bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ribosomal mistranslation leads to silencing of the unfolded protein response and increased mitochondrial biogenesis
Authors: Shcherbakov Dmitri , Teo Youjin , Boukari Heithem , Cortes-Sanchon Adrian , Mantovani Matilde , Osinnii Ivan , Moore James , Juskeviciene Reda , Brilkova Margarita , Duscha Stefan , Kumar Harshitha Santhosh , Laczko Endre , Rehrauer Hubert , Westhof Eric , Akbergenov Rashid , Böttger Erik C.
Published: October 2019

Translation fidelity is the limiting factor in the accuracy of gene expression. With an estimated frequency of 10−4, errors in mRNA decoding occur in a mostly stochastic manner. Little is known about the response of higher eukaryotes to chronic loss of ribosomal accuracy as per an increase in the random error rate of mRNA decoding. Here, we present a global and comprehensive picture of the cellular changes in response to translational accuracy in mammalian ribosomes impaired by genetic manipulation. In addition to affecting established protein quality control pathways, such as elevated transcript levels for cytosolic chaperones, activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and translational slowdown, ribosomal mistranslation led to unexpected responses. In particular, we observed increased mitochondrial biogenesis associated with import of misfolded proteins into the mitochondria and silencing of the unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The Role of Proteins in the Development of Food Structure
Authors: Gagnaire Valérie , Lechevalier Valérie , Famelart Marie-Hélène , Croguennec Thomas , Bouhallab Saïd
Published: October 2019

Understanding the behavior and structure of food products requires knowledge of the spatial arrangement of the various components and their interactions. Among these components, proteins, beyond their roles in nutrition and health, exhibit specific functional properties inherited from both their molecular flexibility and the plasticity of their diversified assemblies. These structural and functional properties make food proteins versatile and useful ingredients in a wide range of product development. This chapter reviews the role of proteins in the development of food structure with a focus on milk and egg proteins. We first describe the main proteins, their physicochemical characteristics, and the diversity of assembled structures obtained during processing. Through specific examples, including proteins gels, yogurt, and various cheeses, we illustrate how the properties of proteins are explored in the manufacture of food.
Food Structure Development in Emulsion Systems
Authors: Tripodi Ernesto , Lazidis Aris , Norton Ian T. , Spyropoulos Fotis
Published: October 2019

A number of food products exist, in part or entirely, as emulsions, while others are present in an emulsified state at some point during their production/formation. Mayonnaise, butter, margarine, salad dressing, whipped cream, and ice cream represent some of the typical examples of emulsion-based foods. Controlled by both formulation and processing aspects, the emulsion architecture that is formed ultimately determines many of the attributes of the final food product. This chapter initially provides an overview of the basic constituents of emulsions and their influence on the microstructure and stability of conventional as well as more complex systems. The available spectrum of processing routes and characterization techniques currently utilized (or emerging) within the area of emulsions is then discussed. The chapter concludes with a concise outline of the relationship between food emulsion microstructure design and its performance (textural, rheological, sensorial, etc.).
Food Structure Analysis Using Light and Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Öhgren Camilla , Lopez-Sanchez Patricia , Lorén Niklas
Published: October 2019

Microstructure codes for the properties of food. Processing enables the microstructure. Food microstructures are in most cases hierarchical, heterogeneous, multiphase, and complex. A full understanding of the food microstructure requires the characterization at many different length scales. Light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy are powerful tools to image food microstructures at the micrometer level. In this chapter, the principles and use of these microscopy techniques are described. Examples of the use of light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy to characterize and understand the microstructures in bread and dough, fibrous vegetable protein structures, plant cell walls, fat-rich food, and mayonnaise are discussed. In the end, an outlook on the use of light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy in foods is given.
Food Structure Development/Production Through Flexible Processes: The Use of Electric Fields to Enable Food Manufacturing
Authors: Pereira Ricardo N. , Vicente António A. , Teixeira José A.
Published: October 2019

Technologies based on application of electrics fields are establishing a solid foothold in the food industry and bringing innovative applications in several food biotechnological processes. It is crucial to assess and understand the interaction of electrical variables within main food components and expected impacts on the physicochemical properties and microbiological composition of food. During the last two decades, electric-based technologies have rapidly progressed, and investigators have refined their research, contributing to a growing body of knowledge about the potential advantages as well as drawbacks of these technologies. Different ways of applying electric fields (e.g. pulsed or continuous) to a given food material are now possible, and each can combine a wide range of operational conditions (i.e. treatment time, temperature, electric fields intensity, frequency, pulse with and type of waveform, among others). Pulsed electric fields (PEF) and ohmic heating are probably the most promising, flexible, and cost-effective of those, which explains the large number of original scientific research and literature revisions on the respective areas. PEF is today recognized by its enormous potential to structurally affect cell membranes of living cells and vegetable/plant tissues through electroporation effects. Ohmic heating brings new opportunities of a more controlled thermal food processing but also shows potential to influence important food macronutrients, such as proteins, by impacting their biological and structural properties as well.
Unravelling the effects of size, volume fraction and shape of nanoparticle additives on crystallization of nanocomposite polymers
Authors: Jabbarzadeh Ahmad , Halfina Beny
Published: October 2019

