bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The development of children's expressive drawing
Authors: Jolley Richard P. , Fenn Kathryn , Jones Luisa
Published: January 2005

Two studies are presented on expressive happy and sad drawings made by British 4‐ to 12‐year‐olds (n = 80 and 160, respectively) in which the drawings were assessed individually for the quantity and quality of expressive devices. Quantity was measured in the number of appropriate expressive content themes and formal properties evident in each drawing. Quality was rated on a Likert scale on the extent to which the drawing expressed the intended mood. Both the quantity and quality of expressive happy and sad drawings of predetermined and free topics increased with age. Improvements in content expression, but much less so with expressive formal properties, accounted for the development of quantity. A slower period of development between 6 and 9 years for both measures was consistently found, with a significant improvement often shown among the 12‐year‐olds. The finding that happy drawings were scored higher than sad drawings is explained in respect of adult and child expectations of pictures. Correlations between expressive scores and performance on a visual realism drawing task tentatively indicated that expressive and realism skills in drawing are only weakly related. The development of expressive drawing is considered in the context of the delivery of art education in schools.
The situational antecedents of pride and happiness: Developmental and domain differences
Authors: Kornilaki Ekaterina N. , Chlouverakis Gregory
Published: January 2005

This study examines whether young children can differentiate between the situational antecedents of happiness and pride and the effect of the type of situation on the attribution of pride. One hundred and fifty 7‐, 9‐ and 11‐year‐olds were asked to rate the extent to which two types of situations would elicit a protagonist's feelings of happiness and pride. Happy situations were expected to elicit happiness only, e.g. because the protagonist received a gift — a desirable result, but beyond his/her personal control. Achievement situations were expected to elicit both happiness and pride, e.g. because the protagonist won an award — a desirable and beneficial outcome for the agent which (s)he was responsible for bringing about. If the children could differentiate between the situational determinants of happiness and pride, they would be expected to give high ratings for pride in achievement situations only. To examine the effect of the type of situation on children's ratings for pride, discretionary moral situations were introduced in which the protagonist was performing a moral act for the benefit of a third person without personal cost (helping an old lady carry her shopping bags) or with cost (giving a sandwich to a hungry child). The results of the study revealed that only the 11‐year‐olds were able to fully differentiate between the two emotions. The type of situation affected children's ratings for pride. Children attributed less pride to the protagonist in moral situations, particularly in the cost condition, than to the protagonist in achievement situations.
Understanding pretence and understanding action
Authors: Berguno George , Bowler Dermot
Published: January 2005

Two studies were carried out in an attempt to replicate an earlier but controversial set of findings that suggested that young children are able to understand pretence in a mentalistic sense (Hickling, Wellman, & Gottfried, 1997). In Study 1, 65 three‐year‐olds and 77 four‐year‐olds were asked to either judge the thoughts of an absent teddy bear, who had not witnessed a change in the original pretence stipulation, or were asked to complete a similar, standard false‐belief task. Study 2 repeated the experimental procedures of the first study with 24 three‐year‐olds and 16 four‐year‐olds, with the difference that all children had to complete both tasks in a single session. The results obtained across both studies showed that 3‐year‐olds were unable to correctly judge the discrepant thoughts of the teddy bear, suggesting that young children do not attribute a false belief to another actor during pretend play, and that instead they view pretence in terms of overt action.
Retrieval‐induced forgetting: A developmental study
Authors: Ford Ruth M. , Keating Sam , Patel Rina
Published: January 2005

Two studies examined the possibility of retrieval‐induced forgetting by 7‐year‐olds. Children heard a story while viewing pictures of events mentioned in the story, each highlighting objects drawn from two distinct semantic categories (e.g. animals and food). Over the next several days, children were asked the same yes/no questions about half the examples from one category and, finally, were tested for their memory of the complete set of examples from both categories. Both a category‐cued recall test (Study 1) and a written recognition‐memory test (Study 2) produced results suggestive of retrieval‐induced forgetting. That is, children showed poorer memory for unpractised items from the practised category than for unpractised items from the other category. The severity of the effect did not differ reliably between the children and young adults, and was unaffected by whether practised items appeared before or after the unpractised competitors (Study 2). We consider the implications of these findings for competing views about retrieval‐induced forgetting and the development of cognitive inhibition.
A Multipurpose Shopping Trip Model to Assess Retail Agglomeration Effects
Authors: Arentze Theo A. , Oppewal Harmen , Timmermans Harry J.P.
Published: January 2005

Multipurpose shopping is a prominent and relevant feature of shopping behavior. However, no methodology is available to assess empirically how the demand for multipurpose shopping depends on retail agglomeration or, in general, the characteristics of retail supply, such as the numbers and types of stores in a shopping center or the number of categories in a supermarket. The authors propose a nested-logit model that captures retail agglomeration effects on consumer choice of shopping trip purpose (what to buy) and destination (where to buy). The authors estimate parameters representing trip purpose-adjustment and between-store attraction effects on shopping trip data collected from a sample of 1704 households in The Netherlands. Both effects are significant for each of the three categories for which the model is estimated. This is consistent with the idea of agglomeration effects. The findings suggest that agglomeration helps attract not only multipurpose but also single-purpose trips. A comparison of multi- and single-purpose trip model predictions shows that single-purpose models underpredict the number of trips to larger shopping centers.
Diagnostics, Expectations, and Endogeneity
Authors: Franses Philip Hans
Published: January 2005

