bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultraporous Palladium Supported on Graphene‐Coated Carbon Fiber Paper as a Highly Active Catalyst Electrode for the Oxidation of Methanol
Authors: Sawangphruk M. , Krittayavathananon A. , Chinwipas N. , Srimuk P. , Vatanatham T. , Limtrakul S. , Foord J. S.
Published: June 2013

Ultraporous Pd nanocrystals for electrocatalysis applications were fabricated using a direct electrodeposition method on three differing carbon supports: flexible carbon fiber paper (CFP), and CFP modified with either graphene oxide nanosheets or their chemically reduced forms using a simple spray coating technique. The electrocatalytic activity of these electrodes was investigated for the direct electro‐oxidation reaction of methanol in alkaline media. Pd deposited on the CFP modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has excellent poisoning tolerance to carbonaceous species and a significantly better catalytic activity toward methanol oxidation than the other two catalyst support materials. Pd/rGO/CFP in 2.0 M CH3OH in 2.0 M NaOH yields a specific current density of 241 mAmg–1 cm–2 determined at the anodic oxidation peak. It is believed that the collaborative effects due to the three‐dimensional ultraporous Pd nanocrystals and fast electron transfer owing to high conductivity of rGO nanosheets play an important role in enhancing the catalytic performance of Pd/rGO/CFP toward methanol oxidation in alkali media.
Lacustrine turbidites in the Eocene Shahejie Formation, Dongying Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, North China Craton
Authors: Wang J. D. , Li S. Z. , Santosh M. , Dai L. M. , Suo Y. H. , Yu S. , Zhao S. J. , Liu B. , Wang Q. J.
Published: June 2013

Investigations on turbidite sandstones are mostly confined to marine deep‐water systems with only limited information available on those developed in lacustrine environments. In this paper, we document the characteristics and distribution of a previously unrecognized sequence of lacustrine turbidite sandstones from the Dongying Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin, North China Craton. The Eocene Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Sag has been previously interpreted as a shallow lacustrine deposit, such as a deltaic system, with delta‐front to sag and back‐barrier environments. However, the numerous sandstone layers associated with the third member (Es3) of the Shahejie Formation define an integrated deep‐water turbidite system. Analysis of the characteristics of lithofacies, seismic facies and wire‐line logs of the sandstone layers has been undertaken, as well as investigation of the distribution characteristics and the factors governing the development of these sandstones. The results from our study show that the development of this turbidite sequence was controlled by a number of parameters including sediment supply, accommodation of the sag, palaeo‐topography, hydrodynamics, scale and formation of the delta, subsidence rate of the sedimentary basin, and tectonic activity associated with the Jiyang Movement during the Cenozoic destruction of the North China Craton. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovery and analysis of topographic features using learning algorithms: A seamount case study
Authors: Valentine Andrew P. , Kalnins Lara M. , Trampert Jeannot
Published: June 2013

Identifying and cataloging occurrences of particular topographic features are important but time‐consuming tasks. Typically, automation is challenging, as simple models do not fully describe the complexities of natural features. We propose a new approach, where a particular class of neural network (the “autoencoder”) is used to assimilate the characteristics of the feature to be cataloged, and then applied to a systematic search for new examples. To demonstrate the feasibility of this method, we construct a network that may be used to find seamounts in global bathymetric data. We show results for two test regions, which compare favorably with results from traditional algorithms.
Genome‐wide methylation analyses identify a subset of mantle cell lymphoma with a high number of methylated CpGs and aggressive clinicopathological features
Authors: Enjuanes Anna , Albero Robert , Clot Guillem , Navarro Alba , Beà Sílvia , Pinyol Magda , Martín‐Subero José I. , Klapper Wolfram , Staudt Louis M. , Jaffe Elaine S. , Rimsza Lisa , Braziel Rita M. , Delabie Jan , Cook James R. , Tubbs Raymond R. , Gascoyne Randy , Connors Joseph M. , Weisenburger Dennis D. , Greiner Timothy C. , Chan Wing‐Chung , López‐Guillermo Armando , Rosenwald Andreas , Ott German , Campo Elías , Jares Pedro
Published: June 2013

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B‐cell neoplasm with an aggressive clinical behavior characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) and cyclin D1 overexpression. To clarify the potential contribution of altered DNA methylation in the development and/or progression of MCL, we performed genome‐wide methylation profiling of a large cohort of primary MCL tumors (n = 132), MCL cell lines (n = 6) and normal lymphoid tissue samples (n = 31), using the Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip. DNA methylation was compared to gene expression, chromosomal alterations and clinicopathological parameters. Primary MCL displayed a heterogeneous methylation pattern dominated by DNA hypomethylation when compared to normal lymphoid samples. A total of 454 hypermethylated and 875 hypomethylated genes were identified as differentially methylated in at least 10% of primary MCL. Annotation analysis of hypermethylated genes recognized WNT pathway inhibitors and several tumor suppressor genes as frequently methylated, and a substantial fraction of these genes (22%) showed a significant downregulation of their transcriptional levels. Furthermore, we identified a subset of tumors with extensive CpG methylation that had an increased proliferation signature, higher number of chromosomal alterations and poor prognosis. Our results suggest that a subset of MCL displays a dysregulation of DNA methylation characterized by the accumulation of CpG hypermethylation highly associated with increased proliferation that may influence the clinical behavior of the tumors.
Expression of core 3 synthase in human pancreatic cancer cells suppresses tumor growth and metastasis
Authors: Radhakrishnan Prakash , Grandgenett Paul M. , Mohr Ashley M. , Bunt Stephanie K. , Yu Fang , Chowdhury Sanjib , Hollingsworth Michael A.
Published: June 2013

