bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Defensive January 1951–March 1952
Authors: Mastny Vojtech
Published: October 2023

The incipient Korean stalemate, reassuring though it may have been for Stalin in the short run, was hardly suited to allay his concern about the war’s possible long-term repercussions. From his perspective, even if the Americans felt too weak to expand the hostilities beyond the Far East, for that very reason they might want to compensate for their weakness in that area by increasing pressure on his vulnerable Eastern European periphery. In anticipating their challenge, should he try to appease them by facilitating a negotiated peace in Asia? Or should he rather do his best to lock them in a prolonged confrontation with the Chinese, while preparing for a perhaps inevitable showdown in Europe? These were Stalin’s unappealing strategic choices in early 1951.

As long as the Chinese appeared to be capable of winning despite having been pushed out of South Korea in early February, Stalin shunned his choices. On the 16th he told Pravda that the United States was going to lose and should accept the terms demanded by Beijing.
Turning Culture into News: Literature
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

By the time that the Tatler was dismissing science, it would have been widely understood that the public was moving on to other interests. For the interval had seen the development of literary periodicals. More surprising, it would not be long before England saw the development of an imaginative literature that turned news discourse into an art form.In July 1691, four months after the appearance of the Athenian Mercury, a general review appeared in London. The Works of the Learned, or An Historical Account and Impartial Judgment of Books newly printed, both Foreign and Domestic was edited monthly by a Huguenot immigrant, Jean de la Crose, who had experience in this line on the continent. In fact, it was de la Crose whose translations had been marketed in the unsuccessful Universal Historical Bibliotheque (1687), noted earlier. So it was his own experience that made him lament that his adopted England was behind Europe in the matter of reviews: “The great Encouragement they have received in Holland, France, Germany, etc.... seems to reproach us for having so long neglected it.”‘ Science might be well served in England, but the other areas of scholarship—history, literary criticism, theology, travel, for example-were not.
Issues Facing the Church
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai
Published: October 2023

The primary issues facing the Mexican Catholic Church cannot easily be separated into temporal and spiritual or political and nonpolitical issues. Most of the significant problems for the Church since the 1970s have important, secular implications, often of a political nature. Nevertheless, the Church’s posture on human rights, liberation theology, and Protestantism, which are grouped together for rea sons of convenience rather than for scholarly logic, do share stronger theological foundations than the more temporal political issues such as elections and voting analyzed in chapter 3. One of the most important moral issues, one that places the Church squarely in the political arena in Mexico, is that of human rights.

Human rights and the clergy’s role first received attention in South and Central America. In the region south of Mexico, where repressive military regimes dominated during most of the 1970s, many bishops and clergy were sensitized to the “close relationship between the existing unequal arrangement of economic and political power and the systematic violation of civil rights of individuals and groups.”
Becoming a Priest
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai
Published: October 2023

A primary theme of this book is to explain how Church leaders and prominent politicians view each other. I believe that the experiences that form both politicians and bishops contribute to their attitudes and values in general and to their social, political, and religious beliefs in particular. One of the variables that explains some personal qualities is why an individual chooses to make a life career out of one profession versus another. Comparisons between politicians and bishops are especially revealing because these two groups of individuals exercise, or have the potential for exercising, enormous influence over society, and despite their obvious differences of emphasis, share many leadership skills.
Educating the Clergy
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai
Published: October 2023

Well-developed institutions, regardless of purpose or profession, generate for mal and informal patterns for selecting and promoting future leaders. In Mexico, informal qualities such as kinship ties or personal friendships often exercise greater influence in both the choice and progress of future public leaders. Formally, education plays a significant role, not just in terms of level and quality of education but where it occurs. A politician’s education, therefore, brings that individual in contact with present and future public figures. Among Mexican entrepreneurial elites, family is overwhelmingly the determining variable in arriving at the post of chief executive officer of a major corporation.In the Mexican military, which shares more similarities with the Church, given its in-house training structures, than do the private and public sectors, educational experiences establish lifelong linkages among officers, and certain levels have become a sine qua non for achieving the rank of general.3
The Color of Money
Authors: Campos Paul F
Published: October 2023

In their majestic equality our laws forbid the rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal their bread. This is supposed to strike the audience as absurd: Ralph can hardly be praised for resisting the temptation to be what he cannot be in order to remain what he surely is-an Englishman. Today, when we have come to accept that so much of reality is socially constructed rather than being a reflection of some objectively immutable order of things, there is no longer anything absurd about the idea of choosing to remain a member of one nationality rather than becoming something (or someone) else.
Leaving Las Vegas
Authors: Campos Paul F
Published: October 2023

