bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Curcumin Protects Metronidazole and X-ray Induced Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Male Germ Cells in Mice
Authors: Singh S. , Das Roy L. , Giri Sarbani
Published: November 2014

Metronidazole (MTZ) is a common antiparasitic and antibacterial drug. The drug and X-ray induced effects in mouse sperm count, sperm head abnormality and some oxidative stress parameters have been studied. Simultaneously the protective role of curcumin has been evaluated. MTZ, 40 mg/kg bw and 13.4 mg/kg bw × 3 days exposure induced abnormal sperm head and reduced total sperm count in Swiss albino mice both after 24 h and 35 days of exposure. However, MTZ treatment in mice receiving X-ray irradiation (0.5 Gy) did not changed the incidence of abnormal sperm population or decrease in the total sperm count. Hepatic glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) declined significantly during the treatment phase with significant rise in lipid peroxidation of the tissue. The cellular changes were estimated by using lipid peroxidative indices like thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Elevated  TBARS is indicative of oxidative stress in treated mice. Furthermore, curcumin pre-treatment apparently reduced the frequency of sperm head abnormality and  TBARS induced by MTZ alone or in combination with X-ray and increased the levels of hepatic GSH and SOD. The additive effects of MTZ and X-ray could not be observed with regards to sperm head abnormality and total sperm count in the tested dose range although the cellular antioxidants were found to be significantly lowered and lipid peroxidantion increased. The possible role of MTZ and X-ray inducing sperm abnormality, decreased sperm count and alteration in GSH, SOD and TBARS and defensive role of curcumin have been evaluated.
Species diversity and distribution of mangroves in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Authors: Goutham-Bharathi M.P. , Roy S. Dam , Krishnan P. , Kaliyamoorthy M. , Immanuel Titus
Published: November 2014

Despite extensive studies on mangrove ecosystems of Andaman and Nicobar Islands since the 1870s, knowledge of exact species composition is far from complete, and there is a lack of comprehensive locality data. The present study was designed to review the existing literature and to provide an updated checklist of the true mangrove species of the Islands. Preliminary surveys were carried out in seven regions (four from the Andaman group and three from the Nicobar group), and the specific survey sites for detailed study (n=51) were selected based on representativeness, importance, and accessibility. During 2009–2013, all the selected sites were visited, and mangrove species occurrence was recorded. At present, 25 true mangrove species distributed among 10 families and 14 genera were identified vis-à-vis 17 to 36 species reported in earlier studies. The discernible changes in species numbers from earlier studies could mainly be attributed to our exclusion of associated littoral vegetation and of species unlikely to be present among the true mangroves of the Islands. Given their limited geographical area, the low similarity index values between the Andaman and Nicobar Island groups (≤0.4) indicate a need for periodical surveys, as mangrove biodiversity is usually homogenous in regions where there are no impassable dispersal barriers. Further, regular updating of information on the extent and status of mangroves in the Islands is imperative not only to improve our understanding of phytogeography but also for better management and conservation.
The new species Neosiphonia thailandica sp. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Gulf of Thailand
Authors: Muangmai Narongrit , Yamagishi Yukimasa , Maneekat Sinchai , Kaewsuralikhit Chatcharee
Published: November 2014

We describe a new epiphytic red alga Neosiphonia thailandica sp. nov. based on a sample collected from Sri Rasha Harbor in the eastern upper Gulf of Thailand. This species grows epiphytically on Gracilaria fisheri, and it is distinguished from other members of the genus by a combination of morphological features: large and slender thalli with narrow axes (up to 15 cm height and 0.5 mm wide), ecortication, well-developed erect habit, few trichoblasts, and abundant adventitious endogenous branchlets occurring in various positions on the thalli. The morphological distinction of N. thailandica is supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses using partial rbcL sequences. Neosiphonia thailandica is positioned within a major clade of the genus Neosiphonia and clustered with Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa and Polysiphonia forfex.
First report of Laurencia chondrioides (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) and its potential to be an invasive in the eastern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Hoffman Razy , Sternberg Marcelo , Serio Donatella
Published: November 2014

The Mediterranean coast of Israel is well known as a hotspot of invasive marine species, mostly from the Indian and Pacific oceans. Here, we report the first occurrence of the red seaweed Laurencia chondrioides in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Large quantities of this species were observed in the algal drift on the sandy shores as well as on rocky surfaces of the upper and middle infralittoral zone. This highly abundant invasive species, present along the northern shore of Israel, represents a serious threat to the local marine flora. Some aspects of its ecology and invasive behavior in this region are also discussed.
Pharmacogenetics of drug-metabolizing enzymes in US Hispanics
Authors: Claudio-Campos Karla , Duconge Jorge , Cadilla Carmen L. , Ruaño Gualberto
Published: November 2014

