bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of multipurpose virtual-reality dynamic simulator with a force-reflection joystick
Authors: Hsu C-F , Lin C-T , Huang T-Y , Young K-Y
Published: September 2005

The objective of this paper is to develop a multipurpose virtual-reality (VR) dynamic simulation system to meet the requirements of public security in the training of human operators. In this way, the operator can feel that he or she is controlling a real machine or vehicle to achieve the objective of real training. The developed VR dynamical simulation system in this paper mainly consists of three elements: a six-degree-of-freedom motion platform (Stewart platform), a force-reflection joystick, and an interactive VR scene. In the developed VR dynamic simulation system, the operator could sit on a Stewart platform to feel the velocity and orientation of motion, and could handle a force-reflection joystick to transfer the commands to the VR scene. Then, the operator will receive the force feedback from the Stewart platform and the joystick. Finally, a flight simulation scene is applied to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed VR dynamical simulation system. Experimental results demonstrate that the evaluation of the VR dynamical simulation system is comparatively good.
System identification of a mechanical system with impacts using model reference adaptive control
Authors: Virden D W , Wagg D J
Published: September 2005

A single degree of freedom mechanical spring-mass system was considered where the motion of the mass is constrained by an adjustable rigid impact stop. A model reference adaptive control algorithm combined with interspike interval techniques was used to consider the viability of identifying system parameters when impacts are present. The unmodified adaptive control algorithm destabilizes during vibro-impact motion, so three modified control algorithms were tested experimentally. The first, the gain reset, was found to be of limited use and system identification could not be successfully carried out. The second and third used a gain pause strategy. The second algorithm used acceleration triggering and represented an improvement on the gain reset method. The third approach used displacement triggering and was found to be partially successful in identifying system parameters in the presence of vibro-impact motion.
Lyapunov-stable control of mechatronic systems
Authors: Enge O , Maißer P
Published: September 2005

In this paper, a method for controlling mechatronic systems using inverse dynamics is proposed. The starting point is a unified mathematical approach to modelling electromechanical systems based on Lagrange formalism. This mathematical theory is used to represent such systems taking into account all interactions between their substructures. The concept of Lagrange formalism for electromechanical systems is given and the complete governing equations are presented. The Voronetz equations of a partially kinematically controlled electromechanical system (EMS) are derived. The corresponding reaction forces and voltages following from the Voronetz equations are determined. Using these reactions with small modifications, a so-called ‘augmented proportional-derivative (PD) dynamic control law’ is generated. This controller consists of a non-linear feedforward - based on inverse dynamics - and a linear feedback. The stability of the controller is proved using a Lyapunov function. The controller can also be applied to pure multibody systems or a sheer electrical system, both of which are borderline cases of mechatronic systems.
Socio-economic factors and health-related quality of life in adults living with HIV
Authors: Worthington C , Krentz H B
Published: September 2005

This study examined the relationships of income, employment status and other socioeconomic characteristics with dimensions of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for those living with HIV/AIDS, controlling for clinical characteristics. Demographic (gender, age, education, living with a partner, HIV transmission category), economic (employment status, monthly household income, volunteer experience), clinical (CD4 count, AIDS defining illness, time since diagnosis, number of HIV symptoms, and highly active antiretroviral therapy), and HRQOL measures (five Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey subscales) were obtained from 308 consenting HIV clinic patients in Calgary, Canada. Multiple regression results indicate that the strongest predictor of the five QL subscales is employment status, while income was significant as an independent predictor in two of the models. Other socioeconomic characteristics were not consistently significant predictors of HRQOL subscales. The contribution of employment to HRQOL is important to explore further, and suggest the need for flexibility in income support and return-to-work programmes for those with HIV.
Men who have sex with men who are born abroad and diagnosed with HIV in England and Wales: an epidemiological perspective
Authors: Dougan S , Elford J , Sinka K , Fenton K A , Evans B G
Published: September 2005

Relatively little is known about the sexual health needs of men who have sex with men (MSM) born abroad who reside in the UK. We describe here the epidemiology of HIV among MSM born outside the UK and diagnosed with HIV in England and Wales.

Reports of HIV diagnoses in England and Wales received at the Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections were analysed.

Between 2000 and 2003, 6386 MSM were diagnosed with HIV in England and Wales. Country of birth was recorded for 3571 (56%). Of those with country of birth reported, 2598 (73%) were born in the UK and 973 (27%) abroad. Of those born abroad (973), 424 (44%) were born in Europe, 141 (15%) in Africa, 104 (11%) in South/Central America and the remainder in other regions. Where reported (949), 69% of MSM born abroad were White, 12% other/mixed, 9% Black Caribbean and 7% Black African. Probable country of infection was reported for 612 MSM born abroad: 52% were infected in the UK, 43% in their region of birth and 5% in another region.

