bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time, engagement and video games: How game design elements shape the temporalities of play in massively multiplayer online role‐playing games
Authors: Rapp Amon
Published: February 2021

Researchers and developers constantly seek novel ways to create engaging applications that are able to retain their users over the long term, make them desire to spend time using the application or go back to using it after a break. With this aim, video games can be an insightful source of inspiration, as they are specifically designed to maximise playing time, increase players' intentions of playing during the day or enhance their willingness to replay. In a gaming context, ‘time’ is an important factor for engagement because game designers can design the game time to retain players in the game environment. Drawing on social practice theory, which is increasingly used in Information Systems (IS) research, I conducted an ethnographic study in World of Warcraft (WoW) to understand how various temporalities are produced within a video game and the effects that they have on players' engagement. The findings show that game temporalities stem from the complex interaction between the design features of the game and the norms, routines and expectations that are part of the game practices. Moreover, these temporalities can engender temporal experiences that may stimulate engagement in various ways. The study contributes to IS literature by proposing a novel understanding of how time can be intentionally designed to sustain user engagement. Finally, it suggests that ‘time design’ in video games could inspire designs in broader IS contexts, such as in the gamification of online communities, crowdsourcing platforms and crowd working systems.
Design, thermal shock resistance of dense BaO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 glass/Si3N4‐barium feldspar coating for porous Si3N4 ceramic
Authors: Tong Zongwei , Liu Zhengdao , Yu Huijun , Zhang Baojie , Li Xiaolei , Su Dong , Ji Huiming
Published: February 2021

Silicon nitride‐monoclinic barium feldspar (Si3N4‐m‐BAS) composite possesses great dielectric properties, low density, and low thermal expansion coefficient (CTE). Preparing dense Si3N4‐m‐BAS coating on porous Si3N4 ceramic is an effective strategy to improve its water resistance and ensure its dielectric performances. However, this promising coating has not been reported yet, because the synthesis of m‐BAS is difficult, and the densification of Si3N4‐BAS composite requires very high temperature. Here, the BaO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 glass/Si3N4‐BAS coating was first fabricated by a manual spray method and pressureless sintering at 1450°C. Combining the influence of Si4+ on the crystal phase composition of BAS and the volume expansion effect of silicon in N2, an effective coating structure design scheme was proposed. By changing the content of silicon powder, the CTE and horizontal shrinkage of the coating during sintering were controlled. Besides, the prepared coatings exhibited low water absorption and high bonding strength. During the thermal shock tests, SiO2 produced by the oxidation of Si3N4 healed the cracks in the coating, thus delaying the degradation of the properties. The coating prepared in this work is expected to be applied to radome in extreme service environments.
Relationship between valence of titania and apatite mineralization behavior in simulated body environment
Authors: Miyazaki Toshiki , Imanaka Satoshi , Akaike Jun
Published: February 2021

Titania‐based materials are attractive for hard tissue repair due to their bone‐bonding ability induced by apatite formation in the body environment. Various surface treatments have therefore been developed to produce a hydrated titania layer on Ti and its alloys. Titania takes various valences, such as TiO (Ti2+) and Ti2O3 (Ti3+), as well as typical TiO2 (Ti4+); however, there is no comprehensive study of structural effects on the apatite‐forming ability of these titanias. In this study, we investigated apatite formation on titania powders with various valences in simulated body fluid. Anatase‐ and rutile‐type TiO2 formed apatite in simulated body fluid within 7 days, but TiO and Ti2O3 did not. In contrast, when the titania powders were treated with NaOH solution, the surface converted to tetravalent titania and all samples formed apatite. It is proposed that the surface electrical states of TiO and Ti2O3 are strongly affected by their bulk conductivity and that these behaved like pure Ti metal, which has poor apatite‐forming ability. Apatite formation was favorable when the titania had a high absolute value and exhibited high fluctuations of zeta potential during initial stages in simulated body fluid, owing to adsorption of large amounts of Ca2+ and HPO42−.
Electrochemically manipulating BiFeO3 particles via Bi3+ ion extraction
Authors: Ma Chao‐Jie , Zhang Kai‐Lun , Song Wei‐Li , Wang Da‐Wei , Li Na , Xu Baosheng , Chen Haosen
Published: February 2021

Because multifunctional ceramics are widely used in the electronics, manipulating composition and structure of the electronic ceramics aim at improving the performance of the target material for appropriate applications. However, the composite materials with multiphases and multicomponents could be achieved by mixing the nanomaterials with various preparing methods or technologies, which generally require a bunch of experimental design to obtain the target products. For achieving the goals, a novel electrochemical approach for preparing functional ceramic materials is demonstrated via ion extraction from the A site of perovskite BiFeO3 (BFO) ceramic particles, and whereby a single‐phase perovskite BFO could be evolved into multiphase and multicrystalline homogeneous composites. With gradual changes in material particle size, composition, structure, and morphology upon electrochemical Bi3+ ion extraction, the magnetic and electromagnetic properties of the decomposed BFO along with the generated multiphase and multicrystalline composites would present pronounced evolutionary behaviors, compared with original BFO. Apparently, such titration method upon electrochemical ion extraction could be employed to manipulate the properties of the functional ceramics. The simple strategy of electrochemical manipulation BFO would be applied to certain materials with electrochemical activity to achieve the target performance.
Nurse work environment and its impact on reasons for missed care, safety climate, and job satisfaction: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Dutra Carla Klava dos Reis , Guirardello Edinêis de Brito
Published: February 2021

Aim

To describe the nurse work environment and its relation to reasons for missed nursing care, safety climate, and job satisfaction.