Core 3‐derived glycans, a major type of O‐glycan expressed by normal epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, are downregulated during malignancy because of loss of expression of functional β3‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase‐6 (core 3 synthase). We investigated the expression of core 3 synthase in normal pancreas and pancreatic cancer and evaluated the biological effects of re‐expressing core 3 synthase in pancreatic cancer cells that had lost expression. We determined that pancreatic tumors and tumor cell lines have lost expression of core 3 synthase. Therefore, we re‐expressed core 3 synthase in human pancreatic cancer cells (Capan‐2 and FG) to investigate the contribution of core 3 glycans to malignant progression. Pancreatic cancer cells expressing core 3 synthase showed reduced in vitro cell proliferation, migration and invasion compared to vector control cells. Expression of core 3 O‐glycans induced altered expression of β1 integrin, decreased activation of focal adhesion kinase, led to the downregulation of expression of several genes including REG1α and FGFR3 and altered lamellipodia formation. The addition of a GlcNAc residue by core 3 synthase leads to the extension of the tumor‐associated Tn structure on MUC1. Orthotopic injection of FG cells expressing core 3 synthase into the pancreas of nude mice produced significantly smaller tumors and decreased metastasis to the surrounding tissues compared to vector control FG cells. These findings indicate that expression of core 3‐derived O‐glycans in pancreatic cancer cells suppresses tumor growth and metastasis through modulation of glycosylation of mucins and other cell surface and extracellular matrix proteins.
Expression differences between African American and Caucasian prostate cancer tissue reveals that stroma is the site of aggressive changes
Authors: Kinseth Matthew A. , Jia Zhenyu , Rahmatpanah Farahnaz , Sawyers Anne , Sutton Manuel , Wang‐Rodriguez Jessica , Mercola Dan , McGuire Kathleen L.
Published: June 2013

In prostate cancer, race/ethnicity is the highest risk factor after adjusting for age. African Americans have more aggressive tumors at every clinical stage of the disease, resulting in poorer prognosis and increased mortality. A major barrier to identifying crucial gene activity differences is heterogeneity, including tissue composition variation intrinsic to the histology of prostate cancer. We hypothesized that differences in gene expression in specific tissue types would reveal mechanisms involved in the racial disparities of prostate cancer. We examined 17 pairs of arrays for AAs and Caucasians that were formed by closely matching the samples based on the known tissue type composition of the tumors. Using pair‐wise t‐test we found significantly altered gene expression between AAs and CAs. Independently, we performed multiple linear regression analyses to associate gene expression with race considering variation in percent tumor and stroma tissue. The majority of differentially expressed genes were associated with tumor‐adjacent stroma rather than tumor tissue. Extracellular matrix, integrin family and signaling mediators of the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways were all downregulated in stroma of AAs. Using MetaCore (GeneGo) analysis, we observed that 35% of significant (p < 10−3) pathways identified EMT and 25% identified immune response pathways especially for interleukins‐2, ‐4, ‐5, ‐6, ‐7, ‐10, ‐13, ‐15 and ‐22 as the major changes. Our studies reveal that altered immune and EMT processes in tumor‐adjacent stroma may be responsible for the aggressive nature of prostate cancer in AAs.
In utero and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin modulates dysregulation of the lipid metabolism in mouse offspring fed a high‐calorie diet
Authors: Sugai Etsuko , Yoshioka Wataru , Kakeyama Masaki , Ohsako Seiichiroh , Tohyama Chiharu
Published: June 2013

Exposure to environmental chemicals, including dioxins, is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. This study explored the hypothesis that in utero and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic congener among dioxins, aggravates this disease state later in adulthood. Pregnant C57Bl/6 J mice were administered either a single oral dose of TCDD (3.0 µg kg–1 body weight) or corn oil on gestational day 12.5. The male pups born to these two groups of dams were given either a regular diet or a high‐calorie diet, after postnatal day (PND) 28. The four groups of investigated offspring were thus termed T‐R (TCDD regular diet), T‐H (TCDD high‐calorie diet), V‐R (vehicle regular diet), and V‐H (vehicle high‐calorie diet). The mice were regularly monitored for body weight, blood pressure and glucose, until they reached 26 weeks of age. Mice in the V‐H group were significantly obese at weeks 15 and 26, but they exhibited no diabetes‐associated signs of insulin resistance or hypertension. However, metabolic syndrome‐related alterations with marginal signs of liver damage were found at week 26. Pronounced signs of dysregulated lipid metabolism with altered gene expression and liver inflammation were already present at week 15, whereas such alterations were suppressed in the T‐H group. Although the mechanism is unclear, this study showed that in utero and lactational exposure to low‐dose TCDD does not aggravate obesity‐induced disease states, such as adult‐onset diabetes, but instead attenuates the dysregulation of lipid metabolism brought on by a high‐calorie diet. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Non‐Destructive Analysis Techniques to Examine the Artworks of Taiwanese Artist Cheng‐Po Chen (1895‐1947)
Authors: Wu Han‐Chung , Soraluze Ioseba I. , Chen Li‐Po , Huang Ping‐Chih , Kuei Chun‐Hsiung
Published: June 2013

