bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Color image knowledge model construction based on ontology
Authors: Zhang Xinxin , Yang Minggang
Published: March 2019

Color, as one of the most important visual features in a product system, can easily cause psychological and emotional resonances. Depending on the importance of user's emotional needs in the market and the complexity of a mining process, it can be reflected in the adjective description of color image. In this study, ontology combined with big data was used to mine the color image, a visual sense of user's psychological requirements. The results showed that the constructed color image ontology model could logically express the conceptual knowledge of color image. And this method solved problems that exist in current research on image mining and at the same time increased the accuracy of image information mining. Further examination of the color brand images was used to obtain the idea of “Stylish” and “Natural.” Finally, the acquisition of their physical form was named and surveyed to prove the feasibility of the research approach. This is a new attempt to apply ontology to the color image cognition process.
Boron Doped Carbon Dots with Unusually High Photoluminescence Quantum Yield for Ratiometric Intracellular pH Sensing
Authors: Pal Ayan , Ahmad Kafeel , Dutta Deepanjalee , Chattopadhyay Arun
Published: March 2019

Herein we report that boron doping in carbon dots results in increased photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield, which could be used for ratiometric intracellular pH sensing in cancer cell lines. Using a mixture of citric acid monohydrate, thiourea, and boric acid, microwave‐assisted synthesis of boron doped blue emitting carbon dots (B‐Cdots) with an average size of 3.5±1.0 nm was achieved. For B‐Cdots, the maximum quantum yield (QY) was observed to be 25.8 % (11.1 % (w/w) H3BO3 input concentration), whereas, the same was calculated to be 16.9 % and 11.4 % for Cdots (synthesized from citric acid monohydrate and thiourea only) and P‐Cdots (phosphorus doped carbon dots; synthesized using citric acid monohydrate, thiourea and phosphoric acid) (11.1 % (w/w) H3PO4 input concentration), respectively. The observed luminescence efficiencies as obtained from steady state and time‐resolved photoluminescence measurements suggest an alternative emission mechanism due to boron/phosphorus doping in carbon dots. We furthermore demonstrated facile composite formation using B‐Cdots and another carbon dots with orange emission in presence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), resulting in white light emission (0.31, 0.32; λex 380 nm). The white light emitting composite enabled ratiometric pH sensing in the aqueous medium and showed favorable uptake properties by cancerous cells for intracellular pH sensing as well.
Emotional development in eating disorders: A qualitative metasynthesis
Authors: Henderson Ziporah B. , Fox John R.E. , Trayner Penny , Wittkowski Anja
Published: March 2019

Emotions are considered to be an important feature in eating disorders. The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative studies, which considered the role of emotions in eating disorders in order to gain further insight on how these individuals experience various emotions and the strategies they use to manage them. Databases including Web of Science, PsychInfo, EMBASE, Medline, and the Cochrane library were searched for qualitative studies. The search identified 16 relevant studies. Meta‐ethnography was used to synthesize the data, which involved identifying the key findings and concepts of the studies and creating metaphors. The synthesis involved reciprocal translations and lines of argument approaches being applied to the present data. Results of the synthesis identified four second‐order themes and one third‐order theme relating to the emotional experiences of such individuals. The second‐order themes were (a) negative emotional environments, (b) interpersonal vulnerability, (c) the experience of negative emotions in social contexts, and (d) the management of emotions. The third‐order theme was the emotional self within a social environment. This is the first metasynthesis on emotions and eating disorders, and our synthesis highlights the important role that emotions play in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Our model demonstrates how poor emotional development whilst growing up results in development of poor socioemotional bonds and the inability to handle negative emotions. The most significant finding of the review is that individuals use their eating disorder to manage negative emotions.
Hydrogen‐Driven Cofactor Regeneration for Stereoselective Whole‐Cell C=C Bond Reduction in Cupriavidus necator
Authors: Assil‐Companioni Leen , Schmidt Sandy , Heidinger Petra , Schwab Helmut , Kourist Robert
Published: March 2019

The coupling of recombinantly expressed oxidoreductases to endogenous hydrogenases for cofactor recycling permits the omission of organic cosubstrates as sacrificial electron donors in whole‐cell biotransformations. This increases atom efficiency and simplifies the reaction. A recombinant ene‐reductase was expressed in the hydrogen‐oxidizing proteobacterium Cupriavidus necator H16. In hydrogen‐driven biotransformations, whole cells catalyzed asymmetric C=C bond reduction of unsaturated cyclic ketones with stereoselectivities up to >99 % enantiomeric excess. The use of hydrogen as a substrate for growth and cofactor regeneration is particularly attractive because it represents a strategy for improving atom efficiency and reducing side product formation associated with the recycling of organic cofactors.
Organolithium‐Initiated Polymerization of Olefins in Deep Eutectic Solvents under Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Sánchez‐Condado Alba , Carriedo Gabino A. , Presa Soto Alejandro , Rodríguez‐Álvarez María J. , García‐Álvarez Joaquín , Hevia Eva
Published: March 2019

