bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primitive Diversity
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at the dialogue between Christian Schulte and Alexander Kluge wherein they talked about primitive diversity. “Primitive diversity” is an expression from the American East Coast for early film. The one- to two-minute films demonstrate the early form of cinema. Meanwhile, pre-Hollywood cinema is closely tied to the inventors of the film camera, who were also scientists. Primitive diversity encompasses the entire spectrum ranging from sensationalism, curiosity, and old greed to the abilities cameras themselves possess. Ultimately, this early cinema responds to the needs of migrant workers in the United States who come from many countries, are in need, and create their own public sphere themselves in the silent movies. Kluge claims that “astonishment as means of knowledge—that is primitive diversity.” The dialogue between Schulte and Kluge also ruminates on Kluge's indebtedness to the cinema of attraction.
The Role of Fantasy
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on fantasy and reaches back to Alexander Kluge's days as an honorary professor lecturing on film and television at Goethe University Frankfurt in 1973. Kluge explains that fantasy is a divided product in the society. He then looks at what Karl Marx has to say about the original concept of labor. Marx mentions it twice, for example, when he explains that a craftsman, when making something like a chair, first forms an image of the chair in his mind and makes a plan before then setting to work with his hands to make this plan a reality. This is an example of the unified path of labor between the activity of the mind and the activity of the hands. Kluge also discusses the imaginative capacity. Sigmund Freud described this imaginative capacity not only in terms of psychoanalytic theory or out of a specific therapeutic interest. Rather, Freud described it and pursued it on account of a general theoretical interest. Freud said that the law of this imaginative capacity exists in people. It is the law of the human mind. Freud said not only that it is influenced by libidinal control and the negotiation of reality, but also that the brain triggers the perception of actual circumstance and then remembers something from the past, a conflict, a desired situation, or a wish. From there, a projection of a concrete action is cast onto the future.
Inventory of a Century
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at the dialogue between Prof. Dr. Burkhardt Lindner, editor of the Benjamin Handbook, and Alexander Kluge wherein they talked about Walter Benjamin's Arcades Project (1982). According to his exposé of 1939, Walter Benjamin divided Arcades Project into six parts and called the first “Arcades,” the second “Panoramas,” and the next “World Expositions.” And then came “Interiors,” “Streets,” and then finally “Barricades.” He wrote his exposé incidentally in the present tense such that it did not appear like a story from the past, but rather as if he were an eyewitness of something taking place now. He then assigned a figure to each of these six keywords such that there was within Benjamin's imagination one person who did, planned, or achieved something, on the one hand, and an object world naturally far more powerful, on the other. Lindner and Kluge also considers Benjamin's anthropological materialism.
Pathways Through Poverty
Authors: de Casanova Erynn Masi
Published: May 2020

This chapter traces women's labor trajectories, studying interviews with fifty-two women in four Ecuadorian cities about their work histories, which all include stints of paid domestic work, periods of unemployment, and usually other jobs. The women's accounts explode common assumptions. Domestic employment has not been a stepping stone to more desirable jobs, but neither has it been the only job that these women have done. Their employment in private homes has been disrupted, temporary, sporadic, and anything but stable. Rather than mobility, the chapter found circularity: women cycling in and out of the informal labor market over the course of their lives, making employment decisions that are shaped by economic, health, and family crises. Their engagement in unpaid social reproduction affected both their choice to do paid social reproduction in the first place, and the way they managed that reproductive labor over time.
Epilogue
Authors: de Casanova Erynn Masi
Published: May 2020

This epilogue looks at several new factors affecting domestic employment in Ecuador today which may change the landscape for workers, employers, and activists. First is the new government. If before, there was worker-friendly rhetoric and praise for humble domestic workers, but little concrete improvement in policies and conditions, today even the rhetoric is gone. The best way to reach and make claims on the new government is still unclear, and it will be difficult to obtain state funding for domestic worker initiatives. Second, there has been a “rupture” in the domestic worker organization Asociación de Trabajadoras Remuneradas del Hogar (ATRH). This situation makes organizing and advocating for domestic workers more difficult and may lead to confusion among policy makers and funders. Third, there has been an uptick in migration to Ecuador from Colombia and Venezuela, as people flee violence, political instability, and economic disaster. Finally, some of the people interviewed in 2018 claim to be witnessing growth in the proportion of live-in, full-time domestic workers. Despite changes in the context of domestic employment, however, workers' status has not changed much since this study began. Social reproduction is still devalued, informal arrangements still prevail, and the class gulf between employers and domestic workers remains.
