bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summary of 17 chemicals evaluated by OECD TG229 using Japanese Medaka,Oryzias latipesin EXTEND 2016
Authors: Kawashima Yukio , Onishi Yuta , Tatarazako Norihisa , Yamamoto Hirotaka , Koshio Masaaki , Oka Tomohiro , Horie Yoshifumi , Watanabe Haruna , Nakamoto Takashi , Yamamoto Jun , Ishikawa Hidenori , Sato Tomomi , Yamazaki Kunihiko , Iguchi Taisen
Published: November 2021

In June 2016, the Ministry of the Environment of Japan announced a program “EXTEND2016” on the implementation of testing and assessment for endocrine active chemicals, consisting of a two‐tiered strategy. The aim of the Tier 1 screening and the Tier 2 testing is to identify the impacts on the endocrine system and to characterize the adverse effects to aquatic animals by endocrine disrupting chemicals detected in the aquatic environment in Japan. For the consistent assessment of the effects on reproduction associated with estrogenic, anti‐estrogenic, androgenic, and/or anti‐androgenic activities of chemicals throughout Tier 1 screening to Tier 2 testing, a unified test species, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), has been used. For Tier 1 screening, the in vivo Fish Short‐Term Reproduction Assay (OECD test guideline No. 229) was conducted for 17 chemicals that were nominated based on the results of environmental monitoring, existing knowledge obtained from a literature survey, and positive results in reporter gene assays using the estrogen receptor of Japanese medaka. In the 17 assays using Japanese medaka, adverse effects on reproduction (i.e., reduction in fecundity and/or fertility) were suggested for 10 chemicals, and a significant increase of hepatic vitellogenin in males, indicating estrogenic (estrogen receptor agonistic) potency, was found for eight chemicals at the concentrations in which no overt toxicity was observed. Based on these results, and the frequency and the concentrations detected in the Japanese environment, estrone, 4‐nonylphenol (branched isomers), 4‐tert‐octylphenol, triphenyl phosphate, and bisphenol A were considered as high priority candidate substances for the Tier 2 testing.
Crotalus atrox venom‐induced cellular toxicity: Early wound progression involves reactive oxygen species
Authors: Brown Lindsay E. , Reyes Giovanni , Albrecht Eric A.
Published: November 2021

Understanding the mechanisms that produce cellular cytotoxicity is fundamental in the field of toxicology. Cytotoxic stimuli can include organic toxins such as hemorrhagic snake venom, which can lead to secondary complications such as the development of necrotic tissue and profuse scarring. These clinical manifestations mimic cytotoxic responses induce by other organic compounds such as organic acids. We used hemorrhagic snake venom and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293T) as a model system to better understand the cellular responses involved in venom induced cytotoxicity. Cells stimulated with Crotalus atrox (CA) (western diamondback) venom for 4 or 10 h demonstrated significant cytotoxicity. Results from 2′,7′‐Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF‐DA) assays determine CA venom stimulation induces a robust production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) over a 3‐h time course. In contrast, pretreatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐catalase or N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC) prior to CA venom stimulation significantly blunted H2DCFDA fluorescence fold changes and showed greater cytoprotective effects than cells stimulated with CA venom alone. Pre‐ incubating HEK293T cells with the NADPH oxidase (NOX) pan‐inhibitor VAS2870 prior venom stimulation significantly minimized the venom‐induced oxidative burst at early timepoints (≤2 h). Collectively, our experiments show that pre‐application of antioxidants reduces CA venom induce cellular toxicity. This result highlights the importance of ROS in the early stages of cytotoxicity and suggests muting ROS production in noxious injuries may increase positive clinical outcomes.
PDMS and DLC‐coated unidirectional valves for artificial urinary sphincters: Opening performance after 126 days of immersion in urine
Authors: Mazzocchi Tommaso , Lucarini Gioia , Roehrer Irene , Menciassi Arianna , Ricotti Leonardo
Published: November 2021

In this work, unidirectional valves made of bare polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and PDMS provided with a micrometric diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coating were fabricated and characterized, in terms of surface properties and opening pressure. The valve performance was also tested over 1250 repeated cycles of opening/closure in water, finding a slight decrease in the opening pressure after such cycles (10%) for the PDMS valves, while almost no variation for the PDMS + DLC ones. The valves were then immersed in urine for 126 days, evaluating the formation of encrustations and the trend of the opening pressure over time. Results showed that PDMS valves were featured by a thin layer of encrustations after 126 days, but the overall encrustation level was much smaller than the one shown by PDMS in static conditions. Furthermore, the opening pressure was almost not affected by such a thin layer of crystals. DLC‐coated valves showed even less encrustations at the same time‐point, with no significant loss of performance over time, although they were featured by a higher variability. These results suggest that most encrustations can be removed by the mechanical action of the valve during daily openings/closures. Such a self‐cleaning behavior with respect to a static condition opens exciting scenarios for the long‐term functionality of mobile devices operating in the urinary environment.
Assessment of the protective effect of yeast cell wall β‐glucan encapsulating humic acid nanoparticles as an aflatoxin B1 adsorbent in vivo
Authors: Hamza Zeinab K. , Hathout Amal S. , Ostroff Gary , Soto Ernesto , Sabry Bassem A. , El‐Hashash Maher A. , Hassan Nabila S. , Aly Soher E.
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to assess the protective effect of encapsulating humic acid‐iron complexed nanoparticles (HA‐Fe NPs) inside glucanmannan lipid particles (GMLPs) extracted from yeast cell wall against aflatoxin B (AFB1) toxicity in vivo. Four groups of male Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated orally for 2 weeks included the control group, AFB1 treated group (80 µg/kg b.w); GMLP/HA‐Fe NPs treated group (0.5 mg/kg b.w), and the group treated with AFB1 plus GMLP/HA‐Fe NPs. GMLPs are empty 3–4 micron permeable microspheres that provide an efficient system for the synthesis and encapsulation of AFB1‐absorbing nanoparticles (NPs). Humic acid nanoparticles (HA‐NPs) were incorporated inside the GMLP cavity by complexation with ferric chloride. In vivo study revealed that AFB1 significantly elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, uric acid, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide. It significantly decreased total protein, high‐density lipoprotein, hepatic and renal CAT and glutathione peroxidase content and induced histological changes in the liver and kidney (p ≤ 0.05). The coadministration of the synthesized formulation GMLP/HA‐Fe NPs with AFB1 has a protective effect against AFB1‐induced hepato‐nephrotoxicity, oxidative stress and histological alterations in the liver and kidney.
Imbalanced GSH/ROS and sequential cell death
Authors: Liu Ting , Sun Li , Zhang Yubin , Wang Yonglin , Zheng Jiang
Published: November 2021

