bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’article 7 de la Charte canadienne et la discipline carcérale
Authors: Garant Patrice , Halley Paule
Published: May 2019

Les sanctions disciplinaires en milieu carcéral, tout comme les autres décisions prises par les autorités carcérales, sont des décisions administratives. Cette qualification eut longtemps pour effet de soustraire ces décisions au pouvoir de surveillance et de contrôle des cours de justice. Dans ces circonstances, la personne incarcérée faisait alors les frais d’une justice maison, plus axée sur des motifs de commodité administrative que sur le respect de ses droits, puisque le détenu n’avait aucun droit qu’il puisse faire valoir.

En 1979, le devoir d’agir équitablement imposé aux titulaires de fonctions administratives fait son entrée au Canada, bouleversant considérablement l’administration de la justice en milieu carcéral. Son impact en matière de discipline est marqué par l’élaboration d’une série de règles procédurales propres à assurer des décisions équitables aux personnes incarcérées.

L’avènement de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés a eu pour effet d’accroître la promotion des droits des personnes incarcérées en mettant les règles développées par les tribunaux à l’abri de l’intervention du législateur. En matière de discipline, c’est l’article 7 qui offre le plus de protection aux personnes incarcérées. Aussi la jurisprudence reconnaît-elle en vertu de cet article toute la gamme de garanties procédurales, telles que le droit d’être représenté par un avocat dans certaines circonstances ou d’interroger ou de contre-interroger les témoins de l’infraction.

En bref, l’étude de la discipline carcérale est susceptible de retenir l’attention des lecteurs intéressés par la portée de l’article 7 de la Charte, car ce domaine d’étude se caractérise par un nombre considérable d’arrêts couvrant une vaste partie du sujet.
L’obligation alimentaire survit désormais au décès du débiteur
Authors: Brière Germain
Published: May 2019

Selon la tradition civiliste, l’obligation alimentaire prend fin avec le décès du débiteur. Mais voilà qu’au Québec, depuis le 1er juillet 1989, les créanciers d’aliments peuvent réclamer de la succession de leur débiteur une contribution financière à titre d’aliments.

En premier lieu, l’auteur retrace l’évolution très lente qui a amené le législateur à admettre ce recours. Il en analyse ensuite les conditions d’exercice, ainsi que la réduction des libéralités qui en est la conséquence. L’exposé se termine par une appréciation sommaire de cette législation nouvelle.
Access to Post-Secondary Education: How does Québec Compare to the Rest of Canada?
Authors: Finnie Ross , Mueller Richard E.
Published: May 2019

This research uses the Youth in Transition Survey, Reading Cohort (“YITS-A”) to analyse access to post-secondary education (PSE) in Québec in comparison to other Canadian provinces and regions. We begin by presenting access rates by region and show that university participation rates in Québec are relatively low, while college rates are high in comparison to other provinces, although these differences are presumably due in part to the cégep system in Québec. We then undertake an econometric analysis which reveals that the effects of parental education on access to PSE are much stronger than the effects of family income, and are relatively uniform across the country. The substantially weaker family income effects (stronger for females than males) figure most importantly for the Atlantic Provinces, but much less elsewhere, including in Québec. We also find that the relationships between test scores from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which measures academic ‘‘performance’’ and ‘‘ability’’ and even more so high school grades, differ by province, and are generally strongest in Ontario and weakest in Québec, again perhaps in part due to the cégep system which represents a mediating influence between high school performance and university attendance, in particular. Males are much less likely to attend university across the country, but this gap is widest in Quebec. Our analysis of traditionally under-represented and minority groups points to students from rural Québec actually being at no disadvantage in terms of PSE participation, second-generation immigrants doing especially well in comparison to other provinces, but more recent first-generation immigrants not faring nearly so well in Québec. Finally, young Québecers who do not go on to PSE (especially the Francophone majority) are much more likely than other Canadian youths to say that they simply have no aspirations to attend PSE, and to otherwise say they face no barriers to attending PSE. Policy implications are discussed using a fiscal lens.
Foreign Exchange Rates: Legal Aspects and the Management and Minimization of Risk
Authors: Manóvil Rafael Mariano
Published: May 2019

The profitability of an international economical contract is directly linked to the currency determined in it and to the risks of potential foreign exchange variations. The length of the contract and the political and economical stability of the concerned country define the magnitude of the risk. The author explains various means available to the contracting parties to minimize the currency risk: taking into consideration Argentina, in many ways an unstable country, he explains the elements that must be taken into account for the selection of the payment currency and the drafting of the contract.

He then itemizes the clauses that can be inserted in a contract so as to insure that it will be effectively executed in the determined currency while underlining that many of these clauses do not have any effect due to the legislation of certain countries.
L’évaluation et la gestion du risque de défaut de paiement dans les contrats internationaux
Authors: Lacasse Nicole
Published: May 2019

Le plus important risque commercial pour un exportateur est le risque de non-paiement. Pour minimiser ce risque dans une transaction internationale, l’auteure souligne qu’il faut d’abord l’évaluer en s’informant sur la solvabilité du client-débiteur étranger. Elle précise les sources disponibles pour obtenir ces informations financières dans le contexte international.

Le risque de non-paiement évalué, l’auteure explique divers moyens de le gérer. Elle analyse les différentes formes et techniques de paiement qui peuvent être prévues dans un contrat pour que l’exportateur conserve le contrôle et la propriété des marchandises tant qu’il n’a pas été payé.

