bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LINGUISTIC POLITENESS IN BRITAIN AND URUGUAY: A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF REQUESTS AND APOLOGIES. Rosina Marquez Reiter. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2001. Pp. xviii + 225. $95.00 cloth.
Authors: Burton Robert S.
Published: May 2008

When asked by a group of toying aristocrats whether he has an opinion about certain events in world politics, Stevens, the British butler of Kazuo Ishiguro's award-winning novel, The remains of the day, replies to one of the gentlemen in the group, “I'm very sorry, sir; but I am unable to be of assistance on this matter” (p. 195). It is the kind of indirect apology that Rosina Marquez Reiter would find delicious and perfect proof of her working thesis that British speakers (especially when compared with Uruguayan speakers) try to maintain “face” as much as possible while at the same time trying to mitigate potential threats that might arise between speakers.
Psychopathology as an outcome of development
Authors: SROUFE L. ALAN
Published: May 2008

When maladaptation is viewed as development rather than as disease, a transformed understanding results and a fundamentally different research agenda emerges. Within a developmental perspective, maladaptation is viewed as evolving through the successive adaptations of persons in their environments. It is not something a person “has” or an ineluctable expression of an endogenous pathogen. It is the complex result of a myriad of risk and protective factors operating over time. Key research questions within this framework center on discovery of factors that place individuals on pathways probabilistically leading to later disturbances and factors and processes which maintain individuals on, or deflect them from, such pathways once enjoined. There is an interest in recognizing patterns of maladaptation which, while not properly considered disorder themselves, commonly are precursors of disorder and also in conditions of risk that lie outside of the individual, as well as any endogenous influences. Likewise, there is a focus on factors and processes that lead individuals away from disorder that has emerged, which goes beyond interest in management of symptoms. Finally, many topics that currently are capturing attention in the field, such as “comorbidity” and “resilience,” are seen in new ways from within the perspective of development.
Integrating nature and nurture: Implications of person–environment correlations and interactions for developmental psychopathology
Authors: RUTTER MICHAEL , DUNN JUDY , PLOMIN ROBERT , SIMONOFF EMILY , PICKLES ANDREW , MAUGHAN BARBARA , ORMEL JOHAN , MEYER JOANNE , EAVES LINDON
Published: May 2008

The developmental interplay between nature and nurture is discussed, with particular reference to implications for research in developmental psychopathology. The general principles include individual differences in reactivity to the environment, two-way interplay between intraindividual biology and environmental influences, and the need to consider broader social contextual features. Individuals actively process their experiences; they also act on their environment to shape and select their experiences, and individual characteristics change over time. Key findings on genetic effects include their ubiquitous influence, the multifactorial origin of most psychopathology, the involvement of several genes in most mental disorders, some genetic effects operate through dimensional risk features rather than directly on disorder, some genetic effects are dependent on gene–environment correlations and interactions, and genetic effects increase with age. Key findings on environmental effects include their ubiquitous influence, the genetic mediation of some supposed environmental effects, the importance of passive gene–environment correlations, the paucity of evidence regarding environmental effects on lifetime liability to psychopathology, the lack of understanding of environmental effects on the organism, and the importance of nonshared environmental effects. Research strategies to investigate environmental risk mediation include the range of genetically sensitive designs, migration studies, secular trend investigations, studies of nonfamilial environments, and examination of intraindividual change in relation to measured environmental alterations. Proximal processes involved in person–environment interplay are discussed in relation to person–environment interactions and evocative and active person–environment correlations.
From impasse to insight in autism research: From behavioral symptoms to biological explanations
Authors: YEUNG–COURCHESNE RACHEL , COURCHESNE ERIC
Published: May 2008

The incomplete interface between remediation-oriented research and basic science research has hampered progress toward gaining insight into the etiologies of autism, despite the availability of abundant research data. Investigators of these two research domains differ in their background training and primary goals, which necessarily affect their missions, perspectives, research questions posed, methodologies selected, and interpretation of data from the research. Miscommunication between the two types of researchers has brought about disagreement on nearly every aspect of the research process. We discuss both sides of the impasse: a traditional clinical practice perspective based on the requirement for finding immediate answers to the remediation question and the basic science perspective with the goal of delineating the sequence of biological changes from the initial cause(s) of abnormal development to behavioral outcome. Although remediation-oriented research aims at alleviation of symptoms for today's patients, we propose that a basic science perspective seeks insight into the triggering causes and pathogenesis of the disorder from which better diagnosis and remediation may be devised for patients in the future. We suggest that research in autism can progress beyond the impasse of disagreement and competition toward information integration and insight by means of dialogue, data exchange, discussion, collaboration, and cooperation.
What should be the focus of emotion regulation in children? A nonlinear dynamic mathematical model of children's peer interaction in groups
Authors: GOTTMAN JOHN MORDECHAI , GURALNICK MICHAEL J. , WILSON BEVERLY , SWANSON CATHERINE C. , MURRAY JAMES D.
Published: May 2008