A crowd of 150 men is gathered around a huge television screen, shouting at the top of its collective lungs. The scene is the sports book at a gigantic Las Vegas casino, the eponymous Mirage, and the occasion is the final minute of a college football game. Coming upon this display of unbridled passion a naive visitor assumes the contest must truly be hanging in the proverbial balance. He is in fact correct, but not in the sense he imagines.
Toward A General Theory of Unicorns
Authors: Campos Paul F
Published: October 2023

Once upon a time people believed that unicorns, like owls, doves, and salamanders, lived deep in the vernal gloom of the forest. Because unicorns were reputed to be especially clever and shy creatures, they were very difficult to find; indeed they were rarely ever spotted except in poor light, flitting between the shadows of mossy trees, or disappearing behind the sudden bend of a glittering stream. Despite these impediments to their systematic study, elaborate accounts nevertheless developed concerning their habits, appearance, and likely whereabouts. The biology and psychology of the unicorn were subjects of immense learning; comprehensive treatises were composed; competing theories jostled for attention; and scholars argued in heated conventicles, disputing the value of each other’s evidence, interpretations, and methods.
Introduction: Enduring Imprints of the Longer Past
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

The rulers who took power in 1868 initiated changes that amounted to a modern revolution in Japan. To understand this time of transformation one must first pay close attention to the political, social, and cultural order that came together in the 1600s and to the many changes of the 1700s and 1800s. That history, of what is called the Tokugawa era (after the name of the ruling family), is the focus of Part 1. Before examining this fascinating period, however, newcomers to the study of early modern and modern Japan must be introduced to key features of geography, politics and international relations, and culture stretching back much further in time, all of which remained important in the modern era.
The Tokugawa Polity
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

The tumultuous changes of modern times in Japan unfolded against the backdrop of more than two centuries of unprecedented peace and social order. This era, called the Tokugawa period after the family name of Japan’s military rulers between 1600 and 1868, has left a variety of images for later ages. The Tokugawa order was bolstered by harsh laws and restrictions on social and geographic mobility. Officials are said to have ruled by the motto, “Sesame seeds and peasants are very much alike.
The Overthrow of the Tokugawa
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

In the decades around 1800, whalers, merchant ships, and gunboats from Europe and the United States appeared in Japanese waters with alarming frequency, pressing their claims with increasing persistence. They were powerful symbols and emissaries of the capitalist and nationalist revolutions that were just then transforming Euro-American societies and reaching beyond to transform the world. In Japan they turned a chronic low-grade crisis into an acute, revolutionary situation.
The Samurai Revolution
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

However, if we compare this situation of 1868 in any aspect—political, economic, social, cultural—to that of just a decade later, the changes are breath taking and fully merit the term revolution. Of course, no society ever totally severs itself from its past, and Japan was no exception. But the range and depth of change were astonishing to observers at the time. It remains so when looking back after 150 years. One of the most insightful contemporaneous observers was a British scholar named Basil Hall Chamberlain.
The Depression Crisis and Responses
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

From the 1890s through the 1920s a hybrid politics of imperial democracy had emerged in Japan. The political order was anchored by a modernized imperial institution, which looked to the British monarchy as a model and anxiously offered space for a significant degree of pluralism. Organizations of landlords and businessmen, factory workers and tenant farmers, and women and men pursued their goals in a messy politics of confrontation and compromise.
Economic and Social Transformations
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

The Japanese economy expanded at a stunning pace from 1950 through the early 1970s. These two decades, beginning with the Korean War boom, have come to be called the “era of high speed growth” by historians. At unprecedented speed, Japan changed from a site of destruction and poverty to a place of prosperity. How did this happen? The so-called economic miracle was in part produced through the transforming magic of the market. But in important and distinctive ways, it was a managed miracle guided by the Japanese state.
Global Power in a Polarized World: Japan in the 1980s
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

The emergence of Japan as a prosperous, confident, and peaceful nation was a striking development of postwar global history. At home, from the 1970s through the 1980s, some people swelled with pride bordering on arrogance at national achievements. They chafed at the jealous criticism of foreigners. Some spoke nostalgically of the vanishing of older ways of life. They worried that the younger generation had lost the focused commitment of their seniors. Others argued for a greater openness to the world, more tolerance of variety, or more equality in the worlds of men and women.
Medicare for the Middle Class
Authors: Rothman David J
Published: October 2023

