bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Female Attractiveness in Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins
Authors: Connor Richard C. , Richards Andrew F. , Smolker Rachel A. , Mann Janet
Published: April 2008

Hormonal profiles of captive individuals show that bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) are seasonally polyoestrous, but little is known of reproductive behaviour among free-ranging bottlenose dolphins. In Shark Bay, Western Australia, we have documented for the first time patterns of female attractiveness that may correspond to multiple oestrous cycles. Male bottlenose dolphins in stable alliances of 2-3 individuals form temporary consortships with individual females. Consortships often are established and maintained by aggressive herding. Consortships are associated with reproduction and are a useful measure of a female's attractiveness. Following reproduction, females may become attractive to males when their surviving calf is about 2-2.5 years old or within 1-2 weeks of losing an infant. Individual females are attractive to males for variable periods extending over a number of months, both within and outside of the main breeding season. The duration of attractive periods is greater during breeding season months than during the preceding months. Males sometimes are attracted to females for periods exceeding the reported duration of rising estrogen levels during the follicular stage of the oestrous cycle. Males occasionally have consorted or otherwise been attracted to females in several unusual contexts, including late pregnancy, the first two weeks after parturition, and the day after the loss of a nursing infant. Individual females were consorted by up to 13 males during the season they conceived, supporting predictions of a promiscuous mating system in bottlenose dolphins. Thus, consorting is a strategy by males to monopolize females, but not a completely successful one. Multiple cycling by female bottlenose dolphins may be a strategy to avoid being monopolized by particular males. Given the duration and agonistic nature of many consortships, the benefits to females of such a costly strategy are not obvious. Multiple cycling may reduce the risk of infanticide by males or allow females to mate with preferred males after being monopolized by less desirable males.
Impact of Embryonic Vocalizations On the Incubation Behaviour of Eared Grebes
Authors: Brua Robert B.
Published: April 2008

Two experiments were performed during the summers of 1991 and 1992 to determine whether embryonic vocalizations cause changes in the behaviour of adult eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) during late incubation. In Experiment 1, a vocalizing egg was substituted in 14 nests, two days before the first egg in that nest was to begin vocalizing. Parents reduced the amount of rising and resettling and the time spent off the nest while incubating and increased the frequency of egg turning, nest building, and percent of time the 'off-duty' parent spent near the nest. Only nest builds per h in the pre-peep period differed between the sexes in Experiment 1. For Experiment 2, the incubation period was extended by two days. At that time a vocalizing egg was substituted in 15 nests. Males reduced the amount of rising and resettling, whereas there was no difference between periods for females. Males and females reduced the amount of time spent off the nest while incubating. Egg turns per h, nest builds per h, and the percent time the off-duty parent spent near the nest increased for both sexes. No differences between males and females were detected except for egg turns per h during the peeping egg stage of Experiment 2. Parents also brought food to the nest in response to embryonic vocalizations. The behavioural changes by eared grebes during late incubation appear to be due to embryonic vocalizations. Several changes in behaviour are consistent with the care-soliciting hypothesis, such as reduction in exposure time of the embryo and possibly shortening of the incubation time of the embryo by an increased egg turning rate. Presenting food at the nest and possible acceptance of the young are further adaptive features of embryonic vocalizations.
Social Caching and Observational Spatial Memory in Pinyon Jays
Authors: Bednekoff Peter A. , Balda Russell P.
Published: April 2008

In the wild, pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) live in large, integrated flocks and cache tens of thousands of seeds per year. This study explored social aspects of caching and recovering by pinyon jays. In Experiment 1, birds cached in a large experimental room under three conditions: alone, paired with a dominant, and paired with a subordinate. In all cases, birds recovered caches alone seven days later. Individuals ate more seeds before caching when alone than when paired and started caching sooner when subordinate than when dominant. Pinyon jays accurately returned to sites containing their own caches but not to sites containing caches made by partner birds. However, they went to areas containing partner caches sooner than would be expected, indicating memory for the general areas containing caches made by other pinyon jays. In Experiments 2 and 3 birds were placed closer to each other and allowed to recover one or two days after caching. In Experiment 2, both free-flying and caged observers found caches with accuracies above chance. Cachers made significantly fewer errors than observers. During Experiment 3, caged observers saw the cachers recover some seeds one day after they were cached. On the next day cachers and observers were separately allowed to visit all cache sites. Both cachers and observers performed accurately and did not differ in accuracy. Neither group discriminated between extant and depleted caches. Observational spatial memory in pinyon jays may allow economical cache robbery by wild pinyon jays under some circumstances, particularly shortly after caches are created.
Differences in Individual Learning Between Group-Foraging and Territorial Zenaida Doves
Authors: Carlier Pascal , Lefebvre Louis
Published: April 2008

