bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPLEMENTASI MODEL TANDUR MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA FLASHCARD DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI GUGUS 5 KECAMATAN SUNGAI TEBELIAN
Authors: Yuliana Yuliana , Sabri Tahmid , Syafruddin Syafruddin
Published: December 2024

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan implementasi model TANDUR menggunakan media flashcard dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di kelas 1 SD Negeri Gugus 5 Kecamatan Sungai Tebelian. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif, melibatkan 91 peserta didik. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi dan dokumentasi, dengan analisis data menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model TANDUR dengan media flashcard dapat meningkatkan partisipasi aktif siswa dalam pembelajaran. Media ini efektif dalam membantu siswa mengembangkan kemampuan membaca dan menulis kata dan kalimat. Faktor pendukung utama adalah profesionalisme guru dan minat siswa, sementara faktor penghambat meliputi keterampilan guru yang kurang dan kurangnya perhatian terhadap kesiapan siswa. Respon guru dan siswa terhadap pembelajaran sangat positif, dengan siswa merasa senang, antusias, dan bersemangat mengikuti pembelajaran. Kesimpulannya, model TANDUR dengan media flashcard meningkatkan pembelajaran yang lebih aktif dan menyenangkan.Kata Kunci: Model Tandur, Media Flashcard, Bahasa IndonesiaABSTRACTThis research aims to describe the implementation of the TANDUR model using flashcard media in Indonesian language learning in class 1 of SD Negeri Gugus 5, Sungai Tebelian District. The research used a qualitative approach with descriptive methods, involving 91 students. Data collection was carried out through observation and documentation, with data analysis using the Miles and Huberman model. The research results show that the TANDUR model with flashcard media can increase students' active participation in learning. This media is effective in helping students develop the ability to read and write words and sentences. The main supporting factors are teacher professionalism and student interest, while inhibiting factors include teachers' lack of skills and lack of attention to student readiness. The response of teachers and students to learning was very positive, with students feeling happy, enthusiastic and eager to participate in learning. In conclusion, the TANDUR model with flashcard media increases learning that is more active and fun.Keywords: Tandur Model, Flashcard Media, Indonesian
Causes and consequences of the digital revival of behaviorism
Authors:   Pyatigorsk State University, Atakuev Magomet N.
Published: December 2024

Today, with the active development of artifi-cial intelligence and the process of global computerization, bodily data is becoming part of the digital space, which leads to the trans-formation of the ontological status of bodily sensations and a new actualization of the be-havioral paradigm. Based on digitized bodily data, artificial intelligence is able to build be-havioral “routes” of a person, thereby bodily experiences lose the private status, acquiring new social contexts. When analyzing the facts of bodily activity, artificial intelligence is able to construct predictive models of behavior in which mental private processes lose their sig-nificance, while statistical dependencies of data extracted from bodily events come to the fore. This article will consider the main stages in the development of a behavioral re-search program. We will try to trace how be-haviorism, which was one of the most popular scientific doctrines of the first half of the 20th century, was subsequently ousted from scien-tific and philosophical discourse. The article aims to consider the evolution of the main ideas of behaviorism and the reasons for its failure after the cognitive revolution. An at-tempt is also made to point out how new dig-ital contexts and arrays of bodily data availa-ble for computer processing have brought the methodological principles of behaviorism to a new stage of development, which gives reason to talk about the digital revival of behaviorism.
Is a virtuous author a publishing one?
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Rus-sian Academy of Sciences, Kostina Alina O.
Published: December 2024

The following paper is a response to I. T. Kasavin’s article “Publication as a death of the author”. The issue of “publishing pressure”, which has become characteristic of modern academic life, has been analyzed from the standpoint of virtue epistemology and pre-sented in two main respects. The first view-point sees research activity as the epistemic agent’s one. Epistemic virtues, prescribed to them in the framework of virtue epistemolo-gy, could potentially be in contradiction with normative requirements of academic life. An-other focus is the question of whether a per-son could be simultaneously a full-fledged teacher as well as a researcher, being virtuous in both respects at the same time to the same degree. Moving on, could a scientist as a vir-tuous epistemic agent, solely concentrated on acquiring true knowledge, make no pretense of luck or success and participate in competi-tion for prestigious publishing? May this as-sumption embodied in practice lead to con-troversy with fundamental motivation for re-search (the only way it is seen by virtue epis-temology), therefore, affecting scientific re-sults? Institutional standpoint is another way to consider the issue of publishing pressure. In the following article the author brings up and scrutinizes the idea that academic success in current publishing conditions depends on rightful publication norms compliance along with deep understanding of platform algo-rithms. This speculation leads directly to the question of specificity of scientific ethos, formed with technocratic methods. The last of the reviewed issues involves critical episte-mology, raising the question of justice and equality in the realm of publication policy.
Science as an institution and popularization of scientific knowledge
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy,  Russian Academy of Sciences, Maslanov Evgeniy V.
Published: December 2024

