bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Syntactic Priming Activities and EFL Learners’ Production of Wh-questions
Authors: McDonough Kim , Chaikitmongkol Wanpen
Published: January 2011

Syntactic priming is the tendency for a speaker to produce a structure that was encountered in recent discourse and is measured by calculating how frequently speakers use the modelled structures as opposed to alternatives. Recent lab-based studies have shown that carrying out syntactic priming activities with trained interlocutors positively affects Thai EFL learners’ subsequent production of wh-questions. The current study explores whether carrying out priming activities with peers in a classroom context also facilitates subsequent production. In their integrated skills English course, Thai EFL learners (N = 42) either completed collaborative syntactic priming activities or followed the regular curriculum. Analysis of post-test data indicated that learners who carried out the priming activities subsequently produced significantly more wh-questions with supplied auxiliary verbs than learners who followed the regular curriculum. Pedagogical considerations for the use of collaborative syntactic priming activities in L2 classrooms are discussed.
Planning, Recasts, and Learning of L2 Morphology
Authors: Romanova Natalia
Published: January 2011

This study investigated two issues: (1) whether availability of planning time affects learners' ability to notice and learn from recasts in the input; and (2) whether pre-task or online planning is more effective. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups that formed the treatment conditions: a no planning group (N = 13), a pre-task planning group (N = 14), and an online planning group (N = 14). All participants took a pre-test, an immediate post-test, and a treatment session, and 25 participants took a delayed post-test two weeks later. Results show that both planning conditions are more beneficial for the noticing and learning of recasts than no planning and that online planning may provide more optimal conditions for recasting than pre-task planning does.
The Occurrence and Effectiveness of Spontaneous Focus on Form in Adult ESL Classrooms
Authors: Nassaji Hossein
Published: January 2011

In recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in the notion of spontaneous focus on form (FonF) (i.e., attention to linguistic forms that arise incidentally during meaningful communication). Previous research has indicated that such FonF is beneficial for L2 learning. However, this research has focused mainly on reactive FonF, with relatively little investigation into pre-emptive FonF. This paper presents findings from a large-scale, classroom-based study that examined the role of both reactive and pre-emptive FonF in second-language development as measured by tailor-made, student-specific post-tests. Data from 54 hours of classroom interaction within seven intact ESL classes at three levels of language proficiency revealed that both reactive and pre-emptive FonF occurred. However, pre-emptive FonF led to higher individualized post-test scores than did reactive FonF. Furthermore, the amount, type, and effectiveness of FonF were strongly related to the learners’ level of language proficiency.
La rétroaction corrective à l’écrit : Pratiques et croyances, deux réalités parallèles ?
Authors: Guénette Danielle
Published: January 2011

Résumé

Cette étude a comme objectif d'explorer la nature des interactions entre les croyances, les pratiques et les perceptions des pratiques de rétroaction corrective à l’écrit de futurs enseignants d'anglais langue seconde (n = 15). Afin de mesurer la congruence entre ces trois pôles, les stratégies de rétroaction corrective utilisées par les participants dans leurs échanges avec des élèves du secondaire ont été recensées puis comparées aux données recueillies par le biais de questionnaires sur les croyances, de journaux de bord, et d'entretiens semi-dirigés. Conformément aux résultats des recherches en cognition des enseignants, cette étude a révélé une inadéquation entre les croyances et les pratiques de rétroaction corrective des futurs enseignants, ainsi que des contradictions entre leurs pratiques et leurs perceptions de ces pratiques. Ce paradoxe est attribué à un choc entre les croyances affectives et empiriques provenant de réalités distinctes et parallèles que les enseignants doivent apprendre à contrebalancer.
Experimental investigation and thermodynamic calculation of the Fe–Mg–Mn and Fe–Mg–Ni systems
Authors: Wang Peisheng , Zhao Jingrui , Du Yong , Xu Honghui , Gang Tie , Fen Jicai , Zhang Lijun , He Cuiyun , Liu Shuhong , Ouyang Hongwu
Published: January 2011

Based on the thermodynamic calculations extrapolated from the corresponding binary sub-systems, four decisive alloys in the Fe–Mg–Mn system and three in the Fe–Mg–Ni system were selected and prepared using a powder metallurgy method to measure the isothermal sections at 500 8C in both systems. The prepared samples were annealed at 5008C, and then subjected to X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry as well as electron probe microanalysis. Taking into account the presently obtained experimental data and the experimental data available in the literature, thermodynamic modeling was performed for the above systems. It was found that a direct extrapolation from the corresponding three binary systems can well reproduce all the experimental data in the Fe–Mg–Mn system, while two thermodynamic parameters are needed in the Fe–Mg–Ni system to fit all the experimental data. The liquidus projections and reaction schemes for the Fe–Mg–Mn and Fe–Mg–Ni systems are also presented.
A new approach to monitoring thermal fatigue cracks in die casting moulds
Authors: Muhič Mitja , Kosel Franc , Pukšič Andrej , Klobčar Damjan
Published: January 2011

