bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mind and brain: Building bridges between neurology, psychiatry, and psychology
Authors: Zeman Adam
Published: February 2020

Medicine is traditionally regarded as concerning itself with disorders of the body while psychiatry concerns itself with disorders of the mind—and ‘never the twain shall meet’. But both everyday clinical experience and our growing understanding of the physical basis of mind challenge this view. Patients are always a compound of body and mind; discoveries relating to the mechanisms, phylogeny, ontogeny, and functions of the central nervous system are gradually traversing the mind-body and mind-brain divides. We should take a bio-psycho-social approach in every clinical encounter and seek theories that explain the emergence of mind from life much as life emerges from matter.
Electrophysiology of the central and peripheral nervous systems
Authors: Krarup Christian
Published: February 2020

This chapter looks at electrophysiological studies of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system—the core investigations in clinical neurophysiology. These include electroencephalography, which is of value to diagnose epilepsy caused by focal or diffuse brain diseases, electromyography and nerve conduction studies, which are of value to diagnose diseases in nerves and muscles, and evoked potentials, which are of value to diagnose diseases of white matter in the brain and spinal cord.
Subcortical structures: The cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamus
Authors: Edwards Mark J. , Talelli Penelope
Published: February 2020

Less is known of the function of the cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia than of other structures in the brain, but there is an increasing appreciation of their complex role in motor and non-motor functions of the entire nervous system. These structures exercise functions that far exceed their previously assumed supporting parts as simple ‘relay stations’ between cortex and spinal cord. The subcortical structures receive massive different inputs from the cerebral cortex and peripheral sense organs and stretch receptors. Through recurrent feedback loops this information is integrated and shaped to provide output which contributes to scaling, sequencing, and timing of movement, as well as learning and automatization of motor and non-motor behaviours.
Parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal diseases
Authors: Sokolov Elisaveta , Metta Vinod K. , Chaudhuri K. Ray
Published: February 2020

The human basal ganglia is a complex functional organization, with important interconnections with the nigrostriatal pathway, which dominates the dopaminergic innervation of the striatum (caudate nucleus and the putamen). The principal clinical syndromes affecting it are Parkinson’s disease; other syndromes with parkinsonian features (including drug-induced parkinsonism); progressive supranuclear palsy; multisystem atrophy; dementia with Lewy bodies; neuroacanthosis; torsion dystonia; and chorea. Apart from the use of dopaminergic agents, several drugs have beneficial effects in the management of parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal diseases. Parkinson’s disease affects about 0.2% of the population, including 2% of those over 80 years of age. The main pathological feature is degeneration of neuromelanin-containing neurons and Lewy body inclusions in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, which leads directly and indirectly to excessive inhibition of the thalamus and consequent bradykinesia.
Headache
Authors: Goadsby Peter J.
Published: February 2020

Headache is among the most common of human maladies. So much so that it is generally (and often incorrectly) assumed to be understood, especially by doctors. The classification of headache, with formal definitions of different diagnostic entities, by the International Headache Society into (1) primary—occurring in the absence of external causes, and (2) secondary—some of which may have sinister cause, has greatly simplified the description, understanding, and management of this often challenging symptom. It also allows those headaches with serious or life-threatening consequences to be distinguished from other forms. This chapter examines the various types of headache, from primary headaches and migraine, and tension-type to secondary headache and other forms.
Stroke: Cerebrovascular disease
Authors: van Gijn J. , Rothwell Peter M.
Published: February 2020

Cerebrovascular diseases include many pathological conditions but the principal categories are (1) infarction—through occlusion of major arteries, small arteries or venous sinuses; and (2) haemorrhage—most often through rupture of small arteries, arterial aneurysms, or capillaries. Strokes are common, with annual incidence rates for subjects aged over 55 ranging from 420 to over 1,000 per 100,000. They are the most important case of disability in developed Western nations and the second most frequent cause of death after coronary heart disease. About 80% of strokes are caused by cerebral infarcts, with the remainder due to haemorrhage, with 20% of these attributable to a bleeding cerebral aneurysm. The annual incidence of transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) is about 50–100 per 100,000.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Authors: Sinclair Alexandra
Published: February 2020

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) (also called pseudotumour cerebri and, previously, benign intracranial hypertension) is a syndrome of raised intracranial pressure in the absence of an intracranial mass lesion, enlargement of the cerebral ventricles, or venous sinus thrombosis. IIH affects predominantly obese women of childbearing age (>90%). The condition has considerable morbidity from permanent visual loss (up to 25% of cases) and chronic disabling headaches, which result in poor quality of life. Patients presenting acutely with papilloedema must be evaluated urgently for secondary causes of raised intracranial pressure (e.g. space occupying lesion and venous thrombosis). After this, the priority is to assess accurately the threat to vision. In most patients, the condition becomes chronic and the disease burden is mostly from chronic headaches, which need active management, alongside visual monitoring. This chapter does not cover paediatric IIH.
Neurosyphilis and neuro-AIDS
Authors: Manji Hadi
Published: February 2020

