bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicted Anode Arc Attachment by LTE (Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium) and 2-T (Two-Temperature) Arc Models in a Cascaded-Anode DC Plasma Spray Torch
Authors: Zhukovskii Rodion , Chazelas Christophe , Rat Vincent , Vardelle Armelle , Molz Ron
Published: September 2021

In DC plasma spray torches, anode erosion is a common concern. It mainly depends on the heat flux brought by the arc and on the dimensions and residence time of the arc attachment to a given location on the anode wall. The latter depend, to a great extent, on the attachment mode of the arc on the anode wall. This paper compares the anode arc attachment modes predicted by an LTE (Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium) and 2-T (two-temperature) arc models that include the electrodes in the computational domain. It deals with a commercial cascaded-anode plasma torch operated at high current (500 A) and low gas flow rate (60 NLPM of argon). It shows that the LTE model predicted a constricted anode arc attachment that moves on the anode ring, while the 2-T model predicted a diffuse and steady arc attachment. The comparison between the predicted and measured arc voltage showed that the 2-T prediction is closer to the actual voltage. Also, the post-mortem observation of a new anode ring of the actual plasma torch operated under the same conditions for a short time confirmed a diffuse arc attachment on a new anode.
Comparison of urine albumin creatinine ratio with the pediatric index of mortality 2 score for prediction of pediatric intensive care unit outcomes
Authors: Nismath Shifa , Rao Suchetha S. , Baliga B. S. , Kulkarni Vaman , Rao Gayatri M.
Published: September 2021

Background

Predicting morbidity and mortality in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is of extreme importance to make precise decisions for better outcomes.

Aim

We compared the urine albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) with the established PICU score, pediatric index of mortality 2 (PIM 2) for predicting PICU outcomes.

Methods

This cross-sectional study enrolled 67 patients admitted to PICU with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Urine ACR was estimated on admission, and PIM 2 score was calculated. ACR was compared with PIM 2 for PICU outcome measures: the need for inotropes, development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), duration of PICU stay, and survival.

Results

Microalbuminuria was found in 77.6% of patients with a median ACR of 80 mg/g. ACR showed a significant association with the need for inotropes (p < 0.001), MODS (p = 0.001), and significant correlation to PICU stay (p 0.001, rho = 0.361). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for ACR (0.798) was comparable to that of PIM 2 (0.896). The cutoff value of ACR derived to predict mortality was 110 mg/g. The study subjects were divided into 2 groups: below cutoff and above the cutoff. Outcome variables, inotrope use, MODS, mortality, and PICU stay compared between these subgroups, were statistically significant.

Conclusion

ACR is a good predictor of PICU outcomes and is comparable to PIM 2 for mortality prediction.
Prevalence of Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome in Patients with Cerebellar Ataxia in Japan
Authors: Higuchi Yujiro , Ando Masahiro , Yoshimura Akiko , Hakotani Satoshi , Koba Yuki , Sakiyama Yusuke , Hiramatsu Yu , Tashiro Yuichi , Maki Yoshimitsu , Hashiguchi Akihiro , Yuan Junhui , Okamoto Yuji , Matsuura Eiji , Takashima Hiroshi
Published: September 2021

The presence of fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) premutation has been linked to patients with a certain type of cerebellar ataxia, the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). However, its prevalence in Japan has yet to be clarified. The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of FXTAS in Japanese patients with cerebellar ataxia and to describe their clinical characteristics. DNA samples were collected from 1328 Japanese patients with cerebellar ataxia, referred for genetic diagnosis. Among them, 995 patients with negative results for the most common spinocerebellar ataxia subtypes were screened for FMR1 premutation. Comprehensive clinical and radiological analyses were performed for the patients harbouring FMR1 premutation. We herein identified FMR1 premutation from one female and two male patients, who satisfied both clinical and radiological criteria of FXTAS (0.3%; 3/995) as well. Both male patients presented with high signal intensity of corticomedullary junction on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, a finding comparable to that of neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease. The female patient mimicked multiple system atrophy in the early stages of her disease and developed aseptic meningitis with a suspected immune-mediated mechanism after the onset of FXTAS, which made her unique. Despite the lower prevalence rate in Japan than the previous reports in other countries, the present study emphasises the necessity to consider FXTAS with undiagnosed ataxia, regardless of men or women, particularly for those cases presenting with similar clinical and radiological findings with multiple system atrophy or neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease.
Integrating the soybean-maize-chicken value chains to attain nutritious diets in Tanzania
Authors: Wilson Wilson Charles , Slingerland Maja , Baijukya Frederick P. , van Zanten Hannah , Oosting Simon , Giller Ken E.
Published: September 2021

