bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proliferative processes and features of tumor cell receptor apparatus of the breast carcinoma
Authors: Sazonov S. V , Brilliant A. A , Brilliant Yu. M
Published: January 2018

Cell division in tumor tissue is associated not only with the growth rate of the tumor, but also its response to ongoing chemotherapy. The isolated subtypes of breast carcinoma differ significantly in the prognosis of the disease, but up to now the level of proliferative processes is only taken into account when dividing the Luminal variants. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between the level of proliferative processes in the tumor tissue of breast carcinoma in different tumor subtypes, analyze the patterns of proliferation activity and the characteristics of the receptor apparatus of cells. Material investigated 672 cases of breast invasive carcinomas. In all cases investigated by immunohistochemistry proliferative activity index Ki-67 tumor, as well as steroid hormone receptors ER, PR, and HER-2 / neu receptor. All the cases were divided into biological subtypes according to the standard classification. Mid proliferation index Ki-67 group luminal subtype tumors equaled 8,4±0,2%, in the luminal (HER-2 positive) subtype - 28,8±2,5%, in the luminal (HER-2 negative) subtype - 32,3±1,0%, HER-2 positive subtype - 39,0±2,2%, triple negative subtype - 54,6±2,1% tumors (p 0,05). Significant differences in proliferation between all treatment groups. The lowest level of proliferation characteristic luminal subtype of breast carcinoma (8.4%), most proliferating tumors are triple negative subtype (Ki-67 = 54.6%). The results show low proliferation of tumors in luminal A subtype of breast carcinoma, as well as a high tumor proliferation in such biological subtypes as luminal B (HER2-positive), luminal B (HER2-negative), HER2 positive and triple negative, and the highest level of expression of Ki-67 observed in carcinomas of triple negative subtype. The observed differences in proliferation levels determined by the expression level of Ki-67 between the subtypes of the breast cancer associated with differences in the receptor apparatus of tumor cells allow us not only to clarify the intracellular mechanisms of cell proliferation in tumor tissue, but also to recommend taking them into account as an additional diagnostic criterion for matching the level Proliferation of the receptor status of tumor cells within each of the subtypes of the breast cancer.
Capoeira: diálogo de saberes como possibilidade de valorização da (s) identidade (s) afro-brasileira (s) e do patrimônio imaterial
Authors: Pertussatti Marcelo
Published: January 2018

A presente reflexão tem o objetivo de apresentar a relevância da Capoeira como possibilidade de diálogo de saberes nas discussões contemporâneas em torno dos processos decoloniais, a partir do reconhecimento de seu caráter ancestral, intercultural e patrimonial imaterial, bem como de sua identidade libertária e de resistência. Bastante expressiva desde o período Colonial brasileiro, fortemente criminalizada e discriminada durante a Primeira República, atualmente a Capoeira está presente em mais de 160 países e em todos os continentes, desde sua internacionalização na década de 60 do século passado. A análise de documentos brasileiros como o Dossiê de Registro e Salvaguarda da Capoeira como Patrimônio Cultural do Brasil e o Estatuto da Igualdade Racial busca contribuir, primeiramente, para o fortalecimento da Capoeira, de seus saberes em encontro e de suas expressões, bens culturais legítimos, isto é, para a afirmação identitária africana do povo brasileiro, mas também de cada praticante de Capoeira. A organização dialógica dos saberes da capoeira, por meio das perspectivas de sua corporeidade, musicalidade, simbologia, história e historicidade, ritualidade e ancestralidade, contribui para o cuidado patrimonial, para a formação da identidade cultural afro-brasileira.
O bilinguismo nas práticas de ensino, pesquisa e extensão da UNILA: um diagnóstico, em números, de sua realidade linguística
Authors: Moreira Marina Magalhães , De Oliveira Bruna Macedo
Published: January 2018

A Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA) é uma universidade brasileira assentada no compromisso com o desenvolvimento das sociedades da América Latina, que além de ser bilíngue (português-espanhol), propõe a participação de estudantes e docentes oriundos de diversas partes do Brasil e demais países latino-americanos. O presente trabalho surgiu do projeto de pesquisa “Políticas e Realidades Linguísticas na UNILA”, com a pretensão de elucidar como se manifesta o bilinguismo enquanto princípio filosófico-metodológico desta universidade em suas práticas de ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Para tanto, analisamos quantitativamente as bibliografias dos cursos de graduação, mestrado e especialização, bem como os projetos de pesquisa e de extensão. Partimos do conceito de “política linguística de facto” proposto por Shohamy (2006), a fim estruturar uma análise calcada na realidade institucional observada por meio de informações e documentos oficiais.
Fronteiras em Movimento: o Oeste nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil
Authors: Fiuza Wagner Henrique Neres , Olinto Beatriz Anselmo
Published: January 2018

