bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The A‐B‐C of small‐molecule ABC transport protein modulators: From inhibition to activation—a case study of multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 (ABCC1)
Authors: Wiese Michael , Stefan Sven Marcel
Published: April 2019

Several mechanisms of pharmacokinetic, metabolic, and regulatory nature have been elucidated to take part or act in concert in the phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR is characterized by cross‐resistance of cells against chemotherapeutic agents, which are used for treatment of e.g., cancer, bacterial infections, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. One group of proteins that combines all three stated aspects—the metabolism and distribution of drugs as well as their own regulation—is adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters. These efflux pumps use the energy of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis for drug translocation from the membrane and the cytosol to the extracellular space, often with cotransport of a cosubstrate. Multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1) had been discovered as one major key player in cancer‐related MDR. The xenobiotic substrates include anthracyclines, vinca alkaloids, podophyllotoxins, as well as glutathione (GSH)‐adducts of certain cytostatics. Contrary to other transport proteins involved in cancer‐related MDR the activity of MRP1 is related to the GSH content of cells. A modern strategy to overcome MRP1‐associated MDR is besides its inhibition the activation of GSH efflux, enforcing cell death due to cellular stress. In addition, it has recently been found that MRP1 contributes to the β‐amyloid protein clearance in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Collectively, transport activation of MRP1 is of therapeutic value, and furthermore helps to elucidate the transport protein function and the mechanisms behind it. This review is meant to summarize the known concepts of MRP1 activation, which might contribute to a further understanding of MRP1 in particular and ABC transporters in general.
Uncertainty and self‐efficacy in parents of a child with congenital cataract—New implications for clinical practice
Authors: Gyllén Jenny , Magnusson Gunilla , Forsberg Anna
Published: April 2019

Aim

The aim was an in‐depth exploration of uncertainty and self‐efficacy among parents of a child with congenital cataract by means of two theoretical frameworks to re‐design family care.

Design

A directed content analysis in accordance with Hsieh & Shannon, using Mishel's theory of uncertainty and Bandura's self‐efficacy theory.

Methods

Open‐ended, in‐depth interviews were conducted with 23 parents of a child with congenital cataract; six mothers, five fathers and six couples.

Results

In this novel study, self‐efficacy was interpreted as the ability to balance between uncertainty and acceptance. The performance accomplishment of the child and parents bridges the gap between uncertainty and acceptance by reducing uncertainty, thus constituting the level of self‐efficacy. Setbacks and complications increase uncertainty and reduce self‐efficacy, thus performance accomplishment is a mediator of self‐efficacy, while ability to master uncertainty determines the level of self‐efficacy.
Who to blame: An inquiry into universal factors accounting for output variations in public–private partnership initiatives across geographical locations. Who to be blamed for not meeting performance, innovativeness, and quality outputs?
Authors: Tetteh Alexander Narh , Teye Emmanuel Tetteh , Abosi Beatrice Ayerakwa , Chong Ren
Published: April 2019

With the current controversy and blame game on output of public–private partnership (PPP) initiatives concerns, we investigate why there may be variations in achieving innovativeness, perceived quality, and performance of PPP initiatives across different geographical locations. For instance, we investigate a scenario where “a private company involved in waste management will perform in country ‘A’ but fails to perform in country ‘B’ given the same assignment and target.” We empirically sampled and make conclusions with 475 respondents from the public sector, private sector, and academia based on a survey inquiry. We adopted the structural equation modeling method using the partial least square for the data analysis.

The results show that environmental dynamism causes major variations in desired output of PPP initiatives followed by collaboration capacity, environmental fit, and absorptive capacity, respectively. The findings further show that one partner cannot be blamed entirely for causing the failure of PPP initiative. However, we conclude that because on the basis of our data, environmental dynamism, which is as a result of some governmental activities, depicts the highest effect on output, public partners might be more liable. The findings from this study are an explicit view of PPP technocrats, which makes the conclusions more reliable.
Conflict and violence in Africa in the 21st century: Where is the African Union? A case of Libya, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Central African Republic
Authors: Mlambo Victor H. , Dlamini Mpume
Published: April 2019

The inability of the African Union (AU) to deal with increasing outbreaks of violence and conflict has cast a lot of doubt regarding the organization's ability to lead Africa in a 21st century characterized by massive geopolitical dynamics. To answer the critical question of whether the AU is still relevant today, the study employed a strict textual analysis of the relevant literature on the role of the AU in conflict prevention, eradication, and by extension its contribution towards peacebuilding. The study found that the AU has failed to eradicate conflicts in Africa single‐handedly; rather, the UN and together with foreign states have intervened to help quell the violence in Libya, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Central African Republic and beyond. The failure of the AU has increased global and continental perceptions that the AU is useless and cannot solve Africa's problems today. Therefore, this gives or permits an increase to foreign intervention in the internal affairs of African states. The study concluded that reforms and reaffirming commitment from member states are important elements needed to ensure that the AU can become effective and contribute effectively towards solving Africa's complex problems in a somewhat complex and unpredictable international system.
When Less is More: The Impact of the Regulation on Standard Workweek on Labor Productivity in South Korea
Authors: Park WooRam , Park Yoonsoo
Published: April 2019

