bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tailoring interfacial microenvironment of palladium‐zeolite catalysts for the efficient low‐temperature hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin in water
Authors: Ran Jiansu , Alfilfil Lujain , Li Jingwei , Yangcheng Ruixue , Liu Zhaohui , Wang Qin , Cui Yuntong , Cao Tong , Qiao Min , Yao Kexin , Zhang Daliang , Wang Jianjian
Published: April 2022

Efficient low‐temperature hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin derivatives to produce biofuels and high value‐added chemicals is still of challenge. Here, we have constructed a high active and stable 0.2 wt.% Pd/MS‐HZSM‐5(30) catalyst, and 94.7 % yield of 2‐methoxy‐4‐methylphenol (MMP) can be achieved in HDO of vanillin (VAN, a typical platform molecule of lignin derivatives) under milder reaction conditions (60 °C, 5 h, molar ratio of VAN/Pd=1200, water phase), outperforming the most works reported recently. Detailed experimental and mechanistic studies demonstrated that the superior catalytic performance was due to the rapid hydrogenolysis of generated intermediate (vanillyl alcohol, VAL) to MMP proceeded in an interfacial microenvironmental created by Pd NPs and acidic sites in Pd/MS‐HZSM‐5(30). These new insights will provide potential guidance for the efficient low‐temperature production of biofuels and valuable chemicals from lignin derivatives or raw lignin.
Investigations on the Synthesis, Reactivity, and Properties of Perfluoro‐α‐Benzo‐Fused BOPHY Fluorophores
Authors: Zhang Guanyu , Wang Maodie , Bobadova‐Parvanova Petia , Fronczek Frank R. , Smith Kevin M. , Vicente M. Graça H.
Published: April 2022

The synthesis and reactivity of 3,8‐dibromo‐dodecafluoro‐benzo‐fused BOPHY 2 are reported, via SNAr with O‐, N‐ S‐ and C‐nucleophiles, and in Pd(0)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions (Suzuki and Stille). The resulting perfluoro‐BOPHY derivatives were investigated for their reactivity in the presence of various nucleophiles. BOPHY 3 displays reversible color change and fluorescence quenching in the presence of bases (Et3N, DBU), whereas BOPHY 7 reacts preferentially at the α‐pyrrolic positions, and BOPHY 8 undergoes regioselective fluorine substitution in the presence of thiols. The structural and electronic features of the fluorinated BOPHYs were studied by TD‐DFT computations. In addition, their spectroscopic and cellular properties were investigated; BOPHY 10 shows the most red‐shifted absorption/emission (λmax 659/699 nm) and 7 the highest fluorescence (Φf=0.95), while all compounds studied showed low cytotoxicity toward human HEp2 cells and were efficiently internalized.
Reversible and Stepwise Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal Transformation of a Platinum(II) Complex with Vapochromic Luminescence
Authors: Saito Daisuke , Galica Tomasz , Nishibori Eiji , Yoshida Masaki , Kobayashi Atsushi , Kato Masako
Published: April 2022

The vapochromic single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) transformation of a highly luminescent PtII complex bearing an N‐heterocyclic carbene [Pt(CN)2(tBu‐impy)] (tBu‐impyH+=1‐tert‐butyl‐3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐1H‐imidazolium) is reported. The trihydrate form of the complex, which exhibits blue 3MMLCT emission owing to weak Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt interactions, changed its luminescence color from blue to yellowish‐green upon the desorption of water molecules while keeping the high emission quantum yield of more than 0.45. Variable‐temperature and continuous in‐situ tracking of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements revealed that the SCSC transformation proceeds reversibly by the release and reabsorption of water molecules, thereby changing the stacked structure slightly. As a result, the dynamics of vapor‐induced SCSC transformation were elucidated: that the anhydrous form returned to the original trihydrate form in a two‐step process under a water vapor atmosphere. In addition, the PtII complex exhibited a similar SCSC response accompanied by a luminescence color change in the presence of methanol vapor, while being inactive toward ethanol vapor.
Consecutive Methylation Catalyzed by TsrM, an Atypical Class B Radical SAM Methylase
Authors: Wu Runze , Ding Wei , Zhang Qi
Published: April 2022

Comprehensive Summary

TsrM is a cobalamin‐dependent radical S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) methyltransferase belonging to the Class B radical SAM methylase (RSM) family. This enzyme catalyzes the C‐2 methylation of L‐tryptophan to produce 2‐methyltrytophan (2‐MeTrp), an intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of thiostrepton A. In this work, we report characterization of an unexpected activity of TsrM, which carries out an additional methylation reaction on the product 2‐MeTrp. A series of isotopic labeling studies and assays with different Trp analogs revealed that TsrM is able to transfer a methyl group from SAM to the C4 of 2‐MeTrp to produce 2,4‐dimethyltryptophan. These results reveal the intriguing substrate specificity of TsrM, further expanding the reaction promiscuity of the radical SAM superfamily enzymes.
Expedition Nobel prize chemistry 2021 – experimental insights into the topic of asymmetric organocatalysis
Authors: Reinmold Marco , Fahim Amin , Lühken Arnim
Published: April 2022

