bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison Between Plastic and Metallic Biliary Stent Placement in Patients Receiving Preoperative Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Resectable Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Nakamura Kota , Sho Masayuki , Akahori Takahiro , Nagai Minako , Nishiwada Satoshi , Nakagawa Kenji , Tanaka Toshihiro , Kichikawa Kimihiko , Tamamoto Tetsuro , Hasegawa Masatoshi , Mitoro Akira , Yoshiji Hitoshi , Ikeda Naoya
Published: October 2018

Background

The optimal stent type in patients receiving preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) is uncertain. The present study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness of biliary metallic stent (MS) and plastic stent (PS) in patients undergoing preoperative NACRT for resectable pancreatic cancer.

Methods

This retrospective study included 43 patients who required either biliary MS or PS before initiating NACRT for resectable or borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer. Seventeen patients had MS (MS group), while 23 patients had PS (PS group). All patients received preoperative NACRT, including gemcitabine and concomitant three‐dimensional radiation of 54 Gy, and underwent pancreatectomy. Stent patency, surgery postponement, postoperative outcomes, and cost‐effectiveness were compared between these groups.

Results

There were no significant differences in baseline demographic or tumor characteristics between the groups. Stent patency was significantly longer in the MS group than in the PS group (p = 0.042). There were no differences in time to surgery, intraoperative characteristics, surgical complications, margin positivity, and pathological response between the groups. Furthermore, the medical cost of maintenance of biliary drainage during NACRT was similar between the groups.

Conclusions

MS placement compared to PS in patients receiving preoperative NACRT provided no significant benefits during the postoperative course of pancreatectomy. However, MS placement was associated with long stent patency while showing no economic disadvantage. Therefore, MS placement may be recommended in patients receiving preoperative NACRT for resectable pancreatic cancer.
Beyond the Nuclear Family: Trends in Children Living in Shared Households
Authors: Pilkauskas Natasha V. , Cross Christina
Published: October 2018

Using data from the 1996–2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the 2009–2016 American Community Survey, we examine trends in U.S. children living in shared households (living with adults beyond their nuclear (parent/parent’s partner/sibling) family). We find that although the share of children who lived in a shared household increased over this period, the rise was nearly entirely driven by an increase in three-generation/multigenerational households (coresident grandparent(s), parent(s), and child). In 1996, 5.7 % of children lived in a three-generation household; by 2016, 9.8 % did likewise—more than a 4 percentage point increase. More economically advantaged groups (older, more educated mothers, married households) experienced the largest percentage increase in three-generation coresidence, although correlates of coresidence remained largely stable. Decomposition analyses suggest that the rise in Social Security receipt and changes in parental relationship status (less marriage, more single parenthood) most strongly explained the increase in three-generation households. Given the dramatic rise in three-generation households, more research is needed to understand the consequences of these living arrangements for children, their parents, and their grandparents.
Computer‐assisted prediction of clinical progression in the earliest stages of AD
Authors: Rhodius‐Meester Hanneke F.M. , Liedes Hilkka , Koikkalainen Juha , Wolfsgruber Steffen , Coll‐Padros Nina , Kornhuber Johannes , Peters Oliver , Jessen Frank , Kleineidam Luca , Molinuevo José Luis , Rami Lorena , Teunissen Charlotte E. , Barkhof Frederik , Sikkes Sietske A.M. , Wesselman Linda M.P. , Slot Rosalinde E.R. , Verfaillie Sander C.J. , Scheltens Philip , Tijms Betty M. , Lötjönen Jyrki , van der Flier Wiesje M.
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) are at increased risk for clinical progression. We studied how combining different diagnostic tests can help to identify individuals who are likely to show clinical progression.

Methods

We included 674 patients with SCD (46% female, 64 ± 9 years, Mini–Mental State Examination 28 ± 2) from three memory clinic cohorts. A multivariate model based on the Disease State Index classifier incorporated the available baseline tests to predict progression to MCI or dementia over time. We developed and internally validated the model in one cohort and externally validated it in the other cohorts.

Results

After 2.9 ± 2.0 years, 151(22%) patients showed clinical progression. Overall performance of the classifier when combining cognitive tests, magnetic resonance imagining, and cerebrospinal fluid showed a balanced accuracy of 74.0 ± 5.5, with high negative predictive value (93.3 ± 2.8).

