bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of excited state quantum phase transitions on system dynamics
Authors: Pérez‐Bernal Francisco , Santos Lea F.
Published: June 2016

This work is concerned with the excited state quantum phase transitions (ESQPTs) defined in Ann. Phys. 323, 1106 (2008). In many‐body models that exhibit such transitions, the ground state quantum phase transition (QPT) occurs in parallel with a singularity in the energy spectrum that propagates to higher energies as the control parameter increases beyond the QPT critical point. The analysis of the spectrum has been a main tool for the detection of these ESQPTs. Studies of the effects of this transition on the system dynamics are more limited. Here, we extend our previous works and show that the evolution of an initial state with energy close to the ESQPT critical point may be extremely slow. This result is surprising, because it may take place in systems with long‐range interactions, where the dynamics is usually expected to be very fast. A timely example is the one‐dimensional spin‐1/2 model with infinite‐range Ising interaction studied in experiments with ion traps. Its Hamiltonian has a U(2) algebraic structure. More generally, the slow dynamics described here occurs in two‐level bosonic or fermionic models with pairing interactions and a Hamiltonian exhibiting a QPT between its limiting and dynamical symmetries. In this work, we compare the results for , and 3.
A Pilot Study of Clinical Targeted Next Generation Sequencing for Prostate Cancer: Consequences for Treatment and Genetic Counseling
Authors: Cheng Heather H. , Klemfuss Nola , Montgomery Bruce , Higano Celestia S. , Schweizer Michael T. , Mostaghel Elahe A. , McFerrin Lisa G. , Yu Evan Y. , Nelson Peter S. , Pritchard Colin C.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Targeted next generation sequencing (tNGS) is increasingly used in oncology for therapeutic decision‐making, but is not yet widely used for prostate cancer. The objective of this study was to determine current clinical utility of tNGS for prostate cancer management.

METHODS

Seven academic genitourinary medical oncologists recruited and consented patients with prostate cancer, largely with unusual clinical and/or pathologic features, from 2013 to 2015. UW‐OncoPlex was performed on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) primary tumors and/or metastatic biopsies. Results were discussed at a multidisciplinary precision tumor board prior to communicating to patients. FFPE tumor DNA was extracted for tNGS analysis of 194 cancer‐associated genes. Results, multidisciplinary discussion, and treatment changes were recorded.

RESULTS

Forty‐five patients consented and 42 had reportable results. Findings included mutations in genes frequently observed in prostate cancer. We also found alterations in genes where targeted treatments were available and/or in clinical trials. 4/42 (10%) cases, change in treatment directly resulted from tNGS and multidisciplinary discussion. In 30/42 (71%) cases additional options were available but not pursued and/or were pending. Notably, 10/42 (24%) of patients harbored suspected germline mutations in moderate or high‐penetrance cancer risk genes, including BRCA2, TP53, ATM, and CHEK2. One patient's tumor had bi‐allelic MSH6 mutation and microsatellite instability. In total, 34/42 (81%) cases resulted in some measure of treatment actionability. Limitations include small size and limited clinical outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeted NGS tumor sequencing may help guide immediate and future treatment options for men with prostate cancer. A substantial subset had germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes with potential clinical management implications for men and their relatives. Prostate 76:1303–1311, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Genetic Variation of SOD2 Does Not Determine Duration of Response to Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Xie Wanling , Drouin Sarah , Nakabayashi Mari , Pomerantz Mark , Lee Gwo‐Shu Mary , Kantoff Philip W. , Sharifi Nima
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Silencing SOD2 expression upregulates androgen receptor (AR) signaling and expression of SOD2 is downregulated in CRPC, compared with untreated tumors. The decreased SOD2 activity could lead to AR gain‐of‐function and the development of castration‐resistance.

METHODS

We genotyped SOD2‐rs4880 in a cohort of 753 prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) between 1996 and 2010. The rs4880 encodes Ala16Val in SOD2 and the Val variant has been demonstrated to be functionally less efficient than the Ala variant. We assessed the impact of SOD2‐rs4880 variants on the time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) on ADT using multivariable Cox regression.

RESULTS

Four hundred thirty‐two out of 753 (57%) had metastases at the time of ADT initiation. Overall, median TTP on ADT was 18.4 (95%CI: 15.8, 20.9) months and median overall survival (OS) from ADT initiation was 6.3 (95%CI: 5.8, 6.8) years. In unadjusted and adjusted analyses, there was no association between SOD‐rs4880 and TTP or OS on ADT (P > 0.05). Results were similarly negative among patients with and without metastatic disease at ADT initiation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our result suggests that a functional genetic variant in SOD2 does not determine the efficacy of ADT for prostate cancer. It is possible that the drastic downregulation of SOD2 in advanced prostate cancer cells may have overridden any influence of the genetic variation of SOD2. This study suggests the need for careful consideration about timing if the application of SOD2 mimetics for prostate cancer therapy is considered. Prostate 76:1338–1341, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The cluster architecture of carbon in polymer nanocomposites observed by impulse acoustic microscopy
Authors: Levin Vadim , Petronyuk Yulia , Morokov Egor , Chernozatonskii Leonid , Kuzhir Polina , Fierro Vanessa , Celzard Alain , Mastrucci Matteo , Tabacchioni Ilaria , Bistarelli Silvia , Bellucci Stefano
Published: June 2016

