bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Newton polygons for L-functions of generalized Kloosterman sums
Authors: Wang Chunlin , Yang Liping
Published: November 2021

In the present paper, we study the Newton polygons for the L-functions of n-variable generalized Kloosterman sums.
Generally, the Newton polygon has a topological lower bound, called the Hodge polygon.
In order to determine the Hodge polygon, we explicitly construct a basis of the top-dimensional Dwork cohomology.
Using Wan’s decomposition theorem and diagonal local theory, we obtain when the Newton polygon coincides with the Hodge polygon. In particular, we concretely get the slope sequence for the L-function of

F
¯

⁢

(

λ
¯

,
x
)

:=

∑

i
=
1

n

x
i

a
i

+

λ
¯

⁢

∏

i
=
1

n

x
i

-
1

,

\bar{F}(\bar{\lambda},x):=\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}^{a_{i}}+\bar{\lambda}\prod_{i=1}%
^{n}x_{i}^{-1},

with

a
1

,
…
,

a
n

{a_{1},\ldots,a_{n}}

being pairwise coprime for

n
≥
2

{n\geq 2}

.
A new self adaptive Tseng’s extragradient method with double-projection for solving pseudomonotone variational inequality problems in Hilbert spaces
Authors: Xie Zhongbing , Cai Gang , Li Xiaoxiao , Dong Qiao-Li
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this paper is to study a new Tseng’s extragradient method with two different stepsize rules for solving pseudomonotone variational inequalities in real Hilbert spaces. We prove a strong convergence theorem of the proposed algorithm under some suitable conditions imposed on the parameters. Moreover, we also give some numerical experiments to demonstrate the performance of our algorithm.
“It Can’t Happen Here”: Howard Brenton’s The Churchill Play
Authors: Saunders Judith
Published: December 2021

This article proposes revisiting Howard Brenton’s The Churchill Play (1974). I contend that the play offers pertinent insights into how authoritarian governments come into being through the implicit cooperation of people who, wittingly or unwittingly, enter into a “conspiracy of obedience.” Although inspired by political issues that were current in Britain in the 1970 s and 1980 s, the play’s illustration of the fragility of democracy resonates with today’s political atmosphere, especially that experienced in the United States. By anchoring my argument to the theories of Bertolt Brecht, I aim to clarify Brenton’s intent and encourage a more parabolic reading of the play – perceiving totalitarianism not as the usurpation of power by a single individual or group, but as the consequence of people’s complacent and self-serving tendencies to comply with the status quo.
The association between a metabolically healthy overweight/obesity phenotype and markers of inflammation among Chinese children and adolescents aged 10–18 years
Authors: Zhou Jinyu , Bai Ling , Dong Yangyang , Cai Rongrong , Ding Wenqing
Published: December 2021

Objectives

The association between metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (MHO) and inflammatory markers remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence of different metabolic phenotypes and to examine the relationship of different metabolic phenotypes with inflammatory markers among Chinese children and adolescents.

Methods

The study included 1,125 children and adolescents aged 10–18 years using a cross-sectional survey, and all subjects were classified into four groups based on a combination of BMI and metabolic status. In addition, the inflammatory markers we measured were high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).

Results

The prevalence of metabolically healthy with normal-weight (MHNW), MHO, metabolically unhealthy with normal-weight (MUNW), and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUO) phenotypes was 38.76, 7.11, 38.67 and 15.47%, respectively. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the MHO was associated with the z scores of hs-CRP in Chinese children and adolescents (OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.39–0.83). Meanwhile, multivariate adjusted regression analysis showed that the relationship between hs-CRP and MHO among the overweight/obese was consistent with the results above, but among the normal-weight, only the highest quartile of TNF-α could increase the risk of MUNW (OR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.09–2.52).

Conclusions

MHO phenotypes were not common in Chinese children and adolescents. Individuals with MHO had a more beneficial hs-CRP profile than those with MUO.
Q: What is Tort? A: Categorical Hurt
Authors: Bernstein Anita
Published: November 2021

The capacious and hard-to-confine term Tort challenges observers to identify what it includes and does not include. Offered here to describe tort, the label “categorical hurt” makes reference to two foundational characteristics. “Hurt,” the noun in this phrase, insists that tort plaintiffs bring to court their experience of suffering. Its adjective, used in this article to echo the word Immanuel Kant chose to modify a different noun, “imperative,” means that tort courts hear claims of general rather than exclusively personal interest. To earn a tort remedy, the suffering reported by a hurt plaintiff must be of a kind that other people can experience and understand.
circATP2A2 promotes osteosarcoma progression by upregulating MYH9
Authors: Cao Xin , Meng Xianfeng , Fu Peng , Wu Lin , Yang Zhen , Chen Huijin
Published: November 2021