This paper questions the assumption that children's social and emotional competence be placed within the developing child, rather than in the interaction of the child with the range of peer social ecologies in which the children might function. This paper presents a new nonstatistical mathematical approach to modeling children's peer social interaction in small groups using nonlinear difference equations in which both an uninfluenced and an influenced regulatory set point of positive minus negative interaction can be separately estimated. Using this model and the estimation procedure, it is possible to estimate what a focal child and the group initially brings to the group interaction and also how these regulatory set points are influenced by the interaction to determine two influenced regulatory set points. Six-person mainstreamed and specialized groups were established involving three types of unacquainted preschool boys: children with and without developmental delays and a language disordered but intellectually normally functioning group, using a methodology that ensured appropriate matching of child and family characteristics. For each 2-week play group, the social interactions of each child were observed during a designated free play period. Handicapped children were observed in either a specialized or mainstreamed setting. The application made of this modeling process in this paper is generating theory to attempt to understand influence processes. Parameters are introduced that reflect uninfluenced target child and group set points, emotional inertia, and influence functions.
Expanding the Domain of Policy-Relevant Scholarship in
the Social Sciences
Authors: Wilson William Julius
Published: May 2008

As a former President of the Consortium of Social Science
Associations (COSSA), I am very pleased to be a featured speaker on
the contributions of social and behavioral research to public policy
and to help celebrate the Consortium's twentieth anniversary. In my
talk this afternoon, I want to address the important issue of
expanding the domain of policy-relevant scholarship in the social
sciences.
Nomination Forms Online
Authors: Sullivan Terry
Published: May 2008

That the White House had no institutional memory—the problem
prompting the White House Interview Program (WHIP)—represents just
one area in which the White House 2001 Project affected the
presidential transition. In appointments, the Pew Charitable Trusts
identified a second transition problem. In 1996, the Twentieth
Century Fund produced a blue-ribbon study outlining several issues
undermining the appeal of government appointment. The study,
entitled Obstacle Course: The Report of the Twentieth
Century Task Force on Presidential Appointment Process,
convinced Pew to focus on the recruitment of presidential nominees.
As part of that initiative, they contemplated a computer program
that would reduce the burden placed on nominees by filing numerous,
intrusive, and repetitive questionnaires.
Already Buried and Sinking Fast: Presidential Nominees
and Inquiry
Authors: Sullivan Terry
Published: May 2008

Nothing challenges a new President's team more than its need to fill
out the executive. The White House 2001 Project played a significant
role in this aspect of the presidential transition. Its White House
Interview Program provided useful information gleaned from the
rarified ranks of White House personnel, and its Nomination
Forms Online Program detailed for the first time the
exact particulars of the inquiry process. Already well under way by
the time the Bush team began planning in 1999, the White House 2001
Project provided the Bush staff with details about two of the five
great transition challenges affecting personnel: scale and
complexity.
Relations with Congress
Authors: Ornstein Norman , Fortier John
Published: May 2008

Even before the 36-day fandango following the election, George W.
Bush and his team focused both on the presidential transition and
the initial days of the presidency. Bush and chief political adviser
Karl Rove had read history, examining how previous presidents had
handled their initial phases in transition and in office; early on,
Rove cautioned reporters and analysts to watch not the first 100
days but the first 180 days for an early measure of the president's
capacity and success.
Tenure-Track Employment Opportunities at the Community
College Level: A View from the Job Candidate's
Perspective
Authors: Douglas Donald Kent
Published: May 2008

This article provides additional information on community college
tenure-track opportunities for job candidates in political science
who might be considering expanding their searches to include posts
at two-year colleges. I write from the perspective of the successful
community college job-search candidate, and provide reflections and
advice relating to three areas of the community college job search
and teaching environment. In the first section I discuss my decision
to seek a position at a two-year college and I address the dilemmas
of professional self-image that may face new Ph.D.s considering
community college employment. The second section recounts key
strategies and practices that I found successful as a candidate on
the community college market. In the final section I describe what I
have learned during my first year as a community college instructor,
focusing on the specific adaptations I have made in creating a
classroom environment that is academically challenging for advanced
students yet not rigidly inaccessible to students with limited basic
skills.
“Perestroika” Lost: Why the Latest “Reform” Movement in
Political Science Should Fail
Authors: Bennett Stephen Earl
Published: May 2008

Having been a political scientist since the mid-1960s, I have seen
calls for disciplinary change come and go. The latest “revolution”
is particularly disappointing. Dubbed the “Perestroika movement,”
after the nom de plume of the “revolt's” conjurer,
supporters of this latest “protest” often make sweeping claims,
couched in apocalyptic imagery. Ultimately, Perestroikans alienate
some who favor disciplinary changes. Those who rail against the
profession's political irrelevance are themselves bad
politicians.
Should We Make Political Science More of a Science or
More about Politics?
Authors: Smith Rogers M.
Published: May 2008

