bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature Microstructure beneath Surface Gravity Waves
Authors: Stevens Craig L. , Smith Murray J.
Published: November 2004

Oceanic turbulence very near the water surface controls heat, momentum, energy, and mass transfer at the air–sea interface. This study examines the use of a rising temperature microstructure profiler for determination of the rate of turbulent energy dissipation ε beneath a water surface dominated by wind-driven surface gravity waves. Under short-fetch wind waves there is sufficient turbulent energy to generate an inertial-convective subrange. Thus, as well as the conventional Batchelor spectrum fitting approach, ε can be estimated using the temperature spectrum at lower wavenumbers. The inertial-convective subrange-derived turbulent energy dissipation rate εi compares well with the Batchelor spectrum method εb for higher dissipation rates. Sensor limitations mean that these estimates will be a lower bound. The highest dissipation rate estimates were in the uppermost data bin, indicating the importance of resolving right to the surface. Velocimeter results show that the surface waves modulate the rise velocity of the profiler, with variations reaching 75% of the deep water profiler speed. This increases the uncertainty in the transformation of spectra from frequency to wavenumber space using Taylor's frozen-field hypothesis. The use of an inertial convective structure-function-derived energy dissipation rate avoids this transformation. However, the structure function results are not encouraging as they provide a very poor estimate due to the sensitivity of the calculations and the low signal-to-noise ratio in the data. Repeated profiling illustrates the variability of turbulence intensity near the surface and also enables a reliable estimate of the background temperature gradient to be derived. This provides an improved estimate of vertical diffusion of heat.
A Hybrid Surface Reference Technique and Its Application to the TRMM Precipitation Radar
Authors: Meneghini R. , Jones J. A. , Iguchi T. , Okamoto K. , Kwiatkowski J.
Published: November 2004

Satellite weather radars that operate at attenuating wavelengths require an estimate of path attenuation to reconstruct the range profile of rainfall. One such method is the surface reference technique (SRT), by which attenuation is estimated as the difference between the surface cross section outside the rain and the apparent surface cross section measured in rain. This and the Hitschfeld–Bordan method are used operationally to estimate rain rate using data from the precipitation radar (PR) aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. To overcome some of the problems associated with the latest operational version of the SRT, a hybrid surface reference is defined that uses information from the along-track and cross-track variations of the surface cross sections in rain-free areas. Over ocean, this approach eliminates most of the discontinuities in the path-attenuation field. Self-consistency of the estimates is tested by processing the orbits backward as well as forward. Calculations from 2 weeks of PR data show that 90% of the rain events over ocean for which the SRT is classified as reliable or marginally reliable are such that the absolute difference between the forward and backward estimates is less than 1 dB.
Interindividual and Intraindividual Variability of the Urinary 6β‐Hydroxycortisol/Cortisol Ratio in Chinese Subjects: Implications of Its Use for Evaluating CYP3A Activity
Authors: Yin Ophelia Q. P. , Shi Xiaojin , Tomlinson Brian , Chow Moses S. S.
Published: November 2004

The present study determined the interindividual and intrandividual variability of the urinary 6β‐hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio, a useful marker for CYP3A induction and inhibition in Chinese subjects. The study consisted of 2 parts. In part I, 82 healthy male Chinese subjects underwent 3 study sessions, each separated by a 1‐week interval. In part II, 20 subjects who initially completed part I underwent another 3 sessions over a period of 3 to 4 months. During each session, a first‐morning urine specimen was collected from each subject for the quantification of urinary concentrations of cortisol and 6β‐hydroxycortisol. There were no significant differences in the mean 6β‐hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratios among the 3 sessions (P > .05, 1‐way analysis of variance) for both part I and part II of the study. A normal distribution of the 6β‐hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio was observed (P = .849, Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test). This ratio varied 30‐fold (range, 0.76–23.23) among the study subjects. The mean intraindividual variabilities during the short (3‐week) and long (3‐ to 4‐month) periods were 30.9% ± 17.5% and 32.2% ± 17.1%, respectively. The genetic fraction contributing to the observed variability in the 6β‐hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio was estimated to be 0.91. The genetic component is likely to contribute significantly to the variability of the 6β‐hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio, and such variability should be considered when the ratio is used to evaluate CYP3A induction or inhibition in a given ethnic population.
Preparation and Properties of 1,2-Bis[(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)phosphinidene]cyclobuta[l]phenanthrene
Authors: Nakamura Akitake , Kawasaki Subaru , Toyota Kozo , Yoshifuji Masaaki
Published: November 2004

Sterically protected 1,2-bis[(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)phosphinidene]cyclobuta[l]phenanthrene (4) and its group(6) and group(10) transition metal complexes were prepared. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 4 revealed a planar structure of the diphosphinidenecyclobuta[l]phenanthrene moiety.
Novel Layered Organic–Inorganic Networks Assembled From PbI2 and N,N′-bis(3-pyridylmethyl)-1,4-biphenylenedimethyleneimine
Authors: Kong Ling-Yan , Zhang Zheng-Hua , Okamura Taka-aki , Fei Ming-Jian , Sun Wei-Yin , Ueyama Norikazu
Published: November 2004

