bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE BIRTH AND WEANING WEIGHTS OF HIGHLAND AND HEREFORD CATTLE AND THEIR RECIPROCAL CROSSES
Authors: Lawson J. E. , Peters H. F.
Published: March 2010

Birth and weaning data were collected from 1957 to 1960 on 219 calves of the Highland and Hereford breeds and their reciprocal crosses. Significant (P < 0.01) effects of breed of calf, age of dam, sex of calf, and date of birth on birth weight, and significant (P < 0.01) effects of breed of calf, year of birth, age of dam, sex of calf, and age of calf on weaning weight, demonstrated the importance of considering both genetic and environmental factors when undertaking comparative tests of breeds and crosses.Breed means and standard errors for birth weight were Hereford, 70.7 ± 0.9; Highland, 63.6 ± 1.0; Highland (sire) × Hereford (dam), 73.6 ± 0.9; and Hereford (sire) × Highland (dam), 70.1 ± 1.1 lb. Weaning weight means and standard errors were: Hereford, 360 ± 5.6; Highland, 339 ± 6.7; Highland × Hereford, 378 ± 6.0; and Hereford × Highland, 385 ± 7.0 lb.The average of the reciprocal crosses exceeded the average of the parental breeds by 7.0% in birth weight and 9.2% in weaning weight.Variability (sum of squares) in birth weight accounted for by breed of calf was about twice that accounted for by age of dam or sex of calf, and about 6 times that contributed by year of birth or date of birth within years. The influence of age of dam on the variability in weaning weight was about twice that accounted for by breed of calf, year of birth, or age of calf, and about 7 times that due to sex of calf.
FERTILITY OF WALNUT-COMBED DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Crawford R. D.
Published: March 2010

Fertility and duration of fertility of walnut-combed male domestic fowl were studied, comparing RRPp and RrPp individuals. Males homozygous at the rose comb locus had lower fertility and shorter duration of fertility than heterozygotes. Presence of the gene for pea comb did not alleviate the effect of homozygosity for rose comb on fertility, and therefore genetic dubbing by incorporating walnut comb into commercial stocks would not be desirable.
BLOAT INVESTIGATIONS: THE FOAM STABILIZING PROTEIN OF ALFALFA
Authors: McArthus J. M. , Miltimore J. E. , Pratt M. J.
Published: March 2010

The protein foaming agent in alfalfa leaves responsible for foam formation in the rumen in pasture bloat has been isolated from protein extracts by agar gel filtration. The isolated protein showed a characteristic absorption at 280 and 260 mμ. The ultracentrifuge and electrophoretic schlieren patterns indicated that the protein was homogeneous. The sedimentation coefficients of the protein and alfalfa leaf macerate identified it as 18-S protein. This is believed to be the first report identifying 18-S protein as the cause of pasture bloat.
DIURNAL EXCRETION OF Cr2O3 BY RUMINANTS WHEN ADMINISTERED IN SUSTAINED-RELEASE PELLETS
Authors: Pigden W. J. , Winter K. A. , Brisson G. J. , Pritchard G. I.
Published: March 2010

Two types of sustained-release pellets (S.R.P.) were developed for administering chromium oxide (Cr2O3) to cattle and sheep: an extruded pellet (E.S.R.P.) for cattle, dissolution time 4 to 5 days, containing about 10 g Cr2O3, and a pressed pellet (P.S.R.P.), dissolution time 16 to 20 days, containing about 32 g Cr2O3 for cattle and 20 g for sheep and calves. Both types of pellets were retained by animals kept indoors and fed either long or chopped forage. Animals on pasture regurgitated 50% or more of E.S.R.P. and about 10% of P.S.R.P. Specific gravity of E.S.R.P. was 1.7 and of P.S.R.P., 2.8.Administration of Cr2O3 in S.R.P. eliminated the statistically significant diurnal excretion cycles normally observed with conventional once or twice daily dosing of animals in stalls. Small but statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences between grab samples of feces occurred with cattle on pasture grazed by free, strip, or mechanical (zero) systems.Sustained-release pellets are useful in experiments with animals kept in confinement but more general use is restricted because they cannot be made by commercial tabletting equipment and may be regurgitated by animals on pasture.
THE FLOW OF DIGESTA INTO THE DUODENUM OF SHEEP
Authors: Phillips G. D. , Dyck G. W.
Published: March 2010

A method is described to determine the volume of flow of digesta into the duodenum of sheep. A solution of polyethylene glycol 4000 was continuously infused into the abomasum via a cannula. The volume of digesta flowing was calculated from the dilution of polyethylene glycol in samples of digesta obtained from a duodenal cannula.Mature wethers were fed rations containing different amounts of straw and urea to give two levels of readily fermentable carbohydrate and two levels of nitrogen in a factorial arrangement. The sheep were fed once daily and there was a monophasic diurnal flow pattern with the highest rates occurring just prior to and during feeding and the lowest rates 6–12 hours after feeding. Both the composition of the ration and the quantity eaten affected the volume of flow which averaged 0.9 ml and 0.6 ml per hour per gram of organic matter consumed per day for the high straw and low straw rations respectively. Additional urea had no effect on flow volume.The average net disappearance, from the stomachs, of organic matter was 24.5 and 50.0% for the high straw and low straw rations, respectively. This difference was reflected in the overall digestibilities which were 57.2 and 78.5% for the high straw and low straw rations, respectively. Additional urea caused slight but not significant increases in digestibility.
EVALUATION OF MEAT MEAL AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR THE CHICK
Authors: Summers J. D. , Slinger S. J. , Ashton G. C.
Published: March 2010

