bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiology of the β Cell and Mechanisms of Inhibition of Insulin Release
Authors: Dunne Mark J. , Ämmälä Carina , Straub Susanne G. , Sharp Geoffrey W. G.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Ion Channels in Insulin‐Secreting Cells

Adenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive Potassium Channels

Extracellular Control of Adenosine Triphosphate‐Sensitive Potassium Channel Function

Therapeutic Manipulation by Modulators of Adenosine Triphosphate‐Sensitive Potassium Channels

Architecture of the β‐cell Adenosine Triphosphate‐Sensitive Potassium Channel

Calcium‐Selective Ion Channels

Voltage‐Gated Sodium Channels

Voltage‐Gated Potassium Channels

Voltage‐Independent Potassium Channels

Nonselective Cation Channels

Anion‐Selective Channels

Ionic Defects of β‐Cell Function

Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy

Altered Ionic Control of β Cells and Hypersecretion of Insulin

Correlation of Gene Defects in the Adenosine Triphosphate‐Sensitive Potassium Channel with Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy

Clinical Therapy for Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy

Implications for Diabetes Mellitus

Stimulus‐Secretion Coupling Mechanisms Other Than Depolarization

Novel Methods for the Measurement of Insulin Secretion

Capacitance

Amperometry and Voltametry

Calcium and Exocytosis

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate and Exocytosis

Effects of Phospholipases and Protein Kinases C and A

Sulfonylureas and Exocytosis

G Proteins and Exocytosis

Other Modulators of Exocytosis

Modeling Calcium‐, Cyclic, and Adenosine Monophosphate–, and Guanosine Triphosphate–Dependent Exocytosis

Molecular Mechanisms of Exocytosis in the β Cell

Receptor‐Mediated Inhibition of Insulin Release: Early and Late Effects

Involvement of G Proteins

Receptor–G Protein Interactions

Inhibitory Mechanisms

Adenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive Potassium Channel Activation and Membrane Repolarization

Calcium Channel Inhibition

Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase

Inhibition at a Distal Site

G Protein–Target Interactions

Adenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive Potassium Channel

L‐Type Calcium Channels

Adenylate Cyclase

Distal Inhibitory Site

Other Possible Mechanisms

Inhibition of Glucose Metabolism

Inhibition of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Stimulation of Calcium–Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity

Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate

Cytoskeleton

Summary of Inhibitory Mechanisms
Substrate Control of Insulin Release
Authors: Newgard Christopher B. , Matschinsky Franz M.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Cellular Architecture of Pancreatic Islets

General Aspects of Nutrient Sensing

The Glucose‐Sensing System: A Basic Model

Adenine Nucleotides and the Adenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive Potassium Channel

Regulation of Glucose Metabolism in Islet β Cells

Molecular Manipulations of Glucose‐Phosphorylating Activity in Islet Cells

Similarities and Differences in the Metabolic Environment of β Cells and Hepatocytes

Role of Lipids in Regulation of Insulin Secretion

Fundamentals of Amino Acid‐Stimulated Insulin Release

Mitochondria as Metabolic Signal Generators of Fuel‐Stimulated β Cells

Outlook
Insulin and Glucagon Secretion in vivo and its Neural Control
Authors: Taborsky Gerald J.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Anatomy of the Endocrine Pancreas

Islet Cell Types

Vascular Supply

Innervation

Acute Regulation of Secretion

Secretion During Feeding

Secretion During Hypoglycemia

Chronic Adaptation of Secretion

Fasting

Obesity

Pregnancy

Partial β‐Cell Loss or Dysfunction

Human Diabetes Mellitus

Summary and Conclusion
Insulin Degradation and Insulin‐Degrading Enzyme
Authors: Duckworth William C. , Hamel Frederick G.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Historical Perspective

Current Model of Insulin Degradation

Insulin Clearance

Liver

Kidney

Orfier Tissues

General Cellular Processes

Enzymatic Mechanisms for Cellular Metabolism of Insulin

Insulin‐Degrading Enzyme

General Characteristics

Molecular Characteristics

Cellular Characteristics

Intracellular Insulin and Insulin Action

Conclusions and Future Prospects
Glucagon and Glucagon‐like Peptide Production and Degradation
Authors: Kieffer Timothy J. , Hussain Mehboob A. , Habener Joel F.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

History

Glucagon

Glucagon‐like Peptides

The Glucagon Superfamily of Peptide Hormones

Tissue Distribution of Proglucagon Expression

Pancreas

Intestine

Brain

Proglucagon Biosynthesis

Organization and Structure of the Proglucagon Gene

Regulation of Glucagon Gene Expression

Posttranslational Processing of Proglucagon

Chemistry and Structure

Regulation of Glucagon Secretion

Overview

Intracellular Signals

Nutrients

Endocrine/Paracrine

Neural

Pulsatility

Regulation of Glucagon‐like Peptide‐1 Secretion

Overview

Intracellular Signals

Nutrients

Endocrine

Neural

Metabolism and Degradation

Overview

Renal Clearance

Hepatic Clearance

Degradation in the Circulation

Biologically Active Fragments

Physiological Actions

Glucagon

Glucagon‐like Peptide‐1

Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2

Mechanisms of Action

Glucagon

Glucagon‐like Peptide‐1

Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2

Human Disease

Glucagon

Glucagon‐like Peptide‐1

Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2
Glucagon Signal‐Transduction Mechanisms
Authors: Exton J. H.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Glucagon Receptor

