bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nieuwe aanbevelingen voor de diagnose en monitoring van astma bij volwassenen in de eerste lijn
Authors: DEKKER N. , DIELEMAN P. , GOOSSENS M. , VAN ROYEN P. , VERLEDEN G.
Published: March 2021

New recommendations for the diagnosis and monitoring of asthma in adults in primary care

Asthma is a major health problem and is common in adults. The timely and correct diagnosis of asthma in adults is important to initiate the correct (drug) treatment. Asthma can usually be diagnosed in primary care, but sometimes additional tests are needed in secondary care.

This article summarizes the recently published recommendations for diagnosis and monitoring of asthma. The guideline is intended for primary care providers, in particular for general practitioners, but also for pharmacists. Collaboration with secondary care is essential for the implementation of these recommendations.
De impact van de Covid-19-epidemie op het aandeel diagnoses van metastatische ziekte van de meest frequente kankers
Authors: MIGNON S. , VERVOORT C. , VANDE VELDE S. , SIMOENS M. , MAKAR A. , LEFEBURE A. , SCHRIJVERS D.
Published: March 2021

The impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on the proportion of distant metastatic cancer diagnoses of the most frequent cancer types

The Covid-19 epidemic had a tremendous impact on the Belgian health care system in March and April 2020 with non-urgent procedures and examinations being postponed and screening programs coming to a halt. This might have delayed cancer diagnosis. In this article the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on the proportion of metastatic cancer diagnoses of the most frequent cancer types was examined.

The data of the cancer registry of the Ziekenhuisnetwerk Antwerpen (ZNA) from March until August in the years 2018, 2019 and 2020 were retrospectively analysed. The studied cancer types were invasive breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and prostate cancer.

There is no relation between the time of diagnosis and the extent of disease. The ratio of metastatic and localised disease did not differ between the studied time periods. However, there is a reduction in the number of diagnosis for breast cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer, compared with the same period in 2019. This reduction was most pronounced in prostate cancer with a relative reduction of 23%.

For now, there does not seem to be a major impact of Covid-19 related restriction measures on the proportion of diagnosis of metastatic cancers in the defined registration period at Ziekenhuisnetwerk Antwerpen. However, further research is necessary to evaluate if the reduced number of diagnoses will lead to an increase in belated diagnoses.
Hashimotothyreoïditis bij kinderen en adolescenten: klinische, hormonale en echografische kenmerken bij de diagnosestelling
Authors: MASSA G. , HOESSELS B. , GWOREK H. , ZEEVAERT R.
Published: March 2021

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in children and adolescents: clinical, hormonal and ultrasound features at diagnosis

The clinical, biochemical and sonographic features of 51 children and adolescents (45 girls) being diagnosed with hashimotothyroiditis (HT) were studied.

HT was diagnosed based on the presence of thyroid peroxidase and/or thyroglobulin antibodies, together with thyroid ultrasound compatible with thyroiditis or manifest hypothyroidism characterized by decreased free T4 and increased TSH levels.

The median age of the patients was 12.8 years (range: 5.9 and 16.5 years). At the time of diagnosis, 18 patients (35.3%) were euthyroid, 16 (31.3%) subclinically hypothyroid, 13 (25.5%) hypothyroid, and 4 (7.8%) hyperthyroid.

The reasons for referral were an enlargement of the thyroid gland (39.2%), symptoms suggestive of hypothyroidism (35.3%) or an accidental finding on work-up for an unrelated problem (25.4%). The most common clinical manifestations were a goiter (60.8%), fatigue (60.8%), weight gain (25.0%), constipation (11.8%), hair loss (11.8%) and growth retardation (5,9%). A goiter was most common in the euthyroid children. Growth retardation was only observed in three hypothyroid children. On ultrasound an enlarged thyroid gland was diagnosed in 80.0% of the patients.

Associated coeliac disease was diagnosed in four patients; one patient developed type 1 diabetes mellitus during the follow-up period and one patient developed Hashimoto’s encephalopathy.
Niet-alcoholische leververvetting: een stand van zaken
Authors: HEYENS L. , BUSSCHOTS D. , VAN STEENKISTE C. , FRANCQUE S. , KOEK G. , ROBAEYS G.
Published: March 2021

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a state of the art

Worldwide, 25% of the population has fatty liver disease, and this percentage is increasing. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is largely caused by the western lifestyle, characterized by low exercise and the consumption of unhealthy food. NAFLD may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis complicated by liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This process takes many years and is usually asymptomatic. NAFLD also plays a role in the onset and worsening of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Currently, only a minority of patients at risk are identified and treated.

Crucial in the treatment of NAFLD, regardless of the stage of the disease, is a lifestyle change. Specific drugs for the treatment of NAFLD are currently being developed. Despite the clinical importance and the socio-economic impact on health care, there is still insufficient knowledge about the consequences of NAFLD among doctors and the general population. Moreover, there is no standardized care path in Belgium. This review wants to raise awareness about NAFLD by providing an overview of the various aspects of both the hepatic and extrahepatic consequences. It also wants to address a number of issues that still need to be resolved in order to achieve proper NAFLD management.
Top van de ijsberg: indrukwekkende intrathoracale goiter
Authors: VAN GOOL F. , MAES T. , DECALLONNE B.
Published: March 2021

Tip of the iceberg: massive intrathoracic goiter

In this article a case of an 80 year-old man with an impressive intrathoracic goiter is described. Thorough evaluation of the structural and functional impact and the risk of malignancy is needed.

