bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Getting ill
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

Up to this point the emphasis has been on pathogens – what they are like, how we try to combat them, the mechanisms by which they fight back. Not much has been said about pathology itself, although when we have an infection this is what we notice. Some people might think of pathology purely in terms of post-mortems and the coroner’s inquest, but in reality it covers everything that makes you feel ill. Illness implies symptoms, which mean tissue damage or at least some loss of normal function somewhere, and that is pathology.
A look ahead
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

One last analogy: the host-pathogen relationship can be seen as a vast historical drama acted out simultaneously at a variety of different speeds and levels. In the remote distance, parasites and their hosts adjust to each other over millions of years, gradually reaching a mutually tolerable balance. In centre stage, on a scale of months, a pandemic rages across continents, pursued by drugs and vaccines. And at the front, pathogens battle from day to day to avoid elimination by the immune system for long enough to spread to another host. The script of the drama is by no means finished – indeed we are in the very middle of a period when new episodes are being added faster than ever before.
How the Web was Born
Authors: Gillies Jamaes , Cailliau Robert
Published: November 2023

In 1994 a computer program called the Mosaic browser transformed the Internet from an academic tool into a telecommunications revolution. Now a household name, the World Wide Web is part of the modern communications landscape with tens of thousands of servers providing information to millions of users. Few people, however, realize that the Web was born at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, in Geneva, and that it was invented by an Englishman, Tim Berners-Lee. This new book, published in the Popular Science list in Oxford Paperbacks, tells how the idea for the Web came about at CERN, how it was developed, and how it was eventually handed over for free for the rest of the world to use. This is the first book-length account of the Web's development and it includes interview material with the key players in the story.
Homelessness in Historical Perspective
Authors: Caton Carol L M
Published: November 2023

The situation of homelessness, with its physical and psychological challenges, has been endemic in the human family from the beginning of civilization. Often the result of natural disasters, war, and economic failure, homelessness has been experienced over the centuries by a great variety of people. However, the destitute, disabled, and antisocial have typically made up the core of those for whom homelessness has been a way of life. In preindustrial society, slaves and prostitutes were also among these outcast groups (Hotten, 1860; Ribton-Turner, 1887; Aydelotte, 1913; Smith, 1970; Pound, 1971; Grice, 1977). When the Industrial Revolution encouraged migration from rural to urban areas and across continents, the ranks of the homeless were swelled by seasonal laborers and migratory workers (Culver, 1933; Cross and Cross, 1937).
Homelessness and Mental Illness
Authors: Eagle Paula F , Caton Carol L M
Published: November 2023

Homelessness is not a new phenomenon in the United States, where skid rows have often existed in major urban centers. However, over the past 20 years dramatic changes have occurred in the composition of the homeless population. Specifically, while the numbers of homeless have steadily increased, the numbers of homeless who are mentally ill have grown at a much higher rate. This situation has received a great deal of attention from the media, government officials, the public, and the medical profession, all expressing concern over the inhumane quality of life of these mentally ill people who have now become a painful and common sight in most American cities.
The Norman Yoke
Authors: Williams Robert A
Published: November 2023

Historians, for good reason, mark the year 1763 as the beginning of the Revolutionary era in American history. The British American colonies, after a century and a half of conflicts and confrontations with scattered, under-armed, disease-decimated Indian tribes, had been unable to advance their territorial ambitions beyond the several eastern mountain ranges and larger tribal confederacies inland from the Atlantic seaboard. But in 1763, the British Empire concluded a long and rather expensive war to protect its North American imperial interests from rival French ambitions.
Abortion
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie
Published: November 2023

Nearly two decades after the Supreme Court ruled in Roe v. Wade1 that a woman has a constitutional right to terminate her pregnancy, abortion remains one of the most divisive and emotionally charged issues in America. Pro-lifers march with posters of macerated fetuses; pro-choicers use a bloody coat hanger as their symbol of the days of illegal abortions. But behind the drama and the emotion are claims that can be subjected to philosophical scrutiny. Is the unborn a human being, with a right to life like any other human being, as pro lifers maintain? If it is, then very few abortions, if any, could be justified. For we do not generally think that it is morally permissible to kill children because they are unwanted or illegitimate or severely handicapped. On the other hand, if the fetus is not a child, but only part of the pregnant woman’s body, then restrictive abortion laws would be as difficult to justify in a pluralistic society as laws against contraception. For restrictive abortion laws impose enormous physical, emotional, and financial burdens on women. Even legal moralists, who hold that society has the right to enforce its moral beliefs through law, could not justify the imposition of such heavy burdens. Only the assumption that the unborn is a human being like any other, entitled to the law’s protection, could justify the prohibition of abortion. Thus, the moral status of the unborn is central to the abortion debate.
Methods of Assessment
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice
Published: November 2023

