bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Menacing (Re)Production
Authors: Leflouria Talitha L.
Published: September 2020

The chapter reconsiders Georgia’s chain gang labor system by shifting the lens from the Jim Crow South’s convict labor production to the medicalized control over incarcerated Black women’s reproduction. In its exploration of medicalized language and the role of doctors in convict labor camps, this chapter explores how incarcerated black women experienced reproductive exploitation and control after the Civil War. At the heart of this essay is the Jim Crow South’s broader assault on black motherhood and the ways in which the Southern convict labor camp was a site meant to regulate labor production and human reproduction as shared elements of a carceral network. During slavery, black women’s wombs were commodified. After slavery, they were no longer of value. The chapter concludes that the regulation of black woman and motherhood at the site of Southern prisons had deleterious consequences for black women and the black family that stretched beyond the prison.
Whatever Happened to the Southern Chain Gang?
Authors: Miller Vivien
Published: September 2020

The chapter offers a critical evaluation of Florida’s post-1960s liberalizing corrections philosophy. Beginning with a devastating prison fire that killed thirty-eight prisoners in 1967, the chapter reevaluates traditional narratives that have cast the calamitous fire as the beginning of the end of Southern prison road work. The chapter uncovers an already ongoing institutional history where the movement away from Southern penal traditions mired in the political economy of the chain gang became part of a post-1960s turn toward new Sunbelt values of “corrections” and a new “community-treatment” concept ostensibly intended to offer prisoners vocational training, less high-level security supervision, and a role in community building. In an era of prison uprisings, prisoners’ rights suits, and desegregation of prisons, the chapter concludes that Florida’s highway maintenance program was simply redesigned road work and a Sunbelt version of “community corrections” masked as a liberalizing reform.
The Spider’s Web
Authors: Miller Douglas K.
Published: September 2020

The chapter situates Native American incarcerations within a long history of broken treaties, circumscribed sovereignty, land theft, forced removals, reservation and boarding school confinement, and economic and cultural paternalism. The framework that the chapter offers is one centered on what the author calls “settler custodialism,” where the root of Indian incarceration runs through the reservation system. The chapter locates Native American prisoner resistance within a longer trajectory of struggle against settler colonialism that has drawn on traditional ties to land, family, tribe, and community. The rising consciousness of the American Indian Movement (AIM) is linked directly to the incarceration of two of its principal founders, Dennis Banks and Clyde Bellecourt. From AIM’s police patrols to the Alcatraz Island prison takeover, the radicalization of the Red Power movement had more to do with its encounter with the carceral state than has been previously recognized. The chapter concludes that the prison also served as a blunt instrument to dismantle the Red Power movement when many of its leaders were incarcerated following the 1973 Wounded Knee operation.
Israel and America
Authors: Goldman Shalom
Published: September 2020

The introduction provides a short history of Israel along with a list of the American travelers to have recorded their observations about the country from the days of British Palestine through Sept. 11, 2001, and to the present day. The section goes on to introduce the strong tie between Evangelical American Christians and Israel. Although Israel in the 1940s was identified as a cause of the American left, by the 1980s, sympathies more significantly aligned with the American right. The author’s own experiences and relationship to Israel as a New York City-born Jew are also introduced.
Youth and Women Lead
Authors: Hogan Wesley C.
Published: September 2020

Diane Nash, Bob Moses, and The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) routed an oppressive system that had existed for nearly a century. In just five years, between 1960 and 1965, young activists—most Black, some not—dismantled large parts of legalized segregation, a system widely known as Jim Crow. They set up voting rights, community organizing, and nonviolent direct action in the very places in which segregation was most deeply rooted—Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia. Ella Baker, possibly the greatest champion of American democratic politics that no one outside of certain circles has ever heard about—was a lodestar for SNCC’s group-centered leadership. Baker resisted the typical mode of individual heroics. Her legacy not only pervades the story of SNCC but also becomes visible in many of the movements that followed the civil rights/Black Power era.
Drug War Capitalism and Class Conflict in the Americas
Authors: Bartilow Horace A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that the drug war is a manifestation of class conflict in Latin America and the United States. The chapter is motivated by the following questions: Under what conditions is the drug war used to repress labor unions and, in the process, increase income inequality in Latin America? What political mechanisms in the United States create linkages among drug enforcement, income inequality, poverty, mass incarceration, and corporate capital accumulation? In answering these questions, the chapter discusses the relationships among U.S. counternarcotic aid, the repression of workers’ rights, and income inequality in Latin America and the relationship between drug enforcement and income inequality in the United States. The chapter estimates data for twenty-one countries from Latin America, covering 2003 to 2012 using a time-series cross section (TSCS) statistical model and estimates data for the United States, covering 2000 to 2012 using TSCS and structural equation modeling. The statistical results show that increasing levels of counternarcotic aid to Latin American governments increases income inequality when the rights of workers are increasingly repressed. And increasing levels of drug enforcement in the United States is associated with increasing levels of income inequality, poverty, mass incarceration and corporate revenues generated from prison labor.
Food Activism
Authors: Striffler Steve
Published: September 2020

