bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Development of New Synthetic Reactions for Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds and Their Application
Authors: Naito Takeaki
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Synthetic Applications of Manganese in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Concellon Jose M. , Rodriguez‐Solla Humberto , del Amo Vicente
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ylide‐Based Reactions
Authors: McGarrigle Eoghan M. , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes in Asymmetric Organocatalysis
Authors: Enders Dieter , Balensiefer Tim , Niemeier Oliver , Christmann Mathias
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Lewis Bases as Catalysts
Authors: Kocovsky Pavel , Malkov Andrei V.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ammonium Ions as Chiral Templates
Authors: Ooi Takashi , Maruoka Keiji
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iminosugar C‐Glycosides — Synthesis and Biological Activity
Authors: Compain Philippe
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Naturally Occurring Iminosugars and Related Alkaloids: Structure, Activity and Applications
Authors: Asano Naoki
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microporous and Mesoporous Catalysts for the Transformation of Carbohydrates
Authors: Moreau Claude
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Based on One‐Pot Glycosylation
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi , Yamada Haruo , Takahashi Takashi
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Development of Methods for the Synthesis of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) Agonists [Rosiglitazone Maleate (Avandia), Pioglitazone Hydrochloride (Actos), Muraglitazar (Pargluva)]
Authors: Li Jin
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Development of Methods for the Synthesis of Triazole Antifungal Agents (Itraconazole (Sporanox), Fluconazole (Diflucan), Voriconazole (Vfend), Fosfluconazole (Prodif)]
Authors: Bell Andrew S.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Development of Methods for the Synthesis of Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors [Ezetimibe (Zetia, Ezetrol)]
Authors: Rosenblum Stuart B.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Development of Methods for the Synthesis of Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers [Nifedipine (Adalat), Felodipine (Plendil), Amlodipine Besylate (Norvasc), Azelnidipine (Calblock)]
Authors: Christen Daniel P.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Inhibitory Action of Novel Acetogenin Mimics Δlac‐Acetogenins: A New Class of Inhibitors of Mitochondrial NADH‐Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase (Complex‐I)
Authors: Miyoshi Hideto , Ichimaru Naoya , Murai Masatoshi
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐phospholes and Derivatives
Authors: Keglevich Gy. , Szelke H.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alk‐1‐enylphosphines
Authors: Gaumont A. C. , Gulea M.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alk‐1‐enylphosphine Oxides and Derivatives
Authors: Gaumont A. C. , Gulea M.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydropyridines and Derivatives
Authors: Quirion J.‐C.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2‐Dihydropyridines, 1,4‐Dihydropyridines, and Derivatives
Authors: Quirion J.‐C. , Leclerc E. , Jubault P.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐pyrroles and Derivatives
Authors: Jubault P. , Leclerc E. , Quirion J.‐C.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Alk‐1‐enylaminophosphorous Compounds
Authors: Collier S. J.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fatty Acid Binding Receptors and Their Physiological Role in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Swaminath Gayathri
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamics of Supramolecular Association Monitored by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Al‐Soufi Wajih , Reija Belen , Felekyan Suren , Seidel Claus A. M. , Novo Mercedes
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Analysis of ThinPrep cytology in establishing the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of lung
Authors: Kim Stacey , Owens Christopher L.
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND:

ThinPrep liquid‐based cytology (TP) preparations are being used increasingly in nongynecologic specimens. To the authors' knowledge, few studies to date have evaluated TP cytology in the setting of small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL). Accurately differentiating SCCL from other lung tumors has important clinical and therapeutic implications. Herein, the authors evaluated the diagnostic utility and cytomorphology of TP in the setting of SCCL.

METHODS:

All cases of SCCL with prior or concurrent TP cytologic specimens were identified via computer search. The cytodiagnoses were tabulated. When available, cytologic material was reviewed. Performance parameters of the various cytologic modalities processed with TP were calculated.

RESULTS:

In 121 patients with SCCL, 261 TP specimens were identified. The cytodiagnoses were: SCCL (119 specimens), suspicious for SCCL (45 specimens), atypical cells‐not otherwise specified (22 specimens), negative/nondiagnostic (63 specimens), and nonsmall cell carcinoma (4 specimens). During the same period of time, 3 cases of false‐positive diagnoses of SCCL were identified. The positive predictive value for a cytodiagnosis of SCCL on TP was 97.5%, and the sensitivity was 62.8%. Bronchial brush was the most sensitive cytologic modality (78.3%). Immunostaining was found to be contributory to the diagnosis in 10 of the 11 cases in which it was attempted.