A construção de estados nacionais na América pode ser visualizada por distintos movimentos políticos, culturais e socioeconômicos. Diferentes intelectuais, em diferentes países, buscaram formulações teóricas para explicar seu passado e ensejar políticas de territorialização e legitimação do nacional. Neste sentido, o texto compara o conceito de fronteira aberta, desenvolvido por Frederick Jackson Turner em 1893, ao conceito de fronteiras guaranis de José de Melo e Silva, publicado em 1939. Entende-se que conceitos podem ser apropriados em contextos geográficos e temporais diferentes, resultando em propostas diferenciadas da construção de identidades nacionais e representações de fronteira. Entende-se que demarcar fronteiras significa estabelecer representações do outro e erigir regiões. Neste caso, tanto os Estados Unidos rumo ao Pacífico quanto o Brasil nação em relação ao país vizinho Paraguai, em que Melo e Silva buscava combater a fronteira aberta e demarca-la na construção da brasilidade em oposição ao outro indígena sul-americano. Tais fronteiras desvelam relações de poder que instauram processos de crença e di-visão do mundo social.
As fronteiras do pensamento nômade: (i/e)mergir para a teorização epistolográfica
Authors: Rojas Francine carla de salles cunha
Published: January 2018

A presente explanação desenvolve-se a partir das (MIGNOLO, 2003) cartas publicadas do escritor mineiro Fernando Sabino: Cartas na mesa (2002), Cartas a um jovem escritor e suas respostas (2003) e Cartas perto do coração (2011). Lidas em conjunto e de forma linear as cartas são (des)locadas de seu lócus (abstrato) original, isto é, o espaço intimo da convivência com os amigos. Tal fato já indica relevante característica do texto epistolar sinalizado no título da explanação, “pensamento nômade”, trata-se de uma metáfora fornecida por Brigitte Diaz em seu livro O gênero epistolar ou o pensamento nômade (2016) e que evoca, de forma apropriada, a natureza andarilha das cartas. Uma outra metáfora necessária e que transcende o texto é a das “teorias itinerantes” (MIGNOLO, 2003), sua presença justifica-se ao provocar reflexões em torno da teorização epistolográfica, visto que várias teorias já viajaram por cartas, como a psicanalise, fato que Jacques Derrida em Mal de arquivo (2001) menciona, e as considerações modernistas presente nas cartas de intelectuais como Mário de Andrade. Mas, e a teoria da carta? Terá ela viajado através do texto epistolar? Ou então foi forçada a, tal como um intruso, viajar a reboque nos espaços liminares da teorias européias? Ou, então, sua viajem foi inviabilizada justamente por ser “teoria” e não teorização?. Leitura essencialmente metafórica está envolta nas considerações de Walter Mignolo em Histórias locais/projetos globais (2003) acerca da dupla natureza da fronteira, geográfica e epistemológica, a fim de sustentar que a teorização epistolar nasce a partir das fronteiras
Decolonizar a diversidade cultural: Outras interpretações possíveis sobre a proteção e promoção da diversidade das expressões culturais
Authors: Kauark Giuliana
Published: January 2018