Poetry as Performance
Authors: McCarthy Kathleen
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the performative model of positioning the agency of the poet in relation to the speech and events depicted in the storyworld. This model hews more closely to the norms established by traditional performed poetry. In this case, the speaker knows that his words have the special status of poetry, and his speech may be formulated with an eye to audiences other than the named interlocutor. In contrast to the speaker of conversational poems, who is focused on trying to exert his will through speech, the speaker in this performative model embodies the mastery of poetic form and the assurance granted to an authorized performer. Poems built on this model are more likely to exhibit formal features that thematize the special status of address or that require suspension of thought or that highlight the poem's overall structure. One can easily see how the agency of such a speaker echoes the agency of the poet crafting the text. The chapter then considers Catullus's invective poems and Horace's hymns and dedicatory poems.
Poetry That Says “Ego”
Authors: McCarthy Kathleen
Published: May 2020

This chapter highlights how, in various ways, the speaking voice within the text can be separated from or aligned with the historical poet who crafts the text. It analyzes a subset of each author's work to allow for greater focus. For Propertius, the chapter demonstrates how the well-recognized contrast between his first book and second book can show him serially experimenting with different relations between the Ego and himself. For Catullus, it assesses his ability to deploy both internal and external perspectives in the poems that treat poetry and its reception. For Horace, the chapter explores how he exploits the implications of sympotic poetry to negotiate his self-presentation as a poet. Ultimately, the fact that all three poets find various ways of playing speaker and poet off against one another shows that they are sensitive to the difference between speaking in poetry and speaking through poetry.
Poetry as Writing
Authors: McCarthy Kathleen
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on poems that represent storyworld communication as written rather than spoken and thus raise a different set of questions about how this storyworld communication relates to the poetic discourse. A written collection of poetry was by no means radical and new in the days of Catullus, Propertius, and Horace. Yet it still was a phenomenon that starkly distanced these poets from some of the most important models in the literary tradition. In an ironic twist, the representation of their poetry as a written form of communication brings the Roman poets back closer to the situation of the archaic Greek lyrists, since in both cases the form in which the poem reaches its extended audience is echoed in the storyworld. The chapter then studies Catullus's epistolary poems and the poems of Horace's first book of Epistles. Each poet shines a spotlight on how the written form can be perceived as mediating between communicative partners.
Constructing Multilateral Military Coalitions
Authors: Henke Marina E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines how countries build multilateral military coalitions. Diplomatic networks provide critical underpinnings for multilateral coalition-building efforts. States that are most interested in seeing a given coalition deploy will develop operational plans of how the mission should look and instrumentalize existing bilateral and multilateral connections to recruit fitting coalition contributors. The trust, information, and facility to construct issue linkages and side payments embedded in these networks help these states in their coalition-building endeavor. Moreover, these states ask common institutional contacts to serve as cooperation brokers and use institutional venues as coalition negotiation fora. In short, diplomatic embeddedness serves as a resource, a strategic capability that states use to bargain third parties into joining a coalition.
Resisting Rebels in chad and the Central African Republic
Authors: Henke Marina E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores how, in an effort to address the complex situation of the conflict in Chad and the Central African Republic (CAR), the European Union (EU) deployed EUFOR Chad–CAR. The key objective of the force was to protect civilians living in the refugee camps, facilitate the delivery of humanitarian aid, and ensure the safety of humanitarian personnel operating in the conflict area. France initiated and politically orchestrated the deployment of EUFOR Chad–CAR. France worked relentlessly at the UN to pass a UN resolution that would authorize the EU mission and plan for the EU–UN transition. France introduced the issue at the EU Council and lobbied EU member states to support the proposal. Most EU members, however, did not share France's urgency to deploy an EU operation to Chad–CAR. As such, it was up to France to cajole these countries to contribute forces to the coalition. In this process, France instrumentalized diplomatic embeddedness. The chapter then looks at the deployment decisions of the three largest troop-contributing countries: Ireland, Poland, and Sweden; Austria, a deeply embedded state with France; and Russia, a less embedded state with France.