When meat meal was used as the sole source of protein in a ration it did not support satisfactory weight gains in growing chickens. However, when the meat meal was supplemented with the amino acids in which it is limiting, satisfactory weight gains were achieved. One may conclude that the main problem with meat meal protein is one of amino acid imbalance rather than digestibility.It has been demonstrated in the present study that meat meal offered for sale in Ontario may be deficient in six amino acids as compared with soybean meal. These amino acids may be classified in order of their degree of deficiency. Methionine is easily the first limiting amino acid while tryptophane and isoleucine are second and about equally limiting. Cystine, threonine, and arginine are next in order of limitation. Part of the lack of response obtained when meat meal constitutes all of the protein in experimental diets can be explained on the basis of the excessive levels of calcium and phosphorus in the diet.
THE INFLUENCE OF STAGE OF MATURITY OF AN ENSILED LEGUME–GRASS MTXTURE ON GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE OF WINTERED HEREFORD STEER CALVES
Authors: Waldern D. E. , Burns W. T.
Published: March 2010

Yield of total digestible nutrients (T.D.N.) per acre from an alfalfa – red clover – timothy mixture stored as silage was higher when harvested early (bud) than at medium (2% bloom) or late (full bloom) maturity. Protein declined and crude fiber increased with advancing maturity. When fed to beef steer calves, digestive coefficients as a per cent in early, medium, and late-cutting silage, for protein, 50.2, 56.0, 35.7; crude fiber, 64.9, 68.2, 54.9; energy, 57.3, 65.2, 48.3; total digestible nutrient content, 58.1, 62.0, 48.5; average daily nitrogen retention in grams, 22.1, 29.7, 0.86. Differences between treatments for the above measurements were significant (P < 0.05) only for early vs. late or medium vs. late silage, but not for early vs. medium silage. Concentration of total rumen volatile fatty acids was significantly higher for early over medium and late silage.Results from the winter feeding trial for steers fed early, medium, or late silage were: average daily gain in pounds, 0.81, 0.46, 0.28; pounds of T.D.N. per pound of gain, 6.5, 13.1, 16.4. Steer calves wintered on early legume–grass silage gained more (P < 0.05) and required less T.D.N. per pound of gain than those wintered on medium or late silage, while calves fed medium silage out-gained and required less feed per pound of gain than those fed late silage (P < 0.05).Differences in daily gain between groups were reflected in carcasses of three animals slaughtered from each group. Animals were slaughtered after being fed a standard silage for 100 days following the experimental period. Eye of lean, fat cover, dressing percentage, and carcass grades were superior for steers fed early silage.
WATER RESTRICTION FOR SHEEP ON PASTURE AND RATE OF CONSUMPTION WITH OTHER FEEDS
Authors: Calder F. W. , Nicholson J. W. G. , Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted with sheep to determine their water consumption while grazing good pasture in a temperate climate. Similar sheep were restricted to one-half the amount consumed by those provided water ad libitum, while others were not provided with drinking water. Ewes with single lambs at two stocking rates were used one year and weaned lambs the following year. In both experiments the lambs survived on pasture without supplementary water and gained almost as well as those supplied with limited water or ad libitum water. Increasing the stocking rate reduced weight gains by lambs and ewes more than did the lack of a water supply. Weight changes indicated that lactating ewes on adequate pasture suffered more from the lack of water than did the lambs.The water consumed by wethers was recorded during the collection periods of 111 individual digestibility determinations of a variety of feeds. When dry feeds were fed the wethers consumed a total water to dry matter ratio of 2.5:1. When silage was fed the ratio increased to 3.3:1 and with frozen pasture herbage the ratio was 4.9:1. There was a significant positive correlation between dry-matter intake and both free and total water consumption with all feeds except the frozen herbage, indicating that the frozen herbage contained more water than was required by the animals.
EFFECT OF SELECTION FOR MILK AND TOTAL MILK SOLIDS ON BUTTERFAT, SOLIDS-NOT-FAT, AND PROTEIN IN MILK FROM DAIRY CATTLE
Authors: Curtis R. J. , Hickman C. G.
Published: March 2010

Production data from five Holstein, six Ayrshire, and three Jersey herds were analysed to give the expected effects of milk and total milk solids selection on milk quality as measured by per cent butterfat, solids-not-fat, and protein. Progeny tests were conducted at 11 locations under total digestible nutrient controlled, year-round stable feeding conditions.With varying breeding values for total milk solids yield, there was no definite trend between quality and quantity for Holsteins and Ayrshires, but in Jerseys quality showed a definite downward trend with increasing quantity.For milk yield breeding values the same applied except that protein percentage in Holsteins also showed a downward trend with increasing quantity.
VOLATILE FATTY ACID AND LACTIC ACID CONTENT OF PIG BLOOD
Authors: Friend D. W. , Nicholson J. W. G. , Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

