bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The differential cooling curve. A technique for measuring certain fat characteristics
Authors: Jacobson Glen A. , Tiemstra P. J. , Pohle W. D.
Published: May 2007

The differential cooling‐curve technique consists of a measurement of the difference in the cooling rate of a crystallizing and noncrystallizing fat or oil under specific conditions. The temperature differential between the two samples is measured by thermocouples and is plotted as fractions of a millivolt by a recording potentiometer. The significance of the various peaks encountered in the curves is discussed, and a rapid means of determining trisaturated triglyceride content in modified lard and related fats is presented.

The technique is a highly sensitive measurement of the thermal properties of a crystallizing fat, and as such offers an absolute measurement of various degrees of modification of lard.

Curves of other fats representing different types of glyceride mixtures are presented.
Electrophoretic fractionation of soluble antigenic proteins from the seed ofRicinus communis (castor bean)
Authors: Layton Laurence L. , Dante B. T. , Moss Lloyd K. , Dye Nancy H. , DeEds Floyd
Published: May 2007

A water‐soluble, heat‐stable protein component of castor seed meal was subjected to paper‐strip electrophoresis in buffers of different chemical composition, pH values, and ionic strengths. It was shown that phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 to 8.0 and an ionic strength of approximately 0.05 gave a sharp resolution of castor seed proteins into bands which would bind bromophenol blue. Spies' Allergen CB‐1A was shown to be resolved into six or more components at pH 8.0. Each major component band was found to be antigenic by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs that were sensitized with rabbit antiserum to the crude castor seed protein preparation. Five bands were shown to be allergenic to humans.

The results appear to support earlier observations (1,2,10) that castor bean seed allergenicity to humans may be caused by more than one antigen in Spies' Allergen CB‐1A and possibly by other antigens present in the seed but either absent from, or greatly reduced in concentration in, allergen CB‐1A.

The water‐soluble component of Altschul's active castor seed lipase was resolved into eight component bands, two of which did not appear in the electrophotograms of the heat‐processed preparation CB‐1A S.R.I.
Cyclization during heat bodying of safflower oil at 300°C
Authors: Mehta T. N. , Sharma S. A.
Published: May 2007

Safflower oil was heat‐bodied at 300°C., and its methyl esters were fractionated by vacuum‐distillation and with urea. A monomeric cyclic compound was isolated as the non‐adduct‐forming distillate. It was presumably a cyclized product of methyl linoleate as it has a mean molecular weight of 293.7 (theo. 295) and a mean unsaturation of approximately one double bond per mole of methyl ester corresponding to a hydrogen deficiency of 1.96 to 2.01.
The isolation and characterization of the polymers formed during the autoxidation of ethyl linolenate
Authors: Witting L. A. , Chang S. S. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

Pure ethyl linolenate was prepared and autoxidized; and dimeric and trimeric fractions were separated by solvent fractionation. These fractions were subjected to quantitative, functional group‐analysis. On a basis of oxygen known to be present but not detected in the functional groups the possibility that polymerization had taken place through an oxygen linkage was considered. The mild nature of the reagent causing depolymerization suggested that this linkage was of the peroxide type rather than the dioxane ring.
A spectrophotometric method for the evaluation of vegetable oil colors
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Tierney S. E.
Published: May 2007

A means for evaluating oil color on the basis of an optical density measurement at 500 millimicrons has been proposed. The amount of chlorophyll would be taken into account by present methods or an adaptation of these methods.

The advantages of the proposed means of evaluating oil color are that it expresses more exactly the amount of color in the oil, provides a more accurate estimate of color removal during bleaching, and makes possible more exact evaluation of bleaching earth.

Data have been presented on the color value (Optical Density × 100) of refined and bleached oils, possible variation in value obtained from different laboratories, estimation of color removed during bleaching, evaluation of bleaching earth, and relationship between color of refined and bleached oils prepared in the laboratory by the Official Method.
The fatty acid composition of the seed fat from Swietenia macrophylla
Authors: Chakrabarty M. M. , Chowdhuri D. K.
Published: May 2007

A light yellow oil was isolated in 50% yield from the decorticated seeds ofSwietenia macrophylla kina grown in India. The unrefined oil had a slightly bitter taste and an iodine value of 109.7. Other properties are reported.

By means of spectrophotometry, fractional crystallization, and methyl ester distillation, the oil was found to have the following fatty acid composition (as %): palmitic, 12.50; stearic, 16.42; arachidic, 0.56; oleic, 25.30; linoleic, 33.87; linolenic, 11.32. These values for linoleic and linolenic acid differ considerably from those previously reported for an oil from the same species grown in Mexico.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. VI. Survey of commercial catalysts
Authors: Johnston A. E. , Macmillan D. , Dutton H. J. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

A survey of commercially available hydrogenation catalysts has been made in a search for high‐selectivity and low‐isomerizing characteristics. Selectivity舒the ratio of hydrogenation rates for linolenate to linoleate舒was determined on a linoleate‐linolenate equimixture under standardized conditions. Ratios of reaction rate constants for nickel catalysts at 140C ranged between 1.48 and 2.71; for palladium catalysts at 25C, 1.68 to 1.99; and for platinum catalysts at 25C, 1.33 to 1.61.Trans contents of ester mixtures reduced with these three metal catalysts ranged from 18.0 to 22.8, 16.7 to 20.5, and 6.3 to 8.4%, respectively. Although platinum catalysts produced the lowest isomerization, their selectivities were also low.
Further studies on methanesulfonic acid catalyzed additions to oleic acid
Authors: Eisner Abner , Perlstein Theodore , Ault W. C.
Published: May 2007

Infrared study of the products of the addition of m‐cresol to oleic acid in methanesulfonic acid, revealed the presence of both the m‐creasoxy and hydroxytolyl substituted stearic acids. By employing a modified extractive procedure to recover the products of the reaction, followed by chromatography on a Florisil column, a separation of the two types of addition products was effected.