This paper examines the impact of a workweek reduction policy on the labor productivity of manufacturing plants in Korea. Taking advantage of the stepwise introduction of the standard 40‐hour workweek in Korea, we apply a difference‐in‐differences framework to individual‐level cross‐sectional and plant‐level longitudinal data to examine the impact of the policy on working hours and output, respectively. We find that the policy reduced per‐worker hours but increased per‐worker output, which is robust to various specifications and sample restrictions. The observed increase in per‐worker output is likely to be mediated through the increase in the total factor productivity and the amount of capital stock.
Synthesis and fabrication of highly functionalized Jeffamine antimicrobial polymeric coating
Authors: Jalageri Manohara Dhulappa , Puttaiahgowda Yashoda Malgar , Parambil Ajithkumar Manayan , Varadavenkatesan Thivaharan
Published: April 2019

A simple, robust, and eco‐friendly technique for the fabrication of functionalized Jeffamine polymer in an aqueous medium is developed. The polymer is prepared by post polymerization modification of Jeffamine ED‐2003 of molecular weight 2000. The structure of the modified polymer was studied in detail using FTIR and NMR (1H and 13C NMR) spectroscopic methods. The thermal properties and degradation of the polymer were examined by DSC and TGA techniques. The polymer exhibited glass transition temperature (Tg) at 115°C. The functionalized polymeric compound showed good antimicrobial activity against gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli, a tubercular variant Mycobacterium smegmatis, and gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus with a zone of inhibition of 6 to 12, 9, and 5 to 9 mm diameter, respectively. The compound also showed good activity against the fungus, Candida albicans, with a zone of inhibition of 6 to 11 mm diameter. The morphology of the polymer films and interaction of the microbes with functionalized Jeffamine polymer were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Enhanced Gas Sensing Performance of Surface‐Activated MoS2 Nanosheets Made by Hydrothermal Method with Excess Sulfur Precursor
Authors: Lee Chang Min , Jin Chan Ho , Ahn Cheol Hyoun , Cho Hyung Koun , Lim Jun Hyung , Hwang Soo Min , Joo Jinho
Published: April 2019

Defect engineering of two‐dimensional (2D) nanostructures is of significant importance for achieving enhanced surface properties in optoelectronic, sensors, and catalytic applications. In this work, the authors study the gas‐sensing properties of 2D molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) nanosheets fabricated using a hydrothermal synthetic route with various nominal S/Mo precursor ratios, in order to generate nano‐domains on the surface. The effect of the excess S precursor on the morphology and the resulting gas sensing performance are investigated by varying the S/Mo precursor ratio in the range of 2–12. Nano‐domains are generated on the MoS2 basal plane for all samples, and their evolution became significant as the S/Mo precursor ratio increases. The presence of the nano‐domains provides additional active edge sites, enhancing the surface‐to‐mass ratio and the resulting gas‐sensing properties. Resistive type gas sensing tests using such 2D MoS2 show that, when the S/Mo precursor ratio is increased from 2 to 12, the sensitivity to 500 ppm NO2 gas at room temperature increased from 27 to 213%.
The effect of hydroalcoholic Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extract on fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, liver, and renal function tests in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Moravej Aleali Armaghan , Amani Reza , Shahbazian Hajieh , Namjooyan Frough , Latifi Seyed Mahmoud , Cheraghian Bahman
Published: April 2019

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that manifested as hyperglycemia due to the defect in secretion or function of insulin. Studies have shown that saffron and its derivatives cause a significant reduction in plasma glucose levels in experimental models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the saffron extract on fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c), lipid profile, liver enzymes, and renal function tests in type 2 diabetic patients. In this double‐blind randomized clinical trial, 64 type 2 diabetic patients who were on oral anti‐diabetic drugs were examined. Participants received either 15 mg of saffron or placebo capsules (two pills per day) for 3 months. Anthropometric indices, dietary intake, FPG, HbA1c, lipid profiles, liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), and renal function (BUN, Cr.) tests were measured pre and post intervention after 3 months. Independent t test and paired t test were used for data analysis. After 3‐months intervention, mean difference of FPG, Cholesterol, LDL‐c, and LDL/HDL ratio between two groups showed significant reduction(p < 0.0001), but HbA1c, HDL‐C, API, TG showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). In saffron group, FPG, HbA1c, cholesterol, LDL‐c, and LDL/HDL ratio decreased significantly after 3‐months intervention compare with baseline (p < 0.0001).
A case‐study of land–atmosphere coupling during monsoon onset in northern India
Authors: Barton Emma J. , Taylor Christopher M. , Parker Douglas J. , Turner Andrew G. , Belušić Danijel , Böing Steven J. , Brooke Jennifer K. , Harlow R. Chawn , Harris Phil P. , Hunt Kieran , Jayakumar A. , Mitra Ashis K.
Published: April 2019