In practice, the growth of young children is usually judged by observing weight change. Weight gain over a defined period can be compared with average figures for children of that age. Even so, there are problems, since figures given by different authors vary to some extent and may be categorized as normal or average, minimum, or inadequate for varying periods of time, for example, 1, 2, or 3 months. One simplified list is given in Table 4-1.
Alternative Growth Monitoring Systems
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice
Published: November 2023

Many variables, including those summarized earlier, need to be considered in selecting a growth monitoring system that seems likely to work in a particular area. For various reasons given shortly, the ideal system often is not feasible. Instead, as suggested by Voltaire at the beginning of this chapter, overemphasis on unreachable complexity ( “the best “) may so downgrade the idea of using the more limited activities that can be undertaken ( “the good “) that the latter may not be considered. At the same time, programs need to be reviewed and changed as circumstances improve or deteriorate, with a better comprehensive system as the objective.
Designing Training
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice
Published: November 2023

Once a growth monitoring system has been decided on, realistic, workable job descriptions need to be laid down for the individuals who will be involved and a training program designed.
Practical Considerations
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice
Published: November 2023

These need to be developed for each topic (module). They can be planned in detail, but always must remain flexible to allow as much opportunity as possible for discussion and feedback from students. They must include (1) the task of the trainer, (2) the teaching materials and equipment used, (3) the proposed activity by the trainer, (4) the proposed activity by the students, and (5) the trainer-student interaction. Appropriate sequences need to be considered for different topics.
Growth Monitoring System
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice
Published: November 2023

In such comparisons, statistical advice on sampling is essential and the areas selected must avoid the common faults of “pilot projects “ or “demonstration areas. “ These have unrealistic levels of funding, staffing, and personal support from enthusiastic initiators of the whole activity. Those evaluating should be thoroughly aware of the local situation but, if at all possible, should not be members of the team involved in making the changes being evaluated. In other words, the evaluators should be fully informed but independent.
Introduction: Reconceiving the City
Authors: Deutsch Sarah
Published: November 2023

I was August 1893, in Boston. Times were hard. In the crowded dwellings of the South End, the onset of one of the worst depressions in the country’s history would upset a precarious balancing act and tip many residents into poverty. Mrs. Scanlon was determined not to be one of them. On Wednesday, the twenty-third, Mrs. Scanlon buried her husband. By Saturday her thoughts turned to her own survival. She needed work so that she could keep her three children, and she needed child care so that she could work. She decided to look for a small tenement near a day nursery.1
Work or Worse: Desexualized Space, Domestic Service, and Class
Authors: Deutsch Sarah
Published: November 2023

working-class matrons struggled to create homes in relatively unvarying, if grim, conditions, middle-class and elite matrons found the sands shifting beneath their feet. They and their husbands worried over the ever-higher divorce rates. They became alarmed at the rising number of never-married women, some of them their own daughters, and outraged at abortionists.1 They wit-nessed with dismay the burgeoning lodging-house districts. Their college daughters, like Vida Scudder, seemed not only to be turning away from but turning on the Victorian home and all it had stood for. Even worse, so did the daughters of working-class matrons. Middle-class and elite matrons watched, frustrated, as both Yankee girls and immigrants’ daughters shunned domestic service for factory and shop work.
The Moral Geography of the Working Girl (and the New Woman)
Authors: Deutsch Sarah
Published: November 2023

If I were you, “ Louise Bosworth told Grace Harvey in 1907, “some Sunday I would get up and have breakfast and cut out prayers and cut out church and cut out Sunday School and young people’s meeting and get out in the country for a good time.” Harvey, a resident at the YWCA, hesitated. She would like to, she said, but had no idea where to go or with whom. She did not want to go alone.
The Business of Women: Petty Entrepreneurs
Authors: Deutsch Sarah
Published: November 2023

Edith Guerrier’s utopian pottery venture had thrust her into the world of petty entrepreneurship. Like the heroine of Louisa May Alcott’s Work, set in Boston almost half a century earlier, she hoped to redesign business relations as human relations.1 Most businesswomen set their sights lower. They left the larger picture of commercial relations alone, but redesigned their own spaces. Well into the twentieth century, the majority of these women, like Guerrier, combined home and business. By doing so, they hoped to turn homes—associated with female economic dependence—into sites of not only social but economic autonomy.2 It was the ultimate individual claim of women for autonomous space in the city scene—not just a room of one’s own, but a business of one’s own.
An Easy, Agreeable Administration
Authors: Skemp Sheila L
Published: November 2023