Despite their ubiquitous presence in synthesis, the use of polar organolithium reagents under environmentally benign conditions constitutes one of the greatest challenges in sustainable chemistry. Their high reactivity imposes the use of severely restrictive protocols (e.g., moisture‐ and oxygen‐free, toxic organic solvents, inert atmospheres, low temperatures, etc.). Making inroads towards meeting this challenge, a new air‐ and moisture‐compatible organolithium‐mediated methodology for the anionic polymerization of different olefins (e.g., styrenes and vinylpyridines) was established by pioneering the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as an eco‐friendly reaction medium in this type of transformation. Fine‐tuning of the conditions (sonication of the reaction mixture at 40 °C in the absence of protecting atmosphere) along with careful choice of components of the DES [choline chloride (ChCl) and glycerol (Gly) in a 1:2 ratio] furnished the desired organic polymers (homopolymers and random copolymers) in excellent yields (up to 90 %) and low polydispersities (IPD 1.1–1.3). Remarkably, the in situ‐formed polystyril lithium intermediates exhibited a great resistance to hydrolysis in the eutectic mixture 1ChCl/2Gly (up to 1.5 h), hinting at an unexpected high stability of these otherwise highly reactive organolithium species in these unconventional reaction media. This unique stability can be exploited to create well defined block‐copolymers.
Appeals Court: Academic deference due without interactive process
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: March 2019

In January, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals held in Gati v. Western Kentucky University that Section 504 and the Americans with Disabilities Act do not require a school to offer remote videoconferencing in lieu of live classroom attendance for a student with a disability if the school has determined that doing so would fundamentally alter the particular course. The court also held that the aggrieved student was not entitled to a trial to assess the reasonableness of remote access, and that even if the school failed to properly engage in the interactive process before denying his request, he could not base his suit on that claim.
Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for eating disorders in women: A population cohort study
Authors: Watson Hunna J. , Diemer Elizabeth W. , Zerwas Stephanie , Gustavson Kristin , Knudsen Gun Peggy , Torgersen Leila , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: March 2019

Objective

The fetal programming model hypothesizes that developmental programming in utero and in early life induces adaptations that predetermine the adult phenotype. This study investigated whether prenatal/perinatal complications are associated with lifetime eating disorders in women.

Method

Participants included 46,373 adult women enrolled in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (den norskeMor &barn‐undersøkelsen [MoBa]). MoBa mothers and their mothers (MoBa grandmothers) were the focus of the current study. MoBa mothers with lifetime eating disorders were compared to a referent group.

Results

MoBa mothers who weighed more at birth (birth weight, adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10–1.19) or were born large‐for‐gestational‐age (adjusted OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.27–1.52) were more likely to develop binge‐eating disorder in later life. MoBa mothers who weighed less at birth were more likely to develop anorexia nervosa (birth weight, adjusted OR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.81–0.95). Bulimia nervosa and purging disorder (PD) were not significantly predicted by the prenatal and perinatal factors examined.

Discussion

Results of this study, which include the first known investigation of prenatal and perinatal factors in binge‐eating disorder and PD, suggest that fetal programming may be relevant to the development of anorexia nervosa and binge‐eating disorder. Future genetically informative research is needed to help disentangle whether these associations are a function of genetic influences or a true environmental fetal programming effect.
Dissimilarity of individual microsatellite profiles under different mutation models: Empirical approach
Authors: Kosman Evsey , Jokela Jukka
Published: March 2019

Microsatellites (simple sequence repeats, SSRs) still remain popular molecular markers for studying neutral genetic variation. Two alternative models outline how new microsatellite alleles evolve. Infinite alleles model (IAM) assumes that all possible alleles are equally likely to result from a mutation, while stepwise mutation model (SMM) describes microsatellite evolution as stepwise adding or subtracting single repeat units. Genetic relationships between individuals can be analyzed in higher precision when assuming the SMM scenario with allele size differences as a proxy of genetic distance. If population structure is not predetermined in advance, an empirical data analysis usually includes (a) estimating proximity between individual SSR profiles with a selected dissimilarity measure and (b) determining putative genetic structure of a given set of individuals using methods of clustering and/or ordination for the obtained dissimilarity matrix. We developed new dissimilarity indices between SSR profiles of haploid, diploid, or polyploid organisms assuming different mutation models and compared the performance of these indices for determining genetic structure with population data and with simulations. More specifically, we compared SMM with a constant or variable mutation rate at different SSR loci to IAM using data from natural populations of a freshwater bryozoan Cristatella mucedo (diploid), wheat leaf rust Puccinia triticina (dikaryon), and wheat powdery mildew Blumeria graminis (monokaryon). We show that inferences about population genetic structure are sensitive to the assumed mutation model. With simulations, we found that Bruvo's distance performs generally poorly, while the new metrics are capturing the differences in the genetic structure of the populations.
Predatory lizards perceive plant‐derived volatile odorants
Authors: Goldberg Jay K. , Pintel Genevieve , Weiss Stacey L. , Martins Emília P.
Published: March 2019

