bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Multilingual Election Problem
Authors: Pool Jonathan
Published: March 2007

Multilingual elections may democratically enfranchise linguistic minorities, or may promote extremist, uncompromising, clientelistic, inefficient politics. One theoretical approach to this question extends existing spatial models of elections, allowing candidates to state different positions in different languages and assuming that language barriers give voters incomplete information about the positions stated in their non-native languages. In a simple model of multilingual campaigning, candidates under some conditions can state different positions in different languages so that every voter aggregates the positions into a perception coinciding exactly with the voter's own position. To do this, candidates must choose positions more extreme than the positions of the respective audiences. As groups gain multilingual fluency, candidate extremism further increases. Extremism is vote-maximizing unless voters sufficiently penalize inconsistency. When inconsistency is important enough, candidates consistently take the position of the larger group in 2-group elections, and of the ideologically central group in 3-group elections.
Concepts and Skocpol: Ambiguity and Vagueness in the Study of Revolution
Authors: Motyl Alexander J.
Published: March 2007

In a 1980 article discussing historical and theoretical developments in the study of revolution, Jack Goldstone distinguished among three `generations' and suggested that the work of the third, as typified by Theda Skocpol, represented an advance on those that preceded it. This paper argues the opposite by critically analyzing the work that has defined most third-generation scholarship, States and Social Revolutions. The reasons for Skocpol's inability to transcend earlier scholarship are to be found in her casual approach to conceptual clarity, specifically in her tendency to indulge in ambiguity and vagueness with respect to the central concepts of the book - structure, state, potential autonomy, crisis and revolution. In light of these conceptual problems, I propose a possible conceptual solution to the problems besetting the study of revolution.
The Frontier State at Work
Authors: Butenschøn Nils A.
Published: March 2007

The current conflict over the Israeli-occupied territories is intimately related to the character of Israel as a state formation. How are we to understand and conceptualize this relationship? The author discusses the significance of the occupation for alternative interpretations of Israeli state-building patterns. He concludes that these patterns are best explained if studied within the `frontier perspective'.
Group Solidarity and Social Order in Japan
Authors: Hechter Michael , Kanazawa Satoshi
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to explain why Japan has attained a higher level of social order than comparably developed western national societies. To do so, it distinguishes the attainment of local order in social groups from the global order in national societies. Recent models of spontaneous, self-organizing order are insufficient to account for global order. In contrast to the more popular normative explanation of order in Japan, which holds that a consensus on fundamental values derived from Confucian roots is an essential cause, this paper proposes a solidaristic theory built on rational choice premises. This new theory views global order as a by-product of dependence and visibility mechanisms within key social groups such as families, schools and firms. A wide range of comparative evidence reveals that the solidaristic theory provides a superior explanation of the high level of social order in Japan than the normative one.
6. Constituting Social Capital and Collective Action
Authors: Ostrom Elinor
Published: March 2007

Ignoring the impact of changes in physical capital on a form of social capital - the rules used in farmer-organized irrigation systems - can lead to the unintended consequence that the physical capital is not as productive as intended. Analysis focuses on the choice of rules made by farmers in homogeneous and heterogeneous situations. Using this analysis, it is possible to illustrate why many donor-funded improvements in physical capital have had counterproductive results.
Democracy, Economic Reform and Regional Cooperation
Authors: Solingen Etel
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the impact of political and economic liberalization on regional conflict and cooperation. It concludes that: (1) even if democracy may be expected to have a positive effect on cooperation, it may be neither necessary nor sufficient; (2) instead, the grand political-economic strategies of domestic ruling coalitions may provide a more powerful predictor of regional outcomes. Coalitions strongly committed to economic liberalization are expected to be more likely to undertake regional cooperative postures, particularly when facing similarly committed regional partners. Coalitions aggregating inward-looking and big-state interests - often allied with confessional movements - are expected to endorse less cooperative positions vis-a-vis regional partners. I discuss the genesis of alternative coalitions, the impact of their political strength and interactive dynamics on regional outcomes and end with the implications of this coalitional framework for extant theories and for future research. The conceptual advantages of focusing on coalitions include providing a unifying framework for comparing different regions, transcending old level-of-analysis categories, explaining intra- as well as inter-state competition, and eschewing exceptionalist theories of Third World behavior.
Symposium. The Directional Theory of Issue Voting: IV
Authors: Morris Irwin L. , Rabinowitz George
Published: March 2007

