bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DNA repair by the cryptic endonuclease activity of Mu transposase
Authors: Choi Wonyoung , Harshey Rasika M.
Published: February 2010

Phage Mu transposes by two distinct pathways depending on the specific stage of its life cycle. A commonθstrand transfer intermediate is resolved differentially in the two pathways. During lytic growth, theθintermediate is resolved by replication of Mu initiated within the flanking target DNA; during integration of infecting Mu, it is resolved without replication, by removal and repair of DNA from a previous host that is still attached to the ends of the incoming Mu genome. We have discovered that the cryptic endonuclease activity reported for the isolated C-terminal domain of the transposase MuA [Wu Z, Chaconas G (1995) A novel DNA binding and nuclease activity in domain III of Mu transposase: Evidence for a catalytic region involved in donor cleavage.EMBO J14:3835–3843], which is not observed in the full-length protein or in the assembled transpososome in vitro, is required in vivo for removal of the attached host DNA or “5′flap” after the infecting Mu genome has integrated into theE. colichromosome. Efficient flap removal also requires the host protein ClpX, which is known to interact with the C-terminus of MuA to remodel the transpososome for replication. We hypothesize that ClpX constitutes part of a highly regulated mechanism that unmasks the cryptic nuclease activity of MuA specifically in the repair pathway.
Antitumor activity of an allosteric inhibitor of centromere-associated protein-E
Authors: Wood Kenneth W. , Lad Latesh , Luo Lusong , Qian Xiangping , Knight Steven D. , Nevins Neysa , Brejc Katjusa , Sutton David , Gilmartin Aidan G. , Chua Penelope R. , Desai Radhika , Schauer Stephen P. , McNulty Dean E. , Annan Roland S. , Belmont Lisa D. , Garcia Carlos , Lee Yan , Diamond Melody A. , Faucette Leo F. , Giardiniere Michele , Zhang ShuYun , Sun Chiu-Mei , Vidal Justin D. , Lichtsteiner Serge , Cornwell William D. , Greshock Joel D. , Wooster Richard F. , Finer Jeffrey T. , Copeland Robert A. , Huang Pearl S. , Morgans David J. , Dhanak Dashyant , Bergnes Gustave , Sakowicz Roman , Jackson Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2010

Centromere-associated protein-E (CENP-E) is a kinetochore-associated mitotic kinesin that is thought to function as the key receptor responsible for mitotic checkpoint signal transduction after interaction with spindle microtubules. We have identified GSK923295, an allosteric inhibitor of CENP-E kinesin motor ATPase activity, and mapped the inhibitor binding site to a region similar to that bound by loop-5 inhibitors of the kinesin KSP/Eg5. Unlike these KSP inhibitors, which block release of ADP and destabilize motor-microtubule interaction, GSK923295 inhibited release of inorganic phosphate and stabilized CENP-E motor domain interaction with microtubules. Inhibition of CENP-E motor activity in cultured cells and tumor xenografts caused failure of metaphase chromosome alignment and induced mitotic arrest, indicating that tight binding of CENP-E to microtubules is insufficient to satisfy the mitotic checkpoint. Consistent with genetic studies in mice suggesting that decreased CENP-E function can have a tumor-suppressive effect, inhibition of CENP-E induced tumor cell apoptosis and tumor regression.
Towards a knowledge‐rich learning environment in preparatory secondary education
Authors: van Schaik Martijn , van Oers Bert , Terwel Jan
Published: February 2010

In this case study a novel educational programme for students in preparatory vocational education was studied. The research questions were: (1) Which teaching/learning processes occur in a simulated workplace using the concept of aknowledge‐richworkplace? (2) What is the role of models and modelling in the teaching/learning processes? The curriculum project consisted of design and construction tasks. The students were collaboratively involved in the process of designing a tricycle for a real customer. This real‐life activity creates opportunities for students to develop and use models, which can be used in more than in one context. The case study explored how the teachers deal with the students’ explicit and implicit need for knowledge and skills. The main findings are that teachers more often provide this knowledge, rather than guide the students in reconstructing it, and towards the end of the project, knowledge tended to remain situated.
Osteopontin as a novel prognostic marker in stable ischaemic heart disease: a 3‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Georgiadou Panagiota , Iliodromitis Efstathios K. , Kolokathis Fotios , Varounis Christos , Gizas Vassilis , Mavroidis Manolis , Capetanaki Yassemi , Boudoulas Harisios , Kremastinos Dimitrios T.
Published: February 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (4): 288–293

Objectives  Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycoprotein, which may play a major role in the regulation of biological phenomena. Increased levels of OPN have been linked to the presence and to the severity of atherosclerosis. This study was undertaken to assess the prognostic significance of plasma OPN levels in patients with stable ischaemic heart disease (IHD).

Methods  In 101 patients with stable IHD and angiographically documented significant coronary artery stenosis, plasma OPN levels were measured at baseline (time of coronary arteriography). Patients were prospectively followed for a median time of 3 years (minimum 2·25, maximum 3·9 years). The primary study endpoint was the composite of cardiovascular death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction, need for revascularization and hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons.