Die casting moulds are exposed to high cyclic temperatures, mechanical loads and severe chemical conditions. Thermal and mechanical loads cause high local stresses and consequently surface cracks. This paper introduces a new approach to establishing thermal fatigue cracks in die casting moulds by measuring the resulting defect-fins on aluminium alloy castings in the actual die casting process. The investigation showed that cracks occurred sooner and were bigger if the mould material had a lower hardness. The maximum depth of the defect-fin observed on the casting due to thermal fatigue crack on the mould with the lowest hardness (42 HRc) at 10000 cycles was 0.37 mm, the maximum width of the defect-fin was 0.76 mm and maximum length was 9.6 mm. The observed cracks were bigger closer to the entrance of melt flow, especially at the places with stress concentrators, due to higher melt temperature and higher melt flow.
Luminescence properties of Tb3+-activated silicate glass scintillator
Authors: Sun Xin-yuan , Zhang Min , Yu Xiao-guang
Published: January 2011

Some Tb3+-, Dy3+-, Gd3+-doped, and Tb3+/Dy3+- and Tb3+/ Gd3+-codoped silicate glasses were synthesized by meltquenching. Their luminescence properties were investigated by photoluminescence, X-ray excited luminescence spectra and their corresponding decay curves. It is shown that the enhanced photoluminescence intensity of Tb3+ emission can be achieved by efficient energy transfer from Dy3+ (or Gd3+) to Tb3+ under UV light excitation. However, the X-ray excited luminescence intensity of terbium ions in Tb3+/Gd3+-codoped glass contrasts remarkably to that of the Tb3+/Dy3+-codoped one, where the X-ray excited luminescence intensity of terbium ions is obviously lower than that of the Tb3+-doped one.
Hot rolling of binary Ti–Nb alloys Part 1: evolution of microstructure and texture
Authors: Banumathy S. , Mandal R. K. , Singh A. K.
Published: January 2011

This work describes the development of texture during hot rolling of three binary alloys, namely Ti-8Nb, Ti-12Nb and Ti-16Nb. The alloys have been unidirectionally hot rolled at 800°C and air cooled. The alloy Ti-8Nb consists of the α (cph) and small volume fraction of β (bcc) phases while the alloys Ti-12Nb and Ti-16Nb show the presence of α
n
(orthorhombic) and small volume fractions of β phases in as-cast and hot rolled conditions. The Ti-8Nb alloy exhibits nearly c-type texture in terms of basal pole figure in 40% hot rolled condition with a strong and inhomogeneous [0001]⊩ND fibre. Subsequent rolling reductions change texture and weaken the fibre present in 40% hot rolled specimen. The Ti-12Nb alloy exhibits c-type texture in 60% hot rolled specimen with a strong [001]⊩ND fibre. The overall texture of 80% hot rolled specimen is weak and different in terms of basal pole figure. The development of texture during hot rolling of the alloy Ti-16Nb is different from that of Ti-12Nb alloy even though the texture of 80% hot rolled specimens of both the alloys are nearly the same. The high overall intensity of texture in alloy Ti- 16Nb in the 80% hot rolled specimen can be attributed to the presence of a large volume fraction of β phase in comparison to that of the alloy Ti-12Nb.
Introduction: Social Cognitive Ecology and Its Role in Social Epistemology
Authors: Gerken Mikkel , Kallestrup Jesper , Kappel Klemens , Pritchard Duncan
Published: January 2011

The articles in this special issue were selected from the 2010Epistemeconference, “Cognitive Ecology: The Role of the Concept of Knowledge in Our Social Cognitive Ecology”, which took place at the University of Edinburgh in June 2010. The overarching purpose of the conference was to explore our epistemic concepts – and the concept of knowledge in particular – from the perspective offered by a social cognitive ecology.
What's the Point of “Knowledge” Anyway?
Authors: Kelp Christoph
Published: January 2011

InKnowledge and the State of NatureEdward Craig defends the thesis that the function of the concept of knowledge is to flag good informants. This paper aims to show that Craig's thesis (CT) is false. In order to establish this, I will point to some data that CT fails to explain in a satisfactory manner. I will then introduce an alternative thesis that is not only able to secure the acclaimed benefits of CT, but also provides a neat explanation of the recalcitrant data.
The Division of Epistemic Labor
Authors: Goldberg Sandy
Published: January 2011

In this paper I formulate the thesis of the Division of Epistemic Labor as a thesis of epistemic dependence, illustrate several ways in which individual subjects are epistemically dependent on one or more of the members of their community in the process of knowledge acquisition, and draw conclusions about the cognitively distributed nature of some knowledge acquisition.
Animal Rights as a Mainstream Phenomenon
Authors: Rollin Bernard E.
Published: January 2011

Businesses and professions must stay in accord with social ethics, or risk losing their autonomy.A major social ethical issue that has emerged in the past four decades is the treatment of animals in various areas of human use. Society’s moral concern has outgrown the traditional ethic of animal cruelty that began in biblical times and is encoded in the laws of all civilized societies. There are five major reasons for this new social concern, most importantly, the replacement of husbandry-based agriculture with industrial agriculture. This loss of husbandry to industry has threatened the traditional fair contract between humans and animals, and resulted in significant amounts of animal suffering arising on four different fronts. Because such suffering is not occasioned by cruelty, a new ethic for animals was required to express social concerns. Since ethics proceed from preexisting ethics rather than ex nihilo, society has looked to its ethic for humans, appropriately modified, to find moral categories applicable to animals. This concept of legally encoded rights for animals has emerged as a plausible vehicle for reform.
What’s in a Name?—Consequences of Naming Non-Human Animals
Authors: Borkfelt Sune
Published: January 2011