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly metastatic primary malignant tumor. CircRNA hsa_circ_0028173 (circATP2A2) has been uncovered to be related to the advancement of OS. However, the biological role of circATP2A2 in OS has not been validated. circATP2A2 and MYH9 were upregulated while miR-335-5p was downregulated in OS. OS patients with high circATP2A2 expression displayed a shorter overall survival and the area under curve of circATP2A2 was 0.77, manifesting that circATP2A2 might be a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. circATP2A2 silencing repressed OS cell proliferation and glycolysis in vivo and constrained OS cell proliferation, glycolysis, migration, and invasion in vitro. circATP2A2 regulated MYH9 expression through sponging miR-335-5p. MiR-335-5p inhibitor reversed the repressive effect of circATP2A2 knockdown on OS cell malignancy and glycolysis. MYH9 overexpression overturned miR-335-5p upregulation-mediated OS cell malignancy and glycolysis. circATP2A2 accelerated OS cell malignancy and glycolysis through upregulating MYH9 via sponging miR-335-5p, offering a promising target for OS treatment.
On-chip nanophotonic broadband wavelength detector with 2D-Electron gas
Authors: Kaushik Vishal , Rajput Swati , Srivastav Sulabh , Singh Lalit , Babu Prem , Heidari Elham , Ahmed Moustafa , Al-Hadeethi Yas , Dalir Hamed , Sorger Volker J. , Kumar Mukesh
Published: November 2021

Miniaturized, low-cost wavelength detectors are gaining enormous interest as we step into the new age of photonics. Incompatibility with integrated circuits or complex fabrication requirement in most of the conventionally used filters necessitates the development of a simple, on-chip platform for easy-to-use wavelength detection system. Also, intensity fluctuations hinder precise, noise free detection of spectral information. Here we propose a novel approach of utilizing wavelength sensitive photocurrent across semiconductor heterojunctions to experimentally validate broadband wavelength detection on an on-chip platform with simple fabrication process. The proposed device utilizes linear frequency response of internal photoemission via 2-D electron gas in a ZnO based heterojunction along with a reference junction for coherent common mode rejection. We report sensitivity of 0.96 μA/nm for a broad wavelength-range of 280 nm from 660 to 940 nm. Simple fabrication process, efficient intensity noise cancelation along with heat resistance and radiation hardness of ZnO makes the proposed platform simple, low-cost and efficient alternative for several applications such as optical spectrometers, sensing, and Internet of Things (IOTs).
Negative refraction in twisted hyperbolic metasurfaces
Authors: Liu Yi , Ouyang Chunmei , Xu Quan , Su Xiaoqiang , Ma Jiajun , Zhao Jing , Li Yanfeng , Tian Zhen , Gu Jianqiang , Liu Liyuan , Han Jiaguang , Zhang Weili
Published: November 2021

Hyperbolic metasurfaces with unique dispersion properties can manipulate light–matter interactions according to the demands. However, due to their inherent physical properties, topological transitions (flat bands) exist only in the orthogonal directions, which greatly limit their application. Here, we unveil rich dispersion engineering and topological transitions in hyperbolic metasurfaces. Based on the effective medium theory, the rotation matrix is introduced into the dispersion relation to explain the distorted energy band diagrams, iso-frequency contours and higher-order multi-dipoles of the novel twisted metasurfaces, thereby forming multi-directional topological transitions and surface plasmon polariton propagation. Furthermore, we develop an integrated model to realize new dual-channel negative refraction and nondiffraction negative refraction. The phenomena observed in the experiments match well with the simulations, which proves that the designed metasurfaces make new types of negative refraction possible and will help to overcome the diffraction limit. The hyperbolic metasurfaces presented here exhibit exceptional capabilities for designing microscopes with a super lens at the molecular level, concealment of military aircraft, invisibility cloaks and other photonic devices with higher transmission efficiency.
Nicht Wissen ist auch Macht. Zur Gesprächsdynamik der Eingangsszene in PlatonsKratylos
Authors: Winter Kathrin
Published: November 2021

In the introductory scene of Plato’sCratylusa power game takes place that is based on an asymmetrical distribution of knowledge and which determines the dynamics of the communication. Since Cratylus claims to have greater knowledge than Hermogenes, he puts his discussion partner in an inferior position. Hermogenes strives to balance out this power differential by different strategies. One such strategy is that of including Socrates in the discussion. Socrates reacts to the power differential that Cratylus has built up in a different way from Hermogenes: by the fact that he claims no knowledge for himself but even rejects any knowledge, he succeeds in gaining a position superior to Cratylus and Hermogenes.
Nationale Empfehlungen für Bewegung und Bewegungsförderung bei Diabetes
Authors: Geidl Wolfgang , Abu-Omar Karim , Pfeifer Klaus
Published: November 2021

Der Beitrag stellt die nationalen Empfehlungen für Bewegung und Bewegungsförderung für Menschen mit Typ 2-Diabetes vor. Diese sollten pro Woche möglichst 150 Minuten moderate oder 75 Minuten intensive Ausdaueraktivitäten erzielen; muskelkräftigende Aktivitäten sollten an mindestens zwei Tagen pro Woche durchgeführt werden. Bewegungsförderung gelingt für diese Zielgruppe, wenn sie theoriebasierte, passgenaue Maßnahmen nutzt (z.B. Bewegungsberatungen) und Bewegungsverhalten isoliert fördert.
Digitale Prävention des Typ-2-Diabetes
Authors: Kulzer Bernhard
Published: November 2021