Na contemporaneidade, a diversidade cultural emerge como conceito jurídico e político não isento de disputa entre visões hegemônicas e contra-hegemônicas. Para melhor compreender essa problemática, neste artigo situaremos a emergência da diversidade cultural na agenda internacional por meio da criação da Convenção de 2005 da Unesco sobre a proteção e a promoção da diversidade das expressões culturais. Identificaremos, assim, o discurso hegemônico sobre diversidade cultural. Na sequência, analisaremos a diversidade cultural através do referencial teórico relativo ao pensamento decolonial, de modo a trazer outras interpretações possíveis.
Mathematics in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This book traces the development of Egyptian mathematics, from the end of the fourth millennium BC—and the earliest hints of writing and number notation—to the end of the pharaonic period in Greco-Roman times. The book surveys three thousand years of Egyptian history to present an integrated picture of theoretical mathematics in relation to the daily practices of Egyptian life and social structures. It shows that from the earliest beginnings, pharaonic civilization used numerical techniques to efficiently control and use their material resources and labor. Even during the Old Kingdom, a variety of metrological systems had already been devised. By the Middle Kingdom, procedures had been established to teach mathematical techniques to scribes in order to make them proficient administrators for their king. The book looks at counterparts to the notation of zero, suggests an explanation for the evolution of unit fractions, and analyzes concepts of arithmetic techniques. It draws connections and comparisons to Mesopotamian mathematics, examines which individuals in Egyptian society held mathematical knowledge, and considers which scribes were trained in mathematical ideas and why. Of interest to historians of mathematics, mathematicians, Egyptologists, and all those curious about Egyptian culture, the book sheds new light on a civilization's unique mathematical evolution.
The Egyptian Number System
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the ancient Egyptian number system. The system can be described in modern terminology as a decimal system without positional (place-value) notation. The basis of the number system was 10 (hence decimal system), but unlike our decimal place-value notation using the ten numerics 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, in which the absolute value is determined by its position within the number (e.g., in the number 125, the absolute value of 1 is 1 × 102, the absolute value of 2 is 2 × 101, and the absolute value of 5 is 5 × 100), the Egyptian system used individual symbols for each power of 10. Although there is no information about the choice of the individual signs for the respective values, some of them seem plausible choices. The most basic, the simple stroke to represent a unit, is used not only in Egypt but also in a variety of other cultures, possibly originating from marks on a tally stick.
Foundation of Mathematics
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses arithmetic techniques. At the heart of a mathematical culture that develops mathematical techniques are basic arithmetical operations that allow the numerate scribe to skillfully manipulate given numbers to determine, for example, their product or their sum. The development of arithmetical techniques necessarily comes after the invention of a number system, will be influenced by it, and in turn will deeply influence any further mathematical techniques that are built on their foundation. The nonpositional decimal system of Egypt renders multiplications by 10 easy, because the scribe needs only to exchange the type of sign for that of the next power. On the other hand, calculations that involve fractions are likely to be technically demanding in a system that relies on the use of series of inverses. The chapter covers arithmetic techniques, fraction reckoning, tables for fraction reckoning, and metrological tables.
Fugitive Democracy
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

The author of this book was one of the most influential and original political thinkers of the past fifty years. This book brings together his most important writings, from classic essays such as “Political Theory as a Vocation,” written amid the Cold War and the conflict in Vietnam, to his late radical essays on American democracy such as “Fugitive Democracy,” in which he offers a controversial reinterpretation of democracy as an episodic phenomenon distinct from the routinized political management that passes for democracy today. The author critically engages a diverse range of political theorists, including Thomas Hobbes, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Hannah Arendt, John Rawls, Michel Foucault, and Richard Rorty. These essays grapple with topics such as power, modernization, the Sixties, revolutionary politics, and inequality, all the while showcasing the author's enduring commitment to writing civic-minded theoretical commentary on the most pressing political issues of the day. Here, the author laments the rise of conservatives who style themselves as revolutionary, criticizes Rawlsian liberals as abstract to the point of being apolitical, diagnoses postmodern theory as a form of acquiescence, and much more. The book offers enduring insights into many of today's most pressing political predicaments, and introduces a whole new generation of readers to this provocative figure in contemporary political thought.
Coda
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter revisits some of the main lines of argument developed in the preceding chapters. Reiterating the centrality of historical-mindedness and settler colonialism in nineteenth-century visions of empire, it concludes with some tentative suggestions about the need to “de-colonize” liberalism, to seek ways to acknowledge and transcend the legacies of colonial occupation and rule, rather than either ignoring this tainted history or rejecting liberalism altogether. It argues that British liberalism was broadly coeval with the second settler empire. It was, in large part, a product of the violent dissolution of the thirteen colonies in North America, the revolutionary upheavals in France, and the tidal wave of economic, social, and political change that they unleashed.
Lincoln’s Party No More
Authors: Schickler Eric
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the battle for control of the national GOP. The idea of a realignment premised on Republican appeals to disaffected southern conservatives had been a topic of political conversation from 1937 onward. However, many national leaders were wary of such a shift, which would tip the balance of power in the party decisively toward its conservative wing, risking a loss of support in urban, liberal states. The chapter then analyzes GOP strategy toward civil rights in the 1940s–1950s, as party leaders sought to balance the rank- and-file's general lack of interest in pursuing vigorous action with the perceived need to appear at least mildly supportive in order to avoid alienating moderate voters in states like New York and Illinois.
How Armies Respond to Revolutions and Why
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: January 2018

