bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Genetic Tests among Neurologists and Psychiatrists: Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviors, and Needs for Training
Authors: Salm Melissa , Abbate Kristopher , Appelbaum Paul , Ottman Ruth , Chung Wendy , Marder Karen , Leu Cheng‐Shiun , Alcalay Roy , Goldman Jill , Curtis Alexander Malik , Leech Christopher , Taber Katherine Johansen , Klitzman Robert
Published: June 2013

This study explores neurologists’ and psychiatrists’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning genetic tests. Psychiatrists (n = 5,316) and neurologists (n = 2,167) on the American Medical Association master list who had agreed to receive surveys were sent an email link to a survey about their attitudes and practices regarding genetic testing; 372 psychiatrists and 163 neurologists responded. A higher proportion of neurologists (74 %) than psychiatrists (14 %) who responded to the survey had ordered genetic testing in the past 6 months. Overall, most respondents thought that genetic tests should be performed more frequently, but almost half believed genetic tests could harm patients psychologically and considered legal protections inadequate. Almost half of neurologists (49 %) and over 75 % of psychiatrists did not have a genetics professional to whom to refer patients; those who had ordered genetic tests were more likely than those who did not do so to have access to a genetic counselor. Of respondents, 10 % had received patient requests not to document genetic information and 15 % had received inquiries about direct‐to‐consumer genetic testing. Neurologists reported themselves to be relatively more experienced and knowledgeable about genetics than psychiatrists. These data, the first to examine several important issues concerning knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of neurologists and psychiatrists regarding genetic tests, have important implications for future practice, research, and education.
Drug trajectories among youth undergoing treatment: The influence of psychological problems and delinquency
Authors: Brunelle Natacha , Bertrand Karine , Beaudoin Isabelle , Ledoux Cinthia , Gendron Annie , Arseneault Catherine
Published: June 2013

Previous research has documented associations of addiction with delinquency and psychological problems. However, few studies have evaluated their influence on adolescent's drug use trajectories. The current study aims to examine the influence of these factors on the recovery trajectories of 199 youths aged 15.6 years on average admitted to inpatient and outpatient addiction treatment centers, followed up three and six months later. Results indicate that youth who show higher severity of drug abuse exhibit greater improvement than youth with a lower severity of drug abuse at the onset of treatment. Although psychological problems were associated with baseline drug use, they did not influence drug use trajectory over time. Only delinquency influenced the recovery trajectories of these youth. Results suggest that a high level of delinquency can have a significant effect on the drug recovery process of adolescents and that interventions should attempt to reduce both drug use and delinquency.
Selective control of SNARE recycling by Golgi retention
Authors: Fukasawa Masayoshi , Cornea Anda , Varlamov Oleg
Published: June 2013

Two distinct sets of soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) catalyze membrane fusion in the cis‐Golgi and trans‐Golgi. The mechanism that controls Golgi localization of SNAREs remains largely unknown. Here we tested three potential mechanisms, including vesicle recycling between the Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum, partitioning in Golgi lipid microdomains, and selective intra‐Golgi retention. Recycling rates showed a linear relationship with intra‐Golgi mobility of SNAREs. The cis‐Golgi SNAREs had higher mobility than intra‐Golgi SNAREs, whereas vesicle SNAREs had higher mobility than target membrane SNAREs. The differences in SNARE mobility were not due to preferential partitioning into detergent‐resistant membrane microdomains. We propose that intra‐Golgi retention precludes entropy‐driven redistribution of SNAREs to the endoplasmic reticulum and endocytic compartments.
Considerations for Initiating and Progressing Running Programs in Obese Individuals
Authors: Vincent Heather K. , Vincent Kevin R.
Published: June 2013

Running has rapidly increased in popularity and elicits numerous health benefits, including weight loss. At present, no practical guidelines are available for obese persons who wish to start a running program. This article is a narrative review of the emerging evidence of the musculoskeletal factors to consider in obese patients who wish to initiate a running program and increase its intensity. Main program goals should include gradual weight loss, avoidance of injury, and enjoyment of the exercise. Pre‐emptive strengthening exercises can improve the strength of the foot and ankle, hip abductor, quadriceps, and trunk to help support the joints bearing the loads before starting a running program. Depending on the presence of comorbid joint pain, nonimpact exercise or walking (on a flat surface, on an incline, and at high intensity) can be used to initiate the program. For progression to running, intensity or mileage increases should be slow and consistent to prevent musculoskeletal injury. A stepwise transition to running at a rate not exceeding 5%‐10% of weekly mileage or duration is reasonable for this population. Intermittent walk‐jog programs are also attractive for persons who are not able to sustain running for a long period. Musculoskeletal pain should neither carry over to the next day nor be increased the day after exercising. Rest days in between running sessions may help prevent overuse injury. Patients who have undergone bariatric surgery and are now lean can also run, but special foci such as hydration and energy replacement must be considered. In summary, obese persons can run for exercise, provided they follow conservative transitions and progression, schedule rest days, and heed onset of pain symptoms.
Learning and Soft Outcomes: Evidence from Intensive Intervention Projects
Authors: Batty Elaine
Published: June 2013

