bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Transglutaminase 6 in the Central Nervous System of Adult Mice
Authors: Liu Yu‐Tao , Tang Bei‐Sha , Lan Wei , Song Ning‐Ning , Huang Ying , Zhang Lei , Guan Wen‐Juan , Shi Yu‐Ting , Shen Lu , Jiang Hong , Guo Ji‐Feng , Xia Kun , Ding Yu‐Qiang , Wang Jun‐Ling
Published: June 2014

Our previous study identified a new form of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), in which mutations in the gene coding for transglutaminase 6 (TG6) were suggested to be causative. However, the data concerning cellular distribution of TG6 in the brain is still fragmentary. Therefore, we now report a comprehensive immunohistochemical examination of the expression profile of TG6 in adult mouse brain. TG6 was abundantly expressed in the septal region, basal ganglia, hypothalamus and brainstem. Notably, numerous TG6‐positive neurons were found in the key brain regions involved in regulating locomotion activity, including the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, cerebellum, some precerebellar nuclei, and spinal motor neurons. Double immunostaining showed that the vast majority of TG6‐positive neurons in the reticular nigra were GABAergic and those in the compact nigra were not dopaminergic. In addition, double staining for TG6 with either anti‐NeuN or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies demonstrated exclusive NeuN‐TG6 co‐localization. This study presents a comprehensive overview of TG6 expression in the mouse brain, and provides insight for investigating the role of TG6 in the development of SCA. Anat Rec, 296:1576–1587, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microscopic Clusters of Sensory Neurons in C1 Spinal Nerve Roots and in the C1 Level of the Spinal Accessory Nerve in Adult Humans
Authors: Hovorka Michelle S. , Uray Nandor J.
Published: June 2014

This study examined C1 spinal nerve roots and their anastomotic connections with the spinal accessory nerve for histological evidence of sensory neurons in adult humans. C1 spinal nerves and roots with the adjacent segments of the spinal accessory nerve and the spinal cord were dissected en bloc from cadaveric specimens, and prepared for histological study. Results show that in 39.3% of specimens studied, no sensory component to the C1 spinal nerve could be identified. The C1 dorsal root was present 35.7% of the time, and when present it always contained neuronal cell bodies. In the remaining specimens, the sensory contribution to the C1 spinal nerve came through an anastomotic connection with the spinal accessory nerve. The investigators were able to identify clusters of neuronal cell bodies along the spinal accessory nerve at the level of C1 in 100% of the specimens examined. Anat Rec, 296:1588–1593, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphogenesis and Three‐Dimensional Movement of the Stomach During the Human Embryonic Period
Authors: Kaigai N. , Nako A. , Yamada S. , Uwabe C. , Kose K. , Takakuwa T.
Published: June 2014

The stomach develops as the local widening of the foregut after Carnegie stage (CS) 13 that moves in a dramatic and dynamic manner during the embryonic period. Using the magnetic resonance images of 377 human embryos, we present the morphology, morphometry, and three‐dimensional movement of the stomach during CS16 and CS23. The stomach morphology revealed stage‐specific features. The angular incisura and the cardia were formed at CS18. The change in the angular incisura angle was approximately 90° during CS19 and CS20, and was <90° after CS 21. The prominent formations of the fundus and the pylorus differentiate at around CS20. Morphometry of the stomach revealed that the stomach gradually becomes “deflected” during development. The stomach may appear to move to the left laterally and caudally due to its deflection and differential growth. The track of the reference points in the stomach may reflect the visual three‐dimensional movement. The movement of point M, representing the movement of the greater curvature, was different from that of points C (cardia) and P (pyloric antrum). The P and C were located just around the midsagittal plane in all the stages observed. Point M moved in the caudal‐left lateral direction until CS22. Moreover, the vector CP does not rotate around the dorsoventral axis, as widely believed, but around the transverse axis. The plane CPM rotated mainly around the longitudinal axis. The data obtained will be useful for prenatal diagnosis in the near future. Microsc. Res. Tech, 297:791–797, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Angiogenic and Tissue Remodeling Factors in the Prostate of Elderly Rats Submitted to Hormonal Replacement
Authors: Montico Fábio , Hetzl Amanda Cia , Cândido Eduardo Marcelo , Cagnon Valéria Helena Alves
Published: June 2014

