bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a Regime of Responsibility of Armed Groups in International Law
Authors: Inigo Alvarez Laura
Published: December 2020

Armed groups have played a predominant role in the violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law committed in conflict settings. The increase in the number of non-international armed conflicts during the past decades has emphasised the need to address the multiple legal challenges posed by the actions of armed groups. In particular, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the framework of responsibility for armed groups in international law. While much has been written regarding their international (primary) obligations, the possibility of developing a responsibility framework for armed groups under international law has been underexplored. Consequently, the aim of this book is to examine how the principles of international responsibility could be developed and adjusted to account for armed groups as collective entities. This general aim has been divided into three specific objectives. First, the book analyses the concept of responsibility in international law and assesses the legal and practical reasons in favour of developing such a regime for armed groups. Second, it examines the viability of establishing a responsibility regime for armed groups based on rules of attribution. Third, it explores the possible legal consequences of responsibility applicable to armed groups, with a particular focus on the obligation to provide reparations to victims. In doing so, this book will argue that certain non-traditional sources of international law could be used to interpret and adapt international law to the current conditions of contemporary armed conflict.
Deep ice core drilling to a depth of 3035.22 m at Dome Fuji, Antarctica in 2001–07
Authors: Motoyama Hideaki , Takahashi Akiyoshi , Tanaka Yoichi , Shinbori Kunio , Miyahara Morihiro , Yoshimoto Takayasu , Fujii Yoshiyuki , Furusaki Atsushi , Azuma Nobuhiko , Ozawa Yukio , Kobayashi Akio , Yoshise Yasushi
Published: December 2020

The Japanese second deep ice coring project was carried out at Dome Fuji, Antarctica. Following the drilling of the pilot hole in 2001, deep ice core drilling led by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) was conducted over four austral summer seasons, beginning with the 2003/04 season and reached a depth of 3035.22 m near the bedrock in January 2007. The new drill was designed and developed with the goals of (1) solving the problems encountered during the first JARE deep coring drill and (2) achieving more efficient drilling. In particular, the maximum core length that can be drilled at one time was increased from 2.30 m to 3.84 m and the chip storage efficiency was enhanced by a special pipe with many small holes. This paper gives an outline of the improved drilling system, the progress of drilling and various drilling data.
Methane Extraction on Lake Kivu: Green Extractive Humanitarianism
Authors: Doughty Kristin , Uwizeye Dieudonné , Uwimana Elyseé
Published: December 2020

In 2016, Rwanda began extracting methane gas from Lake Kivu, an innovative project designed to reduce the risk of a deadly spontaneous gas release while providing clean and renewable power to an energy-strapped region. Based on qualitative research in Rwanda from 2016 to 2019, Doughty, Uwizeye, and Uwimana use the Kivu methane extraction project to ask, How do we balance urgent electrification needs with responsible energy policies that respond to environmental risks, particularly in post-conflict contexts? Analyzing the Kivu methane projects as “green extractive humanitarianism” provides cautions within the promises of sustainability and “green capitalism.”
COVID 19: Psychological Effects and Associated Factors in Mexican Nurses
Authors: Cortés-Álvarez Nadia Yanet , Vuelvas-Olmos César Rubén
Published: December 2020

Objectives:

The present study examined the psychological effects and identify factors associated with worse outcomes, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Mexican nurses involved in fighting against COVID-19.

Methods:

An anonymous online questionnaire was applied through an online survey, which collected information regarding basic information, traumatic distress response (IES-R scale), emotional exhaustion (MBI-EE), and psychological distress (K10 scale).

Results:

Results showed that 46.72% of nurses reported moderate-severe traumatic distress response, 42.40% of nurses evidenced a high level of emotional exhaustion, and 41.78% showed moderate-severe psychological distress. Nurses who have >2 children, an increase in working hours due to COVID-19, increase in tobacco and alcohol consumption, and presence of a confirmed and suspected case of COVID-19 in their workplace showed worse outcomes.

Conclusions:

These findings demonstrate that a large portion of nurses in Mexico is suffering from psychological disturbances due to the COVID-19 outbreak. In the face of a health crisis, not seen in several years in Mexico, the proper psychological well-being of the nursing staff at this vulnerable time is essential.
Justified Group Belief, Group Knowledge and Being in a Position to Know
Authors: Koscholke Jakob
Published: December 2020

Jennifer Lackey has recently presented a new and lucid analysis of the notion ofjustified group belief, i.e. a set of individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions for a group to justifiedly believe some proposition. In this paper, however, I argue that theanalysansshe proposes is too narrow: one of the conditions she takes to be necessary for justified group belief is not necessary. To substantiate this claim, I present a potential counterexample to Lackey's analysis where a group knows and thus justifiedly believes some proposition but there is no single group member who actually believes that proposition. I close by defending the example against the objection that the group in question does notknowbut is at mostin a positionto know the target proposition.
Thermal impact of Heinrich stadials in cave temperature and speleothem oxygen isotope records
Authors: Domínguez-Villar David , Krklec Kristina , López-Sáez José Antonio , Sierro Francisco J.
Published: December 2020