We know that a revolution’s success largely depends on the army’s response to it. But can we predict the military’s reaction to an uprising? This book argues that it is possible to make a highly educated guess—and in some cases even a confident prediction—about the generals’ response to a domestic revolt if we know enough about the army, the state it is supposed to serve, the society in which it exists, and the external environment that affects its actions. Through concise case studies of modern uprisings in Iran, China, Eastern Europe, Burma, and the Arab world, the book looks at the reasons for and the logic behind the variety of choices soldiers ultimately make. The book offers tools—in the form of questions to be asked and answered—that enable analysts to provide the most informed assessment possible regarding an army’s likely response to a revolution and, ultimately, the probable fate of the revolution itself. It examines such factors as the military’s internal cohesion, the regime’s treatment of its armed forces, and the size, composition, and nature of the demonstrations. This book explains how generals decide to support or suppress domestic uprisings.
China and Eastern Europe, 1989
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains why politicians and generals in the six East European Warsaw Pact member states (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania) and in China reacted to the upheavals and revolutions so differently. In particular, this chapter explains why senior officers in Poland and Hungary remained inactive during the transitions there, why the Bulgarian army leadership supported the “elite transfer” in Sofia, and how the top brass in Czechoslovakia and East Germany reacted to the mass demonstrations in their principal cities. The bulk of this chapter, however, is devoted to China and Romania, where bona fide uprisings—one failed, one successful—took place, and the armed forces did turn their guns against the people, albeit reluctantly and in very different circumstances.
Conclusion
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter evaluates how the explanatory factors identified in Chapter 1 stand up to the scrutiny of empirical analysis. It considers whether or not they satisfactorily explain the three basic outcomes of a military response to a revolution: if they choose to support or suppress the uprising, or if a division within the institution occurs as people decide how to react to the uprising. Moreover, the chapter asks if the six top variables are really the most powerful in explaining the generals’ decisions, and if there are variables that are trivial or unhelpful in every case the previous chapters have laid out. More generally, the chapter looks at how useful the analytical framework laid out in Chapter 1 can help in the decisions taken by the armed forces facing the demonstrators.
Sufi Encompassments
Authors: Bowen John R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter assesses what happens when one constructs a shariʻa council within an explicitly and visibly Sufi world. In the Hijaz community, the current leader and sheikh, Faiz ul-Aqtab Siddiqi, dispenses advice and blessings to Muslims living in Britain and, sometimes, abroad. He is also a barrister and has sought to include the mediation activities of his Muslim Arbitration Tribunal (MAT) within the community. If the London ISC scholars seek to base their legitimacy on correct following of jurisprudence and adherence to explicit procedural rules, MAT is based on Sufi sanctity. Here, shariʻa, understood in the broader sense of God's plans for Muslims, is invoked in much less court-like ways. Because the specific difference of Hijaz regards the multiple activities of its sheikh, and because Hijaz is indeed so different from the other cases, the chapter begins with a broader account of legitimacy and practices in the institution.
Deepening Beliefs and Institutional Change (2002–2014)
Authors: Alston Lee J. , Melo Marcus André , Mueller Bernardo , Pereira Carlos
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses institutional deepening and the subsequent economic and political outcomes in the two terms of Lula and first term of Dilma. It also advances three main arguments. First, markets, as evidenced by exchange rate movements, did not anticipate the smooth political transition process from Cardoso to Lula. High uncertainty about a Lula presidency was the norm. After the initial shock resulting from the electoral results, Lula drastically reduced uncertainty by providing credible evidence that his administration would not abandon fiscal and monetary orthodoxy. Second, the new beliefs and institutions effectively constrained political and economic elites in their interaction, thereby enabling competitive processes in the political and economic arenas. The established political institutions locked-in and reinforced the direction of change by affecting the incentives facing individuals, organizations, and politicians.
An Age of Risk
Authors: Nacol Emily C.
Published: January 2018

This book shows that risk, now treated as a permanent feature of our lives, did not always govern understandings of the future. Focusing on the epistemological, political, and economic writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, David Hume, and Adam Smith, the book explains that in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Britain, political and economic thinkers reimagined the future as a terrain of risk, characterized by probabilistic calculation, prediction, and control. In these early modern sources, the book contends, we see three crucial developments in thought on risk and politics. While early modern thinkers differentiated uncertainty about the future from probabilistic calculations of risk, they remained attentive to the ways uncertainty and risk remained in a conceptual tangle, a problem that constrained good decision making. They developed sophisticated theories of trust and credit as crucial background conditions for prudent risk-taking, and offered complex depictions of the relationships and behaviors that would make risk-taking more palatable. They also developed two narratives that persist in subsequent accounts of risk—risk as a threat to security, and risk as an opportunity for profit. Looking at how these narratives are entwined in early modern thought, the book locates the origins of our own ambivalence about risk-taking. By the end of the eighteenth century, a new type of political actor would emerge from this ambivalence, one who approached risk with fear rather than hope. By placing a fresh lens on early modern writing, the book demonstrates how new and evolving orientations toward risk influenced approaches to politics and commerce that continue to this day.
The Cosmopolitan and the National
Authors: Barnett Michael N.
Published: January 2018

