bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From simulations to real: Investigating young students’ learning and transfer from simulations to real tasks
Authors: Falloon Garry
Published: October 2019

Research has explored the use of simulations for education and training, and attention is turning to how they might support learning in school subjects such as mathematics and science. However, existing studies have mostly concentrated on older students, and if simulations help build knowledge useful for solving problems within the simulation, rather than possible transfer beyond the simulation. This paper reports on a study investigating 5 year olds' learning transfer from simulations introducing simple circuit procedures and concepts, to equipment‐based tasks. The study explored for evidence of learning transfer, using an analytical framework that aligned transfer strategy indicators with cognitive process dimensions, to identify transfer events and understand the thinking skills students applied during them. Findings supported the learning value of simulations, indicating young students transferred procedural knowledge to the equipment tasks, with some also demonstrating basic conceptual transfer. They also suggested transfer tasks can provide opportunities to exercise higher order thinking, through activating processes including reflection, evaluation, analysis and abstraction. Such capabilities are highly valued, and central to school achievement and development of learner independence and self‐direction.

Practitioner Notes

What is already known about this topic

Simulations can develop knowledge useful for solving problems within the simulation.

Simulations can be effective for learning mathematics and science procedures.

Between‐simulation transfer engages higher order processing.

What this paper adds

Evidence of young students' procedural learning transfer, from simulations to real tasks.

Some evidence of young students' naïve conceptual transfer, from simulations to real tasks.

Evidence of the value of transfer tasks for higher order thinking development.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Transfer tasks provide opportunities for young students to exercise higher order thinking and problem solving.

Teachers should consider transfer tasks for extending procedural learning to real tasks.

Teachers are important for scaffolding young students' concept formation during transfer tasks, to ensure accurate knowledge development.

Simulations can be effective for developing transferrable procedural knowledge, but conceptual transfer should not be assumed.
Bleeding signs due to acquired von Willebrand syndrome at diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukaemia in children
Authors: Knöfler Ralf , Lange Björn S. , Paul Franziska , Tiebel Oliver , Suttorp Meinolf
Published: October 2019

A considerable proportion of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) may present at diagnosis with high platelet counts. This may result in thrombosis or bleeding complications due to binding of von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers to platelets. Paediatric CML is very rare and no systematic investigation on clinical complications of elevated platelets has been reported. Data on platelet count and associated haemostaseological complications were retrospectively analysed in a cohort of 156 children with CML. Fifty‐one percent (81/156) patients presented with thrombocytosis (platelet count> 500 × 109/l), and were extreme (>1 000 × 109/l) in 23/156 (16%). There were no cases of thrombosis but mild bleeding signs were present in 12% (n = 9) children with thrombocytosis. Bleeding occurred without correlation to elevated platelet counts and was associated with reduced large VWF multimers, indicating a diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS), which resolved after initiation of CML treatment. Patients with paediatric CML frequently exhibit high platelet counts not resulting in thrombosis. In patients with thrombocytosis mild bleeding signs due to a low percentage of large VWF multimers can be demonstrated. AVWS may be underdiagnosed in paediatric CML (Clinical‐Trials.gov NCT00445822, 9 March 2007).
‘Three is better than two’: Increasing donations with the attraction effect
Authors: Pittarello Andrea , Caserotti Marta , Rubaltelli Enrico
Published: October 2019

Five experiments (Ntotal = 2,503) tested the attraction effect and its boundary conditions in the context of helping behaviour. Participants could choose one donation appeal in a set of either two or three alternatives. The three alternatives set included a decoy – an alternative that resembled but was clearly inferior to a target (i.e., the most beneficial) alternative. A clear and consistent pattern emerged: Participants chose the target alternative more frequently and perceived it as more beneficial (and somewhat less costly) when the decoy was present compared to when it was absent. This finding was robust when the attribute ratings of the alternatives were unclear, when the target alternative offered a bundle of unrelated products, and when participants could refrain from donating altogether, or contribute any amount they wished. Our findings offer concrete and simple strategies that charities can implement at zero cost to increase giving and the perceived benefits that people’s good deed bring about to those in need.
Self‐concept and facial appearance of individuals with an intellectual disability: A scoping review
Authors: Chien Tiffany , Sterkenburg Paula S. , Prahl Charlotte , Anderson Nina , Bos Annemieke
Published: October 2019

Accessible Summary

This paper looks at how self‐concept is related to facial appearance.

Very little information can be found on how persons with intellectual disabilities think and feel about their own facial appearance.

In this review 19 articles on subject of self‐concept in people with intellectual disabilities were included.

Results show that self‐concept of individuals with intellectual disabilities is affected by the relationships they have (positively and negatively).

The perceptions of caregivers, peers and their awareness of stigma effects self‐concept.

How facial appearance affects the self‐concept of persons with intellectual disabilities remains unclear and should be a focus of research in future.