There are two distinct views on how candidate (or party) issue strategies influence mass evaluations. One is the view underlying the classic spatial model that the proximity between the voter's own issue positions and the positions taken by the candidates drives the evaluation. The other view is directionally motivated. In the directional model voters are seen as having only diffuse preferences for one side or the other on an issue, with voter support and opposition stimulated by a candidate taking a strong stand in favor of a particular side. Researchers have long recognized that electorates are heterogeneous. We consider a model in which each of these two different views of issue-based voting is correct for a part of the electorate. We find that candidates trying to optimize support in this heterogeneous environment will generally adopt more extreme positions than those implied by proximity theory and more central positions than those implied by directional theory.
The Development of Policy Network Analyses
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: March 2007

From modest origins as specific types of state-interest group relations, policy network approaches have developed in a series of phases, with the appearance of network typologies, interorganizational analyses and diversified frameworks. To understand and judge network approaches, it is necessary to analyse their achievements relative to their ambitions. Such an analysis shows that each phase has seen expansion of the scope and ambitions, as approaches have sought to offer not just metaphors, but also description and different forms of explanation. Continuous expansion has allowed network approaches to be adaptable, but the result has been an increasing gap between their aims and achievements. Determining the appropriate scope and ambitions for network approaches depends on the choice of their fundamental purpose and role, together with their relationsip with substantive hypotheses and models.
The peculiarities of English
Authors: Perry Nick
Published: March 2007

Peter Widdowson, Hardy in History: A Study in Literary Sociology. London and New York: Routledge, 1989. £8.95, 260 pp.

Simon During, Foucault and Literature: Towards a Genealogy of Writing. London and New York: Routledge, 1992. £35.00/£10.99, 259 pp.
The poverty of rhetoricism: Popper, Mises and the riches of historicism
Authors: Keaney Michael
Published: March 2007

The attacks on historicism by radical individualists such as Popper and Mises have had lasting repercussions in the social sciences. Specifically, the term is used to connote deterministic, teleological theories of history, associated with Hegelian notions of destiny and positivist ideas of historical laws. This article argues that historicism is very different in character, in that it essentially amounts to the belief that social science and history are one and the same, whilst emphasizing the separate epis temology of natural science. It rejects the fictitious historicism invented by Popper in his famous polemic, and challenges the idea of a value- free social science posited by Mises, who saw history and human action as logically distinct entities. In conclusion, it is argued that the mecha nistic rationalism that characterizes much of social science, particularly modern economics, should be supplementary, if anything, to the primacy of history. The notion of transcendent, value-free criteria upon which to construct social science is refuted.
In the name of society, or three theses on the history of social thought
Authors: Osborne Thomas , Rose Nikolas
Published: March 2007

Who is speaking in the history of social thought? The question of the authentic voice of social thought is typically posed in terms that tend to be either ambitiously theoretical or carefully methodological. Thus histories of social thought frequently offer either a résumé of general ideas about society (say from Montesquieu to Parsons) or a survey which gets bogged down in a rather tedious, nit-picking debate about empirical methodology. This paper is something of a preview of a pro jected attempt on the part of the authors to capture the voice of social thought in rather different terms. Our three theses are: (1) that those who speak 'in the name of society' have just as frequently been doctors and bureaucrats as opposed to 'social philosophers' or professional sociologists; correlatively, (2) that the creative voice of social thought has more often been technical, problem-centred and tied up with par ticular rationalities of government as opposed to being either exclu sively theoretical or merely responsive to 'objective problems' in society; and, (3) that if sociology today struggles for a voice in which to speak this may be in some part due to the ways in which the past history of social thought has typically been conceived.
The 'cool objectivity of sociation': Max Weber and Marianne Weber in America
Authors: Scaff Lawrence A.
Published: March 2007

Max Weber is noted for his diagnosis of the rationalization of life under capitalism. But in his social thought he also developed a powerful theory of the process of 'sociation' and associational life. This paper investigates the latter aspect of his thought in the context of his and Marianne Weber's American journey. Their observations about the religious sects, the African-American community, educational insti tutions, and the position of women reveal an understanding of democ ratization as a process of voluntaristic sociation, whose original model is the sect. In these institutional settings and through their interactions with figures like William James, W. E. B. Du Bois, and M. Carey Thomas, the Webers develop a view of American social life that empha sizes the contribution of associative activity to the moral and political education of individuals, and to the creation of a distinctively modern form of democratic culture.
□ Tribute anthony dyson □
Authors: Harris John
Published: March 2007

Anthony Dyson was a key figure in the early years of the Society for the Study of Christian Ethics, and was influential in the establishing of this journal. He was a member of its Editorial Board from 1989 until his death in September 1998. We pay tribute to his scholarship and record our gratitude for his outstanding work as a moral theologian. His contribution to Studies in Christian Ethics will be greatly missed.
Municipal government and popular participation in Latin America
Authors: Herzer Hilda , Pirez Pedro
Published: March 2007

