bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential application of glycerol in the production of plant beneficial microorganisms
Authors: Vassilev Nikolay , Malusa Eligio , Requena Antonia Reyes , Martos Vanessa , López Ana , Maksimovic Ivana , Vassileva Maria
Published: August 2016

This review highlights the importance of research for development of biofertilizer and biocontrol products based on the use of glycerol for further process scale-up to industrial microbiology. Glycerol can be used successfully in all stages of production of plant beneficial microorganisms. It serves as an excellent substrate in both submerged and solid-state fermentation processes with free and immobilized microbial cells. Glycerol is also one of the most attractive formulation agents that ensures high cell density and viability including in harsh environmental conditions. Future research is discussed to make this inexpensive material a base for industrial production of plant beneficial microorganisms.
Danshensu Promotes Cholesterol Efflux in RAW264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Gao Hui , Li Lingyan , Li Lan , Gong Bo , Dong Pengzhi , Fordjour Patrick Asare , Zhu Yan , Fan Guanwei
Published: August 2016

Contemporary research suggests that macrophage foam cell and cholesterol efflux defect play pivotal role in atherogenesis. We reported on the heretofore unknown therapeutic effect of Danshensu (DSS) in reducing intracellular cholesterol level and unraveled the mechanism of DSS promotes cholesterol efflux. Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein stimulation of Raw264.7 cells into foam cells, which were treated with DSS and co‐treated with Simvastatin and Rosiglitazone. PPARγ, ABCA1, ABCG1, SR‐BI, CD36, and LXR‐α mRNA were quantified by Real‐Time PCR. Western blotting was used to determine protein expression of PPARγ, ABCA1 and CD36. Cellular cholesterol handling was studied by measurement of intracellular lipid droplets concentration and cholesterol efflux. DSS significantly reduced scavenger receptor CD36 and its orthologue SR‐BI. In addition, DSS stimulated the upregulation of cellular cholesterol exporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 to reduce intracellular lipid accumulation. DSS can reduce lipid deposition in Raw264.7 foam cells by balancing CD36 and ABCA1 protein expression.
The Level II aggregated forest soil condition database links soil physicochemical and hydraulic properties with long-term observations of forest condition in Europe
Authors: Fleck Stefan , Cools Nathalie , De Vos Bruno , Meesenburg Henning , Fischer Richard
Published: August 2016

Key message

Aggregated, consolidated, and derived soil physicochemical data of 286 ICP Forests Level II plots were completed with soil hydraulic properties for integrated use with forest monitoring data. Database access should be requested at
http://icp-forests.net
. Metadata associated available at
https://metadata-afs.nancy.inra.fr/geonetwork/apps/georchestra/?uuid=153e599e-6624-4e2b-b862-8124386ea9cd&hl=eng

Context

The ICP Forests database is one of the most comprehensive forest ecosystem datasets in Europe and contains the accumulated results of more than two decades of harmonised forest monitoring all over Europe.

Aims

The aim of this paper is to share knowledge on the ICP Forests Level II soil data for broader use among forest scientists.

Methods

After standard analysis, quality checks, aggregation, and calculation of derived variables (e.g. nutrient stocks, base saturation, C:N ratio, and water retention parameters), data have been gathered into a static database (AFSCDB.LII.2.2), which will be updated to new versions as soon as new measurements become available.

Results

The database provides a basis for the combined evaluation of up to 130 unique soil variables of 286 plots with dynamic data on tree growth, ground vegetation, foliar chemistry, crown condition, tree phenology, leaf area index, ozone injury, litterfall, soil solution chemistry, deposition, ambient air quality, and meteorological data assessed on the same plots.

Conclusion

The unprecedented comprehensiveness and level of detail in this newly aggregated database may overcome existing restrictions so far impeding the realisation of large-scale forest ecosystem studies in Europe.
The development of Korean online dictionaries: a case study of Naver dictionary services
Authors: Kim Jonghwan , Kim Jonghwan , Han Naeree
Published: August 2016

The advances in information technology have been affecting people’s consultation behaviors and thus shaping the direction of development of Korean online dictionaries. This paper aims (1) to describe the development of Korean online dictionaries by analyzing a case study of the dictionary services of Naver, South Korea’s biggest web portal site; (2) to identify the characteristics of the onlinedictionary evolution; and (3) to provide primary data for further research. In order to provide background information on the evolution of Naver dictionary services, it introduces the history of Korean online dictionaries and identifies the changes in the sizes and characteristics of the audiences, which were affected by the shift from the personal computer to mobile devices. Then, the development of Naver dictionary services is examined in terms of the development phases, entry data acquisition methods, and the development of tool features. This study reveals three findings: (1) the history could be divided into three periods: the formation period (1999–2004), the growth period (2005–2009), and the expansion period (2010–now). The expansion period is characterized by the popularity of smartphones, the enlargement of dictionary services, and the emergence of mechanical translation; (2) the four main sources for entries in the dictionary services are learner dictionaries, terminological–technical dictionaries, machine-generated data such as web-crawled data and parallel texts collected from the internet, and user-participated entries; (3) most of the tool features appeared during the growth period, and they are now evolving in the direction towards appification and individualization. These findings may allow predictions about the future of Korean online dictionaries.
Integrability of the Brouwer degree for irregular arguments
Authors: Olbermann Heiner
Published: August 2016

