bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a new JMA flask sampling and trace gas measuring system for observation on a cargo aircraft C-130H
Authors: Tsuboi K. , Matsueda H. , Sawa Y. , Niwa Y. , Nakamura M. , Kuboike D. , Saito K. , Ohmori H. , Iwatsubo S. , Nishi H. , Hanamiya Y. , Tsuji K. , Baba Y.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. We developed and evaluated a flask air sampling system for atmospheric trace gas observation on a cargo C-130H aircraft, as well as an automated analysis system for the flask samples, as part of a new operational monitoring program of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Air samples were collected during each flight, between Kanagawa Prefecture (near Tokyo) and Minamitorishima (an island located nearly 2000 km southeast of Tokyo), from the air-conditioning system on the aircraft. The quality assurance test of the flask sampling air was made by specially coordinated flights at a low altitude of 1000 ft over Minamitorishima and comparing the flask values with those obtained at the surface. Based on our storage tests, the flask samples remained stable until analyses. The concentration measuring system for the flask samples has, in addition to the conventional sensors, two laser-based analyzers using wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) and off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS). Laboratory tests of the measuring system indicated relatively high reproducibility with overall precisions of less than 0.06 ppm for CO2, 0.68 ppb for CH4, 0.36 ppb for CO, and 0.03 ppb for N2O. Inter-comparison experiments for ambient air measurements showed excellent agreements between the laser-based measurement techniques and the conventional methods currently in use. We also found that there are no significant influences of isotope effects for the laser-based analyzers.
Diversity pattern of nitrogen fixing microbes in nodules of Trifolium arvense (L.) at different initial stages of ecosystem development
Authors: Schulz S. , Engel M. , Fischer D. , Buegger F. , Elmer M. , Welzl G. , Schloter M.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Legumes can be considered as pioneer plants during ecosystem development, as they form a symbiosis with different nitrogen fixing rhizobia species, which enable the plants to grow on soils with low available nitrogen content. In this study we compared the abundance and diversity of nitrogen fixing microbes based on the functional marker gene nifH, which codes for a subunit of the Fe-protein of the dinitrogenase reductase, in nodules of different size classes of Trifolium arvense (L.). Additionally, carbon and nitrogen contents of the bulk soil and plant material were measured. Plants were harvested from different sites, reflecting 2 (2a) and 5 (5a) yr of ecosystem development, of an opencast lignite mining area in the south of Cottbus, Lower Lusatia (Germany) where the artificial catchment "Chicken Creek" was constructed to study the development of terrestrial ecosystems. Plants from the 5a site revealed higher amounts of carbon and nitrogen, although nifH gene abundances in the nodules and carbon and nitrogen contents between the two soils did not differ significantly. Analysis of the nifH clone libraries showed a significant effect of the nodule size on the community composition of nitrogen fixing microbes. Medium sized nodules (2–5 mm) contained a uniform community composed of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, whereas the small nodules (< 2 mm) consisted of a diverse community including clones with non-Rhizobium nifH gene sequences. Regarding the impact of the soil age on the community composition a clear distinction between the small and the medium nodules can be made. While clone libraries from the medium nodules were pretty similar at both soil ages, soil age had a significant effect on the community compositions of the small nodules, where the proportion of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii increased with soil age.
Technical Note: Downscaling RCM precipitation to the station scale using statistical transformations – a comparison of methods
Authors: Gudmundsson L. , Bremnes J. B. , Haugen J. E. , Engen-Skaugen T.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The impact of climate change on water resources is usually assessed at the local scale. However, regional climate models (RCMs) are known to exhibit systematic biases in precipitation. Hence, RCM simulations need to be post-processed in order to produce reliable estimates of local scale climate. Popular post-processing approaches are based on statistical transformations, which attempt to adjust the distribution of modelled data such that it closely resembles the observed climatology. However, the diversity of suggested methods renders the selection of optimal techniques difficult and therefore there is a need for clarification. In this paper, statistical transformations for post-processing RCM output are reviewed and classified into (1) distribution derived transformations, (2) parametric transformations and (3) nonparametric transformations, each differing with respect to their underlying assumptions. A real world application, using observations of 82 precipitation stations in Norway, showed that nonparametric transformations have the highest skill in systematically reducing biases in RCM precipitation.
HESS Opinions "Should we apply bias correction to global and regional climate model data?"
Authors: Ehret U. , Zehe E. , Wulfmeyer V. , Warrach-Sagi K. , Liebert J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Despite considerable progress in recent years, output of both global and regional circulation models is still afflicted with biases to a degree that precludes its direct use, especially in climate change impact studies. This is well known, and to overcome this problem, bias correction (BC; i.e. the correction of model output towards observations in a post-processing step) has now become a standard procedure in climate change impact studies. In this paper we argue that BC is currently often used in an invalid way: it is added to the GCM/RCM model chain without sufficient proof that the consistency of the latter (i.e. the agreement between model dynamics/model output and our judgement) as well as the generality of its applicability increases. BC methods often impair the advantages of circulation models by altering spatiotemporal field consistency, relations among variables and by violating conservation principles. Currently used BC methods largely neglect feedback mechanisms, and it is unclear whether they are time-invariant under climate change conditions. Applying BC increases agreement of climate model output with observations in hindcasts and hence narrows the uncertainty range of simulations and predictions without, however, providing a satisfactory physical justification. This is in most cases not transparent to the end user. We argue that this hides rather than reduces uncertainty, which may lead to avoidable forejudging of end users and decision makers. We present here a brief overview of state-of-the-art bias correction methods, discuss the related assumptions and implications, draw conclusions on the validity of bias correction and propose ways to cope with biased output of circulation models in the short term and how to reduce the bias in the long term. The most promising strategy for improved future global and regional circulation model simulations is the increase in model resolution to the convection-permitting scale in combination with ensemble predictions based on sophisticated approaches for ensemble perturbation. With this article, we advocate communicating the entire uncertainty range associated with climate change predictions openly and hope to stimulate a lively discussion on bias correction among the atmospheric and hydrological community and end users of climate change impact studies.