Results  Baseline lnOPN levels were directly related to age (r = 0·27, P < 0·001) and inversely to left ventricular ejection fraction (r = −0·32, P < 0·01). Left ventricular ejection fraction was an independent predictor of plasma OPN levels after adjustment for age and gender (β = −0·013, P = 0·02). Median OPN value was 55 ng mL−1. In the univariate Cox‐regression analysis, OPN levels > 55 ng mL−1 (n = 50) were significantly related to adverse cardiac outcome (HR = 2·40, 95% CI: 1·11–5·23, P = 0·027). In multivariate model, OPN levels > 55 ng mL−1 remained statistically significant independent predictor of adverse outcome after adjustment for age, gender, left ventricular ejection fraction and the number of diseased coronary arteries (HR = 2·88, 95% CI: 1·09–7·58, P = 0·032).

Conclusion  OPN may provide significant prognostic information independent of other traditional prognostic markers in patients with stable IHD.
Neurological manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Rodrigues Carlos E. M. , Carvalho Jozélio F. , Shoenfeld Yehuda
Published: February 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (4): 350–359

Background  Neurologic disorders are among the most common and important clinical manifestations associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). It is characterized by diverse neurological manifestations. These include stroke, transient ischaemic attack, Sneddon’s syndrome, convulsions/epilepsy, dementia, cognitive deficits, headaches/migraine, chorea, multiple sclerosis‐like, transverse myelitis, ocular symptoms and Guillain–Barré syndrome.

Material and methods  We review the latest data about neurologic disorders and APS.

Results  In patients under 45 years of age, 20% of strokes are potentially associated with APS. Our study group recently reported a correlation between primary APS and peripheral neuropathy. Only one study investigated the occurrence of peripheral neuropathy in patients diagnosed with PAPS through electrophysiological study and showed alterations in 35% of patients. The mechanism of nervous system involvement in APS is considered to be primarily thrombotic. However, other mechanisms have been described, such as antiphospholipid antibodies that bind to the neural tissue, deregulating their functions and having an immediate pathogenic effect.

Conclusions  This review summarizes the latest data regarding the clinical aspects, radiological and therapeutic of major neurologic manifestations associated with antiphospholipid antibodies.
De‐hardening in contrasting cultivars of timothy and perennial ryegrass during winter and spring
Authors: Jørgensen M. , Østrem L. , Höglind M.
Published: February 2010

Scenarios of climate changes indicate longer and more frequent spells of mild weather during winter in northern latitudes. De‐hardening in perennial grasses could increase the risk of frost kill. In this study, the resistance to de‐hardening of different grass species and cultivars was examined, and whether the resistance changes during winter or between years, was tested. In Experiment 1, two cultivars of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) of contrasting winter hardiness were grown under ambient winter conditions, transferred from the field in January and April 2006 to the laboratory for 9 d with controlled de‐hardening conditions of 3°C, 9°C and 15°C. The timothy cultivars were tested at 3°C, 6°C and 9°C in a similar experiment (Experiment 2) in January 2007. De‐hardening, measured as decrease in frost tolerance (LT50), was less in timothy than in perennial ryegrass and increased with increasing temperatures. The northern winter‐hardy cultivar Engmo of timothy de‐hardened more rapidly than the less‐hardy cultivar Grindstad, but had higher initial frost tolerance in both experiments, whereas there was less difference between cultivars of perennial ryegrass in Experiment 1. Cultivar Grindstad of timothy lost all hardiness in early spring at all temperatures, whereas cultivar Engmo maintained some hardiness at 3°C. Cultivar Engmo de‐hardened at a lower rate in 2007 than in 2006, in spite of similar frost tolerance at the start of de‐hardening treatment in both years. This indicates that the rate of de‐hardening was controlled by factors additional to the initial frost tolerance and that autumn weather conditions might be important for the resistance to de‐hardening.
Short‐term impact of grazing by sheep on vegetation dynamics in a newly created salt‐marsh site
Authors: Milotić T. , Erfanzadeh R. , Pétillon J. , Maelfait J.‐P. , Hoffmann M.
Published: February 2010

The effects of grazing by sheep at a stocking density of c. 1 sheep ha−1 from August to April on total vegetation cover, diversity of plant species, above‐ground plant biomass and concentration of crude protein, neutral‐detergent fibre and acid‐detergent fibre of salt‐marsh vegetation was assessed over a 2‐year period on a newly created salt‐marsh area on the Belgian coast. Assessments were made in both grazed and ungrazed areas in four elevation zones: low, intermediate, high and floodmark zone. The cover of dominant salt‐marsh species (Salicornia europaea, Limonium vulgare and Elymus athericus), plant diversity, plant biomass and chemical composition of herbage were compared between grazed and ungrazed plots, and between 2005 (initial state) and 2007 (after a 2‐year grazing period) using paired t‐tests. Grazing by sheep maintained plant diversity in the high zone, whereas diversity decreased in the ungrazed plots. Grazing had no apparent effect on total vegetation cover and composition of the vegetation. Concentration of crude protein in herbage increased and that of neutral‐detergent fibre decreased in the high and intermediate zones. Expansion of the dominant species of the high zone, E. athericus, was not affected by the stocking density used in the study.
Long‐standing environmental conditions, geographic isolation and host–symbiont specificity influence the relative ecological dominance and genetic diversification of coral endosymbionts in the genus Symbiodinium
Authors: LaJeunesse Todd C. , Pettay Daniel T. , Sampayo Eugenia M. , Phongsuwan Niphon , Brown Barbara , Obura David O. , Hoegh‐Guldberg Ove , Fitt William K.
Published: February 2010