Two novel metal-organic frameworks with different structures were obtained by reactions of PbI2 with N,N′-bis(3-pyridylmethyl)-1,4-biphenylenedimethyleneimine (L) under different M/L ratios. When the M/L ratio is 1:1, L bridges [PbI2]n chains to form a layered organic–inorganic hybrid compound with the empirical formula [Pb(L)I2] (1). When changing the M/L ratio to 2:1, L bridges the double chains [Pb2I4]n to form networks [Pb2(L)I4] (2), which are further linked by C–H···I hydrogen bonds to give a 3D structure.
Synthesis of Carbon Nanofoams and Nanospheres by Varying Ratio of Phenol–Formaldehyde Resin to Mesoporous Silica Foams
Authors: Chen Dong-Wun , Chang-Chien Chun-Yi , Lin Hong-Ping , Lin Yen-Po , Tang Chin-Yuan
Published: November 2004

Carbon nanofoams and nanospheres of 25–30 nm were conveniently synthesized by using silica nanofoams as a template and commercial-grade phenol–formaldehyde resin as carbon source at different weight ratio of PF resin to silica template.
Discovery of a Magnetic Ionic Liquid [bmim]FeCl4
Authors: Hayashi Satoshi , Hamaguchi Hiro-o
Published: November 2004

A magnetic ionic liquid, which shows a strong response to magnetic field, has been discovered. We synthesized an ionic liquid by mixing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim]Cl) and FeCl3, in anticipation of unique magnetic properties due to the possible local ordering of the magnetic anions. The visible absorption spectroscopy has shown that this liquid contains the high spin FeCl4− as the anion. Raman spectroscopy has indicated that it contains bmim+ as the cation. It has thus been confirmed that the prepared liquid is [bmim]FeCl4. The liquid [bmim]FeCl4 responded strongly to magnetic field. The SQUID measurements have shown that it is paramagnetic having a large magnetic susceptibility of 40.6 × 10−6 emu g−1. The present discovery of a magnetic ionic liquid has opened up a new research area of the magnetism of liquids.
An Empirical Analysis of Territorial Encroachment Within Franchised and Company-Owned Branded Chains
Authors: Kalnins Arturs
Published: November 2004

Franchisees within large branded chains loudly complain of a form of channel conflict known as “encroachment” or “impact.” Encroachment occurs when franchisors add new units of their brand proximately to their franchisees' existing units. Franchisees claim that their revenues have substantially decreased as a result of encroaching same-brand entry. The topic of encroachment has not only dominated franchisee association agendas and trade journal headlines but has also become a hot topic for politicians and policymakers. Yet, until now, evidence of encroachment has been strictly anecdotal. This paper provides the first systematic evidence of encroachment. Using revenue data from the Texas lodging industry in the 1990s, I find that when franchisors approve new same-brand units in the vicinity of incumbent units, these new units cannibalize the incumbents' revenues. In contrast to the result for franchisors, the addition of a new unit by company-owned brands in the vicinity of same-brand units is associated with an increase in the incumbents' revenues. This contrast suggests that encroaching behavior is caused by incentives that result from the governance form of franchising and is not simply an outcome that accompanies all expansion. This finding informs theory on governance forms and exclusive territories. Implications for practitioners and policy are also discussed.
Ascription of Identity: The Bild Motif and the Character of Lulu
Authors: Dos Santos Silvio José
Published: November 2004

The most controversial aspect of Alban Berg's opera Lulu-and one that has generated considerable criticism-is the composer's conception of the protagonist's character. Judith Lochhead, for example, argues that it is impossible to trace "a single, continuous feature that defines Lulu's personality." However, Berg offsets the "typological" element in Lulu's characterization by assigning her complex levels of interaction with her portrait, which is continuously present and symbolizes her sense of self-identity and her perception by others. Thus he changed several aspects of Wedekind's plays and created musical structures to represent Lulu as an individual and an object of desire. The most important of these devices is the music associated with Lulu's portrait, which marks significant dramatic and structural moments in the opera. Berg's extensive annotations in the opera's sketches, his copies of the plays, and the Particell bring to light the significance of Lulu's portrait with regard to her characterization. The portrait and its leitmotivic set pervade the opera, serving multiple functions according to the different dramatic situations. More than just an objective representation, Lulu's portrait is a constant reminder of who Lulu is in the opera. On the basis of this evidence, this study demonstrates that, by engaging the long-established literary tradition that associates women's identities with their reflected images, Berg makes the opera pivot around the portrait music, effecting a transformation in Lulu's sense of self-identity.
Making Progress in the Management of Postoperative Pain: A Review of the Cyclooxygenase 2–Specific Inhibitors
Authors: Stephens Jennifer M. , Pashos Chris L. , Haider Seema , Wong Josephine M.
Published: November 2004

Postoperative pain is one of the most common forms of acute pain. Optimal pain management decreases the stress response to surgery, reduces complications, improves recovery time, and results in improved economic and quality‐of‐life outcomes. A preoperative, multimodal approach to postoperative analgesia can be achieved through a combination of therapies that continue beyond the immediate perioperative time frame. This multimodal approach provides superior analgesia with opioid‐sparing effects and reduced opioid‐related adverse events. Although the use of nonspecific nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in a surgical setting has been limited owing to concerns of renal and gastrointestinal complications as well as platelet dysfunction, cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2–specific inhibitors appear to be safe and effective alone and in combination with opioids for a variety of surgical procedures. The COX‐2–specific inhibitors may have an important role in extending the use of balanced, multimodal analgesia to a broad surgical population, thus ultimately improving patient outcomes after surgery.
Antifactor Xa Levels in Four Patients with Burn Injuries Who Received Enoxaparin to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Yogaratnam Dinesh , Smith Brian S. , Angood Peter B. , Gandhi Pritesh J.
Published: November 2004