Although the Hispanic population is continuously growing in the United States, they are underrepresented in pharmacogenetic studies. This review addresses the need for compiling available pharmacogenetic data in US Hispanics, discussing the prevalence of clinically relevant polymorphisms in pharmacogenes encoding for drug-metabolizing enzymes.CYP3A5*3 (0.245–0.867) showed the largest frequency in a US Hispanic population. A higher prevalence ofCYP2C9*3,CYP2C19*4, andUGT2B7IVS1+985 A>G was observed in US Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic populations. We found interethnic and intraethnic variability in frequencies of genetic polymorphisms for metabolizing enzymes, which highlights the need to define the ancestries of participants in pharmacogenetic studies. New approaches should be integrated in experimental designs to gain knowledge about the clinical relevance of the unique combination of genetic variants occurring in this admixed population. Ethnic subgroups in the US Hispanic population may harbor variants that might be part of multiple causative loci or in linkage-disequilibrium with functional variants. Pharmacogenetic studies in Hispanics should not be limited to ascertain commonly studied polymorphisms that were originally identified in their parental populations. The success of the Personalized Medicine paradigm will depend on recognizing genetic diversity between and within US Hispanics and the uniqueness of their genetic backgrounds.
Microstructural Evolution of TLP Bonded Ti3Al-Nb Alloy Joints
Authors: Gu X.Y. , Duan Z.Z. , Gu X.P. , Sun D.Q.
Published: November 2014

In the present study microstructural evolution in transient liquid phase (TLP) bonded Ti3Al-Nb alloy joints using a pure copper as interlayer was investigated. TLP bonded Ti3Al-Nb alloy joints composed of intermetallic compound layers were produced. Microstructural evolution of joints depended on both bonding time and bonding temperature. With increasing bonding time and bonding temperature, the joint width increased and amount of compounds in the joint decreased. The joint microstructure at 1173 K × 1 min mainly consisted of Ti (solid solution) + Ti2Cu + TiCu + Ti3Cu4 + Ti2Cu3 + TiCu4 + Cu (solid solution) phase and it changed to Ti (solid solution) + Ti2Cu + TiCu at 1223 K × 60 min. Compounds formed on cooling from the bonding temperature by liquid phase were eliminated from the joint at 1223 K × 60 min due to isothermal solidification of liquid phase. The increase of the width of joint is attributed to the composition difference between the isothermal solidification production and its adjacent base material.
Simple groups of automorphisms of trees determined by their actions on finite subtrees
Authors: Banks Christopher , Elder Murray , Willis George A.
Published: November 2014

We introduce the notion of the k-closure of a group of automorphisms of a locally finite tree, and give several examples of the construction. We show that the k-closure satisfies a new property of automorphism groups of trees that generalises Tits' Property P. We prove that, apart from some degenerate cases, any non-discrete group acting on a tree with this property contains an abstractly simple subgroup.
Infinitely-ended hyperbolic groups with homeomorphic Gromov boundaries
Authors: Martin Alexandre , Świątkowski Jacek
Published: November 2014

We show that the Gromov boundary of the free product of two infinite hyperbolic groups is uniquely determined up to homeomorphism by the homeomorphism types of the boundaries of its factors. We generalize this result to graphs of hyperbolic groups over finite subgroups. Finally, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the Gromov boundaries of any two hyperbolic groups to be homeomorphic (in terms of the topology of the boundaries of factors in terminal splittings over finite subgroups).
Mutation analysis and prenatal diagnosis in a Chinese family with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase and a systematic review of the literature of reported ALDH5A1 mutations
Authors: Liu Ning , Kong Xiang-dong , Kan Quan-cheng , Shi Hui-rong , Wu Qing-hua , Zhuo Zhi-hong , Bai Qiao-ling , Jiang Miao
Published: November 2014

Aims: Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency is a neurometabolic disease in which the degradation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is impaired. The purpose of this study was to report two novel ALDH5A1 mutations responsible for SSADH deficiency in a Chinese family and the prenatal diagnosis of an at-risk fetus with DNA sequencing.

Results: Genetic analysis of ALDH5A1, in a child with SSADH deficiency, parents, and 10 weeks’ gestation at-risk fetus and 100 healthy unrelated volunteers, was performed. The coding sequence and the intron/exon junctions of ALDH5A1 were analyzed by bidirectional DNA sequencing. The proband was identified to have a compound heterozygous mutations with c.496T>C (p.W166R) and c.589G>A (p.V197M). Each of his parents carried a deleterious mutation. DNA sequencing of chorionic villus revealed the fetus was a carrier, but not affected, and this was confirmed after birth by genetic analysis of umbilical cord blood and urine organic acid analysis. A study in 2003 described 35 mutations of ALDH5A1 in 54 unrelated families, and the current study and systematic literature review identified nine additional novel mutations in eight unrelated families bringing the total number of unique mutations of ALDH5A1 resulting in SSADH deficiency to 44, and the 44 mutations occur from exon 1 to exon 10. No mutational hotspots or prevalent mutations were observed, and all mutations appeared vital for the function of SSADH.