Discussion

We found that a combination of diagnostic tests helps to identify individuals at risk of progression. The classifier had particularly good accuracy in identifying patients who remained stable.
Russell's Viper Envenomation-Associated Addisonian Crisis
Authors: Senthilkumaran Subramanian , Menezes Ritesh G. , Hussain Syed Ather , Luis Sushil Allen , Thirumalaikolundusubramanian Ponniah
Published: October 2018

Snakebite envenomation is an important public health problem in tropical countries. We report a case of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage in a 28-y-old man with Russell's viper bite that occurred in the Sathyamangalam forest range in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. In this case, a combination of early bite recognition, hospital-based supportive care, corticosteroid therapy, and timely administration of polyvalent antivenom resulted in a favorable clinical outcome.
Privileging the Powerful: Religion and Constitutional Law in India
Authors: ABEYRATNE Rehan Aindri
Published: October 2018

There is vast literature on secularism in India and on the effects of Hindu nationalism on secular constitutionalism. This article takes a different tack. It focuses on cases where minority status is contested or competing rights of minorities are at stake. The article uses three exemplary recent cases to illustrate how judicial doctrines devised to reform discriminatory religious practices or to protect minority interests have, perversely, favoured certain groups at the expense of others. In each area examined, the jurisprudence privileges the more powerful of those interests: the sanctity of Muslim personal law over the rights of Muslim women; Hindu dalits over dalits that converted to other religions; and minority educational institutions over children from ‘weaker’ and ‘disadvantaged’ sections of society. The article concludes by proposing a new jurisprudence of religion and constitutional practice for India, one that takes account of these inequalities and gives meaning to the fundamental rights of the most vulnerable individuals and groups.
Effects of a reminder to initiate oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter discharged from the emergency department: REMINDER study
Authors: Rezazadeh Saman , Chew Derek S. , Miller Robert J.H. , Klassen Sheila , Pournazari Payam , Bennett Graham , Lang Eddy , Quinn F. Russell
Published: October 2018

CLINICIAN’S CAPSULE

What is known about the topic?

Oral anticoagulation (OAC) reduces stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter; however, initiation rates in patients discharged from the ED are low.

What did this study ask?

Can a simple quality improvement intervention increase the initiation of appropriate OAC in the ED?

What did this study find?

The rate of OAC initiation was increased by 8.5%.

Why does this study matter to clinicians?

This simple intervention is transferrable and therefore can improve patient care.
Effects of Virtual Reality Simulation on Worker Emergency Evacuation of Neonates
Authors: Farra Sharon , Hodgson Eric , Miller Elaine T. , Timm Nathan , Brady Whittney , Gneuhs Matt , Ying Jun , Hausfeld Jackie , Cosgrove Emily , Simon Ashley , Bottomley Michael
Published: October 2018

Objective

This study examined differences in learning outcomes among newborn intensive care unit (NICU) workers who underwent virtual reality simulation (VRS) emergency evacuation training versus those who received web-based clinical updates (CU). Learning outcomes included a) knowledge gained, b) confidence with evacuation, and c) performance in a live evacuation exercise.

Methods

A longitudinal, mixed-method, quasi-experimental design was implemented utilizing a sample of NICU workers randomly assigned to VRS training or CUs. Four VRS scenarios were created that augmented neonate evacuation training materials. Learning was measured using cognitive assessments, self-efficacy questionnaire (baseline, 0, 4, 8, 12 months), and performance in a live drill (baseline, 12 months). Data were collected following training and analyzed using mixed model analysis. Focus groups captured VRS participant experiences.

Results

The VRS and CU groups did not statistically differ based upon the scores on the Cognitive Assessment or perceived self-efficacy. The virtual reality group performance in the live exercise was statistically (P<.0001) and clinically (effect size of 1.71) better than that of the CU group.

Conclusions

Training using VRS is effective in promoting positive performance outcomes and should be included as a method for disaster training. VRS can allow an organization to train, test, and identify gaps in current emergency operation plans. In the unique case of disasters, which are low-volume and high-risk events, the participant can have access to an environment without endangering themselves or clients. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:301–308)
Comparing explanations for the Complexity Principle: evidence from argument realization
Authors: PIJPOPS DIRK , SPEELMAN DIRK , GRONDELAERS STEFAN , VAN DE VELDE FREEK
Published: October 2018

abstract

The likelihood with which language users insert optional words or morphemes that explicitly mark syntactic structure tends to increase in complex grammatical environments. This positive correlation between explicitness and complexity, best known as the Complexity Principle, has been observed for a multitude of case studies in both naturally occurring language and experimental settings. Researchers have sought the explanation for this Complexity Principle in three different domains: cognitive comprehension processing, the language channel, and cognitive production processing. Based on these accounts, we formulate predictions regarding the action radius of the Complexity Principle in the alternation between a direct and prepositional object of the Dutch verbzoeken‘search’. These predictions are tested against corpus observations. Our results confirm accounts according to which optional elements indicate production difficulties, as well as those that explain the Principle as a result of restrictions on the language channel. In addition, our results indicate that the Principle is sensitive to context-determined restrictions that are the result of its underlying cause. This may present a possible caveat for alternation studies.
RITUAL EMULATION OF ANCIENT MAYA ELITE MORTUARY TRADITIONS DURING THE CLASSIC PERIOD (AD 250–900) AT CAHAL PECH, BELIZE
Authors: Novotny Anna C. , Awe Jaime J. , Santasilia Catharina E. , Knudson Kelly J.
Published: October 2018

