bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orientation hydrogen-bonding effect on vibronic spectra of isoquinoline in water solvent: Franck-Condon simulation and interpretation
Authors: Liu Yu-Hui , Wang Shi-Ming , Wang Chen-Wen , Zhu Chaoyuan , Han Ke-Li , Lin Sheng-Hsien
Published: October 2016

The excited-state orientation hydrogen-bonding dynamics, and vibronic spectra of isoquinoline (IQ) and its cationic form IQc in water have been investigated at the time-dependent density functional theory quantum chemistry level plus Franck-Condon simulation and interpretation. The excited-state orientation hydrogen bond strengthening has been found in IQ:H2O complex due to the charge redistribution upon excitation; this is interpreted by simulated 1:1 mixed absorption spectra of free IQ and IQ:H2O complex having best agreement with experimental results. Conversely, the orientation hydrogen bond in IQc:H2O complex would be strongly weakening in the S1 state and this is interpreted by simulated absorption spectra of free IQc having best agreement with experimental results. By performing Franck-Condon simulation, it reveals that several important vibrational normal modes with frequencies about 1250 cm−1 involving the wagging motion of the hydrogen atoms are very sensitive to the formation of the orientation hydrogen bond for the IQ/IQc:H2O complex and this is confirmed by damped Franck-Condon simulation with free IQ/IQc in water. However, the emission spectra of the IQ and IQc in water have been found differently. Upon the excitation, the simulated fluorescence of IQ in water is dominated by the IQ:H2O complex; thus hydrogen bond between IQ and H2O is much easier to form in the S1 state. While the weakened hydrogen bond in IQc:H2O complex is probably cleaved upon the laser pulse because the simulated emission spectrum of the free IQc is in better agreement with the experimental results.
Beach vortices near circular topography
Authors: Hinds A. K. , Johnson E. R. , McDonald N. R.
Published: October 2016

Finite-area monopolar vortices which propagate around topography without change in shape are computed for circular seamounts and wells including the limiting cases of each: islands and infinitely deep wells. The time-dependent behaviour of vortex pairs propagating toward circular topography is also examined. Trajectories of point-vortex pairs exterior to the topography are found and compared to trajectories of vortex patches computed using contour dynamics.
The small impact of various partial charge distributions in ground and excited state on the computational Stokes shift of 1-methyl-6-oxyquinolinium betaine in diverse water models
Authors: Heid Esther , Harringer Sophia , Schröder Christian
Published: October 2016

The influence of the partial charge distribution obtained from quantum mechanics of the solute 1-methyl-6-oxyquinolinium betaine in the ground- and first excited state on the time-dependent Stokes shift is studied via molecular dynamics computer simulation. Furthermore, the effect of the employed solvent model — here the non-polarizable SPC, TIP4P and TIP4P/2005 and the polarizable SWM4 water model — on the solvation dynamics of the system is investigated. The use of different functionals and calculation methods influences the partial charge distribution and the magnitude of the dipole moment of the solute, but not the orientation of the dipole moment. Simulations based on the calculated charge distributions show nearly the same relaxation behavior. Approximating the whole solute molecule by a dipole results in the same relaxation behavior, but lower solvation energies, indicating that the time scale of the Stokes shift does not depend on peculiarities of the solute. However, the SPC and TIP4P water models show too fast dynamics which can be ascribed to a too large diffusion coefficient and too low viscosity. The calculated diffusion coefficient and viscosity for the SWM4 and TIP4P/2005 models coincide well with experimental values and the corresponding relaxation behavior is comparable to experimental values. Furthermore we found that for a quantitative description of the Stokes shift of the applied system at least two solvation shells around the solute have to be taken into account.
Nuclear quantum effect and H/D isotope effect on F + (H2O)n → FH + (H2O)n−1OH (n = 1-3) reactions
Authors: Udagawa Taro , Tachikawa Masanori
Published: October 2016

Potential energy profiles for F + (H2O)n → FH + (H2O)n−1OH (n = 1-3) reactions, which are widely relevant to solvent effects on chemical reactions, have been investigated using the conventional quantum mechanical (QM) methods and our multicomponent QM (MC_QM) methods, which can take account of nuclear quantum effect of light nucleus, such as proton and deuteron. For these reactions, Li and co-workers [G. Li et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 117, 11979 (2013)] reported that (i) for F + H2O → FH + OH reaction, MPW1K density functional gave the best barrier among 49 kinds of density functionals and (ii) the energy of transition state of F + (H2O)2 → FH + (H2O)OH reaction is lower than that of the separated reactant molecules by the contribution of the second water molecule using high-accuracy CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ calculations. We have found that ω B97XD density functional reasonably reproduces the CCSD(T) geometries well, whereas MPW1K was not suited for analyzing F + (H2O)2 → FH + (H2O)OH reaction. Our MC_QM calculations reveal that nuclear quantum nature of hydrogen nucleus lowers the activation barrier of the reactions. The H/D isotope effect on F + (H2O)n → FH + (H2O)n−1OH (n = 1-3) reactions was also investigated.
Asymmetric corner frequency in the 1/f FM-noise PSD of optical frequency combs generated by quantum-dash mode-locked lasers
Authors: Panapakkam V. , Anthur A. , Vujicic V. , Gaimard Q. , Merghem K. , Aubin G. , Lelarge F. , Viktorov E. , Barry L. P. , Ramdane A.
Published: October 2016