Elle explique également comment par l’intervention de tiers-cautions ou de tiers-assureurs on peut se prémunir contre le risque de non-paiement. Enfin, elle rappelle que le choix entre les divers moyens légaux offerts pour gérer ce risque est une décision commerciale qui doit être prise au cas par cas.
Further Reflections on Spousal and Child Support After Pelech, Caron and Richardson
Authors: Payne Julien D.
Published: May 2019

The causal connection thesis espoused in Pelech, Caron and Richardson has provoked more questions than solutions. Although conceived with the objective of providing certainty and predictability as well as national uniformity, its subsequent gestation has been fraught with complications. Professor J. McLeod, whose opinions in this context have been cited by the judiciary on frequent occasions, concludes that a causal connection between the applicant's need and a state of economic dependence engendered by the marriage is a legal prerequisite to the success of any claim for spousal support, whether it be governed by the Divorce Act, 1985 or by provincial statute and whether or not any prior settlement has been reached. This blanket approach is, in the opinion of this writer, an unacceptable extension of Pelech, Caron and Richardson.

Many questions have arisen concerning the prospective application of the Supreme Court of Canada trilogy. Answers to these questions by the judiciary have generated divergent and irreconcilable opinions and dispositions. The judicial conflict cannot be rationalized simply on the basis that each case is to be determined on its own facts. Consequently, this paper does not provide a detailed analysis of the cases nor even cite the diverse judicial rulings. There must be well over two hundred cases wherein Pelech, Caron and Richardson have been cited. An examination of these decisions leads to the inescapable conclusion that the attitudes of individual judges towards marriage, divorce, and spousal support obligations constitute a major inarticulate premise that explains the wide diversity of opinions expressed and dispositions reached. In an attempt to provide some semblance of order out of judicial chaos, this writer attempts to provide a framework for future decision making that can accommodate the demands of both logic and fairness.
Le foetus humain, une personne ? Essai philosophique
Authors: Croteau Jacques
Published: May 2019

La question soulevée dans cet article est celle de savoir en quel sens au juste le foetus humain peut être qualifié de personne. La réponse à cette question dépend du point de vue où l’on se place en la matière. Du point de vue ontologique, la notion de personne peut être affirmée à des nuances près du foetus humain. Celui-ci en effet est une personne non pas au sens où il ne serait que potentiellement une personne, mais au sens où il est une personne avec un potentiel. S’il en est ainsi, il est normal de considérer que la notion juridique de personne devrait avoir la même extension que sa notion ontologique. Il s’ensuit aussi qu’au plan moral, c’est-à-dire en tant que sujet de droits, le foetus humain est une personne. Quand au concept psychologique de personne ou de personnalité, il est si peu que point applicable au foetus humain.
La nature du contrat de transaction et le problème de la novation
Authors: Morin Michel
Published: May 2019

Par le contrat de transaction, les parties renoncent au droit de faire trancher la contestation qui les oppose. Les droits litigieux sont alors définitivement éteints. Seules subsistent les obligations énoncées par la transaction. Il est possible de se demander si cette cristallisation de l’obligation antérieure équivaut à une novation. Pour ce faire, il convient de bien définir le contrat de transaction, ce qui permet de le distinguer aisément du désistement et de l’acquiescement. Ceci permet également de comprendre pourquoi, dans un contrat de transaction, le fait qu’une obligation soit dépourvue de cause signifie qu’il y a eu vice du consentement, qu’il s’agisse de l’erreur ou de la crainte. L’effet de la chose jugée qui résulte de la transaction ne permet pas de déterminer s’il y a eu novation. Il faut de même éviter de confondre cette question et celle de la résolution du contrat de transaction pour inexécution des obligations qu’il prévoit. Compte tenu du fait qu’une simple modification de l’obligation ne constitue pas forcément un cas de novation, il est possible de rejeter la thèse de la novation automatique. Cette solution a des conséquences intéressantes pour l’interprétation du règlement à l’amiable, la recherche de la prescription applicable ainsi que pour l’étude de certaines conséquences découlant de la solidarité.
L’injonction judiciaire et l’exécution en nature : éléments de droit français
Authors: Fouchard Philippe
Published: May 2019

Malgré l’existence, dans le Code civil français, d’une règle selon laquelle les obligations de faire ou de ne pas faire, en cas d’inexécution, ne donnent lieu qu’à des dommages-intérêts (art. 1142), le juge français ordonne de plus en plus souvent au débiteur d’exécuter en nature ses obligations, ou, plus généralement, prononce souvent, à l’égard des parties à un procès ou des tiers, des injonctions leur imposant un comportement déterminé. Grâce au mécanisme de l’astreinte, qui joue le rôle d’un moyen de contrainte indirecte, mais aussi en prescrivant des mesures que des tiers peuvent exécuter si leur débiteur normal n’y consent pas, le juge renforce à la fois l’efficacité de ses décisions et l’autorité de ses interventions. Cette évolution intéresse les matières aussi diverses que le droit des obligations (art. 1143 et 1144 du Code civil), le droit du travail, la protection de la vie privée (art. 9 du Code civil), l’obtention judiciaire de preuves (nouveau Code de procédure civile). Ces injonctions de faire sont très souvent prononcées par un juge statuant rapidement, le « juge de la mise en état », le juge des référés, le tribunal d’instance.

