bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community Adaptation to Climate Change: Case of Gumuz People, Metekel Zone, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Wagino Abbebe Marra , Amanuel Teshale W.
Published: December 2020

The effect of climate change on agricultural-dependent communities is immense. Ethiopia in which more than 85% of its population is agrarian is affected by climate change. Communities in different parts of the country perceived climate change and practice different climate change adaptation strategies. This chapter was initiated to identify adaptation strategy to the impact of changing climate. Data on a total of 180 households were gathered using structured and semi-structured questioners. Focus group discussion and key informant interview were also used for data collection. Climatic data from the nearest meteorological stations of the area were collected and used in this chapter. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The upshot indicated that all the respondent communities experienced at least one of autonomous/self-adaptation strategies to cope and live with the impacts of changing climate. Though 33.6% complained on its accessibility and pricing, 66.4% of the respondents reviled as they do not have any awareness on improved agricultural technologies. The major adaptation strategies identified were collecting and using of edible wild plants and other forest products, hunting, renting/selling of own farm lands, livestock sell, selling of household materials/assets, collecting and selling of wood and wood products and depending on well-off relatives, using drought-resistant crop variety, changing cropping calendar, replanting/sowing, and increasing farmland size. Nevertheless, the communities are not yet fully aware and accessed to policy-driven options for climate change adaptation. Although they used different autonomous adaptation mechanisms, the households are not resilient to the current and perceived climate change. Finally, based on the findings, the recommendation is that besides encouraging the existing community-based adaptation strategies planned adaptation strategies have to be implemented: such as early-warning and preparedness programs have to be effectively implemented in the area, introduction of different drought-resistant locally adapted food crop varieties, and expansion of large-scale investment in the area has to be checked, and give due recognition to forest ecosystem–based adaptation mechanisms of the local community in the area.
Relaxing cosmological neutrino mass bounds with unstable neutrinos
Authors: Escudero Miguel , Lopez-Pavon Jacobo , Rius Nuria , Sandner Stefan
Published: December 2020

Abstract

At present, cosmological observations set the most stringent bound on the neutrino mass scale. Within the standard cosmological model (ΛCDM), the Planck collaboration reports ∑mv< 0.12 eV at 95 % CL. This bound, taken at face value, excludes many neutrino mass models. However, unstable neutrinos, with lifetimes shorter than the age of the universe τν ≲ tU, represent a particle physics avenue to relax this constraint. Motivated by this fact, we present a taxonomy of neutrino decay modes, categorizing them in terms of particle content and final decay products. Taking into account the relevant phenomenological bounds, our analysis shows that 2-body decaying neutrinos into BSM particles are a promising option to relax cosmological neutrino mass bounds. We then build a simple extension of the type I seesaw scenario by adding one sterile state ν4 and a Goldstone boson ϕ, in which νi→ ν4ϕ decays can loosen the neutrino mass bounds up to ∑mv ∼ 1 eV, without spoiling the light neutrino mass generation mechanism. Remarkably, this is possible for a large range of the right-handed neutrino masses, from the electroweak up to the GUT scale. We successfully implement this idea in the context of minimal neutrino mass models based on a U(1)μ−τ flavor symmetry, which are otherwise in tension with the current bound on ∑mv.
Radiative seesaw corrections and charged-lepton decays in a model with soft flavour violation
Authors: Aeikens E. H. , Ferreira P. M. , Grimus W. , Jurčiukonis D. , Lavoura L.
Published: December 2020

Abstract

We consider the one-loop radiative corrections to the light-neutrino mass matrix and their consequences for the predicted branching ratios of the five lepton-flavour-violating decays $$ {\mathrm{\ell}}_1^{-}\to {\mathrm{\ell}}_2^{-}{\mathrm{\ell}}_3^{+}{\mathrm{\ell}}_3^{-} $$

ℓ
1
−

→

ℓ
2
−

ℓ
3
+

ℓ
3
−

in a two-Higgs-doublet model furnished with the type-I seesaw mechanism and soft lepton-flavour violation. We find that the radiative corrections are very significant; they may alter the predicted branching ratios by several orders of magnitude and, in particular, they may help explain why BR (μ− → e−e+e−) is strongly suppressed relative to the branching ratios of the decays of the τ−. We conclude that, in any serious numerical assessment of the predictions of this model, it is absolutely necessary to take into account the one-loop radiative corrections to the light-neutrino mass matrix.
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy: course of disease in consideration of idebenone treatment and type of mutation
Authors: Tonagel Felix , Wilhelm Helmut , Richter Paul , Kelbsch Carina
Published: December 2020

Purpose

In September 2015, the first and so far only medication for treatment of Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) was approved in the EU. The drug in question is idebenone (©Raxone) and has been given to all newly diagnosed patients of the University Eye Hospital Tuebingen since the approval of the drug. The aim of the study was to find out whether regular administration of the drug led to an improvement in vision. We retrospectively examined 2 cohorts of consecutive patients with newly occurred visual impairment and LHON diagnosis: One with the initial diagnosis made from January 2010 until April 2014 and a second from October 2015 until January 2020.