The high‐resolution ultrasonic technique (impulse acoustic microscopy) was applied for observing the bulk microstructure of nanocomposites with various types of carbon nanoparticles as filler. It was shown that ultrasonic methods are excellent tools for studying nanoparticle distribution over the material bulk and for revealing probable nonuniformity. The acoustic microscopy technique allows for looking through the bulk microstructure of objects by means of layer‐by‐layer visualization and object cross‐sectional imaging. In composites based on dispersed micrometer‐sized particles of exfoliated graphite, the particle distribution over the composite material bulk was observed. In nanocomposites with various kinds of low‐dimensional carbon nanofillers, i.e., nanoflakes, nanoplatelets, and nanotubes, the technique allowed the cluster architecture of the nanoparticle distribution to be revealed. Contact conjugation of low‐dimensionality nanoparticles led to fractal clusters despite significant technological efforts for providing homogeneity to the nanocomposite materials and uniformity to their properties. A pronounced tendency to form micrometer‐sized fractal agglomerates was found for 2D carbon nanoparticles: nanoflakes and nanoplatelets. The impulse acoustic microscopy technique provides visualization of the agglomerate distribution over the nanocomposite material bulk. Another kind of nanoparticle distribution was observed with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The latter formed CNT packings having different densities. Such regions were seen in acoustical images as small‐sized areas of various brightness.
Turbulence generation by mountain wave breaking in flows with directional wind shear
Authors: Guarino Maria‐Vittoria , Teixeira Miguel A. C. , Ambaum Maarten H. P.
Published: June 2016

Mountain wave breaking, and the resulting potential for the generation of turbulence in the atmosphere, are investigated using numerical simulations of idealized, nearly hydrostatic, atmospheric flows with directional wind shear over an axisymmetric isolated mountain. These simulations, which use the WRF‐ARW model, differ in degree of flow nonlinearity and shear intensity, quantified through the dimensionless mountain height and the Richardson number of the incoming flow, respectively. The aim is to diagnose wave breaking based on large‐scale flow variables.

The simulation results have been used to produce a regime diagram giving a description of the wave breaking behaviour in Richardson number–dimensionless mountain height parameter space. By selecting flow overturning occurrence as a discriminating factor, it was possible to split the regime diagram into sub‐regions with and without wave breaking.

When mountain waves break, the associated convective instability leads to turbulence generation (which is one of the known forms of clear air turbulence (CAT)). Thus, regions within the simulation domain where wave breaking and the development of CAT are expected have been identified. The extent of these regions increases with terrain elevation and background wind shear intensity.

Analysis of the model output, supported by theoretical arguments, suggests the existence of a link between wave breaking and the relative orientations of the incoming wind vector and the horizontal velocity perturbation vector. More specifically, in a wave breaking event, due to the effect of critical levels, the background wind vector and the wavenumber vector of the dominant mountain waves are perpendicular. It is shown that, at least for the wind profile employed in the present study, this corresponds to a situation where the background wind vector and the velocity perturbation vector are also approximately perpendicular.
An Evaluation of Wheeler's Method for Monitoring the Rate of Rare Events
Authors: Mao Huiying , Ginther Chase N. , Woodall William H.
Published: June 2016

Its wide application in practice makes the monitoring of the rate of rare events a popular research topic. Recently a researcher proposed plotting the counts between events on an individuals X‐chart with an upper control limit to detect process improvement and plotting the reciprocals of the counts on an X‐chart to detect process deterioration. He also used the median as the center line and the median moving range to obtain control limits in both control charts to address the problem of the standard deviation estimate inflation caused by extreme values. In our paper, we investigated the statistical performance of the four proposed approaches using simulation. We find using the mean results in a high proportion of ineffective control limits, while using the median avoids the issue of ineffective control limits but produces an unacceptably high proportion of false alarms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concise Review: Fate Determination of Stem Cells by Deubiquitinating Enzymes
Authors: Chandrasekaran Arun Pandian , Suresh Bharathi , Kim Hyongbum (Henry) , Kim Kye-Seong , Ramakrishna Suresh
Published: June 2016

Post-translational modification by ubiquitin molecules is a key regulatory process for stem cell fate determination. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are the major cellular processes used to balance the protein turnover of several transcription factors that regulate stem cell differentiation. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which facilitate the processing of ubiquitin, significantly influence stem cell fate choices. Specifically, DUBs play a critical regulatory role during development by directing the production of new specialized cells. This review focuses on the regulatory role of DUBs in various cellular processes, including stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, adult stem cell signaling, cellular reprogramming, spermatogenesis, and oogenesis. Specifically, the identification of interactions of DUBs with core transcription factors has provided new insight into the role of DUBs in regulating stem cell fate determination. Thus, DUBs have emerged as key pharmacologic targets in the search to develop highly specific agents to treat various illnesses.
Outcome of fetal ovarian cysts diagnosed on prenatal ultrasound examination: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bascietto F. , Liberati M. , Marrone L. , Khalil A. , Pagani G. , Gustapane S. , Leombroni M. , Buca D. , Flacco M. E. , Rizzo G. , Acharya G. , Manzoli L. , D'Antonio F.
Published: June 2016

Objective

To explore the outcome of fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of ovarian cyst.

