bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolic energy reduction by glucose deprivation and low gas exchange preserves platelet function after 48 h storage at 4 °C
Authors: Badlou B. A. , Van Der Meer P. F. , Akkerman J. W. N. , Smid W. M. , Pietersz R. N. I.
Published: January 2007

Introduction  We showed earlier that metabolically suppressed platelets (MSP) prepared by incubation in glucose‐free, antimycin A medium at 37 °C better sustained storage at 4 °C than untreated controls at 22 °C. However, the use of the mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin A is incompatible with platelet transfusion.

Objectives  The aim of this study was to investigate how energy‐reduced (ER) platelets could be prepared in the absence of antimycin A.

Study Design and Methods  Platelets in gas‐impermeable bags in glucose‐free medium were kept at 22 °C for 4 h to reduce energy stores and thereafter stored at 4 °C (ER22‐4). Controls were energy‐reduced platelets without prior incubation at 22 °C (ER4), and MSPs in test tubes and untreated platelets in gas‐permeable bags with glucose and stored at 22 °C (C22) and 4 °C (C4).

Results  After 48 h storage, ER22‐4 were superior to C22 with respect to pH preservation (6·4 ± 0·4 vs. 5·0 ± 0·4, n= 4), platelet count (800 ± 225 vs. 650 ± 150 × 109), thrombin receptor‐activating peptide‐induced aggregation (50 ± 15 vs. 10 ± 5%) and glycoprotein (GP)Ibα expression (60 ± 15% vs. 28 ± 15). GPIbα expression was higher in ER22‐4 than in ER4, indicating that energy suppression preserved GPIbα during cold storage.

Conclusion  Metabolic suppression without the use of antimycin A could be mimicked by storage of platelets in glucose‐free medium in gas‐impermeable bags. Energy suppression preserved GPIbα expression during storage at 4 °C.
Congenital Ocular Dermoid Cyst in a River Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Calf
Authors: Sarrafzadeh‐Rezaei F. , Farshid A. A. , Saifzadeh S.
Published: January 2007

Clinical and histopathological findings of a congenital ocular dermoid cyst, located at the lower eyelid of a river female buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calf were presented. A soft, fluctuant, non‐tender, hyperaemic cystic mass was detected overlaying the left eye. Fine needle aspirate revealed filamentous debris with no malignant cells. The cyst was treated surgically by orbital exenteration and subsequently subjected to histopathological examination. The histopathological study disclosed a conjunctival dermoid cyst. This report is novel, in that; such ocular cyst has not previously been described in river buffalo calves.
Airway management using the pediatric GlideScope® in a child with Goldenhar syndrome and atypical plasma cholinesterase
Authors: MILNE ANDREW D. , DOWER ANDREA M. , HACKMANN THOMAS
Published: January 2007

We report a case of difficult intubation in a child with Goldenhar syndrome and atypical plasma cholinesterase. Intubation attempts by direct laryngoscopy and the TrachlightTM were unsuccessful. The airway was ultimately secured using the pediatric GlideScope® in conjunction with external laryngeal manipulation.
Sevoflurane increases fade of neuromuscular response to TOF stimulation following rocuronium administration in children. A PK/PD analysis
Authors: WOLOSZCZUK‐GEBICKA BOGUMILA , WYSKA ELŻBIETA , GRABOWSKI TOMASZ
Published: January 2007

Background:  Sevoflurane enhances neuromuscular block produced by rocuronium, affecting not only single twitch response but also the response to high‐frequency stimulation, increasing tetanic [or train‐of‐four (TOF)] fade.

Methods:  We compared the degree of fade during spontaneous recovery from rocuronium‐induced neuromuscular block in 24 children (3–11 years old, ASA groups I and II), anesthetized with nitrous oxide–sevoflurane (one MAC, endtidal concentration) or nitrous oxide–fentanyl. Neuromuscular transmission was monitored electromyographically (EMG), stimulating the ulnar nerve at the wrist with TOF, 2 Hz for 2 s, repeated at 20‐s intervals and recording EMG potential from adductor pollicis brevis. Depression of the fourth twitch, T4, was used as a measure of fade.

Following an intubating dose of rocuronium, 0.6 mg·kg−1, continuous infusion of rocuronium was given to maintain stable 90–99% T1 depression. Plasma concentration of rocuronium was determined with high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC‐EC) method at the moment of discontinuation of rocuronium infusion and 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 75 min afterwards. A two compartment model was used for pharmacokinetic (PK) calculations. PK parameters were fixed and pharmacodynamic data were fitted to effect compartment model proposed by Sheiner.

Results:  Sevoflurane reduced rocuronium concentration in effect compartment producing 50% inhibition of both T1 and T4 response and significantly delayed not only T1, but also T4 recovery.

Conclusions:  Potentiating effect of sevoflurane on rocuronium‐induced neuromuscular block influences not only postsynaptic, but also the presynaptic part of the neuromuscular junction, enhancing fade of neuromuscular response to high‐frequency stimulation. The intensity of this latter effect is clinically relevant.
Energy restriction enhances therapeutic efficacy of the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone, through regulation of visceral fat gene expression
Authors: Moore G. B. T. , Pickavance L. C. , Briscoe C. P. , Clapham J. C. , Buckingham R. E. , Wilding J. P. H.
Published: January 2007

Aim:  Consumption of a palatable diet can induce hyperphagia, leading to weight gain (dietary obesity) and insulin resistance in rats. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) can also induce hyperphagia in rats but conversely have an insulin‐sensitizing effect. The aim of this study was to investigate whether preventing TZD‐induced hyperphagia (i.e. energy restriction) in dietary obese (DIO) rats would enhance the insulin‐sensitizing effects of treatment at a therapeutic dose; and, within this paradigm, to produce an original survey of candidate TZD‐gene targets in the clinically relevant visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) depot.