Methods

Retrospective, observational cohort study. All electronic medical files of newly diagnosed and genetically confirmed LHON patients of the University Eye Hospital Tuebingen from January 2010 until April 2014 (cohort 1) and October 2015 until January 2020 (cohort 2) with at least 12 months of follow-up examinations have been analyzed.

Results

Five patients were included in the first and 7 patients in the second cohort. Patients of cohort 1 received no medication; patients of cohort 2, a daily dose of 900 mg idebenone. The primary visual acuity (VA) ranged between 0.03 and 0.5 in cohort 1 and did not improve during the observation period (median 60 months, range 23–87 months). The patients of cohort 2 have been observed for a median of 23 months (range 12–35 m). The primary VA ranged from 0.01 to 0.16. A recovery in one or both eyes with a final VA from 0.8 to 1.0 was experienced in 3 out of 7 patients. All patients showing a recovery of VA carried the m.11778G>A mutation.

Conclusion

The observed improvement in the treated cohort may be considered as a hint on the efficacy of idebenone in LHON. The time course of improvement suggests that idebenone should be given 1.5 years in newly diagnosed LHON cases.
Improvement on the Crossing Number of Crossing-Critical Graphs
Authors: Barát János , Tóth Géza
Published: December 2020

The crossing number of a graph G is the minimum number of edge crossings over all drawings of G in the plane. A graph G is k-crossing-critical if its crossing number is at least k, but if we remove any edge of G, its crossing number drops below k. There are examples of k-crossing-critical graphs that do not have drawings with exactly k crossings. Richter and Thomassen proved in 1993 that if G is k-crossing-critical, then its crossing number is at most $$2.5\, k+16$$

2.5

k
+
16

. We improve this bound to $$2k+8\sqrt{k}+47$$

2
k
+
8

k

+
47

.
Lying, speech acts, and commitment
Authors: Marsili Neri
Published: December 2020

Not every speech act can be a lie. A good definition of lying should be able to draw the right distinctions between speech acts (like promises, assertions, and oaths) that can be lies and speech acts (like commands, suggestions, or assumptions) that under no circumstances are lies. This paper shows that no extant account of lying is able to draw the required distinctions. It argues that a definition of lying based on the notion of ‘assertoric commitment’ can succeed where other accounts have failed. Assertoric commitment is analysed in terms of two normative components: ‘accountability’ and ‘discursive responsibility’. The resulting definition of lying draws all the desired distinctions, providing an intensionally adequate analysis of the concept of lying.
Long-term durability of weight loss after bariatric surgery; a retrospective study
Authors: Baheeg Mohamad , El-Din Mohamed Tag , Labib Mohamed Fathy , Elgohary Saed Abdelmonem , Hasan Abdulkarim
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:

The surgical operation of Bariatric is taken into consideration to be the best treatment for excessive obesity. The prime requirement for the broad usage of bariatric surgical treatment is the durability. This study compares the weight variation up to five years between patients treated by RYGB (Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass) and non-surgical methods.

Methods:

The current work is a retrospective cohort study which was performed on one hundred patients who subjected to RYGB surgical treatment and matched severely obese controls that had not treated by bariatric surgery in the period from 2011 to 2015 and completed five years follow up.

Results:

The differences between the two study groups were significant according to their loss in weight within a five years record. More than 90% of Patients were satisfied inside the RYGB group versus a percent of 4% in Non-surgical Matches group with a great significant difference.

Conclusion:

The concluded results confirm that bariatric surgical treatment is the handiest and giving the best results in reducing enormous excess weight in patients with sharp obesity. These effects provide additional proof of the valuable combination between direct loss of weight by surgery and long-term methods.

Highlights
Northanger Abbey
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: December 2020

One of the first of Jane Austen's novels to be written, and one of the last to be published, Northanger Abbey is both an amusing story of how a naive girl enters society and wins the affection of a witty young clergyman, and a high-spirited parody of the lurid Gothic novels that were popular during Austen's youth. In the process it features a vivid account of social life in late eighteenth-century Bath, and Austen's famous defence of the novel as a literary form. This edition, based on the text of the novel as published posthumously in 1818, is accompanied by explanatory notes and an appendix summarising the plots and situations of the Gothic fictions that form the basis of much of Austen's comedy. In addition there is an extensive critical introduction covering the context, publication and critical history of the novel, a chronology of Austen's life and an authoritative textual apparatus.
Later Manuscripts
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: December 2020

The manuscripts that survive from Jane Austen's maturity offer a unique insight into her life as a creative writer. This volume collects together all the literary manuscripts from Austen's adult years (with the exception of the cancelled chapters of Persuasion, in this edition printed with the finished novel), together with letters discussing the art of fiction, and her record of responses to her novels. Included here are the novella Lady Susan, the novel fragments of The Watsons and Sanditon, poems and charades, and the comic 'Plan of a Novel'. In an appendix are collected other works ascribed to Austen, including the play Sir Charles Grandison and three prayers. The introduction offers a history of the manuscripts and a full account of the current state of scholarship on them, and the texts are accompanied by explanatory notes and contextual information.
Juvenilia
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: December 2020

