bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myth and Society
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

What is the relevance or importance of Greek mythology in the vast world of the Roman empire? Moderns are understandably drawn to the way Roman poets and artists make use of particular myths: the vogue (for example) for the myth of the Golden Age in Catullus, Vergil, and Horace; the political exploitation of the gigantomachy myth for the victories of the princeps; more generally, the use of myth as source of imagery and exemplarity; or myth as allegory (whether physical, spiritual, or moral) in the essayists and philosophers; the development of certain mythical figures through different ages and literatures (the Ulysses theme, the Heracles theme, and so on); the sometimes puzzling myths chosen to decorate Roman sarcophagi. I myself have long been fascinated by the extraordinary vogue for the childhood rather than manhood of Achilles in the literature and (above all) art of the empire. No less intriguing in a different way is the negative attraction the old myths held for early Christians, who insisted on taking them literally, so that they could attack pagans for having unworthy gods (adulterers, parricides, crybabies). Obviously this can be seen as a sort of perverse tribute to their continuing power.
Authorship And Composition
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

Scholars traditionally have regarded the composition of the MDh as a gradual process at the hands of anonymous and successive compilers, editors, and copyists lasting for several centuries, the same sort of agentless process that many have thought lies behind the composition of the great epic Mahiibhiirata. These compilers and editors, we are told, did nothing more than gather together proverbial sayings, moral maxims, and legal axioms that were floating in the mouths of people and handed down from generation to generation. The composition of the text is thus divorced from authorial intent and agency and from social, political, and economic context. The first to propose such a hypothesis was E. Washburn Hopkins (1885, 268): I draw the conclusion that the <;astram [MDh] was in great part collated between the time when the bulk of the epic [MBh] was composed and its final completion, that previous to its collation there had existed a vast number of sententious remarks, proverbial wisdom, rules of morality etc.
Chapter Eleven
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

A man seeking to extend his line; a man preparing to perform a sacrifice; a traveler; a man who has performed the sacrifice at which all his possessions are given away; a man who begs for the sake of his teacher, father, or mother; a student of the Veda; and a sick man—2these nine should be known a-; “bath-graduates,” Brahmins who are beggars pursuant to the Law. Gifts must be given to these destitutes in proportion to their eminence in vedic learning. To these Brahmins food should be given along with the sacrificial fees; to others, it is said, cooked food should be given outside the sacrificial arena. The king should bestow all sorts of precious gifts on Brahmins learned in the Veda according to their merits, as well as fees for the purpose of sacrifices.
The Tree of Life: An Overview
Authors: Baldauf S L , Bhattacharya D , Cockrill J , Hugenholtz P , Pawlowski J , Simpson A G B
Published: November 2023

Most of life, for most of life’s history, is about single-celled organisms, which come in one of two types, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Most of life is probably prokaryotic, in terms of numbers of cells, numbers of species, and time on Earth. Two of the three domains of life are prokaryotic, the Archaea and the Bacteria, and theirs are the oldest fossils, found in the oldest unmetamorphosed rock[3.5 Byr (billion years) old; Schopf et al. 2002; but see Van Zuillen et al. 2002]. Therefore, the last universal common ancestor of all life (LUCA) was probably prokaryotic, that is, a small cell (1–5 mm diameter), with a small genome[∼1–10 megabases (million bases)], few or no internal membrane-bound structures, and able to meet all its living requirements using simple compounds (autotrophic). Eukaryotes were almost certainly derived from prokaryotes (but see Philippe, ch. 7 in this vol.). The oldest even arguably eukaryotic fossils are only ∼1.8 Byr old (Brocks et al. 1999). All well-studied eukaryotes have cells that are at least an order of magnitude larger than those of prokaryotes with genomes (100–10,000 megabases).
The Origin and Radiation of Eucaryotes
Authors: Philippe Hervé
Published: November 2023

The inference of the universal Tree of Life has been a major quest in biology since the publication of the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin in 1859 (Darwin 1859). The first attempt was done by Haeckel seven years later (Haeckel 1866). Yet, although this early phylogeny still appears reasonable, progress toward the resolution of the universal tree remained elusive for decades. This was in part because of the lack of rigorous method (the famous “art” of taxonomy) but was greatly resolved by the German entomologist Willy Hennig through the development of the so-called cladistic method (Hennig 1966). Indeed, the main difficulty was the scarcity of morphological characters (sensu lato, e.g., including ultrastructural or biochemical). The best example of this difficulty is provided by the study of prokaryotes. After many years of trials, Stanier and Van Niel were forced to conclude that “any systematic attempt to construct a detailed scheme of natural relationships becomes the purest speculation . . . the ultimate scientific goal of biological classification cannot be achieved in the case of bacteria” (Van Niel 1955:5). Similar difficulties, albeit to a lesser extent, were encountered for the phylogeny of unicellular eucaryotes (protists; Taylor 1978).
Spring Sense of Wonder: Under the Sea-Wind
Authors: Lytle Mark Hamilton
Published: November 2023