The influence of senescence and hormone replacement on the onset of pathologic processes in the prostate is not yet fully understood. The aim was to identify the immunoreactivity and protein levels of molecules involved in cell proliferation, tissue remodeling and angiogenesis in the ventral prostate of elderly rodents following hormonal replacement. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were separated into one Young group (4‐months old), treated with peanut oil (5 mL kg−1, s.c.), and six Senile groups. The senile rats (10‐months old) were subdivided into: Senile group (SEN) (5 mL kg−1 peanut oil, s.c.); Testosterone group (TEST) (5 mg kg−1 testosterone cipionate, s.c.); Estrogen group (EST) (25 µg kg−1 17β‐estradiol, s.c.); castrated group (CAS) (surgical castration); castrated‐testosterone group (CT) (same treatment as CAS and TEST groups); and castrated‐estrogen group (CE) (same treatment as CAS and EST groups). After 30 days, samples of the ventral prostate were harvested for analyses of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGFR‐1), matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin features. IGFR‐1 and MMP‐9 showed increased protein levels and epithelial immunolabeling both after hormonal replacement and castration. Increased VEGF levels and reduced endostatin were verified in the SEN group. Hormonal therapy and castration led to a higher increase of VEGF, especially in the EST, CAS, and CE groups. Endostatin increased mainly in the TEST and CT groups. Hormonal therapy in senescence generated a reactive microenvironment characterized by the increase of mitogenic and tissue remodeling factors and by the imbalance of angiogenesis, which possibly compromised organ function and predisposed toward glandular disorders. Anat Rec, 296:1758–1767, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Induction of iPS Cells and of Cancer Stem Cells: The Stem Cell or Reprogramming Hypothesis of Cancer?
Authors: Trosko James E.
Published: June 2014

This article as designed to examine whether the “stoichiometric” or “elite models” of the origin of the “induced pluripotent stem” (iPS) cells fits some experiment facts from the developmental biology of adult stem cells and from the field of cancer research. In brief, since the evidence presented to support the stoichiometric model failed to recognize the factual existence of adult organ specific stem cells, the model has not been rigorously tested. In addition, the demonstration of a subset of cells (MUSE cells) in normal primary in vitro cultures of human fibroblasts (the usual source of iPS cells) seems to be the origin of the iPS cells. Moreover, from the field of carcinogenesis, the “stem cell” versus “de‐differentiation” or “reprogramming” hypotheses were examined. Again, using the role of glycolysis, known to be associated with the Warburg effect in cancer cells, a list of experiments showing that (a) normal stem cells, which have few mitochondria, metabolize via glycolysis; (b) the stem cells are targets for “initiation” or “immortalization” or the blockage of differentiation and apoptosis of the stem cells by “immortalizing viruses”; (c) Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), when expressed, is associated with glycolysis and therefore, must be expressed in normal adult stem cells, as well as in cancer cells; and (d) p53, depleted or rendered dysfunctional by SV40 Large T antigen, is associated with the reduction of mitochondrial function and mass and is associated with the Warburg effect. Together, these observations from the iPS and “cancer stem cell” fields support the idea that both iPS cells and cancer stem cell are derived from adult organ‐specific stem cells that do not restore or switch their metabolism of glucose from oxidative metabolism to glycolysis but, rather, in both cases, the adult stem cell, which metabolizes by glycolysis, is prevented from differentiation or from metabolizing by oxidative phosphorylation. Anat Rec, 297:161–173. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perspectives in Multiphasic Osteochondral Tissue Engineering
Authors: Jeon June E. , Vaquette Cedryck , Klein Travis J. , Hutmacher Dietmar W.
Published: June 2014

Critical‐sized osteochondral defects are clinically challenging, with limited treatment options available. By engineering osteochondral grafts using a patient's own cells and osteochondral scaffolds designed to facilitate cartilage and bone regeneration, osteochondral defects may be treated with less complications and better long‐term clinical outcomes. Scaffolds can influence the development and structure of the engineered tissue, and there is an increased awareness that osteochondral tissue engineering concepts need to take thein vivocomplexities into account in order to increase the likelihood of successful osteochondral tissue repair. The developing trend in osteochondral tissue engineering is the utilization of multiphasic scaffolds to recapitulate the multiphasic nature of the native tissue. Cartilage and bone have different structural, mechanical, and biochemical microenvironments. By designing osteochondral scaffolds with tissue‐specific architecture, it may be possible to enhance osteochondral repair within shorter timeframe. While there are promisingin vivooutcomes using multiphasic approaches, functional regeneration of osteochondral constructs still remains a challenge. In this review, we provide an overview ofin vivoosteochondral repair studies that have taken place in the past three years, and define areas which needs improvement in future studies. Anat Rec, 297:26–35, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of eye morphology and retinal topography in two species of new world vultures (Aves: Cathartidae)
Authors: Lisney Thomas J. , Stecyk Karyn , Kolominsky Jeffrey , Graves Gary R. , Wylie Douglas R. , Iwaniuk Andrew N.
Published: June 2014

Vultures are highly reliant on their sensory systems for the rapid detection and localization of carrion before other scavengers can exploit the resource. In this study, we compared eye morphology and retinal topography in two species of New World vultures (Cathartidae), turkey vultures (Cathartes aura), with a highly developed olfactory sense, and black vultures (Coragyps atratus), with a less developed sense of olfaction. We found that eye size relative to body mass was the same in both species, but that black vultures have larger corneas relative to eye size than turkey vultures. However, the overall retinal topography, the total number of cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer, peak and average cell densities, cell soma area frequency distributions, and the theoretical peak anatomical spatial resolving power were the same in both species. This suggests that the visual systems of these two species are similar and that vision plays an equally important role in the biology of both species, despite the apparently greater reliance on olfaction for finding carrion in turkey vultures. Anat Rec, 296:1954–1970, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pregabalin Alters Nociceptive Behavior and Expression Level of P2X3 Receptor in the Spinal Dorsal Horn in a Rat Model Induced by Chronic Compression of the Dorsal Root Ganglion
Authors: Yu Jianfeng , Fu Peng , Zhang Yan , Liu Shuzhen , Cui Donghong
Published: June 2014