Jane Austen's remarkable juvenilia date from 1787, when she was eleven, to 1793, when she was seventeen. She preserved these early writings in three manuscript notebooks, entitled, with mock solemnity, 'Volume the First', 'Volume the Second', and 'Volume the Third'. Most of these works are short fictions, but Austen also wrote the opening of what could have become a full-length novel, 'Catharine', as well as dramatic sketches, verses, and a few non-fictional pieces. Astonishingly sophisticated and inventive, these writings are now receiving the scholarly attention they deserve. This edition provides a fresh transcription of Austen's manuscripts, with comprehensive explanatory notes, an extensive critical introduction, covering the context and publication history of the juvenilia, a chronology of Austen's life and an authoritative textual apparatus. It also prints, for the first time, the copious satirical marginalia that Austen wrote on her copies of Oliver Goldsmith's History of England.
Persuasion
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: December 2020

The accident of death makes Persuasion Jane Austen's final novel. It deserves its position by its innovative treatment of passion and rhetorical style and its development of those themes of memory and time, public and private history, inner and outer lives, language and literature, emotion and restraint that have marked all Austen's work. Where the other works move towards a new symbolic and physical home for the heroine, Persuasion begins with her ejection and ends with her understanding that home is not a place at all but an ambiance and an acceptance of change. This volume, first published in 2006, provides comprehensive explanatory notes, an extensive critical introduction covering the context and publication history of the work, a chronology of Austen's life and an authoritative textual apparatus. This edition is an indispensable resource for all scholars and readers of Austen.
Filicide: the Australian story
Authors: Brown Thea , Tyson Danielle , Fernandez Arias Paula
Published: December 2020

A filicide death, meaning the killing of a child by their parent or equivalent guardian, is a tragic event. Sadly, a UK study suggests Australia has the fourth highest rate of filicide among similar developed nations. Since Australian research studies on the incidence of filicide, or indeed on any other aspect of the problem, are limited, it is impossible to know if this finding is correct or not. However, in the last several years more research on filicide has emerged in Australia and by reviewing the recent research in detail, this article develops an integrated analysis of Australian filicide research and contributes to the knowledge bank on Australian filicide that can be used by professionals undertaking practice and research in intervention and prevention. Analysis of the studies shows one child dies at the hands of a parent every fortnight and that this number has not changed for many years. The analysis identifies the profiles of victims and perpetrators. The constellation of circumstances and stressors associated with each of the parental perpetrator groups is discussed, including the perpetrators’ contact with, and mostly unsuccessful use of, services. Based on the analysis, a way forward to prevention is proposed.
Shared functional impairment in the prefrontal cortex affects symptom severity across psychiatric disorders
Authors: Koike Shinsuke , Sakakibara Eisuke , Satomura Yoshihiro , Sakurada Hanako , Yamagishi Mika , Matsuoka Jun , Okada Naohiro , Kasai Kiyoto
Published: December 2020

Background

The prefrontal deficits in psychiatric disorders have been investigated using functional neuroimaging tools; however, no studies have tested the related characteristics across psychiatric disorders considering various demographic and clinical confounders.

Methods

We analyzed 1558 functional brain measurements using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy during a verbal fluency task from 1200 participants with three disease spectra [196 schizophrenia, 189 bipolar disorder (BPD), and 394 major depressive disorder (MDD)] and 369 healthy controls along with demographic characteristics (age, gender, premorbid IQ, and handedness), task performance during the measurements, clinical assessments, and medication equivalent doses (chlorpromazine, diazepam, biperiden, and imipramine) in a consistent manner. The association between brain functions and demographic and clinical variables was tested using a general linear mixed model (GLMM). Then, the direction of relationship between brain activity and symptom severity, controlling for any other associations, was estimated using a model comparison of structural equation models (SEMs).

Results

The GLMM showed a shared functional deficit of brain activity and a schizophrenia-specific delayed activity timing in the prefrontal cortex (false discovery rate-corrected p < 0.05). Comparison of SEMs showed that brain activity was associated with the global assessment of functioning scores in the left inferior frontal gyrus opercularis (IFGOp) in BPD group and the bilateral superior temporal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus, and the left superior frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus triangularis, and IFGOp in MDD group.

Conclusion

This cross-disease large-sample neuroimaging study with high-quality clinical data reveals a robust relationship between prefrontal function and behavioral outcomes across three major psychiatric disorders.
Creating enriched training sets of eligible studies for large systematic reviews: the utility of PubMed's Best Match algorithm
Authors: Sampson Margaret , Nama Nassr , O'Hearn Katharine , Murto Kimmo , Nasr Ahmed , Katz Sherri L. , Macartney Gail , Momoli Franco , McNally J. Dayre
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Solutions like crowd screening and machine learning can assist systematic reviewers with heavy screening burdens but require training sets containing a mix of eligible and ineligible studies. This study explores using PubMed's Best Match algorithm to create small training sets containing at least five relevant studies.

