bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
You can't rid a song of its words: notes on the hegemony of lyrics in Russian rock songs
Authors: Steinholt Yngvar B.
Published: March 2003

From the mid-1980s, rock music emerged as the leading musical culture in the major cities of the Soviet Union. In writings and research on this ‘Soundtrack of Perestroika’, attention has been primarily paid to the words rather than the sounds. Russian rock critics and academics, as well as those who participate in Russian rock culture, persistently emphasise the literary qualities of Russian rock music and most still prefer to approach rock as a form of musical poetry - ‘Rok poèziya’. This seems out of step with the growing emphasis on an interdisciplinary approach within popular music studies. The aim of this article is to investigate and discuss some of the core arguments that underpin notions of Russian rock music's literary qualities. This may help to uncover some specific national characteristics of rock in Russia, whilst at the same time questioning the need for, and value of, a literary approach to the study of Russian rock.
Error, editing, and World Standard English
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: March 2003

What can – or should – writers, editors, and usage critics
do about actual and perceived errors in print? A reply by Tom McArthur to Bryan A. Garner's article ‘A Texas Fowler?’ in ET64 (Oct 00) that seeks to widen the issues.
The Linguasphere: kaleidoscope of the world's languages
Authors: Dalby David
Published: March 2003

A description of ‘the mantle of communication ... extended
around the planet’

The new perceptions afforded by the era of telecommunications may be compared to those of
the Renaissance or the Enlightenment. That the world is a globe, or that blood circulates around
the body, became obvious only a few centuries ago...as it now becomes apparent that all spoken
and written languages form an organic continuum, a global medium for human communication and
the circulation of ideas.

The continuity of communication between communities in contact
has always been maintained by those who speak more than one language, by those whose brains
have attempted to bridge the differences of viewpoint and expression embodied in the use of
differing languages by different communities. It is only in modern times, however,
that networks of bilingual links among thousands of speech communities around the
world can be seen in global perspective. The ancient continuum of multilingual speech is
becoming a system of immediate worldwide communication.
Private tuition in English: the case of two universities in Jordan
Authors: Khuwaileh Abdullah A. , Al-Shoumali Ali
Published: March 2003

An account from Jordan of an ‘elitist’ phenomenon that is spreading
elsewhere in Asia.

This study explores the reasons and conditions which have recently led a
substantial number of families to hire private tutors of English for their sons and/or
daughters studying science and technology through English in Jordanian state universities.
The polemics of Singlish
Authors: Mei Lee-Wong Song
Published: March 2003

An examination of the culture, identity and function of English in Singapore.

The widespread use of English in Singapore has placed Singapore in the Outer Circle, along with India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Nigeria, the Philippines and others, in contrast with Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States and others who belong to the Inner Circle (Kachru,1991). Placing countries in different circles – inner vs outer or expanding, based on the concept of nativization – has generated questions of democracy in linguistic ideology and related issues of norms and standards. These are discussed.
Where you going ah?
Authors: Preshous Andrew
Published: March 2003

This paper aims to examine the features which make Malaysian English
a distinctive variety of English. Firstly, its origins and development will be
discussed before briefly considering different types of Malaysian English.
This will be followed by an analysis of the linguistic characteristics, with
a particular emphasis on lexical features. Finally, the current status of
Malaysian English will be assessed whilst reflecting on its possible position
and role in the future.
When is English not the right choice in Sarawak?
Authors: Ting Su-Hie
Published: March 2003

A discussion of language choices in a multilingual region of Malaysia.

Sarawak is a Malaysian state located on the island of Borneo.
More than 20 languages are spoken there among only 1.99 million people in Sarawak. People who
visit Sarawak for the first time are often baffled and intrigued by the diversity of languages
and the ease with which Sarawakians switch between them. To add to the complexity of language
choice, there is also some competition between English and Standard Malay for dominance in language
use.

This paper considers the reasons for the complex language scenario in Sarawak, the social
implications of language choices, and the important personal characteristics to consider in making
language choices.
Choosing the right words: Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English,
Longman, 1999, Longman (pp. xxviii+1204) Languages do die: Language Death, by David Crystal,
Cambridge University Press, 0-521-65321-5,
2000, hb UK £12.95, US $19.95, pp. 198.
Authors: Allen Robert
Published: March 2003

Reviews of Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, and Language Death, by David Crystal
Usage 2: ‘Aati kyaa New York?’ – a Nampally monologue
Authors: Chaudhary Rakesh
Published: March 2003

Rakesh Chaudhary opens a window on hybridization in Hyderabad, the capital
of the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, in the trendy market area called Nampally.
Calling for a truce in the descriptivist-prescriptivist wars
Authors: Garner Bryan A.
Published: March 2003

A reply to Tom McArthur, ‘Error, Editing, and
World Standard English’, ET65 (Jan 01)

When modern linguists focus exclusively on speech, they're overreacting to their
predecessors' preoccupation with writing. Descriptivists have a bias toward
studying speech; prescriptivists have a bias toward studying writing. Both are
important. Speaking precedes writing. It's the essence of language.
Yet writing is a form of language worth studying in its own right. For some reason,
though, many linguists refuse to recognize this.
The banyan tree: a story of language gain
Authors: Radwanska-Williams Joanna
Published: March 2003