During each Heinrich stadial (HS), temperatures in southern Europe typically dropped several degrees during several hundred to few thousand years. We have developed a one-dimensional thermal conduction model that transfers the typical surface temperature anomaly of a HS to a series of hypothetical underlying caves. The results show that with increasing depth, the thermal anomaly is attenuated, the lag time increases, and the signal structure experiences larger modifications. The model suggests that in most cases, it is not acceptable to assume a synchronous thermal variability and similar average temperature values between the surface atmosphere and the cave interior at millennial timescales. We also simulated the thermal impact of the modeled HS on speleothem δ18O records. The outputs of most model scenarios suggest that temperature changes associated with the HS produce δ18O anomalies capable of contributing significantly or even decisively to the speleothem isotope variability. Therefore, despite controls other than temperature often being considered more important when interpreting Pleistocene speleothem δ18O records in temperate climates, this research suggests that temperature is expected to be one of the major controls of δ18O values in most cave sites outside the tropics and should be included as a significant parameter affecting Pleistocene speleothem δ18O records.
Political Knowledge and Misinformation in the Era of Social Media: Evidence From the 2015 UK Election
Authors: Munger Kevin , Egan Patrick J. , Nagler Jonathan , Ronen Jonathan , Tucker Joshua
Published: December 2020

Does social media educate voters, or mislead them? This study measures changes in political knowledge among a panel of voters surveyed during the 2015 UK general election campaign while monitoring the political information to which they were exposed on the Twitter social media platform. The study's panel design permits identification of the effect of information exposure on changes in political knowledge. Twitter use led to higher levels of knowledge about politics and public affairs, as information from news media improved knowledge of politically relevant facts, and messages sent by political parties increased knowledge of party platforms. But in a troubling demonstration of campaigns' ability to manipulate knowledge, messages from the parties also shifted voters' assessments of the economy and immigration in directions favorable to the parties' platforms, leaving some voters with beliefs further from the truth at the end of the campaign than they were at its beginning.
Ditransitivity hierarchy, semantic compatibility and the realization of recipients in Korean dative constructions
Authors: LEE HANJUNG
Published: December 2020

It has been observed that a subset of dative verbs that can express causation of possession such ascwu-‘give’,ceykongha-‘offer’ andcikupha-‘pay’ may be found in the double accusative frame as well as in the DAT(ive)-ACC(usative) frame in Korean. These verbs contrast with transfer of possession verbs such askennay-‘hand’ andphal-‘sell’ and verbs of sending and throwing, which are found in the DAT-ACC frame only. This paper presents a meaning-based account of the limited productivity of the dative/accusative alternation in Korean dative verbs. Building on Croft et al. (2001) and Levin (2004, 2008b), I argue that the semantic classes of dative verbs form an implicational hierarchy pure caused possession > transfer of possession > caused motion, which ranks verbs in terms of the degree of the compatibility with a caused possession event type. I suggest three criteria for compatibility between verb meaning and constructional meaning and show that the analysis of verb–construction pairings proposed here, when combined with an account of variation, provides a unified explanation for verb distribution patterns observed for ditransitive constructions within and across languages and the morphosyntactic expression of recipients of dative verbs in Korean. It accounts for the limited productivity of the dative/accusative alternation in dative verbs in Korean as a consequence of choosing the cut-off point at the highest end of this hierarchy, thus explaining why only the verb class that is most compatible with the caused possession event type, i.e. pure caused possession verbs, may be used ditransitively.
LOCALIZATION BY -PERIODIC COMPLEXES AND VIRTUAL STRUCTURE SHEAVES
Authors: Oh Jeongseok , Sreedhar Bhamidi
Published: December 2020

In [12], Kim and the first author proved a result comparing the virtual fundamental classes of the moduli spaces of
$\varepsilon $
-stable quasimaps and
$\varepsilon $
-stable
$LG$
-quasimaps by studying localized Chern characters for
$2$
-periodic complexes.

In this paper, we study a K-theoretic analogue of the localized Chern character map and show that for a Koszul
$2$
-periodic complex it coincides with the cosection-localized Gysin map of Kiem and Li [11]. As an application, we compare the virtual structure sheaves of the moduli space of
$\varepsilon $
-stable quasimaps and
$\varepsilon $
-stable
$LG$
-quasimaps.
EXTREME VALUES OF GEODESIC PERIODS ON ARITHMETIC HYPERBOLIC SURFACES
Authors: Michels Bart
Published: December 2020

Given a closed geodesic on a compact arithmetic hyperbolic surface, we show the existence of a sequence of Laplacian eigenfunctions whose integrals along the geodesic exhibit nontrivial growth. Via Waldspurger’s formula we deduce a lower bound for central values of Rankin-Selberg L-functions of Maass forms times theta series associated to real quadratic fields.
Blurring the Boundaries of War: PTSD in American Foreign Policy Discourse
Authors: Lerner Adam B.
Published: December 2020