Four patients with severe burn injuries received enoxaparin 40 mg twice/day subcutaneously for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Peak antifactor Xa levels were measured 4 hours after administration of a dose, and trough antifactor Xa levels were measured 30 minutes before the next scheduled dose. Ultrasonography was performed once/week to assess the presence of VTE. Any occurrence of major bleeding was documented in the patients' charts. All patients had trough antifactor Xa levels below 0.1 U/ml. Enoxaparin dosages were subsequently adjusted to achieve trough antifactor Xa levels of 0.1–0.2 U/ml. This required dosages higher than those typically recommended for VTE prophylaxis (40 mg every 24 hrs or 30 mg every 12 hrs). One patient needed more than 60 mg every 12 hours. No patient had a venous thromboembolic event or major bleeding. The low antifactor Xa levels that were observed suggest that a reduced dose‐response relationship may exist between subcutaneously administered enoxaparin and antifactor Xa activity in patients with severe burn injuries. Prospective studies should be performed to further investigate this relationship.
Excessive Anticoagulation and Anaphylactic Reaction After Rechallenge with Lepirudin in a Patient with Heparin‐Induced Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Badger NaaDede O. , Butler Kim , Hallman Laura C.
Published: November 2004

Approximately 40% of patients who receive lepirudin for 5–10 days develop antihirudin antibodies. These antibodies lead to decreased renal elimination of lepirudin, ultimately resulting in elevated activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs). A small percentage of patients with antihirudin antibodies develop hypersensitivity reactions to lepirudin with reexposure. Thus, patients who are reexposed to lepirudin must be monitored closely for hypersensitivity. A 45‐year‐old African‐American woman received lepirudin for anticoagulation after being diagnosed with heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia type II. She developed supratherapeutic aPTTs after 10 days of lepirudin therapy. Lepirudin was then withheld for 6 days, during which her aPTT remained supratherapeutic. After lepirudin infusion was restarted, the patient developed an anaphylactic reaction. She was treated appropriately with an antihistamine, a corticosteroid, and an anxiolytic agent. After the reaction resolved, the patient was rechallenged with lepirudin, and the anaphylactic reaction recurred.
Fatal Hypoglycemia Associated with Levofloxacin
Authors: Friedrich Lawrence V. , Dougherty Richard
Published: November 2004

Fluoroquinolones are generally regarded as safe antimicrobial agents with relatively few adverse effects or drug interactions. Thus, they enjoy widespread use for treatment of community‐ and hospital‐acquired infections. Although uncommon, hypoglycemia has been reported with all the fluoroquinolones and appears to occur most frequently in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are receiving therapy with oral hypoglycemics. The exact mechanism of this effect is unknown but is postulated to be a result of blockage of adenosine 5′‐triphosphate–sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic β‐cell membranes. We report a case of fatal hypoglycemia related to levofloxacin administration in an elderly patient with diabetes. As with other fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin can cause profound and prolonged hypoglycemia. Clinicians should be cognizant of this potential adverse effect in patients with diabetes who are receiving levofloxacin therapy.
Life cycle assessment in management, product and process design, and policy decision making: A conference report
Authors: Cooper Joyce , Vigon Bruce , Curran Mary Ann , Franklin Bill
Published: November 2004

On 24 September 2003, life cycle assessment (LCA) practitioners and decision makers gathered at the InLCA/LCM Conference in Seattle, Washington, USA (see http://www.lcacenter.org/lnLCA-LCM03/index.html) to discuss the role of LCA in management, product design, process development, and regulatory/policy development decisions and to compare life cycle-based methods and tools with traditional product evaluation methods and tools. This article is a summary of that meeting and was prepared by the organizers as an overview of the many different technical, regulatory policy, and decision-making policy perspectives presented to an international gathering of participants representing academia and the industrial and regulatory communities.
Consideration of soil properties in assessment of human health risk from exposure to arsenic-enriched soils
Authors: Datta Rupali , Sarkar Dibyendu
Published: November 2004

Encroachment of residential development on agricultural lands in the United States where arsenical pesticides were extensively used prior to the 1990s has increased the potential for human exposure to arsenic (As), a group A carcinogen. Soil ingestion by children is a critical issue in assessing health risks from exposure to As-enriched soils. In the absence of a universal “soil model” on As bioavailability, many baseline risk assessment studies use the assumption that all (100%) As present in soil is bioavailable. However, As exists in many geochemical forms as dictated by soil chemical properties. Because As bioavailability is a function of soil speciation, using total soil arsenic values potentially overestimates human health risk, thereby increasing site cleanup expenses. A laboratory incubation study was conducted to estimate in vitro As bioavailability as a function of soil properties in four chemically variant soil types contaminated with sodium arsenite pesticide. Results demonstrate that As speciation in certain soils translates to significant lowering of As bioavailability and hence potential cancer risk.
Ecological risk assessment issues identified during the U.S. environmental protection agency's examination of risk assessment practices
Authors: Dearfield Kerry L. , Bender Edward S. , Kravitz Michael , Wentsel Randy , Slimak Michael W. , Farland William H. , Gilman Paul
Published: November 2004

Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency examined its current risk-assessment principles and practices. As part of the examination, aspects of ecological risk-assessment practices were reviewed. Several issues related to ecological risk assessment were identified, including the use of organism-level versus population-level attributes to characterize risk, the possible opportunities associated with the increased use of probabilistic approaches for ecological risk assessment, and the notion of conservatism in estimating risks. The agency examination provides an understanding of current practices and is intended to begin a dialogue in which the risk assessment community can engage in addressing the identified issues to improve and enhance ecological risk assessment.
The future direction of ecological risk assessment in the united states: Reflecting on the U.S. environmental protection agency's “examination of risk assessment practices and principles”
Authors: DeMott Robert P. , Balaraman Anita , Sorensen Mary T.
Published: November 2004

As part of an agency evaluation of the development of risk assessment tools, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) issued a staff paper in March 2004 describing the current state of practices and policies regarding risk assessment from the agency's perspective. The staff paper provided a rationale for the agency's positions regarding technical topics frequently the subject of comments or complaints. Considerations relevant to ecological risk assessment were included, primarily in a single chapter focused on this topic. This commentary highlights four technical issues important to the advancement of ecological risk assessment practice and discusses how some of the points raised by the U.S. EPA in the staff paper have significance to ecological risk assessors. Discussion regarding incorporating population- and community-level analysis into risk assessments and the apparent reluctance of the U.S. EPA to adopt advances in this area is provided. Also, continuing inconsistencies in the body weight scaling of toxicity values between human health and ecological risk assessment practices are discussed. Ideas for refining the calculation of exposure point concentrations for ecological receptors and the progression between screening steps and comprehensive risk assessment are also discussed.
Poly(dithienylethene‐alt‐1,4‐divinylenephenylene)s: Increasing the Molecular Weights in Diarylethene Photochromic Polymers
Authors: Bertarelli C. , Bianco A. , Boffa V. , Mirenda M. , Gallazzi M. C. , Zerbi G.
Published: November 2004

Thermally irreversible, photochromic dithienylethene‐alt‐dihexyloxyphenylenevinylene and dithienylethene‐alt‐didodecyloxyphenylenevinylene copolymers have been synthesized via the Horner and Wittig reactions, respectively. Both polymers are photochromic in solution and in the solid state. Electronic spectra show that the materials are highly conjugated in both states and the large π‐delocalization along the main chain when the diarylethene moiety is in the closed form gives a decrease of the ring‐opening quantum yield. The increase in molecular weight relative to other backbone dithienylethene polymers allows the preparation of good quality films without the use of supporting polymer matrices; this is an important achievement for the technological application of these photochromic materials.
Single and Multiple‐Step Dip‐Coating of Colloidal Maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3) Nanoparticles onto Si, Si3N4, and SiO2 Substrates
Authors: Yoon T.‐S. , Oh J. , Park S.‐H. , Kim V. , Jung B. G. , Min S.‐H. , Park J. , Hyeon T. , Kim K.‐B.
Published: November 2004

The adsorption behavior of colloidal maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3) nanoparticles, passivated by oleic acid and dispersed in octane solution, onto three different substrates (Si, Si3N4, and SiO2) is investigated. The average nanoparticle size is 10 nm, with a size variation (σ) less than 5 %. The adsorption of particles is strongly dependent on both the type of substrate and the particle concentration in solution. By a single‐dipping process, we have obtained a maximum coverage of 0.45 on a Si substrate, but much less on other substrates (0.19 on Si3N4 and 0.14 on SiO2). The particle coverage was drastically increased by the multiple‐adsorption process, where the process of dipping and drying was repeated multiple times. With this process, we can obtain a maximum particle coverage of about 0.76 on a Si substrate and 0.61 on a thermally grown SiO2 substrate.
New Huntington disease mutation arising from a paternal CAG34 allele showing somatic length variation in serially passaged lymphoblasts
Authors: Cannella Milena , Maglione Vittorio , Martino Tiziana , Simonelli Maria , Ragona Giuseppe , Squitieri Ferdinando
Published: November 2004