Conclusions: Two novel ALDH5A1 mutations likely responsible for SSADH deficiency were identified, and DNA sequencing provided an accurate diagnosis for an at-risk fetus whose sibling had SSADH deficiency.
Laws of Nature and Causal Necessity
Authors: Friedman Michael
Published: November 2014

This paper consider the necessity of causal laws of nature in relation to Kant’s works explicitly addressed to natural science (such as the Prolegomena and the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science), and also to the second edition of the Transcendental Deduction and the Critique of the Power of Judgement.
Transcendental Presuppositions and Ideas of Reason
Authors: McLaughlin Peter
Published: November 2014

In the Introduction to the
From Unity to Wholeness
Authors: Gabriel John
Published: November 2014

Everyday experience presents us with a world of ordinary objects, but philosophers struggle to devise a useful principle of composition that even comes close to generating just those composites we perceive the world to contain. This paper presents such a principle as a first step toward defending “object dispositionalism” as a theory of material objects. According to object dispositionalism, a plurality composes a whole just when it has the disposition to cause us to perceive a unity in the region it occupies and because it possesses features that in combination realize that disposition. Sections “Object dispositionalism” and “Object dispositionalism’s color counterpart” introduce object dispositionalism and argue it satisfies plausible desiderata for a theory of material objects extant views do not. Relying on cognitive psychologists’ research on object perception, sections “The disposition to what?” through “The general mechanism” explicate the manifestation and basis of the causal power object dispositionalists propose is present wherever composition occurs. Sections “Why object perception researchers are realists” and “When we disagree” describe the perceivers with and conditions in which that causal power manifests and argues object-perception variation doesn’t undermine object dispositionalism’s status as a realist view.
Fetal hydrocephalus
Authors: Kitova Tanya , Kitov Borislav , Milkov Denis , Cheikh Nahed Ben , Gaigi Soumeya
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to draw the attention of specialists faced with fetal hydrocephalus in the postnatal period to the possibilities of prenatal diagnosis and further monitoring by studying isolated and syndrome cases in fetuses. One hundred and nine fetuses from a total of 2238 autopsies were the subject of observation in this study. In 64 (58.7%) of the studied fetuses, isolated hydrocephalus was found, while the other 45 cases were associated with the following malformations: Arnold-Chiari type II, Dandy-Walker, stenosis of the aqueductus sylvii, agenesis of corpus callosum (partial and total) and numerical chromosomal aberrations such as trisomy 13, 15 and 18. In cases of isolated hydrocephalus and a stable condition of the fetus, it is possible to wait until the term, or to induce labor without danger to the child, followed by a shunting intervention.
Ermittlung der Kapillartransportkoeffizienten mineralischer Baustoffe aus dem w-Wert / Estimating the capillary transport coefficients of mineral building materials from the water absorption coefficient
Authors: Krus M. , Holm A. , Schmidt Th.
Published: November 2014

Computer calculations are of increasing importance for the assessment of moisture balance in building components, since modern calculation methods achieve good agreement with measurements. A broader application of these methods is hampered, however, by the laborious measurements needed to determine the capillary transport coefficients essential for the calculations. A new method is therefore presented which allows to estimate the coefficients from wellknown standard material properties (free capillary saturation, practical moisture content and water absorption coefficient). These coefficients are sufficient for estimative assessment of the moisture balance of many materials, as is demonstrated by comparison of suction profiles calculated in this way and measured profiles.
Anwendung der geologischen Gefügekunde zur Charakterisierung natürlicher Werksteine - Fallbeispiel: Kauffunger Marmor / Application of geological fabric analyses for the characterization of natural building stones. - Case study: Kauffung marble
Authors: Siegesmund S. , Vollbrecht A. , Ullemeyer K. , Sobott R.
Published: November 2014

In geology, methods of fabric analyses are largely applied in order to reconstruct the rock-forming processes and define the environments in which they formed. Often, rocks are characterized by polyphase imprints, which occured over a long time span under varying conditions (pressure, temperature, chemical environmentj. In these cases, the final fabrics are usually rather complex. The Kauffung marble is used as an example to demonstrate, how the methods of geological fabric analyses can be applied to the characterization of natural building stones. A correlation with petrophysical analyses reveals that the most important fabric parameters are crystallographic-preferred orientation (texture), the shape-preferred orientation and the microcrack populations, which are usually responsible for a distinct anisotropy. They mainly control the directional dependence of the material properties. These anisotropic properties should be considered during the cutting and later use of natural building stones.
Hydrophobierung des Betons - Ökologische und ökonomische Aspekte / Water Repellent Treatment of Concrete - ecological and economical aspects
Authors: Haag C. , Gerdes A. , Wittmann F .H.
Published: November 2014