Methods

Six systematic reviews were examined retrospectively. MEDLINE searches were converted and run in PubMed. The ranking of included studies was studied under both Best Match and Most Recent sort conditions.

Results

Retrieval sizes for the systematic reviews ranged from 151 to 5,406 records and the numbers of relevant records ranged from 8 to 763. The median ranking of relevant records was higher in Best Match for all six reviews, when compared with Most Recent sort. Best Match placed a total of thirty relevant records in the first fifty, at least one for each systematic review. Most Recent sorting placed only ten relevant records in the first fifty. Best Match sorting outperformed Most Recent in all cases and placed five or more relevant records in the first fifty in three of six cases.

Discussion

Using a predetermined set size such as fifty may not provide enough true positives for an effective systematic review training set. However, screening PubMed records ranked by Best Match and continuing until the desired number of true positives are identified is efficient and effective.

Conclusions

The Best Match sort in PubMed improves the ranking and increases the proportion of relevant records in the first fifty records relative to sorting by recency.
Quasiconformality and hyperbolic skew
Authors: ACKERMANN COLLEEN , FLETCHER ALASTAIR
Published: December 2020

We prove that if
$f:\mathbb{B}^n \to \mathbb{B}^n$
, for n ≥ 2, is a homeomorphism with bounded skew over all equilateral hyperbolic triangles, then f is in fact quasiconformal. Conversely, we show that if
$f:\mathbb{B}^n \to \mathbb{B}^n$
is quasiconformal then f is η-quasisymmetric in the hyperbolic metric, where η depends only on n and K. We obtain the same result for hyperbolic n-manifolds. Analogous results in
$\mathbb{R}^n$
, and metric spaces that behave like
$\mathbb{R}^n$
, are known, but as far as we are aware, these are the first such results in the hyperbolic setting, which is the natural metric to use on
$\mathbb{B}^n$
.
Multiple developmental pathways underlying conduct problems: A multitrajectory framework
Authors: Dugré Jules R. , Potvin Stéphane
Published: December 2020

In the past decades, there has been an overemphasis of a descriptive/behavioral approach to study conduct disorder. In an equifinal perspective, we aimed to examine the developmental multitrajectory groups of psychological features (irritability, interpersonal callousness, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and depressive–anxiety symptoms) and their associations with conduct problems. In a population-based cohort (n = 1,309 participants followed from 5 months to 17 years old), latent-class growth analysis was performed for each psychological feature to identify a two-trajectory model (from ages 6 to 12 years). Based on parameter estimates of the two-trajectory models for each of the four psychological features, a parallel process growth mixture model identified eight significant developmental patterns that were subsequently compared with typically developing children. Furthermore, we observed that while interpersonal callousness conferred an increased risk for childhood and adolescence conduct problems, its co-occurrence with hyperactivity/impulsivity, irritability, and/or depressive–anxiety symptoms heightened the general risk, but also predicted distinct subtypes of conduct problems (i.e., aggressive and rule-breaking behaviors). Thus, by studying complex developmental combinations of psychological features, we observed qualitatively distinct pathways towards conduct problems. A multitrajectory framework of psychological features should be considered as a significant step towards unveiling the multiple etiological pathways leading to conduct disorder and its substantial clinical heterogeneity.
A qualitative exploration of how people with bipolar disorder consider risk-taking in everyday decisions
Authors: Wah Andrew , Hodge Suzanne , Jones Steven H. , Perez Algorta Guillermo
Published: December 2020

Background:

Difficulties with decision making and risk taking in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) have been associated with mood episodes. However, there is limited information about these experiences during euthymia, the mood state where people with BD spent the majority of their time.

Aims:

To examine how individuals with BD consider risk in everyday decisions during their euthymic phase.

Method:

We conducted a qualitative study that used semi-structured audio recorded interviews. Eight euthymic participants with confirmed BD were interviewed, and we used interpretative phenomenological analysis to analyse the data.

Results:

We identified four themes. The first theme, ‘Who I really am’, involves the relationship between individual identity and risks taken. The second theme, ‘Taking back control of my life’, explored the relationship between risks taken as participants strove to keep control of their lives. The third theme, ‘Fear of the “what ifs”’, represents how the fear of negative consequences from taking risks impacts risk decisions. Finally, the fourth theme, ‘The role of family and friends’, highlights the important role that a supporting network can play in their lives in the context of taking risks.