It takes a community to raise a hydrologist: the Modular Curriculum for Hydrologic Advancement (MOCHA)
Authors: Wagener T. , Kelleher C. , Weiler M. , McGlynn B. , Gooseff M. , Marshall L. , Meixner T. , McGuire K. , Gregg S. , Sharma P. , Zappe S.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Protection from hydrological extremes and the sustainable supply of hydrological services in the presence of changing climate and lifestyles as well as rocketing population pressure in many parts of the world are the defining societal challenges for hydrology in the 21st century. A review of the existing literature shows that these challenges and their educational consequences for hydrology were foreseeable and were even predicted by some. However, surveys of the current educational basis for hydrology also clearly demonstrate that hydrology education is not yet ready to prepare students to deal with these challenges. We present our own vision of the necessary evolution of hydrology education, which we implemented in the Modular Curriculum for Hydrologic Advancement (MOCHA). The MOCHA project is directly aimed at developing a community-driven basis for hydrology education. In this paper we combine literature review, community survey, discussion and assessment to provide a holistic baseline for the future of hydrology education. The ultimate objective of our educational initiative is to enable educators to train a new generation of "renaissance hydrologists," who can master the holistic nature of our field and of the problems we encounter.
Ice velocity changes in the Ross and Ronne sectors observed using satellite radar data from 1997 and 2009
Authors: Scheuchl B. , Mouginot J. , Rignot E.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. We report changes in ice velocity of a 6.5 million km2 region around South Pole encompassing the Filchner-Ronne and Ross Ice Shelves and a significant portion of the ice streams and glaciers that constitute their catchment areas. Using the first full interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) coverage of the region completed in 2009 and partial coverage acquired in 1997, we processed the data to assemble a comprehensive map of ice speed changes between those two years. On the Ross Ice Shelf, our results confirm a continued deceleration of Mercer and Whillans Ice Streams with a 12-yr velocity difference of −50 m yr−1 (−16.7%) and −100 m yr−1 (−25.3%) at their grounding lines. The deceleration spreads 450 km upstream of the grounding line and more than 500 km onto the shelf, beyond what was previously known. Ross and Filchner Ice Shelves exhibit signs of pre-calving events, representing the largest observed changes, with an increase in speed in excess of +100 m yr−1 in 12 yr. Other changes in the Ross Ice Shelf region are less significant. The observed changes in glacier speed extend on the Ross Ice Shelf along the ice streams' flow lines. Most tributaries of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf show a modest deceleration or no change between 1997 and 2009. Slessor Glacier shows a small deceleration over a large sector. No change is detected on the Bailey, Rutford, and Institute Ice Streams. On the Filchner Ice Shelf itself, ice decelerated rather uniformly with a 12-yr difference in speed of −50 m yr−1, or −5% of its ice front speed, which we attribute to a 12 km advance in its ice front position. Our results show that dynamic changes are present in the region. They highlight the need for continued observation of the area with a primary focus on the Siple Coast. The dynamic changes in Central Antarctica between 1997 and 2009 are generally second-order effects in comparison to losses on glaciers in the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas region and on the Antarctic Peninsula. We therefore conclude that the dynamic changes shown here do not have a strong impact on the mass budget of the Antarctic continent.
Variable glacier response to atmospheric warming, northern Antarctic Peninsula, 1988–2009
Authors: Davies B. J. , Carrivick J. L. , Glasser N. F. , Hambrey M. J. , Smellie J. L.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The northern Antarctic Peninsula has recently exhibited ice-shelf disintegration, glacier recession and acceleration. However, the dynamic response of land-terminating, ice-shelf tributary and tidewater glaciers has not yet been quantified or assessed for variability, and there are sparse data for glacier classification, morphology, area, length or altitude. This paper firstly classifies the area, length, altitude, slope, aspect, geomorphology, type and hypsometry of 194 glaciers on Trinity Peninsula, Vega Island and James Ross Island in 2009 AD. Secondly, this paper documents glacier change 1988–2009. In 2009, the glacierised area was 8140±262 km2. From 1988–2001, 90% of glaciers receded, and from 2001–2009, 79% receded. This equates to an area change of −4.4% for Trinity Peninsula eastern coast glaciers, −0.6% for western coast glaciers, and −35.0% for ice-shelf tributary glaciers from 1988–2001. Tidewater glaciers on the drier, cooler eastern Trinity Peninsula experienced fastest shrinkage from 1988–2001, with limited frontal change after 2001. Glaciers on the western Trinity Peninsula shrank less than those on the east. Land-terminating glaciers on James Ross Island shrank fastest in the period 1988–2001. This east-west difference is largely a result of orographic temperature and precipitation gradients across the Antarctic Peninsula, with warming temperatures affecting the precipitation-starved glaciers on the eastern coast more than on the western coast. Reduced shrinkage on the western Peninsula may be a result of higher snowfall, perhaps in conjunction with the fact that these glaciers are mostly grounded. Rates of area loss on the eastern side of Trinity Peninsula are slowing, which we attribute to the floating ice tongues receding into the fjords and reaching a new dynamic equilibrium. The rapid shrinkage of tidewater glaciers on James Ross Island is likely to continue because of their low elevations and flat profiles. In contrast, the higher and steeper tidewater glaciers on the eastern Antarctic Peninsula will attain more stable frontal positions after low-lying ablation areas are removed, reaching equilibrium more quickly.
Numerical mass conservation issues in shallow ice models of mountain glaciers: the use of flux limiters and a benchmark
Authors: Jarosch A. H. , Schoof C. G. , Anslow F. S.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Numerical simulation of glacier dynamics in mountainous regions using low-order, shallow ice models is desirable for computational efficiency and their capability of including ice dynamics in estimates of mountain glacier wastage worldwide. However, these models present several difficulties when applied to complex topography. One such problem arises where dynamical mass flux over steep topography produces spurious mass at a grid cell flux boundary if upstream cells receive positive mass balance. This paper describes a vertically integrated, shallow ice model using a second order flux limiting spatial discretization scheme that enforces mass conservation. An exact solution to ice flow over a bedrock step is derived for a given mass balance forcing as a benchmark to evaluate the model performance in such a difficult setting. This benchmark should serve as a useful test for modellers interested in simulating glaciers over complex terrain.
Use of TachoSil® in Laparoscopic Enucleoresection of Renal Masses Smaller than 4 cm: Our Preliminary Experience of 41 Cases
Authors: Fanari Massimiliano , Serra Simona , Corona Andrea , De Lisa Antonello
Published: September 2012

