bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Birth cohort changes in the depressive symptoms of Chinese older adults: a cross‐temporal meta‐analysis
Authors: Shao Jingjin , Li Dan , Zhang Dajun , Zhang Li , Zhang Qinghua , Qi Xiaodong
Published: February 2013

Objective

With the dramatic changes in Chinese society and economy, the average depressive symptoms of Chinese older adults might have changed across their birth cohort. This study aims to examine the changes in the depressive symptoms of Chinese older adults by analyzing data from 1987 to 2010.

Methods

The study examines the changes in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale scores of older adults for the past 24 years (1987 to 2010) by using cross‐temporal meta‐analysis. A total of 35,299 older adults were included in the data.

Results

The results show the following. (i) Correlations between the mean scores and data collection year are significantly positive. The mean scores in the depressive symptoms of Chinese older adults show an increase of at least 0.53 standard deviations from 1987 to 2010. (ii) The means of the scores in the depressive symptoms of both male and female older adults exhibit a significant increase in the past 24 years, with the rising tendency of women being considerably higher than that of men. (iii) Depressive symptoms show a significant increase for different age groups in the past 24 years, whereas scores for depressive symptoms have no significant difference in terms of age group.

Conclusions

Social changes play an important role in predicting the changes in the depressive symptoms of older adults. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural mechanisms of feature conjunction learning: Enduring changes in occipital cortex after a week of training
Authors: Frank Sebastian M. , Reavis Eric A. , Tse Peter U. , Greenlee Mark W.
Published: February 2013

Most visual activities, whether reading, driving, or playing video games, require rapid detection and identification of learned patterns defined by arbitrary conjunctions of visual features. Initially, such detection is slow and inefficient, but it can become fast and efficient with training. To determine how the brain learns to process conjunctions of visual features efficiently, we trained participants over eight consecutive days to search for a target defined by an arbitrary conjunction of color and location among distractors with a different conjunction of the same features. During each training session, we measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The speed of visual search for feature conjunctions improved dramatically within just a few days. These behavioral improvements were correlated with increased neural responses to the stimuli in visual cortex. This suggests that changes in neural processing in visual cortex contribute to the speeding up of visual feature conjunction search. We find evidence that this effect is driven by an increase in the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the BOLD signal for search targets over distractors. In a control condition where target and distractor identities were exchanged after training, learned search efficiency was abolished, suggesting that the primary improvement was perceptual learning for the search stimuli, not task‐learning. Moreover, when participants were retested on the original task after nine months without further training, the acquired changes in behavior and brain activity were still present, showing that this can be an enduring form of learning and neural reorganization. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1201–1211, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional connectivity‐based parcellation of amygdala using self‐organized mapping: A data driven approach
Authors: Mishra Arabinda , Rogers Baxter P. , Chen Li Min , Gore John C.
Published: February 2013

The overall goal of this work is to demonstrate how resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals may be used to objectively parcellate functionally heterogeneous subregions of the human amygdala into structures characterized by similar patterns of functional connectivity. We hypothesize that similarity of functional connectivity of subregions with other parts of the brain can be a potential basis to segment and cluster voxels using data driven approaches. In this work, self‐organizing map (SOM) was implemented to cluster the connectivity maps associated with each voxel of the human amygdala, thereby defining distinct subregions. The functional separation was optimized by evaluating the overall differences in functional connectivity between the subregions at group level. Analysis of 25 resting state fMRI data sets suggests that SOM can successfully identify functionally independent nuclei based on differences in their inter subregional functional connectivity, evaluated statistically at various confidence levels. Although amygdala contains several nuclei whose distinct roles are implicated in various functions, our objective approach discerns at least two functionally distinct volumes comparable to previous parcellation results obtained using probabilistic tractography and cytoarchitectonic analysis. Association of these nuclei with various known functions and a quantitative evaluation of their differences in overall functional connectivity with lateral orbital frontal cortex and temporal pole confirms the functional diversity of amygdala. The data driven approach adopted here may be used as a powerful indicator of structure–function relationships in the amygdala and other functionally heterogeneous structures as well.Hum Brain Mapp 35:1247–1260, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An independent components and functional connectivity analysis of resting state fMRI data points to neural network dysregulation in adult ADHD
Authors: Hoekzema Elseline , Carmona Susana , Ramos‐Quiroga J. Antoni , Richarte Fernández Vanesa , Bosch Rosa , Soliva Juan Carlos , Rovira Mariana , Bulbena Antonio , Tobeña Adolf , Casas Miguel , Vilarroya Oscar
Published: February 2013