Background

The mental health and well‐being of individuals can be positively affected by improving facial appearance through orthodontic treatment. However, research is limited on the relationship between facial appearance and self‐concept of individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Materials and methods

This scoping review includes 19 articles and is aimed to examine the self‐concept of individuals with intellectual disabilities and determine how the self‐concept might be impacted by facial appearance. Furthermore, this review is exploratory in the way that an attempt was made to extract constructs that contribute to the self‐concept of persons with intellectual disabilities.

Results

Unfortunately, no articles were found on how individuals with intellectual disabilities think about their own facial appearance. However, the articles on self‐concept in persons with intellectual disabilities do mention some interesting facts: social comparisons lead to social stigma that can contribute negatively to the self‐concept of individuals with intellectual disabilities. Also, the ability to communicate and express oneself can contribute to one's self‐esteem. Furthermore, parents/caregivers often influence the concept of oneself. Moreover, an individual's relationship with their social environment defines their self‐concept.

Conclusion

It is currently unknown how individuals with intellectual disabilities view their own facial appearance and whether their self‐concept is influenced by their appearance. Questionnaires which address attitudes on facial appearance could provide a deeper understanding of the self‐concept of individuals with intellectual disabilities and possibly make way for orthodontic treatment. However, caution is needed concerning changing the physical appearance of persons with intellectual disabilities. One should also battle stigma by encouraging the social inclusion of persons with intellectual disability.
Seated saline infusion test in predicting subtype diagnosis of primary aldosteronism
Authors: Kaneko Hiroki , Umakoshi Hironobu , Ishihara Yuki , Sugawa Taku , Nanba Kazutaka , Tsuiki Mika , Kusakabe Toru , Satoh‐Asahara Noriko , Yasoda Akihiro , Tagami Tetsuya
Published: October 2019

Context

Although saline infusion test is widely used as a confirmatory test for primary aldosteronism (PA), it is reportedly less sensitive in patients in whom aldosterone is responsive to the upright position by performing it in recumbent position. Based on a single‐centre experience, seated saline infusion test (SSIT) has been reported to be highly sensitive and superior to recumbent testing in identifying both unilateral and bilateral forms of PA. However, due to limited participants number, the utility of SSIT needs to be validated in other series.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of SSIT in determining the PA subtypes compared with adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test under dexamethasone suppression (Dex‐AT).

Patients and Setting

Sixty‐four patients with PA who underwent both SSIT and Dex‐AT were included. Subtype diagnosis of PA was determined by adrenal venous sampling (AVS) (16 unilateral and 48 bilateral forms).

Main Outcome Measure

Plasma aldosterone concentrations (PACs) were measured after SSIT and Dex‐AT.

Results

The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for diagnosing unilateral PA was greater in SSIT than that in Dex‐AT (0.907 vs. 0.755; P = .023). ROC curve analysis predicted optimal cut‐off PACs of 13.1 ng/dL (sensitivity, 93.8%; specificity, 79.2%) for SSIT and 34.2 ng/dL (sensitivity, 75.0%; specificity, 68.8%) for Dex‐AT.

Conclusions

Seated saline infusion test has superior accuracy in subtype diagnosis of PA compared with Dex‐AT. SSIT can be a sensitive test for determining patients who require AVS prior to surgery.
Role of the PGE2 receptor subtypes EP1, EP2, and EP3 in repetitive traumatic brain injury
Authors: Catlin James , Leclerc Jenna L. , Shukla Krunal , Marini Sarah M. , Doré Sylvain
Published: October 2019

Aims

The goal was to explore the signaling pathways of PGE2 to investigate therapeutic effects against secondary injuries following TBI.

Methods

Young (4.9 ± 1.0 months) and aged (20.4 ± 1.4 months) male wild type (WT) C57BL/6 and PGE2 EP1, 2, and 3 receptor knockout mice were selected to either receive sham or repetitive concussive head injury. Immunohistochemistry protocols with Iba1 and GFAP were performed to evaluate microgliosis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus, two critical components of neuroinflammation. Passive avoidance test measured memory function associated with the hippocampus.

Results

No differences in hippocampal microgliosis were found when aged EP2−/− and EP3−/− mice were compared with aged WT mice. However, the aged EP1−/− mice had 69.2 ± 7.5% less hippocampal microgliosis in the contralateral hemisphere compared with WT aged mice. Compared with aged EP2−/− and EP3−/−, EP1−/− aged mice had 78.9 ± 5.1% and 74.7 ± 6.2% less hippocampal microgliosis in the contralateral hemisphere. Within the EP1−/− mice, aged mice had 90.7 ± 2.7% and 81.1 ± 5.6% less hippocampal microgliosis compared with EP1−/− young mice in the contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres, respectively. No differences were noted in all groups for astrogliosis. There was a significant difference in latency time within EP1−/−, EP2−/−, and EP3−/− on day 1 and day 2 in aged and young mice.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate that the PGE2 EP receptors may be potential therapeutic targets to treat repetitive concussions and other acute brain injuries.
Development of Novel Male Contraceptives
Authors: Amory John K.
Published: October 2019