Municipal government and popular participation in Latin America examines the different ways in which organizations formed by low-income groups interact with municipal government in seeking to meet their collective consumption needs (for instance water supply, sanitation, garbage collection) within the context of the structural crisis. The paper describes the contrasting strategies adopted by different income groups in response to the failure of local government to provide for these needs and discusses the different forms of relationship between popular sectors and municipal authorities. It also considers how and under what conditions the mobilization of popular sectors has allowed them to obtain more power in decision making at the municipal level.
The political economy of urban poverty and environmental management in Asia: access, empowerment and community based alternatives
Authors: Douglass Mike
Published: March 2007

The political economy of urban poverty and environmental management in Asia describes the major environmental problems facing the urban poor in this regionand suggests the need for alternative avenues of action to address them. It concentrates on the current and potential role of community level initiatives, including what constrains their effectiveness and the pre-conditions for empowering and mobilizing the poor to manage their environment.
Community involvement in water supply in West Java
Authors: Mikkelsen Britha , Yulianti Yanti , Barré Anton
Published: March 2007

Community involvement in water supply in West Java describes how households have been fully involved in determining the level of provision and the location of water supplies and in ensuring that public taps are managed and maintained. It also reports on the benefits of active community involvement in terms of provision, implementation, maintenance and cost recovery.
UNICEF's urban basic services programme in illegal settlements in Guatemala City
Authors: Espinosa Lair , López Rivera Oscar A.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the Urban Basic Services Programme that UNICEF's Guatemala Office developed in Guatemala City between 1984 and 1993. Working initially with other NGOs and subsequently with government agencies, the programme developed a variety of community based, community directed initiatives for water, sanitation and drainage, housing improvement, health promotion, health care and child development in the illegal or informal settlements in which close to half of Guatemala City's population live. The programme included an innovative network of health promoters elected from their own community and new models of community based day care.
Wagner-Jauregg's contribution to the study of cretinism
Authors: Whitrow Magda
Published: March 2007

The reports of the Swiss surgeons that patients who had their thyroid removed showed all the symptoms of cretinism led Wagner-Jauregg (the Austrian psychiatrist who was awarded the Nobel prize in 1927) in 1884 to carry out animal experiments on the effects of removing the thyroid gland. The animals showed all the symptoms of myxoedema. In 1892 he began his study of cretinism and independently of Th. Kocher formulated a theory according to which the phenomenon of cretinism could be explained by the malfunction of the thyroid gland. The steps he took to treat the condition with thyroid extracts or tablets are described in detail.
A discovery throwing light on the illness of F. de Goya y Lucientes
Authors: Fernandez-Doctor Asuncion , Seva Antonio , Dening T.
Published: March 2007

Goya remains an enigmatic figure of considerable interest to medical historians. There is limited information about his family background and in 1793 he suffered an illness which has been the subject of much speculation since then. That the illness was a functional psychosis is supported by Goya's depictions of mental hospital scenes and by recent data from the Real y General Hospital in Zaragoza which indicates that there was a strong family history of mental disorder in the family of Goya's mother.
Affective disorders among Jews: a historical review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kohn Robert , Levav Itzhak , Zolondek Stacey , Richter Michaele
Published: March 2007

Descriptions of affective disorders among Jews date back to biblical times. For over a century the psychiatric literature has debated whether Jews are more vulnerable to affective disorders. To ascertain the validity of this finding we undertook a meta-analysis of data extracted from the literature published to date. Forty-three studies were identified that could be analysed statistically using Cohen's d and a Mantel-Haenszel summary odds ratio. An increased, but weak overall risk was found for males. Possible biases of the literature are discussed, including differential help-seeking patterns, lack of accounting for readmission rates, failure to control for confounding variables, and an anti- Semitic orientation on the part of researchers. Reasons for why Jews have higher rates of affective disorders than non-Jews are explored.
Notice-board
Authors: Looseley David
Published: March 2007

