bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Del rigor en la ciencia política: algunas reflexiones sobre metodología de investigación
Authors: Olivella Santiago
Published: September 2018

During the first semester of 2006, political science students from the University of the Andes held their second symposium. One of the papers presented and its corresponding critique made by one of the department’s professors is here transcribed. While the student maintains that a dichotomy exists in the choice of simplification over complexity in the analysis of social phenomena, the professor argues from an interpretative perspective, that the problem has nothing to do with adding or reducing variables.
Derechización ‘a la colombiana’ en tiempos confusos: un ensayo especulativo
Authors: Nasi Carlo
Published: September 2018

Colombia constitutes an exception in the current Latin American political context: whereas most of the region’s regimes have turned to the left, Colombia has turned to the right. Since Alvaro Uribe’s presidential election in 2002, the country has become increasingly polarized, and in this course Uribe embodies an emerging right with considerable popular support. This essay explains and characterizes Colombia’s turn to the right, a process that reveals different dimensions such as populism, a criminalization of both the armed and the legal left, and social spending priorities considerably distant from the neoliberal orthodoxy.
Siete tesis sobre el relevo de las élites políticas
Authors: Leal Buitrago Francisco
Published: September 2018

In a process that dates back to the 1980’s, national elites have been replaced by regional ones. This process is associated with phenomenons such as state weakness, drug trafficking and paramilitarism, which produce deep social transformations that have a negative effect on Colombia’s democracy, economy and moral patterns.
Rewarding the corrupt? Reelection and Scandal Involvement in the Brazilian 2006 Legislative Elections1
Authors: Remuzat Rennó Lúcio
Published: September 2018

Corruption was a central theme of the Brazilian 2006 elections, both at the Executive and Legislative levels. According to our data, more than 100 Federal Deputies, or 1 in 5 in the 52nd Legislature (2003-2007) were mentioned by the media in relation to some scandal. The focus of this paper is how Federal Deputies involved in corruption scandals fare during elections. Do voters punish allegedly corrupt politicians? We use a dataset of Brazilian Federal Deputies legislative and electoral performance to test how involvement in corruption is related to career choice and reelection success in the 2006 elections.
Strange Bedfellows. NGOs and Businesses Move from Conflict to Cooperation
Authors: Wieland Carsten
Published: September 2018

The struggle of NGOs to promote sustainable behavior from companies has successfully gained public sympathy, and has triggered a rising number of international voluntary agreements, public policy initiatives, and even state regulations. Some companies have worked their way out of stigmatization and tried to become responsible corporate citizens. While plenty of other companies are still trying to evade the CSR debate and the reporting standards therein, others have adjusted their structures to adopt them. Although this tends to raise costs on a short-term basis, most of the CSR-friendly companies have managed to economically outperform the deniers in the long run. Compliers have proven that they are able to adapt more swiftly to new market challenges, or state regulations. In addition, consumer patterns seem to reward CSR behavior. Within a decade business-NGO cooperation has become a mainstream issue, and has led to many synergetic dynamics and yielded creative solutions.
Derechos humanos, migrantes y transnacionalismo. El caso de ACAT en Francia
Authors: González Olga L.
Published: September 2018

Are international migrants transnational protest agents? Do they involve themselves in the northern NGOs devoted to defending human rights? On what roads does transnational human rights activism travel? On the crossroads on two fields of study privileged by a transnational approach, protest and migrations, and based on a case study, this article offers answers to these questions. The work is supported by well-formed knowledge of Latin American migration in France, and the examination of the experience of a human rights defense association, deeply involved in Latin America. The mechanisms of transnational action are specified and analyzed, and an explanation for the Colombian case is proposed: the permanence of the practice of Rebusque (tirelessly seeking any kind of livelihood).
Vida cotidiana y entorno material. El mobiliario doméstico en la ciudad de Córdoba a fines del siglo XVIII
Authors: Moreyra Cecilia Edith
Published: September 2018

This article begins by introducing the field of material culture studies and the way it incorporates the mutual interaction between society and material objects. It then describes household furniture in the Argentine city of Cordoba in the late-eighteenth century, paying particular attention to three important spaces of daily life: the living room, the drawing room, and the bedroom. Lastly, it analyzes the meanings of different pieces of furniture and the social practices associated with them. By analyzing different sources, the aim is to show that the various kinds of objects studied not only produced physical effects but also communicated or expressed other attributes such as social and economic status or gender differences.
Raza, alteridad y exclusión en Alemania durante la decada de 1920
Authors: Cuéllar Alejandro Castillejo
Published: September 2018

In 1927, under the umbrella of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft, the institution responsible for directing Germany's research policies, the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Anthropologie, Menschliche, Erblehre und Eugenic (Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics) was founded. The institution represented the apex of the German eugenics movement that had developed in the previous decades, and the birth of one of the intellectual centers where the Reich's ideology of social engineering was founded. This article discusses some of the historic elements that linked racial ideology, the bedrock of Nazi policy of extermination, and the social sciences during the Weimar period.
Alimentando a la nación: género y nutrición en México (1940–1960)
Authors: Aguilar Rodríguez Sandra
Published: September 2018

