bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of organic–inorganic hybrid polymers with a well‐defined structure from diamines and epoxy‐functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
Authors: Xu Hongyao , Yang Benhong , Gao Xiaoyan , Li Cun , Guang Shanyi
Published: June 2006

A new class of organic‐inorganic hybrid polymers with well‐defined structure was prepared by reacting diepoxyhexavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (DehvPOSS) with diamines of different chain lengths. The structures and properties of these hybrid polymers were well characterized by FTIR, 29Si‐NMR, GC‐MS, and TGA. A modeling characterization was employed to help identify the structures of organic tethers linked between the POSS cages. The results indicated that at the stoichiometric ratio of DehvPOSS to diamine, well‐defined organic–inorganic hybrid polymers with controlled variation of the organic tether architecture can be made, and each organic tether connected four POSS cages. Thermal stability (Tdec) increased with an increase in the tether length of the diamine molecules, and the highest Tdec was obtained with butanediamine (rather than propanediamine or ethanediamine) as the organic tether. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3730–3735, 2006
Kinetic investigations of trimethylolpropane–diisocyanate reactions
Authors: Möller Maike , Moritz Hans‐Ulrich
Published: June 2006

Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is frequently used as a trifunctional branching and chain‐extending agent in polyurethane production. This article deals with the analysis of the reactivities of the three primary hydroxyl groups of TMP during reactions with two exemplary diisocyanates: aromatic diphenylmethane‐4,4′‐diisocyanate and aliphatic m‐tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate. The method of examination is online attenuated total reflection/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. With this method, reactions in progress can be monitored simultaneously. It is shown that the addition of an isocyanate (here phenyl isocyanate) to the alcohol affects the rate of subsequent reactions. The higher the substitution degree is, the smaller the rate constant is of the reaction between the remaining free hydroxyl groups and the diisocyanates. This effect is largely determined by the type of diisocyanate. For reactions with very reactive aromatic diisocyanates, steric hindrance plays a significant role. For aliphatic diisocyanates, the substitution shows only minor effects because of the slowly reacting isocyanate groups. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4090–4097, 2006
The effect of addition of poly(propylene‐g‐acrylic acid) on the morphology of poly(vinyl methylether) and isotactic polypropylene blend
Authors: Wang Dong , Ishida Hatsuo
Published: June 2006

The interfacial adhesion of blend of isotactic polypropylene/poly(vinyl methylether) (i‐PP/PVME) has been improved by the addition of poly(propylene‐g‐acrylic acid) (PP‐g‐AA) as a compatibilizing agent. The phase morphologies of the blends are investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and lateral force microscopy (LFM). The i‐PP/PVME (80/20) blend with no addition of PP‐g‐AA from extrusion process shows a coarse morphology with the dispersed domain size as large as several micrometers; After the addition of 2.5% PP‐g‐AA in the blends, the dispersed PVME domain size decreases greatly. The addition of 5% PP‐g‐AA results in a homogeneous morphology. The blending of PP‐g‐AA with PVME reduces the crystallization temperature of PP‐g‐AA, which is different from that of blending i‐PP with PVME. The increase of the interfacial adhesion is attributed to the specific intermolecular interaction between the acrylic acid group of PP‐g‐AA and the ether group of PVME. The specific interaction is studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4098–4103, 2006
Rheological modeling of plug‐assist thermoforming
Authors: Hosseini Hossein , Vasilivich Berdyshev B. , Mehrabani‐Zeinabad Arjomand
Published: June 2006

Solving problems for thermoforming processes in the production of axisymmetric thin walled plastics is investigated in this research work. A nonlinear viscoelastic rheological model with a new strain energy function is suggested for improvement of physical properties of final product. For model validation, a quantitative relation between stress and technical parameters of plug‐assist thermoforming is determined by comparison of theoretical and experimental results. This process with the proposed rheological model could be suggested for prevention from some technical defects such as wall thickness variations, physical instability during inflation‐shrinkage, and warpage exhibited in the final part of a polymeric sheet thermoforming. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4148–4152, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene/layered double‐hydroxide nanocomposites via in situ emulsion and suspension polymerization
Authors: Ding Peng , Qu Baojun
Published: June 2006

Polystyrene (PS)/ZnAl layered double‐hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites were synthesized via in situ emulsion and suspension polymerization in the presence of N‐lauroyl‐glutamate surfactant and long‐chain spacer and characterized with elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis. The XRD and TEM results demonstrate that the exfoliated ZnAl–LDH layers were well dispersed at molecular level in the PS matrix. The completely exfoliated PS/LDH nanocomposites were obtained even at the 20 and 10 wt % LDH loadings prepared by emulsion polymerization and suspension polymerization, respectively. The PS/LDH nanocomposites with a suitable amount of LDH showed apparently enhanced thermal stability. When the 50% weight loss was selected as a comparison point, the decomposition temperature of the exfoliated PS/LDH sample prepared by emulsion polymerization with a 5 wt % LDH loading was about 28°C higher than that of pure PS. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3758–3766, 2006
Improving foamability of polypropylene by grafting modification
Authors: Liu Chunsheng , Wei Dafu , Zheng Anna , Li Yong , Xiao Huining
Published: June 2006