This study employed the non‐destructive techniques to analyze and examine the artworks of the Taiwanese artist Cheng‐Po Chen (1895‐1947) for disclosing the damage to Chen's artworks and determine his creation habits. Ten pieces of artworks that required restoration were examined using ultraviolet examination techniques. Based on the differences in their fluorescence characteristics, various parts of these works were shown to have been retouched, thus, original and retouched regions were distinguished. Examining these works using Infrared instrument revealed that Chen did not use charcoal to prepare drafts, and he directly applied oil paint to the canvases. Subsequently, these two examination techniques were adopted to examine sketches. The results showed that residues imprinted on them cause of storage methods were organic materials from charcoal and not carbon granules. The X‐ray examination identified numerous creations beneath the surface of several artworks. The X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer was used for elemental analysis of the pigments. The results corresponded with the pigments listed in Chen's purchase form, thus, we summarized the composition of palettes used by Chen. In general, this study acquired a considerable amount of information from the pigment examinations and established a database of the pigments that Chen commonly employed in his artworks.
Switchable Interporphyrin Interaction in an Anthraquinone‐Bridged Porphyrin Dimer
Authors: Mai Chi‐Lun , Huang Yi‐Lin , Chiu Chien‐Lan , Lin Hsin‐Yu , Lin You‐Shiang , Yeh Chen‐Yu
Published: June 2013

The synthesis of porphyrin dimer and monomer with an anthraquinone or diacetoxyanthracene unit has been achieved. The electronic absorption spectra show that the anthracene‐bridged porphyrin dimer 2 has strong electronic coupling between the two porphyrin units as evidenced by significant band broadening whereas the anthraquinone‐bridged dimer 1 does not show electronic communication. Porphyrin dimer 2 shows two overlapping 1‐e− oxidation processes at E1/2(ox1) = +0.94 and E1/2(ox2) = +1.01 V, corresponding to the first electron abstraction from the two porphyrin units and porphyrin 1 shows a two 1‐e− waves at +1.01, indicating no electronic coupling between the two porphyrin units. The anthraquinone‐bridged system can be reversibly switched from cross conjugated (switch off) to linear conjugated (switch on) via two‐electron reduction/oxidation reactions. This feature holds promise for the anthraquinone‐based wires to be used as redox‐controlled switches in molecular electronic devices.
IS COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY “TOO INSULAR”? A NETWORK ANALYSIS OF JOURNAL CITATIONS
Authors: Neal Jennifer Watling , Janulis Patrick , Collins Charles
Published: June 2013

The current study uses social network analysis to explore one aspect of cross‐disciplinary connections in community psychology–citations from articles published in community psychology's main journals (i.e., American Journal of Community Psychology and Journal of Community Psychology) to allied disciplines in 2009. Results indicate that although community psychology journals cited a wide range of disciplines, their levels of citation to any individual journal in another discipline never exceeded 10% of their total network citations. Additionally, journals in other disciplines did not exhibit many citations to community psychology journals. Observed homophily measures indicate that community psychology journals have more cross‐disciplinary citations than articles published in the flagship journals of clinical psychology, sociology, and public health. However, relative homophily measures suggest that community psychology journals are also far more likely to cite within discipline than expected by chance. Implications and future directions for cross‐disciplinary endeavors in community psychology are suggested.
THE ROLE OF STIGMA COPING AND SOCIAL SUPPORT IN MEDIATING THE EFFECT OF SOCIETAL STIGMA ON INTERNALIZED STIGMA, MENTAL HEALTH RECOVERY, AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG PEOPLE WITH SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS
Authors: Chronister Julie , Chou Chih‐Chin , Liao Hsin‐Ya
Published: June 2013

This study investigated the mediating properties of stigma coping and social support on the relationship between societal stigma, internalized stigma, mental health recovery, and quality of life among people with serious mental illness (SMI). Participants were 101 adults with SMI living in New York City and Boston. We used 11 measures to assess the study variables. Descriptive statistics, correlational analyses, and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. Results showed that secrecy and withdrawal coping and emotional and tangible support mediate the effect of societal stigma on internalized stigma and recovery. Challenging and educating others coping were frequently used and positively linked to recovery. The sample reported low levels of social support and social support was linked to higher levels of societal and internalized stigma and lower levels of recovery and quality of life. Social support and coping should be incorporated into treatment to reduce the negative effects of stigma.
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS, SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND INTERNALIZING SYMPTOMS AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN YOUTH
Authors: McMahon Susan D. , Coker Crystal , Parnes Anna L.
Published: June 2013

