bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Localización intraoperatoria de las recurrencias en cáncer de tiroides mediante la inyección de azul de metileno guiada por ecografía
Authors: Franco-Castañeda Ximena , Chala Galindo Andrés Ignacio
Published: August 2021

Introducción. La cirugía para extirpación de metástasis en un cuello previamente intervenido afronta un reto para lograr una resección exitosa. El presente estudio pretende demostrar la utilidad de la técnica de inyección de azul de metileno, guiada por ecografía, para la localización intraoperatoria de lesiones recurrentes en cáncer de tiroides, para facilitar su resección. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, en pacientes reintervenidos por recurrencia de carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides, durante un periodo de dos años y medio. Se utilizó la inyección intratumoral de azul de metileno guiada por ecografía para su identificación intraoperatoria de recurrencia. Se hizo análisis de variables demográficas y clínicas. Resultados. Este estudio incluyó 10 procedimientos en 9 pacientes, 77,8 % mujeres, con una media de edad de 54 años. Todos tenían un nivel de tiroglobulina detectable y elevado antes de la intervención; posteriormente, el 89 % presentó un descenso y el 33 % una adecuada respuesta bioquímica. La técnica agregó 10 minutos al tiempo quirúrgico. En el 100 % se identificaron de manera intraoperatoria los ganglios marcados; el promedio de ganglios resecados fue de 12, de los cuales, 6 fueron positivos, todos con carcinoma papilar de tiroides. Esta técnica se consideró de gran utilidad y de bajo costo en todos los casos. Discusión. Esta técnica se muestra como una estrategia efectiva para la identificación intraoperatoria de las recurrencias locorregionales en carcinoma de tiroides, permitiendo una disección ganglionar exitosa, disminuyendo complicaciones, tiempo quirúrgico y, especialmente, costos frente a otras intervenciones
Determinación de los factores predictivos para complicaciones en cirugía electiva de pacientes con cáncer colorrectal. Experiencia del Instituto de Cancerología Las Américas Auna (Colombia, 2016-2019)
Authors: Molina Meneses Sandra Patricia , Palacios Fuenmayor Luis Jose , Castaño LLano Rodrigo de Jesus , Mejia Gallego Jorge Ivan , Sánchez Patiño Lucy Astrid
Published: August 2021

Introducción. El pilar fundamental del tratamiento del cáncer colorrectal es la cirugía, situación que expone a los pacientes a la posible presentación de complicaciones, morbimortalidad, pobre calidad de vida, recurrencia tumoral o la muerte. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las variables clínicas y quirúrgicas que inciden en el riesgo de la aparición de complicaciones en los pacientes con cáncer colorrectal llevados a cirugía electiva entre los años 2016 y 2019.
Métodos. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años con cáncer colorrectal sometidos a cirugía electiva. Se realizó un análisis multivariado para determinar los factores que se relacionan con las complicaciones postquirúrgicas.
Resultados. Se incluyeron 298 pacientes, 68 % mayores de 60 años, 52,3 % mujeres, 74,2 % presentaban comorbilidades y 48,3 % fueron diagnosticados en estadio III. El 48,3 % presentó complicaciones postoperatorias. De ellos, el 68,1 % no tenía tamización nutricional y el 61,8 % no tenía preparación del colon; un 55 % fueron cirugías del recto, 69,1 % de las cirugías fueron por vía laparoscópica y 71,8 % presentaron sangrado inferior a 500 ml. La mayoría de las complicaciones fueron clasificadas como Clavien-Dindo I-III.
Discusión. Las características de los pacientes fueron similares a los presentados en otros estudios, aunque hubo mayor incidencia de íleo postoperatorio. El análisis multivariado mostró una mayor probabilidad de presentar una complicación en pacientes con diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial, falta de tamización nutricional o preparación de colon, cirugía de recto y el sangrado mayor a 500 ml.
All affordance are social: foundations of a Gibsonian social ontology
Authors: Baggs Edward
Published: August 2021

Ecological psychology is built on a perception-oriented ontology. The primary focus has been on explaining the perception and action behavior of individual animals. To accommodate social phenomena within the ecological approach, it is necessary to expand the ontology, however theorists have been unclear about how to do this. The paper presents a negative argument and a positive programmatic outline. The negative argument is against the use of the term ‘social affordance’, a term that confuses the perspective of the researcher with that of the animal. Instead, it is advocated that we adopt, as a working hypothesis, the claim that all affordances are social; that is, all affordances are public and are, in principle, observable by a third party. The programmatic outline then shows that affordances alone are insufficient for describing social meaning. An ecological social ontology requires new tools for describing interaction processes, symbolic meaning, and material culture as structures occurring within the populated environment.
Prosocial behavior towards machines
Authors: Nielsen Yngwie Asbjørn , Pfattheicher Stefan , Keijsers merel
Published: August 2021