Since Ancient Times, Mariners Have Told Stories of Fabulous sea creatures and ferocious monsters that lurked beneath the waves. Yet, few humans ever knew what manner of life the oceans might contain. Then, in November 1941, a remarkable book appeared—Under the Sea-Wind by Rachel Carson. One veteran voyager confessed to Carson that after a lifetime of travel on the seas he had been so much “impressed by [their] apparent lifeless aspect—’not a snout nor a spout did I see’” that he craved to know more about the mysteries the oceans held. Under the Sea Wind satisfied his curiosity as it took him along the seacoast and below the water’s surface, where snouts and spouts abounded.1
Fall The Fullness of Life: From The Edge of the Sea to DDT
Authors: Lytle Mark Hamilton
Published: November 2023

The Success OF The Sea Around Us Created New Opportunities for Rachel Carson. Royalties freed her from the financial worries that had dogged her from childhood. With an independent income, she left government service and became a full-time writer, sought after by publishers with proposals for new projects. She celebrated her success with a brand new, two-tone Oldsmobile. Carson was freer, richer, and more productive than ever.

Such happiness was never complete, freedom never total. Having no idea that The Sea Around Us would sell so well, she had already contracted with Houghton Mifflin to do A Guide to Seashore Life on the Atlantic Coast. Deluged with speaking requests, showered with awards, and drowning in correspondence, she discovered that even though she had the means to concentrate on writing, she did not have the time.
From Bobby Jones to the Second World War
Authors: Sommers Robert
Published: November 2023

In golf, the center of power shifted remarkably after the First World War. Where earlier the great players had all been British, they were American when the war ended. A generation of British youth had been devastated by the war’s slaughter. Compared with British and European losses, American casualties had been light, and perhaps beca1,1se the war had been fought so far away, young Americans had been free to develop. Whatever the reason; Americans now ruled athletics.
Byron Nelson to Arnold Palmer
Authors: Sommers Robert
Published: November 2023

War carries its price, and the Second World War had effects so widespread they can only be guessed at. It interrupted, certainly, and most likely changed the careers of three men who stand at the very top of any list of great golfers of the ages-Byron Nelson, Sam Snead, and Ben Hogan.
Parity and the International Scene
Authors: Sommers Robert
Published: November 2023

The Second World War ended in 1945. By the middle 1990s the world had been free of wide-scale war for fifty years. For the first time since Napoleonic times generations of young Europeans and those from the outposts of the British Empire were allowed to live their full lives. They prospered, especially in athletics, and particularly in golf.
From Babel to Dragomans
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Bernard Lewis is recognized around the globe as one of the leading authorities on Islam. Hailed as “the world’s foremost Islamic scholar” ( Wall Street Journal), as “a towering figure among experts on the culture and religion of the Muslim world” ( Baltimore Sun), and as “the doyen of Middle Eastern studies” ( New York Times), Lewis is nothing less than a national treasure, a trusted voice that politicians, journalists, historians, and the general public have all turned to for insight into the Middle East. Now, this revered authority has brought together writings and lectures that he has written over four decades, featuring his reflections on Middle Eastern history and foreign affairs, the Iranian Revolution, the state of Israel, the writing of history, and much more. The essays cover such urgent and compelling topics as “What Saddam Wrought,” “Deconstructing Osama and His Evil Appeal,” “The Middle East, Westernized Despite Itself,” “The Enemies of God,” and “Can Islam be Secularized?” The collection ranges from two English originals of articles published before only in foreign languages, to previously unpublished writings, to his highly regarded essays from publications such as Foreign Affairs and The New York Review of Books. With more than fifty pieces in all, plus a new introduction to the book by Lewis, this is a valuable collection for everyone interested in the Middle East. Here then is a rich repository of wisdom on one of the key areas of the modern world--a wealth of profound reflections on Middle Eastern history, culture, politics, and current events.
The Mughals and the Ottomans
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The first recorded exchange of diplomatic missions between the Ottoman Sultans and the Muslim rulers of the subcontinent dates from the years 1481–82, when embassies, letters, and gifts were exchanged between the Bahmanid kings Muhammad Shah (1463–82) and Mahmud Shah (1482–1518) and the Ottoman Sultans Mehmet II (1451–81) and Bayezid II (1481–1512). In the early years of the 16th century, the great victories of Selim I (1512– 20) against Iran and Egypt aroused interest in India as well as in other countries. Among the many letters received by the victorious Sultan was one from Muzaffar Shah II (1511–22), the king of Gujerat, congratulating the Sultan on his victories in Iran and telling of his own success in capturing Mandu from the Rajputs. Another letter, from the Indian general Malik Ayas, the governor of Surat, congratulated the Sultan on his victory over the Mamluks and his conquest of Egypt.
Friends and Enemies
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

