bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ética e tecnociência
Authors: De Azambuja Celso Candido
Published: June 2013

Este trabalho procura explorar as conexões conceituais entre phronesis, techne e episteme. Busca oferecer elementos teóricos para a compreensão da evolução e das transformações conceituais nos domínios da ética e da técnica. Especula sobre o conceito de tecnociência, considerando-a altamente revolucionária diante das técnicas antiga e moderna. Visa fornecer elementos conceituais para favorecer uma interpretação crítica dos principais problemas e desafios de ordem ética, colocados pela emergência da sociedade tecnocientífica a partir da elaboração de uma filosofia da tecnociência. Discutem-se as posições de Jonas, Simondon e Engelhardt a partir da perspectiva de Hottois. Reconhece-se o horizonte conceitual proposto pela tecnofilia evolucionista, aquele que oferece as condições teóricas mais adequadas para a elaboração de uma ética tecnocientífica.
X-ray Photon Counting Using 100 MHz Ready-Made Silicon P–Intrinsic–N X-ray Diode and Its Application to Energy-Dispersive Computed Tomography
Authors: Kodama Hajime , Watanabe Manabu , Sato Eiichi , Oda Yasuyuki , Hagiwara Osahiko , Matsukiyo Hiroshi , Osawa Akihiro , Enomoto Toshiyuki , Kusachi Shinya , Sato Shigehiro , Ogawa Akira
Published: June 2013

X-ray photons are directly detected using a 100 MHz ready-made silicon P–intrinsic–N X-ray diode (Si-PIN-XD). The Si-PIN-XD is shielded using an aluminum case with a 25-µm-thick aluminum window and a BNC connector. The photocurrent from the Si-PIN-XD is amplified by charge sensitive and shaping amplifiers, and the event pulses are sent to a multichannel analyzer (MCA) to measure X-ray spectra. At a tube voltage of 90 kV, we observe K-series characteristic X-rays of tungsten. Photon-counting computed tomography (PC-CT) is accomplished by repeated linear scans and rotations of an object, and projection curves of the object are obtained by linear scanning at a tube current of 2.0 mA. The exposure time for obtaining a tomogram is 10 min with scan steps of 0.5 mm and rotation steps of 1.0°. At a tube voltage of 90 kV, the maximum count rate is 150 kcps. We carry out PC-CT using gadolinium media and confirm the energy-dispersive effect with changes in the lower level voltage of the event pulse using a comparator.
Synthesis of CxSr2Ca2Cu3Oz Superconductor from Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy Precursor
Authors: Aoba Tomoya , Suzuki Tsuneo , Nakayama Tadachika , Suematsu Hisayuki , Niihara Koichi
Published: June 2013

A novel compound was derived by annealing a high-pressure-synthesized sample of Sr2Ca2Cu3O
y
at 350 °C for 30 min in air. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy indicated that the composition of Sr, Ca, and Cu was not changed from the original material, and the C-K edge energy-loss near-edge structure was similar to that of CaCO3. Structure analysis revealed that this compound has a primitive tetragonal unit cell with a=3.88(3) and c=14.13(2) Å. It is likely that carbonate is incorporated either from air or secondary-phase grains into the pristine structure and forms the C
x
Sr2Ca2Cu3O
z
compound during annealing. Magnetization measurements revealed superconductivity with T
conset=89 K.
Superconductivity in Tungsten-Carbide Nanowires Deposited from the Mixtures of W(CO)6and C14H10
Authors: Dai Jun , Onomitsu Koji , Kometani Reo , Krockenberger Yoshiharu , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Ishihara Sunao , Warisawa Shin'ichi
Published: June 2013

Tungsten-carbide (W-C) nanowires have been deposited by focused-ion-beam chemical vapor deposition (FIB-CVD). Mixtures of C14H10and W(CO)6are used as precursors. For certain precursor ratios, our nanowires become superconducting with aTcas high as 5.8 K. Also, freestanding W-C nano pillars were grown by FIB-CVD. The growth rate of the deposition from the mixture is at most 4.25 times higher than W(CO)6is used as the precursor. This growth rate greatly facilitates the fabrication of three-dimensional superconducting structures.
Carbon-Coated Porous Aluminum Oxides Used as Spacer Overlayers to Reduce Secondary Electron Emission for Field Emission Display Applications
Authors: Yu Tung-Yuan , Pan Fu-Ming , Chen Cheng-Li , Chen Te-Ming , Chen Tsung-Han , Kuo Chih-Che , Lin Ting-Li
Published: June 2013

Porous surface structures can mitigate the charging effect of vacuum spacers of field-emission flat panel display due to the abundance of secondary electrons (SEs) emitted from the spacers during field emission display (FED) operation. In this study, we fabricated porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) overlayers on glass substrates to examine the effect of carbon deposition on the reduction of SE emissions. This paper reports that uniform AAO overlayers can be simultaneously prepared on both sides of a glass plate 2 ×10 cm2 in size. The SE emission of the AAO overlayer was examined by using an Auger electron microscope. When a small amount of carbon is evaporation-deposited on the as-prepared AAO overlayer, the SE emission efficiency is significantly decreased and the reduction in the SE emission is ascribed to the low SE yield of the carbon deposit and the suppression of SE escape from the narrowed pore channels. However, a heavy deposition of carbon results in a smaller surface roughness of the AAO overlayer, thereby increasing SE emission. The carbon-coated AAO overlayer demonstrates favorable electrical and mechanical properties, making it suitable for use in FED vacuum spacers.
Deep Wet Etching in Hydrofluoric Acid, Nitric Acid, and Acetic Acid of Cavities in a Silicon Wafer
Authors: Yifan Zhou , Sihai Chen , Edmond Samson , Bosseboeuf Alain
Published: June 2013

