bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SUSTENTABILIDADE E AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR: UM ESTUDO DE CASO EM UMA ASSOCIAÇÃO DE AGRICULTORES RURAIS
Authors: Guimarães Santos Jaqueline , Cândido Gesinaldo Ataíde
Published: April 2017

Com a problemática ambiental atual, resultante do modelo de desenvolvimento com objetivos voltados apenas para a elevação dos índices econômicos, surge a necessidade de alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável. Dentre uma infinidade de variáveis que mantém relação com a temática do desenvolvimento sustentável, destaca-se a agricultura, haja vista que, desde os primórdios da civilização, é uma das principais formas de interação do ser humano com a natureza. Assim sendo, o modelo agrícola, que surge em meio às preocupações ambientais, é a agroecologia. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem por objetivo identificar o índice de sustentabilidade da agricultura orgânica familiar a partir dos indicadores econômico, técnico-agronômico, manejo, ecológico e político-institucional proposto por Oliveira (2007) dos produtores vinculados à Associação de Desenvolvimento Econômico, Social e Comunitário (ADESC) localizada no município de Lagoa Seca – PB. A metodologia utilizada fundamenta-se no modelo de Oliveira (2007), que analisa um conjunto de indicadores que resulta em um índice de sustentabilidade do agroecossistema. O estudo é caracterizado como exploratório e descritivo conduzido sob a forma de um estudo de caso. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas realizadas junto aos agricultores vínculos a ADESC e complementadas com a análise de dados secundários e da observação não participante. Os resultados obtidos apontam que, a maioria dos indicadores encontra-se satisfatórios, de modo a contribuir positivamente para o alcance da sustentabilidade da agricultura familiar dos produtores associados à ADESC, embora haja uma carência de políticas públicas para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar na região.
Efectos económicos y ambientales del impuesto especial sobre determinados medios de transporte
Authors: Freire González Jaume , Puig-Ventosa Ignasi
Published: April 2017

El principal objetivo de la reforma del Impuesto Especial sobre Determinados Medios de Transporte (IEDMT), que entró en vigor en enero de 2008, fue incentivar un progresivo cambio en el parque automovilístico español hacia vehículos menos contaminantes. La presente investigación realiza una estimación, a partir de técnicas econométricas, de los efectos económicos y ambientales de la nueva configuración del IEDMT. La reforma del impuesto ha tenido un efecto positivo y significativo sobre la reducción de las emisiones de CO2 de los nuevos vehículos matriculados.
Recensiones
Authors: Laiz Castro Consuelo
Published: April 2017

Sánchez de Dios, Manuel. Política comparada. Madrid: Síntesis, 2012.
La gestión participativa del agua en Brasil: aspectos legales, institucionales y políticos (1988 - 2008)
Authors: Gravina Ogata Maria
Published: April 2017

Este estudio analiza y evalúa la nueva política pública de recursos hídricos de Brasil, cuyo marco normativo es la Ley Federal nº 9.433, del 8 de enero de 1997, promulgada en pleno período de Reforma del Estado Brasileño (1995). Esta política trajo importantes innovaciones en la gestión del agua, considerada bien público bajo el control de la Unión y de los Estados Federados por la Constitución Federal de 1988. El aspecto innovador de esta política es su sistema de gestión, basado en los Consejos Nacionales y Estaduales de Recursos Hídricos y los Comités de Cuencas Hidrográficas. La gestión participativa se basa en la participación de representantes del Poder Público, de los usuarios del agua y de la sociedad civil, cuya opinión se recogió mediante entrevistas en profundidad. Esta nueva política pública se implantó de forma desigual en todo el territorio nacional y es reflejo de las características y peculiaridades de cada región brasileña. Este trabajo analizó las experiencias regionales a partir de los enfoques teóricos de la gestión participativa y las relaciones multinivel en la gobernanza del agua, teniendo en cuenta las particularidades del federalismo brasileño. Los resultados de la investigación reflejan que la sociedad civil confía en esta forma de gestión de los recursos hídricos y tiene grandes expectativas de que podrían lograrse mejores resultados fortaleciendo la democracia brasileña. La recuperación de la ciudadanía, la participación en la ejecución de las políticas públicas, y la deliberación rápida de conflictos sobre el uso del agua han sido algunos de los principales logros de esta nueva forma de gestión de los recursos hídricos.
A la búsqueda del equilibrio entre transparencia administrativa y protección de datos. Primeros desarrollos en el ámbito municipal
Authors: Tejedor Bielsa Julio César
Published: April 2017

