bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metal–organic framework-derived trimetallic oxides with dual sensing functions for ethanol
Authors: Huang Xin-Yu , Kang Ya-Ru , Yan Shu , Elmarakbi Ahmed , Fu Yong-Qing , Xie Wan-Feng
Published: April 2023

Metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived metal oxide semiconductors have recently received extensive attention in gas sensing applications due to their high porosity and three-dimensional architecture.
Design, synthesis, anticancer evaluation, and in silico ADMET analysis of novel thalidomide analogs as promising immunomodulatory agents
Authors: Kotb Anas Ramadan , Abdallah Abdallah E. , Elkady Hazem , Eissa Ibrahim H. , Taghour Mohammed S. , Bakhotmah Dina Abed , Abdelghany Tamer M. , El-Zahabi Mohamed Ayman
Published: April 2023

Novel thalidomide analogs as anticancer immunomodulatory agents.
Novel asymmetrical azines appending 1,3,4-thiadiazole sulfonamide: synthesis, molecular structure analyses, in silico ADME, and cytotoxic effect
Authors: Bondock Samir , Albarqi Tallah , Shaaban Ibrahim A. , Abdou Moaz M.
Published: April 2023

Toward finding potential and novel anticancer agents, we designed and prepared novel differently substituted unsymmetrical azine-modified thiadiazole sulfonamide derivatives using the “combi-targeting approach”.
Electrodeposition and characterization of Sn on Re filaments for laser resonance ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Jiangfan , Fan Jinlong , Wang Wenliang , Zhang Xiangbo , Feng Lei , Zhai Xiufang , Shen Xiaopan , Li Zhiming
Published: April 2023

An atomic source of 1 μg Sn was prepared by electrodeposition on 3 × 0.7 mm Re filament for LRIMS test. The average detection efficiency was almost 10 times higher than that after dropping the sample with graphene oxide.
Living ring-opening polymerization of β-butyrolactone initiated by mononuclear zirconium compounds containing sterically hinderedN,O-chelate and anionic dimethylamide ligands
Authors: Jiang Jianwei , Choi Jihyun , Yoon Sungho
Published: April 2023

The ring-opening polymerization of β-lactones into polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), biodegradable polymers with high molecular weight and narrow polydispersity, is of significant interest.
Structures and electric properties of PANI/polymorphic-ZrO2 composites
Authors: Munaji  , Zainuri Mochamad , Triwikantoro
Published: April 2023

A polyaniline/zirconia (PANI/ZrO2) composite has been successfully synthesized using an in situ method with HCl used as a doping agent, SDBS as a surfactant and APS as an oxidant.
Yellow emissive nitrogen-doped carbon dots as a fluorescence probe for the sensitive and selective detection of silver ions
Authors: Hou Juan , Gao Xu , Bao Siqi , Liu Shuqi , Yang Guang
Published: April 2023

This work reveals a sensitive and selective detection method for Ag+ using yellow emissive nitrogen-doped carbon dots.
Formation and fine-tuning of metal–organic frameworks with carboxylic pincers for the recognition of a C2H2 tetramer and highly selective separation of C2H2/C2H4
Authors: Duan Yuefeng , Huang Yuhang , Wang Chongqing , Wang Qian , Ge Kai , Lu Zhiyong , Wang Huijie , Duan Jingui , Bai Junfeng , Jin Wanqin
Published: April 2023

A new family of 6-c MOFs with carboxylic pincers has been finely tuned and NTU-72 shows a high C2H2/C2H4 selectivity and unprecedented recovery of both pure C2H4 and C2H2, because of the recognition of a C2H2 tetramer by carboxylic pincers.
Hydrogen bond regulating in hydrogel electrolytes for enhancing the antifreeze ability of a flexible zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor
Authors: Bao Yueyue , Han Lu , Peng Wenwu , Yang Zhongli , Yang Jiaqi , Ji Zhengxiao , Xu Min , Pan Likun
Published: April 2023

A polyvinyl alcohol/cellulose nanofibers/dimethyl sulfoxide hydrogel electrolyte with superior freezing tolerance was fabricated and applied in zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors.
Mo-modified electronic effect on sub-2 nm Ru catalyst for enhancing hydrogen oxidation catalysis
Authors: Ma Min , Chen Chaofan , Zhang Xibo , Zhao Hongsheng , Wang Qiuxiang , Du Guifen , Xie Zhaoxiong , Kuang Qin
Published: April 2023

Ultrafine RuMo particles on N, P co-doped hollow carbon functioned as a superior HOR electrocatalyst. Impressively, this catalyst exhibits a greatly enhanced mass activity and stability owing to the tuned d band structure of Ru.
Evaluation of electrospun spinel-type high-entropy (Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)3O4, (Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Zn0.2)3O4 and (Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)3O4 oxide nanofibers as electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution in alkaline medium
Authors: Triolo Claudia , Schweidler Simon , Lin Ling , Pagot Gioele , Di Noto Vito , Breitung Ben , Santangelo Saveria
Published: April 2023

Oxygen vacancy-rich high-entropy (Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)3O4 oxide nanofibres with granular structure are good candidates for the preparation of electrocatalytic inks.
Optimal energy management of CHP‐based microgrid examining different types of district heating networks
Authors: Ahmadi Pourya , Rastegar Hasan
Published: April 2023

