bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using the self to change implicit attitudes
Authors: Prestwich Andrew , Perugini Marco , Hurling Robert , Richetin Juliette
Published: July 2010

Implicit attitudes are automatic evaluations that occur upon encountering an object. Pairing a particular object with one's self should lead to a positive implicit evaluation of that object as, on the whole, people evaluate themselves positively. Study 1 (N = 83) demonstrated that asking participants to associate themselves with a particular drink (A) and others with an alternative drink (B) was enough to enhance implicit preference for drink A over drink B indexed by scores on the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Two further studies were conducted to rule out the possibility that the effects of the manipulation were restricted to the procedure and measures adopted in Study 1. Study 2 (N = 81) tested the mechanism underlying the effects of the manipulation. The results suggested that the change in implicit attitudes towards the drinks varied as a function of the level of one's self‐esteem. Specifically, associating one's self with drink A led to more favourable implicit attitudes towards drink A particularly when one's self was evaluated more positively. In the third study (N = 44), the basic effect of the manipulation was replicated in an alternative measure of implicit attitudes (the Affect Misattribution Procedure). In all three studies, the effects were unique to implicit measures and did not generalize to explicit measures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Political groups in contact: The role of attributions for outgroup attitudes in reducing antipathy
Authors: Popan Jason R. , Kenworthy Jared B. , Frame Mark C. , Lyons Patricia A. , Snuggs Sarah J.
Published: July 2010

In two cross‐sectional surveys and one experiment, we tested the hypothesis that attributions for outgroup ideologies would mediate the relationship between quality of contact and reduced prejudice. In Study 1, a British sample (N = 85) rated their perceptions of, and attributions for, their political outgroup's (i.e., conservative or liberal) belief system. Supporting our hypothesis, the relationship between contact and outgroup attitudes was mediated by rationality attributions—attributions that outgroup members obtained their views via rational thought processes. Study 2 was a replication of Study 1 with an American sample (N = 229) and expanded construct measurement. The results of Study 2 replicated those of Study 1, showing support for rationality attributions as a mediator of the contact–prejudice link. In Study 3 (N = 132), we experimentally manipulated the priming of past positive or negative outgroup contact with individual outgroup members and measured the proposed mediational constructs with respect to that outgroup encounter. Results further supported the role of rationality attributions as mediators of the contact–prejudice link. The implications of these findings for perceptions and relations between antagonistic ideological groups are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
All you need is love: Is the sociometer especially sensitive to one's mating capacity?
Authors: Pass Jessica A. , Lindenberg Siegwart M. , Park Justin H.
Published: July 2010

Self‐esteem has been proposed to serve as a sociometer, a gauge of one's value as a relationship partner. Based on evolutionary reasoning, we hypothesized that the sociometer is particularly sensitive to “capacity rejection” in the mating domain. Capacity rejection implies that one has low potential to be an acceptable mate now and in the future. In Study 1, participants received no feedback or negative feedback regarding their capacity for being an acceptable mate or friend. Although participants in both mate and friend conditions felt rejected, only those in the mate condition exhibited significantly lower state self‐esteem. In Study 2, we examined sex differences in attributes relevant to mate capacity. Participants were given no feedback or negative feedback regarding their capacity as a mate: Some were told that their low mate capacity is due to their physical attractiveness whereas others were told it is due to their competence and status. Among men, state self‐esteem was lower only after competence and status‐based rejection; among women, state self‐esteem was lower only after physical attractiveness‐based rejection. In both studies, additional results revealed that even while self‐esteem decreased, positive beliefs about the self were maintained, suggesting that feelings and beliefs about the self react differently to rejection. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Ascorbic Acid and Codeine by Differential Pulse Voltammetry on the Aluminum Electrode Modified by Thin Layer of Palladium
Authors: Pournaghi‐Azar M. H. , Saadatirad A.
Published: July 2010

In the present work an aluminum electrode was modified with thin layer of metallic palladium. The ability of the electrode for electrooxidation and subsequent differential pulse voltammetric determination of paracetamol (PCT), ascorbic acid (AA) and codeine (CO) was evaluated. The results obtained indicated that a linear range from 0.1–3 mM and a detection limit of 5 μM for both three compounds is accessible. The peak separation of AA, PCT and CO is more than 300 mV large enough, allowed simultaneous determination of these compounds. The proposed method was applied for determination of AA, PCT and CO in some real samples.
Highly Sensitive and Selective Glucose Biosensing at Carbon Paste Electrodes Modified with Electrogenerated Magnetite Nanoparticles and Glucose Oxidase
Authors: Comba Fausto N. , Rubianes María D. , Cabrera Lourdes , Gutiérrez Silvia , Herrasti Pilar , Rivas Gustavo A.
Published: July 2010