A personal account of ‘additive multilingualism’ that involves Polish, Russian, English, French and Chinese.
English or ‘no’ to English in Scandinavia?
Authors: Phillipson Robert
Published: March 2003

This article reports on work on English in Scandinavian countries that is currently available in Danish, and in particular presents and analyses a recent book. This contains six papers given at a conference in Copenhagen in March 1998 on the influence of English on Danish, along with a newspaper article that had raised several of the language policy issues somewhat earlier. The book also contains the text of a policy document written for the Swedish government by the Swedish Language Council, ‘Proposal for a plan of action to promote the Swedish language’.
Teaching English as a private enterprise in China
Authors: Lai Eva
Published: March 2003

A report on independent ELT undertakings in the world's most populous country. The teaching of English as a foreign language in China has expanded rapidly in the last two decades. In colleges all over China, from key universities to small provincial institutions, non-English majors have to study English for at least two years and they have to pass the College English Test (CET) Band 4 before they can get their graduation certificates. In the year 2000, over 3.5 million candidates sat for the CET in the summer.
Code-switching in Bangladesh
Authors: Banu Rahela , Sussex Roland
Published: March 2003

A survey of hybridization in proper names and commercial signs. CODE-SWITCHING is commonly seen as more typical of the spoken language. But there are some areas of language use, including business names (e.g. restaurants), where foreign proper names, common nouns and sometimes whole phrases are imported into the written language too. These constitute a more stable variety of code-switching than the spontaneous and more unpredictable code-switching in the spoken language.
Thank you, twice: Glanville Price, editor: Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe,
Blackwell, Oxford hb 0-631-19286-7, UK £75.00, US $110.95, pb 0-631-22039-9, UK £16.99, US £34.95 Languages in Britain and Ireland, Blackwell, Oxford hb 0-631-21580-8, UK £60.00, US $64.95, pb 0-631-21581-6, UK £16.99, US $34.95
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: March 2003

Review: Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe, Languages in Britain and Ireland
Fred Cassidy: Who DAREs wins
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: March 2003

Tom McArthur reflects on the long and fruitful life of Frederic Gomes Cassidy, who died on 14 June 2000, aged 93.
Regular Features
Authors: Lillo Antonio
Published: March 2003

CrossworLd by Frank Palmer, Lexicon 1: ‘What's that bird?’
by Paul Rastall, Usage: ‘IN versus ON revisited’,
by Tim Connell, Lexicon 3: ‘OED update’, ‘Hardy Perennial’,
poem by Roger Berry
Comparative foraging ecology of five sympatric terns at a sub‐tropical island in the eastern Indian Ocean
Authors: Surman C. A. , Wooller R. D.
Published: March 2003

Over one million pairs of seabirds breed annually on the Houtman Abrolhos island group, off the mid‐western coast of Australia, the largest seabird breeding station in the eastern Indian Ocean. Eight of the 13 species that breed annually on Pelsaert Island are terns. Dietary samples (regurgitates) were collected from the five most numerous tern species from 1993 to 1999. The prey items identified were related to observations of foraging seabirds around the island. The largest species studied, the crested tern Sterna bergii, foraged mainly for reef fish over shallow reef flats near the breeding islands, as well as for schooling clupeid fish over coastal shelf waters. The smallest species, the roseate tern S. dougallii, also foraged within sight of its colonies, but over deeper waters than crested terns. Three larval fish species characteristic of continental shelf waters (a gonorhynchid, a goatfish and a bellowfish) figured prominently in the diets of roseate terns and three other tern species studied. Of these, only the sooty tern S. fuscata also ate squid and lanternfishes, foraging farthest (480–600 km) from its breeding island, off the shelf edge. The lesser noddy Anous tenuirostris and brown noddy A. stolidus took very similar taxa of prey and also overlapped considerably in their foraging ranges, about 180 km from their colonies, between the islands and the continental shelf edge. However, the lesser noddy took smaller fish than did the larger brown noddy. Although these five abundant tropical tern species, that bred sympatrically, showed some segregation in their diets and, more clearly, in their foraging ranges, considerable overlap of both aspects remained.
Segregation of migration by feeding ground origin in North Atlantic humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Authors: Stevick Peter T. , Allen Judith , Bérubé Martine , Clapham Phillip J. , Katona Steven K. , Larsen Finn , Lien Jon , Mattila David K. , Palsbøll Per J. , Robbins Jooke , Sigurjónsson Jóhann , Smith Tim D. , Øien Nils , Hammond Philip S.
Published: March 2003