Building on the Computers Are Social Actors framework, we provide an overview of research demonstrating that humans behave prosocially towards machines. In doing so, we outline that similar motivational and cognitive processes play a role when people act in prosocial ways towards humans and machines. These include perceiving the machine as somewhat human, applying social categories to the machine, being socially influenced by the machine, and experiencing social emotions towards the machine. We conclude that studying prosocial behavior towards machines is important to facilitate proper functioning of human-machine interactions. We further argue that machines provide an interesting yet under-utilized resource in the study of prosocial behavior, because they are both highly controllable and humanlike.
Development of preschoolers’ musical abilities by means of the K. Orff's method: theoretical aspects
Authors: Mkrtichian Oksana
Published: August 2021

The article reveals the problem of forming a comprehensively developed child’s personality by means of musical art. The development of the child, his or her formation as a person is a significant problem of preschool education. One of the ways to achieve this goal is to involve children in the process of music education, which has a great impact on child development. The purpose of the article is to reveal the influence of the Karl Orff’s concept of music education on the preschoolers’ musical abilities. Research methods at the scientific and theoretical level include: method of analysis – the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, methods of teaching music, methods of synthesis and generalization; system analysis – to display the basic components of the methodology.
The results. On the basis of the conducted analysis, the principles of the pedagogical approach of Karl Orff and features of aesthetic education of children in the conditions of the given system were defined. Since preschool education requires new approaches in the context of the development of preschoolers by means of musical art, it is advisable to introduce the K. Orff’s method in the educational process of preschool institution. Moreover it is proved that the presence of music in the educational process opens opportunities for the harmonious development of preschool children. K. Orff’s musical and pedagogical approach is a concentrated carrier of the ideas of humanistic pedagogy, pedagogy of the freedom of creative personality.
Conclusions. K. Orff’s method is spreading and influencing the music education of Ukraine, involving Ukrainian culture in the educational process, using folk and children’s songs, elementary music, which is an act of elementary self-expression, to which man is adapted by nature. Consequently, the K. Orff’s methods is universal, flexible and open, which allows us to combine its principles with various methods of music education, which is spread and successfully used in preschool institution; and the creation of special pedagogical conditions, the use of aesthetic techniques and musical means in the classroom with the active participation of children helps them to keep the dominance of positive emotions, significantly increases motivation for learning and music, has an effective impact on motor, speech, communication and psychological development.
Introduction of Digital Resources in the Process of Training Musicians-Teachers in Educational Institutions of the People's Republic of China
Authors: Dobroskok Iryna , Nalyvaiko Oleksii , Rybalko Lіudmyla , Zhernovnykova Oksana
Published: August 2021

The introduction to the article presents a theoretical analysis of the modern state of socio-economic relations development in the People's Republic of China and the role of information and digital technologies in this process. The authors considered the planned nature of the educational system based on the educational environment digitalization introduction, for example, in the plan «Modernization of Education in China by 2035» there were identified ten main strategic objectives for the modernization of education, where the main ones include: the creation of a digital educational space; using modern technology to accelerate reform of the teaching model for gifted and talented students; introducing digital formats of educational services, designing a mechanism for the joint creation of digital educational resources and exchange them; promoting changes in education, accelerating the formation of a modern system of education management and monitoring. The research purpose is to theoretically substantiate and highlight the introduction of digital resources in the process of training musicians-teachers in educational institutions of China. The main methods used in this study are the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and open state regulatory legal acts in the field of digitalization and digital support of the educational process. The results and discussion provide generalized information on the introduction of digital resources in the process of musicians-pedagogues training in educational institutions of the People's Republic of China. It is noted that, according to the tasks set, in general the Chinese educational system has positively reacted to the introduction of digital teaching means in the training of future music educators. Chinese scientists have created special platforms and computer products to comprehend the art of music. The acquaintance of future musicians-teachers with digital resources of student training happens gradually and taking into account their digital literacy. The conclusions provide generalized views on the training of musicians-pedagogues in educational institutions of the People's Republic of China on the basis of the educational process digitalization.
Formation of research skills of future primary school teachers in the process of teaching mathematics
Authors: Mazhuha Yurii
Published: August 2021