This work reports the advantages of carbon paste electrodes modified with electrogenerated magnetite nanoparticles. The nanoparticles present catalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide reduction. The incorporation of glucose oxidase (GOx) and magnetite in a carbon paste matrix have made possible the development of an efficient glucose biosensor. The effect of the amount of GOx and magnetite present in the composite on the response of the biosensor was critically evaluated. The biosensors demonstrated to be highly selective, with negligible interference of ascorbic acid and uric acid. The proposed biosensor was challenged with human blood serum demonstrating an excellent correlation with the spectrophotometric method.
Electronic Tongues Employing Electrochemical Sensors
Authors: del Valle Manel
Published: July 2010

This review presents recent advances concerning work with electronic tongues employing electroanalytical sensors. This new concept in the electroanalysis sensor field entails the use of chemical sensor arrays coupled with chemometric processing tools, as a mean to improve sensors performance. The revision is organized according to the electroanalytical technique used for transduction, namely: potentiometry, voltammetry/amperometry or electrochemical impedance. The significant use of biosensors, mainly enzyme‐based is also presented. Salient applications in real problem solving using electrochemical electronic tongues are commented.
Biosensor online control of citric acid production from glucose by Yarrowia lipolytica using semicontinuous fermentation
Authors: Moeller Lucie , Grünberg Mario , Zehnsdorf Andreas , Strehlitz Beate , Bley Thomas
Published: July 2010

Our study aimed at the development of an effective method for citric acid production from glucose by use of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The new method included an automated bioprocess control using a glucose biosensor. Several fermentation methodologies including batch, fed‐batch, repeated batch and repeated fed‐batch cultivation were tested. The best results were achieved during repeated fed‐batch cultivation: Within 3 days of cycle duration, approximately 100 g/L citric acid were produced. The yields reached values between 0.51 and 0.65 g/g and the selectivity of the bioprocess for citric acid was as high as 94%. Due to the elongation of the production phase of the bioprocess with growth‐decoupled citric acid production, and by operating the fermentation in cycles, an increase in citric acid production of 32% was achieved compared with simple batch fermentation.
Statistical methods for assessing hazards due to dispersing gases
Authors: Chatwin P. C.
Published: July 2010

The paper reviews, from a historical viewpoint, the importance of statistical ideas and methodology in turbulent diffusion. There is particular emphasis on the underlying problems associated with understanding how dangerous gases disperse in the atmosphere, and with assessing their environmental impact.
The analysis of censored data: An application to toxic contaminant data from the South Saskatchewan River
Authors: El‐Shaarawi A. H. , Esterby S. R. , Block H. O.
Published: July 2010

In routine water quality monitoring of toxic contaminants, a number of difficulties are usually encountered in the statistical interpretation of the results. A major reason for this is the frequent occurrence of water sample concentrations below the limit of detection. In this paper the issue of dealing with values below the detection limit is discussed through a case study using data from the South Saskatchewan River. Some comments are also given outlining the properties and the difficulties associated with the commonly used ad hoc methods for estimating the population characteristics when the data are subject to type I censoring. Specifically inferences about the mean value, trend and seasonal changes are considered.
Formal representation and diagnostics of environmental systems
Authors: Leger L. , Lessi O. , Olivi L.
Published: July 2010

Statistical methodolgies appropriate to certain interesting study areas of environmental systems are presented. Three approaches are described which are useful for:

the pooling of the multi‐source information coming from a number of stations, i. e., the simultaneous formalization of real and/or simulated dta together with the quantification of expert knowledge using a globally informative probability density function.

the prediction of the class to which an environmental variable belongs among several pre‐established classes. Two non‐parametric discriminant approaches are presented; both were derived from projection pursuit techniques.

the modelling of the time evolution of dichotomic environmental variables; the modelling is focused on statistical inference methods, such as estimation of the probabilities of state transitions and of the stay in a particular state.
The aggregation of environmental data using multicriteria methods
Authors: Funtowicz S. , Munda G. , Paruccini M.
Published: July 2010

Environmental modelling depends on a great quantity of data; usually these data are converted to parameters and indicators for use as inputs to models. An important problem is the aggregation of these data. Usually this is done pragmatically and unsystematically and the aggregation procedure depends heavily on the opinion of individual experts. In this paper, we propose an approach called “multicriteria decision aid” (MCDA), originally developed in the field of decision theory, as a first step towards the development of a framework for the aggregation of environmental data. Its use is defended on the basis of considerations aimed at proving that a formal analogy between this kind of problem, and the problems where multicriteria decision methods are generally applied, exists. Particular attention is paid to the problem of qualitative information. As an illustrative example, an application to a problem of water quality is presented. This procedure may be easily extended from modelling to the aggregation of data for environmental indicators in general. It is by these methods that procedures of aggregation may become standardized and also transparent to users.
An answer to an important controversy and the need for caution when using simple models to predict inelastic earthquake response of buildings with torsion
Authors: Anagnostopoulos Stavros A. , Alexopoulou Christina , Stathopoulos Kyriakos G.
Published: July 2010