Angesichts der deutlichen Zunahme der Anzahl von Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes und der bislang nur mäßigen Erfolge der Präventionsbemühungen, können digitale Präventionsangebote eine wichtige Unterstützung darstellen. Diese können den Kenntnisstand über Typ-2-Diabetes und Präventionsmöglichkeiten, das Screening und die Diagnose verbessern und einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Prävention des Typ-2-Diabetes leisten.
Diabetes mellitus – die stille Pandemie
Authors: Neu Andreas
Published: November 2021

Schätzungen zufolge werden im Jahr 2040 rund zwölf Millionen Menschen in Deutschland an Diabetes mellitus erkrankt sein. Um die steigende Zahl an Neuerkrankungen einzudämmen und die Versorgung sicherzustellen, verabschiedete der Deutsche Bundestag 2020 die Nationale Diabetesstrategie. Die Strategie muss jedoch mit konkreten Maßnahmen ausdifferenziert werden. Die Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG) hat hierfür zentrale Handlungsfelder identifiziert, die die Versorgung, Nachwuchsgewinnung und Prävention maßgeblich stärken.
Time consistency for scalar multivariate risk measures
Authors: Feinstein Zachary , Rudloff Birgit
Published: November 2021

In this paper we present results on dynamic multivariate scalar risk measures, which arise in markets with transaction costs and systemic risk.
Dual representations of such risk measures are presented. These are then used to obtain the main results of this paper on time consistency; namely, an equivalent recursive formulation of multivariate scalar risk measures to multiportfolio time consistency. We are motivated to study time consistency of multivariate scalar risk measures as the superhedging risk measure in markets with transaction costs (with a single eligible asset) (Jouini and Kallal (1995), Löhne and Rudloff (2014), Roux and Zastawniak (2016)) does not satisfy the usual scalar concept of time consistency. In fact, as demonstrated in (Feinstein and Rudloff (2021)), scalar risk measures with the same scalarization weight at all times would not be time consistent in general. The deduced recursive relation for the scalarizations of multiportfolio time consistent set-valued risk measures provided in this paper requires consideration of the entire family of scalarizations. In this way we develop a direct notion of a “moving scalarization” for scalar time consistency that corroborates recent research on scalarizations of dynamic multi-objective problems
(Karnam, Ma and Zhang (2017), Kováčová and Rudloff (2021)).
Decomposing and deducing the Coordinate Structure Constraint
Authors: Oda Hiromune
Published: December 2021

The article shows that the Coordinate Structure Constraint (CSC) can be violated in a number of languages and establishes a novel cross-linguistic generalization regarding languages that allow violations of the CSC. A phase-based deduction of this generalization is then provided under a particular contextual approach to phases. In addition, based on the cross-linguistic data regarding violations of the CSC, it is argued that the CSC should be separated into two conditions: (i) the ban on extractionofa conjunct, and (ii) the ban on extractionout ofa conjunct. This means that the whole coordinate structure (ConjP) as well as individual conjuncts are islands independently of each other. The article also addresses the long-standing debate regarding where in the grammar the CSC applies, arguing that the two different conditions that result from the separation of the traditional CSC ((i) and (ii) above) are deduced from different mechanisms in the architecture of the grammar: one is a purely syntactic condition, and the other is an interface condition.
Sustained delivery of neurotrophic factors to treat spinal cord injury
Authors: Muheremu Aikeremujiang , Shu Li , Liang Jing , Aili Abudunaibi , Jiang Kan
Published: November 2021

Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that results in tremendous physical and psychological harm and a series of socioeconomic problems. Although neurons in the spinal cord need neurotrophic factors for their survival and development to reestablish their connections with their original targets, endogenous neurotrophic factors are scarce and the sustainable delivery of exogeneous neurotrophic factors is challenging. The widely studied neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, nerve growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor have a relatively short cycle that is not sufficient enough for functionally significant neural regeneration after SCI. In the past decades, scholars have tried a variety of cellular and viral vehicles as well as tissue engineering scaffolds to safely and sustainably deliver those necessary neurotrophic factors to the injury site, and achieved satisfactory neural repair and functional recovery on many occasions. Here, we review the neurotrophic factors that have been used in trials to treat SCI, and vehicles that were commonly used for their sustained delivery.
New Method for Internal Pore-Water Pressure Measurements
Authors: Liang Yawu , Beier Nicholas , Sego D. C.
Published: November 2021

