bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF 3-COMPONENT FORCE-MOMENT BALANCE FOR LOW SPEED WATER TUNNEL
Authors: LEE C. S. , WONG N. L. , SRIGRAROM S. , NGUYEN N. T.
Published: January 2006

An effort is made to develop a new 3-component force-moment balance, which is capable of measuring lift force, drag force and pitching moment of a model mounted in the water tunnel. The concept used in the balance design is the bending- beam principle. The forces acting on the spring element cause strains on its surface, which are measured by strain gauges. Since strain yielded by the axial force is usually very small, therefore it is not practical to measure axial force using strain gauge directly to sense the strain in axial direction. The main idea of the new balance design is to translate all desired forces (lift and drag) in such a way that they yield bending strain at selected strain-gauge station. This is done by using a bending balance geometry. Under this apparatus, the model wing is mounted at one of its end to the bending balance. The corresponding Lift, Drag forces and Pitching moment are translated into moments at the other end of the balance, and can be measured from sets of strain gauges in bending mode (twisting mode for pitching moment). Example readings are presented in this paper.
ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLOW FIELD AT HIGH ANGLE OF ATTACK
Authors: FAN ZHAO LIN , WANG YUAN JING , LU QUAN ZHOU
Published: January 2006

Energy components in the flow field at high angle of attack were analyzed by the dynamic measurement. The effect of the unsteadiness induced by these components on the flow was analyzed as well. The results showed that the flow itself at high angle of attack is a kind of "vortices behavior" and the effect of unsteadiness on the asymmetry of flow is relatively weak. The key factor that can essentially affect the flow at high angle of attack is the response of the dynamic unsteadiness of the vortices to the unpredictable micro-disturbance coming from near the nose of the model.
VORTEX INTERFERENCE IN THE WAKE OF TWO TANDEM CIRCULAR CYLINDERS IN A CROSS FLOW
Authors: OHMI KAZUO , LI SUXIA , JEON SEUNGHEE , CHEN LINGYUN
Published: January 2006

The wake of two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement is investigated by flow visualization and PIV experiments in a towing water tank. The two cylinders are spaced at L/d (spacing ratio) = 2.0 to 15.0 and the cross flow Reynolds number ranges from 60 to 120. The flow is seeded with fine Rilsan particles and illuminated by a 2 mm thick laser sheet. The PIV image analysis is done by a standard cross correlation scheme with a powerful validation algorithm followed by multi-pass adaptive cross correlation iterations. The main objective of the study is to investigate the characteristics of the downstream cylinder wake changing considerably with the spacing ratio of the two cylinders.
REVERSE TRANSITION OF A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER
Authors: YAN D. C. , ZHANG Z. , SHI H. M. , SUN Z. L.
Published: January 2006

Systematic experimental researches on reverse transition in the boundary layer on a heated plate are carried out, and the time-series of instantaneous velocity components and temperature fluctuation are measured, then the Reynolds stress, the production term and absorption term of turbulent energy are presented. From the experimental results, the characteristics and physics mechanism of reverse transition as well as statistical properties of turbulence during reversion are revealed.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY ON INDETERMINATE-ORIGIN V-NOTCHED JET
Authors: NEW T. H. , CAI J. , TSAI H. M.
Published: January 2006

An experimental and numerical study has been carried out on an indeterminate-origin V-notched jet to understand the pertinent vortex dynamics involved in the resultant flow. Laser cross-sections showed that outward-spreading streamwise vortices are formed at both peak and trough locations. The numerical simulation was also able to reproduce the general flow features observed in the same study by employing numerical dye-visualization. In view of the observations, a vortex flow model is proposed to account for the phenomenon.
INVESTIGATIVE STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER AND BLADES COOLING IN THE GAS TURBINE
Authors: LOH TECK SENG , SRIGRAROM SUTTHIPHONG
Published: January 2006

Flow visualization experiments had been conducted using a water tunnel to investigate and study the effect of different hole geometries on lift-off and spreading characteristics on a jet in a cross flow stream. The relationships between the hydraulic diameters of the hole geometries and their lift-off and spreading characteristics were also investigated. Eight different hole geometries with the same cross-sectional area were used in the experiments. They are round, square, triangle, rectangular, "rect-circle", "peanut", "V-shaped" and "W-shaped". Dye release injection technique was used to visualize the characteristics of the jet trajectories from different hole geometries. From the results, the different geometries of cooling holes were found to have an effect on the trajectory of the jet. Hole geometries with "tongues" in them such as "W-shaped" and "V-shaped" holes produced jets with better flow adherence but poorer spreading. Hole geometries with lower hydraulic diameters also produced jets with better flow adherence but poorer spreading.
INVESTIGATION OF SUITABILITY FOR THE LINEAR SUPERPOSITION MODEL
Authors: HUANG DA , WU GENXIN
Published: January 2006

An aircraft model was tested at the 3-meter low speed wind tunnel as it was oscillated with large amplitude. The unsteady aerodynamic behavior was acquired during the oscillation in yawing, rolling and yawing-rolling. The lateral-directional dynamic derivative was obtained using the mathematic model of unsteady aerodynamics and the dynamic derivative simulation. According to the principle of linear superposition, the unsteady aerodynamic parameters of the model about yaw-roll coupled motion can be obtained by the quasi-steady aerodynamic model and the result was compared with the experimental test. It was found that for the quasi-steady aerodynamic model the unsteady aerodynamic characteristic was in agreement with the test at the middle and large angle of attack (for example α ≤ 45°), but was opposite at the extremely large angle of attack (α > 45°).
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF A MICROVILLUS IN A CROSS FLOW
Authors: CHEN X. Y. , LIU Y. , SO R. M. C. , YANG J. M.
Published: January 2006