Food activism in the United States has followed two broad currents that are critical of the conventional food system. The first seeks to reform the system by improving wages, working conditions, and the environmental impact, and the second focuses on alternative methods of production, transportation, and marketing. Steve Striffler argues that neither of these approaches has been terribly successful in changing the conventional food system because they are quickly co-opted by profit seeking corporations. Meaningful change, says Striffler, will only come when we remove the profit motive from the food system, and build a new system based on human need.
What Does It Mean to Eat Right?
Authors: Biltekoff Charlotte
Published: September 2020

Over the course of their lifetimes, Americans will be given a vast array of changing and sometimes contradictory advice about what constitutes healthy eating and drinking. Charlotte Biltekoff looks at the history of nutrition science to argue that the reason for the changing advice has less to do with science per se, and more to do with the fact that what constitutes “eating right” is a product of social values that are determined by the dominant classes. These classes define their own eating habits as healthy and the mark of good citizenship, thereby condemning those (historically immigrants and the poor) to second-class status.
Home, Cooking
Authors: Deutsch Tracey
Published: September 2020

History looms large in much recent writing about food, with a particular nostalgia for home cooking. But much of this wistfulness for traditional food carefully prepared at home replicates long-standing efforts to rein in women, argues Tracey Deutsch. Because women still do much of the cooking in American homes, any history of home cooking has to acknowledge the inequalities of work in the home. Deutsch encourages us to look at kitchens and home cooking through the lens of women’s history to see them as places of joy and power, authority and possibility, tradition and resistance.
Activists in Their Thirties
Authors: Seidman Rachel F.
Published: September 2020

The women presented here were all between the ages of thirty and thirty-nine at the time of the interview and come from a wide variety of racial, ethnic and economic backgrounds. Taken together these life narratives reveal a changing landscape of feminist activism. Far more of these activists were trained in women’s studies programs, which, by the late 1990s and early 2000s had become more prevalent in educational settings. Several discuss the complexities of reproductive justice frameworks that are starting to supplant a focus on reproductive rights. Street harassment is a major topic of activism. They reflect on the impact of 9/11 and the economic crash of 2008 on their lives, on the impact of social media on older feminist organizations, and on the fractiousness of the online feminist community. Several of these women live in the Twin Cities of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota, and their interlocking stories reveal both the connections and the fractures within that vibrant feminist community. As this generation of activists seeks to make change, one theme that emerges in several of their stories is their sense that we need to change hearts and minds, and behaviors, not just laws.This conviction was forged at least in part through the horrors of police violence unfolding during the time of these interviews, and the Black Lives Matter movement that was taking shape in response.
Self-Determination Begins in the Womb
Authors: Theobald Brianna
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores Native women’s quest for reproductive self-determination from the late 1960s through the early 1980s. The chapter documents Native women’s diverse attitudes toward and engagement with federal family planning services, while dedicating particular attention to growing concerns regarding unethical and even coercive sterilizations in the 1970s. Native nurses, community health representatives, and other activists struggled in various ways for women’s reproductive autonomy, collectively ensuring the centrality of reproduction to Red Power politics and the ongoing struggle for Native sovereignty. By the end of the decade, activist pressure resulted in the adoption of new federal regulations that provided some protections for Native and other women. Native women also founded grassroots organizations that pursued reproduction-related agendas such as a return to Native midwifery.
Epilogue
Authors: Theobald Brianna
Published: September 2020

This epilogue provides a brief overview of Native women’s reproductive experiences in the twenty-first century, the most pressing issues Native pregnant people currently face, and the wide-ranging reproductive justice agendas that Native individuals and organizations are advancing. In recent years, the Indian Health Service has closed some reservation hospitals and reduced obstetric services in others. In response, Native women are advocating for the return and expansion of reservation women’s health and obstetrics services, as well as the reform of institutions that have not met patients’ needs. Native women are also questioning or outright challenging Western models of medicalized birthing, continuing a longer struggle for the decolonization of pregnancy and childbirth. Native reproductive justice agendas are expansive and incorporate demands such as the right to control one’s own fertility, the elimination of racial health disparities, and the protection of tribal lands from environmental degradation, among many other priorities.
Who Are the Faculty?
Authors: Dean James W. , Clarke Deborah Y.
Published: September 2020

To many, the role of the faculty in academic institutions is unclear. It is important to understand how professors impact the reputational quality of a university. This chapter explores how faculty earn their doctor of philosophy (PhD) degrees, the differences between tenure-track and non-tenure track faculty positions, the academic promotion and tenure process, academic freedom, and shared governance.
Introduction
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

