bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune responses to Schistosoma haematobium infection
Authors: Odegaard J. I. , Hsieh M. H.
Published: September 2014

Urogenital schistosomiasis is one of the greatest single infectious sources of human morbidity and mortality known. Through a complex cycle of infection, migration and eventual maturation and mating, S. haematobium (the aetiological agent of urogenital schistosomiasis) deposits highly immunogenic eggs within the bladder and other pelvic organs, activating a wide range of immune programs that determine both infection outcome as well as downstream immunopathology. In this review, we discuss the experimental and observational bases for our current understanding of these immune programs, focusing specifically on how the balance of type 1 and type 2 responses governs subsequent immunopathology and clinical outcome.
Helminths in the lungs
Authors: Craig J. M. , Scott A. L.
Published: September 2014

Parasitic helminths infect well over one billion people and typically cause chronic and recurrent infections that exert a considerable toll on human health and productivity. A significant number of important intestinal‐ and tissue‐dwelling helminth parasites have evolved a scripted migration through select organ systems. Of specific interest here are the helminth parasites that interact with respiratory tissues and the pulmonary immune system. This review will consider the nature of the interactions between helminth parasites and the lung environment, as well as the consequences of these interactions on the evolution of parasitism and host immunity.
Intratumoral heterogeneity of HER2 protein and amplification of HER2 gene in salivary duct carcinoma
Authors: Kondo Yusuke , Kikuchi Tomoki , Esteban Joaquim Carreras , Kumaki Nobue , Ogura Go , Inomoto Chie , Hirabayashi Kenichi , Kajiwara Hiroshi , Sakai Akihiro , Sugimoto Ryousuke , Otsuru Mitsunobu , Okami Kenji , Tsukinoki Keiichi , Nakamura Naoya
Published: September 2014

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an aggressive adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands, and accounts for 1–3% of all malignant salivary gland tumors, resembling morphologically invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast. In contrast to IDC of the breast and gastric carcinoma (GC), the study of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in SDC has not progressed. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between HER2 protein expression and amplification of the HER2 gene, and compared them in terms of intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) in 13 cases of SDC using immunohistochemistry and dual color in situ hybridization. We found seven cases with protein overexpression (53.8%) and five cases with gene amplification (38.5%) in accordance with ASCO/CAP guidelines. ITH of HER2 protein expression was seen in seven cases (53.8%). Interestingly, the ratio of the HER2 gene showed homogenous distribution with or without the presence of ITH of HER2 protein expression. SDC tends to have more ITH of HER2 protein similarly to GC, in contrast to IDC of the breast. ITH of HER2 protein in SDC has no heterogeneity of the HER2 gene amplification. The mechanism of HER2 protein expression in SDC might proceed through a more complex pathway relative to that of IDC of the breast.
The challenge of accountability in complex regulatory networks: The case of theDeepwater Horizonoil spill
Authors: Mills Russell W. , Koliba Christopher J.
Published: September 2014

A puzzle that faces public administrators within regulatory governance networks is how to balance the need for democratic accountability while increasingly facing demands from elected officials to optimize oversight of industry by utilizing the expertise of the private sector in developing risk‐based standards for compliance. The shift from traditional command and control oversight to process oriented regulatory regimes has been most pronounced in highly complex industries, such as aviation and deepwater oil drilling, where the intricate and technical nature of operations necessitates risk‐based regulatory networks based largely on voluntary compliance with mutually agreed upon standards. The question addressed in this paper is how the shift to process oriented regimes affects the trade‐offs between democratic, market, and administrative accountability frames, and what factors determine the dominant accountability frame within the network. Using post‐incident document analysis, this paper provides a case study of regulatory oversight of the deepwater oil drilling industry prior to the explosion of theDeepwater Horizonrig in theGulf ofMexico, to explore how the shift to a more networked risk‐based regulatory regime affects the trade‐offs and dominant accountability frames within the network. The results of this study indicate that a reliance on market‐based accountability mechanisms, along with the lack of a fully implemented process‐oriented regulatory regime, led to the largest oil spill inUShistory.
(In)equality in Education and Economic Development
Authors: Sauer Petra , Zagler Martin
Published: September 2014

This paper investigates the relationship between the level and the distribution of education and economic development. We contribute to the literature by introducing an interaction term between the education Gini coefficient and average years of schooling. In a dynamic panel over 55 years and 134 countries we provide, on the one hand, strong evidence that more schooling is good for growth, but the coefficient is variable and substantially declining in the degree of inequality. The aggregate benefit to education thus depends on a country's position in the education distribution. On the other hand, we find a slight transitional increase in education inequality to be beneficial at a very low average level of schooling, but detrimental for growth at a relatively high average level. Allowing for the macroeconomic return to education to be heterogeneous with respect to the degree of inequality is therefore paramount in understanding the relationship between education and development.
Changes in the Patterns of Poverty Duration in Germany, 1992–2009
Authors: Kyzyma Iryna
Published: September 2014