To begin with, the recent Arab-Israel dispute looked like what might be called a normal crisis—a quarrel between states, with the usual wrangle about the facts and rights of the situation. The crisis, it was agreed, was due to aggression or the threat of aggression—by Israel against the Arabs, or by the Arabs against Israel, according to the contending parties and their sympathisers. As the crisis developed, however, it became clear that aggression meant different things to different people, and that more was involved than the mere facts of the case.
The Anti-Zionist Resolution
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

On November 10, 1975, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a Resolution declaring that “Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination.” Seventy-two votes were recorded in favor of the Resolution, and 35 against. There were 32 abstentions, and three countries— Romania, South Africa and Spain—for different reasons, were recorded as absent.
On Occidentalism and Orientalism
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

There is a little book, written by the Turkish polymath Hajji Khalifa in 1655, called The Guide to the Perplexed concerning the History of the Greeks, the Romans and the Christians,1 in which he says that although these wretched people are bound in due course to roast in hell, they are in the mean-time becoming obnoxious; they are approaching the divinely guarded (i.e. the Ottoman) realms from both sides and becoming a serious danger. They have already caused certain lands which were previously part of the house of Islam to become part of the house of war, and it is becoming urgently necessary to know something about them.
The Dialectic of Crucified and Creative Love in Moltmann’s Early Theology
Authors: Mcdougall Joy Ann
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines Moltmann’s concept of God and his interpretation of divine love in his early theology, spanning the period from the publication of his first two major constructive works, Theology of Hope (1964) and The Crucified God (1972), until the publication of The Church in the Power of the Spirit (1975). The middle to late 1970s mark a “natural break” in Moltmann’s theological development, since at that point he began to shift from his thematic and highly contextual approach to theology and start the systematic development of his mature theology.’ Although Moltmann did not lay out a full-fledged doctrine of the Trinity in these earliest writings, they presage his mature trinitarian theology in several key aspects. Here we discover key interpretations of scripture, motifs drawn from the Western theological tradition, and analyses of contemporary culture, all of which recur in a more nuanced form in the Messianic Theology. A central aim of this chapter will be to identify these theological resources in Moltmann’s early writings to clarify both the biblical and the conceptual origins of his later trinitarian theology.
The Human Pilgrimage in the Messianic Life of Faith
Authors: Mcdougall Joy Ann
Published: November 2023

In chapter 4 I laid the cornerstone for Moltmann’s vision of the Christian life by analyzing the author’s messianic and social trinitarian reconstruction of an imago Dei anthropology. There I described how Moltmann draws upon his social trinitarian theology of love to reconceive the imago Dei in terms of an “analogia relationis,” an analogy of interpersonal relationships in human community. In keeping with his Reformed tradition, Moltmann portrays the imago Dei not as a quality or an attribute with which human beings are permanently endowed. It signifies a relationship to God, which God graciously establishes with human beings in the act of creation and which God actualizes ever anew. Through this relationship, God es tablishes human beings’ messianic destiny as God’s counterpart, God’s beloved Other in creation. The human being fulfills his or her messianic destiny as imago Dei by becoming an image of Christ, who incarnates for humankind what it means to be the true child of God-the beloved Other of God the Father. As imago Christi, human beings are called to respond to the Father’s self-communication of love as the Son did-with their own finite expression of self-giving love.
Mentoring Adolescent Girls:A Group Intervention for Preventing Dating Violence
Authors: Banister Elizabeth M , Begoray Deborah L
Published: November 2023

Research has shown that the health status of adolescent girls has not improved in recent years (King, Boyce, & King, 1999). Adolescent girls face a number of serious health issues related to sexuality and relationships. Unplanned pregnancies, HIV/AIDS, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major public health concerns (Health Canada, 2002). In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified risky sexual behavior as one of six health behaviors most associated with mortality, morbidity, and social problems among youth (CDC, 2004).
An Evidence-Based HIV Prevention Intervention for African American Female Adolescents: SiHLE
Authors: Wingood Gina M , DiClemente Ralph J
Published: November 2023

The risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted disease (STD), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one of the most significant and immediate risks to the health and well-being of adolescents. While there has been marked progress in the development of HIV prevention interventions for adolescents, programs designed specifically for females, and more specifically for African American females, have lagged behind that of other at-risk adolescent populations. Thus, the goal of this chapter is to provide a detailed description of an HIV prevention intervention specially tailored for African American adolescent females that has been demonstrated to be efficacious for this understudied and underserved at-risk population.
Manualized Treatment for Anxiety-Based School Refusal Behavior in Youth
Authors: Kearney Christopher A , Stowman Stephanie , Haight Courtney , Wechsler Adrianna
Published: November 2023