From the New Deal until the mid-1960s, health insurance remained, at its core, a private responsibility. Exactly as Blue Cross and an expanding number of commercial insurers, like Metropolitan Life, had hoped, and in accord with the demonstrated abilities of voluntary organizations like the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, there seemed little need to bring government into the health care field. Not just ideology but performance confirmed the adequacy of the marketplace. It was not only that Americans shared a persistent distrust of government, but that in their own lives and in their everyday experiences, they felt no need to change the system. Periodically, legislation would be introduced to expand government health programs, but whether the initiative came from Congress, as in the 1943 Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill, or from the White House, as in the case of Harry Truman, it suffered defeat. The United States remained almost alone among industrialized countries in not providing national health insurance. In this framework, the passage of Medicare in 1965 outwardly represented a new departure in American health policy. For the first time, the federal government guaranteed that all citizens over the age of 65 would have access to hospital services. Repudiating allegations that it was socializing medicine, Congress enacted and Lyndon Johnson signed a bill that provided the funding to enable the elderly to forgo reliance upon private health insurance and enter hospitals at little expense to themselves.

Although proponents expressed the belief, at the time privately and later more publicly, that its passage was to represent the first step on the road to national health insurance, in fact, Medicare turned out to be a dead end. It was not unreasonable to anticipate that once the government provided health insurance to those over 65 it would eventually come to serve those under 65, but the expectation proved wrong. In the aftermath of the 1965 legisla-tion, only the elderly (and the very poor, through the very differently administered and far less liberal program of Medicaid) experienced a shift in health care costs from the marketplace to the government. Everyone else still had to turn to the private sector to buy protection or otherwise pay their own medical bills. For the great majority of the country’s citizens, Medicare made no difference.
Potential Uses of the Revenue from a Tobin Tax
Authors: Kaul Inge , Langmore John
Published: October 2023

Recent turbulence in the financial markets of Europe, the United States, Mexico and other developing countries has rekindled debate over the proposal for a levy on international currency transactions-the Tobin tax. The levy would be beneficial not only in creating an incentive for longer-term capital flows and reducing the risk of unwanted financial volatility. It would also generate a large amount of revenue. Not surprisingly, then, both financial market experts and public finance-notably development-specialists are contributing to the debate. The latter see the Tobin tax (and other, similar global policy measures) as an innovative way to mobilize resources and alleviate budgetary constraints of both nation-states and international organizations. Although the revenue-raising aspect of the Tobin tax has recently received considerable attention, it has not yet been systematically analysed. Here, we explore different dimensions of this topic and suggest issues requiring further research and policy discussion.
Empires Of Trade, Hinterlands Of Settlement
Authors: Gitlin Jay
Published: October 2023

Antoine Le Page du Pratz left the French port of La Rochelle in May 1718 and arrived in America-at the entrance to Mobile Bay-on 25 August. Le Page was an educated man, a professional architect with training in mathematics and engineering. He had fought for Louis XIV in the War of the Spanish Succession. He came to Louisiana as a concessionaire, a man of means with a grant from John Law’s Company of the West, ready to invest his energy, capital, and skills in this New World.
The Federal Presence
Authors: Abbott Carl
Published: October 2023

The federal government pervades the contemporary American West. Federal lands stretch from the fires of Kilauea to the ice cliffs of Glacier Bay, from the nation’s highest peak in Alaska to its lowest point in Death Valley. Federal properties range in size and complexity from roadside picnic tables to Hoover Dam. Federal funds protect the ancient homes of the Anasazi on the Colorado Plateau, pay for the scientific research at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and support the search for nuclear-waste depositories in the sparsely settled hinterlands of Nevada and New Mexico. Westerners are still known to proclaim their independence of the governmental octopus, but they now live in a region whose every corner is linked into networks of federal programs, regulations, spending, and employment.
Landscapes Of Abundance And Scarcity
Authors: Cronon William
Published: October 2023

Just after midnight on 24 March 1989, the Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef in Alaska’s Prince William Sound. Its captain, his judgment clouded by alcohol, had maneuvered the supertanker out of ordinary shipping lanes in an effort to avoid icebergs floating south from the great Columbia Glacier. Accelerating into a mile-wide gap between the ice and the reef, and apparently forgetting that the ship (itself nearly one-fifth of a mile long) required over half a mile to turn, he had already left the bridge when the tanker shuddered to a halt, its hull ripped open as if by an enormous can-opener. So began the worst oil spill in American history.
Animal Models of Angiogenesis in Cardiovascular Tissues
Authors: Meszaros J Gary , Brunton Laurence L , Bloor Colin M
Published: October 2023