To paraphrase slightly, I have been asked to focus on the apparent
tensions between making genuinely scientific contributions by
advancing knowledge in rigorous ways within specialized subfields,
on the one hand, and addressing substantive political issues of
general interest in accessible fashion, on the other. My view is
that, though we should try to do both things, we should give
priority to the latter—to helping both disciplinary and general
public understandings of important substantive political issues
become better informed and reasoned. To adopt this priority is
still, I believe, to pursue the main tasks of political science as
scientifically as possible; but it is true that this course involves
significant tradeoffs.
The Facts about Television Advertising and the
McCain-Feingold Bill
Authors: Krasno Jonathan , Goldstein Kenneth
Published: May 2008

This paper uses a unique source of data about television commercials
to examine some of the most important issues connected to this
proposal. It is appropriate that we focus on television advertising
since it is the largest—and most discussed—single category of
expenditures by candidates, parties and interest groups in federal
elections. McCain-Feingold's chief impact would surely be seen on
the nation's airwaves, on the thousands of issue ads paid for with
soft money. Indeed, many of the arguments for and against
McCain-Feingold are rooted in different interpretations of those
very ads.
The Job Market and Placement, 1999–2001
Authors: Davis Sue
Published: May 2008

As I started working on the placement report, I asked myself—as well as many friends and colleagues—what do we want to know about the job market and why do we want to know it? I rapidly followed with the questions, “Are there enough data to answer these questions?” and “How can we have better data so that future answers will be better than what I can provide here?” But we'll come back to those last two questions at the end.
STATE OF THE ART:
Authors: Edmundson William A.
Published: May 2008

Philosophy, despite its typical attitude of detachment and abstraction, has for most of its long history been engaged with the practical and mundane-seeming question of whether there is a duty to obey the law. As Matthew Kramer has recently summarized: “For centuries, political and legal theorists have pondered whether each person is under a general obligation of obedience to the legal norms of the society wherein he or she lives. The obligation at issue in those theorists' discussions is usually taken to be prima-facie, comprehensively applicable, universally borne, and content-independent.” This essay is a commentary on the current state of discussion of this perennial philosophical topic.
Predicting functional performance by patients with
Alzheimer's disease using the Problems in Everyday Living
(PEDL) Test: A preliminary study
Authors: LECKEY GEORGE S. , BEATTY WILLIAM W.
Published: May 2008

Findings from a recent population-based survey indicate that
about 33% of patients with dementia reside alone. Because many
of these patients may not have a caregiver who visits them
regularly, the need for a neuropsychological (NP) test to predict
patients' functional competence to live alone safely is
evident. In this study, we compared the accuracy of predicting
Instrumental and Basic Activities (IADLs and ADLs) of 22 patients
with Alzheimer's disease using several standard NP tests
and the newly developed Problems in Everyday Living (PEDL) test.
Performance of IADLs and ADLs as rated by caregivers was
significantly correlated with performance on the PEDL, the
Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), and with the Shipley Institute
of Living Test of Verbal Abstraction (SILS-A), but not with
vocabulary or naming. The PEDL was the best predictor of IADL
scores (r = 0.71), compared to the MMSE (r
= 0.52) and the SILS-A (r = 0.57), while the MMSE was
the best predictor of ADL performance (r = 0.69), compared
to the PEDL (r = 0.58) and the SILS-A (r =
0.50). (JINS, 2002, 8, 48–57.)
Paired associate performance in the early detection of DAT
Authors: FOWLER KYLIE S. , SALING MICHAEL M. , CONWAY ELIZABETH L. , SEMPLE, JAMES M. , LOUIS WILLIAM J.
Published: May 2008

Subjects underwent longitudinal neuropsychological assessment
in order to retrospectively determine which measures of cognitive
function best predicted later development of dementia of the
Alzheimer type (DAT). Three groups of subjects were studied:
normal controls, patients with early DAT, and questionable dementia
subjects (QD). All subjects were assessed using a battery of
standard neuropsychological measures and two subtests from the
Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB),
paired associate learning and delayed matching to sample. A
structured interview was also used to elicit a profile of the
subject's daily functioning. Subjects were assessed every
6 months for 2 years. At the 6 month assessment, almost half
of the QD group exhibited significant deterioration in scores
on the computerized paired associate learning subtest, while
maintaining their scores on standard measures. At the conclusion
of the study, all of this QD subgroup fulfilled the
NINCDS–ADRDA criteria for probable DAT pertaining to
significant cognitive and functional deterioration. Performance
on the CANTAB paired associate learning subtest identified the
onset of progressive memory deterioration in a subgroup of QD
subjects. In almost all cases this was well before significant
deterioration was noted on standard neuropsychological measures.
Paired associate learning performance may therefore be a valuable
tool for the early, preclinical detection and assessment of
DAT. (JINS, 2002, 8, 58–71.)
Attentional processes and their remediation in children treated
for cancer: A literature review and the development of a
therapeutic approach
Authors: BUTLER ROBERT W. , COPELAND DONNA R.
Published: May 2008

