bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Global Medical Knowledge to Solve Healthcare Problems
Authors: Sen Kabir C. , Ghosh Kaushik
Published: April 2019

Global medical knowledge incorporates knowledge from diverse traditions which follow different ‘grammar', making encapsulation of medical knowledge a challenging task. Current advances in technology enable the aggregation of medical knowledge from varied traditions to confront difficult health issues for which cure is yet to be developed. In addition to accumulating knowledge from wide-ranging sources, an ideal crowdsourcing system can benefit from the use of appropriate software algorithms to select the best solution. This research suggests a step approach scheme to develop a crowdsourcing system for medical diagnosis by applying an existing classification of crowdsourcing. The proposed crowdsourcing system will involve the crowd and medical experts from across the world, who together with the help of software algorithms, could provide useful solutions for hitherto difficult to solve health problems.
Understanding Crowdsourcing of Agricultural Market Information in a Pilot Study
Authors: Juma Musa Fadhili , Fue Kadeghe Goodluck , Barakabitze Alcardo Alex , Nicodemus Neema , Magesa Mawazo Mwita , Kilima Fredy Timothy Mlyavidoga , Sanga Camilius A.
Published: April 2019

Access to agricultural markets and marketing information are essential factors in promoting competitive markets and improving agricultural sector development. The agricultural sector employs majorities in developing countries and contributes greatly to its development. Unluckily, majorities of the farmers are smallholders living in rural areas and thus, lack appropriate access to markets for their products and also, they are deprived of agricultural market information. As results, farmers are exploited by middlemen who offer low prices for their agricultural produce. This study presents the best way for the agricultural stakeholders to obtain easily agricultural market information service. This study presents a novel agricultural market information system which was implemented using some concepts of crowdsourcing. Crowdsourcing allows sellers to broadcast whatever produce they want to sell and customers are allowed to submit their requests using either SMS or web.
Smart Activation of Citizens
Authors: Esteves Maria Gilda Pimentel , Moreira de Souza Jano , Uchoa Alexandre Prestes , Pereira Carla Viana , Antelio Marcio
Published: April 2019

This chapter focuses on how, by “activating” the citizen's engagement in the research process, the scientific community has a smart way to benefit from the wisdom of the “crowd”. There are countless success stories in which citizens participate, contributing with their knowledge, cognitive capacity, creativity, opinion, and skills. However, for many scientists, the lack of familiarity with the particular nature of citizen participation, which is usually anonymous and volatile, turns into a barrier for its adoption. This chapter presents a problem-based typology for citizen-science projects that aims to help scientists to choose the best strategy for engaging and counting on citizen participation based on the scientific problem at hand; and some examples are included. Moreover, the chapter discusses the main challenges for researchers who intend to start involving the citizens in order to solve their specific scientific needs.
Electronic Collaboration in Organizations
Authors: Diaz William Dario Avila
Published: April 2019

Electronic collaboration was born with the new technologies, which establish a more harmonious balance of organizations in an increasingly global, open and competitive digital economy, called, nowadays, “the economy of the crowds”. This economy has caused changes in the organizations of the century, as new administrative principles. In this context, organizations use new business models to achieve its objectives to a meager cost. Similarly, they have managed the integration of different levels and optimizing performance of the entire organization together through electronic media and online collaboration. This work shows the areas of the different levels and forms of organizational electronic collaboration.
How Do the Crowdfunders Judge the Crowdfunded?
Authors: Chaboud Mathieu-Claude
Published: April 2019

This chapter addresses the reactions from communities of early supporters of companies turning from participative forms of financing to classical venture capital and/or buyouts by blue chip firms. Through the study of two recent cases of major crowdfunding successes, namely Oculus VR, a Californian company which obtained nearly $2.5 Million in an exemplary Kickstarter campaign and was later bought by Facebook for $2 Billion, and Mojang, a Swedish company formed to manage the unprecedented success of a video game, Minecraft, sold to supporters from its unfinished versions, the firm being later purchased by Microsoft for $2.5 Billion. Both of these companies had to manage the changes in the nature of their relationships with their early supporters. This chapter proposes typologies of potentially harmful changes induced by attempts to transform bonding social capital into bridging social capital, as well as countermeasures available to entrepreneur to control the effects of such situations.
Creating Shared Value and Increasing Project Success by Stakeholder Collaboration
Authors: Berberich Roland
Published: April 2019

This chapter introduces the idea of accessing new resources by collaborative interaction with stakeholders to optimize the value chain and product development process. It is acknowledged that Creating Shared Value (CSV) could be a value driver by revisiting the supply chain (Porter & Kramer, 2011); however, in a world of scarce and often inaccessible resources, wastage is becoming increasingly detrimental. With project expenditure rising (PMI, 2012) and continuing high rates of failure (Balogun & Hope Hailey, 2008; Langley, 2014) small and medium sized businesses (SMEs) could find themselves in a position where crucial innovation becomes unaffordable and non-achievable. It is suggested that utilizing ‘the crowd', pragmatically incorporating collaborative engagement with stakeholders, could not only alleviate this problem but increase project success rates, lower costs and allow SMEs to fulfil social responsibilities with CSV.
Creating an Educational Social Network Based on the Private Cloud Simulation and User Interaction in Solving Educational Problems
Authors: Kovalev Eugene
Published: April 2019