Using data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel, this study explores how the duration of poverty and its determinants evolved in Germany between the early 1990s and the late 2000s. To do this, we split the overall period of interest into a set of six‐year long rolling windows and use them to document changes in the incidence and length of poverty episodes over time. A joint modeling of poverty and non‐poverty spells controlling for unobserved heterogeneity is applied within each window in order to uncover how poverty experiences of individuals with different socio‐economic characteristics have evolved over time. The results indicate that poverty has become more persistent and recurrent in Germany since the beginning of the 1990s. Individuals living in households whose head is a citizen from a European Union country, or has general or vocational training, partially improved their situation over time whereas those over 55 years old, households with a disabled or uneducated head, and single parent households became more prone to poverty.
Seasonal controls on sediment transport and deposition in Lake Ohau, South Island, New Zealand: Implications for a high‐resolution Holocene palaeoclimate reconstruction
Authors: Roop Heidi A. , Dunbar Gavin B. , Levy Richard , Vandergoes Marcus J. , Forrest Alexander L. , Walker Sharon L. , Purdie Jennifer , Upton Phaedra , Whinney James
Published: September 2014

Laminated sediments in Lake Ohau, Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand, offer a potential high‐resolution climate record for the past 17 kyr. Such records are particularly important due to the relative paucity of detailed palaeoclimate data from the Southern Hemisphere mid‐latitudes. This paper presents outcomes of a study of the sedimentation processes of this temperate lake setting. Hydrometeorological, limnological and sedimentological data were collected over a 14 month period between 2011 and 2013. These data indicate that seasonality in the hydrometeorological system in combination with internal lake dynamics drives a distinct seasonal pattern of sediment dispersal and deposition on a basin‐wide scale. Sedimentary layers that accumulate proximal to the lake inflow at the northern end of the lake form in response to discrete inflow events throughout the year and display an event stratigraphy. In contrast, seasonal change in the lake system controls accumulation of light (winter) and dark (summer) laminations at the distal end of the lake, resulting in the preservation of varves. This study documents the key processes influencing sediment deposition throughout Lake Ohau and provides fundamental data for generating a high‐resolution palaeoclimate record from this temperate lake.
Characterization of swine leucocyte antigen alleles in a crossbred pig to be used in xenotransplant studies
Authors: Reyes L. M. , Blosser R. J. , Smith R. F. , Miner A. C. , Paris L. L. , Blankenship R. L. , Tector M. F. , Tector A. J.
Published: September 2014

We have characterized swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) classes I and II molecules of a domestic pig as a model for use in our xenotransplant program. Molecular characterization of the SLA classes I and II genes is critical to understanding the adaptive immune responses between swine and humans in the event of xenotransplantation. Seven swine leucocyte antigen genes (SLA‐1, SLA‐2, SLA‐3, DQB1, DRB1, DQA and DRA) were analyzed and 15 alleles were identified. A novel DRA*w04re01 is reported for this limited polymorphic class II gene. The heterozygous haplotypes, Hp‐32.0/35.0 and Hp‐0.13/0.23 were deduced for our IU‐pig model, for SLA classes I and II regions, respectively.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia attributed to an intrauterine contraceptive device
Authors: Khawandanah Mohamad O. , Weiss Susan M. , Cherry Mohamad A. , Maymani Hossein , Selby George B. , Aster Richard H. , George James N. , Holter Chakrabarty Jennifer L.
Published: September 2014

Background

Evans syndrome is a rare condition manifested by combined autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and thrombocytopenia or neutropenia. It is often associated with other autoimmune disorders, immunodeficiencies, and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Case Report

We describe a patient with Evans syndrome that may have been related to exposure to a polyethylene‐based intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD). A 26‐year‐old white female presented with severe, symptomatic AIHA and subsequently developed severe thrombocytopenia. She had a refractory course resistant to multiple treatments including corticosteroids, intravenous immune globulin, rituximab, splenectomy, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, eculizumab, and plasma exchange. It was then noticed that her serum autoantibody agglutinated red blood cells (RBCs) in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) but not in the absence of PEG nor when an alternative agglutination enhancing technique, low‐ionic‐strength solution, was used. Therefore, her polyethylene‐containing IUD, which was a polyethylene frame with a levonorgestrel‐releasing device, was removed. Norgestrel‐dependent, platelet (PLT)‐reactive antibodies were not identified by either flow cytometry or in vivo in a NOD/SCID mouse. Testing for PEG‐dependent antibodies was not possible. Remission, with no requirement for RBC or PLT transfusions and return of her hemoglobin and PLT counts to normal, followed removal of the IUD.