This chapter covers the period between World War II and 1967. In many ways 1948 was a decisive moment in the foreign policies of American Jews. This is the year that two different solutions to the Jewish Problem and the Jewish Question took firm institutional shape—the State of Israel and the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. American Jews were involved in both developments. In retrospect, two elements stand out in this period. After decades of worrying about the tensions between nationalism and cosmopolitanism, they began to relax. It also is surprising how little the creation of Israel affected American Jewry, and that tepidness stems partly from the fact that American Jews had never been die-hard nationalists.
Ethical Labour
Authors: Dow Katharine
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines people's ideas about good parenting by focusing on how those who do not have children plan for parenthood by creating a stable environment for their future children. The people of Spey Bay shared the sense that future generations will inherit the environments that they create. This is encapsulated, in a practical sense, by their assumption that parental responsibility begins with planning and creating a “stable environment” for children to be born into. This chapter considers the plans for future parenthood of those staff members who did not have children, both of which can be seen as forms of ethical labor. It also analyzes the connection between career aspirations and planning for parenthood by tracing the relationship between the professional and parental ethics of the people with no children who live and work in Spey Bay. Finally, it discusses charity work alongside women's aspirations for future motherhood.
The Sperm Whale’s Teeth Revisited
Authors: Dow Katharine
Published: January 2018

Let me return briefly to the crime scene of the prologue. I went back later that December Friday to see the whale’s body again. Hurrying with trepidation and excitement, I came up to the bank of sand dunes that overlooked its sandy open grave where I had stood, awestruck, that morning. This wretched, ransacked body, so lifeless a few hours earlier, was moving. Silenced by confusion and shock then laughing with a mixture of revulsion and relief at this magic realist sight, I understood my mistake. The tide had come in so that the water was just high enough to almost cover the whale but not enough to wash it away, so that it remained tethered to the beach by its own weight, whilst its tail and what remained of its head swayed and crashed like a circus animal trying to break free from its cage....
The Nusayris in Medieval Syria
Authors: Winter Stefan
Published: January 2018

This chapter re-examines the early development of the ʻAlawi community and its situation in western Syria in the medieval period in the wider context of what might be termed Islamic provincial history. It starts from the premise that the conventional image of the “Nusayris” has largely been fashioned by elite historical sources whose discourse on nonorthodox groups is a priori negative but which, when read against the grain and compared with other sources, can yield a less essentializing, less conflicting account of the community's development. In particular, the chapter aims to show that the ʻAlawi faith was not the deviant, marginal phenomenon it has retrospectively been made out to be but, on the contrary, constituted, and was treated by the contemporary authorities as, a normal mode of rural religiosity in Syria.
The Age of Autonomy
Authors: Winter Stefan
Published: January 2018

This chapter follows the rise to power of the Shamsins, the Bayt al-Shillif, and associated ʻAlawi families as Ottoman tax concessionaries. It shows that their position of local autonomy, rather than having evolved out of some domestic or “tribal” leadership structure, resulted from a paradigm shift in Ottoman provincial administration as well as from a very favorable economic context, in particular the development of commercial tobacco farming in the northern highlands around Latakia. If the eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of a veritable Ottoman–ʻAlawi landed gentry, it also saw increasing social disparities lead to large-scale emigration away from the highlands toward the coastal and inland plains as well as toward the Hatay district of what is today southern Turkey.
Not Yet Nationals
Authors: Winter Stefan
Published: January 2018

This chapter documents the ʻAlawis' ambivalent relationship with the Syrian Arab, Ottoman/Turkish, and French colonial projects at the threshold of the contemporary era. The first section considers the educational policies of the Abdülhamid regime toward the ʻAlawis, which generated what was probably the most extensive documentation ever in their regard. The second and third sections analyze ongoing control and development measures in the region under both Abdülhamid and the CUP government (1908–14), and show how the ʻAlawis capitalized on the opportunities provided by modern schooling and increasing contact with the outside world to promote a distinctly local, ʻAlawi “reformism.” The final section discusses the contrast between France's separatist, confessionalist policies and Turkey's resolve to incorporate and assimilate the ʻAlawis of Cilicia and the Alexandretta (Hatay) district.
Literature
Authors: Allan Michael
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how discussions of world literature relate to the field of Arabic literature by tracing how the Arabic term adab became literary. It considers how definitions of the literary turn on assertions of how to read, respond, and relate to texts by analyzing literary history, on the one hand, as it intersects with literary theory, on the other, to focus on finite moments in the work of Jurji Zaydan, H. A. R. Gibb, and Edward Said. The chapter shows that this convergence of literature and adab ultimately enables an alternate genealogy of world literature—one based less on the accumulation of texts than on an emergent global discipline. It argues that asking about how adab becomes literary is intertwined with the question of what literature is and with the overlapping of philology and pedagogy it implies.
The Emergence of Globalism
Authors: Rosenboim Or
Published: January 2018