This article presents a land–atmosphere case‐study for a single day during monsoon onset, incorporating data from a research aircraft, satellite products and model outputs. The unique aircraft observations reveal temperature and humidity contrasts of up to 5 K and 4 g/kg in the planetary boundary layer induced by spatial variations in soil moisture. Both antecedent rain and irrigation were found to be drivers of this atmospheric variability. There is also evidence of soil moisture‐induced mesoscale circulations above some surfaces. This is the first time such responses have been observed in situ over India. Soil moisture‐driven temperature anomalies are larger than those found in previous observational studies in the African Sahel. Moreover, irrigation in the region is extensive, unlike in the Sahel, and has a similar atmospheric effect to antecedent rainfall. This implies that historical changes in irrigation practices are likely to have had an important influence on mesoscale processes within the Indian monsoon. We also examine evidence linking soil moisture and cloud formation. Above wetter soils we observed a suppression of shallow cloud, whilst the initiation of deep convection occurred mostly in areas affected by wet–dry soil moisture boundaries. To investigate the impact of soil moisture heterogeneity on large‐scale wind flow, three model depictions of the day are assessed: the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ERA‐Interim and ERA5 reanalyses, and a high‐resolution (1.5 km) simulation generated using the Indian National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting regional convection‐permitting Unified Model. We find evidence indicating surface flux uncertainties in the models lead to ∼3.5 hPa anomalies in the monsoon trough. This does affect the simulation of monsoon circulation and rainfall. Better representation of mesoscale land–atmosphere coupling is likely to improve the depiction of convection within weather and climate models over India.
A spatial rank–based multivariate EWMA chart for monitoring process shape matrices
Authors: Huwang Longcheen , Lin Li‐Wei , Yu Cheng‐Ting
Published: April 2019

In this article, we propose a nonparametric EWMA control chart for monitoring the shape matrix of a multivariate process based on a spatial rank test and the exponentially weighted moving average scheme. The proposed control chart is essentially developed using an estimated spatial rank covariance matrix to test the shape matrix of the covariance matrix of multivariate distributions with heavy tails. Based on our simulation studies, the proposed control chart outperforms the only existing nonparametric control chart in many practical out‐of‐control scenarios for monitoring the shape matrix of the covariance matrix of many multivariate processes. Further, we point out the weaknesses of both the nonparametric EWMA control charts for monitoring the shape matrix of multivariate processes in real applications and propose one possible method to overcome these weaknesses. We also use an example from a white wine production process to demonstrate the applicability and implementation of the proposed control chart.
Measurement precision and accuracy of high artificial enrichment 15N and 13C tracer samples
Authors: Mannerheim Neringa , Werner Roland A. , Buchmann Nina
Published: April 2019

RATIONALE

Oversaturation of the Faraday cup amplifiers of isotope ratio mass spectrometers when using tracers that are highly enriched in heavier isotopes (up to 99.9%) remains a major bottleneck to obtaining high‐precision measurements. The memory effect plays a key role in reducing tracer sample measurement precision and accuracy. Several sample preparation approaches are known to reduce memory effects and to improve tracer sample measurement precision. However, the potential benefits when using very high enrichment tracer samples (> +1000 mUr) have not been tested.

METHODS

In this study, we test how specific sample positioning for measurements and frequent use of natural isotope abundance reference materials within the sequence affects the precision and accuracy of isotopic ratio analyses when using a Flash elemental analyser coupled to a DeltaplusXP isotope ratio mass spectrometer for very high enrichment (> +22000 mUr) 15N tracer sample measurements. Furthermore, we investigate if tracer sample dilution with natural isotope abundance materials reduces memory effects and increases measurement precision and accuracy when measurements of high‐enrichment 15N and 13C biomass tracer samples are conducted.

RESULTS

Frequent use of natural isotope abundance materials and specific positioning increased 15N tracer sample precision, but it had a negative effect on the precision of quality control substances. 15N and 13C tracer sample dilution improved measurement precision by a maximum of ±0.9 mUr; however, a strong linear relationship between the original and the calculated φ values was found. Highly enriched 15N tracer samples caused a maximum memory effect of 0.11%. High levels of 15N abundance within the samples affected measurement accuracy by an average of 6.7%.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that highly enriched tracer samples do not require dilution before analysis. Tracer sample precision can be improved by using a specific measurement order of expected isotope abundance and by the frequent use of natural abundance reference materials.
Environmentally‐Friendly Exfoliate and Active Site Self‐Assembly: Thin 2D/2D Heterostructure Amorphous Nickel–Iron Alloy on 2D Materials for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Yuanzhe , Zhou Yanyan , Han Minze , Xi Yaokai , You Huanhuan , Hao Xianfeng , Li Zhiping , Zhou Junshuang , Song Dandan , Wang Dong , Gao Faming
Published: April 2019