Though psychic trauma may be an essential part of the human condition, in recent decades its interpretation as PTSD has had important political consequences. I examine both the political roots of the PTSD diagnosis and the disorder’s subsequent impacts on American foreign policy discourse. I draw on a mixed-methods approach, including historical analysis of PTSD’s development and quantitative and qualitative analysis of presidential papers, presidential debates, and theCongressional Recordfrom the last fifty years. My chief findings are twofold. First, even though PTSD was added to the DSM in 1980, American leaders only began commonly referencing the disorder around the 2008 presidential cycle, more than half a decade into the War on Terror. Second, critical discourse analysis reveals that increased attention to PTSD has contributed to a blurring of important spatiotemporal lines around the concept of war, extending its consequences into an unknown future and outside the war zone. This erosion has profound normative consequences, considering how it similarly blurs the pivotal ethical distinction between victim and perpetrator. These findings not only elucidate an evolution that has taken place in American foreign policy, but also speak to the more general conceptual challenges posed by war trauma.
Epigenetic mechanisms involved in intrauterine growth restriction and aberrant kidney development and function
Authors: Doan Thu N. A. , Briffa Jessica F. , Phillips Aaron L. , Leemaqz Shalem Y. , Burton Rachel A. , Romano Tania , Wlodek Mary E. , Bianco-Miotto Tina
Published: December 2020

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to uteroplacental insufficiency results in a placenta that is unable to provide adequate nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. These growth-restricted babies have an increased risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease later in life. In rats, both male and female growth-restricted offspring have nephron deficits but only males develop kidney dysfunction and high blood pressure. In addition, there is transgenerational transmission of nephron deficits and hypertension risk. Therefore, epigenetic mechanisms may explain the sex-specific programming and multigenerational transmission of IUGR-related phenotypes. Expression of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt1and Dnmt3a) and imprinted genes (Peg3, Snrpn, Kcnq1, and Cdkn1c) were investigated in kidney tissues of sham and IUGR rats in F1 (embryonic day 20 (E20) and postnatal day 1 (PN1)) and F2 (6 and 12 months of age, paternal and maternal lines) generations (n = 6–13/group). In comparison to sham offspring, F1 IUGR rats had a 19% decrease in Dnmt3a expression at E20 (P < 0.05), with decreased Cdkn1c (19%, P < 0.05) and increased Kcnq1 (1.6-fold, P < 0.01) at PN1. There was a sex-specific difference in Cdkn1c and Snrpn expression at E20, with 29% and 34% higher expression in IUGR males compared to females, respectively (P < 0.05). Peg3 sex-specific expression was lost in the F2 IUGR offspring, only in the maternal line. These findings suggest that epigenetic mechanisms may be altered in renal embryonic and/or fetal development in growth-restricted offspring, which could alter kidney function, predisposing these offspring to kidney disease later in life.
Dimension control of in situ fabricated CsPbClBr2 nanocrystal films toward efficient blue light-emitting diodes
Authors: Wang Chenhui , Han Dengbao , Wang Junhui , Yang Yingguo , Liu Xinyue , Huang Sheng , Zhang Xin , Chang Shuai , Wu Kaifeng , Zhong Haizheng
Published: December 2020

In the field of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs), the performance of blue emissive electroluminescence devices lags behind the other counterparts due to the lack of fabrication methodology. Herein, we demonstrate the in situ fabrication of CsPbClBr2 nanocrystal films by using mixed ligands of 2-phenylethanamine bromide (PEABr) and 3,3-diphenylpropylamine bromide (DPPABr). PEABr dominates the formation of quasi-two-dimensional perovskites with small-n domains, while DPPABr induces the formation of large-n domains. Strong blue emission at 470 nm with a photoluminescence quantum yield up to 60% was obtained by mixing the two ligands due to the formation of a narrower quantum-well width distribution. Based on such films, efficient blue PeLEDs with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 8.8% were achieved at 473 nm. Furthermore, we illustrate that the use of dual-ligand with respective tendency of forming small-n and large-n domains is a versatile strategy to achieve narrow quantum-well width distribution for photoluminescence enhancement.
The iron-dependent repressor YtgR is a tryptophan-dependent attenuator of the trpRBA operon in Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Pokorzynski Nick D. , Hatch Nathan D. , Ouellette Scot P. , Carabeo Rey A.
Published: December 2020

The trp operon of Chlamydia trachomatis is organized differently from other model bacteria. It contains trpR, an intergenic region (IGR), and the biosynthetic trpB and trpA open-reading frames. TrpR is a tryptophan-dependent repressor that regulates the major promoter (PtrpR), while the IGR harbors an alternative promoter (PtrpBA) and an operator sequence for the iron-dependent repressor YtgR to regulate trpBA expression. Here, we report that YtgR repression at PtrpBA is also dependent on tryptophan by regulating YtgR levels through a rare triple-tryptophan motif (WWW) in the YtgCR precursor. Inhibiting translation during tryptophan limitation at the WWW motif subsequently promotes Rho-independent transcription termination of ytgR, thereby de-repressing PtrpBA. Thus, YtgR represents an alternative strategy to attenuate trpBA expression, expanding the repertoire for trp operon attenuation beyond TrpL- and TRAP-mediated mechanisms described in other bacteria. Furthermore, repurposing the iron-dependent repressor YtgR underscores the fundamental importance of maintaining tryptophan-dependent attenuation of the trpRBA operon.
Lunar impact crater identification and age estimation with Chang’E data by deep and transfer learning
Authors: Yang Chen , Zhao Haishi , Bruzzone Lorenzo , Benediktsson Jon Atli , Liang Yanchun , Liu Bin , Zeng Xingguo , Guan Renchu , Li Chunlai , Ouyang Ziyuan
Published: December 2020