We experimentally investigate the corner frequency in the 1/f frequency noise of the longitudinal modes of an InAs/InP quantum-dash based single-section passive mode-locked laser. The corner frequency features a strong asymmetry across the optical frequency comb with the values ranging from 10 MHz in the low-frequency side to 180 MHz in the high-frequency side. Actively mode-locking the laser induces a reduction in the corner frequency as it changes from 3 MHz in the low-frequency side to 70 MHz in the high-frequency side and the asymmetry persists.
Computational solvation dynamics of oxyquinolinium betaine linked to trehalose
Authors: Heid Esther , Schröder Christian
Published: October 2016

Studying the changed water dynamics in the hydration layers of biomolecules is an important step towards fuller understanding of their function and mechanisms, but has shown to be quite difficult. The measurement of the time-dependent Stokes shift of a chromophore attached to the biomolecule is a promising method to achieve this goal, as published in Sajadi et al. [J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 5, 1845 (2014).] where trehalose was used as biomolecule, 1-methyl-6-oxyquinolinium betaine as chromophore, and water as solvent. An overall retardation of solvent molecules is then obtained by comparison of the linked system to the same system without trehalose, but contributions from different subgroups of solvent molecules, for example, molecules close to or far from trehalose, are unknown. The difficulty arising from these unknown contributions of retarded and possibly unretarded solvent molecules is overcome in this work by conducting computer simulations on this system and decomposing the overall signal into the contributions from various molecules at different locations. We performed non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation using a polarizable water model and a non-polarizable solute model and could reproduce the experimental time-dependent Stokes shift accurately for the linked trehalose-oxyquinolinium and the pure oxyquinolinium over a wide temperature range, indicating the correctness of our employed models. Decomposition of the shift into contributions from different solvent subgroups showed that the amplitude of the measured shift is made up only half by the desired retarded solvent molecules in the hydration layer, but to another half by unretarded bulk water, so that measured relaxation times of the overall Stokes shift are only a lower boundary for the true relaxation times in the hydration layer of trehalose. As a side effect, the results on the effect of trehalose on solvation dynamics contribute to the long standing debate on the range of influence of trehalose on water dynamics, the number of retarded solvent molecules, and the observed retardation factor when compared to bulk water.
In-out asymmetry of zonal flow shear and turbulence reduction
Authors: Cho Y. W. , Yi Sumin , Kwon J. M. , Hahm T. S.
Published: October 2016

In-out asymmetry of ion temperature gradient turbulence in toroidal geometry is studied by performing nonlinear gyrokinetic simulation using the GyroKinetic Plasma Simulation Program code [Kwon et al., Nucl. Fusion 52, 013004 (2012)]. Effects of self-generated zonal flow shear on the in-out asymmetry of radial correlation length and amplitude of turbulence are addressed by varying collisionality. Both quantities exhibit strong in-out asymmetry (longer and higher, respectively, at the low field side) in the absence of zonal flows. When the zonal flow shear (which is higher at the low field side) gets stronger, the radial correlation length decreases with its in-out asymmetry also getting reduced as expected from E×B shear decorrelation theory. On the other hand, in-out asymmetry of turbulence amplitude behaves differently from that of the radial correlation length.
Extracellular matrix gene expression profiling using microfluidics for colorectal carcinoma stratification
Authors: Hayes Christopher J. , Dowling Catriona M. , Dwane Susan , McCumiskey Mary E. , Tormey Shona M. , Anne Merrigan B. , Coffey John C. , Kiely Patrick A. , Dalton Tara M.
Published: October 2016

In cancer, biomarkers have many potential applications including generation of a differential diagnosis, prediction of response to treatment, and monitoring disease progression. Many molecular biomarkers have been put forward for different diseases but most of them do not possess the required specificity and sensitivity. A biomarker with a high sensitivity has a low specificity and vice versa. The inaccuracy of the biomarkers currently in use has led to a compelling need to identify more accurate markers with diagnostic and prognostic significance. The aim of the present study was to use a novel, droplet-based, microfluidic platform to evaluate the prognostic value of a panel of thirty-four genes that regulate the composition of extracellular matrices in colorectal carcinoma. Our method is a novel approach as it uses using continuous-flowing Polymerase Chain Reaction for the sensitive detection and accurate quantitation of gene expression. We identified a panel of relevant extracellular matrix genes whose expression levels were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction using Taqman® reagents in twenty-four pairs of matched colorectal cancer tumour and associated normal tissue. Differential expression patterns occurred between the normal and malignant tissue and correlated with histopathological parameters and overall surgical staging. The findings demonstrate that a droplet-based microfluidic quantitative PCR system enables biomarker classification. It was further possible to sub-classify colorectal cancer based on extracellular matrix protein expressing groups which in turn correlated with prognosis.
The characters for integral equations system on exterior domain
Authors: Yin Rong , Zhang Jihui
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we are concerned with the integral equations system on exterior domain Ω1=ℜn∖Ω¯ with the suitable boundary conditions, where Ω ⊂ ℜn (n ≥ 3) is the bounded connected open domain with ∂Ω ∈ C1 and Ω1=ℜn∖Ω¯. By combining the method of moving planes in integral forms with some new ideas, we obtain the radial symmetry for Ω and for a pair of positive solutions (u, v) of the integral equations system. Besides, we also deduce that u and v are both monotone increasing.
Nanowires-assisted excitation and propagation of mid-infrared surface plasmon polaritons in graphene
Authors: Lu Hua , Zhao Jianlin , Gu Min
Published: October 2016