Introduction

In nephron-sparing surgery the use of new and various hemostatic materials has provided a significant support in the control of intraoperative hemostasis of resection bed. Objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of hemostatic material TachoSil® in laparoscopic treatment of renal masses < 4 cm.

Materials and Methods

41 patients underwent laparoscopic renal enucleoresection. In all patients one or more hemostatic TachoSil® sponges were used, affixed to the bed of resection; we retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of this technique. Transperitoneal access in 39 patients with antero-lateral mass and retroperitoneoscopic access in 2 patients with middle-posterior mass. After performing a warm ischemia, we proceeded to mass enucleoresection by cold blade, and to hemostasis control by suturing open vessels on the resection bed with “central suturing” technique. After unclamping the renal artery, one or more hemostatic sponges of TachoSil® were always used (fibrinogen and human thrombin) affixed to the bed section.

Results

No significant variations of Hb, BUN and Crs. 3 cases (6.9% of renal units) of intraoperative hemorrhage requesting blood transfusion, 2 cases (4.6% of renal units) of urinary leakage at low pressure, treated conservatively with retrograde application of ureteral stent DJ for 21 days; 2 patients underwent new laparoscopy and suture. The mean time to hemostasis, evaluated in terms of the absence of macroscopic intraoperative bleeding after the application of TachoSil®, was 5.5 (3–16) minutes. Average hospital stay: 5.5 (4–11) days. Follow-up: 37.6 (5–84) months.

Discussion

The control of hemostasis is the key problem inherent to laparoscopic technique and can be approached using hemostatic agents. Currently hemostatic agents such as TachoSil® are used increasingly as an adjuvant agent in the control of bleeding, having an excellent application in laparoscopic renal enucleoresection, and proving safe and effective in the treatment of tumors below 4 cm.
BPH: State of the Art in the Surgical Treatment
Authors: Grasso Angelica A.C. , Albo Giancarlo , Cozzi Gabriele , Spinelli Matteo G. , Talso Michele , Dell'Orto Paolo G. , Ferruti Mario , Rocco Bernardo M. , Rocco Francesco
Published: September 2012

TURP has been considered the gold standard for surgical treatment of BPH for many years. Symptoms relief, improvement in maximum flow rate and reduction of post void residual urine have been reported in several experiences. Nevertheless, concerns have been reported in terms of safety outcomes: intracapsular perforation, TUR syndrome, bleeding.

