bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age, ASA‐status, and Changes in NSQIP Comorbidity Indices Reporting in Facial Fracture Repair
Authors: Khandalavala Karl R. , Boochoon Kieran , Schissel Makayla , Heckman W Wesley , Geelan‐Hansen Katie
Published: January 2023

Objective

To evaluate the impact of age and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification on post operative outcomes as well as the changes in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database reporting of comorbidity index variables in patients with facial fractures.

Methods

The NSQIP database was queried for facial fracture repair CPT codes between 2012 and 2019 and for modified Frailty Index (mFI) and modified Charlson Comorbidity Index (mCCI) variables between years 2006 and 2018. The predominant question analyzed two preoperative risk factors: patient and ASA classification. Chi‐square analysis, Kruskal‐Wallis, Mann–Whitney, Spearman correlation, and multivariable logistic regression were used to evaluate age and ASA classification with wound dehiscence, superficial surgical site infection (SSSI), deep wound infection (DWI), readmission status, and return to the OR. The reporting of indices variables was evaluated with descriptive statistics.

Conclusion

In this large database with univariate analysis, patients with a higher ASA classification and older patients experience significantly increased risks of readmission, return to the OR, and longer hospital stays. On multivariate analyses, ASA classes II, III, and IV are independently associated with increased risk of readmission and return to the OR, while controlling for patient age. The reporting of all mFI and mCCI variables were consistent from 2006 to 2010, but after 2011, there has been inconsistent or absent reporting of variables, therefore, conclusions on the impact of comorbidities on facial fracture repair are unreliable.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 133:2572–2577, 2023
Salinization of stream water and groundwater at daily to decadal scales in a temperate climate
Authors: Shattuck Michelle D. , Fazekas Hannah M. , Wymore Adam S. , Cox Aneliya , McDowell William H.
Published: January 2023

Elevated salt concentrations in streams draining developed watersheds are well documented, but the effects of hydrologic variability and the role of groundwater in surface water salinization are poorly understood. To characterize these effects, we use long‐term data (12–19 yr) and high‐frequency specific conductance (SPC) data collected from 13 streams across New Hampshire, USA. Concentration–discharge (C–Q) relationships for chloride (Cl−) derived from high‐frequency SPC showed distinct seasonal variability. Diluting behavior was common, but flushing behavior occurred in autumn and winter, suggesting that both groundwater and surface runoff contribute salts to streams. Long‐term data show that although extreme flood events initially reduced salt concentrations in groundwater and rural streams, concentrations recovered to preflood conditions in about a decade. Chronic Cl− exceedances occurred in urban streams during all seasons. This research suggests that variation in stream flow, extreme events and application of deicing agents play a role in freshwater salinization.
How to Characterize the Protein Structure and Polymer Conformation in Protein‐Polymer Conjugates – a Perspective
Authors: Mathieu‐Gaedke Maria , Böker Alexander , Glebe Ulrich
Published: January 2023

Proteins, having miscellaneous properties perfected by nature over millions of years, are attractive for many biomedical and industrial applications. The exploitation of proteins offers great opportunities to increase, among others, the selectivity, biocompatibility, and sustainability of artificial materials. However, the stability of proteins is limited and exposure to conditions like heat or organic solvents often leads to denaturation or aggregation. The modification with synthetic polymers is a powerful possibility to increase the stability of proteins. Throughout the last few years, various methods have been established to characterize obtained conjugates regarding the conjugation efficiency, protein stability, their self‐assembly behavior, and beyond. Nevertheless, it is still very challenging to determine if the protein structure is unaltered in the biohybrid materials and how the polymer chains arrange around the protein surface. Here, an overview of different analysis techniques is presented, their applicability and feasibility are discussed, and current literature examples are provided. The focus of this Perspective lies on nuclear magnetic resonance  spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi‐angle laser light scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, and small‐angle scattering techniques as these methods shed light into the structure of proteins in conjugates and the polymer conformation around proteins.
Mechanical Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposites by Surface‐Modified Nanocellulose
Authors: Kim Yubin , Huh PilHo , Yoo Seong Il
Published: January 2023

Utilization of biodegradable nanofillers is an emerging approach for the sustainable development of polymer composites. Among numerous green nanofillers, nanocellulose has garnered significant attention because of its abundance, high mechanical strength, and reinforcing capability. However, the intrinsic hydrophilicity of nanocellulose often restricts its homogeneous dispersion in the hydrophobic polymer matrix, resulting in a poor reinforcement effect. In this study, a simple surface modification of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) using small hydrophobic molecules is presented. Hydrophobic‐modified CNFs have better solubility in organic solvents and exhibit homogeneous dispersion in a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix. The molecular interaction between CNFs and the hard/soft segments (HS/SS) of TPU induces surface‐mediated crystallization with improved microphase separation of SS and HS. By bridging multiple HS and SS microdomains, hydrophobic‐modified CNFs improve the tensile modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the polymer nanocomposites. On the other hand, unmodified CNFs are strongly aggregated in the TPU matrix, which restricts the mechanical reinforcement. These results demonstrate that surface modification of nanocelluloses can engineer their dispersion state and interfacial interaction with matrix polymers, which are crucial for the mechanical reinforcement of polymer nanocomposites.
Carbon–Carbon Linked Organic Frameworks: An Explicit Summary and Analysis
Authors: Nath Satyapriya , Puthukkudi Adithyan , Mohapatra Jeebanjyoti , Bommakanti Suresh , Chandrasekhar Naisa , Biswal Bishnu P.
Published: January 2023

