bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generalization gradients for fear and disgust in human associative learning
Authors: Wang Jinxia , Sun Xiaoying , Lu Jiachen , Dou HaoRan , Lei Yi
Published: July 2021

Previous research indicates that excessive fear is a critical feature in anxiety disorders; however, recent studies suggest that disgust may also contribute to the etiology and maintenance of some anxiety disorders. It remains unclear if differences exist between these two threat-related emotions in conditioning and generalization. Evaluating different patterns of fear and disgust learning would facilitate a deeper understanding of how anxiety disorders develop. In this study, 32 college students completed threat conditioning tasks, including conditioned stimuli paired with frightening or disgusting images. Fear and disgust were divided into two randomly ordered blocks to examine differences by recording subjective US expectancy ratings and eye movements in the conditioning and generalization process. During conditioning, differing US expectancy ratings (fear vs. disgust) were found only on CS-, which may demonstrated that fear is associated with inferior discrimination learning. During the generalization test, participants exhibited greater US expectancy ratings to fear-related GS1 (generalized stimulus) and GS2 relative to disgust GS1 and GS2. Fear led to longer reaction times than disgust in both phases, and the pupil size and fixation duration for fear stimuli were larger than for disgust stimuli, suggesting that disgust generalization has a steeper gradient than fear generalization. These findings provide preliminary evidence for differences between fear- and disgust-related stimuli in conditioning and generalization, and suggest insights into treatment for anxiety and other fear- or disgust-related disorders.
Detection of Begomovirus in chilli and tomato plants using functionalized gold nanoparticles
Authors: Lavanya R. , Arun V.
Published: July 2021

Begomoviruses are a major class of Geminiviruses that affects most dicotyledonous plants and causes heavy economic losses to farmers. Early detection of begomovirus is essential to control the spread of the disease and prevent loss. Many available detection methods like ELISA, immunosorbent electron microscopy, PCR or qPCR require expertise in handling sophisticated instruments, complex data interpretation and costlier chemicals, enzymes or antibodies. Hence there is a need for a simpler detection method, here we report the development of a visual detection method based on functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNP assay). The assay was able to detect up to 500 ag/µl of begomoviral DNA (pTZCCPp3, a clone carrying partial coat protein gene) suspended in MilliQ water. Screening of chilli plants for begomoviral infection by PCR (Deng primers) and AuNP assay showed that AuNP assay (77.7%) was better than PCR (49.4%). The AuNP assay with clccpi1 probe was able to detect begomoviral infection in chilli, tomato, common bean, green gram and black gram plants which proved the utility and versatility of the AuNP assay. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by testing with total DNA from different plants that are not affected by begomoviruses.
Feasibility of balloon-based endobiliary radiofrequency ablation under cholangioscopy guidance in a swine model
Authors: Inoue Tadahisa , Kutsumi Hiromu , Ibusuki Mayu , Yoneda Masashi
Published: July 2021

Although endobiliary radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has demonstrated considerable potential for the treatment of biliary strictures, conventional catheter RFA has several limitations. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a novel cholangioscopy (CS)-guided balloon-based RFA procedure in vivo using a swine model. CS-guided balloon-RFA was performed under endoscopic retrograde cholangiography guidance at target temperatures of 60 ℃ or 70 ℃, which were maintained for 60 s. We evaluated the technical feasibility, adverse events, and histological effects associated with the procedure. Twelve sites were ablated in seven miniature pigs. The CS-guided balloon-RFA procedure was technically successful in all cases without any hindrance. Mucosal changes could be detected during RFA, and the ablation area was identified on CS. Necropsy was performed in four pigs on the same day as the procedure: the tissue samples showed coagulative necrosis, and the entire internal circumference of the bile duct was uniformly ablated. The mean lengths of the ablation area in the samples ablated at 60 °C and 70 °C were 20.64 and 22.18 mm, respectively, while the mean depths were 3.46 and 5.07 mm, respectively. The other three pigs were reared and euthanized and autopsied 35 days after the procedure. The site to be ablated had replaced the granulation tissue and fibrotic changes. No adverse events were observed in any case. CS-guided balloon-RFA appears to be a promising option for treating biliary strictures. This preliminary study could pave the way for the evaluation of this procedure in future human clinical trials.
Non-mercaptalbumin is significantly associated with the coronary plaque burden and the severity of coronary artery disease
Authors: Chou Shengpu , Yasukawa Keiko , Fujino Yusuke , Ishibashi Midori , Haraguchi Mikiko , Sato Masaya , Ikeda Hitoshi , Nakamura Sunao , Yatomi Yutaka
Published: July 2021