One of the priority tasks of pedagogical education is wide comprehensive training of students, based on the concept of personally oriented education and involves the formation of a holistic system of universal knowledge, skills, as well as experience of independent activities, the basic competencies that determine the quality of education of a modern university student. The purpose of the article is to highlight the problem of formation of research skills of university students, as well as the role of inquiry-based learning approach in solving this problem. The research was based on scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists who studied the formation and development of research skills of students in the learning process. Methods. The author implements the purpose with the help of theoretical and empirical research methods (analysis and generalization of own pedagogical experience and pedagogical experience of domestic and foreign scientists).
The results. The article considers and generalizes the views of scientists on the classification and essence of research skills, analyses the role of the inquiry-based learning approach in the formation of studentsʼ research skills in the process of teaching mathematics. The article suggests the effective method on forming the studentsʼ research skills based on the student-centered approach in the process of teaching mathematics (Inquiry-Based Mathematics Education). The special educational material (pedagogical cases) based on IBME was developed. The benefit of the study is that the material was tested during the teaching of mathematics to first-year students of specialty «Primary Education» of the Pedagogical Institute of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University (the research, the results of which are presented in the article, was conducted within the project «Partnership for teaching and learning of mathematics at the university» (PLATINUM) of the EU program Erasmus + KA203 – Strategic Partnership for Higher Education, 2018-1-NO01-KA203-038887); the data show the increase of studentsʼ interest in educational and research work, and the level of their motivation to study mathematics.
Conclusions. As a result the author makes a conclusion that the teaching mathematics with the use of Inquiry-Based Mathematics Education ensures the growth of interest of students in educational and research activity, formation and development of research skills; increases the efficiency of independent work, general motivation for the study of mathematics.
Ibadism in the Mirror of Culture: Peculiarities of the Poetics of Abu Muslim Al-Bahlany and his Coreligionists
Authors: Zarytovskaya Victoria N.
Published: August 2021

The article examines the ideological core and technique of the poetic art of the most famous poets of Oman, the state religion of which is Ibadism. An interdisciplinary approach, which included historical review and linguistic methods of analysing original texts, made it possible to identify the content and artistic features of the Ibadites works. A close connection was revealed between the theory and history of Ibadism not only with the themes of the works (religious with a predominance of the motive of exile, repentance, justice and a call to civil action), but also with the forms of their implementation, such as refusal to directly mention the epithets of Allah, certain types of chronotopes, suggestive techniques, the use of the full semantic potential of the word, etc. The authors assert that Ibadite poetry has a political orientation and that civil Arab poetry could reach its heights only in the Ibadite environment. The peculiarities of the Ibadite poetics are traced mainly in the texts of such a prominent figure in the culture of Oman as Abu Muslim al-Bahlani.
Neo-Ottoman Nostalgia in Contemporary Turkey
Authors: Zhigulskaya Daria V.
Published: August 2021

The article examines the phenomenon of neo-Ottoman nostalgia in the context of attempts to shape a new post-Kemalist civil identity. Today, neo-Ottomanism is making itself heard in various spheres of life in Turkish society: in culture, cinema and literature, politics and elsewhere. The new Turkey is making every effort to tie together individual parts of its fragmentary identity.
This being said, an ambivalent approach to the Ottoman heritage is widespread amongst various strata of Turkish society. Most of the founding fathers of the secular republic took a negative view of the Ottoman past and blamed the empire for a string of failures that beset it at the dawn of its new existence – extensive territorial losses and numerous military defeats. The Kemalist nation building project gave rise to a modern Turkish nation which was supposed to become part of the Western world.
At the same time, the appeal to Ottoman narratives reemerged after the transition to a multiparty system in the 1950s; admiration for the Ottoman past increased noticeably in the 1980s and has now reached its peak under the Justice and Development Party (JDP). The party leaders are striving to create a new identity for contemporary Turkey, construing and interpreting history in their own way.
It should also be taken into account that the growing interest in Ottoman history in contemporary Turkey reflects changes in both the state’s political discourse and popular culture. This nostalgia for the past reinterprets and decontextualizes previously clearly formulated and enshrined symbols, ideas and historical facts.
Chinese empire or a prototype of responsible global power: discussions on the Great Qing in China and the West
Authors: Sanin Konstantin A.
Published: August 2021

In the light of China’s rise, it is of great interest to consider the views that are widespread in the PRC on the nature of Chinese state and the proper mode of international relations. Considering that Chinese leadership has proclaimed the goal of "rejuvenation" of the Chinese nation, modern assessments of China's historical past allow us to take a fresh look at the prospects for China's internal development as well as Chinese foreign policy in Asia. In this regard the era of the Qing Dynasty is of particular interest. During that period Chinese territory expanded  approximately to its modern borders, and the relations with the neighbors underwent a transition from the tributary system to the modern Westphalian type of international relations.
There exist various interpretations of Chinese foreign policy’s traditions. Those interpretations are largely determined by the attitude to China's current behavior at the international stage. While the Chinese rulers have adopted the concept of traditional Chinese world order that is of Western origin, many Western researchers nowadays question this concept and tend to describe pre-revolutionary China as one of many expansionist empires in Eurasia. That point of view is subject to sharp criticism from Chinese authors. The portrayal of Qing China as one of the empires can entail serious consequences for international relations as well as the territorial integrity of the PRC.
In order to achieve their goals in domestic and foreign policy, Chinese leaders strive to build a historical narrative in such a way that it combines the elements of various historical periods which are most profitable in the current circumstances, including the history of Silk Road.
Archaeological works to the north of the Great Amun temple at Jebel Barkal (Sudan): preliminary results and new perspectives
Authors: Lebedev Maxim A.
Published: August 2021

