bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Production of Robot Trajectories Using the Temporal Parametrized Self Organizing Maps
Authors: Padoan Antonio Carlos , de A. Barreto Guilherme , Araújo Aluizio F. R.
Published: August 2003

In this paper we proposed an unsupervised neural architecture, called Temporal Parametrized Self Organizing Map (TEPSOM), capable of learning and reproducing complex robot trajectories and interpolating new states between the learned ones. The TEPSOM combines the Self-Organizing NARX (SONARX) network, responsible for coding the temporal associations of the robotic trajectory, with the Parametrized Self-Organizing (PSOM) network, responsible for an efficient interpolation mechanism acting on the SONARX neurons. The TEPSOM network is used to model the inverse kinematics of the PUMA 560 robot during the execution of trajectories with repeated states. Simulation results show that the TEPSOM is more accurate than the SONARX in the reproduction of the learned trajectories.
A Network of Coupled Chaotic Maps for Adaptive Multi-Scale Image Segmentation
Authors: Zhao Liang , Furukawa Rogerio A. , Carvalho Andre C. P. L. F.
Published: August 2003

In this paper, a network of coupled chaotic maps for multi-scale image segmentation is proposed. Time evolutions of chaotic maps that correspond to a pixel cluster are synchronized with one another, while this synchronized evolution is desynchronized with respect to time evolution of chaotic maps corresponding to other pixel clusters in the same image. The number of pixel clusters is previously unknown and the adaptive pixel moving technique introduced in the model makes it robust enough to classify ambiguous pixels.
QUANTUM WELL INFRARED PHOTOCONDUCTORS IN INFRARED DETECTORS TECHNOLOGY
Authors: ROGALSKI A.
Published: August 2003

Investigations of the performance of quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) as compared to other types of semiconductor infrared (IR) detectors are presented. In comparative studies both photon and thermal detectors are considered. More attention is paid to photon detectors and between them we can distinguish: HgCdTe photodiodes, InSb photodiodes, Schottky barrier photoemissive detectors, and doped silicon detectors. Special attention has been paid to competitive technologies in long wavelength IR (LWIR) and very LWIR (VLWIR) spectral ranges with emphasis on the material properties, device structure, and their impact on FPA performance. The potential performance of different materials as infrared detectors is examined utilizing the α/G ratio, where α is the absorption coefficient and G is the thermal generation.

From the discussion results, LWIR QWIP cannot compete with HgCdTe photodiode as the single device especially at higher temperature operation(> 70 K) due to fundamental limitations associated with intersubband transitions. However, the advantage of HgCdTe is less distinct in the temperature range below 50 K due to problems involved in the HgCdTe material (p-type doping, Shockley–Read recombination, trap-assisted tunneling, surface and interface instabilities).

Even though the QWIP is a photoconductor, several its properties such as high impedance, fast response time, long integration time, and low power consumption, well comply with requirements for large FPAs fabrication. Due to the high material quality at low temperature, QWIP has potential advantages over HgCdTe for VLWIR FPA applications in terms of the array size, uniformity, yield and cost of the systems.

Both HgCdTe photodiodes and quantum well infrared photodetectors offer multicolor capability in the MWIR and LWIR range. Powerful possibilities of QWIP technology are connected with VLWIR FPA applications and with multicolor detection.

QWIP FPAs combine the advantages of PtSi Schottky barrier arrays (high uniformity, high yield, radiation hardness, large arrays, lower cost) with the advantages of HgCdTe (high quantum efficiency and long wavelength response).
CORRUGATED QUANTUM WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS AND ARRAYS
Authors: CHOI K. K.
Published: August 2003

Quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) have many advantages in infrared detection, mainly due to the mature III-V material technology. The employment of the corrugated light-coupling scheme further improves the technology for its simplicity and efficiency. A C-QWIP enjoys the same flexibility as a detector with intrinsic normal incident absorption. In this chapter, we will discuss the sensitivity of C-QWIPs and their utilities in infrared detection, material characterization and electromagnetic modeling. Besides the standard corrugated structures, other exploratory detector architectures will also be described.
QWIPs DESIGNED FOR HIGH ABSORPTION AND HIGH OPERATING TEMPERATURE
Authors: Liu H. C. , Dudek R. , Shen A. , Dupont E. , Song C.-Y. , Wasilewski Z. R. , Buchanan M.
Published: August 2003

For the majority of applications involving detection of weak signals or thermal imaging, the quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) is designed to have the highest possible detectivity and operating temperature. The device parameters, such as the doping density, are chosen accordingly. In a different direction, the intrinsic short carrier lifetime (~ 5 ps) makes QWIPs well suited for high speed and high frequency applications. In such cases, since lasers are normally used, a high dark current can be tolerated. The most important parameter is then the absorption efficiency. For system simplicity and potential wide use, room temperature or near room temperature (reachable by thermo-electric cooling) operations are desirable. This paper discusses the QWIP design for high absorption and elevated temperature operation, and present a systematic experimental study on a set of GaAs/AlGaAs QWIPs with different doping densities. High absorption (~ 100%) and up to room temperature operation are achieved in devices having high doping densities and 100 quantum wells.
QUANTUM STRUCTURES FOR FAR-INFRARED DETECTION
Authors: PERERA A. G. U. , MATSIK S. G.
Published: August 2003