Adaptive views of learning predict that natural selection should lead to differences in specialized learning abilities between animals that face different ecological pressures. Group-living is thought to favour social learning, but previous comparative work suggests that differences between gregarious feral pigeons (Columba livia) and territorial Zenaida doves (Zenaida aurita) exceed the specialized effect on social tasks predicted by the adaptive hypothesis. In this paper, we show that group-foraging Zenaida doves from Barbados learn an individual shaping task more quickly than territorial Zenaida doves from a site 9 km away. These results suggest that the scramble competition associated with group-foraging favours several types of leaming, both social and non-social, and that its effects are more wide-ranging than previously thought. Since genetic isolation between Zenaida dove populations is highly unlikely, the results also suggest that differences in foraging ecology may lead to different learned responses to local reward contingencies as well as natural selection for different genotypes affecting learning. In some cases, the standard comparative prediction of ecologically-correlated learning differences may therefore not distinguish between adaptive specialization and general process theories.
Models of Affiliative Relationships Among Free-Ranging Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Kapsalis Ellen , Berman Carol M.
Published: April 2008

Several organizing principles based on maternal kinship and/or dominance relationships, have been proposed to explain the structure of female-female macaque affiliative relationships. Social interactions among adult rhesus females of one free-ranging social group on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico were observed for four consecutive years to determine the extent to which patterns of affiliative interaction met several predictions of three such hypothesized organizing principles: kin-based attractiveness, attraction-to-high-rank and the similarity principle. We employed a multiple regression extension of the Mantel test (Smouse et al., 1986) to test the independent effects of kinship and rank distance on measures of affiliation and reciprocity. Close kin not only engaged in more affiliative behaviour than distant kin (see our companion paper, Kapsalis & Berman, this volume), they were more likely to support one another in agonistic encounters and to exchange grooming for alliance support and access to drinking water. We found evidence that low-ranking females were attracted to high-ranking females in some years of study, and that grooming by low-ranking females was exchanged with tolerance at a monopolizable resource by high-ranking grooming partners. However, we were unable to test conclusively for the effects of competitive exclusion. Little evidence was found to support the predictions of the similarity principle. We concluded that kin-based attractiveness was probably the primary organizing principle operating in the study group but that elements of attraction-to-high-rank may operate in concert to some extent.
The Effect of Substrate-Enriched and Substrate-Impoverished Housing Environments On the Diversity of Behaviour in Pigs
Authors: Haskell Marie , Wemelsfelder Françoise , Mendl Michael T. , Calvert Sheena , Lawrence Alistair B.
Published: April 2008

In intensive farming situations, growing animals are housed in relatively barren environments. The lack of opportunity to perform substrate-interactive and manipulative behaviour patterns may affect the expression and organization of these behaviours. However, making direct comparisons of the behaviour expressed in environments of differing physical complexity is difficult. In this experiment a relative diversity index was used to compare the behavioural repertoires of pigs housed in two different environments for a period of five months. One group of pigs (substrate-enriched) had straw, forest bark and branches added to the standard pens and the other group (substrate-impoverished) did not. The pigs were individually housed, and their behaviour was focal sampled in these pens on one day each month. It was shown that the relative diversity of manipulative behaviour shown by the pigs in the substrate-impoverished environment was lower than in the pigs in the substrate-enriched environment (p < 0.05). The relative diversity of the whole behavioural repertoire shown by the pigs in the substrate-impoverished environment also tended to be lower than that in the substrate-enriched environment (p = 0.06). It is concluded that this may be due to a difference between the two groups in motivation to interact with and manipulate objects, or a function of the manipulable quality of the substrates available to them. Alternatively, exposure to substrate-impoverished environments may interfere with the ability to express manipulative behaviour. Both situations pose a threat to the welfare of growing pigs resident in barren environments.
Effects of Natural Variation in Sex Ratio and Habitat Structure On Mate-Guarding Decisions in Amphipods (Crustacea)
Authors: Dick Jaimie T.A. , Elwood Robert W.
Published: April 2008

We employed field-based studies, with complementary laboratory-based studies, to investigate social and environmental influences on tactical mate-guarding decisions in amphipods (Crustacea). Firstly, we investigated variation in precopulatory mate-guarding duration in Cammarus duebeni celticus in relation to the social structure of natural populations. Variation in population density of up to two orders of magnitude had no effect on precopula duration, whereas guarding durations increased as the sex ratios of the populations became more male biased. That is, males have some ability to assess the probability of other males taking females into precopula and are prepared to guard for longer as this threat of male: male competition increases. A field demonstration of tactical shifts in reproductive behaviour in response to pertinent social conditions is thus provided. Secondly, the 'habitat segregation' hypothesis, which proposes that positive size-assortative pairing in amphipod populations arises due to variation in the use of micro-habitats, was tested in natural field populations and under laboratory conditions in Echinogammarus marinus. This was necessary in order to distinguish any purely environmental determinants of size-assortment from the role of active decisions by males concerning mate choice and male: male competition. The hypothesis was rejected on the grounds that size-assortative pairing arises under both heterogeneous and homogeneous environmental conditions. Further, in both study species, male and female body size were positively correlated with precopula duration. Thus, indirect competition for access to large, fecund females, based on the timing of male entry into precopula, together with direct aggression, provides the explanation for size-assortative pairing in amphipods.
Band Structure and Failures of Reproductive Suppression in a Cooperatively Breeding Carnivore, the Slender-Tailed Meerkat (Suricata Suricatta)
Authors: Doolan Sean P. , Macdonald David W.
Published: April 2008