During and after World War II, public intellectuals in Britain and the United States grappled with concerns about the future of democracy, the prospects of liberty, and the decline of the imperial system. Without using the term “globalization,” they identified a shift toward technological, economic, cultural, and political interconnectedness and developed a “globalist” ideology to reflect this new postwar reality. This book examines the competing visions of world order that shaped these debates and led to the development of globalism as a modern political concept. Shedding critical light on this neglected chapter in the history of political thought, the book describes how a transnational network of globalist thinkers emerged from the traumas of war and expatriation in the 1940s and how their ideas drew widely from political philosophy, geopolitics, economics, imperial thought, constitutional law, theology, and philosophy of science. The book presents compelling portraits of Raymond Aron, Owen Lattimore, Lionel Robbins, Barbara Wootton, Friedrich Hayek, Lionel Curtis, Richard McKeon, Michael Polanyi, Lewis Mumford, Jacques Maritain, Reinhold Niebuhr, H. G. Wells, and others. It shows how the globalist debate they embarked on sought to balance the tensions between a growing recognition of pluralism on the one hand and an appreciation of the unity of humankind on the other.
The Flood Year 1927
Authors: Parrish Susan Scott
Published: January 2018

The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, which covered nearly thirty thousand square miles across seven states, was the most destructive river flood in U.S. history. Due to the speed of new media and the slow progress of the flood, this was the first environmental disaster to be experienced on a mass scale. As it moved from north to south down an environmentally and technologically altered valley, inundating plantations and displacing more than half a million people, the flood provoked an intense and lasting cultural response. This book shows how the event took on public meanings. Americans at first seemed united in what Herbert Hoover called a “great relief machine,” but deep rifts soon arose. Southerners, pointing to faulty federal levee design, decried the attack of Yankee water. The condition of African American evacuees in “concentration camps” prompted pundits like W. E. B. Du Bois and Ida B. Wells to warn of the return of slavery to Dixie. And environmentalists like Gifford Pinchot called the flood “the most colossal blunder in civilized history.” This book examines how these and other key figures shaped public awareness and collective memory of the event. The crises of this period that usually dominate historical accounts are war and financial collapse, this book enables us to assess how mediated environmental disasters became central to modern consciousness.
Addressing William Pitt (1794)
Authors: Fontana Biancamaria
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates how, for Staël, the anticipation of a new state of affairs in Paris was not just a matter of general interest but carried immediate consequences for her own future plans and prospects. During her exile she had occasionally imagined herself beginning a new life elsewhere: in England with Narbonne; in Germany or Denmark with her new lover, Adolphe Ribbing; or even in America, where Necker had acquired some landed property. However, her real ambitions remained firmly focused upon the chances of returning to Paris and to the heart of French politics. Characteristically, while it was far from clear on what terms this return might be possible, she anticipated events, making a symbolic comeback with the timely publication of a provocative work.
Condemned to Celebrity
Authors: Fontana Biancamaria
Published: January 2018

This chapter talks about how Staël used the time of her exile to complete the book she had begun after her flight from Paris in September 1792—a study of the influence of passions on individual and collective happiness. Following what seems a recurrent pattern in her life, frustration over some immediate practical object led her to invest in some more durable intellectual project. Unlike the pamphlets she had published during the Revolution, Of the Influence of Passions was conceived as a philosophical work, rather than as an occasional intervention in the political debate—though in the end the content of the text was probably closer to contemporary political issues than the writer had originally intended.
The Republic in Theory and Practice (1797–99)
Authors: Fontana Biancamaria
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how Staël combined a series of observations on the immediate situation of France with more theoretical considerations, in this case a reformulation of the theory of representative government. This tendency to combine a theoretical perspective with pressing practical considerations is typical of Staël's writings about politics: it is precisely the fluctuation between these two registers that gives her prose its distinctively breathless, uneven pace, alternating passages of terse analysis with urgent perorations. For Staël, the most difficult problem created by the Revolution was how to bridge the gap between a set of abstract notions and their application, between the demand for individual rights and popular sovereignty, and the means by which this demand might be converted into viable political institutions.
Royal, Aristocratic, and Ecclesiastical Culture
Authors: Bagge Sverre
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines four themes that raise the question of the connection between cultural development and social change in the Scandinavian kingdoms: religious versus secular literature, the social importance of Christianity, the writing of history, and the formation of a courtly culture from the mid-thirteenth century onwards. In particular, it considers the extent to which cultural and literary expressions of these social changes were actively used to promote the interests of the monarchy, the Church, and the aristocracy. The chapter first discusses the role of the Church as the main institution of learning in Scandinavia and in the rest of Europe before assessing the extent to which Christianity penetrated Scandinavian society at levels below the clerical elite. It then turns to a charismatic figure, St. Birgitta of Vadstena in Sweden, and historical writing as a literary genre in medieval Scandinavia. Finally, it provides an overview of courtly culture in Scandinavia.
Scandinavian State Formation 900–1537: Break and Continuity
Authors: Bagge Sverre
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter discusses the process of state formation in the three Scandinavian kingdoms between 900 and 1537. It shows that the Scandinavian political units formed by the end of the sixteenth century were remarkably stable over the course of the following centuries despite a series of internal and external conflicts. Petty principalities formed within one kingdom as the result of dynastic divisions (or through other causes) did not develop into independent kingdoms, but either returned to their original units or remained in some kind of feudal subordination. The dynastic unions from 1319 onwards had their origin in the ambitions of the kings, together with marriage patterns and rules of succession introduced during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Sweden ceded from the union in the 1520s, quickly reestablishing its old borders with Denmark and Norway.
Introduction
Authors: Bhabha Jacqueline
Published: January 2018