Methods

The electronic databases MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched using keywords and word variants for ‘ovarian cysts’, ‘ultrasound’ and ‘outcome’. The following outcomes in fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of ovarian cyst were explored: resolution of the cyst, change of ultrasound pattern of the cyst, occurrence of ovarian torsion and intracystic hemorrhage, need for postnatal surgery, need for oophorectomy, accuracy of prenatal ultrasound examination in correctly identifying ovarian cyst, type of ovarian cyst at histopathological analysis and intrauterine treatment. Meta‐analyses using individual data random‐effects logistic regression and meta‐analyses of proportions were performed. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.

Results

Thirty‐four studies (954 fetuses) were included. In 53.8% (95% CI, 46.0–61.5%) of cases for which resolution of the cyst was evaluated (784 fetuses), the cyst regressed either during pregnancy or after birth. The likelihood of resolution was significantly lower in complex vs simple cysts (odds ratio (OR), 0.15 (95% CI, 0.10–0.23)) and in cysts measuring ≥ 40 mm vs < 40 mm (OR, 0.03 (95% CI, 0.01–0.06)). Change in ultrasound pattern of the cyst was associated with an increased risk of ovarian loss (surgical removal or autoamputation) (pooled proportion, 57.7% (95% CI, 42.9–71.8%)). The risk of ovarian torsion was significantly higher for cysts measuring ≥ 40 mm compared with < 40 mm (OR, 30.8 (95% CI, 8.6–110.0)). The likelihood of having postnatal surgery was higher in patients with cysts ≥ 40 mm compared with < 40 mm (OR, 64.4 (95% CI, 23.6–175.0)) and in complex compared with simple cysts, irrespective of cyst size (OR, 14.6 (95% CI, 8.5–24.8)). In cases undergoing prenatal aspiration of the cyst, rate of recurrence was 37.9% (95% CI, 14.8–64.3%), ovarian torsion and intracystic hemorrhage were diagnosed after birth in 10.8% (95% CI, 4.4–19.7%) and 12.8% (95% CI, 3.8–26.0%), respectively, and 21.8% (95% CI, 0.9–40.0%) had surgery after birth.

Conclusion

Size and ultrasound appearance are the major determinants of perinatal outcome in fetuses with ovarian cysts. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Comparison of characterization and microbial communities in rice straw- and wheat straw-based compost forAgaricus bisporusproduction
Authors: Wang Lin , Mao Jiugeng , Zhao Hejuan , Li Min , Wei Qishun , Zhou Ying , Shao Heping
Published: June 2016

Rice straw (RS) is an important raw material for the preparation of Agaricus bisporus compost in China. In this study, the characterization of composting process from RS and wheat straw (WS) was compared for mushroom production. The results showed that the temperature in RS compost increased rapidly compared with WS compost, and the carbon (C)/nitrogen (N) ratio decreased quickly. The microbial changes during the Phase I and Phase II composting process were monitored using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Bacteria were the dominant species during the process of composting and the bacterial community structure dramatically changed during heap composting according to the DGGE results. The bacterial community diversity of RS compost was abundant compared with WS compost at stages 4–5, but no distinct difference was observed after the controlled tunnel Phase II process. The total amount of PLFAs of RS compost, as an indicator of microbial biomass, was higher than that of WS. Clustering by DGGE and principal component analysis of the PLFA compositions revealed that there were differences in both the microbial population and community structure between RS- and WS-based composts. Our data indicated that composting of RS resulted in improved degradation and assimilation of breakdown products by A. bisporus, and suggested that the RS compost was effective for sustaining A. bisporus mushroom growth as well as conventional WS compost.
Family obligations and individuation among immigrant youth: Do generational status and age at immigration matter?
Authors: Oznobishin Olga , Kurman Jenny
Published: June 2016

Immigrant children and adolescents often assume parental roles in their families and may feel guilty about psychologically separating and individuating from the family. However, little is known about this phenomenon and youth' generational status and age at immigration. We investigated various aspects of family obligations (instrumental and emotional roles, language and culture brokering, perceived unfairness) and individuation among 302 immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel: first‐generation (n = 44) and second‐generation immigrant adolescents (n = 56); young adults who had arrived in Israel before the age of nine (n = 72) and from this age onward (n = 130). Immigrants who had arrived at age nine and older reported adopting more family obligations than other groups. Among the second‐generation immigrants, family obligations were related to lower individuation compared to the first‐generation immigrants. Possible explanations for the relations between family obligations and individuation according to generational status are suggested.
APOE and MS4A6A interact with GnRH signaling in Alzheimer's disease: Enrichment of epistatic effects
Authors: Cáceres Alejandro , Vargas José E. , González Juan R.
Published: June 2016

Introduction

It is unknown if risk loci, identified by genome‐wide association studies of late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), are linked to common molecular mechanisms through epistatic effects.

