bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges in Pig Artificial Insemination
Authors: Roca J , Vázquez JM , Gil MA , Cuello C , Parrilla I , Martínez EA
Published: September 2006

Contents

Semen extended in a liquid state, together with conventional artificial insemination (AI), is the sole sperm technology used by the pig industry. Sperm technologies known for many years, such as cryopreservation, and others developed during recent years, such as sperm sexing, have not yet been integrated into commercial use. Moreover, there has recently been an explosion of new technologies, such as sperm mediated gene transfer or encapsulated spermatozoa which need additional supportive techniques before they can be economically applied to pig breeding. The speed with which the aforementioned sperm technologies are accepted and utilized by the pig industry depends on the availability of efficient insemination procedures. Therefore, AI is entering a new dimension where it will be converted into a tool for the efficient application of current and new sperm technologies. Some new insemination procedures have been recently developed. This review examines the suitability of available insemination procedures for the efficient application of current, emergent and future sperm technology to the pig industry.
Bovine Early Embryonic Development and Vitamin A
Authors: Gómez E , Caamaño JN , Rodríguez A , De Frutos C , Facal N , Díez C
Published: September 2006

Contents

Vitamin A and its derivatives, collectively termed as retinoids, have been paid attention in recent years because of their effects in bovine reproduction. However, the role of retinoids in the pre‐implantatory period continues to be largely unexplored, in contrast to later stages of development. Retinoids control cell growth, differentiation and death through binding to specific nuclear receptors by retinoic acid and other active metabolites. This paper reviews how retinoids can influence early embryonic development in cattle through their influence on the follicle, the extrafollicular oocyte and the pre‐implantatory embryo itself.
The Application of Reproductive Technologies to Natural Populations of Red Deer
Authors: Garde JJ , Martínez‐Pastor F , Gomendio M , Malo AF , Soler AJ , Fernández‐Santos MR , Esteso MC , García AJ , Anel L , Roldán ERS
Published: September 2006

Contents

Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the application of reproductive technology to the conservation and management of natural populations of deer. The application of assisted reproduction technologies within natural population of deer is in its infancy. However, its future potential is enormous, particularly in relation to genetic management or conservation. This paper reviews the present state of such technologies for a wild subspecies of red deer, the Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus), by discussing the major components of oestrous synchronization, semen collection/cryopreservation and insemination techniques. In addition, findings made during the course of studies on natural populations have enormous potential for the understanding of novel reproductive mechanism that may not be uncovered by livestock or human studies. A summary of these results are also reviewed here.
OC10 A Negative Energy Balance but not Suckling Frequency (ad libitum, Twice or Once Daily) Modules Ovarian Resumption in Parda de Montaña Cattle Breed
Authors: Sanz A , Alvarez J , Palacio J , Casasús I , Revilla R
Published: September 2006

In extensive systems, beef cows should be continuously with their calves to optimise pasture use but this practice can lengthen post‐partum interval (PPI). A study was conducted to determine the influence of suckling frequency on Parda de Montaña cow‐calf performance when cows are fed 70% energy requirements during lactation (outdoor winter conditions simulation). Thirty‐six autumn‐calving cows with similar body condition at calving (2.57) were assigned to three suckling systems [ad libitum (AL), twice (2D) or once daily (1D) for 30 min]. Blood samples were collected twice a week to analyse progesterone concentrations by RIA. Cows lost similar weight until start of mating period (day 52 post‐partum; −0.583, –0.513, –0.520 kg/day in AL, 2D and 1D). Standard milk yield was higher in AL than the rest (8.9, 6.2, 7.0 kg; p < 0.05), which was reflected on greater calf gain (0.895, 0.752, 0.676 kg/day; p < 0.05) and larger cow weight loss within 90 days post‐partum in this treatment (–0.345, –0.188, –0.083 kg/day; p < 0.05). Suckling system did not affect either PPI (69.6, 89.1, 65.5 days) or cows cycling within 90 days post‐partum (55, 46, 58%), which may compromise the target calving interval. In Parda de Montaña breed fed moderately pre‐calving and undernourished during lactation, restricted suckling did not favour ovarian activity resumption, but post‐partum subnutrition delayed about 40 days PPI observed in similar body condition at calving and calf management (Sanz et al., 2003; Anim Reprod Sci 79: 57–69)
OC13 Induction of Parturition in Canary Goats with Luprostiol
Authors: Batista M , Niño T , Alamo D , Cabrera F , Castro N
Published: September 2006

Twenty‐two pregnant goats of the Canarian breed were administered 10 mg of the prostaglandin analogue luprostiol intramuscular (IM) on day 145 of pregnancy; seventeen pregnant goats were injected IM with saline solution the same day. Twenty hours after luprostiol application, goats were continuously observed in order to record the following parameters: parturition, dystocia incidence, placental delivery and live births. Parturition was successfully induced in all goats; the mean interval to parturition (first kid delivery) was of 32.9 ± 1.0 (SEM) hours (h) and the range varied from 21 to 41 h; in addition, no significant differences (p > 0.1) were detected between nuliparous and multiparous goats (31.3 ± 1.3 h and 34.7 ± 1.2 h, respectively). In the control group, the interval from saline injection to parturition was 75.9 ± 12.5 h (mean ± SEM), showing a range between 34 and 138 h. All the goats expelled the fetal membranes in the first 6 h after the induced or natural parturition. The incidence of dystocia due to fetal maldisposition was not significantly different between induced and control goats (9.0% and 11.8%, respectively). In addition, the percentage of live kids was practically similar between both groups (90.7% and 88.0%, induced vs control goats). This study confirms the effectiveness of the luprostiol to induce the parturition in goats, showing a narrow range (30–37 h) in most of the induced females (86.3%; 19/22 goats). The administration of prostaglandin analogue is a basic tool to plan kidding, allowing a effective concentration of effort and resources at the time of parturition.
OC2 Seasonality Affects on Sperm Motility Kinematic Parameters of Murciano‐Granadina Bucks
Authors: Abdelwahab D , Rivera MM , Rodríguez‐Gil JE , Rigau T
Published: September 2006