Many lizards are olfactory foragers and prey upon herbivorous arthropods, yet their responses to common herbivore‐associated plant volatiles remain unknown. As such, their role in mediating plant indirect defenses also remains largely obscured. In this paper, we use a cotton‐swab odor presentation assay to ask whether lizards respond to two arthropod‐associated plant‐derived volatile compounds: 2‐(E)‐hexenal and hexanoic acid. We studied the response of two lizard species, Sceloporus virgatusand Aspidoscelis exsanguis, because they differ substantially in their foraging behavior. We found that the actively foraging A. exsanguisresponded strongly to hexanoic acid, whereas the ambush foraging S. virgatus responded to 2‐(E)‐hexenal—an herbivore‐associated plant volatile involved in indirect defense against herbivores. These findings indicate that S. virgatus may contribute to plant indirect defense and that a species' response to specific odorants is linked with foraging mode. Future studies can elucidate how lizards use various compounds to locate prey and how these responses impact plant‐herbivore interactions.
Deletion of Galectin‐3 attenuates acute pancreatitis in mice by affecting activation of innate inflammatory cells
Authors: Stojanovic Bojan , Jovanovic Ivan , Stojanovic Bojana S. , Stojanovic Milica Dimitrijevic , Gajovic Nevena , Radosavljevic Gordana , Pantic Jelena , Arsenijevic Nebojsa , Lukic Miodrag L.
Published: March 2019

Acute pancreatitis is characterized by autodigestion of pancreatic cells followed by acute inflammation leading to pathology and death. In experimental acute pancreatitis, pancreatic acinar cells and infiltrating macrophages express Galectin‐3 but its role in pathology of this disease is unknown. Therefore, we studied its role using Galectin‐3 deficient mice. Deletion of Galectin‐3 prolonged the survival of mice, led to attenuation of histopathology, and decreased infiltration of mononuclear cells and neutrophils that express TLR‐4, in particular, pro‐inflammatory N1 neutrophils. Galectin‐3 and TLR‐4 are also colocalized on infiltrating cells. Lack of Galectin‐3 reduced expression of pro‐inflammatory TNF‐α and IL‐1β in F4/80+CD11c‐ and CD11c+F4/80− cells. Thus, deletion of Galectin‐3 ameliorates acute pancreatitis by attenuating early influx of neutrophils and inflammatory mononuclear cells of innate immunity. These findings provide the basis to consider Galectin‐3 as a therapeutic target in acute pancreatitis.
Ferroelectric Polarization Induced Selective Growth of BiFeO3 Nanocrystals with a Remarkable Ferromagnetism
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Fei , Fu Gangjie , Ren Zhaohui , Han Gaorong
Published: March 2019

Bringing BiFeO3 (BFO) into a size below 62 nm is a promising approach to improve its ferromagnetism by breaking a period of the superimposed cycloidal spin structure. It has been well investigated that a low nucleation rate and a high growth rate in solution usually leads to a large crystal size of BFO ranging from several hundred nanometers to micrometers. In this work, we propose that a polar surface can be employed to induce a selective growth of BFO nanocrystals via a hydrothermal method. BFO nanocrystals with a uniform size of 30–50 nm have been found to selectively and epitaxially grow on the negative polar surface of single‐crystal and single‐domain ferroelectric PbTiO3 (PTO) nanoplates. It was revealed that the positively charged Bi25FeO40 precursors adsorbed on the negative polar surface to screen the polarization, and subsequent BFO nanocrystals nucleated in a large scale via Bi25FeO40 dissolution confined with the surface of the nanoplates, giving rise to a small and uniform size. Importantly, an obvious ferromagnetism has been observed in BFO/PTO nanocomposites with a saturation magnetization of 0.13 emu/g (normalized to the mass fraction of BFO of ca. 20.5wt.‐%) and a coercive field of 662 Oe. The findings suggest that a polar surface could be highly effective to tailor the crystal growth and properties of other oxide materials.
TIMPZ: An Exquisite Building Block for Metal/Hydrogen Coordination Polymers
Authors: Ligiéro Carolina B. P. , Oliveira Thiago V. , Fontes Chárbel C. F. , Barragan José T. C. , So Fernanda W. Y. , Kubota Lauro T. , Nome René A. , Miranda Paulo C. M. L.
Published: March 2019

The novel polynitrogenated ligand tetra‐[4(5)‐imidazoyl]pyrazine (TIMPZ, 1) and its pincer complex of FeII are described. This ligand has an outstanding ability to aggregate in 1D‐superstructures by means of hydrogen bonding or metal chelation. TIMPZ shows an unprecedented conformational control over the supramolecular assembly. Metal or hydrogen coordination switches the conformation of peripheral rings driving the assembly preferences. For [Fen(TIMPZ)n+1]2n+ complexes, UV/Vis spectroscopy shows a bathochromic shift of the main visible absorption band with higher “n” values. TIMPZ also has hydrogen‐bond triggered excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) fluorescence, which is completely inhibited by chelation with transition metals.
C–C Bond Breaking in Addition–Elimination Reactions on Nitriles
Authors: Mattalia Jean‐Marc , Nava Paola
Published: March 2019

The nucleophilic addition of organometallics to nitriles leads to an imine‐type intermediate. When the α‐position is substituted with a carbanion stabilizing group, an elimination can follow, resulting in a C–C bond breaking. This paper proposes a computational study of this step. Starting from the transnitrilation reaction by DMMN (dimethylmalononitrile), a comparison of several methods shows that the PBE0‐D3 level is suitable for this study. The imine adducts display particularly stretched C–C bond and thus the computed barriers are low. Both electronic and steric effects influence the leaving group ability as well as its interaction with the metal.
Improvement of Solid‐State Excimer Emission of the Aryl–Ethynyl‐o‐Carborane Skeleton by Acridine Introduction
Authors: Ochi Junki , Tanaka Kazuo , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: March 2019