In the 1940s and 50s, doctors and policymakers considered the diet of many Mexicans to be one of the main causes of poverty and ‘backwardness’ in the country. Inadequate calorie and protein consumption, along with unhygienic living conditions, caused workers and peasants to be weak, frequently ill, and to miss work. As a result, state welfare institutions made fighting malnutrition a priority. Doctors deemed that sanitized kitchens and animal protein-rich diets would help develop the nation. By changing eating practices, reformers sought to create not only healthy and well-nourished workers, but also a disciplined and productive workforce. This paper explores the rhetoric of welfare and discusses the role of women in the implementation of government policies. It concentrates on the studies carried out by the Institute of National Nutrition in rural communities and on the life history of a visiting nurse in rural Mexico of the 1950s.
La ciencia norteamericana se vuelve global: el Museo Americano de Historia Natural de Nueva York en Colombia
Authors: Quintero Toro Camilo
Published: September 2018

Between 1910 and 1915 the American Museum of Natural History carried out several expeditions in Colombian territory. Taking into account recent studies on U.S. cultural imperialism and science and imperialism, this paper analyzes the collections of birds from these expeditions to explore the role of North American imperialism in science, as well as the role of North American science in the expansion of the United States in the first decades of the twentieth century. The paper illustrates how theories of race and migration shaped the way in which North American naturalists appropriated and comprehended Colombian nature. Likewise, the paper explores the perspective of Colombian naturalists towards the expeditions, concluding that, far from being mere puppets of North American interests, Colombians used the relationship with U.S. naturalists to pursue their own agendas.
La Universidad de París en el siglo XIII: historia, filosofía y métodos
Authors: Mora Ana María
Published: September 2018

This article briefy discusses the rise of the University of Paris in the early thirteenth century. It describes both its teaching methods and academic programs, paying special attention to the role played by philosophy within these programs. The primary objective of the article is to underline the importance of knowing the historical context of the intellectual practices of the period. This contextualization is fundamental for all scholars working on the history of medieval philosophy. The article concludes with an example from a text of Duns Scotus, suggesting that it is probably the testimony of a divine reading (lectio) by questions, in which the teacher is more interested in introducing his students to a difficult philosophical problem - the problem of the meaning of the common name - than in definitively answering the problem itself. Approaching Scotus text in this way will help determine his actual position on the problem of meaning and prevent scholars from erroneously attributing ideas to Scotus that were not his.
Socialization to the Academic Culture: a Framework of Inquiry
Authors: Mendoza Pilar
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical framework and methodology for the understanding and study of the academic culture. It is based on previous works on organizational culture with emphasis on sociological and cognitive perspectives and applicable to all types of organizations. In particular, this article describes the application of socialization and sensemaking perspectives to the formation and development of the organizational culture in academic departments with emphasis on how new faculty members socialize and engage in sensemaking as they gain full membership in their entering department. It also provides a specific methodology to systematically assess potential cultural shifts in academic departments as incoming faculty interact with faculty in the entering academic unit.
Criminalización, arbitrariedad y doble militancia. La policía y la violencia en el fútbol argentino
Authors: Gastón Julián Gil
Published: September 2018

Soccer matches are just one of many scenarios that are perceived to be insecure and violent in Argentine society. For more than thirty years, public opinion has defined them as an important social problem. And it has identified a specific social group, categorized as barras bravas, to be almost entirely responsible for "destroying the festivities [of the soccer matches] for everyone." In this way, the state agencies that formally exercise social control encourage this process of criminalization, which reduces the complexity of a phenomenon that goes beyond simple definitions or explanations. In this context, the police forces acquire a "parallel punitive power," themselves becoming key agents in the generation of violence in football stadiums. Far from fulfilling their supposed function of guaranteeing security, the police help create the violent atmosphere in which these fans identify it as the principal enemy to combat.
Los años sesenta y sus huellas en el presente
Authors: Fazio Vengoa Hugo
Published: September 2018

The present is a condition of time that varies in its length. The contemporary present is an interval of time whose origins date back to the year and events of 1968, a conjuncture that catalyzed a powerful and silent socio-cultural revolution. Some of the main features of this revolution include the beginning of a new modality of capitalism, the emergence of new actors and social movements, the subsumption of clasic modernity within world global modernity, the development of a regime of global and present-focused historiocity, the intensification of globalization, the transformation of the world into a historical category, and the transition towards global history.
El episcopado colombiano en los años 1960
Authors: Arias Trujillo Ricardo
Published: September 2018

This article analyzes the different challenges faced by the Colombian clergy during the 1960s and the way in which it tried to address them. It starts from the central assumption that the Catholic hierarchy in Colombia wanted to ignore the profound changes occurring in Colombian society and opposed the reorientations stemming from the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) and the Second Latin American Episcopal Conference (Medellín, 1968). Far from reexamining its traditional positions, the Colombian clergy hardened its intransigent and deep-rooted discourse, and struggled to preserve a series of values and privileges that ever-growing sections of the society deemed anachronistic. In this way, the Colombian clergy, suspicious of any change, delayed its renovation, at least until the 1990s.
Crédito educativo, acciones afirmativas y equidad social en la educación superior en Colombia
Authors: Gómez Campo Víctor Manuel , Celis Giraldo Jorge Enrique
Published: September 2018