This is a book about the taste of place and the styles and stories of cooking that define it. It is a book about how people talk about their lives and their histories through the stories that flow from field, marsh, kitchen, and table. This is also a book about tradition—the human process of making sense and discovering invention through experience lived, remembered, imagined. This book contains recipes, recollections, instructions, and insights about a universe of food. It taps into local histories, natural histories, material histories, and oral histories. It is about discovery through the worlds we eat and absorb into our bodies and memories. Most of all it is a book about the stories people tell about what they eat and why it holds meaning—not just for them but for all those folks who sit at their table—and at other tables in other places near and far. It is a book about how the taste of place expresses a love of place. This book originates in a particular place, but it resonates with foodways far beyond its borders. The place in question is the Eastern Shore of Virginia.
Busted Sooks, Rank Peelers, and White-Belly Jimmies
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

The trade in blue crabs remains an important part of the Eastern Shore economy, and it traces its origins back to the arrival of the railroad and advances in food processing and preservation in the late 1800s. This chapter begins with the regional vernacular nomenclature for blue crabs related to the fishery, marketing, and shedding for soft shell crabs. It includes details on crabbing and recipes. The chapter speaks to the creation of terroir and cuisine through language.
Panfish
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

Panfish on the Eastern Shore of Virginia simply refers to a host of small fish that include spot, croaker, sand mullet, jumping mullet, hogfish, swelling toads, and more. The idea of the panfish relies on four characteristics: size (they fit whole into a skillet), status (they tend to be associated with less desirable fish—often linked to qualities of oiliness or boniness), procurement (although netted, seined, or trapped commercially, panfish are commonly associated with amateur angling), and preparation (largely fried). In essence, panfish, spot in particular, are notable for their everydayness, remarkable only in the moments of their absence. The spot's culinary associations are tightly knit into the history of place. This chapter explores that connection through documentary evidence, oral history, local foodways, and the Chesapeake Bay fishery.
Homicide Squad
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This chapter recounts the days leading to the assassination on September 21, 1976. Michael Townley and the Cuban-Americans follow Letelier’s movements as they suspect one another and hide their tracks. Two other Chileans, Armando Fernández and a woman with the pseudonym of “Liliana Walker,” accompany Townley to New York and Washington. Two Cubans set off the car bomb in Sheridan Circle.
Cover-Up
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This chapter begins Part Three, “Prosecution,” which chronicles the pursuit of justice in Chile against Manuel Contreras, Pedro Espinoza, and Armando Fernández. US courts previously indicted the three Chileans, and US investigators and diplomats push the Chilean government to try them. The Chilean justice system, nominally independent but under the influence of the military dictatorship, judges the evidence against the three to be insufficient for a trial. Augusto Pinochet takes a direct role in covering up his government’s planning of the assassination.
No More Lies Are to Be Told
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This chapter surveys the late 1980s, when Armando Fernández defects to the United States, stands trial, and confirms the story told a decade earlier by Michael Townley. Emboldened by the first indictment of a Chilean military man in US courts, investigators and the families push for the Chilean courts to re-open the Letelier case, which they refuse to do. Back in the United States in 1990, the two Cuban-Americans who had been on the lam since 1979, Virgilio Paz and José Suárez, are caught, tried, and jailed.
Temperature and acidity dependence of secondary organic aerosol formation from α-pinene ozonolysis with a compact chamber system
Authors: Deng Yange , Inomata Satoshi , Sato Kei , Ramasamy Sathiyamurthi , Morino Yu , Enami Shinichi , Tanimoto Hiroshi
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is of great importance, affecting human health and the prediction of climate change; however, the factors (e.g., temperature, acidity of pre-existing particles, and oxidants) influencing its formation are not sufficiently resolved. In this study, a compact Teflon atmospheric simulation chamber is developed, in which reactions in atmospheric pressure conditions can be performed with controlled temperature, humidity, oxidation agents, and seed particle acidity. Using the chamber, α-pinene ozonolysis SOA formation was simulated under temperatures of 278 K, 288 K, and 298 K with neutral/acidic seed aerosols. The SOA components of m / z less than 400 were analyzed using negative electrospray ionization liquid-chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The temperature and acidity dependence of SOA yields and chemical components were investigated. From the slightly negative temperature dependence of the SOA yields, the enthalpy of vaporization in neutral and acidic seed conditions was estimated to be 25 and 44 kJ mol−1, respectively. With these values, the volatility distributions of the identified SOA compounds were consistently explained. Acidity dependence analysis of the chemical formula, molecular mass, and O : C ratio of the detected compounds indicated the enhanced formation of many oligomers in the wide molecular mass range with a wide range of O : C ratios under acidic seed conditions. The acidity dependence of certain major compounds could be explained by acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions (e.g., m / z 171, 185, 343, and 357) or acid-catalyzed decomposition of hydroperoxides (e.g., m / z 215 and 197). In addition, the formation of organosulfates (OS) was observed under acidic seed conditions. We proposed that six of the eleven detected OS were possibly formed through the aldehyde + HSO4− pathway. Further studies on the OS formation during α-pinene ozonolysis are warranted.
Salinization origin of Souf Terminal Complex: Application of statistical modelling and WQI for groundwater management
Authors: Khebizi Hafidha , Benlaoukli Bachir , Bouaicha Foued , Adadzi Patrick , Bouras Omar
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The natural salinization of Souf sandy Terminal Complex groundwater notably Pontian and Mio-Pliocene has increased four times for the last 30 years, because of over pumping for drinking and irrigation. Application of the multivariate statistical modelling and the Water Quality Index (WOI) to evaluate the groundwater variables have been done, by the investigation of water samples collected from 25 boreholes, in May 2018. Cluster analysis identified three main water types based on the major ionic contents. Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis methods confirmed the cluster analysis results. The water groups have sodi-potassic facies which dominate in the western part of Souf, compared to the eastern part and they have generally poor quality. An osmosis phenomenon allowed the homogenization of Pontian and Mio-Pliocene groundwater. The contact of Terminal Complex with the Eocene dolomite and Senonian evaporitic allows introducing a new preferential dissolution corridors concept in which an underground leaching front occurs with the increased pumping. Overlying sandy rocks subsidence can be produced gradually with a rise in the static groundwater level because of the leached underground Senonian evaporitic rocks. Closure of wells intersecting the evaporitic layers and minimizing of pumping from Terminal Complex groundwater in the Southwest part of Souf is strongly recommended, and the groundwater is requiring treatment before supply.
Understanding and predicting large-scale hydrological variability in a changing environment
Authors: Massei Nicolas , Kingston Daniel G. , Hannah David M. , Vidal Jean-Philippe , Dieppois Bastien , Fossa Manuel , Hartmann Andreas , Lavers David A. , Laignel Benoit
Published: September 2020

