bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rheological Properties of Medical Tapes Used to Prevent Athletic Injuries
Authors: Andréasson Gunnar , Edberg Bengt
Published: March 2008

The rheological properties of the medical tapes most commonly used in Sweden were examined. The breaking force (75 N/cm of width) is comparable for all the tapes, but the Young modulus, relaxation, and fatigue properties vary. The breaking strength of the tapes after the taping procedure reaches only 10% of the breaking strength of the Anterior talofibular ligament (one of the ligaments on the outside of the ankle). A table shows the different tape results; furthermore, a method is described which makes it possible to shorten the time required to perform fatigue tests on textile tapes.
Spreading of Durable Press Reagents in Cotton Fabric
Authors: Bertoniere Noelie R. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: March 2008

Minimum application of the polymerization-crosslinking reagent N-methylol polyethyleneurea, degree of polymerization = 2, (NMP-2) to cotton via the lick roller was explored and compared to DMDHEU. Spreading of NMP-2 reagent solutions in fabric occurred at slower rates and to lesser extents than DMDHEU. Four spreading tests were explored to clarify differences among selected reagents, which represent gradations in structure and solution viscosity. Viscosity of reagent solution proved to be the primary factor controlling rate and extent of spreading, but viscosity did not account for all the differences observed among various reagent systems. Among the tests evaluated, the IIC radial wicking test was the most discriminating for delin eating differences among reagent solutions. The saturation value test was moderately informative, the vertical wicking test had borderline usefulness, and the drop absor bancy test had little pertinence in this connection.
Influence of Foaming Gas on Foam Stability
Authors: Gregorian Razmic , Bafford Richard , Duke Marshall
Published: March 2008

As part of a study of those factors which influence the stability of foams used in the processing of textiles, foams were generated using six different gases. The stabilities of the foams were estimated by measuring the change in foam viscosity as a function of time. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the flow of gas through the bubble walls is an activated diffusion process where the permeation rate of the gas is proportional to the solubility of the gas in the liquid phase and to the molecular size of the gas. The redistribution of bubble sizes as a result of gas permeation between bubbles leads to bubble growth and to a decrease in the foam viscosity.
Dyeing of Modified Polypropylene: Cationic Dyes on Chlorinated Polypropylene
Authors: Shah C.D. , Jain D.K.
Published: March 2008

Polypropylene fiber was chlorinated by the action of sodium hypochlorite under specific conditions. On chlorination, the moisture content of the fiber increased, but there was no effect on the fiber's mechanical properties.

On chlorination, marked affinity was created in the fiber for cationic dyes from alkaline medium. Eight different cationic dyes were used on the chlorinated product under different dye bath pH conditions. Dyeings tended to show that the mechanism of application of cationic dyes on chlorinated polypropylene was a reactive type, i.e., through the formation of a covalent bond between the fiber and the dye.

Of the eight cationic dyes, seven possessed poor to moderate light fastness, only Methylene Blue (CI Basic Blue 9) gave very good light fastness. In all the eight dyeings, other fastness properties such as fastness to washing, bleach, sea-water, and soda-boil were good. All the eight dyeings were after-treated with iodine which increased light fastness. Of the eight dyes, four produced photodegrading action on the fiber and four afforded photoprotection. Methylene Blue gave very good photoprotective action to the chlorinated polypropylene fiber.
Shrink-Resist Efficiency Enhancement of Two Polymers on Wool by Polyamine Pretreatments
Authors: Stapleton I.W.
Published: March 2008

Several long-chain diamines and polyamines were compared in their ability to enhance the shrink-resist efficiency of Basolan SW and Synthappret LKF on wool fabric. A detailed study of various factors controlling the effectiveness of polyethy leneimine (Polymin P) showed that pH of the polyamine solution and the temperature of the subsequent fixation were of importance. Attempts to simplify the process by combination of the polyamine with the polymer or by fixing the polyamine and curing the polymer in a single heating step were not successful.
Relation Between Twist and Abrasion Resistance of Rotor Yarns Part I: Cotton Yarns, Viscose, and Acrylics
Authors: Barella A. , Manich A.
Published: March 2008

The relation between twist and abrasion resistance of rotor yams of cotton, viscose, and acrylics was studied. Contrary to what occurs with other parameters such as tensile resistance and resistance to repeated extensions, for which maximum resistance corresponds to high values of twist for cotton and to quite lower twists for manmade fibers, there is, for abrasion resistance, one tendency in all fibers to yield the highest values of abrasion resistance for the highest twists. Cotton yams of the same linear density and the same relative applied load in conditions of maximum strength present higher values of abrasion resistance than yams of the manmade fibers studied here.
Infrared Spectra of Jute Fibers at Different Stages of Growth
Authors: Mukherjee A.C. , Mukhopadhyay U.
Published: March 2008