We investigate the excitation and propagation of surface plasmon polaritons in a novel graphene hybrid photonic nanostructure, which consists of a graphene sheet and a dielectric layer with partly etched nanowires coated on the silicon substrate. The simulation and analytical results show that the mid-infrared plasmonic wave can be generated in the graphene sheet by normally incident light due to the satisfaction of the wavevector matching condition. Especially, we find that the plasmonic wavelength and spectral width are determined by the width, pitch, and refractive index of the dielectric nanowires, as well as the layer number and the Fermi level of graphene sheet. The analytical calculations agree well with the finite-difference time-domain simulations. These results would provide an new avenue toward the excitation of graphene plasmonics for the manipulation of mid-infrared light at nanoscale.
Verification of the plasma diffusion-wave propagation in an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet with the solution of a diffusion equation
Authors: Cho Guangsup , Uhm Han Sup
Published: October 2016

The time-dependent solution of diffusion equation by the Fourier integration provides the axial diffusion velocity of a plasma packet, which is a key element of the plasma propagation in a plasma jet operated by the several tens of kHz. The plasma diffusion velocity is higher than the order of un ∼ 10 m/s at a high electric-field region of plasma generation and it is about the order of un ∼ 10 m/s at the plasma column of a low field region in a jet-nozzle inside. Meanwhile, the diffusion velocity is slower than the order of un ∼ 10 m/s in the open-air space where the plasma density flattens due to its radial expansion. Using these diffusion velocity data, the group-velocity of plasma diffusion wave-packet is given by ug ∼ cs2/un, a combination of the diffusion velocity un and the acoustic velocity cs. The experimental results of the plasma propagation can be verified with the plasma propagation in a form of the wave-packet whose propagation velocity is 104 m/s in a tube inside and is as fast as 105 m/s in the open-air space, thereby reconfirming that the theory of a plasma diffusion-wave is the origin of the plasma propagation in a plasma jet.
Co-excitation of normal modes and burst ion signal in an ion-beam–plasma system
Authors: Wu Fei , Ma J. X. , Wei Zi-an , Yi Kai-yang , Wang Ting-ting
Published: October 2016

The co-excitation of plasma normal modes and a pseudo-mode (burst-ion signal) in a beam–plasma system containing a stationary ion beam is experimentally investigated in a double-plasma device. The ion waves are excited by applying a ramp voltage to an excitation grid (rather than separation grid) immersed in the beam–plasma system. By studying the dependence of the phase velocities of the excited signals on the characteristics of the ramp signal and on the ion-beam velocity, four kinds of coexisting waves can be identified, i.e., a fast and a slow ion-beam modes, an ion-acoustic mode, and the burst-ion signal, respectively.
An ab initio study of the structure and atomic transport in bulk liquid Ag and its liquid-vapor interface
Authors: del Rio Beatriz G. , González David J. , González Luis E.
Published: October 2016

Several static and dynamic properties of bulk liquid Ag at a thermodynamic state near its triple point have been calculated by means of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The calculated static structure shows a very good agreement with the available experimental data. The dynamical structure reveals propagating excitations whose dispersion at long wavelengths is compatible with the experimental sound velocity. Results are also reported for other transport coefficients. Additional simulations have also been performed so as to study the structure of the free liquid surface. The calculated longitudinal ionic density profile shows an oscillatory behaviour, whose properties are analyzed through macroscopic and microscopic methods. The intrinsic X-ray reflectivity of the surface is predicted to show a layering peak associated to the interlayer distance.
Optical metasurfaces for subwavelength difference operations
Authors: Hwang Yongsop , Davis Timothy J.
Published: October 2016

Coupled metal nanostructures supporting localized surface plasmon resonances are represented as a nanoscale optical circuit that takes light fields as inputs and forms linear combinations of them with complex coefficients. The subwavelength arrays of these circuits form a metasurface that performs mathematical operations in two dimension on an incident light field. We demonstrate this concept with subwavelength scale plasmonic circuits that perform difference operations. The metasurface is fabricated from the arrays of coupled gold nanorods where each group of three rods forms the difference circuit. The operation of the metasurface is demonstrated experimentally.
Note: Professional grade microfluidics fabricated simply
Authors: Mohammad Anna , Davis Mark , Aprelev Alexey , Ferrone Frank A.
Published: October 2016