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in cells during metabolic processes. Excessive intracellular ROS may react with large biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and small biomolecules, that is, glutathione (GSH) and unsaturated fatty acids. GSH has physiological functions, including free radical scavenging, anti‐oxidation, and electrophile elimination. The disruption of ROS/GSH balance results in the deleterious oxidation and chemical modification of biomacromolecules, which eventually leads to cell‐cycle arrest and proliferation inhibition, and even induces cell death. Imbalanced ROS/GSH may result from a direct increase of ROS, consumption of GSH, intracellular oxidoreductase interference, or thioredoxin activity reduction. Some chemicals including arsenic trioxide (ATO), pyrogallol (PG), and carbobenzoxy‐Leu‐Leu‐leucinal (MG132) could also disrupt the balance of GSH and ROS. This article reviews the occurrence and consequences of the imbalance between GSH and ROS and introduces factors responsible for the disruption of cellular ROS and GSH balance, resulting in cell death. “GSH” and “ROS” were used as keywords to search the relevant literaturess.
Microscopic investigations and pharmacognostic techniques for the standardization of the fruits of Rosa laxa Retz
Authors: Wang Ning , Sun Jing , Zhang Shanzi , Wang Chunyan , Tian Li
Published: November 2021

Rosa laxa Retz., a shrub belonging to the family Rosaceae, is widely distributed in the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, China. The fruits of R. laxa (FRL) has antibacterial, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects. In this study, FRL was subjected to pharmacognostic identification of its source, morphology, microscopic characteristics, and physicochemical properties. The microscope showed that the cross‐sectional features of FRL were obvious, and the FRL powder contained vessel, parenchyma cells, exocarp cells, pollen grains, and cluster crystals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis results show that numerous villi and many small particles (particle size of 5–50 μm) were observed in the FRL powder, and there are many gullies on the surface of the particles. In addition, the secondary metabolites of FRL were characterized via ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). Results showed that FRL contains various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, glycosides, and tannins. Water as the extraction solvent had the highest extraction rate and the contented of total flavonoids was 2.88 mg/g, and the contented of total polyphenols was 54.89 mg/g. Moreover, TLC identification revealed that it contains catechin and tiliroside. These parameters of FRL, which are reported herein, are important to the development of the pharmacognostic standards, as well as in the identification and quality control of FRL.
The spectrum of genetic mutations in myelodysplastic syndrome: Should we update prognostication?
Authors: Cook Michael R. , Karp Judith E. , Lai Catherine
Published: November 2021

The natural history of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is dependent upon the presence and magnitude of diverse genetic and molecular aberrations. The International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) and revised IPSS (IPSS‐R) are the most widely used classification and prognostic systems; however, somatic mutations are not currently incorporated into these systems, despite evidence of their independent impact on prognosis. Our manuscript reviews prognostic information for TP53, EZH2, DNMT3A, ASXL1, RUNX1, SRSF2, CBL, IDH 1/2, TET2, BCOR, ETV6, GATA2, U2AF1, ZRSR2, RAS, STAG2, and SF3B1. Mutations in TP53, EZH2, ASXL1, DNMT3A, RUNX1, SRSF2, and CBL have extensive evidence for their negative impact on survival, whereas SF3B1 is the lone mutation carrying a favorable prognosis. We use the existing literature to propose the incorporation of somatic mutations into the IPSS‐R. More data are needed to define the broad spectrum of other genetic lesions, as well as the impact of variant allele frequencies, class of mutation, and impact of multiple interactive genomic lesions. We postulate that the incorporation of these data into MDS prognostication systems will not only enhance our therapeutic decision making but lead to targeted treatment in an attempt to improve outcomes in this formidable disease.
National survey of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery in hemophilia patients in Japan
Authors: Yoshimoto‐Haramura Tomoko , Hidaka Masaaki , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Suzumura Kazuhiro , Takemura Nobuyuki , Hama Naoki , Mizuno Takashi , Nomi Takeo , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Sano Keiji , Yokomizo Hiroshi , Nitta Hiroyuki , Kurata Masanao , Hasegawa Yasushi , Nagayama Minoru , Tani Masaji , Fukumoto Takumi , Ohta Masayuki , Hayashi Hironori , Taniguchi Hiroki , Ishino Shinichiro , Aihara Tsukasa , Murase Takaaki , Tsuchida Akihiko , Shimamura Tsuyoshi , Marubashi Shigeru , Kaneko Junichi , Hara Takanobu , Matsushima Hajime , Soyama Akihiko , Endo Tomoyuki , Eguchi Susumu
Published: November 2021

Background

Approximately 8300 hemophiliacs are registered in Japan, but no comprehensive reports on hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery (HBPS) have been conducted. This report investigates the current status of HPBS in hemophilia patients in Japan.

