bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Milk Product Safety and Household Food Hygiene Influence Bacterial Contamination of Infant Food in Peri-Urban Kenya
Authors: Hoffmann Vivian , Simiyu Sheillah , Sewell Daniel K. , Tsai Kevin , Cumming Oliver , Mumma Jane , Baker Kelly K.
Published: February 2022

Background

Milk is a common infant food in peri-urban Kenya that can transmit diarrhea-causing enteric pathogens. Little is known about how contamination of milk at point of purchase and household handling of milk-based infant foods contribute to infant exposure to enteric pathogens.

Objective

To compare the prevalence and concentrations of bacterial indicator organisms and enteric pathogens in unpackaged, fresh pasteurized, and ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk at purchase and assess the influence of the type of milk used to prepare infant food on contamination of this food.

Methods

Paired samples of purchased milk and infant food prepared with this milk were obtained from 188 households in low-income neighborhoods in Kisumu, Kenya. Samples were cultured on selective media to isolate Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus spp., and Escherichia coli, with pathogens validated by PCR. Probability of detection of these bacteria was compared by milk product treatment and packaging method, and between milk at point of purchase vs. food at point of infant consumption.

Results

Unpackaged milk was most contaminated at point of purchase, but bacterial contamination was also present in pasteurized and UHT milk at purchase. Presence of bacteria in UHT and fresh pasteurized milk at purchase predicted presence of the same bacteria type in infant food. Prevalence of bacterial contamination and concentration level for bacterial indicators generally increased between point of purchase and consumption in UHT and fresh pasteurized milk-based food but decreased in unpackaged milk-based food. Prevalence of the four fecal bacteria were similar in infant foods prepared with each type of milk.

Conclusion

Both pre-market contamination and post-purchase handling influence the likelihood of infants ingesting foods contaminated by diarrheal pathogens.
Knowledge of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases in the Public of Guangzhou, Southern China
Authors: Ma Xiaowei , Lu Jianyun , Liu Weisi
Published: February 2022

Objective

The objective of this study is to get the overall picture about the knowledge of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases in public in Guangzhou and provide a scientific basis for developing health information strategies.

Methods

We used the structured questionnaire to interview 1,000 Guangzhou residents by health enquiry hotline. Descriptive analysis was presented to evaluate the knowledge of the participants. Multiple logistic regression model was performed to determine the influence factors for knowledge of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases

Results

A total of 801 individuals completed the survey. About one-third had heard of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Zika, whereas Ebola and plague about 50%. A total of 32.08% participants had never heard of any of the four diseases. Only 2.08% knew the sexual transmission of Zika and 90.17% had no idea about the epidemic region of plague. No more than 15% knew they should check their health status after returning from the epidemic region. Education level and income were the key factors that influenced knowledge rate.

Conclusions

The low-level knowledge called for the improvement in health information to the public, especially those with low level of education and income. Effective and precise health information was urged to carry out to improve the prevention for the emerging and reemerging infectious diseases.
Impacts of Climate Change and Heat Stress on Farmworkers' Health: A Scoping Review
Authors: El Khayat Moussa , Halwani Dana A. , Hneiny Layal , Alameddine Ibrahim , Haidar Mustapha A. , Habib Rima R.
Published: February 2022

Due to the continuous rise of global temperatures and heatwaves worldwide as a result of climate change, concerns for the health and safety of working populations have increased. Workers in the food production chain, particularly farmworkers, are especially vulnerable to heat stress due to the strenuous nature of their work, which is performed primarily outdoors under poor working conditions. At the cross-section of climate change and farmworkers' health, a scoping review was undertaken to summarize the existing knowledge regarding the health impacts associated with climate change and heat stress, guide future research toward better understanding current and future climate change risks, and inform policies to protect the health and safety of agricultural workers. A systematic search of 5 electronic databases and gray literature websites was conducted to identify relevant literature published up until December 2021. A total of 9045 records were retrieved from the searches, of which 92 articles were included in the final review. The majority of the reviewed articles focused on heat-related illnesses (n = 57) and kidney diseases (n = 28). The risk factors identified in the reviewed studies included gender, dehydration, heat strain, wearing inappropriate clothing, workload, piece-rate payment, job decision latitude, and hot environmental conditions. On the other hand, various protective and preventive factors were identified including drinking water, changing work hours and schedule of activities, wearing appropriate clothing, reducing soda consumption, taking breaks in shaded or air-conditioned areas, and increasing electrolyte consumption in addition to improving access to medical care. This review also identified various factors that are unique to vulnerable agricultural populations, including migrant and child farmworkers. Our findings call for an urgent need to expand future research on vulnerable agricultural communities including migrant workers so as to develop effective policies and interventions that can protect these communities from the effects of heat stress.
COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Among Chinese Population and Its Implications for the Pandemic: A National Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Wu Jian , Ma Mingze , Miao Yudong , Ye Beizhu , Li Quanman , Tarimo Clifford Silver , Wang Meiyun , Gu Jianqin , Wei Wei , Zhao Lipei , Mu Zihan , Fu Xiaoli
Published: February 2022

Objective

To examine the COVID-19 vaccination rate among a representative sample of adults from 31 provinces on the Chinese mainland and identify its influencing factors.