This paper presents evidence that the extension of conclusions based on the widely used simplified, one story, eccentric systems of the shear‐beam type, to actual, nonsymmetric buildings and consequent assessments of the pertinent code provisions, can be quite erroneous, unless special care is taken to match the basic properties of the simplified models to those of the real buildings. The evidence comes from comparisons of results obtained using three variants of simplified models, with results from the inelastic dynamic response of three‐ and five‐story eccentric buildings computed with detailed MDOF systems, where the members are idealized with the well‐known plastic hinge model. In addition, a convincing answer is provided on a pertinent hanging controversy: For frame‐type buildings, designed in accordance with the dynamic provisions of modern codes (such as EC8 or IBC2000), which allow reduced shears at the stiff edge due to torsion, the frames at the flexible sides are the critical elements in terms of ductility demands. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laboratory modelling of gravel braided stream morphology
Authors: Ashmore Peter E.
Published: July 2010

Hydraulic modelling principles, together with a knowledge of channel pattern thresholds, allow the development of a small scale model of a gravel braided stream with flow characteristics and equivalent dimensions of a natural river. The forms and processes of natural gravel braided rivers are reproduced by imposing a constant flume discharge and slope, and maintaining approximate equilibrium with an adjustable sediment feed.

Beginning from a straight trough, braiding is initiated by development of a series of alternating bars and scour pools which produce bends of increasing amplitude, leading finally to channel division. These lobate bars accrete downstream by deposition of bed material at their margins, often in the form of avalanche faces. Together with the scour pools with which they are necessarily closely associated, these bars are the fundamental elements of the channel pattern. Channel migration and division is a response to the development of bars, and these adjustments leave portions of the originally active bars in the form of exposed and eroded remnants. Complex flats built from these lobate forms show varying degrees of preservation of the original depositional units, but the model allows observation of the systematic construction of some flats.

Sorting of sediment on active bars with avalanche faces shows a distinct fining downstream. This may be the result of the accretion of fining upwards avalanche faces along the bar margins rather than a ‘winnowing out’ of fine material.

The processes and forms observed in the model appear to be very similar to those occurring in natural gravel braided streams during peak flows.
Bed forms and bend‐arc spacings of some coarse‐bedload channels in Upland Britain
Authors: Milne J. A.
Published: July 2010

Seventy‐eight riffle to riffle and 80 bend spacings along eleven coarse‐bedload, low sinuosity stream channels in upland Britain have been surveyed. Frequency distributions of these spacings are notably right‐skewed. The most common repeating distances between riffles and bend inflections are between 4 and 6 channel widths although spacings up to 20 widths are also present.

Riffle and pool locations around bends at different stages of planform development indicate that change is largely through increased sinuosity between two consecutive riffles of an original straight reach. Observed straight segments exhibit alternating riffles and pools evenly spaced at 4‐6 widths, and most bends have similarly spaced riffles at their inflections in plan, with the intermediate pool at their apex. However angular deflections between axial lines joining inflections indicate existing sequences of bends did not develop from a single straight reach. Bends which are significantly longer than 4‐6 widths are of low sinuosity and represent variability in naturally irregular planforms rather than arcs in advanced stages of meander growth. Adjusted bed topography around such long bends takes two forms. Either a single riffle‐pool cycle is present with one or both bed forms being longer than average, or a 4‐6 widths spacing is maintained by more than one riffle‐pool sequence. Locally, the cross‐section characteristics of riffles and pools are also influenced by planform location.
Solutions of the heat conduction equation in a non‐uniform soil
Authors: Wiltshire R. J.
Published: July 2010

A class of analytic, periodic solutions of the heat conduction equation in a non‐uniform soil is derived. The class may be characterized by the fact that the speed of the temperature wave varies according to the square root of the soil diffusivity (a function of soil depth). In addition it is shown that the constant soil solution is the limiting case when the rate of change with depth of diffusivity and thermal conductivity become very small. The solutions may be regarded as general whenever temperature analysis is restricted to small values of depth or whenever the soil parameters vary slowly. For all other cases the class of solutions possess the additional property that the rate of change of conductive capacity varies directly as the product of the bulk density and specific heat of the soil. A particular temperature profile is given for the case when the diffusivity varies as the nth power of depth.
Impact of splash and aeolian transport on erosion case study: North of Parisian Basin, France
Authors: Wicherek Stanislas
Published: July 2010

After several years of investigation into soil erosion in the Parisian Basin, the author tries to explain the effects of splash and aeolian transportation on soil erosion in this region (hills and silty plateaus). To quantify the results, four experimental measuring instruments were set up and used for three years in the field. Considering both processes the data shown give about 4 per cent of denuded material from bare soils, per year. It was also seen that aeolian transport could move more particles up a windblown slope than could splash.
Spatial and annual variation to define the normal range of biological endpoints: An example with biomarkers in perch
Authors: Hanson Niklas , Förlin Lars , Larsson Åke
Published: July 2010