This paper reports an experimental investigation of deep isotropic etching in HF:HNO3:CH3COOH solution for the fabrication of large microcavities in a silicon wafer. The effects of different practical parameters, e.g., back protective layer, etch window diameter and agitation method, are evaluated experimentally and then discussed. Results show that, for the conditions used, the back protective layer has little influence on the etched depth. Experimental etched profiles are in agreement with the mathematical model of Kuiken's assuming a purely diffusion-controlled etching. Vertical anisotropy and asymmetry of etched profiles were observed. A 100 µm deep hemispherical microcavity was obtained for a 60 min etching with magnetic agitation at room temperature.
User‐Friendly Universal and Durable Subcellular‐Scaled Template for Protein Binding: Application to Single‐Cell Patterning
Authors: Jang Jae‐Won , Collins John M. , Nettikadan Saju
Published: June 2013

A new method for subcellular‐sized protein patterning on a SiOx substrate is demonstrated by dip‐pen nanolithography printed aldehyde‐terminated alkylsilane template. The aldehyde‐silane template is stable and durable; for example, subcellular scaled IgG protein array can be obtained using one‐year old aldehyde‐silane template. Moreover, single cell patterning is successfully carried out by extracellular material (ECM) protein microarray and nanoarray fabricated on an aldehyde‐silane template. With more than half of chance, single‐ or double‐cells are successfully attached on fibronectin protein nanoarrays in 21 × 21 μm 2 (7 × 7 dot array) and 42 × 42 μm2 (14 × 14 dot array). The fibronectin nanoarray with small area (21 × 21 μm2) shows the more rate of single cell attachment. Therefore, it is also demonstrated that cell patterning can be controlled by adjusting the nanostructure of ECM materials.
Peering into the future: Hepcidin testing
Authors: Goyal Jatinder , McCleskey Brandi , Adamski Jill
Published: June 2013

Hepcidin, a small 25 amino acid peptide, has been well established as the iron regulatory hormone. Its expression is upregulated in response to iron and inflammatory cytokines, and downregulated in anemic or hypoxic states. Hepcidin decreases iron export into the plasma by binding to and inducing the degradation of ferroportin, an iron channel located on macrophages and the basolateral surface of enterocytes. This leads to decreased absorption of parental iron by the enterocytes, reduced recycling of erythrocyte iron by macrophages, and increased iron stores in the hepatocytes. Although hepcidin assays are not currently approved for clinical use in the United States, there is much interest in the potential use of this biomarker for management of iron related medical conditions. This review briefly summarizes the current hepcidin test platforms under investigation and the challenges associated with development of a clinical assay for this biomarker. In addition, selected potential future applications hepcidin testing in the clinical setting are addressed. Am. J. Heamtol. 88:976–978, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The burden of mortality with costs in productivity loss from occupational cancer in Italy
Authors: Binazzi Alessandra , Scarselli Alberto , Marinaccio Alessandro
Published: June 2013

Background

The costs of productivity loss due to occupational cancer mortality are rarely investigated. An estimate of occupational cancer deaths in Italy in 2006 and an approximation of the resultant costs from medical and non‐medical expenditures together with figures of remuneration lost are provided.

Methods

Occupational cancer deaths, obtained from the application of the attributable fraction (AF) to mortality data (source: Italian National Institute of Statistics), were used to calculate the Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLLs), the Potential Years of Working Life Lost (PYWLLs) and the costs of the loss of productive life. The health care costs for any cancer was applied to the estimated number of occupational cancer cases to obtain the total cost.

Results

Around 8,000–8,500 deaths/year from occupational cancer are estimated to occur in Italy, corresponding to 170,000 PYLLs and more than 16,000 PYWLLs, leading to around 360,000,000 euros in indirect economic loss. Health care costs of occupational cancer are estimated at 456,000,000 euros.

Conclusions

Occupational cancer is of major concern in terms of mortality and economic productivity loss. Preventive efforts in evaluating ongoing risks and current exposures are strongly recommended to health policy‐makers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1272–1279, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Customized high resolution CGH‐array for clinical diagnosis reveals additional genomic imbalances in previous well‐defined pathological samples
Authors: Vallespín Elena , Palomares Bralo María , Mori M. Ángeles , Martín Rubén , García‐Miñaúr Sixto , Fernández Luis , de Torres M. Luisa , García‐Santiago Fe , Mansilla Elena , Santos Fernando , M‐Montaño Victoria E. , Crespo M. Carmen , Martín Sol , Martínez‐Glez Victor , Delicado Alicia , Lapunzina Pablo , Nevado Julián
Published: June 2013