Adding nanoparticles to polymer depending on the shape may enhance crystallization. However, crystallization retardation may follow due to confinement effects. Equations for critical volume fraction and particle size are derived in confinement limit.
Combination of pulsed laser ablation and inert gas condensation for the synthesis of nanostructured nanocrystalline, amorphous and composite materials
Authors: Bag Soumabha , Baksi Ananya , Wang Di , Kruk Robert , Benel Cahit , Chellali Mohammed Reda , Hahn Horst
Published: October 2019

A new PL-IGC system for the synthesis and property tuning of amorphous and crystalline nanostructured materials.
One-step photostructuring of multiple hydrogel arrays for compartmentalized enzyme reactions in microfluidic devices
Authors: Obst Franziska , Simon David , Mehner Philipp J. , Neubauer Jens W. , Beck Anthony , Stroyuk Oleksandr , Richter Andreas , Voit Brigitte , Appelhans Dietmar
Published: October 2019

A moulding technique is presented for the simultaneous photostructuring on the μm scale of hydrogels with nanomaterials on one substrate, usable for the fabrication of microfluidic double-chamber reactors.
Cyclosporine A promotes the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells on transplantation reaction
Authors: Hajkova Michaela , Jaburek Filip , Porubska Bianka , Bohacova Pavla , Holan Vladimir , Krulova Magdalena
Published: October 2019

The successful application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) remains a major challenge in stem cell therapy. Currently, several in vitro studies have indicated potentially beneficial interactions of MSCs with immunosuppressive drugs. These interactions can be even more complex in vivo, and it is in this setting that we investigate the effect of MSCs in combination with Cyclosporine A (CsA) on transplantation reaction and allogeneic cell survival. Using an in vivo mouse model, we found that CsA significantly promoted the survival of MSCs in various organs and tissues of the recipients. In addition, compared to treatment with CsA or MSCs alone, the survival of transplanted allogeneic cells was significantly improved after the combined application of MSCs with CsA. We further observed that the combinatory treatment suppressed immune response to the alloantigen challenge and modulated the immune balance by harnessing proinflammatory CD4+T-bet+ and CD4+RORγt+ cell subsets. These changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in IL-17 production along with an elevated level of IL-10. Co-cultivation of purified naive CD4+ cells with peritoneal macrophages isolated from mice treated with MSCs and CsA revealed that MSC-educated macrophages play an important role in the immunomodulatory effect observed on distinct T-cell subpopulations. Taken together, our findings suggest that CsA promotes MSC survival in vivo and that the therapeutic efficacy of the combination of MSCs with CsA is superior to each monotherapy. This combinatory treatment thus represents a promising approach to reducing immunosuppressant dosage while maintaining or even improving the outcome of therapy.
Objective Acoustic Quantification of Perceived Voice Tremor Severity
Authors: Maryn Youri , Leblans Marc , Zarowski Andrzej , Barkmeier-Kraemer Julie
Published: October 2019

Purpose

This study compared auditory-perceptual measures of presence/absence and severity of vocal tremor to acoustic markers of vocal tremor. The validity (both concurrent and diagnostic) of various acoustic markers of vocal tremor was also assessed.

Method

Fifty-six midvowel sustained [a:] recordings were selected to yield a representative convenience sample of vocal tremor. After training with 10 synthesized samples, 4 female audiologists rated these samples on “voice tremor severity” on a continuous 10-cm scale. Afterward, 15 randomly selected recordings were presented a 2nd time for intrarater reliability assessment. Customized audio signal processing in Praat yielded 12 acoustic measures of rate, extent and perturbation of fundamental frequency (f0), and intensity level (IL) modulation. Enter-type multiple linear regression analysis was applied to weight and combine these acoustic variables into an acoustic model of vocal tremor severity.

Results

After removing the vocal tremor severity ratings of 1 of the audiologists because of insufficient intra- and interrater reliability, mean single-measures consistency-type intraclass correlation coefficients equaled .83 within raters and .72 between raters. Correlation between mean ratings and the 12 acoustic markers ranged from .76 for median extent off0modulation to .11 for rate of IL modulation. Correlation between mean ratings and the acoustic model was .89. Analysis of this model's receiver operating characteristics yielded an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of .93, denoting sensitivity of .87 and specificity of .91.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that auditory-perceptual ratings of vocal tremor severity are guided primarily byf0and IL modulation extent, less by modulation perturbation, and least by modulation rate. The acoustic model covering all these modulation properties yielded acceptable results in terms of both concurrent and diagnostic validity. However, external cross-validation of this model is warranted before applying it in clinical voice/speech assessment.
The Assessment and Aural Rehabilitation Tool for Cochlear Implant Recipients With Unilateral Hearing Loss
Authors: Evans Maegan , Dillon Margaret
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Cochlear implantation may be a viable treatment option for patients with moderate-to-profound hearing loss in 1 ear and normal to near-normal hearing in the contralateral ear. There is a need for modified aural rehabilitation assessment and intervention tools for this unique patient population to support improvements with the cochlear implant (CI). The present report describes the development and implementation of the Assessment and Aural Rehabilitation Tool (AART) created for adult CI recipients with unilateral hearing loss (UHL).