Cependant, les tribunaux ne prononcent de telles injonctions que s’ils ont la conviction qu’elles peuvent être exécutées, et si elles ne portent pas gravement atteinte à la liberté individuelle ou à la séparation des pouvoirs (judiciaire et administratif). Un équilibre délicat est donc recherché entre ces intérêts contradictoires. De même, le juge n’exercera pas son imperium sur le territoire d’États étrangers, tandis qu’à l’inverse certains commandements d’autorités étrangères ne pourront être exécutés en France.
Pour l’injonction mandatoire comme recours d’exécution en nature : quelques réflexions d’un praticien
Authors: Bienvenu Pierre
Published: May 2019

Dans la première partie de ses remarques, l’auteur s’inspire d’une théorie développée en analyse économique du droit pour faire ressortir que l’exécution en nature comme sanction de l’inexécution d’une obligation contractuelle a pour effet de donner au créancier, de préférence au tribunal, la faculté de déterminer lui-même la valeur de l’obligation inexécutée. L’article relate le dénouement de certains différends à l’origine de décisions québécoises récentes sur le sujet pour contrer la supposition que l’émission d’« injonctions mandatoires » en matière contractuelle mène nécessairement à l’exécution forcée de la prestation promise par le débiteur lui-même.

Après avoir discuté de la place que peut légitimement revendiquer la common law comme source du droit québécois en la matière, l’article soutient que, dans une large mesure, les frontières de l’exécution en nature des obligations en droit québécois restent encore à tracer. À titre d’illustration, l’auteur se dit d’avis que la règle de l’arrêt Dupré Quarries, qui exclut en principe l’exécution en nature en matière de contrats individuels de travail, devrait être remise en question.
La dévolution légale des successions selon le Code civil du Québec
Authors: Brière Germain
Published: May 2019

La réforme du droit des successions, qui a été effectuée par une loi du 15 avril 1987 mais qui n’est pas encore en vigueur, modifie à maints égards le droit existant en la matière. L’auteur expose l’évolution qui se produit dans le domaine de la dévolution légale des successions, en considérant successivement la vocation successorale, les principes directeurs de la dévolution, la détermination des droits respectifs des différents ordres d’héritiers, enfin la dévolution à l’État.
Durkheim, Germany, War, Europe
Authors: Karsenti Bruno
Published: May 2019

Among the classical authors of sociology, Émile Durkheim passed away the first on 15 November 1917. His conception of the war as well as his ideas of a possible way out of it, therefore, are far from the horizon of experience that characterized the last year of the conflict. His major war writing is a critical analysis of the intellectual sources of German militarism: L’Allemagne au-dessus de tout. Karsenti focuses on Durkheim’s examination of the “Über-Ideology”, which moulded German nationalism since unification in 1871, especially in the work of Heinrich von Treitschke. Durkheim’s book is a censorship of the enemy’s warfare. Yet, what is interesting to discover, according to Karsenti, is the particular perspective of Durkheim’s investigation. The writing is a critique of all tendencies to reduce international politics to an “Über”. Accordingly, for Durkheim, there is a possible way out of the war, yet it has to be read between the lines of his distinction between a “good and a bad tradition” of the moral sciences in Germany.
Le passage à une économie de service : des gains économiques et environnementaux?
Authors: Racicot Julien , Lanoie Paul , Plouffe Sylvain
Published: May 2019

Le passage à une économie de service pourrait contribuer à réduire considérablement les impacts environnementaux reliés à nos activités. Pour que le potentiel de réduction des systèmes produit-service (SPS) se concrétise, il faut que ces modèles d’affaires soient rentables pour les entreprises, que les usagers y trouvent leur compte et que les SPS soient moins polluants que les produits qu’ils remplacent. Au niveau économique, plusieurs exemples montrent que les SPS sont avantageux pour les producteurs qui peuvent, à travers ces modèles, augmenter leur chiffre d’affaires, profiter d’une stabilisation des revenus et augmenter leurs profits. Pour les consommateurs, les SPS, qui remettent entre les mains des producteurs toutes les notions d’achat, de gestion, d’entretien et de réparation, sont souvent moins chers et mieux adaptés que les produits qu’ils remplacent. Au niveau environnemental, par contre, bien que plusieurs gains encourageants soient observés, le bilan global reste extrêmement difficile à réaliser. Les offres de SPS sont très variées et chaque contexte nécessiterait une analyse des impacts directs et indirects qui est unique. L’objectif de cet article sera donc de faire le point sur l’économie de service en couvrant principalement trois aspects : 1) la rentabilité de l’économie de service pour les entreprises impliquées; 2) sa rentabilité pour les clients et 3) les impacts environnementaux de l’économie de service. De plus, l’article fera ressortir les catégories d’entreprises les plus susceptibles de profiter des SPS.
Unimodal statistical learning produces multimodal object-like representations
Authors: Lengyel Gábor , Žalalytė Goda , Pantelides Alexandros , Ingram James N , Fiser József , Lengyel Máté , Wolpert Daniel M
Published: May 2019

