bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust reliable feedback controller design against actuator faults for linear parameter‐varying systems in finite‐frequency domain
Authors: Chen Jianliang , Zhang Weidong , Cao Yong‐Yan
Published: May 2015

This study addresses the finite‐frequency robust feedback controller design problem against actuator faults for linear parameter‐varying systems. First, a general model of actuator faults is presented. Then, sufficient conditions for the existence of the state‐feedback controller are obtained by using generalised Kalman–Yakubovich–Popov lemma and projection lemma, which guarantee that the closed‐loop system satisfies robustness performance in a finite‐frequency domain and is stable for both faults free and actuator faults. In addition, by introducing a state feedback gain, the non‐convexity conditions of the output‐feedback gain are derived. An iterative linear matrix inequality algorithm is proposed in this study to get the solution. The performances of the proposed reliable controller schemes are illustrated by two examples.
Hybrid multi‐swarm particle swarm optimisation based multi‐objective reactive power dispatch
Authors: Srivastava Laxmi , Singh Himmat
Published: May 2015

Most of the real‐world optimisation problems are subject to different types of constraints and are known as constrained optimisation problems. Reactive power dispatch (RPD) in electrical power system is also a non‐linear, multi‐objective or a single objective constrained optimisation problem. In this study, hybrid multi‐swarm particle swarm optimisation (HMPSO) algorithm has been proposed to solve the RPD problem. HMPSO is one of the recently proposed population based search algorithm, in which the existing swarm is partitioned into several sub‐swarms. Particle swarm optimisation is applied as the search engine for each sub‐swarm. In addition, to explore more promising regions of the search space, differential evolution (DE) algorithm is implemented to improve the personal best of each particle. The RPD problem is formulated as non‐linear, constrained multi‐objective optimisation problem with equality and inequality constraints for minimisation of power losses and improvement of voltage profile simultaneously. To find the Pareto optimal set for RPD problem, weighted sum method has been applied. Afterwards, for finding the preferred solution out of the Pareto‐optimal set, fuzzy membership function has been used. Effectiveness of the HMPSO algorithm has been verified on the standard IEEE 30‐bus and a practical 75‐bus Indian systems.
Rigorous calculation method for resonance frequencies in transmission line responses
Authors: Chrysochos Andreas I. , Papadopoulos Theofilos A. , Papagiannis Grigoris K.
Published: May 2015

This study presents a new, generalised method for the calculation of resonance frequencies (RFs) in transmission line (TL) responses. The proposed method calculates the RF of any propagation mode and is applicable to all types of TL configurations, taking also into account the effect of the source and load impedances as well as of possible transpositions or cross‐bondings. The results are validated with the corresponding results obtained from frequency‐domain transient simulations and laboratory measurements, whereas simple theoretical formulas for both overhead lines and underground cables are also investigated, revealing their limited accuracy. Practical cases of engineering interest are demonstrated, where the required single or multiple RFs are accurately calculated by the proposed method. Finally, the performance of the presented methodology is thoroughly examined incorporating two diagonalisation approaches for the calculation of the modal propagation velocities.
Reliability and economic‐driven switchable capacitor placement in distribution network
Authors: Rahmani‐andebili Mehdi
Published: May 2015

In this study, reliability and economic‐driven capacitor allocation problem in electrical distribution system is investigated for a definite planning horizon considering several technical and economic aspects. Also, the system reliability modelling is performed based on a new approach, which is considering values of reactive component of currents flowing through branches of the feeder and applying different feeder's failure rate models. The aim of this study is minimising total cost of the system including system power loss cost, system risk cost, investment cost and maintenance cost. Herein, in order to achieve practical outcomes, inflation and interest rates as the economic factors considered in the planning, and yearly load growth, hourly and daily varying load, and customers’ load types are applied in the modelling, and also load model‐based power flow is run rather than simple power flow. In this study, it is demonstrated that considering unreal model for the system load types or ignoring dependence of system reliability on the reactive component of current can significantly affect the results of the capacitor placement problem and also it can impose extra cost to the local distribution company.
Fast computation of residual complexity image similarity metric using low‐complexity transforms
Authors: Pauchard Yves , Cintra Renato J. , Madanayake Arjuna , Bayer Fábio M.
Published: May 2015

The authors apply two approaches to reduce the computation time of the residual complexity similarity metric employed in image registration applications aimed at hardware‐based implementations with low‐complexity transforms. First, the similarity metric is computed in image sub‐blocks, which are subsequently combined into a global metric value. Second, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) needed in the computation of the similarity measure is replaced with multiplier‐free low‐complexity approximate transforms. The authors propose a new low‐complexity transform requiring only 18 additions in an 8 × 8 block and compare it to: the round DCT, the signed DCT, the Hadamard transform and the Walsh‐Hadamard transform. Detailed computational complexity analysis reveals that block‐wise processing alone reduces computational cost by a factor of 8‐9 for original DCT composed of multiplications and additions, and up to ≃4.90 when the proposed DCT is utilised; being the computation performed with additions only. Results obtained from computer simulated and realistic X‐ray images demonstrate block‐wise processing and approximate transforms result in successful image registration, making residual complexity similarity measure available to hardware‐accelerated fast image registration applications.
Improved adaptive localisation approach for indoor positioning by using environmental thresholds with wireless sensor nodes
Authors: Koyuncu Hakan , Yang Shuang Hua
Published: May 2015