Carotid and portal blood from each of three 30-ltg pigs was analysed for volatile fatty acids and lactic acid. Propionic, acetic, and formic acids were found in all samples. Butyric acid was not detected in carotid blood and only in the portal blood from two of the pigs. Average molar proportions of the individual acids in portal blood were: butyric, 0.5; propionic, 1.7; acetic, 16.3; formic, 24.6; and lactic, 56.9% with a total concentration of 1.06 mmole per 100 ml blood. A possible energy contribution by acetic, propionic, and butyric acids in the pig was calculated to be between 184 and 330 kcal daily or 15 and 28% of the maintenance energy requirement. Tests on blood preparation and duration of frozen storage demonstrated the advisability of using a deproteinized blood filtrate when storage periods of up to 12 days were necessary.
EFFECTS OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL IMPLANTATION ON GROWTH RATE, FEED UTILIZATION, AND CARCASS TRAITS OF YORKSHIRE PIGS ON RESTRICTED FEEDING
Authors: Gorrill A. D. L. , Bell J. M. , Williams C. M.
Published: March 2010

The effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) implants on rate of gain, feed utilization, and carcass characteristics were examined. The pigs (32 gilts, 32 barrows) were studied over the weight range 110 to 200 lb and were fed rations having either 64 or 72% T.D.N. Feeding was done twice daily in individual stalls. Eight of the 16 pigs of each sex and fed each ration received single 12-mg pellets of DES subcutaneously at the base of the ear.DES implants reduced the average daily gains of barrows from 1.53 lb to 1.36 lb but had little or no effect on gilt gains. Daily feed intakes of barrows decreased from 6.0 to 5.3 lb and intakes of gilts increased from 5.0 to 5.4 lb as a result of DES. Implanted gilts digested protein better than non-implanted gilts, whereas the reverse prevailed with barrows.Carcass measurements of longissimus dorsi area and back fat depth revealed only slight effects of DES but mammary development in pigs of both sexes that were implanted resulted in economic loss through carcass trimming. Estrogen tests of lean and fat tissues by mouse assay indicated absence of DES in the carcasses. All implanted gilts exhibited pronounced development of external genitalia.
PREDICTION OF YIELD AND VALUE OF HOG CARCASSES
Authors: Fredeen H. T. , Doornenbal H. , Berg R. T. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

Relationships between a number of split and internal carcass measurements and per cent yield of the carcass and its component cuts when trimmed in accordance with commercial standards were examined using a sample of 482 hog carcasses. Carcass length and weight were found to have low predictive value, accounting respectively for approximately 9 and 4% of the total variance in per cent yield of the trimmed lean cuts (ham, loin, picnic, and butt). Commercial grade explained approximately 27% of the variance in this trait and sex approximately 21%. The most useful predictors of per cent yield of lean cuts, and the proportion of total variance explained by each, were: per cent yield of trimmed loin, 83%; ratio of loin area to total back fat, 53%; total back fat, 54%; and per cent lean in the ham face, 43%. A regression equation combining total back fat, loin area, and per cent lean in the ham face explained 63%. Regression equations are provided and implications as regards commercial grading and carcass appraisal for progeny testing are discussed.
BODY COMPOSITION STUDIES ON THE SUCKLING PIG: I. MOISTURE, CHEMICAL FAT, TOTAL PROTEIN, AND TOTAL ASH IN RELATION TO AGE AND BODY WEIGHT
Authors: Wood A. J. , Groves T. D. D.
Published: March 2010

The body composition of 37 piglets from four litters has been determined over the age range from birth to 65 days. Regression lines relating total body water to total body protein and to total body ash have been computed. The data suggest that a marked change in the relative rate of accretion of the major body compartments occurs at an age of approximately 18 days corresponding to a body weight of 5 to 6 kg. This change appears to be associated with a slowing of the absolute growth rate at this time, which presumably arises because the sow can no longer provide for the total requirements of her litter.
BODY COMPOSITION STUDIES ON THE SUCKLING PIG: II. THE IN-VIVO DETERMINATION OF TOTAL BODY WATER
Authors: Groves T. D. D. , Wood A. J.
Published: March 2010

The method of Keston et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 122, 227) for the in-vivo determination of total body water when applied to the growing piglet has been evaluated and found to produce values in good agreement with those obtained by desiccation of the same animals.The densitometric method for the determination of deuterium oxide provides results of sufficient precision when considered in relation to the other unavoidable errors involved in work with live animals. The relative simplicity of the techniques and equipment in the present investigation recommend them for more extensive use in sequential studies of the body composition of growing animals.
INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF CYANOCOBALAMIN IN SOWS AS INFLUENCED BY SIZE OF ORAL DOSE, PREGNANCY, AND LACTATION
Authors: Frederick G. L.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to study Co60-cyanocobalamin absorption by means of the fecal excretion method. In the first experiment, eight 1.5-year-old non-pregnant sows were used at seven intragastric dosage levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg. Each animal was tested at each dosage level. Absorption increased significantly between the 10- and 50-μg doses. There were significant between-sow differences in absorption at the 100-μg level and evidence of increased absorption in some sows at doses of 100 and 200 μg. The data suggest that there is an upper limit to the quantity absorbed, that this limit varies in magnitude from one sow to another, and that it is reached at different dosage levels. The nutritional significance is discussed.The second experiment investigated the effects of pregnancy and lactation on absorption in eleven 2.5-year-old sows. Absorption from 50-μg doses increased between the last week of gestation and the second week of lactation, and decreased by the end of the first week after lactation. Low absorption in three sows was associated with poor reproduction.
EVALUATION OF MEAT MEAL AND FEATHER MEAL FOR THE GROWING CHICKEN
Authors: Summers J. D. , Slinger S. J. , Ashton G. C.
Published: March 2010