Marketing models are often intended to guide managers to make decisions. In this rejoinder, the author reviews three questions that must be addressed before a model can be established as useful for policy analysis.
On the Use of Econometric Models for Policy Simulation in Marketing
Authors: Franses Philip Hans
Published: January 2005

In this article, the author discusses the properties of useful econometric models for marketing phenomena, with particular attention on models for policy simulations. The author addresses model diagnostics, parameter stability, exogeneity, and the Lucas critique. He also presents the results of a search through the 1998–2003 issues of the Journal of Marketing Research. Finally, the author offers practical guidelines.
The Better They are, the more They Give: Trade Promotions of Consumer Durables
Authors: Bruce Norris , Desai Preyas S. , Staelin Richard
Published: January 2005

The authors study trade promotions for durable goods, such as automobiles, for which manufacturers provide special incentives to dealers for exceeding specific sales targets. They develop a theoretical model of consumer, retailer, and manufacturer behavior based on observations about key aspects of the automobile market. The analysis provides important insights about the intertemporal effects of trade promotions and the effect of product durability on the promotion strategies of manufacturers. For example, manufacturers of more durable products benefit more from running trade promotions and give deeper discounts. The authors find empirical support when they test the theoretical results.
Incentive-Aligned Conjoint Analysis
Authors: Ding Min , Grewal Rajdeep , Liechty John
Published: January 2005

Because most conjoint studies are conducted in hypothetical situations with no consumption consequences for the participants, the extent to which the studies are able to uncover “true” consumer preference structures is questionable. Experimental economics literature, with its emphasis on incentive alignment and hypothetical bias, suggests that more realistic incentive-aligned studies result in stronger out-of-sample predictive performance of actual purchase behaviors and provide better estimates of consumer preference structures than do hypothetical studies. To test this hypothesis, the authors design an experiment with conventional (hypothetical) conditions and parallel incentive-aligned counterparts. Using Chinese dinner specials as the context, the authors conduct a field experiment in a Chinese restaurant during dinnertime. The results provide strong evidence in favor of incentive-aligned choice conjoint analysis, in that incentive-aligned choice conjoint outperforms hypothetical choice conjoint in out-of-sample predictions. To determine the robustness of the results, the authors conduct a second study that uses snacks as the context and considers only the choice treatments. This study confirms the results by providing strong evidence in favor of incentive-aligned choice analysis in out-of-sample predictions. The results provide a strong motivation for conjoint practitioners to consider conducting studies in realistic settings using incentive structures that require participants to “live with” their decisions.
Reader in Gender Archaeology
Authors: Dobres Marcia‐Anne
Published: January 2005

Reader in Gender Archaeology. Kelley Hays‐Gilpin and David S. Whitley. eds. New York: Routledge Press, 1998. 383 pp.
Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest
Authors: Lambert Patricia M.
Published: January 2005

Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest. Steven A. LeBlanc. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999 400 pp.
Ideology in the Language of Judges: How Judges Practice Law, Politics, and Courtroom Control
Authors: Lazarus‐Black Mindie
Published: January 2005

Ideology in the Language of Judges: How Judges Practice Law, Politics, and Courtroom Control. Susan U. Philips. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. 206 pp.
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology
Authors: Kennedy G. E.
Published: January 2005

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology. Arthur C. Aufderheide and Conrado Rodriguez‐Martin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998. 478 pp.
Doctors for Democracy. Health Professionals in the Nepal Revolution
Authors: Stone Linda S.
Published: January 2005

Doctors for Democracy. Health Professionals in the Nepal Revolution. Vincanne Adams. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1998.252 pp.
Buddhist Fundamentalism and Minority Identities in Sri Lanka
Authors: Winslow Deborah
Published: January 2005

Buddhist Fundamentalism and Minority Identities in Sri Lanka. Tessa J. Bartholomeusz and Chandra R. de Silva. eds. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. 212 pp.
Child's Play: Myth, Mimesis and Make‐Believe
Authors: Warren Laura P. Appell
Published: January 2005

Child's Play: Myth, Mimesis and Make‐Believe. L. R. Goldman. New York: Berg Publishers. 1998. 302 pp.
Parks in Peril: People, Politics, and Protected Areas
Authors: Stearman Allyn Maclean
Published: January 2005

Parks in Peril: People, Politics, and Protected Areas. Katrina Brandon. Kent H. Redford. and Steven E. Sanderson. eds. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1998. 519 pp.
Takarazuka: Sexual Politics and Popular Culture in Modern Japan
Authors: Yano Christine R.
Published: January 2005

Takarazuka: Sexual Politics and Popular Culture in Modern Japan. Jennifer Robertson. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.278 pp.
Combined Review: Architectural Anthropology and Minaret Building and Apprenticeship in Yemen
Authors: MOORE JERRY D.
Published: January 2005

Architectural Anthropology. Mari‐José Amerlinck, ed. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 2001. 232 pp.

