bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Cavitation in Glassy Polymers under Tensile Strain: A Coarse‐Grained Molecular Dynamics Investigation
Authors: Makke Ali , Perez Michel , Rottler Jörg , Lame Olivier , Barrat Jean‐Louis
Published: August 2011

The nucleation of cavities in a homogeneous polymer under tensile strain is studied in a coarse‐grained MD simulation. To establish a causal relation between local microstructure and the onset of cavitation, a detailed analysis of some local properties is presented. In contrast to common assumptions, the nucleation of a cavity is neither correlated to a local loss of density nor to stress at the atomic scale or the chain‐end density in the nondeformed state. Instead, a cavity in glassy polymers nucleates in regions that display a low bulk elastic modulus. Even if the localization of a cavity is not directly predictable from the initial configuration, the elastically weak zones identified in the initial state emerge as favorite spots for cavity formation.

magnified image
Improving GRAPPA using cross‐sampled autocalibration data
Authors: Wang Haifeng , Liang Dong , King Kevin F. , Nagarsekar Gajanan , Chang Yuchou , Ying Leslie
Published: August 2011

In conventional generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions, the autocalibration signal (ACS) lines are acquired with a frequency‐encoding direction in parallel to other undersampled lines. In this study, a cross sampling method is proposed to acquire the ACS lines orthogonal to the undersampled lines. This cross sampling method increases the amount of calibration data along the direction, where k‐space is undersampled, and especially improves the calibration accuracy when a small number of ACS lines are acquired. The cross sampling method is implemented with swapped frequency and phase encoding gradients. In addition, an iterative coregistration method is also developed to correct the inconsistency between the ACS and undersampled data, which are acquired separately in two orthogonal directions. The same calibration and reconstruction procedure as conventional generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions is then applied to the corrected data to recover the unacquired k‐space data and obtain the final image. Reconstruction results from simulations, phantom and in vivo human brain experiments have distinctly demonstrated that the proposed method, named cross‐sampled generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions, can effectively reduce the aliasing artifacts of conventional generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions when very few ACS lines are acquired, especially at high outer k‐space reduction factors. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multimodal assessment of early tumor response to chemotherapy: comparison between diffusion‐weighted MRI, 1H‐MR spectroscopy of choline and USPIO particles targeted at cell death
Authors: Radermacher K. A. , Magat J. , Bouzin C. , Laurent S. , Dresselaers T. , Himmelreich U. , Boutry S. , Mahieu I. , Vander Elst L. , Feron O. , Muller R. N , Jordan B. F. , Gallez B.
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to determine the value of different magnetic resonance (MR) protocols to assess early tumor response to chemotherapy. We used a murine tumor model (TLT) presenting different degrees of response to three different cytotoxic agents. As shown in survival curves, cyclophosphamide (CP) was the most efficient drug followed by 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), whereas the etoposide treatment had little impact on TLT tumors. Three different MR protocols were used at 9.4 Tesla 24 h post‐treatment: diffusion‐weighted (DW)‐MRI, choline measurement by 1H MRS, and contrast‐enhanced MRI using ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO) targeted at phosphatidylserine. Accumulation of contrast agent in apoptotic tumors was monitored by T2‐weighted images and quantified by EPR spectroscopy. Necrosis and apoptosis were assessed by histology. Large variations were observed in the measurement of choline peak areas and could not be directly correlated to tumor response. Although the targeted USPIO particles were able to significantly differentiate between the efficiency of each cytotoxic agent and best correlated with survival endpoint, they present the main disadvantage of non‐specific tumor accumulation, which could be problematic when transferring the method to the clinic. DW‐MRI presents a better compromise by combining longitudinal studies with a high dynamic range; however, DW‐MRI was unable to show any significant effect for 5‐FU. This study illustrates the need for multimodal imaging in assessing tumor response to treatment to compensate for individual limitations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutant p53 gain of function is interwoven into the hallmarks of cancer
Authors: Solomon Hilla , Madar Shalom , Rotter Varda
Published: August 2011

Cancer is viewed as being governed by several aberrant biological events defined by Weinberg and Hanahan as ‘hallmarks’. In most human cancers the tumour suppressor p53 is mutated, leading to its malfunction and to the acquirement of oncogenic activities, termed ‘gain of function’. This commentary links mutant p53 activities to the hallmarks of cancer, describing its involvement in resistance to apoptosis, genomic instability, aberrant cell cycle, invasion and metastasis, tumour microenvironment, and inflammation. Recent work published in The Journal of Pathology by Acin and colleagues, summarized here, reveals an interesting mechanism by which mutant p53 accelerates mitosis entry. Collectively, the growing body of evidence relating mutant p53 and the hallmarks of cancer reinforces the notion that targeting mutant p53 pathways might be beneficial for anti‐cancer therapy. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database for epidemiologic studies of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Denburg Michelle R. , Haynes Kevin , Shults Justine , Lewis James D. , Leonard Mary B.
Published: August 2011

Purpose

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent and important outcome and covariate in pharmacoepidemiology. The Health Improvement Network (THIN) in the UK represents a unique resource for population‐based studies of CKD. We compiled a valid list of Read codes to identify subjects with moderate to advanced CKD.