Organic frameworks with carbon–carbon (CC) linkage are an important class of materials owing to their outstanding chemical stability and extended π‐electron delocalization resulting in unique optoelectronic properties. In the first part of this review article, the design principles for the bottom‐up synthesis of 2D and 3D sp/sp2 CC linked organic frameworks are summarized. Representative reaction methodologies, such as Knoevenagel condensation, Aldol condensation, Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction, Wittig reaction, and coupling reactions (Ullmann, Suzuki, Heck, Yamamoto, etc.) are included. This is discussed in the context of their reaction mechanism, reaction dynamics, and whether and why resulting in an amorphous or crystalline product. This is followed by a discussion of different state‐of‐the art bottom‐up synthesis methodologies, like solvothermal, interfacial, and solid‐state synthesis. In the second part, the structure–property relationships in CC linked organic frameworks with representative examples of organocatalysis, photo(electro)catalysis, energy storage and conversion, magnetism, and molecular storage and separation are analyzed. The importance of linkage type, building blocks, topology, and crystallinity of the framework material in connection with the structure–property relationship is highlighted. Finally, brief concluding remarks are presented based on the key development of bottom‐up synthetic methods and provide perspectives for future development in this field.
Loss of CRY2 promotes regenerative myogenesis by enhancing PAX7 expression and satellite cell proliferation
Authors: Hao Yingxue , Xue Ting , Liu Song‐Bai , Geng Sha , Shi Xinghong , Qian Panting , He Wei , Zheng Jiqing , Li Yanfang , Lou Jing , Shi Tianze , Wang Ge , Wang Xiaoxiao , Wang Yanli , Li Yangxin , Song Yao‐Hua
Published: January 2023

The regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle is dependent on satellite cells. The circadian clock regulates the maintenance and function of satellite cells. Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) is a critical component of the circadian clock, and its role in skeletal muscle regeneration remains controversial. Using the skeletal muscle lineage and satellite cell‐specific CRY2 knockout mice (CRY2scko), we show that the deletion of CRY2 enhances muscle regeneration. Single myofiber analysis revealed that deletion of CRY2 stimulates the proliferation of myoblasts. The differentiation potential of myoblasts was enhanced by the loss of CRY2 evidenced by increased expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and myotube formation inCRY2−/−cells versusCRY2+/+cells. Immunostaining revealed that the number of mononucleated paired box protein 7 (PAX7+) cells associated with myotubes formed byCRY2−/−cells was increased compared withCRY2+/+cells, suggesting that more reserve cells were produced in the absence of CRY2. Loss of CRY2 leads to the activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and ETS1, which binds to the promoter of PAX7 to induce its transcription. CRY2 deficient myoblasts survived better in ischemic muscle. Therefore, CRY2 is essential in regulating skeletal muscle repair.
A collocation method for time‐fractional diffusion equation on a metric star graph with η$$ \eta $$ edges
Authors: Faheem Mo , Khan Arshad
Published: January 2023

A wavelet collocation method based on Haar wavelet is proposed to investigate the numerical solution of time fractional diffusion equation (TFDE) on a metric star graph. We have utilized the Riemann–Liouville definition of fractional integral operator together with Haar wavelet to obtain the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral operator for Haar wavelet (RLFIO‐H). The application of RLFIO‐H and Haar wavelet to TFDE on metric star graph returns a system of linear algebraic equations. Solving this system yields wavelet coefficients and subsequently the solution. The convergence analysis of the proposed method is discussed to establish the theoretical authenticity of the method. The proposed method is tested on four benchmark problems to validate the theoretical findings. Moreover, the comparison of the developed method with the existing method shows the superiority and accuracy of the proposed method. To the best of the author's knowledge, the proposed work is one of the first collocation method in the literature that deals with the solution of TFDE on metric star graph using wavelet numerically.
Design of micro‐ and macro‐scale polymeric metamaterial solutions for passive and active thermal camouflaging applications
Authors: Pisavadia Harshil , Asad Asad , Sameoto Dan , Dolez Patricia , Hogan James D.
Published: January 2023

This work utilizes predictive modeling techniques to guide and inform metamaterial design for heat management solutions and thermal radiation control. Specifically, micro‐ and macro‐scale polyethylene‐based solutions are proposed for passive and active thermal camouflage. A micro‐scale post design is proposed for highly‐tunable infrared emissivity based on varying unit cell geometrical configurations. Actively modulating these micro‐features through lateral straining of up to 3% allows for redshifting the emissivity spectrum by up to 0.5 µm. Macro‐scale lenticular lens designs allow for a more passive form of camouflage due to its emissive stability for a range of configurations (e.g., single and sandwiched structures, increasing lens radii and height). Overall, the proposed metamaterial designs allow the tailoring of optical properties to improve thermal radiating performance.
Predictors and significance of rapid response to behaviorally based treatment of binge eating disorder
Authors: Yurkow Sydney , Ivezaj Valentina , Grilo Carlos M.
Published: January 2023

Objective

This study examined baseline predictors of rapid response and its prognostic significance in a clinical trial of behaviorally based weight loss treatment (BBWLT) for binge eating disorder in patients with obesity.

