bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Burning mouth syndrome: literature review and model for research and management
Authors: Bergdahl J. , Anneroth G.
Published: April 2006

The literature on burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is reviewed with particular reference to its prevalence, local and systemic etiologic factors, psychogenic background and treatment. Research requirements are discussed, which focus on different clinical and psychological parameters and the necessity to evaluate BMS. Finally, a treatment protocol including oral, medical and psychological investigations is presented.
Production of a human monoclonal antibody to normal basal and squamous cell carcinoma‐associated antigen
Authors: Yoshiura Masako , Murakami Hiroki , Tashiro Hideo , Kurisu Kojiro
Published: April 2006

A human monoclonal antibody, BM2, was produced by a hybridoma line generated by fusion of lymph node cells from a patient with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue with human B‐lymphoblastoid cell line HO‐323. BM2, an IgM class antibody, was reactive with all of the SCC cell lines tested. Frozen sections of normal and malignant tumor specimens were investigated to examine the reactivity of BM2 towards them. All 35 oral SCC specimens reacted with BM2. Normal stratified squamous epithelium showed positive staining in basal cells, but no staining was seen in other layers of the stratified epithelium, simple epithelium, and tissues of nonepithelial origin. Ductal basal cells of normal salivary gland also showed positive staining. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that BM2 recognized 52 kDa membrane‐associated protein. BM2 may therefore be a useful tool for biological and clinical studies of SCC.
Gingival leiomyomatous hamartoma: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observations
Authors: Semba Ichiro , Kitano Motoo , Mimura Tamotsu
Published: April 2006

A rare case of leiomyomatous hamartoma of the gingiva is reported and the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features described. A polypoid mass which presented with the appearance of a congenital epulis was located in the midline of the maxillary alveolar ridge of a two‐year‐old boy. Histologically, the mass was without a capsule and was composed mainly of irregularly arranged fasciculi of large spindle cells resembling smooth muscle cells. The immunohistochemical staining for dcsmin was strongly positive in these cells. Many nerve fibers were intermingled with them. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm was filled with thin filaments associated with dense patches. Numerous pinocytotic vesicles were present on the cytoplasmic membrane. These findings indicated that the mass consisted mainly of mature smooth muscle cells. The clinical and histological features suggest that the smooth muscle cells in the lesion arc of hamartomalous orchoristomatous origin, in contrast to true leiomyoma or granular cell congenital epulis.
Orofacial manifestations in primary immunodeficiencies involving IgA deficiency
Authors: Porter Stephen R. , Scully Crispian
Published: April 2006

The orofaciul manifestations of 39 patients with primary IgA deficiency arc reported. Aphthous‐like oral ulceration was observed in 61% while candidosis and recurrent herpes labialis were each present in 25%. Only 4 (9%) patients had no orofacial lesions.
Clonal expansion of lymphocytes from oral lichen planus lesions
Authors: Sugerman P. B. , Savage N. W. , Seymour G. J.
Published: April 2006

Lymphocytes were extracted from 11 biopsy specimens of oral lichen planus (OLP) by collagenase digestion, and cell lines were expanded with repetitive cycles of stimulation (with phytohaemagglutinin) and rest in media supplemented with interleukin 2. Four OLP lines contained a majority of CD3 + CD4 −CD8 + cells, in six lines the CD4:CD8 ratio was between I and 2, and in one line the CD4:CD8 ratio was 5:1. Limiting dilution of nine lines at 0.3 and 1.0 cells/well resulted in viable wells (putative clones) with plating efficiencies ranging from 0.0 to 18.1 percent and 0.0 to 22.2 percent respectively. The majority of clones were CD3 + CD4–CD8 +αβ+γδ‐, although three clones were CD3 + CD4 + CD8 ‐ αβ+γδ ‐ and one clone was CD3 + CD4 ‐ CDS ‐ and expressed the γδ T cell receptor. T cell clones derived from lymphocytes extracted from OLP lesions may be generated and maintained in culture providing opportunity for their further phenotypic and functional characterisation. This strategy may facilitate the identification of a putative oral lichen planus‐specific antigen and indicate the frequency of lichen planus‐specific T cells within lesions of OLP.
Monoclonal antibody G6K12 specific for membrane‐associated differentiation marker of human stratified squamous epithelia and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Harada Hidemitsu , Osaki Yasuyoshi , Kukita Toshio , Kurisir Kojiro , Tashiro Hideo , Yasumoto Shigeru
Published: April 2006

Monoclonal antibody (G6KI2) specific for differentiated keratinocytes was developed using in vitro immunization against the SCC‐25 cell line. G6K 12 only recognized stratified portions of cultured SCC‐25 cells. Immunohistochemical examination using normal human oral mucosa showed that specific G6K12‐reactivity was limited to the lower spinous‐cell layers, while this antibody weakly bound to cells in basal‐cell layers as well as in the upper spinous, granular and cornified‐cell layers. G6KI2 was also reactive to keratinocytes in most moderatel‐y‐ and well‐differentiated SCC tissues. Immunoelectron microscopic examination further demonstrated that the G6K. 12‐immunoreactive area was at the outer surface of the entire plasma membrane, including the microvilli of stratified SCC‐25. G6KI2‐binding was reduced 50% by the treatment of native cells with glycoendoceramidase for 2 h. These results suggest that G6K12 recognizes a plasma membrane‐anchored glycoconjugate which is specific for differentiated keratinocytes.
Detection of anti‐HIV antibodies in saliva
Authors: Urquia Miguel , Rodriguez‐Archilla Alberto , Gonzalez‐Moles Miguel Angel , Ceballos Alejandro
Published: April 2006