Human non-mercaptalbumin (HNA), oxidized form of serum albumin, has been reported as a useful marker in oxidative stress-related diseases; however, few reports have examined the association between HNA and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). The present study evaluated whether the HNA fraction is correlated with coronary artery stenosis in 140 patients considered to have a high risk of CAD or who were suspected of having acute coronary syndrome. The severity of CAD was defined by the number of stenotic coronary vessels and a severity score system (the Gensini score). HNA measurements were performed using our newly established high-performance liquid chromatography methodology. The results had shown that HNA was significantly increased in patients with three-vessel disease, compared with those without CAD or with single-vessel disease (p = 0.025), and was positively correlated with the Gensini score (ρ = 0.421, p < 0.001). A multivariate analysis showed that the number of stenotic vessels was an independent and significant factor associated with HNA (ρ = 1.246, p = 0.012). A logistic regression analysis showed that HNA was a strong predictor of multivessel CAD (odds ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.020–1.229; p = 0.017). These findings indicate that the measurement of HNA could be clinically practical for predicting the severity of coronary artery stenosis.
Influence of bevacizumab therapy and intraretinal hemorrhage in long-term outcomes of hemorrhagic retinal arterial macroaneurysm
Authors: Kim Jae Hui , Kim Jong Woo , Kim Chul Gu , Lew Young Ju , Cho Han Joo
Published: July 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the long-term visual outcomes of hemorrhagic retinal arterial macroaneurysm (RAM), particularly focusing on the influence of bevacizumab therapy and intraretinal hemorrhage (IRH) on the outcomes. This retrospective study included 49 patients diagnosed with hemorrhagic RAM. Patients were divided into the bevacizumab group and observation group depending on the whether they were administered bevacizumab treatment and the IRH group and the non-IRH group based on the presence of IRH at the fovea. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at diagnosis was compared with that at the final visit. Further, the BCVA at the final visit was compared between the study groups. Multivariate analysis was also performed to identify factors associated with poor BCVA at the final visit. The mean follow-up period was 24.8 ± 15.3 months. The mean logarithm of minimal angle of resolution BCVA was significantly improved from 1.37 ± 0.70 at diagnosis to 0.72 ± 0.62 at the final visit (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the BCVA at the final visit between the bevacizumab group and observation group (P = 0.576). However, the BCVA at the final visit was significantly worse in the IRH group than in the non-IRH group (P = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, the presence of IRH was significantly associated with poor BCVA (P = 0.007). Significant long-term visual improvement was noted in hemorrhagic RAM. However, the presence of IRH at the fovea was associated with poor visual prognosis. Bevacizumab therapy did not significantly influence the outcomes.
Alterations of lipid metabolism provide serologic biomarkers for the detection of asymptomatic versus symptomatic COVID-19 patients
Authors: Janneh Alhaji H. , Kassir Mohamed Faisal , Dwyer Connor J. , Chakraborty Paramita , Pierce Jason S. , Flume Patrick A. , Li Hong , Nadig Satish N. , Mehrotra Shikhar , Ogretmen Besim
Published: July 2021

COVID-19 pandemic exerts a health care emergency around the world. The illness severity is heterogeneous. It is mostly unknown why some individuals who are positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies stay asymptomatic while others show moderate to severe disease symptoms. Reliable biomarkers for early detection of the disease are urgently needed to attenuate the virus’s spread and help make early treatment decisions. Bioactive sphingolipids play a crucial role in the regulation of viral infections and pro-inflammatory responses involved in the severity of COVID-19. However, any roles of sphingolipids in COVID-19 development or detection remain unknown. In this study, lipidomics measurement of serum sphingolipids demonstrated that reduced sphingosine levels are highly associated with the development of symptomatic COVID-19 in the majority (99.24%) SARS-CoV-2-infected patients compared to asymptomatic counterparts. The majority of asymptomatic individuals (73%) exhibited increased acid ceramidase (AC) in their serum, measured by Western blotting, consistent with elevated sphingosine levels compared to SARS-CoV-2 antibody negative controls. AC protein was also reduced in almost all of the symptomatic patients’ serum, linked to reduced sphingosine levels, measured in longitudinal acute or convalescent COVID-19 samples. Thus, reduced sphingosine levels provide a sensitive and selective serologic biomarker for the early identification of asymptomatic versus symptomatic COVID-19 patients.
Basic Reactions of Organometallic Complexes
Authors: Nakazawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2021

For organometallic compounds, there are a number of characteristic reactions and most of them involve 1e donor ligand(s). Understanding of these reactions is very important to master organometallic chemistry. This chapter explains several basic examples among the many characteristic reactions of organometallic complexes. Oxidative addition refers to the reaction in which a compound (A–B) having a covalent bond between A and B reacts with a transition metal fragment described as LnM (L generally stands for a supporting ligand) to give LnM(A)(B), where A and B are new ligands at the metal. Since this reaction is formally reversible, it may be written as an equilibrium. The reverse reaction is referred to as reductive elimination. C–H and C–C bond cleavage and C–C bond formation, which are important in organic chemistry, are achieved by oxidative addition reaction and reductive elimination, and are reactions characteristic of organometallic chemistry. Another pair of typical reactions is insertion and elimination. For a transition metal complex having, for example, hydride, alkyl or aryl ligands, other molecules may insert into the M–H or M–C bond. Two typical types of insertion reactions, insertion of CO and olefins, are described in detail. The reverse reactions are β hydride elimination and β alkyl elimination, respectively.
Catalysis by Organometallic Complexes
Authors: Nakazawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2021