Invasion of the central nervous system occurs early in the course of syphilis infection. Neurosyphilis causes a meningitis, a myeloradiculopathy due to pachymeningitis, gummatous (granulomatous) cord and brain lesions; endarteritis may cause infarction and a low-grade meningoencephalitis affecting the brain results in dementia (general paralysis of the insane) and in the spinal cord, a sensory ataxic syndrome (tabes dorsalis). The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapies has greatly reduced the frequency of these complications in patients with access to these treatments. However, newer complications are now increasingly recognized such as neurological immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, a compartmentalization syndrome (cerebrospinal fluid escape). This chapter looks at these and other important issues regarding the background, diagnosis, treatment, and outlook for neurosyphilis and neuro-AIDS.
Disorders of cranial nerves
Authors: Hadden Robert D.M.
Published: February 2020

The 12 cranial nerves are peripheral nerves except for the olfactory and optic nerves which are central nervous system tracts. Disorders of each nerve are discussed in turn, summarising the complex anatomy and many causes. The commonest single nerve disorders are anosmia due to head injury, eye movement disorders due to microvascular ischaemia of the oculomotor or abducens nerve, trigeminal neuralgia, and Bell's facial palsy. Multiple cranial nerves may be affected simultaneously by structural lesions at key locations such as skull foramina, and various inflammatory, neoplastic or infective causes.
Muscular dystrophy
Authors: Bushby Kate , Marini-Bettolo Chiara
Published: February 2020

Muscular dystrophy is not a single disease. Many different types of muscular dystrophy can be recognized: all are primary, genetically determined disorders of muscle and all cause muscle weakness and wasting, which is usually progressive. Muscular dystrophies are primary, genetically determined disorders of muscle. All cause muscle weakness, which is usually progressive. They are challenging to classify, but clinical characteristics can be combined with genetic and molecular information to obtain a useful operational nomenclature for prognosis and family counselling. In general, diagnosis is guided by the age at which clinical manifestations appear, the distribution of weakness, and the rate at which muscle function is lost, but unusual features such as muscle pain and rhabdomyolysis may also contribute to the identification of a particular hereditary muscle disorder.
Myotonia
Authors: Hilton-Jones David
Published: February 2020

Myotonia is defined at an electrical level as repetitive discharge of the muscle fibre membrane after initial activation, which occurs due to dysfunction of the membrane’s ion channels, most commonly the chloride channel, less commonly the sodium channel. This manifests clinically as stiffness of the muscle and delayed relaxation after voluntary contraction (e.g. difficulty relaxing the grip after clenching the fingers, and stiffness in the thigh muscles and difficulty walking on first moving after rest). Disabling myotonia may respond to carbamazepine, phenytoin or, often most effectively, mexiletine, although supplies are now limited. This chapter takes a closer look at the condition, its symptoms, presentations, diagnosis, and treatment.
Medically unexplained symptoms
Authors: Sharpe Michael
Published: February 2020

Physical symptoms are not always associated with disease. In secondary medical care as many as a third of patients present with symptoms unexplained by disease. Such ‘medically unexplained symptoms’ pose a challenge for clinical services that focus on identifying and treating disease. The principles of effective management are to: (a) avoid overinvestigation and giving speculative treatment for disease; (b) take a positive approach with the patient, accepting the reality of the symptoms while explaining clearly that they do not indicate disease; (c) identify and provide treatment for associated depression and anxiety disorders; (d) refer for psychiatric or psychological treatment when required. Complex cases with multiple persistent medically unexplained symptoms are at particular risk of iatrogenic harm and require active multidisciplinary management. Psychological treatments such as cognitive behaviour therapy may be effective.
Psychological treatments
Authors: Sharpe Michael , Wessely Simon
Published: February 2020

Psychological treatments, sometimes called psychotherapies or talking treatments, refer to the use of psychological, as opposed to pharmacological or surgical methods, to treat an illness or improve a person’s well-being. They may be regarded as general or specific in type. General psychological treatments, such as listening to the patient and providing reassurance, are a core aspect of general medical practice as all medical interactions will have a psychological impact on the patient, whether for good or ill. Specific psychological therapies, which are usually given by trained therapists, are important treatments for psychiatric illnesses such as depression and anxiety. Consequently, it is important that physicians both know how to make their consultations generally psychotherapeutic and about specific psychological treatments, so that they can refer patients appropriately for these.
Organic psychoses
Authors: McKnight Curtis , Caplan Jason
Published: February 2020