Methods

We gathered sociodemographic information, data on people's awareness and behavior regarding COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccine, the accessibility of COVID-19 vaccination services, community environmental factors influencing people's awareness and behavior regarding the vaccination, information about people's skepticism on COVID-19 vaccine, and information about people's trust in doctors as well as vaccine developers through an online nationwide cross-sectional survey among Chinese adults (18 years and older). The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the statistical associations were estimated using logistic regression models.

Results

A total of 29,925 participants (51.4% females and 48.6% males) responded. 89.4% of the participants had already received a COVID-19 vaccination. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, awareness of COVID-19 pandemic/ COVID-19 vaccine, community environmental factors, awareness and behavior of general vaccinations, we discovered that having no religious affiliation, having the same occupational status as a result of coronavirus epidemic, being a non-smoker, always engaging in physical activity, having a lower social status, perceiving COVID-19 to be easily curable, and having easier access to vaccination are all associated with high vaccination rate (all P <0.05).

Conclusions

31 provinces in mainland China currently have a relatively high rate of COVID-19 vaccination. To further increase the rate of COVID-19 vaccination, we must remove barriers associated with the community context and improve access to COVID-19 vaccine services. In addition, taking proactive and effective measures to address the reasons for non-vaccination with COVID-19 will aid in epidemic prevention and control.
Associations Between Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Concentrations in Human Placenta and Small for Gestational Age in Southwest China
Authors: Liu Yi-jun , Xie Yan , Tian Ying-kuan , Liu Hui , He Cai-die , An Song-lin , Chen Wei , Zhou Yuan-zhong , Zhong Xiao-ni
Published: February 2022

Background

Prenatal exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may affect fetal growth. Small for gestational age (SGA) is a measure based on birth weight and gestational age at birth and represents a good indicator of fetal growth but it has been used only in a small number of studies. The present study aimed to examine the associations between PBDEs exposure and the risk of SGA among participants from a birth cohort in Southwest China.

Methods

The concentrations of eight common PBDE congeners (BDE-28, BDE47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183, and BDE-209) in 996 human placental samples collected between May to October 2020 were determined. A questionnaire survey was administered regarding maternal characteristics. The outcome data of the newborns were obtained from the medical record. The Mann–Whitney U test and binomial logistic regression analysis were used to assess associations between PBDEs concentrations (as a continuous or categorical variable) and SGA.

Results

All PBDE congeners were detected in more than 73% of samples. The median concentrations of ΣPBDEs were 10.08 ng/g lipid weight (lw). BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDE congener, contributed 28% to ΣPBDEs. There were 114 (11.4%) SGA infants. The levels of BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-209, and the total levels of ΣPBDEs in the SGA group were significantly higher than those in the controls. When classifying the PBDEs concentrations as two categories: low and high, high level of ΣPBDEs was associated with increased risk of SGA [odds ratio (OR): 2.203, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.453–3.340] after adjusting for potential covariates. The association remained significant when stratifying the data by gender of the newborn (OR: 2.572, 95% CI: 1.337–4.947 for boys; OR: 2.385, 95% CI: 1.315–4.325 for girls).

Conclusion

The present study adds to the literature by using placenta to measure PBDEs exposure during pregnancy, and provides evidence that prenatal exposure to PBDEs may be associated with the risk of SGA, at least at the levels of exposure in our population.
Associations Between High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and All-Cause Mortality Among Oldest-Old in Chinese Longevity Areas: A Community-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Chen Pei-Liang , Li Zhi-Hao , Yang Hai-Lian , Cao Zhao-Jin , Cheng Xin , Zhao Feng , Zhang Xi-Ru , Lv Yue-Bin , Li Fu-Rong , Zhou Yuan-Feng , Li Hao-Nan , Qu Ying-Li , Yin Zhao-Xue , Liu Ling , Wu Xian-Bo , Shi Xiao-Ming , Mao Chen
Published: February 2022

Background

The association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels and all-cause mortality for the oldest-old (aged 80 years or older) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the associations between hsCRP concentrations and the risks of all-cause mortality, and further identify the potential modifying factors affecting these associations among the oldest-old.

Methods

This prospective, community-based cohort study included 2,206 participants aged 80 years or older (median age 93.0 years) from the Healthy Aging and Biomarkers Cohort Study. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidential intervals (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality according to hsCRP quartiles and recommendation for relative risk categories of hsCRP levels (< 1.0, 1.0–3.0, and > 3.0 mg/L), with adjustment for sociodemographic information, lifestyle, physical examination, medical history, and other potential confounders.