A subsidized student loan program for lower-income students (the ACCES Program) has been designed in Colombia to achieve greater social equality in access to higher education. This program exemplifies the ‘focalization’ approach in social policy. This program is analyzed in the context of supply and demand of higher education opportunities for these students. Results show that instead of investing in the expansion of quality, public higher education (that is to say, a universalistic social policy approach), this student loan program transfers the financing of higher education, generally at private institutions, to lower-income students themselves through private debt. This leads to a situation of extreme inequity. These lower-income students, who have generally received a low-quality education, cannot compete for the few highly selective spots in public higher education programs, and thus have to take out loans in order to finance their education in private institutions. This analysis clarifies that the function of the ACCES Program is not to promote social equality in education but that it serves as a tool for privatizing educational costs onto the lowest income students themselves. Given the political importance of affirmative action policies in promoting equality of access to higher education, a brief review of these policies in Colombian higher education institutions is presented.
Por uma história da alimentação na cidade de São Paulo (décadas de 1920 a 1950)
Authors: Rodrigues Jaime
Published: September 2018

This paper proposes a way to analyze the history of eating in São Paulo (Brazil) between 1920 and 1950. It addresses the relative absence of research on this topic for this period characterized by the rapid expansion of the city, which became a key market, an important regulator of consumption habits, and a meeting place for diverse social groups. An abundance of sources makes it possible to undertake a social history of eating. On the one hand, intellectuals of different backgrounds and interests produced a good deal of work on popular food habits. On the other, the article points to the possibility of using lifestyle studies and surveys on eating habits from this period in order to gain insight into the lives of different sectors of the population.
Estado, burguesia e legislação trabalhista brasileira no limiar dos anos 30: notas para uma discussão
Authors: Rafael Vicente De Moraes
Published: September 2018

The creation and implementation of Brazilian labor laws during the 1930s gave rise to important political debates. The various stakeholders – the state, the bourgeoisie, and workers – each with their own social project, had forged mechanisms designed to protect their own interests. Within this framework, this article addresses the arguments regarding the Expulsion of Foreigners Act (1907), the “Dois Terços”(Two-thirds) Act (1930), and the Unionization Act (1931). These acts provide clear evidence that the growth of state interventionism was accompanied by tensions and changes, and that the labor legislation was not simply the ‘gift’ of a Corporate State.
“Todos son genios” La crítica a la estetización de la acción política en Carl Schmitt
Authors: Ramírez Carlos A.
Published: September 2018

In Political Romanticism, a work from 1919, Carl Schmitt interprets German romanticism as a "metaphysic" in which aesthetic concepts become the guiding concepts of all human activity. On this basis, he analyses and criticizes the effects of the expansion of aesthetic concerns on political action. This essay reconstructs Schmitt’s argument as a conceptual-historical genealogy of a modern discursive formation from which, as a by-product, a form of subjectivity now present in advanced capitalist societies was constituted. By contrasting Schmitt’s concept of the political in Political Romanticism with various works of contemporary sociology (Boltanski, Lipovetsky, Schulze), the article concludes by pointing out the political phenomena that are linked to the diffusion of this type of subjectivity.
Apariencia estética y reconciliación: arte y política en Adorno
Authors: Molano Vega Mario Alejandro
Published: September 2018

This essay examines the relation between politics and art in the work of Theodor W. Adorno by analyzing the concepts of reconciliation, artistic truth content, and aesthetic appearance. The main argument is that Adorno relates both realms of art and politics by virtue of contradictions between the levels of totality and particularity. On the one hand, works of art transgress established ways of understanding and praxis (the level of totality) by reflecting on the contingent character of all kind of human comprehension (the level of particularity). On the other hand, the consequence of such artistic transgressions in non-aesthetic realms is to reveal their internal contradictions and their contingent character. This consequence can be interpreted as a political one if politics are understood as a phenomenon of questioning and critically reflecting on given social structures.
Arte y política como interpretación
Authors: Gama Luis Eduardo
Published: September 2018

The relationship between aesthetics and politics has often been established against the background of a discussion about the autonomy of art with respect to public life. For a widely-held position within modern aesthetics, the autonomy of art was a necessary condition for the development of its political potential. For other (more contemporary) aesthetic theories, the autonomy of art is responsible for both the isolation of art in a sphere separate from praxis, and for its ineffectiveness in social life. First, this article shows that is it not possible to uncover a link between art and politics that arises from the very nature of art in either of these two approaches. Second, on the basis of a new approach rooted in interpretationist philosophy, I argue that art has an interpretative character because it articulates the webs of meaning that shape social reality. From this perspective it is possible to uncover an inner connection between aesthetics and politics: they are both fields of human praxis that find, hold or renew the meanings that define the social world.
Gαq and Phospholipase Cβ signaling regulate nociceptor sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster larvae
Authors: Herman Joshua A. , Willits Adam B. , Bellemer Andrew
Published: September 2018

