bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Governance in Permanent Whitewater: the board’s role in planning and implementing organisational change
Authors: Fields Dail
Published: March 2007

Theoretical perspectives on organisational governance tend to position boards and top management teams in relationships characterised either as control or collaboration. These perspectives may not take into account the realities faced by organisations needing to undertake changes to meet the demands of turbulent environments. What are the critical roles that boards should play to successfully accomplish organisational change? This study first examines research on organisational change in order to identify critical contributions that boards can make to successful planning and implementation of organisational change. Testable propositions are then presented that suggest roles boards should play in effectively guiding organisational change while protecting the interests of an organisation’s stakeholders.
Is Corporate Sustainability a Value‐Increasing Strategy for Business?
Authors: Lo Shih‐Fang , Sheu Her‐Jiun
Published: March 2007

A new movement reconciling corporate sustainability and investment is gaining world‐wide attention. Whether corporate sustainability has an impact on market value is examined using large US non‐financial firms from 1999 to 2002 in this paper. Taking Tobin’s q as the proxy for firm value, a significantly positive relation between corporate sustainability and its market value is found. We also find a strong interaction effect between corporate sustainability and sales growth on firm value. Moreover, there is evidence to support that being sustainable causes a firm to increase its value. This indicates that companies with remarkable sustainable development strategies are more likely to be rewarded by investors with a higher valuation in the financial markets.
Socially Responsible Investing: the green attitudes and grey choices of Australian investors
Authors: Vyvyan Victoria , Ng Chew , Brimble Mark
Published: March 2007

This Australian study seeks to better understand the disparity between the positive attitudes towards Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) and the level of investment in SRI, by examining both the attitudes to SRI and the investment choices that are made. It is hypothesised that those who are more committed to principles of environmental sustainability are more likely to invest in SRI. To test this, 318 people from two large Queensland organisations are surveyed in relation to their investment attitudes and preferences. We find that there are significant differences in investment attitudes with environmentalists placing more importance on SRI investment criteria. However, there was no significant difference between environmentalists and non‐environmentalists in terms of utility scores from an investment selection experiment with the environmentalists placing higher importance on financial performance criteria than SRI criteria, making choices similar to those with the lowest level of environmental activism. Furthermore, the observed lack of congruency between attitudes and choices in relation to environmental criteria may have implications for the growth of SRI funds.
Gender and Ethnic Diversity Among UK Corporate Boards
Authors: Brammer Stephen , Millington Andrew , Pavelin Stephen
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates the ethnic and gender diversity of the corporate board of UK companies, placing particular emphasis on links to board size and industry characteristics. We employ a novel dataset that covers a large sample of UK PLCs and describes a director’s gender, ethnicity and position held. We find both ethnic and gender diversity to be very limited, and that diversity is somewhat less pronounced among executive positions. We find significant cross‐sector variation in gender diversity, with an above average prevalence of women in Retail, Utilities, Media and Banking, while such variation in ethnic diversity is considerably less pronounced. Our evidence suggests that a close proximity to final consumers plays a more significant role in shaping board diversity than does the female presence among the industry’s workforce. We argue that this shows that board diversity is influenced by a firm’s external business environment and particularly an imperative to reflect corresponding diversity among its customers.
Board Globalisation in the World’s Largest TNCs 1993–2005
Authors: Staples Clifford L.
Published: March 2007

Transnational corporations (TNCs) are driving globalisation, but is there any evidence that the boards who govern these corporations are becoming more global? The question is intriguing to those who study corporate governance and those interested in the sociology of global capitalism, but up to now evidence on the extent of TNC board globalisation is largely anecdotal or weak. To address this issue I conducted a follow‐up to Gillies’ and Dickinson’s (1999Corporate Governance: An International Journal, 7, 237–247) study of 80 of the world’s largest TNCs. These authors reported that in 1993 36.3 per cent of these companies had at least one non‐national board member. In late 2005 I found, in contrast, that 75 per cent of these companies had at least one non‐national board member. However, the evidence also shows that while this trend has certainly become more widespread, it is not yet very deep; on average, only 25 per cent of these boards consisted of non‐nationals, while non‐nationals made up a majority of the board in only 10 per cent of these cases. Nevertheless, this trend toward more multinational boards is worth monitoring because such boards provide a transnational social infrastructure which may facilitate the emergence of a global business class.
FEMINIST PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION AND THE PROBLEM OF EPISTEMIC PRIVILEGE
Authors: HARRISON VICTORIA S.
Published: March 2007

There have been a number of developments within religious epistemology in recent years. Currently, the dominant view within mainstream philosophy of religion is, arguably, reformed epistemology. What is less well known is that feminist epistemologists have also been active recently within the philosophy of religion, advancing new perspectives from which to view the link between knowledge and religious experience. In this article I examine the claim by certain feminist religious epistemologists that women are both epistemically oppressed and epistemically privileged, and I consider whether or not this justifies the specific re‐conceptualisations of religious terms that such epistemologists have proposed.
Myofascial Trigger Points and Sensitization: An Updated Pain Model for Tension-Type Headache
Authors: Fernández-de-las-Peñas C , Cuadrado ML , Arendt-Nielsen L , Simons DG , Pareja JA
Published: March 2007