Heat recovery by combined heat and power (CHP) systems to provide heat load reduces the cost of microgrid (MG) energy management. However, heat transfer from CHP systems to consumers is limited due to the heat loss of pipelines. The amount of heat loss varies depending on pipeline material and environmental characteristics. Here, a day‐ahead energy management of CHP‐based microgrid, including various types of CHP systems to supply electrical and thermal loads, is performed. In this regard, the accurate model of heat transfer losses (HTL) through pipelines in the energy management problem is considered. Moreover, the optimal scheduling of different types of MGs in terms of HTL specifications is compared with each other. Evaluating the simulation results, it is inferred that accurate modeling of HTL in the energy management problem has a significant impact on the optimal scheduling and operation cost of MG. To solve the optimization problem, a new enhanced imperialist competitive algorithm (E‐ICA) is examined and validated. The E‐ICA method improves the efficiency of the classical ICA method to prevent getting stuck in local optimums by enhancing exploration and exploitation. The results of the energy management problem show E‐ICA superiority compared to other evolutionary algorithms.
Friction force determination between the inclined piles of the cotton gin drum from small impurities and seed of the fiber
Authors: Novruzov Sobirjon , Djuraev Anvar , Abbazov Ilkhom , Sharopov Bobir , Toshpulatov Nusratillo , Aripov Khayrullakhan
Published: April 2023

Comprehensive measures are being implemented in our republic to develop cotton and textile clusters, modernize and re-equip cotton ginning enterprises, increase the profitability of production and primary processing of raw materials, and at the same time increase the competitiveness of products. One of the important issues is to provide cleaning equipment with cotton uninterruptedly and taking into account the heat and humidity regime, that is, the creation of an effective technology for preparing cotton for the cleaning process. Based on the experience of Jaxon, large-scale research and development work is being carried out to improve the technique and technology of primary processing of cotton. In this area, among other things, it is important to create an effective technology for cleaning cotton from impurities, optimizing the moisture-thermal parameters when cleaning cotton, creating resource-saving efficient designs of suppliers, optimizing modes and performance indicators. In this article, a formula is obtained for determining the friction force created by seeding the fiber on the surface of the pile, installed obliquely on the surface of the cleaning drum from small impurities. Based on the analysis of the connection graphs, built on the basis of a numerical solution, the recommended values of the parameters of the pile drum were determined.
Imaging of Anatomical Variants Around the Wrist and Hand
Authors: Zaottini Federico , Picasso Riccardo , Pistoia Federico , Pansecchi Michelle , Tovt Luca , Macciò Marta , Sanguinetti Sara , Martinoli Carlo
Published: April 2023

Wrist and hand anatomy may present several clinically relevant variants that involve bones, muscles, tendons, and nerves. Thorough knowledge of these abnormalities and their appearance in imaging studies is useful for proper management. In particular, it is necessary to differentiate the incidental findings that do not represent a trigger for a specific syndrome from those anomalies causing symptoms and functional impairment. This review reports the most common anatomical variants encountered in clinical practice and briefly discusses their embryogenesis, related clinical syndrome if present, and their appearance using different imaging techniques. The information each diagnostic study (ultrasonography, radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) may provide is described for each condition.
Imaging of Anatomical Variants of the Lower Limb Nerves: Clinical and Preoperative Relevance
Authors: Honold Sarah , Honis Hanne-Rose , Gruber Hannes , Konschake Marko , Moriggl Bernhard , Loizides Alexander
Published: April 2023

Anatomical variants of peripheral nerves of the lower limb are relatively frequent and vulnerable to injury if not considered by the surgeon. Surgical procedures or percutaneous injections are often performed without knowing the anatomical situation. In a patient with normal anatomy, these procedures are mostly performed smoothly without major nerve complications. But in the case of anatomical variants, surgery may be challenging as “new” anatomical prerequisites complicate the procedure. In this context, high-resolution ultrasonography as the first-line imaging modality to depict peripheral nerves, has become a helpful adjunct in the preoperative setting. It is crucial, on the one hand, to gain knowledge of anatomical nerve variants and, on the other hand, to depict the anatomical situation preoperatively, to minimize the risk of surgical trauma to a nerve and make surgeries safer.
Imaging of Tendinous and Muscular Anatomical Variants Around the Ankle
Authors: Tomažin Tjaša , Plut Domen , Snoj Žiga
Published: April 2023

Tendinous and muscular anatomical variants around the ankle are usually an unexpected finding on imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging offers the best visualization of the accessory muscles; however, they can also be detected on radiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography. Their accurate identification facilitates appropriate management of the rare symptomatic cases, mostly caused by accessory muscles in the posteromedial compartment. Symptomatic patients present with chronic ankle pain, most commonly as tarsal tunnel syndrome. The most frequently observed accessory muscle around the ankle is the peroneus tertius muscle, an accessory muscle in the anterior compartment. The tibiocalcaneus internus and peroneocalcaneus internus are uncommon; anterior fibulocalcaneus is rarely mentioned. We describe the anatomy of the accessory muscles with their anatomical relations accompanied by schematic drawings and radiologic images from clinical practice.
Ramadan Fasting and Diabetes (2022): The Year in Review
Authors: Hafidh Khadija , Besheya Tawfik A. , Elmehdawi Rafik , Beshyah Salem A.
Published: April 2023

Objectives The literature on the impact of Ramadan fasting (RF) on metabolic control and health in people with diabetes is widely spread in many journals making it not readily accessible to those interested in the subject. We aimed to provide a narrative overview of the global literature production in 1 year (2022) on diabetes and RF.