The Conditioning of Care
Authors: Aulino Felicity
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines questions of intention, emotion, and self-formation from the vantage point of contemporary interpersonal norms in Thailand and their interestingly direct Pali antecedents. To make sense of the patterns found there, it probes notions of intentionality, agency, and (non)self in the writings of Buddhaghosa, a fifth-century commentator on the Theravada Pali Canon. These notions resonate with karmically inflected understandings of care at intra- and interpersonal levels in the contemporary world. In particular, the chapter describes a Theravada “theory of mind” that distinguishes among acts of body, speech, and mind, but locates intention and karma in each. By simultaneously collapsing and expanding the Cartesian mind–body dualism, this tradition puts great importance on subjective experience as a key to wholesome karmic action; and yet, subjective experience itself is not the focus of cultivation. Internal orientation is not promoted or refined in ways one might come to expect through Western confessional “technologies of the self.” Rather, this tradition guides people to refrain from certain actions and states, with ideal practices characterized by the absence of key defilements. What reads at first as a holding in of, or a distraction from, painful emotional states ultimately reflects a highly developed and centuries-old moral psychology with incredible continuities evident throughout contemporary society.
The Civic Landscape of Care
Authors: Aulino Felicity
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses how the actions of volunteers reflect the ramifications of karmic framings of care in the contemporary civic landscape. Volunteers form the backbone of the Thai government's social welfare plan for their aging society. However, although volunteers have been vital to public health efforts in the country for decades, there is still a sense among many Thai people that volunteering is a foreign concept. Something about what volunteers do, and why they do it, is marked as “other.” At the same time, progressive social actors—including those very same organizations working for change in end-of-life care in the country—are promoting a “new” orientation to volunteering in which personal motivations and pro-social action offer a civic engagement route to making merit. In this way, the “spirit of volunteerism” is reclaimed as essentially Thai. The chapter then takes a close look at who does what in the name of volunteerism. In the civic landscape, volunteer programs help reveal the antecedents of that which is most important in care relationships at the interpersonal, group, and national levels. The chapter argues that power struggles over what counts as beneficial action may obscure a common and enduring ethical map, based on merit and karma in a hierarchical worldview, which continues to guide volunteer work and civic action in many forms.
Conclusion
Authors: Aulino Felicity
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter argues that, rather than providing a framework for understanding how things “really are,” rituals of care show an alternative mechanism for making things so. Ritual in this sense is a subjunctive mode that brings the world into being through acting as if it were a particular way, rather than claiming it to be so. Through rituals of care, one can take seriously ways of acting “as if” actions accomplish certain ends and provide for others in particular ways, as the caregivers in this book do, rather than judging such acts as solid assertions of how the world is or is taken to be. Rituals thus serve one's “plodding through” mundane life, as a guide to ethical action that builds over time. Showing up and going through the motions is of utmost importance. Seeing clearly how care takes ritual shape in Thailand offers building blocks for individual, group, and societal transformation. In terms of rote repetition, the basic stuff of care, ritual shows how humans create dispositions—right down to norms of perception—that brings forward a means of reorientation and change impossible to produce by rhetoric alone. Doing is necessary. Doing is transformative, even when repetitive.
The State’s Pot and the Soldier’s Spoon
Authors: Schechter Brandon M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on provisioning in the Red Army, tracing how soldiers ate, the ways the government positioned itself as provider, and the logic of who deserved more or less food under conditions of extreme shortage. In the first years of the war, the Soviet Union lost its bread basket, making hunger inevitable. Under these conditions, the government's dedication to provide was reaffirmed to soldiers, who were promised ample provisions in return for their service. Ultimately, it was difficult to imagine such a key resource as food outside of the horizontal bonds between citizens and the vertical relationship to the state. The very term used for rations, paëk, implied mutual obligations. Paëk could be seen as the physical embodiment of the socialist adage “to each according to his work,” as its etymological root implied an earned share in a common cause. The chapter then considers how rations were assembled by the government and later received and used by soldiers at the front—how paëk functioned, was experienced, and occasionally transformed by soldiers.
Revolutionary Diplomacy and Diasporic Politics
Authors: Zhou Taomo
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides a background of the intertwined histories of the People's Republic of China and Indonesia. During the Cold War, the PRC and Indonesia were connected by two kinds of ties. On the state-to-state level, in the early 1960s Beijing and Jakarta forged a strategic alignment built on a shared past of anticolonial struggle and an anticipated future of independence from the Cold War superpowers. On the transnational level, even though China and Indonesia do not share geographical borders, the existence of 2.5 million ethnic Chinese in Indonesia—many of whom had economic influence but an unclear citizenship status—gave rise to a porous social frontier. This book then interweaves the evolution of diplomatic relations with the sociopolitical lives of the Chinese in Indonesia. The overseas Chinese were, and still are, an important but highly controversial resource for the PRC's advancement of political and economic interests abroad. However, the precise extent of the PRC's control over the diaspora remains obscure.