“I have no doubt but that he will make as good a Governor as Husband: for he has good Principles and good Dispositions, and I think is not deficient in good Understanding.”-Benjamin Franklin to Jane Mecom, 1762.1 “I believe no governor was ever more affectionately received by all ranks of people. Even with those for whom I might have expected opposition I am on very good terms.”-William Franklin to William Strahan, 1763.
The Letter of the Law
Authors: Skemp Sheila L
Published: November 2023

“No Governor ever stood better with the People in general than I do at present.”-William Franklin to Benjamin Franklin, October 3,1767. “Mens Minds are sour’d, a Sullen Discontent prevails, and, in my Opinion, no Force on Earth is sufficient to make the Assemblies acknowledge by any Act of theirs, that the Parliament has a Right to impose Taxes on America.
Removal: The First Crisis in Paternalism
Authors: Durrill Wayne K
Published: November 2023

In September 1861, after the fall to federal forces of Hatteras Island on North Carolina’s Outer Banks, Major General John Wool, commander of the island, reported that “negro slaves” were “almost daily arriving at this post from the interior.” They came in small groups, many traveling over one hundred miles from the counties bordering the Albemarle Sound. At Columbia, Tyrrell County, about eighty miles inland, a certain planter brought his slaves to town, presumably for safekeeping. The militia had mustered there, and the town had a jail if he needed it. But shortly after their arrival, thirteen of the man’s slaves quietly stole a boat and sailed for Hatteras, setting in motion a chain of events that quickly spread through counties all along the Albemarle Sound.
A Dispute, a Saying, and Some Theory
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp
Published: November 2023

Ga, the language of Accra, arose in a multilingual context and has existed in one ever since. The split between Ga and its only close relative, Dangme, was undoubtedly triggered mainly by the influence of other languages, some of them spoken by much larger and more powerful groups, and many of whose speakers were assimilated into the Ga-speaking society. The way in which this occurred is explored in chapter 5. Such a situation of continual pressure from outside can be expected to provoke defensive reactions. Although Accra has been generally free of serious ethnic conflict, tensions naturally exist. These sometimes give rise to texts of various kinds that reveal much about their narrators’ views of their linguistic universe and of the salient linguistic others.
Multilingualism and the West African City
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp
Published: November 2023

West African coastal cities are not often praised. Mary Kingsley ([1897] 1982: 30) said of colonial Accra in the early 1890s that it was attractive from the sea but other wise “a mass of rubbishy mud and palm-leaf huts.” In contrast, Klose (1899: 17) seems to have been impressed with the European-style buildings. Sanitation is a constant problem: lone Acquah ([1954] 1972: 20) mentions complaints about the cleaning of Accra dating from 1858, and they are still commonplace. Unlike the old cities of the Sahel, which are granted a certain originality of architectural style and romantic at mosphere, the coastal cities are considered by modem writers of all political stripes to be colonial creations, owing practically nothing, it would seem, to any indigenous creative drive. They are deprecated as bastions of neocolonialism, with their blatant display of social and economic inequalities and “alien” values—material, social, and spiritual. At the same time, they have been, it would seem, largely unsuccessful as centers for spreading the modernization and development that at least some forms of imperialism and almost all independent governments have sought to introduce, taking a disproportionate share of the national resources by demanding and obtaining for themselves expensive modem infrastructures and facilities that work uneconomically or not at all. The city as a whole and its residents as individuals are frequently accused of being economic parasites on the rest of the country.1 Yet, many city dwellers live in extremely deprived conditions, in surroundings that are generally perceived by locals and outsiders alike to be dirty, noisy, crowded, and unhealthy. In some cities, moreover, violent crime has become a serious problem. The list of their shortcomings seems endless.
Beyond the Sea: Exotic Languages
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we examine the other, more ambiguous source of language meaning, the sea, that is, overseas; the languages that came to Accra and, of course, the rest of the country with seaborne trade. If the lagoon drains a vast continental reservoir of linguistic resources toward Accra, the sea connects it literally with the ends of the earth. The languages that came to Ghana and West Africa with the seaborne gold trade, slave trade, and colonialism are still languages of international economic and political activity, and at least one of them, English, appears to be gaining strength worldwide.
Japan’s Software Factores
Authors: Cusumano Michael A
Published: November 2023

Though Japan has successfully competed with US computer makers in manufacturing and marketing hardware, it has been less successful in developing software that competes with US software companies. This book analyses how a number of Japanese firms, in an effort to catch up, have created what are called `software factories ‘ in which large numbers of people are engaged in developing software in co-operative ways.
Other Means of Escaping the Rule
Authors: Laycock Douglas
Published: November 2023