It is now generally accepted that central nervous system
treatments for childhood cancer can result in significant cognitive
impairment, most commonly in the areas of
attention/concentration. We review the literature on
attentional and neurocognitive deficits in this population,
and also efforts to remediate attentional deficits in other
brain injured populations. It was our goal to develop an
innovative, psychologically based outpatient rehabilitation
program that would improve dysfunctional attentional processes
and associated neuropsychological deficits. The characteristics
of this program and a pilot study of its effectiveness are
described. Participants were 31 off-therapy cancer survivors
with documented attention deficits. Twenty-one completed the
cognitive remediation program (CRP) and 10 served as comparisons.
All participants completed a test of vigilance attention, 2
tests with an attentional component, and an arithmetic academic
achievement measure. When the scores of the 2 groups were compared,
the CRP group exhibited statistically significant improvement
on all attentional measures. In contrast, the comparison group
did not manifest any significant changes. Neither group
demonstrated statistically significant changes on the arithmetic
achievement test. We believe that the CRP has potential for
improving attention/concentration, but generalization to
academic achievement remains unproven. Phase 3 clinical trials
and the documentation of long-term treatment gains are needed.
Furthermore, it will be necessary to demonstrate the ecological
validity of the CRP. With these caveats, this therapeutic approach
may be helpful in other populations of cognitively impaired
children and young adults, such as patients who have suffered
traumatic brain injury. (JINS, 2002, 8,
115–124.)
Emotional experience and perception in the absence of facial
feedback
Authors: KEILLOR JOCELYN M. , BARRETT ANNA M. , CRUCIAN GREGORY P. , KORTENKAMP, SARAH , HEILMAN KENNETH M.
Published: May 2008

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial
expressions are either necessary or sufficient to produce emotional
experience. Researchers have noted that the ideal test of the
necessity aspect of this hypothesis would be an evaluation of
emotional experience in a patient suffering from a bilateral
facial paralysis; however, this condition is rare and no such
report has been documented. We examined the role of facial
expressions in the determination of emotion by studying a patient
(F.P.) suffering from a bilateral facial paralysis. Despite
her inability to convey emotions through facial expressions,
F.P. reported normal emotional experience. When F.P. viewed
emotionally evocative slides her reactions were not dampened
relative to the normative sample. F.P. retained her ability
to detect, discriminate, and image emotional expressions. These
findings are not consistent with theories stating that feedback
from an active face is necessary to experience emotion, or to
process emotional facial expressions. (JINS, 2002,
8, 130–135.)
Engaging Subjective Knowledge: How Amar Singh's Diary Narratives of and by the Self Explain Identity Formation
Authors: Rudolph Lloyd I. , Rudolph Susanne Hoeber
Published: May 2008

What should count as knowledge in political science? We have tried here to show that subjectivity is valid and useful, that firstperson accounts of experience—‘telling what I know,” narratives of and by the self, partial and contingent truths, and self-asother ethnography—contribute to knowledge. The move to subjective knowledge does not require the abandonment of objectivity. Self-consciousness and reflexivity simply make it possible to render the familiar unfamiliar, to gain a certain detachment, to achieve “objective subjectivity.” Subjective knowledge helps to explain identity and category formation and the politics of recognition. Accessibility to the politics of those taken to be outside the public sphere, those whose behavior is not easily observed or counted by objective political science—colonized persons, subalterns, and marginalized minorities—depends on their ability to articulate their identities, purposes, and interests. Such forms of identity politics have become of increasing interest to political scientists concerned with subaltern agency, multiculturalism, and ethnic conflict and peace.
Poor People's Movements 25 Years Later: Historical Context, Contemporary Issues
Authors: Kling Joseph
Published: May 2008

Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail. By Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward. New York: Pantheon Books, 1977. 381 pages.
Civic Populism
Authors: Boyte Harry C.
Published: May 2008

Daniel Patrick Moynihan once argued, “The central conservative truth is that it is culture, not politics, that determines the success of a society.” Today, politics, as conventionally understood, illustrates the unspoken danger in Moynihan's point. Politics itself reflects larger trends that point not toward success but toward social failure. Superficial sloganeering, domination by marketplace modes of thought, and bitter sectarian divisions—cultural patterns also evident in politics—made “being political” an accusation of choice in the 2002 elections. These patterns are creating a civic illness that seems both all-pervasive and ineluctable.
Designing an Inducer‐Feeding Schedule To Enhance Production of Recombinant Protein in Escherichia coli by Microbial Reaction Engineering
Authors: Gonzalez Jesus M. , Hsu James T.
Published: May 2008