A psychosis is a syndrome characterized by delusions and hallucinations. Organic psychoses refer to those psychoses attributed to identifiable brain diseases andare thereby distinguished from primary psychoses such as schizophrenia. Almost any condition that affects the brain can cause an organic psychosis. Delirium and dementia are the most common, although there are many other causes including other neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, multiple sclerosis, endocrinopathies, metabolic disorders, and infections. Making the diagnosis of an organic psychosis requires a high index of suspicion and appropriate investigation. The treatment is usually that of the primary disease when that is possible, while the symptoms of psychosis can be managed using antipsychotic drugs.
Bipolar disorder
Authors: Saunders Kate E.A. , Geddes John
Published: February 2020

Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable, lifelong, relapsing, and remitting chronic mental illness. While traditionally characterized as a disorder with distinct periods of elated and depressed mood, it is now clear that interepisode mood instability is common. Comorbid psychiatric and medical conditions are common. When occurring in medical settings mania can be both disruptive and hazardous, and may require active psychiatric management. Pharmacological approaches are the mainstay of treatment, although adjunctive psychotherapies are helpful in preventing relapse. Compulsory detention in hospital using mental health law may sometimes be required for both manic and depressive states.
Eating disorders
Authors: Fairburn Christopher G.
Published: February 2020

The eating disorders are a group of conditions, central to which is a disturbance of eating behaviour. The main diagnoses are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, in both of which there is an extreme concern with weight and shape. In anorexia nervosa, persistent dietary restriction leads to weight loss, which may be severe. In bulimia nervosa, the dietary restriction is interrupted by repeated episodes of binge eating (typically followed by self-induced vomiting) and weight is usually unremarkable. Both disorders may be accompanied by medical complications that present to physicians. Anorexia nervosa has the potential to be life-threatening because of the consequences of starvation. Patients may require medical attention for the correction of electrolyte disturbance and sometimes admission to a medical unit for refeeding. The main treatment of eating disorders is psychological. The prognosis of bulimia nervosa is generally good but is less positive for anorexia nervosa.
Somatic symptom and related disorders
Authors: Sharpe Michael
Published: February 2020

Somatic symptom disorder is a diagnosis for patients who have marked concern about physical symptoms that appears to be disproportionate to the severity of any associated disease. In conversion disorder the patient’s symptom is loss of a function, such as movement of a limb. This does not mean that the symptoms are not real. Somatic symptom disorder incorporates the older diagnoses of somatoform disorder, somatization disorder, Briquet’s syndrome, and hypochondriasis. Somatic symptom disorder of mild severity is common in medical clinics; it usually responds to simple explanation and reassurance. More severe somatic symptom disorder with multiple symptoms and severe disability is less common, but important to diagnose because these patients are at substantial risk of iatrogenic harm from excessive investigation and speculative medical or surgical treatment. Severe somatic symptom disorder usually requires multidisciplinary care, including liaison psychiatry.
The use of biochemical analysis for diagnosis and management
Authors: Shine Brian , Guha Nishan
Published: February 2020

Biochemistry, biochemical testing, and specialist biochemical practitioners have an important role in clinical practice in both diagnosis and management, as emphasized by the fact that some discussion of biochemical testing appears in almost every chapter of this book. Included in this chapter are (1) a listing of the reference intervals (formerly termed reference ranges) for the most widely used biochemical tests, with conversion factors included (where appropriate) to convert intervals from SI to conventional units, and their grouping into organ system profiles in common usage; (2) a description of the pitfalls and limitations of interpretation of reference intervals; and (3) some commonly used protocols for dynamic function tests.
Acute medical presentations
Authors: Coggle Sian , Jolly Elaine , Firth John D.
Published: February 2020

This chapter provides concise details of the clinical features, immediate management, key investigations, and further management of all of the common acute medical presentations. Other scales, charts, and reference tables are also provided where relevant. These emergency presentations are clearly organized in the following sections: cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, metabolic and endocrine, neurological, infectious diseases, psychiatric, and ‘other’ (disseminated intravascular coagulation, extremes of temperature, and sickle cell crises). Links throughout the chapter also point back into the detailed discussion of each relevant presentation that the Oxford Textbook of Medicine provides.
The better half – asymmetric star formation due to ram pressure in the EAGLE simulations
Authors: Troncoso-Iribarren P , Padilla N , Santander C , Lagos C D P , García-Lambas D , Rodríguez S , Contreras S
Published: February 2020