School refusal behavior refers to child-motivated refusal to attend school and/or difficulties remaining in classes for an entire day. The behavior includes schoolaged youth who are completely absent from school for extended or limited periods of time, who skip classes or sections of a school day, who are chronically tardy to school, who display severe morning misbehaviors in an attempt to miss school, or who attend school with great dread and persistent pleas for future nonattendance. School refusal behavior affects about 5%–28% of youths at some point in their lives and can lead to severe shortand long-term problems if left unaddressed. School refusal behavior is represented fairly equally among boys and girls, and peak onset is 10–13 years of age. Entry into kindergarten, first grade, middle school, and highThe material in this chapter is adapted with permission from the therapist guide for When Children Refuse School: A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Approach (2nd ed.), published by Oxford University Press (2007).
Discovering Forgiveness: A Guided Curriculum for Children Ages 6–8
Authors: Enright Robert D , Enright Jeanette Knutson
Published: November 2023

Both counseling and teaching are about giving life to our students in the form of relevant and exciting tools that they will use for a lifetime. Forgiving someone who was unjust, casting aside the bitterness that can become an unwanted companion, and recapturing emotional health are life-giving. Through this curriculum, you will be helping establish a foundation of forgiveness in young children. Many years from now, because we are in a world that is not always fair, some of the children, now grown, may find themselves in unhappy marriages, or stifling jobs, or in other situations that cause them deep distress and unhappiness. We wish it were not so, but we also know the realities of this world.
Strengths-Oriented Family Therapy (SOFT): A Manual Guided Treatment for Substance-Involved Teens and Families
Authors: Hall James A , Smith Douglas C , Williams Julie K
Published: November 2023

This chapter was developed to assist in the evaluation plan of the Strengthening Communities for Youth (SCY) initiative funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT IU79 TI 13354), a division of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The opinions presented here are those of the authors and do not represent official positions of the government. We gratefully acknowledge SAMHSA’s role in both expanding the range of available services to adolescent substance abusers and their families in eastern Iowa, as well as supporting the development of this treatment approach.
Introduction
Authors: Roth George , Kleiner Art
Published: November 2023

The Autocue learning history is organized around six key themes. These themes cover the important issues that contributed to the Epsilon program‘s achievements and significant events.
Process Innovation in the Context of a Large Organization
Authors: Roth George , Kleiner Art
Published: November 2023

In creating a new approach to managing the Epsilon team, one deliberately different from traditional Autocue management culture, the leaders came to feel isolated from the senior levels of the Autocue system. This left the Epsilon program manager, in particular, feeling isolated. The launch manager, while he received many inquiries from others as to what Epsilon was doing, felt the inquiries were superficial because most people appeared to be waiting to see how things would turn out.
Practice Without Preaching
Authors: Roth George , Kleiner Art
Published: November 2023

Peter Singe‘s commentary reflects an in-depth knowledge of the theories, methods, and tools which were used by the Autocue upsilon team. Indeed, he was, at the time of this story, the director of the MIT Centre for Organizational Learning and was closely associated with the “Lead MIT Researcher” who plays a prominent role in the story. Without Peter Singe‘s book The Fifth Discipline (1990, New York: Doubleday), and his elucidation of the 1ive learning disciplines for organizations” and their relationship to practice fields and learning laboratories! “r-and without his encouragement of people at Autocue and MIT alike<r-the story told in this learning history might never have taken place.
The Making of an time
Authors: Chatterji Bankimcandra , Lipner Julius J
Published: November 2023

Vande Mātaram! “I revere the Mother!”—or Bande Mātaram in its Bengali form—has been characterised variously as one of the most inspiring, threatening, or challenging utterances in the history of India’s birth as a nation. Emerging in the public sphere through Bankimcandra Chatterji’s novel A¯ nandama FIth (published in the early 1880s), it became a potent slogan in Bengal’s burgeoning nationalist movement of the early twentieth century. Since then it has grown from strength to strength as a symbol of dedication to a free India, and of a vision for a nation. Fraught with history, it continues, as we shall see, to invoke the Mother over a range of important issues on India’s national stage.
The Making of a Translation
Authors: Chatterji Bankimcandra , Lipner Julius J
Published: November 2023

We can begin by asking: should this novel be translated? This question resolves into two sub-questions: one general, the other more specific. In general terms, we may pose a philosophical doubt. Is linguistic translation, with special reference to translation from one tongue to another (for translations can be attempted within the confines of a particular language, of course, as when we try to unravel jargon into everyday speech), a legitimate process? Can meaning be “carried across” (from the Latin verb transferre, and its noun translatio ) language divides intact? Are not languages so culture-specific as not to make the attempt worth our while? Are not the much-vaunted loss of meaning or inherent biases of the translator that underlie the process of translation from one tongue to another legitimately prohibitive obstacles? If this is an insuperable objection, then A¯nandama should not be translated because the philosophy of translation fatally undermines the attempt.
Part IV: Chapters 1–8
Authors: Chatterji Bankimcandra , Lipner Julius J
Published: November 2023

