bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Ni-Zn Ferrite by a Modified Wet Chemical Method
Authors: Liu Yin , Qiu Tai
Published: March 2009

Nanocrystalline Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 ferrites with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 were prepared by sprayingcoprecipitation method. The microstructure was investigated by TG-DSC, XRD, SEM, TEM and BET. Magnetic properties were measured with vibrating sample magnetometer at room temperature. The results showed that uniform and fine nanocrystalline Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 ferrites are obtained. The grain size of sample calcined at 600°C for 1.5h is about 30nm. There are a few agglomerates with average sizes below 100nm. The specific saturation magnetization, Ms, of the sample increases with increasing Zn2+ concent x at room temperature, and the maximum Ms is 66.8 A·m2·kg-1 as the Zn2+ content x is around 0.5mol. As calcining temperature increased from 400°C to 1050°C, the Ms of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 ferrite increases from 40.2 A·m2·kg-1 to 75.6 A·m2·kg-1. The coercivity maximum is about 5.97 kA·m-1 as its critical grain size is about 62.0nm. The relation between coercivity and grain size for nanocrystalline Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 ferrite may be explained based on random anisotropy theory.
Electromagnetic Property of MnZn Ferrite/SrTiO3/PTFE Composites
Authors: Yang Hai Bo , Lin Ying , Wang Fen
Published: March 2009

MnZn ferrite powder was modified by SrTiO3 sol and then filled into PTFE matrix to form MnZn ferrite/SrTiO3/PTFE composite. The effect of modification and heat-treatment on the electromagnetic property of the composite was investigated. The results revealed that the as-prepared composite possessed high permeability, high permittivity and low loss. The modification and heat-treatment could improve the electromagnetic property of the composites. The frequency dependence of the dielectric property of the composite is accorded with Debye relaxation theory.
TiN/Al2O3 Composite Material Synthesized by Aluminothermic Reduction Process in Reductive Atmosphere
Authors: Nie Jian Hua , Li Ya Wei , Yan Hao , Liang Yong He , Li Yuan Bing
Published: March 2009

TiN/Al2O3 composite material was prepared by aluminothermic reduction of TiO2 in coke bed
from mixtures of TiO2 powder and metal Al powder. The phase composition, lattice parameter and microstructure
of products after treatment in different temperatures were analyzed by XRD, SEM. The results
show that TiN/Al2O3 composite material can be produced in coke bed via aluminothermic reduction
reaction. Moreover, the treatment temperature affects the evolution of aluminothermic reaction and
morphology of products obviously. The content, grain size and lattice parameter of TiN in products in
coke bed increase with the increasing of treatment temperature. Thermodynamically it confirms that
metal Al reacts with oxygen in coke bed while it is involved in aluminothermic reduction reaction, and
then it causes the lack of Al, which takes part in the aluminothermic reaction leading to a surplus rutile in
the products.
Electrical and Physical Characteristics of Ba(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3 Thin Films under Oxygen Plasma Treatment for Nonvolatile Memory Devices Application
Authors: Chen Kai Huang , Chen Ying Chung , Chia Wei Kuo , Chen Zhi Sheng , Yang Cheng Fu , Chung Ho Hua
Published: March 2009

In this study, the effects of oxygen gas plasma on the surface treatment of Ba(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3
(BZT) films are investigated. The influence of plasma on the structure is developed by using X-ray
diffraction patterns and the electrical characteristics are developed by using the MIM and MFIS
capacitor structure. Experiment results clearly indicate that the electrical characteristics of BZT film
have improved effectively within oxygen plasma surface treatment.
Nano-Precipitation in SrTiO3-Based Functional Ceramics
Authors: Xing Juan Juan , Gu Hui , Wang Ping Chu , Čeh Miran
Published: March 2009

Bi-doped Sr0.7Ba0.3TiO3 ceramics sintered at different temperatures were studied by analytical
electron microscopy. Grain boundaries (GBs) with discrete Bi nano-precipitates (NP) were observed in
both samples sintered at 1170°C and 1190°C. Dopants’ solutions as well as their segregations to GB were
analyzed quantitatively to reveal the origin of NP. NP at GB contributed to the high dielectric constants of
the materials.
High Porosity SiC Ceramics with a Narrow Pore Size Distribution
Authors: Shi Li Min , Zhao Hong Sheng , Yan Ying Hui , Tang Chun He
Published: March 2009

Using the coat mix process, porous SiC ceramics are fabricated using commercially available silicon powders and phenolic resin as the starting materials. The phase composition, morphology, pore size and pore size distribution of the obtained products are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimeter. The results show that high porosity SiC ceramics with a narrow pore size distribution can be fabricated at 1500°C in vacuum by the coat mix process. The open pore porosity can reach up to 60%. The pore size varies in the range of 1-6 'm.
SiC Micro-Threads Prepared within the Carbon Fiber Felt
Authors: Yuan Feng , Wang Hong Jie , Jin Zhi Hao
Published: March 2009