We use the EAGLE simulations to study the effects of the intracluster medium on the spatially resolved star formation activity in galaxies. We study three cases of galaxy asymmetry dividing each galaxy into two halves using the plane (i) perpendicular to the velocity direction, differentiating the galaxy part approaching the cluster centre, hereafter dubbed the ‘leading half’, and the opposite ‘trailing half’; (ii) perpendicular to the radial position of the satellite to the centre of the cluster; and (iii) that maximizes the star formation rate ($\rm SFR$) difference between the two halves. For (i), we find an enhancement of the $\rm SFR$, star formation efficiency, and interstellar medium pressure in the leading half with respect to the trailing one and normal star-forming galaxies in the EAGLE simulation, and a clear overabundance of gas particles in their trailing. These results suggest that ram pressure is boosting the star formation by gas compression in the leading half, and transporting the gas to the trailing half. This effect is more pronounced in satellites of intermediate stellar masses $\rm 10^{9.5}\!-\!10^{10.5}\,M_{\odot }$, with gas masses above $\rm 10^{9} M_{\odot }$, and located within one virial radius or in the most massive clusters. In (iii), we find an alignment between the velocity and the vector perpendicular to the plane that maximizes the $\rm SFR$ difference between the two halves. It suggests that finding this plane in real galaxies can provide an insight into the velocity direction.
Footprints of Doppler and aberration effects in cosmic microwave background experiments: statistical and cosmological implications
Authors: Yasini Siavash , Pierpaoli Elena
Published: February 2020

In the frame of the Solar system, the Doppler and aberration effects cause distortions in the form of mode couplings in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization power spectra and, hence, impose biases on the statistics derived by the moving observer. We explore several aspects of such biases and pay close attention to their effects on CMB polarization, which, previously, have not been examined in detail. A potentially important bias that we introduce here is boost variance—an additional term in cosmic variance, induced by the observer’s motion. Although this additional term is negligible for whole-sky experiments, in partial-sky experiments it can reach 10 per cent (temperature) to 20 per cent (polarization) of the standard cosmic variance (σ). Furthermore, we investigate the significance of motion-induced power and parity asymmetries in TT, EE, and TE as well as potential biases induced in cosmological parameter estimation performed with whole-sky TTTEEE. Using Planck-like simulations, we find that our local motion induces $\sim 1\!-\!2 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ hemispherical asymmetry in a wide range of angular scales in the CMB temperature and polarization power spectra; however, it does not imply any significant amount of parity asymmetry or shift in cosmological parameters. Finally, we examine the prospects of measuring the velocity of the Solar system w.r.t. the CMB with future experiments via the mode coupling induced by the Doppler and aberration effects. Using the CMB TT, EE, and TE power spectra up to ℓ = 4000, the Simons Observatory and CMB-S4 can make a dipole-independent measurement of our local velocity, respectively, at 8.5σ and 20σ.
Molecular basis for t6A modification in human mitochondria
Authors: Zhou Jing-Bo , Wang Yong , Zeng Qi-Yu , Meng Shi-Xin , Wang En-Duo , Zhou Xiao-Long
Published: February 2020

N 6-Threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A) is a universal tRNA modification essential for translational accuracy and fidelity. In human mitochondria, YrdC synthesises an l-threonylcarbamoyl adenylate (TC-AMP) intermediate, and OSGEPL1 transfers the TC-moiety to five tRNAs, including human mitochondrial tRNAThr (hmtRNAThr). Mutation of hmtRNAs, YrdC and OSGEPL1, affecting efficient t6A modification, has been implicated in various human diseases. However, little is known about the tRNA recognition mechanism in t6A formation in human mitochondria. Herein, we showed that OSGEPL1 is a monomer and is unique in utilising C34 as an anti-determinant by studying the contributions of individual bases in the anticodon loop of hmtRNAThr to t6A modification. OSGEPL1 activity was greatly enhanced by introducing G38A in hmtRNAIle or the A28:U42 base pair in a chimeric tRNA containing the anticodon stem of hmtRNASer(AGY), suggesting that sequences of specific hmtRNAs are fine-tuned for different modification levels. Moreover, using purified OSGEPL1, we identified multiple acetylation sites, and OSGEPL1 activity was readily affected by acetylation via multiple mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, we systematically elucidated the nucleotide requirement in the anticodon loop of hmtRNAs, and revealed mechanisms involving tRNA sequence optimisation and post-translational protein modification that determine t6A modification levels.
Oplr16 serves as a novel chromatin factor to control stem cell fate by modulating pluripotency-specific chromosomal looping and TET2-mediated DNA demethylation
Authors: Jia Lin , Wang Yichen , Wang Cong , Du Zhonghua , Zhang Shilin , Wen Xue , Zhou Lei , Li Hui , Chen Huiling , Li Dan , Zhang Songling , Li Wei , Xu Wei , Hoffman Andrew R , Cui Jiuwei , Hu Ji-Fan
Published: February 2020