Methods

We performed genome‐wide interaction studies of five risk variants for LOAD followed by enrichment analyses to find if there are pathways that simultaneously interact with more than one variant. This novel approach was applied to four independent cohorts (5393 cases and 3746 controls).

Results

We found enrichment of epistasis in gonadotropin‐releasing hormone signaling with risk single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in APOE and MS4A6A (P value = 3.7 × 10−5, P value = 5.6 × 10−6); vascular smooth muscle contraction pathway was also enriched in epistasis with these loci (P value = 9.6 × 10−5, P value = 2.4 × 10−7). MS4A6A risk variant also interacted with dilated cardiomyopathy pathway (P value = 3.1 × 10−7).

Discussion

In addition to APOE, MS4A6A polymorphisms should be considered in hormone trials targeting gonadotropins. Interactions of risk variants with neurovascular pathways may also be important in LOAD pathology.
CONSISTENCY OF CIRCUIT EVALUATION, EXTENDED RESOLUTION AND TOTAL NP SEARCH PROBLEMS
Authors: KRAJÍČEK JAN
Published: June 2016

We consider sets ${\it\Gamma}(n,s,k)$ of narrow clauses expressing that no definition of a size $s$ circuit with $n$ inputs is refutable in resolution R in $k$ steps. We show that every CNF with a short refutation in extended R, ER, can be easily reduced to an instance of ${\it\Gamma}(0,s,k)$ (with $s,k$ depending on the size of the ER-refutation) and, in particular, that ${\it\Gamma}(0,s,k)$ when interpreted as a relativized NP search problem is complete among all such problems provably total in bounded arithmetic theory $V_{1}^{1}$. We use the ideas of implicit proofs from Krajíček [J. Symbolic Logic, 69 (2) (2004), 387–397; J. Symbolic Logic, 70 (2) (2005), 619–630] to define from ${\it\Gamma}(0,s,k)$ a nonrelativized NP search problem $i{\it\Gamma}$ and we show that it is complete among all such problems provably total in bounded arithmetic theory $V_{2}^{1}$. The reductions are definable in theory $S_{2}^{1}$. We indicate how similar results can be proved for some other propositional proof systems and bounded arithmetic theories and how the construction can be used to define specific random unsatisfiable formulas, and we formulate two open problems about them.
SIGN PATTERNS OF THE LIOUVILLE AND MÖBIUS FUNCTIONS
Authors: MATOMÄKI KAISA , RADZIWIŁŁ MAKSYM , TAO TERENCE
Published: June 2016

Let ${\it\lambda}$ and ${\it\mu}$ denote the Liouville and Möbius functions, respectively. Hildebrand showed that all eight possible sign patterns for $({\it\lambda}(n),{\it\lambda}(n+1),{\it\lambda}(n+2))$ occur infinitely often. By using the recent result of the first two authors on mean values of multiplicative functions in short intervals, we strengthen Hildebrand’s result by proving that each of these eight sign patterns occur with positive lower natural density. We also obtain an analogous result for the nine possible sign patterns for $({\it\mu}(n),{\it\mu}(n+1))$. A new feature in the latter argument is the need to demonstrate that a certain random graph is almost surely connected.
Numerical characterization of three-dimensional bluff body shear layer behaviour
Authors: Prosser Daniel T. , Smith Marilyn J.
Published: June 2016

Three-dimensional bluff body aerodynamics are pertinent across a broad range of engineering disciplines. In three-dimensional bluff body flows, shear layer behaviour has a primary influence on the surface pressure distributions and, therefore, the integrated forces and moments. There currently exists a significant gap in understanding of the flow around canonical three-dimensional bluff bodies such as rectangular prisms and short circular cylinders. High-fidelity numerical experiments using a hybrid turbulence closure that resolves large eddies in separated wakes close this gap and provide new insights into the unsteady behaviour of these bodies. A time-averaging technique that captures the mean shear layer behaviours in these unsteady turbulent flows is developed, and empirical characterizations are developed for important quantities, including the shear layer reattachment distance, the separation bubble pressure, the maximum reattachment pressure, and the stagnation point location. Many of these quantities are found to exhibit a universal behaviour that varies only with the incidence angle and face shape (flat or curved) when an appropriate normalization is applied.
Severity of Menopausal Symptoms and Nicotine Dependence amongst Postmenopausal Women Smokers
Authors: Copeland Amy L. , Peltier MacKenzie R. , Geiselman Paula J.
Published: June 2016

Rationale: Cigarette smoking has antiestrogenic properties, which may worsen the symptoms and health risks associated with menopause.

Objectives: In the present study, it was hypothesised that menopausal symptoms would improve with smoking abstinence.