The article studies the influence of science as a social institution on the life of society and the features of the popularization of scientific knowledge at the present stage of social de-velopment. Using the methods of social epis-temology, the author shows various roles of the social institution of science. Science forms a specific new European understanding of the world and the processes of its research. For it, the study of the surrounding world makes it possible to reveal the real patterns of its structure. Science has an important im-pact on education systems and social values. The development of scientific knowledge is associated with the formation of two sets of values. Some of them contradict each other. One of them orients the student towards in-tellectual humility and modesty. They are re-sponsible for the importance of mastering the already existing scientific knowledge. The other aims to shape the values of critical thinking and scientific courage. It is associated with the process of putting forward bold hy-potheses. Currently, more scholarly trends are questioning modern scientific knowledge and the role of scientists in the process of ob-taining it. This is largely due to the peculiari-ties of the social role of science. An important role in it is played by features characteristic of an “open society” – criticism of myths and traditions, readiness to put forward new solu-tions, and the ability to transform under the influence of circumstances. At the same time, scientists consider themselves as a special privileged group with a scientific “vocation”. Once science “disenchanted” the natural and social world, but today, it has itself under-gone the procedure of “disenchantment”. Separate social groups no longer believe in the myth of a special “vocation” of scientists. In this case, projects to popularize scientific knowledge have a special role to play. They can act as platforms for dialogue between representatives of groups both believing in a scientific “calling” and those who doubt its existence.
Risk as a structural element of modern society through the concepts of N. Luhmann and U. Beck: socio-philosophical analysis
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Sapan Ilia E.
Published: December 2024

The article contains an analysis of an acute problem of modern society, whose peculiarity lies in its regular interaction with risks. The author examines this issue, drawing on the views of two prominent German sociologists of our time, Ulrich Beck and Niklas Luhmann. An attempt is made to explicate qualitative differences in their theoretical constructions in order to identify the essential characteris-tics of such phenomena as risk, danger, re-sponsibility, protest and to determine their role in contemporary society. Thus, according to N. Luhmann, it is worth distinguishing risk from danger. In the first case the possible damage is attributed to one’s own decisions, and in the second – to external events. Mod-ern society is a risk society, as it is increasingly recognized that the future depends on deci-sions with uncertain consequences. Risk is therefore not limited to industrial technology but concerns all social systems. Risk sensitivity is expressed in diffuse anxiety, which has giv-en rise to new forms of protest. This approach differs from the institutional constructivism developed by U. Beck. Refusing to understand risk only as a social construct, Beck argues that reality depends on human technical activity, so that the creation and definition of this real-ity cannot be separated.
Oxidative Stress, Mitochondria, and Apoptosis
Authors: Richter Christoph
Published: December 2024

This article emphasizes the importance of mitochondria, the cellular ATP level, and the liberation of certain mitochondrial proteins for the execution phase of apoptosis. Destabilization of mitochondria results in release of these proteins. Oxidative stress and altered cellular Ca2+ homeostatis, considered to be mediators of apoptosis, synergistically decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential and lower the cellular ATP level. Conversely, stabilization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, e.g., by the protooncogene bcl-2, prevents cell death. An important process underlying mitochondrial destabilization is oxidant-induced mitochondrial Ca2+ release followed by re-uptake ("Ca2+ cycling"). Tumor necrosis factor-a induces oxygen radicals in mitochondria through ceramides, and the recently discovered mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase profoundly stimulates Ca2+ release from mitochondria through formation of nitrogen monoxide and peroxynitrite.
Early Upregulation of Hippocampal 5-lipoxygenase Following	Systemic Administration of Kainate to Rats
Authors: Manev H. , Uz T. , Qu T.
Published: December 2024

5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO; arachidonate:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.11.34) is the enzyme responsible for the first step in the formation of inflammatory leukotrienes from arachidonic acid. 5-LO is expressed in hippocampal neurons. Increased formation of leukotrienes was found in the hippocampus of rats in which seizures were induced by a glutamate receptor agonist, kainate. Expression of the 5-LO gene can be stimulated by vitamin D3 and suppressed by the pineal hormone melatonin. Here we hypothesize that kainate also stimulates 5-LO expression in the hippocampus. Kainate was injected intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg). Rats were sacrificed 3 hr later and their hippocampi were dissected and total RNA was extracted and processed for quantitative reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of 5-LO and cyclophilin (cyc) mRNAs. Mutated primers were used as internal standards to assay attomol quantities of these two specific mRNAs per microgram of total RNA. Fixed hippocampal slices were processed for 5-LO immunostaining and Nissl staining (assay of cell damage). Kainate induced about a 2.5-fold increase in 5-LO mRNA and triggered a redistribution of 5-LO like immunoreactivity from the pyramidal cell bodies into the dendrites of these neurons, particularly in the CA3 area. The results suggest that glutamate receptor-mediated signaling may modify the expression of neuronal 5-LO and that this enzyme might be involved in glutamte receptor-mediated neuronal plasticity and/or degeneration.
The Potential Role of the Transcription Factor RZR/ROR as a	Mediator of Nuclear Melatonin Signaling
Authors: Wiesenberg Irmgard , Missbach Martin , Carlberg Carsten
Published: December 2024