The extent to which band structure influences the distribution of breeding activity is unknown for the slender-tailed meerkat Suricata suricatta, a cooperatively breeding mongoose. Here we present the residence histories of three focal bands monitored over ten band-years in the southwestern Kalahari, with less detailed data derived from non-focal bands for a further 20 band-years. Mean total band size early in the breeding season was 10, and mean size excluding juveniles was 6.7. Despite a tendency towards females among juveniles, and males among yearlings and adults, sex ratios within each age class did not significantly deviate from unity, but at the population level there were significantly more adult males than reproductive females. A large proportion (71.6%) of adult females bred, and failures of reproductive suppression occurred in 40% of band years. This incidence was high in all years and was not obviously related to environmental conditions. Bands with more than one reproductive female contained significantly more adults and adult females than bands with only a single reproductive female. There was a strong correlation between numbers of reproductive females and numbers of adult females in a band. Most (68%) subordinate females which bred were aged three years or more. Reproductive competition was strong and there was a negative correlation between numbers of adult females, breeding females or adult males and per capita juvenile production. Meerkat bands are unusual among cooperative breeders because many individuals were non-kin and the relative constancy in band size within and between years masked a high turnover of membership: all animals of known origin aged three years or older, were immigrants, although philopatry was commoner among younger animals. Our data show that meerkats employ a range of reproductive strategies: bands exhibiting a spectrum of reproductive suppression coexist, and individuals respond to the opportunities afforded by their social environments.
Habitat Choice, Habitat Matching and the Effect of Travel Distance
Authors: Kennedy Martyn , Gray Russell D.
Published: April 2008

The Ideal Free Distribution was developed to predict the distribution of organisms at a habitat level. The theory of the Ideal Free Distribution assumes that travel between resource sites has a negligible affect on the distribution of organisms. In this experiment we tested whether the Ideal Free Distribution, and in particular its prediction of habitat matching, is robust to violations of this assumption. In an experiment with free-living ducks we manipulated the distance between two food sites. We used two conditions, one with 16 m between the two food sites and another with 45 m between the resource sites. We found that the distribution of organisms became less extreme with increased travel distance. This result is probably due to two effects: that travel distance caused a decrease in the ducks' ability to discriminate between the sites' profitabilities and by a decrease in the number of ducks travelling between the resource sites with increased distance. The decreased number of ducks travelling alone can explain only a relatively small amount of the change in the distribution. The decrease in discriminability may be due to either (or both) the increased distance causing a decrease in the foragers' ability to visually judge the relative profitabilities of the sites or by a decrease in switching rate associated with travel distance (if physical sampling of a site is needed to gather information). Because even a minor change in travel distance can cause a significant change in the distribution of foraging organisms, caution is urged about making extrapolations from experiments at a small spatial scale to the habitat level.
Agonistic Interventions in Wild Mountain Gorilla Groups
Authors: Watts David P.
Published: April 2008

Data on a large sample of interventions that individuals in two mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei) groups made in agonistic interactions between others corroborate and extend earlier analyses in several ways. Related females supported each other as often as those in some female-bonded primates and maintained alliances while they resided together. Most unrelated females rarely supported each other, but some developed alliances. Females mostly supported other females with whom they had affinitive relationships against those they often engaged in dyadic aggression. They showed reciprocity in support, and often intervened against individuals who, in turn, often intervened against them. But even female coalitions that outnumbered their opponents by more than two-to-one had limited effectiveness, largely because males intervened in many female contests to control aggression. By rendering coalitions ineffective, males contribute to a combination of factors (e.g. low potential to gain from cooperation in contest feeding competition) that limit the benefits of female philopatry. Male curtailment of female aggression may influence female mate choice. Co-resident mature males in the study groups competed to control female aggression. High-ranking males curtailed aggression to females by subordinates, although two males formed an alliance against two others in their group. Immature animals mostly received defensive support against larger individuals and did not receive support from adults that could lead to a nepotistic dominance system.
Social Interactions in Two Sympatric Salamanders: Effectiveness of a Highly Aggressive Strategy
Authors: Anthony Carl D. , Wicknick Jill A. , Jaeger Robert G.
Published: April 2008

