bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
418 Paternal Programming of Offspring Health
Authors: Watkins Adam
Published: November 2020

There is now a significant body of human and animal model data identifying common associations between perturbed development during gestation, disproportionate fetal growth and poor adult cardiovascular and metabolic health. Typically, these studies have focused on the impact of poor maternal health on offspring development and well-being. However, a growing evidence base now indicates that sub-optimal paternal factors (such as diet) can also program adult offspring ill-health. While the link between paternal health and offspring well-being is becoming established, attention is being focused on defining the underlying mechanism(s). Here, the father may influence post-fertilization development through two main pathways, the integrity and status of the sperm genome (including epigenome) and through components of the seminal plasma. We have used a mouse model of paternal low protein diet to study the impact sub-optimal nutrition has on the quality and epigenetic status of the sperm, embryonic development and fetal growth. We have also used our model to study the relative seminal plasma and sperm contributions to adult offspring cardiovascular and metabolic health. Our studied highlight the role of a father’s diet at the time of conception for the development and well-being of his offspring.
265 Evaluation of the genetic relationship amongst high elevation pulmonary arterial pressure, feedlot and carcass performance traits
Authors: Briggs Emma A , Speidel Scott , Enns Mark , Thomas Milt , Holt Tim
Published: November 2020

The objective of the study was to evaluate if a genetic relationship exists between pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) measured at high elevation with traits associated with moderate elevation feedlot and carcass traits. For this analysis, PAP, feed intake, and carcass data were taken from 6,898, 558, and 1,627 animals, respectively. At an elevation of 2,115 m, PAP measurements were collected, then a selective group of steers was relocated to a moderate elevation feedlot (1,500 m) where feed intake data were collected. Genetic relationships were evaluated with 5-trait animal models using REML statistical analysis. For all traits in the analysis, fixed effects and contemporary groups were assigned as well as a direct genetic random effect. For weaning weight, a maternal permanent environmental effect was applied in the analysis. For PAP, the heritability estimate was 0.29 ± 0.03. Genetic correlations between PAP with feedlot traits was positive, with estimates of 0.34 ± 0.20 (average dry matter intake) and 0.05 ± 17 (average daily gain). The strongest genetic correlation between PAP and carcass performance traits were those of rib eye area (-0.30 ± 0.12) and calculated yield grade (0.29 ± 0.13). Genetic correlations between PAP and marbling score, back fat, or hot carcass weight were 0.00 ± 0.13, -0.07 ± 0.13, and 0.14 ± 0.10, respectively. These results suggest a favorable genetic relationship exists between PAP with feedlot and carcass traits.
405 WS Young Scholar Talk MS I: The impact of cow size on cow-calf and post-weaning progeny performance in the Nebraska Sandhills
Authors: Ziegler Rob , Musgrave Jacki , Meyer T L , Funston Rick N , Hanford Kathryn , MacDonald James C , Mulliniks Travis
Published: November 2020

Optimizing beef production system efficiency requires an understanding of genetic potential suitable for a given production environment. Therefore, the objectives of this retrospective analysis were to determine the influence of cow body weight (BW) adjusted to a common body condition score (BCS) of 5 at weaning influenced cow-calf performance and post-weaning steer and heifer progeny performance. Data were collected at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, NE, on crossbred, mature cows (n = 1,715) from 2005 to 2017. Cow BCS at calving, pre-breeding, and weaning were positively associated (P < 0.01) with greater cow BW. Increasing cow BW was positively associated (P < 0.01) with the percent of cows that conceived during a 45-d breeding season. For every additional 100-kg increase in cow BW, calf BW increased (P < 0.01) at birth (2.70 kg) and adjusted 205-d weaning BW (14.76 kg). Calf pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG) increased (P < 0.01) 0.06 kg/d for every additional 100-kg increase in cow BW. Heifer progeny BW increased (P < 0.01) post-weaning with every addition 100-kg increase in dam BW. Dam BW did not influence (P ≥ 0.11) heifer puberty status prior to breeding, overall pregnancy rates, or the percent of heifers calving in the first 21-d of the calving season. Steer initial feedlot BW (7.20 kg¬), reimplant BW (10.47 kg), and final BW (10.29 kg) increased (P □ 0.01) for every additional 100-kg increase in dam BW. However, steer feedlot ADG was not influenced (P > 0.67) by dam BW. Hot carcass weights of steers were increased (6.48 kg; P = 0.01) with every additional 100-kg increase in cow BW. In a hypothetical model using the regression coefficients from this study, total output (calf weaning and cull cow BW) would be 6,352 kg greater utilizing a 454 kg cowherd compared with a 554 kg cowherd. Overall, larger sized-cows within this herd and production system of the current study had increased reproductive performance and offspring BW; however, total production output and economic returns would be potentially greater when utilizing smaller-sized cows.
403 Supplementing omega-6 fatty acids to enhance reproductive performance of beef cows
Authors: Cooke Reinaldo F
Published: November 2020