The analysis of somatic CAG triplet variation in lymphoblastoid cell lines from subjects carrying alleles of intermediate length (IA33CAG and IA34CAG) in Huntington disease (HD) gene disclosed instability in the DNA of the person, from whom a new expansion mutation of 45 triplets originated. The triplet size increased after about 30 passages in cell cultures in lymphoblasts with the IA34 genotype. Lymphoblasts may provide an appropriate model for studying repeat instability in subjects with poly(CAG) repeat disorders. HD shows somatic, in addition to germ‐line instability, highlighting the propensity to somatic CAG variation in human cells even with repeat numbers under the expanded edge. Factors potentially cis acting with the mutation, other than those reported in this study (CCG polymorphic stretch, the deletion of the glutamic acid residue at position 2642 and the 4‐codon segment between CAG and CCG polymorphisms), should be searched for and analyzed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RbAu(SeO4)2: First Structure Determination of a Ternary Gold Selenate.
Authors: Buechner Oliver , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkali Scandium Arsenates. Part 1. The Framework Structures of KSc(HAsO4)2 and RbScAs2O7.
Authors: Schwendtner Karolina , Kolitsch Uwe
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thermodynamic and Structural Investigations of Heat‐Treated Amorphous Ge—Te Alloys.
Authors: Kaban I. , Dost E. , Hoyer W.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photosensitized Oxygenation of Diaryl Tellurides to Telluroxides and Their Oxidizing Properties.
Authors: Oba Makoto , Endo Masaki , Nishiyama Kozaburo , Ouchi Akihiko , Ando Wataru
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Aldehyde—Aldehyde Cross‐Aldol Couplings. The Broad Utility of α‐Thioacetal Aldehydes.
Authors: Storer R. Ian , MacMillan David W. C.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Transformation of Cyclobutanone O‐Benzoyloximes to Nitriles via C—C Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro , Nishiguchi Yoshiki , Maeda Yasunari , Uemura Sakae
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Synthesis Utilizing Circularly Polarized Light Mediated by the Photoequilibrium of Chiral Olefins in Conjunction with Asymmetric Autocatalysis.
Authors: Sato Itaru , Sugie Rie , Matsueda Yohei , Furumura Yuri , Soai Kenso
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Tetrazolopiperazine Building Blocks by a Novel Multi‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Umkehrer Michael , Kolb Juergen , Burdack Christoph , Ross Guenther , Hiller Wolfgang
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,1‐Dichloro‐2,2,2‐trihaloethyl Isocyanates and N‐(1‐Chloro‐2,2,2‐trihaloethylidene)urethanes in the Synthesis of 4‐Trihalomethyl‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Vovk M. V. , Bol'but A. V. , Lebed P. S. , Boiko V. I.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Derivatives of 3,4,5,6‐Tetrahydro‐6a,10b‐diazaindeno[1,2,3‐c,d]azulene.
Authors: Nazarenko K. G. , Shirokaya T. I. , Shvidenko K. V. , Tolmachev A. A. , Tolmachev A. I. , Il'chenko A. Ya.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
S‐Alkyl Dithioformates as 1,3‐Dipolarophiles. Generation of C(2)‐Unsubstituted Penems.
Authors: Sanchez Sylvie , Bateson John H. , O'Hanlon Peter J. , Gallagher Timothy
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) by a New Sol—Gel Method.
Authors: Yuan Duorong , et al. et al.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electronic‐Cluster Model of Yttrium Iron Garnets
Authors: Wojciechowski R. J. , Lehmann‐Szweykowska A. , Micnas R. , Gehring G. A. , Wigen P. E.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydrogen in Rare Earths: A Wealth of Structural and Electronic Phenomena
Authors: Vajda P.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Structure of X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectra of Light Actinide Compounds
Authors: Teterin Yu. A. , Teterin A. Yu.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation, Characterization, and Reactivities of Highly Functional Titanium Oxide‐Based Photocatalysts Able to Operate under UV—Visible Light Irradiation: Approaches in Realizing High Efficiency in the Use of Visible Light
Authors: Anpo Masakazu
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Smaller Fullerene C50, Isolated as C50Cl10.
Authors: Chen Zhongfang
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Synthetic Routes to Furocoumarins and Their Analogues
Authors: Traven Valery F.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acylation Reactions
Authors: Jarvo Elizabeth R. , Miller Scott J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iron—Sulfur Cluster Biosynthesis: Toward an Understanding of Cellular Machinery and Molecular Mechanism
Authors: Mansy Sheref S. , Cowan J. A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Manganese(II) Complexes Coordinated by a New Derivative of Bipyridine: 9′‐[4,5‐Bis(methylthio)‐1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene]‐4′,5′‐diazafluorene
Authors: Qin‐Yu Zhu  , Dai Jie , Jia Ding‐Xian , Cao Li‐Hui , Lin Hai‐Hong
Published: November 2004

Manganese(II) complexes with the ligand 9′‐[4,5‐bis(methylthio)‐1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene]‐4′,5′‐diazafluorene (L) have been synthesized, and the single‐crystal structures of complexes [Mn(L)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2·(L)2·2C2H5OH·2CH3CN (1), [Mn(L)2Cl2]·1.5CH2Cl2 (2) and [Mn(L)2(NO3)2] (3) have been characterized. Complex 1 is trans‐coordinated with N···H−O and S···S contacts, while the other two complexes are cis‐coordinated with short π···π stacking. Solvent‐free powder samples were also obtained and these complexes showed catalytic activity in the decomposition of H2O2 in the presence of added imidazole; the perchlorate compound was the most effective. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Carbon‐Rich Ruthenium Complexes Containing Bis(allenylidene) and Mixed Alkynyl−Allenylidene Bridges
Authors: Rigaut Stéphane , Perruchon Johann , Guesmi Salaheddine , Fave Claire , Touchard Daniel , Dixneuf Pierre H.
Published: November 2004