By combining the elementary reactions described in Chapter 6, transformations catalyzed by organometallic complexes can be constructed. This chapter introduces representative reaction systems catalyzed by organometallic complexes, and outlines the reactions occurring. Ziegler catalysts, prepared from tetrachlorotitanium (TiCl4) and alkylaluminium reagents (AlEt3 or AlEt2Cl), and Natta catalysts, prepared from crystalline TiCl3 and alkylaluminium, are very effective for olefin and propylene polymerization, respectively. This development was a paradigm shift, and Ziegler and Natta received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963 for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers. Transition metal complexes serve as catalysts and are used industrially, such as in olefin isomerization, olefin hydroformylation, the production of acetaldehyde by ethylene oxidation (the Wacker process) and the production of acetic acid from methanol and carbon monoxide (the Monsanto process). These catalytic systems successfully apply the elementary organometallic chemistry reactions described in this book and the basis of the catalytic action in these reactions is explained.
Chemistry of Transition Metal Complexes with Group 14 Elements: Transition Metal Complexes with Silicon, a Heavier Carbon Group Element
Authors: Okazaki Masaaki
Published: July 2021

Chapter 8 (the first chapter in the Advanced Part) describes the chemistry of metal complexes of the heavier carbon congener, silicon. Compared to carbon, silicon is larger, has lower electronegativity, and has additional low-lying orbitals. The consequent differences in reactivity and chemistry, such as the typically greater strength of M–Si bonds compared to M–C bonds, are presented and explained. Topics covered include: oxidative addition of Si–H to metal centers and the reverse process of reductive elimination, which form the basis of catalytic hydrosilation; and complexes with silyl, η2-silane, silylene, silene, disilene and other silicon-containing ligands.
Chemistry of Transition Metal Complexes with Group 13 Elements: Transition Metal Complexes with Lewis Acidic Ligands
Authors: Kawano Yasuro , Ueno Keiji
Published: July 2021

This chapter covers metal complexes with ligating Group 13 element atoms. Since these elements have ns2p1 electron configurations, they are considered to be Lewis acidic and electron-deficient, with a vacant p orbital. As a result, their complexes show a range of characteristics not found for carbon, such as the existence of three-center-two electron bonds, π-interactions different to those in M–Si compounds, the formation of Lewis acid–base adducts and high reactivity. The first sections are dedicated to examples of boryl and borylene complex synthesis and reactions due to their uniqueness and significant differences to heavier boron congeners. The later sections deal with the remaining Group 13 elements. Bonding in the different structural types is explained in detail, since this is central to understanding the chemistry. A number of approaches to synthesis are covered, with examples of each.
Design of abiotic polymer ligand-decorated lipid nanoparticles for effective neutralization of target toxins in the blood
Authors: Koide Hiroyuki , Yamauchi Ikumi , Hoshino Yu , Yasuno Go , Okamoto Takumi , Akashi Sotaro , Saito Kazuhiro , Oku Naoto , Asai Tomohiro
Published: July 2021

We developed abiotic polymer ligand (PL)-decorated lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to improve PL mobility, decrease aggregation after capturing the target, and increase the blood circulation time to achieve highly effective toxin neutralization in vivo.
Distribution and ecological risk assessment of typical antibiotics in the surface waters of seven major rivers, China
Authors: Yin Zhizhen
Published: July 2021

The consumption and production of antibiotics in China rank highest in the world.
Super-stretchable and extreme temperature-tolerant supramolecular-polymer double-network eutectogels with ultrafast in situ adhesion and flexible electrochromic behaviour
Authors: Wang Kaifang , Wang Hai , Li Jingjing , Liang Yujia , Xie Xiao-Qiao , Liu Junpeng , Gu Chaonan , Zhang Yunfei , Zhang Guo , Liu Chun-Sen
Published: July 2021

We herein develop a new small molecule-based supramolecular-polymer double-network (SP-DN) eutectogel with high stretchability and toughness (>18 000% areal strain), and ultrafast (∼5 s) in situ underwater and low-temperature (−80 °C) adhesion.
Triskelion-shaped iridium-helicene NHC complex
Authors: Gauthier Etienne S. , Hellou Nora , Caytan Elsa , Del Fré Samuel , Dorcet Vincent , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Favereau Ludovic , Srebro-Hooper Monika , Williams J. A. Gareth , Crassous Jeanne
Published: July 2021

Triskelion-shaped cycloiridiated complexes with three N-[6]helicenyl-NHC ligands were prepared with uncommon diastereoselectivities and their configurations were assigned using NMR analyses. They show strong ECD and OR, and yellow CP phosphorescence.
Towards 213Bi alpha-therapeutics and beyond: unravelling the foundations of efficient BiIII complexation by DOTP
Authors: Horváth Dávid , Travagin Fabio , Guidolin Nicol , Buonsanti Federica , Tircsó Gyula , Tóth Imre , Bruchertseifer Frank , Morgenstern Alfred , Notni Johannes , Giovenzana Giovanni B. , Baranyai Zsolt
Published: July 2021

BiIII-DOTP complex is characterised by a fast formation kinetics, an outstanding thermodynamic stability and an impressive kinetic interness, making BiIII-DOTP an optimal model for the development of targeted α-therapy (TAT) radiopharmaceuticals.
Very stable and high-quantum-yield phosphor Na2BaSr(PO4)2:Eu2+ for plant growth LEDs
Authors: Xiang Jinmeng , Zhao Xiaoqi , Suo Hao , Jin Minkun , Zhou Xue , Chen Changheng , Guo Chongfeng
Published: July 2021

Very stable and highly efficient blue emitting phosphor Na2BaSr(PO4)2:Eu2+ for plant growth LEDs.
Asymmetric synthesis of γ-lactams under low-loading N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis
Authors: Zhang Yuxia , Zhang Ye , Guo Jingcheng , Han Jinna , Zhou Xiangui , Fu Zhenqian
Published: July 2021