El estudio se centra en la búsqueda del equilibrio entre transparencia administrativa y protección de datos tras la Ley 19/2013, de 9 de diciembre, de transparencia, acceso a la información publica y buen gobierno. La tensión existente entre el interés público que exige la máxima transparencia y accesibilidad a la información pública y los intereses particulares en la protección de los datos personales debe resolverse salvaguardando en lo posible uno y otros. En los últimos años, culminada la aprobación de la nueva normativa básica estatal, las Comunidades Autónomas están dotándose rápidamente de normativa legal en materia de transparencia. Pero también habrán de hacerlo los municipios. En ese contexto Zaragoza ha venido desarrollando una intensa actividad de modernización impulsando la administración electrónica y, de forma pionera la transparencia. La reciente aprobación de la ordenanza municipal, que desarrolla e impulsa la aplicación de la normativa básica, constituye un magnífico ejemplo para contrastar la eficacia de las respuestas legales a la búsqueda del equilibrio entre transparencia y privacidad.
Modelos educativos y políticas de educación secundaria en Andalucía, Madrid y País Vasco: problemas, agendas y decisiones
Authors: Del Campo García Esther , López Sánchez Eliseo
Published: April 2017

Este artículo pretende explicar y analizar cómo las comunidades autónomas han definido sus diferentes modelos educativos, y políticas de educación secundaria a partir de la ambigüedad del marco jurídico del Estado central, que culmina en la Ley Orgánica de Educación de 2006. Hemos seleccionado tres casos especialmente relevantes y diferentes que nos permiten contrastar como se configuran los modelos educativos autonómicos: El País Vasco, Andalucía y la Comunidad de Madrid. El análisis se centra en los elementos clave de la legislación del Estado para las comunidades autónomas, tales como la autonomía de gestión de los institutos públicos, el papel de la comunidad de actores implicados, los conciertos con los colegios privados y la adaptación de las políticas a las diferencias sociales entre comunidades autónomas. Tomando el enfoque de corrientes múltiples de Zahariadis como herramienta de análisis, el artículo concluye señalando la importancia del medio ambiente social y su impacto en las políticas, la relevancia de la ideología del partido gobernante en cada comunidad autónoma y la participación de los actores en la implementación de políticas de educación secundaria.
Explorando la Política urbana europea: ¿Hacia una agenda urbana nacional-europea?
Authors: González Medina Moneyba , Fedeli Valeria
Published: April 2017

En los últimos años, la Unión europea ha reactivado el proceso de la “agenda urbana”. El “mainstreaming” de la dimensión urbana en las políticas comunitarias (2009), la integración explícita de la “Política urbana” en la nueva Política de cohesión (2012) y la celebración de una consulta pública sobre la agenda urbana europea (2014) son algunos ejemplos que ofrecen un nuevo e interesante marco para los estudios urbanos europeos. Por tanto, este artículo aborda, por un lado, la evolución del proceso de la agenda urbana europea, que se basa en la consolidación del enfoque de “desarrollo urbano sostenible integrado” (DUSI). Por otro lado, analiza la cuestión de la europeización urbana en el marco de la nueva Política de cohesión 2014-2020. Los casos de Italia y España serán abordados con el objetivo de explorar esta tendencia.
La terminación de políticas y organizaciones públicas. El caso de la extinción de Luz y Fuerza del Centro en México
Authors: Rubio Campos Jesús
Published: April 2017

Esta investigación analiza los modelos y estrategias utilizadas durante el proceso de terminación de políticas públicas, tema que ha sido poco estudiado hasta el momento. Para cumplir con dicho objetivo, se decidió utilizar un estudio de caso instrumental, el de la extinción de Luz y Fuerza del Centro (LyFC) en México, a fin de identificar variables y su comportamiento en los patrones de terminación que sirvan de marco de análisis para casos similares. Los marcos teóricos sobre la terminación de políticas y organizaciones públicas descritos en la literatura sobre el tema resultaron muy apropiados para explicar el proceso de extinción de LyFC. Destacan la figura del “terminador”, la compensación por encima de lo establecido bajo condiciones normales a los afectados por la política, la desacreditación de la oposición con el uso de los medios de comunicación, el elemento sorpresa, la no intromisión del legislativo, crear divisiones organizacionales, dar claridad respecto a los pasos siguientes y el contar con una clara estrategia para la implementación del plan de terminación. Las excepciones al modelo fueron el uso sorpresivo de la fuerza pública para tomar las instalaciones de LyFC, así como el congelamiento de las cuentas bancarias del Sindicato Mexicano de Electricistas (SME) por la falta de “toma de nota” y la colaboración de un grupo adverso al SME, conformado por trabajadores de la Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) afiliados al Sindicato Único de Trabajadores Electricistas de la República Mexicana (SUTERM). Otro aprendizaje que nos deja el caso, es que en este tipo de intervenciones para la terminación de políticas y organizaciones públicas, debería prevalecer el cuidado de la ética en el ejercicio de la función pública, pues la terminación de políticas públicas no debe abordarse solamente desde un punto de vista meramente técnico, sino que debe entenderse que las decisiones de política conllevan impactos duraderos sobre las personas.
Produção cultural indígena e história da arte no Brasil
Authors: Reinaldim Ivair
Published: April 2017