Infrared spectra of jute fibers at different stages of growth, both at the normal and deuterated conditions, were analyzed. Peak heights at wave bands, which can be ascribed to hemicellulose and lignin, show a maximum around 20-35 days of growth, suggesting maximum formation of these substances around this period. An increase of OD content from the early stage to this period also points to this possibility. Spectra of both undeuterated and deuterated samples suggest that at maturity there is either a fall in the hemicellulose content or there is greater esterification between lignin and carbohydrate.
Relationship Between Residual Catalyst in Finished Cotton and Formaldehyde Release
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M.
Published: March 2008

An attempt was made to isolate the influence of residual catalysts on formaldehyde release from finished cotton fabrics. The study was conducted to separate the effects of free formaldehyde and formaldehyde liberated by finish degradation, attributed to hydrolytic action or equilibrium reversal from the presence of catalyst in the finished fabric. Differences were found among finishes in their stabilities to the action of residual catalysts, and among catalysts on a given finish.
Influence of Rotor Speed, Rotor Diameter, and Carding Conditions on Yarn Quality in Open-End Spinning
Authors: Manohar J.S. , Rakshit A.K. , Balasubramanian N.
Published: March 2008

Results of studies are presented examining the effect of rotor speed, rotor diameter and tandem carding on properties of open-end (OE) yams. Most of the yam properties excepting strength show a significant deterioration with increase of rotor speed, in case of strength, no consistent trend was observed. Yarn elongation drops steeply, while Uster nep count increases markedly with increase of rotor speed or rotor di ameter, the higher centrifugal force in the rotor zone being responsible for the change in yarn properties. Evidence shows that the steep increase in neps at higher rotor speed and diameter is because of imperfections caused by wrapper fibers. Tandem carding does not confer any significant improvements on OE yarn quality in normal mixing, while marginal benefits occur in waste mixing. The benefits of tandem carding in OE spinning may be more in terms of reducing the microdust accumulation in the rotor. With waste mixings, the strength loss from OE spinning is much reduced and the reductions in yarn imperfections are very pronounced, indicating that OE spinning offers a potential outlet for better waste material use. Though inferior in strength, OE yarns exhibit a better strength uniformity than ring spun yams, which may contribute to satisfactory performance of this material in subsequent stages.
Analysis of Solids Obtained by Evaporation of Card Room Humidifier Water
Authors: Fisher C.M. , Fornes R.E. , Gilbert R.D.
Published: March 2008

Solid particles generated by evaporation of humidifier water contribute significantly to the total dust concentration in typical cotton processing environments. Water samples obtained from a model card room at North Carolina State University contain about 114 ppm of solids, 87% of which is inorganic. The presence of organic material is confirmed by titrating the water samples with a KMnO4 solution. About 7% of the inorganic fraction is insoluble in HCl. Analysis of the soluble inorganic solids by atomic absorption spectroscppy revealed that the major elements detected are Ca, Na, K, Cu, Mg, Si, Al, Fe, and Zn. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to analyze the insoluble portions and showed that the most abundant elements are the same as in the soluble portion, except that no Zn was detected. Photomicrographs of these insoluble solids show that these particles exist in aggregates, some of which have a crystal morphology. EDAX® analyses of the particles with crystalline morphology show that they have high concentrations of Si and Al.
Morphological and Physical Effects of Colchicine Treatment on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Fibers
Authors: Yatsu Lawrence Y.
Published: March 2008

Injection of aqueous colchicine solutions into developing cotton bolls abolished cytoplasmic microtubules in the hair cells (fibers). This treatment also deranged mi crofibrillar orientation in cell walls of the fibers. Research suggests that microtubules are responsible for the orientation of cell wall microfibrils. The tenacities of (a) col chicine-treated, (b) untreated, naturally-dried, and (c) untreated, never-dried cotton fibers were compared. The tenacity of colchicine-treated fibers was significantly lower than the other two, which were similar to each other.
Sorption and Transport Properties of Solvent-Treated Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Fibers Using Disperse Dyes as Molecular Probes
Authors: Kirby R.D. , Cates D.M.
Published: March 2008

PET can be prepared by solvent and heat treatment in widely differing structures as shown by the sorption and transport properties. The order of elution of a pair of solutes on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers as chromatographic substrate can be reversed, and the dominant mechanism of solute dispersion changed, through struc tural changes brought about by solvent and heat treatment.
Investigations of Polyester Fiber Process/Structure/Property Relationships Part I
Authors: Miller R.W. , Southern J.H. , Ballman R.L.
Published: March 2008

Polyester structure and properties are examined as a function of spinning and texturing processes. Spun fiber tensile and shrinkage properties are related to amorphous orientation and crystallinity. Particularly notable are the observations of textured yarn dyeability dependency on yarn crystallite size and spun yarn crystalline content. Dye path tortuosity is hypothesized to control the disperse dyeing of textured polyester.
Antimicrobial Finishing of Cotton with Zinc Pyrithione
Authors: Morris Cletus E. , Welch Clark M.
Published: March 2008

Solutions of a zinc complex of pyrithione in aqueous polyethylenimine were applied to cotton fabric by a conventional pad-cure procedure. When the solutions also contained urea, pyrithione was bound in the fabric. Fabric treated by one process still completely inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus after fifty launderings. It also completely inhibited growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, but this antifungal activity had poorer durability to laundering.
Design and Use of a Cyclic Tensile Abrader for Filaments and Yarns-A Study of Polyester Monofilament Wear
Authors: Miller B. , Friedman H.L. , Turner R.
Published: March 2008

An apparatus has been developed that imposes an adjustable constant axial tensile load on filaments, yarns, or fabric strips during cyclic rubbing over pins in various configurations and under controlled temperatures and specific chemical environments. The action is intended to simulate the combinations of tensile, bending, and abrasive stresses experienced by fibrous materials during processing and end use. The number of cycles to rupture (or specimen lifetime) is automatically recorded, and there is provision for monitoring the elongation of the specimen under stress.