Low-loading N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed oxidative formal [3 + 2] annulation of enals with N-Ts diethyl aminomalonate has been successfully developed.
Hydroquinine-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-hydrophosphination of in situ generated aza-o-quinone methides with H-phosphine oxides
Authors: Yang Fuxing , Zhou Xingcui , Wei Yongquan , Wang Lisheng , Jiang Jun
Published: July 2021

An organocatalytic enantioselective 1,4-addition of H-phosphine oxides to in situ generated aza-o-quinone methides has been successfully established using hydroquinine.
An alternative mode to activate alcohols: application to the synthesis of N-heteroarene derivatives
Authors: Liu Xiaoping , Sotiropoulos Jean-Marc , Taillefer Marc
Published: July 2021

Activation of primary alcohols in the presence of KOtBu/DMF allowed the synthesis of N-heteroarenes via the alkylation of the C(sp3)–H bond of methyl azaarenes. A mechanism involving the formation of an alkyl formate intermediate is proposed.
Enzymatic synthesis of novel fructosylated compounds by Ffase from Schwanniomyces occidentalis in green solvents
Authors: Piedrabuena David , Rumbero Ángel , Pires Elísabet , Leal-Duaso Alejandro , Civera Concepción , Fernández-Lobato María , Hernaiz María J.
Published: July 2021

Glycerol, as a good acceptor for Ffase, produces novel fructosylated derivatives with biotechnological potential.
A highly efficient chemical approach to producing green phosphorylated cellulosic macromolecules
Authors: Ablouh El-Houssaine , Brouillette François , Taourirte Moha , Sehaqui Houssine , El Achaby Mounir , Belfkira Ahmed
Published: July 2021

The introduction of phosphate groups into cellulosic fibers allows for the tuning of their fire resistance, chelating and metal-adhesion properties, enabling the development of flame-retardant adhesive and adsorbent materials.
Insights into the metal retention role in the antibacterial behavior of montmorillonite and cellulose tissue-supported copper and silver nanoparticles
Authors: Noori Farzaneh , Neree Armelle Tchoumi , Megoura Meriem , Mateescu Mircea Alexandru , Azzouz Abdelkrim
Published: July 2021

The role of the retention strength of Cu0 and Ag0 nanoparticles on the induced antibacterial properties of montmorillonite and cellulose-supported polyol dendrimer against Escherichia coli DH5α and Bacillus subtilis 168 was comparatively investigated.
One pot synthesis of aryl nitriles from aromatic aldehydes in a water environment
Authors: Lin Hongyan , Zhou Ziling , Ma Xiaopeng , Chen Qingqing , Han Hongwei , Wang Xiaoming , Qi Jinliang , Yang Yonghua
Published: July 2021

In a formic acid–H2O solution (60% : 40%), most aromatic aldehydes react efficiently with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium acetate to form nitriles, where formic acid acts as both catalyst and solvent.
Single-chain magnet behavior in a finite linear hexanuclear molecule
Authors: Houard Felix , Gendron Frederic , Suffren Yan , Guizouarn Thierry , Dorcet Vincent , Calvez Guillaume , Daiguebonne Carole , Guillou Olivier , Le Guennic Boris , Mannini Matteo , Bernot Kevin
Published: July 2021

A stable hexanuclear molecule made of a TbIII building block and a substituted nitronyl-nitroxide radical show a single-chain magnet behavior despite being a finite molecule.
Illuminating anti-hydrozirconation: controlled geometric isomerization of an organometallic species
Authors: Hostmann Theresa , Neveselý Tomáš , Gilmour Ryan
Published: July 2021

A general strategy to enable the formal anti-hydrozirconation of arylacetylenes is reported that merges cis-hydrometallation using the Schwartz Reagent (Cp2ZrHCl) with a subsequent light-mediated geometric isomerization at λ = 400 nm.
High-strength, thermosensitive double network hydrogels with antibacterial functionality
Authors: Li Xuefeng , Wang Yonglin , Li Dapeng , Shu Mengmeng , Shang Lingli , Xia Min , Huang Yiwan
Published: July 2021

The mechanical properties of thermosensitive hydrogels are significantly enhanced by DN structures. Antibacterial drugs can be readily loaded in the hydrogels, which in response to external temperature change, release and deliver treatment on-site.
Rapid prototyping and customizable multifunctional structures: 3D-printing technology promotes the rapid development of TENGs
Authors: Cai Nixin , Sun Ping , Jiang Saihua
Published: July 2021

This paper reviews the recent advances in triboelectric nanogenerators based on 3D printing technologies and highlights the crucial roles 3D printing technologies play in promoting the rapid development of TENGs.
Toward efficient perovskite solar cells by planar imprint for improved perovskite film quality and granted bifunctional barrier
Authors: Huang Lu , Xing Zhi , Tang Xianglan , Li Dengxue , Meng Xiangchuan , Hu Xiaotian , Hu Ting , Chen Yiwang
Published: July 2021

We introduce an effective but relatively simple method (planar imprint: PiP) to promote recrystallization and build a bifunctional barrier which is beneficial for preparing high-quality perovskite films with large grains and fewer defects.
Recent advances in the synthesis and applications of graphene–polypeptide nanocomposites
Authors: Qian Yuhong , Di Shuhan , Wang Li , Li Zhuang
Published: July 2021