It is sometimes difficult in clinical practice to identify carriers of the AIDS virus. Such identification is of unquestionable value in oral pathology, both for determining the pathogenests of certain lesions and for assessing their significance to the patient. We evaluated several commercially available diagnostic techniques for the detection of anti‐HIV antibodies in serum, and examined the feasibility of adapting such techniques to tests on saliva. The technique chosen for experimental adaptation required only slight modifications for use with this medium. We compared the results obtained in serum from intravenous drug users with a western blot assay designed to detect p24 viral protein, against the findings with a test designed to detect salivary antibodies. The likelihood of cross‐reactions in saliva containing high concentrations of other antiviral antibodies was also studied. The specificity and sensitivity of the modified saliva test were 100% and 96% respectively, and no cross‐reactions were observed.
Orofacial manifestations in primary immunodeficiencies: common variable immunodeficiencies
Authors: Porter Stephen R. , Scully Crispian
Published: April 2006

The orofacial manifestations of 15 patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiencies (CVID) arc reported. Aphthous‐like ulceration, pseudomembranous candidosis and/or enamel hypoplasia were observed in 11 patients. Four patients had no orofacial lesions.
Early Cellular events in an actinomy D‐Created detin niche in the rat incisor
Authors: Moule A. J. , Young W. G. , Adkins K. F.
Published: April 2006

Admnistration of actinnomycine D at a does level of 0.375 μg/g resulted in the selective disruption of development odontoblast at a critical stage of morphogenesis. A dentin niche was formed which was later repaired by cellular reparative dentin. The cellular changes which resilted in dentin niche formation were studied histologically and Ultrastructurally in serial longitudinal and transverse section from tissue obtained 10 h to 80 h following injection of the drug. Five stages were identified: initial destruction (10–20h), rapid destruction (30–40 h), debris removal (50–60 h), proliferation (60–80 h) and matrix deposition (post 80h). The cellular changes found in the dental papilla were considerably different from those found in inflammation, resolution and repair of fibrous connective tissue. These early stages were dominated by apoptosis and heterophagy. And after 80 h by disordered dentin matrix formation. The three‐dimensional morphology of the defect was reconstructed from serial sections. The shape of the neich was the result of interference by actinomycin D in the patterns of proferation and migration of the cells in the apical region of the rat incisor tooth.
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in odontogenic infections and oral candidiasis: an analysis of neutrophil suppression
Authors: Ueta Eisaku , Osaki Tokio , Yoneda Kazunori , Yamamoto Tetsuya
Published: April 2006

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in odontogenic infections and oral candidiasis was examined, and influences of DM on the clinical manifestations of the infections and neutrophil functions were investigated. Among 21 severe and 221 mild odontogenic infections. DM was detected in 5 cases in each group. Of 64 cases of symptomatic oral candidiasis, 8 cases were complicated with DM which was detected by blood examination during treatment. During the period of infection, the mean fasting blood sugar level was 16.0 ± 4.4 and 9.8 ± 1.2 minol/l in the DM‐complicated odontogenic infections and candidiasis, respectively. All white blood counts. C‐reactive protein levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rates were more elevated in DM(+) odontogenic infection cases than in DM(−) ones. In DM(+) candidiasis, hyposalivation (0.79 + 0.54 ml/10 min) was observed. The polymorphonuclear leukocytes from diabetic patients, especially those with candidiasis, produced less free oxygen radicals and exhibited reduced phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida cells associated with this reduced O2− generation during the infection. These suppressed neutrophil functions increased after treatment but did not reach control levels. These results indicate that DM is a predisposing condition for odontogenic infections and oral candidiasis, that DM‐complicated infections become severe because of neutrophil suppression, and that examination of blood sugar level should be essential for patients with oral infections.
Malignant lymphoma of the mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) – consecutive unusual manifestation in the rectum and gingiva
Authors: Bschorer R. , Lingenfeiser Th. , Kaiserling E. , Schwenzer N.
Published: April 2006

Non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) of the mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) are characterized by a preferential mucosal manifestation. Each organ system may be involved. Exclusively local growth is usually treated with surgical tumour reduction, combined with radiotherapy. In cases of tumour dissemination, chemotherapy is warranted. Follow‐up should be performed closely. This case report highlights an unexpected recurrence of NHL in the oral MALT, four years after primary manifestation in the rectum.
Langerhans cells: structure, function and role in oral pathological conditions
Authors: Lombardi T. , Hauser C. , Budtz‐Jörgensen E.
Published: April 2006

Langerhans cells (LCs) are dendritic bone marrow derived cells situated suprabasally in most stratified squamous epithelia, such as the epidermis and the epithelium of oral mucosa, including the gingiva. Langerhans cells are thought to act as antigen‐presenting cells (APC) during induction of immune responses. The exact role of Langerhans cells in the oral mucosa is not fully understood although several investigations suggest that these cells are involved in reactions to antigen challenge under both normal and pathological situations. In this paper the structure, phenotypic markers and derivation of Lungerhans cells are reviewed. In view of recent findings, the immunological characteristics and the implications of Langerhans cells in pathologic oral reactions are discussed.
Salivary autoantibodies in HIV‐associated salivary gland disease
Authors: Atkinson Jane C. , Schlødt Morten , Robataille Scott , Greenspan Deborah , Greenspan John S. , Fox Philip C.
Published: April 2006