Present pain models for tension-type headache suggest that nociceptive inputs from peripheral tender muscles can lead to central sensitization and chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) conditions. Such models support that possible peripheral mechanisms leading to pericranial tenderness include activation or sensitization of nociceptive nerve endings by liberation of chemical mediators (bradikinin, serotonin, substance P). However, a study has found that nonspecific tender points in CTTH subjects were not responsible for liberation of algogenic substances in the periphery. Assuming that liberation of algogenic substances is important, the question arising is: if tender muscle points are not the primary sites of on-going neurogenic inflammation, which structure can be responsible for liberation of chemical mediators in the periphery? A recent study has found higher levels of algogenic substances, and lower pH levels, in active myofascial trigger point (TrPs) compared with control tender points. Clinical studies have demonstrated that referred pain elicited by head and neck muscles contribute to head pain patterns in CTTH. Based on available data, an updated pain model for CTTH is proposed in which headache can at least partly be explained by referred pain from TrPs in the posterior cervical, head and shoulder muscles. In this updated pain model, TrPs would be the primary hyperalgesic zones responsible for the development of central sensitization in CTTH.
Low self‐esteem: group cognitive behaviour therapy
Authors: Whelan Anne , Haywood Pennie , Galloway Scott
Published: March 2007

Accessible summary

This article will describe a group to help improve self‐esteem in adults with learning disabilities.

The group was based on a cognitive behavioural therapy model.

The article will show how this particular group was organized and run.

Relevant research and theory will be discussed and an outline of the group itself will be given.

This article will describe a self‐esteem cognitive behavioural therapy group run with adults with learning disabilities. The aim is to show how a group of this nature can be organized and run, using theory to inform practice. An introduction to the concept of self esteem will be given and then explored in relation to adults with learning disabilities. Details of the group, including how people were selected, will then be discussed. Some basic background information on group members and a cognitive behavioural formulation will follow. Then contents of sessions and the use of an adapted outcome measure will be mentioned, followed by some final reflections on the group.
Managing chronic pain in people with learning disabilities: a case study
Authors: Lewis Sarah , Bell Dorothy , Gillanders David
Published: March 2007

Accessible summary

Many people with learning disabilities have pain that never goes away. This is called chronic pain.

Lots of work has been done on chronic pain for people without learning disabilities, but not much is known about how to help people who have learning disabilities and chronic pain.

This paper looked at what helped people without learning disabilities to live with chronic pain and adapted it to be used for people with learning disabilities and chronic pain.

This paper found that it helped one woman and so it describes what was done so other people can use the same ideas in the future.

Chronic pain is a prevalent, under‐diagnosed problem in the learning disability population. This is in part due to communication problems, unrecognized pain behaviours and the effects of medication. As a consequence, chronic pain often goes untreated and causes ongoing distress. This paper initially describes the main research that has been carried out into learning disabilities and chronic pain management and then goes on to detail the case of a 32‐year‐old woman with mild–moderate learning disabilities who has been suffering from chronic pain for 16 months. A multi‐modal and multidisciplinary assessment was carried out to explore the physical and psychological underpinnings of her pain and its impact on her quality of life. A cognitive‐behavioural pain management intervention was developed by adapting a manual for non‐learning disabled adults to meet the physical, social and cognitive needs of the client. Sessions were carried out once a week for 4 months and improvements were reported in the level of pain intensity, levels of anxiety and depression and the range of activities she took part in.
Partial urethral obstruction of rabbit urinary bladder: stereological evidence that the increase in muscle content is mostly driven by changes in number, rather than size, of smooth muscle cells
Authors: De Castro Sasahara Tais H. , Mayhew Terry M. , Rahal Sheila C. , Fioretto Emerson T. , Balieiro Júlio C. C. , Ribeiro Antonio A. C. M.
Published: March 2007

The effects of partial urethral obstruction on the detrusor muscle of rabbit urinary bladder were investigated using stereological sampling and estimation tools. Twelve female Norfolk rabbits (2.5–3.0 kg body weight) were divided into four groups: 3, 7 and 12 weeks after surgical intervention to produce a standard partial obstruction and unobstructed controls. Following removal, bladder axes (craniocaudal, dorsoventral and laterolateral) and organ weights were recorded. Bladders were prepared for light microscopy by multistage random sampling procedures. Stereological methods were used to estimate the volume of muscle and the packing density and total number of myocyte nuclei in each bladder. We also estimated mean myocyte volume and the mean cross‐sectional area and length of myocytes. Group comparisons were made by one‐way analysis of variance. Changes in bladder axes were mainly laterolateral and craniocaudal. Mean bladder weight increased roughly six‐fold by 3 weeks and 17‐fold by 12 weeks and was accompanied, on average, by 12‐ and 33‐fold increases in total muscle volume. These variables did not differ at 3 and 7 weeks post‐obstruction. Increases in muscle content were not accompanied by changes in packing densities but were associated with increases in the total numbers of myocyte nuclei (13‐fold by 3 weeks, 28‐fold by 12 weeks). Mean myocyte volume did not vary significantly between groups but cells in obstructed groups were shorter and wider. These findings support the notion that partial outflow obstruction leads to an increase in the number, but not mean volume, of myocytes. If due solely to myocyte mitosis, the total of 43 × 108 cells found at 12 weeks could be generated by the original complement of 15 × 107 cells if an average of only 2.1 × 106 new cells was produced every hour. In reality, even this modest proliferation rate is unlikely to be achieved because myocyte proliferation rates are very low and it is possible that new myocytes can arise by differentiation of mesenchymal or other precursor cells.
Functional specialisation of the pelvic limb of the hare (Lepus europeus)
Authors: Williams S. B. , Payne R. C. , Wilson A. M.
Published: March 2007