Spontaneous fluctuations can be measured in the brain that reflect dissociable functional networks oscillating at synchronized frequencies, such as the default mode network (DMN). In contrast to its diametrically opposed task‐positive counterpart, the DMN predominantly signals during a state of rest, and inappropriate regulation of this network has been associated with inattention, a core characteristic of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To examine whether abnormalities can be identified in the DMN component of patients with ADHD, we applied an independent components analysis to resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired from 22 male medication‐naïve adults with ADHD and 23 neurotypical individuals. We observed a stronger coherence of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) with the DMN component in patients with ADHD which correlated with measures of selective attention. The increased left dlPFC‐DMN coherence also surfaced in a whole‐brain replication analysis involving an independent sample of 9 medication‐naïve adult patients and 9 controls. In addition, a post hoc seed‐to‐voxel functional connectivity analysis using the dlPFC as a seed region to further examine this region's suggested connectivity differences uncovered a higher temporal coherence with various other neural networks and confirmed a reduced anticorrelation with the DMN. These results point to a more diffuse connectivity between functional networks in patients with ADHD. Moreover, our findings suggest that state‐inappropriate neural activity in ADHD is not confined to DMN intrusion during attention‐demanding contexts, but also surfaces as an insufficient suppression of dlPFC signaling in relation to DMN activity during rest. Together with previous findings, these results point to a general dysfunction in the orthogonality of functional networks. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1261–1272, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complexity of low‐frequency blood oxygen level‐dependent fluctuations covaries with local connectivity
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey S. , Zielinski Brandon A. , Nielsen Jared A. , Ferguson Michael A.
Published: February 2013

Very low‐frequency blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) fluctuations have emerged as a valuable tool for describing brain anatomy, neuropathology, and development. Such fluctuations exhibit power law frequency dynamics, with largest amplitude at lowest frequencies. The biophysical mechanisms generating such fluctuations are poorly understood. Using publicly available data from 1,019 subjects of age 7–30, we show that BOLD fluctuations exhibit temporal complexity that is linearly related to local connectivity (regional homogeneity), consistently and significantly covarying across subjects and across gray matter regions. This relationship persisted independently of covariance with gray matter density or standard deviation of BOLD signal. During late neurodevelopment, BOLD fluctuations were unchanged with age in association cortex while becoming more random throughout the rest of the brain. These data suggest that local interconnectivity may play a key role in establishing the complexity of low‐frequency BOLD fluctuations underlying functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity. Stable low‐frequency power dynamics may emerge through segmentation and integration of connectivity during development of distributed large‐scale brain networks. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1273–1283, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cyclic Voltammetric Study of Some Anti‐Chagas‐Active 1,4‐Dioxidoquinoxalin‐2‐yl Ketone Derivatives
Authors: Pérez‐Silanes Silvia , Devarapally Goutham , Torres Enrique , Moreno‐Viguri Elsa , Aldana Ignacio , Monge Antonio , Crawford Philip W.
Published: February 2013

The electrochemical properties of 24 1,4‐dioxidoquinoxalin‐2‐yl ketone derivatives with varying degrees of anti‐Chagas activity were investigated in the aprotic solvent dimethylformamide (DMF) by cyclic voltammetry and first‐derivative cyclic voltammetry. For this group of compounds, the first reduction in DMF was either reversible or quasireversible and consistent with reduction of the N‐oxide functionality to form the radical anion. The second reduction process for these compounds was irreversible under the conditions used. The reduction potentials correlated well with molecular structure. Substitution in the 3‐, 6‐, and 7‐ positions of the quinoxaline ring by electron‐withdrawing substituents directly affected the ease of reduction and improved the biological activities of these compounds, whereas substitution by electron‐donating groups had the opposite effect. The electrochemical results, when combined with previous work on their mechanism of action against Chagas disease and their measured anti‐Chagas activities, indicated that the quinoxaline 1,4‐dioxide system serves as a promising starting point for chemical modifications aimed at improving the T. cruzi activity via a possible bioreduction mechanism.
Copper‐Assisted/Copper‐Free Synthesis of Functionalized Dibenzo[b,f]oxepins and Their Analogs via a One‐Pot Tandem Reaction
Authors: Wang Yuqin , Chen Yanhong , He Qian , Xie Yuyuan , Yang Chunhao
Published: February 2013

A simple, convenient, and efficient method for the formation of functionalized dibenzo[b,f]oxepins and their analogs bearing both electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups has been developed via a one‐pot cascade reaction. Most starting materials are commercially available 2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)acetonitriles and 2‐haloarylaldehydes. The procedure makes use of Cs2CO3 as the base, and DMF as solvent under copper‐assisted/copper‐free conditions. The reaction has a comprehensive group tolerance for substrates. Most of the reactions were complete within 1 h in good‐to‐excellent yields, and the reaction temperatures were relatively low. The protocol could be scaled up to grams without lowering the yield. A reaction mechanism was also proposed.
The First Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Naturally Occurring, Bioactive (3R,5R)‐1‐(4‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐7‐phenylheptane‐3,5‐diol and the Synthesis of Its Enantiomer
Authors: Reddy Parigi Raghavendar , Sudhakar Chithaluri , Kumar Jayprakash Narayan , Das Biswanath
Published: February 2013

The first stereoselective total synthesis of the naturally occurring anti‐emetic diarylheptanoid (3R,5R)‐1‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐7‐phenylheptane‐3,5‐diol (1) was accomplished starting from 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and involving a Sharpless kinetic resolution and an asymmetric epoxidation as the key steps (Scheme 2). The enantiomer 1a of this compound was also simultaneously prepared.
A New Glycine Derivative and a New Indole Alkaloid from the Fermentation Broth of the Plant Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis podocarpi Isolated from the Chinese Podocarpaceae Plant Podocarpus macrophyllus
Authors: Luo Du‐Qiang , Chen Yu‐Peng , Zhang Jun , Shi Bao‐Zhong , Yang Zi‐Qi , Chen Chuan
Published: February 2013