Men born abroad represent a significant proportion of HIV diagnoses among MSM in England and Wales. More than half probably acquired their HIV infection in the UK, strengthening the call for targeted HIV prevention and sexual health promotion among MSM who are not born in England and Wales.
Optimal Prices and Trade-in Rebates for Durable, Remanufacturable Products
Authors: Ray Saibal , Boyaci Tamer , Aras Necati
Published: September 2005

Most durable products have two distinct types of customers: first-time buyers and customers who already own the product, but are willing to replace it with a new one or purchase a second one. Firms usually adopt a price-discrimination policy by offering a trade-in rebate only to the replacement customers to hasten their purchase decisions. Any return flow of products induced by trade-in rebates has the potential to generate revenues through remanufacturing operations. In this paper, we study the optimal pricing/trade-in strategies for such durable, remanufacturable products. We focus on the scenario where the replacement customers are only interested in trade-ins. In this setting, we study three pricing schemes: (i) uniform price for all customers, (ii) age-independent price differentiation between new and replacement customers (i.e., constant rebate for replacement customers), and (iii) age-dependent price differentiation between new and replacement customers (i.e., age-dependent rebates for replacement customers). We characterize the roles that the durability of the product, the extent of return revenues, the age profile of existing products in the market, and the relative size of the two customer segments play in shaping the optimal prices and the amount of trade-in rebates offered. Throughout the paper we highlight the operational decisions that might influence the above factors, and we support our findings with real-life practices. In an extensive numerical study, we compare the profit potential of different pricing schemes and quantify the reward (penalty) associated with taking into account (ignoring) customer segmentation, the price-discrimination option, return revenues, and the age profile of existing products. On the basis of these results, we are able to identify the most favorable pricing strategy for the firm when faced with a particular market condition and discuss implications on the life-cycle pricing of durable, remanufacturable products.
Retailer-Supplier Flexible Commitments Contracts: A Robust Optimization Approach
Authors: Ben-Tal Aharon , Golany Boaz , Nemirovski Arkadi , Vial Jean-Philippe
Published: September 2005

We propose the use of robust optimization (RO) as a powerful methodology for multiperiod stochastic operations management problems. In particular, we study a two-echelon multiperiod supply chain problem, known as the retailer-supplier flexible commitment (RSFC) problem with uncertain demand that is only known to reside in some uncertainty set. We adopt a min-max criterion, whereby the cost function is minimized against the worst case demand occurrence. To solve the min-max RSFC problem we employ a recent extension of the RO method adapted to dynamic decision problems and known as the affinely adjustable robust counterpart (AARC) methodology. The AARC solution is tested by a large simulation study and found to provide excellent results.
An Infrared Search System Based on Direct Comparison of Interferograms
Authors: Small G. W. , Rasmussen G. T. , Isenhour T. L.
Published: September 2005

A compound identification system for gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data has been developed based on the direct comparison of interferograms. A multidimensional vector approach is used to form compound-specific vectors from the interferograms of mixture components. Comparisons are made with a set of known compound vectors by calculating how close together any two vectors lie in space. This system is used to identify the components of several synthetic mixtures.
Circulating Peptide YY Concentrations Are Higher in Preterm than Full-Term Infants and Correlate Negatively with Body Weight and Positively with Serum Ghrelin Concentrations
Authors: Siahanidou Tania , Mandyla Helen , Vounatsou Maria , Anagnostakis Dimitris , Papassotiriou Ioannis , Chrousos George P
Published: September 2005

Background: Peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin are gastrointestinal tract–derived hormones that play roles in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Negative energy balance often occurs in hospitalized preterm infants.

Methods: To measure serum concentrations of PYY in preterm and full-term infants and to investigate their correlations with anthropometric characteristics, food intake, and serum ghrelin concentrations, we measured serum PYY and ghrelin concentrations by RIA in 62 healthy preterm infants [mean (SD) gestational age, 32.0 (2.1) weeks; postnatal age, 40.9 (14.8) days] and 15 healthy full-term infants of comparable postnatal age. All of the infants were formula-fed every 3 h.

Results: PYY concentrations were significantly higher in preterm [1126.2 (215.4) ng/L] than in full-term infants [825.3 (234.4) ng/L; P <0.001]. In the entire study population, serum PYY concentrations correlated negatively with gestational age and anthropometric measurements (birth weight, body weight, body length, body mass index, and head circumference) and positively with serum ghrelin concentrations, whereas there was no significant correlation between PYY concentration and caloric intake or weight gain. Multiple regression analysis, after correction for prematurity, revealed that serum PYY concentrations correlated independently with serum ghrelin concentrations and infant body weight or body mass index.

Conclusions: Circulating concentrations of PYY may increase in preterm infants to compensate for the negative body-weight balance. The physiologic mechanisms behind the correlation between PYY and ghrelin remain to be elucidated.
Decreased Asialotransferrin in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Childhood-Onset Ataxia and Central Nervous System Hypomyelination/Vanishing White Matter Disease
Authors: Vanderver Adeline , Schiffmann Raphael , Timmons Margaret , Kellersberger Katherine A , Fabris Dan , Hoffman Eric P , Maletkovic Jelena , Hathout Yetrib
Published: September 2005

Background: A biomarker for the diagnosis of childhood-onset ataxia and central nervous system hypomyelination (CACH)/vanishing white matter disease (VWM) would have clinical utility and pathophysiologic significance.