We provide quantitative anatomical data on the muscle–tendon architecture of the hare pelvic limb (specifically muscle mass, fascicle length, pennation angle, tendon mass and length). In addition, moment arms of major pelvic limb muscles were measured. Maximum isometric force and power of muscles, the moment of force about a joint, and tendon stress and strain were estimated. Data are compared with published data for other cursorial mammals such as the horse and dog, and a non‐specialised Lagamorph, the rabbit. The pelvic limb of the hare was found to contain substantial amounts of hip extensor and adductor/abductor muscle volume, which is likely to be required for power production and stability during rapid turning. A proximal to distal reduction in muscle volume and fascicle length was also observed, as is the case in other cursorial quadrupeds, along with a reduction in distal limb mass via the replacement of muscle volume by long distal limb tendons, capable of storing large amounts of elastic energy. The majority of hare pelvic limb muscle moment arms varied with joint position, giving the hare the capacity to vary muscle function with limb posture and presumably different locomotor activities.
Antagonism of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 attenuates l‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia and its molecular and neurochemical correlates in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Mela Flora , Marti Matteo , Dekundy Andrzej , Danysz Wojciech , Morari Michele , Cenci M. Angela
Published: March 2007

Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) modulates dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission at central synapses. In this study, we addressed the role of mGluR5 in l‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia, a movement disorder that is due to abnormal activation of both dopamine and glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia. A selective and potent mGluR5 antagonist, 3‐[(2‐methyl‐1,3‐thiazol‐4‐yl)ethynyl] pyridine, was tested for its ability to modulate molecular, behavioural and neurochemical correlates of dyskinesia in 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats treated with l‐DOPA. The compound significantly attenuated the induction of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) by chronic l‐DOPA treatment at doses that did not interfere with the rat physiological motor activities. These effects were paralleled by an attenuation of molecular changes that are strongly associated with the dyskinesiogenic action of l‐DOPA (i.e. up‐regulation of prodynorphin mRNA in striatal neurons). Using in vivo microdialysis, we found a temporal correlation between the expression of l‐DOPA‐induced AIMs and an increased GABA outflow within the substantia nigra pars reticulata. When co‐administered with l‐DOPA, 3‐[(2‐methyl‐1,3‐thiazol‐4‐yl)ethynyl] pyridine greatly attenuated both the increase in nigral GABA levels and the expression of AIMs. These data demonstrate that mGluR5 antagonism produces strong anti‐dyskinetic effects in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease through central inhibition of the molecular and neurochemical underpinnings of l‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia.
Isolation of additional polymorphic tri‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the giant Australian cuttlefish (Sepia apama)
Authors: WHEATON LEANNE , DONNELLAN STEPHEN C. , VRIES MELITA C. DE , GARDNER MICHAEL G. , GILLANDERS BRONWYN M.
Published: March 2007

We isolated 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the giant Australian cuttlefish, Sepia apama, from a genomic library enriched for (AAC)n and (AAAG)n repetitive elements. In the nine loci that reliably amplified, the number of alleles ranged from four to 12 per locus with observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.343 to 0.926. These and a previously developed set of six loci will be useful for analysis of genetic structure of populations and determining input to a massive seasonal breeding aggregation in northern Spencer Gulf, Australia.
Development of eight polymorphic microsatellites for an Australasian rainforest tree species, Cryptocarya mackinnoniana (Lauraceae)
Authors: WELLS J. A. , GARDNER M. G. , LOWE A. J.
Published: March 2007

We developed eight microsatellite markers for Cryptocarya mackinnoniana to study the spatial genetic structure and ecological correlates of parentage in secondary rainforests in Australia's Wet Tropics. The microsatellite loci were screened in 99 trees, and 623 seedlings < 0.24 m tall, at a site extending from primary rainforest into adjacent 50‐year‐old secondary rainforest. The eight loci were polymorphic, exhibiting between three and 11 alleles, and gene diversity (HE) from 0.25 to 0.84. For the trees, no departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were detected, except at locus Cm03, which had an estimated null allele frequency of 0.0903. No locus combinations exhibited linkage disequilibrium.
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the invasive monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus)
Authors: RUSSELLO M. A. , SARANATHAN V. , BUHRMAN‐DEEVER S. , EBERHARD J. , CACCONE A.
Published: March 2007