In this study, we employ multiple lines of evidence to elucidate the use of mortuary ritual by the ruling elite at the ancient Maya site of Cahal Pech, Belize, during the Early Classic and early Late Classic periods (AD 250–630). The interments of multiple individuals in Burial 7 of Structure B1, the central structure of an Eastern Triadic Assemblage or “E-group” style architectural complex, were in a manner not consistent with the greater Belize River Valley, the only multiple individual human burial yet encountered at Cahal Pech. The sequential interments contained a suggestive quantity of high-quality artifacts, further setting them apart from their contemporaries. Among these artifacts were a set of bone rings and a hairpin inscribed with hieroglyphs, some of the few inscriptions ever found at Cahal Pech. We analyzed regional mortuary patterns, radiogenic strontium values, and radiocarbon data to test hypotheses about who these individuals were in life, why they were treated differently in death, and to reconstruct the sequence of events of this complex mortuary deposit. We contend that the mortuary practices in Burial 7 indicate an attempt by the Cahal Pech elite to identify with cities or regions outside the Belize River Valley area.
Ultrasonographic measurement of liver, portal vein, hepatic vein and perivisceral adipose tissue in high-yielding dairy cows with fatty liver during the transition period
Authors: Fiore Enrico , Perillo Laura , Morgante Massimo , Giudice Elisabetta , Contiero Barbara , Curone Giulio , Manuali Elisabetta , Pavone Silvia , Piccione Giuseppe , Gianesella Matteo
Published: October 2018

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential for diagnosis of fatty liver by means of ultrasonographic measurement of liver and perivisceral adipose tissue as an alternative to blood indicators of lipomobilization and liver biopsy in periparturient high-yielding dairy cows. Thirty cows were enrolled and divided into two groups. The evaluation of body condition score (BCS), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), liver and perivisceral adipose tissue ultrasonographic measurement and histological liver lipid content (GdL) was performed at 15 ± 5 d prepartum (T0), 10 ± 2 d postpartum (T1), 30 ± 2 d postpartum (T2) and 50 ± 2 d postpartum (T3). Mesenteric fat thickness (the thickness of the perivascular adipose tissue) measured on ultrasound was shown to be an independent determinant of fatty liver. The cut-off of the ultrasonographic evaluation of the liver may be useful as a first and practical approach in identifying fatty liver. In conclusion, a non-invasive and reliable diagnostic method for predicting the risk of fatty liver in high yielding dairy cows has been demonstrated.
Two Trees with Heterogeneous Beliefs: Spillover Effect of Disagreement
Authors: Han Bing , Lu Lei , Zhou Yi
Published: October 2018

In a model where investors disagree about the fundamentals of two stocks, the state-price density depends on investor disagreements for both stocks, especially the larger stock. This implies that disagreement among investors in a large firm has a spillover effect on the pricing of other stocks owned by these investors. The pricing effects of investor disagreements crucially depend on the average belief biases. Empirical findings support the novel model prediction of a disagreement spillover effect and help reconcile some mixed evidence in the literature.
Hometown Biased Acquisitions
Authors: Jiang Feng , Qian Yiming , Yonker Scott E.
Published: October 2018

We show that chief executive officers (CEOs) exhibit a hometown bias in acquisitions. Firms are over twice as likely to acquire targets located in the states of their CEOs’ childhood homes than similar targets domiciled elsewhere. Small, private home-state deals underperform other small, private deals, and the bias is stronger when acquirer governance is lax, suggesting that CEOs acquire private home-state targets for their own benefits. In contrast, large, public home-state acquisitions are value enhancing. CEOs create value in public home-state acquisitions by avoiding extremely poor deals and through deals with higher synergies. Thus, both agency issues and hometown advantages drive home-state acquisitions.
Do Mutual Fund Investors Overweight the Probability of Extreme Payoffs in the Return Distribution?
Authors: Akbas Ferhat , Genc Egemen
Published: October 2018

We investigate the role of extreme positive payoffs in the distribution of monthly fund returns in investors’ mutual fund preferences. We document a positive and significant relationship between the maximum style-adjusted monthly return (MAX) and future fund flows. The relationship is robust to controlling for average performance, volatility, skewness, and various other fund characteristics. Our findings are consistent with the notion that fund investors overweight the probability of high payoff states in the past return distribution. We further show that MAX is not a useful predictor of future performance and that an increase in a fund’s visibility does not explain our findings.
Shaping Expectations and Coordinating Attention: The Unintended Consequences of FOMC Press Conferences
Authors: Boguth Oliver , Grégoire Vincent , Martineau Charles
Published: October 2018

In an effort to increase transparency, the chair of the Federal Reserve now holds a press conference (PC) following some, but not all, Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) announcements. Evidence from financial markets shows that investors lower their expectations of important decisions on days without PCs and that these announcements convey less price-relevant information. Correspondingly, we show that investors pay more attention to upcoming announcements with PCs. This coordination of attention can reduce welfare in models of the social value of public information. Consistent with theories of investor attention, the market risk premium is larger on days with PCs.
Liquidity Transformation and Financial Fragility: Evidence from Funds of Hedge Funds
Authors: Agarwal Vikas , Aragon George O. , Shi Zhen
Published: October 2018