Our research group has focused on how Ca salts of soybean oil (CSSO) supplementation, a source of omega-6 fatty acids (FA), impacts reproductive performance of beef cows. In Nelore (Bos indicus) grazing cows assigned to fixed-time artificial insemination (AI), supplementing 100 g/d (as-fed basis) of CSSO for 21 d after AI increased (P < 0.01) pregnancy rates from 38.1% (623/1635 as pregnant/total non-supplemented cows) to 49.0% (843/1720 as pregnant/total CSSO-supplemented cows). These outcomes were later associated with enhanced early embryonic development and pregnancy establishment from supplemental omega-6 FA. More specifically, supplementing 100 g/d of CSSO to Nelore cows increased (P ≤ 0.05) incorporation of omega-6 FA in circulation and in the conceptus, increased (P ≤ 0.04) conceptus length (2.2-fold increase), and upregulated mRNA expression of interferon-tau (4.1-fold increase) on d 15 of gestation. Similar outcomes were noted in B. taurus beef cows receiving 100 g/d of CSSO for 21 d after AI. Supplementing CSSO to Angus-influenced cows increased (P = 0.01) pregnancy rates from 51.7% (193/388 as pregnant/total non-supplemented cows) to 60.2% (226/383 as pregnant/total CSSO-supplemented cows), increased (P < 0.01) plasma concentrations of omega-6 FA, and upregulated (P = 0.05) mRNA expression of interferon-tau in d 15 conceptuses (1.8-fold increase). Across these research efforts, CSSO was mixed with granular feed ingredients and hand-fed to cows, which demands labor and may discourage the use of CSSO supplementation by commercial cow-calf producers. Accordingly, our research group also demonstrated that CSSO inclusion into a self-fed low-moisture block resulted in similar incorporation (P ≥ 0.35) of omega-6 FA in the circulation of Angus-influenced cows compared with CSSO inclusion into a hand-fed granular concentrate. Collectively, CSSO improves reproductive performance of B. indicus and B. taurus beef cows, and may be supplemented via self-fed low-moisture blocks to minimize labor needs.
408 WS Distinguished Service Talk: Effects of steam flaking on the carbon-footprint of finishing beef cattle
Authors: Cole N A , Parker David B , Brown Mike S , Jennings Jenny S , Hales Kristen E , Gunter Stacey A
Published: November 2020

Grain processing has been used for many decades to improve the digestibility of feed grains fed to finishing beef cattle and to improve animal performance. The most common methods currently used by feedyards in the U.S. are dry rolling (DRC) and steam flaking (SFC). However, the environmental effects of gain processing have not been rigorously studied. This manuscript presents a comparative estimate of the carbon footprint of steam flaking corn in beef cattle finishing diets with and without wet distiller’s grains with solubles (WDGS). Estimates were based on results of published literature and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Although SFC required more natural gas and electricity for processing than DRC, feeding SFC decreased the total carbon-footprint by 9 to 13 % per steer. This was primarily due to 30% lower enteric methane production, 13% lower manure nitrous oxide emissions, and 8% lower feed production requirement than when DRC was fed. The carbon-footprints were slightly greater when the diet contained 20% WDGS than when it contained 0% WDGS.
PSIII-11 Effect of Breast cancer metastasis-suppressor 1-like (BRMS1L) genotype on teat number traits in Jeju native pigs (JNP) and Landrace
Authors: Shin Moon-Cheol , Choi Jae-young , Cho In-Cheol , Yang Byoung Chul , Kim Nam Young
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this study was to compare the changes of teat number traits of Jeju native pig (JNP) and Landrace varieties according to the breast cancer metastasis-suppressor 1-like (BRMS1L) genotype. The number of teat varies according to the single-base polymorphism with a G or A base 1,087 from the start codon ATG in the exon 1 region of the BRMS1L gene. The total teat number was examined at birth for 28 JNPs and 72 Landraces, and the BRMS1L genotype was analyzed by Pyrosequencing. As a result, the genotyping frequency of JNP was 1 A / A type, 9 A / G type, and 18 G / G type, whereas, on the contrary, Landrace had 70 A / A type, 2 A / C type, and C / C was identified as 0 heads. The total teat number was between the two varieties was 13.32 ± 0.95 and 14.51 ± 1.03, respectively (P < 0.001). According to genotypes in Jeju native pig breeds, the total number of nipples was 15 A / A, 14.0 ± 0.82 A / G, and 12.89 ± 0.74 G / G (P < 0.018). Conversely, Landrace was 14.54 ± 1.02 A / A and 13.5 ± 0.5 A / G. As a result of the above study, the frequency of varieties and genotypes was found to have a significant effect on the difference in nipple count. Based on the results of this study, if the improvement of Jeju native pigs is to be carried out, it is expected that the number of nipples will increase and the mammalian capacity will increase.
PSXII-22 Genomic prediction accuracy for feed efficiency related traits using different pseudo-phenotypes, prediction and validation methods in Nellore cattle
Authors: Magnabosco Cláudio U , Lopes Fernando , Magnabosco Valentina , Lobo Raysildo , Pereira Leticia , Espigolan Rafael , Brunes Ludmilla
Published: November 2020