Methods: We used 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis/mass spectrometry to compare the cerebrospinal fluid proteome of patients with mutation-confirmed CACH/VWM with that of unaffected controls. We characterized selected spots by in-gel digestion, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry, and nanospray Fourier transform mass spectrometry.

Results: A specific transferrin spot pattern was detected in the CSF samples of the CACH/VWM group (n = 7), distinguishing them from the control group (n = 23) and revealing that patients with CACH/VWM have a deficiency of the asialo form of transferrin usually present in healthy cerebrospinal fluid. The glycopeptide structure, determined from isolated transferrin spots by use of in-gel digestion and extraction, was found to be consistent with earlier reports.

Conclusions: The transferrin isoform abnormality in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with CACH/VWM appears unique and is a potential clinical diagnostic biomarker. The rapid, efficient diagnosis of this disorder would have a significant impact on clinical studies exploring new strategies for the management and treatment of this disease.
Chromosome-Wise Dissection of the Genome of the Extremely Big Mouse Line DU6i
Authors: Bevova Marianna R , Aulchenko Yurii S , Aksu Soner , Renne Ulla , Brockmann Gudrun A
Published: September 2005

The extreme high-body-weight-selected mouse line DU6i is a polygenic model for growth research, harboring many small-effect QTL. We dissected the genome of this line into 19 autosomes and the Y chromosome by the construction of a new panel of chromosome substitution strains (CSS). The DU6i chromosomes were transferred to a DBA/2 mice genetic background by marker-assisted recurrent backcrossing. Mitochondria and the X chromosome were of DBA/2 origin in the backcross. During the construction of these novel strains, >4000 animals were generated, phenotyped, and genotyped. Using these data, we studied the genetic control of variation in body weight and weight gain at 21, 42, and 63 days. The unique data set facilitated the analysis of chromosomal interaction with sex and parent-of-origin effects. All analyzed chromosomes affected body weight and weight gain either directly or in interaction with sex or parent of origin. The effects were age specific, with some chromosomes showing opposite effects at different stages of development.
Equilibrium Processes Cannot Explain High Levels of Short- and Medium-Range Linkage Disequilibrium in the Domesticated Grass Sorghum bicolor
Authors: Hamblin Martha T , Salas Fernandez Maria G , Casa Alexandra M , Mitchell Sharon E , Paterson Andrew H , Kresovich Stephen
Published: September 2005

Patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) are of interest because they provide evidence of both equilibrium (e.g., mating system or long-term population structure) and nonequilibrium (e.g., demographic or selective) processes, as well as because of their importance in strategies for identifying the genetic basis of complex phenotypes. We report patterns of short and medium range (up to100 kb) LD in six unlinked genomic regions in the partially selfing domesticated grass, Sorghum bicolor. The extent of allelic associations in S. bicolor, as assessed by pairwise measures of LD, is higher than in maize but lower than in Arabidopsis, in qualitative agreement with expectations based on mating system. Quantitative analyses of the population recombination parameter, ρ, however, based on empirical estimates of rates of recombination, mutation, and self-pollination, show that LD is more extensive than expected under a neutral equilibrium model. The disparity between ρ and the population mutation parameter, θ, is similar to that observed in other species whose population history appears to be complex. From a practical standpoint, these results suggest that S. bicolor is well suited for association studies using reasonable numbers of markers, since LD typically extends at least several kilobases but has largely decayed by 15 kb.
Epistasis for Fitness-Related Quantitative Traits in Arabidopsis thaliana Grown in the Field and in the Greenhouse
Authors: Malmberg Russell L , Held Stephanie , Waits Ashleigh , Mauricio Rodney
Published: September 2005

The extent to which epistasis contributes to adaptation, population differentiation, and speciation is a long-standing and important problem in evolutionary genetics. Using recombinant inbred (RI) lines of Arabidopsis thaliana grown under natural field conditions, we have examined the genetic architecture of fitness-correlated traits with respect to epistasis; we identified both single-locus additive and two-locus epistatic QTL for natural variation in fruit number, germination, and seed length and width. For fruit number, we found seven significant epistatic interactions, but only two additive QTL. For seed germination, length, and width, there were from two to four additive QTL and from five to eight epistatic interactions. The epistatic interactions were both positive and negative. In each case, the magnitude of the epistatic effects was roughly double that of the effects of the additive QTL, varying from −41% to +29% for fruit number and from −5% to +4% for seed germination, length, and width. A number of the QTL that we describe participate in more than one epistatic interaction, and some loci identified as additive also may participate in an epistatic interaction; the genetic architecture for fitness traits may be a network of additive and epistatic effects. We compared the map positions of the additive and epistatic QTL for germination, seed width, and seed length from plants grown in both the field and the greenhouse. While the total number of significant additive and epistatic QTL was similar under the two growth conditions, the map locations were largely different. We found a small number of significant epistatic QTL × environment effects when we tested directly for them. Our results support the idea that epistatic interactions are an important part of natural genetic variation and reinforce the need for caution in comparing results from greenhouse-grown and field-grown plants.
Diverse Functions of Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Daniel Jewel A , Keyes Brice E , Ng Yvonne P Y , Freeman C Onyi , Burke Daniel J
Published: September 2005

