bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of slip-compensated odometry for various skid-steer suspensions on different ground surfaces.
Authors: Chlebowicz Łukasz , Cybulski Bartłomiej , Botew Piotr , Granosik Grzegorz
Published: August 2024

Localization systems for mobile robots often integrate various positioning methods, with wheel odometry commonly employedin predictive stages of position estimation algorithms. Reinforced odometry can elevate overall accuracy, robustness, andredundancy of a localization system. This study introduces a methodology and experiment comparing slip-compensatedodometry using four algorithms based on enhanced kinematic models of skid steer suspension. The primary objective isto extrapolate these methods to diverse skid-steer suspensions for enhanced adaptability and modular performance, whilethe secondary goal is to increase odometry robustness using low-cost methods. Through the evaluation of algorithmicperformance across 10 distinct surface types, characterized by diverse slipping conditions, we aimed to determine theiradaptability to different traction conditions. This paper introduces a slip compensation method for modular robotic platforms,comparing four odometry algorithms across 24 suspension configurations and 10 surfaces. It enhances odometry accuracyand slip compensation efficiency, focusing on reducing Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and demonstrating algorithm adaptability todifferent suspension types and surfaces. In this extended study, experiments were conducted involving 24 distinct suspensionconfigurations, all employing skid-steer mechanics. The rigorous testing entailed multiple repetitions of two different trajectoriesacross 10 varied ground surfaces, amounting to a total of 1576 trials.
Prostate Cancer Prediction Model Based on Anoikis-Related Genes and Therapeutic Potential of BUB1 in Influencing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Luo Shuhang , Wang Haoran , Zhang Jiong , Hou Huimin , Wang Jianye , Liu Ming
Published: August 2024

Background
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies among men worldwide. Anoikis is a form of programmed cell death that is potentially negatively correlated with tumor progression; however, its relationship with prostate cancer remains inconclusive.
Methods
The transcriptomic and clinical data for this study were obtained from the TCGA and GEO databases. The prediction model was established using univariate Cox, multivariate Cox, and LASSO regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves determined the predictive performance, and the GEO database was used for external validation. Patients were stratified into different risk groups, and their prognoses were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. We also analyzed immune cell infiltration and sensitivity to immunotherapeutic drugs in prostate cancer patients. The BUB1 gene was selected for in vitro experimental validation.
Results
We constructed a prognostic risk prediction model using four ARGs: BUB1, PTGS2, RAC3, and IRX1. Patients in the high-risk group had worse overall survival than those in the low-risk group, with significant differences in immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint expression, and sensitivity to immunotherapeutic drugs. Using NMF, we categorized TCGA prostate cancer patients into two subgroups, with cluster2 having better prognoses. Gene expression and immune cell infiltration were compared between the subgroups. Knocking down the BUB1 gene in PC3 and C4-2 cell lines reduced prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion and altered EMT-related protein expression.
Conclusion
After external validation, our study shows that the ARG-based predictive model accurately forecasts prostate cancer prognosis. In vitro experiments revealed that the BUB1 gene significantly affects prostate cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and the expression of specific EMT-related proteins. Thus, BUB1 is a potential therapeutic target.
Effects of a 16-week High-Speed Resistance Training program on physical and cognitive function in community-dwelling independent older adults: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Martins Alexandre Duarte , Batalha Nuno , Fernandes Orlando , Gonçalves Bruno , Oliveira Rafael , Brito João Paulo
Published: August 2024

Purpose: Ageing involves diverse changes in physical and cognitive functions. This study explored the impact of a 16-week High-Speed Resistance Training (HSRT) program on physical and cognitive functions of independent older adults.
Methods: The clinical trial involved 79 older adults, divided into an intervention group (IG, N=40, 68.50±3.54 years; 68.65±11.36 kg) and a control group (CG, N=39, 72.08±5.89 years; 67.04±10.69 kg). The IG participants engaged in 60–70 minutes session of supervised HSRT (speed range of >1.3–0.75 m/s in concentric actions), three times a week for 16 weeks, with 5–6 exercises per session, 2–3 sets, and 6–10 repetitions per exercise. Physical function was assessed using the chair‐stand test, the Time Up and Go (TUG) test, the seated medicine ball throw (SMBT), the six-minute walking test (6MWT), and handgrip strength test (dominant and non-dominant). The cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). CG did not perform any exercise training program.
Results: The HSRT program could induce significant improvements in physical function in favour of the IG for chair-stand (η²p=0.736), TUG test (η²p=0.635), SMBT (η²p=0.331), 6MWT (η²p=0.386), and handgrip strength test for the dominant (η²p=0.448) and non-dominant side (η²p=0.388), as well as in cognitive function (η²p=0.248).
Conclusion: The 16-week HSRT program led to substantial enhancements in both physical and cognitive functions. Remarkably, the HSRT program, tailored to specific velocity zones, proved to be a safe and motivational approach to physical activity for this population.
Clinical Trial Registration
NCT05586087
The effect of the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS)-based diet on glycemic control , mental health and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Bagherpour Sara , Nourinezhad Fatemeh , Namiranian Nasim , Afkhami-Ardekani Mohammad , Nadjarzadeh Azadeh , Jambarsang Sara , Khayyatzadeh Sayyed Saeid
Published: August 2024