FIR photon detector development starting from the extrinsic detectors for LWIR to FIR wavelengths are presented. Several other types of IR detectors, including the cut-off wavelength extension into the FIR range for quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs), are summarized. Efforts in developing p-GaAs homojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission (HIWIP) far-infrared detectors and the most reason developments on GaAs/AlGaAs Heterojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission (HEIWIP) far-infrared detectors are presented.
GERMANIUM SELF-ASSEMBLED QUANTUM DOTS IN SILICON FOR MID-INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS
Authors: YAKIMOV ANDREW I. , DVURECHENSKII ANATOLII V.
Published: August 2003

We present an overview of the experimental results in the field of quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) implemented on Ge self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) in Si. QDs are fabricated using Stranski-Krastanov epitaxial growth mode. The effect of photoconductivity is associated with the photoexciation of holes from bound to bound states in Ge QDs or from bound states in Ge dots to continuum states in the Ge wetting and Si barrier layers. The depolarization field effect in the collective interlevel excitations of a dense array of Ge/Si QDs is discussed. The comparison between operating characteristics of QDIPs based on III–V and Ge/Si heterostructures is included.
QWIP-LED PIXELLESS THERMAL IMAGING DEVICE
Authors: Liu H. C. , Dupont E. , Byloos M. , Buchanan M. , Song C.-Y. , Wasilewski Z. R.
Published: August 2003

Over the past several years, we have been developing an alternative approach to thermal imaging based on pixelless quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIP) integrated with light emitting diodes (LED). This paper reviews the basic concept, presents our latest results, and discusses issues related to the imaging performance. Analytical expressions are derived for evaluating noise equivalent temperature difference. Areas that need improvements are pointed out.
ELECTRODYNAMIC RESPONSE OF MULTIPLE QUANTUM WELLS: THE INTERSUBBAND RESONANCE REGION
Authors: ZAŁUŻNY M. , ZIETKOWSKI W.
Published: August 2003

The electrodynamic properties of multiple quantum wells (MQWs) associated with intersubband transitions are discussed in context of infrared detectors. The effective medium approach is used for modeling of MQW structures. The usefulness of the concept of the radiative intersubband plasmon-polaritons in the description of the complex behavior of grazing-angle absorption spectra is also demonstrated.
ERRATA: "THz DETECTION BY RESONANT 2-D PLASMONS IN FIELD EFFECT DEVICES"
Authors: PERALTA X. G. , ALLEN S. J. , WANKE M. C. , HARFF N. E. , LILLY M. P. , SIMMONS J. A. , RENO J. L. , BURKE P. J. , EISENSTEIN J. P. , KNAP W. , DENG Y. , RUMYANTSEV S. , LÜ J.-Q. , SHUR M. S.
Published: August 2003

We demonstrate resonant detection of terahertz radiation by two-dimensional plasma waves in two field effect devices: a commercial field effect transistor (FET) and a double quantum well field effect transistor with a periodic grating gate. In both devices, the standing 2-D plasmon is tuned to the frequency of the THz radiation by varying the gate bias. The double quantum well field effect transistors exhibits a rich photoconductive response corresponding to spatial harmonics of the standing 2-D plasmons under the metal part of the periodic gate.
Thermo-visual Evaluation of the Yin-Tang Acupuncture Point for Intracranial Hypertension Syndrome
Authors: Ovechkin Aleck , Kim Kyeong-Seop , Lee Jeong-Whan , Lee Sang-Min
Published: August 2003

This study describes a thermo-visual method to diagnose intracranial hypertension syndrome that is caused by a high intracranial pressure by observing the relative temperature distribution around the "Yin-Tang" acupuncture point. Based on thermo-visual analysis of 3000 thermal images scanned by infrared thermal imaging system acquired from 1256 admitted patients, we found that a certain specific temperature distribution around the Yin-Tang acupuncture point was related with the degree of severity of intracranial hypertension syndrome. Thus, we claim that the evaluation of the relative temperature distribution around the Yin-Tang acupuncture point can be used to diagnose and control intracranial hypertension syndrome during medical treatments.
Saikosaponin-A Induces Apoptotic Mechanism in Human Breast MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 Cancer Cells
Authors: Chen Jung-Chou , Chang Nai-Wen , Chung Jing-Gung , Chen Kuei-Chu
Published: August 2003

The effects of Saikosaponin-A on human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) were investigated. Results demonstrated that Saikosaponin-A inhibited the proliferation or viability of the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Saikosaponin-A treatment of MDA-MB-231 for 3 hours and of MCF-7 cells for 2 hours, respectively caused an obvious increase in the sub-G1 population of cell cycles. Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells was independent of the P53/p21 pathway mechanism and was accompanied by an increased ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 and c-myc levels and activation of caspase-3. In contrast, apoptosis of MCF-7 cells may have been initiated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins and involved p53/p21 dependent pathway mechanism, and was accompanied by an increased level of c-myc protein. Both the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells and MCF-7 cells showed a difference worthy of further research.
Radix Sophorae flavescentis for Chronic Hepatitis B: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials
Authors: Liu Jianping , Zhu Minghui , Shi Rui , Yang Min
Published: August 2003