“The Motherland Is a Distant Dream”
Authors: Zhou Taomo
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter describes how the ebb and flow of diplomatic relations affected the lives of ordinary overseas Chinese in three ways. Overall, the Chinese, loathed for their perceived dominance in commerce, became easy targets for violence during times of political instability and economic downturn. First, discord in bilateral relations usually amplified antagonism toward the ethnic Chinese. Second, anti-Chinese riots persisted even when bilateral relations were cordial. Third, diplomatic frictions implicated both Indonesian citizens of Chinese descent and Chinese nationals living in Indonesia. Notwithstanding the changing status of diplomatic relations, there had always been pribumi groups that accused all ethnic Chinese of being pawns of a foreign power irrespective of their citizenship status and ideological inclination. Stemming from long-standing social, economic, and political circumstances in Indonesia, this prejudice was also influenced by the way the Chinese Nationalist and Communist governments conducted diplomacy in Indonesia. Both governments instrumentalized the overseas Chinese to advance their respective foreign policy objectives.
Origins
Authors: Toth Stephen A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter reiterates events that lead to the founding of the Mettray, which was instigated by concerns on increase in juvenile crime by penal reformers, philanthropists, and jurists during mid-nineteenth-century France. Mettray was founded during a period that invited experimentation in corrections, as evidenced by the allure of carceral innovations abroad. With the advent of the Second Empire, the focus of justice policy shifted to emphasize reinforcing mechanisms of repression. Louis Napoléon conceived of punishment as a retributive and intimidating force and relegated rehabilitative corrections to a secondary position. Rather than improving conditions inside prisons and adapting punishments to facilitate rehabilitation, Louis Napoléon shored up the police forces and manipulated the penal codes to assure more prompt, certain, and harsh punishments.
Resistance
Authors: Toth Stephen A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides insight on the sexuality of prisoners in Mettray. The goal of replicating the family at Mettray was complicated by an underlying concern about sexual “corruption” that caused high anxiety for Mettray's administrators, and the ways it was expressed, such as homosexuality and masturbation, were viewed as a repudiation of social and religious strictures. The concern on sexuality grew over the course of the nineteenth century as the rhetoric of national decline in fin-de-siècle France cast sexuality as a dangerous force, a threat to civilization in need of resistance taming. Mettray administrators considered all forms of sexual expression among youngsters to be unhealthy and a threat to internal order. The actions of the subordinates with regard to homosexuality in particular reflected their desire to impart a bourgeois masculinity based on notions of self-discipline, and control.
Introduction
Authors: Doyno Mary Harvey
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of lay saints. Between the twelfth and early fourteenth centuries, in the independent citizen-governed communes of Italy, numerous civic cults dedicated to contemporary laymen and laywomen appeared. Joining long-established cults for early Christian martyrs and holy bishops were new cults dedicated to midwives, goldsmiths, domestic servants, and merchants. These new cults promoted the idea that it was these laymen and laywomen who had lived model Christian lives and personified civic ideals. Although only one lay saint from the Italian communes would be canonized by the Roman church in the Middle Ages, the vitae, miracle collections, civic statutes, tombs, and altars dedicated to pious men and women provide convincing evidence that their cults were of great local importance. This book argues that the phenomenon of contemporary lay civic sanctity had a meaning and significance that went well beyond the confines of particular Italian cities. Moreover, it contends that the rise of lay sanctity in the Italian communes illuminates a complex debate that was taking place between the laity, the church, and civic authorities over the source of religious power and charisma.
Zita of Lucca
Authors: Doyno Mary Harvey
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the cult of Zita of Lucca (d. 1278). The earliest source for the existence of Zita's cult is a miracle collection that was begun on April 28, 1278, the day after Zita's death. This same manuscript contains the earliest copy of her vita, which reports that it was the notary Fatinello di Migliore who had transcribed 150 accounts of miracles performed at Zita's tomb. While several aspects of Zita's life and early cult do not fit into the trajectory of female lay saints' cults that have been discussed in the previous chapters, they do mirror certain themes in the cults of thirteenth-century laymen. Ultimately, Zita's role as the perfect candidate came as the result of the vita's construction of her as an outlier among the general lay population, and most importantly, among pious laywomen. Thus, Zita is not simply a pious parishioner as well as an attentive and obedient worker, but a model of lay religious restraint and practicality. Zita, as the vita's author will repeatedly reiterate, knew the proper times, places, and manner for expressing her penitential commitment and zeal. In short, Zita was an anomaly, bucking all expectations about the behavior of a devout laywoman.
