bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An exploration of streets as social spaces as informative for urban planning and design
Authors: Human Susan , Puren Karen
Published: February 2018

Public open spaces can positively contribute to people’s quality of life. With the world’s growing urban population, especially in developing countries, quality public spaces are becoming increasingly important. Streets are considered important public spaces for people-environment interactions. Streets play an important social role in communities’ lives and can contribute to a sense of community. Using people-environment interaction as theoretical framework, the study used a qualitative approach to explore social dynamics in a multi-modal street (Helen Joseph Street) in a South Africa metropolitan city (Pretoria). Aspects of ethnography was applied using observations and semi-structured interviews to generate data from 32 participants about social dynamics in the street. Themes that emerged from the content analysis of the data include: the multi-functional role of the street, serving an economic, cultural, social, political and functional role; the generation of vigorous social interaction with multi-levels of contact/interaction; the interrelated nature of the social and spatial/built environment; the role of the street space in facilitating social interaction and being supportive of the social environment. The findings illustrate the interrelatedness and complexity of people and their environment in Helen Joseph Street. It is suggested that streets have the potential to positively impact on people’s social lives. Streets can act as platforms for social interaction by becoming self-reinforced social spaces that attract people and in return change urban spaces into vibrant public spaces.
The role of ABC transporters of the blood-brain barrier in opioid tolerance development
Authors: Środa-Pomianek Kamila , Palko-Łabuz Anna , Pomianek Przemysław , Wesołowska Olga
Published: February 2018

Opioids constitute an important group of drugs used in chronic pain treatment, e.g. cancer pain. Unfortunately, the development of the organism’s tolerance to the analgesic activity of opioids, the tendency to develop addictions and undesirable side effects are the main causes reducing opioid efficiency in chronic pain treatment. Among many mechanisms connected to emerging of opioid resistance the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters present at the blood-brain barrier may play an important role. These transporter proteins, especially P-glycoprotein (ABCB1, MDR1), affect pharmacokinetics of many drugs and xenobiotics that are their substrates. ABC transporters reduce cellular uptake of drugs and/or increase their export from brain tissue to blood. Substrate specificity of P-glycoprotein is extremely wide and comprises many structurally and functionally unrelated compounds. What is interesting, substrate specificity of P-glycoprotein overlaps to a great extent the specificity of the isoforms of cytochrome P450 involved in drug metabolism. In the present review, the ABC proteins-mediated transport of opioids was discussed as well as the mechanisms of transport regulation. Cellular metabolism of various opioid drugs and the role of ABC transporters in their absorption, distribution and elimination were also described.
ENSINO DE HISTÓRIA E RESISTÊNCIA: NOTAS SOBRE UMA HISTÓRIA MENOR
Authors: Pereira Nilton Mullet
Published: February 2018

Este artigo é resultado de uma reflexão teórica realizada a partir das entrevistas de dois professores, acerca do ensino de História na escola básica, enfatizando o conceito de história menor, como elemento teórico capaz de ler e compreender determinadas práticas de sala de aula que representam fissuras nos modos tradicionais de se ensinar História. O texto realiza um diálogo teórico com o conceito de simpatia de Bergson, a fim de pensar novas formas de se ensinar história e de subverter a temporalidade eurocentrada. Nesse sentido, também dialoga com a descolonialidade, no sentido de realizar a crítica tanto à história maior, quanto a temporalidade que lhe é correlata. O objetivo principal está em desenvolver o conceito de história menor e permitir que ele se torna uma chave de leitura para pensar o ensino de história desde uma perspectiva que rompe com as grandes explicações estruturais e que promove, na sala de aula, uma história de temas e sujeitos invisibilizados pela história maior.
EDUCAÇÃO E TRABALHO: A FORMAÇÃO DO SUJEITO E A SOCIEDADE DE MERCADO
Authors: Rodrigues Rogério
Published: February 2018

Pensar as relações entre educação e trabalho requer analisar como o sujeito se encontra inserido na sociedade contemporânea regida pelas relações de mercado. A intencionalidade do governo e de educadores na implementação das propostas de ensino pautadas na constituição da democracia e no exercício da cidadania requer um tipo de sujeito crítico, e isso entra em contradição com as determinações do mercado. O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar ao leitor uma reflexão sobre os limites e as possibilidades de implementar propostas educativas nas interfaces entre os campos da educação e do trabalho. Para tanto, tem-se como proposição teórica analisar e interpretar a área temática entre educação e trabalho e, principalmente, saber como se realiza essa junção na unidade de ensino. Diria que essas diversas junções de práticas educativas que ocorrem na unidade de ensino são produções incontroláveis que resultam das tramas de relações humanas que instituem e produzem o sujeito.
A Guide to Analyzing Mathematics Tasks and Their Implementation in Curriculum Resources
Authors: Remillard Janine T. , Manganello Michael , Daniel Amber
Published: February 2018

Since the publication of the NCTM Standards in 1989, which was followed by a new generation of curriculum development projects, the field has seen increasing interest in research on curriculum resources, how they are used by teachers and experienced by students, and the outcomes that they produce. Although some studies seek to draw direct lines between particular curriculum materials used and student outcomes, a majority of researchers argue that understanding whether and how teachers are implementing a given written curriculum resource1 with some measure of fidelity is necessary to determining its effects on learning (Stein, Remillard, & Smith, 2007). Over the last 2 decades, research has expanded to consider how teachers interpret, learn from, interact with, and generate curriculum resources. Over a similar timespan, the number and types of curriculum resources available to teachers have also expanded to include print, digital, and blended comprehensive curricula along with a slew of supplemental resources and tools available through the Internet.
A Review of Cases for Mathematics Teacher Educators: Facilitating Conversations About Inequities in Mathematics Classrooms
Authors: Joseph Nicole M. , Jett Christopher C. , Leonard Jacqueline
Published: February 2018