The act of naming is among the most basic actions of language. Indeed, it is naming something that enables us to communicate about it in specific terms, whether the object named is human or non-human, animate or inanimate. However, naming is not as uncomplicated as we may usually think and names have consequences for the way we think about animals (human and non-human), peoples, species, places, things etc. Through a blend of history, philosophy and representational theory—and using examples from, among other things, the Bible, Martin Luther, colonialism/imperialism and contemporary ways of keeping and regarding non-human animals—this paper attempts to trace the importance of (both specific and generic) naming to our relationships with the non-human. It explores this topic from the naming of the animals in Genesis to the names given and used by scientists, keepers of companion animals, media etc. in our societies today, and asks the question of what the consequences of naming non-human animals are for us, for the beings named and for the power relations between our species and the non-human species and individuals we name.
Using a Mobile Laboratory to Study Mental Health, Addictions and Violence: A Research Plan
Authors: Wells Samantha , Flynn Andrea , Graham Kathryn , Rehm Jürgen , Cairney John , Kates Nick , Kennedy James L. , Lobo Daniela S.S. , Chaiton Michael , Menzies Peter , Tyndale Rachel F. , Verjee Zulfikarali
Published: January 2011

This paper describes an innovative new research program, Researching Health in Ontario Communities (RHOC), designed to improve understanding, treatment and prevention of co-occurring mental health, addictions, and violence problems. RHOC brings together a multi-disciplinary team of investigators to implement an integrated series of research studies (including pilot studies and full studies). The project involves use a mobile research laboratory to collect a wide range of biological, behavioral and social data in diverse communities across Ontario, Canada, including remote and rural communities, areas experiencing poverty and social disorganization, urban areas, and Aboriginal communities. This paper describes the project background and research plan as well as the anticipated contributions of the project to participating Ontario communities and to broader scientific knowledge.
Polyethylene Glycol Drilling Fluid for Drilling in Marine Gas Hydrates-Bearing Sediments: An Experimental Study
Authors: Jiang Guosheng , Liu Tianle , Ning Fulong , Tu Yunzhong , Zhang Ling , Yu Yibing , Kuang Lixin
Published: January 2011

Shale inhibition, low-temperature performance, the ability to prevent calcium and magnesium-ion pollution, and hydrate inhibition of polyethylene glycol drilling fluid were each tested with conventional drilling-fluid test equipment and an experimental gas-hydrate integrated simulation system developed by our laboratory. The results of these tests show that drilling fluid with a formulation of artificial seawater, 3% bentonite, 0.3% Na2CO3, 10% polyethylene glycol, 20% NaCl, 4% SMP-2, 1% LV-PAC, 0.5% NaOH and 1% PVP K-90 performs well in shale swelling and gas hydrate inhibition. It also shows satisfactory rheological properties and lubrication at temperature ranges from −8 °C to 15 °C. The PVP K-90, a kinetic hydrate inhibitor, can effectively inhibit gas hydrate aggregations at a dose of 1 wt%. This finding demonstrates that a drilling fluid with a high addition of NaCl and a low addition of PVP K-90 is suitable for drilling in natural marine gas-hydrate-bearing sediments.
New Approaches for the Production of Hydrocarbons from Hydrate Bearing Sediments
Authors: Schicks Judith M. , Spangenberg Erik , Giese Ronny , Steinhauer Bernd , Klump Jens , Luzi Manja
Published: January 2011

The presence of natural gas hydrates at all active and passive continental margins has been proven. Their global occurrence as well as the fact that huge amounts of methane and other lighter hydrocarbons are stored in natural gas hydrates has led to the idea of using hydrate bearing sediments as an energy resource. However, natural gas hydrates remain stable as long as they are in mechanical, thermal and chemical equilibrium with their environment. Thus, for the production of gas from hydrate bearing sediments, at least one of these equilibrium states must be disturbed by depressurization, heating or addition of chemicals such as CO2. Depressurization, thermal or chemical stimulation may be used alone or in combination, but the idea of producing hydrocarbons from hydrate bearing sediments by CO2 injection suggests the potential of an almost emission free use of this unconventional natural gas resource. However, up to now there are still open questions regarding all three production principles. Within the framework of the German national research project SUGAR the thermal stimulation method by use of in situ combustion was developed and tested on a pilot plant scale and the CH4-CO2 swapping process in gas hydrates studied on a molecular level. Microscopy, confocal Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used for in situ investigations of the CO2-hydrocarbon exchange process in gas hydrates and its driving forces. For the thermal stimulation a heat exchange reactor was designed and tested for the exothermal catalytic oxidation of methane. Furthermore, a large scale reservoir simulator was realized to synthesize hydrates in sediments under conditions similar to nature and to test the efficiency of the reactor. Thermocouples placed in the reservoir simulator with a total volume of 425 L collect data regarding the propagation of the heat front. In addition, CH4 sensors are placed in the water saturated sediment to detect the distribution of CH4 in the sample. These data are used for numerical simulations for up-scaling from laboratory to field conditions. This study presents the experimental set up of the large scale reservoir simulator and the reactor design. Preliminary results indicate that the catalytic oxidation of CH4 operated as a temperature controlled, autothermal reaction in a countercurrent heat exchange reactor is a safe and promising tool for the thermal stimulation of hydrates. In addition, preliminary results from the laboratory studies on the CO2-hydrocarbon swapping process in simple and mixed gas hydrates are presented.
Lysyl Oxidase, A Critical Intra- and Extra-Cellular Target in the Lung for Cigarette Smoke Pathogenesis
Authors: Li Wande , Zhou Jing , Chen Lijun , Luo Zhijun , Zhao Yinzhi
Published: January 2011