The spindle assembly checkpoint regulates the metaphase-to-anaphase transition from yeast to humans. We examined the genetic interactions with four spindle assembly checkpoint genes to identify nonessential genes involved in chromosome segregation, to identify the individual roles of the spindle assembly checkpoint genes within the checkpoint, and to reveal potential complexity that may exist. We used synthetic genetic array (SGA) analysis using spindle assembly checkpoint mutants mad1, mad2, mad3, and bub3. We found 228 synthetic interactions with the four spindle assembly checkpoint mutants with substantial overlap in the spectrum of interactions between mad1, mad2, and bub3. In contrast, there were many synthetic interactions that were common to mad1, mad2, and bub3 that were not shared by mad3. We found shared interactions between pairs of spindle assembly checkpoint mutants, suggesting additional complexity within the checkpoint and unique interactions for all of the spindle assembly checkpoint genes. We show that most genes in the interaction network, including ones with unique interactions, affect chromosome transmission or microtubule function, suggesting that the complexity of interactions reflects diverse roles for the checkpoint genes within the checkpoint. Our analysis expands our understanding of the spindle assembly checkpoint and identifies new candidate genes with possible roles in chromosome transmission and mitotic spindle function.
GC-Biased Segregation of Noncoding Polymorphisms in Drosophila
Authors: Galtier Nicolas , Bazin Eric , Bierne Nicolas
Published: September 2005

The study of base composition evolution in Drosophila has been achieved mostly through the analysis of coding sequences. Third codon position GC content, however, is influenced by both neutral forces (e.g., mutation bias) and natural selection for codon usage optimization. In this article, large data sets of noncoding DNA sequence polymorphism in D. melanogaster and D. simulans were gathered from public databases to try to disentangle these two factors—noncoding sequences are not affected by selection for codon usage. Allele frequency analyses revealed an asymmetric pattern of AT vs. GC noncoding polymorphisms: AT → GC mutations are less numerous, and tend to segregate at a higher frequency, than GC → AT ones, especially at GC-rich loci. This is indicative of nonstationary evolution of base composition and/or of GC-biased allele transmission. Fitting population genetics models to the allele frequency spectra confirmed this result and favored the hypothesis of a biased transmission. These results, together with previous reports, suggest that GC-biased gene conversion has influenced base composition evolution in Drosophila and explain the correlation between intron and exon GC content.
The Evolution of Mutation Rate in Finite Asexual Populations
Authors: André Jean-Baptiste , Godelle Bernard
Published: September 2005

In this article, we model analytically the evolution of mutation rate in asexual organisms. Three selective forces are present. First, everything else being equal, individuals with higher mutation rate have a larger fitness, thanks to the energy and time saved by not replicating DNA accurately. Second, as a flip side, the genome of these individuals is replicated with errors that may negatively affect fitness. Third, and conversely, replication errors have a potential benefit if beneficial mutations are to be generated. Our model describes the fate of modifiers of mutation rate under the three forces and allows us to predict the long-term evolutionary trajectory of mutation rate. We obtain three major results. First, in asexuals, the needs for both adaptation and genome preservation are not evolutionary forces that can stabilize mutation rate at an intermediate optimum. When adaptation has a significant role, it primarily destabilizes mutation rate and yields the emergence of strong-effect mutators. Second, in contrast to what is usually believed, the appearance of modifiers with large mutation rate is more likely when the fitness cost of each deleterious mutation is weak, because the cost of replication errors is then paid after a delay. Third, in small populations, and even if adaptations are needed, mutation rate is always blocked at the minimum attainable level, because the rate of adaptation is too slow to play a significant role. Only populations whose size is above a critical mass see their mutation rate affected by the need for adaptation.
The Clr7 and Clr8 Directionality Factors and the Pcu4 Cullin Mediate Heterochromatin Formation in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Thon Geneviève , Hansen Klavs R , Altes Susagna Padrissa , Sidhu Deepak , Singh Gurjeet , Verhein-Hansen Janne , Bonaduce Michael J , Klar Amar J S
Published: September 2005