Microsatellite loci were characterized for the monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) from a GTn‐enriched genomic library. Twelve of 14 microsatellite loci were polymorphic, averaging 6.7 alleles per locus across the 20 individuals genotyped. Mean expected heterozygosity was 0.72, with locus‐specific values ranging from 0.53 to 0.90. An equally high multilocus probability of identity (2.48 × 10−12) was revealed for this set of loci. In addition, all 12 loci were demonstrated to cross‐amplify to varying extents within three additional parrot genera suggesting their potential utility for population‐level studies in a broad range of Neotropical psittacines.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED  Development of microsatellite markers in the noxious red tide‐causing dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama (Dinophyceae)
Authors: NAGAI S. , NISHITANI G. , YAMAGUCHI S. , YASUDA N. , LIAN C. L. , ITAKURA S. , YAMAGUCHI M.
Published: March 2007

We isolated 15 polymorphic microsatellites from one of the most noxious red tide‐causing dinoflagellate species, Heterocapsa circularisquama. These loci provide one class of highly variable genetic markers, as the number of alleles ranged from two to six, and the estimate of gene diversity was from 0.205 to 0.684 across the 15 microsatellites. These loci have the potential to reveal genetic structure and gene flow among H. circularisquama populations.
DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSIFICATION OF TRUNK PLATES OF THE LOWER CAMBRIAN LOBOPODIANS
Authors: ZHANG XI‐GUANG , ALDRIDGE RICHARD J.
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Isolated lobopodian plates are reported from Early Cambrian strata at five localities in southern China. A wide variety of morphologies is represented, reflecting a considerable diversification within the phylum at this time. The new taxon Microdictyon jinshaense is erected and new observations are recorded on established taxa, based on examination of more than 600 well‐preserved plates; irregular patterns of node distribution and the presence of large spines are documented on some taxa for the first time. Rare specimens in which two plates are conjoined, with a larger plate underlying a smaller one, are interpreted as showing a new sclerite emerging underneath its predecessor, which has not yet been moulted. These specimens confirm the process of ecdysis in the lobopodians and contribute to a fuller understanding of the ontogeny of these organisms. A functional hypothesis that suggests that the plates were complex visual structures is refuted; it is possible that they were sites of muscle attachment, but a protective role is regarded as more plausible.
ASAPHOID TRILOBITES FROM THE ARENIG–LLANVIRN OF THE SOUTH CHINA PLATE
Authors: TURVEY SAMUEL T.
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Twenty‐nine Arenig and Llanvirn trilobite species, representing 20 genera in the Asaphidae, Cyclopygidae, Dikelokephalinidae, Nileidae, Raphiophoridae, Remopleurididae, Taihungshaniidae and Trinucleidae, are treated in a taxonomic review of the South Chinese Asaphida. This review is based on large collections of trilobite material made from five formations at nine localities in western Hubei, northern Hunan and southern Shaanxi, representing a wide range of benthic marine environments across the Yangtze Platform and Jiangnan Transitional Belt regions of the South China Plate. Most South Chinese representatives of the Asaphidae are reassigned to the Nobiliasaphinae on the basis of cranidial and hypostomal characters, and taxonomic revisions are given forLiomegalaspidesandOpsimasaphus pseudodawanicus.Taihungshania shuiandT.tachengssuensisare revised and redescribed, and the establishment of lectotypes for these species andT.brevicaclarifies the status of the type material ofTaihungshania.Nileus walcottiis revised and restricted biogeographically to the South China Plate; material from Xinjiang previously assigned to this species is reassigned toN. sericeussp. nov. The new raphiophorid speciesRaphioampyx sinankylosusis described.Aocaspis,IncaiaandRaphioampyxare recorded for the first time from South China, and the latter two genera are also recorded for the first time from the Arenig.
ANATOMICAL REVISION OF THE GENUSMERYCOPOTAMUS(ARTIODACTYLA; ANTHRACOTHERIIDAE): ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR LATE MIOCENE MAMMAL DISPERSAL IN ASIA
Authors: LIHOREAU F. , BARRY J. , BLONDEL C. , CHAIMANEE Y. , JAEGER J.‐J. , BRUNET M.
Published: March 2007