Regulation of Gs

Regulation of Adenylate Cyclase

Regulation of cAmp‐Dependent Protein Kinase

Substrates of cAmp‐Dependent Protein Kinase

Mechanisms of Calcium Mobilization Induced by Glucagon
Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Lipolysis
Authors: Salati Lisa M.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Pathways of De Novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Lipolysis

Regulation in the Pathways for Lipogenesis and Lipolysis

Cellular Sites of Lipogenesis and Lipolysis

Isolated Cell Models for the Study of Lipogenesis and Lipolysis

Establishing Insulin and Glucagon as Regulators of Lipogenesis and Lipolysis

Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Regulation of Lipogenesis and Lipolysis

Criteria for Evaluating Putative Regulatory Mechanisms

Regulated Steps
Regulation of Glucose Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Kruszynska Yolanta T. , Ciaraldi Theodore P. , Henry Robert R.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Glucose Phosphorylation by Hexokinase

Glycogen Metabolism

Enzymes of Glycogen Metabolism

Structural Organization of Glycogen Metabolism

Coordinate Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism

Signaling Pathways for Hormonal Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism

Regulation of Glycolysis

Metabolism of Pyruvate

Energy Yield of Glycolysis and Glucose Oxidation

Regulation of Glucose Oxidation

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Control of Flux Through the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Glucose Fatty Acid Cycle

Metabolism of Glucose via the Hexosamine Pathway
Regulation of Gluconeogenesis in Liver
Authors: Hue Louis
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Gluconeogenic Substrates

Organization of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

Occurrence of Futile Cycles

Metabolic Crossroads

Analysis of Flux Control

Regulation and Role of the Three Cycles

The Glucose–Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Cycle

The Fructose‐6‐Phosphate‐Fructose‐1,6‐Bisphosphate Cycle

The Pyruvate–Phosphoenolpyruvate Cycle

Integrated Control by Substrates and Hormones

Coordinated Control of Flux by Metabolites

Short‐Term Control by Hormones

Long‐Term Control by Hormones and Substrates

Control by End Products

Inhibitors of Gluconeogenesis

Conclusions
The Pancreas and Lipoprotein Metabolism
Authors: Ginsberg Henry N. , Goldberg Ira J.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Lipoproteins

Lipoprotein Structure and Composition

Plasma Lipid Enzymes

Transport of Exogenous (Dietary) Lipids

Transport of Endogenous Lipids

Regulation of the Assembly and Secretion of Apoprotein B‐100‐Containing Lipoproteins

Very‐Low‐Density Lipoprotein Catabolism

Very‐Low‐Density Lipoprotein Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus

Low‐Density Lipoprotein Production and Catabolism

Low‐Density Lipoprotein Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus

Metabolism of Apoprotein A‐I‐Containing Lipoproteins

Apoprotein A‐I‐Containing Lipoproteins in Diabetes Mellitus
Sepsis‐induced Changes in Pancreatic Hormone Secretion
Authors: Lang Charles H.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Alterations in Insulin Concentration, Secretion, and Clearance

Hemorrhage and Acute Blood Loss

Thermal Injury

Traumatic Injury

Bacterial Infection

Endotoxin and Related Insults

Alterations in Glucagon Concentration, Secretion, and Clearance

Hemorrhage and Acute Blood Loss

Thermal Injury

Traumatic Injury

Bacterial Infection

Endotoxin and Related Insults

Stress‐Induced Changes in Other Pancreatic Hormones

Amylin

Somatostatin

Pancreatic Polypeptide

Impact of Trauma‐Induced Changes in Glucagon and Insulin on Metabolism
Obesity
Authors: Bray George A. , York David A.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Definitions and Measurement of Body Fat, Fat Distribution, and Weight

The Problem Posed by Obesity

Methods Used to Study Obesity

Animal Models Used to Produce Obesity

Obesity as a Disturbance of Energy Balance

Obesity as a Disturbance of Nutrient Feedback

Controlled System

Afferent Feedback

The Controller

Efferent Controls

Recent Experimental Findings

Single Genes

Polygenic Obesity

Diet‐Related Obesities

Hypothalamic Obesity

Endocrine Obesity

Features Common to Many Models of Obesity
Starvation
Authors: Owen Oliver E. , Smalley Karl J. , Jungas Robert L.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Fundamental Principles and Observations of Bioenergetics

Epidemiology

Weight Loss, Body Composition and Energy Requirements During Food Deprivation

Urinary Excretory Products During Total Starvation

General Metabolism During Starvation

Anaplerosis and Cataplerosis

Gluconeogenesis, Ketogenesis, Ureagenesis, Ammoniagenesis and Acid‐Base Balance

Minimum Protein, Fat and Glucose Requirements

Endocrine Signals

Insulin

Glucagon

Catecholamines

lodothyronines

Growth Hormone, Insulin‐like Growth Factor and Cortisol

Leptin and Neuroendocrine Factors

Clinical Observations
Cell cycle regulation and interneuron production
Authors: Ross M. Elizabeth
Published: November 2010