The methanesulfonic acid catalyzed addition reaction was extended to include aryl thiols. Among the sulfur analogues of the previously used phenols that were added are: benzenethiol, p‐t‐butyl‐benzenthiol, 2‐naphthalenethiol, o‐, m‐, and p‐toluenethiol. The yields of addition products (which were unobtainable in sulfuric acid media) ranged from 37舑70%. In contrast with the results obtained when phenolic nuleophiles were employed no evidence for the formation of rearranged addition products has been found. Thioethers were the only products identified.
The lipid depressant activities of whole fish and their component oils
Authors: Peifer James J. , Janssen F. , Muesing R. , Lundberg W. O.
Published: May 2007

Hypercholesteremic rats were used to investigate the lipid depressant activities of lyophilized whole fish prepared from menhaden, silver salmon, mullet, and ocean perch. Ingestion of the whole fish supplements promoted a significant reduction in the circulating levels of cholesterol and phospholipids, and in the TC/TP ratios of blood lipids from the rat. The effects of whole fish were duplicated by feeding rats proportionate amounts of the oils found in these fish supplements. These supplements had similar, but less dramatic, effects on the liver lipids of the rats. The nonlipid components, isolated from the fish, had no apparent influence on the distribution of lipids in the blood and liver tissues. The preparations of lipid and nonlipid components of the fish are described, and the GLC analyses of marine oils are discussed.
Analyses of lipids and oxidation products by partition chromatography: Hydroxy fatty acids and esters
Authors: Frankel E. N. , McConnell D. G. , Evans C. D.
Published: May 2007

A liquid‐partition chromatographic procedure was used to separate hydroxy fatty acids, their methyl esters, and reduced fatty ester hydroperoxides. Mixtures of methyl stearate, mono‐ and dihydroxystearate, and mixtures of the corresponding free fatty acids were easily separated. Chromatographic determinations for ricinoleate in castor oils compared favorably with the chemical and infrared analyses.

The chromatographic procedure was used to separate hydroxy fatty acids inDimorphotheca andStrophanthus seed oils. The methyl ester of dimorphecolic acid, the principal hydroxy fatty ester ofDimorphotheca oil, behaved like reduced methyl linoleate hydroperoxide and showed a polarity intermediate between methyl 12‐hydroxystearate and methyl 9,10‐dihydroxystearate. The 9‐hydroxy‐12‐octadecenoic ester ofStrophanthus oil had a larger retention volume than methyl ous hydroxy fatty esters isolated chromatographically. The diene content of the reduced hydroperoxides agrees well with values reported in the literature (1,5,16). The diene content of the chromatographed methyl dimorphecolate is higher than reported by Smithet al. (20) for their preparations but agrees well with the value reported by Chipault and Hawkins (6) for puretrans‐trans conjugated methyl linoleate. The extinction coefficient of methyl 12‐hydroxystearate at 2.8 ॖ is higher than that reported for ricinoleate and the absorption band is much sharper. Because of these two conditions no association of the hydroxyl groups is indicated. These results also confirm the purity of the hydroxy fatty esters obtained by LPC. This method has been a valuable adjunct to the study of various oxygen‐containing fatty acid and esters and was used to characterize the hydroxy esters obtained from the hydrogenation of methyl linolenate hydroperoxides (9). This work offers a basis for the development of analytical methods to determine the hydroxy and other polar acid content of fatty glycerides and their derivatives.
Estimating the average carbon chain length of saturated fatty acid esters by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Keeney P. G.
Published: May 2007

The average carbon chain length of saturated fatty acid esters can be determined by comparing absorption intensities in the 3.3 and 5.75 ॖ infrared regions. Data are presented for triglycerides, monoglycerides, and methyl esters. The method was used to follow the fractionation of hydrogenated milk fat from acetone, and the average values for fatty acid chain length were in good agreement with those obtained by gas chromatographic methyl ester analysis. The I.R. method is particularly applicable when only a few mg of sample is available and the material being fractionated contains both long and short chain saturated fatty acids.
The effect of deodorization prior to hydrogenation on the development of hydrogenation odor in fats
Authors: Merker D. R. , Brown L. C.
Published: May 2007

The direct precursors of hydrogenation odor are removed by steam deodorization. The primary precursors remain in the oil since the reversion of deodorized oil by autoxidation in the presence of light and heat forms certain compounds which again give rise to hydrogenation odor. Thus, in order to prevent the formation of hydrogenation odor, the deodorized oil must be protected from the effects of heat, light, and autoxidation, and hydrogenated in a unit which is free of residues from previous hydrogenations that were not carried out in a manner to prevent the formation of odor. The best results were obtained with palladium catalyst at temperatures below 90°C.