Assessment of the physiologic triggers of angiogenesis and growth factors with therapeutic potential in myocardial ischemia (described elsewhere in this hook) have depended on the use of large animal models of myocardial ischemia and collateral flow. Understanding the rationale behind, and the limitations of, these animal models is important for interpreting the results of interventions that alter angiogenesis. In this chapter, largeanimal models of coronary collateral formation and angiogenesis will be described, along with a model of peripheral ischemia.
Reconstruction: Ultraconservative Revolution
Authors: Mckitrick Eric
Published: October 2023

It has been understood for some time that the American Civil War was a revolution. But more than a hundred years have had to pass before Americans can finally begin to understand what sort of revolution it actually was. Not so many years ago our historians were still arguing that the Civil War-”the Second American Revolution,” as the late Charles Beard called it­ represented the final victory of Northern capitalism in its re­ lentless aggressions against the agrarian economy of the South, and that slavery was in no true sense the central issue. Such a point of view was first encouraged by Marx and Engels, who observed the war and followed its course with great interest, and arguments based on some version of that same view point have not entirely disappeared from the discussions of historians even today.
The Coming of Big Business
Authors: Chandler Alfred D
Published: October 2023

Big business has become an integral part of the economies of all major industrial urban nations where means of production and distribution are in private hands. There are great private business enterprises in all but the smallest of the non-Communist countries of western Europe, in Japan, and even in India. In the United States, however, there are more giant business enterprises than in any other national economy, and some of these are larger than the biggest businesses of other nations. In the United States, too, these great enterprises play a more significant role in the nation’s economy than do similar private firms in other economies. A few statistics reflect the dominating position which the giant business enterprises have achieved in the American economy. In 1960, 600 American corporations had annual earn­ ings of over $10 million. These 600 constitute one-half of 1 per cent of the total corporations in the country; yet they accounted for 53 per cent of the total corporate income.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Howard
Published: October 2023

There are between 1 and 2 billion buildings on the earth.1 How did they come to be, and how can the knowledge of their origins help us improve buildings in the future?
Value and the Flow of Money
Authors: Davis Howard
Published: October 2023

To a large extent the transactions of the building culture are economic ones that involve labor and the production of wealth, the flow of money, the value given to different things in the culture. Buildings and the built world represent a good part of the wealth of modern societies, and construction activity represents a good part of ongoing economic production. However, in the United States, and other countries as well, the total square footage of new construction has greatly increased, even as its total cost has slipped—raising questions about how the value of buildings is understood.1
Ordering The One-Party Regime
Authors: Staloff Darren
Published: October 2023

The suppression of Antinomian dissent had required the concerted effort of all of the orthodox elements of Massachusetts’s one-party state. In the spring of 1637 the culturally virtuous freemen of the outer party, with the urgent blessing of the ministerial intellectuals, had purged those deputies and assistants suspected of dissident sympathies during the Court of Elections in Newtown. In the late summer, the magistrates prompted the elders to condemn the theory and practice of Antinomianism in New England’s first full-blown synod. Finally, in early winter all three elements of the one-party regime—ministerial intellectuals, magisterial intelligentsia, and representatives of the culturally virtuous outer party—cooperated at the General Court in banishing the Antinomians’ ringleaders and extracting recantations from the bulk of the dissidents. Only with such cooperation and unity had orthodoxy been secured in Massachusetts. In the decades ahead, every significant threat to orthodoxy and the system of cultural domination, either from dissidents within the colony or from heterodox forces without, was met by a unified and determined regime.
Gender and Research
Authors: Kass Nancy
Published: October 2023

It is curious that the inclusion of women in biomedical research should have become an issue of justice. Women are different from other subpopulations addressed in this volume: unlike minority populations, women compri’se 51% of the population; unlike children and mentally disabled persons, women are competent adults; and unlike prisoners, women have no legal constraints on their autonomy. Women are legitimately a focus of concern about justice, however, for reasons that will be described and there have been increasing efforts to expose this area in recent years. National expert panels have been convened,1 individual commentators have argued for greater participation of for women,2 data have been collected on the extent to which women have been included in clinical research,3 and federal policy has changed in order to be more inclusive of women.
Introduction
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly
Published: October 2023

Although the united states is one of the most successful 21 multiethnic, multireligious (if not multiracial) societies, its history is also blighted by many deplorable incidents—sometimes campaigns— of anti-Semitic, anti-black, xenophobic, homophobic, and anti-Catholic violence, and all kinds of criminal conduct motivated by other prejudices. Only recently, however, have such incidents been defined as “hate crime.”
The City Praetorships, 122-50
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

