bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EARLINET: potential operationality of a research network
Authors: Sicard M. , D'Amico G. , Comerón A. , Mona L. , Alados-Arboledas L. , Amodeo A. , Baars H. , Baldasano J. M. , Belegante L. , Binietoglou I. , Bravo-Aranda J. A. , Fernández A. J. , Fréville P. , García-Vizcaíno D. , Giunta A. , Granados-Muñoz M. J. , Guerrero-Rascado J. L. , Hadjimitsis D. , Haefele A. , Hervo M. , Iarlori M. , Kokkalis P. , Lange D. , Mamouri R. E. , Mattis I. , Molero F. , Montoux N. , Muñoz A. , Muñoz Porcar C. , Navas-Guzmán F. , Nicolae D. , Nisantzi A. , Papagiannopoulos N. , Papayannis A. , Pereira S. , Preißler J. , Pujadas M. , Rizi V. , Rocadenbosch F. , Sellegri K. , Simeonov V. , Tsaknakis G. , Wagner F. , Pappalardo G.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. In the framework of ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure Network) summer 2012 measurement campaign (8 June–17 July 2012), EARLINET organized and performed a controlled exercise of feasibility to demonstrate its potential to perform operational, coordinated measurements and deliver products in near-real time. Eleven lidar stations participated in the exercise which started on 9 July 2012 at 06:00 UT and ended 72 h later on 12 July at 06:00 UT. For the first time, the single calculus chain (SCC) – the common calculus chain developed within EARLINET for the automatic evaluation of lidar data from raw signals up to the final products – was used. All stations sent in real-time measurements of a 1 h duration to the SCC server in a predefined netcdf file format. The pre-processing of the data was performed in real time by the SCC, while the optical processing was performed in near-real time after the exercise ended. 98 and 79 % of the files sent to SCC were successfully pre-processed and processed, respectively. Those percentages are quite large taking into account that no cloud screening was performed on the lidar data. The paper draws present and future SCC users' attention to the most critical parameters of the SCC product configuration and their possible optimal value but also to the limitations inherent to the raw data. The continuous use of SCC direct and derived products in heterogeneous conditions is used to demonstrate two potential applications of EARLINET infrastructure: the monitoring of a Saharan dust intrusion event and the evaluation of two dust transport models. The efforts made to define the measurements protocol and to configure properly the SCC pave the way for applying this protocol for specific applications such as the monitoring of special events, atmospheric modeling, climate research and calibration/validation activities of spaceborne observations.
Characterization of the mass dependent transmission efficiency of a CIMS
Authors: Heinritzi M. , Simon M. , Steiner G. , Wagner A. C. , Kürten A. , Hansel A. , Curtius J.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Knowledge about mass discrimination effects in a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (CIMS) is crucial for quantifying e.g. the recently discovered Extremely Low Volatile Organic Compounds (ELVOCs) and other compounds for which no calibration standard exists so far. Here, we present a simple way of estimating mass discrimination effects of a nitrate based Chemical Ionization Atmospheric Pressure interface Time of Flight (CI-APi-TOF) mass spectrometer. Characterization of the mass discrimination is achieved by adding different perfluorinated acids to the mass spectrometer in amounts sufficient to deplete the primary ions significantly. The relative transmission efficiency can then be determined by comparing the decrease of signals from the primary ions and the increase of signals from the perfluorinated acids at higher masses. This method is in use already for PTR-MS, however its application to a CI-APi-TOF brings additional difficulties, namely clustering and fragmentation of the measured compounds, which can be treated with statistical analysis of the measured data, leading to self-consistent results. We also compare this method to a transmission estimation obtained with a setup using an Electrospray Ion source, a High Resolution Differential Mobility Analyzer and an electrometer, which estimates the transmission of the instrument without the CI source. Both methods give different transmission curves, indicating non-negligible mass discrimination effects of the CI source. The absolute transmission of the instrument without the CI source was estimated with the HR-DMA method to plateau between the m / z range of 127 and 568 Th at around 1.5 %, however for the CI source included, the depletion method showed a steady increase in relative transmission efficiency from the m / z range of the primary ion (mainly at 62 Th) to around 550 Th by a factor of around 5. The main advantages of the depletion method are that the instrument is used in the same operation mode as during standard measurements and no knowledge of the absolute amount of the measured substance is necessary, which results in a simple setup.
Development of a digital mobile solar tracker
Authors: Baidar S. , Kille N. , Ortega I. , Sinreich R. , Thomson D. , Hannigan J. , Volkamer R.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. We have constructed and deployed a fast digital solar tracker aboard a moving ground-based platform. The tracker consists of two rotating mirrors, a lens, an imaging camera, and a motion compensation system that provides the Euler angles of the mobile platform in real time. The tracker can be simultaneously coupled to UV-Vis and FTIR spectrometers making it a versatile tool to measure the absorption of trace gases using solar incoming radiation. The integrated system allows the tracker to operate autonomously while the mobile laboratory is in motion. Mobile direct sun Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (mobile DS-DOAS) observations using this tracker were conducted during summer 2014 as part of the Front Range Photochemistry and Pollution Experiment (FRAPPE) in Colorado, USA. We demonstrate an angular precision of 0.052° (about 1/10 of the solar disk diameter) during research drives, and verify this tracking precision from measurements of the center to limb darkening (CLD, the changing appearance of Fraunhofer lines) in the mobile DS-DOAS spectra. The high photon flux from direct sun observation enables measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) slant columns with high temporal resolution, and reveals spatial detail in the variations of NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs). The NO2 VCD from DS-DOAS is compared with a co-located MAX-DOAS instrument. Overall good agreement is observed amid a highly heterogeneous air mass.
mizuRoute version 1: a river network routing tool for a continental domain water resources applications
Authors: Mizukami N. , Clark M. P. , Sampson K. , Nijssen B. , Mao Y. , McMillan H. , Viger R. J. , Markstrom S. L. , Hay L. E. , Woods R. , Arnold J. R. , Brekke L. D.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. This paper describes the first version of a stand-alone runoff routing tool, mizuRoute, which post-processes runoff outputs from any distributed hydrologic model or land surface model to produce spatially distributed streamflow at various spatial scales from headwater basins to continental-wide river systems. The tool can utilize both traditional grid-based river network and vector-based river network data, which includes river segment lines and the associated drainage basin polygons. Streamflow estimates at any desired location in the river network can be easily extracted from the output of mizuRoute. The routing process is simulated as two separate steps. The first is hillslope routing, which uses a gamma distribution to construct a unit-hydrograph that represents the transport of runoff from a hillslope to a catchment outlet. The second step is river channel routing, which is performed with one of two routing scheme options: (1) a kinematic wave tracking (KWT) routing procedure; and (2) an impulse response function–unit hydrograph (IRF-UH) routing procedure. The mizuRoute system also includes tools to pre-process spatial river network data. This paper demonstrates mizuRoute's capabilities with spatially distributed streamflow simulations based on river networks from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Geospatial Fabric (GF) dataset, which contains over 54 000 river segments across the contiguous United States (CONUS). A brief analysis of model parameter sensitivity is also provided. The mizuRoute tool can assist model-based water resources assessments including studies of the impacts of climate change on streamflow.
CellLab-CTS 2015: a Python library for continuous-time stochastic cellular automaton modeling using Landlab
Authors: Tucker G. E. , Hobley D. E. J. , Hutton E. , Gasparini N. M. , Istanbulluoglu E. , Adams J. M. , Nudurupati S. S.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. CellLab-CTS 2015 is a Python-language software library for creating two-dimensional, continuous-time stochastic (CTS) cellular automaton models. The model domain consists of a set of grid nodes, with each node assigned an integer state-code that represents its condition or composition. Adjacent pairs of nodes may undergo transitions to different states, according to a user-defined average transition rate. A model is created by writing a Python code that defines the possible states, the transitions, and the rates of those transitions. The code instantiates, initializes, and runs one of four object classes that represent different types of CTS model. CellLab-CTS provides the option of using either square or hexagonal grid cells. The software provides the ability to treat particular grid-node states as moving particles, and to track their position over time. Grid nodes may also be assigned user-defined properties, which the user can update after each transition through the use of a callback function. As a component of the Landlab modeling framework, CellLab-CTS models take advantage of a suite of Landlab's tools and capabilities, such as support for standardized input and output.
Self-efficacy adn adherence to treatment: The mediating effects of social support
Authors: Martos-Méndez María José
Published: November 2015