The replace ability requirement is the most important doctrine for eliminating the irreparable injury rule as a significant obstacle to equitable relief. But other doctrines serve the same goal. There are several other important sources of irreparable injury. And sometimes courts simply ignore the rule, or hold it inapplicable. This chapter reviews these other means of escaping the irreparable injury rule.
Avoiding Over Enforcement
Authors: Laycock Douglas
Published: November 2023

Sometimes courts refuse specific relief for fear of over enforcement. In the largest group of such cases, the specific remedy seems unduly expensive, and the argument is whether the remedy is worth the cost. In other cases, defendant relies on a countervailing substantive policy, such as freedom of speech or freedom to choose employment. Seeking remedies for plaintiffs that do not destroy the rights of defendants, courts are drawn to half measures.
Other Procedural Reasons
Authors: Laycock Douglas
Published: November 2023

Concerns for full and fair procedure explain the most important source of irreparable injury opinions, the preliminary relief cases examined in Chapter 5. Other procedural reasons for irreparable injury opinions are jury trial, ripeness, mootness, and practicality. Perhaps the most plausible defense of the irreparable injury rule is that it protects the right to jury trial. The federaI2 and most state constitutions guarantee the right to jury trial in criminal cases and in suits at common law. But only a handful of states use jury trials in equity.*
Language Variation in South Asia
Authors: Bright William
Published: November 2023

William Bright is recognized as a leading authority on South Asian language. This volume brings together twelve of his most important papers, making these significant contributions to the field readily accessible for the first time. Written over a period of twenty years, the essays cover a wide range of problems in South Asian linguistics.
Linguistic Change in Some Indian Caste Dialects
Authors: Bright William
Published: November 2023

Dialect differences in the languages of India may be thought of in a three-dimensional framework: in addition to the horizontal distribution of geographical dialects, as is found throughout the world, India offers exceptionally clear cases of dialects which are spoken in a single spot, but which may be arranged in a vertical scale correlated with social class.
Sociolinguistic Variation and Language Change
Authors: Ramanujan A K
Published: November 2023

It seems probable that no language is as monolithic as our descriptive grammars sometimes suggest; wherever sufficient data are available, we find diversity within languages on all levels-phonological, grammatical, and lexical. Such diversity can be studied along three synchronic dimensions-geographical, social, and stylistic. The geographical dimension is, of course, the main one which has occupied the attention of dialectologists and which has been presented in dialect atlases.
The Dravidian Enunciative Vowel
Authors: Bright William
Published: November 2023

Phonological accounts of modem Indian languages are currently entering what may be thought of as their third period. In this reckoning, the first period would be the ‘Pre-Structuralist ‘, in which the indigenous orthographies were taken as the basis for description; wellknown Dravidian examples are the ‘pronunciation ‘ sections of Arden (1934) for Tamil, or of Spencer (1950) for Kannada.
Archaeology, Linguistics, and Ancient Dravidian
Authors: Bright William
Published: November 2023

The hypothesis that a Dravidian language was spoken by the Ancient Indus Valley civilization of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa has long been considered highly plausible, and on several grounds. First, the presence of a modem Dravidian language in the hills to the west of the Indus, namely Brahui, is most easily explained if the Brahui are seen as the linguistic descendants of the ancient Indus Valley people.
The Interview In Clinical Medicine
Authors: Enelow Allen J
Published: November 2023

Diagnosis and treatment in medicine begin with the interview. Skillful interviewing is the clinicians most powerful tool in establishing the diagnosis. It is essential to the patients following treatment recommendations, and is at the heart of the doctor-patient relationship. A study of the relative contributions of the history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations to establishing medical diagnoses concluded that in 76% of patients the interview led to the diagnosis.1 Other studies have shown that skilled interviewing results in more accurate and complete diagnoses. Clinicians are likely to regard the term “medical interview” as synonymous with what is called history-taking. But medical interviewing is more than just history-taking. It is the process whereby the interviewer seeks to understand all the factors-biological, psychological, and social-that play a role in the patients becoming ill and that will affect his getting well.
Interviewing Children
Authors: Brummel-Smith Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Perhaps nowhere in the practice of medicine is the physician required to be more flexible than in the care of children. When interviewing pediatric patients and their families, doctors must be prepared for the varied expectations that young patients bring to the medical encounter. Children may enter the doctor-patient relationship with fears and fantasies about what will be “done to them” during a visit to the doctor. The physician must get onto the childs level, both figuratively and often physically if trust with that patient is to be established. In addition, virtually every visit by a child requires addressing not only the child’s needs, but also the accompanying parents. As children grow older, their questions and concerns may diverge more from those of the parent. This chapter examines these unique aspects of the pediatric interview and provides information about how the doctor can successfully manage the needs and expectations of both children and their parents. Special attention is paid to interviewing the unusually shy or frightened child, assessing the abused child, and interviewing the adolescent patient.
Giving Bad News and Discussing Advance Directives
Authors: Gordon Geoffrey H
Published: November 2023