In Tanzania, diets are dominated by starchy staple crops such as maize, levels of malnutrition are high and largely attributed to lack of dietary diversity. We employed fuzzy cognitive mapping to understand the current soybean, maize and chicken value chains, to highlight stakeholder relationships and to identify entry points for value chain integration to support nutritious diets in Tanzania. The fuzzy cognitive maps were constructed based on information gathered during household interviews with 569 farming households, followed by a participatory workshop with 54 stakeholders involved in the three value chains. We found that the soybean, maize and chicken value chains were interconnected, particularly at the level of the smallholder farming systems and at processing facilities. Smallholder farming households were part of one or more value chains. Chicken feed is an important entry point for integrating the three value chains, as maize and soybean meal are the main sources of energy and protein for chicken. Unlike maize, the utilization of soybean in chicken feed is limited, mainly due to inadequate quality of processing of soybean grain into meal. As a result, the soybean grain produced by smallholders is mainly exported to neighbouring countries for further processing, and soybean meal is imported at relatively high prices. Enhancing local sourcing and adequate processing of soybean, coupled with strengthening the integration of smallholder farmers with other soybean, maize and chicken value chain actors offers an important opportunity to improve access to nutritious diets for local people. Our method revealed the importance of interlinkages that integrate the value chains into a network within domestic markets.
Cancer chemoprevention through Frizzled receptors and EMT
Authors: Sompel K. , Elango A. , Smith A. J. , Tennis M. A.
Published: September 2021

Frizzled (FZD) transmembrane receptors are well known for their role in β-catenin signaling and development and now understanding of their role in the context of cancer is growing. FZDs are often associated with the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) through β-catenin, but some also influence EMT through non-canonical pathways. With ten different FZDs, there is a wide range of activity from oncogenic to tumor suppressive depending on the tissue context. Alterations in FZD signaling can occur during development of premalignant lesions, supporting their potential as targets of chemoprevention agents. Agonizing or antagonizing FZD activity may affect EMT, which is a key process in lesion progression often targeted by chemoprevention agents. Recent studies identified a specific FZD as important for activity of an EMT inhibiting chemopreventive agent and other studies have highlighted the previously unrecognized potential for targeting small molecules to FZD receptors. This work demonstrates the value of investigating FZDs in chemoprevention and here we provide a review of FZDs in cancer EMT and their potential as chemoprevention targets.
Explicit meshfree $${{\varvec{u}}}-{{\varvec{p}}}_\mathbf{\mathrm{w}}$$ solution of the dynamic Biot formulation at large strain
Authors: Navas Pedro , Molinos Miguel , Stickle Miguel M. , Manzanal Diego , Yagüe Angel , Pastor Manuel
Published: September 2021

In this paper, an efficient and robust methodology to simulate saturated soils subjected to low-medium frequency dynamic loadings under large deformation regime is presented. The coupling between solid and fluid phases is solved through the dynamic reduced formulation $$u-p_\mathrm{w}$$

u
-

p
w

(solid displacement – pore water pressure) of the Biot’s equations. The additional novelty lies in the employment of an explicit two-steps Newmark predictor-corrector time integration scheme that enables accurate solutions of related geomechanical problems at large strain without the usually high computational cost associated with the implicit counterparts. Shape functions based on the elegant Local Maximum Entropy approach, through the Optimal Transportation Meshfree framework, are considered to solve numerically different dynamic problems in fluid saturated porous media.
The Immigration Puzzle in Italy: A Survey of Evidence and Facts
Authors: Mariani Rama Dasi , Pasquini Alessandra , Rosati Furio Camillo
Published: September 2021

Recently in Italy immigration has been at the centre of public debates. Nonetheless, the still growing literature has focused mainly on the experience of old settlement countries and has looked at single aspects of the phenomenon. In order to guide effective local policy intervention, we offer an exhaustive view of immigration in Italy. We combine the presentation of stylized facts from available data, based on descriptive analyses, with a review of existing studies. Our conclusions tell that evidence available for Italy does not match the policy relevance of the issue and also identify areas where solid evidence is needed.
A Study of Innovative Alkali-Activated Binders for Soil Stabilisation in the Context of Engineering Sustainability and Circular Economy
Authors: Mavroulidou M. , Gray C. , Gunn M. J. , Pantoja-Muñoz L.
Published: September 2021

In the context of sustainability in the civil engineering industry, chemical ground improvement is becoming increasingly used, as a generally more sustainable alternative to replacing and landfilling unsuitable for construction ground. However, traditional soil stabilisers such as Portland cement or lime are not environmentally impact-free; international research effort is thus focusing on the development of innovative cementing agents. This paper presents results from a feasibility study on the development of suitable alkali-activated slag cements for the stabilisation of two soils. A number of alkali-activators were considered, comprising potassium hydroxide, a range of alkali salts, as well as a material retrieved from waste (Paper Sludge Ash, PSA) which contains free lime. Indicative results of an extensive parametric study in terms of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) are shown, followed by results of ongoing oedometer tests to determine soil compressibility and some preliminary tests on selected soil/binder mixes to observe the durability to wetting-drying cycles. Overall, all alkali-activated cement mixes increased the UCS and stiffness of the soil. Carbonates and Na2SiO3 used on their own gave lower strength increases. The highest strengths were achieved from AAC with KOH and Ca(OH)2 from PSA, which showed similar strength gain. The latter material has shown consistently a lot of promise in terms of strength, stiffness and volumetric stability of the soil as well as treatment durability. Ongoing research focuses on further mix optimisation and a comprehensive mechanical and durability property testing supported by material analysis (mineralogical, chemical and microstructural) to gain a better understanding of the complex mechanisms involved.
How Languages Work
Authors: Genetti Carol
Published: September 2021