The pineal gland hormone melatonin is well known as a regulator of circadian rhythmicity, but has also other functions in the central nervous system as well as in the periphery including the maturation of neurons and the regulation of cellular growth and differentiation. Three mechanisms of the hormone's action are currently discussed: a membrane signaling pathway, a nuclear signaling pathway and a receptor-independent radical scavenging function. Melatonin membrane receptors are seven transmembrane receptors and mediate their functions through a G-protein-coupled second messenger pathway. Nuclear melatonin signaling seems to be mediated via the transcription factor RZR/ROR, which is an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The widespread distribution of the a-subtype of RZR/ROR suggests that this receptor may be an important mediator of those effects of melatonin that can not be explained by membrane receptors or radical scavenging. Interestingly, natural RZR/RORa "knock-out" mice (staggerer) show severe defects in the development of cerebellar Purkinje cells, a reduced body weight and immunological defects. RZR/ROR binds as a monomer to DNA, but also forms homodimers on appropriate binding sites. Natural RZR/ROR binding sites have been identified in the regulatory regions of many genes. 5-lipoxygenase, p21WAF1/CIP1, apolipoprotein A-1, N-myc and Purkinje cell protein 2 may be functionally important target genes. On some of these binding sites RZR/ROR competes with other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily (e.g., COUP-TF, RAR and Rev-ErbA) indicating a cross-talk between these transcription factors RZR/ROR often shows in transient transfection assays a high constitutive, i.e. ligand-independent activity. However, under conditions of low constitutive activity a significant and specific stimulation of RZR/ROR by low nanomolar concentrations of melatonin and structurally novel class of thiazolidinediones (lead structure: CGP52608) has been observed. Taken together, the effects of melatonin on transcriptional regulation clearly depend on the expression fo RZR/ROR and support the concept that the receptor is a mediator of nuclear melatonin signaling.
RAGE-AB Interactions in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's	Disease
Authors: Yan Shi Du , Stern David , Kane Michael D. , Kuo Yu-Min , Lampert Heather C. , Roher Alex E.
Published: December 2024

RAGE is a cell surface molecule primarily identified for its capacity to bind advanced glycation end-products and amphoterin. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated that in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) the expression of RAGE is elevated in neurons close to neuritic plaque beta-amyloid (AB) deposits and in the cells of AB containing vessels. Cross-linking of surface bound AB 1-40 to endothelial cells, yielded a band of 50 kDa identified as RAGE. Using the soluble extracellular domain of recombinant human RAGE, we found that AB binds to RAGE with a Kd = 57 ± 14 nM, a value close to those found for mouse brain endothelial cells and rat cortical neurons. The interaction of AB with RAGE in neuronal, endothelial, and RAGE-transfected COS-1 cells induced oxidative stress, as assessed by the TBARS and MTT assays. ELISA demonstrated a 2.5 times increase of RAGE in AD over control brains. Activated microglia also showed elevated expression of RAGE. In the BV-2 microglial cell line, RAGE bound AB in dose dependent manner with a Kd of 25 ± 9 nM. Soluble AB induced the migration of microglia along a concentration gradient, while immobilized AB arrested this migration. AB-RAGE interaction also activated NF-kB, resulting in neuronal up-regulation of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) which also induced microglial migration. Taken together, our data suggest that RAGE-AB interactions play an important role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease.
Progressive Changes in Schizophrenia: Do They Exist and What	Do They Mean?
Authors: Anderson J.E. , O'Donnell B.F. , McCarley R.W. , Shenton M.E.
Published: December 2024

Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by multiple symptoms, with a varied course and outcome. The etiology is yet unknown, but multiple pathological processes or, equally likely, a unique pathophysiological process, may be involved. Here, we review evidence for progressive changes in schizophrenia in order to understand further the pathophysiology of this disorder. We first present evidence for clinical and psycho-social changes over time, followed by evidence from structural brain studies that suggests that schizophrenia is a brain disorder. We then review findings from the small number of longitudinal studies that have evaluated structural brain changes in schizophrenia, followed by a review of the evidence for neurophysiological changes, both cross-sectional and longitudinal. This is followed by a discussion of possible cellular mechanisms, including NMDA receptor abnormalities, that might account for structural and functional brain changes (temporal and frontal), and we discuss how these abnormalities might be related to not only the specific signs and symptoms of schizophrenia but also to the onset and course of the illness. Finally, we discuss neurodevelopment (static and perhaps non-static alterations) and neurodegenerative theories of schizophrenia. We propose that the two are not mutually exclusive, but instead likely reflect a "two-hit" model for some subtypes of schizophrenia.
Changes in Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Immunoreactivity in	Response to Experimental Hepatic Encephalopathy in the Rat Hippocampus
Authors: Suarez I. , Bodega G. , Fernandez B.
Published: December 2024

