bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fourier transform NMR on a Perkin-Elmer model R -20B spectrometer
Authors: Traficante Daniel D. , Simms James A.
Published: February 2004

A procedure for obtaining Fourier transform (FT) NMR spectra on a Perkin-Elmer model R -20B spectrometer is described. The procedure requires no changes in the basic spectrometer, so that changing between continuous wave (cw) and FT modes can be performed simply. A stable radio-frequency source, a power amplifier, a pulse gate, and an FT data system are required.
An accurate method of photomultiplier gain determination
Authors: Klobuchar R. L. , Ahumada J. J. , Michael J. V. , Karol P. J.
Published: February 2004

The unique features of pulse counting coupled with anodic current measurement by an electrometer are used to determine photomultiplier gain accurately under actual experimental conditions.
On-line correlation measurement in a plasma
Authors: Ogata Atsushi , Matsuura Kiyokata
Published: February 2004

An on-line system to measure correlation functions in a plasma is described. By combining a fast buffer memory and a digital computer, the system can analyze signals with up to 4 MHz bandwidth and has direct applications to pulsed plasmas. Hardware and software for the system are described together with a few applications.
A spectrometer for the measurement of magnetic and natural circular dichroism
Authors: Sutherland J. C. , Vickery L. E. , Klein M. P.
Published: February 2004

An instrument employing several novel features has been assembled for the measurement of magnetic and natural circular dichroism (MCD and CD) in the visible, ultraviolet and near infrared spectral regions. The instrument is fitted with two magnets: an electromagnet for routine use and a superconducting magnet for use when higher performance is required. The contributions of CD and MCD are separated by measuring the net spectrum twice; first with the magnetic field parallel to the Poynting vector of the optical beam and then with it antiparallel. The value of the net optical activity for each wavelength increment is converted to digital form and the manipulations required to separate CD and MCD and signal averaging are performed by a computer. The data can be plotted in a variety of formats on a Cal Comp plotter. The instrument is equipped with a Cary model 14 prism-grating monochromator which, unlike double quartz prism monochromators, has good wavelength dispersion from the uv to the near ir spectral regions. Performance in the ultraviolet has been considerably improved by replacing the previously used electro-optical modulator (Pockels cell) with a quartz strain-birefringence modulator. The capabilities of this instrument are illustrated by spectra for the natural CD of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase at 22° from 195 to 245 nm, the MCD of metmyoglobin cyanide at −196° and 22° from 340 to 470 nm, and the MCD of oxyhemoglobin at 4° from 700 to 1100 nm.
The Ranicon: A resistive anode image converter
Authors: Lampton Michael , Paresce Francesco
Published: February 2004

A versatile photon and charged particle imaging system is described. The Ranicon employs a microchannel electron multiplier plate to convert each detected event into a charge signal. This charge pulse is proximity focused onto a large area resistive anode plate equipped with pickup electrodes on its edges. Each event is located electronically by the ratios of the charges collected at the edges or by the differences of the signals' rise times. One or two dimensional pictures are built up by storing events digitally (e.g., a core memory) or in analog form (e.g., a storage oscilloscope). Compact laboratory models have been constructed and tested. Operating characteristics, applications, limitations, and advantages of the Ranicon are discussed.
Laser-generated ultrasonic beams
Authors: Felix M. P.
Published: February 2004

A device has been developed which uses a Q-switched laser pulse to produce a plane compressive stress pulse or a slowly decaying sinusoidal stress wave train in any solid or liquid material. The device utilizes a thin liquid layer to totally absorb the laser pulse and generate a stress pulse by rapid thermal expansion. Compressive stress pulses of 200 nsec duration and up to 5 kilobar amplitude have been obtained. Wave trains of about 30 cycles duration and 1/4 kilobar amplitude (peak-to-peak in typical solids) have been obtained at frequencies between 1–25 MHz. Stress amplitudes may be varied by filtering the incident laser radiation. The laser radiation does not damage this transducer, so it may be used indefinitely.
Laser heating in the diamond anvil press up to 2000°C sustained and 3000°C pulsed at pressures up to 260 kilobars
Authors: Ming Li-chung , Bassett William A.
Published: February 2004

Samples held at pressures up to 260 kilobar in a diamond anvil pressure cell have been heated to very high temperatures by means of a laser beam introduced through one of the transparent diamond anvils. A 7 J pulsed ruby laser is able to produce temperatures as high as 3000°C in a high pressure sample. A 60 W cw YAG laser is able to produce sustained temperatures up to 2000°C. An optical pyrometer has been used in the latter case to measure the brightness temperature with an accuracy of ±50°C. The ruby laser has been successful in directly converting graphite to diamond; the YAG laser has made it possible to show that (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 disproportionates to (Fe,Mg)O plus SiO2 (stishovite) at pressures in excess of 200 kilobars and temperatures above 1000°C.
An apparatus for plasma anodization experiments
Authors: Nyce A. C. , Shapiro M. I. , Skolnick L. P.
Published: February 2004

The design and operation of a unique apparatus for plasma anodization of bulk and vapor deposited metals is described. This apparatus made possible in one chamber vapor deposition of high purity metals on polished substrates, establishment of controlled glow discharges with various inert and reactive gases, and simultaneous ellipsometric and electrical measurements of the oxide films as they were being formed. The apparatus was also used for optical constant determinations at pressure of less than 1×10−10 Torr after evaporation of high purity metals.
A computer controlled microwave spectrometer system
Authors: Woods R. Claude , Dixon Thomas A.
Published: February 2004