In the recent years the use of new forms of energy and devices such as bipolar resector, Ho: YAG and potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser are challenging the role of traditional TURP for BPH surgical treatment.

In 1999 TURP represented 81% of surgical treatment for BPH versus 39% in 2005. We have analyzed guidelines and recent literature to evaluate the role of the most relevant new surgical approaches compared to TURP for the treatment of BPH.
The Efficacy of Degarelix on LUTS (Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms) Relief in Patients with Prostate Cancer
Authors: Bertaccini Alessandro , Marchiori Debora
Published: September 2012

Hormonal therapy is one of the treatment options for prostate cancer patients. There are many hormonal treatments modality to block the testosterone effect on prostate cancer cell proliferation. Degarelix is an innovative molecule able to antagonize the GnRH receptor with comparable oncological results to GnRH agonist, but with less side effects, avoiding the flare up phase, and better efficacy in LUTS relief. These characteristics of degarelix can impact on the clinical decision making to choose a therapy instead of another.
Urinary Tract Endometriosis: Anatomopathology Features
Authors: Pedruzzi Elisabetta , Tardanico Regina
Published: September 2012

Endometriosis is a pathological entity characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in ectopic side, out of the uterus and the histological analysis represents the basic examination to a definitive diagnosis.

The macroscopic and microscopic features to urological level are similar to those in the others sides and include not only the “usual” aspects of the pathology but also hyperplastic and metaplastic changes both in the glandular and stromal components.
Catalytic, Mild, and Selective Oxyfunctionalization of Linear Alkanes: Current Challenges
Authors: Bordeaux Mélanie , Galarneau Anne , Drone Jullien
Published: September 2012

Selective catalysts for sustainable oxidation of alkanes are highly demanded because of the abundance of these molecules in the environment, the possibility to transform them into higher‐value compounds, such as chemicals or synthetic fuels, and the fact that, kinetically speaking, this is a difficult reaction. Numerous chemical and biological catalysts have been developed in the lasts decades for this purpose, rendering the overview over this field of chemistry difficult. After giving a definition of the ideal catalyst for alkane oxyfunctionalization, this review aims to present the catalysts available today that are closest to ideal.
Redox‐Active Ligands in Catalysis
Authors: Praneeth Vijayendran K. K. , Ringenberg Mark R. , Ward Thomas R.
Published: September 2012

Nature’s use of redox‐active moieties combined with 3d transition‐metal ions is a powerful strategy to promote multi‐electron catalytic reactions. The ability of these moieties to store redox equivalents aids metalloenzymes in promoting multi‐electron reactions, avoiding high‐energy intermediates. In a biomimetic spirit, chemists have recently developed approaches relying on redox‐active moieties in the vicinity of metal centers to catalyze challenging transformations. This approach enables chemists to impart noble‐metal character to less toxic, and cost effective 3d transitional metals, such as Fe or Cu, in multi‐electron catalytic reactions.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of duplex ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography or computed tomography for surveillance after endovascular aneurysm repair
Authors: Karthikesalingam A , Al-Jundi W , Jackson D , Boyle J R , Beard J D , Holt P J E , Thompson M M
Published: September 2012

Background

Previous analyses suggested that duplex ultrasonography (DUS) detected endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) with insufficient sensitivity; they did not specifically examine types 1 and 3 endoleak, which, if untreated, may lead to aneurysm-related death. In light of changes to clinical practice, the diagnostic accuracy of DUS and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) for types 1 and 3 endoleak required focused reappraisal.

Methods

Studies comparing DUS or CEUS with computed tomography (CT) for endoleak detection were identified. CT was taken as the standard in bivariable meta-analysis.

Results

Twenty-five studies (3975 paired scans) compared DUS with CT for all endoleaks. The pooled sensitivity was 0·74 (95 per cent confidence interval 0·62 to 0·83) and the pooled specificity was 0·94 (0·90 to 0·97). Thirteen studies (2650 paired scans) reported detection of types 1 and 3 endoleak by DUS; the pooled sensitivity of DUS was 0·83 (0·40 to 0·97) and the pooled specificity was 1·00 (0·97 to 1·00). Eleven studies (961 paired scans) compared CEUS with CT for all endoleaks. The pooled sensitivity of CEUS was 0·96 (0·85 to 0·99) and the pooled specificity was 0·85 (0·76 to 0·92). Eight studies (887 paired scans) reported detection of types 1 and 3 endoleak by CEUS. The pooled sensitivity of CEUS was 0·99 (0·25 to 1·00) and the pooled specificity was 1·00 (0·98 to 1·00).