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon fiber felt which contains abundant various SiC microthreads
and some other microstructures was prepared through sintering the pretreated felt at high
temperature at low nitrogen pressure. XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM analyses for the sintered felt were
carried out to study its components and microstructures. There are SiC nanothreads, SiC submicron
threads, SiC micron threads and a few SiO2 two- or three-dimensional microstructures (possibly intermix
with the similar form of SiC) existed within the inner hollow spaces of the felt. The complex permittivity,
complex permeability of the sample in the X-band frequency range were obtained.
Abrasive Erosion Comparison for a Ceramics and a High Chrome Cast Iron Applied in a Slurry Pump
Authors: Luo Xian Wu , Xu Hong Yuan , Liu Juan , Qi Long Hao
Published: March 2009

Slurry pumps are used to transport the liquid fluids with solid particles in the industries. The
materials of flow passage in a slurry pump are subjected to severe damage due to abrasive erosion. This
paper compares the abrasive erosion for an engineering ceramics i.e. hot pressed Si3N4 ceramics and a
high chrome cast iron i.e. Cr26 by laboratory test and industrial operation. The results indicate that the
erosion rate of Cr26 is much larger than that of hot pressed Si3N4 ceramics under the same test conditions.
That indicates that the engineering ceramics is a promising alternation of the expensive material such as
Cr26 in the application of slurry pumps. It is noted that the erosion pattern such as scale ripple has the
similar features for both materials, even the hardness of hot pressed Si3N4 ceramics is much higher than
Cr26. Further, the scale ripple is suspected to be originated from the relatively weak grain boundary and
enhanced by cavitation.
Electrical Characteristics and Microstructures of Ce-Doped Bi4Ti3O12 Films
Authors: Chen S. , Cai A.H. , Mei X.A. , Huang Chong Qing , An W.K. , Chen Min
Published: March 2009

Sm-doped bismuth titanate and random oriented Bi4-xCexTi3O12 (BCT) thin films were fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates rf magnetron sputtering technique. The structures and the ferroelectric properties of the films were investigated. Ce doping leads to a marked improvement in the remanent polarization (Pr) and the coercive field (Ec). At the applied electric field of 100 kV/cm, Pr and Ec of the BCT (x = 0.8) film annealed at 650 oC are 20.5 μC/cm2 and 60 KV/cm, respectively. However, after 3 × 1010 switching cycles, 20% degradation of 2Pr is observed in the film.
Wear Property of Superfine Grained Si2N2O-Si3N4 Composites
Authors: Luo Jun Ting , Zhang Qing , Li Hong Bo
Published: March 2009

Si3N4-Si2N2O composites were fabricated with amorphous nano-sized silicon nitride powders
by the liquid phase sintering. The mass loss, relative density and average grain size increase with
increasing sintering temperature. The average grain size is less than 500nm when the sintering
temperature is lower than 1700°C. Friction coefficient is from 0.35 for sintering temperature 1650°C to
0.74 for 1600°C when the composites were worn by silicon nitride bearing ball. High hardness of 21.5GPa
and relative wear resistance of 32 were observed at a sintering temperature of 1600°C. The wear surface
are very smooth and no grooving and subsurface fracture, which indicates that they are worn slightly.
Wear Behaviors of MoSi2 at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Zhang Hou An , Hu Xiao Pin , Tan Wei Cheng , Shi Cun
Published: March 2009

MoSi2 was prepared by SHS, and then pressed under 300 MPa at room temperature and
sintered at 1600 °C for 1 h in a vacuum furnace. The tribological properties of MoSi2 against Al2O3 in the
temperature range from 700°C to 1100 °C were investigated. Microphotographs and phases of the worn
surface of MoSi2 were observed by SEM and XRD. Results showed that MoSi2 has well friction and wear
properties below 900 °C. When temperature rises from 900 °C to 1000 °C, wear rate of MoSi2 is raised by
20.8% which is attribute to the change of wear mechanism. The main wear mechanisms of MoSi2 are
adhesion and oxidation at high temperatures. When over 900 °C, because of ductile - brittle transition
characteristic of this material, plastic deformation and fracture are also found on the worn surface of
MoSi2. This leads to the high wear rate of MoSi2.
Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Ti3(SixAl1-x)C2 Solid Solutions
Authors: Xu Xue Wen , Li Yang Xian , Zhu Jiao Qun , Mei Bing Chu
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we presented a novel route for fabricating Ti3SiC2-based and Ti3AlC2-based solid solutions with mixed powders of TiC/Ti/Si/Al in different molar ratios. The phase compositions of these solid solutions were studied by XRD and the stoichiometries of these compounds were determined to be Ti2.63Si0.87Al0.13C2 and Ti2.76Al0.78Si0.22C2 by EDS. We also investigated the electronic properties and mechanical properties of these two ceramics. The results showed that the dopants were not only beneficial to the fabrication of Ti3SiC2 and Ti3AlC2 but also improved the properties of these two ceramics.
Dispersive Characteristics of Multi-Phase and Multi-Scale Nanocomposite Ceramic Powders
Authors: Wang Hui , Huang Chuan Zhen , Liu Han Lian , Yu Jin Wei , Xiao Shou Rong
Published: March 2009