In terrestrial plethodontid salamanders, aggressive behaviour is thought to function in the spacing of territorial residents among contested cover objects on the forest floor. Such behaviour, when exhibited toward heterospecifics, plays an important role in the competitive interactions between species. We compared levels of aggressive behaviour in intra- and interspecific contexts in two species of sympatric salamanders (Plethodon ouachitae and P. albagula) that have similar ecological requirements but differ in adult size. We also tested the effectiveness of such behaviour in holding cover objects (territorial foci) in the laboratory and on the forest floor. We predicted that if one species were more aggressive than the other, then that species would have greater success in obtaining and holding cover objects. In laboratory trials, residents of P. ouachitae (the smaller species) were extremely aggressive in both intra- and interspecific contexts. Individuals of P ouachitae delivered bites at a rate 14 times that of previously studied species of Plethodon and were significantly more likely to escalate to biting when tested as territorial residents (in intra- and interspecific trials) and as intruders (in interspecific trials). Plethodon albagula exhibited a lower level of aggression, similar to other species of Plethodon. In laboratory trials, in which salamanders competed for cover objects of differing quality, residents of P. ouachitae were effective in expelling conspecific intruders, and they were marginally effective at expelling intruding P. albagula. Residents of P. albagula were less effective in expelling conspecific intruders and did not expel intruding P. ouachitae. We conclude that the extreme aggression exhibited by P. ouachitae enabled it to expel intruders from artificial cover objects and to invade cover objects held by larger heterospecific residents. Field data supported intraspecific defence of cover objects by P. ouachitae, but results for P. albagula were inconclusive. These results are consistent with the geographic distributions of these species (P. ouachitae typically outnumbers P. albagula in the Ouachita Mountains) and provide an example of a behavioural mechanism overcoming a size-related disadvantage.
The Function of Green Plants in Nests of European Starlings (Sturnus Vulgaris)
Authors: Gwinner Helga
Published: April 2008

European starlings add fresh green plants to their dry nest material. Male starlings of our 60-nest-box colony carried 68 different plant species into their nests. Some males were polygynous and had 3-6 clutches, others were monogynous and had 1-2 clutches per reproductive season. The 'nest protection hypothesis' proposes that insecticidal compounds in green plants reduce the parasite load of the nests. The 'courtship hypothesis' predicts that carrying nest greenery is a courtship activity to attract females. The aim of this study was to collect field data suitable for distinguishing these two hypotheses. 1. Some plant species occurred more often in the nest-boxes than expected from their frequency in the nest-box environment. A significant number of these preferred plants were rich in volatiles, some of which are said to be insecticidal. But volatiles could also attract females and/or influence their breeding activity and the chicks' development directly. 2. The males carried greenery into their nest boxes maximal around 5 days before the onset of laying, when pair formation took place, and ceased this behaviour with egg deposition. The total amount of greenery deposited in a nest-box was a function of the number of days of courtship a male needed to attract a female. 3. Polygynous males deposited the same amount of greenery in their first nest as monogynous males. In additional nests polygynous males deposited more greenery. However, this was due to the fact that these additional nests were advertised for a longer time.
Description of the Male of Amphiporeia Gigantea Bousfield (Amphipoda, Haustoriidae)
Authors: Glennon Thomas A.
Published: April 2008

The male of Amphiporeia gigantea Bousfield, previously unknown to science, is described from samples containing females of the same species and 4 other species of haustoriids, collected on Georges Bank in November 1975. The reproductive morphology within Amphiporeia is briefly compared and contrasted with known reproductive morphology and behavior within the subfamily Pontoporeiinae.
Effects of Starvation Upon Survival, Growth and Molting Interval of the Larvae of the Spiny Lobster Panulirus Japonicus (Decapoda, Palinuridea)
Authors: Mikami Satoshi , Takashima Fumio
Published: April 2008

The effects of starvation upon survival, growth and molting interval of newly hatched spiny lobster (Panulirus japonicus) larvae were examined. Newly hatched phyllosoma larvae were divided into five groups, which were starved for 2, 10, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The effects of starvation after hatching appeared to be restricted to lengthening of the first molting interval. First molting was delayed by a time proportional to the starvation period. This result indicates optional preparation of food organisms before phyllosoma larvae hatch out.
Postmarsupial Development of Munnopsurus a Tlanticus (Bonnier, 1896), a Dominant Asellote Isopod From the Upper Continental Slope of the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Elizalde Marta , Claude Sorbe Jean
Published: April 2008

The asellote isopod Munnopsurus atlanticus is a dominant species in the bathyal suprabenthic assemblages from the south margin of the Cap-Ferret Trench; it is therefore a valuable subject for studies of postmarsupial development and population biology in bathyal Isopoda. In this introductory paper, its postmarsupial development is described on the basis of size frequency analysis and morphological discrimination. Eight developmental stages are recognized within the Biscayan population: mancas 1-2; manca 3, juvenile and copulatory males; manca 3, juvenile, preparatory and brooding females. The number of successive instars depends on the sex of the individuals; at least 8 instars for the females and 5 instars for the males. The female may be iteroparous, reverting to a preparatory condition before brooding once more. The larger adults are found over muddy sediments, probably reflecting more favourable environmental conditions for growth increment in the deepest part of the investigated area.
Population Biology of the Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus Clarkii (Girard, 1852) in Southern Portugal
Authors: Adao Helena , Marques Joao Carlos
Published: April 2008