We prove that the Brouwer degree

\mathrm{\deg }⁡(u,U, \cdot )

for a function

u \in C^{0,\alpha }(U;\mathbb{R}^{n})

is in

L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})

if

1 \leq p < \frac{n\alpha }{d}

, where

U \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}

is open and bounded and

d

is the box dimension of

∂U

. This is supplemented by a theorem showing that

u_{j}\rightarrow u

in

C^{0,\alpha }(U;\mathbb{R}^{n})

implies

\mathrm{\deg }⁡(u_{j},U, \cdot )\rightarrow \mathrm{\deg }⁡(u,U, \cdot )

in

L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})

for the parameter regime

1 \leq p < \frac{n\alpha }{d}

, while there exist convergent sequences

u_{j}\rightarrow u

in

C^{0,\alpha }(U;\mathbb{R}^{n})

such that

\|\mathrm{\deg }⁡(u_{j},U, \cdot )\|_{L^{p}}\rightarrow \infty

for the opposite regime

p > \frac{n\alpha }{d}

.
Unique determination of a time-dependent potential for wave equations from partial data
Authors: Kian Yavar
Published: August 2016

We consider the inverse problem of determining a time-dependent potential

q

, appearing in the wave equation

\partial _{t}^{2}u−\mathrm{\Delta }_{x}u + q(t,x)u = 0

in

Q = (0,T) \times \mathrm{\Omega }

with

T > 0

and

Ω

a

\mathcal{C}^{2}

bounded domain of

\mathbb{R}^{n}

,

n⩾2

, from partial observations of the solutions on

∂Q

. More precisely, we look for observations on

∂Q

that allows to recover uniquely a general time-dependent potential

q

without involving an important set of data. We prove global unique determination of

q \in L^{\infty }(Q)

from partial observations on

∂Q

. Besides being nonlinear, this problem is related to the inverse problem of determining a semilinear term appearing in a nonlinear hyperbolic equation from boundary measurements.
A Keller–Segel type system in higher dimensions
Authors: Ulusoy Suleyman
Published: August 2016

We analyze an equation that is gradient flow of a functional related to Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev inequality in whole Euclidean space

\mathbb{R}^{d}

,

d \geq 3

. Under the hypothesis of integrable initial data with finite second moment and energy, we show local-in-time existence for any mass of “free-energy solutions”, namely weak solutions with some free energy estimates. We exhibit that the qualitative behavior of solutions is decided by a critical value. Actually, there is a critical value of a parameter in the equation below which there is a global-in-time energy solution and above which there exist blowing-up energy solutions.
Mixed brain lesions mediate the association between cardiovascular risk burden and cognitive decline in old age: A population‐based study
Authors: Wang Rui , Fratiglioni Laura , Kalpouzos Grégoria , Lövdén Martin , Laukka Erika J. , Bronge Lena , Wahlund Lars-Olof , Bäckman Lars , Qiu Chengxuan
Published: August 2016

Introduction

The underlying pathological mechanisms linking cardiovascular burden to cognitive decline remain unclear.

Methods

We investigated the associations of the Framingham general cardiovascular risk score (FGCRS), apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, and brain structure with the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) decline using the 9‐year follow‐up data from Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (n = 2189, age ≥60) and the embedded magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n = 448) studies. Volumes of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), total gray matter, ventricles, and hippocampus were assessed in the MRI sample.

Results

A higher FGCRS was associated with faster MMSE decline in young‐old people (60–72 years) but not in old‐old (≥78 years). Larger volumes of cerebral WMHs and ventricles and smaller volumes of total gray matter and hippocampus were all associated with accelerated MMSE decline (P < .01); these associations were stronger among APOE ε4 carriers than noncarriers. Simultaneously entering multiple brain lesion markers as mediators in the model substantially attenuated the association between FGCRS and MMSE decline.

Discussion

The effect of cardiovascular risk burden on cognitive deterioration in old age is largely mediated by mixed brain lesions.
An investigation of cerebrovascular lesions in dementia with Lewy bodies compared to Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Sarro Lidia , Tosakulwong Nirubol , Schwarz Christopher G. , Graff-Radford Jonathan , Przybelski Scott A. , Lesnick Timothy G. , Zuk Samantha M. , Reid Robert I. , Raman Mekala R. , Boeve Bradley F. , Ferman Tanis J. , Knopman David S. , Comi Giancarlo , Filippi Massimo , Murray Melissa E. , Parisi Joseph E. , Dickson Dennis W. , Petersen Ronald C. , Jack Clifford R. , Kantarci Kejal
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Cerebrovascular lesions on MRI are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia, but less is known about their frequency and impact on dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).

Methods

White‐matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and infarcts on MRI were assessed in consecutive DLB (n = 81) and AD dementia (n = 240) patients and compared to age‐matched and sex‐matched cognitively normal subjects (CN) from a population‐based cohort.

Results

DLB had higher WMH volume compared to CN, and WMH volume was higher in the occipital and posterior periventricular regions in DLB compared to AD. Higher WMH volume was associated with history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes but not with clinical disease severity in DLB. Frequency of infarcts in DLB was not different from CN and AD dementia.

