bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retard au mariage et délais d’insertion dans la vie professionnelle
Authors: Roussel Louis
Published: October 2021

Quel que fût l’âge dc la majorilé légale. n’éiait autrefois considéré comme vraiment adulte que celui qui avait pris métier et s’étaii engagé d’une manière stable dans un état matrimonial. L’entrée dans la vie professionnclle précédait généralement le mariage, l’autonomie économique étant considérée comme le préalable nécessaire & la fondation d’une famille. Le calendrier de ces deux scuils variail suivant les groupes sociaux ; il évoluail aussi suivanl les époques. A l’âge de la disponibilité, la jeunesse, succédail celui des engagemcnls et de la stabilité
D’un monde à un autre ; du travail commun dans la famille à l’activité professionnelle hors du foyer
Authors: Girard Alain
Published: October 2021

I Fest toujours très difficile d’intervenir au terme d’une réunion pendant laquelle ont été échangés autant d’informalions rigoureuses que de points de vuc ou d’éclairages différents.
The Economy, Elections, and Public Opinion
Authors: Lipset Seymour M.
Published: October 2021

Both practitioners and students of politics increasingly recognize that electorally determined shifts in government in Western countries, particularly in the United States, are heavily determined by changing economic conditions Seemingly voters are disposed to credit or blame incumbent administrations for the state of the economy. Recent alternations between the Left and Right, therefore, generally do not reflect ideological changes in the views of the electorate.
Ethos communautaire et contractuel dans les relations familiales contemporaines : Coexistence ou conflit?
Authors: Kellerhals Jean
Published: October 2021

Le sens commun tombe facilement, s’agissant des relations familiales dans l’angelisme ou le machiavelisme. Soit il fait de la famille un contre-modèle de société où prévaut la gratuité, le don. Soit il pretend que l'idéal romantique n’est que le masque deguisant les ealculs les plus sordides.
French Economic Policies under the Socialist Government : Year III
Authors: Balassa Bela
Published: October 2021

In « The First Year of Socialist Government in France », we described the structural changes that followed the victory of the left in the French presidential and parliamentary elections. We also examined the macroeconomic imbalances created by an expansionist policy that involved increases in wages, in social benefits, and in public expenditures.
L’économie américaine depuis 1981
Authors: Le Cacheux Jacques
Published: October 2021

Rares sont, dans les annales récentes des Etats-Unis, les présidents sortants qui, à  la veille de se représenter devant leurs électeurs, ont pu vanter les bienfaits de leur politique économique d’une manière plus convaincante que l’actuel président. La reprise économique de 1983 a déjà  effacé, par sa vigueur, les séquelles de la récession et, si la politique économique menée depuis plus de trois ans s’est engagée sur un sentier potentiellement explosif, les hypothèques qu’elle laisse peser sur la croissance future ne sont, pour l’heure, que virtuelles.
Right Wing Revivals in France : A Series of Talks at the New York University Institute of French Studies
Authors: Young Dorothy
Published: October 2021

As the debate about the future of the French Left intensifies, and the Right parties and coalitions win ever more local elections in France, the Institute of French Studies and the Maison Fran^aise at New York University have presented several colloquia on the subject of the Extreme Right in France in this century. Among the specialists convoked were Zcev Sternhell, author of Ni Droite Ni Gauche and Professor of History at University of Jerusalem; Robert Paxton, author of Vichy France and Professor of History at Columbia University.
Commentaries
Authors: Adelson Joseph , Black Donald , Caplow Theodore , Clark Terry , Lowi Theodore
Published: October 2021

Unlike other analysts of the American scene — past and present, foreign and domestic — M. Crozier is reasonable, amiable, often generous. The problems of this chapter — and I will assume it to be representative of the approach taken throughout the book — stem not from malice, but from an analytical framework far too diffuse, hence inadequate.
Warning: America-Watching Can be Hazardous to your Health
Authors: Lowi Theodore J.
Published: October 2021

Alexis de Tocqueville remains the most important member of an old international tradition, America-watching. It’s a tradition America seems to enjoy being the goat of. People of other countries don’t necessarily enjoy being watched. The Japanese made a best-seller out of Ezra Vogel’s Japan as Number One, but that’s an exception for obvious reasons.
The major conferences held in the Fall of 1984 at the N.Y.U. Institute of French Studies
Authors: Beriss David
Published: October 2021

A rapid look through French headlines of the past two years cannot but leave one with the idea that there is something not quite right with the socialists approach to political power. In a series of local elections and then in the recent European elections, the French left has consistently lost supporters.
La liberté et les illusions individualistes selon Tocqueville
Authors: Lamberti Jean-Claude
Published: October 2021