Methods:  DIO rats that were either freely fed or energy restricted (i.e. pair‐fed to the level of untreated controls) were treated with rosiglitazone maleate (RSG; 3 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks, the restricted group controlling for treatment‐induced hyperphagia and weight gain. The outcome measures were circulating concentrations of various biochemical markers of insulin resistance, and gene expression was measured in epididymal WAT.

Results:  In both freely fed and pair‐fed groups, compared to untreated DIO controls, RSG reduced plasma levels of insulin (−29% and −43%; p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively), free fatty acids (FFAs; −45% and −48%; p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively) and triglycerides (TGs; −63% and −72%; both p < 0.001), reflected in improved insulin sensitivity, as measured by homeostasis model assessment (−29% and −43%; p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001). RSG also increased the expression of the fatty acid transport/synthesis genes, fatty acid transport protein (2.4–3.2‐fold), epidermal fatty acid–binding protein (FABP; 1.7–2.0‐fold), heart FABP (25–29‐fold) and fatty acid synthase (2.3–2.9‐fold; all p < 0.05) in both groups. Adipocyte FABP was also increased by RSG treatment, but only in combination with energy restriction (1.52‐fold; p < 0.05) as was hexokinase II expression (p < 0.001). In contrast, the drug had no effect on expression of several genes associated with lipolysis. Although obesity‐induced hyperleptinaemia was normalized only in the energy‐restricted group, leptin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was reduced in both treated groups (all p < 0.01). Resistin and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha expression was also reduced, though in the latter case, only with energy restriction (p < 0.05). Other adipokines were unaffected by RSG treatment.

Conclusion:  Our results clearly show that energy restriction enhances the therapeutic efficacy of TZDs and suggest that this occurs, at least in part, through a modulatory effect on gene expression in visceral WAT. These findings improve our understanding of the underlying mechanistic basis for the clinical usefulness of dietary restriction as an adjunct to TZD therapy in type 2 diabetes.
A Pentecostal Way of Doing Theology: Method and Manner
Authors: ARCHER KENNETH J.
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Pentecostalism as a Christian religious movement has been given much attention by historians, sociologists and even biblical scholars yet little attention has been given to the development of a Pentecostal theology. This article emphasizes the necessity of doing Pentecostal theology by means of an integrative methodology and in a narrative manner that flows out of Pentecostal identity. Pentecostal theology must move beyond the impasse created by subsuming its identity under the rubric of ‘Evangelical’ in order for it to articulate a vibrant fully orbed mature Pentecostal theology. This can be accomplished only when ‘Pentecostal’ is taken seriously as an authentic Christian tradition with its own view of reality. I argue that one very important way of articulating a Pentecostal theology in keeping with its identity is to ground it pneumatologically and organize it around the Five‐fold Gospel.
Regulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase exon 1f gene expression by nuclear factor‐κB acetylation in human neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Li Yinghui , Zhao Yanyan , Li Guangyu , Wang Jun , Li Tingting , Li Wei , Lu Jingyu
Published: January 2007

The neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is predominantly expressed in nervous tissues and subject to complex transcriptional controls. To determine the effect of acetylation on nNOS expression, human neuroblastoma SK‐N‐SH cells were treated with trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. As a consequence, total and exon 1f‐specific nNOS mRNA, nNOS protein and nNOS‐derived nitric oxide production were increased. Immunoprecipitation and western blot showed both nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) subunits p65 and p50 were acetylated in the presence of TSA. The enhancement of the p65 and p50 acetylation was in accordance with their increased binding affinities to the NF‐κB responsive element, which was identified at position −893 to −884 of the nNOS exon 1f promoter. Luciferase assays revealed that TSA up‐regulated the transcriptional activity of the nNOS 1f promoter through NF‐κB‐mediated transactivation. Taken together, we demonstrate that acetylation plays a crucial role in nNOS expression and suggest that acetylation of NF‐κB p65 and p50 subunits by TSA treatment may augment their DNA‐binding affinities, thereby activating the nNOS exon 1f promoter. It may be one of the mechanisms by which acetylation modulates nNOS expression and nitric oxide output in SK‐N‐SH cells and may be the molecular basis for certain neurological disorders.
Distinct patterns of intracerebral hemorrhage‐induced alterations in NF‐κB subunit, iNOS, and COX‐2 expression
Authors: Zhao Xiurong , Zhang Yujian , Strong Roger , Zhang Jie , Grotta James C. , Aronowski Jaroslaw
Published: January 2007