Results

During a median follow-up period of 3.1 years (IQR: 1.6–3.9 years), 1,106 deaths were verified. After full adjustment for potential confounders, a higher hsCRP concentration was positively associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (P for trend < 0.001). Compared with the lowest quartile, the fully adjusted HRs of the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 1.17 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.46), 1.28 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.61), and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.20, 1.87), respectively. The association of hsCRP with all-cause mortality was modified by smoking status (P for interaction = 0.011), an increased risk of hsCRP with all-cause mortality showed among non-current smokers (HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.28), but no significance was observed in current smokers (HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.66, 1.18).

Conclusions

Our study indicated that elevated hsCRP concentrations were associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality among Chinese oldest-old. Future studies investigating additional factors of disease and aging processes are needed to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms.
The Impact of an Audience on the Appeal of Virtual Reality
Authors: Woods Andy T. , Whittaker Laryssa , Verhulst Isabelle , Bennett James , Dalton Polly
Published: February 2022

Virtual reality in a public place is enticing for some yet daunting for others. Social Impact theory proposes that performing in front of larger (vs. smaller) audiences is typically seen as more anxiety provoking and less desirable. Having peers perform with you can offset this, however. Our goal was to test whether Social Impact theory extends to the context of trying virtual reality in a busy public setting, and whether any such effects are influenced by extroversion and trait anxiety. In Experiment 1, we ran an online study with 100 participants and found that images of people trying virtual reality in front of others were indeed rated as more anxiety provoking than images with no audiences. Images with (vs. without) audiences were also rated as scenarios in which people would be less willing to try virtual reality. There was no impact of extroversion levels on people’s reported Willingness to Try; however extroverted individuals were less affected by audience size compared to introverts in terms of how anxiety-provoking they considered the scenario. Experiment 1 also found that the presence of a monitor showing one’s virtual reality “performance” made Extroverts keener to try the experience, yet Introverts less keen. Experiment 2 tested whether the main findings of the first study extended to a real-world scenario. 69 participants observed 0–3 individuals trying a virtual-reality experience in the foyer of a busy library and were then questioned on expected anxiety levels and Willingness to Try. Whilst anxiety levels were again influenced by the audience size (number of people in the foyer at the start of each test), there was no impact of audience size on Willingness to Try virtual reality. Note that relative inattention of the audience on those trying VR in Experiment 2 (compared to Experiment 1), as well as a small sample size, may have made it hard to detect effects here. Extroverts were again less anxious about trying VR in-front of others compared to introverts. These findings offer some ways to make public space virtual reality experiences more accessible, whilst suggesting future steps to properly assess some exploratory findings presented here.
Navigating Great Lakes Hydroclimate Data
Authors: Fry Lauren M. , Gronewold Andrew D. , Seglenieks Frank , Minallah Samar , Apps Deanna , Ferguson Jamie
Published: February 2022

Despite the fact that the Great Lakes contain roughly 20% of the world's surface freshwater, there is a relatively limited body of recent work in peer reviewed literature that addresses recent trends in lake levels. This work is largely coming from a handful of authors who are most well-versed in the complexities of monitoring and modeling in a basin that spans an international border and contains vast areas of surface water connected by both natural and managed connecting channel flows. At the same time, the recent dramatic changes from record low water levels in the early 2010's to record high water levels across the Great Lakes in 2019 and 2020 have brought significant attention to the hydroclimatic conditions in the basin, underscoring the need to bring new approaches and diverse perspectives (including from outside the basin) to address hydroclimate research challenges in the Great Lakes. Significant effort has led to advancements in data and model coordination among U.S. and Canadian federal agencies throughout the decades, and at the same time research from the broader community has led to higher resolution gridded data products. In this paper, we aim to present the current state of data and models for use in hydrological simulation with the objective of providing a guide to navigating the waters of Great Lakes hydroclimate data. We focus on data for use in modeling water levels, but we expect the information to be more broadly applicable to other hydroclimate research. We approach this by including perspectives from both the Great Lakes water management community and the broader earth science community.
Farm Parent and Youth Aspirations on the Generational Succession of Farming: Evidence From South India
Authors: Nandi Ravi , Pratheepa C. M. , Nedumaran Swamikannu , Rao Nitya , Rengalakshmi Raj
Published: February 2022

Agriculture remains vital in ensuring the food security of developing economies like India, yet increasing rural-urban migration, an aging farm population, and waning interest of rural youth in agriculture are emerging concerns. This paper focuses on the aspirations of farm parents and their children in agriculture, the challenges they confront, and potential solutions. We draw on qualitative data from two rural sites in Southern India, different from each other in their agro-ecological and social contexts, to point to the material, social, relational, and structural factors shaping aspirations. First, agrarian distress, resulting from climate variability and market uncertainty, affects farm households' socioeconomic status, resulting in farmers' aspiration failure in agriculture. Farm parents then focus on educating their children, aspiring for secure non-farm jobs for their sons, and finding suitable marriage partners, also in non-farm employment, for their daughters. While this steer from parents discourages youth from aspiring to careers in agriculture, in reality, there is a wide gap in the achievement of aspirations, and a majority of youth, especially young women, do end up working on their family farms. For the future development of agriculture and sustainable food systems, it is essential to protect young farmers from aspiration failures and innovate through appropriate policies.
Conversion of a Fused or Ankylosed Hip to Total Hip Arthroplasty: Is the Direct Anterior Approach in the Lateral Decubitus Position an Ideal Solution?
Authors: Dong Jiale , Kong Lingtong , Zhang Siming , Shang Xifu , Wang Jiaxing , Zhang Xianzuo , Zhu Chen
Published: February 2022