Discussion

In DLB, WMH volume is higher than AD and CN and appears to be primarily associated with history of vascular disease.
Chironomids as indicators of natural and human impacts in a 700-yr record from the northern Patagonian Andes
Authors: Williams Natalia , Rieradevall Maria , Suárez Diego Añón , Rizzo Andrea , Daga Romina , Guevara Sergio Ribeiro , Arribére María Angélica
Published: August 2016

Chironomid communities were studied in a sediment core collected from Lake Moreno Oeste, located in Nahuel Huapi National Park. A major change in midge assemblages occurred at ∼AD 1760, which was characterized by a decrease of “cold taxa” including Polypedilum sp.2 and Dicrotendipes, and an increase of “warm taxa” including Apsectrotanypus and Polypedilum sp.1. These taxa are likely related to climatic conditions concurrent with the end of a cold period at ∼AD 1500-1700 and the beginning of a drying climate at ∼AD 1740-1900 in northern Patagonia. Coarse tephra layers had low midge diversity; however they did not disrupt the climatic trend as the community recovered rapidly after the event. Since AD 1910, after the increase in suburban housing, fish introduction, and the construction of a road, there was an increase in the relative abundances of taxa typically associated with the littoral zone, such as Parapsectrocladius, Riethia, Apsectrotanypus, and some Tanytarsini morphotypes. The main change in the chironomid community appears to be associated with long-term climate change. At the beginning of the 20th century, other site-specific environmental factors (catchment change and fish introduction) altered the chironomid assemblages, making it more difficult to understand the relative importance of each driver of assemblage change.
Improving Team Performance for Public Health Preparedness
Authors: Peck Megan , Scullard Mickey , Hedberg Craig , Moilanen Emily , Radi Deborah , Riley William , Bowen Paige Anderson , Petersen-Kroeber Cheryl , Stenberg Louise , Olson Debra K.
Published: August 2016

Objective

Between May 2010 and September 2011, the University of Minnesota School of Public Health partnered with the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) to assess the effect of exercises on team performance during public health emergency response.

Methods

Participants were divided into 3 research teams exposed to various levels of intervention. Groups consisted of a control group that was given standard MDH training exercises, a didactic group exposed to team dynamics and communication training, and a treatment group that received the didactic training in addition to a post-exercise facilitated debriefing. To assess differences in team performance, teams engaged in 15 functional exercises.

Results

Differences in team performance across the 3 groups were identified, although there was no trend in team performance over time for any of the groups. Groups demonstrated fluctuation in team performance during the study period. Attitudinal surveys demonstrated an increase in workplace satisfaction and confidence in training among all groups throughout the study period.

Conclusions

Findings from this research support that a critical link exists between training type and team performance during public health emergency response. This research supports that intentional teamwork training for emergency response workers is essential for effective public health emergency response. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:7–10)
Exaptation of pelmatozoan oral surfaces: constructional pathways in tegmen evolution
Authors: Ausich William I. , Kammer Thomas W.
Published: August 2016

The adoral surface of a crinoid theca has traditionally been called the tegmen, despite a wide range of morphologies; and, unfortunately, this has obscured the potential to recognize homologies between blastozoans and crinoids. With present recognition of these homologies, the constructional morphology of crinoid oral regions is explored, herein. Two major types of oral regions exist among crinoids: (1) an oral surface with the mouth exposed; and (2) a tegmen, in a restricted definition, with the mouth covered beneath solid plating. A tegmen is constructed by exaptation of oral surface plating and, commonly, other thecal plating. A pseudo-tegmen is an exaptation of aboral cup plates (i.e., radial plates). Tegmens or pseudo-tegmens evolved in all major crinoid clades at least once as an exaptation of oral surface plating. Tegmens evolved iteratively both between and within clades. In some cases, tegmen plates can be homologized with oral surface plates, but in other cases this is not apparent. Examples of tegmens that evolved many times include tegmens with an appearance of oral surface plates cemented in place; tegmens with fixed ambulacral cover plates and primary peristomial cover plates disproportionately enlarged; tegmens composed exclusively, or nearly so, of greatly enlarged primary peristomial cover plates; tegmens with tessellate plating but presumably with some flexibility; and tegmens constructed of innumerable undifferentiated plates. Most tegmens have all ambulacral cover plates fixed; but in some instances, the abaxial ambulacral cover plates remain moveable. Additionally, some lineages that possessed a tegmen evolved an oral surface secondarily, likely as an atavism. Based on this restricted definition of a tegmen, the hemicosmitid blastozoanCaryocrinitesalso evolved a tegmen. As known, tegmens dominated among camerate crinoids; and oral surfaces were more common among cladids, hybocrinids, disparids, flexibles, and articulates. However, oral surfaces evolved in some camerate lineages; tegmens evolved in some cladid, disparid, and articulate lineages; and pseudo-tegmens evolved in some flexible and articulate lineages.The iterative evolution of tegmens in crinoids and blastozoans is thought to be an adaptive response to cover the mouth and proximal ambulacra to protect this portion of the digestive tract from predation, scavenging, parasites, and disease causing agents.
Defining Banjo Enclosures: Investigations, Interpretations, and Understanding in the Iron Age of Southern Britain
Authors: Lang Alexander T.O.
Published: August 2016

Banjo enclosures are an important archaeological site type within British Iron Age studies, particularly for southern England. Significant numbers of these sites have been discovered through aerial survey but only a comparatively small number have been explored through additional survey and excavation. Chronologically these sites wholly exist within the Middle and Late Iron Age periods,c. 400bctoad43. As yet there has been no standard interpretive framework for these sites and our understanding and discussion has often been based on the theoretical model most popular at the time of investigation. A key aim of his paper is to question this piecemeal approach and incorporate more recent interpretations from a much-expanded dataset. Since the 1990s large-scale landscape surveys have increased considerably the numbers of sites identified and subsequently the regions in which they are located. Tying this in with recent excavations, we have begun to redefine our understanding of banjo enclosures as more complex in their site development and function, while also providing a simplified framework which accounts for the diversity of forms, locations, and relative associations. Ultimately these enclosures are more complex than previously realised, potentially serving a multiplicity of functions with different phases of use throughout a period of significant change at the end of prehistory.
Asymmetrical reproductive interference between two sibling species of tea looper: Ectropis grisescens and Ectropis obliqua
Authors: Zhang G.-H. , Yuan Z.-J. , Yin K.-S. , Fu J.-Y. , Tang M.-J. , Xiao Q.
Published: August 2016