Transcription factor nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), plays a key role in regulating inflammation in brain pathologies. The goal of this study was to characterize temporal changes in NF‐κB activation, NF‐κB subunit expression, and expression of selected NF‐κB‐regulated gene products [inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2], at the transcriptional and translational level in the brain after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Employing the intrastriatal injection of autologous blood in rats to model ICH, we demonstrated, using NF‐κB–DNA binding assay, a robust and prolonged NF‐κB activation, starting as early as 15 min after the onset of ICH. Consequently, we demonstrated that the mRNA and protein for p50, p52, p65, c‐Rel, and RelB NF‐κB subunits, as well as IκBα were all up‐regulated, with a time course ranging from minutes to days following ICH, depending on the subunit. Using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction to analyze mRNA and immunoblotting to analyze protein in ICH‐affected tissue, we found robust induction of iNOS at both mRNA and protein levels that followed a time‐course similar to changes in p65, p52, and RelB mRNA. Oddly, in contrast to iNOS, cyclooxygenase‐2 mRNA and protein following an early transient increase demonstrated significant reduction in response to ICH. In summary, NF‐κB activation occurs within minutes and persists for at least a week in response to ICH. This reaction utilizes different NF‐κB regulatory subunits and is associated with the expression of selected target genes.
Isolation of microsatellite markers for the endangered Knysna seahorse Hippocampus capensis and their use in the detection of a genetic bottleneck
Authors: GALBUSERA PETER H. A. , GILLEMOT SARAH , JOUK PHILLIPPE , TESKE PETER R. , HELLEMANS BART , VOLCKAERT FILIP A. M. J.
Published: January 2007

We report the isolation and characterization of 15 (12 di‐, 1 tri‐ and 2 tetranucleotide) microsatellite markers from Hippocampus capensis, the Knysna seahorse. This marker set allows the detection of a genetic bottleneck as shown in a captive population. Furthermore, we test their genotyping potential in eight other seahorse taxa.
Boosted Regression Trees with Errors in Variables
Authors: Sexton Joseph , Laake Petter
Published: January 2007

Summary In this article, we consider nonparametric regression when covariates are measured with error. Estimation is performed using boosted regression trees, with the sum of the trees forming the estimate of the conditional expectation of the response. Both binary and continuous response regression are investigated. An approach to fitting regression trees when covariates are measured with error is described, and the boosting algorithms consist of its repeated application. The main feature of the approach is that it handles situations where multiple covariates are measured with error. Some simulation results are given as well as its application to data from the Framingham Heart Study.
Regression Models for the Mean of the Quality‐of‐Life‐Adjusted Restricted Survival Time Using Pseudo‐Observations
Authors: Andrei Adin‐Cristian , Murray Susan
Published: January 2007

Summary In this research we develop generalized linear regression models for the mean of a quality‐of‐life‐adjusted restricted survival time. Parameter and standard error estimates could be obtained from generalized estimating equations applied to pseudo‐observations. Simulation studies with moderate sample sizes are conducted and an example from the International Breast Cancer Study Group Ludwig Trial V is used to illustrate the newly developed methodology.
Components of the sex pheromone of the currant pug moth, Eupithecia assimilata, a re‐emergent hop pest in UK
Authors: Campbell C. A. M. , Tregidga E. L. , Hall D. R. , Ando T. , Yamamoto M.
Published: January 2007

After an absence of 50 years, the currant pug moth, Eupithecia assimilata Doubleday (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), has reappeared as an important pest of hops, Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabaceae), in the UK. Pheromone gland extracts from virgin female E. assimilata moths were shown to contain (3Z,6Z)‐cis‐9,10‐epoxyheneicosadiene (3Z,6Z‐cis‐9,10‐epoxy‐21:H) by gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry. (3Z,6Z,9Z)‐heneicosatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z‐21:H) was also found as a minor component in one of two extracts. In field experiments, significant numbers of male E. assimilata moths were caught in traps baited with the (9S,10R)‐enantiomer of 3Z,6Z‐cis‐9,10‐epoxy‐21:H but not in those baited with the (9R,10S)‐enantiomer or racemic mixture. Addition of 3Z,6Z,9Z‐21:H at the ratio present in gland extracts greatly reduced the attractiveness of the epoxydiene.
Clinical epidemiologic first‐episode psychosis: 1‐year outcome and predictors
Authors: Simonsen E. , Friis S. , Haahr U. , Johannessen J. O. , Larsen T. K. , Melle I. , Opjordsmoen S. , Rund B. R. , Vaglum P. , McGlashan T.
Published: January 2007

Objective:  To describe 1‐year outcome in a large clinical epidemiologic sample of first‐episode psychosis and its predictors.

Method:  A total of 301 patients with first‐episode psychosis from four healthcare sectors in Norway and Denmark receiving common assessments and standardized treatment were evaluated at baseline, at 3 months, and at 1 year.

Results:  Substantial clinical and social improvements occurred within the first 3 months. At 1‐year 66% were in remission, 11% in relapse, and 23% continuously psychotic. Female gender and better premorbid functioning were predictive of less severe negative symptoms. Shorter DUP was predictive for shorter time to remission, stable remission, less severe positive symptoms, and better social functioning. Female gender, better premorbid social functioning and more education also contributed to a better social functioning.