Fully three-quarters of the urban praetors of the years 122-82 B.C. are lost to us. There are just seven or so individuals who definitely or almost certainly can be placed in this provincia during these years, and another three or four for whom a case can be made. After Sulla, matters improve significantly. For that period, only about one-third of the urban praetors have gone missing. We are particularly well informed on the urban province in the 70s and reasonably so for the next decade as well. But then, starting in the 50s (somewhat surprisingly), the quality of our information becomes noticeably worse. I should note that direct attestation of this provincia-or any other city province-is not all that common for this entire period. Too often, an individual’s tenure of the urban jurisdiction has to be inferred from the nature of his activities. The holding of the Ludi Apollinares is of course a reliable indicator. The superintendency of unnamed “games” perhaps is not, since, starting in 81 B.C., a praetor (not the urban one) had responsibility for the Ludi Victoriae Sullanae.1 Even presidency of the Senate (really found only in the preSullan period) is somewhat slippery. But it seems positively poor methodology to infer that a praetor had the urban provincia merely from his reported activity in the sphere of the civil law. The range and volume of the legal matters that might come to a praetor’s attention in this period was stupefying, as Cicero explicitly tells us. It is surely preferable to leave preconceptions at the door when investigating how such responsibilities were handled, especially since the praetorship is such a spottily attested office.
“Between The Devil and The Deep Blue”,Black Historical Authority and the Vietnam War
Authors: Kinney Katherine
Published: October 2023

Near the end of Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, the protagonist worries about the fate of black Americans living outside the patterns of recorded history, “too distant from the centers of historical decision, to sign or even to applaud the signers of historical documents[.] We who write no novels, histories, or other books. What about us?” In Vietnam War texts by African American writers, this exclusion from recorded history occasions the trope of friendly fire. The image of Americans killing Americans in these works is distinguished from those considered in previous chapters by the overt ideological critique made possible by an articulate black nationalist consciousness. Such scenes of violent confrontation, however, are not a new feature of African American war narratives. In increasingly self-conscious and aggressive form since the Civil War, African Americans have viewed military service as a way to place themselves within the mainstream of American history. One thinks of Richard Wright’s account in Black Boy of his grandfather’s painstaking attempts to document his service in the Union army in order to claim his rightful pension. The trials of Richard Wilson, rechristened “Vinson” by a white officer’s careless inscription, all too vividly captures the frustrating reality of service in Jim Crow institutions. The regimental histories of segregated units such as the 54th and 55 th Massachusetts Volunteers in the Civil War or the “Buffalo Soldiers” of the 9th and 10th cavalry in the West and the Spanish-American War became curiosities of military history, just as the soldiers themselves had been relegated to the most obscure and distant posts.
Grunts, The Vernacular of Postmodernism
Authors: Kinney Katherine
Published: October 2023

The story of the Vietnam War has been most often told from the “grunt’s” point of view. In privileging the foot soldier’s perspective, representations of the war have been violent and profane to an unprecedented degree. The boundaries of the grunt’s narrative become quite literally the boundaries of the body and its obscene violation. This bodily narrative centers a deep tension in Vietnam War literature between realism and postmodernism, or, perhaps, within postmodernism itself. As Elaine Scarry argues, the need to claim the “incontestable reality of the body” is fundamental to the structure of war (62). In the face of the profound loss of public faith in the government and the media during Vietnam, the veteran alone has become charged with the responsibility to tell us “what the war was really like.” Bodily dismemberment and atrocities serve as markers of realism, evidence that the narrator has “been there.”At the same time, however, the self-conscious turn in Vietnam War literature to what critics most commonly call “American myth” suggests an ideological crisis, that the American “imagined relation to the real” was ultimately the war’s crucial scene of battle.
Humping The Boonies, Women and the Memory of War
Authors: Kinney Katherine
Published: October 2023

The landmark collection, Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writing from the Women’s Liberation Movement, edited by Robin Morgan and published in 1970, includes a reworking of a contemporary advertisement for the Women’s Army Corps. The ad features a smiling, fresh-faced young woman wearing fatigues with surgical scissors sticking out of her pocket and carries the accompanying appeal, “Help run the United States Army.” “Girls are one of the secrets of running a modern army,” the ad confides, “Willing, cheerful, energetic girls.” After making the still familiar promises of education, job training, opportunity for advancement, and “ change of scene,” the ad closes with a more curious line of encouragement: “It’s great training for running a home someday.” Beneath the picture appears a feminist elaboration of the connection the ad asserts between the military and the home. Where the ad presents the military as an enlightened bureaucracy in which “girls” can “become personnel specialists, or learn to figure the payroll, or type a decent letter,” the added text reclaims the young woman’s voice and asserts direct connections between the Vietnam War and domestic space, protest against the war, and the contemporary Women’s Liberation Movement.
The Doctor-Patient Relationship in Different Cultures
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: October 2023