The response of astroglial cells in the hippocampus to long-term portacaval anastomosis (PCA), an experimental model of hepatic encephalopathy, was studied in adult male rats and compared with controls. Six months after PCA, the rat hippocampi were processed for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). GFAP-immunopositive astroglial profiles were observed in all hippocampal layers in PCA rats, but GFAP distribution differed in PCA rats and controls. In PCA rats, cell bodies and cell processes immunostained with GFAP were observed mainly in the CA1-CA3 layers in relation to pyramidal neurons, whereas the number and length of the astroglial processes decreased in the rest of the hippocampal regions. In addition, decreased GFAP immunoreactivity in the perivascular processes was observed in PCA rats compared with controls. These results show that long-term PCA elicited different responses in GFAP expression in different hippocampal regions, which might suggest a regional variation in glial sensitivity.
Reorganization in the primary motor cortex after spinal cord	injury - A functional Magnetic Resonance (fMRI) study
Authors: Lotze Martin , Laubis-Herrmann U. , Topka Helge , Erb M. , Grodd Wolfgang
Published: December 2024

Activation maps in the primary motor cortex (M1) were investigated in three patients with complete spinal cord injury (SCI) at level TH3, TH7 and TH9 and in one patient with an incomplete spinal cord injury at level L1 during right elbow (4 patients), right thumb (4 patients), bilateral lip (2 patients) and right foot (3 patients during imagined, 1 patient during executed) movements using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Compared to controls fMRI activation maps of patients with complete paraplegia showed a cranial displacement of the activation maxima in the contralateral primary motor cortex during elbow movement of 13.3mm, whereas the maxima of thumb and lip movements were not altered. The patient with an incomplete spinal cord injury revealed no displacement of elbow activation maxima. The reorganization is likely to occur on the cortical and not on the spinal level.
Neuronal and behavioral discrimination between upward and downward	pulse interval modulation in cochlea implanted gerbils
Authors: Wang Xu , Kadner Alexander , Scheich Henning
Published: December 2024

Speech coding strategies for cochlear implants commonly use amplitude modulations of constant high rate pulses to differentially stimulate separate frequency channels in the cochlea. Thereby, time domain information in the fine structure of speech sounds, especially on transients, is largely lost. In gerbils with a single electrode cochlear implant was explored, whether upward and downward interval modulation of pulse trains can carry discriminable information. This question was pursued with unit recordings in primary auditory cortex (AI) and with behavioral discrimination training in a shuttle box. Units in AI showed multiple differences in the dynamic responses to the two directions of interval modulation and notably ON-response dominated patterns with increasing intervals and OFF-response dominated patterns with decreasing intervals of stimulation. In accordance with these neuronal correlates gerbils learned to distinguish the directions of interval modulation within 3 days, but only with certain specifications.
Temporal constraints of perceiving, generating, and integrating	information: Clinical indications
Authors: von Steinbüchel Nicole , Wittmann Marc , Szelag Elzbieta
Published: December 2024

Neuropsychological research on temporal constraints of perception and motor performance can add important information to research on human behavior. Without considering temporal mechanisms of perceiving, generating, and updating information, brain mechanisms can never be fully understood. In this study temporal aspects of performance in psychophysical experiments on three different temporal levels (around 30 ms, 300 ms, and 3000 ms) were investigated in patients with acquired brain lesions and a control group without neurological deficits. The patients had acquired focal brain lesions in: anterior (pre-central) regions of the left hemisphere (with non-fluent aphasia), posterior (post-central) regions of the left hemisphere (with fluent aphasia), the left hemipshere in predominantly subcortical regions (without aphasia), or anterior (pre-central) or posterior (post-central) regions of the right hemipshere. Perception of temporal order (20 to 60 ms) was impaired in patients with left-hemispheric post-central lesions; repetitive voluntary action (300 to 500 ms) was affected mostly in patients with left hemi-spheric lesions, both pre-central and post-central; and a deficit in integrating (2000 ms to 3000 ms) information was most pronounced in patients with left and right pre-central lesions. These findings provide insight into the associations between different levels of temporal organisation and circumscribed regions of the neocortex.
Androgen induced acceleration of functional recovery after rat	sciatic nerve injury
Authors: Brown Todd J. , Khan Talat , Jones Kathryn J.
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Testosterone (T) treatment accelerates recovery from facial paralysis after facial nerve crush in hamsters. In this study, we extended those studies to another injury model and asked the following question: Will T treatment accelerate recovery from lower limb paralysis following sciatic nerve crush in the rat? Methods: Castrated adult male rats received a right side sciatic nerve crush at the level of the sciatic notch, with the left side serving as control. Half the animals received a subcutaneous implant of a propionated form of T (TP), the others were sham-implanted. Weekly testing using the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), a quantitative measure of locomotion, was done for 7 weeks postoperative (wpo). Results: Between 3 and 5 weeks post-op, the average SFI score of the TP-treated group was higher than controls. This difference was significant at 4 wpo, indicating an accelerated degree of functional recovery. At these timepoints, the differences were attributable to the footprint or paw length and associated with calf muscle reinnervation rather than the toespreading component associated with intrinsic foot muscle rein-nervation. Beyond 5 wpo, there were no differences in the SFI scores. Conclusion: The results indicate that, as with facial nerve regeneration in the hamster, testosterone accelerates functional recovery from hind limb paralysis following sciatic nerve injury in the rat. While the responses of spinal motoneurons to injury can differ from those of cranial motoneurons, in this case it appears that they share a similar response to the trophic actions of androgen. This is important in the context of designing therapeutic strategies for dealing with direct trauma to motoneurons resulting from both peripheral and central nervous system trauma, such as spinal cord injury.
The role of neurotrophins in developmental cortical	plasticity
Authors: Galuske Ralf A.W. , Kim Dae-Shik , Singer Wolf
Published: December 2024