Methods: Postmenopausal smokers (n = 76) were assessed with the Kupperman Index (KI) of menopausal symptoms and smoking-related indices of nicotine dependence, cotinine level, cigarettes per day (CPD), and number of years smoking.

Results: Participants were 67% Caucasian, 33% African-American, 52.3(SD = 7.8) mean years of age, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level, m = 42.6(SD = 25.7) mlU/ml, mean number of months since last menses was 145.1(SD = 118.9), and mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.4(SD = 6.2). Mean cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) was 20.3(SD = 11.5), for m = 29.4(SD = 10.7) years; m = 6.4(SD = 2.1) Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), m = 23.8(SD = 13.0) ppm carbon monoxide, and m = 19.7(SD = 12.5) KI total score. Most participants (78.9%) were currently taking hormone therapy (HT). Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that FTND (β = 0.48, p = 0.001) and cotinine level (β = −0.27, p = 0.02) predicted KI scores at baseline. Amongst participants (n = 65) who achieved abstinence for 2 weeks, number of years smoking predicted KI scores (β = 0.38, p = 0.01). At 8 weeks postcessation, CPD significantly predicted of KI scores (β = −0.74), p = 0.04).

Conclusions: With abstinence from smoking, the overall severity of menopausal symptoms decreased and shared variance with different smoking-related variables. The temporal and cessation-related symptom course identified in this study will be important in informing cessation interventions with this population of smokers.
MATERNAL HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR AND UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY IN ZIMBABWE
Authors: Chadoka-Mutanda Nyasha , Odimegwu Clifford O.
Published: June 2016

Under-five mortality remains a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. Zimbabwe is one of the countries in the region that failed to achieve Millennium Developmental Goal 4 in 2015. The objective of this study was to examine the extent to which maternal health-seeking behaviour prior to and during pregnancy and post-delivery influences the likelihood of under-five mortality among Zimbabwean children. The study was cross-sectional and data were extracted from the 2010/11 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS). The study sample comprised 5155 children who were born five years preceding the 2010/11 ZDHS to a sample of 4128 women of reproductive age (15–49 years). Cox Proportional Hazard regression modelling was used to examine the relationship between maternal health-seeking behaviour and under-five mortality. The results showed that maternal health-seeking behaviour factors are associated with the risk of dying during childhood. Children born to mothers who had ever used contraceptives (HR: 0.38, CI 0.28–0.51) had a lower risk of dying during childhood compared with children born to mothers who had never used any contraceptive method. The risk of under-five mortality among children who had a postnatal check-up within two months after birth (HR: 0.36, CI 0.23–0.56) was lower than that of children who did not receive postnatal care. Small birth size (HR: 1.70, CI 1.20–2.41) and higher birth order (2+) increased the risk of under-five mortality. Good maternal health-seeking behaviour practices at the three critical stages around childbirth have the potential to reduce under-five mortality. Therefore, public health programmes should focus on influencing health-seeking behaviour among women and removing obstacles to effective maternal health-seeking behaviour in Zimbabwe.
On some theoretical problems of laser wake-field accelerators
Authors: Bulanov S. V. , Esirkepov T. Zh. , Hayashi Y. , Kiriyama H. , Koga J. K. , Kotaki H. , Mori M. , Kando M.
Published: June 2016

Enhancement of the quality of laser wake-field accelerated (LWFA) electron beams implies the improvement and controllability of the properties of the wake waves generated by ultra-short pulse lasers in underdense plasmas. In this work we present a compendium of useful formulas giving relations between the laser and plasma target parameters allowing one to obtain basic dependences, e.g. the energy scaling of the electrons accelerated by the wake field excited in inhomogeneous media including multi-stage LWFA accelerators. Consideration of the effects of using the chirped laser pulse driver allows us to find the regimes where the chirp enhances the wake field amplitude. We present an analysis of the three-dimensional effects on the electron beam loading and on the unlimited LWFA acceleration in inhomogeneous plasmas. Using the conditions of electron trapping to the wake-field acceleration phase we analyse the multi-equal stage and multiuneven stage LWFA configurations. In the first configuration the energy of fast electrons is a linear function of the number of stages, and in the second case, the accelerated electron energy grows exponentially with the number of stages. The results of the two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations presented here show the high quality electron acceleration in the triple stage injection–acceleration configuration.
Conservation status and management insights from tracking a cryptic and Critically Endangered species of Orchidaceae
Authors: Kraaij T. , Baard J. A. , Crain B. J.
Published: June 2016