The triaxial test is the most common procedure performed in a geotechnical laboratory to investigate the mechanical behavior of soils. However, often only global pore-water pressure (pwp) is measured at the bottom of specimen during conventional triaxial tests, which cannot detect the variation in internal pwp values to represent the true effective stress path adjacent to the failure surface. Here, a modified triaxial testing apparatus capable of measuring internal pwp within the soil using a filterless rigid piezometer (FRP) is outlined. To validate the effectiveness and capability of this novel test method, a series of consolidated undrained tests were conducted on saturated loose and dense sand. The FRP measurements provide a reliable pwp response, especially at pressures above 400 kPa where the FRPs have a faster response than the base transducer. Moreover, the internal pwp measured by FRPs during the initiation of shearing in loose sand can capture the rapid development of excess pwp before liquefaction or failure. The results also show that there are increases of 25 % in average peak strength of the loose specimen and 8 % in average residual strength of the dense specimen with internal pwp measurement, respectively, compared with only global pwp measurement because of the FRP installation. However, FRP installation appears to have no apparent effect on average peak strength of the dense specimen and average residual strength of the loose specimen. The new triaxial testing method can be applied to study the response and distribution of pwp at specific zones within the soil.
DSCAM Deficiency Leads to Premature Spine Maturation and Autism-like Behaviors
Authors: Chen Peng , Liu Ziyang , Zhang Qian , Lin Dong , Song Lu , Liu Jianghong , Jiao Hui-Feng , Lai Xinsheng , Zou Suqi , Wang Shunqi , Zhou Tian , Li Bao-Ming , Zhu Li , Pan Bing-Xing , Fei Erkang
Published: November 2021

Mutations in some cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) cause abnormal synapse formation and maturation, and serve as one of the potential mechanisms of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Recently,DSCAM(Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule) was found to be a high-risk gene for autism. However, it is still unclear how DSCAM contributes to ASD. Here, we show that DSCAM expression was downregulated following synapse maturation, and that DSCAM deficiency caused accelerated dendritic spine maturation during early postnatal development. Mechanistically, the extracellular domain of DSCAM interacts with neuroligin1 (NLGN1) to block the NLGN1-neurexin1β (NRXN1β) interaction. DSCAM extracellular domain was able to rescue spine overmaturation inDSCAMknockdown neurons. Precocious spines in DSCAM-deficient mice showed increased glutamatergic transmission in the developing cortex and induced autism-like behaviors, such as social novelty deficits and repetitive behaviors. Thus, DSCAM might be a repressor that prevents premature spine maturation and excessive glutamatergic transmission, and its deficiency could lead to autism-like behaviors. Our study provides new insight into the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of ASDs.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDSCAMis not only associated with Down syndrome but is also a strong autism risk gene based on large-scale sequencing analysis. However, it remains unknown exactly how DSCAM contributes to autism. In mice, either neuron- and astrocyte-specific or pyramidal neuron-specific DSCAM deficiencies resulted in autism-like behaviors and enhanced spatial memory. In addition, DSCAM knockout or knockdown in pyramidal neurons led to increased dendritic spine maturation. Mechanistically, the extracellular domain of DSCAM binds to NLGN1 and inhibits NLGN1-NRXN1β interaction, which can rescue abnormal spine maturation induced by DSCAM deficiency. Our research demonstrates that DSCAM negatively modulates spine maturation, and that DSCAM deficiency leads to excessive spine maturation and autism-like behaviors, thus providing new insight into a potential pathophysiological mechanism of autism.
How Do You Feel the Rhythm: Dynamic Motor-Auditory Interactions Are Involved in the Imagination of Hierarchical Timing
Authors: Cheng Tzu-Han Zoe , Creel Sarah C. , Iversen John R.
Published: November 2021

Predicting and organizing patterns of events is important for humans to survive in a dynamically changing world. The motor system has been proposed to be actively, and necessarily, engaged in not only the production but the perception of rhythm by organizing hierarchical timing that influences auditory responses. It is not yet well understood how the motor system interacts with the auditory system to perceive and maintain hierarchical structure in time. This study investigated the dynamic interaction between auditory and motor functional sources during the perception and imagination of musical meters. We pursued this using a novel method combining high-density EEG, EMG, and motion capture with independent component analysis to separate motor and auditory activity during meter imagery while robustly controlling against covert movement. We demonstrated that endogenous brain activity in both auditory and motor functional sources reflects the imagination of binary and ternary meters in the absence of corresponding acoustic cues or overt movement at the meter rate. We found clear evidence for hypothesized motor-to-auditory information flow at the beat rate in all conditions, suggesting a role for top-down influence of the motor system on auditory processing of beat-based rhythms, and reflecting an auditory-motor system with tight reciprocal informational coupling. These findings align with and further extend a set of motor hypotheses from beat perception to hierarchical meter imagination, adding supporting evidence to active engagement of the motor system in auditory processing, which may more broadly speak to the neural mechanisms of temporal processing in other human cognitive functions.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHumans live in a world full of hierarchically structured temporal information, the accurate perception of which is essential for understanding speech and music. Music provides a window into the brain mechanisms of time perception, enabling us to examine how the brain groups musical beats into, for example a march or waltz. Using a novel paradigm combining measurement of electrical brain activity with data-driven analysis, this study directly investigates motor-auditory connectivity during meter imagination. Findings highlight the importance of the motor system in the active imagination of meter. This study sheds new light on a fundamental form of perception by demonstrating how auditory-motor interaction may support hierarchical timing processing, which may have clinical implications for speech and motor rehabilitation.
Preservation of Eye Movements in Parkinson's Disease Is Stimulus- and Task-Specific
Authors: Fooken Jolande , Patel Pooja , Jones Christina B. , McKeown Martin J. , Spering Miriam
Published: November 2021

