bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIII-18 Super Dose Phytase and Carbohydrase Cocktail Enhance Ileal Nutrient and Energy Digestibility of Corn-soybean Diets in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Le Thanh B V , Bergstrom J R R , Hahn J D , Wang L F , Beltranena E , Zijlstra R T T
Published: May 2021

Feed enzymes may ameliorate reduced nutrient and energy digestibility in nursery pigs. The objective was to test effects of super-dosing phytase and fiber-degrading enzymes on digestibility of DM, GE, CP, AA, and Ca. We tested supplementing a super dose (added 1,500 FYT/kg) of phytase (Ronozyme Hi-Phos) with or without carbohydrase cocktail that contained 85 FXU β-xylanase/kg, 587 U/g endo-1,4-β-glucanase, 513 U/g endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase, 15,000 U/g hemicellulases, and 3,000 U/g pectinases in corn-soybean meal diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Diets included 68% corn, 17% SBM, and a basal level of 500 FTU/kg of phytase, and were formulated to contain 2.50 Mcal/kg NE and 5.10 gSID Lys/Mcal NE. Eight ileal-cannulated nursery pigs (initial BW 10 kg) were fed 4 diets at 3.0 × maintenance DE (110 kcal per kg of BW0.75) for four 9-day periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Apparent hindgut fermentation (AHF) was calculated as apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) minus apparent ileal digestibility (AID). Interactions between super-dosing phytase and carbohydrase cocktail were observed. Supplementing either carbohydrase cocktail or super dose phytase, but not their combination, increased (P < 0.05) diet AID of DM, GE, CP, and most AA by 4–5%-units. Supplementing super dose phytase increased (P < 0.05) AID of P by 16%-units and ATTD of P by 10%-units. Supplementing super dose phytase or carbohydrase cocktail did not affect AID of Ca and ATTD of GE, CP, and Ca, and diet DE value. Supplementing carbohydrase cocktail without super dose phytase decreased (P < 0.05) diet AHF of DM, GE, and CP. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of super dose phytase or carbohydrase cocktail increased ileal digestibility of nutrients in nursery pigs, and thereby reduced protein entering the large intestine. Additive or synergistic effects of carbohydrase cocktail and super dose phytase were not detected.
PSIII-17 Extrusion Enhances Nutrient and Energy Digestibility of Pulse Grain-based Diets Fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Zannatta Joaquin J Sanchez , Wang L F , Beltranena Eduardo , Zijlstra Ruurd T
Published: May 2021

Heat processing may enhance nutrient digestibility of diets based on pulse grains. The objective of this study was to determine nutrient and energy digestibility of extruded lentil-based diets containing either supplemental plant or animal protein source in growing pigs. Two diets were formulated to provide 2.4 Mcal NE/kg and 4.35 g standardized ileal digestible Lys/Mcal NE: 1) soybean meal diet (SBM), containing 50% lentil, 31% wheat, and 12.8% soybean meal; and 2) fish meal diet (FM), containing 40% lentil, 45% wheat, and 10% fish meal. Following mixing, each diet was divided into 2 parts: one part remained mash while the other part was extruded using a single-screw extruder (105°C, 400 rpm, 5 kg water/h). The 2 extruded and 2 non-extruded diets were tested in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Eight ileal-cannulated barrows (32.3 kg) were fed the 4 diets at 2.8 times maintenance DE (110 kcal per kg of BW0.75) for four 9-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. The FM diets had greater (P < 0.05) AID of DM, GE, and most AA, and ATTD of CP, but lower apparent hindgut fermentation of DM and GE than the SBM diets. The AID of CP and AA were 3.2 and 4.7%-units greater (P < 0.05), respectively, and the ATTD of GE and DE values were 2.1 and 3.1%-units greater (P < 0.05), respectively, for the extruded diets than the non-extruded diets. Interactions between protein source and extrusion were not observed. In conclusion, FM diets had greater ileal digestibility of DM, energy, and AA than SBM diets. Extrusion increased the AID of CP and most AA, and DE value of both plant- and animal-protein diets based on lentil grain, indicating that extrusion can increase the energy and protein value of pulse-grain based diets fed to growing pigs.
PSIV-10 The Effect of a Dacitic (rhyolitic) Tuff Breccia, a Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS), Inclusion in Corn-soybean Meal Diets on Growth Performance of Individually Housed Grower Pigs
Authors: Chevalier Tyler B , Ferrel Jon , Lindemann Merlin D
Published: May 2021