Conclusion

The patient's recovery after removal of the IUD and the PEG dependence of RBC agglutination suggested a possibility that the IUD may have been a contributing factor to the etiology of Evans syndrome in this patient.
Multicentric epitheliotropic T‐cell lymphoma in an African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)
Authors: Chung Tae‐Ho , Kim Hyo‐Jin , Choi Ul‐Soo
Published: September 2014

A 2‐year‐old female African hedgehog was presented with a 5‐month history of pruritus, and diffuse spine and hair loss. A dermatologic examination revealed erythema, excoriation, scales, and crusting affecting the face, flanks, forelimbs, hindlimbs, and dorsal and ventral abdomen. Fine‐needle aspiration was performed and skin biopsies were taken from several lesions for cytologic and histologic evaluation. The aspirates yielded smears characterized by a monomorphic population of medium‐sized to large lymphocytes with scant to moderate amounts of clear to moderately basophilic cytoplasm and distinct nucleoli along with a low number of cytoplasmic fragments. On histopathologic examination, there were dense dermal lymphoid infiltrates invading the dermis and a monomorphic population of round cells that had infiltrated the overlying epidermis. Epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma was diagnosed based on morphologic features. Additional immunochemical analysis using anti‐CD3 and anti‐CD79a antibodies revealed strongCD3 expression by the tumor cells, which confirmed epitheliotropic cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. This is the first description of a multicentric pattern of epitheliotropic cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma in an African hedgehog.
Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in captive black‐footed penguins (Spheniscus dermersus)
Authors: Gonzalez‐Alonso‐Alegre Elisa M. , Martinez‐Nevado Eva , Caro‐Vadillo Alicia , Rodriguez‐Alvaro Alfonso
Published: September 2014

Objective

To determine the central corneal thickness (CCT) by ultrasonic pachymetry and the effect of these values on the measurements of intraocular pressures (IOP) with rebound tonometry (TonoVet®) in a captive flock of black‐footed penguins (Spheniscus dermersus). Variations inCCTby age and weight, and variations inIOPby age were compared.

Animal studied

Both eyes of 18 clinically normal black‐footed penguins (Spheniscus dermersus) were used.

Procedure

TheIOPwas measured by theTonoVet®in both eyes of all the penguins.CTTmeasurements were performed 5 min later in all eyes using an ultrasound pachymeter.

Results

The meanIOPvalues ± SDwere 31.77 ± 3.3 mm Hg (range of mean value: 24–38). The meanCCTvalues were 384.08 ± 30.9 μm (range of mean value: 319–454). There was no correlation betweenIOPandCCTvalues (P = 0.125). There was no difference inCCTmeasurements by age (P = 0.122) or weight (P = 0.779). A correlation was observed (P = 0.032) betweenIOPvalues and age. The coefficient of correlation was negative (ρ = −0.207).

Conclusions

Ultrasound pachymetry has shown to be a reliable and easy technique to measureCCTin penguins. No correlation was observed betweenIOPandCCTvalues in this study.IOPshowed a significant but weak decrease as age increased in the black‐footed penguin.
The eye of the red‐eared slider turtle: morphologic observations and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests
Authors: Somma André T. , Lima Leandro , Lange Rogério R. , Turner‐Giannico Amália , Montiani‐Ferreira Fabiano
Published: September 2014

Purpose

To perform a descriptive investigation of the red‐eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) eye, performing selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests with the aim of establishing normal reference values for this species.

Method

Thirty adult healthy red‐eared slider turtles were used to establish normal ophthalmic test values in this investigation. Selected ophthalmic tests included: collection of material for bacterial culture analysis, esthesiometry, intraocular pressure (IOP), A‐ and B‐mode ultrasonic biometry, fundus photography, and central corneal thickness (CCT).

Results and discussion

Normal parameters found for the ocular diagnostic tests were: esthesiometry: 5.84 ± 0.48 cm; IOP: 5.42 ± 1.70 mmHg; CCT: 154.5 ± 0.14 μm; palpebral fissure length: 9.71 ± 0.55 mm; modified Schirmer tear test: 2.55 ± 3.4 mm; globe axial length: 7.60 ± 0.23 mm; anterior chamber depth: 0.76 ± 0.23 mm; lens axial length: 2.45 ± 0.28 mm; vitreous chamber depth: 4.31 ± 0.42 mm. An avascular retinal pattern with nerve fibers radiating from the small white circular optic disk was observed. None of the animals had a conus papillaris. The most frequent bacteria found were Bacillus spp. (33.33%) followed by Proteus vulgaris (20.69%) and Staphylococcus aureus (18.39%). No significant differences between left and right eyes or genders were found for any of the results. Reference data and morphologic observations obtained in this investigation might help veterinary ophthalmologists to diagnose ocular diseases in the red‐eared slider turtle.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—USE OF RADIOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF A MINERALIZED YOLK SAC IN A BROWN KIWI (APTERYX MANTELLI)
Authors: Wightman Paul , Cohen Eli B. , Hunter Stuart , Gartrell Brett
Published: September 2014

A 12‐day‐old Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) was presented with anorexia, torticollis, head‐tilt, and coelomic distension. Radiographs showed an ill‐defined, fat‐opaque, coelomic mass displacing viscera craniodorsally. Curvilinear mineral opacities were superimposed over the ventral aspect of the mass. Computed tomography demonstrated the presence of mineral within the periphery of a fat attenuating mass consistent with a retained yolk sac. A deutectomy (yolk sac excision) was performed. Histopathology of the excised tissue confirmed the diagnosis of a retained yolk sac with multifocal mineralization.
Leveraging Shared Governance Councils to Advance Evidence‐Based Practice: The EBP Council Journey
Authors: Gallagher‐Ford Lynn
Published: September 2014