Microfluidics has found increasingly wide usage in the research and teaching laboratory, but setting up a facility for its production has typically required either significant capital expense or sacrifice of quality. We present an approach to produce devices, without a clean room, using LEDs and spin-coaters, and plasma bonded using a commercial microwave oven. Submicron features can be readily reproduced with good fidelity.
Impact of increasing social media use on sitting time and body mass index
Authors: Alley Stephanie , Wellens Pauline , Schoeppe Stephanie , de Vries Hein , Rebar Amanda L. , Short Camille E. , Duncan Mitch J. , Vandelanotte Corneel
Published: October 2016

Issue addressed

Sedentary behaviours, in particular sitting, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity and poorer mental health status. In Australia, 70% of adults sit for more than 8 h per day. The use of social media applications (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram) is on the rise; however, no studies have explored the association of social media use with sitting time and body mass index (BMI).

Methods

Cross‐sectional self‐report data on demographics, BMI and sitting time were collected from 1140 participants in the 2013 Queensland Social Survey. Generalised linear models were used to estimate associations of a social media score calculated from social media use, perceived importance of social media, and number of social media contacts with sitting time and BMI.

Results

Participants with a high social media score had significantly greater sitting times while using a computer in leisure time and significantly greater total sitting time on non‐workdays. However, no associations were found between social media score and sitting to view TV, use motorised transport, work or participate in other leisure activities; or total workday, total sitting time or BMI.

Conclusions

These results indicate that social media use is associated with increased sitting time while using a computer, and total sitting time on non‐workdays.

So what?

The rise in social media use may have a negative impact on health by contributing to computer sitting and total sitting time on non‐workdays. Future longitudinal research with a representative sample and objective sitting measures is needed to confirm findings.
Chapter 1. The dynamics of insubordination
Authors: Evans Nicholas , Watanabe Honoré
Published: October 2016

This chapter has a triple function, as an introduction to the phenomenon of insubordination with particular exemplification from the Australian language Kayardild, a review article drawing together the last decade of research on the topic, and a reasoned synthesis of the chapters comprising this volume, organised around a number of interwoven thematic strands.Insubordination, we argue, is a key site for understanding the dynamic and constant interplay of parole and langue, i.e. of actual spoken data in discourse on the one hand, and grammatical models used by speakers (or grammarians) on the other. It is also a prime example of the benefits that can be reaped by seeing the sentences that underlie utterances as collaboratively constructed during dyadic interaction.Since the typological survey and initial model of insubordination put forward by Evans (2007), many studies have extended our empirical coverage of the phenomenon in the languages of the world, found new functions for structures originating through insubordination, or challenged aspects of the original model. Particularly important have been the development of improved mechanisms for representing constructional meaning, increasing attention to the grammar of interaction and actual conversational data, better incorporation of prosody into our models of syntax and conversation, and the use of corpora of actual rather than elicited speech. All these trends have enriched our understanding of the variety of functions that insubordination can discharge, and the embedding of its evolution in actual conversational practice. Once such functions are taken into account, insubordination ceases to be seen as an odd and marginal aberration, and instead appears as a typologically widespread consequence of speakers’ search for formal means of embedding their utterances in the wider discourse, whether dyadic or narrative.
Chapter 2. On insubordination and cooptation
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kaltenböck Gunther , Kuteva Tania
Published: October 2016

The chapter is concerned more generally with what, following Evans (2007), we call insubordinated (or insubordinate) clauses, that is, with the conventionalized main clause use of what, prima facie, appear to be formally subordinate clauses. Insubordinated clauses are, as we argue here, information units that are coopted from a construction type [matrix clause – subordinate clause] where the matrix clause is implied but not formally expressed. Based on recent findings on discourse grammar analysis (Kaltenböck et al. 2011; Heine et al. 2013), three basic types of insubordinated clauses are distinguished and the nature of such clauses is accounted for with reference to the mechanism of cooptation from one domain of grammar to another.
Chapter 3. Running in the family
Authors: Verstraete Jean-Christophe , D'Hertefelt Sarah
Published: October 2016

This chapter provides a survey of insubordination patterns (as defined by Evans 2007) in five Germanic languages, Dutch, German, English, Swedish and Danish. The analysis focuses on a type of insubordination that is productive in many Germanic languages, viz. insubordinate complement clauses, introduced by dat (Dutch), dass (German), that (English), att (Swedish) and at (Danish). From a descriptive perspective, we try to identify the full constructional range of complement insubordination in each language, and we compare this range across the five languages. From a theoretical perspective, we use these data to assess the constructional status of insubordinate clauses, their development, and the boundaries of the concept, particularly with respect to ‘discourse-structuring’ or ‘elaborative’ uses. We round off by providing an overall functional characterization of insubordination that draws on functional work on subordination.
Chapter 4. Independent si-clauses in Spanish
Authors: Schwenter Scott A.
Published: October 2016