A class of 2D layered materials exhibits substantial potential for high‐performance electrocatalysts due to high specific surface area, tunable electronic properties, and open 2D channels for fast ion transport. However, liquid‐phase exfoliation always utilizes organic solvents that are harmful to the environment, and the active sites are limited to edge sites. Here, an environmentally friendly exfoliator in aqueous solution is presented without utilizing any toxic or hazardous substance and active site self‐assembly on the inert base of 2D materials. Benefiting from thin 2D/2D heterostructure and strong interfacial coupling, the resultant highly disordered amorphous NiFe/2D materials (Ti3C2 MXene, graphene and MoS2) thin nanosheets exhibit extraordinary electrocatalytic performance toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media. DFT results further verify the experimental results. The study emphasizes a viable idea to probe efficient electrocatalysts by means of the synergistic effect of environmentally friendly exfoliator in aqueous solution and active site self‐assembly on the inert base of 2D materials which forms the unique thin 2D/2D heterostructure in‐suit. This new type of heterostructure opens up a novel avenue for the rational design of highly efficient 2D materials for electrocatalysis.
Graft Copolymerization of Styrene‐Maleic Anhydride Onto Poly(Vinyl Chloride) and Its Cross‐linking by Toluene Diisocyanate: Characterization, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Izadpanah Reza , Rezaei Mostafa , Talebi Saeid
Published: April 2019

In this work, styrene‐maleic anhydride (St‐MA) copolymer was successfully grafted onto poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) by means of chemical method in cyclohexanone medium. In this manner, the effects of various parameters such as total monomer content, monomers ratio, and initiator concentration on the grafting percentage (GP) and acid value (AV) were examined. The graft copolymers were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods. Afterward, the cross‐linking reaction was carried out through MA hydrolysis and condensation reaction between maleic acid and produced diamines, by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) at the presence of hot water. The results showed that the GP and AV of PVC‐g‐(St‐MA) copolymers were considerably higher than those of PVC‐g‐MA and PVC‐g‐St with significant molecular weight. A gel content of 56% was attained with 1 phr TDI in PVC‐g‐(St‐MA) copolymer. The glass transition temperatures and mechanical properties of PVC‐g‐(St‐MA) samples were increased compared to pure PVC. Cross‐linked PVC‐g‐(St‐MA) showed improved mechanical properties than other samples, but the glass transition temperature of PVC backbone in this cross‐linked copolymer was disappeared due to its heavily dense structure. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:377–384, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Adolescent perceptions of sleep and influences on sleep behaviour: A qualitative study
Authors: Godsell Sarah , White Jo
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Adolescent sleep deprivation is a growing public health problem. This qualitative study explores adolescents' perceptions of sleep and sleep behaviour, enhancing the current limited body of qualitative research in this area.

Methods

Thirty three 13–14 year olds (17 boys and 16 girls) from two schools in England participated in focus group discussions. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to identify and examine patterns emerging from the data.

Results

Participants understood recommended sleep requirements for their age group and ‘sleep hygiene’ strategies, yet most reported getting insufficient sleep. Both boys and girls acknowledged the influence of peers on sleep behaviour. A common obstacle to sleep was distractions from electronic devices. Gender was identified as influencing behaviour, with boys more likely to report watching videos and gaming and girls reporting being distracted by communicating on their mobile phones. Anxious dependency on phones at night was reported by some girl participants. Parents were considered key ‘sleep messengers’ and rulesetters. A variability in parental involvement in sleep behaviour was identified and can be understood as at least partially related to new challenges posed by adolescent use of electronic devices.

Conclusions

Findings highlight the importance of parental and peer involvement in supporting adolescents to secure healthy sleep. Endeavours to bring about sustained changes in adolescent sleep practices should be predicated on the role of parents/carers as sleep enforcers and the impact of peers, as well as responding to the gendered aspects of compromised sleep behaviour.
The Protective State
Authors: Ansell Christopher
Published: April 2019

The modern state protects citizens from many different harms, from industrial accidents to airline crashes. This Element illuminates a distinctive politics of protection that transcends policy sectors as diverse as criminal justice, consumer protection, and public health. Adopting a comparative and historical perspective, the Element identifies common drivers of protective state-building as well as cross-national differences in the politics of protection. The Element concludes by examining political theories of the protective state, which seek to defend and critique the obligations for and the limits of state protection.
Greek Aristotelianism in the seventeenth century: uncovering Cesare Cremonini in the works of Theophilos Korydalleus
Authors: Agiotis Nikos
Published: April 2019

This case-study concerns Greek Aristotelianism in the seventeenth century. More specifically, my article deals with the impact of neo-Aristotelianism upon the formation of the philosophical curriculum of the Greek-speaking world during that period. I examine aspects of the – rather understudied – influence exerted by Cesare Cremonini on Theophilos Korydalleus. The terms ‘authentic interpreters’/‘authentic interpretation’ and ‘νεώτεροι’ in Theophilos’ works of natural philosophy not only highlight the influence of Cremonini, but also hint at critical views held by the former, as well as terminology which is either absent or has a different meaning in treatises of the latter.
Resonances of Henri Bergson's ‘music’ in the interwar aesthetic discourse of the journalΜακεδονικές Ημέρες: the idea of thenouveau romantisme
Authors: Bezantakou Olga
Published: April 2019