The suspension of multi-phase and multi-scale nanocomposite ceramic powders that showed long-term stability was obtained via a series of dispersing technologies including ultrasonic stirring, ball milling and adding dispersant etc. The effectiveness of preventing the suspension from agglomeration by adding the dispersant PMAA-NH4 is better than that of adjusting the pH value of the suspension with aqueous ammonia and hydrochloric acid or adjusting the pH value with aqueous ammonia and hydrochloric acid together with adding PMAA-NH4. A special microstructure was found through TEM that an α-Al2O3 particle is environed by TiN and Ti (C7N3) particles.
Study of Experiments on Cutting Difficult-to-Machine Materials with Ultrafine-Grained Waved-Edge Milling Insert
Authors: Wang Zhi Gang , Li Zhen Jia , Zhu Deng Hui , Zhu Rui Ming , Li Yi Nan
Published: March 2009

For the cutting of the difficult-to-machine materials, such as stainless steel and dead-hard
steel, is always puzzling and restricting manufacturing, it is necessary to deeply study and search after
new machining methods in respect of both theory and practice. This paper chose waved-edge milling
inserts and flat-groove milling inserts of different materials to make cutting force contrast
experiments on stainless steel ZG0Cr13Ni5Mo, chose ultrafine-grain inserts, YT14 inserts (local
product) and CY250 inserts(foreign product) to make cutting life contrast experiments on dead-hard
steel ZG35CrMo, then researched in theory the disrepair appearance, the BSE image and the
granularity. The research results show that the integrated cutting capability of ultrafine grain
waved-edge milling insert is excellent for difficult-to-machine materials.
Characterization of Diamond Spherical Shell Thick Film by DC Plasma CVD
Authors: Li Duo Sheng , Zuo Dun Wen , Sun Yu Li , Chen Rong Fa , Lu Wen Zhuang , Xiang Bing Kun , Wang Min
Published: March 2009

Diamond spherical shell thick film was prepared by high power DC-plasma jet CVD.
Atom force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and
roughness-profile-meter were used to characterize microstructure, morphology, impurities and
orientation evolution of diamond spherical shell thick film. The results show that, when nucleation
begins, grains grow random orientation. The grain size of spherical diamond film prepared is
compact, clear, uniform, continuous and no remarkable bigger grain over the whole surface of film.
On the growth surface, (100) facets were dominant, and the cross-section SEM indicated that film
columnar spreading grew from the substrate surface to the diamond film surface. The roughness of
the growth surface was much more than that of the nucleation surface. To adjust some important
parameters as methane concentrate, depositing time, and matrix temperature, and high quality
diamond spherical shell thick film was deposited.
Research on Heating Density Function of Milling Insert with 3D Complex Groove
Authors: Wu Ming Yang , Meng Qing Xin , Tan Guang Yu , Liu Qiang
Published: March 2009

In order to figure out the temperature anywhere and anytime in the milling insert, based on
the point heat source, and grounded on the experimental data, we established the mathematics model
of heat density function and temperature field for milling insert with 3D complex groove under the
irregular heat source, and has proved correctly to its special case with this mathematics model, thus
established the theoretical foundation for groove optimizing and reconstruction of milling insert with
3D complex groove.
Experimental Investigation on Ultrasonic Face Machining of Glass with Free Abrasives
Authors: Zheng Shu You , Xu Xi Peng
Published: March 2009

Serials of ultrasonic face machining experiments were designed and carried out on glass materials with free abrasives. Two different kinds of ultrasonic machining, namely, non-rotary ultrasonic machining (NRUSM) with free abrasives and rotary ultrasonic machining (RUSM) with free abrasives were compared. Two systems were set up to in-process monitor the changes of static forces and frequency respectively. The effects of static force, spindle speed and amplitude of ultrasonic vibration on material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness were analyzed. The surface of workpieces was also observed by a digital video microscope system. The experimental results indicated that, at the given conditions, there exists an optimal value of static force and amplitude of vibration to obtain the maximum MRR, and RUSM was found to be superior to NRUSM in the MRR, but inversely in surface roughness.
Fabrication of Cylindrical Tungsten Microelectrode by Electrical Machining
Authors: Zhu Bao Guo , Wang Zhen Long , Jia Bao Xian
Published: March 2009

Developed with micro technology, the microelectrode is the key manufacture technique.
The micro electrical machining, mainly including micro electrical discharge machining (EDM) and
electrochemical machining (ECM), is one of the important technologies of microelectrode
fabrication. Firstly, the microelectrode was fabricated with a counter block of EDM while the
cylindrical tungsten electrode fed along radius and its axis. Then the fabrication technology of ECM
was also introduced. The pulses power supply and the non-passivation electrolyte were used. The
cylindrical tungsten electrode also can be served as the probe of the scanning probe microscopy,
which fabricated by ECM. Through comparisons, the surface roughness, machining efficiency, and
machining capability of the microelectrode fabricated by ECM are better than those of the
microelectrode fabricated by EDM, but the shape and the microhardness are worse than those of the
microelectrode fabricated by EDM. Both of them can fabricate the cylindrical tungsten
microelectrodes with several micrometers diameter.
Preparation and Performance of Ceramic Coatings Formed by Micro Arc Oxidation on Titanium Alloy
Authors: Yao Ying Xue , Li Li Qun , Xi Jian Jun
Published: March 2009