Crossbred pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts; BW 35.59±0.24 kg) were blocked by body weight, sex, and allotted in a randomized complete block design to 3 dietary treatments: 1) Control [CON], 2) CON+0.25%, and 3) CON+0.50% inclusion of a dacitic tuff breccia (DTB) to evaluate effects on growth performance. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) requirement estimates and fed for 2 phases (d0-14=PHS_1 and d14-28=PHS_2). Diets were limit fed based on metabolic body weight (3.5 x maintenance ME needs [3.5 × 106 Kcal ME/kg BW0.75]). Pigs were weighed weekly and feed allowance adjusted accordingly. In PHS_1, a tendency for a sex difference, gilt vs. barrow, respectively, for ADG (4.92%; 0.913 vs. 0.870 kg; P=0.10) and G:F (4.14%; 0.528 vs. 0.507; P=0.06) existed. The responses to treatments 1–3, respectively, for ADG (0.877, 0.900, and 0.896 kg; linear P=0.54) and G:F (0.510, 0.522, 0.521; linear P=0.46) were numerically greater. In PHS_2, sex differences, gilt vs. barrow, respectively, for ADG (5.67%; 0.946 vs. 0.895 kg; P=0.05) and G:F (7.98%; 0.460 vs. 0.426; P< 0.01) existed. The numerical responses to treatments 1–3, respectively, for ADG (0.912, 0.944 and 0.905 kg; P=0.41) and G:F (0.439, 0.446, 0.444; linear P=0.70) continued. A tendency for a quadratic response in ADFI (P=0.06) existed because feed allowance increased with increasing weekly BW for treatments 2 and 3. Overall, sex differences, gilt vs. barrow, respectively, for ADG (5.30%; 0.929 vs. 0.882 kg; P< 0.05) and G:F (6.23%; 0.491 vs. 0.462; P< 0.01) occurred. Numerical responses to treatments 1–3, respectively, for ADG (0.895, 0.921 and 0.900 kg, P=0.32) and G:F (0.471, 0.480, 0.479; linear P=0.50) occurred. Additionally, the response to DTB appeared to be higher in barrows.
PSIV-9 A Multistate Evaluation of an Additional Iron Injection Administered to Piglets Before Weaning
Authors: Chevalier Tyler B , Adeola Olayiwola , Carter Scott D , Dove C Robert , Estienne Mark J , Levesque Crystal L , Maxwell Charles V , Tsai Tsung Cheng Cheng , Lindemann Merlin D
Published: May 2021

A cooperative study utilizing 514 weanling pigs from 7 experiment stations was conducted to determine the effects of an additional iron injection administered to piglets before weaning on growth performance and hematological measures. All pigs received an initial iron injection at the time of processing postfarrowing. At each station, pigs were assigned to either the control or an added-injection treatment by pairing two same-sex pigs with a BW difference ≤ 0.453 kg within a litter. One pig within each pair received the additional iron injection (same dose received at processing) 3 to 5 days preweaning. Once weaned, both the control and added-injection group received common station-specific nursery diets. Body weight was recorded weekly by all stations. Blood samples were also collected at second injection, weaning, 14 and 28 days postweaning by 3 of the 7 stations. All data were subjected to ANOVA with the model containing the terms treatment, station, and treatment by station interaction. Average daily gain (Table 1) was greater for the added-injection group during d 0 to 14 (212.5 vs. 202.6 g, P = 0.03) which resulted in an increase in d 14 BW (P = 0.05). Although there was no treatment effect for overall ADG (d -4 to d 28), the tendency for a treatment by station interaction (P = 0.09) illustrated both responsive and nonresponsive stations, indicating that iron status was not the most limiting factor for growth at all stations. Hemoglobin concentration was greater (P < 0.0001) for the added-injection group at weaning and d 14 postweaning. In conclusion, an additional iron injection administered before weaning may lead to early success in the nursery resulting in a heavier BW in subsequent periods; however, the beneficial effects of an additional iron injection are likely dependent on herd status and characteristics.
PSIV-13 Cell Wall Bound Ferulic and Coumaric Acids in Diets Based on Corn and Soybean Meal or Corn, Soybean Meal, and Distiller Dried Grains with Solubles Are Poorly Fermented in the Intestinal Tract of Pigs
Authors: Castaneda Jeimmy Paola Lancheros , Stein Hans H
Published: May 2021

Phenolic acids are bound to cell wall polymers in corn and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and contribute to the low digestibility of fiber in corn-based ingredients. Phenolic acids link arabinoxylans to lignin and may substitute sidechains of arabinoxylans, which precludes fermentation. To develop enzymes to aid in separating phenolic acids from arabinoxylans, the natural fermentation of phenolic acid in the intestinal tract of pigs needs to be known. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that phenolic acids are poorly fermented by pigs. A corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet and a corn-SBM-DDGS diet were fed to 24 pigs (initial body weight: 61.71 ± 5.39 kg) in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks and a total of 12 pigs per diet. Diets were fed for 22 d; feces were collected during the last 5d. Concentrations of phenolic acids were analyzed in diets and feces using reversed phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS with pig as the experimental unit. Results indicated that concentrations of bound phenolic acids were greater (P < 0.05) in feces from pigs fed the corn-SBM-DDGS diet than from pigs fed the corn-SBM diet (Table 1). Disappearance (%) of free coumaric acid and bound ferulic acid in the intestinal tract of pigs was not different between the 2 diets. In contrast, disappearance of bound coumaric acid was greater (P < 0.05) from the corn-SBM diet than from the corn-SBM-DDGS diet, but disappearance of bound ferulic acid and bound coumaric acid was less than 50% confirming that phenolic acids may hinder fermentation. In conclusion, ferulic acid and coumaric acid appear to be barriers for fermentation of arabinoxylans in pigs and enzymes that release phenolic acids may be needed to increase fermentation of corn fiber.
PSV-22 Nutrient Digestibility of Deactivated Soybean and Soybean Extruded at Different Temperatures by Weanling Pigs
Authors: Milani Natália C , Paula Vinicius R C , Azevedo Cândida P F , Sedano Anderson A , Junior Hélio Moreira , Duarte Dave H A , Ruiz Urbano S Santos
Published: May 2021

The apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (AID and SID) of AA and CP and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, GE, CP, NDF, and ADF of deactivated soybean (DS) and raw soybean (RS) extruded at 82°C (RS82), 122°C (RS122) and 137°C (RS137) were evaluated. RS was extruded mixed with corn starch (396.5g/kg RS and 603.5g/kg corn starch) in a single-screw extruder (MEX 250, Manzoni, Campinas, Brazil). Thirty-six barrows (7.26±0.94 kg BW) were fed a nitrogen free (N-free) diet, or four diets composed of 30% of each ingredient, as the only source of N, substituting for starch in N-free diet. Pigs were fed at 2.8 x maintenance (2.8 x 106 kcal digestible energy/kg BW0.75) for 10 days (5 d adaptation and 5 d feces collection), and on day 11 piglets were euthanized for ileal digesta collection. A randomized block design was used, with 8 replicates, using the pig as the experimental unit. ANOVA was performed and means were separated using Tukey test (5%). Increasing extrusion temperatures reduced trypsin inhibitors concentrations, from 29.47 in RS to 4.92, 2.24, and 1.48 mg/g CP in RS82, RS122, and RS137, respectively, and 1.39 mg/g CP was verified in DS. The AID and SID of CP and AA, as the ATTD of CP of RS122, RS137 and DS were similar (P >0.05), but 10–62% greater (P< 0.05) than of RS82. The ATTD of GE in RS122 was 3–4% higher (P< 0.05) compared to DS and RS82. RS82 and RS122 showed ATTD of EE 12–16% higher (P< 0.05) than DS. The ATTD of GE and EE of RS137 were similar (P >0.05) to the others ingredients. No effects (P >0.05) on ATTD of NDF and ADF were observed. Extruding soybean at 122oC improved CP, AA, and GE digestibility in young pigs, whereas extrusion at 82oC did not inactivated soybean antinutritional factors.
PSV-16 Effects of the Inclusion of a Capsicum Oleoresin-based Additive on Growth Performance, Carcass Composition and Meat Quality of Pigs Under Heat Stress Conditions
Authors: Tedo Gemma , Cerisuelo Alba , Bass Benjamin , Lopez Clemente , Calvo Luis
Published: May 2021

Capsicum oleoresin has recognized effects on digestion and fat metabolism. A total of 100 PIC x Danbred female pigs were divided in two experimental groups (10 pens/group) from 60Kg body weight (BW) to slaughter: one control group (T1) and another group (T2) where the sensorial additive (350ppm) was added from 90Kg to 130Kg BW. The study was carried out in Mediterranean summer conditions. Experimental rooms turned off their cooling systems at 90Kg BW to the end of the study. Temperature and humidity were recorded using dataloggers (HOBO®). Pig BW and intake were recorded before exposure to the additive and at the end of the administration of experimental feeds. Additionally, backfat thickness (BF) and loin depth (LD) were measured. Respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) were also recorded at 0800, 1100, 1400 and 1700h. Carcass and meat quality parameters were measured in the slaughterhouse. Data was analyzed using Proc GLM (performance, carcass and meat quality) and Proc MIXED of repeated measures (RR, RT) of SAS. Environmental data confirmed heat stress conditions for finishing pigs (THI >71 from 0800 to 2200h). Growth performance, BF and LD did not differ between groups. Animals from T2 showed higher (P< 0.05) RR and lower (P< 0.05) RT compared to T1 at 17:00h. At slaughter, animals from T2 tended (P< 0.10) to have a higher fat content (3-4th rib level and ham) compared to T1. Ham pH at 25min and at 20h post-mortem, and drip losses at 48h post-mortem were lower (P< 0.05) in T2 group vs. T1. Concerning the fatty acid profile, the T2 showed a greater concentration of C18:1 and C20:1 compared to T1. In conclusion, the addition of the sensorial additive at the end of the growing period changed carcass composition and quality traits under heat stress conditions.
PSV-17 Evaluation of the Effects of a Feed Sweetener on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Weber Thomas E , Salyer Julie , Walter Audrey , Lei Yan , Ma Yulin , Chen Xixi
Published: May 2021

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of a feed sweetener on nursery pig performance. In the first study, 360 pigs (PIC 800 x 1050; 6.22 ± 1.20 kg) were blocked by BW and pen location and assigned to 3 treatment groups: 1) Control; 2) 100 mg/kg feed sweetener; or 3) 200 mg/kg feed sweetener. There were 12 pens containing 10 pigs for each treatment. In the second study, 540 pigs (6.12 ± 0.39 kg) were blocked by BW and pen location and assigned to 3 treatment groups: 1) negative control; 2) 100 mg/kg feed sweetener; or 3) 0.5% carob bean. There were 18 pens containing 10 pigs per pen for each treatment. A 3-phase feeding program was used, and diets were fed for 6 wk in both studies. In study 1, ADFI, ADG, and gain:feed were increased (P < 0.05) during Phase 1 for pigs fed diets with 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg sweetener. Phase 2 ADFI and ADG were increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed 100 mg/kg sweetener when compared to the control. Increased BW (P < 0.05) were observed on D 7, 14 and 21 for animals fed 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg sweetener. The mortality rate was decreased (P < 0.05) in the group of animals fed 100 mg/kg sweetener compared to the control. In study 2, there was no effect of sweetener or carob bean on growth performance, feed intake or gain:feed. However, mortality rate was decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the sweetener compared to pigs fed carob bean. In conclusion, the feed sweetener improved early nursery performance in one study and had no effect in another study. Mortality was decreased by supplementation with 100 mg/kg sweetener when compared to a negative control in one study and compared pigs fed carob bean in the second study. Further research is needed to explore differences observed between studies to optimize feed sweetener usage strategy.
PSV-21 Effects of Increasing Soybean Oil Supplementation Prior to Farrowing on Sow and Litter Performance Under Commercial Conditions
Authors: dos Santos Marley Conceição , Orlando Uislei A , Vier Carine M , Almeida Leopoldo M , Lu Ning , Oliveira Simone G
Published: May 2021