This essay examines the metaphorical use of musical terms in Greek aesthetic discourse during the interwar period by illuminating a crucial yet neglected moment in the reception of anti-rationalistic philosophical and aesthetic tendencies that had greatly influenced European modernist literature since the late nineteenth century. In particular, it points out the ways the reception of Bergsonian theories in Greece co-determined the formation of a new concept of Modern Greek narrative fiction, clearing the ground for the first modernist attempts to ‘musicalize’ fiction. The essay thus proposes a broader perception of the term ‘musicalization’ than the mere imitation of musical techniques in narrative texts, since the aesthetic discourse features not only actual music but also ‘music’ as an aesthetic category synonymous with transcendence, ambiguity and fluidity.
Emergency Preparedness Plans and Perceptions Among a Sample of United States Childcare Providers
Authors: Leser Kendall A. , Looper-Coats Julie , Roszak Andrew R.
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Children are at increased risk for experiencing negative physical and mental health outcomes as a result of disasters. Millions of children spend their days in childcare centers or in residential family childcare settings. The purpose of this study was to describe childcare providers’ perceived levels of preparedness capabilities and to assess differences in levels of perceived preparedness between different types of childcare providers.

Methods

A national convenience sample of childcare center administrators and residential family childcare administrators completed a brief online survey about their preparedness efforts.

Results

Overall, there were few differences in preparedness between childcare centers and residential family childcare providers. However, childcare centers were more likely to report that they had written plans (94.47%) than residential family childcare providers (83.73%) were (χ12=15.62; P<.001). Both types of providers were more likely to report being very prepared/prepared for fires (91.31%) than they were for any other type of emergency (flooding, active shooter, etc.; 45.08% to 79.34%).

Conclusions

Future work should assess how childcare providers respond to and recover from emergencies, as well as explore the types of resources childcare providers need in order to feel comfortable caring for children during such emergency situations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:704–708)
Thermal forcing and ‘classical’ and ‘ultimate’ regimes of Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Doering Charles R.
Published: April 2019

The fundamental challenge to characterize and quantify thermal transport in the strongly nonlinear regime of Rayleigh–Bénard convection – the buoyancy-driven flow of a horizontal layer of fluid heated from below – has perplexed the fluid dynamics community for decades. Rayleigh proposed controlling the temperature of thermally conducting boundaries in order to study the onset of convection, in which case vertical heat transport gauges the system response. Conflicting experimental results for ostensibly similar set-ups have confounded efforts to discriminate between two competing theories for how boundary layers and interior flows interact to determine transport through the convecting layer asymptotically far beyond onset. In a conceptually new approach, Bouillaut, Lepot, Aumaître and Gallet (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 861, 2019, R5) devised a procedure to radiatively heat a portion of the fluid domain bypassing rigid conductive boundaries and allowing for dissociation of thermal and viscous boundary layers. Their experiments reveal a new level of complexity in the problem suggesting that heat transport scaling predictions of both theories may be realized depending on details of the thermal forcing.
STABLE ORDERED UNION ULTRAFILTERS AND cov
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-BRETÓN DAVID JOSÉ
Published: April 2019

A union ultrafilter is an ultrafilter over the finite subsets of ω that has a base of sets of the form ${\text{FU}}\left( X \right)$, where X is an infinite pairwise disjoint family and ${\text{FU}}(X) = \left\{ {\bigcup {F|F} \in [X]^{ < \omega } \setminus \{ \emptyset \} } \right\}$. The existence of these ultrafilters is not provable from the $ZFC$ axioms, but is known to follow from the assumption that ${\text{cov}}\left( \mathcal{M} \right) = \mathfrak{c}$. In this article we obtain various models of $ZFC$ that satisfy the existence of union ultrafilters while at the same time ${\text{cov}}\left( \mathcal{M} \right) = \mathfrak{c}$.
TEKNOPHAGY AND TRAGICOMEDY: THE MYTHIC BURLESQUES OFTEREVSANDTHYESTES
Authors: Haley Maria
Published: April 2019

Teknophagy (τεκνοϕαγία), or child-eating, is an apt subject for tragedy. It introduces the theme of miasma, it escalates violence and epitomises the destructive family feuds that Aristotle prized as the most suitable stories for tragedy. Therefore, unsurprisingly, the teknophagies of Thyestes and Tereus were dramatised in three fifth-century tragedies, all of them preserved only in fragments: Euripides’Thyestes, Sophokles’Thyestes(Β) and Sophokles’Tereus. What is surprising is the appearance of plays by the same titles in the comic tradition, includingTereusplays by Kantharos (C5 BC), Anaxandrides (C4 BC) and Philetairos (C4 BC) along with Diokles’Thyestes(Β) (late C5 BC to early C4 BC). Therefore, this study will first consider how Tereus’ teknophagy was adapted to mythical burlesques, to then consider how comic adaptations of Thyestes’ teknophagy influenced Seneca'sThyestes.
Recovering the unity of theology by means of mariology
Authors: Ciftci Mehmet
Published: April 2019

This paper argues that Western theology has lost a certain intellectual unity by becoming divided between dogmatic theology (or doctrine) and moral theology (or ethics). The history of theological reflection on Mary illustrates this, because it has become confined to dogmatic theology and has hardly ever been discussed in the context of morals. However, mariology can help us to understand the doctrinal foundations that must support any adequate moral theology. By helping us to see how morals depend on dogma, mariology can help us to recover the unity of theology.
Demoralization in essential tremor: prevalence, clinical correlates, and dissociation from tremor severity
Authors: Cersonsky Tess E. K. , Kellner Sarah , Morgan Sarah , Cosentino Stephanie , Koo Brian B. , de Figueiredo John M. , Louis Elan D.
Published: April 2019

Objective.