Feather meal when used as the sole source of protein in a ration would not support weight gain in growing chicks. Supplementation of feather meal protein with the essential amino acids, in which it is reported deficient, improved rate of gain, but did not improve net protein utilization. One may thus conclude that besides being in imbalance, the protein of feather meal is poorly absorbed.Four commercially available meat meal samples were markedly enhanced by supplementation with the amino acids in which previous work had indicated that meat meal protein was deficient. Meat and feather meal protein when used to supply 3% of the protein in practical-type corn–soybean meal rations gave equally as good results as soybean meal protein. The results obtained using feather meal protein in practical-type rations can not be explained entirely on the basis of excess protein in these diets.
EFFECTS OF SINGLE AND REPEATED INJECTIONS OF EPINEPHRINE ON CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION, BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS, AND URINE SUGAR EXCRETION IN PIGS
Authors: Cunningham H. M. , Friend D. W.
Published: March 2010

The carbon dioxide production of both 70-kg and 20-kg pigs in the 24-hour period following a subcutaneous injection of 0.125 mg of epinephrine in oil per kilogram of body weight was 7% and 11% higher, respectively, than that of the same pigs following a placebo injection. After 1 week of daily injections no significant response could be elicited by further epinephrine injections. Levels of blood and urine sugar rose to considerably higher levels after a first injection of epinephrine than after an eighth injection. It was concluded that pigs are able to develop a significant tolerance to the calorigenic effect of epinephrine.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION RATES TO GRASS PASTURES ON LAMB GAINS AND HERBAGE YIELDS
Authors: Cameron C. D. T.
Published: March 2010

A comparison of lamb gains, calculated total digestible nutrient (T.D.N.) production, and dry-matter (D.M.) yields of grass pasture fertilized at 0, 56, or 112 kg of nitrogen per hectare was carried out from 1961 through 1963. Total lamb gains and T.D.N. production were increased linearly with level of nitrogen fertilization. On D.M. yields both the linear and quadratic effects of nitrogen levels were significant. Year differences in T.D.N. and D.M. production were significant as measured by the quadratic regression. On total animal gain both the linear and quadratic effects of years were highly significant. These results were associated with a relatively short grazing season in 1963.
AN IMPROVED MINCER FOR LARGE CARCASSES
Authors: Cunningham H. M. , Burke L. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
FEED EFFICIENCY AND METABOLIZABLE ENERGY OF A PELLETED TURKEY FINISHING RATION CONTAINING WHOLE RAPESEED
Authors: Blakely R. M. , MacGregor H. I. , Hanel Donna
Published: March 2010

An experiment is reported in which it was shown that the availability of the oil, supplied by 24% whole rapeseed in a turkey finishing ration, was greatly improved as a result of pelleting the ration. Metabolizable energy was raised from 2.69 kcal per gram of ration to 3.32 kcal. Feed:gain ration was narrowed from 8.32 to 6.34. Feeding the same level of extracted rapeseed oil in the ration still further improved gain and feed:gain ratio but the differences were not significant.
FORM OF TURKEY GROWING RATIONS AS IT AFFECTS GROWTH RATE AND FEED:GAIN RATIO
Authors: MacGregor H. I. , Blakely R. M.
Published: March 2010

Growing rations were fed to turkey males, over a 12-week period, in four different forms, namely mash, pelleted all-mash, pelleted concentrate mixed with whole wheat, and pelleted and crumbled concentrate plus ground wheat. The formulations were altered at 4-week intervals to conform to the nutrient requirements of the growing turkey.Differences occurred between age periods but the final summary showed no significant (P > 0.05) difference in gain or feed:gain ratio between the pelleted concentrate-whole wheat ration and the crumbled concentrate-ground wheat ration. The mash form of the ration was significantly lower in both gain and feed:gain ratio than the pelleted form of the ration, whereas the whole wheat and ground wheat rations were intermediate between them. The data do not support the hypothesis that ground wheat should provide more available energy than whole wheat.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONTEMPORARY PRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIALLY AND NATURALLY SIRED CANADIAN HOLSTEIN–FRIESIAN COWS
Authors: Martin A. H. , Rennie J. C. , Bowman G. H.
Published: March 2010

A study of first-lactation records, collected under Canadian Record of Performance and involving 12,815 Holstein–Friesian heifers by A.I. (artificial insemination) sires, and 13,543 Holstein–Friesian heifers by non-A.I. sires, within the same herds and season, revealed a superiority in average breeding value of 4.62 ± 0.48 B.C.A. (breed class average) for milk and 4.98 ± 0.50 B.C.A. for butterfat in favor of the A.I. sires. Expressed in terms of mature equivalent yield the superiorities were 248 ± 26 kg (546 ± 57 lb) milk; and 9.8 ± 1.0 kg (21.6 ± 2.2 lb) butterfat. The difference in butterfat test between the two sire groups was not statistically significant.The total volume of data examined consisted of 33,425 records of cows of all ages. Cows mated to A.I. sires were shown to be slightly superior, both in milk and fat production, to cows mated to non-A.I. sires [Formula: see text]. Adjustment procedures for this source of bias are discussed.Important seasonal differences were demonstrated, emphasizing the necessity of comparisons on a within-season basis.
THE REQUIREMENTS AND ROLE OF POTASSIUM IN OVINE NUTRITION
Authors: Campbell L. D. , Roberts W. K.
Published: March 2010

