bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The key factors in the small profiles of small‐medium enterprise owner‐managers that influence business performance
Authors: Hankinson Alan , Bartlett David , Ducheneaut Bertrand
Published: April 2007

This international survey involved 11 countries and was led and financed by Groupe ESC Rennes. The University of Portsmouth Business School headed the UK research programme. Business Link Hampshire and the University of Portsmouth also financially supported the UK work. Five sectors were investigated: construction, industry, retailing, services and transport. Some 800 mailed questionnaires were returned from SMEs (small and medium enterprises) from cluster locations throughout the UK. The objective of the undertaking was to identify the key factors in the profiles of SME owner‐managers that influence business performance and to contribute to the literature. The following are the findings.
Utilisation of science and technology graduates by the small and medium‐sized enterprise sector
Authors: Mukhtar Syeda‐Masooda , Oakey Ray , Kippling Michelle
Published: April 2007

States it is widely recognised that, despite excellent higher education research and training expertise, the UK is generally weak in transferring this knowledge into marketable products (House of Lords, 1997). In particular, there is serious under‐utilisation of science and technology graduates by the increasingly important small and medium enterprise (SME) sector. The aim of this paper is to explore the potential for absorbing the “know‐how” of science and technology graduates into the SME sector. Special consideration will be given to the attitudes of these graduates towards SME employment, while business start‐ups as alternative career options are also explored. The data are derived from a survey of 250 Manchester‐based science and technology students. The paper concludes with relevant policy recommendations.
A study of the extent of Westernisation in Indian magazine advertisements
Authors: Khairullah Durriya H.Z. , Khairullah Zahid Y.
Published: April 2007

India gained her political independence in 1947 from British rule. The new democracy chose non‐alignment, installed a large national government and legislated protectionist policies, which kept out most foreign products that almost led to economic isolation. The political leaders believed that protectionism would make India self‐reliant and eventually improve the standard of living especially for the poorer Indians. While other Asian countries were encouraging foreign capital and multinationals, India was doing its best to keep them out (Business Asia, 2000). Although India moved towards self‐reliance, the lack of competition hindered the country’s own economic and technological developments. As a result the market was forced to accept local products that were often inferior or old‐fashioned. For example, until recently the leading car on India’s road was “Ambassador”, a reproduction of a British design from the early 1950s that was bulky and a gas‐guzzler.
Online PR: emerging organisational practice
Authors: Hurme Pertti
Published: April 2007

This article describes recent changes in the media landscape where companies and organisations operate. Such changes have numerous impacts on the basic tenets of public relations as well as its practice, education and further education. The impacts are described, new practices for PR practitioners are identified, and guidelines are given. In the future, there will no longer be two kinds of PR practitioners persisting side by side: those using traditional tools and those practising online communication. Instead, PR practitioners will be expected to integrate all means of communication to be a part of their professional qualifications.
Graphical touch screen of thermal signs for the blind people – clinic tests
Authors: Boroń Krzysztof , Bratek Piotr , Kos Andrzej
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The paper aims to present the prototype of a graphical touch screen of thermal signs for the blind.

Design/methodology/approach

The surface of every Peltier pump is a touch point that demands the thermal stabilization. Miniature Peltier modules can work both as heat and cold generators. They are also able to measure the required dot temperature. Graphical screen of thermal signs displays a simple symbol or Brail text. Special computer program was made to control this innovative device. The software enables monitoring the temperature of each Peltier module.

Findings

The experiments carried out with blind people show that they are able to recognize hot and cold dots. Infrared photos of the device have been made using the thermographic MK525 camera.

Originality/value

The paper illustrates that it is possible to display simple graphics by using Peltier micropumps.
Radical plan for investment trust regulation
Authors: Godfrey Daniel
Published: April 2007

The paper is about HM Treasury’s consultation on the future of investment trusts regulation. The consultation follows the Treasury Select Committee’s recommendation in 2003 that investment trusts should be regulated by FSA following the collapse of a number of split capital investment trusts. The paper argues that changes made since 2003, to the Listing Rules and the Conduct of Business Rules and the introduction of the AITC Code of Corporate Governance render further structural change unnecessary. The paper also argues that the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS) should be extended so as to allow thrid party access by complaints who claim to have suffered loss as a result of having relied on a misleading financial promotion, no matter how they eventually purchased the investment.
Supporting a risk‐based anti‐money laundering approach through enforcement action
Authors: Proctor Andrew
Published: April 2007