The use of the cyclic tensile abrader is demonstrated by means of a study of the influence of tensile loading, temperature, and rubbing configuration on the wear of a polyester monofilament sample in air. The reproducibility of both lifetimes and elongations is good, and the results are in accord with expectations for the behavior of this material under the stresses and conditions imposed. It appears that the basic design of the cyclic tensile abrader makes it suitable as a research tool as well as an accelerated wear testing device.
E-NTU Method as a Mass Transfer Model in Design and Operation of Textile Finishing Equipment
Authors: Wassink J. Groot , Van Der Linden H.J.L.J.
Published: March 2008

In the first part of this contribution, a mass transfer model according to the so-called E-NTU method is developed in order to describe mass transfer phenomena in counter-current equipment in general and in a textile washing machine in particular. A relatively simple dimensionless relation between the effectiveness E, the separation factor S, and the total number of transfer units NTU is obtained. The second part of this work concentrates on problems of economically optimal design of textile finishing equipment, based on the application of the mass transfer model proposed. It appears that the optimal design point may easily be found by a simple combination of process curves and iso-cost lines. The third part deals with estimates of optimal operation of existing equipment in which the profit of increased production is counterbalanced by the costs of increased wash water flow. Application of the mass transfer model presented contributes substantially to a better understanding of design and operation of textile finishing equipment.
Shrink-Resist Treatment of Wool with Epoxy-Functional Acrylic Emulsions—Polyethylene Polyamines as Curing Agents
Authors: Jellinek Thomas
Published: March 2008

Wool can be effectively shrinkproofed by an epoxy-functional polyacrylate emulsion, provided that a small proportion of a moderately high molecular weight polyethylene polyamine (e.g., polyethylenimine) is included as a crosslinking agent. Other types of polyamines or alternative epoxy resin curing agents are ineffective. The shrink-resist effectiveness increases with molecular size of the polyamine to a limit of MW 600, and this is accompanied by a considerable fall in the optimum polyamine concentration. Volatile organic acids have the effect of reducing the optimum polyamine concentration, but this effect is diminished with increasing size of the polyamine. The rate of cure is reduced for polyamine molecular weights above 600 and is not enhanced by an alkaline catalyst, though curing can be prevented entirely by either strong acids or organic acids of low volatility. The paper proposes that crosslinking is promoted in an alkaline environment and also by greater polyamine mobility, the latter being dependent on molecular weight. Increasing the size and ionic charge of the polyamine molecule enhances the effective polyamine concentration at the fiber surface by restricting diffusion into the fiber, thus enabling the formation of a strongly adherent multiphase film.
Dye Diffusion in Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Fibers
Authors: Gupta V.B. , Gupta A.K. , Rajan V.V.P. , Kasturia N.
Published: March 2008

Temperature dependence of dye diffusion in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers heat set under slack and taut conditions at various temperatures (in the range 100-240°C) was investigated. The observed temperature dependence of diffusion coefficient was more appropriately represented by the Williams-Landel-Ferry approach rather than the Arrhenius equation. Values of the parameter Bd were determined.
Improved Accuracy with the Shirley Analyzer
Authors: Weller H.W.
Published: March 2008

Improved accuracy in Shirley analyzer results was obtained by modifying the stan dard analysis procedure, including a reconditioning period before final weighing of specimen fractions, identifying possible sources of variations in results, and identifying possible sources of error. The experimental analysis procedure provides almost com plete separation of free lint from trash. Invisible loss can be materially reduced by reconditioning lint and waste fractions. Variations in stock analysis results are associated with the amount of processing the stock received before analysis.
Effects of Selected Inorganic Salts on Cotton Flammability
Authors: Hsieh You-Lo , Hardin Ian R.
Published: March 2008

Five inorganic salts were applied at two levels to cotton fabric. The fabric samples were then tested in the vertical test and oxygen index test, with temperatures and heating rates monitored. Only the CaC03 and MgCl2 samples at high levels affected the vertical test, although several other specimens had oxygen index values in the 25.5-29.5 range. All salts at the lower level reduced the maximum temperature in the oxygen index test. At higher levels this maximum was increased over untreated fabric, and heating rates were increased. In the vertical test all of the salts lowered the maximum temperature. The maximum temperature generally dropped with in creasing oxygen index values, suggesting that this measurement may indicate small changes in inherent fabric flammability that do not show up in char length results. Results of this study suggested that the applications of the vertical test and oxygen index test in studying the interaction of inorganic salts with flame retardant-treated cotton is complicated by the fact that such salts alone alter the flammability char acteristics of the unfinished cotton measured in these tests. A pattern of cation or anion behavior was not evident.
Sorption of Perchloroethylene and Toluene by Wool and Other Textiles: Influence of Co-solvents
Authors: Holt Leo A.
Published: March 2008