To evaluate the effects of radix Sophorae flavescentis for chronic hepatitis B, a systematic review of randomized clinical trials was conducted. Randomized trials comparing extract of radix Sophorae flavescentis versus placebo, no intervention, non-specific treatment, other active medicines, or interferon for chronic hepatitis B were identified by electronic and manual searches. Trials of Sophorae herb plus other drugs versus other drugs alone were also included. No blinding and language limitations were applied. The methodological quality of trials was assessed by the Jadad scale plus allocation concealment. Meta-analysis was performed where data was available. Twenty-two randomized trials (n = 2409) were included. Methodological quality of the trials was generally low. The combined results showed that matrine (aqueous extract of Sophorae flavescentis) had antiviral activity, positive liver biochemical effects, and improved symptoms and signs compared with non-specific treatment and other herbal medicines. The combination of matrine and interferon-α (IFN-α), thymosin, or basic treatment showed better effects on viral and liver biochemical responses. The antiviral and biochemical responses were not significantly different between matrine and IFN-α. No serious adverse event was reported. Based on the review, Sophorae flavescentis extract (matrine) may have antiviral activity and positive effects on liver biochemistry in chronic hepatitis B. However, the evidence is not sufficient to recommend matrine for routine clinical use due to the generally low methodological quality of the studies. Further rigorous trials are needed.
Effects of Qigong on Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Determinants and Ventilatory Function in Middle-Aged Patients with Essential Hypertension
Authors: Lee Myung Suk , Lee Myeong Soo , Choi Euy-Soon , Chung Hun-Taeg
Published: August 2003

This study was designed to measure changes in blood pressure (BP), urinary catecholamines and ventilatory functions of patients with mild essential hypertension after 10 weeks of Qigong (Shuxinpingxuegong). Fifty-eight patients volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly divided into either a Qigong group (n = 29), or a control group (n = 29). Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly in the Qigong group such that both became significantly lower after 10 weeks in the Qigong than in the control group. Also, there was a significant reduction of norepinephrine, metanephrine and epinephrine compared to baseline values in the Qigong group. The ventilatory functions, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume per sec, were increased in the Qigong group but not the control. These results suggest that Qigong may stabilize the sympathetic nervous system is effective in modulating levels of urinary catecholamines and BP positively, and in improving ventilatory functions in mildly hypertensive middle-aged patients.
Suppressing Tumor Progression ofIn VitroProstate Cancer Cells by Emitted Psychosomatic Power Through Zen Meditation
Authors: Yu Tiing , Tsai Hui Ling , Hwang Ming Liang
Published: August 2003

Human prostate cancer PC3 cells were treated in vitro with psychosomatic power emitted by a Buddhist-Zen Master. A significant decrease of growth rate was observed as determined by MTT assay after 48 hours. These cells also had two- to three-fold higher levels of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP) activity, a prostate tissue-specific differentiation antigen. In addition, the treated cells formed fewer and smaller colonies in soft agar as compared with control cells, which displayed anchorage-independent growth. These observations provide insight into the suppressive effects of healing power through the practice of Buddhist-Zen meditation on tumor progression. The emitted bioenergy may be suggested as an alternative and feasible approach for cancer research and patient treatment.
Effect of Orally Administered Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang (Shakuyaku-kanzo-to) on Muscle Cramps in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Hinoshita Fumihiko , Ogura Yosuke , Suzuki Yoshio , Hara Shigeko , Yamada Akira , Tanaka Naoko , Yamashita Akira , Marumo Fumiaki
Published: August 2003

Muscle cramps are one of the most common complications of hemodialysis (HD), and often are a source of great pain in spite of various clinical measures. The traditional herbal medicine, Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang (Japanese name: Shakuyaku-kanzo-to), consists of equal amounts of paeony and licorice roots, and has been used in Japan and China for muscle pain or skeletal muscle tremors. To determine whether this medicine is able to prevent frequent and unendurable muscle cramps in patients undergoing HD, Shakuyaku-kanzo-to at 6 g per day was prospectively administered for 4 weeks to five patients on HD who were suffering from frequent muscle cramps. The frequency and severity of cramping before and after the treatment were carefully observed and compared. Skeletal muscle cramps completely disappeared in two of the treated patients after the start of oral administration of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to. Moreover, the frequency of cramping was significantly decreased in two of the remaining three patients after persistent administration. The severity of muscle cramps was also decreased by this treatment in the responsive patients. No serious side effects were detected during the treatment period. The inhibitory effect of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to on muscle contraction was also experimentally examined by using phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations from male Wistar rats. Differences between the twitch responses were determined when the diaphragms and the nerves were stimulated in the presence and absence of the extract of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to. The results demonstrated that extracts of paeony and licorice roots inhibit contraction of skeletal muscles in rats. Taken together, we suggest that administration of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to is a safe, effective treatment for preventing muscle cramps in patients undergoing HD.
Effect of Uwhangchungsimwon on Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 in Human Endothelial Cells
Authors: Moon Sang-Kwan , Kim Young-Suk , Ko Chang-Nam , Bae Hyung-Sup , Cho Ki-Ho , Lee Kyung-Sup
Published: August 2003