Methods

A cross‐sectional validation study was performed to identify codes that best define CKD Stages 3–5. All subjects with at least one non‐zero measure of serum creatinine after 1 January 2002 were included. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated according to the Schwartz formula for subjects aged <18 years and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula for subjects aged ≥18 years. CKD was defined as an eGFR <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 on at least two occasions, more than 90 days apart.

Results

The laboratory definition identified 230 426 subjects with CKD, for a period prevalence in 2008 of 4.56% (95%CI, 4.54–4.58). A list of 45 Read codes was compiled, which yielded a positive predictive value of 88.9% (95%CI, 88.7–89.1), sensitivity of 48.8%, negative predictive value of 86.5%, and specificity of 98.2%. Of the 11.1% of subjects with a code who did not meet the laboratory definition, 83.6% had at least one eGFR <60. The most commonly used code was for CKD Stage 3.

Conclusions

The proposed list of codes can be used to accurately identify CKD when serum creatinine data are limited. The most sensitive approach for the detection of CKD is to use this list to supplement creatinine measures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffractive gratings for crystalline silicon solar cells—optimum parameters and loss mechanisms
Authors: Peters Marius , Rüdiger Marc , Hauser Hubert , Hermle Martin , Bläsi Benedikt
Published: August 2011

In this paper, we present guidelines for the design of backside gratings for crystalline silicon solar cells. We use a specially developed method based on a combination of rigorous 3D wave optical simulations and detailed semiconductor device modeling. We also present experimental results of fabricated structures. Simulation‐based optimizations of grating period Λ and depth d of a binary grating and calculations of the optical and electrical characteristics of solar cells with optimized gratings are shown. The investigated solar cell setup features a thickness of dbulk = 40 µm and a flat front surface. For this setup, we show a maximum increase in short‐circuit current density of ΔjSC = 1.8 mA/cm² corresponding to an efficiency enhancement of 1% absolute. Furthermore, we investigate different loss mechanisms: (i) an increased rear surface recombination velocity S0,b because of an altered surface caused by the introduction of the grating and (ii) absorption in the aluminum backside reflector. We analyze the trade‐off point between gain due to improved optical properties and loss due to corrupted electrical properties. We find that, increasing the efficiency by 1% absolute due to improved light trapping, the maximum tolerable recombination velocity is S0,b(max) = 5.2 × 103 cm/s. From simulations and measurements, we conclude that structuring of the aluminum backside reflector should be avoided because of parasitic absorption. Adding a dielectric buffer layer between silicon and the structured aluminum, absorption losses can be tuned. We find that for a planar reflector, the thickness of a SiO2 buffer layer should exceed  = 120 nm. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel use of Ti‐POSS as initiator of L‐lactide ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Monticelli Orietta , Cavallo Dario , Bocchini Sergio , Frache Alberto , Carniato Fabio , Tonelotto Alessandro
Published: August 2011

The efficacy of a metal‐silsesquioxane, namely, heptaisobutyl (isopropoxyde)titanium‐polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (Ti‐POSS), as initiator of the ring‐opening polymerization of L‐lactide (LLA) has been assessed. Indeed, as demonstrated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements, a well‐controlled polymerization occurs via a coordination‐insertion mechanism. Moreover, the above reaction leads to the direct insertion of the silsesquioxane molecule into the polymer backbone, thus producing a hybrid system. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements demonstrated that in comparison with a commercial poly‐L‐lactide (PLLA), the polymers prepared with Ti‐POSS exhibit a higher crystallinity. Indeed, the presence of silsesquioxane molecules, attached to one end of the polymer chains, has been found to appreciably affect the crystal nucleation density. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Ex vivo Effects of an Oenothera paradoxa Extract on the Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Neutral Endopeptidase Activity in Neutrophils from Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Kiss Anna K. , Kapłon‐Cieślicka Agnieszka , Filipiak Krzysztof J. , Opolski Grzegorz , Naruszewicz Marek
Published: August 2011

Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered to play an important part in the aetiology of coronary heart disease. Apart from ROS, neutrophils are a source of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) that inactivates protective natriuretic peptides. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro ROS generation and inhibition of NEP activity in neutrophils obtained from healthy volunteers and from patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by an aqueous extract of Oenothera paradoxa. Neutrophils isolated from AMI patients showed two‐fold higher ROS generation compared with cells from healthy donors, especially in the lucigenin‐enhanced luminescence model, which suggests intensive O‐2 generation. The addition of O. paradoxa extract at concentrations of 0.2, 2 and 20 µg/mL resulted in a significant reduction in ROS generation. The extracellular NEP activity was higher in patients after AMI compared with healthy individuals (15.0 ± 0.9 versus 10.3 ± 0.5 nmol AMC/106 cells/60 min; p = 0.001). The addition of O. paradoxa extract at concentrations of 20, 50 and 100 µg/mL resulted in a significant reduction in NEP activity in both groups. O. paradoxa extract appears to be an interesting candidate for supplementation in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Content‐based image authentication by feature point clustering and matching
Authors: Yang Lei , Tian Jun , Wu Dapeng
Published: August 2011