The high flavor stability of hydrogenated soybean oil which was deodorized and protected from autoxidation prior to hydrogenation indicates that certain compounds responsible for hydrogenation flavor may also be involved in flavor reversion.
Constituent fatty acids of salmon egg fat
Authors: Kyte R. M.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

1. The constituent fatty acids determined by the Hilditch method in the fat from the sample of pink salmon eggs are reported. Forty‐five per cent of the fatty acids were 20 and 22 carbon atoms long, with an average unsaturation of 7.3 hydrogen atoms for the C20 acids and 11.8 hydrogen atoms for the C22 acids.

2. The Hammond and Lundberg correlation of refractive index, carbon chain length, and unsaturation was used to measure the alteration that occurred in the fatty acid esters of salmon egg fat during the vacuum distillation step of the Hilditch method of analysis. The alteration by heat of the unsaturate fraction in the vacuum distillation was significant even in the first overhead subfractions. Analysis by the Hilditch method resulted in low values for unsaturation and chain length of the constituent fatty acids in the unsaturated fat.
Determination of water in cooked cottonseed meats by a modified indirect conductivity method
Authors: Hancock C. Kinney , Burdick Robert L.
Published: May 2007

The modified indirect conductivities and oven‐dry moisture percentages were determined on mine Samples of cooked cottonseed meats (1.8 to 13.9% water). Statistical treatment of the data yields the following results: (1) equation of the regression line, {fx177‐1} (2) correlation coefficient, 0.998; (3) standard deviation from the regression line, 0.27% water.

Ten replicate determinations made on each of two samples containing 2.7 and 7.7% water showed standard deviations of 0.07 and 0.08% water.

These results show that the accuracy and precision of the modified indirect conductivity method are satisfactory for practical applications. For a consecutive series of determinations the average time required per determination was about 9 min. This time could be reduced to about 5 min. by using duplicate sets of stirring apparatus.
Reduction in pluming during the spray drying of a nonionic‐based heavy duty powder
Authors: Wharry D. L. , Sones E. L. , McGuire S. E. , McCrimlisk G. , Lovas J.
Published: May 2007

The plume observed during the spray drying of a nonionic‐based heavy duty powder has been attributed to volatilization/recondensation of unethoxylated alcohols and other components in the alcohol ethoxylate. These “volatile components” comprise only 24–40% of the total spray tower emissions, but they are responsible for 85–95% of the observed opacity. Therefore, the relationship between observed opacity of the plume and particulate loading is not valid for the exhaust air from a spray tower producing nonionic‐based powdered detergents. Alcohol ethoxylates are not decomposed to any measurable amount in a typical spray‐dryer operation. The relative pluming tendency of alcohol ethoxylates depends exclusively on their relative vapor pressure. The vapor pressure of an alcohol ethoxylate is a function of the hydrophobe composition (starting alcohol) and the degree of ethoxylation which determines the level of unethoxylated alcohols. A new generation of alcohol ethoxylates with 60% less unethoxylated alcohol for a given ethoxylation level has been introduced recently. These Novel™ alcohol ethoxylates result in drastically improved pluming characteristics.
Suggested spectrophotometric methods for grading green soybean oil
Authors: Melvin Eugene H. , Macmillan Duncan , Senti Frederic R.
Published: May 2007

Possible spectrophotometric methods which could replace the present system of grading crude green soybean oils are given below in order of convenience. The limits are approximate values.

Measurement of optical density of crude oils at 700 mμ in 21.8‐mm. tubes. Grade 2 limits would be at optical densities of 0.5 and 0.7

Measurement of refined oils at 690 mμ in 21.8‐mm. tubes. The limits for Grade 2 would be at optical densities of 0.4 and 0.6.

Measurement of refined oil at 670 mμ in 8.0‐mm. tubes. Limits would be at optical densities of 0.4 and 0.6.

Measurement of refined and bleached oils at 670 mμ in 21.8‐mm. tubes. Limits would be at optical densities of 0.1 and 0.7.

Measurement of optical density of crude oils at 670 mμ in approximately 4‐mm. I.D. tubes. Limits would be at optical densities of 0.4 and 0.7.

Measurement of optical density at 670 mμ of crude oils in 15% solutions of oil in carbon tetrachloride in 21.8‐mm. tubes. Limits would be at optical densities of 0.5 and 0.7.
Fatty acid morpholides as plasticizers for vinyl chloride resins. II. The morpholides of selectively hydrogenated and of epoxidized cottonseed fatty acids
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Mod Robert R. , Skau Evald L.
Published: May 2007

The morpholides of selectively hydrogenated cottonseed acids and of epoxidized cottonseed acids have been prepared and shown to be good primary plasticizers for vinyl chloride homopolymer and copolymer resins. They are also acceptable plasticizers for cellulose triacetate and possibly also as Buna A softeners. The degree of hydrogenation or partial epoxidation was approximately that equivalent to the conversion of all the polyunsaturated acyls to monounsaturated acyls.
Role of oleic acid in the metabolism of essential fatty acids
Authors: Dhopeshwarkar G. A. , Mead James F.
Published: May 2007

Groups of young male guinea pigs were fed diets containing corn oil, coconut oil, coconut oil plus elaidic acid, and coconut oil plus oleic acid. The oleic acid‐fed group showed signs of essential fatty acid deficiency after four weeks and severe signs after eight weeks. The elaidic acid‐fed group did not show these symptoms. It is proposed that oleic acid competes competitively with linoleic acid as a substrate for the enzymes involved in linoleate transformations when only a very limited supply of linoleic acid is available to the animals and oleic acid is made available in relatively large amounts.