Results from a large‐scale, capture—recapture study of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in the North Atlantic show that migration timing is influenced by feeding ground origin. No significant differences were observed in the number of individuals from any feeding area that were re‐sighted in the common breeding area in the West Indies. However, there was a relationship between the proportion (logit transformed) of West Indies sightings and longitude (r2=0.97, F1,3=98.27, P=0.0022) suggesting that individuals feeding farther to the east are less likely to winter in the West Indies. A relationship was also detected between sighting date in the West Indies and feeding area. Mean sighting dates in the West Indies for individuals identified in the Gulf of Maine and eastern Canada were significantly earlier than those for animals identified in Greenland, Iceland and Norway (9.97 days, t179=3.53, P=0.00054). There was also evidence for sexual segregation in migration; males were seen earlier on the breeding ground than were females (6.63 days, t105=1.98, P=0.050). This pattern was consistently observed for animals from all feeding areas; a combined model showed a significant effect for both sex (F1=5.942, P=0.017) and feeding area (F3=4.756, P=0.0038). The temporal difference in occupancy of the West Indies between individuals from different feeding areas, coupled with sexual differences in migratory patterns, presents the possibility that there are reduced mating opportunities between individuals from different high latitude areas.
Rates of population increase in the ricefield rat (Rattus argentiventer) as a function of food supply: an enclosure study in Jatisari, West Java
Authors: Tristiani Harsiwi , Murakami Okimasa
Published: March 2003

The relationship between the population dynamics of ricefield rats Rattus argentiventer and their food supply, rice plants, was investigated in an enclosure in Jatisari, West Java. The density of the rat population fluctuated greatly throughout the year depending on the growth stages of the rice plants. A model illustrating the responses of the rat population to the growth stages of the rice plants is described. The population increased following periods when high‐quality rice plants were available, and decreased following periods when only low‐quality rice plants were available. The highest rate of increase (r) over a 2‐week period was observed during the dry season of 1989 (r=1.77). The lowest rate of increase over 2 weeks was observed during the rainy season of 1989–90 (r=−0.59). The maximum rate of increase for the ricefield rat in the numerical response function was 1.183 month−1, and the best estimate for the numerical response function was robs=−3.890±5.043(1−e−0.026V).
Orofacial morphology and feeding behaviour of the dugong, Amazonian, West African and Antillean manatees (Mammalia: Sirenia): functional morphology of the muscular‐vibrissal complex
Authors: Marshall Christopher D. , Maeda Hiroshi , Iwata Matsumitsu , Furuta Masami , Asano Shiro , Rosas Fernando , Reep Roger L.
Published: March 2003

The external orofacial morphology, perioral bristle distribution and feeding behaviour of Dugong dugon, Trichechus inunguis, T. senegalensis and T. manatus are described. Despite their differing orofacial morphology, dugongs and trichechids possess six similar regions: the oral disk, orofacial ridge, supradisk, chin and upper and lower bristle (modified vibrissae) pads. All living sirenians possess six discrete fields of bristles: four on the upper lip (U1, U2, U3, and U4) and two on the lower lip (L1 and L2). The distribution of these fields is similar among all living sirenians with the exception of the U1 bristle fields in dugongs. Perioral bristle field boundaries are distinguished by distinct changes in their length‐to‐diameter ratios. Both dugongs and trichechids possess bristle‐like hairs covering the oral disk, which possess length‐to‐diameter ratios intermediate between perioral bristles and postcranial hairs. Sirenians use elaborated facial musculature in conjunction with perioral bristles to acquire, manipulate and ingest aquatic vegetation. The U2 and L1 fields are the primary bristles used to ingest vegetation. The use of the L1 bristle fields is similar among all living sirenians. However, dugongs and trichechids are divergent in their use of the U1 and U2 bristle fields. Dugongs use the U2 bristles fields in a medial‐to‐lateral motion, while all trichechids use the U2 bristles in a prehensile, lateral‐to‐medial, grasping motion. These divergent behaviours presumably allow dugongs to exploit benthic foraging (i.e. consumption of rhizomes) to a greater degree than trichechids. Functional hypotheses of rhizome excavation are presented for both dugongs and trichechids.
Coexistence of jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) in a mosaic landscape in the Venezuelan llanos
Authors: Scognamillo Daniel , Maxit Inés Esperanza , Sunquist Mel , Polisar John
Published: March 2003

Jaguar Panthera onca and puma Puma concolor are sympatric throughout the jaguar's distribution. Although several studies have focused on the interactions between these two predators, the ecological and behavioural factors that promote their coexistence remain unclear. The goal of this study was to identify those factors that facilitate the coexistence of these cats in a mosaic landscape in the Venezuelan llanos. The study was conducted from January 1996 until November 1998. Five jaguars and six pumas were captured and radio‐collared. A high degree of spatial overlap was observed between jaguars and pumas, which may be related to the abundance and distribution of prey species. At a fine scale, there was little overlap of puma locations with jaguar locations. Both species were more active at night than during daytime, but seasonal differences were detected in the activity levels of these predators. Major segregation was found in food habits. Jaguars selected for large prey and pumas for medium‐sized prey. Jaguars selected for capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris and collared peccary Tayassu tajacu and consumed caiman Caiman crocodilus and white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus less than expected. Pumas selected just for collared peccary and also killed caiman less than expected. It is suggested that the abundance of medium‐sized prey is an ecological factor that is facilitating the coexistence of jaguar and puma in the study area. Habitat heterogeneity may be another influential factor leading to the coexistence. Seasonal differences in activity levels probably reflect differences in the size and species of prey taken by these cats.
Aquatic and terrestrial locomotor speeds of amphibious sea‐snakes (Serpentes, Laticaudidae)
Authors: Shine Richard , Cogger Harold G. , Reed Robert R. , Shetty Sohan , Bonnet Xavier
Published: March 2003