This column shares the best evidence‐based strategies and innovative ideas on how to facilitate the implementing of EBP principles and processes by clinicians as well as nursing and interprofessional students. Guidelines for submission are available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1741‐6787.
Experimental Characterization of Various Cold Aisle Containment Configurations for Data Centers
Authors: Sundaralingam Vikneshan , Arghode Vaibhav K. , Joshi Yogendra , Phelps Wally
Published: September 2014

The data center industry has experienced significant growth over the last decade, mainly due to the increased use of the internet for our day to day activities such as e-commerce, social media, video streaming, and healthcare. This growth in demand results in higher energy costs, as data centers can be energy intensive facilities. A significant portion of the energy used in data centers is for cooling purposes. Hence, it is one of the important areas of optimization to be addressed to create more efficient data centers. Among the many ways to increase data center efficiencies, air flow management is a key solution to many existing data centers. Fundamentally, there are three main schemes: hot-aisle containment, cold-aisle containment, and exhaust chimney containment. This paper's focus is to experimentally characterize the following cold aisle configurations: open aisle, partially contained aisle, and fully contained aisles. Experimental data presented to evaluate the effectiveness of the different configurations are rack inlet contour plots, tile and rack flow rates, pressure measurements, and server central processing unit (CPU) temperatures.
Binary Range-Rate Measurements and Homing Guidance
Authors: Oyler Dave W. , Kabamba Pierre T. , Girard Anouck R.
Published: September 2014

This paper considers the problem of planar homing guidance for a vehicle traveling to a beacon with unknown location and using a measurement of binary range-rate. The fundamental nature of binary range-rate is studied, and a guidance law requiring only this measurement is presented. Another guidance law utilizing both binary range-rate and heading angle is also presented, and stability is addressed. This guidance law consists of separated control and observation, and it does not require finding the closest points of approach for multiple headings. This guidance law's response to measurement corruption and observer gain is studied. Characteristics of good initial estimates are given, and an exploration method is presented that provides good initial estimates and leads to improved response. This approach provides a method of low-cost, autonomous homing guidance that utilizes a single, omnidirectional receiver to guide a vehicle to a single, omnidirectional transmitting beacon.
Toward Metamodels for Composable and Reusable Additive Manufacturing Process Models
Authors: Witherell Paul , Feng Shaw , Simpson Timothy W. , Saint John David B. , Michaleris Pan , Liu Zi-Kui , Chen Long-Qing , Martukanitz Rich
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we advocate for a more harmonized approach to model development for additive manufacturing (AM) processes, through classification and metamodeling that will support AM process model composability, reusability, and integration. We review several types of AM process models and use the direct metal powder bed fusion AM process to provide illustrative examples of the proposed classification and metamodel approach. We describe how a coordinated approach can be used to extend modeling capabilities by promoting model composability. As part of future work, a framework is envisioned to realize a more coherent strategy for model development and deployment.
Three-Dimensional Temperature Gradient Mechanism in Selective Laser Melting of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Fu C. H. , Guo Y. B.
Published: September 2014

Selective laser melting (SLM) is widely used in making three-dimensional functional parts layer by layer. Temperature magnitude and history during SLM directly determine the molten pool dimensions and surface integrity. However, due to the transient nature and small size of the molten pool, the temperature gradient and the molten pool size are challenging to measure and control. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulation model has been developed to simulate multilayer deposition of Ti-6Al-4 V in SLM. A physics-based layer buildup approach coupled with a surface moving heat flux was incorporated into the modeling process. The melting pool shape and dimensions were predicted and experimentally validated. Temperature gradient and thermal history in the multilayer buildup process was also obtained. Furthermore, the influences of process parameters and materials on the melting process were evaluated.
On the Optimization of a Geared Fan Intercooled Core Engine Design
Authors: Kyprianidis Konstantinos G. , Rolt Andrew M.
Published: September 2014

Reduction of CO2 emissions is strongly linked with the improvement of engine specific fuel consumption (SFC), as well as the reduction of engine nacelle drag and weight. One alternative design approach to improving SFC is to consider a geared fan combined with an increased overall pressure ratio (OPR) intercooled core performance cycle. Thermal benefits from intercooling have been well documented in the literature. Nevertheless, there is little information available in the public domain with respect to design space exploration of such an engine concept when combined with a geared fan. The present work uses a multidisciplinary conceptual design tool to further analyze the option of an intercooled core geared fan aero engine for long haul applications with a 2020 entry into service technology level assumption. The proposed design methodology is capable, with the utilized tool, of exploring the interaction of design criteria and providing critical design insight at engine–aircraft system level. Previous work by the authors focused on understanding the design space for this particular configuration with minimum SFC, engine weight, and mission fuel in mind. This was achieved by means of a parametric analysis, varying several engine design parameters—but only one at a time. The present work attempts to identify “globally” fuel burn optimal values for a set of engine design parameters by varying them all simultaneously. This permits the nonlinear interactions between the parameters to be accounted for. Special attention has been given to the fuel burn impact of the reduced high pressure compressor (HPC) efficiency levels associated with low last stage blade heights. Three fuel optimal designs are considered, based on different assumptions. The results indicate that it is preferable to trade OPR and pressure ratio split exponent, rather than specific thrust, as means of increasing blade height and hence reducing the associated fuel consumption penalties. It is interesting to note that even when considering the effect of HPC last stage blade height on efficiency there is still an equivalently good design at a reduced OPR. This provides evidence that the overall economic optimum could be for a lower OPR cycle. Customer requirements such as take-off distance and time to height play a very important role in determining a fuel optimal engine design. Tougher customer requirements result in bigger and heavier engines that burn more fuel. Higher OPR intercooled engine cycles clearly become more attractive in aircraft applications that require larger engine sizes.
Uncertainty Quantification, Rare Events, and Mission Optimization: Stochastic Variations of Metal Temperature During a Transient
Authors: Montomoli F. , Amirante D. , Hills N. , Shahpar S. , Massini M.
Published: September 2014