iFrench Cultural Studies will be pleased to announce in the Notice-board forthcoming events involving all aspects of modern French culture. Please contact Dr D. L. Looseley, Department of Modern Languages, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire.
Being Politically Impolite: Extending Politeness Theory to Adversarial Political Discourse
Authors: HARRIS SANDRA
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to extend politeness theory beyond informal situations to adversarial political discourse, using Prime Minister's Question Time in the British Parliament as data. Viewing the House of Commons as a `community of practice' (Lave and Wenger, 1991) provides a way of exploring concepts of politeness and impoliteness against a set of member expectations. The article argues three main propositions: (1) that much of the discourse of Prime Minister's Question Time is composed of intentional and explicitly face-threatening (or face-enhancing) acts and that these can be analysed in terms of both propositional and interactional levels: (2) that negative politeness features co-exist with the performance of intentional threats to the hearer's positive face and that these can only be understood and interpreted in relationship to Parliament as an institution and the wider political context; and (3) that systematic impoliteness is not only sanctioned but rewarded in accordance with the expectations of Members of the House by an adversarial and confrontational political process.
Modern African Political Style: Strategies and Genre in Swahili Political Discourse
Authors: Blommaert Jan
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses aspects of contemporary Swahili political style against the background of internationalizing African political systems. It is argued that Swahili rhetoric displays an ambiguous form of coherence, anchored in both traditional (or local) Tanzanian notions of political and social organization and more internationally acknowledged `modern' forms of political thinking. This hybrid coherence is approached by means of a model of stylistic research on non-Western styles, focused upon the notions of strategy and genre. Methodological arguments pro this model, especially with regard to the intercultural status of linguistic knowledge derived from such an analysis, are discussed.
Turning the Tables: Antisemitic Discourse in Post-War Austria
Authors: Wodak Ruth
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the mechanisms for the constitution and transport of anti-Jewish prejudice in public and private discourse in contemporary Austria. Of particular relevance for the analysis is the influence which contextual factors (such as setting, speaker(s), presence or absence of Jews, role of the moderator in televised discussions, prominence of the speakers, emotionality, discussion topics, etc.) may or may not have had. For this analysis it was thus necessary to develop and apply a new methodology and new categories, which incorporated a discursive-historical approach, inter-disciplinary theory formation and the connexus of textlinguistic, psychological and historical conceptions. The results of the analysis show that expressions of antisemitic prejudice as such abounded, but that the explicitness and directness of the prejudices expressed varied markedly according to context. During televised discussions, for example, the various forms of antisemitism were embedded in strategies of positive self-promotion and/or cultivation of one's image. In a series of spontaneous, semi-public discussions (which retained what might be called a conditional anonymity), however, whatever hindrances or inhibitions which seem to have been present in the televised discussions all but vanished. An example from a news programme on the 25 March 1986 will illustrate the major claims and methodology.
Communication and Beliefs about Racial Equality
Authors: Allen Richard L. , Kuo Cheng
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we examine the effects of location in the social structure and communication processes on whites' responses to societal change conceptions of equality (structural equality): one that entailed beliefs about abstract notions of equality and one that pertained to concrete reference-based (blacks') conception of inequality. A recent national survey provided the data to test eleven hypotheses derived from theorizing in the area of stratification beliefs. Using covariance analysis, all our predictions received at least partial support. We found that those less well placed in the social system were more likely to embrace institutional change solutions to inequality and that those who attend more to television news were more likely to embrace structural racial inequality. On the other hand, while both television news and newspaper exposure had a positive influence on interpersonal discussion, the relationships of this variable with one of the equality measures indicated that engaging in more interpersonal discussion lead to less of an endorsement of structural racial inequality. Finally, those who embraced the general conception of equality were less likely to endorse race-specific structural inequality. We outlined some implications of our findings for social policy with some suggestions for further research.
Interpreting Human Kinds
Authors: Martin Jack , Sugarman Jeff
Published: March 2007

During the past decade, a number of theoretical psychologists have argued that the subject matter of psychology is distinct from that of the physical sciences in ways that require interpretation as a method of inquiry. Rejecting what they regard as a mistaken scientism in the conduct of traditional psychological research, these hermeneutically inspired theorists also have been critical of what they regard as overly strong anti-realist, anti-subjectivist and relativistic aspects of postmodern social constructionism as it has been developed by some psychologists. In this article, we elaborate a distinction between natural and human kinds, summarize concerns that have been expressed with respect to Gergen's social constructionism, review recent attempts to develop a hermeneutically informed interpretative psychology, and highlight central features of this developing approach to psychological inquiry.
Spielrein, Piaget and Vygotsky
Authors: Santiago-Delefosse Marie J. , Delefosse J.-M. Oderic
Published: March 2007