Fission yeast heterochromatin is formed at centromeres, telomeres, and in the mating-type region where it mediates the transcriptional silencing of the mat2-P and mat3-M donor loci and the directionality of mating-type switching. We conducted a genetic screen for directionality mutants. This screen revealed the essential role of two previously uncharacterized factors, Clr7 and Clr8, in heterochromatin formation. Clr7 and Clr8 are required for localization of the Swi6 chromodomain protein and for histone H3 lysine 9 methylation, thereby influencing not only mating-type switching but also transcriptional silencing in all previously characterized heterochromatic regions, chromosome segregation, and meiotic recombination in the mating-type region. We present evidence for physical interactions between Clr7 and the mating-type region and between Clr7 and the S. pombe cullin Pcu4, indicating that a complex containing these proteins mediates an early step in heterochromatin formation and implying a role for ubiquitination at this early stage prior to the action of the Clr4 histone methyl-transferase. Like Clr7 and Clr8, Pcu4 is required for histone H3 lysine 9 methylation, and bidirectional centromeric transcripts that are normally processed into siRNA by the RNAi machinery in wild-type cells are easily detected in cells lacking Clr7, Clr8, or Pcu4. Another physical interaction, between the nucleoporin Nup189 and Clr8, suggests that Clr8 might be involved in tethering heterochromatic regions to the nuclear envelope by association with the nuclear-pore complex.
A Selfish Gene Governing Pollen-Pistil Compatibility Confers Reproductive Isolation Between Maize Relatives
Authors: Kermicle Jerry L
Published: September 2005

Some populations of maize's closest relatives, the annual teosintes of Mexico, are unreceptive to maize pollen. When present in the pistil (silk and ovary) a number of maize genes discriminate against or exclude pollen not carrying the same allele. An analogous gene Tcb1-s was found in some teosinte populations but not in sympatric or parapatric maize. It was polymorphic among populations of teosinte growing wild, but regularly present in populations growing in intimate association with maize as a weed. Introduction of Tcb1-s into maize substantially to fully restored compatibility with Tcb1-s carrying teosintes. Although Tcb1-s pollen can fertilize tcb1 tcb1 maize, it is at a competitive disadvantage relative to tcb1 pollen. Hence, the influence of Tcb1-s on crossability is bidirectional. In the absence of maize, Tcb1-s can increase in teosinte populations without improving their fitness. In the presence of maize, Tcb1-s appears to have been co-opted to provide reproductive isolation for adaptation to a cultivated habitat.
Comparisons of Estimated Economic Burdens due to Insufficient Solar Ultraviolet Irradiance and Vitamin D and Excess Solar UV Irradiance for the United States
Authors: Grant William B. , Garland Cedric F. , Holick Michael F.
Published: September 2005

Vitamin D sufficiency is required for optimal health, and solar ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance is an important source of vitamin D. UVB and/or vitamin D have been found in observational studies to be associated with reduced risk for over a dozen forms of cancer, multiple sclerosis, osteoporotic fractures, and several other diseases. On the other hand, excess UV irradiance is associated with adverse health outcomes such as cataracts, melanoma, and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Ecologic analyses are used to estimate the fraction of cancer mortality, multiple sclerosis prevalence, and cataract formation that can be prevented or delayed. Estimates from the literature are used for other diseases attributed to excess UV irradiation, additional cancer estimates, and osteoporotic fractures. These results are used to estimate the economic burdens of insufficient UVB irradiation and vitamin D insufficiency as well as excess UV irradiation in the United States for these diseases and conditions. We estimate that 50 000–63 000 individuals in the United States and 19 000–25 000 in the UK die prematurely from cancer annually due to insufficient vitamin D. The U.S. economic burden due to vitamin D insufficiency from inadequate exposure to solar UVB irradiance, diet, and supplements was estimated at $40–56 billion in 2004, whereas the economic burden for excess UV irradiance was estimated at $6–7 billion. These results suggest that increased vitamin D through UVB irradiance, fortification of food, and supplementation could reduce the health care burden in the United States, UK, and elsewhere. Further research is required to confirm these estimates.
Widening the Academic Conversation to Include Support Staff: Wabash College Extends a Common Classroom Experience to its Entire Campus Community
Authors: Eubanks Philip W. , Lynch Richard A.
Published: September 2005

If you have been to college, your life has been touched by a support staff member. Recognizing the influence these individuals can have, Wabash College opened its sophomore core course to these “partner teachers.”
The Faces of Race
Authors: Stewart Dafina Lazarus
Published: September 2005

Living difference in America
Taste, Smell and Sound On the Street in Chinatown and Little Italy
Authors: Fernando Nisha
Published: September 2005

Like magnets, Chinatown and Little Italy, in Manhattan, attract New Yorkers and tourists alike, who come to eat and browse. The sale of food from street vendors, restaurants, cafés and specialist shops encourages a dynamic street life. Despite the commercial success and headlining in guide books of these districts, city officials the world over regard street vendors as disruptive and unsanitary. Nisha Fernando argues on their behalf, evoking the distinctive sensory experiences they afford.
Urban Agriculture: Small, Medium, Large
Authors: Doron Gil
Published: September 2005

Could urban agriculture be the next design revolution? Gil Doron explains how horticulture, a subject that has until now remained remote from the concerns of contemporary architects, is ripe with potential, bringing with it many ecological, economic and social benefits for the city dweller. He also points out that at all levels, whether at the scale of window boxes, balconies or roof gardens, or on the scale of full‐blown farms, vegetation and agriculture exist in most cities in the world right underneath our noses.
What's Eating Manchester? Gastro‐Culture and Urban Regeneration
Authors: Bell David , Binnie Jon
Published: September 2005