Die mit dem Nobelpreis ausgezeichneten Forschungsthemen liefern eine wichtige Grundlage zur Konzeption von experimentellen Unterrichtseinheiten und sind nach dem Prinzip der Wissenschaftlichkeit und aufgrund ihrer Aktualität fundamental für die Gestaltung von Chemieunterricht. Auf Basis von Benjamin Lists Arbeiten wird im folgenden Beitrag im Sinne des exemplarischen Prinzips ein experimenteller und theoretischer Zugang zur asymmetrischen Organokatalyse für Schüler:innen vorgestellt. Aufgrund der geringen Gefährdungspotentiale der Edukte und Produkte sowie der Einfachheit der Durchführung kann der Versuch von den Schüler:innen durchgeführt und die Reaktionsmechanismen von ihnen durch die während der Schullaufbahn erworbenen fachlichen Kompetenzen erarbeitet und somit grundlegende Konzepte der asymmetrischen Organokatalyse verstanden werden. Zudem werden klassische Nachweisreaktionen funktioneller Gruppen organischer Moleküle und Analysen zur Charakterisierung der Produkte eingesetzt, welche vergleichend mit der basenkatalysierten Aldolreaktion einen Zugang zum Begriff der Enantioselektivität ermöglichen. Ebenso bietet der Vergleich der basenkatalysierten mit der L‐Prolin‐katalysierten Aldolreaktion Grundlage zur Diskussion ökologischer und ökonomischer Aspekte beider Reaktionsführungen und fördert somit die Kommunikations‐ und Bewertungskompetenz sowie Reflexion im naturwissenschaftlichen Kontext.
Structural Development of Silicon‐Containing Retinoids: Structure–Activity Relationship Study of the Hydrophobic Pharmacophore of Retinobenzoic Acids Using Silyl Functionalities
Authors: Oikawa Tsuyoshi , Fujii Shinya , Mori Shuichi , Masuno Hiroyuki , Kawachi Emiko , Kagechika Hiroyuki
Published: April 2022

We designed and synthesized a series of retinobenzoic acids bearing various silyl functionalities in order to explore in detail the structure‐activity relationship (SAR) at the hydrophobic moiety of retinoids. Among the synthesized compounds, 24 c bearing a t‐butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) group at the hydrophobic site exhibited potent retinoid activity comparable to that of the lead compound Am555S (4). Compound 24 c exhibited transcription‐promoting activity towards all three subtypes of retinoic acid receptor (RAR), but showed the highest activity towards RARγ, in contrast to the high RARα‐selectivity of Am80 (3) and Am555S (4). The SARs presented here should be helpful in the development of subtype‐selective retinoids, and in particular 24 c might be a promising lead compound for new RARγ ligands.
Pneumonitis after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Sheshadri Ajay , Goizueta Alberto A. , Shannon Vickie R. , London David , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Ravandi‐Kashani Farhad , Kadia Tapan M. , Konopleva Marina Y. , DiNardo Courtney D. , Pierce Sherry , Zarifa Abdulrazzak , Albittar Aya A. , Zhong Linda L. , Akhmedzhanov Fechukwu O. , Arain Muhammad H. , Alfayez Mansour , Alotaibi Ahmad , Altan Mehmet , Naing Aung , Mendoza Tito R. , Godoy Myrna C. B. , Shroff Girish , Kim Sang T. , Faiz Saadia A. , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. , Khawaja Fareed , Jennings Kristofer , Daver Naval G.
Published: April 2022

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), combined with hypomethylating agents, can be used to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but this strategy results in a high rate of pneumonitis. The authors sought to determine risk factors for pneumonitis development and whether pneumonitis increased mortality.

Methods

The authors conducted a retrospective review of 258 AML patients who received ICI‐containing regimens from 2016 to 2018. A multidisciplinary adjudication committee diagnosed pneumonia and pneumonitis by reviewing symptoms, imaging, microbiology, and response to therapies. To measure risk factors for pneumonitis and mortality, multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were constructed. Pneumonia, pneumonitis, and disease progression were modeled as a time‐dependent variable and incorporated a standard risk set modifying variables into the models.

Results

Thirty patients developed pneumonitis (12%). Of these, 17 had partial or complete resolution, whereas 13 patients died from pneumonitis. Increasing age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04 per year; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00‐1.08), and baseline shortness of breath increased pneumonitis risk (HR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.13‐5.55). Female sex (HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.15‐0.70) and increasing platelet count (HR, 0.52 per log‐unit increase; 95% CI, 0.30‐0.92) decreased pneumonitis risk. In adjusted models, ICI‐related pneumonitis significantly increased mortality (HR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.84‐4.37).

Conclusions

ICI‐related pneumonitis occurs at a high rate in AML patients and increases mortality.

Lay Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remove inhibitory signals that reduce T‐cell function and allow T‐cells to better attack cancer cells.

In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the effectiveness of ICIs is limited in part by inflammation of the lung, called pneumonitis.

This study reviewed 258 patients with AML who received ICIs and identified 30 patients who developed pneumonitis, nearly half of whom died.

Older age and baseline shortness of breath increased pneumonitis risk, whereas female sex and higher baseline platelet counts decreased pneumonitis risk.

Pneumonitis increased mortality by nearly 3‐fold.