This paper sets out how the FSA intends to use enforcement tools to support its financial crime strategy and reduce the risk that regulated firms are used to further money laundering. It reiterates that public enforcement action is only one of a wide range of regulatory tools that may be used when faced with money laundering failures and sets out the circumstances in which such action is more likely to occur.
Disclosure, financial misconduct and listed companies: a critical analysis of the UKLA’s continuing obligations regime
Authors: Omoyele Olu
Published: April 2007

Examines the continuing obligations regime imposed on listed public companies via the United Kingdom Listing Authority’s Listing Rules, and how far this protects a company’s shareholders against, for instance, financial misconduct by the company directors. Discusses each of the obligations: disclosure of information, regulation of transactions (including reverse takeovers and related‐party transactions), production of credible financial information, communications with shareholders, directors, and buy‐back of shares. Concludes that the regime is desirable, but there is need to maintain the balance between protection of investors and public without discouraging companies from going public and seeking listing.
Financial and economic sanctions ‐ from a perspective of international law and human rights
Authors: Kruse Anders
Published: April 2007

Discusses the use of economic sanctions against terrorism and organised crime. Focuses on the low evidentiary threshold adopted by the United Nations Security Council’s Resolution 1267 to freeze the assets of those associated with al‐Qaeda, with the result that some individuals and organisations have found themselves unjustifiably subject to sanctions like frozen assets or travel bans. Considers what is needed to strike the right balance between effectiveness in combating terrorism and protection of individual rights of alleged terrorists, concluding that a satisfactory level of evidence and a proper legal defence are necessary principles.
Third party liability: the risk of being sued by those damaged by regulatory or enforcement action
Authors: Davidson N. R. W.
Published: April 2007

Raises the problem for a bank asked by a third party to freeze the funds of a customer, with special reference to New Zealand; the bank faces liability whichever decision it makes. Mentions the Royal Brunei Airlines and Twinsectra cases, and details a case study (US International Marketing Ltd v National Bank of New Zealand) where the bank refused to transfer a customer’s funds because of a third party request; the customer’s appeal was upheld. Concludes that banks must have “sufficient factual foundation” before they can refuse to comply with a customer’s request for a transfer of funds.
Creating a corruption‐free zone through legislative instruments: some reflections on Lesotho
Authors: Letsika Qhalehang
Published: April 2007

Outlines Lesotho’s institutional framework for combating corruption: this is the Prevention of Corruption and Economic Offences Act No. 50 of 1999, which established a Directorate on corruption and economic offences. Examines whether this law solves the corruption problem, and points out the Act’s weaknesses: lack of definitional framework and of operational autonomy, and inadequate enforcement and sentencing. Mentions also its positive aspects, for example the provision for educating the public about corruption. Concludes that a regulatory and preventive instrument requires political will to achieve effective action; it also requires sufficient expertise and calibre to overcome often sophisticated and well connected criminals.
Minding other people’s business: perspectives on outsourcing at Bradford & Bingley
Authors: Hancock John , Oates Steven
Published: April 2007

Illustrates the scope of the benefits resulting from a strategic partnership approach to outsourcing, as opposed to the traditional sub‐contracting approach which typically delivers only partial solutions to what, on the face of it, appear peripheral problems. Presents the case of Alistair McIntosh Limited, an independent business specialising in the provision of managed print solutions throughout the whole supply chain, which took over the Bradford & Bingley in‐house print plant and warehousing operation. Suggests that the relationship has allowed the Bradford & Bingley to concentrate on its revenue‐generating core business while outsourcing its peripheral functions to Alistair McIntosh Limited.
Too academic to get a proper job? The difficult transition of PhDs to the “real world” of industry
Authors: Jose Cabral‐Cardoso Carlos
Published: April 2007

This article addresses the integration of junior scientists and technologists in industry and reports some of the findings of a major survey conducted in Portugal in a large sample of doctoral students and newly graduated PhDs. The article aims to identify career prospects and assess the extent to which doctorates are receptive to a job in industry. This depends on a number of factors – individuals’ attitudes towards academic values and work practices and their receptiveness to become involved in activities usually associated with the business environment such as management and production related activities. It was also found that respondents generally feel they are overqualified for most jobs in industry and anticipate a difficult process of adjustment to that environment, expecting also a similar reaction on the part of the business.
Effective management and the development of self‐awareness: a plain manager’s guide
Authors: Bourner Tom
Published: April 2007