Background
As the most common endocrine disorder, type 2 diabetes is the main cause of more than 4% of deaths worldwide, West Asia and especially Iran is known as one of the regions in the world where the incidence of diabetes has increased significantly in recent years. Failure to control diabetes can cause side effects which reduce the patient's quality of life and increase mental disorders and the mortality rate.So dietary interventions such as a GDQS-based diet may be effective in improving biochemical and blood biomarkers and reducing risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods
This is a randomized clinical trial that includes men and women patients with type 2 diabetes. In total, 94 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected based on the entry criteria. Then these patients are randomly assigned to receive the diet based on GDQS (N = 47) or the standard diet of diabetic patients (N = 47) for 12 weeks. The primary outcomes will be the assessment of blood biomarkers (HbA1C, FBS, TG, TC, HDL, LDL) and mental health including (depression, anxiety), sleep quality and quality of life. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, waist circumference, body fat percentage, skeletal muscle percentage, body mass index and blood pressure will be considered as secondary outcomes. All outcomes will be measured at the beginning and end (end of 12 weeks) of the study. participants ' adherence will be evaluated using a 3-day food record (2 normal days and one off day) every week.
Discussion
Prospective studies have shown that adherence to healthy eating guidelines, as reflected by higher dietary quality indices, is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes.A common feature among all diets is the consumption of more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.Thus, a diet that scores high on the GDQS is associated with relatively plant-based diets.Among the foods in the GDQS, high consumption of red and processed meat, refined grains, sugar-sweetened beverages, and potatoes, especially french fries is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. However, more studies on GDQS-based diets in other populations are needed to confirm its usefulness in various populations to predict non-communicable diseases.
Trial registration:
Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (www.irct.ir) IRCT20210427051098N4.Prospectively registered on December 1, 2023.
Microglia-derived ADAM9 promote GHRH neurons pyroptosis by Mad2L2-JNK-caspase-1 pathway in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Mao Jian , Bao Yun , Liu Fan , Ye Qiyun , Peng Junxiang , Nie Jing , Huang Lijun , Liao Yonghong , Xing Yiheng , Wu Dongyang , Wang Ke , Feng Wenfeng , Qi Songtao , Pan Jun , Qiu Binghui
Published: August 2024

The incidence of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is significantly higher than that of other neuroendocrine disorders, but the mechanism is still elusive. We used mass spectrometry to identify differentially expressed proteins in cerebrospinal fluid samples from a well-characterized cohort of patients. A total of 683 proteins were identified, including 39 upregulated proteins in the GHD group. ADAM9 was most highly associated with GHD. In vivo, ADAM9 colocalized with M1 microglia markers, GH and cognitive ability of mice decreased significantly, and microglia secreted ADAM9 significantly. ADAM9 regulates pyroptosis of GHRH neurons by the Mad2L2-JNK-caspase-1 pathway. Sorafenib inhibits ADAM9 secretion by microglia and improves GH levels and the cognitive ability of mice. This study found that the crosstalk between GHRH neurons and neuroglial cells in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, i.e., microglia, is an essential factor in the formation of GHD in aSAH. We propose that neutralization of ADAM9 production by microglia might be a potential therapy for GHD after aSAH.
Assessment of Sacroiliitis Using Zero Echo Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Comprehensive Evaluation
Authors: Bayrak Yunus Emre , Özer Törehan , Anık Yonca , Balcı Sibel , Aydın Duygu , Şahin Nihal , Sönmez Hafize Emine
Published: August 2024

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of zero echo time (ZTE) MRI in identifying structural lesions in patients with enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA), a subset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) known for frequent sacroiliac (SI) joint involvement. Conventional MRI pulse sequences often struggle to adequately visualize osseous and calcified tissues. Methods All MRI examinations were conducted using a 1.5 T scanner. The MRI protocol included standard sequences such as fat-suppressed axial T2-weighted, axial T1-weighted, coronal short tau inversion recovery (STIR), and axial T2-weighted sequences. In addition to conventional MRI, a ZTE sequence was employed. Low-dose CT (ldCT) served as the reference standard and was performed using a 640-multislice CT device. Structural lesions, including erosions, sclerosis, and changes in joint space, were compared between imaging modalities. Results A total of 20 patients were included in the study (12 boys, 8 girls), with a median age at diagnosis of 14.1 years. ZTE-MRI demonstrated similar sensitivity to ldCT in detecting erosion (7 vs 8, p = 0.707). The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between ldCT and ZTE-MRI was 0.993 (p < 0.001), indicating excellent agreement. Moreover, ZTE-MRI showed strong agreement with ldCT in detecting sclerosis (ICC = 0.954, p < 0.001) and changes in joint space (ICC = 0.998, p < 0.001). Conclusions ZTE imaging shows promise in providing sacroiliac joint visualization comparable to ldCT scans, thereby improving the detection of subtle erosion and sclerosis in these joints.
Influence of variable-depth groove texture on the friction and wear performance of GCr15–SiC friction pairs under water lubrication
Authors: Zhang Yusen , Long Wei , Qiao Yan , Gui Puteng , Yin Yuting , Qian Haifeng
Published: August 2024