Theoretically, the management can consist of surgical resection, radioactive iodine, anti-thyroid drugs (in case of hyperthyroidism), or active surveillance. Multidisciplinary consultation is essential in cases of goiter with an important intrathoracic component.

Based on the absence of compressive problems, the mild hyperthyroidism, the low risk of thyroid cancer and the anticipated slow growth, an active surveillance strategy was chosen.
CEFRнинг Ўзбекистонда амалга оширилиши
Authors: Мусоева Азиза
Published: March 2021

Ушбу мақола CEFR ҳужжати ва унинг тарихига назар солган ҳолда, сўнгги йилларда олиб борилган ислоҳотлар натижасида унинг Ўзбекистонга кириб келиши, яратилиш тарихи ва бу борада мамлакатимизда амалга оширилаётган ишлар нечоғлик ўз самарасини бераётганлиги ҳақида тўхталиб ўтади. Мақолада, шунингдек, CEFR ҳужжатининг таркибий қисми, тил билиш даражаларинг таърифи, Европа Тил синовлари уюшмаси томонидан ташкил этилган “Can Do” баёнотининг ишлаб чиқиш жараёни кўрсатилган. Бундан ташқари мақолада CEFR нинг глобал миқёсда амалга оширилиши ва қилинган тадқиқотлар кўлами ҳамда Ўзбекистонда дастурни жорий этилиш босқичлари, хусусиятлари ва қабул қилинган меъёрий ҳужжатлар тўғрисида сўз юритилади.
The issue of improving the political and legal mechanisms for regulating religious policy in the context of countering extremism
Authors: Ramazanova Fariza
Published: March 2021

The article highlights the issues of improving the system of regulation of religious policy and countering extremism in this area, based on the analysis of national legislation. Moreover, measures are proposed to improve the religious policy in the Republic of Uzbekistan in terms of countering the spread of extremist ideology, taking into account modern challenges and threats.
The Role of the Correctional Hall of Serang in the Settlement of Child Offender Through Diversion in Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Azim Nurul
Published: March 2021

Child imprisonment turns out to not be able to prosper children and interfere with children's growth and development. Children's rights are recognized globally through the Convention on the Rights of the Child through Presidential Decree Number 36 of 1990 concerning Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Chilid (Convention on the Rights of the Child). The research method used is normative juridical using a statutory approach and a case approach. How is Bapas' war in resolving children in conflict with the law, through a diversified approach at the stage of investigation, prosecution and examination in court, as well as whether the obstacles in solving children's cases conflict with the law through diversion at the stage of investigation, prosecution and trial in court. The role of Bapas Class II A Serang in Resolving Children in Conflict with the Law through Diversion at the stage of Investigation, Prosecution and Court Examination, is to make Community Research Reports and supervise children in conflict with the law.
Diversidad anatómica de cinco biotipos de la especie Theobroma cacao(cacao) en la región sur de Ecuador
Authors:   Universidad Nacional de Loja –Ecuador, Zhiñin-Quezada Hector , Narváez-Manchay Enrique , Merino-Gálvez Bryan , Pucha-Cofrep Darwin
Published: March 2021

Agrobiodiversity includes variability at the specific and genetic level, its dynamics and relationships between cultivated plants and their wild relatives. The Theo b ro m a c a c aoL. species has a high cultural and economic value inEcuador because it helps around 100,000 rural families. However, the structure of its wood and the variability of microscopic characteristics between its biotypes is unknown. For this reason, this study seeks to fill th is gap with an anatomical analysis of the wood in its three planes (transverse, tangentia l, a n d radial) according to IAWA regulations in five biotypes of T. cocoa (aromático, criollo, forastero, trinitario y CCN51) from the Piuntza and Guayzimi sectors of the province of Zamora Chinchipe. Itwas found that all biotypes presented simple perforation plates, alternating polygonal pits, diffuse axial parenchyma, multiseriate and uniseriate ra y s , ra y s with procumbent cells of 2-4 rows of vertical and / or marginal square cells,h ow e ve r, th e prismatic crystals, drusen, envelope cells, and perforated radial cells were variable. At a quantitative level, the highest radii were found mainly in the creole and fore ign b io ty pe s , while the CCN51 and trinitariobiotypes obtained higher values in vessels per square millimeter. With this, it was shown that all the individuals analyzed, despite being of the same species, had anatomical differences, which shows that the microscopic study of woo d is a very useful tool for the identification of biotypes within a species.Keywords:Wood anatomy, cacao, biotype, IAWA, agrobiodiversity
Biomonitoring of Water Quality of Nira Right Bank Canal Division in Phaltan Based on Physico-Chemical Parameters
Authors: Kamble B. S. , Acharya A. P. , Girhe B. E. , Salunkhe H. J.
Published: March 2021

The present study deals with biomonitoring of Nira Right Bank Canal Division in Phaltan to assess the water quality. Samples were collected from six sampling stations for a period of two years physico-chemical analysis was carried out. Pollution status of the Nira Right Bank Canal Division in Phaltan is assessed on the basis of Palmer’s Index and physico-chemical parameters. Physico-chemical analysis biomonitoring data supported Palmer’s Algal Pollution Index and confirmed eutrophic condition and moderate water quality deterioration of the Nira Right Bank Canal Division in Phaltan. Hence Nira Right Bank Canal Division in Phaltan is suitable for drinking, domestic and recreational Purposes. We used physico-chemical and biological parameters to evaluate the water quality in Nira Right Bank Canal Division in Phaltan. The research was conducted in spring 2018, in six stations along the middle stream of Nira Right Bank Canal Division in Phaltan enters the cities of Phaltan and Natepute where it becomes a collector of many pollutants of diverse origin. Our research concluded that the Nira Right Bank Canal Division in Phaltan conditions are moderate in middle and downstream. The values of physico-chemical parameters and biotic indices indicate that the water quality in the upper flow is classified good to moderate, whereas in middle and down flow, due to the different activity in Nira Right Bank Canal Division in Phaltan, The water quality significantly decreases and is poor, respectively and bad quality.
Identifikasi dan Penetapan Kadar Senyawa Kuinin Fraksi Etil Asetat Kulit Batang Kina (Cinchona succirubra Pav. Ex Klotzsch) Secara KLT-Densitometri
Authors: Giri Gede Sugiartha
Published: March 2021