Presents answers to the question: how does the development of self‐awareness of managers contribute to organizational success in commercial terms? The question originated from a discussion by a group of management developers about the relationships between personal development and effective management. Looks at the contribution of self‐awareness in terms of motives, values, personal resources, self‐esteem and internal constraints (including compulsive or “driven” behaviour). Concludes that an increasing rate of change within organizations increases the need for the development of self‐awareness by managers.
Crisis management
Authors: Parsons Will
Published: April 2007

Sets out to provide and insight into crisis and share the experiences of others so that managers can develop their own crisis management programmes. Examines different types of crises before making suggestions about what to do when a crisis strikes.
Personal development plans: unlocking the future
Authors: Taylor David , Edge David
Published: April 2007

Reports on a change process at Anglian Water using personal development plans (PDPs). The plan encourages staff to think of their whole life and their hopes, ambitions and expectations. Explains the PDP process. Dimensions of the PDP include job skills, the wider business, the home and personal life and the wider community.
Can the professionalisation of the UK public relations industry make it more trustworthy?
Authors: Tobin Natasha
Published: April 2007

The UK’s Institute for Public Relations (IPR) is applying for Royal Chartered status, giving legitimacy to the professional standing and practice of public relations. One of the key motivators in seeking registration was to demonstrate that its members are “not just working for (our) own interests, but the interests of the public good”. Improving professional education in PR and the image of public relations practice were also two recommendations made in a joint UK IPR/Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) report in 2003. Given the cynicism of the public, however, the overall objective of achieving trust may be more challenging, as UK practitioners wonder if professional guidelines on ethics and trust are a step too far in their field: indeed, comparable professional institutes do not have this focus in their terms of reference. This paper makes a series of practical recommendations in support of trust and transparency in the UK and examines the wider issues affecting the PR practitioner’s operating environment. For instance, the role of business regulation, CEO education, industry models and the perception of PR as publicity.
Global mentoring programs: business relationships beyond traditional borders
Authors: Beth Stanek Mary
Published: April 2007

Mentoring programs are enjoying a renewed interest as corporations grapple with how to collect and disseminate their collective knowledge across functions and regions in an effort to rapidly innovate and maintain competitive advantage. Global mentoring programs can help support training and development programs by matching mentors and protégés from different cultures, encouraging information exchange and connection with employees from other regions. Issues discussed here include time dimensions, languages, cultural biases, program perceptions, training costs and administration.
Knowledge management in resource‐based competitive environments: a roadmap for building learning organizations
Authors: Selen Willem
Published: April 2007

Today’s competitive focus manifests itself with the strategic management of unique operational resources that impact the rules of competition, rather than a market‐based view where the firm follows the rules dictated by markets. Knowledge management becomes hereby a vital prerequisite. This paper suggests a roadmap for building a learning organization in a resource‐competitive environment, based on previous research, and highlights the knowledge management issues involved along the way. A number of learning issues from this process are addressed as well. Combined, they form the basis for constructing agile learning environments, linked to tangible performance criteria and strategic objectives.
Managing knowledge for personal and organisational benefit
Authors: Bailey Catherine , Clarke Martin
Published: April 2007

The authors build on a recent article which highlighted the difficulty that many managers have in understanding why knowledge management (KM) is important for them personally and their organisation. It argued that the issue can be addressed by ensuring that KM is understood in ways that illustrate its managerial currency, actionability and relevance and described how to achieve currency and actionability of the KM idea. This second paper addresses “personal relevance”, the other essential characteristic of usable ideas. The authors illustrate how different managerial roles can appreciate this personal relevance by focusing their activity selectively on different domains of managerial knowledge and specific, targeted knowledge management activities. KM is revealed as a usable idea which enhances their personal effectiveness, organisational influence and credibility as well as long‐term organisational interest. A personal KM audit is presented.
Information, knowledge, and networked minds
Authors: Lueg Christopher
Published: April 2007

Knowledge is often seen as information with specific properties; information is viewed as a kind of preliminary stage to knowledge. Given this apparent relationship of information and knowledge it is tempting to apply computer‐based information management techniques, such as information retrieval and information filtering, to the management of knowledge as well. A closer look, however, reveals that the effectiveness of computer‐based tools is already limited in the information management domain. In order to circumvent similar limitations in the knowledge management domain, we suggest considering humans as scaffolding minds and applying tools in such a way that human cognitive and social capabilities are supported. Examples discussed range from social navigation and collaborative filtering to support for virtual communities of practice.
Australia’s response to the FATF’s 2003 40 Recommendations
Authors: Johnson Jackie
Published: April 2007