High‐resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is a powerful molecular cytogenetic tool that is being adopted for diagnostic evaluation of genomic imbalances and study disease mechanisms and pathogenesis. We report on the design and use, of a custom whole‐genome oligonucleotide‐based array (called KaryoArray®v3.0; Agilent‐based 8 × 60 K) for diagnostic setting, which was able to detect new and unexpected rearrangements in 11/63 (∼17.5%) of previous known pathological cases associated with known genetic disorders, and in the second step it identified at least one causal genomic imbalance responsible of the phenotype in ∼20% of patients with psychomotor development delay and/or intellectual disability. To validate the array, first; we blindly tested 120 samples; 63 genomic imbalances that had previously been detected by karyotyping, FISH and/or MLPA, and 57 sex‐matched control samples from healthy individuals; secondly a prospective study of 540 patients with intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder and multiple congenital anomalies were evaluated to confirm the utility of the tool. These data indicate that implementation of array technologies as the first‐tier test may reveal that additional genomic imbalances could co‐exist in patients with trisomies and classical del/dup syndromes, suggesting that aCGH may also be indicated in these individuals, at least when phenotype does not match completely with genotype. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hot compressed water extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum using a semibatch reactor
Authors: Matsunaga Yui , Wahyudiono  , Machmudah Siti , Sasaki Mitsuru , Goto Motonobu
Published: June 2013

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a mushroom‐forming white rot fungus. Although not edible, it is grown commercially for use as a medicinal supplement. In this study, G. lucidum was utilized for the extraction of polysaccharides by hot compressed water at temperatures of 373–463 K and a pressure of 4.0 MPa using a semibatch system—a most effective method because water at high temperature and pressure behaves as a reaction medium with remarkable properties. Under these conditions, thermal softening of G. lucidum occurred, allowing the removal of the polysaccharides protecting other constituents in G. lucidum via hydrolysis. The main massed peaks of water‐soluble products were distributed at around 688–2638 m/z with a peak‐to‐peak mass difference of 162 m/z, consistent with the repeating unit of the glucans. On the basis of these results, this process is proposed as applicable to the isolation of polysaccharides from other types of biomass and may lead to an advanced plant biomass components extraction technology. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining the optimal approach to the patient with postradiation prostate‐specific antigen recurrence using outcome data from a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Kim Miranda B. , Chen Ming‐Hui , de Castro Mário , Loffredo Marian , Kantoff Philip W. , D'Amico Anthony V.
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Optimal management remains unknown following prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) failure when considering comorbidity and PSA kinetics at recurrence. In order to define randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that can address this issue, this study examined factors associated with the risk of death following PSA failure.

METHODS

Of 206 men randomized to RT with or without 6 months of androgen suppression therapy (AST), 108 sustained PSA failure and began AST when PSA approached 10 ng/mL and formed the study cohort. Cox regression multivariable analysis was used to determine factors associated with death following PSA failure.

RESULTS

After a median follow‐up of 10.3 years of 108 men with PSA failure, 64 (59%) died, with 22 (34%) dying of prostate cancer (PC). Increasing PSA velocity at recurrence was associated with a significant increase in the risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.02‐1.45; P = .03). Among men with no/minimal versus moderate/severe comorbidity, PC comprised 42% (20 of 48) versus 12.5% (2 of 16) of all deaths, respectively. Estimates of PC‐specific and all‐cause death were significantly higher when PSA velocity was greater than as compared with the median or less in men with no/minimal (P < .008) but not moderate/severe comorbidity (P > .15).

CONCLUSIONS

Despite unfavorable PSA kinetics at recurrence, unhealthy men may not benefit from AST; RCTs examining intermittent AST versus surveillance are needed. For healthy men with unfavorable PSA kinetics at recurrence, PC death rates are high despite AST, which warrants RCTs to evaluate the impact on death when adding agents that prolong survival in men with metastatic castration‐resistant PC to AST. Cancer 2013;119:3280–6. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Long‐term outcomes for men with high‐risk prostate cancer treated definitively with external beam radiotherapy with or without androgen deprivation
Authors: Nguyen Quynh‐Nhu , Levy Lawrence B. , Lee Andrew K. , Choi Seungtaek S. , Frank Steven J. , Pugh Thomas J. , McGuire Sean , Hoffman Karen , Kuban Deborah A.
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Men with high‐risk prostate cancer are often thought to have very poor outcomes in terms of disease control and survival even after definitive treatment. However, results after external beam radiotherapy have improved significantly through dose escalation and the use of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). This report describes long‐term findings after low‐dose (< 75.6 Gy) or high‐dose (≥ 75.6 Gy) external beam radiation, with or without ADT.

METHODS

This analysis included 741 men with high‐risk prostate cancer (clinical classification ≥ T3, Gleason score ≥ 8, or prostate‐specific antigen level ≥ 20 ng/mL) treated with external beam radiotherapy at a single tertiary institution from 1987 through 2004. The radiation dose ranged from 60 to 79.3 Gy (median, 70 Gy); 295 men had received ADT for ≥ 2 years, and the median follow‐up time was 8.3 years.