This work highlights the significant harm imposed by pneumonitis after ICI therapies.
The promising combination therapy strategy for overcoming resistance to histone deacetylase inhibitors in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Pei Haixiang , Chen Yihua
Published: April 2022

Single histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACis) or current combination therapies show limited clinical efficiency in facing the striking heterogeneity of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). This commentary reviews the research conducted by Wang et al. to demonstrate the mechanism of the highly efficient HDACi LAQ824 and a promising HDCAi‐based combination therapy approach in DLBCL.
Polycomb‐mediated gene regulation in human brain development and neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Bölicke Nora , Albert Mareike
Published: April 2022

The neocortex is considered the seat of higher cognitive function in humans. It develops from a sheet of neural progenitor cells, most of which eventually give rise to neurons. This process of cell fate determination is controlled by precise temporal and spatial gene expression patterns that in turn are affected by epigenetic mechanisms including Polycomb group (PcG) regulation. PcG proteins assemble in multiprotein complexes and catalyze repressive posttranslational histone modifications. Their association with neurodevelopmental disease and various types of cancer of the central nervous system, as well as observations in mouse models, has implicated these epigenetic modifiers in controlling various stages of cortex development. The precise mechanisms conveying PcG‐associated transcriptional repression remain incompletely understood and are an active field of research. PcG activity appears to be highly context‐specific, raising the question of species‐specific differences in the regulation of neural stem and progenitor regulation. In this review, we will discuss our growing understanding of how PcG regulation affects human cortex development, based on studies in murine model systems, but focusing mostly on findings obtained from examining impaired PcG activity in the context of human neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer. Furthermore, we will highlight relevant experimental approaches for functional investigations of PcG regulation in human cortex development.
Increased risk of somatic diseases following anorexia nervosa in a controlled nationwide cohort study
Authors: Steinhausen Hans‐Christoph , Villumsen Martin Dalgaard , Hørder Kirsten , Winkler Laura Al‐Dakhiel , Bilenberg Niels , Støving René Klinkby
Published: April 2022

Objective

To assess the risk of somatic diseases in connection with anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method

This matched cohort study was based on Danish registries of all patients born 1961–2008 with a first‐time diagnosis of AN in 1994–2018 at age 8–32 and matched controls without an eating disorder. For 13 somatic disease categories, time from inclusion date to time of first somatic diagnosis, accounting for censoring, was studied by use of time‐stratified Cox models.

Results

A total of 9985 AN patients born 1961–2008 and 49,351 controls were followed for a median (interquartile range) of 9.0 (4.4–15.7) years. During the first 2 years after entry there was a 60% higher hazard for any somatic disease among patients with AN than among controls, while the ratio from three to 11 years was reduced to 1.18. Regardless of age at diagnosis, the hazard among patients and controls were no different at approximately a decade after diagnosis of AN and the cumulative risk for patients for 12 of 13 disease categories was always higher or no less that for controls. For all disease categories, the hazard ratio (HR) was higher when close to entry. For most disease categories, age at diagnosis of AN did not modify the effect.

Discussion

While around 90% of all individuals had any somatic disease at the end of follow‐up, the cumulative incidence over time was higher for patients with AN than for controls. Large HRs were seen in the early years after diagnosis during which patients require extensive medical interventions.

Public Significance

Based on Danish registries, a large sample of almost 10,000 patients with AN born 1961–2008 and almost 50,000 matched controls were followed for a median of 9 years. While around 90% of all individuals had any somatic disease at the end of follow‐up, the cumulative incidence over time was higher for patients with AN than for controls.
Pro‐Pro Dipeptide‐Thiourea Organocatalyst in the Mannich Reaction between α‐Imino Esters and Pyruvates
Authors: Čmelová Patrícia , Šramel Peter , Zahradníková Barbora , Modrocká Viktória , Szabados Henrich , Mečiarová Mária , Šebesta Radovan
Published: April 2022

Enantioselective catalytic formation of polyfunctional molecules, such as non‐natural amino acids, is important for the efficient production of many chiral compounds. To this end, we present here the synthesis and evaluation of the catalytic activity of bifunctional peptide–thiourea organocatalysts. These hybrid organocatalysts consist of Pro‐Pro dipeptide and thiourea moiety connected via a 1,2‐diaminocyclohexane unit. These catalysts promoted challenging Mannich reaction between α‐imino esters and pyruvates, providing orthogonally protected oxo‐glutamate derivatives. The N‐tosyl‐protected imino ester, as the most active imine, was required to compensate for the poor reactivity of pyruvates. DFT calculations, NMR, and CD spectroscopy help elucidate the mode of action of these catalysts. Configuration of the dipeptide Pro‐Pro moiety is responsible for the sense of the stereoinduction of the Mannich reaction.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed C−H Activation/Annulation of N‐Aryl‐pyrazolidinones with Vinylene Carbonate
Authors: Huang Gao , Yu Jin‐Tao , Pan Changduo
Published: April 2022

A rhodium‐catalyzed C−H activation/annulation of N‐aryl‐pyrazolidinones with vinylene carbonate was developed. The utilization of vinylene carbonate as the acetylene surrogate furnished the successful construction of non‐substituted 5,6‐pyrazolo[1,2‐a]cinnoline derivatives, which are difficult to synthesize through other procedures. In this work, a series of variously substituted pyrazolo[1,2‐a]cinnolines were obtained in yields up to 98 % with broad substrate scope and excellent selectivity. Moreover, external oxidants were not required in this protocol with H2O and CO2 as the clean by‐products.
Computational Design and Application of Molecularly Imprinted/MWCNT Based Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Silodosin
Authors: Abo Elalaa Amal Sherif , Abdel‐Hamied Abdel‐Tawab Muhammed , Abdel Ghani Nour. T. , El Nashar Rasha M.
Published: April 2022

A novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based electrochemical sensor was developed for differential pulse voltammetric detection of silodosin (SLD), used for enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia; BPH) treatment. A computational design was first applied for optimization of the molar ratio between silodosin (SLD, template): Methacrylic acid (MAA, functional monomer), based on which five polymeric ratios were prepared followed by testing the amount of crosslinker (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA)), imprinting and rebinding efficiency of the polymer. The ratio 1:4:20 was found to have the highest binding capacity for SLD, and thus, was used as a modifier for the development of modified carbon paste electrodes in presence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The sensor was electrochemically characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements and morphologically using SEM, TEM and BET and its performance was optimized in terms of amounts of MIP, MWCNT, pH and other electrochemical parameters. A linear response range of 1.0×10−12–1.0×10−3 M SLD with a detection limit (S/N=3) of 1.0×10−13 M was shown. Finally, the MIP‐modified carbon paste sensor was successfully used to determine SLD in pure solutions, pharmaceutical formulations and spiked serum and urine samples.
A systematic overview of electrode configuration in electric‐driven micropumps
Authors: Tavari Tannaz , Nazari Mohsen , Meamardoost Saber , Tamayol Ali , Samandari Mohamadmahdi
Published: April 2022

Accurate manipulation of fluids in microfluidic devices is an important factor affecting their functions. Since the emergence of microfluidic technology to transport fluids in microchannels, the electric field has been utilized as an effective dynamic pumping mechanism. This review attempts to provide a fundamental insight of the various electric‐driven flows in microchannels and their working mechanisms as micropumps for microfluidic devices. Different electrokinetic mechanisms implemented in electrohydrodynamic‐, electroosmosis‐, electrothermal, and dielectrophoresis‐based micropumps are discussed. A detailed description of different mechanisms is presented to provide a comprehensive overview on the key parameters used in electric micropumps. Furthermore, electrode configurations and their shapes in different micropumps are explored and categorized to provide conclusive information for the selection of efficient, simple, and affordable strategies to transport fluids in microfluidic devices. In this paper, recent theoretical, numerical and experimental investigations are covered to provide a better insight both on the operational mechanisms and strategies for lab‐on‐chip applications.
Quantifying uncertainties and correlations of engineering demand parameters of building structures for regional seismic loss assessment
Authors: Kang Chulyoung , Kwon Oh‐Sung , Song Junho
Published: April 2022

For an accurate regional seismic loss assessment, it is essential to quantify the uncertainties and correlations of the engineering demand parameters (EDP) of the building structures. Previous studies predicted the mean EDP of each structure by a regression function of the selected intensity measure (IM), while its variability is described by the “EDP residual.” The authors recently proposed a new formulation and Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA)‐based methods to evaluate the correlation between EDP residuals. This paper proposes an IM‐invariant method for estimating the variances and correlations of the EDP residuals of building structures. Based on the EDP residuals of various buildings estimated using the proposed method, primary structural characteristics affecting EDP residuals are identified. In addition, this study develops EDP estimation regression equations using predictive variables defined based on the identified structural characteristics to facilitate consideration of the EDP residual correlation in regional seismic loss assessment. Numerical examples verify the regression models and demonstrate that the proposed method can improve the accuracy of a regional loss assessment by considering the building types in the inventory.
Fabrication and characterization of tea polyphenol W/O microemulsion‐based bioactive edible film for sustained release in fish floss preservation
Authors: Zhang Mengna , Zhao Qiaoling , Lin Yanan , Wang Haifeng , Shui Ruofan , Wang Shitong , Ge Lijun , Li Yunyan , Song Gongshuai , Gong Jinyan , Wang Haixing , Chen Xi , Shen Qing
Published: April 2022

A coated nanoemulsion (CNE)‐based edible film was fabricated on the surface of fish floss (FF) to extend its shelf life during storage. The antioxidant tea polyphenol (TPP) was embedded into W/O microemulsion, which was further encapsulated into multiple emulsion (Multi‐E) together with functional soluble dietary fiber (SDF). The physicochemical properties indicated that the nanoemulsion‐based edible film (NEF) improved the morphology of FF and reduced the crystallinity of the film by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The water vapor permeability increased gradually and rose to only 0.99% after 5 h, resulting in the water activity of FF at a low level (≤0.51) during the storage period. The TPP inside was released at a constant rate (≤18.10%) on the surface, and such a rate was accelerated in the simulated gastrointestinal environment, especially in intestine reaching 60.12% after 5 h of digestion. Besides, the effect of NEF on the flavor was also evaluated and the contents of ketones, phenols, and pyrazines increased, which displayed a regulating effect on the overall flavor of FF by blocking the external moisture and suppressing the microorganism activity. In summary, the NEF effectively enhanced the flavor and taste of FF, controlled the release of TPP, and reduced the water activity during the storage, thereby extending the shelf life.
Biochemical indexes and gut microbiota testing as diagnostic methods for Penaeus monodon health and physiological changes during AHPND infection with food safety concerns
Authors: Soo Tze Chiew Christie , Bhassu Subha
Published: April 2022