Unintended pregnancy is surprisingly common, accounting for 40–50% of pregnancies worldwide. Contraception is the most effective means of preventing unintended pregnancy. Seventy percent of all contraceptives are used by women; however, some women are unable to use contraceptives due to health conditions or side effects. Many men wish to take a more active role family planning, but currently have only two effective male contraceptive options, condoms and vasectomy. Therefore, work to develop novel male contraceptives analogous to popular female methods, such as daily pills or long‐acting shots and implants, is underway. This paper will briefly discuss the pros and cons of condoms and vasectomies, and then review the research into novel methods of male contraception.
Systematic review and proposal of an in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy assessment tool for cutaneous lymphoma
Authors: Melhoranse Gouveia Bruna , Wells Jillian , Kim Jennifer , Consuegra Germana , Longo Caterina , Fernandez‐Penas Pablo
Published: October 2019

Background

Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non‐invasive imaging technique that provides dynamic information and allows in vivo monitoring, with excellent histologic correlation. In the last decade, the use of RCM for cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCL) has been reported. CTCL may require multiple biopsies for diagnosis due to its equivocal clinical presentation. RCM was described as a possible tool to help determine the best site for skin biopsy. This study aims to systematically review all RCM features reported in literature for CTCL.

Method

A systematic literature search concerning CTCL evaluated by RCM was performed in eight electronic databases until May 2019 following PRISMA‐DTA quality assessment.

Results

Eighteen RCM features were described in patients with CTCL. The most frequent were: interface dermatitis (89%), epidermal lymphocytes (82%), epidermal architectural disarray (81%), and vesicle‐like structure (Pautrier microabscess) (51%).

Conclusion

In order to establish comparable parameters among the studies identified, we proposed descriptors for CTCL features and a grading system to quantify them. This will facilitate to define the role of RCM in the diagnosis and monitoring of CTCL patients.
The right hemispheric dominance for face perception in preschool children depends on the visual discrimination level
Authors: Lochy Aliette , Schiltz Christine , Rossion Bruno
Published: October 2019

The developmental origin of human adults’ right hemispheric dominance in response to face stimuli remains unclear, in particular because young infants’ right hemispheric advantage in face‐selective response is no longer present in preschool children, before written language acquisition. Here we used fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS) with scalp electroencephalography (EEG) to test 52 preschool children (5.5 years old) at two different levels of face discrimination: discrimination of faces against objects, measuring face‐selectivity, or discrimination between individual faces. While the contrast between faces and nonface objects elicits strictly bilateral occipital responses in children, strengthening previous observations, discrimination of individual faces in the same children reveals a strong right hemispheric lateralization over the occipitotemporal cortex. Picture‐plane inversion of the face stimuli significantly decreases the individual discrimination response, although to a much smaller extent than in older children and adults tested with the same paradigm. However, there is only a nonsignificant trend for a decrease in right hemispheric lateralization with inversion. There is no relationship between the right hemispheric lateralization in individual face discrimination and preschool levels of readings abilities. The observed difference in the right hemispheric lateralization obtained in the same population of children with two different paradigms measuring neural responses to faces indicates that the level of visual discrimination is a key factor to consider when making inferences about the development of hemispheric lateralization of face perception in the human brain.
An invasive and a native macrophyte species provide similar feeding habitat for fish
Authors: Carniatto Natália , Fugi Rosemara , Quirino Bárbara Angélio , Cunha Eduardo Ribeiro , Thomaz Sidinei Magela
Published: October 2019

Invasive macrophytes usually increase the homogenisation of habitats and can affect local communities with negative effects on the food chain. We evaluated experimentally the composition, density, richness and diversity of the invertebrates in the invasive macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata and assessed the potential effects of this macrophyte on the diet and foraging efficiency of small native fishes. The native macrophyte Egeria najas was used as control, since it has very similar physical structure and physical complexity to H. verticillata. Macrophytes of both species were maintained separately in aquaria with the fishes, and the invertebrates richness and abundance associated with plants and within fish stomach were evaluated. No significant difference was found in the richness and diversity of invertebrates attached to macrophytes; however, the two macrophytes differed in regard to invertebrate composition, and the density was significantly higher in H. verticillata. The fish foraging efficiency was high in both macrophytes, and the difference between them was not significant. The fish diet did not differ significantly between the native and the invasive macrophyte in respect to invertebrate composition, abundance and richness, and trophic niche breadth. We found no evidence that H. verticillata negatively affects the density of associated invertebrates, and as a consequence, fish diet and foraging efficiency. Our results indicate that the replacement of E. najas by a similar biomass of H. verticillata does not affect the feeding behaviour of associated fish species.
First episode rapid early intervention for eating disorders: A two‐year follow‐up
Authors: Fukutomi Akira , Austin Amelia , McClelland Jessica , Brown Amy , Glennon Danielle , Mountford Victoria , Grant Nina , Allen Karina , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: October 2019

Aim

We describe 2‐year outcomes of a novel first episode early intervention service for young adults with a recent onset eating disorder (FREED).