Envisioning an Order
Authors: Doyno Mary Harvey
Published: May 2020

This chapter offers a new explanation for why and how the contemporary lay civic saint seemingly disappeared over the fourteenth century. Instead of seeing mendicant spirituality as inherently oriented toward “mystical and paramystical phenomena,” and thus as pushing lay sanctity in that direction, it argues that the stress placed on medieval gender and power norms by women's participation in the lay penitential movement as well as the cults they earned for their efforts ultimately led to the end of the contemporary lay civic saint. From the second half of the thirteenth century, hagiographers—who were increasingly mendicant friars—responded to the female lay penitents garnering saintly reputations by advocating for an ideal lay life in which visions trumped a commitment to civic issues and charitable works. This new conception of an ideal lay life was not simply an indication of the spiritual point of view of the mendicant hagiographers, but rather a means the church had adopted to solve the longstanding problem of the female lay penitent. At the heart of this chapter's argument then is the contention that gender played a crucial role in the development of new lay religious ideals in the late medieval Italian communes.
Butenam
Authors: Shoemaker Nancy
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the sandalwood and bêche-de-mer trades, which brought the majority of Americans to Fiji and through which much of the earliest information about Fiji spread to the rest of the world. The American seafarers who came to Fiji for sandalwood and bêche-de-mer earned a slight share of the wealth generated but derived additional satisfaction from their time in the islands. Their unique experiences granted them a rarefied, socially elevating expertise. Returning home with fantastic stories and curiously wrought souvenirs, they became knowledge brokers whose firsthand observations shaped American perceptions of Fiji and Fiji islanders for decades to come. They produced two kinds of knowledge, one pragmatic and logistical, the other ethnographic and ideological. Practical knowledge made navigation safer and faster, fostered commercial networks and routines, and identified exploitable natural resources. Ethnographic knowledge intersected with pragmatic knowledge but resulted in more than monetary rewards. By reporting on the bizarre customs of Fijians, Americans consigned its people to the opposite end of the humanity spectrum and affirmed for a larger public Americans' cultural superiority.
Marama
Authors: Shoemaker Nancy
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes how Mary D. Wallis's comfortable middle-class status sprung from the forced labor of Fijians, which became increasingly oppressive with the rise of foreign trade and from which all Americans in Fiji benefited. In Wallis's time, the term “middle class” had yet to enter the American vernacular as a form of self-identification, but as can be seen from the Wallises' self-positioning, the aristocratic terms lady and gentleman had trickled down and become accessible to the masses as claims to social distinction. Redolent with connotations of superiority and lifestyles of comfort and leisure, these titles embraced by the Wallises later in life shielded them from the taint of manual labor. Indeed, the enhanced status the Wallises achieved owed much to the coerced labor of Pacific islanders half a world away. The trade's exploitative labor practices had two underlying causes. Traders found an advantage in the power of turaga levu to command a labor force. And the American public was blind to the issue of foreign labor even while, within the United States, the issue of labor justice gave rise to acrimonious disputes pervading newspapers, novels, lecture halls, political speeches, and sermons. Many Americans, especially those engaged in maritime trade, occupied a gray area of ambiguous labor practices invisible or peripheral to the moral conscience of their home communities.
Tempting Fate
Authors: Avey Paul C.
Published: May 2020

Why would countries without nuclear weapons even think about fighting nuclear-armed opponents? A simple answer is that no one believes nuclear weapons will be used. But that answer fails to consider why nonnuclear state leaders would believe that in the first place. This book argues that the costs and benefits of using nuclear weapons create openings that weak nonnuclear actors can exploit. It uses four case studies to show the key strategies available to nonnuclear states: Iraqi decision-making under Saddam Hussein in confrontations with the United States; Egyptian leaders' thinking about the Israeli nuclear arsenal during wars in 1969–70 and 1973; Chinese confrontations with the United States in 1950, 1954, and 1958; and a dispute that never escalated to war, the Soviet–United States tensions between 1946 and 1948 that culminated in the Berlin Blockade. Those strategies include limiting the scope of the conflict, holding chemical and biological weapons in reserve, seeking outside support, and leveraging international non-use norms. Counterintuitively, conventionally weak nonnuclear states are better positioned to pursue these strategies than strong ones, so that wars are unlikely when the nonnuclear state is powerful relative to its nuclear opponent. The book demonstrates clearly that nuclear weapons cast a definite but limited shadow, and while the world continues to face various nuclear challenges, understanding conflict in nuclear monopoly will remain a pressing concern for analysts and policymakers.