Over the last decade there has been a clear focus on tackling disadvantage and transforming lives. A plethora of programmes such as Family Intervention Projects, Think Families Pathfinders and Intensive Intervention Projects have focussed on families meeting centrally determined quantifiable outcomes and have used this as a factor to judge the success or otherwise of intervention programmes. However, little attention, or indeed value, has been given to the learning that young people experience throughout the intervention period. The article argues that learning is a crucial component of intervention projects. Qualitative evidence from a longitudinal study is used to explore young people's engagement with an Intensive Intervention Programme. Using individual experiences, evidence suggests that continuous learning during engagement with Intensive Intervention Projects can lead to soft outcomes which enable future positive change in the lives of individuals.
Family members' caregiving situations in palliative home care when sitting service is received: The understanding of multiple realities
Authors: Wallerstedt Birgitta , Andershed Birgitta , Benzein Eva
Published: June 2013

Objective:

To deepen the understanding of the variation of complexity in family members' caregiving situations, when the private home is the place for care, dying, and sitting service.

Methods:

Seven relatives to a deceased family member from four different families were interviewed twice. Data were analyzed by direct interpretation and categorical aggregation

Results:

Various patterns of becoming a caregiver were showed, but family members' willingness to become family caregivers was strongly related to fulfilling the dying persons' wishes to be cared for in their own homes. Important factors for coping with the caregiving situation were their needs of support, the possibility to prepare for death related to a need of communication and planning, the length and predictability of the illness trajectory, and experiences of losses and grief. Sitting service was experienced as supportive for family caregivers when they had possibility to hand over care responsibilities, but as non-supportive when expected help not was received.

Significance of the research:

Family members' experiences of caregiving and their degree of vulnerability must be different, depending on whether it is a self-selected position or an imposed task. In general, family members in this study were willing to participate in caregiving for end-of life care, but subject to their own conditions. One way to decrease vulnerability is to assess the resources and competence in relation to the responsibility the person is expected to assume. The support and other efforts to help family caregivers must be related to their specific needs and reality, not only to what the care organization can offer as a standard solution.
INSANITY AND PARRICIDE IN LATE IMPERIAL CHINA (EIGHTEENTH–TWENTIETH CENTURIES)
Authors: Gabbiani Luca
Published: June 2013

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the reasons for which insane individuals who had committed patricide were systematically sentenced to dismemberment (lingchi 凌遲) under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the most severe form of capital punishment that could be called for in the state's administrative and penal Code. This extreme harshness ran contrary to several “theoretical” foundations of Chinese traditional law, first and foremost the principle of criminal intent. Through the study of such criminal cases, and others legally affiliated to patricide, spanning the seventeenth to the early twentieth century, it underlines the importance of the relationship between a parent and his child, which was prominent in China's moral and cultural context at the time. It also stresses the role of political issues related to the legitimacy of the imperial state and to the upholding of the legality of its judicial process. Even though legal tools existed in the Qing Code, which would have allowed for a more lenient approach, and notwithstanding the Qing authorities' ongoing effort at defining specific legal procedures for insane homicides,lingchiwas systematically applied to insane patricides until the early twentieth century, when the far-reaching legal reforms implemented during the last years of the imperial regime progressively opened the way for the recognition of the legal irresponsibility of insane individuals.
DOMESTICATING IMPERIALISM: THE FASHIONING OF POLITICAL IDENTITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Authors: Philpott Simon
Published: June 2013

Upon arriving at Denpasar airport in June 2000, I was greeted by an Australian friend who had recently married a Balinese man. The latter, within moments of our meeting for the first time, challenged me about my having been a UN accredited observer of the independence plebiscite in East Timor some ten months earlier. His was an impassioned if, in my view, not terribly well informed view of the torturous relationship between the former Portuguese colony and the Jakarta-based Indonesian government. My interlocutor insisted that East Timor's future ought to have remained an entirely Indonesian matter and that foreign involvement simply demonstrated the determination of the international community to break up Indonesia. The discussion proceeded as we made our way across the airport car park, and became even more heated when I suggested that it was important not just to consider former President Habibie's motivations for offering a plebiscite but also the record of Suharto's government in laying the ground for an East Timorese departure. Perhaps rather tactlessly, I suggested to my new acquaintance that he reflect upon the dreadful human rights record of the Indonesian military in East Timor. If a response was what I was seeking, I certainly found one. Wayan flashed back at me that he knew with certainty tales of human rights abuses were a lie concocted by hostile countries because the East Timorese had made clear their wish to remain part of Indonesia. Upon further pressing, he argued that the fact East Timorese school children sang the same songs as children from all over the archipelago was evidence of their love for Indonesia and their desire to remain integrated. I was somewhat nonplussed with this turn in discussion and rather unsure as to how to proceed. Could he, I wondered, really believe something that seemed so palpably absurd?
Kognitive Flexibilität bei jugendlichen Patienten mit unipolaren Affektiven Störungen unter Berücksichtigung geschlechtsbezogener Unterschiede
Authors: Sarrar L. , Warschburger P. , Pfeiffer E. , Lehmkuhl U. , Schneider N.
Published: June 2013