Ectropis grisescensWarren andEctropis obliqua(Prout) are two morphologically similar sibling species with overlapping ranges. In this study, manipulative laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the possibility of reproductive interference in sympatric populations ofE. grisescensandE. obliquaand the potential consequences of the mating interaction. Our results showed that the presence of males or females of different species could incur mating interference and significant reduction ofF1offspring. The reduction was not significant relevant to the initial relative abundance ofE. grisescensandE. obliqua. Detailed observations of mating opportunity showed that female mating frequencies of both species were not significantly affected by the absolute species density, but the mating success ofE. obliquafemales with conspecific males depended on species ratio. In addition, adding males to the other species resulted in lower number of offspring suggesting that the males’ behaviour might be linked with mating interference. Males of bothE. grisescensandE. obliquacould interfere the intraspecific mating of the other species, but the impact of the mating interference differed. These combined data indicated that asymmetric reproductive interference existed inE. grisescensandE. obliquaunder laboratory conditions, and the offspring of the mixed species were significantly reduced. The long term outcome of this effect is yet to be determined since additional reproductive factors such as oviposition rate and progeny survival to adulthood may reduce the probability of demographic displacement of one species by the other in overlapping niches.
ON THE EVCLIDES LATINVS IN MS VERONA, BIBLIOTECA CAPITOLARE XL (38), AS A WITNESS TO THE GREEK TEXT OF THE ELEMENTS
Authors: Bohlin Erik
Published: August 2016

In his paper ‘The wrong text of Euclid: on Heiberg's text and its alternatives', published in 1996, W.R. Knorr resuscitated the debate which had taken place in the 1880s between the orientalist M. Klamroth and the editor of Euclid's Elements, J.L. Heiberg. In nuce the debate concerned the fundamental question of which manuscript tradition of the Elements should be assigned textual anteriority: the Greek tradition or the Arabic tradition. Whereas Klamroth argued for the latter position, Heiberg, whose view became the prevailing one, endorsed the anteriority of the Greek tradition.
Europeanisation beyond the European Union: tobacco advertisement restrictions in Swiss cantons
Authors: Trein Philipp
Published: August 2016

This article forges a link between support for European integration and adoption of tobacco advertisement restrictions in Swiss cantons. Leaning on the policy diffusion literature, this article argues that the more voters support deeper European integration, the more likely cantonal governments are to restrict tobacco advertising. Policymakers use voters’ support for more European integration as a signal that they support regulatory policies that are strongly associated with the European Union (EU) in the political and media debate, such as tobacco advertisement bans. This effect ought to be especially strong in the absence of adverse economic interests, such as the presence of the tobacco industry. To buttress these claims, the present article uses statistical analysis, specifically event-history analysis. Apart from the insights about Swiss tobacco control policy, this article contributes to our understanding of indirect EU influence on cantonal policymaking and policy diffusion.
Case Management für sorgende Angehörige in psychischen Krisen
Authors: Löbach Rita
Published: August 2016

Zusammenfassung. Sorgende Angehörige von chronisch (psychisch) kranken und/oder pflegebedürftigen alten Menschen erleben vielfältige emotionale Belastungen, zu denen häufig noch finanzielle Belastungen, eine erhöhte Verantwortung für einen gemeinsamen Haushalt, Rollenkonflikte, die Übernahme von Pflegetätigkeiten sowie das Leiden unter den Mängeln des Versorgungssystems hinzukommen (Wolff, 2011).
Wenn jemand eine Reise tut, so kann er was erzählen
Authors: Flansburg Susanna
Published: August 2016

Zusammenfassung. Für mich stand fest, dass ich im Rahmen meines Studiums Praxiserfahrung im Ausland sammeln wollte. Die Entscheidung «Was und Wo» fiel mir weitaus schwerer. Entschieden habe ich mich letztlich für ein längeres Praktikum in der Schweiz an den Universitären Psychiatrischen Diensten Bern (UPD).
Praktikumsrückblick in Bielefeld
Authors: Durrer Michael
Published: August 2016

Zusammenfassung. Im September 2015 absolvierte ich im Rahmen des Studiengangs Master of Science in Pflege an der Berner Fachhochschule in der Schweiz ein dreiwöchiges Forschungspraktikum in Bielefeld DE bei Herrn Prof. Dr. Michael Schulz und Prof. Dr. Michael Löhr.
Communicating Arctic Science Creatively for Diverse Audiences
Authors: Druckenmiller Matthew , Rohde Jessica
Published: August 2016

Revealing the New Arctic: A Climate Change Communication Workshop; San Francisco, California, 16 December 2015
What Happens to Methane That Leaks from Abandoned Wells?
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: August 2016

Three-dimensional simulations suggest that some aquifers may be more vulnerable to contamination from leaky oil wells than others.
Long noncoding RNA related to periodontitis interacts with miR-182 to upregulate osteogenic differentiation in periodontal mesenchymal stem cells of periodontitis patients
Authors: Wang L , Wu F , Song Y , Li X , Wu Q , Duan Y , Jin Z
Published: August 2016