The aim of the study was to evaluate prediction methods, validation approaches and pseudo-phenotypes for the prediction of the genomic breeding values of feed efficiency related traits in Nellore cattle. It used the phenotypic and genotypic information of 4,329 and 3,594 animals, respectively, which were tested for residual feed intake (RFI), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency (FE), feed conversion ratio (FCR), residual body weight gain (RG), and residual intake and body weight gain (RIG). Six prediction methods were used: ssGBLUP, BayesA, BayesB, BayesCπ, BLASSO, and BayesR. Three validation approaches were used: 1) random: where the data was randomly divided into ten subsets and the validation was done in each subset at a time; 2) age: the division into the training (2010 to 2016) and validation population (2017) were based on the year of birth; 3) genetic breeding value (EBV) accuracy: the data was split in the training population being animals with accuracy above 0.45; and validation population those below 0.45. We checked the accuracy and bias of genomic value (GEBV). The results showed that the GEBV accuracy was the highest when the prediction is obtained with ssGBLUP (0.05 to 0.31) (Figure 1). The low heritability obtained, mainly for FE (0.07 ± 0.03) and FCR (0.09 ± 0.03), limited the GEBVs accuracy, which ranged from low to moderate. The regression coefficient estimates were close to 1, and similar between the prediction methods, validation approaches, and pseudo-phenotypes. The cross-validation presented the most accurate predictions ranging from 0.07 to 0.037. The prediction accuracy was higher for phenotype adjusted for fixed effects than for EBV and EBV deregressed (30.0 and 34.3%, respectively). Genomic prediction can provide a reliable estimate of genomic breeding values for RFI, DMI, RG and RGI, as to even say that those traits may have higher genetic gain than FE and FCR.
PSI-10 Effects of a Moderate and Aggressive Implant Strategy on the Rumen Microbial Community in Steers
Authors: Henniger Madison T , Wells Jim E , Hales Kristin E , Lindholm-Perry Amanda K , Freetly Harvey C , Kuehn Larry A , Schneider Liesel G , McLean Kyle J , Clemmons Brooke A , Myer Phillip R
Published: November 2020

The effects of growth-promoting implant strategies have been well-defined in research for their ability to impact growth performance in beef cattle. Production-relevant microbiomes in the rumen have also been associated with growth traits. However, the role of implant strategies on the rumen microbiome is not understood. The objective was to determine if varying doses of implant hormones cause gain-associated ruminal microbial community shifts. To assess this, a completely randomized design was used and 336 fall-born steers from the germplasm evaluation population between 450–470 days of age at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (Clay Center, NE) were divided into two treatment groups: 1) a moderate implant strategy of Revalor-IS (80 mg trenbolone acetate, 16 mg estradiol) followed by Revalor-S (120 mg trenbolone acetate, 24 mg estradiol) and 2) an aggressive implant strategy of Revalor-IS followed by Revalor-200 (200 mg trenbolone acetate, 20 mg estradiol). Steers were fed the same diet (57.0% dry-rolled corn, 30% wet distiller’s grains with solubles, 8.0% alfalfa hay, 4.25% supplement, and 0.75% urea, DM basis). Body weights were collected once per month with initial weights of 439.8 ± 43.1 kg. After implants were administered for 84 days, rumen content was collected via orogastric tubing. Samples were sequenced targeting bacterial V1-V3 16S rRNA gene regions, V3-V4 for archaea, and partial 18S rRNA gene of protozoa. Sequences were processed in R utilizing Phyloseq and analyzed with DESeq2 to test differential abundances. Production data between implant strategies were analyzed using a mixed model ANOVA (SASv9.4, Cary, NC). Alpha- and beta-diversity between strategies did not differ for bacteria, archaea, or protozoa (P > 0.05). Average daily gain was different (P = 0.01; 1.72 vs 1.66 ± 0.02 kg, aggressive vs moderate, respectively); however, large microbial community shifts were not associated implant strategy. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
PSI-7 Differing planes of nutrition affecting the cytokines of bovine seminal plasma in beef cattle
Authors: Harrison Taylor D , Brandt Kiernan J , Chaney Elizabeth M , McLean Kyle J , Strickland Lew G , Schneider Liesel G , Payton Rebecca R
Published: November 2020