Made to Measure
Authors: Hughes Sara
Published: May 2020

This chapter traces the climate change mitigation policy agendas of New York City, Los Angeles, and Toronto, focusing on the period since 2007, and specifically the tools with which they sought to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The climate change mitigation policy agendas developed by the three cities do reflect their particular context and the process of learning and strategic adjustment over time. Each city has a very unique set of programs and policies in place to target GHG emissions, from energy use benchmarking to installing solar panels to incentivizing alternative modes of transportation. In each case, this mix initially reflected the city's strengths and opportunities. Over time, the cities have expanded and diversified their agendas in response to changing conditions and new information. In some cases, the cities have had to readjust when certain approaches failed or lost political support. In other cases, the cities have sought to take advantage of new opportunities or diversified their agendas in an effort to meet more ambitious goals.
Are We There Yet?
Authors: Hughes Sara
Published: May 2020

This chapter evaluates the progress the three cities—New York City, Los Angeles, and Toronto—have made in reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the effects their efforts have had beyond these direct outcomes. As expected, tracking city-scale GHG emissions is difficult and reporting, in many cases, is inconsistent. In all three cases, city figures show that emissions are declining and at a rate that is largely consistent with longer-term goals—between 12 percent and 26 percent below baseline levels. Moreover, as the three cities work to reduce GHG emissions, they are having much broader effects on local political and administrative arrangements, other cities' efforts to govern GHG emissions, and the decisions of state and provincial governments. These catalytic effects underscore the important mobilizing role cities play in global climate change mitigation efforts.
Mediascape and Movement
Authors: Lee Francis L. F.
Published: May 2020

This chapter reviews the relationship between the media and the Umbrella Movement. The mainstream media, aided by digital media outlets and platforms, play the important role of the public monitor in times of major social conflicts, even though the Hong Kong media do so in an environment where partial censorship exists. The impact of digital media in largescale protest movements is similarly multifaceted and contradictory. Digital media empower social protests by promoting oppositional discourses, facilitating mobilization, and contributing to the emergence of connective action. However, they also introduce and exacerbate forces of decentralization that present challenges to movement leaders. Meanwhile, during and after the Umbrella Movement, one can also see how the state has become more proactive in online political communication, thus trying to undermine the oppositional character of the Internet in Hong Kong.
Hong Kong’s Hybrid Regime and Its Repertoires
Authors: Cheng Edmund W.
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyzes the roots of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) regime's learning curve in managing popular contention and the mechanisms that have enabled the regime to develop its authoritarian structure and practices. It first defines Hong Kong's hybrid regime in terms of its liberal–autocratic and central–local contradictions and then discusses various state countermobilization strategies used to respond to mass protests. The chapter then examines how the hybrid regime's strategies of disciplinary exclusion, patron-client politics, ideological work, and attrition have mobilized or incentivized proregime and nonstate actors against dissent. On the one hand, the hybrid regime has co-opted formal institutions and has manufactured informal networks through which political crisis has been maneuvered by the regime to monitor the ruling class's factional quarrels and to further develop its authoritarian protocols. On the other hand, the party-state's local apparatuses have extended and refined their united propaganda and mass-line strategies to address the rise of activism in Hong Kong.
Selective Membership
Authors: Robb Thomas K. , Gill David James
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses in detail the exclusion of Britain from the ANZUS Treaty, which embarrassed British policymakers and undermined many of the United Kingdom's interests in the Asia-Pacific region. Prime Minister Clement Attlee had initially accepted exclusion, but Winston Churchill's election to office in October of 1951 resulted in a concerted effort to gain membership. Although Australia and New Zealand remained sympathetic to an expanded treaty, both feared that pushing British membership too forcefully risked the United States dissolving the ANZUS Treaty. Despite enjoying a degree of recovery, economic limitations and ongoing commitments to Europe and the Middle East meant that the United Kingdom was unable to offer the antipodean states a credible alternative to existing arrangements. Australia and New Zealand consequently attempted to secure membership for Britain but prioritized ongoing cooperation with the United States. The major obstacle to British membership in ANZUS remained the United States. As far as U.S. policymakers interpreted matters, British inclusion provided few benefits and considerable economic and strategic drawbacks. Yet, U.S. officials preferred to use arguments about race and imperialism to justify British omission from the treaty. Ultimately, the United States remained committed to maintaining ANZUS in its existing form and rebuffed efforts by the antipodean powers to secure British inclusion.
Introduction
Authors: Conn Steven
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of American business schools. While at one level business schools stand as of a piece of the way American universities have grown and evolved since the end of the Civil War, they stand apart from the rest of higher education in three, interconnected ways. First, they have consistently disappointed even their most enthusiastic boosters—failing to develop a definition of professional business education, failing to develop a coherent, intellectually vibrant body of knowledge, unable to agree on what the raison d'être of business schools ought to be—to an extent simply not true of any other academic pursuit. Despite this, of course, business schools have flourished on U.S. campuses and continue to do so. Second, the late nineteenth-century revolutions in higher education fostered a change in how universities were funded and governed. For the businessmen who now presided over higher education, a business school on their campus might hold a special place in their hearts. Finally, business schools serve as the handmaids to corporate capitalism in the United States in a way that no other campus enterprise does.