Aim  This study examines the importance of geographic proximity, host life history and regional and local differences in environment (temperature and water clarity) in driving the ecological and evolutionary processes underpinning the global patterns of diversity and distribution of symbiotic dinoflagellates. By comparing and contrasting coral–algal symbioses from isolated regions with differing environmental conditions, we may assess the potential of coral communities to respond to significant changes in climate.

Location  Indian Ocean.

Methods  Community assemblages of obligate symbiotic invertebrates were sampled at numerous sites from two regions, the north‐eastern Indian Ocean (Andaman Sea, western Thailand) and the western Indian Ocean (Zanzibar, Tanzania). Molecular genetic methods, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers, DNA sequencing and microsatellite genotyping, were used to characterize the ‘species’ diversity and evolutionary relationships of symbiotic dinoflagellates (genus Symbiodinium). Host–symbiont specificity, geographic isolation and local and regional environmental factors were evaluated in terms of their importance in governing the distribution and prevalence of certain symbiont taxa.

Results  Host‐generalist symbionts (C3u and D1‐4, formerly D1a now designated Symbiodinium trenchi) frequently occurred alone and sometimes together in hosts with horizontal modes of symbiont acquisition. However, the majority of Symbiodinium diversity consisted of apparently host‐specific ‘species’. Clade C Symbiodinium were diverse and dominated host assemblages from sites sampled in the western Indian Ocean, a pattern analogous to symbiont communities on the Great Barrier Reef with similar environmental conditions. Clade D Symbiodinium were diverse and occurred frequently in hosts from the north‐eastern Indian Ocean, especially at inshore locations, where temperatures are warmer, water turbidity is high and large tidal exchanges commonly expose coral populations to aerial desiccation.

Main conclusions  Regional and local differences in cnidarian–algal combinations indicate that these symbioses are ecologically and evolutionarily responsive and can thrive under various environmental conditions. The high temperatures and turbid conditions of the north‐eastern Indian Ocean partly explain the ecological success of Clade D Symbiodinium relative to Clade C. Phylogenetic, ecological and population genetic data further indicate that Clade D has undergone an adaptive radiation, especially in regions around Southeast Asia, during the Pleistocene.
Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta: a disease spectrum
Authors: Fernandes Neil F. , Rozdeba Paul J. , Schwartz Robert A. , Kihiczak George , Lambert W. Clark
Published: February 2010

Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA), or Mucha–Habermann disease (MHD), is a cutaneous disorder evident with crops of erythematous macules and papules, usually on the trunk and flexural areas of the extremities. Its etiology remains unknown. PLEVA is speculated to be an inflammatory reaction triggered by certain infectious agents, an inflammatory response secondary to T‐cell dyscrasia, or an immune complex‐mediated hypersensitivity. Histologic examination of a skin biopsy specimen is the standard for the identification of PLEVA, but definitive diagnosis may be difficult. Apart from the febrile ulcerative variant, which may be fatal, PLEVA tends to be self‐limited in its course. Treatment is targeted mainly at the symptomatic relief of pruritus.
Unilateral sacroiliitis associated with systemic isotretinoin treatment
Authors: Barbareschi Mauro , Paresce Erberto , Chiaratti Anna , Ferla Lodigiani Alessandra , Clerici Giovanna , Greppi Franco
Published: February 2010

Background  Acne fulminans is the most severe form of inflammatory acne characterized by the acute onset of inflammatory nodules and plaques, most commonly on the chest and the back. The lesions undergo rapid suppuration, leaving ragged hemorrhagic ulcers. Typically, it affects adolescent males with a history of mild to moderate acne. The affected patients often have constitutional symptoms such as fever, malaise, arthralgias, and myalgias. Leukocytosis is commonly associated. Sacroiliitis is reported in 21% of acne fulminans patients in association with arthritis and in a few cases it is reported during isotretinoin treatment, suggesting the drug triggering.

Conclusion  We report a case of a young male patient in whom the induction of acne fulminans by systemic isotretinoin was associated with unilateral sacroiliitis.
Analysis of elevated temperature‐induced inhibition of photosystem II using chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics in wheat leaves (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Mathur S. , Jajoo A. , Mehta P. , Bharti S.
Published: February 2010