We report highly‐efficient and solid‐state excimer emission based on the acridine–o‐carborane dyad possessing the ethynyl spacer. The previous pyrene‐modified o‐carborane showed excimer emission only at 77 K in the crystalline state, meanwhile, the current acridine‐modified molecule presented excimer emission with high efficiency (ΦPL = 0.23) in the crystalline state at room temperature. From single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, it was indicated that two acridine moieties were stacked and the third acridine molecule was out of alignment. Such a packing mode could restrict exciton splitting over the columnar packing structure. Moreover, molecular interactions through the nitrogen atom in the acridine moiety and the hydrogen atom in the o‐carborane unit contribute to suppression of molecular motions. As a consequence, an improved emission efficiency was obtained. This study demonstrates that the ethynyl–o‐carborane skeleton should work as the excimer‐inducible component in the solid state.
Choline Chloride Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Tuneable Medium for Synthesis of Coumarinyl 1,2,4‐Triazoles: Effect of Solvent Type and Temperature
Authors: Molnar Maja , Periš Ivana , Komar Mario
Published: March 2019

A study of 1,2,4‐triazole synthesis from 2‐((4‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐7‐yl)oxy)acetohydrazide (1) or 2‐(7‐hydroxy‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐4‐yl)acetohydrazide (2) and various isothiocyanates, in deep eutectic solvents, was performed. In order to find the best conditions for 1,2,4‐triazole formation, a model reaction on 1 and phenylisothiocyanate was performed in 14 different choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents, at two different temperatures (40 °C and 80 °C). Pure 1,2,4‐triazoles were obtained in choline chloride/urea (1:2) and choline chloride/N‐methyl urea (1:3) deep eutectic solvents at 80 °C. Pure thiosemicarbazides were obtained in choline chloride/ethane‐1,2‐diol (1:2), choline chloride/malic acid (1:1), choline chloride/malonic acid (1:1), choline chloride/butane‐1,4‐diol (1:3) and choline chloride/glycerole (1:2) at 40 °C. The ratio of 1,2,4‐triazoles and thiosemicarbazides in reaction mixtures was determined by HPLC and 1H NMR. After the best conditions for 1,2,4‐triazole synthesis were found, some coumarinyl 1,2,4‐triazoles were synthesized from two different coumarinyl hydrazides (1 and 2) and various alkyl and aryl isothiocyanates in one step reaction.
Examining Several Strategies for the Chemical Synthesis of Phosphorylated Histone H3 Reveals the Effectiveness of the Convergent Approach
Authors: Jbara Muhammad , Maity Suman Kumar , Brik Ashraf
Published: March 2019

Phosphorylation of Ser57 of the histone H3 was suggested to interact with the acetylated Lys56 of histone H3 and possibly affect DNA replication. Yet the exact role of Ser57 remains unknown due to difficulties in obtaining phosphorylated H3 at Ser57. Herein, we present the challenges and the solutions in the first total chemical synthesis of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated histone H3 analogues utilizing hydrazide‐based native chemical ligation approach coupled with palladium‐mediated thiazolidine decaging chemistry to provide each one of these analogues in highly efficient manner. We envision this synthesis would set the ground to elucidating the role of the phosphorylation and its cross‐talk with acetylation mark in H3 in the DNA damage response.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Quinazolinones through Hydrogen Transfer and Cyclization
Authors: Qiao Jingyi , Jiang Hongshuo , Liu Xiaochong , Xu Chunzhao , Sun Zhizhong , Chu Wenyi
Published: March 2019

An efficient ruthenium‐catalyzed tandem cyclization for the formation of C–N bond was developed by using hydrogen transfer reaction and intramolecular cyclization. This process relied on the efficient availability of nitroarenes and primary alcohols to form C–N bond by hydrogen transfer reaction. This method could be widely used in the synthesis of quinazolinone skeletons due to less waste, higher reaction efficiency and better functional groups tolerance. A series of quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones derivatives were obtained with high production by using nitroarenes and primary alcohols as the substrates. Finally, based on the experimental results, a reasonable series reaction mechanism was proposed.
Consider how a credential registry improves communication, program ROI
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: March 2019

CLEVELAND — Clarifying the meaning of your credentials — identifying skills and competencies they teach your students, what value they have in the labor market, and, ultimately, which career paths they guide your students toward — can be a useful tool in helping prospective and current students, along with employers and policymakers, see the value in higher education.
Balance innovation, risk management amidst change
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: March 2019

Cedric B. Howard, Ed.D., considers facilitating change both his greatest challenge and the most rewarding aspect of his 23‐year higher ed career. “If you don't learn to be not afraid to fail, then you will become a failure,” he noted. He values the ability to “learn how to fail or process failure so you can become successful later in your career.”
Rational Design of Manganese Cobalt Phosphide with Yolk–Shell Structure for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Tang Guisheng , Zeng Ye , Wei Binbin , Liang Hanfeng , Wu Jian , Yao Pengcheng , Wang Zhoucheng
Published: March 2019