The effect of technological parameters on MAO ceramic coating were investigated through the technique of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) on TC4 titanium alloy and. Microstructure and morphology of coatings were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result shows that electric parameters and compositions of the electrolyte have notable effects on the growth of MAO ceramic coatings. The cathodic and anodic voltage rise gradually with the oxidation time increasing. The growth rate of ceramic coating is fast at the beginning, and then turns slowly. The ceramic coatings can be divided into three layers from interior to exterior, such as the transition layer, the dense layer and the porous layer. The coating is mainly composed of rutile and anatase and combined with the substrate firmly. The ceramic coating’s composition in inner and outer layers appears quite different. The ceramic coating on titanium alloy is of excellent performance on anti-attrition and anti-corrosion.
Affected Characteristics Analysis of the Pulsed Laser Forming of Metal Sheet
Authors: Yang Li Jun , Wang Yang
Published: March 2009

Laser forming of metal sheet is a forming technology of sheet without a die that the sheet is deformed by internal thermal stress induced by partially irradiation of a laser beam. In this paper, the bending behavior of common stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9 sheet is studied after being irradiated by straight line with a Nd:YAG pulsed laser beam. The aim of the investigation is to find out the relationship of the physical behaviors of heat affected zone (HAZ) with the pulse parameters of the laser. Through the analysis of the fundamental theory of pulsed laser affected, this paper shows the affected characteristics of metal sheet with pulsed laser forming. The results show that the microstructure of HAZ of pulsed laser scanned is layered, and the micro-hardness is improved than that in matrix. The microstructures show that the deformed grain structure is inhomogeneous, that caused the grain sizes and grain orientations in HAZ to become different. By qualitative analysis of experimental result, the conclusion obtained may provide basis for theoretical investigation and possible industrial application of laser forming process in the future.
Behaviors of Suspended Powder in Powder Mixed EDM
Authors: Wang Yuan Gang , Zhao Fu Ling , Liu Yu
Published: March 2009

Effects of additive powders on the machining mechanism of powder mixed EDM were
researched. The whole discharging process was discussed based on theory of plasma and dielectric.
Experiments, oscillograms and energy spectrum analysis gotten in experiments were performed in
order to examine the changes of discharge between EDM and powder mixed EDM.
Research on Micro Characteristics of Surface and Subsurface Layer in Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Grinding Nano-Composite Ceramics
Authors: Zhao Bo , Gao Guo Fu , Wu Yan , Jiao Feng
Published: March 2009

This work mainly studied the deterioration layer structure, crystal grain size, crystal lattice
distortion of ground surface in two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration grinding nano-composite
ceramics. The research indicated that under a certain grinding condition the ductile deformation layer
on the ground surface of nano-composite ceramics in two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration grinding is
formed by the ways of material powdering, crystal grain fragmentation, materials extrusion, the
crystal grain pull-off and so on. The transition layer between the surface layer and the base body is
plastic deformation layer by the primarily ways of crystal lattice distortion and the crystal boundary
slipping. The removed material in brittleness fracture mode is extremely few. In this work, the
structural model of deterioration layer on ground surface in two-dimensional ultrasonic grinding
nano-composite ceramics is put forward. The microscopic deformation mechanism of nano materials
is inner grain dislocation of inner-grain-structure strengthened phase. Its deformation coordination
mechanism is the the grain-boundary sliding of matrix grain and the coordinated deformation of
intercrystalline second-phase. The TEM and SEM observation discovers that the nano particles
dispersed in grain boundary stops crack from expanding in nano materials, which causes the materials
to appear in transcrystalline fracture behavior. And this fracture behavior gives materials favorable
finished surface. The plastic deformation is the dominant removal mechanism of the nano materials in
two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration grinding.
Influence of Turning by Burnishing on Surface Integrity to Analyze Feasibility of Hybrid Process
Authors: Li Feng Lei , Xia Wei , Zhou Zhao Yao , Zhang Tian
Published: March 2009

Burnishing, an ultra-precision superficial plastic deformation process, is used
increasingly as a surface enhancement finishing treatment after machining operations not only to
give a mirror-like and work-hardened surface but also to impose favorable compressive residual
stress in it. To analyze the feasibility of turning-burnishing hybrid process, the Taguchi’s L27(313)
orthogonal array method with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the influence
of the initial turning process on surface integrity of roller burnished AISI 1045 steel such as surface
roughness, surface microhardness. three turning parameters, namely the cutting feed, cutting depth
and cutting speed, three burnishing parameters, namely the burnishing feed, burnishing depth and
burnishing speed were selected as the experimental factors in Taguchi’s design of experiments to
determine which one has the dominant influence and how it works on burnishing effects, namely
the surface roughness and surface microhardness, the interactions between cutting feed, burnishing
feed and burnishing depth were considered. The experimental results agreed well with the
theoretical analysis and the conclusion is cutting feed has dominant influence on burnished surface
integrity.
A Cutting Process Parameter Optimization Expert System for Difficult-to-Cut Materials
Authors: Wang Zhen Bo , Li Zhen Jia , Zhu Deng Hui
Published: March 2009

Focusing on the machining complexity of large containers where difficult-to-cut materials are used a lot, a cutting process parameter optimization expert system for difficult-to-cut materials is constructed based on experts’ knowledge and computer soft wares (VC++ 6.0and SQL Server 2000). In this paper, we made construction analysis and module design for the expert system, then constructed the knowledge base according to certain constraint models, and realized the functions of every module of the expert system by using the forward inference. This expert system can play a scientific direction role in the process parameters selection for cutting large containers.
The Effect of Clamping Force on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Spindle-Tooling System
Authors: Wu Wei Guo , Wang Gui Cheng , Shen Chun Gen , Ma Li Jie , Wang Shu Lin
Published: March 2009