This book examines the complexity of child migration, focusing on three nonmutually exclusive migration groups that pose dilemmas for child migrants, their families, and their advocates, as well as for policy and decision makers: family-related migration (comprising family reunion, family-related deportation, and intercountry adoption); exploitation-related migration (including child trafficking and recruitment related to armed conflict); and survival-related migration (covering refugee- and asylum-driven migration, and economic migration). Piecing together the diverse strands of policy development, law enactment, and institutional implementation, the book shows from the lens of child migration how human rights principles can move from theory to practice. It explores child migration for family reunion and considers a significant aspect of child migration—that primarily driven by the search for survival, opportunity, and a viable life. The book argues that child migrants need to be viewed as agents whose aspirations are relevant to institutional decision making.
Under the Gun: Moving Children for War
Authors: Bhabha Jacqueline
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the transport and exploitation of child labor in situations of armed conflict. It first considers some of the main reasons why children are recruited and used in armed conflicts before discussing the process of bringing children within the scope of international criminal law as part of efforts to prosecute political leaders and senior military figures responsible for war crimes. In particular, it looks at the Special Court for Sierra Leone and describes its conviction of war criminals for the recruitment of child soldiers as an important human rights milestone. It then explores the human rights entitlements of former child soldiers and how transitional justice is implemented through the DDR (disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration) process, along with its shortcomings. The chapter concludes with an overview of enforcement of long-term social and economic rights of former child soldiers after the conflict.
Demanding Rights and a Future: Adolescents on the Move for a Better Life
Authors: Bhabha Jacqueline
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the entitlements that child migrants have as a matter of international and domestic law, along with the reality behind these entitlements. It first explains how access to fundamental rights protection for young people without a government remains elusive before discussing how rightlessness impinges on the material and psychological well-being of adolescent migrants. It then considers two issues that complicate the enforcement of adolescent migrant rights: the relative importance of family unity as a factor in assessing the best interests of children, and the relevance of socioeconomic rights, including access to employment opportunities, in assessing an adolescent's best interests. It also explores the political pronouncements and practical realities regarding the rights of undocumented migrant adolescents and concludes with an assessment of how some states have interpreted their obligations to provide two important sets of human rights for migrant adolescents: access to education and right to health care.
Government With, Not Versus, the Market
Authors: Colander David , Kupers Roland
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that the duality of market versus government is a product of the standard economic policy frame itself. That duality disappears in the complexity frame—but inevitably other contrasts appear. Within a complexity frame, both the more active top-down “government” solution and the less active bottom-up “market” solution are seen as having evolved from the bottom up. Within this frame, the policy solution is an element of the system, not outside it. Thus, if the solution includes direct government involvement, it is as “natural” a solution as one with less government. More government control simply reflects a more primitive bottom-up choice of society. The policies incarnate in that choice may well ossify and become a locked-in way of governing, but they do not exist outside of society. The existing government is simply a bottom-up solution to previous problems.
How Economics Lost the Complexity Vision
Authors: Colander David , Kupers Roland
Published: January 2018

This chapter tells the story of how in economists’ struggle to develop a model that captures the essential aspects of the economy, the way in which policy is framed to the general public got screwed up. What do we mean by screwed up? We mean the way the general public is led to believe that when economists support a certain policy, that support is based on their scientific knowledge and theory. This becomes a problem since economists often come to diametrically opposing policy views; some support market fundamentalism and others support government intervention. If their arguments come directly from the same scientific theory, both can’t be right. The answer to this puzzle is that economists’ policy views don’t come from scientific theory but from different interpretations and assumptions of the same scientific theory.
A New Kind of Complexity Economics?
Authors: Colander David , Kupers Roland
Published: January 2018