Methods

The subjects were hemophiliac patients seen between January 1 2007, and December 31 2017, at facilities participating in this study among the facilities for performing high‐difficulty cases nationwide designated by the Japanese Society for HBPS. A retrospective examination of short‐term outcomes in 49 cases was conducted to assess patient background, disease, surgical procedure, and complications.

Results

The types of hemophilia were A: 43 cases, B: four cases, and von Willebrand disease: two cases (hemophilia severity: mild 32, moderate seven, severe 10). The target malignant diseases for surgery were hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in 20 cases, intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) in four cases, combined HCC‐CCC in two cases, hilar CCC in two cases, and pancreatic cancer in four cases. As for the surgical procedure, limited resection (subsegmentectomy and partial hepatectomy) was performed in 16 cases of HCC even with normal liver function tests. Pancreaticoduodenectomy and distal pacreatectomy were performed for pancreatic cancers as in the standard procedure. Postoperative complications were postoperative bleeding in two cases after hepatectomy and one after pancreatectomy in one case. When compared with Japanese National Clinical Data base, the complication rates after hepatectomy and pancreatectomy were not conspicuous in hemophilic patients.

Conclusions

As long as they are performed in qualified centers, complication rate is not increased in hemophilic patients undergoing HBPS.
Cysteamine bitartrate delayed‐release capsules control leukocyte cystine levels and promote statural growth and kidney health in an open‐label study of treatment‐naïve patients <6 years of age with nephropathic cystinosis
Authors: Vaisbich Maria Helena , Caires Ferreira Juliana , Price Heather , Young Kyleen D. , Sile Saba , Checani Gregg , Langman Craig B.
Published: November 2021

Nephropathic cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease that is characterized by accumulation of cysteine and formation of crystals within cells of different organs and tissues causing systemic manifestations in childhood that include poor linear growth, ocular involvement, hypothyroidism, and progressive kidney disease. This study was a long‐term, prospective open‐label evaluation of twice‐daily delayed release (DR) cysteamine capsules in cystinosis patients <6 years of age who were naïve to any form of cysteamine treatment. Fifteen treatment‐naïve patients <6 years old (mean age 2.2 ± 1.0 years, 53% male, 73% White) were enrolled and treated with DR‐cysteamine capsules for up to 18 months. Patients had clinically meaningful decreases in WBC cysteine concentration during treatment (3.2 ± 3.0 nmol ½ cystine/mg protein at Day 1 to 0.8 ± 0.8 nmol ½ cystine/mg protein at study exit), and anthropometric data improvements were consistently observed in height, weight and body surface area. Additionally, estimated glomerular filtration rate increased from 55.93 ± 22.43 ml/min/1.73 m2 at baseline to 63.79 ± 21.44 ml/min/1.73 m2 at study exit. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic results support the use of the same starting, escalation, and maintenance doses according to body surface for children aged <6 years that are currently recommended in adults and older children. All patients experienced ≥1 adverse event(s) with vomiting (80%) and upper respiratory tract infection (53%) most frequently reported. Based on our study, patients <6 years of age with nephropathic cystinosis without prior treatment can safely and effectively initiate treatment with DR‐cysteamine, a delayed‐release form of cysteamine bitartrate that can be given every 12 h.
Safety and Predictors of 30‐Day Adverse Events of Laryngeal Framework Surgery: An Analysis of ACS‐NSQIP data
Authors: Garber David , Wandell Grace M. , Gobillot Theodore A. , Merati Al , Bhatt Neel K. , Giliberto John Paul
Published: November 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

To characterize and identify predictors of 30‐day adverse events in patients undergoing laryngeal framework surgery (LFS).

Study Design

This study is a retrospective analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement dataset.

Methods

LFS cases were identified from the American College of Surgeons‐National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS‐NSQIP) database from 2008 to 2018. Demographic variables, patient comorbidities, and perioperative outcomes (any adverse event, 30‐day readmission, 30‐day reoperation, and unplanned intubation) were extracted. Patient‐specific and surgery‐specific factors associated with perioperative adverse events were examined using descriptive statistics and univariate logistic regression (LR).

Results

Of 283 patients who underwent LFS, 225 underwent laryngoplasty medialization, 56 underwent laryngoplasty medialization with arytenoidectomy or arytenoidopexy via an external approach, and 2 underwent local myocutaneous or fasciocutaneous advancement flap along with laryngoplasty. Medical comorbidities were present in 33.6% of patients and 57.9% were American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Class III/IV (57.9%). LFS was performed as same‐day surgery in 30.7% of cases. Fourteen patients (4.9%) suffered an adverse condition within 30 days following surgery. In univariate LR, ASA Class III or IV (odds ratio [OR] 4.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–30.1) was the only predictor associated with any adverse event. Arytenoid adduction (AA) was associated with increased risk of reoperation within 30 days of the initial surgery (OR 6.4, 95% CI 1.0–49).