Materials and Methods It is a narrative, non-systematic review of the international literature from a single major medical online database (i.e., PubMed) in one calendar year (2022). Relevant literature was narrated in a concise thematic account.

Results Themes emerged from the review of the literature on RF published in 2022, including a couple of studies on the epidemiology of fasting in the real world by adults and children. Three studies involved some pathophysiological observations of metabolic and other biochemical markers. Several studies assessed the use and safety of different pharmacological therapeutic agents. Certain sulfonylureas, such as modified-release gliclazide, were considered safer than other sulfonylureas. Newer basal insulin analogs were studied in different geographical and socioeconomic settings (Gulf vs. South East Asia). The role of diabetes technology in Ramadan was the focus of several studies of insulin pumps and monitoring. Special themes were high-risk groups, pregnancy, acute complications, postbariatric surgery, and COVID-19 in Ramadan. Few studies examined the safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors as a class and individually during RF. Professional and patient perspectives released in 2022 included updated guidelines for adults and adolescents.

Conclusion In 2022's medical literature, RF and diabetes continue to address epidemiology, the burden of diabetes care on fasting patients, and discussions of concerns of patients and healthcare professionals. Risk stratification and issues of high-risk patients are still in focus for children, adolescents, and adults. Approaches to effective management still gather evidence for newer pharmacological agents and diabetes technology.
The general structure of the decoherence-free subalgebra for uniformly continuous quantum Markov semigroups
Authors: Sasso Emanuela , Umanità Veronica
Published: April 2023

By using the decomposition of the decoherence-free subalgebra N(T) in direct integrals of factors, we obtain a structure theorem for every uniformly continuous quantum Markov semigroup. Moreover, we prove that when there exists a faithful normal invariant state, N(T) has to be atomic and decoherence takes place.
Programming of channels in generalized probabilistic theories
Authors: Miyadera Takayuki , Takakura Ryo
Published: April 2023

For a given target system and apparatus described by quantum theory, the so-called quantum no-programming theorem indicates that a family of states called programs in the apparatus with a fixed unitary operation on total system programs distinct unitary dynamics to the target system only if the initial programs are orthogonal to each other. The current study aims at revealing whether a similar behavior can be observed in generalized probabilistic theories (GPTs). Generalizing the programming scheme to GPTs, we derive a similar theorem to the quantum no-programming theorem. We, furthermore, demonstrate that programming of reversible dynamics is closely related to a curious structure named a quasi-classical structure on the state space. Programming of irreversible dynamics, i.e., channels, in GPTs is also investigated.
A solution method of slowing-down distribution of energetic particles in tokamaks
Authors: Dai Yongzhi , Cao Jinjia , Xiang Dong , Yang Junhui
Published: April 2023

The eigen equation of pitch-angle distribution derived from the slowing-down distribution equation with an energetic particle source term is solved by using the Legendre series expansion method. An iteration matrix is established when pitch-angle scattering terms become important. The whole pitch-angle region is separated into three parts, two passing regions, and one trapped area. The slowing-down distribution for each region is finally obtained. The method is applied to solve the slowing-down equations with source terms that the pitch-angle distribution is Maxwellian-like, neutral beam injection, and radial drifts. The distribution functions are convergent for each source with different pitch-angle distribution. The method is suitable for solving a kinetic equation that pitch-angle scattering collision is important.
Topological-numerical analysis of a two-dimensional discrete neuron model
Authors: Pilarczyk Paweł , Signerska-Rynkowska Justyna , Graff Grzegorz
Published: April 2023

We conduct computer-assisted analysis of a two-dimensional model of a neuron introduced by Chialvo in 1995 [Chaos, Solitons Fractals 5, 461–479]. We apply the method of rigorous analysis of global dynamics based on a set-oriented topological approach, introduced by Arai et al. in 2009 [SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst. 8, 757–789] and improved and expanded afterward. Additionally, we introduce a new algorithm to analyze the return times inside a chain recurrent set. Based on this analysis, together with the information on the size of the chain recurrent set, we develop a new method that allows one to determine subsets of parameters for which chaotic dynamics may appear. This approach can be applied to a variety of dynamical systems, and we discuss some of its practical aspects.
Langmuir probe measurements of the secondary electron population across the cathodic pre-sheath of a DC argon discharge
Authors: Ranson Nicholas , Bowden-Reid Richard , Khachan Joe , Claire Nicolas
Published: April 2023

Cylindrical Langmuir probe measurements in a low-pressure DC argon discharge are used to obtain the spatial evolution of ion, cold and hot electron parameters across the cathodic pre-sheath. The cathodic pre-sheath is formed by a stainless steel plate allowed to float negatively with respect to the plasma. The velocity distribution function of the hot electron population in the pre-sheath is shown to be matched by a drifting Maxwellian that thermalizes across it. The source of the hot electron population is hypothesized to arise from secondary electron emission from the plate. A Bayesian estimation routine is proposed to compare and validate different Langmuir probe models as well as calculating the relative uncertainty between models. The results are analyzed using existing pre-sheath theory for which experimental evidence of the spatial influence of energetic electrons is lacking. The data are shown to follow Riemann's pre-sheath model that the ion-neutral mean free path λ i is proportional to the pre-sheath characteristic length l, and that the potential drop ϕ ( x ) with distance x from the sheath/pre-sheath boundary x0 follows ϕ ( x ) ∝ ( x 0 − x ) / l.
Interpretable polynomial neural ordinary differential equations
Authors: Fronk Colby , Petzold Linda
Published: April 2023