Drosophila melanogaster larvae detect noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli in their environment using polymodal nociceptor neurons whose dendrites tile the larval body wall. Activation of these nociceptors by potentially tissue-damaging stimuli elicits a stereotyped escape locomotion response. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate nociceptor function are increasingly well understood, but gaps remain in our knowledge of the broad mechanisms that control nociceptor sensitivity. In this study, we use cell-specific knockdown and overexpression to show that nociceptor sensitivity to noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli is correlated with levels of Gαq and phospholipase Cβ signaling. Genetic manipulation of these signaling mechanisms does not result in changes in nociceptor morphology, suggesting that changes in nociceptor function do not arise from changes in nociceptor development, but instead from changes in nociceptor activity. These results demonstrate roles for Gαq and phospholipase Cβ signaling in facilitating the basal sensitivity of the larval nociceptors to noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli and suggest future studies to investigate how these signaling mechanisms may participate in neuromodulation of sensory function.
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ВОПРОСЫ АНАЛИЗА КОСМИЧЕСКИХ СНИМКОВ И ЭКОЛОГО-ГЕОМОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО КАРТОГРАФИРОВАНИЯ ГОРНЫХ СТРАН В СУБТРОПИКАХ И ТРОПИКАХ, "Геоморфология"
Authors: АСОЯН Д.С.
Published: September 2018

По космическим снимкам составлены оценочные эколого-геоморфологические карты в масштабах 1:1000000 и 1:200000 на горные районы Среднего Чили (Чилийско-Аргентинские Анды) и Восточной Кубы (горы Съерра-Маэстра). На картах показаны проявления опасных, угрожающих и катастрофических эндо-экзогенных процессов. Установлено, что для крупномасштабного эколого-геоморфологического картографирования наиболее эффективны летние многозональные синтезированные и спектрозональные фотоснимки с пространственным разрешением от 8-15 до 30 м масштабов 1:700000-1:400000. К индикационным признакам проявлений процессов экзоморфогенеза относятся морфографические ступени рельефа и высотные ландшафтные пояса. В пределах последних - некоторые формы рельефа, растительный покров (главным образом сомкнутость крон древостоя), плотность дернового покрова и литолого-стратиграфические комплексы горных пород. Используя эти индикаторы, выделены ареалы гляцио-обвальных, нивационных, пролювиальных и делювиальных процессов, плоскостного смыва, а также линейной и русловой эрозии. Изу- ченные дешифровочные признаки геообъектов позволяют облегчить и ускорить сложный процесс интерпретации космических снимков. Сравнительный анализ дешифровочных признаков геообъектов на космических снимках гор субтропиков и тропиков, а также гор умеренного пояса (Большой Кавказ, Курильские острова) показал, что ареалы экзогенных процессов выражены идентичными ландшафтно-индикационными признаками, несмотря на различия природных условий.
ПАЛЕОСЕЙСМИЧЕСКИЕ ФАКТОРЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ СОВРЕМЕННОГО РЕЛЬЕФА ЧЕРНОМОРСКОГО ПОБЕРЕЖЬЯ КАВКАЗА НА УЧАСТКЕ АНАПА?-?НОВОРОССИЙСК, "Геоморфология"
Authors: Крицкая О. Ю. , Попков В.И. , Остапенко А.А.
Published: September 2018

Крупные сейсмические события недавнего геологического прошлого нашли отражение в рельефе некоторых участков Черноморского побережья Кавказа. Максимальной сейсмотектонической переработке подвергся участок от Анапы до Новороссийска. В задачи исследований, проведенных авторами, входило выявление палеосейсмодислокаций и сейсмогравитационных деформаций, проведение их морфологического и морфометрического анализа с целью определения механизма образования, относительного возраста, роли в формировании современного облика рельефа. В результате было установлено, что сейсмогравитационные структуры имеют сложное строение, а также отчетливо выражены в рельефе. Многие из них имеют общие морфологические черты, такие как: выраженная линия отрыва, участки типичного бугристо-западинного оползневого рельефа, наличие отдельных сейсмогравитационных отторженцев и крутого фронтального уступа. Геоморфологический анализ, а также дешифрирование космических снимков позволили выявить два основных типа сейсмогравитационных структур, а также установить, что они имеют различный возраст и образовались в течение нескольких этапов, связанных с неоднократным проявлением сейсмических событий. Наиболее отчетливы различия в подводном рельефе разновозрастных структур. Значительное влияние сейсмогенная переработка рельефа оказала на ход современных экзогенных процессов. Наиболее активными здесь являются эрозионные и обвально-осыпные процессы, протекающие в нелитифицированных несцементированных сейсмогравитационных отложениях. Общие масштабы изменения ландшафта указывают на высокий энергетический класс землетрясений и вероятное нахождение их эпицентров в пределах или непосредственной близости от рассмотренной территории.
ВРАЩЕНИЕ БЛОКОВ ЗЕМНОЙ КОРЫ МЕЖДУ СДВИГОВЫМИ ЗОНАМИ НИЖНЕГО ПРИАМУРЬЯ (ПО МОРФОСТРУКТУРНЫМ ДАННЫМ), "Геоморфология"
Authors: ОБУХОВ Ф.С. , Меркулова Т.В.
Published: September 2018