Conclusions

LFS is a generally safe procedure with infrequent perioperative adverse events. In the ACS‐NSQIP database, ASA classification of III or IV was associated with a higher risk for any 30‐day adverse event and AA was associated with a higher risk for 30‐day reoperation.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 132:1414–1420, 2022
Factors associated with anosmia recovery rate in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Babaei Amirhossein , Iravani Kamyar , Malekpour Behzad , Golkhar Behnaz , Soltaniesmaeili Amir , Hosseinialhashemi Milad
Published: November 2021

Objectives

The present study aimed to assess the 4‐ and 8‐week recovery rate of anosmia and determine the factors associated with recovery in COVID‐19 patients.

Method

This retrospective study was conducted from December 2020 to March 2021. RT‐PCR‐proven COVID‐19 adult patients (over 18 years of age) with a positive history of anosmia were included in this study. Anosmia was assessed based on the COVID‐19 Anosmia Reporting Tool. The recovery rate of anosmia after 4 and 8 weeks were evaluated, and the relationship between the patients' recovery and their clinical and demographic data was assessed.

Results

A total of 235 patients were included. Their mean age (±SD) was 43.95 ± 15.27 years. Anosmia recovery was reported in 207(88.51%) and 219 (93.19%) participants till 4 and 8 weeks. The mean recovery time was 19.42 ± 8.81 days. The result of logistic regression showed that smoking (P = .031; OR = 10.813), ageusia (P = .002; OR = 5.340), headache (P = .006; OR = 0.243), and nasal discharge (P < .001; OR = 0.080) were significantly associated with 4 weeks anosmia recovery. The only risk factor which was associated with a lower rate of 8 weeks anosmia recovery was presence of nasal discharge (OR = 0.106, P = .002).

Conclusion

The only risk factor which was associated with a lower rate of 8 weeks anosmia recovery was presence of nasal discharge. Our result demonstrated that although smoking was associated with higher recovery rate till 4 weeks, it could not be considered as a protective factor after 8 weeks. More studies are recommended to investigate the relationship between anosmia and the associated factors by consideration of both short‐ and long‐term recovery rates and assess the possible mechanisms that could justify this association.

Levels of Evidence

3b
Isothermal oxidation behavior of W‐free Co–Ni–Al‐based superalloy at high temperature
Authors: Gao Qiuzhi , Shang Hang , Ma Qingshuang , Zhang Huijie , Zhang Hailian , Li Huijun , Liu Ziyun
Published: November 2021

Co‐based superalloys with the advantages of high melting point, high‐temperature mechanical properties, and large resistance under hot corrosion environment are potential candidates for turbine engine components. The isothermal oxidation behavior of Co–Ni–Al‐based superalloy with the addition of Mo and Cr in dry air at 1073 and 1173 K was investigated. The results showed that similar three‐layer oxides structures were composed of Co‐containing oxides, complex oxides rich in Co and Al, and Al2O3 layer formed on both 2Mo and 2Cr Co–Ni–Al‐based superalloys, and Mo‐containing oxides also existed in the subsurface. The oxides in the outer layer transferred from Co3O4 to denser CoO with the increase in temperature. The γ'‐free zone formed under the Al2O3 layer due to the depletion of Al. Co–Ni–Al‐based superalloys need to conquer a large energy barrier at an earlier stage of oxidation and exhibit good oxidation resistance at 1073 K.
Block diffusion delay attack and its countermeasures in a Bitcoin network
Authors: Sasabe Masahiro , Yamamoto Masanari , Zhang Yuanyu , Kasahara Shoji
Published: November 2021

In the Bitcoin system, transactions and their collections (i.e., blocks) are distributed over a peer‐to‐peer (P2P) network (i.e., Bitcoin network) constructed by participating nodes. Each node maintains a distributed ledger (i.e., blockchain) consisting of retrieved blocks. Therefore, speedy block distribution over the Bitcoin network is essential for all nodes to reach a global consensus on the blockchain. On the other hand, Bitcoin clients are developed as open source software, and thus they can be modified by malicious users. Existing work has pointed out that an attacker can delay the block propagation between neighboring nodes by exploiting the regular timeout mechanism for unexpected slow block transfer caused by temporal network trouble. In this paper, we focus on block diffusion delay attacks, where multiple attackers collude with a specific miner (i.e., a special node that creates new blocks and broadcasts these blocks to the other miners) to disturb the propagation of blocks generated by competing miners. Through simulation experiments, we first reveal that about 30% of honest nodes cannot normally retrieve a block when there are only 1% of the nodes in the system are high‐degree adversary nodes in the system. This indicates that the malicious miner colluding with the attackers can intentionally delay the diffusion of the block mined by the competing miner, so as to win the competitive block diffusion even if it loses at the competitive block mining. To alleviate the block diffusion delay attack, we propose two kinds of countermeasures: a proactive approach that is a speedy recovery method from the interruption by adjusting the timeout value and a reactive approach that is a block retrieval node selection method based on the past download rate from each neighbor. Through simulation experiments, we show the countermeasures can effectively alleviate the risk.
The effectiveness of non‐pharmacological interventions on cancer related fatigue in breast cancer patients: A protocol for systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu Yu , Xu Pengzhu , Song Chunli , Jiang Tongtong , Liu Jun‐E , Shi Tieying
Published: November 2021

Aim

To assess the effect of different non‐pharmacological interventions on cancer‐related fatigue (CRF) in breast cancer (BC) patients and identify the most effective method for improving CRF.