Cigarette smoke (CS), a complex chemical mixture, contains more than 4,800 different compounds, including oxidants, heavy metals, and carcinogens, that individually or in combination initiate or promote pathogenesis in the lung accounting for 82% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) deaths and 87% of lung cancer deaths. Lysyl oxidase (LO), a Cu-dependent enzyme, oxidizes peptidyl lysine residues in collagen, elastin and histone H1, essential for stabilization of the extracellular matrix and cell nucleus. Considerable evidences have shown that LO is a tumor suppressor as exemplified by inhibiting transforming activity of ras, a proto oncogene. CS condensate (CSC), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and cadmium (Cd), major components of CS, down-regulate LO expression at such multiple levels as mRNA, protein and catalytic activity in lung cells in vitro and in vivo indicating LO as a critical intra- and extracellular target for CS pathogenesis in the lung. In view of multiple biological functions and regulation characteristics of the LO gene, molecular mechanisms for CS damage to lung LO and its role in emphysema and cancer pathogenesis are discussed in this review.
Toxicity of Neurons Treated with Herbicides and Neuroprotection by Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant SS31
Authors: Reddy Tejaswini P. , Manczak Maria , Calkins Marcus J. , Mao Peizhong , Reddy Arubala P. , Shirendeb Ulziibat , Park Byung , Reddy P. Hemachandra
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the neurotoxicity of two commonly used herbicides: picloram and triclopyr and the neuroprotective effects of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, SS31. Using mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells and primary neurons from C57BL/6 mice, we investigated the toxicity of these herbicides, and protective effects of SS1 peptide against picloram and triclopyr toxicity. We measured total RNA content, cell viability and mRNA expression of peroxiredoxins, neuroprotective genes, mitochondrial- encoded electron transport chain (ETC) genes in N2a cells treated with herbicides and SS31. Using primary neurons from C57BL/6 mice, neuronal survival was studied in neurons treated with herbicides, in neurons pretreated with SS31 plus treated with herbicides, neurons treated with SS31 alone, and untreated neurons. Significantly decreased total RNA content, and cell viability in N2a cells treated with picloram and triclopyr were found compared to untreated N2a cells. Decreased mRNA expression of neuroprotective genes, and ETC genes in cells treated with herbicides was found compared to untreated cells. Decreased mRNA expression of peroxiredoxins 1–6 in N2a cells treated with picloram was found, suggesting that picloram affects the antioxidant enzymes in N2a cells. Immunofluorescence analysis of primary neurons revealed that decreased neuronal branching and degenerating neurons in neurons treated with picloram and triclopyr. However, neurons pretreated with SS31 prevented degenerative process caused by herbicides. Based on these results, we propose that herbicides—picloram and triclopyr appear to damage neurons, and the SS31 peptide appears to protect neurons from herbicide toxicity.
Enhancement of Diepoxin ζ Production by Yeast Extract and Its Fractions in Liquid Culture of Berkleasmium-Like Endophytic Fungus Dzf12 from Dioscorea zingiberensis
Authors: Zhao Jianglin , Zheng Bingbing , Li Yan , Shan Tijiang , Mou Yan , Lu Shqiong , Li Peiqin , Zhou Ligang
Published: January 2011

This study was to examine the effects of yeast extract (YE) and its fractions (YE1 and YE2) on the growth and diepoxin ζ (a spirobisnaphthalene with a diversity of bioactivities) production in liquid culture of Berkleasmium-like endophytic fungus Dzf12 from Dioscorea zingiberensis. When YE was applied to the liquid medium at 10 g/L on day 3 of culture, the diepoxin ζ production was most effectively enhanced 3.2-fold (378.70 mg/L versus 120.09 mg/L in control) after another 10 days culture. Feeding with 15 g/L of YE on day 9, the mycelia biomass reached 16.44 g/L, about 2.3-fold in comparison with the control (7.15 g/L). The polysaccharide fraction (YE1) was mainly responsible for stimulating diepoxin ζ accumulation, and the non-polysaccharide fraction (YE2) was mainly responsible for promoting mycelia growth. The results showed that the diepoxin ζ production in liquid culture of endophyte Dzf12 could be effectively enhanced by YE and its fractions.
A Retrospective Investigation of Thiamin and Energy Intakes Following an Outbreak of Beriberi in the Gambia
Authors: Thurnham David I. , Cathcart Angela E. , Livingstone Margaret B. E.
Published: January 2011

