Xylol wurden bestimmt.

2. Zur näheren Untersuchung dcr Kinetik von Extraktionsprozessen wurde die Selbstdiffusion von Pu‐239 und U‐233 in wäßrigen HNO3‐Lösungen und in damit im Gleichgewicht stehenden TBP‐Lösungen sowie von Ru‐106 in wäßrigen salpetersauren Lösungen gemessen. Ziel dieser Versuche war, näheren Aufschluß über die Bildung und die Größe von Anionenkomplexen und Radiokolloiden zu gewinnen.

3. Beim Massenübergang aus disperser (fallende Tropfen) in kontinuierliche Phase wurde das Vorliegen einer Zwei‐Film‐Diffusion festgestellt. Die Gesamtfilmkoeffizienten von U(VI) und Pu(IV) für das System HNO3aj/TBP (20%) wurden gemessen und mit deu Selbstdiffusionskoeffizienten verglichen.
Die Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse in starken Neutronenabsorbern
Authors: Baumgärtner F.
Published: September 2023

Bei extrem starken Neutronenabsorbern wie Cadmium war die Aktivierungsanalyse bisher nicht anwendbar, weil in der Oberflächenschicht des Analysenmaterials eine fast vollständige Absorption der thermischen Neutronen erfolgt. Es wird am Beispiel der Chlorbestimmung in Cadmiumsulfid gezeigt, wie auch in starken Neutronenabsorbern mit Reaktorneutronen noch Spurenbestimmungen auf aktivierungsanalytischem Wege durchgeführt werden können.
Solutions of carbon at high pressure
Authors: Wentorf R. H.
Published: September 2023

Carbon may dissolve not only in metals such as Mn, Fe, or Ni but also in molten compounds such as CuCl, AgCl, Cu2S, CdO, or hydroxyl‐bearing alumino‐silicates at high pressures and temperatures. Diamond may form from Mn, Fe, Ni, etc., but only graphite has so far been found to crystallize from the other substances. Direct current experiments show that carbon may have a net positive, zero, or negative charge, depending upon the solvent. In Fe or Ni the carbon is positive; in CaC2 or Li2C2 the carbon is negative; in the compound solvents the carbon is esentially neutral. The possible relationship of charge to diamond or graphite formation is discussed.
Druckeinfluß auf die Entmischung flüssiger Systeme. V. Salzeffekte auf die Entmischung bei 1‐Propanol‐H2O, 2‐Butanol‐H2O und Pyridin‐H2O bis 6000 bar
Authors: Schneider G. , Russo C.
Published: September 2023

Um an geeigneten Systemen die Wirkungen von Druck und Zusatzkomponenten auf die Flüssig‐Flüssig‐Entmischung direkt vergleichen zu können, wurden für die binären Systeme 1‐Propanol‐H2O, 2‐Butanol‐H2O und Pyridin‐H2O die Entmischungstemperaturen gleichzeitig in Abhängigkeit vom Druck bis maximal 6000 bar und von der Konzentration gelöster Salze (KCl, NaClO4) bis etwa 2 Mol Salz/Liter Lösung durch, direkte Beobachtung experimentell bestimmt.

Während steigender Druck bei 1‐Propanol‐H2O mit KCl und bei 2‐Butanol‐H2O mit und ohne NaClO4im Druckbereich bis etwa 5000 bar eine Zunahme der Mischbarkeit bewirkt, tritt bei Pyridin‐H2O mit Zusätzen von KCl oberhalb von 2800 bar eine Verschlechterung der gegenseitigen Löslichkeit auf; dabei entstehen Entmischungsgebiete, die erst bei hohen Drucken beginnen und sich zu steigenden Drucken vergrößern. DieT(p)‐Entmischungskurven für konstante Konzentration weisen obere und untere Entmischungstemperaturen auf und gleichen je nach System und Art und Menge der Salzzusätze Parabeln oder Hyperbeln. Es zeigt sich, daß steigende Drucke die Entmischungstemperaturen ähnlich beeinflussen wie steigende Konzentrationen an einsalzend wirkenden Ionen.

Die Ergebnisse gestatten Aussagen zu Aus‐ und Einsalzeffekten und zur Struktur wäßriger Lösungen bei hohen Drucken; aus den Messungen lassen sich auch Hinweise auf Entmischungserscheinungen bei negativen Drucken gewinnen.
Transporterscheinungen, besonders in Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Kuss E.
Published: September 2023

An Hand der Gleichung von Eucken und der Beziehungen von Enskog wird der Verlauf der Transportgrößen Viskosität und Wärmeleitung bei dem Übergang vom idealen zum komprimierten Gas und schließlich zur Flüssigkeit betrachtet.