This article presents a comparative study of five texts written by Sabina Spielrein, Jean Piaget and Lev S. Vygotsky on child language and thought. Spielrein was one of the first psychoanalysts who showed an interest in child language. She was Piaget's psychoanalyst in 1920. In 1923, she presented a paper at the Congress of Psychoanalysis in Berlin, also attended by Piaget. She returned to Russia in 1923 and became a member of the Russian Psychoanalytic Society, which had recently been created by Luria and of which Vygotsky was also a member. It appears that both Piaget and Vygotsky were influenced by her pioneering work, each of them in unique ways. Her work may therefore be the `missing link' between Piaget and Vygotsky, thus contributing to a better understanding of those epistemological issues involved in the authors' debates concerning child language, thought and socialization. Neither author has acknowledged his debt to Spielrein.
The Writing Subject
Authors: Esgalhado Barbara Duarte
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the use of the `individual' in mainstream psychology and suggests an alternative in French poststructuralist Julia Kristeva's conceptualization of the writing subject. This conceptualization includes both conscious and unconscious functions as produced through the language of the text and social, historical and ideological circumstances. As a result of the dynamic workings of the unconscious, the writing subject emerges as a way of understanding subjectivity as a process that is never fixed, always motile and continuously in the throes of productivity. Since this conceptualization is less static, less unified and less fixed than the notion of the individual promoted by mainstream psychology, it offers a more comprehensive view of the processes by which the subject and subjectivity are formulated.
Social Constructionism and Realism
Authors: Shotter John
Published: March 2007

Greenwood's (1992) views are criticized from a social constructionist's point of view. It is argued that constructionism, because of its radical reflexivity, confronts itself with problems not faced by realism. Although it is true that constructionists do not treat talk as referring to an extra-linguistic reality `outside' of our conversational existence, this does not mean to say that we think just anything goes. It is still possible for us to discover that we cannot act as we please. But what is at stake is not the accuracy of our talk, as Greenwood supposes, but its adequacy, its ability to render aspects of our psychological being rationally visible to us rather than invisible.
How Shall the Concept of Anger be Defined?
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: March 2007

Six positions are described on the question of whether psychological concepts can and should be defined. Anger is defined as follows: `P in C at t is angry at Q' = df 'P in C at t believes that at least one person whom P in C at t cares for has, intentionally or through neglect, been treated without respect by Q, and P has not forgiven Q.' The definition belongs to the system of psychologic (PL), in which the other concepts in the definition are also defined. The definition of anger is evaluated through the plausibility of its implications, and the plausibility of the explanations of apparent contrary cases. Three explanations are presented to account for cases which appear not to fit the definition. These are: stronger other concerns; the personification of non-persons and depersonification of persons; and a variation in the subjective standards of what constitutes respect and disrespect, both between persons and between situations (degree of frustration). The ultimate test of the definition lies in its general utility as part of the system of PL.
Something Old, Something New
Authors: Brock Adrian
Published: March 2007

Between 1970 and 1980, Blumenthal and Danziger published a series of works in which they criticized the mythical accounts of Wundt in history text-books. The source of these accounts was E.G. Boring's History of Experimental Psychology (1929/1950). Subsequent generations of textbook writers had merely copied from other textbooks without consulting original sources. Boring's flawed account had become increasingly distorted as it was passed on from one generation to the next. How did the textbook writers of the 1980s respond to this challenge? This work examines some of the changes which were made and the explanations which were given for them.
Identification of Underlying Assumptions is an Integral Part of Research: An Example from Motor Control
Authors: Burgess-Limerick Robin , Abernethy Bruce , Limerick Brigid
Published: March 2007

Research is inherently subjective. It is conducted within a theoretical and methodological framework, the validity of which depends on underlying assumptions about the nature of reality and knowledge. The interpretation of one's own data, and the evaluation of the data interpretation of others, requires assessment of these underlying philosophical assumptions. We contend that while examination of philosophical assumptions is demonstrably an integral part of research, it is one which has largely been neglected in experimental psychology because researchers have rarely explicitly identified their ontological and epistemological assumptions. A contemporary debate in experimental psychology, that between representational and non-representational approaches to understanding the control of movement, is discussed to illustrate the influence such ontological and epistemological assumptions have upon methodological choices and upon the development and evaluation of theory.
On the Nature of Complexity in Cognitive and Behavioural Science
Authors: Sambrook Thomas , Whiten Andrew
Published: March 2007

The term `complexity' is often found in the behavioural and cognitive sciences. This paper compares the common-sense usage of the world with attempts by information theorists to provide a formal definition. The concepts of randomness, predictability, organization and complexity are reviewed and we advocate that a distinction be made between traditional `algorithmic' and a more biologically relevant `organizational' complexity. We develop the formal properties of the latter with reference to hierarchies of explanation. The utility of both measures of complexity is discussed and examples of practical application given. We discuss relationships between complexity of environment, cognition, behaviour and brain, outline a possible metacognitive function for perception of complexity, and consider the implications for evolutionary psychology of the special nature of social complexity.
Consciousness According to James
Authors: Shapiro Yanina
Published: March 2007