In the early part of the rainy season in 1988, an outbreak of beriberi occurred in free-living adults in a relatively small area in the North Bank region of The Gambia. In 1995 we selected two compounds in a village called Chilla situated within the affected district to retrospectively examine dietary factors potentially contributing to the outbreak. There had previously been cases of beriberi in one compound (BBC) but not in the other (NBC). We measured energy and thiamin intakes for four days on six occasions during the year. We calculated energy and thiamin intakes of people living in the two compounds and foods were collected for thiamin analysis through the year. Thiamin:Energy ratios only met international recommendations in the immediate post‑harvest season when energy and thiamin intakes were highest and then fell through the year. In the rainy season when food was short and labour was heaviest, energy intakes were lower in the NBC but thiamin:energy ratios were lower in BBC. Records of rainfall in 1988 collected near the village indicated that the amount in August was twice the average. We suggest the heavy rainfall may have increased farm workload and reduced income from outside-village work activity. The lower energy intakes in the NBC may have forced adults to rest thus sparing thiamin demands and delaying onset of beriberi. In contrast, the higher energy intake of adults in the BBC may have enabled them to continue working, thus increasing demands for thiamin and inducing the earlier onset of beriberi.
Poly(alkyl methacrylate) Tooth Coatings for Dental Care: Evaluation of the Demineralisation-Protection Benefit Using a Time-Resolved In Vitro Method
Authors: Nielsen Birthe V. , Nevell Thomas G. , Barbu Eugen , Smith James R. , Rees Gareth D. , Tsibouklis John
Published: January 2011

An in vitro method for the time-resolved quantification of acid-mediated tooth demineralisation has been developed and evaluated against putative non-permanent protective formulations based on a series of poly(alkyl methacrylate)s. Using a thermostatted carousel, dentally relevant substrates consisting of hydroxyapatite discs or sections of bovine teeth have been exposed to aqueous citric acid under controlled conditions, before and after being treated with the polymeric coatings. The dissolution of phosphate was monitored by the determination of 31P by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometry and by the spectrophotometric phosphovanadomolybdate method. Dose-response plots constructed for both groups of treated substrates have revealed that the coatings significantly reduce erosion rates but are less effective at inhibiting tooth demineralisation than the standard fluoride treatment. The approach has enabled an evaluation of the erosion-protection efficiency of each coating.
A Miniature Fiber Optic Refractive Index Sensor Built in a MEMS-Based Microchannel
Authors: Tian Ye , Wang Wenhui , Wu Nan , Zou Xiaotian , Guthy Charles , Wang Xingwei
Published: January 2011

A small, highly sensitive, and electromagnetic interference (EMI)-immune refractive index (RI) sensor based on the Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer is presented. The sensor’s FP cavity was fabricated by aligning two metal-deposited, single-mode optical fiber endfaces inside a microchannel on a silicon chip. The mirrors on the fiber endfaces were made of thermal-deposited metal films, which provided the high finesse necessary to produce a highly sensitive sensor. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication techniques, specifically photolithography and deep dry etching, were used to precisely control the profile and depth of the microchannel on the silicon chip with an accuracy of 2 μm. The RI change within the FP cavity was determined by demodulating the transmission spectrum phase shift. The sensitivity and finesse of the transmission spectrum were controlled by adjusting the cavity length and the thickness of the deposited metal. Our experimental results showed that the sensor’s sensitivity was 665.90 nm/RIU (RI Unit), and the limit of detection was 6 × 10−6 RIU. Using MEMS fabrication techniques to fabricate these sensors could make high yield mass production a real possibility. Multiple sensors could be integrated on a single small silicon chip to simultaneously measure RI, temperature, and biomolecule targets.
Fiber Bragg Gratings, IT Techniques and Strain Gauge Validation for Strain Calculation on Aged Metal Specimens
Authors: Montero Ander , Saez de Ocariz Idurre , Lopez Ion , Venegas Pablo , Gomez Javier , Zubia Joseba
Published: January 2011

This paper studies the feasibility of calculating strains in aged F114 steel specimens with Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors and infrared thermography (IT) techniques. Two specimens have been conditioned under extreme temperature and relative humidity conditions making comparative tests of stress before and after aging using different adhesives. Moreover, a comparison has been made with IT techniques and conventional methods for calculating stresses in F114 steel. Implementation of Structural Health Monitoring techniques on real aircraft during their life cycle requires a study of the behaviour of FBG sensors and their wiring under real conditions, before using them for a long time. To simulate aging, specimens were stored in a climate chamber at 70 °C and 90% RH for 60 days. This study is framed within the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and Non Destructuve Evaluation (NDE) research lines, integrated into the avionics area maintained by the Aeronautical Technologies Centre (CTA) and the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU).
The Importance of Regulation-Induced Innovation for Sustainable Development
Authors: Ashford Nicholas A. , Hall Ralph P.
Published: January 2011

This article explores the complex relationship between environmental regulation, innovation, and sustainable development within the context of an increasingly globalizing economy. The economic development, environment, and employment aspects of sustainable development are emphasized. We contend that the most crucial problem in achieving sustainability is lock-in or path dependency due to (1) the failure to envision, design, and implement policies that achieve co-optimization, or the mutually reinforcing, of social goals, and (2) entrenched economic and political interests that gain from the present system and advancement of its current trends. The article argues that industrial policy, environmental law and policy, and trade initiatives must be ‘opened up’ by expanding the practice of multi-purpose policy design, and that these policies must be integrated as well. Sustainable development requires stimulating revolutionary technological innovation through environmental, health, safety, economic, and labor market regulation. Greater support for these changes must also be reinforced by ‘opening up the participatory and political space’ to enable new voices to contribute to integrated thinking and solutions.
Laterite Based Stabilized Products for Sustainable Building Applications in Tropical Countries: Review and Prospects for the Case of Cameroon
Authors: Lemougna Patrick N. , Melo Uphie F. Chinje , Kamseu Elie , Tchamba Arlin B.
Published: January 2011