A subset of HIV‐positive patients develops salivary gland disease (HIV‐SGD), characterized by salivary gland enlargement and/or decreased salivary flow. While clinical symptoms are similar to Sjögren's syndrome (SS). patients with HIV‐SGD lack circulating anti‐SS‐A/Ro and anti‐SS‐B La. Occasionally, SS patients lacking circulating anti‐SS‐A/Ro and anti‐SS‐B'La have these antibodies in their saliva. Salivas from II patients with HIV‐SGD, 13 HIV+ patients without HIV‐SGD, 14 HIV‐negative men controls, and 11 patients with SS were screened for autoantibodies. Five HIV‐SGD salivas had antibodies recognizing the cytoplasm of a salivary cell line. No HIV 4‐ controls showed reactivity. Ten of 11 SS patients had salivary autoantibodies, and one HIV‐negative control was positive for them. Salivary anti‐SS‐A/Ro was present in 8/11 SS patients, and 7 also contained anti‐SS‐B/La. No HIV‐SGD salivary samples had these specific autoantibodies. These findings suggest that while glandular polyclonal expansion occurs in both HIV‐SGD and SS, different autoantibodies are produced.
Nodular amyloidosis
Authors: Younai Fariba , Sciubba James J.
Published: April 2006

An unusual intraoral form of amyloidosis, the nodular form, is discussed. Attention is directed to clinical, microscopic and immunohistochemical features. More specifically, the nodular form of this condition and the specific relationship in this patient to chronic hemodialysis and associated beta‐2‐microglobulin deposition is highlighted. An overview of other forms of amyloidosis is provided along with the chemical identity of each.
Oral mucosal bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis in a patient with AIDS associated with rapid alveolar bone loss: case report
Authors: Glick Michael , Cleveland Deborah B.
Published: April 2006

Oral manifestations of bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis have been described in the literature, but without histopathologic evidence confirming the presence of the etiologic bacilli. The clinical and histopathologic similarities between bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis and Kaposi's sarcoma may have contributed to confusion in diagnosis and treatment of the latter. Furthermore, inclusion of bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis in the differential diagnosis of proliferative vascular lesions may help to clarify the etiology, pathology and epidemiology of these lesions. This article is the first report of the intraoral manifestation of bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis with histopathologic documentation of the causative pathogen.
Oral Kaposi's sarcoma: a 10‐year retrospective histopathologic study
Authors: Regezi Joseph A. , MacPhail Laurie A. , Daniels Troy E. , Greenspan John S. , Greenspan Deborah , Dodd Caroline L. , Lozada‐Nur Francina , Heinic Gad S. , Chinn Henry , Silverman Sol , Hansen Louis S.
Published: April 2006

Microscopic diagnosis of early Kaposi's sarcoma continues to be a challenge to the pathologist, as does the identification of bacillary angiomatosis (BA) which may have a similar appearance. 120 oral Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) biopsies submitted to the UCSF‐’oral pathology service from 1981–1991 were reviewed in order to describe the clinical‐pathologic spectrum of these lesions and to search for unrecognized cases of BA. Also, histopathologic features of oral KS were compared to 30 oral pyogenic granulomas. and immunohistochemical stains for endothelium‐associated CD34 antigen were done. The diagnosis of KS was confirmed in all biopsies and no cases of BA were found. Histologically, the KS specimens exhibited numerous features that separated them from pyogenic granulomas, and could themselves be divided into two clinical‐pathologic subtypes: small, well‐delineated macular lesions (31), which were characterized by inconspicuous patches of spindle cells containing ill‐defined vascular spaces; and larger, infiltrative nodular lesions (89), which were characterized by spindle cells lining vascular slits and bizarre‐shaped vessels, Extravasated RBCs were evident in almost all KS lesions; hemosiderin deposits and hyaline globules were seen in half of each of the small and large lesions. Nuclear atypia was minimal and mitotic activity was slight. Lymphocytes in small lesions added to the difficulty of microscopic interpretation of these incipient lesions. CD34 was expressed on all spindle cells lining vascular spaces in larger lesions and on spindle cells of small, subtle lesions. We conclude that within the spectrum of lesions that are diagnosed as oral KS. two clinical‐pathologic types can be identified: macular small spindle‐cell lesions and nodular infiltrative vascular lesions. KS expression of CD34 antigen is a characteristic that may be useful in the diagnosis of small, well‐delineated oral lesions that lack classic KS features.
H‐ras‐1 restriction fragment length polymorphism in normal individuals and oral cancer patients in India
Authors: Bhoite Leena T. , Saranath Dhananjaya , Nair Rama , Deo Madhav G. , Sanghavi Vikram , Mehta Ashok
Published: April 2006