Surface texturing is an effective method for enhancing tribological properties through the dynamic pressure effect and secondary lubrication mechanism. This study developed and evaluated a variable groove profile texture that enhanced the bearing capacity, reduced the shear friction, and achieved effective water lubrication of a GCr15 ball–SiC disk friction pair interface. Based on a structural design analysis, the coefficient of friction, wear characteristics, and triboelectric voltages produced by different disk textures were evaluated in a series of experiments using scanning electron microscope images and energy dispersive spectrometer. The results indicated that a groove profile slanted downward towards the outside of the disk provided the best comprehensive antifriction and anti-wear performance under the considered low- and medium-speed conditions. This texture enhanced the radial conduction of lubricant through the groove via the dynamic pressure effect and collected and expelled the abrasive particles generated during friction via centrifugal and gravity forces, reducing the quantity of abrasive particles at the interface and decreasing the coefficient of friction. The elevated contact stress and localized heat generated at the edge of the groove texture stimulated iron migration and tribochemical reactions at the interface, forming a dense, wear-resistant lubricant film that decreased the wear on the ball and disk surfaces. Finally, the variable-depth groove texture boosted the surface charge density generated at the contact interface, increased the capability of the surface to adsorb the lubricating water film, and thereby enhanced the antifriction and anti-wear performance of the lubricated friction pair system.
Verification of the efficiency coefficient of the welding process by the CMT welding method
Authors: Kolařík Ladislav , Kolaříková Marie , Gurčík Tomáš , Dlouhý Štěpán
Published: August 2024

In order to obtain results from simulations that are close to reality, it is necessary to correctly set the parameters of the welding process. One of them is the efficiency of the welding process. Currently, new modifications of MIG/MAG methods are being created, which are characterized by lower heat introduced into the material (smaller efficiency coefficient). The efficiency coefficient determined by the European standard EN 1011-1 is no longer accurate enough for simulations. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately determine the efficiency coefficient of the method even for the mentioned modified welding processes. An experiment of calorimetric measurement of the efficiency of the CMT process (Cold Metal Transfer - modification of the MIG/MAG method) was proposed. The specific heat capacity of the base material was accurately measured. Furthermore, a calorimetric measurement of the efficiency of the welding process was carried out on a flat sample (Bead on the plate method) and on a sample with a V-groove to simulate the treatment of welding surfaces. Accurate method efficiency values ​​were determined for different welding current settings and different V-groove depths. The geometric characteristics of the fusion faces in butt welds have a greater influence on the efficiency coefficient than the size of the welding current.
Effects of Transcatheter Atrial Septal Defect Closure in Elderly Patients with Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Matsubara Yuki , Yamano Michiyo , Yamano Tetsuhiro , Nakamura Takeshi , Nakanishi Naohiko , Zen Kan , Shiraishi Hirokazu , Matoba Satoaki
Published: August 2024

Purpose
Although the safety and efficacy of transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) closure has been reported in elderly patients, postprocedural outcomes in elderly patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) have not been fully assessed. The aim of this study was to elucidate the cardiac remodeling process and symptom improvement after transcatheter ASD closure in elderly patients with AF (AF-ASD) compared to those in sinus rhythm (SR-ASD).
Methods
We enrolled 52 patients aged > 70 years out of 253 consecutive patients who underwent transcatheter ASD closure. We retrospectively analyzed serial echocardiograms, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification, and plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels from baseline to 1 year after the procedure.
Results
With respect to the right-sided chambers, significant reverse remodeling began immediately after the procedure and continued in both groups up to 1 year after the procedure. Left ventricular augmentation was comparable in both groups. Left atrial volume increase was prominent in the AF-ASD group, with a statistically significant difference compared with the SR-ASD group from 2 days to 1 year after the procedure (all p < 0.05). NYHA functional classification improved in both groups. Plasma BNP levels decreased only in the AF-ASD group from baseline to 1 year (median value [interquartile range], 336.2 pg/mL [145.1–491.4] to 173.8 pg/mL [73.6–261.7], p = 0.032).
Conclusion
Transcatheter ASD closure is an effective treatment for heart failure in elderly patients with ASD and long-standing persistent AF.
Age-stratified analysis of the outcomes of craniotomy versus minimally invasive surgery in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Chen Chun-Yu , Huang Abel Po-Hao , Kuo Lu-Ting , Chen Chih-Hao , Kung Woon-Man , Tsai Hsin-Hsi , Chou Sheng-Chieh , Yang Shih-Hung , Wang Kuo-Chuan , Lai Dar-Ming , Lee Cheng-Chi
Published: August 2024