Outlines the Recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Anti‐Money Laundering Recommendations, which go well beyond the 1996 version: they are prescriptive and detailed, and they expand reporting bodies to many non‐financial businesses, focusing on the high‐risk areas of customer due diligence and establishing cross‐border correspondent banking relationships. Describes the Attorney General’s response. Indicates the problems for Australia’s compliance with the Recommendations: lack of control of over small businesses and over amateur sleuths who have access to personal details, implementation of a risk‐based system; developing a an identification system acceptable to Australians that does not make identity theft even easier, and the fact that the system is so complicated and costly that non‐compliance becomes a big issue.
An evaluation of money laundering policies
Authors: Harvey Jackie
Published: April 2007

Considers evidence of the costs and benefits of money laundering compliance activity within the UK, in light of the fact that despite the UK’s particularly assiduous compliance, it remains on the list of identified money laundering countries. Outlines the evidence for the existence of money laundering in the UK: £25 billion is a possibly realistic figure for the amount actually laundered, a figure which is less than 1% of total funds handled by the financial system, although some funds appear to be going into property and other avenues which avoid the banking system. Compares the likely costs and benefits of regulation compliance, which is notoriously difficult. Concludes that the costs of compliance are not negligible, and that there is a need to understand more clearly both the objectives of legislation and the amount of money laundering activity taking place.
Placing bankers in the front line
Authors: Barry Johnston R. , Abbott John
Published: April 2007

Shows how international standards and codes are increasingly addressing the integrity underpinnings of the international financial system, focusing on evolving standards for preventing money laundering, and relates these to the work of the International Monetary Fund’s Monetary and Financial Systems Department. Lists these reference points as: the revised 2003 Basel FATF 40 Recommendations; the Basel, IOSCO and IAIS Core Principles and the revised Basel Capital Accord or Basel II; the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act in the USA; the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; and recent UK legislation ‐ the Financial Services Act 2000 and the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. Outlines recent developments in each of these laws and codes as they affect the banking system.
The risks for financial intermediaries and advisers in Germany
Authors: Blöcker Katlen
Published: April 2007

Outlines new legislation against money laundering: 2002 was a very active year which saw the Law on Combating International Terrorism, the Fourth Act on the Advancement of the Financial Market, and the Law on Combating Money Laundering and International Terrorism. Shows how these add new duties to existing obligations to identify customers, store the details and notify the authorities of possible money laundering, and they also widen the group of professions subject to these obligations. Discusses the duties of professionals dealing with assets: identification duties, recording duties, reporting duties, and structural duties. Describes criminal liability in cases of non‐compliance with reporting duties or being in breach of private secrets; administrative liability; and liability of obliged persons by civil law. Concludes that in fact the new liability is generally limited to grossly negligent and intentional behaviour.
Indicators of hawala operations and criminal abuse
Authors: Passas Nikos
Published: April 2007

Indicates the importance of the Informal Value Transfer System (IVTS) and hawala in particular as a means whereby immigrant workers can send remittances to their home countries, and the reasons for suspecting that these systems can be used to transfer funds which support terrorist activities. Lists the indicators of IVTS activity. Lists and discusses the possible indicators of criminal abuse: different charging, recording or collection methods for some clients, some large transactions not recorded, large sums transferred daily or from a single customer, unusual or unsound transactions, and transfers to traders or companies engaged in a very different kind of business or in illegal activities. Argues that a large daily turnover may be the most important indicator, since this can indicate that money is going out one door in order to come back through the other, which means money laundering.
Cost of outsourcing versus cost of rental services for office buildings in Switzerland
Authors: Stoy Christian , Kytzia Susanne
Published: April 2007

This paper addresses the question as to what extent the outsourcing degrees of property management influence the operating costs of owner‐operated real estate. For this purpose, the outsourcing degrees of technical, infrastructural and commercial property management of over 100 Swiss office buildings were reviewed. In terms of costs, the administrative costs as well as the costs of utilities, waste disposal, cleaning, upkeep and maintenance were included.
As the analysis of the data revealed, commercial property management primarily impacts on the administrative costs. The office buildings of the four project partners that were examined incurred higher costs when commercial property management was outsourced. Similarly, the costs of utilities and waste disposal are higher for real estate with outsourced infrastructural property management. An inverse relationship was identified in respect of the cleaning costs, where the costs are lower when outsourcing infrastructural property management. The impact of technical property management becomes apparent with regard to the maintenance costs, which are lower for real estate with outsourced technical property management. On balance, the situation appears to be rather heterogeneous, as outsourcing results in higher costs for some cost groups and in lower costs for others.
The reasons offered for these differences go far beyond the actual functions being outsourced. For instance, the project partners involved believe that it is, in particular, low service levels and reduced maintenance strategies that go hand in hand with high degrees of outsourcing. Therefore, the interviews with real estate owners, and also the data collected, give rise to the assumption that outsourcing is a measure for the implementation of cost reduction strategies. However, this assumption requires verification by way of further exploration.
The paradox of empowerment ‐ a case study
Authors: Wickisier Eric L.
Published: April 2007