This chapter focuses on a particular use of subordinate-marked si ‘if’ clauses in Spanish as independent declaratives, which typically form the second part of a dialogic interaction with adversative speech act function. I provide both syntactic and prosodic evidence for the status of these constructions as insubordinated, and distinguish them from both full and elliptical conditional constructions in order to provide clear evidence of their status as free-standing declaratives. I also discuss the consequences of the (proposed) insubordination process for the creation of a new adversative connective si identical in form but very different in function from the conditional marker. The development of this adversative function has led to other uses of si that ultimately can be related back to the insubordination process. The more general theoretical question for discussion that is considered is this: What happens to the formal markers of adverbial subordination once they (begin to) appear in contexts where their main clauses are elided, i.e. in contexts of insubordination?
Chapter 5. Revisiting the functional typology of insubordination
Authors: Gras Pedro
Published: October 2016

The aim of this chapter is to discuss the functional typology of insubordination in the light of Spanish data. The empirical focus is on the functional load of que-initial sentences, which are the most frequent insubordinate constructions in Peninsular Spanish. Que-initial sentences can display several functions in interaction: third person imperatives, optatives, evaluative modality, echo-sentences, self-repetition, signalling relevant information, among others. Considering their high polyfunctionality, I address two interrelated questions. Firstly, I examine whether que-initial sentences can be considered instances of a single polysemous construction or whether they are different form-meaning pairings with their own grammatical and/or discursive features. A corpus-based constructional analysis allows the identification of two insubordinate que-constructions that differ not only in their meaning, but also in their formal and discourse properties. Secondly, I examine to what extent the functional typology of insubordination proposed in Evans (2007) can account for the wide array of functions displayed by que-initial sentences and I propose a typology of insubordination which considers two main macrofunctions: (i) non-declarative sentence modality and (ii) context dependency.
Chapter 6. Insubordinated conditionals in spoken and non-spoken Italian
Authors: Lombardi Vallauri Edoardo
Published: October 2016

In this chapter, Italian free conditionals are located within the general framework of Insubordination (Evans 2007). By means of the data contained in spoken and non-spoken Italian corpora, a series of questions related to the issue are addressed. The question regarding the extent to which the use of such constructions can be considered conventionalized is answered by considering the frequency of the construction as compared to the general frequency of if-clauses; its different diffusion in spoken and written uses and, among them, dialogic vs. non-dialogic situations; intonation patterns, conveying a series of pragmatic functions and characterizing if-clauses without an (overt) main clause as specific speech acts; conventionalization of meaning and function.The hypothesis that in language there may be a permanent tendency to creating insubordinated conditionals is explored in relation to such pressures as phonetical economy, communicative economy/ergonomy exploiting vagueness, the politeness function of “being incomplete”, and the possible preference for the iconic order “cause-consequence”.
Chapter 7. Insubordination in the Tsezic Languages
Authors: Comrie Bernard , Forker Diana , Khalilova Zaira
Published: October 2016

The Tsezic languages present a number of prima facie instances of insubordination, given current definitions of this phenomenon. For the purposes of this chapter, we base ourselves on the definition provided by Evans (2007: 367): “[Insubordination is] the conventionalized main clause use of what, on prima facie grounds, appear to be formally subordinate clauses.” While some instances of insubordination in Tsezic languages seem to illustrate typical instances, others present synchronic and diachronic issues that probe the phenomenon’s boundaries.
Chapter 8. Ordinary insubordination as transient discourse
Authors: Dwyer Arienne
Published: October 2016

Insubordination – the conventionalized use of morphologically non-finite forms as finite ones – is an ordinary syntactic event in synchronic spontaneous discourse; it is also an ordinary stage of the grammaticalization of non-finite clauses as finite ones. This chapter explores the morphosyntactic typology of insubordination and its ontogeny in Inner Asian Turko-Mongolic languages. In so doing, I clarify criterial features of insubordination. I also consider whether insubordination is a transient phenomenon as part of a larger process of grammaticalization.I hypothesize that spoken interactive discourse is the major source of candidate structures for insubordination. Inner Asian Turko-Mongolic insubordination occurs in cross-linguistically typical if-clauses, but it also occurs in several other morphologically nonfinite contexts such as purposive clauses (e.g. Uyghur …üčün ‘in order to…’), imperfective clauses (e.g. Southeastern Monguor …bari-ǰi ‘taking…’). I first survey the range of conventionalized insubordinate readings of such non-finites in a half dozen modern Turko-Mongolic languages. Turning to their ontogeny, I then show how contemporary examples of candidate utterances for insubordination often originate as co-constructed utterances in discourse.The grammaticalization of nonfinite clauses as finite ones is a well-established phenomenon in Turkic and Mongolic. Looking at clause length, frequency, and recoverability of semantic content, some conventionalized examples of insubordination (for instance the Monguor imperfective clauses with -ǰi) are losing an insubordination reading and becoming grammaticalized as finite utterances. If insubordination criterially entails semantic and grammatical elision, such constructions become independent in the final phase of insubordination, and “it may not be possible to restore any ellipsed material” (Evans 2007: 370–376). But if insubordination is viewed as a short-term, discourse-based and fundamentally transient phenomenon, then Monguor imperfective nonfinites would be seen as “mature” examples of insubordination. Social and regional variation and even language contact contribute to the introduction of new candidates for insubordination, as well as for their loss.
Chapter 10. Insubordination in Japanese diachronically
Authors: Narrog Heiko
Published: October 2016