Complexes cis‐[RuCl(dppe)2][X] (2a X = PF6, 2b X = CF3SO3) react with a variety of bis(propargylic) alcohols to selectively lead to mono‐trans‐[Cl(dppe)2Ru=C=C=C(R)−T−C(R)(OH)(C≡C−H)][X] (4) [R = H, Ph; T = m,p‐(C6H4), 2,5‐(thiophene), 5,5′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene), 5,5′′‐(2,2′:5′2′′‐terthiophene), −C≡C−] or bis(allenylidene) trans‐[Cl(dppe)2Ru=C=C=C(R)−T−(R)C=C=C=RuCl(dppe)2][X]2 (5) complexes. New dimetallic and trimetallic complexes containing mixed alkynyl−allenylidene bridges, trans‐[Cl(dppe)2Ru−C≡C−p‐(C6H4)−(Ph)C=C=C=RuCl(dppe)2][CF3SO3] (12) and trans‐[{Cl(dppe)2Ru−C≡C−p‐(C6H4)}2C=C=C=RuCl(dppe)2][CF3SO3] (17)}, were prepared by modification of the carbon‐rich ligand of acetylide precursors. UV/Vis and cyclic voltammetry studies show the influence of the unsaturated conjugated bridge on the electronic interaction between the redox centers, and the fine tuning of this property. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A New Mixed P,S‐Bidentate Ligand Featuring a λ4‐Phosphinine Anion and a Phosphanyl Sulfide Group − Synthesis, X‐ray Crystal Structures and Catalytic Properties of Its Chloro(cymene)ruthenium and Allylpalladium Complexes
Authors: Dochnahl Maximilian , Doux Marjolaine , Faillard Emilie , Ricard Louis , Le Floch Pascal
Published: November 2004

1,3,2‐Diazaphosphinine (1) reacts successively with diphenylacetylene and diphenyl(1‐propynyl)phosphane sulfide to afford the P,S‐bidentate phosphinine 3. Reaction of nBuLi with 3 followed by complexation with [RuCl2(C10H14)]2 gave two diastereoisomers 5a,b. Variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy and ONIOM DFT calculations were carried out to rationalize their formation. Complexes 5a,b were used as catalysts in hydrogen‐transfer hydrogenation (TON up to 200). Reaction of MeLi with 3 followed by complexation with [PdCl2(η3‐C3H5)]2 yielded two diastereomers 7a,b, which were used as catalysts in the Suzuki−Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of aryl bromides with pinacolborane to yield the corresponding arylboronic esters (TON up to 799000). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Redox Behavior of Wurster Blue Cyclophanes
Authors: Takemura Hiroyuki , Takehara Kô , Ata Masafumi
Published: November 2004

Two cyclophanes composed of two p‐phenylenediamine (PPD) units connected by methylene chains of different lengths (1c, n = 3; 2c, n = 5) have been synthesized. The PPD unit of cyclophane 1c was oxidized by a two‐electron transfer process to give 1c2+ at the first oxidation potential. In contrast, 2c was oxidized by a one‐electron transfer process to give 2c+ and then 2c2+. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Mixed Acetate‐Glycerol Biosynthesis and Formation of Benzoate Directly from Shikimate in Streptomyces sp.
Authors: Hoffmann Luise , Grond Stephanie
Published: November 2004

Biosynthetic studies of γ‐butyrolactones and 3‐furanylcarbonyl α‐L‐rhamnopyranosides reveal a new mixed biosynthetic pathway which provides different types of secondary metabolites. The new γ‐butyrolactone 1 is produced by Streptomyces sp. (strain GT 61150) together with (propenyl‐3‐furanyl)carbonyl α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (2). Their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. The biosynthesis of 1 and 2 was established by feeding 13C‐labelled acetate and glycerol to Streptomyces sp. and resulted in a complete labelling pattern of 1 and 2. Benzoyl α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (3) is a rare compound of the rhamnoside family and is produced by Streptomyces griseoviridis (strain Tü 3634). [1,7‐13C2]Shikimic acid was fed to prove the hypothesis that the benzoyl unit is derived directly from shikimate and not from the plant‐like pathway with phenylalanine as an intermediate. The results exemplify a novel bacterial benzoate biosynthesis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Dihalogenation of gem‐Aryl‐Disubstituted Methylenecyclopropanes by DEAD, DIAD/TiX4 or Free Halogen
Authors: Shao Li‐Xiong , Zhao Lin‐Jing , Shi Min
Published: November 2004

The reaction of gem‐aryl‐disubstituted methylenecyclopropanes with TiX4/diethyl azodicarboxylate and TiX4/diisopropyl azodicarboxylate in 1,2‐dichloroethane gave the dihalogenated ring‐opened product, 2,4‐dihalobut‐1‐ene, in moderate‐to‐excellent yields under mild conditions. On the basis of the proposed Orton‐type mechanism, we found that this reaction can also be carried out with free halogens such as bromine or iodine to give the same products in good yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Biosynthesis and Stereochemistry of Phlegmacin‐Type Fungal Pigments
Authors: Müller Michael , Lamottke Kai , Steglich Wolfgang , Busemann Stefan , Reichert Matthias , Bringmann Gerhard , Spiteller Peter
Published: November 2004

The absolute stereostructures of phlegmacins A1 (3a) and B1 (3b) were determined by biosynthetic studies, quantum chemical CD calculations, and NOE experiments. In Cortinarius odorifer these compounds are formed by regioselective oxidative dimerization of (R)‐torosachrysone (R‐2). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Approaches to the Preparation of 4‐Benzyloxy‐2‐(α,α,α‐D3)methylphenol, a Building Block for Labeled δ‐Tocopherol, and a New Synthesis ofR,R,R‐5‐D3‐α‐Tocopherol
Authors: Mazzini Francesco , Mandoli Alessandro , Salvadori Piero , Netscher Thomas , Rosenau Thomas
Published: November 2004