Population structure and recruitment of Procambarus clarkii were studied from 1989 to 1991 in a freshwater reservoir in southern Portugal. Two distinct recruitment periods were observed, the main one from October to February and a less significant one during spring and summer. With regard to population structure, juveniles were clearly dominant in January and February. The present results suggest that more than one generation per year may occur under favourable climatic conditions.
Feeding of Copepodite and Adult Stages of Eudiaptomus Gracilis (G.O. Sars, 1863) (Copepoda, Calanoida) On Mixed Plastic Beads
Authors: Zánkai Nóra P.
Published: April 2008

Size selection of Eudiaptomus gracilis copepodites (CI-CV) and adults was studied in feeding experiments with beads of 1-84 μm diameter. Concentration of particles ranged between 1.3-2.1 x 107 beads ml-1, i.e. it was similar to the natural particle concentration. Animals were collected in Lake Balaton and acclimated to laboratory conditions for a few days before the experiments. On average, 91% of the experimental animals ingested beads. Almost each of the bead-ingesting animals took in 1 μm beads. Young copepodites had a narrow size spectrum (1-12 μm), whereas old copepodites and adults had broader spectra (1-39 μm). The number of ingested beads varied widely in each stage and among the individuals of the same stages. Diameter of the largest ingested bead, average number of beads in the guts, and clearance rate increased linearly with dry weight of the different stages (p < 0.001). Clearance rates were different for various particle sizes. Relatively high clearance rates were obtained for 6 μm and 10-12 μm beads in each stage. Moreover, older copepodites had higher clearance rates for beads of 20 and 25 μm diameter, and clearance rates of adults increased for larger than 30 μm particles. CI copepodites selected for particles of 4-12 μm diameter, and their selectivity increased with the increasing bead size within this range. Older stages selected only for beads larger than 12 μm, whereas adults did only for beads larger than 22 μm.
A New Species of Haloniscus Chilton, 1920 From New Caledonia (Isopoda, Oniscidea)
Authors: Taiti Stefano , Ferrara Franco , Iliffe Thomas M.
Published: April 2008

A new species of a blind terrestrial isopod, Haluniscus anophthalmus, from anchialine waters in a cave on the Isle of Pines, New Caledonia, is described. The systematic position of the genus Haloniscus is discussed.
Diaphanosoma Dumonti Sp. Nov. (Cladocera, Daphniiformes, Sididae) From China
Authors: Korovchinsky Nikolai M.
Published: April 2008

The description of a new species, Diaphanosoma dumonti, is based on parthenogenetic females collected in Shensi province, China. Individual and morphological variability due to age as well as size frequency distribution, are also analyzed.
Peracarid Crustaceans (Malacostraca) From a "Time-Series Station" in the Westwind Trough of the New-Polynya (Greenland): a Benthic Response To Productivity?
Authors: Brandt Angelika
Published: April 2008

During the expedition ARK IX-2/3 with RV "Polarstern" to the Northeast Water Polynya (NEW-Polynya), off Greenland, a station in the Westwind Trough was revisited sever times. Successful samples were taken by means of a box corer seven times over 2 months (May-July 1993) and by an epibenthic sledge (EBS) five times over a period of six weeks. One-hundred-and-thirty-one species from 78 genera and 40 families comprising a total of 13 280 individuals were collected with the EBS. The most abundant taxon at this station were the Cumacea. Amphipoda were most diverse. A change in peracarid composition and abundance occurred between the stations sampled over the two months, especially in the box corer samples. For seven isopod species developmental stages were determined and compared. Although no clear difference in stage composition of the species investigated was observed between stations, within some species the number of immature, preparatory, and ovigerous females was high. This might indicate an active period of reproduction during early summer, during times of favourable food supply. High abundance of Peracarida was found shortly after a sedimentation event of chlorophyll (phytoplankton and ice algae), observed in the upper sediment layer, possibly reflecting a benthic response to productivity.
Pattern of Mandibular Morphology in Anostraca With Some Taxonomical Remarks
Authors: Mura Graziella
Published: April 2008

Occasional reports on mandibular morphology in some Anostracans by means of optical (Ocioszynska-Bankierowa, 1933; Lynch, 1937; Linder, 1941; Mahoon, 1960; Fryer, 1966) and SEM microscopy (Tyson & Sullivan, 1981; Fryer, 1983; Schrehardt, 1987; Mura, 1991; Mura & Del Caldo, 1992, 1993) posed the question whether this character might be taxonomically relevant. This view was supported by the findings of Edwards (1980) on cladocerans, and of Martin (1988) on conchostracans, thus suggesting to perform a wider inquiry. This SEM study examined the morphology of the molar surfaces in a large number of representatives of the 8 existing Anostraca families, in order to obtain further information. The results are contrasting, and vary depending on the families considered. The observed differences, when present, are detectable only at the genus level and never extend to species, except on rare occasions (for example in the branchinectids). The observations concern both shape and ornamentation (number of teeth and spines at the posterior tips and on the dorsal margins, texture of the transition area, extension of the antero-ventral area, and so on). The most evident variation was expected between non-related genera, but this was shown to be invalid in many cases, and did not depend on the systematic position of the taxa examined. Moreover, even within a family, intergeneric diversity was frequently not observed (like in chirocephalids and branchipodids). Finally, intraspecific variation was also recorded, at least for those species where a great number of specimens was available for study.
A New Species of Probopyrus (Isopoda, Bopyridae), Parasite of Macrobrachium Americanum Bate, 1868 (Decapoda, Palaemonidae)
Authors: Román-Contreras Ramiro
Published: April 2008