CONCLUSIONS:

TP is a sound alternative to conventional preparations for the cytodiagnosis of SCCL. Cytomorphology of SCCL is altered in TP with less molding, less cell fragility, more discohesion, and tumor cell shrinkage artifact. Immunohistochemical staining of cellblocks is a useful adjunct in challenging cases. A positive cytodiagnosis of SCCL on TP can be used to initiate definitive therapy when biopsy is not possible. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Fine‐needle aspiration for nucleic acid‐ased molecular analyses in breast cancer
Authors: Uzan Catherine , Andre Fabrice , Scott Veronique , Laurent Isabelle , Azria Elie , Suciu Voichita , Balleyguier Corinne , Lacroix Ludovic , Delaloge Suzette , Vielh Philippe
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND:

With the widespread development of genomic analysis, an accurate and quick method for obtaining high‐quality nucleic acids is needed. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the quality and potential use of material obtained from fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).

METHODS:

Ultrasound‐ or palpation‐guided FNAC was performed in 124 consecutive patients who had nodular breast lesions. The authors evaluated the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) obtained, its quality through the RNA Integrity (RIN) score, and the factors that influenced both. For malignant lesions, the authors attempted to correlate estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and HER‐2 (c‐erb–B2) mRNA expression measured by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction with estrogen receptor and HER‐2 detection obtained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on the surgical specimen.

RESULTS:

The amount of mRNA obtained was >1 μg in 89.5% of 124 samples (43 benign lesions and 81 adenocarcinomas). Overall, 59.3% of samples yielded >1 μg RNA with a RIN score >6. The most significant predictors of quality and quantity of mRNA were the cytopathologist who sampled the tumors and a diagnosis of cancer versus benign lesion. The median ESR1 expression level, which was expressed as the polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold (CT) level minus the average 18S value (dct), was 17.7 dct in patients with estrogen receptor‐negative tumors and 11.1 dct in patients with estrogen receptor‐positive tumors,. The median HER‐2 expression level was 15.1 dct in patients with HER‐2‐negative tumors and 10.7 dct in patients with HER‐2‐positive tumors. mRNA expression was concordant with the IHC/FISH evaluation in 90.3% of patients for estrogen receptor status and in 98.5% of patients for HER‐2 status.

CONCLUSIONS:

In 70% of cases, FNAC of breast lesions in well trained hands allowed the extraction of mRNA suitable for gene expression analysis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Unsatisfactory SurePath liquid‐based Papanicolaou tests
Authors: Alsharif Mariam , McKeon Dan M. , Gulbahce H. Evin , Savik Kay , Pambuccian Stefan E.
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND:

The introduction of liquid‐based Papanicolaou (Pap) tests (LBPTs) has reduced the incidence of unsatisfactory Pap tests (UPTs), but little is known about their causes and significance, especially in the case of SurePath LBPTs.

METHODS:

All unsatisfactory LBPTs from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2006 were retrieved. The characteristics of patients, providers, and LBPTs; the reason for UPTs; and any cytologic or histologic follow‐up within 24 months were recorded. Negative Pap tests that were evaluated immediately after a UPT served as a control group.

RESULTS:

Of 243,006 Pap tests (95.5% SurePath LBPTs), 0.23% were unsatisfactory. Scant cellularity was the primary cause of SurePath UPT. Women in this UPT group were older, had more diagnostic Pap tests taken, less frequently were taking contraceptives or were pregnant, and were more likely to be menopausal or posthysterectomy. The 278 women who had UPTs had significantly higher rates of follow‐up Pap tests (65.1% vs 22.2%), abnormal Pap tests (5.4% vs 1.4%), biopsies (10% vs 1%), and abnormal biopsies (5% vs 1%) than the 284 women in the control group, including 7 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN‐1), 1 woman with CIN‐2, 4 women with CIN‐3, and 2 women with endometrial hyperplasia. The UPT rates varied little between provider groups (physicians vs nonphysicians and gynecologists vs nongynecologists).