A new glycine derivative, podocarpiamide (1), a new indole alkaloid, 1‐methoxy‐1H‐indol‐3‐ethanol (2), together with two known compounds, 1‐methoxy‐1H‐indole‐3‐acetic acid (3) and methyl 1‐methoxy‐1H‐indole‐3‐acetate (4), were isolated from the fermentation broth of the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis podocarpi. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR (HSQC, HMBC, and COSY) and MS experiments. Compound 1 has an interesting unusual carbamic acid structure.
A Facile Solid‐Phase Synthesis of (+)‐(S)‐Clopidogrel
Authors: Jung Kiwon , Kim Jae‐Sun , Kim Tae‐Hyun , Kim Jinwoong
Published: February 2013

Enantiomerically pure (+)‐(S)‐clopidogrel was prepared by solid‐phase synthesis using the commercially available Wang resin. This method offers mild reaction conditions and provides the (+)‐(S)‐clopidogrel in overall 52% yield over six steps and with optical purity of 98.0% ee.
Two Unusual Rearranged Flavan Derivatives from Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis
Authors: Fu Ka‐Li , Shen Yun‐Heng , Lu Lu , Li Bo , He Yi‐Ren , Li Bo , Yang Xian‐Wen , Su Juan , Liu Run‐Hui , Zhang Wei‐Dong
Published: February 2013

Two unusual rearranged flavan derivatives with a rare bicyclo[3.3.1]non‐3‐ene‐2,9‐dione ring, tazettone A (1) and tazettone B (2), together with five known flavans, 3–7, were isolated from the bulbs of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem. The structures of two new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against four human tumor cell lines A549, HCT116, SK‐BR‐3, and HepG2. Compounds 1 and 2 were almost inactive against all tested cell lines, while compounds 3–7 exhibited moderate or weak cytotoxicities against the tested cell lines.
Organic Stereochemistry. Part 2
Authors: Testa Bernard
Published: February 2013

This review continues a general presentation of the principles of stereochemistry with special reference to medicinal compounds. Here, we explore stereoisomeric compounds characterized by a single or several stereogenic centers (often also called centers of chirality). The main focus will be on chiral tetrahedral structures, namelya) tetracoordinate centers, andb) tricoordinate centers where an electron lone pair plays the role of the fourth substituent, forming a tetrahedron. Following an overview of the main tetrahedral structures of interest in biological and medicinal stereochemistry, the review places emphasis on explaining the two dominant conventions, namely thed,l‐and (R,S)‐convention, the latter being known as theCIP(CahnIngoldPrelog) convention. The review ends with a discussion of reactions of stereoisomerization at stereogenic C‐centers and its relevance to drug research.
Effectiveness of paliperidone extended‐release for patients with schizophrenia: focus on subjective improvement
Authors: Na Kyoung‐Sae , Kim Chul‐Eung , Kim Yong‐Sik , Lee Jong‐Il , Han Wou Sang , Kang Ung Gu , Park Doo‐Heum , Kim Bongseog , Jung Han‐Yong , Yoon Jin‐Sang , Lim Se‐Won
Published: February 2013

Objective

This study assessed whether the subjective experience of patients with schizophrenia improved after switching from an oral antipsychotic to flexibly‐dosed paliperidone extended‐release.

Methods

We conducted a 24‐week, multicenter, non‐comparative, open‐label trial. A total of 387 patients with schizophrenia participated the study. The primary study outcome was the change in subjective symptoms measured by the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised version (SCL‐90‐R) from baseline. Visual analogue scales were used for sleep and daytime somnolence as secondary subjective assessments. The clinical global impression‐schizophrenia‐severity scale was used to assess overall symptom severity. Social functioning was evaluated by the personal and social performance scale. Adverse events were also evaluated.

Results

All subjective symptoms measured by the SCL‐90‐R improved significantly. The early responders, who achieved >20% reduction in the SCL‐90‐R within 1 week, maintained significantly lower severity through the 24 weeks. The clinical global impression‐schizophrenia‐severity scale and personal and social performance scores also improved significantly. The visual analogue scales revealed that daytime somnolence improved significantly, whereas nocturnal sleep quality was unaltered.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that switching to paliperidone extended‐release was associated with improvements in various subjective symptoms, decreased overall symptom severity, and increased social functioning. The results also suggest that early detection and reduction of subjective symptoms are important for treatment outcome. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging agent of a TRPA1 inhibitor
Authors: Malmquist Jonas , Bernlind Alexandra , Lindberg Sandra
Published: February 2013

A method for the preparation of [3′‐3H]‐4‐(2′‐chloro‐6′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐thioxo‐3,4‐dihydro‐1H‐indeno[1,2‐d]pyrimidin‐5(2H)‐one (1), a TRPA1 inhibitor, was developed for the evaluation of imaging properties of a class of TRPA1 inhibitors. 1 was prepared via tritiation of a protected benzaldehyde followed by a tetrachlorosilane catalyzed multicomponent one‐step fusion and was obtained at a specific activity of 0.9 TBq/mmol. A 3H‐NMR spectrum on 13.5 MBq at 75 μM was recorded. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employee silence motives: Investigation of dimensionality and development of measures
Authors: Brinsfield Chad T.
Published: February 2013