En 1850, Tocqueville écrivait a son ami Kergorlay : « Je n’ai pas de traditions, je n’ai point de parti, je n’ai point de cause, si ce n’est celle de la liberté et de la dignité humaine ; de celá, je suis sûr». A-t-il rompu autant qu’il le dit avec les traditions de sa race ? Toute son oeuvre est un immense effort pour transposer dans la démocratie, et à son bénéfice, les valeurs aristocratiques et, en premier lieu, le goût de l’excellence humaine, le respect mutuel et la fière affirmation de l’indépendance personnelle.
Hedonism and Nihilism: The Predictions of Tocqueville and Nietzsche
Authors: Boesche Roger
Published: October 2021

Tocqucville was one of the nineteenth-century’s finest liberal thinkers and, despite serious religious doubt, in his private life he adopted what he regarded as an ethic firmly founded upon Christian principles. By contrast, Nietzsche challenged nearly every political and ethical assumption that Europe and Tocqucville held sacred. Yet both of these thinkers, who appear to have so little in common, feared that Europe might well stagnate in a future of comfort plus doubt, hedonism plus nihilism.
Les restrictions au cumul des mandats : réforme symbolique ou changement en profondeur?
Authors: Meny Yves
Published: October 2021

Le phénomène du cumul des mandats constitue l’une des conventions les plus originales en même temps que les mieux ancrées du système politique français. On désigne par là  la possibilité pour un élu de cumuler plusieurs mandats électifs locaux et/ou nationaux. Mais en pratique, analyses et critiques se polarisent sur l’élément essentiel que constitue le cumul simultané de mandats nationaux et locaux. Il ne faut cependant pas négliger comme l’a rappelé J. Becquart-Leclercq que le cumul des mandats présente plusieurs dimensions : cumul horizontal, c’est à  dire le cumul de mandats électifs avec d’autres mandats ou fonctions (par exemple, le cumul d’un mandat de maire avec la présidence d’une société d’habitation à  loyer modérée publique ou d’un établisement hospitalier) ; cumul vertical, c’est à  dire le cumul de mandats électifs à plusieurs niveaux de gouvernement ; cumul dans le temps, c’est à  dire « la perpétuation au pouvoir d’élus qui accumulent des mandats successifs.
Clochards, Commercials, Cohabitation, Continuity, and Change, a Summary of Colloquia Held at the Institute of French Studies, New York University, Autumn 1986
Authors: Clegg Melissa
Published: October 2021

Since the founding of the Fifth Republic Paris has been rebuilt to an extent only the reconstructions of the Second Empire under Napoleon III could match. The story of its rebuilding—told by David Pinkney, Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Washington—could serve as a fable with a moral about the whole of French cultural and political life for the last twenty-five years. De Gaulle began the transformation of Paris by deregulating the building industry. The threats of that policy to the historical character of the city eventually provoked, under Giscard d’Estaing and Mitterrand, a return to the centrist practices of a state accustomed to regulation.
Whither the Revolution? An Assessment of Vulnerability to Revolution in Advanced Industrial States
Authors: Carrell David S.
Published: October 2021

In her seminal book, States and Social Revolutions, Theda Skocpol advances a structural theory of revolution based on a comparative analysis of the French, Russian, and Chinese revolutions. She identifies state-class, state-economy, and state-state relations as the three key structural variables determining a state’s vulnerability to “revolution from below.” The importance of the structural perspective to the study of revolution is convincingly established by Skocpol.
Péché organisé par mon pays: Catholic Antiwar Engagement in France, 1954–62
Authors: Schalk David L.
Published: October 2021

Striking similarities between France’s undeclared war in Algeria (1954–62) and the period of active American military involvement in Vietnam (1964–73) were noted as early as December 1964, four months after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution which signalled the escalation of the conflict in Vietnam. The parallels drawn range widely—from a global perspective of viewing both bitter and drawn out wars as episodes in a larger historical process of decolonization to a specific focus on political and military matters. Briefly, the political approach emphasizes the changes of regimes after four years of war in both countries, with more conservative governments ultimately making peace.
Pushing Failure Mode Stimulus to Overcome the Limitations and Boundaries of Soft Defect Localization Tools
Authors: Norico Allan , Estores Rommel
Published: October 2021

Dynamic analysis by laser stimulation (DALS) is a method used to analyze temperature-dependent failures. There are cases, however, where the laser alone cannot get devices hot enough to induce an observable change in behavior. This paper examines three such cases and describes how analysts were able to induce and diagnose the underlying failure by using external signals, complex triggering, and resistive heating to compensate for limitations in laser power.
Recent Developments for the Characterization of Crystals and Defects at the Nanoscale using On-Axis TKD in SEM
Authors: Goran Daniel , Schwager Thomas , Fanta Alice Bastos DaSilva
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we describe the technique of on-axis transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) in a scanning electron microscope and demonstrate its use in characterizing nanoscale crystal structures and defects in semiconductor materials and devices. We explain how we modified hardware and software to achieve an effective spatial resolution of 2 nm during orientation mapping without decreasing acquisition speed, indexing quality, and other performance parameters. The paper includes illustrations comparing sample-detector geometries for conventional EBSD, TKD, and on-axis TKD. It also presents examples of the types of images that can be obtained using on-axis TKD, including raw crystal orientation maps, diffraction patterns, pattern quality maps, time-resolved orientation maps showing microstructure evolution, and a sparse sample map showing the distribution of quantum dots on an electron transparent support film.
Backside EBIRCH Defect Localization for Advanced Flip Chip Failure Analysis
Authors: Zhang Chuan , Li Jane Y. , Aguada John , Marks Howard
Published: October 2021