CONCLUSIONS:

The frequency of UPTs in a predominantly SurePath LBPT‐screened population was very low and was caused mainly by low cellularity. Similar to conventional Pap smears, unsatisfactory SurePath LBPTs had a higher risk of significant histologic abnormalities on follow‐up than negative satisfactory Pap tests and could have benefited from a repeat Pap test or other evaluation, according to current management guidelines. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
EGFR mutations are detected comparably in cytologic and surgical pathology specimens of nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Smouse Jason H. , Cibas Edmund S. , Jänne Pasi A. , Joshi Victoria A. , Zou Kelly H. , Lindeman Neal I.
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND:

Somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are present in ∼10% of nonsmall cell lung cancers, and higher in never‐smokers, women, and Asians. Small in‐frame deletions in exon 19 (∼45%) and L858R mutation in exon 21 (∼40%) predict response to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, whereas some others herald resistance. Direct sequencing of tumor DNA detects all EGFR mutations, but is limited by interference from nonmalignant cells within the samples. Concern over such interference has discouraged testing cytologic samples, but the adequacy of cytologic specimens for EGFR sequencing has not been studied.

METHODS:

EGFR sequencing of surgical and cytologic specimens at Brigham and Women's Hospital over the past 2 years was reviewed. Of 239 specimens, 227 (95%) were surgical, and 12 (5%) were cytologic (fine needle aspirations, pleural fluids, bronchial washings, and bronchoalveolar lavages).

RESULTS:

Sixty‐three (28%) surgical specimens showed EGFR mutations, whereas 143 (63%) were negative, 8 (3.5%) failed, and 14 (6.2%) were inconclusive (negative result in a heterogeneous sample). Seven (58%) cytologic specimens showed EGFR mutations, whereas 4 (33%) were negative, and 1 (8.3%) was inconclusive. Cytologic specimens were more likely to have a mutation than surgical specimens (P = .02). There was no significant difference in the frequency of inconclusive results.

CONCLUSIONS:

Cytologic specimens are suitable for EGFR sequencing and show comparable sensitivity for mutation detection as compared with surgical specimens. The suitability of a sample should be determined on a case‐by‐case basis, and cytologic samples should not be dismissed as inadequate without a thorough review. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Continuing excellence and embracing the future
Authors: Powers Celeste N.
Published: January 2009

In this editorial, Cancer Cytopathology's new Principal Editor, Dr. Celeste Powers, discusses future directions for the journal and introduces readers to its new Associate Editors.
Extracellular ATP induces retinal photoreceptor apoptosis through activation of purinoceptors in rodents
Authors: Puthussery Theresa , Fletcher Erica
Published: January 2009

We have previously demonstrated that photoreceptors express P2X7 purinoceptors. These excitatory receptors are activated by extracellular adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) and have been implicated in neurodegeneration in other parts of the central nervous system (CNS). In this study we examined whether extracellular ATP could contribute to photoreceptor degeneration in rodents through excessive activation of P2 purinoceptors. Intravitreal injection of high concentrations of extracellular ATP into normal rat eyes induced extensive and selective apoptosis of photoreceptors within 18 hours of injection. Five days after injection the outer nuclear layer was severely degenerated and electroretinographic responses were impaired. Preinjection of the purinergic antagonist pyridoxal‐phosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulfonic acid (PPADS) protected against ATP‐mediated apoptosis. The initial phase of ATP‐induced photoreceptor death did not temporally coincide with retinal pigment epithelium degeneration or microglial activation, suggesting that cell death was due to direct activation of purinergic receptors on photoreceptors. Finally, we demonstrate that intravitreal injection of PPADS results in a 30% increase in photoreceptor survival in the rd1 mouse, a model of human recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP). These findings highlight the importance of extracellular ATP in retinal neurodegeneration and provide a potential new avenue for therapeutic intervention in RP. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:430–440, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preferential localization of neural cell recognition molecule NB‐2 in developing glutamatergic neurons in the rat auditory brainstem
Authors: Toyoshima Manabu , Sakurai Kunie , Shimazaki Kuniko , Takeda Yasuo , Nakamoto Masatoshi , Serizawa Shou , Shimoda Yasushi , Watanabe Kazutada
Published: January 2009