This chapter is designed to give an overview of insubordination in documented Japanese language history, that is, not including pre-history and reconstruction. While doing so, a number of important issues concerning insubordination are discussed, including borderline cases between insubordination and grammaticalization, types of subordinate clauses particularly prone to insubordination, the relationship between insubordination and inversion, the relationship between insubordination and register, and structural and semantic correlates of insubordination. I further propose to categorize insubordinate constructions in Japanese into ‘open insubordinates’, which invite very broad inference with respect to the information conveyed in the deleted main clause, and ‘closed insubordinates’, which have a fixed interpretation, and can be understood as conveying a conventional implicature.
Chapter 11. Insubordination in Aleut
Authors: Berge Anna
Published: October 2016

Examples of insubordination are well attested in Eskimo languages, but they are rarely noted for the related language Aleut. In this chapter, therefore, I examine the possibility of insubordination in Aleut. The question is complicated by a number of factors, which I address here. For example, for there to be insubordination in a language, there must be subordination; in Aleut, there is little formal distinction between independence and subordination, and the identification of subordinate structures is formally (but not necessarily semantically) problematic. Furthermore, one of the primary mechanisms by which clauses become insubordinate is through ellipsis of an independent clause; this rarely occurs in Aleut. Finally, functions commonly associated with insubordination, e.g. evidentials, exhortations, prohibitions, etc., are often expressed via means other than subordination in Aleut. I conclude that Aleut does not have insubordination; nevertheless, this study may help in understanding the factors that block or disfavor the rise of insubordination.
Chapter 12. Insubordination in Sliammon Salish
Authors: Watanabe Honoré
Published: October 2016

In Sliammon, a Salishan language spoken in Canada, both subordinate clause types, namely conjunctive and nominalized clauses, can occur independently without any matrix clauses. Insubordinated conjunctive clauses have various functions that correspond well to those demonstrated in Evans (2007). Independent nominalized clauses, on the other hand, have the function of connecting clauses to a larger discourse context. Since elided matrix predicates are copula-like elements, they are not insubordination in the narrow sense, but correspond to those discussed in Mithun (2008) under the function of extended dependency in discourse. Similar cases in sister Salishan languages are found, suggesting that either the results of insubordination were already apparent in proto-Salish, or there has been drift in its various branches leading to the parallel development of insubordination.
Chapter 14. How fascinating! Insubordinate exclamations
Authors: Mithun Marianne
Published: October 2016

It has been noticed that in language after language, exclamatives resemble some other sentence type, usually interrogatives: How cute she is! How cute is she? Explanations for the similarities have generally been couched in terms of shared abstract syntactic or semantic structure. Here another kind of explanation is offered: intersecting histories of development through time. Previous work on the issue is surveyed, and the emerging consensus summarized: exclamative constructions (i) tend to be expressive rather than informative, (ii) convey a subjective judgment of the speaker, (iii) describe a scalable property, and (iv) assert an unexpectedly high degree of that property. Not all exclamatives resemble questions in form, however. In Mohawk, an Iroquoian language of Northeastern North America, exclamatives show these four characteristics, but they resemble complements of declarative sentences. Exclamatives that resemble interrogatives and those that resemble declarative complements can be seen to originate in different source constructions, but they converge in the final steps of their development: a matrix clause expressing surprise or an unexpectedly high degree of some property expressed in the complement disappears (insubordination), but its meaning remains a part of the construction.
Chapter 15. Routes to insubordination
Authors: Cristofaro Sonia
Published: October 2016

Cross-linguistic data suggest that we still know relatively little on the possible origins of insubordination, that is, what source constructions give rise to particular types of insubordinate clauses, through what mechanisms, and why. Insubordinate clauses can develop through a wider range of mechanisms than assumed so far, and many clause types are actually compatible with different developmental mechanisms and source constructions. Also, the various mechanisms are quite different in nature, and do not exclusively apply to subordinate clauses. This suggests that insubordination might actually be a result of several different processes pertaining to clause combining in general, rather than a unified process specifically pertaining to subordination.
The effect of nitriding on adhesion and mechanical properties of electroless Ni–P coating on AISI 4140 steel
Authors: Soares Marcos E. , Soares Paulo , Souza Peterson R. , Souza Roberto M. , Torres Ricardo D.
Published: October 2016