The concept of objects is fundamental to cognition and is defined by a consistent set of sensory properties and physical affordances. Although it is unknown how the abstract concept of an object emerges, most accounts assume that visual or haptic boundaries are crucial in this process. Here, we tested an alternative hypothesis that boundaries are not essential but simply reflect a more fundamental principle: consistent visual or haptic statistical properties. Using a novel visuo-haptic statistical learning paradigm, we familiarised participants with objects defined solely by across-scene statistics provided either visually or through physical interactions. We then tested them on both a visual familiarity and a haptic pulling task, thus measuring both within-modality learning and across-modality generalisation. Participants showed strong within-modality learning and ‘zero-shot’ across-modality generalisation which were highly correlated. Our results demonstrate that humans can segment scenes into objects, without any explicit boundary cues, using purely statistical information.
Thermodynamic analysis of semipolar GaN and AlN under metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy growth conditions
Authors: Seta Yuki , Pradipto Abdul Muizz , Akiyama Toru , Nakamura Kohji , Ito Tomonori , Kusaba Akira , Kangawa Yoshihiro
Published: May 2019

We perform an improved method of thermodynamic analysis for semipolar

11

2
¯

2

and

1

1
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01

surfaces of GaN and AlN to elucidate the relationship between growth conditions and semipolar and polar surfaces during metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The calculations for H2 carrier gas suggest that for both GaN and AlN the maximum temperature for growth on

11

2
¯

2

surfaces is higher than that for growth on

0001

surfaces. On the other hand, the maximum temperature for growth on GaN

1

1
¯

01

surfaces is comparable to that for growth on GaN

0001

surfaces, while the maximum temperature for the growth on AlN

0001

surfaces is higher than that for growth on AlN

1

1
¯

01

surfaces. These results could be used to provide favorable conditions for growth of group-III nitrides along a semipolar orientation during MOVPE.
Improved emission intensity of UVC-LEDs from using strain relaxation layer on sputter-annealed AlN
Authors: Nagamatsu Kentaro , Liu Xiaotong , Uesugi Kenjiro , Miyake Hideto
Published: May 2019

This paper presents the effects of Mg concentration in a Mg-doped aluminum nitride (AlN) strain relaxation layer according to the metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy method. A UV LED using a Mg-doped AlN strain relaxation layer at a Mg concentration of 3 × 1020 cm−3 on a sputter-annealed AlN template produced light output power 11 times as high as that with conventional LED structures. The AlGaN-on-AlN relaxation rate and LED light output power increased starting from Mg concentrations of 1019 cm−3. These characteristics had almost the same values when the Mg concentration was less than 3 × 1019 cm−3. These results show the improvement of efficiency caused by void formation due to the inversion domain.
Soil Compaction and Soil Amendments on the Growth and Biomass Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Soybean (Glycine max L.)
Authors: Bawa Seidu Iddrisu , Quansah Charles , Tuffour Henry Oppong , Abubakari Awudu , Melenya Caleb
Published: May 2019

Two factorial pot experiments arranged in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with three replications were carried out to assess the impact of different levels of soil compaction and fertilizer amendments on root growth and biomass yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) plants. The treatments were different rates of bulk densities – 1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 Mg m-3 and fertilizer amendments comprising 100% poultry manure (applied at 15 g/plant), 100% 15:15:15 NPK fertilizer (applied at 2.89 g/plant) and 50% rate each of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer (applied at 7.5 g poultry manure + 1.45 g NPK/plant), and control (no fertilizer amendments). Soil compaction reduced the heights of maize and soybean plants. Increasing soil compaction resulted in the accumulation of most of the root biomass in the uncompacted soil above the compacted layer. Application of soil amendments increased the relative root biomass of maize plants in the uncompacted soil, while that in the compacted soil was reduced. In the case of soybean plants, although the relative root biomass in the uncompacted soil was relatively greater than that of maize plants, application of soil amendments tended to slightly decrease the relative root biomass to that of the control. The shoot biomass of both crops decreased with increasing soil bulk density. All the applied soil amendments significantly increased the shoot biomass of maize and soybean plants over the control. The magnitude of response of the crops to the soil amendments was greater in soybean than in maize plants. Soil compaction and amendments significantly influenced root/shoot ratio of both crops. The root/shoot ratio decreased with increasing compaction from 1.3 to 1.5 Mg m-3, however, at 1.7 Mg m-3, the root/shoot ratio increased. The fertilizer amendments significantly influenced the root/shoot ratio of maize but not soybean plants. The fertilizer amendments increased the biomass of both roots and shoots, being higher in the former than in the latter. The fertilizer amendments x compaction interactions showed that the root/shoot ratio was influenced by the type of crop, and the confounding effects of factor interactions on the relative increases/decreases in shoot and root growth. Overall, soil compaction accounted for 52 to 100% of the variations in the magnitude of the measured parameters of maize plants, and 62 to 98% for soybean plants. The ideal bulk density for shoot biomass production of both crops should, therefore, be within the range of 1.3 – 1.5 Mg m-3. At soil bulk density of 1.5 Mg m-3 and above, soil amendment should be added to ameliorate the negative impact of soil compaction.
Kreiger Graphs and Fischer Covers vs Dynamical Properties
Authors: Dastjerdi Dawoud Ahmadi , Shahamat Manouchehr
Published: May 2019

We will show how the structure of the Kreiger graph and the Fischer cover of an irreducible subshift is related to the dynamical properties of that system. Also an extension of a half synchronized system called weak synchronized has been considered.
Litter under Potential Eucalypts Genotype Stands in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Santos Kristiana Fiorentin dos , Schumacher Mauro Valdir , Ludvichak Aline Aparecida , Queiroz Tulio Barroso , Araújo Elias Frank de
Published: May 2019