This chapter is divided into two sections. Each one addresses a communication dilemma commonly faced by physicians but rarely discussed in medical school or residency training. The first section deals with giving bad news to patients and families, and the second deals with discussing advance directives. In each section, the goals are to review pertinent background material, identify some common barriers to communication, suggest techniques to facilitate effective communication, and discuss some common problem areas. The goal of this section is to review some common issues in giving bad news. The focus is on the physicians role in giving the diagnosis of cancer, although the general principles apply to a variety of “bad news” situations. Despite these suggestions, there is rarely a single “right way” to give bad news, and it is never easy. Physicians in other eras and cultures have traditionally avoided giving patients bad news. In the United States, however, the percentage of physicians who tell cancer patients the diagnosis has risen from 3 to 10 percent to over 94 percent in the last three decades. 1 This increase represents desire for greater patient autonomy and self-determination, greater public awareness of advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment, and greater scrutiny of the physician-patient relationship by administrative and allied health professionals.
Persons, Rights, and the Moral Community
Authors: Lomasky Loren E
Published: November 2023

This book presents the foundations of a liberal individualistic theory of rights, and explains what rights we have and do not have, why we have them, who is and who is not a holder of rights, and the place of rights within the overall structure of morality. The author argues for the moral importance of individual commitments to 'projects', and demonstrates the implications of this for a variety of problems and issues.
The Role of the CEO in the Management of Change: The Case of Information Technology
Authors: Schein Edgar H
Published: November 2023

Few people would question the assumption that CEOs have a major impact on the changes that occur in their organizations. Yet there is surprisingly little analysis of just what the nature of this impact is likely to be, whether it will vary by industry, company, or CEO attitude and style, and what empirical data can be gathered to begin to shed some light on these issues (Hambrick, 1988; Thomas, 1988).
Integrating Technology and Human Resources for High-Performance Manufacturing: Evidence from the International Auto Industry
Authors: Krafcik John Paul Macduffie ,John F
Published: November 2023

For much of the last decade, technology has held the spotlight as a powerful force that has both promoted dramatic economic restructuring and offered individual firms new strategic opportunities for responding to changing competitive conditions. But the enthusiastic predictions of the early 1980s about the cost-saving and quality-enhancing capabilities of advanced microprocessor-based technologies were matched late in the decade by a chorus of concern about the failure of many technology investments to yield expected performance results (Dertouzos, Lester, and Solow, 1989; Loveman, 1988; Roach, 1987).
The Effects of Information Technology on Management and Organizations
Authors: Scott Morton Michael S
Published: November 2023

The Management in the l 990s Research Program was created in 1984 to examine the profound impact that information technology (IT) is having on organizations of all kinds. Its mission was to explore how IT will affect the way organizations will be able to survive and prosper in the competitive environment of the 1990s and beyond. This chapter summarizes the program.

Turbulence in the business environment puts pressure on organizations to be sure they can effectively meet the fundamental changes that are occurring. The program identified four kinds of changes with which organizations must contend.
William Dorsey’s Philadelphia and Ours
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

In the fifty years after the Civil War, Philadelphia was the archetypical city for American blacks. Not only did it have the largest black population in actual numbers, but it was also the preferred destination in the North for blacks migrating from the South after the Civil War. The focus of the book is the scrapbooks and other material collected by William Henry Dorsey, black Philadelphia's first historian. Lane uses this collection to present a brilliant portrait of America's most important black community in a time of transition - the two generations following the Civil War when blacks began fleeing the South for a new life under emancipation.
Education and Educators
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

The progress made in education at every level is the leading Afro-American success story of the late 19th century, in Philadelphia as throughout the country. It was a limited success, not easily won, and there was much confusion at the end of the period, as at the beginning, about where to go and how. But by 1900 the most obvious results, in terms of mass literacy, cannot be denied: in the North and the cities, even in the South and in the countryside, the majority of younger black citizens could read and write.
Recreation, Entertainment, and Postscriptum to William Henry Dorsey
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