RESULTS

The 5‐ and 10‐year actuarial overall survival rates were significantly better for men treated with the higher radiation dose (no ADT plus ≥ 75.6 Gy, 87.3% and 72.0%, respectively; and ADT plus ≥ 75.6 Gy, 92.3% and 72%, respectively) (P = .0035). The corresponding 5‐ and 10‐year biochemical failure‐free survival rates were significantly better for patients treated with both ADT and higher radiation dose (82% and 77%, P < .0001). At 5 years, men who had not received ADT and had received radiation dose < 75.6 Gy had higher clinical local failure rates than those given ADT and radiation dose ≥ 75.6 Gy (24.2% versus 0%, P < .0001). The 10‐year symptomatic local failure rate was only 2% for all patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Contrary to lingering historical perceptions, treatment of high‐risk prostate cancer with modern, high‐dose, external beam radiotherapy and ADT can produce better biochemical, clinical, and survival outcomes over those from previous eras. Specifically, symptomatic local failure is uncommon, and few men die of prostate cancer even 10 or more years after treatment. Cancer 2013;119:3265–71. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Fuzzy chessboard clustering and artificial bee colony routing method for energy‐efficient heterogeneous wireless sensor networks
Authors: AlShawi I. S. , Yan L. , Pan W. , Luo B.
Published: June 2013

Energy is an extremely critical resource for battery‐powered wireless sensor networks (WSNs), thus making energy‐efficient protocol design a key challenging problem. However, uneven energy consumption is an inherent problem in WSNs caused by multi‐hop routing and many‐to‐one traffic pattern among sensors. In this paper, we therefore propose a new clustering method called fuzzy chessboard clustering (FFC), which is capable to overcome the bottleneck problem and addressing the uneven energy consumption problem in heterogeneous WSNs. We also propose an energy‐efficient routing method called artificial bee colony routing method (ABCRM) to find the optimal routing path for the heterogeneous WSNs. ABCRM seeks to investigate the problems of balancing energy consumption and maximization of network lifetime. To demonstrate the effectiveness of FCC‐ABCRM in terms of lessening end‐to‐end delay, balancing energy consumption, and maximization of heterogeneous network lifetime, we compare our method with three approaches namely, chessboard clustering approach, PEGASIS, and LEACH. Simulation results show that the network lifetime achieved by FCC‐ABCRM could be increased by nearly 25%, 45%, and 60% more than that obtained by chessboard clustering, PEGASIS, and LEACH, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A provable secure sealed‐bid multi‐attribute auction scheme under semi‐honest model
Authors: Shi Wenbo
Published: June 2013

Secure electronic auction protocol attracts increasing attention in the field of information security research. A variety of secure electronic auction protocols have achieved a lot. However, those studies mainly focus on price‐based auction model. There are few literatures involving security issues of multi‐attribute e‐auction. In recent years, the existing literatures mainly focus on the winner determination problem of multi‐attribute auction, but research of multi‐attribute e‐auction just begin from the perspective of information security. The proposal intends to start with the multi‐attribute e‐auction protocol, explores the different results in the multi‐attribute auction model because of different bid structures, focuses on qualitative attribute‐based winner determination auction model, proposes a new qualitative attribute‐based sealed‐bid multi‐attribute auction scheme under semi‐honest model for the first time. According to the security analysis and computation comparison, it provides strong bid privacy, public verifiability, and reasonable computational cost. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient method for loss performance modeling of hierarchical heterogeneous wireless networks
Authors: Yu Xue Yong , Zhu Hong Bo
Published: June 2013

Loss performance modeling is important for the purpose of developing efficient dimensioning tools for large complicated networks. The performance modeling involves two challenging problems:(i) it is difficult to achieve in heterogeneous wireless networks, where different networks have different statistical characteristics in service and traffic models and (ii) capacity‐constrained femto‐macro overlay networks pose significant challenges due to the wide variety of bandwidth requirement of Internet services, the large number of femtocells overlaid by a macrocell, and the need for fast computations imposed by practical requirements of dynamic real‐time resource allocation. This paper proposes a new computationally efficient numerical method for the loss probability approximation in hierarchical heterogeneous wireless networks. Verified by simulations, the performance and accuracy of the proposed numerical method is evaluated in a two‐tier hierarchical cellular network and compared with an existing approximation method based on multidimensional Markov‐modulated Poisson process. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A downlink beamforming assisted by locally positioned communication devices
Authors: You Cheolwoo , Jung Young‐Ho , Cho Sunghyun
Published: June 2013

Recently, multiple cell types with overlapping coverage have been deployed simultaneously to increase cellular network capacity. Cross‐tier interference is one of the key technical challenges in the use of this method. A simple and practical beamforming scheme assisted by locally positioned communication devices for the downlink of a multi‐cell wireless hierarchical cell structure system is proposed in this paper to maximize the capacity of the embedded small cell and simultaneously ensure minimal impact on the performance of existing macrocells. The locally positioned communication devices can be implemented with low complexity and at low cost and can continuously provide helpful and accurate information to base stations for the proper configuration of geographical cell coverage, allowing neighboring cells to cooperate effectively with each other. Simulation results verify that the proposed scheme can provide a significant gain over conventional systems not using the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sterol metabolism disorders and neurodevelopment—an update
Authors: Kanungo Shibani , Soares Neelkamal , He Miao , Steiner Robert D.
Published: June 2013