Digital multimedia makes fabricating and copying much easier than ever before. Therefore, it demands efficient and automatic techniques to identify and verify the content of digital multimedia. Image authentication is such a technique to automatically identify whether the query image is a fabrication or a simple copy of the original one. In this paper, we propose a perceptual image authentication technique based on clustering and matching of feature points of images. Feature points are first extracted from images with the k‐largest local total variations and clustered using Fuzzy C‐means clustering algorithm. Then, feature points in the query image and the anchor image are matched into pairs in zigzag ordering along the diagonals of the images cluster by cluster. In the mean time, the outliers of feature points are removed. Then, the system decisions about the authenticity of images are determined by the majority vote of whether three types of distance between matched feature point pairs are larger than their respective thresholds. The three types of distance include the following: (i) histogram‐weighted distance, which is proposed in this paper; (ii) the normalized Euclidean distance; and (iii) the Hausdorff distance. The geometric transform between the query image and the anchor image is estimated, and the query image is registered. The possible tampered image blocks are detected, and the percentage of the tampered area is roughly estimated. The experimental results show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed image authentication system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasound scanning of the pelvis and abdomen for staging of gynecological tumors: a review
Authors: Fischerova D.
Published: August 2011

This Review documents examination techniques, sonographic features and clinical considerations in ultrasound assessment of gynecological tumors. The methodology of gynecological cancer staging, including assessment of local tumor extent, lymph nodes and distant metastases, is described.

With increased technical quality, sonography has become an accurate staging method for early and advanced gynecological tumors. Other complementary imaging techniques, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, can be used as an adjunct to ultrasound in specific cases, but are not essential to tumor staging if sonography is performed by a specialist in gynecological oncology.

Ultrasound is established as the method of choice for evaluating local extent of endometrial cancer and is the most important imaging method for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Ultrasound can be used to detect early as well as locally advanced cancers that extend from the vagina, cervix or other locations to the paracolpium, parametria, rectum and sigmoid colon, urinary bladder and other adjacent organs or structures. In cases of ureteric involvement, ultrasound is also helpful in locating the site of obstruction. Furthermore, it is specific for the detection of extrapelvic tumor spread to the abdominal cavity in the form of parietal or visceral carcinomatosis, omental and/or mesenteric infiltration.

Ultrasound can be used to assess changes in infiltrated lymph nodes, including demonstration of characteristic sonomorphologic and vascular patterns. Vascular patterns are particularly well visualized in peripheral nodes using high resolution linear array probes or in the pelvis using high‐frequency probes. The presence of peripheral or mixed vascularity or displacement of vessels seems to be the sole criterion in the diagnosis of metastatic or lymphomatous nodes.

In the investigation of distant metastases, if a normal visceral organ or characteristic diffuse or focal lesions (such as a simple cyst, hepatic hemangioma, renal angiomyolipoma, fatty liver (steatosis)) are identified on ultrasound, additional examinations using complementary imaging methods are not required. If, however, less characteristic findings are encountered, especially when the examination result radically affects subsequent therapeutic management, an additional examination using a complementary imaging method (e.g. contrast‐enhanced ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography) is indicated. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OUR: Optimal Update‐based Replacement policy for cache in wireless data access networks with optimal effective hits and bandwidth requirements
Authors: Akon Mursalin , Islam Mohammad Towhidul , Shen Xuemin (Sherman) , Singh Ajit
Published: August 2011

In mobile wireless data access networks, remote data access is expensive in terms of bandwidth consumption. An efficient caching scheme can reduce the amount of data transmission, hence, bandwidth consumption. However, an update event makes the associated cached data objects obsolete and useless for many applications. Data access frequency and update play a crucial role in deciding which data objects should be cached. Seemingly, frequently accessed but infrequently updated objects should have higher preference while preserving in the cache. Other objects should have lower preference or be evicted, or should not be cached at all, to accommodate higher‐preference objects. In this paper, we proposed Optimal Update‐based Replacement, a replacement or eviction scheme, for cache management in wireless data networks. To facilitate the replacement scheme, we also presented two enhanced cache access schemes, named Update‐based Poll‐Each‐Read and Update‐based Call‐Back. The proposed cache management schemes were supported with strong theoretical analysis. Both analysis and extensive simulation results were given to demonstrate that the proposed schemes guarantee optimal amount of data transmission by increasing the number of effective hits and outperform the popular Least Frequently Used scheme in terms of both effective hits and communication cost. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of Acute Non‐cirrhotic and Non‐malignant Portal Vein Thrombosis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hall T. C. , Garcea G. , Metcalfe M. , Bilku D. , Dennison A. R.
Published: August 2011

Background

No definitive evidence exists regarding the treatment of acute portal vein thrombosis (PVT). Treatment modalities described include conservative management, anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and thrombectomy. This review examines the impact of such treatment, its outcomes, and the complications resulting from the resultant portal hypertension.