Cases for Mathematics Teacher Educators: Facilitating Conversations About Inequities in Mathematics Classrooms (hereafter referred to as Cases), edited by Dorothy Y. White, Sandra Crespo, and Marta Civil (2016), is a robust anthology about inequities in mathematics classrooms in three spaces: mathematics methods courses, mathematics content courses, and graduate and professional development courses. This pedagogical contribution utilizes and deconstructs dilemmas occurring in mathematics teacher educators' (MTEs) classrooms. The text consists of 19 cases and 57 corresponding commentaries (three per case) that serve as critical analysis for discussion. The authors present their cases to provide the reader with their respective dilemmas, identities as teacher educators, and strategies for engaging in equity work. This organizational structure is significant methodologically because it promotes opportunities for critique and conversation about the authors' biases and assumptions. However, there are missed opportunities in many of the cases to acknowledge microaggressions and systematic oppression in higher education and in U.S. society in general (Chang, 2016).
Cuntz Splice invariance for purely infinite graph algebras
Authors: Bentmann Rasmus
Published: February 2018

We show that the Cuntz Splice preserves the stable isomorphism class of a purely infinite graph $\mathrm{C}^*$-algebra with finitely many ideals.
EL ORIGEN DE LOS TRASTORNOS MENTALES: UN NUEVO ENFOQUE DESDE EL ESTUDIO DE LA DINÁMICA DE LA PERSONALIDAD
Authors: Micó Joan C
Published: February 2018

Cada vez hay un mayor consenso en las ciencias de la salud mental (psicología, psiquiatría) en cuanto a que no hay una línea divisoria clara entre la personalidad “normal“ y la personalidad “anormal” o los trastornos mentales. De hecho, los rasgos básicos de personalidad predisponen o se solapan con los trastornos clínicos mentales. Por ejemplo, el Neuroticismo, como factor que predispone a las neurosis, predispone a padecer trastornos de ansiedad, depresión y obsesivos. Esta cuestión sirve para presentar un resumen del trabajo de nuestro grupo (Antonio Caselles, Joan C. Micó y Salvador Amigó) y señalar futuras investigaciones. Así, tras repasar nuestros estudios sobre la dinámica del Factor General de Personalidad (FGP) y su sustrato biológico, el sistema de estrés, en respuesta a estímulos ambientales, como son las drogas, proponemos que los mismos mecanismos que habíamos encontrado, sirven para explicar el origen de los diferentes trastornos mentales, tomando como condición inicial el nivel de FGP. De esta manera, nos adentramos en la comprensión global y sistémica del individuo, que no sólo busca encontrar los mecanismos que explican el comportamiento humano, sino también los que determinan su salud o enfermedad mental.
In Memoriam por el “maestro” Lorenzo Ferrer Figueras. Los Modelos Sistémicos aplicados en el proceso de balcanización y contradicción global. Algunas ilustraciones para entender el Paradigma Sistémico en un marco de Complejidad-In Memoriam: Lorenzo Ferrer Figueras. Systemic Models applied to balkanization process and global contradictions. Illustrations to understand Systemic Paradigm within a framework of Complexity
Authors: Hernandez-Carrion Jose Rodolfo
Published: February 2018

Abstract: The crucial problem that Science has to face today is to successfully cope with the growing complexity of society. To understand the system to which we belong to, it is necessary to understand the nature of interdependence: the greater the interdependence is, the greater the need for communication and cooperation. The European model, which initially promised to be a social and regional model, decentralized and democratic, is blocked. A situation that we can describe as no-evolution, that Spain also suffers at the same time as Europe, when it comes to progress towards a mature and democratic state, what was expected since the beginning of the transition to democracy. The debate can be thought from the “European Committee of the Regions” (CoR) or “Europe of the regions”, or dismantle that topic, which would entail an involution from the reduction of decentralization and heterogeneity that sustains a higher complexity.
Resumen: El problema crucial que la Ciencia tiene que encarar hoy es hacer frente con éxito a la complejidad creciente de la sociedad. Para entender el sistema al que pertenecemos, es necesario comprender la naturaleza de la interdependencia: mientras mayor sea la interdependencia, mayor será la necesidad de comunicación y cooperación. El modelo europeo, que inicialmente prometía ser un modelo social y regional, descentralizado y democrático, está bloqueado. Una situación que podemos calificar de no evolución, que paralelamente también sufre España como Europa, a la hora de progresar hacia un estado maduro y democrático, lo que se apuntaba en el principio de la transición hacia la democracia. El debate cabe pensarlo desde el “Comité Europeo de las Regiones” (CoR) o la “Europa de las regiones”, o desmontar ese tópico, lo que conllevaría una involución a partir de la reducción de descentralización y heterogeneidad que sostiene una superior complejidad.
Una nueva época para la Revista Internacional de Sistemas
Authors: Sanz García Maria Teresa
Published: February 2018

La Revista Internacional de Sistemas es una revista transdisciplinar que trata de dar cabida a todos aquellos autores que tengan la Dinámica de Sistemas como metodología en sus investigaciones.
FACTOR GENERAL DE PERSONALIDAD: HISTORIA DE UNA AVENTURA INTERDISCIPLINAR
Authors: Caselles Antonio , Micó Joan C , Amigó Salvador
Published: February 2018