Four Murciano‐Granadina (M‐G) bucks were used to study the effect of season (autumn and spring) on semen motility kinematic parameters. Ejaculates (n = 31/season) were collected twice weekly with an artificial vagina and diluted with Tris‐based extender (1 : 10). Average path velocity (VAP) and linearity (LIN) were evaluated using a Computer‐Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA system). A FASTCLUS procedure was applied to separate spermatozoa into subpopulations based on their motility characteristics. The mean values of both motility kinematic parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in spring than in autumn. Four different motile sperm subpopulations (SP) were identified. In autumn, SP 1 (with a frequency of 17.1%) showed a VAP of 41.5 μm/s and a LIN of 38.3%. SP 2 (37.2%) a VAP of 70.2 μm/s and a LIN of 46.1% SP 3 (19.1%) a VAP of 93.3 μm/s and a LIN of 31.6%. Finally, SP 4 (26.6%) a VAP of 111.8 μm/s and a LIN of 67.2%. In spring, SP 1 (21.1%) a VAP of 46.3 μm/s and a LIN of 50.1%. SP 2 (39.6%) a VAP of 77.0 μm/s and a LIN of 68.6%. SP 3 (17%) a VAP of 87.8 μm/s and a LIN of 40.2%. Finally, SP 4 (22.3%) a VAP of 112.3 μm/s and a LIN of 70.4%. In conclusion, the season of ejaculate collection has a significant effect on sperm motility kinematic parameters of M‐G bucks.
OC3 Morphometry Characterisation of Catalan Donkey Spermatozoa and Identification of Sperm Morphometric Subpopulations
Authors: Miró J , Flotats A , Rivera MM , Ocaña M , Taberner E , Peña A , Rigau T
Published: September 2006

This study determined morphometric patterns of Catalan donkey spermatozoa. For this purpose, 32 ejaculates were collected from seven Catalan donkeys. Semen smears were stained with Harris’ Hematoxilin stain and analyzed with an ASMA system. VARCLUS and FASTCLUS procedures were applied to determine the most significant morphology parameters and the morphologic subpopulations respectively. Mean values of head morphometry were: length (LH) 5.45 ± 0.53 μm, width (WH) 2.68 ± 0.21 μm, area (AH) 11.56 ± 1.32 μm2, percentage of reacted acrosomes 45.2 ± 6.95%, FUN1 (LH/AH) 2.0 ± 0.21, FUN3 (4piS/PH2) 0.3 ± 0.04. Mean values of midpiece were: width (WMP) 1.2 ± 1.08 μm, area (AMP) 3.2 ± 0.99 μm2, angle between head and midpiece (AHMP) 8.8 ± 17.46 degrees. Four different sperm morphometric subpopulations were identified. Subpopulation 1 (2.18% of spermatozoa) showed a WMP of 2.66 μm, an AMP of 39.96 μm2. Subpopulation 2 (72.78% of spermatozoa) showed a WMP of 1.00 μm, an AMP of 4.01 μm2. Subpopulation 3 (24.24% of spermatozoa) showed a WMP of 1.36 μm, an AMP of 14.11 μm2. Finally, subpopulation 4 (0.94% of spermatozoa) showed a WMP of 7.70 μm, an AMP of 171.53 μm2. It is noteworthy that four morphologic subpopulations were identified suggesting a possible relationship between these and the four motility subpopulations previously described (Miró et al. 2005, Theriogenology 63: 706–1716).
OC4 Influence of Seminal Plasma Added to Highly Diluted Semen on Sperm Motility of Young Boar Feed with Selenium and Vitamin E
Authors: Centurión F , Echeverría S , Canul N , Ake R , Alfaro M , Santos R , Sarmiento L
Published: September 2006

High dilution rates have been documented as detrimental for boar spermatozoa, shortening their lifespan (Centurion et al. 2003, Biol Reprod 69: 640–646). Addition of seminal plasma (SP) to semen extenders, or selenium (Se) and vitamin E (VE) in diet of boars could increase motility of highly diluted spermatozoa (HDS). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of seminal plasma on sperm motility of HDS from boars feed with Se and VE. Sixteen 12 month‐old boars were designed to one of four dietary treatments: (i) control, Se 0 ppm–VE 0 IU/kg; (ii) Se 0–VE 250; (iii) Se 0.5–VE 250 and (iv) Se 0.5–VE 0. Boars were treated for 8 weeks before semen collection. Sperm rich fractions from each boar were diluted to 5 × 106 sperm/ml in PBS medium and incubated at 37°C with or without 10% SP. The measurements were done at 0, 2 or 5 h. Data were analyzed as a mixed model for a factorial design [2 (Se) × 2 (VE) × 2 (SP) × 3 (h)]. Percentage of sperm motility (PSM) increases significantly (p < 0.001) with addition of Se (81.3 ± 1.52), VE (81.0 ± 1.62) and SP (81.5 ± 1.57) vs control (73.4 ± 1.61). There was significant interaction Se × VE (p < 0.001) and Se × VE × SP (p < 0.05) in PSM. However, PSM was affected significantly by time (0 h 83.4 ± 1.92; 2 h 80.7 ± 1.92 and 5 h 67.9 ± 1.92; p < 0.001). There was significant interaction SP × Time (p < 0.05) in PSM. These results indicate that Se, VE and SP improve seminal viability. Addition of 10% of SP maintains PSM at least during 5 hours.
OC8 Effect of Progesterone Supplementation During Early Foetal Period in Neospora caninum Seropositive Dairy Cows
Authors: Bech‐Sàbat G , Serrano B , García‐Ispierto I , Santolaria P , Yániz J , Almería S , López‐Gatius F
Published: September 2006