Alkaloid kuinin terdapat pada tanaman kina yang menjadi bahan baku untuk pembuatan obat pil kina yang berkhasiat dalam pengobatan penyakit malaria. Pemilihan metode, pelarut, teknik identifikasi dan karakterisasi senyawa alkaloid kina di dalam tanaman kina (Cinchona succirubra Pav. Ex Klotzsch) perlu dilakukan dalam upaya menghasilkan senyawa dengan pemisahan terbaik. Ekstraksi dengan metode maserasi, identifikasi golongan dengan metode screening fitokimia. Fraksinasi dengan metode ekstraksi cair-cair dan kromatografi kolom lambat. Isolasi dengan metode kromatografi preparatif dan metode KLT-Densitometri. Ekstraksi maserasi didapat hasil filtrat dengan warna coklat kemerahan. Skrining fitokimia hasil positif golongan triterpenoid dan alkaloid. Ekstraksi cair-cair didapat hasil fraksi air, fraksi etil asetat I, dan fraksi etil asetat II. KLT dan identifikasi perekasi kimia hasil positif mengandung kuinin pada fraksi etil asetat II. Kromatografi kolom didapat hasil berupa 4 fraksinasi dengan warna yang berbeda-beda. Kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif (KLTP) dan isolasi senyawa dengan KLT-Densitometri didapat hasil kadar kuinin rata-rata fraksi etil asetat yaitu 15,30%. Fraksi etil asetat kulit batang kina (Cinchona succirubra Pav. Ex Klotzsch) menghasilkan kadar rata-rata kuinin sebesar 15,30% sesuai dengan tanaman kina yang dibudidayakan yang mengandung alkaloid kuinin sampai 15%.
Traços da Modelagem Matemática escolar para o ensino de polinômios
Authors: Oliveira Manoel Lucival Da Silva , Sodré Gleison de Jesus Marinho
Published: March 2021

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em criar certas condições a partir do uso de materiais concretos inspirado em objetos da geometria escolar, que torne possível de algum modo, o ensino de polinômios no oitavo ano do ensino fundamental. Essa problemática se insere no contexto da transposição didática do saber e, mais amplamente, de noções da Teoria Antropológica do Didático delimitado por um dos problemas docentes de interesse de referencial teórico bem como da linha cognitivista. Para isso, assumimos os recursos da Teoria Antropológica do Didático como instrumento de análise a partir de experimentações empíricas observadas em um curso com alunos do oitavo ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública. Os resultados encontrados revelam potencialidades das condições iniciais criadas em sala de aula, mas somente em ato, outras condições emergiram progressivamente no processo de estudos que tornou possível a modelagem matemática algébrica a partir da estruturação geométrica com materiais concretos dando sentido e significado as práticas polinomiais.
Teses e Dissertações sobre o Ensino e a Aprendizagem da Combinatória: Perspectivas Investigativas
Authors: Campos Carlos Eduardo de , Igliori Sonia Barbosa Camargo
Published: March 2021

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados de um levantamento bibliográfico de teses e dissertações defendidas no Brasil de 2015 a 2019 no âmbito do ensino e da aprendizagem da combinatória visando a identificar as perspectivas investigativas dessas produções. Buscou-se, desse modo, ampliar a compreensão do espaço investigativo sobre o ensino e aprendizagem da combinatória na escola básica e apontar caminhos para futuras pesquisas sobre esse tema. Por ser esse um bibliográfico, de caráter inventariante e descritivo, ele se insere no rol das pesquisas denominadas estado da arte. Assim, foram analisadas cinquenta e cinco produções:  duas teses de doutorado; dez dissertações de mestrado acadêmico; quarenta e três dissertações de mestrado profissional, das quais, trinta e três eram provenientes do Mestrado Profissional em Matemática em Rede Nacional – PROFMAT. As análises dessas produções levaram à identificação de cinco perspectivas investigativas: propostas de ensino e/ou sequências didáticas para a análise combinatória; documentos curriculares e livros didáticos em que a análise combinatória está presente; a formação de professores e a análise combinatória; recursos para o ensino da análise combinatória; estratégias de resolução de problemas combinatórios. Destaca-se que se optou por considerar as dissertações defendidas no âmbito PROFMAT em separado, em razão de suas particularidades.
Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G Applications
Authors: Iqbal Shahid , Kamran Shereen Muhammad
Published: March 2021