Design

This was a cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Two hundred and nineteen nursing professionals by a convenience sample from two teaching hospitals between April 2017 and October 2017. The variables nurse work environment, reasons for missed nursing care, safety climate, and job satisfaction were collected by measuring instruments, and a descriptive, correlation, and comparative analyses were performed.

Results

The nurse work environment was classified as mixed, with three subscales of the instrument resulting in scores that represented a better nurse work environment, namely: nursing foundations for quality care; collegial nurse‐physician relations; and nurse manager ability, leadership, and support. The most frequent reasons for missed care were related to labour and material resources. A better work environment was associated with a high level of work satisfaction, better perception of the safety climate, and fewer reasons for missed care.

Conclusion

Better nurse work environments can contribute to improving nurses’ perception of job satisfaction and the safety climate, and to reducing reasons for missed care.

Impact

Authentic leadership in the nurse work environment has implications in terms of reducing the reasons for missed nursing care, improving the perception of the safety climate, and job satisfaction. Nurse managers should evaluate the nurse work environment and missed nursing care as an important predictors of the quality of patient care.
Revealing the hidden structure of physiological states during metacognitive monitoring in collaborative learning
Authors: Malmberg Jonna , Fincham Oliver , Pijeira‐Díaz Héctor J. , Järvelä Sanna , Gašević Dragan
Published: February 2021

Using hidden Markov models (HMM), the current study looked at how learners' metacognitive monitoring is related to their physiological reactivity in the context of collaborative learning. The participants (N = 12, age 16–17 years, three females and nine males) in the study were high school students enrolled in an advanced physics course. The results show that during collaborative learning, the students engaged in monitoring in each self‐regulated learning phase such as task understanding, planning and goal setting, task enactment, adaptation and reflection. The results of the HMM indicated that the learners' physiological reactivity was low when monitoring occurred. The associations between the states based on the HMM provide insights not only into how learners engage in metacognitive monitoring but also about their level of physiological reactivity in each state. In conclusion, exploring aspects of metacognitive monitoring in collaborative learning can be done with the help of physiological reactions.
Identification of deliberate catheter motion at the left atrial posterior wall during pulmonary vein isolation: Validity of respiratory motion adjustment
Authors: Tomlinson David R. , Biscombe Katie , True John , Hosking Joanne , Streeter Adam J.
Published: February 2021

Background

During automated radiofrequency (RF) annotation‐guided pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), respiratory motion adjustment (RMA) is recommended, yet lacks in vivo validation.

Methods

Following contact force (CF) PVI (continuous RF, 30 W) using general anesthesia and automated RF annotation‐guidance (VISITAG™: force‐over‐time 100% minimum 1 g; 2 mm position stability; ACCURESP™ RMA “off”) in 25 patients, we retrospectively examined RMA settings “on” versus “off” at the left atrial posterior wall (LAPW).

Results

Respiratory motion detection occurred in eight, permitting offline retrospective comparison of RMA settings. Significant differences in LAPW RF auto‐annotation occurred according to RMA setting, with curves displaying catheter position, CF and impedance data indicating “best‐fit” for catheter motion detection using RMA “off.” Comparing RMA “on” versus “off,” respectively: total annotated sites, 82 versus 98; median RF duration per‐site, 13.3 versus 10.6 s (p < 0.0001); median force time integral 177 versus 130 gs (p = 0.0002); mean inter‐tag distance (ITD), 6.0 versus 4.8 mm (p = 0.002). Considering LAPW annotated site 1‐to‐2 transitions resulting from deliberate catheter movement, 3 concurrent with inadvertent 0 g CF demonstrated < 0.6 s difference in RF duration. However, 13 deliberate catheter movements during constant tissue contact (ITD range: 2.1–7.0 mm) demonstrated (mean) site‐1 RF duration difference 3.7 s (range: −1.3 to 11.3 s): considering multiple measures of catheter position instability, the appropriate indication of deliberate catheter motion occurred with RMA “off” in all.