Perchloroethylene and toluene are sorbed by dry wool very slowly at room tem perature. Even at the boil several hours of treatment are required to introduce 2% by weight of these solvents into wool. The rate of uptake of perchloroethylene and toluene by conditioned wool is approximately ten times greater, and treatment with a perchloroethylene/water emulsion causes a further increase in rate of perchloro ethylene uptake. Addition of small amounts of methanol to perchloroethylene and toluene causes a vast increase in rate of uptake of the high molecular weight solvents. Wool treated with perchloroethylene/methanol (9: 1) for one hour at room temperature retains 14% perchloroethylene on drying. Similar effects are observed on treatment of cotton and polyester with solvent mixtures. Desorption of solvents from wool due to heating or extraction with methanol or water has also been studied.
- Fatigue of Aramid Cords in Conveyor Belts
Authors: Fransson M. , Wiberger B. , Olofsson B.
Published: March 2008

A theoretical study of strains and stresses in cycling of conveyor belts strengthened by two layers of high modulus cord (Kevlar®) was performed. Experimental belts were then built with cords of varying twist and their behavior in fatigue investigated. The significance of cord compression was especially clarified, but the results yield much further information on engineering these fiber composite products.
A New Method for Pore Structure Analysis Using Air Flow
Authors: Hassenboehler Charles B.
Published: March 2008

A new method of analyzing the absolute sizes and distribution of flow channels in porous textiles open to air flow is introduced. The state of the air flow through a textile over a range of pressure drop is ascribed to additive effects of linear or nonlinear flow in separate flow channels. Changes in flow status in given size channels with pressure produce identifiable inflection or transition points that are assumed to occur as the air attains a universal critical shear stress for air in any channel. The inflection points are resolved using a modified permeometer. A force description of the flow relationship in terms of pressure drop, shear stress, and the channel diameter allows all absolute structure information to be evaluated. Relative and absolute sizes of individual flow channels are determined from the transition differential pressure as sociated with the flow transformation in individual channels. The exponent of the power function describing the flow over a given pressure drop region is related to the open areas experiencing laminar and turbulent flow and is used to determine relative areas having a given size channel.
Electrical Stimulation of Fabric Filtration
Authors: Lamb George E.R. , Jones Richard I. , Lee William B.
Published: March 2008

The reductions in pressure drop that accompany the establishment of a strong electric field near a filter fabric appear to be due to three separate mechanisms. One is the formation of a more porous dust cake due to dust capture in the low packing density regions of the fabric. A second mechanism is attraction of particles to the bag wall which causes the bag to act like a precipitator. The thickness of the dust cake is then greater near the entrance than at the end of the bag, and this results in a lower pressure drop. The third mechanism involves the attraction of particles to the bag electrodes. The dust is then deposited in bands with relatively thin deposits in between. Measurements and visual inspections of the dust deposits indicate that the second and third effects are enhanced when the aerosol is precharged. A particle precharger of new design appears to be particularly suitable for this purpose and causes major changes in filtration performance.
Fiber Breakage During Carding
Authors: Carnaby Garth A.
Published: March 2008

A formula for predicting changes in the fiber length distribution of wool fibers during carding has been derived from the mechanics of fiber withdrawal from tufts and the variability in strength of wool fibers.
Stretch Mercerization of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Kim Y.K. , Tae Jin Kang  , Seyam A.M. , El-Shiekh Aly
Published: March 2008

Slack mercerization followed by gradual restretching to the ratio of 1.25 by a series of closely set rollers in Part I of this study was proven to be effective to stretch the individual fibers shrunken during mercerization. The effect of stretch mercerization in roving form using this technique on the mechanical properties of fibers, yams and fabrics was investigated. Stretch mercerized roving was converted into fabric and its properties were compared with the properties of three similar samples: fabric from mercerized yams, mercerized fabric, and unmercerized fabric. Fabrics woven from stretch mercerized roving possessed greater strength than the commercially yarn mercerized fabrics. The fabric produced from yarns made from stretch-mercerized roving had the lowest values of percent reductions in grab strength and tearing strength after resm treatments with DMDHEU.
Performance Characteristics and Applications of Flame Resistant Rayon Fabrics
Authors: Hettich B.V.
Published: March 2008

A brief background of flame resistant rayon is presented, including alternative retardants. The paper covers performance data of flame resistant rayon made from poly(propoxyphosphazene) including vertical flame test results, heat shrinkage, smoke density, and thermal convective test results. Some toxicological data are also covered. Several applications in the institutional market are discussed.
Determining the Dehydroalanine and Amide Contents of Wool as a Means of Estimating Damage Caused by Alkaline Treatments
Authors: Steenken I. , Zahn H.
Published: March 2008