Background: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), accounting for approximately 15%–40% of all stroke events, results in severe neurological deficits. Currently, the primary surgical interventions for ICH are traditional craniotomy and minimally invasive surgery (MIS). This study was conducted to compare surgical outcomes between craniotomy and MIS in age-stratified patients with ICH.
Methods: This retrospective study included patients with spontaneous ICH who had undergone craniotomy or MIS between January 2013 and December 2018. The diagnosis of ICH was confirmed by head computed tomography. We included patients with ICH in the subcortical, putamen, or thalamic region with volume >15 mL. We excluded patients with secondary ICH due to tumors or vascular lesions, those with coagulopathy and using anticoagulants. The selected patients were stratified by age into younger (<65 years) and older (≥65 years) groups.
Results: The study cohort comprised 169 patients. The younger and older groups included 105 (62%) and 64 (38%) patients, respectively. Craniotomy and MIS were performed in 55 and 50 patients in the younger group and 37 and 27 patients in the older group, respectively. Between-group comparisons revealed significant age-based differences in Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores 1 and 6 months after surgery (p = 0.0067 and p = 0.0001) and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores 6 months after surgery (p = 0.0372). A post hoc analysis indicated that the 1-month, 6-month GCS, and 6-month GOS scores were significantly lower in the older group (p= 0.0146, p = 0.0003, and p = 0.0096, respectively). In the older group, 6-month GOS scores were significantly lower for patients undergoing craniotomy (p = 0.0332).
Conclusion: Hemorrhagic stroke carries high risks of mortality and morbidity. Age is a crucial factor that influences recovery. Our findings suggest that MIS yields favorable outcomes and should be prioritized for spontaneous ICH, particularly older patients.
Flavonoids of Euphorbia hirta inhibit inflammatory mechanisms via Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways
Authors: Bai Xiaolin , Li Lijun , Wu Yuning , Jie Bai
Published: August 2024

Euphorbia hirta has anti-inflammatory effects in traditional medicine, but its anti-inflammatory mechanism has not been explored at the cellular and molecular levels. To this end, the main active components of the 65% and 95% ethanol extracts of Euphorbia hirta were first identified by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. The potential targets and signaling pathway of Euphorbia hirta were identified through network pharmacology, followed by subsequent experimental validation using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model in RAW264.7 cells. The results showed that the main active components were flavonoids. Network pharmacology revealed 71 potential targets for anti-inflammation, with a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network highlighting 8 cores targets, including IL-6, TNF, et al. Furthermore, Euphorbia hirta exert anti-inflammation effects through pathways such as Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathway. In vitro experiment showed that the 65% ethanol extract of Euphorbia hirta (EE65) and quercetin (HPG) in it exerted anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory genes related to the NF-κB signaling pathway, whereas baicalein (HCS) suppressed cellular inflammation by promoting the expression of genes related to the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and apoptosis of inflammatory cells. The results of the study suggest that Euphorbia hirta has potential for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
Global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease, 1990-2021: Insights from the global burden of disease 2021
Authors: Lin Daopo , Jin Yang , Shao Xiaoxiao , Xu Yuan , Ma Guolong , Jiang Yi , Xu Yinghe , Jiang Yongpo , Hu Dingyuan
Published: August 2024

Purpose:The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is on the rise worldwide. We utilizes data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2021 to analyze the national-level burden of IBD, trends in disease incidence, and epidemiological characteristics.
Methods: Detailed information on IBD was gathered from 204 countries and territories spanning 1990 to 2021, sourced from the GBD 2021. Calculations were performed for incidence rates, mortality rates, disease-adjusted life years (DALYs), and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs). These trends were analyzed based on region, nationality, age, gender, and World Bank income level stratifications.
Results:The global age-standardised incident rate (ASIR) of IBD increased from 4.22 per 100000 in 1990 to 4.45 per 100000 in 2021. However, the age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) decreased from 0.60 per 100000 in 1990 to 0.52 per 100000 in 2021. Similarly, the age-standardised DALYs rate decreased from 21.55 per 100000 in 1990 to 18.07 per 100000 in 2021. Gender comparisons showed negligible differences in disease burden. The greatest increase in IBD-associated ASIR and ASMR occurred in World Bank upper-middle income region (EAPCs, 1.25) and World Bank high-income region (EAPCs, 1.00), respectively. Regionally, East Asia experienced the largest increase in ASIR (EAPCs, 2.89). Among 204 countries, China had the greatest increases in ASIR (EAPCs, 2.93), Netherlands had the highest ASMR in 2021 (2.21 per 100000).
Conclusions: Global incidence rate of IBD have been increasing from 1990 to 2021, while the DALYs and mortality have been decreasing. The escalating incident rates in select Asian regions deserves further attention.
Effect of Mn2+ concentration on the growth of δ-MnO2 crystals under acidic conditions
Authors: Bi Liyan , Hu Haoran , Wang Lei , Li Zuran , Zhan Fangdong , He Yongmei , Zu Yanqun , Li Yuan , Liang Xinran
Published: August 2024