Conclusion

Both CEUS and DUS were specific for detection of types 1 and 3 endoleak. Estimates of their sensitivity were uncertain but there was no evidence of a clinically important difference. DUS detects types 1 and 3 endoleak with sufficient accuracy for surveillance after EVAR.
Gender Differences in Physical Aggression and Associated Developmental Correlates in a Sample of Canadian Preschoolers
Authors: Lussier Patrick , Corrado Raymond , Tzoumakis Stacy
Published: September 2012

Recent studies have indicated that gender differences in children's aggressive behavior emerge during the preschool years and that these differences are relatively stable during childhood. The current study assesses whether these gender differences can be observed when a multidimensional measure of aggression from the ongoing Vancouver Longitudinal Study on the psychosocial development of children is utilized. Specifically, the level of physical aggression (PA) in three cohorts of children (aged three, four, and five years) from the initial 338 families in the Wave I data recruited for this study was analyzed using a series of constrained and unconstrained latent class models. Three latent classes of physically aggressive children were identified (low, moderate, and high level), with boys being over‐represented in the highly aggressive group and being five times more likely than girls to show high levels of aggression. No age effects were detected, suggesting gender differences from the age of three years onward. The correlates of PA were similar for both boys and girls. Particularly important, a small subgroup of highly aggressive boys emerged from the study showing a clinical profile similar to Moffitt's life‐course‐persistent antisocial pattern. Such a group was not identified for girls. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A system for automatic animation of piano performances
Authors: Zhu Yuanfeng , Ramakrishnan Ajay Sundar , Hamann Bernd , Neff Michael
Published: September 2012

Playing the piano requires one to precisely position one's hand in order to strike particular combinations of keys at specific moments in time. This paper presents the first system for automatically generating three‐dimensional animations of piano performance, given an input midi music file. A graph theory‐based motion planning method is used to decide which set of fingers should strike the piano keys for each chord. As the progression of the music is anticipated, the positions of unused fingers are calculated to make possible efficient fingering of future notes. Initial key poses of the hands, including those for complex piano techniques such as crossovers and arpeggio, are determined on the basis of the finger positions and piano theory. An optimization method is used to refine these poses, producing a natural and minimal energy pose sequence. Motion transitions between poses are generated using a combination of sampled piano playing motion and music features, allowing the system to support different playing styles. Our approach is validated through direct comparison with actual piano playing and simulation of a complete music piece requiring various playing skills. Extensions of our system are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volumetric subspace mesh deformation with structure preservation
Authors: Zhao Yong , Liu Jianhui
Published: September 2012

Existing deformation techniques are oblivious to salient structures that often capture the essence of 3D meshes. Combining with gradient domain technique, we propose an alternative approach to preserve these structures in the volumetric subspace. Through a simple sketching interface, the structures of the input mesh are specified by the user. During deformations, these key structures are constrained to deform rigidly to maintain their original shapes, hence avoiding serious visual artifacts. However, this process leads to a nonlinear optimization problem. To guarantee fast convergence as well as numerical stability, we project the deformation energy onto a volumetric subspace which envelops the input mesh. Then the energy optimization is performed in this subspace to greatly facilitate the editing of large meshes. Massive experimental data demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our algorithm. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Articulation to and from the Applied Associate Degree: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Ignash Jan M.
Published: September 2012

This chapter discusses the “tangled knot” of articulating associate degrees in applied fields and reviews sample programs from applied associate (A.A.S.) to baccalaureate degrees using three distinct pathways, comparing the resulting A.A.S. to baccalaureate degree pathways to similar B.A. or B.S. programs.
Why Applied Baccalaureates Appeal to Working Adults: From National Results to Promising Practices
Authors: Bragg Debra , Ruud Collin
Published: September 2012

Mindful that applied baccalaureate degrees often have as their target audience adults who consider themselves workers first and students second, this chapter defines the AB degree, offers insights into why they are important, and presents results of a state‐by‐state inventory highlighting applied baccalaureate degree programs in Oklahoma and Washington.
Nanopalladium on Amino‐Functionalized Mesocellular Foam: An Efficient Catalyst for Suzuki Reactions and Transfer Hydrogenations
Authors: Verho Oscar , Nagendiran Anuja , Johnston Eric V. , Tai Cheuk‐wai , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: September 2012

The applications of a heterogeneous Pd0‐AmP‐MCF nanoparticle catalyst in Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions and transfer hydrogenations of alkenes are described. The catalyst was highly efficient for both transformations, resulting in 1) coupling of a wide range of aryl halides with various boronic acids in high yields and 2) chemoselective reduction of a variety of alkenes with the use of 1‐methyl‐1,4‐cyclohexadiene as hydrogen donor. Moreover, the catalyst can be recycled several times without any significant decrease in activity or leaching of metal into solution, making the protocol economical and environmentally friendly. In the case of the Suzuki cross‐coupling, a 15‐fold increase in reaction rate was observed if the reaction was performed under microwave irradiation compared to conventional heating in an oil bath.
One‐Pot Synthesis, Characterization, and Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of a BiOBr–Graphene Composite
Authors: Tu Xinman , Luo Shenglian , Chen Guixiang , Li Jinghong
Published: September 2012