A total of 400 mixed parity sows (PIC Camborough, Hendersonville, TN) were used to evaluate the effects of increasing soybean oil supplementation prior to farrowing on sow and litter performance under commercial conditions. On d 111 of gestation, females were transferred to the farrowing room, blocked by parity and body weight, and allotted to one of four treatments within block in a randomized complete block design. Treatments included different amounts of soybean oil supplementation from d 111 to 113 of gestation, which included: 1) 0 g; 2) 250 g; 3) 500 g; 4) 1000 g. A corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 3.06% crude fat was fed and treatments were top-dressed at an equal amount for at least 3 d to achieve the designated supplementation level. The experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Polynomial contrasts were implemented to evaluate the linear and quadratic effects of increasing soybean oil supplementation. Response variables analyzed as normally distributed included sow body weight (BW) and caliper score at weaning, BW and caliper changes during lactation, piglet weight at birth, 24h after birth, and at weaning, colostrum yield, and litter average daily gain from cross-foster to weaning. Total born was analyzed following a poisson distribution and percentage born alive, stillbirth, and pre-weaning survivability were analyzed following a binomial distribution. Covariates were used if they significantly improved the model fit. Stillbirth rate increased (quadratic, P< 0.05) and percentage born alive marginally reduced (quadratic, P< 0.10) with increasing soybean oil supplementation up to 500 g, and then reduced and increased at 1000 g. There was no evidence (P >0.10) for linear or quadratic treatment effects for any of the other response variables evaluated. In conclusion, results from this study did not support supplementing increasing levels of soybean oil for sows prior to farrowing.
PSV-15 Variability in the Oxidative Status of Fats and Oils Used in Livestock Diets in North America
Authors: Tonda Rachel , Lamptey Arlene , Reid Brenda
Published: May 2021

Lipids are essential energy sources in nearly every animal’s diet. However, lipids used in feed formulations today are highly variable in both composition and susceptibility to oxidation – a major source of decreased lipid quality. Feeding oxidized lipids negatively influences animal health and performance, yet data on the oxidative status of commercially used lipids is limited. Herein, the oxidative stability results of lipid samples submitted to Kemin Customer Laboratory Services (CLS) for analysis since 2018 is summarized. Of the 392 samples evaluated, corn oil (n=122), choice white grease (CWG; n=101) and soybean oil (n=66) were the most common. Current oxidation status was assessed by measuring active oxidation markers, including peroxide values (PV; target < 5 meq/kg) and secondary oxidative molecules (hexanal and 2,4-decadienal; target < 50 ppm total). Resistance to future oxidation was evaluated by Oxidative Stability Index (OSI) at 100° C. Lipid PVs ranged from 0 meq/kg to 47.8 meq/kg, with an average PV of 3.4 meq/kg. Total secondary oxidatives averaged 28 ppm, ranging from below the limit of quantitation (5 ppm) to 313 ppm. Based on current oxidative markers, 39% of samples showed no signs of oxidation, 40% had early signs of oxidation, 16% were undergoing active oxidation and 5% were severely oxidized. Lipid OSI times ranged from 0.2 to 144 hours, averaging 17.4 hours. Fifty percent of samples had OSI times of < 10 hours. Further, 46% of animal fats had an OSI < 5 hours, indicating enhanced susceptibility of these fats to future oxidation. In conclusion, >60% of samples showed signs of oxidation, and significant variability in the oxidative status of commercial lipids was observed. To optimize nutritional efficiency and minimize adverse effects of oxidation on overall health of livestock, managing lipid quality – including understanding oxidation risks – should be a major consideration for producers.
PSV-12 Nutrient Utilization of Black Soldier Fly-derived Feed Ingredients Is Affected by Growth Stage and Processing Method Based on in vitro Assays
Authors: Kim Hansol , Jang Eunjeong , Ji Sang Yun , Kim Beob Gyun G
Published: May 2021

Sufficient supply of dietary phosphorus (P) is critical for maximizing muscle and bone growth of pigs. The objective was to compare standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P requirements of growing pigs determined in the experiments and those estimated using modeling approach. Fifty-two experiments in the literature that empirically determined P requirements of pigs were employed. The basis for the determination of P requirements were growth performance (average daily gain or gain to feed ratio; n = 34) and bone development (n = 23). Based on the STTD P in the feed ingredients provided in NRC (2012) and ingredient composition used in the experiments, P requirements presented as total P, available P, and true total tract digestible P were converted to STTD P requirements. To obtain STTD P requirements (g/d) suggested by NRC (2012) for grow-finishing pigs (body weight > 20 kg), mean body weight and sex indicated in the experiments were input into the NRC model. The statistical model for comparing the empirical data and the NRC requirements included the basis for determining P requirements in the experiments as a fixed variable and body weight as a random variable. To quantify the deviations between NRC STTD P requirement estimates and empirically determined STTD P requirements, mean percentage difference was calculated. The STTD P requirements empirically determined based on growth performance were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (5.89 vs. 4.61 g/d, SEM = 0.27; P < 0.001). Moreover, the bone development-based STTD P requirements were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (6.63 vs. 4.46 g/d, SEM = 0.42; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the standardized total tract digestible P requirements suggested by the NRC are less than the experimentally determined requirements.
PSVI-20 Updated Amino Acid, Choline, Betaine, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12 Concentrations in Corn DDGS and Wheat
Authors: Estes Kari , Lowman Zachary , Dilger Ryan N , Powell Thomas
Published: May 2021