Conclusion

The tool was used as an early assessment measure for CI in subjects with UHL and as a method to determine individualized auditory training plans. The AART was modified considering the initial abilities of this unique subject group. Ongoing studies are assessing the effectiveness of CI use in pediatric subjects with UHL and developing the pediatric version of the AART.
On quasi-reversibility solutions to the Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation: regularity and error estimates
Authors: Bourgeois Laurent , Chesnel Lucas
Published: October 2019

We are interested in the classical ill-posed Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation. One method to approximate the solution associated with compatible data consists in considering a family of regularized well-posed problems depending on a small parameterε > 0. In this context, in order to prove convergence of finite elements methods, it is necessary to get regularity results of the solutions to these regularized problems which hold uniformly inε. In the present work, we obtain these results in smooth domains and in 2D polygonal geometries. In presence of corners, due to the particular structure of the regularized problems, classical techniquesà laGrisvard do not work and instead, we apply the Kondratiev approach. We describe the procedure in detail to keep track of the dependence inεin all the estimates. The main originality of this study lies in the fact that the limit problem is ill-posed in any framework.
Untersuchung und Beurteilung der Parabelflugtauglichkeit
Authors: Ullrich Oliver , Bühler Silja
Published: October 2019

Parabelflüge mit dem Airbus A310 ZERO-G gehören zu den wichtigsten europäischen Forschungsplattformen zur Erzeugung verminderter Schwerkraft (Weltraum, Mond oder Mars) zu Forschungs- oder Testzwecken. Seit 2015 ist auch die Teilnahme von Privatpersonen an Parabelflügen mit der A310 ZERO-G zulässig und möglich. Jeder Teilnehmer an einem Parabelflug muss sich zwingend einer medizinischen Untersuchung auf Parabelflugtauglichkeit unterziehen. Die vorgeschriebene Parabelflugtauglichkeitsuntersuchung entspricht hinsichtlich der anzuwendenden Entscheidungskriterien weder den Klasse-1- noch den Klasse-2-Tauglichkeitskriterien der EU/EASA, sondern stellt eine eigene Entität dar. Daher werden hier die aktuell gültigen Tauglichkeitsanforderungen und Abläufe für die Parabelflugtauglichkeit zusammengefasst und erörtert.
Zinkmangel im Fokus: Ursachen, Symptome, Diagnose und
Therapie
Authors: Gröber Uwe , Kisters Klaus , Classen Hans-Georg
Published: October 2019

Das essenzielle Spurenelement Zink ist für zahlreiche Prozesse in unserem Körper
unentbehrlich. Diese Übersicht soll helfen, einen Zinkmangel besser zu erkennen
und zu behandeln.
Komplementärmedizin in der ärztlichen Praxis: Mehr als ein
zweites „finanzielles Standbein“?
Authors: Zimmermann Gerd W.
Published: October 2019

Die Komplementärmedizin subsumiert Diagnose- oder Therapieverfahren, die
außerhalb der in der Schulmedizin üblichen Methoden stehen. Im Gegensatz zur
Alternativmedizin versucht die Komplementärmedizin aber durch gemeinsames Wirken
mit der Schulmedizin Synergieeffekte zu erreichen. Die Leistungen werden deshalb
in der Regel von Ärzten erbracht, die auch über die notwendigen
schulmedizinischen Kenntnisse verfügen, um diese Leistungen zum Wohle des
Patienten einzusetzen.

Im Beitrag werden die Abrechnungsmöglichkeiten für komplementärmedizinische
Leistungen erläutert und Beispiele gegeben.
Value of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) MR Imaging in Peripheral Lesions in PI-RADS-4 Patients
Authors: Ullrich Tim , Quentin Michael , Arsov Christian , Laqua Nina , Abrar Daniel , Hiester Andreas , Albers Peter , Antoch Gerald , Schimmöller Lars
Published: October 2019

Objective To assess the impact of dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging (DCE) in mp-MRI on prostate cancer (PCa) detection in a large patient cohort assigned to PI-RADS category 4.

Method This retrospective, single center cohort study includes 193 consecutive patients with PI-RADS assessment category 4 in mp-MRI (T2WI, DWI, DCE) at 3 T with targeted plus systematic biopsy combined as the reference standard. The detection of prostate cancer with and without the use of DCE was compared.

Results Overall, the PCa detection rate in PI-RADS-4 patients was 62 % (119/193) with DCE and 52 % (101/193) without the inclusion of lesions upgraded on the basis of DCE. 48 % (92/193) had clinically significant PCa (csPCa; Gleason score ≥ 3 + 4 = 7) and 40 % (78/193) without use of DCE. 38 of the 193 patients (20 %) had peripheral lesions upgraded from PI-RADS category 3 to an overall PI-RADS category 4 due to focal positive DCE findings. Of these 38 patients, 18 had PCa including 14 with csPCa. Thus, 15 % (18/119) of the patients with PCa and 15 % (14/92) of the patients with csPCa were detected only based on additional DCE information.

Conclusion DCE prevents underestimation and misclassification of a significant number of cases of peripheral csPCa and might improve detection rates in PI-RADS-4 patients. The current PI-RADS decision rules regarding upgrading PI-RADS-3 lesions to category 4 due to positive DCE imaging are useful for PCa detection.