The objective of the study was to quantify the litter in different genotypes of eucalypts stands at 49-months-old, located in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Areas of 720 m² were demarcated for each genotype. In each area, 15 samples were randomly collected. The litter ranged from 4.51 to 10.77 Mg ha-1, highlighting the E. dunnii and the hybrid of E. urophylla x E. globulus with the lowest and largest accumulation, respectively. The leaves corresponded, on average, between 48.56% and 73.03% of the total litter. The differentiation between the genotypes occurred as to the accumulated litter.
The Effect of Help from Parents and Friends on Upstream Reciprocity: Sampling University Students
Authors: Ting Shueh-Chin
Published: May 2019

Mutual help between people is worth advocating. Previous studies have shown that beneficiaries return the favor due to gratitude after the benefactor gives help to the beneficiary, but the scope of the discussion is limited to the beneficiary’s reciprocity to the benefactor, which is what academic studies call direct reciprocity. The present study extends the object of this reciprocity to a third party, i.e., upstream reciprocity. In addition, studies on reciprocity lack comparison of the effect of different benefactors. Therefore, the present study explores the effect of parents and friends’ help on university students’ upstream reciprocity. We designed separate texts for the experiment with either parents or friends who provided help to the university students. Participants filled out the upstream reciprocity questionnaires after reading the experiment’s text. The present study found that friends’ help is able to elicit more upstream reciprocity than their parents’ help in university students.
Flexible noncontact electrodes for comfortable monitoring of physiological signals
Authors: Liu Shuting , Zhu Mingxing , Liu Xueyu , Samuel Oluwarotimi Williams , Wang Xin , Huang Zhen , Wu Wanqing , Chen Shixiong , Li Guanglin
Published: May 2019

Physiological signals such as electrocardiography (ECG), electromyography (EMG), and electroencephalography (EEG) could objectively reflect the functioning status of the human body and the monitoring of these signals is useful for various applications including brain computer interface, neurological rehabilitation, and long‐term healthcare monitoring. Currently, wet electrodes are commonly used for the monitoring of physiological signals and it usually requires conductive gels to achieve high quality recordings, which may cause discomfort to the patient and increase risk of skin allergy. In this study, a noncontact electrode made of a multilayer flexible printed circuit without any rigid electronic components on either side was proposed. The flexible noncontact electrode was capable of measuring physiological signals without any direct skin contact or conductive gels and could be bent freely according to the local shape to achieve optimal capacitive coupling with the skin surface. The results showed that the proposed flexible noncontact electrode could obtain different physiological signals with good quality compared with traditional wet electrodes. The ECG signals could be reliably measured with different insulation materials between the skin and the electrode, with up to five layers of insulation materials. It was also found that flexible electrode could achieve higher signal‐to‐noise ratio and therefore had better performance than traditional hard printed circuit board electrode, when measuring EMG signal through the cloth and EEG signals over the hair. The proposed method of this study might provide a novel and comfortable way to measure physiological signals for neurological rehabilitation, wearable devices, and other healthcare applications.
Manipulating the Mixed‐Perovskite Crystallization Pathway Unveiled by In Situ GIWAXS
Authors: Qin Minchao , Tse Kinfai , Lau Tsz‐Ki , Li Yuhao , Su Chun‐Jen , Yang Guang , Chen Jiehuan , Zhu Junyi , Jeng U‐Ser , Li Gang , Chen Hongzheng , Lu Xinhui
Published: May 2019

Mixed perovskites have achieved substantial successes in boosting solar cell efficiency, but the complicated perovskite crystal formation pathway remains mysterious. Here, the detailed crystallization process of mixed perovskites (FA0.83MA0.17Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3) during spin‐coating is revealed by in situ grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements, and three phase‐formation stages are identified: I) precursor solution; II) hexagonal δ‐phase (2H); and III) complex phases including hexagonal polytypes (4H, 6H), MAI–PbI2–DMSO intermediate phases, and perovskite α‐phase. The correlated device performance and ex situ characterizations suggest the existence of an “annealing window” covering the duration of stage II. The spin‐coated film should be annealed within the annealing window to avoid the formation of hexagonal polytypes during the perovskite crystallization process, thus achieving a good device performance. Remarkably, the crystallization pathway can be manipulated by incorporating Cs+ ions in mixed perovskites. Combined with density functional theory calculations, the perovskite system with sufficient Cs+ will bypass the formation of secondary phases in stage III by promoting the formation of α‐phase both kinetically and thermodynamically, thereby significantly extending the annealing window. This study provides underlying reasons of the time sensitivity of fabricating mixed‐perovskite devices and insightful guidelines for manipulating the perovskite crystallization pathways toward higher performance.
Pressure‐Driven Solvent Transport and Complex Ion Permeation through Graphene Oxide Membranes
Authors: Wang Kai , Ausri Irfani R. , Chu Kyle A. , Seddon Annela , Tang Xiaowu (Shirley)
Published: May 2019