El Factor General de Personalidad (FGP) es un nuevo enfoque psicológico del estudio de la personalidad humana que se basa en la idea de que, como en el caso de la Inteligencia General, hay un súper-factor de personalidad que aglutina y representa a todos los demás aspectos de la personalidad. Por tanto, puede considerarse un sistema de subsistemas de personalidad, un sistema global e integrado de todos los diferentes componentes de la personalidad.
A GENETIC ALGORITHM TO CALIBRATE DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS: Confidence intervals for parameters and residuals
Authors: Caselles Antonio , Micó Joan C , Amigó Salvador
Published: February 2018

This paper presents a genetic algorithm to calibrate dynamical systems that is able to calculate confidence intervals for the parameters of the system. As an application case is used to calibrate the system that reproduces the dynamical response of the General Factor of Personality (GFP) to a given stimulus, particularly to a stimulant drug dose. The model is called in Literature as the response model and includes an integro-differential equation. The presented application case is a single case ABC experimental design where the stimulus is methylphenidate.
PREDNOSTI I MANE GENOMSKOG OCENJIVANJA PRIPLODNIH BIKOVA
Authors: Prka Igor
Published: February 2018

Pomoću analize gena moguće je ranije saznati nešto više o genetskom nasleđugoveda. Analize koje se vrše usmerene su pre svega u pravcu određivanja proizvodnihosobina koje se prenose na potomstvo. Već sada, baza podataka obuhvata desetinehiljada grla i čini podatke dobijene na taj način veoma pouzdanima (oko 75%).Vrednost grla koja su genomski testirana dostižu vrednosti onih progeno testiranih.Pored ovih podataka koji se tiču proizvodnih osobina goveda, analizom genoma došlose do informacija i o genetskim anomalijama koje se prenose pre svega preko semenapriplodnih bikova. Analize se rade kod mladih životinja ali i kod starijih, kako bi seuporedili rezultati progenih rezultata potomaka.Nakon izbora mladog teleta i određivanjem markera, sa oko dva meseca, tepoređenjem s markerima referentne populacije, dobija se zadovoljavajuća pouzdanaprocena njegove priplodne vrednosti u tom uzrastu. Seme takvog bika počinje da sekoristi sa 14 meseci, kada je testiranje već završeno. Pored većeg genetskog napretka,genomska selekcija omogućava i bolju kontrolu porekla i sprečavanje uzgoja usrodstvu, a najveća prednost genomske selekcije je u poboljšanju svojstava sa niskomheritabilnošću, kao što su dugovečnost, lakoća teljenja i plodnost. Praksa korišćenjamladih, genomski testiranih bikova se povećava u Evropi ali nosi i svoje rizike jerpouzdanost odgajivačkih vrednosti mladih bikova nije još na dovoljno visokom nivouda bi se bilo koji od njih masovno koristio bez ograničenja.Poslednjih godina, pored opravdanog uvoza kvalitetnih bikova i semena izdrugih zemalja, došlo je i do uvoza prosečnih bikova koji ne osiguravaju očekivanigenetski napredak u uzgoju, a broj testiranih bikova iz nacionalnog odgajivačkogprograma sveden je na minimum. Navedeni faktori doveli su do velike opasnostida će se „izgubiti geni“ koji predstavljaju nacionalno bogatstvo i koji u velikoj meriomogućavaju prilagođavanje gajenja u našem podneblju, te doprinose ukupnojgenetskoj raznolikosti.
ПРИМЕНА УЛТРАЗВУКА У ОТКРИВАЊУ ЗАПАЉЕНСКИХ ПРОМЕНА У ВИМЕНУ КРАВА КОД СУБКЛИНИЧКИХ МАСТИТИСА
Authors: Галфи Аннамариа , Петровић Коста , Давидов Ивана , Говорчин Мира , Радиновић Миодраг
Published: February 2018

Контрола здравља вимена крава је битан елемент у процесу производњездравствено безбедног млека, те се на фармама високомлечних крава, кроз про-грам контроле маститиса, редовно спроводе мере откривања и превенције бо-лести вимена. У циљу откривања промена у паренхиму вимена може се приме-нити ултразвучни преглед који омогућава визуализацију структурних променавимена насталих као последица упалних процеса и тако олакшава дијагностикуобољења. Истраживање је спроведено на фарми високомлечних крава холштајнфризијске расе, при чему је укупно прегледано 56 животиња Калифорнија ма-ститис тестом у циљу идентификовања крава са субклиничким маститисом. Ул-тразвучни преглед вимена крава урађен је код свих 56 крава, где је код 24 кра-ве паренхим био очуван, а код 32 краве је утврђен субклинички маститис Ка-лифорнија маститис тестом. Ултразвучни преглед паренхима вимена урађен јеметодом директног контакта. Код 27/32 (84,38%) крава уочена је нехомогеностпаренхима са смањењем анехогености млечних каналића. Код 5/32 (15,62%)крава паренхим вимена се ултразвучно визуализовао као хомогена, хиперехо-гена структура са анехогеним подручјима која одговарају крвним судовима имлечним каналићима. Код субклиничког маститиса, паренхим вимена уочава секао нехомогена структура са смањењем јасне визуализације млечних алвеола иканалића. Повећан број соматских ћелија у млеку, као последица запаљенскогпроцеса, доводи до промена у паренхиму вимена крава.
Differences in learning retention when teaching a manual motor skill with a visual vs written instructional aide
Authors: Cade Alice , Sherson Matthew , Holt Kelly , Dobson Graham , Pritchard Katie , Haavik Heidi
Published: February 2018

Objective:

This study aimed to determine if a written or visual teaching aid influenced learning retention when teaching a manual motor skill.