A signal from a biological endpoint can be considered evidence of environmental impact only if it is known that similar signals are unlikely to occur naturally. Using multiple reference sites, the normal range can be estimated. This can be defined as the span that includes 95% of the reference sites. If an investigated site is outside this range, it is interpreted as evidence of impact. The choice of reference sites is thus important for the outcome of the study. Here, biomarker levels in perch (Perca fluviatilis) at a potentially impacted site were compared to different types of reference data. The potentially impacted site was located close to a densely populated area. Four reference sites were located in relatively undisturbed areas on the Swedish Baltic coast. Furthermore, historical data from one of the reference sites were included. The present study showed that multiple reference sites are needed to avoid the risk of interpreting natural variation as impact. The number of reference sites needed depends on the desired level of statistical power. An alternative to multiple reference sites may be to use historical data to estimate the natural variation. However, historical data can include temporal variation due to factors that may not be relevant for the hypothesis that is tested, e.g., climatic variation or changed background levels of pollution. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2616–2624. © 2010 SETAC
Determination of insoluble soap in agricultural soil and sewage sludge samples by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection
Authors: Cantarero Samuel , Zafra-Gómez Alberto , Ballesteros Oscar , Navalón Alberto , Vílchez José L. , Crovetto Guillermo , Verge Coral , de Ferrer Juan A.
Published: July 2010

We have developed a new analytical procedure for determining insoluble Ca and Mg fatty acid salts (soaps) in agricultural soil and sewage sludge samples. The number of analytical methodologies that focus in the determination of insoluble soap salts in different environmental compartments is very limited. In this work, we propose a methodology that involves a sample clean-up step with petroleum ether to remove soluble salts and a conversion of Ca and Mg insoluble salts into soluble potassium salts using tripotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetate salt and potassium carbonate, followed by the extraction of analytes from the samples using microwave-assisted extraction with methanol. An improved esterification procedure using 2,4-dibromoacetophenone before the liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection analysis also has been developed. The absence of matrix effect was demonstrated with two fatty acid Ca salts that are not commercial and are never detected in natural samples (C13:0 and C17:0). Therefore, it was possible to evaluate the matrix effect because both standards have similar environmental behavior (adsorption and precipitation) to commercial soaps (C10:0 to C18:0). We also studied the effect of the different variables on the clean-up, the conversion of Ca soap, and the extraction and derivatization procedures. The quantification limits found ranged from 0.4 to 0.8 mg/kg. The proposed method was satisfactorily applied for the development of a study on soap behavior in agricultural soil and sewage sludge samples. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2470–2476. © 2010 SETAC
Zinc and cadmium concentrations in soft tissues of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) after exposure to zinc and cadmium
Authors: Maranhão Paulo , Marques Joã C , Madeira Victor M.C
Published: July 2010

Zinc and cadmium concentrations in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) soft tissues (as edible portion) were measured after exposure to zinc and cadmium at 0, 25, 50, or 100 μg/L for 96 h at 10 or 20°C, and compared to environmental standards for human consumption. Results demonstrated that no significant change occurred in the concentrations of zinc in soft tissues of crayfish under the given conditions. Net accumulation of cadmium was observed at all experimental exposures, and exceeded the maximum allowed for human consumption only for those crayfish exposed to 100 μg/L at 20°C.
Seeing in stereo: The ecology and evolution of primate binocular vision and stereopsis
Authors: Heesy Christopher P.
Published: July 2010

Primates are the most visually adapted order of mammals. There is a rich history within anthropology of proposed explanations for the adaptive significance of binocular vision, especially pertaining to primate origins and evolution. Depth perception and orbit morphology have been hypothesized to be functionally related to specialized locomotor or feeding behaviors. Many of these arguments continue to this day. An understanding of specific primate visual adaptations, including binocular vision, can shed light on these long‐term and heated debates.
Die Gattung Plumeria L. (Apocynaceae) auf Kuba
Authors: Lippold Hans
Published: July 2010

Für die Insel Kuba konnten 12 endemische Plumeria‐Arten und eine häufig kultivierte Art bestätigt werden. Die Arten sind: 1. P. filifolia Griseb., 2. P. clusioides Griseb., 3. P. cubensis Urb., 4. P. nipensis Britt., 5. P. ekmanii Urb., 6. P. emarginata Griseb., 7. P. venosa Britt., 8. P. trinitensis Britt., 9. P. cayensis Urb., 10. P. sericifolia Griseb., 11. P. lanata Britt., 12, P. montana Britt. et Wils. und P. rubra L. als kultivierte Art. P. alba L., P. obtusa L. und P. tuberculata Lodd. kommen auf Kuba nicht vor.
Contribution to the investigation of the corn germ Part II. Chemical composition of germ meal out of corn‐oil cake
Authors: Kulakova E. V. , Vainerman E. S. , Rogozhin S. V.
Published: July 2010

The germ meal out of corn‐oil cake contained up to 24.3 % of protein, on the average. The main part of germ meal proteins was represented by the alkali‐soluble fraction, up to 79.9%: the water‐soluble proteins made up 7.3%, the salt‐soluble — up to 4.6%, and alcohol‐soluble — only up to 1 %.