In the chapter the author analyzes trends in ICT education, considered the possibilities of integration social computing technologies and cloud technologies. The author proposes to create a single platform solution that combines social networking, crowdsourcing management system and knowledge management system and learning management. The optimal approach in this case may be private educational cloud deployments. In a study conducted information modeling the main processes of interaction between participants in the educational cloud. The author also has been proposed criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the resulting solutions, technological and organizational requirements.
Emotional and Subjective Volunteered Geographical Information
Authors: Panek Jiri
Published: April 2019

Crowdsroucing of emotional information can take many forms, from social networks data mining to large-scale surveys. The author presents the case-study of emotional mapping in Ostrava´s district Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic. Together with the local administration, the author crowdsourced the emotional perceptions of the location from almost 400 citizens, who created 4,051 spatial features. Additional to the spatial data there were 1,244 comments and suggestions for improvements in the district. Furthermore, the author is looking for patterns and hot-spots within the city and if there are any relevant linkages between certain emotions and spatial locations within the city.
Philosophical Framing and Its Impact on Research
Authors: Trauth Eileen M. , Erickson Lee B.
Published: April 2019

The variety of lenses and openness that is brought to the research process shapes both academic research and the application of knowledge to real-world settings. Researchers who endeavor to contribute both rigor and relevance require a wide range of methodological tools and a clear understanding of how such tools frame the questions to be answered, as well as the methods used and potential outcomes. It is important that both researchers and publication gatekeepers clearly understand the impact of philosophical framing on research methods and findings. Drawing on research related to the use of social media to facilitate product innovation “crowdsourcing,” the authors consider the implications of alternative research scenarios on five key dimensions of research: epistemology, theory, review of literature, stakeholder perspective, and rigor-relevance. Examples of existing and emergent topics within the research field of crowdsourcing are provided to illustrate methodological pluralism.
Crowdcasting
Authors: Obal Damjan
Published: April 2019

The following chapter investigates an emerging shift in the corporate world that is now more often than ever engaging with the global community of users. Collaborative, open business models promoting user-driven, open innovation strategies are adopted, one of them being framed as crowdcasting - specific crowdsourcing model where corporations broadcast their challenges to a targeted community. A crowdcasting model in the shape of an online ideas competition is demonstrated as a mean of fostering open innovation. In the case study we present Challenge: Future, a student competition that is build upon an online platform adopting crowdcasting principles. Looking at the development, main features of the competition platform, and means of interaction with its user base we present benefits for all sides involved. Further on, the chapter tries to elaborate the ways how crowdcasting models could benefit by tapping even deeper into the new social networks and exploring their potential.
There Is an App for That Too
Authors: Waller Lloyd G.
Published: April 2019

Combating corruption is critical to the economic and social development of a country. Recent discussions surrounding strategies to combat corruption now include the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Currently, there is a growing body of research on the role of ICTs to combat corruption, however scholarly research on the use of these technologies by citizens in this regard is wholly lacking. The objective of this study is to address this gap in the literature as well as to popularize citizen-centric empowerment strategies to combat corruption around the world.
Multimodal Human Aerobotic Interaction
Authors: Abioye Ayodeji Opeyemi , Prior Stephen D , Thomas Glyn T , Saddington Peter , Ramchurn Sarvapali D
Published: April 2019

This chapter discusses HCI interfaces used in controlling aerial robotic systems (otherwise known as aerobots). The autonomy control level of aerobot is also discussed. However, due to the limitations of existing models, a novel classification model of autonomy, specifically designed for multirotor aerial robots, called the navigation control autonomy (nCA) model is also developed. Unlike the existing models such as the AFRL and ONR, this model is presented in tiers and has a two-dimensional pyramidal structure. This model is able to identify the control void existing beyond tier-one autonomy components modes and to map the upper and lower limits of control interfaces. Two solutions are suggested for dealing with the existing control void and the limitations of the RC joystick controller –the multimodal HHI-like interface and the unimodal BCI interface. In addition to these, some human factors based performance measurement is recommended, and the plans for further works presented.
Skin Detection With Small Unmanned Aerial Systems by Integration of Area Scan Multispectral Imagers and Factors Affecting Their Design and Operation
Authors: Sweetnich Stephen R. , Jacques David R.
Published: April 2019