The combination of peptides and graphene-derived materials provides a new way to prepare graphene-based nanocomposites with unique structures, properties, and functions.
PatchMatch Filter‐Census: A slanted‐plane stereo matching method for slope modelling application
Authors: Eng Weiyong , Koo Voonchet , Lim Tiensze
Published: July 2021

Image matching is a well‐studied problem in computer vision. Conventional image matching is solved using image feature matching algorithms, and later deep learning techniques are also applied to tackle the problem. Here, a slope‐modelling framework is proposed by adopting the image matching techniques. First, image pairs of a slope scene are captured and camera calibration as well as image rectification are performed. Then, PatchMatch Filter (PMF‐S) and PWC‐Net techniques are adapted to solve the matching of image pairs. In the proposed PatchMatch Filter‐Census (PMF‐Census), slanted‐plane modelling, image census transform and gradient difference are employed in matching cost formulation. Later, nine matching points are manually selected from an image pair. Matching point pairs are further used in fitting a transformation matrix to relate the matching between the image pair. Then, the transformation matrix is applied to obtain a ground truth matching image for algorithm evaluation. The challenges in this matching problem are that the slope is of a homogenous region and it has a slanted‐surface geometric structure. In this work, it is found out that the error rate of the proposed PMF‐Census is significantly lower as compared with the PWC‐Net method and is more suitable in this slope‐modelling task. In addition, to show the robustness of the proposed PMF‐Census against the original PMF‐S, further experiments on some image pairs from Middlebury Stereo 2006 dataset are conducted. It is demonstrated that the error percentage by the proposed PMF‐Census is reduced significantly especially in the low‐texture and photometric distorted region, in comparison to the original PMF‐S algorithm. This further verifies the suitability of the PMF‐Census in modelling the outdoor low‐texture slope scene.
A novel consequent‐pole bearingless PMSM with integrated winding for flywheel energy storage
Authors: Xu Jie , Sun Yukun , Yuan Ye , Huang Yonghong , Yang Fan
Published: July 2021

Generating torque and suspension force with one set of windings at the same time can increase the copper space factor and improve the torque output capacity. This structure has a unique application advantage for bearingless motors used in onboard flywheel energy storage. A consequent‐pole bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with integrated winding is designed and researched. Regulating suspension current has minimal effect on the torque performance of the motor in this design. The effectiveness and feasibility of this design are verified through a finite element calculation. Its advantages and application scope are discussed.
Methods for alleviation of impacts of axial diffusion on decomposition products monitoring in gas‐insulated transmission lines
Authors: Qiu Rui , Chen Weijiang , Zhou Wenjun , Liu Ming , Zou Jianming , Zheng Yu , Li Han , Hu Shizhuo , Yu Jianhui
Published: July 2021

Considering the long length of gas‐insulated transmission lines (GILs), novel methods are required to alleviate the impacts of axial diffusion on decomposition products' monitoring. The diffusion process of two typical decomposition products, SO2 and SO2F2, was studied. During the diffusion experiments, SO2 and SO2F2 were generated by partial discharges. Based on Fick’s law, an axial diffusion model of SO2 and SO2F2 was proposed. By combining the experiment and simulation results, it was found that the diffusion coefficient of SO2 was greater than that of SO2F2. In addition, the concentration variation at different positions would experience some delay and decay in axial direction. The delay and decay were inversely related to the diffusion coefficient and increased with prolongation of the distance. Based on the diffusion characteristics determined, methods for optimising the monitoring positions, correcting concentration, and using the concentration ratio and generation rate were proposed to alleviate the impacts of diffusion. The methods could allow the decomposition products to be monitored in 1 month and reduce the monitoring error to 10% or less. The diffusion model and the methods could be useful for monitoring decomposition products in GILs.
Monolithic 3D printed waveguide filters with wide spurious‐free stopbands using dimpled spherical resonators
Authors: Guo Cheng , Yu Yang , Li Sheng , Wen Xiaozhu , Zhang Anxue , Wang Yi , Attallah Moataz
Published: July 2021

Employing a family of dimpled and slotted spherical resonators, and a set of X‐band waveguide bandpass filters (BPFs) is presented in this study. The resonators originated from spherical resonators with depression (hence, dimples are formed) and cutting slots into the resonator shell. With a large number of experiments, the combination of using the twisted coupling topology, depression and slotting on the resonators results in filters with simultaneous low insertion loss (IL), good out‐of‐band rejection and wide spurious‐free stopband. Several BPFs are designed and 3D printed using the selective laser melting (SLM) technique where they are made in one piece. The monolithic implementation of these filters is allowed by the compatibility of the microwave and the mechanical design, which minimises the required supporting structures inside the filters. The measurement results show ILs of 0.2–0.3 dB and are better than 15 dB return loss. There is a small frequency shift of less than 0.9%, and a measured spurious‐free stopband covering the entire X–Ku bands (8.2–18 GHz) with rejection over 34 dB. Additionally, for the SLM printed devices, the influences of temperature to the S‐parameter responses, as well as polishing, which lowers the losses, are included in this study.
Instability times in the HD 181433 exoplanetary system
Authors: Alves Silva R. , Beaugé C. , Ferraz-Mello S. , Cincotta P. M. , Giordano C. M.
Published: July 2021