Methods

A Medline literature search was undertaken using the keywords portal vein thrombosis, anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and thrombectomy. The primary end point was portal vein recanalization. Secondary outcome measures were morbidity and the development of portal hypertension and its sequelae, including variceal bleeding. Data from articles relating to PVT in the context of cirrhosis, malignancy, or liver transplant were excluded.

Results

Early systemic anticoagulation results in complete portal vein recanalization in 38.3% of cases and partial recanalization in 14.0% of cases. Spontaneous recanalization without treatment can only be expected in up to 16.7% of patients. Frequently this is only when associated with self‐limiting underlying pathology and/or minimal thrombus extension. Thrombolysis can be associated with major complications in up to 60% of patients.

Conclusions

The natural history of acute PVT is poorly described. Spontaneous resolution of acute portal vein thrombosis is uncommon. Early anticoagulation results in a satisfactory rate of recanalization with minimal procedure‐associated morbidity. Thrombolysis should be used with caution and only considered if the disease is progressive and signs of mesenteric ischemia are present. Further well‐designed trials with precise outcome reporting are needed to improve our understanding of the disease.
Predicting Distant Metastasis in Patients With Suspected Pancreatic and Periampullary Tumors for Selective Use of Staging Laparoscopy
Authors: Slaar Annelie , Eshuis Wietse J. , van der Gaag Niels A. , Nio C. Yung , Busch Olivier R. C. , van Gulik Thomas M. , Reitsma Johannes B. , Gouma Dirk J.
Published: August 2011

Background

In patients with pancreatic or periampullary tumor, staging laparoscopy (SL) can detect metastases that are occult on computed tomography (CT), thereby precluding nontherapeutic laparotomy. Routine SL is not advocated, but some studies suggest its selective use. The aim of this study was to identify patients at risk for metastasis in whom SL could be beneficial.

Methods

A consecutive series of patients who underwent laparotomy for a suspected pancreatic or periampullary tumor were analyzed. We included patients with a suspected resectable solid lesion and a recent high‐quality CT scan. Patients with and without an intraoperatively encountered metastasis were compared. Regression analysis was performed to examine the association between various predictors and metastasis.

Results

Data from 385 patients (mean age 63, 41% women) were analyzed. Distant metastasis was encountered in 79 patients (21%). Logistic regression analysis revealed the following key predictors for metastasis: tumor size on CT scan [odds ratio (OR) 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–1.76 per millimeter increase], weight loss (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.01–1.63 per doubling the kilograms), and history of jaundice (OR 2.36, 95% CI 0.79–7.06). In patients with a tumor ≥3 cm and severe weight loss (≥10 kg) and in patients with a tumor ≥4 cm and moderate weight loss (≥5 kg), the proportion of patients with metastasis was >40%.

Conclusions

In patients with a suspected pancreatic or periampullary tumor, the tumor size, weight loss, and jaundice are key predictors of metastasis at exploration. SL might be beneficial in patients with a tumor ≥3 cm and severe weight loss and in those with a tumor ≥4 cm and moderate weight loss.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Medications: Efficient and Safe Treatment Following Video‐Assisted Pleurodesis for Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Authors: Ben‐Nun Alon , Golan Nir , Faibishenko Irena , Simansky David , Soudack Michalle
Published: August 2011

Background

Recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax is widely treated by video‐assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) bullectomy and pleurodesis. Treatment of postoperative pain with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is controversial as many surgeons believe that it reduces the efficacy of pleurodesis and increases the pneumothorax recurrence rate.

Methods

In this retrospective study, we reviewed the hospital records for patients following VATS pleurodesis for recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. The patients were divided into two groups: (1) NSAID group: patients were treated with NSAIDs for more than a week following surgery and (2) control group: patients did not receive NSAIDs. Data regarding short‐ and long‐term outcomes were compared.

Results

The study cohort included 105 patients: 48 in the NSAID group and 57 in the control group. During the early postoperative period the average daily requirement of narcotic analgesia and the incidence of narcotic‐related side effects were lower in the NSAIDs group. No difference was found in the long‐term recurrence rate: two of 48 (4%) in the NSAID group and three of 57 (5%) in the control group. There was one case of early recurrence in the NSAID group. Both groups had similar length of stay with no cases of mortality or major morbidity.

Conclusions

NSAIDs for postsurgical pleurodesis pain obviates the need for narcotics without increasing the pneumothorax recurrence rate. Prospective randomized controlled studies are needed to further investigate this issue.
Post‐pancreaticoduodenectomy Hemorrhage. Incidence, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Mañas‐Gómez M. J. , Rodríguez‐Revuelto R. , Balsells‐Valls J. , Olsina‐Kissler J. J. , Caralt‐Barba M. , Pérez‐Lafuente M. , Charco‐Torra R.
Published: August 2011

Background

Although mortality post‐pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) has decreased, morbidity rates continue to be high, ranging from 30% to 50%. Among complications, hemorrhage stands out; it is associated with high mortality and there is no standard management. The aim of the present study was to analyze the incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of hemorrhage post‐cephalic PD at our center.