Impact craters, which can be considered the lunar equivalent of fossils, are the most dominant lunar surface features and record the history of the Solar System. We address the problem of automatic crater detection and age estimation. From initially small numbers of recognized craters and dated craters, i.e., 7895 and 1411, respectively, we progressively identify new craters and estimate their ages with Chang’E data and stratigraphic information by transfer learning using deep neural networks. This results in the identification of 109,956 new craters, which is more than a dozen times greater than the initial number of recognized craters. The formation systems of 18,996 newly detected craters larger than 8 km are estimated. Here, a new lunar crater database for the mid- and low-latitude regions of the Moon is derived and distributed to the planetary community together with the related data analysis.
An IL-2-grafted antibody immunotherapy with potent efficacy against metastatic cancer
Authors: Sahin Dilara , Arenas-Ramirez Natalia , Rath Matthias , Karakus Ufuk , Hümbelin Monika , van Gogh Merel , Borsig Lubor , Boyman Onur
Published: December 2020

Modified interleukin-2 (IL-2) formulations are being tested in cancer patients. However, IL-2 immunotherapy damages IL-2 receptor (IL-2R)-positive endothelial cells and stimulates IL-2Rα (CD25)-expressing lymphocytes that curtail anti-tumor responses. A first generation of IL-2Rβ (CD122)-biased IL-2s addressed some of these drawbacks. Here, we present a second-generation CD122-biased IL-2, developed by splitting and permanently grafting unmutated human IL-2 (hIL-2) to its antigen-binding groove on the anti-hIL-2 monoclonal antibody NARA1, thereby generating NARA1leukin. In comparison to hIL-2/NARA1 complexes, NARA1leukin shows a longer in vivo half-life, completely avoids association with CD25, and more potently stimulates CD8+T and natural killer cells. These effects result in strong anti-tumor responses in various pre-clinical cancer models, whereby NARA1leukin consistently surpasses the efficacy of hIL-2/NARA1 complexes in controlling metastatic disease. Collectively, NARA1leukin is a CD122-biased single-molecule construct based on unmutated hIL-2 with potent efficacy against advanced malignancies.
Myoglobins engineered with artificial cofactors serve as artificial metalloenzymes and models of natural enzymes
Authors: Oohora Koji , Hayashi Takashi
Published: December 2020

Replacement of heme in an oxygen-binding hemoprotein with artificial cofactors provides artificial metalloenzymes as well as enzyme models.
Effect of diol isomer/water mixtures on the stability of Zn-MOF-74
Authors: González-Galán Carmen , Balestra Salvador R. G. , Luna-Triguero Azahara , Madero-Castro Rafael Maria , Zaderenko Ana Paula , Calero Sofia
Published: December 2020

In this paper we study both the stabilization and the collapse of Zn-MOF-74 in the presence of water and the three benzenediol isomers to improve the understanding of non-water resistant MOF stabilization pathways.
Synthesis pathways for the preparation of the BODIPY analogues: aza-BODIPYs, BOPHYs and some other pyrrole-based acyclic chromophores
Authors: Shamova Liliya I. , Zatsikha Yuriy V. , Nemykin Victor N.
Published: December 2020

This mini-review summarizes the synthesis strategies for the preparation and post-functionalization of aza-BODIPYs, BOPHYs, “half-Pcs”, biliazines, MB-DIPYs, semihemiporphyrazines, BOIMPYs, BOPPYs, BOPYPYs, BOAHYs, and BOAPYs.
Selective carbene transfer to amines and olefins catalyzed by ruthenium phthalocyanine complexes with donor substituents
Authors: Cailler Lucie P. , Kroitor Andrey P. , Martynov Alexander G. , Gorbunova Yulia G. , Sorokin Alexander B.
Published: December 2020

A ruthenium phthalocyanine catalyzes the cyclopropanation of olefins (15 substr.) and single carbene insertion into N–H bonds of aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic amines (20 substr.) with high selectivity and under practical reaction conditions.
Biodegradable FeWOx nanoparticles for CT/MR imaging-guided synergistic photothermal, photodynamic, and chemodynamic therapy
Authors: Cheng Yaru , Lu Huiting , Yang Fan , Zhang Yiyi , Dong Haifeng
Published: December 2020

Biodegradable FeWOx-PEG-RGD nanoparticles for (T2/T1-weighted) MR/CT dual-modal imaging-guided PTT/PDT/CDT synergistic therapy.
Correction: Design and characterization of a plasmonic Doppler grating for azimuthal angle-resolved surface plasmon resonances
Authors: See Kel-Meng , Lin Fan-Cheng , Huang Jer-Shing
Published: December 2020