Wheat is the major crop plant in many parts of the world. Elevated temperature‐induced changes in photosynthetic efficiency were studied in wheat (T. aestivum) leaves by measuring Chl a fluorescence induction kinetics. Detached leaves were subjected to elevated temperature stress of 35 °C, 40 °C or 45 °C. Parameters such as Fv/Fm, performance index (PI), and reaction centre to absorbance ratio (RC/ABS) were deduced using radial plots from fluorescence induction curves obtained with a plant efficiency analyser (PEA). To derive precise information on fluorescence induction kinetics, energy pipeline leaf models were plotted using biolyzer hp3 software. At 35 °C, there was no effect on photosynthetic efficiency, including the oxygen‐evolving complex, and the donor side of PSII remained active. At 40 °C, activity was reduced by 14%, while at 45 °C, a K intermediate step was observed, indicating irreversible damage to the oxygen‐evolving complex. This analysis can be used to rapidly screen for vitality and stress tolerance characteristics of wheat growing in the field under high temperature stress.
Different karyotype patterns among allopatric Pinus nigra (Pinaceae) populations revealed by molecular cytogenetics
Authors: Bogunić F. , Siljak‐Yakovlev S. , Muratović E. , Ballian D.
Published: February 2010

To examine variation and taxonomic recognition of Pinus nigra (European black pine) at the intraspecific level, chromosomal distribution of 5S and 18S‐5.8S‐26S rDNA loci revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and fluorochrome banding with chromomycin A3 and DAPI were analysed among allopatric populations belonging to different subspecies. Despite prevalent opinion on predominantly conserved and homogenous conifer karyotypes, several patterns were observed. Surprisingly, interstitial 18S rDNA loci and DAPI heterochromatin staining after FISH showed variations in distribution and localisation. Three subspecies shared a pattern with nine 18S rDNA loci (ssp. nigra, pallasiana and laricio) while ssp. dalmatica and salzmannii had eight rDNA loci. DAPI banding displayed two patterns, one with a high number of signals (ssp. nigra, pallasiana and dalmatica) and the other with a lower number of signals (ssp. salzmannii and laricio). We conclude that our results cannot provide proof for either classification scheme for the P. nigra complex, but rather demonstrate the variability of different heterochromatin fractions at the intraspecific level.
Children’s participation in home, school and community life after acquired brain injury
Authors: Galvin Jane , Froude Elspeth H. , McAleer Jennifer
Published: February 2010

Aims:  This study aimed to describe participation at home, school and in the community of Australian children who had sustained an acquired brain injury (ABI). Parent ratings regarding the impact of cognitive, motor and behavioural impairments on participation were obtained. In addition, the influence of environmental factors on participation was investigated.

Methodology:  This study used a cross‐sectional design with convenience sampling to recruit 20 children who attended a rehabilitation review clinic between September 2006 and September 2007. Participants completed the Child and Family Follow‐up Survey (Bedell, 2004) to describe the participation of their children in home, school and community settings. The CFFS was developed based on the International Classification of Function, and uses parent report to measure the impact of impairments and environmental factors on children’s participation in home, school and community life.

Results:  The children were reported to have the greatest participation restrictions for structured events in the community, and social, play or leisure activities with peers either at school or in the community. Children were least restricted moving about in and around their own homes.

Conclusions:  This research describes difficulties encountered by Australian children with ABI in participating in community‐based activities with their same aged peers. This study adds to the current literature describing patterns of participation of United States children who have sustained brain injuries, and provides useful information for Australian therapists to consider when addressing children’s return to school and engagement with their peers following brain injury.
Review: Anticoagulation for haemodialysis
Authors: SURANYI MICHAEL , CHOW JOSEPHINE SF
Published: February 2010

The coagulation cascade is complex but well studied. Dialysis membranes and lines are inherently pro‐coagulant and activate both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation, as well as platelets and other circulating cellular elements. To provide safe and effective dialysis, appropriate anticoagulant measures must be applied. Haemodialysis, including anticoagulation, is prescribed by dialysis doctors but delivered by dialysis nurses. The main agents used in clinical practice for anticoagulation during haemodialysis are unfractionated heparin (UF heparin) and low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH). LMWH has a number of potential advantages, apart from cost. One of the most serious complications of the use of any form of heparin is heparin‐induced thrombocytopaenia (HIT) Type II, which occurs more commonly with UF heparin than LMWH. HIT Type II risks severe morbidity and mortality and is challenging to treat successfully in both the acute and chronic phase. In HIT Type II anticoagulation must be delivered without heparin. A wide array of newer anticoagulants are becoming progressively available, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. In maintenance haemodialysis patients with an increased risk of bleeding, a ‘no heparin’ dialysis may be undertaken, or regional anticoagulation considered. Because this aspect of dialysis is so important to the safe and effective delivery of haemodialysis therapy, dialysis clinicians need to review and update their knowledge of dialysis anticoagulation on a regular basis.
Time‐resolved genetic responses of Lactococcus lactis to a dairy environment
Authors: Bachmann Herwig , De Wilt Leonie , Kleerebezem Michiel , Van Hylckama Vlieg Johan E. T.
Published: February 2010