Abstract: New fossil remains of the anthracothere genusMerycopotamusFalconer and Cautley, are described. Most of them were discovered by the Harvard University and Geological Survey of Pakistan joint research project (Y‐GSP) in the well‐dated Middle and Late Miocene deposits of the Potwar Plateau in northern Pakistan. This new material led us to revise the systematics of the genus with the validation of three species,M. nanusFalconer (M. pusillusLydekker),M. dissimilisFalconer and Cautley, andM. medioximusLihoreauet al., and allowed us to determine precisely their chronological distributions in a continuous Neogene sequence. Other specimens reported from the late Miocene deposits of the Khorat Plateau in north‐east Thailand by the Department of Mineral Resources are the first remains ofMerycopotamusto have been discovered in that region and are attributed toM. medioximus. These discoveries indicate a wider geographical distribution of the genus in the early Late Miocene. Anatomical investigations highlight the evolution ofMerycopotamusthrough the Miocene towards more amphibious habits. Palaeobiogeographical and palaeoecological information forMerycopotamusstress the role of the Himalayan orogenesis as a dispersal barrier and the impact of a major global regression event on the evolution of Indian Subcontinent faunas from the Middle Miocene to the Late Pliocene.
BRYOZOAN MUD‐MOUNDS FROM THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN JIFARAH (DJEFFARA) FORMATION OF TRIPOLITANIA, NORTH‐WEST LIBYA
Authors: BUTTLER CAROLINE J. , CHERNS LESLEY , MASSA DOMINIQUE
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  A bryozoan fauna from carbonate mud‐mounds is described from subsurface well cores from the Upper Ordovician (Lower Ashgill) Jifarah (Djeffara) Formation of Tripolitania, north‐west Libya. Among a diverse assemblage dominated by trepostomes, nine species of bryozoans are identified, including Jifarahpora libyensis gen. et sp. nov. Delicate and robust branching, encrusting and nodular bryozoan growth forms are all common. The bryozoan‐rich limestones are mostly mudstones and wackestones, with bafflestone and floatstone textures, but the mounds apparently lack organic framework and microbial fabrics. Regional geophysical data indicate rapid thickness changes between wells, where mound complexes locally up to 100 m thick had limited topographic relief over the surrounding sea floor. The mounds formed in a high‐latitude, cool‐water carbonate belt that extended widely across the northern margin of Gondwana. Quaternary analogues from the Great Australian Bight suggest that these early Ashgill mounds may have developed in slope environments during an episode of glacial lowstand that preceded the late Ashgill, Hirnantian glacial event.
DIVERSITY, TAPHONOMY and PALAEOECOLOGY OF AN ANGIOSPERM FLORA FROM THE CRETACEOUS (CENOMANIAN–CONIACIAN) IN SOUTHERN PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA
Authors: IGLESIAS ARI , ZAMUNER ALBA B. , POIRÉ DANIEL G. , LARRIESTRA FERNANDO
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  This paper describes the diversity, taphonomy and palaeoecology of angiosperm leaves that dominate a palaeoflora of Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Coniacian) age from the Mata Amarilla Formation in the Austral Basin, south‐west Patagonia, Argentina. Twelve morphotypes of angiosperm leaves are recognized based on foliar morphotype analysis of more than 500 specimens. These were divided into six morphological groups based on major architectural patterns. The relative dominance of these morphotypes, mode of preservation and relationship with sedimentary facies were evaluated from two levels within the formation. This analysis identified two different plant palaeocommunities. The lower, María Elena, level (MEL) was deposited in a marine coastal area on a subaerial delta plain; the dominant angiosperm morphotypes preserved in it are group 1 (MA100) and group 2 (MA101, 102); morphotypes MA109 and 110 are scarce but exclusive to this level. The upper, Mata Amarilla, level (MAL), accumulated inland in flood‐plain environments; the most abundant angiosperm morphotypes are groups 3 (MA103–105), 4 (MA106) and 1 (MA100); morphotypes MA103–105 and 108 are exclusive to this level. Comparisons with other floras of similar age from Antarctica, Australia and New Zealand indicate that the Mata Amarilla flora has a slightly higher morphological diversity of angiosperm leaves, providing the first evidence for an angiosperm‐dominated early Late Cretaceous macroflora in south‐west Gondwana.
COPTOCLAVID BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: ADEPHAGA) FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OF SPAIN: A NEW FEEDING STRATEGY IN BEETLES
Authors: SORIANO CARMEN , PONOMARENKO ALEXANDR G. , DELCLÒS XAVIER
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Currently the beetle family Coptoclavidae consists of four subfamilies known from the Upper Triassic–Lower Cretaceous (Aptian). We describe two new subfamilies, three new genera and five new species from the Las Hoyas (Cuenca Province) and El Montsec (Lleida Province) localities of Barremian (Early Cretaceous) age from Spain: the first new subfamily, Hispanoclavinae, is from Las Hoyas and comprises one new genus, Hispanoclavina, and two new species, H. diazromerali and H. gratshevi; the second, Coptoclaviscinae, is represented at El Montsec by one new species of Coptoclavella (C. inexpecta). In addition, at Las Hoyas the subfamilies Necronectinae and Coptoclavinae are each represented by one new genus and species: Ovonectes pilosum and Hoyaclava buscalionae, respectively. All beetles previously assigned to the family Coptoclavidae have been interpreted as active hunters. However, we consider Hispanoclavina and Hoyaclava to be filter‐feeding, with forelegs adapted for filtering plankton (probably zooplankton because other members of the family are carnivorous) on and beneath the water surface. This represents a new feeding strategy in beetles (extant and extinct). The five new species extend the known geographical distribution of the Coptoclavidae into the western part of European Barremian deposits. The Las Hoyas locality now has the highest known diversity of coptoclavid species.
IL‐8 expression by biliary epithelial cells is associated with neutrophilic infiltration and reactive bile ductules
Authors: Isse Kumiko , Harada Kenichi , Nakanuma Yasuni
Published: March 2007

Background/Aims: Reactive bile ductule is a non‐specific feature of various hepatobiliary diseases, and is not infrequently accompanied by neutrophilic infiltration. Recently, biliary epithelial cells have been shown to secrete cytokines and chemokines and to express components of the mucosal immune system such as Toll‐like receptors.