With regard to the biological value, determined by fermentation hydrolysis, the total germ meal protein and its basic alkali‐soluble fraction were not inferior to egg albumin and casein. The biological value of the test proteins, calculated by the aminoacid score, is nearing the biological value of an intact hen's egg and women's milk. The alkali‐soluble fraction of germ meal protein has a high foam‐forming ability and foam stability.
Charakterisierung der elektrischen Eigenschaften und der Molmassen der Eiweißstoffe von Weißweinen
Authors: Mesrob B. , Gorinova N. , Tzakov D.
Published: July 2010

Es wurden die elektrischen Eigenschaften und die Molmassen der Eiweißstoffe von trockenem Weißwein der Sorte Dimjat untersucht. Danach stellen die Eiweißstoffe des Weines Aggregate dar, die aus 4 monomeren Eiweißstoffen mit Molmassen zwischen ca. 28000 und 160000 bestehen. Das Eiweiß mit der niedrigsten Molmasse ist am stärksten vertreten. Der Grund der Aggregation ist unterschiedlich; dies bedingt auch die unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften der Aggregate und deren Verhalten bei der technologischen Behandlung. Die Eiweißfraktionen des unbehandelten Weines haben isoelektrische Punkte zwischen 3,8 und 5,8; die Eiweißtrübungen werden vor allem durch die Eiweißfraktionen mit niedrigeren isoelektrischen Punkten und einer geringeren Molmasse verursacht. Die Eiweißstabilität des Weines wird deshalb nur durch solche technologischen Behandlungen gesichert, die zur Beseitigung oder quantitativen Verminderung der für die Trübung verantwortlichen Eiweißfraktionen führen; das ist die Bentonitbehandlung. Die anderen von uns geprüften Behandlungen (Wärme, Kälte, Kaliumhexacyanoferrat (II)) sichern keine Eiweißstabilität des Weines.
Zur Synthese und Charakterisierung von Saccharosefettsäurepolyestern 1. Mitt, Über ein neues Syntheseverfahren
Authors: Mieth G. , Elsner A. , Weiss A.
Published: July 2010

Die lösungsmittelfreie Umesterung von Saccharoseoctaacetat mit Fettsäuremethylestern in Gegenwart von Alkalimetallkatalysatoren wird als ein neues Verfahren zur Synthese von Saccharosefettsaurepolyestern (SPE) beschrieben. Bei Anwendung eines Molverhältnisses zwischen Fettsauremethylester und Saccharoseoctaacetat von mindestens 8:1, einer Reaktionstemperatur von 110‐120 °C. einer Reaktionszeit von 3 h sowie 2% Natrium oder Kalium als Katalysator entstehen SPE in Ausbeuten von 80‐90%.
Zum Rückstandsverhalten von Fenazox auf Pflanzen 2. Mitt. Rückstandsverhalten von Fenazox auf Tomaten und Blattoberflächen
Authors: Goedicke H.‐J. , Sieber K. , Link V.
Published: July 2010

Auf Grand der Erweiterung der Zulassung von „Fentoxan”︁ erfolgt der Einsatz des Präparates auch im Tomatenanbau. Unter Berücksichtigung der Versuchsdurchführung in der 1. Mitt. wird eine Methode zur Ermittlung von Oberflächenrückständen auf Tomatenblättern beschrieben. Die Nachweisgrenze der gaschromatographischen Bestimmung betragt 10 ng/cm2.

Es wird das Rückstandsverhalten von Fenazox nach Kaltvernebelung von „Fentoxan”︁ auf Tomatenfrüchten und ‐blättern diskutiert. Die Rückstandsdaten werden durch lineare halblogarithmische Regressionsanalyse nach einer Reaktion 1. Ordnung ausgewertet. Die Halbwertszeiten betragen unter den genannten Versuchsbedingungen für Fenazox auf Tomatenfrüchten 1,4 Tage und auf Tomatenblattern 2,3 Tage.

Zur Gewährleistung der lebensmittelhygienischen Qualitat der Tomatenfrüchte beim Kaltnebelverfahren sind für die Aufwandmengen 0,3 ml/m2 und 0.5 ml/m2 Karenzzeiten von 4 bzw. 7 Tagen und beim Spritzverfahren von 14 Tagen erforderlich.
Cointegration and forecast evaluation: Some lessons from National Institute Forecasts
Authors: Pain Nigel
Published: July 2010

The recent experience of macroeconomic forecasting in the United Kingdom has prompted renewed interest in the evaluation of economic forecasts. This paper uses cointegration tests to investigate what can be learnt from the forecasts produced by the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) over the last two decades. Whilst the forecasts and outturns are found to be cointegrated, there remains evidence of systematic relationships between a number of forecast errors. Our results also fail to reject non‐cointegration between different vintages of data, suggesting that considerable care should be exercised in both the choice of realisation data used and in the means by which efficiency is tested.
Rimonabant in the management of cardiovascular risk
Authors: Barnett Anthony
Published: July 2010

The current obesity pandemic is recognised as a major factor contributing to the global burden of disease. Indeed, the rising tide of obesity in the USA and Europe has been shown to contribute directly to high levels of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. Increases in body weight leading to central obesity are associated with pathological changes in blood lipid profiles, predisposing subjects to atherosclerosis, and with metabolic changes in glycaemic control that contribute to cardiovascular damage. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Pd/C Catalyst by Modified Polyol Process for Formic Acid Electrooxidation
Authors: Chen M. , Wang Z.‐B. , Zhou K. , Chu Y.‐Y.
Published: July 2010