Polypropylene (PP) foam has been considered as a potential substitute for other thermoplastics foams in industrial applications. However, the key concern is the weak melt strength of PP, which leads to a high content of open‐cell structure in PP foams; and, thus, unsatisfactory for a number of applications. In this work, PP was modified by grafting with unsaturated linear polyester (ULP) in a twin‐screw extruder in attempt to improve the melt strength of PP. The grafting reaction on PP and the modified PP were characterized using FT‐IR, DSC, and TGA. The improved foamability was verified by SEM observation. In addition, the rheological behavior of modified PP was investigated using a Hakke rheometer. The results indicated that the melt strength of grafted PP was significantly enhanced, facilitating the foam formation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4114–4123, 2006
Comparative ozonization of LDPE and HDPE and grafting of some monomers to elaborate new ion exchange membranes
Authors: Zouahri A. , Assouag M. , Robin J. J. , Boutevin B. , Elbachiri A. , Elmidaoui A.
Published: June 2006

A comparative study of the ozonization of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) was carried out. A grafting study of acrylic acid (AA), N,N‐dimethylamino‐2‐ethylmethacrylate (MADAME) and vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA) on LDPE and HDPE was performed in mass and solution. The ozonized polyethylene and the grafting polymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy and elementary analysis. Ion exchange membranes were prepared from grafted copolymers and characterized by the exchange capacity and electrical resistance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4423–4429, 2006
Water vapor‐permeable polyurethane ionomer
Authors: Luo J. L. , Liou Y. J. , Chin T. M. , Kuo Y. M. , Chao D. Y.
Published: June 2006

The reaction of toluene diisocyanate with 2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoro‐1‐propanol (fluoro compound) or 3‐glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane(siloxane compound) and other additives to form the structure of the fluoro‐based or siloxane‐based polyurethane (PU) ionomer has been proven by infrared spectra. Experimental results indicated that the amount of water vapor permeability of the film made by fluoro‐based or siloxane‐based PU ionomer appeared to gradually increase with increasing concentration of the siloxane compound or fluoro compound, as a result of the formation of more porosities. Our experimental results also showed that the water vapor absorption was seen to be larger for the film made by siloxane‐based PU ionomer film than for the film made by fluoro‐based PU ionomer film, as a result of increased hydrophilic groups attached to the backbone of the PU ionomer molecule. For the film prepared by siloxane‐based PU ionomer, both tensile strength and elongation appeared to increase with an increase in the concentration of siloxane compound. This may be the result of the intermolecular interaction between siloxane‐based PU ionomer molecules themselves, thus enhancing the crosslinking capability of the ionomer molecules. On the other hand, both tensile strength and elongation for the film prepared by fluoro‐based PU ionomer decreased with increasing concentration of the fluoro compound, as a result of intramolecular interaction greatly reducing the crosslinking capability of the ionomer molecules. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3767–3773, 2006
Preparation of poly(lactic acid) fiber by dry–jet–wet spinning. II. Effect of process parameters on fiber properties
Authors: Gupta Bhuvanesh , Revagade Nilesh , Anjum Nishat , Atthoff Björn , Hilborn Jöns
Published: June 2006

The dry–jet–wet spinning process was employed to spin poly(lactic acid)(PLA) fiber by the phase inversion technique using chloroform and methanol as solvent and nonsolvent, respectively, for PLA. The as spun fiber was subjected to two‐stage hot drawing to study the effect of various process parameters, such as take‐up speed, drawing temperature, and heat‐setting temperature on the fiber structural properties. The take‐up speed had a pronounced influence on the maximum draw ratio of the fiber. The optimum drawing temperature was observed to be 90°C to get a fiber with the tenacity of 0.6 GPa for the draw ratio of 8. The heat‐setting temperature had a pronounced effect on fiber properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3774–3780, 2006
Mechanical and morphological characterization of starch/zein blends plasticized with glycerol
Authors: Corradini Elisāngela , Souto de Medeiros Eliton , Carvalho Antonio J. F. , Curvelo Antonio A. S. , Mattoso Luiz H. C.
Published: June 2006

Blends of starch and zein plasticized with glycerol were prepared by melting in a batch mixer at 160°C. Glycerol was used as plasticizer in contents ranging from 20 to 40 wt % with respect to the starch/zein matrix. These blends were characterized by mechanical tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, and optical microscopy. In tensile tests, the Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength increased with increasing zein content for all compositions, whereas elongation at break decreased sharply with increasing zein content up to 20%, and it remained nearly constant at higher contents of zein, which increased the stiffness of the blends. On the other hand, increase in the glycerol content caused a decrease in mechanical resistance of the blends. Storage modulus increased with increasing zein content and the tan δ curves showed that the blends exhibited two distinct glass transitions, one for each component, indicating a two‐phase system, confirming the morphological evidence of micrographs that displayed two separate phases. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4133–4139, 2006
Effect of acrylonitrile water solubility on the suspension copolymerization of acrylonitrile and styrene
Authors: Lu Qun , Weng Zhi‐Xue , Shan Guo‐Rong , Lai Guo‐Qiao , Pan Zu‐Ren
Published: June 2006