Fragestellung: Verschiedene Studien verweisen auf Einschränkungen in der kognitiven Flexibilität bei Patienten mit Affektiven Störungen (AS). Derzeit herrscht jedoch ein Forschungsmangel hinsichtlich neuropsychologischer Untersuchungen bei jugendlichen Patienten mit AS sowie der Erforschung geschlechtsbezogener Unterschiede. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist daher die Erfassung kognitiver Funktionen, insbesondere kognitiver Flexibilität, bei jugendlichen Patienten mit unipolaren Affektiven Störungen (UAS) im Vergleich zu einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe (KG). Methodik: In die Stichprobe wurden 17 männliche (MAlter = 15.4 ± 1.3) und 22 weibliche (MAlter = 15.6 ± 1.4) Patienten mit UAS sowie 20 männliche (MAlter = 16.0 ± 1.0) und 30 weibliche (MAlter = 15.7 ± 0.9) gesunde Kontrollprobanden einbezogen. Neben dem Einsatz einer neuropsychologische Testbatterie erfolgte die Erfassung depressiver Symptome, psychischer Belastung sowie Intelligenz. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen keine signifikanten Gruppenunterschiede bezüglich kognitiver Flexibilität oder visueller Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit und lediglich tendenzielle Unterschiede hinsichtlich der motorischen Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit mit einer besseren Leistung bei der KG. Zudem ergeben sich keine geschlechtsbezogenen Unterschiede in der kognitiven Flexibilität, jedoch bessere Leistungen in der Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit bei weiblichen Probanden. Schlussfolgerung: Insgesamt betrachtet offenbaren sich keine Hinweise für gravierende Einschränkungen in der kognitiven Flexibilität und Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit oder diesbezügliche spezifische geschlechtsbezogene Unterschiede bei jugendlichen Patienten mit UAS. Mädchen scheinen, unabhängig von einer psychischen Beeinträchtigung, Vorteile in Bezug auf die Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit aufzuweisen.
Symptomatik, Diagnostik und Behandlung der Rechenstörung
Authors: Ise Elena , Schulte-Körne Gerd
Published: June 2013

Kinder mit einer Rechenstörung zeigen Defizite im grundlegenden Mengen- und Zahlenverständnis, wodurch die Entwicklung mathematischer Kompetenzen massiv beeinträchtigt ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit fasst die aktuellen Erkenntnisse bezüglich Symptomatik, Ursachen und Verlauf zusammen und zeigt Möglichkeiten der Diagnostik, der Frühförderung und der Behandlung auf. Die Diagnostik hat sich deutlich verbessert, da aktuelle Rechentests nicht nur den Schulstoff erheben, sondern auch die Kernsymptome der Rechenstörung erfassen. Das IQ-Diskrepanzkriterium wird allerdings weiterhin kritisch hinterfragt. Die internationale Forschung der letzten Jahre hat gezeigt, dass eine gezielte Förderung die Rechenleistung deutlich verbessern kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Interventionsforschung, stellt unterschiedliche Förderansätze vor und diskutiert Implikationen für die Praxis.
A proapoptotic effect of valproic acid on progenitors of embryonic stem cell-derived glutamatergic neurons
Authors: Fujiki R , Sato A , Fujitani M , Yamashita T
Published: June 2013

Valproic acid (VPA) is a branched-chain saturated fatty acid with a long history of clinical use as an antiepileptic drug (AED). VPA is also known to inhibit histone deacetylases (HDACs) and to cause diverse effects on neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neurons. Although the neuroprotective or neurodestructive effects of VPA have been investigated in heterogeneous cell populations, in this study, we used homogeneous populations of NPCs and glutamatergic cortical pyramidal neurons, which were differentiated from embryonic stem (ES) cells. At therapeutic concentrations, VPA had a proapoptotic effect on ES cell-derived NPCs of glutamatergic neurons, but not on their progeny. This effect of VPA most likely occurred through the inhibition of HDACs, because similar phenotypes were observed following treatment with other HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) such as trichostatin A and sodium butyrate. The proapoptotic phenotype was not observed when cells were exposed to a structural analog of VPA, valpromide (VPM), which has the same antiepileptic effect as VPA, but does not inhibit HDACs. Western blotting confirmed that treatment with HDACis, but not VPM, significantly increased the levels of histone H3 acetylation in NPCs. HDACi treatments did not affect the survival of neurons, although the acetylation levels were increased to a limited extent. These results, which are based on a homogeneous culture system, suggest that VPA inhibits HDAC activity and induces the apoptosis of NPCs that are fated to differentiate into glutamatergic neurons. The dose-dependent effects of VPA both on apoptosis and hyperacetylation of histone H3 in NPCs supported this notion. These cell type- and differentiation stage-specific effects of VPA imply that dysfunction of HDACs during pregnancy significantly increase the risk of congenital malformations associated with VPA administration.
Light-stimulated growth of proteorhodopsin-bearing sea-ice psychrophile Psychroflexus torquis is salinity dependent
Authors: Feng Shi , Powell Shane M , Wilson Richard , Bowman John P
Published: June 2013