Jennic type wireless sensor nodes (WSN) are utilised together with environmentally adaptive localisation algorithm (EAL), to determine the unknown target positions. Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values are employed within their standard deviation boundaries around their mean. Static standard deviation threshold concept for RSSI values is introduced to adapt them to environmental ranging factors. Trigonometric techniques are utilised together with EAL algorithm to calculate the unknown target positions. Positional accuracies of around 1 m are obtained in this study.
Non‐repeatedly marking traceback model for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Zhang Zhiming , Li Ping , Xiong Xiaoyong , Jiang Changgen
Published: May 2015

When networks are under attack, traceback schemes can be used to locate the compromised node and remove the compromised node from the network. To resolve the problem that marked information has been easy to be covered by the information of down‐stream node in the traceback schemes based on probabilistic packet marking (PPM), ‘a non‐repeatedly marking traceback scheme for wireless sensor networks (NMtrace) is proposed to locate the compromised nodes in this study’. In the NMtrace, when a packet is forwarding to the base station, if the edge information of the packet has been marked by forwarding nodes, the packet will not be marked again by the other nodes. The security shows that the NMtrace can resilience against various attacks which are launched by the compromised forwarding nodes collude with compromised source node. The performance evaluation shows that with the length of the attack path increasing, ‘the NMtrace needs fewer’ packets to reconstruct the attack path than the PPM‐based schemes, the complete convergence rate less affected by the marking probability p and the energy ‘consumption of the NMtrace is also’ less than PPM‐based schemes.
The Relationship between Preoperative Expectations and the Short-Term Postoperative Satisfaction and Functional Outcome in Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ellis Daniel J. , Mallozzi Scott S. , Mathews Jacob E. , Moss Isaac L. , Ouellet Jean A. , Jarzem Peter , Weber Michael H.
Published: May 2015

Study Design

Systematic review.

Objective

To examine the relationship between the patient's preoperative expectations and short-term postoperative satisfaction and functional outcome in lumbar spine surgery.

Methods

The Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases were queried using a predefined search algorithm to identify all lumbar spine studies analyzing the influence of preoperative expectations on postoperative satisfaction and functional outcome. Two independent reviewers and a third independent mediator reviewed the literature and performed study screening, selection, methodological assessment, and data extraction using an objective protocol.

Results

Of 444 studies identified, 13 met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality scores ranged from 59 to 100% with the greatest variability in defining patient characteristics and the methods of assessing patient expectations. Patient expectations were assessed in 22 areas, most frequently back and leg pain expectations and general expectations. Functional outcome was assessed by 13 tools; the most common were the visual analog scale, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Positive expectations for symptomatology, activity, general health, and recovery correlated with satisfaction. General expectations correlated with higher SF-36 Physical Subcomponent scores, better global function, and lower ODI outcome. Conclusions on the influence of the expectations for pain were limited due to the study heterogeneity, but the evidence suggests a positive correlation between the expectation and outcome for back and leg pain.

Conclusions

Positive expectations correlated significantly with short-term postoperative satisfaction and functional outcome, including higher SF-36 scores, earlier return to work, and decreased ODI scores. Future expectation-based investigations will benefit from implementation of the standardized methods of expectation, satisfaction, and outcome analysis discussed herein.
Profiling the local carrier concentration across a semiconductor quantum dot
Authors: Walrath J. C. , Lin Yen-Hsiang , Huang S. , Goldman R. S.
Published: May 2015

We profile the local carrier concentration, n, across epitaxial InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) consisting of 3D islands on top of a 2D alloy layer. We use scanning thermoelectric microscopy to measure a profile of the temperature gradient-induced voltage, which is converted to a profile of the local Seebeck coefficient, S. The S profile is then converted to a conduction band-edge profile and compared with Poisson-Schrodinger band-edge simulations. Our combined computational-experimental approach suggests a reduced carrier concentration in the QD center in comparison to that of the 2D alloy layer. The relative roles of free carrier trapping and/or dopant expulsion are discussed.
Piston pressure cell for low-temperature infrared investigations
Authors: Beyer R. , Dressel M.
Published: May 2015

The design of a piston pressure cell ranging up to approximately 11 kilobars is reported, which allows for optical reflection measurements in the infrared spectral range from 100 to 8000 cm−1 down to temperatures as low as 6 K. The mechanical alignment and vacuum considerations are discussed before details of the sample preparation are given, with particular emphasis on small and fragile single crystals, mosaics, and pressed powder. A few examples of one- and two-dimensional organic conductors illustrate the performance.
Two-photon absorption induced by electric field gradient of optical near-field and its application to photolithography
Authors: Yamaguchi Maiku , Nobusada Katsuyuki , Kawazoe Tadashi , Yatsui Takashi
Published: May 2015