Pd catalyst supported on Vulcan XC‐72 carbon black was prepared by a modified polyol process. Its performance was compared with that of Pd/C catalyst prepared by impregnation reduction method by using NaBH4 as a reducing agent for formic acid electrooxidation. Their physical characterisations were tested by means of energy dispersive analysis of X‐ray, X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron micrographs. Their activities were presented by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The results show that the particle sizes of Pd/C catalysts prepared by modified polyol process and impregnation reduction method are 3.9 and 7.9 nm, respectively. The size dispersion of the former is narrower and more homogeneous than that of the latter. However, both of Pd/C catalysts display the characteristic diffraction peaks of a Pd face‐centred cubic (f.c.c.) crystal structure. The results of electrochemical measurements present that the Pd/C catalyst prepared by modified polyol process has the higher electrocatalytic activity and stability for formic acid electrooxidation in comparison to the Pd/C one by impregnation reduction method due to the particle size effect, and its peak current density of CV and the current of chronoamperometric curve at 1,000 s reach 33.2 and 11.2 mA cm–2, respectively.
Geoarchaeological and chronostratigraphical investigations of open‐air sites in the Geelbek Dunes, South Africa
Authors: Fuchs M. , Kandel A.W. , Conard N.J. , Walker S.J. , Felix‐Henningsen P.
Published: July 2010

The Geelbek Dunes located north of Cape Town, South Africa, are an active, northward migrating dune field. Interdunal deflation hollows temporarily expose former land surfaces that are associated with archaeological sites. These open‐air sites shed light on large‐scale patterns of Middle and Later Stone Age settlement and augment the information gained from well‐stratified, but spatially limited caves, rock shelters, and coastal shell middens. Based on paleopedological and sedimentological parameters, three former land surfaces were identified and associated with different assemblages. A chronostratigraphy of the various land surfaces was established by applying optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. The youngest former land surface is represented by a dune generation (AD2) which stabilized at a maximum of 5 ka. An older dune generation (AD1) shows a more heterogeneous age pattern where deposition started at ca. 27 ka with a maximum estimated age of stabilization at ca. 10 ka. Both of these dune generations overlie a weathered calcrete complex of Middle to Late Pleistocene age. While the third dune generation (AD0) was observed between underlying calcrete layers, samples taken from this unit could not be dated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Late Bronze Age paleogeography along the ancient Ways of Horus in Northwest Sinai, Egypt
Authors: Moshier Stephen O. , El‐Kalani Ali
Published: July 2010

The northwest Sinai contained the eastern frontier of New Kingdom Egypt during the Late Bronze Age. The ancient Pelusaic branch of the Nile Delta influenced the environmental setting of this region at that time. Fortresses were built along the coastal byway through the study area known as the Ways of Horus to protect Egyptian‐held territory from immigrants and intruders from Canaan and the Mediterranean Sea. Building on previous geomorphic studies in the region, this paper presents the results of field investigations of Holocene sedimentary deposits, aided by satellite photography, used to create a paleogeographic map that places archaeological sites in their proper environmental context. CORONA satellite photographs from the late 1960s reveal surface features that have been obscured by more recent agricultural development in the region. Canals dug for an agricultural project provided easy access to the shallow subsurface for mapping the extent of Holocene sediments representing barrier coast, lagoon, estuarine, fluvial, and marsh depositional environments. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ground‐penetrating radar survey of the Sny Magill Mound Group, Effigy Mounds National Monument, Iowa
Authors: Whittaker William E. , Storey Glenn R.
Published: July 2010

A ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) survey of 101 mounds at the Sny Magill Unit of Effigy Mounds National Monument, Iowa, demonstrates that GPR can be an effective tool to evaluate the structure and condition of mounds without damaging them. Ideal survey conditions and improved processing technology allow for the identification of strata within the mounds, as well as areas of post‐construction disturbance and possible archaeological features within the mounds. Provisional interpretations indicate that 60 are intact conical mounds with minimal post‐construction disturbance, and two show very strong evidence of containing interior burial platforms; 29 are badly damaged by non‐cultural or cultural activity; two are probable non‐cultural mounds; nine are reasonably intact linear and effigy mounds; one is an excavated effigy mound. GPR and other remote‐sensing techniques are highly recommended for mound investigation, but wherever possible such techniques need to be coordinated with mound excavation so as to test the remote‐sensing results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Software for generating liability distributions for pedigrees conditional on their observed disease states and covariates
Authors: Campbell Desmond D. , Sham Pak C. , Knight Jo , Wickham Harvey , Landau Sabine
Published: July 2010