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that includes motor impairments, such as tremor, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Although eye movement deficits are commonly found in saccade and pursuit tasks, preservation of oculomotor function has also been reported. Here we investigate specific task and stimulus conditions under which oculomotor function in PD is preserved. Sixteen PD patients and 18 healthy, age-matched controls completed a battery of movement tasks that included stationary or moving targets eliciting reactive or deliberate eye movements: pro-saccades, anti-saccades, visually guided pursuit, and rapid go/no-go manual interception. Compared with controls, patients demonstrated systematic impairments in tasks with stationary targets: pro-saccades were hypometric and anti-saccades were incorrectly initiated toward the cued target in ∼35% of trials compared with 14% errors in controls. In patients, task errors were linked to short latency saccades, indicating abnormalities in inhibitory control. However, patients' eye movements in response to dynamic targets were relatively preserved. PD patients were able to track and predict a disappearing moving target and make quick go/no-go decisions as accurately as controls. Patients' interceptive hand movements were slower on average but initiated earlier, indicating adaptive processes to compensate for motor slowing. We conclude that PD patients demonstrate stimulus and task dependency of oculomotor impairments, and we propose that preservation of eye and hand movement function in PD is linked to a separate functional pathway through the superior colliculus-brainstem loop that bypasses the fronto-basal ganglia network. Our results demonstrate that studying oculomotor and hand movement function in PD can support disease diagnosis and further our understanding of disease progression and dynamics.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEye movements are a promising clinical tool to aid in the diagnosis of movement disorders and to monitor disease progression. Although Parkinson's disease (PD) patients show some oculomotor abnormalities, it is not clear whether previously described eye movement impairments are task-specific. We assessed eye movements in PD under different visual (stationary vs moving targets) and movement (reactive vs deliberate) conditions. We demonstrate that PD patients are able to accurately track moving objects but make inaccurate eye movements toward stationary targets. The preservation of eye movements toward dynamic stimuli might enable patients to accurately act on the predicted motion path of the moving target. These results can inform the development of tools for the rehabilitation or maintenance of functional performance.
Survival or Crisis? Funding Distribution from Grant-Making Foundations to Grassroots Social Organizations in China
Authors: Ji Min , Pang Hua
Published: November 2021

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake increased the need for disaster relief and reconstruction projects in China. This disaster created an upsurge of Chinese grant-making foundations, which then increased funding expectations. Many grassroots social organizations (SOs) in China believed that going forward, this level of funding would continue. However, the majority of grassroots SOs in China are currently facing an existential crisis. Their survival is being threatened by a shortage of funding from both local and foreign grant-making foundations. This research uses an empirical analysis of grant-making foundations and in-depth interviews, as well as observational evidence accumulated over a 10-year period, to explore the distribution of funding from foundations to grassroots SOs in China. The findings show that there are a limited number of Chinese grant-making foundations and that the foundations that exist do not include grassroots SOs in their funding scheme.
Long-term mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with unilateral primary aldosteronism after targeted treatments
Authors: Wu Vin-Cent , Wang Shuo-Meng , Huang Kuo-How , Tsai Yao Chou , Chan Chieh-Kai , Yang Shao-Yu , Lin Lian-Yu , Chang Chin-Chen , Lu Ching-Chu , Lin Yen-Hung , Chen Yung-Ming , Chueh Jeff S
Published: December 2021

Objective

Long-term outcomes (especially mortality and/or major cardiovascular events (MACE)) of the unilateral primary aldosteronism (uPA) patients who underwent medical or surgery-targeted treatment, relative to those with essential hypertension (EH), have been scarcely reported.

Design and settings

Using the prospectively designed observational Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation cohort, we identified 858 uPA cases among 1220 primary aldosteronism patients and another 1210 EH controls.

Exposures

Operated uPA patients were grouped via their 1-year post-therapy statuses.

Results

Primary Aldosteronism Surgical Outcome clinical complete success (hypertension remission) was achieved in 272 (49.9%) of 545 surgically treated uPA patients. After follow-up for 6.3 ± 4.0 years, both hypertension-remissive (hazard ratio (HR): 0.54; P  < 0.001) and not-cured (HR: 0.61; P  < 0.001) uPA patients showed a lower risk of all-cause mortality than that of EH controls; whereas the not-cured group had a higher risk of incident MACE (sub-hazard ratio (sHR), 1.41; P = 0.037) but similar atrial fibrillation (Af) and congestive heart failure (CHF). Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA)-treated uPA patients had higher risks of MACE (sHR: 1.38; P = 0.033), Af (sHR:1.62, P = 0.049), and CHF (sHR: 1.44; P = 0.048) than those of EH controls, with mortality as a competing risk. Using inverse probability of treatment-weighted matching and counting adrenalectomy as a time-varying factor, treatment with adrenalectomy was associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.57; P = 0.035), MACE (HR: 0.67; P = 0.037), and CHF (HR: 0.49; P = 0.005) compared to those of MRA therapy.