The use ofdeicing salts on roads may lead to chloride ion induced corrosion. This deterioration mechanism has become one of the most frequent reasons for repair measures within the planned service-life of concrete structures. One way of reducing the risk of chloride ion induced corrosion is the prevention of the penetration of dissolved chloride into the concrete. By water repellent surface treatment the water and chlorid penetration rate can be substantially slowed down. As the water repellent treatment has a limited service-life and its performance and durability depend on many parameters, no standard performance criteria for the water repellent treatment could be defined yet. This study compares the economical and ecological impact of a water repellent treatment with the impact of repair measures. Results are meant to be used to define standard performance criteria. These criteria must take into consideration not only the performance with respect to the reduction of chloride penetration rate, but also garantee the required durability.The expected life-time of an untreated reinforced concrete element can be estimated by modelling the mechanism of chloride ion induced corrosion. Based on this value the frequency of repair measures within a planned service-life of 100 years can be determined. Comparing the ecological and economical impact of a water repellent treatment with the corresponding impact of repair measures allows us to the formulate performance criteria concerning the durability and the minimum required service-life of a water repellent treatment. The water repellent treatment has to prevent repair measures within the planned service-life of a structural concrete element. Technical criteria concerning the performance of a water repellent treatment within the minimum required service-life can be formulated.
Sanierungskonzeption einer 700 Jahre alten Dorfkirche in Sachsen-Anhalt / Refurbishment concept for a 700 year old church in Sachsen-Anhalt (East-Germany)
Authors: Böhm S. , Thiele R.
Published: November 2014

Currently, there are a great amount of cultural and historical important structures in East Germany, where maintance and refurbishment is necessary. Therefore refurbishment work is more often the business of the local engineer. The refurbishment concept of a small church will be presented. Under consideration of the main aspects as maintance of historical features, statical safety and economical belongings the design documents have been created
Verfahren gegen aufsteigende Feuchtigkeit
Authors: Bromm E.
Published: November 2014

Different methods to dry moist masonry are presented. Effectless methods are mentioned in this context, too. Some specific risks are outlined. Finally, the difficulty to select the best method for a given building is discussed.
Vergleich von zwei Verfahren zur Messung der Rißüberbrückung / Comparison of two different methods to determine the crack bridging capacity
Authors: Stenner R. , Magner J. , Asendorf K. , Biskop D. , Huth W. , Kalousek H. , Sager H. , Stöckl F.
Published: November 2014

Testing of coating systems for the surface protection of directly trafficable concrete areas is based on different national guidelines, e.g. ZTV-SIB and the guidelines for the protection and the repair of concrete structures (Rili-SIB of DAfStb) with the systems of class OS-F and OS 11 resp. One of the basic parameters to judge the durability is the testing of the crack bridging capacity in case of temperature and load dependent movements. In addition to the „mortar prism method", originally worked out by BAM and being referred to in the guidelines, different test methods, such as the „concrete slab method", are alternatively used in practice. This investigation aimed at the comparison of the different substrate sand testing principles. The tests revealed comparable results between crackbridging tests of coatings on cement mortar prisms and concrete slabs for the chosen testing parameters. The results will be taken into consideration in the elaboration of the European standardization for surface protection systems.
Elektrochemische, zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für Zustandsanalysen und Qualitätssicherung bei Instandsetzung von Stahlbetonbauten / Electrochemical non-destructive test methods for the assessment and quality control of restoration measures of reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Wojtas H.
Published: November 2014

In this state of the art report the electrochemical, non destructive techniques for the survey, assessment and the quality control of reinforced concrete structures such as the potential mapping, the measuring of concrete resistivity and the polarisation resistance for on-site applications are described. Along with a short description of each technique especially those aspects are discussed, that are important for on-site applications: possibilities and limits of the technique as well its suitability for use in the different stages of rehabilitation works. The examples from practical on-site applications will be presented in a following report.
pH-Wert der Porenlösung in Beton / pH-Value of the Pore Solution in Concrete
Authors: Gerdes A. , Schwarz W. , Wittmann F. H.
Published: November 2014

The risk for corrosion is substantially increased in carbonated concrete. Recently, methods for realcalization of carbonated structural concrete elements have been proposed and applied. A stable pH-value higher than 10 is aimed to be achieved by impregnation with aqueous solutions of alcali carbonates. Analyses of impregnated concrete elements in practice has shown, however, that the pH-value of the pore solution drops to values below 10 despite an apparently sufficient alcali content. Results described in this contribution are used to develop a hypothesis in order to explain the time-dependent decrease ofpH-value. It is concluded that the composition of the pore solution and the chemical equilibrium is changed in the presence of dissolved sulfates. Under these conditions, a comparatively high content of alcali carbonates is not sufficient any more to ascertain a pH-value higher than 10. The chemical mechanisms suggested here are used to interprete observations in practical cases. The complex interactions of dissolved ions in the pore solution of concrete has hardly been taken into account up to now. For this reason, the application of realcalization as discussed in this contribution cannot be recommended so far
The Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi after the Earthquake of 26 September 1997 / Die Basilika des Heiligen Franziskus von Assisi nach dem Erdbeben vom 26. September 1997
Authors: Croci G.
Published: November 2014

The Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi was hit by strong earthquakes in September 1997. Two frescoed vaults collapsed. Other parts of the convent were seriously damaged and cracked. The Tympanum of the left transept was badly damaged and had to be temporarily fixed by a steel frame. Vaults collapsed in two zones of the nave. The vaults which survived remained in a precarious state. Urgent measures were undertaken during the first month. Then the vaults were definitively consolidated. Cracks were filled with a special mortar and the vaults were suspended from the roof with a system of tie bars. All operations followed the same philosophy: (a) to use the most up-to-date techniques and technologies, (b) to respect the historic value, and (c) to obtain adequate.
Kapillares Eindringen von Wasser und Salzlösungen in Beton / Penetration of Water and Salt Solutions into Concrete by Capillary Suction
Authors: Lunk P.
Published: November 2014

Capillary suction plays a dominant role in the ingress of chlorides and therefore in the durability of concrete. The capillary absorption of fluids into concrete is analysed in terms of a simple capillary-model. With the help of this model and under given conditions, the water and chloride transport by capillary suction can be described in a realistic way. The fundamental influences of different parameters such as porosity, pore size distribution, moisture content and interaction between fluid and concrete are outlined. The retardation effect as regards capillary chloride transport ('Huckepack-Transport') is characterised by a retardation coefficient. The calculation of time-dependent spatial distribution of water and chloride allows the durability of different concrete grade to be predicted. Here, the service life of the back wall of a rehabilitated avalanche-gallery is calculated under defined requirements.
Untersuchungen zur Abschätzung des Einflusses des Bohrerverschleißes auf das Ergebnis von Bohrwiderstandsmessungen / Estimation of the influence of abrasion of the drilling device on the result of experiments to determine the resistance with respect to drilling
Authors: Pfefferkorn St.
Published: November 2014

The precision of drilling resistance measurements depends to a different degree on the abrasive properties of the tested material due to the wear of the boring bit. The paper shows a formulation of model which may be able to eliminate the influences of wear by connecting a material's specific coefficient of abrasion with the square root of boring time. For the investigation of this coefficient by experimental means a special testing procedure and a technique of analysis have been developed.
Rechnerische Bestimmung der lonenbeweglichkeit in Ziegelstein unter Zuhilfenahme von Ergebnissen aus nichtstationären Diffusionsversuchen / Numerical Determination of Ion Diffusivity in Bricks Based on Non-Stationary Diffusion Experiments
Authors: Sadouki H. , Buchwald A. , Wittmann F.H. , Kaps Ch.
Published: November 2014

Ion concentration profiles in sandwich-brick specimens have been determined experimentally at different degrees of water saturation. Based on the experimental data, ion diffusion coefficients were determined by inverse analysis. The diffusion equation served as a basis for an optimization technique. It has been shown that the ion diffusivity in bricks decreases markedly as the moisture content decreases. The interface between two adjacent bricks slows down the ion migration at low water content in particular. It is planed to investigate the interface between mortar and bricks in further experimental and numerical studies.
Kolloidale Kieselsäure für das Festigen von Naturstein / Colloidal Silica in Stone Conservation
Authors: Chandra S. , Liping Wu
Published: November 2014

Gypstop, a new product based on silica colloid, has been developed by Eka Chemicals Company in Sweden. It is used in the restoration and conservation of cultural heritagestone monuments. These deteriorate due to the combined effect of gases and salts which may have a synergystic effect. This paper describes the principle of desalination and subsequent consolidation of porous stone and the procedure of using Gypstop. Some of the deteriorated limestone blocks have been treated with the Gypstop in Egypt. It has shown that the Gypstop protects the stone from further weathering. Restoration and conservation of different stone monuments have been carried out. The periodical evaluation of the field treatment has confirmed that the Gypstop has unique characterstic of desalination and subsequent consolidation of the stone monuments. It thus strengthens them and significantly improves their durability.
Bestimmung der Dauerhaftigkeit von Hochleistungsbeton mit Hilfe des CDF-Tests / Determination of the durability of high performance concrete by means of CDF-test
Authors: Krumbach R. , Schmelter U. , Seyfarth K.
Published: November 2014

Variable obsen>ations concerning frost resistance of high performance concrete have been made. The question arises which are the decisive factors influencing durability under the action of frost and de-icing salt. The proposed experiments are to be carried out in cooperation with F.A.- Finger - Institute of Bauhaus University Weimar. The aim of this study is to determine possible change of durability of high strength concrete, and to investigate the origin thereof. Measures to reduce the risk of reduced durability have to be found.
Wasser- und ölabweisende Oberflächenschutzmassnahmen mit fluorierten Acrylaten auf Naturstein und Beton / Fluorinated Acrylics as an Alternative for Hydrophobie and Oleophobic Coating for Stone and Concrete
Authors: Stempf A. , Muller P. , Pabon M. , Corpart J.M.
Published: November 2014