Neural networks have the ability to serve as universal function approximators, but they are not interpretable and do not generalize well outside of their training region. Both of these issues are problematic when trying to apply standard neural ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to dynamical systems. We introduce the polynomial neural ODE, which is a deep polynomial neural network inside of the neural ODE framework. We demonstrate the capability of polynomial neural ODEs to predict outside of the training region, as well as to perform direct symbolic regression without using additional tools such as SINDy.
A resonant inertial impact rotary piezoelectric motor based on a self-clamping structure
Authors: He Liangguo , Wan Zhikai , Li Kun , Wang Yong , Li Xinyu , Ge Xinfang , Dou Haotian , Shan Zengxiang , Yue Xukang , Qian An
Published: April 2023

A resonant inertial impact rotary piezoelectric motor based on a self-clamping structure is designed, assembled, and tested. The designed piezoelectric motor mainly includes a rotor (two vibrators, preload mechanism, and intermediate connection mechanism), a clamping mechanism, and another auxiliary mechanism. The piezoelectric ceramic sheet on the rotor drives the vibrator to swing under the excitation of a single harmonic wave. Because there is a clamping mechanism formed by the combination of clamp baffle and fixed clamp ring, thus the half-cycle resonant rotation of the rotor can be effectively completed, and repeated harmonic excitation can realize the unidirectional continuous rotation and swing of the rotor. The whole excitation process of the motor is in a resonance state, which has significant advantages, such as low friction and simple structure, compared with the traditional quasi-static piezoelectric motor. The structure of the piezoelectric motor is designed and analyzed using COMSOL5.5 software and then the motor performance is tested and analyzed by building an experimental platform to verify the feasibility of the motor design. The final experimental results show that the optimal working frequency of the piezoelectric motor is 150 Hz, which is consistent with the characteristic frequency of the simulation. When the motor prototype is under the conditions of optimal operating frequency 150 Hz, voltage 240 Vp-p, and preload torque 7.8 N.mm, the maximum angular speed can reach 2.4 rad/s, the maximum load can reach 27.8 N mm and the maximum resolution of the movement angle can reach 0.941°.
Nanosecond pulse breakdown in noble gases
Authors: Bokhan P. A. , Gugin P. P. , Lavrukhin M. A. , Glubokov N. , Zakrevsky D. E.
Published: April 2023

The results of the investigation of the breakdown characteristics of the planar “open” discharge and open discharge with the generation of counter-propagating electron beams under excitation by pulses with nanosecond rise fronts are presented. The amplitude parameters of current and voltage and temporal characteristics of breakdown in helium, neon, and argon were measured. It is demonstrated that the breakdown in the open discharge is characterized by considerably larger electric field strengths at the same development delays as in the avalanche discharge. A similarity criterion based on the photoemission mechanism of electron generation, according to which the discharge development delay is inversely proportional to the squared working gas pressure, is obtained.
3D simulation of lower-hybrid drift waves in strong guide field asymmetric reconnection in laboratory experiments
Authors: Ng J. , Yoo J. , Chen L.-J. , Bessho N. , Ji H.
Published: April 2023

The magnetic reconnection experiment has recently seen short wavelength ( k ρ e ∼ 1) lower-hybrid waves near the electron diffusion region in strong guide field reconnection. Based on plasma parameters from the experiment, we perform a three-dimensional fully kinetic simulation in order to investigate the generation of the lower-hybrid waves and their effects on the reconnection process. We find that the low-beta regions around the reconnection site are unstable to the lower-hybrid drift instability propagating in the outflow direction, driven by the difference between the electron and ion outflows. The waves modify the electron distributions, leading to periodic opening and closing of gaps in electron velocity space, and provide a small contribution to the anomalous resistivity. Finally, the simulation results are discussed in the context of space observations and laboratory experiments.
Dynamical analysis of monkeypox transmission incorporating optimal vaccination and treatment with cost-effectiveness
Authors: Majee Suvankar , Jana Soovoojeet , Kar T. K.
Published: April 2023

The ongoing monkeypox outbreak that began in the UK has currently spread to every continent. Here, we use ordinary differential equations to build a nine-compartmental mathematical model to examine the dynamics of monkeypox transmission. The basic reproduction number for both humans ( R 0 h) and animals ( R 0 a) is obtained using the next-generation matrix technique. Depending on the values of R 0 h and R 0 a, we discovered that there are three equilibria. The current study also looks at the stability of all equilibria. We discovered that the model experiences transcritical bifurcation at R 0 a = 1 for any value of R 0 h and at R 0 h = 1 for R 0 a < 1. This is the first study that, to the best of our knowledge, has constructed and solved an optimal monkeypox control strategy while taking vaccination and treatment controls into consideration. The infected averted ratio and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio were calculated to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of all viable control methods. Using the sensitivity index technique, the parameters used in the formulation of R 0 h and R 0 a are scaled.
Elastic stability criteria of seven crystal systems and their application under pressure: Taking carbon as an example
Authors: Gao Juan , Liu Qi-Jun , Tang Bin
Published: April 2023