Key points: 

Citation Format
Latest Trends in Subpectoral Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Oh Christine , Winocour Sebastian J. , Lemaine Valerie
Published: October 2019

There has been a shift in recent years toward a growing popularity of implant-based breast reconstruction, especially in the setting of increased frequency of concurrent contralateral prophylactic mastectomy. Advancements in implant safety and technology have also allowed for an expanding implant reconstruction practice across the country. The traditional approach is immediate two-stage implant reconstruction with placement of a tissue expander within a subpectoral pocket. The introduction of acellular dermal matrix has revolutionized implant-based breast reconstruction, allowing surgeons the opportunity to minimize morbidity while maximizing aesthetic outcomes. There have also been advances in the management of postoperative pain control as well as secondary revision surgery.
Extirpation of a Ruptured Anterior Spinal Artery Aneurysm Accompanied by Dural Arteriovenous Fistula at the Craniovertebral Junction via a Posterolateral Approach: The Management of Extradural Venous Congestion
Authors: Hanakita Shunya , Oya Soichi , Tsuchiya Tsukasa , Shojima Masaaki , Matsui Toru
Published: October 2019

Objective This study was aimed to discuss how to control extradural venous congestion with an increased pressure in cases of arteriovenous shunt disease of the craniovertebral junction.

Design The study is presented through an operative video.

Results A 77-year-old patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage had a dural arteriovenous fistula located at the C1–C2 level. Left vertebral angiography showed a fistula between the left C2 radiculomeningeal muscular artery and perivertebral plexus. Furthermore, right vertebral angiography showed a ruptured aneurysm at the aberrant branch of the anterior spinal artery originating from the contralateral vertebral artery (VA), possibly formed because of the concurrently increased pressure of the perimedullary veins. Aneurysm extirpation was planned through a posterolateral approach. To reduce venous bleeding during the approach, preoperative embolization of the radiculomeningeal muscular artery was performed. During surgery, the suboccipital triangle was exposed following layer-by-layer dissection of the suboccipital muscles (Figs. 1 and 2). Subperiosteal dissection of the paravertebral plexus surrounding the VA around the C1 lamina was effective to avoid venous bleeding. A bloodless operative field was achieved, and key anatomical structures, such as the C2 nerve root, feeder, and V3 portion of the left VA, were clearly identified. With a sufficient amount of lateral exposure, the ruptured anterior spinal artery aneurysm was successfully extirpated with bipolar coagulation. The patient was discharged with no neurologic deficit.

Conclusion Controlling extradural venous congestion is essential to obtain a clear operative field in cases of arteriovenous shunt disease at the craniovertebral junction.

The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/fCT69WtAQbo.
Characterization of peristaltic flow during the mixing process in a model human stomach
Authors: Alokaily Samer , Feigl Kathleen , Tanner Franz X.
Published: October 2019

Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the characteristics of peristaltic flow in a model stomach during the mixing and digestion process. The geometrical model for the stomach consists of an axisymmetric tube of varying diameter with a wall at one end, representing the antrum and closed pylorus. The antral contraction waves (ACWs) that produce the peristaltic flow are modeled as traveling waves that deform the boundary and consequently the computational mesh. This geometrical model is implemented into the open source code OpenFOAM. A parametric study is performed in which the fluid viscosity, wave speed, wave width, and maximum relative occlusion are varied. The effect of these parameters on the retropulsive jet induced near the pylorus and the recirculation between pairs of consecutive ACWs is investigated. Both of these flow features contribute to the mixing and digestion process. The retropulsive jet is quantified by its peak velocity and length along the centerline. For each wave geometry, these quantities are found to be independent of the Reynolds number for low Reynolds numbers, while for Reynolds numbers exceeding one, the peak centerline velocity decreases and the jet length increases as the Reynolds number increases. Moreover, the velocity and pressure curves are found to scale with the wave speed at low Reynolds numbers. Between different wave geometries, scaling laws are proposed and tested for the peak centerline velocity and jet length. Particle tracking and vorticity plots show that mixing efficiency increases when the relative occlusion increases, as well as when the viscosity or wave width decreases.
A relatively wide-bandgap and air-stable donor polymer for fabrication of efficient semitransparent and tandem organic photovoltaics
Authors: Tavakoli Mohammad Mahdi , Po Riccardo , Bianchi Gabriele , Cominetti Alessandra , Carbonera Chiara , Camaioni Nadia , Tinti Francesca , Kong Jing
Published: October 2019

Significance

Organic semiconductors are promising candidates for fabrication of semitransparent and tandem solar cells due to their low-cost processing, light weight, and solution processability. Here, we synthesize a donor copolymer (poly{[2,7-(5,5-didecyl-5H-1,8-dithia-as-indacenone)]-alt-[5,5-(5′,6′-dioctyloxy-4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)]} [PDTIDTBT]) with relatively large bandgap and good stability. We show a stable and efficient semitransparent solar cell using graphene as electrode and achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.75% with average visible transmittance of 55%. We also demonstrate the application of the PDTIDTBT donor for tandem solar cell with PCE of up to 8.83% and long-term stability.
Ion exchange selectivity in clay is controlled by nanoscale chemical–mechanical coupling
Authors: Whittaker Michael L. , Lammers Laura N. , Carrero Sergio , Gilbert Benjamin , Banfield Jillian F.
Published: October 2019