Background

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) using the direct anterior approach (DAA) is becoming increasingly popular due to its potential benefits over the posterolateral approach (PLA). However, few studies have compared the efficacies of these two surgical approaches in hip fusion treatment. This study compared early clinical direct anterior and posterolateral THA outcomes in hip fusion treatment.

Methods

Here, 127 hips (65 DAA, 62 PLA) were retrospectively evaluated. Early postoperative functional outcomes of DAA and PLA groups were assessed using Harris score and Oxford Hip Score (OHS) and standard anteroposterior hip radiographs. Surgical characteristics, perioperative results, and complications within 6 months postoperatively were recorded.

Results

Though baseline values were similar, Harris and OHS scores were better in the DAA group than in the PLA group at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. The average cup anteversion angle was significantly greater in the DAA group than in the PLA group (12.7° vs. 11.1°). More hips undergoing DAA were successfully orientated in both inclination and anteversion angles (46 vs. 32). Early postoperative hip function predictors were preoperative fused hip position, surgical approach, and range of motion. DAA was associated with reduced postoperative blood loss and shorter hospital stays. Furthermore, 14 vs. 8 complications occurred in the DAA vs. PLA group. Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injuries were observed in eight hips (12.3%) of the DAA group.

Conclusion

For fused or ankylosed hips, THA using DAA in the lateral decubitus position may result in excellent prosthesis positioning and faster postoperative recovery throughout early follow-up vs. PLA.
Application of the Six-Step Standard Communication Process in the Communication Training for Newly Recruited Nurses in Cancer Specialist Hospitals
Authors: Geng Jingzhi , Liu Miao , Zhang Huanhuan , Gao Jian , Wang Li , Zhang Yu , Ma Fengyan , Liu Yan
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Discuss the application effect of the six-step standard communication process in the communication ability training of newly recruited nurses.

Methods

This is a before and after control study. The control group included 45 newly recruited nurses in our hospital in 2019, and the observation group included 40 newly recruited nurses in our hospital in 2020. The control group completed the training according to the existing communication training program, and the observation group implemented a training program based on the “six-step standard communication process” on the basis of the existing communication training. The training period was 12 months. The training effect of the two groups of new nurses was compared.

Results

After training, the total scores of clinical communication skills of the new nurses in the control group and observation group were 252.56 ± 24.950 and 268.05 ± 19.335 points, respectively; the total scores of communication behavior were 39.00 ± 4.676 and 48.08 ± 2.515 points, respectively; the total scores of general self-efficacy were 26.89 ± 3.017 and 31.25 ± 5.027 points, respectively; the satisfaction scores of communication training were 17.56 ± 2.018 and 19.45 ± 0.986 points, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The implementation of a training program based on the “six-step standard communication process” can effectively improve the clinical communication skills and self-efficacy of newly recruited nurses, and can be promoted and applied to the communication training of newly recruited nurses.
“Cattle Welfare Is Basically Human Welfare”: Workers' Perceptions of ‘Animal Welfare' on Two Dairies in China
Authors: Chen Maria , Weary Daniel M.
Published: February 2022

‘Animal welfare' (动物福利) is a foreign term in China, and stakeholder interpretations can affect receptiveness to the concept. Our aim was to explore workers' perceptions of animal welfare on two dairies in China. We used a mini-ethnographic case study design, with the first author (MC) living for 38 days on one farm and 23 days on a second farm. MC conducted semi-structured interviews (n= 13) and participant observations (n= 41) with farm management and staff. We used template analysis to generate key themes from the ethnographic data. Responses revealed a connection between human and animal welfare. Workers saw human welfare as a prerequisite to animal welfare, and cattle welfare as potentially mutually beneficial to humans. Some workers also saw an ethical obligation toward providing cattle with good welfare. Though some workers were unfamiliar with the term ‘animal welfare,' in daily practice caring for cattle led farm workers to ponder, prioritize, and make decisions relevant to welfare including lameness, morbidity, and nutrition. Workers in management positions appeared to embrace evidence-based animal care improvements, especially those which were perceived to also benefit people. Based on our findings, we suggest animal welfare initiatives should (1) consider worker welfare, (2) clearly communicate the concept of ‘animal welfare,' (3) identify mutual benefits, and (4) provide pragmatic, evidence-based strategies to improve welfare.
Case Report: Giant Multiloculated Pseudocystic Jejunal Leiomyosarcoma in a Dog: Atypical Morphologic Features of Canine Intestinal Leiomyosarcoma
Authors: Kim Mu-Young , Lee Jung Keun , Mietelka Kristy A. , Han Hyun-Jung
Published: February 2022