The development of low‐cost, earth‐abundant, and efficient catalysts for overall water splitting, involving the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), attracts tremendous attention in recent years. Herein, this work reports the preparation of Mn‐Co phosphide (Mn‐Co‐P) bifunctional catalysts with a yolk–shell structure by a facile hydrothermal route. The as‐prepared catalysts exhibit an excellent catalytic activity with the low overpotentials of 66 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for HER and 355 mV at 50 mA cm−2 for OER in 1 m KOH, along with an outstanding stability. More importantly, the cell voltage of 1.74 V can achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 when assembled as an electrolyzer for overall water splitting. Such superior performance makes the Mn‐Co‐P a promising candidate to replace Pt‐based noble metal catalysts for electrocatalytic applications.
Experimental study on heat release rate measurement in tunnel fires
Authors: Kang Na , Qin Yueping , Han Xin , Cong Beihua
Published: March 2019

Knowledge about the heat release rate (HRR) is essential for studying tunnel fires. The standard method in ISO 9705 is widely applied to calculate the HRR of combustion by measuring the consumption of oxygen in a fire. However, the studies of HRR measurement in full‐scale tunnel fires are rare because of the complication and costs of large experiments. This paper presents a system based on the principle of oxygen consumption calorimetry for the measurement of HRR and total heat release (THR) of full‐scale fires in tunnels. A total of 22 fire experiments are performed in a large‐scale ventilated testing metro tunnel with dimension of 100.0 m × 5.5 m × 5.5 m to validate the reliability and effectiveness of this system. Firstly, four oil spray fire tests are conducted with nozzle flow of 106 L/h at (1 ± 0.1) MW HRR to calibrate the instrumentation. Then, 18 full‐scale fire tests using square diesel pools at five sizes (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 m2) and wood cribs as fire sources are carried out for the measurement of HRR and THR. Results provided by the comparison between the measured HRR and THR values of the fire tests and the theoretically calculated ones show that our system works effectively in the HRR measurement of full‐scale fires in tunnels.
Mesh adaptation framework for embedded boundary methods for computational fluid dynamics and fluid‐structure interaction
Authors: Borker Raunak , Huang Daniel , Grimberg Sebastian , Farhat Charbel , Avery Philip , Rabinovitch Jason
Published: March 2019

Embedded Boundary Methods (EBMs) are often preferred for the solution of Fluid‐Structure Interaction (FSI) problems because they are reliable for large structural motions/deformations and topological changes. For viscous flow problems, however, they do not track the boundary layers that form around embedded obstacles and therefore do not maintain them resolved. Hence, an Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) framework for EBMs is proposed in this paper. It is based on computing the distance from an edge of the embedding computational fluid dynamics mesh to the nearest embedded discrete surface and on satisfying the y+ requirements. It is also equipped with a Hessian‐based criterion for resolving flow features such as shocks, vortices, and wakes and with load balancing for achieving parallel efficiency. It performs mesh refinement using a parallel version of the newest vertex bisection method to maintain mesh conformity. Hence, while it is sufficiently comprehensive to support many discretization methods, it is particularly attractive for vertex‐centered finite volume schemes where dual cells tend to complicate the mesh adaptation process. Using the EBM known as FIVER, this AMR framework is verified for several academic FSI problems. Its potential for realistic FSI applications is also demonstrated with the simulation of a challenging supersonic parachute inflation dynamics problem.
Conjugate heat transfer from a circular cylinder to a power‐law non‐Newtonian fluid
Authors: Asnaashari Majid , Tohidi Amir
Published: March 2019

In this paper, conjugate heat transfer from a circular cylinder with a heat source to a non‐Newtonian power‐law fluid is studied. Numerical calculations are carried out in an unconfined computational domain for Reynolds numbers (), power‐law indices (), and Prandtl numbers () with different heat source values. The pressure coefficient, value, and position of maximum temperature inside the cylinder and the local and average Nusselt number are calculated. Also, the effects of
Re,
Pr,
n, and heat source value on the thermal characteristics in the solid cylinder and the fluid around it are studied and discussed.
Experimental investigation on the effect of photovoltaic panel partially and fully submerged in water
Authors: Madhu Balasubramanian , Balasubramanian Esakki , Kabeel Abd Elnaby , Sathyamurthy Ravishankar , El‐Agouz El‐Sayed , Muthu Manokar Athikesavan
Published: March 2019

This study presents an experimental analysis of improving the thermal, electrical efficiency, and yield of a conventional solar still (CSS). The photovoltaic (PV) efficiency decreases with increase in water depth inside the basin while the still efficiency is higher in the case of fully submerged condition. The maximum water production was about 8 kg/m
2/day with PV under fully submerged condition; and during off‐shine hours the still efficiency was higher when compared with the partially submerged condition. Similarly, with a decrease in water temperature the panel efficiency is increases. The maximum hourly water production with and without the PV was found to be 1.3 and 0.45 kg/m
2, respectively. The main outcome of this study is that this mechanism can be used in isolated locations where there is a scarcity of current and distilled water.
Perinatal complications are associated with social anxiety: Indirect effects through temperament
Authors: Suarez Gabriela L. , Morales Santiago , Metcalf Kelly , Pérez‐Edgar Koraly E.
Published: March 2019

The current investigation examines the relation between perinatal complications and social anxiety incorporating the potential indirect effect of child temperament. Participants were 149 children aged 9 to 12 years (Mage = 9.97, SDage = 1.00) screened for behavioural inhibition (BI) and assessed for social anxiety symptoms using parent and child reports. Participating families also reported on the presence of perinatal complications. Results indicated that children who experienced perinatal complications were higher in BI and social anxiety than were children who did not experience complications. Furthermore, there was an indirect effect between perinatal complications and social anxiety via BI. These findings provide further support for the established relation between perinatal complications and anxiety and demonstrate, for the first time, that this relation may be mediated by temperament, setting the stage for longitudinal analyses.