When bioethicists from the United States call for recognition of the rights of patients, are they simply expressing their unique American adherence to individualism? The familiar charge of “ethical imperialism” is leveled against proposals that patients in other countries, where individualism is not a prominent value, should nevertheless be granted a similar right to informed consent. While it is true that the doctrine of informed consent focuses on the rights of individual patients, it is not rooted solely in the cultural value of individualism. Rather, it stems from a value many cultures recognize, especially those that aspire to democracy and a just social order: the notion that powerful agents, be they from governmental or nongovernmental organizations, may not invade the personal lives, and especially the bodies, of ordinary citizens.
Human Rights Health and Medicine
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: October 2023

IT is indisputable that the experiments conducted by German doctors during the Nazi era were gross violations of the human rights of their victims. If anything counts as a human right-one that is universally applicable to all humans-it is the right not to be forced to undergo medical experiments intended to result in death. However, the sweeping claim that unethical research undermines human rights signals a move from charging that something is unethical to alleging that it is a violation of a moral standard of the highest order. Although it is true that research subjects have rights that deserve protection, an additional argument is needed to show that the rights of research subjects should be classified under the heading of “human” rights. In an article entitled “Human Experimentation and Human Rights,” Jay Katz acknowledges that the contours of human rights are still illdefined.1 Yet Katz cites the many United Nations resolutions on human rights in support of his contention that current research regulations in the United States fail to protect the human rights of subjects of research. He asserts that research subjects possess human rights that are inviolate, but stops short of providing a full-blown argument linking the concept of human rights with the rights of research subjects. The closest he comes is to invoke the idea that “human beings possess rights to inviolate dignity.”2 However, appeals to human dignity are not intuitively more clear than appeals to human rights. If anything, they are more obscure.
Why Did Europeans Emigrate?
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G
Published: October 2023

This chapter conducts a quantitative analysis of decade rates of emigration across 12 European countries between 1860 and 1913.1 We seek answers to three of the questions raised in chapter 2. Why do emigration rates differ across countries? Can the same model account for rising emigration rates in some countries and falling emigration rates in others? Is the model equally effective in accounting for southern and northern European experience?The late-nineteenth-century European emigration experience is presented in table 3.1. These decade emigration rates were constructed from the authoritative study by Ferenczi and Willcox (1929).
A Setting
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

Backdrop a mural, with the terrified faces of Chinese men running away from an explosion, their long hair ponytailed into distinctive queues, flapping in the wind of their flight. Behind them, torching the buildings and homes of the Chinese laborers, stands a lynch mob of bearded white men, carrying shotguns and makeshift clubs. The scene might have a date marked in bold letters, perhaps 1877, perhaps 1885. The specific location? It could be Tacoma, Washington, or Rock Springs, Wyoming, or Snake River, Idaho, or a dozen small towns in California, from Redding to Bakersfield. It does not matter, as long as the image is retained: a memory of Chinese workers and merchants being driven out of frontier towns, herded in a long march to the ghettos of San Francisco and Vancouver, British Columbia.
The Survey’s Ends
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

The Survey of Race Relations on the Pacific Coast marked the beginning of American social science’s long-term interest in Orientals. Originally defined by the outlook and concerns of Protestant missionaries and reliant upon their social networks, the survey’s construction of the Oriental Problem was eventually built upon the needs of the sociologists. Their understandings of Orientals in America would structure the way American intellectuals thought about Asian immigrants for most of the twentieth century. The goal of the missionaries was to reeducate the public about Asian immigrants and therefore lessen anti-Asian hostility; the sociologists’ ambitions ended with their acquisition of knowledge about Orientals. What they learned would serve less to enlighten Americans than to elaborate and validate their own theories. This disagreement over the survey’s purpose would fracture the alliance between the missionaries and sociologists and lead to the survey’s premature end.
American Orientalism as a Theory of Race, Space, and Identity
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

The Chicago sociologists’ evaluation of knowledge underwent a change between the 1920s and the 1950s as they acquired what they perceived to be better and better informants and information. They used two criteria for adjudging the worth of such information. One was an initial valuation of the exotic identity of Oriental intellectuals and their knowledge; the other was a judgment regarding the degree of inside access these Orientals were perceived to possess. By constructing a situation where information about Orientals was seen to be contained within closed Chinatowns and Little Tokyos, sociologists made Chinese American and Japanese American informants valuable.
Legacies and Descendents
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

We all need maps, in a sense, and we are all mapmakers. The maps we make come to represent the world as we understand it. Therefore, to study the intellectual constructions of other people is to see the world as they wish to see it, to travel the landscape as they do. It is, as the saying goes, to walk a mile in their shoes. We need to understand, of course, how any map also contains the methods of control and domination, of constraining and defining exactly what people and places are to mean.
Social Diversity and the Formal Institutions of State Government
Authors: Hero Rodney E
Published: October 2023