A detailed analysis of the serum, liver, and adipose tissue lipid and a study of the incorporation of acetate‐1‐C14 into different lipids is presented.
Influence of lauroyl and myristoyl peroxides and oxidized cottonseed oil on depot fat and liver lipid composition
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Slanetz C. A. , Johnson R. E. , Herb S. F.
Published: May 2007

In view of the interest in the biological properties of products of fat oxidation, lauroyl and myristoyl peroxides were fed and their nutritional effects compared with those of autoxidized cottonseed oil, which had been analyzed for its composition. Purified diets containing no fat +2% of linoleic acid, 5% lauroyl or myristol peroxide, or 10% oxidized cottonseed oil were fed to weanling male albino rats for 73 to 98 days, after which they were killed and their organs weighed. Their sera, livers, and testicular fat bodies were used for lipid analysis.

With peroxides, growth was significantly depressed but not as much as when oxidized cottonseed oil was fed. Analysis of organ weight data showed that peroxides and oxidized cottonseed oil differed in their effects. Animals fed the latter had significantly heavier livers, kidneys, and hearts. The rats fed peroxides were also different from those fed the fat‐free diet and those kept on restricted food intake. Gas chromatographic analysis of the testicular fat bodies revealed a greater deposition of oleate in the animals fed oxidized cottonseed oil, which suggested that these animals were unable to use the oxidized oil for depot fat formation. In the anials fed lauroyl and myristoyl peroxides, appreciable amounts of laurate and myristate, respectively, were found. The composition of the liver neutral fat of the animals fed peroxides was similar to that of the animals fed the low‐fat diet +2%, linoleic acid. Serum cholesterol levels of the rats fed peroxides were about 70 mg. %, and of those fed oxidized cottonseed oil, 53 mg. %. The groups fed peroxides also had significantly higher liver cholesterol levels, which suggests that peroxides and oxidized cottonseed oil differed in their effects on cholesterol formation and transport.
Fluid shortening medium
Authors: Geisler Alan S.
Published: May 2007

Because of an apparent interest in a liquid shortening with good baking properties, a program for the development of such a product was instituted. Past efforts to accomplish this by dissolving or suspending emulsifiers in vegetable oils had not had notable, success. In this instance it was decided to use a different approach, that of making an emulsion in water, in trying to impart desirable baking properties to vegetable oils. It was also desired that a fluid product be produced from animal or hydrogenated vegetable fats, using the same approach.

Shortening emulsions were prepared by using sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene‐2‐sorbitan monostearate, and mono‐and diglycerides as dual‐purpose emulsifiers to provide a stable emulsion and impart good baking properties. Emulsions were prepared and tested and found capable of utilizing all common shortening base‐stocks in baking. In most cases also excellent results in cream icings were obtained.

The most serious problem which occurred was the tendency of emulsions made with animal fats to become plastic. A study of the causative factors was made, and the conclusion was reached that a stable fluid products could be obtained through careful selection of ingredients. Important factors which affected emulsion viscosity were monoglyceride level and hardness; the ratio of sorbitan monostearate to polyoxyethylene sorbitan monosterate, and their level; and the shortening basestock used.

The stability of the emulsions was studied and the conclusions were reached that aging did not affect baking quality significantly although optimum effectiveness was reached apparently several days after preparation; the emulsions were not particularly subject to oxidative rancidity; bacteria and mold counts increased only slightly during storage periods as long as two months at room temperature.

An unexpected result was the markedly‐improved performance when the shortening was pre‐emulsified as shown by the baking data and icing quality factors which were reported.
Nutritional studies of partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil
Authors: Beare Joyce L. , Craig B. M. , Campbell J. A.
Published: May 2007

In three experiments rats were fed a purified basal diet with 20% by weight of partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil. One sample promoted, greater weight gains that the unhydrogenated oil. Another sample, containing a higher concentration of octadecadienoic acids other than 9,12‐linoleic acid, produced the same response as the unhydrogenated material. With other samples of hydrogenated rapeseed oil, possessing less linoleic acid but other octadecadienoic acids, significantly lower weight gains were obtained. The alterations in the C18 fatty acids resulting from hydrogenation of rapeseed oil appeared to be responsible for differing responses in weight gain.
Antimicrobial activity of some ricinoleic acid oleic acid derivatives
Authors: Novak Arthur F. , Clark Gladys C. , Dupuy Harold P.
Published: May 2007