The regulation of progenitor proliferation in developing brain in has been extensively studied in the cerebral cortex, but relatively little is known about progenitor divisions in ventral germinal zones. Recent observations pertinent to interneuron genesis in the ventral forebrain, especially in the medial ganglionic eminence, indicate similarities to cerebral cortical neurogenesis and hint at some interesting differences between ventral and dorsal telencephalon progenitors. Proliferation within the ganglionic eminences is discussed from the vantage point of neural precursor cell cycles, especially G1‐phase, and current models of neurogenic divisions in cortex that may apply to ventral forebrain as well. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 2–9, 2011
The chandelier neuron in schizophrenia
Authors: Lewis David A.
Published: November 2010

Markers of GABA neurotransmission between chandelier neurons and their synaptic targets, the axon initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal neurons, are altered in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of subjects with schizophrenia. For example, immunoreactivity for the GABA membrane transporter (GAT1) is decreased in presynaptic chandelier neuron axon terminals, whereas immunoreactivity for the GABAA receptor α2 subunit is increased in postsynaptic AIS. These alterations are most marked in cortical layers 2–3. In addition, other determinants of the function of chandelier cell‐pyramidal neuron synapses, such as ankyrin‐G (which regulates the recruitment of sodium channels to the AIS), are also selectively altered in superficial layer pyramidal neurons in subjects with schizophrenia. Each of these components of chandelier cell‐pyramidal neuron connectivity exhibits distinctive developmental trajectories in the primate DLPFC, suggesting that disturbances in these trajectories could contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Recent findings that inputs from neocortical chandelier neurons are excitatory provide new ideas about the role of this circuitry in the pathophysiology of cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 118–127, 2011
Diarylprolinol Silyl Ether Catalyzed Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes: Enhanced Enantioselectivity and Mechanistic Investigations
Authors: Shi Zi‐Hui , Sheng Hao , Yang Ke‐Fang , Jiang Jian‐Xiong , Lai Guo‐Qiao , Lu Yixin , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: November 2010

A highly enantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99 % ee) has been developed, and this improved method offers substantial advantages over traditional approaches, not only by avoiding the use of acids or bases, but also in terms of the higher level of stereoselectivity. In addition, we have demonstrated through a plausible mechanism that the role of silicon in the diarylprolinol silyl ethers (Jørgensen–Hayashi organocatalyst) not only serves as a bulky group to induce steric repulsion but also serves as a Lewis acidic promoter to accelerate the reaction between the secondary amine and the substrate (α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde).
Numerical and analytical simulation of peristaltic flows of generalized Oldroyd‐B fluids
Authors: Tripathi Dharmendra
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we study the peristaltic flows of generalized Oldroyd‐B fluids through the gap between concentric uniform tubes under the assumption of large wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. The inner tube is rigid and the outer tube has a sinusoidal wave travelling down its wall. Homotopy perturbation and variational iteration methods are used for solution of the problem. The obtained solution is then used to discuss various interesting features of peristalsis. The effects of relaxation time, retardation time and radii of the tubes on pressure rise and friction forces (per wavelength on the inner and outer tubes) are discussed with illustrations. It is found that pressure rise diminishes with increase in relaxation time or the ratio of radii of inner and outer tubes. It increases with increasing retardation time. The effects of both time parameters on friction forces have the opposite behavior to that of pressure rise. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An XFEM‐based embedding mesh technique for incompressible viscous flows
Authors: Shahmiri Shadan , Gerstenberger Axel , Wall Wolfgang A.
Published: November 2010

This paper presents a finite element (FE) embedding mesh technique to efficiently embed arbitrary fluid mesh patches into Cartesian or unstructured background fluid grids. Our motivating application for such a technique is to efficiently resolve flow features like boundary layers around structures, which is achieved by attaching fluid boundary layer meshes around these structure surfaces. The proposed technique can be classified as a non‐overlapping domain decomposition method. The particular feature is that the embedded patch cuts a void region into the background grid independently of background element edges. Since the embedded fluid domain ends in the middle of background elements, extended FE techniques are used to model a sharp separation between active and inactive regions on the background grid. The active background region is coupled to the boundary layer mesh using a mixed/hybrid Lagrange multiplier technique as proposed in Gerstenberger and Wall (textitInt. J. Numer. Meth. Engng. 2010; 82:537–563). The coupling formulation works without stabilization for the Lagrange multiplier unknowns and the Lagrange multiplier can be completely condensed on the element level. Within this paper, the approach is derived for incompressible, viscous flows. Three‐dimensional examples using linear and quadratic shape functions demonstrate the correctness and the versatility of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On flow of a fourth‐grade fluid with heat transfer
Authors: Hayat T. , Naz Rahila , Abbasbandy S.
Published: November 2010

The influence of heat transfer on the steady flow of a fourth‐grade fluid between two stationary parallel porous plates is studied. The flow is engendered under the application of a constant pressure gradient. The concept of homotopy analysis method is utilized for the series solution of the governing problem. Numerical solution has been also carried out. In addition, both analytic and numerical solutions are compared. The variations of embedded parameters into the solution are predicted through the graphical representations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The two‐grid stabilization of equal‐order finite elements for the stokes equations
Authors: Song Lina , Hou Yanren , Zheng Haibiao
Published: November 2010

This work presents a two‐grid stabilized method of equal‐order finite elements for the Stokes problems. This method only offsets the discrete pressure space by the residual of pressure on two grids to circumvent the discrete Babuška–Brezzi condition. The method can be done locally in a two‐grid approach without stabilization parameter by projecting the pressure onto a finite element space based on coarse mesh. Also, it leads to a linear system with minimal additional cost in implement. Optimal error estimates are obtained. Finally, some numerical simulations are presented to show stability and accuracy properties of the method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Internal Reformation and Mass Transport in the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode: A Pore‐scale Lattice Boltzmann Study with Detailed Reaction Kinetics
Authors: Grew K. N. , Joshi A. S. , Chiu W. K. S.
Published: November 2010