A new species of Probopyrus Giard & Bonnier, 1888, parasitizing the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium americanum Bate, 1868, is described. Probopyrus markhami new species, differs from other American species of the genus by having, in the female, the body almost as wide as long, pleopods not projecting beyond the pleon edge, distortion angle seven degrees, brown reticular pigmentation, third maxilliped palp pyramidal-shape, and anterolateral angles of head with a short acute process.
Reproduction Saisonnière Chez Hemilepistus Reaumuri (Audouin, 1826), Isopode Terrestre Des Zones Semi-Arides
Authors: Nasri Karima , Mocquard Jean-Pierre , Juchault Pierre , Souty-Grosset Catherine
Published: April 2008

In Hemilepistus reaumuri (Audouin, 1826), a monogamous desert isopod, control of reproduction by external factors is studied in females from a Tunisian population. In the wild, females perform only one brood (in May). In contrast to isopods submitted to temperate climates (long day species), H. reaumuri is unsensitive to photoperiod. Onset of reproduction is dependent on temperature: it occurs only when temperature is higher than 15°C (between 15°C and 20°C). Moreover, at 25°C, the lag time of the onset of reproduction is shortened by 50% in comparison with the delay obtained at 20°C. Whereas an isolated female remains in sexual rest, the presence of a male (even separated from the female by a wire netting) speeds up vitellogenesis following by moult. The beginning of burrow digging is well correlated with the initiation of reproduction (second phase of vitellogenesis).
Sphaeronella Squamosa N. Sp. (Copepoda, Nicothoidae), a New Parasite of the Ostracod, Codonocera Sp
Authors: Lim Dong-Hyun , Yoo Kwang-Il
Published: April 2008

A new species of parasitic copepod, Sphaeronella squamosa, is described from its ostracod host, Codonocera sp.
The Ultrastructure of the Sensory Dorsal Organ of Crustacea1)
Authors: Macmillan David L. , Sandow Shaun L. , Laverack Michael S. , Ritchie Gordon
Published: April 2008

The present study compares the ultrastructure of "dorsal organs" on the anterior, dorsal carapace of the syncarid Anaspides tasmaniae and the crangonid shrimp Crangon crangon. Although the species are not closely related phylogenetically, and the elements of their dorsal organs are arranged differently, they are remarkably similar ultrastructurally. The common elements include an island of thinner epicuticle lying across the aperture of a hole through the surrounding cuticle, squarish in the case of Anaspides, and lozenge shaped in Crangon. This whole area appears to be flexible. At the centre of the thin region is a tabular invagination of cuticle ending blindly in Anaspides and with a pore at the bottom in Crangon. The tube is surrounded by a single large cell with extensive internal membranes and basal vacuoles or vesicles. This part of the organ is not innervated. Four small papillae are disposed about this central region, in quincunx formation in Anaspides, and a pair each side in a row in Crangon. The cuticle thins further over the papillae and the underside is closely associated with four sensory dendrites so that each organ is innervated by a total of sixteen neurons. The four dendrites beneath each papilla have basal bodies and cilliary microtubules typical of mechanosensors. The region close to the tips of the dendrites is surrounded by non-cellular material and the dendrites are separated from each other by a series of sheath cells. On the basis of this similarity, and because the relationship between these elements, as evidenced by studies of the external structure across a wide range of taxa, is strongly conserved, we propose that the organs described here belong to a particular class of "dorsal organs" which we call sensory dorsal organs (of Laverack). On the basis of the ultrastructure, and the conservation of the proximity of
Designation of a Type-Species for the Genus Pseudochirella G. O. Sars, 1920 (Copepoda, Calanoida)
Authors: Von Vaupel Klein J.C.
Published: April 2008

Pseudochirella obesa G. O. Sars, 1920, is hereby designated as the type-species of the genus Pseudochirella G. O. Sars, 1920, by subsequent designation.
Dromothelphusa Sangwan N. Sp., a New Freshwater Crab From Thailand (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae)
Authors: Naiyanetr Phaibul
Published: April 2008

A new species of freshwater crab, Dromothelphusa sangwan, is described from Thailand. The species is closest to Dromothelphusa nayung Naiyanetr, 1994; the differences between the two are discussed.
Little Known Harpacticoid Copepods From Italy, and Description of Parastenocaris Crenobia N. Sp. (Copepoda, Harpacticoida)
Authors: Galassi Diana M.P.
Published: April 2008