Cholesterol has numerous quintessential functions in normal cell physiology, as well as in embryonic and postnatal development. It is a major component of cell membranes and myelin, and is a precursor of steroid hormones and bile acids. The development of the blood brain barrier likely around 12–18 weeks of human gestation makes the developing embryonic/fetal brain dependent on endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Known enzyme defects along the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway result in a host of neurodevelopmental and behavioral findings along with CNS structural anomalies. In this article, we review sterol synthesis disorders in the pre‐ and post‐squalene pathway highlighting neurodevelopmental aspects that underlie the clinical presentations and course of Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz Syndrome (SLOS), mevalonic aciduria (MVA) or the milder version hyper‐immunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome (HIDS), Antley‐Bixler syndrome with genital anomalies and disordered steroidogenesis (ABS1), congenital hemidysplasia with icthyosiform nevus and limb defects (CHILD) syndrome, CK syndrome, sterol C4 methyl oxidase (SC4MOL) deficiency, X‐linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata 2(CDPX2)/ Conradi Hunermann syndrome, lathosterolosis and desmosterolosis, We also discuss current controversies and share thoughts on future directions in the field. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2013;17:197–210.
Characterization of synthetic routes to ‘Bromo‐DragonFLY’ and benzodifuranyl isopropylamine homologues utilizing ketone intermediates. Part 1: Synthesis of ketone precursors
Authors: O'Connor Richard E. , Keating John J.
Published: June 2013

Bromo‐DragonFLY (BDF) and many of its analogues are misused as recreational drugs due to their potency as psychoactive substances. To date, none of the published routes to these designer amphetamines have exploited a ketone intermediate. It is well known that benzyl methyl ketone (BMK) can be employed as a precursor in the synthesis of amphetamine. Similarly, it is reasonable to assume that ketone precursors may potentially be utilized in the clandestine synthesis of BDF and its homologues. This paper describes the multifaceted synthesis of novel precursor ketones structurally related to BDF, namely benzodifuranyl propanone 16, its tetrahydrobenzodifuranyl homologue 8, and their brominated analogues 12 and 20. Their characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C‐NMR), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) is also described. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracking context‐specific transcription factors regulating hox activity
Authors: Merabet Samir , Dard Amélie
Published: June 2013

Background: Hox proteins are key developmental regulators involved in almost every embryonic tissue for specifying cell fates along longitudinal axes or during organ formation. It is thought that the panoply of Hox activities relies on interactions with tissue‐, stage‐, and/or cell‐specific transcription factors. High‐throughput approaches in yeast or cell culture systems have shown that Hox proteins bind to various types of nuclear and cytoplasmic components, illustrating their remarkable potential to influence many different cell regulatory processes. However, these approaches failed to identify a relevant number of context‐specific transcriptional partners, suggesting that these interactions are hard to uncover in non‐physiological conditions. Here we discuss this problematic. Results: In this review, we present intrinsic Hox molecular signatures that are probably involved in multiple (yet specific) interactions with transcriptional partners. We also recapitulate the current knowledge on Hox cofactors, highlighting the difficulty to tracking context‐specific cofactors through traditional large‐scale approaches. Conclusion: We propose experimental approaches that will allow a better characterisation of interaction networks underlying Hox contextual activities in the next future. Developmental Dynamics 243:16–23, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Updating the US hydrologic classification: an approach to clustering and stratifying ecohydrologic data
Authors: McManamay Ryan A. , Bevelhimer Mark S. , Kao Shih‐Chieh
Published: June 2013

Hydrologic classifications unveil the structure of relationships among groups of streams with differing streamflows and provide a foundation for drawing inferences about the principles that govern those relationships. Hydrologic classes provide a template to generalize hydrologic responses to disturbance and stratify research and management needs applicable to ecohydrology. We used a mixed‐modelling approach to create hydrologic classifications for the continental USA using three streamflow datasets, a reference dataset compiled under more strict traditional standards and two additional datasets compiled under more relaxed assumptions. A variety of models were applied to each dataset, and Bayes criteria were used to identify optimal models and numbers of clusters. Using only reference‐quality gauges, we classified 1715 stream gauges into 12 classes across the USA. By including more streamflow gauges (n = 2402 and 2618) of lesser reference quality in subsequent classifications, we observed minimal increases in dimensionality (i.e. multivariate space) at the expense of increasing uncertainty and outliers. Part of the utility of classification systems rests in their ability to classify new objects and stratify data by common properties. We constructed separate random forest models to predict hydrologic class membership on the basis of hydrologic indices or landscape variables. In addition, we provide an approach to assessing potential outliers due to hydrologic alteration based on class assignment. Departures from class membership due to disturbance take into account multiple hydrologic indices simultaneously; thus, classes can be used to determine if disturbed streams are functioning within the natural range of hydrologic variability. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Source duration of stress and water‐pressure induced seismicity derived from experimental analysis of P wave pulse width in granite
Authors: Masuda Koji
Published: June 2013

Pulse widths of P waves in granite, measured in the laboratory, were analyzed to investigate source durations of rupture processes for water‐pressure induced and stress‐induced microseismicity. Water was injected into a dry granite sample under constant axial stress of about 70% of fracture strength and a confining pressure of 40 MPa. After the effects of event size and hypocentral distance were removed from observed pulse widths, the ratio of the scaled source durations of water‐pressure induced and stress‐induced microseismicity was 0.52. The difference in the scaled source durations between water‐pressure induced and stress‐induced microseismicity suggests that water‐pressure induced microseismicity involves a greater rupture velocity or a more equidimensional fault geometry than stress‐induced microseismicity. These results suggest that pulse width analysis of P waveforms can be used to distinguish water‐pressure induced events from those induced by regional stress and to characterize the faulting process.
New data from borehole strainmeters to infer lava fountain sources (Etna 2011–2012)
Authors: Bonaccorso A. , Currenti G. , Linde A. , Sacks S.
Published: June 2013