Lactococcus lactis is one of main bacterial species found in mixed dairy starter cultures for the production of semi‐hard cheese. Despite the appreciation that mixed cultures are essential for the eventual properties of the manufactured cheese the vast majority of studies on L. lactis were carried out in laboratory media with a pure culture. In this study we applied an advanced recombinant in vivo expression technology (R‐IVET) assay in combination with a high‐throughput cheese‐manufacturing protocol for the identification and subsequent validation of promoter sequences specifically induced during the manufacturing and ripening of cheese. The system allowed gene expression measurements in an undisturbed product environment without the use of antibiotics and in combination with a mixed strain starter culture. The utilization of bacterial luciferase as reporter enabled the real‐time monitoring of gene expression in cheese for up to 200 h after the cheese‐manufacturing process was initiated. The results revealed a number of genes that were clearly induced in cheese such as cysD, bcaP, dppA, hisC, gltA, rpsE, purL, amtB as well as a number of hypothetical genes, pseudogenes and notably genetic elements located on the non‐coding strand of annotated open reading frames. Furthermore genes that are likely to be involved in interactions with bacteria used in the mixed strain starter culture were identified.
Campaign contributions, lobbying and post‐Katrina contracts
Authors: Hogan Michael J. , Long Michael A. , Stretesky Paul B.
Published: February 2010

This research explores the relationship between political campaign contributions, lobbying and post‐Hurricane Katrina cleanup and reconstruction contracts. Specifically, a case‐control study design is used to determine whether campaign contributions to national candidates in the 2000–04 election cycles and/or the employment of lobbyists and lobbying firms increased a company's probability of receiving a post‐hurricane contract. Results indicate that both a campaign contribution dichotomous variable and the dollar amount of contributions are significantly related to whether a company received a contract, but that lobbying activity was not. These findings are discussed in the context of previous research on the politics of natural disasters, government contracting and governmental and corporate deviance.
Gauging the societal impacts of natural disasters using a capability approach
Authors: Gardoni Paolo , Murphy Colleen
Published: February 2010

There is a widely acknowledged need for a single composite index that provides a comprehensive picture of the societal impact of disasters. A composite index combines and logically organizes important information policy‐makers need to allocate resources for the recovery from natural disasters; it can also inform hazard mitigation strategies. This paper develops a Disaster Impact Index (DII) to gauge the societal impact of disasters on the basis of the changes in individuals’ capabilities. The DII can be interpreted as the disaster impact per capita. Capabilities are dimensions of individual well‐being and refer to the genuine opportunities individuals have to achieve valuable states and activities (such as being adequately nourished or being mobile). After discussing the steps required to construct the DII, this article computes and compares the DIIs for two earthquakes of similar magnitude in two societies at different levels of development and of two disasters (earthquake and wind storm) in the same society.
Ageing in place and technologies of place: the lived experience of people with dementia in changing social, physical and technological environments
Authors: Brittain Katherine , Corner Lynne , Robinson Louise , Bond John
Published: February 2010

This paper explores the varied meanings and lived experiences of older people with dementia, in relation to everyday technologies in public spaces outside the home, through re‐analysis of qualitative data generated from research that focused on the use of technology in supporting people with dementia to carry on with their everyday outside activities. The data have been re‐analysed to critically examine how people with memory loss manage being outside in both familiar and unfamiliar public environments. In doing so the authors explore how technologies mediate between the physical and social environment in which people with dementia live. This paper highlights the importance of a neglected space within dementia research, namely the outside public environment. Although the outside environment and activities that take place in that space, for some, are curtailed, for others the physical and social security of familiar environments enables them to carry on with everyday activities in this public realm. Outside space can be both therapeutic and frightening and this paper demonstrates that people with dementia can sometimes feel out of place in public space. It however also shows the variety of ways people with dementia use everyday technologies to manage ‘feeling out of place’.
In the vanguard of biomedicine? The curious and contradictory case of anti‐ageing medicine
Authors: Fishman Jennifer R. , Settersten Jr Richard A. , Flatt Michael A.
Published: February 2010

The rise of anti‐ageing medicine is emblematic of the current conditions of American biomedicine. Through in‐depth interviews with 31 anti‐ageing practitioners, we examine how practitioners strive for—and justify—a model of care that runs counter to what they see as the ‘assembly line’ insurance‐managed industry of healthcare. Their motivation, however, is not merely a reaction to conventional medicine. It is derived from what they see as a set of core beliefs about the role of the physician, the nature of the physician‐patient relationship, and the function of biomedicine. We analyse this ideology to underscore how anti‐ageing medicine is built on a ‘technology of the self’, a self in need of constant surveillance, intervention, and maintenance. The ultimate goal is to create an optimal self, not just a self free of illness. A fundamental irony is that, despite their self‐presentation and the perception of the public, anti‐ageing providers do not use practices that are especially ‘high‐tech’ or unconventional. Instead, the management of ageing bodies rests on providers’ perceived knowledge of their patients, tailored treatments, and a collaborative pact between the provider and patient.
SMALL AND MIDDLE‐SIZED ENTERPRISES' OFFSHORING PRODUCTION: A STUDY OF FIRM DECISIONS AND CONSEQUENCES
Authors: ASPELUND ARILD , BUTSKO VITALI
Published: February 2010