Gas turbines are designed to follow specific missions and the metal temperature is usually predicted with deterministic methods. However, in the real life, the mission is subjected to strong variations which can affect the thermal response of the components. This paper presents a stochastic analysis of the metal temperature variations during a gas turbine transient. A Monte Carlo method (MCM) with meta-model is used to evaluate the probability distribution of the stator disk temperature. The MCM is applied to a series of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a stator well, whose geometry is modified according to the deformations predicted during the engine cycle by a coupled thermomechanical analysis of the metal components. It is shown that even considering a narrow band for the stochastic output, ±σ, the transient thermal gradients can be up to two orders of magnitude greater than those obtained with a standard deterministic analysis. Moreover, a small variation in the tail of the input probability density function (PDF), a rare event, can have serious consequences on the uncertainty level of the temperature. Rare events although inevitable they are not usually considered during the design phase. In this paper, it is shown for the first time that is possible to mitigate their effect, minimizing the maximum standard deviation induced by the tail of the input PDF. The mission optimization reduces the maximum standard deviation by 15% and the mean standard deviation of about 12%. The maximum thermal gradients are also reduced by 10%, although this was not the parameter used as the goal in the optimization study.
Rheological studies of thermotropic phase transitions in cationic vesicle suspensions: Instantaneous “jamming” and aging behavior
Authors: Seth Mansi , Gary Leal L.
Published: September 2014

Cationic double-tailed surfactants exhibit a rich thermotropic phase behavior. Here, we examine the effect of thermal gradients and processing history on the rheology and microstructure of concentrated multilamellar vesicle (MLV) suspensions made from a double-tailed cationic surfactant (diC18:0 DEEDMAC), whose bilayers are in the crystalline (solid) state at room temperature. The rheological properties of the MLV suspensions are found to be strongly dependent on the thermal behavior of the constituent bilayer with the visco-elastic moduli exhibiting a nonmonotonic variation with temperature, initially increasing by 1–2 orders of magnitude at an intermediate temperature, before rapidly decreasing at higher temperatures. Furthermore, when subject to a contraction flow through an extruder, above the main phase transition temperature of the bilayers, the suspensions instantaneously transform into a “jammed,” glassy-state at the extruder outlet. The glassy dispersions behave like stiff gel-like materials, having visco-elastic moduli that are several orders of magnitude higher than their unextruded counterparts. We probe mechanisms leading to the formation and subsequent aging of the jammed suspensions and show that the microstructural evolution of the extruded “gels” on aging is qualitatively different from that of the unextruded suspensions.
Shear thickening, frictionless and frictional rheologies in non-Brownian suspensions
Authors: Mari Romain , Seto Ryohei , Morris Jeffrey F. , Denn Morton M.
Published: September 2014

Particles suspended in a Newtonian fluid raise the viscosity and also generally give rise to a shear-rate dependent rheology. In particular, pronounced shear thickening may be observed at large solid volume fractions. In a recent article [R. Seto et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 218301 (2013)], we have considered the minimum set of components to reproduce the experimentally observed shear thickening behavior, including discontinuous shear thickening. We have found frictional contact forces to be essential and were able to reproduce the experimental behavior by a simulation including this physical ingredient along with viscous lubrication. In the present article, we thoroughly investigate the effect of friction and express it in the framework of the jamming transition. The viscosity divergence at the jamming transition has been a well known phenomenon in suspension rheology, as reflected in many empirical laws for the viscosity. Friction can affect this divergence, and in particular the jamming packing fraction is reduced if particles are frictional. Within the physical description proposed here, shear thickening is a direct consequence of this effect: As the shear rate increases, friction is increasingly incorporated as more contacts form, leading to a transition from a mostly frictionless to a mostly frictional rheology. This result is significant because it shifts the emphasis from lubrication hydrodynamics and detailed microscopic interactions to geometry and steric constraints close to the jamming transition.
Physical Educators’ Beliefs and Self-Reported Behaviors Toward Including Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Beamer Jennifer A. , Yun Joonkoo
Published: September 2014