Proteorhodopsins (PRs) are commonly found in marine prokaryotes and allow microbes to use light as an energy source. In recent studies, it was reported that PR stimulates growth and survival under nutrient-limited conditions. In this study, we tested the effect of nutrient and salinity stress on the extremely psychrophilic sea-ice bacterial species Psychroflexus torquis, which possesses PR. We demonstrated for the first time that light-stimulated growth occurs under conditions of salinity stress rather than nutrient limitation and that elevated salinity is related to increased growth yields, PR levels and associated proton-pumping activity. PR abundance in P. torquis also is post-transcriptionally regulated by both light and salinity and thus could represent an adaptation to its sea-ice habitat. Our findings extend the existing paradigm that light provides an energy source for marine prokaryotes under stress conditions other than nutrient limitation.
Children's Identification of Consonants in a Speech-Shaped Noise or a Two-Talker Masker
Authors: Leibold Lori J. , Buss Emily
Published: June 2013

Purpose

To evaluate child–adult differences for consonant identification in a noise or a 2-talker masker. Error patterns were compared across age and masker type to test the hypothesis that errors with the noise masker reflect limitations in the peripheral encoding of speech, whereas errors with the 2-talker masker reflect target–masker confusions within the central auditory system.

Method

A repeated-measures design compared the performance of children (5–13 years) and adults in continuous speech-shaped noise or a 2-talker masker. Consonants were identified from a closed set of 12 using a picture-pointing response.

Results

In speech-shaped noise, children under age 10 years performed more poorly than adults, but performance was adultlike for 11- to 13-year-olds. In the 2-talker masker, significant child–adult differences were observed in even the oldest group of children. Systematic clusters of consonant errors were observed for children in the noise masker and for adults in both maskers, but not for children in the 2-talker masker.

Conclusions

These results suggest a more prolonged time course of development for consonant identification in a 2-talker masker than in a noise masker. Differences in error patterns between the maskers support the hypothesis that errors with the 2-talker masker reflect failures of sound segregation.
Task Difficulty Differentially Affects Two Measures of Processing Load: The Pupil Response During Sentence Processing and Delayed Cued Recall of the Sentences
Authors: Zekveld Adriana A. , Festen Joost M. , Kramer Sophia E.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

In this study, the authors assessed the influence of masking level (29% or 71% sentence perception) and test modality on the processing load during language perception as reflected by the pupil response. In addition, the authors administered a delayed cued stimulus recall test to examine whether processing load affected the encoding of the stimuli in memory.

Method

Participants performed speech and text reception threshold tests, during which the pupil response was measured. In the cued recall test, the first half of correctly perceived sentences was presented, and participants were asked to complete the sentences. Reading and listening span tests of working memory capacity were presented as well.

Results

Regardless of test modality, the pupil response indicated higher processing load in the 29% condition than in the 71% correct condition. Cued recall was better for the 29% condition.

Conclusions

The consistent effect of masking level on the pupil response during listening and reading support the validity of the pupil response as a measure of processing load during language perception. The absent relation between pupil response and cued recall may suggest that cued recall is not directly related to processing load, as reflected by the pupil response.
Perceptual Development of Nasal Consonants in Children With Normal Hearing and in Children Who Use Cochlear Implants
Authors: Guillot Kathryn M. , Ohde Ralph N. , Hedrick Mark
Published: June 2013

Purpose

This study was conducted to determine whether the perceptions of nasal consonants in children with normal hearing and children with cochlear implants were predicted by the discontinuity hypothesis.

Methods

Four groups participated: 8 adults, 8 children with normal hearing (ages 5–7 years), 8 children with normal hearing (ages 3.5–4 years), and 5 children with cochlear implants (ages 5–7 years). Stimuli were 128 nasal consonant + vowel (/m/ /n/ + /i/ /æ/ /u/ /ɑ/) syllables produced by a male adult. Each syllable production was edited into 4 segment types: (a) 50-ms murmur, (b) 25-ms murmur + 25-ms transition, (c) 50-ms transition, and (d) full syllable.

Results

Developmental effects were observed across listener groups. The children performed better in the 25-ms murmur + 25-ms transition condition, which suggests that they benefit from an integrated perceptual cue. The children wearing cochlear implants performed poorer than children with normal hearing on all segments.

Conclusions

Developmental differences in perception of nasal consonants were evident. Children wearing cochlear implants showed weaker integration and perception abilities compared to younger children with normal hearing. As predicted by the discontinuity hypothesis, the segment with the spectral discontinuity provided the strongest perceptual cues to place of articulation of nasals in children with normal hearing.
Successive orthogonal beamforming for cooperative multi‐point downlinks
Authors: Li Yingbo , Bai Lin , Chen Chen , Jin Ye , Choi Jinho
Published: June 2013

This study considers successive orthogonal beamforming (SOBF) for multicell downlink transmissions. A group of base stations (BSs) are in cooperation for effective downlink transmissions to cell‐edge users, which is usually referred to as cooperative multi‐point. As the number of cell‐edge users is small and varying, conventional beamforming schemes, for example, zero‐forcing beamforming (ZFBF), are not suitable for the multicell scenario. In the SOBF scheme considered here, the beamforming vectors are found in a successive manner when a new user comes in, so that the beamforming vectors of the existing users remain unchanged. With limited channel state information at the group of BSs, a new successive beam allocation (SBA) scheme is proposed for SOBF. In SBA, the candidate beams are broadcasted to all the users through downlink before the index of the best beam is sent back to the BS by each user. The sum rate performance of a system with two users is studied analytically. The numerical results are presented to show that the proposed SOBF with SBA outperforms ZFBF with conventional feedback strategy.
Integer linear programming model and satisfiability test reduction for distance constrained labellings of graphs: the case of L(3,2,1)labelling for products of paths and cycles
Authors: Shao Zehui , Vesel Aleksander
Published: June 2013