P2X3 receptors are present in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) and play an essential role in the regulation of nociception and pain. Pregabalin (PGB) has been used as a new antiepileptic drug in the treatment of neuropathic pain. However, it is unclear whether PGB‐induced analgesia was associated with the P2X3 receptor in SDH. Here, rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12 per group), including 2 sham operation groups, which was treated by normal saline (Sham + NS group) or PGB (Sham + PGB group), other 2 groups with chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion, a normal saline‐treated CCD group (CCD+NS group), and a PGB‐treated CCD group (CCD + PGB group). A rat model of neuropathic pain was used by compressing the right L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia. Each group was evaluated using the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT). The mRNA and protein levels of the P2X3 receptor in the ipsilateral SDH were measured by RT‐PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence on 14 day after CCD operation. CCD rats showed the highest mechanical hyperalgesia and the lowest pain threshold in the four groups. Simultaneously, CCD rats showed higher P2X3 mRNA and protein expression in ipsilateral side of the SDH than the sham operation rats. However, the MWT was increased and expression of P2X3 mRNA and protein in the ipsilateral SDH in CCD rats was decreased 3 days after PGB treatment. Thus, PGB may partially reverse mechanical hyperalgesia in CCD rats by inhibiting P2X3 receptor expression in the ipsilateral SDH. Anat Rec, 296:1907–1912, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid Interaction of Helicobacter pylori with Microvilli of the Polar Human Gastric Epithelial Cell Line NCI‐N87
Authors: Diesing Anne‐Kathrin , Nossol Constanze , Faber‐Zuschratter Heidi , Zuschratter Werner , Renner Lydia , Sokolova Olga , Naumann Michael , Rothkötter Hermann‐Josef
Published: June 2014

Infection with Helicobacter pylori results often in chronic gastritis, gastric ulcers or even gastric tumor development. Little is known about the initial interaction between gastric epithelial cells and H. pylori. The aim of the present study was to analyze the initial host contact to the bacteria. Monolayers of the human gastric epithelial cell line NCI‐N87 grown on porous membranes were used and the apical side of the epithelium was exposed to the H. pylori wild‐type strain P1 for 1 hr. Many epithelial cells were colonized by bacteria within the period of 60 min. Using scanning electron microscopy we detected that the bacteria were in close contact with the epithelia via microvilli. Further, transmission electron microscopy of the contact sites revealed no difference in the morphology of the microvilli in comparison to those not attached to the bacteria. The present study demonstrates the importance of microvilli on apical epithelial cells during the initial contact of the host by colonizing H. pylori. Anat Rec, 296:1800–1805, 2013. © 2013 The Authors. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Association of Anatomists.
Tissue Engineering in the Vasculature
Authors: Naito Yuji , Rocco Kevin , Kurobe Hirotsugu , Maxfield Mark , Breuer Christopher , Shinoka Toshiharu
Published: June 2014

Tissue engineering holds great promise to address complications and limitations encountered with the use of traditional prosthetic materials, such as thrombogenicity, infection, and future degeneration which represent the major morbidity and mortality after device implant surgery. The general concept of tissue engineering consists of three main components: a scaffold material, a cell type for seeding the scaffold, and biochemical, physio‐chemical signaling and remodeling process. This remodeling process is guided by cell signals derived from both seeded cells and host inflammatory cells that infiltrate the scaffold and deposit extracellular matrix, forming the neotissue. Vascular tissue engineering is at the forefront in the translation of this technology to clinical practice, as tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) have now been successfully implanted in children with congenital heart disease. In this report, we review the history, advances, and state of the art in TEVGs. Anat Rec, 297:83–97. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Osteological Histology of the Pan‐Alcidae (Aves, Charadriiformes): Correlates of Wing‐Propelled Diving and Flightlessness
Authors: Smith N. Adam , Clarke Julia A.
Published: June 2014

Although studies of osteological morphology, gross myology, myological histology, neuroanatomy, and wing‐scaling have all documented anatomical modifications associated with wing‐propelled diving, the osteohistological study of this highly derived method of locomotion has been limited to penguins. Herein we present the first osteohistological study of the derived forelimbs and hind limbs of wing‐propelled diving Pan‐Alcidae (Aves, Charadriiformes). In addition to detailing differences between wing‐propelled diving charadriiforms and nondiving charadriiforms, microstructural modifications to the humeri, ulnae and femora of extinct flightless pan‐alcids are contrasted with those of volant alcids. Histological thin‐sections of four species of pan‐alcids (Alca torda, †Alca grandis, †Pinguinus impennis, †Mancalla cedrosensis) and one outgroup charadriiform (Stercorarius longicaudus) were compared. The forelimb bones of wing‐propelled diving charadriiforms were found to have significantly thicker (∼22%) cortical bone walls. Additionally, as in penguins, the forelimbs of flightless pan‐alcids are found to be osteosclerotic. However, unlike the pattern documented in penguins that display thickened cortices in both forelimbs and hind limbs, the forelimb and hind limb elements of pan‐alcids display contrasting microstructural morphologies with thickened forelimb cortices and relatively thinner femoral cortices. Additionally, the identification of medullary bone in the sampled †Pinguinus impennisspecimen suggests that further osteohistological investigation could provide an answer to longstanding questions regarding sexual dimorphism of Great Auks. Finally, these results suggest that it is possible to discern volant from flightless wing‐propelled divers from fragmentary fossil remains. Anat Rec, 297:188–199, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Not Enough Skeletons in the Closet: Collections‐Based Anatomical Research in an Age of Conservation Conscience
Authors: Bell Christopher J. , Mead Jim I.
Published: June 2014