Treatment adherence is a key health behavior in chronic patients. This study investigates the mediating role of perceived social support in the relationship between perceived self-efficacy and adherence to treatment. The sample is composed of 202 chronic patients living in Spain. Stratified random sampling was used to select participants based on the variables age group and type of disease. As predicted, patient self-efficacy is associated with lower levels of nonadherence as well as greater perceived social support. The results show that self-efficacy has a significant direct effect and an indirect effect (through social support and satisfaction with support) on patient adherence, specifically regarding diet and exercise. This study contributes to understand the processes underlying increased levels of nonadherence to treatment in people with lower self-efficacy and less social support. The results are discussed in terms of their contribution to future intervention programs for improving adherence to treatment in chronic patient groups.
Brahmin, Monk, Astrologer, Medium: The Transition of the Master of Ritual of Lord Ganesha in Isan
Authors: Wetsiriyanan Titiratana , Chamruspanth Viyouth , Srisontisuk Somsak
Published: November 2015

People in today's society are faced with risk in everyday life, whether the risk is immoral condition, a natural disaster, political conflicts, or economic turmoil. People in society are also struggling competitively to survive. Problems that arise now are significant and are beyond the ability to personally manage. Moreover, people are looking for security in their society in order to survive. The belief in a supernatural power fits so perfectly as a solution to these problems and seems to answer the questions that are happening right now. People have many beliefs in various god figures. "Ganesha" god, is a tremendous success god who can eliminate all obstacles. It was selected by the prosecution to unravel the lives of most people in Thailand now. This paper was written to explore a social phenomenon and to create interest in this field of research. The researchers have found that a group of people taking turns to act as a key leader in the ceremonies related to beliefs in Ganesha by diverse groups. The researchers used qualitative research methods by in a case study approach. Data was collected through in-depth interviews.
A Glance at the Historical Development of the Documentation System in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs-Saudi Arabia “A Descriptive Study”
Authors: Saud Alrasheed Maha Mohammad
Published: November 2015