This paper proposes a novel radiation pattern reconfigurable antenna for 5G (Fifth Generation) applications. A rectangular patch is enclosed by a hollow rectangular radiating structure. The patch is connected to the rectangular structure by two switches SW1 and SW2, which will, in turn, provide three different radiation patterns, Modes, depending on the ON and OFF states of the switches. When SW1 is OFF and SW2 is ON, Mode 1, pattern radiates in a direction with an angle of 38o. While SW1 is ON and SW2 is OFF, Mode 2, the pattern radiates in the radiating plane, exactly opposite to Mode 1, with an angle of -38o. In Mode 3, the pattern is directed simultaneously towards the angles of ±41o; for this case, both switches, SW1 and SW2, are turned OFF. The proposed design resonates in the constant 38GHz frequency range which is useful for 5G broadband cellular communication networks. And this design can also be used for 60 GHz resonant frequency with certain adjustments. Additionally, the return loss is -31.5 to -42.5, while directivity is from 5.69-6.76dB, and gain lies in the range of 5.4- to 6.4dBi. Moreover, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, VSWR, varies from 1.01 to 1.05. The size of the antenna is 3.34x6.73mm2 which is mounted on a 0.381 mm thick, Roger RT5880 having a relative permittivity of 2.2. Central Standard Time, (CST) microwave studio software is used for simulating the design. The miniscule size, a smaller value of the return loss, an ideal value of VSWR with a reasonable value of directivity and gain make the proposed design best for future 5G mobile communications.
Stand Still and Do Nothing: COVID-19 and Stock Returns and Volatility
Authors: Akbar Muhammad , Tahir Aima , Urooj Syeda Faiza
Published: March 2021

We examine the intraday returns and volatility in the US equity market amid the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Our empirical results suggest an increase in volatility over time with mostly negative returns and higher volatility in the last trading session of the day. Our Univariate analysis reveals structural break(s) since the first trading halt in March 2020 and that failure to account for this may lead to biased and unstable conditional estimates. Allowing for time-varying conditional variance and conditional correlation, our dynamic conditional correlation tests suggest that COVID-19 cases and deaths are jointly related to stock returns and realised volatility.
Characterization of brewery wastewater composition
Authors:   Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, Enitan Abimbola Motunrayo , Adeyemo Josiah , Kumari Sheena K. , Swalaha Feroz Mahomed , Bux Faizal
Published: March 2021

Industries produce millions of cubic meters of effluent every year and the wastewater produced may be released into the surrounding water bodies, treated on-site or at municipal treatment plants. The determination of organic matter in the wastewater generated is very important to avoid any negative effect on the aquatic ecosystem. The scope of the present work is to assess the physicochemical composition of the wastewater produced from one of the brewery industry in South Africa. This is to estimate the environmental impact of its discharge into the receiving water bodies or the municipal treatment plant. The parameters monitored for the quantitative analysis of brewery wastewater include biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, ammonia, total oxidized nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, phosphorus and alkalinity content. In average, the COD concentration of the brewery effluent was 5340.97 mg/l with average pH values of 4.0 to 6.7. The BOD5 and the solids content of the wastewater from the brewery industry were high. This means that the effluent is very rich in organic content and its discharge into the water bodies or the municipal treatment plant could cause environmental pollution or damage the treatment plant. In addition, there were variations in the wastewater composition throughout the monitoring period. This might be as a result of different activities that take place during the production process, as well as the effects of peak period of beer production on the water usage.
MUHAMMAD TAHIR VAHID’S WORK «ABBASNAMA» AS A SOURCE FOR STUDYING THE HISTORY OF THE SAFAVID STATE OF AZERBAIJAN DURING THE REIGN OF SHAH ABBAS II
Authors: Azimova Solmaz
Published: March 2021

The article examines the importance of Mohammad Tahir Vahid’s «Abbasname» as a source for studying the history of the Safavid state of Azerbaijan during the reign of Shah Abbas II. It is known that narrative sources dedicated to the reign of Shah Abbas II are a minority in historiography. The work «Abbasname» by the 17th century chronicler M.T. Vahid has a special scientific significance in this sense. Manuscripts of the work are kept in world book funds. «Abbasname» describes the events that took place during the reign of Shah Abbas II. Thus, the author has provided valuable scientific information on the military-political history, domestic and foreign policy, socio-economic life of the Safavid state of Azerbaijan.
THE ARMENİANS DISCLAIMER ACTIVITY POLICY DURİNG THE FİRST WORLD WAR
Authors: Nazirli Zarifa , Bayramov Amrah
Published: March 2021

The territorial claims and activities of the Armenians are based on the statements and reports conveyed to the organizations by Christian missionaries and consulates operating in Eastern and South Eastern Anatolia during the First World War. During the First World War, the Armenians were very active on the Russian side on the eve of the secret talks about the Ottoman lands. When the «Cemal Pasha proposal» proposed in the Sykes-Picot Agreement did not receive the necessary attention, and other authorities continued their struggle. Document exchange procedures in Armenian «researchers» countries where strong diaspora in Turkey and have continued to establish a systematic struggle against Turkey in every field. It has been proved after great efforts that the so-called «code-telegram instructions that prove the Armenian massacre», attributed to Talat Pasha, are false documents. The study examined under two main headings the «Cemal Pasha Proposal» and «False documents belonging to Talat Pasha». In the findings section of the study, information is given about the purpose of the preparation of the «proposal» and «telegram», the preparation and presentation process, the political and sociological audience it serves, its results and the party to take responsibility.
Update of the nutritional situation in the Republic of Sudan
Authors: Abusalih Howeida , Abu Sabeib Zeinab
Published: March 2021