Conclusions:

The study highlights aspects that can impact on an individual with BD’s consideration of risk during euthymia. Identity, control, fear and support all play a role when a person considers risk in their decision-making process, and they should be taken into consideration when exploring risk with individuals with BD in clinical settings, and inform the design of future interventions.
The UN Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration: to what extent are human rights and sustainable development mutually compatible in the field of migration?
Authors: Guild Elspeth
Published: December 2020

In this contribution, I examine the links between the human rights basis of the UN Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) and its embeddedness in the UN Sustainable Development Agenda 2030. While the GCM grew out of a development framework, it was rapidly incorporated into the UN human rights system. Even during the negotiation of the GCM, human rights took priority over development. The resistance that was manifested against the GCM on its endorsement by the UN General Assembly was directed not against its development links, but rather concerns about its human rights impact. This paper examines the placing of migration in this dual framework and the ways in which outcomes compatible with both are achievable.
The ILO and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration: labour migration, decent work and implementation of the Compact with specific reference to the Arab states region
Authors: Cholewinski Ryszard
Published: December 2020

This paper explores the role played by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in the consultations and stocktaking during 2017 and the negotiations during 2018 leading up to the adoption of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM). It examines selected parts of the text of the GCM, with particular reference to the ILO's mandate of securing social justice and decent work, as well as the protection of migrant workers and governance of labour migration. The final part of the paper looks ahead to the ILO's role in the implementation of the GCM, with specific reference to the Arab states region, where migration for employment is significant and the governance challenges, particularly in relation to the protection of low-wage and low-skilled workers, are especially acute.
Higher long-term cardiovascular morbidity after open surgery for intermittent claudication caused by infrainguinal atherosclerotic disease in patients with diabetes – a nationwide observational cohort study
Authors: Dakhel Ardwan , Zarrouk Moncef , Ekelund Jan , Acosta Stefan , Miftaraj Mervete , Eliasson Björn , Svensson Ann-Marie , Gottsäter Anders
Published: December 2020

Summary: Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Indications for open surgery in infrainguinal intermittent claudication (IC) are limited, and reports are lacking regarding outcomes in DM patients. Study aims were to compare short and long-term effects on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, major amputation, and mortality after infrainguinal open surgery for IC in patients with and without DM, and to evaluate relationships between glycaemic control and outcomes. Methods: Nationwide observational cohort study of all patients registered in the Swedish Vascular Registry after planned infrainguinal open surgery for IC from January 1st 2010 to December 31st 2014. Patients registered in the National Diabetes Registry were compared with patients without diabetes by propensity score adjusted comparison of MACE, AMI, stroke, major amputation, and mortality. Results: After 30 days, there were no differences in MACE, AMI, stroke, major amputation, or mortality between patients with (n = 323, mean age 70.5 [SD 7.4] years, 92 [28.5%] females) and without (n = 679, mean age 69.7 years [SD 11.2], 234 [34.5%] females) DM. At last follow-up after median 5.2 years, patients with DM showed higher rates of MACE (Hazard ratio [HR] 1.33, confidence interval [CI] 1.08–1.62; p < 0.01), and AMI (HR 2.21, CI 1.46–3.35; p < 0.01) than patients without diabetes. Among DM patients, higher glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was associated with higher rates of MACE (HR 1.02, CI 1.00–1.03; p = 0.02), stroke (HR 1.05, CI 1.00–1.11; p = 0.04), and total mortality (HR 1.03, CI 1.01–1.06; p < 0.01), during follow-up, whereas duration of diabetes was associated with higher rate of major amputation (HR 1.08, CI 1.02–1.15; p < 0.01). Conclusions: DM patients showed higher rates of MACE and AMI in propensity score adjusted analysis five years after planned infrainguinal open surgery for IC. Higher HbA1c was associated with MACE, stroke, and total mortality in patients with DM, whereas longer duration of DM was associated with major amputation.
Waterways Change as Cities Grow Nearby
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: December 2020

Using multidecadal data sets, researchers have traced how urbanization affects streamflow across the continental United States.
Unprecedented Observations of a Nascent In Situ Cirrus in the Tropical Tropopause Layer
Authors: Reinares Martínez I. , Evan S. , Wienhold F. G. , Brioude J. , Jensen E. J. , Thornberry T. D. , Héron D. , Verreyken B. , Körner S. , Vömel H. , Metzger J.‐M. , Posny F.
Published: December 2020

A nascent in situ cirrus was observed on January 11, 2019 in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) over the southwestern Indian Ocean, with the use of balloon‐borne instruments. Data from cryogenic frost point hygrometer (CFH) and Compact Optical Backscatter and AerosoL Detector (COBALD) instruments were used to characterize the cirrus and its environment. Optical modeling was employed to estimate the cirrus microphysical properties from the COBALD backscatter measurements. Newly fomed ice crystals with radius <1 μm and concentration ∼500 L−1 were reported at the tropopause. The relatively low concentration and CFH ice supersaturation (1.5) suggests a homogeneous freezing event stalled by a high‐frequency gravity wave. The observed vertical wind speed and temperature anomalies that triggered the cirrus formation were due to a 1.5‐km vertical‐scale wave, as shown by a spectral analysis. This cirrus observation shortly after nucleation is beyond remote sensing capabilities and presents a type of cirrus never reported before.
First Look at a Geomagnetic Storm With Santa Maria Digisonde Data: F Region Responses and Comparisons Over the American Sector
Authors: Moro J. , Xu J. , Denardini C. M. , Resende L. C. A. , Neto P. F. Barbosa , Da Silva L. A. , Silva R. P. , Chen S. S. , Picanço G. A. S. , Carmo C. S. , Liu Z. , Yan C. , Wang C. , Schuch N. J.
Published: December 2020