Effect of acrylonitrile water solubility on the suspension polymerization of acrylonitile and styrene was investigated. It was found that the copolymer composition produced in the suspension polymerization of acrylonitrile and styrene was significantly different from that in the bulk polymerization at the same monomer feed ratio, since acrylonitrile is partially soluble in water. To predict accurately and then control the copolymer composition in the suspension polymerization, a model to calculate the copolymer composition was proposed based on considering the phase partition of actylonitrile between monomer and aqueous phases. The results calculated by the model are in agreement with the experimental data. The real reactivity ratios in monomer phase used in the model are the same as that in the bulk polymerization, but the apparent reactivity ratios used in the classical theory for the suspension polymerization vary significantly with water/oil ratio. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4270–4274, 2006
Study of water sorption in modified flax fibers
Authors: Gouanvé F. , Marais S. , Bessadok A. , Langevin D. , Morvan C. , Métayer M.
Published: June 2006

Because of their good mechanical properties and low density, natural fibers are more and more considered as reinforcement in composite materials. To improve the adhesion between the polymer matrix and natural fibers and to reduce the water sorption, helium cold plasma and autoclave treatments have been performed on flax fibers. The effect of these treatments on water sorption has been investigated by means of a gravimetric static equilibrium method (IGA). Water sorption isotherms have been deduced from kinetic data. Specific mathematical models have been tested to predict the water sorption isotherms of the treated flax fibers. The Park model based on the three sorption modes: Langmuir, Henry's law, and clustering, was successfully used to simulate the experimental sorption data. The results show no significant effect after plasma treatment while an increase of moisture resistance has been observed after autoclave treatment. This effect of autoclave treatment is interpreted in terms of modifications of cell‐wall structure. In a kinetic point of view, for the untreated and treated flax fibers, the variation of the diffusion coefficient with water concentration is in agreement with the three sorption modes of the Park model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4281–4289, 2006
New thickening agents for reactive printing of cellulosic fabrics
Authors: Ibrahim N. A. , Abo‐Shosha M. H. , El‐Zairy E. Allam M. R. , El‐Zairy E. M.
Published: June 2006

Four adducts were prepared by polymerizing acrylic acid (AA) in presence of either a pyrodextrin (D) or gum Arabic (GA), and termed as PAA/D1, PAA/D2, PAA/GA1, and PAA/GA2. These adducts were utilized as thickeners in reactive printing of cotton fabric in comparison with Na‐Alginate. Printing was carried out at different conditions including: NaHCO3 concentration (0–40 g/K), urea concentration (0–200 g/k), steaming temperature (100–130°C) and time (5–35 min). At optimal NaHCO3 concentration (30 g/K) the depth of shade of the prints, expressed as K/S values, depended on the nature of the thickener used, and followed the descending order PAA/D2 > PAA/GA1 > Na‐Alginate ≫PAA/D1 ≥ PAA/GA2. Accordingly, PAA/D1 and PAA/GA2 were omitted in subsequent trials. Optimal printing conditions were found to be NaHCO3 concentration (30 g/K), urea concentration (100 g/k), steaming temperature (110°C), and time (15 min). The apparent viscosity of a printing paste, as well as both of K/S value and fastness properties of a print were governed by the nature of the reactive dye and type of thickener. Storing of a printing paste up to 7 days resulted in a decrease in its apparent viscosity along with a slight reduction in K/S value and a little variation in some fastness properties of prints. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4430–4439, 2006
Fibrillation tendency of cellulosic fibers, part 6: Effects of treatments with additive polymers
Authors: Zhang Wangsun , Okubayashi Satoko , Badura Wolfram , Bechtold Thomas
Published: June 2006

The influences of the treatments with various polymers on fibrillation and abrasion resistances of lyocell materials were investigated with respect to the type of polymer, the polymer concentration, and the drying temperature. Fibril number, generated with agitation using ball‐bearings (FNball), was decreased with increasing the concentration of aminofunctional polysiloxane because of reduction in water retention capacity (WRV) in fibers. The never‐dried lyocell fiber showed smaller decrease in FNball because of its higher WRV when compared to dried fibers. The treatment with aminofunctional polysiloxane enhanced not only the fibrillation resistance but also abrasion resistance, which was indicated as rotation number of abrasive bar in the abrasion test (RNabr). No fibrillation was obtained in the fiber treated with 10 g/L aminofunctional polysiloxane at 120°C for 20 min, while the fibers treated at 60 and 170°C for 15 min were fibrillated in the agitation and abrasion tests. The addition of secondary polyethylene derivative also reduced the fibrillation tendency of lyocell; however, the extent of the reduction was lesser when compared with aminofunctional polysiloxane. The treatments with polyacrylate, polyurethane, and polyisocyanate derivatives improved the fibrillation resistance in lyocell fabrics, while fiber abrasion resistance was not significantly improved by the treatment with those additives, except in polyisocyanate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4140–4147, 2006
Synthesis and network parameters of hydrophobic poly(N‐[3‐(dimethylaminopropyl)]methacrylamide‐co‐lauryl acrylate) hydrogels
Authors: Çaykara Tuncer , Birlik Gökçen
Published: June 2006