The paper presents preliminary results and discusses future perspectives on archaeological research in the area to the north of the Great Amun temple at Jebel Barkal (Napata) in connection to the most recent excavations of elite Meroitic structure B 1700. The field season of 2020 at B 1700 continued to bring to light a new monumental foundation platform of the cellular type constructed for a building which function and meaning remain a subject for debate. The now available data suggest that B 1700 followed the classic Meroitic square plan with rooms arranged around a central columned space, utility chambers on the ground floor, and official areas on the upper floor(s). Paper discusses general features of the exposed plan of B 1700, the process of its construction, recorded archaeological matrix, and finds. Special mention is made of the brick masonry, earlier occupation phase, later activities at the site, and the great pottery dump which was extensively used in the fill of the foundation platform. The author argues that elite building B 1700 was probably constructed at the time of king Natakamani (1 century AD) – one of the most known Kushite rulers of the Classic Meroitic period – and did not continue functioning for more than, probably, one century. The study of B 1700 and its surrounding area has a considerable significance for reconstructing the history of the development of the temple and royal zone to the north of the temenos of the Great Amun temple at Jebel Barkal as well as provide new data on the actual nature of Napata as an economic and political center of Meroitic Kush.
Tradition, Innovations and Historical Events in the Early 20th Century Chinese Calendars from the Russian Collections
Authors: Zavidovskaya Ekaterina A.
Published: August 2021

The paper discusses two types of Chinese calendars – a traditional agricultural calendar “nongli” which existed in China since the 9th century and a Westernized “yuefenpai” calendar that emerged in Shanghai in the late 19th century and flourished until the 30-40s of the 20th century. Apart from the lunar and solar calendars and a table of 24 seasons woodblock “nongli” calendar featured a Stove God Zao-wang alone or with a spouse surrounded by a suite, fortune bringing deities and auspicious symbols, Stove God was believed to ascend to heaven and report good and bad deeds of the family members to the Jade Emperor. New standards of “peoples`” art in PRC borrowed the aesthetics of the traditional woodblock popular prints by proclaiming “new nianhua” as a new tool of propaganda and criticizing “yuefenpai”.“Yuefenpai” differed from “nongli” by modern technology of production and acting as an advertisement, yet early pieces of Shanghai calendars either feature auspicious characters and motifs or introduce current political events, such as accession of the Pu Yi emperor on the throne in 1908 (reigned in 1908–1912). These calendars were seen to be a cheap and easily available media suitable for informing population about news and innovations. The paper attempts to revisit previously established interpretations of some “yuefenpai” calendars. The research is based unpublished pieces from the collections of the State Hermitage, the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, academic library of the St.-Petersburg State University, the State Museum of the History of Religion mostly acquired by V.M. Alekseev (1881–1951) during his stays to China.
China’s discourse power: instruments and strategy
Authors: Kobzeva Mariia A.
Published: August 2021

Today China actively participates in shaping the international political agenda, norms, and rules for interaction between states. This activity is a part of the PRC's policy to strengthen its international discourse power. Despite the fact that there are many studies of China's propaganda politics, discourse power remains outside the focus of researchers both in Russian and English-speaking communities. The term has varying interpretations and translations in non-Chinese academic literature. In this regard, the article examines the meaning of this term and answers questions – how, why, and for what purpose does the PRC implement its discourse power.
The article analyzes research literature and documents in Russian, English, and Chinese languages regarding the discourse power, the origin, and the development of the term in Chinese discourse, and using it as a political task. The article studies the main departments and organizations responsible for the formation of the discourse power, as well as tools and mechanisms for its implementation. The author identifies “soft” and “hard” variants of China's discourse power, explains the difference in their goals and methods via giving examples from the PRC's foreign policy.
The author concludes that the need for discourse power, which combines various methods of China's policy, is due to the acute internal political struggle, and the country's new ambitions in the international arena. The development of discourse power as a political phenomenon is fueled by the ideas of opposition to the “West”. In this regard, discourse power is becoming one of the most important counterweapons in competition between China and the United States.
Translators and interpreters from eastern languages in the Moscow state at the end of the XV-XVI centuries.
Authors: Moiseev Maksim V.
Published: August 2021