Conclusions

ACCURESP™ respiratory motion adjustment importantly delayed the identification of deliberate and clinically relevant catheter motion during LAPW RF delivery, rendering auto‐annotated RF display invalid. Operators seeking greater accuracy during auto‐annotated RF delivery should avoid RMA use.
Elective replacement of a 4‐year‐old leadless pacemaker: New approach for end‐of‐life management
Authors: De Filippo Paolo , Malanchini Giovanni , Leidi Cristina , Racheli Marco , Ferrari Gabriele , Senni Michele , Ferrari Paola
Published: February 2021

We report the first case of new technique of replacement of a Micra TPS, due to battery depletion. A 38‐year‐old patient was admitted due to battery depletion of a TPS, after 44 months of regular pacemaker functioning. After routine implantation of a new TPS, we use a snare loop inserted in the delivery system to capture the old TPS. We believe this approach a good option not to abandon the depleted device, to avoid possible electrical interference or space occupation in right ventricle. This new approach allows to change the strategy during procedure and does not increase significantly the procedure costs.
DNA methylation‐mediated silencing of microRNA‐204 enhances T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by up‐regulating MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 via NF‐κB
Authors: Lin Congmeng , Chen Dabing , Xiao Tingting , Lin Dandan , Lin Dayi , Lin Luhui , Zhu Haojie , Xu Jingjing , Huang Wenwen , Yang Ting
Published: February 2021

T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T‐ALL) is a highly aggressive haematological cancer of the bone marrow. The abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is reportedly involved in T‐ALL development and progression. Thus, we aimed to decipher the involvement of miR‐204 silencing mediated by DNA methylation in the occurrence of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T‐ALL). miR‐204 expression was determined in bone marrow and peripheral blood samples from T‐ALL patients by real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) with its effect on cell proliferation evaluated by functional assays. In addition, bisulphite sequencing PCR was employed to detect the DNA methylation level of the miR‐204 promoter region, and the binding site between miR‐204 and IRAK1 was detected by luciferase assay. We found that miR‐204 was down‐regulated in T cells of T‐ALL patients, which was caused by the increased DNA methylation in the promoter region of miR‐204. Moreover, overexpression of miR‐204 inhibited T‐ALL cell proliferation while enhancing their apoptosis through interleukin receptor‐associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), which enhanced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) and MMP‐9 through activation of p‐p65. Thus, miR‐204 modulated MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 through IRAK1/NF‐κB signalling pathway, which was confirmed by in vivo assay. Taken together, DNA methylation‐mediated miR‐204 silencing increased the transcription of IRAK1, thus activating the NF‐κB signalling pathway and up‐regulating the downstream targets MMP‐2/MMP‐9.
Efficacy of surgical masks or cloth masks in the prevention of viral transmission: Systematic review, meta‐analysis, and proposal for future trial
Authors: Nanda Akriti , Hung Ivan , Kwong Ava , Man Vivian Chi‐Mei , Roy Pankaj , Davies Lucy , Douek Michael
Published: February 2021

Objective

Recommendations for widespread use of face mask, including suggested type, should reflect the current published evidence and concurrently be studied. This review evaluates the preclinical and clinical evidence on use of cloth and surgical face masks in SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission and proposes a trial to gather further evidence.

Methods

PubMed, EMbase, and the Cochrane Library were searched. Studies of SARS‐CoV‐2 and face masks and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of n ≥ 50 for other respiratory illnesses were included.

Results

Fourteen studies were included in this study. One preclinical and 1 observational cohort clinical study found significant benefit of masks in limiting SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission. Eleven RCTs in a meta‐analysis studying other respiratory illnesses found no significant benefit of masks (±hand hygiene) for influenza‐like‐illness symptoms nor laboratory confirmed viruses. One RCT found a significant benefit of surgical masks compared with cloth masks.

Conclusion

There is limited available preclinical and clinical evidence for face mask benefit in SARS‐CoV‐2. RCT evidence for other respiratory viral illnesses shows no significant benefit of masks in limiting transmission but is of poor quality and not SARS‐CoV‐2 specific. There is an urgent need for evidence from randomized controlled trials to investigate the efficacy of surgical and cloth masks on transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 and user reported outcomes such as comfort and compliance.
Effect of mouth rinses on optical properties of CAD‐CAM materials used for laminate veneers and crowns
Authors: Sasany Rafat , Ergun‐Kunt Goknil , Yilmaz Burak
Published: February 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mouth rinses on the color and translucency of three computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) restorative materials in laminate veneer and crown thicknesses.

Methods

Specimens from two different 5Y‐TZP zirconia (InCoris TZI (IT), and Zirkonzahn (ZH)) and lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD [IC]) in two different thicknesses (0.7 mm for laminate veneer, and 1.5 mm for crown) were sectioned. All specimens were colored with an A2‐shade liquid, and the baseline color values were recorded according to the CIELab system with a spectrophotometer. Each group was divided into two subgroups (n = 15) according to the immersion solution: two different mouth rinses, KL (Klorhex), and LI (Listerine, cool mint) for 180 hours. The color coordinates (L*, a*, b*) of the specimens were measured before and after immersion in a mouth rinse, and TP and ΔE00 color differences were calculated by using the CIEDE2000 color difference formula. A 3‐way ANOVA, Bonferroni test, and 1‐sample t tests were used to analyze the data (α = 0.05).

Results

The 3‐way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction of material, thickness, and mouth rinse for translucency parameter and color difference (ΔE00) data (p < 0.001). TP decreased for both zirconia materials in laminate veneer thickness when immersed in LI mouth rinse (p < 0.05). No difference was found among the TP mean values of three materials in crown thickness after immersed in mouth rinses (p > 0.826). Both zirconia materials immersed in LI showed greater discoloration than after immersed in KL (p < 0.05). A significant difference was found in color change values among three materials for the laminate veneer thickness after immersed in LI (p < 0.001). However, all color difference values were within the clinical acceptability threshold, except for when ZH in laminate veneer thickness was immersed in LI.