Abstract. In a context of climate, environmental, ecological and
socio-economical changes, understanding and predicting the response of
hydrological systems on regional to global spatial scales, and on
infra-seasonal to multidecadal time-scales, are major topics that must be
considered to tackle the challenge of water resource management
sustainability. In this context, a number of strongly-linked key issues need
to be addressed by the scientific community, including: (i) identifying
climate drivers of hydrological variations, (ii) understanding the
multi-frequency characteristics of hydroclimate variability, including
evolution of extremes (meteorological/hydrological event scale to long-term
natural/internal climate- or anthropogenic-driven variations and trends),
(iii) assessing the influence of local- to regional-scale basin properties on
hydrological system response to climate variability and change, (iv) identifying the evolving contribution of anthropogenic water use in observed
hydrological variations. Based on pan-European collaborations, activities of
the EURO-FRIEND “Large-scale variations in hydrological characteristics”
group aim at generating new findings to improve our understanding of
hydrological systems behavior sensu lato (i.e. surface and sub-surface) on
large spatial and temporal scales (i.e continental – multidecadal). Through
selected examples, this contribution emphasizes recent research developments
in characterizing and modeling of climate-hydrology linkages at different
temporal and spatial scales, as well as recent insights on climate-hydrology
scaling characteristics (i.e. long-term persistence, dependance of
processes, of hydrological behaviors, of large-scale climate/hydrology
linkages on time-/spatial scales), long-term hydrometeorological
reconstructions, and large-scale hydrological model refinement taking into
account spatial heterogeneity of watershed physical characteristics.
Modeling hydrologic processes and potential responses to climate change in an agro-silvo-pastoral watershed in the Mediterranean area
Authors: Brouziyne Youssef , Benaabidate Lahcen , Abouabdillah Aziz , Bouabid Rachid , Chehbouni Abdelghani
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Precipitation changes and water use patterns are two factors affecting the water quantity; obviously, hydrologic processes are always linked to many elements in the watershed scale, so to understand water management issues it is fundamental to analyze the different elements of hydrologic processes occurring in the watershed. In this study, the “SWAT” model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) has been used to simulate the water balance for the present climate conditions on a semi arid watershed located in the central North of Morocco (R'dom). The study watershed covers an area of 1993 km2, and is hosting farming, pasture and forestry related activities. The water stress situation in the R'dom watershed can be
summarized as limited resource facing increasing water demand. SWAT model was first run and calibrated under current climate; and was driven with
downscaled climate simulations to generate future hydrological projections
for R'dom watershed in the 2031 to 2050 horizon under two Representative
Concentration Pathways (RCPs): 4.5 and 8.5. The results of the study showed
that the water balance in R'dom watershed is dominated by evapotranspiration and the water resources distribution within the watershed is uneven and follows a decreasing gradient matching the flow direction. The main results of climate change scenarios showed that R'dom watershed will undergo significant decrease of water resources availability with more economic impact under the scenario RCP8.5 as all areas hosting the economical activities will be affected and the highest changes of water yield should be under this scenario.
Study of soil erosion risks using RUSLE Model and remote sensing: case of the Bouregreg watershed (Morocco)
Authors: Hara Fatima , Achab Mohammed , Emran Anas , Mahe Gil
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The Bouregreg watershed is located to the north-western center of Morocco,
characterized by a semi-arid climate. It covers a total area of
approximately 10 000 km2. This basin is a very sensitive area to water
erosion. This causes the degradation of its vegetation cover and its land.
The most sensitive and poorly protected soils erode much more easily and
lose their fertility.The objective of this work is to quantify soil losses
by water erosion in the Bouregreg watershed using the Revised Universal Loss
Equation (RUSLE) and Geographic Information Systems. The average annual rate
of soil erosion in the Bouregreg watrershed are estimated at 20 t ha−1 yr−1. The
spatial distribution map of soil erosion show that 71 % of the total area
has low risk of soil erosion (<3 t ha−1 yr−1), while 28 % of the
study area shows moderate to high risk of erosion (20–60 t ha−1 yr−1). Areas of
very high risk of erosion are also present in some sectors of the watershed
covering 1 % of the total surface.
Urban flood modelling in Qiqihar city based on MIKE flood
Authors: Liu Jiahong , Li Zejin , Shao Weiwei , Yan Dianyi , Mei Chao
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Qiqihar is a significant city on the Nen River in China, which is the main stream of the Songhua River basin. The length of the return period of Qiqihar's flood control design standard is fifty years. If a 100-year flood event happened, Qiqihar would face the risk of a burst levee. To quantitatively evaluate flood risk to the city from a burst levee or proactive flood diversion, a model for analysing flood submergence from a burst levee in the City of Qiqihar is established based on MIKE Flood. The model integrates one- and two-dimensional hydrodynamic models to implement coupled simulation. The terrain data are from city elevation data on a scale of 1:10 000. Following local modifications made based on survey data, such as on levees, roads, and buildings, a 20 m × 20 m grid of terrain data was formed as the terrain input of the model. The model simulates the water level of Nen River and the flood path, submerged time/depth/area, and duration in floodplain under three scenarios: baseline, proactive downstream flood diversion, and an upstream levee burst under a flood with a one hundred-year return period. Proactive downstream flood diversion can reduce the maximum water level by 0.068 m and correspondingly decrease peak flood flow by 1120 m3 s−1. These results provide basic information to support urban flood risk analysis and flood dispatching and management across the whole river basin.
Rainfall measurement from mobile telecommunication network and potential benefit for urban hydrology in Africa: a simulation framework for uncertainty propagation analysis
Authors: Turko Maxime , Gosset Marielle , Bouvier Christophe , Chahinian Nanee , Alcoba Matias , Kacou Modeste , Yappi Apoline
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Urban floods due to intense precipitation is a major problem in
many developing countries, especially in Africa. There are few available
solutions for effective and yet affordable flood early warning systems for
these regions. Weather radar is common in industrialized countries but too
costly for most tropical cities. Satellite provides interesting information
in real time but not yet quantitative enough at the space and time scales
needed for urban flood monitoring. Rainfall measurement using commercial
microwave links (CML) from cellular communication networks is a cost
effective alternative to conventional methods. The method is based on
measuring rain induced fluctuations between telecommunication antennas; if
the operator provides this information rain maps can be produced and used
for hydrological prediction. Many CML studies have been carried out in
Europe and Israel. Recently IRD implemented pilot sites in Africa in order
to test this rainfall estimation technique and quantify the uncertainties.
After reviewing the method principles and providing an overview of the
current research on CML, we present a simulation framework to analyse the
propagation of CML rainfall uncertainties in an urban hydrological model.
Urban flood vulnerability mapping of part of the Lagos metropolis
Authors: Adeaga Olusegun , Oyeneye Olufemi Taiwo , Akinbaloye Olutosin
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Flooding is the most common of all environmental hazards with vast devastating effect due to enormous losses to lives and properties world-wide, annually. Thus, the effect of extreme flooding is dramatic, not
only at the individual household level, but in the country as a whole. This
study focuses on flood risk assessment based on urban and coastal flood
estimation due to the physical peculiarity of the Lagos region and her
urbanization characteristics. It involves creating a flood change detection
using GIS approach with the aid of a Cellular Automation Framework to
simulate flooding in Lagos Metropolitan area, mapping out the flood prone
areas and generating a flood vulnerability map for flood management and
planning purposes. At twenty minutes intervals the discharge distribution
for the different flow regimes (Low, Medium and Extreme) display flow
duration between 60–120 min while the time of concentration is attained at 1 h 20 min (80 min).
PREMHYCE: An operational tool for low-flow forecasting
Authors: Nicolle Pierre , Besson François , Delaigue Olivier , Etchevers Pierre , François Didier , Le Lay Matthieu , Perrin Charles , Rousset Fabienne , Thiéry Dominique , Tilmant François , Magand Claire , Leurent Timothée , Jacob Élise
Published: September 2020