Ion exchange in nanoporous clay-rich media plays an integral role in water, nutrient, and contaminant storage and transport. In montmorillonite (MMT), a common clay mineral in soils, sediments, and muds, the swelling and collapse of clay particles through the addition or removal of discrete molecular layers of water alters cation exchange selectivities in a poorly understood way. Here, we show that ion exchange is coupled to the dynamic delamination and restacking of clay layers, which creates a feedback between the hydration state of the exchanging cation and the composition of the clay interlayer. Particles with different hydration states are distinct phases with unique binding selectivities. Surprisingly, equilibrium achieved through thermal fluctuations in cation concentration and hydration state leads to the exchange of both ions and individual MMT layers between particles, a process we image directly with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy at cryogenic conditions (cryo-TEM). We introduce an exchange model that accounts for the binding selectivities of different phases, which is likely applicable to many charged colloidal or macromolecular systems in which the structural conformation is correlated with the activities of water and counterions within spatially confined compartments.
Structural and functional studies of TBC1D23 C-terminal domain provide a link between endosomal trafficking and PCH
Authors: Huang Wenjie , Liu Zhe , Yang Fan , Zhou Huan , Yong Xin , Yang Xiaoyu , Zhou Yifei , Xue Lijia , Zhang Yihong , Liu Dingdong , Meng Wentong , Zhang Wenming , Zhang Xiaohu , Shen Xiaofei , Sun Qingxiang , Li Li , Ma Cong , Wei Yuquan , Billadeau Daniel D. , Mo Xianming , Jia Da
Published: October 2019

Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) is a group of neurological disorders that affect the development of the brain, in particular, the pons and cerebellum. Homozygous mutations of TBC1D23 have been found recently to lead to PCH; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that the crystal structure of the TBC1D23 C-terminal domain adopts a Pleckstrin homology domain fold and selectively binds to phosphoinositides, in particular, PtdIns(4)P, through one surface while binding FAM21 via the opposite surface. Mutation of key residues of TBC1D23 or FAM21 selectively disrupts the endosomal vesicular trafficking toward the Trans-Golgi Network. Finally, using the zebrafish model, we show that PCH patient-derived mutants, impacting either phosphoinositide binding or FAM21 binding, lead to abnormal neuronal growth and brain development. Taken together, our data provide a molecular basis for the interaction between TBC1D23 and FAM21, and suggest a plausible role for PtdIns(4)P in the TBC1D23-mediating endosome-to-TGN trafficking pathway. Defects in this trafficking pathway are, at least partially, responsible for the pathogenesis of certain types of PCH.
In situ Al3Ti/Al composites fabricated by high shear technology: microstructure and mechanical properties
Authors: Zeng Yan , Himmler David , Randelzhofer Peter , Körner Carolin
Published: October 2019

In situ Al3Ti/Al composites were produced by the reaction between Ti powder and Al melt with high shear technology. As Ti powder is starting material, it is important to investigate its size effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al3Ti/Al composites. The results indicate that the necessary reaction time increases with increasing Ti particle diameter, which results in the Al3Ti phase coarsening. Particle sedimentation occurs at a short mixing time applying large Ti powder. Due to the presence of stiff Al3Ti particles, Young's modulus increases with particle volume fraction and fit well with the predicted values from the Halpin–Tsai equation. Moreover, together with grain refinement, these Al3Ti particles with a homogeneous distribution also lead to an increase in tensile strength.
Intercomparison in the laboratory of various Condensation Particle Counters challenged by nanoaerosols in the range 6 – 460 nm
Authors: Bau Sébastien , Payet Raphaël , Tritscher Torsten , Witschger Olivier
Published: October 2019

This study aim is to compare the number concentration of airborne nanoparticles reported by 13 different Condensation Particle Counters (CPC) with regards to a reference CPC, for a set of aerosols of interest. Among the models investigated, 5 are handheld CPC, while the 8 others are stationary CPC. The latter include butanol-based CPC as well as water-based CPC. Polydisperse test aerosols with modal diameters between 6 and 460 nm were produced in the CAIMAN experimental facility. Non-hydrophobic aerosols consisted of metal-based particles (Ti, C, Al, Cu, Ag), as well as nebulized suspensions (SiO2). Hydrophobic particles consisted of DEHS as well as alkanes (n-C13 to n-C20). Overall, about 400 different conditions were investigated to represent a wide range of aerosols potentially encountered in workplaces. The range of number concentrations provided by the reference CPC was 500 – 400 000 cm−3. To highlight the possible effect of particle counting efficiency on the total concentration reported by the different CPCs, 40% of the test aerosols presented a modal diameter below 40 nm. The influence of particle material for water-based CPCs was investigated through the generation of about 100 hydrophobic test aerosols. CPC response was found to be sensitive to the mode of the aerosols measured, depending on the counting efficiency curve of the CPC investigated. An effect of particle hydrophobicity on the response of some water-based CPC models was demonstrated, while one water-based CPC did not show any material dependence.
Three-Tiered Risk Assessment for Engineered Nanomaterials. A Use Case for the Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Prodanov Dimiter , Belde Peter , Geerts Lieve , L’Allain Catherine , Feber Maaike Le , Moclair Fiona , Morelli Attilio , Roquet Pascal
Published: October 2019