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the human H‐ras‐l gene has been indicated as a marker for detection of individuals at high risk of cancer. We have investigated the association of RFLP at the H‐ras‐l locus and susceptibility to oral cancer by Southern hybridization analysis in 77 primary oral tumors and 99 healthy donors. The frequency distribution of the Bum HI fragments of H‐ras‐l revealed homozygous or heterozygous alleles in the two sub‐populations. The heterozygous genotype occurred more frequently in the normal subjects (53%) as compared to the cancer patients (36%). Four common alleles Cl to C4, were noted predominantly in both groups, with rare alleles detected at a lower frequency. The common allele with 7.6 kb BamHI fragment was significantly higher in normals (10%) than in the tumor population (4%) (P≤0.05). However, a similar distribution of rare alleles in both groups indicated that the presence of rare alleles is not indicative of predisposition to oral cancer.
Orofacial manifestations in primary immunodeficiencies: polymorphonuclear leukocyte defects
Authors: Porter Stephen R. , Scully Crispian
Published: April 2006

The orofacial manifestations of 17 children with primary defects of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function arc reported. Oral disease was commonly found and included recurrent oral ulceration (35% of patient group), oral candidiasis (29%). recurrent herpes labialis (12%), enamel hypoplasia (18%) and delayed tooth eruption (12%). Only 3 children had no orofacial disease. Cervical lymph node enlargement was present in 41% of the children.
Antibodies to mycobacterial stress protein in patients with orofacial granulomatosis
Authors: Ivanyi L. , Kirby A. , Zakrzewska J. M.
Published: April 2006

Immunoglobulin G antibody liters to the mycobacterial stress protein with molecular weight of 65 kDa (mSP65) were determined by ELISA in sera from 10 patients with orofacial granulomatosis (OFG). Four patients with confirmed Crohn's disease had serum antibodies to mSP65 with liters ranging from 400–950. Of six remaining patients, three patients had serum antibodies to mSP65 with titers ranging from 180–850. whilst no serum antibody to this antigen could be detected in 3 patients. However, other laboratory investigations failed to show any consistent pattern of disturbance in the 10 tested. Thus, the presence of serum antibody to mycobacterial 65 kDa stress protein might prove lo be of a diagnostic value for Crohn's disease.
Odontogenic cyst induction by periapical infection in rats
Authors: Bando Y. , Nagayama M.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that Odontogenic cysts can be induced by periapical infection. Pulp extirpation and reaming beyond the root apices were performed in 53 lower first molars in 27 Sprague‐Dawley rats. The cavities were left open to allow continuous contamination by oral bacteria. Animals were killed at 6 and more than 8 months after operation. Odontogenic cysts were found in association with 8/53 teeth in 6 animals. Historically, cysts were observed around the lower incisors below the first molars. The cyst wall consisted of fibrous connective tissue with inflammation and was lined with keratinized squamous epithelium. The cyst cavity contained a mass of keratin and necrotic debris. These results support the hypothesis that inflammatory stimulation from the apices can cause cystic changes in the enamel epithelium of underlying teeth.
Periosteal Gaucher‐like cells in beta‐thalassemia major
Authors: Chan A. C. L. , Wu P. C. , Ormiston I. W. , Tideman H.
Published: April 2006

A 24‐year‐old Chinese woman who has undergone staged surgery for craniofacial deformity secondary to β‐thalassemia major is presented. Local clusters of Gaucher‐like cells were found in the periosteum of the mandible. The histologic and ultrastructural features of these cells are described and the pathogenesis and differential diagnoses discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Gaucher‐like cells occurring outside the lymphohematopoietic system in thalassemic patients.
Association of overexpression of p53 oncoprotein with the state of cell proliferation in oral carcinoma
Authors: Warnakulasuriya K. A. A. S. , Johnson Newell W.
Published: April 2006

p53 is a nuclear phosphoprotein recognised as important in the regulation of normal cell growth and proliferation, the wild‐type protein suppressing cell division. Expression of presumptive mutant protein, detected by immunohistochemistry, is used increasingly as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in human neoplasms. A question arises as to whether or not p53 (over)expression in a lesion is any more or less informative than other markers of cell proliferation. Twenty well‐differentiated oral squamous cell carcinomas which had earlier been examined for immunoreactivity against a panel of p53 antibodies were examined for the status of cell proliferation – both in islands of invading neoplastic cells and in the non‐malignant epithelial margins. The status of epithelial cell proliferation was found to be significantly higher in p53‐positive tumours when enumerated by Ki‐67 antibody, both within the tumour as well as its margins. This may confer a growth advantage to these neoplasms and reflect a status of inactivated p53 protein, although the actual cause of the rapid proliferation may lie in activation/inactivation of other genes. The PCNA labelling indices, on the other hand, were closely similar in both p53‐positive and ‐negative groups, suggesting that stabilisation of p53 protein does not influence the proliterative advantage in these carcinomas via a deregulation step of PCNA‐related gene products.
Effects of nicotine and tobacco‐specific nitrosamines on hamster cheek pouch and gastric mucosa
Authors: Chen Y‐P , Johnson G. K. , Squier C. A.
Published: April 2006