For molecular biological characterization of the effects of Uwhangchungsimwon (UC) on the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene and cell adhesion-regulating gene, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), the human endothelial cell line (ECV304) was treated with the extract of UC and transcription of genes was examined using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. UC showed a transcription-activating effect on the NOS gene and a suppressing effect on the VCAM-1 gene in human endothelial cells, and these effects were found in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Down-regulation of VCAM-1 expression by UC was directly mediated by increased nitric oxide (NO) production, which was associated with increased NOS gene transcription. This study strongly suggests that the clinical effects of UC on stroke might be derived at least in part from its ability to induce NOS expression, which was followed by significant reduction of VCAM-1 expression.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Pregnant Rat Uterus by Sp-6 Acupuncture
Authors: Kim Jeong-Sang , Na Chang Su , Hwang Woo Jun , Lee Byung Chul , Shin Ki Hyoung , Pak Sok Cheon
Published: August 2003

As pregnancy advances, prostaglandins (PG) increase in the uterus, leading to elevated uterine contractility. Therefore, regulating the concentration of PG in the uterus can be a key factor for controlling the duration of labor. Since the synthesis of PGs in the uterus is catalyzed by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), devising a tool to regulate the expression of COX-2 could provide a method for treating complicated labor. In this study, Sp-6 acupuncture treatment was evaluated for its potential in controlling uterine motility. Immunohistochemical methods showed the COX-2 enzyme was primarily found in the endometrium and myometrium of rat uterus. COX-2 expression in these two locations were intensified by pregnancy, but reduced by acupuncture at the Sp-6 acupoint. Uterine motility monitored during Sp-6 acupuncture was reduced by 28.15% (p < 0.05) and 19.88% (p < 0.05) in pregnant rats and non-pregnant rats, respectively. The significant reduction of uterine motility in pregnant rat suggests a role for Sp-6 acupuncture in regulating the expression of COX-2 during pregnancy. These results suggest that Sp-6 acupuncture could be used as a complementary method for controlling labor in human pregnancy.
Effects of Hachimi-jio-gan (Ba-wei-di-huang-wan) on Blood Flow in the Human Central Retinal Artery
Authors: Isobe Hideyuki , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Cyong Jong-Chol
Published: August 2003

Hachimi-jio-gan (HJG), a chinese herbal formula, and a placebo were given to 12 healthy adults, and the changes in blood flow in the central retinal artery were observed with the latest ultrasonic diagnosis device before and after administration. After administration of HJG, the systolic flow velocity, diastolic flow velocity and mean flow velocity in the central retinal artery showed significant increases. No change was observed in vascular resistance. The subjects deemed suitable for use of HJG showed remarkable increases in blood flow. No changes in blood flow velocities and vascular resistance were observed after administration of the placebo. HJG is frequently used in the aged, often with eye diseases such as cataract. It has been reported that a decrease of blood flow in the central retinal artery becomes more marked in proportion to the progress of various eye diseases. As increases in blood flow were obvious in the cases that were treated with HJG, it is suggested that increases in blood flow in the central retinal artery due to HJG give direct evidence supporting the positive effects of HJG on eye diseases.
Ensembles and Experiments in Classical and Quantum Physics
Authors: Neumaier Arnold
Published: August 2003

A philosophically consistent axiomatic approach to classical and quantum mechanics is given. The approach realizes a strong formal implementation of Bohr's correspondence principle. In all instances, classical and quantum concepts are fully parallel: the same general theory has a classical realization and a quantum realization. Extending the ''probability via expectation'' approach of Whittle to noncommuting quantities, this paper defines quantities, ensembles, and experiments as mathematical concepts and shows how to model complementarity, uncertainty, probability, nonlocality and dynamics in these terms. The approach carries no connotation of unlimited repeatability; hence it can be applied to unique systems such as the universe. Consistent experiments provide an elegant solution to the reality problem, confirming the insistence of the orthodox Copenhagen interpretation on that there is nothing but ensembles, while avoiding its elusive reality picture. The weak law of large numbers explains the emergence of classical properties for macroscopic systems.
Near Helical Conformations of an Elastic dsDNA Ribbon
Authors: Zhou Zicong , Lai Pik-Yin
Published: August 2003

We find analytically the conditions to form a nearly helical conformation for a model of double-stranded DNA under external force and torque. For such conformations, the tilting angle can be either oscillatory or decaying with increasing arclength, depending on the relationship among the force, torque and initial tilting angle. Both conformations are possible for a small initial tilting angle while only the oscillatory solution is possible for a large initial tilting angle. Phase diagram that depicts the oscillatory and decaying solutions is calculated. The corresponding linking number, twist, writhe number, relative extension and the locus of the chain are also calculated analytically.
Multifractal Aspects for a Self Organized Critical Model
Authors: Pinho S. T. R. , Andrade R. F. S. , Nogueira E.
Published: August 2003