Purpose - It has been proposed that experience dependent maturation and reorganization in the neocortex might be based on the activity dependent competition between different sets of axons for growth related molecules such as neurotrophins. In the present study we tested this hypothesis by examination of the effects of external administration of NGF and BDNF on the experience dependent rearrangement of thalamocortical connections after monocular deprivation (MD) in the developing cat visual cortex. Methods - The visual cortices of kittens were infused intracortically either with BDNF, NGF or cytochrome C while the animals were subjected to MD for one week during the peak of the critical period (postnatal day 26 to postnatal day 40). Subsequently cortical neuronal responses were assessed with optical (optical imaging of intrinsic signals) and single unit recording techniques. Results - In control hemispheres treated with cytochrome C, MD had caused the expected shift of OD towards the normal eye. Also hemispheres treated with NGF exhibited a strong shift of OD towards the open eye. However, in the BDNF infused hemispheres OD had shifted towards the deprived eye in a zone extending 2.5-3.5 mm from the infusion cannula and neurons had lost their orientation selectivity. In an adjacent transition zone both eyes activated the cortex equally well and responses were again tuned for orientation and at still larger distances OD was shifted towards the normal eye. Conclusions - The present data support the concept of an involvement of neurotrophins in cortical plasticity. However, our observations suggest for both neurotrophins, NGF and BDNF, a more complex role in the developing neocortex than serving simply as the substrate of an activity dependent competition process within the visual cortex. Moreover, the outcome of our study indicaties strong differences between BDNF and NGF concerning their involvement and locus of action in developmental plasticity.
The role of visual experience in the cortical topographic map	reorganization following retinal lesions
Authors: Chino Yuzo M.
Published: December 2024

The mature visual cortex is capable of reorganizing its functional connections in response to retinal injuries. Although this phenomenon is well established, there are a number of unresolved issues. This paper will review some of the more critical aspects of adult plasticity including those based on our most recent findings. Our preliminary data indicate that a large-scale reorganization of cortical maps following retinal injuries may require an increase in synaptic strengths at key cortical sites promoted by long-term, repeated use.
The dynamic spatio-temporal behavior of visual responses in	thalamus and cortex
Authors: Wörgötter F. , Suder K. , Fünke K.
Published: December 2024

Due to eye and object movements the visual world changes on a rather fast time scale and the neuronal network of the primary visual pathway has to immediately react to these changes. Accordingly the neuronal activity patterns in the visual thalamus and cortex show a pronounced dynamic behavior which reenters the circuitry such that the actual cell responses are also guided by the activation history of the network. Thus, spatial and temporal aspects of visual receptive fields change not only by means of the actual visual stimulation hut also as a consequence of the state of the network. In this short review we summarize the different aspects which can influence the temporal firing patterns of cells in the visual thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus, LGN) mainly by demonstrating how their inter-spike interval distributions will change. We then show that these firing patterns are able to change the spatial shape of receptive fields in the visual cortex (see Fig. 12 for a summary diagram). Finally, by means of a biophysical model, we will argue that the observed changes could serve to adjust the temporal and spatial resolution within the primary visual pathway to the different demands for information processing in an attentive as compared to a non-attentive state.
Functional organization of surgically created visual	circuits
Authors: Frost Douglas O.
Published: December 2024