По структурно-геоморфологическим данным в Нижнем Приамурье выделен геоблок (структурный элемент первого порядка Амурской плиты), который находится под влиянием неотектонических правосторонних сдвиговых смещений по трансрегиональным разломам северо-восточного простирания. Под воздействием напряжений внутри геоблока сформированы дуговые разломы, геоморфологически выраженные сопряженной системой речных долин, которые ограничивают четыре блока округлого габитуса, сложенных магматическими образованиями и складчатыми осадочными породами мезо-кайнозойского возраста. Вихреобразное расположение разломов внутри блоков и правосторонние латеральные смещениям по ним, согласно направлению деформаций по северо-восточным разломам, указывают на вращение этих блоков против часовой стрелки.
Bidirectional Risk Modulator and Modifier Variant of Dilated and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in BAG3
Authors: Park Joseph , Levin Michael G. , Zhang David , Reza Nosheen , Mead Jonathan O. , Carruth Eric D. , Kelly Melissa A. , Winters Alex , Kripke Colleen M. , Judy Renae L. , Damrauer Scott M. , Owens Anjali T. , Bastarache Lisa , Verma Anurag , Kinnamon Daniel D. , Hershberger Ray E. , Ritchie Marylyn D. , Rader Daniel J.
Published: November 2024

Importance

The genetic factors that modulate the reduced penetrance and variable expressivity of heritable dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are largely unknown. BAG3 genetic variants have been implicated in both DCM and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), nominating BAG3 as a gene that harbors potential modifier variants in DCM.

Objective

To interrogate the clinical traits and diseases associated with BAG3 coding variation.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a cross-sectional study in the Penn Medicine BioBank (PMBB) enrolling patients of the University of Pennsylvania Health System’s clinical practice sites from 2014 to 2023. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was linked to electronic health record (EHR) data to associate BAG3 coding variants with EHR phenotypes. This was a health care population-based study including individuals of European and African genetic ancestry in the PMBB with WES linked to EHR phenotypes, with replication studies in BioVU, UK Biobank, MyCode, and DCM Precision Medicine Study.

Exposures

Carrier status for BAG3 coding variants.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Association of BAG3 coding variation with clinical diagnoses, echocardiographic traits, and longitudinal outcomes.

Results

In PMBB (n = 43 731; median [IQR] age, 65 [50-76] years; 21 907 female [50.1%]), among 30 324 European and 11 198 African individuals, the common C151R variant was associated with decreased risk for DCM (odds ratio [OR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78-0.92) and simultaneous increased risk for HCM (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.25-2.02), which was confirmed in the replication cohorts. C151R carriers exhibited improved longitudinal outcomes compared with noncarriers as assessed by age at death (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74-0.96; median [IQR] age, 71.8 [63.1-80.7] in carriers and 70.3 [61.6-79.2] in noncarriers) and heart transplant (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.66-0.99; median [IQR] age, 56.7 [46.1-63.1] in carriers and 55.6 [45.2-62.9] in noncarriers). C151R was associated with reduced risk of DCM (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.24-0.74) and heart failure (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.14-0.50) among individuals harboring truncating TTN variants in exons with high cardiac expression (n = 358).

Conclusions and Relevance

BAG3 C151R was identified as a bidirectional modulator of risk along the DCM-HCM spectrum, as well as an important genetic modifier variant in TTN-mediated DCM. This work expands on the understanding of the etiology and penetrance of DCM, suggesting that BAG3 C151R is an important genetic modifier variant contributing to the variable expressivity of DCM, warranting further exploration of its mechanisms and of genetic modifiers in DCM more broadly.
Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis (DoxyPEP) for Bacterial STI Prevention
Authors: Junejo Muhammad H. , Marcus Julia L. , Katz Kenneth A.
Published: November 2024

This Viewpoint describes what dermatologists should know about doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis (doxyPEP) for bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention, specifically syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea.
How the Paternal Brain Is Wired by Pregnancy
Authors: Bottemanne Hugo , Joly Lucie
Published: November 2024

This Viewpoint describes morphologic and functional changes in the paternal brain after childbirth.
Analyzing Carrier Density and Hall Mobility in Impurity‐Free Silicon Virtually Doped by External Defect Placement
Authors: Nagarajan Soundarya , Ratschinski Ingmar , Schmult Stefan , Wirth Steffen , König Dirk , Mikolajick Thomas , Hiller Daniel , Trommer Jens
Published: November 2024

Impurity doping at the nanoscale for silicon is becoming less efficient with conventional techniques. Here, an alternative virtual doping method is presented for silicon that can achieve an equivalent carrier density while addressing the primary limitations of traditional doping methods. The doping for silicon is carried out by placing aluminum‐induced acceptor states externally in a silicon dioxide dielectric shell. This technique can be referred to as direct modulation doping. The resistivity, carrier density, and mobility are investigated by Hall effect measurements to characterize the carrier transport using the new doping method. The results thereof are compared with carrier transport analysis of conventionally doped silicon at room‐temperature, demonstrating a 100% increase in carrier mobility at equal carrier density. The sheet density of hole carriers in silicon due to modulation doping remains nearly constant, ≈4.7 × 1012 cm−2 over a wide temperature range from 300 down to 2 K, proving that modulation‐doped devices do not undergo carrier freeze‐out at cryogenic temperatures. In addition, a mobility enhancement is demonstrated with an increase from 89 cm2 Vs−1 at 300 K to 227 cm2 Vs−1 at 10 K, highlighting the benefits of the new method for creating emerging nanoscale electronic devices or peripheral cryo‐electronics to quantum computing.
The Reduced Barrier for the Photogenerated Charge Migration on Covalent Triazine‐Based Frameworks for Boosting Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Into Syngas
Authors: Kong Ke , Zhong Hong , Zhang Fushuai , Lv Haowei , Li Xiaoju , Wang Ruihu
Published: November 2024