Abstract. In many countries, rivers are the primary supply of
water. A number of uses are concerned (drinking water, irrigation,
hydropower, etc.) and they can be strongly affected by water
shortages. Therefore, there is a need for the early anticipation of low-flow
periods to improve water management. This is strengthened by the perspective
of having more severe summer low flows in the context of climate change.
Several French institutions (Inrae, BRGM, Météo-France, EDF and
Lorraine University) have been collaborating over the last years to develop
an operational tool for low-flow forecasting, called PREMHYCE. It was tested
in real time on 70 catchments in continental France in 2017, and on 48 additional catchments in 2018. PREMHYCE includes five hydrological models:
one uncalibrated physically-based model and four storage-type models of
various complexity, which are calibrated on gauged catchments. The models
assimilate flow observations or implement post-processing techniques.
Low-flow forecasts can be issued up to 90 d ahead, based on ensemble
streamflow prediction (ESP) using historical climatic data as ensembles of
future input scenarios. These climatic data (precipitation, potential
evapotranspiration and temperature) are provided by Météo-France
with the daily gridded SAFRAN reanalysis over the 1958–2017 period, which
includes a wide range of conditions. The tool provides numerical and
graphical outputs, including the forecasted ranges of low flows, and the
probability to be under low-flow warning thresholds provided by the users.
Outputs from the different hydrological models can be combined through a
simple multi-model approach to improve the robustness of forecasts. Results
are illustrated for the Ill River at Didenheim (northeastern France) where
the 2017 low-flow period was particularly severe and for which PREMHYCE
provided useful forecasts.
Variations of Seasonal Precipitation in the Yellow River Basin and Its Relationship to General Circulation and SST
Authors: Liu Jing , Jin Lijun , Huang Changxing , Zhang Lina
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Based on the precipitation data from 1961 to 2017 in the Yellow River Basin and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the variation characteristics of seasonal precipitation in the Yellow River Basin and its relationship to the circulation patterns were analyzed. Furthermore, effect of sea surface temperature (SST) on the seasonal precipitation was discussed. The results were as follows: (1) The precipitation in spring, summer and autumn all presented non-significant decreasing trends, while that in winter presented a non-significant upward trend. (2) The inter-annual and inter-decadal fluctuations of the precipitation of each season were evident. The fluctuation in winter was the most obvious, followed by that in spring and autumn, with that in summer most stable. Moreover, the precipitation in summer, autumn and winter in 1990s was the least. (3) When the precipitation in spring, autumn and winter was significantly above (below) normal, the 500 hPa height anomaly field over Eurasia mid-high latitude of the corresponding period presented “positive (negative) in east and negative (positive) in west”. While, when the precipitation in summer was significantly above (below) normal, the height anomaly field presented “+(-), -(+), +(-)”, and the West Pacific subtropical high was stronger (weaker) and lying more northward (southward). Additionally, when the precipitation in each season was significantly above (below) normal, the 850 hPa wind anomalies showed abnormal southerly (northerly) winds in Eastern China, which was favorable (unfavorable) to transport water vapor from the South China Sea and the Western North Pacific to the Yellow River Basin. (4) The spring precipitation was above (below) normal during the period of El Niño (La Niña), while the summer, autumn and winter precipitation presented the opposite characteristics.
Extreme Rainfall and Temperature Changes Assessment on late-twenty-first-century over the Mono River Basin, Togo (West-Africa)
Authors: Lamboni Batablinlè , Lawin Agnidé Emmanuel , Manirakiza Celestin , Olabodé Dagbégnon Luc
Published: September 2020