In January 2011, eruptive activity resumed at Etna producing a new phase with frequent lava fountain episodes until April 2012. In November 2011, the first two borehole strainmeters were installed, which detected negative strain changes (~0.15–0.8 μstrain) during the paroxysmal events. A Finite Element Model was set up to estimate accurately the tilt and volumetric strain, taking into account the real profile of the volcano and the elastic medium heterogeneity. The numerical computations indicated an elongated depressurizing source located at 0 km b.s.l., which underwent a volume change of ~2 × 106 m3 which is the most of the magma volume erupted, while a smaller remaining part is accommodated by the magma compressibility. This shallow source cannot accumulate large magma volumes and, thus, favors short‐term periodic eruptive events with a fairly constant balance between the refilling and the erupted magma.
Salvia divinorum: from Mazatec medicinal and hallucinogenic plant to emerging recreational drug
Authors: Zawilska Jolanta B. , Wojcieszak Jakub
Published: June 2013

Salvia divinorum is a sage endemic to a small region of Mexico and has been traditionally used by the Mazatec Indians for divination and spiritual healing. Recently, it has gained increased popularity as a recreational drug, used by adolescents and young adults as an alternative to marijuana and LSD. Salvinorin A, the major active ingredient of the plant, is considered to be the most potent known hallucinogen of natural origin. This review surveys the current state of knowledge on the neurochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacological properties of salvinorin A, the trends and motivation behind S. divinorum use, and the health problems among users of the plant's products. S. divinorum induces intense, but short‐lived, psychedelic‐like changes in mood and perception, with concomitant hallucinations and disorientation. Many websites have misinterpreted the limited existing research‐based information on the side effects of salvia as evidence for its safety. However, data accumulated over the last few years indicate that potential health risks are associated with the use of S. divinorum, especially by teenagers, users of other substances of abuse, and individuals with underlying psychotic disturbances. Taken together, the data presented in this review point to the need for further basic and clinical studies to create a basis for the development of well‐addressed prevention and treatment strategies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turkish Validation of the PICCOLO (Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes)
Authors: Bayoğlu Birgul , Unal Özlem , Elibol Fatma , Karabulut Erdem , Innocenti Mark S.
Published: June 2013

Early positive parent–child interactions are important for child development. Intervention research focused on increasing positive parent–child interactions has demonstrated increases in desired parenting behaviors and improvements in child outcomes. Parent–child interaction research in Turkey has been limited because of the need for reliable and valid measures of parent–child interaction. The aim of this study was to explore the validity and reliability of a Turkish version of a psychometrically strong measure of parent–child interaction that was developed in the United States: the Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO). Mother–child interactions during a free‐play situation were scored using the Turkish translation of the PICCOLO. The Turkish PICCOLO demonstrated good reliability and validity; as good as that demonstrated in the original English‐language PICCOLO psychometric study. The Turkish PICCOLO meets the criteria established for a tool that will facilitate parent–child interaction research in Turkeyand appears to be practical and functional in evaluating the quality of parent–child interaction.
Efficient Synthesis and Antioxidant Evaluation of 2‐Aryl‐3‐(Pyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐Thiazolidinones
Authors: Campos José C. , Gouvêa Daniela P. , Ribeiro Camila da S. , Dutra Filipe S. P. , Stefanello Francieli M. , Pereira Claudio M. P. , Cunico Wilson , Siqueira Geonir M.
Published: June 2013

In the present study, we reported the efficient synthesis of 11 3‐(pyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐thiazolidinones in good yields using molecular sieve as the desiccant agent. In addition, we have evaluated the antioxidant capacity of the synthesized compounds by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH•) and the 2,2‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+•) radicals scavenging assay. Six compounds showed antioxidant activity towards DPPH• (EC50 between 16.13 and 49.94 µg/mL) and also demonstrated excellent activity regarding ABTS+• (TEAC: 10.32–53.52). These results showed that compounds 3‐(pyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐thiazolidinones may be easily synthesized by a less expensive procedure and could be a good starting point to the development of new antioxidant compounds. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J BiochemMol Toxicol 27:445‐450, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21506
Examination of Proposed DSM‐5 Changes to Pathological Gambling in a Helpline Sample
Authors: Weinstock Jeremiah , Rash Carla , Burton Steve , Moran Sheila , Biller Warren , O'Neil Kathleen , Kruedelbach Norman
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To examine the effect of proposed the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM‐5) changes to pathological gambling relative to DSM‐IV criteria in a large gambling helpline sample (N = 2,750). Changes in prevalence rates, the diagnostic utility of the illegal acts criterion, and severity of alternative diagnostic formulation thresholds were examined.

Method

Callers to the helpline completed a semistructured interview and DSM‐IV criteria were assessed.