Fifty‐two hamsters were divided into 6 groups and their cheek pouches treated with either 0.01% NNN, 0.01% NNN and 6% nicotine, 0.01%. NNK, 0.01% NNK and 6% nicotine, 6%i nicotine, or sesame oil. After painting each pouch 3 times per week for 13 months, the animals were killed and specimens from the cheek pouch and forestomach examined. Cheek pouch epithelium showed more frequent histologic changes, including hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis and, in one animal, moderate dysplasia, when nicotine was combined with NNN than after treatment with NNN (or nicotine) alone. There was a higher frequency of hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis in the forestomach when nicotine was combined with NNK than following NNK, or nicotine treatment alone, and squamous cell papillomas were evident in animals treated with both NNK and nicotine. These results suggest that in mucosal tissues nicotine may enhance the effect of weak carcinogens such as the nitrosamines.
Phenotypic characterisation of stellate and giant cells in giant cell fibroma by immunocytochemistry
Authors: Odell E. W. , Lock C. , Lombardi T. L.
Published: April 2006

The origin of the stromal, stellate and multinucleate cells in oral giant cell fibroma is unclear. Sixteen giant cell fibromas were stained immunocytochemically for keratin (MNF 116), vimentin, S‐100 protein, neurofilaments, glial fibrillary acidic protein, α‐smooth muscle actin, desmin, CD31 (PECAM‐1). CD68, Factor XIIIa and prolyl 4‐hydroxylase (5B5). In all cases positive staining was found with vimentin and prolyl 4‐hydroxylase, indicating a functional fibroblast phenotype. Reactivity for Factor XII la was seen in two cases and in only one was a small number of giant cells stained, suggesting that the majority of oral giant cell fibromas are unrelated to the histologically similar fibrous papule of the nose or facial angiofibroma.
DNA flow cytometry of reclassified subtypes of malignant salivary gland tumors
Authors: Bang G. , Donath K. , Thoresen S. , Clausen O. P. F.
Published: April 2006

Malignant salivary gland tumors are rare, constitute a heterogeneous group and are often difficult to diagnose histologically. This is borne out by the fact that in the present study 43.2% of 118 salivary gland tumors originally diagnosed as mucoepidermoid, acinic cell and adenoid cystic carcinomas had their original diagnosis altered upon reclassification. Patients with confirmed adenoid cystic carcinomas had a much worse prognosis than those with mucoepidermoid and acinic cell carcinomas.

DNA flow cytometry showed that very few of the above mentioned three types of malignant neoplasms revealed aneuploid DNA stemlines, indicating that this is not a relevant prognostic tumor marker within the groups. However, several of the tumors that had their diagnosis changed, mostly to undifferentiated adenoor squamous cell carcinomas, showed aneuploid DNA stemlines. The survival time of patients with aneuploid tumors was considerably reduced compared to those with diploid tumors. Among confirmed acinic cell, mucoepidermoid and adenoid cystic carcinomas the S‐phase fraction was a significant prognostic factor, as it was among all tumors examined. This indicates that DNA aneuploidy and S‐phase fractions are potential prognostic factors for malignant salivary gland tumors, and that DNA flow cytometry may assist the characterization of such tumors.
High incidence of H‐ras oncogene mutations in squamous cell carcinoma of lip vermilion
Authors: Milašin J. , Pujić N. , Dedović N. , Nikolić Ž. , Petrović V. , Dimitrijević B.
Published: April 2006

Nine specimens of well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the lip vermilion have been analyzed for the pressence of H‐ras oncogene mutations, using the technique of hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotide probes on in vitro amplified tumour DNA. Five specimens harbored mutations: four in codon 12 and one in codon 13. This high incidence (55%) of mutated H‐ras genes suggests that their activation may play an important role in lip tumour development and may be connected to the exposure to chemical and/or physical carcinogens.
In situ hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the analysis of biopsies and exfoliative cytology specimens for definitve diagnosis of oral hairy leukoplakia (DHL)
Authors: Mabruk M. J. E. M. F. , Flint S. R. , Toner M. , Balluz I. , Coleman D. , Sullivan D. , Atkins G. J.
Published: April 2006

The definitive diagnosis of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) demands that Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is demonstrated in the lesional tissue, since the histopathological features on conventional light microscopy are not pathognomonic. We have investigated the possible use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology in reaching a definitive diagnosis of this lesion by its application to ten biopsy specimens with definitive diagnoses of OHL determined by in situ hybridization. EBV DNA was demonstrated by PCR in all ten OHL biopsy specimens analysed, and none of ten control specimens. Furthermore, we have investigated the role of PCR in analysis of exfoliative cytology samples collected from the lateral border of the tongue by a minimally‐invasive scraping technique. EBV DNA was not only detected in all OHL lesional scrapings but also in more than one‐third of healthy controls, due to viral presence in saliva at the time of sampling. In this application, the highly sensitive PCR technique has low specificity and cannot be recommended.
Metastatic tumors to the jawbones: analysis of 390 cases
Authors: Hirshberg Abraham , Leibovich Pnina , Buchner Amos
Published: April 2006

A review of the English language literature revealed 390 well‐documented cases of metastatic lesions to the jawbones. Most metastatic lesions were diagnosed in patients in their fifth to seventh decade. The primary site differed between the genders: for women, it was the breast followed by the adrenal, colorectum, female genital organs and thyroid; for men, it was the lung, followed by the prostate, kidney, bone and adrenal. The most common location of the metastatic tumors was the mandible, with the molar area the most frequent site involved. In about 30% of cases the oral lesion was the first sign of the malignant disease. The present data are compared with those of metastatic tumors to the oral mucosa and a view on the possible pathogenesis is presented.
Immunohistochemical detection of the H‐ras, K‐ras, and N‐ras oncogenes in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: McDonald J. S. , Jones H. , Pavelic Z. P. , Pavelic LJ. , Stambrook P. J. , Gluckman J. L. , Pavelic Zlatko R
Published: April 2006