The role of potassium in ovine nutrition was investigated by using 76 western range lambs in a 56-day feeding trial, a 56-day equalized feeding trial, and two 30-day balance trials. A semipurified ration (.046% potassium) was used and potassium was added as K2CO3. The level of potassium necessary to promote optimum feedlot performance was between 0.3 and 0.5% of the air-dry ration. A marked decrease in appetite was observed in lambs consuming a ration containing 0.1% potassium compared with one containing 0.5% potassium. Lambs receiving a ration containing 0.7% potassium gained significantly (P < 0.05) more body weight than lambs receiving a 0.3% potassium ration in the equalized feeding trial. Results of the balance studies suggested that the daily potassium maintenance requirement was less than 56.1 meq (63.6 mg/kg body weight). Low potassium intakes resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lower serum levels of potassium and phosphorus with little change in serum sodium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride. Potassium depletion also resulted in a decrease in skeletal and heart muscle potassium and an increase in liver potassium. Apparent intestinal absorption of sodium was impaired by a relatively high dietary level of potassium (94.4 meq daily) while lower levels of potassium resulted in increased urinary sodium losses. Nitrogen balance was decreased when a low level of potassium (13.7 meq daily) was fed; however, potassium intake had no effect on apparent digestibilities of nitrogen, dry matter, or energy.
THE COMPARATIVE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SPARTINA PECTINATA AND TIMOTHY AT SEVERAL STAGES OF GROWTH
Authors: Nicholson J. W. G. , Langille J. E.
Published: March 2010

Spartina pectináta (Link) was harvested at four stages of growth (leaf, boot, head, and seed) from an unfertilized area of dikeland and at the final three dates following a late spring application of nitrogen fertilizer. This was compared with timothy (Phleum praténse L.) grown on unfertilized dikeland and harvested on five dates selected to include a similar range of physiological development.The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen, the dry matter consumption by sheep, and the nitrogen content declined as the forages matured. The rate of decline in digestibility of dry matter was greater for the timothy, but there was a maximum difference between species of only 3.5 percentage units.The timothy was consumed in greater amounts by sheep than spartina of similar digestibility. Consumption of the two species did not differ significantly at the seed stage of development, but at immature stages more timothy was consumed.All except the earliest cutting of spartina gave a significantly higher proportion of acetic acid and lower proportion of propionic acid in rumen fluid than did feeding timothy. Advancing maturity had no effect on the proportions of VFA from timothy; with spartina there was an increase in acetic acid and a decrease in butyric acid.It was concluded that spartina harvested at the conventional time in late summer is low in digestibility and is not consumed in sufficient quantity to meet the energy requirement of sheep.
THE EVALUATION OF BLOOD VOLUME AND TOTAL RED CELL MASS AS PREDICTORS OF GROSS BODY COMPOSITION IN THE PIG
Authors: Doornenbal H. , Martin A. H.
Published: March 2010

In a study of growth and development patterns in the pig, data were obtained on body weight, total body protein, blood volume, and red cell mass for a total of 88 pigs, ranging in live weight from 9 to 103 kg. The relationships of total body protein to the other variables were analyzed by multiple regression techniques on both an overall and stratified basis. Over the entire weight range, body weight itself explained 98% of the variability in total protein. When the analysis was restricted to pigs in the weight range of 81–103 kg the contribution of body weight in predicting total protein decreased considerably (50%), with concomitant increase in predictive value of blood volume (8%). It was concluded that blood volume and similar physiological measurements could be of major importance in predicting body composition in market weight pigs.
ALTERATION OF PROTEIN LEVEL IN LAYING RATIONS AT VARIOUS STAGES WITHIN THE LAYING CYCLE AND ITS EFFECT UPON PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS
Authors: Smith R. E.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted in which protein level was changed at 84-day intervals throughout the laying year. The diets used contained 11, 15, and 19% protein and these were fed in various sequences during three 84-day periods. All birds received the 15% protein diet in the fourth period. Each of six treatment sequences was imposed upon 160 layers in four replicate pens. The various "step-up" and "step-down" programs had no significant effect upon egg production or feed consumption when compared on a full year basis with a 15% ration fed throughout the year. The 11% protein diet caused a decrease in egg production, egg weight, body weight, and feed consumption in any period in which it was fed but the birds tended to compensate in periods following those in which the low level of protein was fed.There were no differences in performance between the 15 and 19% protein diets and abrupt changes in protein level as such had no adverse effect upon the birds.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND IMPORTANCE OF THE CLOVER ROOT BORER (HYLASTINUS OBSCURUS (MARSH) COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN QUEBEC
Authors: Deane Burton C. , Morrison F. O.
Published: March 2010

The clover root borer, Hylastinus obscurus (Marsh), occurred throughout western, southern and central Quebec in 1954. The roots of from 28 per cent to 94 per cent of the plants in some red clover stands became infested during the spring and summer of the second and third years of growth. Infestation intensity was not correlated with soil pH or texture.Borer adults spread from the point of origin during a brief flight in the spring.A cantharid larva, an adult staphylinid (Grohypnus sp.) and unidentified dipterous larvae were observed feeding on borer larvae.Lindane applied in the spring increased clover hay yields on artificially infested plots.The larger plants were more commonly infested and also more commonly infected with root rots. Laboratory experiments indicated that activity of adult borers could help to initiate fungal infections.Very few plants which survived a second winter showed infestation in the following spring.
STUDIES ON SUNFLOWER RUST: I. SOME SOURCES OF RUST RESISTANCE
Authors: Putt Eric D. , Sackston W. E.
Published: March 2010

Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) and sunflower rust (Puccinia helianthi Schw.) are both apparently native to North America. Although sunflowers were used by North American Indians, they were first grown on a large scale as a source of edible oil in Russia. Their cultivation has since spread throughout the world, with the largest acreages in eastern Europe and South America. The rust is present wherever the crop is grown, and has been a limiting factor in production in some areas.Beacon, the first rust-resistant sunflower variety to be grown commercially, was produced in Manitoba and released to growers in 1955. It was derived from a single resistant plant which originated from a natural cross with wild sunflowers near Renner, Texas. Resistant plants have since been found in four other accessions from the Renner area, and in one from College Station, Texas. Varying degrees of rust resistance occur in selections from these sources, which have been carried through several selfed generations. Crossing studies have shown that resistance is dominant. Tests in South America indicate that lines derived from the Canadian material are resistant to rust in Peru and Argentina.
A COMPARISON OF MCP AND 2,4-D FOR THE CONTROL OF ANNUAL WEEDS IN GRAIN CROPS
Authors: Friesen H. A. , Walker D. R.
Published: March 2010

Oats, flax and barley were sprayed with various formulations of MCP (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) at a number of Experimental Farms in Western Canada in 1954 and 1955. Each formulation was applied at 4 and 8 ounces of acid equivalent per acre at each of two dates, viz., Date 1, when the weeds were in the seedling stage less than 3 inches in height; and Date 2, at a stage coinciding with the first appearance of buds on the major weed species.Stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense, L.), wild mustard (Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler), lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album L.), Russian pigweed (Axyris amarantoides L.), and ball mustard (Neslia paniculata L.), were effectively controlled by each of the MCP and 2,4-D formulations used. Russian thistle (Salsola kali L.), and red-root pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), were not satisfactorily controlled by MCP, whereas hemp nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit L.) was not controlled by 2,4-D. Wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.) was not controlled by any of the treatments. Each treatment was more effective when applied during the seedling stage of the weeds.On the basis of wood control and yield of grain the results of this study favour the use of MCP over 2,4-D with either oats or flax. Oats was significantly more tolerant to MCP, particularly if treated during the early growth stages when weed competition was most critical. With flax, the difference in tolerance was most pronounced in favour of MCP at the later date of treatment. The 2,4-D ester and low volatile ester resulted in a preponderance of plant deformities, lowered the yields of both oats and flax and delayed the maturity of flax significantly. Barley yields in this study were not adversely affected by any of the treatments.
FURTHER NOTE ON SURFACTANTS IN CONCENTRATE MIXTURE FOR CONTROL OF APPLE SCAB
Authors: SWALES J. E. , WILLIAMS K.
Published: March 2010

not available
PHYSIOLOGICAL RACES OF VENTURIA INAEQUALIS
Authors: Julien J. B. , Spangelo L. P. S.
Published: March 2010

Cultures of Venturia inaequalis were isolated from infected apple leaves and fruits received from various parts of Canada. The isolates differed in their ability to produce spores and to a certain extent in their growth. Variations were observed among monoconidial isolates obtained from a tissue isolate. Monoconidial cultures from an isolate varied in the shape, size, and colour of their colonies and in their pathogenicity to different varieties and seedlings. It would appear, therefore, that distinct physiological races of this fungus occurred among isolates tested.
CONTROL OF CUTWORMS IN ASPARAGUS FIELDS IN THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Banham F. L. , Handford R. H.
Published: March 2010

Emulsions of dieldrin, aldrin, isodrin, toxaphene and chlordane applied to the soil surface and incorporated to a depth of about 4 inches proved highly effective in controlling the red-back cutworm, Euxoa ochrogaster (Guen.) when tested in asparagus fields in the interior of British Columbia in the summer of 1953 and 1954. In 1953 aldrin emulsion mixed with the soil was much more effective than when it was left on the soil surface, Bran bait containing paris green, although giving fairly satisfactory control, was less effective and slower in action than the emulsions. In 1952, dieldrin, aldrin, and isodrin dusts, applied to the soil surface, were superior to and faster in action than bran baits containing aldrin or endrin; all of the 1952 treatments were apparently slower in action in dry soil than in relatively moist soil. A survey of asparagus fields treated by growers in 1953 but not in 1954 indicated that aldrin emulsion, mixed with the soil at about 4 lb. of toxicant per acre, protects asparagus for at least two years.
RELATION OF DATE OF SEEDING WINTER WHEAT IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA TO LOSSES FROM WHEAT STREAK MOSAIC, ROOT ROT, AND RUST
Authors: Slykhuis J. T. , Andrews J. E. , Pittman U. J.
Published: March 2010

Diseased immature wheat is the most highly infectious reservoir of the streak mosaic virus, Marmor virgatum McK. and its mite vector, Aceria tulipae Keifer, in southern Alberta. Dates of seeding experiments showed that losses from wheat streak mosaic were greatest in winter wheat seeded before nearby winter or spring wheat crops that harboured the disease were mature. Wheat that emerged after the diseased crops had matured was seldom infected. Infection was able to spread from diseased volunteer wheat as long as it was living, or until the weather became cold in late October or November. Wheat sown in August was more severely damaged than that sown later. Immature wheat harbouring mosaic infection was completely destroyed by one operation with a mouldboard plough, but not by one cultivation with the one-way disk or subsurface type of cultivator. Root rot was most severe, and stem rust least severe in wheat sown in August. In the absence of disease, yields decreased in seedings made after mid-September. Early September appears to be the best time to seed winter wheat in southern Alberta.
THE LIGNIN CONTENT OF SIX CLONAL LINES OF INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS
Authors: Pigden W. J. , Heinrichs D. H.
Published: March 2010