State governmental institutions-state legislatures, governors or executives, the bureaucracy, the courts, and, in some states, “direct democracy” structures-are the formal policymaking bodies in the states. While these institutions are studied frequently, the studies tend to be rather com partmentalized.1 The tendency is to examine particular aspects of one institution or another, but few studies consider institutions as a whole or the interrelationships of institutions. And the issues have not been considered from the standpoint of social diversity. Studies that focus on institutions as a whole often consider only one or a few states, perhaps because of the sheer complexity encountered when assessing these intricate entities. Studies that examine all the states are also limited by the variations, complexity, and the numerous incommensurabilities of state institutions; thus, research tends to focus on a few of the more apparent and measurable dimensions of state institutions. But it is not al together clear that the most apparent and/or measurable traits are necessarily the most important or interesting. This is not to criticize the previous re search; indeed, studying institutions as a topic (and as an approach to studying state politics) is highly desirable. However, the difficulties and limitations of studying state governmental institutions evident in previous research also have consequences for analyzing social diversity relative to those institutions. This chapter examines the formal institutions of state government, focusing primarily on two major issues in relation to social diversity: formal institutional structure or characteristics, and descriptive representation or institutional composition. Both of these are important, commonly addressed issues in the literature, although the former, in particular, is seldom considered from the standpoint of a social diversity interpretation.
Social Diversity and State Public Policies Other Issues
Authors: Hero Rodney E
Published: October 2023

The previous chapter considered several policies often viewed as social and/or redistributive in nature, such as welfare and certain health policies. Social diversity was found to have substantial and consistent relationships to several of the policies, especially their differential dimensions. This chapter examines various other policies, some of which appear directly relevant for minority groups and, thus, perhaps particularly understandable in social diversity terms. Yet other of the policies considered, such as family policy, might not be viewed as ones where social diversity is ger mane because the link between social diversity and policy is likely more indirect than for others. However, because states play major roles in these policies, they deserve consideration.
Chapter Twelve
Authors: Schlossman Steven
Published: October 2023

Of the many and valuable institutions sustained in whole, or in part, from the public treasury, we may safely say, that none is of more importance, or holds a more intimate connection with the future prosperity and moral integrity of the community, than one which promises to take neglected, wayward, wandering, idle and vicious boys, with perverse minds and corrupted hearts, and cleanse and purify and reform them, and thus send them forth in the erectness of manhood and in the beauty of virtue, educated and prepared to be industrious, useful and virtuous citizens.
Drug Induced, Hypersensitivity, and Dermatopathic Lymphadenopathies
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Drug induced, hypersensitivity, and dermatopathic lymphadenopathies are frequent causes of paracortical (“T-zone”) lymph node hyperplasia. Reactions to drugs are a frequent cause of hypersensitivity lymphadenopathy. Most reported cases have been to anticonvulsant drugs of the Dilantin (diphenylhydantoin) class, including related drugs, such as Mesantoin, Mysoline, and Celontin; however siinilar reactions to other drugs, such as carbamazepine (Tegretol), have also been reported (De Vriese et al, 1995; Gordon and Ferry, 1996). Because of their frequent association with anticonvulsant drugs, these reactions are sometimes referred to as “anticonvulsant lymphadenopathy” (Saltzstein and Ackerman, 1959).
Postvaccinial and Viral Lymphadenitis and Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Postvaccinial lymphadenitis, viral lymphadenitis, and infectious mononucleosis are lymph node responses to viral infections which are characterized by striking immunoblastic hyperplasia which may mimic malignant lymphoma. Postvaccinial lymphadenitis classically follows immunization for smallpox (Hartsock, 1968) but may also follow other vaccines (Dorfman and Herweg, 1966). We have seen one case following immunization for hepatitis B.
Fungal, Protozoal, and Filarial Lymphadenitis and Other Lymph Node Granulomas
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Fungal lymphadenitis results from infection with several species of dimorphic fungi, including Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis), Coccidioides immitis (coccidioi-domycosis), Blastomyces dermatitidisis (North American blastomycosis), Paracoccidi-oides brasiliensis (South American blastomycosis), and Sporothrix schenckii (sporotri-chosis) and the yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans (crytococcosis). Fungal lymphadenitis in these infections is typically a manifestation of disseminated disease in the immunocompromised host.
Proliferations of Mesenchymal Elements
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Normal lymph nodes contain a variety of mesenchymal elements, including fibrous tissue in the lymph node capsule, trabeculae, and hilum; smooth muscle; blood vessels; lymphatics; and fat. Proliferations of these elements occasionally occur. Additionally, lymph nodes may be the site of hamartomatous proliferations containing several mesenchymal elements.
Between Privation’s Devil And The Union’s Blue Sea March 1864-April 1865,
Authors: Blair William
Published: October 2023