The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) allows the conversion of chemical energy that is stored in a given fuel, including light hydrocarbons, to electrical power. Hydrocarbon fuels, such as methane, are logistically favourable and provide high energy densities. However, the use of these fuels often results in a decreased efficiency and life. An improved understanding of the reactive flow in the SOFC anode can help address these issues. In this study, the transport and heterogeneous internal reformation of a methane based fuel is addressed. The effect of the SOFC anode's complex structure on transport and reactions is shown to exhibit a complicated interplay between the local molar concentrations and the anode structure. Strong coupling between the phenomenological microstructures and local reformation reaction rates are recognised in this study, suggesting the extension to actual microstructures may provide new insights into the reformation processes.
A Field Study to Investigate Environmental Factors that Could Effect Microcystin Synthesis of a Microcystis Population in the Bautzen Reservoir
Authors: Jungmann Dirk , Ludwichowski Kai‐Uwe , Faltin Veronika , Benndorf Jurgen
Published: November 2010

Toxicity of Microcystis blooms to warm‐blooded animals generated by microcystins has bew reported world wide. The ecological relevance of microcystin production for cyanobacteria remains unknown. The microcystin concentration in Microcystis blooms occurring in the Bautzen reservoir Was investigated. The microcystin content of samples were determined by HPLC and ranged from undetectabel to 14.7 μg mg−1. Various chemical and physical parameters were monitored at the same time as Microcystis sampling, however, there was no correlation between these parameters and microcystin dynamics. The spatial distribution of microcystin in the Microcystis population was investigated once and showed no difference between samples taken at five stations. The microcystin concentration in ihc cell free water from the reservoir was below the detection threshold (< 1 μg L−1). Size dependent Fractions of the Microcystis population analyzed for microcystin concentration correlated with colony sim. In the small fraction (>30 <66 μm) microcystin was not detected. In the medium fraction (> 6 h < 100μm) lower microcystin concentrations were detected than in large fraction (>100μm) in which the highest microcystin concentrations were found.
Recruitment of Planktonic Dinoflagellates: Importance of Benthic Resting Stages and Resuspension Events
Authors: Nehring Stefan
Published: November 2010

Many factors have ken put forward to account for the development of nuisance phytoplankton blooms in coastal zones. Usually hydrological factors as temperature or salinity stratification and adequate nutrient and trace metal availability are held responsible for the phenomenon. The most frequent causative organisms for nuisance blooms are dinoflagellates, many of which have a dormant stage (resting cyst) in their life cycle. The role of the complex life‐strategies of these forms in initiating bloom formation is the focus of this study. Special attention is given to 25 different dinoflagellate resting cyst types isolated from recent German North Sea and Baltic Sea sediments, and their germination frequency under different environmental conditions. Also, the role of cyst resuspension in relationship to the timing, persistence and recurrence of dinoflagellate blooms is extensive discussed.
Chironomid Assemblages of Three Endoreic Karstic Lagoons (Southern Spain) Determined by Collection of Pupal Exuviae: Importance of the Water Mineralization and Sediment Characteristics
Authors: Casas J. Jesus , Vilchez‐Quero A.
Published: November 2010

Floating chironomid pupal exuviae were collected every three months from January 1992 to April 1993 on the windward shore of three endoreic karstic lagoons varying in the mineralization of the water and the characteristics of the sediment.

A total of 16 chironomid species were identified in the three lagoons studied. Species richness was rather similar in the lagoons, varying from 8 species in Lagoon Chica to 10 species in Lagoon Caja. The chironomid assemblage of Lagoon Caja seems to be determined by the vast cover of aquatic macro‐phytes (mainly Myriophyllcim spicurum), a substrate widely preferred by the species of the subfamily Orthocladiinae. However, in Lagoon Chica with a similar cover of M. spicurm, only one Orthocladi‐inae species was found with a low relative abundance. The higher salinity may have limited the colonization of more Orthocladiinae species.

The chironomid assemblages of the lagoons Chica and Grande are largely determined by the high mineralization of the water, most of the resident species being widely recognized as halophilous or tolerant of a wide range of water mineralization, and by the concomitant high intensity and frequency of disturbance in the sediment. Continuous anoxia, sulphide production and the compact layer of salt precipitates in these lagoons appear to deplete the abundance of sedentary detritivorous‐phytophagous species, but allow a stronger representation of highly mobile facultative predatory taxa (e.g. Proclucliiis) which are more able to withstand this constantly stressed environment, as in the profundal benthos of eutrophic aquatic systems with long‐lasting periods of anoxia.
Tubifex tubifex (Müller, 1774) (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) in the Profundal of Estonian Lakes
Authors: Timm Tarmo
Published: November 2010