We investigate multifractal properties for an Abelian directed model of self-organized criticality that describes the growth of droplets inside a cloud and the subsequent rainfall. The probability distribution of events of the model satisfies finite-size scaling. We obtain the singularity spectra f(α) associated with temporal records for avalanche size and for the potential energy, defined by the total sum of the product between mass and height of each site. The measure defined by avalanche size has a clear cut multifractal character, while the obtained f(α) for potential energy may include a spurious branch.
EPR and Magnetic Susceptibility Investigations of Fe2O3-B2O3-KCl Glasses
Authors: Ardelean I. , Păşcuţă P. , Giurgiu L. V.
Published: August 2003

Glasses of the x Fe 2 O 3·(100-x) [3 B 2 O 3· KCl ] system, with 0 < x ≤ 20 mol%, were investigated by means of EPR and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The Fe 3+ ions in sites of distorted octahedral symmetry and clustered formations containing both Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ ionic species were verified. Dipolar and super-exchange interactions involving iron ions were revealed depending on the iron content of the sample.
A Study of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Optical Absorption Spectra of VO2+ Ions in Alkali Barium Phosphate Glasses
Authors: Kumar V. Ramesh , Chakradhar R. P. S. , Murali A. , Gopal N. O. , Rao J. Lakshmana
Published: August 2003

The electron paramagnetic resonance and optical absorption spectra of VO 2+ ions in different alkali barium phosphate glasses have been studied and the results have been analysed using C4v symmetry. The EPR spectrum shows eight hyperfine lines characteristic of VO 2+ ions. From the observed EPR spectra, the spin-Hamiltonian parameters, Fermi contact interaction parameter k, dipolar hyperfine coupling parameter P have been evaluated. The EPR spectra exhibit a marked concentration dependence. The EPR spectra were also recorded at different temperatures. The number of spins participating in resonance is found to be increasing with decreasing temperature. The paramagnetic susceptibility χ is calculated from the EPR data. As the temperature decreases, χ increases in accordance with Curie's law. The optical absorption spectrum exhibits two bands corresponding to the transitions 2B2g → 2B1g and 2B2g → 2Eg , characteristic of VO 2+ ions in octahedral symmetry with tetragonal distortion. From the ultraviolet edges of these optical absorption spectra, the optical band gap energies (Eopt) of the glass samples have been calculated. The optical band gap energy varies with alkali content. By correlating EPR and optical absorption data, the molecular orbital coefficients have been evaluated. The theoretical values of optical basicity of the glasses have also been evaluated.
Structure and Dynamics of Dipolar Fluids Under Strong Shear
Authors: Tao R.
Published: August 2003

Molecular dynamical simulation has been carried out to investigate the structure and dynamics of a dipolar fluid under strong shear. The dipolar fluid consists of polizable particles, which have an induced dipole moment in the applied field direction. The shear stress is perpendicular to the field direction. When the shear stress is small, the flow has a flowing-chain structure. If the shear stress increases beyond a critical value, the flowing-chain structure changes to flowing layer structure. Each layer is parallel to flow direction and the shear direction. Within one layer, the particles form strings in the flow direction.
Re-innervation of M. Biceps by End-to-side Nerve Suture
Authors: Mennen Ulrich , van der Westhuizen MJ , Eggers IM
Published: August 2003

End-to-side nerve suture (ETSNS) is a viable option to re-innervate a paralysed biceps muscle. The host or donor nerve could be any of the adjacent large nerves including the brachial plexus. It is important to adhere to certain principles when performing ETSNS, e.g. epineural window only, suture line without tension, the recipient nerve should not "kink" in any way and complete immobilisation for at least three weeks. The earlier this ETSNS is done after injury the better the outcome. Patient co-operation and motivation is of the utmost importance. The post-operative rehabilitation programme is essential to "awaken" and strengthen the dormant muscle. Our results are based on five patients. Good elbow flexion, i.e. biceps contraction can be regained after ETSNS of, for example, the musculo-cutaneous nerve into an appropriate viable host nerve.
End-to-side Nerve Suture in Clinical Practice
Authors: Mennen Ulrich
Published: August 2003

The phenomenon of lateral sprouting of axons into an end-to-side sutured recipient nerve is well documented. The exact nature, however, still needs further investigation. Since 1996, we have been continuously involved in primate research as well as using this end-to-side nerve suture (ETSNS) method in clinical practice. Fifty-six patients with a variety of conditions, ranging from brachial plexus avulsion to digital nerve lesions, have been operated. From our experience, it seems that the best results achieved are proximal motor re-innervation (e.g. biceps) and distal sensory re-innervation (e.g. volar skin of the hand). The discussion will cover various aspects for ETSNS in the human patient, such as indications, parameters, technique, and the importance of rehabilitation. ETSNS restores function in conditions previously difficult to operate, and may replace nerve grafting in many instances. It provides an additional method in our armamentarium in peripheral nerve surgery.
Distal Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis with Herbert Screw
Authors: El-Hadidi Shaher , Al-Kdah Hashem
Published: August 2003