This paper demonstrates a novel defect localization approach based on EBIRCH isolation conducted from the backside of flip chips. It discusses sample preparation and probing considerations and presents a case study that shows how the technique makes it possible to determine the root cause of subtle defects, such as bridging, in flip chip failures.
Workflow Solution for Positional Characterization of 3D NAND Channel Tilt/Shift
Authors: Najarian Mark
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a method for determining positional variation and offsets in high aspect ratio etches used in the production of 3D NAND devices. The method uses a 3D fiducial as a positional reference in the field-of-view, which not only allows for high precision tracking of features through the depth of the device, but also aids in the alignment of images when performing 3D reconstructions. The workflow is based on plasma dual beam diagonal milling, which allows users to characterize structures through the device stack at a much higher throughput/slice than conventional methods, enabling enhanced process monitoring and control.
Selective Dry Etch Removal of Si and SiOxNy for Advanced Electron Beam Probing Applications
Authors: Edmonds Mary , Cox Thaddeus , Markulin John , von Haartman Martin
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a die-level sample preparation technique that uses selective etch chemistry and laser interferometry to expose the entire top metal layer surface for electrical fault isolation. It also describes a novel e-beam based probing technique called StaMPS which is used to isolate logic structure failures through SEM image contrasts. By landing SEM probe tips on exposed metal pads and controlling logic states via an applied bias, different levels of contrast are created highlighting structural failure locations. Die-level sample preparation combined with e-beam fault isolation optimizes turnaround time by delayering die in less than an hour and by locating several types of defects in a single sample.
Fault Isolation Approaches for Nanoscale TSV Interconnects in 3D Heterogenous Integration
Authors: Jacobs K.J.P. , Jourdain A. , De Wolf I. , Beyne E.
Published: October 2021

This paper describes optical and electron beam based fault isolation approaches for short and open defects in nanometer-scale through-silicon via (TSV) interconnects. Short defects are localized by photon emission microscopy (PEM) and optical beam-induced current (OBIC) techniques, and open defects are isolated by active voltage contrast imaging in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) cross-sectioning.
LADA and SDL: Powerful Techniques for Marginal Failures
Authors: Bodoh Dan , Erington Kent
Published: October 2021

This presentation is an application oriented tutorial on laser-assisted device alteration (LADA) and soft defect localization (SDL) techniques and how they are used to analyze marginal digital failures and identify analog circuits that are sensitive to voltage perturbations. The presentation includes well-illustrated instructions for equipment setup and validation, guidelines for collecting and analyzing images, and examples of how to interpret pass/fail sites and assess the effect of laser interactions on circuit behaviors. It also includes a brief overview of time-resolved LADA and introduces the concept of laser-induced fault isolation (LIFA).
Advantages of chinese production in the context of globalization
Authors: Yuanlong W. , Xizhe W.
Published: October 2021

A large number of exports of cheap industrial products completed the initial accumulation of capital in China, but this manufacturing industry, which has not mastered the basic technologies, is very fragile. With the development of science and technology, the economy of various countries is gradually globalizing. China is currently the second largest economy in the world, and due to its large population, this also makes China a huge sales market, but due to the large amount of excess capacity, China’s excess industrial market cannot be digested by its own country. In addition to the modernization of China’s manufacturing industry, it is inevitable that Chinese industry will simultaneously enter the world market. China’s manufacturing industry will face diﬃculties, but at the same time it has its own unique advantages.
Contribution of China and India to the Development of Cooperation of Asia-Paciﬁc Countries in Science and Technology
Authors: Konovalov I.
Published: October 2021

Recently in the world the process of internationalization of scientiﬁc and technological activity has been observed. The rapidly developing countries are of particular interest. The article deals with the key areas of scientiﬁc and technological development of China and India as the most promising countries in this ﬁeld. The main components of modern economic growth in these countries are characterized, and the role and importance of these countries for the Asia-Paciﬁc region as a whole are highlighted.
When polarization hits corporations: the moderating effect of political ideology on corporate activism
Authors: Villagra Nuria , Clemente-Mediavilla Jorge , López-Oza Carlota , Sánchez-Herrera Joaquín
Published: October 2021