In four studies, I examine the motives for employee silence. In Study 1, I examine open‐ended survey responses to determine the nature and scope of silence motives. Study 2 develops measures of these motives and explores their factor structure. Study 3 refines the measures and provides confirmatory evidence of factor structure. Study 4 examines relationships between the new measures and related factors (employee voice, psychological safety, neuroticism, extraversion). Results indicate that six dimensions of silence motives (ineffectual, relational, defensive, diffident, disengaged, and deviant) emerged from the data, which can be reliably measured and provide incremental value for understanding and assessing employee silence. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology of InN nanorods using spectroscopic Raman imaging
Authors: Madapu Kishore K. , Ku N. R. , Dhara S. , Liu C. P. , Tyagi A. K.
Published: February 2013

We report the vibrational properties of vertical and oblique InN nanorods (NRs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Surface optical (SO) Raman mode at 561 cm−1, belonging to E1 symmetry [SO(E1)], is identified along with symmetry allowed Raman modes of E2(low), E2(high), and E1(LO) at 87, 489, and 589 cm−1, respectively, corresponding to wurtzite InN phase. Usually, SO phonon modes arise due to breakdown of translational symmetry of surface potential at surface defects, which are attributed by the surface roughness. Intensity distribution of E1(LO) and SO(E1) phonon modes over a specified area have been analysed using Raman area mapping with an optical resolution of 400 nm. Imaging with E1(LO) phonon mode, originating from the bulk of the sample, distinguishes the vertical NRs alone. We are able to resolve NR morphologies in both vertical and oblique cases with additional Raman mapping analysis of SO(E1) phonon mode, emerging from the surface irregularities, which are confined to the tip of MBE grown NRs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychometric Properties of the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index. Part II: Investigating Factor Structure Findings in a National Clinic‐Referred Youth Sample
Authors: Elhai Jon D. , Layne Christopher M. , Steinberg Alan M. , Brymer Melissa J. , Briggs Ernestine C. , Ostrowski Sarah A. , Pynoos Robert S.
Published: February 2013

We examined the underlying factor structure of the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index (PTSD‐RI) using data from 6,591 children/adolescents exposed to trauma, presenting for treatment at any of 54 National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) centers. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we tested the 3‐factor DSM‐IV PTSD model, 2 separate 4‐factor models (Dysphoria vs. Emotional Numbing) and a recently conceptualized 5‐factor Dysphoric Arousal model. We found a slight, but significant advantage for the Dysphoria model over the Emotional Numbing model on the PTSD‐RI, with a difference in Bayesian information criterion (BIC) values of 81 points. As with several recent studies of adult trauma victims, we found a slight advantage for the Dysphoric Arousal model over the other models on the PTSD‐RI, with BIC differences exceeding 300 points. Retaining the Dysphoric Arousal model, we tested the convergent validity of the PTSD‐RI factors against subscales of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children. Supporting the convergent validity of the PTSD‐RI, in the Dysphoric Arousal model, the dysphoric arousal factor related most strongly to anger, whereas the emotional numbing factor related most strongly to depression, and anxious arousal factor related most strongly to anxiety. Results support the use of the PTSD‐RI for evaluating PTSD among youth.
A Formative Evaluation of Two Evidence‐Based Psychotherapies for PTSD in VA Residential Treatment Programs
Authors: Cook Joan M. , O'Donnell Casey , Dinnen Stephanie , Bernardy Nancy , Rosenheck Robert , Hoff Rani
Published: February 2013

Between July 2008 and March 2011, 38 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) residential treatment programs for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) participated in a formative evaluation of their programmatic services, including evidenced‐based treatments (EBTs). Face‐to‐face qualitative interviews were conducted with over 250 staff by an independent psychologist along with onsite participant observations. This evaluation coincided with a national VA dissemination initiative to train providers in two EBTs for PTSD: prolonged exposure (PE) and cognitive processing therapy (CPT). A substantial proportion of eligible (based on professional background) residential treatment providers received training in PE (37.4%) or CPT (64.2%), with 9.5% completing case consultation or becoming national trainers in each therapy respectively. In semistructured interviews, providers reported that their clinical programs had adopted these EBTs at varying levels ranging from no adoption to every patient receiving the full protocol. Suggestions for improving the adoption of PE and CPT are noted, including distilling manualized treatments to essential common elements.
Exploring the Female Specific Risk to Partial and Full PTSD Following Physical Assault
Authors: Steven Betts Kim , Williams Gail M. , Najman Jacob M. , Alati Rosa
Published: February 2013