Abstract. This study assessed the extreme rainfall and temperature
changes over Mono river basin by the end of 21st century under the
highest greenhouse gas emission scenario RCP8.5. Simulations of eight
regional climate models (RCMs) provided by Africa-CORDEX program were
considered. The maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall were analyzed.
Two groups of indices were analyzed. The first group consists of frequency
indices: maximum number of consecutive dry days and wet days. The second
group is intensity indices: five-day maximum rainfall and simple daily
intensity index. These variables were calculated at annual and seasonal
scales. Changes from the baseline period 1971–2000 were computed for far
future 2071–2100. As result, almost all the RCMs considered predicted a
decrease of the rainfall and increase of maximum and minimum temperatures
over most parts of the Mono basin, particularly in the south. Declining mean
monthly precipitation and irregular rainy seasons at all scales were
exhibited by most of the models. Simple daily intensity and five-day maximum
rainfall are projected to decrease by the majority of the used models. As
for dry and wet sequences, the RCMs showed an increase of the consecutive
dry days and a decrease of wet days.
Hydroclimatic variability in Tomi at Sibut, Gribingui at Kaga-Bandoro and Fafa at Bouca basins, in the Central African Republic
Authors: Nguimalet Cyriaque Rufin , Orange Didier
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The research of ruptures on rainfall and discharge serial
data from 1950 to 1995 of three small catchments (from 2000 to
6000 km2) of the Central African Republic, at the boundary between Chad and
Congo basins, has shown a high spatial variability. The rupture observed in
1970 at the subcontinental scale, which started the drought period in West
and Central Africa, is observed only on the Northward basin, the driest.
Then it was difficult to compare the hydroclimatic periods from a basin to
another one. However, all the studied basins have shown a degradation of the
hydrological regime from the end of the 1980s onward, with a severe level
since the end of 1980s. The depletion coefficients have the same range for
the 3 studied basins than for the Ubangi River basin, widening the drought
impact.
Analysis of Event-based Hydrological Processes at the Hydrohill Catchment Using Hydrochemical and Isotopic Methods
Authors: Yang Na , Zhang Jianyun , Liu Jiufu , Liu Guodong , Liao Aimin , Wang Guoqing
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Hydrochemical and isotopic techniques have been widely applied in
hydrological sciences because isotopic tracers can identify water sources
and hydrochemical tracers can discern runoff flow paths. To better
understand the hydrological process, we combined hydrochemical and isotopic
techniques under controlled experimental conditions to investigate
hydrological process from rainfall to runoff in the Hydrohill experiment
catchment, a typical artificial catchment in Chuzhou, China. Hydrochemical
and isotopic data, i.e., pH, electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved
solids (TDS), anions (Cl−, NO3-, SO42- and
HCO3-), cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and
dissolved Si, 18O and D in water samples were collected during a
rainfall event in 2016, and used to determine the hydrochemical and isotopic
characteristics of rainfall and runoff components. We applied EC, TDS,
SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, 18O and D as tracers to
investigate rainfall-runoff processes in the experimental catchment. Runoff
flow paths could be well identified by the relationship between 18O and
EC, TDS, SO42-, Ca2+ and Mg2+. The quantity of flow flux
and mass fluxes of main hydrochemical and isotopic tracers gauged at the
catchment outlet shows applicable tracers (Ca2+, Mg2+,
SO42-, and 18O) are mainly from deep groundwater runoff (from
soil layer of 60–100 cm beneath ground surface). Contributions of the event
water and pre-event water to the total runoff during the rainfall-runoff
process are different. The quantitative results were very encouraging as a
basis to develop hydrological models for further study.
The role of history and strength of the oceanic forcing in sea level projections from Antarctica with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model
Authors: Reese Ronja , Levermann Anders , Albrecht Torsten , Seroussi Hélène , Winkelmann Ricarda
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet constitutes the largest uncertainty in projections of future sea level rise.
Ocean-driven melting underneath the floating ice shelves and subsequent acceleration of the inland ice streams are the major reasons for currently observed mass loss from Antarctica and are expected to become more important in the future.
Here we show that for projections of future mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet, it is essential (1) to better constrain the sensitivity of sub-shelf melt rates to ocean warming and (2) to include the historic trajectory of the ice sheet.
In particular, we find that while the ice sheet response in simulations using the Parallel Ice Sheet Model is comparable to the median response of models in three Antarctic Ice Sheet Intercomparison projects – initMIP, LARMIP-2 and ISMIP6 – conducted with a range of ice sheet models, the projected 21st century sea level contribution differs significantly depending on these two factors.
For the highest emission scenario RCP8.5, this leads to projected ice loss ranging from 1.4 to 4.0 cm of sea level equivalent in simulations in which ISMIP6 ocean forcing drives the PICO ocean box model where parameter tuning leads to a comparably low sub-shelf melt sensitivity and in which no surface forcing is applied.
This is opposed to a likely range of 9.1 to 35.8 cm using the exact same initial setup, but emulated from the LARMIP-2 experiments with a higher melt sensitivity, even though both projects use forcing from climate models and melt rates are calibrated with previous oceanographic studies.
Furthermore, using two initial states, one with a previous historic simulation from 1850 to 2014 and one starting from a steady state, we show that while differences between the ice sheet configurations in 2015 seem marginal at first sight, the historic simulation increases the susceptibility of the ice sheet to ocean warming, thereby increasing mass loss from 2015 to 2100 by 5 % to 50 %.
Hindcasting past ice sheet changes with numerical models would thus provide valuable tools to better constrain projections.
Our results emphasize that the uncertainty that arises from the forcing is of the same order of magnitude as the ice dynamic response for future sea level projections.
US East Coast synthetic aperture radar wind atlas for offshore wind energy
Authors: Ahsbahs Tobias , Maclaurin Galen , Draxl Caroline , Jackson Christopher R. , Monaldo Frank , Badger Merete
Published: September 2020