Elastic stability criteria are widely employed to prove the being of the lattice. Sin'ko and Smirnov have reported the applicable criteria under isotropic pressure and given the equations between the elastic constants C ~ i j and C i j under pressure. On this basis, the closed forms of necessary and sufficient conditions for elastic stability in all crystal classes have been presented, which are popular in normal pressure. However, the forms of elastic stability criteria under pressure are still fragmented in various literature studies. Carbon is an element with a rich variety of allotropes, and because of its excellent mechanical and electronic properties, it gains enduring and intense attention, while its phase diagram is poorly known. In order to systematically study the response of various carbon stabilities to pressure and offer some valuable insights into experimental exploration, we derive the total forms of mechanical stability criteria under isotropic pressure and calculate the mechanical stability of 46 carbon allotropes involving seven crystal systems under pressure.
Design and verification of a high-gradient and high-power 2nd harmonic cavity for the China Spallation Neutron Source upgrade project
Authors: Wu Bin , Li Xiao , Zhang Chunlin , Liu Yang , Long Wei , Nie XiaoJun , Li Xiang , Wu Jian , Zhu JunYu , Chen ShengYi , Liu Shenghua , Lu Zhijun , Wang Sheng
Published: April 2023

Here, we report our recent progress in the design, fluid thermodynamics simulation, and high-power test of the2nd harmonic cavity for the China Spallation Neutron Source Phase II. A high-performance and large-size magnetic alloy (MA) core was developed as the load material for the radiofrequency cavity to achieve a high gradient of 40 kV/m. The water-cooling structure and cooling efficiency were studied and improved through numerical analysis and thermal experiments. The long-term stability of the cavity, especially the waterproofness of the MA cores with high heat load, was verified by high power tests.
M-plane AlGaN digital alloy for microwire UV-B LEDs
Authors: Valera Lucie , Grenier Vincent , Finot Sylvain , Bougerol Catherine , Eymery Joël , Jacopin Gwénolé , Durand Christophe
Published: April 2023

The growth of non-polar AlGaN digital alloy (DA) is achieved by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy using GaN microwire m-facets as the template. This AlGaN DA consisting of five periods of two monolayer-thick layers of GaN and AlGaN (approximately 50% Al-content) is integrated into the middle of an n-p GaN/AlGaN junction to design core-shell wire-μLED. The optical emission of the active zone investigated by 5 K cathodoluminescence is consistent with the AlGaN bulk alloy behavior. Several contributions from 295 to 310 nm are attributed to the lesser thickness and/or composition fluctuations of AlGaN DA. Single-wire μLED is fabricated using a lithography process, and I–V measurements confirm a diode rectifying behavior. Room temperature UV electroluminescence originating from m-plane AlGaN DA is accomplished at 310 nm.
Moiré engineering in 2D heterostructures with process-induced strain
Authors: Peña Tara , Dey Aditya , Chowdhury Shoieb A. , Azizimanesh Ahmad , Hou Wenhui , Sewaket Arfan , Watson Carla , Askari Hesam , Wu Stephen M.
Published: April 2023

We report deterministic control over a moiré superlattice interference pattern in twisted bilayer graphene by implementing designable device-level heterostrain with process-induced strain engineering, a widely used technique in industrial silicon nanofabrication processes. By depositing stressed thin films onto our twisted bilayer graphene samples, heterostrain magnitude and strain directionality can be controlled by stressor film force (film stress × film thickness) and patterned stressor geometry, respectively. We examine strain and moiré interference with Raman spectroscopy through in-plane and moiré-activated phonon mode shifts. Results support systematic C3 rotational symmetry breaking and tunable periodicity in moiré superlattices under the application of uniaxial or biaxial heterostrain. Experimental results are validated by molecular statics simulations and density functional theory based first principles calculations. This provides a method not only to tune moiré interference without additional twisting but also to allow for a systematic pathway to explore different van der Waals based moiré superlattice symmetries by deterministic design.
Work function lowering of LaB6 by monolayer hexagonal boron nitride coating for improved photo- and thermionic-cathodes
Authors: Yamaguchi Hisato , Yusa Ryunosuke , Wang Gaoxue , Pettes Michael T. , Liu Fangze , Tsuda Yasutaka , Yoshigoe Akitaka , Abukawa Tadashi , Moody Nathan A. , Ogawa Shuichi
Published: April 2023

We report a lowering of work function for lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) by monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) coating. Photoemission electron microcopy (PEEM) and thermionic emission electron microscopy (TEEM) both revealed that the hBN coated region of a LaB6 (100) single crystal has a lower work function compared to the bare (i.e., non-coated) and graphene coated regions. A broad and uniform brighter image of the hBN coated region in PEEM was quantitatively supported by a 0.4 eV decrease in the work function in photoelectron spectra compared to the bare region. TEEM results were consistent in that the hBN coated region exhibited thermionic emission at 905 °C, whereas the bare and graphene coated regions did not. A larger decrease in the work function for hBN coated LaB6 (100) compared to graphene coated LaB6 (100) was qualitatively supported by our density functional theory calculations. Adding an oxide layer in the calculations improved consistency between the calculation and experimental results. We followed up our calculations with synchrotron-radiation x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and confirmed the presence of an oxide layer on our LaB6.
Ultrasound pulse generation through continuous-wave laser excited thermo-cavitation for all-optical ultrasound imaging
Authors: Liu Haojie , Wu Yuhan , Hou Chengtian , Chen Zitao , Shen Bingyan , Luo Zhiwei , Liang Hao , Ma Jun , Guan Bai-Ou
Published: April 2023