Methods

One hundred ninety‐one participants receiving BBWLT were assessed at baseline, throughout treatment, and at posttreatment (6 months) by independent assessors. Rapid response was defined as ≥ 65% reduction in binge eating by the fourth treatment week. Patients with versus without rapid response were compared on demographic features, a broad range of current/past clinical and psychiatric variables, and treatment attitudes. Rapid response was used to prospectively predict posttreatment outcomes.

Results

Rapid response, which characterized 63% (N = 120) of participants, was not associated significantly with any demographic features or with any current/past clinical and psychiatric variables. Higher ratings (at week one) regarding the logic of BBWLT and greater confidence that treatment would help with binge eating and weight loss were associated significantly with rapid response (at week four). Rapid response was prospectively associated with significantly better binge eating and weight loss outcomes.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that rapid response to BBWLT for binge eating disorder prospectively predicts superior clinical outcomes in both binge eating and weight loss. Treatment attitudes, rather than patient demographic or clinical severity variables, are prospectively associated with rapid response.
Advances in the clinical management of high‐risk Wilms tumors
Authors: Ortiz Michael V. , Koenig Christa , Armstrong Amy E. , Brok Jesper , de Camargo Beatriz , Mavinkurve‐Groothuis Annelies M. C. , Herrera Thelma B. Velasquez , Venkatramani Rajkumar , Woods Andrew D. , Dome Jeffrey S. , Spreafico Filippo
Published: January 2023

Outcomes are excellent for the majority of patients with Wilms tumors (WT). However, there remain WT subgroups for which the survival rate is approximately 50% or lower. Acknowledging that the composition of this high‐risk group has changed over time reflecting improvements in therapy, we introduce the authors’ view of the historical and current approach to the classification and treatment of high‐risk WT. For this review, we consider high‐risk WT to include patients with newly diagnosed metastatic blastemal‐type or diffuse anaplastic histology, those who relapse after having been initially treated with three or more different chemotherapeutics, or those who relapse more than once. In certain low‐ or low middle‐income settings, socio‐economic factors expand the definition of what constitutes a high‐risk WT. As conventional therapies are inadequate to cure the majority of high‐risk WT patients, advancement of laboratory and early‐phase clinical investigations to identify active agents is urgently needed.
The identification of conserved sequence features of co‐translationally decayed mRNAs and upstream open reading frames in angiosperm transcriptomes
Authors: Guo Rong , Yu Xiang , Gregory Brian D.
Published: January 2023

RNA turnover is essential in maintaining messenger RNA (mRNA) homeostasis during various developmental stages and stress responses. Co‐translational mRNA decay (CTRD), a process in which mRNAs are degraded while still associated with translating ribosomes, has recently been discovered to function in yeast and three angiosperm transcriptomes. However, it is still unclear how prevalent CTRD across the plant lineage. Moreover, the sequence features of co‐translationally decayed mRNAs have not been well‐studied. Here, utilizing a collection of publicly available degradome sequencing datasets for another seven angiosperm transcriptomes, we have confirmed that CTRD is functioning in at least 10 angiosperms and likely throughout the plant lineage. Additionally, we have identified sequence features shared by the co‐translationally decayed mRNAs in these species, implying a possible conserved triggering mechanism for this pathway. Given that degradome sequencing datasets can also be used to identify actively translating upstream open reading frames (uORFs), which are quite understudied in plants, we have identified numerous actively translating uORFs in the same 10 angiosperms. These findings reveal that actively translating uORFs are prevalent in plant transcriptomes, some of which are conserved across this lineage. We have also observed conserved sequence features in the regions flanking these uORFs' stop codons that might contribute to ribosome stalling at these sequences. Finally, we discovered that there were very few overlaps between the mRNAs harboring actively translating uORFs and those sorted into the co‐translational decay pathway in the majority of the studied angiosperms, suggesting that these two processes might be nearly mutually exclusive in those species. In total, our findings provide the identification of CTRD and actively translating uORFs across a broad collection of plants and provide novel insights into the important sequence features associated with these collections of mRNAs and regulatory elements, respectively.
Structural and Optical Properties of Vacuum‐Evaporated Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Layers on Nanotextured Black Silicon
Authors: Vaseashta Ashok , Ayvazyan Gagik , Khudaverdyan Surik , Matevosyan Lenrik
Published: January 2023