Safety of engineered nanomaterials is a new scientific field, which draws increasing attention in the literature. Among the challenges the field is facing are the insufficient amount and quality of nanotoxicological data and the ambiguity in the metrics describing the exposure. This results in substantial difficulties in the actual quantification of risk in terms of exposure limits, which is a cornerstone of the regulatory chemical risk assessment. While there is no golden standard for risk assessment and management several pragmatic systems have come into being. All of these employ some form of categorization and grouping of materials into hazard groups. This paper outlines the risk assessment approach developed within the H2020 project NanoStreeM, which is based on a combination of categorical and quantitative risk assessment tools implemented in a 3-tier system. The approach includes the use of existing tools, such as ART, Consexpo and NanoSafer, in combination with the ISO standard ISO/TS 12901-2:2014 and field measurements. The paper outlines the experience with these tools for risk assessment of typical exposure scenarios present in semiconductor manufacturing.
Toxicity of cationic solid lipid nanoparticles in rats
Authors: Mendonça M C P , Radaic A , Fossa F G , Cruz-Höfling M A , de Jesus M B
Published: October 2019

Cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (cSLNs) represent one alternative to deliver poorly water-soluble drugs and oligonucleotides (e.g., DNA, siRNA, miRNA) based on well-known biocompatible and safe excipients. However, to guarantee the translation of cSLNs from the bench to bedside it is necessary to confirm that the formulation is safe. Hence, we investigate the toxicity of cSLNs formulation in adult male Wistar rats 24 h and 72 h after single intravenous injection (5 mL/kg b.w.). Hematological, biochemical and histopathological evaluation of the reticuloendothelial system and clearance organs indicated short-lived alterations including neutrophilia, a decrease in blood urea nitrogen levels, and an increase of the marginated pools of neutrophils and macrophages located in the lungs, liver, and spleen. These findings were transient as none of them were observed in treated animals after 72 h. We also observed the ability of cSLNs to enter the brain parenchyma without disrupting the blood-brain barrier. Few minor and acute transient alterations were found, but overall, cSLNs showed to be highly biocompatible under the experimental conditions of this study, including the capability of delivering into the central nervous system. The mechanistic understanding of biocompatibility and toxicity of cSLNs is needed for providing a safe clinical translation.
Ecotoxicity evaluation: preparation of poly-ε-caprolactone and chitosan nanoparticles as carriers of thiamethoxam pesticide
Authors: Assalin M R , dos Santos L D L , Souza D R C , Rosa M A , Duarte R C R M , Castanha R F , Donaire P P R , Durán N
Published: October 2019

The transmission of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease on citrus plants is through dissemination of the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter ssp, by Diaphorina citri psyllid, its insect vector. Chemical control of the psyllids, and thiamethoxam (neonicotinoid insecticide) is one of the active ingredients used in the control of HLB. This insecticide is water soluble, unstable and rapidly degraded by photolysis. Pesticide nanoformulation is one of the strategies to control release of active compound as well as protection for premature degradation. Thus, studies of the effectiveness of encapsulated pesticide formulations are extremely important for enabling its use in agriculture. This study reports the encapsulation of the insecticide thiamethoxam in polymeric particles from poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) and chitosan by double emulsion and solvent evaporation method using different concentrations of chitosan and two Pluronic (poloxamer) copolymers, F 127 and F68. These nanoparticles were characterized in terms of size, zeta potential, polydispersity, and encapsulation efficiency. The encapsulation efficiency, measured by liquid chromatography was 34%. The nanoparticles obtained from optimized conditions resulted in homogeneous and monodisperse particles with a positive superficial charge. The microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata (bioindicator chloroficea) and microcrustacean Artemia salina, were used to evaluate the ecotoxicity of nanopesticide in comparison to pesticide already in the market. The ecotoxicity study demonstrated that nanopesticide was less toxic that commercial formulations in the studied conditions.
Application of standardization for the design and construction of carbon nanotube-based product pilot lines in compliance with EU regulation on machinery
Authors: López de Ipiña Jesús M , Florez Sonia , Seddon Richard , Chapartegui Maialen , Hernan Angel , Insunza Mario , Vavouliotis Antonios , Koutsoukis Gregorios , Latko-Durałek Paulina , Durałek Paweł , Perez Pilar , Gutierrez-Cañas Cristina
Published: October 2019