Highlights

Perinatal complications were associated with increased social anxiety and fearful temperament (i.e., behavioral inhibition).

The relation between perinatal complications and social anxiety may be mediated by children's fearful temperament.

Results support the established relation between perinatal complications and anxiety and show that this relation may be mediated by temperament.
Long noncoding RNA TM1P3 is involved in osteoarthritis by mediating chondrocyte extracellular matrix degradation
Authors: Li Yufei , Li Zuowei , Li Chunyun , Zeng Yuelin , Liu Yong
Published: March 2019

Background and Objectives

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation and is the leading cause of physical disability. Noncoding RNAs, especially long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs, are involved in the degradation of the chondrocyte extracellular matrix (ECM) in patients with OA. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of lncRNA and miR‐22 on the degradation of the chondrocyte ECM and underlying mechanisms.

Methods

To simulate conditions found in OA, primary cultured chondrocytes were treated with IL‐1, TGF‐β, or sb525334. Real‐time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to detect expressions of miR‐22, lncRNA‐TM1P3, ALK1, MMP13, pSMAD1/5, SMAD1, and pSMAD5. Small interfering RNAs and a miR‐22 mimic or inhibitor were utilized to determine lncRNA‐TM1P3 knockdown and miR‐22 overexpression or inhibition.

Results

The lncRNA‐TM1P3 significantly upregulated in patients with OA, accompanied by the downregulation of miR‐22 and upregulation of pSMAD1/5 and MMP13, which ultimately resulted in the degradation of the chondrocyte ECM in patients with OA. Bioinformatics analysis predicted miR‐22 as a target of both lncRNA‐TM1P3 and MMP13. The lncRNA‐TM1P3 knockdown significantly increased the expression of ALK1, a corresponding increase in ECM degradation was observed by affecting the phosphorylation of SMAD1/5 and the expression of MMP13, which did not affect the expression of ALK1.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrated that the lncRNA‐TM1P3/miR‐22/TGF‐β signaling/MMP13 axis is involved in the degradation of chondrocyte ECM in patients with OA, which could provide novel therapies for OA treatment.
Engagement of vimentin intermediate filaments in hypotonic stress
Authors: Li Jian , Gao Wei , Zhang Yue , Cheng Fang , Eriksson John E. , Etienne‐Manneville Sandrine , Jiu Yaming
Published: March 2019

Intermediate filaments (IFs) play a key role in the control of cell structure and morphology, cell mechano‐responses, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. However, the mechanisms regulating IFs organization in motile adhesive cells under certain physical/pathological conditions remain to be fully understood. In this study, we found hypo‐osmotic–induced stress results in a dramatic but reversible rearrangement of the IF network. Vimentin and nestin IFs are partially depolymerized as they are redistributed throughout the cell cytoplasm after hypo‐osmotic shock. This spreading of the IFs requires an intact microtubule network and the motor protein associated transportation. Both nocodazole treatment and depletion of kinesin‐1 (KIF5B) block the hypo‐osmotic shock–induced rearrangement of IFs showing that the dynamic behavior of IFs largely depends on microtubules and kinesin‐dependent transport. Moreover, we show that cell survival rates are dramatically decreased in response to hypo‐osmotic shock, which was more severe by vimentin IFs depletion, indicating its contribution to osmotic endurance. Collectively, these results reveal a critical role of vimentin IFs under hypotonic stress and provide evidence that IFs are important for the defense mechanisms during the osmotic challenge.
STAT1‐avtiviated LINC00961 regulates myocardial infarction by the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway
Authors: Liu Shengzhong , He Ying , Shi Jun , Liu Lulu , Ma Hao , He Li , Guo Yingqiang
Published: March 2019

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a severe cardiac disease because of its high incidence and mortality worldwide. A growing body of recent investigations have confirmed that LINC00961 acts as a tumor suppressor in diverse malignancies. However, the biological significance of LINC00961 and its molecular mechanism in MI are still elusive. Hypoxia is the leading cause of MI and induces myocardial injury. In this study, we found the upregulated expression of LINC00961 in cardiomyocytes H9c2 after hypoxia treatment. Knockdown of LINC00961 ameliorated hypoxia‐induced cell injury by facilitating cell viability while repressing cell apoptosis. The significant increase of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) expression and phosphorylation levels was observed in hypoxia‐induced cells and proved to exacerbate hypoxia injury. In addition, STAT1 transcriptionally activated LINC00961 by binding to LINC00961 promoter. Furthermore, our results validated that suppressing LINC00961 contributed to the remarkable diminution in the phosphorylation levels of phosphoinositide 3‐kinases (PI3K), AKT, and glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β). Inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling or GSK3β pathway rescued the effects of LINC00961 knockdown on the hypoxia‐induced injury of cardiomyocytes. Namely, we concluded that STAT1‐avtiviated LINC00961 accelerated MI via the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway, which may provide clues for the treatment of patients with MI.
Arctigenin improves lipid metabolism by regulating AMP‐activated protein kinase and downstream signaling pathways
Authors: Song Yuzhou , Li Xiao , Liu Yunyun , Hu Yingjie , Yang Ruiyi
Published: March 2019