That night the whole region was filled with cries to Hari. The Children roamed about in bands, shouting Bande Mataram! or “Hari, Lord of the world!” Some seized the weapons of the enemy soldiers or stripped their clothes, others kicked the faces of the dead or committed some other outrage.* Some rushed towards the villages, others towards the towns, catching passers-by or householders and saying, “Say Bande Mataram or we’ll kill you!” Some looted the confectioners’ shops and ate the sweets, others went into milkmen’s houses, pulled down their pots and enjoyed the curd. Some even said, “We’re milkmen from Braja, where are the milkmaids?” There was a great furore that night in the towns and villages.
Part I: Chapters 1–18
Authors: Chatterji Bankimcandra , Lipner Julius J
Published: November 2023

“Dedication”: bhakti ; not quite the conventional “devotion” of traditional religious Hinduism, but rather, wholehearted commitment to the nationalist cause. The Nārada Bhakti Su¯tra (tenth to twelfth centuries ce), an important devotional text, glosses bhakti as āsakti : “an adhering or sticking to” (see v. 82), which gives a fundamental sense of the term. At the time the novel was being written, Bankim was moving towards an understanding of bhakti which suggested a commitment that integrated the different kinds of human faculties—physical, intellectual, volitional and asethetic—in a focus on the highest human goal. Love of self, of family, of society, of country, and of all sentient beings was to be incorporated in one’s love of God. Each facet, beginning with the first, is subsumed in its successor, so that it is impossible to love and serve God properly without including the other forms of love, and incorporated in this devotion to God is the conscious pursuit of its various constituents. Thus service of and love for one’s country (itself a complex idea) is a necessary and superior facet of bhakti, and it partakes of the all-consuming nature of bhakti per se.
Are All Risk Factors Equal? Types of Risk Factors
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J
Published: November 2023

Race and ethnicity are well-documented risk factors for low IQ and other associated outcomes such as poor school performance and low socioeconomic level. Many research studies have demonstrated the link between race and ethnicity and low IQ with no major outcry from scientists. Why, then, such outcry against The Bell Curve, as illustrated by Gould’s comment?1(p11) We cannot change risk factors such as race, but does that mean that nothing can be done to prevent low IQ as suggested by The Bell Curve? Moreover, risk factors often associated with race, such as poor health care and poor schooling, are changeable, but can we be sure that changing them will reduce the likelihood of low IQ? Whether a risk factor can change and whether changing it makes a difference to the outcome are the main criteria distinguishing the different types of risk factors. Recognizing these different types is the key to understanding what we can and cannot do with risk factors.
How Do We Know If Something Is an Important Risk Factor? Statistical and Clinical Significance
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J
Published: November 2023

This notion, referred to as the “butterfly effect” in chaos theory (and often stated with different locations and different events), is ascribed to MIT mathematician Edward Lorenz. Making fun of his own concept that even tiny relationships among characteristics or events can effect huge changes, Lorenz later joked: “One meteorologist remarked that if the theory were correct, one flap of a seagull’s wings would be enough to alter the course of the weather forever.” Joking aside, Lorenz’s point is an important one to risk estimation. Some relationship, no matter how small, probably exists between any characteristic and a subsequent event. When a researcher identifies a risk factor—that is, establishes a “statistically significant” relationship between a factor and an outcome and demonstrates the precedence of the factor—the relationship may be so small as to have very little “real-life” significance. Few people would seriously suggest we capture butterflies to prevent unstable weather patterns. Nevertheless, newly discovered risk factors are often taken very seriously, sometimes without much consideration of how well the risk factor actually predicts the outcome.
Who Was in the Study and Why Does That Matter? Sampling
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J
Published: November 2023

All three of these predictions were wrong—very publicly wrong. In 1936, the Literary Digest asked 2.3 million voters who they were going to vote for in order to predict that Landon would beat Roosevelt by more than 20% of the vote. Unfortunately, the 2.3 million people the Literary Digest asked were magazine subscribers or owners of telephones or cars—a group of people who, indeed, were more likely to vote for Landon, but not a group who represented the nation’s voters during the Great Depression. Sampling errors such as these also arise in risk estimation, but unfortunately, instead of just waiting until after an election to find out we have the wrong (or right) answer, we might wait several years or even decades until conclusions are shown to be erroneous by new research. During this time, many people’s lives and well-being may be adversely affected. In this chapter, we describe good sampling practices and caution against other practices likely to result in misleading conclusions.
What Is the Difference between a Risk Factor and a Cause? Research Design
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J
Published: November 2023