Background: Sudan is situated in the northeastern part of Africa. The population of the country is approximately 43 million, spread over 1.88 million square kilometers. Although Sudan has great resources, most of the population suffers from poverty and food deficiency because of the conflicts in the different parts of the country .The suffering was augmented by climatic drought and floods which resulted in food insecurity. The population’s internal displacement is disadvantageous regarding access to health services and is consequently more vulnerable to diseases and malnutrition. In Sudan, thirty-three percent of the population suffered from food deprivation according to the national survey of 2010. The prevalence of undernourishment was 31% and 34 % percent for urban and rural populations respectively. Furthermore, based on WHO epidemiologic criteria, the prevalence of stunting and wasting are classified as profound, 38.2%, for stunting which is more than the average of the developing countries( 25%), wasting defined as low weight for height also has a higher prevalence in under-five in Sudan comparing it to the developing countries' average which is 16.8% and 8.9% respectively. Although recent national survey data are lacking, it is evident that micronutrient deficiencies are a major public health concern from the sporadic studies’ findings. Notwithstanding these challenges, the government and the Federal Ministry of Health, move along to make progress towards nutrition and food security, some supplementation campaigns have been conducted but coverage of the population is still low. Sudan is one of the 61 countries that leading a global movement to end up malnutrition in all its forms.

Keywords: Sudan, deficiencies, food, micronutrient, mortality, insecurity.
Nutrition situation of Burkina Faso: a narrative review
Authors: Ouedraogo Moussa , Ouedraogo Ousmane , Zongo Urbain , Kabore Saidou , Bambara Estelle Aissa , Sanou Dia
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Burkina Faso is a landlocked West African country, where livelihoods are heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, and the humanitarian crisis has increased the populations’ vulnerability to malnutrition. Aim: This article presents an update of the food and nutrition situation. Methodology: Documents from government surveys and reports, peer-reviewed articles and other reliable sources were retrieved and analyzed. Results: According to the 2019 National Nutrition Survey, 25.4% of children under 5 years old are stunted and 8.1% are wasted. These rates exceed the WHO critical thresholds suggesting that child malnutrition is still a public health problem in Burkina although trend analysis suggests continuous improvement over the past ten years. Childhood overweight fluctuates between 1% and 2% while childhood obesity remains below 1% since 2014. Poor infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices are key drivers of child stunting. In fact, 59% of infants are exclusively breastfed while only 17% of 6 – 23-month children receive a minimally acceptable diet. Children and pregnant and lactating women are deeply affected by micronutrient deficiencies including vitamin A and iron. Adult overweight is on the rise and high blood pressure and diabetes levels have reached 18% and 5% respectively in adults aged 25 to 64 years with huge disparities between men and women. Conclusion: While the country had made important progress in reducing child malnutrition, it is still facing a double burden of malnutrition namely undernutrition comprised of stunting, wasting and micronutrient deficiencies and overweight/obesity, hence the need to embrace a double duty approach to policy response to simultaneously reduce both undernutrition and overweight/obesity.

Keywords: Nutritional status, micronutrient, food security, non-communicable disease, Burkina Faso.
Effect of healthy lifestyle promotion on anthropometric variables, eating behavior and cardiometabolic risk factors in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Authors: Benharrat Latifa Imen , Senouci Azzedine , Benhabib Wassila , Mekki Khedidja
Published: March 2021

Background: In women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), metabolic abnormalities are common, including insulin resistance, obesity, and dyslipidemia, suggesting an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Objectives: To evaluate the effect of healthy lifestyle promotion on eating behavior and metabolic biomarkers in women with PCOS. Subjects and Methods: The study was carried out in 102 women (30±7 years) with PCOS. Patients received nutritional counseling based on Mediterranean diet principles and recommendations to practice a regular physical activity, and were followed up during six weeks. Dietary survey and biomarkers analysis were assessed at baseline (T0), after three weeks (T1) and 6 weeks (T2). Results: After six weeks of intervention, there was a significant decrease in total energy intake by (-30%) at T1 and (-32%) at T2 (p˂0.001), compared to baseline. Significant decrease was recorded in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids intake at T1 and T2 (p˂0.001). An increase in monounsaturated fatty acid intake was noted at T1 and T2 (p˂0.001). The body mass index (BMI) diminished at T2 (p˂0.01), and waist circumference at T1 and T2 (p˂0.001). Glucose values decreased at T1 (p˂0.05) and T2 (p˂0.001). Total cholesterol decreased at T1 (p˂0.05) and T2 (p˂0.01). HDL-C increased at T1 (p˂0.001) and T2 (p˂0.001), when CRP values remained unchanged. A decrease in Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentrations was observed at T1 and T2 (p˂0.05). Superoxyde Dismutase, Catalase activities and thiols amount increased at T2 (p˂0.001). Conclusion: In the long term, healthy lifestyle promotion could be beneficial to prevent or reverse the clustering of metabolic abnormalities and prevent CVD in women with PCOS.
Keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome, Metabolic abnormalities, Healthy Lifestyle, Mediterranean diet, Cardiometabolic risk.
Identifying the sources of uncertainty in climate model simulations
of solar radiation modification with the G6sulfur and G6solar
Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)
simulations
Authors: Visioni Daniele , MacMartin Douglas G. , Kravitz Ben , Boucher Olivier , Jones Andy , Lurton Thibaut , Martine Michou , Mills Michael J. , Nabat Pierre , Niemeier Ulrike , Séférian Roland , Tilmes Simone
Published: March 2021