For many multifactorial diseases, aetiology is poorly understood. A major research aim is the identification of disease predictors (environmental, biological, and genetic markers). In order to achieve this, a two‐stage approach is proposed. The initial or synthesis stage combines observed pedigree data with previous genetic epidemiological research findings, to produce estimates of pedigree members' disease risk and predictions of their disease liability. A further analysis stage uses the latter as inputs to look for associations with potential disease markers. The incorporation of previous research findings into an analysis should lead to power gains. It also allows separate predictions for environmental and genetic liabilities to be generated. This should increase power for detecting disease predictors that are environmental or genetic in nature. Finally, the approach brings pragmatic benefits in terms of data reduction and synthesis, improving comprehensibility, and facilitating the use of existing statistical genetics tools. In this article we present a statistical model and Gibbs sampling approach to generate liability predictions for multifactorial disease for the synthesis stage. We have implemented the approach in a software program. We apply this program to a specimen disease pedigree, and discuss the results produced, comparing its results with those generated under a more naïve model. We also detail simulation studies that validate the software's operation. Genet. Epidemiol. 34: 159–170, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization, and fluorescence phenomena of 1‐naphthoxy and 1‐naphthylamino substituted cyclotriphosphazenes
Authors: Aslan Fatih , Halcı Oǧuzhan , Arslan Mustafa
Published: July 2010

The reactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene N3P3Cl6 (1) with 1‐naphthol and 1‐naphthylamine have been examined. The reaction of 1 with sodium 1‐naphthoxy gave the hexakis(1‐naphthoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (2) in high yield. Geminal 2,2‐di(1‐naphthylamino)‐4,4,6,6‐tetrachlorocyclotriphosphazene (3) was obtained from the reaction of 1 with 1‐naphthylamine. The structures of phosphazene derivatives were defined by elemental analysis, FTIR, UV‐‐visible, and 1H, 13C, 31P NMR spectroscopy. The fluorescence intensity of the compounds was measured in THF and CH2Cl2. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:158–162, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20400
Theoretical studies on the methylsulfenyl chloride addition to propene
Authors: Vektariene Ausra , Vektaris Gytis
Published: July 2010

Thiiranium heterocycles play an important role in biocatalytic processes of cells. Usually formation of thiiranium ions is known to proceed by the electrophilic additions of sulfenylhalides to substituted olefins, subsequently undergoing the regioselective and stereoselective nucleophilic attack of the halide atom on either C‐1 or C‐2 carbon atom of the thiiranium intermediate to gave two isomeric adducts. The detailed sequence of the reaction mechanism, the nature of intermediates, and transition states that occur in this electrophilic addition reaction are not well understood. In our work, this reaction has been modeled using Ab initio methods at the MP2/6‐31+G(d,f) level of theory to look into the mechanism of the reaction and to explain how the regioselectivity of the reaction is controlled. We focused on the electrophilic addition reaction of the methylsulfenyl chloride to propene. Our calculations show that the reaction is predicted to proceed via two distinct directions. The first direction proceeds when the starting reacting molecules formed the cis‐methyl‐oriented thiiranium intermediate, and the second direction is when the starting reactants resulted in the trans‐methyl‐oriented thiiranium intermediate. The calculated reaction potential energy surface profile suggests that the minimum energy pathway via the first direction is energetically more preferred than that via trans one. Moreover, calculation of the intrinsic reaction coordinate on the minimum energy pathway revealed the stepwise mechanism for the addition reaction. Thus the energetically preferred first reaction direction consists of the addition of methylsulfenyl chloride to the double bond of propene undergoing synchronous concerted transition state leading to the thiiranium intermediate formation (the rate‐limiting step in the electrophilic addition reaction); regioselective thiiranium intermediate ring‐opening process by the chloride anion attack on the C‐2 carbon of the thiiranium intermediate forming 2‐chloro adduct of kinetically controlled addition reaction; the isomerization reaction of 2‐chloro adduct to more energetically favorable thermodynamically stable 1‐chloro product. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:1–13, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20571
Synthesis, characterization and thermal behavior of some Zn(II) complexes with ligands having 1,3,4‐thiadiazole moieties
Authors: Turan Nevin , Şekerci Memet
Published: July 2010

Some new zinc(II) complexes of the type [Zn(L1)2(C2H5OH)2]·C2H5OH, [Zn(L2)2 Cl2]·H2O, and [Zn2(L3)2(H2O)4Cl4], where HL1 = N‐[5′‐amino‐2, 2′‐bis(1,3,4‐thiadiazole)‐5‐yl]‐2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde imine, L2 = N‐(5‐ethyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2‐yl)tereph‐ thalaldehyde imine, and L3 = N,N′‐bis[5‐(4‐nitro phenyl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2‐yl]terephthalaldehydedii‐ mine have been synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H NMR spectra, elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility, UV–vis. and thermogravimetry‐differential thermal analysis (TGA‐DTA). On the basis of electronic spectral studies, an octahedral environment around the Zn(II) ion has been suggested. 1H NMR spectra of the metal complexes of ligands were found to be in agreement with the proposed stoichiometry. The presence of water molecules and ethanol in the Zn(II) complexes is also indicated by the thermal studies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:14–23, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20572
N‐substituted bis(tetrazol‐5‐yl)diazenes: Synthesis, spectra, X‐ray molecular and crystal structures, and quantum‐chemical DFT calculations
Authors: Serebryanskaya Tatiyana V. , Matulis Vadim E. , Lyakhov Alexander S. , Voitekhovich, Sergei V. , Gaponik Pavel N. , Ivashkevich Oleg A.
Published: July 2010