Methods

From January 2005 to December 2008, 107 PDs were performed. A retrospective review of characteristics of patients with postoperative hemorrhage was made from our prospective database. Demographic data, diagnosis, treatment (medical, laparotomy, interventional radiology), association with fistula (pancreatic or biliary), intra‐ or extraluminal hemorrhage, bleeding time (early or late), severity (moderate/severe), and mortality were analyzed.

Results

Eighteen patients (18/107; 16.82%) hemorrhaged after PD. Hemorrhage appeared early (< 24 h) in 4 of these 18 patients (22.2%), and it was severe in 13/18 (72%). Hemorrhage‐related mortality was 11% (2/18) and hospital mortality was 22.2% (4/18). Arteriography was performed in 8/18 patients (44.4%) and was effective in 6/8 (75%); laparotomy was performed in 8/18 (44.4%). Re‐bleeding occurred in 5 of these 18 patients after the first treatment (27.8%). An association between hemorrhage and fistula was observed.

Conclusions

Hemorrhage after pancreatic resection must be considered a complication with relatively high mortality. Diagnosis should be established and treatment applied rapidly. Pancreatic and/or biliary fistulae were significantly associated with a higher risk of postoperative hemorrhage. Interventional radiology is a good therapeutic option.
Repetitive behavior profiles: Consistency across autism spectrum disorder cohorts and divergence from Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Flores Cindi G. , Valcante Gregory , Guter Steve , Zaytoun Annette , Wray Emily , Bell Lindsay , Jacob Suma , Lewis Mark H. , Driscoll Daniel J. , Cook Edwin H. , Kim Soo-Jeong
Published: August 2011

Restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB) is a group of heterogeneous maladaptive behaviors. RRB is one of the key diagnostic features of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and also commonly observed in Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS). In this study, we assessed RRB using the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) in two ASD samples (University of Illinois at Chicago [UIC] and University of Florida [UF]) and one PWS sample. We compared the RBS-R item endorsements across three ASD cohorts (UIC, UF and an ASD sample from Lam, The Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised: independent validation and the effect of subject variables, PhD thesis, 2004), and a PWS sample. We also compared the mean RBS-R subscale/sum scores across the UIC, UF and PWS samples; across the combined ASD (UIC + UF), PWS-deletion and PWS-disomy groups; and across the combined ASD sample, PWS subgroup with a Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) score ≥15, and PWS subgroup with a SCQ score <15. Despite the highly heterogeneous nature, the three ASD samples (UIC, UF and Lam’s) showed a similar pattern of the RBS-R endorsements, and the mean RBS-R scores were not different between the UIC and UF samples. However, higher RRB was noted in the ASD sample compared with the PWS sample, as well as in the PWS subgroup with a SCQ score ≥15 compared with the PWS subgroup with a SCQ score <15. Study limitations include a small sample size, a wide age range of our participants, and not controlling for potential covariates. A future replication study using a larger sample and further investigation into the genetic bases of overlapping ASD and RRB phenomenology are needed, given the higher RRB in the PWS subgroup with a SCQ score ≥15.
Implementation of an Informational Card to Reduce Family Members' Anxiety
Authors: Muldoon Mary , Cheng Dunlei , Vish Nancy , Dejong Sandra , Adams Jenny
Published: August 2011

For surgical patients' family members, the wait during surgery can cause anxiety that can be exacerbated if staff members provide inadequate or inconsistent information about the patient's status. Educational interventions and other staff‐intensive measures to help reduce family members' anxiety can be time consuming for staff members and impractical in a high‐volume facility. To improve communication with patients' families, nurses at a heart and vascular hospital in Dallas, Texas, designed and distributed a card containing estimated procedure times, helpful telephone numbers, and other information. A survey of family members indicated that receiving the card reduced anxiety in a significant proportion of the respondents.
NCLEX‐RN® Exam Prep/NCLEX‐RN® ExamCram Practice Questions
Authors: Ford Yvonne
Published: August 2011

NCLEX‐RN® Exam Prep Wilda Rinehard, Diann Sloan and Clara Hurd 2011, Pearson Education 1,008 pages $49.99 softcover with CD‐ROM

NCLEX‐RN® ExamCram Practice Questions Wilda Rinehard, Diann Sloan and Clara Hurd 3rd Edition 2011, Pearson Education 496 pages $25.99 softcover with CD‐ROM
The Optimal Design of Multi-Chamber Side Mufflers Equipped with Perforated Cross-Flow Tubes and Intruding Tubes using Simulated Annealing
Authors: Chang Y.-C. , Chiu M.-C.
Published: August 2011

Research on new techniques of side-inlet/outlet mufflers equipped with internal non-perforated intruding tubes has been discussed in recent literature; however, the research work of multi-chamber sideinlet/outlet mufflers in conjunction with cross-flow tubes and open-ended perforated intruding tubes which may efficiently increase the acoustical performance is rare. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is not only to analyze the sound transmission loss (STL) of three kinds of side-inlet/outlet mufflers (a three-chamber muffler with cross-flow tubes, a five-chamber muffler with cross-flow tubes and a nonperforated tube, and a five-chamber muffler with cross-flow tubes and a perforated tube) but also to optimize their best design shape within a limited space.