Results

Without lowering the diagnostic threshold, removal of the illegal acts criterion resulted in loss of diagnostic status in less than 2% of helpline callers. The DSM‐IV prevalence rate in this sample was 81.2%, and DSM‐5 formulations with lowered thresholds of 4, 3, and 2 symptoms increased prevalence rates by 9% to 17%. However, item‐level symptom endorsement suggested that subclinical gamblers experience significant adverse consequences.

Conclusions

Lowered thresholds may lead to earlier provision of treatment to gamblers and prevent escalation of the disorder, while being more consistent with diagnostic thresholds of other addiction disorders.
Measurements of the O+ to H+ transition height and ion temperatures in the lower topside ionosphere over Arecibo for equinox conditions during the 2008–2009 extreme solar minimum
Authors: Aponte Néstor , Brum Christiano G. M. , Sulzer Michael P. , González Sixto A.
Published: June 2013

We present incoherent scatter radar measurements of electron density, electron and ion temperatures, and ion composition made at Arecibo Observatory (18.35°N, 66.75°W), which is at a geomagnetic latitude of 30°N (or 46.7° dip latitude), during the recent extreme solar minimum of 2007–2009 and find agreement between our data and recent reports of corresponding satellite observations. Both the in situ spacecraft measurements and our ground‐based radar profiles exhibit unusually low electron densities and cold temperatures. These two factors result in an extraordinarily contracted ionosphere and thermosphere. This contraction in the ionosphere in turn causes the O+/H+ transition height to descend; thus, the base of the low‐latitude plasmasphere, or protonosphere, is found at extraordinary low altitudes. We show that during the geomagnetically quiet period of October 2009, the transition height ht, where [O+] = [H+] + [He+], was observed at altitudes as low as 800–820 km during daytime and descended as low as 450 km during the night. At night, when Te = Ti = Tn, temperatures below 675 K were measured at 03:00 Atlantic Standard Time. These values are about 100 K lower than corresponding temperatures observed by the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar during the previous solar minimum period (1995–1997).
Kinetic Study of the Alkaline Hydrolysis of 1,n‐Bis(4‐cyanopyridinium)alkanes: Charge Density and New Conformational Effects on the Reactivity of 1,3‐Bis(4‐cyanopyridinium)propane
Authors: Fiori Simone , de Carvalho Fernando Rodrigues , Tessaro André Luiz , Meyer Emerson , Caetano Wilker , Politi Mario José , Hioka Noboru
Published: June 2013

The alkaline hydrolysis reaction rates of 1,n‐bis(4‐cyanopyridinium)alkane derivatives Cnbis(CP)2+ with n = 3, 6, and 8 were studied and compared to the reaction rate of the N‐methyl‐4‐cyanopyridinium (MCP+). C6bis(CP)2+ and C8bis(CP)2+ obeyed the first‐order kinetic law. However for C3bis(CP)2+ data fitted to a consecutive two‐step model reaction, the observed rate constants (kobs) of C8bis(CP)2+ and C6bis(CP)2+ are approximately 50% and 100%, respectively, higher than those for MCP+, an effect mainly assigned to the higher charge density of these two derivatives. For C3bis(CP)2+, the kobs of the second (slow) step is almost twofold the value observed for C6bis(CP)2+, whereas the first (fast) step is approximately six times higher. As for MCP, the hydrolysis of Cnbis(CP)2+ generates pyridone (Po) and carbamidopyridinium (A+) units. For C3bis(CP)2+, however at pHs above 11.5, one additional product is formed. From the existence of the new product and the kinetic evidence, a “sandwiched‐type” complex with the OH− inserted between the rings is proposed. This structural effect in the C3bis(CP)2+ due to the conformational effect justifies the (i) two kinetic steps, (ii) high rate constants, (iii) high Po/A+ ratios, (iv) observed temperature and salt effects, and (v) the formation of the new product.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Diazo Compounds to Electron‐Deficient Alkenes: Kinetics and Mechanism of Formation of Dimethyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐3,5‐dicarboxylate
Authors: Ovchinnikov Mikhail Yu. , Yangirov Tagir A. , Lobov Alexander N. , Sultanova Rimma M. , Khursan Sergey L.
Published: June 2013

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of methyl diazoacetate to methyl acrylate was investigated by kinetic 1Н NMR spectroscopy. It was established that the mechanism of the process includes parallel formation of trans‐ and cis‐dimethyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐3H‐pyrazol‐3,5‐dicarboxylates as a result of [3 + 2]‐cycloaddition of methyl diazoacetate to methyl acrylate; the corresponding rate constants were denoted k1t and k1c. The reaction rate of the isomerization of 3Н‐pyrazolines to 4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐3,5‐dicarboxylate (3Н → 1Н‐pyrazoline rearrangement) was found to be sensitive to both the methyl acrylate (k2t, k2c) and 1Н‐pyrazoline concentrations (k3t, k3c). Kinetic analysis showed that the proposed scheme is valid for various reagent concentrations. The numerical solution of the system of differential equations corresponded to the reaction scheme and was used to determine the complete set of reaction rate constants (k (× 105 M–1·s–1), 298 K; solvent, benzene‐d6): k1t = 2.3 ± 0.3, k1c = 1.6 ± 0.2, k2t = 1.1 ± 0.3, k2c = 1.8 ± 0.5, k3t = 1.2 ± 0.4, k3c = 2.2 ± 0.7.
Kinetic Studies of Acenaphthene Oxidation Catalyzed by N‐Hydroxyphthalimide
Authors: Opeida I. O. , Litvinov Yu. E. , Kushch O. V. , Kompanets M. O. , Shendrik O. M.
Published: June 2013