With an increase in the presence of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the general physical education (GPE) classroom, understanding the current state of GPE teachers’ beliefs and behaviors for including these students is warranted. The current study aimed to examine the beliefs and self-reported behaviors of GPE teachers’ inclusion of students with ASD. In addition, the study examined potential factors affecting their inclusion behaviors. Using a national stratified random sample, participants were 142 current GPE teachers who submitted surveys anonymously online. Results from a regression analysis indicate that teachers’ experience, graduate coursework in adapted physical education (APE), and perceptions of strength in undergraduate training in APE significantly predicted their self-reported behavior for including students with ASD. Although the participant response rate is considerably low, this study provides some support toward the importance of teacher education programs for inclusion training.
Antibiotic effectiveness: Balancing conservation against innovation
Authors: Laxminarayan Ramanan
Published: September 2014

Antibiotic effectiveness is a natural societal resource that is diminished by antibiotic use. As with other such assets, keeping it available requires both conservation and innovation. Conservation encompasses making the best use of current antibiotic effectiveness by reducing demand through vaccination, infection control, diagnostics, public education, incentives for clinicians to prescribe fewer antibiotics, and restrictions on access to newer, last-resort antibiotics. Innovation includes improving the efficacy of current drugs and replenishing effectiveness by developing new drugs. In this paper, I assess the relative benefits and costs of these two approaches to maintaining our ability to treat infections.
Chaotic dynamics of stellar spin in binaries and the production of misaligned hot Jupiters
Authors: Storch Natalia I. , Anderson Kassandra R. , Lai Dong
Published: September 2014

Orbits don't forget their chaotic pasts

Many exoplanets orbit in planes that don't correspond to their star's spin axis. This phenomenon may be the fossil record of a dynamical history. Storch
et al.
demonstrate in simulations that the evolution of a star's spin is key in determining how its planets' orbits are eventually oriented. A binary companion body can drive a hot Jupiter to migrate inward, which induces chaotic behavior in the stellar spin axis and feedback down the line. If we can accurately replicate the statistics observed in planetary surveys, we may understand better how planets form.

Science
, this issue p.
1317
Strong, lightweight, and recoverable three-dimensional ceramic nanolattices
Authors: Meza Lucas R. , Das Satyajit , Greer Julia R.
Published: September 2014

Compressive, ductile ceramic nanolattices

Ceramics are strong and stiff, but their limited ability to stretch like putty or steels makes them unsuitable for many engineering applications. Meza
et al.
constructed ceramic nanolattices from aluminum oxide, in which the beams are designed to stretch rather than bend. A key parameter in lattice design is the ratio of the wall thickness to the beam radius. When that ratio is small enough, compressing the beams does not break them. That way, the nanolattices can be highly compressed and recover to something close to their original shape when the stress is removed.

Science
, this issue p.
1322
Virus sharing, genetic sequencing, and global health security
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O. , Phelan Alexandra , Stoto Michael A. , Kraemer John D. , Reddy K. Srinath
Published: September 2014

This Perspective focuses on the future of the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework, which was initially established to promote the fair sharing of public health–related pandemic influenza samples between countries. We examine the changes that need to be made to address the growing likelihood that genetic sequence data might be shared instead of physical virus samples, as well as the need to expand the PIP framework’s scope and to improve its fairness.
Diamond dynamics under control
Authors: Childress Lilian
Published: September 2014

Ultrafast spectroscopy is used to control and manipulate quantum states in diamond

[Also see Report by

Bassett
et al.

]
Microbes ride the current
Authors: Giovannoni Stephen , Nemergut Diana
Published: September 2014

Biogeographical diversity in bacterial populations can arise without need for natural selection

[Also see Report by

Hellweger
et al.

]
Ebola vaccines racing forward at record pace
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: September 2014

Rushing them into widespread use without large-scale trials raises hopes and concerns.
Secession vote rocks science
Authors: Clery Daniel
Published: September 2014

Vying camps make bold claims about sovereignty as a blessing—or a curse—for science.
Giant dinosaur was a terror of Cretaceous waterways
Authors: Balter Michael
Published: September 2014

Fossils offer first evidence that some dinosaurs could swim.
What works
Authors: Jasny Barbara , Roberts Leslie , Enserink Martin , Smith Orla
Published: September 2014

Existing tools can deliver big payoffs
A hard look at global health measures
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: September 2014

Researchers seek convincing evidence that large-scale projects save lives.
Hats off to Vietnam's helmet law
Authors: Enserink Martin
Published: September 2014

Study shows that traffic laws, combined with advocacy, can save lives.
Hard cash boosts child health in South Africa
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: September 2014

A rigorous study shows that giving poor South African families a little extra money for each of their children improves their health and education.
China tries to kick its salt habit
Authors: Hvistendahl Mara
Published: September 2014

A country with one of the world's saltiest cuisines confronts its hypertension problem.
Bringing in the Agent of Your Own Destruction
Authors: Hurtley Stella M.
Published: September 2014

A serum protein that tags along when pathogens enter cells triggers an immune reaction to them.
An Irresistible Combination
Authors: Nusinovich Yevgeniya
Published: September 2014