Let u and v be vertices of a graph G = (V, E) and d(u, v) be the distance between u and v in G. For positive integers k1, k2, …, kn with k1>k2>⋯>kn an L(k1, k2, …, kn)‐labelling of G is a function f: V(G)→{0, 1, …} such that for every u, v ∈ V(G) and for all 1 ≤ i ≤ n, |f(u)− f(v)| ≥ ki if d(u, v) = i. The span of f is the difference between the largest and the smallest numbers in f(V(G)). The ,k2,…,kn‐number of G is the minimum span over all L(k1, k2, …, kn)‐labellings of G. In this study, an integer linear programming model and a satisfiability test reduction for an L(k1, k2, …, kn)‐labelling are proposed. Both approaches are used for studying the λ3,2,1‐numbers of strong, Cartesian and direct products of paths and cycles.
Secondary user access based on stochastic link estimation in cognitive radio with fibre‐connected distributed antennas
Authors: Ge Wendong , Ji Hong , Li Xi , Leung Victor C.M.
Published: June 2013

In this study, the authors consider the application of a system architecture called cognitive radio (CR) with fibre‐connected distributed antennas in IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area networks (WRANs) as it could bring the benefits of much shorter wireless transmission distances, lower transmission power and the possibility of utilising multi‐antenna transmission techniques. In this architecture, the authors study the secondary user (SU) access problem in uplink, where the SU to primary user (PU) link estimation is subject to random errors because PU could not assist link estimation of SU. This SU access problem is divided into two parts: antenna selection and access control. Thus, first antenna selection problem is modelled as a restless bandit problem, which is solved by the primal‐dual index heuristic algorithm based on first order relaxation. In addition, the access control problem is modelled as a stochastic knapsack (SASK) problem with random weight, and then relaxed to be a deterministic second order cone programming problem. With the deduced upper bound, the access control problem is solved by the branch and bound algorithm, which yields the SU access based on SASK scheme. Simulation results illustrate the significant performance improvement of SASK scheme, compared with existing SU access methods.
Measurement‐based analysis of cross‐layer adaptation for MIMO in mobile urban environments
Authors: Willink Tricia J. , Colman Geoffrey W.K.
Published: June 2013

The performance of mobile multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) systems is determined both by the instantaneous channel characteristics and by the rate of change of those characteristics. The local environment and operating frequency affect the spatial channel response, which impacts the ability of the system to sustain data throughput, while the dynamics of the channel response impact the accuracy of the available channel state information, limiting the supportable packet length. Measured MIMO data from two frequencies in the UHF band are characterised and used to investigate the dependence of system performance on the changing spatial channel responses. It is demonstrated that to maximise average throughput, taking into account retransmissions because of packet failures, a trade‐off is required among the data rate, training overhead and packet length, which depends on both the operating frequency and the local environment. This work emphasises the importance both of adaptation in MIMO communication systems and of considering realistic channel conditions in their design and evaluation.
Effect of confinement on polymer-induced depletion interactions between nanoparticles
Authors: Pryamitsyn Victor , Ganesan Venkat
Published: June 2013

Using a numerical implementation of polymer mean-field theory, we probe the effects of a structureless wall on the insertion free energies and the depletion interactions between nanoparticles in polymer solutions. Our results indicate that the insertion free energies and the polymer-induced interactions become mitigated in the presence of a wall. The range of influence of the walls is shown to correspond to the correlation length of the polymer solution. Surprisingly, our results demonstrate that even for particle sizes comparable to the correlation length of the polymer solution, the polymer depletion density profiles near the wall (in the absence of particles) can be used as a means to quantitatively predict the influence of the wall on both the insertion free energies and the depletion interactions.
Structure-dependent mobility of a dry aqueous foam flowing along two parallel channels
Authors: Jones S. A. , Dollet B. , Méheust Y. , Cox S. J. , Cantat I.
Published: June 2013

The velocity of a two-dimensional aqueous foam has been measured as it flows through two parallel channels, at a constant overall volumetric flow rate. The flux distribution between the two channels is studied as a function of the ratio of their widths. A peculiar dependence of the velocity ratio on the width ratio is observed when the foam structure in the narrower channel is either single staircase or bamboo. In particular, discontinuities in the velocity ratios are observed at the transitions between double and single staircase and between single staircase and bamboo. A theoretical model accounting for the viscous dissipation at the solid wall and the capillary pressure across a film pinned at the channel outlet predicts the observed non-monotonic evolution of the velocity ratio as a function of the width ratio. It also predicts quantitatively the intermittent temporal evolution of the velocity in the narrower channel when it is so narrow that film pinning at its outlet repeatedly brings the flow to a near stop.
The thermoelectric properties of Ge/SiGe modulation doped superlattices
Authors: Samarelli A. , Ferre Llin L. , Cecchi S. , Frigerio J. , Etzelstorfer T. , Müller E. , Zhang Y. , Watling J. R. , Chrastina D. , Isella G. , Stangl J. , Hague J. P. , Weaver J. M. R. , Dobson P. , Paul D. J.
Published: June 2013