Abstract. We present here results from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) simulations for the experiment G6sulfur and G6solar for six Earth System Models participating in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) Phase 6. The aim of the experiments is to reduce the warming from that resulting from a high-tier emission scenario (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways SSP5-8.5) to that resulting from a medium-tier emission scenario (SSP2-4.5). These simulations aim to analyze the response of climate models to a reduction in incoming surface radiation as a means to reduce global surface temperatures, and they do so either by simulating a stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer or, in a more idealized way, through a uniform reduction in the solar constant in the model. We find that, by the end of the century, there is a considerable inter-model spread in the needed injection of sulfate (29 ± 9 Tg-SO2/yr between 2081 and 2100), in how the aerosol cloud is distributed latitudinally, and in how stratospheric temperatures are influenced by the produced aerosol layer. Even in the simpler G6solar experiment, there is a spread in the needed solar dimming to achieve the same global temperature target (1.91 ± 0.44 %). The analyzed models already show significant differences in the response to the increasing CO2 concentrations for global mean temperatures and global mean precipitation (2.05 K ± 0.42 K and 2.28 ± 0.80 %, respectively, for the SSP5-8.5-SSP2-4.5 difference between 2081 and 2100): the differences in the simulated aerosol spread then change some of the underlying uncertainty, for example in terms of the global mean precipitation response (−3.79 ± 0.76 % for G6sulfur compared to −2.07 ± 0.40 % for G6solar against SSP2-4.5 between 2081 and 2100). These differences in the aerosols behavior also result in a larger inter-model spread in the regional response in the surface temperatures in the case of the G6sulfur simulations, suggesting the need to devise various, more specific experiments to single out and resolve particular sources of uncertainty. The spread in the modelled response suggests that a degree of caution is necessary when using these results for assessing specific impacts of geoengineering in various aspects of the Earth system: however, all models agree that, compared to a scenario with unmitigated warming, stratospheric aerosol geoengineering has the potential to both globally and locally reduce the increase in surface temperatures.
Global impact of COVID-19 restrictions on the surface concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and ozone
Authors: Keller Christoph A. , Evans Mathew J. , Knowland K. Emma , Hasenkopf Christa A. , Modekurty Sruti , Lucchesi Robert A. , Oda Tomohiro , Franca Bruno B. , Mandarino Felipe C. , Díaz Suárez M. Valeria , Ryan Robert G. , Fakes Luke H. , Pawson Steven
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Social distancing to combat the COVID-19 pandemic has led
to widespread reductions in air pollutant emissions. Quantifying these
changes requires a business-as-usual counterfactual that accounts for the
synoptic and seasonal variability of air pollutants. We use a machine learning algorithm driven by information from the NASA GEOS-CF model to
assess changes in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) at 5756
observation sites in 46 countries from January through June 2020. Reductions
in NO2 coincide with the timing and intensity of COVID-19 restrictions,
ranging from 60 % in severely affected cities (e.g., Wuhan, Milan) to
little change (e.g., Rio de Janeiro, Taipei). On average, NO2
concentrations were 18 (13–23) % lower than business as usual from
February 2020 onward. China experienced the earliest and steepest decline,
but concentrations since April have mostly recovered and remained within
5 % of the business-as-usual estimate. NO2 reductions in Europe and
the US have been more gradual, with a halting recovery starting in late
March. We estimate that the global NOx (NO + NO2) emission
reduction during the first 6 months of 2020 amounted to 3.1 (2.6–3.6) TgN,
equivalent to 5.5 (4.7–6.4) % of the annual anthropogenic total. The
response of surface O3 is complicated by competing influences of
nonlinear atmospheric chemistry. While surface O3 increased by up to
50 % in some locations, we find the overall net impact on daily average
O3 between February–June 2020 to be small. However, our analysis
indicates a flattening of the O3 diurnal cycle with an increase in
nighttime ozone due to reduced titration and a decrease in daytime ozone,
reflecting a reduction in photochemical production. The O3 response is dependent on season, timescale, and environment,
with declines in surface O3 forecasted if NOx emission
reductions continue.
Compositions and mixing states of aerosol particles by aircraft observations in the Arctic springtime, 2018
Authors: Adachi Kouji , Oshima Naga , Ohata Sho , Yoshida Atsushi , Moteki Nobuhiro , Koike Makoto
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Aerosol particles were collected at various altitudes in
the Arctic during the Polar Airborne Measurements and Arctic Regional
Climate Model Simulation Project 2018 (PAMARCMiP 2018) conducted in the
early spring of 2018. The composition, size, number fraction, and mixing state of
individual aerosol particles were analyzed using transmission electron
microscopy (TEM), and their sources and transport were evaluated by
numerical model simulations. We found that sulfate, sea-salt, mineral-dust,
K-bearing, and carbonaceous particles were the major aerosol constituents.
Many particles were composed of two or more compositions that had coagulated
and were coated with sulfate, organic materials, or both. The number
fraction of mineral-dust and sea-salt particles decreased with increasing
altitude. The K-bearing particles increased within a biomass burning (BB)
plume at altitudes > 3900 m, which originated from Siberia.
Chlorine in sea-salt particles was replaced with sulfate at high altitudes.
These results suggest that the sources, transport, and aging of Arctic
aerosols largely vary depending on the altitude and air-mass history. We also
provide the occurrences of solid-particle inclusions (soot, fly-ash, and
Fe-aggregate particles), some of which are light-absorbing particles. They
were mainly emitted from anthropogenic and biomass burning sources and were
embedded within other relatively large host particles. Our TEM measurements
revealed the detailed mixing state of individual particles at various
altitudes in the Arctic. This information facilitates the accurate
evaluation of the aerosol influences on Arctic haze, radiation balance,
cloud formation, and snow/ice albedo when deposited.
A new method to detect and classify polar stratospheric nitric acid trihydrate clouds derived from radiative transfer simulations and its first application to airborne infrared limb emission observations
Authors: Kalicinsky Christoph , Griessbach Sabine , Spang Reinhold
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play an important role in the spatial and temporal evolution of trace gases inside the polar vortex due to different processes, such as chlorine activation and NOy redistribution. As there are still uncertainties in the representation of PSCs in model simulations, detailed observations of PSCs and information on their type – nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), supercooled ternary solution (STS), and ice – are desirable. The measurements inside PSCs made by the CRISTA-NF (CRyogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescope for the Atmosphere – New Frontiers) airborne infrared limb sounder during the RECONCILE (Reconciliation of essential process parameters for an enhanced predictability of Arctic stratospheric ozone loss and its climate interactions) aircraft campaign showed a spectral peak at about 816 cm−1. This peak is shifted compared with the known peak at about 820 cm−1, which is recognised as being caused by the emission of radiation by small NAT particles. To investigate the reason for this spectral difference, we performed a large set of radiative transfer simulations of infrared limb emission spectra in the presence of various PSCs (NAT, STS, ice, and mixtures) for the airborne viewing geometry of CRISTA-NF. NAT particles can cause different spectral features in the 810–820 cm−1 region. The simulation results show that the appearance of the feature changes with an increasing median radius of the NAT particle size distribution, from a peak at 820 cm−1 to a shifted peak and, finally, to a step-like feature in the spectrum, caused by the increasing contribution of scattering to the total extinction. Based on the appearance of the spectral feature, we defined different colour indices to detect PSCs containing NAT particles and to subgroup them into three size regimes under the assumption of spherical particles: small NAT (≤ 1.0 µm), medium NAT (1.5–4.0 µm), and large NAT (≥ 3.5 µm). Furthermore, we developed a method to detect the bottom altitude of a cloud by using the cloud index (CI), a colour ratio indicating the optical thickness, and the vertical gradient of the CI. Finally, we applied the methods to observations of the CRISTA-NF instrument during one local flight of the RECONCILE aircraft campaign and found STS and medium-sized NAT.