Abstract. We present the first synthetic aperture radar (SAR) offshore wind atlas of
the US East Coast from Georgia to the Canadian border. Images from
RADARSAT-1, Envisat, and Sentinel-1A/B are processed to wind maps using the
geophysical model function (GMF) CMOD5.N. Extensive comparisons with 6008 collocated buoy observations of the wind speed reveal that biases of the individual systems range from −0.8 to 0.6 m s−1. Unbiased wind retrievals are crucial for producing an accurate wind atlas, and intercalibration of the SAR observations is therefore applied. Wind retrievals from the intercalibrated SAR observations show biases in the range of to −0.2 to 0.0 m s−1, while at the same time improving the root-mean-squared error from 1.67 to 1.46 m s−1. The intercalibrated SAR observations are, for the first time, aggregated to
create a wind atlas at the height 10 m a.s.l. (above sea level). The SAR wind atlas is used as a reference to study wind resources derived from the Wind Integration National Dataset Toolkit (WTK), which is based on 7 years of modelling output from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Comparisons focus on the spatial variation in wind resources and show that model outputs lead to lower coastal wind speed gradients than those derived from SAR. Areas designated for offshore wind development by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management are investigated in more detail; the wind resources in terms of the mean wind speed show spatial variations within each designated area between 0.3 and 0.5 m s−1 for SAR and less than 0.2 m s−1 for the WTK. Our findings indicate that wind speed gradients and variations might be underestimated in mesoscale model outputs along the US East Coast.
A Student's Response to Dr. Matusov’s article, “A Student’s Right to Freedom of Education”
Authors: Kitchen Shonda
Published: September 2020