Dismount skin detection from an aerial platform has posed challenges compared to ground-based platforms. A small, area scanning multispectral imager was constructed and tested on a Small Unmanned Aerial System (SUAS). Computer vision registration, stereo camera calibration, and geolocation from autopilot telemetry were utilized to design a dismount detection platform. The test expedient prototype was 2kg and exhibited skin detection performance similar to a larger line scan hyperspectral imager (HSI). Outdoor tests with a line scan HSI and the prototype resulted in an average 5.112% difference in Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Area Under Curve (AUC). This research indicated that SUAS-based Spectral Imagers are capable tools in dismount detection protocols.
Drone Warfare
Authors: Churchill Robert Paul
Published: April 2019

The United States is now relying on Reaper and Predator drone strikes as its primary strategy in the continuing War on Terrorism. This paper argues for the rational scrutiny drone warfare has yet to receive. It is argued that drone warfare is immoral as it fails both the jus in bello and the jus ad bellum conditions of Just War theory. Drone warfare cannot be accepted on utilitarian grounds either, as it is very probable that terrorists will acquire drones capable of lethal strikes and deploy them against defenseless civilians. Moreover, by examining the psychological bases for reliance on drone warfare, as well as the message the United States is sending adversaries, we need to be concerned that, rather than reduce the likelihood of terrorists strikes, the U.S. reliance on drones strikes threatens to institutionalize terrorism as the status quo for the foreseeable future.
War 2.0
Authors: Galliott Jai
Published: April 2019

Technology has always allowed agents of war to separate themselves from the harm that they or their armed forces inflict, with spears, bows and arrows, trebuchets, cannons, firearms and other modern weaponry, all serving as examples of technologies that have increased the distance between belligerents and supposedly made warfare less sickening than the close-quarters combat of the past. However, this paper calls into question the extent to which new military technologies actually mitigate the savagery of war. It contends that with the introduction of technologies that eliminate the need for a human presence on the battlefield, we are the cusp of a major revolution in warfare that presents new challenges and questions for military technoethics, namely as to how soldiers should conduct themselves and fight justly, if they are to do so at all. Ultimately, it argues that only way to address these issues is through the design of the mediating technologies themselves, which is by no means an easy task.
Drones in the U.S. National Airspace System
Authors: Stuckenberg David , Maddox Stephen
Published: April 2019

In 2012, the U.S. Congress passed the FAA Revitalization and Reform Act, which among other provisions called for the integration of drones into the U.S. national airspace by September 2015. While the statutory provision was an attempt to meet emerging industry needs which includes the defense sector, Congress inadvertently failed to examine many of the potential problems relating to domestic drone integration. In spite of industry and government efforts to mitigate these problems, four primary issues exist for UAS integration: the FAA is behind schedule, inadequate rule making, inadequate threat analyses, and an incomplete drone categorization system. Each problem is discussed in detail along with proposed solutions.
Drones and Privacy
Authors: McKelvey Nigel , Diver Cathal , Curran Kevin
Published: April 2019

Drones, also referred to as UAV's (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), are an aircraft without a human pilot. Drones have been used by various military organisations for over a decade, but in recent years drones a have been emerging more and more in commercial and recreational capacity. The paper is aimed at drone and UAV technology capabilities and how they could and are currently effecting privacy laws globally in comparison to those currently in the Rep. of Ireland. Being investigated is the collection, retention and purpose of which civilian's information is being gathered. The authors also discuss the laws preventing the development and evolution of drone technology in the US in comparison to the Rep. of Ireland.
The China Model in the Global Economy
Authors: Kar Bahar Baysal , Eğri Taha
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to stand against the claim that the same neo-liberal model emerges in all countries as a result of the competitive pressures arising from globalization. Countries can experience a globalization pattern that improves their growth performance and living standards with different policy preferences in the fields of finance, trade, and investment. The variety of Chinese capitalism is a case of this situation. In the first section, this Chinese development model with its illiberal policies first is examined. In the second section, the new development initiatives and institutional arrangements and their potential effects are discussed. In addition, the implications of these new development initiatives are argued in terms of global governance systems.
Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: Chuin Teo Poh
Published: April 2019

With the aim of the Belt and Road Initiative in search of synergies with participating countries, infrastructure development projects are expected to arise incrementally and will be adapted accordingly to fulfil local regulatory requirements and needs. Malaysia embraces opportunities brought by the Belt and Road Initiative by penetrating deeper into overseas market with the availability of rail lines that will drive connectivity and foster economic growth. The potential of the Belt and Road Initiative lies not just within the infrastructure sector, but also offers plenty of opportunities for human capital development, which made available through technology transfer and knowledge sharing arising from the cooperation between China and Malaysia. While it is believed that Malaysia will experience a strong growth, this motion definitely requires a high level of mutual cooperation, understanding, and trust in managing regulatory, political, and financial risks, as well as challenges involved.
A Method for Aggregating Ranked Services for Personal Preference Based Selection
Authors: Fletcher Kenneth K
Published: April 2019