A digitally programmable microwave source, assembled from various commercially available components and covering the range 8.0–40.0 GHz in four bands, has been interfaced to a small computer, and software has been developed for the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and statistical analysis of data. This system has been used in conjunction with Stark and Zeeman modulated microwave spectrometers, yielding high resolution, high sensitivity, high accuracy, and operation with a considerable degree of automation and flexibility. The programming time is typically 5–15 msec, and the frequency may be set in increments of 100 Hz or less. The long term frequency stability and accuracy is 2×10−9/month, and the short term stability or spectral purity appears to be excellent, in agreement with theoretical expectations. The software provides for signal averaging, baseline subtraction, convenient display and frequency measurement, and for transfer of data, via magnetic tape, to a large scale computer, where it can be analyzed by a nonlinear least squares procedure.
Calibrated derivative thermal analysis apparatus for detecting phase transitions in high temperature materials
Authors: Rupert George N.
Published: February 2004

The technique of derivative thermal analysis, dTA, which plots sample temperature vs rate of change of sample temperature, has been refined in this apparatus to produce calibrated derivative thermal analysis curves in units of degrees and degrees/second. The scaling factors of 1 K=2 mV and 1 K/sec = −100 mV permit calibration to 5273 K, materials permitting, with digital temperature readout. The derivative function provides high sensitivity for detecting very weak fast phase transitions by observing thermal arrests in linear heating and cooling curves. A companion automatic temperature controller holds the furnace temperature constant, or programs it up or down at a linear rate of 0.1 K/sec to 10 K/sec. Light from the incandescent sample and surrounding furnace is divided into two paths by a beam splitter. One path to an optical pyrometer provides temperature calibration. Light in the second path is sensed by photo transistors that measure the sample and furnace temperatures. The temperature signal is linearized by taking the logarithm of the photo transistor current. Operational amplifier circuits establish the desired proportionality to temperature. The sample and furnace temperature signals are differentiated to produce rate signals for dTA display and temperature control. Illustrative dTA curves of the U–C, Nb–C, and Nb–Al systems are included.
Turbulent-nonturbulent interface detector
Authors: Kibens Valdis , Kovasznay Leslie S. G. , Oswald Lawrence J.
Published: February 2004

An analog circuit is presented for the detection in real time of the turbulent-nonturbulent interface at the free stream edge of turbulent shear flows. The output of the circuit is a square wave whose value is unity when the detector probe is in turbulent flow, and is zero when in nonturbulent flow. The effectiveness of several detection schemes is evaluated. A method for calibrating the detector circuit is given by using a ``synthetic,'' intermittently turbulent simulated signal of known intermittency properties. A circuit for generating the simulated signal is also presented.
Field ionizers as molecular beam detectors
Authors: McWane John W. , Oates Daniel E.
Published: February 2004

The operating characteristics of field ionizing tungsten tips used as detectors of low temperature beams of 3He and 4He are presented. These include typical I-V characteristics, effective detection area, conditions for fast ionization time, and details necessary for reliable detector performance. In addition, we report that, under our operating conditions the detection efficiency was independent of the incident atom velocity. This is in contradiction to predictions from current field ionization theory.
A miniature axial magnetic probe for studying magnetic lenses
Authors: Engler Peter E. , Parsons Donald F.
Published: February 2004

The construction of a microminiature axial magnetic field probe, and its associated instrumentation, is described. With an active area measuring approximately 100×100 μ, and an over-all cross-sectional dimension of 1.2 mm diam, the probe is sufficiently small to be maneuvered about within the polepiece of a conventional electron microscope objective lens. The axial component of the magnetic field can be measured on, as well as off, the axis of the polepiece to a higher spatial resolution than can be achieved with a commercial axial probe.
Intracavity dye laser technique for the study of laser-induced ionic processes
Authors: Eyler J. R.
Published: February 2004

An intracavity dye laser technique has been used to study the photodetachment of electrons from gaseous OH− ions in an ion cyclotron resonance (icr) spectrometer. Enhancement of the photodetachment effect by a factor of 6.8 when comparing the intracavity technique to a double-pass experiment has been observed. Under the conditions of these experiments approximately 93% of the OH− ions in the icr cell undergo photodetachment using the intracavity technique.
A sensor for heat transfer measurements
Authors: Koschmieder E. L. , Pallas S. G.
Published: February 2004

A device is described which permits accurate measurements of the heat flow through a horizontal fluid layer. The heat sensor provides for a uniform cooling of the fluid layer and prevents heat losses to ambient air or other parts of the apparatus.
A simple method of automatic optical transmission plotting
Authors: Ferendeci Altan M.
Published: February 2004

A simple electronic analog divider is described for plotting the transmittance or reflectance characteristics of optical materials as a function of wavelength. It is designed with commercially available integrated circuits and it automatically takes the ratio of any two signals connected to its inputs. The output is recorded as the spectrum is scanned by a monochromator.
High time resolution electrostatic electron analyzer
Authors: Lohr John
Published: February 2004