NB‐2 is a neuronal cell recognition molecule that is preferentially expressed in auditory pathways. Mice deficient in the NB‐2 gene exhibit aberrant responses to acoustic stimuli. Here we examined the expression and localization of NB‐2 in the auditory brainstem during development in the rat. NB‐2 was strongly expressed in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), ventral acoustic stria, lateral and medial superior olivary complex (SOC), superior paraolivary nucleus, medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), ventrolateral lemniscus, and central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CIC). In the VCN and CIC, NB‐2 was expressed in the regions that are known to respond to high frequencies. In situ hybridization combined with immunohistochemistry suggested that NB‐2 is expressed only in neurons. NB‐2 was colocalized with glutamatergic elements in the neuropil and the calyces of Held but not with glycinergic or GABAergic elements. NB‐2 expression in the SOC was first detected at embryonic day (E)19, reached a maximum level at postnatal day (P)7, and declined thereafter. Immunolabeling with VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, markers for mature and premature glutamatergic synapses, respectively, in combination with NB‐2 immunolabeling revealed that NB‐2 is expressed at glutamatergic synapses. Collectively, our findings suggest that NB‐2 plays a key role in maturation of glutamatergic synapses in the brainstem during the final stages of auditory development. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:349–362, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coexpression of α2A‐adrenergic and δ‐opioid receptors in substance P‐containing terminals in rat dorsal horn
Authors: Riedl Maureen S. , Schnell Stephen A. , Overland Aaron C. , Chabot‐Doré Anne‐Julie , Taylor Anna M. , Ribeiro‐Da‐Silva Alfredo , Elde Robert P. , Wilcox George L. , Stone Laura S.
Published: January 2009

Agonists acting at α2‐adrenergic and opioid receptors (α2ARs and ORs, respectively) inhibit pain transmission in the spinal cord. When coadministered, agonists activating these receptors interact in a synergistic manner. Although the existence of α2AR/OR synergy has been well characterized, its mechanism remains poorly understood. The formation of heterooligomers has been proposed as a molecular basis for interactions between neuronal G‐protein‐coupled receptors. The relevance of heterooligomer formation to spinal analgesic synergy requires demonstration of the expression of both receptors within the same neuron as well as the localization of both receptors in the same neuronal compartment. We used immunohistochemistry to investigate the spatial relationship between α2ARs and ORs in the rat spinal cord to determine whether coexpression could be demonstrated between these receptors. We observed extensive colocalization between α2A‐adrenergic and δ‐opioid receptors (DOP) on substance P (SP)‐immunoreactive (‐ir) varicosities in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord and in peripheral nerve terminals in the skin. α2AAR‐ and DOP‐ir elements were colocalized in subcellular structures of 0.5 μm or less in diameter in isolated nerve terminals. Furthermore, coincubation of isolated synaptosomes with α2AR and DOP agonists resulted in a greater‐than‐additive increase in the inhibition of K+‐stimulated neuropeptide release. These findings suggest that coexpression of the synergistic receptor pair α2AAR‐DOP on primary afferent nociceptive fibers may represent an anatomical substrate for analgesic synergy, perhaps as a result of protein–protein interactions such as heterooligomerization. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:385–398, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐cell‐neighborhood relations in tissue sections—A quantitative model for tissue cytometry
Authors: Händel N. , Brockel A. , Heindl M. , Klein E. , Uhlig H. H.
Published: January 2009

Physical interactions between different cell types are a requirement for the initiation and maintenance of immune responses. The distribution pattern of cells within a tissue may result from specific cell‐cell‐interactions or random distribution. Tissue architecture, degree of inflammation, frequencies of cells, number of contact partners, cell type, and size as well as cell movement and contact time determine the distribution of cells within tissues. We developed a matrix model to determine the degree of expected random distribution of two cell types (A and B) and cell‐cell‐contacts within tissue sections. The model predictions were compared with experimental data derived from immunofluorescence microscopy. We implemented a computer algorithm for automatic image analysis to visualize and quantify cell‐cell‐neighborhood relations. Using the number of cells type A (a), the total cell number (t) and the mean number of cells that are in contact with cells type B (cB), the ratio of cells type B in contact with cells type A can be described by bA/b = 1− (1− (a/t))⁁ˆcB. We applied the model system to investigate the distribution of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells with Ki‐67+ proliferating cells within mouse tissue sections. The matrix model provides a tool to describe the expected distribution of two different cell types and their cell‐cell‐contacts within tissues. Comparing the degree of expected random distribution with experimental data might help to propose functional cell‐cell‐interactions in tissue sections. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A study of groundwater matrix effects for the destruction of trichloroethylene using Fe/Pd nanoaggregates
Authors: Meyer D.E. , Hampson S. , Ormsbee L. , Bhattacharyya D.
Published: January 2009