Severe shrimp disease outbreaks have a destructive impact on shrimp aquaculture and its associated downstream food processing industries. Thus, it is essential to develop proper methods for shrimp disease control, which emphasizes the importance of food safety. In this study, we performed biochemical tests and gut microbiome analysis using uninfected control and VpAHPND‐infected Penaeus monodon samples. Biochemical tests were performed to assess the phenoloxidase (PO) activity, respiratory Burst (RB) activity, nitrite concentration, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total hemocyte count (THC), and total protein concentrations. Overall, upregulations were detected in these biochemical tests, which showed the activation of the immune response in P. monodon during acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) infection, especially at 6 hpi and 12 hpi. Besides that, shrimp gut samples were collected and pooled (n = 3), followed by DNA extraction, PCR amplification targeting the V3/V4 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) region, next‐generation sequencing (NGS), and bioinformatics analysis. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in both samples. The Rhodobacteraceae family and Maritimibacter genus were proposed to be vital forshrimp health maintenance. VpAHPND bacterial colonization and secondary Vibrio infections were postulated to have occurred based on the higher abundances of Vibrionaceae family and Vibrio genus in the VpAHPND‐infected sample. Firmicutes phylum together with Photobacterium and Aliiroseovarius genera were inferred to be pathogenic or related factors of AHPND infections. In conclusion, physiology (immune response activation) and gut microbiome changes of disease tolerant P. monodon during AHPND infection were identified. Both biochemical tests and 16S rRNA analysis are proposed as a combined strategy for shrimp health diagnosis for ensuring shrimp health maintenance, disease control, and food safety.
Comparative analysis of chemical constituents in Citri Exocarpium Rubrum, Citri Reticulatae Endocarpium Alba, and Citri Fructus Retinervus
Authors: Yang Wanling , Liu Mengshi , Chen Baizhong , Ning Jinrong , Wang Kanghui , Cai Yi , Yang Depo , Zheng Guodong
Published: April 2022

Citri Exocarpium Rubrum (CER), Citri Reticulatae Endocarpium Alba (CREA), and Citri Fructus Retinervus (CFR) are used as medicine and food, which derive from three different parts of the pericarp of Citrus reticulata Blanco through natural drying. To systematically investigate similarities and differences in phytochemicals about the three herbs, a series of analytic approaches were applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical constituents in them. The results indicated a total of 48 volatile compounds were determined representing 99.92% of the total relative content of CER extracts, including 24 alkenes, 11 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 2 ketones, and 2 phenols, while volatile compounds were not extracted from CREA and CFR. CER was abundant in volatile components that mainly existed in the oil gland. And a total of 32, 35, and 28 nonvolatile compounds were identified from CER, CREA, and CFR extracts, respectively. The total content of flavonoids and phenolic, and hesperidin in CFR was the highest, followed by CREA and CER. Conversely, CER was a rich source of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), and the total polymethoxyflavone content (TPMFC), the content of nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′‐heptamethoxyflavone (HMF), tangeretin, and 5‐hydroxy‐6,7,8,3′,4′‐pentamethoxyflavone (5‐HPMF) in CREA and CFR were extremely low. Besides, CER and CREA had a higher concentration of synephrine than CFR. The phytochemicals of CER, CREA, and CFR were significantly different, which might provide chemical evidence for the comparative pharmacological activities’ research and rational application of them.
Evaluating PM2.5‐Related health costs in China—Evidence from 140 Chinese cities
Authors: Lu Zhi‐Nan , Zhao Mingyuan , Guo Yunxia , Hao Yu
Published: April 2022

Introduction

In recent years, China's economy has grown rapidly, and the health condition of Chinese residents has significantly improved. However, this rapid economic and social development has also brought a series of environmental problems, such as serious haze pollution, of which the main contents are PM2.5 particles. The objective of this study is to quantitatively estimate the PM2.5‐related health costs in China.

Methods

Based on city‐level data from 140 major Chinese cities as well as the Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta city clusters in 2010, the value of a statistical life method based on willingness to pay was employed. Moreover, global and local Moran's I values were calculated to examine the spatial distribution of the health cost of haze pollution in China.

Results

In areas with heavy haze pollution or a high level of economic development, residents' health costs will also be higher. In addition, there is a spatial aggregation phenomenon in the spatial distribution of health costs in China, which is mainly in the form of “high‐high” aggregation, with high‐value cities converging with other high‐value cities.

Conclusions

The health cost of haze pollution in China is very considerable, and there are regional differences.
Impacts of slip and mass transpiration on Newtonian liquid flow over a porous stretching sheet
Authors: Nagaraju Koratagere Revanna , Mahabaleshwar Ulavathi Shettar , Siddalinga Prasad Muddenahalli , Souayeh Basma
Published: April 2022

This article focuses on analytic solutions for Newtonian fluid flow with slip and mass transpiration on a porous stretching sheet using the differential transform method and Pade approximants of an exceptionally nonlinear differential equation. The impacts of different parameters including mass transpiration (suction/injection), Navier's slip, and Darcy number parameters on the velocity of the liquid and tangential stress are discussed. A comprehensive comparison of our results with the previous one in the literature is made, and the results showed good agreement. An investigation is conducted of a combination of magnetic liquids that are conceivably pertinent for wound medicines, skin repair, and astute coatings for natural gadgets. It is found that there is a decrease in the velocity profiles and the boundary layer thickness for the case of suction.
The nested embryonic dorsal domains of BMP‐target genes are not scaled to size during the evolution of Drosophila species
Authors: Chahda Juan Sebastian , Ambrosi Priscilla , Mizutani Claudia M.
Published: April 2022