We examine liquidity transformation by funds of hedge funds (FoFs) by developing a new measure, illiquidity gap, that captures the mismatch between the liquidity of their portfolios and the liquidity available to their investors. We find that higher liquidity transformation is driven by FoFs’ incentives to attract more capital and earn higher compensation. Greater liquidity transformation is associated with higher exposure to investor runs and worse performance during crisis periods. Finally, FoFs mitigate the risks associated with liquidity transformation by maintaining higher cash buffers.
Enclitic-induced stress shift in Catalan
Authors: TORRES-TAMARIT FRANCESC , PONS-MOLL CLÀUDIA
Published: October 2018

In this paper we provide a novel and unified formal analysis of the stress microvariation found in verb–enclitic groupings in Barcelona Catalan, with stress stability, in Formentera Catalan, with stress shift to the penultimate and the last syllable of the whole sequence, and in Mallorca and Menorca Catalan, with stress shift to the last syllable. We argue that stress shift in Formentera Catalan conforms directly to the unmarked pattern of nominal stress in Catalan, that is, a right-aligned moraic trochee, with the constraintAll-Feet-Rightundominated, leading to final and penultimate stress. In Barcelona Catalan, the effects of this constraint are inhibited by an anti-alignment constraint prohibiting the right edge of a foot from coinciding with the right edge of a clitic. In Mallorca and Menorca Catalan, stress shift is also understood as a strategy to meet the unmarked nominal stress pattern of Catalan, although in these dialects the anti-alignment constraint is also undominated, leading to catalexis, in this case a melodically empty mora, and thus to final stress.
Stabilization of magnetic mirror machine using rotating magnetic field
Authors: Seemann O. , Be’ery I. , Fisher A.
Published: October 2018

An increase in symmetry is observed for a low density non-collisional plasma, in a simple magnetic mirror machine, due to the application of external oscillating magnetic fields of 1.5 MHz frequency. The increase in symmetry is attributed to an increase in stability of the flute mode and is dependent on the field’s polarization and trap magnetic field strength.
Stellarator microinstabilities and turbulence at low magnetic shear
Authors: Faber B. J. , Pueschel M. J. , Terry P. W. , Hegna C. C. , Roman J. E.
Published: October 2018

Gyrokinetic simulations of drift waves in low-magnetic-shear stellarators reveal that simulation domains comprised of multiple turns can be required to properly resolve critical mode structures important in saturation dynamics. Marginally stable eigenmodes important in saturation of ion temperature gradient modes and trapped electron modes in the Helically Symmetric Experiment (HSX) stellarator are observed to have two scales, with the envelope scale determined by the properties of the local magnetic shear and an inner scale determined by the interplay between the local shear and magnetic field-line curvature. Properly resolving these modes removes spurious growth rates that arise for extended modes in zero-magnetic-shear approximations, enabling use of a zero-magnetic-shear technique with smaller simulation domains and attendant cost savings. Analysis of subdominant modes in trapped electron mode (TEM)-driven turbulence reveals that the extended marginally stable modes play an important role in the nonlinear dynamics, and suggests that the properties induced by low magnetic shear may be exploited to provide another route for turbulence saturation.
Maternal antenatal daytime sleepiness and child neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive development
Authors: Lahti-Pulkkinen M. , Mina T. H. , Riha R. L. , Räikkönen K. , Pesonen A. K. , Drake A. J. , Denison F. C. , Reynolds R. M.
Published: October 2018

Background

The prevalence of sleep problems among pregnant women is over 50%, and daytime sleepiness is among the most common sleep problems. Previous studies have associated antenatal sleep problems with adverse maternal health and neonatal outcomes, but the consequences of antenatal sleep problems and particularly daytime sleepiness on child psychological development have not been assessed prospectively.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study including 111 mother-child dyads, we examined the associations of maternal daytime sleepiness during pregnancy, assessed at 17 and 28 weeks of gestation using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, with child neuropsychiatric problems and neuropsychological development, assessed with mother-rated questionnaires and individually administered neuropsychological tests, at child age 2.6–5.7 years (mean = 4.3 years).

Results

Independently of sociodemographic and perinatal covariates and maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms during and/or after pregnancy, maternal antenatal daytime sleepiness was associated with increased total [unstandardized regression coefficient (B) = 0.25 standard deviation (s.d.) units; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01–0.48] and internalizing (B = 0.25 s.d.s: 95% CI 0.01–0.49) psychiatric problems and ADHD symptoms (B = 0.27 s.d.s: 95% CI 0.04–0.50) in children, and with poorer executive function, particularly in the areas of attention, working memory and inhibitory control (B = −0.39 s.d.s: 95% CI −0.69 to −0.10).