Iron nanoaggregates have been prepared using the sodium borohydride reduction method and postcoated with Pd using aqueous phase electro‐deposition. The Fe/Pd nanoaggregates were used to examine dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE) with regard to matrix effects using materials representative of a potential zero‐valent metal remediation site surrounding the Paducah gaseous diffusion plant in Paducah, KY. A surface‐area‐normalized first‐order rate constant of 1.4 × 10−1 L m−2 h−1 was obtained for the case of ideal dechlorination of 19.6 mg L−1 TCE at room temperature and pH 6.2 using 0.5 g L−1 Fe/Pd (0.42 wt % Pd) loading. This value decreases by an order of magnitude to 1.9 × 10−2 L m−2 h−1 when the reaction is carried out in a realistic background matrix when the pH is high (8.8). For all variables tested, Pd content has the most impact on reaction rates. Circulating batch‐column experiments are used to study dechlorination under flow conditions and demonstrate the ability of nonstabilized Fe/Pd nanoaggregates to remove significant amounts of TCE (80–90%) over a broad range of groundwater velocities (12.9–83 ft per day) using moderate metal loadings (0.23–0.5 g L−1). © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
HDR devices for the seismic protection of frame structures: Experimental results and numerical simulations
Authors: Ragni Laura , Dezi Luigino , Dall'Asta Andrea , Leoni Graziano
Published: January 2009

As part of a national research programme an experimental campaign was carried out on a real scale mock‐up consisting of a steel–concrete composite frame equipped with dissipative bracings, based on high damping rubber (HDR) devices. Free vibration tests, followed by force‐controlled and displacement‐controlled cyclic tests were performed. The experimental tests were aimed at studying the dynamic response of the coupled system in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of HDR devices in increasing the stiffness and dissipation capacity of the frame and investigating the ability of the constitutive HDR model proposed by the authors to predict the dynamic response of the coupled system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blind identification of evoked human brain activity with independent component analysis of optical data
Authors: Markham Joanne , White Brian R. , Zeff Benjamin W. , Culver Joseph P.
Published: January 2009

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) methods observe hemodynamics in the brain by measuring light transmission through the scalp, skull, and brain. Thus, separating signals due to heart pulsations, breathing movements, and systemic blood flow fluctuations from the desired brain functional responses is critical to the fidelity of the derived maps. Herein, we applied independent component analysis (ICA) to temporal signals obtained from a high‐density DOT system used for functional mapping of the visual cortex. DOT measurements were taken over the occipital cortex of human adult subjects while they viewed stimuli designed to activate two spatially distinct areas of the visual cortex. ICA was able to extract clean functional hemodynamic signals and separate brain activity sources from hemodynamic fluctuations related to heart and breathing without knowledge of the stimulus paradigm. Furthermore, independent components were found defining distinct functional responses to each stimulus type. Images generated from single ICA components were comparable, with regard to spatial extent and resolution, to images from block averaging (with knowledge of the block stimulus paradigm). Both images and estimated time‐series signals demonstrated that ICA was superior to principal component analysis in extracting the true event‐evoked response signals. Our results suggest that ICA can extract the time courses and the corresponding spatial extent of functional responses in DOT imaging. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Random fields—Union intersection tests for detecting functional connectivity in EEG/MEG imaging
Authors: Carbonell Felix , Worsley Keith J. , Trujillo‐Barreto Nelson J. , Sotero Roberto C.
Published: January 2009