Conclusions

Adrenalectomy, independent of post-surgical hypertension remission, was associated with lower all-cause mortality of uPA patients, compared to that of EH patients. We further documented a more beneficial effect of adrenalectomy over MRA treatment on long-term mortality, MACE, and CHF in uPA patients.
Synthesis and characterization of high molecular weight amphoteric terpolymer based on acrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt and (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride for oil recovery
Authors: Gussenov Iskander , Mukhametgazy Nurbatyr , Shakhvorostov Alexey , Kudaibergenov Sarkyt
Published: November 2021

High molecular weight amphoteric terpolymer based on a nonionic monomer, acrylamide (AAm), an anionic monomer, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt (AMPS), and a cationic monomer, (3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (APTAC), was prepared using free-radical copolymerization in an aqueous solution and characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, GPC, DLS, zeta potential and viscometry. The polymer was shown to be viscosifying, and therefore can be utilized as a polymer flooding agent in the high salinity and temperature conditions of oil reservoirs. Injection of 0.25 wt.% of amphoteric terpolymer, dissolved in 200-300 g∙L-1 brine, into high and low permeability sand pack models demonstrated that the oil recovery factor (ORF) increases by up to 23-28% in comparison with saline water flooding. This is explained by an increase in the viscosity of brine solution due to disruption of intra- and interionic contacts between oppositely charged AMPS and APTAC moieties, demonstrating the antipolyelectrolyte effect. In high saline water, the anions and cations of salts screen the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged macroions, resulting in expansion of the macromolecule. This phenomenon leads to an increase in the viscosifying effect on the brine solution, thus decreasing the mobility factor (M), which is defined as the ratio of displacing phase mobility (water) to displaced phase mobility (oil).
Recovery of zinc from copper smelter slag by sulfuric acid leaching in an aqueous and alcoholic environment
Authors: Turan Mehmet Deniz , Karamyrzayev Galymzhan , Nadirov Rashid
Published: November 2021

The content of zinc in copper smelter slags obtained from pyrometallurgical copper production is comparable to the content of this metal in zinc ores. Therefore, these slags are considered a valuable secondary resource for zinc recovery. At the same time, the features of the mineralogical composition of the slag make the extraction of zinc from it very problematic. Most of the zinc is concentrated in the refractory zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4). To avoid the formation of a viscous pulp when leaching copper smelter slag with an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, in this work, the slag was leached with sulfuric acid also in isopropanol and n-pentanol, under the following conditions: 0.5 M H2SO4, pulp density 50 g/L, magnetic stirrer rotation speed 600 rpm. The influence of the duration and temperature of leaching milled (≤100 μm) copper smelter slag of the Balkhash copper smelter on the extraction of zinc into solution was investigated. It was found that the maximum zinc recovery into an aqueous solution was 75 ± 2% at 363 K and 210 min. Replacing water with isopropanol or n-pentanol led to an increase in zinc recovery to 82 ± 2% at 210 min and a lower temperature (353 K) than in an aqueous environment. An increase in temperature to 383 K during leaching in n-pentanol made it possible to extract 92 ± 2% of zinc. A shrinking core model was used to describe the kinetics of the zinc leaching process. It was found that the limiting stage of the process under all investigated conditions is the chemical leaching reaction. Some kinetic characteristics of the leaching process were calculated, in particular, the apparent reaction rate constants, as well as the activation energy.
La independencia de Centroamérica y la influencia extranjera
Authors: Puente-Martín Carlos
Published: December 2021

The main target of the article is to understand the evolution of the independence process of the colonies of the Spanish Empire in Central America. It is suggested not only the influence of liberal ideas from Europe after the French Revolution of 1789 but also the example of the independence of the United States. The independence process in Central America was a peaceful movement in contrast to the military confrontations with the royalist troops of the Spanish Monarchy elsewhere. The importance of the participation of the military and politicians in the struggle for independence is underlined, but the participation of the most basic religious establishment, the priests, was of great importance. The legal texts of the Independence Acts of 1821 and 1823 and the Act of the Annexation of Central America to the Mexican Empire are used to assess the role played by the popular will during the independence process against the influence of other foreign States. A reflection on the influence of the United States foreign policy and, especially, of the Monroe Doctrine marks the difference between independence and sovereignty in the independence process of the Central American provinces. The geopolitical importance of the region attracted the interest not only of the European powers, especially Great Britain, but also the United States during the period covered by this article. The political, economic, and social instability that followed the independence process was used by the North American giant to open a waterway that would allow the communication between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, contributing to the expansion of a new kind of imperialism
A propósito del bicentenario: una revisión de Centroamérica como espacio-ruta desde la geopolítica crítica
Authors: Arévalo-Mejía Karen
Published: December 2021