Lesions of eerebral targets of the retina in newborn hamsters, when combined with transection of lemniscal pathways to the primary auditory or somatosensory thalamic nuclei or the secondary thalamic visual nucleus, can induce the formation of permanent retinal projections to the deafferented non-visual structures. These projections are retinotopically organized and form functional synapses. Consequently, neurons in the auditory or somatosensory cortices, which normally are not driven by visual stimuli, become visually responsive and have receptive field properties that ressemble, in several important ways, those of neurons in the visual cortex of normal animals. The surgically-induced retinothalamo-cortical pathways can mediate visually guided behaviors whose normal substrate, the pathway from the retina to the primary visual cortex via the thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, is missing.
The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on gliotic reactions	in the hippocampal formation after unilateral entorhinal cortex lesions
Authors: Dietrich A. , Fülöp Z.L. , Chambers M. D. , Darrell R.S. , Stein D.G.
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) has been shown to facilitate behavioral and neuro-morphological recovery from brain injury, but less is known about its effects on glia. Since gliosis may be an important component of the recovery process, we tested the hypothesis that EGb 761 alters the time course and development of microglial activation and astrocytosis after brain injury. Methods: Rats were treated with either saline or EGb 761 and killed at 2 hrs, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days following unilateral entorhinal cortex (EC) lesions. Microglia and their precursors were visualized with a silver impregnation method, and astrocytes with GFAP. Results: Blood-borne monocytes/macrophages were seen as early as 2 hrs after injury in all animals. The side contralateral to the injury showed minimal microglial activation and there were no significant effects of drug treatment. On the side ipsilateral to the lesion EGb 761 enhanced microglial activation at 3, 7, and 14 days in the molecular layer and the hilus of the dentate gyrus; the areas of most profound deaf-ferentation after EC injury. Regions of the corpus callosum also showed enhanced microglial activation over the same time course. Reactive astrocytes were stained with GFAP and were found to be more numerous than activated microglia, particularly in the ipsilateral corpus callo-sum. EGb 761 treatment enhanced astrocytosis at 3 days in the molecular layer, the hilus, and the corpus callosum on the ipsilateral side. Conclusions: Taken together our results show that EGb 761 enhances, accelerates and prolongs the activation of microglia and astrocytosis at the site of injury.
Differences in release and clearance of extracellular dopamine in	the striatum after spontaneous or GM1-ganglioside-stimulated recovery from	experimental Parkinsonism
Authors: Schneider J.S. , Rothblat David S.
Published: December 2024

Purpose: This study was designed to assess differences in dopamine clearance rates and potassium chloride (KCl)-stimulated release in the striatum of cats that had either spontaneously recovered from 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)-induced Parkinsonism or recovered after receiving GM1 ganglioside treatment. Methods: A severe Parkinsonian motor disorder was produced in 17 adult cats by administration of MPTP for seven to ten days. Six MPTP-treated cats received daily GM1 administration (30 mg/kg, i.m.) for 6 weeks and eleven MPTP-treated cats were allowed to spontaneously recover over the same period of time. High-speed chronoamperometric electrochemical measurements were obtained from dorsal and ventral striatal regions in all animals. Dopamine clearance rates were obtained by measuring the clearance of pressure-ejected dopamine from the extracellular space and local potassium-induced release was studied by applying KCl to the tissue. Results: Dopamine clearance rates recorded in all striatal areas in GM1-treated cats were significantly faster than dopamine clearance rates recorded in spontaneously recovered cats. In GM1-treated animals, electrochemical signals recorded in response to KCl stimulation were sig-nificantly greater in all striatal areas compared to spontaneously recovered animals. Reduction/oxidation (redox) ratios recorded in GM1- treated animals indicated dopamine to be the predominant electroactive species released in all striatal areas in response to KCl stimulation. Redox ratios recorded in the ventral striatum of spontaneously recovered cats also indicated dopamine to be the predominant electroactive spe-cies released in response to KCl stimulation. However, redox ratios recorded in the dorsal striatum of spontaneosuly recovered cats indicated serotonin to significantly contribute to the recorded signal. Conclusions: These results support previous observations that volume transmission may predominate dopaminergic signaling in the stria-tum of spontaneously recovered cats and suggest that a greater degree of synaptic transmission is possible in GM1-treated animals. While the functional significance of this partial restoration of dopaminergic synaptic transmission in the striatum remains to be determined, it may under-lie improved behavioral recovery observed following GM1 treatment.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor has a neuroprotective	effect in a rat model of brain injury
Authors: Görlach Christoph , Hortobágyi Tibor , Hortobágyi Szabolcs , Benyó Zoltán
Published: December 2024