The emergence of new technologies and improved computing power helped to introduce a renewed vitality in morphological research in recent decades. This is especially apparent in the new advances made in understanding the evolutionary morphology of the skeletal system in extinct and extant squamate reptiles. The new data generated as a result of the recent increase in attention are relevant not only for systematic analyses but also are valuable in their own right for contributing to holistic perspectives on organismal evolution, mosaic evolution in the rates of change in different anatomical systems, and broader patterns of macroevolution. A global community of morphological researchers now can share data through online digital collections, but opportunities for continued advance are hindered because we lack even basic data on patterns of variation of the skeletal system for virtually all squamate lineages. Most work on skeletal morphology of squamates is based on a sample size of n = 1; this is an especially noticeable phenomenon for studies relying on X‐ray computed tomography technology. We need new collections of skeletal specimens, both material and digital, and new approaches to the study of skeletal morphology. Promising areas for continued research include the recent focus on skeletal elements not traditionally included in morphological studies (especially systematic analyses based upon morphological data) and efforts to elucidate patterns of variation and phylogenetically informative features of disarticulated skeletal elements. Anat Rec, 297:344–348, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Jaw and Dentition of Pseudopus apodus and the Interrelationships of Species of Subfamily Anguinae (Anguimorpha, Anguidae)
Authors: Klembara Jozef , Hain Miroslav , Dobiašová Karolína
Published: June 2014

The morphology of the lower jaw and teeth of the legless lizard Pseudopus apodus (Anguimorpha, Anguidae, Anguinae) from Eurasia are described in detail and compared with those of other species of the subfamily Anguinae. The lower jaw anatomy of Pseudopus, especially the dentary and teeth, clearly differs from the genera Ophisaurus and Anguis. Even so, Ophisaurus is largely uniform in its lower jaw morphology across species. The teeth of North American Ophisaurus are slender cylinders, the shafts are mesiodistally compressed and bulge lingually; the apices are curved lingually and posteriorly and have weakly developed cutting edges. Southeast Asian and North African Ophisaurus present conical teeth, with broadened bases, apices more distinctly curved lingually and posteriorly, and cutting edges that are distinctly developed. The lingual surfaces of the tooth apices are striated in Ophisaurus and Pseudopus. The lower jaw of Ophisaurus is in many respects similar to that in Anguis, however, the teeth of Anguis are longer and markedly curved posteriorly. The result of the phylogenetic analysis rendered six equally parsimonious trees. Anguis appears in three alternative positions, as the sister taxon to a clade formed by Ophisaurus and Pseudopus, as the sister taxon of Ophisaurus, or as forming a clade with Ophisaurus which is the sister group to Pseudopus. Anat Rec, 297:516–544, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A New Miniaturized Lizard From the Late Eocene of France and Spain
Authors: Bolet Arnau , Augé Marc
Published: June 2014

We report here a new lizard genus and species shared by two late Eocene localities situated at both versants of the present Pyrenees (South‐Western Europe), one located in France (Escamps, MP19), and the other in Catalonia, Spain (Sossís, MP17a). The recovered specimens are remarkable because of their small size and peculiar morphology. Features of the dentary are interpreted as adaptations to a fossorial or semi‐fossorial lifestyle, although such modifications obscure the exact phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon. We suggest that it might represent a further example of scincoid lizard that independently achieved adaptations for burrowing or surface‐dwelling. This taxon reinforces the hypotheses that link the Southern Pyrenean assemblages to those from France rather than to those of the rest of the Iberian Peninsula, which are supposed to be somehow isolated and endemic to a certain degree during the middle and late Eocene, forming part of the so‐called Western Iberian Bioprovince. Anat Rec, 297:505–515, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Inferior Olive of the C57BL/6J Mouse: A Chemoarchitectonic Study
Authors: Yu You , Fu Yuhong , Watson Charles
Published: June 2014