Essential tremor (ET) is associated with psychological difficulties, including anxiety and depression. Demoralization (feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, inability to cope), another manifestation of psychological distress, has yet to be investigated in ET. Our objectives are to (1) estimate the prevalence of demoralization in ET, (2) assess its clinical correlates, and (3) determine whether demoralization correlates with tremor severity.

Methods.

We administered the Kissane Demoralization Scale (KDS-II) and several psychosocial evaluations (ie, scales assessing subjective incompetence, resilience, and depression [eg, Geriatric Depression Scale]) to 60 ET subjects. Tremor was assessed with a disability score and total tremor score. KDS-II >8 indicated demoralization.

Results.

Among 60 ET subjects (mean age = 70.2 ± 6.8 years), the prevalence of demoralization was 13.3%, 95% confidence interval = 6.9–24.2%. Although there was overlap between demoralization and depression (10% of the sample meeting criteria for both), 54% of depressed subjects were not demoralized, and 25% of demoralized subjects were not depressed. Demoralization correlated with psychological factors, but demoralized subjects did not have significantly higher total tremor scores, tremor disability scores, or years with tremor.

Conclusions.

Demoralization has a prevalence of 13.3% in ET, similar to that in other chronic or terminal illnesses (eg, cancer 13–18%, Parkinson’s disease 18.1%, coronary heart disease 20%). Demoralization was not a function of increased tremor severity, suggesting that it is a separable construct, which could dictate how a patient copes with his/her disease. These data further our understanding of the psychological and psychosocial correlates of ET.
Efficiency of timber production in community and private forestry in Nepal
Authors: SAKURAI TAKESHI , RAYAMAJHI SANTOSH , POKHAREL RIDISH K. , OTSUKA KEIJIRO
Published: April 2019

This study compares the management performance of timber production among three management systems in Nepal: private forestry, community forestry with collective management, and community forestry with centralized management. While collective management relies entirely on community labor for the whole management, centralized management uses community labor for the protection of forests and hired labor for silvicultural operations, for example weeding, pruning, and thinning. We found that collective community management is less costly for the protection of planted trees but allocates less labor for the management of trees than private management. We also found that centralized management of natural forests leads to higher revenue and profit than collective management. These findings support the hypothesis that, while collective management is more efficient than private management for the protection of trees due to effective mutual supervision, profit-seeking private management or centralized management is more efficient than collective management for silvicultural operations due to superior work incentives. This study, however, failed to compare efficiency of private and centralized management.
Zahnerosionen im Zusammenhang mit gastroösophagealem Reflux: Ursache, Prävention und restaurative Therapie
Authors: Wegehaupt Florian J. , Attin Thomas
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Dentale Erosionen entstehen durch den wiederkehrenden Kontakt von Lösungen, die an Zahnmineralien ungesättigt sind, mit den Zahnhartsubstanzen. Dieses führt initial zu einer Erweichung und später zu einem irreversiblen Verlust an Zahnhartsubstanzen. Erosionen werden insbesondere beim übermässigen Konsum saurer Lebensmittel (z.B. Softdrinks oder Zitrusfrüchte) aber auch im Zusammenhang mit gastrointestinalen Erkrankungen (gastroösophageale Reflux-Erkrankung) oder psychosomatischen Erkrankung (Anorexia nervosa oder Bulimia nervosa) beobachtet. Ziel des vorliegenden Artikels ist es, dentale Erosionen zu definieren und ihre Ursachen, Prävalenz und Folgen sowie mögliche präventive Massnahmen aufzuzeigen. Anhand eines klinischen Beispiels eines Patienten mit Reflux-bedingten Erosionen wird eine Therapiemöglichkeit mit direktem Kompositaufbauten der Zähne dargestellt.
An Analysis of Distributed Strike‐Slip Shear Deformation of the Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Runchao , Chen Yan , Yu Xiangjiang , Du Wei , Cheng Xiang , Guo Zhaojie
Published: April 2019

The interior structure of the Qaidam Basin records kinematic information related to the regional deformation of the northern Tibetan Plateau. Based on balanced cross sections and depth structure maps covering two individual anticlines in the western Qaidam Basin, we calculate shortening and strike‐slip amounts on the structures. Strain analyses reveal a complex deformation mechanism for them, comprising ~7°–10° clockwise rotation and oblique convergence, with block rotation having contributed more to the sinistral slip than has oblique convergence. Considering the similarities in geometry, kinematics, and onset time of the pervasive northwest trending structures within the basin, we propose that they were developed during distributed dextral shear that has affected the Qaidam Basin since the early Miocene. The bulk shear strikes at ~N55°E, which is consistent with the northeastward decrease in gravitational potential energy away from the central Tibetan Plateau, and is facilitated by the movement on the Altyn Tagh and eastern Kunlun faults.
A Multiscale Analysis of the Tropospheric and Stratospheric Mechanisms Leading to the March 2016 Extreme Surface Ozone Event in Mexico City
Authors: Barrett Bradford S. , Raga Graciela B. , Retama Armando , Leonard Christopher
Published: April 2019