Bull fertility is highly influential to profits of cow-calf production; however, bulls often experience various planes of nutrition throughout the year. These changes may influence the composition of the ejaculate and their ability to get females pregnant. We hypothesized that differing nutritional planes would affect the cytokines concentration in the seminal plasma of bulls. Mature angus bulls (n = 12) were individually housed and randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) over-fed (n = 6) or 2) restricted (n = 6). Bulls were fed the same ration (35% ground hay, 35% cracked corn, 20% distillers’ grain and 10% soybean meal) at differing volumes to achieve desired nutritional planes. Body weight and BCS were taken every two weeks to monitor nutritional planes. Blood and ejaculate were collected once a month to determine cytokine profiles within seminal plasma. Statistical analyses were conducted with GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with bull within treatment as a random effect and time as a repeated measure to determine if nutrition level, time and the interaction influenced seminal plasma cytokine concentration. There were no significant time or treatment×time interactions for any cytokine concentrations. Interferon-γ tended to be increased (P < 0.10) in restricted bulls (3.21±0.95 pg/mL) compared with over-fed bulls (0.64±0.95 pg/mL). The concentrations of IL-8 also tended to be increased (P < 0.10) in restricted (318.89±66.42 pg/mL) compared with over-fed bulls (158.02±66.42 pg/mL). Interleukin-1β in over-fed bulls (24.77±17.51 pg/mL) tended to be decreased (P < 0.10) compared with restricted bulls (65.8±17.51 pg/mL). Interleukin-10 tended to be greater (P < 0.10) in restricted (17.95±2.29 pg/mL) than in the over-fed bulls (12.41±2.29 pg/mL). The concentration of VEGF-A was greater (P < 0.05) in restricted bulls (3,551.28±224.49 pg/mL) than over-fed bulls (2,715.72±224.49 pg/mL). In conclusion, cytokine concentrations were elevated by restricted nutritional levels which could impact the ability of the ejaculate to stimulate uterine gene expression and establish pregnancy.
PSI-3 Allometric Growth Coefficients of Non-Carcass and Carcass Components of Serially Harvested Implanted and Non-Implanted Steers
Authors: Wesley Kaitlyn R , Kirkpatrick Tylo J , Pillmore Sierra L , Cooper Kimberly B , Tennant Travis , Nichols Wade , Hutcheson John , Lawrence Ty
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to quantify allometric growth coefficients of non-carcass and carcass components of implanted or non-implanted Charolais×Angus steers in relation to empty body weight. Steers (n = 80; initial BW 271±99 kg) were paired, randomized to harvest date (d 0-42-84-126-168-210-252-294-336-378), and CON (negative control) or REV (Revalor-XS on d 0 and 190) treatments. Weights were log transformed and consolidated to arithmetic means by treatment and harvest date. Growth coefficients were calculated using the log transformed allometric equation Y=K+aX where Y=log(part), X=log(whole), A=log(slope), and K=log(intercept), where empty body growth = 1. Coefficients by treatment were analyzed via independent t-test. Kidney (0.58 vs 0.51; P=0.06) and lungs/trachea (0.52 vs 0.46; P = 0.09) tended to grow faster for REV, and pituitary glands grew numerically faster (P = 0.82) for REV (0.71 vs 0.56). Non-carcass components with lowest growth coefficients included small intestine (0.02), large intestine (0.12), and brain/spinal cord (0.13), whereas kidney-pelvic-heart fat (2.01) accumulated quickly. Growth coefficients of primals were numerically greater for REV steers, except in the rib. All primals except round (0.81) and foreshank (0.87) exhibited coefficients greater than 1 (brisket, 1.18; chuck, 1.03; rib, 1.18; plate, 1.45; loin, 1.04; and flank, 1.47). Growth coefficients were greater (P< 0.01) for REV in two subprimals (chuck eye roll, 0.87; eye of round, 0.75), CON was greater (P < 0.01) in one subprimal (flank steak, 0.79). Pectoral meat (0.19), bottom sirloin flap (0.56), and heel meat (0.59) exhibited growth coefficients less than 1. Although not significant, total lean was deposited more quickly in REV (0.95 vs 0.88; P=0.45), whereas total fat (2.17 vs 1.98; P=0.35) and total bone (0.92 vs 0.75; P=0.29) were faster growing for CON. These data indicate fat exhibits greatest growth coefficients compared to the empty body; whereas, there were minimal differences in growth coefficients in regards to treatment.
PSI-24 The Effect of Formic Acid and Lignosulfonate on Pellet Quality
Authors: Nichols Gage E , Stark Charles R , Ogles Aundria M , Truelock Courtney N , Beckman Nelsa , Winowiski Thomas , Paulk Chad B
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of formic acid and lignosulfonate (LignoTech USA) on pellet quality. The 5 treatments consisted of a control, or the control with 2 levels of formic acid (0.36% and 0.60%), or the control with formic acid with lignosulfonate (0.24% and 0.40%). Diets were steam conditioned (245 mm×1397 mm Wenger twin shaft pre-conditioner, Model 150) for approximately 30 sec and pelleted on a 1-ton 30-horsepower pellet mill (1012-2 HD Master Model, California Pellet Mill) with a 4.8 mm×31.8 mm pellet die (L:D 6.7). The production rate was set at 900 kg/h. Treatments were pelleted at 3 separate time points to provide 3 replicates per treatment. Samples were collected directly after discharging from the pellet mill and cooled in an experimental counterflow cooler. Samples were analyzed for pellet durability index using the Holmen NHP 100 (TekPro Ltd, Norfolk, UK) and via both standard and modified tumble box methods. Pellet hardness was determined by evaluating the peak amount of force applied before the first signs of fracture. Pellets were crushed perpendicular to their longitudinal axis using a texture analyzer (Model TA-XT2, Stable Micro Systems). Voltage and Amperage data was collected via Supco DVCV Logger (Supco, New Jersey, US). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4, with pelleting run as the experimental unit. Increasing formic acid in the diet decreased (linear, P < 0.0001) pH. No evidence for differences were observed for pellet mill energy consumption, pellet durability regardless of testing method or pellet hardness when adding formic acid or lignosulfonate to the diet. In conclusion, pellet quality was not influenced by formic acid or lignosulfonate.
PSIV-4 Program Chair Poster Pick: Determinants of red meat exclusion from diets in Canada
Authors: Gunte Kebebe E , White Robin R , Aukema Harold , McAllister Tim A , Riediger Natalie , Legesse Getahun , McGeough E J , Wittenberg Karin , Ibrahim Naser , Ominski Kim
Published: November 2020