Could certain animal species potentially warn us of impending earthquakes? In the late 1970s, Stanford researchers attempted to answer this question by observing whether they could detect behavioral changes in chimpanzees prior to earthquakes. Many local farmers and animal lovers shared their convictions with the researchers that their livestock or pets behaved strangely before earthquakes. One dairy farmer was particularly insistent that his cows “acted up” before an earthquake. When researchers urged him to call as soon as he witnessed such behavior, he responded indignantly he couldn’t: “Until I know there was an earthquake, how can I know why the cows were acting up?” The challenge of risk estimation is to recognize the signs of an impending event before the event happens. Only what happens before an event gives clues as to the causes of that event. Only before the event happens can we hope to intervene to prevent the event. That risk factors be shown to precede the outcome is thus the most vital part of the definition of a risk factor and crucial to risk estimation.
How Do We Do a Moderator– Mediator Analysis?
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J
Published: November 2023

A tale of two gold prospectors: Both select an area where they suspect there is gold. Both begin with the same equipment and motivation, and both start the same way. They dredge up a likely sample to begin to pan for gold. Now their paths separate. The first prospector examines his pan carefully, setting aside all the rocks and pebbles. Then, he begins carefully to wash away the sand and silt. He sets all this debris aside. He examines anything in the pan likely to be a flake or nugget of gold and, if not gold, sets that aside. As much as he is able, he tries to clump flakes into tiny nuggets and tiny nuggets into larger ones. At the end of the day, he will carry his collection to the assayers to find out the value of what he has found.
Against the Legalization of Drugs
Authors: Wilson James Q
Published: November 2023

In 1972, the president appointed me chairman of the National Advisory Council for Drug Abuse Prevention. Created by Congress, the council was charged with providing guidance on how best to coordinate the national war on drugs. (Yes, we called it a war then, too.) In those days, the drug we were chiefly concerned with was heroin. When I took office, heroin use had been increasing dramatically. Everybody was worried that this increase would continue. Such phrases as “heroin epidemic” were commonplace. That same year, the eminent economist Milton Friedman published an essay in Newsweekin which he called for legalizing heroin. His argument was on two grounds: As a matter of ethics, the government has no right to tell people not to use heroin (or to drink or to commit suicide); as a matter of economics, the prohibition of drug use imposes costs on society that far exceed the benefits. Others, such as the psychoanalyst Thomas Szasz, made the same argument. We did not take Friedman’s advice. (Government commissions rarely do.) I do not recall that we even discussed legalizing heroin, though we did discuss (but did not take action on) legalizing a drug, cocaine, that many people then argued was benign. Our marching orders were to figure out how to win the war on heroin, not to run up the white flag of surrender.
Putting the Picture Together Prosperity, Redistribution, Health, and Welfare
Authors: Wilkinson Richard G
Published: November 2023

Given the strong statistical associations between people’s material circumstances and their health, it may seem that the soundest approach to improving public health would be to increase everyone’s prosperity by maximizing economic growth rates while ensuring that some degree of “trickle down” spreads the health benefits to the poor. Indeed, a possible dilemma facing public health policy in the context of the social gradient in health is that redistributive policies may appear to achieve no more than a redistribution of a finite quantity of health-producing goods and services from the rich to the poor. Perhaps health gains for some would be canceled out by health losses for others. And if levels of unemployment and educational opportunities are regarded as fixed, it is possible that programs designed to improve the opportunities of disadvantaged individuals may seem to do little more than redistribute the scarce opportunities among the disadvantaged.
Ethical and Legal Challenges Posed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Implications for the Control of Severe Infectious Disease Threats
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O , Bayer, Ronald , Fairchild Amy L
Published: November 2023

Not long after the first reports of what ultimately would be called severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) began to appear in February 20031, 2 and as nations and the international community began to confront the spread of the new disease, it became clear that a host of ethical and legal issues had begun to surface. Indeed, not since the first years of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the mid-l980s and the alarm over multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the early 1990sdid it seem that so many issues touching on the core ethical questions posed by public health had to be addressed simultaneously. In several respects, SARS took society back to a pretherapeutic era with no definitive diagnostic test, a nonspecific case definition, and no effective vaccine or treatment. From I November 2002, to 1 July 2003, 8,445 cases were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO); among these, 5,327 (63%) were from China, 1,755 (20%) from Hong Kong, 678 (8%) from Taiwan, 252 (3%) from Canada, and 206 (2%) from Singapore. There were 812 deaths. Comparatively, the United States, with 73 cases (0.9%) and no deaths, was spared.
The Environmental Genome Project Ethica1 Legal, and Social Implications
Authors: Sharp Richard R , Barrett J Carl
Published: November 2023