The Creation of a Charitable Landscape
Authors: Davis Adam J.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the role of the counts and countesses in the provision of charity. While the counts' patronage of religious institutions has been studied, far less attention has been paid to their patronage of hospitals. Did they regard hospitals as simply another religious institution in need of support, or were there distinctive elements in their relationship to these charitable institutions, a number of which the counts had founded and which remained under their jurisdiction? The same question can be asked of Champagne's aristocracy, known for its benefaction of monastic houses, but which also showed a “compulsion for provisioning the poor and sick.” Champagne's increasingly influential urban bourgeoisie also played a prominent role in bequests to hospitals and in other economic transactions with these institutions. The chapter then looks at the relationship between Champagne's hospitals and other ecclesiastical institutions, such as monasteries, chapters, and cathedrals. Given that the county was such an important center for monastic life, particularly reformed monasticism, there is a need to consider the impact that monasteries may have had in supporting or eclipsing the provision of charity in hospitals. Scholars of medieval religious institutions have not examined the central role that these charitable institutions played, both in the larger religious and institutional landscape and in the urban economy.
“In Service of the Poor”
Authors: Davis Adam J.
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at the variety in the makeup of a medieval hospital's personnel. Within the larger, wealthier, and better documented hospitals—such as those in Troyes, Provins, and Bar-sur-Aube—the personnel were strikingly diverse in terms of the social classes represented, the workers' place of origin, the kinds of tasks they were charged with doing, and the reasons to join a hospital in the first place. The chapter then contends that it was piety and a pursuit of security that underlay the inspiration to serve in hospitals. Some workers were clearly attracted by the opportunity to perform the works of mercy and acquire the spiritual rewards associated with these works. However, joining a hospital community also represented a way to obtain greater social and material security. Hospitals housed, clothed, fed, prayed for, and in some cases even paid some of their workers. By being part of a fraternal, caring community, one essentially lived with the guarantee of being cared for if one became too infirm or frail to continue working. Moreover, some who joined a hospital's community may already have had certain physical needs at the time of their joining. In short, the boundaries between those giving and receiving assistance in medieval hospitals were remarkably permeable.
Epilogue
Authors: Davis Adam J.
Published: May 2020

This epilogue reflects on the manifold ways that charitable institutions benefited from commerce—whether from their own commercial activities or those of their patrons. Church reformers criticized hospitals for accepting donati, who were permitted to receive room and board without taking vows. The reality, however, was that the donati at times brought in valuable resources that could be used to serve the poor and sick. In addition, the increased commercialization of late twelfth- and thirteenth-century society, particularly in a region like Champagne, may have contributed to the idea of a moral economy, including the obligation of charitable giving and service. The twelfth- and thirteenth-century social conditions that created a conducive environment for the flourishing of commerce were also advantageous for fostering charity and pious giving more generally. During a period of urban transformation, which created greater prosperity for some but also increasing poverty and insecurity for many others, the medieval hospital opened up new opportunities for social reciprocity and mutual assistance. For those with various kinds of needs, the hospital served as a source of physical, social, and material support in this earthly world, with all of its vagaries and vulnerabilities. In addition, though, the medieval hospital held out the promise of spiritual redemption in the world to come.
Introduction
Authors: Vosko Leah F.
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of temporary migrant work. In the age of migration management, temporary migrant work is a significant phenomenon in many countries where relative labor shortages fuel demands for temporary migrant work programs (TMWPs) that provide comparatively low labor standards and wage levels. In this context, workers laboring transnationally in such programs are turning to unions for assistance in attempt to realize and retain access to rights. Yet even those engaged in highly regulated TMWPs permitting circularity—or repeated migration experiences involving one or more instances of emigration and return—confront significant obstacles tied to their deportability. This book tells the story of Mexican nationals participating in a subnational variant of Canada's model of migration management program, the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP). It explores how these workers organized to circumvent deportability, but despite achieving union certification, securing a collective agreement, and sustaining a bargaining unit, ultimately remained vulnerable to threats and acts of removal.