Lateritic soils are formed in the tropics through weathering processes that favor the formation of iron, aluminum, manganese and titanium oxides. These processes break down silicate minerals into clay minerals such as kaolinite and illite. Iron and aluminum oxides are prominent in lateritic soils, and with the seasonal fluctuation of the water table, these oxides result in the reddish-brown color that is seen in lateritic soils. These soils have served for a long time as major and sub-base materials for the construction of most highways and walls of residential houses in tropical and sub-tropical countries of the world. Civil engineering applications of these lateritic soils are continually being developed with the use of different types of stabilizers. The stabilized soil-based products are as such viewed as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy materials for sustainable building applications. This work aims at presenting a global view of what has been done in the field of lateritic soil improvement for construction purposes in tropical countries such as Cameroon. This shall be discussed through the presentation of the structure, composition and properties of lateritic soils, the various ways of improving their properties for construction purposes, the properties of products obtained and other prospects.
Can 18F-FDG PET/CT predict recurrence in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma?
Authors: Kang S , Hong C.M , Song B.-I , Lee H.J , Jeong S.Y , Lee S.-W , Lee J , Lee S.J , Ahn B.-C
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) lesions by 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/ computerized tomography (PET/ CT) in terms of recurrence. Patients, methods: 37 CMM patients (17 men, mean age: 61.7 ± 13.6 years) that underwent PET/CT at presentation were enrolled in this study. Recurrence was determined by histological confirmation or by radiological and clinical follow- up for at least 8 months after curative surgery. Clinical variables such as age, sex, clinical stage, and primary lesion location, thickness, and ulceration, and SUVmax values were analyzed with respect to their usefulness for predicting recurrence. Results: SUVmax was found to be significantly higher in patients with ulceration of primary lesion of CMM (p = 0.004) and in patients with a stage ≥ III (p < 0.000). Patients that experience recurrence had a significantly higher mean SUVmax value (4.9 ± 2.9) than patients who did not (2.1 ± 1.5, p = 0.024). ROC analysis showed that a SUVmax cut-off value 2.2 had high sensitivity (88.9%) and specificity (67.9%) for predicting recurrence. Kaplan-Meier analysis identified ulceration of primary lesion (p = 0.034), stage ≥ III (p = 0.019) and SUVmax ≥ 2.2 (p = 0.002) as predictors of recurrence. However, Cox proportional-hazards analysis showed that only SUVmax (p = 0.025, relative risk 11.063) significantly predicted recurrence. Conclusion: Preoperative SUVmax of primary lesion was found to be the most potent predictor of recurrence in CMM patient. Patients with high SUV max of primary lesion should be followed meticulously for recurrence.
Les fondements moraux des relations économiques.
Authors: Graeber David
Published: January 2011

Le don renvoie à un composite de transactions et d’actions dont les substrats moraux sont loin d’être uniformes. Reprenant l’idée maussienne suivant laquelle les principes sociaux majeurs (l’individualisme et le communisme, la démocratie et la monarchie, etc.) coexistent dans tout système social donné, cet article suggère l’opérationnalité de trois principes de base : le communisme (au sens d’une relation éternelle fondée sur les moyens et les fins), l’échange (au sens d’une relation temporaire entre des parties égales), et la hiérarchie (fondée sur la précédence et non sur la réciprocité). Ces principes sociaux se recoupent, se transforment et se fondent les uns dans les autres.
Les Yanomami à la lumière de Mauss et réciproquement
Authors: Alès Catherine
Published: January 2011

S’appuyant sur les matériaux recueillis auprès des Yanomami, une société des basses terres amazoniennes, le texte met en parallèle les analyses dégagées sur la vengeance avec les analyses de Mauss sur le don. Il explore les relations d’alliance et les relations hostiles entretenues entre les groupes dans cette société et examine la configuration de l’échange de meurtres qui est cœur de leur système vindicatoire. L’exemple de l’échange de meurtres dans les sociétés pratiquant la guerre de vendetta permet ainsi d’effectuer la comparaison entre l’échange-don et l’échange-destruction et de montrer que l’obligation à la relation à autrui est tout autant impliquée par la réciprocité hostile que par la réciprocité pacifique.
De la marchandise au cadeau
Authors: Chevalier Sophie
Published: January 2011

En partant de « ce que nous n’avons pas qu’une morale de marchands », cet article traite des relations entre marché, don et héritage (« le cadeau des morts ») comme autant de manières de donner et transmettre des objets. On s’attardera plus spécialement sur la façon dont les marchandises sont personnalisées pour les transformer en cadeaux dans les sociétés occidentales contemporaines (avec des exemples tirés de recherches en France et en Grande-Bretagne), et sur le destin de ces objets-cadeaux.
Une autre approche de la nation : Marcel Mauss
Authors: Karsenti Bruno
Published: January 2011