Methods:

Seventy chiropractic students who had completed an upper cervical specific chiropractic technique course were evaluated for technique-specific recall before and after a review using either a visual teaching aid or a written guide. Two randomized groups reviewed original course-written guides (n = 33) or new visual teaching aids (n = 37). Repeated-measures analysis of variance and post hoc t tests compared group differences in reevaluation scores.

Results:

Performance of both groups improved postintervention (F[1, 68] = 182.56, p < .001). However, the visual teaching aid group improved more than the written guide group (F[1, 68] = 4.66, p = .03). The visual teaching aid group percentage score improved by 24.4% (SD ± 12.3%, p < .01); the written guide group improved by 17.7% (SD ± 13.7%; p < .01).

Conclusion:

The mean learning retention improved in both the visual and the written teaching guide groups, but there was greater improvement in the visual aid group. This study suggests that visual teaching aids may be more useful than written guides when students attempt to recall information related to learning a manual motor skill.
CK1ε and p120‐catenin control Ror2 function in noncanonical Wnt signaling
Authors: Curto Josué , Del Valle‐Pérez Beatriz , Villarroel Aida , Fuertes Guillem , Vinyoles Meritxell , Peña Raúl , García de Herreros Antonio , Duñach Mireia
Published: February 2018

Canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways share some common elements but differ in the responses they evoke. Similar to Wnt ligands acting through the canonical pathway, Wnts that activate the noncanonical signaling, such as Wnt5a, promote Disheveled (Dvl) phosphorylation and its binding to the Frizzled (Fz) Wnt receptor complex. The protein kinase CK1ε is required for Dvl/Fz association in both canonical and noncanonical signaling. Here we show that differently to its binding to canonical Wnt receptor complex, CK1ε does not require p120‐catenin for the association with the Wnt5a co‐receptor Ror2. Wnt5a promotes the formation of the Ror2–Fz complex and enables the activation of Ror2‐bound CK1ε by Fz‐associated protein phosphatase 2A. Moreover, CK1ε also regulates Ror2 protein levels; CK1ε association stabilizes Ror2, which undergoes lysosomal‐dependent degradation in the absence of this kinase. Although p120‐catenin is not required for CK1ε association with Ror2, it also participates in this signaling pathway as p120‐catenin binds and maintains Ror2 at the plasma membrane; in p120‐depleted cells, Ror2 is rapidly internalized through a clathrin‐dependent mechanism. Accordingly, downregulation of p120‐catenin or CK1ε affects late responses to Wnt5a that are also sensitive to Ror2, such as SIAH2 transcription, cell invasion, or cortical actin polarization. Our results explain how CK1ε is activated by noncanonical Wnt and identify p120‐catenin and CK1ε as two critical factors controlling Ror2 function.
Internal Natural Resonances Prediction Through the Theory of Characteristic Modes
Authors: Bernabeu‐Jimenez Tomas , Valero‐Nogueira Alejandro , Vico‐Bondia Felipe , Kishk Ahmed A.
Published: February 2018

Some aspects in the interpretation of the resonances provided by the theory of characteristic modes for dielectric bodies are analyzed. The analysis has been performed analytically based on the Poggio‐Miller‐Chang‐Harrington‐Wu‐Tsai formulation on a canonical problem, the infinite dielectric circular cylinder. First, natural resonances and characteristic mode resonances are presented and compared. It has been observed that characteristic mode resonances are in general near to internal natural resonances but not to external ones. It is also demonstrated that characteristic resonances become closer to internal natural ones as the relative permittivity of the dielectric cylinder is increased.
Dynamic Biological Functioning Important for Simulating and Stabilizing Ocean Biogeochemistry
Authors: Buchanan P. J. , Matear R. J. , Chase Z. , Phipps S. J. , Bindoff N. L.
Published: February 2018

The biogeochemistry of the ocean exerts a strong influence on the climate by modulating atmospheric greenhouse gases. In turn, ocean biogeochemistry depends on numerous physical and biological processes that change over space and time. Accurately simulating these processes is fundamental for accurately simulating the ocean's role within the climate. However, our simulation of these processes is often simplistic, despite a growing understanding of underlying biological dynamics. Here we explore how new parameterizations of biological processes affect simulated biogeochemical properties in a global ocean model. We combine 6 different physical realizations with 6 different biogeochemical parameterizations (36 unique ocean states). The biogeochemical parameterizations, all previously published, aim to more accurately represent the response of ocean biology to changing physical conditions. We make three major findings. First, oxygen, carbon, alkalinity, and phosphate fields are more sensitive to changes in the ocean's physical state. Only nitrate is more sensitive to changes in biological processes, and we suggest that assessment protocols for ocean biogeochemical models formally include the marine nitrogen cycle to assess their performance. Second, we show that dynamic variations in the production, remineralization, and stoichiometry of organic matter in response to changing environmental conditions benefit the simulation of ocean biogeochemistry. Third, dynamic biological functioning reduces the sensitivity of biogeochemical properties to physical change. Carbon and nitrogen inventories were 50% and 20% less sensitive to physical changes, respectively, in simulations that incorporated dynamic biological functioning. These results highlight the importance of a dynamic biology for ocean properties and climate.
Predictability of Landslide Timing From Quasi‐Periodic Precursory Earthquakes
Authors: Bell Andrew F.
Published: February 2018