A gridded electrostatic electron energy analyzer is described which has been used successfully to time resolve trapped electron distributions at 200 MHz in a beam plasma device. Examples of raw data and extracted phase space plots are presented.
Triggered rotary spark gap
Authors: Ferrar C. M.
Published: February 2004

Time jitter in a rotary spark gap is greatly reduced by use of a simple triggering scheme. Triggering permits accurately timed single-pulse and pulse-burst operation, as well as repetitive pulsing.
Fast recovery post-amplifier for pulsed NMR applications
Authors: Ramadan B. , Ng T. C. , Tward E.
Published: February 2004

A fast recovery post-amplifier for pulsed NMR application using a limiter in its feedback circuit is described. The baseline is restored immediately after the pulse. Dead time is 2 μsec.
Pulse control unit for repetitive, slow-scan far infrared interferometry
Authors: Strom U. , Taylor P. C. , McCombe B. D.
Published: February 2004

An inexpensive electronic interface which controls the flow of a phase-detected signal from a slow-scan Michelson interferometer to a signal averager is described. This interface is designed to add the advantages of signal averaging techniques to an existing slow scan interferometer system which employs phase sensitive detection and time constant averaging.
Revision of Friesea Species (Collembola: Neanuridae) of Australia and Offshore Islands, with Biogeographical Notes and Key to Species
Authors: Greenslade Penelope , Deharveng L.
Published: February 2004

Seven species of Friesea are recorded here from
Australia and its offshore islands and a key and checklist is provided to
them. Three of the species, F. neptunia,
F. australica and F. florifera,
are new and are described here, and one, F. bispinosa
Deharveng, from Heard and Macquarie Islands, is a new record for Australia.
Earlier records of F. mirabilis Tullberg and
F. claviseta Axelson are examined and the seventh
species, F. tilbrooki Wise, already recorded from
Macquarie Island and Heard Island, is probably a synonym of
F. multispinosa Denis from Kerguelen. Records of
Friesea sp. cf. claviseta from
Pacific islands are also listed. The fauna is divided into biogeographical
groups based on morphology as determined by an existing phylogenetic analysis
of the genus.
Australian Chordeumatidan Millipedes. III. A Review of the Millipede Family Metopidiotrichidae Attems in Australia (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida)
Authors: Shear William A. , Mesibov Robert
Published: February 2004

The metopidiotrichid millipede genus Australeuma Golovatch, 1986, erected for two species from Tasmania, is revised and enlarged to include two new Tasmanian species and one each from Victoria and Western Australia. Two new Tasmanian species are added to Neocambrisoma Mauriès, 1987, previously known from a New South Wales species. Nesiothrix, gen. nov., is erected for Schedotrigona tasmanica Golovatch, 1986, and two new Tasmanian species. Reginaterreuma victorianum, sp. nov., is described from Victoria. Identification keys are provided for all metopidiotrichids currently recognised from Australia.
Effects of secondarily treated sewage effluent on intertidal macroalgal recruitment processes
Authors: Bellgrove Alecia , Clayton Margaret N. , Quinn G. P.
Published: February 2004

Effluent is discharged below the low-water mark at Boags Rocks, Victoria, Australia, at an average rate of 437 × 106 L day–1. Three study sites following a gradient of pollution from high (at Boags Rocks) to intermediate (Cape Schanck) to unpolluted (Cheviot Beach) were chosen for the main experiments. Surveys of the algal assemblages were conducted in spring and summer and showed the absence of the pre-discharge dominant Hormosira banksii at Boags Rocks and an abundance of turf-forming and ephemeral species at the two polluted sites. There was no evidence that the treated sewage detrimentally affected either the availability of propagules (asexual spores, gametes, zygotes or fragments) or macroalgal recruitment to artificial or natural substrata. Opportunistic genera such as UIva and Enteromorpha showed very high recruitment and propagule densities in the water column at polluted sites, apparently benefiting from the increased nutrient loads. Investigation of the number of H. banksii zygotes in water samples from various habitats showed very limited dispersibility for this species. The small dispersal shadow of H. banksii, combined with the environmental pressures placed on establishing zygotes, would severely limit the re-establishment of this species at polluted sites, even if given suitable conditions.
Objective derivation of macro invertebrate family sensitivity grade numbers for the SIGNAL biotic index: application to the Hunter River system, New South Wales
Authors: Chessman Bruce C. , Growns Jane E. , Kotlash Amanda R.
Published: February 2004

Chessman's SIGNAL-95 biotic index was modified on the basis of data from spring and autumn surveys of macroinvertebrates at 42 sites in the Hunter River and tributaries. An iterative algorithm was used to derive improved grade numbers reflecting the pollution sensitivities of individual families of river macroinvertebrates. The new grades were used to calculate values of the modified index (SIGNAL-HU97). These values were highly correlated with SIGNAL-95 values but were more widely spread, giving better discrimination between the sites of higher environmental quality and the more degraded sites. SIGNAL-HU97 values were also more highly correlated than were SIGNAL-95 values with environmental variables such as the conductivity of the water and a riparian, channel and environmental inventory. There was little difference in values between spring and autumn, but riffles consistently had higher mean values than other habitats.
Role of mangrove habitat as a nursery for juvenile spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, in Belize
Authors: Acosta Charles A. , IV Mark J. Butler
Published: February 2004