La conception maussienne de la nation doit en grande partie son originalité à la double opposition à partir de laquelle elle se déploie : opposition à l’Etat d’un côté, au nationalisme de l’autre. Cette idée qui, en l’occurrence, n’est pas posée a priori , mais dégagée progressivement sur la base d’une vaste enquête empirique sur le développement des sociétés humaines, considérées sans restriction. En cela, la démarche se veut ethnologique et sociologique, et nullement de théorie politique. Elle a pourtant une portée générale, au moins à deux titres. D’une part, on s’aperçoit rapidement qu’elle est en fait destinée à illustrer et à donner une certaine épaisseur à la conception que Mauss se faisait de la société comme telle, ou plutôt du développement nécessaire des sociétés. En second lieu, elle vise à justifier une prise de position de ce même sociologue à l’intérieur des sociétés où sa propre analyse se situe, à savoir à l’intérieur des sociétés modernes. En termes clairs, cette définition de la nation est la pierre angulaire de l’engagement socialiste du sociologue qu’a voulu être Marcel Mauss.
Histoire et actualité de l'associationnisme : l'apport de Marcel Mauss
Authors: Laville Jean-Louis
Published: January 2011

Cette contribution se propose de souligner l’incomplétude du débat politique et économique qui, depuis un siècle, repose sur l’opposition et la complémentarité de l’État et du marché. Pour relever les défis du XXI e siècle, il est nécessaire d’intégrer à la réflexion un troisième pôle, celui de la société civile en particulier à travers l’associationnisme que l’œuvre de Mauss nous aide à penser. Face aux incertitudes démocratiques contemporaines, il importe en effet de retrouver la référence à l’associationnisme dont la spécificité réside dans la capacité à alimenter une recherche d’approfondissement de la démocratie par un ensemble de pratiques citoyennes. Selon cette orientation, l’association n’est pas seulement pensée, elle est expérimentée. Elle n’est pas seulement dépendante du capitalisme, elle intervient dans la définition des catégories économiques et politiques. De ce point de vue, l’apport de Mauss peut être synthétisé autour de quatre points-clés combinant sociologie critique et possibiliste. Pour ce qui est de la dimension critique, Mauss invite à penser contre l’association comme système et contre l’étatisme. Pour ce qui est de la dimension possibiliste, il se prononce pour l’institutionnalisme et pour le changement social démocratique.
Don, religion et eurocentrisme dans l'aventure coloniale
Authors: Martins Paulo Henrique
Published: January 2011

L’aventure coloniale constitue un événement important pour la compréhension théorique des rapports entre don, religion et marché dans la mise en place du processus civilisateur des sociétés du Sud. Dans ce texte, nous voulons cerner les particularités et les paradoxes du pacte colonial qui sous-tend la colonisation ibérique en Amérique Latine envisagée du point de vue de la modernisation planétaire. Cette dimension paradoxale et multiple de la colonisation est actuellement l’objet de réflexion de la part des théoriciens post-coloniaux.
Existe-t-il une pulsion de donner ?
Authors: Pommier Gérard
Published: January 2011

La gratuité du don inspire une méfiance sous l’influence idéologique de la société marchande. Or, il existe au contraire une pulsion originaire de « se donner », de sorte que le don est, dès le début de la vie, l’occasion d’un refoulement. Cette pulsion de se donner est à la source de la tentation suicidaire, ou de l’agressivité à l’égard du semblable, et une coutume connue, le potlatch, montre bien le destin civilisé de cette corrélation entre le don, la destruction, l’agressivité et la fondation du lien social. On montrera que dans le paradigme de Marcel Mauss : « donner - recevoir - obligation de rendre », l’obligation porte davantage sur « donner » que sur « rendre ».
La structure quaternaire du don
Authors: Basualdo Carina
Published: January 2011

Cet article revient sur le problème du « tiers » dans la littérature sur le don , en partant de l’objet donné qui ouvre le cycle du don. Une fois démontré comment la structure quaternaire de l’Œdipe, selon la conception de Jacques Lacan, s’appuie sur « l’atome de parenté » lévi-straussien, nous présentons le côté plus maussien de Lacan qui se détache de la notion d’« échange de femmes » de Lévi-Strauss en même temps qu’il introduit la notion du « phallus ». Nous verrons ainsi que ce qui fait que la figure du tiers est immanente à la dimension symbolique (et donc à la dimension du don) peut être élucidé à la lumière de la théorie lacanienne de l’objet-manque , qui se dégage de la lecture que Lacan a faite de l’ Essai sur le don de Marcel Mauss. Il s’agit de proposer ici une dimension inconsciente du don qui restera ainsi ouverte.
Does Smoking Act as a Friend or Enemy of Blood Pressure? Let Release Pandora's Box
Authors: Leone Aurelio
Published: January 2011