The present work consists of a study of the dynamical stability of a three-body system that takes advantage of the Shannon entropy approach to estimate the diffusivity (DS) in a Delaunay’s action-like phase space. We outline the main features of a numerical computation ofDSfrom the solutions of the equations of motion and, thereupon, we consider how to estimate a macroscopic instability timescale,τinst, (roughly speaking, the lifetime of the system) associated with a given set of initial conditions. Through such estimates, we are able to characterize the system’s space of initial conditions in terms of its orbital stability by applying numerical integrations to the construction of dynamical maps. We compare these measures of chaotic diffusion with other indicators, first in a qualitative fashion and then more quantitatively, by means of long direct integrations. We address an analysis of a particular, near-resonant system, namely HD 181433, and we show that the entropy may provide a complementary analysis with regard to other dynamical indicators. This work is part of a series of studies devoted to presenting the Shannon entropy approach and its possibilities as a numerical tool providing information on chaotic diffusion and the dynamical stability of multidimensional dynamical systems.
Du Père et de Dieu dans la clinique des enfants : le chemin vers le Père
Authors: Saladin Catherine
Published: July 2021

La question de Dieu articulée à la place du père dans notre société, de nos jours, illustrée par la clinique en CMP de banlieue et en consultation privée, éclairée par des psychanalystes qui m’ont enseignée. Comment pratiquer la psychanalyse en institution ou en privé avec les enfants. Le travail avec les parents.
Parasomnien
Authors: Kotterba Sylvia
Published: July 2021

Bewegungen im Schlaf sind prinzipiell physiologisch. In der Internationalen Klassifikation von Schlafstörungen (ICSD 3) werden Bewegungen (insbesondere das Restless-legs-Syndrom) und Parasomnien aufgeführt, die durch Beeinträchtigung des Betroffenen einer Abklärung und ggf. auch einer Therapie bedürfen. Bewegungen im Rahmen von Parasomnien können zu Verletzungen der Betroffenen und der Bettpartner führen, sexuelle Übergriffe sind möglich. Dieser Artikel soll einen Überblick über die Diagnostik und ggf. forensische Bedeutung von Parasomnien geben. Insbesondere soll auf die möglichen Therapien bzw. Vorsorgemechanismen eingegangen werden.
Prostate incidentaloma on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: Diagnostic value of volumetric positron emission tomography parameters
Authors: Şahin Özlem , Kaya Buğra , Aydın Zeynep , Şen Ahmet Eren , İyisoy Mehmet Sinan , Aydın Arif
Published: July 2021

Objective To evaluate whether volumetric PET parameters such as metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) contributed to maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in predicting prostate carcinoma in the prostate incidentalomas (PI) in 18F-FDG PET/CT.

Materials and methods This retrospective study comprised 107 patients with PI of 4723 male patients who had undergone 18F-FDG PET/CT. SUVmax and volumetric PET parameters of PIs were assessed. MTV and TLG were acquired with each SUV threshold as 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0.

Results The PI incidence was 2.3%, and the malignancy ratio of PI was 15.9%. According to further analysis results, 17 patients were in the malignant group, and 46 patients were in the benign group. Malignant PIs had higher SUVmax (10.6 vs. 6.4 and p<0.01), MTV (all p < 0.01) and TLG (all p < 0.01) than benign incidentalomas. All volumetric PET parameters had higher area under the curve (AUC) than SUVmax. SUVmax AUC was 0.835 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.728–0.942]. MTV 2.5 and TLG 2.5 had the highest performance for predicting malignant PI.MTV2.5 AUC was 0.871 (95% CI: 0.775–0.968), and TLG2.5 AUC was 0.882 (95% CI: 0.797–0.967). Using TLG 2.5 greater than 29.8 as the cut-off point, the sensitivity and specificity for malignancy prediction were 94.1% and 82.6%, respectively.

Conclusion In this study, in which the effectiveness of volumetric parameters in the diagnosis of PI was evaluated for the first time, it was shown that they could potentially have clinical value along with SUVmax.
Rifampicin-Resistant Disseminated Tuberculosis in an Immunocompetent Adolescent Male Presenting with Retropharyngeal Abscess and Spinal Involvement
Authors: Das Arghya , Gupta Vineeta , Anupurba Shampa
Published: July 2021

Retropharyngeal abscess is a rare manifestation in spinal tuberculosis. Early clinical diagnosis followed by microbiological confirmation and effective treatment is crucial to avoid irreversible damage to the spine. Here, we report a case of disseminated tuberculosis in an immunocompetent adolescent male who presented with retropharyngeal abscess, multifocal involvement of the spine, and skin tuberculids. Xpert MTB/RIF assay in this patient facilitated early lifesaving treatment by detecting rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in the clinical specimen.
Risks and Rewards of Bariatric Surgery in Advanced Chronic Liver Diseases
Authors: Mendoza Yuly P. , Becchetti Chiara , Watt Kymberly D. , Berzigotti Annalisa
Published: July 2021