Periodontitis impairs the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal mesenchymal stem cells (hPDLSCs), but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to have significant roles under both physiologic and pathological conditions. In this study, we performed comprehensive lncRNA profiling by lncRNA microarray analysis and identified a novel lncRNA, osteogenesis impairment-related lncRNA of PDLSCs from periodontitis patients (lncRNA-POIR), the expression of which was significantly decreased in PDLSCs from periodontitis patients (pPDLSCs) and was upregulated by osteogenic induction. To study the functions of lncRNA-POIR, we prepared cells with overexpression and knockdown of lncRNA-POIR and found that lncRNA-POIR positively regulated osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs and pPDLSCs bothin vitroandin vivo. Using quantitative real-time PCRs (qPCRs) and luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrated that lncRNA-POIR may act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-182, leading to derepression of its target gene,FoxO1. In this process, lncRNA-POIR and miR-182 suppress each other and form a network to regulateFoxO1. FoxO1increased bone formation of pPDLSCs by competing withTCF-4forβ-cateninand inhibiting the canonical Wnt pathway. Finally, inflammation increases miR-182 expression through the nuclear factor-κB pathway, and the miR-182 overexpression in the inflammatory microenvironment resulted in an imbalance in the lncRNA-POIR-miR-182 regulatory network. In conclusion, our results provide novel evidence that this lncRNA-miRNA (microRNA) regulatory network has a significant role in osteogenic differentiation of pPDLSCs and that it has potential as a therapeutic target in mesenchymal stem cells during inflammation.
Protein cross-linking by chlorinated polyamines and transglutamylation stabilizes neutrophil extracellular traps
Authors: Csomós Krisztián , Kristóf Endre , Jakob Bernadett , Csomós István , Kovács György , Rotem Omri , Hodrea Judit , Bagoly Zsuzsa , Muszbek Laszlo , Balajthy Zoltán , Csősz Éva , Fésüs László
Published: August 2016

Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) ejected from activated dying neutrophils is a highly ordered structure of DNA and selected proteins capable to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. Biochemical determinants of the non-randomly formed stable NETs have not been revealed so far. Studying the formation of human NETs we have observed that polyamines were incorporated into the NET. Inhibition of myeloperoxidase, which is essential for NET formation and can generate reactive chlorinated polyamines through hypochlorous acid, decreased polyamine incorporation. Addition of exogenous primary amines that similarly to polyamines inhibit reactions catalyzed by the protein cross-linker transglutaminases (TGases) has similar effect. Proteomic analysis of the highly reproducible pattern of NET components revealed cross-linking of NET proteins through chlorinated polyamines and ɛ(γ-glutamyl)lysine as well as bis-γ-glutamyl polyamine bonds catalyzed by the TGases detected in neutrophils. Competitive inhibition of protein cross-linking by monoamines disturbed the cross-linking pattern of NET proteins, which resulted in the loss of the ordered structure of the NET and significantly reduced capacity to trap bacteria. Our findings provide explanation of how NETs are formed in a reproducible and ordered manner to efficiently neutralize microorganisms at the first defense line of the innate immune system.
Golgi-associated LC3 lipidation requires V-ATPase in noncanonical autophagy
Authors: Gao Ying , Liu Yajun , Hong Liang , Yang Zuolong , Cai Xinran , Chen Xiaoyun , Fu Yuanyuan , Lin Yujie , Wen Weijie , Li Sitong , Liu Xingguo , Huang Heqing , Vogt Andreas , Liu Peiqing , Yin Xiao-Ming , Li Min
Published: August 2016

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process by which cells degrade intracellular proteins and organelles in the lysosomes. Canonical autophagy requires all autophagy proteins (ATGs), whereas noncanonical autophagy is activated by diverse agents in which some of the essential autophagy proteins are dispensable. How noncanonical autophagy is induced and/or inhibited is still largely unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that AMDE-1, a recently identified chemical that can induce canonical autophagy, was able to elicit noncanonical autophagy that is independent of the ULK1 (unc-51-like kinase 1) complex and the Beclin1 complex. AMDE-1-induced noncanonical autophagy could be specifically suppressed by various V-ATPase (vacuolar-type H+-ATPase) inhibitors, but not by disturbance of the lysosome function or the intracellular ion redistribution. Similar findings were applicable to a diverse group of stimuli that can induce noncanonical autophagy in a FIP200-independent manner. AMDE-1-induced LC3 lipidation was colocalized with the Golgi complex, and was inhibited by the disturbance of Golgi complex. The integrity of the Golgi complex was also required for multiple other agents to stimulate noncanonical LC3 lipidation. These results suggest that the Golgi complex may serve as a membrane platform for noncanonical autophagy where V-ATPase is a key player. V-ATPase inhibitors could be useful tools for studying noncanonical autophagy.
Oncogenic microtubule hyperacetylation through BEX4-mediated sirtuin 2 inhibition
Authors: Lee Jin-Kwan , Lee Janet , Go Heounjeong , Lee Chang Geun , Kim Suhyeon , Kim Hyun-Soo , Cho Hyeseong , Choi Kyeong Sook , Ha Geun-Hyoung , Lee Chang-Woo
Published: August 2016