This article examines the process of formation of the translation service in the Moscow state during the late XV-XVI centuries. The repertoire of Eastern languages available to Moscow translation specialists is analyzed. The author came to the conclusion that among the eastern languages, the main language of negotiations and correspondence was the languages of the Turkic group, and the use of Farsi at this time is questionable. The original form of international communication in the Moscow state was oral, and written communication was considered less honorable and performed an official, auxiliary function. Gradually, at the turn of the XV-XVI, oral communication gave way to the exchange of embassy certificates. After the dispute between the rulers about the language of diplomatic correspondence in 1563, recorded in the Russian-Crimean diplomatic correspondence, the parties returned to the usual practice of exchanging messages and the Crimean Tatar language retained its role as the language of diplomatic communication. Three groups of specialists engaged in cross-language communication are identified. The most elite were the Bakshi translators, who specialized in translating and writing letters. The second group is the interpreters. They accompanied foreign embassies, ensured their communication with the host country, and performed diplomatic functions. The third group is the heads of the villages of the service Tatars, who performed, in addition to their direct duties, the functions of interpreters of oral speech. In the XVI century, tolmachestvo played the role of a launching pad for the children of bakshey and podyachy.
Ancient Chinese economic thought and the French academic context of the 1930s: Li Zhaoyi’s doctoral thesis
Authors: Borokh Olga N.
Published: August 2021

The article examines the contribution of the Chinese researcher of the first half of the 20th century Li Zhaoyi to the study of the impact of ancient Chinese thought on the economic doctrine of the French physiocrats. An interpretation of the schools of Taoism, Confucianism and Legalism as carriers of the idea of natural law, which became fundamental for physiocrats, is highlighted as a key feature of Li Zhaoyi’s academic concept. The interpretation of the Chinese teachings on morality, ritual, the way-Tao, and the law-Fa as different understandings of natural law was aimed at demonstrating the Chinese influence on the European thought of the Enlightenment. A distinctive feature of Li Zhaoyi’s research was the use of European concepts, primarily anarchism and individualism, to discuss the specifics of ancient Chinese thought through comparisons with the ideas of J.J. Rousseau, P.A. Kropotkin, M.A. Bakunin, M. Stirner. The increasing attention to the legacy of Li Zhaoyi in modern China is due to the growing interest in the problem of the recognition of Chinese concepts by the global academic community. Li Zhaoyi’s name was mentioned by well-known economist J.A. Schumpeter. The influence on the French physiocrats was a rare case of China’s contribution to the development of world economic science that is expected to provide inspiration for future intercultural interactions. It is concluded that the official policy of introducing “philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics” to the outside world will help to maintain interest in the history of China’s influence on European thought.
The Influence the Qatari-Israeli and the Qatari-American Relations on the Qatar's Arab Policy
Authors: Grafov Dmitriy B.
Published: August 2021

As Qatar’s ambitions to become a regional player grew, it repeatedly offered to broker peace between Israel and the Arab states, and also tried to negotiate between conflicting parties. But Sunni Gulf States are irritated by this mediation and suppose that Doha tries to undermine stability of Arab countries. This is the reason for the tension in Doha's relations with Riyadh and Abu Dhabi. As a result, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain and Egypt declared a blockade on Qatar in June 2017. They accused Qatar of supporting terrorism, demanded to break off all ties with Iran and to close the Turkish military base on its own territory. Qatar tries to ease tensions with the Gulf States by using American lobbyists, Israeli interests, and the Jewish-American community. Qatar follows defensive realism in the combination with the “buck passing” strategy – transferring the responsibility to act to other States while remaining on the sidelines. This is transferring the responsibility to act to the U.S. Qatar's relations with Israel and the Jewish-American community should shift the U.S. position in favor of Qatar.
The main conclusions are the following: 1) there is little chance of luck lobbying in the U.S. for any interests of any State that cooperates with Iran. But the development of Qatari-Israeli relations makes it difficult to accuse Qatar of supporting Iran; 2) the development of Qatari – Saudi crisis shows that attempt both rival parties to “buck-pass” by one superpower is inefficient. The reason is that both Qatar and Saudi coalition act like US's clients.
"Thoughts on Waters and Lands of Japan" by Nishikawa Joken (1648 – 1724)
Authors: Novikova Anna A.
Published: August 2021

The present publication is a translation of Nishikawa Joken’s (1648 – 1724) treatise Nihon Suido Ko:(“Thoughts on Waters and Lands of Japan”), with commentaries and a preface. The treatise was composed approximately in 1700 and published in Kyoto in the beginning of the 18th century. Nishikawa based his work on traditional East-Asian system of knowledge as well as on the European geographical data. This eclectic combination produced an original work, which one can hardly attribute as a reproduction of Western science, neither as Japanese traditional thought. The aim of the author was to describe the position of Japan within the world and to explain why this position was unique and advantageous. Although attempts to reconsider Japan’s inferior to China position were not uncommon during the Tokugawa age, Nishikawa’s originality lies in his way of argumentation. He uses the rhetoric of geographic determinism. It is due to a specific location and consequently the advantageous interaction of elements and branches that Japan is the home for luminous deities. The good nature and the devotedness to the right rituals of the Japanese people are also the product of the beneficial geomantic characteristics. The other topics the author considers are the attempt to confound the bias that Japan is small in size, the underneath meaning and the etymology of different names of Japan, the general structure of the world. Nihon Suido Ko: is a valuable source on the early development of Japanese national self-identification as well as on the history of Japanese geographic thought.
Baksheys: Evolution of the Concept
Authors: Belyakov Andrey V.
Published: August 2021