Different routes are described for the synthesis of 4‐benzyloxy‐2‐D3‐phenol, a key building block in the preparation of D3‐δ‐tocopherol. Conditions for the improvement of Minami’s reduction are also given, allowing a straightforward route to the title compound and a new synthesis ofR,R,R‐5‐D3‐α‐tocopherol in good yields, starting from widely availableR,R,R‐α‐tocopherol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Ten year radiation budget of the Earth: 1984–93
Authors: Hatzianastassiou N. , Matsoukas C. , Hatzidimitriou D. , Pavlakis C. , Drakakis M. , Vardavas I.
Published: November 2004

A 10 year (1984–93) climatology is given of the global distributions of net shortwave (SW), net longwave (LW) and net all‐wave radiation budget at both top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) and at the Earth's surface, on a mean monthly basis, computed with a radiative transfer model with input data for key atmospheric and surface parameters. The model input data were taken from complete and comprehensive global climatological data sets, such as the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research Global Reanalysis or the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder, among others. Seasonal and latitudinal variations and mean annual and mean hemispherical and global averages are given, based on model results computed for each month of the period from January 1984 to December 1993. At TOA, the net incoming SW radiation has larger latitudinal variation and range of values (0–400 W m−2) than the outgoing LW radiation (100–350 W m−2). At the surface, the net downward SW radiation has similar features to that at TOA, but with smaller magnitudes. The net upward LW radiation is quite different than at TOA, with a smaller seasonal and geographical variability than the surface net SW radiation. The global system of Earth–atmosphere is found to be net radiatively heated at TOA by 3 W m−2; the Earth's surface is net heated by 98 W m−2, mainly due to solar absorption equal to 147 W m−2, a value in agreement with surface‐based measurements. At TOA, there is a radiative energy surplus between 40 °S and 30 °N and a radiative loss poleward; however, at the surface the surplus regions extend from 70 °S to 70 °N. Globally, the atmosphere is found to absorb 27% of the incoming solar radiation at TOA, while it emits 79% of the outgoing terrestrial radiation. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Controlling the retention in capillary LC with solvents, temperature, and electric fields
Authors: Jandera Pavel , Blomberg Lars G. , Lundanes Elsa
Published: November 2004

Once a suitable stationary phase and column dimensions have been selected, the retention in liquid chromatography (LC) is traditionally adjusted by controlling the mobile phase composition. Solvent gradients enable achievement of good separation selectivity while decreasing the separation time as compared to isocratic elution. Capillary columns allow use of other programming parameters, i. e. temperature and applied electric fields, in addition to solvent gradient elution. This paper presents a review of programmed separation techniques in miniaturized LC, including retention modeling and method transfer from the conventional to micro‐ and capillary scales. The impact of miniaturized instrumentation on retention and the limitations of capillary LC are discussed. Special attention is focused on the gradient dwell volume effects, which are more important in micro‐LC techniques than in conventional analytical LC and may cause significant increase in the time of analysis, unless special instrumentation and (or) pre‐column flow‐splitting is used. The influence of temperature upon retention is also discussed, and applications where the temperature has been actively used for retention control in capillary LC are included together with the instrumentation utilized. Finally the possibilities of additional selectivity control by applying an electric field over a packed capillary LC column are discussed.
An experimental study of chromatographic dynamics in open and packed non‐cylindrical conduits
Authors: Rozing Gerard , van de Goor Tom , Yin Hongfeng , Killeen Kevin , Glatz Bernd , Kraiczek Karsten , Lauer Henk H.
Published: November 2004

A systematic investigation of the influence of the perimeter shape of open and particle packed fused silica capillaries on chromatographic properties such as resistance to flow and dispersion of solutes propelled through these channels has been conducted. Verifications of these uncommon experiments with existing theoretical treatments are presented and the insights transferred to a novel polymer chip design with integrated facilities for complex separations. A comparison of the chromatographic performance of a real life proteomics sample on this chip with a capillary column of “similar” dimensions is presented.
Ultrafine Electrospun Polyamide‐6 Fibers: Effect of Solution Conditions on Morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Authors: Mit‐uppatham Chidchanok , Nithitanakul Manit , Supaphol Pitt
Published: November 2004

Summary: In the present contribution, the electrostatic spinning or electrospinning technique was used to produce ultra‐fine polyamide‐6 (PA‐6) fibers. The effects of solution conditions on the morphological appearance and the average diameter of as‐spun fibers were investigated by optical scanning (OS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. It was shown that the solution properties (i.e. viscosity, surface tension and conductivity) were important factors characterizing the morphology of the fibers obtained. Among these three properties, solution viscosity was found to have the greatest effect. Solutions with high enough viscosities (viz. solutions at high concentrations) were necessary to produce fibers without beads. At a given concentration, fibers obtained from PA‐6 of higher molecular weights appeared to be larger in diameter, but it was observed that the average diameters of the fibers from PA‐6 of different molecular weights had a common relationship with the solution viscosities which could be approximated by an exponential growth equation. Raising the temperature of the solution during spinning resulted in the reduction of the fiber diameters with higher deposition rate, while mixing m‐cresol with formic acid to serve as a mixed solvent for PA‐6 caused the solutions to have higher viscosities which resulted in larger fiber diameters. Lastly, the addition of some inorganic salts resulted in an increase in the solution conductivity, which caused the fiber diameters to increase due to the large increase in the mass flow.