Design

A systematic review and network meta‐analysis.

Methods

Literature will be searched in the ongoing trail in the Clinical Trials.gov, World Health Organization, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and CINAHL, from the inception until December 31, 2020. Two independent researchers will rigorously screen the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and assess the risk of bias based on the Cochrane Collaboration's Tool of RCTs. Stata 13.0 and Aggregate Data Drug Information System will be used for data analysis.

Results

This protocol has been registered on the PROSPERO website (registration number is CRD42020222093). This study will provide the reliable evidence of the most effective non‐pharmacological intervention to improving CRF.
Outcomes frequently specified in Cochrane reviews of community‐based psychosocial interventions for adults with severe mental illness: A systematic search and narrative synthesis
Authors: Igarashi Momoka , Yamaguchi Sosei , Kawaguchi Takayuki , Ogawa Makoto , Sato Sayaka , Fujii Chiyo
Published: November 2021

Background

Outcome selection in intervention studies is a critical issue for synthesizing evidence. This study is aimed to investigate outcomes used in Cochrane reviews assessing community‐based psychosocial interventions for adults with severe mental illness.

Methods

Cochrane reviews that evaluated a community‐based psychosocial intervention for adults with severe mental illness were searched electronically and manually. We extracted all outcomes specified in the Methods section in each Cochrane review. Outcomes that represent the same concept and context were synthesized into an outcome term. Outcome terms were categorized according to the existing taxonomy.

Results

We included 33 Cochrane reviews. Of the 216 outcome terms identified, 13 were used in more than half of the reviews: quality of life, mental state, admission to hospital, economic outcome, leaving the study early, social functioning, satisfaction, global state, relapse, adverse events/effects, carer satisfaction, employment, and duration of admission. Most outcome terms were categorized into the life impact core area (55%), followed by the resource use area (21%).

Conclusions

Our study provides a candidate outcome list for developing a core outcome set for severe mental illness and offers a basis for comparison for future outcome investigation on mental health research.
Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structures of a Thiophosphinoyl‐ and Amino‐Substituted Metallated Ylide
Authors: Jörges Mike , Kroll Alexander , Kelling Leif , Gauld Richard , Mallick Bert , Huber Stefan M. , Gessner Viktoria H.
Published: November 2021

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Viktoria H. Gessner at the Ruhr‐University in Bochum (Germany). The cover shows the structure of the newly reported, isolated metallated ylide. Due to the high negative charge at the ylidic carbon center this compound is „on fire“, but can be stabilized by smart molecular design. Structure analyses of the different alkali metal complexes combined with computational studies provide insights into the electronic structure of the compounds Read the full text of their Communication at 10.1002/open.202100187.
Diatomite‐filled epoxy resin composites: Curing behavior, dielectric, and thermal properties
Authors: Yuan Zhigang , Wang Zhicheng , Guo Zhiyi , Wang Yanhui , Wang Jun , Liu Wen‐bin , Derradji Mehdi , Qiu Jian
Published: November 2021

In this study, a kind of novel curing agent composed of acrylic acid and 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(p‐phenyleneoxy)dianiline was mixed, with different contents of diatomite (CP) particles, into the epoxy resin (E51) to obtain bio‐composites that can be rapidly molded and cured at room temperature. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry were used to study the curing behavior of epoxy resin and bio‐composites. The influence of CP particle dosages on the mechanical, including tensile, flexural and impact properties, and thermal properties of the prepared composites were discussed. Thermogravimetric analysis result showed that the thermal stability increased with increasing of CP fillers content. Dielectric property tests confirmed that the dielectric constant of composites decreased attributed to the incorporating of novel curing agent and CP fillers with porous structure into epoxy resin. Finally, Scanning Electron Microscope revealed the excellent adhesion between the cured resin and the fillers.
Wasser im Licht von Röntgenlasern
Authors: Lehmkühler Felix , Goy Claudia , Santra Robin , Grübel Gerhard
Published: November 2021

Viele physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften von Wasser, etwa der Ursprung der thermodynamischen Anomalien, sind noch immer nicht vollständig verstanden. Diese sind eng mit der Struktur und Dynamik des Netzwerks aus Wasserstoffbrücken‐Bindungen verknüpft. Moderne Röntgenlaser ermöglichen nun Studien auf molekularen Längen‐ und Zeitskalen. Aktuelle Experimente überspannen bereits zehn Zeitskalen. Sie geben Einblick in die Dynamik sowohl von Nanopartikeln in Wasser als auch von Wassermolekülen selbst, zudem in die Radiolyse von Wassermolekülen innerhalb weniger Femtosekunden.
Den Mars durchleuchten
Authors: Knapmeyer‐Endrun Brigitte , Plesa Ana‐Catalina , Khan Amir , Stähler Simon C.
Published: November 2021

Die Analyse von seismischen Wellen bildet die Grundlage für unser heutiges Verständnis vom Aufbau der Erde und des Mondes. Mehr als 100 Jahre nach den ersten Messungen der Dicke der Erdkruste und des Radius des Erdkerns ließen sich diese Größen erstmals auch für den Mars bestimmen, mithilfe des europäischen Seismometers SEIS der NASA‐Mission InSight.
Photonen‐Quantenstatistik freien Elektronen aufgeprägt
Authors: Haeusler Urs , Hommelhoff Peter
Published: November 2021