Mit wachsender Dichte tritt der Anteil der Diffusion immer mehr gegenüber einer Direktübertragung zurück. Im flüssigen Zustand ist die Druckabhängigkeit der Viskosität sehr viel größer als die der Wärmeleitung und hängt in starkem Maße von Einzelheiten der Molekülstruktur ab. Theoretische Beziehungen nach der Andradeschen Theorie, der Zellentheorie und der Theorie des freien Volumens wurden für kugelsymmetrische Moleküle abgeleitet und erfassen nicht diesen Einfluß der Molekülstruktur.

An Messungen bis 2000 at wird der Einfluß bestimmter Merkmale der Molekülstruktur untersucht. Eine Kettenverlängerung erhöht zwar den Absolutwert der Viskosität, ändert den Viskositätsdruckkoeffizienten jedoch nicht. Durch den Einbau von Seitengruppen an geeigneten Stellen des Moleküls wird die Druckabhängigkeit der Viskosität dagegen stark erhöht. Ausgehend von Phenyläthylanisolen konnte eine Reihe chemisch‐einheitlicher Substanzen gewonnen werden, deren Viskosität bei 2000 at bis zum Faktor 8 Millionen größer ist als bei Atmosphärendruck. ‐ Zur quantitativen Erfassung des Einflusses der Molekülstruktur wird eine Definition für den „molekularen Verzweigungsgrad”︁ vorgeschlagen, die an eigenen und fremden Messungen erprobt wird.
Spektroskopische Untersuchungen im superkritischen Bereich
Authors: Luck Werner A. P. , Ditter Walter
Published: September 2023

OberhalbTkwerden an H2O, CH3OH, C6H12und C6H6spektroskopisch Dichtegradienten im Schwerefeld beobachtet. Der Temperaturbereich dieser Anomalitäten erstreckt sich bis etwa 1,1Tkund deckt sich mit dem Bereich einiger anomaler thermodynamischer Eigenschaften. Die Gradienten können durch Temperaturgradienten verkleinert werden und stellen sich nur in größeren Zeiträumen ein. Es wird gezeigt, daß am einfachsten aus den überkritischen Dampfspektren die Spektren am kritischen Punkt ermittelt werden können.
Reversible Änderung der Fläche und des Grenzflächenpotentials monomolekularer Filme eines photochromen Systems
Authors: Möbius D. , Bücher H. , Kuhn H. , Sondermann J.
Published: September 2023

Monoschichten eines photochromen Anthocyanidins an Wasser‐Luft‐Grenzflächen zeigen bei Belichtung Veränderungen der Monoschichteigenschaften infolge von reversiblen Strukturänderungen. Dies wird durch Messungen der vom Einzelmolekül bei konstantem Oberflächendruck eingenommenen Fläche und des Oberflächenpotentials bei konstanter Fläche während und nach Belichtung gezeigt.
Charge transfer processes with electronically excited iodine molecules
Authors: Mehl W. , Hale J. M. , Drury J. S.
Published: September 2023

Using an anthracene crystal as a probe, it was concluded from hole injection experiments that the 3∏+ state of iodine in carbon tetrachloride has a mean free path √Dτ in solution of (3 ± 2) · 10−6 cm. No energy transfer between iodine molecules could be detected. It was shown that photocurrents in naphthalene crystals can be generated either through reaction of naphthalene excitons with electron acceptors in solution or of excited iodine molecules in the solution with ground state naphthalene molecules in the crystal.
Fluoreszenzstudien über Excitonen in Polyvinylcarbazol
Authors: Klöpffer Walter
Published: September 2023

Polyvinylcarbazol (PVCA) zeigt im festen Zustand Excimerfluoreszenz. Diese Fluoreszenz wird durch geringe Mengen Perylen, Hexachlor‐p‐xylol (HCX) und Trinitrofluorenon (TNF) gelöscht. Die Messung der Fluoreszenzquantenausbeute des PVCA als Funktion der Löscherkonzentration zeigt, daß die Energieübertragung durch Excitonendiffusion zustande kommt. Übertragung nach dem Försterschen Mechanismus kann ausgeschlossen werden, da sich HCX, dessen Absorptionsspektrum keine Überlappung mit dem Fluoreszenzspektrum des Polymeren zeigt, als gleich guter Fluoreszenzlöscher erwies wie Perylen und TNF, die diese Überlappung aufweisen.