Production of red meat including beef, pork, and lamb, has been associated with climate change and high intakes of these foods have been linked to risks of several leading chronic diseases. Reducing red meat consumption has been suggested as an option to address important health and sustainability challenges. Characterizing the sociodemographic factors associated with red meat consumption is an important first step in identifying strategies to translate information regarding sustainable food choices into policy and national dietary guides. The objective of this study was to characterize the demographic factors associated with the exclusion of red meat in consumer diets. Mixed-effects probit regression that accounts for the hierarchical structure of individuals clustered in ten provinces in 24-hr dietary recall data from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey (n = 10,117) was used to identify factors associated with dietary choices. Despite growing public discourse regarding the elimination of red meat, the results indicate that fewer than 5% of Canadians reported excluding red meat from their diet. Sex, education level, and race/ethnicity had a significant effect on red meat exclusion with single females (P < 0.000), individuals with at least a Bachelor’s degree (P < 0.001), and individuals who self-identified as African (P < 0.001), Asian (P < 0.001), and Oceanian (pP < 0.001) origin more likely to eliminate red meat. In contrast, households with children under age 25 (P < 0.001) were less likely to do so. The disparities in consumption patterns of red meat by sex, race/ethnicity, education, and family status can inform public education and policy initiatives using science-based information to improve the health and environmental sustainability associated with the Canadian diets.
PSVII-16 Prediction equations of the carcass physical composition of water buffaloes
Authors: de Barros Felipe , Castilhos André M , Francisco Caroline L , Aranha Aline S , Jacaúna Amanna G , Luz Patricia A C , Jacob Vanessa R M , Oliveira Camila S , Paula Tania V , Jorge Andre M
Published: November 2020

This study determined equations to estimate the physical components of the buffalo carcass using biometric measurements performed in vivo, carcass traits performed postmortem, and the set of both measurements. Seventy-five non-castrated males (25 of each genetic group: Jafarabadi, Mediterranean and Murrah), with means of initial body weight and age of 314 ±117 kg and 390 ±58 days, respectively, were used. The animals were allocated in collective pens and received feeding ad libitum for 240 days. Ultrasound assessments [(backfat thickness (BFT); Ribeye area (REA)], weight, hip height (HH) measurements, and body condition score were performed every 28 days, and tested as independent variables. The postmortem measurements tested as independent variables were carcass length (CL, cm), carcass depth (CD, cm), cold carcass weight (CCW), hot carcass weight (HCW), and carcass compactness index (CCI, kg/cm). The empty body weight (EBW) was also obtained and subsequently used in the equations. The percentage of tissues which comprise the carcass was determined by the physical separation. The equations to estimate the physical composition of the carcass were developed using the stepwise regression method and Mallows’ Cp criterion, and processed by the REG procedure in SAS. The best prediction equations were those which used both independent variables obtained in vivo and postmortem, namely: Muscle, kg = 16.17 - 0,042×EBW + 0.211×CCW + 49.309×CD + 0.210×HCW - 35.570×HH (R² =0.91; RMSE =3.448; Cp =4.864); Fat, kg = 29.471 + 0.07×EBW - 33.716×CL + 0.285×BFT – 11.080×CD (R² =0.77; RMSE =2.151; Cp =2.568); Bone, kg = -34.261 + 20.380×CL + 18.356×HH + 0.011×EBW (R² =0.87; RMSE =1.181; Cp =2.218). In conclusion, the equations obtained from models with both in vivo and postmortem measurements present high prediction and can be used efficiently in the estimate of the physical components of the water buffalo carcass. Supported by FAPESP (#2014/05473-7).
PSVII-5 Effect of yeast, astragalus polysaccharide or tulathromycin administration on immune function of transported heifers
Authors: Wu Xin , Meng Qingxiang , Wu Hao , Beck Paul A
Published: November 2020

Transportation stress of beef calves results in decreased performance and increased medication costs. The hypothesis of the current research was that yeast, astragalus polysaccharide, or tulathromycin administration would enhance immune function and alleviate the performance loss caused by long-distance transport. Angus heifers (n = 80) were ranked by BW on d -7 and assigned to 1 of 4 treatments before shipping 1,400 km: 1) fed a basal diet (CON) 2) administered yeast product (20 g/heifer daily) in basal diet from d -7 to 7 (YEA); 3) administration of astragalus polysaccharide (20 g/heifer daily) in basal diet from d -7 to 7 (APS); or 4) administration of tulathromycin (0.025 mL/kg BW subcutaneous injection) at loading (d 0; TUL). During transport (29 h duration) cattle remained in the trucks at all times. Upon arrival (d 1), heifers within each treatment were ranked by BW and assigned to 20 feedlot pens (5 pens/treatment, 4 heifers/pen). Blood was collected on d -7, -1, 1, and 7. Blood parameters among treatments over time were compared by SAS using linear mixed models with repeated measures. Over the receiving period, ADG were less (P < 0.01) for CON than YEA, APS and TUL but did not differ among these groups. A treatment × day interaction was detected for neutrophil, IgA and IgG (P < 0.05), where neutrophil was lower in YEA and APS than in TUL and CON on d 1 (P < 0.05). Serum IgA was higher in YEA and APS than in CON and TUL on d 1 (P < 0.05), serum IgG was higher in APS than in YEA, CON and TUL on d 1 and 7 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, APS and YEA could enhance immune function, resulting in alleviating the performance loss caused by long-distance transport.
PSIX-34 Omega-3 fatty acids are more likely to cause C2C12 cell adipose deposition and decomposition compared with palmitic acid
Authors: Huang Yan , Zhang Shilei , Wang Yongjie , Ghnaimawi Saeed , Baum Jamie
Published: November 2020