Amphibious animals may be subject to strong but conflicting selective pressures to enhance locomotor performance both on land and in the water. Biomechanical models suggest that in snakes, adaptations to swimming (e.g. reduction of ventral plates, flattening of tail) will reduce their ability to move on land. The locomotor speeds of six taxa of amphibious (laticaudid) sea‐snakes, plus one entirely marine (hydrophiid) species were measured. Because the relative dependence on aquatic vs terrestrial habitats varies with a laticaudid's species, sex and body size, a previous study predicted that these factors should generate significant variation in locomotor speeds within laticaudids. Measurements of swimming and crawling speeds supported this prediction. Some species were faster than others and, within each species, males were faster than conspecific females. The degree of locomotor superiority of males was greater for terrestrial (>40%) than for aquatic (20%) locomotion. Smaller snakes were faster than larger animals in relative speed (body lengths/s) but slower in absolute terms (m/s). The hydrophiid Emydocephalus annulatus was slow in water as well as on land, perhaps because it eats immobile prey and thus, does not depend on speed for foraging. The diversity of locomotor abilities within laticaudid sea‐snakes provides a remarkable opportunity to identify factors that influence evolutionary trade‐offs between conflicting evolutionary optima.
Seasonal patterns in activity and habitat use by bats (Pipistrellus spp. and Nyctalus leisleri) in Northern Ireland, determined using a driven transect
Authors: Russ J. M. , Briffa M. , Montgomery W. I.
Published: March 2003

The seasonal activity of Leisler's bat Nyctalus leisleri and pipistrelle bats Pipistrellus spp. with respect to minimum bat numbers and habitat use were investigated in County Down, Northern Ireland using a driven transect from April 1998 to October 1998. Data were collected in lowland farmland near Belfast, Northern Ireland using two BatBox III bat detectors tuned to detect both species and species groups simultaneously. The number of bats/km increased during April, May and June, peaking in July and tailed off after this period. The main peak in July is assumed to reflect the occurrence of newly volant young. An increase in the number of pipistrelle social calls during August and September probably represented mating activity. Bat activity correlated with temperature in both N. leisleri and Pipistrellus spp., although bat numbers were independent of temperature after the middle of June. There was significant variation in habitat use by pipistrelle bats along roads over the study period. Pipistrelle bats were observed in greater numbers in areas of tree‐line, cut hedge (≤1 m high) and deciduous woodland, and increased further when these habitats bordered both sides of the road. Nyctalus leisleri was found in similar numbers in all habitat types and there was no seasonal variation in habitat use. The validity of this method for revealing seasonal variation in bat numbers and habitat use is discussed. Ambient climatic conditions may affect the number of bats recorded, while some species with long‐range echolocation calls, such as N. leisleri, may defy analysis of habitat associations.
Daurian pikas (Ochotona daurica) and grassland condition in eastern Mongolia
Authors: Komonen Minna , Komonen Atte , Otgonsuren Avirmed
Published: March 2003

Pikas (Ochotona spp.) are burrowing herbivorous mammals believed to play a keystone role in determining the biodiversity of steppe ecosystems. Impacts of domestic livestock grazing on the distribution and abundance of the Daurian pika Ochotona daurica were investigated in eastern Mongolia where the species is widespread and abundant. Effects of pikas on plant species richness and vegetation coverage were examined at different distances from burrow systems. Daurian pikas were nearly absent from severely grazed study sites, and incidence of the species increased with decreasing grazing intensity. The number of occupied burrow systems and usage of burrows was higher in sites with lower grazing pressure. Plant species richness and ground cover was higher at 3–12 m from the burrow systems than directly over burrows, suggesting that the effect of Daurian pikas is limited to the burrow system. Contradictory to previous studies on grassland pikas, this study indicates that Daurian pikas suffer from overgrazing and that their impact on grassland is only light.
Competition, predation risk and patterns of flock expansion in barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis)
Authors: Carbone C. , Thompson W. A. , Zadorina L. , Rowcliffe J. M.
Published: March 2003

Changes in the spatial pattern of flocks of barnacle geese Branta leucopsis were examined in relation to individual behaviour during feeding visits to farm pastures. The flocks were photographed every 10–20 min, and the shape and location of the flock was determined from a plan view obtained from digitized images of the photographs. Flocks initially maintained a tight formation shortly after arrival, but then tended to expand with increasing residence time. The rate of expansion, however, was significantly greater in large flocks, with small flocks showing no consistent pattern. Observed rates of change in flock area were compared with those obtained from a simple model of flock movement in which individuals followed a random walk and moved at a constant speed. In contrast to the observed data, small simulated flocks (with relatively more edge birds) showed the greatest relative increase in flock area. This discrepancy between the data and the simulation can be explained mechanistically by differences in the behaviour of individuals in flocks of different sizes. In large flocks, birds at the leading edge of the flock had faster step rates and travelled further than birds in the centre and at the trailing edge. Rates of movement in small flocks did not vary with flock position. Levels of vigilance were higher during the first 10 min after arrival, in males, in smaller flocks and at the edges of flocks. Thus, upon arrival, flocks maintain a tight defensive formation with high vigilance, but with increasing residence time, vigilance decreases and larger flocks expand, suggesting a need for individuals to reduce feeding competition.
Effects of UV‐A and UV‐B on oxygen consumption in common toad (Bufo bufo) tadpoles
Authors: Formicki Grzegorz , Zamachowski Władysław , Stawarz Robert
Published: March 2003