This paper investigates the effect of spindle clamping force on the static and dynamic
characteristics of the spindle-tooling system through measuring the frequency response function of
the tool end point in variable spindle clamping force. The research shows that the limited static
stiffness increases accordingly and normal static stiffness changes little as the spindle champing
force increases. The high spindle clamping force leads to reduce the modal damping of the
spindle-tooling system while the natural frequency varies slight. The analyses of process stability
indicates that the low spindle clamping force can improves the process stability because of the
higher damping in some clamping force range.
Design of Rapid Powder Switch in Laser Cladding Rapid Manufacturing
Authors: Wang Ming , Zuo Dun Wen , Wang Min , Shi Shi Hong , Yao Chun
Published: March 2009

According to lateral powder system due to gravity, the controllable rapid powder switch is first tried based on the principle that air pressure can change the direction of power. Then, three kinds of modified schemes are provided based on the experiment to remedy the lack of first try. Finally, one scheme is selected and realized, which can solve the problem of synchronization of laser and powder, and advance powder utilization factor.
Investigation on Strain Films in the Thin Film Resistance Strain Gauge
Authors: Chen Rong Fa , Zuo Dun Wen , Sun Yu Li , Li Duo Sheng , Lu Wen Zhuang , Wang Min
Published: March 2009

Strain films in the thin film resistance strain gauge are prepared by magnetron sputtering method. Some results concerning the electromechanical and structural properties of nichrome (Ni80Cr20 wt.%) thin films are presented. As compared to the well-known Ni-Cu (constantan) alloy film, which are widely used for manufacturing pressure and force sensors, nichrome (Ni80Cr20 wt.%) thin films exhibit gauge factor values of the same order of magnitude, but they are much more corrosion resistant and adherent to the substrate. The influences of composition and post-deposition annealing on the electrical resistance, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and gauge factor of nichrome (Ni80Cr20 wt.%) thin films are discussed.
The Key Techniques of Novel Miniaturized Ultrasonic Motor and its Application in Micro-EDM
Authors: Tang Yong Jun , Wang Zhen Long , Guo Zhong Ning , Zhang Yong Jun
Published: March 2009

In order to operate in narrow space, a novel miniaturized EDM (Electro Discharge Machining) mechanism has been developed. A prototype of miniaturized EDM device based on ultrasonic motor (UM) has been developed, which has its advantage of compact size (70×40×50 mm). The differential driving electrode has been presented, and coaxial forced vibration of electrode is benefit for the evacuation of debris, so it helps to achieve stable and efficient machining. Driving principle of ultrasonic motor is analyzed, and simulation using Finite Element Method (FEM) is accomplished. The auto-frequency tracking has been carried out, in order that the motor work on resonant or quasi-resonant frequency. Finally, EDM experiment has been finished, and holes with figures of circleΦ85μm and Y-typed have been machined.
Comparison of the Fatigue Crack Propagation Resistance of α+β and β Titanium Alloys
Authors: Benedetti Matteo
Published: March 2009

The present paper tries to summarize the relationship between microstructure, extrinsic mechanisms and fatigue crack propagation resistance of α+β and β titanium alloys. Emphasis is placed on microstructural parameters, which can be varied by processing, and their effects on the material inherent fracture properties, governing the resistance against microcrack propagation. Moreover, the resistance against macrocracks as well as small cracks in the presence of notch plasticity has been discussed on the basis of secondary extrinsic mechanics such as crack front geometry, crack bridging and crack closure.
High Temperature Low-Cycle Fatigue, Deformation Microstructure and Final Fracture Behavior of a Nickel-Base Superalloy
Authors: Ye Du Yi , Zheng Jin Yang
Published: March 2009

The low-cycle fatigue (LCF) properties of a nickel-base precipitation-strengthened
superalloy (GH4145/SQ), obtained at a temperature of 538 o C, were reported and discussed in this
paper. The properties investigated include cyclic stress response, fatigue life, deformation
microstructure and final fracture features as a function of applied strain amplitude. It was shown
that the alloy exhibited a pronounced initial hardening followed by continuous softening to failure
at high plastic strain amplitudes ( > 0.2% ap ε ), while at low plastic strain amplitudes ( < 0.2% ap ε )
the initial hardening was followed by a well-defined saturation stage. Bilinear behavior with a
change of slope at a plastic strain amplitude of about 0.2% was observed in the cyclic stress-strain
(CSS) and Coffin-Manson (C-M) plots. TEM observations revealed that slip band density increased
with increasing total strain amplitude and precipitate degradation resulting from
dislocation-precipitate interactions took place with continuous cyclic straining. The change in the
microstructure during cycling is thus responsible for the fatigue hardening / softening behavior of
the alloy. SEM examinations indicated that at low plastic strain amplitudes ( < 0.2% ap ε ) crack
propagation was basically transgranular, while at high plastic strain amplitudes ( > 0.2% ap ε ) crack
propagation exhibited intergranular features, as a whole. The variation in both the number of
operating slip systems and the fracture modes with the strain amplitude employed was used to
explain the observed two-stage LCF behavior of the present investigated superalloy.
Straightness Error Compensation for Ultra-Precision Machining Based on a Straightness Gauge
Authors: Cao Guo Hui , Namba Yoshiharu
Published: March 2009