Conclusion:  This first‐episode sample, being well treated, may be typical of the early course of schizophrenia in contemporary centers.
Chromosomal abnormalities of young multiple myeloma patients (<45 yr) are not different from those of other age groups and are independent of stage according to the International Staging System
Authors: Sagaster V. , Kaufmann H. , Odelga V. , Ackermann J. , Gisslinger H. , Rabitsch W. , Zojer N. , Ludwig H. , Nösslinger T. , Zielinski C. , Drach J.
Published: January 2007

Little is known about tumor‐related prognostic factors, in particular specific chromosomal abnormalities, in young patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We therefore investigated the chromosomal pattern by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (chromosomes 13q14, 14q32‐translocations, chromosomes associated with hyperdiploidy) in 38 young patients with MM (age <45 yr) and compared the results with those observed in 69 patients with intermediate age (45–70 yr) and 64 elderly patients (age >70 yr). All chromosomal patterns were not significantly different between the three age cohorts. Similarly, standard MM parameters were equally distributed between these MM patient populations. However, survival by the International Staging System (ISS) for MM revealed marked differences between stage I/II (median survival not yet reached) and stage III (23.4 months; P < 0.0003) among young MM patients. A significant survival difference between ISS‐stage I/II and ISS‐stage III patients was also noted in the intermediate age group (median 65.4 months vs. 24.6 months; P = 0.0009). However, this difference disappeared among elderly MM patients (39.6 months in ISS‐stage I/II vs. 32 months in ISS‐stage III patients; P = 0.94), but it was unrelated to the cytogenetic pattern. Our results indicate that MM in young patients does not represent a distinct biologic entity, and that short survival of younger MM patients at ISS‐stage III is independent of the molecular cytogenetic pattern.
Microtensile Bond Strengths to Cavity Floor Dentin in Indirect Composite Restorations using Resin Coating
Authors: Okuda Makoto , Nikaido Toru , Maruoka Rena , Foxton Richard M. , Tagami Junji
Published: January 2007

Purpose:  The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the effect of a resin coating on the microtensile bond strengths (μ‐TBSs) of indirect composite restorations bonded to dentin with resin cement and (2) to compare the μ‐TBSs with that of a directly placed composite.

Materials and Methods:  Class I cavities were prepared in extracted human molars. The specimens were divided into five groups: For the indirect restorations, the cavity surfaces of the control group were left uncoated (group 1), while the surfaces of the experimental groups were resin coated with a dentin bonding system, Clearfil Protect Bond (PB; groups 2 and 3), or with a combination of PB and a flowable resin composite, Protect Liner F (PLF; group 4). The cavities were temporized for 1 day. Indirect composite restorations (Estenia) were cemented with a resin cement (Panavia F). Pretreatment with ED Primer II was performed in the groups 1, 3, and 4. For the direct restorations, the cavities were restored with PB and a direct composite (Clearfil AP‐X; group 5). After 24 hours of water storage, μ‐TBSs were measured at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed with one‐way analysis of variance and Sheffe’s test (p < 0.05). In addition, fracture modes were determined visually and by scanning electron microscopy.

Results:  A combination of PB and PLF showed significantly higher bond strengths compared with the original bond strength of Panavia F and the single use of PB (p < 0.05). However, the highest bond strengths were obtained when PB was used for direct composite restorations (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:  The application of a resin coating consisting of a self‐etching primer dentin bonding system and a flowable resin composite significantly improved the μ‐TBS of indirect restorations bonded to dentin using resin cement.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

A resin coating should be required to improve dentin bonding performance of Panavia F in indirect restorations. However, direct composite restorations still provide higher bond strength compared to indirect restorations.
DNA adenine methylation changes dramatically during establishment of symbiosis
Authors: Ichida Hiroyuki , Matsuyama Tomoki , Abe Tomoko , Koba Takato
Published: January 2007

The DNA adenine methylation status on specific 5′‐GANTC‐3′ sites and its change during the establishment of plant–microbe interactions was demonstrated in several species of α‐proteobacteria. Restriction landmark genome scanning (RLGS), which is a high‐resolution two dimensional DNA electrophoresis method, was used to monitor the genomewide change in methylation. In the case of Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099, real RLGS images obtained with the restriction enzyme MboI, which digests at GATC sites, almost perfectly matched the virtual RLGS images generated based on genome sequences. However, only a few spots were observed when the restriction enzyme HinfI was used, suggesting that most GANTC (HinfI) sites were tightly methylated and specific sites were unmethylated. DNA gel blot analysis with the cloned specifically unmethylated regions (SUMs) showed that some SUMs were methylated differentially in bacteroids compared to free‐living bacteria. SUMs have also been identified in other symbiotic and parasitic bacteria. These results suggest that DNA adenine methylation may contribute to the establishment and/or maintenance of symbiotic and parasitic relationships.
Molecular cloning and characterization of methylenedioxy bridge‐forming enzymes involved in stylopine biosynthesis in Eschscholzia californica
Authors: Ikezawa Nobuhiro , Iwasa Kinuko , Sato Fumihiko
Published: January 2007