Herein, a chemically bonded BiOBr–graphene composite (BiOBr–RG) was prepared through a facile in situ solvothermal method in the presence of graphene oxide. Graphene oxide could be easily reduced to graphene under solvothermal conditions, and simultaneously BiOBr nanoplates with pure tetragonal phase were grown uniformly on the graphene surface. The structure and photoelectrochemical properties of the resulting materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and impedance and photocurrent action measurements. The combination of BiOBr and graphene introduces some properties of graphene into the photocatalysis reaction, such as excellent conductivity, adsorptivity, and controllability. A remarkable threefold enhancement in the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was observed with as‐prepared BiOBr–RG as compared with pure BiOBr under visible light (λ>420 nm). The enhanced photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the great adsorptivity of dyes, the extended photoresponse range, the negative shift in the Fermi level of BiOBr–RG, and the high migration efficiency of photoinduced electrons, which may effectively suppress the charge recombination.
A Dicationic Ruthenium Alkylidene Complex for Continuous Biphasic Metathesis Using Monolith‐Supported Ionic Liquids
Authors: Autenrieth Benjamin , Frey Wolfgang , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: September 2012

A dicationic ruthenium–alkylidene complex [Ru(dmf)3(IMesH2)(CH‐2‐(2‐PrO)‐C6H4)][(BF4)2] (1; IMesH2=1,3‐dimesitylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene) has been prepared and used in continuous metathesis reactions by exploiting supported ionic‐liquid phase (SILP) technology. For these purposes, ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP)‐derived monoliths were prepared from norborn‐2‐ene, tris(norborn‐5‐ene‐2‐ylmethyloxy)methylsilane, and [RuCl2(PCy3)2(CHPh)] (Cy=cyclohexyl) in the presence of 2‐propanol and toluene and surface grafted with norborn‐5‐en‐2‐ylmethyl‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate ([NBE‐CH2‐NMe3][BF4]). Subsequent immobilization of the ionic liquid (IL), 1‐butyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BDMIM][BF4]), containing ionic catalyst 1 created the SILP catalyst. The use of a second liquid transport phase, which contained the substrate and was immiscible with the IL, allowed continuous metathesis reactions to be realized. High turnover numbers (TONs) of up to 3700 obtained in organic solvents for the ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) of, for example, N,N‐diallyltrifluoroacetamide, diethyl diallylmalonate, diethyl di(methallyl)malonate, tert‐butyl‐N,N‐diallylcarbamate, N,N‐diallylacetamide, diphenyldiallylsilane, and 1,7‐octadiene, as well as in the self‐metathesis of methyl oleate, could be further increased by using biphasic conditions with [BDMIM][BF4]/heptane. Under continuous SILP conditions, TONs up to 900 were observed. Due to the ionic character of the initiator, catalyst leaching into the transport phase was very low (<0.1 %). Finally, the IL can, together with decomposed catalyst, be removed from the monolithic support by flushing with methanol. Upon reloading with [BDMIM][BF4]/1, the recycled support material again qualified for utilization in continuous metathesis reactions.
The First Catalytic Synthesis of an Acrylate from CO2 and an Alkene—A Rational Approach
Authors: Lejkowski Michael L. , Lindner Ronald , Kageyama Takeharu , Bódizs Gabriella É. , Plessow Philipp N. , Müller Imke B. , Schäfer Ansgar , Rominger Frank , Hofmann Peter , Futter Cornelia , Schunk Stephan A. , Limbach Michael
Published: September 2012

For more than three decades the catalytic synthesis of acrylates from the cheap and abundantly available C1 building block carbon dioxide and alkenes has been an unsolved problem in catalysis research, both in academia and industry. Herein, we describe a homogeneous catalyst based on nickel that permits the catalytic synthesis of the industrially highly relevant acrylate sodium acrylate from CO2, ethylene, and a base, as demonstrated, at this stage, by a turnover number of greater than 10 with respect to the metal.
The hitchhikers guide to cancer stem cell theory: Markers, pathways and therapy
Authors: Fábián Ákos , Vereb György , Szöllősi János
Published: September 2012

Cancer stem cell (CSC) biology is a rapidly developing field within cancer research. CSCs are postulated to be a unique cell population exclusively capable of infinite self renewal, multilineage differentiation and with ability to evade conventional cytotoxic cancer therapy. These traits distinguish CSCs from their more differentiated counterparts, which possess only limited or no potential for self renewal and tumor initiation. Therefore, CSCs would be the driving motor of malignant growth and therapy resistance. Accordingly, successful cancer treatment would need to eliminate this highly potent group of cells, since even small residual numbers would suffice to recapitulate the disease after therapy. Putative CSCs has been identified in a broad range of human malignancies and several cell surface markers have been associated with their stem cell phenotype. Despite all efforts, a pure CSC population has not been isolated and often in vitro clonogenic and in vivo tumorigenic potential is found in several cell populations with occasionally contradictory surface marker signatures. Here, we give a brief overview of recent advances in CSC theory, including the signaling pathways in CSCs that also appear crucial for stem cells homeostasis in normal tissues. We discuss evidence for the interaction of CSCs with the stromal tumor environment. Finally, we review the emerging potentially effective CSC‐targeted treatment strategies and their future role in therapy. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Extreme climatic events drive mammal irruptions: regression analysis of 100‐year trends in desert rainfall and temperature
Authors: Greenville Aaron C. , Wardle Glenda M. , Dickman Chris R.
Published: September 2012