The wide array of new gastronomic establishments in Manchester's city centre symbolise its recent urban regeneration, set in motion by the 1996 IRA bomb that obliterated the Arndale Centre. David Bell and Jon Binnie describe the powerful political forces that lie behind this development, and the variety of eating spaces that it has generated, from the Printworks, an entertainment mall in the commercial retail heart, to the Boho shabby chic of the venues in the Northern Quarter.
Shopping at MoMA
Authors: Kellogg Craig
Published: September 2005

Anticipating last autumn's relaunch at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in Manhattan, Gluckman Mayner Architects helped to reconceive a key moneymaker, notes Craig Kellogg.
Fawood Children's Centre
Authors: Melvin Jeremy
Published: September 2005

Jeremy Melvin visits the Fawood Children's Centre on the Stonebridge Estate in northwest London and discovers how Alsop and Partners have creatively worked within the bounds of policy to produce a building with an exhilarating choice of recycled materials that gives children back the freedom to play in an exciting environment without wrapping them up in cotton wool.
Eye to Heart to Mouth
Authors: Peyton Jane
Published: September 2005

Designing food shops is about so much more than creating a visually appealing environment. As Jane Peyton explains, in order to whet appetites you have to be sure not only of triggering shoppers' senses, but also of subliminally keying in to their emotions.
On large structures and turbulent mixing in confined mixing layers under forcing
Authors: Wang G. R.
Published: September 2005

New phenomena have been observed experimentally in a novel rapid mixing process, where a confined mixing layer in a pipe is periodically forced, especially under strong forcing. In the confined configuration without forcing, there are two incommensurable peaks in the scalar power spectrum: one corresponds to the well‐known Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, but the other is not known, having a narrow‐frequency band around a nearly constant frequency that is independent of the mean flow velocity. With strong forcing within the narrow‐frequency band, the spreading angle of the mixing layer is not restrained by the well‐known saturation phenomenon, but could even achieve a quasi‐ 180 ° immediately downstream of the trailing edge, exhibiting an extraordinarily fast mixing. The mixing layer not only biases to the low‐speed side as the conventional mixing layer does, it could also be symmetric to the splitterplate and even bias to the high‐speed side. These phenomena can be observed only when the forcing is within the narrow‐frequency band. We also find that the streamwise vortices, which result from interaction between the primary vorticity and the vorticity originating from the streamwise corner flow between the splitterplate and sidewall immediately downstream of the trailing edge of the splitterplate, could play an important role for these new observations. These streamwise vortices are very sensitive to initial periodic forcing at the narrow‐frequency band and amplify very fast. The results indicate that the confined mixing layer in a pipe is a very interesting flow. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Utilization of screening mammography in New Hampshire
Authors: Carney Patricia A. , Goodrich Martha E. , MacKenzie Todd , Weiss Julia E. , Poplack Steven P. , Wells Wendy S. , Titus‐Ernstoff Linda
Published: September 2005

BACKGROUND

The objective of screening mammography is to identify breast carcinoma early, which requires routine screening. Although self‐report data indicate that screening utilization is high, the results of this population‐based assessment indicated that utilization is lower than reported previously.

METHODS

The authors compared New Hampshire population data from the 2000 Census with clinical encounter data for the corresponding time obtained from the New Hampshire Mammography Network, a mammography registry that captures approximately 90% of the mammograms performed in participating New Hampshire facilities.

RESULTS

The results showed that approximately 36% of New Hampshire women either never had a mammogram or had not had a mammogram in > 27 months (irregular screenees), and older women (80 yrs and older) were less likely to be screened (79% unscreened/underscreened) compared with younger women (ages 40–69 yrs; 28–32% unscreened/underscreened). Of the screened women, 44% were adhering to an interval of 14 months, and 21% were adhering within 15 months and 26 months. The remaining 35% of the women had 1 or 2 mammograms and did not return within 27 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Routine mammography screening may be occurring less often than believed when survey data alone are used. An important, compelling concern is the reason women had one or two mammograms only and then did not return for additional screening. This area deserves additional research. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A Comparative Study of Cr2O3 Thin Films Obtained by MOCVD using Three Different Precursors
Authors: Carta G. , Natali M. , Rossetto G. , Zanella P. , Salmaso G. , Restello S. , Rigato V. , Kaciulis S. , Mezzi A.
Published: September 2005

Thin films of chromia (Cr2O3) for anti‐wear protection were grown by metal‐organic (MO)CVD on AISI 304 stainless steel, soda‐lime glass, and (001) silicon substrates. The structural, morphological, and chemical compositions were compared for films grown by using three different, commercial, organochromium compounds; Cr(CO)6 (1), Cr(III) (hexafluoroacetylacetonate) (2), and tris(2,2,6,6‐tetra‐methyl‐3,5‐heptanedionato) chromium (III) (3). The depositions were performed using a hot‐wall reactor at 500 °C, under 3 torr, using N2 as the carrier gas and O2 mixed with water vapor as the reactant gas. The films were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Rutherford backscattering (RBS), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), elastic recoil detection (ERD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The films grown with all three precursors on all three substrates were crystalline with hexagonal Cr2O3 eskalonite structure. FTIR and XPS measurements confirmed the XRD results, showing IR absorption bands characteristic of Cr2O3 and an oxidation state +3 of chromium. The highest growth rate was obtained with precursor (1) (20 nm min–1). Films grown with (1) on stainless steel were analyzed by nanoindentation measurements and scratch test to determine the hardness and the film adhesion.
Ultrahydrophobic/Ultrahydrophilic Micropatterning on a Polymeric Substrate
Authors: Teshima K. , Sugimura H. , Takano A. , Inoue Y. , Takai O.
Published: September 2005