Methods and Results: We examined the expression of a neutrophil chemo‐attractant, interluekin (IL)‐8, in bile ductular cells to clarify the histogenesis of reactive bile ductules with neutrophilic infiltration using human liver tissues (eight cases of chronic viral hepatitis, seven cases of liver cirrhosis (LC), seven cases of sepsis, 11 cases of extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EBO), three cases of fulminant hepatitis (FH), five cases of primary biliary cirrhosis, and three cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis). Human neutrophil peptides 1–3 (HNP1–3) were used as markers of neutrophils. Immunohistochemically, IL‐8 was detected in bile ductules in various diseased livers. HNP1–3‐positive neutrophils were significantly dense around IL‐8‐positive bile ductules compared with IL‐8‐negative ductules in septic liver, LC, EBO, and FH. Experiments in vitro showed that cultured human biliary epithelial cells expressed and secreted IL‐8 in response to lipopolysaccharide and also IL‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α.

Conclusions: Neutrophilic infiltration around reactive bile ductules may be related to the IL‐8 expressed in bile ductular epithelia, possibly induced by bacterial components and proinflammatory cytokines released locally.
Hepatocellular carcinoma producing a granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor: report of a resected case with a literature review
Authors: Araki Kenichiro , Kishihara Fumiaki , Takahashi Ken , Matsumata Takashi , Shimura Tatsuo , Suehiro Taketoshi , Kuwano Hiroyuki
Published: March 2007

A complete resection of a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) producing the granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) was performed and is reported here. The patient had a few general symptoms and complications, such as the paraneoplastic syndrome. He had marked granulocytosis, and his serum levels of G‐CSF and interleukin‐6 were elevated. The pathological findings of the resected specimen revealed poorly differentiated HCC with sarcomatous change and showed, immunohistochemically, staining of G‐CSF. Only a few cases of G‐CSF‐producing HCC have been reported, and they resulted in rapid tumour growth and poor prognosis. The case presented here may be the first complete resection ever performed, but the patient's prognosis was similar to that observed in typical cases.
Liver fibrosis: searching for cell model answers
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Ruiz Ma. Concepción , Gómez‐Quiroz Luis Enrique
Published: March 2007

Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the principal fibrogenic cell type in the liver. Progress in understanding the cellular and molecular basis for the development and progression of liver fibrosis could be possible by the development of methods to isolate HSC from rodents and human liver. Growth of stellate cells on plastic led to a phenotypic response known as activation, which paralleled closely the response of these cells to injury in vivo. Actually, much of the current knowledge of stellate cell behaviour has been gained through primary culture studies, particularly from rats. Also, different laboratories that have established hepatic stellate cell lines from rats and humans have provided a stable and unlimited source of cells that express specific functions, making them suitable for culture‐based studies of hepatic fibrosis. From these in vitro models grew a large body of information characterizing stellate cell activation, cytokine signalling, intracellular pathways regulating liver fibrogenesis, production of extracellular matrix proteins and development of antifibrotic drugs.
Stress Distribution after Installation of Fixed Frameworks with Marginal Gaps over Angled and Parallel Implants: A Photoelastic Analysis
Authors: Markarian Roberto Adrian , Ueda Cristiane , Sendyk Claudio Luiz , Laganá Dalva Cruz , Souza Roberto Martins
Published: March 2007

Purpose: The objective of this work was to compare by photoelastic analysis the stress distribution along a fixed framework placed over angled or parallel implants with different gap values between the framework and one of the implants.

Materials and Methods: Two photoelastic models were created: (i) with parallel implants; (ii) with a 30° angled central implant. In both cases, three implants were used, and CP titanium frameworks were constructed with commercial components. A plane polariscope was used to observe the photoelastic fringes generated after initial framework assembly, and also when an axial load of 100 N was applied over the central implant. For both models, stress analysis was conducted on well‐fitting frameworks and on another with a 150 μm vertical gap between the framework and the central implant.

Results: The photoelastic analysis indicated that in the model with parallel implants, stress distribution followed the implant axis, and in the model with an angled implant, a higher and nonhomogeneous stress concentration was observed around the apical region of the lateral implants. The placement of an ill‐fitting framework resulted in increased preload stress patterns.

Conclusion: Stresses were generated after screw tightening of the frameworks, increasing when a load was applied and when a vertical gap was present. Angled implants resulted in oblique stress patterns, which were not transferred with homogeneity to the polymeric model.
Performance of Five Commercially Available Tooth Color‐Measuring Devices
Authors: Dozić Alma , Kleverlaan Cornelis J. , El‐Zohairy Ahmed , Feilzer Albert J. , Khashayar Ghazal
Published: March 2007

Purpose: Visual tooth color assessment is neither accurate nor precise due to various subjective and objective factors. As newly developed tooth color‐measuring devices for dental application provide the possibility of a more objective means of color determination, their performances in vitro and in vivo must be evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of five commercially available tooth color‐measuring devices in standardized and in clinical environments.