Electrophysiological (EEG/MEG) imaging challenges statistics by providing two views of the same underlying spatio‐temporal brain activity: a topographic view (EEG/MEG) and tomographic view (EEG/MEG source reconstructions). It is a common practice that statistical parametric mapping (SPM) for these two situations is developed separately. In particular, assessing statistical significance of functional connectivity is a major challenge in these types of studies. This work introduces statistical tests for assessing simultaneously the significance of spatio‐temporal correlation structure between ERP/ERF components as well as that of their generating sources. We introduce a greatest root statistic as the multivariate test statistic for detecting functional connectivity between two sets of EEG/MEG measurements at a given time instant. We use some new results in random field theory to solve the multiple comparisons problem resulting from the correlated test statistics at each time instant. In general, our approach using the union‐intersection (UI) principle provides a framework for hypothesis testing about any linear combination of sensor data, which allows the analysis of the correlation structure of both topographic and tomographic views. The performance of the proposed method is illustrated with real ERP data obtained from a face recognition experiment. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Process identification through rejection of model structures in a mid‐mountainous rural catchment: observations of rainfall–runoff response, geophysical conditions and model inter‐comparison
Authors: Graeff Thomas , Zehe Erwin , Reusser Dominik , Lück Erika , Schröder Boris , Wenk Gerald , John Hermann , Bronstert Axel
Published: January 2009

The intention of the presented study is to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that caused the bimodal rainfall–runoff responses which occurred up to the mid‐1970s regularly in the Schäfertal catchment and vanished after the onset of mining activities. Understanding this process is a first step to understanding the ongoing hydrological change in this area. It is hypothesized that either subsurface stormflow, or fast displacement of groundwater could cause the second delayed peak. A top‐down analysis of rainfall–runoff data, field observations as well as process modelling are combined within a rejectionistic framework. A statistical analysis is used to test whether different predictors, which characterize the forcing, near surface water content and deeper subsurface store, allow the prediction of the type of rainfall–runoff response. Regression analysis is used with generalized linear models as they can deal with non‐Gaussian error distributions as well as a non‐stationary variance. The analysis reveals that the dominant predictors are the pre‐event discharge (proxy of state of the groundwater store) and the precipitation amount. In the field campaign, the subsurface at a representative hillslope was investigated by means of electrical resistivity tomography in order to identify possible strata as flow paths for subsurface stormflow. A low resistivity in approximately 4 m depth—either due to a less permeable layer or the groundwater surface—was detected. The former could serve as a flow path for subsurface stormflow. Finally, the physical‐based hydrological model CATFLOW and the groundwater model FEFLOW are compared with respect to their ability to reproduce the bimodal runoff responses. The groundwater model is able to reproduce the observations, although it uses only an abstract representation of the hillslopes. Process model analysis as well as statistical analysis strongly suggest that fast displacement of groundwater is the dominant process underlying the bimodal runoff reactions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directed evolution of enzymes: Library screening strategies
Authors: Leemhuis Hans , Kelly Ronan M. , Dijkhuizen Lubbert
Published: January 2009

Directed evolution has become the preferred engineering approach to generate tailor‐made enzymes. The method follows the design guidelines of nature: Darwinian selection of genetic variants. This review discusses the different stages of directed evolution experiments with the focus on developments in screening and selection procedures. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life 61(3): 222–228, 2009
Cancer stem cells: A guide for skeptics
Authors: Tomasson Michael H.
Published: January 2009

Cancer stem cells (CSC) were postulated to exist many years ago as cells within a tumor that regenerate the tumor following treatment. A stochastic clonal evolution model was used to explain observed tumor heterogeneity. Recently, xenotransplantation studies have demonstrated that prospectively identifiable subpopulations from human cancers can initiate tumors in immune deficient mice, and these results along with recent advances in stem cell biology have generated much excitement in the cancer field. The modern CSC theory posits a hierarchy of cells analogous to normal stem cell development. Some controversy remains, however, as to whether these tumor initiating cells truly represent CSC, and whether the modern CSC field can live up to the promise of providing improved cancer treatments based on a novel model of cancer biology. Recent data from CSC investigators are discussed critically. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 745–749, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The small GTPase RhoA is crucial for MC3T3‐E1 osteoblastic cell survival
Authors: Yoshida Tomohiko , Clark Mary F. , Stern Paula H.
Published: January 2009