One of the functions of microvilli in the microvessel endothelial glycocalyx is molecular filtering. The microvillus behaves as a mechanosensory system which may sense the fluid shear and drag forces. The permeability of small particles in microvessel is crucial for drug design and drug delivery. Therefore a better understanding of flow field around microvillus is important to simulate accurately the particle penetration in microvessel. Since the dimension of the microvilli is about ~10 nm , the conventional Navier-Stokes equation may not be good enough to simulate the fluid flow in such microscale and nanoscale structures. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a powerful method to simulate the fluid flow at the molecular level. As a first attempt, the microvillus is reduced as a two-dimensional cylinder which is in a cross flow. The detailed drag and lift together with flow field are obtained and compared with available data.
INFLUENCE OF THE ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER ON INDUCED PRESSURE FIELDS AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS IN ELECTRO-OSMOTIC FLOWS
Authors: ZHANG YONGHAO , GU XIAO-JUN , BARBER ROBERT W. , EMERSON DAVID R.
Published: January 2006

Electro-osmotic flow can be used as an efficient pumping mechanism in microfluidic devices. For this type of flow, frictional losses at the entrance and exit can induce an adverse longitudinal pressure distribution that can lead to dispersive effects. The present study describes a numerical investigation of the influence of the electric double layer on the induced pressure field and the flow development length. The induced pressure gradient is affected by the volumetric flow rate, fluid viscosity and the channel height. When the electric double layer is small, the development length remains constant at 0.57 of the channel height but decreases as the double layer grows in thickness.
THE STUDY OF THE UNSTEADY FLUID-DYNAMIC FORCES ACTING ON AN AUTO ROTATING ELLIPTIC CYLINDER
Authors: YASUDA TAKAHIRO , TAKANO YASUNARI
Published: January 2006

When a thin flat pate is released in the still air, the plate may fall aslant and automatically set into a rotational motion. This phenomenon is called autorotation. In this state, the unsteady fluid-dynamic forces act on the plate due to the vortex shedding and the rotation of the body. In this study, we focused on the auto-rotating phenomenon of an elliptic cylinder and investigated the effect of the cylinder rotation on the unsteady fluid-dynamic forces by the comparison between the result of the complex velocity potential theory and the one of numerical simulation. It was found that the low drag occurring at -160 degree phase and the high lift at zero degree phase are caused by the cylinder rotation.
A FAST BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD FOR UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS
Authors: LIM K. M. , ONG E. T. , LEE H. P. , LIM S. P.
Published: January 2006

A fast algorithm for the boundary element method is developed to handle problems in underwater acoustics. The algorithm employs the multipole and local expansions to approximate far-field potentials, and exploits the discrete convolution nature of mapping multipole to local expansions to accelerate the potential evaluation process. The speedup in the solution process is achieved by fast Fourier transform on the multipole and local expansion coefficients on a regular grid. The method is demonstrated by a three-dimensional underwater acoustics scattering problem, and it is found to achieve accurate results with relatively low order of expansion.
A THREE DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF MEMBRANE IN PEM FUEL CELL
Authors: WU HAO , CAO JUN
Published: January 2006

In this proton exchange membrane fuel cell study, we present a transport equation for water molar concentration in the membrane; we also present a new equation for the membrane potential loss that strictly accounts for variable water content. Both 2-D and 3-D numerical simulations using our new membrane model are performed and compared with each other, and the 3-D numerical results are shown in good agreement with the experimentally acquired data.
INFLUENCE OF OBSTACLES ON FLAME PROPAGATION OF MULTI-COMPOSITION MIXTURE GAS
Authors: NING JIANGUO , WANG CHENG , LU JIE
Published: January 2006

In this paper, we experiment with city coal gas/air mixture in enclosed duct to investigate the acceleration mechanism of orifice plate obstacles on flame and its influence on explosion overpressure. Experimental results indicate that obstacle-induced turbulence can continually accelerate flame during its propagation and enhance explosion overpressure, and that flame acceleration is due to the unburned mixture heated by leading compression wave in front of flame front and the positive feedback of obstacle-induced turbulent zone to combustion process. Based on multi-material cell program, we adopt two-step chemical reaction model to simulate explosion process of city coal gas-air mixture in the duct, and the results agree well with the experimental ones.
MODELING OF TOURIST FLOW TO HUANGSHAN
Authors: HU SHANFENG
Published: January 2006

Tourism is the major industry in the Huangshan city. This paper examines time series of tourism to Huangshan from 1979 to 2004. The yearly data set comprises the total arrivals of tourists and total income. A mathematical model which is based on the polynomial approximation and radial basis function is set up to model the tourist flow. The total income and expenditure per tourist are also modeled. The established mathematical models can be used to forecast the tourist flow so that proper planning and management can be arranged.
MULTIPHASE MICRO-DROP INTERACTION IN INKJET PRINTING OF 3D STRUCTURES FOR TACTILE MAPS
Authors: AHMED KAFEEL , McCALLUM DON , SHELDON DEREK F.
Published: January 2006