The use of mangrove prop roots and associated coralline habitats by Caribbean
spiny lobsters was investigated near two types of mangrove islands in Belize.
Spiny lobsters sheltered among mangrove prop roots, in undercut peat banks and
under corals near islands, and they ranged in size from newly recruited
juveniles to subadults. Lobsters preferred to shelter under large stony
corals, but their use of mangrove prop roots nd undercut peat banks increased
when the density of corals was low. Den residence time and distance moved
within a site were similar at islands isolated by deep water channels and
islands separated by shallow seagrass beds, but as a consequence of high
immigration rates, population sizes were highest near shallow islands.
Predation on newly settled juveniles was greater in seagrass and coral
crevices than in mangrove prop roots, whereas the survival of larger juveniles
was higher in mangroves and coral patch reefs than in seagrass. These results
suggest that mangrove habitats may function as a nursery for juvenile spiny
lobsters but that the use of this habitat depends on shelter characteristics
and the isolation of islands.
A simple measure of price risk for Tasmanian southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii)
Authors: Hurn A. Stan , McDonald A. David
Published: February 2004

Fishing firms face many sources of risk. These affect business performance to
varying degrees and in a variety of ways. One of the most important economic
variables to affect profitability is beach price. When much of the catch is
exported, beach prices received by fishing firms are subject to exchange-rate
risk as well as changes in foreign demand that are induced by cultural events,
season and income shifts.
The approach adopted in the present paper involves evaluating price risk by
examining the significance of regression coefficients for an inverse demand
function for Tasmanian lobster. These coefficients may be used to enumerate
elasticities of beach price with respect to exchange-rate and income measures.
The results confirm that movements in Japanese income and the
¥/$A exchange rate have recently accounted for much of the
price risk faced by Tasmanian lobster fishing firms.
Arrangement and significance of pinnate sensory setae on antennae of the puerulus and post-puerulus of the spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii (Palinuridae)
Authors: Jeffs Andrew , Diebel Carol E. , Hooker Simon H.
Published: February 2004

The arrangement of pinnate sensory setae on antennae of the puerulus and
post-puerulus of the palinurid lobster Jasus edwardsii
from New Zealand was examined by scanning electron microscopy. In the
puerulus, fine pinnate setae were found in an almost continuous linear array
extending along the centre of the medial surface of each antenna from near the
tip of the flagellum and continuing onto some of the basal segments. A very
similar arrangement persisted in the subsequent post-puerulus stage. This
array of pinnate setae closely resembled that found previously in the puerulus
and post-puerulus of Panulirus cygnus and attributed
with possible roles in vibration detection and larval navigation. The possible
function of these arrays of pinnate sensory setae in near-field and far-field
vibration detection is discussed for J. edwardsii.
Respiratory responses to air-exposure in the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii (Hutton) (Decapoda:Palinuridae)
Authors: Taylor H. Harry , Waldron Francesca M.
Published: February 2004

Air-exposure of settled Jasus edwardsii at 17˚C
initially halved oxygen consumption, doubled ventilation frequency and reduced
heart rate. During 8 h emersion, oxygen uptake partially recovered,
ventilation remained elevated and heart rate was restored. Haemolymph
PCO2 increased fourfold, despite
the hyperventilation. Branchial gas exchange, initially impaired in air, may
improve as the gills drain. Partial anaerobiosis was indicated by elevation of
haemolymph [lactate-] to 4.2 mmol
L-1. Although haemolymph pH decreased ~0.3 units over 8
h, a base excess compensated all of the metabolic and part of the respiratory
acidosis. On return to water, oxygen consumption initially increased to
>2.5 times pre-emersion rates while ventilation and heart rates increased
further. Most respiratory variables returned to pre-emersion levels within 8 h
of re- immersion, but oxygen consumption and heart rate remained elevated for
24 h. The excess oxygen consumption over resting rate during 24 h recovery in
water indicated a metabolic cost of 8 h emersion equivalent to 10 h resting
metabolism in water. These responses contrast with better acid–base
compensation previously reported for undisturbed
Homarus gammarus in air and worse tolerance of
air-exposure by Panulirus argus
Effect of brine-shrimp numbers on growth and survival of early-stage phyllosoma larvae of the rock lobster Jasus edwardsii
Authors: Tong Lennard J. , Moss Graeme A. , Paewai Megan M. , Pickering Timothy D.
Published: February 2004

Stages I to VI phyllosoma larvae of the rock lobster
Jasus edwardsii were fed daily with a fixed number (1,
2, 4, 8, 12 or 16) of 2–3 mm brine shrimps
(Artemia salina) to determine the optimum requirement
for growth and survival. For stages I and II the threshold below which food
became limiting, measured as a significant delay in moulting, was <2 brine
shrimps per day. For stage III the threshold was 4 brine shrimps per day, for
stages IV and V it was 8 brine shrimps per day and for stage VI, 12 brine
shrimps per day. Growth at the moult was reduced when food was limiting. The
feeding rate reduced immediately before the moult and this was most evident
for stages V and VI. The results are discussed in relation to large scale
culture of phyllosoma larvae.
Influence of light regimes on phyllosomal growth and timing of moulting in Thenus orientalis (Lund) (Decapoda: Scyllaridae)
Authors: Mikami Satoshi , Greenwood Jack G.
Published: February 2004