The expression of H‐ras, K‐ras and N‐ras oncogenes was analyzed on frozen sections of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) by immunohistochemistry using anti‐ras monoclonal antibodies. Of 22 primary SCCHN, 15 (68%) stained positive for H‐ras, 10 (45%) for K‐ras and seven (32%) for N‐ras. Thirteen specimens (59%) stained positive for at least two anti‐ras monoclonal antibodies. The presence of immunohistochemically detectable H‐ras, K‐ras and N‐ras proteins was most frequently associated with an increase in tumor size and later stages of disease (T3 and T4), with no apparent correlation with lymph node involvement, site of occurrence, degree of differentiation, age, sex, or race. Thus, overexpression of members of the ras gene family occurs as a relatively common event in SCCHN and may be an important event in the later stages of tumorigenesis.
Histopathological changes in rabbit craniomandibular joint associated with experimentally induced anterior disk displacement (ADD)
Authors: Ali Ayman M. , Sharawy Mohamed M.
Published: April 2006

Several studies have shown that anterior disk displacement (ADD) of human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) can lead to cellular and extracellular alterations in the disk proper, bilaminar zone (BZ), condyle, articular eminence and synovial membrane. Due to lack of an animal model for this disease, it is not known whether the mechanical displacement of the disk could lead to the observed histopathological changes. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the histopathological changes that occur in the rabbit craniomandibular joint (CMJ) following surgical induction of ADD. The right CMJ was exposed surgically and the discal attachments were severed except for the BZ attachments. Then the disk was displaced anteriorly and sutured to the zygomatic arch. The left joint served as surgical control. The CMJs were removed after 24 h, 1 week, 2 weeks or 6 weeks and stained with H&E or modified Masson stain. The results showed neovascularization, cell clustering and fibrillation of the displaced disk. The BZ showed marked fibrosis. The condyle showed subchondral hemorrhage and fibrosis followed by osteoarthritic changes in the articular cartilage. The articular eminence showed chondrocytic clustering and an increase in the amount of chon‐droid bone. Synovial membrane exhibited marked hyperplasia. We concluded that surgical induction of ADD in the rabbit CMJ leads to cellular and extracellular alterations in the disk proper, BZ, condyle, articular eminence and synovial membrane similar to those described previously in human ADD. It appears that the mechanical trauma resulting from ADD could lead to a cascade of reparative and degenerative changes of the affected joints similar to those described for osteoarthritis.
Juvenile ossifying fibroma. An analysis of 33 cases with emphasis on histopathological aspects
Authors: Slootweg P. J. , Panders A. K. , Koopmans R. , Nikkels P. G. J.
Published: April 2006

Juvenile ossifying fibroma (JOF) is a maxillofacial fibro‐osseous lesion that may show cell‐rich osteoid strands or psammoma‐like ossicles. Whether both types are variants of a single entity or different lesions under the same diagnostic label is a subject of debate. This problem was investigated by analyzing a series of 33 patients with lesions having one or both of the above histological appearances. It was concluded that osteoid strands define a unique fibro‐osseous lesion but that lesions with psammoma‐like ossicles fall within the morphological spectrum of cemento‐ossifying fibroma. Therefore the term juvenile ossifying fibroma should be reserved for the lesion with the osteoid strands.
Hyperfibers and vesicles in dentin matrix in dentinogenesis imperfecta (Dl) associated with osteogenesis imperfecta (01)
Authors: Waltimo Janna
Published: April 2006

Dentin matrix of deciduous teeth from two patients affected by dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI) associated with types IB and IVB osteogenesis imperfecta (Ol) displayed previously undescribed structures in transmission electron microscopic examination. Vesicles were seen in dentin of both patients, and abnormally thick collagen fibers (hyperfibers) were found in dentin of the patient with the rare type IB OI. Both vesicles and hyperfibers were situated in abnormal, atubular areas of dentin. Matrix vesicles, which have normally been identified in mantle dentin only, were abundant in selected areas of the affected dentin, thereby supporting the concept that dentin matrix in OI is elaborated by successive cell generations. The hyperfibers, not previously described in either normal or abnormal human dentin, have possibly been formed by fusion of several collagen fibers. Further ullrastructural studies of dentin in DI with OI may help to clarify the marked clinical variation in teeth of patients affected by OI.
Candida‐associated palatal papillary hyperplasia in HIV infection
Authors: Reichart Peter A. , Schmidt‐Westhausen Andrea , Samaranayake Lakshman P. , Philipsen Hans Peter
Published: April 2006

Oral Candida infections may appear in many guises, especially in HIV‐infected individuals. Whereas the pseudomembranous and the erythematous forms of oral candidiasis are the most frequently encountered in such patients, there appear to be further clinical variants of this disease. This paper describes seven dentate homosexual AIDS patients who developed papillary hyperplasia of the palate which was associated with Candida infection. Such lesions, classically related to denture stomatitis, have rarely been described in dentate patients, and this report further expands the spectrum of candidal infections seen in HIV disease.
Paget's disease of bone: current concepts in pathogenesis and treatment
Authors: Thomas D. W. , Shepherd J. P.
Published: April 2006