Conclusions

Maternal antenatal daytime sleepiness carries adverse consequences for offspring psychological development. The assessment of sleep problems may be an important addition to standard antenatal care.
Employer Participation in Active Labour Market Policy: from Reactive Gatekeepers to Proactive Strategic Partners
Authors: ORTON MICHAEL , GREEN ANNE , ATFIELD GABY , BARNES SALLY-ANNE
Published: October 2018

Active labour market policy (ALMP) is a well-established strategy but one aspect is greatly neglected – employer participation – about which there is a lack of systematic evidence. The question of why and how employers participate in ALMP, and whether there may be some shift from employers solely being passive recipients of job-ready candidates to having a more proactive and strategic role, is addressed by drawing on new research into Talent Match, a contemporary UK employability programme which places particular emphasis on employer involvement. The research findings point to a conceptual distinction between employers’ roles as being reactive gatekeepers to jobs and/or being proactive strategic partners, with both evident. It is argued that the Talent Match programme demonstrates potential to benefit employers, jobseekers and programme providers, with devolution of policy to the local level a possible way forward. The conclusion, however, is that the barrier to wider replication is not necessarily a problem of practice but of centralised control of policy and, in particular, commitment to a supply-side approach. Empirical, conceptual and policy contributions are made to this under-researched topic.
Age management in the workplace: manager and older worker accounts of policy and practice
Authors: Egdell Valerie , Maclean Gavin , Raeside Robert , Chen Tao
Published: October 2018

The impact of an ageing workforce on the workplace is a concern internationally. Governments are increasingly encouraging the continued labour market participation of older workers, seeking to remove previous barriers to the extension of working lives and give more choice to workers. Despite these legislative drivers, research has consistently found a lack of systematic approaches by employers to prepare and benefit from these demographic and labour market changes. In this paper, qualitative research is drawn upon to examine how managers and older workers think about age and ageing in the workplace; the support put in place for older workers, as well as future priorities; and the lived experiences of the older workers. It is highlighted that employees’ age and fitness for work is treated on an individual basis, rather than having formal plans to manage the workplace for older workers. This thus indicates a hands-off approach from management.
Constitutive mechanisms of UN Security Council practices: Precedent pressure, ratchet effect, and council action regarding intrastate conflicts
Authors: Gehring Thomas , Dörfler Thomas
Published: October 2018

Based upon the current debate on international practices with its focus on taken-for-granted everyday practices, we examine how Security Council practices may affect member state action and collective decisions on intrastate conflicts. We outline a concept that integrates the structuring effect of practices and their emergence from interaction among reflective actors. It promises to overcome the unresolved tension between understanding practices as a social regularity and as a fluid entity. We analyse the constitutive mechanisms of two Council practices that affect collective decisions on intrastate conflicts and elucidate how even reflective Council members become enmeshed with the constraining implications of evolving practices and their normative implications. (1) Previous Council decisions create precedent pressure and give rise to a virtually uncontested permissive Council practice that defines the purview for intervention into such conflicts. (2) A ratcheting practice forces opponents to choose between accepting steadily reinforced Council action, as occurred regarding Sudan/Darfur, and outright blockade, as in the case of Syria. We conclude that practices constitute a source of influence that is not captured by the traditional perspectives on Council activities as the consequence of geopolitical interests or of externally evolving international norms like the ‘responsibility to protect’ (R2P).
Relativistic ponderomotive self-focusing of quadruple Gaussian laser beam in cold quantum plasma
Authors: Richa  , Aggarwal Munish , Kumar Harish , Mahajan Ranju , Arora Navdeep Singh , Gill Tarsem Singh
Published: October 2018

In the present paper, we have investigated self-focusing of the quadruple Gaussian laser beam in underdense cold quantum plasma. The non-linearity chosen is associated with the relativistic mass effect that arises due to quiver motion of electron and electron density perturbation caused by ponderomotive force. The non-linearity modifies the plasma frequency in the dielectric function and hence the refractive index of the medium. The focusing/defocusing of the quadruple laser depends on the refractive index of the medium. We have set up non-linear differential equation that controls the beam width parameter by using well-known paraxial ray approximation and Wentzel–Krammers–Brillouin approximation. The effect of intensity parameter and electron temperature is observed on laser beam self-focusing in the presence of cold quantum plasma. From the results, it is revealed that electron temperature and the initial intensity of the laser beam control the profile dynamics of the laser beam.
Rise of the Monkey Tribe: Simian Impersonation in the British Theatre
Authors: Ince Bernard
Published: October 2018

In this article Bernard Ince surveys and critically examines for the first time the bizarre phenomenon known as the ‘Monkey Drama’ in the British theatre. A genre of early origin, pre-dating the age of Darwinism, it is to be found in all areas of entertainment, especially during the nineteenth century when the quintessential characteristics of simian mimicry were established. Commonly juxtaposed with the legitimate drama in afterpieces, ‘man-monkey’ spectacles not only blurred conventional man–beast boundaries, but also challenged prevailing conceptions of theatrical legitimacy. The genre attracted myriad performers of varied origins and specialisms, whose ability to mimic simian characteristics stemmed not only from agility and flexibility, but also from careful study of the ‘monkey tribe’ itself. While some familiar names figure among the roll-call of simian impersonators, many artists are little known. Although difficult to quantify precisely, the genre had reached its zenith before the middle of the nineteenth century, the 1820s through the 1840s being a significant formative period. After mid-century, popularity was maintained, but to a lesser degree, largely through pantomime, only to decline significantly after 1900. In a broader context, the study furnishes new material for current interdisciplinary debates regarding the relationship between performance, evolution and visual culture in the Victorian period. Bernard Ince is an independent theatre historian who has contributed earlier studies of the Victorian and Edwardian theatre to New Theatre Quarterly.
Examining the validity of the ADHD concept in adults and older adults
Authors: Callahan Brandy L. , Plamondon André
Published: October 2018

Objective

It is crucial to clarify the structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology in all age groups to determine how to best conceptualize this disorder across the lifespan. We tested the ADHD factor structure across adulthood and investigated independent associations with executive functions.