Fluorinated acrylics are used as oil and water repellent finishes for papers, textiles and leather. Those polymers are available in different forms: water emulsions, aqueous solutions, organic solutions. It seemed to be interesting to test one of these products as an alternative for the impregnation of construction materials. In this paper, we study the efficiency of one specific fluorinated acrylic resin, presented in aqueous solution, produced by Elf-Atochem under the trade name ,,FORAPERLEx 321". Our work will describe the product and give some information about its effectiveness. It will be shown that water absorption decrease without change in permeability to water vapour of the treated samples. In order to have a better understanding of the capability of this product, some experiments have been made with a silicone-based product widely used.
Schäden, die durch Imprägnierungsmittel verursacht werden - Ursachen und Gegenmassnahmen / Damage caused by Water Repellent Agents - Reasons and Counter-measures
Authors: Sauder M.
Published: November 2014

In several discussions, but also on the sites, the following thesis can often be heard: "Hydrophobic agents cause damage on stone surfaces!" or "Water repellent properties vanish in a few years!" In spite of this we know that great efforts have been done in research and development of water repellent agents in the past 20 years. So we can choose today between a great amount of different products for nearly every type of application. A lot of damage still occurs. This paper describes the typical destructions from some examples out of 15 years of practical experience and gives an explanation for the origin of the damage. In almost every case there are 2 main factors responsible for the damage: Caused by the lack of essential preliminary examinations on the building, there is no sufficient knowledge about facts and dates concerning the building materials. On the other side application is an important factor, and there is only a very small progress to be seen during the past decades. Mistakes in application lead in a very short time to a great amount of damage - and this may be the main reason for the general "bad reputation" of water repellent agents. Last not least, the architects, civil engineers and the building owners carry a certain responsibility too, especially for the lack of information on these complex topics and the lack of control during application.
Kostenstufen der Betonsanierung, oder warum es nicht immer besser ist, sofort zu sanieren / Stages of expenses for restoration of concrete structures, or why it is not always the best solution to restore immediately
Authors: Wolfseher R.
Published: November 2014

Restoration of concrete structures implies repair of damage and a surface treatment which prevents future damage of the load bearing structure in case it is renewed in time. Depending on the performance of the protective surface treatment the substrate has to be prepared more or less carefully. On the one hand it is worth while to apply an inexpensive solution appropriate for a given situation and on the other hand to predict the optimal time for a necessary intervention. Different types of surface treatments can be attributed to discrete stages of expenses. In this contribution it is shown that based on a reliable analysis of the actual state, the cheapest type of restoration can be found in an unambiguous way and executed at the right moment. At the end examples are given. The necessary investment can be optimized. Finally, it will be underlined that money spent for quality control during the construction process can be considered to be an investment yielding 17% interest.
Ziegel und Terrakotta - Wissenszuwachs aus der BMBF-Forschung für die Denkmalpflege / Burnt clay bricks and terracotta - gain of knowledge by BMBF supported research for the protection of monuments
Authors: Ruebesam H.
Published: November 2014

First of all it is pointed out that ten years ago little was known on deterioration and repair of exposed brick masonry or terracotta. A comprehensive research programme has been initiated and financially supported by the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (BMFT). One aim of this research programme was to identify deterioration mechanisms in close cooperation between representatives from services for the protection of monuments and from research institutes. In addition repair methods meeting both practical needs and requirements of the protection of monuments were to be developed. Different types of damage have been characterized at numerous buildings. As a result repair methods specific for each building have been established. In this contribution most important results of the huge research programme are briefly mentioned.
Ursachen der Festigkeit alter römischer und gothischer Gebäude und die Mittel, gleiche Dauerhaftigkeit bei neuen Mauerwerken zu erhalten / Reasons for the strength of old Roman and Gothic buildings and ways how to achieve the same durability with new masonry
Authors: Ziegler C.L.
Published: November 2014

The Preussian Royal Directorate for Finance, Military and Property has published the following prize question in 1775: in which way depends durability of Gothic and Roman masonry on time, on specific local conditions, on the stones and mortars used, and on the design, the execution and curing conditions? And how is new masonry to be built in order to achieve the same durability? The text which has been selected for this award is presented in full length in this contribution. First some observations made in Roman buildings are described. The observations are explained based on Roman literature on architecture and buildings. The durability of frequently used mortar and stones is discussed. The preparation of durable mortars is treated in detail. Different types of masonry are described. In conclusion it is stated that for external renderings and for mortars in masonry exposed to humid conditions cement mortar, i.e. mortar made with lime mixed with puzzolanas as a mineral binder, are to be applied exclusively. Internal renderings can be made with plaster of Paris or lime mortar. In an appendix it is pointed out that the thickness of a wall has a major influence on durability. In Holland durable and thin masonry walls are being built, however. This is possible because high quality cement mortars and bricks burnt at high temperature (clinkers) are used
Black Crusts: "Fossil" and Modern. A Comparison from two Case studies in Coimbra Monuments (Central Portugal) / Schwarze Krusten: "Fossil" und von heute. Ein Vergleich von zwei Fallstudien durchgeführt an Baudenkmalen in Coimbra, Zentral-Portugal
Authors: Aires-Barros L. , Basto M.J. , Charola A.E.
Published: November 2014