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences recently launched a new research initiative known as the Environmental Genome Project (EGP).- The EGP will examine how genetic variation affects response to environmental exposures. Initially, the project will identify polymorphic variation in genes that appear to play an important role in environmentally associated diseases. Having identified these genetic polymorphisms, researchers then will examine their functional implications more carefully. These functional studies will be multidisciplinary in approach, incorporating research methodologies from biochemistry, epidemiology, genetics, pharmacology, and toxicology. Proponents of the EGP hope that the information learned will be instrumental in improving public health. A better understanding of genetic influences on environ mental response could lead to more accurate estimates of disease risks and provide a basis for disease prevention and early intervention programs directed at individuals and populations at increased risk. Identifying functionally significant polymorphisms also could shed light on disease pathways and suggest targets for therapeutic intervention.
Epilogue
Authors: Labunski Richard
Published: November 2023

Through the Extraordinary Efforts of a small man with a quiet voice, the nation finally had the Bill of Rights. By the time those amendments were added to the Constitution in 1791, the drive to hold a second con vention had dissipated, and opponents of the government knew they had no choice but to work within the new system. The Bill of Rights would become of critical importance to the American people, but they would have to wait a long time before those words had much meaning.
Quixote’s Ghost
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: November 2023

American social policy, writes David Stoesz, is currently experiencing an alarming paradigm shift. Quixote’s Ghost, a provocative new analysis of the ideological fight for control of American social welfare policy, demonstrates how the Right pirated the pragmatism championed by the Left since the New Deal and what that means for the future of social policy. Stoesz’s fascinating account documents how conservative think tanks arose to combat the dominance of liberal intellectualism in the university system, and by now have taken command of the “means of analysis,” flooding Congress with proposals and effectively shifting American public philosophy from liberalism to conservatism. While the Right devoted enormous amounts of energy in reconstructing social policy, Stoesz argues that the American liberal-intellectual class-the Liberati-abandoned its original mission, defecting from the welfare state project to pursue a philosophical tangent, postmodernism, that vilified social policy and romanticized oppressed populations. Presenting case studies from welfare reform and children’s services, he illustrates how both the Right and the Left have shortchanged American social policy. In the process, he proposes radical pragmatism as the solution to counter the dominance of an emerging welfare-industrial complex and revive a Progressive orientation to social policy. Only through citizen empowerment, social mobility, and government restructuring, Stoesz argues, can we effectively craft a new approach to social policy that meets the requirements of the 21st century and transcends the impasse between the Left and the Right. Quixote’s Ghost, framed by the metaphor of a Romantic Left whose actions-like Don Quixote’s obsession with chivalry-are out of synch with the present reality, will be of immense interest to students and academics alike. As one of the few books to chart this radical shift in social policy and its implications on the ground, it will be sure to challenge both the Right and the Left to craft a new approach to thinking about American social policy.
Introduction
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: November 2023

This Iameditation on the ascendance of conservatism as public philosophy and its impact on social policy-an inquest, if you will, into social epistemology. An open society is subject to alterations in how public affairs are conducted, as well as the ends to which they are put. It follows that a nation’s so cial infrastructure evolves over decades, its irregularities a product of changes in public philosophy. This has certainly been the case for the American welfare state, which has been ongoing for almost a century. Sustained by liberalism and the Democratic Party, federal social programs have been so enduring that they have come to consume over half of the federal budget, 61 percent in 20 0 2. Yet, a conspiracy of circumstance suggests that this legacy will not be sustained. This re flects a wholesale revision in public philosophy, a remarkable transformation that has occurred during the past three decades. Essentially, Americans have become receptive to a different understanding of social policy than one dominant only a generation ago. The evidence of philosophical realignment is obvious: Conservatism is ascendant while liberalism has faltered; the Republican Party is trumphant while Democrats founder. On May 14, 2003, that bastion of progressive preferences, the New York Times, reported that more Americans (53 percent) perceive the Republican Party as offering “a clear vision for the country” compared to Democrats (40 percent). Conceding the Right’s influence in public affairs, the following year the liberal New York Times appointed a journalist to cover the conservative beat.
The Liberati
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: November 2023

Routed by the Right, liberals scrambled for purchase on a continually erodng policy terrain. Presuming a continuation of the welfare state, liberals reflexively defended existing social program arrangements. But, while the meritocracy continued to manage the welfare state as if it were on autopilot, Leftist intellectuals in the academy abandoned the field, running pell-mell after postmodernism. A philosophical tangent of Romanticism, postmodernism was “the contemporary movement of thought which rejects totalities, universal values, grand historical narratives, solid foundations to human existence and the possibility of objective knowledge;’ wrote Terry Eagleton. “Postmodernism is skeptical of truth, unity and progress, opposes what it sees as elitism in culture, tends towards cultural relativism, and celebrates pluralism, discontinuity and heterogeneity:’1 A product of an enchantment with French philosophy, postmodernism quickly enlisted American professors of the humanities who might otherwise have sustained the Progressive project. This, combined with the complacency of professionals staffing the welfare state, split liberalism right down the middle; subsequently, the meritocracy and the university diverged on separate, uncoordinated vectors.
The Predator Puzzle
Authors: Hansen Kevin
Published: November 2023