This study analyzed the physical mechanisms behind a multiday high surface ozone (O3) event in Mexico City in March 2016. In early March, a strong zonal jet stream over the Pacific Ocean amplified and underwent wave breaking. An unusual cutoff low pressure system then migrated across central Mexico, with 200‐hPa geopotential heights among the lowest in the reanalysis historical record (1948 to present). A tropopause fold on the west side of the cutoff low transported O3‐rich air from the stratosphere into the troposphere and resulted in high O3 concentrations all the way to the surface. The stratospheric intrusion began on 09 March and ended on 12 March, but surface O3 concentrations continued to rise, peaking on 14 March. Given the deep boundary layer observed on 12 March, it is very likely that remnants of the stratospheric O3 in the midtroposphere at the regional level could have been entrained into the boundary layer. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that as the cutoff low progressed eastward, the pronounced low‐level thermal inversion and reduced ventilation observed on subsequent days (13–15 March) contributed to elevated concentrations of O3 precursors, which together with strong UV radiation, led to efficient photochemical production of O3 and to the very large values observed in several of the monitoring stations (up to 210 parts per billion on 14 March). Finally, mitigation measures put into place by authorities reduced both the number of vehicles on the road and the resulting nighttime titration, possibly extending the duration of dangerous O3 levels in the city.
Modern, Preindustrial, and Past (Last 25 ka) Carbon Isotopic (δ13C) Variability in the Surface Waters of the Southwest Pacific
Authors: Maxson Charles R. , Bostock Helen C. , Mackintosh Andrew , Mikaloff‐Fletcher Sara , McCave Nick , Neil Helen L.
Published: April 2019

Carbon stable isotopes (δ13C) in modern seawater samples and planktic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides from core top and downcore sediments are used to estimate the distribution of δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the surface waters of the southwest Pacific in the modern, preindustrial (PI), and over the last 25 kyr. The predicted δ13C distribution in the modern (δ13CDIC), PI (δ13CPI), and late Holocene (from planktic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides [temperature corrected δ13CG.bulloidesTC] from core tops) displays a broad peak at the subtropical front) and subantarctic surface waters due to the combination of high biological productivity and thermodynamic air‐sea gas exchange of CO2 in this region. The estimated δ13CPI values and measured δ13CG.bulloidesTC values from the core tops are higher than the modern values due to the Suess Effect. However, there is poor agreement between the δ13CPI values and core top δ13CG.bulloidesTC values south of 40°S as the back‐calculation approach using chlorofluorocarbon‐11 (CFC‐11) method for removing the anthropogenic δ13C is not effective at these higher southern latitudes. The δ13CG.bulloidesTC from a latitudinal transect of cores in the southwest Pacific were compiled by region using a Monte Carlo approach to determine the long‐term trends in δ13C over the last 25 kyr. Glacial subantarctic δ13CG.bulloidesTC values are low, while subtropical δ13C G.bulloidesTC are high. The peak in δ13CG.bulloidesTC values shifts south in the early Holocene. These latitudinal variations in δ13C G.bulloidesTC are linked to changes in ocean circulation, biological productivity (associated with the shifts in the subtropical front), and air‐sea CO2 exchange, likely related to the structure and position of the Southern Hemisphere Westerly Wind in the South Pacific region.
A Daily Determination of BZ Using the Russell‐McPherron Effect to Forecast Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Jackson B. V. , Yu H.‐S. , Buffington A. , Hick P. P. , Tokumaru M. , Fujiki K. , Kim J. , Yun J.
Published: April 2019

Since the middle of the last decade, UCSD has incorporated magnetic field data in its Institute for Space‐Earth Environmental Research interplanetary scintillation tomographic analysis. These data are extrapolated upward from the solar surface using the Current Sheet Source Surface model (Zhao & Hoeksema, 1995, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JA02266) to provide predictions of the interplanetary field in RTN coordinates. Over the years this technique has become ever more sophisticated, and allows different types of magnetogram data (SOLIS, Global Oscillation Network Group, etc.,) to be incorporated in the field extrapolations. At Earth, these fields can be displayed in a variety of ways, including Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric (GSM) Bx, By, and Bz coordinates. Displayed daily, the Current Sheet Source Surface model‐derived GSM Bz shows a significant positive correlation with the low‐resolution (few day variation) in situ measurements of the Bz field. The nano‐Tesla variations of Bz maximize in spring and fall as Russell and McPherron (1973, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA078i001p00092) have shown. More significantly, we find that the daily variations are correlated with geomagnetic Kp and Dst index variations, and that a decrease from positive to negative Bz has a high correlation with minor‐to‐moderate geomagnetic storm activity, as defined by NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center planetary Kp values. Here we provide an 11‐year study of the predicted Bz field, from the extrapolation of the Global Oscillation Network Group‐magnetograms. We provide a skill‐score analysis of the technique's geomagnetic storm prediction capability, which allows forecasts of moderate enhanced geomagnetic storm activity. UCSD and the Korean Space Weather Center currently operate a website that predicts this low‐resolution GSM Bz field component variation several days in advance.
Rover and Lasers Unlock Clues to Early Martian Atmosphere
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: April 2019