An electric field gradient is an inherent property of the optical near-field (ONF). We investigated its effect on electron excitation in a quantum dot via model calculations combining a density matrix formalism and a classical Lorentz model. The electric field gradient of the ONF was found to cause two-photon absorption by an unusual mechanism. Furthermore, the absorption exhibits a nonmonotonic dependence on the spatial arrangement of the nanosystem, completely different from that of conventional two-photon absorption induced by an intense electric field. The present two-photon absorption process was verified in a previous experimental observation by reinterpreting the results of ONF photolithography.
The relationship between soil organic carbon and soil surface characteristics in the semi-arid rangelands of southern Australia
Authors: Waters C. M. , Melville G. J. , Orgill S. E. , Alemseged Y.
Published: May 2015

The potential carbon sequestration in rangelands is largely due to the extensive areas they occupy, even though levels of soil organic carbon (SOC) are low. There is considerable uncertainty in achieving this potential due to the inherent patchy spatial and temporal distribution of rangeland vegetation and resources. At a paddock scale, determining appropriate sampling scales is a critical first step in the accurate estimation of size and spatial distribution of stocks of SOC. This issue was addressed by examining the spatial distribution of SOC and determining the association of SOC with other site characteristics such as ground cover and vegetation. This was done in a pilot study conducted in a 136-ha paddock located on the Cobar Pediplain Bioregion in western New South Wales, Australia. Each of 104 sites was sampled using a 0.25-m2 quadrat to assess biomass and ground cover category (percentage of perennial plants, bare ground, cryptogams, annual plants and litter) of a soil core taken from the centre of each quadrat, and proximity to trees and shrubs. The soil core was used to determine total organic C (TOC), total N (TN) and the C : N ratio at four depths (0–5; 5–10; 10–20; 20–30 cm). From the quadrat and ground cover categories of the soil cores, six microsite categories were identified using cluster analysis: cryptogams; litter (≥25% litter); bare (≥60% bare ground); annual (≥40% annual plants); litter-P (≥15% litter and ≥10% perennial plants) and perennial (≥30% perennial plants). Microsite, depth in soil profile and the presence of trees and shrubs all had a significant (P < 0.001) effect on TOC concentration. The predicted means (s.e. of mean) of TOC at the soil surface (0–5 cm) were perennial 1.26 (0.04) %; litter-P 1.20 (0.05) %; annual 1.18 (0.06) %; litter 1.12 (0.05) %; bare 1.03 (0.05) % and cryptogams 0.88 (0.06) %. Higher concentrations of TOC were associated with the presence of trees and were almost 30% higher in close proximity (<1 m) to a tree. There was a consistent finding that higher concentrations of TOC, TN and the high values of C : N ratio were each associated with higher ground cover of perennial plants. The autocorrelation range for soil C stocks was ~30 m and for categories of ground cover which varied from 10 m to over 200 m. The spatial predictions for ground cover of perennial plants closely mirrored those for C stocks, which were 22.9 Mg C ha–1 in the top 30 cm of soil in this environment. As both tree proximity and ground cover had a significant effect on TOC, quantifying the levels of soil organic C at a paddock scale will require an understanding of the spatial patterns of vegetation (woody and ground cover), which provides a basis for within-paddock stratification before soil sampling.
Impact of a Multicomponent Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) Training Curriculum on a Medical Residency Program
Authors: Kalu Nnenna , Cain Gloria , McLaurin-Jones TyWanda , Scott Denise , Kwagyan John , Fassassi Catsim , Greene Wendy , Taylor Robert E.
Published: May 2015

Background

Substance-related disorders are a growing problem in the United States. The patient-provider setting can serve as a crucial environment to detect and prevent at-risk substance use. Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is an integrated approach to deliver early intervention and treatment services for persons who have or are at risk for substance-related disorders. SBIRT training components can include online modules, in-person instruction, practical experience, and clinical skills assessment. This paper will evaluate the impact of multiple modes of training on acquisition of SBIRT skills as observed in a clinical skills assessment.

Methods

Residents were part of an SBIRT training program, from 2009 through 2013, consisting of lecture, role-play, online modules, patient encounters, and clinical skills assessment (CSA). Differences were assessed across satisfactory and unsatisfactory CSA performance.

Results

Seventy percent of the residents satisfactorily completed CSA. Demographics, type of components completed, and number of components completed were similar among residents who demonstrated satisfactory clinical skills compared with those who did not. All components of the training program were accepted equally across specialties and resident matriculation cohorts. Conclusion: The authors conclude that the components employed in SBIRT training do not have to be numerous or of a particular mode of training in order to see observable demonstration of SBIRT skills among medical residents. Thus, residency educators who have limited time or resources may utilize as few as 1 mode of training to effectually disseminate SBIRT skills among health care providers. As SBIRT continues to evolve as a promising tool to address at-risk substance-related disorders, it is critical to train medical residents and other health professionals.
Improving curriculum development practices in a technical vocational community college: examining effects of a professional development arrangement for middle managers
Authors: Albashiry Nabeel M. , Voogt Joke M. , Pieters Jules M.
Published: May 2015