Ninety-five percent of orchid species associated with fynbos shrublands of South Africa's Cape Floristic Kingdom have been assessed for the IUCN Red List, yet aspects of their demography and population biology remain poorly understood. We conducted a 6-year demographic study of the Critically Endangered Disa procera, a cryptic, terrestrial species from South Africa with a global population of c. 50 individuals known from a single location. We aimed to provide management recommendations that would facilitate its persistence. Our findings indicate that the population of D. procera is larger than previously thought, and the species occurs at two distinct locations. These orchids exhibit high interannual variation in population size and turnover of individuals, potentially indicative of a species with a short life span, and still meet the criteria for Critically Endangered status. The species benefits from disturbances, such as brush cutting along trails, or fire, which open up clearances in the vegetation. However, physical damage to plants during their aboveground growing season (September–January) is particularly detrimental and should be avoided in habitat management for the species. Fire had beneficial effects at the population and individual levels and is recommended at 10–25-year intervals, outside the orchid's growing season. The species exhibited comparatively high rates of fruit set (68%), suggesting that pollination limitation does not currently constrain its performance. Its patchy distribution may, however, indicate constraints on dispersal or recruitment. We recommend that management strategies should include continued protection and monitoring of both populations, studies on pollination, habitat requirements and mycorrhizal associates, and a prescribed disturbance regime.
‘It's in my blood now’: the satisfaction of rangers working in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda
Authors: Moreto William D. , Lemieux Andrew M. , Nobles Matt R.
Published: June 2016

Investigating the human dimension of conservation science warrants an interdisciplinary approach. Criminologists and criminal justice scholars have begun to empirically examine various issues that are directly related to conservation, including wildlife law enforcement. This qualitative study of job satisfaction among law enforcement rangers in a protected area in Uganda contributes to both criminal justice and conservation science. Based on interviews and participant observation we identified four main themes that contributed positively to the job satisfaction of rangers: their role in aiding Uganda's conservation efforts and national development; financial stability and familial support; conducting frontline work and establishing ownership of the Park; and opportunities for personal and social development. We discuss the implications of our findings for Park management capacity building as well as for future interdisciplinary and qualitative scholarship in conservation science.
Love and Transience in Proust
Authors: Kubala Robbie
Published: June 2016

One strand of recent philosophical attention to Marcel Proust's novel À la Recherche du Temps Perdu, exemplified by Martha Nussbaum and Rae Langton, claims that romantic love is depicted in the text as self-regarding and solipsistic. I aim to challenge this reading. First, I demonstrate that the text contains a different view, overlooked by these recent interpreters, according to which love is directed at the partially knowable reality of another. Second, I argue that a better explanation for Proust's narrator's ultimate renunciation of romantic love appeals not to his impossible epistemic standard for knowledge of another person, but to his demanding evaluative standard for the permanence of love. This interpretation takes into account the broader scope of the novel, connecting with its larger themes of lost time and the desire for stability, and is more charitable, connecting to familiar worries about transience and constancy in loving relationships.
To be or not to be (an older driver): social identity theory and driving cessation in later life
Authors: PACHANA NANCY A. , JETTEN JOLANDA , GUSTAFSSON LOUISE , LIDDLE JACKI
Published: June 2016

Anticipated driving cessation required due to health or cognitive decline often evokes concerns about practical aspects of retaining mobility and quality of life as well as personal and social identity changes in older persons. While driving cessation is often perceived as stressful because it disrupts peoples' lives and poses practical hurdles, we argue that part of the stress associated with driving cessation can be attributed to identity change with regard to thinking of oneself as ‘no longer a driver’ as well as the perception of ‘getting old’. In an exploratory study, 208 older adults who had either ceased driving or had a plan to stop driving in the near future completed a ‘Driver Identity Survey’ with multiple questions about how they thought they would feel before and after stopping driving, as well as worries about practical hassles, life changes and changed relationships. Participants reported driving cessation as a significant life event associated with subjectively feeling older. Irrespective of current driving status, older participants identified the state of having ceased driving as associated with feeling older than their chronological age. Participants' expectations about practicalities and social identity changes were both significant predictors of stress associated with driving cessation. Discussion focuses on how expectations of anticipated changes in functionality and identity may influence driving cessation decisions and adjustment in later life.
Children's on-line processing of epistemic modals
Authors: MOSCATI VINCENZO , ZHAN LIKAN , ZHOU PENG
Published: June 2016

In this paper we investigated the real-time processing of epistemic modals in five-year-olds. In a simple reasoning scenario, we monitored children's eye-movements while processing a sentence with modal expressions of different force (might/must). Children were also asked to judge the truth-value of the target sentences at the end of the reasoning task. Consistent with previous findings (Noveck, 2001), we found that children's behavioural responses were much less accurate compared to adults. Their eye-movements, however, revealed that children did not treat the two modal expressions alike. As soon as a modal expression was presented, children and adults showed a similar fixation pattern that varied as a function of the modal expression they heard. It is only at the very end of the sentence that children's fixations diverged from the adult ones. We discuss these findings in relation to the proposal that children narrow down the set of possible outcomes in undetermined reasoning scenarios and endorse only one possibility among several (Acredolo & Horobin, 1987, Ozturk & Papafragou, 2015).
I.—The Influence of James Geikie's Researches on the Development of Glacial Geology
Authors: Horne John
Published: June 2016

My first duty is to express my cordial thanks to the Council and Fellows of this Society for electing me as President in succession to the late Professor Geikie. I have accepted the honour with great reluctance, for I am conscious of the fact that others have far stronger claims, and have waived their claims under very exceptional circumstances. But I may take this opportunity of assuring the Fellows that since they have been pleased to confirm the recommendation of the Council, I shall take an active interest in the affairs of the Society and do my best to promote its welfare.