Ink-jet technology is a novel method for rapid deposition of accurately measured material with high precision. Consequently it has been used for applications such as, deposition of light emitting polymers and more recently for fabricating 3D objects and micro-mechanical structures. Ink-jet technology is also being applied to produce tactile maps for the visually impaired. The efficiency of the tactile maps, as outlined by psychophysical and cartographic studies of haptics, depends on its 3D features. To comprehend and control these features, detailed understanding of interaction amongst micro-drops, which are typically 50μm in diameter, is imperative. Multiphase interaction takes place between each liquid drop at impact with liquid or solid cured drops (deposited previously) and the solid substrate in an envelop of air. The behavior of micro-drops with regards to surface tension, drop coalescence among liquid and solid drops, drop impact kinetics, wettability, surface energy and drop spread has been analyzed using a computational model.
A MODELING STUDY ON REGIONAL AIR POLLUTIONS TRANSPORT PATTERNS OVER THE PEARL RIVER DELTA IN THE FALL SEASON
Authors: WANG XUEMEI , TANG YOUHUA , CARMICHAEL GREGORY
Published: January 2006

This paper presents the preliminary results of a modeling study on regional air pollutants transport over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China in fall season (Nov. 2002) on the basis of compiled emission inventories. The advanced regional chemical transport model, STEM-2K1, driven by meso-scale meteorological model MM5, was employed with a nesting technique. Three weather patterns were found in the fall season. Numerical sensitive study indicated that external influence on air quality in PRD was significant and dependent on the transport pattern determined by weather situations.
MODELING 3D FLUID SLOSHING USING LEVEL SET METHOD
Authors: GU HANBIN , LI YANBAO , LIN PENGZHI
Published: January 2006

A three-dimension numerical wave model (3DWAVE) has been developed to simulate free surface flows. The model solves Navier-Stokes equations for two-phase flows of air and water. The level set method is employed to track water surfaces. The model is tested for water sloshing in a 3-D confined tank. The relative error in the mass and total energy computation is less than 1%. Excellent agreements between numerical results and analytical solution are obtained for free surface calculation. The nonlinearity in the 3-D fluid sloshing is analyzed. These have laid a foundation on research of breaking waves.
INFLUENCE OF SUBSTRATE TEMPERATURE ON TRANSFORMATION OF PREFERRED ORIENTATIONS IN AlN FILMS
Authors: LIU HONG-YU , MA XUE-MING , SHI WANG-ZHOU
Published: January 2006

Polycrystalline aluminium nitride (AlN) films were deposited on silicon substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at a substrate temperature in the range room temperature (RT)-800° C . Films grown on Si (111) substrates feature (002) and (110) preferred orientations at substrate temperatures below 400°C and above 600°C, respectively. Films morphology is good enough for surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. The mechanism for formation and transformation of different preferred orientations in AlN films is discussed.
REVISED EQUATION OF STATE FOR A SIMPLE FLUID BASED ON VAN DE WAALS EQUATION
Authors: ZHANG SUHONG , GUI YUANXING , WANG WEI
Published: January 2006

In this article, the equation of state for a simple fluid is studied. A new universal equation of state is presented from statistical physics. It gives better properties for a liquid-gas coexisting system. Also, a reduced equation of state correlated with the reduced form of this universal one is obtained. It results in a phase diagram which fits the Guggenheim expressions perfectly well, and further the correct critical exponent β.
LINE SHAPE ANALYSIS OF LINEAR X-RAY MAGNETIC SCATTERING CoPt THIN FILMS
Authors: CHAN E. V. R.
Published: January 2006

Data analysis of the CCD files from X-ray magnetic resonant scattering were performed. Measurements from a series of increasing photon energies were used. Azimuthal and radial intensity variations were analyzed.
PHONON-ENHANCED KONDO LATTICE MODEL IN COLOSSAL MAGNETORESISTIVE MANGANITES
Authors: KOO JE HUAN , CHO GUANGSUP
Published: January 2006

We investigate theoretically manganese oxides where the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) is observed. Recent studies show that, if there are both an electron and a hole in the eg-band of Mn , the Jahn–Teller distortions split the band into a conduction band [Formula: see text] and a localized band [Formula: see text]. We find a Kondo lattice model with hole conduction in manganese oxides when the electron in the localized eg-band [Formula: see text] plays the role of the Kondo impurity. The Curie temperature (Tc) and the resistivity are calculated. We also calculate the antiferromagnetic temperature by a spin-Peierls transition.
TWO-PHOTON HIGH-DIMENSIONAL SPATIAL ENTANGLEMENT: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT
Authors: NEVES LEONARDO , LIMA G. , AGUIRRE GÓMEZ J. G. , MONKEN C. H. , SAAVEDRA C. , PÁDUA S.
Published: January 2006