Minaret Building and Apprenticeship in Yemen. Trevor H. J. Marchand. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2001. 304 pp.
Combined Review: Experiencing the New Genetics: Family and Kinship on the Medical Frontier and Born and Bred: Idioms and New Reproductive Technologies in England
Authors: RAGONÉ HELÉNA
Published: January 2005

Experiencing the New Genetics: Family and Kinship on the Medical Frontier. Kaja Finkler. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. 296 pp.

Born and Bred: Idioms and New Reproductive Technologies in England. Jeanette Edwards. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. 264 pp.
Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany
Authors: EIDSON JOHN R.
Published: January 2005

Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany. Andrew Zimmerman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. 364 pp.
Transnational Latina/o Communities: Politics, Processes, and Cultures
Authors: GARCÍA‐COLÓN ISMAEL
Published: January 2005

Transnational Latina/o Communities: Politics, Processes, and Cultures. Carlos G. Vélez‐Ibañez and Anna Sampaio, eds. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002. 307 pp.
Failed Economic Take-Offs and Terrorism in Pakistan: Conceptualizing a Proper Role for U.S. Assistance
Authors: Looney Robert
Published: January 2005

What are the causes of terrorism? Of the various theories put forth, the analysis below suggests that failed economic take-offs, in addition to the usual factors suggested, are an important element. This finding has a number of implications for Pakistan's economic reform programs. In addition, foreign aid programs to the country will have to be modified if their effectiveness in reducing the attractiveness of terrorism is to be increased.
Russo-North Korean Relations in the 2000s: Moscow's Continuing Search for Regional Influence
Authors: Yang Seung Ham , Kim Woosang , Kim Yongho
Published: January 2005

This study asserts that the Korean Peninsula functions as a launch pad for President Vladimir Putin's dualist policy, which is designed to promote a symbiosis between economic growth and security; strengthen bilateral ties; institutionalize regional cooperation; enhance strategic partnerships with China and the U.S.; and, ultimately, expand Russia's regional influence in an effort to achieve global leadership.
China's WTO Accession and its Impact on Hong Kong-Guangdong Cooperation
Authors: Sit Victor F. S.
Published: January 2005

China's accession to the World Trade Organization will mean a turning point for Hong Kong-Guangdong cooperation, which will open the way for the two economies to combine their factor advantages to become the world's largest New International Division of Labor production base and Asia's logistics hub. Closer government-to-government cooperation will be required for cross-border policy formulation, institution building, and policy implementation, if the new cooperation is to materialize.
The Middle Path to Democracy in the Kingdom of Bhutan
Authors: Wangchuk Tashi
Published: January 2005

I explicate here the conditions conducive to fostering democracy in Bhutan. Using an interdisciplinary framework, I argue that village society is fundamentally democratic, but the state is not, and that the state can be democratized by formalizing traditional institutions. However, I argue that anti-Bhutan rebels in Nepal cannot bring democracy to Bhutan.
North Korean Refugees in Northeast China
Authors: Lankov Andrei
Published: January 2005

The current crisis in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has resulted in an explosive increase in the illegal migration of North Koreans to Northeast China. The refugees' presence is seen as a nuisance by all sides involved, but their experience is increasingly influencing domestic policy in North Korea.
Untouchability in India with a Difference: Ad Dharm, Dalit Assertion, and Caste Conflicts in Punjab
Authors: Ram Ronki
Published: January 2005

Recent caste clashes in Punjab have destroyed the myth that untouchability is alien to this part of India and indicate that the downtrodden no longer can be subjected to social oppression and humiliation. A manifestation of Dalit assertion, these clashes have sharpened the issue of Dalit human rights.
Why the United States is Losing the War in Iraq
Authors: Schwartz Michael
Published: January 2005

Can ragtag guerrilla armies defeat larger, better trained, and better equipped forces? Only if they have popular support, avoid pitched battles, develop an alternative government, and create a widespread sense that they can win. All of these factors came together in Iraq, partly because of misguided U.S. policies.
Why did the Republicans Triumph?
Authors: Piven Frances Fox
Published: January 2005

How did Bush win? Why did Kerry lose? Who's to blame? Does this signal a Republican realignment? What is to be done? Our panelists explain it all.
Political Polls
Authors: Carr Deborah
Published: January 2005

Why did Dewey defeat Truman? How did Gore win and lose Florida? Political polls can be misleading, confusing, and poorly designed, but when done well, they are the best way to accurately gauge public opinion.
Trust in Decline?
Authors: Paxton Pamela
Published: January 2005

Americans' trust in other Americans has been on the decline for decades. Their trust in American institutions such as business and religion is, although sometimes wavering, more resilient. Can our trust in institutions help repair our trust in each other?
History in Dust: An Interview with Milcho Manchevski
Authors: Coover Roderick
Published: January 2005

Abstract Macedonian filmmaker Milcho Manchevski reflects on the nature of history, story-telling, and photographic evidence in a discussion of Before the Rain (1994) and his latest feature, Dust (2001/2003), a genre-crossing “Baklava Western” that explores what happens when West meets East in the violent history of the Balkans.
Filling the Embarrassment of Silence: Erotic Performance on “Blue Discs”
Authors: Smith Jacob
Published: January 2005