Wie wechselwirkt Licht mit freien Elektronen? Diese Frage hat nicht nur das fundamentale Verständnis der Physik seit jeher vorangetrieben, sondern ist auch von großem Interesse für zukünftige, kompakte laser‐basierte Teilchenbeschleuniger. Mit Hilfe einer speziell konstruierten photonischen Nanostruktur, durch die wir den Elektronenstrahl eines ultraschnellen Elektronenmikroskops gelenkt haben, konnten wir die Kopplung von Licht an Elektronen so effizient gestalten, dass sich die Photonenstatistik unterschiedlicher Lichtzustände direkt in der Energieverteilung der Elektronen widerspiegelte.
Die Quantentheorie perfektioniert
Authors: Bührke Thomas
Published: November 2021

Den Physik‐Nobelpreis für das Jahr 1921 erhielt Albert Einstein „für seine Verdienste um die Theoretische Physik, insbesondere für seine Entdeckung des Gesetzes des photoelektrischen Effekts“. Verliehen wurde er erst ein Jahr später.
Plopp – so schnell ist der Schall
Authors: Kasper Lutz , Vogt Patrik
Published: November 2021

Das Entkorken einer Weinflasche verbinden Viele mit dem Beginn eines gemütlichen Abends. Mit Korkenzieher und Smartphone lässt sich aber auch in erstaunlich einfacher Weise die Schallgeschwindigkeit in Luft bestimmen. Der Wissensdurst steht einem netten Abend gewiss nicht im Weg.
Parallel and independent true random bitstreams from optical emission spectra of atmospheric microplasma arc discharge
Authors: Zhang Di , Majzoub Sohaib , Allagui Anis , Elwakil Ahmed
Published: November 2021

In this study, we propose the possibility of generating several parallel and independent random bitstreams from the time‐varying optical emission spectra of an atmospheric pressure air microplasma system. This is achieved by splitting the plasma arc emission into discrete wavelengths using an optical spectrometer and then monitoring the fluctuating intensities of each wavelength as an independent time series. As a proof of concept, we considered eight wavelengths centered at 377.8, 389.1, 425.8, 591.4, 630.5, 673.0, 714.2, and 776.4 nm corresponding to atomic emissions lines from species either from the surrounding atmospheric air gap or from the electrodes' materials. NIST SP 800‐22 statistical randomness tests and other statistical estimates (auto‐ and cross‐correlation analysis and binary vector similarity measures) are subsequently applied to the binarized data, and the obtained results confirm the possibility of generating several parallel and independent random bitstreams from the microplasma system. The data throughput is, however, relatively low with the optical setup we used, which can be improved using faster spectrometry.
Evidence for “Unusual” Exchange–Correlation on Si(111) 7 × 7: Limitations of Density Functional Calculations for Charge Transfer Interactions on Semiconductor Surfaces
Authors: Demuth J. E.
Published: November 2021

Electron–electron interactions on the Si (111) surface associated with inaccuracies in treating exchange and correlation are shown to be consistent with discrepancies found between density functional calculations and experimental measurements of the 7 × 7 surface. Here, the measured filled and empty surface states of the 7 × 7 surface are shown to be shifted away from one another relative to those predicted by effective one electron calculations using density functional theory. This corresponds to the “energy gap problem” widely known to occur in most bulk semiconductors arising from the approximate treatment of electron exchange–correlation, X–C, within such theoretical constructs. Considering more realistic treatments of X–C to correct these energy shifts leads to a different interpretation of the surface states and a new interaction that stabilizes the 7 × 7. This provides a physical basis for its unusual properties some of which are also observed in related 2D systems. The effects of various electron–electron interactions from these new interactions are considered and their behavior is used to explain the metallic nature of the 7 × 7 at 300 K.
The dominant intraseasonal variability mode of tropical convection in the 2 weeks before a Northern Hemisphere extreme stratospheric polar vortex
Authors: Wang Feiyang , Ye Dan
Published: November 2021

The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) phase 7 has been recognized as a driver for Northern Hemisphere (NH) sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) in the literature recently. However, uncertainties remain on the exact relationship between MJO phase 3 and the stratospheric polar vortex. Here, we re‐examined and compared the observed evolution of the MJO before the two types of NH extreme stratospheric polar vortex events (i.e. strong vortex (SV) events and weak vortex (WV) events) in this study. Our analysis reveals that MJO phase 3 (7) is the dominant intraseasonal variability mode in about 2 weeks before onset of the SV (WV) events, suggesting these two phases are closely linked to variation in the intensity of the stratospheric polar vortex. MJO phase 3 (7) leads to a strengthened (weakened) polar vortex due to the suppressed (enhanced) wave‐number 1 wave activity in the extratropical stratosphere resulting from destructive (constructive) interference between the negative (positive) Pacific–North American (PNA)‐like pattern induced by MJO phase 3 (7) and the background field. Note that the time‐scales for the peak responses of wave activity in the extratropical stratosphere to MJO phases 3 and 7 are around 2 weeks and 1 week, respectively. Thus, within 2 weeks, MJO phase 3 (7) can be treated as the precursor to the strengthened (weakened) polar vortex.
Anisotropy in elasticity, sound velocity, thermal conductivity, and thermodynamics properties of dodecaboride Zr0.5Y0.5B12
Authors: Yongmei Zhang , Furong Wang , Xiaona Wang , Huifang Zhao , Xiuqing Zhang , Yanqin Gao
Published: November 2021