To improve the absorption of light in two‐junction tandem perovskite–silicon solar cells, antireflective textures are often created on the front surface in the form of micronsized pyramids using wet‐chemical etching. It is known that single‐junction silicon solar cells with nanotextured black silicon (BS) formed by dry‐etching techniques are more efficient than pyramidal microtextures. Herein, experimental evidence of enhanced efficiency of structures using BS between the perovskite layer and the silicon substrate for the first time is demonstrated. BS is fabricated using plasma‐based reactive‐ion etching on the front surface of the crystalline silicon. The deposition of mixed‐halide perovskite layers is performed by vacuum coevaporation and sequential evaporation. The structural and optical properties of evaporated perovskite layers with various thicknesses are investigated. It is found that the structural‐phase quality (viz., surface coverage, chemical composition, dimensionality, crystallinity, and phase purity) of perovskite layers on planar and nanotextured substrates is similar. However, the root mean square roughness of the perovskite layers on nanotextured substrates is much higher, which reduces the reflection significantly, especially, in the range of radiation incidence angle up to 60°. These results pave the way for the development of high‐performance perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells for improved efficiency.
A rare case of right heart failure with the necessity for veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation following pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Kopp Sabrina , Tilch Marie‐Kristin , Sagoschen Ingo , Kaes Joachim , Kuniss Malte , Neumann Thomas , Yang Yang , Schnitzler Katharina , Schmidt Kai‐Helge , Rostock Thomas , Münzel Thomas , Konstantinides Stavros , Wild Johannes , Hobohm Lukas
Published: January 2023

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) after radiofrequency energy‐mediated percutaneous pulmonary vein isolation as a treatment option for atrial fibrillation is a serious complication and the prevalence in historical reports varies between 0% and 42%. Symptoms of PVS are nonspecific and can include general symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, recurrent pneumonia, and chest pain. Pathophysiologically it increases the postcapillary pressure in the pulmonary circuit and may result in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Misdiagnosis and delayed treatment are common. We here report a case of a 59‐year‐old female with a history of pulmonary vein ablation followed by progressive dyspnea (New York Heart Association IV), right heart failure, CPR, and the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Further treatment strategy includes pulmonary vein dilatation and stenting of both the left superior pulmonary vein and left inferior pulmonary vein, as well as balloon dilatation of RIPV under temporary ECMO support. Symptomatic, severe PVS is a rare complication after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. PVS can result in life‐threatening complications such as PH with acute right heart failure. Early diagnosis is crucial but challenging. Mechanical cardiopulmonary support by veno‐arterial ECMO for bridging to angioplasty could be a lifesaving option.
Is there a better way of representing stationary wave functions than basis expansion?
Authors: Tao Yu , Li Yunzhi , Li Chen
Published: January 2023

We extend our previously developed approach for finding the exact analytical form of ground state wave function of single‐electron Schrödinger equations to target arbitrary excited states of 1D model chemical systems of hydrogen atom and with soft Coulomb potential. Our representation of the wave functions is formally unified by a factorized formula involving a polynomial prefactor encoding the nodal information, a non‐integer power prefactor, and an exponentially decaying term modulated by a modulator function. We show that our method leads to faster energy convergence than the basis expansion method, and hence is a better way of representing the wave function. This conclusion is also validated in the real‐world .
A case of a pulmonary‐renal syndrome caused by streptococcal infection
Authors: Shimokawa Junki , Nagano Hiroaki , Raita Yoshihiko
Published: January 2023

Pulmonary‐renal syndrome (PRS) is defined as a combination of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. An 18‐year‐old woman visited our hospital with a 2‐day history of fever, dyspnoea, and leg edema. Laboratory investigations revealed an elevated inflammatory reaction, increased serum creatinine levels, and normocytic anaemia. Additionally, the anti‐streptolysin‐O titre was positive, and complement component‐3 levels were decreased. Urinalysis revealed proteinuria and hematuria. Bronchoalveolar lavage aliquots were progressively more hemorrhagic. These findings supported a diagnosis of PRS secondary to streptococcal infection. The patient was treated with high‐dose methylprednisolone and antibiotics. After 4 days of treatment, her respiratory symptoms and serum creatinine levels improved. Steroid tapering was performed over 15 days. The findings in this case indicate that streptococcal infection is a potential cause of PRS, and that short‐term steroid therapy is an effective treatment.
Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis in mycobacterium avium complex lung disease
Authors: Sugino Keishi , Ono Hirotaka , Ando Masahiro , Tsuboi Eiyasu
Published: January 2023

We report a rare case of pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) with interstitial lung disease progressed after an onset of mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease. Clinicians should pay attention to the management for patients with PPFE in MAC lung disease.
Synthesis of a Novel Hydrazone Functionality based Spectrophotometric Probe for Selective and Sensitive Estimation of Toxic Heavy Metal Ions
Authors: Amin Zainab , Rauf Tabasum , Jan Qounsar , Kuchey Mohammad Yaseen , Sofi Feroz Ahmad , Ismail Tabasum , Rashid Auqib , Bhat Bilal Ahmad , Sidiq Naheed , Bhat Mohsin Ahmad
Published: January 2023