Language is a sophisticated tool which we use to communicate in a multitude of ways. Updated and expanded in its second edition, this book introduces language and linguistics - presenting language in all its amazing complexity while systematically guiding you through the basics. The reader will emerge with an appreciation of the diversity of the world's languages, as well as a deeper understanding of the structure of human language, the ways it is used, and its broader social and cultural context. Part I is devoted to the nuts and bolts of language study - speech sounds, sound patterns, sentence structure, and meaning - and includes chapters dedicated to the functional aspects of language: discourse, prosody, pragmatics, and language contact. The fourteen language profiles included in Part II reveal the world's linguistic variety while expanding on the similarities and differences between languages. Using knowledge gained from Part I, the reader can explore how language functions when speakers use it in daily interaction. With a step-by-step approach that is reinforced with well-chosen illustrations, case studies, and study questions, readers will gain understanding and analytical skills that will only enrich their ongoing study of language and linguistics.
The Quantum Internet
Authors: Rohde Peter P.
Published: September 2021

Following the emergence of quantum computing, the subsequent quantum revolution will be that of interconnecting individual quantum computers at the global level. In the same way that classical computers only realised their full potential with the emergence of the internet, a fully-realised quantum internet is the next stage of evolution for quantum computation. This cutting-edge book examines in detail how the quantum internet would evolve in practise, focusing not only on the technology itself, but also the implications it will have economically and politically, with numerous non-technical sections throughout the text providing broader context to the discussion. The book begins with a description of classical networks before introducing the key concepts behind quantum networks, such as quantum internet protocols, quantum cryptography, and cloud quantum computing. Written in an engaging style and accessible to graduate students in physics, engineering, computer science and mathematics.
Borehole multi-functional logger for geophysical high-precision monitoring in Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets and glaciers
Authors: Markov Aleksey , Talalay Pavel , Sysoev Mikhail , Miller Andrey , Cherepakhin Alexander
Published: September 2021

This article presents the main aspects of the design solutions (based on the application of sensors MEMS and cantilevers), testing and applying of the multi-functional borehole logger ANTTIC (Antarctic Thermo-barometer, Inclinometer, Caliper) for geophysical high-precision monitoring (when simultaneous registering of temperature, pressure, axis inclination angle and radii of borehole cross-sections at 12 points), which is designed specifically for ultra-low temperatures and ultra-high pressures, and to determine an elliptical borehole shape and registration anisotropy factor in deep ice boreholes in the central region of Eastern Antarctica, in the areas of dome A at the Kunlun station (China) and/or of lake Vostok at the Vostok station (Russia).
Reflections on The American Renaissance 1876–1917 exhibition
Authors: Wilson Richard Guy
Published: September 2021

This article considers the origins, both scholarly and personal, of The American Renaissance 1876–1917 exhibition (1979) and the accompanying book catalogue, setting them in the context of architectural and cultural developments in the United States from the 1940s to the 1970s. It traces how the exhibition came about, what it was trying to achieve and how it was received, both at the time and subsequently. It shows that the exhibition was not conceived as an attack on modernism as such or as a work of architectural conservatism. Rather, it was an attempt to rescue from obscurity an entire chapter of American architectural history that had been excluded by the modernising narratives of Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Vincent Scully and others, and to reassess what this architecture might contribute to the present.
The Gilded Interior: French Style and American Renaissance
Authors: Jenkins Laura C.
Published: September 2021

In the decades around the turn of the twentieth century, New York was seized by a passion for things French in interior decoration. The influx of French eighteenth-century decorative arts from London and Paris exerted a powerful influence over the imaginations of a new millionaire class, while the emergence of the professional dealer-decorator established channels for the incorporation of these materials into the luxury residence. While these interiors were developed in collaboration with leading US architects such as Richard Morris Hunt and George B. Post, they also posed a subtle challenge to the discourse of intellectualism developed on architects’ behalf. Governed by issues of taste and commerce as well as by artistic judgement, these French interiors presented a compelling vision of aristocratic stature that was at once in keeping, and in conflict, with the aspirations of an American Renaissance. This article considers the role of eighteenth-century French-style interiors in the articulation of a ‘civilised’ architectural tradition in the United States during the so-called Gilded Age. Focusing on the private mansion, it reconsiders the notion of the American Renaissance as a principally academic movement by calling attention to the ways in which it also responded to the requirements of the elite class as well as the commercial marketplace.
The American Renaissance in the West: Capital, Class and Culture Along the Northern Pacific Railroad
Authors: Solomonson Katherine
Published: September 2021