Outcomes in FREED patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) were compared with those from patients previously seen in our service [treatment as usual (TAU) cohort], matched for age, illness duration and diagnosis.

Methods

Electronic case records of FREED‐AN (n = 22) and TAU‐AN patients (n = 35) were examined to identify service utilisation and clinical outcomes over 24 months.

Results

Outpatient service utilisation was similar in both groups, but FREED‐AN patients needed intensive (in‐ or day‐patient) treatment less frequently than TAU‐AN (23% vs 32%). FREED‐AN patients had a higher estimated mean body mass index [19.2 kg/m2; 95% CI (18.21, 20.16)] than TAU patients [18.0 kg/m2; 95% CI (16.90, 19.15)] at last contact.

Conclusion

Introduction of FREED led to a more complete recovery in patients with AN at 24 months.
What do health providers and patients tweet about schizophrenia?
Authors: Hernandez Maria Y. , Hernandez Mercedes , Lopez Daisy H. , Gamez Diana , Lopez Steven R.
Published: October 2019

Aim

Twitter is the most commonly used social media forum in public health and is considered the radio of the internet. Many health providers utilize this media to disseminate health information. Patient use of social media for mental health topics encourages providers to disseminate quality information and to develop virtual collaborative learning environments. This study explored trends in health information exchanged by patients, doctors and health organizations about schizophrenia through analyses of tweets posted using the #schizophrenia.

Methods

The likelihood that the information distributed by each user type was scholarly was assessed via qualitative and logistic regression analyses. Specifically, a sequential exploratory multimethod of data analysis guided this study with a sample of 981 tweets.

Results

Most tweets focused on the improvement of schizophrenia literacy (n = 366) followed by personal experiences/motivational stories (n = 207) and biological explanations of the disorder (n = 158). Logistic regression results indicated that compared to doctors, patients were less likely to tweet with a scholarly source (OR = 0.481, CI = 0.311, .744; P < .001). All users were less likely to include a scholarly source when tweeting about schizophrenia literacy, personal/motivational experiences, campaign/organizational events or illness management in comparison to those who tweeted about biological explanations of schizophrenia.

Conclusion

Results suggest all users disseminated beneficial information that can increase public schizophrenia literacy and illness management, while connecting individuals to organizational events targeting this debilitating disorder. Health providers are encouraged to establish a presence on social media to share scholarly work with patients and promote prompt treatment for schizophrenia.
An Exploration of Mothers' Successful Completion of Family‐Centered Residential Substance Use Treatment
Authors: Chou Jessica L. , Cooper‐Sadlo Shannon , Diamond Rachel M. , Muruthi Bertranna A. , Beeler‐Stinn Sara
Published: October 2019

Behavioral health and substance use centers have started focusing efforts on creating, adopting, and implementing evidence‐based practices and programs that effectively address the needs of women and, particularly, mothers entering treatment with children. However, women with substance use disorders (SUDs) remain an underserved and understudied population; even less studied are the complexities and unique SUD treatment needs of women who have children. Family therapists' systemic training is a valued approach in conceptualizing and implementing treatment for mothers with SUDs and their families. This study explored the construct of mothering children during family‐centered substance use treatment using a transcendental phenomenological approach. Analysis revealed themes related to motherhood, parenting, and support for mothers and children. Two themes emerged from the data: (a) grappling with motherhood and addiction leading to the decision for treatment and (b) specific aspects of the treatment program conducive to motherhood. Results indicated the positive impact of mothers' experiences in family‐centered substance use treatment, aligning with previous literature that suggests mothers are more engaged in treatment when their children remain in their care. The insights gleaned from the participants in this study provide suggestions for further improving programming that supports mothers and their children during the recovery process. Treatment considerations are offered for family therapists working with mothers with SUDs and their families.
Niche modelling to guide conservation actions in France for the endangered crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes in relation to the invasive Pacifastacus leniusculus
Authors: Préau Clémentine , Nadeau Iris , Sellier Yann , Isselin‐Nondedeu Francis , Bertrand Romain , Collas Marc , Capinha César , Grandjean Frédéric
Published: October 2019

The white‐clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) is globally endangered due to the impacts of habitat modification and fragmentation, water pollution, climate change, and invasive species, particularly the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). These pressures have caused the decline of A. pallipes populations in Europe, demonstrating the importance of predicting the species' potential distribution under current and future conditions. Focusing on the watercourses of mainland France, we aimed to identify suitable areas for A. pallipes to guide the conservation of current populations and future introduction actions or protection measures.

We applied ecological niche modelling to model the potential distribution of both A. pallipes and P. leniusculus and identified locations suitable for A. pallipes only. We also assessed the potential distribution of the species under two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios: RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5, respectively describing low‐warming and high‐warming conditions.