Abstract The study of a genre of phonographic recordings called blue discs, made between the 1930s and 1950s, can help to bridge the gap between an oral tradition of erotic performance and film pornography, and also provide a case study in the use of women's voices in the sound media.
In Praise of Love (Éloge de l'amour)
Authors: Sofair Michael
Published: January 2005

Abstract In Praise of Love's disjointed structure drives the viewer to perceive non-linear connections between its elements that then associate its critical account of the contemporary West with the forgotten and compromising truths of the Holocaust and fascism. Godard's style frustrates because it remembers our history as one that must rupture any narrative, resisting the formalization of the present as the conclusion to a fictional past and exposing its openness to change.
Elephant
Authors: Moore Sophie
Published: January 2005

Abstract Elephant chronicles the day of a high school massacre similar to that which occurred at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, in 1999. Visually rich and insightful about adolescent life, the film ultimately may not give viewers enough to work with in grappling with the terrible phenomenon it takes for material.
Gillo Pontecorvo's Return to Algiers
Authors: Celli Carlo
Published: January 2005

Abstract Gillo Pontecorvo made The Battle of Algiers (1965), a documentary about Algeria on the brink of civil war. In Gillo Pontecorvo's Return to Algiers, the elderly Pontecorvo conducts interviews and comments on the changes to Algeria in a manner that provides an epilogue to his sporadic career.
Reinventing the Motherland: Almodóvar's Brain-Dead Trilogy
Authors: Kinder Marsha
Published: January 2005

Abstract Flower of My Secret begins with a training-video for counseling relatives of brain-dead patients. When transplanted to All About My Mother and Talk to Her, the brain-dead trope launches the plot of the former and flowers as central premise of the latter. It refigures Spain as a motherland through a fascinating interplay between words and bodies.
Helmholtz and the shaping of the American physics elite in the Gilded Age
Authors: CAHAN DAVID
Published: January 2005

This essay concerns Helmholtz's relationships with American physics students and colleagues, and with his general image in Gilded Age America. His person, his teaching style, his views on the nature and function of science and its role within culture at large, and his institutional facilities played an important part in shaping the views of young American scientists and the institutional structures that they developed. The essay samples Helmholtz's reputation among American men of science and letters, and surveys the American physics students and postdocs who studied with him in Berlin or worked in or simply visited him and his institute there. It points to the leadership roles that several of these men played in their own academic institutions and their new emerging discipline. It provides an analysis of Helmholtz as a teacher and mentor of American physics students, and considers the special case of Henry Rowland's relationship with Helmholtz and his Berlin institute. Finally, it suggests that Helmholtz played a role, as inspirer, in the emergence of four key institutions of American physics—The physical review, The astrophysical journal, the American Physical Society, and the National Bureau of Standards. American physics students and postdocs in the Gilded Age idolized and lionized Helmholtz as a hero of pure science and research, as the embodiment of what it meant to be a physicist. As such, he helped shape the professional ideals and reality of the American physics elite that emerged during the late-19th century.
A proton accelerator in Trondheim in the 1930s
Authors: WITTJE ROLAND
Published: January 2005

Johan Holtsmark at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (N.T.H.) in Trondheim, Norway, built a Van de Graaff generator for nuclear disintegration between 1933 and 1937. This is believed to be the second Van de Graaff generator in Europe and the first particle accelerator in Scandinavia. Holtsmark's successful project followed the failed attempt at N.T.H. by Olaf Devik in the 1920s to develop a discharge tube for nuclear disintegration driven by an evacuated Tesla coil. The genesis of Holtsmark's project was the interaction with Odd Dahl, who had constructed a Van de Graaff accelerator at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Holtsmark approached organizations potentially interested in cancer research and treatment for financial support. The electrical engineers appointed to build several parts of the accelerator had been radio amateurs, like many accelerator pioneers at the time. The team had to construct almost everything themselves given financial constraints and the lack of a supporting electrical industry. When operative in 1937, the Van de Graaff generator was already a comparatively small machine. The Trondheim scientists chose to develop it as a precision machine for proton capturing experiments in light elements. The accelerator proved a useful tool for research and teaching until 1963, when it was shut down and given to the Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology. This article seeks to answer why Holtsmark engaged in such an ambitious project in the periphery of Europe's scientific community and how he succeeded at a small department with several coexisting research activities.
The emergence of the principle of symmetry in physics
Authors: KATZIR SHAUL
Published: January 2005

In 1894 Pierre Curie formulated rules for relations between physical phenomena and their symmetry. The symmetry concept originated in the geometrical study of crystals, which it served as a well-defined concept from the 1830s. Its extension as a rule for all physics was a gradual and slow process in which applications, though often partial, preceded the formulation and clear conceptualization of the rules. Two traditions that involved “interdisciplinary” study were prominent in applying consideration of symmetry to physics. One is a French tradition of physical crystallography that linked crystalline structure and form to their physical, chemical and even biological qualities, which drew back to Haüy, and included Delafosse, Pasteur, Senarmont, and Curie. This tradition (until Curie) employed qualitative argument in deducing physical properties. A mathematical approach characterizes the second tradition of Franz Neumann and his students. During the 1880s two members of this tradition, Minnigerode and Voigt, formulated rules of symmetry and implicitly recognized their significance. Yet, until 1894 both traditions studied only crystalline or other asymmetric matter. Then, Curie, who drew on the two traditions, extended the rules of symmetry to any physical system including fields and forces. Although originated in a specific idealistic ontological context, symmetry served also adherents of molecular materialism and was eventually found most effective for a phenomenological approach, which avoided any commitment to a specific view of nature or causal processes. Therefore, the rule of symmetry resembles the principles of thermodynamics. Its emergence suggests parallels to the history of energy conservation.
Quantum theory and the electromagnetic world-view
Authors: SETH SUMAN
Published: January 2005