Typically, users' service requests, which are similar with varying preferences on non-functional attributes, may result in ranked lists of services that partially meet their needs due to conflicting non-functional attributes. The resultant multiple ranked lists of services that partially satisfies the user's request makes it challenging for the user to choose an optimal service, based on his/her preference. This work proposes a method that aggregates multiple ranked lists of services into a single aggregated ranked list, where top ranked services are selected for the user. Two algorithms are proposed; 1) Rank Aggregation for Complete Lists (RACoL), that aggregates complete ranked lists and 2) Rank Aggregation for Incomplete Lists (RAIL) to aggregate incomplete ranked lists. Examples using real-world airline services to evaluate both algorithms show that the results from both proposed algorithms closely represent the sets of ranked lists better than using alternative approaches. Experiments were also carried out to validate their performance.
Synthesis of Silver-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes by Single-Step Anodization for Enhanced Photodegradation of Acid Orange 52
Authors: Lopez Edgar Clyde R. , Ocon Joey D. , Perez Jem Valerie D.
Published: April 2019

Silver-doped TiO2 nanotubes (Ag-TiNTs) were synthesized in a top-down approach by single-step anodization of titanium sheets. The highly-ordered array of Ag-TiNTs was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy with an average inner diameter of 41.28 nm and a wall thickness of 35.38 nm. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of O-Ti-O bonds. Analysis of the X-ray powder diffraction profiles showed the characteristic peaks for anatase and titanium for both pristine TiNTs and Ag-TiNTs. Ag-doping caused no observed changes in the crystalline structure of pristine TiNTs. High-definition X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the synthesized Ag-TiNTs have 0.05 wt% Ag-loading. Even at low Ag-loading, the Ag-TiNTs were shown to be photo-active, achieving 10.13% degradation of Acid Orange 52 under UV illumination after 120 min.
Study on Thermal Stability of Ceria-Supported Rhodium Catalysts
Authors: Kenzhin Roman M. , Alikin Evgeny A. , Denisov Sergey P. , Vedyagin Aleksey A.
Published: April 2019

In the present work, the impact of the rhodium deposition on the thermal stability of ceria-based catalysts was studied. The samples were prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation of the support with aqueous solution of rhodium nitrate. The loading of Rh was 0.1 and 1 wt.%. The textural characteristics of the samples were examined by a low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. It was shown that the addition of rhodium intensifies the process of ceria agglomeration, which leads to the lower values of specific surface area along with increased average pore diameter after the aging at 1000 °C. Stability of the catalysts was investigated by means of a prompt thermal aging procedure. The high-loaded catalyst (1 wt.% Rh/CeO2) was more active than the 0.1 wt.% Rh/CeO2sample, while the stability of both the catalysts was excellent. It should be emphasized that the alumina-based reference samples with the similar rhodium loading were significantly less active and poorly stable.
A Study on Coolant Parameters in Internal Grinding of 9CrSi Steel
Authors: Hung Le Xuan , Lien Vu Thi , Pi Vu Ngoc , Long Banh Tien
Published: April 2019

This paper aims to analysis the effect of coolant parameters on surface roughness in internal cylindrical grinding of annealed 9CrSi steel. The concentration and flow rate of the coolant are investigated in thirteen experiments by central composite design and response surface method. The effect of each parameter and their interaction on the surface roughness are analyzed by their regression model. From that model, optimal parameters are determined to obtain the minimum surface roughness. The measured roughness matches with the predicted roughness from the regression model. This proposed is proven and it can be further applied for optimizing other machining processes.
Cavitation Erosion Behavior of Duplex Stainless Steel under High-Pressure Jet
Authors: Xu Hai Song , Dong Qiang
Published: April 2019

Cavitation erosion (CE) behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) under high pressure was investigated by using water jet apparatus, which designed according to ASTM G134-95. The effects of the nozzle diameter and target distance on mass loss were analyzed. The CE behavior of 2205 DSS was evaluated by cumulative mass loss with time, and the incubation period and the CE rate were calculated by fitting results. From the scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, it is found that the surface of 2205 DSS was damaged slightly during the CE incubation period and eroded dramatically in the accelaration stage. The energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) results showed that the Ni content in the erosion area appeared obviously lower in comparison with the non-erosion area. Meanwhile, the content of Ni in ferrite was also detected to be clearly lower than in austenite with electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) and EDS mapping techniques. Therefore, it could be concluded that CE take place selectively on the 2205 DSS surface, the damages were initiated and progressed in ferrite phase prior to in austenite phase.
Effect of GMAW Shielding Gas on Tensile Strength of Dissimilar SS400 Carbon Steel and SUS304 Stainless Steel Butt Joint
Authors: Kimapong Kittipong , Triwanapong Surat
Published: April 2019