Egg size is a fast‐evolving trait among Drosophilids expected to change the spatial distribution of morphogens that pattern the embryonic axes. Here we asked whether the patterning of the dorsal region of the embryo by the Decapentaplegic/Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐4 (DPP/BMP‐4) gradient is scaled among Drosophila species with different egg sizes. This region specifies the extra‐embryonic tissue amnioserosa and the ectoderm. We find that the entire dorsal region scales with embryo size, but the gene expression patterns regulated by DPP are not proportional, suggesting that the DPP gradient is differentially scaled during evolution. To further test whether the DPP gradient can scale or not in Drosophila melanogaster, we created embryos with expanded dorsal regions that mimic changes in scale seen in other species and measured the resulting domains of DPP‐target genes. We find that the proportions of these domains are not maintained, suggesting that the DPP gradient is unable to scale in the embryo. These and previous findings suggest that the embryonic dorso‐ventral patterning lack scaling in the ventral and dorsal sides but is robust in the lateral region where the neuroectoderm is specified and two opposing gradients, Dorsal/NFkappa‐B and DPP, intersect. We propose that the lack of scaling of the DPP gradient may contribute to changes in the size of the amnioserosa and the numbers of ectodermal cells with specific cortical tensions, which are expected to generate distinct mechanical forces for gastrulating embryos of different sizes.
Prognosis of pancreatic head cancer with different patterns of lymph node metastasis
Authors: Min Seung Ki , You Yunghun , Choi Dong Wook , Han In Woong , Shin Sang Hyun , Yoon Sokyung , Jung Ji Hye , Yoon So Jeong , Heo Jin Seok
Published: April 2022

Background

The nodal stage of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is revised in the AJCC 8th edition. Studies on the prognosis of PDAC according to lymph node metastasis (LNM) are still ongoing. We attempted to find the patterns of nodal involvement and to reveal its clinical significance to overall survival (OS).

Methods

We analyzed 585 patients who received pancreatic head cancer surgery diagnosed as PDAC from January 2007 to December 2016. Patients were classified into three groups: Group 1 (G1, patients without LNM), Group 2 (G2, those with LNM only in the peripancreatic area), and Group 3 (G3 those with LNM in the other area and/or peripancreatic LNM). Risk factors were analyzed by Cox‐regression test and overall survival was compared by Kaplan–Meier analysis.

Results

LNM in peripancreatic area was the most common (88.7%). In the multivariate analysis, T stage, nuclear differentiation, adjuvant treatment, and the G2 and G3 were independent risk factors for OS (G2 over G1, HR 1.384, 95% CI 1.046–1.802; P = .036 and G3 over G1, HR 2.383, 95% CI 1.378–4.103; P = .001). G3 showed worse OS than G2 (P = .006). In the N1 status, LNM to the pericholedochal (PC) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) areas resulted in worse OS than the G2 (P = .011 and P = .019).

Conclusions

We found that LNM beyond the peripancreatic area significantly affects OS in pancreatic head cancer patients. Depending on the station of the LNM, different risk‐stratification and treatment strategies will need to be considered.
Generation and characterization of humanized synergistic neutralizing antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Guo Jiazheng , Zhang Jun , Du Peng , Lu Jiansheng , Chen Lei , Huang Ying , Yu Yunzhou , Xie Qing , Wang Rong , Yang Zhixin
Published: April 2022

The emerging coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), which has become a severe threat to global public health and local economies. In this study, several single‐chain antibody fragments that bind to the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike (S) protein were identified and used to construct human‐mouse chimeric antibodies and humanized antibodies. These antibodies exhibited strong binding to RBD and neutralization activity towards a SARS‐CoV‐2 pseudovirus. Moreover, these antibodies recognize different RBD epitopes and exhibit synergistic neutralizing activity. These provide candidate to combination use or bispecific antibody to potential clinical therapy for COVID‐19.
Artificial cell swarm optimization and vapor liquid equilibrium for energy management system in smart grid
Authors: Ganesan P. , Xavier S. Arockia Edwin
Published: April 2022

This article proposes a hybrid approach for energy management system in smart grid. The smart grid system contains photovoltaic, wind turbine, micro turbine, battery. The proposed hybrid approach is the combination of artificial cell swarm optimization (ACSO) and vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE); therefore, it is termed as ACSO‐VLE. The aim of the proposed approach is minimization of fuel cost, operation and maintenance cost, hourly power variation in the grid connected micro grid system. The necessary load demand of grid connected micro grid system is continually monitored by ACSO. The VLE is enhanced the perfect consolidation of micro grid with respect to predicted load demand. During the micro grid operation, the first approach is focused the scheduling of various renewable energy sources to lessen the cost of electricity. The aim of the second method is to balance the power flow and diminish the impacts of predicting errors depending on rule summarized from the scheduled power reference. The proposed model is carried out in MATLAB; its efficiency is examined to with and without grid of micro grid system. The effectiveness of ACSO‐VLE technique is analyzed through the comparison analysis using the existing techniques. The proficiency is analyzed utilizing cost analysis including power generation of photovoltaic, micro and wind turbine, battery. The Root mean square error (RMSE), MAPE and Mean bias error (MBE) under 50 counts of trails of the proposed technique are 9.3, 4.2 and 2.7, l. Likewise, the RMSE, MAPE and MBE under 100 counts of trails are 13.5, 3.9 and 5.7. The mean, median, standard deviation attains 0.9681, 0.9062, and 0.1099.
Does the subepithelial connective tissue graft in conjunction with a coronally advanced flap remain as the gold standard therapy for the treatment of single gingival recession defects? A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Chambrone Leandro , Botelho João , Machado Vanessa , Mascarenhas Paulo , Mendes José João , Avila‐Ortiz Gustavo
Published: April 2022

Background

The aim of this systematic review and network meta‐analysis (NMA) was to assess the efficacy of a bilaminar root coverage technique consisting of the combination of an autogenous subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) and a coronally advanced flap (CAF) compared with the five most indicated alternative approaches for the treatment of single gingival recession defects (GRD).