Neospora caninum infection is a major risk factor for abortion in cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of progesterone supplementation from days 35 to 63 of gestation on abortion in 351 N. caninum seropositive dairy cows. Animals were assigned randomly to Treatment (n = 180), receiving progesterone with an intravaginal device (PRID) fitted at pregnancy diagnosis (day 35), or to Control group (n = 171). Total abortions were similar for both groups (30% vs 29% for the Control and Treatment group, respectively). Logistic regression procedures were performed using abortion before or after Day 90 of gestation as the dependent variables, and herd, parity (primiparous vs multiparaous), season (cold vs warm period) and treatment as factors. Any variable fitted the model for abortion after Day 90 of gestation, whereas parity, season and treatment had significant effects (p = 0.71, the Hosmer and Lemeshow model fits) on pregnancy loss before Day 90 with odds ratios of 2.9 (multiparous vs primiparous), 4.7 (warm vs cold season) and 0.29 (treatment vs control). Our results showed that progesterone supplementation during the early foetal period in seropositive cows reduced 3.4 (1/0.29) times the risk of abortion during the first trimester of gestation, as previously reported in seronegative animals (López‐Gatius et al. 2004, Theriogenology 62: 1529–1535), but treatment had not effect on the subsequent abortion rate.
Absence of human herpesvirus‐8 and Epstein–Barr virus in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor with anaplastic large cell lymphoma kinase fusion gene
Authors: Yamamoto Hidetaka , Kohashi Kenichi , Oda Yoshinao , Tamiya Sadafumi , Takahashi Yukiko , Kinoshita Yoshiaki , Ishizawa Shin , Kubota Masayuki , Tsuneyoshi Masazumi
Published: September 2006

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is clinically and histologically characterized by inflammation. Some populations of IMT have anaplastic large cell lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements. Infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus‐8 (HHV‐8) in tumor cells of IMT has been reported; these reports, however, have been limited to ALK‐negative IMT. The purpose of the present paper was to evaluate 21 cases of IMT for the presence of EBV and HHV‐8. Immunohistochemically, 15 cases were ALK positive and six were negative. Of eight cases analyzed using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, tropomyosin 3 (TPM3)‐ALK, TPM4‐ALK and clathrin heavy chain‐ALK fusion genes were detected in one, two and two cases, respectively. All 21 IMT, irrespective of ALK expression, were negative for EBV by in situ hybridization for EBV‐encoded RNA and immunohistochemical stain for latent membrane antigen‐1. HHV‐8 was also negative in all IMT by PCR for HHV‐8 DNA sequence (KS330/233) and immunohistochemical stain for latent nuclear antigen. These results suggest that IMT may be a heterogeneous group in terms of pathogenesis, and EBV and HHV‐8 do not play a major role in the pathogenesis of ALK‐positive tumor.
Retroperitoneal lipomatous angiomyolipoma associated with amyloid deposition masquerading as well‐differentiated liposarcoma
Authors: Shimada Shio , Harada Hiroshi , Ishizawa Keisuke , Hirose Takanori
Published: September 2006

Reported herein is a case of retroperitoneal angiomyolipoma associated with amyloid deposition, masquerading as well‐differentiated liposarcoma. A 16 × 13 cm lipomatous tumor was resected from the perirenal retroperitoneum of a 71‐year‐old woman. Microscopically, the tumor was exclusively composed of mature adipose tissue and abnormal thick blood vessels, but bundles of smooth muscle were lacking. In addition, amyloid was deposited between fat cells. Initially, well‐differentiated liposarcoma was highly suspected. However, there were a few epithelioid cells with clear vacuolated cytoplasm within the vessel walls, which were immunoreactive for smooth muscle markers and HMB‐45. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction failed to demonstrate the amplification of the murine double‐minute type 2 gene and cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 gene in this tumor. Therefore, the tumor was diagnosed as lipomatous angiomyolipoma. After the diagnosis, it was found that the patient had multiple myeloma and cardiac amyloidosis, suggesting that the amyloid deposition within the tumor was a complication of the myeloma. Lipomatous angiomyolipoma may be a diagnostic pitfall of retroperitoneal lipomatous tumors.
Decreased expression of G protein‐coupled receptor kinases in the detrusor smooth muscle of human urinary bladder with outlet obstruction
Authors: FURUYA YASUHISA , ARAKI ISAO , KAMIYAMA MANABU , ZAKOJI HIDENORI , TAKIHANA YOSHIO , TAKEDA MASAYUKI
Published: September 2006

Aim:We examine the expression of mRNA of G protein‐coupled receptor kinase (GRK) subtypes and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M) subtypes in the detrusor smooth muscle of the human urinary bladder. Furthermore, we confirm the presence and the localization of GRK proteins in the detrusor smooth muscle of the obstructed bladder in comparison with the control bladder.