A method of straightness error compensation is presented, which is used in ultra-precision machining with nano-scale accuracy for a large mandrel manufacture. A set of measurement system in situ is developed, in which an ultra-smooth glass-ceramic flatness gauge and a non-contact micro displacement sensor with nano-scale resolution were used as a reference and sensor to get the straightness error of machine tool movement. The real straightness error can be obtained after subtracting the surface profile of the gauge from the original straightness error curve. Based on the real straightness error data, a new NC program was made for compensating the error from the axis movement of machine tool. As a result, after straightness error compensation, the straightness errors of two axes of ultra-precision machine tool are 68nm/400mm and 54nm/300mm respectively.
Measurement Method for Measuring Circular Motion Error of CNC Machine Tools
Authors: Lin K.H. , Hu Ya Hui , Chan C.A. , Chang Ming
Published: March 2009

The dynamic characteristic of CNC (computer numerical control) machine tools is a
critical role to decide the accuracy and speed of machine. It is very important to improve the precision
and reduce the motion error so as to manufacture complex and fine products. In general, the motion
error is estimated by a two or three-dimensional ball bar measurement system. Although this
technology is capable of dynamical measurement, its condition should be confined to a low speed or a
large radius. A new measurement method for measuring circular motion error of CNC machine tools
is proposed in this paper. The instrument consists of a dual-frequency laser interferometer, a beam
splitter and two corner cubes. In order to evaluate the exactness of the results we get from our
measurement system, we use RSF’s grid encoder to do another experiment and compare both the
results. According to the results shown, our measurement system can measure both of the X and Y
axes of the plane of the CNC stage in a small scale at the same time and can simplify the calibration
procedure as well as shorten the time of measurement. This method can accomplish the two-axis
measurement at a high speed, without being restricted by radius variations. It is a good, simple and
effective measurement method.
Capacitance Automatic Measurement Method of the Thickness of Liquid Film on Plat Form
Authors: Xu Shu Xing , Wang B. , Zheng Yi Zhong
Published: March 2009

The thickness of water film is an important parameter in the field of chemical industry.
Water film is formed by the flowing water, which flows through a narrow channel. So it is difficult
to use contact gauges to measure the water film because it’s flowing so fast that if it is touched, the
thickness will be changed. A low-cost and high precision non-contact measurement
method—capacitive sensor is used as the sensor of the thickness of water film, virtual instrument is
used to analyze the measurement state. In contrast to the conventional stand-alone instruments, a
PC based virtual instrument for the measurement of water film is proposed in this paper. Based on
on-line measurement theory, real time voltages should be collected to PC. These voltages will be
computed by formulas in Labview and the real time data of thickness will be plotted on the screen.
If bad signal got, it will give error alarm. The method of the measurement of water film can save a
lot of fees of research and applications, and be easy to apply in other measurement and control
fields. The basic principle and working process of capacitive micrometer, denoise method, the
method of capacitive calibration, virtual instrument data acquisition system and on-line
measurement of water film, will be further discussed in this paper.
Theory and Application Research of Dynamic Measuring Accuracy
Authors: Fei Ye Tai , Jiang M.
Published: March 2009

The theory of dynamic measuring accuracy is the important basic theory of dynamic
measurement, guarantees the optimal working state of measuring system and measuring instrument,
and is the basis of optimal economical effect of instrument design and manufacture. Because
dynamic measuring accuracy theory involves many aspects of theory and technology,
model-building of dynamic system, error model-building and design method of dynamic system
accuracy are discussed in this paper.
Development and Evaluation of a Non-Contact On-Machine Profile Measurement System Using a Compact Laser Probe
Authors: Kobayashi Ryo , MORITA Shinya , Watanabe Y. , Uehara Y. , Lin W. , Mishima T. , Ohmori Hitoshi
Published: March 2009

A non-contact on-machine measurement system has been developed since various precise
machines are getting lighter and smaller; therefore, processing with nano-precision is demanded
recently. This system makes possible to measure with high precision without any damages and it is
unnecessary for workpieces to attach or detach from a machine tool. Moreover, this system achieves
on-machine form error compensation with high precision. On the other hand, the details of the system
performances are still unknown. This study focuses on evaluating the performances by the
comparison of the results that measured by this system and an existing measurement instrument under
various conditions. As a result, this system shows an equivalent capability of measurement with high
precision as the existing measurement instrument.
High Precision Measurement and Evaluation of the Fine Mould Surface Structures
Authors: Durakbasa M. Numan , Osanna P.H. , Yurci M.E. , Nomak-Akdogan A.
Published: March 2009

Surface structure is a suitability state that must be pursued closely workpiece components
which work under severe conditions. It is a fact that high-precision forming component’s surface
roughness affects the product’s nature that is being formed. In this scientific perspective,
measurement and evaluation of the surface roughness and surface texture diversities during
manufacturing and the effects of these diversities on material performance and product suitability
has a significant importance. The first objective of the present project is to define surface
modification treatments and the surface characteristics which will improve the performance of
forming dies particularly for the glass industry. In this experimental work the results of the highprecision
measurements on the mould surfaces discussed in detail and the surface characteristics of
DIN 1.2080 steel and the surface boronized one of the same material are compared and the effects
of surface roughness and surface texture are investigated in a wide perspective.
Engineering Nanotechnology: The Top Down Approach
Authors: Hocken Robert J. , Fesperman R. , Overcash J. , Ozturk O. , Stroup C.
Published: March 2009