The effects of UV‐A and UV‐B (Cracow District, Poland, 50°04′N, 19°57′E; 220 m a.s.l.) on oxygen consumption were studied in common toad Bufo bufo (L.) tadpoles (Gosner stage 27). Ecologically relevant chronic doses of UV were simulated in the laboratory. Larvae separated for experiment were derived from UV‐exposed or not exposed embryos. After hatching, tadpoles in stages 24–27 were treated with UV‐A or UV‐B. UV‐A caused significant increases in oxygen consumption in larvae grown from untreated embryos, whereas no changes occurred in tadpoles irradiated with UV‐A during embryonic and larval development. UV‐B caused significant decreases in oxygen consumption in all exposed tadpoles. The changes were larger in larvae derived from eggs not exposed to UV‐B than in tadpoles grown from UV‐B‐treated embryos. Our results suggest that ambient levels of UV‐A and especially UV‐B may affect the metabolic rate of common toad larvae living in shallow habitats. Affected respiration may retard development as well as increase the susceptibility of tadpoles to ecologically relevant pathogens. On the other hand, it seems that UV‐irradiation induces some adaptive processes during embryonic development, which increase the resistance of the larval respiratory system to solar UV radiation.
The Aims and Organisation of a Peasant Revolt in Early Fourteenth-Century Wiltshire
Authors: MÜLLER MIRIAM
Published: March 2003

In 1348 a group of villein tenants of the manor of Badbury of the Abbey of Glastonbury in Wiltshire attempted to go to court in order to prove that their manor was of ancient demesne status. Although the peasants were unsuccessful in their claim, they tried again in 1377. Their case is entered and explained in unusual detail in the court records of the manor, and therefore allows us valuable insights in this particular, and far from uncommon, form of peasant resistance. This paper explores the motives and aims of the peasants who planned the action, the organisation of their revolt, and the individuals involved, whose background and histories can be traced through the court records.
‘Wild, Barren and Frightful’ – Parliamentary Enclosure in an Upland County: Westmorland 1767–1890
Authors: WHYTE IAN
Published: March 2003

While there has been some research on the parliamentary enclosure of upland waste in England and Wales during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this topic still receives little attention in some recent accounts of parliamentary enclosure. Many aspects of the processes involved, and their impact on the landscape, are also poorly understood. Much research has proceeded either at a very general level or on the basis of detailed individual case studies. This paper adopts an intermediate scale, focusing on the old county of Westmorland to examine the geographical and chronological patterns of enclosure before looking more closely at some of the problems involved in creating a new landscape.
Primitive Methodist Circuits in the English-Welsh Borderland
Authors: GARRATT DELIA
Published: March 2003

This paper enlarges our understanding about the Primitive Methodist Connexion by examining the denomination in a part of the country where it enjoyed considerable success during the nineteenth century. It takes as its starting point the relative lack of historical research on the Methodist circuit, which was an important innovation in religious provision. The circuit system gave Wesleyan Methodism and its break-away denominations considerable flexibility to co-ordinate their work in a highly effective way. The developing geography of Primitive Methodist circuits in the English-Welsh borderland is explored, as the denomination moved from enthusiastic evangelism towards consolidation. Particular attention is paid to the way in which changing missionary tactics, chapel building, local dissension, and the trend towards circuit sub-division shaped the geography and internal work of these circuits during the nineteenth century.
‘Landlord Careless’? Landowners, Tenants and Agriculture on Four Estates in West Wales, 1850–75
Authors: BENBOUGH-JACKSON MIKE
Published: March 2003

This article draws on a number of documents – mainly rent books, diaries, letters, and contracts – to investigate landlords whose estates came in at the lower end of the ‘Great Landowner’ category; a hitherto neglected area of investigation because most studies like those of David Howell and R. J. Moore-Colyer focus on larger estates. The materials examined allow tentative judgements about a group which has been vilified in the historiography of the subject. The three topics dealt with in the piece – touch on issues which transcend regional/national boundaries and encompass problems of wider economic and social significance, thus contributing to the broader historiography of landlord-tenant relations.
Point Four, Utah State University Technicians, and Rural Development in Iran, 1950–64
Authors: EMBRY JESSIE
Published: March 2003

In 1950 Iran and the United States signed the first Point Four agreement, establishing a program now known as USAID. It fulfilled President Harry S. Truman's desire to control the Soviet bloc and to share technology with third world countries. Utah State University contracted with the U.S. Point Four program to provide technicians in agriculture from 1951 to 1954. This paper examines the successes and the frustrations that the Utahns felt in transporting technology to Iran. While there were some successes, the cultural and economic difficulties were hard to overcome. As a result, the technicians in the 1960s experienced the same problems faced by those in the 1950s. These included a negative reaction to farm machinery in a land with many laborers, problems training machinery operators, and language barriers.
Al-Qūhī and al-Sijzī on the perfect compass and the continuous drawing
of conic sections
Authors: Rashed Roshdi
Published: March 2003