William Henry Dorsey’s collection is full of evidence of every kind about the most exciting period in Afro-American history. In 1860 thousands of his fellow Philadelphians had once been slaves; almost all of them, slave or free, found the Civil War a liberating experience. By the end of the century even more had witnessed the ups and downs of southern Reconstruction, where early hopes for genuine political and economic inclusion were largely defeated by white southern intransigence. Historians of the South have often told the story of how the systematic denial of the vote and the spread of an officially sanctioned segregation eroded many of the gains of the late 1860s and 1870s, with help from the quasi-sanctioned practice of lynching. But the more paradoxical and in the long run equally significant history experienced by Dorsey’s own community in the same era is less familiar. The urban North already represented the future, marked by less dramatic but more complicated developments than those to the south. There were in Philadelphia few absolute triumphs, in an era in which pseudo-scientific racism infected the whole of the country, and many small victories for civility were matched or followed by defeats. But Afro-American contemporaries were more inclined to emphasize progress than pain. A major gain in personal security from white violence helped to balance the dangerous rise in vice and crime which blighted economic and personal life in growing black neighborhoods. Desegregation, however incomplete, advanced on several fronts, and there were undeniable advances in education and the professions to set against the systematic discrimination which shut the majority out of the industrial revolution. However shadowed by a subservient and even criminal politics the right to vote brought dignity to many and jobs for some, adding an important new layer to the black leadership class.
Dual Off ice Holding and the Constitution: A View from Hayburn’s Case
Authors: Tushnet Mark
Published: November 2023

In January 1989, the Supreme Court rejected a constitutional challenge to the manner in which the United States Sentencing Com mission is composed.1 The decision was squarely within the tradition established by the drafters of the Judiciary Act of 1789. The Supreme Court, like the First Congress, adopted a pragmatic approach to questions of constitutionality. We thus continue to work out issues regarding the constitutionally acceptable methods of organizing the federal judiciary.
Law and Objectivity
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

In this book Kent Greenawalt addresses a cluster of central and controversial issues in contemporary jurisprudence or legal philosophy, having to do with the possibility of objectivity in the framing and application of law.
Determining User Needs for Novel Information-based Products and Services
Authors: Hippel Eric Von
Published: November 2023

In the information age, needs for information-based products and services change and evolve more and more quickly. This represents a major problem for firms trying to serve those needs because, as I shall show, marketing research methods are not currently designed to function in environments marked by rapid change. I begin by reviewing the general problem facing marketing research in such environments. Then, I spell out a “lead user” marketing research methodology that can, I propose, help firms understand user needs for new products and services under the prevailing conditions in the field of information-based products and services. Finally, I review a successful case study using the method that I conducted with my colleague Glen Urban.
Innovative Cultures and Organizations
Authors: Schein Edgar H
Published: November 2023

Both students of organizations and managers are today increasingly concerned about the capacity of organizations to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. The rate of change in the technological, economic, political, and sociocultural environments is picking up speed, and organizations are, therefore, finding it more and more important to figure out how to adapt. Adaptation in turbulent environments requires more than minor adjustments to the present way of doing things. It often requires genuinely innovative ideas-new missions, new goals, new products and services, new ways of getting things done, and even new values and assumptions. Most important, adaptation means the developing of the capacity to manage “perpetual change.” Organizations must “learn how to learn” (Argyrols & Scion, 1978; Schein, 1980) and must become “self-designing” (Weick, 1977).
Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation via Information Technology
Authors: Henderson John C , Venkatraman N
Published: November 2023

As organizational transformation emerges as an important theme among both management scholars and practitioners, it is perhaps a truism that the organizations of the 1990s will be significantly different from those of the last few decades. Although several factors are thought to influence and propel the organizational transformation process, as the chapters in this volume demonstrate, a major force lies in the recent developments and capabilities offered by information technologies (IT) namely, computers and communication technologies. This is mainly due to the acceleration in recent years of the power and capabilities of these technologies, with a corresponding improvement in the cost-performance ratio (Scott Morton, 1991). Over the last few years, several different arguments have been offered to highlight the potential of IT to influence competitive characteristics (see, e.g., Keen, 1986; McFarlan, 1984; Parsons, 1983; Porter & Millar, 1985; Rockart & Scott Morton, 1984; Wiseman, 1985) as well as to enable and shape business transformations, but there is a glaring lack of systematic frameworks to conceptualize the logic, scope, and patterns of organizational transformation enabled by information technology (IT). To help address this deficiency, this chapter develops and presents a conceptual model with a set of propositions and management implications.
How Expectations About Microcomputers Influence Their Organizational Consequences
Authors: Carroll Johns. , Perin Constance
Published: November 2023