Nanotechnology can be defined as “the study, development and processing of materials,
devices, and systems in which structure on a dimension of less than 100 nm is essential to obtain the
required functional performance.” There are currently two very different approaches to
nanotechnology, the first and more classical approach is commonly called engineering
nanotechnology. This approach involves using classical deterministic mechanical and electrical
engineering principles to build structures with tolerances at levels approaching a nanometer. The
other approach, sometimes called molecular nanotechnology, is concerned with self-assembled
machines and the like and is far more speculative. At UNC Charlotte’s Center for Precision
Metrology we have been working in engineering nanotechnology for more than a decade. We started
with molecular manipulation with scanning probe microscopes in the late 1980s [1] and have
continued to develop new measurement systems [2], nano-machining systems [3,4], and
nano-positioning devices. One of the largest challenges is precision motion control of macroscopic
stages. Currently we have three stages under development or modification. The first is the Sub
Atomic Measuring Machine (SAMM) [5] which is being modified to provide picometer resolution;
the second is the Multi-Scale Alignment and Positioning System (MAPS) initially to be used for
nanoimprinting; the third is an Ultra-Precision Vacuum Stage [6], which is the subject of another
paper in this conference. This paper will discuss the first two systems.
Optical Detection Using Multi-Wavelength Modulation
Authors: Ng Boon Ping , Luen S.H. , Zhang Ying , Soh Y.C.
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we proposed a method to attain a high sensitivity of weak optical signal detection by using the multi-wavelength modulation principle. In this method, the optical phase carrying the measurand is obtained by averaging the phases obtained in various orders of heterodyne harmonics. The employment of higher heterodyne harmonics reduces the drift effect in optical detection. The proposed method is demonstrated on the nano-scale displacement measurement by using a single channel fiber interferometer. In the experiment, the displacement is simulated by moving a mirror with a piezoelectric tube. The results show that more repeatable measurements with a resolution of 35nm can be obtained by using the proposed method.
Signal Detection and Control of an Intelligent Robot
Authors: Wang Fu Cheng , Lin H.M. , Chen P.K. , Chang F.Y. , Fan Kuang Chao
Published: March 2009

This paper utilizes embedded systems to control an intelligent robot implemented with
seven sensor networks. The work was carried out in two phases. The first step developed scanning
circuits to feedback the sensor signals to the process systems. The second step installed seven
motors and a voice circuit on the robot to respond to the sensor signals. From the results, the
proposed embedded system was deemed effective.
Key Technique of Tip Clearance Measurement for Rotational Blades
Authors: Ma Yu Zhen , Duan F.J. , Zheng Yi Zhong , Ai Chang Sheng , Ye S.H.
Published: March 2009

It’s an important problem for power industry; energy industry, aviation and shipping to
real-time measure the rotating blades’ tip clearance of engine. The conventional measurement
techniques have different limitations. To achieve applied level for tip clearance measurement
technique, according to the use request and application environment of tip clearance sensor, a new
fiber-optic sensor was put forward to measure the blade tip radial clearance of engine in non-contact
mode. The sensor was consist of single-bundle transmitting fiber in the center for laser beam
delivery and three groups receiving fibers located in all around for collecting the scattered light. The
sensor can not only eliminate the effect to measurement results of light source fluctuation and
reflectivity variety of tip surface, but also reduce the effect of angle between the tip surface and
sensor end face to measurement results. From the measurement results obtained from sensor on
different clearance points, it proves that the sensor measuring system has well feasibility and
reliability in blades tip clearance detection.
Material Tester Using a Controlled Oscillator and an Inertial Mass
Authors: Hashimoto Seiji , Fujii Yusaku
Published: March 2009

In this paper, a controlled oscillation using the levitation mass method (LMM) for material
with nonlinear viscoelasticity is proposed. Since LMM is a very accurate and efficient method of
measuring a varying force, it has a possibility to apply to the material tester. For LMM, system
identification process is introduced to grasp the nonlinear components of the restoring force. The
process consists of the experiment and frequency analysis for higher modes which originate for the
nonlinear restoring force. The input signal is then derived based on the identification results. By
adding the proposed identification process to LMM, the arbitrary waveform of the force can be
investigated even in the open-loop excitation. The effectiveness of the proposed oscillation method is
verified through the LMM-based experiments.
Measurement Method for Four Degrees of Freedom Using Reflective Diffraction Grating
Authors: Ha Tae Ho , Lee C.W. , Song J.W.
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we propose novel measurement method that can measure the alignment states
of the object in four degrees of freedom, simultaneously; those are pitch, roll, yaw, and height
variation. This method mainly utilizes a laser diode, a reflective-type diffraction grating, and
two-dimensional position-sensing detectors. The diffraction grating is attached on the object that we
are interested. The pitch, roll, yaw angle and height variation can be obtained from the geometric
relation among the distance between the grating surface and sensors, displacement of beam spot on
sensor surfaces, and angle of diffraction. The experiments to verify the feasibility of the method are
carried out. The repeatability and comparison of the measured values and numerical values are
verified by experiments. The experimental results show good matches with theoretical values and
good repeatability. The results show that our proposed method is effective for measuring 4 DOF of
object.
Development of Durability Test Bench and Experimental Evaluation for Refrigerant Compressor of Automotive Air Conditioning System
Authors: Lee Jeng Nan , Huang C.B. , Jang K.J. , Tsai C.W.
Published: March 2009