The optical generation of pulsed ultrasound is attractive to nondestructive testing and biological imaging, especially for those involving narrow operation space or strong electro-magnetic interference. However, conventional techniques based on the photoacoustic effect inevitably required an expensive high-energy short pulsed laser and dedicated preparation of the optically absorptive composite film. Here, a fiber-optic ultrasound pulse transmitter based on continuous-wave (CW) laser triggered thermo-cavitation was demonstrated. The fiber-delivered CW laser light heated the highly-absorptive copper nitrate solution and generated explosive bubbles , which emitted strong ultrasound waves. Omnidirectional ultrasound pulses with an amplitude up to 0.3 MPa and a repetition rate of 5 kHz in the frequency range of 5–12 MHz were obtained by using a 50 mW optical heating power at a wavelength of 980 nm. The fiber-tip ultrasound transmitter was integrated with a polymer-cavity-based fiber ultrasound detector to construct an all-fiber ultrasound endoscopic imaging probe. Without the need for a wavelength-tunable laser, the ultrasound detector was interrogated by CW laser light with a fixed wavelength, coupled with feedback-controlled heating of the cavity to stabilize its spectral fringe. The CW laser-driven fiber ultrasound transmitter, in combination with the photothermally stabilized fiber ultrasound detector, opens new routes for a number of ultrasound-related industrial and biomedical applications.
Reorganization energy in a polybromide ionic liquid measured by scanning electrochemical cell microscopy
Authors: Kim Moonjoo , Tetteh Emmanuel Batsa , Savan Alan , Xiao Bin , Ludwig Alfred , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Chung Taek Dong
Published: April 2023

Room temperature ionic liquids (RT-ILs) are promising electrolytes for electrocatalysis. Understanding the effects of the electrode–electrolyte interface structure on electrocatalysis in RT-ILs is important. Ultrafast mass transport of redox species in N-methyl-N-ethyl-pyrrolidinium polybromide (MEPBr2n+1) enabled evaluation of the reorganization energy (λ), which reflects the solvation structure in the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP). λ was achieved by fitting the electron transfer rate-limited voltammogram at a Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME) to the Marcus–Hush–Chidsey model for heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics. However, it is time-consuming or even impossible to prepare electrode materials, including alloys of numerous compositions in the form of UME, for each experiment. Herein, we report a method to evaluate the λ of MEPBr2n+1 by scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), which allows high throughput electrochemical measurements using a single electrode with high spatial resolution. Fast mass transport in the nanosized SECCM tip is critical for achieving heterogeneous electron transfer-limited voltammograms. Furthermore, investigating λ on a high-entropy alloy materials library composed of Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir, and Ag suggests a negative correlation between λ and the work function. Given that the potential of zero charge correlates with the work function of electrodes, this can be attributed to the surface-charge sensitive ionic structure in the IHP of MEPBr2n+1, modulating the solvation energy of the redox-active species in the IHP.
Acoustically assisted energy efficient field free spin orbit torque switching of out of plane nanomagnet
Authors: Mishra Pinkesh Kumar , Sravani Meenakshi , Narayana M. V. V. Satya , Bhuktare Swapnil
Published: April 2023

Deterministic spin orbit torque (SOT) magnetization switching of the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy structures requires an external magnetic field, which is unsuitable for on-chip applications. Various approaches are there to debar the external magnetic field requirement. In this work, we use static stress, which can generate a virtual magnetic field via magnetoelastic coupling. We show that this field can be used for deterministic magnetization switching. In our simulations, we use an antiferromagnetic material for generating the SOT and exchange bias field and avail the benefits of the field like torque (FLT). With the exclusion of thermal noise, this reduces the threshold current density from 114 to 36 MA/cm2, thus mitigating the energy dissipation by more than nine times. To study the effect of thermal noise, we simulate 500 trajectories and find out the switching probability. We perform simulations to study the effects of current density, stress, pulse width, and FLT on the switching probability in great details. Our simulation results show that we can get sub-ns switching with a probability of 0.99 requiring only 45.5 fJ of energy dissipation. This can be very attractive for artificial neural network kind of applications.
Phosphorus diffusion and deactivation during SiGe oxidation
Authors: Thornton Chappel S. , Shen Xiao , Tuttle Blair , Li Xuebin , Law Mark E. , Pantelides Sokrates T. , Wang George T. , Jones Kevin S.
Published: April 2023

Dopant profiles near the semiconductor–oxide interface are critical for microelectronic device performance. As the incorporation of Si1−xGex into transistors continues to increase, it is necessary to understand the behavior of dopants in Si1−xGex. In this paper, the diffusion and electrical activation of phosphorus within a strained, single-crystal Si0.7Ge0.3 layer on Si during oxidation are reported. Both layers were uniformly doped, in situ, with an average phosphorus concentration of 4 × 1019 atoms/cm3. After high-temperature oxidation, secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements revealed that the bulk of the phosphorus diffuses out of only the SiGe layer and segregates at the oxidizing SiGe–SiO2 interface. Hall effect measurements corroborate the observed phosphorus loss and show that the phosphorus diffusing to the oxidizing interface is electrically inactive. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it is shown that phosphorus interstitials prefer sites near the SiGe–SiO2 interface. Finally, based on a combination of experimental data and DFT calculations, we propose that the phosphorus atoms are displaced from their lattice sites by Ge interstitials that are generated during SiGe oxidation. The phosphorus atoms then migrate toward the SiGe–SiO2 interface through a novel mechanism of hopping between Ge sites as P–Ge split interstitials. Once they reach the interface, they are electrically inactive, potentially in the form of interstitial clusters or as part of the reconstructed interface or oxide.
The magnitude and pace of photosynthetic recovery after wildfire in California ecosystems
Authors: Hemes Kyle S. , Norlen Carl A. , Wang Jonathan A. , Goulden Michael L. , Field Christopher B.
Published: April 2023