An optimization of a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process parameter is currently investigated for producing a dissimilar SS400/SUS304 steels joint because a requirement of a sound joint with higher tensile strength. A gas shielding type is one of the important parameter because it could produce a good arc, protect the weld pool from atmosphere and so on. So, this research work aimed to study an effect of the shielding gas type on the mechanical properties of the dissimilar SS400/SUS304 steels butt joint. A relation between microstructure and the mechanical properties of the butt joint was also investigated and compared. The summarized results are as follows. The optimized shielding gas that produced a maximum tensile stregnth of 550 MPa was 95%Ar+5%N2. Nitrogen gas that mixed to the shielding gas affected to decrease dendrite size and to increase the hardness and tensile strength of weld metal. Fracture characteristic of the joint produced by N2 mixed gas showed a larger deformation at the location that was closely the fracture location that implied a ductile behavior. The dissimilar SUS304/SS400 metals joint showed a low hardness base metal, a higher hardness interface and a highest hardness weld metal.
Application of Electric Field during the Heat Treatment: The Device Development and the Effect on Mechanical Properties of AA 6082
Authors: Xu Zhen Hai , Ding Chao Ran , Shan De Bin
Published: April 2019

With the ever-increasing concern about the energy and environment crises, aluminum alloys are becoming increasingly desirable in the automotive, aerospace, construction and other related industries due to their high specific strength. Various heat-treatment–stamping integrated techniques have been invented to address the formability challenge of aluminum alloy sheets. Electric field affects the heat treatment process of aluminum alloys. In this paper, a device for application of electric field during the heat treatment was developed. The maximum dimensions of specimen are determined via observing the distortion of metal sheets after quenching in cool water. The high-temperature resistant pure nickel wire gains a high-voltage proof performance by wearing bowl-shaped porcelain tubes, and is used to connect electrodes to power supply. The high-voltage resistant mica plates are bolted together to fill the gap between the specimen and electrode. This device was then used in a common commercial furnace to study the effect of electric field applied during the heat treatment on mechanical properties of AA 6082 sheets. It is found that electric field could enhance mechanical properties of AA 6082. The application of electric field has a potential to lower the cost of heat-treatment–stamping integrated techniques.
Synthesis and Electromagnetic Shielding Properties of Graphene-Fe3O4-BaTiO3/ Silicone Rubber Nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Peng Zheng , Zhang Ling , Wang Wen Fei , Cheng Wei , Li Deng Feng , Zhang Dong Yang
Published: April 2019

A two-step solvothermal method was employed to synthesize the Graphene/Fe3O4/BaTiO3(GFT). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectra are used to observe the microstructure and magnetic properties of GFT, and the nanoparticles of Fe3O4and BaTiO3were uniformly deposited on the surface of the graphene nanosheets. Then GFT filler and the silicone rubber were mixed to manufacture the electromagnetic shielding materials. The vector network analyzer was employed to evaluate the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the modified electromagnetic shielding materials. The influence of the mole ratio of the GFT constituents, the mass content of the filler on the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness was studied between 1 GHz and 20 GHz. It is shown that the GFT/silicone rubber has the best electromagnetic shielding effectiveness for 24:1:1 of graphene: Fe3O4: BaTiO3and 16 % GFT.
In memory of Carlo Pesarini (1946-2017): biographical notes and scientific activity
Authors: Leonardi Carlo , Muzio Enrico , Sabbadini Andrea , Caldara Roberto
Published: April 2019

The scientific contribution of Carlo Pesarini (Milan, 1946 - Ferrara, 2017), entomologist, araneologist and museologist amongst the most prolific and respected in Italy, is here presented with a brief biographical note, a list of the taxa he described and revised and of those dedicated to him, and a complete list of his scientific and popular publications.
BritNed v. ABB: lessons from the first follow-on damages claim to reach judgment in the English courts
Authors: Hall Lara
Published: April 2019

The case of BritNed v. ABB is the first time a claim for damages following on from a competition authority's cartel infringement decision has proceeded through trial and to final judgment in the English courts. The judgment provides useful guidance on the approach the English courts may take to the quantification of damages in cartel damages cases. This article looks at the manner in which the judgment grappled with three key areas of evidential dispute in the case, which resulted in the court rejecting the claimant's economic case. The article also considers how the findings in the case may influence the manner in which competition damages claims are pursued in the future.
Personalized pricing in the digital era
Authors: Schofield Alex
Published: April 2019

Personalized pricing can have negative or positive effects for consumers. Concerns are more likely to arise in circumstances where there is limited competition, or where consumers are unaware of, do not understand, and/or cannot avoid personalization. In some circumstances, personalization may be unfair or otherwise illegal under the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 or other legislation. It may also distort competition and give rise to consumer harm and thereby infringe UK or EU competition law, or cause markets to not work effectively and therefore justify a market study or investigation by the Competition and Markets Authority (‘CMA’) under the Enterprise Act 2002. This article considers how the CMA will tackle personalized pricing that may distort competition in digital markets.
A quantitative version of the Arzelà-Ascoli theorem based on the degree of nondensifiability and applications
Authors: García G.
Published: April 2019