To illustrate the Mind's ghostly presence in the current debate on consciousness and its relation to the brain, this paper first reviews Searle's (1995a, 1995b) `The Mystery of Consciousness', next lets William James (1890) enter the debate, and last introduces his theory of consciousness as based on my interpretation of The Principles of Psychology. The theory distinguishes between and explains the neuronal mechanisms of (1) the conscious or purposeful and non-conscious or purposeless actions performed by conscious bodies and (2) their reproductive (R) and productive (P) consciousness (C). Though species-specific, RC is common to the mammalian brain, whose observable actions it demonstrates. RC cognizes the unanalyzed totals and knows nothing about relations between them; its `empirical knowledge' is mere familiarity with the concrete objects and events recognized as `that' or `same'. Specific to the human brain, whose never-observable acts it demonstrates, PC is both evolutionary and developmentally secondary to RC. PC conceives totals, parts, and relations between them; its `relational' knowledge is about the world as conceived and reconstructed through analysis and synthesis. The virtues of PC include disregarding the irrelevant, forgetting the unimportant, and breaking the rules of reproductive thought. Human consciousness is both reproductive and productive.
What Statistical Significance Means
Authors: Chow Siu L.
Published: March 2007

Sohn (1998) presents a good argument that neither statistical significance nor effect size is indicative of the replicability of research results. His objection to the Bayesian argument is also succinct. However, his solution of the `replicability belief' issue is problematic, and his verdict that significance tests have no role to play in empirical research is debatable. The strengths and weaknesses of Sohn's argument may be seen by explicating some of his assertions.
Liberating Constraints
Authors: Richardson Ken
Published: March 2007

Rethinking Innateness attempts to provide a new perspective on the nature-nurture debate by introducing recent concepts from evolutionary psychology and from connectionism. I suggest that these ideas do not form a coherent thesis and that this incoherence manifests iteself in a number of contradictions in the book. I try to indicate some of these; suggest that they lie in the maintenance of a deterministic line; and indicate in the final section an alternative to that line.
An Iconoclast's Triptych
Authors: Costall Alan
Published: March 2007

Edward Reed (1954-1997) is best known for his work commenting upon and developing James Gibson's ecological approach to psychology. The three books reviewed in this article set out what Reed termed his ecological philosophy. Encountering the World has the appearance of an introduction to ecological psychology, but makes little reference to the work of other researchers in this field. Rather, it is a statement of Reed's own perspective, and a critique of the artificiality of modern psychology. However, as The Necessity of Experience goes on to point out, everyday life has itself become profoundly artificial. Finally, From Soul to Mind provides an impressive historical account of how modern psychology, conceived as a science of mind rather than soul, became such a narrow and complacent project. Yet these three titles, envisaged by Reed as a triptych, do not quite connect, and fail to convey the unity as well as scope of his important vision.
A Dissociative Identity Disorder is a Developmental Accomplishment: Reply to Van der Hart and Steele
Authors: Miltenburg Ruth , Singer Elly
Published: March 2007

In the theory of dissociation inspired by Janet, psychic processes are reified. The client is conceptualized as a victim-to-whom-things-happen. The development of the higher mental functions and control systems that enable people-including survivors of childhood abuse-to monitor their psychic functioning is ignored. Indeed, the Janetian trauma treatment is intended to break down the client's higher mental functions: by re-experiencing horror, automatic processes of dissociation are reinforced; the client's spontaneous compensatory system is destroyed. This can lead to the legitimizing of inhumane practices and cause iatrogenic damage. A Vygotskian therapeutic approach, together with current constructivist theories, provide an alternative. The development of the higher mental functions and `abnormal' psychological tools are crucial for by-passing the original traumatic reactions and the development of human agency.
Language and Causal Attribution
Authors: Edwards Derek , Potter Jonathan
Published: March 2007

This rejoinder identifies a range of flaws in Schmid and Fiedler's (1999) analysis and critique of Edwards and Potter (1993), and highlights a range of unresolved problems with the `Linguistic Category Model' of attribution. Schmid and Fiedler apply parsimony in an inappropriate manner; they confuse linguistic analysis and argumentative critique. Two illustrative analyses highlight the distinction between grammatical and attributional agency, and thereby the Linguistic Category Model's insufficiency as an account of attribution when compared to the discursive approach.
European Works Councils and `Flexible Regulation': The Politics of Intervention
Authors: Lucio Miguel Martinez , Weston Syd
Published: March 2007