The “PLATFORM” manufacturing ecosystem for pilot production of pre-commercial CNT-based nano-enabled products, consists of three pilot lines (PPLs) for the manufacture of buckypapers, doped prepregs and doped veils. The PPLs have been constructed with the ultimate goal to commercialize these products in the European market in 2020/2022.This goal requires having the PPLs in compliance with the applicable product safety regulation by that date (CE marking). The main EU regulation for new machinery (as the PPLs) is the Directive 2006/42/EC on Machinery (MD). This Directive sets out the general mandatory Essential Health and Safety Requirements (EHSRs) related to the design and construction of machinery, while particular technical specifications for fulfilling them are provided in European harmonized standards. Application of harmonized standards is voluntary but confers a presumption of conformity with the EHSRs they cover. The PPLs are unique machines for own use and must comply with the MD before they are put into service, in 2020/2022. But the MD does not provide specific EHSRs for nanosafety and no harmonized standards are available in this field for the safe design of the PPLs. In this context, this paper shows the standardization strategy followed by the project PLATFORM (GA 646307) to design the PPLs in compliance with the EHSR referred to the risks to health resulting from hazardous substances emitted by machinery (MD, Annex I, EHSR 1.5.13). In the absence of nanosafety harmonized standards to satisfy the aforementioned EHSR, the design and design verification of the PPLs were carried out through A & B - type harmonized standards (e.g. EN ISO 12100, EN ISO 14123-1/2), and other European and international standards.
Determination of Rational Profile of Fine-Module Internal Ratchet Teeth When Using Cutter
Authors: Sharkov O V , Koryagin S I , Velikanov N L
Published: October 2019

The article discusses the method for determining the length of straight sections of the working surfaces of internal fine-module ratchet teeth. A design scheme is proposed and the analysis of mathematical expressions describing the process of shaping the working edges of the ratchet teeth when cutting with a cutter by the generating method is performed. Mathematical dependences for calculation of the straight section length of the front and back edges of the ratchet teeth are obtained, allowing to determine rational profile at the design stage. It is established that the straight section on the front edge of the internal ratchet teeth can exist only at a certain value of its angle of inclination. The use of fine-module ratchet teeth of rational profile can improve the kinematic characteristics and increase the load capacity of ratchet engagement.
Informational - entropic Analysis of Dynamics of Road Safety Orderliness
Authors: Petrov Artur I , Evtyukov Sergey A , Kolesov Victor I , Petrova Daria A
Published: October 2019

The article considers issues of identification of all-Russian and regional (on the example of Kemerovo region) road safety provision (RSP) systems orderliness. Research presents methods of identification of road safety provision system orderliness. The main idea of this methodic is the calculation of relative entropy of formation process of final result of cause-effect chain «Population – The number of vehicles – The number of road accidents – The number of victims – The number of deaths in road accidents» performance. Statistics of road accident rate during 2004…2018 was analyzed for the calculation of relative entropy. The result of research concludes that the level or road safety provision system increases in Russia generally and Kemerovo region specifically. Meanwhile the development of this process in Kemerovo region lags relatively to all-Russian one.
Relevance for Using Machines Appropriate to Strip Tillage
Authors: Myalo V V , Demshuk E V , Kuzmin D E , Soyunov A S , Sabiev U K
Published: October 2019

To increase the quantity and quality of any product type, it is necessary to upgrade machines, improve production processes, and minimize costs. The treated surface density, the amount of removed and transferred material should be minimal, but sufficient to create optimal conditions for the subsequent operations implementation of the technological chain, which requires the production processes adaptation to specific conditions. Therefore, the technology optimization and the machines working bodies improvement is a relevant area for research.
Material and technical support of the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of the Omsk region management and certification of the technical component of the production processes in crop production
Authors: Myalo O V , Prokopov S P , Myalo V V , Soyunov A S , Demchuk E V
Published: October 2019

The management of a modern enterprise of the agro-industrial complex should cover all aspects of the production of the main types of products produced. In this concept in modern economic conditions it is necessary to include not only economic indicators and ways of selling finished products, but also the use of modern technologies, production safety for the environment and people. Improvement of technologies for obtaining crop production is impossible without updating the equipment used for the mechanization and automation of production processes. For that reason, such a concept appeared in the legislation as certification of production technological processes, which pumps in the assessment of all technological process components, including the production means used, the quality of their technical condition and service. The article analyzes the current situation of the maintenance system, the structure and condition of the machine and tractor fleet of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of the Omsk region. A method has been developed for processing information in terms of the agricultural enterprises revenue, and the share of work that the farm can transfer to a specialized technical service enterprise, taking into account its own profit, has been determined.
Elaboration of Theoretical Methods for Assessment of Isolated and Combined Physical Damage Effects of Technogenic Accident While Transporting Radiological Materials by Multimodal Transport
Authors: Tumanov Aleksander , Venevsky Sergey
Published: October 2019

To enhance the safety of the transport of dangerous goods in tanks, the latter should improve the mechanical (physical) protection to prevent accidental damage to the boilers, such as objects containing dangerous goods directly. Damage to the boiler will almost inevitably leads to such consequences as decompression, the leakage of liquid radioactive waste and radiation pollution of the surrounding area. This article discusses scenarios accidents when overloading with marine railway transport; the explosion of gas cylinders on board the vessel. Calculation formulas are obtained to determine the speed at which the shards is provided by probabilistic the breakout a certain thickness of the tank walls. Received probability distribution function for the specified parameters shards and material barriers, which was determined by conducting a full-scale experiment. The results of theoretical studies, experiments used to improve designs of tanks carrying LRW and recommendations for improving the security of multimodal transport.
Probabilistic Approach to the Separation of Grain Material
Authors: Sabiev U K , Yu Golovin A , Chupin P V , Soyunov A S , Abdylmanova R H
Published: October 2019