δMnO2 is an important component of environmental minerals and is among the strongest sorbents and oxidants. The crystalline morphology of δ-MnO2 is one of the key factors affecting its reactivity. In this work, δ-MnO2 was initially synthesized and placed in an acidic environment to react with Mn2+ and undergo a crystalline transformation. During the transformation of crystalline δ-MnO2, kinetic sampling was conducted, followed by analyses of the structures and morphologies of the samples. The results showed that at pH 2.5 and 4, δ-MnO2 nanoflakes spontaneously self-assembled into nanoribbons via edge-to-edge assembly in the initial stage. Subsequently, these nanoribbons attached to each other to form primary nanorods through a face-to-face assembly along the c-axis. These primary nanorods then assembled along the (001) planes and lateral surfaces, achieving further growth and thickening. Since a lower pH is more favorable for the formation of vacancies in δ-MnO2, δ-MnO2 can rapidly adsorb Mn2+ directly onto the vacancies to form tunnel walls. At the same time, the rapid formation of the tunnel walls leads to a quick establishment of hydrogen bonding between adjacent nanoribbons, enabling the assembly of these nanoribbons into primary nanorods. Therefore, in a solution with the same concentration of Mn2+, the structure transformation and morphology evolution of δ-MnO2 to α-MnO2 occur faster at pH 2.5 than at pH 4. These findings provide insights into the mechanism for crystal growth from layer-based to tunnel-based nanorods and methods for efficient and controlled syntheses of nanomaterials.
Optimising Plastic Injection Moulding: Integrating Sustainability and Process Parameters
Authors: Yus Anis Izzati Md , Turan Faiz Mohd , Adanan Nur Qurratul Ain
Published: August 2024

Injection moulding is a widely used method for manufacturing plastic components, with the quality of the final product depending on various process factors managed throughout the procedure. Integrating sustainable manufacturing practices is crucial for mitigating ecological impacts while maintaining product excellence. Manufacturers need to balance product quality, procedural effectiveness, and environmental impact by evaluating how each parameter affects the product's quality and ecological footprint. While many focus on optimising process parameters, fewer consider integrating sustainability competency, which also affects parameter performance. This study aims to advance understanding by conducting experiments and analyses on these factors' influence on product quality. The incorporation of sustainability competency aims to empower individuals and entities to make informed choices that align with environmental, societal, and economic factors for a more sustainable and accountable future. The optimised model, with an error of less than 1%, quantifies the competency value bridging mechanical properties and comprehensive competency by integrating attitudinal factors. Parameter selection through Design of Experiments (DOE) and expert elicitation method contribute to this integration. Evolution from the foundational to the proficient model includes operational team and sustainability competency descriptors, providing context for innovation and knowledge creation highly valued by employers and stakeholders in a productive and streamlined setting. Additionally, this research contributes to the advancement of smart grid and sustainable energy applications by promoting energy-efficient manufacturing processes. By integrating renewable energy sources and smart grid technologies, the injection moulding industry can achieve significant reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This integration not only enhances the sustainability of manufacturing processes but also supports the broader transition to a more resilient and eco-friendly energy system.
Examination of Dynamic Characteristics of a CONEX Container in Dual Point Carriage from Simulation and Wind Tunnel Test
Authors: Chen Zhouzhou , Horn Joseph , Enciu Jacob , Raz Reuben , Rosen Aviv , Cicolani Luigi
Published: August 2024

This paper discusses the observations and results from wind tunnel tests and simulations of an isolated 6x6x8 ft CONEX cargo container carried in a 2-point inverted-V suspension with a laterally active forward cargo hook (ACH). Wind tunnel tests on a model-scale configuration showed a growing roll-yaw limit cycle oscillation in forward flight with a progressive shifting of the load from the rear hook to the forward hook as the speed increased and eventual rear cable slackening. A simulation model of the full-scale load-suspension configuration was developed and achieved good agreement with the wind tunnel results after including the nonlinear stretching properties of the test cables and accounting for the unsteady aerodynamics of the CONEX. A lateral ACH controller design based on the linearized simulation model showed good load stabilization performance using lagged load attitude feedback. Load distribution to the two hooks could be controlled by cable length adjustments at the rear hook. This paper discusses the observations and results from wind tunnel tests and simulations of an isolated 6x6x8 ft CONEX cargo container carried in a 2-point inverted-V suspension with 1 a laterally active forward cargo hook (ACH). Wind tunnel tests on a model-scale configuration showed a growing roll-yaw limit cycle oscillation in forward flight with a progressive shifting of the load from the rear hook to the forward hook as the speed increased and eventual rear cable slackening. A simulation model of the full-scale load-suspension configuration was developed and achieved good agreement with the wind tunnel results after including the nonlinear stretching properties of the test cables and accounting for the unsteady aerodynamics of the CONEX. A lateral ACH controller design based on the linearized simulation model showed good load stabilization performance using lagged load attitude feedback. Load distribution to the two hooks could be controlled by cable length adjustments at the rear hook.
Simulated N deposition enhances recalcitrant POM occlusion in microaggregates within macroaggregates
Authors: Feng Yue , Chen Wei , Han Shijie
Published: August 2024