It is usually considered that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) to be beneficial to health and are widely provided as a dietary supplement during pregnancy. However, the risk of n-3 PUFAs overdosage on fetal development has rarely been studied. The objective of this study is to explore the effect of different concentrations of n-3 PUFAs [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] and a saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid) on the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. Oil Red O staining showed that n-3 PUFAs are more likely to cause adipogenesis. C2C12 cells were induced apoptosis when the concentration of EPA and DHA is 75µM, respectively. The expression of PPARγ gene expression in the EPA+DHA 50μM group was significantly increased, while in the palmitic acid treatment, the gene expression of AP2 (in the ≥10 μM groups) and C/EBPβ (50 μM) were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Among the lipolysis related genes, HSL increased significantly in the EPA+DHA groups (≥ 25 μM), while MGL decreased significantly in both the EPA+DHA groups (≥ 10 μM) and palmitic acid group (≥ 100 μM) (P < 0.05). In the EPA+DHA groups, the expression of myogenic genes Mrf4 (≥10 μM), MyoD (≥50 μM), and MyoG (≥25 μM) were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Gene expression of Myf5 decreased significantly when the concentration of palmitic acid was higher than 100 μM (P < 0.05). Among thermogenesis-related genes, in the EPA+DHA treatment, Prdm16 increased (≥50 μM), and UCP3 decreased significantly (≥50 μM)(P < 0.05). After palmitic acid administration, Prdm16 (≥50 μM) and UCP1 (≥100 μM) was significantly reduced, and UCP3 was significantly increased only in the highest concentration group (150 μM) (P < 0.05). In short, compared to palmitic acid, the treatment of EPA+DHA in the differentiation culture of C2C12 cells can enhance the deposition and decomposition of adipose in a lower concentration.
PSIX-32 Assessment of Mucosa-associated Microbiota in the Colon and Rumen of Dairy Calves Fed High Plane of Milk and during Weaning Transition
Authors: Guo Wei , van Niekerk Jolet K , Zhou Mi , Steele Michael A
Published: November 2020

The nature of weaning is considered as the most stressful period experienced by dairy calves and has been known to negatively affect calf growth and intake. The objectives of this study were to investigate the shift of rumen and colon mucosa-associated microbiota in dairy calves fed with a high plane of milk pre- and post-weaning, and whether such shifts are associated with rumen fermentation and growth performance. Six Holstein dairy bull calves were ruminally cannulated at the second week of life followed by weaning at the end of week 6. Ruminal and colon tissue samples were biopsied at the end of week 5, 7 and 12 to determine the bacterial community changes, and rumen content was collected at the same time to measure rumen fermentation parameters. QIIME2 was used to analyze microbial profiles and R studio software was used to determine the microbial changes and its relationship with phenotypic measures. Age-dependent profiles were observed for the colon mucosa associated microbiota but not for rumen mucosa associated microbiota, indicating that varied responses to weaning transition exists between colon and rumen mucosa associated microbiota. As calves aged, higher abundance of taxa such as Delftia (associated with hexadecanoic acid production) and lower abundance of Veillonella (associated with short-chain organic acids utilization) were detected in the colon mucosa. The rumen also displayed taxonomic changes with decreases in Pseudobutyrivibrio in older calves. In addition, we identified significantly positive correlations between Prevotella associated with rumen mucosa and average daily gain, Isovalerate and Isobutyrate, suggesting that this genus may promote rumen fermentation during weaning transition. Our findings suggest that weaning transition affects rumen and colon mucosa-associated bacteria, and some of the rumen mucosa-associated microbiota promote rumen fermentation during this period, which may have long-term effects on animal health and productivity.
PSVI-33 Undenatured type II collagen mitigates inflammation and cartilage degeneration in healthy untrained Labrador retrievers after exercise
Authors: Varney Jessica L , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N
Published: November 2020

Exercise can cause microtrauma in the tissue and joints of dogs, resulting in a cycle of inflammation and discomfort even in healthy dogs. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effect of undenatured type II collagen supplemented on inflammation and cartilage degeneration after exercise in untrained, healthy dogs. In this experiment, 40 healthy Labrador retrievers (20m/20f; Range-5-12yrs; Avg-8yrs) were sorted into two groups: undenatured type II collagen group receiving 40mg UC-II® (10mg Collagen Type II/Min. 3% Undenatured Type II Collagen; Lonza Consumer Health, Inc.) and placebo (P) group receiving 40mg maltodextrin daily by capsule. After 2wks supplement loading, all dogs performed a 4.66 ± 0.34km endurance run. Blood was collected at baseline, 1h pre-run, and 24h post-run for hematology/biomarkers including interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an inflammatory marker and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) as a cartilage degeneration marker. Undenatured type II collagen supplemented dogs had significantly lower IL-6 vs P at post-run (p< 0.01), as well as significant decreases from pre to post-run (P = 0.03), vs P with no significant change (P = 0.16). COMP was significantly lower in undenatured type II collagen supplemented dogs at 24h post-run compared to pre-run (P = 0.02), with P dogs having no significant differences between timepoints (P = 0.24). At both 1h pre- and 24h post-run undenatured type II collagen supplemented dogs had no significant increases in neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR; inflammatory marker), but P dogs had significantly higher NLR compared to baseline (P = 0.01). NLR was also significantly lower in undenatured type II collagen supplemented dogs compared to P dogs at pre-run (P < 0.01). Undenatured type II collagen supplemented dogs showed significantly lower white blood cell counts after supplementation compared to P dogs (P < 0.05) (Table 1). In summary, untrained Labrador retrievers supplemented with undenatured type II collagen had decreased inflammation and cartilage degeneration compared to non-supplemented dogs after exercise.
PSVIII-25 Evaluation of different ensiling methods of the residual material from edamame soybean processing
Authors: Herring Ellen M , Kegley Elizabeth B , Coffey Ken , Gadberry Shane , Powell Jeremy G , Anschutz Karen
Published: November 2020