Although it has been reported that arctigenin (ARG) can reduce the body weight and inhibit adipogenic differentiation by activating AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), the exact signals responsible for the ARG‐mediated antiobesity mechanism through AMPK are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the potential improvement of AGR on lipid metabolism using a high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced hyperlipidemia rats and 3T3‐L1 mature adipocytes. The levels of AMPK and its downstream factors were examined by Western blot analysis and real‐time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We observed that ARG lowered the HFD‐induced body weight and the levels of serum lipid. Moreover, ARG clearly alleviated fat deposition in the liver and reduced epididymal fat accumulation. ARG also suppressed lipogenesis and lipolysis but promoted fatty acid β‐oxidation in adipocytes. Most importantly, ARG increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) and upregulated the messenger RNA levels of downstream genes related to fatty acid β‐oxidation, such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and acyl‐CoA oxidase 1 but downregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element‐binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1c) and their targets, including lipogenesis‐related genes such as CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α, lipoprotein lipase, adipocyte protein 2, and fatty acid synthase (FAS), as well as lipolysis‐related genes such as adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone‐sensitive lipase. The activity of FAS was also decreased by ARG. We conclude that AMPK activation is important for the pharmacological effects of ARG. ARG may improve lipid metabolism by regulating the AMPK‐ACC and AMPK‐PPARγ/SREBP1c signaling pathways.
Cryptotanshinone inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation‐induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells
Authors: Zhu Rui , Wang Wei , Yang Suxia
Published: March 2019

Cryptotanshinone (CTS), an active component extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge
, was reported to attenuate hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, its protective effect against renal I/R injury remains unclear. In this study, the role of CTS in renal I/R injury in vitro and its possible mechanism were investigated. Our results showed that CTS improved cell viability in HK‐2 cells exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). CTS also inhibited the H/R‐mediated production of reactive oxygen species, as well as increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in H/R‐stimulated HK‐2 cells. In addition, CTS dramatically attenuated the induction of bax expression and caspase‐3 activity and alleviated the reduction of bcl‐2 expression in HK‐2 cells cultured with H/R. Furthermore, CTS activated the levels of p‐PI3K and p‐Akt in H/R‐injured HK‐2 cells; meanwhile, the renal protective activity of CTS was inhibited by the inhibitor of the (phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B) PI3K/Akt pathway (LY294002). These findings indicate that CTS can ameliorate renal I/R injury in vitro partly through regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Morphology and mechanical properties of the dorsal bony plates in the Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis)
Authors: Zheng Yu , Guo Ce , Li Longhai , Ma Yaopeng
Published: March 2019

The morphology, composition, and mechanical properties of the dorsal bony plates in the Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) were determined in this study. Scanning electron microscopy images of the bony plates revealed a ridge‐like shape similar to that of traditional Chinese architecture and displayed hierarchical microstructures whose the degree of mineralization decreased from the surface layer to the internal layer. Moreover, the crests in the central part of the bony plates displayed porous characteristics. Composition analysis of the bony plates revealed that they were primarily composed of Ca, P, O, and C, demonstrating that hydroxyapatite was the main constituent. Mechanical experiments including nanoindentation, penetration, and tension tests confirmed that the bony plates have excellent mechanical properties and present high specific tensile strength that is comparable to that of 304 stainless steel. This study may provide a new bionic design template for lightweight and high‐strength body armor.
Reversion to developmental pathways underlies rapid arm regeneration in juvenile European cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus 1758)
Authors: Callaghan Neal I. , Capaz Juan C. , Lamarre Simon G. , Bourloutski Émilie , Oliveira Ana R. , MacCormack Tyson J. , Driedzic William R. , Sykes Antonio V.
Published: March 2019

Coleoid cephalopods, including the European cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), possess the remarkable ability to fully regenerate an amputated arm with no apparent fibrosis or loss of function. In model organisms, regeneration usually occurs as the induction of proliferation in differentiated cells. In rare circumstances, regeneration can be the product of naïve progenitor cells proliferating and differentiating de novo
. In any instance, the immune system is an important factor in the induction of the regenerative response. Although the wound response is well‐characterized, little is known about the physiological pathways utilized by cuttlefish to reconstruct a lost arm. In this study, the regenerating arms of juvenile cuttlefish, with or without exposure at the time of injury to sterile bacterial lipopolysaccharide extract to provoke an antipathogenic immune response, were assessed for the transcription of early tissue lineage developmental genes, as well as histological and protein turnover analyses of the resulting regenerative process. The transient upregulation of tissue‐specific developmental genes and histological characterization indicated that coleoid arm regeneration is a stepwise process with staged specification of tissues formed de novo, with immune activation potentially affecting the timing but not the result of this process. Together, the data suggest that rather than inducing proliferation of mature cells, developmental pathways are reinstated, and that a pool of naïve progenitors at the blastema site forms the basis for this regeneration.
Desmosterolosis and desmosterol homeostasis in the developing mouse brain
Authors: Allen Luke B. , Genaro‐Mattos Thiago C. , Porter Ned A. , Mirnics Károly , Korade Zeljka
Published: March 2019