Wildfire modifies the short- and long-term exchange of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, with impacts on ecosystem services such as carbon uptake. Dry western US forests historically experienced low-intensity, frequent fires, with patches across the landscape occupying different points in the fire-recovery trajectory. Contemporary perturbations, such as recent severe fires in California, could shift the historic stand-age distribution and impact the legacy of carbon uptake on the landscape. Here, we combine flux measurements of gross primary production (GPP) and chronosequence analysis using satellite remote sensing to investigate how the last century of fires in California impacted the dynamics of ecosystem carbon uptake on the fire-affected landscape. A GPP recovery trajectory curve of more than five thousand fires in forest ecosystems since 1919 indicated that fire reduced GPP by

157.4

±

7.3

g C m

−
2

y

−
1

(

mean

±

SE,
 
n
=
1926

) in the first year after fire, with average recovery to prefire conditions after

∼
12

y. The largest fires in forested ecosystems reduced GPP by

393.8

±

15.7

g C m

−
2

y

−
1

(
n
= 401) and took more than two decades to recover. Recent increases in fire severity and recovery time have led to nearly

9.9

±

3.5

MMT CO

2

(3-y rolling mean) in cumulative forgone carbon uptake due to the legacy of fires on the landscape, complicating the challenge of maintaining California’s natural and working lands as a net carbon sink. Understanding these changes is paramount to weighing the costs and benefits associated with fuels management and ecosystem management for climate change mitigation.
Neuronal activity regulates Matrin 3 abundance and function in a calcium-dependent manner through calpain-mediated cleavage and calmodulin binding
Authors: Malik Ahmed M. , Wu Josephine J. , Gillies Christie A. , Doctrove Quinlan A. , Li Xingli , Huang Haoran , Tank Elizabeth H. M. , Shakkottai Vikram G. , Barmada Sami
Published: April 2023

RNA-binding protein (RBP) dysfunction is a fundamental hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and related neuromuscular disorders. Abnormal neuronal excitability is also a conserved feature in ALS patients and disease models, yet little is known about how activity-dependent processes regulate RBP levels and functions. Mutations in the gene encoding the RBP Matrin 3 (MATR3) cause familial disease, and MATR3 pathology has also been observed in sporadic ALS, suggesting a key role for MATR3 in disease pathogenesis. Here, we show that glutamatergic activity drives MATR3 degradation through an NMDA receptor-, Ca
2+
-, and calpain-dependent mechanism. The most common pathogenic
MATR3
mutation renders it resistant to calpain degradation, suggesting a link between activity-dependent MATR3 regulation and disease. We also demonstrate that Ca
2+
regulates MATR3 through a nondegradative process involving the binding of Ca
2+
/calmodulin to MATR3 and inhibition of its RNA-binding ability. These findings indicate that neuronal activity impacts both the abundance and function of MATR3, underscoring the effect of activity on RBPs and providing a foundation for further study of Ca
2+
-coupled regulation of RBPs implicated in ALS and related neurological diseases.
HD-ZIP III-dependent local promotion of brassinosteroid synthesis suppresses vascular cell division in Arabidopsis root apical meristem
Authors: Ohashi-Ito Kyoko , Iwamoto Kuninori , Yamagami Ayumi , Nakano Takeshi , Fukuda Hiroo
Published: April 2023

Spatiotemporal control of cell division in the meristem is vital for plant growth. In the stele of the root apical meristem (RAM), procambial cells divide periclinally to increase the number of vascular cell files. Class III homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP III) proteins are key transcriptional regulators of RAM development and suppress the periclinal division of vascular cells in the stele; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of vascular cell division by HD-ZIP III transcription factors (TFs) remains largely unknown. Here, we performed transcriptome analysis to identify downstream genes of HD-ZIP III and found that HD-ZIP III TFs positively regulate brassinosteroid biosynthesis–related genes, such as
CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC DWARF
(
CPD
), in vascular cells. Introduction of
pREVOLUTA
::CPD
in a quadruple loss-of-function mutant of
HD-ZIP III
genes partly rescued the phenotype in terms of the vascular defect in the RAM. Treatment of a quadruple loss-of-function mutant, a gain-of-function mutant of
HD-ZIP III
, and the wild type with brassinosteroid and a brassinosteroid synthesis inhibitor also indicated that HD-ZIP III TFs act together to suppress vascular cell division by increasing brassinosteroid levels. Furthermore, brassinosteroid application suppressed the cytokinin response in vascular cells. Together, our findings suggest that the suppression of vascular cell division by HD-ZIP III TFs is caused, at least in part, by the increase in brassinosteroid levels through the transcriptional activation of brassinosteroid biosynthesis genes in the vascular cells of the RAM. This elevated brassinosteroid level suppresses cytokinin response in vascular cells, inhibiting vascular cell division in the RAM.
Synthetic fibrous hydrogels as a platform to decipher cell–matrix mechanical interactions
Authors: Yuan Hongbo , Liu Kaizheng , Cóndor Mar , Barrasa-Fano Jorge , Louis Boris , Vandaele Johannes , de Almeida Paula , Coucke Quinten , Chen Wen , Oosterwijk Egbert , Xing Chengfen , Van Oosterwyck Hans , Kouwer Paul H. J. , Rocha Susana
Published: April 2023