Method

Data from 645 adults aged 18–59 and 233 adults aged 60–85 were drawn from the Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample. Participants completed the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale and tests of executive functioning. Invariance of the ADHD factor structure was investigated using confirmatory factor analyses. Associations with cognition were explored using multiple linear regression.

Results

Results confirmed a bifactor model with 3 specific factors (inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity). Factor loadings and item intercepts were invariant across ages. Levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity were lower in older adults. Inattentive symptoms in young adults were positively related to cognitive flexibility. In older adults, ADHD symptoms predicted poorer working memory.

Conclusion

ADHD symptoms manifest similarly across adulthood. The lack of robust associations between ADHD symptomatology and executive functions raises concerns about the usefulness of neuropsychological measures in diagnosing adult ADHD. These results support the validity of the ADHD concept in older adults but suggest a need for age-appropriate normative criteria.
The Yamanote Line as architecture: building on the ruination of urban limits
Authors: Blanciak François
Published: October 2018

Infrastructure has become a relatively established field of inquiry in architectural academia over the last two decades, insofar as it builds on the rational and generative overtones of the term. However, the contrasting possibility that infrastructure might represent an obstacle for the city and its architecture has often been overlooked. Simultaneously, the idea that the city might be considered as a piece of architecture that can be comprehended, controlled, and eventually designed as a whole (whether from scratch or incrementally), has recently resurfaced, echoing Aldo Rossi's concept of ‘primary elements’. In his seminal book The Architecture of the City, Rossi described the way these elements ‘participate in the evolution of the city over time in a permanent way, often becoming identified with the major artefacts constituting the city’. But, he noted:

[p]rimary elements are not only monuments, just as they are not only fixed activities; in a general sense they are those elements capable of accelerating the process of urbanization in a city, and they also characterize the processes of spatial transformation in an area larger than the city.
General practitioners cannot rely on reported weight and height of children
Authors: van Leeuwen Janneke , van Middelkoop Marienke , Paulis Winifred D. , Bindels Patrick J.E. , Koes Bart W.
Published: October 2018

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between reported and measured weight and height for underweight, normal-weight, and overweight children, particularly in a general practitioner setting. Background: Screening, signaling, and treatment of childhood obesity by the general practitioner depends on accurate weight and height measurements.Methods: Data on reported and measured weight and height from a cohort including 715 normal-weight and overweight children aged 2–17 were used. Means of reported and measured weight and height were compared using the paired T-test. Findings: Of the 715 included children, 17.5% were defined as being underweight, 63.2% normal-weight, and 19.3% overweight according to direct measured height and weight. In the age group 2–8 years, parents of underweight children reported a significantly higher weight than measured weight [mean differences (MD) 0.32 kg (0.02, 0.62)], whereas parents of overweight young children reported a significantly lower weight [MD −1.08 kg (−1.77, −0.39)]. In the age group 9–17 years, normal-weight [MD −0.51 kg (−0.79, −0.23)] and overweight children [MD −1.28 kg (−2.08, −0.47)] reported a significantly lower weight than measured weight. Conclusions: General practitioners cannot rely on reported weight and height measures from parents and children. In case of suspected under- or overweight in children, it should be advised to measure weight and height in general practice.
Compact and efficient WPT systems using half-ring resonators (HRRs) for powering electronic devices
Authors: Atallah Hany A.
Published: October 2018

This work presents a novel efficient and compact size coupled resonator system for wireless power transfer (WPT) based on compact half-ring resonators defected ground structure (HRRs-DGS). The proposed design is capable of supplying low power electronic devices. The suggested system is based on coupled resonators of DGS. An HRR-DGS band-stop filter is designed and proposed, and when two HRRs-DGS are coupled back-to-back, it transfers to a band-pass filter leading to a compact and highly efficient WPT system working at 3.4 GHz. The measured efficiency of the proposed coupled HRRs-DGS system is around 94% at a transmission distance of 12 mm which is filled with foam for stable measurements. The proposed design is suitable for charging electronic devices such as wireless sensor nodes at 3.4 GHz. Simulation and experimental results have shown acceptable agreement.
Quantifying Human‐Mediated Carbon Cycle Feedbacks
Authors: Jones Andrew D. , Calvin Katherine V. , Shi Xiaoying , Di Vittorio Alan V. , Bond‐Lamberty Ben , Thornton Peter E. , Collins William D.
Published: October 2018