This study aims at presenting a description of the historical development of the documentation system of the official documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Saudi Arabia. These documents are characterized as reflecting the fundamentals of the foreign policy of the Kingdom and its point of view as a key body in the state in local, Arab, Islamic and world events. This description is divided through two eras; Before and After the establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs MFA. At the end of this study, the researcher recommends it was recommended the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to ask assistance from experts in Document processing, classification and tabulation to facilitate access to information by the Ministry staff and researchers in order to shorten time and organize work.
The Cultivation of Cross-cultural Communication Competence in Oral English Teaching Practice
Authors: Sun Chunyan
Published: November 2015

This paper analyzes the main problems and difficulties in current college English oral English teaching practice, illustrates the relationship between oral English teaching and cross-cultural communication competence. On the one hand, cross-cultural communication plays an essential role in oral English teaching; besides, oral English teaching promotes cross-cultural communication competence. Our oral English teaching concept should be consistent with that of the world. We should lay equal stress on cross-cultural communication competence and oral English teaching for the purpose of improving the students’ cross-cultural oral communication ability.
Impact of Energy Price Variability on Global Fertilizer Price: Application of Alternative Volatility Models
Authors: Sanyal Prabuddha , Malczynski Leonard A. , Kaplan Paul
Published: November 2015

This study evaluates the effects of volatility in crude oil and natural gas prices on fertilizer price variations. Specifically, the study looks at the mean and volatility effects of oil and natural gas prices on both mean and volatility changes in fertilizer prices. Both symmetric models [GARCH (1, 1)] and asymmetric models [GJR (1, 1)] were used to model volatility in fertilizer prices and to evaluate the effects of the volatility over different time periods using Bai-Perron structural break tests. The results show that changes in oil and natural gas prices increased fertilizer prices after the crisis period, during June 2007 to June 2008. Both the ARCH and GARCH had significant effects on fertilizer prices, suggesting that the volatility effects of oil and natural gas prices on fertilizer prices were also significant. Furthermore, the maximum impact of higher energy prices depends on triple superphosphate and diammonium phosphate (DAP) leading to higher production costs and consequent increase in total farm expenditures for crop producers. These higher production costs invariably have a negative effect on farm profitability, thus reducing the investment levels in the farm sector.
Analysis Sparse Representation Based on Subset Pursuit and Weighted Split Bregman Iteration Algorithm
Authors: Zhang Ye , Yu Tenglong , Zhang Wenquan
Published: November 2015

Recently, a sparse representation model - called an analysis sparse model - where the signal is multiplied by an analysis dictionary and the outcome is assumed to be sparse, has received increasing attention since it has potential and extensive applications in the area of signal processing. The performance of the analysis model significantly depends on an appropriately chosen dictionary. Most existing analysis dictionary learning algorithms are based on the assumption that the original signals are known or can be estimated from their noisy versions. Generally, however, the original signals are unknown or need to be estimated by using greedy-like algorithms with heavy computation. To solve the problems, we introduce a subset pursuit algorithm for analysis dictionary learning, where the observed signals are directly employed to learn the analysis dictionary. Next, a weighted split Bregman iteration algorithm is proposed to estimate original signals by the learned analysis dictionary. The experimental results demonstrate the competitive performance of the proposed algorithms compared with the state-of-art algorithms.
Design and Implementation of a New DELTA Parallel Robot in Robotics Competitions
Authors: Lin Jonqlan , Luo Ci-Huang , Lin Kao-Hui
Published: November 2015

This investigation concerns the design and implementation of the DELTA parallel robot, covering the entire mechatronic process, involving kinematics, control design and optimizing methods. To accelerate the construction of the robot, 3D printing is used to fabricate end-effector parts. The parts are modular, low-cost, reconfigurable and can be assembled in less time than is required for conventionally fabricated parts. The controller, including the control algorithm and human-machine interface (HMI), is coded using the Borland C++ Builder 6 Personal software environment. The integration of the motion controller with image recognition into an opto-mechatronics system is presented. The robot system has been entered into robotic competitions in Taiwan. The experimental results reveal that the proposed DELTA robot completed the tasks in those competitions successfully.
Narrowing Participation Gaps
Authors: Hand Victoria , Kirtley Karmen , Matassa Michael
Published: November 2015

By noticing students' contributions as individuals or part of the team, teachers can focus on engagement.
HOLA: Hunt for Opportunities-Learn-Act
Authors: Gutiérrez Rochelle
Published: November 2015

Suggestions for listening to Latin@students in their everyday interactions.
Celebrating Diversity by Sharing Multiple Solution Methods
Authors: Lim Woong , Kim Hongjoong , Stallings Lynn , Son Ji-Won
Published: November 2015

A classroom vignette presents teaching practices that develop an appreciation of diverse thinking.
Using Graph Theory to Understand First Nations Connections
Authors: Peters Jehu , Metz Don
Published: November 2015

Use of Gephi, a free online graphing visualization software, illustrates the interconnectedness of students from northern First Nation communities.
Dynamic Right Triangles
Authors: Koyunkaya Melike Yiğit , Kastberg Signe , Quinlan James , Edwards Michael Todd , Keiser Jane
Published: November 2015