Prolongation of cell survival through prevention of apoptosis is considered to be a significant factor leading to anabolic responses in bone. The current studies were carried out to determine the role of the small GTPase, RhoA, in osteoblast apoptosis, since RhoA has been found to be critical for cell survival in other tissues. We investigated the effects of inhibitors and activators of RhoA signaling on osteoblast apoptosis. In addition, we assessed the relationship of this pathway to parathyroid hormone (PTH) effects on apoptotic signaling and cell survival. RhoA is activated by geranylgeranylation, which promotes its membrane anchoring. In serum‐starved MC3T3‐E1 osteoblastic cells, inhibition of geranylgeranylation with geranylgeranyl transferase I inhibitors increased activity of caspase‐3, a component step in the apoptosis cascade, and increased cell death. Dominant negative RhoA and Y27632, an inhibitor of the RhoA effector Rho kinase, also increased caspase‐3 activity. A geranylgeranyl group donor, geranylgeraniol, antagonized the effect of the geranylgeranyl tranferase I inhibitor GGTI‐2166, but could not overcome the effect of the Rho kinase inhibitor. PTH 1‐34, a potent anti‐apoptotic agent, completely antagonized the stimulatory effects of GGTI‐2166, dominant negative RhoA, and Y27632, on caspase‐3 activity. The results suggest that RhoA signaling is essential for osteoblastic cell survival but that the survival effects of PTH 1‐34 are independent of this pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 896–902, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
JAK pathway induction of c‐Myc critical to IL‐5 stimulation of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis
Authors: Lee Wei‐Hwa , Liu Fu‐Hwa , Lin John Yi‐Chung , Huang Shih‐Yun , Lin Heng , Liao Wei‐Ju , Huang Huei‐Mei
Published: January 2009

Interleukin‐5 (IL‐5) induction of c‐Myc expression is associated with IL‐5 inhibition of apoptosis in hematopoietic cells. In this study, TFα1 and TFα8 cells with stable overexpression of IL‐5 receptor α (IL‐5Rα) subunit in TF‐1 cells, a human hematopoietic progenitor cell line which expressed low levels of IL‐5Rα, were used to explored how IL‐5 up‐regulate c‐Myc and the role of c‐Myc in IL‐5 signaling. First, we demonstrate that IL‐5 induced c‐Myc RNA and protein expressions, as well as activated Janus kinases (JAK1 and JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription‐5b (STAT5b). JAK inhibitor AG490 and c‐Myc inhibitor 10058‐F4, both, reduced IL‐5‐mediated cell proliferation in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Both, AG490 and 10058‐F4, also reduced IL‐5‐mediated anti‐apoptotic activity. Furthermore, AG490 inhibited IL‐5‐mediated c‐Myc induction and promoter activity. We further examined the role of JAK1 and JAK2 in the induction of c‐Myc expression using the CDJAK fusion proteins, which consisted of a CD16 extracellular domain, a CD7 transmembrane domain, and either JAK1 (CDJAK1) or JAK2 (CDJAK2) as intracellular domains. Simultaneous activation of JAK1 and JAK2 by anti‐CD16 antibody crosslinking of CDJAK1 and CDJAK2 could induced c‐Myc expression and promoter activity; AG490 inhibited CDJAK1 and CDJAK2‐mediated effects. These results suggest that IL‐5 induces cell proliferation and anti‐apoptosis through the JAK/c‐Myc pathway, and that JAK1 and JAK2 activation participate in IL‐5‐induced up‐regulation of c‐Myc. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 929–936, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RPAP3 interacts with Reptin to regulate UV‐induced phosphorylation of H2AX and DNA damage
Authors: Ni Lin , Saeki Makio , Xu Li , Nakahara Hirokazu , Saijo Masafumi , Tanaka Kiyoji , Kamisaki Yoshinori
Published: January 2009

We have previously reported that Monad, a novel WD40 repeat protein, potentiates apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor‐α and cycloheximide. By affinity purification and mass spectrometry, RNA polymerase II‐associated protein 3 (RPAP3) was identified as a Monad binding protein and may function with Monad as a novel modulator of apoptosis pathways. Here we report that Reptin, a highly conserved AAA + ATPase that is part of various chromatin‐remodeling complexes, is also involved in the association of RPAP3 by immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopic analysis. Overexpression of RPAP3 induced HEK293 cells to death after UV‐irradiation. Loss of RPAP3 by RNAi improved HeLa cell survival after UV‐induced DNA damage and attenuated the phosphorylation of H2AX. Depletion of Reptin reduced cell survival and facilitated the phosphorylation on H2AX. These results suggest that RPAP3 modulates UV‐induced DNA damage by regulating H2AX phosphorylation. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 920–928, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcome of treatment of human HeLa cervical cancer cells with roscovitine strongly depends on the dosage and cell cycle status prior to the treatment
Authors: Węsierska‐Gądek Józefa , Borza Andreea , Walzi Eva , Krystof Vladimir , Maurer Margarita , Komina Oxana , Wandl Stefanie
Published: January 2009