Hydrophobic poly(N‐[3‐(dimethylaminopropyl)]methacrylamide‐co‐lauryl acrylate) [P(DMAPMA‐co‐LA)] hydrogels with different LA content were synthesized by free‐radical crosslinking copolymerization of corresponding monomers in water by using N,N‐methylenebis(acrylamide) as the crosslinker, ammonium persulfate as the initiator, and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine as the activator. The swelling equilibrium of the hydrogels was investigated as a function of temperature and hydrophobic comonomer content in pure water. An interesting feature of the swelling behavior of the P(DMAPMA‐co‐LA) hydrogels with low LA content was the reshrinking phase transition where the hydrogels swell once and collapse as temperature was varied in the range of 30–40°C. The average molecular mass between crosslinks (M̄c) and polymer–solvent interaction parameter (χ) of the hydrogels were calculated from equilibrium swelling values. The enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) changes appearing in the χ parameter for the hydrogels were determined by using the Flory–Rehner theory based on the phantom network model of swelling equilibrium. The positive values for ΔH and ΔS indicated that the hydrogels had a positive temperature‐sensitive property in water, that is, swelling at a higher temperature and shrinking at a lower temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4159–4166, 2006
Kinetics study on melt grafting copolymerization of LLDPE with acid monomers using reactive extrusion method
Authors: Shi Qiang , Zhu Lianchao , Cai ChuanLun , Yin JingHua , Costa Giovanna
Published: June 2006

Graft copolymerization in the molten state is of fundamental importance as a probe of chemical modification and reactive compatibilization. However, few grafting kinetics studies on reactive extrusion were carried out for the difficulties as expected. In this work, the macromolecular peroxide‐induced grafting of acrylic acid and methyl methacrylate onto linear low density polyethylene by reactive extrusion was chosen as the model system for the kinetics study; the samples were taken out from the barrel at five ports along screw axis and analyzed by FTIR, 1H NMR, and ESR. For the first time, the time‐evolution of reaction rate, the reaction order, and the activation energy of graft copolymerization and homopolymerization in the twin screw extruder were directly obtained. On the basis of these results, the general reaction mechanism was tentatively proposed. It was demonstrated that an amount of chain propagation free radicals could keep alive for several minutes even the peroxides completely decomposed and the addition of monomer to polymeric radicals was the rate‐controlled step for the graft copolymerization. The results presented here revealed that the relative importance of graft copolymerization compared with homopolymerization mainly depended on the monomer solubility and reactivity, while the process parameters such as reaction temperature also influenced the reaction tendency. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4301–4312, 2006
Grafting of ethylene–ethyl acrylate–maleic anhydride terpolymer with amino‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane during reactive processing
Authors: McManus N. T. , Zhu S.‐H. , Tzoganakis C. , Penlidis A.
Published: June 2006

An ethylene–ethyl acrylate–maleic anhydride copolymer (EEAMA) is grafted with aminopropyl polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) via melt reactive mixing at 140°C. The materials produced split into two components based on their solubility in acetone. The acetone soluble material is highly enriched in PDMS, whereas the insoluble material contains levels of PDMS that are lower than the proportions added to the reaction mixture. It was found that for all reaction mixtures the PDMS content in the acetone insoluble solids increases with mixing time. Molecular weight distributions of materials become narrower as the amount of PDMS increases. Rheological testing shows that the level of PDMS in the mixtures and the presence of the acetone soluble fractions give rise to significant changes in the complex viscosity and elastic moduli for the polymers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4230–4237, 2006
Surface modification of polyacrylonitrile based ultrafiltration membrane
Authors: Lohokare H. R. , Kumbharkar S. C. , Bhole Y. S. , Kharul U. K.
Published: June 2006

Ultrafiltration membrane based on polyacrylonitrile prepared by phase inversion method using zinc chloride as an additive showed more than 90% rejection for BSA and 90–110 lm−2 h−1 water flux. The surface modification of this membrane was studied using ethanolamine, triethylamine, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide solutions. The effect of base treatment time and temperature on water flux and rejection was investigated. The membranes exhibited swelling by NaOH treatment followed by deswelling by HCl post‐treatment, similar to pH responsive membranes. The treatment by organic as well as inorganic bases improved water flux with a slight lowering in BSA rejection by dead‐end mode type treatment. A 230% increase in water flux was achieved by sodium hydroxide treatment in crossflow mode without a noticeable pore swelling by SEM. The contact angle of the modified membranes was decreased as compared to the unmodified one indicating appreciable surface modification. As the treatment time or temperature increased, the ESCA analysis showed increased population of Na‐carboxylate groups. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4378–4385, 2006
Relaxation behavior of carbon silica dual phase filler reinforced chlorobutyl vulcanizates
Authors: Sridhar V. , Chaudhary R. N. P. , Tripathy D. K.
Published: June 2006