This activity uses interactive mathematics software to advance students' understanding of relationships between measures of angles and sides in a right triangle.
Taking a Chance
Authors: Cady Jo Ann , Bair Sherry L.
Published: November 2015

Solutions to a March 2015 Solve It problem about probability are discussed, and the procedures used with problem solving are explored.
Fred Applegate's Money-Making Scheme
Authors: Leitze Annette Ricks , Soots Kristen L.
Published: November 2015

Tasks requiring a high level of cognitive demand will develop students' problem-solving skills exponentially.
Do Twelfths Terminate or Repeat?
Authors: Ambrose Rebecca , Burnison Erica
Published: November 2015

While seventh-grade students group fractions, they learn more about decimals, in particular, and division, in general.
Space adventures
Authors: Freestone Jennifer
Published: November 2015

Follow along as Captain Jake and his astronaut crew embark on an exciting expedition through space. Solving these problems is sure to save the day. We have lots to learn, so let's be on our way!
Creating Math Talk Communities
Authors: Wagganer Erin L.
Published: November 2015

Use these five strategies to build a math talk community in your classroom.
Investigating bridge design
Authors: Hefty Lukas J.
Published: November 2015

Teachers making the transition to integrated, student-centered science instruction benefit from sharing resources, and this bridge design unit offers one example. The unit uses the engineering design process to give students time to develop critical thinking skills while helping teachers assess understanding of science and mathematics content. Each month, iSTEM (Integrating Science, Technology, and Engineering in Mathematics) authors share ideas and activities that stimulate student interest in integrated STEM fields in K–grade 6 classrooms.
Volume is a treat
Authors: Wickstrom Megan H.
Published: November 2015

Finding volume is not always an easy task. Students need hands-on experiences with volume units to make sense of three dimensions. Comparing the quantity of familiar objects helps students foster conceptions of volume because the task requires attention to attributes, counting strategies, and connections to multiplication and capacity.
Exceptional Sets for Subharmonic Functions
Authors: Juhani Riihentaus
Published: November 2015

Blanchet has shown that hypersurfaces of class C1 are removable singularities for subharmonic functions, provided the considered subharmonic functions satisfy certain assumptions. Later we showed that, in certain cases, it is sufficient that the exceptional sets are of finite (n-1)-dimensional Hausdorff measure. Now we improve our results still further, relaxing our previous assumptions imposed on the considered subharmonic functions.
Intersections of Culture, Migration and Intimate Partner Violence as Told by Migrant Youth
Authors: Mayeda David Tokiharu , Vijaykumar Raagini
Published: November 2015

Like many other western nations, New Zealand has experienced significant migration since the mid-1980s. According to the most recent census, roughly one out of every four persons living in New Zealand is foreign born. The significant number of migrants to New Zealand of Asian and Middle Eastern ancestries has led to the development of rich and diverse ethnic enclaves. However, young people from these communities experience significant pressures to assimilate into western culture, which sometimes clash with parental desires to perpetuate cultural traditions. Drawing on 10 small group interviews conducted with 11 adolescent and 16 young adult female interviewees of Asian and Middle Eastern backgrounds in Auckland, New Zealand, this study examines how participants traverse culturally prescribed gender roles as they relate to intimate partner violence (IPV). Emergent themes from the study address participants’ conceptualization of IPV, processes of learning IPV, and pressures to follow rigid gender-roles tied to IPV that are culturally embedded. The article closes with discussion on interpretation of research findings without perpetuating an Orientalist framework.
Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process to Model Seasonal Events: Application to the Health Diseases
Authors: Cifuentes-Amado María Victoria , Cepeda-Cuervo Edilberto
Published: November 2015

The daily number of hospital admissions due to mosquito-borne diseases can vary greatly. This variability can be explained by different factors such as season of the year, temperature and pollution levels, among others. In this paper, we propose a new class of non-homogeneous Poisson processes which incorporates seasonality factors to more realistically fit data related to rare events, and in particular we show how the modifications applied to the special NHPP intensity function improve the analysis and fit of daily hospital admissions, due to dengue in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo state, Brazil.
Una ciudad, un santo, una Orden: Bolonia, Domingo de Caleruega y la Orden de los Frailes Predicadores. Entre la vocación al estudio y la custodia de las sagradas prendas
Authors: Borghi Beatrice
Published: November 2015

En el presente ensayo se ilustrarán los acontecimientos y los símbolos de la devoción a un santo, a una ciudad, a un monumento: Domingo de Caleruega, Bolonia y la basílica y monasterio de los frailes predicadores. No es raro, en Italia, asistir a una integración tan fuerte entre tres diferentes y, al mismo tiempo, complementarias dimensiones de una dinámica histórica. No obstante, en el caso de Bolonia hay algo más: un “cuarto elemento”, que alude a la historia y a la función de la Ordo praedicatorum aun precediéndolas más o menos en un siglo. Se trata de la Universidad: el célebre Estudio, valiéndose desde mediados del siglo XII de la previsora legitimación de Barbarroja, y aquellos (en origen y en teoría cualquier convento, porque en cada uno de ellos se estudiaba teología) de los “studentes in sacra pagina”.
Los canónigos regulares del Santo Sepulcro de Jerusalén en la península Ibérica (siglos XII-XV)
Authors: Calvo Gómez José Antonio
Published: November 2015