Learning about curriculum development is critical for middle managers of technical vocational institutions in order to assume curriculum leadership in maintaining and enhancing the quality and relevance of their educational programs. This case study reports on the design and effects of a professional development arrangement (PDA), with such a focus, for 13 middle managers of a technical vocational community college in a developing country. The findings indicate that the middle managers appreciated the relevance of the PDA for curriculum development at the community college and gained substantial learning about systematic curriculum development. However, the middle managers' post‐PDA curriculum development improvement efforts were minimal and characterised by individual initiatives, due to a lack of senior management support, unfavourable work conditions, and a high rate of middle manager attrition. The conclusion drawn is that for trained middle managers to lead systematic curriculum development practices, contextual and organisational barriers germane to technical vocational education in developing contexts need to be considered.
Disentangling the magnetic force noise contribution in LISA Pathfinder
Authors: Armano M , Audley H , Auger G , Baird J , Binetruy P , Born M , Bortoluzzi D , Brandt N , Bursi A , Caleno M , Cavalleri A , Cesarini A , Cruise M , Danzmann K , Diepholz I , Dolesi R , Dunbar N , Ferraioli L , Ferroni V , Fitzsimons E , Freschi M , Gallegos J , García Marirrodriga C , Gerndt R , Gesa LI , Gibert F , Giardini D , Giusteri R , Grimani C , Harrison I , Heinzel G , Hewitson M , Hollington D , Hueller M , Huesler J , Inchauspé H , Jennrich O , Jetzer P , Johlander B , Karnesis N , Kaune B , Korsakova N , Killow C , Lloro I , Maarschalkerweerd R , Madden S , Mance D , Martín V , Martin-Porqueras F , Mateos I , McNamara P , Mendes J , Mendes L , Moroni A , Nofrarias M , Paczkowski S , Perreur-Lloyd M , Petiteau A , Pivato P , Plagnol E , Prat P , Ragnit U , Ramos-Castro J , Reiche J , Romera Perez J A , Robertson D , Rozemeijer H , Russano G , Sarra P , Schleicher A , Slutsky J , Sopuerta C F , Sumner T , Texier D , Thorpe J , Trenkel C , Tu H B , Vetrugno D , Vitale S , Wanner G , Ward H , Waschke S , Wass P , Wealthy D , Wen S , Weber W , Wittchen A , Zanoni C , Ziegler T , Zweifel P
Published: May 2015

Magnetically-induced forces on the inertial masses on-board LISA Pathfinder are expected to be one of the dominant contributions to the mission noise budget, accounting for up to 40%. The origin of this disturbance is the coupling of the residual magnetization and susceptibility of the test masses with the environmental magnetic field. In order to fully understand this important part of the noise model, a set of coils and magnetometers are integrated as a part of the diagnostics subsystem. During operations a sequence of magnetic excitations will be applied to precisely determine the coupling of the magnetic environment to the test mass displacement using the on-board magnetometers. Since no direct measurement of the magnetic field in the test mass position will be available, an extrapolation of the magnetic measurements to the test mass position will be carried out as a part of the data analysis activities. In this paper we show the first results on the magnetic experiments during an end-to-end LISA Pathfinder simulation, and we describe the methods under development to map the magnetic field on-board.

A post-publication change was made to this article on 26 Jun 2020 to add an author.
Bayesian statistics for the calibration of the LISA Pathfinder experiment
Authors: Armano M , Audley H , Auger G , Binetruy P , Born M , Bortoluzzi D , Brandt N , Bursi A , Caleno M , Cavalleri A , Cesarini A , Cruise M , Danzmann K , Diepholz I , Dolesi R , Dunbar N , Ferraioli L , Ferroni V , Fitzsimons E , Freschi M , García Marirrodriga C , Gerndt R , Gesa L , Gibert F , Giardini D , Giusteri R , Grimani C , Harrison I , Heinzel G , Hewitson M , Hollington D , Hueller M , Huesler J , Inchauspé H , Jennrich O , Jetzer P , Johlander B , Karnesis N , Kaune B , Korsakova N , Killow C , Lloro I , Maarschalkerweerd R , Madden S , Mance D , Martin V , Martin-Porqueras F , Mateos I , McNamara P , Mendes J , Mitchell E , Moroni A , Nofrarias M , Paczkowski S , Perreur-Lloyd M , Pivato P , Plagnol E , Prat P , Ragnit U , Ramos-Castro J , Reiche J , Romera Perez J A , Robertson D , Rozemeijer H , Russano G , Sarra P , Schleicher A , Slutsky J , Sopuerta C F , Sumner T , Texier D , Thorpe J , Trenkel C , Tu H B , Vetrugno D , Vitale S , Wanner G , Ward H , Waschke S , Wass P , Wealthy D , Wen S , Weber W , Wittchen A , Zanoni C , Ziegler T , Zweifel P
Published: May 2015

The main goal of LISA Pathfinder (LPF) mission is to estimate the acceleration noise models of the overall LISA Technology Package (LTP) experiment on-board. This will be of crucial importance for the future space-based Gravitational-Wave (GW) detectors, like eLISA. Here, we present the Bayesian analysis framework to process the planned system identification experiments designed for that purpose. In particular, we focus on the analysis strategies to predict the accuracy of the parameters that describe the system in all degrees of freedom. The data sets were generated during the latest operational simulations organised by the data analysis team and this work is part of the LTPDA Matlab toolbox.