Inicialmente retoma-se neste artigo o debate entre o antropólogo britânico Alfred Gell e o filósofo norte-americano Arthur C. Danto a respeito da relação arte/artefato para, a partir das questões suscitadas acerca da noção de “armadilha”, confrontar essas considerações com a análise comparativa entre relativismo cultural e perspectivismo ameríndio desenvolvida pelo antropólogo brasileiro Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. Em seguida, busca-se averiguar a repercussão dessas ideias na abordagem da produção cultural dos povos indígenas no Brasil, examinando-se um estudo de caso em relação à conjuntura recente de assimilação e circulação de referências indígenas no sistema de arte contemporânea.
Uma história de roupas e de moda para a história da arte
Authors: Brandão Angela
Published: April 2017

Uma história das roupas e da moda poderá ser tratada no contexto específico da história da arte? Se, em sua origem como disciplina acadêmica, a história da arte indicou a centralidade das artes decorativas ou aplicadas, a história das roupas e da moda não parecem ter recebido, particularmente, uma atenção especial. Com suas implicações sociais, econômicas e políticas, e também envoltas nos costumes e na vida cotidiana, as roupas e a moda fazem parte de muitas histórias entrecruzadas. Este texto procura apresentar, provisoriamente, modos e problemas para estudar as roupas no âmbito da história da arte.
Understanding Tacit Knowledge in Decision Making
Authors: Mortier Terry , Anderson David
Published: April 2017

The “semi-professional” sector of the economy continues to grow and represents one of the largest areas in the economy and within higher education programs. Of these programs, the health professions are showing the largest growth. Decision-making, reflective thinking, critical thinking, and reflective practice have all been described as contributing to professional knowledge development in these professions (; ; ; ). Professional knowledge is a collective term encompassing the explicit and tacit knowledge needed for effective practice. The explicit knowledge in these fields has received extensive study, but implicit knowledge remains largely unexamined. In this chapter, the authors examine the nature of tacit knowledge for semi-professionals in the health field and how it shapes their work environment. Specifically, this chapter presents the results of a study of medical laboratory scientists, and provides Implications for professional development, theory, and further research.
Development of Testing Machines and Equipment for Small Punch Testing, Proposals for Improvement of CWA 15627
Authors: Omacht Daniel , Kubanek Zdenek , Dolezal Roman
Published: April 2017

The need to determine the mechanical properties of materials of machine parts working in operating conditions without shutdown of the entire unit and disintegration machine parts in the past led to the development of miniaturized specimens associated with the generation of special test procedures and methods. During many years the developed methods have been refining, the results are compared with conventional testing methods, the shape and dimensions of specimens are modified. The enormous development of information technologies in the last decades enabled the emergence of a new field of science - mechatronics - a multidisciplinary field of engineering that includes a combination of systems engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, telecommunications engineering, control engineering and computer engineering. Progress in the field of mechatronic together with development of new materials, new CNC machining methods for metallic and non-metallic materials, miniaturization of sensors of physical quantities, fast, accurate data sampling and recording significantly influenced the development of the testing devices and allowed to construct machines which was not possible in the past.Content of this paper presents the latest design, features of a test device for determining the residual life of machine components working at elevated temperatures (SPUTT500®), equipment for tensile and fracture testing small samples under the normal and low temperatures (CRYOSET®) and the scoop sampling machine (ESTIM®) used not only for further research but also for development and evaluation of small samples testing technology. The final part of this article comprises the proposal for improvement the Code of practise for small punch testing (CEN Workshop Agreement 15627).
Determination of Creep Damage Properties from a Miniature Three Point Bending Specimen Using an Inverse Approach
Authors: Lu J. , Campbell-Brown A. , Tu Shan Tung , Sun Wei
Published: April 2017

In this work, a novel method for determining the creep damage properties which can be used to represent the full life until failure from a miniature bending creep test specimen is developed based on a mathematical analysis and an inverse approach. Using the Kachanov-Rabotnov creep damage model, a mathematical expression for the deflection of a simply supported, rectangular miniature thin beam creep test specimen, under three-point bending (TPB), is derived. The outputs of these equations are iterated numerically using a MATLAB program. The time-dependent deflection curves are computed as the virtue TPB tests at various loads. The accuracy of the mathematical solutions is evaluated by the corresponding results obtained from finite element analysis. On this basis, an inverse method is then developed to obtain the creep and damage constants using a MATLAB optimisation scheme, where the primary creep is neglected. The results obtained for a power plant Grade 91 Cr steel is used for demonstration. The inverse approach developed has potential applications for assessing the high temperature material strength as part of a NDT procedure and for deriving the full life creep damage constitutive properties from a small volume of material, in particular, for various microstructure regions within a heat-affected zone of weldments, e.g. of power plant pipelines and aero-engine components.
Research on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Fiber Laser Welding of A7N01 Al-Alloy
Authors: Jiang Yi Shuai , Yang Shang Lei , Wang Yan , Yang Zhi Hua
Published: April 2017