Two analytical methods for determining the extent of alkaline damage to wool are described. In the first method, the dehydroalanine residues formed by alkali were first converted to pyruvic acid by acid hydrolysis. The enzyme-catalyzed reduction of pyruvic acid to lactic acid by reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was then used to determine quantitatively the pyruvic acid content of the hydrolysate. Reproducible results were obtained provided they were extrapolated to zero time of hydrolysis and the conditions of reduction with NADH were closely controlled. In the second method, amide contents were determined by estimating the ammonia produced when the wool samples were hydrolyzed with 6 N sulfuric acid at 110°C for 8 hours. Quantitative results were obtained without the need to extrapolate to zero time of hydrolysis. The methods were used to analyze wool samples that had been treated with sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide solutions at temperatures up to 40°C. A linear correlation was found between the decreases in cystine and amide contents and the increase in dehydroalanine content.
An Electronic Fabric Stiffness Meter—Performance Evaluation with the Known Instruments
Authors: Kalyanaraman A.R. , Sivaramakrishnan A.
Published: March 2008

Based on opto-electronic principles, an electronic stiffness meter has been designed using Peirce's technique. This study shows that the instrument effectively transfers the method of using the overhanging length to the measurement of stiffness of fabrics electronically. Based on cantilever bending, this correlates very well and has the same accuracy as the Shirley stiffness meter, which works on the same principle. This method may be superior, however, since the measurement is objective and, being based on electronics, could easily be automated.
Tensile Behavior of Twisted Hybrid Fibrous Structures
Authors: YONG KU KIM  , El-Shiekh Aly
Published: March 2008

The energy method based on the first law of thermodynamics is employed to predict the whole range of stress-strain behavior of twisted hybrid fibrous structures. The model blend yams considered are sheath/core and mixed two-component yarns. Analytical expressions for the load-elongation response including failure are derived as functions of yam geometry and the mechanical properties of component fibers. The mathematical expressions are applicable to the hybrid yam structures made of nonlinear materials with any fractional combination of two components.
Prospects of Aramid as a Substitute for Asbestos
Authors: Hillermeier Karlheinz
Published: March 2008

Apart from the high tenacity and modulus of elasticity, aramid based on paraphenylene terephthalamide also has very favorable temperature properties. These include high temperature resistance, nonflammability, and absence of heat shrinkage. Another advantage lies in its high chemical resistance. Compared with asbestos and particularly with inorganic manmade fibers, aramid is highly superior in textile processing. Together, these properties make aramid fiber one of the most promising candidates for asbestos replacement, which is supported by the results of experiments carried out in practice with friction materials. Aramid can be used in brake linings as well as in clutch facings. It is difficult to produce homogeneous compounds using aramid; therefore mixing techniques used for asbestos have to be adjusted. Gaskets and packings are other end-uses where aramid gives spectacular results. For heavy thermal protective clothing aramid fibers have much to offer with respect to wearing comfort. At very high temperatures, however, certain limitations must be considered.
Soil Remaining on Fabrics after Laundering as Evaluated by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Prato H.H. , Morris M.A.
Published: March 2008

Response surface methodology was used to visualize the interactive effects of de tergent concentration, agitation time, and wash temperature on removal of soil from fabrics. Plots of the whiteness index of fabrics after repeated soiling and laundering indicated that maximum whiteness occurred at approximately 0.20% detergent con centration. The wash temperature required for maximum whiteness varied with fabric type. Changes in length of agitation time within the limits of the study had a minor effect on soil removal. Labeled components of synthetic sebum could be completely removed from acrylic and nylon fabrics. Both polar and nonpolar components became trapped in the cotton fibers. Removal of nonpolar triolein from polyester was in complete and decreased as wash temperature increased. Particulate soil, as measured by x-ray fluorescence of silicon, could be completely removed from all fabrics except the acrylic.
Physicochemical Properties of Sized Yams
Authors: Slauson Sherilyn D. , Miller Bernard , Rebenfeld Ludwig
Published: March 2008

Several methods were explored for characterizing sized yams and size films in order to establish relationships that might be useful in predicting weaving performance. A variety of natural and synthetic sizes were applied to cotton and to polyester/cotton spun yams in a laboratory sizing apparatus. Although yam tensile tests indicate that sizing generally increases yam strength and decreases yarn extensibility, these tests were inadequate for differentiating among sizing agents. Important differences among the various sizes and levels of size add-on could, however, be detected by measuring rupture lifetimes of the treated yarns using the TRI cyclic tensile abrader, which imposes simultaneous tensile, bending, and abrasive stresses.