The relations among chronic environmental stressors, social support, and anxiety and depressive symptoms among urban, African American youth are unclear. In this study, we test theoretical models of support and examine the specific relations between community violence exposure and neighborhood disadvantage and three types of anxiety symptoms as well as depressive symptoms. Participants included 188 African American youth in Grades 5 through 8 from 2 low‐income urban schools. Results suggest victimization and neighborhood disadvantage were most significantly associated with symptoms, and in the context of these stressors, parent support was associated with fewer fear and concentration and depressive symptoms. Parent and friend support buffered the effects of stressors on depressive symptoms. These findings contribute to the literature in terms of testing specific stressor‐psychopathology relations and theory‐based social support models with urban, at‐risk youth. Implications for intervention are discussed.
The removal of cesium ion with natural Itaya zeolite and the ion exchange characteristics
Authors: Endo Masatoshi , Yoshikawa Eishi , Muramatsu Natsumi , Takizawa Norifumi , Kawai Takahiro , Unuma Hidero , Sasaki Atsushi , Masano Akihisa , Takeyama Yoshiyuki , Kahara Tomoo
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

The large Itaya zeolite deposit in Yonezawa, Japan produces good quality, natural zeolite. Its properties as an adsorbent and a functional carrier were assessed and the ion exchange characteristics examined. Natural zeolite has a useful high cation exchange capacity, but has a disadvantage in scattering of the powder. In this study a nonwoven fabric containing zeolite was tested for the removal of cesium.

RESULTS

The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) peak pattern confirmed that Itaya zeolite is mainly clinoptilolite and contains some mordenite. Ion exchange selectivity of the natural zeolite was Ag+ > Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+ > Cr3+ > Ni2+ with almost 100% removal of Ag+ and Pb2+ ions.

The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of Itaya zeolite was 131 cmol kg‐1. Low concentrations of Cs+ were removed effectively from the solution with natural zeolite. Cesium ions were removed by ion exchange with potassium and sodium. Cs+ was desorbed from the zeolite with ammonium salt solutions. Elution of Cs+ was influenced by the coordination ability of counter anions.

CONCLUSION

Satisfactory results were obtained using zeolite‐containing nonwoven fabric for the removal of cesium ions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Approaches to rehabilitation of radioactive contaminated territories
Authors: Voronina Anna V , Semenishchev Vladimir S , Bykov Alexey A , Savchenko Marina O , Kutergin Andrey S. , Nedobuh Tatjana A
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Accidents at nuclear fuel cycle plants may lead to contamination of areas of land and water. Cheap and available sorbents including natural aluminosilicates can be used for rehabilitation and decontamination of large volumes of radioactively contaminated water, including drinking water, prevention of migration of radionuclides into ground and surface waters through the soil and returning contaminated soil to farming.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A comparative study of sorption properties of various natural and surface‐modified aluminosilicates with respect to caesium is made. It is shown that sorption features of surface‐modified aluminosilicates for Cs were improved by 100–1000 times compared with respective natural aluminosilicates. It is shown that surface modification of glauconite by a mixed nickel–potassium ferrocyanide phase allows it to considerably increase its specificity (caesium distribution coefficients (2.9 ± 0.8)×103 mL g‐1 for natural and (4.5 ± 0.5)×105 mL g‐1 for modified glauconite) as well as making it selective to caesium in the presence of other alkaline ions and also provides irreversible caesium sorption.

CONCLUSIONS

Due to improved features, modified aluminosilicates can be more successful than natural ones when used for rehabilitation of radioactive contaminated territories (including agriculture) and water areas, as well as for decontamination of liquid radioactive wastes and for creation of geochemical barriers in solid radioactive waste storage. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Contribution of wind, conductivity, and geomagnetic main field to the variation in the geomagnetic Sq field
Authors: Takeda Masahiko
Published: June 2013

Long‐term variation in the geomagnetic Sq field and the cause of the variation were examined. The amplitude of the geomagnetic Y component (Sq(Y)) in equinox was averaged for each year and adopted as a proxy of the Sq field. Sq(Y) was combined with the ionospheric conductivity estimated by the International Reference Ionosphere model to determine the dynamo electric field and neutral wind velocity by using the geomagnetic main field strength. It was found that the solar activity dependence of the Sq field could be almost completely attributed to the conductivity variation, and neutral winds tend to decrease when the solar activity increases. Although the long‐term variation in the dynamo field differed among observatories, these differences were mostly attributed to the locality of the geomagnetic secular variation, whereas the variations in neutral wind amplitude were nearly the same in all regions. On the other hand, no clear long‐term variation in neutral wind was detected other than that by solar activity.
Odin observations of Antarctic nighttime NO densities in the mesosphere–lower thermosphere and observations of a lower NO layer
Authors: Sheese P. E. , Strong K. , Gattinger R. L. , Llewellyn E. J. , Urban J. , Boone C. D. , Smith A. K.
Published: June 2013

The Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System (OSIRIS) on the Odin satellite currently has an eight‐year dataset of nighttime Antarctic nitric oxide densities, [NO], in the mesosphere–lower thermosphere (MLT) region. In this work, the OSIRIS data are compared with a similar data set from the Sub‐Millimeter Radiometer (SMR), also on the Odin satellite. Both of the Odin data sets are compared with twilight [NO] from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment–Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) on the SciSat‐I satellite. Direct comparisons of OSIRIS and SMR profiles show large differences, indicating that the individual [NO] profiles of one or both data sets may not be valid. However, when comparing averaged [NO], variations on timescales of weeks‐years in all three data sets are in good agreement and correspond to the 27 day and 11 year solar cycles. The averaged OSIRIS values are typically 10% greater than SMR and 30% greater than ACE‐FTS, which are within the estimated OSIRIS systematic uncertainties. These results suggest that the satellite‐derived data sets can be used for determining polar‐mean NO climatology and variations on timescales of weeks‐years. The OSIRIS and SMR nighttime data sets show that the [NO] peak height in the MLT decreases throughout the autumn, from an altitude near or above 100 km to a minimum altitude ranging from 90 to 95 km around winter solstice. A similar decrease in [NO] peak height is observed in modeled NO climatology from the Specified Dynamics–Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (SD‐WACCM), although the SD‐WACCM climatology exhibits a decrease throughout autumn from 107 km down to 102 km. The results suggest that global climate models require more sophisticated auroral forcing simulations in order to reproduce observed NO variations in this region.
The relative roles of upper and lower tropospheric thermal contrasts and tropical influences in driving Asian summer monsoons
Authors: Dai Aiguo , Li Hongmei , Sun Ying , Hong Li‐Ciao , LinHo  , Chou Chia , Zhou Tianjun
Published: June 2013

Summer thermal structure and winds over Asia show a larger land‐ocean thermal gradient in the upper than in the lower troposphere, implying a bigger role of the upper troposphere in driving the Asian summer monsoon circulation. Using data from atmospheric re‐analyses and model simulations, we show that the land‐ocean thermal contrast in the mid‐upper (200–500 hPa) troposphere (TCupper) contributes about three times as much as the thermal contrast in the mid‐lower (500–850 hPa) troposphere (TClower) in determining both the strength and variations of Asian summer monsoon circulations. Tropical sea surface temperature anomalies associated with the annual cycle, El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, decadal changes, and global warming all are accompanied with much larger variations and changes in TCupper than in TClower, partly due to enhanced latent heating aloft from convection. The variations and changes in TCupper and TClower are highly correlated with the strength of the South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM) and the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) in their respective sectors during the past 50–60 years. In particular, the weakening of the EASM since the 1950s is caused by the weakening mainly in TCupper and secondarily in TClower induced mainly by recent tropical surface warming, although spurious cooling over East Asia seen in reanalysis data may have enhanced this weakening. However, the strength of the SASM and EASM monsoons follows TCupper but decouples with TClower in the global warming case in the 21st century. The results suggest that the TCupper plays a dominant role and provides an efficient mechanism through which tropical oceans can influence extratropical monsoons.
The modified multilevel compressed block decomposition algorithms for analyzing the scattering of objects in half space
Authors: Ding Dazhi , Shen Songge , Jiang Zhaoneng , Chen Rushan
Published: June 2013

The convergence rate of iterative methods can vary in an unpredictable way. It is related to the matrix condition number, which is notoriously bad for the electric field integral equation in the large‐scale electromagnetic problems. Therefore, an efficient direct solution—a multilevel compressed block decomposition (MLCBD) algorithm based on the adaptive cross‐approximation algorithm—is applied to overcome this problem; it is very efficient for the monostatic problems. Simulation results of the objects up and below ground in half space demonstrate that the proposed MLCBD method is efficient for analyzing electromagnetic problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tendon mineralization is accelerated bilaterally and creep of contralateral tendons is increased after unilateral needle injury of murine achilles tendons
Authors: O'Brien Etienne John Ogilvy , Shrive Nigel G. , Rosvold Joshua M. , Thornton Gail M. , Frank Cyril B. , Hart David A.
Published: June 2013

Heterotopic mineralization may result in tendon weakness, but effects on other biomechanical responses have not been reported. We used a needle injury, which accelerates spontaneous mineralization of murine Achilles tendons, to test two hypotheses: that injured tendons would demonstrate altered biomechanical responses; and that unilateral injury would accelerate mineralization bilaterally. Mice underwent left hind (LH) injury (I; n = 11) and were euthanized after 20 weeks along with non‐injured controls (C; n = 9). All hind limbs were examined by micro computed tomography followed by biomechanical testing (I = 7 and C = 6). No differences were found in the biomechanical responses of injured tendons compared with controls. However, the right hind (RH) tendons contralateral to the LH injury exhibited greater static creep strain and total creep strain compared with those LH tendons (p ≤ 0.045) and RH tendons from controls (p ≤ 0.043). RH limb lesions of injured mice were three times larger compared with controls (p = 0.030). Therefore, despite extensive mineralization, changes to the responses we measured were limited or absent 20 weeks postinjury. These results also suggest that bilateral occurrence should be considered where tendon mineralization is identified clinically. This experimental system may be useful to study the mechanisms of bilateral new bone formation in tendinopathy and other conditions. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1520–1528, 2013
Humans, megafauna and environmental change in tropical Australia
Authors: BIRD MICHAEL I. , HUTLEY LINDSAY B. , LAWES MICHAEL J. , LLOYD JON , LULY JON G. , RIDD PETER V. , ROBERTS RICHARD G. , ULM SEAN , WURSTER CHRISTOPHER M.
Published: June 2013