A7N01 aluminum alloy with the thickness of 10mm is welded using fiber laser with filler wire, the microstructures and mechanical properties of the welding joints are observed and analyzed by microhardness and tensile testers, SEM. The results show that the crystalline morphology of the welding metal is equiaxial as-cast. the columnar crystals exist in the fusion zone next to the weld interface. A softening zone with the width of 1.6 mm is formed in the heat affected zone. Micro-hardness of the welding joint distributes uniformly, the highest is in base metal which is 110 HV and the lowest is in the welding joint which is 73 HV. The tensile strength of the welded joint is 281 MPa, the strength coefficient reached 70.6%. the fatigue strengths of the laser welded joint and the base metal are investigated. The results show that the conditional fatigue strength (107) of the laser welded joint can reach up to 63.6% of that of the base metal. there are fatigue striations generated during the steady-state region.
Sustainable building materials: Green even below the surface?
Authors: Lombard Richard
Published: April 2017

When it comes to material selection, green is now much more than a color – or is it? Material manufacturers are eager to pitch materials as sustainable or LEED certified or any number of valid and invalid qualifiers, and leave it to the consumer to sort the fact from fiction. Combining this with a growing interest from final clients in the specification of specific materials to support either a heartfelt or marketing desire of sustainability, the resulting confusion is inevitable. In the end, there are many factors contributing to sustainability when it comes to materials and their use in buildings. This paper will address the following:

Raw materials

Weight

Labor (time and materials)

Performance

Integration

In addition, the paper will present a list of recent material developments in the area of sustainability.
Native plant landscaping and species selection to promote sustainability and biodiversity in Qatar
Authors: Richer Renee , Bhatt Arvind , Abdul Majid Sarah , Skelhorn Cynthia , Al Marri Masoud , Al Wawi Hayel , Chatziefthimiou Aspassia
Published: April 2017

The State of Qatar has chosen to pursue the path of sustainable development, making it the focus of the Qatar National Development Strategy. Given the large scale industrialization and the limited land availability, the urban environment will be crucial in maintaining native species. Current landscaping practices in Qatar are heavily reliant on introduced species that require extensive irrigation and modified soils in this hyper-arid desert environment. We provide an analysis of the dominant landscaping plants currently in use, including both the costs and benefits of the use of such plants. We also provide solutions by outlining options for the use of native plants in landscaping in Qatar. This includes the architectural, social and aesthetic aspects of the native species as well as the physical requirements such as water availability and soil demands.
Allelopathic effects of Casuarina equisetifolia L. on seed germination of some crop plants and their associated weeds
Authors: Ahmed Talaat A. , Al-Sayed Noura Habeeb
Published: April 2017

Casuarina equisetifolia L. is a widespread tree that has been known for its allelopathic potential causing biological inhibition on plant seed germination. Leaf extract of Casuarina equisetifolia L. was evaluated for its allelopathic influence on various plant crops. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to study its allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth. Various concentrations of leaf extract (0, 1.25%, 2.5 and 5%) were prepared and used while in the greenhouse experiment, leaf powder was mixed with soil at concentrations of (0, 15, 30 and 45 g/kg soil). Results revealed that leaf aqueous extract of Casuarina equisetifolia L affected significantly seed germination of all selected plant crops under laboratory condition. Highest inhibition was observed with 5% concentration compared to control that was treated with distilled water. In addition, it was that leaf extract of Casuarina had maximum inhibitory effect on roots growth compared to shoots of the studied seedling. Greenhouse experiment demonstrated that C. equisetifolia exhibited significant allelopathic activity on wheat germination but did not affect plant growth characteristics based on all treatments. However, Casuarina leaf extracts showed positive effect on Mustard germination and plant growth. The inhibitory substances present in Casuarina equisetifolia L leaves could be used as a potential environmental friendly herbicide. However, allelopathy is a complex process where further studies should be done in order to understand types of chemical molecules, mode of action of the Allelochemicals on physiology and biochemical process of weeds and crop plants. Attention and effort should be made more in allelopathy now a days because of environmental protection issues as well as the need of organic food so allelopathy will have great value in sustainable agriculture in future.
A Real Option Analysis applied to the production of Arabica and Robusta Coffee in Ecuador
Authors: Jácome Andres R. , Garrido Alberto
Published: April 2017

The coffee market is distinguished for being volatile and uncertain in terms of domestic and international prices. Arabica and Robusta coffee are produced in 23 provinces of Ecuador. A decade-long decline of coffee production prompted the Ecuadorian government to launch a public program for replanting coffee trees towards the end of 2011. A grower’s decision to enter, remain in or exit the coffee sector is based on fluctuating profits from each year’s harvest sale. We analyzed the hypothesis whereby the coffee grower’s decision to leave the sector is explained by volatile and uncertain prices. This paper aimed to evaluate the coffee sector with an application of Real Option Analysis for the period 2002-2012. We also defined entry (H) and exit (L) prices for Arabica and Robusta coffee for the analyzed period. Our findings revealed high H and L prices encourage growers to leave the sector for the most part of the analyzed period. High H and L prices resulted from high variable cost due to increasing wages for farm workers. The Ecuadorian government is developing a policy to help growers make production more efficient, encouraging them to remain in the sector in the long run.
Retrieval of volcanic ash height from satellite‐based infrared measurements
Authors: Zhu Lin , Li Jun , Zhao Yingying , Gong He , Li Wenjie
Published: April 2017