We found that A. pallipes and P. leniusculus exploit equivalent niches in France. Despite this, under current conditions, about 5% of the study area simultaneously records a high suitability for A. pallipes and a low suitability for P. leniusculus and is therefore of significant conservation interest. This percentage remains relatively stable under RCP 2.6 for 2050 and 2100, but decreases to 2% under RCP 8.5 for 2100.

Ecological niche modelling can supply crucial guidance for conservation actions aimed at protecting endangered species at a national scale by identifying sites most suitable for protection and sites where climate change and invasive species constitute a threat.
Coral bleaching patterns are the outcome of complex biological and environmental networking
Authors: Suggett David J. , Smith David J.
Published: October 2019

Continued declines in coral reef health over the past three decades have been punctuated by severe mass coral bleaching‐induced mortality events that have grown in intensity and frequency under climate change. Intensive global research efforts have therefore persistently focused on bleaching phenomena to understand where corals bleach, when and why—resulting in a large—yet still somewhat patchy—knowledge base. Particularly catastrophic bleaching‐induced coral mortality events in the past 5 years have catalyzed calls for a more diverse set of reef management tools, extending far beyond climate mitigation and reef protection, to also include more aggressive interventions. However, the effectiveness of these various tools now rests on rapidly assimilating our knowledge base of coral bleaching into more integrated frameworks. Here, we consider how the past three decades of intensive coral bleaching research has established the basis for complex biological and environmental networks, which together regulate outcomes of bleaching severity. We discuss how we now have enough scaffold for conceptual biological and environmental frameworks underpinning bleaching susceptibility, but that new tools are urgently required to translate this to an operational system informing—and testing—bleaching outcomes. Specifically, adopting network models that can fully describe and predict metabolic functioning of coral holobionts, and how this functioning is regulated by complex doses and interactions among environmental factors. Identifying knowledge gaps limiting operation of such models is the logical step to immediately guide and prioritize future experiments and observations. We are at a time‐critical point where we can implement new capacity to resolve how coral bleaching patterns emerge from complex biological–environmental networks, and so more effectively inform rapidly evolving ecological management and social adaptation frameworks aimed at securing the future of coral reefs.
Latitudinal gradients in some, but not all, avian life history traits extend into the Arctic
Authors: Martin Michaela , Drake Anna , Rock Christine A. , Green David J.
Published: October 2019

Latitudinal variation in avian life history strategies is well documented. Clutch size and nest success tend to increase with latitude, whereas longevity and developmental periods have been argued to decrease with latitude. However, these patterns are largely based on interspecific comparisons of species breeding at tropical and temperate latitudes. We compared the life history of Yellow WarblersSetophaga petechiabreeding in arctic habitat at the northern extent of their range, in Inuvik,NWT(68°N), Canada, with those breeding in temperate habitat in Revelstoke,BC(50°N), and use data from 21 populations spanning 0–68°N to evaluate latitudinal trends in life history traits from tropical to arctic habitats. Females breeding in Inuvik laid first clutches that were slightly (although not significantly) larger and had higher nest success, which resulted in higher annual productivity compared with their low‐ latitude counterparts. Apparent adult survival rates were only marginally lower in Inuvik than in Revelstoke, whereas incubation and nestling periods in the arctic were similar to our temperate site. When comparing life history traits across the Yellow Warbler breeding range, we observed increases in clutch sizes and nest success with increasing latitude that appeared to be associated with declines in adult survival, though this relationship was weakened by the addition of our arctic site. We detected more moderate declines in incubation and nestling periods with increasing latitude. As we observed latitudinal variation in some life history traits, but not a consistent transition of traits associated with a shift from a slow to fast life history from tropical to arctic latitudes, our study suggests that the expectation for a general shift in life history traits may be over‐simplified.
Is an oral health coaching programme a way to sustain oral health for elderly people in nursing homes? A feasibility study
Authors: Johansson Isabelle , Torgé Cristina Joy , Lindmark Ulrika
Published: October 2019

Objectives

This study examines the feasibility of an oral health coaching programme involving practical support on individual level to staff in a nursing home in Sweden, aiming to improve oral health care‐related beliefs of nursing staff and the oral health of residents.

Methods

This intervention study consisted of three wards from one nursing home, and both staff (n = 48) and residents (n = 58) were invited. In the control ward, 9 staff and 16 residents participated; in test ward 1, 10 staff and 13 residents participated; and at test ward 2, 14 staff and 17 residents participated. An oral health coaching programme was performed 4 h/wk for 3 months. The staff completed the nursing Dental Coping Beliefs Scale at baseline and after 9 months. Oral health of the residents was assessed using the Revised Oral Assessment Guide and mucosal‐plaque score at baseline and after 3, 6 and 9 months.

Results

At baseline, 33 staff participated and 22 at 9 months follow‐up. For the residents, the figures were 48 and 32, respectively. After the intervention, the nursing DCBS revealed changes related to usage of fluoride, oral health support, gum disease and approximal cleaning. The most frequently reported oral health problems among the residents pertained to teeth and gums. The residents’ relatively high level of oral health was stable during the study period.