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS I) inhibitors and a combination of NOS I and NOS II inhibitors on lesion volume after experimental brain injury. Methods: Cold lesion of the brain was induced by application of a precooled (.... 78 °C) copper cylinder to the intact dura of the rat for 6 s. Brains were removed 24 h after the injury and lesion volume determined using the triphenyltetrazolium-chloride method. Results: The specific NOS I inhibitor 3-bromo-7-nitroindazole (Br-7-NI) reduced lesion volume significantly by 21 % compared with the vehicle control. In contrast, 7-nitroindazole had no effect on lesion volume. When aminoguanidine, a specific NOS II inhibitor, was adminis-tered after Br-7-NI, lesion volume was significantly reduced but not significantly more than with either compound alone. Conclusion: Brain injury after cold lesion is partly mediated by NOS I activity and can be attenuated successfully with Br-7-NI, while coin-hibition of NOS II does not improve the outcome significantly.
Training ameliorates deficits in visual detection and orienting	following lesions of primary visual cortex sustained in adulthood and in	infancy
Authors: Payne Bertram R. , Lomber Stephen G.
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Damage of primary visual cortex in adult humans, monkeys and cats severely disrupts vision by disconnecting much of the cogni-tive processing machinery of extrastriate cortex from its source of visual signals in the retina. Equivalent lesions sustained early in life result in partial sparing of visual processing functions and evidence from the mature brain suggests that systematic training procedures can ameliorate the impact of remaining deficits. The purpose of the present work was to use two reflex-based, visual detection and orienting tasks to test for the therapeutic effects of reha-bilitative training in cats that sustained lesions of primary cortical areas 17 & 18 in adulthood, and to test whether similar training is of benefit to cats that incurred equivalent lesions at one month-of-age (P28) or shortly after birth (P1). Methods: Cats were trained to attend to static visual and auditory cynosures and tested on their ability to disengage the cynosure and orient towards a target presented in the periphery of the testing arena. Targets were: 1) a high contrast, dark, moved rod; 2) an illuminated static light-emitting diode (LED); and 3) a broad band, white noise, sound stimulus. Results: On Task 1, cats with lesions of areas 17 & 18 sustained in adulthood are markedly impaired whereas cats that sustained lesions in infancy exhibit partial sparing of the visual operations underlying this task. With training, the performance of all cats improved. On Task 2, performance by the adult-lesion and the P1-groups were markedly impaired, whereas the P28-group exhibited partial sparing. On Task 3, per-formance by all groups was uniformly high. No detectable benefits of training were identified on tasks 2 and 3. Conclusions: Overall, the results show that cats incur definite benefits of training following visual cortex lesions regardless of whether the lesions were sustained early in life or later, but the benefits are limited to specific types of visual stimuli.
Motor reorganization after spinal cord injury: evidence of	adaptive changes in remote muscles
Authors: Laubis-Herrmann U. , Dichgans J. , Bilow H. , Topka H.
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Given that SCI leads to substantial changes in biomechanical properties of the body and to widespread postlesional reorganization of the motor system as determined by functional imaging studies, we sought to identify neurophysiological correlations and time course of reorganization affecting muscles more distant to a SCI. Methods: Two arm muscles distant to a SCI (T2-L3), M.biceps brachii (BIC), M.abductor pollicis brevis (APB), were studied in 13 SCI-patients and 15 controls. Motor thresholds at rest (MT), facilitatory effects on MEP-amplitudes (FE) with voluntary activation, MEP-amplitudes with maximal stimulation (MA) and recruitment curves (RC) were measured and correlated with level, age and severity of the lesion. Follow-up studies (t2) were performed in five patients with clinical recovery. Results: Patients exhibited smaller MA from activated BIC, a tendency towards smaller FE and smaller RC-slopes at t1. With clinical recovery, activated BIC-FE, MA and RC-slopes tended to normalize. Conclusions: Our data support the hypothesis that postlesional reorganization of the motor system also involves remote muscles. Considering pattern and time course of reorganization, we speculate that they appear as sequelae of the trauma, possibly representing an adaptation of the motor system to an altered biomechanical status after SCI.
Nerve growth factor and striatal glutathione metabolism in a rat	model of Huntington's disease
Authors: Cruz-Aguado Reyniel , Turner Liliana Francis , Díaz Carmen M. , Piñero Janet
Published: December 2024

Purpose: To test the influence of nerve growth factor (NGF) on striatal glutathione (GSH) content and the activities of GSH-related enzymes from quinolinic acid-lesioned rats. Methods: Rats were intrastriatally injected with QA and NGF. Enzymatic and GSH assays were performed one week later. Results: NGF prevented the QA-induced decline in glutathione reductase activity and GSH content. Conclusions: NGF is able to prevent some of the disturbances induced by the excitotoxic insult in the striatal GSH metabolism.
Quality of life in patients with traumatic brain injury-basic	issues, assessment and recommendations
Authors: Bullinger M. , the TBI Consensus Group
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are one of the most common consequences of traffic accidents. Patients with mild, moderate or severe brain injuries suffer from physical, cognitive, behavioral, emotional and social problems. Most of these problems have been a long standing focus amongst practitioners and researchers. Only recently a development has started that took interest in the quality of life outcome of TBI patients. The international members of this consensus meeting reviewed the literature on Quality of Life assessment after TBI and discussed the applicability of different measurements to this specific patient group.