Formation of a pluripotency-specific chromatin network is a critical event in reprogramming somatic cells into pluripotent status. To characterize the regulatory components in this process, we used ‘chromatin RNA in situ reverse transcription sequencing’ (CRIST-seq) to profile RNA components that interact with the pluripotency master gene Oct4. Using this approach, we identified a novel nuclear lncRNA Oplr16 that was closely involved in the initiation of reprogramming. Oplr16 not only interacted with the Oct4 promoter and regulated its activity, but it was also specifically activated during reprogramming to pluripotency. Active expression of Oplr16 was required for optimal maintenance of pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. Oplr16 was also able to enhance reprogramming of fibroblasts into pluripotent cells. RNA reverse transcription-associated trap sequencing (RAT-seq) indicated that Oplr16 interacted with multiple target genes related to stem cell self-renewal. Of note, Oplr16 utilized its 3′-fragment to recruit the chromatin factor SMC1 to orchestrate pluripotency-specific intrachromosomal looping. After binding to the Oct4 promoter, Oplr16 recruited TET2 to induce DNA demethylation and activate Oct4 in fibroblasts, leading to enhanced reprogramming. These data suggest that Oplr16 may act as a pivotal chromatin factor to control stem cell fate by modulating chromatin architecture and DNA demethylation.
Interhemispheric Craniotomy for Resection of Thalamic Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Hendricks Benjamin K , Spetzler Robert F
Published: February 2020

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) that occupy the deep brain structures are a formidable challenge during neurosurgical intervention. The heightened hemorrhage risk associated with these lesions necessitates intervention that often requires multimodal management. This patient presented following a large intraventricular hemorrhage and finding of a left thalamic AVM. The patient then underwent preoperative embolization and a frontal interhemispheric transcallosal approach for resection. The AVM was disconnected through standard sequential coagulation of feeding arteries and draining veins, followed by nidus excision. Postoperative angiography confirmed complete AVM resection, and the patient tolerated the procedure well. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
Care and Disability: Friends or Foes
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: February 2020

This chapter argues that critical disability theory and an ethics of care, rather than offering opposing ways to think about disability, can be allies in crafting a theoretical foundation for providing care and assistance for disabled people. It recognizes the importance of taking seriously objections to care theory and to thinking of disabled people as dependents. Yet it urges that disability theorists forgo adopting the dominant liberal conceptions of the value of independence and the stigma of dependence and embrace a robust fully normative ethic of care that is compatible with the rights and dignity of disabled people.
Beyond Instrumental Value: Respecting The Will of Others and Deciding On Their Behalf
Authors: Howard Dana , Wendler David
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores the ethical responsibilities of those who make medical decisions on behalf of individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities that result in lifelong decisional incapacity. Standard accounts argue that because these patients have never had the capacity to make their own decisions, surrogates should make decisions based solely on what best promotes the patients’ welfare. On such accounts, the preferences, values, and decisions of those with impaired consent capacity are still relevant to decision making but only instrumentally: to the extent that soliciting them is conducive to or can provide an indicator of the patients’ general interests. Such accounts fail to ensure that such patients are properly respected. Rather than emphasize the importance of respect for autonomy, this chapter explores the more inclusive question of how decision making can be done in a way that does not insult the existent agential capacities of individuals. Trustees need to recognize that a patient’s unique evaluative perspective possesses intrinsic normative significance, and giving moral weight to their preferences, values, and decisions provides a way to respect that perspective.
The Life Span Development of Generativity
Authors: Pratt Michael W. , Matsuba M. Kyle , Lawford Heather L. , Villar Feliciano
Published: February 2020

This chapter addresses the development of generativity, Erikson’s conception of the midlife strength in his eight-stage model of personality development. Following Erikson, the authors define generativity as care for next generations and set it in the context of both personality theory and life span development. Specifically, the authors draw on the framework of McAdams that characterizes personality as composed of three sequentially developing levels: actions, goals/motives, and the narrative life story (a mature form of narrative that provides the self with a sense of meaning and identity). The authors then review research on generativity as expressed from adolescence to later adulthood, which indicates that it is a relevant construct across this entire period in a variety of life domains. They also consider factors influencing generativity levels, including family background and cultural variations. Throughout the chapter, the authors consider the connections of generativity to morality across different facets of personality and stages of the adult life span.
Integrating Cultural Values Through Everyday Experiences
Authors: Gaskins Suzanne
Published: February 2020

Children learn their culture’s moral system by participating and observing everyday life. Yucatec Maya children’s cultural environment is organized on three intertwined principles: autonomy, belonging, and work. As they develop, they must integrate them into a single system that motivates their moral behavior. From infancy, children assert and caregivers respect their autonomy to organize their own activities, learning, and social engagement. Belonging entails reciprocal caring within an age hierarchy of responsibility and respect. Work is not only exercising competence but also “pitching in.” Understanding these more complex meanings lead Yucatec Maya children to see that their actions matter to their family, and they recalibrate their idea of autonomy to include the opportunity to make a difference. A model for studying the development of children’s moral understanding is demonstrated by ethnographic data: study the child-in-context and interpret everyday behavior as evidence of moral action as defined by the culture.
Moral Self-Identity and Character Development
Authors: Lapsley Daniel , Reilly Timothy S. , Narvaez Darcia F.
Published: February 2020