Changes in land and ocean carbon storage in response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and associated climate change, known as the concentration‐carbon and climate‐carbon feedbacks, are principal controls on the response of the climate system to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Such feedbacks have typically been quantified in the context of natural ecosystems, but land management activities are also responsive to future atmospheric carbon and climate changes. Here we show that inclusion of such human‐driven responses within an Earth system model shifts both the terrestrial concentration‐carbon and climate‐carbon feedbacks toward increased carbon storage. We introduce a conceptual framework for decomposing these changes into separate concentration‐land cover, climate‐land cover, and land cover‐carbon effects, providing a parsimonious means to diagnose sources of variation across numerical models capable of estimating such feedbacks.
Physical Properties of Aerosol Internally Mixed With Soot Particles in a Biogenically Dominated Environment in California
Authors: Sharma Noopur , China Swarup , Bhandari Janarjan , Gorkowski Kyle , Dubey Manvendra , Zaveri Rahul A. , Mazzoleni Claudio
Published: October 2018

Atmospheric soot particles are often internally mixed with organic aerosol. The geometric distribution of the mixing components affects the soot particles' radiative properties. Here we present an electron microscopy analysis of particles collected in a biogenically dominated environment to understand how the viscosity of secondary organic aerosol relates to various soot mixing configurations. The shape of particles impacting on a substrate deforms according to their viscosity. We use the aspect ratio of individual particles determined by tilt angle imaging to classify them into low, intermediate, and high viscosity groups. Ninety percent of the particles partially engulfing soot belong to the intermediate viscosity regime. In contrast, the highly viscous organic aerosol remains externally mixed with or attaches to the surface of soot particles. Our results link the viscosity of organic aerosol with the mixing configuration of soot‐containing particles. Including these findings in mixing state models could improve estimates of the soot radiative forcing.
Observations of Time‐Dependent Bedform Transformation in Combined Wave‐Current Flows
Authors: Wengrove M. E. , Foster D. L. , Lippmann T. C. , de Schipper M. A. , Calantoni J.
Published: October 2018

Although combined wave‐current flows in the nearshore coastal zone are common, there are few observations of bedform response and inherent geometric scaling in combined flows. Our effort presents observations of bedform dynamics that were strongly influenced by waves, currents, and combined wave‐current flow at two sampling locations separated by 60 m in the cross shore. Observations were collected in 2014 at the Sand Engine mega‐nourishment on the Delfland coast of the Netherlands. The bedforms had wavelengths ranging from 14 cm to over 2 m and transformed shape and orientation within, at times, as little as 20 min and up to 6 hr. The dynamic set of observations was used to evaluate a fully unsteady description of changes in the bedform growth with the sediment transport continuity equation (Exner equation), relating changes in bedform volume to bedload sediment transport. Analysis shows that bedform volume was a function of the integrated transport rate over the bedform development time period. The bedform development time period (time lag of bedform growth/adjustment) is important for estimating changes in bedform volume. Results show that this continuity principle held for wave, current, and combined wave‐current generated bedforms.
All-optical forward-viewing photoacoustic probe for high-resolution 3D endoscopy
Authors: Ansari Rehman , Zhang Edward Z. , Desjardins Adrien E. , Beard Paul C.
Published: October 2018

A miniature forward-viewing endoscopic probe that provides high-resolution 3D photoacoustic images is demonstrated. The probe is of outer diameter 3.2 mm and comprised of a transparent Fabry-Pérot (FP) polymer-film ultrasound sensor that is located at the distal end of a rigid optical fiber bundle. Excitation laser pulses are coupled simultaneously into all cores of the bundle and are transmitted through the FP sensor to provide wide-field tissue illumination at the distal end. The resulting photoacoustic waves are mapped in 2D by sequentially scanning the input end of the bundle with an interrogation laser beam in order to individually address different points on the FP sensor. In this way, the sensor acts as a high-density ultrasound array that is comprised of 50,000 individual elements, each of which is 12 µm in diameter, within the 3.2 mm diameter footprint of the probe. The fine spatial sampling that this affords, along with the wide bandwidth (f-3dB = 34 MHz) of the sensor, enables a high-resolution photoacoustic image to be reconstructed. The measured on-axis lateral resolution of the probe was depth-dependent and ranged from 45-170 µm for depths between 1 and 7 mm, and the vertical resolution was 31 µm over the same depth range. The system was evaluated by acquiring 3D images of absorbing phantoms and the microvascular anatomies of a duck embryo and mouse skin. Excellent image fidelity was demonstrated. It is anticipated that this type of probe could find application as a tool for guiding laparoscopic procedures, fetal surgery and other minimally invasive interventions that require a millimeter-scale forward-viewing 3D photoacoustic imaging probe.
Vav1 mutations identified in human cancers give rise to different oncogenic phenotypes
Authors: Shalom Batel , Farago Marganit , Pikarsky Eli , Katzav Shulamit
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Vav1 is physiologically active as a GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) in the hematopoietic system. Overexpression of Vav1 in multiple tumor types is known to enhance oncogenicity, yet whether or not Vav1 is a bona fide oncogene is still a matter of debate. Although mutations in Vav1 were recently identified in human cancers of various origins, the functional activities of these mutants are not known. We tested the transforming potential of three mutations identified in human lung adenocarcinoma: E59K, D517E, and L801P. Results from several assays indicative of transforming activities such as rate of proliferation, growth in agar, and generation of tumors in NOD/SCID mice clearly indicated that E59K and D517E are highly transforming but L801P at the SH3 domain is not. The acquired oncogenic activity of these mutants can be attributed to their enhanced activity as GEFs for Rho/Rac GTPases. Deciphering of the mechanisms leading to overactivity of the tested mutants revealed that the E59K mutation facilitates cleavage of a truncated protein that is uncontrollably active as a GEF, while D517E generates a highly stable overexpressed protein that is also more active as a GEF than wild-type Vav1. These findings support the classification of Vav1 as a bona fide oncogene in human cancer.
Elevated expression of a minor isoform of ANK3 is a risk factor for bipolar disorder
Authors: Hughes Timothy , Sønderby Ida E. , Polushina Tatiana , Hansson Lars , Holmgren Asbjørn , Athanasiu Lavinia , Melbø-Jørgensen Christian , Hassani Sahar , Hoeffding Louise K. , Herms Stefan , Bergen Sarah E. , Karlsson Robert , Song Jie , Rietschel Marcella , Nöthen Markus M. , Forstner Andreas J. , Hoffmann Per , Hultman Christina M. , Landén Mikael , Cichon Sven , Werge Thomas , Andreassen Ole A. , Le Hellard Stephanie , Djurovic Srdjan
Published: October 2018