Metabolic constraints during the production of recombinant protein in Escherichia coli impede the efficient utilization of resources by the cells, thus reducing their production potential. In order to minimize these adverse effects, we have proposed to segregate the cell population into two groups: the first one formed by non‐induced cells, growing at a high specific growth rate and rapidly contributing cells to the system, and the second one formed by fully induced cells, growing slowly but using the cell machinery to express the target protein. An adequate balance between these two populations should maximize the protein expression in a given system. This segregation is accomplished experimentally by taking advantage of the “all or none” phenomenon, in which at subsaturated inducer conditions the cells are either fully induced or fully uninduced. Based on this two‐population theory, a mathematical model was developed in which a parameter α was defined as the fraction of the fully induced cells in the total population. In this study three different induction strategies were investigated and their effect on the protein production was established. It was found that the linear increase of this fraction, achieving maximum induction (α = 1) only at the end of the fermentation and with a slope m = 0.15 gave the best results. Finally these results were validated experimentally with the finding that they closely match the mathematical simulation with a 26% increase in protein production with respect to the conventional induction approach described.
Interpreting the Mismatch Negativity
Authors: Winkler István
Published: May 2008

The widely accepted “memory-mismatch” interpretation of the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related brain potential (ERP) suggests that an MMN is elicited when an acoustic event deviates from a memory record describing the immediate history of the sound sequence. The first variant of the memory-mismatch theory suggested that the memory underlying MMN generation was a strong auditory sensory memory trace, which encoded the repetitive standard sound. This “trace-mismatch” explanation of MMN has been primarily based on results obtained in the auditory oddball paradigm. However, in recent years, MMN has been observed in stimulus paradigms containing no frequently repeating sound. We now suggest a different variant of the memory-mismatch interpretation of MMN in order to provide a unified explanation of all MMN phenomena. The regularity-violation explanation of MMN assumes that the memory records retaining the history of auditory stimulation are regularity representations. These representations encode rules extracted from the regular intersound relationships, which are mapped to the concrete sound sequence by finely detailed auditory sensory information. Auditory events are compared with temporally aligned predictions drawn from the regularity representations (predictive models) and the observable MMN response reflects a process updating the representations of those detected regularities whose prediction was mismatched by the acoustic input. It is further suggested that the auditory deviance detection system serves to organize sound in the brain: The predictive models maintained by the MMN-generating process provide the basis of temporal grouping, a crucial step in the formation of auditory objects.
Visual Mismatch Negativity
Authors: Czigler István
Published: May 2008

The visual homolog of the (auditory) mismatch negativity, the vMMN, has already been reviewed ( Pazo-Alvarez, Cadaveira, & Amenedo, 2003 ), but a considerable body of more recent research exists. The present paper concentrates on two crucial issues of vMMN research. These issues are the memory-dependence of the vMMN and the problem of attentive vs. nonattentive processing in vMMN research. While both issues require further clarification, vMMN seems to be a promising index of the nonattentional registration of the violation of environmental rules in the visual word.
Root zone of the sheeted dike complex in the Oman ophiolite
Authors: Nicolas Adolphe , Boudier Françoise , Koepke Jurgen , France Lydéric , Ildefonse Benoît , Mevel Catherine
Published: May 2008

In the Oman ophiolite crustal section, a contact zone between the gabbro unit and the volcanics and diabase sheeted dikes, called the root zone of the sheeted dike complex, has been recently mapped at a fine scale in a selected area. The Oman ophiolite is derived from a fast spreading ridge which had a melt lens located between the main gabbro unit and the root zone of the sheeted dike complex. With a few exceptions accounted for, this horizon has a fairly constant thickness, ∼100 m, and a crude internal pseudo‐stratigraphy. At the base of the root zone are isotropic ophitic gabbros interpreted as a thermal boundary layer. This layer is transitional between the magmatic system of the melt lens, convecting at 1200°C, and a high‐temperature (<1100°C) hydrothermal system, convecting within the root zone. Above this level, the isotropic gabbros have been, locally, largely molten due to an influx of seawater, at ∼1100°C, thus generating varitextured ophitic and pegmatitic gabbros. These latter gabbros constitute the upper part of the root zone and are associated with trondjhemitic intrusions as screens in the lower sheeted dikes. Diorites and trondjhemites were also generated by hydrous melting, at temperatures below 1000°C. The whole root zone is a domain of very sharp average thermal gradient (∼7°C/m). At the top of the root zone, a new thermal boundary layer, with diabase dikes hydrated in amphibolite facies conditions, separates the preceding high‐temperature convective system from the well‐known greenschist facies (<450°C) hydrothermal system operating throughout the sheeted dike complex, up to the seafloor. The isotropic gabbros near the base of the root zone are intruded by protodikes with distinctive microgranular margins and an ophitic center. Protodike swarms are exceptional because, intruding a medium at ∼1100°C, they are largely destroyed by dike‐in‐dike intrusions and by hydrous melting. However, they demonstrate that this zone was generated by melt conduits issued from the underlying melt lens. Each dike of the sheeted dike complex is thus fed by one protodike. As this zone has been recently drilled by IODP in the eastern Pacific Ocean, a brief comparison is proposed.
Occurrence characteristics of plasma bubble derived from global ground‐based GPS receiver networks
Authors: Nishioka M. , Saito A. , Tsugawa T.
Published: May 2008