Recent advances have been made in understanding the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans). The role of viruses in the pathogenesis of the disease has been extensively investigated, although no causative link has yet been demonstrated between infective agents and Paget's disease. Recent advances in the diagnosis of the disease have been made with increasing useage of radionueleotidc imaging to determine the extent and distribution of the lesions. Treatment options have been extended with the emergence of the biphosphonates as potential main line therapeutic agents.
Alteration in peripheral blood mononuclear cell function and serum cytokines in oral lichen planus
Authors: Karagouni E. E. , Dotsika E. N. , Sklavounou A.
Published: April 2006

Different activation parameters of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 31 patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) were examined and compared with 23 healthy donors. Impaired spontaneous (450±241 vs 1290±480 cpm) and mitogen‐induced (39580±14470 vs 67000±11810 cpm) lymphocyte blastogenesis was observed in OLP patients. Furthermore, reduced cytokine production was found after phytohemagglutinin A (PI1A) stimulation for all cytokines studied‐tumour necrosis factor α(TNFα, 432.2±73.4 vs 979.8±46.3 units/ml), interleukin 2 (IL‐2, (56.2±14.9 vs 572.6±12.9 pg/ml), interferon γ (IFNγ, 48.5±11.9 vs 82.6± 12.4 pg/ml) and interleukin 6 (IL–6. 253.6±57.7 vs 1.419.0±279.6 units/ ml)‐except for interleukin 1ß (IL–lß) and lymphotoxin (LT). In contrast, unstimulated culture supernatants showed increased TNFα (38.2±13.1 vs 8.0±0.2 units/ml), LT (10.2±2.2 units/ml vs <0.4) and IL–6 (18.5±5.6 units/ml vs <0.5) activity. Similarly, elevated concentrations of TNFα (19.6±6.3 units/ml) and IL–6(22.9±4.7 units/ml) were detected in the sera of OLP patients. Combination of PHA and phorbol myristate acetate (PM A) could restore OLP proliferative T cell response and cytokine production to the level of healthy donors, whereas exogenous recombinant human IL‐2 (rhuIL‐2) plus PMA did not seem to be an effective stimulant for OLP T cells. These results indicate an alteration in the immune condition of OLP patients and an impairment in T lymphocyte function.
Ameloblastomas in the horse: a critical review and report of an additional example
Authors: Gardner David G.
Published: April 2006

Previously published cases of ameloblastoma in the horse are reviewed in detail for their acceptability as examples of that tumor; an additional one is described. So far, this rare equine lesion has been shown to have two histologic patterns. The first consists of islands and sheets of epithelium that exhibit the basal cell characteristics of ameloblastoma; the central cells comprise stellate reticulum. The second exhibits these basal cell features less markedly and the central cells are spindle‐shaped and closely packed. The biologic behavior of the equine ameloblastoma is thought to be the same as in human beings, a slowly growing, invasive lesion that does not metastasize. However, this conclusion requires confirmation.
Oral leishmaniasis and Kaposi's sarcoma in an AIDS patient
Authors: Michiels J.‐F. , Monteil R. A. , Hofman P. , Perrin C. , Fuzibet J. G. , Lefichoux Y. , Loubière R.
Published: April 2006

In the Mediterranean basin area, visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic disease caused by Leishnninia donovant infantum. This study describes the clinical and pathological features of one patient with AIDS who had oral (tonsillar) leishmaniasis, caused by a viscerotropic zymodcme, concurrent with a Kaposi's sarcoma and with a CMV infection.
Oral melanocytic lesions: differences in expression of HMB‐45 and S‐100 antigens in round and spindle cells of malignant and benign lesions
Authors: Gazit Dan , Daniels Troy E.
Published: April 2006

Immunohistochemistry and melanin bleaching were used to assess the expression of antigens identified by anti‐S‐100 and anti‐HMB‐45 antibodies on melanomas and intramucosal and blue nevi from the oral mucosa of 18 patients. Both antibodies reacted with cells in all three types of lesions, but there were differences in the expression of these antigens between the round and spindle cells within the lesions. In melanomas composed of round cells, the intensity and distribution of staining with HMB‐45 was greater than with S‐100. The opposite was true in melanomas composed of spindle‐shaped cells, and one spindle‐cell melanoma was HMB‐45‐ncgativc. The round cells of intramucosal nevi expressed S‐100 more intensely and more frequently than HMB‐45. The spindle‐shaped cells of blue nevi strongly expressed both S‐100 and HMB‐45. Whereas intradermal nevi from the skin do not express HMB‐45. intramucosal nevi consistently express this antigen in the lesion and overlying mucosa. Oral melanomas composed of round and spindle‐shaped cells show differences in their expression of S‐100 and HMB‐45 antigens, making the use of both antibodies complementary in the diagnosis of undifferentiated tumors.
Mutations of Ki‐ras oncogene codon 12 in betel quid chewing‐related human oral squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwan
Authors: Kuo M. Y. P. , Jeng J. H. , Chiang C. P. , Hahn L. J.
Published: April 2006