Correction for ‘Design and characterization of a plasmonic Doppler grating for azimuthal angle-resolved surface plasmon resonances’ by Kel-Meng See et al., Nanoscale, 2017, 9, 10811–10819, DOI: 10.1039/C7NR01509G.
Imaging non-classical mechanical responses of lipid membranes using molecular rotors
Authors: Páez-Pérez Miguel , López-Duarte Ismael , Vyšniauskas Aurimas , Brooks Nicholas J. , Kuimova Marina K.
Published: December 2020

Viscosity-sensitive molecular rotors demonstrate that the non-classical mechanical behaviour of model lipid membranes is able to buffer external stress.
Nanoscale electrochemistry in a copper/aqueous/oil three-phase system: surface structure–activity-corrosion potential relationships
Authors: Daviddi Enrico , Shkirskiy Viacheslav , Kirkman Paul M. , Robin Mathew P. , Bentley Cameron L. , Unwin Patrick R.
Published: December 2020

Probing Cu corrosion in an aqueous nanodroplet/oil/metal three-phase environment revealed unique patterns of surface reactivity. The electrochemistry of high-index facets cannot be predicted simply from the low-index {001}, {011} and {111} responses.
Interplay between cooperativity of intercellular receptor–ligand binding and coalescence of nanoscale lipid clusters in adhering membranes
Authors: Li Long , Hu Jinglei , Shi Xinghua , Różycki Bartosz , Song Fan
Published: December 2020

Binding cooperativity of membrane adhesion proteins is associated with coalescence of nanoscale lipid clusters in adhering membranes.
Short-Term Pediatric Acclimatization to Adaptive Hearing Aid Technology
Authors: Pinkl Joseph , Cash Erin K. , Evans Tommy C. , Neijman Timothy , Hamilton Jean W. , Ferguson Sarah D. , Martinez Jasmin L. , Rumley Johanne , Hunter Lisa L. , Moore David R. , Stewart Hannah J.
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This exploratory study assessed the perceptual, cognitive, and academic learning effects of an adaptive, integrated, directionality, and noise reduction hearing aid program in pediatric users.

Method

Fifteen pediatric hearing aid users (6–12 years old) received new bilateral, individually fitted Oticon Opn hearing aids programmed with OpenSound Navigator (OSN) processing. Word recognition in noise, sentence repetition in quiet, nonword repetition, vocabulary learning, selective attention, executive function, memory, and reading and mathematical abilities were measured within 1 week of the initial hearing aid fitting and 2 months post fit. Caregivers completed questionnaires assessing their child's listening and communication abilities prior to study enrollment and after 2 months of using the study hearing aids.

Results

Caregiver reporting indicated significant improvements in speech and sound perception, spatial sound awareness, and the ability to participate in conversations. However, there was no positive change in performance in any of the measured skills. Mathematical scores significantly declined after 2 months.

Conclusions

OSN provided a perceived improvement in functional benefit, compared to their previous hearing aids, as reported by caregivers. However, there was no positive change in listening skills, cognition, and academic success after 2 months of using OSN. Findings may have been impacted by reporter bias, limited sample size, and a relatively short trial period. This study took place during the summer when participants were out of school, which may have influenced the decline in mathematical scores. The results support further exploration with age- and audiogram-matched controls, larger sample sizes, and longer test–retest intervals that correspond to the academic school year.
Speech-Language Pathologists in Pediatric Palliative Care: An International Study of Perceptions and Experiences
Authors: Krikheli Lillian , Erickson Shane , Carey Lindsay B. , Carey-Sargeant Christa L. , Mathisen Bernice A.
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to gather qualitative data regarding the experiences and perceptions of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) practicing in pediatric palliative care (PPC) and investigate their approaches for working with patients, families, and the multidisciplinary team.

Method

Ten participants from Australia, Canada, and the United States were recruited from a previous survey study. In-depth interviews were conducted via videoconferencing. Two coders used NVivo software to record and organize the data into themes. Interrater reliability of the coding was established with a third coder. The COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research 32-item checklist has been used for reporting the research.

Results

Interrater coding reliability (using weighted kappa) was .81, indicating “almost perfect” agreement on the selection of themes from the code frame. Emerging themes included clinical interventions, unique SLP skills in PPC, multidisciplinary team relationships, workforce issues, education and training, governance, medicolegal considerations, bioethical issues, and holistic care. Additional subthemes are also noted. In the absence of research evidence and practice recommendations, SLPs rely on client perspectives and clinical experience to guide their professional practice in PPC.

Conclusions

Qualitative survey analysis of the perceptions and experiences of SLP clinicians from three postindustrial countries identified nine major themes regarding PPC. Results expand on limited literature to date in the area of PPC. Future research using larger samples is needed to provide clinicians with best practice recommendations for working with patients, families, and the broader care team.
Extremely low frequency‐based faulty line selection of low‐resistance grounding system
Authors: Chen Qing , Peng Junran , Li Hongbin , Yang Shiwu , Zhou Lei , Pang Dongxiao , Deng Hu
Published: December 2020