Debate concerning the environmental impact of human arrival in Australia has continued for more than a century. Here we review the evidence for human impact and the mechanisms by which humans may have affected the environment of tropical Australia. We limit our review to tropical Australia because, over three decades ago, it was proposed that the imposition of an anthropogenic fire regime upon human occupation of the Australian continent may have resulted in profound changes in regional vegetation and climate across this region. We conclude that ecological processes and vegetation–fire–climate–human feedbacks do exist that could have driven a significant shift in boundary conditions and ecosystem state at the sub‐continental scale through the sustained imposition of an anthropogenic fire regime over tens of millennia. These potential feedbacks operate through the inhibition of forest expansion both directly, by targeted burning at established forest edges and newly irrupted forest patches, and indirectly, through lengthening of the dry season because of changes to the timing of burning. However, the impact of any such anthropogenic forcing may have been entirely overshadowed by the effects of natural climate change and variability, as well as the generally low nutrient status of Australian soils. A robust assessment of the degree to which the environment of tropical Australia at the large scale has been modified from its ‘natural’ state because of human occupation will require new, coordinated collaborations between indigenous traditional landowners, archaeologists, anthropologists, geochronologists, geoscientists, ecologists, climatologists and modellers.
Single‐source dual‐layer amorphous IGZO thin‐film transistors for display and circuit applications
Authors: Nag Manoj , Chasin Adrian , Rockele Maarten , Steudel Soeren , Myny Kris , Bhoolokam Ajay , Tripathi Ashutosh , van der Putten Bas , Kumar Abhishek , van der Steen Jan‐Laurens , Genoe Jan , Li Flora , Maas Joris , van Veenendaal Erik , Gelinck Gerwin , Heremans Paul
Published: June 2013

In this study, the authors report on high‐quality amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) based on a single‐source dual‐layer concept processed at temperatures down to 150°C. The dual‐layer concept allows the precise control of local charge carrier densities by varying the O2/Ar gas ratio during sputtering for the bottom and top layers. Therefore, extensive annealing steps after the deposition can be avoided. In addition, the dual‐layer concept is more robust against variation of the oxygen flow in the deposition chamber. The charge carrier density in the TFT channel is namely adjusted by varying the thickness of the two layers whereby the oxygen concentration during deposition is switched only between no oxygen for the bottom layer and very high concentration for the top layer. The dual‐layer TFTs are more stable under bias conditions in comparison with single‐layer TFTs processed at low temperatures. Finally, the applicability of this dual‐layer concept in logic circuitry such as 19‐stage ring oscillators and a TFT backplane on polyethylene naphthalate foil containing a quarter video graphics array active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode display demonstrator is proven.
Thermally cross‐linkable copolymer and its evaluation as a hole transport layer in organic light‐emitting diode devices
Authors: Adhikari Raju , Postma Almar , Li Juo‐Hao , Hirai Tadahiko , Bown Mark , Ueno Kazunori
Published: June 2013

This study reports on the synthesis of new thermally cross‐linkable copolymers containing a reactive cross‐linking comonomer. Synthesized polymers showed narrow molecular weight distribution (polydispersity) between 1.18 to 1.22 and 54 to 67% monomer conversion and incorporation of 2 to 7 mol% vinylbenzylcyclobutene comonomer. The polymer was soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as chloroform, dichloromethane, toluene, and chlorobenzenes, and when cross‐linked, showed resistance to solubility in the previously listed solvents. The cross‐linked films exhibited uniform surface roughness below 1 nm. A polymer containing ~3.6 mol% vinylbenzylcyclobutene was thermally cross‐linked and evaluated as a hole‐transporting layer in green organic light‐emitting diode devices. The devices showed a maximum current efficiency of 39.5 cd/A at a current density of 2.7 mA/cm2 and a brightness of 1000 cd/m2 with an International Commission on Illumination coordinate (0.33, 0.62). The device performances are found comparable with the ones with the conventional hole‐transporting layer material, NPD.
Comparison of recurrence patterns between ≤5 years and >5 years after curative operations in colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Seo Seok In , Lim Seok‐Byung , Yoon Yong Sik , Kim Chan Wook , Yu Chang Sik , Kim Tae Won , Kim Jong Hoon , Kim Jin Cheon
Published: June 2013

Background and Objectives

To identify characteristics of recurrent colorectal cancer in terms of follow‐up periods, that is, ≤5 years and >5 years after curative operations

Methods

This study enrolled 4,023 patients. Of them, 835 patients showed recurrence after primary curative resection for colorectal cancer. Recurrence occurred ≤5 years (n = 799) or >5 years (n = 36) after curative surgery. Variables and recurrence patterns were compared between the groups.