Conclusions

Despite limitations in the programme, an oral health coaching programme can support nursing staff in maintaining a high level of oral health in residents. The programme was shown feasible, although design improvements are needed.
Weathering and deterioration of archeological glasses from late Roman Sicily
Authors: Gueli Anna M. , Pasquale Stefania , Tanasi Davide , Hassam Stephan , Lemasson Quentin , Moignard Brice , Pacheco Claire , Pichon Laurent , Stella Giuseppe , Politi Giuseppe
Published: October 2019

Glass is found at archeological excavations in a variety of conditions ranging from pristine—where no deterioration is visible—to very heavily degraded. Although the chemical processes of glass deterioration have been extensively studied, they are not yet entirely understood, due in part to the numerous factors that must be considered, from the composition of the glass paste and its manufacture to the type of soil in which the glass is buried. In this study, we analyze an assemblage of Late Roman glass from the catacombs of Saint Lucy in eastern Sicily, in order to study the effects of this particular hypogeal environment on glass. The study regards the correlation between the weathered glass surfaces and the compositional changes occurred in the samples. Close attention is paid to optical observations of the outer layers of the glasses as manifestations of chemical deterioration of the bulk. The chemical analysis of the fragments of glass was carried out nondestructively using PIXE‐PIGE analyses without any sample preparation. Weathering was observed with an optical microscope.
A unified 23Na NMR chemical shift correlation with structural parameters in multicomponent silicate‐based glasses
Authors: Yu Yang , Stevensson Baltzar , Edén Mattias
Published: October 2019

From a large ensemble of 34 silicate‐based glasses from the borosilicate, phosphosilicate, and borophosphosilicate systems that comprise either Na as a sole glass‐network modifier or when mixed with Ca, we established a good correlation between the 23Na average isotropic chemical shift () and the average coordination number of Na and the mean Na–O distance. The latter parameters were obtained by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. We also demonstrated that is essentially independent on the precise network forming (Si, B, P) species but depends primarily on the net molar fraction of Na and Ca, thereby offering a straightforward 23Na chemical shift prediction from the glass composition alone.
Giant electro‐strain in textured Li+‐doped 0.852BNT–0.11BKT–0.038BT ternary lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics
Authors: Si Yuan , Li Ying , Li Li , Li Hao , Zhao Zhihao , Dai Yejing
Published: October 2019

Texturing is an effective approach to improving the piezoelectricity of piezoelectric ceramics. In this work, <001> textured Li+‐doped 0.852Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.11Bi0.5K0.5TiO3–0.038BaTiO3 ternary lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics are prepared by the reactive templates grain growth (RTGG) method. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrate a high orientation degree of 77% along the <001> direction. Outstanding electro‐strain response, which is higher than most of reported BNT‐based textured ceramics, is achieved due to the contribution of oriented‐grains along the <001> direction. A large electro‐strain of 0.55% with a relatively low hysteresis is obtained at 6.5 kV/mm with corresponding large signal piezoelectric coefficient () of 846 pm/V in the textured ceramics, which is 49% higher than that of the random ceramics. Besides, the electro‐strain could reach as high as 0.52%@5.5 kV/mm ( = 945 pm/V) at 100°C. These results indicate that the RTGG is an effective way to design high performance lead‐free piezoelectric materials.
Contrasting patterns of post‐fledging movements of two sympatric warbler species with different life‐history strategies
Authors: Cormier Dominic A. , Taylor Philip D.
Published: October 2019

Broad‐scale movements of migrant songbirds during the post‐fledging period are hypothesized to aid in the development of navigational abilities, to allow individuals to prospect for future breeding territories (combined as regional exploration), or as representing the commencement of migration. Using an automated radio telemetry array, we compared broad‐scale post‐fledging movements of hatch‐year individuals from two closely related species: blackpoll warblers Setophaga striata and myrtle warblers Setophaga coronata coronata. These two species have contrasting migratory strategies (long‐distance vs short‐distance), and we studied populations from two different islands in Nova Scotia that have different geographical landscape features. Locally‐hatched individuals affixed with VHF radios in August were tracked throughout the Gulf of Maine region for up to 2.5 months after tagging. Departure date and direction, daily probability of initiating a flight, daily displacement, total displacement and net displacement were assessed to see if there was support for the commencement of migration or regional exploration hypotheses. We observed differences between both species and islands. Compared to blackpolls, myrtles departed later, had more variable timings and directions of departure, made fewer regional‐scale flights, were more directional in their movements, and had higher net displacement. Total displacement and daily flight distances were similar between species. Variability of departure behaviour of myrtles was observed on the island farther from the mainland and both species made longer flights from that island. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that hatch‐year blackpoll movements are a form of regional exploration and hatch‐year myrtle movements represent the initial stages of migration. Species differences may be related to migratory strategy (long‐distance vs short‐distance), where the need to acquire information during post‐fledging for navigational purposes is higher for blackpolls than myrtles. Island differences suggest that habitat quality and ecological barriers influence broad‐scale movements, and myrtles are more facultative in their behaviour than blackpolls.
Genetic variability and transgenerational regulation of investment in sex in the monogonont rotifer Brachionus plicatilis
Authors: Seudre Océane , Vanhoenacker Eloïse , Mauger Stéphane , Coudret Jérôme , Roze Denis
Published: October 2019