The given article covers the term “bakshey” as it existed on the territory of Russia. The term was borrowed by Russians from the Golden Horde. However, later its meaning was transformed.
The first records of this word on the Russian territory date back to XV century, in most cases as a generic by-name (e.g., bakshey’s son). Still it is supposed to have appeared not earlier then XIV century. Apparently, initially this was a title for Prince’s Chancellery clerks, who spoke the Uyghur language and were responsible for all contacts with the Golden Horde. As a result of the fact that the Grand Princes of Moscow gradually consolidated political power, appanage princes were “driven out” from the foreign policy area. Baksheys took the role of high-status bond slaves for the past appanage princes. They also fulfilled confidential and special duties till the middle of XVI century. Herewith, they represented the upper stratum of servants and were expressly above the armed bond slaves. In the event of death of their master they gained freedom and could join other great feudal lords.
At the end of XV century there appeared another category of “baksheys”. They were lead qualification specialists, who spoke several Oriental languages. They may also have had a good knowledge of oriental diplomatic intricacies. They were never delegated together with ambassages and served the Moscovian Prince. Their specific status was emphasized through significant financial gain sums as payments for the service. Baksheys’ annual wages were higher than those of most monarchic court members.
Everything changed after the Time of Trouble events at the beginning of XVII century. The category of baksheys as Ambassadorial prikaz employees vanished. It is only as this time, when the conventional distinction between interpreters and translators in the foreign policy office is recorded. However, neither the first, nor the second ones inherited the status of baksheys.
The Deauville Partnership with Arab Countries in Transition: Tracing the Trajectory of a Unique Format
Authors: Bartenev Vladimir I.
Published: August 2021

This paper reconstructs the history of the Deauville Partnership with Arab Countries in Transition – a unique multilateral format established at the 2011 G8 Summit in Deauville, France to help the countries affected by the Arab Awakening navigate through the transition. It identifies the Partnership’s particularities, main objectives, pillars and key phases. The conclusion is drawn that this format stood out because of a regional actors’ participation, a deeper engagement of multilateral institutions and all members’ willingness to cooperate with new partners. The Partnership’s umbrella format allowed to unite stand-alone projects, to increase their legitimacy and cumulative effect. This logic manifested itself clearly under the US and the UK chairmanships (2012–2013) when the members’ interest in the Partnership and expectations were the highest, ensuring a visible progress in all dimensions supported by the Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund under the World Bank trusteeship. However, a dramatic deterioration of the global and regional geopolitical environment in 2014 hindered the intensification of efforts, and the German impulse to reinvigorate the format in 2015 did not last for long. The initial enthusiasm of partners waned, which resulted in a discrete reformatting of the Partnership in 2019, despite the new wave of protests in the Arab world. The Partnership has nonetheless had a positive effect: the Arab countries enjoyed interacting with key donors and multilateral institutions on a regular basis, while the external actors have accumulated a valuable experience of coordinating response to macro-regional challenges. Hypothetically, this experience might still be relevant today but the establishment of a novel and inclusive format with such a clear emphasis on democratic transition in the Arab World is beyond possible.
Minor Dynasties of Early Mediaeval Bengal According to Epigraphical Data: the Dynasty of Varmans (ca. 1050-1125 AD)
Authors: Stolyarov Alexander A.
Published: August 2021

The paper presents a description of the socio-political and economic condition of South-Eastern Bengal in a relatively short period at the cusp of the 11th and 12th centuries, when the dynasty of Varmans ruled there. It is based on the data contained in their inscriptions. Altogether the period of the dynasty's reign did not exceed ¾ century. During this time four rulers succeeded the throne, namely Jatavarman, his both sons – Harivarman and Samalavarman, and also Bhojavarman, the son of the latter. There are seven historical sources ascribed to the dynasty, among them two manuscripts and five inscriptions. These five inscriptions contain three land-grant charters, and two inscriptions on large objects. Three land-grant charters are compiled on behalf of Harivarman, Samalavarman and Bhojavarman, while two inscriptions on large objects are dated back to the reigns of Harivarman and Bhojavarman. The first two of the three charters are poorly preserved; therefore, they cannot be deciphered in full, only the charter of Bhojavarman can be read moderately well. Of the two inscriptions on large objects, one is a panegyric of Bhatta Bhavadeva, who was the minister of peace and war of Harivarman, and the other was compiled on behalf of a minor feudal lord during the reign of Bhojavarman
The dynasty's charters show that Varmans were a ‘regional’ dynasty whose interests did not extend beyond Bengal. Their status allowed them to give land-grants on their own; at the same time, they may be considered as minor independent rulers who constitute the orbit of the regional hegemon – the Pāla dynasty. In turn, the inscriptions on large objects ascribed to the dynasty of Varmans speak for the existence of a system of the hierarchical administration in their principality, as well as the existence of developed commodity-money relations and intensive social and economic ties of the territories controlled by the Varman with the rest of Bengal as well as with other regions of not only India, but probably with more distant countries. It should also be emphasized that their inscriptions witness the earliest evidence of the presence of Muslims in Bengal.
Social Peculiarities of the Family Planning Problem in Tropical Africa
Authors: Rybalkina Inna G.
Published: August 2021