(S)‐Stylopine is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of benzophenanthridine alkaloids, such as sanguinarine. Stylopine biosynthesis involves the sequential formation of two methylenedioxy bridges. Although the methylenedioxy bridge‐forming P450 (CYP719) involved in berberine biosynthesis has been cloned from Coptis japonica[Ikezawa N, Tanaka M, Nagayoshi M, Shinkyo R, Sakaki T, Inouye K & Sato F (2003) J Biol Chem278, 38557–38565], no information is available regarding the genes for methylenedioxy bridge‐forming enzymes in stylopine biosynthesis. Two cytochrome P450 cDNAs involved in stylopine biosynthesis were isolated using degenerate primers designed for C. japonica CYP719 from cultured Eschscholzia californica cells. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that both CYP719A2 and CYP719A3 had stylopine synthase activity to catalyze methylenedioxy bridge‐formation from cheilanthifoline to stylopine, but not cheilanthifoline synthase activity to convert scoulerine to cheilanthifoline. Functional differences and expression patterns of CYP719A2 and CYP719A3 were examined to investigate their physiological roles in stylopine biosynthesis. Enzymatic analysis showed that CYP719A2 had high substrate affinity only toward (R,S)‐cheilanthifoline, whereas CYP719A3 had high affinity toward three similar substrates (R,S)‐cheilanthifoline, (S)‐scoulerine, and (S)‐tetrahydrocolumbamine. An expression analysis in E. californica plant tissues showed that CYP719A2 and CYP719A3 exhibited expression patterns similar to those of three stylopine biosynthetic genes (CYP80B1, berberine bridge enzyme, and S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine : 3′‐hydroxy‐N‐methylcoclaurine 4′‐O‐methyltransferase), whereas the specific expression of CYP719A3 in root was notable. Treatment of E. californica seedlings with methyl jasmonate resulted in the coordinated induction of CYP719A2 and CYP719A3 genes. The physiological roles of CYP719A2 and CYP719A3 in stylopine biosynthesis are discussed.
Books by Journalists on American Education
Authors: Hampel Robert L.
Published: January 2007

In 1995, Nicholas Lemann wrote an essay for the American Historical Review (AHR) in which he called himself a “non-academic historian” and described the rewards and challenges for that tribe. The Big Test should be scrutinized as the work of an historian, as this Forum does (and as I have done elsewhere, taking issue with his account of the formation of the Educational Testing Service in 1946 and 1947.) Here I will focus on the nonacademic part of Lemann's identity by comparing his work with several dozen books from his profession on American education.
“Cultivating the Powers ofHuman Beings”: Gendered Perspectives on Curricula and Pedagogy in Academies of the New Republic
Authors: Nash Margaret A.
Published: January 2007

Elizabeth Hamilton, author of the popularLetters on Education(1801), was a strong advocate of advanced education for females. When someone suggested to her that a “triumph of reason over the passions” might be unattractive in a woman, she retorted, “I beg your pardon; I thought we were speaking of the best method of cultivating the powers ofhuman beings.… In this I can make no distinction of sex” [italics in original]. Most writers on education in the early republic agreed with Hamilton. The majority of educators believed that males and females were both rational human beings who needed to acquire mental discipline and who were interested in learning about the world around them. Both the curricula and the pedagogical methods proposed by educational theorists in the new republic reflected these beliefs.
Where Have All the Academies Gone?
Authors: Leslie Bruce
Published: January 2007

Dignified brick and cobblestone former academies, restored as boutiques, museums, and houses, lend a romantic touch to many small towns and villages of the northern states. Seeming relics of a quaint educational past, these actually are monuments to a ubiquitous institution of nineteenth-century northern American communities, one that has slipped to the margins of public memory and inspired few histories. Historians most comfortably write about the antecedents and evolution of existing institutions. Those not leaving trails to the present pose evidentiary and conceptual problems. Just finding a word to label an institution that crosses modern categories of primary, secondary, and higher education is difficult.
Civil Rights and the Private School Movement in Mississippi, 1964–1971
Authors: Fuquay Michael W.
Published: January 2007

The signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was heralded as a tremendous victory for the civil rights movement, the fulfillment of a decade-long struggle to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Along with measures against job and housing discrimination, the Civil Rights Act included provisions specifically designed to overcome the white South's massive resistance campaign and enforce school desegregation. Despite the continued intransigence of segregationists, these measures proved successful and white public schools across the South opened their doors to black children. With segregationists in retreat and the Voting Rights Act on the horizon, this was a time of celebration for civil rights activists. But this was not the end of the story.
Gender and the Politics of Knowledge
Authors: Dzuback Mary Ann
Published: January 2007

Contentious public debates about women's rational and moral capacity circulated during the European Enlightenment at the same time that science was emerging as a dominant mode of inquiry. As historian Karen Offen argues inEuropean Feminisms, these debates preoccupied both men and women intellectuals of the middling and upper classes and represented a pivotal moment in the three-century campaign to rearticulate a politics of knowledge proclaiming women as deserving as men of formal schooling at all levels. Disputes about women's capabilities emerged in the context of efforts to redefine the rights and privileges of men, of male intellectuals to reassert male dominance over and control of females’ access to intellectual participation as well as the craft guilds associated with women's work, and of men and women to consider the meaning and structure of social institutions and social systems. The German poet Philippine Engelhard captured women's frustrations with the limits imposed upon them in comparison to men in the context of the formation of the liberal state, the development of the middle class, and the growth of humanistic and scientific inquiry:

How oft with damnationAnd tears of frustrationMy gender I curse!Its ban ever doomsUs girls to our rooms;How freely men move!Even youngster and serf.
Making Sense of Multiple Interpretations
Authors: Dougherty Jack
Published: January 2007