Este trabajo delimita la presencia de los canónigos del Santo Sepulcro de Jerusalén en la Península Ibérica después de 1126. Esta Orden tuvo su origen en el cabildo que, después de 1099, erigió Gofredo de Bouillón en la Anástasis para que en este lugar se recitara el Oficio Divino según el rito latino. Junto a los premonstratenses, los canónigos del hábito de San Antonio Abad y los de San Rufo de Aviñón, los canónigos del Santo Sepulcro se instalaron en el solar hispánico con motivo de la Reforma Gregoriana. En 1131, por testamento, el rey aragonés Alfonso I el Batallador entregó su reino proindiviso al capítulo del Santo Sepulcro y a los caballeros del Temple y del Hospital de Jerusalén.
El “Rey Católico” de las primeras guerras de Italia. Imagen de Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla entre la expectación profética y la tensión internacional (1493-1499)
Authors: Fernández de Córdova Miralles Álvaro
Published: November 2015

En el último decenio del siglo XV la imagen de Fernando el Católico adquirió una dimensión europea definida por sus relaciones con el Papado, los proyectos de expansión mediterránea y el conflicto con Francia por el reino de Nápoles. En el presente trabajo pretendemos reconstruir la trayectoria –no siempre ascendente– de este icono político a través del juicio de los cronistas, la producción retórica y la literatura propagandística generada durante estos años marcados por la tensión internacional y la expectación profética: un período convulso y al mismo tiempo decisivo en la construcción simbólica de la Monarquía de los Reyes Católicos.
Hidrofobia medieval: miedos y peligros vinculados al agua en la literatura castellana del XV
Authors: Lebrero Cocho Jorge
Published: November 2015

El estudio del miedo ofrece una perspectiva muy sugerente para el abordaje de la Historia de las mentalidades. Pese a que, como objeto de estudio, el miedo ha incrementado su presencia en trabajos recientes, los investigadores se han centrado en ámbitos sustancialmente diferentes al aquí tratado. El agua, fuente de energía, vía de comunicación y recurso imprescindible para toda vida, ha sido vista también con suspicacia y su contacto con ella afrontado con especial prevención, de manera absoluta cuando hablamos del mar y de los lógicos peligros que entraña. Hemos recurrido a algunas de las obras literarias castellanas más conocidas del ocaso de la Edad Media para tratar de entender qué recelos e inseguridades generaba el agua a sus contemporáneos.
Huellas del poder: pizarras y poblados campesinos en el centro de la península Ibérica (siglos V-VII)
Authors: Martín Viso Iñaki
Published: November 2015

El objetivo del artículo es el análisis del significado social de las pizarras de época postromana
(siglos V-VII). Para ello, se estudian los contextos arqueológicos en que las pizarras han aparecido en el centro de la península ibérica. El resultado es que hay una tendencia a su vinculación con espacios de poder, “lugares centrales” controlados por elites locales. Pero también aparecen pizarras en poblados rurales campesinos. A partir del estudio de cuatro casos bien documentados arqueológicamente, y haciendo especial hincapié en La Genestosa (Casillas de Flores, Salamanca), puede concluirse que estamos ante las marcas del poder de las elites sobre escenarios campesinos que no controlan directamente.
Más allá de la territorialización de los fueros: una relectura historiográfica del impacto de la jurisdicción alfonsina sobre los campesinos del reino de Valencia (siglos XIV-XV)
Authors: Viciano Pau
Published: November 2015

Este artículo analiza el impacto de la llamada “jurisdicción alfonsina”, una forma de baja jurisdicción criminal cedida por la corona en 1329 a los titulares de pequeños dominios territoriales, sobre el campesinado musulmán y cristiano del reino de Valencia. A través de un recorrido historiográfico que se inicia en el siglo XIX y se prolonga hasta la actualidad, se estudian las interpretaciones de la erudición liberal y de la historia social y económica, para proponer una nueva lectura basada en la relevancia del carácter colonial de la sociedad valenciana de la Edad Media, donde los campesinos musulmanes se vieron sometidos a condiciones jurisdiccionales más duras que los descendientes de los colonos cristianos.
Tissue acidosis induces neuronal necroptosis via ASIC1a channel independent of its ionic conduction
Authors: Wang Yi-Zhi , Wang Jing-Jing , Huang Yu , Liu Fan , Zeng Wei-Zheng , Li Ying , Xiong Zhi-Gang , Zhu Michael X , Xu Tian-Le
Published: November 2015