We review recent theoretical and experimental works where are proposed and demonstrated how to use photon pairs created by spontaneous parametric down-conversion to generate entangled states of D-dimensional quantum systems, or qudits. This is the first demonstration of high-dimensional entanglement based on the intrinsic transverse momentum entanglement of the type-II down-converted photons. The qudit space is defined by an aperture made up of an opaque screen with D slits (paths), placed in the arms of the twin photons. By manipulating the pump beam profile we can prepare different entangled states of these possible paths. We focus our attention on an important case for applications in quantum information: the maximally entangled states. Experimental results for qudits with D=4 and D=8 are shown and measuring a two-photon conditional interference, we also demonstrate the nonclassical character of the correlations.
C∞-REGULARITY OF A MANIFOLD AS A FUNCTION OF ITS METRIC TENSOR
Authors: MARDARE CRISTINEL
Published: January 2006

A basic theorem from differential geometry asserts that if the Riemann curvature tensor associated with a smooth field C of positive-definite symmetric matrices of order n vanishes in a simply-connected open subset Ω of ℝn, then C is the metric tensor of a manifold isometrically immersed in ℝn. If Ω is connected, then the isometric immersion Θ defined in this fashion is unique up to isometries of ℝn. We prove that if the set Ω is bounded and has a smooth boundary, then the mapping C ↦ Θ is of class C∞ between manifolds in appropriate Banach spaces.
Inhibition of LINE-1 expression in the heart decreases ischemic damage by activation of Akt/PKB signaling
Authors: Lucchinetti Eliana , Feng Jianhua , Silva Rafaela da , Tolstonog Genrich V. , Schaub Marcus C. , Schumann Gerald G. , Zaugg Michael
Published: January 2006

Microarray analyses indicate that ischemic and pharmacological preconditioning suppress overexpression of the non-long terminal repeat retrotransposon long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1, L1) after ischemia-reperfusion in the rat heart. We tested whether L1 overexpression is mechanistically involved in postischemic myocardial damage. Isolated, perfused rat hearts were treated with antisense or scrambled oligonucleotides (ODNs) against L1 for 60 min and exposed to 40 min of ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Functional recovery and infarct size were measured. Effective nuclear uptake was determined by FITC-labeled ODNs, and downregulation of L1 transcription was confirmed by RT-PCR. Immunoblot analysis was used to assess changes in expression levels of the L1-encoded proteins ORF1p and ORF2p. Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize ORF1/2 proteins in cardiac tissue. Effects of ODNs on prosurvival protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) expression and activity were also determined. Antisense ODNs against L1 prevented L1 burst after ischemia-reperfusion. Inhibition of L1 increased Akt/PKBβ expression, enhanced phosphorylation of PKB at serine 473, and markedly improved postischemic functional recovery and decreased infarct size. Antisense ODN-mediated protection was abolished by LY-294002, confirming the involvement of the Akt/PKB survival pathway. ORF1p and ORF2p were found to be expressed in rat heart. ORF1p showed a predominantly nuclear localization in cardiomyocytes, whereas ORF2p was exclusively present in endothelial cells. ORF1p levels increased in response to ischemia, which was reversed by antisense ODN treatment. No significant changes in ORF2p were noted. Our results demonstrate that L1 suppression favorably affects postischemic outcome in the heart. Modifying transcriptional activity of L1 may represent a novel anti-ischemic therapeutic strategy.
Adult Hypertension and Kidney Disease
Authors: Zandi-Nejad Kambiz , Luyckx Valerie A. , Brenner Barry M.
Published: January 2006

Hypertension (HTN) and chronic kidney disease are highly prevalent diseases that tend to occur more frequently among disadvantaged populations, in whom prenatal care also tends to be poor. More and more evidence is emerging highlighting the important role of fetal programming in the development of adult disease, suggesting a possible common pathophysiologic denominator in the development of these disorders. Epidemiologic evidence accumulated over the past 2 decades has demonstrated an association between low birth weight and subsequent adult HTN, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. More recently, a similar association has been found with chronic kidney disease. Animal studies and indirect evidence from human studies support the hypothesis that low birth weight, as a marker of adverse intrauterine circumstances, is associated with a congenital deficit in nephron number. The precise mechanism of the reduction in nephron number has not been established, but several hypotheses have been put forward, including changes in DNA methylation, increased apoptosis in the developing kidney, alterations in renal renin–angiotensin system activity, and increased fetal glucocorticoid exposure. A reduction in nephron number is associated with compensatory glomerular hypertrophy and an increased susceptibility to renal disease progression. HTN in low birth weight individuals also appears to be mediated in part through a reduction in nephron number. Increased awareness of the implications of low birth weight and inadequate prenatal care should lead to public health policies that may have long-term benefits in curbing the epidemics of HTN, diabetes, and kidney disease in generations to come.
Effect of Intensive Versus Standard Lipid-Lowering Treatment With Atorvastatin on the Progression of Calcified Coronary Atherosclerosis Over 12 Months
Authors: Schmermund Axel , Achenbach Stephan , Budde Thomas , Buziashvili Yuri , Förster Andreas , Friedrich Guy , Henein Michael , Kerkhoff Gert , Knollmann Friedrich , Kukharchuk Valery , Lahiri Avijit , Leischik Roman , Moshage Werner , Schartl Michael , Siffert Winfried , Steinhagen-Thiessen Elisabeth , Sinitsyn Valentin , Vogt Anja , Wiedeking Burkhard , Erbel Raimund
Published: January 2006

Background—

Recent clinical trials have suggested that intensive versus standard lipid-lowering therapy provides for additional benefit. Electron-beam computed tomography provides the opportunity to quantify the progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in serial measurements.