A 10-year-old intact female Rottweiler dog weighing 29 kg presented with 2 days history of vomiting, anorexia, and lethargy to KonKuk University Teaching Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. Ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) scannings revealed a well-demarcated, large mass (29 × 19 × 11 cm) with numerous fluid-filled cavities. Metastases to adjacent lymph nodes were also identified on CT. This large mass and the affected intestinal segments were excised for palliative purposes. Postoperatively, the dog recovered uneventfully without any complications. The cut surface of the mass showed an exophytic growth pattern of multiloculated cystic lesions filled with serosanguineous fluid, large cavities filled with necrotic exudate, and fistulous connections between the intestinal lumen and the necrotic cavity in the mass. On histopathology, the mass was a spindle cell neoplasm expanding from the jejunal muscular layer and with pseudocystic changes. Additional immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies against smooth muscle actin, desmin, and CD-117 demonstrated that the mass was consistent with a leiomyosarcoma. Six months post-operatively, plain radiography revealed an abdominal mass, suspected to be recurrence from jejunal leiomyosarcoma. The owner decided to euthanize the dog due to financial constraints. This case report describes the atypical morphology and clinical progression of a large canine jejunal leiomyosarcoma, which had similar clinical features as those of human leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma.
Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 on PBMCs From Dairy Cattle Naturally Infected With Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Wherry Taylor L. T. , Mooyottu Shankumar , Stabel Judith R.
Published: February 2022

The role of vitamin D3 in modulating immune responses has been well-established for over two decades; however, its specific functions have not been extensively detailed in cattle, particularly cattle in different stages of infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Consistent with previous work in our lab, the present study showed that infected cattle in the clinical stage of disease have reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. Additionally, effects of vitamin D3 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from naturally infected dairy cattle in subclinical (n = 8) or clinical (n = 8) stages of infection were compared to non-infected control cows (n = 8). Briefly, PBMCs were isolated and cultured in vitro with 4 ng/ml 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] or 100 ng/ml 25(OH)D3. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 resulted in decreased secretion for some pro-inflammatory cytokines in clinical animals, including IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ. Similar responses for IL-1β and IL-6 were noted with the addition of 25(OH)D3. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression tended to be upregulated in PBMCs from clinical animals after treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. In contrast, PBMCs from clinical animals treated with 25(OH)D3 showed downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, although only significant for IL1B. Following 25(OH)D3 treatment, clinical animals showed significant reduction in CD4+CD25+ T cells. CYP27B1 gene expression was notably decreased in clinical and control animals following 25(OH)D3 treatment but increased in subclinical cows. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment reduced CYP24A1 gene expression in all groups, while 25(OH)D3 treatment only significantly reduced expression for control cows. Lastly, serum 25(OH)D3 levels were significantly lower in clinical animals. Taken together, these data show vitamin D3 modulates cytokine signaling in cattle at different stages of MAP infection and, therefore, may have implications on disease progression.
Establishment and Experimental Verification of a Nonlinear Position Servo System Model for a Magnetically Coupled Rodless Cylinder
Authors: Zhang Yeming , Li Kaimin , Cai Maolin , Wei Feng , Gong Sanpeng , Li Shuping , Lv Baozhan
Published: February 2022

The nonlinear characteristics of the pneumatic servo system are the main factors limiting its control accuracy. A new mathematical model of the nonlinear system of the valve control cylinder is proposed in order to improve the control accuracy of the pneumatic servo system. Firstly, the mass flow equation of the gas flowing through each port is established by analyzing the physical structure of the proportional directional control valve. Then, the dynamic equation of the system is set up by applying the Stribeck friction model for the friction model of the valve control cylinder and building a pneumatic circuit experiment to identify the friction model parameters. Finally, the correctness of the mathematical model is verified by the inflation and deflation experiment of the fixed capacitive chamber and the servo controls experiment based on PID position. The Simulink simulation of the mathematical model better reflects the characteristics of the pneumatic position servo system.
Evaluation of Agrobiodiversity and Cover Crop Adoption in Southern Ontario Field Crops
Authors: Shirriff Katherine , KC Krishna Bahadur , Berg Aaron
Published: February 2022