The burden of obesity and metabolic syndrome has determined a sharp increase in bariatric surgery (BS) procedures, which lead to marked weight loss, improved metabolic syndrome, reduced cardiovascular risk, and even improvement in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Despite these promising results, BS in patients with chronic liver disease can rarely lead to worsening of liver function, progression to cirrhosis and its complications, and even liver transplantation. On the other hand, since obesity in patients with cirrhosis is a major cofactor for progression to a decompensated stage of the disease and a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, BS has been used to achieve weight loss in this population. In this review, we critically analyze the existing data on outcomes of BS in patients with cirrhosis and the possible mechanisms leading to fibrosis progression and worsening liver function in patients undergoing BS. Finally, we propose a set of measures that could be taken to improve the multidisciplinary management of liver disease in patients undergoing BS, including early recognition of malnutrition and alcohol misuse.
1.7 Phosphorus-Centered Radicals
Authors: Bellanger C. , Chelli S. , Lakhdar S.
Published: July 2021

Organophosphorus compounds are one of the most important classes of organic products because of their applications as ligands for transition-metal catalysts, as organocatalysts, as biologically active molecules, and as building blocks for material sciences. This review discusses recent approaches for the generation of four types of synthetically useful phosphorus-centered radicals and their use for the formation of carbon—phosphorus bonds. Emphasis is placed on the scope and limitations of the reactions reported.
1.14 Palladium(I)-Mediated Reactions
Authors: Maestri G. , Serafino A.
Published: July 2021

Several elegant reactivities can be observed in reactions involving palladium(I) species, allowing access to molecular architectures that are often beyond the capabilities of popular diamagnetic palladium complexes. This review presents three main axes of research in this context, which have mostly emerged in the last decade. Reactions promoted by visible light enable synthetic methods that are unusual in their mild experimental conditions coupled with remarkably broad functional group tolerance. The use of discrete palladium(I) dimers as precatalysts allows one to perform a wide set of cross-coupling protocols, such as Kumada and Negishi reactions, and chalcogenation reactions, with a surgical precision on the carbon—halogen bond that is initially activated. The generation of alkyl radicals and palladium(I) species through a thermal strategy proves useful for the elaboration of substrates with several polyfluorinated fragments, which are otherwise elusive coupling partners for more common two-electron processes.
Bright betatron radiation from direct-laser-accelerated electrons at moderate relativistic laser intensity
Authors: Rosmej O. N. , Shen X. F. , Pukhov A. , Antonelli L. , Barbato F. , Gyrdymov M. , Günther M. M. , Zähter S. , Popov V. S. , Borisenko N. G. , Andreev N. E.
Published: July 2021

Direct laser acceleration (DLA) of electrons in a plasma of near-critical electron density (NCD) and the associated synchrotron-like radiation are discussed for moderate relativistic laser intensity (normalized laser amplitude a0 ≤ 4.3) and ps length pulse. This regime is typical of kJ PW-class laser facilities designed for high-energy-density (HED) research. In experiments at the PHELIX facility, it has been demonstrated that interaction of a 1019 W/cm2 sub-ps laser pulse with a sub-mm length NCD plasma results in the generation of high-current well-directed super-ponderomotive electrons with an effective temperature ten times higher than the ponderomotive potential [Rosmej et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 62, 115024 (2020)]. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations provide good agreement with the measured electron energy distribution and are used in the current work to study synchrotron radiation from the DLA-accelerated electrons. The resulting x-ray spectrum with a critical energy of 5 keV reveals an ultrahigh photon number of 7 × 1011 in the 1–30 keV photon energy range at the focused laser energy of 20 J. Numerical simulations of betatron x-ray phase contrast imaging based on the DLA process for the parameters of a PHELIX laser are presented. The results are of interest for applications in HED experiments, which require a ps x-ray pulse and a high photon flux.
Defensive hypervariable regions confer superinfection exclusion in microviruses
Authors: Kirchberger Paul C. , Martinez Zachary A. , Luker Landry J. , Ochman Howard
Published: July 2021

Significance

Numerous studies have demonstrated that single-stranded DNA phages of the family
Microviridae
can dominate the human virome, yet shockingly little is known about these diminutive viruses. By synthesizing and propagating microviruses in an experimental system, we demonstrate the existence of a widespread mechanism of phage defense by which these viruses antagonize one another. This mechanism functions through the repurposing of an essential viral structural component instead of through the acquisition of accessory genes, a necessity of the size constraints imposed by the minimal microviral genome. This study thus not only sheds much needed light on the biology of the
Microviridae
but also emphasizes the importance of virus–virus interaction in the evolution of viral genomes.
Minute-scale detection of SARS-CoV-2 using a low-cost biosensor composed of pencil graphite electrodes
Authors: de Lima Lucas F. , Ferreira André L. , Torres Marcelo D. T. , de Araujo William R. , de la Fuente-Nunez Cesar
Published: July 2021

Significance

High-frequency testing is urgently needed to help prevent the spread of COVID-19. Here, we introduce Low-cost Electrochemical Advanced Diagnostic (LEAD), a diagnostic test that detects SARS-CoV-2 within 6.5 min, costs $1.50 per unit, and uses easily assembled materials such as human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, modified graphite leads, and a plastic vial. LEAD presents sensitivity comparable to the gold-standard methods (limit of detection for the viral spike protein = 229 fg⋅mL
-1
) and displays an excellent performance profile when tested using clinical saliva (100.0% sensitivity, 100.0% specificity, 100.0% accuracy) and nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal (88.7% sensitivity, 86.0% specificity, 87.4% accuracy) samples. Finally, no cross-reactivity with other viruses was detected and the test displayed a viable shelf-life of 5 d when stored at 4 °C.
Covariant formulation of electrodynamics in isotropic media
Authors: Pal Palash B
Published: July 2021