The acenaphthene oxidation with molecular oxygen in the presence of N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) has been investigated. It is shown that the main oxidation product is acenaphthene hydroperoxide. The phthalimide‐N‐oxyl (PINO) radical has been generated in situ from its hydroxyimide parent, NHPI, by oxidation with iodobenzenediacetate. The rate constant of H‐abstraction (kH) from acenaphthene by PINO has been determined spectroscopically in acetonitrile. The kinetic isotope effect and the activation parameters have also been measured. On the basis of the results of our studies and available published literature data, a plausible mechanism for the oxidation process of acenaphthene with dioxygen catalyzed by NHPI was discussed.
Slice accelerated diffusion‐weighted imaging at ultra‐high field strength
Authors: Eichner Cornelius , Setsompop Kawin , Koopmans Peter J. , Lützkendorf Ralf , Norris David G. , Turner Robert , Wald Lawrence L. , Heidemann Robin M.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) data with very high isotropic resolution can be obtained at 7T. However, for extensive brain coverage, a large number of slices is required, resulting in long acquisition times (TAs). Recording multiple slices simultaneously (SMS) promises to reduce the TA.

Methods

A combination of zoomed and parallel imaging is used to achieve high isotropic resolution dMRI data with a low level of distortions at 7T. The blipped‐CAIPI (controlled aliasing in parallel imaging) approach is used to acquire several slices simultaneously. Due to their high radiofrequency (RF) power deposition and ensuing specific absorption rate (SAR) constraints, the commonly used multiband (MB) RF pulses for SMS imaging are inefficient at 7T and entail long repetition times, counteracting the usefulness of SMS acquisitions. To address this issue, low SAR multislice Power Independent of Number of Slices RF pulses are employed.

Results

In vivo dMRI results with and without SMS acceleration are presented at different isotropic spatial resolutions at ultra high field strength. The datasets are recorded at a high angular resolution to detect fiber crossings.

Conclusion

From the results and compared with earlier studies at these resolutions, it can be seen that scan time is significantly reduced, while image quality is preserved. Magn Reson Med 71:1518–1525, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancing the [13C]bicarbonate signal in cardiac hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate MRS studies by infusion of glucose, insulin and potassium
Authors: Lauritzen Mette Hauge , Laustsen Christoffer , Butt Sadia Asghar , Magnusson Peter , Søgaard Lise Vejby , Ardenkjær‐Larsen Jan Henrik , Åkeson Per
Published: June 2013

A change in myocardial metabolism is a known effect of several diseases. MRS with hyperpolarized 13C‐labelled pyruvate is a technique capable of detecting changes in myocardial pyruvate metabolism, and has proven to be useful for the evaluation of myocardial ischaemia in vivo. However, during fasting, the myocardial glucose oxidation is low and the fatty acid oxidation (β‐oxidation) is high, which complicates the interpretation of pyruvate metabolism with the technique. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the infusion of glucose, insulin and potassium (GIK) could increase the myocardial glucose oxidation in the citric acid cycle, reflected as an increase in the [13C]bicarbonate signal in cardiac hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate MRS measurements in fasted rats. Two groups of rats were infused with two different doses of GIK and investigated by MRS after injection of hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate. No [13C]bicarbonate signal could be detected in the fasted state. However, a significant increase in the [13C]bicarbonate signal was observed by the infusion of a high dose of GIK. This study demonstrates that a high [13C]bicarbonate signal can be achieved by GIK infusion in fasted rats. The increased [13C]bicarbonate signal indicates an increased flux of pyruvate through the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex and an increase in myocardial glucose oxidation through the citric acid cycle. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using microbubbles as an MRI contrast agent for the measurement of cerebral blood volume
Authors: Peng Shin‐Lei , Wang Fu‐Nien , Wang Chung‐Hsin , Peng Hsu‐Hsia , Lu Chih‐Tien , Yeh Chih‐Kuang
Published: June 2013

The susceptibility differences at the gas–liquid interface of microbubbles (MBs) allow their use as an intravascular susceptibility contrast agent for in vivo MRI. However, the characteristics of MBs are very different from those of the standard gadolinium‐diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd‐DPTA) contrast agent, including the size distribution and hemodynamic properties, which could influence MRI outcomes. Here, we investigate quantitatively the correlation between the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) derived from Gd‐DTPA (rCBVGd) and the MB‐induced susceptibility effect (ΔR2*MB) by conventional dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI (DSC‐MRI). Custom‐made MBs had a mean diameter of 0.92 µm and were capable of inducing 4.68 ± 3.02% of the maximum signal change (MSC). The MB‐associated ΔR2*MB was compared with rCBVGd in 16 rats on 4.7‐T MRI. We observed a significant effect of the time to peak (TTP) on the correlation between ΔR2*MB and rCBVGd, and also found a noticeable dependence between TTP and MSC. Our findings suggest that MBs with longer TTPs can be used for the estimation of rCBV by DSC‐MRI, and emphasize the critical effect of TTP on MB‐based contrast MRI. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.