Choline and water-soluble vitamins are essential nutrients for monogastric species. Choline is involved in cell structure and function making it a crucial nutrient in cognitive, cardiovascular and liver health. Additionally, choline along with methionine, betaine, folic acid and vitamin B12 are considered methyl donors and play important roles in DNA methylation. Choline deficiency symptoms can include fatty liver, neuromuscular issues, poor immune function and poor growth rates which can affect animal production profitability. While the Swine NRC (2012) has set forth dietary requirements, there is a lack of current information related to how the levels of methyl-containing compounds differ in varying ingredients. Improvements in analytical testing procedures, changes to the genetic makeup of crops, and current processing methods collectively influence nutrient concentrations in feedstuffs. The purpose of this project was to sample and analyze numerous samples of corn dried distiller grains with solubles (corn DDGS) and wheat collected in 2019 to permit quantification of choline and other methyl-containing compounds. Thirty-two corn DDGS samples and 23 wheat samples were collected from 12 states within the United States. Samples were then analyzed at Eurofins Scientific (Des Moines, IA) for dry matter, amino acid, choline, betaine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 concentrations. In general, corn DDGS exhibited lower analyzed methyl-containing nutrient concentrations when compared with wheat (Table 1). Methionine and folic acid contents of both ingredients were similar to those reported by the Swine NRC (2012). However, analyzed choline levels were 20% lower for corn DDGS and 18% higher for wheat than those reported by the Swine NRC. The lack of updated information related to choline and betaine in these two feedstuffs would suggest there may be inaccuracies in formulating diets to meet the requirements for optimal growth and health of pigs.
PSVI-15 Effects of Dietary SID Lysine Restriction in the Growing Period and Number of Dietary Phases on Growth Performance of Growing-finishing Pigs
Authors: Knight Jadelyn G , Ellis Michael , Shull Caleb M , Mendoza Omarh , Schwab Clint , Brown Katie
Published: May 2021

This study evaluated the effects of dietary SID lysine restriction in the growing period and number of dietary phases in the growing-finishing (GF) period on growth performance of GF pigs (32.7 ± 9.43 kg to 115.5 ± 8.18 kg BW). A RCBD (block = gender and start day) was used with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: 1) Dietary SID Lysine Level {Control [NRC (2012) recommendation]; Moderate Restriction [0.15% lower than Control]; Aggressive Restriction [0.30% lower than Control]} and 2) Number of Dietary Phases in GF (4 vs. 2). Lysine level treatments were applied from 32 to 64 kg BW. Diets were based on corn-soybean meal and corn coproducts, formulated to be isocaloric, and to meet or exceed recommendations of NRC (2012) for each phase, with the exception of SID lysine levels which were according to treatment. A total of 4,488 pigs were housed in single-sex groups of 34 pigs (22 replicates) with floor space of 0.63 m2/ pig. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout and were weighed at start and end of the study; feeder additions were recorded. Pen was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using R version 3.6.2. The model accounted for the fixed effect of treatments, the interaction, and random effect of block. There were no treatment interactions (P > 0.05) and no effect (P > 0.05) of Number of Dietary Phases on overall growth performance. Decreasing dietary SID lysine linearly reduced (P < 0.05) overall ADG and ADFI with no effect (P > 0.05) on G:F. Restricting dietary SID lysine level to the extent used in this study reduced overall growth rate with no impact on feed efficiency.
PSVI-16 The Association of Benzoic Acid and Essential Oils Eo Reduces the Inflammatory Response of Weaned Piglets and the Diarrhea Incidence in the Nursery Phase
Authors: Junior Sudario Roberto Silva , Resende Maíra , Chaves Rhuan F , Barbosa Jéssica Aparecida , Ferreira Iana I M , Arruda Gabriel B D , Silva Carina Fernanda Gomes , Ribeiro Charles Muller , Falleiros Francine T , Fascina Vitor S , Silva Claudia Cassimira , Prata Maurício F , Passos Adsos , Cantarelli Vinicius de Souza
Published: May 2021

Benzoic acid (BA) and essential oils (EO) can minimize growth performance losses due to the removal of antibiotics and change the intestinal health of weaned piglets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of BA and EO on inflammatory response, diarrhea incidence, and growth performance of the nursery phase. One hundred and twenty barrows were weaned at 23 days (6.40 ± 0.53 kg) and assigned into 3 treatments (10 replicates) in randomized block design: basal diet without additives (NC), basal diet with 200 ppm of colistin sulphate (PC), and association of 0,3% benzoic acid and essential oil (BA+EO). The feed intake and body weight were recorded at 0 and 42 days. The feces were assessed daily (per animal) and graded as normal feces (no diarrhea) or liquid or pasty stools (presence of diarrhea). On days 1, 3, and 9, blood samples were collected (5 replicates) for white blood cells (WBC) counts. Growth performance was analyzed by MIXED procedure (SAS, 2009) and the Tukey test was used to compare the means (P < 0.050). The WBC counts were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance, by MIXED procedure. Diarrhea incidence was analyzed by GENMOD procedure (SAS, 2009). The BA+EO treatment showed a similar body weight (P = 0.014) and average daily gain (P = 0.012) than the PC group and lower feed conversion ratio (P = 0.037) compared to the NC group. The pigs of the BA+EO treatment had the lowest diarrhea incidence during the total period (P < 0.001). The supplementation with BA+EO or antibiotics reduced the counts of total WBC (P = 0.008) and neutrophils (P = 0.003). In conclusion, supplementation with BA+EO reduces the inflammatory response and the incidence of diarrhea in the nursery phase, that may be related to the improvement in the FCR.
PSVI-17 The Effect of Dacitic Tuff Breccia Alone or in Combination with Poultry By-products on Nursery Pig Growth Performance
Authors: Richert Jacob A , Thayer Morgan T , Rulon Karissa N , Ferrel Jon , Radcliffe John S , Schinckel Allan P , Richert Brian T
Published: May 2021