In this paper, both the generalized decoupling technique and plane wave theory in solving the coupled acoustical problem are used. A four-pole system matrix in evaluating the acoustic performance is also deduced in conjunction with a simulated algorithm (SA). A numerical case in finding the optimalSTLof mufflers, which is constrained within a basement with a side-inlet/outlet, at targeted tones has been introduced. Before the optimization is carried out, an accuracy check of the mathematical model is performed. Results reveal that the maximalSTLis precisely located at the desired target tone. Moreover, it has been seen that mufflers with more chambers will increase the acoustic performance for both pure tone and broadband noise. Additionally, the acoustical performance of mufflers conjugated with perforated intruding tubes is superior to those equipped with non-perforated tubes.

Consequently, the approach used for seeking the optimal design of theSTLproposed in this study is indeed easy and quite effective.
Bilateral Changes in Ground Reaction Forces in Patients with Unilateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency During Stair Locomotion
Authors: Lin H.-C. , Hsu H.-C. , Lu T.-W.
Published: August 2011

Stair locomotion is an important but challenging functional activity for people with lower limb pathology. This study aimed to investigate the bilateral changes in force-bearing on lower limbs during stair locomotion in patients with unilateral ACL deficiency. The ground reaction forces (GRF) were collected from three force platforms: One at ground level in front of a 5-step stair and two on the first two steps respectively. Parameters in vertical and anterior-posterior GRF were extracted and compared between the ACL-deficient (ACLD) and control groups. The ACLD group showed significantly slower stepping cadences in both stair ascent and stepping down to the ground (p < 0.05). The vertical GRF in the ACLD group demonstrated smaller peak forces but larger minimum forces between the two peaks than those in the control group during both stair ascent and descent. Significantly reduced anterior propulsive forces and push-off rates in the late stance were also found in both limbs of the ACLD group (p < 0.05). The slower cadences and reduced force-bearing on the affected limb suggested a protective strategy was adopted. However, the anterior loading parameters in the early stance on the unaffected limb demonstrated different adaptations with significantly larger magnitudes during stair ascent but reduced magnitudes during stair descent (p < 0.05). Similar results were also found in the weight- transferring strategies between legs in consecutive steps with a significantly larger percentage of lift-up forces but a smaller percentage of impact forces on the leading unaffected limb. The results of this study indicated a cautious force-bearing strategy and bilateral adaptation were apparent in the patients with unilateral ACL deficiency. This information may provide a safety guideline for the patients and be helpful for a better use of the stair tasks as part of a rehabilitation program.
Multipoint maximum likelihood mapping in a full-sib family of an outbreeding species
Authors: VAN OOIJEN J. W.
Published: August 2011

The fast multipoint maximum likelihood mapping algorithm for crosses between inbred lines, introduced by Jansenet al.(2001), is extended for mapping in a full-sib family of an outbreeding species. The method accommodates different segregation types of markers and differences in recombination between parents. The two separate parental multipoint maximum likelihood maps are joined into an integrated map by averaging lengths over anchored segments and by interpolating or extrapolating for markers segregating in one parent only. The method is illustrated with simulated data. The method will enable a more accurate estimation of maps in outbreeding species than current methods.
Philo on Free Will: And the Historical Influence of His View
Authors: Wolfson Harry Austryn
Published: August 2011

In Philo, as in any other philosopher, the problem of the freedom of the will in man is but a special phase of the more general problems of the existence of immutable laws in nature and the relation of mind to body. Now with regard to laws of nature Philo's view is clear. There are, according to him, certain unalterable laws by which the universe is governed, but these laws were established in the universe by God at the time of its creation. This view is expressed by him in a variety of ways in such statements as that there are “ordinances and laws which God laid down in the universe as unalterable” and that “this world is the Megalopolis and it has a single polity and a single law.” These laws of nature are sometimes designated by him in their totality by the general term Logos, by which he means an immanent Logos in the created physical universe, conceiving of it as part of that incorporeal Logos which existed prior to the creation of the universe. It is this immanent Logos which is described by him as “the bond of all existence,” which “holds and knits together all the parts” and which also “administers all things.”
The Contribution of Existenz-Philosophie
Authors: Bixler Julius Seelye
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this paper is to offer a brief description of Existenz-philosophie as it appears in the work of three men—Kierkegaard, Heidegger, and Jaspers—and to make a few critical comments. One special obstacle should be noted at the start. A summary always misses the particular shades of meaning which an author brings out as he develops his theme in his own words, and in this philosophy it is the special nuances which are particularly important. Existenz is in fact as much like poetry as it is like philosophy, and a large part of its flavor is lost when it is translated into plodding prose. It makes less, that is to say, of the appeal to objective, verifiable truth than of subjective experience in its individual aspect. So far as it makes use of universal, communicable forms these are aesthetic rather than intellectual, and resemble more nearly the imaginative projections of a Schopenhauer or a Nietzsche than the logical essences of, say, a Plato. This appears to be true even in Heidegger's case in spite of the fact that he inherited from his master, Husserl, an interest in the bracketed, “reduced” logical essence which is reminiscent of the Platonic form. In Heidegger's hands Phänomenologie by becoming Existenz has turned from the logical to the more imaginative and emotional side of experience. Existenz is thus a poetic and philosophical attempt to describe the subjective experiences of religion, and as such it depends for much of its appeal on its own medium of expression.
The Rome of Two Northern Pilgrims: Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury and Abbot Nikolás of Munkathverá
Authors: Magoun Francis Peabody
Published: August 2011