Acidotoxicity is common among neurological disorders, such as ischemic stroke. Traditionally, Ca2+ influx via homomeric acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) was considered to be the leading cause of ischemic acidotoxicity. Here we show that extracellular protons trigger a novel form of neuronal necroptosis via ASIC1a, but independent of its ion-conducting function. We identified serine/threonine kinase receptor interaction protein 1 (RIP1) as a critical component of this form of neuronal necroptosis. Acid stimulation recruits RIP1 to the ASIC1a C-terminus, causing RIP1 phosphorylation and subsequent neuronal death. In a mouse model of focal ischemia, middle cerebral artery occlusion causes ASIC1a-RIP1 association and RIP1 phosphorylation in affected brain areas. Deletion of the Asic1a gene significantly prevents RIP1 phosphorylation and brain damage, suggesting ASIC1a-mediated RIP1 activation has an important role in ischemic neuronal injury. Our findings indicate that extracellular protons function as a novel endogenous ligand that triggers neuronal necroptosis during ischemia via ASIC1a independent of its channel function.
Response to visible light in amorphous carbon nitride films prepared by reactive sputtering
Authors: Aono Masami , Harata Tomo , Kitazawa Nobuaki , Watanabe Yoshihisa
Published: November 2015

Amorphous carbon nitride (a-CN
x
) deposited by reactive sputtering shows deformation, photoconductive behavior, and thermal radiation by visible light irradiation. In this study, we investigated these photoresponse behaviors of a-CN
x
. To obtain films with different bonding structures, the films were deposited at various temperatures from 473 to 873 K. A reduction in N/C ratio led to a decrease in C–N bonding fraction and an increase in graphite component. The optical band gaps decreased with increasing temperature. Under white light illumination, the surface temperature of a-CN
x
increased with the narrowing of the band gap owing to the conversion of photon energy primarily into thermal energy. On the photoconductivity and deformation, a nonlinear relationship to the band gap energy was observed. In addition, both these photoresponses showed opposite trends in relation to the deposition temperature. The photoinduced deformation was suppressed by increasing the graphite component and decreasing the C–N bonding fraction.
Preparation of nitrogen doped silicon oxides thin films by plasma polymerization of 3-aminopropyltriethoxylsilane using atmospheric pressure plasma jet
Authors: Lin Yu-Chun , Wang Meng-Jiy
Published: November 2015

Surface modification techniques have been applied in various applications including self-cleaning surface, antibacterial filter, and biomaterials. In this study we employed the atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) deposition, a dry process for surface modification, to deposit 3-aminopropyltriethoxylsilane (APTES) on stainless steel (SS) on the purposes of simultaneously incorporating SiO
x
and nitrogen containing functionalities for the modulation of biofunctionality. The APPJ deposition allowed to form a thin layer of APTES with linear growth rate by controlling the deposition time. In addition, the surface chemical and physical properties, such as surface chemical composition, wettability, film thickness, and interactions with mammalian cells were evaluated by using different analytical methods. The results showed that the surface wettability was improved significantly due to the APTES deposition along with the increase of the incorporated nitrogen content. Moreover, the viability of L-929 fibroblasts was clearly promoted on the APTES deposited SS, which is most probably due to the thicker deposited films and higher density of nitrogen-containing functional groups. The outcomes of this research showed great potential to apply on metallic substrates in real time for biomedical related applications.
Bokanmeldelse: Om kunsten å formidle kunst!
Authors: Vold Thurid
Published: November 2015

I tre aktuelle bøker skriver forfattere fra pedagogikkens første-divisjon om kunstformidling: Formidling av kunst til barn og unge av Arne Marius Samuelsen, Dialogbasert Undervisning. Kunstmuseet som læringsrom av Olga Dysthe, Nana Bernhardt, Line Enskjønn, og Kunsten å formidle av Alfred Oftedal Telhaug. Anmelderen skriver at alle tre bøkene er gode bidrag til litteraturen om kunstformidling og er unnværlige for alle som underviser barn og unge i skole og museer. Bøkene bør ha en selvsagt plass på litteraturlisten for faglærerstudenter i kunst og håndverk,  almenlærer- og førskolelærer­studenter og museumspedagoger.
Information Content of Text in Chinese Audit Opinions *
Authors: Zhao Ziye , Lin Minhua
Published: November 2015

This paper investigates the economic consequences of text in Chinese modified audit opinions. We find that negative text is related with positive market response. We also find that the market premium of negative text is more pronounced for companies that suffer losses, disclose conflicts between the board and auditors, or do not fire their top executives after receiving modified audit opinions. Furthermore, the more patents a company applies for, the stronger the economic consequences of negative text. Finally, we find that the use of negative words improves a company’s earnings response coefficient (ERC). Taken together, our results lead us to conclude that text in audit opinions conveys information about “audit caution” instead of corporate performance.
The Isolation and Characterization of Murine Macrophages
Authors: Gonçalves Ricardo , Mosser David M.
Published: November 2015

Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes that are widely distributed throughout the body. These cells can contribute to development and homeostasis and participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. The physiology of macrophages can vary tremendously depending on the environment in which they reside and the local stimuli to which they are exposed. Macrophages are prodigious secretory cells, and in that role can promote and regulate immune responses and contribute to autoimmune pathologies. Macrophages are highly phagocytic, and in this capacity have long been considered to be essential immune effector cells. The important roles of macrophages in maintaining homeostasis and in contributing to tissue remodeling and wound healing is sometimes overlooked because of their vital role in host defense. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Activation of Murine Macrophages
Authors: Mosser David M. , Gonçalves Ricardo
Published: November 2015