Seth Riley is attracting curious onlookers as he walks down the main road leading into the California coastal town of Bolinas. Oblivious to his audience, he listens intently to the soft electronic beeps coming from his headphones. His right arm extends over his head, rotating an H-shaped antennae. Both headphones and antennae are connected to a receiver that hangs over Seth’s shoulder. The source of the signal is a small transmitter fastened around the neck of bobcat number 12. Seth captured the wild feline and attached the radio collar two years earlier. “He’s up here,” Seth announces before plunging into a thicket of bushes between two buildings and up a steep hillside. I scramble up the trail behind him, trying to keep up with his long easy strides. Emerging from the vegetation near the top of the hill, we walk out onto a large level field. We are standing atop a small, flat-topped mesa. Seth slips through a barbed wire fence and moves across the field, rotating the antennae and listening to his headphones. After negotiating the fence, I walk a short distance across the field, then stop and scan the distance in front of Seth with binoculars. There is little vegetation to provide cover for the bobcat, and I’m skeptical about the reliability of the transmitter’s signal. I have learned from previous experience with Seth that tracking the elusive cats, even with the help of radiotelemetry equipment, is like chasing shadows.
The Theatrics of Satire
Authors: Keane Catherine
Published: November 2023

The persona theory treats the speaker in satire as a performer distinct from the author. Scholars understand the poet to be speaking through a variety of masks (e.g., “angry” or “ironic”) when he attacks or mocks society. The device of the persona offers disguises to the satirist, but it is only an entry point into the multiple connections between satire and drama. This chapter will bring out the other aspects of the relationship, taking the first crucial steps away from a basic rhetorical view of the satiric persona toward a more vivid picture of the satirist figure’s roles. Drama’s appeal as a model derives from various aspects of its broader social function and its reception as literature. Like satire, drama puts human behavior on display before the community. It provides examples of grand, humorous, and bawdy narrative episodes and language, all of which are useful to the satirists in their agenda of entertaining and moralizing. And be cause much Greek and Roman drama was performed in agonistic contexts, with authors competing before judges, patrons, and public, dramatic authors often engage in self-referential and self-defensive discourse, to which the satirists look for inspiration when they express their own aims to readers. These connections are manifested in the two bodies of evidence examined in this chapter: the satiric programmatic discussions that feature versions of the dramatic analogy, and the satiric model of the world, in which drama plays a considerable role.
Handbook To Life In The Ancient Maya World
Authors: Foster Lynn V
Published: November 2023

The ancient Mayan civilization of southern Mexico and northern Central America has long been described as “mysterious,” even though scholars have been studying this culture for hundreds of years. Our view of the Maya has changed dramatically based on the various findings of these scholars; what were once thought of as “vacant ceremonial centers,” inhabited by only a few calendar priests and used as places of ritual by the surrounding peasant farmers, have now been redefined as ancient thriving cities of thousands of Maya. Hierogliphic inscriptions, once thought to be astrological mumbo-jumbo, now read as names of historical individuals and the cities they ruled. The Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World provides a comprehensive and accessible reference to the greatest and most mysterious of civilizations, hailed for its contributions to science, mathematics, and technology. The book focuses on recent groundbreaking discoveries while presenting the civilization’s earlist beginnings to its conquest by the Spanish in the 16th Century. Each chapter is supplemented by an extensive bibliography as well as photographs. original line drawings, and maps. Different sections include civilization and archaeology, evolution, geography, society and government, astronomy and the calendar, funerary beliefs and customs, and many more,
Warfare
Authors: Foster Lynn V
Published: November 2023

The politically fragmented Maya engaged in many wars against each other, some no more than raids for ritual captives and others for all-out destruction of a rival state. For the most part, however, the Maya probably waged war for economic gain through tribute and the control of trade routes. Despite the frequency of warfare, there is little understanding of the status of the military in the ancient Maya world. Even at the time of the Spanish Conquest, when ethnohistoric sources provide the most detailed observations, it is unclear how armies were trained. Although it is known that there were military offices and most of them were the preserve of the nobility, details about the organization of the military or the logistics of supplying troops in faraway battles remain something of a mystery. Battle scenes are depicted in Maya art, although few murals have survived, and wars and battle victories are mentioned in the Classic Period inscriptions, providing some clues as to Maya warfare and its impact on the Maya world.