The pilgrim-diaries associated with Sigeric, archbishop of Canterbury (990–994), and Nikolás, abbot of the Benedictine monastery at Munkaþverá, Iceland (1155–1159), commend themselves to historians of ecclesiastical Rome on more than one count. Both diaries include itineraries unusually detailed for their periods and in this regard are unique for the countries of origin and valuable in regard to the history of the regions traversed. More than this, and of particular moment for the historian of the medieval Church, both diaries devote considerable attention to sights seen in the Eternal City. Here these little works offer a welcome, in a sense intimate, view of Rome of the periods in question; for they tell us one very important thing that the medieval Baedekers do not, namely, just what two individuals elected to see or were shown or, equally significant, what two men chose to note down or especially remembered in the course of their tour of the city. The English diary with its systematic list of Roman churches — the titles often in a dubious Latin (see the individual items, especially pp. 275–276 below) — furnishes us, furthermore, with a little catalogue that, coming between the list of Leo III (806) and the list that the papal chamberlain Cencio Savelli (later Pope Honorius III) compiled in 1192, fills an obvious gap. The Icelandic diary, though less important in this regard, gains in interest by including a number of secular monuments and considerable detail about the churches, wanting in the English work. Both texts are worthy of more study than has been devoted to them.
A Gnostic Amulet
Authors: Oliver James H.
Published: August 2011

The writer has in his possession a small octagonal amulet of a lavender or greyish stone, which is engraved on six sides and which is stated on reliable authority to have come from Samsun in Pontus, near the ancient town of Amisus. Height, 0.015 m.; length, 0.03 m.; thickness, 0.007 m. Height of Letters, 0.002 m.
Church Organization in Brandenburg–Prussia from the Reformation to 1740
Authors: Dorwart Reinhold A.
Published: August 2011

For obvious reasons, a study of the organization of the Church in Brandenburg-Prussia must begin with the formal acceptance of the Reformation in those territories. The Reformation was not accepted officially in Brandenburg until after the death of Joachim I in 1535. His son and heir, Margrave and Elector Joachim II joined the Protestant ranks in 1539. Prior to this time the Church in Brandenburg had been an integral part of the Catholic Church of Rome; and local church organization and the supervision thereof had been in the hands of the episcopal consistory. This latter body attended to all the business of reviewing and supervising the administration of its diocese, of issuing the reports of the bishop or administrator, of appointment of apostolic visitors, and of the government, temporal administration, and discipline of seminaries.
A Feature of Roman Religion
Authors: Nock Arthur Darby
Published: August 2011

After the disastrous battle of Lake Trasimene Rome set herself to appease her gods, and by popular vote ordered the performance of a uer sacrum, that is, an offering of all the young of animals to be born in spring. Livy records this formula as having been submitted to the people for their approval (22.10.2–6).
The Latin Versions of Acts Known to the Venerable Bede
Authors: Laistner M. L. W.
Published: August 2011

That Bede knew and used several Latin versions of Acts is abundantly clear from his own statements. Moreover, his special interest in this book of the New Testament is suggested by the fact that he composed two separate commentaries on it and may have proceeded, in part at least, from the comparative neglect of Acts by earlier commentators. Neither Bede's Commentary on Acts nor his Retractation can be dated precisely, but this much can be regarded as certain, that the former is an early work, while the latter was composed towards the end of his life. Thus twenty years or more may have elapsed before Bede, following the example of the eximius doctor Augustinus, revised errors that he had committed in the Commentary, defended himself against the attack of critics, and added much new material that was the fruit of his ripest scholarship.
The Subscription in the Chester Beatty Manuscript of the Harclean Gospels
Authors: Hatch William H. P.
Published: August 2011

Some manuscripts of the Harclean Gospels contain a subscription which gives certain important information concerning the origin of the Philoxenian and Harclean versions of the New Testament. According to the subscription the Syriac translation of the Four Gospels was made from the Greek text in the city of Mabûg in the year 507–508 after Christ. This was in the time of Mar Philoxenus the Confessor, who was bishop of Mabûg from 485 to 519 A.D. Later the translation was carefully compared with two (or three) approved and accurate Greek codices and revised accordingly. This was done in 615–616 A.D. by Thomas of Harqel (or Heracleia) in a convent situated at the Enaton near Alexandria. The subscription was written by Thomas himself.
The Chester Beatty Papyrus and the Caesarean Text of John
Authors: Tasker R. V. G.
Published: August 2011