A micropattern consisting of ultrahydrophobic/ultrahydrophilic surfaces has been successfully fabricated on PET substrates via a multistep dry process. A surface nanotexture is prepared by oxygen plasma etching, and then a hydrophobic layer forms by plasma‐enhanced CVD. The surface is then exposed to vacuum UV irradiation through a honeycomb mask to produce hydroxyl groups, and the pattern is formed on the PET surface (see Figure).
Mechanism of Ni Film CVD with a Ni(Ktfaa)2 Precursor on a Silicon Substrate
Authors: Bakovets V. V. , Mitkin V. N. , Gelfond N. V.
Published: September 2005

The mechanisms of pyrolysis in He and reduction in H2 of the Ni(ktfaa)2 chelate, and nickel film deposition on silicon substrates are discussed. The Ni films produced by CVD with the Ni(ktfaa)2 chelate as a precursor are clustered. At temperatures of 310 °C and higher pyrolysis of the Ni(ktfaa)2 chelate takes place. The hydrogen atmosphere provides a decrease in the reaction temperature to 242 °C. A decrease of the reduction temperature of the Ni(ktfaa)2 chelate on silicon substrates can take place if the OH groups have been adsorbed on the surface. The mechanisms of the chelate decomposition and film deposition define structure, morphology, and adhesion properties of the metallic nickel films. At temperatures higher than 310 °C the carbon‐containing by‐products are incorporated into the deposited Ni phase. The chemical activation of the silicon surface by prior metal atom introduction creates good adhesion and uniformity of nickel films deposited from the Ni(ktfaa)2 precursor.
One‐Dimensional Oxalato‐Bridged Metal(II) Complexes with 4‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazole as Apical Ligand
Authors: García‐Couceiro Urko , Castillo Oscar , Luque Antonio , García‐Terán Juan P. , Beobide Garikoitz , Román Pascual
Published: September 2005

The synthesis, chemical characterization, thermal behavior and magnetic properties of six new one‐dimensional oxalato‐bridged metal(II) complexes of formula [M(μ‐ox)(4atr)2]n [MII = Cu (1), Ni (2), Co (3), Zn (4), Fe(5)] and [Cd(μ‐ox)(4atr)2(H2O)]n (6) (ox = oxalato dianion, 4atr = 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole) are reported. The crystal structures of 1 and 6 have been solved by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, whereas the remaining compounds have been studied by means of X‐ray powder diffraction methods. Compounds 1–5 are isomorphous and crystallize in the triclinic space group P1¯ with unit cell parameters for 1 of a = 5.538(1) Å, b = 7.663(1) Å, c = 7.711(2) Å, α = 62.21(1)°, β = 73.91(1)°, γ = 86.11(1)°, and Z = 1. The crystal structures are comprised of one‐dimensional linear chains in which the trans‐[M(4atr)2]2+ units are sequentially bridged by bis(bidentate) oxalato ligands, resulting in an octahedral O4N2 donor set. Cryomagnetic susceptibility measurements show the occurrence of antiferromagnetic intrachain interactions for 2, 3, and 5, whereas compound 1 exhibits a weak ferromagnetic coupling in agreement with the out‐of‐plane exchange pathway involved. The magnetic behavior of 1 and 2 is analyzed and discussed in the light of the available magneto‐structural data for analogous systems. CdII complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with unit cell parameters of a = 16.128(2) Å, b = 6.757(1) Å, c = 11.580(2) Å, β = 104.46(1)°, and Z = 4. Its crystal structure contains one‐dimensional chains in which metal centers are heptacoodinated to four oxygen atoms from two symmetry‐related bis(bidentate) oxalato bridges, two endocyclic nitrogen atoms of trans‐coordinated triazole ligands and one water molecule, to give a CdO4OwN2 pentagonal‐bipyramidal geometry. Thermoanalytical and variable‐temperature X‐ray powder diffraction analyzes show that compound 6 undergoes a reversible dehydration–hydration process in which the anhydrous residue crystallizes with a different crystal lattice retaining the dimensionality of the oxalato–metal framework. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Novel Europium(III) Heterocyclic β‐Diketone Complexes with Lewis Bases: Structural Analysis Using the Sparkle/AM1 Model
Authors: Pavithran Rani , Reddy M. L. P. , Junior Severino A. , Freire Ricardo O. , Rocha Gerd B. , Lima Patricia P.
Published: September 2005