Dacitic tuff breccia (DTB) and poultry by-products (PBP) were added to nursery pig diets to evaluate their effects on growth performance in a 35 d experiment. A randomized complete block design based on BW and sex was used. Newly weaned pigs (N=564, 20.1 d of age, 6.18±0.006 kg initial BW) allotted to four diets (15 replicates/treatment; 9 or 10 pigs/pen): 1) Negative control (NC; no DTB or PBP), 2) NC+DTB (0.5% inclusion), 3) NC+PBP (4% chicken by-product meal + 2% feather meal – replacing fishmeal, corn, and synthetic amino acids in the NC), 4) NC+DTB+PBP. Phase 1–3 were each 7-d and Phase 4 was from d21-35. During week one there were no differences (P >0.10) among treatments. In week 2, pigs fed DTB tended to increase ADG (323 vs. 303 g/d; P=0.068) and ADFI (376 vs. 356 g/d; P=0.055) compared to pigs not fed DTB and pigs fed PBP tended to have increased ADG (P=0.093). In week 3 pigs fed PBP had reduced ADG (460 vs 483 g/d; P=0.011) and G:F (0.689 vs. 0.723; P< 0.001), and there tended to be an interaction for G:F (P=0.083) with DTB improving G:F when fed in combination with PBP but reducing G:F in the control diet. In week 4, feeding PBP decreased ADG (384 vs 415 g/d; P< 0.01) and ADFI (629 vs 666 g/d; P< 0.01) compared to pigs fed no PBP. There were no differences among treatments during week 5. For Phase 4 (d21-35) pigs fed PBP had decreased ADG (479 vs 497 g/d; P=0.041) and tended to have reduced ADFI (P=0.092) compared to pigs fed no PBP. Overall (d 0–35), there were no significant differences among treatments. In conclusion, DTB improved nursery pig growth performance early, however, pigs fed PBP had decreased ADG and feed efficiency late in the nursery period.
PSV-2 Use of Pregnancy Associated Glycoproteins to Determine Fetal Age Throughout Gestation
Authors: Kline Adalaide C , Epperson Kaitlin , Rich Jerica , Zoca Saulo Menegatti , Andrews Taylor , Rhoades Jim R , Perry George
Published: May 2021

Blood pregnancy tests have gained popularity as there is no need for a costly ultrasound machine or special training; however, blood pregnancy tests only provide an answer of pregnant or open. Conversely, palpation and transrectal ultrasonography can determine gestational age. The objective of this study was to determine if a commercially available blood pregnancy test could detect differences in pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentrations indicative of gestational age. Previously identified pregnant females were grouped by age (heifers n=173, cows n=512); blood samples were collected between d 27 and 190 of gestation. Serum was tested in duplicate using a commercially available blood pregnancy test, IDEXX Alertys Ruminant Pregnancy Test. Procedures were adapted to allow concentrations to be within detectible range of the assay. Data was analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS with age and gestational age (animals grouped into four gestational groups 1;< 30, 2;30–90, 3;91–178, and 4; >178 d) in the model. There was an effect of age, gestational age, and age by gestational age interaction (P< 0.01). Heifers had greater PAG concentrations compared to cows. Among heifers, PAG concentrations did not differ between gestational groups 1, 2, and 3 (P>0.37), but group 4 had greater PAG concentrations than all other groups (P< 0.01). Among cows, PAG concentrations decreased from group 1 to 2 (P< 0.01), and then increased throughout gestation (P< 0.01). Within age, group data were analyzed using REG procedure of SAS. There was a positive correlation between gestational age and PAG concentrations among both heifers (P< 0.01; r2=0.25) and cows (gestational age 30 and greater P< 0.01; r2=0.64). In summary, among heifers circulating PAG concentrations increased with gestational age, but gestational age only accounted for 25% of the variation. Among cows, gestational age (d 30–190) accounted for 64% of variation in PAG concentrations, thus a modified blood pregnancy test may allow for determining gestational age.
PSV-10 Effects of l-α-amino Butyrate Supplementation on Oocyte Maturation
Authors: Sprungl Kimberly , Arena Haley A , Reynolds Skyla , Whitaker Brian D
Published: May 2021

L-α-amino butyrate is a low-molecular weight thiol compound that acts to increase the levels of glutathione in the oocyte. Glutathione acts as an antioxidant during oocyte maturation and promotes male pronuclear formation during fertilization. Supplementing the L-α-amino butyrate helps to decrease polyspermic penetration rates and improve early embryonic development in swine. However, it is unknown if L-α-amino butyrate supplementation affects the environment of the oocyte or the oocyte directly. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if L-α-amino butyrate supplementation to the maturation media acted on the oocyte or had alternative beneficial effects in the surrounding environment. Oocytes were randomly assigned to a maturation media containing an amino acid transport inhibitor, quisqualic acid (QA) (0 or 1 mM) and then supplemented with L-α-amino butyrate (0 or 3.3 mM). Oocytes were evaluated for stage of meiosis (n=380) and cumulus cell expansion (n=411) at the end of maturation. The remaining oocytes were fertilized and evaluated for cortical granule exocytosis (n=400) and IVF kinetics (n=456). Supplementation of L-α-amino butyrate with or without QA significantly increased (P < 0.05) cumulus cell expansion, cortical granule exocytosis and male pronuclear formation compared to no supplementation or QA supplementation. There was no difference in meiotic progression, fertilization or polyspermic penetration rates between the treatment groups. Results suggest that when L-α-amino butyrate is supplemented during maturation, it improves the maturation of the oocyte by acting directly on the oocyte and not through the surrounding environment of the oocyte.
PSV-5 Effect of Breed and Barn Location on Semen Quality at an Artificial Insemination Facility
Authors: Hartman Ashley R , Butler Madison L , McCabe Esther D , Rolf Megan M , Weaber Robert L , Bormann Jennifer M , Grieger David M
Published: May 2021