Wealth from western investments lit up the Gilded Age. East and West, it financed the mansions, balls and philanthropy that were integral to upper-class culture. Historians of capitalism have argued that a national upper class coalesced during the late nineteenth century and that the development of a common culture was essential to its formation. Much of this work has focused on the Northeast. How did this play out in the Trans-Mississippi West? This article explores the roles that architects and the buildings they designed played in the intertwined processes of class formation, capitalist expansion and the advancement of white settler colonialism in the American West. It begins in the early 1880s, when Henry Villard (1835–1900), president of the Northern Pacific Railway, launched an ambitious plan to complete the transcontinental railroad and enlisted the architects McKim, Mead & White and their assistant, Cass Gilbert (1859–1934), to design buildings of all kinds along the line — an unprecedented move for a new western railroad. It then follows Gilbert back to St Paul to examine two major projects, one for local clients and one for Villard’s colleague, the eastern capitalist William Endicott, Jr (1826–1914). As agents for eastern capitalists and their counterparts in the West, the architects and the buildings they designed activated in the West an elite aesthetic and professional culture initially generated in the Northeast. Operating across local, regional and national scales, they contributed to the expansion of capitalist markets, the formation of a national upper class and, more broadly, the processes of settler colonialism in a rapidly changing region.
Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on the Routine Emergency Services in a Tertiary Hospital, China: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Liang Lianjing , Zhang Zhuo , Li Ping , Weng Shanshan , Nie Hu
Published: September 2021

Background:

The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused tremendous challenges to the medical system. The government and hospitals have taken robust measures to curb the spread of the deadly virus. Its impact on routine medical services is gradually being taken seriously.

Objective:

To identify the impact of the novel Coronavirus pandemic on emergency department (ED) patient flow and the performance of the routine ED service.

Methods:

This retrospective cohort study was undertaken in a tertiary public teaching hospital ED in Chengdu, China. ED data of patients were routinely collected to compare demographic, clinical characteristics and outcomes during an 8-week period from January 1, 2019 to February 25, 2020. Data were analyzed with the chi-square statistical test.

Results:

Over the study periods, there were 31855 and 25244 patients presented to the ED in 2019 and 2020 respectively. During the pandemic period in 2020, the daily number of average ED visits was lower than that in 2019 (430 ± 134.9 versus 572 ± 38.6,P= 0.00), with fewer triage 1&2 cases (145 ± 33.3 versus 178 ± 15.0,P= 0.00). Nevertheless, the mortality increased remarkably during the pandemic period in 2020 (0.2% versus 0.1%,P= 0.009), with higher APACHE II scores (28 versus 19,P= 0.022) and shorter ED elapsed time (0.2 versus 1.4 days,P= 0.016) among these death cases.

Conclusions:

The COVID-19 pandemic had an evident impact on the patient’s behavioral patterns and routine emergency services, which caused higher ED mortality.
Variation in antibiotic use among neonatal intensive care units in the United States
Authors: Spencer Hillary J.J. , Dantuluri Keerti L. , Thurm Cary , Griffith Hannah , Grijalva Carlos G. , Banerjee Ritu , Howard Leigh M.
Published: September 2021

Antibiotics are widely used in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of antibiotic use across US NICUs to evaluate overall, broad-spectrum, and combination antibiotic use. Patterns of antibiotic use varied by medical versus surgical service line, hospital, and geographic location.
Energetics of collapsible channel flow with a nonlinear fluid-beam model
Authors: Wang D.Y. , Luo X.Y. , Stewart P.S.
Published: September 2021

We consider flow along a finite-length collapsible channel driven by a fixed upstream flux, where a section of one wall of a planar rigid channel is replaced by a plane-strain elastic beam subject to uniform external pressure. A modified constitutive law is used to ensure that the elastic beam is energetically conservative. We apply the finite element method to solve the fully nonlinear steady and unsteady systems. In line with previous studies, we show that the system always has at least one static solution and that there is a narrow region of the parameter space where the system simultaneously exhibits two stable static configurations: an (inflated) upper branch and a (collapsed) lower branch, connected by a pair of limit point bifurcations to an unstable intermediate branch. Both upper and lower static configurations can each become unstable to self-excited oscillations, initiating either side of the region with multiple static states. As the Reynolds number increases along the upper branch the oscillatory limit cycle persists into the region with multiple steady states, where interaction with the intermediate static branch suggests a nearby homoclinic orbit. These oscillations approach zero amplitude at the upper branch limit point, resulting in a stable tongue between the upper and lower branch oscillations. Furthermore, this new formulation allows us to calculate a detailed energy budget over a period of oscillation, where we show that both upper and lower branch instabilities require an increase in the work done by the upstream pressure to overcome the increased dissipation.
Positive Education: The Key Role of the School Counsellor
Authors: Green Suzy , Lloyd Kasey
Published: September 2021