Materials and Methods: In an in vitro study, standards (A1, A2, A3, A3.5, and A4 shade tabs of Vita Lumin) were measured five times with five electronic devices (ShadeScan, Easyshade, Ikam, IdentaColor II, and ShadeEye) by two operators. In an in vivo study, the right upper central incisors of 25 dental students were measured with the same electronic devices by a single operator. Vita shade tab codes were expressed as CIE (International Commission on Illumination) L*a*b* values and in terms of the precision and accuracy of ΔE color differences. The Mann‐Whitney statistical test was used to analyze the differences between the two operators in the in vitro study, and the Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way analysis of variance on ranks with the post‐hoc Tukey test was used to analyze the accuracy and precision of electronic devices.

Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the different operators in the in vitro study. The obtained precision was Easyshade > ShadeScan ≅ Ikam > IdentaColor II > ShadeEye. The obtained accuracy was Easyshade > ShadeScan ≅ Ikam > ShadeEye > IdentaColor II. In the in vivo study, the Easyshade and the Ikam were the most precise, and the ShadeEye and the IdentaColor II were more precise than the ShadeScan. With respect to accuracy, there was no statistical difference between the ShadeScan, Ikam, and the Easyshade. The IdentaColor II was considered inaccurate (ΔEa= 3.4).

Conclusions: In the clinical setting, the Easyshade and Ikam systems were the most reliable. The other devices tested were more reliable in vitro than in vivo.
Morphologic Characteristics of Bony Edentulous Jaws
Authors: Pietrokovski Jaime , Starinsky Ruth , Arensburg Baruch , Kaffe Israel
Published: March 2007

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine bone tissue characteristics of edentulous arches and residual ridges in different regions of the human jaws.

Materials and Methods
: For the study, 24 maxillary and 99 mandibular completely edentulous dry specimens were examined macroscopically and by linear and caliper measurements. Width and length of the edentulous arches were registered from the molar regions to the crest of the incisor zone. Residual ridges were quantified at the incisor, premolar, and molar regions.

Results
: Arches and ridges varied in size and shape. A trabecular bone track was present at the edentulous surface. In the maxillary arch, trabecular tissue was external to the cortical palatal vault, and in the mandible, the trabecular bony stretch was inside the cortical plates along the entire edentulous surface of the jaw. Of the ridges, 38% were thin knife‐edged. In the maxilla, bone resorption was centripetal, and the crest of the edentulous arch was external to the osseous base of the cranium. In the mandible, resorption was centrifugal, forming an edentulous crest lingual to the mental protuberance anteriorly and to the mandibular base posteriorly. This discrepancy produced a reverse horizontal overlap of the residual crests, where the edentulous maxilla was at the same level or internal to the facing edentulous mandible.

Conclusions
: This study, performed on 123 human edentulous dry bone specimens, indicates that the edentulous arch and the residual ridge take many forms. At the occlusal surface of the edentulous jaw a trabecular track is the remaining scar after tooth extraction. To accommodate an entire metal osseointegrated implant within the residual bone volume, crest reduction and bone grafts may be required as preprosthetic surgical measures. After tooth loss, maxillary resorption was centripetal and apical, whereas mandibular resorption was centrifugal and also apical, resulting in a reversed horizontal relationship in fully edentulous subjects.
Contrasting the Effectiveness of Fluency Interventions for Students with or at Risk for Learning Disabilities: A Multilevel Random Coefficient Modeling Meta–Analysis
Authors: Morgan Paul L. , Sideridis Georgios D.
Published: March 2007

This study had two purposes. First, we sought to compare the overall effectiveness of different types of fluency interventions for students with learning disabilities (LD). Second, we attempted to identify how individual– and class–level characteristics moderated each intervention's effectiveness. We used multilevel random coefficient modeling to analyze results from 30 single–subject studies involving 107 students with or at risk for LD. Doing so allowed us to assess the intervention's impact in terms of both intercept– (i.e., mean difference between study phases) and slope–level (i.e., rate of growth) changes. Results indicated that two motivation–focused interventions were significantly more effective than other types of interventions across gender, age, and placement. The least effective intervention was word recognition training; this finding was consistent across all levels of analyzed variables.
Teacher Talk during Whole–Class Lessons: Engagement Strategies to Support the Verbal Participation of Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Berry Ruth A. W.
Published: March 2007