A better understanding of the factors that influence collection and semen quality for AI sires is needed. Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of breed and environmental factors on semen characteristics from 49,086 ejaculates analyzed by a single technician at a beef semen collection facility. Bulls were housed in one of 5 barns based on health testing and purpose of semen collection. Multiple ejaculate characteristics were evaluated using regression models; fixed effects included breed, age, and barn. Ejaculate volume differed (P < 0.001) between Angus (8.5 ml) and Horned Hereford (7.5 ml). Concentration of spermatozoa was lower (P < 0.001) for Angus compared with Simmental, Charolais, and Horned Hereford (1009, 1100, 1252, and 1197 x 106/ml, respectively). Horned Hereford had greater (P < 0.01) concentration of spermatozoa compared with Red Angus (1197 and 1046 x 106/ml, respectively). Simmental had greater (P < 0.01) pre-freeze motility when compared with Angus, Red Angus, and Horned Hereford (54, 50, 49 and 49%, respectively). Average production of 0.5 CC frozen straws per collection was greater (P < 0.001) for Simmental (244) when compared with Red Angus (205) and Angus (223). Pre-freeze motility (% motile) varied from 48% to 53% between the five barns (P < 0.001). The average concentration of spermatozoa varied from 1000 (x 106/ml) to 1155 (x 106/ml), with Barn 1 producing the lowest per ejaculate (P < 0.001). Bulls in Barn 1 produced a greater amount (P < 0.001) of primary abnormalities than Barn 4 and more (P < 0.001) secondary abnormalities than Barn 3. Overall, Simmental, when compared with Angus bulls, produced the greatest number of straws per collection, with the highest pre-freeze motility. Recognizing breed differences and the effect of barn location may help improve overall efficiency, and producer expectations of semen collection at this facility.
PSIV-3 Effect of Protein Source and Soy Hulls Inclusion in Finishing Diets of Feedlot Cattle Fed Free-choice Hay, on Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Pittaluga Alejandro , Relling Alejandro E
Published: May 2021

To evaluate the effect of soy-hulls (SH) inclusion in a ground corn-based diet with either distillers dry grains with solubles (DDGS) or soybean meal (SBM) as the protein source (PS), on growth and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle offered free-access hay; one-hundred and nineteen crossbreed steers (initial BW 566 ± 42kg) were blocked by weight, randomly assigned to 8 pens, and fed for 104 ± 10d. Four dietary treatments were evaluated: 1) DDGS without SH inclusion, 2) DDGS and high inclusion of SH, 3) SBM and low inclusion of SH, and 4) SBM and high inclusion of SH. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous. Grass-hay was offered ad-libitum and separate from the concentrates in a different bunk (GrowSafe system). Data was analyzed as a 2×2 factorial considering the fixed effects of treatments and their interaction, and the random effects of block and steer within block. For gain to feed and kidney-pelvic-heart fat (KPH), an interaction occurred (P ≤ 0.10) between PS and SH inclusion (Table 1 and 2, respectively). With greater inclusion of SH, feed efficiencies of steers fed SBM improved compared with feed efficiencies of steers fed DDGS. Steers fed SBM and high SH had the lower KPH content. Feeding SBM increased (P = 0.05) final body weight, tended to increase (P = 0.06) the average daily gain, and decreased (P = 0.05) hay intake compared with steers fed DDGS (Table 1). No differences were observed (P ≥ 0.14) in carcass characteristics between PS and SH inclusion, except for backfat thickness which increased (P = 0.03) with lower SH inclusions (Table 2). These data suggest that opting for SBM as an alternative of DDGS as the protein source of ground corn-based diets, could conceivably enhance the finishing performance of feedlot steers regardless of the SH inclusion levels, and improve feed efficiency with greater levels of dietary SH.
PSVI-8 Meta-regression Analysis to Determine the Relationship Between Growing Pig Body Weight and Variation
Authors: Russi Andres Fernando T , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Ritter Matthew J , Pilcher Chad M
Published: May 2021

The swine industry has been constantly evolving to select animals with improved performance traits and to minimize variation in body weight (BW) in order to meet packer specifications. Therefore, understanding variation presents an opportunity for producers to find strategies that could help reduce, manage, or deal with variation of pigs in a barn. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by collecting data from multiple studies and available data sets in order to develop prediction equations for coefficient of variation (CV) and standard deviation (SD) as a function of BW. Information regarding BW variation from 16 papers was recorded to provide approximately 204 data points. Together, these data included 117,268 individually weighed pigs with a sample size that ranged from 104 to 4,108 pigs. A random-effects model with study used as a random effect was developed. Observations were weighted using sample size as an estimate for precision on the analysis, where larger data sets accounted for increased accuracy in the model. Regression equations were developed using the nlme package of R to determine the relationship between BW and its variation. Polynomial regression analysis was conducted separately for each variation measurement. When CV was reported in the data set, SD was calculated and vice versa. The resulting prediction equations were: CV (%) = 20.04 – 0.135 × (BW) + 0.00043 × (BW)2, R2=0.79; SD = 0.41 + 0.150 × (BW) - 0.00041 × (BW)2, R2 = 0.95. These equations suggest that there is evidence for a decreasing quadratic relationship between mean CV of a population and BW of pigs whereby the rate of decrease is smaller as mean pig BW increases from birth to market. Conversely, the rate of increase of SD of a population of pigs is smaller as mean pig BW increases from birth to market.
PSVI-5 Effects of Feeding Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (cDDGS) Diets with and Without Supplemental Enzymes on Growth Performance of Pigs: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Jang Jae-Cheol , Zeng Zhikai , Urriola Pedro E , Shurson Gerald C
Published: May 2021