Ankyrin-3 (ANK3) is one of the few genes that have been consistently identified as associated with bipolar disorder by multiple genome-wide association studies. However, the exact molecular basis of the association remains unknown. A rare loss-of-function splice-site SNP (rs41283526*G) in a minor isoform of ANK3 (incorporating exon ENSE00001786716) was recently identified as protective of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. This suggests that an elevated expression of this isoform may be involved in the etiology of the disorders. In this study, we used novel approaches and data sets to test this hypothesis. First, we strengthen the statistical evidence supporting the allelic association by replicating the protective effect of the minor allele of rs41283526 in three additional large independent samples (meta-analysis p-values: 6.8E–05 for bipolar disorder and 8.2E–04 for schizophrenia). Second, we confirm the hypothesis that both bipolar and schizophrenia patients have a significantly higher expression of this isoform than controls (p-values: 3.3E–05 for schizophrenia and 9.8E–04 for bipolar type I). Third, we determine the transcription start site for this minor isoform by Pacific Biosciences sequencing of full-length cDNA and show that it is primarily expressed in the corpus callosum. Finally, we combine genotype and expression data from a large Norwegian sample of psychiatric patients and controls, and show that the risk alleles in ANK3 identified by bipolar disorder GWAS are located near the transcription start site of this isoform and are significantly associated with its elevated expression. Together, these results point to the likely molecular mechanism underlying ANK3´s association with bipolar disorder.
Disrupted alternative splicing for genes implicated in splicing and ciliogenesis causes PRPF31 retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Buskin Adriana , Zhu Lili , Chichagova Valeria , Basu Basudha , Mozaffari-Jovin Sina , Dolan David , Droop Alastair , Collin Joseph , Bronstein Revital , Mehrotra Sudeep , Farkas Michael , Hilgen Gerrit , White Kathryn , Pan Kuan-Ting , Treumann Achim , Hallam Dean , Bialas Katarzyna , Chung Git , Mellough Carla , Ding Yuchun , Krasnogor Natalio , Przyborski Stefan , Zwolinski Simon , Al-Aama Jumana , Alharthi Sameer , Xu Yaobo , Wheway Gabrielle , Szymanska Katarzyna , McKibbin Martin , Inglehearn Chris F. , Elliott David J. , Lindsay Susan , Ali Robin R. , Steel David H. , Armstrong Lyle , Sernagor Evelyne , Urlaub Henning , Pierce Eric , Lührmann Reinhard , Grellscheid Sushma-Nagaraja , Johnson Colin A. , Lako Majlinda
Published: October 2018

Mutations in pre-mRNA processing factors (PRPFs) cause autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP), but it is unclear why mutations in ubiquitously expressed genes cause non-syndromic retinal disease. Here, we generate transcriptome profiles from RP11 (PRPF31-mutated) patient-derived retinal organoids and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as well as Prpf31+/− mouse tissues, which revealed that disrupted alternative splicing occurred for specific splicing programmes. Mis-splicing of genes encoding pre-mRNA splicing proteins was limited to patient-specific retinal cells and Prpf31+/− mouse retinae and RPE. Mis-splicing of genes implicated in ciliogenesis and cellular adhesion was associated with severe RPE defects that include disrupted apical – basal polarity, reduced trans-epithelial resistance and phagocytic capacity, and decreased cilia length and incidence. Disrupted cilia morphology also occurred in patient-derived photoreceptors, associated with progressive degeneration and cellular stress. In situ gene editing of a pathogenic mutation rescued protein expression and key cellular phenotypes in RPE and photoreceptors, providing proof of concept for future therapeutic strategies.