Six clonal lines of intermediate wheatgrass, Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv., which differed markedly in gross morphological characteristics were cut at the half-bloom stage and separated into leaf and stem. Lignin analyses were made on both leaf and stem in 1951 and again in 1952.Analysis of variance established significant differences (P = 0.05) in per cent lignin content between clonal lines. Highly significant differences (P = 0.01) were found in per cent leaf between lines and in per cent lignin between years. The plants contained the most lignin in the driest year.The clonal line with the finest stems had the lowest lignin content; however, the percentage leaf had a greater effect on lignin content than any other factor studied.
ASTER YELLOWS ON CELERY IN ONTARIO
Authors: George J. A. , Richardson J. K.
Published: March 2010

A disease of celery reported by vegetable growers in the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, in 1953 is caused by the aster yellows virus. Transmissions under controlled conditions to various host plants by the leafhoppers Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål) and Fieberiella florii (Stål) indicate that the strain of the disease is similar to that present in California. M. fascifrons occurs on a wide range of hosts throughout Ontario and usually in great numbers on celery. This insect is probably the most important vector of the disease in this province.
MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, AND BORON NUTRITION OF THE STRAWBERRY IN RELATION TO BLACK ROOT DISEASE
Authors: Taper C. D. , Collins W. B. , Murray H. R. , Kennedy J. E.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted in order to study the effects of all possible combinations of three different concentrations of the elements magnesium, calcium, and boron upon strawberry plants of the variety Senator Dunlap growing in sand culture. The effect of these treatments on the contents of the three elements was determined by spectrographic analysis.Increasing the concentration of magnesium in the culture solution tended to increase the accumulation of magnesium and to decrease the accumulation of calcium by the plants. Increasing the concentration of boron in the culture solution tended to increase the accumulation of boron by the plants and to decrease their yield of fruit. All plants growing in a culture solution containing 0.5 p.p.m. of boron developed both a foliar symptom characteristic of boron toxicity, namely, a marginal chlorosis of the leaves, and certain symptoms characteristic of strawberry black root disease, namely, gradually extending necrotic areas upon the crowns and roots. The fact that the foliar chlorosis symptomatic of boron toxicity in strawberry appeared upon plants supplied with a relatively low concentration of boron is confirmation of the low boron requirement of the strawberry. The fact that the typical foliar symptom of boron toxicity was in all cases accompanied by certain symptoms characteristic of black root disease, namely necrosis of crown and roots, seems to suggest that the latter, in this instance, were also symptomatic of boron toxicity.
EFFECT OF MOLYBDENUM APPLICATIONS ON LEGUMINOUS HAY CROPS IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: Robinson D. B. , LeLacheur K. E. , Brossard G. A.
Published: March 2010

Seed treatments of molybdenum were found to increase yields of early red clover on three soil types in Prince Edward Island. Plots receiving 8 or more ounces of molybdenum per acre were significantly better than the control plots. Applications of 1000 lb. and 2000 lb. of ground limestone per acre had no effect on the yields of molybdenum-treated clover but the uptake of molybdenum by plants was highest where the 2000 lb.-per-acre rate was applied. The influence of added molybdenum on clover root nodule formation was determined on one soil type. Eight ounces of molybdenum per acre gave a significant increase in the weight of root nodules on the treated plants.
THE INFLUENCE OF COMBINED NITROGEN ON NODULATION AND NITROGEN FIXATION BY RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI DANGEARD
Authors: Richardson D. A. , Jordan D. C. , Garrard E. H.
Published: March 2010

Studies to determine the effect of various concentrations of sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride on the ability of Rhizobium meliloti to infect and fix nitrogen in three varieties of alfalfa indicated that nodulation was inhibited at high levels of combined nitrogen. High nitrate concentrations inhibited nodulation to a greater extent than high ammonium concentrations. A small amount of combined nitrogen, however, appeared to promote nodulation. Inoculated plants grown in nitrogen levels which might be encountered in the field consistently contained more nitrogen than uninoculated plants under the same treatment. There was comparatively little difference in the nitrogen content or behaviour of the varieties of alfalfa tested.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF FLAT LIMB OF GRAVENSTEIN
Authors: Hockey J. F.
Published: March 2010

The fiat-limb disease of Gravenstein apple is shown to be of virus origin. French Crab root stock was found to be a more susceptible host parent than the slower growing Anis and Antonovka stocks. Stem-grafted, apparently healthy Gravenstein trees were more susceptible to flat limb after the introduction of scions from affected trees than either root-grafted or budded trees.
PHYSIOLOGIC SPECIALIZATION OF WHEAT STEM RUST IN CANADA, 1919 TO 1955
Authors: Johnson T. , Green G. J.
Published: March 2010