The list of papers read during the past session shows that important contributions relating to different branches of science have been made to the Society. Notwithstanding the strain caused by the war, the output of original work is noteworthy. In this connection reference may be made to some researches having a direct bearing on the war. Last session the Council appointed a Committee, composed of leading scientists, to conduct investigations in connection with submarines, aeroplanes, asphyxiating gas, and high explosives.
IX.—Note on Captain Weir's Azimuth Diagram and its anticipation of a Spherical Triangle Nomogram
Authors: Bell Herbert
Published: June 2016

In a paper* read before this Society in 1889, Captain Weir gave a diagram for solving graphically, by means of a chart and parallel ruler, the polar spherical triangle whose vertices are the pole, zenith, and a star, so as to obtain the Azimuth when the declination, hour-angle, and latitude are known. The purpose of this note is to show that this diagram is in reality equivalent to the later straight-line nomogram, and to deduce a similar diagram to Weir's for another problem in spherical trigonometry.
New Light on the Sedition Act of 1798: The Missing Half of the Prosecutions
Authors: Bird Wendell
Published: June 2016

Federalist enforcement machinery ground out at least seventeen verifiable indictments. Fourteen were found under the Sedition Act, and three were returned under the common law … .

James Morton Smith

A spate of recent books, and even a smash Broadway musical (Hamilton), have celebrated the Federalist Party for state-building, active government, decisive leadership, forward-looking plans, and other political virtues. However, the rehabilitation of the Federalists cannot succeed without successfully confronting the Alien and Sedition Acts, which the Hamiltonian Federalists sponsored and which the recent books tend to speak softly about (and to which the musical does not give a song).
Large Unavoidable Subtournaments
Authors: LONG EOIN
Published: June 2016

Let Dk denote the tournament on 3k vertices consisting of three disjoint vertex classes V1, V2 and V3 of size k, each oriented as a transitive subtournament, and with edges directed from V1 to V2, from V2 to V3 and from V3 to V1. Fox and Sudakov proved that given a natural number k and ε > 0, there is n0(k, ε) such that every tournament of order n ⩾ n0(k,ε) which is ε-far from being transitive contains Dk as a subtournament. Their proof showed that $n_0(k,\epsilon ) \leq \epsilon ^{-O(k/\epsilon ^2)}$ and they conjectured that this could be reduced to n0(k, ε) ⩽ ε−O(k). Here we prove this conjecture.
A role for putamen in phonological processing in children
Authors: CHERODATH SARIKA , RAO CHAITRA , MIDHA RASHI , T A SUMATHI , SINGH NANDINI C
Published: June 2016

Bilingual children are required to successfully develop phonological skills in two languages, yet little is known about the neural correlates associated with them. We obtained structural imaging data from 30 Hindi–English children aged between 8 and 10 years and used voxel based morphometry to explore neuroanatomical correlates of behavioural measures of phonological awareness. Our results showed that phonological skills in English are predicted by grey matter volume of bilateral putamen, but solely by right putamen in Hindi. Post-hoc analysis revealed that English nonword reading correlates with grey matter volume in bilateral putamen while in Hindi nonword reading it correlates only with right putamen. These differences in putamen-based mechanisms indicate that syllable level awareness sufficiently supports early literacy in the transparent, alphasyllabic Hindi orthography whereas that in English requires both phonemic and syllabic level awareness. Our findings point towards a key role for putamen in mediating phonological and reading skills in children.
Violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: Indonesia context
Authors: Hidayana Irma , Februhartanty Judhiastuty , Parady Vida A
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To measure compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (‘the Code’) in Indonesia.

Design

The study was a cross-sectional survey using the Interagency Group on Breastfeeding Monitoring protocol.

Setting

Public and private health facilities in six provinces on Java island in Indonesia.

Subjects

A total of 874 women (382 pregnant women and 492 breast-feeding mothers of infants below 6 months) and seventy-seven health workers were recruited from eighteen participating health facilities. The study also analysed a total of forty-four labels of breast-milk substitute products, twenty-seven television commercials for growing-up milk (for children >12 months) of nine brands and thirty-four print advertisements of fourteen brands.

Results

The study found that 20 % of the women had received advice and information on the use of breast-milk substitutes and 72 % had seen promotional materials for breast-milk substitutes. About 15 % reported receiving free samples and 16 % received gifts. Nearly a quarter of the health workers confirmed receiving visits from representatives of breast-milk substitute companies. Two health workers reported having received gifts from the companies. The most common labelling violations found were statements or visuals that discouraged breast-feeding and the absence of mention about the consideration of local climate in the expiration date.