We present a novel result that, in a certain sense, generalizes the Arzelà-Ascoli theorem.  Our main tool will be the so called degree of nondensifiability, which is not a measure of noncompactness but canbe used as  an  alternative tool  in  certain  fixed problems where such  measures do  not  work  out.   To  justify  our  results,  we  analyze  the  existence  of continuous solutions  of certain  Volterra integral  equations defined by vector valued functions.
Extremal balleans
Authors: Protasov Igor
Published: April 2019

A ballean (or coarse space) is a set endowed with a coarse structure. A ballean X is called normal if any two asymptotically disjoint subsets of X are asymptotically separated.  We say that a ballean X is ultra-normal (extremely normal) if any two unbounded subsets of X are not asymptotically disjoint (every unbounded subset of X is large).   Every maximal ballean is extremely normal and every extremely normal ballean is ultranormal, but the converse statements do not hold.   A normal ballean is ultranormal if and only if the Higson′s corona of X is a singleton.   A discrete ballean X is ultranormal if and only if X is maximal.  We construct a series of concrete balleans with extremal properties.
The physiological response of athletes with impairments in wheelchair basketball game
Authors: Marszałek Jolanta , Gryko Karol , Prokopowicz Grzegorz , Kosmol Andrzej , Mroz Anna , Morgulec-Adamowicz Natalia , Molik Bartosz
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The aim of this study was to analyze the physiological response of WB athletes related to type of impairment and functional classification in game situations

Material and methods

Overall, 15 male players from the Polish National Wheelchair Basketball Team were observed during friendly
and championships games (2017 and 2018). Heart rate (peak and average: HRpeak, HRav) and the number of sprints were
monitored for each player per a full game with Polar Team Pro. For each athlete, 5 HR zones were calculated based on peak
oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold, HRpeak, body weight, and age (aerobic laboratory test). Heart rate reserve (HRR) and
percentage of HRR (%HRR) were established. Results were compared between athletes related to the type of impairment
(spinal cord injuries and other physical impairments) and functional classification (group A: 1.0–2.5 points; group B:
3.0–4.5 points).

Results

The results showed the specificity of WB games, i.e. all players were found in all HR zones with different contribution.
Group A athletes played less than those form group B in the 5th HR zone (15% and 21%, respectively), had significantly
lower HRpeak, HRav, HRR, %HRR, and did more sprints