A large-scale RNA interference screen reveals a new mechanism of imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia that can be therapeutically targeted.
In Vitro
Combination of Voriconazole and Miltefosine against Clinically Relevant Molds
Authors: Imbert S. , Palous M. , Meyer I. , Dannaoui E. , Mazier D. , Datry A. , Fekkar A.
Published: September 2014

Invasive infections caused by filamentous fungi are a major threat for immunocompromised patients. Innate/acquired resistance to antifungal drugs might necessitate combination therapies. We assessed the potential combination of voriconazole with miltefosine, an original drug with antifungal activity against 33 clinically relevant mold isolates, including both azole-susceptible and -resistant
Aspergillus
. Using complete inhibition as an endpoint, interactions were indifferent for 32/33 isolates. An alternative 50% inhibition endpoint showed synergistic interactions for 14/33 isolates. Antagonism was absent.
Characterization and Epitope Mapping of the Polyclonal Antibody Repertoire Elicited by Ricin Holotoxin-Based Vaccination
Authors: Cohen Ofer , Mechaly Adva , Sabo Tamar , Alcalay Ron , Aloni-Grinstein Ronit , Seliger Nehama , Kronman Chanoch , Mazor Ohad
Published: September 2014

Ricin, one of the most potent and lethal toxins known, is classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a select agent. Currently, there is no available antidote against ricin exposure, and the most promising therapy is based on neutralizing antibodies elicited by active vaccination or that are given passively. The aim of this study was to characterize the repertoire of anti-ricin antibodies generated in rabbits immunized with ricin toxoid. These anti-ricin antibodies exhibit an exceptionally high avidity (thiocyanate-based avidity index, 9 M) toward ricin and an apparent affinity of 1 nM. Utilizing a novel tissue culture-based assay that enables the determination of ricin activity within a short time period, we found that the anti-ricin antibodies also possess a very high neutralizing titer. In line with these findings, these antibodies conferred mice with full protection against pulmonary ricinosis when administered as a passive vaccination. Epitope mapping analysis using phage display random peptide libraries revealed that the polyclonal serum contains four immunodominant epitopes, three of which are located on the A subunit and one on the B subunit of ricin. Only two of the four epitopes were found to have a significant role in ricin neutralization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that characterizes these immunological aspects of the polyclonal response to ricin holotoxin-based vaccination. These findings provide useful information and a possible strategy for the development and design of an improved ricin holotoxin-based vaccine.
Adeno-Associated Virus 9-Mediated Airway Expression of Antibody Protects Old and Immunodeficient Mice against Influenza Virus
Authors: Adam Virginie S. , Crosariol Marco , Kumar Sachin , Ge Moyar Q. , Czack Sarah E. , Roy Soumitra , Haczku Angela , Tretiakova Anna , Wilson James M. , Limberis Maria P.
Published: September 2014

Influenza causes serious and sometimes fatal disease in individuals at risk due to advanced age or immunodeficiencies. Despite progress in the development of seasonal influenza vaccines, vaccine efficacy in elderly and immunocompromised individuals remains low. We recently developed a passive immunization strategy using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector to deliver a neutralizing anti-influenza antibody at the site of infection, the nasal airways. Here we show that young, old, and immunodeficient (severe combined immunodeficient [SCID]) mice that were treated intranasally with AAV9 vector expressing a modified version of the broadly neutralizing anti-influenza antibody FI6 were protected and exhibited no signs of disease following an intranasal challenge with the mouse-adapted H1N1 influenza strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1) (PR8) (Mt. Sinai strain). Nonvaccinated mice succumbed to the PR8 challenge due to severe weight loss. We propose that airway-directed AAV9 passive immunization against airborne infectious agents may be beneficial in elderly and immunocompromised patients, for whom there still exists an unmet need for effective vaccination against influenza.
Haemophilus ducreyi RpoE and CpxRA Appear To Play Distinct yet Complementary Roles in Regulation of Envelope-Related Functions
Authors: Gangaiah Dharanesh , Zhang Xinjun , Baker Beth , Fortney Kate R. , Liu Yunlong , Munson Robert S. , Spinola Stanley M.
Published: September 2014

Haemophilus ducreyi
causes the sexually transmitted disease chancroid and a chronic limb ulceration syndrome in children. In humans,
H. ducreyi
is found in an abscess and overcomes a hostile environment to establish infection. To sense and respond to membrane stress, bacteria utilize two-component systems (TCSs) and extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors. We previously showed that activation of CpxRA, the only intact TCS in
H. ducreyi
, does not regulate homologues of envelope protein folding factors but does downregulate genes encoding envelope-localized proteins, including many virulence determinants.
H. ducreyi
also harbors a homologue of RpoE, which is the only ECF sigma factor in the organism. To potentially understand how
H. ducreyi
responds to membrane stress, here we defined RpoE-dependent genes using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). We identified 180 RpoE-dependent genes, of which 98% were upregulated; a major set of these genes encodes homologues of envelope maintenance and repair factors. We also identified and validated a putative RpoE promoter consensus sequence, which was enriched in the majority of RpoE-dependent targets. Comparison of RpoE-dependent genes to those controlled by CpxR showed that each transcription factor regulated a distinct set of genes. Given that RpoE activated a large number of genes encoding envelope maintenance and repair factors and that CpxRA represses genes encoding envelope-localized proteins, these data suggest that RpoE and CpxRA appear to play distinct yet complementary roles in regulating envelope homeostasis in
H. ducreyi
.
Similar Frequencies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Producing KPC and VIM Carbapenemases in Diverse Genetic Clones at Tertiary-Care Hospitals in Medellín, Colombia
Authors: Vanegas Johanna M. , Cienfuegos Astrid V. , Ocampo Ana M. , López Lucelly , del Corral Helena , Roncancio Gustavo , Sierra Patricia , Echeverri-Toro Lina , Ospina Sigifredo , Maldonado Natalia , Robledo Carlos , Restrepo Andrea , Jiménez J. Natalia
Published: September 2014