From the second half of the 10th century, mathematicians developed a new chapter in the geometry
of conic sections, dealing with the theory and practice of their continuous drawing. In this
article, we propose to sketch the history of this chapter in the writings of al-Qūhī
and al-Sijzī. A hitherto unknown treatise by al-Sijzī - established, translated, and
commented - has enabled us better to situate and understand the themes of this new research, and
how it eventually approached the problem of the classification of curves in previously unknown
terms.
Al-Kindī and the Mu‘tazila: Divine Attributes, Creation and Freedom
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: March 2003

The paper discusses al-Kindī's response to doctrines held by contemporary theologians of the Mu‘tazilite school: divine attributes, creation, and freedom. In the first section it is argued that, despite his broadly negative theology, al-Kindī recognizes a special kind of “essential” positive attribute belonging to God. The second section argues that al-Kindī agreed with the Mu‘tazila in holding that something may not yet exist but still be an object of God's knowledge and power (as the Mu‘tazila put it, that “non-being” is a “thing”). Also it presents a new parallel between al-Kindī and John Philoponus. The third section gives an interpretation of al-Kindī as a compatibilist, in other words as holding that humans may be free even though their actions are necessitated. In all three cases, it is argued, al-Kindī is close to the Mu‘tazilite point of view, though he departs from them in the arguments he gives for that point of view.
Ibn al-Haytham on binocular vision: a precursor of physiological optics
Authors: Raynaud Dominique
Published: March 2003

The modern physiological optics introduces the notions related to the conditions of fusion of binocular images by the concept of correspondence, due to Christiaan Huygens (1704), and by an experiment attributed to Christoph Scheiner (1619). The conceptualization of this experiment dates, in fact, back to Ptolemy (90-168) and Ibn al-Haytham (d. after 1040). The present paper surveys Ibn al-Haytham's knowledge about the mechanisms of binocular vision. The article subsequently explains why Ibn al-Haytham, a mathematician, but here an experimenter, did not give the circular figure of the theoretical horopter, construction due to Gerhard Vieth (1818) and Johannes Müller (1826). But, on the other hand, it is clear that Ibn al-Haytham's experimental study puts in place the notion of corresponding points, the cases of homonymous and cross diplopia, and even prepares the discovery of Panum area.
Reflections on the principle of continuity on the basis of Ibn al-Haytham's commentary on
Proposition I.7 of Euclid's Elements
Authors: Fennane Khalid Bouzoubaâ
Published: March 2003

After his refutation of the doubts concerning Proposition I.7 (in the Book of solving doubts), Ibn al-Haytham mentions three possible ways in which circles may intersect, submitting them to the following “intuitive” argument: one part of one of the two circles is situated inside of the other circle, and its other part is situated outside of it. One is therefore tempted to believe that the commentator accepts the principle of continuity in the case of circles, since his argument has the following meaning: if a circle is divisible into two parts (or, again, passes through two points), one of which (or one of the two points) is situated inside the other circle, and the other outside of it, then the two circles cut one another. The author of this article proposes to establish the limits of this belief, on the basis of the following reflections: 1). It will be noted first of all that what could be called the ‘principle of the intersection of circles’ does not constitute ipso facto a principle in the mind of Ibn al-Haytham: no allusion is made to it in the commentary on Proposition I.1, among others. 2) It will be established later on that if one accepts (according to the explanation of Ibn al-Haytham in his Commentary on the premisses) that a line is the result of the movement of a point, the principle of continuity should be considered by him as something which is obvious by itself, without being stated. This conclusion will be based on an analysis of the notion of continuity in its classical meaning, and on Ibn al-Haytham’s commentary on Proposition X.1. 3) On the other hand, we should note the presence of a ‘sketch’ of topological language, which Ibn al-Haytham develops for the notion of a circle (particularly in the Commentary): one could say in this context that his reflection constitutes an important, if not principal, stage in the process which was to lead to the explicit formulation of the principle of continuity.
The Parisinus Graecus 2293 as a Document of Scientific Activity in Swabian Sicily
Authors: Pormann Peter E.
Published: March 2003

The production of manuscripts can be an indication for the scientific, linguistic or medical interests of a community. In this paper the author argues that Parisinus Graecus 2293, a bilingual Greek-Arabic manuscript, containing parts of the first three books of Paul of Aegina's medical encyclopaedia, was produced in Sicily or Southern Italy, probably in Palermo during the reign of the Hohenstaufen. It is thus a testimony to the fervent scientific and medical interest of the Swabian court which promoted cultural exchange between the East and the West. The purpose of the manuscript was not so much to help medical practice but rather to further bilingualism by giving the reader a tool with which he could improve his knowledge of either language.
‘Abd al-Rahmān Badawī Philosophe et historien de la philosophie 1917-2002
Authors: Rashed Roshdi
Published: March 2003