Displays the effects of empowerment when the idea of empowerment becomes embedded in organizational culture. Avoids quick fix tactics; instead advises a long view approach to empowerment implementation which involves commitment of top leadership to world class excellence and the full utilization of employees. Informs about the practical considerations of employment of empowerment, and the systemic issue which embracing the notion of empowerment requires.
The impact of emotion on creativity in organizations
Authors: Lofy Mary M.
Published: April 2007

Describes the impact of individuals on organizations, specifically, how a person’s emotional state influences the workplace. Uses two case studies to demonstrate how an emotionally healthy person has a positive impact on empowerment and creativity, and how an emotionally negative person impedes creativity and disempowers others. Stresses the importance of attention to the affective dimension of employees’ lives as a factor in empowerment and creativity.
Benchmarking Singapore’s high‐TQM maturity organisations
Authors: Kin Chung Woon
Published: April 2007

Since the early 1980s, benchmarking has been widely used as a strategy for organisations to make progress in their TQM maturity. Quality award models provide a comprehensive framework for the application and study of benchmarking. However, many of the studies are case‐based and anecdotal in nature. This study undertakes a benchmarking exercise among Singapore’s productivity leaders, which comprised the pioneer batch of organisations in the Singapore Quality Award programme. The secondary data obtained from these organisations are used for the analysis. The findings cover the best practice levels attained, strengths and weaknesses of the organisations, disparities in maturity of practices, areas with high priority for improvement, and association between TQM maturity and business performance. Policy‐wise, they suggest actions that should be taken to raise the TQM maturity of the organisations. They also provide a basis for comparisons in future studies, and for the further development of theoretical propositions.
Assessing the impact of components on future military command systems
Authors: Ben‐Dyke A. , Cusack M. , Hoare P. , Lycett M. , Paul R.J.
Published: April 2007

The future battlespace will consist of sensors, decision‐makers and weapons systems interoperating within a framework of command systems. These command systems should be adaptable to meet the requirements of a specific operational environment and to take advantage of new technology. The barriers to achieving flexibility and interoperability within the military domain are analogous to those that complicate business‐system integration within the commercial sector. Component software technology could play an important role in achieving the required level of flexibility and interoperability. Therefore describes a generalised framework for assessing the impact of component technology on a system of systems.
The combination of innovation and quality in an industrial research
consortium
Authors: Sumney Larry W. , Braden Paul V.
Published: April 2007

Innovation and quality are the twin engines of US competitiveness.
They both relate to customer satisfaction and are enhanced by common
processes. Argues that the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) is a
leading example of this. SRC has developed a research management
methodology which combines technological innovation with total quality
management. The ultimate benefit of the SRC’s research management
activities is the timely and effective transfer of relevant, world‐class
research results into its customers’ processes. Technology transfer and
utilization then become the basis for customer satisfaction. The SRC has
developed a concurrent management process and formalized the linkage
between the transfer of technical innovation and quality in a technology
transfer and quality (TT and Q) team. This team acts as both a steering
committee for process improvements and a vanguard for all quality
efforts by reflecting the customers’ primary concern with transferring
technical innovation.
Implementation of TQM/CQI in the health‐care industry
Authors: Brashier Leon W. , Sower Victor E. , Motwani Jaideep , Savoie Michael
Published: April 2007

Examines the current literature on total quality management/continuous quality improvement (TQM/CQI) in the health‐care industry and determines the common threads that exist in the successfully implemented programmes. Based on the review of literature, proposes a comprehensive model on how to implement and maintain a TQM/CQI programme in the health‐care industry.
Real options in real estate development
Authors: Lucius Dominik I.
Published: April 2007