Heavy metal ions (HMIs), particularly Hg2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+, are toxic to biological systems. These HMIs display a wide distribution in aqueous systems, and due to their bioaccumulation tendency, their prevalence, even at very low concentrations, results in serious health issues in humans. This warrants the availability of easily affordable, reliable, quick, and sensitive approaches for real‐time monitoring of the concentration of HMIs in aqueous environments. Herein, we present the synthesis of a novel hydrazone functionality‐based chromogenic probe that ensures selective and sensitive spectrophotometric sensing of HMIs. More specifically, the synthesis of 3‐(2‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl) hydrazono) Penta‐1,4‐diene‐1,5‐diyl) diphenol referred to as HZ in the MS through a two‐step approach via the low‐cost precursors viz. Salicaldehyde, acetone, and 2, 4‐dinitrophenyl hydrazine (2, 4‐DNP) is presented. The unique functionality of the as‐synthesized HZ, well‐characterized via spectroscopic approaches, is demonstrated to facilitate the spectrophotometric sensing of Hg2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ with detection limits as low as 0.74 μM, 1.46 μM, 0.75 μM, and 0.75 nM respectively. Importantly the spectrophotometric response of HZ is demonstrated to be very sensitive to the nature of HMI, which does ensure selective specification of the chosen HMIs. The sensing ability of the HZ is well within concentration ranges that include WHO‐recommended safe and toxic concentrations for these HMIs.
Synthesis of Graphene oxide/Porphyrin Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye
Authors: Raveena  , Singh Manoj P. , Sengar Manisha , Kumari Pratibha
Published: January 2023

A novel nanocomposite was synthesized by covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)porphyrinatoiron (III) chloride (Fe−THPP) via an ester linkage. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by various techniques such as XPS, Raman spectroscopy, BET, IR, UV‐Visible, TGA, SEM, and EDX. The synthesized nanocomposite exhibited appreciable interaction with crystal violet (CV) dye with a detection limit of 2.6×10−6 μg/mL and binding constant of 35.93×103 ppm−1 which ensured the high concentration of CV dye on the surface of synthesized photocatalyst. The nanocomposite was effectively utilized in the photo‐degradation of CV dye under visible light irradiation. The photo‐degradation efficiency was remarkably high (93.45 %) with a low catalytic dosage of 0.4 mg/L within 80 minutes. The nanocomposite exhibited good stability and reusability and thereby can be used in the photocatalytic degradation processes to treat wastewater.
Pyrazole‐Clubbed Piperazinyl Urea Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Studies toward Generating an Antibiotic/Antifungal Resistance Sensor
Authors: Devi Vandana , Phougat Harshita , Kumar Kapoor Jitander , Kumar Sunil , Kumar Vijay , Singh Karan
Published: January 2023

An efficient and practically feasible synthesis of a series of novelpyrazole‐clubbed piperazinyl urea derivatives and screening results of their antimicrobial activity along with current‐voltage studies of selected compounds were reported. The reaction of (1,3‐diaryl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)(piperazin‐1‐yl)methanone hydrochlorides with various cycloalkyl/aryl isocyanates under basic condition afforded the formation of target compounds in good to excellent yield. The intermediate compounds 8a,b were synthesized in several steps by the method reported in the literature. The novel synthesized compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra. All the novel urea derivatives have been screened for their antimicrobial activity and some of the derivatives exhibit significant activity against bacterial and fungal isolates. Further current‐voltage (IV) studies were also performed on selected compounds to see the feasibility for generating futuristic antibiotic/antifungal resistance sensor.
Evaluation of Surface Tension of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3‐Based Mold Flux Containing Ce2O3
Authors: Geng Xin , Li Boyang , Jiang Zhouhua
Published: January 2023

The calculation model based on the surface tension of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3‐based mold flux containing Ce2O3 is studied using the modified Butler equation, and the surface tension of mold flux is measured by the sessile drop method. The experimental results show that the calculated surface tension based on the model agrees well with the experimental values, and the absolute value of the error is less than 3.23%. With the content of Ce2O3 in the mold flux increasing from 0% to 20%, the surface tension of the mold flux increases from 0.380 to 0.405 N m−1. The O2− dissociated from Ce2O3 makes the radius of the silicon–oxygen tetrahedral anion decrease, and the ion‐to‐ion interaction force in the melt increase. Therefore, the surface tension of the melt increases with the increase of Ce2O3 content in the mold flux. However, the amount of dissociated O2− is limited, so the effect of Ce2O3 on the surface tension of the mold flux is limited.
Eine Online‐Plattform für die Verarbeitung digitaler visueller Daten zur Zustandsbeschreibung von Beschichtungssystemen an maritimen Stahlbauten
Authors: Momber Andreas , Langenkämper Daniel , Möller Torben , Nattkemper Tim W.
Published: January 2023