Moral development is a kind of sociopersonality development that has as its aim the disposition to virtue. The developmental grounding of moral personality is in the first months of life and includes neurobiological foundations, the mutual responsive orientation, and dialogic socialization of the moral self. The authors argue that moral self-identity offers integrative possibilities for understanding the life span development of moral personality and for understanding the dispositional and motivational bases of moral behavior, and that social cognitive theory has resources for understanding how the moral self and conscience of infancy is canalized into individual and cultural differences in the schedule and priority of character strengths that are the targets of socialization. Moral self-identity and character are placed in the historical context of the moral stage theory paradigm.
Mind Tracker as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: Przegalinska Aleksandra
Published: February 2020

This chapter dwells on the mind tracker as a particular technology of organization. After introducing the concept of self-tracking and the historical development of wearable technologies, it discusses the rise of self-tracking communities focused on using wearable technologies to ‘enhance’ the mental and physical capacities of their members. Subsequently, the concept of the mind tracker is analysed. Mind trackers have worked along a bodily trajectory, looking to combine awareness of the inner workings of the brain with outward features such as facial expression in order to then recognize certain affective states. Mind trackers claim to provide information on one’s state of mind, sleep pattern, emotional spectrum, and the strength of emotions. In doing so, their producers declare that the devices can assist in improving focus, reduce stress, and increase attentiveness. They can, however, bear serious consequences in the context of privacy, transparency, and coercion, particularly in the organizational context.
Senses of Self
Authors: Ashcraft Karen Lee
Published: February 2020

Research on identity at work tends to take the individual as unit of analysis. This chapter explores how we might address identity beyond the person—not merely as a social practice led by conscious humans, but as a semi-conscious bodily encounter that activates the individual. Drawing on affect theory, the author makes the case for a pre-individual approach to identity, abridged as ‘senses of self’. Instead of a social construction that is primarily human, social, and intersubjective, identity becomes a sociomaterial production that is posthuman, social and material, and transpersonal. After conceptualizing this shift, the author shows how it can help us rework current formulations of identity at work, such as the ‘glass slipper’ of occupational identity. Ultimately, the author argues that a pre-individual unit of analysis is crucial to better understanding late-capitalist operations of identity. By replacing the fantasy of bounded individuals who compose themselves with the figure of the Sleepwalker, the senses-of-self approach can cultivate a molecular politics of identity, attuned to bodily vulnerability.
Syntax and Contact-Induced Language Change
Authors: Ross Malcolm
Published: February 2020

The chapter examines contact-induced change in grammatical constructions. Scholars know of only a few cases where evidence is available of both (i) the social context of constructional change and (ii) the grammars of the copying language before and after change and the model language during the change. Most examples are drawn from two European languages which largely fulfil these conditions. Contact-induced constructional change occurs either through bilingualism or through rapid language shift. Bilingually induced change is exemplified by Colloquial Upper Sorbian, rapid language shift by rural Irish English. Four degrees of change are identified: increased frequency of use, change in function, constructional calquing and metatypy. The chapter then discusses the mechanisms and social contexts of constructional change and compares bilingually induced and shift-induced change, leading to the observation that metatypy is restricted to bilingually induced change. In other respects both kinds of change have similar effects. This means that contact-induced change in grammatical constructions serves to diagnose the difference between bilingually induced change and rapid language shift only in rather rare instances.
Vaccinating for Whom? Distinguishing between Self-Protective, Paternalistic, Altruistic and Indirect Vaccination
Authors: Kraaijeveld Steven R
Published: February 2020

Preventive vaccination can protect not just vaccinated individuals, but also others, which is often a central point in discussions about vaccination. To date, there has been no systematic study of self- and other-directed motives behind vaccination. This article has two major goals: first, to examine and distinguish between self- and other-directed motives behind vaccination, especially with regard to vaccinating for the sake of third parties, and second, to explore some ways in which this approach can help to clarify and guide vaccination debates and policy. I propose conceiving of vaccination in terms of three basic elements: the vaccination decision-maker, the vaccine recipient and the primary beneficiary. I develop a taxonomy based on the relations between these elements to distinguish four kinds of vaccination: self-protective, paternalistic, altruistic and indirect. I finally discuss the case of human papillomavirus vaccine regulation for men and women to show how each kind of vaccination is associated with and raises specific ethical questions.
Individuals with Persistent Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome Exhibit Impaired Pain Modulation, as well as Poorer Physical and Psychological Health, Compared with Pain-Free Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Plinsinga Melanie Louise , Coombes Brooke Kaye , Mellor Rebecca , Vicenzino Bill
Published: February 2020

Objectives

To compare physical, sensory, and psychosocial factors between individuals with greater trochanteric pain syndrome and controls and to explore factors associated with pain and disability.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

General community.