Methods

The protocol of this PRISMA 2020‐compliant systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020221362). Three electronic databases were searched up to September 30, 2021 to identify randomized controlled trials that involved the treatment of single GRD without interproximal tissue loss via root coverage procedures. A frequentist NMA was conducted for complete root coverage (CRC), mean root coverage (MRC), and keratinized tissue width (KTW) changes.

Results

A total of 38 studies reporting on 830 patients and 1,265 GRD were included. SCTG + CAF was ranked as the most efficient treatment approach for MRC, CRC, and KTW gain at 6 and 12 months after surgery, except for MRC at the 12‐month follow‐up where enamel matrix derivative plus CAF exhibited superior results.

Conclusions

SCTG + CAF can be considered the gold standard for the treatment of single GRD.
Umbilical Venous Volume Flow in Late‐Onset Fetal Growth Restriction
Authors: Hamidi Odessa P. , Driver Camille , Steller Jon G. , Peek Emma E. , Monasta Lorenzo , Stampalija Tamara , Gumina Diane L. , DeVore Greggory R. , Hobbins John C. , Galan Henry L.
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Umbilical vein flow (UVF) is reduced in fetal growth restriction (FGR). We compared absolute and size‐adjusted UVF (estimated fetal weight [EFW] and abdominal circumference [AC]) and rates of abnormal UVF parameters (<10th percentile) among FGR fetuses meeting Delphi criteria (FGR‐D) against small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) controls.

Methods

Absolute UVF, UVF/EFW, and UVF/AC were compared between 73 FGR pregnancies (35 FGR‐D, 38 SGA) and 108 AGA controls. Rates of abnormal UVF were compared to abnormal umbilical artery pulsatility index (UAPI). Independent samples t‐tests, Mann–Whitney U, odds ratio (OR), chi‐squared, and Fisher's exact tests were used as appropriate.

Results

Mean absolute UVF was significantly decreased in FGR‐D compared to AGA (P = .0147), but not between SGA and AGA fetuses. The incidence of both abnormal absolute UVF and UVF/AC values (<10th centile) was higher among late‐onset FGR fetuses versus AGA fetuses (UVF: OR 2.7, confidence interval [CI] 1.37–5.4; UVF/AC: OR 2.73, CI 1.37–5.4). UVF was more frequently abnormal than UAPI and in only two fetuses were both Doppler values abnormal.

Conclusion

Absolute UVF is altered in late‐onset FGR, and most pronounced among FGR‐D. UVF may provide additional insight into fetal compromise in those affected by growth restriction.
Partnership brings about services for military veterans at no cost
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: April 2022

A partnership with a nonprofit that is devoted to serving military veterans is allowing a southwest Florida mental health organization to establish a more formalized approach to assist this population, at no cost to recipients.
Majority of MHA survey respondents say stress affects their MH
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: April 2022

Although nearly half of employees (47%) know of their company's mental health services, only 38% would be comfortable using their company's services, according to Mental Health America's (MHA's) fourth annual workplace report — and the second one released during the pandemic— issued on April 12.
Every case of bipolar disorder is different
Authors: Pollock Michael
Published: April 2022

America is in the midst of a stealth epidemic. Mood disorders affect more than 21 million Americans and account for over 50% of the nation's suicides every year. What's more, mood disorders cost businesses at least $23 billion annually in lost productivity.
On the boundary value problems of Hadamard fractional differential equations of variable order
Authors: Benkerrouche Amar , Souid Mohammed Said , Karapınar Erdal , Hakem Ali
Published: April 2022

In this manuscript, we examine both the existence, uniqueness, and the stability of solutions to the boundary value problem (BVP) of Hadamard fractional differential equations of variable order by converting it into an equivalent standard Hadamard (BVP) of the fractional constant order with the help of the generalized intervals and the piecewise constant functions. All results in this study are established using Krasnoselskii fixed‐point theorem and the Banach contraction principle. Further, the Ulam–Hyers stability of the given problem is examined, and finally, we construct an example to illustrate the validity of the observed results.
Radioprotective effect of X‐ray abdominal FLASH irradiation: Adaptation to oxidative damage and inflammatory response may be benefiting factors
Authors: Zhu Hongyu , Xie Dehuan , Yang Yiwei , Huang Shaomin , Gao Xingwang , Peng Yinglin , Wang Bin , Wang Jianxin , Xiao Dexin , Wu Dai , Li Changzhi , Li Chenghua , Qian Chao‐Nan , Deng Xiaowu
Published: April 2022

Background

Ultrahigh dose‐rate irradiation (FLASH‐IR) was reported to be efficient in tumor control while reducing normal tissue radiotoxicity. However, the mechanism of such phenomenon is still unclear. Besides, the FLASH experiments using high energy X‐ray, the most common modality in clinical radiotherapy, are rarely reported. This study aims to investigate the radiobiological response using 6 MV X‐ray FLASH‐IR or conventional dose‐rate IR (CONV‐IR).