Possible ways to improve operating elements of grain cleaning machines due to mobilization factors directly influence on qualitative and quantitative aspects of separation are presented. In relation to sieve grain cleaning machine the technological process of grain mixture separation on the sieve is presented as a block diagram. Some variants of mathematical description (models) consideration of grain material separation process are also given. The dependencies between parameters of grain material and uniformity of seed distribution on sieve area are given. Calculation formulas and schemes of definition probability of a particle entering the hole are presented. It is established, that in the range β from 0 to 30° probability of particle passage increases from 0.315 to 0.548, that is 1.74 times.
Research on Multi-uav Cooperative Tracking Target Based on PSO Predictive Control Algorithm
Authors: Wang Xudong , Zhou Wei , Wang Xiaowei
Published: October 2019

In the multiple unmanned aerial vehicle (multi-uav) cooperative tracking target control system, the control system is extremely complex due to the nonlinear control model and constraints. In this paper, multi-uav cooperative tracking target motion modeling is adopted, optimization performance indicators is established, and multi-objective rolling optimization is transformed to single-objective optimization. Finally, particle swarm optimization (PSO) prediction control algorithm is adopted for optimization solution, realizing real-time control of multi-uav cooperative tracking target, and its feasibility is verified by simulation.
Research on Performance of a Kind of Compound-type Corrosion-Inhibition Bactericide
Authors: Changshan Huang , Jinying Wu , Min Chen , Huiwu Xu , Min Zhang , Mian Xue , Xiaoguang Zhang
Published: October 2019

In the experiment, rotative weight loss method, electrochemical polarization, MPN, etc. were used to investigate the corrosion inhibition and bactericidal performance of compound-type corrosion-inhibition bactericide composed of phosphono-, carboxyl quaternary ammonium salt, etc. on A3 carbon steel in industrial recycling cooling water. The experimental test results showed that when the content of compound agentia reached 100 mg. L−1, the corrosion rate of it on A3 carbon steel was 0.0366 mm. a−1, superior to relative standard regulations, less than 0. 075mm.a−1. While metallographic-phase microscopy test showed that there is a layer of protective film on the surface of A3 carbon steel, which indicated that compound agentia had relatively better corrosion-inhibition effect on A3 carbon steel; when the content of compound agentia reached 80-100 mg. L−1, the sterilizing rate of compound agentia on heterotrophic bacterium and sulfate reducing bacteria were up to more than 99%, which indicated that compound agentia had good bactericidal performance.
Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Superconductor and Magnet Material Parameters on the Dynamic Stability of Maglev Systems
Authors: Huang Chen-Guang , Xu Bin
Published: October 2019

In previous research, a two-dimensional numerical model based on Newton’s second law and Maxwell’s equations was developed to analyze the dynamic behavior of superconducting maglev systems. Studies showed that vibration and drift phenomena will occur in the vertical and lateral directions triggered by external disturbances, resulting in a change in the levitation point and even instability. In this paper, a numerical analysis is further carried out to alleviate these situations. The dependence of the drifts of vertical and lateral vibration centers of the levitated body upon system material parameters, such as the magnetization of permanent magnets and the critical current density of superconductor, is studied in terms of a power law model. In addition, the influence of the configuration of permanent magnets on the dynamic stability is analyzed.
Investigation of a possible association of potentially inappropriate medication for older adults and frailty in a prospective cohort study from Germany
Authors: Muhlack Dana Clarissa , Hoppe Liesa Katharina , Saum Kai-Uwe , Haefeli Walter E , Brenner Hermann , Schöttker Ben
Published: October 2019

Objective

potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) are commonly defined as drugs that should be avoided in older adults because they are considered to have a negative risk-benefit ratio. PIMs are suspected to increase the risk for frailty, but this has yet to be examined.

Design

prospective population-based cohort study.

Setting and participants

a German cohort of community-dwelling older adults (≥60 years) was followed from October 2008 to September 2016.

Methods

in propensity score-adjusted logistic and Cox regression models, associations between baseline PIM use and prevalent/incident frailty were investigated. Frailty was assessed using the definition by Fried and co-workers, PIM were defined with the 2015 BEERS criteria, the BEERS criteria to avoid in cognitively impaired patients (BEERS dementia PIM), the EU(7)-PIM and the PRISCUS list.

Results

of 2,865 participants, 261 were frail at baseline and 423 became frail during follow-up. Only BEERS dementia PIM use was statistically significantly associated with prevalent frailty (odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 1.51 (1.04–2.17)). The strength of the association was comparable for all frailty components. Similarly, in longitudinal analyses, only BEERS dementia PIM use was associated with incident frailty albeit not statistically significant (hazard ratio, 1.19 (0.84–1.68)).

Conclusions

the association of PIM use and frailty seems to be restricted to drug classes, which can induce frailty symptoms (anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, z-substances and antipsychotics). Physicians are advised to perform frailty assessments before and after prescribing these drug classes to older patients and to reconsider treatment decisions in case of negative performance changes.