Subjects

Patients with persistent, clinically diagnosed greater trochanteric pain syndrome and healthy controls.

Methods

Participants completed tests of thermal and pressure pain threshold, conditioned pain modulation, temporal summation, muscle strength, physical function, physical activity, psychological factors, and health-related quality of life. Standardized mean differences between groups were calculated, and multiple linear regression identified factors associated with pain and disability.

Results

Forty patients (95% female, average [SD] age = 51 [9] years) and 58 controls (95% female, average [SD] age = 53 [11] years) were included. Heat pain threshold, temporal summation, and pain catastrophizing were not different between groups. Compared with controls, patients displayed significantly poorer quality of life (standardized mean difference = –2.66), lower pressure pain threshold locally (–1.47, remotely = –0.57), poorer health status (–1.22), impaired physical function (range = 0.64–1.20), less conditioned pain modulation (–1.01), weaker hip abductor/extensor strength (–1.01 and –0.59), higher depression (0.72) and anxiety (0.61) levels, lower cold pain threshold locally (–0.47, remotely = –0.39), and less time spent in (vigorous) physical activity (range = –0.43 to –0.39). Twenty-six percent of pain and disability was explained by depression, hip abductor strength, and time to complete stairs.

Conclusions

Patients with greater trochanteric pain syndrome exhibited poorer health-related quality of life, physical impairments, widespread hyperalgesia, and greater psychological distress than healthy controls. Physical and psychological factors were associated with pain and disability.
Derivatives Supply and Corporate Hedging: Evidence from the Safe Harbor Reform of 2005
Authors: Giambona Erasmo , Wang Ye
Published: February 2020

This article analyzes the importance of supply-side fluctuations for corporate hedging. To establish a causal link, we exploit a regulatory change that allows derivatives counterparties to circumvent the Bankruptcy Code’s automatic stay: the Safe Harbor Reform of 2005. Following the reform-induced expansion in the availability of derivatives, fuel hedging by airlines nearing financial distress (those that benefited most from the reform) significantly increased in comparison with financially sound airlines. We find that the hedging propensity similarly increased in a general sample of nonfinancial firms. In line with theory, we also find that operating performance increased for the affected firms.
Biomarker panels may be superior over single molecules in prediction of renal flares in systemic lupus erythematosus: an exploratory study
Authors: Fasano Serena , Pierro Luciana , Borgia Alessia , Coscia Melania Alessia , Formica Ranieri , Bucci Laura , Riccardi Antonella , Ciccia Francesco
Published: February 2020

Objective

Recent evidence suggests that some urinary biomarkers, namely Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1), Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1), Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalcin and Lipocalin-type Prostaglandin D-Synthetase (L-PGDS), might discriminate SLE patients with ongoing renal activity from those with stable disease. The objective of this study was to assess the role of these markers in predicting renal flares in comparison with conventional biomarkers and to derive a biomarker panel which may improve diagnostic accuracy.

Methods

Eligible participants were SLE patients prospectively followed at our clinic. Urinary biomarker levels were measured in urinary sample by ELISA assay and were compared by the unpaired Student’s t test or the Mann–Whitney U test as appropriate. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to calculate the area under the curve. Cox regression was used to identify independent factors associated with disease flares.

Results

Urine was collected from 61 patients. During 8 months’ follow-up, eight patients experienced a renal flare. Urinary L-PGDS, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels were significantly increased in the patients who subsequently experienced a renal flare with respect to the remaining 53. At Cox regression analysis, L-PGDS, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, hypocomplementemia and anti-dsDNA antibodies were factors associated with renal flares. Based on receiver operating characteristic analysis, a combination of novel and conventional biomarkers demonstrated an excellent ability for accurately identifying a flare.