Tubifex tubifex (Müller, 1774) was found in the profundal of 23 Estonian lakes out of the 187 lakes where oligochaetes were met in the deeper zone: in 4 cases as the single tubificid species but usually together with Potamothrix hammoniensis (Michaelsen) dominating in almost all lakes. T. tubifex was abundant and large in size in the profundal of a few lakes with mesotrophic features but scarce and dwarfish (if not lacking) in the common eutrophic ones. Observations in aquaria demonstrate that its occurrence in eutrophic lakes is not limited by the bacterial food. Some kind of competition with P. hammoniensis can be supposed but no direct evidence exists. Recent colonization of the profundal of an eutrophic lake by T. tubifex, probably from the littoral of the same lake, was observed.
Genetic Variation and Divergence in the Genus Carcinus (Crustacea, Decapoda)
Authors: Bulnheim H.‐P. , Bahns S.
Published: November 2010

The extent of genetic differentiation of the decapod crustaceans Carcinus maenas (L.) and C. aestuarii Nardo was studied in nine nearshore locations comprising various European marine and brackish‐water habitats, (Norway, Germany, France, Spain, Italy and Yugoslavia), using starch gel electrophoresis. The heterozygosity for all 19 allozyme loci was 0.026–0.016 (C. maenas) and 0.011–0.003 (C. aestuarii); one locus (Pgm) was the most polymorphic. The populations had rather low levels of genetic variability, comparable to those found in other decapods. In general, a light clinal variation in allele frequencies was discovered at the Pgm locus of C. maenas as latitude decreased. Because of similar morphologies and a closed genetic relationship (I = 0.89), the two forms should be considered subspecies. Therefore, the designation of the Atlantic subspecies C. maenas maenas is proposed, and the term of the Mediterranean subspecies C. maenas aestuarii is recommended.
Preferences
Authors: Swift Joshua K. , Callahan Jennifer L. , Vollmer Barbara M.
Published: November 2010

Client preferences are recognized as a key component to evidence‐based practice; however, research has yet to confirm the actual influence preferences have on treatment outcome. In this meta‐analysis, we summarize results from 35 studies that have examined the preference effect with adult clients. Overall, clients who were matched to their preferred therapy conditions were less likely to drop out of therapy prematurely (OR=.59, p<.001) and showed greater improvements in treatment outcomes (d=.31, p<.001). Type of preference (role, therapist, or treatment type) was not found to moderate the preference effect, but study design was found to be a significant moderator, with randomized controlled trials showing the largest differences between preference‐matched clients and nonmatched clients. These results underscore the centrality of incorporating patient preferences when making treatment decisions. Clinical examples and therapeutic practices are provided. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 67:155–165, 2011.
No‐carrier‐added radioiodination of triolborates, water‐soluble complexes of boronic acids
Authors: Akula Murthy R. , Yao Min‐Liang , Kabalka George W.
Published: November 2010

A convenient and rapid synthesis of iodine‐123 labeled aryl and heteroaryl iodides from water‐soluble complexes of aryl‐ and heteroarylboronic acids has been developed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radioiodination of polymer‐supported organotrifluoroborates
Authors: Yong Li , Yao Min‐Liang , Kelly Hall , Green James F. , Kabalka George W.
Published: November 2010

To simplify the purification of radiolabeled compounds, a novel strategy that combines the advantages of polymer chemistry and organotrifluoroborate chemistry was examined. It was discovered that the no‐carrier‐added radioiodination of readily prepared Dowex‐supported organotrifluoroborates can be successfully achieved using a variety of oxidants, including a polymer‐supported oxidant. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[N‐Methyl‐11C]choline by on‐column reaction: a study on [11C]CH3I incorporation and the residual amount of precursor in the product
Authors: Bogni A. , Crispu O. , Fugazza L. , Cucchi C. , Laera L. , Iwata R. , Crippa F. , Bombardieri E. , Pascali C.
Published: November 2010

[N‐Methyl‐11C]choline has been synthesized at room temperature by the reaction of [11C]CH3I with 2‐dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), with the latter directly loaded on a weak cation‐exchange cartridge. Most of the efforts have been directed to reduce the amount of residual precursor in the product's final solution in order to make this tracer more suitable to brain studies. In the process, radiochemical yields and residual DMAE have been placed in relation with both the starting amount of precursor and the rinsing conditions used and compared with the more ‘traditional’ loading of the precursor on either a C18 cartridge or a loop. Comments and indications on the most convenient analytical technique and conditions for quantitative analysis, with particular emphasis on the precursor, are also reported. Under what we believe to be a fair compromise, [11C]CH3I incorporation yields of ca. 90% were easily achieved with a residual amount of starting material in the 8‐ to 12‐ppm range. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient synthesis of [D6]leucocrystal violet
Authors: Yang Weicheng , Luo Yong , Liu Weixia , Deng Xiaojun , Du Xiaoning , Li Meihua
Published: November 2010

This report presents an efficient synthesis of [D6]leucocrystal violet. Esterification of p‐toluenesulphonyl chloride with [D4]methanol provided [D3]methyl p‐toluenesulphonate, which was used to methylate aniline to give [D6]N,N‐dimethylaniline. Condensation of [D6]N,N‐dimethylaniline with bis[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]methanol afforded [D6]leucocrystal violet in an overall yield of 30% in three steps. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collision‐induced dissociation mass spectra of positive ions derived from tetrahydropyranyl (THP) ethers of primary alcohols
Authors: Ruzicka Josef , Weisbecker Carl , Attygalle Athula B.
Published: November 2010