Accelerating rates of geophysical signals are observed before a range of material failure phenomena. They provide insights into the physical processes controlling failure and the basis for failure forecasts. However, examples of accelerating seismicity before landslides are rare, and their behavior and forecasting potential are largely unknown. Here I use a Bayesian methodology to apply a novel gamma point process model to investigate a sequence of quasiperiodic repeating earthquakes preceding a large landslide at Nuugaatsiaq in Greenland in June 2017. The evolution in earthquake rate is best explained by an inverse power law increase with time toward failure, as predicted by material failure theory. However, the commonly accepted power law exponent value of 1.0 is inconsistent with the data. Instead, the mean posterior value of 0.71 indicates a particularly rapid acceleration toward failure and suggests that only relatively short warning times may be possible for similar landslides in future.
Magnetic Reconnection at a Thin Current Sheet Separating Two Interlaced Flux Tubes at the Earth's Magnetopause
Authors: Kacem I. , Jacquey C. , Génot V. , Lavraud B. , Vernisse Y. , Marchaudon A. , Le Contel O. , Breuillard H. , Phan T. D. , Hasegawa H. , Oka M. , Trattner K. J. , Farrugia C. J. , Paulson K. , Eastwood J. P. , Fuselier S. A. , Turner D. , Eriksson S. , Wilder F. , Russell C. T. , Øieroset M. , Burch J. , Graham D. B. , Sauvaud J.‐A. , Avanov L. , Chandler M. , Coffey V. , Dorelli J. , Gershman D. J. , Giles B. L. , Moore T. E. , Saito Y. , Chen L.‐J. , Penou E.
Published: February 2018

The occurrence of spatially and temporally variable reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause leads to the complex interaction of magnetic fields from the magnetosphere and magnetosheath. Flux transfer events (FTEs) constitute one such type of interaction. Their main characteristics are (1) an enhanced core magnetic field magnitude and (2) a bipolar magnetic field signature in the component normal to the magnetopause, reminiscent of a large‐scale helicoidal flux tube magnetic configuration. However, other geometrical configurations which do not fit this classical picture have also been observed. Using high‐resolution measurements from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we investigate an event in the vicinity of the Earth's magnetopause on 7 November 2015. Despite signatures that, at first glance, appear consistent with a classic FTE, based on detailed geometrical and dynamical analyses as well as on topological signatures revealed by suprathermal electron properties, we demonstrate that this event is not consistent with a single, homogenous helicoidal structure. Our analysis rather suggests that it consists of the interaction of two separate sets of magnetic field lines with different connectivities. This complex three‐dimensional interaction constructively conspires to produce signatures partially consistent with that of an FTE. We also show that, at the interface between the two sets of field lines, where the observed magnetic pileup occurs, a thin and strong current sheet forms with a large ion jet, which may be consistent with magnetic flux dissipation through magnetic reconnection in the interaction region.
The Effect of Subauroral Polarization Streams on Ionosphere and Thermosphere During the 2015 St. Patrick's Day Storm: Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model Simulations
Authors: Guo Jia‐Peng , Deng Yue , Zhang Dong‐He , Lu Yang , Sheng Cheng , Zhang Shun‐Rong
Published: February 2018

Using the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar observations during 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm, subauroral polarization streams (SAPSs) have been specified in the nonhydrostatic Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model simulations. The results reveal that the effect of SAPS on the coupled thermosphere‐ionosphere system includes the following: (1) Sudden frictional heating of SAPS results in acoustic‐gravity waves in the thermosphere. The vertical oscillation is localized, while the meridional disturbance propagates poleward and equatorward. (2) The SAPS‐associated horizontal wind field includes an enhanced westward wind within SAPS channel and a twin of vortex‐like winds north (clockwise) and south (anticlockwise) of subauroral latitudes. (3) Due to the neutral‐ion drag, ions in the vicinity of SAPS channel oscillate vertically with neutrals, resulting in a perturbation of ~0.3 TECu in ionospheric total electron content. The SAPS‐induced traveling atmospheric disturbances can elevate the plasma and increase the total electron content in midlatitude ionosphere. (4) It is confirmed that the Coriolis force can contribute to the poleward turning of the neutral wind during the post‐SAPS interval. In addition, the traveling atmospheric disturbance induced by the variation of auroral input and high‐latitude convection is possibly the primary cause of the poleward neutral wind surge during the magnetic storm on 17–18 March 2015. The combination of the two factors can make the northward meridional wind surge reach a magnitude of 100 m/s. This study improves our understanding of the SAPS's effect on neutral dynamics and ion‐neutral coupling processes during geomagnetically disturbed intervals.
Statistical Study of Nightside Quiet Time Midlatitude Ionospheric Convection
Authors: Maimaiti M. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Baker J. B. H. , Ribeiro A. J.
Published: February 2018