As the field of Positive Education gains traction globally, there is a recognised concern around sustainability. Many schools utilise external providers to engage and educate schools on ‘wellbeing science’, which in the main is comprised of research from the field of Positive Psychology. This often involves a significant financial and time investment, and while most schools have good intentions for their desired end states, often the initial motivation for change is impacted by the many competing responsibilities occurring within a school setting. Those schools that have successfully implemented strategic and sustainable approaches often continue to work with an external consultant who guides the school to successfully apply their learnings. Many schools, however, are unable to fund ongoing consultancy and are required to utilise their own internal resources. In many cases, this is the inspired and motivated educators who are keen to support the initiative, yet who are generally time-poor, often with other learning and extra-curricular responsibilities. More often than not, the school counsellor has not been consulted or included in these initiatives. We explore the potential role of the school counsellor in providing guidance on the implementation of a Positive Education approach aimed at improving mental health and wellbeing and performance.
CeutorhynchusGermar (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) as proxy for Eocene core Brassicaceae: first record of the genus from Rovno amber
Authors: Legalov Andrei A. , Nazarenko Vitaliy Yu. , Vasilenko Dmitry V. , Perkovsky Evgeny E.
Published: September 2021

The beetleCeutorhynchusis used as a proxy for Eocene core Brassicaceae. The age of Brassicaceae has been strongly debated because their fossil record is scanty. There are four species ofCeutorhynchus inaffectatusspecies-group known in the Priabonian:Ceutorhynchus zerovaenew species in Rovno amber and three in Baltic amber. There are numerous extant members of the group, all of which feed on core Brassicaceae. Together with differentiation of Brassicaceae-feeding Pierinae (Lepidoptera) in the Priabonian, the strong presence ofCeutorhynchusindicates at least an early Priabonian age of core Brassicaceae. The oldest fossil Brassicaceae is not known in the late Eocene of Europe, but was recorded in Montana, dated in some studies as late Oligocene, but recently as Priabonian (34 Ma).Ceutorhynchus zerovaen. sp. is very close toC.electrinusfrom Baltic amber.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/7f10761f-463d-44c5-9eef-bb4697bfb116.
The evaluation of facial nerve canal diameter in patients with ipsilateral recurrent idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis
Authors: Yagiz O , Pekcevik Y , Arslan Y , Arslan I B , Cukurova I
Published: September 2021

Objective

This study evaluated the effects of the diameter of facial canal segments on the ipsilateral recurrence of idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis.

Method

This study enrolled 20 patients with ipsilateral recurrent idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis. Measurements were made at the meatal foramen and mid-level of the labyrinthine segment and the narrowest and widest diameters of the mastoid and tympanic segments using the curved planar reformation technique with high-resolution computed tomography.

Results

The diameters of the labyrinthine segment measured at the meatal foramen and mid-level segments and the narrowest and widest diameters of the tympanic and mastoid segments on the recurrent paralytic side were significantly smaller than the diameters of the segments on the healthy side.

Conclusion

The narrowness of the facial canal segments may be a risk factor in recurrent idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis.
The impact of roads on the movement of arboreal fauna in protected areas: the case of lar and pileated gibbons in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand
Authors: Asensio Norberto , Kachanan Jakkrit , Saralamba Chanpen , José-Domínguez Juan Manuel
Published: September 2021

The unavoidable impact of roads on arboreal fauna in protected areas has received little attention. We investigated this impact on two gibbon species in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand: two groups had home ranges traversed by roads (roadside groups) and another two lived nearby roads (interior groups). Roads partially delineated the edges of home ranges of roadside groups, and gibbons crossed them only at a few locations. Gibbons’ space use decreased near roads for roadside groups and showed road reluctance as their crossing rates were smaller than those produced by a null movement model. Generalised linear models (GLMs) indicated that a long canopy gap reduced gibbons’ crossing probability, whereas forest cover had a positive effect. A large part of the road network had a low probability of being crossed by gibbons according to GLMs, especially at areas around park headquarters. Roads were still relatively permeable to gibbon movement with a mean 35% crossing probability. The relatively short and narrow road network in the park constitutes a positive assessment of the standards of how roads should be built in protected areas. Nonetheless, this assessment might be the consequence of the park being set in a mountainous region with difficulties of road development.
Happiness in the tropics: climate variables and subjective wellbeing
Authors: Zapata Oscar
Published: September 2021