Characterising optical array particle imaging probes: implications for small-ice-crystal observations
Authors: O'Shea Sebastian , Crosier Jonathan , Dorsey James , Gallagher Louis , Schledewitz Waldemar , Bower Keith , Schlenczek Oliver , Borrmann Stephan , Cotton Richard , Westbrook Christopher , Ulanowski Zbigniew
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The cloud particle concentration, size, and shape data from optical array
probes (OAPs) are routinely used to parameterise cloud properties and
constrain remote sensing retrievals. This paper characterises the optical
response of OAPs using a combination of modelling, laboratory, and field
experiments. Significant uncertainties are found to exist with such probes
for ice crystal measurements. We describe and test two independent methods
to constrain a probe's sample volume that remove the most severely
mis-sized particles: (1) greyscale image analysis and (2) co-location using
stereoscopic imaging. These methods are tested using field measurements from
three research flights in cirrus. For these cases, the new methodologies
significantly improve agreement with a holographic imaging probe compared to
conventional data-processing protocols, either removing or significantly
reducing the concentration of small ice crystals (< 200 µm)
in certain conditions. This work suggests that the observational evidence
for a ubiquitous mode of small ice particles in ice clouds is likely due to
a systematic instrument bias. Size distribution parameterisations based on
OAP measurements need to be revisited using these improved methodologies.
Radium-228-derived ocean mixing and trace element inputs in the South Atlantic
Authors: Hsieh Yu-Te , Geibert Walter , Woodward E. Malcolm S. , Wyatt Neil J. , Lohan Maeve C. , Achterberg Eric P. , Henderson Gideon M.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Trace elements (TEs) play important roles as micronutrients in
modulating marine productivity in the global ocean. The South Atlantic
around 40∘ S is a prominent region of high productivity and a transition
zone between the nitrate-depleted subtropical gyre and the iron-limited
Southern Ocean. However, the sources and fluxes of trace elements to this
region remain unclear. In this study, the distribution of the naturally
occurring radioisotope 228Ra in the water column of the South Atlantic
(Cape Basin and Argentine Basin) has been investigated along a 40∘ S
zonal transect to estimate ocean mixing and trace element supply to the
surface ocean. Ra-228 profiles have been used to determine the horizontal
and vertical mixing rates in the near-surface open ocean. In the Argentine
Basin, horizontal mixing from the continental shelf to the open ocean shows
an eddy diffusion of Kx=1.8±1.4 (106 cm2 s−1)
and an integrated advection velocity w=0.6±0.3 cm s−1. In
the Cape Basin, horizontal mixing is Kx=2.7±0.8 (107 cm2 s−1)
and vertical mixing Kz = 1.0–1.7 cm2 s−1 in the upper 600 m layer. Three different approaches
(228Ra diffusion, 228Ra advection, and 228Ra/TE ratio) have
been applied to estimate the dissolved trace element fluxes from the shelf to the
open ocean. These approaches bracket the possible range of off-shelf fluxes
from the Argentine Basin margin to be 4–21 (×103) nmol Co m−2 d−1,
8–19 (×104) nmol Fe m−2 d−1 and 2.7–6.3
(×104) nmol Zn m−2 d−1. Off-shelf fluxes from the Cape Basin margin are 4.3–6.2 (×103) nmol Co m−2 d−1, 1.2–3.1 (×104) nmol Fe m−2 d−1,
and 0.9–1.2 (×104) nmol Zn m−2 d−1. On average, at 40∘ S in the Atlantic, vertical mixing supplies
0.1–1.2 nmol Co m−2 d−1, 6–9 nmol Fe m−2 d−1, and
5–7 nmol Zn m−2 d−1 to the euphotic zone. Compared with
atmospheric dust and continental shelf inputs, vertical mixing is a more
important source for supplying dissolved trace elements to the surface
40∘ S Atlantic transect. It is insufficient, however, to provide the trace
elements removed by biological uptake, particularly for Fe. Other inputs
(e.g. particulate or from winter deep mixing) are required to balance the
trace element budgets in this region.
A 10 km North American Precipitation and Land Surface
Reanalysis Based on the GEM Atmospheric Model
Authors: Gasset Nicolas , Fortin Vincent , Dimitrijevic Milena , Carrera Marco , Bilodeau Bernard , Muncaster Ryan , Gaborit Étienne , Roy Guy , Pentcheva Nedka , Bulat Maxim , Wang Xihong , Pavlovic Radenko , Lespinas Franck , Khedhaouiria Dikra
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Environment and Climate Change Canada has initiated the production of a 1980–2018, 10 km, North American precipitation and surface reanalysis. ERA-Interim is used to initialize the Global Deterministic Reforecast System (GDRS) at a 39 km resolution. Its output is then dynamically downscaled to 10 km by the Regional Deterministic Reforecast System (RDRS). Coupled with the RDRS, the Canadian Land Data Assimilation System (CaLDAS) and Precipitation Analysis (CaPA) are used to produce surface and precipitation analyses. All systems used are close to operational model versions and configurations. In this study, a 7-year sample of the reanalysis (2011–2017) is evaluated. Verification results show that the skill of the RDRS is stable over time, and equivalent to that of the current operational system. The impact of the coupling between RDRS and CaLDAS is explored using an early version of the reanalysis system which was run at 15 km resolution for the period 2010–2014, with and without the use of CaLDAS. Significant improvements are observed with CaLDAS in the lower troposphere and surface layer, especially for the 850 hPa dew point and absolute temperatures in summer. Precipitation is further improved through an offline precipitation analysis which allows the assimilation of additional observations of 24-h precipitation totals. The final dataset should be of particular interest for hydrological applications focusing on trans-boundary and northern watersheds, where existing products often show discontinuities at the border and assimilate very few – if any – precipitation observations.
Sistem Informasi Geografis Pemetaan Tempat Wisata Di Kota Samarinda Berbasis Web
Authors: Chairunnisa Liza , Sari Wahyuni Eka , Arifin Dawamul
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh belum terpublikasikan dengan baik tempat – tempat wisata yang ada di Kota Samarinda, sehingga wisatawan mampu mencari tempat – tempat wisata rekreasi dan kuliner yang terdapat di seputaran kota. Oleh karna itu tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat sistem informasi pemetaan wisata di Kota Samarinda, sehingga dapat mudah di akses oleh wisatawan dan masyarakat. Selain itu menyajikan informasi pemetaan dan lokasi wisata di Kota Samarinda, sistem yang di bangun bertujuan memperkenalkan kepada wisatawan tentang wisata rekreasi dan kuliner di Kota Samarinda dan memudahkan wisatawan untuk mencari tempat wisata rekreasi dan kuliner yang ada di Kota Samarinda sendiri. Hasil Penelitian ini diharapkan menunjukan bahwa sistem ini dapat digunakan sedemikian rupa untuk mengetahui letak tempat kuliner yang ada.
Pemanfaatan Rumput Sebagai Kompos Untuk Kesuburan Tanah Bekas Tambang Batu Dengan Uji Bibit Tanaman Kakao (Theobroma Cacao L.)
Authors: Mirasari Rossy
Published: March 2021