In cyclical parthenogens such as aphids, cladocerans and rotifers, the coupling between sexual reproduction and the production of resting stages (diapausing eggs) imposes strong constraints on the timing of sex. Whereas induction of sex is generally triggered by environmental cues, the response to such cues may vary across individuals according to genetic and nongenetic factors. In this study, we explored genetic and epigenetic causes of variation for the propensity for sex using a collection of strains from a Spanish population of monogonont rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) in which variation for the threshold population density at which sex is induced (mixis threshold) had been documented previously. Our results show significant variation for the mixis threshold among 20 clones maintained under controlled conditions for 15 asexual generations. The effect of the number of clonal generations since hatching of the diapausing egg on the mixis ratio (proportion of sexual offspring produced) was tested on 4 clones with contrasted mixis thresholds. The results show a negative correlation between the mixis threshold and mixis ratio, as well as a significant effect of the number of clonal generations since fertilization, sex being repressed during the first few generations after hatching of the diapausing egg.
Seasonal intestinal coccidiosis in wild bluegill Lepomis macrochirus is associated with a spring bacterial epizootic
Authors: Lovy Jan , Friend Sarah E. , Lewis Nicole L.
Published: October 2019

Wild bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, succumb to seasonal mortality in the early spring during cool water temperatures, shown previously to be related to bacteraemia caused by a psychrotrophic bacterium, Pseudomonas mandelii. In the study herein, intestinal coccidiosis in wild bluegill had seasonal prevalence causing heavy intestinal infections and sloughing of intestinal epithelium occurring in late winter/early spring. Infections were predominantly related to two different species, Goussia washuti n. sp., an epicellular coccidium, and a coccidium closely resembling Goussia desseri Molnár 1996, previously only described in percid fish in Europe. In 2019, co‐infections of bacteraemia and intestinal coccidiosis occurred in bluegills. Evaluating coccidium infection intensity by fresh parasite examination and histology, an association was observed in which fish with moderate‐to‐heavy intestinal coccidiosis were 8–12 times more likely to have bacteraemia compared to fish with no or light coccidiosis. The association of these co‐infections suggests that intestinal coccidiosis could contribute to seasonal bacterial epizootics of wild bluegill.
Endoscopic features of submucosal invasive non‐ampullary duodenal carcinomas
Authors: Takinami Masaki , Kakushima Naomi , Yoshida Masao , Sasaki Keiko , Takizawa Kohei , Yabuuchi Yohei , Kawata Noboru , Kishida Yoshihiro , Ito Sayo , Imai Kenichiro , Hotta Kinichi , Ishiwatari Hirotoshi , Matsubayashi Hiroyuki , Ono Hiroyuki
Published: October 2019

Background and Aim

It is imperative to distinguish superficial non‐ampullary duodenal carcinomas (NADCs) between intramucosal and submucosal invasive carcinoma for treatment selection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological differences of intramucosal and submucosal carcinoma.

Methods

This was a retrospective, single‐center study comprising 134 patients with 137 superficial NADCs during May 2005 and March 2018. Clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes data were used to perform a comparative analysis of endoscopic findings, preoperative diagnoses of depth of cancer, and treatment outcomes of histologically diagnosed intramucosal and submucosal carcinoma.

Results

Of the 137 NADCs, 125 (91%) were intramucosal, and 12 (9%) were submucosal. The proportion of submucosal carcinoma was significantly higher on the oral side of the papilla than on the anal side (16% vs 1%, P = 0.002). Submucosal tumor‐like appearance was more frequent in submucosal than in intramucosal carcinoma (58% vs 13%, P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in tumor diameter between the groups, but 33% of submucosal carcinomas were ≤ 10 mm. Correct preoperative diagnosis of depth was achieved in 33% of submucosal carcinoma. Submucosal carcinoma was frequently underestimated when tumor diameters were ≤ 10 mm. Conversely, intramucosal carcinoma was frequently overestimated when the tumor was ≥ 30 mm and had thickness or giant nodules. Lymph node metastasis was found in one submucosal carcinoma patient.

Conclusions

The possibility of submucosal invasion should be considered when NADCs are located on the oral side of the papilla or have submucosal tumor‐like appearance even if tumor diameters are ≤ 10 mm.
Anatomical factors associated with gender recognizability: A study on intraoral standardized photographs
Authors: Corbella Stefano , Alberti Alice , Muzzarelli Martina , Zotti Beatrice , Taschieri Silvio , Francetti Luca
Published: October 2019

Aim

The aim of this research was to evaluate the possibility of identifying the sex of 1 subject through visual assessment of a frontal photograph of dentition, and to investigate if some morphological characteristics are related to sex determination.