Changes in climatic patterns are expected to have significant effects on health and wellbeing. However, the literature on the effect of climate on subjective wellbeing remains scant and existing studies focus mostly on developed countries or cross-country analyses. This paper aims to identify the relationship between climate conditions on happiness after controlling for individual and social characteristics. Ecuador, a geographically fragmented country with varying climate conditions across municipalities, constitutes an ideal case study to assess the effect of climate variables on happiness. We employ a cross-section analysis to identify the effect of temperature, precipitation and humidity on happiness. The paper shows that climate conditions constitute an important determinant of people's subjective wellbeing. The results also suggest that income and education attenuate the effect of temperature on happiness and that substantial differences are observed depending on whether places are hot/humid or cold/dry.
The relationship between dietary intake and stunting among pre-school children in Upper Egypt
Authors: Mahfouz Eman Mohamed , Sameh Mohammed Eman , Alkilany Shaza Fadel , Abdel Rahman Tarek Ahmed
Published: September 2021

Objective:

Linear growth is controlled by several factors, malnutrition is one of the leading causes of stunted child growth. The objective of this study was to determine the dietary intakes associated with stunting among pre-school children in rural Upper Egypt.

Design:

Community-based cross-sectional study

Setting:

Data were collected by interviewing the children’s caregivers in the rural household setting.

Participants:

The study included 497 pre-school children aged 2–5 years in rural Upper Egypt. Food intake data were estimated using 24-h recall method. Anthropometric measurements of children were taken and then converted to z-scores for weight-for-age Z-score, height-for-age Z-score and weight-for-height Z-score.

Results:

The study included 497 children of which 19·1 % were stunted, 76·3 % did not meet recommended energetic intake and 13·7 % did not meet recommended protein intake and this was significantly higher than non-stunted children. Children who were stunted significantly consumed poultry, eggs and fruits less often than non-stunted children, by regression; male sex (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1·91), mother’s age (0·93), lower socio-economic status (SES); and not meeting recommended protein intake (aOR = 2·26) were found to be associated with stunting.

Conclusion:

Male sex, younger mothers, lower SES and not meeting recommended energy and protein were statistically associated with stunting. Nutrition education messages encouraging adequate and healthy eating are recommended.
Migration, work, and retirement: the case of Mexican-origin populations
Authors: Aguila Emma , Lee Zeewan , Wong Rebeca
Published: September 2021

Mexico and the United States both face rapid population aging as well as older populations with high poverty rates. Among the most vulnerable populations of retirement age in either nation are Mexican immigrants to the United States. This work uses data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study and the Mexican Health and Aging Study to assess retirement decisions among persons born in Mexico and working in either nation as well as such decisions by non-Hispanic Whites in the United States. Social security system incentives matter for the retirement of Mexican immigrants in the U.S. but not for return-migrants in Mexico.
‘DIFFERENT THAN A REGULAR WHITE’
Authors: Efird Caroline R.
Published: September 2021

Qualitative research can clarify how the racialized social system of Whiteness influences White Americans’ health beliefs in ways that are not easily captured through survey data. This secondary analysis draws upon oral history interviews (n=24) conducted in 2019 with Whites in a rural region of Appalachian western North Carolina. Interviewees discussed personal life history, community culture, health beliefs, and experiences with healthcare systems and services. Thematic analysis conveyed two distinct orientations toward health and healthcare: (1) bootstraps perspective, and (2) structural perspective. Whiteness did not uniformly shape interviewees’ perceptions of health and healthcare, rather, individual experiences throughout their life course and the racialized social system contributed to these Appalachian residents’ assessments of who is responsible for health and healthcare. Dissatisfaction with the Affordable Care Act was salient among interviewees whose life stories reflected meritocratic ideals, regardless of education level, age, or gender identity. They apprised strong work ethic as a core community value, assuming that personal contributions to the social system match the rewards that one receives in return for individual effort. Conversely, interviewees who were primarily socialized outside of rural Appalachia acknowledged some macro-level social determinants of health and expressed support for universal healthcare models. Findings suggest that there is not one uniform type of “rural White” within this region of Appalachia. Interventions designed to increase support for health equity promoting policies and programs should consider how regional and place-based factors shape White Americans’ sense of identity and subsequent health beliefs, attitudes, and voting behaviors. In this Appalachian region, some White residents’ general mistrust of outsiders indicates that efforts to garner more political will for health-promoting social programs should be presented by local, trusted residents who exhibit a structural perspective of health and healthcare.
Internationalising Arts, Gaining Visibility: Internationalisation of the National Art Gallery through the Promulgation of the Malayan Identity and Commonwealth Ideals
Authors: Abdullah Sarena
Published: September 2021