Die Excimerfluoreszenz, die in der monomeren Vergleichssubstanz N‐Isopropylcarbazol nicht auftritt, deutet auf die Existenz von Paaren von Carbazolseitengruppen im amorphen Polymeren, die eine zur Excimerbildung günstige Lage aufweisen. Diese Paare und die zugesetzten Löschermoleküle wirken als Fallen für die delokalisierten „Monomer”︁‐Excitonen.
Development and validation of a nomogram to predict cardiac death after radiotherapy for esophageal cancer
Authors: Lv Xinfang , Wu Xue , Liu Kai , Zhao Xinke , Pan Chenliang , Zhao Jing , Chang Juan , Guo Huan , Gao Xiang , Zhi Xiaodong , Ren Chunzhen , Chen Qilin , Jiang Hugang , Wang Chunling , Li Ying‐Dong
Published: September 2023

Background

Patients frequently die from cardiac causes after radiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Early detection of cardiac death risk in these patients is crucial to improve clinical decision‐making and prognosis. Thus, we modeled the risk of cardiac death after irradiation for esophageal cancer.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 37,599 esophageal cancer cases treated with radiotherapy in the SEER database between 2000 and 2018 was performed. The selected cases were randomly assigned to the model development group (n = 26,320) and model validation group (n = 11,279) at a ratio of 7:3. We identified the risk factors most commonly associated with cardiac death by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis (LASSO). The endpoints for model development and validation were 5‐ and 10‐year survival rates. The net clinical benefit of the models was evaluated by decision curve analysis (DCA) and concordance index (C‐index). The performance of the models was further assessed by creating a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Kaplan‐Meier (K‐M) survival analysis was performed on the probability of death. Patients were classified according to death probability thresholds. Five‐ and ten‐year survival rates for the two groups were shown using K‐M curves.

Results

The major risk factors for cardiac death were age, surgery, year of diagnosis, sequence of surgery and radiotherapy, chemotherapy and a number of tumors, which were used to create the nomogram. The C‐indexes of the nomograms were 0.708 and 0.679 for the development and validation groups, respectively. DCA showed the good net clinical benefit of nomograms in predicting 5‐ and 10‐year risk of cardiac death. The model exhibited moderate predictive power for 5‐ and 10‐year cardiac mortality (AUC: 0.833 and 0.854, respectively), and for the development and validation cohorts (AUC: 0.76 and 0.813, respectively).

Conclusions

Our nomogram may assist clinicians in making clinical decisions about patients undergoing radiotherapy for esophageal cancer based on early detection of cardiac death risk.
The pathophysiology of cancer‐mediated cardiac cachexia and novel treatment strategies: A narrative review
Authors: Tichy Louisa , Parry Traci L.
Published: September 2023

Significance

Two of the leading causes of death worldwide are cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Most cancer patients suffer from a metabolic wasting syndrome known as cancer‐induced cardiac cachexia, resulting in death in up to 30% of cancer patients. Main symptoms of this disease are severe cardiac muscle wasting, cardiac remodeling, and cardiac dysfunction. Metabolic alterations, increased inflammation, and imbalance of protein homeostasis contribute to the progression of this multifactorial syndrome, ultimately resulting in heart failure and death. Cancer‐induced cardiac cachexia is associated with decreased quality of life, increased fatiguability, and decreased tolerance to therapeutic interventions.

Recent advances

While molecular mechanisms of this disease are not fully understood, researchers have identified different stages of progression of this disease, as well as potential biomarkers to detect and monitor the development. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown positive results when implementing certain pharmacological and non‐pharmacological therapy interventions.

Critical issues

There are still no clear diagnostic criteria for cancer‐mediated cardiac cachexia and the condition remains untreated, leaving cancer patients with irreversible effects of this syndrome. While traditional cardiovascular therapy interventions, such as beta‐blockers, have shown some positive results in preclinical and clinical research studies, recent preclinical studies have shown more successful results with certain non‐traditional treatment options that have not been further evaluated yet. There is still no clinical standard of care or approved FDA drug to aid in the prevention or treatment of cancer‐induced cardiac cachexia. This review aims to revisit the still not fully understood pathophysiological mechanisms of cancer‐induced cardiac cachexia and explore recent studies using novel treatment strategies.