Tris(β‐diketonato)europium(III) complexes of general formula [Eu(TPI)3·L], with chelating ligands such as 3‐phenyl‐4‐(4‐toluoyl)‐5‐isoxazolone (HTPI) and adduct‐forming reagents [L = H2O, tri‐n‐octylphosphane oxide (TOPO), triphenylphosphane oxide (TPhPO), 1,10‐phenanthroline], have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The coordination geometries of the complexes were calculated using the Sparkle/AM1 (Sparkle model for the calculation of lanthanide complexes within the Austin model 1) model. The ligand–Eu3+ energy‐transfer rates were calculated using a model of intramolecular energy transfer in lanthanide coordination complexes reported in the literature. The room‐temperature PL spectra of the europium(III) complexes are composed of the typical Eu3+ red emission, assigned to transitions between the first excited state (5D0) and the multiplet (7F0–4). The results clearly show that the substitution of water molecules by TOPO leads to greatly enhanced quantum yields (i.e., 1.3 % vs. 49.5 %) and longer 5D0 lifetimes (220 vs. 980 μs). This can be ascribed to a more efficient ligand‐to‐metal energy transfer and a less efficient nonradiative 5D0 relaxation process. The theoretical quantum yields are in good agreement with the experimental quantum yields, which highlights that the present theoretical approach can be a powerful tool for the a priori design of highly luminescent lanthanide complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Homo‐ and Heteroduplex Complexes Containing Terpyridine‐Type Ligands and Zn2+
Authors: Dumitru Florina , Petit Eddy , van der Lee Arie , Barboiu Mihail
Published: September 2005

We describe a study of the equilibrium binding of Zn2+ to binary mixtures of tridentate terpy‐type ligands 1–3, which leads to the formation of a dynamic mixture of homo (4–6) and hetero (7–9) coordination compounds. We report the crystal structures of five such complexes (4, 5, 7–9) which assemble into complementary duplex compounds that further self‐organize into double helical‐ or lamellar‐type architectures in the solid state. The ligand exchange between homoduplex complexes in solution leads to the preferential formation of the heteroduplex complexes. As might be expected, these processes display a statistical distribution of homoduplex:heteroduplex:homoduplex complexes of 1:2:1 for the mixtures resulting from 4:6 and 5:6 ligands. However, complex 8 is preferred in a 4:5 mixture which presents a composition of 1:4:1 (amplification factor of about 33 %). The X‐ray structural determinations of selected single crystals resulting from the stoichiometric mixtures of homoduplex complexes show unique heteroduplex superstructures 7–9 in the solid state. The present results present the solid‐state structures of homo‐ and heterocomplexes resulting from terpyridine‐type ligands 1–3 and Zn2+ metal ions. The heteroduplex Zn2+ complexes 7–9 are quantitatively crystallized in the solid state by statistical (7, 9) and structural (8) driven selection in solution from a binary mixture of the terpyridine‐type complexes and then trapped by crystallization in the solid state. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Highly Selective C‐Silylation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
Authors: El Kadib Abdelkrim , Asgatay Saadia , Delpech Fabien , Castel Annie , Rivière Pierre
Published: September 2005

New silylated saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) possessing a hydrophobic frame and a hydrophilic core were prepared. C‐silylations of the ester group were achieved either by treating FAMEs with various alkyl‐ and chlorosilyl triflates or by subjecting various chlorosilanes to reaction with the corresponding FAME lithium enolates. Both routes led to the exclusive formation of one isomer identified as the C‐silylated form on the basis of the analytical results. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Conjugate Addition to 4,4‐Dimethylcyclohexadienones
Authors: Giomi Donatella , Piacenti Michela , Brandi Alberto
Published: September 2005

Conjugate addition of vinyl cuprate and dimethyl malonate to 4,4‐dimethylcyclohexa‐2,5‐dienones has allowed facile access to mono‐ and bis‐adducts in satisfactory yields. While the high diastereoselectivity of such processes to afford trans‐bis‐adducts was predictable, an unprecedented regioselectivity was observed with 2,4,4‐trimethylcyclohexa‐2,5‐dienone, with the first addition occurring exclusively at the C‐5 carbon atom (distal from the methyl group) and with the second addition of a bulky nucleophile such as dimethyl malonate even prevented. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Postfire full stress–strain response of fire‐damaged concrete
Authors: Nassif Ayman
Published: September 2005

This paper reports experimental data establishing the postfire full stress–strain response of fire‐affected concrete. Such data are useful in situations when redesign of fire‐damaged concrete elements is considered.

Heating was carried out to various temperatures in the range 217–470°C. Cooling was carried out either by quenching or in air. The postfire strain at ultimate stress significantly increased after heating to temperatures higher than 320°C. Quenching seems to aggravate the loss in compressive strength and further increase the strain at ultimate stress. Quenching involved spraying the heated concrete with tap water for 5 min. It is evident that knowledge of maximum temperature of exposure alone is not sufficient for estimation of the postfire stress–strain relationship. Other characteristics of exposure such as method of cooling are also important in evaluating the modification in the structural behaviour of fire‐affected concrete. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.