The early history of the Malaysian National Art Gallery has been thoroughly elucidated through many different sources but its role as promoter of Malaysia’s art in the first ten years of its early formation have never been critically examined. This paper will trace the transnational relationship of the National Art Gallery through its exhibitions co-organised with the Commonwealth Institute in London within the larger context of the post-World War II period and the British decolonisation in Malaya. This paper will situate and contextualise its research on Malaya’s early exhibition history on multiculturalism and the Malayan identity framework, and later draw the link and connection between the Commonwealth Institute and the context of its establishment in Britain and the establishment of the National Art Gallery in Malaya. Subsequently, this paper will trace and demonstrate the importance of these early exhibitions to be understood in the larger context of (a) the need to exert international visibility during the period of Confrontation and (b) the exhibition as a platform that mooted the Malayan identity that aligns with the core values and principles of the Commonwealth. As such, this paper demonstrates that the transnational relations between the National Art Gallery and the Commonwealth Institute in the realm of Malaysia’s exhibition history must be analysed in tandem with the issues that are faced by a new British Commonwealth country, i.e., Malaysia during the immediate post-war period.
Imagery Rescripting Helps Victims Cope With Experienced	Injustice
Authors: Twardawski Mathias , Gollwitzer Mario , Altenmüller Marlene S. , Kunze Anna E. , Wittekind Charlotte E.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. In clinical psychology, imagery rescripting (ImRs) is a promising intervention to target negative emotional memories after victimization experiences. The present research tested the effects of ImRs in “minor” cases of experienced injustice. After imagining being the victim of an injustice, participants ( N = 272) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a univariate design (treatment: active ImRs, passive ImRs; control: pleasant imagery, imagery rehearsal). Dependent variables were positive and negative affect; mediator variables were justice-related satisfaction and empowerment. Both justice-related satisfaction and empowerment increased positive and decreased negative affect, but empowerment was higher in the active than in the passive ImRs condition (while justice-related satisfaction was increased by both ImRs conditions). These results suggest that ImRs can be beneficial even in minor victimization experiences and that these beneficial effects are mediated by both empowerment and justice-related satisfaction.
You Want to Know the Truth? Then Don’t Mimic!
Authors: Muniak Paweł , Dolinski Dariusz , Grzyb Tomasz , Cantarero Katarzyna , Kulesza Wojciech
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Clinical psychologists have frequently reported that similarity in movements can be greatly beneficial. It increases rapport and favors a better understanding of clients’ emotions. Social psychologists have shown that mimicking instills greater trust in the mimicker and that mimickees disclose more intimate information. Therefore, mimicry seems to be an ideal tool to implement during therapeutic interventions. However, the current study reveals a potentially perilous outcome stemming from mimicry: mimicked (verbally – Study 1, N = 49; nonverbally – Study 2, N = 40) participants were more eager to cheat the mimicker. This means that incorporating mimicry into the therapeutic process may lead to clients misinforming therapists. The discussion section describes some caveats associated with the experiments and suggests directions for future research.
Seismic Inversion by Hybrid Machine Learning
Authors: Chen Yuqing , Saygin Erdinc
Published: September 2021

We present a hybrid machine learning (HML) inversion method, which uses the latent space (LS) features of a convolutional autoencoder (CAE) to estimate the subsurface velocity model. The LS features are the effective low‐dimensional representation of the high‐dimensional seismic data. However, no equations exist to describe the relationship between the perturbation of an LS feature and the velocity perturbation. To address this problem, we use automatic differentiation (AD) to connect the two terms. Following this step, we use the wave‐equation inversion to invert the LS features for the subsurface velocity model. The HML misfit function measures the LS feature differences between the observed and predicted seismic data in a low‐dimensional space, which is less affected by the cycle‐skipping problem compared to the waveform mismatch in a high‐dimensional space. A low dimensional LS feature mainly contains the kinematic information of seismic data, while a large dimensional LS feature can also preserve the dynamic information of seismic data. Therefore, the HML inversion can recover the subsurface velocity model in a multiscale approach by inverting the LS features with different dimensions. Based on the different ways of utilizing AD to compute the velocity gradient, we propose full‐ and semi‐automatic approaches to solve this problem. These two approaches are mathematically equivalent; the former is easier to implement, while the latter is computationally more efficient. Numerical tests show that the HML inversion method can effectively recover both the low‐ and high‐wavenumber velocity information by inverting the LS features with different dimensions.
The Dust Emission Potential of Agricultural‐Like Fires—Theoretical Estimates From Two Conceptually Different Dust Emission Parameterizations
Authors: Wagner R. , Schepanski K. , Klose M.
Published: September 2021