The equations of electromagnetic fields in a medium are usually written in the rest frame of the medium. We outline a method of generalizing the discussion to arbitrary inertial frames. In the discussion, we also include the possibility that the medium is optically active, a possibility that is often overlooked in discussions of electromagnetic fields in an isotropic medium.
Spin–orbit correlations and exchange-bias control in twisted Janus dichalcogenide multilayers
Authors: Soriano D , Lado J L
Published: July 2021

Janus dichalcogenide multilayers provide a paradigmatic platform to engineer electronic phenomena dominated by spin–orbit coupling. Their unique spin–orbit effects stem from the mirror symmetry breaking in each layer, which induces a colossal Rashba spin–orbit effect in comparison with the conventional dichalcogenide counterparts. Here we put forward twisted Janus dichalcogenide bilayers as a simple platform to realize spin–orbit correlated states. We demonstrate the emergence of flat bands featuring strong spin-momentum locking and the emergence of symmetry broken states with associated non-coplanar magnetization when interactions are included. We further show that the symmetry broken states can be controlled by means of a magnetic substrate, strongly impacting the non-coplanar magnetic texture of the moire unit cell. Our results put forward twisted Janus multilayers as a powerful platform to explore spin–orbit correlated physics, and highlighting the versatility of magnetic substrates to control unconventional moire magnetism.
Linearized propagation equations for metric fluctuations in a general (non-vacuum) background geometry
Authors: Fanizza G. , Gasperini M. , Pavone E. , Tedesco L.
Published: July 2021

The linearized dynamical equation for metric perturbations in a fully general, non-vacuum, background geometry is obtained from the Hamilton variational principle applied to the action up to second order. We specialize our results to the case of traceless and transverse metric fluctuations, and we discuss how the intrinsic properties of the matter stress tensor can affect (and modify) the process of gravity wave propagation even in most conventional geometric scenarios, like (for instance) those described by a FLRW metric background. We provide explicit examples for fluid, scalar field and electromagnetic field sources.
Looking down: a model for visual route following in flying insects
Authors: Stankiewicz J , Webb B
Published: July 2021

Insect visual navigation is often assumed to depend on panoramic views of the horizon, and how these change as the animal moves. However, it is known that honey bees can visually navigate in flat, open meadows where visual information at the horizon is minimal, or would remain relatively constant across a wide range of positions. In this paper we hypothesise that these animals can navigate using view memories of the ground. We find that in natural scenes, low resolution views from an aerial perspective of ostensibly self-similar terrain (e.g. within a field of grass) provide surprisingly robust descriptors of precise spatial locations. We propose a new visual route following approach that makes use of transverse oscillations to centre a flight path along a sequence of learned views of the ground. We deploy this model on an autonomous quadcopter and demonstrate that it provides robust performance in the real world on journeys of up to 30 m. The success of our method is contingent on a robust view matching process which can evaluate the familiarity of a view with a degree of translational invariance. We show that a previously developed wavelet based bandpass orientated filter approach fits these requirements well, exhibiting double the catchment area of standard approaches. Using a realistic simulation package, we evaluate the robustness of our approach to variations in heading direction and aircraft height between inbound and outbound journeys. We also demonstrate that our approach can operate using a vision system with a biologically relevant visual acuity and viewing direction.
Atmospheric moisture contribution to the growing season in the Amazon arc of deforestation
Authors: O’Connor John C , Santos Maria J , Dekker Stefan C , Rebel Karin T , Tuinenburg Obbe A
Published: July 2021

The Amazon moisture recycling system has been widely examined because it is fundamental to maintain some of the global climate processes, however, we have yet to know to what extent the agricultural growing season is dependent on the evapotranspiration contribution from the Amazon forest. Here we use a moisture tracking model to calculate the forest’s contribution to downwind precipitation. Specifically, we calculate the influence of moisture recycling on the seasonality of precipitation in the arc of deforestation with respect to the agricultural growing season. We calculated the wet season start, end and length using three scenarios (a) total precipitation with existing vegetation cover; (b) where we replace forest’s contribution to precipitation by replacing it with the equivalent from short vegetation; (c) where the forest’s contribution to precipitation is completely removed. We found that forest moisture recycling contributes up to 40% of monthly precipitation in the arc of deforestation. However, there is a strong spatial gradient in the forest’s contribution to precipitation, which decreases from west to east. This gradient also coincides with suitability for double-cropping agriculture. Our scenarios excluding precipitation originating from forest indicated that forest is a key contributing factor in determining the wet season start. We found that even when the precipitation originating from forest was replaced by short vegetation there was a significant delay in the wet season start in our study regions. Interestingly the wet season end was more resilient to changes in precipitation source. However it is clear that moisture recycling plays a key role in determining the wet season end as when forest’s contribution to precipitation was entirely removed the wet season end arrived significantly earlier. These differences in wet season length were not detectable in the eastern states of Tocantins and Maranhão, as much less of the precipitation in these states originates from the forest. Our findings demonstrate the importance of forest in supporting double-cropping agriculture in the arc of deforestation. As agricultural intensification by double-cropping increases land-use efficiency, it may also reduce the demand for further deforestation. Therefore it is important to identify how the current forest extent provides this important ecosystem service.