The independence processes in Central America have been influenced by the area’s geographical position and its geopolitical relevance in the continent. The region has been seen by the global powers as a space-route, especially from the eighties to the present. This geopolitical condition has predisposed the formation of the Central American countries by fragmenting their development process and weakening their whole potential; as a result, the territory is even more vulnerable to external interests. Therefore, analyzing Central America from the Critical Geopolitics perspective will contribute to understand it as a place defined by politics of space in which global powers interfere undermining possibilities for regional integration among other effects. The geographical location of this region has been used as a trade-route for international transportation, being this one of the reasons for the dispute regarding the Panama Canal’s control by global powers; besides its strategic location allows other kinds of flows as it is the case of migrants and drugs, for example. Since thearea has been built due to external influences,
Fragmentación y bifurcación en el Sistema Internacional Pos COVID-19: Las implicaciones para Centroamérica
Authors: López-Ramírez Alexander , Segura-Ramírez Luis Diego
Published: December 2021

The contemporary era is characterized by two attributes that determine it: fragmentation in the management of the international system and bifurcation of alternatives represented by key actors of the system. These phenomena explain the tensions between China and the United States, the absence of a global system administrator (hegemonic actor), and the emergence of intermediate powers that have gained greater visibility in the context of the pandemic. This new systematic context is presented in the Central American region as a new strategic the challenge, since it has acquired greater preponderance as a zone of influence, but at the same time there is a growing fragmentation within its countries, the potential for cooperation and conflict creates important opportunities but  also threats that must be addressed in a timely manner to avoid past mistakes.
Las Relaciones Internacionales con miras a una disciplina de carácter global
Authors: Brenes-Porras Celestina
Published: December 2021

This book analyzes three main topics: the institutionalization of the IR's theory, theory formulation, and the future of International Relations as a discipline. Besides, it is possible to identify two macro narratives regarding the dependence on Occidental thinking and the emerging of new epistemic perspectives in this field.
Ciudad Fantasma: Prácticas Artísticas en Contextos de Pobreza Urbana de Buenos Aires
Authors: Schwamberger Cintia
Published: November 2021

En el presente artículo presentamos resultados de investigación a través de una experiencia de educación artística en el marco de un taller de producción audiovisual realizado junto a un grupo de estudiantes con discapacidad en una escuela de educación especial emplazada en contexto de pobreza urbana en una localidad de la provincia de Buenos Aires. A través de un trabajo de investigación cualitativa recuperamos los relatos de estudiantes en torno al proceso de elaboración de un corto audiovisual que se sitúa en un marco de enunciación ante situaciones de contaminación y degradación ambiental en que transcurren las vidas en estos espacios de la metrópoli. Ciudad Fantasma, opera prima del grupo escolar, se presenta como un acto de denuncia ante las desigualdades interseccionales que vive el colectivo de estudiantes con discapacidad en estos contextos. A partir de resultados de investigación analizamos el modo en que las prácticas artísticas en educación permiten a estudiantes con discapacidad el desarrollo de competencias comunicativas que resultan muchas veces silenciadas. Proponemos que la educación artística se convierte en una herramienta fundamental para la problematización de las condiciones de vida como un modo de justicia social que permite a estudiantes cuestionar, de manera colectiva, su tiempo presente.
Educación Artística en Contextos de Violencia: Reflexión y Compromiso Social en la Formación de Artistas en la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez
Authors: Chávez Ortiz Gracia Emelia , Álvarez-Rodríguez Dolores
Published: November 2021

En Ciudad Juárez, México, los docentes de artes visuales trabajan en un contexto considerado como el más violento de la historia moderna del país. Entre 2008 y 2012, con la presencia de cárteles del narcotráfico y de contingentes militares, este período se distinguió por violencias profundas e irreversibles. En este artículo presentamos resultados de una investigación en la que se emplearon técnicas de recolección y análisis de datos cualitativos con enfoque biográfico-narrativo, realizada con profesores de artes visuales de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. Se analiza la relación inductiva entre las trayectorias personales y profesionales del profesorado y la adopción de estrategias pedagógicas encaminadas a la toma de conciencia por parte de los estudiantes de las problemáticas del contexto social fronterizo. Esto les permite explorar su identidad y fortalecer las experiencias vividas en esta cotidianidad conformada por diversas violencias que socavan el Estado de derecho y restringen el horizonte de bienestar y justicia social. Como resultado, encontramos que las prácticas de estos docentes representan una vía para el cultivo de experiencias, por parte de los estudiantes de artes, que les permitan cuestionar esta situación problemática, mediante metodologías de producción colaborativas que tienen sus raíces en las pedagogías críticas.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF LACTIC ACID BACTERY LEAVEN «VIVO PROBIOYOGURT»
Authors:   National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine, Korniienko I. M.
Published: November 2021