Conclusions

Violations of the Code by health workers, breast-milk substitute companies and their representatives were found in all provinces studied. A regular monitoring system should be in place to ensure improved compliance with and enforcement of the Code.
Interstitial rules and the contested application of human rights law and the laws of war in counterterrorism
Authors: NEWELL MICHAEL E.
Published: June 2016

The laws of war and international human rights law (IHRL) overlap, often with competing obligations. When two or more areas of the law overlap, political agents attempt to address these areas of ambiguity with interstitial rules. However, a lack of consensus on interstitial rules can destabilise the law, leading to increased contestation of legal norms and principles. Such is the case for international law in counterterrorism. Prior to the 11 September 2001 attacks (9/11), international agreements and US domestic practices placed counterterrorism within the framework of law enforcement. After 9/11, the Bush Administration replaced law enforcement with armed conflict and the laws of war as the dominant paradigm for counterterrorism, but this decision, among other legal justifications in the War on Terror, has been contested by the international legal community. As IHRL still applies in law enforcement operations, international law in counterterrorism now sits within a contested overlap of IHRL and the laws of war. The contestation of US policies in the War on Terror, including the use of drone strikes in particular, is a product of this unresolved overlap and the lack of clear interstitial rules. Lacking these rules, US counterterrorism policies risk undermining the rule of law.
Examining the Effects of I-Sharing for Future White-Black	Interactions
Authors: Gaither Sarah E. , Remedios Jessica D. , Schultz Jennifer R. , Maddox Keith B. , Sommers Samuel R.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Research shows that I-sharing, or sharing subjective experiences with an outgroup member, positively shapes attitudes toward that outgroup member. We investigated whether this type of social experience would also promote a positive interracial interaction with a novel outgroup member. Results showed that White and Black participants who I-shared with a racial outgroup member (vs. I-sharing with a racial ingroup member) expressed more liking toward that outgroup member. However, I-sharing with an outgroup member did not reduce anxious behavior in a future social interaction with a novel racial outgroup member. Therefore, although sharing subjective experiences may increase liking toward one individual from a racial outgroup, it remains to be seen whether this positive experience can influence behaviors in future interactions with other racial outgroup members. Future directions are discussed.
Effects of Self-Monitoring on Processing of Self-Presentation	Information
Authors: Tyler James M. , Kearns Peter O. , McIntyre Miranda M.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Self-monitoring is a key element in interpersonal interactions, guiding how people monitor and adjust their social behavior. Compared to low self-monitors, high self-monitors are more sensitive to and use social cues to direct their self-presentations. However, little work has examined whether high self-monitors possess a heightened capacity to cognitively process self-presentation information. The goal of the current work is to address this question. After exposure to impression-related (vs. control) words, high (vs. low) self-monitors were faster to link positive (vs. neutral) traits to the self. The results show that high self-monitors have greater cognitive access to self-presentation information, a finding that has heretofore been absent from the literature.
Predicting Temperature Shifts off the U.S. East Coast
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: June 2016

New research reveals the relative importance of oceanic and atmospheric processes in year-to-year changes in ocean temperature along the Middle Atlantic Bight.
A (Dust) Devil of a Time—on Mars
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: June 2016

New computer simulations of Martian dust devils could aid Red Planet weather forecasts.
Mitofusin-mediated ER stress triggers neurodegeneration in pink1/parkin models of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Celardo I , Costa A C , Lehmann S , Jones C , Wood N , Mencacci N E , Mallucci G R , Loh S H Y , Martins L M
Published: June 2016

Mutations in PINK1 and PARKIN cause early-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD), thought to be due to mitochondrial toxicity. Here, we show that in Drosophila pink1 and parkin mutants, defective mitochondria also give rise to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signalling, specifically to the activation of the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR). We show that enhanced ER stress signalling in pink1 and parkin mutants is mediated by mitofusin bridges, which occur between defective mitochondria and the ER. Reducing mitofusin contacts with the ER is neuroprotective, through suppression of PERK signalling, while mitochondrial dysfunction remains unchanged. Further, both genetic inhibition of dPerk-dependent ER stress signalling and pharmacological inhibition using the PERK inhibitor GSK2606414 were neuroprotective in both pink1 and parkin mutants. We conclude that activation of ER stress by defective mitochondria is neurotoxic in pink1 and parkin flies and that the reduction of this signalling is neuroprotective, independently of defective mitochondria. A video abstract for this article is available online in the supplementary information
Operating organic light-emitting diodes imaged by super-resolution spectroscopy
Authors: King John T. , Granick Steve
Published: June 2016

Super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy is adapted here for materials characterization that would not otherwise be possible. With the example of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), spectral imaging with pixel-by-pixel wavelength discrimination allows us to resolve local-chain environment encoded in the spectral response of the semiconducting polymer, and correlate chain packing with local electroluminescence by using externally applied current as the excitation source. We observe nanoscopic defects that would be unresolvable by traditional microscopy. They are revealed in electroluminescence maps in operating OLEDs with 50 nm spatial resolution. We find that brightest emission comes from regions with more densely packed chains. Conventional microscopy of an operating OLED would lack the resolution needed to discriminate these features, while traditional methods to resolve nanoscale features generally cannot be performed when the device is operating. This points the way towards real-time analysis of materials design principles in devices as they actually operate.