Methods

The superconducting linac of Chengdu THz Free Electron Laser (CTFEL) facility was used for FLASH‐IR, a diamond radiation detector and a CeBr3 scintillation detector were used to monitor the time structure and dose rate of FLASH pulses. BALB/c nude mice received whole abdominal 6 MV X‐ray FLASH‐IR or CONV‐IR, the prescribed dose was 15 Gy or 10 Gy and the delivered absolute dose was monitored with EBT3 films. The mice were either euthanized 24 h post‐IR to evaluate acute tissue responses or followed up for 6 weeks to observe late‐stage responses and survival probability. Complete blood count, histological analyses, and measurement of cytokine expression and redox status were performed.

Results

The mean dose rate of >150 Gy/s and instantaneous dose rate of >5.5 × 105 Gy/s was reached in FLASH‐IR at the center of mice body. After 6 weeks’ follow‐up of mice that received 15 Gy IR, the FLASH group showed faster body weight recovery and higher survival probability than the CONV group. Histological analysis showed that FLASH‐IR induced less acute intestinal damage than CONV‐IR. Complete blood count and cytokine concentration measurement found that the inflammatory blood cell counts and pro‐inflammatory cytokine concentrations were elevated at the acute stage after both FLASH‐IR and CONV‐IR. However, FLASH irradiated mice had significantly fewer inflammatory blood cells and diminished pro‐inflammatory cytokine at the late stage. Moreover, higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal intensities but significantly reduced lipid peroxidation were found in the FLASH group than in the CONV group in the acute stage.

Conclusions

The radioprotective effect of 6 MV X‐ray FLASH‐IR was observed. The differences in inflammatory responses and redox status between the two groups may be the factors responsible for reduced radiotoxicities following FLASH‐IR. Further studies are required to thoroughly evaluate the impact of ROS on FLASH effect.
Review and consensus recommendations on clinical APT‐weighted imaging approaches at 3T: Application to brain tumors
Authors: Zhou Jinyuan , Zaiss Moritz , Knutsson Linda , Sun Phillip Zhe , Ahn Sung Soo , Aime Silvio , Bachert Peter , Blakeley Jaishri O. , Cai Kejia , Chappell Michael A. , Chen Min , Gochberg Daniel F. , Goerke Steffen , Heo Hye‐Young , Jiang Shanshan , Jin Tao , Kim Seong‐Gi , Laterra John , Paech Daniel , Pagel Mark D. , Park Ji Eun , Reddy Ravinder , Sakata Akihiko , Sartoretti‐Schefer Sabine , Sherry A. Dean , Smith Seth A. , Stanisz Greg J. , Sundgren Pia C. , Togao Osamu , Vandsburger Moriel , Wen Zhibo , Wu Yin , Zhang Yi , Zhu Wenzhen , Zu Zhongliang , van Zijl Peter C. M.
Published: April 2022

Amide proton transfer‐weighted (APTw) MR imaging shows promise as a biomarker of brain tumor status. Currently used APTw MRI pulse sequences and protocols vary substantially among different institutes, and there are no agreed‐on standards in the imaging community. Therefore, the results acquired from different research centers are difficult to compare, which hampers uniform clinical application and interpretation. This paper reviews current clinical APTw imaging approaches and provides a rationale for optimized APTw brain tumor imaging at 3 T, including specific recommendations for pulse sequences, acquisition protocols, and data processing methods. We expect that these consensus recommendations will become the first broadly accepted guidelines for APTw imaging of brain tumors on 3 T MRI systems from different vendors. This will allow more medical centers to use the same or comparable APTw MRI techniques for the detection, characterization, and monitoring of brain tumors, enabling multi‐center trials in larger patient cohorts and, ultimately, routine clinical use.
Accelerated MRI at 9.4 T with electronically modulated time‐varying receive sensitivities
Authors: Glang Felix , Nikulin Anton V. , Bause Jonas , Heule Rahel , Steffen Theodor , Avdievich Nikolai , Scheffler Klaus
Published: April 2022

Purpose

To investigate how electronically modulated time‐varying receive sensitivities can improve parallel imaging reconstruction at ultra‐high field.

Methods

Receive sensitivity modulation was achieved by introducing PIN diodes in the receive loops, which allow rapid switching of capacitances in both arms of each loop coil and by that alter B1− profiles, resulting in two distinct receive sensitivity configurations. A prototype 8‐channel reconfigurable receive coil for human head imaging at 9.4T was built, and MR measurements were performed in both phantom and human subject. A modified SENSE reconstruction for time‐varying sensitivities was formulated, and g‐factor calculations were performed to investigate how modulation of receive sensitivity profiles during image encoding can improve parallel imaging reconstruction. The optimized modulation pattern was realized experimentally, and reconstructions with the time‐varying sensitivities were compared with conventional static SENSE reconstructions.

Results

The g‐factor calculations showed that fast modulation of receive sensitivities in the order of the ADC dwell time during k‐space acquisition can improve parallel imaging performance, as this effectively makes spatial information of both configurations simultaneously available for image encoding. This was confirmed by in vivo measurements, for which lower reconstruction errors (SSIM = 0.81 for acceleration R = 4) and g‐factors (max g = 2.4; R = 4) were observed for the case of rapidly switched sensitivities compared to conventional reconstruction with static sensitivities (SSIM = 0.74 and max g = 3.2; R = 4). As the method relies on the short RF wavelength at ultra‐high field, it does not yield significant benefits at 3T and below.

Conclusions

Time‐varying receive sensitivities can be achieved by inserting PIN diodes in the receive loop coils, which allow modulation of B1− patterns. This offers an additional degree of freedom for image encoding, with the potential for improved parallel imaging performance at ultra‐high field.