On two limestone monuments in Coimbra, which are located near each other, two different kinds of "black crusts" were observed: "fossil" and modern. The crusts were analyzed and the data compared. The very thin "fossil" black crusts of Santa Clara-a-Velha Monastery are formed by pellicules of gypsum, anhydrite and syngenite rich in Fe and Mn and depleted of Pb,Ti, Zn, Cu and Ba. The anthropogenic, modern crusts of the Santa Cruz Church are thicker, richer in gypsum and trace elements such as Ti, Pb, Zn, Cu and Ba. Calcium oxalates, weddellite and whewellite, appear in areas where lichens are growing. While the "fossil" black crusts have resulted from burial for at least 300 years, representing a geogenic weathering product in a rural area, the black crusts of the Santa Cruz Church represent an anthropogenic product generated from limestone attack in an urban modern environment
Bohrwiderstandsmessungen, eine neue und standardisierbare Methode zur Bestimmung der Kohäsion von Naturstein: Entwicklung eines Prototypes und dessen Erprobung / Drilling force measurement system, a new standardisa i methodology to determine the stone cohesion: Prototype design and validation
Authors: Tiano P. , Filareto C. , Ponticelli S. , Ferrari M. , Valentini E.
Published: November 2014

In the field of conservation of monumental buildings actually a standard methodology is lacking, with which it is possible to determine with the same sensitivity and reliability the "stone hardness" both at the superficial surface and at larger depths (few centimetres), both in laboratory and in situ. The use of the drilling resistance to determine the stone hardness is a very recent application and few working outdoor devices exist. The objective of this work is to validate a new and improved system to assess the drilling resistance of stones. The DFMS is portable and a quasi non-destructive device for direct determination of the "cohesion" of stone materials through the determination of their drilling resistance. The best operational features of the prototype have been established together with the assessment of the sensitivity and reliability of the system.
Das Konservieren von Baudenkmalen: eine neue Methode, um die Wirksamkeit einer stein festigenden Massnahme nachzuweisen / The conservation of monuments: A new method to evaluate consolidating treatments
Authors: Tiano P. , Rodrigues J. Delgado , De Witte E. , Vergès-Belmin V. , Massey S. , Snethlage R. , Costa D. , Cadot-Leroux L. , Garrod E. , Singer B.
Published: November 2014

The degradation of monumental stones is the result of the interaction between the material and environmental factors, such as water, heat, atmospheric pollutants and living organisms. This interaction starts at the stone surface, progresses inwards and may reach several millimetres in depth. The common decay processes may lead to significant losses of the strength properties of the outermost layer of some stone materials which results in erosion, cohesionless appearance and disintegration. At present there is no method to measure stone hardness, both at the superficial surface and at larger depths (few centimetres), with the same sensitivity and reliability, which can be used both in laboratory and in situ. The aim of this paper is to present the application of a new methodology for measuring the Drilling Resistance (DR) of natural stones, by the use of the new portable system (DFMS) that can operate in the laboratory and in situ. The results obtained so far show that this new method is highly promising for in situ evaluation of the mechanical properties in order to assess the consolidating treatment applied for the conservation of monuments.
Verstärken von Tragwerken und Baudenkmalen / Strengthening of Structures and Monuments
Authors: Giangreco E.
Published: November 2014

The author analyzes the different behavior of structures and monuments under restoration works with different types and levels of technical interventions from the safeguard to their strengthening. The article also deals with the concept of seismic protection following the new strategies of the modern seismic engineering and with the new technologies for reducing the seismic risk. Various examples are presented in the text.
Validieren eines Modells zur Beschreibung des Bohrvorganges in Naturstein mit Hilfe von Daten, die mit dem Bohrwiderstandmess- System (DFMS) erhalten / werden Validation of a Model of Rotary Drilling of Rocks with the Drilling Force Measurement System
Authors: Exadaktylos G. , Tiano P. , Filareto C.
Published: November 2014

The degradation of monumental stones is the result of the interaction between the material and environmental factors, such as mechanical loads, moisture, freezing and thawing, heat, atmospheric pollutants and living organisms. This interaction starts at the stone surface and progresses inwards reaching several millimetres in depth. The common decay or degradation processes result in significant loss of the strength properties of the outermost layers of stone material and quite often these exhibit erosion features, a cohesionless appearance and typical disintegration forms. At present there is no method which can measure with sensitivity, reliability and quasi-non-destructively the cohesive properties of stones both at the exposed surface and at larger depths (few centimetres), which can be used both in laboratory and in situ. The objective of this work is to verify the capability of a phenomenological model to characterize the cohesional properties of stones and the influence of wear on drill-bit performance based on appropriate microdrilling measurements performed by using a new portable Drilling Force Measurement System (DFMS).
Werkstoffaufbau und diffusiver Stofftransport aufgezeigt an ausgewählten Beispielen / Material structure and diffusive mass transport as pointed out by means of selected examples
Authors: Kriegel R. , Buchwald A. , Kaps Ch.
Published: November 2014