Methods:Detrusor smooth muscle tissues of the human urinary bladder were obtained from 12 male patients; 6 patients did not have bladder outlet obstruction, and the other 6 patients had bladder outlet obstruction. Portions of the dome or anterior wall of the urinary bladder were used for the present study. Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction for GRK2, M2 and M3 was performed using total RNA extracted from human urinary bladder detrusor. Antibodies to GRK2, GRK3 and GRK4 were used to confirm the presence of the protein product in the human urinary bladder using immunohistochemical staining and the western blotting technique.

Results:All complementary DNA (cDNA) transcribed from three different mRNA (M2, M3 and GRK2) were successfully amplified and size‐fractionated. The expression of GRK2 protein was strong in the human bladder detrusor, but was significantly weakened by western blotting in obstructed bladder in comparison with control bladder.

Conclusions:Failure in desensitization mechanisms of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors might be related to storage symptom elicited by overactivity in obstructed bladder with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Experience of the treatment with gemcitabine, docetaxel, and carboplatin (GDC) chemotherapy for patients with small‐cell carcinoma of the prostate
Authors: AOKI HIROSHI , ISHIDOYA SHIGETO , ITO AKIHIRO , ENDOH MAREYUKI , SHIMAZUI TORU , ARAI YOICHI
Published: September 2006

Abstract  Small‐cell carcinoma of the prostate (SCCP) is a rare entity. Many treatment modalities have been done, but thus far no uniform treatment has been clearly established. We carried out combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine, docetaxel, and carboplatin (GDC) regimen (for two patients with refractory SCCP. Case 1 involved a 53‐year‐old man diagnosed with SCCP after receiving hormone therapy for prostate cancer (stage D1). Six cycles of GDC chemotherapy was applied. Initially the primary site reduced according with a decline of neuro‐specific enolase and with relief of the symptoms; however, bone disease occurred and he died of cancer 13 months after diagnosis of SCCP. Case 2 involved a 69‐year‐old man complaining of severe anal pain. He underwent a biopsy and a huge prostate tumor showing SCCP was showed. He had pelvic node metastases but no distant lesions, and received four cycles of GDC chemotherapy. He was discharged after receiving subsequent radiotherapy and remained stable for a while; however, he died of possible drug‐induced hepatitis. This is the first report of chemotherapy with GDC against patients with SCCP. This regimen raised the possibility that it would intensify the outcome, which had been poorly achieved.
Experience and functional outcome of modified ileal neobladder in 95 patients
Authors: KOIE TAKUYA , HATAKEYAMA SHINGO , YONEYAMA TAKAHIRO , ISHIMURA HIROFUMI , YAMATO TAKASHI , OHYAMA CHIKARA
Published: September 2006

Aims: We took advantage of the Goodwin method to develop a modified ileal neobladder. We present the operation procedure and assessed the functional results.

Methods: From April 1997 and May 2005, 95 patients (75 men and 20 women), mean age 64.6 years (range: 36–80 years) underwent orthotopic ileal neobladder replacement with application of the Goodwin method. The Le Duc technique was used for antireflux procedure. However, for the last 35 patients, antireflux procedure was not carried out. The median follow‐up period was 37 months (range: 3–98 months). We reviewed the surgical outcome and complications. Continent status and urodynamic profile were also measured.

Results: The mean operation time for the neobladder formation was 130 mins (range: 65–285 mins). There were no perioperative deaths. Leakage from the ileourethral anastomosis leak was found in four patients (4.2%), wound infection in nine patients (9.5%), ileal anastomosis leak in two patients (2.1%) and paralytic ileus in two patients. No hydronephrosis, neobladder‐ureteral reflux or deterioration of renal function was seen. The maximum neobladder pressure was 21 ± 13 cm (mean ± SD) at 6 months and 12 ± 11 cm at 12 months after surgery. The neobladder capacity was 293 ± 118 mL at 6 months and 312 ± 85 mL at 12 months after surgery. Of the 95 patients, 87 (91.6%) maintained complete dryness day and night.

Conclusions: These results suggest that the present orthotopic ileal neobladder is simple to be carried out and achieves acceptable voiding function. Longer observation for neobladder and upper urinary tract function is necessary.
Selenium is inversely associated with bladder cancer risk: A report from the Belgian case–control study on bladder cancer
Authors: KELLEN ELIANE , ZEEGERS MAURICE , BUNTINX FRANK
Published: September 2006

Aim: Selenium is an essential trace element with suspected anticarcinogenic properties in humans. To date, eight epidemiological studies have examined the association between serum selenium concentration and bladder cancer risk.

Methods: The authors carried out a population case–control study in 178 cases and 362 controls to assess the relationship between bladder cancer risk and selenium serum concentrations. Unconditional logistic regression was calculated to determine odds ratios (OR) for bladder cancer occurrence with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Effect modification by smoking status, low fruit and vegetable intake, retinol equivalent, vitamin C, vitamin E and total antioxidant status were also assessed.

Results: Serum selenium level was negatively associated with bladder cancer risk. After adjustment for sex, age, smoking and occupational exposure, the OR was 0.48 (95% CI 0.29–0.79) comparing the second with the lowest tertile (serum selenium concentration >82.40 µg/L). The adjusted OR for the highest tertile (serum selenium concentration >96.00 µg/L), was 0.30 (95% CI 0.17–0.52) (P‐trend <0.001). An increase of 10 µg/L in serum selenium concentration was associated with a significant decreased bladder cancer risk (OR: 0.76; 95% CI 0.67–0.85).