The analysis identified discursive strategies used by general education teachers in inclusion classrooms to orchestrate and scaffold the verbal participation of all students, including students with learning disabilities (LD). The context was writing instruction. A whole–class lesson involving teacher–student collaboration to write a text was analyzed for each of two teachers in two urban elementary inclusion classrooms totaling 67 students; 23 students had LD. Analysis of teacher talk focused on procedural strategies (help the lesson run smoothly and make it easier to follow) and involvement strategies (elicit students’ attention to and participation in the lesson). Results indicated that both teachers used a variety of similar strategies to provide spaces for student contributions and, at the same time, move the lessons along. However, they also used contrasting strategies unique to their contrasting pedagogical frames of reference (structural vs. interactional).
The Cognitive Correlates of Computational Estimation Skill among Third–Grade Students
Authors: Seethaler Pamela M. , Fuchs Lynn S.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations of various cognitive abilities and aspects of math performance with computational estimation skill among third graders. Students ( n= 315) were assessed on language, nonverbal reasoning, concept formation, processing speed, long–term memory, working memory, inattentive behavior, basic reading skill, arithmetic number combination skill, double–digit computation skill, and computational estimation ability. One–way analysis of variance indicated significant differences in estimation skill among students of low, average, and high math computation performance. The unique predictors of estimation skill were arithmetic number combination skill, nonverbal reasoning, concept formation, working memory, and inattentive behavior.
Peanut Allergy, Peanut Allergens, and Methods for the Detection of Peanut Contamination in Food Products
Authors: Wen Hsiao‐Wei , Borejsza‐Wysocki Wlodzimierz , DeCory Thomas R. , Durst Richard A.
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT:  Attention to peanut allergy has been rising rapidly for the last 5 y, because it accounts for the majority of severe food‐related anaphylaxis, it tends to appear early in life, and it usually is not resolved. Low milligram amounts of peanut allergens can induce severe allergic reactions in highly sensitized individuals, and no cure is available for peanut allergy. This review presents updated information on peanut allergy, peanut allergens (Ara h1 to h8), and available methods for detecting peanuts in foods. These methods are based on the detection of either peanut proteins or a specific DNA fragment of peanut allergens. A summary of published methods for detecting peanut in foods is given with a comparison of assay formats, target analyte, and assay sensitivity. Moreover, a summary of the current availability of commercial peanut allergen kits is presented with information about assay format, target analyte, sensitivity, testing time, company/kit name, and AOAC validation.
A Description of Seven Antarctic Marine Gymnamoebae Including a New Subspecies, Two New Species and a New Genus: Neoparamoeba aestuarina antarctica n. subsp., Platyamoeba oblongata n. sp., Platyamoeba contorta n. sp. and Vermistella antarctica n. gen. n. sp.
Authors: MORAN DAWN M. , ANDERSON O. ROGER , DENNETT MARK R. , CARON DAVID A. , GAST REBECCA J.
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT. Seven marine gymnamoebae were isolated from different environments of seawater, slush (pack ice meltwater), and sediment in the Ross Sea area of Antarctica. All amoebae were isolated and maintained at temperatures below 4°C. Growth, rate of locomotion, and general morphology were observed at an environmentally appropriate temperature (1°C) and at room temperature (∼25°C). Molecular (srDNA sequences) and microscopical techniques were used to identify the gymnamoebae and establish their phylogenetic affinities. Three isolates (S‐131‐2, SL‐200, and W4‐3) were assigned to a psychrophilic subspecies of Neoparamoeba aestuarina, N. aestuarina antarctica n. subsp., one isolate (S‐205) was assigned to a new species of Platyamoeba, P. oblongata n. sp., two isolates (W51C#4 & W51C#5) were also assigned to a new species of Platyamoeba, P. contorta n. sp., and one isolate (S‐241) was a novel psychrophilic gymnamoeba Vermistella antarctica n. gen. n. sp. Molecular and morphological results revealed that V. antarctica was not related to any described family of gymnamoebae. Strains S‐205, W51C#4, and W51C#5 were capable of locomotion at room temperature, while strains SL‐200, S‐131‐2, W4‐3, and S‐241 exhibited locomotion only below ∼10°C. Our results imply that the Antarctic environment is host both to cosmopolitan gymnamoebae that have acquired adaptations for existence at low environmental temperature and to apparently novel psychrophilic amoebae described here for the first time.
Phylogeny of the Stichotrichia (Ciliophora; Spirotrichea) Reconstructed with Nuclear Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences: Discrepancies and Accordances with Morphological Data
Authors: SCHMIDT STEPHANIE L. , BERNHARD DETLEF , SCHLEGEL MARTIN , FOISSNER WILHELM
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT. The Stichotrichia, known as an especially various and taxonomically difficult group, were intensely studied with morphological, morphogenetic, and molecular methods in the last years. Nevertheless, a consistent classification is lacking and several important questions about the phylogenetic relationships within this group remain unsolved. In order to gain deeper insights into these relationships, the nuclear small subunit rRNA genes of seven species of the Stichotrichia, representatives of the families Oxytrichidae, Amphisiellidae, and Pseudourostylidae, were phylogenetically analysed. Although our analyses resulted in a poor resolution of the phylogenetic relationships, some conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, following the current classification systems the Oxytrichidae as well as their subfamilies seem to be paraphyletic and the basic 18 FVT cirral pattern has been modified several times independently. Secondly, sequence analyses of several Oxytricha species resulted in a high molecular diversity, which does not support monophyly of this genus. Thirdly, several families of the order Urostylida (Urostylidae, Pseudokeronopsidae, and Pseudourostylidae) also do not form monophyletic groups.