The diffusive mass transport in materials is above all determined by the material structure. The experimental determination of diffusion coefficients is based on diffusion models, which results from special mathematical solutions of Fick's second law and its corresponding boundary conditions. The general usefulness of these diffusion models will be described using some examples, e. g. the diffusion of deteriorating salts in masonry materials, the oxygen ion diffusion in mixed conducting ceramics and the cation exchange in single crystals. The measurement of the diffusion coefficients results in a better comprehension of the transport mechanism as well as of the "morphology" of the transport medium, which allows to optimize the conditions of the mass transport and the material structure and composition, respectively.
Beobachtungen zum Stofftransport und zu einhergehenden Schädigungseffekten in porösen Baustoffen / Observations of mass transport and related deterioration mechanisms in porous building materials
Authors: Franke L. , Reimann-Oenel R.
Published: November 2014

It is reported about substance migration problems and their consequences, which have been investigated experimentally and which could be particularly relevant with regard to repair and restoration of historic buildings. One aim of the investigations was to find out, whether facades, treated with water repellent agents, showing non treated areas, can be affected in their long time behaviour. Such lacks can be due to non careful application of the repellent agent. In addition, investigations were made to find out. of coatings on salt containing mineral substrates, especially natural stones can reduce their life time. As a result of the experiments and the theoretical considerations, it follows, that a lack in water repellent treatment. could cause the risk of crust-development spallings in environment of non treated spots in the case that substrate is salt contaminated and moisture exchange takes place. All experiments with coatings, performed under the same conditions, show, that the coated surfaces have a more favourable behaviour than the same surfaces without coatings.
Ecological Aspects of Building Maintenance - Methods and Criteria for Evaluation / Oekologische Aspekte der Bauinstandhaltung: Bewertungskriterien und -methoden
Authors: Gänssmantel J.
Published: November 2014

Construction affects our environment to a significant extent and therefore, there is an increasing request for building materials and products in both new and old constructions to be evaluated with regard to their sustainability. This concerns both maintenance and restoration measures in an increasing way. These measures are necessary to keep our built environment in a reasonable state and to enable us to use them in the future. This also includes the extension of the life time of buildings. In this contribution most promising methods and criteria to evaluate the sustainability of maintenance or restoration processes and products are summarized and explained using two practical examples of building life cycles
EPIQR-TOBUS: a new generation of refurbishment decision aid methods / EPIQR-TOBUS: eine neue Generation von Entscheidungshilfen für das Bauinstandsetzen
Authors: Flourentzos F. , Genre J.-L. , Roulet C.-A. , Stôckli T.
Published: November 2014

In a large majority of European countries, the amount of maintenance and refurbishment works represents nearly 50% of the total amount spent in the building sector. New requirements are being added to the necessity of maintaining or re-establishing the building stock's usage value. They are linked to the determination to reduce energy consumption, pollutant emissions, work site wastes, to improve the Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ) and all the modern conveniences inside buildings. Two European projects, EPIQR (réf. nr.: JOR3-CT96-0044) and TOBUS (réf. nr.: JOR3-CT98-Û235), developed in the IIIrd and IVth framework programs put the foundations of a new generation of refurbishment decision aid tools. A structured diagnosis scheme covering the state of deterioration of the building elements, energy performance, indoor environment quality, functional obsolescence offer a new concept which helps architects and engineers to approach the building refurbishment with a global view of the whole process, to take informed decisions, to construct coherent refurbishment scenarii and calculate a reasonable investment budget in the very first stage of the refurbishment project. EPIQR project addresses residential buildings and it has been finished in 1998, TOBUS addresses office buildings and it is still in course. The support of these methods is a multimedia computer program. Several modules help the users to treat the data collected during a diagnosis survey, to set up refurbishment scenarii and calculate their cost or energy performance, and finally to visualise the results in a comprehensive way and to prepare quality reports. This paper presents the structure and the main features of the method and software
A New Diagnostic Tool for the Evaluation of the Hardness of Natural and Artificial Stones / Ein neues Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Härte von Naturstein und Kunststein
Authors: Tiano P. , Viggiano A.
Published: November 2014

The EC funded project "Hardrock" has developed and validated a new portable system (DFMS) for directly determining stone mechanical features such as the "hardness" by measuring its drilling resistance. The test is essentially non-destructive, since stones can be tested, with only minor patching of holes ( Ø 5 mm) on exposed faces. With this system it resulted possible to obtain affordable and sensible data of the mechanical and abrasive properties of stone specimens and monuments and to evaluate the consolidating performance of applied conservative treatments. The DFMS has no competitors for its application in comparative tests "in situ", while further data are necessary to apply it to assess the cohesional properties of rocks in relation to their cube strength