Results

Among the 835 patients who experienced recurrence, only 4.3% recurred >5 years after surgery. This group showed lower preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels, more tumors with expanding growth, well‐differentiated histology, and no lymph node metastasis (all P < 0.05). In terms of haematogenous metastasis, lung or liver was the most prevalent site in patients who recurred after >5 years or ≤5 years, respectively (P = 0.005). In rectal cancer patients, recurrence patterns revealed the same results. In colon cancer patients, the liver was the most prevalent site in both groups.

Conclusions

After 5 years of follow‐up, routine surveillance for detecting other malignancies seems to be sufficient. However, the possibility of late (particularly late pulmonary) recurrence should be considered. Radiologic examination to detect pulmonary metastasis should be considered in the follow‐up program. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;108:9–13. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organic Farming Affects C and N in Soils Under Olive Groves in Mediterranean Areas
Authors: Parras‐Alcántara Luis , Díaz‐Jaimes Luisa , Lozano‐García Beatriz
Published: June 2013

Under semiarid climatic conditions, intensive tillage increases soil organic matter losses, reduces soil quality, and contributes to climate change due to increased CO2 emissions. There is a need for an agricultural management increasing soil organic matter. This paper presents the organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) stocks, C:N ratio and stratification ratios (SRs) of these properties for olive groves soils under long‐term organic farming (OF), and conventional tillage (CT) in Los Pedroches valley, southern Spain. The results show that OF increased C and N stocks. The soil organic carbon (SOC) stock was 73·6 Mg ha−1 in OF and 54·4 Mg ha−1 in CT; and the total nitrogen (TN) stock was 7·1 Mg ha−1 and 5·8 Mg ha−1 for OF and CT, respectively. In the surface horizon (A: 0–16·9 cm in OF and Ap: 0–21·8 cm in CT) and Bw horizon (16·9–49·6 cm in OF and 21·8–56 cm in CT), SOC and TN concentrations and C:N ratios were higher in OF than in CT. Soil properties stratification in depth, expressed as a ratio, indicates the soil quality under different soil management systems. The SR of SOC ranged from 2·2 to 3·1 in OF and from 2·1 to 2·2 in CT. However, only SR2 (defined by Ap‐A/C) showed significant differences between CT and OF. The SR of TN showed similar trends to that of the SR of SOC. Organic farming contributes to a better soil quality and to increased carbon sequestration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A historical perspective and evolution of our knowledge on the cardinal ligament
Authors: Iancu George , Doumouchtsis Stergios K.
Published: June 2013

Aims

The objective of our review is to provide a critical appraisal of the literature on the anatomy, structure and roles of cardinal ligaments (CL) in pelvic organ support, in conjunction with the currently evolving evidence based mainly on imaging and biomechanical modeling studies. We aim to contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and stimulate new insights in research and development of novel surgical approaches for POP.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Scopus‐Elsevier, and Cochrane Databases were searched in English and German. Studies from 1870 to 2012 were identified. The keywords used were “cardinal ligament,” “transverse cervical ligament,” “Mackenrodt ligament,” “parametrium,” and “paracervix.” Cross check and Google search of the reference lists were used for missing articles.

Results

We identified 35 related articles. Located at the base of the broad ligament, the CL is a supportive structure that attaches the cervix and upper vagina to the pelvic wall. The ligament contains the uterine vessels and hypogastric plexus. It conducts most of the pelvic loading forces. On MRI, it appears as a web‐like structure around the axis of the internal iliac vessels. Their clinical importance is based on the apical supportive role and lymphatic‐rich structure, involved in dissemination of cervical cancer.

Conclusions

The structure and role of the CL have been long studied, but remained unclear. Recent studies on imaging and biomechanics have improved our understanding and provide new insights which may enable the development of new techniques in prolapse surgery. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:380–386, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functionalized Ultrabright Fluorescent Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Palantavida Shajesh , Guz Nataliia V. , Sokolov Igor
Published: June 2013

The problem of functionalization of recently reported ultrabright fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles while preserving their fluorescent brightness is solved. This is a serious issue because of the open geometry of mesoporous channels and physical encapsulation of fluorescent dye inside those channels. Amine modification of mesoporous nanoparticles is described to preserve the brightness comparable to that of earlier reported ultrabright silica nanoparticles. Scaling to 40 nm sized particles, amine‐functionalized nanoparticle have fluorescent brightness equivalent to the one of 630 free rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye molecules in water. To demonstrate further most challenging functionalization, which relies on using organic‐solvent‐based chemistry, folic acid conjugation is developed. Two different methods are used to conjugate folites to the amine functionalities. Both methods result in a decrease of fluorescence intensity, which can nonetheless still be called ultrabright. The brightness can drop to either 310 or 80 R6G dye molecules per particle of nominal diameter of 40 nm.
Cryptanalysis and Improvement of “An Efficient and Secure Dynamic ID‐based Authentication Scheme for Telecare Medical Information Systems”
Authors: Khan Muhammad Khurram , Kumari Saru
Published: June 2013