Solid solution of metal dodecaboride Zr0.5Y0.5B12 is thermodynamically stable. The anisotropies of Zr0.5Y0.5B12 in linear compressibility, Young's modulus, shear modulus, sound velocity, and minimum thermal conductivity are discussed. The linear compressibility shows slightly anisotropy, which arises from the atomic size mismatch between Zr and Y. Young's and shear modulus present significant anisotropy. The sound velocities show weak anisotropy in different planes, except the pure transverse mode vt in (010) plane, which shows isotropic. The minimum thermal conductivities in different planes are comparable and show very weak anisotropy. The effects of temperature and pressure on the thermal expansion coefficient, Debye temperature, and Grüneisen parameter are discussed based on the quasi‐harmonic Debye model.
General In Situ Photoactivation Route with IPCE over 80% toward CdS Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Applications
Authors: Wang Ying , Chen Xiuyu , Xiu Hao , Zhuang Huanglong , Li Jianming , Zhou Yang , Liu Deyu , Kuang Yongbo
Published: November 2021

Cost‐effective photoanodes with remarkable electronic properties are highly demanded for practical photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The ability to manipulate the surface carrier separation and recombination is pivotal for achieving high PEC performance for water splitting. Here, a facile and economical approach is reported for substantially improving the surface charge separation property of CdS photoanodes through in situ photoactivation, which significantly reduces surface charge recombination through the formation of thiosulfate ion which is favorable to the transfer of photogenerated holes and a uniform nanoporous morphology via the dissolving Cd2+ with phosphate ions on the surface of CdS. The resulting CdS electrodes through scalable particle transfer method exhibit nearly tripled photocurrents, with an incident‐photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency (IPCE) at 480 nm exceeding 80% at 0.6 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). And the CdS thin films prepared from chemical bath deposition display quadrupled photocurrents after the stir and PEC activation, with an IPCE of 91.7% at 455 nm and 0.6 V versus RHE. With the suppression of photocorrosion in alkaline borate buffer, the activated photoanodes show great stability for solar hydrogen production at the sacrifice of sulfite. This work brings insights into the design of nanoporous metal sulfide semiconductors for solar water splitting.
Evolving software forges: An experience report from Apache Allura
Authors: Tamburri Damian A. , Palomba Fabio
Published: November 2021

The open‐source phenomenon has reached unimaginable proportions to a point in which it is virtually impossible to find large applications that do not rely on open‐source as well. However, such proportions may turn into a risk if the organizational and socio‐technical aspects (e.g., the contribution and release schemes) behind open‐source communities are not explicitly supported by open‐source forges by‐design. In an effort to make such aspects explicit and supported by‐design in open‐source forges, we conducted empirical software engineering as follows: (a) Through online industrial surveying, we elicited organizational and social aspects relevant in open‐source communities; (b) through action research, we extended a widely known open‐source support system and top‐level Apache project Allura; (c) through ethnography, we studied the Allura community, and learning from its social and organizational structure, (d) we elicited a metrics framework that support more explicit organizational and socio‐technical design principles around open‐source communities. This article is an experience report on these results and the lessons we learned in obtaining them. We found that the extensions provided to Apache Allura formed the basis for community awareness by design, providing valuable and usable community characteristics. Ultimately, however, the extensions we provided to Apache Allura were deactivated by its core developers because of performance overheads. Our results and lessons learned allow us to provide recommendations for designing forges, like Github. Architecting a forge is a participatory process that requires active engagement, hence remarking the need for mechanisms enabling it. At the same time, we conclude that a more active support for the governance is required to avoid the failure of the forge.
Preparation, Controlled Drug Release, and Cell Viability Evaluation of Tenofovir Alafenamide‐Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles
Authors: Ulu Ahmet , Sezer Selcen Korkmaz , Yüksel Şengül , Koç Ahmet , Ateş Burhan
Published: November 2021

Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is used as a hepatitis B virus (HBV) nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of chronic HBV infection. However, the use of TAF suffers from its poor solubility and low bioavailability. Therefore, this study prepared and characterized chitosan nanoparticles (CHS NPs) loaded with TAF. Morphological findings demonstrated that CHS NPs are roughly spherical and homogeneous in shape. Besides, TAF‐loaded CHS NPs displayed the hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, and PDI of approximately 340 nm, 48.9 mV, and 0.65, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency is at about 50%, and TAF is released about 93% at the end of 80 hours at pH 7.4. In addition, human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) are used for cell viability studies and it is observed that TAF‐loaded CHS NPs has 1.24 times less viable cells as compared to the control. Collectively, TAF‐loaded CHS NPs could be used as an efficient formulation for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
Semi‐conductive Chiral MOFs with Helixes Based on Lactic Acid Derivatives for Photo‐catalytic Reaction
Authors: Xu Zhong‐Xuan , Shi Ming‐Feng , Hu Bang‐Ping , Qin Huan
Published: November 2021