Newly hatched phyllosomas of Thenus orientalis (Lund)
were successfully reared under conditions of natural light (D/L),
continuous dark (24D) or continuous light (24L). Survival, duration of
intermoult periods, moult increment in total body length, and timing of
moulting through larval stages were monitored. Survival and growth under 24L
was lower than that under D/L and 24D; this may be a result of decreased
phyllosomal feeding activity under 24L, caused by a photopositive reaction
drawing the phyllosomas away from food at the bottom. There were no
differences in phyllosomal development under D/L and 24D. When phyllosomas
were reared under D/L, moulting was synchronized and occurred around dawn.
Moulting of those reared under 24D or 24L was not synchronized and occurred
irregularly. These results indicate that, in phyllosomas, light regime
influences the endogenous rhythmic function responsible for the regulation of
moulting time. When phyllosomas reared under D/L metamorphosed to the
nisto stage, synchronized moulting switched from dawn to after dusk.
Furthermore, nistos and juveniles moulted only nocturnally, with apparent
synchronicity. This suggests that the switch from planktonic to benthic
lifestyle, with consequent different predation pressures, necessitates a
change in the timing of moulting.
Life history of the spotted spiny lobster, Panulirus guttatus, an obligate reef-dweller
Authors: Sharp William C. , Hunt John H. , Lyons William G.
Published: February 2004

Population dynamics of the spotted spiny lobster,
Panulirus guttatus, were examined at Looe Key Reef,
Florida, USA, from April 1987 to August 1989. The 347 lobsters captured
(including recaptures), ranged from 9 mm (puerulus) to 75 mm carapace length
(X = 54 mm CL). Pueruli settled all year round
into small holes along the underside of the reef. All lobsters recaptured were
found at the site of their initial capture; one was captured four times, all
on the same reef spur, over 762 days. Adults sheltered within the reef during
the day and foraged on top of the reef at night. Males and females were
captured in equal proportions (1.2 M:1 F) from den entrances during the day;
females were numerically dominant on foraging grounds at night (3 F:1 M).
Reproduction occurred all year round but peaked between March and June;
minimum size at maturity was 38 mm CL for females and 48 mm CL for males. The
sheltering behaviour of P. guttatus, typically found on
the ceiling of dens, contrasted markedly with that of the sympatric
P. argus, typically found on the floor; both species
used many of the same dens, but simultaneous co-occupancy was rare.
Preliminary acoustic tracking of native and transplanted European lobsters (Homarus gammarus) in an open sea lagoon
Authors: Meeren Gro I. van der
Published: February 2004

In a larger release project, European lobsters
(Homarus gammarus) under legal size have been captured,
checked for magnetic microtags, externally tagged, and released to their home
site for population and migration studies. To see if transplanted lobsters
behave differently from native lobsters, four acoustically tagged males were
released between three stationary hydrophones in an open sea lagoon and
tracked continuously for 2–3 weeks. Lobster 1 was from the lagoon,
Lobster 2 was transplanted less than 1000 m from its capture location, and
Lobsters 3 and 4 were transplanted more than 5000 m. Within a few hours,
Lobsters 1 and 2 took up residence in the area of their original home sites.
Lobsters 3 and 4 took up residence in the lagoon after extended roaming. Six
days after release, Lobsters 1 and 4 engaged in nocturnal activity, Lobster 2
changed locations occasionally without moving long distances, and Lobster 3
did not move. The odd movement patterns in the transplanted lobsters could be
caused by their lack of local knowledge. Since rocks caused blocking of the
acoustic signals, manual monitoring was needed to confirm the lobster
positions. In cryptic animals such as lobsters, a continuous tracking system
that can penetrate stones is required.
Differences in growth and moult frequency among post-pueruli of Jasus edwardsii fed fresh, aged or frozen mussels
Authors: James Philip J. , Tong Lennard J.
Published: February 2004

Growth in length and weight of post-pueruli of
Jasus edwardsii (red rock lobster) fed one of six mussel
diets was measured over three moult cycles. The diets consisted of opened
cultured Mytilus galloprovincialis (blue mussel) or
Perna canaliculus (greenlip mussel) fed fresh daily or
every third day or fed frozen daily. Differences in mussel species and
freshness had significant effects on cumulative moult increments (length and
weight) as well as moult frequency over the first three moult cycles.
Post-pueruli fed frozen mussels had significantly smaller growth increments
than did those fed fresh mussels daily or every third day. Post-pueruli fed
frozen P. canaliculus grew significantly less than did
those fed frozen M. galloprovincialis and they took
significantly longer to complete three moult cycles than did those fed in all
other treatments. There were no significant differences in growth or moult
frequency between post-pueruli fed fresh mussels of either species daily or
every third day. These results are discussed with regard to farming of
J. edwardsii.
Statocyst of Jasus edwardsii pueruli (Crustacea, Palinuridae), with a review of crustacean statocysts
Authors: Sekiguchi Hideo , Terazawa Takanori
Published: February 2004