From 1919 until shortly after 1930 the races of wheat stem rust most prevalent in Canada were: race 21, the race group 3-18-36, and the race group 17–29 which again assumed importance from 1940 to 1948. Race 49 was widely prevalent from 1927 to 1932. Race 56, first found in Canada in 1931, was the predominant race from 1934 to 1949. Race 15B, discovered shortly before 1940 and first found in Canada in 1946, was predominant from 1950 to 1955.The influence of changes in the wheat varieties under cultivation on the rust race population is discussed and it is postulated that a north-to-south movement of rust spores late in the summer plays an important part in the perpetuation of races selectively propagated in northern areas.Recently, biotypes of certain races have become important in relation to varieties now in cultivation and new varieties in the course of production. Methods of identification of such biotypes by means of accessory differential hosts are discussed in relation to the breeding or rust-resistant varieties.A brief account is given of races identified from collections of aecia from barberry.
DDT AND DDD RESIDUES ON TOMATOES PROCESSED INTO JUICE
Authors: Miller L. A. , Miles J. R. W. , Sans W. W.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were carried out in 1954 and 1955 in which tomatoes that were field-treated with DDT3 or DDD3 were processed into juice by commercial procedures, and components were analysed for residues of these compounds. In 1954, four sprays were applied of DDT at 1.25 and at 2.5 lb. per acre and of DDD at 1.5 lb. per acre; in 1955, six sprays of DDT and of DDD at 1.5 lb. and at 3.0 lb per acre. Residues in the juice did not exceed 0.13 parts per million. Approximately 80 per cent of the residues were removed during washing and most of the remainder was concentrated in the waste.
SAWFLY RESISTANCE IN WHEAT: II. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WHEAT GROWN IN THE GREENHOUSE AND ON IRRIGATED LAND
Authors: Roberts D. W. A.
Published: March 2010

The resistance of seven varieties of wheat to the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) was tested in the greenhouse and on irrigated plots. In five of the seven varieties tested, namely, Rescue, H46146, Golden Ball, Red Bobs and Thatcher, the percentage of infested stems that were cut by sawflies was significantly higher in plants grown in the greenhouse in either summer or winter than in plants grown under irrigation in the field. In the other two varieties, H4191 and Melanopus, results were similar but the differences were not significant. This lower resistance of plants grown in the greenhouse was associated with a decrease in the percentage of tunnelled stems in which the older larvae had died. In percentage of infested stems cut, no significant differences were found between the varieties grown in the outdoor soil bins and those on adjacent irrigated land. In other 2-year tests on irrigated land, the variable resistance of wheat was apparently associated with variations in percentage of tunnelled stems in which the older larvae had died. Although stem solidness is usually associated with resistance on dry land, it appears that this characteristic alone cannot be relied on as a measure of sawfly resistance in a given variety when grown in diverse environments.
SPRAYING TOMATOES FOR THE CONTROL OF LEAF SPOT, EARLY BLIGHT AND LATE BLIGHT
Authors: Graham K. M. , Donaldson A. G.
Published: March 2010

Tomato leaf spot, early blight, and late blight were controlled effectively in the Ottawa district by six applications of the fixed copper COCS 55 or of Manzate (maneb). The split schedule consisting of three sprays with Manzate, followed by three sprays with COCS 55, or the tank mixture of these two fungicides, gave results comparable to those obtained with each of them alone. Some of the fungicides tested showed a degree of specificity in the control of certain diseases.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOME FIELD CROPS AS INFLUENCED BY CLIMATIC PHENOMENA AT TWO DIVERSE LATITUDES
Authors: Carder A. C.
Published: March 2010

The investigation involved establishment of an experimental site at Madison, Wisconsin, latitude 43 °N., and another at Beaverlodge, Alberta, 55 °N., where 10 annual crops representing varieties of wheat, oats, barley peas and millet were grown for two years. Growth and phenology of the varieties were correlated with meteorological conditions at the two points. Climatic phenomena studied were insolation, air temperature, photo- and thermoperiod, and water relations. Over the growing season, insolation was approximately equal at Madison and Beaverlodge, despite the high latitude of the latter point. On the other hand, the effective heat supply at Beaverlodge was only 60 per cent of that at Madison. The photoperiods at the two locations were found to be quite different.Under the long summer days of the more northerly latitude at Beaverlodge all crops except millet developed as well as at Madison. Millet proliferated vegetatively and did not head at Beaverlodge. The yield of seed of all crops except millet was associated with much less vegetation at the northern station. The earlier-maturing varieties did comparatively better under cool temperatures than did the later-maturing types. The results indicate that from the standpoint of seed production the plants at Beaverlodge were subjected to cooler temperatures than the comparable plants at Madison. In the phase from heading to maturity this temperature difference was less pronounced than from emergence to heading. All varieties grew taller and greater in size at Madison, but all except millet produced heavier kernels at Beaver-lodge.
FACTORS IN RELATION TO TUBER QUALITY IN POTATOES.: IV. TUBER METABOLIC STAGE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON TOTAL SOLANINE
Authors: Hilton R. J. , Gamborg O. L.
Published: March 2010

Total solanine determinations were made on tubers of Netted Gem and Irish Cobbler potatoes that were (1) at sprouting and at fully resting metabolic stages; (2) illuminated with 15 w. and 150 w. incandescent light sources for 0 to 48 hours at 6-hour intervals; and (3) exposed to temperatures of 4 °C. and 12 °C. during the light treatments. Varietal differences in response were noted. Exposures longer than 6 hours made little change in solanine build-up, and the light treatments produced more effect than did the temperatures used. Sprouting tubers of Irish Cobbler showed a significant decrease in glycoalkaloid content; but under the same temperature and light conditions resting tubers of this variety showed a slight increase. Sprouting Netted Gem tubers showed little change after treatment, whereas in the dormant stage the solanine content decreased slightly under low light and increased after exposure to the 150 w. light source.