Conclusions

The color change of ZH zirconia with LI mouth rinse in laminate veneer thickness was high. For both zirconia ceramics, translucency decreased and the color was less stable in laminate veneer thickness after immersed in LI compared to the crown thickness.

Clinical significance

The results of this in vitro study suggest that long‐term use of alcohol‐containing mouth rinse may alter the optical properties of tested CAD‐CAM materials in tested laminate veneer thickness. For color stability with the long term use of tested mouth rinses, lithium disilicate may be preferred for both types of restorations.
Nano‐scale applications in aquaculture: Opportunities for improved production and disease control
Authors: Sabo‐Attwood Tara , Apul Onur G. , Bisesi Joseph H. , Kane Andrew S. , Saleh Navid B.
Published: February 2021

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food‐production sector and is vital to food security, habitat restoration and endangered species conservation. One of the continued challenges to the industry is our ability to manage aquatic disease agents that can rapidly decimate operations and are a constant threat to sustainability. Such threats also evolve as microbes acquire resistance and/or new pathogens emerge. The advent of nanotechnology has transformed our approach to fisheries disease management with advances in water disinfection, food conversion, fish health and management systems. In this review, several nano‐enabled technology successes will be discussed as they relate to the challenges associated with disease management in the aquaculture sector, with a particular focus on fishes. Future perspectives on how nanotechnology can offer functional approaches for improving disinfection and innovating at the practical space of early warning systems will be discussed. Finally, the importance of “safety by design” approaches to the development of novel commercial nano‐enabled products will be emphasized.
Identification of tomatoes with early decay using visible and near infrared hyperspectral imaging and image‐spectrum merging technique
Authors: Wang Huting , Hu Rong , Zhang Mengyun , Zhai Zhiqiang , Zhang Ruoyu
Published: February 2021

Effective detection of tomatoes with early decay still remains one of the major problems in the post‐harvest processing. The feasibility of using visible and near infrared (Vis–NIR) hyperspectral reflectance imaging coupled with image‐spectrum merging processing and analysis technology to detect early decay on tomatoes was observed. Mean normalization method was used to correct the uneven illumination caused by the large curvature change and the reflective characteristics of tomato surface. Principal component (PC) clustering analysis of spectra was used to find the optimal PC that was then used to distinguish sound and decayed tissues of tomatoes. Based on the selected PC, three characteristic wavelengths images at 596, 666, and 858 nm were obtained and the new combination image was calculated. The pseudo‐color image processing and RGB (red, green, and blue) transformation were applied to enhance the contrast between decayed and sound regions on the combined image. G component of RGB image and the corrected single‐wavelength image at 666 nm were used for segmentation of the decayed region and stem‐end on tomatoes, respectively. All samples including 120 decayed and 120 sound tomatoes were used to assess performance of the proposed algorithm. The classification results indicated that 100% of the decayed fruit and 97.5% of sound fruit were accurately identified by proposed algorithm. This study demonstrated that Vis–NIR hyperspectral imaging coupled with image‐spectrum merging processing technology could be a potential approach for detection of tomatoes with early decay.

Practical applications

Decay will not only affect the quality of tomato products, but also cause serious food safety problems. Detection of decayed tomatoes has become an universal attentive and urgent solving question for tomato processing industry. Currently, there was no effective and rapid technology to classify between decayed and sound tomatoes. In this study, a novel method was developed and the decayed tomatoes were successful identified using only three characteristic wavelengths images. This study can provide a useful reference for development of fast multispectral imaging system for decayed tomato detection in practical on‐line grading applications.
Modified STEADI Fall Risk Categories Predict Incident Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Crow Rebecca S. , Haudenschild Christian , Lohman Matthew C. , Roth Robert M. , Roderka Meredith , Masterson Travis , Brand John , Gooding Tyler , Mackenzie Todd A. , Batsis John A.
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

It is unknown whether older adults at high risk of falls but without cognitive impairment have higher rates of subsequent cognitive impairment.

DESIGN

This was an analysis of cross‐sectional and longitudinal data from National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS).

SETTING

NHATS, secondary analysis of data from 2011 to 2019.

PARTICIPANTS

Community dwelling adults aged 65 and older without cognitive impairment.

MEASUREMENTS

Participants were classified at baseline in three categories of fall risk (low, moderate, severe) using a modified algorithm from the Center for Disease Control's STEADI (Stop Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries) and fall risk from data from the longitudinal NHATS. Impaired global cognition was defined as NHATS‐derived impairment in either the Alzheimer's Disease‐8 score, immediate/delayed recall, orientation, clock‐drawing test, or date/person recall. The primary outcome was the first incident of cognitive impairment in an 8 year follow‐up period. Cox‐proportional hazard models ascertained time to onset of cognitive impairment (referent = low modified STEADI incidence).