Previous studies have shown that females are at an increased risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in response to physical assault compared with males. Our aims were to (a) test if this gender‐specific risk generalised to subclinical levels of PTSD, (b) observe how this relationship was affected by including possible confounding factors, and (c) estimate how this trauma contributed to the overall prevalence of PTSD in females. Data came from an Australian birth cohort study (n = 2,547) based in Brisbane, Australia that commenced in 1981. Using ordinal logistic regression adjusted for a wide range of confounding factors, including polyvictimisation and internalising and externalising symptoms, we found females were at a significantly greater risk compared to males of developing either partial or full PTSD, odds ratio (OR) = 7.68; 95% confidence interval (CI) = [2.94, 20.08], as well as full PTSD only, OR = 9.23; 95% CI = [2.77, 30.79], following the experience of assaultive violence (p value for test of interaction = .004). In addition to the high prevalence of sexual assault (12.9%), attributable risk analysis suggested that due to the strong risk of PTSD in females exposed to physical assault, physical assault is possibly a contributor to the overall female increased prevalence of PTSD.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and HIV Risk Behavior Among Ohio Army National Guard Soldiers
Authors: Marshall Brandon D. L. , Prescott Marta R. , Liberzon Israel , Tamburrino Marijo B. , Calabrese Joseph R. , Galea Sandro
Published: February 2013

We examined the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behavior among the Ohio Army National Guard (OHARNG). We analyzed data collected from a sample of OHARNG enlisted between June 2008 and February 2009. Participants completed interviews assessing HIV risk activities defined by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and were screened for PTSD and MDD based on DSM‐IV criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Logistic regression was used to examine the independent and combined effects of PTSD and MDD on past‐year HIV risk behavior. Of 2,259 participants, 142 (6.3%) reported at least 1 past‐year HIV risk behavior. In adjusted models, relative to soldiers with neither disorder, screening positive for MDD only was associated with HIV risk behavior (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.33, 95% CI = [1.15, 4.71]), whereas PTSD was not significant (AOR = 1.60, 95% CI = [0.80, 3.20]). Participants with both PTSD and depression were most likely to report HIV risk behavior (AOR = 2.75, 95% CI = [1.06, 7.11]). Soldiers with PTSD and MDD may be at greater risk for HIV infection due to increased engagement in HIV risk behavior. Integrated interventions to address mental health problems and reduce HIV risk behavior are in need of development and evaluation.
Dangerous Safe Havens: Institutional Betrayal Exacerbates Sexual Trauma
Authors: Smith Carly Parnitzke , Freyd Jennifer J.
Published: February 2013

Research has documented the profound negative impact of betrayal within experiences of interpersonal trauma such as sexual assault (Freyd, 1994, 1996; Freyd, DePrince, & Gleaves, 2007). In the current study of college women (N = 345, 79% Caucasian; mean age = 19.69 years, SD = 2.55), we examined whether institutional failure to prevent sexual assault or respond supportively when it occurs may similarly exacerbate posttraumatic symptomatology—what we call “institutional betrayal.” Almost half (47%) of the women reported at least one coercive sexual experience and another 21% reported no coercion, but at least one unwanted sexual experience (total reporting unwanted sexual experiences, N = 233). Institutional betrayal (e.g., creating an environment where these experiences seemed more likely, making it difficult to report these experiences) was reported across different unwanted sexual experiences (47% and 45% of women reporting coercion and no coercion, respectively). Those women who reported institutional betrayal surrounding their unwanted sexual experience reported increased levels of anxiety (R2 = .10), trauma‐specific sexual symptoms (R2 = .17), dissociation (R2 = .11), and problematic sexual functioning (R2 = .12). These results suggest that institutions have the power to cause additional harm to assault survivors.
Psychometric Properties of the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index: Part I
Authors: Steinberg Alan M. , Brymer Melissa J. , Kim Soeun , Briggs Ernestine C. , Ippen Chandra Ghosh , Ostrowski Sarah A. , Gully Kevin J. , Pynoos Robert S.
Published: February 2013

This article presents psychometric characteristics of the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM IV (PTSD‐RI) derived from a large sample of children and adolescents (N = 6,291) evaluated at National Child Traumatic Stress Network centers. Overall mean total PTSD‐RI score for girls was significantly higher as compared with boys. Age‐related differences were found in that overall mean total PTSD‐RI scores and within sex groups were higher among those aged 7–9 years and 16–18 years. There were no significant differences in mean total PTSD‐RI scores across racial/ethnic groups. The PTSD‐RI total scale displayed good to excellent internal consistency reliability across age ranges, sex, and racial/ethnic groups (α = .88–.91). Correlations of PTSD‐RI scores with PTS subscale scores on the TSCC‐A for the entire sample and within sex, age, and ethnic/racial groups provided evidence of convergent validity, although not discriminant validity. In contradistinction to previously reported 4‐factor models, an exploratory factor analysis revealed 3 factors that mostly reflected the underlying dimensions of PTSD in DSM IV. PTSD‐RI scores were associated with increased odds ratios for functional/behavior problems (odds ratio [OR] = 1–1.80). These findings are striking in light of the wide range of trauma exposures, age, and race/ethnicity among subjects.
Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence Revictimization: The Relative Impact of Distinct PTSD Symptoms, Dissociation, and Coping Strategies
Authors: Iverson Katherine M. , Litwack Scott D. , Pineles Suzanne L. , Suvak Michael K. , Vaughn Rachel A. , Resick Patricia A.
Published: February 2013