Conclusion: This case–control study suggests an inverse association between serum selenium concentration and bladder cancer risk.
Relevance of postcatheter removal incontinence to postoperative urinary function after radical prostatectomy
Authors: SAITO SEIICHI , NAMIKI SHUNICHI , NUMAHATA KENJI , SATOH MAKOTO , ISHIDOYA SHIGETO , ITO AKIHIRO , ARAI YOICHI
Published: September 2006

Aim: We examined whether postoperative urinary function after radical prostatectomy is associated with immediate incontinence just after catheter removal.

Patients and methods: The current study included 80 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer, who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy between January 2002 and May 2004. The amount of immediate incontinence was measured with a 24‐h pad test just after catheter removal. The patients were categorized into the three groups based on the stratified grade of immediate urinary incontinence: groups I (0 g; 47 patients), II (1–99 g; 23 patients) and III (100 g and above; 10 patients), respectively. Urinary function and bother were assessed by a self‐administered questionnaire using the University of California Los Angeles, Prostate Cancer Index at baseline, and at 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. The differences in scores of urinary function, bother and clinicopathological parameters were assessed in the three groups with one‐way analysis of variance.

Results: No significant difference was observed in the clinicopathological parameters in the three groups. Preoperatively significant difference of urinary function scores was not evident and that of urinary bother scores was not observed in the three groups. Postoperatively urinary function scores were significantly different throughout the postoperative periods investigated, whereas difference in urinary bother scores observed at 3 months tended to disappear with time.

Conclusion: Postcatheter removal incontinence might be related to postoperative urinary function after radical prostatectomy, although further investigation is necessary regarding the criteria for categorization because of a small number of the patients.
Retroperitoneoscopic pyeloplasty: Using reconstructive methods based on intraoperative findings
Authors: KAWA GEN , TATSUMI MOTOHIRO , HIURA YOSHIHITO , MUGURUMA KOEI , KINOSHITA HIDEFUMI , MATSUDA TADASHI
Published: September 2006

Aim: Reconstructive laparoscopic procedures have been recognized as a less invasive treatment than conventional open procedures. However, although the laparoscopic pyeloplasty has also been accepted as useful, few findings have been reported relevant to the retroperitoneal approach. To elucidate its effectiveness and safety, laparoscopic surgery via the retroperitoneal approach was examined in our institution. Furthermore, the importance of laparoscopic observation for ureteropelvic junction and urine passage ureteropelvic junction without indwelling ureteral stent.

Methods: Between July 1998 and December 2004, 13 men and 15 women underwent laparoscopic retroperitoneal surgery for ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The mean patient age was 33.6 years (range: 13–70 years). Methods of repair were determined by intraoperative findings for the relationship between the ureteropelvic junction and surrounding vessels. An indwelling ureteral stent was removed before initiating laparoscopic operation to observe the relationship between ureteropelvic junction and aberrant vessels more precisely.

Results: An aberrant renal vessel was found in 13 patients (46%). Dismembered pyeloplasty was carried out in 21 patients, Y‐V plasty in five patients and Hellstrom technique in two patients. Ureteral transposition was not required in dismembered pyeloplasty cases. All patients achieved retroperitoneoscopic pyeloplasty without open conversion. The mean operative time was 272 min (range: 155–490 min). The mean estimated blood loss was 44 mL (range: 10–200 mL). No major complications were observed during the intraoperative period, but urinary tract infection occurred in two patients in the postoperative period. In all patients except one, obstruction was improved or resolved.

Conclusions: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal surgery is not only able to repair ureteropelvic junction obstruction, but can also be done safety and less invasively. We believe that laparoscopic observation without indwelling stent will contribute to a more appropriate choice of pyeloplasty.
Comparison of bone‐anchored male sling and collagen implant for the treatment of male incontinence
Authors: ONUR RAHMI , SINGLA AJAY
Published: September 2006

Aim: To compare the effectiveness of transurethral collagen injection and perineal bone‐anchored male sling for the treatment of male stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Methods: Seventy‐one men with SUI underwent either transurethral collagen injections (n = 34) or perineal bone‐anchored male sling (n = 37) between June 1999 and October 2003. Most of the patients in each group had radical retropubic prostatectomy and/or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in relation to the cause of incontinence. There was one patient in both groups who only had EBRT for the cause. The mean duration of incontinence were 4.2 and 4.4 years, respectively. Collagen injections were carried out transurethrally either under regional or general anesthesia until co‐aptation of mucosa was observed. The male sling was placed under spinal anesthesia with a bone drill using either absorbable or synthetic materials. Retrospectively, all patients were assessed for continence status and procedure‐related morbidity, if present. The outcome of both procedures was also compared with the degree of incontinence.

Results: Ten (30%) patients in the collagen group showed either significant improvement or were cured following injections. Preoperatively, the mean pad use in collagen group was 4.5 (SD 2.8) per day, whereas it was 2.2 (SD 1.1) after the injection(s). Collagen injection failed in 24 (70%) of the patients. Patients who received the male sling had a mean preoperative pad use of 3.7 (SD 1.5) and postoperatively, the number decreased to 1.6 (SD 1.2). Most of the patients in this group were either totally dry or significantly improved (n: 28, 76%). There was a statistically significant difference between two groups in respect to success rate (P < 0.05). Analysis of treatment outcome with the degree of incontinence revealed that the male sling is most effective in patients with minimal‐to‐moderate incontinence.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that the male sling, a minimally invasive procedure, is more effective than collagen implant in the treatment of mild‐to‐moderate SUI in men.
Pretreatment serum level of HER2/nue as a prognostic factor in metastatic prostate cancer patients about to undergo endocrine therapy
Authors: OKEGAWA TAKATSUGU , KINJO MANAMI , NUTAHARA KIKUO , HIGASHIHARA EIJI
Published: September 2006

Background: Overexpression of the HER2 receptor protein and amplification of the HER2 gene has been implicated in tumor development and progression, and has been associated with a poor prognosis in several types of cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether pretreatment serum HER2 levels can be used to predict biochemical recurrence‐free survival in prostate cancer patients about to undergo endocrine therapy.