Es wird eine Online‐Plattform für die Annotation und Verwaltung von visuellen digitalen Daten vorgestellt, die es erstmalig erlaubt, Zustandsbewertung und Instandsetzungsmodellierung von Beschichtungssystemen an maritimen Stahlbauwerken ausschließlich und durchgängig auf der Basis digitaler Bilddaten vorzunehmen. Es wird ein 10‐Schritte‐Verfahren eingeführt, das die Gewinnung der Daten, ihre Übertragung in die Online‐Plattform, die Annotation und Bearbeitung der Daten mittels spezieller Werkzeuge und Methoden, die Modellierung und die Zustandsbewertung umfasst. Anhand von Beispielen werden einige spezielle Anwendungen der Plattform erläutert.
Properties of Water‐Soluble Xylan from Different Agricultural By‐Products and their Production of Xylooligosaccharides
Authors: Palaniappan Ayyappan , Mapengo Clarity R. , Emmambux Mohammad Naushad
Published: January 2023

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are non‐digestible oligosaccharides with a significant role as functional food ingredients in the food industry. The present research is undertaken to evaluate water soluble xylan (WSX) extraction from eight different sources using water at ambient temperature (25 ± 2 °C) and structural characterization (FTIR, NMR, XRD, and TGA). Enzymatic production of XOS from extracted substrates and its characterization using HPLC‐RID and FTIR is determined. WSX from orange fleshed sweet potato peel shows highest yield (9%), while the least (2.48%) is from Teff seed coat. FTIR structural identification of xylan confirms the presence of β‐glycosidic linkages and acetyl groups; whereas 1H NMR validates the occurrence of β‐D‐1,4‐xylopyranose backbone with α‐L‐arabinofuranose and 4‐O‐methylglucuronic acid substituents. XRD and TGA characteristics of the extracts indicate similarities in the eight sources in comparison with standard beech wood xylan. WSX is hydrolyzed with endoxylanase to obtain XOS (highest yield of 57.16 ± 1.01% in Cassava cake; lowest yield of 21.72 ± 0.72% in Bambara groundnut). HPLC‐RID reveals xylobiose as the main monomeric sugar component (DP 2) and β‐linkages are identified by FTIR in all the sources. The study suggests the potential commercial production of XOS from the analyzed agricultural by‐products.
Story Talk: Using Strategies from an Evidence‐Based Program to Improve Young Children's Vocabulary
Authors: Wasik Barbara A. , Hindman Annemarie H.
Published: January 2023

Story Talk is an evidence‐based language intervention that has produced significant increases in children's vocabulary (Wasik & Hindman, 2020). This paper begins with a discussion of the importance of language development in learning to read, which is the basis for Story Talk. Next, a description of Story Talk components and the strategies that teachers are trained to implement in this program are presented. Five language strategies, with particular emphasis on developing vocabulary, are discussed in detail. Finally, a description of how Story Talk can look in classrooms is provided so that teachers can visualize how these strategies might work in their own settings during book reading and throughout the day.
The total amount of fluid administered is associated with postoperative complications in head and neck cancer surgery
Authors: Ziegler Andrea , Carollo Erin , Adams William , Bier‐Laning Carol
Published: January 2023

Objective

Patients with head and neck cancer often undergo extensive ablative and reconstructive surgery. Many risk factors are unalterable, but some operative variables are possible to adjust. The goal of this study was to estimate the association between operative variables and the incidence of perioperative complications in a contemporary tertiary care university‐based head and neck patient population and a Veteran Administration hospital head and neck patient population from an earlier time period.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent major head and neck surgery.

Results

Two‐hundred‐two university patients and 122 veteran patients were reviewed. On multivariable analysis, the total amount of intravenous (IV) fluid received during the procedure was associated with postoperative complications as were patients’ weight, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, and adult comorbidity evaluation‐27 (ACE‐27) score. These associations did not depend on whether the patient was treated at the university or veteran hospital.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that the odds of a postoperative complication increase as the total amount of IV fluid increases.
An Inheritance of Intangibles, 1890s
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

Joseph Lade Pawsey was born in the Western Districts of Victoria (Australia) at Ararat on 14 May 1908, the only child of Joseph Andrews Pawsey (27 November 1865–30 June 1943) and Margaret née Lade (27 December 1879–8 August 1969). It was a humble enough beginning for a man who would have a life so different to almost all his countrymen. And yet Joseph Lade Pawsey’s individual experiences and unique career were shaped by the general trajectories of his generation. Spending money may have been very limited, and the family’s fortunes somewhat fragile, but the young “Lade” was nonetheless born into the growing social prosperity of a fresh new nation, the economic and technological growth of the twentieth century. He was a product, too, of the socially progressive values of the time, strongly reflected in his family (McCalman, 1993 and Bashford & Macintyre, eds., 2013).
Serendipity: Sunspots at Collaroy, 1945–1946
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

The beginnings of radio astronomy in Australia were marked by serendipity. Within days of beginning investigations, inspired by the reports from New Zealand, Pawsey and his colleagues experienced extraordinary results.
The Million Degree Solar Corona, 1945–1946
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