In this work, electroless nickel has been deposited onto steel substrates by a selfcatalytic process, which involves temperature and time to create a Ni–P layer with a uniform thickness. The major drawback of electroless nickel is the interdiffusion post heat treatment (PHT) that is necessary to create a metallurgical bond between the steel substrate and the Ni–P deposit. The PHT results in softening of the steel. The aim of this ongoing research is to investigate the effect of introducing a nitrided layer prior to deposition of Ni–P layer, as an attempt to lessen the softening of the steel. To this end, Ni–P coatings were obtained over nitrided and non-nitrided steel substrates. The PHT was done at 400°C or 610°C. The nitrided layer, indeed, avoided the softening of the steel substrate. In addition, the nitrided layer improves the adhesion of the Ni–P coating even when the PHT was done at 400°C.
Medical Discovery as Suffrage Justification in Mary Putnam Jacobi’s 1894 New York Campaign Rhetoric
Authors: Skinner Carolyn
Published: October 2016

This article examines the suffrage rhetoric of nineteenth-century American physician Mary Putnam Jacobi. As a medical researcher, Putnam Jacobi believed that women’s participation in scientific research and their use of scientific arguments would improve the public’s perception of women, making woman suffrage more likely. As science grew in influence around the turn of the century, deploying its persuasive resources became an important part of both men’s and women’s social-issue rhetoric. This analysis of Putnam Jacobi’s suffrage rhetoric identifies two science-inflected arguments: first, she asserted that scientific findings had already prompted governments to be more inclusive, creating a science-driven model of social reform; second, she contended that women had met all the qualifications to vote, offering an empirical-evidence argument for suffrage.
“They Died the Spartan’s Death”: Thermopylae, the Alamo, and the Mirrors of Classical Analogy
Authors: Cox Jeremy
Published: October 2016

In moments of crisis, people often make sense of the present by activating memories of the past through particular tropes of public memory. Classical analogies are one such trope, suggesting a sense of continuity between a (seemingly) stable ancient world and a chaotic present. Despite their prominence in American rhetoric, classical analogies have received too little attention from scholars of rhetoric. In the following, I interrogate the use of classical analogies in nineteenth-century American rhetoric— a period in which the classics were a vibrant aspect of public culture—by analyzing analogies between the fall of the Alamo and the fifth-century BC battle of Thermopylae. Thermopylae analogies were activated as tropes of public memory to warrant the formation of a defiant political identity for a Texian community reeling from defeat. Through an analysis of key texts that utilized Thermopylae analogies, I show that classical analogies sometimes go beyond comparisons between the past and the present to act as “mirrors” that inspire identification with, and imitation of, the ancients.
A Reevaluation of Alcuin’s Disputatio de rhetorica et de virtutibus as Consular Persuasion: The Context of the Late Eighth Century Revisited
Authors: Ramsey Shawn
Published: October 2016

Alcuin’s Rhetoric possesses a singular relationship to the history of rhetoric and to its own unique historical period. The puzzlingly diverse evaluations of the Rhetoric’s purpose and “importance” are often clouded by the question of its subsequent historical influence. The purpose of the present argument is to present contextualizing information based on newly emerging historical data surrounding the mid-790s, the date of the Rhetoric’s composition, and its Augustinian influence. Alcuin’s Rhetoric is an early example of consular rhetoric to “advise the prince” that forms, in itself, a deliberative argument regarding a very specific set of historical exigencies that relate to legal policies toward unconverted subjects in the Carolingian empire. Alcuin’s motivation for the composition of the Rhetoric can be understood in the historically imminent adoption of the Saxon Code and its contradiction of the rhetorical counsel found in Augustine’s De Catechizandis Rudibus.
Majorities and minorities in post-ISIS Iraq
Authors: Abdel-Razek Omar , Puttick Miriam
Published: October 2016

The question of majorities and minorities has dominated the Iraqi political scene since the American-led invasion of 2003. As an occupying power, the US enshrined sectarianism in post-Saddam Iraq through divisive policies and structures that continue to pervade the political institution from top to bottom. As a result, what was considered a remedy for Iraq’s political ills opened the gates for more sectarian division, the dispersion of religious minorities and power struggles between the main majority groups: Shia Arabs, Sunni Arabs and Kurds. How this deadlock will be resolved is the key question that Iraq is facing as it prepares for an imminent defeat of the so-called Islamic State (Da’sh or ISIS). This paper traces the development of the concepts of majorities and minorities in Iraq’s recent history, analyzing the factors that led to the sectarian paralysis of today and exploring possibilities for a post-ISIS political solution that preserves the multi-ethnic, multi-religious character of the Iraqi nation-state.
Formin-generated actomyosin arcs propel T cell receptor microcluster movement at the immune synapse
Authors: Murugesan Sricharan , Hong Jinsung , Yi Jason , Li Dong , Beach Jordan R. , Shao Lin , Meinhardt John , Madison Grey , Wu Xufeng , Betzig Eric , Hammer John A.
Published: October 2016