Fifteen patients underwent arthrodesis of finger distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) and/or thumb interphalangeal joint (IP). Only Herbert screw intramedullary compression fixation was used. There was one faulty proximal thread placement with some pain, but the patient refused further surgery. Full union was achieved in 14 of the cases, with prominent hardware in one and intolerance to cold in two.
Spontaneous Dislocation of the Extensor Tendons with Flexion and Ulnar Deviation Contracture of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint: A Case Report
Authors: Makino Masaharu
Published: August 2003

A case with spontaneous extensor tendon dislocation was treated operatively. Right hand was more severely affected with contracture of the metacarpophalangeal joints. Centralisation of the extensor tendons and sectioning of ulnar intrinsic muscles sufficed correction of the pathology. No recurrence occurred in the last 24 months.
The Functional Results of Ray Amputation
Authors: Melikyan E. Y. , Beg M. S. A. , Woodbridge S. , Burke F. D.
Published: August 2003

Twenty patients (14 males, six females) were assessed at an average of 32 months (ten to 156 months) after ray amputation using the disability shoulder, arm, hand (DASH) questionnaire, physical examination and functional testing. There were 14 border (eight index, six little) and six central ray (five middle, one ring) amputations. Our results showed on average 27% less grip and 22% three-point pinch strength in the operated hands. Peak power output was 22% and average work output 14% less on the operated side than the contralateral hand. The DASH function score was 29.2 (range 3.3–74.2). Nine patients returned to their previous occupation, two had to change jobs and two did not return to work. Six patients were not working, one was of school age. The ensuing disability remained within limits reflected by our measurements and the acceptance of the patients.
Phalangeal Osteotomy for the Treatment of Metacarpal Synostosis: A Case Report
Authors: Yildirim Serkan , Akan Mithat , Aköz Tayfun
Published: August 2003

Congenital synostosis between the fourth and fifth metacarpals is a rare congenital anomaly. We present a case of type IIIB metacarpal synostosis according to the Buck Gramcko's classification with the camptodactyly of the little finger. It was treated successfully with the phalangeal angulation osteotomy and soft tissue release procedures.
Co-Existent Gout and Septic Arthritis at the Wrist: A Case Report
Authors: Schuind Frédéric A. , Remmelink Myriam , Pasteels Jean-Lambert
Published: August 2003

This article presents an exceptional clinical manifestation of gout in the wrist. The patient suffered from an association of septic and urate-crystal-induced arthritis. At the time, the serum uric acid concentration was still normal. The association of septic and urate-crystal-induced arthritis has been reported in other locations. The pathophysiology of the precipitation of urate crystals in the presence of an infectious process is discussed.
Analysis of Tsuge's Procedure for the Treatment of Radial Nerve Paralysis
Authors: Ishida O. , Ikuta Y.
Published: August 2003

Radial deviation and limited flexion of the wrist joint and a lack of abduction of the thumb have been noticed after the Riordan's procedure. Therefore, Tsuge et al. modified the Riordan's procedure, and their procedure includes transfer of the pronator teres to the extensor carpi radialis brevis, the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) to the extensor digitorum communis (EDC), and the palmaris longus to the extensor pollicis longus, along with tenodesis of the abductor pollicis longus. We reviewed the charts of 21 patients with isolated radial nerve paralysis who were treated with the Tsuge's procedure. Mean follow-up period was 11.3 years. Postoperatively, patients showed good extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint measured at the middle finger, useful flexion of the wrist joint, and decreased radial deviation of the wrist. The FCR transfer to the EDC is an excellent procedure for extension of the fingers. However, reconstruction of active abduction of the thumb remains controversial.
Boutonnière Deformity After Correction of Childhood Swan-Neck Deformity: A Case Report
Authors: Graham Alastair J. , Berger Anthony C.
Published: August 2003

After a successful Littler procedure (spiral oblique retinacular ligament reconstruction) for swan-neck deformity, a 14-year-old patient developed progressive boutonnière deformity. We propose that the problem arose from gradual tightening of the tendon transfer as the finger grew.
Ruptures of the Distal Biceps Brachii Tendon: Results of Three Surgical Techniques
Authors: Özyürekoğlu Tuna , Tsai Tsu-Min
Published: August 2003

The results of three different surgical techniques used for the treatment of 46 ruptures of the distal biceps brachii tendon in 45 patients were evaluated and compared. Mean follow-up time was 14 months. The 46 ruptures were categorised according to the surgical technique used for treatment. In Group I, 17 arms were treated using two incisions and transosseous suture fixation; in Group II, 19 patients were treated using bone-anchor fixation; and in Group III, ten patients were treated using a tie-on-button technique. After treatment, 41 patients (89.1%) had full active range of motion (ROM) and 38 patients (82.6%) had excellent or good strength. The results after treatment in all three groups were satisfactory. Though the outcomes of these techniques were similar, operative time, time to return to regular activity, and time to return to work was shorter in the bone-anchor and tie-on-button groups than that in the two-incision transosseous fixation group.
Treatment of Scapholunate Dissociation: Ligamentous Repair Associated with Modified Dorsal Capsulodesis
Authors: Minami Akio , Kato Hiroyuki , Iwasaki Norimasa
Published: August 2003