A pair of new chiral Co(II) metal‐organic frameworks based on semi‐rigid lactic acid derivatives, namely, {[Co((R)‐CBA)(1,3‐DPP)(H2O)0.5] ⋅ H2O}n(1‐R) and {[Co((R)‐CBA)(1,3‐DPP)(H2O)0.5] ⋅ H2O}n (1‐S) (H2CBA=4‐(1‐carboxyethoxy) benzoic acid, 1,3‐DPP=1,3‐di(pyridin‐4‐yl)propane) were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The structures of complexes 1‐R and 1‐S were determined by single crystal X‐ray crystallography, revealing dinuclear cobalt units are connected through (R)‐ or (S)‐CBA2− anions that lead to the formation of enantiomeric helical chains. Helical chains are further linked together to build 3D Co‐(R)‐CBA (Co‐(S)‐CBA) framework in 1‐R(1‐S). Furthermore, more large helical chains are formed by Co(II) centers and 1,3‐DPP ligands in 1‐R and 1‐S. As a result, 1,3‐DPP ligands are introduced into complexes to stabilize the CBA−Co frameworks to obtain a four‐connected dia net. Apart from delicate structure, the UV‐vis sorption spectrum, Mott‐Schottky measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated that complex 1‐R is a typical n‐type semiconductor with low resistance in charge transportation. Photo‐catalytic test result confirmed the complex 1‐R has catalytic activity for the degradation of RhB.
Living Together
Authors: Lähdesmäki Tuuli , Baranova Jūratė , Ylönen Susanne C. , Koistinen Aino-Kaisa , Mäkinen Katja , Juškiene Vaiva , Zaleskiene Irena
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, the authors analyze the artifacts in which students explore the idea of living together as a peaceful interaction between people and mutual enrichment of their difference based on basic rights and freedoms as well as mutual respect. In the CLLP, living together is approached as celebration of diversity intertwined with solidarity, equality, and human rights. The analysis reveals that students often approach living together from their own point of view, but are able to see others’ perspectives. The chapter discusses how learning about solidarity requires sensitivity for difference and thus lessons on the subject need to be planned carefully to ensure inclusive cultural practices and respect for diversity and difference.
Social Responsibility
Authors: Lähdesmäki Tuuli , Baranova Jūratė , Ylönen Susanne C. , Koistinen Aino-Kaisa , Mäkinen Katja , Juškiene Vaiva , Zaleskiene Irena
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, the authors analyze the artifacts in which students explore social responsibility. A broad understanding of social responsibility includes nonhumans and nature. In the chapter, the authors approach social responsibility through two subthemes: Social and civic competences and sustainable development. The analysis shows how students learned to address social responsibility to encounter the other and participate in the collaboration with other people. Many of them, however, took an anthropocentric view, centered on humans. The older students were able to extend the idea of social responsibility to the wellbeing of nonhumans, nature, sustainability, and the Earth.
Cultural Literacy During COVID-19
Authors: Lähdesmäki Tuuli , Baranova Jūratė , Ylönen Susanne C. , Koistinen Aino-Kaisa , Mäkinen Katja , Juškiene Vaiva , Zaleskiene Irena
Published: November 2021

As implementation of the CLLP was challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic, the DIALLS project included in the program an additional lesson in which children reflected on its impact on their social environment. In this chapter, the authors analyze how the children’s artifacts express their understanding of the COVID-19 situation, including themes such as care and protection. The chapter focuses on how the students address empathy, tolerance, and inclusiveness under pandemic conditions. It starts by contextualizing the artifacts with international COVID-19 imagery and nationally similar or differing COVID-19 circumstances. Then, it analyzes the artifacts and their textual narratives.
Functional Inequalities and Monotonicity Results for Modified Lommel Functions of the First Kind
Authors: Gaunt Robert E.
Published: November 2021

We establish some monotonicity results and functional inequalities for modified Lommel functions of the first kind. In particular, we obtain new Turán type inequalities and bounds for ratios of modified Lommel functions of the first kind, as well as the function itself. These results complement and in some cases improve on existing results, and also generalise a number of the results from the literature on monotonicity patterns and functional inequalities for the modified Struve function of the first kind.
Patella baja after intramedullary nailing of tibial fractures, using an infrapatellar/transtendinous approach, predicts worse patient reported outcome
Authors: Graulich Tilman , Gerhardy Julius , Omar Pacha Tarek , Örgel Marcus , Macke Christian , Krettek Christian , Omar Mohamed , Liodakis Emmanouil
Published: November 2021

Purpose

After intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures using an infrapatellar/transtendinous approach, several patients suffer anterior knee pain. We suspect that the approach is associated with soft tissue scars and the development of a postoperative patella baja. The goal of the study is to investigate whether the development of patella baja is associated with worse subjective outcomes.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed all patients in our orthopedic trauma department between 2011 and 2020 who underwent tibial fracture fixation via intramedullary nailing via an infrapatellar/transtendinous approach. Pre- and postoperative lateral knee x-rays were evaluated by measurement of the Insall-Salvati Index, and nail tip position. All patients were asked to answer the self-assessment Kujala questionnaire and Lysholm questionnaire.

Results

We included 78 patients (age: 44 ± 18 years) with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Mean follow up was 59 ± 25 months. We included 50 male and 28 female patients. Patella baja detected by Insall-Salvati Index could be observed in 8 (10.3%) patients. Patients with patella baja showed significant worse function measured by the Kujala score 54 ± 18 vs. 80 ± 14 (p < 0.01). Likewise, Lysholm score did show significant differences between both groups (60 ± 24 vs. 86 ± 11; p < 0.01). Nail tip position was not associated with worse subjective function.

Conclusions

Patella baja in patients after tibial intramedullary nailing via an infrapatellar/transtendinous approach, is associated with worse subjective function and increased pain.