Background and Aims:
Increased N availability transforms labile soil organic carbon (SOC) to recalcitrant SOC in N-limited forest soils under atmospheric N deposition. However, N-induced variation in SOC stability within aggregates is rarely studied. Thus, the mechanism of SOC sequestration in aggregates under N deposition was studied.
Methods
Soils from N-amended and adjacent forest fields were sampled and separated into macroaggregates, free microaggregates and silt and clay (SC) fractions. The microaggregates (mM), coarse particulate organic matter (cPOM), fine particulate organic matter (fPOM-mM and fPOM-m) and SC fractions (SC-M, SC-mM and SC-m) occluded in aggregates were further separated. Their fraction masses, carbon concentrations and lignin indexes were determined.
Results
The fraction masses of 1–2 mm macroaggregates, mM, SC-M, fPOM-mM and SC-mM increased with fragmentation of 2–8 mm macroaggregates under N addition. The carbon contents in mM, SC-M and SC-mM also increased with increasing mass. Nitrogen addition caused distinct lignin loss in the occluded SC fractions. Lignin oxidation occurred in mM, cPOM, fPOM-m and fPOM-mM, while mM and cPOM exhibited increased lignin/N ratios under N enrichment. The results indicate that N deposition facilitated preservation of recalcitrant fPOM rather than carbon-rich particles in mM. The N-induced increase in mM proportion in macroaggregates and carbon stability of fPOM in mM contributed to SOC sequestration in the studied fields.
Conclusion
The quantitative and qualitative changes in mM and fPOM within macroaggregates may predict the positive response of SOC sequestration in the 300-year-old forest to long-term atmospheric N deposition in the future.
Response to hydrometeorological changes and evaluation of habitat quality in the Dongting Lake basin, China
Authors: Wang Hongxiang , Bai Xiangyu , Zhou Mo , Ma Yinchu , Yuan Weiqi , Guo Wenxian
Published: August 2024

With the advancement of hydraulic engineering processes, surface water resources are encountering unprecedented crises that threaten social and ecological sustainability. This study analyzed the response changes and potential correlations between river conditions and climate change in the Dongting Lake (DTL) basin using gray correlation analysis and the LSTM model. Additionally, the InVEST model was employed to further assess the distribution of habitat quality within the basin. The results of the study showed that (1) the range of variation of environmental flows in each tributary became significantly narrower and the frequency of extreme hydrological conditions was reduced in the period after the abrupt hydrological change. (2) The hydrological status had a higher degree of correlation with the rainfall index, and the performance is more prominent on the Xiang River, and the influence of temperature is less. (3) Except in the Xiang River Basin, human activities are the dominant factor of runoff variation, and the annual contribution is generally higher than 50%. (4) Habitat quality in the ‘high’ distribution was the most guarded and always accounted for more than 60% of the basin, while habitat quality in the east-central part of the DTL basin and around the DTL was generally low.
Evaluating performance and suction limits of No.6 hand pumps with varying operational parameters
Authors: Shah Rakesh , Parajuli Arun P. , Ojha Rajit
Published: August 2024

Access to clean water remains a critical challenge in underdeveloped and developing regions, where suction hand pumps are a primary means of water extraction from shallow water tables. This study investigates the performance and suction limits of No.6 hand pumps under varying operational parameters, encompassing both controlled model settings and actual field conditions. Conducted in Birgunj, Nepal, an area heavily reliant on hand pumps, the research examines the influence of parameters (model/field condition, suction head, stroke speed, pipe diameter, and length) on discharge and volumetric efficiency. The findings demonstrate a significant impact of operational conditions on pump performance, with discharge and volumetric efficiency highly dependent on the tested parameters. Notably, the practical suction limit observed in field conditions (21.0 feet) is lower than in model tests (26.5 feet) for the same 1.5-inch diameter pipe, while the maximum suction limit is consistent for all cases (31.0–31.5 feet). These values represent the practical working limit and the failure point of hand pumps, providing valuable insights into their operational boundaries. The findings of this study underscore the importance of considering operational conditions for optimal hand pump performance, paving the way for enhanced water accessibility in developing countries.
Analysis of sewer blockage causes using open data
Authors: Kargar Katayoun , Joksimovic Darko
Published: August 2024

Sewer blockages, a recurring issue, lead to backups, overflows, flooding, and environmental contamination. Various factors contribute to these blockages from simple clogs to collapsed sewers and inoperable pumping stations. Improper disposal of products labeled as ‘flushable’, and the degradation of sewer pipes further increases blockage frequency. Open data initiatives by various government levels provide valuable insights into factors contributing to sewer blockages, aiding in planning and operational management. This study utilized open data from Toronto to identify factors contributing to reported sewer blockages, focusing on physical sewer characteristics, population density, tree density, and precipitation. Geospatial analysis techniques, including hotspot analysis, ordinary least squares regression, and geographically weighted regression, were employed. The results revealed that tree root intrusion and the average age of pipes are significant factors contributing to blockages. These findings offer city managers insights to improve inspection and maintenance planning, refine scheduling, and develop strategies to reduce blockages, ensuring uninterrupted sewer operations.
A synoptic review of deficit irrigation methods: sustainable water-saving strategies in vegetable cultivation
Authors: Champaneri Dushyant Dipakkumar , Desai Ketan Dhirubhai , Sharma Vikas , Madane Dnyaneshwar Arjun , More Sanket Jijabrao
Published: August 2024