A new algorithm for retrieving volcanic ash cloud height from satellite‐based measurements is presented. This algorithm, which was developed in preparation for China's next‐generation meteorological satellite (FY‐4), is based on volcanic ash microphysical property simulation and statistical optimal estimation theory. The MSG satellite's main payload, a 12‐channel Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager, was used as proxy data to test this new algorithm. A series of eruptions of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano during April to May 2010 and the Puyehue‐Cordón Caulle volcanic complex eruption in the Chilean Andes on 16 June 2011 were selected as two typical cases for evaluating the algorithm under various meteorological backgrounds. Independent volcanic ash simulation training samples and satellite‐based Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization data were used as validation data. It is demonstrated that the statistically based volcanic ash height algorithm is able to rapidly retrieve volcanic ash heights, globally. The retrieved ash heights show comparable accuracy with both independent training data and the lidar measurements, which is consistent with previous studies. However, under complicated background, with multilayers in vertical scale, underlying stratus clouds tend to have detrimental effects on the final retrieval accuracy. This is an unresolved problem, like many other previously published methods using passive satellite sensors. Compared with previous studies, the FY‐4 ash height algorithm is independent of simultaneous atmospheric profiles, providing a flexible way to estimate volcanic ash height using passive satellite infrared measurements.
Decadal climate predictions improved by ocean ensemble dispersion filtering
Authors: Kadow C. , Illing S. , Kröner I. , Ulbrich U. , Cubasch U.
Published: April 2017

Decadal predictions by Earth system models aim to capture the state and phase of the climate several years in advance. Atmosphere‐ocean interaction plays an important role for such climate forecasts. While short‐term weather forecasts represent an initial value problem and long‐term climate projections represent a boundary condition problem, the decadal climate prediction falls in‐between these two time scales. In recent years, more precise initialization techniques of coupled Earth system models and increased ensemble sizes have improved decadal predictions. However, climate models in general start losing the initialized signal and its predictive skill from one forecast year to the next. Here we show that the climate prediction skill of an Earth system model can be improved by a shift of the ocean state toward the ensemble mean of its individual members at seasonal intervals. We found that this procedure, called ensemble dispersion filter, results in more accurate results than the standard decadal prediction. Global mean and regional temperature, precipitation, and winter cyclone predictions show an increased skill up to 5 years ahead. Furthermore, the novel technique outperforms predictions with larger ensembles and higher resolution. Our results demonstrate how decadal climate predictions benefit from ocean ensemble dispersion filtering toward the ensemble mean.
A case for Planetary Health/GeoHealth
Authors: Almada Amalia A. , Golden Christopher D. , Osofsky Steven A. , Myers Samuel S.
Published: April 2017

Concern has been spreading across scientific disciplines that the pervasive human transformation of Earth's natural systems is an urgent threat to human health. The simultaneous emergence of “GeoHealth” and “Planetary Health” signals recognition that developing a new relationship between humanity and our natural systems is becoming an urgent global health priority—if we are to prevent a backsliding from the past century's great public health gains. Achieving meaningful progress will require collaboration across a broad swath of scientific disciplines as well as with policy makers, natural resource managers, members of faith communities, and movement builders around the world in order to build a rigorous evidence base of scientific understanding as the foundation for more robust policy and resource management decisions that incorporate both environmental and human health outcomes.
Pore‐scale modeling of hydromechanical coupled mechanics in hydrofracturing process
Authors: Chen Zhiqiang , Wang Moran
Published: April 2017

Hydrofracturing is an important technique in petroleum industry to stimulate well production. Yet the mechanism of induced fracture growth is still not fully understood, which results in some unsatisfactory wells even with hydrofracturing treatments. In this work we establish a more accurate numerical framework for hydromechanical coupling, where the solid deformation and fracturing are modeled by discrete element method and the fluid flow is simulated directly by lattice Boltzmann method at pore scale. After validations, hydrofracturing is simulated with consideration on the strength heterogeneity effects on fracture geometry and microfailure mechanism. A modified topological index is proposed to quantify the complexity of fracture geometry. The results show that strength heterogeneity has a significant influence on hydrofracturing. In heterogeneous samples, the fracturing behavior is crack nucleation around the tip of fracture and connection of it to the main fracture, which is usually accompanied by shear failure. However, in homogeneous ones the fracture growth is achieved by the continuous expansion of the crack, where the tensile failure often dominates. It is the fracturing behavior that makes the fracture geometry in heterogeneous samples much more complex than that in homogeneous ones. In addition, higher pore pressure leads to more shear failure events for both heterogeneous and homogeneous samples.
India‐Asia convergence: Insights from burial and exhumation of the Xigaze fore‐arc basin, south Tibet
Authors: Li Guangwei , Kohn Barry , Sandiford Mike , Xu Zhiqin
Published: April 2017