This research evaluated the storage and feeding value of residual from edamame soybean production on a laboratory scale. Two types of residual or waste material (waste from harvesting, and waste from processing stored material) were ensiled in 500-gram silos (≥ 3 silos per treatment). Material from harvest (a single trip) was ensiled either without wilting (fresh, 71% moisture) or after wilting to a target of 60% moisture; while material from processing (4 replicate trips) was ensiled at 80 (fresh), and targets of 65, 50, and 35% moisture; material at each targeted moisture level was ensiled with and without a commercial lactic acid bacterial inoculant (Lactobacillus buchneri). Dry matter loss and pH were determined after 42 (harvest waste) or 50 (processing waste) days of ensiling. Pre-ensiled processing waste material was 57% NDF, 39.4% ADF, 12.1% CP. and 8.1% ash (average of material from 3 trips). For harvest waste, there was an inoculant by ensiling DM interaction (P = 0.05) for post-ensiling pH. Ensiled fresh material without inoculant had the lowest pH (5.3) and fresh material ensiled with inoculant had a greater pH (5.5) but both were lower than either inoculant treatments using dryer material (6.5). Recoveries of DM after ensiling tended to be greater with the inoculant (89.8 vs. 86.2%). For processing waste, there was a quadratic effect of ensiling DM (P < 0.01), with post-ensiling pH being lowest for fresh and 22% DM (4.4 and 4.6) then increasing to 5.2 and 6.7 when ensiled at 46 and 74% DM. There was no effect of inoculant or an inoculant by ensiling DM on post-ensiling pH. As expected, ensiling wetter material resulted in a lower post-ensiling pH for both residual materials. Adding a silage inoculant had minimal effects on pH but tended to increase the recoveries of DM from the harvest waste.
PSIX-25 Documenting succession of the rumen microbial community in dairy calves
Authors: Deblois Courtney , Suen Garret , Weigel Kent , Hernandez Laura , Steinberger Andrew , Skarlupka Joseph H , Sprecher Dante , Eder Morgan , Koller Alexander , Gelsinger Sandra
Published: November 2020

Dairy cattle rely exclusively on the microbiota within their gastrointestinal tract for nutrient provisioning as they lack the endogenous enzymes needed to convert their plant-based diet into an accessible form. The acquisition of a fully functioning gut microbiome early in life is critical to survival of these animals. The establishment of a calf’s gut microbiota has previously been characterized using proxies such as fecal sampling and destructive sampling methods, but it is unclear how accurate these methods are over time in the same animals. To address this, 10 dairy calves were cannulated at 3 weeks of age. Rumen liquid and rumen solid samples were collected biweekly in congruence with buccal swabs and fecal samples from 7–17 weeks of age and characterized using Illumina 16S rRNA V4 amplicon sequencing. Fecal and buccal samples contained similar amounts of shared operational taxonomic units (OTUs) to the rumen pre-weaning but separated post-weaning such that buccal samples contained nearly double the number of shared OTUs. Beta diversity showed that fecal communities more closely resemble the rumen than buccal but shift as the animals begin ruminating such that buccal communities more closely resemble the rumen. This suggests that fecal samples would serve as a more accurate proxy prior to weaning whereas buccal samples would more accurately represent the rumen after weaning. These data will be invaluable for researchers interested in understanding the acquisition, succession, and establishment of the calf rumen microbiota using non-invasive approaches.
PSIX-27 Evaluation of real-time ultrasound to predict pre-harvest market endpoints in serial slaughtered British x Continental steers administered an E2+TBA implant treatment vs non-implanted controls
Authors: Grimes Becca B , Kirkpatrick Tylo J , Tennant Travis , Lawrence Ty , Cooper Kimberly B , Francis Forest L , Pillmore Sierra L , Wesley Kaitlyn R , Perkins Tommy L , Riberio Flavio , Garrison Max D , Nichols Wade , Hutcheson John
Published: November 2020

Steers (n = 80; initial BW 271 ± 99) were serially scanned at 42-d intervals during a 378-d feeding period using an Aloka 500 device by a certified Ultrasound Guidelines Council (UGC) technician using real-time ultrasound. This included 10 separate ultrasound scanning sessions following the initial weight and ultrasound data taken on day minus 7 (one week prior to initial start date). Steers were randomly assigned to implant treatment (either implanted with Revalor XS or not) at day -7. Cattle were weighed and scanned for 12th-rib fat thickness (FTU), 12th-rib longissimus muscle area (LMAU), percentage intramuscular fat (%FATU), and rump fat thickness (RFU) to determine the ability of ultrasound to predict carcass grading outcomes at harvest. Scans were processed by CUP Lab technicians. Eight steers were harvested each 42 days. Carcasses were assessed 48h after harvest to determine 12th-rib fat thickness (FTC), 12th-rib longissimus muscle area (LMAC), and marbling score (MARB). Data were analyzed via Pearson correlation and linear regression to determine the relationship of ultrasound measures to carcass outcomes. Positive correlations (P < 0.01) between ultrasound measures taken the day before harvest and carcass measurements indicated strong relationships between FTU and FTC (r = 0.91), LMAU and LMAC (r = 0.93), and moderately strong relationships between %FATU and MARB (r = 0.76). Prediction equations were generated to estimate FTC = .0088 + (1.02585 x FTU), LMAC = 16.29720 + (0.77197 x LMAU) and MARB = 19.87510 + (5.19832 x %FATU). Results suggest real-time ultrasound data provides an effective tool to estimate carcass outcomes pre-harvest.
PSV-38 Study of the effect of testosterone and estradiol on the biochemical parameters of blood in stallions
Authors: Kudlaeva Anna , Atroshchenko Mikhail , Engalycheva Mariya , Shirokova Olga , Borodkina Elena , Fomina Mariya , Zvyagina Valentina , Krutikova Anna , Timofeeva Svetlana
Published: November 2020