Peaks for [M + H]+ are not observed when electrospray ionization mass spectra of tetrahydropyranyl (THP) ethers are recorded under acidic conditions. However, gaseous [M + H]+ ions can be generated from ammonium adducts of THP ethers of primary alcohols by in‐source fragmentation. The product ion spectra of these proton adducts show two significant peaks at m/z 85 and 103. Tandem mass spectrometric data obtained from appropriately deuteriated derivatives and ab initio calculations indicate that the m/z 85 ion originates from more than one mechanism and represents two structurally different species. A charge‐directed E1‐elimination mechanism or an inductive cleavage mechanism can produce the 3,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrylium ion as one of the structures for the m/z 85 ion, whereas a charge‐remote process with ring contraction can generate the 5‐methyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐furylium ion as the other structure. A comparison of the relative abundances of product ions from different isotopologues showed that the charge‐remote process is the preferred mechanism. This is congruent with the ab initio calculations, which showed that the dihydrofurylium ion bears the lowest energy structure. The less abundant m/z 103 ion, which represents a protonated tetrahydropyran‐2‐ol, is formed by a charge‐remote process via a proton transfer from the alkyl substituent. This process involves the formation and rearrangement of a carbenium ion in close association with a hydroxypentanal molecule. A proton transfer from the carbenium ion to the aldehyde is followed by elimination of an alkene. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional in situ zonal morphology of viable growth plate chondrocytes: A confocal microscopy study
Authors: Amini Samira , Veilleux Daniel , Villemure Isabelle
Published: November 2010

Longitudinal growth, occurring in growth plates with structurally distinct zones, has clinical implications in the treatment of progressive skeletal deformities. This study documents the three‐dimensional morphology of chondrocytes within histological zones of growth plate using confocal microscopy combined with fluorescent labeling techniques. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of Calcein AM‐labeled chondrocytes was made from stacks of confocal images recorded in situ from 4‐week‐old swine growth plates. Three‐dimensional quantitative morphological measurements were further performed and compared at both tissue and cell levels. Chondrocyte volume and surface area increased about five‐ and threefold, respectively, approaching the chondro‐osseous junction from the pool of reserve cells. Chondrocytes from the proliferative zone were the most discoidal cells (sphericity of 0.81 ± 0.06) among three histological zones. Minimum and maximum cell/matrix volume ratios were identified in the reserve (11.0 ± 2.2) and proliferative zones (16.8 ± 3.0), respectively. Evaluated parameters revealed the heterogeneous and zone‐dependent morphological state of the growth plate. Tissue and cellular morphology may have noteworthy contribution to the growth plate behavior during growth process. The ability to obtain in situ cell morphometry and monitor the changes in the growth direction could improve our understanding of the mechanisms through which abnormal growth is triggered. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:710–717, 2011
Development of a combined database for meta‐epidemiological research
Authors: Savović Jelena , Harris Ross J. , Wood Lesley , Beynon Rebecca , Altman Doug , Als‐Nielsen Bodil , Balk Ethan M. , Deeks Jonathan , Gluud Lise Lotte , Gluud Christian , Ioannidis John P. A. , Jűni Peter , Moher David , Pildal Julie , Schulz Kenneth F. , Sterne Jonathan A. C.
Published: November 2010

Collections of meta‐analyses assembled in meta‐epidemiological studies are used to study associations of trial characteristics with intervention effect estimates. However, methods and findings are not consistent across studies. To combine data from 10 meta‐epidemiological studies into a single database, and derive a harmonized dataset without overlap between meta‐analyses. The database design allowed trials to be contained in different meta‐analyses, multiple meta‐analyses in systematic reviews, overlapping meta‐analyses between systematic reviews, and multiple references to the same trial or review. Unique identifiers were assigned to each reference and used to identify duplicate trials. Sets of meta‐analyses with overlapping trials were identified and duplicates removed. Overlapping trials were used to examine agreement between assessments of trial characteristics. The combined database contained 427 reviews, 454 meta‐analyses and 4874 trial results. Of these, 258 meta‐analyses were unique, while for 196 at least one trial overlapped with another meta‐analysis. Median kappa statistics for reliability of assessments were 0.60 for sequence generation, 0.58 for allocation concealment and 0.87 for blinding. Based on inspection of sets of overlapping meta‐analyses, 91 meta‐analyses containing 1344 trial results were removed. Additionally, 24 duplicated trial results were removed from 16 meta‐analyses, to derive a final database containing 363 meta‐analyses and 3477 unique trial results. The final database will be used to examine the combined evidence on sources of bias in randomized controlled trials. The strategy used to remove overlap between meta‐analyses may be of use for future empirical research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Posttraumatic stress among young urban children exposed to family violence and other potentially traumatic events
Authors: Crusto Cindy A. , Whitson Melissa L. , Walling Sherry M. , Feinn Richard , Friedman Stacey R. , Reynolds Jesse , Amer Mona , Kaufman Joy S.
Published: November 2010

This study examines the relationship between the number of types of traumatic events experienced by children 3 to 6 years old, parenting stress, and children's posttraumatic stress (PTS). Parents and caregivers provided data for 154 urban children admitted into community‐based mental health or developmental services. By parent and caregiver report, children experienced an average of 4.9 different types of potentially traumatic events. Nearly one quarter of the children evidenced clinically significant PTS. Posttraumatic stress was positively and significantly related to family violence and other family‐related trauma exposure, nonfamily violence and trauma exposure, and parenting stress. Additionally, parenting stress partially mediated the relationship between family violence and trauma exposure and PTS. This study highlights the need for early violence and trauma exposure screening in help‐seeking populations so that appropriate interventions are initiated.
Investigation on corrosion of titanium/steel brazed joint
Authors: Elrefaey A. , Wojarski L. , Tillmann W.
Published: November 2010