Dynamic mechanical analysis and dielectric relaxation spectra of carbon silica dual phase filler reinforced chlorobutyl vulcanizates were used to study their relaxation behavior as a function of temperature (−60°C to +100°C) and frequency (100–106 Hz). Strain‐dependent dynamical parameters were evaluated at dynamic strain amplitudes of 0.07–5%. The nonlinearity in tan δ and storage modulus was explained based on the concept of filler–polymer interaction and the interaggregate attraction (filler networking) of carbon black. The dynamics of chlorobutyl chain segments in the composites was explained on the basis of their connectivity. The segmental relaxation of the polymer chains in the presence of filler and crosslinking has been explained, based on conformational transitions occurring at high frequencies. The ‘percolation limit’ of the filler in the composites was found to be in the range of 30–40 phr loading. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4320–4327, 2006
Thermal conductivity of high density polyethylene filled with graphite
Authors: Ye Chang‐Ming , Shentu Bao‐Qing , Weng Zhi‐Xue
Published: June 2006

The effect of the grade, the content, and the particle diameter on the thermal conductivity of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with graphite were studied. The results show an increase of thermal conductivity of the HDPE/graphite composite with increase of graphite content. The thermal conductivity of the HDPE filled with the expanded graphite was larger than that of the HDPE filled with the colloid graphite system. At the same volume content (7%), the thermal conductivity of the former was twice that of the latter one. The particle diameter of the graphite also affected the thermal conductivity of HDPE composites. With increase of the particle diameter of the colloid graphite, the thermal conductivity of the HDPE/graphite increased. However, when the particle diameter of colloid graphite was larger than 15 μm, the increase of thermal conductivity of HDPE/graphite changed by inches. Some models proposed to predict thermal conductivity of a composite in a two‐phase system could not be applied to HDPE filled graphite powder composites, such as Maxwell‐Eucken, Cheng and Vachon, Zieblend, Lewis and Nielsen, Agari and Uno equations. But, according to the increase of thermal conductivity of HDPE composites filled with the colloid graphite, we find that Ziebland equation is suitable except of some constant. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3806–3810, 2006
Studies on surface properties of polymeric coated paper material
Authors: Pawde S. M. , Deshmukh Kalim A. R.
Published: June 2006

Surface properties of a polymeric coating system have a strong influence on its performance and service life. However, the surface of a polymer coating may have different chemical, physical, and mechanical properties from the bulk. Significant progress has been made during the last three decades in the improvement of coating on materials. It has been established that polymeric blends have great potential in replacing economically many conventional materials because of their high specific strength. It is needed today, constantly, to improve the surface finish of any material for efficiency and shiny appearance in the severity of working environment. In packaging, materials having longer service lives and those are less corrosive are highly used. The effect of polymer based coating on the paper material improves its mechanical properties and flame resistance. Effect of flame retardant polymer coating illuminates the surface of the sheet. Important application of the material sheets will be for corrosion receptivity and humidity resistance of this material will certainly improve. Blends of PMM/PVDF are mainly used to improve piezoelectric properties of PVDF. In the present study we report the measurement of surface properties of thin layer of polymer blend coated on the cardboard sheet substrate material. Polymer blend solutions of PMMA/PVDF was prepared at 90/10 (w/w) proportions in miscible solvent of toluene and DMF. Thin film was prepared on the surface of cardboard by dipping the cardboard material in the solution. Thickness of the dried polymer coated paper sheet was measured to see uniformity of coating and for different concentrations. Surface properties such as flexibility index, yellowness, and gloss reflectance were also measured. The study on these polymer coated paper will help in improving the surface property of paper as well as its use in packaging. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4167–4171, 2006
Surface modification with acrylic polyampholytes 1, adsorption of acrylic polyampholytes on fiberglass reinforced plastics, and characterization of the polymer adsorbed surfaces
Authors: Terabayashi Takeshi , Maruyama Takanobu , Shimizu Yoshio , Komatsu Masanori , Takahashi Toshio
Published: June 2006

The adsorption of acrylic polyampholytes on fiberglass reinforced plastics (FRP) was investigated using random copolymers derived from (dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DM), methacrylic acid, and t‐butyl methacrylate (t‐BMA). The effect of the copolymer structure changes on the adsorption and the interactions between the copolymers and the surface were assessed using ζ‐potential and contact angle measurements, NMR, and ESCA. The copolymer having the composition of 58 mol % pDM, 38 mol % pMMA, and 4 mol % pt‐BMA was adsorbed on the FRP surface at pH 7, and it formed the highest hydrophilic surface among the tested copolymers. An analysis by use of atomic force microscope revealed that the copolymer afforded a uniform 4–6 nm thick coverage on the FRP. We concluded that the interactions between the copolymer's cationic sites and the anionic FRP surface are important as well as the hydrophobic interaction for adsorption. Furthermore, it is suggested that the hydrophilicity of the copolymer's adsorbed surfaces is related to the density of the copolymer's anionic sites. These results indicate that the ampholytic structure of the polymers would be essential for the surface modification on the FRP. The effect of functional groups of surfaces on the acrylate adsorption was also assessed using surface plasmon resonance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4454–4461, 2006
Morphological study of spherical MgCl2.nEtOH supported TiCl4 Ziegler‐Natta catalyst for polymerization of ethylene
Authors: Jamjah R. , Zohuri G. H. , Vaezi J. , Ahmadjo S. , Nekomanesh M. , Pouryari M.
Published: June 2006