Much literature on European Works Councils (EWCs) is pessimistic, stressing their limited formal powers and the risks of isolation from broader mechanisms of worker solidarity and of `capture' by management. This article questions such dismissive conclusions. EWOs must be studied as an element in a more general and complex process of regulatory innovation within the EU. Three specific developments create `windows of opportunity' for a more optimistic scenario: the internal inconsistencies of managerial control, the new strategic importance of information flows, and the evolution of new bases for supranational trade union cooperation.
Trade Union Research and Cross-National Comparison
Authors: Hyman Richard
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with problems of comparative research and analysis in industrial relations, and in particular with cross-national comparison of trade unions. Comparison is of both practical and theoretical importance, but is fraught with difficulties, in part because of the paradox involved in attempting to generalize concerning national instances which are in so many respects unique. The author considers three different approaches to analysis, in terms respectively of institutions, functions and issues. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the iterative nature of research and analysis and insists that even if the goal of satisfactory cross-national comparison may be unattainable, its pursuit is both necessary and valuable.
Looking for `Americanness': Home-Country, Sector and Firm Effects on Employment Systems in an Engineering Services Company
Authors: Coiling Trevor , Clark Ian
Published: March 2007

The research reported here begins from the premise that employment relations within the European subsidiaries of American multinationals are influenced critically by the US business system, generating preferences for non-unionism, individualized pay and performance management, and quality management, for example. Further, these can be traced through examination of control systems extended from corporate headquarters. The article complicates this general picture. Despite the case company's leading position within an American-dominated industry, engineering process contracting, we consistently found authority vested in local managers, and host-country orientations to the management of employment relations in the UK subsidiary. Explaining these findings takes us back repeatedly to sectoral characteristics. These directly affect employment systems and influence them indirectly through `first-order' strategic choices (about where to produce) and second-order ones (about the organizational form to be adopted). The analysis highlights how sectoral factors strengthened the hand of local engineering managers and created circumstances in which they could assert autonomy and extend their `charter'.
International Competition, Inward Investment and the Restructuring of European Work and Industrial Relations
Authors: Smith Chris , Elger Tony
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the interplay between international competition and national institutional patterns. It discusses the involvement of Japanese transnational corporations (TNCs) in the contemporary restructuring of work organization and industrial relations in three European countries with historically disparate `systems', Britain, Germany and France. There are three main arguments. First, the operations and influence of such firms have been significantly mediated by existing national institutional configurations; second, such institutional complexes are marked not only by external pressures but also by internal tensions and contestation; and third, while Japanese TNCs have made a direct or indirect contribution to important shifts in work and employment relations, these have not produced a simple convergence towards a new production paradigm.
Climbing a Mountain without a Ladder
Authors: Blythe Jennifer M.
Published: March 2007

Local oral traditions do not provide the chronologies and verified facts that are characteristic of literate traditions. Oral historians either treat local traditions as reflections of culture and/or social structure or they concentrate on isolating facts from fiction. But people create their pasts and generate their futures from their own ideas of time, space, and causality so it is also important to understand indigenous `stories' in these terms. In Unea Island, three narrative types, each focusing on a different area of space-time, provide some understanding of basic orientations that underlie decisions which islanders make.
No Time for Utopia
Authors: Nassehi Armin
Published: March 2007

Since the beginning of modernism, time concepts in general have had Utopian contents. Such Utopian contents were not accidental to time; rather they provided it with substantial meaning. Contemporary concepts of time, however, no longer seem to have such a Utopian impetus. On the contrary, they localize conditions in time and its structure which exclude Utopian perspectives in the future. This paper deals with the societal preconditions of early modern semantics of time and contrasts them with contemporary forms of time management. In connection with this change in time from a source of meaning to a merely formal chronos which is neutral to meaning, philosophical discussions of modern world-time and time implications of contemporary semantics of risk come to the fore.
Time and the Politics of Nostalgia
Authors: Allan Stuart , Atkinson Karen , Montgomery Martin
Published: March 2007

This article engages with the temporal and spatial features of nostalgic discourse in general, and `The Journey' (a British Conservative Party election broadcast employed in the 1992 general election) in particular, in order to illustrate several ways in which `the past' may be re-articulated so as to legitimize a politicized configuration of the present. The form of this article is as follows: first, `nostalgia' as a conceptual problematic is set in relation to questions concerning discourses of self-identity, community and nation. Next, the historical specificity of party election broadcasts is discussed, as is the production and reception of `The Journey'. A critical analysis of `The Journey' is then provided, with special attention given to its construction of a nostalgic reading of PM Major's personal biography consistent with the ideological imperatives of conservatism as a political philosophy.
Nature's Temporalities: Consequences for Environmental Politics
Authors: Hofmeister Sabine
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to bring to the forefront of attention the temporality of environmental matters and thereby establish the link between nature's temporalities, industrial activity, technological innovation, precautionary measures and environmental policies. It explores the assumptions associated with the `environmental crisis' and deconstructs some of the key presuppositions of the science of ecology and environmental economics.
Structure, Strategy and Space
Authors: Bristow Gillian
Published: March 2007