Methods: The study population consisted of 379 untreated patients with histologically diagnosed prostate cancer: 197 with T2N0M0, 93 with T3N0M0, 19 with TxN1Mx, and 70 with TxNxM1. Serum HER2 levels were assessed in the prostate cancer patients prior to treatment as well as in a control group of 100 patients with histologically confirmed non‐cancer. Biochemical recurrence‐free curves for the patients were investigated separately using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results: The mean level of HER2 in serum was significantly higher in prostate cancer patients than non‐prostate cancer patients (P = 0.006). Also, the serum HER2 level was significantly higher in bone metastatic cancer patients (14.3 ± 6.3 ng/mL) than in non‐metastatic patients (T2: 11.9 ± 2.3 ng/mL, P = 0.003; T3: 12.2 ± 2.8 ng/mL, P = 0.011). The metastatic patients were divided into those with low and high HER2 levels using a cutoff value of 12.6 ng/mL based on receiver‐operating characteristic curves. The biochemical recurrence‐free rate was significantly poorer in patients with a high HER2 level (P = 0.0078, log‐rank test). Multivariate Cox logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the pretreatment serum HER2 value (P = 0.022), serum prostate‐specific antigen value (P = 0.018), and extent of disease score (P = 0.027) were independent predictors of recurrence.

Conclusions: The pretreatment serum HER2 level may be a useful independent prognostic factor that is associated with a high risk of biochemical recurrence in metastatic prostate cancer patients about to undergo endocrine therapy.
Management of urethral lesions in penile blunt trauma
Authors: CAVALCANTI ANDRÉ G , KRAMBECK RENATO , ARAÚJO ALEXANDRE , RABELO PAULO HENRIQUE , CARVALHO JOÃO P , FAVORITO LUCIANO A
Published: September 2006

Background: Traumatic lesions to the penis may extend into the corpus spongiosum, causing laceration or complete transection of the urethra. Blunt penile trauma is usually related to sexual intercourse or manipulation. The aim of this paper was to report the authors experience with the management of urethral injuries in patients with penile blunt trauma.

Methods: The charts from 77 patients with penile blunt trauma were retrospectively reviewed, and the cases associated with urethral injuries associated were selected. Patient age ranged from 18 to 63 years (mean 33 years).

Results: From 77 cases assessed, 11 (14.2%) patients had urethral injury, 62 (80.5%) had injury of the corpora cavernosa and four (5.2%) had injury of the dorsal vein. The etiology of urethral injuries was sexual intercourse in 10 patients (91%) and direct trauma to the flaccid penis in one patient (9%). A partial urethral disruption was presented in eight patients (72.8%) and a total disruption in three patients (27.2%). Preoperative urethrogram was performed in seven patients with a suspicion of urethral trauma. When a partial injury was present the urethra was closed over the catheter, and in the presence of a total injury an end‐to‐end anastomosis was performed.

Conclusion: The data support the reported incidence of urethral injury associated with blunt penile trauma. No clinically apparent urethral structures were appreciated with primary urethral repair after a follow up of more than 6 months.
Primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the retroperitoneum
Authors: TAKIZAWA ITSUHIRO , MORISHITA HIDEO , MATSUKI SHINGO , KOMEYAMA TAKESHI , EMURA IWAO , HARA NOBORU
Published: September 2006

Abstract  Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most frequent non‐epithelial neoplasm in the gastrointestinal tract. GIST has received much attention both for its clinical significance and biological nature, while the retroperitoneal condition identical to GIST has been rarely described. Presented herein is a case of GIST arising from the retroperitoneum in a 67‐year‐old man. The solid tumor measuring 4 cm was uncovered in the retroperitoneum, between the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, on computed tomography. The patient underwent surgical excision of the tumor. Histological examination showed proliferating spindle cells in the clearly demarcated tumor; immunoreactivity for Kit and CD34 in tumor cells confirmed the diagnosis of GIST. The histological origin of GIST is suggested to be gastrointestinal pacemaker cells, because they share specific immunoreactivity for CD117/Kit, which is also relevant to pathogenesis of GIST. The present case was a rare primary GIST in the retroperitoneum with typical immunopathological features.
Intrarenal arterial stenosis in a patient with thromboangiitis obliterans
Authors: GOKTAS SERDAR , BEDIR SELAHATTIN , BOZLAR UGUR , ILICA AHMET TURAN , SECKIN BEDREDDIN
Published: September 2006

Abstract  Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) or Buerger’s disease is a clinical syndrome characterized by the development of segmental thrombotic occlusions of the medium and small arteries of the extremities. Exception of the peripheral arteries of the extremities in TAO is very rare. Reported herein is the first case of intrarenal branch involvement of the renal artery due to TAO.
Role of aromatase inhibitor in ovulation induction in patients with poor response to clomiphene citrate
Authors: Begum Mosammat R. , Quadir Ehsan , Begum Anowara , Begum Rowsan A. , Begum Momtaz
Published: September 2006

Aim:  To examine the efficacy of aromatase inhibitor in the induction of ovulation.