Little known harpacticoid copepods are recorded from subterranean habitats of Italy and Parastenocaris crenobia n. sp. is described from a rheocrene spring of Abruzzo (central Italy). Elaphoidella rossellae Pesce, Galassi & Apostolov, 1987 is herein synonymized with Elaphoidella plutonis plutonis Chappuis, 1938. Supplementary descriptions and illustrations are given for E. plutonis plutonis, with taxonomic, zoogeographical and ecological remarks.
A Cytogenetic Study of the Crayfish Procambarus Digueti (Bouvier, 1897) (Decapoda, Cambaridae) From Lake Camecuaro, Michoacan, Mexico
Authors: Zarate Lazaro A. , Foster Nora R. , Diupotex Chong M.E.
Published: April 2008

This work was carried out to determine and describe the karyology and the ideogram of the crayfish, Procambarus digueti. A new technique for the cytogenetic study of freshwater Decapoda was adapted for these investigations. For P. digueti, the fundamental chromosome number is f.n. = 204, with a diploid number 2n = 102. The chromosomal formula is 35 mediocentrics (M), 15 metacentrics (m), and one submetacentric (St). We discuss the usefulness of cytogenetic methodology in discriminating closely related taxa, and, also, as a tool for supporting existing taxonomic criteria.
Monocheres Cagarrensis Sp. Nov. (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) From Brazil
Authors: Johnsson Rodrigo , Bustamante Alicelena O.
Published: April 2008

Monocheres cagarrensis sp. nov., a second species of the genus Monocheres, has been discovered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, associated with sponges. It shows the reduction of the fifth leg to a seta, which characterizes the genus. M. cagarrensis differs from its congener by the length of the siphon which reaches the insertion of P2, and by the presence of a group of denticles on the postero-lateral comers of the genital double-somite, a denticle on the postero-lateral comers of the postgenital somite, and 2 setae on the second endopodal segment of the antenna.
Intraspecific Variation of Fatty Acid Profile in Wild Populations of Chirocephalus Diaphanus Prévost (Anostraca)
Authors: Bocca A. , Delise M. , Fabietti F. , Ferrara F. , Mura G.
Published: April 2008

Ten Chirocephalus diaphanus populations from mountain and plain pools have been studied to evaluate intraspecific variation in fatty acid composition. A high variability in total lipid contents was recorded within mountain and plain populations, the latter having on the average higher lipid totals than the former. Similarly, significant differences in fatty acid profiles were found irrespective of the predictable or stable characteristics of the pool of origin and of the range of variation in the environmental variables. This seems to suggest that food quality and/or availability, rather than abiotic characteristics themselves, affect the fatty acid pattern of the fairy shrimps.
Toward Phenomenologically Based Research in Psychology
Authors: Girogi Amedeo
Published: April 2008

Our position is that psychology must have a sound basis if it is to develop properly. Due to the historical influences of the physical sciences on the development of psychology, we do not believe that psychology has been developing within a proper frame of reference and it is our opinion that a phenomenological perspective can provide a more adequate frame of reference. This is true for experimental psychology as well as clinical psychology and personality theory. However, in order to understand the project of phenomenological psychology, it should be understood that a wholly different way of looking at psychological subject matter and methods is being suggested and thus, standard natural scientific criteria are not applicable. The lack of appreciation of this fact has led to innumerable misunderstandings in the past and still contributes to communication problems in the present. Consequently, after the clarification of key terms and after speaking to these difficulties of communication, the approach in this article was to speak from within the perspective of phenomenological psychology itself and we have tried to describe the general kinds of problems that spontaneously arose when we attempted to do research on psychological phenomena. The presence of these problems in no way altered our fundamental thesis that, in principle, it is possible to conduct precise and rigorous experiments within the framework of phenomenological psychology even though different means of executing precision and rigor will have to be invented. The specific challenge mentioned in this paper concerning the articulation of the praxis of phenomenological psychology was seen in the light of being able to conceive of new ways of approaching the phenomena of psychology, and this is essentially a theoretical task.
Challenges of Qualitative Inquiry and the Need for Follow-Up in Descriptive Science
Authors: Peterson Gerald
Published: April 2008

The present article explores problems of descriptive reporting, relativism, and the lack of systematic follow-up of qualitative research. Such issues are discussed in relation to components of phenomenologically based research reports, with emphasis on the articulation of the research approach, and steps to facilitate validation. The value of a descriptive science derived from phenomenological principles is discussed as forming a common ground for initial qualitative inquiry, while providing a critically reflective base upon which rational consensus can be developed. I suggest that the values of follow-up, tentativeness, and humility in research reporting, and a rational framework of critical validation, constitute a common core of science. In addition, phenomenological tenets are discussed as providing a corrective to the uncritical search for absolutes, or the "anything counts" conception of relativistic movements.
"My So-Called Delusions": Solipsism, Madness, and the Schreber Case
Authors: Sass Louis A.
Published: April 2008