The current massive offshoring of manufacturing represents a significant relocation of employment. Therefore it constitutes an interesting phenomenon from the perspectives of economic geography, geopolitical policy and international small business management. In this qualitative study, we investigate the offshoring decisions in 10 Norwegian small and middle‐sized enterprises (SMEs) that have established manufacturing capabilities in low cost countries. The focus lies on their initial motivation for offshoring production, selection of location, choice of entry mode, evolution of foreign production capabilities, and finally, foreign market sales initiation and development. By analysing the findings in this study from different theoretical perspectives we conclude that combining Dunning's eclectic paradigm with behavioural internationalisation models offers valuable insight in the initiation and organisation of offshore manufacturing facilities among small firms. However, to fully understand the external influence on offshore location decisions among SMEs we should incorporate business network theories and theories from economic and social geography.
Latent Class Analysis of Persistent Disturbing Behaviour Patients by Using Longitudinal Profiles
Authors: Bruckers Liesbeth , Serroyen Jan , Molenberghs Geert , Slaets Herman , Goeyvaerts Willem
Published: February 2010

Persistent disturbing behaviour refers to a chronic condition in highly unstable, therapy resistant psychiatric patients. Because these patients are difficult to maintain in their natural living environment and even in hospital wards, purposely designed residential psychiatric facilities need to be established. Therefore, it is important to define and circumscribe the group carefully. Serroyen and co-workers, starting from the longitudinal analysis of a score based on data from the Belgian national psychiatric registry, undertook a discriminant analysis to distinguish persistent disturbing behaviour patients from a control group. They also indicated that there is scope for further subdividing the persistent disturbing behaviour patients into two subgroups, using conventional cluster analysis techniques. We employ a variety of novel longitudinal-data-based cluster analysis techniques. These are based on either conventional growth models, growth–mixture models or latent class growth models. Unlike in earlier analyses, where some evidence for two groups was found, there now is an indication of three groups, which is a finding with high practical and organizational relevance.
Fixed Exchange Rates and Banking Crises: When Does the Former Prevent the Latter?
Authors: Miller Victoria
Published: February 2010

Because monetary policy is constrained in fixed exchange rate regimes, banks should expect fewer money‐financed bailouts and therefore manage their risks more carefully when exchange rates are fixed than when they are flexible. It follows that we should observe fewer banking crises in countries with formal currency pegs. The 1990s however are littered with occurrences of banking crises in countries with fixed exchange rates. This paper asks whether banks in those countries could have adopted excess risk expecting money‐financed bailouts or whether their pegs discouraged such moral hazard‐type risks.
Application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: a review
Authors: GILBOA YAFIT , ROSENBLUM SARA , FATTAL‐VALEVSKI AVIVA , JOSMAN NAOMI
Published: February 2010

Aim  The World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health adapted for children and young people (ICF‐CY) is a framework for describing and classifying health and health‐related states. The aim of the present study was to review literature on neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) using ICF‐CY guidelines and to highlight findings about the quality of life of children with NF1.

Method  Electronic databases were searched to identify studies involving children with NF1. Eligible studies were classified according to ICF‐CY categories.

Results  Children with NF1 have a variety of cognitive and other deficits. However, very little information is available on the impact of these deficits on their daily life.

Interpretation  Despite the broad range of functional and structural deficits in children with NF1, the functional assessment of these children remains largely unexplored. Future studies should aim at evaluating the participation of children with NF1 in various situations, using tools with high real‐world validity.
Restrictions to the use of cleanrooms for packaging pasteurised milk
Authors: AIRES GEORGIANA S B , WALTER EDUARDO H M , FARIA JOSÉ A F , ROIG SALVADOR M
Published: February 2010

The study evaluated the effect of packaging pasteurised milk inside an ISO Class 8 cleanroom and an external Class 7 antechamber. Chemical, microbiological and sensory analyses of three trials did not show evidence of improvements in the product shelf life, although the total airborne particle and the viable airborne counts were considerable higher outside the cleanroom than inside it. Post‐pasteurisation contaminations inherent to the equipments should be considered in futures studies. Therefore, the use of cleanroom technology is an operational alternative to be taken into consideration, provided that the characteristics of the whole system is compatible with the high standards of the clean air.
Evaluating Areas of High Conservation Value in Western Oregon with a Decision‐Support Model
Authors: STAUS NANCY L. , STRITTHOLT JAMES R. , DELLASALA DOMINICK A.
Published: February 2010

Abstract:  The Northwest Forest Plan was implemented in 1994 to protect habitat for species associated with old‐growth forests, including Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentailis caurina) in Washington, Oregon, and northern California (U.S.A.). Nevertheless, 10‐year monitoring data indicate mixed success in meeting the ecological goals of the plan. We used the ecosystem management decision‐support model to evaluate terrestrial and aquatic habitats across the landscape on the basis of ecological objectives of the Northwest Forest Plan, which included maintenance of late‐successional and old‐growth forest, recovery, and maintenance of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), and viability of Northern Spotted Owls. Areas of the landscape that contained habitat characteristics that supported these objectives were considered of high conservation value. We used the model to evaluate ecological condition of each of the 36, 180 township and range sections of the study area. Eighteen percent of the study area was identified as habitat of high conservation value. These areas were mostly on public lands. Many of the sections that contained habitat of exceptional conservation value were on Bureau of Land Management land that has been considered for management‐plan revisions to increase timber harvests. The results of our model can be used to guide future land management in the Northwest Forest Plan area, and illustrate how decision‐support models can help land managers develop strategies to better meet their goals.
Uncertainty Analysis in Biofuel Systems
Authors: Malça João , Freire Fausto
Published: February 2010