The subject is reflected in the important international documents of the UN – the Millennium development Goals 2001 and the Sustainable develop-ment Goals 2015.  The article examines implementing family planning pro-grams in Tropical Africa, analyzes the attitude of ruling circles and people masses to this problem in the context of centuries-old traditions of having many children, great value of free child labor in agriculture, polygyny, re-ligiosity and other socio-cultural stereotypes. Despite the efforts of interna-tional organizations, most of the 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing a slow spread of contraception, the birth rate is “stalling” at high rates, or the decline in fertility is slow.
But there are some positive examples of countries, where the use of con-traception reaches the 70% level recommended by international experts-demographers, and the birth rate is decreasing, approaching the replace-ment level. These countries are Ethiopia, Rwanda, Madagascar, Ghana, Kenya, and the countries of the South African region. It is likely that the success of family planning and the reduction of the birth rate are due to the consolidated approach of government circles, NGOs, private, public and international organizations, with the crucial role of international donors and financial funds. 
In the course of evolutionary socio-economic development, fertility rates will decrease. But in the next decades, there will still be an increase in the population of a number of SSA countries by 2–3 times. Without substantial foreign financial assistance peoples of Africa, especially the peoples of Cen-tral and West Africa, will not be able to cope with this problem.
«Bukhara Is Like Algeria»: the Ottoman Political Elite on the Petition of the Bukhara Emir Khaidar to Sultan Mahmud II to Accept Bukhara into the Ottoman Empire.
Authors: Vasilyev Alexander D.
Published: August 2021

Relations between the Bukhara Emirate and the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century previously became the object of study more than once [Saray, 1994; 2003. Andican, 2003]. However, one curious episode of bilateral relations has not received the proper assessment of the researchers. We are talking about a very interesting message from the ruler of Bukhara, Mangyt Emir Haidar (1800-1826) to the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1839) with a request to accept Bukhara into the Ottoman Empire. Difficult internal and external political situation around Bukhara in the 1810s - 1820s. forced Emir Haidar to look for ways to solve it, one of which was to receive external assistance from the state, which was considered the most powerful in the Muslim world. Also interesting are the motives of the Ottoman political elite, who discussed various aspects of this diplomatic incident and made a direct comparison of the situation with the potential entry of Bukhara into the empire with the range of problems experienced by Ottoman diplomacy around Algeria. The similarity of the conditions for the entry of Algeria in the XVI century into the Ottoman Empire and the situation around Bukhara in the 19th century was due to the similarity of the military-political threats they faced. However, Bukhara was a little-known region of the world, the annexation of which carried significant risks. In this article, the author will attempt to consider this episode, the motives and goals of the parties in more detail.
About Manuscripts, Lithographs and Early Printed Books of the Karakalpak Institute of Humanities
Authors: Anikeeva Tatiana A.
Published: August 2021