Traditionally, it has been argued that companies should maintain a neutral stance on issues of a social or political nature, especially controversial ones. However, in recent years, corporations have begun to adopt clear positions on sensitive and polarizing social and political issues. This new phenomenon, called corporate activism, is beginning to gain prominence in corporate strategies, which now extend beyond business objectives and sometimes may go against the beliefs held by many customers. To date, studies aimed at identifying whether these types of actions benefit or harm companies are scarce, and none of them have focused on consumer perceptions. Adopting the latter approach, this work identifies the antecedents and effects of corporate activism, and the influence that political ideology can have as a variable moderating these effects. Analysis of a sample of 1,521 individuals representative of the Spanish population using a structural equation model yielded the following results: (i) institutional and corporate credibility and authenticity act as antecedents of corporate activism, (ii) when credibility in institutions diminishes, consumers perceive that corporations should be more involved in social and political affairs, even when controversial or polarizing, (iii) reputation and brand equity are considered effects of corporate activism, and (iv) political ideology acts as a variable moderating these effects, in such a way that individuals with a more conservative ideology do not appreciate that companies that get involved in activist initiatives will enjoy positive consequences on their reputation and brand equity, while individuals with more liberal views do perceive such positive effects. These findings help companies to guide their strategic decisions, especially those related to corporate social responsibility (CSR), as well as help governments and institutions to understand the social changes that are taking place and understand the role that consumers expect corporations to play today.
CURRENT TRENDS IN THE USE OF NATURAL LIGHTING OF LIBRARY PREMISES AND BUILDINGS
Authors: Kozyuk V. , Kryzhanivsky O.
Published: October 2021

The principles and methods of forming a comfortable lighting environment of reading rooms and bookstores of libraries by means of natural light are considered. Examples of the use of the "overhead" system in world practice are given. The factors influencing the quality of natural lighting of library premises and buildings are determined.
LANDSCAPE APPROACH METHODOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ABOUT. SAKHALIN
Authors: Starozhilov V. , Kudryavtsev A.
Published: October 2021

The landscape diversity of Sakhalin Island is considered. The classification, the internal content of taxa, the possibilities of practical implementation of the landscape approach in the development of Sakhalin Island.
ON THE FORMATION OF A SYSTEM FOR MONITORING THREATS TO THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE REGION
Authors: Valiullina E.
Published: October 2021

Economic security is an integral and integral part of modern economic science; it has its own subject and research methods. Economic security is an integral part of the national security of the state; it includes defense, information, environmental, and energy security. But, considering certain aspects of security, one cannot bypass their economic aspects. Without solving the problem of creating an effective mechanism, it is impossible to ensure the proper level of economic security of a particular region, and, consequently, the economic and national security of the country. Monitoring is an integral and integral part of the mechanism for ensuring economic security. It is an information-analytical system for observing the dynamics of its indicators. The basis for the study of the economic security of the region, as well as the state as a whole, are the criteria. The criteria, in turn, are expressed through indicators of economic security.
KIDNEY DAMAGE IN CHILDREN WITH COVID-19 (CLINICAL CASE)
Authors: Nugmanova A. , Dikanbaeva S. , Sadvakasova S. , Zhumagulova Z. , Eshankulov H. , Auezhanov B. , Kuandykova A. , Bayakova K. , Anuarbek A.
Published: October 2021

Currently, in the study of the SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) viral infection, the issues of the course and outcome of the disease are becoming increasingly important. Thanks to the implementation of the COVID-19 Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols, it was possible to establish control over the timely diagnosis and optimization of the unfavorable outcome of a new viral infection.The lower prevalence and severity of the disease in children may be associated with both a lower susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and a lower likelihood of symptoms. The role of neutropenia characteristic of childhood cannot be ruled out.However, recent studies indicate an increase in the incidence of COVID-19 among children. Attention is drawn to kidney damage in this syndrome, where the development of acute renal damage with the subsequent development of multiple organ syndrome can affect the outcome of COVID-19.
LANGUAGE POLICY AND THE PROBLEM OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE MODERN REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Riahanov Sh.
Published: October 2021

Language, especially in a multilingual or multicultural environment, reflects the close relationship between the cultural and material requirements of the subjects concerned.
PROBLEMS OF PROTECTION OF FAR EASTERN FORESTS
Authors: Shelemetyeva E.
Published: October 2021

The article analyzes the existing problems that are associated with the full protection of all Far Eastern forests, and also specifies the legal norms that regulate the issue under consideration. The possibilities available to the country for conducting certain remote monitoring as a solution to the problems under consideration are being studied, in addition, a brief analysis of the introduction of this measure in other regions of Russia is being conducted.
APPLICATION OF INTERNET ARCHITECTURE IN CENTRALIZED AUTOMATED PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS
Authors: Vasilchenko D. , Budilovskaya A.
Published: October 2021