Some teaching innovations arise from a combination of good intentions, last-minute planning, and incredible luck. Colgate University hired me in late July 1997 as a visiting professor for the fall semester. As I scrambled to finish my dissertation and move my family, only a few days remained to pull together the syllabus for a course onRace and Education. I wanted to begin this contemporary course with an historical focus, delving into African-American experiences with school desegregation during the mid twentieth century, but could not decide on which of the many excellent historical case studies to assign. The bookstore wanted my order as soon as possible. So I ordered two books—David Cecelski'sAlong Freedom Roadand Vanessa Siddle Walker'sTheir Highest Potential—hoping that at least one would arrive on time. When both magically appeared on the bookstore shelves a day before the first class, I decided to innovate and revised the syllabus. Half of the students would read Cecelski; the other half would read Walker. Despite some initial confusion, my students began to engage in serious discussions over historical interpretations of school desegregation, demonstrating a level of depth that would not have happened had I assigned only one book to the entire class.
Another “Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time”? Intelligence Testing and Coeducation
Authors: Albisetti James C.
Published: January 2007

The title of this essay, as fans of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle will recognize, comes from the Sherlock Holmes mystery entitled “Silver Blaze.” In that story, a prize race horse disappears shortly before an important race and its trainer is subsequently found bludgeoned to death out on the moor. The most important clue, for Holmes, is the “curious incident of the dog in the night-time.” When Dr. Watson, in his inimitable way, tells Holmes that the dog guarding the stables did nothing, Holmes proudly asserts, “That was the curious incident.” That the dog did not bark proves that the theft was an inside job by the trainer himself, who, having placed a large bet on an opposing horse, took Silver Blaze out on the moor in order to hobble him partially. Holmes concludes that the trainer was kicked to death by the stallion and finds the “murderer” safe at a neighboring farm with his blaze painted over.
Distribution and Genetic Variability Among Campylobacter spp. Isolates from Different Animal Species and Humans in Switzerland
Authors: Keller J. , Wieland B. , Wittwer M. , Stephan R. , Perreten V.
Published: January 2007

In Switzerland, a national database with 1028 Campylobacter isolates from poultry, pigs, cats, dogs, cattle, humans, zoo animals and water has been created. The database contains the genetic fingerprint and background information of each Campylobacter isolate. Dominant species could be identified in the different sources with a majority of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry (73%), humans (79%), cattle (95%), zoo animals (40%) and water (100%), of Campylobacter coli in pigs (72%), and of Campylobacter upsaliensis/helveticus in cats and dogs (55%). The comparison of three genotyping methods, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), pulsed field gel electrophoresis and restriction fragment length polymorphism, revealed that AFLP allows discrimination between the different Campylobacter species and is the most appropriate method to distinguish specific strains within the same species. Genotyping analysis demonstrated that the Campylobacter population is heterogeneous among the different sources and that no dominant clone is spread in the country. Genotyping and the resulting database are useful tools to trace back future Campylobacter infections.
Observed Prevalence of Tick‐borne Pathogens in Domestic Animals in Sicily, Italy during 2003–2005
Authors: Torina A. , Vicente J. , Alongi A. , Scimeca S. , Turlá R. , Nicosia S. , Di Marco V. , Caracappa S. , De La Fuente J.
Published: January 2007

The objective of this study was to characterize the observed prevalence of tick‐borne pathogens (TBP) in domestic animals in Sicily, Italy during 2003–2005. Serological (competitive ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence antibody, n = 3299) and DNA tests (polymerase chain reaction and reverse line blot, n = 2565) were conducted on horse, donkey, cattle, sheep, goat, pig and dog samples. Pathogens analysed included Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, Babesia and Theileria species, and Coxiella burnetii. The most prevalent TBP were Anaplasma and Babesia species. The results reported herein suggested that cattle could serve as the major reservoir for Babesia and Theileria spp. while for Anaplasma spp. cattle, dogs, sheep and goats may be the most important reservoir species. These results expanded our knowledge about the prevalence of TBP in Sicily and provided information to understand the epidemiology of tick‐borne diseases and may help to implement measures to diagnose, treat and control transmission to humans and animals in this region.
QUENCHING OF THE DEUTERON IN FLIGHT
Authors: DILLIG M. , ROTHLEITNER C.
Published: January 2007

We investigate the Lorentz contraction of a deuteron in flight. Starting from the Blankenbecler-Sugar projection of the Bethe-Salpeter equation to a 3-dimensional quasi potential equation, we apply it for the deuteron bound in an harmonic oscillator potential (for an analytical result) or by the Bonn NN potential for a more realistic estimate. We find substantial quenching with increasing external momenta and a significant modification of the high momentum spectrum of the deuteron.
A MOMENT MATCHING APPROACH TO THE VALUATION OF A VOLUME WEIGHTED AVERAGE PRICE OPTION
Authors: STACE ANTONY WILLIAM
Published: January 2007

In this paper we develop a method to find the price of several options whose payoff depends on a volume weighted average price (VWAP). Fixed and floating strike VWAP, together with digital VWAP contracts are considered. Throughout we assume that the stock follows a geometric Brownian motion and the rate of trades evolves as a mean reverting process. It is assumed that the VWAP at the final time has a lognormal distribution. The parameters of the approximating lognormal distribution are obtained by matching the first two moments of the volume weighted average price with a lognormal process. A price is then obtained for the fixed strike and digital options when the market price of risk is a constant. We concentrate on the price for calls, prices for puts can be obtained in an analogous manner.
THE COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS FOR CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY DETECTION
Authors: SHAKUOV TIMUR S.
Published: January 2007