RESULTS

Of the 7,146 participants (57.8% female), the median age category was 75 to 80 years. Prevalence of baseline fall modified STEADI risk categories in participants was low (51.6%), medium (38.5%), and high (9.9%). In our fully adjusted model, the risk of developing cognitive impairment was hazard ratio (HR) 1.18 [95% CI = 1.08, 1.29] in the moderate risk category, and HR 1.74 [95% CI = 1.53, 1.98] in the high‐risk category.

CONCLUSION

Older, cognitively intact adults at high fall risk at baseline had nearly twice the risk of cognitive decline at 8 year follow‐up.
Peak Alpine metamorphic conditions from staurolite‐bearing metapelites in the Monte Rosa nappe (Central European Alps) and geodynamic implications
Authors: Vaughan‐Hammon Joshua D. , Luisier Cindy , Baumgartner Lukas P. , Schmalholz Stefan M.
Published: February 2021

The tectono‐metamorphic evolution of the European Alps is still contentious. The Monte Rosa tectonic unit is a prominent nappe in the Central European Alps and estimates of its peak Alpine pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions are essential for reconstructing its tectono‐metamorphic evolution. However, the reported peak Alpine pressure and temperature estimates vary considerably between 1.2 and 2.7 GPa and 490 and 640°C for a variety of lithologies. Here, we show petrology and pseudosection modelling of metapelitic assemblages from the western portions of the Monte Rosa nappe (upper Ayas valley, Italy). We present newly discovered staurolite–chloritoid‐bearing metapelitic assemblages. These assemblages exhibit an Alpine high‐P metamorphic overprint of a former contact‐metamorphic mineral assemblage generated by post‐Variscan granitic intrusions. Staurolite contains major amounts of Zn (up to 1.0 atoms per formula units), which is currently, in contrast to Fe‐ and Mg‐staurolite end‐members, not considered in any thermodynamic database. We employ two end‐member mixing models for Zn in staurolite, site mixing, and molecular mixing. Both models enlarge the pressure and temperature stability range for the observed assemblage, where site mixing has the largest influence of ±0.2 GPa and ±20°C. Our results for three metapelite assemblages, with and without staurolite, indicate peak Alpine pressure of 1.6 ± 0.2 GPa and peak temperature of 585 ± 20°C. These peak pressure estimates agree with previously published estimates for metagranites in the nappe, and are in stark contrast with peak pressure obtained from talc‐, chloritoid‐, phengite‐, and quartz‐bearing lithologies termed ‘whiteschists’ (>2.2 GPa). Our results confirm a variation of peak Alpine pressure of 0.6 ± 0.2 GPa between metagranite/metapelite lithologies and a nearby whiteschist lens (>2.2 GPa) within the metagranite. Field observations indicate that the studied region is structurally coherent and that the whiteschist is not a tectonic slice formed by tectonic mélange. We suggest that the consistent peak pressure for metapelite and metagranite assemblages represents the regional peak pressure and that the higher pressure recorded in the whiteschist lens is likely due to dynamic pressure, possibly resulting from tectonic and/or reaction‐induced stresses. If the calculated pressure of 1.6 ± 0.2 GPa represents regional peak Alpine conditions, then the Monte Rosa nappe was exhumed from a significantly shallower depth than previously assumed, based on peak pressure estimates > 2.2 GPa for whiteschist lithologies.
Tau in the gut, does it really matter?
Authors: Derkinderen Pascal , Rolli‐Derkinderen Malvyne , Chapelet Guillaume , Neunlist Michel , Noble Wendy
Published: February 2021

The enteric nervous system plays a critical role in the regulation of gastrointestinal tract functions and is often referred to as the ‘second brain’ because it shares many features with the central nervous system. These similarities include among others a large panel of neurotransmitters, a large population of glial cells and a susceptibility to neurodegeneration. This close homology between the central and enteric nervous systems suggests that a disease process affecting the central nervous system could also involve its enteric counterpart. This was already documented in Parkinson's disease, the most common synucleinopathy, in which alpha‐synuclein deposits are reported in the enteric nervous system in the vast majority of patients. Tau is another key protein involved in neurodegenerative disorders of the brain. Whether changes in tau also occur in the enteric nervous system during gut or brain disorders has just begun to be explored. The scope of the present article is therefore to review existing studies on the expression and phosphorylation pattern of tau in the enteric nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions and to discuss the possible occurrence of ‘enteric tauopathies’.

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The neurochemistry of social reward during development: What have we learned from rodent models?
Authors: Manduca Antonia , Carbone Emilia , Schiavi Sara , Cacchione Claudia , Buzzelli Valeria , Campolongo Patrizia , Trezza Viviana
Published: February 2021

Social rewards are fundamental to survival and overall health. Several studies suggest that adequate social stimuli during early life are critical for developing appropriate socioemotional and cognitive skills, whereas adverse social experiences negatively affect the proper development of brain and behavior, by increasing the susceptibility to develop neuropsychiatric conditions. Therefore, a better understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying social interactions, and their rewarding components in particular, is an important challenge of current neuroscience research. In this context, preclinical research has a crucial role: Animal models allow to investigate the neurobiological aspects of social reward in order to shed light on possible neurochemical alterations causing aberrant social reward processing in neuropsychiatric diseases, and they allow to test the validity and safety of innovative therapeutic strategies. Here, we discuss preclinical research that has investigated the rewarding properties of two forms of social interaction that occur in different phases of the lifespan of mammals, that is, mother–infant interaction and social interactions with peers, by focusing on the main neurotransmitter systems mediating their rewarding components. Together, the research performed so far helped to elucidate the mechanisms of social reward and its psychobiological components throughout development, thus increasing our understanding of the neurobiological substrates sustaining social functioning in health conditions and social dysfunction in major psychiatric disorders.