In the six years since the introduction of the IBM personal computer (PC), the ways that many people work have changed rapidly. By current estimates, there is one computer workstation for every 20 workers in the United States, and by 1990 some predicted that there would be one for every two or three in most industries (Keen, 1985). As their price has come down, managers find it easy to purchase PCs as discretionary office equipment or furniture. That simple transaction can put on an employee’s desk a stand-alone workstation of power comparable to that of the typical large mainframe computer of the 1960s. Although we might view this technological change as representing progress, anyone familiar with the uses of microcomputers in organizations readily encounters some paradoxes. In 1987, during a presentation to 50 graduates of the Senior Executive Program of the Sloan School on this subject, one person raised his hand and interjected, “We know that microcomputers are increasing in numbers, but how do we stop them?” About one-half of this group thought that although the investment in small systems was getting to be enormous, companies had little to show for it.
End User Computing in the Internal Revenue Service
Authors: Pentland Brian T
Published: November 2023

Phase 1 of the automated examination system (AES) constituted a major shift in the technology of field audits in the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Until 1986, all field audits had been conducted essentially by hand on 14-column ledger pads and hand calculators. Reports were handwritten, as clerical help for typing was a scarce resource reserved for other uses. In 1986, the IRS began issuing laptop personal computers to revenue agents, the accounting professionals who conduct field audits of corporate and individual tax returns. With more than 14,000 revenue agents participating in the process, AES is certainly among the largest end user computing implementations in history and provides a unique opportunity to study how variations in management policy and training can influence the ability of employees to integrate new technology into their work.
Employment Security at DEC: Sustaining Values amid Environmental Change
Authors: Kochan Thomas A , Macduffie John Paul , Osterman Paul
Published: November 2023

In the 1960s and 1970s, a number of highly visible firms gained a reputation for innovative and progressive employment security policies by departing from the standard practice of reducing their work forces through layoffs in response to demand fluctuations. Instead these firms adopted an implicit or explicit commitment to employment security (Dyer, Foltman, & Milkovich, 1985; Foulkes & Whitman, 1985; McKersie, Greenhalgh, & Gilkey, 1985). Some attributed the choice of these policies to the strong values of their founders or chief executives (Foulkes, 1980). Others suggested that these policies were well matched to their firm’s strategic needs, given their rapid growth (Dyer et al., 1985; Kochan & Barocci, 1985). Undoubtedly both values and strategic factors played important roles in sustaining commitments to employment continuity.
Ecumenical Political Tolerance
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

Ecumenical political dialogue is not possible with everyone, of course; or, if possible in some weak or trivial sense, it cannot be productive with everyone. Although we should be wary of a priori generalizations about the categories of persons with whom dialogue is not possible (or cannot be productive)-why not in concrete situations give dialogue a chance?-it seems fair to say that dialogue is difficult with those who reject the relevant authoritative norms and impossible with those who utterly lack the virtues or habits of character and mind prerequisite to such dialogue. With particular reference to Nazis (or neo-Nazis) and members of the Klu Klux Klan, David Loch head has written that “there are some individuals and groups who are not capable of dialogue Certain groups and individuals behave in a way that continually subverts the dialogical process. The problem is not that we could have dialogue with these groups but choose not to. The problem is that dialogue itself is not possible.”1 Moreover, even with those with whom dialogue is possible and can be productive, dialogue does not always or even often eventuate in agreement. (Indeed, as I argued in chapter 6, ecumenical political dialogue should not always end in agreement; agreement is not the true test or measure of the success of such dialogue.) Often dialogue runs out before agreement is reached. Or even if it has not run out, dialogue often fails to achieve agreement before a political choice has to be made-before, for example, a vote has to be case for or against a proposed policy choice.
Principles And Parameters Of Syntactic Saturation
Authors: Webelhuth Gert
Published: November 2023

This work represents the first full­ scale attempt to provide a restrictive theory of parameters­ ­ the nature and limits of syntactic variation. Focusing on syntactic saturation, Webelhuth hypothesizes that in natural language these phenomena are subject to the “Saturation Condition.” He explains the principles behind this condition and demonstrates how it imposes strong constraints on what counts as a possible parameter in natural language. Webelhuth goes on to test this theory against empirical evidence from seven modern Germanic languages: German, Dutch, English, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, and Icelandic.
Basic Word Order
Authors: Webelhuth Gert
Published: November 2023

The remainder of the book will apply the theory of morphosyntax presented in Chapter 1 to selected problems in the analysis of the seven modern Germanic languages: German, Dutch, English, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, and Icelandic. Its goal is to demonstrate that it is possible to give an insightful account of some of the major properties of these languages without resorting to any language­ particular tools beyond those already proposed.
The Distribution of Finite Argument Clauses
Authors: Webelhuth Gert
Published: November 2023