In the course of work in the manuscript collection of the Karakalpak Institute of Humanities (Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan), a collection of manuscripts, lithographs and old-printed books was identified. It consists mainly of new arrivals (the so-called “Chimbay collection” at the place of origin of most of the manuscripts, from the city of Chimbay, formerly Shakhtemir, now in the Republic of Karakalpakstan). According to the information of the Institute's employees, Uzak Rakhmatullayev (born in 1920 in the territory of the modern Chimbay district of Karakalpakstan) collected more than 300 manuscripts and printed publications in Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages and subsequently transferred the collection to the Institute. We started its scientific description.  A preliminary list of manuscripts, lithographs, and old-printed books was compiled, and they were distributed by language, chronology and subject. Among these manuscripts are works on Muslim dogmatics, Korans, poetic works (poems by Ajiniyaz, Berdakh, Suleyman Bakyrghani, Ahmad Yasavi, various destans, etc.), treatises on the grammar of the Arabic language (“Tarkib al-Awamil”), historical works, samples of calligraphy on separate folios, etc., in Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages (Chagatai, Tatar, Karakalpak). Together, they represent the area of reading of a Muslim of that era (19-first half of the 20th century) and are one of the illustrations of the close literary and cultural ties between the Aral Sea region (then the Khanate of Khiva), the Volga region, and the Ottoman Empire (where a number of manuscripts were copied).
Study of Seasonality Tourism in Simanindo Sub-district, Samosir Regency
Authors: Dwi Debora Sitanggang
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Seasonal tourism is a phenomenon characterized by a determinative influence on the tourism industry. This phenomenon is not easy to solve or modify because it has related to tourist arrivals. The number of tourist arrivals is an important point because this is a source of income and revenue for the tourism industry. This study aims to understand and identify seasonal tourism that often occurs every year. The components or variables in this research measure level of tourist visits and the efforts to increase tourist visits outside the season. This research uses quantitative methods and qualitative methods. The data collection are consisted of: qualitative methods with data collection from observations, interviews, and questionnaires and quantitative methods by collecting data from agencies, books, and literature studies. The results are the peak season in the Simanindo sub-district originates from the influence of holidays or religious celebrations. The low season of tourism is caused by weather factors and human disasters. The seasonal pattern for the last three years has the same pattern. The government needs to improve the facilities and creates alternative activities during the low tourist season. The questionnaire's results from tourists satisfied with the tourism industry, infrastructure, and employment services.
Local Satisfaction Study on Tourism activities in Pangururan District Samosir Regency
Authors: M.Emilsyah Insya
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Local tourism administrations in traveler attractions in Pangururan Locale, in this case, precisely and in a roundabout way, influence the evaluation of the fulfillment and dependability of neighborhood communities within the zone. In this manner, it is essential to investigate and think about the impact of benefit fulfillment of neighborhood tourism exercises on traveler fulfillment and devotion in visitor attractions in Pangururan Locale. The benefit quality variable, which comprises coordinate prove, sympathy, responsiveness, unwavering quality, and confirmation, impacts sightseers' fulfillment and dependability. Respondents were visitors and neighborhood individuals who gone by and settled in Pangururan Locale, totaling 110 respondents with the client fulfillment file procedure. In this composing, data collection utilized perception procedures organized interviews, surveys, and writing. At that point, it was analyzed with Likert scale investigation, legitimacy, and unwavering quality tests: separate straight relapse investigation, relationship examination, and examination of assurance. Based on factual information investigation, the pointers in this ponder are substantial, and the factors are dependable. The quality of neighborhood visit direct administrations is sweet at 80%, and 70.5% for visitor devotion. Whereas the rest is impacted by other variables which are not assist explored in this consider. Based on this examination, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the quality of direct neighborhood administrations on the fulfillment and loyalty of visitors within the traveler attractions of Pangururan Locale. It is recommended to the chief that it is essential to hold special preparation for neighborhood guides to back the quality and convenience of human assets there to bolster traveler attractions in Pangururan Area, Samosir Rule
Escala de coma de Glasgow modificada para pacientes surdos e afásicos
Authors: Varela-Barca Francisco Napoleão Tulio
Published: August 2021

Será apresentado, neste texto, uma pequena adaptação da Escala de Coma de Glasgow que serve para surdos e pacientes afásicos. Foram feitas observações a partir de dados coletados na literatura sobre o assunto. Nada foi encontrado a respeito da adaptação da escala para pacientes surdos e afásicos. Coletou-se os dados a partir das bases para selecionar os artigos que abrangiam a temática. Como surdos e afásicos não apresentam resposta verbal adequada em nenhum momento, torna-se necessário colocar a análise da resposta verbal sob a forma de resposta de expressão gestual, pois, dessa forma, torna-se mais completa a análise da Escala de Coma de Glasgow com adaptação para surdos. O presente estudo não é rígido, ou seja, é passível de mudanças ulteriores.
Enseñanza y aprendizaje en la educación remota en la Educación Básica mediante plataformas virtuales
Authors: Alvarado-Hinostroza España , Tolentino-Quiñones Hermis
Published: August 2021

Debido a la aparición de la pandemia del COVID-19 las instituciones educativas se vieron obligadas a cerrar sus puertas y pasar a la modalidad remota para continuar con las labores pedagógicas, para ello, se tuvo que hacer uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC). El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar artículos relacionados al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la Educación Básica Regular mediante el uso de las TIC en los diferentes escenarios, principalmente a través de las plataformas virtuales. En esta investigación se utilizaron métodos de análisis documental, se elaboraron fichas de contenidos los cuales sirvieron como guía en el desarrollo del presente trabajo, además se utilizaron como fuentes revistas indexadas. Entre las principales conclusiones se tiene que el uso de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y comunicación es indispensable en todos los niveles educativos porque desempeña un rol importante en la innovación educativa, asimismo, se concluye sobre la importancia de la actualización y capacitación permanente de los docentes en el uso y manejo de las tecnologías para crear estrategias de enseñanza y aprendizaje que les permitan desarrollar una enseñanza interactiva.