Methods and Results—

In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial, 471 patients (age 61±8 years) who had no history of coronary artery disease and no evidence of high-grade coronary stenoses (>50% diameter reduction) were randomized if they had ≥2 cardiovascular risk factors and moderate calcified coronary atherosclerosis as evidenced by a CAC score ≥30. Patients were assigned to receive 80 mg or 10 mg of atorvastatin per day over 12 months. Progression of CAC volume scores could be analyzed in 366 patients. After pretreatment with 10 mg of atorvastatin for 4 weeks, 12 months of study medication reduced LDL cholesterol from 106±22 to 87±33 mg/dL in the group randomized to receive 80 mg of atorvastatin (
P
<0.001), whereas levels remained stable in the group randomized to receive 10 mg (108±23 at baseline, 109±28 mg/dL at the end of the study,
P
=NS). The mean progression of CAC volume scores, corrected for the baseline CAC volume score, was 27% (95% CI 20.8% to 33.1%) in the 80-mg atorvastatin group and 25% (95% CI 19.1% to 30.8%) in the 10-mg atorvastatin group (
P
=0.65). CAC progression showed no relationship with on-treatment LDL cholesterol levels.

Conclusions—

We did not observe a relationship between on-treatment LDL cholesterol levels and the progression of calcified coronary atherosclerosis. Over a period of 12 months, intensive atorvastatin therapy was unable to attenuate CAC progression compared with standard atorvastatin therapy. The possibility remains that the time window was too short to demonstrate an effect.
‘In the Court of Public Opinion’
Authors: Olesen Thomas
Published: January 2006

This article analyses the HIV/AIDS medicine access campaign from 1998 to 2001. The campaign began when 39 of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies initiated a court case against South Africa for violating the companies’ patent rights. The campaign played an important role in making the issue resonate in the public spheres of many countries around the world and thereby contributed to the pharmaceutical companies’ eventual decision to withdraw the case. The main objective of the article is to provide insight into the way campaign activists sought to make the issue of HIV/AIDS medicine access of concern and intelligible to audiences not directly affected by it. Paying attention to such questions is crucial in order to reach a better understanding of current processes of globalization. The article shows how campaign discourses combined emotional and strategic elements and sought to bridge distance by connecting the universal and the particular. At the same time, it is argued that resonance was not only an outcome of the campaign's discursive activities. It was significantly aided by the fact that key campaign organizations possessed considerable economic and skill resources, and by the presence of allies such as states and international institutions.
The Exchequer of the Jews Revisited
Authors: Brown Reva Berman , McCartney Sean
Published: January 2006

The Jewish branch of the Great Exchequer of England was created some time during the last decade of the twelfth century during the reign of Richard I (1189–99). Jews arrived in England in significant numbers after 1066, invited by William the Conqueror to assist in the increase of English commerce and industry. They remained, as financiers, moneylenders and pawnbrokers, until expelled by Edward I in 1290. The article tells the story of the exchequer of the Jews, discussing its organisation, officials and effect on England's economy during the years of its operation.
A Test of Alternative Hierarchical Models of Psychological Climate: PCg, Satisfaction, or Common Method Variance?
Authors: Parker Christopher P.
Published: January 2006

Structural equation modeling was used to examine the construct validity of the James and James hierarchical model of psychological climate. Their hypothesis, that a general factor—representing an appraisal of the work environment as personally beneficial or detrimental (PCg)—underlies climate perceptions, was pitted against two alternative explanations. Although the results are somewhat supportive of the James and James model, the data also indicate that PCg may be an artifact of common method variance.
Educating Jesus: The Search for a Plausible Context
Authors: Foster Paul
Published: January 2006

Many reconstructions of the life of the historical Jesus have tended to portray him as being born into illiterate peasant stock. By so doing, significant statements in the Gospels, both canonical and non-canonical, are ignored. While much caution is needed, since there is a tendency to valorize the young Jesus in early Christian literature and to heighten miraculous events surrounding his childhood, nonetheless there are indicators that Jesus' background did not reflect the lowest echelons of Galilean peasantry. Instead, it is suggested that internal Gospel evidence and knowledge of aspects of the social milieu of first-century Judaism give weight to seeing Jesus as a person with what would now be classified as functional on basic literacy levels.
Morphological and chemical variations between juvenile wood, mature wood, and compression wood of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)
Authors: Yeh Ting-Feng , Braun Jennifer L. , Goldfarb Barry , Chang Hou-min , Kadla John F.
Published: January 2006

To better understand the within-tree variations between juvenile wood, mature wood, and compression wood, wood from a 35-year-old mature bent loblolly pine was separated into seven groups by different positions in the tree. Morphological and chemical structure analyses, including fiber quality, X-ray diffraction, sugar and lignin content analysis, as well as nitrobenzene oxidation, ozonation, and advanced NMR spectroscopy, were performed. Fiber properties were significantly different for tree-top juvenile normal wood and tree-bottom juvenile normal wood, juvenile normal and mature normal wood, juvenile compression and mature compression wood. However, differences in the chemical structure and composition were less significant within the specific tissues indicated above.
Creating water-repellent effects on wood by treatment with silanes
Authors: Donath Steffen , Militz Holger , Mai Carsten
Published: January 2006