Incorporating cover crops into corn and soybean operations across Southern Ontario is essential for maintaining yields under environmental stressors. Unfortunately, amongst the literature, there is a concern about the low adoption rate of cover crops in the northern Corn Belt due to a shift toward low agrobiodiversity and dominance of more profitable corn and soybean cropping systems, encouraged by extensive use of fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. This study examines whether Southern Ontario is following suit in decreasing agrobiodiversity trends, at the county level, and examines the adoption of cover crops within corn and soybean operations across Southern Ontario using digital imagery from 2013 to 2018. Results reveal that Southern Ontario is indeed shifting from systems characterized by higher agrobiodiversity to systems dominated with corn, soybean, and hay. Despite the benefits of cover crops, this study reveals that most of the current corn and soybean operations are not incorporating cover crops into the rotation. More significantly, the low adoption of cover crops is most apparent in southwestern Ontario, and increases in adoption occur toward the north.
Azolla Compost as an Approach for Enhancing Growth, Productivity and Nutrient Uptake of Oryza sativa L.
Authors: Seleiman Mahmoud F. , Elshayb Omnia M. , Nada Abdelwahed M. , El-leithy Sara A. , Baz Lina , Alhammad Bushra A. , Mahdi Ayman H. A.
Published: February 2022

The excessive application of synthetic fertilizers can result in severe environmental risks, while composting green and fresh feedstocks can provide slow-release nutrients. Therefore, the aim of the current investigation was to study the effects of eight individual and combination treatments of azolla compost and NPK synthetic fertilizers (control = no fertilizer and compost; 100% NPK = full recommended dose of synthetic fertilizers as follows: 165 kg N ha−1, 37 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 50 kg K2O ha−1; 70% NPK; 40% NPK; 100% azolla compost (5 t DM ha−1); 50% NPK + 50% azolla compost; 70% NPK + 30% azolla compost and 40% NPK + 60% azolla compost) on rice growth, productivity and nutrient uptake in semi-arid agro-ecosystems. The results indicated that the combination of 40% NPK + 60% azolla compost or 50% NPK + 50% azolla compost resulted in the most optimal growth and the highest yield components. In addition, the application of 40% NPK + 60% azolla compost exhibited similar rice grain yields (10.76 t ha−1) as well as N, P, and K content and uptake compared with the full recommended dose of NPK fertilizer (100% NPK). This study declared that the utilization of azolla compost as an individual or combination application can reduce usage of synthetic fertilizers by up to 60% without significant reduction in the growth and grain productivity of rice.
Combined Effect of Phage phT4A and Pressure-Based Strategies in the Inhibition of Escherichia coli
Authors: Pereira Carla , Marques João F. , Reis Sílvia , Costa Pedro , Martins Ana P. , Pinto Carlos A. , Saraiva Jorge A. , Almeida Adelaide
Published: February 2022

The major concern regarding the bacteriophage (or phage) therapy approach is the regrowth of bacteria after treatment, a consequence of the emergence of phage-resistant mutants. However, this limitation can be overcome by combining different therapies. In this study, the potential of combining phage phT4A with pressure storage (HS) to enhance the control of Escherichia coli and bacterial regrowth after treatment was evaluated. For that, the combining effect of phage phT4A and HS was studied and compared with storage at atmospheric pressure (AP) under refrigeration (4 °C, RF) and room temperature (RT). Initially, the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (200, 300 and 400 MPa) and HS (75 MPa), as well as refrigeration in phage phT4A viability, was determined. However, a considerable phage inactivation was verified at 200 MPa and so only HS at 75 MPa was further studied for combined treatment. The combined treatment with phage phT4A and HS was more efficient (reduction of 2.5 log CFU/mL after 7 days of storage) than phage phT4A (E. coli concentration was similar to that of the bacterial control after 7 days of storage) and HS (reduction of 1.8 log CFU/mL after 7 days of storage) applied individually. The combination of phage phT4A with refrigerated storage did not decrease E. coli levels. However, both the combination of phage with HS and the treatment with HS at 75 MPa effectively reduced E. coli concentration and prevented its regrowth. Phage phT4A viability was slightly affected during HS; however, the efficiency of the combined treatment phage-HS was not compromised. Further studies are needed to validate these findings in food products.
Seafood Processing, Preservation, and Analytical Techniques in the Age of Industry 4.0
Authors: Hassoun Abdo , Siddiqui Shahida Anusha , Smaoui Slim , Ucak İlknur , Arshad Rai Naveed , Garcia-Oliveira Paula , Prieto Miguel A. , Aït-Kaddour Abderrahmane , Perestrelo Rosa , Câmara José S. , Bono Gioacchino
Published: February 2022

Fish and other seafood products are essential dietary components that are highly appreciated and consumed worldwide. However, the high perishability of these products has driven the development of a wide range of processing, preservation, and analytical techniques. This development has been accelerated in recent years with the advent of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) technologies, digitally transforming almost every industry, including the food and seafood industry. The purpose of this review paper is to provide an updated overview of recent thermal and nonthermal processing and preservation technologies, as well as advanced analytical techniques used in the seafood industry. A special focus will be given to the role of different Industry 4.0 technologies to achieve smart seafood manufacturing, with high automation and digitalization. The literature discussed in this work showed that emerging technologies (e.g., ohmic heating, pulsed electric field, high pressure processing, nanotechnology, advanced mass spectrometry and spectroscopic techniques, and hyperspectral imaging sensors) are key elements in industrial revolutions not only in the seafood industry but also in all food industry sectors. More research is still needed to explore how to harness the Industry 4.0 innovations in order to achieve a green transition toward more profitable and sustainable food production systems.
The Research on the Signal Generation Method and Digital Pre-Processing Based on Time-Interleaved Digital-to-Analog Converter for Analog-to-Digital Converter Testing
Authors: Wang Li , Chen Wenli , Chen Kai , He Renjun , Zhou Wenjian
Published: February 2022