It is elusive and highly challenging to sustain the productivity of vegetable commodities under limited available natural resources and anticipated future climatic scenarios. Amongst available natural resources, water remains the most limiting factor. Present vegetable cultivation practices involve the utilization of excessive quantities of water, thereby leading to the wastage of precious water resources. Therefore, sustainable management of irrigation water is crucial for future vegetable cultivation, as most vegetable crops are vulnerable to water scarcity at different growth stages, which can result in yield and post-harvest quality losses. Adoption of deficit irrigation (DI) is one of the sustainable irrigation water management approaches. DI is a sustainable water-saving approach, as irrigation water is applied in limited or lower quantities than the actual evapotranspiration-based crop water requirement. Strategic application of water at the right time and quantity with the right technique can greatly improve water use efficiency and water productivity. It could also enhance the post-harvest quality with marginal yield loss. Yield losses whatsoever could be compensated by expanding agricultural areas in water-scarce zones by adopting the DI strategy. This review discusses the concept and types of DI and examines its implications for the morpho-physiology and productivity of commercially important vegetable crops.
Efficient Green Solvent Extraction and Bioassay Studies of Favipiravir in Rat Dried Blood Spots Using Ionic Liquid-based Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction (IL-DLLME) Coupled with HPLC-PDA: Application to Bioequivalence Studies
Authors: Rajashekhar Kasturi , Naidu Challa Gangu , Sai Pavan Kumar Chebolu Naga Sesha , Ramachandra Bondigalla
Published: August 2024

Background:

Favipiravir is an antiviral drug having pyrazine group moiety. It is a reliable
and an efficient green solvent, and a highly recoverable bio-sampling method is required for
it. It is widely used in COVID-19 treatment for the prevention of the spread of viral infections in
the body.

Objective:

This proposed green solvent (ionic liquid)-based bioassay study aimed to quantify favipiravir
in rat-dried blood spots using Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction (IL-DLLME).

Methods:

The proposed bioassay separation was achieved through an isocratic elution mode using
a hybrid silica-based ODS column (250 × 4.6 mm; 5 μm), a column temperature of 25°C, an injection
volume of 10 μL, a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and a detector wavelength set at 310 nm. The
run time was less than 10 minutes. Mobile phase was delivered with acetonitrile, methanol, and 10
mM Na2HPO4 at pH 4.0 ± 0.5, (15: 20: 65, v/v/v). In a microtube, 50 mL of Ionic Liquid (IL), 500
μL of disperser ACN, 50 μL of 10% NaCl, and IS (20 ng mL-1) were added to perform the Dried
Blood Spot (DBS) sample extraction methodology. The advantages of the proposed methodology
have been found to include minimum hematocrit effect and an adequate blood volume for testing,
easy transportation, and significant extraction recovery. The sample analysis has been carried out
using HPLC-PDA with oseltamivir used as an internal standard.

Results:

We have investigated the important variables, i.e., salt concentration (10% NaCl, analyte
recovery being higher) and disperser solvent [50μL of BMIHP plus 500 μL of ACN (v/v) yielding
the highest recovery], in the extraction process. Extraction Recovery (ER) and Enrichment Factor
(EF) were also evaluated using the IL-DLLME method. The calibration curve examined a range
of 0.5-150 μg/mL, with a lower Limit of Quantification (LOQ) being 0.5 μg/mL in QC as well as
calibration samples, respectively.

Conclusion:

Significant bioanalytical validation has been performed and all the parameters have
been evaluated systematically as per bioanalytical method validation protocols, i.e., US FDA-
2018 guidelines. The following analytical parameters have been covered: standard curve, limit of
quantification, range, recovery, stability, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, ER, EF, and selectivity.
The developed bioassay method has been successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic studies of
rats and successfully applied in bulk drugs.
Quality by Design Approach for the Development and Validation of a Robust RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Aloe-emodin
Authors: Husain Muzammil , Agrawal Yogeeta O.
Published: August 2024

Introduction/Objective:

The current study examines the methodical Quality by Design
(QbD) that facilitated the creation of an easy-to-use, quick, affordable, and stability-indicating reversed-
phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique for the efficient analysis
of aloe-emodin.

Methods:

The chromatographic conditions were optimized with the Design Expert software 11.0
version, i.e., flow rate, buffer concentration, and column temperature.

Results:

The results of the linearity graph show R2 = 0.9988. The LOQ was 0.07949 μg/mL and
the LOD was 0.02623 μg/mL. According to ICH rules, the technique validation parameters were
within the allowed range. Utilizing the Design Expert 11.0 version, the Box–Behnken design experimental
design explains the relationships between flow rate, buffer concentration, and column
temperature at three distinct levels. The responses were monitored: the retention time (Rt), tailing
factor (Tf), and number of theoretical plates (NTPs).