Three types of silanes were tested for their ability to impart hydrophobicity to solid wood samples: a tetraalkoxy silane bearing four hydrolysable alkoxy groups; two alkyl-trialkoxy silanes; and two multifunctional oligomeric silane systems. The first two types were applied as monomeric silane solutions and pre-condensed sols. The water uptake of treated wood was considerably reduced, especially after treatment with multifunctional water-borne silane systems, while uptake of gaseous water was not changed. Initial water repellence was most pronounced when a fluoro-alkyl functional oligomeric silane system was used; however, after a longer submersion time (24 h), the reduction in water uptake was strongly diminished. Wetting-drying cycles led to a reduction in hydrophobicity of samples treated with sols of alkoxysilanes, while aqueous functional silanes revealed enhanced water-repellent effects after these tests. This was explained by continued condensation of unreacted silanol groups in the aqueous functional silanes during the wetting-drying cycles. X-Ray mapping of silicon (SEM-EDX) showed that the reduction in water uptake due to the multifunctional silane HS 2909 is caused by plugging of the main penetration pathways such as pits, ray cells and ray tracheids.
Biological resistance of wood treated with zinc and copper metaborates
Authors: Furuno Takeshi , Wada Fuyuki , Yusuf Sulaeman
Published: January 2006

Insoluble metaborates were formed by impregnating wood with borax and metallic salts, and the biological resistance of samples treated with metaborates was evaluated. The double-diffusion process was carried out to form metaborate precipitates in sapwood specimens of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica). Water-saturated wood specimens were first impregnated by a saturated borax solution and then diffusion-penetrated with solutions of zinc sulfate or copper sulfate of different concentrations. In laboratory-scale termite tests of wood specimens treated with zinc and copper metaborates at five concentrations from 3% to 20% using a virulent subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus), metaborate-treated wood showed negligible weight loss, with high termite mortality at the lowest concentration of 3%. An additional termite test for treatments at lower concentrations of 1% and 2% revealed good termite resistance even with small weight gains of 2.3–6.7%. In field termite tests using a tropical dominant termite (Macrotermes gilvus) in Serpong, Indonesia, wood specimens of 2 cm (r)×2 cm (t)×10 cm (l) treated with metaborates at 5% and 20% showed little weight loss against termite attack for 2 months or more. In addition, in a decay test using a white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) and a brown-rot fungus (Fomitopsis palustris), metaborate-treated woods showed enhanced decay resistance. This superb enhancement of biological resistance against termite and decay attacks is considered to be attributable to the presence of metaborates containing effective components such as boron, zinc or copper in the cell walls, which were detected by EPMA observations.
Deterministic and Monte Carlo Neutron Transport Calculation for Greifswald-1 and Comparison with Ex-vessel Measured Data
Authors: Borodkin G , Khrennikov N , Böhmer B , Noack K , Konheiser J
Published: January 2006

The results of a study of neutron and gamma field functionals derived by deterministic Sn and Monte Carlo calculation methods and by neutron activation measurements in application to the ex-vessel cavity of the VVER-440 reactor Greifswald-1 are presented. A good agreement of deterministic and stochastic calculation results with each other as well as with measurement results was found for neutron threshold detector reaction rates at ex-vessel positions. The influence of different numbers of cross-sectional groups on the calculation results is demonstrated.
Identification of Guanylyl Cyclases That Function in Thermosensory Neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Inada Hitoshi , Ito Hiroko , Satterlee John , Sengupta Piali , Matsumoto Kunihiro , Mori Ikue
Published: January 2006

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans senses temperature primarily via the AFD thermosensory neurons in the head. The response to temperature can be observed as a behavior called thermotaxis on thermal gradients. It has been shown that a cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel (CNG channel) plays a critical role in thermosensation in AFD. To further identify the thermosensory mechanisms in AFD, we attempted to identify components that function upstream of the CNG channel by a reverse genetic approach. Genetic and behavioral analyses showed that three members of a subfamily of gcy genes (gcy-8, gcy-18, and gcy-23) encoding guanylyl cyclases were essential for thermotaxis in C. elegans. Promoters of each gene drove reporter gene expression exclusively in the AFD neurons and, moreover, tagged proteins were localized to the sensory endings of AFD. Single mutants of each gcy gene showed almost normal thermotaxis. However, animals carrying double and triple mutations in these genes showed defective thermotaxis behavior. The abnormal phenotype of the gcy triple mutants was rescued by expression of any one of the three GCY proteins in the AFD neurons. These results suggest that three guanylyl cyclases function redundantly in the AFD neurons to mediate thermosensation by C. elegans.
In situ lubricant degradation in Antarctic marine sediments. 1. Short-term changes
Authors: Thompson Belinda A. W. , Davies Noel W. , Goldsworthy Paul M. , Riddle Martin J. , Snape Ian , Stark Jonathan S.
Published: January 2006