Five brain-expressed X-linked (BEX) gene members (BEX1–5) are arranged in tandem on chromosome X, and are highly conserved across diverse species. However, little is known about the function and role of BEX. This study represents a first attempt to demonstrate the molecular details of a novel oncogene BEX4. Among BEX proteins, BEX4 localizes to microtubules and spindle poles, and interacts with α-tubulin (α-TUB) and sirtuin 2 (SIRT2). The overexpression of BEX4 leads to the hyperacetylation of α-TUB by inhibiting SIRT2-mediated deacetylation. Furthermore, we found BEX4 expression conferred resistance to apoptotic cell death but led to acquisition of aneuploidy, and also increased the proliferating potential and growth of tumors. These results suggest that BEX4 overexpression causes an imbalance between TUB acetylation and deacetylation by SIRT2 inhibition and induces oncogenic aneuploidy transformation.
Antitherapeutic antibody-mediated hepatotoxicity of recombinant human Apo2L/TRAIL in the cynomolgus monkey
Authors: Zuch de Zafra Christina L , Ashkenazi Avi , Darbonne Walter C , Cheu Melissa , Totpal Klara , Ortega Shirley , Flores Heather , Walker Mark D , Kabakoff Bruce , Lum Bert L , Mounho-Zamora Barbara J , Marsters Scot A , Dybdal Noël O
Published: August 2016

Apo2L/TRAIL is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily and an important inducer of apoptosis. Recombinant human (rhu) Apo2L/TRAIL has been attractive as a potential cancer therapeutic because many types of tumor cells are sensitive to its apoptosis-inducing effects. Nonclinical toxicology studies were conducted to evaluate the safety of rhuApo2L/TRAIL for possible use in humans. The cynomolgus monkey was chosen for this safety assessment based on high protein sequence homology between human and cynomolgus Apo2L/TRAIL and comparable expression of their receptors. Although hepatotoxicity was observed in repeat-dose monkey studies with rhuApo2L/TRAIL, all animals that displayed hepatotoxicity had developed antitherapeutic antibodies (ATAs). The cynomolgus ATAs augmented the cytotoxicity of rhuApo2L/TRAIL but not of its cynomolgus counterpart. Of note, human and cynomolgus Apo2L/TRAIL differ by four amino acids, three of which are surface-exposed. In vivo studies comparing human and cynomolgus Apo2L/TRAIL supported the conclusion that these distinct amino acids served as epitopes for cross-species ATAs, capable of crosslinking rhuApo2L/TRAIL and thus triggering hepatocyte apoptosis. We describe a hapten-independent mechanism of immune-mediated, drug-related hepatotoxicity – in this case – associated with the administration of a human recombinant protein in monkeys. The elucidation of this mechanism enabled successful transition of rhuApo2L/TRAIL into human clinical trials.
Room-temperature ferroelectricity in CuInP2S6 ultrathin flakes
Authors: Liu Fucai , You Lu , Seyler Kyle L. , Li Xiaobao , Yu Peng , Lin Junhao , Wang Xuewen , Zhou Jiadong , Wang Hong , He Haiyong , Pantelides Sokrates T. , Zhou Wu , Sharma Pradeep , Xu Xiaodong , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Wang Junling , Liu Zheng
Published: August 2016

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising candidates for various optoelectronic applications based on their diverse electronic properties, ranging from insulating to superconducting. However, cooperative phenomena such as ferroelectricity in the 2D limit have not been well explored. Here, we report room-temperature ferroelectricity in 2D CuInP2S6 (CIPS) with a transition temperature of ∼320 K. Switchable polarization is observed in thin CIPS of ∼4 nm. To demonstrate the potential of this 2D ferroelectric material, we prepare a van der Waals (vdW) ferroelectric diode formed by CIPS/Si heterostructure, which shows good memory behaviour with on/off ratio of ∼100. The addition of ferroelectricity to the 2D family opens up possibilities for numerous novel applications, including sensors, actuators, non-volatile memory devices, and various vdW heterostructures based on 2D ferroelectricity.
Identification of Siglec-1 null individuals infected with HIV-1
Authors: Martinez-Picado Javier , McLaren Paul J. , Erkizia Itziar , Martin Maureen P. , Benet Susana , Rotger Margalida , Dalmau Judith , Ouchi Dan , Wolinsky Steven M. , Penugonda Sudhir , Günthard Huldrych F. , Fellay Jacques , Carrington Mary , Izquierdo-Useros Nuria , Telenti Amalio
Published: August 2016

Siglec-1/CD169 is a myeloid-cell surface receptor critical for HIV-1 capture and infection of bystander target cells. To dissect the role of SIGLEC1 in natura, we scan a large population genetic database and identify a loss-of-function variant (Glu88Ter) that is found in ∼1% of healthy people. Exome analysis and direct genotyping of 4,233 HIV-1-infected individuals reveals two Glu88Ter homozygous and 97 heterozygous subjects, allowing the analysis of ex vivo and in vivo consequences of SIGLEC1 loss-of-function. Cells from these individuals are functionally null or haploinsufficient for Siglec-1 activity in HIV-1 capture and trans-infection ex vivo. However, Siglec-1 protein truncation does not have a measurable impact on HIV-1 acquisition or AIDS outcomes in vivo. This result contrasts with the known in vitro functional role of Siglec-1 in HIV-1 trans-infection. Thus, it provides evidence that the classical HIV-1 infectious routes may compensate for the lack of Siglec-1 in fuelling HIV-1 dissemination within infected individuals.
Autophagy initiation by ULK complex assembly on ER tubulovesicular regions marked by ATG9 vesicles
Authors: Karanasios Eleftherios , Walker Simon A. , Okkenhaug Hanneke , Manifava Maria , Hummel Eric , Zimmermann Hans , Ahmed Qashif , Domart Marie-Charlotte , Collinson Lucy , Ktistakis Nicholas T.
Published: August 2016