Ricinoleic and acid oleic acid derivatives were screened for their antimicrobial activity, under optimum growing‐conditions, against several species of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. Several ricinoleic acid derivatives and petroselinic (iso‐oleic) acid exhibited considerable activity; in fact, their activity against some micro‐organisms was comparable to sorbic and 10‐undecenoic acid, known antimicrobial agents, as indicated by this test.
Catalytic effects in the ammonolysis of vegetable oils
Authors: Kohlhase W. L. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Catalysts for the ammonolysis of soybean oil are, in order of decreasing overall effectiveness, ammonium acetate, sodium methoxide, 9‐amino‐nonanoic acid, sodium soyate, ammonium nitrate, alanine, sodium acetate and glycerol. At 125 C, a reaction time of 1 hr and a 30:1 mole ratio of ammonia to ester, ammonium acetate achieved ammonolysis in 16%, 61% and 84% conversions at the respective concentrations of 0.0, 0.1 and 1.0 mole per mole ester groups. Conversion was 98% complete in 4 hr with 1.0 mole. The ammonolysis generally exhibited the expected first order kinetics up to about 80% reaction.
The handling and storage of raw materials for soaps and detergents
Authors: Healy E. J.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

No laboratories are deeper in research than those of the soap and synthetic detergent manufacturers. W. L. Sims, president of Colgate‐Palmolive Company, was quoted recently in the New York press as follows: “probably 70% of the volume in our business today comes from products that didn’t exist 10 years ago. The same thing will be true 10 years from now.”

This statement bears out the ever‐changing dynamics of the industry. Much of the equipment and many of the materials covered in this presentation did not exist a few years ago, and as research and engineering create new and improved products and new and improved automated equipment, our means of handling these and other raw materials, even though they represent the best available today, will be replaced by even more efficient methods and equipment.
Production of alkylene oxide derivatives
Authors: Malkemus J. D.
Published: May 2007

In this discussion we have reviewed the production of alkylene oxide derivatives which are becoming increasingly important surfactants. The process has been shown to be comparatively simple although the products are very complex mixtures. The course of the reaction has been indicated for the most important types of products and the reaction variables discussed.

Perhaps the only disadvantage of this unit process is the hazardous nature of the alkylene oxides. These can be handled safely however, as proven by the safety record of the current producers.
Heat transfer
Authors: Albright Lyle F.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

Numerous new heat transfer developments have been reported in the last few years. These developments are useful for a better understanding of the basic theory and for developing improved equipment. In many cases both heat and mass transfer occur simultaneously in commercial operations.
Metal analysis of edible fats and oils by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Authors: Persmark Ulf , Toregard Bengt
Published: May 2007

Enrichment procedures for trace metal analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry have been investigated. The detection limits are primarily determined by the enrichment factor and the accuracies have been found to be roughly the same within the same absorption ranges independent of the method used.
A study of the surface activity of tertiary alcohol sulfates
Authors: Zimaity T. , Sammour A. , Afsah E.
Published: May 2007

A number of tertiary alcohols were prepared by the action of a series of Grignard reagents on ethyl oleate. The tertiary alcohols were converted to alkyl sulfates by reaction with sodium chlorosulfonate. The surface active properties of the prepared sodium alkyl sulfates were studied in relation to the length of the branched chain and the bulkiness of the charged head of the surfactants.
Organic acids as builders in linear alkylbenzene sulfonate detergent formulations
Authors: Wilham C. A. , Mehltretter C. L.
Published: May 2007

Sodium salts of citric, glycolic, diglycolic and three sugar acids, directly derived from D‐glucose, were evaluated as builders in a formulation for a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate detergent. Only sodium citrate and diglycolate were at least 60% as effective as sodium tripolyphosphate in building action in hard water. Detergency appeared to be related to calcium sequestration by the salts at pH 10.
Edible oil evaluation by room odor tests: A preliminary report
Authors: Evans C. D. , Moser Helen A. , List G. R. , Dutton H. J. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Room odors developed on heating edible fats in open vessels were evaluated and characterized by a 20 member odor panel. Edible fats tested were: special soybean salad and cooking oils, hydrogenated soybean oil and some commercial salad and cooking oils. Factors were investigated that affect reliability and reproducibility of the test and the acuity of the panel members. The effects of fry temperature and size of sample were investigated. The method has been applied to a study of hydrogenated and unhydrogenated soybean oil samples.
Charring with sulfur trioxide for the improved visualization and quantitation of thin layer chromatograms
Authors: Martin Theodore T. , Allen Marvin C.
Published: May 2007

Continuous and uniform exposure to an atmosphere of dry SO3 effectively chars chromatograms with convenience, safety and speed. The sandblasted, concave surface of a heat resistant glass lid is coated with fuming sulfuric acid. The lid encloses the thin layer chromatography plate while it is heated by a hot plate. Cholesterol, oleic acid and triolein show SO3 char and char‐fluorescence detection limits much lower and carbon yields more nearly equal than those reported to be obtained with conventional spray char reagents. Liquid reagent does not touch the layer. It remains clean, dry and permanent. Freedom from excess acid lends stability to the intensity of char‐fluorescence spots. Because of lower temperature requirements, SO3 char probably can be extended to include substances which are too volatile for acid spray char. A guide to the selection of conditions for the detection, identification and quantitation of char, charfluorescence and char‐color spots is given. Additional areas of investigation with SO3 as well as other reagent fumes are indicated.
The sequence of formation of fatty acids in developing soybean seeds
Authors: Simmons R. O. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: May 2007

Excised Lincoln soybean stems bearing pods and leaves were supplied with C14 labeled‐sucrose for brief periods, and the subsequent appearance of radio‐activity in the different fatty acids was observed up to 18 days. The individual fatty acids were separated as their 2,4‐dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride derivatives and the specific activity of the different fractions were determined.