Sediments from the Curiosity rover and experiments using tanks of gas and laser beams helped reveal how water continued to flow on Mars after the planet lost its atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Targeting actin inhibits repair of doxorubicin-induced DNA damage: a novel therapeutic approach for combination therapy
Authors: Pfitzer Lisa , Moser Christina , Gegenfurtner Florian , Arner Anja , Foerster Florian , Atzberger Carina , Zisis Themistoklis , Kubisch-Dohmen Rebekka , Busse Johanna , Smith Rebecca , Timinszky Gyula , Kalinina Olga V. , Müller Rolf , Wagner Ernst , Vollmar Angelika M. , Zahler Stefan
Published: April 2019

Severe side effects often restrict clinical application of the widely used chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. In order to decrease required substance concentrations, new concepts for successful combination therapy are needed. Since doxorubicin causes DNA damage, combination with compounds that modulate DNA repair could be a promising strategy. Very recently, a role of nuclear actin for DNA damage repair has been proposed, making actin a potential target for cancer therapy in combination with DNA-damaging therapeutics. This is of special interest, since actin-binding compounds have not yet found their way into clinics. We find that low-dose combination treatment of doxorubicin with the actin polymerizer chondramide B (ChB) synergistically inhibits tumor growth in vivo. On the cellular level we demonstrate that actin binders inhibit distinctive double strand break (DSB) repair pathways. Actin manipulation impairs the recruitment of replication factor A (RPA) to the site of damage, a process crucial for homologous recombination. In addition, actin binders reduce autophosphorylation of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) during nonhomologous end joining. Our findings substantiate a direct involvement of actin in nuclear DSB repair pathways, and propose actin as a therapeutic target for combination therapy with DNA-damaging agents such as doxorubicin.
Author Correction: Electrically pumped photonic integrated soliton microcomb
Authors: Raja Arslan S. , Voloshin Andrey S. , Guo Hairun , Agafonova Sofya E. , Liu Junqiu , Gorodnitskiy Alexander S. , Karpov Maxim , Pavlov Nikolay G. , Lucas Erwan , Galiev Ramzil R. , Shitikov Artem E. , Jost John D. , Gorodetsky Michael L. , Kippenberg Tobias J.
Published: April 2019

The original version of this Article contained an error in the first sentence of the Acknowledgements, which incorrectly read ‘This publication was supported by Contract HR0011-15-C-0055 (DODOS) from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Defense Sciences Office (DSO).’ The correct version states ‘Microsystems Technology Office (MTO)’ in place of ‘Defense Sciences Office (DSO)’. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Author Correction: Noisy defects in the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x
Authors: Massee F. , Huang Y. K. , Golden M. S. , Aprili M.
Published: April 2019

The original version of this Article contained an error in the right-hand y-axis of Fig. 2c, which incorrectly read ‘S/2e (pA)’. The correct version states ‘nA’ in place of ‘pA’. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Spaceflight-induced alternative splicing during seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Beisel Nicole S. , Noble Jerald , Barbazuk W. Brad , Paul Anna-Lisa , Ferl Robert J.
Published: April 2019

Plants grown in spaceflight experience novel environmental signals, including those associated with microgravity and ionizing radiation. Spaceflight triggers a response involving transcriptional re-programming and altered cell morphology, though many aspects of this response remain uncharacterized. We analyzed the spaceflight-induced transcriptome with a focus on genes that undergo alternative splicing to examine differential splicing associated with spaceflight—an unstudied characteristic of the molecular response to spaceflight exposure. RNA sequence data obtained during the APEX03 spaceflight experiment that was collected from two Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes at two seedling stages grown onboard the International Space Station, or as ground controls at Kennedy Space Center, were re-examined to detect alternative splicing differences induced by spaceflight. Presence/absence variation analysis was used to identify putative expression-level differences in alternatively spliced isoforms between spaceflight and ground controls and was followed by analysis of significant differential alternative splicing. This study provides the first evidence of a role for alternative splicing in the molecular processes of physiological adaptation to the spaceflight environment.
Fraunhofer patterns in magnetic Josephson junctions with non-uniform magnetic susceptibility
Authors: Börcsök B. , Komori S. , Buzdin A. I. , Robinson J. W. A.
Published: April 2019

The development of superconducting memory and logic based on magnetic Josephson junctions relies on an understanding of junction properties and, in particular, the dependence of critical current on external magnetic flux (i.e. Fraunhofer patterns). With the rapid development of Josephson junctions with various forms of inhomogeneous barrier magnetism, Fraunhofer patterns are increasingly complex. In this paper we model Fraunhofer patterns for magnetic Josephson junctions in which the barrier magnetic susceptibility is position- and external-magnetic-field dependent. The model predicts anomalous Fraunhofer patterns in which local minima in the Josephson critical current can be nonzero and non-periodic with external magnetic flux due to an interference effect between magnetised and demagnetised regions.