A large-scale, in situ experiment was set up near the Bailey Peninsula area (Casey Station, East Antarctica) to monitor the natural attenuation of synthetic lubricants in marine sediments over five years. Here, we report the short-term changes after 5 and 56 weeks. The lubricants tested were an unused and used Mobil lubricant (0W/40; Exxon Mobil, Irving, TX, USA) and a biodegradable alternative (0W/20; Fuchs Lubricants, Harvey, IL, USA). Clean sediment was collected, contaminated with the lubricants, and deployed by divers onto the seabed in a randomized block design. The sampled sediments were analyzed by gas chromatography–flame-ionization detector and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with selective ion monitoring. The base fluid of all lubricant treatments did not decrease significantly after 56 weeks in situ. Alkanoate esters of 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane in the biodegradable and unused lubricants were degraded extensively in situ; however, these esters constituted only a minor proportion of the lubricant volume. The additives, alkylated naphthalenes and substituted diphenylamines, were fairly resistant to degradation, which is of environmental concern because of their toxicity. The biodegradable lubricant did not break down to recognized biodegradable thresholds and, as such, should not be classified as biodegradable under Antarctic marine conditions. A separate experiment was conducted to determine the influence of sediment preparation and deployment on compound ratios within the lubricants, and we found that preparation and deployment of the contaminated sediments had only a minor effect on compound recovery. Further monitoring of this in situ experiment will provide much needed information about the long-term natural attenuation of lubricants.
Northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) as biomonitors of environmental metal contamination
Authors: Reynolds Kevin D. , Schwarz Matthew S. , McFarland Craig A. , McBride Toby , Adair Blakely , Strauss Richard E. , Cobb George P. , Hooper Michael J. , McMurry Scott T.
Published: January 2006

We live-trapped 40 northern pocket gophers across two years from the Anaconda Smelter Superfund Site, Anaconda, Montana, USA, to determine their exposure to five metal contaminants and effects of exposure on selected measurements. Soil, gopher blood, liver, kidney, and carcass samples were analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc. Hematological parameters, kidney and liver porphyrins, and red blood cell δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity were also measured. Micronutrients Cu and Zn were detected in all tissues analyzed, and Cd, Pb, and As were detected less frequently. We report differences in metal distribution among different tissues and differences in bioaccumulation for different metals within the same tissue. No significant differences were observed in concentrations of Zn or Cu in any tissue across the study site, but relationships between lead in soil and lead in carcass proved especially strong (r2 = 0.80; p < 0.001; n = 18). Among biomarker data, we observed a negative relationship between concentration of lead in the soil and ALAD activity in gophers with detectable concentrations of lead in their blood (r2 = 0.45; p = 0.006; n = 15). Results of this study suggest that northern pocket gophers are useful biomonitors of environmental Pb, Cd, and As contamination, and their broad geographic range across North America could allow them to be an important component of site-specific metals assessments.
Seasonal variations in the concentration of microcystin-LR in two lakes in western Texas, USA
Authors: Billam Madhavi , Tang Lili , Cai Qingsong , Mukhi Sandeep , Guan Hongxia , Wang Piwen , Wang Zemin , Theodorakis Christopher W. , Kendall Ronald J. , Wang Jia-Sheng
Published: January 2006

Seasonal variations in the concentration of microcystin-LR (MCLR) in Buffalo Springs Lake (BSL) and Lake Ransom Canyon (LRC; both locations in Lubbock, TX, USA) were monitored from 2003 to 2004. In BSL, the average concentrations of MCLR were 1.78 ± 1.43 μg/L (mean ± SD; range, 0.177–4.914 μg/L) in spring, 0.41 ± 0.096 μg/L (range, 0.191–0.502 μg/L) in summer, 0.46 ± 0.41 μg/L (range, 0.205–1.598 μg/L) in fall, and 1.04 ± 0.71 μg/L (range, 0.096–2.428 μg/L) in winter. In LRC, the corresponding concentrations were 1.08 ± 1.29 μg/L (range, 0.2–5.83 μg/L) in spring, 0.83 ± 0.46 μg/L (range, 0.315–1.671 μg/L) in summer, 0.44 ± 0.03 μg/L (range, 0.368–0.555 μg/L) in fall, and 0.78 ± 0.52 μg/L (range, 0.225–2.130 μg/L) in winter. In both lakes, the seasonal fluctuation of MCLR concentrations correlated positively with dissolved oxygen and negatively with temperature and pH.
Effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine on gonadal development of snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina)
Authors: De Solla Shane R. , Martin Pamela A. , Fernie Kimberly J. , Park Brad J. , Mayne Gregory
Published: January 2006

The herbicide atrazine has been suspected of affecting sexual development by inducing aromatase, resulting in the increased conversion of androgens to estrogens. We used snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), a species in which sex is dependent on the production of estrogen through aromatase activity in a temperature-dependent manner, to investigate if environmentally relevant exposures to atrazine affected gonadal development. Eggs were incubated in soil to which atrazine was applied at a typical field application rate (3.1 L/ha), 10-fold this rate (31 L/ha), and a control rate (no atrazine) for the duration of embryonic development. The incubation temperature (25°C) was selected to produce only males. Although some males with testicular oocytes and females were produced in the atrazine-treated groups (3.3–3.7%) but not in the control group, no statistical differences were found among treatments. Furthermore, snapping turtle eggs collected from natural nests in a corn field were incubated at the pivotal temperature (27.5°C) at which both males and females normally would be produced, and some males had oocytes in the testes (15.4%). The presence of low numbers of males with oocytes may be a natural phenomenon, and we have limited evidence to suggest that the presence of normal males with oocytes may represent a feminizing effect of atrazine. Histological examination of the thyroid gland revealed no effect on thyroid morphology.
Presence and distribution of wastewater-derived pharmaceuticals in soil irrigated with reclaimed water
Authors: Kinney Chad A. , Furlong Edward T. , Werner Stephen L. , Cahill Jeffery D.
Published: January 2006