Our understanding of cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) has revealed the importance of activated macrophages as key immune effector cells. Over the past decade, we have come to realize that macrophages exhibit remarkable plasticity, and different populations of macrophages with distinct physiologies can develop in response to different stimuli. In fact, it is likely that the number of different macrophage populations that can arise may be as diverse as the activating stimuli that induce them. Some of these stimuli can instruct macrophages to kill microbes (classical activation), lay down extracellular matrix components to promote wound healing (alternative activation), or secrete anti‐inflammatory cytokines to terminate inflammation (regulatory macrophages). New ways to biochemically identify these cells have led to a better understanding of the heterogeneity of activated macrophages. As our understanding of the various macrophage populations increases, so does the potential for therapeutic intervention based on targeting specific populations of activated macrophages. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A tale of two California droughts: Lessons amidst record warmth and dryness in a region of complex physical and human geography
Authors: Swain Daniel L.
Published: October 2015

The state of California has experienced the worst drought in its historical record during 2012–2015. Adverse effects of this multiyear event have been far from uniformly distributed across the region, ranging from remarkably mild in most of California's densely populated coastal cities to very severe in more rural, agricultural, and wildfire‐prone regions. This duality of impacts has created a tale of two very different California droughts—highlighting enhanced susceptibility to climate stresses at the environmental and socioeconomic margins of California. From a geophysical perspective, the persistence of related atmospheric anomalies has raised a number of questions regarding the drought's origins—including the role of anthropogenic climate change. Recent investigations underscore the importance of understanding the underlying physical causes of extremes in the climate system, and the present California drought represents an excellent case study for such endeavors. Meanwhile, a powerful El Niño event in the Pacific Ocean offers the simultaneous prospect of partial drought relief but also an increased risk of flooding during the 2015–2016 winter—a situation illustrative of the complex hydroclimatic risks California and other regions are likely to face in a warming world.
Passive buoyant tracers in the ocean surface boundary layer: 2. Observations and simulations of microplastic marine debris
Authors: Brunner K. , Kukulka T. , Proskurowski G. , Law K. L.
Published: October 2015

This paper is the second of a two‐part series that investigates passive buoyant tracers in the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL). The first part examines the influence of equilibrium wind‐waves on vertical tracer distributions, based on large eddy simulations (LESs) of the wave‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equation. Motivated by observations of buoyant microplastic marine debris (MPMD), this study applies the LES model and the parametric one‐dimensional column model from part one to examine the vertical distributions of MPMD. MPMD is widely distributed in vast regions of the subtropical gyres and has emerged as a major open ocean pollutant whose distribution is subject to upper ocean turbulence. The models capture shear‐driven turbulence, Langmuir turbulence (LT), and enhanced turbulent kinetic energy input due to breaking waves (BWs). Model results are only consistent with observations of MPMD profiles and the relationship between surface concentrations and wind speed if LT effects are included. Neither BW nor shear‐driven turbulence is capable of deeply submerging MPMD, suggesting that the observed vertical MPMD distributions are a characteristic signature of wave‐driven LT. Thus, this study demonstrates that LT substantially increases turbulent transport in the OSBL, resulting in deep submergence of buoyant tracers. The parametric model is applied to 11 years of observations in the North Atlantic and North Pacific subtropical gyres to show that surface measurements substantially underestimate MPMD concentrations by a factor of 3–13.
Macroscale‐wide nutrient inversions in the subsurface layer of the Japan Sea during summer
Authors: Kodama Taketoshi , Morimoto Haruyuki , Igeta Yosuke , Ichikawa Tadafumi
Published: October 2015

The nutrient concentrations at depths of 0–200 m in the southern area of the Japan Sea were investigated at 97 stations during six cruises between June and October in 2013 and 2014. The nutrient concentrations at the surface were depleted to less than 0.1 µM, except for silicates, which remained at 0.8–5 µM, and increased below the nutricline, at depths of 20–125 m. The vertical profiles of nitrate, silicate, and/or phosphate concentrations between 131°30′E–139°40′E and 35°50′N–40°40′N showed a peak in the subsurface layer at 40, 71, and 6 stations, respectively, and nutrient inversions occurred at macroscale widths. The subsurface nutrient maximum occurred at depths of 20–150 m in waters at temperatures of 15–16°C and potential densities of 25.3–25.5 σθ, on average. The depths of the subsurface nutrient maximum were generally associated with a salinity maximum originating in the bottom water of the shallow Tsushima Strait. The nutrient inversions were disturbed by phytoplankton consumption, as indicated by the presence of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum at the same depth or below the salinity maximum at stations without nutrient inversions. Therefore, it was inferred that remineralization of nutrients near the bottom, from the East China Sea to the Tsushima Strait, and horizontal advection by the Tsushima Warm Current below the euphotic layer induced macroscale subsurface nutrient inversions in the southern Japan Sea.
Long‐lifetime ice particles in mixed‐phase stratiform clouds: Quasi‐steady and recycled growth
Authors: Yang Fan , Ovchinnikov Mikhail , Shaw Raymond A.
Published: October 2015