Né le 4 février 1917 dans un village des environs de Damiette,
‘Abd al-Rahmān Badaī s'est éteint au Caire, où
il avait étudié puis enseigné – à l'Universitél
– avant de joindre l'Université d'Héliopoplis. ‘A.
Badawī nous laisse une oeuvre monumentale, plus de cent-vingt livres en arabe et cinq
autres en français. Mondialement connu, son impact sur l'histoire de la
philosophie grecque, sur l'histoire de la philosophie islamique et sur la pensée
arabe au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, est immense et incontestable. Travailleur solitaire et acharné, il n'a jamais été égalé pour ses connaissances tant linguistiques que philosophiques et historiques, et surtout pour l'étendue des champs du savoir qu'il a pu couvrir.
NOTES ON SOUTH ASIAN BEGONIA (BEGONIACEAE)
Authors: TEBBITT M. C.
Published: March 2003

Details are given of several morphological characters that separate the Vietnamese endemic Begonia balansana from the more widespread south Asian B. handelii, with which it is often confused. Begonia prostrata is reduced to a variety of B. handelii. Descriptions are provided for B. balansana and for B. handelii and the closely affiliated and poorly known B. burkillii. Begonia balansana is illustrated. Begonia handelii var. prostrata is recorded as new to Vietnam, Laos and Thailand and B. burkillii as new to Myanmar.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF LIMONIUM (PLUMBAGINACEAE) FROM THE SULTANATE OF OMAN, ARABIA
Authors: GHAZANFAR S. A. , EDMONDSON J. R.
Published: March 2003

Hitherto the genus Limonium (Plumbaginaceae) was thought to be represented by eight species in Arabia. While preparing the account of Limonium for Volume 1 of the Flora of Oman, one of the present authors (S.A.G.) identified two new species from Oman, in addition to the three already known. The new species, L. sarcophyllum Ghaz. & J.R. Edm. and L. milleri Ghaz. & J.R. Edm., are described and illustrated, and the new combination L. paulayanum (Vierh.) J.R. Edm. & Ghaz. based on Statice paulayana Vierh. from Soqotra is published. A key is provided for all 10 species in Arabia.
NINE NEW SPECIES OF RUPRECHTIA (POLYGONACEAE) FROM CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Pendry C. A.
Published: March 2003

Nine new species of Ruprechtia (Polygonaceae) are described. Ruprechtia nicaraguensis Pendry and R. costaricensis Pendry are from Central America; R. carina Pendry and R. apurensis Pendry are from Venezuela; R. paranensis Pendry is from South Brazil; and R. peruviana Pendry, R. obovata Pendry, R. albida Pendry and R. aperta Pendry are from Peru.
A STRIKING NEW EPIPHYTIC HEDYCHIUM (ZINGIBERACEAE) FROM MYANMAR WITH A DISCUSSION ON SOME ANOMALOUS RELATED GENERA
Authors: WILLIAMS K. J. , KRESS W. J. , HTUN THET
Published: March 2003

Hedychium bordelonianum W.J. Kress & K.J. Williams (Zingiberaceae) is described and illustrated. Several characters make this species one of the most unusual in the genus; however, molecular phylogenetic data place it unequivocally in Hedychium. The similarities and relationships of this species to the anomalous taxa Nanochilus, Rhynchanthus, Stadiochilus, and Hedychium (Brachychilum) horsfieldii are discussed.
USE OF DIAGNOSTIC SSR MARKERS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF LARIX LYALLII AND L. OCCIDENTALIS (PINACEAE)
Authors: NADEEM S. , JAQUISH B. , NEWTON C. , KHASA P. D.
Published: March 2003

Two species-specific microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (UAKLly10a and UAKLla1) were used to distinguish Larix lyallii Parl. (subalpine larch) from L. occidentalis Nutt. (western larch) (Pinaceae). These markers can easily be used for rapid identification of the two species at any stage in the sporophyte phase of the life cycle. In the future, they should prove to be an invaluable tool for determining the possible occurrence and magnitude of introgressive hybridization in overlap zones between the two species. They are also expected to be useful in validating controlled crosses between L. lyallii and L. occidentalis and for certification purposes in reforestation and tree improvement programmes aimed at producing genetically improved hybrid stock.
ANALYSIS OF THE FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO VEGETATION III: COMPARISON OF THE WOODY VEGETATION OF 376 AREAS
Authors: RATTER J. A. , BRIDGEWATER S. , RIBEIRO J. F.
Published: March 2003

An analysis was made of the floristic composition of 376 areas of cerrado and Amazonian savanna, encompassing most of the area of such vegetation in Brazil. A total of 951 species of trees and large shrubs was recorded for these areas, of which 334 (35%) occurred at only a single locality (unicates).
Observation of sea breeze interactions at and near Hong Kong International Airport
Authors: Lee O , Shun C M
Published: March 2003

Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) is located in a coastal environment and is occasionally affected by sea breezes. High air temperatures relative to sea surface temperature, coupled with light winds or moderate east to northeasterly winds are favourable conditions for the development of a sea breeze at the airport. In the afternoon of 27 April 2000, sea breezes affected the airport and a sea breeze front was formed by convergence between the westerly sea breeze and strengthening easterlies. An aircraft landing at HKIA encountered the sea breeze front and reported wind shear with airspeed gain of up to 15 kt at a height of 30 m (100 feet) above ground. Surface wind observations and Doppler velocity data of a Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) allow quantitative analysis of the wind shear event. Shortly after the wind shear event, the TDWR also captured interesting interactions between the sea breeze front and an area of passing showers. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the wind shear event and observations of the sea breeze interactions by the TDWR. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Numerical prediction of severe convection: comparison with operational forecasts
Authors: Speer Milton S. , Leslie Lance M. , Qi L.
Published: March 2003

The prediction of severe convection is a major forecasting problem in Australia during the summer months. In particular, severe convection in the Sydney basin frequently produces heavy rain or hail, flash flooding, and destructive winds. Convective activity is a forecasting challenge for the Sydney basin, mainly from October to April. Currently, there is a need for improved numerical model guidance to supplement the official probabilistic convective outlooks, issued by the operational forecasters. In this study we assess the performance of a very high resolution (2 km) numerical weather prediction (NWP) model in terms of how well it performed in providing guidance on heavy rainfall and hail, as well as other mesoscale features such as low level convergence lines. Two cases are described in which the operational forecasts were incorrect on both occasions. Non‐severe thunderstorms were predicted on 1 December 2000 but severe convection occurred. Severe convection was predicted on 8 December 2000, but no convection was reported. In contrast, the numerical model performed well, accurately predicting severe convection on 1 December and no convection on 8 December. These results have encouraged a program aimed at providing an enhanced numerical modelling capability to the operational forecasters for the Sydney basin. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
A study of thunderstorm‐induced delays at Frankfurt Airport, Germany
Authors: Sasse M , Hauf T
Published: March 2003

It is a well‐known fact that adverse weather significantly influences the safety and operating efficiency of air traffic, particularly in the terminal area. The unavoidable consequences of reduced operating efficiency are delays, diversions and cancellations of flights. In this paper the impact of thunderstorms on landing aircraft at Frankfurt Airport (Germany) during 1997 and 1998 is analysed. Thunderstorms are among the major weather phenomena affecting airport operations. Weather and operating conditions permitting, Frankfurt Airport is operated at more than 100% of its nominal capacity, which in turn lowers the actual capacity during periods of adverse weather. To the authors' knowledge this is the first quantitative study of weather impact on aviation in Germany. To identify thunderstorms as the unambiguous cause of delays, days without thunderstorms were used for reference and the difference in delay time was determined. The study shows that in 1997 thunderstorms increased the accumulated regular delay time by a factor of 6.3 and in 1998 by a factor of 1.1. On average, a thunderstorm typically caused about 740 delay minutes in addition to the 280 regular delay minutes for a sum of 100 arriving aircraft within four hours of average impact time. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Using willingness‐to‐pay to assess the economic value of weather forecasts for multiple commercial sectors
Authors: Rollins Kimberly S. , Shaykewich Joseph
Published: March 2003

This paper uses an alternative to the usual cost‐avoidance approach to estimating the value of weather forecast products. Value is estimated via a demand‐based approach based on the willingness to pay of those who use weather forecast services. Contingent valuation is used to estimate the benefits generated by an automated telephone‐answering device that provides weather forecast information to commercial users in the Toronto area of Ontario, Canada. Commercial sectors included in the study are construction, landscaping/snow‐removal businesses, TV and film, recreation and sports, agriculture, hotel and catering, and institutions such as schools and hospitals. Average value per call varied by commercial sector, from $2.17 for agricultural users to $0.60 per call for institutional users, with an overall mean of $1.20 per call. At roughly 13,750,000 commercial calls annually, this would result in an estimate of benefits generated by the service to commercial users of $16,500,000 per year. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
The interpretation of non‐homogeneous hydrometeorological time series: a case study
Authors: Hall M J
Published: March 2003

Long records of hydrological and hydrometeorological variables are of inestimable value for the planning, design and management of water resource systems. Unfortunately, such long series invariably exhibit inconsistencies and non‐homogeneities arising from a wide variety of causes –for example, changes in instruments and observation practices, and alterations to the general environment of the instruments themselves. Both non‐parametric and parametric statistical tests are available to detect the presence of long‐term movements in recorded time series, but the interpretation of results from such testing has often to be carried out in the absence of sufficient station metadata. A case study of precipitation records for 20 stations in Scotland over the period from 1961–99 has demonstrated that the results from statistical testing for inconsistency and non‐homogeneity should also be interpreted in the context of prevailing weather systems. In particular, the increases in both annual and winter (Dec–Feb) rainfall totals recorded during this period at sites in western Scotland appear to reflect the changes in the winter atmospheric circulation over the Northern Hemisphere as encapsulated in the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI). Sustained periods of positive values of the NAOI, albeit less severe than during those of the 1970s and 1980s, are evident in the historical record of this index. The trends in rainfall totals identified could therefore be interpreted as arising from natural variability or even greenhouse gas forcing rather than from any inconsistency and non‐homogeneity. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society