Psychological distress and coping strategies following intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization may impact survivors’ risk for future IPV. The current study prospectively examined the impact of distinct posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal), dissociation, and coping strategies (engagement and disengagement coping) on IPV revictimization among recently abused women. Women (N = 69) who were seeking services for IPV and experienced their most recent episode of physical IPV between 2 weeks and 6 months prior to study enrollment completed measures of physical IPV, psychological distress, and coping strategies at baseline and at 6‐month follow‐up. The women averaged 36 years of age and 67% of the sample was African American. Separate Poisson regression analyses revealed that PTSD hyperarousal symptoms, dissociation, engagement coping, and disengagement coping each significantly predicted physical IPV revictimization at the 6‐month follow‐up (with effect sizes ranging from a 1.20–1.34 increase in the likelihood of Time 2 physical IPV with a 1 SD increase in the predictor). When these significant predictors were examined together in a single Poisson regression model, only engagement and disengagement coping were found to predict physical IPV revictimization such that disengagement coping was associated with higher revictimization risk (1.29 increase in the likelihood of Time 2 physical IPV with one SD increase in disengagement coping) and engagement coping was associated with lower revictimization risk (1.30 decrease in the likelihood of Time 2 physical IPV with one SD increase in engagement coping). The current findings suggest that coping strategies are important and potentially malleable predictors of physical IPV revictimization.
A qualitative analysis of faculty motivation to participate in otolaryngology simulation boot camps
Authors: Deutsch Ellen S. , Orioles Alberto , Kreicher Kathryn , Malloy Kelly M. , Rodgers David L.
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To characterize factors that motivate faculty to participate in Simulation‐Based Boot Camps (SBBC); to assess whether prior exposure to Simulation‐Based Medical Education (SBME) or duration (years) of faculty practice affects this motivation.

Study Design

Qualitative content analysis of semi‐structured interviews of faculty.

Methods

Interviews of 35 (56%) of 62 eligible faculty including demographic questions, and scripted, open‐ended questions addressing motivation. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, de‐identified, coded and analyzed using qualitative analysis software. Demographic characteristics were described. Emerging response categories were organized into themes contributing to both satisfaction and dissatisfaction.

Results

Three major themes of faculty motivation emerged: enjoyment of teaching and camaraderie; benefits to residents, patients and themselves; and opportunities to learn or improve their own patient care and teaching techniques. Expense, and time away from work and family, were identified as challenges. Faculty with many versus few years in practice revealed a greater interest in diversity of teaching experiences and techniques. Comparison of faculty with extensive versus limited simulation experience yielded similar motivations.

Conclusion

Enjoyment of teaching; benefits to all participants; and opportunities for self‐improvement emerged as themes of faculty motivation to participate in SBBC. SBBC have unique characteristics which provide an opportunity to facilitate teaching experiences that motivate faculty.
Patterns of Care Before and After the Adult Sinusitis Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Bhattacharyya Neil , Kepnes Lynn J.
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Determine if patterns of care for acute sinusitis have changed after the publication of the adult sinusitis clinical practice guideline.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional study with historical controls.

Methods

Cases of adult acute sinusitis occurring in 2005–2006 (before guideline publication) and 2009–2010 (>1 year after guideline publication) were extracted from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Care Survey. Changes in the rates of analgesic recommendations, oral antibiotic prescriptions, and choice of antibiotic therapy were determined and compared before and after guideline publication and relative to guideline recommendations.

Results

An estimated 18.1±1.8 million cases of adult acute sinusitis were studied before (7.9±0.9 million visits for 2005–2006) and after (10.2±1.5 million visits for 2009–2010) guideline publication. Recommendation rates for analgesics did not change significantly (18.9% before vs. 23.0% after, P=.470). The proportion of patients receiving oral antibiotics increased after guideline publication (75.5% before vs. 85.7% after, P=.021). In keeping with guideline recommendations, the proportion of patients treated with amoxicillin as the agent of choice when antibiotics are prescribed increased from 8.1% to 29.4% after guideline publication (P=.001).

Conclusions

Care patterns for the medical treatment of acute adult sinusitis have changed after guideline publication, with an increase in oral antibiotic prescription rates in cases of acute sinusitis and increase in the use of amoxicillin as the first‐line antimicrobial agent. The latter is strongly in keeping with guideline recommendation. Clinicians' espousal of the analgesic recommendations likely needs improvement to better comply with guideline recommendations.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 2013
Three‐Dimensional Analysis of Pharyngeal High‐Resolution Manometry Data
Authors: Geng Zhixian , Hoffman Matthew R. , Jones Corinne A. , McCulloch Timothy M. , Jiang Jack J.
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

High‐resolution manometry (HRM) represents a critical advance in the quantification of swallow‐related pressure events in the pharynx. Previous analyses of the pressures measured byHRM, though, have been largely two‐dimensional, focusing on a single sensor in a given region. We present a three‐dimensional approach that combines information from adjacent sensors in a region. Two‐ and three‐dimensional methods were compared for their ability to classify data correctly as normal or disordered.

Study Design

Case series evaluating new method of data analysis.

Methods

A total of 1,324 swallows from 16 normal subjects and 61 subjects with dysphagia were included. Two‐dimensional single sensor integrals of the area under the curves created by rises in pressure in the velopharynx, tongue base, and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) were calculated. Three‐dimensional multi‐sensor integrals of the volume under all curves corresponding to the same regions were also computed. The two sets of measurements were compared for their ability to classify data correctly as normal or disordered using an artificial neural network (ANN).