Methods:  This prospective clinical trial in patients with infertility and poor response to clomiphene citrate (CC) was undertaken in a tertiary referral infertility clinic. Thirty‐five infertile patients, who were treated by clomiphene citrate for several cycles and referred to the infertility clinic, were the target population. Initially, the response of CC was assessed by same dose of CC that the patient had in her last cycle. The patients who did not respond adequately were treated by aromatase inhibitor 2.5–5 mg/day from day 3–7 of the menstrual cycle. The main outcome measures were the number of mature follicles, ovulation rate, endometrial thickness and pregnancy rate.

Results:  Twenty‐seven (90%) patients developed mature follicles by day 12. The majority (77.77%) developed single follicle. Except for one cycle of one patient, the follicles of all patients were ruptured in all cycles and seven (25.94%) got pregnant.

Conclusion:  The aromatase inhibitor letrozole is effective for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility in patients that failed to ovulate by CC.
Precedence of the shift of body‐fat distribution over the change in body composition after menopause
Authors: Morita Youichiro , Iwamoto Ichiro , Mizuma Nobuhisa , Kuwahata Tomoki , Matsuo Takashi , Yoshinaga Mitsuhiro , Douchi Tsutomu
Published: September 2006

Aim:  This study investigated the sequence of certain phenomena after menopause: decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), change in body composition (lean and fat components), and the shift toward upper body fat distribution.

Methods:  Subjects were 188 postmenopausal women aged 50–65 years old. They were divided into four subgroups based on 4‐year increments in age. Regularly menstruating women (n = 51) aged 50–53 years old served as controls. Age, height, weight, and years since menopause were recorded. Body fat mass, percentage of body fat (%fat), lean body mass (LBM), lumbar spine (L2‐4), total body BMD, and the trunk‐leg fat mass ratio were measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry.

Results:  In postmenopausal women (n = 42) aged 50–53 years, BMD was lower compared to age‐matched controls (P < 0.05), while other variables did not differ. Trunk‐leg fat mass ratio in women aged 54–57 years or more was significantly higher than that in control. LBM was significantly lower while percentage fat was significantly higher in women aged 58–61 years old or more.

Conclusion:  An initial event during the menopausal process is BMD loss, which is followed by body fat distribution shift, then LBM loss and reciprocal increase in body fat mass.
Loss of hMLH1 expression is associated with less aggressive clinicopathological features in sporadic endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ju Woong , Park Han Moie , Lee Shi Nae , Sung Sun Hee , Kim Seung Cheol
Published: September 2006

Aim:  To assess the incidence and clinicopathological significance of microsatellite instability (MSI) and the protein expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 in sporadic endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma (SEEA).

Methods:  A total of 50 patients with pure endometrioid sporadic endometrial adenocarcinoma were enrolled in the study. MSI analysis was done using five polymorphic markers (BAT26, D5S346, BAT25, D17S250, D2S123) and the protein expression of the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes was determined by immunohistochemical staining. MSI was detected in 24% (12/50) of SEEA cases.

Results:  There was a significant correlation between MSI status and loss of hMLH1, hMSH2 expression, respectively. No significant association was found between MSI status and clinicopathological parameters, including age, grade, stage, depth of myometrial invasion, lymph‐vascular space invasion (LVI), lymph node involvement or peritoneal cytology. However, significant correlations were found between loss of hMLH1 and a lower histological grade and the absence of LVI in patients with SEEA.

Conclusions:  According to these results, MSI and a loss of protein expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 may be associated with the pathogenesis of SEEA. In addition, hMLH1 immunostaining might have a role as a prognostic parameter. Further research using a large number of cases is needed to confirm our observations.
Delivery of a healthy twin after intrauterine demise and expulsion of a first twin
Authors: Zeck Willibald , Bjelic Vesna , Petru Edgar , Lang Uwe
Published: September 2006

We report on a diamniotic–dichorionic twin pregnancy after in vitro fertilization. The first twin was diagnosed with Down syndrome and spontaneously aborted at 24 weeks of gestation after intrauterine death at week 18. The second healthy twin was delivered by cesarean section 11 weeks later. We discuss management aspects and review the literature.
Association between serum tumor necrosis factor‐α and corticotropin‐releasing hormone levels in women with preterm labor
Authors: Vitoratos Nicolaos , Papadias Konstantinos , Makrakis Evangelos , Christodoulakos George , Panoulis Konstantinos , Creatsas George
Published: September 2006

Aim:  To evaluate the association of serum corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in preterm labor.

Methods:  Forty‐nine primigravidas with a singleton viable pregnancy between 28 and 34 weeks of gestation were studied. They were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 30 pregnant women (mean gestational age: 30.6 week) who presented with preterm labor and group B consisted of 19 pregnant women (mean gestational age: 29.8 week) with normal pregnancies.

Results:  Women of group A had significantly higher serum CRH levels compared to those of group B (P < 0.01). Similarly, serum TNF‐α levels were significantly higher in women of group A when compared to women of group B (7.8 ± 3.72 pg/mL and 5.1 ± 3.72 pg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between serum CRH and TNF‐α levels in both groups, which was stronger in women of group A.