Conclusion

This study might suggest the usefulness of a novel biomarker panel in predicting a renal flare in SLE.
URANIUM QUANTIFICATION IN GROUNDWATER AND HEALTH RISK FROM ITS INGESTION IN AND AROUND TIRUVANNAMALAI, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
Authors: Ganesh Durai , Kumar G Senthil , Najam Laith Ahmed , Raja V , Neelakantan M A , Ravisankar R
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study is to assess the degree of contamination in drinking water sources around the holy mountain “Arunachala” in Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu. Drinking water samples from 20 different sites were collected, and their physio-chemical parameters, pH, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solvents were determined. An LED fluorimeter was used to determine the concentration of uranium in these samples. As consumption of contaminated drinking water involves both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk, excess cancer risk; life-time average daily dose; hazard quotient and annual effective dose were calculated for the samples. On comparing these values with their respective maximum permissible limits, it is found that water from the aquifers around the mountain is safe to consume.
Waking to use technology at night, and associations with driving and work outcomes: a screenshot of Australian adults
Authors: Appleton Sarah L , Reynolds Amy C , Gill Tiffany K , Melaku Yohannes A , Adams Robert
Published: February 2020

The use of smartphones/electronic devices and their relationship with outcomes are understudied in adult populations. We determined daytime functional correlates of using technology during the night in a population sample of Australian adults. A cross-sectional, national online survey of sleep health was conducted in 2019 (n = 1984, 18–90 years). Nocturnal technology use was assessed with: “In the past seven days, how often did you wake or were woken to send or receive text messages, emails or other electronic communications?” Waking to use technology during all/most nights was reported by 4.9%, with 13.8% reporting two to three nights per week, and 12.7% reporting just one night per week. Technology users were more likely to be younger, employed, experience financial stress, and speak English as a second language. In adjusted analyses, compared to no use, technology use at least two to three nights per week was significantly associated with daytime problems (sleepiness, fatigue and impaired mood, motivation, and attention) and was more evident in participants not reporting/perceiving a sleep problem. Technology use was independently associated with at least one drowsy driving-related motor vehicle accidents/near miss per month (odds ratio [OR] = 6.4, 95% CI = 3.8 to 10.7) and with missing work (OR = 4.8, 95% CI: 3.2 to 7.2) and making errors at work (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.5 to 3.3) at least 1 day in the past 3 months due to sleepiness/sleep problem. These associations were not significantly modified by age. Public health implications of waking to engage with electronic devices at night may be significant in terms of safety, productivity, and well-being. Limiting sleep-disrupting technology use will require innovative language-diverse strategies targeted broadly across age groups.
Characterization of cyclic alternating pattern during sleep in older men and women using large population studies
Authors: Hartmann Simon , Bruni Oliviero , Ferri Raffaele , Redline Susan , Baumert Mathias
Published: February 2020

Study Objectives

To assess the microstructural architecture of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep known as cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in relation to the age, gender, self-reported sleep quality, and the degree of sleep disruption in large community-based cohort studies of older people.

Methods

We applied a high-performance automated CAP detection system to characterize CAP in 2,811 men from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Sleep Study (MrOS) and 426 women from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF). CAP was assessed with respect to age and gender and correlated to obstructive apnea–hypopnea index, arousal index (AI-NREM), and periodic limb movements in sleep index. Further, we evaluated CAP across levels of self-reported sleep quality measures using analysis of covariance.

Results

Age was significantly associated with the number of CAP sequences during NREM sleep (MrOS: p = 0.013, SOF = 0.051). CAP correlated significantly with AI-NREM (MrOS: ρ = 0.30, SOF: ρ = 0.29). CAP rate, especially the A2+A3 index, was inversely related to self-reported quality of sleep, independent of age and sleep disturbance measures. Women experienced significantly fewer A1-phases compared to men, in particular, in slow-wave sleep (N3).

Conclusions

We demonstrate that automated CAP analysis of large-scale databases can lead to new findings on CAP and its subcomponents. We show that sleep disturbance indices are associated with the CAP rate. Further, the CAP rate is significantly linked to subjectively reported sleep quality, independent from traditionally scored markers of sleep fragmentation. Finally, men and women show differences in the microarchitecture of sleep as identified by CAP, despite similar macro-architecture.
Older and Less Deviant Reactions to Abusive Supervision? A Moderated Mediation Model of Age and Cognitive Reappraisal
Authors: Peng Yisheng , Xu Xiaohong , Matthews Russell
Published: February 2020

Given the significant costs of abusive supervision and the broad implications of an increasingly aging workforce, scholars have called for examining the role of employee age in the abusive supervision literature. In response to this call, this study introduced a moderated mediation model of age, abusive supervision, cognitive reappraisal, and workplace deviance based on socioemotional selectivity theory. We tested this model with a sample of 614 working adults. Results suggest that employee age significantly moderated the effect of abusive supervision on cognitive reappraisal such that abusive supervision was negatively related to cognitive reappraisal for younger workers, but not for older workers. Cognitive reappraisal was negatively related to workplace (i.e., interpersonal and organizational) deviance. Furthermore, there was a significant moderated mediation effect where the indirect relationship between abusive supervision and workplace deviance via cognitive reappraisal was significant for younger workers, but not for older workers. Our findings suggest that older workers’ emotional competencies (e.g., use of cognitive reappraisal) may account for age-related advantages in coping with abusive supervision. Theoretical and implications were discussed.