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction together with hydrogen generation is a promising approach to generate syngas, the photogenerated electron migration from photosensitizers to the catalytic active sites is the rate‐determining step. Herein, an integrative strategy is presented by covalently grafting metal complexes into donor–acceptor covalent triazine‐based frameworks. The catalytic active sites are integrated with the photosensitizer units by covalent linkages to form an extended π‐conjugated framework, which significantly reduces the energy barrier for the migration of the photogenerated charge carriers, resulting in high activity and durability in photocatalytic CO2 reduction into syngas under visible light irradiation. The CO and H2 evolution amounts in 1.5 h are 1086 and 1042 µmol g−1, respectively, which greatly surpass those in the host‐guest counterparts. Furthermore, selective adsorption for CO2 over N2 renders this photocatalytic system to be effective for syngas production from the simulated flue gas. This study provides new approaches to construct the integrative photocatalytic systems for solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion.
Hydrogel Elastic Energy: A Stressor Triggering an Adaptive Stress‐Mediated Cell Response
Authors: Lipari Sara , Sacco Pasquale , Cok Michela , Scognamiglio Francesca , Romano Maurizio , Brun Francesco , Giulianini Piero Giulio , Marsich Eleonora , Aachmann Finn L. , Donati Ivan
Published: November 2024

The crosstalk between the cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) is bidirectional and consists of a pushing/pulling stretch exerted by the cells and a mechanical resistance counteracted by the surrounding microenvironment. It is widely recognized that the stiffness of the ECM, its viscoelasticity, and its overall deformation are the most important traits influencing the response of the cells. Here these three parameters are combined into a concept of elastic energy, which in biological terms represents the mechanical feedback that cells perceive when the ECM is deformed. It is shown that elastic energy is a stress factor that influences the response of cells in three‐dimensional (3D) cultures. Strikingly, the higher the elastic energy of the matrix and thus the mechanical feedback, the higher the stress state of the cells, which correlates with the formation of G3BP‐mediated stress granules. This condition is associated with an increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity but a decrease in gene expression and is mediated by the nuclear translocation of Yes‐associated protein (YAP). This work supports the importance of considering the elastic energy as mechano‐controller in regulating cellular stress state in 3D cultures.
Ultraviolet Laser Activation of Phosphorus‐Doped Polysilicon Layers for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Yijun , Yan Di , Michel Jesus Ibarra , Mahasivam Sanje , Bansal Vipul , Delaney Robert , Wang Jiali , Truong Thien , Zheng Peiting , Yang Jie , Zhang Xinyu , Bullock James
Published: November 2024

In crystalline silicon photovoltaics (c‐Si PV), a pulsed laser can be used as a substitute for a high‐temperature furnace dopant diffusion/activation step. In contrast to furnace‐based activation, lasers can be used to achieve highly localized doping with controlled dopant concentrations, useful in advanced architectures such as the interdigitated back contact (IBC) solar cell. In this study, a pulsed ultraviolet (UV) laser is utilized for phosphorus dopant activation within a low‐pressure chemical vapor deposited (LPCVD) polycrystalline silicon (poly‐Si) passivated contact layer. The highest implied open‐circuit voltage iVoc values achieved using this approach reach 726 mV. However, this comes at the expense of high specific contact resistivities ρc, which is attributed to a lower dopant concentration across the poly‐Si(n+)/SiOx/c‐Si interface. Regardless, the optimum iVoc, ρc combination is measured at a laser fluence of 0.78 J cm−2 producing values of 712 mV and 89 mΩ‐cm2, respectively. These values are still compatible with high‐efficiency solar cell designs, underscoring the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach.
Digital Etching of Molybdenum Interconnects Using Plasma Oxidation
Authors: Erofeev Ivan , Hartanto Antony Winata , Khan Muhaimin Mareum , Deng Kerong , Kumar Krishna , Aabdin Zainul , Tjiu Weng Weei , Zhang Mingsheng , Pacco Antoine , Philipsen Harold , Chowdhuri Angshuman Ray , Huynh Han Vinh , Holsteyns Frank , Mirsaidov Utkur
Published: November 2024