Conclusion:

The suggested approach was appropriate for quantitative determination and may be
used in clinical pharmacokinetic investigations, biopharmaceutics, accredited testing laboratories,
and quality control departments in enterprises.
Understanding Interactions between a Potential Antimalarial ‘MAL2-11B’ and its Targets using In Silico Methods
Authors: Sandhu Komalpreet Kaur , Kaur Satinder , Hora Rachna , Mishra Prakash Chandra
Published: August 2024

Introduction:

The 70 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70) are ubiquitous molecules that
play central roles in protein homeostasis. Their nucleotide-binding domains (NBD) are associated
with the J domains of 40 kDa co-chaperone ‘HSP40’ in performing their functions. Interruption
of this interaction significantly impacts the critical ATPase activity of Hsp70s, making them
dysfunctional.

Methods:

MAL2-11B is a dihydropyrimidine derivative that blocks Hsp70-Hsp40 interaction
and hence holds the potential to be used as a drug. This Hsp70 inhibitor is a structural analogue
of MAL3-101 that has proven anti-cancer and antiparasitic activity. MAL2-11B is predicted to
have better drug-likeness, solubility, and absorption properties than MAL3-101. In the present
study, we have therefore explored the potential of MAL2-11B as an antimalarial by using in silico
tools.

Results:

Molecular docking of MAL2-11B with all Plasmodium falciparum Hsp70 (PfHsp70)
proteins revealed its preferential affinity for two out of four homologs at the nucleotide-binding
site. Detailed analysis of the docked complexes helped us to predict the kind of protein-inhibitor
interactions and specific amino acid residues involved in binding.

Conclusion:

After in vitro validation, these data may be used as the groundwork for the design
and development of new inhibitors and drugs against malaria.
ESTIMATION OF NITROGEN OXIDE (NOX) EMISSIONS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES BASED ON FUEL CONSUMPTION IN KUALA LUMPUR METROPOLITAN CITY, MALAYSIA
Authors: Mohd Shafie Siti Haslina , Adli Ramli Muhammad Wafiy , Lee Abdullah Anisah , Abu Bakar Mohd Azmeer
Published: August 2024

One of the major sources of urban air pollution in Kuala Lumpur is attributed to more than 17 million units of motor vehicles that have an impact on human health. This study focused on nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from four classes of motor vehicles such as private cars, motorcycles, and goods vehicle from 2010 to 2014 using fuel consumption analysis. The study revealed that private cars were responsible for the majority of NOx emissions, with 3,854 kg in 2010 increasing to 5,726 kg in 2014. During the same period, motorcycles emitted 1,200 kg in 2010 and 1,750 kg in 2014, while goods vehicles emitted 199 kg in 2010 and 219 kg in 2014.The results of this study are important to policymakers and stakeholders. In particular, for the planning of various strategies to reduce and control the impact of air pollution from motor vehicles, especially on human health, in Kuala Lumpur.
Exploring the Psychological Effects and Physical Exertion of Using Different Movement Interactions in Casual Exergames That Promote Active Microbreaks: Quasi-Experimental Study
Authors: Berglund Aseel , Orädd Helena
Published: August 2024

Background

Prolonged sedentary behavior, such as sitting or reclining, has consistently been identified as a stand-alone risk factor for heightened cardiometabolic risk and overall mortality. Conversely, interrupting sedentary periods by incorporating short, active microbreaks has been shown to mitigate the negative effects of sedentary behavior. Casual exergames, which mix elements of casual gaming with physical activity, are one prospective intervention to reduce sedentary behavior because they require physical exertion. Casual exergames have shown promise in fostering emotional and physical advantages when played in specific circumstances. However, little research exists on how different types of movement interactions impact the psychological effects as well as the physical exertion of playing casual exergames.

Objective

The primary aim of this work was to explore the psychological effects and physical exertion of playing casual exergames lasting 2 minutes. More precisely, the investigation focused on comparing upper body and full body movement interactions. In addition, the work examined variations in body positions, considering both standing and seated positions during upper body movement interactions.

Methods

Two casual exergames were developed and investigated through 2 quasi-experimental studies. In study 1, we investigated how players’ perceptions of control, exertion, and immersion were affected by using upper body as opposed to full body exergame controllers when playing casual exergames. In study 2, we investigated differences in positive affect, performance, enjoyment, and exertion when playing casual exergames with upper body movement interactions in seated and standing positions.

Results

Study 1 showed that perceived control was significantly higher for upper body movement interactions than for full body movement interactions (P=.04), but there were no significant differences regarding perceived exertion (P=.15) or immersion (P=.66). Study 2 showed that positive affect increased significantly for both standing (P=.003) and seated (P=.001) gameplay. The participants in the standing gameplay group showed slightly higher actual exertion; however, there were no differences between the groups in terms of positive affect, perceived exertion, enjoyment, or performance.

Conclusions

Casual exergames controlled by upper body movement interactions in seated gameplay can produce similar psychological effects and physical exertion as upper body movement interactions in standing gameplay and full body movement interactions. Therefore, upper body and seated casual exergames should not be overlooked as a suitable microbreak activity.