A literature review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of dietary energy system (NE or ME), oil content of cDDGS, diet inclusion levels, and pig age on growth performance in pigs fed cDDGS-based diets. The mean differences (MD) of ADG, ADFI, and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were calculated and expressed as a percentage change relative to feeding corn-soybean meal (CSB)- and cDDGS-based diets to nursery (BW < 25kg) and growing-finishing (BW > 25kg) pigs. In addition, MD were determined in CSB- and cDDGS-based diets to determine the effects of supplementation of various types of exogenous enzymes with or without phytase on growth performance. A total of 27 studies with 106 growth performance observations were included in the non-enzyme supplemented dataset, and 36 studies with 84 observations for enzyme responses in CSB and cDDGS diets were in the enzyme dataset. Feeding the cDDGS diets resulted in decreased (P < 0.01) the MD of ADG (- 4.27%) and G:F (- 1.99%) for nursery pigs, and decreased (P < 0.01) the MD of ADG (-1.68%) and G:F (-1.06%) for growing-finishing pigs. Feeding high oil (≥ 10% ether extract) cDDGS-based diets to pigs resulted in a 2.96% reduction in ADFI while feeding reduced-oil (< 10% ether extract) cDDGS-based diets reduced G:F by 1.56% compared with pigs fed CSB diets. Supplementation of exogenous enzymes improved (P < 0.05) the MD of ADG and G:F by 1.94% and 2.65%, respectively in CSB diets and by 2.67% and 1.87%, respectively, in cDDGS diets. Proteases, enzyme cocktails, or xylanases improved (P < 0.05) ADG by 7.29%, 2.64% and 2.48% in pigs fed CSB-based diet, respectively. In conclusion, cDDGS-based diets slightly reduces growth performance of nursery and growing-finishing pigs, but supplementation of xylanase or enzyme cocktail improves G:F of pigs fed cDDGS-based diets
PSVI-10 Impact of Soybean Inclusion Level in Late Gestation on Offspring Performance
Authors: Loucks Abigail R , van Sambeek Dana M , Hines Elizabeth A
Published: May 2021

Inclusion of soybean meal (SBM) in gestation diets has been decreasing as producers replace amino acid sources with more cost-effective ingredients. In particular, SBM components have been associated with immunoglobulin production and increased nutrition in late gestation has been associated with limited growth performance increases. Yet, it is unknown if SBM inclusion levels in late gestation diets influences offspring growth during the lactation and nursery phases. Therefore, the objective of this project is to investigate the impact of SBM inclusion rates in late gestation on offspring performance. Sows (n = 63) were assigned to one of four diets, 14 days prior to farrowing: A (n = 13; 0% SBM, 13.5% crude protein (CP), B (n = 16; 10% SBM, 13.5% CP), C (n = 17; 30% SBM, 21.5% CP), D (n = 17; 0% SBM, 21.5% CP). Growth performance of piglets was evaluated during lactation. Piglets per diet: A (n = 170), B (n = 183), C (n = 200), D (n = 228). Body weights were recorded daily from birth through d10 of lactation then at d15 and every 7 days until weaning. Colostrum and milk at d15 were evaluated for immunoglobulin concentration. After weaning, weights were recorded at two-week intervals during the nursery phase. No significant effect of gestation diet was observed for birth weight (P = 0.27) or ADG from day 0 to weaning (P = 0.78). Wean weight (WW), post-wean weight 1 (PW1), and post-wean weight 2 (PW2) were not different across dietary treatments (P > 0.28). Immunoglobulin production was similar across diets. These results suggest that the inclusion rate of SBM content in the last 14 days of gestation has no impact on offspring performance. Continued research is needed into understanding the impact of nutritional status of the sow during gestation on long-term offspring performance.
PSI-10 The Relationship Between Litter Size and Functional Teat Number at Farrowing on Litter Size at Weaning
Authors: Speckman Evan C , Howard Jeremy T , Wiegert Jeff G
Published: May 2021

Sow functional teat number (FTEAT) is positively associated with piglet preweaning survival and litter throughput. The objective was to estimate the value of FTEAT in relationship to litter size to optimize the number of pigs weaned. Number of pigs born alive (NBA) and total teat number (TTEAT) were counted at farrowing on 836 multiparous purebred sows between March and September, 2020. Teats were evaluated by trained staff at farrowing and considered functional based on visual appraisal of teat morphology. Litter size at weaning (LSW) was recorded after a 26.5 d lactation length (LL). Sow was the experimental unit and all data were analyzed as a function of the biological sow. Number born alive was categorized by quartile: Q1 ≤ 10 NBA (n=185; µ=8.2); Q2 = 11 to 12 NBA (n=194; µ=11.6); Q3 = 13 to 14 NBA (n=238; µ=13.5); Q4 ≥ 15 NBA (n=219; µ=16.3). Data were analyzed in PROC GLM of SAS with farm, breed, and NBA quartile as categorical effects and LL and FTEAT as linear terms. The interaction of NBA quartile and FTEAT was also included. Mean TTEAT, FTEAT, LSW and preweaning survival were 15.4, 14.5, 11.3 and 89.4%, respectively. As a linear term, a one teat increase in FTEAT improved (P< 0.01) LSW by 0.3±0.1 pigs. Yet the value of an additional functional teat increased with increasing NBA. A one teat increase in FTEAT improved (P< 0.01) LSW in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 by 0.12, 0.27, 0.33, and 0.38 pigs, respectively. The analysis demonstrates the impact of FTEAT on sow performance increases with increasing litter size, and highlights the importance of functional teats to optimize litter throughput and maximize the genetic potential of a maternal line.