Civilians watched from hilltops while the squad of eight to ten Union soldiers carried out the destruction. As wisps of smoke thickened into clouds, one observer acknowledged the passing of a familiar landmark with: “There goes Rockland Mill.” The officer leading the men had stated matter-of-factly, “Go over there and burn that mill,” and the grinding of machinery gave way to the crackling of timbers. In a five-mile radius around Dayton, soldiers exacted retribution on an entire community for the death of a Union staff officer. Families slept that night on open ground within sight of the flames that hours before had been homes. Here and elsewhere Federal troops destroyed a total of 2,000 barns filled with wheat, hay, and implements; seventy mills filled with grain; and roughly 4,000 head of livestock. No one counted the homes. This was not central Georgia in the winter of I 864 but a handful of counties in the Shenandoah Valley between late September and early October. Instead of the more flamboyant title of “March to the Sea,” the experience won from residents a simpler but perhaps more descriptive name-”the burning.”
Selecting an Advisor: Whose Lab Is Right for Me
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas
Published: October 2023

As a new graduate student arriving at the university, you are likely to be somewhat bewildered as to what to expect, and what is expected of you. As the yearly incoming class in a graduate department is often small !do not be surprised if you are one of a handful), you are unlikely to feel any class camaraderie behind you. To ease some of your perplexity, orientation meetings may be scheduled to welcome you and help you get started, or/and you will be sent to speak to an individual, either a faculty member, or a full time assistant of grad students, who will inform you of course requirements, fellowship and grant opportunities, and other essential information.
Deciding on Research Projects for Your Dissertation
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas
Published: October 2023

The Ph.D. degree is awarded for conducting “original research.” This requirement, researching something that no one has re searched before, is less intimidating than it sounds. A small, logical step forward can constitute “original research.” If it has been reported that the amygdala of the human brain is activated during fear responses i as examined by positron emission tomography), and you use the same technique to investigate whether the amygdala is activated by other emotions, such as happiness, this is “original research.” Still, coming up with appropriate dissertation projects, whether they be theoretical, methodological/technological, and/or experimental, can be difficult and frustrating. Your projects will have to be narrow enough to be researched thoroughly, and the problems/issues being examined must be well defined.1 The projects will have to fit in with the general scheme of the lab, and should not stray too drastically from the subjects presently being studied there. Ideally, they should build on the lab’s past findings: explaining observations, studying discoveries in depth, exploring new leads. Your experiments, however, must stay within the lab’s budget, which usually is dictated by the professor’s grant.
Foreign Students: Unique Problems and Stresses
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas
Published: October 2023

Foreign graduate students suffer all the difficulties and stresses experienced by other grad students-plus many others. In addition to the rigors of graduate school, many international students must also deal with language problems, cultural differences, unfamiliarity with the structure of American institutions, loneliness, and homesickness. The biggest hurdle I faced was the culture difference and the fact that I got very lonely at times. I kept comparing the U.S. to the U.K., and in the end decided that the U.S. was just “different.” The absence of familiar crutches made “downswings” in mood much deeper. (Ph.D., citizen of the United Kingdom) If the above former grad student, citizen of an English-speaking country, felt lonely and estranged in the U.S., imagine what it must be like for those who are not proficient in the English language! Like other foreign students, my biggest problems are language and culture. I did not have much time to study English before I came here and I never spoke English in my daily activities. The differences in culture make me nervous-I worry that I might do something that in the American tradition is considered wrong. It is very hard work for me to adjust.
Times They Are A-Changing
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas
Published: October 2023

The situation in science nowadays, as outlined in the previous chapter, is very different than it was even a relatively short time ago. The cover of a 1995 issue of Science (vol. 270), depicting a tasseled and gowned, newly minted Ph.D. searching through the newspaper employment ads, tells it all: the academic job market is poor. The causes are many: the race for scientific superiority slowed down with the end of the Cold War, the federal deficit justified a reduction in research funding, the raised mandatory retirement age resulted in a sluggish faculty turnover, and state universities had major cuts made in their budgets. Together, these events have led to faculty layoffs and hiring freezes. Yet the demand for graduate students to teach undergraduates and perform the faculty’s research persists: the number of universities granting Ph.D.s have increased, and an over-abundant number of Ph.D.s are being produced.