Molybdenum (Mo) has a high potential of becoming the material of choice for sub‐10 nm scale metal structures in future integrated circuits (ICs). Manufacturing at this scale requires exceptional precision and consistency, so many metal processing techniques must be reconsidered. In particular, present direct wet chemical etching methods produce anisotropic etching profiles with significant surface roughness, which can be detrimental to device performance. Here, it is shown that polycrystalline Mo nanowires can be etched uniformly using a cyclic two‐step “digital” method: the metal surface is first oxidized with isotropic oxygen plasma to form a layer of MoO3, which is then selectively removed using either wet chemical or dry isotropic plasma etching. These two steps are repeated in cycles until the intended metal recess is achieved. High uniformity of plasma oxidation defines the etching uniformity, and small metal recess per cycle (typically 1–2 nm) provides precise control over the etching depth. This method can replace wet etching where high etching precision is needed, enabling the reliable manufacturing of nanoscale metal interconnects.
Titanium Dioxide: A Versatile Earth‐Abundant Optical Material for Photovoltaics
Authors: Marcelis Eloy J. , ten Elshof Johan E. , Morales‐Masis Monica
Published: November 2024

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has long been receiving attention as a promising material for enhancing the performance of photovoltaic devices due to its tunable optoelectronic properties. This paper reviews the utilization of TiO2 in recent photovoltaic applications, focusing primarily on its role as an optical material. The fundamental properties of TiO2 are reviewed, such as its wide bandgap and unique property of tunable refractive index. Furthermore, various strategies are discussed to harness the fundamental properties of TiO2 to improve light absorption and charge carrier generation within various photovoltaic devices. Overall, the pivotal role of TiO2 as an Earth‐abundant and non‐critical optical material is highlighted for future advances in the power conversion efficiency and viability of photovoltaic technologies, paving the way for future research and developments aimed at achieving sustainable and cost‐effective solar energy conversion.
Highly Tunable, Nanomaterial‐Functionalized Structural Templating of Intracellular Protein Structures Within Biological Species
Authors: Song Dae‐Hyeon , Song Chang Woo , Cho Seunghee H. , Kwon Tae Yoon , Jung Hoeyun , Park Ki Hyun , Kim Jiyun , Seo Junyoung , Yoo Jaeyoung , Kim Minjoon , Lee Gyu Rac , Hwang Jisung , Lee Hyuck Mo , Shin Jonghwa , Shin Jennifer H. , Jung Yeon Sik , Chang Jae‐Byum
Published: November 2024

Inside living organisms, proteins are self‐assembled into diverse 3D structures optimized for specific functions. This structure‐function relationship can be exploited to synthesize functional materials through biotemplating and depositing functional materials onto protein structures. However, conventional biotemplating faces limitations due to the predominantly intracellular existence of proteins and associated challenges in achieving tunability while preserving functionality. In this study, Conversion to Advanced Materials via labeled Biostructures (CamBio), an integrated biotemplating platform that involves labeling target protein structures with antibodies followed by the growth of functional materials, ensuring outstanding nanostructure tunability is proposed. Protein‐derived plasmonic nanostructures created by CamBio can serve as precise quantitative tools for assessing target species is demonstrated. The assessment is achieved through highly tunable and efficient surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). CamBio enables the formation of dense nanogap hot spots among metal nanoparticles, templated by diverse fibrous proteins comprising densely repeated monomers. Furthermore, iterative antibody labeling strategies to adjust the antibody density surrounding targets, amplifying the number of nanogaps and consequently improving SERS performance are employed. Finally, cell‐patterned substrates and whole meat sections as SERS substrates, confirming their easily accessible, cost‐effective, scalable preparation capabilities and dimensional tunability are incorporated.
From Images to Genes: Radiogenomics Based on Artificial Intelligence to Achieve Non‐Invasive Precision Medicine in Cancer Patients
Authors: Guo Yusheng , Li Tianxiang , Gong Bingxin , Hu Yan , Wang Sichen , Yang Lian , Zheng Chuansheng
Published: November 2024

With the increasing demand for precision medicine in cancer patients, radiogenomics emerges as a promising frontier. Radiogenomics is originally defined as a methodology for associating gene expression information from high‐throughput technologies with imaging phenotypes. However, with advancements in medical imaging, high‐throughput omics technologies, and artificial intelligence, both the concept and application of radiogenomics have significantly broadened. In this review, the history of radiogenomics is enumerated, related omics technologies, the five basic workflows and their applications across tumors, the role of AI in radiogenomics, the opportunities and challenges from tumor heterogeneity, and the applications of radiogenomics in tumor immune microenvironment. The application of radiogenomics in positron emission tomography and the role of radiogenomics in multi‐omics studies is also discussed. Finally, the challenges faced by clinical transformation, along with future trends in this field is discussed.
Inactivation of Pseudovirus Expressing the D614G Spike Protein Mutation using Nitric Oxide‐Plasma Activated Water
Authors: Patel Paritosh , Kaushik Neha , Acharya Tirtha Raj , Lenka Sudakshya S. , Ghosh Soujanya , Wahab Rizwan , Verma Suresh K. , Choi Eun Ha , Kaushik Nagendra Kumar
Published: November 2024