The interpretation and valuation of real options by means of options pricing theory can be regarded as a relatively new paradigm of investment theory. Option pricing theory based investment valuation represents a sound theoretical basis and offers principally a simple decision base. The approach recognises entrepreneurial flexibility and risk explicitly. It implies a positive correlation between flexibility respectively uncertainty and the value of options. Traditional deterministic‐dynamic standard methods of valuation are not able to value flexibility or risk effectively so that option values are adequately reflected. As property investors gradually embrace modern financial concepts it is clear that real estate valuation theory will have to change. One of the most promising areas that could have an important implication on the further development of valuation is the application of the real options paradigm. The author investigates the transfer of general real options theory through an examination of academic results in the field of real estate development. He comes to the conclusion that current research generates highly academic‐abstract results with limited practical value. So far a limited number of quantitative studies regarding the valuation real estate projects with the real options method have been conducted. Practical valuations have yet to be comprehensively carried out. For doing so, further research concerning the basic prerequisites of real options theory has to be undertaken.
Office occupier demand reflected by the Birmingham market
Authors: Dent Peter , White Alan
Published: April 2007

Occupiers of offices in Birmingham are faced with four main problem areas: organisation evolution; location; new working practices; and availability of office supply. This paper is based on a comprehensive survey of office occupiers within Birmingham’s office core. It focuses specifically on the implementation of new working practices, information technology and management techniques. Emphasis is placed on the resultant effect for occupier demand. Development of new office buildings has proved to be most successful within the city centre especially following the popularity of the Brindley Place development located outside the traditional CBD. The paper shows that, although, the demand for large floorplated buildings is strong, occupiers are seeking specifications which reflect their organisation’s structure and which also have the ability to utilise future IT systems. As a consequence of the limited supply within the city core, occupiers have often opted to take refurbished space in more secondary locations which attempt to meet their immediate needs. However, does the widespread use of IT still provide an advantage in business and does its use require the most modern and largest buildings in the CBD? The results of this research reveal insight into the views of office occupiers which could be valuable for commercial office developers and investors.
Healthy futures for Asia‐Pacific megacities
Authors: Tegart Greg , Jewell Tamsin
Published: April 2007

The Asia‐Pacific Co‐operation (APEC) region, which comprises 21 developed and developing economies, is expected to become predominantly urban by 2020 with at least 15 cities exceeding 10 million inhabitants. Whether such megacities will be “healthy” in the sense of physical, mental and social wellbeing is critical to the future of the region. A modified scenario creation technique has been used in this study of APEC megacities to 2020. Fifteen key issues have been identified and these can be grouped using the concept of cities as living organisms. A healthy megacity is one which reduces its resource inputs and waste outputs, whilst simultaneously improving the quality of life for its inhabitants. The study concludes that healthy megacities are possible if appropriate policy actions are taken.
Knowledge creation, futures methodologies and the integral agenda
Authors: Slaughter Richard A.
Published: April 2007

For futures studies to progress toward a fully‐fledged discipline its knowledge creation processes must be clear and comprehensible. They must be capable of being taught, learned, critiqued and modified. This paper provides a rationale for using a version of Wilber’s four‐quadrant model as one way of understanding the knowledge creation process in futures studies. It applies this structurally to knowledge creation through four contrasting futures methodologies. The latter are then recontextualized within the four‐quadrant framework. It is suggested that a rapprochement between futures studies and an emerging “integral agenda” provides a sound approach to the civilizational challenge facing humankind.
Reframing environmental scanning: an integral approach
Authors: Voros Joseph
Published: April 2007

The basis for a broadened scanning framework is described, which may also function as a means for understanding how human minds filter their perceptions of the world. The framework is based on the Four‐Quadrant Integral model of Ken Wilber and the Spiral Dynamics model of Don Beck and Chris Cowan. An analytical tool (cross‐level analysis) is presented for examining views of the world in terms of both the perceptual filters of the viewer and the aspect of the world being viewed, a technique which is also useful for analysing how other scanners do their scanning. A notation for cross‐level analysis is presented and described, with examples of its use.
What will research and development/innovation be like in five years time?
Authors: Whatmore John
Published: April 2007

It is widely recognised that stimulating research and development is the best route to stimulating an economy; and that nurturing R&D is a vital element of economic policy. Yet the “intensity” of R&D in UK organisations in most but not all industries falls well below those of US and Japanese companies and of many other countries.
Resolving the moral impediments to foresight action
Authors: Hayward Peter
Published: April 2007