Autophagosome formation requires sequential translocation of autophagy-specific proteins to membranes enriched in PI3P and connected to the ER. Preceding this, the earliest autophagy-specific structure forming de novo is a small punctum of the ULK1 complex. The provenance of this structure and its mode of formation are unknown. We show that the ULK1 structure emerges from regions, where ATG9 vesicles align with the ER and its formation requires ER exit and coatomer function. Super-resolution microscopy reveals that the ULK1 compartment consists of regularly assembled punctate elements that cluster in progressively larger spherical structures and associates uniquely with the early autophagy machinery. Correlative electron microscopy after live imaging shows tubulovesicular membranes present at the locus of this structure. We propose that the nucleation of autophagosomes occurs in regions, where the ULK1 complex coalesces with ER and the ATG9 compartment.
Environmental change makes robust ecological networks fragile
Authors: Strona Giovanni , Lafferty Kevin D.
Published: August 2016

Complex ecological networks appear robust to primary extinctions, possibly due to consumers’ tendency to specialize on dependable (available and persistent) resources. However, modifications to the conditions under which the network has evolved might alter resource dependability. Here, we ask whether adaptation to historical conditions can increase community robustness, and whether such robustness can protect communities from collapse when conditions change. Using artificial life simulations, we first evolved digital consumer-resource networks that we subsequently subjected to rapid environmental change. We then investigated how empirical host–parasite networks would respond to historical, random and expected extinction sequences. In both the cases, networks were far more robust to historical conditions than new ones, suggesting that new environmental challenges, as expected under global change, might collapse otherwise robust natural ecosystems.
Regulation of energy homeostasis by the ubiquitin-independent REGγ proteasome
Authors: Sun Lianhui , Fan Guangjian , Shan Peipei , Qiu Xiaoying , Dong Shuxian , Liao Lujian , Yu Chunlei , Wang Tingting , Gu Xiaoyang , Li Qian , Song Xiaoyu , Cao Liu , Li Xiaotao , Cui Yongping , Zhang Shengping , Wang Chuangui
Published: August 2016

Maintenance of energy homeostasis is essential for cell survival. Here, we report that the ATP- and ubiquitin-independent REGγ-proteasome system plays a role in maintaining energy homeostasis and cell survival during energy starvation via repressing rDNA transcription, a major intracellular energy-consuming process. Mechanistically, REGγ-proteasome limits cellular rDNA transcription and energy consumption by targeting the rDNA transcription activator SirT7 for ubiquitin-independent degradation under normal conditions. Moreover, energy starvation induces an AMPK-directed SirT7 phosphorylation and subsequent REGγ-dependent SirT7 subcellular redistribution and degradation, thereby further reducing rDNA transcription to save energy to overcome cell death. Energy starvation is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. Our report also shows that REGγ knockdown markedly improves the anti-tumour activity of energy metabolism inhibitors in mice. Our results underscore a control mechanism for an ubiquitin-independent process in maintaining energy homeostasis and cell viability under starvation conditions, suggesting that REGγ-proteasome inhibition has a potential to provide tumour-starving benefits.
Dislocation network with pair-coupling structure in {111} γ/γ′ interface of Ni-based single crystal superalloy
Authors: Ru Yi , Li Shusuo , Zhou Jian , Pei Yanling , Wang Hui , Gong Shengkai , Xu Huibin
Published: August 2016

The γ/γ′ interface dislocation network is reported to improve the high temperature creep resistance of single crystal superalloys and is usually found to deposit in {001} interface. In this work, a new type of dislocation network was found in {111} γ/γ′ interface at a single crystal model superalloy crept at 1100 °C/100 MPa. The dislocations in the network are screw with Burgers vectors of 1/2 a<110> and most interestingly, they exhibit a pair-coupling structure. Further investigation indicates that the formation of {111} interface dislocation network occurs when the γ′ raft structure begins to degrade by the dislocations cutting into the rafted γ′ through the interface. In this condition, the pair-coupling structure is established by the dislocations gliding in a single {111} plane of γ′, in order to remove the anti-phase boundary in γ′; these dislocations also act as diffusion channels for dissolving of the γ′ particle that is unstable under the interfacial stress from lattice misfit, which leads to the formation of {111}-type zigzag interface. The formation of this network arises as a consequence of more negative misfit, low-alloying γ′ particle and proper test conditions of temperature and stress.
Terrestrial carbohydrates support freshwater zooplankton during phytoplankton deficiency
Authors: Taipale Sami J. , Galloway Aaron W. E. , Aalto Sanni L. , Kahilainen Kimmo K. , Strandberg Ursula , Kankaala Paula
Published: August 2016

Freshwater food webs can be partly supported by terrestrial primary production, often deriving from plant litter of surrounding catchment vegetation. Although consisting mainly of poorly bioavailable lignin, with low protein and lipid content, the carbohydrates from fallen tree leaves and shoreline vegetation may be utilized by aquatic consumers. Here we show that during phytoplankton deficiency, zooplankton (Daphnia magna) can benefit from terrestrial particulate organic matter by using terrestrial-origin carbohydrates for energy and sparing essential fatty acids and amino acids for somatic growth and reproduction. Assimilated terrestrial-origin fatty acids from shoreline reed particles exceeded available diet, indicating thatDaphniamay convert a part of their dietary carbohydrates to saturated fatty acids. This conversion was not observed with birch leaf diets, which had lower carbohydrate content. Subsequent analysis of 21 boreal and subarctic lakes showed that diet of herbivorous zooplankton is mainly based on high-quality phytoplankton rich in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. The proportion of low-quality diets (bacteria and terrestrial particulate organic matter) was <28% of the assimilated carbon. Taken collectively, the incorporation of terrestrial carbon into zooplankton was not directly related to the concentration of terrestrial organic matter in experiments or lakes, but rather to the low availability of phytoplankton.
Supersonic shearwave elastography in the assessment of liver fibrosis for postoperative patients with biliary atresia
Authors: Chen Shuling , Liao Bing , Zhong Zhihai , Zheng Yanling , Liu Baoxian , Shan Quanyuan , Xie Xiaoyan , Zhou Luyao
Published: August 2016