Slow progress towards the integration of rural policies at EU level is encouraging member states to promote strategic and local forms of integrated rural development (IRD) at the point of policy implementation. In the UK, the progressive agenda of devolution coupled with accumulating evidence on spatial trajectories of rural development suggests that it is at the regional level that IRD needs to be fostered. This raises a number of issues for rural regions, concerning how to develop spatially sensitive strategies for IRD and institutional structures conducive to integrated development needs. The purpose of this paper is to explore these issues by focusing on how well the evolving institutional structure in Wales fits the needs of IRD, as exemplified by the objective of developing strong vertical linkages between agricultural production and the food sector. This provides a number of challenges for the new devolved tier of government in Wales, the Assembly, and has a number of wider implications for the progression of IRD across rural regions.
Urban Governance and Economic Development
Authors: Boland Philip
Published: March 2007

In recent years there has been an accelerating academic interest in the coherence of European regional policy, particularly in relation to the local application of Structural Funds. In tandem there has also been an increasing importance attached to the governance of regions and localities. This article fuses these two sets of debates in critically examining European Objective 1 support for Merseyside in the UK. Merseyside was an Objective 1 region for the 1994-1999 programming period, and this article traces some of the fundamental fault lines in the design and delivery of its Single Programming Document - the strategy and resource framework accompanying Structural Funding. It therefore provides some instructive lessons for the 2000-2006 UK-based Objective 1 regions: Merseyside (receiving its second tranche of support) and the new recipients of Cornwall and Scilly, South Yorkshire, and West Wales and the Valleys.
Clusters, Supply Chains and Local Embeddedness in Fyrstad
Authors: Brown Ross
Published: March 2007

In recent years, there has been a proliferation of regional development policies designed to promote and develop regional clusters. Regional policymakers in Europe strive to develop local clusters to promote regional economic growth mainly through supply chain development initiatives, particularly in regions dominated by branch plants of large multinational enterprises. This article explores the role played by two large firms in developing linkages with local suppliers in the small regional economy of Fyrstad, west Sweden. Using a case-study approach, the investigation examines the main methods through which Saab Automobile and Volvo Aero Corporation develop suppliers within the local automotive and aerospace clusters. Overall, the research discovers that local sourcing is low and local supply chains are dominated by small, low value-added suppliers providing basic parts and repair services. The region lacks high-technology, fast-growing first and second-tier suppliers. The research also shows that the problems facing the supply chain in the automotive cluster are different from the aerospace cluster and that supplier linkages within the aerospace cluster appear to be more beneficial for long-term regional development. Finally, policy recommendations to aid each cluster are highlighted.
Changing Inter-Firm Relations in the European Automotive Industry
Authors: Sadler David
Published: March 2007

This article explores the extent to which the benefits of new forms of inter-firm partnership within the European automotive industry have been shared between assemblers and component producers. It first considers the changing nature of the buyer-supplier relationship from the viewpoint of different parties and as part of a process of restructuring within the filiere. Then it documents patterns of performance, comparing samples of five European vehicle assemblers and ten component firms from 1987 to 1996. Evidence is presented on R&D and capital investment expenditures, inventory levels and work-inprogress, and profitability. It is concluded that lead- ing component manufacturers proved more resilient and adaptable than the assemblers during the early 1990s. This is explained in terms of the position of these system integrators with respect to their own suppliers, and the differing sectoral and geographical configurations of assembly and leading component firms.
The Dynamic Construction of Culture, Self and Social Relations
Authors: Mascolo Michael F. , Bhatia Sunil
Published: March 2007

Selves emerge in development through intersystemic co-action. To illustrate this position the case of pride, a self-evaluative emotion, is used. It is argued that language and other semi otic vehicles of culture are instrumental in the social mediation of the shared meaning systems that frame the development of self-evaluative emotions. Illustrations from interviews with participants from India and the US suggest similarities as well as differences in the kinds of ideologies, values and myths that are employed to talk about and structure pride experiences. The American individual endorses a system of pride relevant cultural values that is organised around low interdependent themes, which are prominent among Indians. However there are commonalities between the American and the Indian participants too. The themes such as "helping others", "taking care of one's children and family'; "helping those who are in need" and "working hard" were common to both. It is suggested that it might be useful to think of the cultural differences as embedded within similarities.