We have used the histochemical and immunohistochemical staining methods and maps of gene expression to analyze the structure of the inferior olive of the C57BL mouse. As in other mammals, the inferior olive of the C57BL mouse contains three major nuclei, the medial nucleus, the principal nucleus, and the dorsal nucleus. The medial nucleus can be divided into a rostral medial nucleus and a more complex caudal part, which is formed by subnuclei C, B, A, the cap of Kooy, and the beta subnucleus. The principal nucleus includes the major principal nucleus and the arcuate subnucleus. Most of the inferior olive neurons are small to medium size, the smallest of which are found in the arcuate subnucleus. Calbindin and the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 gene are expressed in nearly all inferior olive neurons, but acetlycholinesterase, glutamate decarboxylase 1 gene, cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript protein prepropeptide gene, galanin gene, and calretinin are selectively expressed within different subnuclei. These findings are consistent with a pattern of extensive functional differentiation among the neuron groups of the inferior olive. Anat Rec, 297:289–300, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphological Analysis of Lymph Nodes in Odontocetes From North and Northeast Coast of Brazil
Authors: Silva Fernanda Menezes De Oliveira E , Guimarães Juliana Plácido , Vergara‐parente Jociery Einhardt , Carvalho Vitor Luz , De Meirelles Ana Carolina Oliveira , Marmontel Miriam , Ferrão Juliana Shimara Pires , Miglino Maria Angelica
Published: June 2014

The morphology and location of lymph nodes from seven species of Odontocetes, of both sexes and different age groups, were described. All animals were derived from stranding events along the North and Northeastern coasts of Brazil. After the identification of lymph nodesin situ, tissue samples were analyzed for light and electron microscopy. Vascular volume density (VVD) and vascular length density (VLD) were evaluated in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Lymph nodes occurred as solitary nodules or in groups, varying in shape and size. In addition to using the nomenclature recommended byNomina Anatomica Veterinaria, new nomenclatures were suggested based on the lymph nodes topography. Lymph nodes were covered by a highly vascularized and innervated capsule of dense connective tissue, below which muscle fibers were observed, inconsistently, in all studied species. There was no difference in VLD among different age groups. However, VVD was higher in adults. Lymph nodes parenchyma was divided into an outer cortex, containing lymph nodules and germinal centers; a paracortical region, transition zone with dense lymphoid tissue; and an inner medulla, composed of small irregular cords of lymphatic tissue, blood vessels, and diffuse lymphoid tissue. Abundant collagen fibers were observed around arteries and arterioles. Germinal centers were more evident and developed in calves and young animals, being more discrete and sparse in adults. The morphology of lymph nodes in Odontocetes was typical of that observed in other terrestrial mammals. However, new groups of lymph nodes were described for seven species occurring in the Brazilian coast. Anat Rec, 297:939–948, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of Nasal Cavity‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Ducks
Authors: Kang Haihong , Yan Mengfei , Yu Qinghua , Yang Qian
Published: June 2014

The nasal mucosa is involved in immune defense, as it is the first barrier for pathogens entering the body through the respiratory tract. The nasal cavity‐associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), which is found in the mucosa of the nasal cavity, is considered to be the main mucosal immune inductive site in the upper respiratory tract. NALT has been found in humans and many mammals, which contributes to local and systemic immune responses after intranasal vaccination. However, there are very few data on NALT in avian species, especially waterfowl. For this study, histological sections of the nasal cavities of Cherry Valley ducks were used to examine the anatomical location and histological characteristics of NALT. The results showed that several lymphoid aggregates are present in the ventral wall of the nasal cavity near the choanal cleft, whereas several more lymphoid aggregates were located on both sides of the nasal septum. In addition, randomly distributed intraepithelial lymphocytes and isolated lymphoid follicles were observed in the regio respiratoria of the nasal cavity. There were also a few lymphoid aggregates located in the lamina propria of the regio vestibularis, which was covered with a stratified squamous epithelium. This study focused on the anatomic and histological characteristics of the nasal cavity of the duck and performed a systemic overview of NALT. This will be beneficial for further understanding of immune mechanisms after nasal vaccination and the development of effective nasal vaccines for waterfowls. Anat Rec, 297:916–924, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anaglyph of Retinal Stem Cells And Developing Axons: Selective Volume Enhancement In Microscopy Images
Authors: Carri Néstor Gabriel , Bermúdez Sebastián Noo , Fiore Luciano , Napoli Jennifer Di , Scicolone Gabriel
Published: June 2014