Previous studies have shown that F region midlatitude ionospheric plasma exhibits drifts of a few tens of meters per second during quiet geomagnetic conditions, predominantly in the westward direction. However, detailed morphology of this plasma motion and its drivers are still not well understood. In this study, we have used 2 years of data obtained from six midlatitude SuperDARN radars in the North American sector to derive a statistical model of quiet time midlatitude plasma convection between 52° and 58° magnetic latitude (MLAT). The model is organized in MLAT‐MLT (magnetic local time) coordinates and has a spatial resolution of 1° × 7 min with thousands of velocity measurements contributing to most grid cells. Our results show that the flow is predominantly westward (20–55 m/s) and weakly northward (0–20 m/s) deep on the nightside but with a strong seasonal dependence such that the flows tend to be strongest and most structured in winter. These statistical results are in good agreement with previously reported observations from Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar measurements for a single latitude but also show some interesting new features, one being a significant latitudinal variation of zonal flow velocity near midnight in winter. Our analysis suggests that penetration of the high‐latitude convection electric fields can account for the direction of midlatitude convection in the premidnight sector, but postmidnight midlatitude convection is dominated by the neutral wind dynamo.
Numerical Study of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Generated by an Upward Propagating Gravity Wave
Authors: Miyoshi Yasunobu , Jin Hidekatsu , Fujiwara Hitoshi , Shinagawa Hiroyuki
Published: February 2018

Using a global atmosphere‐ionosphere coupled model, the characteristics and excitation source of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) during geomagnetically quiet periods are studied. This is the first paper concerning the simulation of TIDs generated by upward propagating gravity waves (GWs) that are spontaneously generated in the model. The dominant horizontal wavelengths of the simulated TIDs range from 700 to 1,500 km. The dominant periods and horizontal phase velocities of TIDs are 45–90 min and 250–300 m s−1, respectively. These features are the same as those of GWs in the 250–300 km height region. The phase of the electron density variations due to TIDs descends with increasing time, which is characteristic of the upward propagation of GWs. These electron density variations that are caused due to TIDs are explained by the transport processes of a neutral wind along a geomagnetic field line. These results indicate that the electron density variations respond locally to the passage of neutral wind fluctuations associated with upward propagating GWs. The GWs that excite TIDs are secondary GWs, which are generated in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere via the dissipation/breaking of tropospheric GWs. The magnitudes of TIDs at middle latitudes are larger in winter than in summer. The mechanisms of seasonal and day‐to‐day variations in TIDs that are caused due to GWs are discussed in this study.
Growth of Fault‐Cored Anticlines by Flexural Slip Folding: Analysis by Boundary Element Modeling
Authors: Johnson Kaj M.
Published: February 2018

Fault‐related folds develop due to a combination of slip on the associated fault and distributed deformation off the fault. Under conditions that are sufficient for sedimentary layering to act as a stack of mechanical layers with contact slip, buckling can dramatically amplify the folding process. We develop boundary element models of fault‐related folding of viscoelastic layers embedded with a reverse fault to examine the influence of such layering on fold growth. The strength of bedding contacts, the thickness and stiffness of layering, and fault geometry all contribute significantly to the resulting fold form. Frictional contact strength between layers controls the degree of localization of slip within fold limbs; high contact friction in relatively thin bedding tends to localize bedding slip within narrow kink bands on fold limbs, and low contact friction tends to produce widespread bedding slip and concentric fold form. Straight ramp faults tend to produce symmetric folds, whereas listric faults tend to produce asymmetric folds with short forelimbs and longer backlimbs. Fault‐related buckle folds grow exponentially with time under steady loading rates. At early stages of folding, fold growth is largely attributed to slip on the fault, but as the fold increases amplitude, a larger portion of the fold growth is attributed to distributed slip across bedding contacts on the limbs of the fold. An important implication for geologic and earthquake studies is that not all surface deformation associated with blind reverse faults may be attributed to slip on the fault during earthquakes.
Monitoring Local Changes in Granite Rock Under Biaxial Test: A Spatiotemporal Imaging Application With Diffuse Waves
Authors: Xie Fan , Ren Yaqiong , Zhou Yongsheng , Larose Eric , Baillet Laurent
Published: February 2018

Diffuse acoustic or seismic waves are highly sensitive to detect changes of mechanical properties in heterogeneous geological materials. In particular, thanks to acoustoelasticity, we can quantify stress changes by tracking acoustic or seismic relative velocity changes in the material at test. In this paper, we report on a small‐scale laboratory application of an innovative time‐lapse tomography technique named Locadiff to image spatiotemporal mechanical changes on a granite sample under biaxial loading, using diffuse waves at ultrasonic frequencies (300 kHz to 900 kHz). We demonstrate the ability of the method to image reversible stress evolution and deformation process, together with the development of reversible and irreversible localized microdamage in the specimen at an early stage. Using full‐field infrared thermography, we visualize stress‐induced temperature changes and validate stress images obtained from diffuse ultrasound. We demonstrate that the inversion with a good resolution can be achieved with only a limited number of receivers distributed around a single source, all located at the free surface of the specimen. This small‐scale experiment is a proof of concept for frictional earthquake‐like failure (e.g., stick‐slip) research at laboratory scale as well as large‐scale seismic applications, potentially including active fault monitoring.
Strain Partitioning and Present‐Day Fault Kinematics in NW Tibet From Envisat SAR Interferometry
Authors: Daout Simon , Doin Marie‐Pierre , Peltzer Gilles , Lasserre Cécile , Socquet Anne , Volat Matthieu , Sudhaus Henriette
Published: February 2018