This paper has two goals: to use the electromagnetic world-view as a means of probing what we now know as the quantum theory, and to use the case of the quantum theory to explicate the practices of the electromagnetic program. It focuses on the work of Arnold Sommerfeld (1868–1951) as one of the leading theorists of the so-called “older” quantum theory. By 1911, the year he presented a paper on the “Quantum of action” at the Solvay Conference, Sommerfeld vocally espoused the necessity of some form of a quantum hypothesis. In his earlier lectures, however, his reservations about Max Planck's position were far more apparent. Section 1 argues that Sommerfeld's hostility towards Planck's derivation of the Black-body law, and his support for the result achieved by James Jeans and rederived using the electron theory by Lorentz, can be traced to his commitment to the programmatic aims of the electromagnetic world-view. Section 2 suggests that this conclusion has deep implications for our understanding of the “conversion” of several leading physicists to the quantum theory after around 1908. Section 3 traces a partial continuation of Sommerfeld's deeply held beliefs. Sommerfeld's Solvay paper is best understood as an attempt to reconcile the programmatic aims of the electromagnetic world-view with the necessity of recourse to the quantum hypothesis. No longer a universalizing vision, the attempt to prove the necessity of electromagnetic theory at all levels of explanation remained a key element of Sommerfeld's research agenda until (and even beyond) the advent of Niels Bohr's “planetary” model of the atom in 1913.
The protean nature of Stanford University's biological sciences, 1946–1972
Authors: VETTEL ERIC J.
Published: January 2005

Academic literature has paid scant attention to the biological sciences at Stanford University, an omission all the more conspicuous considering their productivity since World War II. This article draws on previously unused archival material to establish a starting point for further study of the biological sciences at Stanford. It traces the evolution of Stanford's biological sciences through three experimental fields: self-directed developmental and evolutionary studies; fundamental research at the molecular level; and biomedical applications of fundamental knowledge. Taken together, a history of Stanford's biological sciences offers a remarkably fertile example of organizational flexibility in historical context. This essay ends by suggesting that a fourth phase of biological research at Stanford will be governed by commercial interest in biology.
The Eurocleft Study: Intercenter Study of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Part 5: Discussion and Conclusions
Authors: Shaw William C. , Brattström Viveca , Mølsted Kirsten , Prahl-Andersen Birte , Roberts Christopher T. , Semb Gunvor
Published: January 2005

Objective

To review the lessons learned from a longitudinal intercenter comparison study.

Design

Longitudinal cohort study.

Setting

Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe.

Subjects

Individuals with repaired complete unilateral cleft lip and palate.

Main Outcomes Measures

The first four papers in this series report amount of treatment, cephalometric form, nasolabial appearance, dental arch relationship, patient/parent satisfaction. This paper considers the consistency of outcome at the five centers over time, and other relationships between outcomes.

Results

Some outcomes measured in childhood can be predictive over time. The amount of treatment does not correlate with the quality of clinical outcome.

Conclusions

Measurement of clinical outcome in childhood is an important and valid form of clinical audit. Intercenter studies are more informative than single center reports, and will have an important future role in cleft care.
Food Processing
Authors: Farkas Daniel F.
Published: January 2005

Food processing includes unit operations and processes for converting plant and animal tissue to edible foods and ingredients. These processes, which can be grouped by raw product preparation, assembly to consumer products, and preservation processes are regulated by federal laws. Food preservation techniques vary according to food and length of storage.

Foods are preserved before or after packaging using combinations of heat, chemical additives and fermentation products, refrigeration or freezing, dehydration, or mechanical methods such as filtration and ultrahigh pressure. Foods sterilized before packaging must be packaged aseptically. Heat sterilization of foods in rigid and flexible packages is also possible. Preservation techniques and the specialized equipment used are described. Process control and optimization are discussed.
Scaffolds Based on Biopolymeric Foams
Authors: Barbetta A. , Dentini M. , De Vecchis M. S. , Filippini P. , Formisano G. , Caiazza S.
Published: January 2005

A new approach for the preparation of hydrophilic and biocompatible porous scaffolds is described. The procedure involves the derivatization of a biopolymer by the introduction of vinylic moieties, formation of a high‐internal‐phase oil‐in‐water emulsion, and its subsequent polymerization. The ensuing materials are characterized by a highly porous morphology represented by pores completely interconnected by a plurality of holes. The hydrophilic and biocompatible nature of these materials make them good candidates for application as scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Improving process operations using support vector machines and decision trees
Authors: Jemwa Gorden T. , Aldrich Chris
Published: January 2005