In spite of the great number of observations which show the certainty of cardiovascular damage from smoking, the opinions on that are not yet unanimous. There is a discrepancy that could be attributed to the lack of reproducible data particularly in some epidemiological studies. On the contrary, experimental findings conducted on both animals and humans give evidence of exactly reproducible results of cardiovascular alterations and among these the course of Blood Pressure (BP). Findings identify an increase in BP of active smokers or non-smokers exposed to passive smoking, while a lot of others refer a lowering of BP due to smoking. This discrepancy could be explained as follows. Initially, a vasoconstriction mediated by nicotine causes acute but transient increase in systolic BP. This phase is followed by a decrease in BP as a consequence of depressant effects played chronically by nicotine itself. Simultaneously, carbon monoxide is acting directly on the arterial wall causing, in the long run, structurally irreversible alterations. At this time, there is a change in BP that increases again, and often constantly, its levels following chronic exposure. Changes in response to antihypertensive drugs have been observed in hypertensive smokers since smoking influences metabolic steps of the drugs.
The Recognition Theorem for $\mathrm{Out}(F_n)$
Authors: Feighn Mark , Handel Michael
Published: January 2011

Our goal is to find dynamic invariants that completely determine elements of the outer automorphism group

\mathrm{Out}(F_n)

of the free group

F_n

of rank

n

. To avoid finite order phenomena, we do this for
forward rotationless
elements. This is not a serious restriction. For example, there is

K_n>0

depending only on

n

such that, for all

\phi\in\mathrm{Out}(F_n)

,

\phi^{K_n}

is forward rotationless. An important part of our analysis is to show that rotationless elements are represented by particularly nice relative train track maps.
The cohomology of Bestvina–Brady groups
Authors: Leary Ian J. , Saadetoğlu Müge
Published: January 2011

For each subcomplex of the standard CW-structure on any torus, we compute the homology of a certain infinite cyclic regular covering space. In all cases when the homology is finitely generated, we also compute the cohomology ring. For aspherical subcomplexes of the torus, our computation gives the homology of the groups introduced by M. Bestvina and N. Brady in [3]. We compute the cohomological dimension of each of these groups.
Scale-invariant groups
Authors: Nekrashevych Volodymyr V. , Pete Gábor
Published: January 2011

Motivated by the renormalization method in statistical physics, Itai Benjamini defined a finitely generated infinite group

G

to be scale-invariant if there is a nested sequence of finite index subgroups

G_n

that are all isomorphic to

G

and whose intersection is a finite group. He conjectured that every scale-invariant group has polynomial growth, hence is virtually nilpotent. We disprove his conjecture by showing that the following groups (mostly finite-state self-similar groups) are scale-invariant: the lamplighter groups

\mathrm{F}\wr \mathbb{Z}

, where

\mathrm{F}

is any finite Abelian group; the solvable Baumslag–Solitar groups

\mathrm{BS}(1,m)

; the affine groups

A

⋉

\mathbb{Z}^d

, for any

A\leq \mathrm{GL}(\mathbb{Z},d)

. However, the conjecture remains open with some natural stronger notions of scale-invariance for groups and transitive graphs. We construct scale-invariant tilings of certain Cayley graphs of the discrete Heisenberg group, whose existence is not immediate just from the scale-invariance of the group. We also note that torsion-free non-elementary hyperbolic groups are not scale-invariant.
DEVELOPING A MODEL FOR SUPERVISED AGRICULTURAL EXPERIENCE PROGRAM QUALITY: A SYNTHESIS OF RESEARCH
Authors: Dyer James E. , Osborne Edward W.
Published: January 2011

The objectives of this investigation were to synthesize research related to SAE program quality, identify areas of deficiency, and to develop a model for conducting research related to SAE program quality. Overall, research in this area is primarily descriptive, survey, non-programmatic, and empirically deficient. Findings revealed that no standardized criteria exist by which to measure SAE program quality. Teacher attitudes and past SAE experience strongly influence SAE program quality. However, the number of teachers with high school SAE experience as students is declining, emphasizing the need for teacher educators to provide pre-service and beginning teachers with SAE instruction. Also, due to changing curricula and diverse student populations, school-site lab facilities are essential. Future research in this area should be directed toward determining the empirical value of SAEs; effects of SAE program type and quality on student achievement; influence of learning styles on SAE program effectiveness; effective teaching methods for SAE instruction; role of classroom instruction on SAE program quality; effects of SAE programs as experiential learning sources for problem solving methods; factors contributing to program quality; criteria to evaluate program quality; lab facilities needed to address student diversity; and SAE program needs of rural, suburban, and urban students.
HEARING LOSS AND HEARING CONSERVATION PRACTICES AMONG AGRICULTURE INSTRUCTORS
Authors: Woodford Charles M. , Lawrence Layle D. , Fazalare Lisa , Martin Jennifer
Published: January 2011

This study was designed to determine the extent of hearing loss experienced by high school agriculture teachers in West Virginia, and the hearing conservation practices used by those teachers and their students. Data regarding teacher training and characteristics were collected and teachers were tested for auditory sensitivity. More than three-fourths of the teachers tested were found to have high frequency hearing loss. Most teachers had not received information in college concerning hearing conservation. More than a third never wear hearing protection in their school shops and only about five percent always do. More than half the teachers reported difficulty in getting students to use safety and health equipment, with safety glasses and hearing protection presenting the greatest problems. The authors suggest that hearing conservation instruction begin in teacher preparation programs and that intensive inservice programs be provided for current teachers. They further suggest that information regarding hearing conservation methods and practices be incorporated into appropriate units and lessons, and that hearing protection equipment be provided by the schools and routinely used by teachers and students.