Spherical MgCl2·nEtOH was prepared by adducting ethanol to MgCl2 using melt quenching method. Effect of molar ratio of [EtOH]/[MgCl2] = 2.8–3.05 on the morphology and particle size of the MgCl2·nEtOH were studied. The best adduct of spherical morphology was obtained when 2.9 mol ethanol to 1 mol MgCl2 was used. An emulsion of dissolved MgCl2 in ethanol was prepared in a reactor containing silicon oil. Stirrer speed of the emulsion and its transfer rate to quenching section that work at −10 to −40°C are affected by the particle size of the adduct particle. The adducted ethanol was partially removed with controlled heat primary to catalyst preparation (support). Treatment of the support with excess TiCl4 increased its surface area from 13.1 to 184.4 m2/g. Heterogeneous Ziegler‐Natta catalyst system of MgCl2 (spherical)/TiCl4 was prepared using the spherical support. Scanning electron microscopy studies of adduct, support, and catalyst obtained shown spherical particles, however, the polyethylene particles obtained have no regular morphology. The behavior indicates harsh conditions used for catalyst preparation, prepolymerization, and polymerization method used. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3829–3834, 2006
Ce(IV)‐induced graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid on electrospun polysulphone nonwoven fiber membrane
Authors: Ma Zuwei , Ramakrishna S.
Published: June 2006

Ce(IV)‐induced graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) on polysulphone (PSU) surface is studied. After pretreatment either by formaldehyde solution or by air glow discharge plasma, the PSU fiber membrane was immersed in MAA solution with Ce(IV) and heated under 80°C under N2 protection. The MAA was induced by the Ce(IV) redox initiation system to polymerize on the PSU fiber membrane surface. It was found that the pretreatment of the membrane is a very necessary condition for the graft copolymerization to obtain high graft degree. For both the formaldehyde and the air glow discharge plasma pretreated membrane, the graft degree increase with the reaction time. To study the reaction mechanism, control experiments were carried out. Membrane surfaces were characterized by ATR‐FTIR and XPS. The reaction mechanism of the graft copolymerization was discussed based on the experimental data. The effect of the graft copolymerization on the membrane's structure and water permeability was finally studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3835–3841, 2006
Thermal and mechanical properties of silicon rubber/cis‐polybutadiene rubber/ethylene–propylene–diene monomer blends
Authors: Wu Weili , Chen Dajun
Published: June 2006

Considering the properties of silicon rubber, ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM), and cis‐polybutadiene rubber (BR), a blend made by a new method was proposed in this article; this blend had thermal resistance and good mechanical properties. The morphology of the blend was studied by SEM, and it was found that the adhesion between the phases of BR, EPDM, and polysiloxanes (silicon rubber) could be enhanced, and the compatibility and covulcanization were good. The influence of the mass ratio of peroxide and silica on the mechanical properties and thermal resistance of the blend was studied. The results showed that the mechanical properties and thermal resistance of the blend were improved when silicon rubber/BR/EPDM was 20/30/50, dicumyl peroxide/sulfur was 2.5/2.5, and the amount of silica was 80 phr. The integral properties of rubber blend had more advantages than did the three rubbers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4462–4467, 2006
Flame retardancy of polycarbonate–polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer/silica nanocomposites
Authors: Nodera Akio , Kanai Toshitaka
Published: June 2006

This report describes the flame retardancy and the thermal degradation behavior of polycarbonate–polydimethylsiloxane (PC–PDMS) block copolymer/silica nanocomposites. PC–PDMS block copolymer with dimethylsiloxane (DMS) block size 40 units increased the dispersibility of nanosized amorphous silica. Addition of the slight nanosized silica caused the increment of flame retardancy of PC–PDMS block copolymer, and the PC–PDMS block copolymer with 1.0 wt % PDMS had the highest limiting oxygen index value when the nanosized silica was added 0.5 wt %. The maximum rate temperature of the PC–PDMS block copolymer increased with the addition of silica and the maximum loss rate was the lowest when silica content is 0.5 wt %. The monodisperse nanosized silica had an effect that enhances the flame retardant mechanism of PDMS for PC. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3862–3868, 2006
Behavior of immobilized glucose oxidase on membranes from polyacrylonitrile and copolymer of methylmethacrylate‐dichlorophenylmaleimide
Authors: Vasileva N. , Godjevargova Tz. , Konsulov V. , Simeonova A. , Turmanova S.
Published: June 2006