A post-publication change was made to this article on 26 Jun 2020 to add an author.
Fungicide Resistance in Cercospora kikuchii, a Soybean Pathogen
Authors: Price Paul P. , Purvis Myra A. , Cai Guohong , Padgett Guy B. , Robertson Clark L. , Schneider Raymond W. , Albu Sebastian
Published: May 2015

Isolates of Cercospora kikuchii, a soybean (Glycine max) pathogen causing Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain, were tested to determine baseline sensitivities (n = 50) to selected quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides by conducting radial growth assays on fungicide-amended media. Baseline effective fungicide concentration to inhibit 50% of fungal radial growth (EC50) values were compared with EC50 values for isolates collected in 2011 (n = 50), 2012 (n = 50), and 2013 (n = 36) throughout soybean-producing areas in Louisiana. Median EC50 values for isolates subjected to QoI fungicides were significantly (P = 0.05) higher across all 3 years. Cross-resistance to QoI fungicides was observed in resistant isolates collected in 2011 to 2013. Discriminatory doses were developed for QoI fungicides to distinguish between sensitive and resistant isolates. On average, 89% of all isolates screened in 2011 to 2013 were resistant to QoI fungicides. At a discriminatory dose of thiophanate methyl (TM), a methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicide, at 5 μg/ml, resistance was detected in the 2000, 2011, 2012, and 2013 collections at 23, 38, 29, and 36%, respectively. Isolates exhibiting multiple resistance to QoI fungicides and TM also were detected in 2011, 2012, and 2013 at frequencies of 34, 26, and 31%, respectively. Based on these results, Cercospora leaf blight management strategies in Louisiana using solo applications of QoI or MBC fungicides in soybean should be reconsidered.
Variability of Potato virus Y in Tomato Crops in Poland and Development of a Reverse-Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Virus Detection
Authors: Hasiów-Jaroszewska Beata , Stachecka Joanna , Minicka Julia , Sowiński Mateusz , Borodynko Natasza
Published: May 2015

A collection of 147 Potato virus Y (PVY) isolates from tomato, originating from several commercial fields and greenhouses in different regions of Poland, was tested for the presence of PVY by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. However, in some cases, the results obtained were ambiguous. Therefore, a sensitive reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method was developed for rapid detection of PVY isolates. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses were performed based on sequences of the coat protein gene. In comparison with results obtained in 2008, the presence of other strains besides PVYNWi-P was confirmed. A novel recombinant between PVYNTN and PVYNWi-P strains was detected. Our results indicate an increasing distribution and variability of the PVY population on tomato in Poland.
Pseudomonas fluorescens LBUM223 Increases Potato Yield and Reduces Common Scab Symptoms in the Field
Authors: Arseneault Tanya , Goyer Claudia , Filion Martin
Published: May 2015

Common scab of potato, caused by pathogenic Streptomyces spp., is an important disease not efficiently controlled by current methods. We previously demonstrated that Pseudomonas fluorescens LBUM223 reduces common scab development under controlled conditions through phenazine-1-carboxylic (PCA) production, leading to reduced thaxtomin A production by the pathogen, a key pathogenicity and virulence factor. Here, we aimed at determining if LBUM223 is able to increase potato yield and control common scab under field conditions, while characterizing the biocontrol mechanisms involved. We investigated if a reduction in pathogen soil populations, activation of induced systemic resistance in potato, and/or changes in txtA gene expression, involved in thaxtomin A biosynthesis in pathogenic Streptomyces spp. were involved in common scab control by LBUM223. Common scab symptoms were significantly reduced and total tuber weight increased by 46% using biweekly applications of LBUM223. LBUM223 did not reduce pathogen soil populations, nor was potato systemic defense-related gene expression significantly altered between treatments. However, a significant down-regulation of txtA expression occurred in the geocaulosphere. This is the first demonstration that a Pseudomonas strain can directly alter the transcriptional activity of a key pathogenesis gene in a plant pathogen under field conditions, contributing to disease control.
Coregulation of tandem duplicate genes slows evolution of subfunctionalization in mammals
Authors: Lan Xun , Pritchard Jonathan K.
Published: May 2015