In the high-resolution analog circuit, the performance of chips is an important part. The performance of the chips needs to be determined by testing. According to the test requirements, stimulus signal with better quality and performance is necessary. The main research direction is how to generate high-resolution and high-speed analog signal when there is no suitable high-resolution and high-speed digital-to-analog converter (DAC) chip available. In this paper, we take the high-resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) chips test as an example; this article uses high-resolution DAC chips and multiplexers to generate high-resolution high-speed signals that can be used for testing high-resolution ADC chips based on the principle of time-alternating sampling. This article explains its method, analyzes its error and proposes a digital pre-processing method to reduce the error. Finally, the actual circuit is designed, and the method is verified on the circuit. The test results prove the effectiveness of this method for generating high-resolution ADC test signals.
Effects of Adding Alkali Metals and Organic Cations to Cu-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Okumura Riku , Oku Takeo , Suzuki Atsushi , Okita Masanobu , Fukunishi Sakiko , Tachikawa Tomoharu , Hasegawa Tomoya
Published: February 2022

First-principles electronic band calculations were used to investigate the effects of alkali metals and organic cations added to Cu-based perovskite solar cells. The copper d-orbital band was slightly above the valence-band maximum and functioned as an acceptor level for carrier generation. Excitation from iodine p-orbitals and copper d-orbitals to alkali metal s-orbitals could suppress carrier recombination and promote carrier transport. Experimental solar conversion efficiencies increased after adding both Cu and Na, in agreement with the calculations. Total-energy calculations indicated that the perovskite crystal stability increased with the addition of ethyl ammonium, although the total energy decreased with the addition of Cu and Na.
Leveraging Social Network Analysis for Crowdsourced Software Engineering Research
Authors: Alabduljabbar Areej , Alyahya Sultan
Published: February 2022

Crowdsourced software engineering (CSE) is an emerging area that has been gaining much attention in the last few years. It refers to the use of crowdsourcing techniques in software engineering activities, including requirements engineering, implementation, design, testing, and verification. CSE is an alternative to traditional software engineering and uses an open call to which online developers can respond to and obtain work on various tasks, as opposed to the assigning of tasks to in-house developers. The great benefits of CSE have attracted the attention of many researchers, and many studies have recently been carried out in the field. This research aims to analyze publications on CSE using social network analysis (SNA). A total of 509 CSE publications from six popular databases were analyzed to determine the characteristics of the collaborative networks of co-authorship of the research (i.e., the co-authors, institutions involved in co-authorship, and countries involved in co-authorship) and of the citation networks on which the publications of the studies are listed. The findings help identify CSE research productivity, trends, performances, community structures, and relationships between various collaborative patterns to provide a more complete picture of CSE research.
A Rough Discrete Fracture Network Model for Geometrical Modeling of Jointed Rock Masses and the Anisotropic Behaviour
Authors: Wang Peitao , Liu Cao , Qi Zhenwu , Liu Zhichao , Cai Meifeng
Published: February 2022

The geometry of the joint determines the mechanical properties of the rock mass and is one of the key factors affecting the failure mode of surrounding rock masses. In this paper, a new rough discrete fractures network (RDFN) characterization method based on the Fourier transform method was proposed. The unified characterization of the complex geometric fracture network was achieved by changing the different Fourier series values, which further improved the characterization method of the RDFN model. A discrete element numerical calculation model of the complex RDFN model was established by combining MATLAB with PFC code. Numerical simulation of the anisotropic mechanical properties was performed for the RDFN model with a complex joint network. Based on the results, the geometry of the joint network has a significant influence on the strength and failure patterns of jointed rock masses. The failure modes of the opening are highly affected by the orientation of the fracture sets. The existence of the rough fracture sets could influence the failure area of different excavation situations. The study findings provide a new characterization method for the RDFN model and a new characterization approach for stability analysis of complex jointed rock masses.
Color in Medieval Castle Architecture in Present-Day Poland and Czech Republic
Authors: Adamska Dagmara , Nocuń Przemysław , Ratajczak Tomasz , Záruba František
Published: February 2022

Colors were ubiquitous in the medieval world, and castles were no exception. While in the eyes of most people their rich color schemes manifested power and wealth, some could also read the more nuanced messages these colors conveyed. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the use and role of color in the interiors of castles of medieval Bohemia and Poland. The picture is complemented by the analysis of color decorations of defensive residences of the Teutonic Order. The discussion takes into account the varying states of preservation and draws from the available written accounts. To present the most complete picture possible, we discuss royal residences, for which unfortunately limited data are available, as well as the better-preserved castles of dukes and knights. We discuss the identified iconographic programs and their chivalric, heraldic, and hagiographic motifs. Within the scope of our discussion are late forms of floral decorations, known as “green chambers”. The numerous examples presented in the paper prove that color was an important tool of visual social communication in castle architecture: it complemented the symbolism, and sometimes carried an independent message.
Hong Kong as a Global Art Hub: Art Ecology and Sustainability of Asia’s Art Market Centre
Authors: Poposki Zoran , Leung Isaac Hok Bun
Published: February 2022