This article discusses the use of Internet architecture in centralized automated process control systems for the purpose of monitoring and managing geographically distributed objects. The hardware components of the proposed architecture are described and the required functions are formulated. The methods of implementing these functions of centralized control systems based on this architecture are proposed: using internal algorithms of SCADA systems, or using microprocessor subsystems. The difficulties that are likely to be encountered when implementing all the required functions in the system being developed are described.
DEEP WEB – HIDDEN WEB. WHAT WE DON'T KNOW ABOUT ON THE INTERNET OR WHAT IS WELL HIDDEN FROM US
Authors: Dvoryankin O.
Published: October 2021

In this article, the study of the Deep Web – "Deep Web" is carried out. The article examines the way how this network appeared and spread, considers its positive and negative sides, studies such issues as: the concept, types, forms and characteristics, as well as compares it with the hidden Internet and the "black Internet" (DarkNet) and suggests methods of personal information security.
ANALYSIS OF PERSONAL AUXILIARY FACILITIES ON THE SUBJECT OF THE READINESS TO CONDUCT BUSINESS ACTIVITIES
Authors: Assanova G. , Saginbayeva M. , Aytkhozhin S. , Nurpeisov D.
Published: October 2021

This article is written based on the results of two years of research during the implementation of the Grant financing project of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. AR08053217 "Development of a model for the effective functioning of personal subsidiary farms on the example of poultry meat production", 2020-2022.

The basis of this article is the study of such form of farming in rural areas as personal subsidiary farms. The importance of private farming is actualized both in matters of a social nature in rural areas, and issues of sustainable development of entire sectors of the economy. The article clarifies the main socio-economic functions of personal subsidiary farms.

The basics of motivation and goal-setting are considered in the direction of entrepreneurship. And in this regard, a model is given for increasing the business activity of personal subsidiary farms based on small-scale poultry meat production. The model is described from the point of view of the mechanisms of interaction of participants, and from the point of view of the organization.
BREAK THROUGH TO A NEW INTELLECTUAL TECHNOLOGICAL WAY ON THE BASIS OF SYNCHRONOUS MANAGEMENT OF REINVESTMENT CYCLES
Authors: Novickij N.
Published: October 2021

Questions are considered of the synchronous governmental investment in economic digital systems of a new technological way are considered by production cycles investigated. management methods of the program of reinvestment cycles with the appendix of digital systems with an artificial intellect are investigated by cycles. legal and legislative principles of formation of National system of the governmental new technological way in digital economy..
Боротьба з пожежами на Харківщині у роки воєнного комунізму (1919–1921)
Authors: Харламов Михайло
Published: October 2021

The aim of the article is to analyze the development of firefighting in Kharkiv and Kharkiv province during the war communism. The author explores the features of complex processes of fire prevention and firefighting in the Kharkiv region in 1919-1921. The research methodology is based on a combination of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison) and special-historical (historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-systemic) methods with the principles of historicism, scientificity and systematics. The scientific novelty of the work is that for the first time the peculiarities of fire fighting in one of the largest and most significant for the Soviet government in the studied period of the domestic regions - in the Kharkiv region. Conclusions. After the arrival of the Bolsheviks in Kharkiv in 1919, given the large number of fires that regularly occurred in the Kharkiv region, a number of measures were taken to improve the situation in the firefighting sphere in the region. Resolutions were adopted on the procedure for installing temporary portable furnaces in residential premises, special fire control commissions were created to check the state of fire safety in residential buildings, non-residential buildings and enterprises, etc. These measures were not always effective, due to lack of funds, qualified specialists, problems in the sectoral subordination of firefighting, especially in 1919 – the first half of 1920. However, during the second half of 1920- 1921, the situation in the firefighting sector began to improve: firefighting was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, the situation with financing and logistics of firefighters gradually began to improve, Ukrainian courses for firefighters were opened in Kharkiv. Thus, the fight against fires in Kharkiv during the war communism had difficult periods, especially at the beginning, but gradually the situation in firefighting improved, largely due to the enthusiasm of ordinary firefighters and strict regulation of fire by the authorities.
«Тільки в селянстві лежить будущина українського відродження»: аграристський дискурс революційної публіцистики Михайла Грушевського
Authors: Тельвак Вікторія , Корновенко Сергій
Published: October 2021

The aim of the article is to comprehend the agrarian discourse of M. Hrushevsky’s revolutionary journalism. The methodological basis of the research is an interdisciplinary approach with particular emphasis on the structural-functional systematic analysis of historiographical facts and the method of critical analysis of documentary material. The scientific novelty of the article is an attempt at a special analysis of the conceptual and ideological principles and problem-thematic diversity of M. Hrushevsky’s journalism of the revolutionary era. Conclusions. The article has concluded that M. Hrushevsky focused most of his journalism on overcoming the atomization of leaders and members of the Ukrainian movement. Therefore, he was rapidly developing a new unifying ideology for Ukrainians, which had to meet the requirements of those times, largely breaking with the old cultural slogans. At the same time, the historian made a lot of efforts to build a network of Ukrainian media, realizing that without them it would not be possible to spread the ideology of the new Ukrainians outside Kyiv. In fact, in the columns of restored and newly created magazines, he shared with the public his own understanding of current challenges and offered solutions. M. Hrushevsky called for conscious and dynamic self-organization of the peasantry as a quantitatively dominant class, which in his view was the main socio-cultural basis for the development of Ukrainian statehood. His journalism performed ideological-educational, informational, and mobilizing functions. Due to the dialogically constructed discourse and focus on the problems of the people, the journalistic letters of the chairman of the Central Council had a considerable resonance, contributing to the growth of political culture in broad peasant circles.
Архівні документи про роль органів влади і православного кліру у формуванні позитивного іміджу чорносотенців на Волині на початку ХХ ст.
Authors: Цецик Ярослав
Published: October 2021