Santa Maria Digisonde data are used for the first time to investigate the F region behavior during a geomagnetic storm. The August 25, 2018 storm is considered complex due to the incidence of two Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections and a High‐Speed Solar Wind Stream (HSS). The F
2 layer critical frequency (f

o

F
2) and its peak height (h

m

F
2) collected over Santa Maria, near the center of the South American Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA), are compared with data collected from Digisondes installed in the Northern (NH) and Southern (SH) Hemispheres in the American sector. The deviation of f

o

F
2 (Df

o

F
2) and h

m

F
2 (Dh

m

F
2) are used to quantify the ionospheric storm effects. Different F region responses were observed during the main phase (August 25–26), which is attributed to the traveling ionospheric disturbances and disturbed eastward electric field during nighttime. The F region responses became highly asymmetric between the NH and SH at the early recovery phase (RP, August 26) due to a combination of physical mechanisms. The observed asymmetries are interpreted as caused by modifications in the thermospheric composition and a rapid electrodynamic mechanism. The persistent enhanced thermospheric [O]/[N2] ratio observed from August 27 to 29 combined with the increased solar wind speed induced by the HSS and IMF B

z
fluctuations seem to be effective in causing the positive ionospheric storm effects and the shift of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly crest to higher than typical latitudes. Consequently, the most dramatic positive ionospheric storm during the RP occurred over Santa Maria (∼120%).
A Novel Multidisciplinary Approach for the Thermo‐Rheological Study of Volcanic Areas: The Case Study of Long Valley Caldera
Authors: Gola G. , Barone A. , Castaldo R. , Chiodini G. , D'Auria L. , García‐Hernández R. , Pepe S. , Solaro G. , Tizzani P.
Published: December 2020

We propose a novel multidisciplinary approach to image the thermo‐rheological stratification beneath active volcanic areas, such as Long Valley Caldera (LVC). We performed a thermal fluid dynamic model via optimization procedure of the thermal conditions of the crust. We characterize the topology of the hot magmatic bodies and the hot fluid circulation (the permeable fault‐zones), using both a novel imaging of the a and b parameters of the Gutenberg‐Richter law and an innovative procedure analysis of P‐wave tomographic models. The optimization procedure provides the permeability of a reservoir (5.0 × 10−14 m2) and of the fault‐zone (5.0  ·  10−14 – 1.0  ×  10−13 m2), as well as the temperature of the magma body (750–800°C). The imaging of the rheological properties of the crust indicates that the brittle/ductile transition occurs about 5 km b.s.l. depth, beneath the resurgent dome. There are again deeper brittle conditions about 15 km b.s.l., agreeing with the previous observations. The comparison between the conductive and the conductive‐convective heat transfer models highlights that the deeper fluid circulation efficiently cools the volumes above the magmatic body, transferring the heat to the shallow geothermal system. This process has a significant impact on the rheological properties of the upper crust as the migration of the B/D transition. Our findings show an active magmatic system (6–10 km deep) and confirm that LVC is a long‐life silicic caldera system.
Subsurface Geometry and Emplacement Conditions of a Giant Dike System in Elysium Fossae, Mars
Authors: Rivas‐Dorado Sam , Ruiz Javier , Romeo Ignacio
Published: December 2020

Elysium Fossae is a NW‐SE, 350 km‐long linear graben system located in the eastern flank of Elysium Mons, Mars. Graben widths, lengths, and topographic data were used to model the thicknesses, depths, heights, and excess pressures of a possible dike system underneath these grabens. Area balance on topographic profiles across the structures reveals dikes at depths of 241–2,330 m below the surface, with average thicknesses <60 m, and heights of 15–20 km. These heights are approximately three times larger than terrestrial dikes intruded in the shallow crust. The subsurface properties suggest a teardrop‐shape geometry for the dikes, which has been observed in many theoretical and analog dike models. Additionally, the aspect ratios (thicknesses and lengths) of the inferred dikes are consistent with sublinear scaling, characteristic of fluid‐induced fractures. The obtained critical stress intensity factors (Kic) are between 3.14 and 15.15 GPa·m1/2 and are slightly higher than those of terrestrial dikes intruded in similar lithologies. The maximum excess pressures calculated from stress intensity factors are between 31 and 276 MPa. These are also consistent with pressures calculated for terrestrial dikes despite the greater aperture and height of the Elysium dikes. Theoretical calculations of excess pressures for variable dike heights support both the values calculated from empirical observations, and that Martian dike heights may consistently be three times the heights of terrestrial dikes. In summary, this work supports: (1) the existence of a dike system underneath Elysium and (2) that dike heights in rocky planets may scale inversely with gravitational acceleration.
Rockwall Slope Erosion in the Northwestern Himalaya
Authors: Orr Elizabeth N. , Owen Lewis A. , Saha Sourav , Hammer Sarah J. , Caffee Marc W.
Published: December 2020