Why is foresight research often unable to create foresight actions? This paper explores whether an individual’s psychological development could be a factor. It employs the work of Jane Loevinger as a basis for exploring this hypothesis. It also examines the findings of the Global Lookout Panel which identified the factors needed for successful implementation of futures research.
A methodology for analysis of complex sociotechnical processes
Authors: Keating Charles B. , Fernandez Abel A. , Jacobs Derya A. , Kauffmann Paul
Published: April 2007

This article presents the design and application of a Modified Sociotechnical Systems (MoSTS) methodology for holistic analysis of complex technical processes. Successes and failures of process redesign initiatives have demonstrated the strong influence of human elements on outcomes. (Sociotechnical Systems) STS provides a foundation for structured analysis and redesign of complex processes which emphasizes human aspects in process redesign. The MoSTS methodology is developed from STS research and practice and applied to analyze a complex technical process in the research and development sector. MoSTS is shown to be an effective methodology to facilitate analysis for process redesign, particularly where human influences may have a significant impact on success. The article concludes with limitations and implications for process analysis based on the MoSTS methodology application.
An audit of the care of patients with epilepsy in 15 general practices: lessons for Primary Care Groups
Authors: Nicholson Judith , Holden John
Published: April 2007

A district‐wide audit was completed for five different aspects of the care of patients with epilepsy: principally issues for women of child‐bearing age and the offer of annual reviews to patients, possibly conducted by questionnaire. There were improvements in care but less than half the original participants completed the audit, perhaps because it was over‐complicated. Review by questionnaire seemed acceptable to many patients. The authors believe this is the largest audit cycle of this subject in general practice. Although the numbers of people with epilepsy is not large, the care of these patients is easily overlooked. The project has several lessons for all those introducing and developing clinical governance.
Computer simulation models for sustainability
Authors: Chi Hsin
Published: April 2007

For the broad understanding of sustainable development, items such as seasonal change, timing of restrained harvesting and the rate of regeneration of natural resources, as well as the theories of population growth are crucial. Similarly, in the world of computing as a whole and computing simulation in particular, three important components of models are theory, data and program. A model for global sustainability should include sub‐models for different resources and consumers in the ecological system. In this paper, a sample of sub‐models relating to areas such as human population growth, water, soil and land, greenhouse gases and CO2, conservation, forests and harvesting are listed, combined with other models such as pollution, waste treatment and ozone levels. The complexity of such simulations and their relevance to the current debate on sustainability are discussed.
Teaching sustainable development to engineering students
Authors: Perdan Slobodan , Azapagic Adisa , Clift Roland
Published: April 2007

Sustainable development is a complex concept which concerns a wide range of social, techno‐economic and environmental issues. Without addressing all these dimensions, teaching of sustainable development would not be complete. Therefore, taught modules and teaching materials for engineering students should include not only technological analysis and economic evaluation, but also environmental and social considerations. This paper outlines the way in which a multidisciplinary approach to teaching sustainability has been embodied in learning programmes and activities in engineering at the University of Surrey, UK. More specifically, it describes a project to develop a comprehensive IT‐based learning resource comprising a set of multidisciplinary case studies and support material in order to aid engineering students in understanding the concepts inherent in sustainability and how solutions can be developed.
An evaluation of the stimulants and impediments to innovation within PFI/PPP projects
Authors: Eaton David , Akbiyikli Rifat , Dickinson Michael
Published: April 2007

This paper identifies the theoretical stimulants and impediments associated with the implementation of PFI/PPP (Private Finance Initiative/Public Private Partnership)projects. A current defect of this procurement approach is the unintentional constraint upon the innovations incorporated into the development of PFI projects. A critical evaluation of the published literature has been utilized to synthesize a theoretical model. The paper proposes a theoretical model for the identification of potential innovation stimulants and impediments within this type of procurement. This theoretical model is then utilised to evaluate four previously completed PFI projects. These project case‐studies have been examined in detail. The evaluation demonstrates how ineffective current procedures are. The application of this model before project letting could eliminate unintentional constraints and stimulate improved innovation within the process.The implementation of the model could improve the successful delivery of innovation within the entire PFI/PPP procurement process.
Publishing building product information: a value net perspective
Authors: Finne Christer
Published: April 2007