Occurrence characteristic of plasma bubble was studied using ground‐based GPS receiver networks. The occurrence rate of plasma bubble derived from the global GPS network has higher spatial and temporal resolution than that derived from the other observational techniques because of its wide coverage of the observation. The physical characteristics of plasma bubble occurrence were studied in detail with this novel data set. Twenty‐three GPS receivers around the dip equator were used to reveal the occurrence from 2000 to 2006. Characteristics of the monthly occurrence rates were different among the regions. Although it was found that sunset time lag effect plays an important role for the monthly variation, two asymmetries which could not be explained with the sunset time lag scenario were found: (1) asymmetry between two solstices and (2) asymmetry between two equinoxes. The seasonal variation of the F‐region conductivity integrated along the geomagnetic field line could partially explain the solstice asymmetry. Semiannual occurrence rates from 2000 to 2006 were used to study the year‐to‐year variation from the high solar activity period to the low solar activity period. The dependency of the occurrence on the solar activity was different among the regions. Occurrence rates against the latitude/altitude were investigated in the Asian region in 2004. It was found that the occurrence was high and constant for a station whose height on the dip equator (HODE) was less than 700 km. They began to decrease when HODE was higher than 700 km and was almost zero where it was higher than 900 km.
Effect of a northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field on cusp precipitation as observed by Cluster
Authors: Escoubet C. P. , Berchem J. , Bosqued J. M. , Trattner K. J. , Taylor M. G. G. T. , Pitout F. , Laakso H. , Masson A. , Dunlop M. , Dandouras I. , Reme H. , Fazakerley A. N. , Daly P.
Published: May 2008

The immediate effect of the rotation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from southward to northward on cusp precipitation has been rarely observed by a polar orbiting satellite in the past. The four Cluster spacecraft observed such an event on 23 September 2004 as they were crossing the polar cusp within 2–16 min from each other. Between the first three and the last spacecraft crossing the cusp, the IMF rotated from southward to northward with a dominant By (GSM) component. For the first time we can examine the changes in the particle precipitation immediately after such IMF change. The first two spacecraft observed typical IMF‐southward ion dispersion, while the last one observed both an IMF‐southward‐like dispersion in the boundary layer and an IMF‐northward dispersion in the cusp. After the IMF turning, the cusp is shown to have grown in size in both the poleward and equatorward directions. A three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation is used to determine the locations of the sources of the ions and the topology of the magnetic field during the event.
Simultaneous appearance of isolated auroral arcs and Pc 1 geomagnetic pulsations at subauroral latitudes
Authors: Sakaguchi K. , Shiokawa K. , Miyoshi Y. , Otsuka Y. , Ogawa T. , Asamura K. , Connors M.
Published: May 2008

We have been conducting observations of aurora and geomagnetic pulsations at Athabasca, Canada, located at a subauroral latitude (magnetic latitude: 62°, L ∼ 4.6), using an all‐sky imager and an induction magnetometer. Isolated auroral arcs at wavelengths of 557.7 nm, 630.0 nm, and 486.1 nm (Hβ) were often observed at latitudes separated equatorward from the main auroral oval. From a 1‐year observation (4 September 2005 to 3 September 2006), we found 13 isolated arc events. All these isolated arcs occurred coincidentally with Pc 1 geomagnetic pulsations, although there were nine other Pc 1 events without isolated arcs in the field of view of the imager. The arcs were observed in both pre‐ and post‐midnight sectors and tended to appear during the late recovery phase of geomagnetic storms. The isolated arcs had limited latitudinal and longitudinal widths of less than 230 km and 250–800 km, respectively. We found that as isolated arcs moved equatorward (poleward), the frequencies of the simultaneous Pc 1 pulsations increased (decreased). Using the Tsyganenko‐02 magnetic field model, the observed Pc 1 frequencies were almost the same as the frequencies of He+ electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves at the equatorial plane connected to observed isolated arcs. These results indicate that interactions of spatially localized EMIC waves with ring current ions cause high‐energy ion precipitation and associated isolated auroras at subauroral latitudes. These results also imply that the dynamics and instabilities in the inner magnetosphere can be monitored as low‐latitude auroral emissions away from the ordinary auroral oval.
Spectral analysis of seismic noise induced by rivers: A new tool to monitor spatiotemporal changes in stream hydrodynamics
Authors: Burtin A. , Bollinger L. , Vergne J. , Cattin R. , Nábělek J. L.
Published: May 2008