In this paper, an in‐depth investigation of three graphene oxide (GO) based membranes—pure GO, Al3+ intercalated GO (Al‐GO), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) modified GO (PEG‐GO)—is presented. Both Al‐GO and PEG‐GO membranes have wider interlayer d‐spacing compared to pure GO, and the d‐spacing size correlates well to the cross‐membrane water flux with JPEG‐GO > JAl‐GO > JGO. Pressure‐driven transport of water/ethanol mixtures across all three types of GO membranes is dominated by solvent viscosity—not solvent polarity showing distinctively semi‐hydrophilic membrane characteristics. Interestingly, the results suggest that both ethanol cluster size and molecular geometry contribute to preferential ethanol rejection, indicating that both GO and Al‐GO membranes possess superior size sieving capability. Further, the lower permeation of tris(1,10‐phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) (Ru(phen)32+) compared to the charge‐equivalent smaller‐sized tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) demonstrates the excellent steric selectivity of GO membranes. Compared to pure GO, the widened d‐spacing in PEG‐GO allows ≈100% higher ion permeation while ion flux through Al‐GO is an order of magnitude lower, suggesting the significant role of electrostatic interaction in ion transport. In conclusion, these findings ought to enrich the understanding of the GO‐based membranes and enable future rational designs for a wide range of applications, including water purification and solvent separation.
Rhodium(II) Acetate‐Catalysed Cyclization of Pyrazol‐5‐amine and 1,3‐Diketone‐2‐diazo Compounds Using N,N‐Dimethylformamide as a Carbon‐Hydrogen Source: Access to Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines
Authors: Ning Yi , He Xinwei , Zuo Youpeng , Cai Panyuan , Xie Mengqing , Wang Jian , Shang Yongjia
Published: May 2019

Access to pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines through a rhodium‐catalysed intermolecular cyclization of pyrazol‐5‐amine and cyclic 1,3‐diketone‐2‐diazo compounds, has been developed. A methyl carbon of N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) performed as a carbon‐hydrogen source for the construction of the pyridine ring. Various pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine derivatives were obtained under mild conditions using air as the terminal oxidant.

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Direct C(sp2)‐H Arylsulfonylation of Enamides via Iridium(III)‐Catalyzed Insertion of Sulfur Dioxide with Aryldiazonium Tetrafluoroborates
Authors: Zhu Tong‐Hao , Zhang Xiao‐Chen , Cui Xian‐Lu , Zhang Ze‐Yu , Jiang Hui , Sun Shan‐Shan , Zhao Li‐Li , Zhao Kai , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: May 2019

An iridium(III)‐catalyzed three‐component reaction of enamides, aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates, and 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(sulfur dioxide) (DABSO) for the direct C(sp2)−H arylsulfonylation of enamides is developed. This transformation provides a robust and straightforward approach for preparing a diverse array of β‐amidovinyl sulfones in moderate to excellent yields and high stereoselectivities without Light‐emitting diode (LED) radiation. This transformation also features mild conditions, broad substrate scopes, and excellent functional group tolerance.

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Synthesis of 5H‐Selenopheno[3,2‐c]isochromen‐5‐ones Promoted by Dialkyl Diselenides and Oxone®
Authors: Goulart Helen A. , Neto José S. S. , Barcellos Angelita M. , Barcellos Thiago , Silva Márcio S. , Alves Diego , Jacob Raquel G. , Lenardão Eder J. , Perin Gelson
Published: May 2019

We describe here for the first time the synthesis of isochromenones fused to selenophenes. 5H‐Selenopheno[3,2‐c]isochromen‐5‐ones were obtained through a double intramolecular cyclization of methyl 2‐(organyl‐1,3‐diynyl)benzoate promoted by electrophilic species of selenium generated in situ by the reaction of dialkyl diselenides with Oxone®, using ethanol as solvent. The reactions were conducted satisfactorily under mild conditions, using a range of 1,3‐diynes and dialkyl diselenides as substrates. A total of sixteen unprecedent 5H‐selenopheno[3,2‐c]isochromen‐5‐ones were selectively obtained in moderate to good yields (40–86%) under reflux in an open flask and in short reaction times (1.0–2.5 h).

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Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Cascade Cyclization of Methylenecyclopropanes with Aromatic Alkynes: Construction of Spirocyclic Compounds Containing Indene and 1,2‐Dihydronaphthalene Moieties
Authors: Fang Wei , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: May 2019

A palladium(II)‐catalyzed intermolecular cascade cyclization of methylenecyclopropanes with aromatic alkynes is reported in this paper. The reaction involves a migratory insertion of alkyne, an intramolecular Heck‐type reaction, and β‐H elimination, providing a series of spirocyclic compounds containing indene and 1,2‐dihydronaphthalene moieties in moderate to excellent yields upon heating.

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Enantioselective Construction of Bispirooxindoles via Squaramide‐Catalysed Cascade Michael/Cyclization Reaction
Authors: Zhao Bo‐Liang , Lin Ye , Du Da‐Ming
Published: May 2019

A series of readily available 2‐(2‐oxoindolin‐3‐yl)malononitriles bearing multiple active sites were first used in asymmetric catalytic synthesis, which have been successfully applied to develop a bifunctional squaramide‐catalyzed cascade Michael/cyclization reaction strategy. Various cyclopentene‐bispirooxindoles with three continuous stereocenters, two of which are quaternary spiro‐stereocenters, were constructed in good yields with excellent stereoselectivities (up to >20:1 dr, >99% ee).