The composite fore‐arc/syncollisional Xigaze basin in south Tibet preserves a key record of India‐Asia collision. New apatite fission track and zircon (U‐Th)/He data from an N‐S transect across the preserved fore‐arc basin sequence near Xigaze show a consistent northward Late Cretaceous to middle Miocene younging trend, while coexisting apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He ages are all Miocene. Corresponding detrital zircon U‐Pb data are also reported for constraining the Cretaceous depositional ages of the Xigaze basin sequence in the region. Thermal history modeling indicates that the basin experienced northward propagating episodic exhumation, along with a northward migration of the depocenter and a pre‐existing Cenozoic syncollisional basin sequence which had been removed. In the southern part, fore‐arc exhumation commenced in the Late Cretaceous (~89 ± 2 Ma). Following transition to a syncollisional basin in the Paleocene, sedimentation in the central and northern Xigaze basin continued until the latest Eocene (~34 ± 4 Ma). Ongoing folding and thrusting (e.g., Great Counter Thrusts) caused by progressive plate convergence during late Oligocene‐early Miocene time resulted in regional uplift and considerable basin denudation, which fed two fluvial basins along its northern and southern flanks and exposed the basement ophiolite. Subsequent incision of the Yarlung River resulted in Miocene cooling in the region. Different episodes in the exhumation history of the Xigaze basin, caused by thrusting of an accretionary wedge and ophiolitic basement, can be linked to changes in India‐Asia convergence rates and the changing subduction pattern of the Indian and Neo‐Tethyan slabs.
Three different types of plumbing system beneath the neighboring active volcanoes of Tolbachik, Bezymianny, and Klyuchevskoy in Kamchatka
Authors: Koulakov Ivan , Abkadyrov Ilyas , Al Arifi Nassir , Deev Evgeny , Droznina Svetlana , Gordeev Evgeny I. , Jakovlev Andrey , El Khrepy Sami , Kulakov Roman I. , Kugaenko Yulia , Novgorodova Anzhelika , Senyukov Sergey , Shapiro Nikolay , Stupina Tatyana , West Michael
Published: April 2017

The Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes (KGV) in Kamchatka includes three presently active volcanoes (Klyuchevskoy, Bezymianny, and Tolbachik) located close together in an area of approximately 50 × 80 km. These three volcanoes have completely different compositions and eruption styles from each other. We have analyzed new data recorded by a temporary seismic network consisting of 22 seismic stations operated within the area of Tolbachik in 2014–2015 in conjunction with the data from the permanent network and the temporary PIRE network deployed at the Bezymianny volcano in 2009. The arrival times of the P and S waves were inverted using a local earthquake tomography algorithm to derive 3‐D seismic models of the crust beneath the KGV as well as accurate seismicity locations. High‐resolution structures beneath the Tolbachik volcanic complex were identified for the first time in this study. The tomography results reveal three different types of feeding system for the main KGV volcanoes. The basaltic lavas of the Klyuchevskoy volcano are supplied directly from a reservoir at a depth of 25–30 km through a nearly vertical pipe‐shaped conduit. The explosive Bezymianny volcano is fed through a dispersed system of crustal reservoirs where a lighter felsic material separates from the mafic component and ascends to the upper crust to form andesitic magma sources. For Tolbachik, low‐viscosity volatile‐saturated basalts ascend from two deep reservoirs following a system of fractures in the crust associated with the intersections of regional faults.
From planets to crops and back: Remote sensing makes sense
Authors: Mustard John F.
Published: April 2017

Remotely sensed data and the instruments that acquire them are core parts of Earth and planetary observation systems. They are used to quantify the Earth's interconnected systems, and remote sensing is the only way to get a daily, or more frequent, snapshot of the status of the Earth. It really is the Earth's stethoscope. In a similar manner remote sensing is the rock hammer of the planetary scientist and the only way comprehensive data sets can be acquired. To risk offending many remotely sensed data acquired across the electromagnetic spectrum, it is the tricorder to explore known and unknown planets. Arriving where we are today in the use of remotely sensed data in the solar system has been a continually evolving synergy between Earth observation, planetary exploration, and fundamental laboratory work.
Satellite navigation—Amazing technology but insidious risk: Why everyone needs to understand space weather
Authors: Hapgood Mike
Published: April 2017

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are one of the technological wonders of the modern world. Popularly known as satellite navigation, these systems have provided global access to precision location and timing services and have thereby stimulated advances in industry and consumer services, including all forms of transport, telecommunications, financial trading, and even the synchronization of power grids. But this wonderful technology is at risk from natural phenomena in the form of space weather. GNSS signals experience a slight delay as they pass through the ionosphere. This delay varies with space weather conditions and is the most significant source of error for GNSS. Scientific efforts to correct these errors have stimulated billions of dollars of investment in systems that provide accurate correction data for suitably equipped GNSS receivers in a growing number of regions around the world. This accuracy is essential for GNSS use by aircraft and ships. Space weather also provides a further occasional but severe risk to GNSS: an extreme space weather event may deny access to GNSS as ionospheric scintillation scrambles the radio signals from satellites, and rapid ionospheric changes outstrip the ability of error correction systems to supply accurate corrections. It is vital that GNSS users have a backup for such occasions, even if it is only to hunker down and weather the storm.
Essential science for understanding risks from radiation for airline passengers and crews
Authors: Knipp Delores J.
Published: April 2017