Three sites in the Front Range of Colorado, USA, were monitored from May through September 2003 to assess the presence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in soil irrigated with reclaimed water derived from urban wastewater. Soil cores were collected monthly, and 19 pharmaceuticals, all of which were detected during the present study, were measured in 5-cm increments of the 30-cm cores. Samples of reclaimed water were analyzed three times during the study to assess the input of pharmaceuticals. Samples collected before the onset of irrigation in 2003 contained numerous pharmaceuticals, likely resulting from the previous year's irrigation. Several of the selected pharmaceuticals increased in total soil concentration at one or more of the sites. The four most commonly detected pharmaceuticals were erythromycin, carbamazepine, fluoxetine, and diphenhydramine. Typical concentrations of the individual pharmaceuticals observed were low (0.02–15 μg/kg dry soil). The existence of subsurface maximum concentrations and detectable concentrations at the lowest sampled soil depth might indicate interactions of soil components with pharmaceuticals during leaching through the vadose zone. Nevertheless, the present study demonstrates that reclaimed-water irrigation results in soil pharmaceutical concentrations that vary through the irrigation season and that some compounds persist for months after irrigation.
Effect of simulated rhizodeposition on the relative abundance of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon catabolic genes in a contaminated soil
Authors: Da Silva Marcio L. B. , Kamath Roopa , Alvarez Pedro J. J.
Published: January 2006

Microcosms were used to investigate whether soil exposure to mulberry root extracts (rich in phenolic compounds) select for bacteria that degrade polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Unlike previous studies with freshly spiked soil, the present experiments were conducted with soils aged for 518 d with [14C]phenanthrene to decrease bioavailability and avoid exaggerating the selective pressure exerted by PAHs relative to the rhizosphere effect. Microcosms simulating contaminated planted soil were exposed to carbon at 20 mg/L/week of mulberry root extract for 211 d to simulate rhizodeposition. Contaminated bulk soils microcosms were amended with a C-free mineral medium to discern the effect of rhizodeposition. Uncontaminated soil controls also were exposed to similar dose regimes. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to enumerate total bacteria and PAH degraders harboring the genes nahAc (coding for naphthalene dioxygenase), todC1 (coding for toluene/benzene/chloro-benzene dioxygenase), bmoA (coding for hydroxylating monooxygenases), and dmpN (coding for phenol hydroxylase). Exposure to root extracts enhanced the growth of total bacteria and PAH degraders in both contaminated and uncontaminated rhizosphere microcosms. The relative abundance of PAH-degrader gene copies (as a fraction of the total bacteria) was similar for different treatments, suggesting that the root extracts did not select for PAH degraders. Overall, these results suggest that rhizodeposition from phenolic releasers contributes to the fortuitous (but not selective) proliferation of PAH degraders, which may enhance phytoremediation.
Characterization of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor and a comparison of its expression in Atlantic tomcod from resistant and sensitive populations
Authors: Roy Nirmal K. , Courtenay Simon C. , Chambers R. Christopher , Wirgin Isaac I.
Published: January 2006

Atlantic tomcod from the Hudson River, USA, are resistant to cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) mRNA induction and early life stage toxicities induced by coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins but not polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We sought to determine if basal expression or inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) mRNA is higher in tomcod from the resistant Hudson River population than in those from sensitive populations. Tomcod AHRR cDNA was characterized and its expression quantified in different tissues and life stages of tomcod from the Hudson River, Miramichi River, Canada (sensitive), and among environmentally exposed tomcod from these two sources and the St. Lawrence River, Canada. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that tomcod AHRR falls within the clade of other vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AHRs) but is most closely related to the four previously identified AHRR genes. Induction of AHRR mRNA was observed in all tissues of PCB77-treated juvenile tomcod of Miramichi River descent, and expression differed among tissues and was significantly related to levels of CYP1A1 mRNA expression. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor mRNA was similarly inducible in F2 embryos of Miramichi and Hudson River descent by benzo[a]pyrene but less by PCB77 in Hudson River offspring. A significant, positive correlation was observed between CYP1A1 mRNA and AHRR mRNA concentrations in environmentally exposed tomcod from the three rivers. We conclude that differences in basal expression or inducibility of AHRR mRNA are not the mechanistic basis of resistance but that levels of AHRR often mirror those of CYP1A1, suggesting that a common AHR pathway–related mechanism may modulate expression of both genes.
Computational Quantum Chemistry for Free‐Radical Polymerization
Authors: Coote Michelle L.
Published: January 2006

This article describes the use of computational chemistry of study radical polymerization processes. A simplified introduction to the main principles of ab initio molecular orbital theory and density functional theory is provided in terms accessible to the nonspecialist reader. It is also shown how the resulting quantum‐chemical data are used in the calculation of reaction rates and partition functions. This is followed by a brief practical discussion of the accuracy and applicability of methods currently available for studying radical reactions. The article concludes with a description of some of the applications of quantum chemical calculations in the field of free‐radical polymerization, including the a priori prediction of rate coefficients, and the study and interpretation of structure‐reactivity trends. These studies illustrate the contribution that quantum chemistry has already made to our understanding of radical polymerization, and highlight its potential as a tool for solving further mechanistic problems in this field.