The aim of the work was to study the relationship of testosterone and estradiol with the biochemical parameters of blood. The blood of 39 stallions aged 3 to 20 years was collected during the breeding season (February–May). Determination of testosterone and estradiol in blood plasma was carried out on a chemiluminescent analyzer Immulite 2000 (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., USA). The concentration of HDL and LDL cholesterol and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined using an automatic biochemical analyzer Vegasys (Analyzer Medical System, Italy), the concentration of total protein, albumins, globulins, glucose, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, total bilirubin, creatinine, the activity of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase were determined using a biochemical analyzer AU 680 (Beckman Coulter, USA). Spearman’s coefficient was used to estimate the rank correlation. Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. A significant positive correlation between the concentration of testosterone and the activity of ALP was found (r=0.34; P < 0.05). We found a positive correlation between the concentration of estradiol with the activity of ALP (r=0.44; P < 0.01) and the concentration of HDL cholesterol (r=0.31; P < 0.05), as well as a negative correlation between the concentration of estradiol and glucose (r=-0.32; P < 0.05). We assume that estradiol and testosterone induce the synthesis of alkaline phosphatase through the activation of osteoblastic activity. Estradiol is also able to lower blood glucose level. Among the mechanisms of this phenomenon described in the literature, there is an increase in the expression of GLUT4 and their translocation to the cell membrane, the induction of glycolysis enzymes, the pentose-phosphate cycle and glycogen synthesis. We also assume that estradiol increases HDL cholesterol in the blood by increasing the rate of HDL formation. Authors acknowledge financial support from Russian Science Foundation, Grant No: 20-16-00101
PSV-36 Optimization of Collection, Storage, and Extraction of Samples for Large-Scale 16s Sequencing Project
Authors: Jacobs Robert D , Gordon Mary Beth E , Bowman Morghan
Published: November 2020

Correlations between the microbiome of the horse and various physiological parameters continue to be determined. Most evaluations of the equine microbiome have been regionally focused with limited numbers or variability. In order to elucidate the role of the microbiome on equine health, a large-scale trial has been initiated with a primary objective of analyzing and characterizing the microbiome of the horse. A study of this scope relies on the horse owner to collect samples from various locations and ship them to a centralized lab. Therefore, collection protocols and extraction techniques need to be optimized to maintain sample integrity. A trial was conducted to evaluate the storage conditions and extraction methodologies necessary to develop an optimized method of sample collection, preparation, and extraction. Samples were collected from a single horse and subjected to one of four treatments in duplicate (1-fresh, 2-frozen, 3-stored in 99% EtOH, and 4-stored in a commercially available DNA/RNA transport medium; DNA/RNA Shield®, Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). Frozen samples were placed at -80◦ C immediately following collection and stored for 48-hr. Frozen samples were thawed immediately prior to extraction. All other treatments were stored as dictated by treatment at room temperature for 48-hr prior to extraction to mimic shipping. Samples were processed utilizing a commercially available DNA extraction kit (Quick-DNA™ Fecal/Soil Microbe Miniprep, Zymo Research). DNA extract was analyzed for quantity utilizing a Qubit Fluorometer (ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA), and quality via spectrophotometry (NanoDrop 2000; ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA). Swabs stored in DNA/RNA Shield® yielded higher concentrations of DNA with superior 260/280 values than other treatments. These data indicate that storage of fecal swabs in an appropriate buffer combined with optimized extraction protocols can deliver adequate extracts that can be utilized for 16s sequencing and validates the use of this method for large-scale microbiome analysis.
PSVII-37 Late-Breaking Abstract: CNV analysis of indigenous sheep reveals genes linked to disease resistance and adaptation
Authors: Molotsi Annelin
Published: November 2020

Smallholder farmers often make use of low-input systems, suggesting that robust and adaptable individuals are needed in these systems that have good production and reproduction in these low-input systems. One of the reasons certain individuals may be more adaptable or have higher production outputs could be due to the presence of advantageous mutations or genetic structural variants. Genetic variants, namely copy number variations (CNVs), are structural changes to the DNA and are larger than a single nucleotide. In this study, 47 sheep were investigated for the presence of CNVs. A total of 206 CNVs passed quality control. These CNVs were compared to the NCBI RefSeq Ovis aries: Oar_v4.0 to identify candidate genes located within or overlapping the copy number variations identified. Gene annotation analysis was carried out on the identified candidate genes. Gene annotation assigned the candidate genes to two gene groups. The first gene group were protein coding genes responsible for interferons that are the natural defences individuals have against viral and bacterial infection. The second gene group was found to be responsible for a variety of biological functions including transport, metabolic precursors, neurogenesis, signalling as well as bone and cartilage matrix composition along with a number of other important functions. This indicates that CNVs could have various effects on important biological process which could possibly influence an individual’s survival or even production and reproduction. This highlights the need for CNV studies to determine the influence of these CNVs and how they can be utilised in breeding programmes to improve adaptation and production outputs.