Results

Three‐dimensional parameters yielded a maximal classification accuracy of 86.71%±1.47%, while two‐dimensional parameters achieved a maximum accuracy of 83.36%±1.42%. Combining two‐ and three‐dimensional parameters with all other variables, including three‐dimensional parameters, yielded a classification accuracy of 96.99%±0.51%. Including two‐dimensional parameters yielded a classification accuracy of 96.32%±1.05%.

Conclusion

Three‐dimensional analysis led to improved classification of swallows based on pharyngealHRM. Artificial neural network performance with both two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional analyses was effective, classifying a large percentage of swallows correctly, thus demonstrating its potential clinical utility.

Level of Evidence

4.Laryngoscope, 2013
Trends in otolaryngologic utilization of computed tomography for sinonasal disorders
Authors: Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Determine temporal trends in otolaryngologists' utilization of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of sinonasal disorders.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional analysis of national health‐care database.

Methods

The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey was examined from 2005 to 2010, and all visits to otolaryngologists with a chronic sinonasal diagnosis code (e.g., chronic sinusitis, chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, and septal deviation) were extracted. The demographics and proportion of otolaryngology visits at which a CT scan was ordered were determined for each calendar year, and trends were determined for the 6‐year period.

Results

An estimated 31.1±2.8 million otolaryngology visits with sinonasal diagnoses were extracted (unweighted N=2,099). The average patient age was 43.2±0.6 years, with a female predominance (57.1%±1.8%). The most common diagnoses were chronic rhinosinusitis (10.9 million visits, unweighted N=819) and allergic rhinitis (10.7 million visits, unweighted N=639). Overall, 10.4%±2.2% of sinonasal diagnosis visits involved CT (unweighted N=232), ranging from 8.4%±3.0% in 2007 to 12.3%±2.6% in 2008; in 2010, 11.7%±2.9% of visits included CT. There was no statistically significant difference in CT rates over the course of these 6 calendar years (P=.798).

Conclusions

Despite widespread availability of imaging and a strong prevalence of sinonasal diagnoses, otolaryngologists' CT ordering patterns have not resulted in increased utilization over the past 6 years. This suggests that otolaryngologists are remaining consistent in their ordering patterns for sinonasal CT.

Level of Evidence

2c. Laryngoscope, 123:1837–1839, 2013
A Litmus‐Type Colorimetric and Fluorometric Volatile Organic Compound Sensor Based on Inkjet‐Printed Polydiacetylenes on Paper Substrates
Authors: Yoon Bora , Park In Sung , Shin Hyora , Park Hye Jin , Lee Chan Woo , Kim Jong‐Man
Published: February 2013

Inkjet‐printed paper‐based volatile organic compound (VOC) sensor strips imaged with polydiacetylenes (PDAs) are developed. A microemulsion ink containing bisurethane‐substituted diacetylene (DA) monomers, 4BCMU, was inkjet printed onto paper using a conventional inkjet office printer. UV irradiation of the printed image allowed fabrication of blue‐colored poly‐4BCMU on the paper and the polymer was found to display colorimetric responses to VOCs. Interestingly, a blue‐to‐yellow color change was observed when the strip was exposed to chloroform vapor, which was accompanied by the generation of green fluorescence. The principal component analysis plot of the color and fluorescence images of the VOC‐exposed polymers allowed a more precise discrimination of VOC vapors.

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Interface Dissipative Mechanisms in an Elastomeric Matrix Reinforced with MWCNTs
Authors: Aurilia Marco , Sorrentino Luigi , Iannace Salvatore
Published: February 2013

Dissipative mechanisms occurring at the interface between multiwall nanotubes (MWCNT) and an elastomeric matrix are investigated and quantitatively predicted through analytical equations derived from a micromechanical model. The effects of MWCNT aspect ratio on dissipative properties of the reinforced system are investigated at high strains (100–300%). Cyclic tensile tests illustrate that the fraction of dissipated strain energy increases with the amount of MWCNT and varies with their aspect ratio. Lower mean diameter MWCNT are able to dissipate a higher amount of strain energy. The model developed on the basis of the shear lag theory correctly predicts the dissipated strain energy at high strains, taking into account the different contributions to the mechanical behavior of nanotubes' different aspect ratios.

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Analysis of the bacterial communities associated with two ant–plant symbioses
Authors: Seipke Ryan F. , Barke Jörg , Heavens Darren , Yu Douglas W. , Hutchings Matthew I.
Published: February 2013

Insect fungiculture is practiced by ants, termites, beetles, and gall midges and it has been suggested to be widespread among plant–ants. Some of the insects engaged in fungiculture, including attine ants and bark beetles, are known to use symbiotic antibiotic‐producing actinobacteria to protect themselves and their fungal cultivars against infection. In this study, we analyze the bacterial communities on the cuticles of the plant–ant genera Allomerus and Tetraponera using deep sequencing of 16S rRNA. Allomerus ants cultivate fungus as a building material to strengthen traps for prey, while Tetraponera ants cultivate fungus as a food source. We report that Allomerus and Tetraponera microbiomes contain >75% Proteobacteria and remarkably the bacterial phyla that dominate their cuticular microbiomes are very similar despite their geographic separation (South America and Africa, respectively). Notably, antibiotic‐producing actinomycete bacteria represent a tiny fraction of the cuticular microbiomes of both Allomerus and Tetraponera spp. and instead they are dominated by γ‐proteobacteria Erwinia and Serratia spp. Both these phyla are known to contain antibiotic‐producing species which might therefore play a protective role in these ant–plant systems.
Quality of life before reconstructive breast surgery: FA preoperative comparison of patients with immediate, delayed, and major revision reconstruction
Authors: Rosson Gedge D. , Shridharani Sachin M. , Magarakis Michael , Manahan Michele A. , Basdag Basak , Gilson Marta M. , Pusic Andrea L.
Published: February 2013