Radioactivity appeared in the fatty acids in the following order: oleic, saturated, linoleic, linolenic. Consistent presence of highest specific activity in the oleic acid fraction indicated that oleic may be converted to the other acids, at least to some extent.
Formation of peroxides in fatty esters. II. Methyl linoleate: application of the polarographic and direct oxygen methods
Authors: Ricciuti C. , Willits C. O. , Ogg C. L. , Morris S. G. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: May 2007

This study of the prolonged autoxidation of methyllinoleate at 80°C. has included polarographic identification and determination of hydroperoxides, the direct determination of oxygen contents, and catalytic micro‐hydrogenation for the determination of unsaturation. The polarographic method has further substantiated the observations of other workers that the principal peroxidic substance formed during the autoxidation of methyl linoleate at 80°C. is a hydroperoxide. The direct oxygen measurements have shown that most of the oxygen absorbed in the initial stages of autoxidation can be accounted for as hydroperoxide. During the latter stages there was a continuous increase of oxygen uptake, half of which can be accounted for as free acid and half as forms other than hydroperoxide, ester, or free acid. By means of the catalytic micro‐hydrogenation method it has further been shown that as the autoxidation progresses there is a continuous decrease in unsaturation.
Solvent extraction of granular cottonseed cake
Authors: Anderson Earl T. , McCubbin Keator
Published: May 2007

Advantages of the Rotocel system for cottonseed cake extraction may be summarized in the following manner:

Economical conversion to solvent extraction is possible by utilizing existing or reconditioned screw‐press equipment.

Conditioner and flaking rolls are not required for this process.

The electrical power requirements for the cake preparation and extraction are less than the power reduction when converting from straight pressing to a prepress operation. This results in a net savings in power consumption.

Vapor scrubbers used in conventional plants are not required in this process.

Efficient extraction at low solvent ratios keeps the steam requirement of this process to a minimum.

Low residual oil in extracted meal accomplished by this process yields a maximum product value per ton of seed.

The low temperature vapor desolventizer eliminates discolorization and protein degradation of the cake granules during the desolventizing step.
Gossypol material balance, denaturation of protein, and loss of thiamine in commercial processing of cottonseed
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Murray Mildred D. , LeBlanc Marion F. H. , Castillon Leah E.
Published: May 2007

The processing of cottonseed by five commercial mills has been systematically examined with reference to free gossypol reduction, nitrogen solubility, thiamine reduction, material balances of total gossypol, and the distribution of gossypol in processing.

One hydraulic mill reduced the free gossypol in the meal to a low level, approximating the level obtained in screw pressing. For a given mill the free gossypol contents of the meals were found to be fairly uniform.

Low free gossypol content of hydraulic‐pressed meals depends on the thoroughness with which the gossypol is bound in the cooking. Gossypol is bound in both the cooking and pressing in the production of screw‐pressed meals.

A relatively small amount of total gossypol is lost or destroyed in processing cottonseed by either hydraulic‐ or screw‐pressing methods. This small loss occurs while the meats are being prepared for pressing. No significant loss was found which could be attributed to the pressing operations.

Serew‐pressed oils appear to contain several times as much gossypol as hydraulic‐pressed oils, with the amount dependent on the extent of the binding of gossypol in the cooking and mechanical preparation of the meats for pressing.

The high temperatures developed in screw pressing contributed to a higher reduction in thiamine and nitrogen solubility than was observed for hydraulic pressing.
Selective fixation of deleterious phosphatidic and pigment materials in commercial processing to improve quality of cottonseed oil and meal
Authors: Cavanagh G. C.
Published: May 2007

Plant operating‐procedures and laboratory controls were set up to evaluate the quality of meal and oil which could be produced through each stage of commercial, prepress‐solvent‐extraction processing. By altering conventional, prepress‐solvent‐processing conditions and by increasing moisture during cooking and adding granular soda ash after cooking meats, cottonseed meal rations can be produced which are comparable in feed efficiency to soybean meal rations and satisfactory for feeding laying hens in amounts up to 10% of the total weight of the ration with no egg‐yolk discoloration and crude cottonseed oils with low F.F.A. and light color can be produced which refined to low Lovibond colors and with ferining losses approximating the chromatographic loss when miscella refined within minutes after separation from the source material with the exclusion of air and light.
Determination of tocopherol in oxidized fats
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Heating oxidized fats to 210°C. under reduced pressure for 10 to 15 min. removed peroxides without affecting the tocopherol content. This simple heating method yielded a higher recovery of tocopherol in oxidized fats than other modifications of the Emmerie‐Engel method used to remove interfering substances. The data indicate that tocopherol is not regenerated in the oxidized oils by the heat treatment. The loss of tocopherol in soybean oil which had been oxidized beyond the induction period was relatively small.
Preparation and some properties of tung oil monoglycerides
Authors: McKinney R. S. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: May 2007