Two new ultrafiltration membranes were obtained from a polymer mixture, containing 60% polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and 40% copolymer of methylmethacrylate‐dichlorophenylmaleimide (MMA‐DCPMI). Membrane 1 (MB1) contains 40% DCPMI of the copolymer, and membrane 2 (MB2) contains 15% of the copolymer. The pore size, the specific surface, the water content, the water flux, and the selectivity were determined for the two membranes. The presence of dichlorophenylmaleimide in the copolymer ensures the preparation of membranes suitable for direct covalent enzyme immobilization without further modifications. These membranes were used for immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOD). High amount of bound protein was found on each of the membranes. High relative activities of the immobilized GOD were achieved, 72% for MB1 and 68% for MB2. The properties of the immobilized enzyme (GOD) were determined: optimum pH and temperature and pH, thermal, and storage stability, and then compared with the properties of the native enzyme. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme reaction, Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum reaction rate (Vmax), were also investigated. The results obtained showed that the ultrafiltration membranes prepared from the mixture of PAN and the copolymer MMA‐DCPMI were suitable for use as carriers for the immobilization of GOD. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4334–4340, 2006
High PVC film‐forming composite latex particles via miniemulsification, part 2: Efficiency of encapsulation
Authors: Al‐Ghamdi Ghurmallah H. , Sudol E. David , Dimonie Victoria L. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S.
Published: June 2006

The application of a density gradient column (DGC) method using sodium polytungstate (SPT) solutions as the medium was investigated for determining the encapsulation efficiency of 11–30% pigment volume concentration (PVC)) latex particles prepared by the miniemulsification process. The encapsulation efficiencies for 11, 20, and 30% PVCs were found to be 100% of the TiO2 encapsulated inside 86.3, 98, and 98.9% of the styrene/n‐butyl acrylate copolymer, respectively. The copolymer not participating in the encapsulation (free copolymer) was found in the 1.04 g/mL density layer of the DGC. Particle size analysis by DLS (dynamic light scattering) showed that the encapsulated particle size increased with increasing density. Thus, the number of TiO2 particles (primary particles) inside each encapsulated particle increased to accommodate both the increased size and density. The results obtained by DLS for each DGC layer of the 30% PVC system were confirmed qualitatively by TEM in terms of the increasing encapsulated particle size and broadening of the size distribution as the density increased in the DGC. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4517–4525, 2006
High PVC film‐forming composite latex particles via miniemulsification, part 3: Optical properties
Authors: Al‐Ghamdi Ghurmallah H. , David Sudol E. , Dimonie Victoria L. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S.
Published: June 2006

The optical properties of films cast from latexes comprising TiO2 particles encapsulated in poly(styrene‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate) prepared by miniemulsification and having high loading (11–70% pigment volume concentration (PVC)) were investigated. Contrast ratio (CR) measurements for all batches showed that a 3 mil film (obtained at 43% PVC) was the minimum thickness at which 98% CR could be achieved. Also, the greatest hiding power (HP) (535 ft2/gal) was obtained at 43% PVC. In addition, gloss measurements showed that as the TiO2 loading increased, the gloss decreased, indicating that the increasing amount of TiO2 contributed to a reduction in the surface smoothness. The effects of surfactant concentration (sodium lauryl sulfate) on the encapsulated particle size and the optical properties of the encapsulated films for the 11% PVC system are described. The effect of varying the sonifier operating conditions on the TiO2 particle size, encapsulated particle size, and the optical properties of the encapsulated films for the 43% PVC system was also investigated. A comparative study of the optical properties of films cast from encapsulated latex particles with films cast from physical blends of polymer particles and pigment at the same TiO2 loading and film thickness was made. The optical properties (i.e., CR and gloss) showed a clear advantage of the miniemulsification process over the blends. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4526–4537, 2006
Synthesis, characterization, and film morphology of dodecylpolysiloxane
Authors: An Qiufeng , Cheng Guangwen , Li Linsheng
Published: June 2006

A novel polysiloxane softener bearing dodecyl side groups (dodecylpolysiloxane [DDPS]) was synthesized by copolymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane with dodecyltrimethoxysilane and hexamethyldisiloxane. Chemical structure and film morphology of the synthesized polysiloxane are characterized and investigated by infrared spectrum, 1H‐NMR, field emission scanning electronic microscope, and atomic force microscope. The experiment results indicate that DDPS can form a hydrophobic film on both the cotton fiber and silicon wafer surface. At an amplification of <80,000 (of the original fiber) and the observation rule (working distance) of >200 nm, DDPS shows a relative smooth resin film on the treated fabric/fiber surface. But as the observation rule decreases to 2 nm—almost to a molecular scale—the DDPS film mostly exhibits an inhomogeneous structure and uneven morphology in its atomic force microscope images. There are many low or high peaks that appeared in DDPS topography. Consequently in 2 μm2 scanning field, the root mean square roughness of DDPS film reaches to 0.199 nm, which is 2.46 times rougher as compared with that of polydimethylsiloxane film. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4480–4486, 2006
Supercritical fluid extraction of cyclic oligomers from depolymerizing PBT
Authors: Weijers C. , de Rooij R. D. , Agarwal U. S. , de Wit G. , Lemstra P. J.
Published: June 2006