This paper offers a critique of a central psychopathological concept, the notion of "poor reality-testing. "Using ideas from the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, I consider the nature of delusions in schizophrenia, largely through examining Daniel Paul Schreber's famous Memoirs of My Nervous Illness. Many schizophrenic individuals do not in fact mistake their fantasies for reality, as is traditionally assumed. Rather, I argue, they engage in a solipsistic mode of experience, a felt subjectivization of the lived world that is associated with a stance of passivity and hyperconsciousness. I discuss the existential conditions and consequences of this stance and show that certain anomalous or paradoxical features of schizophrenic delusion are explicable on this phenomenological account.
The "Human" Voices in Hallucinations
Authors: Rojcewicz Stephen J. , Rojcewicz Richard
Published: April 2008

Schizophrenic hallucinations can be understood only as a function of the totality of the schizophrenic's personality, that is, only in the context of the person's entire being-in-the-world. For essential reasons, there is a predominance of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia, and these typically take the form of human voices. This paper argues that the essential reasons here are human reasons. That is, hallucinations arise primarily on account of a human or personal deficit. We argue that the deficit in question is, most fundamentally, the radical one of a disturbed relation between the subject and the world in general. The schizophrenic slackens the normal "intentional arc" (Merleau-Ponty) that casts the subject out into a world. Our thesis is that this slackening has interpersonal roots and that hallucination can be understood as a desperate attempt to compensate for the impoverishment of being-in-the-world and, specifically, for the deficiency in human relations; hence, the "human" voices.
Sociobiological and Social Constructionist Accounts of Altruism: a Phenomenological Critique
Authors: Gantt Edwin E. , Reber Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2008

Much theorizing about altruism has been undertaken within a naturalistic and deterministic sociobiological framework that has sought to explain altruistic action in terms of underlying genetic selfishness. Recently, however, social constructionist thinkers have developed an alternative to such theorizing which suggests that human action arises out of fundamentally open-ended and malleable social relationships. This paper intends to show, however, that a reductive egoism is nonetheless still at work in such accounts, typically taking the form of an underlying concern for matters of personal status and social recognition. As a response, this paper will briefly outline the work of the French phenomenologists Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Emmanuel Levinas as an example of non-reductive and fundamentally Other-oriented alternatives to both sociobiological and social constructionist accounts of altruistic action.
The Russian-Japanese "Pazyryk" Programme the First Year of Joint Studies
Authors: Molodin V.I. , Derevyanko A.P.
Published: April 2008

The early Iron Age tumuli of the Altai mountains are unique in preserving largely intact frozen corpses, horses, textiles, leather and wood of the Scythian period. Further such burials exist: in 1991 a reconnaissance excavation of a frozen tumulus at Ak-Alakh again yielded a fabulous inventory. However the conditions of their preservation require their rapid rescue and conservation and adequate funding to do so. In 1991 the USSR and Japan signed an agreement for the joint study of the tumuli of the Pazyryk culture, which included provisions for the conduct of field research on the Ukok plateau, the restoration and conservation of materials from the tumuli (Japan has made Yens 100 m available for this purpose), and the transport of the excavated tumuli to musea. A large tumulus of the 5th-3rd c. B.C. at Kurtuguntas has since been excavated, the unique material recovered was conserved on site and the burial construction transported to the museum at Akademgorodok. In the Bertok valley 60 sites were surveyed and 15 excavated (only one tulumus had been disturbed in antiquity). A monograph is in preparation.
Parthian and Middle-Persian Documents From South Turkmenistan a Survey
Authors: Nikitin A.B. , Livshits V.A.
Published: April 2008

A survey is given of Parthian inscriptions on ceramics (5 sets published and 12 unpublished) from the region, recently discovered or released for study, which are not included in the Corpus inscriptionum iranicarum. 38 published and 1 unpublished sets of Middle Persian documents discovered in the 20th c. arc briefly described.
Greek Epigraphy of the North Black Sea Coast, the Caucasus and Central Asia (1985-1990)
Authors: Vinogradov Yu G.
Published: April 2008

This article prints and critically reviews the most important monumental and minor inscriptions discovered in a five-year period in the former USSR. It includes published materials from Olbia, Chersonesos, Kerkinitis, Bosporus, Colchis and Bactriana, and previously unpublished inscriptions from Tyras, Olbia(?) and Bosporus.
Sasanian Coins in the Collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow
Authors: Nikitin A.B.
Published: April 2008

The author here catalogues 295 Sasanian coins according to the classification of Robert Gölbl, giving also a transliteration of coin legends, dates and mint monograms and various other details.
The Corpus of Ancient Lamps in the State Historical Museum (Moscow). Vol. I: Lamps From Chersonesos
Authors: Zhuravlyov Denis , Chrzanovski Laurent
Published: April 2008

despite the huge quantity of ancient lamps preserved in museums of the former USSR, this category of finds has been very little studied. The State Historical Museum owns a corpus of more than a thousand lamps, almost all unpublished. The authors announce here the next publication of the first volume of this corpus, dedicated to the collection of lamps from Chersonesos, and explain briefly the history and the importance of these materials.