Time Points: During the acute phase (T1; < 3 month after trauma) QoL it is difficult to assess due to the reduced conciousness of TBI patients. In the phase of rehabilitation (T2; < one year after trauma) and in the post-rehabilitation phase (T3) repeated assessment of QoL is recommended.

Instruments: Several generic and disease-specific instruments possibly relevant to TBI patients or specifically developed for this group were assessed according to the existing evidence in the literature. Criteria for the evaluation of these intruments were: feasibility, specificity, validity, comprehensiveness, international availability, existence of norms, and psychometric quality. The cognitive impairment and the existential dimension were not sufficiently considered in most of the reviewed instruments.

Group Consensus: The familiy's and relatives' view of the patient's QoL should not be used as a proxy but provides an additional source of information in the acute phase. At T2 and T3, assessment of the patient's quality of life should include a generic as well as a disease specific instrument. Among the generic instruments the SF-36, the EuroQol and the WHO-QoL should be considered. The literature about specific instruments for patients with TBI like the EBIC is scarce. Therefore, the group could hardly give an empiracally based recommendation. The need for further investigation on QoL instruments in TBI patients is strongly emphasized.
Quality of life in children with traumatic brain injury -- basic	issues, assessment, and recommendations
Authors: Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike , Patrick Peter D. , the CHI Consensus Group
Published: December 2024

An international Task Force was convened under the guidance of BMBF Conference so as to review the "State of the art" for measuring quality of life (QoL) in children who have suffered traumatic brain injury (TBI). After expert review of instruments and evaluation of two independent literature reviews this work group established "inclusion criteria" for the review of current tools that could contribute to the measurement of QoL in children with TBI. Six instruments were determined to meet all or most of the criteria required to be used in current clinical practice and research for children with TBI.
5-lipoxygenase (5LOX)-deficient mice express reduced anxiety-like	behavior
Authors: Uz Tolga , Dimitrijevic Nikola , Tueting Patricia , Manev Hari
Published: December 2024

{\it Purpose:} 5-Lipoxygenase (5LOX) is an enzyme critical for leukotriene synthesis from arachidonic acid. In addition to its role in peripheral inflammation, this enzyme is also expressed in the brain but its functional role in the central nervous system is poorly understood. An upregulated expression of brain 5LOX, for example during aging and in multiple sclerosis, has been associated with increased vulnerability to neurodegeneration. Moreover, the 5LOX pathway has been associated with the neurotoxicity of the prion peptide. 5LOX-deficient mice [5LOX(-); B6129S$^{Alox5tm1Fun}$] and their controls (B6129SF2/J) have not been behaviorally characterized.

{\it Methods:} The following behavioral tests were used for behavioral characterization of 5LOX(-) mice: elevated plus-maze, marble burying, locomotor activity, rota-road, and the spontaneous alternations in T-maze.

{\it Results:} We found that in an elevated plus-maze, 5LOX(-) mice spent a shorter time in the "safe" closed arms, a longer time in the "anxiogenic" open arms, and entered the open arms more frequently. They also covered fewer marbles in the marble-burying anxiety test. No difference was observed between 5LOX(-) and 5LOX(+) mice in other tests.

{\it Conclusion:} These results indicate that 5LOX(-) mice are less prone to anxiety and point to a possible role for 5LOX in affective behaviors. We propose that creating congenic 5LOX(-) mice by backcrossing into inbred strains would provide additional tools to further elucidate this putative role.
Do psychological variables modify motor recovery among patients	with mild arm paresis after stroke or traumatic brain injury who receive the	Arm Ability Training?
Authors: Platz T. , Denzler P.
Published: December 2024

{\it Purpose:} The Arm Ability Training improves motor function among stroke and traumatic brain injury patients with mild arm paresis. There is, however, a considerable variability in motor recovery among patients receiving the Arm Ability Training. The study investigated whether psychological variables can explain the variability in motor recovery.

{\it Methods:} In a sample of 33 patients receiving the Arm Ability Training both motor performance (by use of the standardised arm function test TEMPA) and cognitive functions (attention, perceptual abilities, and learning) as well as depression were assessed before training was commenced. Both univariate correlational analyses and stepwise multiple regression were used to investigate these variables' ability to predict motor improvement (TEMPA difference scores from pre to post test after 3 weeks).

{\it Results:} The degree of motor dysfunction of the affected arm explained most (70%) of the variance of motor improvement scores of the standardised arm function test (TEMPA). Psychometric scores showed no or at the most weak associations with motor improvement (explaining at the most 10% of the variance).

{\it Conclusions:} Psychological variables had not been critical modifiers of motor recovery among stroke and traumatic brain injury patients with mild arm paresis receiving the Arm Ability Training.