Conclusions:  Our findings suggest that the increased levels of TNF‐α and CRH found in pregnant women presenting with preterm labor may be involved in the pathophysiological mechanism of the latter. Furthermore, a positive interaction may exist between TNF‐α and placental CRH, which may lead to enhanced production of the second and, therefore, facilitate the onset of labor.
Rubella outbreak on Tokunoshima Island in 2004: Serological and epidemiological analysis of pregnant women with rubella
Authors: Kaneko Masatoki , Sameshima Hiroshi , Ikenoue Tsuyomu , Minematsu Toshio , Kusumoto Kazumi , Ibara Satoshi , Kamitomo Masato , Maruyama Yuko
Published: September 2006

Aim:  This paper presents the serological and epidemiological background of the rubella‐infected pregnant women following the rubella outbreak throughout Tokunoshima Island that occurred after the revision of the immunization law in Japan.

Methods:  Twelve of 149 pregnant women managed in Miyagami Hospital were enrolled as having a high risk for congenital rubella infection. They were interviewed about their immunization history with rubella vaccine, the presence of rash, onset of rash, and the presence and timing of contact with rubella‐infected patients. The obstetric histories were investigated for past rubella HI antibody titer. Nine of 12 women continued their pregnancy and delivered a baby. A serological test for rubella IgM antibody and a reversed transcription‐nested PCR assay using umbilical cord blood and the newborn urine for virus genome detection were performed for all babies. We also enrolled all 309 mothers who delivered during the last 2 years in Miyagami Hospital, and retrospectively collected their rubella HI titers.

Results:  Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and congenitally infected babies were born from 12 high‐risk mothers. In our study, six pregnant women to be immunized by a catch‐up program showed a lack of immunity to rubella. The remaining six women had low rubella immunity. Nine acquired rubella from members of their family, including their husband. The incidence of negative HI titer was 25% in women less than 25 years old who delivered during the last 2 years in this hospital.

Conclusions:  More intensive immunization should be considered to eradicate CRS completely in Japan.
A large‐scale field study of transgene flow from cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) to common wild rice (O. rufipogon) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli)
Authors: Wang Feng , Yuan Qian‐Hua , Shi Lei , Qian Qian , Liu Wu‐Ge , Kuang Ba‐Geng , Zeng Da‐Li , Liao Yi‐Long , Cao Bin , Jia Shi‐Rong
Published: September 2006

The introgression of transgenes into wild relatives or weeds through pollen‐mediated gene flow is a major concern in environmental risk assessment of transgenic crops. A large‐scale (1.3–1.8 ha) rice gene flow study was conducted using transgenic rice containing the bar gene as a pollen donor and Oryza rufipogon as a recipient. There was a high frequency of transgene flow (11%−18%) at 0–1 m, with a steep decline with increasing distance to a detection limit of 0.01% by 250 m. To our knowledge, this is the highest frequency and longest distance of gene flow from transgenic rice to O. rufipogon reported so far. On the basis of these data, an adequate isolation distance from both conventional and transgenic rice should be taken for in situ conservation of common wild rice. Meanwhile, there is no evidence of transgene introgression into barnyard grass, even when it has coexisted with transgenic rice containing the bar gene for five successive years. Thus, the environmental risk of gene flow to this weedy species is of little concern.
Increasing morphinan alkaloid production by over‐expressing codeinone reductase in transgenic Papaver somniferum
Authors: Larkin Philip J. , Miller James A. C. , Allen Robert S. , Chitty Julie A. , Gerlach Wayne L. , Frick Susanne , Kutchan Toni M. , Fist Anthony J.
Published: September 2006

Only plants of the Papaver genus (poppies) are able to synthesize morphinan alkaloids, and cultivation of P. somniferum, opium poppy, remains critical for the production and supply of morphine, codeine and various semi‐synthetic analgesics. Opium poppy was transformed with constitutively expressed cDNA of codeinone reductase (PsCor1.1), the penultimate step in morphine synthesis. Most transgenic lines showed significant increases in capsule alkaloid content in replicated glasshouse and field trials over 4 years. The morphinan alkaloid contents on a dry weight basis were between 15% and 30% greater than those in control high‐yielding genotypes and control non‐transgenic segregants. Transgenic leaves had approximately 10‐fold greater levels of Cor transcript compared with non‐transgenic controls. Two cycles of crossing of the best transgenic line into an elite high‐morphine genotype resulted in significant increases in morphine and total alkaloids relative to the elite recurrent parent. No significant changes in alkaloid profiles or quantities were observed in leaf, roots, pollen and seed.
Microarray analysis of Fusarium graminearum‐induced wheat genes: identification of organ‐specific and differentially expressed genes
Authors: Golkari Saber , Gilbert Jeannie , Prashar Suvira , Procunier J. Douglas
Published: September 2006

A wheat cDNA microarray consisting of 5739 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was used to investigate the transcriptome patterns of the glume, lemma, palea, anther, ovary and rachis dissected from infected wheat spikes after inoculation with the fungus Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight (FHB) disease. Stringent conditions were employed to reduce the false discovery rate. The significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) was used to identify transcripts that showed a differential response between fungal‐challenged vs. control plants. To verify the microarray data, Northern blot analysis was carried out on randomly selected up‐regulated clones. We observed 185 (3.2%) up‐regulated and 16 (0.28%) down‐regulated ESTs in the six organs constituting the wheat spike. Many up‐regulated ESTs (46.67%) showed no homology with sequences of known functions, whereas others showed homology with genes involved in defence and stress responses, the oxidative burst of H2O2, regulatory functions, protein synthesis and the phenylpropanoid pathway. The monitoring of genes in specific organs avoided the averaging of expression values over multiple organs that occurs when using data from the whole spike. Our data allowed us to uncover new up‐regulated genes expressed in specific organs. The study revealed that each organ had a defined and distinctive transcriptome pattern in response to F. graminearum infection.