Furnace vacuum brazing has been employed to join commercially pure titanium alloy and low carbon steel using a silver‐based filler metal with a composition of Ag‐Cu34‐Ti2 (wt%). Three different brazing temperatures (850°C, 880°C, 930°C) and two holding times (5 and 15 min) were applied and evaluated. The corrosion behavior of the joints in 0.1 M sulfuric acid was investigated using immersion and electrochemical tests. Measurements of corrosion potential, corrosion current density, corrosion rate, polarization resistance, weight loss, and morphology of corrosion attack were used in this study. The results indicated that a severe corrosion attack at the interfacial area of the steel side took place. Despite the difference in corrosion rate values obtained by electrochemical and weight loss measurements, the trend of the results was identical to a large extent. The corrosion resistance of the joint showed a general tendency to increase with an increasing brazing temperature and holding time. Therefore, the joints produced at a temperature of 930°C and a holding time of 15 min produced the best result concerning the corrosion behavior.

Vakuumofenlöten wurde zum Fügen der kommerziellen reinen Titanlegierung mit niedriglegiertem Stahl unter Verwendung eines Silberbasislotes der Zusammensetzung Ag‐Cu34‐Ti2 (Gew.‐%) eingesetzt. Drei verschiedene Temperaturen (850°C, 880°C, 930°C) und zwei Haltezeiten (5 min und 15 min) wurden angewendet und ausgewertet. Das Korrosionsverhalten der Verbunde in 0,1 molarer Schwefelsäure wurde mit Tauch‐ und elektrochemischen Versuchen untersucht. Messungen des Korrosionspotenzials, der Korrosionsstromdichte, Korrosionsrate, Polarisationsresistenz, des Masseverlustes und Morphologie des Korrosionsangriffes wurden in dieser Studie durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass ein starker Angriff im Interfacebereich auf der Stahlseite statt gefunden hat. Trotz der in elektrochemischen und Masseverlustversuchen ermittelten Differenz der Korrosionsratewerte war der Trend der Ergebnisse weitgehend identisch. Der Korrosionswiderstand des Fügeverbunds zeigte eine generell steigende Tendenz bei erhöhten Löttemperaturen und Haltezeiten. Daher erzielten die bei 930°C in 15 min gelöteten Fügeverbunde die besten Ergebnisse in Hinsicht auf das Korrosionsverhalten.
The estimation of the contact interface temperature during resistance spot welding of zinc coated steels using numerical technique
Authors: Galler M. , Enzinger N. , Sommitsch C.
Published: November 2010

In this paper the unit area electrical contact resistance curves for galvanized DP600 steel at the electrode‐sheet and sheet‐sheet interface were estimated using experimental resistance data and the finite element modeling technique. A modified experimental resistance spot welding procedure was employed to analyze the total dynamic resistance as a function of welding current at the peak in the first half wave. The resulting experimental data was used in a numerical procedure with the finite element modeling program SYSWELD to predict unit area electrical contact resistance curves. The numerical procedure enabled the separation of the bulk material resistance contribution as well as the prediction of the contact interface temperature at each current input in the simulation. The new contact resistance curves were used in a resistance spot welding simulation and the resulting shape and radius of the molten zone and heat affected zone were compared to experimental weld cross sections.

Es wurde hier der elektrische Kontaktwiderstand an der Elektrode‐Blech und der Blech‐Blech Oberfläche an einem feuerverzinkten DP600 Stahl als Funktion der Temperatur ermittelt. Experimentelle Widerstandswerte wurden als Funktion des Schweißstromes gemessen, und anschließend mit dem FEM Programm SYSWELD verglichen und optimiert. In diesem numerischen Verfahren wurde der Stoffwiderstand für verschiedene Stromstärken (1 kA Schritte) berechnet, um aus den Differenzen den Kontaktwiderstandswert genau zu bestimmen. Anschließend wurde mit Hilfe der FEM Methode die Temperatur an der Kontaktoberfläche optimiert, um die experimentell und numerisch ermittelten Widerstandswerte abzugleichen. Die ermittelten Kontaktwiderstandskurven wurden in der Simulation verwendet und der Schmelzzonen‐ sowie der Wärmeeinflusszonenradius mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen verglichen.
Application of fatigue approaches on fillet welds of high strength steel
Authors: Stoschka M. , Leitner M. , Fössl T. , Leitner H. , Eichlseder W.
Published: November 2010

To calculate the fatigue behaviour of welded structures local fatigue approaches like the effective notch stress approach are used. This paper examines the application of the notch stress approach for thin‐walled specimens made of high‐strength steel. Focus is laid on the end‐of‐seam fatigue behaviour. To highlight the differences between welding of transversal stiffener and longitudinal gusset a coupled weld simulation was set‐up. The comparative results and measurements showed that the intersecting start and stop areas of the longitudinal gusset define the regions with highest residual stresses. The thin‐walled fatigue investigations showed that the notch stress approach supports the use of a single master SN‐curve both for continuous fillet welds and end‐of‐seams possessing a slope of three. The influence of the clamping condition can be minimized by using small reference radii. The observed corresponding fatigue ratio is not thoroughly satisfying and will be examined in detail in further work.
CPW‐fed equilateral triangular‐ring slot antenna with capacitive loading
Authors: Chen Ke‐Ren , Sim Chow‐Yen‐Desmond , Hsieh Yuan‐Pu , Row Jeen‐Sheen
Published: November 2010

