bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ABCC5 Gene Variant c.1146A>G Reduces MRP5 Expression and Can be a Potential Marker to Manage Cilostazol Induced Headache
Authors: Lee Dong-Hwan , Bang Woo-Dae , Hasanuzzaman Md. , Kim So Myoung , Kim Dong-Jin , Park Joonhee , Park Kyungsoo , Lee Min Goo , Lee Seokjoon , Lee Ji Hyun , Kim So Won
Published: March 2020

Background: Patients taking cilostazol, a representative phosphodiesterase type III inhibitor used for vasodilation, occasionally complain of headaches. Cerebral arteriolar relaxation, due to an increase in intracellular cAMP or cGMP, is believed to be associated with a severe form of cilostazol-induced headaches. Multidrug resistance protein 5 (MRP5) is an important regulator of cAMP and cGMP could be a regulatory protein of this cilostazol induced headache.Methods: The response to cilostazol on the basis of MRP5 genetic variations was studied in phase-I clinical trial including 101 healthy Korean individuals. Quantitative real time PCR, Western blot, confocal analysis and drug transporter assay was performed to detect and evaluate the activity of MRP5. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 18.0 and GraphPad Prism 4.0 software. Results: Population genetic and pharmacokinetic analyses indicated that a group of MRP5 genetic variations in linkage disequilibrium with c.1146A>G (rs7636910) is associated with the no or mild forms of cilostazol-induced headaches, but did not affect the systemic distribution of cilostazol or its metabolites. Quantitative real-time PCR and pyrosequencing assays of blood cells revealed that individuals with the c.1146G allele, a protective allele against cilostazol-induced headaches, had a 0.68-fold lower mRNA expression of MRP5 than that of individuals with c.1146A allele. In addition, in a gene transfection experiment using MDCKII cells, the G variant was found to be reduced the mRNA and protein expression of MRP5.Conclusion: These results suggest that MRP5 has an important role in the regulation of cilostazol-induced chronic headache and the c.1146A>G variation could be a potential marker to manage/treat cilostazol-induced headaches.Trial registration: The trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov on (October 20, 2011) and the number is NCT01455558.
Dexmedetomidine versus ketamine in attenuating neuropathic pain through modulating STING/TBK pathway to modulate spinal ER-phagy in neuropathic pain model
Authors: Liu Yongda , Ding Mengmeng , Wang Zhibin , Li Xingyue , Guo Jiao , Han Guang , Zhao Ping
Published: March 2020

Background: Our previous studies suggested that stimulator of interferon genes (STING) level was altered in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of spinal nerve ligation (SNL) rats.Methods: In this study, we investigated that whether dexmedetomidine and ketamine provide antianxiety and anti-nociceptive effects via modulating spinal STING/TBK pathway to alter ER-phagy in SNL rats. We evaluated the analgesia and antianxiety effects of ketamine and dexmedetomidine in SNL rats. 2’3’-cGAMP (STING pathway agonist) was administrated to investigate whether enhanced spinal STING pathway could reverse dexmedetomidine or ketamine treatment effects in SNL rats respectively. Analgesia effects were measured with mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and antianxiety effect was measured with open field test (OFT). Proteins expression levels were evaluated by Western blotting. Distribution and cellular localization of STING pathway and ER stress were evaluated by confocal immunofluorescence.Results: SNL induced mechanical hypersensitivity and anxiety; STING pathway was involved in the modulation of ER stress and ER-phagy in SNL rats; Dexmedetomidine and ketamine provided analgesia and antianxiety effects in SNL rats; Dexmedetomidine and ketamine alleviated ER stress via inhibiting STING pathway to enhance ER-phagy in SNL rats.Conclusions: In all, both ketamine and dexmedetomidine provided antianxiety and anti-nociceptive effects through alleviating ER stress via inhibiting STING/TBK pathway to modulate spinal ER-phagy in SNL rats.
“Lazarus” school rising: Finding renewed hope with a “little help from our friends”
Authors: Bills Andrew , Hamilton Amy , Wadham Ben
Published: March 2020

This article examines the nature of sudden and sweeping organisational change when a public secondary school facing closure reframed the ideological components of schooling, finding renewed hope and direction for the future. It also attempts to explain how organisational change can take place through university-led action research, activating school community support to become a science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics (STEAM) school, securing funding sustainability, political and bureaucratic support, and a new regional school and university partnership. Finally, it seeks to understand how teachers and leaders make sense of their new STEAM organisational identity and how they are reflecting upon this in their new work ahead.