Several methods for the preparation of tung oil monoglycerides were investigated. Products richest in both monoglyceride (78%) and triene conjugation (63% as eleostearic acid) were obtained by glycerolysis with sodium methoxide in pyridine solution. Attempts to increase the content of monoglyceride and triene conjugation by selective solvents were unsuccessful. The monoglycerides were effective in lowering the surface tension of water as well as the interfacial tension of several oils, including tung oil, against water. The tung oil monoglycerides behaved as fugitive emulsifiers and, after drying, retarded the removal of spray residue (lead arsenate) by washing with a water spray more than did other emulsifiers, such as cottonseed oil monoglycerides. The ammonium soap of tung oil fatty acids also acted as a fugitive emulsifier.
Selective hydrolysis of soybean oil phosphatides
Authors: Beal R. E.
Published: May 2007

A rapid method is described for treating nondegummed soybean oil with water and a mixture of cation and anion exchange resins at elevated temperatures. In less than 30 min. 85% of phosphatide phosphorus is converted to a water‐soluble, petroleum ether‐insoluble form. Very little free or combined fatty acids are associated with the phosphorus thus split off from the phosphatide, and only a moderate increase in free fatty acid in the oil phase occurs. It is proposed that the phosphatides are largely converted to diglycerides by the selective hydrolytic treatment.
The effect of position of ester group on critical micelle concentration of ester‐linked sulfonates
Authors: Hikota Takeshi , Meguro Kenjiro
Published: May 2007

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of sodium alkyl sulfoacetates and β‐sulfopropionates, and sodium salt of 2‐sulfo ethyl ester, 3‐sulfo propyl ester and 4‐sulfo butyl ester of fatty acids have been determined by the electrical conductance of each aqueous solution. The relation between CMC value and number of total methylene groups (N) for the Cn*H2n*+1COO(CH2)3 SO3Na and C9H19COO(CH2)n**SO3Na (n*=9, 10 and 11. n**=2, 3 and 4) can be formulated as follows.

urn:x-wiley:0003021X:media:aocs0197:equation:aocs0197-math-0001

From these equations it was determined that the methylene unit situated between ester and sulfonate groups is equivalent to 0.5 methylene groups in its effect on CMC. For a given number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, the log CMC value increased regularly with a change in the ester group away from the terminal position to more central positions in the hydrocabon chain. The two different types of ester‐linkages (RCOO‐and ROCO‐) have no apparent effect on the CMC value.
Gas liquid and thin layer chromatographic analysis of 12‐aminostearic acid
Authors: Freedman Bernard
Published: May 2007

Products from the reductive amination of 12‐ketostearic acid to 12‐aminostearic acid have been monitored by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The nonvolatile amino acid was analyzed by TLC, but its trifluoroacetylated methyl ester was analyzed by TLC and GLC. Conditions for obtaining high conversions of the amino acid to this derivative are described. The derivative was quantitated by GLC using methyl 12‐ketostearate as an internal standard. Various developing solvents, types of TLC plates, and visualization spray reagents were examined and compared for efficiency and convenience regarding the TLC separations. Satisfactory TLC systems were developed for crude reaction mixtures containing 12‐aminostearic acid and these same mixtures, which were trifluoroacetylated. The influence of water in the developing solvent on the ionic forms of the amino acid is discussed.
Direct determination of sodium in soybean oil by flame photometry
Authors: Black L. T.
Published: May 2007

The correlation of sodium content of alkalirefined soybean oil with the soap content of the oil has been widely accepted by oil processors. We have found that this sodium content can be determined by aspiration of an oil solvent solution directly into a flame emission spectrophotometer. The intensity of the sodium flame emission produced from the oil solution was compared with that from oil standards containing known amounts of sodium soaps. To prepare standards, sodium oleate was dissolved in ethylene glycol followed by the addition of a solvent and soybean oil containing low sodium of known amount; this solution aspirated at a rapid, constant rate. The method is capable of determining sodium at a lower limit of 0.1 ppm with accuracy comparable to that of neutron activation analysis.
Newer techniques in protein isolation and characterization
Authors: Rothfus John A.
Published: May 2007

This review summarizes theory, experimental procedures and applications of current research methodology in each stage of protein purification from the disruption of seed structures and isolation of protein bodies to cleavage of intermolecular bonds and the purification of individual proteins. Methods for characterizing proteins are discussed in terms of their utility in monitoring protein isolations, disclosing structural features and predicting protein behavior. Specific topics include: the macrostructure of seeds, scanning electron microscopy, particle fractionation by density gradient centrifugation, filtration, association‐dissociation of seed proteins, disulfide bonds and other forms of intermolecular bonding, high pressure gel filtration, immunospecific adsorbents or precipitating agents, immunochemical techniques, isoelectric focusing, physical and chemical methods for characterizing proteins, differential thermal analysis and the determination of polypeptide sequences.
Lipids of maturing grain of corn (Zea mays L.):
Authors: Weber Evelyn J.
Published: May 2007