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The efficacy and safety of multilamellar vesicle containing retinaldehyde: A double‐blinded, randomized, split‐face controlled study
Authors: Kim Jemin , Kim Jihee , Jongudomsombat Tunyaporn , Kim BS Eunbin , Suk Jangmi , Lee Dongwon , Lee Ju Hee
Published: February 2021

Background

Retinaldehyde is one of the major members of the retinoid family, which has potential skin rejuvenating effects on photoaged skin and has a good safety profile.

Aims

The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of multilamellar vesicle containing retinaldehyde (MLV‐RAL) 0.05% and 0.1% used to treat photoaged skin.

Patients and methods

A randomized, prospective, investigator‐blinded, split‐face comparison study was conducted. We enrolled 23 Korean volunteers who applied MLV‐RAL 0.05%/0.1% cream on one randomized side of their face and retinol 0.05%/0.1% cream on the opposite side. Wrinkle depth on both crow's feet was assessed by the Antera 3D system. Skin hydration, elasticity, facial curved length, and dermal density were also evaluated.

Results

After an 8‐week application, all objective parameters, including wrinkle depth, were significantly improved in both MLV‐RAL 0.05%/0.1% and retinol 0.05%/0.1% treated sides. Compared with the retinol‐treated side, MLV‐RAL‐treated side showed a significant improvement of objective assessments except for dermal density. Additionally, there was no adverse event associated with the use of either MLV‐RAL 0.05%/0.1% or retinol 0.05%/0.1% cream.

Conclusion

The application of MLV‐RAL 0.05%/0.1% cream improved wrinkle, facial contour, and biophysical parameters associated with skin aging.
Evaluation of the effect of selecting gluteal injection site on the pain injection based on anthropometric indices and body shape pattern: A randomised controlled trial study
Authors: Sahebkar Mohammad , Khosrojerdi Azam , Rad Mostafa , Stewart Jacqueline J. , Rastaghi Sedighe , Assarroudi Abdolghader
Published: February 2021

Aims and Objectives

This study was aimed at comparing the effect of injection site selection based on anthropometric indices and body shape pattern on pain injection.

Background

Pain is one of the common complications of intramuscular injection. Selecting the right place for gluteal injection is one of the challenges of nursing which can increase the safety and success of the injection and thereby reduce the pain severity caused by it.

Design

Open‐label randomized controlled trial study.

Methods

In this study, 162 eligible subjects referred to the emergency unit of Vasei Hospital of Sabzevar, Iran were randomly assigned to three groups of control, anthropometric indices and body shape pattern. Subjects in the control group received dorsogluteal injection (traditional way). In the anthropometric group, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and anterior superior iliac spine to iliac tubercle (ASIS‐IT), and in body shape pattern group, observed body shape indices (OBS), BMI and sex were used to select the gluteal injection site. Pain injection was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The CONSORT checklist was used.

Results

The mean age of the participant was 39.43 ± 13.16 and 43.21% (n = 70) were male. Based on multiple linear regression analysis, the mean pain injection was substantially lower in body shape pattern as compared to the control group (r2: .26; bxy = −0.41; 95% CI: −0.81, −0.01; p = .043). The mean pain injection was significantly greater in the left leg injection than right one (r2: .26; bxy = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.81; p = .021).

Conclusions

Findings of this study suggest that the selection of a gluteal injection site based on body shape pattern in comparison with traditional dorsogluteal injection method has a significant effect on pain injection relief.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses can choose the appropriate gluteal injection site based on the body shape pattern to reduce the pain of the intramuscular (IM) gluteal injections.
Selective Laser Melted Titanium Alloy for Transgingival Components: Influence of Surface Condition on Fibroblast Cell Behavior
Authors: Crenn Marie‐Joséphine , Benoit Aurélie , Rohman Géraldine , Guilbert Thomas , Fromentin Olivier , Attal Jean‐Pierre , Bardet Claire
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To mechanically characterize and assess the biological properties of Ti6Al4V surfaces obtained by Selective Laser Melting in order to determine whether this process is conceivable for production of implant‐supported prostheses and particularly trans‐gingival components. As‐built and polished surfaces were studied in comparison with components obtained by computer numerical control machining technology in order to consider whether the properties are in the same range as the conventional method currently used.