Variants of concern (VOCs) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) exhibit high infectivity due to mutations, particularly in the spike protein, that facilitate enhanced binding of virus to human angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). The D614G mutation, situated in S1‐domain, promotes the open conformation of spike protein, augmenting its interaction with hACE2. Activated water neutralizes pathogens by damaging biological molecules; however, its effect on mutated SARS‐CoV‐2 or VOCs requires further exploration. Here, the efficacy of nitric oxide (NOx)‐plasma activated water (PAW) in inhibiting infections by SARS‐CoV‐2 pseudovirus expressing D614G‐mutated spike protein is investigated, which serves as a model for mutated SARS‐CoV‐2. Results demonstrated high prevalence of D614G mutation in SARS‐CoV‐2 and its VOCs. NOx‐PAW is non‐toxic to cells at high concentration, inhibiting infection by 71%. Moreover, NOx‐PAW induced structural changes in S1‐domain of spike protein, reducing its binding affinity and lowering clathrin‐mediated endocytosis‐related gene expression. Additionally, in silico analysis revealed NOx species in NOx‐PAW played key role in impairing S1‐domain function of the mutated SARS‐CoV‐2 pseudovirus by interacting directly with it. Collectively, these findings reveal the potent inactivation ability of PAW against mutated SARS‐CoV‐2 and suggest its potential application in combating emerging variants of SARS‐CoV‐2 and other viral threats.
Impact of Ion Migration on the Performance and Stability of Perovskite‐Based Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Shah Sahil , Yang Fengjiu , Köhnen Eike , Ugur Esma , Khenkin Mark , Thiesbrummel Jarla , Li Bor , Holte Lucas , Berwig Sebastian , Scherler Florian , Forozi Paria , Diekmann Jonas , Peña‐Camargo Francisco , Remec Marko , Kalasariya Nikhil , Aydin Erkan , Lang Felix , Snaith Henry , Neher Dieter , De Wolf Stefaan , Ulbrich Carolin , Albrecht Steve , Stolterfoht Martin
Published: November 2024

The stability of perovskite‐based tandem solar cells (TSCs) is the last major scientific/technical challenge to be overcome before commercialization. Understanding the impact of mobile ions on the TSC performance is key to minimizing degradation. Here, a comprehensive study that combines an experimental analysis of ionic losses in Si/perovskite and all‐perovskite TSCs using scan‐rate‐dependent current–voltage (J–V) measurements with drift‐diffusion simulations is presented. The findings demonstrate that mobile ions have a significant influence on the tandem cell performance lowering the ion‐freeze power conversion efficiency from >31% for Si/perovskite and >30% for all‐perovskite tandems to ≈28% in steady‐state. Moreover, the ions cause a substantial hysteresis in Si/perovskite TSCs at high scan speeds (400 s−1), and significantly influence the performance degradation of both devices through internal field screening. Additionally, for all‐perovskite tandems, subcell‐dominated J–V characterization reveals more pronounced ionic losses in the wide‐bandgap subcell during aging, which is attributed to its tendency for halide segregation. This work provides valuable insights into ionic losses in perovskite‐based TSCs which helps to separate ion migration‐related degradation modes from other degradation mechanisms and guides targeted interventions for enhanced subcell efficiency and stability.
Dielectric Elastomer Generators: Recent Advances in Materials, Electronic Circuits, and Prototype Developments
Authors: Gurjar Krishna Veer Singh , Sadangi Anup Sankar , Kumar Ajeet , Ahmad Dilshad , Patra Karali , Collins Ieuan , Hossain Mokarram , Ajaj Rafic M. , Zweiri Yahya
Published: November 2024

The ongoing climate crisis requires innovative methods to maximize renewable and sustainable energy resources. There have been advancements in harvesting energy from ambient motions such as wind, ocean waves, and human movements. Dielectric elastomer generators (DEGs) are a promising option for energy harvesting due to their high energy density and compatibility with low‐frequency oscillations. This review provides an in‐depth overview of DEGs, including electroactive materials, electromechanical characterization, electronics for harvesting, interfacing circuits, prototypes, and challenges. DEGs have the potential to play a significant role in decarbonizing energy for both small‐ and large‐scale applications using ambient energy sources.
On the Quest for Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts Based on Layered Double Hydroxides: An Electrochemical and Chemometric Combined Approach
Authors: Gualandi Isacco , Musella Elisa , Costa Giulia , Gazzano Massimo , Scavetta Erika , Zappoli Sergio , Tonelli Domenica
Published: November 2024

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a crucial process in various energy conversion and storage technologies, such as water electrolysis. Developing efficient and cost‐effective electrocatalysts is essential to achieve the commercialization of devices for the transition toward sustainable energy solutions. Herein, ternary layer double hydroxides (LDHs) are synthesized and characterized as electrocatalysts for OER using a potentiodynamic electrochemical deposition method on Grafoil. A chemometric approach based on experimental design is employed to rationalize the effort in the investigation of the LDHs which are based on Ni, Co, and Fe. The deposited films are characterized using cyclic voltammetry and X‐ray diffraction to determine peak currents and potentials, and crystal size. Furthermore, the electrocatalyst performances are assessed by linear sweep voltammetry in 1M KOH from which the Tafel slope and onset potential are calculated. The obtained data are used to derive models describing the material properties and electrocatalyst performance as a function of the electrolyte composition used during the LDHs electrodeposition. This study provides valuable insights into the relationship between the electrocatalyst composition and its OER activity, enabling the design of more efficient and sustainable electrochemical systems for energy applications.