This article evaluates the implications of uncertainty in the life cycle (LC) energy efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of rapeseed oil (RO) as an energy carrier displacing fossil diesel (FD). Uncertainties addressed include parameter uncertainty as well as scenario uncertainty concerning how RO coproduct credits are accounted for (uncertainty due to modeling choices). We have carried out an extensive data collection to build an LC inventory accounting for parameter uncertainty. Different approaches for carbon stock changes associated with converting set‐aside land to rapeseed cultivation have been considered, which result in different values: from −0.25 t C/ha.yr (carbon uptake by the soil in tonnes per hectare year) to 0.60 t C/ha.yr (carbon emission). Energy renewability efficiency and GHG emissions of RO are presented, which show the influence of parameter versus scenario uncertainty. Primary energy savings and avoided GHG emissions when RO displaces FD have also been calculated: Avoided GHG emissions show considerably higher uncertainty than energy savings, mainly due to land use (nitrous oxide emissions from soil) and land use conversion (carbon stock changes). Results demonstrate the relevance of applying uncertainty approaches; emphasize the need to reduce uncertainty in the environmental life cycle modeling, particularly GHG emissions calculation; and show the importance of integrating uncertainty into the interpretation of results.
One‐Step Fabrication of Ceramic and Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Composites by In Situ Growth of CNTs
Authors: Du He‐Bao , Li Ya‐Li , Zhou Fu‐Qiang , Su Dong , Hou Feng
Published: February 2010

A ceramic (SiOC) and carbon nanotube (CNT) composite (SiOC/CNT) is fabricated by a one‐step process via the in situ growth of CNTs in a ceramic body during its formation from a polymer precursor (polysiloxane) by pyrolysis. The in situ growth of CNTs is realized by premixing a metal catalyst in the precursor and adding a hydrocarbon (ethanol) at a certain pyrolysis temperature. The CNTs grow inside the pores that are developed in the ceramics at the intermediate stage of pyrolysis through catalytic cracking of the hydrocarbon by the metal catalyst particles nestling in the pores during ceramic formation. The subsequent pyrolysis at a higher temperature leads to densification of the ceramic dispersed with the in situ‐grown CNTs. Microstructural observation reveals a homogeneous growth of crystallized multiple‐walled CNTs in nanosize pores formed in the ceramic. The in situ‐grown CNTs combine well with the ceramic matrix that forms a strong interface bonding. The in situ‐grown CNTs increase the electrical conductivity of the ceramics by eight orders of magnitude compared with a CNT‐free SiOC ceramic. This in situ growth strategy can be generalized as the fabrication of ceramic–CNT composites with promising mechanical and electrical properties.
CD163 expression in leukemia cutis
Authors: Harms Paul W. , Bandarchi Bizhan , Ma Linglei
Published: February 2010

Background: Proper diagnosis of myeloid leukemia cutis (LC) is of great clinical importance but can be difficult because no single immunohistochemical marker is adequately sensitive or specific for definitive diagnosis. Thus, a broader panel of markers is often desirable. CD163 is highly specific for normal and neoplastic cells of the monocyte/histiocyte lineage. In this study, we examined the value of CD163 in the diagnosis of acute myeloid LC.

Methods: A total of 34 cases, including 18 cases of myelomonocytic or monocytic LC, 10 cases of myeloid LC without monocytic component and 6 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL), were stained with CD163.

Results: CD163 was expressed in 8 of 18 (44%) of myelomonocytic or monocytic LC and 1 of 10 (10%) of other myeloid LC, but in none of the ALL cases (0/6). CD163 was highly specific (90%) for myeloid LC with a monocytic component, but showed low sensitivity in the diagnosis of both myeloid LC in general (24%) and myeloid LC with a monocytic component (44%).

Conclusions: Our results suggest that CD163 has utility as a specific marker for myeloid LC in conjunction with currently used immunohistochemical stains, but should not be used alone for diagnosis.

Harms PW, Bandarchi B, Ma L. CD163 expression in leukemia cutis.
Safety of magnetic resonance imaging in preterm infants
Authors: Benavente‐Fernández I , Lubián‐López PS , Zuazo‐Ojeda MA , Jiménez‐Gómez G , Lechuga‐Sancho AM
Published: February 2010

Aim:  As we progress in our knowledge of preterm brain injury, cohort studies are focusing in neuroimaging preterm infants in the first days of life. Magnetic resonance (MR) is the most powerful neuroimaging modality and valuable in understanding perinatal brain injury. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the safety of MR imaging in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants at our hospital settings where the scanner is located at some distance from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Subjects and methods:  This is a prospective study of 33 VLBW infants who underwent early MR imaging (MRI), within 10 days after birth and term corrected age MRI. The study period included June to December 2008.

Results:  A total of 46 MRI were performed on 33 preterm infants. The mean total time the infants stayed in the bore of the magnet was 13.04 min. No incidences occurred during transfer or during the scans, and no significant changes were found in heart rate, oxygen saturation and temperature.