Materials and Methods

Cylindrical specimens of Ti6Al4V (n = 6) were built with Selective Laser Melting for the characterization of mechanical properties according to ISO 22674 and discs (n = 12) were fabricated in the same conditions for cytotoxicity evaluation. Discs (n = 12) of Ti6Al4V were also obtained by computer numerical control machining as control. Half of the number of discs (n = 6) from each process were polished, to simulate the laboratory protocol for polishing of transmucosal components and half of the discs remained unaltered (as‐built). Surface roughness measurements of disc specimens (as‐built and polished) were compared with computer numerical control milling specimens (as‐built and polished). Proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts on Ti6Al4V surfaces was also assessed for each condition. Viability and cell morphology were then evaluated qualitatively. Ra and Sa data were compared using Student's t‐test (α = 0.05) and metabolic activity data were compared using Kruskal‐Wallis statistical test (α = 0.05).

Results

Selective Laser Melting specimens showed elongation at break greater than 2% and 0.2% yield strength better than 500MPa which complied with ISO 22674 standards. Although Selective Laser Melting samples displayed significantly increased roughness on as‐built surfaces compared to computer numerically controlled milling samples (p < 0.05), no statistically significant difference was observed after mechanical polishing (p = 0.279). Regarding metabolic activity, no statistical difference was observed between groups at day 3 (p > 0.05) and fibroblasts showed a viability higher than 97% on all discs. Cell shapes on polished samples suggested moderate adhesion compared to unpolished samples.

Conclusion

With the manufacturing parameters selected in this study, Selective Laser Melting of Ti6Al4V appeared to be compatible with a prosthetic application type 4 according to ISO 22674. Surfaces obtained, followed by recommended postprocessing provided components with equivalent biological properties compared to computer numerical control machining technology.
A multilocus phylogeny of the moss genus Didymodon and allied genera (Pottiaceae): Generic delimitations and their implications for systematics
Authors: Jiménez Juan A. , Cano María J. , Guerra Juan
Published: February 2021

Didymodon s.l. is one of the largest genera in the moss family Pottiaceae, with about 122 species distributed in all continents. This, together with its high degree of morphological variation, has made it one of the taxonomically most challenging genera of Pottiaceae. Circumscription of Didymodon s.l. has been, and still is, controversial. To date, the only molecular study that has investigated the delimitation of the genus has been far from comprehensive (35 samples from 27 species), limited in geographical scope (mainly restricted to Europe), and based exclusively on ITS sequences. To evaluate the circumscription of Didymodon s.l. and its relationships with the allied genera Andinella, Gertrudiella, and Tridontium, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences for three plastid markers (atpB–rbcL, trnG, and trnL‐F) and one nuclear locus (ITS) for 335 samples representing 86 species of Didymodon s.l. (ca. 70%), and all taxa of the genera Andinella, Gertrudiella, and Tridontium. Individual markers and concatenated matrices were analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Our results indicate that Didymodon s.l. is not monophyletic, because Andinella, Gertrudiella, and Tridontium species are nested within it. Species of these four genera can be divided into eight well‐supported and morphologically distinct genera: Didymodon s.s., Geheebia, Gertrudiella, Husnotiella, Trichostomopsis, Tridontium, Vinealobryum, and Zanderella. In correspondence with the results presented, 38 new combinations, 10 new synonyms, and a new name are provided for those taxa where required, and lectotypes are designated for 13 names. A diagnostic key to the eight recognized genera is provided.
Developing Sustaining Authentic Partnership Between MBE Researchers and Local Schools
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhang Yu
Published: February 2021

One of the most important goals of Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE) researchers is bridging the connection between science and educational practice. To achieve this goal, we propose a novel authentic partnership model based on the analyses of demands, capacities, and responsibilities of both researchers and local schools. The Peiyuan Project in Beijing is introduced as an example to demonstrate the model. We argue that more discussions should be encouraged along this practical direction. More successful models and practices should be shared and learned to facilitate wider adoptions and further achievement of the MBE community.
Purpose for and within Creation: A Theological Appraisal of Organismic Teleology
Authors: Leidenhag Mikael
Published: February 2021

Although many believe that modern evolutionary biology renders teleology superfluous, this article explores the recent resurgence of attempts to locate teleology, functions, and purpose in the nature of organisms. This essay further explores the relevance of teleology within Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox traditions, and the ways in which some theological doctrines have been construed against a teleological conception of both humanity and the wider cosmos. It also defends the reality of intrinsic teleology against an evolutionary‐reductionist accommodation strategy, and responds to the accusation that a theological affirmation of purpose within biological organisms entails the thorny position of intelligent design.
Knowledge acquisition and retention among nurses after an educational intervention on endotracheal cuff pressure
Authors: Murugiah Uma R. , Ramoo Vimala , Jamaluddin Muhamad F. H. , Yahya Abqariyah , Baharudin Ayuni A. , Abu Harlinna , Thinagaran Raveena R. R.
Published: February 2021

Background

Nurses play a key role in the proper management of endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff pressure, which is important for patients' safety, so it is vital to improve nurses' knowledge on safe cuff management practices.

Aims and objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention related to ETT cuff pressure management on improving and retaining critical care nurses' knowledge.