Methods

5 expert dentists, 5 non‐expert dentists and 5 laypeople were made to watch 100 intraoral photographs for 5 seconds each and to establish their sex. The responses of the participants and the baseline characteristics of photographed dentitions were analyzed.

Results

The proportion of right answers was 56.0% ± 8.2% in the group of expert dentists, 65.0% ± 6.0% in the group of non‐expert dentists and 58.6% ± 4.5% in the group of non‐expert people. The round shape of maxillary central incisors was related to the female gender (P = .006). The male condition was correlated with poor oral hygiene for 4 observers. Female sex perception was correlated with round morphology of upper central incisors for 3 observers.

Conclusion

No difference in the ability to determine the sex was registered among groups, suggesting that sex perception is not strongly influenced by the characteristics of dentition.
Nutritional therapies in the neonatal intensive care unit and post‐natal growth outcomes of preterm very low birthweight Asian infants
Authors: Lee Le Ye , Lee Jiun , Niduvaje Krishnamoorthy , Seah Shirley S‐Y , Atmawidjaja Raymond W , Cheah Fook‐Choe
Published: October 2019

Aim

A collaborative study was conducted between two Southeast Asian university hospitals to compare the nutritional intervention and growth outcomes and evaluate the extent of post‐natal growth faltering (PNGF) among very low birthweight (VLBW) infants.

Methods

Data of all infants admitted during the 2011–2012 period to the two hospitals at Singapore (SG) and Malaysia (MY) were pooled and analysed.

Results

Of the 236 infants, SG infants received lower total protein and energy intake than MY infants (2.69 vs. 3.54 g/kg/day and 92.4 vs. 128.9 kcal/kg/day respectively; P < 0.001) in enteral feeds, with Singaporean infants predominantly fed fortified breast milk than Malaysian infants (45/48 vs. 10/41; P < 0.01). The mean weight z‐score from birth to 36 weeks corrected age was significantly different (SG,−2.2 (0.9) vs. MY, −1.4 (0.7); P = 0.001). More SG than MY extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants had severe PNGF >−2 SDS (55 vs. 16%; P = 0.001). The greater use of a diuretic in SG to treat haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) may have contributed to the higher PNGF rate. Mean growth velocity of at least 15 g/kg/day was attained by VLBW infants only from Day 14 and by ELBW infants only from Day 28 post‐natally. Overall, severe PNGF rates (z‐score change >−2 SDS at 36 weeks' corrected age) were 28.8 and 36.5% for VLBW and ELBW infants, respectively.

Conclusions

Being very preterm, ELBW with hsPDA and receiving insufficient protein and energy were risk factors for severe PNGF. Increasing protein and energy content, augmenting fortification of breast milk and concentrating feed volumes, especially if there is an hsPDA, may curb severe PNGF among these infants.
What's in a name? The case of cyanobacteria
Authors: Garcia‐Pichel Ferran , Zehr Jonathan P. , Bhattacharya Debashish , Pakrasi Himadri B.
Published: October 2019

A redefinition of the cyanobacterial lineage has been proposed based on phylogenomic analysis of distantly related nonphototrophic lineages. We define Cyanobacteria here as “Organisms in the domain bacteria able to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis with water as an electron donor and to reduce carbon dioxide as a source of carbon, or those secondarily evolved from such organisms.”
Event marker compliance in actigraphy
Authors: Zibrandtsen Ivan C. , Hernandez Camilo , Ibsen Jette D. , Kjaer Troels W.
Published: October 2019

Actigraphy is a versatile tool for evaluating sleep−wake cycles over time in the home‐environment. Patients using the Phillips Actiwatch place an event marker when going to sleep and upon awakening. We investigate compliance in pressing the Actiwatch event marker button for patients referred for insomnia, hypersomnia and disorders of circadian rhythm. We retrospectively analysed event markers from 150 patients undergoing actigraphy for 2,117 nights combined. Compliance was evaluated from inspection of actigraphy records, and coded as full or partial. From patient records, a construct called the C‐factor, designed to describe poor social resources and chronic unemployment, was used together with age and sex to predict compliance. We found a mean compliance between 54.0% and 76.3% for a median monitoring duration of 14 days. There was an overall insignificant effect of age (p = .081), but when analysed only for females there was a significant effect of 0.56% pr. year (p = .0038). Compliance was higher for women, Cohen’s d = 0.65 (p = .01). The C‐factor predicts 18.3% (confidence interval 9%–27.5%) lower compliance. Morning and evening compliance are correlated at r = .65. In conclusion, actigraphy event marker compliance is generally moderate or high, with older women exhibiting the highest compliance. C‐factor predicts lower compliance, and this pattern may further translate to other circumstances. If compliance is important, clinicians may want to consider the effects of age, sex and C‐factor.