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Dual‐Band Terahertz Auto‐Focusing Airy Beam Based on Single‐Layer Geometric Metasurfaces with Independent Complex Amplitude Modulation at Each Wavelength
Authors: Wang Tailei , Zhai Guohua , Xie Rensheng , Zhu Shouzheng , Gao Jianjun , An Sensong , Zheng Bowen , Li Hang , Liu Yong , Zhang Hualiang , Ding Jun
Published: May 2019

The Airy beam has attracted considerable interests due to its remarkable non‐diffracting, self‐bending, and self‐healing properties. An auto‐focusing Airy (AFA) beam can be achieved by constructing two counter‐propagation Airy beams, which is a novel method to generate focusing effect. Traditionally, because of the complexity of the generation mechanism, it is hard to realize the Airy beam with complex amplitude modulation. The reported ones usually require bulky optical systems and typically work at one single wavelength. Here, a general scheme is proposed to launch dual‐band Airy and AFA beams based on the single‐layer geometric metasurface, consisting of a newly designed meta‐atom that can realize independent complex amplitude modulations at two arbitrary terahertz wavelengths. Based on the proposed meta‐atom, the aforementioned attractive properties of the Airy beam are demonstrated at two terahertz wavelengths. Besides, the dual‐band AFA beams are illustrated to have the practically important adjustability of the focal length. Furthermore, owing to the self‐healing property, the proposed focusing scheme (i.e., AFA beam) shows a much better capability of circumventing the PEC obstacles compared to the conventional metalens, which could have potential applications in various important scenarios such as biomedical imaging/therapy and nondestructive evaluation with compact size and multiwavelength functionalities.
Improving Operational Stability of p‐Type Field‐Effect Transistors by Charge Selective Electrodes: a General Strategy
Authors: Zhou Guodong , Zhou Shuang , Zhu Qiang , Zhao Ni
Published: May 2019

Operational instability caused by unintentional electron injection is a common problem for field‐effect transistors (FETs) based on relatively narrow‐bandgap semiconductors. Typically, the electron injection is followed by electron trapping at the semiconductor/dielectric interface or sometimes in the bulk semiconductor, resulting in a modification of the built‐in field in the FETs. Such a dynamic process causes continuous threshold voltage or Dirac voltage (Vth/Dirac) shift and thus unstable device operation. A charge‐selective electrode (CSE) design is used to address these problems. The CSE is formed by inserting a molybdenum trioxide interlayer between the electrode and the semiconductor, which creates an energy barrier to block electron injection. It is shown that the CSE strategy can generally work for FETs based on three semiconductor families, namely conjugated polymer, graphene, and quantum dot, and greatly suppresses the Vth/Dirac shift, enhancing the bias stress stability as well as reducing the noise level of the FETs. The mechanism for CSE‐reduced bias stress is investigated through trap analysis. CSE is a general strategy for achieving stable and low‐noise operation of unipolar FETs. The device design concept can be applied to other device configurations.
Photovoltaic–Pyroelectric–Piezoelectric Coupled Effect Induced Electricity for Self‐Powered Coupled Sensing
Authors: Ji Yun , Wang Yuanhao , Yang Ya
Published: May 2019

Multifunctional sensors have attracted great interests as potential candidates for application of human health and ambient circumstance monitoring devices. Recent investigations are focused on novel materials or device structure to achieve simultaneously detecting various stimulations. Here, the photovoltaic–pyroelectric–piezoelectric coupled effect induced electricity for self‐powered coupled sensing in ferroelectric BaTiO3 material is reported, which can be utilized to detect light intensity, temperature variation, and vibration frequency with the sensitivities of 0.17 nA (mW cm−2)−1, 4.80 nA K−1, 21.02 nA Hz−1 (≤17 Hz), respectively. The sensitivities for the light+temperature, temperature+vibration, and light+temperature+vibration monitoring of the device are found to depend on the variation of spontaneous polarization in the BaTiO3 material. This work provides an inspiration to achieve individual/simultaneous light, temperature, and vibration sensing by employing ferroelectric materials, which greatly simplifies the structure of a multifunctional sensor, and holds significant potentials for self‐powered sensing in healthcare and ambient environment monitoring fields.
Uniform High Ionic Conducting Lithium Sulfide Protection Layer for Stable Lithium Metal Anode
Authors: Chen Hao , Pei Allen , Lin Dingchang , Xie Jin , Yang Ankun , Xu Jinwei , Lin Kaixiang , Wang Jiangyan , Wang Hansen , Shi Feifei , Boyle David , Cui Yi
Published: May 2019

Artificial solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) is one of the key approaches in addressing the low reversibility and dendritic growth problems of lithium metal anode, yet its current effect is still insufficient due to insufficient stability. Here, a new principle of “simultaneous high ionic conductivity and homogeneity” is proposed for stabilizing SEI and lithium metal anodes. Fabricated by a facile, environmentally friendly, and low‐cost lithium solid‐sulfur vapor reaction at elevated temperature, a designed lithium sulfide protective layer successfully maintains its protection function during cycling, which is confirmed by both simulations and experiments. Stable dendrite‐free cycling of lithium metal anode is realized even at a high areal capacity of 5 mAh cm−2, and prototype Li–Li4Ti5O12 cell with limited lithium also achieves 900 stable cycles. These findings give new insight into the ideal SEI composition and structure and provide new design strategies for stable lithium metal batteries.
Triggering the Passivation Effect of Potassium Doping in Mixed‐Cation Mixed‐Halide Perovskite by Light Illumination
Authors: Zheng Fei , Chen Weijian , Bu Tongle , Ghiggino Kenneth P. , Huang Fuzhi , Cheng Yibing , Tapping Patrick , Kee Tak W. , Jia Baohua , Wen Xiaoming
Published: May 2019