Statistical pattern‐recognition methods are now widely applied in the analysis of process systems to achieve predictable and stable operating conditions. For example, multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) techniques use historical operating data to detect abnormal events, and assist engineers to focus their troubleshooting efforts to reduced subsets of variables in an otherwise broad operational space. Through an iterative process, it is hoped that the system variability remains bounded. Usually only a few samples collected under a state of statistical control are of interest, whereas the rest, which may be used to uncover potential improvement opportunities, are ignored. Beyond statistical control, an additional step is required to reduce the dispersion of process quality variables attributed to common causes. To achieve this goal, common and sustained causes not identified by MSPC must be interrogated. In this paper, a methodology based on kernel‐based machine learning concepts is proposed to identify decision boundaries. A sparse set of instances or exemplars is identified that define a linear decision boundary in a feature space, which is equivalent to defining a nonlinear decision function in the associated input space. This is extended to defining operating strategies by integrating inductive learning into a decision support framework. Such an extension is founded on the fact that the success or failure of state‐of‐the‐art approaches are invariably linked to the presence or absence of useful knowledge embedded in the system. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 526–543, 2005
Desorption of odor‐active compounds by microwaves, ultrasound, and water
Authors: Robers A. , Figura M. , Thiesen P. H. , Niemeyer B.
Published: January 2005

The tolerance against malodors in industrialized societies decreases. Thus, it is necessary to develop new and more powerful technologies for exhaust air purification. To reduce concentrations below the odor threshold, selective adsorption processes with on‐site regeneration of the adsorbents are very promising. To regenerate adsorbents new and more cost sensitive methods are needed. The development of four innovative methods based on microwave, ultrasound, ultrasound with water, and water desorption for the regeneration of adsorbents is reported. Different odorous lead compounds such as acetic acid and triethylamine were desorbed. The investigations were performed with various adsorbents such as activated carbon, silica gel, aluminum oxide, and a modified bentonite, covering a wide range of typical materials used in industry. The examination by microwave desorption was successful. After 20 min of microwave radiation bentonite had a residual load of less than 10% of the original load. Desorption by ultrasound gave satisfactory results only when using water as a transmitter. Moreover, the results with water strongly depend on the odor compound to be desorbed. In the case of a highly soluble adsorptive in water the results are promising but, because odor compounds are often sparingly soluble in water, the yields decrease. Among the four examined desorption methods microwave desorption and ultrasonic–water desorption offer the best results. From among the adsorbents the modified bentonite provides the best adsorption properties with the best regeneration performance. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 502–510, 2005
Effect of cycle time on fungal morphology, broth rheology, and recombinant enzyme productivity during pulsed addition of limiting carbon source
Authors: Bhargava Swapnil , Wenger Kevin S. , Rane Kishore , Rising Vanessa , Marten Mark R.
Published: January 2005

For many years, high broth viscosity has remained a key challenge in large‐scale filamentous fungal fermentations. In previous studies, we showed that broth viscosity could be reduced by pulsed addition of limiting carbon during fed‐batch fermentation. The objective in this study was to determine how changing the frequency of pulsed substrate addition affects fungal morphology, broth rheology, and recombinant enzyme productivity. To accomplish this, a series of duplicate fed‐batch fermentations were performed in 20‐L fermentors with a recombinant glucoamylase producing strain of Aspergillus oryzae. The total cycle time for substrate pulsing was varied over a wide range (30–2,700 s), with substrate added only during the first 30% of each cycle. As a control, a fermentation was conducted with continuous substrate feeding, and in all fermentations the same total amount of substrate was added. Results show that the total biomass concentration remained relatively unaltered, while a substantial decrease in the mean projected area of fungal elements (i.e., average size) was observed with increasing cycle time. This led to reduced broth viscosity and increased oxygen uptake rate. However, high values of cycle time (i.e., 900–2,700 s) showed a significant increase in fungal conidia formation and significantly reduced recombinant enzyme productivity, suggesting that the fungi channeled substrate to storage compounds rather than to recombinant protein. In addition to explaining the effect of cycle time on fermentation performance, these results may aid in explaining the discrepancies observed on scale‐up to larger fermentors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Affinity capture of a biotinylated retrovirus on macroporous monolithic adsorbents: Towards a rapid single‐step purification process
Authors: Williams Sharon L. , Eccleston Mark E. , Slater Nigel K.H.
Published: January 2005

A streptavidin derivitised macroporous monolith was developed to enable single‐step capture of chemically biotinylated Moloney Murine Leukaemia Virus (MoMuLV) from crude, unclarified cell culture supernatant. Monoliths were prepared by aqueous cryopolymerisation of acrylamide with N,N″‐methylene‐bis (acrylamide) and glycidyl methacrylate (Arvidsson et al. [2003] J Chrom A 986:275–290). Streptavidin was immobilised to the epoxy functionalised monoliths. Particulate‐containing cell culture supernatant was passed through the monolith without preclarification of the feedstock and adsorption capacities of 2 × 105 cfu/ml of adsorbent were demonstrated (cf. Fractogel streptavidin, at 3.9 × 105 cfu/ml of adsorbent). The specific titre of the recovered fraction was increased by 425‐fold; however, recoveries of less than 8% were achieved. Adsorption of nonbiotinylated MoMuLV on the streptavidin‐coated monolith was not observed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organic Intercalation Material: Reversible Change in Interlayer Distances by Guest Release and Insertion in Sandwich‐Type Inclusion Crystals of Cholic Acid
Authors: Nakano Kazunori , Sada Kazuki , Nakagawa Kenji , Aburaya Kazuaki , Yoswathananont Nungruethai , Tohnai Norimitsu , Miyata Mikiji
Published: January 2005