Design

A single group pre‐post interventional study was conducted involving 112 registered nurses (RNs) from a 24‐bed adult general intensive care unit at a teaching hospital in Malaysia.

Methods

The educational intervention included a theoretical session on endotracheal cuff pressure management and demonstration plus hands‐on practice with the conventional cuff pressure monitoring method. Nurses' knowledge was measured using a self‐administered questionnaire pre‐ and post‐intervention. Data were analysed using repeated measure analysis of variance and bivariate analysis.

Results

In this study, 92% of the total number of RNs in the unit participated. A significant difference in mean knowledge score was noted between the pre‐ (mean = 8.13; SD = 1.53) and post‐intervention phases (3 months [mean = 8.97; SD = 1.57) and 9 months post‐intervention [mean = 10.34; SD = 1.08), P < .001), indicating significant knowledge acquisition and retention between the phases. Knowledge gained between the pre‐ and 9 months post‐intervention phases significantly differed according to nurses' educational level.

Conclusions

This study supports existing evidence that ongoing educational interventions are essential to improve nurses' knowledge. However, further exploration is suggested to assess how well this knowledge is translated into clinical practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

Regular educational programmes with current updates would enhance nurses' knowledge through proper practice and clinical decision‐making skills; this, in turn, would help to standardize cuff management practices.
A systematic review of body contouring surgery in post‐bariatric patients to determine its prevalence, effects on quality of life, desire, and barriers
Authors: Jiang Zhiyuan , Zhang Guixiang , Huang Jinming , Shen Chaoyong , Cai Zhaolun , Yin Xiaonan , Yin Yuan , Zhang Bo
Published: February 2021

Many post‐bariatric patients have impaired health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) due to excess skin following weight loss; however, it is inconclusive whether body contouring surgery (BCS) improves this impairment. We aimed to comprehensively summarize existing evidence of the effect of BCS on the HRQoL (primary outcome) and determine the prevalence of, the desire for, and barriers to BCS (secondary outcomes). Randomized controlled trials, cohort, cross‐sectional, case–control, and longitudinal studies were systematically searched in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central, and Web of Science. After screening 1923 potential records, 24 studies (representing 6867 participants) were deemed eligible. Only 18.5% of respondents from cross‐sectional studies underwent BCS, with abdominal BCS as the most common procedure. Most participants desired BCS but listed “cost” and “lacking reimbursement” as the main barriers. Results suggest that most post‐bariatric patients who underwent BCS experienced improvements in their HRQoL, which could be seen in almost every dimension evaluated, including body image and physical and psychosocial functions. Therefore, both bariatric and plastic surgeons should regard BCS not only as an aesthetic supplement but also as a vital part of functional recovery in the surgery‐mediated weight loss journey and, thus, provide it to more post‐bariatric patients.
The ambiguous role of sirtuins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ezhilarasan Devaraj , Lakshmi Thangavelu , Subha Manoharan , Deepak Nallasamy Veeraiyan , Raghunandhakumar Subramanian
Published: February 2021

Oral cancer is one of the most leading cancer responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. The sirtuins (SIRTs) are a family of class III histone deacetylases and are known to regulate a variety of molecular signaling associated with different cancer types including oral malignancies. SIRT1 acts as bifunctional in a variety of cancer. In oral cancer, SIRT1 seems to work as a tumor suppressor. The carcinogenic potential of SIRT1 is also reported in oral cancer, and hence, its role is still ambiguous. SIRT2 is also said to play a dual‐faced role in different types of cancers. However, in oral cancer, SIRT2 is not studied and its role remains obscure. SIRT3 expression was positively correlated with oral malignancies. However, studies also showed the anti‐cancer role of SIRT3 in oral cancer. SIRT7 loss was observed in oral cancer cells, while its overexpression caused the suppression of oral cancer cells proliferation, migration, and invasiveness. The role of other SIRTs in oral cancer was studied meagerly or reports not available. To date, only the roles of SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT7 have been reported in oral malignancies. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanisms employed by sirtuins to modulate oral cancer is important for developing potential anti‐cancer therapeutic strategies.
Employment generation in net oil‐importing and net oil‐exporting countries: the role of energy consumption
Authors: Adekoya Oluwasegun B. , Faraz Mahwish
Published: February 2021

While countries of the world look forward to meeting the increasing demand for energy, and improving the welfare of their citizens through provision of jobs, the way energy use affects employment will depend on the status of the country as a net importer or exporter of the most substantially consumed energy. Hence, this study comparatively examines the energy consumption‐employment nexus while putting the energy status of countries as net oil importers and net oil exporters into consideration. The empirical results indicate that employment does not respond to energy consumption in the net oil‐exporting countries for reasons attributable to inefficient energy use, overdependence on the abundant energy resource deposits and unstable world energy prices. This is unlike the case of the net oil‐importing countries where energy consumption significantly drives employment both in the short‐run and long‐run. Although the short‐run impact is negative (−1.921 per cent) due to the immediate impact of high energy prices at certain times, the strong positive long‐run impact (10.987 per cent) can be related to energy use efficiency. The results are robust to the consideration of possible outliers in the cross sections. Appropriate policies are drawn for both groups from these findings.