The aim of the article is to study the role of the authorities and the Orthodox clergy in the formation of a positive image of the Union of the Russian people in Volhyn at the beginning of the 20th century. The author studies a set of archival documents which highlight the key activities of the imperial authorities and the Orthodox clergy in the formation of a positive image of the Pochaiv branch of the Union of the Russian people in the period under study. The research methodology is based on the use of special historical methods (chronological and comparative-historical) and general scientific (analysis, synthesis, and generalization), statistical method, which in combination with the principles of historicism, objectivity, and multifactoriality created the necessary conditions for unbiased coverage. The scientific novelty of the work is that the author, on the basis of archival documents and periodicals, clarified the role of the authorities and the Orthodox clergy in forming a positive image of the Black Hundreds. Much of the archival documents of this work are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Conclusions. As a result of the events of the first Russian revolution, the imperial government made a number of unprecedented concessions, and in accordance with the manifesto of October 17, 1905, the activities of political parties were allowed. In the autumn of the same year, as a result of the unification of a number of monarchical structures, the Union of the Russian People was formed. Soon Volyn province became one of the leading centers of the Black Hundred movement in the empire. The Black Hundreds enjoyed the support of the imperial authorities, and in Volhynia at the origins of the organization stood the Orthodox clergy, who played a key role in forming the organizational network of the URP. Being on the foundations of the inviolability of the foundations of the autocracy and the Orthodox Church and at the same time carrying out active activities aimed at discrediting their opponents, the Black Hundreds paid important attention to the formation of their positive image. The Orthodox clergy of the region also took an active part in this. Thanks to the support of the authorities, they managed to form the image of ‘defenders of the peasants and the Orthodox faith’ in a relatively short period of time, while blaming opponents of foreigners and non-believers for all the public troubles. On the one hand, this contributed to the growth of the URP's authority, and on the other hand, it exacerbated the already complex interfaith and interethnic relations in Volyn.
Sustainable Land Utilisation Among the Guji of Ethiopia
Authors: Tuma Negessa Mokona
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT Sustainable land utilisation is very important prerequisite for the survival of humanity. Land conservation and sustainable utilisation is the current issue as the result of ecological factors such as population pressure resulted in higher need for additional natural resources, global warming, climate change, and the threat of environmental contamination, biodiversity loss, changes in landscape, monetary globalisation, power safety, water delivery, and escalating conûict among socio-cultural, political-monetary, and ecological goals. The present paper is qualitative in nature and both primary and secondary source data were used to elicit the information on the sustainable utilisation of land among the Guji community in Oromia region of southern Ethiopia. The study reveals that Guji Gadaa system is the time proven indigenous institution responsible for making customary rules and regulations, management, regulating and controlling mechanisms to ensuring the sustainability of natural resources in general and land in particular
O trabalho pedagógico com a filosofia na escola
Authors: Matos Junot
Published: October 2021

O artigo discute a presença da Filosofia como componente curricular na Escola. Seu objetivo é formular elementos que ensejem a discussão sobre a possibilidade de organização do trabalho pedagógico mediadores de ensino e aprendizagem. Para tanto, faz-se uma breve reflexão sobre a escola, o trabalho docente – notadamente naquilo que se refere à relação professor/aluno.
A tipificação das regras e seus sentidos de obrigação
Authors: Pablos Mayara
Published: October 2021

O presente artigo analisa o conceito de “regras” a partir da concepção de direito apresentada por Herbert Hart em sua obra O Conceito de Direito, mostrando como as regras do direito diferem de outros tipos de regras como as da moralidade, costumeiras, etc. Faremos isso através da distinção entre os sentidos de obrigação que as regras possuem, evidenciando, ao mesmo tempo, o aspecto normativo inerente às regras jurídicas.
El problema del lenguaje en Hegel: tres lecturas de la Enciclopedia de las ciencias filosóficas (1817)
Authors: Cortés Federico
Published: October 2021