Artikel ini membahas tentang penelitian pemanfaatan rumput sebagai kompos untuk kesuburan tanah bekas galian batu dengan uji tanaman kakao (Theobroma Cacao L.). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kandungan unsur hara pada kompos yang dibuat, melakukan pengomposan yang berkualitas dan dapat memperbaiki kesuburan tanah bekas galian dengan uji tanaman kakao. Kompos yang terbuat dari bahan rumput cincang kemudian ditambahkan dengan aktivator EM4. Bahan kompos dimasukkan ke dalam karung goni kemudian diikat dan bagian bawahnya diberi lubang untuk mengalirkan air. Selama proses pembuatan kompos, karung goni diletakkan di atas alas kering dan diberi naungan untuk menghindari sinar matahari dan air hujan. Proses pembuatan kompos selama 14 hari. Kompos dikatakan matang jika warna kompos hitam, aroma seperti aroma tanah, tekstur remah, suhu normal (sama dengan suhu kamar), dan nilai C/N ratio sekitar 20 - 30. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kompos yang dihasilkan berkualitas baik, dilihat dari hasil analisis kimia menunjukkan kandungan C/N kompos 7,6, pH (H2O) 6,86, pH (KCl) 6,78 dan kandungan unsur hara lengkap mikro. dan makro. Sedangkan tanah bekas galian batu yang diberi perlakuan kompos juga menunjukkan hasil analisis kimiawi yang baik. Terbukti, kompos dapat memperbaiki kesuburan tanah bekas galian. Parameter tanaman menunjukkan hasil nyata yang berbeda pada semua parameter tinggi baik tanaman, jumlah daun, diameter batang (umur 2, 4, 6, 8 minggu setelah pindah ke tanaman) dan luas daun pada akhir pengamatan menunjukkan perlakuan batu. Tanah gali dengan penambahan kompos  lebih baik dibandingkan tanah gali batu murni tanpa perlakuan.