Gene duplication is a fundamental process in genome evolution. However, most young duplicates are degraded into pseudogenes by loss-of-function mutations, and the factors that allow some duplicate pairs to survive long-term remain controversial. One class of models to explain duplicate retention invokes sub- or neofunctionalization, especially through evolution of gene expression, while other models focus on sharing of gene dosage. While studies of whole genome duplications tend to support dosage sharing, the primary mechanisms in mammals–where duplications are small-scale and thus disrupt dosage balance– are unclear. Using RNA-seq data from 46 human and 26 mouse tissues we find that sub-functionalization of expression evolves slowly, and is rare among duplicates that arose within the placental mammals. A major impediment to subfunctionalization is that tandem duplicates tend to be co-regulated by shared genomic elements, in contrast to the standard assumption of modularity of gene expression. Instead, consistent with the dosage-sharing hypothesis, most young duplicates are down-regulated to match expression of outgroup singleton genes. Our data suggest that dosage sharing of expression is a key factor in the initial survival of mammalian duplicates, followed by slower functional adaptation enabling long-term preservation.
Value generation in B2B contexts: the SMEs’ perspective
Authors: Pérez Lourdes , Cambra-Fierro Jesús
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– The aim of this paper is to understand the process of value creation in business-to-business (B2B) contexts from the perspective of small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs). Small businesses are challenged to compete and collaborate with larger firms. While the “sharks” dilemma (often the most dangerous sharks also have the most valuable resources) focuses on specific defences, the authors emphasize a value generation perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

– The concept of asymmetric relationships is taken as a reference and examined using a longitudinal multi-case study.

Findings

– The authors results demonstrate how small firms not always assume an inferior, defensive position. Ambitious and growth-oriented SMEs learn to collaborate with larger partners and exhibit a proactive attitude towards relationship management. They understand the importance of developing social ties. They foster frequent and informal communication with their customers, favouring personal visits as a means to receive advice for directing their research efforts and exchange information and views. Such ties help them to develop shared plans and goals.

Research limitations/implications

– In asymmetric relationships, partner selection models should help firms to concentrate their efforts in a reduced group of key partners. These models should include not only economic performance indicators – variables such as flexibility and autonomy – but also innovation and improvement in processes, image, prestige and positioning, access to markets and stability.

Originality/value

– The authors found insight into a novel concept: dual-value appropriation, where partners do not split the pie of the total value generated, as frequently proposed in the literature, but fully appropriate a different and unique value from the relationship. The authors further highlight the important role played by the committed champions in developing communication and trust.
Management ingredients to embrace the new paradigm: green
Authors: Ragavendran P. Sabari
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify three critical ingredients that are necessary to support the upcoming Green Paradigm. Existing research indicates the uprising of Green Paradigm through emergence of Green products and services. Extant literature discusses critical questions such as “what” and “how” in silos. Each of the ingredients is anchored in literature, highlighting the past, showcasing the gap and proposing future direction.

Design/methodology/approach

– Fundamentally, a combination of literature review and qualitative technique is used to achieve the main objective of the paper.

Findings

– Gaps in the literature support and suggest the need to focus on three different perspectives: corporate, management research and management education, which needs to be looked from a long range to support Green Paradigm. This finding is substantiated through qualitative research.

Research limitations/implications

– The limitation of the research is, only a 10 year period is considered for key word search in journals. The journals are restricted to top journals as given by UT Dallas research rankings, 2011. It is quite possible that there are other journals that focus more heavily on green perspective.

Originality/value

– This paper introduces a holistic perspective that fits all major lenses of the society to foster Green Paradigm, in turn, environmental sustainability.
Perceptions of external auditors, preparers and users of financial statements about the adoption of IFRS 8
Authors: Mardini Ghassan H. , Crawford Louise , Power David M.
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the perceptions of external auditors, preparers and users (investors and analysts) of financial statements in Jordan about this new segmental reporting standard; a decision usefulness framework underpins the research.

Design/methodology/approach

– The objective of this study is to explore the perceptions of external auditors, preparers and users (investors and analysts) of financial statements in Jordan about this new segmental reporting standard; a decision usefulness framework underpins the research.

Findings

– The findings reveal that a majority of interviewees found that IFRS 8 was not a problematic standard, and that the management approach of IFRS 8 was an improvement on the previous standard – International Accounting Standard (IAS) 14R – because the information produced was seen as useful to users of financial statements. Moreover, the respondents indicated that there was an improvement in the quantity and quality of segmental information under IFRS 8 in annual reports for 2009; it was more understandable, relevant, reliable and comparable than the segmental information which had previously been reported.

Research limitations/implications

– No attempt was made to assess the usefulness of segmental information reported under IFRS 8 by Jordanian listed companies in their annual reports for other groups such as lenders, suppliers, customers, trade creditors and the general public (IASC, 1989). Thus, a survey about the impact of IFRS 8 on other groups may yield further insights about the decision usefulness of the new standard’s disclosures. However, Jordanians are not familiar with such research instruments and the culture within the society is relatively secretive (Piro, 1998).

Practical implications

– The findings of the current research should be valuable for international accounting standard setters at the International Accounting Standards Board. It provides some indication about the impact of this new standard.