En este trabajo retomamos una serie de lecturas sobre la Enciclopedia  de las ciencias filosóficas (1817) –texto tardío de la obra de Hegel, en el que presenta su sistema filosófico de manera completa y acabada–: La respiración del ser de Germán Prósperi, "Hegel’s Linguistic Thought in the Philosophy of Subjective Spirit. Between Kant and the Metacritics” de J. Surber y “Sign and Symbol in Hegel's Aesthetics” de Paul de Man. Proponemos hacer hincapié en tres instancias que Hegel analiza en el apartado sobre "El espíritu subjetivo": el recuerdo, la imaginación y la memoria. También haremos referencia a Ciencia de la lógica (1812) porque allí Hegel desarrolla la especial relevancia de la dialéctica para el pensamiento filosófico. Nuestro objetivo es vincular el tratamiento hegeliano de las tres instancias mencionadas con sus teorizaciones en torno al problema de la nominación y el lenguaje, buscando indagar en las tensiones que estas conceptualizaciones suponen al interior de su sistema filosófico.
Corpo e alma em unidade: a concepção wittgensteiniana de ser humano
Authors: Ribas Marcelo Ferreira
Published: October 2021

A partir de uma concepção de filosofia que rompe com a tradição filosófica, Wittgenstein apresenta uma perspectiva de ser humano que supera a clássica dicotomia entre corpo e alma, legada pela Modernidade, ao pensa-lo como um todo integrado, uma unidade psicofísica. Esse entendimento é possível graças à compreensão de filosofia como atividade, e não como teoria. Em um primeiro momento, o filósofo compreendeu que essa atividade se resumia à análise lógica da linguagem; contudo, considerando a abordagem insuficiente para dissolver os problemas filosóficos, gradualmente passa a adotar a análise gramatical da linguagem ordinária, que se volta aos usos das expressões linguísticas, a fim de identificar as regras que orientam o uso das palavras com significado. E assim, atento às práticas linguísticas, entende que o ser humano não se encontra dividido em partes, mas, ao contrário, que corpo e alma constituem uma única realidade. O que é interno ao sujeito (a alma), torna-se visível pelo externo (o corpo) a partir de seu comportamento no mundo, e é assim que o ser humano pode ser compreendido segundo Wittgenstein. Considerando que a concepção wittgensteiniana de ser humano é desdobramento do seu conceito de filosofia, o artigo apresenta, primeiramente, o desenvolvimento da sua compreensão de filosofia para, em seguida, detalhar o conceito de ser humano que se constitui e se faz entender por meio da própria linguagem.
A mão esquerda da escuridão, de Ursula K. Le Guin, como experimento de pensamento: uma investigação do fazer literário como fazer filosófico
Authors: Schneid da Silva Bruna , Bueno Arbo Jade
Published: October 2021

O presente trabalho se configura em um diálogo entre as áreas da literatura e da epistemologia para compreender o que significaria entender “A Mão Esquerda da Escuridão” (1969) como um experimento de pensamento. Ao aproximarmos a ficção científica enquanto gênero da noção de experimento de pensamento, concluímos que o deslocamento imaginativo realizado por autores de ficção científica, ao inventar pessoas, mundos, diferentes organizações políticas, e ao explorar, também, relações entre sujeitos dentro dessas estruturas e organizações sociais, elaboram experimentos de pensamento capazes de lidar com importantes aspectos da experiência humana.
Michel Onfray e o ateísmo contemporâneo: considerações e balanço crítico ao Tratado de ateologia
Authors: Costa Abraão
Published: October 2021

O presente artigo apresenta aquilo que se compreende como o “ateísmo do filósofo Michel Onfray”. Para tanto, desenvolve-se uma investigação baseada na obra Tratado de Ateologia a fim de balizar pontos de suas reflexões. Onfray responsabiliza os monoteísmos cristão, judaico e islâmico por introjetarem as consciências da culpa, do pecado e da pulsão da morte impedindo os homens de se reconciliarem com aquilo que entende como realidade. O estudo da filosofia onfraryana ainda nos leva à tese de que a sua ontologia materialista pressupõe a inserção de um plano ético-hedonista, passível de superar os obstáculos psíquicos causados pelas religiões monoteístas. Em sequência, a análise crítica tem a contribuição dos autores Irene Fernandez e Mathieu Baumier, cujo interesse é evidenciar o quanto os argumentos capazes de apontar a intolerância religiosa também podem ser motivados pelo desprezo passional à vida religiosa, afetando, consequentemente, os fundamentos dispostos a provarem ser possível existir um mundo sem deuses, crenças ou religiões.
“Alguém tem de dizer aos negros a verdade”: Olavo de Carvalho sobre a contribui-ção negro-africana à cultura ocidental
Authors: Danner Fernando , Danner Leno Francisco
Published: October 2021