The thermoelectric and physical properties of superlattices consisting of modulation doped Ge quantum wells inside Si1−yGey barriers are presented, which demonstrate enhancements in the thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, and power factor at room temperature over bulk Ge, Si1−yGey, and Si/Ge superlattice materials. Mobility spectrum analysis along with low temperature measurements indicate that the high power factors are dominated by the high electrical conductivity from the modulation doping. Comparison of the results with modelling using the Boltzmann transport equation with scattering parameters obtained from Monte Carlo techniques indicates that a high threading dislocation density is also limiting the performance. The analysis suggests routes to higher thermoelectric performance at room temperature from Si-based materials that can be fabricated using micro- and nano-fabrication techniques.
Correlation between magnetoresistivity and magnetic entropy change in the 3D-Heisenberg ferromagnet CuCr2Te4
Authors: Tripathi T. S. , Mahendiran R. , Rastogi A. K.
Published: June 2013

We report a correlation between magnetoresistivity [Δρmag = ρmag(H,T) − ρmag(0,T)] and magnetic entropy change [ΔSM = SM(H,T) − SM(0,T)] in the metallic spinel CuCr2Te4 which orders ferromagnetically below TC = 320 K. We find that Δρmag = KΔSM for several temperatures around TC with a temperature independent K, which suggests that magnetoresistivity arising from the suppression of spin disorder scattering scales with ΔSM. However, unlike expected theoretically, a clear correlation is not obtained between Δρmag and square of the reduced magnetization (M/Msat)2, where Msat is saturation magnetization at 0 K. A maximum magnetoresistance of −3.56% for μ0ΔH = 5 T and magnetic entropy change of −1.57 J/kg K occur at TC, which are typical values for itinerant ferromagnets. Critical exponent analysis using modified Arrott plots yield β=0.371±0.005 and γ=1.312±0.02 that are close to the 3D-Heisenberg (β=0.365,γ=1.336, and δ=4.66) model.
A first-principles study on magnetocrystalline anisotropy at interfaces of Fe with non-magnetic metals
Authors: Miura Yoshio , Tsujikawa Masahito , Shirai Masafumi
Published: June 2013

Magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) of Fe(001) interfaces with various non-magnetic metals (Hf, Zr, Ti, Ta, Nb, V, Ir, Rh, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Cu, and Zn) was investigated by first-principles calculations. We found that Fe interfaces with non-magnetic metals with fully occupied d states tend to show perpendicular MCA. The spin-orbit coupling in interfacial Fe atoms plays an important role in perpendicular MCA. Conversely, Fe interfaces with non-magnetic metals with partially occupied d states exhibit in-plane MCA. The Hf/Fe(001) interface shows an exceptionally large perpendicular MCA energy of 1.5 mJ/m2, which corresponds to that of the MgO/Fe(001) interface. In these cases, contributions from interfacial Fe atoms to MCA are relatively small, and the large spin-orbit coupling of non-magnetic atoms is the primary contribution to MCA. We conclude that formation of Hf/Fe(001) interfaces will enhance the perpendicular magnetization of MgO/CoFeB-based magnetic tunnel junctions.
Effect of a substrate-induced microstructure on the optical properties of the insulator-metal transition temperature in VO2 thin films
Authors: Radue E. , Crisman E. , Wang L. , Kittiwatanakul S. , Lu J. , Wolf S. A. , Wincheski R. , Lukaszew R. A. , Novikova I.
Published: June 2013

Using both Raman spectroscopy and direct laser reflectivity measurements, we investigate the optical properties of vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin films deposited on different substrates as they undergo the thermally induced insulator to metal phase transition. Comparing similarly prepared VO2 films grown on quartz, sapphire, and rutile substrates, we observed a significant difference in the transition temperatures without hysteresis loop broadening after heating and cooling the samples. We attribute these different transition temperatures to differences in the VO2 microstructure, mainly the difference in average grain sizes. We also observed variations in the contrast of the detected Raman resonances using different wavelengths for the excitation laser, and found that in all cases a longer wavelength (in our case 785 nm) yielded the clearest VO2 Raman spectra.
Solar-blind ultraviolet AlInN/AlGaN distributed Bragg reflectors
Authors: Zhang Lili , Dong Kexiu , Chen Dunjun , Liu Yanli , Xue Junjun , Lu Hai , Zhang Rong , Zheng Youdou
Published: June 2013

A 13.5-pair Al0.98In0.02N/Al0.77Ga0.23N distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) was grown by molecular beam epitaxy on an AlN template substrate. The DBR exhibited a peak reflectivity of 83.9% at 246 nm within the deep solar-blind ultraviolet region and a stopband width of 18 nm. The average refractive index contrast for the DBR was 9.25% at 246 nm, which is relatively high compared with that of a traditional Al(Ga)N/(Al)GaN DBR. Simulated results indicated that a 25.5-pair Al0.98In0.02N/Al0.77Ga0.23N DBR will provide a reflectivity higher than 99% and a 19 nm wide stopband with a center wavelength of 246 nm.
Highly flexible, hybrid-structured indium tin oxides for transparent electrodes on polymer substrates
Authors: Triambulo Ross E. , Kim Jung-Hoon , Na Min-Young , Chang Hye-Jung , Park Jin-Woo
Published: June 2013