The connection between certain human diseases and abnormal changes in chromosomes was discovered nearly 50 years ago. However, the detection of these abnormalities turned out to be a difficult task because both microscopic technologies and biochemical diagnostic techniques have their limitations. In the beginning of the century, a method for multiple comparative genome hybridization (array CGH) was introduced and is now been widely used in clinical practice for biochemical diagnostics. The application of array CGH greatly reduces the statistical errors, but not the noise in the results. As such, the time and material expenses necessary for reliable localization of abnormal parts of chromosomes by the means of biochemical techniques, is not significantly reduced. Algorithms for localization of contrast parts in noisy sequences can improve the situation. We implemented and tested two algorithms for this purpose. The first is the "edge detector" algorithm introduced by J. Canny. The second one is the DotHelix algorithm developed by A. M. Leontovich, L. I. Brodsky, and A. E. Gorbalenya. In this paper we compare the two implementations against biochemical method in processing data produced by array CGH.
A HAMILTONIAN-PRESERVING SCHEME FOR HIGH FREQUENCY ELASTIC WAVES IN HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA
Authors: JIN SHI , LIAO XIAOMEI
Published: January 2007

We develop a class of Hamiltonian-preserving numerical schemes for high frequency elastic waves in heterogeneous media. The approach is based on the high frequency approximation governed by the Liouville equations with singular coefficients due to material interfaces. As previously done by Jin and Wen [10, 12], we build into the numerical flux the wave scattering information at the interface, and use the Hamiltonian preserving principle to couple the wave numbers at both sides of the interface. This gives a class of numerical schemes that allows a hyperbolic CFL condition, is positive and l∞ stable, and captures correctly wave scattering at the interface with a sharp numerical resolution. We also extend the method to curved interfaces. Numerical experiments are carried out to study the numerical convergence and accuracy.
Muscle Diseases: The Muscular Dystrophies
Authors: McNally Elizabeth M. , Pytel Peter
Published: January 2007

Dystrophic muscle disease can occur at any age. Early- or childhood-onset muscular dystrophies may be associated with profound loss of muscle function, affecting ambulation, posture, and cardiac and respiratory function. Late-onset muscular dystrophies or myopathies may be mild and associated with slight weakness and an inability to increase muscle mass. The phenotype of muscular dystrophy is an endpoint that arises from a diverse set of genetic pathways. Genes associated with muscular dystrophies encode proteins of the plasma membrane and extracellular matrix, and the sarcomere and Z band, as well as nuclear membrane components. Because muscle has such distinctive structural and regenerative properties, many of the genes implicated in these disorders target pathways unique to muscle or more highly expressed in muscle. This chapter reviews the basic structural properties of muscle and genetic mechanisms that lead to myopathy and muscular dystrophies that affect all age groups.
Pathobiology of Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Rabinovitch Marlene
Published: January 2007

A variety of conditions can lead to the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Current treatments can improve symptoms and reduce the severity of the hemodynamic abnormality, but most patients remain quite limited, and deterioration in their condition necessitates a lung transplant. This review discusses current experimental and clinical studies that investigate the pathobiology of PAH. An emerging theme is the consideration of ways in which one might reverse the advanced occlusive structural changes in the pulmonary circulation causing PAH. The current debate concerning the role of regeneration through stem cells is presented. This review also highlights investigations in a number of laboratories relating the pathobiology of PAH to mutations causing loss of function of bone morphogenetic protein receptor II in patients with familial PAH, as well as sporadic cases.
Extended Thiopurine Metabolite Assessment During 6‐Thioguanine Therapy for Immunomodulation in Crohn's Disease
Authors: de Boer N. K. H. , Derijks L. J. J. , Keizer‐Garritsen J. J. , Lambooy L. H. J. , Ruitenbeek W. , Hooymans P. M. , van Bodegraven A. A. , de Jong D. J.
Published: January 2007

The proposed metabolic advantage of 6‐thioguanine (6‐TG) is the direct conversion into the pharmacologically active 6‐thioguaninenucleotides (6‐TGN). The authors assessed metabolic characteristics of 6‐TG treatment in patients with Crohn's disease (N = 7) on therapy with 20 mg 6‐TG. 6‐thioguanine‐monophosphate (6‐TGMP), 6‐thioguanine‐diphosphate (6‐TGDP), and 6‐thioguanine‐triphosphate (6‐TGTP) were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis in erythrocytes. Thiopurine S‐methyltransferase activity and total 6‐TGN levels were determined by standard methods. High interindividual variance in metabolite measurements was observed. Main metabolites were 6‐TGTP (median = 531 pmol/8 × 108 red blood cells) and 6‐TGDP (median = 199 pmol/8 × 108 red blood cells). Traces of 6‐TGMP (median = 39 pmol/8 × 108 red blood cells) and 6‐TG (2 patients) could be detected. 6‐TGN levels correlated with 6‐TGTP levels (r = 0.929, P = .003) and with the sum of separate nucleotides (r = 0.929, P = .003). No correlations were established between TPMT activity (median = 13 pmol/h/107) and 6‐TG metabolites. The 1‐step metabolism of 6‐TG still leads to high interindividual variance in metabolite concentrations. Total 6‐TGN level monitoring may suffice for clinical practice.
Selegiline Transdermal System: An Examination of the Potential for CYP450‐Dependent Pharmacokinetic Interactions With 3 Psychotropic Medications
Authors: Azzaro Albert J. , Ziemniak John , Kemper Eva , Campbell Bryan J. , VanDenBerg Chad
Published: January 2007