Conclusions:  At our hospital settings, the process of transport and MR imaging have been proven to be safe and not to disturb any of the variables measured. MRI should not be restricted to centres with neonatal MR system or MR‐compatible incubator, as long as the process is coordinated and supervised by a multidisciplinary team.
Primary care services provided to adolescents in detention: a cross‐sectional study using ICPC‐2
Authors: Haller DM , Sebo P , Cerutti B , Bertrand D , Eytan A , Niveau G , Wolff H , Narring F
Published: February 2010

Aim:  The aim of this study was to provide a detailed description of the health problems for which primary care services are provided to adolescents in a juvenile detention facility in Europe.

Methods:  We reviewed the medical files of all detainees in a juvenile detention centre in Switzerland in 2007. The health problems for which primary care services were provided were coded using the International Classification for Primary Care, version 2. Analysis was descriptive, stratified by gender.

Results:  A total of 314 adolescents (18% female) aged 11–19 years were included. Most (89%) had a health assessment and 195 (62%) had consultations with a primary care physician; 80% of the latter had a physical health problem, and 60% had a mental health problem. The most commonly managed problems were skin (49.7%), respiratory (23.6%), behavioural (22.6%) and gynaecological problems (females: 23.9%); 13% females (no males) had sexually transmitted infections (STI), and 8.7% were pregnant. Substance abuse was common (tobacco: 64.6%, alcohol: 26.2%, cannabis: 31.3%).

Conclusion:  In addition to health problems known to be more prevalent among young offenders, such as mental health problems and STI, these adolescent detainees required care for a range of common primary care problems. These data should inform the development of comprehensive primary care services in all juvenile detention facilities in Europe.
Prevalence and risk factors of suppurative complications in children with pneumonia
Authors: François Patrice , Desrumaux Amélie , Cans Christine , Pin Isabelle , Pavese Patricia , Labarère José
Published: February 2010

Aim:  To identify the baseline characteristics associated with suppurative complications in children with community‐acquired primary pneumonia.

Methods:  A retrospective study included all children from 28 days to 15 years old, who presented with community‐acquired pneumonia at two French hospitals from 1995 to 2003. Complicated pneumonia was defined by the presence of empyema and/or lung abscess.

Results:  Of 767 children with community‐acquired pneumonia, 90 had suppurative complications: 83 cases of pleural empyema and seven cases of lung abscess. The mean prevalence of complicated pneumonia was 3% during the 1995–1998 period, and then steadily increased following a linear trend to reach 23% in 2003. Children with complicated pneumonia were older and had a longer symptomatic period preceding hospitalization. They were more likely to receive antibiotics, especially aminopenicillins (p < 0.01), and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, especially ibuprofen (p < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, ibuprofen was the only preadmission therapy that was independently associated with complicated pneumonia [adjusted OR = 2.57 (1.51–4.35)].

Conclusion: This study confirms an association between the use of prehospital ibruprofen and suppurative pneumonic complications.
The Business of the Australian State Supreme Courts Over the Course of the 20th Century
Authors: Smyth Russell
Published: February 2010

This study examines the changing patterns in the appellate caseload of the six Australian state supreme courts over the course of the 20th century, based on cases contained in the official state reports at decade intervals between 1905 and 2005. The main findings include a decrease in the importance of family and estates and real property since the 1970s and a corresponding increase in the importance of criminal cases. The proportion of cases concerned with public law, torts, contract and debt, and corporations and partnerships have all been relatively low over the 20th century. Explanations are provided for the observed trends and comparisons drawn with the findings of extant studies for the supreme courts in the United States.
Highly sensitivity adhesion molecules detection in hereditary haemochromatosis patients reveals altered expression
Authors: Norris S. , White M. , Mankan A. K. , Lawless M. W.
Published: February 2010

Several abnormalities in the immune status of patients with hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) have been reported, suggesting an imbalance in their immune function. This may include persistent production of, or exposure to, altered immune signalling contributing to the pathogenesis of this disorder. Adhesion molecules L‐, E‐ and P‐Selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) are some of the major regulators of the immune processes and altered levels of these proteins have been found in pathological states including cardiovascular diseases, arthritis and liver cancer. The aim of this study was to assess L‐, E‐ and P‐Selectin, ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 expression in patients with HH and correlate these results with HFE mutation status and iron indexes. A total of 139 subjects were diagnosed with HH (C282Y homozygotes = 87, C282Y/H63D = 26 heterozygotes, H63D homozygoyes = 26), 27 healthy control subjects with no HFE mutation (N/N), 18 normal subjects heterozygous for the H63D mutation served as age‐sex‐matched controls. We observed a significant decrease in L‐selectin (P = 0.0002) and increased E‐selectin and ICAM‐1 (P = 0.0006 and P = 0.0059) expression in HH patients compared with healthy controls. This study observes for the first time that an altered adhesion molecules profile occurs in patients with HH that is associated with specific HFE genetic component for iron overload, suggesting that differential expression of adhesion molecules may play a role in the pathogenesis of HH.