Two factors appear critical to size performance: the size must form a tough but flexible film to protect the yam from flexing and rubbing actions, and there must be good adhesion between size and yam. The flexibility requirement was established by correlating the tensile behavior of films prepared from the various size polymers with rupture lifetimes of the sized yams. The degree of adhesion was evaluated by measuring the wettability of the size films, using an adaptation of the Wilhelmy wetting force method, and matching the resulting contact angle hysteresis patterns.
An Analysis of Roll Wrap Formation
Authors: Gregory D.R. , Phillips B.M. , Wang C.B.
Published: March 2008

Roll wraps occur frequently in spinning and processing continuous filament yams, and particularly in drawtwisting fully oriented yams. An analysis of roll wrap formation that agrees with experimental evidence shows that the following conditions must be met for a wrap to form: there must be a broken filament in the yam, the upstream section of the broken filament must separate from the main yam strand, the broken separated filament must directly contact the roll surface, and the forces acting on the broken filament at the roll surface must be distributed so that the filament is attracted to the roll and must be of sufficient magnitude and duration to induce one complete wrap. The forces acting on individual filaments in a multifilament threadline were analyzed, and the resultant force required for wrap formation was determined. Results from this analysis offer a reasonable explanation for the well-known roll wrapping behavior.
Surface Features of Jute Fiber Using Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Guha Roy T.K. , Mukhopadhyay A.K. , Mukherjee A.K.
Published: March 2008

The surface features of jute fiber were studied after various degrees of delignification and bleaching treatments. Surface features progressively change with gradual removal of lignin, leading to the "cottonization" of jute fiber at 93% delignification. Bleaching with peroxide or bleaching powder causes better cleaning and separation of ultimates. Degradation or damage of fibers or cells occurs when the chlorine used is nearly neutral or acidic.
Is Mercerization of Cotton Related to Its Bilateral Structure?
Authors: Aravindanath S.
Published: March 2008

Electron microscopic evidence was obtained to confirm that the bilateral structure in native cotton fibers influences conversion of lattice from cellulose I to cellulose II during alkali treatment.
Design, Construction, and Use of Minnesota Woman, A Thermally Instrumented Mannequin
Authors: Norton Majorie J.T. , Kadolph Sara J. , Johnson Robert F. , Jordan Kenneth A.
Published: March 2008

An adult female thermally instrumented mannequin was designed and constructed for apparel flammability research at the University of Minnesota. Forty-four chromel-alumel thermocouples (0.13 mm diameter) were encased in Pyrex, with measuring junctions exposed, and installed to measure surface temperatures during garment burnings. The thermocouples were arranged primarily in vertical and horizontal alignments on the mannequin torso. The basic mannequin, a molded polyester-fiberglass commercial display model, was coated with a wet mixture of ground asbestos, plaster of Paris, and building cement. The thermal inertia of the coating and that of Pyrex are thought to be close to the thermal inertia of skin and should thus accept heat at a rate approximating that of skin. Surface temperatures were initially measured by potentiometric recorders and then fit to a polynomial function, which provided input surface temperatures for a classical solution of internal skin temperatures. Subsequently, temperatures were recorded by a data acquisition system with an integrating voltmeter and used to calculate temperatures at depths by the finite element method. The degree of injury was predicted from time-temperature relationships at skin layer boundaries according to criteria estab lished by Henriques and modified by Stoll and Greene. Injury extent was expressed as a percentage of body surface area.
Testing Based on Wettability to Differentiate Washed and Unwashed Cotton Fibers
Authors: Ward Truman L. , Benerito Ruth R.
Published: March 2008

Cotton fibers from four varieties were washed with water using two procedures that included several combinations of temperatures and water volumes. Wettability of unwashed and washed fibers was determined by contact angle measurement and by a sink-float technique. The sink-float technique could be used to sort washed and unwashed cotton fibers.
Distribution of Crosslinks in DMDHEU-Treated Fabrics from Measurements on Warp and Fill Yarns
Authors: Bertoniere Noelie R. , King Walter D. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: March 2008

Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) was applied to cotton fabrics via immersion padding followed by fast (I-FD) and slow (I-SD) drying and via lick roller (LR20, LR35) and foam (FM20, FM35) applicators at 20% and 35% wet pickups. The fraction of cuene-soluble cellulose, distention index ( DI), water of imbibition ( WI), and moisture regain ( MR) were determined on the fabric or the separated warp and fill yarns to elucidate the effect of processing conditions on crosslink distribution. The slowly dried fabric served as the standard for uniformity. Samples were compared at the same level of bound nitrogen. High DIs, WIs, and MRs were associated with a less uniform crosslink distribution at the same overall crosslink density. Uniformity of crosslink distribution was found to decrease in the order I-SD > FM35 > LR35 > I-FD > FM20 > LR20. The fraction of cuene- soluble cellulose increased with increasing bound nitrogen in the LR20 samples, whereas the WI and MR of these fabrics exhibited U-shaped behavior. These trends are attributed to decreasing spreadability of liquor with increasing reagent concen tration. The result is that progressively larger portions of the cotton fabric are left untreated. Foam application at the 20% pickup level resulted in enough penetration to the backside of the fabric to impart cuene insolubility at all but the lowest DMDHEU add-on level. Indications are that the spreading mechanism for foam is substantially different from and more efficient than that for the liquid film from the lick roller. Crosslink distributions differed in the warp and fill yarns in all but the I-SD samples.
Effect of Mercerization on the Tensile Properties of Rotor Spun Yarn
Authors: Hari P.K. , Balasubramanian P. , Sengupta A.K. , Chavan R.B.
Published: March 2008