Retinal stem cell culture has become a powerful research tool, but it requires reliable methods to obtain high‐quality images of living and fixed cells. This study describes a procedure for using phase contrast microscopy to obtain three‐dimensional (3‐D) images for the study of living cells by photographing a living cell in a culture dish from bottom to top, as well as a procedure to increase the quality of scanning electron micrographs and laser confocal images. The procedure may also be used to photograph clusters of neural stem cells, and retinal explants with vigorous axonal growth. In the case of scanning electron microscopy and laser confocal images, a Gaussian procedure is applied to the original images. The methodology allows for the creation of anaglyphs and video reconstructions, and provides high‐quality images for characterizing living cells or tissues, fixed cells or tissues, or organs observed with scanning electron and laser confocal microscopy. Its greatest advantage is that it is easy to obtain good results without expensive equipment. The procedure is fast, precise, simple, and offers a strategic tool for obtaining 3‐D reconstructions of cells and axons suitable for easily determining the orientation and polarity of a specimen. It also enables video reconstructions to be created, even of specimens parallel to the plastic base of a tissue culture dish, It is also helpful for studying the distribution and organization of living cells in a culture, as it provides the same powerful information as optical tomography, which most confocal microscopes cannot do on sterile living cells. Anat Rec, 297:770–780, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paneth Cell Identification in the Small Intestine of Guinea Pig Offsprings (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Vásquez Cachay María Elith , Gomez Erika Pebe , Rodríguez Gutiérrez José Luis , Lira Mejía Boris , Pérez Néstor Falcón , Zanuzzi Carolina Natalia , Barbeito Claudio
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the presence, number, and morphometrical characteristics of Paneth cells (PC) in the small intestine of guinea pigs during lactation. We used 48 pups from 0 to 15 days old. Samples from small intestine were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde (pH 7.4) and processed for histological and morphometrical studies using hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Phloxine tartrazine or Masson's Trichome staining, or immunohistochemistry for lysozyme. PC were morphologically identified at day 2 using Masson's Trichome or Phloxine tartrazine stainings, and at day 4 using HE, whereas using immunohistochemistry they were recognized from birth. Morphometrical differences were found between the intestinal sections at each age studied, and within each section during the first weeks of life. In all developmental stage, the highest number of PC was observed in the duodenum of 13 days old guinea pigs. Our results confirm the presence of PC in the small intestine of guinea pigs from birth. Anat Rec, 297:856–863, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Antiquity of Riverine Adaptations in Iniidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) Documented by a Humerus from the Late Miocene of the Ituzaingó Formation, Argentina
Authors: Gutstein Carolina Simon , Cozzuol Mario Alberto , Pyenson Nicholas D.
Published: June 2014

“River dolphins” are a paraphyletic group of toothed whales (Odontoceti) that represent independent secondary invasions of freshwater habitats. Different “river dolphin” lineages display suites of convergent morphological specializations that commonly reflect adaptations to riverine and freshwater environments, such as longirostry, reduced orbits, and wide, paddle‐like flippers. One lineage, the Iniidae, is presently endemic to South America, and includes several extinct Neogene taxa along with their sole extant genus, Inia (the Amazon River dolphin). We report here a humerus recovered from the late Miocene deposits of the Ituzaingó Formation in the Paraná Basin of Argentina. The specimen exhibits diagnostic features of the family Iniidae, including a scapular‐sternal joint of the humerus, which is a unique anatomical connection among mammals. This joint permits enhanced parasagittal adduction of the flipper as a control surface, relative to other odontocetes, providing Inia with a high degree of maneuverability in its structurally complex and heterogenous riverine habitat. This unique anatomical connection, here documented from the late Miocene (∼9 million years–6.5 million years old), not only provides the oldest diagnostic record for Iniidae, but it also indicates a similar habitat use for this lineage, a finding coincident with the current paleoenvironmental interpretation for the Ituzaingó Formation. Anat Rec, 297:1096–1102, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Male Gonadal Differentiation and the Paedomorphic Evolution of the Testis in Teleostei
Authors: Mazzoni Talita Sarah , Grier Harry J. , Quagio‐Grassiotto Irani
Published: June 2014

Testis differentiation from representatives of the Otophysi (Cyprinus carpio), Percomorpha (Amatitlania nigrofasciata), and Atherinomorpha (Poecilia reticulata) was comparatively described. In the undifferentiated gonad of C. carpio, the primordial germ cells (PGCs) are scattered throughout the gonads while in A. nigrofasciata and P. reticulata the PGCs are restricted to the ventral periphery. In the dorsal region of the developing gonads, with the exception of C. carpio, somatic cell rearrangements result in the differentiation of the sperm duct. Pre‐Sertoli cells wrap around single spermatogonia forming cysts that proliferate forming acinar‐clusters. In C. carpio and A. nigrofasciata, the cysts in each acinar‐cluster move away from each other, creating a central lumen. In C. carpio, the acinar‐clusters then fuse to each other forming tubules that become lined by the germinal epithelium. Subsequently, the tubules anastomose dorsally and create the sperm duct. In A. nigrofasciata, the acinar‐clusters elongate, forming lobules that individually connect to the sperm duct. These are lined by the germinal epithelium. In P. reticulata, the spermatogonial cysts remain in the acinar‐cluster organization. Subsequently, developing ducts connect each cluster to the sperm duct and lobules subsequently develop. In the differentiated testis of C. carpio and A. nigrofasciata, spermatogonia are distributed along the lengths of the anastomosing tubules or lobules, respectively. However, in P. reticulata, the spermatogonia remain restricted to the terminal end of the lobules. Considering testis ontogeny, the spermatogonial acinar‐cluster is the adult characteristic of more derived taxa that approximate the early gonad developmental stages of the basal taxa. Anat Rec, 297:1137–1162, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enigmatic Cranial Superstructures Among Chamorro Ancestors From The Mariana Islands: Gross Anatomy and Microanatomy
Authors: Heathcote Gary M. , Bromage Timothy G. , Sava Vincent J. , Hanson Douglas B. , Anderson Bruce E.
Published: June 2014