Originality/value

– This research shows that segmental information reported under IFRS 8 is more useful for decision makers needs compared to segmental information that previously reported under IAS 14R. It also provides a great insight about the impact of this new segmental disclosure standard.
Pathological characterization of pachydermia in pachydermoperiostosis
Authors: Tanese Keiji , Niizeki Hironori , Seki Atsuhito , Otsuka Atsushi , Kabashima Kenji , Kosaki Keisuke , Kuwahara Masamitsu , Miyakawa Shun‐ichi , Miyasaka Mikiko , Matsuoka Kentaro , Okuyama Torayuki , Shiohama Aiko , Sasaki Takashi , Kudoh Jun , Amagai Masayuki , Ishiko Akira
Published: May 2015

Pachydermoperiostosis is a rare hereditary disease, which presents with the cutaneous manifestations of pachydermia and cutis verticis gyrata. Histological findings in pachydermia frequently include dermal edema, mucin deposition, elastic fiber degeneration, dermal fibrosis and adnexal hyperplasia. However, the severity of these findings varies between clinical reports, and a systematic multiple‐case clinicopathological correlative analysis has not been performed to date. In the present study, we reviewed the skin biopsy specimens obtained from the pachydermia of six pachydermoperiostosis patients. The severity of the characteristic histological features was semiquantitatively evaluated and correlated with the grade of pachydermia. Dermal edema, mucin deposition and elastic fiber degeneration were observed in all cases. Patients with severe pachydermia had sebaceous gland hyperplasia and fibrosis. These results suggest that the triad of mucin deposition, dermal edema and elastic fiber degeneration are found from very early stage pachydermia, and could be considered diagnostic findings. To ensure an earlier diagnosis of pachydermoperiostosis, a biopsy should be taken when a patient has grade 1 pachydermia to determine the presence of this histological triad.
Reduction of interleukin‐10 production by B cells in intractable toxic epidermal necrolysis
Authors: Hakuta Amiko , Fujita Hiroyuki , Kanaoka Miwa , Watanabe Midori , Izumi Kanako , Watanabe Tomoya , Komitsu Noriko , Itoh Munenari , Tanito Katsumi , Takahashi Yukitoshi , Aihara Michiko
Published: May 2015

Several interleukin (IL)‐10 producing B‐cell subsets have been identified recently. However, few studies have examined the role of them in toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). We describe a 41‐year‐old woman with TEN who had B‐cell lymphoma and a history of treatments including B‐cell depletion therapy. Her re‐epithelization was still ongoing after 7 months, despite treatments. To investigate her immune system, we compared cytokine and chemokine production from B cells and non‐B cells isolated from the patient and another non‐lymphoma TEN patient. IL‐10 production from B cells decreased in the patient compared with the control TEN‐only patient. Cytokine and chemokine levels from non‐B cells involved in inflammation were elevated in the patient compared with the control patient. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that IL‐10 from B cells as well as regulatory T cells is critical in the pathogenesis of TEN, and that B‐cell dysfunction based on B‐cell lymphoma and B‐cell depletion therapy may be involved in the intractability of TEN.
Fire and non‐native grass invasion interact to suppress tree regeneration in temperate deciduous forests
Authors: Flory S. Luke , Clay Keith , Emery Sarah M. , Robb Joseph R. , Winters Brian
Published: May 2015

While many ecosystems depend on fire to maintain biodiversity, non‐native plant invasions can enhance fire intensity, suppressing native species and generating a fire–invasion feedback. These dynamics have been observed in arid and semi‐arid ecosystems, but fire–invasion interactions in temperate deciduous forests, where prescribed fires are often used as management tools to enhance native diversity, have rarely been investigated.

Here we evaluated the effects of a widespread invasive grass on fire behaviour in eastern deciduous forests in the USA and the potential effects of fire and invasions on tree regeneration. We planted native trees into invaded and uninvaded forests, quantified fuel loads, then applied landscape‐scale prescribed fires and no‐burn controls, and measured fire behaviour and tree seedling and invasive plant performance.

Our results show that fires in invaded habitats were significantly more intense, including higher fire temperatures, longer duration and higher flame heights, even though invasions did not alter total fuel loads. The invasion plus fire treatment suppressed native tree seedling survival by 54% compared to invasions without fire, and invasions reduced natural tree recruitment by 66%.

We also show that invasive plant biomass did not change from one season to the next in plots where fire was applied, but invader biomass declined significantly in unburned reference plots, suggesting a positive invasive grass–fire feedback.

Synthesis and applications. These findings demonstrate that fire–invasion interactions can have significant consequences for invaded temperate forest ecosystems by increasing fire intensity and reducing tree establishment while promoting invasive plant persistence. To encourage tree regeneration and slow invasive spread, we recommend that forest managers remove invasions prior to applying prescribed fires or avoid the use of fire in habitats invaded by non‐native grasses.
Exposure to soil, house dust and decaying plants increases gut microbial diversity and decreases serum immunoglobulin E levels in BALB/c mice
Authors: Zhou Dongrui , Zhang Honglin , Bai Zhimao , Zhang Aidi , Bai Futian , Luo Xing , Hou Yue , Ding Xiao , Sun Beili , Sun Xiao , Ma Ning , Wang Cuifen , Dai Xiaoniu , Lu Zuhong
Published: May 2015