We developed highly flexible, hybrid-structured crystalline indium tin oxide (ITO) for use as transparent electrodes on polymer substrates by embedding Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) into the substrate. The hybrid ITO consists of domains in one orientation grown on the AgNPs and a matrix of the other orientation. The domains are stronger than the matrix and function as barriers to crack propagation. As a result, both the critical bending radius (rc) (under which the resistivity change (Δρ) is less than a given value) and the change in Δρ with decreasing r significantly decreased in the hybrid ITO compared with homogenous ITO.
Remotely sensed transport in microwave photoexcited GaAs/AlGaAs two-dimensional electron system
Authors: Ye Tianyu , Mani R. G. , Wegscheider W.
Published: June 2013

We demonstrate a strong correlation between the magnetoresistive response and the concurrent microwave reflection from the microwave photo-excited GaAs/AlGaAs two-dimensional electron system (2DES). These correlations are followed as a function of the microwave power, the microwave frequency, and the applied current. Notably, the character of the reflection signal remains unchanged even when the current is switched off in the GaAs/AlGaAs Hall bar specimen. The results suggest a perceptible microwave-induced change in the electronic properties of the 2DES, even in the absence of an applied current.
Nutritive value, in vitro fermentation and methane production of perennial pastures as affected by botanical composition over a growing season in the south of Chile
Authors: Keim J. P. , López I. F. , Berthiaume R.
Published: June 2013

Permanent pastures have been shown to produce similar herbage masses and nutrient contents to perennial ryegrass pastures. To the best of our knowledge, little research has been conducted on the ruminal fermentation of permanent pastures. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of botanical composition of four perennial pastures during a growing season in the south of Chile [winter, September 2010 ‘S1’; spring, November 2010 ‘S2’; and summer, January 2011 ‘S3’]: on in vitro fermentation products using a batch culture system. The perennial pastures studied included: permanent (PP), permanent fertilised (PFP) and renovated pastures (Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens pasture ‘RGWC’; Bromus valdivianus, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, L. perenne and T. repens ‘MIXED’). There were strong interactions between pasture type and regrowth period for true organic matter, nitrogen (N) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility; total gas and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production; ammonia and microbial N. In general, all pasture treatments showed a high true organic matter digestibility (>800 g/kg), and tended to decrease in S3. In vitro fermentation of PFP and RGWC produced the highest total VFA concentration during S1 and S2, and no differences among pastures were observed in summer. Propionate proportion of total VFA was affected by pasture type and regrowth period, being higher for RGWC and S1, respectively. In vitro microbial N was higher for MIXED in S1, and PFP in S2 and S3. No pasture and regrowth period effects were observed for methane production and its proportion of total gas production. These results indicate that the in vitro fermentation products of a permanent fertilised pasture reach similar levels to those obtained from a sown pasture, and thus may be considered as a sustainable alternative for grazing livestock systems.
Transmembrane protein MIG-13 links the Wnt signaling and Hox genes to the cell polarity in neuronal migration
Authors: Wang Xiangming , Zhou Fanli , Lv Sijing , Yi Peishan , Zhu Zhiwen , Yang Yihong , Feng Guoxin , Li Wei , Ou Guangshuo
Published: June 2013

Directional cell migration is a fundamental process in neural development. In
Caenorhabditis elegans
, Q neuroblasts on the left (QL) and right (QR) sides of the animal generate cells that migrate in opposite directions along the anteroposterior body axis. The homeobox (Hox) gene
lin-39
promotes the anterior migration of QR descendants (QR.x), whereas the canonical Wnt signaling pathway activates another Hox gene,
mab-5
, to ensure the QL descendants’ (QL.x) posterior migration. However, the regulatory targets of LIN-39 and MAB-5 remain elusive. Here, we showed that MIG-13, an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein, cell-autonomously regulates the asymmetric distribution of the actin cytoskeleton in the leading migratory edge. We identified
mig-13
as a cellular target of LIN-39 and MAB-5. LIN-39 establishes QR.x anterior polarity by binding to the
mig-13
promoter and promoting
mig-13
expression, whereas MAB-5 inhibits QL.x anterior polarity by associating with the
lin-39
promoter and downregulating
lin-39
and
mig-13
expression. Thus, MIG-13 links the Wnt signaling and Hox genes that guide migrations, to the actin cytoskeleton, which executes the motility response in neuronal migration.
GAT: a simulation framework for testing the association of genomic intervals
Authors: Heger Andreas , Webber Caleb , Goodson Martin , Ponting Chris P. , Lunter Gerton
Published: June 2013

Motivation: A common question in genomic analysis is whether two sets of genomic intervals overlap significantly. This question arises, for example, when interpreting ChIP-Seq or RNA-Seq data in functional terms. Because genome organization is complex, answering this question is non-trivial.