Analysis of continuous seismic data recorded by a dense passive seismological network (Hi‐CLIMB) installed across the Himalayas reveals strong spatial and temporal variations in the ambient seismic energy produced at high frequencies (>1 Hz). From June to September 2003, the high‐frequency seismic noise is observed to increase up to 20 dB (relative to (m/s)2/Hz) for all the stations located along a steep 30‐km‐long narrow and deeply incised channel of the Trisuli River, a major trans‐Himalayan river. The early summer increase in high‐frequency energy is modulated by a 24‐h periodicity where the minimum of seismic noise level is reached around noon and the maximum is reached late in the evening. A detailed study of seismic noise amplitude reveals a clear correlation with both regional meteorological and hydrological data along the Trisuli River. Seasonal increase in ambient noise coincides with the strong monsoon rainfall and a period of rapid melting of snow and ice in the high elevations. The observed 24‐h cyclicity is consistent with the daily fluctuation of the precipitation and river discharge in the region. River‐induced seismic noise is partly generated by stream turbulence, but this mechanism fails to explain the observed clockwise hysteresis of seismic noise amplitude versus water level. This pattern is better explained if a significant part of the observed seismic noise is caused by ground vibrations generated by bed load transport. This points out the potential of using background seismic noise to quantify in continuous river bed load and monitor its spatial variations, which remain difficult with classical approaches.
An 18,000‐year record of recurrent folding inferred from sediment slices and cores across a blind segment of the Biwako‐seigan fault zone, central Japan
Authors: Kaneda Heitaro , Kinoshita Hirohisa , Komatsubara Taku
Published: May 2008

Closely spaced sediment slices and cores reveal evidence for recurrent folding in the past 18 ka across the tip of a blind thrust fault near Kyoto, central Japan. The slices, 0.4 m wide and up to 5.5 m long, collected with “geoslicer” technique, exposed the central 100 m of a stratigraphic cross section that extends across a fold scarp in the southern Biwako‐seigan fault zone. A chronology inferred with 109 radiocarbon ages suggests that the most recent blind thrust earthquake occurred in the range A.D. 1060–1260, most likely around A.D. 1170. Historical accounts strongly support that this earthquake correlates with the 1185 M 7.4 Genryaku Kyoto earthquake. The earthquake produced a broad surficial fold more than 200 m wide with a vertical displacement of 3 m or more. Earlier paleoearthquakes lack well‐defined event horizons, but we find that the deformation of the 18‐ka unit is likely 4 times that from the most recent earthquake. Our results show the application of geoslicer technique to blind thrust paleoseismology, for which traditional trenching is rarely applicable or useful because of broad surficial deformation and commonly shallow groundwater at potential paleoseismic sites.
Validation of the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument total column ozone product
Authors: McPeters R. , Kroon M. , Labow G. , Brinksma E. , Balis D. , Petropavlovskikh I. , Veefkind J. P. , Bhartia P. K. , Levelt P. F.
Published: May 2008

This paper is an overview of the validation of the total column ozone data products from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board the NASA EOS‐Aura satellite. OMI is an imaging UV/visible spectrometer that maps global ozone on a daily basis. There are two ozone products from OMI, one derived using the traditional TOMS retrieval algorithm and another derived using a Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy algorithm that is being developed to take advantage of the hyperspectral capabilities of OMI. Validation is primarily performed through comparison with a network of Dobson and Brewer ground stations and secondarily through campaigns conducted specifically to validate Aura. Comparison with an ensemble of 76 Northern Hemisphere ground stations shows that OMI‐TOMS total column ozone averages 0.4% higher than the station average, with station‐to‐station standard deviation of ±0.6%. The comparison shows that the OMI‐TOMS ozone was stable over the 2‐year period with no evidence of drift relative to the ground network. The OMI‐DOAS product is also stable but with a 1.1% offset and a seasonal variation of ±2%. During four aircraft validation campaigns using the NASA DC‐8 and WB‐57 aircraft, ozone above the aircraft was measured using an actinic flux instrument and compared with OMI ozone. These comparisons showed agreement within 2% over a broad range of latitude and viewing conditions. Only during the high‐latitude flights did the OMI‐DOAS ozone show the effects of a solar zenith angle dependent error.
A simple model for the cloud adjacency effect and the apparent bluing of aerosols near clouds
Authors: Marshak Alexander , Wen Guoyong , Coakley James A. , Remer Lorraine A. , Loeb Norman G. , Cahalan Robert F.
Published: May 2008

In determining aerosol‐cloud interactions, the properties of aerosols must be characterized in the vicinity of clouds. Numerous studies based on satellite observations have reported that aerosol optical depths increase with increasing cloud cover. Part of the increase comes from the humidification and consequent growth of aerosol particles in the moist cloud environment, but part comes from 3‐D cloud‐radiative transfer effects on the retrieved aerosol properties. Often, discerning whether the observed increases in aerosol optical depths are artifacts or real proves difficult. The paper only addresses the cloud‐clear sky radiative transfer interaction part. It provides a simple model that quantifies the enhanced illumination of cloud‐free columns in the vicinity of clouds that are used in the aerosol retrievals. This model is based on the assumption that the enhancement in the cloud‐free column radiance comes from enhanced Rayleigh scattering that results from the presence of the nearby clouds. This assumption leads to a larger increase of AOT for shorter wavelengths, or to a “bluing” of aerosols near clouds. The assumption that contribution from molecular scattering dominates over aerosol scattering and surface reflection is justified for the case of shorter wavelengths, dark surfaces, and an aerosol layer below the cloud tops. The enhancement in Rayleigh scattering is estimated using a stochastic cloud model to obtain the radiative flux reflected by broken clouds and comparing this flux with that obtained with the molecules in the atmosphere causing extinction, but no scattering.
A relational model for environmental and water resources data
Authors: Horsburgh Jeffery S. , Tarboton David G. , Maidment David R. , Zaslavsky Ilya
Published: May 2008