This study focuses on the gross anatomy, anatomic relations, microanatomy, and the meaning of three enigmatic, geographically patterned, and quasi‐continuous superstructures of the posterior cranium. Collectively known as occipital superstructures (OSSs), these traits are the occipital torus tubercle (TOT), retromastoid process (PR), and posterior supramastoid tubercle (TSP). When present, TOT, PR, and TSP develop at posterior cranial attachment sites of the upper trapezius, superior oblique, and sternocleidomastoid muscles, respectively. Marked expression and co‐occurrence of these OSSs are virtually circumscribed within Oceania and reach highest recorded frequencies in protohistoric Chamorros (CHamoru) of the Mariana Islands. Prior to undertaking scanning electron microscopy (SEM) work, our working multifactorial model for OSS development was that early‐onset, long‐term, and chronic activity‐related microtrauma at enthesis sites led to exuberant reactive or reparative responses in a substantial minority of genetically predisposed (and mostly male) individuals. SEM imaging, however, reveals topographic patterning that questions, but does not negate, activity induction of these superstructures. Although OSSs appear macroscopically as relatively large and discrete phenomena, SEM findings reveal a unique, widespread, and seemingly systemic distribution of structures over the occipital surface that have the appearance of OSS microforms. Nevertheless, apparent genetic underpinnings, anatomic relationships with muscle entheses, and positive correlation of OSS development with humeral robusticity continue to suggest that these superstructures have potential to at once bear witness to Chamorro population history and inform osteobiographical constructions of chronic activity patterns in individuals bearing them. Further work is outlined that would illuminate the proximate and ultimate meanings of OSS. Anat Rec, 297:1009–1021, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systematization, Description, and Territory of the Caudal Cerebral Artery in Surface of the Brain of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Nazer Manoel , Campos Rui
Published: June 2014

Brain specimens from 30 ostriches were injected with red‐dyed latex via the internal carotid arteries, and the caudal cerebral arteries and their branches were systematically described. On the right side, the caudal cerebral artery was double‐, triple‐, quadruple‐, and single‐branched in 73.5%, 23.3%, 3.3%, and 3.3% of cases, respectively; on the left side, it was double‐, triple‐, quadruple‐, and single‐branched in 76.7%, 20%, 3.3%, and 3.3% of cases, respectively. The dorsal tectal mesencephalic artery appeared as a single vessel in 96.7% of cases, emerging as a collateral branch of the caudal cerebral artery. The dorsal mesencephalic tectal artery originated from the right dorsal cerebellar artery in 40% of cases and from the left side in 63.3% of cases. On the right side, there were four and three medial occipital hemispheric branches in 46.7% and 20% of cases, respectively; on the left side, there were four and three branches in 30% and 26.7% of cases. On the right side, the pineal artery was double‐, single‐, triple‐, and quadruple‐branched in 50%, 23.3%, 20%, and 6.7% of cases, respectively; on the left side, this artery was double‐, single‐, triple‐, and quadruple‐branched in 50%, 23.3%, 16.7%, and 10% of cases, respectively. The diencephalic artery was on the right side in 43.3% of cases and on the left side in 56.7% of cases. The interhemispheric artery was on the right side in 56.7% of cases and on the left side in 43.3% of cases; four, three, two, five, and one dorsal hemispheric trunks branched off of the interhemispheric artery in 40%, 40%, 10%, 6.7%, and 26.7% of cases, respectively. The caudal cerebral artery was classified as Type I in 56.7% of cases (subtype IA in 33.3% of cases and IB in 23.3% of cases), Type II in 40% of cases (subtype IIA in 20% of cases and IIB in 20% of cases), and Type III in 3.3% of cases. Anat Rec, 297:1523–1531, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Bacteriocin Sublancin Attenuates Intestinal Injury in Young Mice Infected With Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Wang Qingwei , Zeng Xiangfang , Wang Shuai , Hou Chengli , Yang Fengjuan , Ma Xi , Thacker Philip , Qiao Shiyan
Published: June 2014

Sublancin, a bacteriocin, has bactericidal activity against a broad spectrum of gram‐positive bacteria. However, studies have not been conducted to determine its in vivo efficacy against potential pathogens. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sublancin in a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infected mouse model which induced intestinal injury. A total of 160, 4‐week‐old mice were randomly assigned to one of eight treatments. Mice in the control group were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline. Mice in the other seven groups were given an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mL saline containing 1.0 × 1010 colony‐forming units (CFU)/mL S. aureus. Six hours after inoculation, mice in the control group were again injected with 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline. Mice in the other seven groups were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mg/kg body weight (BW) sublancin or 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg BW ampicillin. The results showed that 4.0 mg/kg sublancin and 2.0 mg/kg ampicillin significantly reduced mice mortality from 55 to 10%. The height and the number of proliferated cells from the intestinal villi in the sublancin and ampicillin treated mice were higher than in the control. We conclude that sublancin has potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Therefore, sublancin could find use as an alternative antimicrobial agent for the treatment of gram‐positive bacterial infections. Anat Rec, 297:1454–1461, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical Review: In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Jensen Ellen
Published: June 2014