Lactic acid bacteria play a key role in human microecology and biotechnology – form organoleptic characteristics of products, increase the nutritional, including biological value of functional foods. Natural resistance to antibiotics is one of the important factors that determine the probiotic properties of lacto- and bifidobacteria. Aim. Study of the antibiotic resistance of functionally active probiotic cultures of "VIVO probioyogurt" leaven to determine the possibility of using a fermented milk product, which is prepared on its basis, during antibiotic therapy to maintain and restore normal intestinal microflora. Methods. Pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were selected for the study: (Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp., L. acidophilus, L.casei, L. rhamnosus, L.paracasei, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis (2 strains), B. infantis), which are part of leaven "VIVO probioyogurt" the quality of which is confirmed by certificates of the International Organization for Standardization ISO 9001: 2008, as well as ISO 22000: 2005. The method of the experiment consisted of the following stages: preparation of nutrient media ("Lactobacagar", "Bifidoagar", glucose-peptone medium), working solutions of antibiotics; working suspension of LAB; suspensions of cultures (lacto- and bifidobacteria), cultivation LAB on elective nutrient media with the addition of antibiotics and evaluation of research results. Determination of antibiotic resistance of LAB was performed by the method of double dilutions. Results. The use of this technique enabled to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics of different groups relative to the LAB. The results of the research were processed using a licensed computer program Microsoft Excel. Conclusions. Evaluation of the results of studies to determine the MIC of antibiotics – benzylpenicillin, azithromycin, lincomycin, gentamicin sulfate, ceftriaxone, norfloxacin, amoxil, streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin in relation to IBD; fermented milk product, which was prepared on the basis of this starter culture, it was advisable to use during antibiotic therapy to restore and maintain normal intestinal microflora.
Suppression of postpulse oscillations in active bow-tie antennas
Authors:   O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Orlenko O. , Varyanytsya-Roshchupkina L. ,   O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Pochanin G. ,   O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Masalov S. ,   O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Korzh V. ,   O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Published: November 2021

Subject and Purpose. This theoretical and experimental research is devoted to peculiarities of the ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) pulse radiation from active bow-tie dipoles. The focus is on the relationship between the amplitude-time dependences of electromagnetic fields produced by active UWB pulsed antennas and the configuration of the conductive components for temporally short (less than 0.5 ns), ultra-wide-bandwidth pulse radiation. Methods and Methodology. Analysis of the radiator geometry action on the emitted pulse parameters is performed by numerical simulation with the use of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The experiment involves specially made, variously shaped bow-tie radiators tested with different resistive loadings in radiation mode. The numerically simulated characteristic curves of the radiated field amplitude shape versus radiator geometry are confirmed by experiment. Radiation field parameters versus load resistance are experimentally studied, too. Results. Conditions for the effective pulse radiation with a largest-possible pulse amplitude have been determined, the post-pulse oscillation amplitude and duration reduced to a minimum. Conclusion. It has been shown that the resistive loading in the excitation area significantly reduces amplitudes and durations of post-pulse oscillations in signals radiated by active dipole antennas.
Employment of gradient metal-film output mirrors in terahertz discharge lasers
Authors:   O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dzyubenko M. , Masalov S. ,   O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kamenev Y. ,   O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kolenov I. ,   O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Radionov V. ,   O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dakhov N. ,   O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Puzak A. ,   O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dmitruk O. ,   O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Published: November 2021

Subject and Purpose. The problem of output beam matching with the waveguide transmission line often arises when using terahertz lasers. The special quasi-optical devices that are used to combat the problem lead to radiation losses and additional material costs. The aim of this work is to develop appropriate output mirrors for THz lasers so as to make the output laser beam match the transmission line of a given diameter. Methods and Methodology. As part of the experimental research into the action of the output mirror configuration on the parameters of THz laser radiation, gradient metal-film mirrors are made like a transparent substrate with a thin metal layer on it. The layer thickness varies over the substrate surface, forming therewith a transparency spot with a given change in the transmittance in the middle of the mirror. The properties of the gradient metal-film output mirrors are examined as applied to a gas-discharge HCN laser at a wavelength of 337 μm. Results. The gradient metal-film mirrors enable obtaining laser beams of a diameter equal to the inner diameter of the relevant transmission line and with a proper transverse energy distribution. The efficiency of the transmission of laser radiation energy into the waveguide line increases, and so does the performance of the laser installation. Another positive point is that the enhanced transparency in the middle of the mirror raises efficiency of the active substance energy utilization and conveys focusing properties to the flat mirror, which reduces diffraction losses. Conclusions. The employment of gradient metal-film output mirrors makes it possible to raise efficiency of laser installations. The features of metal-film mirrors suggest broad potentials for their application and make reasonable their further research.
Локальний максвеллівський розподіл у рідинах
Authors: Булавін Л.А. , Забашта Ю.Ф.
Published: December 2021

Розглянуто просторовий та часовий інтервали, що слугують для рідин масштабами в гідродинаміці. Ці інтервали ототожнюються із розміромобласті, де встановлюється локальний максвеллівський розподіл, і часом, за який цей розподіл встановлюється. Показано, що максвеллівський розподіл виникає у рідинах завдяки взаємодії між локалізованими тепловими коливаннями частинок рідини. Для просторового та часового масштабів гідродинаміки отримано оцінки –відповідно, 100 нм та 10–10 с.