The single‐phase‐to‐ground faulty line selection methods based on the signals of the frequency above 10 Hz has a low discrimination of fault characteristic signal and characteristic signal may be covered by noise in cases of high‐resistance fault. To solve the problem, a line selection method based on system's own extremely low frequency signal (SOELFS) is proposed. Due to the obvious attenuation characteristic of extremely low frequency signals in healthy lines, the extremely low frequency signal has a larger discrimination and hardly affected by imbalanced current noise. Moreover, as the amplitude of the SOELFS is affected by the initial phase angle of the fault, an additional line selection method based on artificially injected extremely low frequency signal is proposed. Cooperating with the specially designed and implemented measuring device, simulations and experimental verification are carried out. The results show that the discrimination of characteristic signal increases from 31 obtained by power frequency to more than 500, the high‐resistance fault protection ability increases from 2 to 10 k.
Potato diseases and measures to control them in the conditions of the middle Urals
Authors: Karpukhin M.Yu. , Keita F.
Published: December 2020

The objective of this research is to study the manifestation of the main diseases of potato during the vegetation period of plants and storage of tubers. The research was carried out on the experimental field of the educational and experimental farm “Uralets” of the Ural State Agrarian University (USAU), the village “Studencheskiy”, during 2016-2018 in the climatic zone of the Middle Urals. According to the results of the research carried out, it was found that with the use of the optimal feeding area and the fungicide shirlan in the fight against pathogens, it was possible to obtain a yield of 36.6 t/ha, which is 31.1% higher than the control (factor A). At the same time, the cost price amounted to 4,446 rubles/ton, profit – 269,172 rubles/ha, and profitability – 165.43%.
Methodological aspects of forming a system of indicators to evaluate asset history of production
Authors: Fedoskin Vladimir , Bakulina Galina , Pikushina Maria
Published: December 2020

An all-round increase in the rate of economic development of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, an increase in the production of agricultural products and a decrease in its cost price directly depend on the state and development of the material and technical base of enterprises, that is, on the degree of their fixed assets and the efficiency of its use. At the same time, now there is a process of reducing available fixed assets in many agricultural enterprises of the Russian Federation, that is associated with a lack of financial resources not only for the expanded reproduction of fixed assets, but also for the reimbursement of retiring assets due to their physical wear with new ones in full. Therefore, a situation often develops in agricultural enterprises when the value of retired assets is significantly higher than the value of those received. With such a ratio of retired and received fixed assets, the existing systems of indicators cannot fully characterize the asset history. In this regard, this article presents an attempt to systematize the existing systems of indicators characterizing the asset state and history, with the introduction of additional indicators, which seem to be necessary
Modernization and intensification of agriculture in the republic of Uzbekistan
Authors: Yuldashev N.K. , Nabokov V.I. , Nekrasov K.V. , Tursunov B.O.
Published: December 2020

The article shows that the desire of the Republic of Uzbekistan for food independence is largely determined by the successful implementation of measures for further modernization and intensification of agriculture in the Republic. The study showed that in recent years, the country’s land use and crop production system has seen significant changes related to the structure of acreage and methods of processing grain and cotton crops. Despite the positive results, there are a number of problems hindering the development of the agricultural sector in Uzbekistan. Measures are proposed to increase crop rotation, create interconnected chains with the participation of low-power farms and the state, export-oriented production of products with additional cost, which will eliminate a number of these obstacles and increase the dynamics of the agricultural sector and transform it into a competitive industry that works in the interests of the private sector, citizens and the state.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of a fractional model for hepatitis B virus infection with cellular immunity
Authors: Bachraoui Moussa , Ait Ichou Mohamed , Hattaf Khalid , Yousfi Noura
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we propose and investigate a fractional diffusive model for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with capsids and immune response presented by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cells. We derive the conditions for global asymptotic stability of the steady states of the model in terms of the basic reproduction numberR0and the immune response reproduction numberR1. By constructing appropriate Lyapunov functionals, it is shown that the infection-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable whenR0≤ 1, the immune-free infection equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable whenR1≤ 1  1. Numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the analytical results.
Enhanced Half-Life Recombinant Factor VIII Concentrates for Hemophilia A: Insights from Pivotal and Extension Studies
Authors: Di Minno Matteo Nicola Dario , Di Minno Alessandro , Calcaterra Ilenia , Cimino Ernesto , Dell'Aquila Francesco , Franchini Massimo
Published: December 2020

The development of enhanced half-life recombinant factor VIII (EHL-rFVIII) concentrates has improved the management of hemophilia. Furthermore, the chance of maintaining higher trough levels has allowed higher protection from bleeding and, in turn, improved safely performance for certain types of physical activity. The first technology used to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of factor VIII (FVIII) was fusion with the Fc domain of immunoglobulin G. More recently, conjugation to hydrophilic polymers of polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been demonstrated to prolong plasma half-life of FVIII by means of a reduction in clearance of the molecule due to steric hindrance by PEG covering the protein. Here we report results of a systematic review of pivotal studies on EHL-rFVIII concentrates. Significant heterogeneity is observed among different studies on EHL-rFVIII concentrates, and direct comparisons should be avoided. The annualized bleeding rate has ranged between 1.2 and 1.9 in different EHL-rFVIII concentrates, with a progressive further decrease during extension phases of pivotal studies. Zero bleeding was reported by 40 to 45% of patients. Overall, the emerging treatment options seem to be highly effective and safe, associated with a decreased dosing interval to twice weekly or less, which reduces, but does not entirely eliminate, the burden of treatment. Overall, further information is needed from real-life settings to permit differentiation between EHL-FVIII concentrates and for individualizing treatment.
Local Lattice Plane Orientation Mapping of Entire GaN Wafer
Authors: Sakata Osami , Kim Jaemyung
Published: December 2020