Selegiline transdermal system (STS) is a recently approved monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant. This article reports results from 3 studies examining the potential for cytochrome P450–dependent pharmacokinetic interactions between STS and 3 psychotropic medications that might be coadministered. Three open‐label, randomized, Latin square, 3‐sequence crossover design studies were conducted with healthy volunteers to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of STS 6 mg/24 h and test drug (alprazolam, olanzapine, or risperidone) when administered alone and concomitantly. All pharmacokinetic parameters of interest were unaltered following selegiline or test drug monotherapy when compared to concomitant therapy. This was confirmed by least squares mean ratios and their 90% confidence intervals of loge‐transformed Cmax and AUCτ values, using either standard bioequivalence criteria of 80% to 125% or study‐defined 70% to 143% boundary criteria. These results demonstrate that STS 6 mg/24 h may provide an antidepressant option that is unlikely to result in CYP450‐mediated pharmacokinetic drug‐drug interactions.
Pharmacokinetics of Saquinavir With Atazanavir or Low‐Dose Ritonavir Administered Once Daily (ASPIRE I) or Twice Daily (ASPIRE II) in Seronegative Volunteers
Authors: King Jennifer R. , Kakuda Thomas N. , Paul Sunita , Tse Man Ming , Acosta Edward P. , Becker Stephen L.
Published: January 2007

ASPIRE I and II were prospective, 3‐way sequential crossover studies in healthy volunteers to compare the safety and pharmacokinetics of saquinavir/ritonavir (SQV/RTV) with saquinavir/atazanavir (SQV/ATV) administered either once daily (QD, ASPIRE I) or twice daily (BID, ASPIRE II). Treatments were separated by 10 days, and pharmacokinetic analyses were performed on days 11, 32, and 53. SQV pharmacokinetics were significantly higher when dosed with RTV compared to ATV (P < .05 for all comparisons). ATV pharmacokinetics were similar within treatment arms. ATV Cmin increased approximately 60%, and Cmax decreased approximately 35% with BID dosing compared with QD dosing. Women had higher exposure for all 3 protease inhibitors (PIs) compared with men after adjusting for weight. Adverse effects were primarily gastrointestinal‐related with SQV/RTV and hyperbilirubinemia with SQV/ATV. Although SQV plasma concentrations were higher when coadministered with RTV, a combination of SQV/ATV administered BID may be a viable alternative in HIV‐infected, PI‐naive subjects intolerant to RTV.
Recasting “Substantial Equivalence”:Transatlantic Governance of GM Food
Authors: Levidow Les , Murphy Joseph , Carr Susan
Published: January 2007

When intense public controversy erupted around agricultural biotechnology in the late 1990s, critics found opportunities to challenge risk assessment criteria and test methods for genetically modified (GM) products. In relation to GM food, they criticized the concept of substantial equivalence, which European Union and United States regulators had adopted as the basis for a harmonized, science-based approach to risk assessment. Competing policy agendas framed scientific uncertainty in different ways. Substantial equivalence was contested and eventually recast to accommodate some criticisms. To explain how the concept changed, this article links two analytical perspectives. Regulatory-science perspectives illuminate how the scientification of politics and politicization of science led to shifts in the boundary between science and policy. Governance perspectives illuminate how the collective problem for policy was redefined to provide a new common ground for some stakeholders. Overall, substantial equivalence was recast to govern the social conflict and address legitimacy problems of regulatory procedures.
Devils, Parasites,and Fierce Needles: Healing and the Politics of Translation in Southern Tanzania
Authors: Langwick Stacey A.
Published: January 2007

In Tanzania, the encounter between a traditional malady called degedege and the modern malady malaria is a fight to participate in the making of the bodies of women and children as well as the agents that afflict them. In their respective settings, degedege and malaria are considered two of the most common threats to the well-being of pregnant women and their young children. Local, national, and international public-health concerns for the early treatment of malaria compel biomedical practitioners to claim that degedege is malaria. This article explores the power of this translation through an examination of the processes involved in treating degedege and the processes involved in treating malaria. I examine what is gained and what is lost through scientific or public health efforts to translate concepts, objects of practice, and agents of affliction from one form of care to another.
Paris Visual Académie as First Prototype Profession
Authors: Sciulli David
Published: January 2007

Visual academies were unique social formations in the ancien régime, so distinctive that they are best studied as prototype professions. Alone among academies, they were responsible for offering instruction. Alone among educational institutions, they linked liberal instruction to occupational practice. Alone among ‘learned’ occupations, they accommodated an irreducible manual component. The visual Académie in Paris in particular established literally the first ‘graduate school’ in any field of activity and admitted students on the basis of anonymously scored student competitions. Equivalent activities will not begin to emerge in medicine or law until the mid-19th century. Our historical case, in short, calls into question the received orthodoxy regarding the time and place of the first professionalism projects. Instead of focusing on 19th-century Britain, we are now considering mid-17th-century France and thereby preparing the way for a new start in the sociology of professions.