A novel coplanar equilateral triangular‐ring slot antenna with dual frequency operation is proposed for WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) system in the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz operating bands.Impedance matching for both lower and upper operating bands at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz, respectively, are achieved by capacitively loading the inner triangular patch. To excite the 5.2‐GHz band, two T‐shaped slits are inserted into the triangular patch. The design flow of this antenna is clearly illustrated, and a prototype was constructed and experimentally investigated. Good radiation patterns and stable gain variation are measured for all operating bands. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52:2775–2780, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25601
A novel MRI framework for the quantification of any moment of arbitrary velocity distributions
Authors: Dyverfeldt Petter , Sigfridsson Andreas , Knutsson Hans , Ebbers Tino
Published: November 2010

MRI can measure several important hemodynamic parameters but might not yet have reached its full potential. The most common MRI method for the assessment of flow is phase‐contrast MRI velocity mapping that estimates the mean velocity of a voxel. This estimation is precise only when the intravoxel velocity distribution is symmetric. The mean velocity corresponds to the first raw moment of the intravoxel velocity distribution. Here, a generalized MRI framework for the quantification of any moment of arbitrary velocity distributions is described. This framework is based on the fact that moments in the function domain (velocity space) correspond to differentials in the Fourier transform domain (kv‐space). For proof‐of‐concept, moments of realistic velocity distributions were estimated using finite difference approximations of the derivatives of the MRI signal. In addition, the framework was applied to investigate the symmetry assumption underlying phase‐contrast MRI velocity mapping; we found that this assumption can substantially affect phase‐contrast MRI velocity estimates and that its significance can be reduced by increasing the velocity encoding range. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct imaging and quantification of carotid plaque calcification
Authors: Du Jiang , Corbeil Jacqueline , Znamirowski Richard , Angle Niren , Peterson Michael , Bydder Graeme M. , Kahn Andrew M.
Published: November 2010

Carotid plaque calcification normally appears as a signal void with clinical MR sequences. Here, we describe the use of an adiabatic inversion recovery prepared two‐dimensional ultrashort echo time sequence to image and characterize carotid plaque calcification using a clinical 3‐T scanner. T1, T, and free water content were measured for seven carotid samples, and the results were compared with micro‐CT imaging. Conventional gradient echo and fast spin echo images were also acquired for comparison. Correlations between T1, T, free water concentration, and mineral density were performed. There was a close correspondence between inversion recovery prepared two‐dimensional ultrashort echo time morphologic and micro‐CT appearances. Carotid plaque calcification varied significantly from sample to sample, with T1s ranging from 94 ± 19 to 328 ± 21 msec, Ts ranging from 0.31 ± 0.12 to 2.15 ± 0.25 msec, and free water concentration ranging from 5.7 ± 2.3% to 16.8 ± 3.4%. There was a significant positive correlation between T1 (R = 0.709; P < 0.074), T (R = 0.816; P < 0.025), and free water concentration, a negative correlation between T1 (R = 0.773; P < 0.042), T (R = 0.948; P < 0.001) and CT measured mineral density, and a negative correlation between free water concentration (R = 0.936; P < 0.002) and mineral density. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel method for quantifying scanner instability in fMRI
Authors: Greve Douglas N. , Mueller Bryon A. , Liu Thomas , Turner Jessica A. , Voyvodic James , Yetter Elizabeth , Diaz Michele , McCarthy Gregory , Wallace Stuart , Roach Brian J. , Ford Judy M. , Mathalon Daniel H. , Calhoun Vince D. , Wible Cynthia G. , Brown Gregory G. , Potkin Steven G. , Glover Gary
Published: November 2010

A method was developed to quantify the effect of scanner instability on functional MRI data by comparing the instability noise to endogenous noise present when scanning a human. The instability noise was computed from agar phantom data collected with two flip angles, allowing for a separation of the instability from the background noise. This method was used on human data collected at four 3 T scanners, allowing the physiological noise level to be extracted from the data. In a “well‐operating” scanner, the instability noise is generally less than 10% of physiological noise in white matter and only about 2% of physiological noise in cortex. This indicates that instability in a well‐operating scanner adds very little noise to functional MRI results. This new method allows researchers to make informed decisions about the maximum instability level a scanner can have before it is taken off line for maintenance or rejected from a multisite consortium. This method also provides information about the background noise, which is generally larger in magnitude than the instability noise. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reducing SAR and enhancing cerebral signal‐to‐noise ratio with high permittivity padding at 3 T
Authors: Yang Qing X. , Wang Jianli , Wang Jinghua , Collins Christopher M. , Wang Chunsheng , Smith Michael B.
Published: November 2010

Previous works have shown that placement of a high‐dielectric pad can improve image intensity in a region adjacent to the pad, or that placement of dielectric pads around a large surface of the head can improve image homogeneity on an entire plane through the head in high‐field MRI. Here, experimental results show that use of high‐dielectric pads around the human head can reduce the required input radiofrequency power by 50% while enhancing image signal‐to‐noise ratio by 20–40% throughout the cerebrum at 3 T. Thus, dielectric pads may be used to provide a relatively simple and low‐cost method for improving quality and safety of MRI in a variety of applications at 3 T. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.