Actin assembly and inward flow in the plane of the immunological synapse (IS) drives the centralization of T cell receptor microclusters (TCR MCs) and the integrin leukocyte functional antigen 1 (LFA-1). Using structured-illumination microscopy (SIM), we show that actin arcs populating the medial, lamella-like region of the IS arise from linear actin filaments generated by one or more formins present at the IS distal edge. After traversing the outer, Arp2/3-generated, lamellipodia-like region of the IS, these linear filaments are organized by myosin II into antiparallel concentric arcs. Three-dimensional SIM shows that active LFA-1 often aligns with arcs, whereas TCR MCs commonly reside between arcs, and total internal reflection fluorescence SIM shows TCR MCs being swept inward by arcs. Consistently, disrupting actin arc formation via formin inhibition results in less centralized TCR MCs, missegregated integrin clusters, decreased T–B cell adhesion, and diminished TCR signaling. Together, our results define the origin, organization, and functional significance of a major actomyosin contractile structure at the IS that directly propels TCR MC transport.
Sema3d controls collective endothelial cell migration by distinct mechanisms via Nrp1 and PlxnD1
Authors: Hamm Mailin Julia , Kirchmaier Bettina Carmen , Herzog Wiebke
Published: October 2016

During cardiovascular development, tight spatiotemporal regulation of molecular cues is essential for controlling endothelial cell (EC) migration. Secreted class III Semaphorins play an important role in guidance of neuronal cell migration and were lately linked to regulating cardiovascular development. Recently, SEMA3D gene disruptions were associated with cardiovascular defects in patients; however, the mechanisms of action were not revealed. Here we show for the first time that Sema3d regulates collective EC migration in zebrafish through two separate mechanisms. Mesenchymal Sema3d guides outgrowth of the common cardinal vein via repulsion and signals through PlexinD1. Additionally, within the same ECs, we identified a novel function of autocrine Sema3d signaling in regulating Actin network organization and EC morphology. We show that this new function requires Sema3d signaling through Neuropilin1, which then regulates Actin network organization through RhoA upstream of Rock, stabilizing the EC sheet. Our findings are highly relevant for understanding EC migration and the mechanisms of collective migration in other contexts.
HMGB2 holds the key to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype
Authors: Guerrero Ana , Gil Jesús
Published: October 2016

The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) is a hallmark of senescence with an important physiological impact, but how it is established is unclear. In this issue, Aird et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201608026) describe how chromatin-bound HMGB2 fine tunes SASP expression by avoiding heterochromatin spreading.
Adrenergic control of the adaptive immune response by diurnal lymphocyte recirculation through lymph nodes
Authors: Suzuki Kazuhiro , Hayano Yuki , Nakai Akiko , Furuta Fumika , Noda Masaki
Published: October 2016

Various aspects of the immune system display circadian rhythms. Although lymphocyte trafficking has been suggested to show diurnal variations, the mechanisms and influences on immune responses are unclear. Here, we show in mice that inputs from adrenergic nerves contribute to the diurnal variation of lymphocyte recirculation through lymph nodes (LNs), which is reflected in the magnitude of the adaptive immune response. Neural inputs to β2-adrenergic receptors (β2ARs) expressed on lymphocytes reduced the frequency of lymphocyte egress from LNs at night, which was accompanied by an increase of lymphocyte numbers in LNs. Immunization during the period of lymphocyte accumulation in LNs enhanced antibody responses. The diurnal variation of the humoral immune response was dependent on β2AR-mediated neural signals and was diminished when lymphocyte recirculation through LNs was stopped. This study reveals the physiological role of adrenergic control of lymphocyte trafficking in adaptive immunity and establishes a novel mechanism that generates diurnal rhythmicity in the immune system.
The path from student to mentor and from chromosomes to replication to genomics
Authors: Gerbi Susan A.
Published: October 2016

The American Society for Cell Biology Women in Cell Biology Sandra Masur Senior Award recognizes leadership in scientific accomplishments and in mentoring, which are intertwined. My development as a scientist reflects important mentors in my life, including my father and Joe Gall, who is my “Doktor Vater.” In turn, as an established investigator, my scientific successes in researching 1) chromosomes, their replication and genomics, and 2) ribosomes, their structure, evolution, and biogenesis, reflects the hard work of my students and postdocs, for whom I act as a mentor, guiding them in their research and along their career paths.
The need to connect: on the cell biology of synapses, behaviors, and networks in science
Authors: Colón-Ramos Daniel A.
Published: October 2016

My laboratory is interested in the cell biology of the synapse. Synapses, which are points of cellular communication between neurons, were first described by Santiago Ramón y Cajal as “protoplasmic kisses that appear to constitute the final ecstasy of an epic love story.” Who would not want to work on that?! My lab examines the biological mechanisms neurons use to find and connect to each other. How are synapses formed during development, maintained during growth, and modified during learning? In this essay, I reflect about my scientific journey to the synapse, the cell biological one, but also a metaphorical synapse—my role as a point of contact between the production of knowledge and its dissemination. In particular, I discuss how the architecture of scientific networks propels knowledge production but can also exclude certain groups in science.
A Dictionary of Audiology
Authors: Maltby Maryanne
Published: October 2016

Over 230 entries

A Dictionary of Audiology features authoritative and detailed entries that clearly define and describe essential terms relating to hearing, balance, and related disorders. These entries expand on the audiology coverage present in Oxford Reference’s general medical dictionaries to provide a specialist source of reference for students and practitioners. This second edition adds several illustrations and recommended web links, as well as more than 30 new entries.