This commentary addresses the essential science and return‐on‐investment related to radiation risks for airline passengers and crews. The focus is on two recent NASA efforts to obtain data on radiation at and above commercial flight altitudes. Given that cosmic ray fluxes will likely be the highest since the dawn of the aviation age during the upcoming solar minimum, measuring high‐altitude radiation dose and turning those data into useful information for aviation operators, schedulers, and frequent flyers will provide support for key decisions.
Oxygen binding and nitric oxide dioxygenase activity of cytoglobin are altered to different extents by cysteine modification
Authors: Zhou Danlei , Hemann Craig , Boslett James , Luo Aiqin , Zweier Jay L. , Liu Xiaoping
Published: April 2017

Cytoglobin (Cygb), like other members of the globin family, is a nitric oxide (NO) dioxygenase, metabolizing NO in an oxygen (O2)‐dependent manner. We examined the effect of modification of cysteine sulfhydryl groups of Cygb on its O2 binding and NO dioxygenase activity. The two cysteine sulfhydryls of Cygb were modified to form either an intramolecular disulfide bond (Cygb_SS), thioether bonds to N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM; Cygb_SC), or were maintained as free SH groups (Cygb_SH). It was observed that the NO dioxygenase activity of Cygb only slightly changed (~ 25%) while the P50 of O2 binding to Cygb changed over four‐fold with these modifications. Our results suggest that it is possible to separately regulate one Cygb function (such as O2 binding) without largely affecting the other Cygb functions (such as its NO dioxygenase activity).
MSK1 regulates transcriptional induction of Arc/Arg3.1 in response to neurotrophins
Authors: Hunter Chris J. , Remenyi Judit , Correa Sonia A. , Privitera Lucia , Reyskens Kathleen M. S. E. , Martin Kirsty J. , Toth Rachel , Frenguelli Bruno G. , Arthur J. Simon C.
Published: April 2017

The immediate early gene activity‐regulated cytoskeletal protein (Arc)/Arg3.1 and the neurotrophin brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play important roles in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory in the mammalian brain. However, the mechanisms by which BDNF regulates the expression of Arc/Arg3.1 are unclear. In this study, we show that BDNF acts via the ERK1/2 pathway to activate the nuclear kinase mitogen‐ and stress‐activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1). MSK1 then induces Arc/Arg3.1 expression via the phosphorylation of histone H3 at the Arc/Arg3.1 promoter. MSK1 can also phosphorylate the transcription factor cyclic‐AMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) on Ser133. However, this is not required for BDNF‐induced Arc.Arg3.1 transcription as a Ser133Ala knockin mutation had no effect on Arc/Arg3.1 induction. In parallel, ERK1/2 directly activates Arc/Arg3.1 mRNA transcription via at least one serum response element on the promoter, which bind a complex of the Serum Response Factor (SRF) and a Ternary Complex Factor (TCF).
Sea Ice Dynamics
Authors: Haapala Jari
Published: April 2017

The sea‐ice dynamics is driven by momentum fluxes from atmosphere above and ocean below, modified by coriolis term and most importanly, the floe‐flow interaction term or internal stress of pack ice. Internal stress of pack ice arise from collision, shearing, breaking, rafting and ridging of individual ice floes. These processes and energy needed to cause deformations depends very much on the pack ice characteristics like thickness, floe distribution and mechanical strength.
Ice Loading on Ship Hull
Authors: Kujala Pentti
Published: April 2017

In this article, ship–ice interaction is studied from the ice loading point of view, that is, what is the physical background for various ice load events, how these can be theoretically modeled, how these load events can be measured in real conditions, and how the ice load level to be used for design purposes should be determined. Theoretical modeling possibilities are only shortly described as the main topic is the description of the full‐scale measurement principles, show some results, and illustrate typical analysis conducted with the obtained full‐scale data. The statistical tools used when analyzing the full‐scale data together with a proper lifetime design point for ice‐induced lads are finally touched upon.
Ship Design for Ice
Authors: Eronen Harri
Published: April 2017

Ship design for ice includes many factors that must be taken into account, compared to open‐water vessels. The starting points are the environmental and ice conditions and also operation profile of the vessel. To reach adequate ice performance, main dimensions, hull form, propulsion type, machinery, and power must be selected and designed based on rules, design studies, numerical analysis, and model tests. Suitable ice‐strengthening level must also be selected. Because good ice‐going capabilities often add open‐water power requirement, a compromise between different requirements must be found based on technical and economic studies for a single vessel or whole fleet in a transport system. All these factors have been described in this article for different types of ice‐going vessels designed for different operation areas.
Ice Action on Ship Hull
Authors: Riska Kaj
Published: April 2017

Ice action on ship hull consists of a contact followed by breaking the ice and subsequent ice motion along the ship hull. In different ice conditions the importance of these phases varies. Most clearly all these phases are present when a ship sails in level ice. This chapter describes these different phases in a qualitative manner with the aim of giving an understanding of the effect of different hull shapes and ice parameters on the ice action.
Ultimate Strength of Ship Structures
Authors: Paik Jeom Kee
Published: April 2017