We modified a synchrotron X-ray diffraction imaging, a kind of X-ray diffraction topography (XRDT), technique to visualize a local latticeplane shape of a whole wafer and to make measurement time shorter. The technique needs monochromatic X-rays with an enough large beam size having a small angular divergence. In addition, it has two limitations related to a local d spacing as well as a local lattice-plane curvature. Our key point is that two equivalent reflections or more for different sample azimuth angles have been used. We obtained center angles of rocking curves from many positions on a sample surface with a two-dimensional detector and evaluated the local deviation angles on two respective diffraction planes. Local reciprocal-lattice vectors for respective sample surface positions were obtained using the deviation angles via the rotation matrix. Our three following studies are introduced: 1)lattice-plane orientation mapping of homoepitaxial GaN (0001) thin films grown on a 2-inch whole wafer, 2)visualization of crystal perfection and lattice-plane shape of 4-inch whole GaN(0001) wafer, and 3)visualization of lattice-plane twisting of an m-planeGaN homoepitaxial layer. The developed XRDT technology allows us to quickly visualize variation of lattice-plane orientations in a whole GaN wafer as well as the anisotropic mosaicity.
Thermodynamic properties of interacting bosons with zero chemical potential
Authors: Stashko O S , Anchishkin D V , Savchuk O V , Gorenstein M I
Published: December 2020

Thermodynamics properties of an interacting system of bosons are considered at finite temperatures and zero chemical potential within the Skyrme-like mean-field model. An interplay between attractive and repulsive interactions is investigated. As a particular example an equilibrium system of pions is discussed. Several modifications of thermodynamic properties in the considered system are found with increasing a strength of attractive forces. Different types of the first order phase transition are classified. Some of these transitions exist also in the Boltzmann approximation. However, effects of the Bose statistics introduce the notable additional changes in the thermodynamic quantities due to a possibility of the Bose–Einstein condensation.
Robust laser stripe extraction for 3D measurement of complex objects
Authors: He Zaixing , Kang Lianpeng , Zhao Xinyue , Zhang Shuyou , Tan Jianrong
Published: December 2020

Laser stripe center extraction is a critical step for a structured-light system, which plays an important role in industrial fields. However, existing center extraction methods are mainly for simple objects, where the stripe contours are relatively clear and no fake stripe areas caused by surface texture or surface reflection disturb the extraction of the real stripe area. To develop center extraction methods for complex objects, this paper proposed a new laser stripe extraction method based on the features of the laser stripe. After extracting seed points of the laser stripe using an extreme value method and connected component analysis, we can determine the stripe directions from the seed points and iteratively grow the centerline of the laser stripe. Finally, a gray-gravity method is used to extract the accurate center points of the laser stripe based on the obtained centerline. Experiments on 2D image laser stripe extraction and real 3D reconstruction application verified the robustness and accuracy of the proposed method.
Identification and quantification of gases and their mixtures using GaN sensor array and artificial neural network
Authors: Khan Md Ashfaque Hossain , Motayed Abhishek , Rao Mulpuri V
Published: December 2020

Accurate identification and quantification of gas mixtures are almost unattainable utilizing only a metal-oxide/GaN sensor because of its cross-sensitivity to many gases. Here, an array of sensors has been formed consisting of Ag and Pt incorporated ZnO, In2O3 and TiO2 coated two terminal GaN photoconductors. The common environmental toxic gases, such as SO2, NO2, H2, ethanol and their mixtures have been chosen as the gas analytes. All the gas responses have been obtained at 20 °C under UV illumination. Temporal responses have been post-processed to develop the training and test dataset. Then, four different artificial neural network models have been analyzed and optimized for gas classification study, which is done for the first time on GaN sensors. Statistical and computational complexity results indicate that back-propagation neural network (NN) stands out as the optimal classifier among the considered algorithms. Then, ppm concentrations of the identified gases have been estimated using the optimal model. Furthermore, implementation of the developed sensor array in combination with NN algorithm for real-time gas monitoring applications has been discussed.
The effects of unintentional drowsiness on the velocity of eyelid movements during spontaneous blinks
Authors: Johns Murray , Hocking Christopher
Published: December 2020