To explore an effective noninvasive tool for monitoring liver fibrosis of children with biliary atresia (BA) is important but evidences are limited. This study is to investigate the predictive accuracy of supersonic shearwave elastography (SSWE) in liver fibrosis for postoperative patients with BA and to compare it with aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4). 24 patients with BA received SSWE and laboratory tests before scheduled for liver biopsy. Spearman rank coefficient and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) were used to analyze data. Metavir scores were F0 in 3, F1 in 2, F2 in 4, F3 in 7 and F4 in 8 patients. FIB-4 failed to correlate with fibrosis stage. The areas under the ROC curves of SSWE, APRI and their combination were 0.79, 0.65 and 0.78 for significant fibrosis, 0.81, 0.64 and 0.76 for advanced fibrosis, 0.82, 0.56 and 0.84 for cirrhosis. SSWE values at biopsy was correlated with platelet count (r = −0.426,P = 0.038), serum albumin (r = −0.670,P < 0.001), total bilirubin (r = 0.419,P = 0.041) and direct bilirubin levels (r = 0.518,P = 0.010) measured at 6 months after liver biopsy. Our results indicate that SSWE is a more promising tool to assess liver fibrosis than APRI and FIB-4 in children with BA.
RAMPred: identifying the N1-methyladenosine sites in eukaryotic transcriptomes
Authors: Chen Wei , Feng Pengmian , Tang Hua , Ding Hui , Lin Hao
Published: August 2016

N1-methyladenosine (m1A) is a prominent RNA modification involved in many biological processes. Accurate identification of m1A site is invaluable for better understanding the biological functions of m1A. However, limitations in experimental methods preclude the progress towards the identification of m1A site. As an excellent complement of experimental methods, a support vector machine based-method called RAMPred is proposed to identify m1A sites in H. sapiens, M. musculus and S. cerevisiae genomes for the first time. In this method, RNA sequences are encoded by using nucleotide chemical property and nucleotide compositions. RAMPred achieves promising performances in jackknife tests, cross cell line tests and cross species tests, indicating that RAMPred holds very high potential to become a useful tool for identifying m1A sites. For the convenience of experimental scientists, a web-server based on the proposed model was constructed and could be freely accessible at http://lin.uestc.edu.cn/server/RAMPred.
Mapping B-cell responses to Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis in chickens for the discrimination of infected from vaccinated animals
Authors: Naqid Ibrahim A. , Owen Jonathan P. , Maddison Ben C. , Spiliotopoulos Anastasios , Emes Richard D. , Warry Andrew , Flynn Robin J. , Martelli Francesca , Gosling Rebecca J. , Davies Robert H. , La Ragione Roberto M. , Gough Kevin C.
Published: August 2016

Serological surveillance and vaccination are important strategies for controlling infectious diseases of food production animals. However, the compatibility of these strategies is limited by a lack of assays capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA tests) for established killed or attenuated vaccines. Here, we used next generation phage-display (NGPD) and a 2-proportion Z score analysis to identify peptides that were preferentially bound by IgY from chickens infected with Salmonella Typhimurium or S. Enteritidis compared to IgY from vaccinates, for both an attenuated and an inactivated commercial vaccine. Peptides that were highly enriched against IgY from at least 4 out of 10 infected chickens were selected: 18 and 12 peptides for the killed and attenuated vaccines, respectively. The ten most discriminatory peptides for each vaccine were identified in an ELISA using a training set of IgY samples. These peptides were then used in multi-peptide assays that, when analysing a wider set of samples from infected and vaccinated animals, diagnosed infection with 100% sensitivity and specificity. The data describes a method for the development of DIVA assays for conventional attenuated and killed vaccines.
Quantum measurement-induced antiferromagnetic order and density modulations in ultracold Fermi gases in optical lattices
Authors: Mazzucchi Gabriel , Caballero-Benitez Santiago F. , Mekhov Igor B.
Published: August 2016

Ultracold atomic systems offer a unique tool for understanding behavior of matter in the quantum degenerate regime, promising studies of a vast range of phenomena covering many disciplines from condensed matter to quantum information and particle physics. Coupling these systems to quantized light fields opens further possibilities of observing delicate effects typical of quantum optics in the context of strongly correlated systems. Measurement backaction is one of the most funda- mental manifestations of quantum mechanics and it is at the core of many famous quantum optics experiments. Here we show that quantum backaction of weak measurement can be used for tailoring long-range correlations of ultracold fermions, realizing quantum states with spatial modulations of the density and magnetization, thus overcoming usual requirement for a strong interatomic interactions. We propose detection schemes for implementing antiferromagnetic states and density waves. We demonstrate that such long-range correlations cannot be realized with local addressing, and they are a consequence of the competition between global but spatially structured backaction of weak quantum measurement and unitary dynamics of fermions.