Conclusions

The study confirmed a differential specificity of a WB game. Significant differences were observed in the
physiological response between WB athletes representing different functional levels. This knowledge is important to plan
preseason conditioning exercises for individual WB athletes. Further studies are needed to better understand the physiological
response of WB players.
Characteristics of ozone and particles in the near-surface atmosphere in the urban area of the Yangtze River Delta, China
Authors: Chen Huimin , Zhuang Bingliang , Liu Jane , Wang Tijian , Li Shu , Xie Min , Li Mengmeng , Chen Pulong , Zhao Ming
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Aerosols and ozone have significant influences on air qualities, human
health, and climate changes. To further understand the characteristics and
interactions among different urban air pollutants in the west Yangtze River
Delta (YRD) region, continuous measurements of low-layer atmospheric
particles and trace gases have been performed at an urban site in Nanjing
from September 2016 to February 2017 in this study. In the urban area of the west
YRD, the mean PM10 and O3 concentrations are
86.3 µg m−3
and 37.7 ppb, respectively, with significant seasonal and diurnal
variations. Particles, which are dominated by fine aerosols, are relatively
scattering. And most of their optical properties have similar variations
to the aerosol concentrations. Results also show that the west YRD could still
suffer severe air pollution, although the seasonal mean aerosol
concentrations have decreased in recent years. Even in cold seasons,
O3 could exceed the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards for about 40 days during the sampling
period.
Most of polluted episodes are caused by local and subregional emissions. A case study for a typical
O3 and PM2.5 episode in December 2016 demonstrates that the
episode was generally associated with regional transport and a stable weather
system. Air pollutants were mostly transported from the western areas with
high emissions, as well as with an anticyclone and high-pressure system in
this region. Correlation analysis reveals that the interactions between
O3 and PM are complex, with a combination of inhibition and promotion
under different conditions. The inhibition effect might result from the
reduction of photolysis frequency near the surface due to aerosols in addition to their
positive correlations with precursors, while the promotion effect is from
the formation of secondary aerosols under high concentrations of oxidants
and solar radiation. However, the interaction between O3 and BC shows
an inhibiting effect due to its chemical stability. This also indicated a
VOC-sensitive regime for photochemical production of O3 in this
region. This study further improves insight into the characteristics and
interactions of main pollutants and may contribute to
the improvement of the simulation and prediction of aerosols and gases in the urban area of
the YRD.
The EMEP Intensive Measurement Period campaign, 2008–2009: characterizing carbonaceous aerosol at nine rural sites in Europe
Authors: Yttri Karl Espen , Simpson David , Bergström Robert , Kiss Gyula , Szidat Sönke , Ceburnis Darius , Eckhardt Sabine , Hueglin Christoph , Nøjgaard Jacob Klenø , Perrino Cinzia , Pisso Ignazio , Prevot Andre Stephan Henry , Putaud Jean-Philippe , Spindler Gerald , Vana Milan , Zhang Yan-Lin , Aas Wenche
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosol (total carbon, TCp) was source
apportioned at nine European rural background sites, as part of the European Measurement and Evaluation Programme
(EMEP) Intensive Measurement Periods in fall 2008 and winter/spring 2009. Five
predefined fractions were apportioned based on ambient measurements:
elemental and organic carbon, from combustion of biomass (ECbb and
OCbb) and from fossil-fuel (ECff and OCff) sources, and
remaining non-fossil organic carbon (OCrnf), dominated by natural
sources. OCrnf made a larger contribution to TCp than anthropogenic sources
(ECbb, OCbb, ECff, and OCff) at four out of nine sites
in fall, reflecting the vegetative season, whereas anthropogenic sources
dominated at all but one site in winter/spring. Biomass burning
(OCbb + ECbb) was the major anthropogenic source at the central
European sites in fall, whereas fossil-fuel (OCff + ECff) sources
dominated at the southernmost and the two northernmost sites. Residential
wood burning emissions explained 30 %–50 % of TCp at most sites in the
first week of sampling in fall, showing that this source can be the dominant one,
even outside the heating season. In winter/spring, biomass burning was the
major anthropogenic source at all but two sites, reflecting increased
residential wood burning emissions in the heating season. Fossil-fuel
sources dominated EC at all sites in fall, whereas there was a shift
towards biomass burning for the southernmost sites in winter/spring. Model calculations based on base-case emissions (mainly officially reported
national emissions) strongly underpredicted observational derived levels of
OCbb and ECbb outside Scandinavia. Emissions based on a consistent
bottom-up inventory for residential wood burning (and including intermediate
volatility compounds, IVOCs) improved model results compared to the
base-case emissions, but modeled levels were still substantially
underestimated compared to observational derived OCbb and ECbb
levels at the southernmost sites. Our study shows that natural sources are a major contributor to carbonaceous
aerosol in Europe, even in fall and in winter/spring, and that residential
wood burning emissions are equally as large as or larger than that of fossil-fuel
sources, depending on season and region. The poorly constrained residential
wood burning emissions for large parts of Europe show the obvious need to
improve emission inventories, with harmonization of emission factors between
countries likely being the most important step to improve model calculations
for biomass burning emissions, and European PM2.5 concentrations in
general.
Satellite data reveal a common combustion emission pathway for major cities in China
Authors: Tang Wenfu , Arellano Avelino F. , Gaubert Benjamin , Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Worden Helen M.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Extensive fossil fuel combustion in rapidly developing cities severely
affects air quality and public health. We report observational evidence of
decadal changes in the efficiency and cleanness of bulk combustion over
large cities in mainland China. In order to estimate the trends in
enhancement ratios of CO and SO2 to NO2 (ΔCO∕ΔNO2 and ΔSO2∕ΔNO2) and infer emergent bulk
combustion properties over these cities, we combine air quality retrievals
from widely used satellite instruments across 2005–2014. We present results
for four Chinese cities (Shenyang, Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen)
representing four levels of urban development. Our results show a robust
coherent progression of declining to growing ΔCO∕ΔNO2
relative to 2005 (-5.4±0.7 to +8.3±3.1% yr−1) and
slowly declining ΔSO2∕ΔNO2 (-6.0±1.0 to -3.4±1.0 % yr−1) across the four
cities. The coherent progression we find is not evident in the trends of
emission ratios reported in Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP8.5)
inventory. This progression is likely due to a shift towards cleaner
combustion from industrial and residential sectors in Shanghai and Shenzhen
that is not yet seen in Shenyang and Beijing. This overall trend is presently
obfuscated by China's still relatively higher dependence on coal. Such
progression is well-correlated with economic development and traces a common
emission pathway that resembles evolution of air pollution in more developed
cities. Our results highlight the utility of augmenting observing and
modeling capabilities by exploiting enhancement ratios in constraining the
time variation in emission ratios in current inventories. As cities and/or
countries continue to socioeconomically develop, the ability to monitor
combustion efficiency and effectiveness of pollution control becomes
increasingly important in assessing sustainable control strategies.
Modelled Effects of Temperature Gradients and Waves on the Hydroxyl Rotational Distribution in Ground-Based Airglow Measurements
Authors: Franzen Christoph , Espy Patrick Joseph , Hibbins Robert Edward
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Spectroscopy of the hydroxyl (OH) airglow has been a commonly used way to remotely sense temperatures in the mesopause region for many decades. This technique relies on the OH rotational state populations to be thermalised through collisions with the surrounding gas into a Boltzmann distribution characterised by the local temperature. However, deviations of the rotational populations from a Boltzmann distribution characterised by a single temperature have been observed and attributed to an incomplete thermalisation of the OH from its initial, non-thermodynamic equilibrium distribution. Here we address an additional cause for the apparent amount of excess population in the higher rotational levels of the OH airglow brought about by integrating these OH emissions through vertical gradients in the atmospheric temperature. We find that up to 40 % of the apparent excess population, currently attributed to incomplete thermalisation, can be due to the vertical temperature gradients created by waves. Additionally, we find that the populations of the different upper vibrational levels are affected differently. These effects need to be taken into account in order to assess the true extent of non-thermodynamic equilibrium effects on the OH rotational populations.
Terrestrial kilometric radiation observed on pre-midnight side of the Earth at 1-2 L-Shell
Authors: Boudjada Mohammed Y. , Galopeau Patrick H. M. , Sawas Sami , Denisenko Valery , Schwingenschuh Konrad , Lammer Helmut , Eichelberger Hans U. , Magnes Werner , Besser Bruno
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The ICE experiment onboard the DEMETER satellite recorded kilometric emissions in the vicinity of the magnetic equatorial plane. Those radiations were observed in the beginning of the year 2010 on the night-side of the Earth and rarely on the day-side. We distinguish two components one appears as a continuum between few kHz and up to 50 kHz and the other one from 50 kHz to 800 kHz. The first component exhibits positive and negative frequency drift rates in the southern and northern hemispheres, at latitudes between 40° and 20°. The second component displays multiple spaced frequency bands. Such bands mainly occur near the magnetic equatorial plane with a particular enhancement of the power level when the satellite latitude is close to the magnetic equatorial plane. We show in this study that both components are linked to the terrestrial non-thermal kilometric radiation. Those two components are the trapped and the escaping terrestrial non-thermal kilometric radiation. Above 150 kHz, we have found that the escaping emissions are mainly extended in frequency in the southern hemisphere and in geomagnetic latitude in the opposite hemisphere. DEMETER low altitude orbits lead to describe the frequency and the time evolution of this terrestrial radiation particularly on the evening sector at L-Shell of about 2. We show the dependence of the power intensity on the emission frequency, and provide a hint on the location of the source region and its relation to the Earth's plasmasphere. It is shown that the so-called "Christmas-tree" pattern associated to the terrestrial kilometric radiation may be associated to the plume and channel generated in the pre-midnight sector of the plasmasphere.
Theoretical uncertainties for global satellite-derived burned area estimates
Authors: Brennan James , Gómez-Dans Jose L. , Disney Mathias , Lewis Philip
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Quantitative information on the error properties of global satellite-derived burned area estimates is essential for the scientific application of these datasets. We estimate theoretical uncertainties for three global satellite-derived burned area products using a multiplicative triple collocation error model. The approach provides unique uncertainties at 1° for the MODIS Collection 6 burned area product (MCD64); the MODIS Collection 5.1 MCD45 product and the FireCCI50 product. Theoretical uncertainties indicate constraints on mean global burned area for three product of 3.76 ± 0.15 x 106 km2 for MCD64, 3.70 ± 0.17 x 106 km2 for FireCCI50, and 3.31 ± 0.18 x 106 km2. These correspond to relative uncertainties of 4–5.5 % and also indicate previous uncertainty estimates to be under-estimated. Relative uncertainties in frequently burning regions of Africa and Australia are typically 8–10 % and higher in regions with smaller annual burned area. The proposed method provides uncertainties amenable to both modelling studies and for the validation of current burned area products.
A user-orientated column modelling framework for efficient analyses of the Martian atmosphere
Authors: Paton Mark , Harri Ari-Matti , Vierkens Oliver , Savijärvi Hannu
Published: April 2019