In the puerulus of Jasus edwardsii, the statocyst opens
onto the dorsal surface of the basal segment of the antennule. The opening is
bordered by two types of setae. The cavity contains many minute hardened
statoliths, which are devoid of a mineral or crystalline core and are not
cemented together. There are no sensory hairs, secretory pores or fluid within
the cavity; these are found among other decapods, but it appears that the
Palinuridae are an exception. Knowledge of the statocyst in crustaceans in
general is briefly reviewed.
Extra keyword: statolith.
Stress indicators in marine decapod crustaceans, with particular reference to the grading of western rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus) during commercial handling
Authors: Paterson Brian D. , Spanoghe Patrick T.
Published: February 2004

Good transport survival of western rock lobsters
(Panulirus cygnus) is ensured by rigorous selection of
healthy lobsters prior to packaging for transport. The rejects are attributed
to stress during harvesting and handling. A major stressor, of variable
severity throughout the fishery, is the storage and transport of the lobsters
out of water with accompanying effects of temperature, disturbance and tail-
flipping exercise on metabolic rate. Pointers to apparent fatigue or injury in
weak lobsters may be found in lobster haemolymph. Published literature
suggests a number of parameters that might prove to be predictors of mortality
in P. cygnus, but these will have to be examined in
detailed physiological studies. Information is also required from tissue
metabolism and pathology to complete the picture. If the symptoms are the
result of previous stress, then one obvious approach is to sample rock
lobsters at key points along the harvesting and handling process, in
conjunction with sampling of normal or ‘baseline’ lobsters and
laboratory stress trials. Practical stress indicators, once identified, can be
used both to test existing screening methods and in studies aimed at changing
handling practices to reduce stress.
Culture of larval spiny lobsters: a review of work done in northern Japan
Authors: Kittaka Jiro
Published: February 2004

The method developed over the past decade in northern Japan to culture
phyllosoma larvae of five species of principally cool-temperate spiny lobsters
combines the features of upwelling water, co- cultured microalgae, and use of
mussel gonad as food. The feeding behaviour of the phyllosomas shows that they
are primarily predators with the pereiopods and secondarily plankton feeders
with the maxillipeds and maxillae. Recent work has shown that contamination of
culture water by microorganisms such as the fouling protozoans
Vorticellaspp. can greatly reduce phyllosoma survival.
The significance of co-cultures of microalgae in maintaining water quality is
not yet fully understood. Newly hatched lavae of sailfin sandfish
(Arctoscopus japonicus) is an excellent food for
late-stage phyllosomas of Jasus verreauxi. About
5% of J. verreauxi phyllosomas metamorphosed into
pueruli. Mortality during the puerulus stage was reduced by increasing the
capacity of the culture tanks from 30 L to 100 L. A single
Palinurus elephas phyllosoma raised in co-culture with
diatoms and fed mussel gonad and A. japonicus larvae
metamorphosed into a puerulus in 65 days after seven moults.
Oogenesis and ovarian development cycle of the spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus (Decapoda:Palinuridae)
Authors: Minagawa Megumi , Sano Motohiko
Published: February 2004

Oogenesis and ovarian development in female
Panulirus japonicus were examined by light and electron
microscopy. Eight substages (oogonium, bouquet, chromatin nucleolus, oil
globule, pre-yolk platelet, yolk platelet, pre-maturation and maturation) were
distinguished in the typical process of oogenesis (multiplication,
pre-vitellogenesis, vitellogenesis and maturation stages). Yolk accumulation
started at the late pre-yolk platelet substage, when electron-dense granules
appeared. Yolk granules seemed to be accumulated in two ways, being produced
endogenously by the abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum during vitellogenesis
and exogenously by micropinocytosis from the yolk platelet to pre-maturation
substages. Ovulation occurred after oocytes became mature (i.e. after the
metaphase of the primary maturation division was reached). The diameter of
mature oocytes was 465–477 µm.
The seasonal ovarian development cycle was divided into seven stages:
inactive, developing, ripe, re- developing, re-ripe, spawned and recovery. The
morphological characteristics relating to the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of
each stage are described (GSI was calculated by the formula
I = W ×
105/L3,
where I represents GSI, W is the
gonad weight in grams, and L is the carapace length in
millimetres). Estimated GSI values ranged from 11.3 to 12.4 in individuals
with mature oocytes, and the 99% confidence intervals for GSI values of
adjacent oogenesis substages did not overlap. GSI values at the developing and
ripe stages were significantly larger than those at the re-developing and
re-ripe stages, respectively.
Role of physical refugia: implications from a mass sponge die-off in a lobster nursery in Florida
Authors: Herrnkind William F. , IV Mark J. Butler , Hunt John H. , Childress Michael
Published: February 2004

In 1991 and 1992, cyanobacterial blooms depleted sponges, the primary refuge
of juvenile Caribbean spiny lobsters, in ~20% of the nursery in the
Florida Keys, USA. Long-term data from the affected middle Keys were used to
study the impact of sponge loss, juvenile abundance, recruitment and shelter
use. A manipulative experiment (1991–93) involved artificial shelters on
27 ~0.5-h sites. Conditions on 19 sites over the affected ~ 500 km 2 area were
compared before and after the blooms. The entire nursery (~10,000
km2) was surveyed to estimate the impact of the
disturbance on total juvenile recruitment.
Refuge and lobster abundances declined and the pattern of shelter use changed
on previously sponge- rich sites without alternative shelter (solution holes,
coral heads, cement blocks, etc.). Although sponge loss often locally reduced
juvenile abundance, the juvenile lobster population overall declined by
~5%. The availability of alternative, previously underused shelter
(solution holes, coral heads, etc.) in the affected region, continued
production in the larger unaffected nursery region, and high postlarval supply
that fortuitously coincided with sponge loss all offset a stronger effect.
However, postlarval supply is unlikely to remain high until the sponges
repopulate the middle Keys (10+ years), so a major factor ameliorating
the effect of sponge loss on lobster recruitment may disappear.
Total and differential haemocyte counts in western rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus George) under post-harvest stress
Authors: Jussila Japo , Jago Jeff , Tsvetnenko Elena , Dunstan Bob , Evans Louis H.
Published: February 2004