Recently, telecare medicine information systems (TMIS) have emerged as an effective mechanism to raise quality convenience and availability of healthcare services. User authentication schemes play an important role in solving security problems and grant access to healthcare services only to the authorized users. In 2010, a few authentication schemes were proposed for TMIS. These were based on the concept of static identity. In 2012, Chen et al. proposed a dynamic ID‐based authentication scheme for TMIS, so that the user's identity is not revealed to anyone. However, Chen et al.'s scheme does not involve complex computations like the previous scheme for TMIS, yet it suffers from various security problems. We will show that attackers can not only impersonate the legal participants of the scheme but can also compute the shared session‐key. In fact, it is an attack over the confidential communication between the participants. We will also show other drawbacks, such as password guessing attack, denial‐of‐service attack, immediate replay attack, and incomplete password change phase, present in the scheme. We also demonstrate user anonymity breach in Chen et al.'s scheme. To overcome these problems, we propose an improvement to Chen et al.'s scheme with a different approach. Our approach is aimed at providing an authentication mechanism for TMIS with strong security features. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature Distribution of Electroslag Casting with Liquid Metal Using Current Conductive Ring
Authors: Dong Yanwu , Jiang Zhouhua , Medovar Lev , Stovpchenko Ganna , Zhang Xinfa , Zang Ximin , Deng Xin
Published: June 2013

Electroslag casting with liquid metal (ESC LM) using current conductive ring has been developed. This technology is different from classical electroslag remelting (ESR) process. No consumable electrode is needed in the process. Liquid metal after refining is introduced into the mold directly. Current conductive ring instead of consumable electrode is the conductive unit for heating slag pool for the first time. Short collar mold and continuous withdrawal mechanism like continuous casting process are employed in the process. Conductive path of ESC LM process using current conductive ring is transformer → current conductive ring → liquid slag → molten steel → solid ingot → base plate → transformer. A mathematical model of electroslag casting process with liquid metal is developed for understanding the technology. Thermal field, voltage, and current density distributions in the system have been simulated, which are similar but different from conventional ESR process. Results of industrial trial indicate that there is no obvious macrosegregation and cracks in the industrial ingots produced by these methods. Ingot quality is equivalent to the conventional electroslag ingot. In addition, the production efficiency of ESC LM process is obvious higher than conventional ESR operation.
The Segregation of Social Interactions in the Red Line L‐Train in Chicago
Authors: Swyngedouw Eva
Published: June 2013

This study documents how residential segregation is visible in social interactions in the (semi) public space of the red line L‐train in Chicago. While public spaces are often celebrated as spaces of cosmopolitanism, people tend to interact mainly with people who look similar and appear to be living in the same area in Chicago. People of different race and class, represented by the station where they board the train, do not encounter each other much in the L‐train because of the existing residential segregation in the city of Chicago. Blacks ride from the south to downtown while whites ride from the north to downtown. Different time frames are reserved for different people. Furthermore, on the train itself people prefer to be interacting with and sit next to people who appear alike; who seem to be from the same part of the city. Hence, I argue that social interactions on the subway are mainly an expression of geographical and social exclusion in the city. Residential segregation is visible in the “segregation of social interactions” in the red line L‐train. Consequently, while de jure segregation has been abolished in the 1960s in Chicago, segregating practices are still going on de facto in everyday life.
Analysis of a high‐rise steel structure with viscous damped outriggers
Authors: Zhou Ying , Li Hexian
Published: June 2013

Damped outriggers for tall buildings draw increasingly attentions to engineers. With a shaking table test, two models of a high‐rise steel column‐tube structure are established, one with outriggers fixed to the core and hinged at the columns, whereas the other's cantilevering outriggers are connected to columns by viscous dampers. According to their dynamic properties, five earthquake waves are selected from the Ground Motion Database of Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), and two artificial waves are generated by software SIMQKE_GR. Under various peak ground accelerations (PGAs), nonlinear time‐history analysis is applied to compare structural elastic seismic responses, including accelerations, inter‐story drifts, base shear force, damper's response and additional damping ratios. It is concluded that under minor earthquakes, accelerations, inter‐story drifts and base shear force of structure with damped outriggers are larger than or nearly equal to those of the one with fixed outriggers, and the viscous dampers hardly work. But as PGA increases, the contrary situation happens, and the effect of viscous dampers is enhanced as well. The additional damping ratio reaches around 4% under mega earthquakes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peak Oil, Peak Water, Peak Education
Authors: Coburn Thomas B.
Published: June 2013

This chapter argues that today's dominant forms of education are insufficient for today's world because they ignore the vast and conventionally untapped resource that lies in the disciplined inwardness that is contemplative life. It then surveys a range of transformative examples that are emerging in the educational movement known as “contemplative education.”
Integrating Contemplative Education and Contemporary Performance
Authors: Sanders Linda A.
Published: June 2013

The Master of Fine Arts (MFA) in Theater: Contemporary Performance is a graduate program at Naropa University that integrates contemplative education with interdisciplinary conservatory‐level performing arts training. This chapter discusses how MFA faculty and students characterize contemplative education and how students view the impact of contemplative education on their personal and professional development.