Cholic acid (CA) forms inclusion crystals that have a sandwich‐type lamellar structure constructed by the alternative stacking of host bilayers and guest layers. Five disubstituted benzenes, o‐toluidine, m‐fluoroaniline, o‐chlorotoluene, o‐bromotoluene, and indene, are accommodated in the two‐dimensional void space between the host bilayers at 1:2 host–guest stoichiometries. Thermal gravimetric analysis of the inclusion crystals revealed that all the guest molecules, except o‐toluidine, are released in two separate steps, indicating the formation of intermediate crystals after the first guest release. Adequate heat treatment of the four inclusion crystals induces release of half or three quarters of the guest molecules. X‐ray diffraction patterns of the intermediate crystals revealed that the crystals have a bilayer structure the same as those of the common CA inclusion crystals. They have one‐dimensional cavities, in which the guest molecules are included at a 1:1 or 2:1 host–guest stoichiometry. These facts indicate that the host bilayers move 1.6–4.5 Å perpendicular to the layer direction by desorption of the guest molecules. Furthermore, a reverse structural change is also achieved by absorption of the guest molecules to regenerate the starting sandwich‐type inclusion crystals. This reversible change in the host bilayer by the guest sorption and desorption is a novel example of organic intercalation materials.
Generation and Reactions of Ruthenium Phosphido Complexes [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PR′3)2(PR2)]: Remarkably High Phosphorus Basicities and Applications as Ligands for Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Giner Planas José , Hampel Frank , Gladysz J. A.
Published: January 2005

Reactions of [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PR′3)2(Cl)] with NaBArF [BArF−=B{3,5‐[C6H3(CF3)2]}4−; PR′3=PEt3 or 1/2Et2PCH2CH2PEt2 (depe)] and PR2H (R=Ph, a; tBu, b; Cy, c) in C6H5F, or of related cationic Ru(N2) complexes with PR2H in C6H5F, gave the secondary phosphine complexes [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PR′3)2(PR2H)]+ BArF− (PR′3=PEt3, 3 a–c; 1/2depe, 4 a,b) in 65–91 % yields. Additions of tBuOK (3 a, 4 a; [D6]acetone) or NaN(SiMe3)2 (3 b,c, 4 b; [D8]THF) gave the title complexes [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PEt3)2(PR2)] (5 a–c) and [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(depe)(PR2)] (6 a,b) in high spectroscopic yields. These complexes were rapidly oxidized in air; with 5 a, [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PEt3)2{P(O)Ph2}] was isolated (>99 %). The reaction of 5 a and elemental selenium yielded [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PEt3)2{P(Se)Ph2}] (70 %); selenides from 5 c and 6 a were characterized in situ. Competitive deprotonation reactions showed that 5 a is more basic than the rhenium analog [(η5‐C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(PPh2)], and that 6 b is more basic than PtBu3 and P(iPrNCH2CH2)3N. The latter is one of the most basic trivalent phosphorus compounds [pKa(acetonitrile) 33.6]. Complexes 5 a–c and 6 b are effective ligands for Pd(OAc)2‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reactions: 6 b gave a catalyst nearly as active as the benchmark organophosphine PtBu3; 5 a, with a less bulky and electron‐rich PR2 moiety, gave a less active catalyst. The reaction of 5 a and [(η3‐C3H5)Pd(NCPh)2]+ BF4− gave the bridging phosphido complex [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PEt3)2(PPh2)Pd(NCPh)(η3‐C3H5)]+ BArF− in approximately 90 % purity. The crystal structure of 4 a is described, as well as substitution reactions of 3 b and 4 b.
The Nature of the ME Bond: Theoretical Investigation of the Molecules [(RO)3ME] (M: Mo, W; E: N, P, As, Sb, Bi; R: H, Me) and [(Me3CO)3MoP]
Authors: Pandey Krishna K. , Frenking Gernot
Published: January 2005

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The Rediscovery of Alfred Werner′s Second Hexol.
Authors: Jackson W. Gregory , McKeon Josephine A. , Zehnder Margareta , Neuberger Markus , Fallab Silvio
Published: January 2005

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Crystal Structure of the CuIn7Se11 Compound.
Authors: Gulay L. D. , Ivashchenko I. A. , Zmiy O. F. , Olekseyuk I. D.
Published: January 2005

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Red Photoluminescence and Crystal Structure of Sr3Y2(BO3)4.
Authors: Zhang Yue , Li Yadong
Published: January 2005

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Moessbauer Spectroscopic Studies on FexNbS2 Single Crystals
Authors: Tsuji Toshihide , Watanabe Hirokazu
Published: January 2005

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The Isothermal Section of the Er—Mn—Ni Ternary System at 803 K.
Authors: Liu Jingqi , Jiao Fangwei , Zhuang Yinghong , Ma Fengquan , Sun Zhihui
Published: January 2005