This essay is a commentary on Dr. Matusov’s article “A Student’s Right to Freedom of Education”, and it will reflect on Dr. Cresswell’s and Dr. Dyck’s technology-free classroom experiment as well as some of the thoughts and opinions expressed in Dr. Matusov’s article. In particular, this essay will examine and raise some objections to Dr. Matusov’s thoughts and opinions and argue for a more nuanced and tempered view of the nature of the student’s right to freedom of education. The technology-free experiment and Dr. Matusov’s objection to it will be explored and met with arguments in support of the experiment and the possible benefits of a technology-free learning environment. The remainder of the essay will largely consider Dr. Matusov’s thoughts on the student’s right to freedom of education and will offer arguments both for and against some of Dr. Matusov’s thoughts expressed in his article. Finally, an argument for a more holistic and structured view of authority and freedom in education will be discussed, using some studies on the Finnish education system as an example of one approach to improving education.
Resisting Translation: Britomart in Book 3 of Spenser’s Faerie Queene
Authors: Berger Harry
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the manifestation of the “castration principle” in the legend of Britomart. Its power is explicitly invested not only in the allegorical and magical violence of antipoetic scapegoats—the witch, Proteus, and Busirane—but also in the apparently benign patrons of patriarchal order and continuity. Britomart's violent awakening to love, her induction into the heterosexual regime of the translatio imperii, is presided over by Merlin, an agent whose motives and career are shown to be dominated by gynephobia and the fantasy of castration.
Existential Poiesis in Maḥmud al-Masʿadī’s Mawlid al-nisyān
Authors: El Shakry Hoda
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 examines Tunisian intellectual Maḥmūd al-Masʿadī’s 1945 mythical novella Mawlid al-Nisyān [the Genesis of Forgetfulness] about a physician on a spiritual quest for a drug to defeat time. Maḥmūd al-Masʿadī (1911–2004) was a prolific writer, educator, editor, trade unionist, and government official. The novella integrates Sufi philosophy, existentialism, and humanism in its exploration of the relationship between the human and divine. The chapter frames these concerns within the novella’s Qurʾanic intertextuality and al-Masʿadī’s broader philosophical writings on Islam and literature. Across his critical and literary oeuvre, al-Masʿadī explores literature as a creative praxis that speaks to broader existential and humanist concerns. Crowned the founder of “Muslim Existentialism,” he theorizes Islam as a philosophy of existence intimately connected to the artistic process. The chapter reads his novella Mawlid al-Nisyān as a Sufi spiritual journey that explores creation as an ethical imperative of human existence.
Orientalist Decadence
Authors: Fieni David
Published: September 2020

The introduction presents an overview of the ways that theories and representations of decadence and decay have functioned in the relationship between France and the Arab world since the nineteenth century. Bringing the ideas of Walter Benjamin to bear on the Arab nahda, Islamic reformism, and Orientalist philology, it elaborates a theory of historical awakening as mutual defamiliarization. The introduction concludes by demonstrating how the anti-Semitic Orientalism of Ernest Renan fabricated the “Orient” as an object of knowledge that carried within it the mechanisms of its own undoing.
Introduction
Authors: Løland Ole Jakob
Published: September 2020

Taubes’s use of Paul within intellectual debates produced new layers in the reception history of Paul. Readings of Paul cannot but lead to new layers, which is what recent theoretical developments of reception history of the Bible have demonstrated. There are no objective historical readings of the Pauline epistles that the philosophers’ readings might by measured with. Reception is, in a sense, all we are left with, as a never-ending deconstruction, negotiation and overlapping between historical and philosophical approaches to texts. The crucial question to be raised in the encounter with Taubes’s readings of Paul is not what is correct and incorrect in Taubes’s interpretations, but rather how we can acquire new understandings of apostle’s texts on the background of the philosophers’ readings of them. Through exegetical as well as genealogical perspectives on Taubes’s readings of Paul, a deeper historicity of the contemporary turn to Paul within philosophy can be attained.