Rockwall slope erosion is an important component of alpine landscape evolution, yet the role of climate and tectonics in driving this erosion remains unclear. We define the distribution and magnitude of periglacial rockwall slope erosion across 12 catchments in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir in the Himalaya of northern India using cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in sediment from medial moraines. Beryllium‐10 concentrations range from 0.5 ± 0.04 × 104 to 260.0 ± 12.5 × 104 at/g SiO2, which yield erosion rates between 7.6 ± 1.0 and 0.02 ± 0.004 mm/a. Between ∼0.02 and ∼8 m of rockwall slope erosion would be possible in this setting across a single millennium, and >2 km when extrapolated for the Quaternary period. This erosion affects catchment sediment flux and glacier dynamics, and helps to establish the pace of topographic change at the headwaters of catchments. We combine rockwall erosion records from the Himalaya of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttarakhand in India and Baltistan in Pakistan to create a regional erosion data set. Rockwall slope erosion rates progressively decrease with distance north from the Main Central Thrust and into the interior of the orogen. The distribution and magnitude of this erosion is most closely associated with records of Himalayan denudation and rock uplift, where the highest rates of change are recorded in the Greater Himalaya sequences. This suggests that tectonically driven uplift, rather than climate, is a first order control on patterns of rockwall slope erosion in the northwestern Himalaya. Precipitation and temperature would therefore come as secondary controls.
Reconstructing Depositional Rates and Their Effect on Paleoenvironmental Proxies: The Case of the Lau Carbon Isotope Excursion in Gotland, Sweden
Authors: Jarochowska E. , Nohl T. , Grohganz M. , Hohmann N. , Vandenbroucke T. R. A. , Munnecke A.
Published: December 2020

Variations in depositional rates affect the temporal depositional resolutions of proxies used for paleoenvironmental reconstructions; for example, condensation can make reconstructed environmental changes appear very abrupt. This is commonly addressed by transforming proxy data using age models, but this approach is limited to situations where numerical ages are available or can be reliably inferred by correlation. Here we propose a new solution, in which relative age models are constructed based on proxies for depositional rates. As a case study, we use the onset of the late Silurian Lau Carbon Isotope Excursion (LCIE) in Gotland, Sweden. The studied succession is a gradual record of shallowing upward in a tropical, neritic carbonate platform. As proxies for depositional rates we tested thorium concentration, carbonate content, and the concentration of pelagic palynomorphs. These three proxies were used to create relative age models using the previously published DAIME model. We applied these models to transform the δ13Ccarb values as well as concentrations of selected redox‐sensitive elements. The three relative age models yielded qualitatively similar results. In our case study, variations in depositional rates resulted in peaks of redox proxies appearing up to 76% higher when taken at face value, compared to when accounting for these rates. In the most extreme cases, our corrections resulted in a reversal in the stratigraphic trend of elemental concentrations. This approach can be applied and developed across depositional setting and types of paleoenvironmental proxies. It provides a flexible tool for developing quantitative models to improve our understanding of the stratigraphic record.
Seasonality in Holocene Temperature Reconstructions in Southwestern China
Authors: Sun Xiaoshuang , Zhao Cheng , Zhang Can , Feng Xiaoping , Yan Tianlong , Yang Xiangdong , Shen Ji
Published: December 2020

Reconstructions of global surface temperature, dominated by records from the northern extratropics, show an apparent Holocene cooling trend after the early Holocene climatic optimum. However, model simulations suggest a global warming Holocene tendency. This “Holocene temperature conundrum” may be caused by the seasonal bias of paleotemperature proxies. Here we report a quantitative Holocene record with ∼100‐year resolution based on branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers from an alpine lake in southwestern China. Our reconstructed Holocene temperature record displays a steady long‐term trend without distinct cooling or warming changes. Based on the temperature values and their evolution over time, our reconstruction is interpreted to present temperature changes in ice‐free seasons from March to November. Unlike the often‐documented Holocene cooling of regional summer temperatures driven by boreal summer insolation, this observed trend in our reconstructed temperatures is probably caused by slightly decreasing local ice‐free season insolation and somewhat compensated by increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Our results demonstrate that the climatic drivers of ice‐free season and summer temperature changes could be different and highlight the significance of elucidating the seasonality of proxies before using them for paleoclimate reconstructions.
A Method for Integrating Delayed Recharge Flux Through Unsaturated Zones into Analytical and Numerical Groundwater Flow Modeling
Authors: Park Eungyu , Jeong Jina , Choung Sungwook , Han Weon Shik , Kim Kue‐Young , Suk Heejun
Published: December 2020