In the Journal of Theological Studies for October 1935 I discussed certain of the more interesting readings of the Chester Beatty Papyrus in John on general grounds, endeavouring to discover how far the evidence of the papyrus might reasonably be allowed to modify the conclusions of particular editors in particular passages. It became obvious in that study that the text of the papyrus in John does not belong specifically to any of the recognised groupings, and that in many cases it would appear not to have retained the reading which is intrinsically probable, or which is the best attested.
The Western Church and Astrology during the Early Middle Ages
Authors: Laistner M. L. W.
Published: August 2011

It is now nearly forty years ago that two scholars independently drew attention to Ambrosiaster's attacks on the paganism of his age. Cumont in a brilliant article, La polémique de l'Ambrosiaster contre les paiens, analyzed and discussed Quaestio CXIIII, Adversus paganos, and Quaestio CXV, De fato, of the writer whose identity must still be regarded as uncertain. The purpose of Souter's admirable monograph, A study of Ambrosiaster, was quite different. Primarily he was concerned to prove once and for all that the pseudo-Augustinian Quaestiones veteris et novi testamenti CXXVII were composed by the same author as the highly individual commentary on the thirteen epistles of St. Paul included among the works of Ambrose. The common authorship of the two works is now universally accepted. Souter's book was also a preliminary study for his definitive edition of the Quaestiones which appeared some years later in the Vienna Corpus.
Aretalogia or Teratologia?
Authors: Rose H. J.
Published: August 2011

I am much inclined to agree with Professor Campbell Bonner that ῥητολογἰας in Tatian, adu. Graec. 40, is a ghost-word, and think his emendation, ἀρεταλογίας, a plausible one.
Pepys, Fuller and an Archbishop
Authors: Whiting B. J.
Published: August 2011

Among young Samuel Pepys's many acquaintances was Thomas Fuller, antiquary, historian, preacher, biographer and wit. Fuller died on August 16, 1661, but he had previously appeared more than once in the Diary. On May 17, 1660, Pepys had a rapturously busy time at court: “After that, going to see the Queen of Bohemia, I met with Dr. Fuller, whom I sent to a tavern with Mr. Edw. Pickering, while I and the rest went to see the Queen. …” Early the next year (January 5, 1661), “Several people came to me about business, among others the great Tom Fuller, who came to desire a kindness for a friend of his … which I promised to do.” Later in the month (January 22) “I met with Dr. Thomas Fuller and took him to the Dog, where he tells me of his last and great book that is coming out: that is, his History of all the Families in England; and could tell me more of my own, than I knew myself.” In the same conversation Fuller talked with great complacence and detail about his own feats of memory. Twice Pepys heard Fuller preach: the first time (February 3, 1661), he commended a point made by the speaker, but on May 12, 1661, he was forced to admit, “methought it was a poor dry sermon.” He heard of Fuller's death, “of a sort of fever” then prevalent, on the day it occurred, and called him “the famous Tom Fuller.”
A Codex of Jonah: Berl. Sept. 18 + P.S.I. X, 1164
Authors: Youtie Herbert C.
Published: August 2011

In 1932 Vitelli and Norsa published a substantial fragment of the Greek Jonah, the remains of a parchment codex, consisting of the final leaf of an initial quaternion and two other complete quaternions, in all seventeen consecutive folios or thirty-four pages. The text covers 1.11b–4.10a. The fourteen missing pages of the first quaternion and five additional pages beyond the present end of the codex would suffice to complete the text. The quaternions are so arranged that each begins and ends with a recto, and within the quaternion verso always confronts verso, recto always confronts recto. Each page bears one column of ten lines, and the lines contain as few as six and as many as fourteen letters, but commonly eight to eleven letters. Vitelli and Norsa give the size of the columns as 4 × 4.5 cm., but this is probably a mean estimate since a measurement taken on the facsimile yields 4 × 4.8 cm. for the columns of writing on pp. 12 and 13 of the third quaternion. The codex is 5.5 cm. broad and 6 cm. high. The unusually small format is noteworthy. The editors have assigned the manuscript to the fourth century A.D. It was acquired by purchase and its provenience is unknown.
The Older Book of Esther
Authors: Torrey Charles C.
Published: August 2011

On several counts, Esther is the strangest book in the Bible. Few of those who read it realize what a variety of curious problems it presents, and how little has been done toward solving them. As a preliminary to the following study, a few of the most troublesome questions raised by the book may be briefly stated.
Quisque Suos Patimur Manes
Authors: Rose H. J.
Published: August 2011

Few passages of Virgil have led to the expending of more ink than the above (Aen. VI, 743), and, to my mind, it is seldom that a crux has less deserved the name. I wish to show that the sense is perfectly clear and ordinary Latin, observing a usual convention of verse, and further, that it was taken as such within about a century of Virgil's death, and that this continued to be the interpretation of the soundest exegetes, as it is now.
Pre-Maccabean Documents in the Passover Haggadah
Authors: Finkelstein Louis
Published: August 2011

The composition dayyenu as preserved in the extant rituals consists of two parts — the first a poem in fifteen strophes (Da), the second a prose summary (Db). It reads as follows:

D

How many are the calls of the Almighty upon our thankfulness!