This chapter begins with a background on the founding of the Santa Fe Institute in 1986 by a number of eminent scientists, such as physicists Murray Gell Mann and David Pines and chemist George Cowan. What connected these scholars from different fields was that they all shared a belief that standard methods in science did not provide a useful way of analyzing, and hence understanding, systems that are highly nonlinear, and which exhibit significant micro-level interdependencies. The chapter then discusses the first Santa Fe workshop was to be in economics held in 1986; why complexity was such a hard sell to economists; Brian Arthur’s complexity vision of the economy; the death of neoclassical economics; the changing face of modern economics; and the rise of game theory as the core analytic tool used by economists to analyze issues.
The Economics of Influence
Authors: Colander David , Kupers Roland
Published: January 2018

The complexity frame leads to a number of changes in the way we think of economic policy. This chapter considers norms policy because it is expected to be the most controversial. It argues that, as part of its economic policy, a society should have a norms policy through which institutions are developed to better allow people to express their collective choice about what norms and tastes should be encouraged and discouraged by society, and that such a policy should be integrated into the institutional structure of society. The essential trick is to design such policies so that they allow norms to emerge from the bottom up and not impose them from the top down. That is difficult and complicated to do.
Getting the Ecostructure of Social Science Education Right
Authors: Colander David , Kupers Roland
Published: January 2018

Social policy is, in large part, shaped not in the halls of Congress but in the classrooms around the country where policymakers, academics, and the general public receive their training, and where they have embedded in them the policy frame they use. However, a large separation of humanist and science training has created a standard policy frame that has lost the heart of the humanist. To offset that separation, social scientists with humanist tendencies need more mathematical training, while social scientists with more scientific tendencies need more humanist training. Complexity theory is starting to bring the two back together. By embracing the use of high-level mathematics to analyze issues that are excluded in the standard frame, it reintegrates humanist cultural and social issues back into the policy frame. This chapter reflects on how the education of policy makers might evolve to include the complexity policy frame in its considerations.
Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Dawisha Adeed , Dawisha Adeed
Published: January 2018

Like a great dynasty that falls to ruin and is eventually remembered more for its faults than its feats, Arab nationalism is remembered mostly for its humiliating rout in the 1967 Six Day War, for inter-Arab divisions, and for words and actions distinguished by their meagerness; but people tend to forget the majesty that Arab nationalism once was. This book brings this majesty to life through a sweeping historical account of its dramatic rise and fall. The book argues that Arab nationalism—inspired by nineteenth-century German Romantic nationalism—really took root after World War I and not in the nineteenth century, as many believe, and that it blossomed only in the 1950s and 1960s under the charismatic leadership of Egypt’s Gamal ‘Abd al-Nasir. The book traces the ideology’s passage from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire through its triumphant ascendancy in the late 1950s with the unity of Egypt and Syria and with the nationalist revolution of Iraq, to the mortal blow it received in the 1967 Arab defeat by Israel, and its eventual eclipse. The book criticizes the common failure to distinguish between the broader, cultural phenomenon of “Arabism” and the political, secular desire for a united Arab state that defined Arab nationalism. In recent decades, competitive ideologies—not least, Islamic militancy—have inexorably supplanted the latter, the book contends.
Sati‘ al-Husri’s Theory of Arab Nationalism
Authors: Dawisha Adeed
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses Sati‘ al-Husri’s theory of Arab nationalism. In the development of the concept of Arab nationalism, there is little doubt that Husri—both as a thinker and educator—takes pride of place. Like other twentieth-century nationalisms, Arab nationalism, as formulated by Husri, was based on the intellectual tenets of European ideas on the subject. This statement, admittedly, would have been assailed mercilessly by Arab nationalists during the peak of the Arab nationalist movement in the 1950s and 1960s. These nationalists held jealously to the notion that their nationalism was intellectually “authentic.” By the end of the century, however, few would contest the statement’s historical validity. Indeed, with the decline of Arab nationalism and the resurgence of Islamic fundamentalism, nationalism was being increasingly depicted unkindly as one of the failed imported Western solutions.
1967 and After: The Twilight of Arab Nationalism
Authors: Dawisha Adeed
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Arab nationalism after the Six Day War of June 1967, which was a seminal event in Arab contemporary history. What the Six Day War did was to irretrievably rob Arab nationalism of the crucial element of unification. While Arabs—in whatever state they lived—continued to recognize their membership in the cultural space called “the Arab world,” a recognition shared by rulers and subjects alike, they no longer truly believed in the viability of organic political unity. The Six Day War had also cost Egypt dearly in life and material. Moreover, beyond these horrendous losses, the war was responsible for many domestic and economic maladies.