Rotor spun 14s cotton yarns were twisted over a range of twist multipliers from 4.25 to 5.5. The yarns were mercerized with sodium hydroxide and stretched to their original length. Tenacity of mercerized yarns was significantly greater than the grey yarns at all twist levels. A substantial improvement of 52.8% in tenacity was observed at the lowest twist. Even slack mercerization improved yarn tenacity at lower twist levels (up to 4.7) close to that for tension mercerized yam. Maximum increase in yarn tenacity by slack mercerization was 46% at the lowest twist. Tension mercerization increases yarn tenacity primarily by improvement of fiber packing at lower twist levels, but at higher twist levels fiber orientation, fiber packing, and improvement in fiber tenacity all affect yarn tenacity.
Dimensional and Physical Characteristics of Single Jersey Fabrics
Authors: Sharma I.C. , Ghosh S. , Gupta N.K.
Published: March 2008

An account is given of a study of the dimensional changes of plain weft knitted fabrics made from 12s, 16s, and 22s grasicrimp yam, brought about by various processes of relaxation including dry relaxation, wet relaxation, and tumble drying. In the dry relaxed state, the nature of knitted loop depends on the yarn's physical properties and knitting variables. After full relaxation, the values Kc, Kw, Ks, and Kc/Kw are independent of yarn or machine variables and approach a constant. In the full relaxed state, fabric thickness is independent of the tightness factor and depends on yam diameter and twists. The angle of wale lines with the vertical is increased with the twist multiplier and further increases after wet relaxation. Fabric bulk depends on loop length in all states of relaxation and has a linear relationship with the tightness factor after full relaxation.
Improved Staple Processing Performance Through Air Charge Control
Authors: Grindstaff T.H.
Published: March 2008

The air charge was changed from negative to positive in internal tests, and ring spinning ends down were significantly reduced for both 100% polyester and polyester cotton blends. This result was consistent with observations made in a mill. Mechanisms for air charge affecting staple processing are discussed.
Midwest Regional Burn Injury Study: Characteristics of Clothing-Related Burn Accidents
Authors: Laughlin Joan M. , Parkhurst Anne M. , Reagan Barbara M. , Janecek Coila M.
Published: March 2008

Data pertaining to clothing-related bum injuries and deaths are beneficial to the CPSC and other organizations when revising flammability standards and identifying textile products that present hazards to consumers. Existing sources of bum injury data do not adequately sample rural and urban midwest communities. This study evaluates the number and characteristics of clothing-related bum injuries and deaths in Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota for fiscal year 1980 to provide a greater understanding of variables contributing to burn injuries and deaths among a larger segment of the U.S. population. Sources of information for bum injury data were inpatient hospital medical records and files on fire-related deaths at the state fire marshals' ofhces in these states. Multidimensional cross-classification matrices were constructed and analyzed using a log-linear model to determine the relationships among accident variables. Significant interdependent variables in bum injury accidents and deaths were sex and age of victim, activity and location of accident, and the use of flammable liquids and gases.
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence of Wool Keratin Excited by UV-A Radiation
Authors: Smith G.J. , Melhuish W.H.
Published: March 2008

Corrected fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra of wool keratin excited by UV-A radiation are presented. Some of the observed luminescence is believed to originate from N-formylkynurenine residues, which are photo-oxidation products of tryptophan residues.

The positions of the spectral maxima of the fluorescence and phosphorescence arising from N-formylkynurenine residues indicate that there is hydrogen bonding between the ortho carbonyl group of N-formylkynurenine and the N-H group of a protein peptide linkage. The N-formylkynureninine residues also appear to be located principally in regions of low polarity.
Changes in Gram-Negative Bacteria and Endotoxin in Stored Bales of Lint
Authors: Columbus Eugene P. , Fischer Janet J.
Published: March 2008

Cotton subjected to several harvesting and ginning treatments was stored in a warehouse for six months. The bales of lint were sampled during ginning and the storage period and the samples analyzed for gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin content. Levels of gram-negative bacteria decreased during the storage period; however, no trends were observed in the endotoxin levels. Gram-negative bacteria levels were highest for the bales of lint that contained the highest levels of moisture and foreign matter.
A Kinetic Model for Pilling of Wool Knitwear
Authors: Williams V.A.
Published: March 2008

The simplified Conti and Tassinari model describing the kinetic mechanism of pilling was adopted for knitted wool fabrics, and the theory extended to compare the relative masses of pill able and nonpillable fiber being removed during the attrition process. Wool treated with potassium permanganate in saturated sodium sulphate forms fewer and smaller pills than untreated. Kinetic parameters were derived for random tumble and ICI pill box pilling, and pill build-up and decay rates were established. Application of the extended model shows that pillable fuzz is less than 4% of the total wool fiber removed in random tumble tests, and treatment with 5% permanganate decreases pilling by 90%. ICI pill box pilling is slow, and pill removal was incomplete after 140 hours. Similar proportions of fiber were involved in pill formation, but the extent of pilling and fuzz removal was greater than for random tumble pilling.
Sorption and Analysis of Some Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Surfactants on Wool
Authors: Freeland G.N. , Guise G.B. , Russell I.M.
Published: March 2008