Cholesterol serves as a building material for cellular membranes and plays an important role in cellular metabolism. The brain relies on its own cholesterol biosynthesis, which starts during embryonic development. Cholesterol is synthesized from two immediate precursors, desmosterol and 7‐dehydrocholesterol (7‐DHC). Mutations in the DHCR24 enzyme, which converts desmosterol into cholesterol, lead to desmosterolosis, an autosomal recessive developmental disorder. In this study, we assessed the brain content of desmosterol, 7‐DHC, and cholesterol from development to adulthood, and analyzed the biochemical, molecular, and anatomical consequences ofDhcr24mutations on the sterol profile in a mouse model of desmosterolosis and heterozygousDhcr24+/−carriers. Our HPLC‐MS/MS studies revealed that by P0 desmosterol almost entirely replaced cholesterol in theDhcr24‐KO brain. The greatly elevated desmosterol levels were also present in theDhcr24‐Het brains irrespective of maternal genotype, persisting into adulthood. Furthermore,Dhcr24‐KO mice brains showed complex changes in expression of lipid and sterol transcripts, nuclear receptors, and synaptic plasticity transcripts. CulturedDhcr24‐KO neurons showed increased arborization, which was also present in theDhcr24‐KO mouse brains. Finally, we observed a shared pathophysiological mechanism between the mouse models of desmosterolosis and Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (a genetic disorder of conversion of 7‐DHC to cholesterol).
Sexual dimorphism in postcranial skeletal shape suggests male‐biased specialization for physical competition in anthropoid primates
Authors: Morris Jeremy S. , Cunningham Christopher B. , Carrier David R.
Published: March 2019

Sexual dimorphism often arises as a response to selection on traits that improve a male's ability to physically compete for access to mates. In primates, sexual dimorphism in body mass and canine size is more common in species with intense male–male competition. However, in addition to these traits, other musculoskeletal adaptations may improve male fighting performance. Postcranial traits that increase strength, agility, and maneuverability may also be under selection. To test the hypothesis that males, as compared to females, are more specialized for physical competition in their postcranial anatomy, we compared sex‐specific skeletal shape using a set of functional indices predicted to improve fighting performance. Across species, we found significant sexual dimorphism in a subset of these indices, indicating the presence of skeletal shape sexual dimorphism in our sample of anthropoid primates. Mean skeletal shape sexual dimorphism was positively correlated with sexual dimorphism in body size, an indicator of the intensity of male–male competition, even when controlling for both body mass and phylogenetic relatedness. These results suggest that selection on male fighting ability has played a role in the evolution of postcranial sexual dimorphism in primates.
Assessment of sympathetic reinnervation after cardiac transplantation using hybrid cardiac PET/MRI: A pilot study
Authors: Beitzke Dietrich , Wielandner Alice , Wollenweber Tim , Vraka Chrysoula , Pichler Verena , Uyanik‐Uenal Keziban , Zuckermann Andreas , Greiser Andreas , Hacker Marcus , Loewe Christian
Published: March 2019

Background

Sympathetic reinnervation after heart transplantation (HTX) is a known phenomenon, which has an impact on patient heart rate variability and exercise capacity. The impact of reinnervation on myocardial structure has not been evaluated yet.

Propose

To evaluate the feasibility of simultaneous imaging of cardiac reinnervation and cardiac structure using a hybrid PET/MRI system.

Study type

Prospective / pilot study.

Subjects

Ten patients, 4–21 years after cardiac transplantation.

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T hybrid PET/MRI system. Cine SSFP, T1mapping (modified Look–Locker inversion recovery sequence) pre/postcontrast as well as dynamic [11C]meta‐hydroxyephedrine ([11C]mHED) PET.

Assessment

All MRI and PET parameters were evaluated by experienced readers using dedicated postprocessing software packages for cardiac MRI and PET. For all parameters a 16‐segment model for the left ventricle was applied.

Statistical Tests

Mann–WhitneyU‐test; Spearman correlations.

Results

Thirty‐six of 160 myocardial segments showed evidence of reinnervation by PET. On a segment‐based analysis, mean native T1relaxation times were nonsignificantly altered in segments with evidence of reinnervation (1305 ± 151 msec vs. 1270 ± 112 msec;P = 0.1), whereas mean extracellular volume (ECV) was significantly higher in segments with evidence of reinnervation (35.8 ± 11% vs. 30.9 ± 7%;P = 0.019). There were no significant differences in wall motion (WM) and wall thickening (WT) between segments with or without reinnervation (mean WM: 7.6 ± 4 mm vs. group B: 9.3 ± 7 mm [P = 0.13]; WT: 79 ± 63% vs. 94 ± 74% [P = 0.27]) under resting conditions.

Data Conclusion

The assessment of cardiac reinnervation using a hybrid PET/MRI system is feasible. Segments with evidence of reinnervation by PET showed nonsignificantly higher T1relaxation times and a significantly higher ECV, suggesting a higher percentage of diffuse fibrosis in these segments, without impairment of rest WM and WT.

Level of Evidence:3

Technical Efficacy:Stage 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1326–1335.