An 8 year archive of Envisat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data over a 300 × 500 km2 wide area in northwestern Tibet is analyzed to construct a line‐of‐sight map of the current surface velocity field. The resulting velocity map reveals (1) a velocity gradient across the Altyn Tagh fault, (2) a sharp velocity change along a structure following the base of the alluvial fans in southern Tarim, and (3) a broad velocity gradient, following the Jinsha suture. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar velocity field is combined with published GPS data to constrain the geometry and slip rates of a fault model consisting of a vertical fault plane under the Altyn Tagh fault and a shallow flat décollement ending in a steeper ramp on the Tarim side. The solutions converge toward 0.7 mm/yr of pure thrusting on the décollement‐ramp system and 10.5 mm/yr of left‐lateral strike‐slip movement on the Altyn Tagh fault, below a 17 km locking depth. A simple elastic dislocation model across the Jinsha suture shows that data are consistent with 4–8 mm/yr of left‐lateral shear across this structure. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar processing steps include implementing a stepwise unwrapping method starting with high‐quality interferograms to assist in unwrapping noisier interferograms, iteratively estimating long‐wavelength spatial ramps, and referencing all interferograms to bedrock pixels surrounding sedimentary basins. A specific focus on atmospheric delay estimation using the ERA‐Interim model decreases the uncertainty on the velocity across the Tibet border by a factor of 2.
Characteristic Vertical Profiles of Cloud Water Composition in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds and Relationships With Precipitation
Authors: MacDonald Alexander B. , Dadashazar Hossein , Chuang Patrick Y. , Crosbie Ewan , Wang Hailong , Wang Zhen , Jonsson Haflidi H. , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H. , Sorooshian Armin
Published: February 2018

This study uses airborne cloud water composition measurements to characterize the vertical structure of air‐equivalent mass concentrations of water‐soluble species in marine stratocumulus clouds off the California coast. A total of 385 cloud water samples were collected in the months of July and August between 2011 and 2016 and analyzed for water‐soluble ionic and elemental composition. Three characteristic profiles emerge: (i) a reduction of concentration with in‐cloud altitude for particulate species directly emitted from sources below cloud without in‐cloud sources (e.g., Cl− and Na+), (ii) an increase of concentration with in‐cloud altitude (e.g., NO2− and formate), and (iii) species exhibiting a peak in concentration in the middle of cloud (e.g., non–sea‐salt SO42−, NO3−, and organic acids). Vertical profiles of rainout parameters such as loss frequency, lifetime, and change in concentration with respect to time show that the scavenging efficiency throughout the cloud depth depends strongly on the thickness of the cloud. Thin clouds exhibit a greater scavenging loss frequency at cloud top, while thick clouds have a greater scavenging loss frequency at cloud base. The implications of these results for treatment of wet scavenging in models are discussed.
Cross Calibration of the GPS Constellation CXD Proton Data With GOES EPS
Authors: Carver Matthew R. , Sullivan John P. , Morley Steven K. , Rodriguez Juan V.
Published: February 2018

Accurate proton flux measurements of the near‐Earth environment are essential to the understanding of many phenomena which have a direct impact on our lives. Currently, there is only a small set of satellites capable of performing these measurements which makes certain studies and analyses difficult. This paper details the capabilities of the Combined X‐ray Dosimeter (CXD), flown on 21 satellites of the Global Positioning System constellation, as it relates to proton measurements. We present a cross calibration of the CXD with the Energetic Particle Sensor (EPS) onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. By utilizing Solar Energetic Particle Events when both sets of satellites were operational we have orders of magnitude in flux and energy to compare against. Robust statistical analyses show that the CXD and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite flux calculations are similar and that for proton energies >30 MeV the CXD fluxes are on average within 20% of EPS. Although the CXD has a response to protons as low as 6 MeV, the sensitivity at energies below 20 MeV is reduced and so flux comparisons of these are generally worse. Integral flux values >10 MeV are typically within 40% of EPS. These calibrated CXD data sets will give researchers capabilities to study solar proton access to the inner magnetosphere down to L ~ 4 near the equatorial plane at high temporal cadence.
Effective Hydraulic Conductivity of Three‐Dimensional Heterogeneous Formations of Lognormal Permeability Distribution: The Impact of Connectivity
Authors: Zarlenga A. , Janković I. , Fiori A. , Dagan G.
Published: February 2018

Uniform mean flow takes place in a 3‐D heterogeneous formation of normal hydraulic logconductivity
. The aim of the study is to derive the dependence of the horizontal Kefh and vertical Kefv effective conductivities on the structural parameters of hydraulic conductivity and investigate the impact of departure from multi‐Gaussianity on Kef, by numerical simulations of flow in formations that share the same pdf and covariance of Y but differ in the connectivity of classes of Y. The main result is that for the extreme models of connected and disconnected high Y zones the ratio between the effective conductivities in isotropic media is much smaller than in 2‐D. The dependence of
and Kefv upon the logconductivity variance and the anisotropy ratio is compared with existing approximations (first‐order, Landau‐Matheron conjecture, self‐consistent approximation). Besides the theoretical interest, the results offer a basis for empirical relationships to be used in applications.
A study on the effect of detector resolution on gamma index passing rate for VMAT and IMRT QA
Authors: Woon WuiAnn , Ravindran Paul B , Ekayanake Piyasiri , S Vikraman , Lim Yivonne YF , Khalid Jamsari
Published: February 2018