A simple method has been devised to analyze a common type of nonionic surfactant (nonylphenol ethoxylate with an average of 8-15 ethylene oxide units) on wool. The advantages of this method are its insensitivity to the presence of processing oils and wool grease and its ability to detect concentrations as low as 0.02% on wool. The method involves isocratic, high-pressure liquid chromatography on a diol-bonded silica column. The amount of surface surfactant is determined from a dichloromethane extract of a dried wool sample, and the total amount of surfactant is found from a 40°C methanol extract of another wool sample. This method follows the adsorption and desorption of two nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants from aqueous solution onto wool under various conditions, as well as the diffusion of one of these surfactants from the surface into wool fibers.
Fluoborates in Catalysis of Durable Press Finishing Treatments for Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Andrews B.A. Kottes , Reinhardt Robert M.
Published: March 2008

The use of sodium fluoborate in catalyst mixtures with magnesium chloride for durable press finishing treatments produced a more active catalyst system than would be predicted from the teachings of classical inorganic chemistry. The behavior of the sodium and other fluoborates in aqueous solutions was thus investigated. The dissociation of these salts to produce hydrogen ion was followed, and a hydrolysis mechanism is offered. A comparison of sodium, zinc, and magnesium fluoborates in catalyst systems for durable press finishing with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea is also presented.
Fiber Length Statistics for a Random Assembly of Aligned Fibers
Authors: Brown G.H.
Published: March 2008

Formulas for the moments of fiber length properties for those fibers that intersect a segment of an assembly of aligned fibers are derived. These, where relevant. have been reconciled with earlier formulas given in the literature.
Effect of Salt Spray on the Rate of Water Vapor Transmission in Microporous Fabrics
Authors: Mooney C.L. , Schwartz P.
Published: March 2008

Two microporous fabrics, one formed by lamination and the second by coating, along with a nylon woven fabric, were subjected to a simulated sea spray environment. The water vapor transmission rates of the treated fabrics and of treated controls were determined using the desiccant method. As expected, in all cases, the rate of moisture vapor transmission for the treated samples was significantly lower than that for the untreated. The majority of the blockage was inherent in the base fabric, with smaller amounts attributable to the microporous substrates.
Effect of Mercerization on the Relation Between Single Fiber Mechanical Properties and Fine Structure for Different Cotton Species
Authors: Aboul-Fadl S.M. , Zeronian S.H. , Kamal M.M. , Kim M.S. , Ellison M.S.
Published: March 2008

Five G. barbadense species obtained from Egypt (Dendara, and Gizas 75, 76, 77, and 80), one American G. barbadense cotton (Pima S-5), and one American G. hirsutum cotton (Deltapine Smooth Leaf) were studied. Mercerization appeared to decrease the crystallinity of the G. hirsutum cotton more than that of the G. barbadense types. The mercerization treatment also appeared to have swollen the G. hirsutum fibers by a greater amount. The large increase in breaking load of the Deltapine Smooth Leaf cotton, which occurred on mercerization, may be due to the lower crystallinity and smaller crystallite lengths induced in these fibers by this treatment. The breaking load of the G. barbadense fibers either increased by smaller amounts than that obtained with the G. hirsutum sample or it fell.

Mercerization appeared to reduce the brittleness of the Egyptian G. barbadense varieties; however, the changes were small and with Dendara, insignificant. For Pima S-5, brittleness did not change, and with Deltapine Smooth Leaf, the apparent increase in brittleness was insignificant. Mercerization appeared to improve the flex lives of the Giza 76, Giza 80, Pima S-5, and Deltapine Smooth Leaf samples, but the evidence for an increase was not as strong in the case of Giza 75, Giza 77, and Dendara. Mercerized Gizas 76 and 77 appeared to have the shortest flex lives of all the mercerized G. barbadense samples tested.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Photoyellowing of Bleached and Fluorescently Whitened Wool Cloth
Authors: Levene Raphael
Published: March 2008

The rate of photoyellowing, when wet, of wool cloth bleached conventionally with hydrogen peroxide and then with stabilized sodium dithionite depends on the pH of the dithionite bleaching bath. Between pH 3.5-7.5, the lower the pH. the higher the lightfastness. The enhanced photostability of damp fabric which has been dithionite-bleached at pH 3.5 is not fast to washing. Indeed, when washed under certain conditions, the wet wool becomes particularly sensitive to sunlight yellowing. These effects become very apparent on fabric treated with a fluorescent whitening agent. Cloth treated with sodium metabisulfite behaves similarly. The photostability of dry wool is not affected by bleaching or washing conditions. The lightfastness on wet and dry cloth of a selection of commercial fluorescent whitening agents is compared here.