Extreme climatic events, such as flooding rains, extended decadal droughts and heat waves have been identified increasingly as important regulators of natural populations. Climate models predict that global warming will drive changes in rainfall and increase the frequency and severity of extreme events. Consequently, to anticipate how organisms will respond we need to document how changes in extremes of temperature and rainfall compare to trends in the mean values of these variables and over what spatial scales the patterns are consistent. Using the longest historical weather records available for central Australia – 100 years – and quantile regression methods, we investigate if extreme climate events have changed at similar rates to median events, if annual rainfall has increased in variability, and if the frequency of large rainfall events has increased over this period. Specifically, we compared local (individual weather stations) and regional (Simpson Desert) spatial scales, and quantified trends in median (50th quantile) and extreme weather values (5th, 10th, 90th, and 95th quantiles). We found that median and extreme annual minimum and maximum temperatures have increased at both spatial scales over the past century. Rainfall changes have been inconsistent across the Simpson Desert; individual weather stations showed increases in annual rainfall, increased frequency of large rainfall events or more prolonged droughts, depending on the location. In contrast to our prediction, we found no evidence that intra‐annual rainfall had become more variable over time. Using long‐term live‐trapping records (22 years) of desert small mammals as a case study, we demonstrate that irruptive events are driven by extreme rainfalls (>95th quantile) and that increases in the magnitude and frequency of extreme rainfall events are likely to drive changes in the populations of these species through direct and indirect changes in predation pressure and wildfires.
Highly Selective and Efficient Lewis Acid–Base Catalysts Based on Lanthanide‐Containing Polyoxometalates for Oximation of Aldehydes and Ketones
Authors: Zhao Shen , Huang Lujiang , Song Yu‐Fei
Published: September 2012

Two lanthanide‐containing polyoxometalates (POMs) have been developed as Lewis acid–base catalysts for highly selective and efficient oximation of various aldehydes and ketones under mild conditions.
Nystatin‐enhanced glutathione production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on γ‐glutamylcysteine synthase activity and K+
Authors: Zhao Yucheng , Bian Xiaohong , You Xiaoqing , Shao Fei , Xiang Xi , Deng Xuepeng , Zhao Ganggang , Xu Jiyang
Published: September 2012

Glutathione (GSH), an important tripeptide compound, is widely used as a therapeutic and in the food and cosmetic industries. To improve its production yield, we added the antibiotic nystatin to a batch fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, at different concentrations and at various times. Based on the results that nystatin can effectively stimulate GSH accumulation but at the same time inhibits cell growth, a three‐point addition strategy (0.05 mg/L at 8 h, 0.25 mg/L at 16 h, and 0.5 mg/L at 20 h) was developed to maximize GSH production. As a result, a maximum yield of 237.8 mg/L was obtained, which was by 50.6% higher than without the addition of nystatin. When combining this strategy with cysteine addition, the GSH yield increased to 278.9 mg/L. Subsequently, the γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ‐GCS) activity and K+ concentration were analyzed to investigate the possible mechanism involved in the increased production. It was found that the nystatin‐induced increase in the GSH yield was associated with a higher γ‐GCS activity and K+ concentration.
The flame retardant effect of aluminum phosphinate in combination with zinc borate, borophosphate, and nanoclay in polyamide‐6
Authors: Doğan Mehmet , Bayramlı Erdal
Published: September 2012

The effect of zinc borate (ZnB), borophosphate (BPO4), and organoclay were studied to improve the flame retardancy of polyamide‐6 composites containing organic phosphinates. The flame retardancy of polyamide‐6 composites was investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), Underwriters Laboratories (UL‐94) standard, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and mass loss calorimeter. The addition of 15 wt% aluminum phosphinate (AlPi) increased the LOI value from 22.5 to 29.5, and V0 rating was obtained from UL‐94 test. The addition of organoclay, ZnB, and borophosphate does not change the predominant gas phase mechanism of AlPi during LOI and UL‐94 tests. The addition of organoclay increased the condensed phase mechanism of AlPi physically by the protective effect of layered silicate, whereas the addition of ZnB increased the condensed phase mechanism of AlPi chemically by the formation of boron aluminum phosphate species deducted from mass loss calorimeter studies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the nature of three‐dimensional encoding in the cognitive map: Commentary on Hayman, Verriotis, Jovalekic, Fenton, and Jeffery
Authors: Taube Jeffrey S. , Shinder Michael
Published: September 2012