Cells continuously sense external forces from their microenvironment, the extracellular matrix (ECM). In turn, they generate contractile forces, which stiffen and remodel this matrix. Although this bidirectional mechanical exchange is crucial for many cell functions, it remains poorly understood. Key challenges are that the majority of available matrices for such studies, either natural or synthetic, are difficult to control or lack biological relevance. Here, we use a synthetic, yet highly biomimetic hydrogel based on polyisocyanide (PIC) polymers to investigate the effects of the fibrous architecture and the nonlinear mechanics on cell–matrix interactions. Live-cell rheology was combined with advanced microscopy-based approaches to understand the mechanisms behind cell-induced matrix stiffening and plastic remodeling. We demonstrate how cell-mediated fiber remodeling and the propagation of fiber displacements are modulated by adjusting the biological and mechanical properties of this material. Moreover, we validate the biological relevance of our results by demonstrating that cellular tractions in PIC gels develop analogously to those in the natural ECM. This study highlights the potential of PIC gels to disentangle complex bidirectional cell–matrix interactions and to improve the design of materials for mechanobiology studies.
Structure-first identification of RNA elements that regulate dengue virus genome architecture and replication
Authors: Boerneke Mark A. , Gokhale Nandan S. , Horner Stacy M. , Weeks Kevin M.
Published: April 2023

The genomes of RNA viruses encode the information required for replication in host cells both in their linear sequence and in complex higher-order structures. A subset of these RNA genome structures show clear sequence conservation, and have been extensively described for well-characterized viruses. However, the extent to which viral RNA genomes contain functional structural elements—unable to be detected by sequence alone—that nonetheless are critical to viral fitness is largely unknown. Here, we devise a structure-first experimental strategy and use it to identify 22 structure-similar motifs across the coding sequences of the RNA genomes for the four dengue virus serotypes. At least 10 of these motifs modulate viral fitness, revealing a significant unnoticed extent of RNA structure-mediated regulation within viral coding sequences. These viral RNA structures promote a compact global genome architecture, interact with proteins, and regulate the viral replication cycle. These motifs are also thus constrained at the levels of both RNA structure and protein sequence and are potential resistance-refractory targets for antivirals and live-attenuated vaccines. Structure-first identification of conserved RNA structure enables efficient discovery of pervasive RNA-mediated regulation in viral genomes and, likely, other cellular RNAs.
Subclass-switched anti-spike IgG3 oligoclonal cocktails strongly enhance Fc-mediated opsonization
Authors: Izadi Arman , Hailu Arsema , Godzwon Magdalena , Wrighton Sebastian , Olofsson Berit , Schmidt Tobias , Söderlund-Strand Anna , Elder Elizabeth , Appelberg Sofia , Valsjö Maria , Larsson Olivia , Wendel-Hansen Vidar , Ohlin Mats , Bahnan Wael , Nordenfelt Pontus
Published: April 2023

Antibodies play a central role in the immune defense against SARS-CoV-2. Emerging evidence has shown that nonneutralizing antibodies are important for immune defense through Fc-mediated effector functions. Antibody subclass is known to affect downstream Fc function. However, whether the antibody subclass plays a role in anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity remains unclear. Here, we subclass-switched eight human IgG1 anti-spike monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the IgG3 subclass by exchanging their constant domains. The IgG3 mAbs exhibited altered avidities to the spike protein and more potent Fc-mediated phagocytosis and complement activation than their IgG1 counterparts. Moreover, combining mAbs into oligoclonal cocktails led to enhanced Fc- and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis, superior to even the most potent single IgG3 mAb when compared at equivalent concentrations. Finally, in an in vivo model, we show that opsonic mAbs of both subclasses can be protective against a SARS-CoV-2 infection, despite the antibodies being nonneutralizing. Our results suggest that opsonic IgG3 oligoclonal cocktails are a promising idea to explore for therapy against SARS-CoV-2, its emerging variants, and potentially other viruses.
Plant microbiota controls an alternative root branching regulatory mechanism in plants
Authors: Gonin Mathieu , Salas-González Isai , Gopaulchan David , Frene Juan P. , Roden Stijn , Van de Poel Bram , Salt David E. , Castrillo Gabriel
Published: April 2023

The establishment of beneficial interactions with microbes has helped plants to modulate root branching plasticity in response to environmental cues. However, how the plant microbiota harmonizes with plant roots to control their branching is unknown. Here, we show that the plant microbiota influences root branching in the model plant
Arabidopsis thaliana
. We define that the microbiota’s ability to control some stages in root branching can be independent of the phytohormone auxin that directs lateral root development under axenic conditions. In addition, we revealed a microbiota-driven mechanism controlling lateral root development that requires the induction of ethylene response pathways. We show that the microbial effects on root branching can be relevant for plant responses to environmental stresses. Thus, we discovered a microbiota-driven regulatory pathway controlling root branching plasticity that could contribute to plant adaptation to different ecosystems.