In Taiwan, there are two million people who have a betel quid chewing habit, and approximately 80% of all oral cancer deaths are associated with this habit. To investigate the incidence and types of Ki‐ras codon 12 mutations in oral cancer associated with betel quid chewing, we used a sensitive mutation‐specific two‐stage polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to examine human oral squamous cell carcinomas from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues. DNA sequence analysis of PCR products revealed that 6 of 33 (18%) tumour specimens contained Ki‐ras codon 12 mutations. Hour of the tumours contained more than one mutation. Three different base changes were detected, resulting from a substitution of wild type glycine (GGT) to either serine (AGT), aspartic acid (GAT) or cysteine (TAT). These results indicate that Ki‐ras oncogene activation may play a role in the oncogenesis of betel quid chewing‐related human oral squamous cell carcinomas.
So‐called “immature dentinoma”: a case presentation and histological comparison with ameloblastic fibrodentinoma
Authors: Takeda Yasunori
Published: April 2006

The existence of the “dentinoma” as an independent entity has not been fully accepted, recently being regarded as an ameloblastic fibroma with formation of dentin and named an ameloblastic fibrodentinoma. However, there are histological differences between the several cases reported previously as “immature dentinoma” and the ameloblastic fibrodentinoma. This paper presents a case report of a dentin‐forming intraosseous benign tumor without any histological features of ameloblastic fibroma. The patient was a 30‐year‐old woman with a rather well‐circumscribed intraosseous lesion of the mandibular left premolar area. Histologically. the lesion consisted of dentin–like tissue with a tubular structure and globular calcifications, numerous epithelial strands and islands without enamel organ‐like structure, and a cellular fibrous component without a primitive dental papilla‐like appearance. The present case and a review of the literature suggest that epithelial elements in odontogenic fibroma‐like lesions may occasionally have an inductive effect for dentin or dentin‐like tissue formation.
S100 protein in oral biology and pathology
Authors: Barrett A. W. , Scully C.
Published: April 2006

The demonstration of S100 protein is used extensively for both research and diagnostic purposes in oral biology and pathology. This article reviews the structure and putative function of S100, technicalities of S100 immunohistochemistry, the cells of the oral and perioral tissues which express S100 and the possible significance of S100 expression in disease.
Immunocytochemical localization of fibroblast growth factor‐1 (FGF‐1) and FGF‐2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
Authors: Myoken Yoshiko , Myoken Yoshinari , Okamoto Tetsuji , Sato J. Denry , Takada Kazuaki
Published: April 2006

The localization of fibroblast growth factor‐1 (FGF‐1) and FGF‐2 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was examined by immunohistochemical techniques using anli‐FGF‐1 and anti‐FGF‐2 monoclonal antibodies. Immunofluorescence staining of two oral SCC cell lines revealed that growing cancel‐cells were intensely positive for both FGF‐1 and FGF‐2, but confluent cells showed a faint immunostaining. In addition, two molecular mass species of FGF‐1(16 and 18 kDa) and one of FGF‐2 (18 kDa) were identified by Western blot in cell extracts derived from growing SCC cells, but not from confluent SCC cells. The growing cell extracts significantly stimulated the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Immunoperoxidase staining of 13 oral SCC cases showed that both well‐differentiated and poorly‐differentiated cancer cells were positive for FGF‐1 and FGF‐2 with high frequency and intensity as compared to normal oral epithelium. These results indicate that SCC cells express high levels of endogenous FGF‐1 and FGF‐2, and suggest that these growth factors may contribute to cancer cell growth.
Immunolocalization of α2, α5, and α6 integrin subunits in salivary tissue and adenomas of the parotid gland
Authors: Franchi Alessandro , Santoro Roberto , Paglierani Milena , Bondi Roberto
Published: April 2006

The localization of the integrin subunits α2, α5, α6 was studied immunohistochemically in samples of normal salivary gland and in a series of 8 pleomorphic adenomas, 5 Warthin's tumors, and 2 basal cell adenomas. In normal salivary tissue, acinar and ductal cells expressed α2 and α6 chains at the basal cell pole facing the basement membrane. α2 also localized at sites of cell‐cell contact. No staining of the epithelial component was seen with α5. The polarized expression of α2 and α6, subunits was retained in salivary adenomas. These subunits were present at the basal cell pole of solid nests, tubules and ducts of pleomorphic adenomas, as well as of the basal layer of the epithelium of Warthin's tumor, and of the trabecular structures of basal cell adenomas. The α5 subunit was consistently expressed only by cells embedded in the myxoid or chondroid matrix of pleomorphic adenomas. We conclude that the pattern of a integrin subunit expression in salivary adenomas may be related to the “epithelial” or “mesenchymal” phenotype of the neoplastic cells.
An unusual variant of keratoameloblastoma
Authors: Norval E. J. G. , Thompson I. O. C. , van Wyk C. W.
Published: April 2006

An unusual case of ameloblastoma which depicts cystic follicles containing orthokeratin, parakeratin, desquamated epithelium and necrotic material with dystrophic calcification is presented. The presence of ameloblast‐like cells confirms the diagnosis of an ameloblastoma. However, certain features resembled those of the keratoameloblastoma and others, less convincively, the papilliferous keratoameloblastoma. The extensive keratinisation in this tumour and in the aforementioned neoplasms raises the question whether they represent variants of the acanthomatous ameloblastoma.
Human oral mucosal melanocytes: a review
Authors: Barrett A. W. , Scully C.
Published: April 2006

Despite the complex role of melanocytes in skin physiology, the function of oral mucosal melanocytes has attracted little research interest and remains largely unclear. This article reviews what is known about oral mucosal melanocytes and identifies areas of research that may shed further light on their role in oral biology.