A recent article by Hayman, Verriotis, Jovalekic, Fenton, and Jeffery titled Anisotropic encoding of three‐dimensional space by place cells and grid cells (2011) explored how place and grid cells respond when rats locomote vertically above the ground. From their results the authors concluded a number of points about rats' abilities to orient and navigate in three dimensions. Here, we review evidence revolving around several issues including: (1) what reference frame rats use when locomoting vertically, (2) whether rats can perceive their height above the ground, (3) whether rats can estimate vertical distance and have a cognitive map in the vertical domain, (4) whether rats can path integrate in the vertical domain, and (5) does processing 3‐dimensional representations require a large number of neurons. We argue that the Hayman et al. results can be accounted for by considering the reference frame the animals used in the tasks. Had the rats been facing inward with their limbs in contact with the vertical surface when moving, it is possible that different patterns of place and grid cell activity would have been observed. Further, there is good evidence to indicate that rats can orient and navigate effectively in the vertical domain. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human adipose‐derived stem cells and three‐dimensional scaffold constructs: A review of the biomaterials and models currently used for bone regeneration
Authors: Zanetti Andrea S. , Sabliov Cristina , Gimble Jeffrey M. , Hayes Daniel J.
Published: September 2012

In the past decade, substantial strides have been taken toward the use of human adipose‐derived stromal/stem cells (hASC) in the regeneration of bone. Since the discovery of the hASC osteogenic potential, many models have combined hASC with biodegradable scaffold materials. In general, rats and immunodeficient (nude) mice models for nonweight bearing bone formation have led the way to assess hASC osteogenic potentialin vivo. The goal of this review is to present an overview of the recent literature describing hASC osteogenesis in conjuction with three‐dimensional scaffolds for bone regeneration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 101B: 187–199, 2013.
Relation of Leptin and Adiponectin With Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Intact Parathormone, and Vitamin D Levels in Patients With Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: de Luis Daniel Antonio , Soto Gonzalo Diaz , Conde Rosa , Izaola Olatz , de la Fuente Beatriz
Published: September 2012

Background

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship of leptin and adiponectin levels with cardiovascular risk factors and anthropometric parameters in patients with PHTP with and without metabolic syndrome (MS).

Methods

A total of 62 patients with PHPT were enrolled. Weight, blood pressure, basal glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, HOMA‐R, intact parathormone, vitamin D, calcium, leptin, and adiponectin levels were measured in fasting condition.

Results

Prevalence of MS with ATP III definition was 32.3% (20 patients; 15 females (75%) and 5 males (25%)) and 67.7% patients without MS (n = 42 patients; 35 females (83.3%) and 7 males (16.7%)). In the analysis with leptin as dependent variable, the weight and HOMA‐R levels remained in the model (F = 9.2; P < 0.05), with an increase of 1.31 (CI 95%: 0.24–2.31) ng/ml with each one unit of HOMA‐R and an increase of 0.4 (CI 95%: 0.01–0.84) ng/ml with each 1 kg of weight. In a second model with adiponectin as dependent variable, the HOMA‐R and HDL‐cholesterol levels remained in the model (F = 7.37; P < 0.05), with a decrease of −0.62 (CI 95%: 0.01–1.1) ng/ml with each one point of HOMA‐R and an increase of 0.18 (CI 95%: 0.04–0.38) ng/ml with each 1 mg/dl of HDL‐cholesterol. In the multivariate, PTH I was not associated with other variables.

Conclusion

There was a high prevalence of MS—32.3% of patients with PHPT presented an MS. Serum levels of leptin and adiponectin are not related with PTH I, vitamin D, and calcium levels in patients with PHPT. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 26:398‐402, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Getting to Zero: Evidence‐based healthcare risk management is key
Authors: Card Alan J. , Ward James R. , Clarkson P. John
Published: September 2012

In this article we call for a new approach to patient safety improvement, one based on the emerging field of evidence‐based healthcare risk management (EBHRM). We explore EBHRM in the broader context of the evidence‐based healthcare movement, assess the benefits and challenges that might arise in adopting an evidence‐based approach, and make recommendations for meeting those challenges and realizing the benefits of a more scientific approach.
Micro‐Raman spectroscopy of carbon‐based black pigments
Authors: Tomasini Eugenia P. , Halac Emilia B. , Reinoso María , Di Liscia Emiliano J. , Maier Marta S.
Published: September 2012

Carbon‐based black pigments are a wide group of dark‐colored materials, which are classified according to the starting material used and their method of manufacture. Raman spectroscopy is an ideal technique for the characterization of carbonaceous matter: crystalline carbon materials present well‐defined peaks, which can be easily assigned; amorphous carbon materials, on the other hand, show broad bands between 1300 and 1600 cm−1. The aim of this work was the discrimination between carbon‐based pigments by micro‐Raman spectroscopy. Five carbon‐based pigments provided by Zecchi (lampblack, ivory black, bistre, bitumen, and graphite), two humic‐earth materials [Van Dyck (Kremer) and Earth of Kassel (Zecchi)], and a commercial wood charcoal were studied. Raman spectra of all the samples showed the characteristic bands at approximately 1580 and 1350 cm−1; however, a clear difference in position, width, and relative intensity could be observed for most of the samples. The resulting analysis showed that micro‐Raman spectroscopy allowed the discrimination of most of the reference pigments and allowed the identification of carbon‐based black pigments in two South American colonial paintings dated from the early 18th century. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.