Having fixed the major directionality parameters of Germanic, we now turn our attention to the distribution and internal make­ up of finite argument clauses. We will again follow the strategy of deriving the cross­ linguistically uniform properties of these clauses from hypothesized universal aspects of sentence structure and the idiosyncratic ones from the effects of parameters. We will see that the universal projection function and the constraints on parameters inherent in the Saturation Condition leave their characteristic marks on the syntax of argument clauses as well.
Telecommunications in Europe
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Noam’s book is the first major attempt to address the complicated economic and public policy issues of telecommunications in Europe. He provides a thorough discussion of the evolution of central telephone networks, equipment supply, new value-added networks, and new telecommunications-related services in a detailed country-by-country analysis.
The Netherlands
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Historically, the Netherlands has been a center for transportation, insurance, banking, and trade. The port of Rotterdam is the largest in the world and a major hub for the oil business. Much of the extensive European Rhine and Meuse barge traffic reaches Holland through inland shipping. In addition, the country accounts for a quarter of international trucking within the EEC (PTT Telecommunicatie, 1983). Holland is also the headquarters for three of the largest multinational companies in the world-Shell, Philips, and Unilever. In 1980, the sum of the country’s imports and exports was 60 percent higher than its entire GNP, a ratio five to six times higher than that of the United States or Japan, and twice as high as those of other European countries (Wieland, 1986).
Sweden
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Televerket, Sweden’s telecommunications operator, has long pursued an effective technological and social agenda while creating a vertical integration that reached into equipment manufacture. No statutory monopoly exists and the introduction of competition was accomplished smoothly. The market reality is one of Televerket dominance, given its managerial effectiveness and its political support. Aggressive rivalry from a well-connected small rival, Comvik, and a move toward partial privatization of Televerket promise to make Swedish telecommunications one of the more interesting scenes of network evolution.
Norway
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

The Norwegian state telegraph company was established in 1855, four years after the first telegraph line was installed. The telephone was introduced in 1880 by the International Bell Telephone Company. Within a year, Bell established local franchises in Oslo and Drammen. A second private system was launched in the capital to compete with the Bell System, but the two were combined in 1886 into the Christiana Telephone Company when the vigorous competition between them yielded what municipal officials deemed were counterproductive results. The city government thus committed itself to a role in the development of Oslo’s communications system and retained a share in the new company (Holcombe, 1911).
Iceland
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Iceland is a prime example of a country suffering from the diseconomies of small scale. Its telecommunications are constrained by the country’s basic realities: Its rugged terrain is sparsely populated by only a quarter of a million people; its remote geographic location requires advanced international communications; and it Jacks an electronics industry. It is difficult even to imagine competitive telecommunications in Iceland. Yet by the same logic of scale, the integration of parts of Icelandic telecommunications with the larger systems of its frequent Nordic partners would be conceivable.
The International Organizations of Telecommunications
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

From the inception of early postal systems, communications were a highly international affair. The checkered map of central Europe usually permitted alternative postal routes and thus made intergovernmental agreements desirable. As postal administrations evolved throughout Europe, they prioritized the maintenance of stable international arrangements as a central policy concern. Rooted in this tradition, “integration” and “harmonization” achieved importance in the value system of PTfs beyond purely technical needs. They led to international organizations, one of whose important function was to shore up internationally the domestic arrangements and to anchor national monopolies in an international cartel arrarigement. These international organizations worked very successfully to coordinate the old order. Not surprisingly, they were not particularly well-suited to be vehicles for reform. Given their traditional role, as well as their control by traditional PTfs, change was not initiated by the international organizations of telecommunications, but essentially outside and even despite them. Of course, the international organizations served useful functions as fora for discussion and as structures to channel change.
Transatlantic Trade Friction
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Developments in the United States challenged the traditional status quo in the European telecommunications field, threatening its traditional postal-industrial coalition. For a long time, European interpretation of U.S. developments was colored by the prevailing views of telecommunications experts, most of whom were closely affiliated with the traditional system. The AT&T divestiture itself was generally described as advantageous to AT&T: It was dropping the costly baggage of the regulated operating companies and could now take on IBM.
The Economics of ISDN Integration
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

The integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a major development priority of many European PTTs and equipment manufacturers. It is also one of those subjects at once complex, obscure, and important. Deterred by the dense technological jargon that surrounds ISDN, only a few social scientists, let alone commentators or politicians, have ventured near the subject (Schiller, 1984). Similarly, there has been no public discussion. Instead, decisions on this major infrastructure investment were made almost entirely outside the public view by engineering bureaucracies in government and established equipment manufacturing firms. This is not to say that the basic concept of ISDN is flawed as a matter of technology or policy. (The author, while serving as a member of the New York State Public Service Commission, was supportive of the concept and initiated an ISDN trial that linked five different carriers and multiple users.) But it is remarkable how the process of decision making had been transformed into expert discussions of technical specifications.