Pawsey realised that there was more to extract from the first 3–4 months of solar data; and the results were close to revolutionary. As we have noted earlier, yet again a remarkable piece of good fortune occurred: the Collaroy and Dover Heights aerials had just the suitable sensitivity (a few times 104 Jy in 1 s) to easily detect the quiet sun (105 Jy at 200 MHz).
Pursuing “Radio Astronomy”: Pawsey’s Travels to North America, the UK and Europe, 1947–1948
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

J.L. Pawsey’s long visit to North America and the UK was a masterpiece of international scientific networking. Pawsey was careful to ensure that he visited all the leading researchers and research groups across the breadth of specialisations relevant for his budding research groups: radio and communications engineers, microwave physicists, military and naval research laboratories. The result was an extremely tight and relentless schedule. N.A. Whiffen of the Australian Embassy in Washington (Australian Scientific Research Liaison Office, ASRLO) did much of the organisation for the visit in the US, including resolving the issue of military clearance at a number of US institutes, not at all an easy task. Here, we provide an overview of the places and people visited, to give a sense of both the importance of the network Pawsey cultivated, and the effort that doing so required.
Consolidation: Leadership at RPL, 1950–1951
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

The 1950s was a decade of wonderful flowering and exploration for the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics. From 1950, solar noise and cosmic noise scientists became “radio astronomers”. They were present as such in international astronomy as well as radio science meetings. The key achievements of the first 5 years of observing and categorising solar bursts and detecting and measuring discrete radio sources, had produced a set of challenging new research questions. Some were conceptual and theoretical—including, the nature of the unknown non-thermal radiation mechanism that underpinned cosmic radiation emission. Some concerned the complexities and challenges of instrumentation—the early 1950s saw swift innovation of instruments and methods, in order to resolve new research questions.
No More Radio Stars! 1952
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

The year 1952 was an important turning point for radio astronomers; during the year it became clear that none of the discrete radio sources were “radio stars” and that the first identifications of radio sources with galaxies and supernovae remnants were typical for the population. The year also produced one of the few fully collaborative efforts: a Christmas special appeared in Nature on 22 December 1952, “Apparent Angular Sizes of Discrete Radio Sources” (p. 1061) as papers by the Jodrell Bank team of Hanbury Brown, Jennison and Das Gupta, Mills (1952a) in Sydney and Smith (1952a, 1952c) in Cambridge were published.
The Galactic Centre, 1951–1954
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

The discovery of radio source Sagittarius A (Sgr A) and its association with the centre of the Milky Way is a fascinating story, involving RPL personnel and prominent US and Dutch astronomers. When we say “discovery”, however, we do not mean a single event. Contra the conventions in science that award prizes, professional respect and that very nebulous (!) phenomenon of “historical recognition” to individuals, discovery is a lengthy process involving many actors, many different kinds of contributions, and many events. This was understood by one of the actors involved in this story: the famous astronomer Hendrick “Henk” van de Hulst, who had predicted the existence of the HI line at radio frequencies. Reflecting back on the history of radio astronomy, van de Hulst suggested the concept of “nanohertz astronomy”– that is, history of astronomy on a longer timescale.
The Royal Society: Europe and North America, 1954
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

In the year 1954 Pawsey was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society and we provide some details on the nomination process that led to his election. Later that year Pawsey travelled to Europe and North America, leading the Australian delegation to the URSI General assembly in The Hague and re-establishing his International contacts.
Pawsey and the Giant Radio Telescope, 1951–1956
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

By 1955, a decade after the first exciting observing projects, the landscape of radio astronomy had shifted considerably. With many more research groups now starting up, and the lines of research growing both more diverse and more specialised, remaining a global research leader required making riskier, more strategic decisions. In retrospect it can be seen that this was largely accomplished in Australia by the building of the now-iconic large “Dish” radio telescope at Parkes, NSW, and by the success of the research projects led by John Bolton through the 1960s. The funding and construction of the large dish took nearly a decade to achieve and was by no means certain through much of that time. Robertson has provided a thorough description of these events in his two books from 1992, Beyond Southern Skies—Radio Astronomy and the Parkes Telescope and in 2017, Radio Astronomer—John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe.
Brain Drain: Trip to US and Canada 1957–1959
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

Letter from Pawsey to his mother, from Princeton end 1957:Pawsey’s 8½-month visit to the US in 1957–1958 occurred during a key period of the GRT deliberations (FFP design study completion at the end of 1957 and the site selection in early 1958). It also occurred in the context of shifts in relations within RPL and in the field of radio astronomy as it grew around the world. There was growing awareness in Australia about the increasing capacity, especially in the USA, to attract first-rate scientists overseas to lead the new research programs being established. Meanwhile, at RPL, Bowen’s frustrations with Pawsey were growing to such a degree that Pawsey was beginning to feel some disquiet about his position in CSIRO. An important outcome of Pawsey’s visit to the US was an unofficial “audition” for a leadership role in US radio astronomy. At this point Pawsey would realise that he would have more to offer a US community with its multiple new radio astronomy groups (similar to the multiple groups he had nurtured in the beginning of radio astronomy research in Australia), than the Australian groups which had become strong and less dependent on his leadership. Pawsey’s scientific interactions during this time were also important as he planned for the Paris Symposium of August 1958 in his role as chair of the IAU organising committee.
Driving the GRT, 1957–1959
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