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LiSr2(NCN)I3: The First Empty Tetrahedral Strontium(II) Entity Coordinated by Carbodiimide Units but Without Strontium—Strontium Bonding.
Authors: Liao Wuping , von Appen Joerg , Dronskowski Richard
Published: January 2005

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Very Efficient Phosphoramidite Ligand for Asymmetric Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation.
Authors: Alexakis Alexandre , Polet Damien
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of New Monodentate Spiro Phosphoramidite Ligand and Its Application in Rh‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation Reactions.
Authors: Wu Shulin , Zhang Weicheng , Zhang Zhaoguo , Zhang Xumu
Published: January 2005

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Unsymmetrical Hybrid Ferrocene‐Based Phosphine‐Phosphoramidites: A New Class of Practical Ligands for Rh‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Hu Xiang‐Ping , Zheng Zhuo
Published: January 2005

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Highly Enantioselective Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β‐Acetamido Dehydroamino Acid Derivatives Using a Three‐Hindered Quadrant Rhodium Catalyst.
Authors: Wu He‐Ping , Hoge Garrett
Published: January 2005

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Metal Complexes as Phase Transfer Catalysts in the Synthesis of O‐Acetylmandelonitrile.
Authors: Belokon Yu. N. , et al. et al.
Published: January 2005

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Inositols as Chiral Templates: 1,4‐Conjugate Addition to Tethered Cinnamic Esters.
Authors: Cousins Ghislaine , Falshaw Andrew , Hoberg John O.
Published: January 2005

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trans‐Stereoselective Intramolecular Crossed Pinacol Coupling of Aromatic 1,4‐, 1,5‐, and 1,6‐Diketones by Electroreduction.
Authors: Kise Naoki , Shiozawa Yousuke , Ueda Nasuo
Published: January 2005

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Efficient Heterogeneous Oxidation of Allylarenes with Molecular Oxygen.
Authors: Kamata Keigo , Kasai Jun , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: January 2005

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Rearrangement of Substituted 2,4,4,6‐Tetraaryl‐4H‐thiopyrans to Triaryl‐3aH‐benzo[3,4]cyclopenta[1,2‐b]thiophene.
Authors: Kroulik Jiri , Cejka Jan , Sedmera Petr , Jegorov Alexandr , Kratochvil Bohumil , Kuthan Josef
Published: January 2005

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Twofold Brook Rearrangement Mediated Tandem Reactions of δ‐Silyl‐γ,δ‐epoxy‐α,β‐unsaturated Acylsilanes with a Cyanide Ion.
Authors: Tanaka Koudai , Takeda Kei
Published: January 2005

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An Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of Electrophilic Alkenes Catalyzed by Dimethylaminopyridine under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Narsaiah A. Venkat , Basak A. K. , Visali B. , Nagaiah K.
Published: January 2005

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Formation of a Quaternary Carbon Center Through the Pd(0)/PhCOOH‐Catalyzed Allylation of Cyclic β‐Keto Esters and 1,3‐Diketones with Alkynes.
Authors: Patil Nitin T. , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: January 2005

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Acrylamide in the Baylis—Hillman Reaction: Expanded Reaction Scope and the Unexpected Superiority of DABCO over More Basic Tertiary Amine Catalysts.
Authors: Faltin Cornelia , Fleming Eimear M. , Connon Stephen J.
Published: January 2005

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Benzylation of Active Methine Compounds Without Additional Base: Remarkable Effect of 1,5‐Cyclooctadiene.
Authors: Kuwano Ryoichi , Kondo Yutaka
Published: January 2005

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Self‐Condensation of N‐tert‐Butanesulfinyl Aldimines: Application to the Rapid Asymmetric Synthesis of Biologically Important Amine‐Containing Compounds.
Authors: Schenkel Laurie B. , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: January 2005

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Cerium Polyoxometalate as a Reusable Catalyst for Acetylation and Formylation of Alcohols.
Authors: Mirkhani Valiollah , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Moghadam Majid , Yadollahi Bahram , Alipanah Ladan
Published: January 2005

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A General Bifunctional Catalyst for the anti‐Markovnikov Hydration of Terminal Alkynes to Aldehydes Gives Enzyme‐Like Rate and Selectivity Enhancements.
Authors: Grotjahn Douglas B. , Lev Daniel A.
Published: January 2005

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1,2,4‐Trioxepanes: Redox‐Cleavable Protection for Carbonyl Groups.
Authors: Ahmed Aqeel , Dussault Patrick H.
Published: January 2005

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The First Conversion of Primary Alkyl Halides to Nitroalkanes under Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Barboni Luciano , Giarlo Guido
Published: January 2005

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Nucleophilic Chain Substitution on Perfluoroketene Dithioacetals by Ethyl 2‐Trimethylsilyl Acetate. Application to the Synthesis of 2‐Trifluoromethyl Succinic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Brule Cedric , Bouillon Jean‐Philippe , Portella Charles
Published: January 2005

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Simple Access to 2‐Methylalk‐2‐enoates and Insect Pheromones by Zinc‐Promoted Reduction of Baylis—Hillman‐Derived Allylic Bromides.
Authors: Fernandes Luciano , Bortoluzzi Adailton J. , Sa Marcus M.
Published: January 2005

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