The role of information middlemen, or infomediaries, in the construction sector in producing and delivering value for their customers is explored. Today, virtually all major participants in construction use and produce their data in some kind of digital form. The same is true of infomediaries, who provide them with digital information services. The emergence of the Internet has radically changed the boundary conditions for enterprising infomediaries, creating new business opportunities in the networked value chains that have evolved and threatening the existence of those infomediaries who fail to re‐engineer their operations. The construction sector is often described as a value chain that produces buildings. The construction value chain also produces information and this aspect is often overlooked. The paper presents, through the medium of an IDEF0 model, parts of the construction value chain relevant to the pursuit of customer value. The focus of the model is not on the physical building, but on the production of information and of product information in particular. The viewpoint is that of the infomediary and is based on the case of a national enterprise. The model is used to explore in detail how value is aggregated, how it is delivered and received. It compares the creation of product information by manufacturers with that of infomediaries and proposes transaction cost theory as a tool for the analysis. Overall, the findings indicate that the model needs to be extended to several customer groups downstream and upstream in the value chain. It also reveals a need for a deeper understanding of the concept of customer value. The paper concludes that the model has proved useful in gaining a deeper understanding of customer needs among information providers as well as users. The model has been validated through action research which has helped to strengthen existing strategies and led to new insights. It has also had an impact on existing and proposed services of the enterprise being studied.
The economic motivation for innovation in small construction companies
Authors: Abbot C. , Jeong K. , Allen S.
Published: April 2007

There is an increasing emphasis on the importance of innovation for the longterm economic success of businesses. At the same time the construction industry is characterized as being a poor innovator in comparison to other industries. If the university sector is to play a role in increasing innovation within construction companies it is necessary to for it to understand what the benefits and risks of innovation might be and what the motivation is for a business to adopt innovation. This paper attempts to develop answers to these questions through the analysis of a case study involving a small heating and plumbing company that embarked upon a performance improvement initiative and as a result implemented a number of innovative practices in its operations. Building upon on the results of this case study, suggestions for more effective collaboration between the university sector and industry are made.
The role of organizational culture in motivating innovative behaviour in construction firms
Authors: Hartmann Andreas
Published: April 2007

Motivation is the main force through which individuals allocate effort to generate and implement innovative ideas. However, employees are only motivated to go beyond their designated role and get involved in spontaneous and innovative activities if they have a strong identification with the organization. Organizational culture plays a critical role in motivating innovative behaviour, as it can create commitment among members of an organization in terms of believing in innovation as an organizational value and accepting innovation‐related norms prevalent within the organization. The research this paper reports on addresses the motivational aspects of the relationship between culture and innovation in construction firms. Specifically, it focuses on those managerial actions through which the importance of innovation may be communicated and innovation‐related behaviour may be induced and reinforced. An in‐depth case study investigating the innovation activities of a Swiss contractor revealed that project constraints and regional separation may diminish the motivational effects of managerial actions in construction firms. It is concluded that a culture that motivates new solutions and innovative improvements in particular first of all prevents ideas from getting lost in daily business and within the organization. Giving immediate feedback, providing communication channels for implicit knowledge, allowing for autonomous work and task identity, initiating innovation projects and using a comprehensive reward and incentive system are appropriate managerial actions in this regard.
Measuring the success of primary care organizations: is it possible?
Authors: Leese Brenda , Baxter Kate , Goodwin Nick , Scott Judith , Mahon Ann
Published: April 2007

Primary care in the UK has been the subject of numerous changes and reorganizations since 1990. Each innovation in organization, with the exception of fundholding, has been the subject of evaluation. However, the complexities of some innovations make the evaluation process problematic and this is further complicated by the trend towards central policy decision making being subject to local interpretation and implementation, by means of simultaneous devolution and centralization. This paper discusses the challenges and problems posed by attempting to evaluate these new organizations, particularly with regard to whether or not they can be considered to be “successful”. It draws specifically on the national evaluation of the total purchasing pilots and indicates how the findings can be applied to primary care groups.
Clinical governance and clinical documentation: still a long way to go?
Authors: Cowan Jane
Published: April 2007

Maintaining good standards of clinical documentation remains a problem in the health service despite continued and consistent advice from protection organisations and professional bodies over many years. This article discusses some of the issues that arise from poor quality note keeping and the need for improvement and the establishment of basic minimum standards for all health records. Requirements are now being placed on NHS bodies to ensure that effective and robust systems are in place to ensure that record management meets Controls Assurance Standards and CNST standards. This article stresses the need to put the current house in order before we lose any opportunities to influence those aspects of electronic systems where appropriate risk management should help reduce the potential for documentation error.
Advantages and disadvantages of evidence from clinical trials
Authors: Earl‐Slater Alan
Published: April 2007

Increasing attention is being placed on clinical trials as a source of evidence. Presents thoughts about the advantages and disadvantages of clinical trials and their influence on thinking and clinical practice.