No artigo, estudaremos o pensamento filosófico de Olavo de Carvalho, especialmente no que concerne à sua posição frente ao movimento negro brasileiro e norte-americano em sua luta por reparação pelo colonialismo-escravismo-racismo. Argumentaremos que sua recusa de qualquer práxis reparatória para com as minorias político-culturais e sua posição de um não-lugar das tradições negro-africanas no contexto da cultura/civilização ocidental, incluindo-se sua defesa da inferioridade da cultura/civilização negro-africana quando comparada com a tradição judaico-cristã, greco-latina e medieval-renascentista, são fundadas por uma metafísica dualista com caráter altamente antimoderno e antimodernizante, em que a dinâmica específica que perpassa o “drama humano frente ao universo e à eternidade” se caracteriza (a) pela luta entre necessidade natural (Behemot) e consciência individual (Leviatã), a qual só pode ser vencida pela correlação de graça divina por Jesus Cristo e interiorização e intuição pessoais, diretas, imediatas e imediadas por parte de cada indivíduo para com Deus; (b) pela recusa da política, da história e da ação intersubjetiva, afirmadas como materialismo e, nesse sentido, como lugar das ideologias políticas totalitárias (do qual a modernidade iluminista é o maior exemplo); e, finalmente, (c) pela centralidade do espiritualismo, da relação íntima e direta entre Deus e homem, mediada pela Revelação, o que aponta para a inexistência, no pensamento de Olavo de Carvalho, de parâmetros objetivos de discussão, de interação e de justificação racionais – daí, inclusive, sua deslegitimação da ciência, da política, da história e da ação institucional macroestrutural, e seu apelo ao individualismo metodológico intuicionista-espiritualista.
BIOBASED NANOEMULSION FOR BLOCKING COVID-19 FROM ACCELERATING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Authors: D'Arrigo J.S.
Published: October 2021

An effective therapeutic strategy to delay dementia could be based upon nanotargeting drug(s), using lipid nanocarriers (i.e., biobased nanoemulsion technology), toward a major serum amyloid A (SAA) receptor responsible for certain proinflammatory, SAA-mediated, cell signaling events. For example, other investigators have already confirmed that SR-BI receptors (or its human ortholog CLA-1) function as proinflammatory cell-surface SAA receptors, and additionally report that various ligands for CLA-1/SR-BI "efficiently compete" with SAA for CLA-1/SR-BI binding. A similar benefit (of "competitive binding") may well accompany the clinical intravenous use of the ("HDL-like") lipid nanocarriers (i.e., biobased nanoemulsion [see above]), which have already been repeatedly described in the peer-reviewed literature as a targeted (and SR-BI mediated) drug-delivery agent. To conclude, the above-proposed "competitive binding", between SAA and such biobased nanoemulsion(s), could assist/enhance the protective (ordinarily anti-inflammatory) role of HDL - as well as provide targeted drug-delivery to the (human) brain cells bearing CLA-1/SR-BI receptors. The first resulting advantage is that this (intravenous) colloidal-nanocarrier therapeutic makes it possible for various cell types, all potentially implicated in Alzheimer's disease and/or (late-onset) dementia, to be simultaneously sought out and better reached for localized drug treatment of brain tissue in vivo. A second major advantage is that this therapeutic-target approach has particular relevance to the current COVID-19 human pandemic; namely, immune response and excessive inflammation in COVID-19 infection may accelerate the progression of brain inflammatory neurodegeneration which, if effectively halted, might play a major role in reducing Alzheimer's disease pathology.
Mathematical model of software development project team composition optimization with fuzzy initial data
Authors: Kononenko Igor , Sushko Hlib
Published: October 2021

Increasingly frequent changes in demand for products, reducing product life cycles, changes in the business environment during a crisis, the innovative nature of projects, the complexity of forecasting external and internal conditions, the impact of the human factor lead to increased uncertainty and inability to plan team activities with a given degree of accuracy. In this regard, the subject matter of the article is the task of creating an adaptive project team that can work effectively in the mentioned above conditions. This task is especially relevant for the sphere of software development. The sphere is dynamic and characterized by frequent changes in product requirements, technologies, working conditions, and restrictions on project implementation. Agile approaches are used to manage such projects, which can help the team respond to uncertainties and frequent changes. To date, there are many agile approaches to project management, but the issue of selecting team members in such approaches is insufficiently covered. Therefore, this work formalizes the task of deciding on the selection of software development team members, considering the uncertainty and subjectivity of the information that affects the selection of candidates for the team. The task of the work is to create a decision-making model based on the use of the mathematical apparatus of fuzzy sets and methods of operations research. Such a model should allow considering the uncertainty of estimates of project requirements and the level of competence of team candidates. The result is a mathematical model of a two-criterion constrained optimization problem. The first objective function is aimed at finding a team composition that maximizes the maximum competencies of its members. The second criterion is aimed at forming a team with the maximum sum of competencies for all indicators, considering the weight of each indicator. The first constraint assumes that at least one team member meets the competency requirements expressed by a specific indicator. Additionally, it is required that the available time fund of the team members allows the project to be completed on time. It considers the limitation on the salary of the team. Conclusions. Solving the problem in accordance with the proposed mathematical model will allow making a team as readily as possible to meet the existing and new requirements for the project staff. The last circumstance is especially important when implementing a software development projects.