We previously reported that our repair and/or reconstruction of the scapholunate interosseous ligament reduced the scapholunate dissociation and improved the clinical results. Re-evaluation of these patients after three years revealed that malrotation of the scaphoid advanced significantly although the clinical results declined only slightly. To prevent progression of scaphoid malrotation, a modified dorsal capsulodesis was subsequently added to the ligamentous repair of scapholunate dissociation. The records of 17 patients were available for this study. The time lapse from injury to surgical treatment ranged from four days to one year and six months. All but three patients were operated less than two months after the injury. All patients were followed for more than one year, with an average of 49 months. Clinical results were expressed by a modification of the point score method of Green and O'Brien. Scapholunate angles were measured on lateral X-ray films with the wrist in neutral position. Overall clinical results averaged 83 points (range: 25–100). The scapholunate angles averaged 49° (range: 45–60). In the three patients, in whom the operation was performed more than 11 months after the injury, the clinical results averaged 38 points and scapholunate angles averaged 54°, respectively. These clinical and X-ray results suggest that early repair of the scapholunate interosseous ligament along with a modified dorsal capsulodesis is a useful procedure in the treatment of scapholunate dissociation.
Acute Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Two Rare Cases
Authors: Charalambous C. P. , Zipitis C. S. , Kumar R. , Paul A. S.
Published: August 2003

Acute carpal tunnel syndrome is an orthopaedic emergency that requires prompt surgical treatment. We describe two rare cases of this condition, one secondary to pyogenic infection and one secondary to prolonged pressure on the upper limb brought on by overdose.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Due to Gouty Infiltration of the Lumbrical Muscles and Flexor Tendons
Authors: Tan G. , Chew W. , Lai C. H.
Published: August 2003

A case of gout first presenting as carpal tunnel syndrome due to intratendinous and lumbrical muscle involvement with tophi is reported. Surgical decompression with excision of tophi and diseased muscle produced symptomatic relief.
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Matev Boris
Published: August 2003

During a 15-year period, 145 patients presenting with cubital tunnel syndrome were operated upon. They are divided into two groups: (1) Primary tunnel syndrome — 27 cases (18.6%), with a "pure" past history, and (2) secondary — 118 cases (81.4%) with the lesion occurring after a known causative event. Investigation of 100 healthy persons, 50 men and 50 women (200 extremities) show, when elbow flexes, the ulnar nerve moves around the epicondyle in 50% of men, whereas in the remainder nerve subluxation or dislocation anteriorly to the epicondyle occurs. In women, the figures are 72% and 28%, respectively. Apparently in men, the nerve being more mobile is more sensitive to gliding impairment in the tunnel compared to women. In the series of 145 patients, there is a 4.5 : 1 men-to-women ratio, the men being affected much more often. The role of traction in the pathomechanic is further suggested by two facts: the presence of elbow flexion contracture (52%) of the patients and firm ulnar nerve adhesions to the tunnel wall (73%).

Skin electroresistance assessment using a high-sensitivity microamperimeter was conducted in 100 patients. Skin electroresistance may remain within normal limits even in cases of expressed sensory and motor impairment. This points to the great resistance of sympathetic fibres against the compression and traction within the canal. Concerning the type of anterior transfer, a combined procedure was used by placing the nerve subcutaneously for the proximal part, and intramuscularly for the distal one. Nerve recovery may proceed even ten years after anterior transfer.
Results of 1245 Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Decompressions
Authors: McNally S. A. , Hales P. F.
Published: August 2003

Between 1994 and 2000, the senior author performed 1245 endoscopic carpal tunnel decompressions. There were 291 bilateral cases. A telephone review was conducted of those patients who had not had an early excellent result, or conversion to an open procedure. Ninety-four per cent follow-up of patients in this group was achieved; 88% had an early excellent result with no subsequent problems. In 33 hands (3%) the carpal tunnel was opened, because of abnormal anatomy or poor view. A further 5% had a late excellent result. Seventeen hands (1%) have required subsequent open decompression, with adherence of the median nerve often found at revision surgery. Another 24 hands (2%) had a poor result. Fourteen hands (1%) had minor symptoms and 26 (2%) had another diagnosis of upper limb pathology. In contrast to other series, there was only one case of damage to an important structure — the radial digital nerve of the thumb.
The Embedded Ring Injury — Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Deshmukh N. V. , Stothard J. S.
Published: August 2003

Embedding ring injury is a very rare injury. Patients will mental illness should be considered at risk.
Lateral Fracture Dislocation of the Second and Third Carpometacarpal Joints
Authors: Howard Matthew B. , Edmunds Ian
Published: August 2003

We report a case of a rare injury, lateral fracture dislocation of the second and third carpometacarpal joints, which presented late and was managed by fusion of the involved joints.
Hand Surgery — Past, Present and Future
Authors: Leung P. C. , Kwok K. O. , Wong M. W. N.
Published: August 2003