Over the past decade, Hong Kong’s art market has experienced unprecedented growth, emerging as the second largest in the world in 2020 in terms of contemporary art auctions. Factors such as the city’s free-market economy and well-developed infrastructure, as well as its unique position as a gateway to the large and growing Chinese art market, have led to major global art fairs and galleries establishing their presence in the city, in addition to the already present international auction houses. Moreover, the recent opening of M+, Hong Kong’s new museum of visual culture, as part of the West Kowloon Cultural District, is designed to further seal Hong Kong’s position and contribute to the continued growth of its art market. This paper explores the Hong Kong art ecosystem and its sustainability by focusing on leading art market institutions, anchor cultural organizations, and other key actors driving the development of the Hong Kong art system, on both the commercial and the nonprofit side; the effects of the expanding art market on the city’s art scene; the dynamics of the relationship between the Hong Kong art market and the broader Chinese art market; and the key emerging opportunities and challenges to Hong Kong’s future development as Asia’s premier art hub.
Agent-Based Modeling of Autosomal Recessive Deafness 1A (DFNB1A) Prevalence with Regard to Intensity of Selection Pressure in Isolated Human Population
Authors: Romanov Georgii P. , Smirnova Anna A. , Zamyatin Vladimir I. , Mukhin Aleksey M. , Kazantsev Fedor V. , Pshennikova Vera G. , Teryutin Fedor M. , Solovyev Aisen V. , Fedorova Sardana A. , Posukh Olga L. , Lashin Sergey A. , Barashkov Nikolay A.
Published: February 2022

An increase in the prevalence of autosomal recessive deafness 1A (DFNB1A) in populations of European descent was shown to be promoted by assortative marriages among deaf people. Assortative marriages became possible with the widespread introduction of sign language, resulting in increased genetic fitness of deaf individuals and, thereby, relaxing selection against deafness. However, the effect of this phenomenon was not previously studied in populations with different genetic structures. We developed an agent-based computer model for the analysis of the spread of DFNB1A. Using this model, we tested the impact of different intensities of selection pressure against deafness in an isolated human population over 400 years. Modeling of the “purifying” selection pressure on deafness (“No deaf mating” scenario) resulted in a decrease in the proportion of deaf individuals and the pathogenic allele frequency. Modeling of the “relaxed” selection (“Assortative mating” scenario) resulted in an increase in the proportion of deaf individuals in the first four generations, which then quickly plateaued with a subsequent decline and a decrease in the pathogenic allele frequency. The results of neutral selection pressure modeling (“Random mating” scenario) showed no significant changes in the proportion of deaf individuals or the pathogenic allele frequency after 400 years.
Targeting the RBD of Omicron Variant (B.1.1.529) with Medicinal Phytocompounds to Abrogate the Binding of Spike Glycoprotein with the hACE2 Using Computational Molecular Search and Simulation Approach
Authors: Hakami Abdulrahim R.
Published: February 2022

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus continues to inflict chaos globally. The emergence of a novel Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) in South Africa harbors 30 mutations in the spike protein. The variant is distinguished from other variants of concern (VOCs) with an increased (15) number of mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and suggests higher chances of causing reinfections. Initial reports also claimed that this variant escapes all the neutralizing antibodies, thus demanding a novel strategy against it. Thus, in this study, we performed a computational molecular screening against the RBD of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant and assessed the binding affinity of potent drugs against the RBD. The multi-steps screening of the South African Natural Compounds Database (SANCDB) revealed four medicinal compounds as excellent (potential) anti-viral agents against the Omicron variant, namely SANC00944, SANC01032, SANC00992, and SANC00317. The simulation analysis of these compounds in complex with the RBD demonstrated stable dynamics and structural compactness. Moreover, the residual flexibility analysis revealed that the flexibility of three loops required for interaction with hACE2 has been reduced by the binding of these drugs. The post-simulation validation of these compounds such as binding free energy, in silico bioactivity, and dissociation constant prediction validated the anti-viral potency of these compounds. The total binding free energy (TBFE) for the SANC01032–RBD complex was reported to be −46.54 kcal/mol; for the SANC01032–RBD complex, the TBFE was −41.88 kcal/mol; for the SANC00992–RBD complex the TBFE was −29.05 kcal/mol, while for the SANC00317–RBD complex the TBFE was −31.03 kcal/mol. The results showed the inhibition potential of these compounds by targeting the RBD. In conclusion, this study will help in the design and discovery of novel drug therapeutics, which may be used against the emerging Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.