One of the most important tasks in ultimate limit state design (LSD) of ship structures is to calculate the ultimate strength of individual structural members in addition to that of hull girders. This article presents the methods for ultimate strength calculations of basic structural members of ship structures such as beams, columns, beam–columns, plates and stiffened panels, and also those of hull girders. Relevant design principles and ultimate LSD criteria are also discussed.
Third‐Party Ship Management
Authors: Cleave Nigel D.
Published: April 2017

Ship management, in its purest sense, is the outsourcing of the management of a vessel or vessels to a qualified ship manager who provides, for an agreed fee, crew management and/or full (technical) management and/or commercial management services. If there is one element of shipping that has a business plan that revolves around growth during times of adversity when freight rates are falling, then it is clearly the ship‐management sector. It is at times of cyclical downturn that shipowners might retrench and focus their attention sharply on operating expenses in order to weather that downturn. With only 15% maximum of the world fleet under third‐party ship management, there is a strong school of thought that says that there is considerably more room in the market for ship managers' services. Rising operating costs, increasing levels of legislation, and a burgeoning world‐order book will continue to place shipowners under more and more pressure, and one option will be to outsource management assistance, thereby encouraging the ship management sector to continue to grow.
Propeller Design Process
Authors: Ligtelijn Do
Published: April 2017

This article describes what kind of information is needed prior to starting the design of a ship propeller. This concerns data to be provided by the customer, as well as data following from regulating bodies like ISO and classification societies. Manufacturing aspects and mechanical properties of specific propulsion equipment that have an influence on propeller design are reviewed. The importance of involving a propeller design expert in the early stages of the ship design is explained. The selection of the propeller design point(s) in relation to the mission profile of the ship and the matching of fixed pitch propellers with the prime mover are discussed. Finally, a general description of the design process of fixed pitch and controllable pitch propellers is provided.
Structural Design Methods and Documentation
Authors: Pradillon Jean‐Yves , Cabos Christian , Caprace Jean‐David , Jan Czaban Zbigniew , Peschmann Jörg , Zanic Vedran
Published: April 2017

Ship design and production activities are strongly driven by a very competitive environment as well as a reduction of time to market. The use of computer tools is thus strongly needed but is subject to many constraints. This article aims to provide the reader with a global view of this topic.
Wave–Current Interaction
Authors: van der Westhuysen André J.
Published: April 2017

This article provides an overview of the various interactions between surface gravity waves and the mean hydrodynamic flow. First, the influence of the mean flow on the waves is considered, which in a one‐dimensional description includes kinematic effects such as wave straining, shortening, and blocking and in two horizontal dimensions includes phenomena such as refraction across horizontal current shears. Dynamic effects on the wave field include changes in the energy flux from the wind to the waves and impacts on the intensity of wave breaking dissipation. Second, the influence of waves on the mean flow is considered in depth‐integrated and depth‐varying descriptions. The depth‐integrated approaches describe the influence of waves on the mean water column through depth‐integrated wave radiation stresses, Stokes drift, and enhanced bed friction, resulting in phenomena such as wave‐induced set‐up and longshore wave‐driven currents. These are significant contributors to nearshore total water levels in coupled coastal surge models. For application in three‐dimensional hydrodynamic models, depth‐dependent descriptions of wave–current interactions are required. Here we review the generalized Lagrangian mean (GLM) method and the related quasi‐Eulerian approach. Finally, the influence of waves on the bottom boundary layer stresses is considered showing the importance of wave–current coupling in this region of the water column. Application of these theories to forecasting and modeling studies is discussed and an outlook to the future development is given.
Wave Boundary Layer in the Lower Atmosphere
Authors: Troitskaya Yuliya I.
Published: April 2017

This article discusses a constituent of marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL)—wave boundary layer, which is a lower part of the atmosphere adjusted to the water surface influenced by waves at the water surface. Basic fluid mechanics formulation and equations are presented. Peculiarities of turbulent stress in marine atmospheric boundary layer are discussed. An overview of models of wave‐induced disturbances in MABL is presented, including theoretical models, models based on Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, direct numerical simulation (DNS), and large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent boundary layer over steep surface waves. Effects of swell and stratification on MABL are discussed.
Spectral Wave Modeling
Authors: Cavaleri Luigi
Published: April 2017

Wave modeling is the art of evaluating the wave conditions at given time and position. Not only the main parameters are provided (height, period, and direction) but also the 2D spectrum, that is, how wave energy is distributed in frequency (i.e., period or wavelength) and direction. In this article, the basic problem, the undergoing physics, and how the methods for a correct hind‐forecast have evolved in time are described. A picture is given of the present situation and performance and of what we can expect for the future. A few examples and numerical results help in getting a first‐hand feeling of the state of the art and its practical possibilities. The high quality of the present model results, particularly if from large operational centers, is also stressed, but also warning is given about the problems still present in wave modeling, problems that become more evident in severe and extreme conditions, when both the physics and the numerics of the models are pushed to their extreme.