The polar lipids of a standard corn inbred, H51, were analyzed as the kernels developed. The concentrations of the glycolipids and phospholipids were highest at 30–45 days after pollination and then decreased. Digalactosyl diglyceride was the dominant glycolipid in the maturing grain. Monogalactosyl diglyceride and sulfolipid were also major sugar‐containing lipids, but steryl glycoside ester, steryl glycoside and cerebrosides were relatively minor components. Phosphatidyl choline accounted for over 50% of the total phosphorus of the phospholipids at all stages of kernel development. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol ranked second and third. Each individual lipid had its own characteristic fatty acid pattern, but the changes in fatty acid composition during development of the corn kernels were similar for all the lipids. The percentages of palmitic acid and linolenic acid decreased while those of oleic acid increased.
Determination of free and conjugated triclosan in blood by electron capture gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Schulze Janos , Marquardt Fritz‐Hans , Lyman Frank , Spitzer Carol
Published: May 2007

Unconjugated triclosan in blood can be determined by extraction with hexane, followed by its conversion to an acetyl derivative and analysis by electron capture gas liquid chromatography. The conjugated triclosan can be analyzed by an identical procedure, after the complexes have been hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid. The method was validated by recovery studies using spiking and radioactive techniques and can be used for the determination of triclosan in blood in the concentration range of 1 ppb (ng/ml) to 100 ppm (µg/ml). The precision and accuracy of the method are discussed, and examples of its application are presented.
Determination of amine or amide nitrogen in vegetable oils
Authors: Kuck James C.
Published: May 2007

A procedure is described for the determination of small amounts of amine or amide nitrogen in vegetable oils. Amines are extracted quantitatively from the oil after it is treated with aqueous HCl and steam. Nitrogen then is determined in the aqueous extract by the Kjeldahl method.
Competitive hydrogenation rates of isomeric methyl octadecadienoates
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Scholfield C. R. , Mounts T. L. , Butterfield R. O. , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

Determination of the relative reaction rates of isomeric methyl octadecadienoates is possible by competitive reduction of a mixture containing an inactive diene and a radioactively labeled isomer. The hydrogenation rate of methylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate with platinum and nickel catalysts is compared to the hydrogenation rate of each of several isomers of methyl octadecadienoate, and the relative rate of the competitive hydrogenations is calculated by a digital computer. Methylcis‐9,cis‐12 linoleate is reduced the most rapidly of all the dienes studied. The relative rates of the positional isomers tend to decrease with the increasing number of methylene groups between the double bonds, except when one of the double bonds is in the more reactive 15 position. Comparison of the geometric isomers shows thattrans,trans diene is hydrogenated at a slower rate thancis,cis linoleate.
Lactones in butter, butteroil, and margarine
Authors: Ellis R. , Wong N. P.
Published: May 2007

The γ‐ and Δ‐lactones of butter, butteroil, and margarine samples were determined by a recently developed extraction and chromatographic method. A chromatographic column is made of three layers consisting of 6 g aluminum oxide upon which is placed 35 g sodium sulfate and then a fat‐Celite mixture obtained by grinding 10 g sample with 35 g Celite 545. The column was eluted with acetonitrile, and the extract was concentrated and lactones determined by gas chromatography. γ‐Dodecalactone, Δ‐decalactone, Δ‐dodecalactone, and Δ‐tetradecalactone were recovered quantitatively. Freshly made butter had only 7 ppm of these lactones, whereas commercial samples ranged from 12–30 ppm. Two of eight commercial margarine samples had as much as 10 ppm of Δ‐decalactone and Δ‐dodecalactone. Comparison of unheated butteroil with butteroil heated at various temperatures showed a correlation of lactone content with time and temperature of heating. Butteroil heated at 65 or 100 C showed increasing levels of lactones up to 8 hr, whereas butteroil heated at 145 or 125 C showed a maximum production at ca. 2 and 4 hr, respectively.
The component acids of kamala oil (Mallotus Philippinensis, Muell. Arg.)
Authors: Gupta S. C. , Gupta S. S. , Aggarwal J. S.
Published: May 2007

Kamala oil has been found to contain about 60% of kamlolenic acid as the only major component with minor proportions of common linoleic, oleic, and saturated acids and probably some conjugated diethenoid acid. The saturated components consist mostly of myristic and palmitic acids.

Consecutive extraction of kamala seeds with petroleum ether and ethyl ether yields two fractions of the oil, containing about 40% and 80% of kamlolenic acid, respectively.

During storage a portion of the unsaturated glycerides seems to undergo polymerization within the seed itself and appears as an insoluble gelatinous mass during saponification of the oil.
Economic status of the fats and oils industry
Authors: Walsh Robert M.
Published: May 2007

In summary, production of fats from domestie materials has increased over 40% since prewar. The world shortage of edible fats of early postwar years has been overcome through increased production, and, with petroleum derivatives replacing fats in some industrial uses, the United States has a surplus of fats over domestic needs. Inventories have increased. The government, through price programs, has acquired substantial stocks of cottonseed oil, linseed oil, and butter. Recent trends offer little promise of change in the high‐inventory position unless extraordinary measures are taken. Lard output, now relatively low, will rise again, beginning next fall. And the effect of 1954 cotton acreage restrictions on oil production will be more than offset by increased soybean and flaxseed plantings. Although exports of low‐priced tallow and greases have been gaining, exports of edible oils have deelined. Domestic disappearance of fats in food uses is rising in line with population growth, but industrial use is falling particularly in the manufacture of soap. With an abundant supply of certain inedible fats available, there is opportunity and need for chemical discovery to support now uses based on quality products and for expansion of outlets in markets here‐tofre little used.