To improve vehicle fuel economy and to reduce environmental damage, higher efficiency
and optimization of each component in automotive air conditioning system are required. Durability
test is a very important process for the research and improvement of A/C system. The refrigerant
compressor reliability can be validated based on durability tests. A compressor durability test bench
was designed in accordance with ISO Standard 917 and ASHRAE Standard 23. The developed
system is constructed for the continuous operation over long period of time to allow for compressor
endurance testing at extreme conditions. In order to simulate the under hood conditions, this system
offers environmental-controlled compressor chamber. The refrigeration circuit consists of a fixed
displacement compressor with cycling-clutch powered by an electric motor with a frequency inverter.
The pressures and temperatures at the inlet and exit of compressor can be controlled based on the
endurance testing requirements. The experimental bench is flexible and allows a wide range of
investigations to be carried out.
Theory Study of Nanometer Metrological Grating Based Two Times Moiré Fringe
Authors: Ma X.S. , Fei Ye Tai , Li G.H. , Ying Z.Y. , Li S.Y.
Published: March 2009

To meet the demand of large displacement measurement instrument with nanometer
precision, this paper introduces the metrological grating with the nanometer measurement precision
and large displacement, based on two times' Moiré fringe principle. Its basic principle is that two
indicated gratings are fixed on the same measuring base scale, when they move relatively to the scale
grating, two groups of one time Moiré fringe will be produced, then two groups of lens are adopted to
make the fringe move oppositely, at last the two times Moiré fringe will be produced through
interference on the photoelectronic receive element. By subdivision of the two times Moiré fringe,
this system can achieve 2.70×10-10m measurement resolution. In addition, this paper also analyse the
optics system and light source.
A Planar Capacitive Sensor for Large Scale Measurement
Authors: Wang Wen , Li X.X. , Chen Zi Chen
Published: March 2009

A planar capacitive sensor (PCS) is proposed for X and Y directions measurement. One
axial displacement can be measured without the coupling of another axial movement. Two groups
electrodes with 90 degree out-of-phase, forming triangle sine and triangle cosine wave, can be applied
for direction detection and interpolation, aiming at high resolution. Simulation results show that
proposed PCS is available for planar measurement.
Measurement and Characterization of Surface Quality in Fast Tool Servo Machining of Optical Microstructures
Authors: Cheung Chi Fai , Kwok Tsz Chun , To Sandy , Lee Wing Bun , Jiang Xiang Qian , Li H.F.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a study of effect of cutting conditions on surface quality in FTS
machining of optical microstructures such as micro-lens array. A power spectrum analysis is
proposed to characterize the surface quality in FTS machining. It is found that there is a strong
relationship between the surface roughness and the power spectrum of the surface profile. This
provides an important means for the characterization of surface quality in FTS machining of optical
microstructures.
Study on Scanning Squareness Measurement Method and Uncertainty Estimation
Authors: Chen Xin , Takamasu Kiyoshi
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a scanning squareness measurement method for large ultra-precision
components. A rectangular block as the squareness reference is used. The squareness error of the
rectangular block is eliminated according to the geometric principle that the sum of four internal
angles of a rectangle is 360°. And the straightness error of each line of the rectangular block is
eliminated by means of scanning method with two 1D probes. The above two error separation
technologies are combined effectively and the data processing method is developed. Additionally, the
standard uncertainties including tilt and squareness errors of the rectangular block, temperature drift
and random errors of the measured values of the probes are analyzed theoretically. It is confirmed that
a combined standard uncertainty of less than 1 arcsec can be obtained for typical values of the
parameters.
Study on In-Process Detection and Diagnosis of Faults Arc Based on Early Sounds Signature and Intermittent Chaos
Authors: Zhang Ren Cheng , Yang J.H. , Du Jian Hua
Published: March 2009

Up to now, faults arc protection in electrical power system is passive by detecting electric
current or arcing light. An active technique used to forecast faults arc is presented in this paper. By
applying power spectrum density analysis, two signature bands of arc sound has been found before
faults arc take place, one is inside of (5~10) kHz which is strong in intensity and variable in both
bandwidth and center in different experimental conditions, the other one is situated on 19.25kHz
which is weak in intensity but invariable in center. The proposed technique detects the arc sounds
signature in the frequency of 19.25 kHz based on Duffing chaos oscillator. The arc sound is recorded
using precision fiber microphone and imported into the chaos based detecting system. For the
sensitivity to periodic signal, the chaos system appears either pure chaos or intermittent chaos. So arc
sound can been identified by detecting the motion state of chaotic system, and the presently fault arc
protection method can been improved into an active forecast and early warning one. Some experiment
results and fault arc diagnosis and early warning scheme are also detailed in the paper.