Although new techniques and innovative approaches in hand surgery are increasing in number and popularity, the ultimate aim of achieving improved functions may not be fulfilled. On the other hand, perfect functional results are not achieved, not because of inability to use recent technology, but because of deficient skills, e.g. on basic incisions, tendon repair, or nerve repair.
A Prospective Study of Outcome Following Mini-open Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: Bradley Michael P. , Hayes Edward P. , Weiss Arnold-Peter C. , Akelman Edward
Published: August 2003

Mini-open carpal tunnel release has been the focus of recent attention for surgical decompression of carpal tunnel syndrome. Other techniques such as standard open carpal tunnel release and endoscopic release have been well established, and outcomes, complications and results for these operations have been published widely. Our study uses the validated Levine Katz questionnaire for carpal tunnel syndrome to measure patient subjective outcomes at one year follow-up after mini-open carpal tunnel release. Thirty-four consecutive hands were enrolled prospectively with preoperative and postoperative questionnaires. Mean symptom severity scores per question improved from 2.8 to 1.3 and mean function severity scores per question improved from 2.6 to 1.3. Comparing our data to the historical cohort of Levine et al., there was a statistically significant improvement in postoperative outcomes in our population (p < 0.0001).
Reconstructive Procedure to Repair Chronic Injuries to the Collateral Ligament of Metacarpophalangeal Joints of the Hand
Authors: Oka Yoshinori , Harayama Hiroki , Ikeda Masayoshi
Published: August 2003

We have devised a reconstructive procedure to repair chronic injuries to the collateral ligament of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints. It comprises palmaris longus tendon grafting into a bone tunnel and suturing onto the base of the residual ligament without involving fixation of the tendon graft stump.

Thirteen patients were treated for injured MCP joints: thumb/ulnar, ten cases; thumb/radial, two; and middle finger/radial, one. All patients had pain and instability of average 41° in the affected MCP joints. The patients were followed at an average period of five years and nine months. Pain and joint instability disappeared in all patients. The mean MCP joint range of motion (ROM) was 1° on extension and 58° on flexion. The tip pinch strength averaged 4.8 kg.

The gratifying results obtained using this method are attributed to the fact that optimal tension of the ligament and satisfactory ROM can be achieved during the course of rehabilitation.
Injury to Arms Protruding Through Vehicle Windows
Authors: Nikitins M. D. , Ibrahim S. , Cooter R. D.
Published: August 2003

Driving with an arm protruding through a window can result in limb threatening injury. A series of seven upper limb injuries sustained during motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) with a limb protruding from the vehicle window is described. The severity and complexity of these injuries are related to the ultimate functional recovery for the limb. This study serves to highlight the severity of injury and morbidity following these modalities of trauma, which although rarely fatal, carry extensive consequences and could be easily prevented with appropriate education programmes and legislation.
Digital Neurovascular Compression Due to a Forgotten Tourniquet
Authors: Avci Gülden , Akan Mithat , Yildirim Serkan , Aköz Tayfun
Published: August 2003

The surgeon may, on occasion, wish to perform a relatively minor procedure on a single finger with some types of tourniquet at the base of the finger. A potential complication of a digital tourniquet is neurovascular damage due to excessive tissue pressure and prolonged application time. We presented a case where a hand surgery and digital tourniquet was forgotten on the finger for one and a half days. Although neurovascular compromise had occurred, the left index finger was successfully saved after extensive medical treatment and leech therapy.
Acute Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Caused by Anomalous Muscle Bellies: A Case Report
Authors: Kono Hiroshi
Published: August 2003

We reported on an acute carpal tunnel syndrome that occurred two hours after the internal fixation of scaphoid. Operative exploration showed median nerve compression caused by flexor digitorum superficialis muscle bellies within the carpal tunnel. Symptoms were relieved immediately after the carpal tunnel release. This case was very rare because acute carpal tunnel syndrome was caused by swollen muscle bellies within the carpal tunnel after the initial operation for the trans-scaphoid perilunate dislocation. This clinical situation should be distinguished from compartment syndrome of forearm.
Designing human-computer interfaces for quadriplegic people
Authors: Steriadis Constantine E. , Constantinou Philip
Published: August 2003

The need for participation in an emerging
Information Society
has led to several research efforts for designing accessibility solutions for disabled people. In this paper we present a method for developing Human-Computer Interfaces (HCIs) for quadriplegic people in modern programming environments. The presented method accommodates the design of scanning interfaces with modern programming tools, leading to flexible interfaces with improved appearance and it is based on the use of specially designed software objects called "
wifsids
" (Widgets For Single-switch Input Devices). The wifsid structure is demonstrated and 4 types of wifsids are analyzed. Developed software applications are to be operated by single-switch activations that are captured through the wifsids, with the employment of several modes of the scanning technique. We also demonstrate the "Autonomia" software application, that has been developed according to the specific methodology. The basic snapshots of this application are analyzed, in order to demonstrate how the wifsids cooperate with the scanning process in a user-friendly environment that enables a quadriplegic person to access an ordinary computer system.