Background: Women undergo breast reconstruction at different time‐points in their cancer care; knowing patients' preoperative quality of life (QoL) is critical in the overall care of the patient with breast cancer. Our objective was to describe presurgical QoL among women undergoing immediate, delayed, or major revision breast reconstructive surgery at our institution. Methods: From March 2008 to February 2009, we administered preoperative BREAST‐Q questionnaires to women who presented to our institution for breast reconstruction. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to compare patient cohorts across multiple QoL domains including body image, physical well‐being, psychosocial well‐being, and sexual well‐being. Results: Of the 231 patients who presented for preoperative consultation, 176 returned the questionnaire (response rate 76%; 117 from the immediate, 21 from the delayed, and 32 from the major revision reconstruction groups, plus 6 mixed or unknown). The three groups differed significantly (P < 0.05) across four of the six domains: body image (satisfaction with breasts), psychosocial well‐being, sexual well‐being, and physical well‐being of the chest and upper body. The immediate reconstruction group had higher (better) scores than the delayed reconstruction group, which had higher (better) scores than the major revision group. Conclusion: These data suggest that women presenting for breast reconstruction at different stages of reconstruction have different baseline QoL. Such data may help us better understand patient selection, education, and expectations, and may lead to improved patient–surgeon communication. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2013.
Ultrasound‐guided carpal tunnel release using the manos CTR system
Authors: Buncke Gregory , Mccormack Bruce , Bodor Marko
Published: February 2013

Purpose

Ultrasound (US) has been used in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome since the 1980s. The first report of US‐guided carpal tunnel release (CTR) was published in 1997, with cadaver and clinical reports confirming the safe navigation of surgical tools with US for division of the transverse carpal ligament. The MANOS CTR device was recently reported as a minimally invasive tool for CTR, and may be well suited for use with US guidance.

Patients and methods

The authors report three cases of US‐guided CTR using the MANOS CTR device. The MANOS device was inserted in a blunt configuration into the safe zone, and the cutting surface was deployed with a thumb‐activated trigger that simultaneously ejected a sharp through the palm. The transverse carpal ligament was divided safely and confirmed with US.

Results

US allowed for clear identification of the median nerve, safe zones, transverse carpal ligament, and the MANOS CTR device in relation to all pertinent structures of the carpal tunnel. Complete division of the transverse carpal ligament was confirmed in all three cases. There were no median nerve, vessel, tendon injuries, or chronic regional pain syndrome in any of the three cases.

Conclusions

US‐guided CTR with the MANOS CTR device appears to be a safe technique and successful in confirming complete release. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:362–366, 2013.
Pharmacokinetics of pterostilbene in Sprague‐Dawley rats: The impacts of aqueous solubility, fasting, dose escalation, and dosing route on bioavailability
Authors: Yeo Samuel Chao Ming , Ho Paul C. , Lin Hai‐Shu
Published: February 2013

Scope

Pterostilbene (trans‐3,5‐dimethoxy‐4'‐hydroxystilbene, PTS) possesses various health‐promoting effects. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of aqueous solubility, fasting, dose escalation, and dosing route on its bioavailability in Sprague‐Dawley rats.

Methods and results

Upon intravenous administration (2.5 mg/kg), PTS had rapid clearance (Cl = 68.2 ± 9.8 mL/min/kg) and moderate terminal elimination half‐life (t1/2λz = 93.9 ± 22.3 min). Dose‐escalation led to about twofold decline in clearance at the dose of 25 mg/kg (Cl = 36.4±7.8 mL/min/kg). When given in oral suspension (15 mg/kg), PTS had relatively low bioavailability (F = 15.9 ± 7.8%) while fasting substantially attenuated its bioavailability (F< 5.5 %). However, when dosed in a solution formulated with 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) (15 mg/kg), PTS possessed good bioavailability (F = 59.2 ± 19.6%). Dose escalation resulted in about twofold increase in bioavailability at the dose of 60 mg/kg. Sublingual delivery (2.5 mg/kg) led to rapid absorption and moderate bioavailability (F = 25.8 ± 13.1%). Statistical comparison clearly indicated that the pharmacokinetics of PTS was more favorable than resveratrol.

Conclusion

Aqueous solubility was identified as a barrier to its oral bioavailability while solubilizing PTS with HP‐β‐CD substantially increased its bioavailability; dose manipulation was a practical strategy to enhance its bioavailability and systemic exposure; and its delivery through oral mucosa was feasible. As PTS possessed superior pharmacokinetics, it is a favorable candidate for further development.