Heretical Saints
Authors: Peterson Janine Larmon
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on “heretical saints,” which were individuals that people accepted as holy when living and venerated after death, even though inquisitors condemned them. As discussed in the previous chapter, the establishment of the inquisition led to a new scrutiny of saints. As a result, locally venerated holy persons could suffer a fall from grace and become condemned heretics, particularly those who were not members of established clerical orders. Inquisitors viewed these men and women as pretenders because they did not recognize their followers as part of an orthodox association. A group's way of life could therefore only seem to be penitent and the leaders only purportedly show the characteristics of saintly perfection. What distinguishes heretical saints from suspect saints is that their ultimate condemnation primarily was based on the behavior of their followers. It was the time-honored rituals of devotion and the fervor of their admirers that caught the attention of the inquisitorial eye. The unmonitored religious movement, so feared by the papacy, resulted in these saints' official condemnation as they became tainted by the actions of their ardent devotees.
Power, Morality, and Political Change in Fourteenth-Century Rome
Authors: Palmer James A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the second major challenge facing Rome's ruling elite: the transformation of the ruling group itself. It looks at the two visions of Rome that defined the city's early fourteenth-century political culture: the Rome of the barons and that of the nonbaronial urban elite. This long-standing ideological conflict was waning by the mid-fourteenth century, as formal rivals for power in Rome began to come together to form a new composite ruling group. The chapter then reveals this transitional moment through an analysis of the unique testament of a Roman baron, Francesco di Giovanni Romani Bonaventurae. Like all testators, Francesco feared death and prepared for it, but he did so in a highly unusual way, a confessional way that allows one to glimpse how the complexities of mid-fourteenth-century Roman politics could be instantiated in a single life. The chapter also studies court cases and other documents revelatory of his character as well as his relationship to Rome and to his political rivals there.
Croatia’s Islands of Memory
Authors: Subotić Jelena
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at how Croatia's transition from communism into the European embrace has produced tremendous narrative rewriting. This in turn relaxes some of the most established historical canons of the twentieth century and creates a political environment fertile for mnemonic challenges, disruptions, and revisions. Here, Croatia's narratives about its past have become “islands of memory.” The memories of the Holocaust exist, contained within the remembrance practices of the ever-dwindling Jewish community, but isolated from the larger narrative arc of Croatia's World War II. All of this revisionism has happened not out of spite, but as a result of the EU's own practices of remembrance, especially its reductionist interpretation of the twentieth century as an era of two totalitarianisms, equal in their criminal nature.
Introduction: Social Movements and Democratization in Indonesia
Authors: Dibley Thushara , Ford Michele
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter focuses on the collective contribution of progressive social movements to Indonesia's transition to democracy and their collective fate in the decades since. This sets the scene for the case studies to follow. It also explains how the relationship between social movements and democratization is understood in this context. Social movements consist of networks involving a diverse range of actors, including individuals, groups, or organizations that may be loosely connected or tightly clustered. Democratization, meanwhile, is a process through which a polity moves toward “a system of governance in which rulers are held accountable for their actions in the public realm by citizens, acting indirectly through the competition and cooperation of their elected representatives.”
Democratization and Disability Activism in Indonesia
Authors: Dibley Thushara
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the disability movement, a relatively new movement that has managed to draw on the increased availability of foreign funding to capitalize on the democratic structures now in place in Indonesia. It shows how the disability rights movement, which was at best embryonic in the late New Order period, has developed momentum since the Indonesian government signed the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2007. After that time, the availability of international aid to support activities related to disability contributed to the formation of a number of new organizations that were then well placed to respond to the opportunities that democratization offered. In particular, these organizations have been able to take advantage of the opportunities to influence policy at both the provincial and national levels. Their success highlights how Indonesian democracy offers inclusive and participatory processes for people with disabilities to have direct input into policy decisions.
Policing Work
Authors: Muschalek Marie
Published: May 2020

This chapter concerns how this practice of (violent) improvisation played out in one important field of police activity, namely, the regulation of the labor market. After the genocidal war, African labor was scarce. It fell to the police to capture those African men, women, and children who were still hoping to escape colonial control and to force them (back) into the semi-free wage labor economy. Further, police were charged to organize the distribution of workers among employers and to oversee their treatment on site. Concerning the treatment, or better, mistreatment of African labor, scholarship has fallen short in explaining the role the state played. The narrative of a stinted but genuine liberalizing effort through rudimentary protective labor laws by the German colonial government in the face of cruel and exploitative conduct by farmers, company owners, and foremen does not account for the complexities of violence. Colonial violence was not just excessively applied by some and limited by some others. The state, represented by its policemen, played a crucial role in fine-tuning labor coercion. It established a moral economy of normalized violence that was economically viable.