Carbapenem-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
has become a serious health threat worldwide due to the limited options available for its treatment. Understanding its epidemiology contributes to the control of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and molecular characteristics of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant
P. aeruginosa
isolates in five tertiary-care hospitals in Medellín, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in five tertiary-care hospitals from June 2012 to March 2014. All hospitalized patients infected by carbapenem-resistant
P. aeruginosa
were included. Clinical information was obtained from medical records. Molecular analyses included PCR for detection of
bla
VIM
,
bla
IMP
,
bla
NDM
,
bla
OXA-48
, and
bla
KPC
genes plus pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for molecular typing. A total of 235 patients were enrolled: 91.1% of them were adults (
n
= 214), 88.1% (
n
= 207) had prior antibiotic use, and 14.9% (
n
= 35) had urinary tract infections. The
bla
VIM-2
and
bla
KPC-2
genes were detected in 13.6% (
n
= 32) and 11.5% (
n
= 27), respectively, of all isolates. Two isolates harbored both genes simultaneously. For KPC-producing isolates, PFGE revealed closely related strains within each hospital, and sequence types (STs) ST362 and ST235 and two new STs were found by MLST. With PFGE, VIM-producing isolates appeared highly diverse, and MLST revealed ST111 in four hospitals and five new STs. These results show that KPC-producing
P. aeruginosa
is currently disseminating rapidly and occurring at a frequency similar to that of VIM-producing
P. aeruginosa
isolates (approximately 1:1 ratio) in Medellín, Colombia. Diverse genetic backgrounds among resistant strains suggest an excessive antibiotic pressure resulting in the selection of resistant strains.
Clinical Evaluation of a GP5+/6+-Based Luminex Assay Having Full High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Capability and an Internal Control
Authors: Geraets D. T. , Cuschieri K. , de Koning M. N. C. , van Doorn L. J. , Snijders P. J. F. , Meijer C. J. L. M. , Quint W. G. V. , Arbyn M.
Published: September 2014

The LMNX genotyping kit HPV GP (LMNX) is based on the clinically validated GP5+/6+ PCR, with a genotyping readout as an alternative for the more established enzyme immunoassay (EIA) detection of 14 targeted high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. LMNX is additionally provided with an internal control probe. Here, we present an analysis of the clinical performance of the LMNX using a sample panel and infrastructure provided by the international VALGENT (Validation of Genotyping Tests) project. This panel consisted of cervical specimens from approximately 1,000 women attending routine screening, “enriched” with 300 women with abnormal cytology. Cases were defined as women classified with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2+ (CIN2+) (
n
= 102) or CIN3+ (
n
= 55) within the previous 18 months. Controls were women who had normal cytology results over two subsequent screening rounds at a 3-year interval (
n
= 746). The GP5+/6+-PCR EIA (EIA) was used as a comparator assay and showed sensitivities of 94.1% and 98.2% for CIN2+ and CIN3+, respectively, with a clinical specificity of 92.4% among women aged ≥30 years. The LMNX demonstrated clinical sensitivities of 96.1% for CIN2+ and of 98.2% for CIN3+ and a clinical specificity of 92.6% for women aged ≥30 years. The LMNX and EIA were in high agreement (Cohen's kappa = 0.969) for the detection of 14 hrHPVs in aggregate, and no significant difference was observed (McNemar's
P
= 0.629). The LMNX internal control detected 0.6% inadequate specimens. Based on our study results, we consider the LMNX, similarly to the EIA, useful for HPV-based cervical cancer screening.
Comparison of a Semiautomated Commercial Repetitive-Sequence-Based PCR Method with Spoligotyping, 24-Locus Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive-Unit–Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Typing, and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism-Based Analysis of IS
6110
for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Typing
Authors: Brossier F. , Sola C. , Millot G. , Jarlier V. , Veziris N. , Sougakoff W.
Published: September 2014

Fifty-two multidrug-resistant isolates of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
representative of the currently predominant lineages in France were analyzed using repetitive-sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) DiversiLab (DL), spoligotyping, 24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit–variable-number tandem-repeat typing (MIRU-VNTR), and restriction fragment length polymorphism of IS
6110
(IS
6110
-RFLP). DL, as opposed to MIRU-VNTR and IS
6110
-RFLP analysis, did not allow discrimination among half of the isolates, an indication of comparatively lower resolving power.