Average diameter of as‐spun fibers plotted as a function of the viscosity of the solutions.

magnified image

Average diameter of as‐spun fibers plotted as a function of the viscosity of the solutions.
Disregarded use of herbal medical products and dietary supplements among surgical and medical patients as estimated by home inspection and interview
Authors: Glintborg Bente , Andersen Stig Ejdrup , Spang‐Hanssen Eva , Dalhoff Kim
Published: November 2004

Purpose

More and more patients use herbal medical products (HMP) and dietary supplements (DS). Due to the possibility of drug interactions and side effects, it is important that physicians are aware of the use. The aim of the present cross sectional survey was to analyse the consumption of HMP and DS among patients recently discharged from two hospital departments.

Methods

Patients were visited within 1 week after discharge and interviewed about their use of HMP and DS. Stored products were inspected and registered. Hospital files and discharge letters were examined to establish the frequency of registration.

Results

Totally, 83 surgical and 117 medical patients were included (n = 200), 139 patients (70%) were women. 53 patients (27%) stored no HMP or DS, whereas the home inventories of 147 patients (74%) comprised 343 products. 116 patients (58%) used HMP or DS daily and 25 patients (13%) used the products on demand. The most frequently used product was multivitamins (82 patients = 41%). Totally, 61% of the products were used on the patients' own initiative. In 3% of the used products, patients were aware of possible side effects. No patients were aware of possible drug interactions. Only 21% of the 211 HMP and DS used daily prior to admission were recorded in the hospital files.

Conclusions

The use of HMP and DS was frequent among surgical and medical patients. The use was often not recorded in the hospital files and patients' knowledge of possible side effects and drug‐interactions was minimal. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Correlation on Chain Sampling Plans
Authors: Gao Yinfeng , Tang Loon‐Ching
Published: November 2004

The Dodge chain sampling plan (ChSP‐1) and its extensions are very useful in situations where testing is either destructive or costly. Its underlying assumption is that all units to be inspected are from the same process and the quality characteristic of interest follows an identical independent distribution. Although this assumption makes the model relatively simple and easy to implement, it may not hold for today's manufacturing processes with high production volume, in which correlation exists between products within the same process. In this paper, we propose a Markov chain model for chain sampling plans to model the dependency (correlation) between testing units. To achieve this, we assume that product units within each sample follow a Markov chain model and assume that they are independent when they are from different lots. The resulting OC curves and AOQ curves show that the discriminating power of chain sampling plans improves when there is a negative correlation between product units and deteriorates when the correlation is positive. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Constructing Retrospective ―X Control Chart Limits
Authors: Nedumaran Guna , Pignatiello Joseph J.
Published: November 2004

In this paper, we address the issue of constructing retrospective ―X control chart limits so as to control the overall probability of a false alarm at a desired level. The standard approach for constructing limits is shown to result in a large overall probability of a false alarm. We propose that an established technique, the analysis of means (ANOM), be used for constructing the retrospective control limits, especially when the subgroup size is small. We compare the performance of the ANOM control limits with that of Bonferroni‐adjusted standard limits through Monte Carlo simulation experiments, and make recommendations as to when each approach can be used. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Different Classification Methods Applied to a Mode of Toxic Action Data Set
Authors: Spycher Simon , Nendza Monika , Gasteiger Johann
Published: November 2004

Successful discrimination of compounds by mode of toxic action (MOA) is a prerequisite for process‐based quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) approaches. A data set of 115 compounds comprising nine MOA classes and 24 descriptors has been studied with several classification methods: multinomial logistic regression (multinom), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), partial least squares (PLS), and counter‐propagation neural networks (CPG NN). Variables were selected with stepwise methods and with a genetic algorithm (GA) for the CPG NN. Five‐fold cross‐validation was used for validating the models and the advantages and disadvantages of this validation method are critically discussed. Without variable selection the predictive power of the models ranges between 51% and 53% cross‐validated overall correct classification. With appropriate parameter selection the predictive power slightly increased to 52–59%.
Analysis of the meiotic role of the mitochondrial ribosomal proteins Mrps17 and Mrpl37 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Hanlon Sean E. , Xu Zhiheng , Norris David N. , Vershon Andrew K.
Published: November 2004

Sporulation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a complex and tightly regulated pathway that involves the induction of a large number of genes. We have identified MRPS17 in a cDNA library enriched for sporulation‐specific genes. Homology searches show that the first one‐third of Mrps17 has strong sequence similarity to bacterial S17 proteins, suggesting that Mrps17 is a potential mitochondrial ribosomal protein. This is further supported by the fact that mrps17Δ cells are respiratory‐deficient and that a Mrps17–GFP fusion localizes to the mitochondria. We have confirmed by Northern blot analysis that both MRPS17 and MRPL37 are strongly induced during the middle stages of sporulation and that this induction is dependent on the presence of a middle sporulation element (MSE) in the promoters of these genes. Interestingly, we found that Mrps17 and Mrpl37, but not other mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, accumulate during the middle stages of sporulation. These results suggest that Mrps17 and Mrpl37 may have additional meiosis‐specific roles. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.