The late 1950s were chiefly characterised by immense frustration and very difficult relations with the British designers Freeman, Fox and Partners (FFP). A crucial change forced by Bowen and initially resisted by FFP, was to call for competitive bids. Despite the pressure to select a British firm for the construction contract it was awarded to a German firm, Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg (MAN). This dramatically illustrates the extent to which an ex-British colony was now truly independent and capable of making what certainly transpired to be an excellent solution. The combination of the innovative UK FFP mechanical design, the efficient MAN German construction and the Australian radio systems engineering was a great success.
Becoming a Physicist, 1926–1929
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

In March 1926, Pawsey entered the University of Melbourne, enrolled in a Bachelor of Science.
Schism at Radiophysics, 1960
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

The year 1960 was pivotal for developments at RPL; the GRT construction was underway in the European factories and at Parkes in Australia. CSIRO made a decision to start the Paul Wild Radioheliograph project after the GRT was completed and the Super-Cross project of Mills was put on hold. Both Christiansen and Mills left for new positions at the University of Sydney in mid-year and Bowen and White also began the process that led to John Bolton’s return to CSIRO in early 1961.
The Development of a Theory for Radio Emission
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

The discovery of the synchrotron radiation mechanism as the explanation of galactic and extragalactic sources of radio emission marked a major development in radio astronomy, providing much needed coherence to so many unexpected observations from the late 1940s. Through the decade 1948–1958 Joe Pawsey was keenly aware of how hampered his researchers were by the absence of theory—both of mathematical, and of big-picture conceptual, understanding of the phenomena they were observing. This chapter explores the technical and social difficulties that had to be overcome for synchrotron radiation to be understood and accepted as the primary non-thermal emission mechanism in non-solar radio astronomy; it extends, with additional detail and commentary, Sullivan’s discussion of this question.
Radio Source Survey: Disputes, 1948–1957
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

The decade of the 1950s became one of the most eventful in the history of not only radio, but of all astronomy, as a result of the first significant surveys of radio sources. During this decade it was realised that the radio sources included an isotropic population of extragalactic sources which could be observed in the radio at greater distances than the deepest optical observations. Radio astronomy suddenly became a part of extragalactic astronomy, and most significantly, a completely new and unexpected probe of cosmology. The story of the development and interpretation of these surveys is a complex one, involving technically challenging instrumental issues, one controversy involving the different results obtained by the observational groups located in Sydney and in Cambridge, and another controversy between the cosmologists and the observers. The situation was further exacerbated by the intense emotional interactions between some of the key personalities involved.
New Opportunities in Australian Science, 1929
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

Joe Pawsey’s was the first generation in which an Australian born child could think of growing up to be a scientist, as he was poised to do at the end of his undergraduate years. There was a new sense in Australia that science would be important for a nation growing in independence and confidence, and the modern world was being rapidly and profoundly reshaped by technology. In this chapter we set out the social and intellectual background to Pawsey’s Masters and PhD research and introduce the reader to the scientific staff of the Australian Radio Research Board, where Pawsey’s Masters was undertaken.
The Final Year, 1962
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

I.I. Rabi, President of Associated Universities, Inc in New York to Wild on 20 August 1962:On 26 January 1962, Pawsey began organising a 1-month stay in Green Bank for March, an orientation visit. After the US, he planned to go to Paris to visit his daughter Margaret and her family, then continue back to Sydney via India. He hoped to arrive back in Sydney by 24 April 1962, Hastings Pawsey’s 17th birthday. As expected, Pawsey arranged his trip to the US and Europe in order to meet colleagues. In Pasadena on the way to New York, Green Bank and Washington, he planned to meet Gordon Stanley and Otto Struve. Later he was to meet Rabi in Boston in early March, just before his visit to Green Bank, which was to start about 20 March. These plans were outlined in a letter to Rabi on 26 January 1962, explaining that his home base in the US would his brother-in-law’s (Ted Nicoll) house in Princeton, New Jersey. Pawsey wrote:On 31 January 1962, Rabi replied, again with a handwritten letter: “I have set the machinery in train to help with your visit to make you an [NRAO] employee during the period [March-April] … Your visit will come at a crucial time [for the 140-foot telescope].” On the same day, Charles Dunbar, Secretary of AUI, wrote Pawsey with the details of the temporary visa process, the filing of a petition for permission to import a non-immigrant alien. Since Pawsey was “an alien of distinguished merit and ability”, the expectation was that the process would go smoothly. In fact, within 2 weeks, the NSF reported to AUI (15 February 1961, Dunbar to Pawsey) that “our petition to import you from Australia has been granted by [Immigration and Naturalisation Service]”. Dunbar was surprised: “I had no idea that such rapid action could be secured.”