Abstract. As spacecraft missions return ever more data from Mars additional tools will be required to explore and analyse these datasets efficiently. To streamline research into the atmosphere of Mars a user-orientated modelling capability is developed that enables automatic initialisation and running of a column model. As a demonstration we utilise the modelling framework to provide additional verification for the University of Helsinki/Finnish Meteorological Institute Mars column model temperature profiles at the higher altitudes. We utilise the framework at well characterised landing sites to understand the model's applicability and to identify future opportunities for modifications to the framework. We do this by using the framework to compare the column model to temperature soundings made by Mars Reconaissance Orbiter. We find the column model is able to reproduce the observed lapse rates and average temperatures closely in most cases except for a 20–60 K increase over the northern hemisphere mid-winter. By incorporating an adiabatic heating term into the column model we suggest this discrepancy is likely due to the adiabatic compression of down welling air. We estimate maximum downward vertical velocities at the VL-1 and VL-2 latitudes of 8 and 12 cm s−1 at altitudes of 15 and 20 km respectively over the winter solstice. The fitting approach developed here provides a way to independently estimate or observe the vertical motion in the Martian atmosphere. We have introduced new application software that can quickly find and display the requested data and can be immediately analysed using the included tools. We have demonstrated the potential of this software application with a glimpse into the upper atmosphere of Mars and identified future modifications to the framework.