Cyclic oligomers of polyester show great potential for a reaction‐injection‐molding process, because of their initial low viscosity and rapid ring‐opening polymerization at low temperatures (180°C) without exothermic reaction or condensates. In this work, we report the synthesis of cyclic oligo(butylene terephthalate) (COBT) from linear poly(butylene terephthalate) by a formation–extraction process employing supercritical fluids (SCF) CO2 and pentane at T = 230°C and P = 250 bar. Following this, depressurization of SCF leads to easy recovery of the COBTs. When compared with SCF CO2, SCF pentane is found to be an attractive solvent because of its higher solubilizing capacity (0.8 mg COBT dimer/g pentane) for the COBTs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4487–4492, 2006
Synthesis and cure of liquid crystalline diallyl modifiers for bismaleimide resin
Authors: Yu Yingfeng , Wang Minghai , Liu Xiaoyun , Zhao Lin , Tang Xiaolin , Li Shanjun
Published: June 2006

Three kinds of liquid crystalline aromatic azomethine modifiers were synthesized with high yield, and the modification of bismaleimide resin (BMI) with them was studied by scanning electron microscope, polarizing optical microscope, thermogravimetric analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry, and rheolometry. Blends cured at the temperature of liquid crystalline phase were found to have oriented liquid crystal‐rich phase and improved mechanical properties. The addition of o,o′‐diallyl bisphenol A in the blends of BMI decreases thermal properties but shows little effect on phase structures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4366–4371, 2006
Preparation of core–shell structured alumina–polyaniline particles and their application for corrosion protection
Authors: Zhang Donghua
Published: June 2006

Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline (ANI) in the presence of alumina (Al2O3) particles. The polymerization of ANI occurred preferentially on the surfaces of the particles, resulting core–shell structured alumina–polyaniline (Al2O3‐PANI) particles. Morphology examination showed that with decreasing of the weight ratio of Al2O3/ANI in the reactants, the thickness of the PANI layer increased and changed from an even surface morphology to a particulate morphology. UV–vis and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that there is no chemical interaction between the PANI layer and the Al2O3 surfaces. The PANI layer adhered well to the particles and can be used as anticorrosive fillers for polymer coatings. Enhanced corrosion protection performance was achieved for the emeraldine base (EB) form of PANI deposited Al2O3 particles (Al2O3‐EB) filled epoxy coating on carbon steel in 3.0 wt % aqueous NaCl solution. The particles demonstrate both excellent corrosion protection performance and lower cost, which will be of great importance in practical applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4372–4377, 2006
Structure–property relationships in one‐component polyurethane adhesives for wood: Sensitivity to low moisture content
Authors: Beaud F. , Niemz P. , Pizzi A.
Published: June 2006

The causes of strength loss of wood joints and their consequent delamination from one‐component polyurethane adhesives used for bonding structural wood when used at a low moisture content was investigated by testing wood joint strength and elongation at rupture at different wood moisture contents and by 13C‐NMR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the hardened bond line. The combination of the relative proportion of the still‐reactive free NCO groups on the polyurethane, of the wise choice of degree of polymerization of the resin, and of a slower rate of reaction were the three parameters found to be important in overcoming the problem of poor or no bonding of wood at low to very low moisture contents from one‐component polyurethane adhesives. The results obtained indicated that one‐component polyurethane adhesives that had a combination of a higher proportion of still‐unreacted NCO groups, a lower degree of polymerization, and a slower reaction rate were capable of overcoming the problem of the high sensitivity of polyurethane gluing at low to very low wood moisture contents. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4181–4192, 2006
Storage and loss moduli behavior of plasticized epoxy polymers over a frequency and temperature range, and damaging effects assessment by means of the NDT method of ultrasounds and moisture absorption
Authors: Sideridis E. , Prassianakis I. N. , Kytopoulos V. N.
Published: June 2006

The first objective of the present experimental work is to evaluate the storage and loss moduli of plasticized epoxy polymers over a temperature and frequency range, and to correlate with the ability of the ultrasounds for the characterization of such polymers. The materials used were a series of cold‐setting epoxy polymers, plasticized with different amounts of plasticizer. After the investigation of dynamic properties through vibration tests, the velocities of longitudinal and transverse elastic waves, and the acoustic attenuation coefficientawere evaluated and, then, using these quantities, the “dynamic” moduliE′,G′, and ν′ were evaluated. Thereafter, it can be stated that the plasticizer content and measuring frequency range strongly influence the elastic moduli of the material in the sense that the plasticizer tends to reduce, whereas the measuring frequency to increase these. The second objective of this work is to asses and discuss the associated plasticizer‐induced microstructural damaging effects by combined methods of ultrasounds, tensile modulus, as well as moisture absorption testing and then to correlate this assessment with the storage moduli behavior. It was shown that, despite the nonneglecting scatter in the experimental data, certain irresistible general trends might be assessed. In this context, it was found that the damage “response” is markedly sensitive to the respective applied “detection” technique and, therefore, the damage evolution data obtained by these different techniques are comparable only under certain circumstances. By comparison between the applied techniques, it seems reasonable to assume that the “moisture” technique due to its inherent microscopic mass transport processes, in the form of H2O molecules diffusion and therefore its ability to “detect” microstructural detects on a much lower scale, should give a better approach to the internal damage phenomena. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3869–3880, 2006