N‐Substituted bis(tetrazol‐5‐yl)diazenes (substituents are 1‐CH3 (3a), 1‐Ph (3b), 2‐CH3 (3c), and 2‐tBu (3d)) were synthesized by oxidative coupling of corresponding 5‐aminotetrazoles. All compounds were characterized with 1H and 13C NMR, IR‐ and UV‐spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. Crystal and molecular structures of bis(1‐phenyltetra‐ zol‐5‐yl)diazene (3b) and bis(2‐tert‐butyltetrazol‐5‐yl)diazene (3d) were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Molecules of these compounds are trans‐isomers in solid. According to X‐Ray data, 3b molecule is S‐trans‐S‐trans conformer, however 3d is S‐cis‐S‐cis one. Quantum‐chemical investigation of geometry and relative stability of cis‐ and trans‐isomers and stable conformations of compounds 3a–d was carried out. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:24–35, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20574
Viewing Assessment as an Innovation: Leadership and the Change Process
Authors: Gray Peter J.
Published: July 2010

By viewing assessment as an innovation to be adopted by the people in a particular institutional setting, it is possible to identify those aspects of leadership and planned change that will most facilitate its successful adoption.
Health inequality and deprivation
Authors: McGillivray Mark , Dutta Indranil , Markova Nora
Published: July 2010

This paper looks at health inequality and deprivation, with a particular focus on developing countries. It is specifically concerned with relationships between health and income, especially the extent to which inequality and deprivation in the former is driven by changes in the latter. The paper reports increasing disparity in child mortality among country groups since the mid‐1970s. It also reports decreased inequality in life expectancy among countries from the early 1960s until the late 1980s and increased inequality thereafter. Similar patterns in life expectancy deprivation are reported. The paper finds that this is partly due to a changing behavioural relationship between life expectancy and income per capita among countries with low achievement in the former variable. The paper also introduces and provides an overview of the papers that follow in thisSupplement. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life expectancy and welfare in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Soares Rodrigo R.
Published: July 2010

This paper analyses the recent evolution of life expectancy in Latin American and Caribbean countries, and evaluates how much it has contributed to the overall improvements in welfare. We argue that increases in life expectancy between 1960 and 2000, which were largely independent of income, represented gains in welfare comparable to the ones derived from income growth. For countries in the region, estimates of welfare improvements accounting for health increase the numbers obtained from income alone by 40% on average. The available evidence suggests that improvements in public health infrastructure – such as provision of treated water and sewerage services – and large‐scale immunization programs may have been the key factors behind the mortality reductions observed in the period. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The growth of poor children in China 1991–2000: why food subsidies may matter
Authors: Osberg Lars , Shao Jiaping , Xu Kuan
Published: July 2010

How did rapid growth in per capita income and rising income inequality during 1991–2000 in China affect the health status of Chinese children, given that the disappearance in the 1990s of subsidized food coupons simultaneously increased the importance of money income in enabling consumption of basic foods by poor families? Using the China Health and Nutrition Survey data for 1991, 1993, 1997, and 2000 on 4400 households in nine provinces, we examine the height‐for‐age of Chinese children aged 2–13, with particular emphasis on the growth of children living in poor households. We use mean regression and quantile regression models to isolate the dynamic impact of poverty status and food coupon use on child height‐for‐age. Our principal findings are: (i) controlling for standard variables (e.g. parents' weight, height, and education) poverty is correlated with slower growth in height‐for‐age between 1997 and 2000 but not earlier; (ii) in 2000, poverty is negatively correlated with strong growth in height‐for‐age; and (iii) food coupon use in earlier periods correlates positively with growth in height‐for‐age. The general moral is the crucial social protection role that subsidized food programmes can potentially play in maintaining the health of poor children. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On what diseases and health conditions should new economic research on health and development focus?
Authors: Behrman Jere R. , Behrman Julia A. , Perez Nykia M.
Published: July 2010

Given the public goods nature of research, economic research on health in developing countries is likely to have the highest returns by focusing, inter alia, on diseases and health conditions that are relatively widespread and costly and that are relatively rapidly growing. This article first summarizes the time patterns in economic research on diseases and health in developing countries for 1990–2005. It then compares those time patterns with the distribution of disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) for diseases and health conditions in developing countries estimated for 2005 and for 2030. These comparisons suggest relatively overemphasis on HIV/AIDS and underemphasis on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This opens the possibility for individuals or organizations initiating, re‐evaluating, or increasing their economic research on health and development to make a significant contribution by focusing particularly on the analysis of behaviour and policy choices related to NCDs. Careful consideration must, of course, be given to other demands, but on the basis of these two criteria, potential contributions are likely to be greatest from research with such a focus. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.