Ice particles play an important role in precipitation and radiation transfer in stratiform mixed‐phase clouds. Lagrangian ice particle tracking in mixed‐phase clouds is applied in both a 3‐D time‐dependent velocity field produced by a large eddy simulation cloud model and a 2‐D idealized field. It is found that more than 10% of ice particles have lifetimes longer than 1.5 h, much longer than the large eddy turnover time or the time for a crystal to fall through the depth of a nonturbulent cloud. An analysis of trajectories in a 2‐D idealized field shows that there are two types of long‐lifetime ice particles: quasi‐steady and recycled growth. For quasi‐steady growth, ice particles are suspended in the updraft velocity region for a long time. For recycled growth, ice particles are trapped in the large eddy structures, and whether ice particles grow or sublimate depends on the ice relative humidity profile within the boundary layer. Some ice particles can grow after each cycle in the trapping region, until they are too large to be trapped, and thus have long lifetimes. The relative contribution of the recycled ice particles to the cloud mean ice water content depends on both the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the mixing layer. In particular, the total ice water content of a mixed‐phase cloud in a decoupled boundary layer can be much larger than that in a fully coupled boundary layer.
Shallow normal fault slopes on Saturnian icy satellites
Authors: Beddingfield Chloe B. , Burr Devon M. , Dunne William M.
Published: October 2015

Fault dips are a function of the coefficient of internal friction, μi, of the lithospheric material. Laboratory deformation experiments of H2O ice at conditions applicable to icy bodies yield 0 ≤ μi ≤ 0.55 such that normal faults dip between 45° and 59°. We tested the hypothesis that normal faults on icy bodies reflect these values by using digital elevation models to examine geometries of large extensional systems on three Saturnian satellites. Analyzed faults within Ithaca Chasma on Tethys and Avaiki Chasmata on Rhea all exhibit shallower‐than‐predicted topographic slopes across the fault scarp, which we term “fault slopes.” A scarp of Padua Chasmata within Dione's Wispy Terrain also has a shallow fault slope, although three others that make up Palatine Chasmata exhibit steeper slopes as predicted. We infer that viscous relaxation is the most viable explanation for these shallow fault slopes, and we model the potential role of viscous relaxation in creating shallow slopes. Our modeling results support formation of these normal faults with steep dips consistent with deformation experiments, followed by their relaxation due to lithospheric heating events related to radionuclide decay. The steepest fault slopes in this terrain yield 0 ≤ μi ≤ 0.73 for Dione's lithospheric ice, which overlaps the dip range predicted from experiments. Results of this work suggest that viscous relaxation substantially affected fault slopes on Tethys, Rhea, and Dione. By implication, these processes may have also affected fault geometries on other icy satellites.
Holocene North Atlantic Overturning in an atmosphere‐ocean‐sea ice model compared to proxy‐based reconstructions
Authors: Blaschek M. , Renssen H. , Kissel C. , Thornalley D.
Published: October 2015

Climate and ocean circulation in the North Atlantic region changed over the course of the Holocene, partly because of disintegrating ice sheets and partly because of an orbital‐induced insolation trend. In the Nordic Seas, this impact was accompanied by a rather small, but significant, amount of Greenland ice sheet melting. We have employed the EMIC LOVECLIM and compared our model simulations with proxy‐based reconstructions of δ13C, sortable silt, and magnetic susceptibility (κ) used to infer changes in past ocean circulation over the last 9000 years. The various reconstructions exhibit different long‐term evolutions suggesting changes in either the overturning of the Atlantic in total or of subcomponents of the ocean circulation, such as the overflow waters across the Greenland‐Scotland ridge. Thus, the question arises whether these reconstructions are consistent with each other or not. A comparison with model results indicates that δ13C, employed as an indicator of overturning, agrees well with the long‐term evolution of the modeled Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The model results suggest that different long‐term trends in subcomponents of the AMOC, such as Iceland‐Scotland overflow water, are consistent with proxy‐based reconstructions and allow some of the reconstructions to be reconciled with the modeled and reconstructed (from δ13C) AMOC evolution. We find a weak early Holocene AMOC, which recovers by 7 kyr B.P. and shows a weak increasing trend of 88 ± 1 mSv/kyr toward present, with relatively low variability on centennial to millennial timescales.
Organic Salts as a Route to Energy Level Control in Low Bandgap, High Open‐Circuit Voltage Organic and Transparent Solar Cells that Approach the Excitonic Voltage Limit
Authors: Suddard‐Bangsund John , Traverse Christopher J. , Young Margaret , Patrick Tyler J. , Zhao Yimu , Lunt Richard R.
Published: October 2015

A new series of organic salts with selective near‐infrared (NIR) harvesting to 950 nm is reported, and anion selection and blending is demonstrated to allow for fine tuning of the open‐circuit voltage. Extending photoresponse deeper into the NIR is a significant challenge facing small molecule organic photovoltaics, and recent demonstrations have been limited by open‐circuit voltages much lower than the theoretical and practical limits. This work presents molecular design strategies that enable facile tuning of energy level alignment and open‐circuit voltages in organic salt‐based photovoltaics. Anions are also shown to have a strong influence on exciton diffusion length. These insights provide a clear route toward achieving high efficiency transparent and panchromatic photovoltaics, and open up design opportunities to rapidly tailor molecules for new donor–acceptor systems.