Objective. Unintentional drowsiness, when we should be alert, as for example when driving a vehicle, can be very dangerous. In this investigation we examined the effects of unintentional drowsiness on the relative velocities of eyelid closing and reopening movements during spontaneous blinks. Approach. Twenty-four young adults volunteered to take part in this experiment, and 18 were finally accepted. They performed a 15 min visual reaction-time test at the same time of day and under the same environmental conditions with and without overnight sleep deprivation, one week apart. Their eyelid movements during blinks were monitored by a system of infrared reflectance blepharometry during each test. Main results. Very close relationships between the amplitude and maximum velocity of eyelid closing and reopening movements were confirmed. Frequency histograms of amplitude–velocity ratios (AVRs) for eyelid closing and reopening movements showed significant differences between alert and drowsy conditions. With drowsiness, eyelid movements became slower and AVRs increased for many but not all blinks. We also described a time-on-task effect on the relative velocities of eyelid movements which was more apparent in the drowsy condition. Eyelid movements became progressively slower during the first half of the test. This was presumably due to a short-lived alerting effect of starting the test. Significance. The relative velocity of eyelid closing and reopening movements during spontaneous blinks decreases with unintentional drowsiness but is sensitive to the brief alerting stimulus of starting a reaction-time test.
Stochastic collision model approach to transport phenomena in quantum networks
Authors: Chisholm Diana A , García-Pérez Guillermo , Rossi Matteo A C , Palma G Massimo , Maniscalco Sabrina
Published: December 2020

Noise-assisted transport phenomena highlight the nontrivial interplay between environmental effects and quantum coherence in achieving maximal efficiency. Due to the complexity of biochemical systems and their environments, effective open quantum system models capable of providing physical insights on the presence and role of quantum effects are highly needed. In this paper, we introduce a new approach that combines an effective quantum microscopic description with a classical stochastic one. Our stochastic collision model (SCM) describes both Markovian and non-Markovian dynamics without relying on the weak coupling assumption. We investigate the consequences of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of noise on transport efficiency in a fully connected graph and in the Fenna–Matthews–Olson (FMO) complex. Our approach shows how to meaningfully formulate questions, and provide answers, on important open issues such as the properties of optimal noise and the emergence of the network structure as a result of an evolutionary process.
Development of a program to reduce the dimension of multidimensional data arrays by the method of principal components
Authors: Golovkova E.A. , Ermakova N.M.
Published: December 2020

In the article, the author discusses the importance of factor analysis methods, including the method of the main components, when studying multivariable information in the process of statistical analysis, with the aim of further modeling and predicting random processes. Key problems are described, when solving which they often turn to the method of the main components, as well as its algorithm, taking into account the fact that those interested in this article are familiar with the essence of statistical entimes. There is given a graphical representation of the author’s software, which reads the file specified by the user with a sample of data, made in the form of a table, which automatically prepares them for further analysis and search of the main components. The program functionality allows: to automatically calculate the mathematical expectation, variance of a multidimensional random variable; a covariance matrix for describing the shape of a random variable from which it is possible to obtain its dimensions by automatically finding eigenvectors and aigenpars; reduce the size of the sample; recover data for further hypothesis building and modeling. The algorithm of the principal component method is presented schematically.
Synthesis of Full Functional Check Programs for Train Traffic Management Systems on a Railway Station
Authors: Gordon M A , Vasilenko P A , Sedykh D V
Published: December 2020

The article describes the technology for synthesis of full functional check programs for train traffic management systems. Algorithms for synthesis of a full set of safety functions and synthesis of minimized set of safety functions are also presented.
Information FUZZY-technologies in energy
Authors: Konovalov Yu V
Published: December 2020

The provisions for voltage mode group control using automatic control devices for the operation of power transformers with voltage regulation under load have been developed. This approach allows to select the rational voltage with minimal economic damage due to energy losses. The provisions are based on the use of fuzzy logic methods.
Tensor approach to software implementation of cellular automata model of diffusion
Authors: Matolygin A K , Shalyapina N A , Gromov M L , Torgaev S N
Published: December 2020

The article provides a theoretical description of the tensor approach to the software implementation of the cellular automaton model of diffusion. A block-synchronous cellular automaton with a neighborhood of Margolus was chosen as a model. Within the framework of the proposed approach, the rotation of the automaton block clockwise or counterclockwise can be carried out using a special operation on tensors, namely convolution. The approach discussed in this paper allows you to use various frameworks aimed at parallelizing computations to organize scientific calculations on modern powerful graphics adapters.
Simulation of the evaporation process of 1.2-dichloroethane into nitrogen
Authors: Podoplelov E V , Balchugov A V , Dementev A I , Ryabov A S
Published: December 2020

The interaction of gas and liquid phases in some cases is accompanied by the spontaneous occurrence of convective flows and turbulent pulsations at the phase boundary and in adjacent areas. Hydrodynamic instability allows to accelerate the interfacial transfer of matter and leads to an increase in mass transfer coefficients. Research in this field is not only theoretical, but also practical, since surface convection can be artificially created in apparatus for intensifying the mass exchange process.
Capacity modelling to optimize the functioning of the transport network
Authors: Poltavskaya J O , Lebedeva O A
Published: December 2020

The article discusses the model of reserve capacity, limited by a common factor for all pairs of departure and destination points, which will optimize the operation of the transport network. The concepts of ultimate and practical capacity are also given and their models are described. Establishing the capacity of the road network section will allow us to determine the permissible limits of the restrictions described in the reserve capacity concept. The analysis of the capacity for three different concepts on an abstract transport network was carried out, as a result of which it was revealed that the application of the model in practice helps to obtain information about the spatial distribution of user demand for transport services.