Potassium (K+) doping has been recently discovered as an effective route to suppress hysteresis and improve the performance stability of perovskite solar cells. However, the mechanism of these K+ doping effects is still under debate, and rationalization of the improved performance in these perovskites is needed. Herein, the photoluminescence (PL) properties and device performance of mixed‐cation mixed‐halide perovskite are dynamically monitored with and without K+ doping under bias light illumination via a confocal fluorescence microscope, together with ultrafast transient absorption as well as time‐dependent and time‐resolved PL measurements. It is demonstrated that illumination is essential to trigger the passivation effect of K+ by forming KBr‐like compounds, leading to the elimination of interface trapping defects and suppression of mobile ion migration, thus resulting in improved power conversion efficiency and negligible current–voltage hysteresis of solar cells. This work provides novel insight into the hysteresis suppression upon K+ doping and highlights the significance of light illumination when using this protocol.
Total neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: Role of systemic chemotherapy
Authors: Yoo Ri Na , Kim Hyung Jin
Published: May 2019

For the past several decades, disease‐related outcomes, particularly local recurrence rate, in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer have significantly improved as a result of advancement of surgical technique and implementation of neoadjuvant chemoradiation. However, distant metastasis remains unresolved, being a significant cause of cancer death. To focus on micrometastases early in the course of multimodal treatment, delivering systemic chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting is emerging. Also, driven by patient demand and interest in preserving quality of life, upfront chemotherapy prior to surgery serves as a strategy for organ preservation in the management of rectal cancer. Herein, currently available literature on different methods and strategies of the multimodal approach is critically appraised.
Palatal evaluation and treatment in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Jackson Oksana , Crowley T. Blaine , Sharkus Robert , Smith Robert , Jeong Stephanie , Solot Cynthia , McDonald‐Mcginn Donna
Published: May 2019

Palatal involvement occurs commonly in patients with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22qDS), and includes palatal clefting and velopharyngeal dysfunction in the absence of overt or submucous clefts. The reported incidence and distribution of palatal abnormalities vary in the literature. The aim of this article is to revisit the incidence and presenting features of palatal abnormalities in a large cohort of patients with 22qDS, summarize the surgical treatments performed in this cohort, and provide an overview of surgical treatment protocols and management guidelines for palatal abnormalities in this syndrome. Charts of 1,121 patients seen through the 22q and You Center at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were reviewed for palatal status, demographic factors, deletion size, and corrective surgical procedures. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's chi‐squared test to identify differences between gender, deletion size, and palatal abnormality. Of the patients with complete evaluations, 67% were found to have a palatal abnormality. The most common finding was velopharyngeal dysfunction in 55.2% of patients, and in 33.3% of patients, this occurred in the absence of palatal clefting. There was no significant difference in the incidence of palatal abnormalities by gender; however, a difference was noted among race (p < 0.01) and deletion sizes (p < 0.01). For example, Caucasian and Asian patients presented with a much higher prevalence of palatal abnormalities, and conversely those with nested deletions presented with a much lower rate of palatal defects. Overall, 26.9% of patients underwent palatal surgery, and the most common indication was velopharyngeal dysfunction. Palatal abnormalities are a hallmark feature of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome; understanding the incidence, presenting features, and treatment protocols are essential for practitioners counseling and treating families affected with this disorder.
Identification of novel pathogenic variants and features in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism and acrodysostosis, subtypes of the newly classified inactivating PTH/PTHrP signaling disorders
Authors: Truelove Adam , Mulay Akhilesh , Prapa Matina , Casey Ruth T. , Adler Amanda I. , Offiah Amaka C. , Poole Kenneth E. S. , Trotman Jamie , Al Hasso Namir , Park Soo‐Mi
Published: May 2019

Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is a complex disorder defined by the presence of a short adult stature relative to the height of an unaffected parent and brachydactyly type E, as well as a stocky build, round face, and ectopic calcifications. AHO and pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) have been used interchangeably in the past. The term PHP describes end‐organ resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH), occurring with or without the physical features of AHO. Conversely, pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP) describes individuals with AHO features in the absence of PTH resistance. PHP and PPHP are etiologically linked and caused by genetic and/or epigenetic alterations in the guanine nucleotide‐binding protein alpha‐stimulating (Gsα) locus (GNAS) in chromosome 20q13. Another less‐recognized group of skeletal dysplasias, termed acrodysostosis, partially overlap with skeletal, endocrine, and neurodevelopmental features of AHO/PHP and can be overlooked in clinical practice, causing confusion in the literature. Acrodysostosis is caused by defects in two genes, PRKAR1A and PDE4D, both encoding important components of the Gsα‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate‐protein kinase A signaling pathway. We describe the clinical course and genotype of two adult patients with overlapping AHO features who harbored novel pathogenic variants in GNAS (c.2273C > G, p.Pro758Arg, NM_080425.2) and PRKAR1A (c.803C > T, p.Ala268Val, NM_002734.4), respectively. We highlight the value of expert radiological opinion and molecular testing in establishing correct diagnoses and discuss phenotypic features of our patients, including the first description of subcutaneous ossification and spina bifida occulta in PRKAR1A‐related acrodysostosis, in the context of the novel inactivating PTH/PTH related peptide signaling disorder classification system.