In situ hybridization is a technique that is used to detect nucleotide sequences in cells, tissue sections, and even whole tissue. This method is based on the complementary binding of a nucleotide probe to a specific target sequence of DNA or RNA. These probes can be labeled with either radio‐, fluorescent‐, or antigen‐labeled bases. Depending on the probe used, autoradiography, fluorescence microscopy, or immunohistochemistry, respectively, are used for visualization. In situ hybridization is extensively used in research, as well as clinical applications, especially for diagnostic purposes. This review discusses the basic technique of in situ hybridization. The standard in situ hybridization process is reviewed, and different types of in situ hybridization, their applications, and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Anat Rec, 297:1349–1353, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clarification of the Terminology of the Major Human Salivary Glands: Acinus and Alveolus are not Synonymous
Authors: Gilloteaux Jacques , Afolayan Adebowale
Published: June 2014

Discrepancies in the terminology of the major human salivary glands often appear in anatomical textbooks and tend to adversely affect student's learning experience in Microscopic Anatomy. The main culprit is the inconsistent description of the morphology of these glands secretory end pieces where “acinus” and “alveolus” are used interchangeably. The correct terminology originated from Malpighi (1687), repeated by Kölliker (1854), but over the years has been misinterpreted by prominent authors as a result of the nature of specimen preparation. This commentary is based on etymology, current standard light microscopy, research studies and consultation with experts. The overall objective of this publication is to recommend that textbooks should endeavour to modify the relevant descriptions about this terminology in their future editions. The most appropriate terminology for the major human salivary glands would be: (1) the parotid gland, entirely serous, should be called compound acinar glands; (2) the submandibular glands are mixed glands; their serous components are compound acinar while some of the mucinous areas are tubular with serous, crescents or demilunes, as acinar end pieces hence they should be named compound tubuloacinar glands; (3) the sublingual glands, mainly mucous glands with tubular shape, with small acinar end pieces that are serous crescents thence they should be called compound tubuloacinar glands. Anat Rec, 297:1354–1363, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Support Theory in Negotiation: How Unpacking Aspirations and Alternatives Can Improve Negotiation Performance
Authors: Haselhuhn Michael P.
Published: June 2014

Prescriptions for improving negotiation performance, including developing alternatives to negotiated agreements or setting high aspirations, often fail to consider the inherent uncertainty in such deliberations. Across three studies, this paper demonstrates that negotiators who address this uncertainty by unpacking their positive alternatives and aspirations (e.g., the likelihood of attaining an alternative job offer from Firm #1, Firm #2, or any other firm) judge these outcomes to be more likely to occur and achieve better negotiation outcomes compared with negotiators who consider these same outcomes as a single package (e.g., the likelihood of attaining an alternative job offer from any firm). Unpacking is not uniformly beneficial: unpacking potential negative outcomes (e.g., not receiving another job offer) leads negotiators to demand less in the current negotiation and claim less value as a result. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confirmatory Search and Asymmetric Dominance
Authors: Bhatia Sudeep
Published: June 2014

Decision makers use confirmatory search strategies in judgment tasks. As a result of this, their attention towards task‐relevant cues is biased in favor of cues supporting available responses. Changing these responses can alter the cues used in the judgment task and, subsequently, alter beliefs. We use this mechanism to predict and explain the emergence of the asymmetric dominance effect in judgment. In four sets of experiments, we document systematic changes in belief, as dominated options are added to the response set. These effects emerge for a number of naturalistic judgment tasks and are mediated by the increased accessibility of decoy‐supporting cues. Finally, these effects can be eliminated when the decision maker's attention is drawn towards the cues supporting the non‐dominant response. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in referral practice for patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases
Authors: Young A L , Adair R , Culverwell A , Guthrie J A , Botterill I D , Toogood G J , Lodge J P A , Prasad K R
Published: June 2014

Background

Half of patients with colorectal cancer develop liver metastases. There remains great variability between hospitals in rates of liver resection for colorectal cancer liver metastases (CLM). This study aimed to determine how many patients with potentially resectable CLM are not seen by specialist liver surgeons.

Methods

Patients presenting with new CLM in a cancer network consisting of a tertiary centre and seven attached hospitals were studied prospectively over 12 months. Data were collected retrospectively for patients who did not have a complete data set. Outcomes for patients referred to the liver tertiary centre were collated. The radiology of tumours deemed inoperable by the local colorectal specialist teams was reviewed by specialist liver surgeons and radiologists.

Results

In total, 631 patients with CLM were assessed. Prospective data were complete for 241 patients, and 64 (26·6 per cent) of these were referred to the specialist liver team for consideration of resection. No decision was documented for 16 patients (6·6 per cent). Of those not referred, 30 (18·6 per cent) were deemed unfit or refused and 131 (81·4 per cent) were thought inoperable. Referral rates varied between hospitals (13–43·6 per cent). Of 131 patients deemed fit but inoperable by the colorectal specialist teams, 38 (29·0 per cent) were deemed operable and 20 (15·3 per cent) had equivocal imaging when assessed retrospectively by liver specialists. In total, 142 of the 631 patients were referred to liver specialists for consideration of treatments, and 107 (75·4 per cent) treated with curative intent.

Conclusion

A considerable number of patients with potentially resectable CLM are not assessed by specialist liver teams. Improved referral rates could greatly improve resection rates for CLM, which may improve outcomes for patients with colorectal cancer.