To assess the impact of sanitation of a living environment on gut microbiota and development of the immune system, we raised BALB/c mice under three distinct environmental conditions: a specific pathogen‐free animal room (SPF), a general animal room (XZ) and a farmhouse (JD). All other variables like diet, age, genetic background, physiological status and original gut microbiota were controlled for in the three groups. Using high‐throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we found that each mouse group had a specific structure of the gut microbial community. Groups JD and XZ harboured a significantly more diverse and richer gut microbiota than did group SPF. Bacteroidetes were significantly more abundant in groups XZ and JD than in group SPF, whereas Firmicutes showed the inverse pattern. Total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were significantly lower in groups XZ and JD than in group SPF. There were no significant differences in gut microbiota diversity and serum IgE concentration between groups JD and XZ, but we found higher abundance of dominant genera in the gut microflora of group JD. We conclude that exposure to soil, house dust and decaying plant material enhances gut microbial diversity and innate immunity. Our results seem to provide new evidence supporting the hygiene hypothesis.
Self‐hypnosis for intrapartum pain management in pregnant nulliparous women: a randomised controlled trial of clinical effectiveness
Authors: Downe S , Finlayson K , Melvin C , Spiby H , Ali S , Diggle P , Gyte G , Hinder S , Miller V , Slade P , Trepel D , Weeks A , Whorwell P , Williamson M
Published: May 2015

Objective

(Primary) To establish the effect of antenatal group self‐hypnosis for nulliparous women on intra‐partum epidural use.

Design

Multi‐method randomised control trial (RCT).

Setting

Three NHS Trusts.

Population

Nulliparous women not planning elective caesarean, without medication for hypertension and without psychological illness.

Methods

Randomisation at 28–32 weeks’ gestation to usual care, or to usual care plus brief self‐hypnosis training (two × 90‐minute groups at around 32 and 35 weeks’ gestation; daily audio self‐hypnosis CD). Follow up at 2 and 6 weeks postnatal.

Main outcome measures

Primary: epidural analgesia. Secondary: associated clinical and psychological outcomes; cost analysis.

Results

Six hundred and eighty women were randomised. There was no statistically significant difference in epidural use: 27.9% (intervention), 30.3% (control), odds ratio (OR) 0.89 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64–1.24], or in 27 of 29 pre‐specified secondary clinical and psychological outcomes. Women in the intervention group had lower actual than anticipated levels of fear and anxiety between baseline and 2 weeks post natal (anxiety: mean difference −0.72, 95% CI −1.16 to −0.28, P = 0.001); fear (mean difference −0.62, 95% CI −1.08 to −0.16, P = 0.009) [Correction added on 7 July 2015, after first online publication: ‘Mean difference’ replaced ‘Odds ratio (OR)’ in the preceding sentence.]. Postnatal response rates were 67% overall at 2 weeks. The additional cost in the intervention arm per woman was £4.83 (CI −£257.93 to £267.59).

Conclusions

Allocation to two‐third‐trimester group self‐hypnosis training sessions did not significantly reduce intra‐partum epidural analgesia use or a range of other clinical and psychological variables. The impact of women's anxiety and fear about childbirth needs further investigation.
Turkish Foreign Policy under AKP Rule: Making Sense of the Turbulence
Authors: Cop Burak , Zihnioğlu Özge
Published: May 2015

The twists and turns of Turkish foreign policy under Justice and Development Party (AKP) rule have been a matter of interest not only in the scholarly literature, but also in common discourse. This article traces the unfolding of this policy in Turkey’s neighbourhood and in relation to its quest for EU membership, particularly since 2006, and also discusses the milestones that have been shaping it. Drawing upon the categories of change Charles Hermann identiﬁed, this article illustrates the magnitude and direction of change in Turkish foreign policy during this period and critically evaluates its implications for this policy today.
Recognising Normative State Action in International Life
Authors: Kavalski Emilian
Published: May 2015

The study of power is one of the deﬁning features of International Relations. Thus, every generation of IR scholars undertakes a reconsideration of the concept of power in an attempt to place its own deﬁnitive stamp on one of the oldest conversations in world affairs. What distinguishes current engagements with the consideration of power is that they are happening in the context of a power transition. It is in this setting that the three books included in this review both reﬂect and address the different puzzles attendant in the current re-articulations of the notion and practices of power in IR. Jiang Qing addresses the ‘what’ of power through a novel assessment of previously overlooked Confucian insights. Marjo Koivisto engages the ‘when’ of power by drawing attention to the strategic impact of normative state action in world affairs. Alexander Cooley explores the ‘how’ of power through a parallel assessment of the strategic competition for inﬂuence between the US, Russia and China in Central Asia.

Jiang, Q. (2013). A Confucian Constitutional Order: How China’s Ancient Past Can Shape Its Political Future. Trans. E. Ryden. Ed. D. A. Bell and R. Fan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Koivisto, M. (2012) Normative State Power in International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cooley, A. (2013). Great Games, Local Rules: The New Great Power Contest in Central Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.