The main objectives of this study are to (1) analyze the sensitivity of various gamma index passing rates using different types of detectors having different resolutions and (2) investigate the sensitivity of various gamma criteria in intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetrically modulated arc therapy (VMAT) quality assurance (QA) for the detection of systematic multileaf collimator (MLC) errors using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) and planar (MapCheck2) and cylindrical (ArcCheck) diode arrays. We also evaluated whether the correlation between the gamma passing rate (%GP) and the percentage dose error (%DE) of the dose–volume histogram (DVH) metrics was affected by the finite spatial resolution of the array detectors. We deliberately simulated systematic MLC errors of 0.25 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.75 mm, and 1 mm in five clinical nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases, thus creating 40 plans with systematic MLC errors. All measurements were analyzed field by field using gamma criteria of 3%/3 mm, 3%/2 mm, 3%/1 mm, and 2%/2 mm, with a passing rate of 90% applied as the action level. Our results showed that 3%/1 mm is the most sensitive criterion for the detection of systematic MLC errors when using EPID, with the steepest slope from the best‐fit line and an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve >0.95. With respect to the 3%/1 mm criterion, a strong correlation between %GP and %DE of the DVH metrics was observed only when using the EPID. However, with respect to the same criteria, a 0.75 mm systematic MLC error can go undetected when using MapCheck2 and ArcCheck, with an area under the ROC curve <0.75. Furthermore, a lack of correlation between %GP and %DE of the DVH metrics was observed in MapCheck2 and ArcCheck. In conclusion, low‐spatial resolution detectors can affect the results of a per‐field gamma analysis and render the analysis unable to accurately separate erroneous and non‐erroneous plans. Meeting these new sensitive criteria is expected to ensure clinically acceptable dose errors.
Sound Transmission Loss Enhancement in an Inorganic‐Organic Laminated Wall Panel Using Multifunctional Low‐Density Nanoporous Polyurea Aerogels: Experiment and Modeling
Authors: Malakooti Sadeq , Churu Habel Gitogo , Lee Alison , Rostami Saman , May Samuel John , Ghidei Suzie , Wang Fen , Lu Qun , Luo Huiyang , Xiang Ning , Sotiriou‐Leventis Chariklia , Leventis Nicholas , Lu Hongbing
Published: February 2018

Recently, the authors have reported an exceptional normal incidence sound transmission loss characteristic for a class of low density, highly porous, and mechanically strong polyurea aerogels. Herein, a laminated composite comprising the organic low‐density aerogels bonded with an inorganic compound (e.g., gypsum materials) is considered to investigate the constrained damping effects of the aerogels on the airborne sound insulation behavior of the composite using the standard chamber‐based diffuse sound field measurements. Huge improvement in the sound transmission loss is obtained due to the use of aerogel without a significant increase in the overall weight and thickness of the composite panel (e.g., more than 10 dB increase by reaching 40 dB sound transmission loss at 2 kHz after the implementation of only two 5 mm‐thick aerogel layers at bulk densities 0.15 and 0.25 g cm−3). This uncommon behavior breaks the empirical “Mass Law” nature of the most conventional acoustic materials. In addition, an exact analytical time‐harmonic plane‐strain solution for the diffused wave propagation through the multilayered structure is provided using theories of linear elasticity and Biot's dynamic poroelasticity. The theoretical results are well supported by the experiments which can be utilized for the design of the future light‐weight multifunctional composite structures.
Phase‐Modulated Band Alignment in CdS Nanorod/SnSx Nanosheet Hierarchical Heterojunctions toward Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Fu Yanming , Cao Fengren , Wu Fangli , Diao Zhidan , Chen Jie , Shen Shaohua , Li Liang
Published: February 2018

CdS is a promising visible light response photoanode of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, but it remains a great challenge for practical application, due to the photohole‐induced self‐corrosion, and sulfide/sulfite ions as hole scavengers are always necessary for stable solar hydrogen generation. Herein, a CdS/SnSx nanorods/nanosheets hierarchical heterostructure with novel phase‐engineered band alignment is rationally designed via a two‐step solution reaction route for PEC water splitting. In the Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte without any hole scavengers, compared with the pristine CdS, the CdS/SnSx photoanode achieves a remarkably enhanced photocurrent density of 1.59 mA cm−2 and a considerable stability at bias potential 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under simulated sunlight. It is proposed that the deposited SnSx nanosheets not only act as protective layers to restrain the photocorrosion of CdS, but also facilitate the charge separation in CdS by the virtue of the Type II heterojunction formed between CdS and SnSx.
Direct 3D Printing of Ultralight Graphene Oxide Aerogel Microlattices
Authors: Jiang Yanqiu , Xu Zhen , Huang Tieqi , Liu Yingjun , Guo Fan , Xi Jiabin , Gao Weiwei , Gao Chao
Published: February 2018

Graphene aerogel microlattices (GAMs) hold great prospects for many multifunctional applications due to their low density, high porosity, designed lattice structures, good elasticity, and tunable electrical conductivity. Previous 3D printing approaches to fabricate GAMs require either high content of additives or complex processes, limiting their wide applications. Here, a facile ion‐induced gelation method is demonstrated to directly print GAMs from graphene oxide (GO) based ink. With trace addition of Ca2+ ions as gelators, aqueous GO sol converts to printable gel ink. Self‐standing 3D structures with programmable microlattices are directly printed just in air at room temperature. The rich hierarchical pores and high electrical conductivity of GAMs bring admirable capacitive performance for supercapacitors. The gravimetric capacitance (Cs) of GAMs is 213 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and 183 F g−1 at 100 A g−1, and retains over 90% after 50 000 cycles. The facile, direct 3D printing of neat graphene oxide can promote wide applications of GAMs from energy storage to tissue engineering scaffolds.