The temporal delay in the water table's response to precipitation is a common phenomenon. Using a mathematical model, we developed a function that represents the recharge flux through unsaturated zones of varying thickness to model the delayed response of groundwater level due to precipitation. The recharge flux from the developed function was integrated into the analytical and numerical models to estimate the actual groundwater levels in the unsaturated zone. The analytical and numerical models accurately determined the actual groundwater levels. Additionally, calibrated hydraulic parameters from numerical estimates reflected the values measured in the actual aquifer, thereby highlighting the potential application of the developed function to wide‐ranging groundwater problems. Based on the recharge function, a recharge module can be developed for existing flow simulators to enhance groundwater modeling.
Comparison of thrombus, gut, and oral microbiomes in Korean patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a case–control study
Authors: Kwun Ju-Seung , Kang Si-Hyuck , Lee Hyo-Jung , Park Han-Ki , Lee Won-Jae , Yoon Chang-Hwan , Suh Jung-Won , Cho Young-Seok , Youn Tae-Jin , Chae In-Ho
Published: December 2020

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is characterized by thrombotic coronary artery occlusions caused by atherosclerotic plaque rupture. The gut microbiome potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of coronary artery diseases. This study investigated the microbial diversity and composition of coronary thrombi in STEMI patients and the composition of the thrombus microbiome relative to that of the oral and gut microbiomes. A case–control study was performed with 22 STEMI patients and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Coronary thrombi were acquired from STEMI patients via manual thrombus aspiration during primary coronary intervention. Oral swab and stool samples were collected from both groups, and 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomic microbiome analyses were performed. Microbial DNA was detected in 4 of 22 coronary thrombi. Proteobacteria (p) and Bacteroidetes (p) were the most abundant phyla. The oral and gut microbiomes significantly differed between patients and healthy controls. The patient group presented microbial dysbiosis, as follows: a higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria (p) and Enterobacteriaceae (f) in the gut microbiome and a lower abundance of Firmicutes (p) and Haemophilus (g) in the oral microbiome. Furthermore, 4 significantly abundant genera were observed in the coronary thrombus in the patients: Escherichia, 1.25%; Parabacteroides, 0.25%; Christensenella, 0.0%; and Bacteroides, 7.48%. The present results indicate that the relative abundance of the gut and oral microbiomes was correlated with that of the thrombus microbiome.
Targeting multiple signaling pathways: the new approach to acute myeloid leukemia therapy
Authors: Carter Jenna L. , Hege Katie , Yang Jay , Kalpage Hasini A. , Su Yongwei , Edwards Holly , Hüttemann Maik , Taub Jeffrey W. , Ge Yubin
Published: December 2020

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults and the second most common form of acute leukemia in children. Despite this, very little improvement in survival rates has been achieved over the past few decades. This is partially due to the heterogeneity of AML and the need for more targeted therapeutics than the traditional cytotoxic chemotherapies that have been a mainstay in therapy for the past 50 years. In the past 20 years, research has been diversifying the approach to treating AML by investigating molecular pathways uniquely relevant to AML cell proliferation and survival. Here we review the development of novel therapeutics in targeting apoptosis, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, hedgehog (HH) pathway, mitochondrial function, DNA repair, and c-Myc signaling. There has been an impressive effort into better understanding the diversity of AML cell characteristics and here we highlight important preclinical studies that have supported therapeutic development and continue to promote new ways to target AML cells. In addition, we describe clinical investigations that have led to FDA approval of new targeted AML therapies and ongoing clinical trials of novel therapies targeting AML survival pathways. We also describe the complexity of targeting leukemia stem cells (LSCs) as an approach to addressing relapse and remission in AML and targetable pathways that are unique to LSC survival. This comprehensive review details what we currently understand about the signaling pathways that support AML cell survival and the exceptional ways in which we disrupt them.
Metal-induced n+/n homojunction for ultrahigh electron mobility transistors
Authors: Park Ji-Min , Kim Hyoung-Do , Joh Hongrae , Jang Seong Cheol , Park Kyung , Park Yun Chang , Nahm Ho-Hyun , Kim Yong-Hyun , Jeon Sanghun , Kim Hyun-Suk
Published: December 2020

A self-organized n+/n homojunction is proposed to achieve ultrahigh performance of thin film transistors (TFTs) based on an amorphous (Zn,Ba)SnO3 (ZBTO) semiconductor with sufficiently limited scattering centers. A deposited Al layer can induce a highly O-deficient (n+) interface layer in the back channel of a-ZBTO without damaging the front channel layer via the formation of a metal-oxide interlayer between the metal and back channel. The n+ layer can significantly improve the field-effect mobility by providing a relatively high concentration of free electrons in the front n-channel ZBTO, where the scattering of carriers is already controlled. In comparison with a Ti layer, the Al metal layer is superior, as confirmed by first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations, due to the stronger metal-O bonds, which make it easier to form a metal oxide AlOx interlayer through the removal of oxygen from ZBTO. The field-effect mobility of a-ZBTO with an Al capping layer can reach 153.4 cm2/Vs, which is higher than that of the pristine device, i.e., 20.8 cm2/Vs. This result paves the way for the realization of a cost-effective method for implementing indium-free ZBTO devices in various applications, such as flat panel displays and large-area electronic circuits.