Total and differential haemocyte counts (THCs and DHCs) were obtained from 36
white and 36 red western rock lobsters
(Panulirus cygnus) that had experienced stress during
capture and transportation. The lobsters were divided into three different
groups on the basis of their holding time in the factory tanks and their
health status (fresh arrivals, healthy and moribund). THCs were obtained with
a haemocytometer from fresh haemolymph stained with gentian violet. THCs
ranged from 2.5 106 to 15.9 106
cells mL-1 in the three groups, being lowest in the
moribund lobsters. DHCs were obtained from haemolymph smears stained with both
Giemsa and May–GrÜnwald. Three major haemocyte groups could be
identified in lobster haemolymph: hyalinocytes, semi-granulocytes and
granulocytes. The proportion of hyalinocytes in the three lobster groups
ranged from 29.1% to 37.0%, that of semi- granulocytes from
51.1% to 62.9%, and that of granulocytes from 5.1% to
13.1%. The proportion of granulocytes declined in lobsters after they
were held for 16 h in the factory tanks and was lowest in moribund lobsters.
The results show that THCs and DHCs may be useful in assessing stress or
health status in the western rock lobster or other lobsters.
Behavioural Responses of Agile Wallabies (Macropus agilis) to Darting and lmmobilisation with Tiletamine Hydrochloride and Zolazepam Hydrochloride
Authors: Stirrat Simon C.
Published: February 2004

A total of 28 free-ranging agile wallabies (Macropus agilis) was immobilised with a combination of tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride. The drug was administered by projectile syringe fired from a gas-powered pistol. A dose of approximately 10 mg per kg body mass produced ataxia in 3.8 ± 0.4 min (mean ± s.e.), initial recumbency in 4.9 ± 0.5 min, and lateral recumbency in 7.9 ± 0.7 min after dart impact. Wallabies were calm throughout handling, showed good muscle relaxation and started to regain consciousness after 53 ± 3 min. Recovery of mobility took more than 240 min and appeared uneventful. Wallabies moved 41 ± 5 m after dart impact, after which they either groomed or fed until the drug took effect. Five wallabies sought shelter in nearby forest after darting and these were found 11 ± 3 m inside the forest boundary.
Fibre Analyses of an Evergreen, a Deciduous Woody and a Non-woody Dicotyledon: Comparison of Two Techniques
Authors: Larter Nicholas C.
Published: February 2004

Forage fibre content is frequently used as an index of forage quality, where high fibre content indicates low forage quality. Although the acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and acid-pepsin digestibility (AP) techniques have provided similar estimates of forage quality for a variety of herbaceous monocotyledonous plants, these techniques have provided dissimilar estimates of fibre content for a willow, a deciduous woody dicotyledonous forage. This lack of correlation has been attributed to variations in the proportions of stem and leaf material that comprised the willow samples. Both the ADF and AP techniques were used to compare the estimates of the fibre content of willow leaves, willow sterns, an evergreen ericaceous dwarf shrub. and a non-woody dicot. A strong negative correlation and a linear relationship were found between the fibre content, as determined by ADF, and the digestibility, as determined by AP, for each sample type. The linear relationships were significantly different for all sample types. This suggests that, although phenological changes in fibre content may differ between samples, the two techniques provide a very similar estimate of forage quality in dicotyledonous forages. In the case of deciduous woody dicotyledons, leaf and stem material must be separated prior to the analyses.
Studies of the Ground-dwelling Mammals of Eucalypt Forests in North-eastern New South Wales: the Species, their Abundance and Distribution
Authors: Catling P. C. , Burt R. J.
Published: February 2004

The distribution and abundance of ground-dwelling mammals in the major vegetation alliances in the eucalypt forests within an area of c. 24000 km2 in north-eastern New South Wales were examined. Data for 33 species of mammal from 21 areas containing 30 vegetation alliances were collected. Four notable aspects of the data were the absence or low abundance of the introduced fox (Vulpes vulpes), the widespread distribution and abundance of the cat (Felis catus), the diversity and abundance of medium-sized native mammals and the diversity of small mammals.