Environmental observations are fundamental to hydrology and water resources, and the way these data are organized and manipulated either enables or inhibits the analyses that can be performed. The Observations Data Model presented here provides a new and consistent format for the storage and retrieval of point environmental observations in a relational database designed to facilitate integrated analysis of large data sets collected by multiple investigators. Within this data model, observations are stored with sufficient ancillary information (metadata) about the observations to allow them to be unambiguously interpreted and to provide traceable heritage from raw measurements to useable information. The design is based upon a relational database model that exposes each single observation as a record, taking advantage of the capability in relational database systems for querying based upon data values and enabling cross‐dimension data retrieval and analysis. This paper presents the design principles and features of the Observations Data Model and illustrates how it can be used to enhance the organization, publication, and analysis of point observations data while retaining a simple relational format. The contribution of the data model to water resources is that it represents a new, systematic way to organize and share data that overcomes many of the syntactic and semantic differences between heterogeneous data sets, thereby facilitating an integrated understanding of water resources based on more extensive and fully specified information.
Slope currents around the Kerguelen Islands from demersal longline fishing records
Authors: Park Young‐Hyang , Gasco Nicolas , Duhamel Guy
Published: May 2008

The Kerguelen Plateau constitutes a natural obstacle for the eastward progress of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, especially around the Kerguelen Islands. However, there is little quantitative knowledge of the current field around the islands due to lack of long‐term current measurements. We performed a systematic analysis of a total of 28917 points of fishing gear drifts from setting and recovery positions of demersal longlines deployed between 2002 and 2007 for Patagonian Toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) fisheries in Kerguelen waters. This enabled the construction of a realistic field of depth‐averaged time‐mean slope currents along the 1000 m isobath all around the Kerguelen Islands. The strongest depth‐mean velocities of 25 cm s−1 are associated with the Polar Front, which rounds the islands from the south and flows northward along the inner continental slope immediately east of the islands, strongly supporting previous hydrographic evidence. These results demonstrate the potential for hitherto unexploited historic longline drift data from demersal fishing grounds to provide valuable quantitative information on the regional circulation.
Overexpression of Netrin-1 Induces Neovascularization in the Adult Mouse Brain
Authors: Fan Yongfeng , Shen Fanxia , Chen Yongmei , Hao Qi , Liu Weizhong , Su Hua , Young William L , Yang Guo-Yuan
Published: May 2008

Netrin-1 is a critical molecule for axonal pathfinding during embryo development, and because of its structural homology to the endothelial mitogens, it may share its effects on vascular network formation. Using an adeno-associated viral netrin-1 vector (AAV-NT-1) gene transfer, we demonstrated that netrin-1 was able to stimulate the proliferation and migration of human cerebral endothelial cells (HCECs) and human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) compared with the control ( P < 0.05), and could also promote HCEC tube formation on matrigel ( P < 0.05) in vitro. Moreover, netrin-1 hyperstimulation could promote focal neovascularization ( P < 0.05) in the adult brain in vivo. Unlike VEGF-induced microvessel increase, netrin-1-induced newly formed vessels showed an artery-like phenotype, with an intact endothelial cell monolayer surrounded by multiple cell layers, including smooth muscle cells and an astrocyte-connected outer layer. Our findings suggest that netrin-1 plays an important role in promoting blood vessel formation in the adult rodent central nervous system, and could have broad implication in cerebrovascular development and remodeling.
Increasing the expression of calcium-permeable TRPC3 and TRPC7 channels enhances constitutive secretion
Authors: Lavender Verna , Chong Setareh , Ralphs Katherine , Wolstenholme Adrian J. , Reaves Barbara J.
Published: May 2008

The hTRPC [human TRPC (canonical transient receptor potential)] family of non-selective cation channels is proposed to mediate calcium influx across the plasma membrane via PLC (phospholipase C)-coupled receptors. Heterologously expressed hTRPC3 and hTRPC7 have been localized at the cell surface; however, a large intracellular component has also been noted but not characterized. In the present study, we have investigated the intracellular pool in COS-7 cells and have shown co-localization with markers for both the TGN (trans-Golgi network) and the cis-Golgi cisternae by immunofluorescence microscopy. Addition of BFA (Brefeldin A) to cells expressing hTRPC3 or hTRPC7 resulted in the redistribution of the Golgi component to the endoplasmic reticulum, indicating that this pool is present in both the Golgi stack and the TGN. Expression of either TRPC3 or TRPC7, but not TRPC1 or the cell surface marker CD8, resulted in a 2–4-fold increase in secreted alkaline phosphatase in the extracellular medium. Based on these results, we propose that an additional function of these members of the hTRPC family may be to enhance secretion either by affecting transport through the Golgi stack or by increasing fusion at the plasma membrane.