Agricultural fires affecting grass‐, crop‐ and shrublands represent a major, mainly anthropogenically driven disturbance of many ecosystems. In addition to emissions of carbonaceous aerosol, they were found to inject also mineral dust particles into the atmosphere. The fires can significantly modulate the near‐surface wind patterns so that conditions suitable for dust emission occur. However, the exact emission mechanism has not been investigated so far, but is inevitable for the understanding of its impacts on the Earth system. Here, we test two dust emission parameterizations representing saltation bombardment (SALT) and direct aerodynamic dust entrainment by (convective) turbulence (convective turbulent dust emission, CTDE) in the context of fire‐modulated wind patterns using large‐eddy simulation with an idealized setup to represent typical agricultural fire settings. Favorable aerodynamic preconditions for the initialization of both emission processes are found, however, with sometimes significant differences in dust emission flux depending on specific wind and fire properties. The strong fire‐induced modulations of the instantaneous momentum flux suggest that CTDE can be a very potent emission process in the fire vicinity. Nevertheless, fire impacts on the friction velocity can be significant too, so that dust emission through SALT is facilitated as well. Ultimately, the specific aerodynamic conditions within pyro‐convectively modulated wind patterns require the development of a parameterization that can describe these unique fire‐related dust emissions and their influencing factors properly. This will finally allow for considering fire‐induced dust emissions in aerosol‐atmosphere models and an investigation of its atmospheric impacts such as on the radiation budget.
Increased Vegetation in Mountainous Headwaters Amplifies Water Stress During Dry Periods
Authors: Vicente‐Serrano S. M. , Domínguez‐Castro F. , Murphy C. , Peña‐Angulo D. , Tomas‐Burguera M. , Noguera I. , López‐Moreno J. I. , Juez C. , Grainger S. , Eklundh L. , Conradt T. , Azorin‐Molina C. , El Kenawy A.
Published: September 2021

The dynamics of blue and green water partitioning under vegetation and climate change, as well as their different interactions during wet and dry periods, are poorly understood in the literature. We analyzed the impact of vegetation changes on blue water generation in a central Spanish Pyrenees basin undergoing intense afforestation. We found that vegetation change is a key driver of large decreases in blue water availability. The effect of vegetation increase is amplified during dry years, and mainly during the dry season, with streamflow reductions of more than 50%. This pattern can be attributed primarily to increased plant water consumption. Our findings highlight the importance of vegetation changes in reinforcing the decrease in water resource availability. With aridity expected to rise in southern Europe over the next few decades, interactions between climate and land management practices appear to be amplifying future hydrological drought risk in the region.
Middle Crustal Partial Melting Triggered Since the Mid‐Miocene in Southern Tibet: Insights From Magnetotelluric Data
Authors: Xie Chengliang , Jin Sheng , Wei Wenbo , Ye Gaofeng , Jing Jianen , Zhang Letian , Dong Hao , Yin Yaotian
Published: September 2021

A weak middle crust induced by fluid phases is generally considered to exist beneath the Himalayan‐Tibetan orogen; however, there remains controversy regarding the interpretation of high‐conductivity and low‐velocity regions imaged in various geophysical studies. To better understand middle crustal rheological behaviors and associated triggering mechanisms beneath southern Tibet, we present a geoelectrical model derived from a three‐dimensional magnetotelluric inversion in this study. An effective conductivity of 0.3 S/m at depths of 10–28 km indicates a high melt fraction of ∼35 vol% in the Lhasa terrane. In the Tethyan Himalayan orogen, an effective conductivity of <0.2 S/m corresponds to a melt fraction <15 vol%, which is lower than previous estimations. We obtain very low viscosities either from laboratory data (1010–1012 Pa s) or empirical models (1016–1018 Pa s). A combination of radiogenic heat and strain heating may account for the weakened middle crust. We prefer a weak coupling between crustal east‐west extensions and mantle lithospheric deformations.
Reshaping cortical connectivity in traumatic spinal cord injury: a novel effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Authors: Marrosu Francesco , Mancosu Stefano , Lai Gianluca , Fraschini Matteo , Muroni Antonella , Demuru Matteo , Monticone Marco , Defazio Giovanni
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) represent a severe neuro-traumatic occurrence and an excruciating social burden. Though the hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) has been credited as a first line therapeutic resource for SCIs, its mechanism of action in the spine is only partially known, while the impingement upon other areas of the nervous system deserves additional investigation. In this study we deem to describe a novel effect of HBO2 in a subject affected by SCI who, along with the clinical improvement, showed a reshaped connectivity in cortical sensory-motor areas.

Case presentation

A 45 years male presenting severe sensory-motor symptoms following a spinal lesion partially involving the C1 segment was successfully treated with HBO2 cycles. After the dramatic improvement reflected by an excellent optimization of the single performances, it has been investigated whether this result would reveal not only an intrinsic effect upon the spinal cord, but also a better connectivity strength in sensory-motor cortical regions. The results obtained by implementing EEG recordings with EEGLAB auto regressive vector plugins indeed suggest a substantial reshaping of cortico-cortical connectivity after HBO2.

Discussion

These results show a correlation between positive clinical evolution and a new modulation of cortical connectivity. Though further clinical investigations would clarify as to whether HBO2 might be directly or epiphenomenally involved in this aspect of the network architecture, our report suggests that a comparison between clinical results and the study of brain connectivity represent a holistic approach in investigating the physiopathology of SCIs and in monitoring the treatment.