Summary: We present Genomic Association Test (GAT), a tool for estimating the significance of overlap between multiple sets of genomic intervals. GAT implements a null model that the two sets of intervals are placed independently of one another, but allows each set’s density to depend on external variables, for example, isochore structure or chromosome identity. GAT estimates statistical significance based on simulation and controls for multiple tests using the false discovery rate.

Availability: GAT’s source code, documentation and tutorials are available at http://code.google.com/p/genomic-association-tester.

Contact:  andreas.heger@dpag.ox.ac.uk
Bayesian inversion for finite fault earthquake source models I—theory and algorithm
Authors: Minson S. E. , Simons M. , Beck J. L.
Published: June 2013

The estimation of finite fault earthquake source models is an inherently underdetermined problem: there is no unique solution to the inverse problem of determining the rupture history at depth as a function of time and space when our data are limited to observations at the Earth's surface. Bayesian methods allow us to determine the set of all plausible source model parameters that are consistent with the observations, our a priori assumptions about the physics of the earthquake source and wave propagation, and models for the observation errors and the errors due to the limitations in our forward model. Because our inversion approach does not require inverting any matrices other than covariance matrices, we can restrict our ensemble of solutions to only those models that are physically defensible while avoiding the need to restrict our class of models based on considerations of numerical invertibility. We only use prior information that is consistent with the physics of the problem rather than some artefice (such as smoothing) needed to produce a unique optimal model estimate. Bayesian inference can also be used to estimate model-dependent and internally consistent effective errors due to shortcomings in the forward model or data interpretation, such as poor Green's functions or extraneous signals recorded by our instruments. Until recently, Bayesian techniques have been of limited utility for earthquake source inversions because they are computationally intractable for problems with as many free parameters as typically used in kinematic finite fault models. Our algorithm, called cascading adaptive transitional metropolis in parallel (CATMIP), allows sampling of high-dimensional problems in a parallel computing framework. CATMIP combines the Metropolis algorithm with elements of simulated annealing and genetic algorithms to dynamically optimize the algorithm's efficiency as it runs. The algorithm is a generic Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampler; it works independently of the model design, a priori constraints and data under consideration, and so can be used for a wide variety of scientific problems. We compare CATMIP's efficiency relative to several existing sampling algorithms and then present synthetic performance tests of finite fault earthquake rupture models computed using CATMIP.
1. What is tort?
Authors: Hedley Steve , Padfield Nicola
Published: June 2013

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter begins with an overview of the law of tort, covering its definition, types of misconduct, types of injury, and its main functions. It then introduces the two major institutions of the law of tort: the tort of negligence and the role played by statute law.
5. Negligence: property and economic losses
Authors: Hedley Steve , Padfield Nicola
Published: June 2013

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter discusses negligence liability for property and economic losses. It covers the distinction between property damage and pure economic loss; ‘special relationships’ and negligent misstatement; the cutting edge of liability; organizing concepts; and the influence of surrounding areas of law.
Why is the Moon synchronously rotating?
Authors: Makarov Valeri V.
Published: June 2013

If the Moon's spin evolved from faster prograde rates, it could have been captured into a higher spin–orbit resonance than the current 1:1 resonance. At the current value of orbital eccentricity, the probability of capture into the 3:2 resonance is as high as 0.6, but it strongly depends on the temperature and average viscosity of the Moon's interior. A warmer, less viscous Moon on a higher eccentricity orbit is even more easily captured into supersynchronous resonances. We discuss two likely scenarios for the present spin–orbit state: a cold Moon on a low-eccentricity orbit and a retrograde initial rotation.
Determination of z ∼ 0.8 neutral hydrogen fluctuations using the 21 cm intensity mapping autocorrelation
Authors: Switzer E. R. , Masui K. W. , Bandura K. , Calin L.-M. , Chang T.-C. , Chen X.-L. , Li Y.-C. , Liao Y.-W. , Natarajan A. , Pen U.-L. , Peterson J. B. , Shaw J. R. , Voytek T. C.
Published: June 2013

The large-scale distribution of neutral hydrogen in the Universe will be luminous through its 21 cm emission. Here, for the first time, we use the auto-power spectrum of 21 cm intensity fluctuations to constrain neutral hydrogen fluctuations at z ∼ 0.8. Our data were acquired with the Green Bank Telescope and span the redshift range 0.6 < z < 1 over two fields totalling ≈41 deg2 and 190 h of radio integration time. The dominant synchrotron foregrounds exceed the signal by ∼103, but have fewer degrees of freedom and can be removed efficiently. Even in the presence of residual foregrounds, the auto-power can still be interpreted as an upper bound on the 21 cm signal. Our previous measurements of the cross-correlation of 21 cm intensity and the WiggleZ galaxy survey provide a lower bound. Through a Bayesian treatment of signal and foregrounds, we can combine both fields in auto- and cross-power into a measurement of ΩHI bHI= [0.62+0.23−0.15] × 10−3 at 68 per cent confidence with 9 per cent systematic calibration uncertainty, where ΩHI is the neutral hydrogen (H i) fraction and bHI is the H i bias parameter. We describe observational challenges with the present data set and plans to overcome them.