Future directions

While research has progressed, further investigations might provide novel diagnostic techniques, potential biomarkers to monitor the progression of the disease, as well as viable pharmacological and non‐pharmacological treatment options to increase quality of life and reduce cancer‐induced cardiac cachexia‐related mortality.
Sensitivity to change and minimal clinically important difference of the angioedema control test
Authors: Fijen Lauré M. , Vera Carolina , Buttgereit Thomas , Bonnekoh Hanna , Maurer Marcus , Magerl Markus , Weller Karsten
Published: September 2023

Background

The Angioedema Control Test (AECT) is a patient‐reported outcome measure developed and validated for the assessment of disease control in patients with recurrent angioedema. Its sensitivity to change and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) have hitherto not been established.

Methods

Patients with recurrent angioedema due to chronic spontaneous urticaria, hereditary angioedema, or acquired C1‐inhibitor deficiency were repeatedly asked to complete the AECT along with the Angioedema Quality of Life Questionnaire (AE‐QoL), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and anchors for disease control and whether treatment was sufficient during routine care visits. The sensitivity to the change of the AECT was determined by correlating changes in its scores over time with changes in the applied anchors. The MCID was determined using anchor‐based and distributional criterion‐based approaches.

Results

Eighty‐six cases were used for this analysis. Changes in AECT scores correlated well with AE‐QoL changes (but less with changes in the DLQI) as well as other applied anchors, demonstrating its sensitivity to change. The MCID was found to be three points for improvement of angioedema control. The available number of cases with meaningful deterioration in our dataset was too low to reach a definite conclusion on the MCID for deterioration of angioedema control.

Conclusion

The AECT is a valuable tool to assess changes in disease control in patients with recurrent angioedema over time. The lowest AECT score change that reflects a meaningful improvement of disease control to patients (MCID) is three points.
Guidance for patient care during drug shortages
Authors: Nierengarten Mary Beth
Published: September 2023

This news section offers Cancer readers timely information on events, public policy analysis, topical issues, and personalities. In this issue, how current and ongoing drug shortages that include two of the most widely used chemotherapy agents for treating common cancers are compounding the stress for patients and oncologists. In addition, data suggest that it is reasonable for patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer to discontinue immunotherapy after 2 years without disease progression, and the ZUMA‐7 trial shows the value of axicabtagene ciloleucel for early relapsed B‐cell lymphoma.
Thermally Conductive Molten Salt for Thermal Energy Storage: Synergistic Effect of a Hybrid Graphite‐Graphene Nanoplatelet Filler
Authors: Lavi Adi , Ohayon‐Lavi Avia , Leibovitch Yelena , Hayun Shmuel , Ruse Efrat , Regev Oren
Published: September 2023

Renewable energy technologies depend, to a large extent, on the efficiency of thermal energy storage (TES) devices. In such storage applications, molten salts constitute an attractive platform due to their thermal and environmentally friendly properties. However, the low thermal conductivity (TC) of these salts (<1 W m−1 K−1) downgrades the storage kinetics. A commonly used method to enhance TC is the addition of highly conductive carbon‐based fillers that form a composite material with molten salt. However, even that enhancement is rather limited (<9 W m−1 K−1). In this study, the partial exfoliation of graphite to graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) in a molten salt matrix is explored as a means to address this problem. A novel approach of hybrid filler formation directly in the molten salt is used to produce graphite–GnP–salt hybrid composite material. The good dispersion quality of the fillers in the salt matrix facilitates bridging between large graphite particles by the smaller GnP particles, resulting in the formation of a thermally conductive network. The thermal conductivity of the hybrid composite (up to 44 W m−1 K−1) is thus enhanced by two orders of magnitude versus that of the pristine salt (0.64 W m−1 K−1).
Development of 11C‐labeled CRANAD‐102 for positron emission tomography imaging of soluble Aβ‐species
Authors: Staudt Markus , Shalgunov Vladimir , Nedergaard Maiken , Herth Matthias M.
Published: September 2023

CRANAD‐102, a selective near‐infrared fluorescent tracer targeting soluble amyloid‐β (Aβ) species, has recently attracted attention due to its potential to be used as a diagnostic tool for early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Development of a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer based on CRANAD‐102 could as such allow to noninvasively study soluble and protofibrillar species of Aβ in humans. These soluble and protofibrillar species are thought to be responsible to cause AD. Within this work, we successfully 11C‐labeled CRANAD‐102 via a Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in a RCС of 48 ± 9%, with a RCP of >96% and a molar activity (Am) of 25 ± 7 GBq/μmol. Future studies have to be conducted to evaluate if [11C]CRANAD‐102 can be used to detect soluble protofibrils in vivo and if [11C]CRANAD‐102 can be used to detect AD earlier as possible with current diagnostics.