Exposure of asynchronously growing human HeLa cervical carcinoma cells to roscovitine (ROSC), a selective cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs) inhibitor, arrests their progression at the transition between G2/M and/or induces apoptosis. The outcome depends on the ROSC concentration. At higher dose ROSC represses HPV‐encoded E7 oncoprotein and initiates caspase‐dependent apoptosis. Inhibition of the site‐specific phosphorylation of survivin and Bad, occurring at high‐dose ROSC treatment, precedes the onset of apoptosis and seems to be a prerequisite for cell death. Considering the fact that in HeLa cells the G1/S restriction checkpoint is abolished by E7, we addressed the question whether the inhibition of CDKs by pharmacological inhibitors in synchronized cells would be able to block the cell‐cycle in G1 phase. For this purpose, we attempted to synchronize cells by serum withdrawal or by blocking of the mitotic apparatus using nocodazole. Unlike human MCF‐7 cells, HeLa cells do not undergo G1 block after serum starvation, but respond with a slight increase of the ratio of G1 population. Exposure of G1‐enriched HeLa cells to ROSC after re‐feeding does not block their cell‐cycle progression at G1‐phase, but increases the ratio of S‐ and G2‐phase, thereby mimicking the effect on asynchronously growing cells. A quite different impact is observed after treatment of HeLa cells released from mitotic block. ROSC prevents their cell cycle progression and cells transiently accumulate in G1‐phase. These results show that inhibition of CDKs by ROSC in cells lacking the G1/S restriction checkpoint has different outcomes depending on the cell‐cycle status prior to the onset of treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 937–955, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyr61 is up‐regulated in prostate cancer and associated with the p53 gene status
Authors: Lv Hezhe , Fan Ellen , Sun Suozhu , Ma Xiaoxiao , Zhang Xiaoyan , Han David M.K. , Cong Yu‐Sheng
Published: January 2009

Cysteine‐rich 61 (Cyr61) is a member of the CCN protein family that has been implicated in diverse biological processes such as cell adhesion, proliferation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. Altered expression of Cyr61 is found to be associated with human cancers. Here we show that Cyr61 was up‐regulated in prostate cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. A significant correlation of Cyr61 expression was found between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer (P = 0.002). However, there was no significant correlation between levels of PSA and Cyr61 expression (P = 0.2). Cyr61 may represent an independent prostate cancer biomarker and potentially a useful therapeutic target for prostate cancer treatment. In addition, our analysis based on published data and data present in this report indicted that levels of Cyr61 expression associated with the status of the tumor suppressor gene p53 in 32 cancer cell lines analyzed, high levels of Cyr61 expression were found in cell lines with mutant or null p53 gene, whereas lower expression levels of Cyr61 in the cell lines with wild‐type p53. We further show that over‐expression of dominant negative p53 or down‐expression of endogenous wild‐type p53 resulted in up‐regulation of Cyr61 expression, suggesting a functional link between Cyr61 and p53 in cancers. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 738–744, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Moving from preconditions for action to developing a cycle of continued social change: tapping the potential of mini‐grant programs
Authors: Deacon Zermarie , Foster‐Fishman Pennie , Mahaffey Michael , Archer Gretchen
Published: January 2009

One way in which community‐based initiatives have sought to overcome challenges to resident participation in neighborhood change processes is through the implementation of neighborhood mini‐grant programs. However, the mechanisms by which these grants function and any related limitations have not yet been empirically evaluated. This paper seeks to close this gap in the literature. Findings from an evaluation of one mini‐grant project are reported. Overall, it was found that mini‐grants were successful at generating preconditions for action in targeted neighborhoods. However, sustained resident involvement in neighborhood change activities was only engendered by a small number of mini‐grant projects. Recipients of these particularly impactful grants shared similar key characteristics. Implications for practice are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.