Although differences occurred between areas and alliances, there was no significant difference in the number of native and introduced species. The ground-dwelling mammals present in the eucalypt forests of north-eastern New South Wales were more diverse and in greater abundance than those found in forests of south-eastern New South Wales. However, some species, such as the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), appear to be in urgent need of protection and management if they are to persist.
Foraging Ecology of a Mulga Bird Community
Authors: Recher Harry F. , Davis Jr William E.
Published: February 2004

Mulga is a distinctive woodland or shrub community with a wide distribution across the semi-arid zone of southern and central Australia. Mulga (Acacia aneura) is the dominant shrub and small tree, but other species of Acacia are common. Typical of Australian habitats in the arid zone, mulga has a core of resident bird species that is augmented by nomadic (opportunistic) species when conditions are favourable. This paper describes the foraging behaviour and habitat use of a mulga avifauna in the vicinity of Alice Springs during late winter, when many opportunistic species were present. Data were obtained for 24 species, of which 16 were confirmed as nesting. Many birds, regardless of their normal foraging habits, converged on a common food resource: a geometrid moth (Geometridae) that was abundant on mulga plants. Despite their use of a common food resource, species differed in their foraging behaviour, proportions of different substrates used, and foraging heights. Ground-foraging species dominated the avifauna, but in most respects the guild structure of the community was a scaled-down version of Eucalyptus forest avifaunas. Differences in guild structure between mulga and eucalypt forest are best explained by differences between the two habitats in the kinds of resources (e.g. foraging substrates, types of food) that are available.
Constitutive and inducible trypsin proteinase inhibitor production incurs large fitness costs in
Nicotiana attenuata
Authors: Zavala Jorge A. , Patankar Aparna G. , Gase Klaus , Baldwin Ian T.
Published: February 2004

Plant trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs) are potent herbivore- and jasmonate (JA)-induced defenses, but support for the commonly invoked explanation for their inducible expression, namely their associated fitness costs, has been elusive. To determine whether the expression of TPIs incurs fitness costs, we expressed 175 bp of the seven-domain
pi
from
Nicotiana attenuata
in an antisense orientation in a TPI-producing genotype (WT) of
N. attenuata
to reduce TPI expression. Moreover, we expressed the full-length seven-domain
pi
in a sense orientation under control of a constitutive promoter to restore TPI activity in a natural genotype unable to produce TPIs because of a mutation in its endogenous
pi
gene. Lifetime reproductive output was determined from high and low TPI-producing plants of the same genetic background with and without JA elicitation and grown in the same pot to simulate natural competitive and nutrient regimes. Transformants with either low or no TPI activity grew faster and taller, flowered earlier, and produced more seed capsules (25-53%) than did neighboring TPI-producing genotypes, and JA elicitation increased TPI production and decreased seed capsule production further. Growth under high light levels only marginally reduced these fitness costs. Results were similar regardless of whether TPI activity was suppressed or restored by transformation: the larger the difference in TPI activity between neighbors, the larger the difference in seed capsule production (
R
2
= 0.57). TPI production is costly for a plant's components of fitness when grown under realistic competitive regimes and is consistent with the hypothesis that inducibility evolved as a cost-saving mechanism.
Brain masculinization requires androgen receptor function
Authors: Sato Takashi , Matsumoto Takahiro , Kawano Hirotaka , Watanabe Tomoyuki , Uematsu Yoshikatsu , Sekine Keisuke , Fukuda Toru , Aihara Ken-ichi , Krust Andrée , Yamada Takashi , Nakamichi Yuko , Yamamoto Yoko , Nakamura Takashi , Yoshimura Kimihiro , Yoshizawa Tatsuya , Metzger Daniel , Chambon Pierre , Kato Shigeaki
Published: February 2004

Testicular testosterone produced during a critical perinatal period is thought to masculinize and defeminize the male brain from the inherent feminization program and induce male-typical behaviors in the adult. These actions of testosterone appear to be exerted not through its androgenic activity, but rather through its conversion by brain aromatase into estrogen, with the consequent activation of estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling. Thus, the role of androgen receptor (AR) in perinatal brain masculinization underlying the expression of male-typical behaviors remains unclear because of the conversion of testosterone into estrogen in the brain. Here, we report a null AR mutation in mice generated by the Cre-loxP system. The AR-null mutation in males (

AR
L-/Y

) resulted in the ablation of male-typical sexual and aggressive behaviors, whereas female AR-null homozygote (

AR
L-/L-

) mice exhibited normal female sexual behaviors. Treatment with nonaromatizable androgen (5α-dihydrotestosterone, DHT) was ineffective in restoring the impaired male sexual behaviors, but it partially rescued impaired male aggressive behaviors in

AR
L-/Y

mice. Impaired male-typical behaviors in
ER
α
-/-
mice were restored on DHT treatment. The role of AR function in brain masculinization at a limited perinatal stage was studied in

AR
L-/L-

mice. Perinatal DHT treatment of females led to adult females sensitive to both 17β-estradiol and DHT in the induction of male-typical behaviors. However, this female brain masculinization was abolished by AR inactivation. Our results suggested that perinatal brain masculinization requires AR function and that expression of male-typical behaviors in adults is mediated by both AR-dependent and -independent androgen signaling.
The rise and fall of a networked society: A formal model
Authors: Marsili Matteo , Vega-Redondo Fernando , Slanina František
Published: February 2004

In a well networked community, there is intense social interaction, and information disseminates briskly and broadly. This is important if the environment is volatile (i.e., keeps changing) and individuals never stop searching for fresh opportunities. Here, we present a simple model that attributes the rise of a dynamic society to the emergence of some key features in its social network. We also explain the apparently paradoxical observation that although such features do not necessarily materialize even under favorable conditions they display a significant resilience to deteriorating conditions. We interpret these findings as a discontinuous phase transition in the network formation process.