This single bounded case study used a “sequential transformative strategy” involving an initial phase of action research reframing schooling purpose as a STEAM school. This was followed by semi-structured teacher and leader interviews hermeneutically analysed, constituting a two part project with a theoretical lens of social science theory. The theoretical perspective of Meighan’s component theory informs the analysis of the two methodologies.
The Role And Importance Of Selected Virulence Factors Determining The Pathogenicity Of Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli Strains
Authors: Chmielewska Sylwia Joanna , Leszczyńska Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

The most frequent etiologic agents of the urinary tract infections (UTIs) are UPEC strains (Uropathogenic Escherichia coli), which are responsible for 75–95% of UTIs. The virulence factors of UPEC bacteria, as well as their ability to form biofilm, play a significant role in the pathogenicity of UTIs. Limiting iron availability is a major host defense against the growth of microorganisms within hosts. That is why UPEC strains produce various types of siderophores as well as siderophore receptors, which facilitate the uptake and transport of iron to the bacterial cell. Moreover, in order to modulate an inflammatory response and host signaling pathways, UPEC strains produce the following toxins: α-hemolysin (HlyA), cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF-1) and vacuolating autotransporter toxin (VAT, Vat-like/ Vat-ExEc). Moreover, Usp is a novel genotoxin of UPEC strains which provokes DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the presence of protein Ag43 enhances adhesion of UPEC within the urinary tract, aggregation and biofilm formation. It is important to underline that all of the virulence factors mentioned above and the ability to form biofilm facilitate and enable UPEC colonization and dissemination in the urinary tract. In conclusion, UPEC harbors an arsenal of virulence factors which promote persistence within the adverse settings of the host urinary tract and finally lead to the development of UTI.

1. Introduction. 2. Iron acquisition system – siderophores, siderophore receptors. 3. Toxins. 3.1. α-hemolysin HlyA. 3.2. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1. 3.3. Toxin Vat. 4. Protein Usp. 5. Protein Ag43. 6. Bacterial biofilm. 7. Summary
A comparative investigation of lithium(I) biosorption properties of Aspergillus versicolor and Kluyveromyces marxianus
Authors: Günan Yücel Hande , Aksu Zümriye , Yalçınkaya Gülşah Büşra , Karatay Sevgi Ertuğrul , Dönmez Gönül
Published: March 2020

In the current batch study, lithium(I) ion sorption behaviors of Aspergillus versicolor fungus and newly isolated Kluyveromyces marxianus yeast were investigated comparatively. Surface and structural characterization studies of the biosorbents carried out with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), surface area and zeta potential analyses showed that isolated K. marxianus yeast from salty wastes has more preferable properties (i.e. higher porosity, surface area and negativity) for cation sorption. Biosorption studies also supported this estimation; higher lithium(I) sorption capacities were obtained with K. marxianus cells at all experimental conditions studied. Rapid sorption profiles of the sorbents demonstrated that physical interaction is the main mechanism in this system. The effects of pH and initial lithium(I) concentration on the lithium(I) sorption capacities of biosorbents were examined. The maximum adsorption capacities of 347.9 and 409.2 μmol lithium(I)/g biosorbent were obtained at an initial lithium(I) concentration of 20 mg/L at pH 9.0 using A. versicolor and K. marxianus, respectively. The equilibrium data fitted both Langmuir and Freundlich models in the concentration ranges studied. This study revealed that K. marxianus yeast can be used for effective, rapid and low cost capture process of lithium(I) ions from aqueous solutions.
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as an efficient metal-free Fenton-like catalyst for degrading organic pollutants: the overlooked non-photocatalytic activity
Authors: Zhu G. X. , Lu T. L. , Han L. , Zhan Y. Z.
Published: March 2020

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has attracted a large amount of research, mainly being used as a photocatalyst, but its Fenton-like catalytic performance has been overlooked. In this paper, the dark Fenton-like catalytic performance of g-C3N4 was evaluated by degrading rhodamine B over a wide pH range. The results showed that the g-C3N4, which was synthesized by conventional urea pyrolysis without any modification, was an efficient metal-free heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst. The highest activity occurred under a weakly alkaline condition of about pH 10. The experiment of catalyst recycling indicated that g-C3N4 had long-term stability. The reactive oxidizing species of HO·, generated by the g-C3N4 activating H2O2, was identified by EPR and further supported by a scavenging experiment of HO· using isopropanol as the scavenger. The HNO3 oxidation of g-C3N4 resulted in catalytic deactivation, implying the catalytic activity originated from the surface reduced groups of g-C3N4. The structure of synthesized g-C3N4 before and after the HNO3 oxidation was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and a possible catalytic mechanism was proposed.
Relationship between length of leg and strength of leg muscle to frequency of straight kicks
Authors: Dei Agustinus
Published: March 2020

To be able to increase kick frequency requires anthropometric factors and adequate physical conditions. Anthropometry that is very important is the length of the leg and a very important physical condition is the strength of the leg muscles. For this reason, the length of leg and strength of leg muscles which is related to the frequency of straight kicks need further investigation. This study aims to determine the relationship between the length of the leg and strength of leg muscle to the frequency of straight kicks. This research is a correlation study with data collection using tests and measurements. The population of this research is 70 male pencak silat at Junior High School of PGRI-1. From this population, 33 peoples were chosen by random sample selection. The test is a measurement of leg length using an antrophometer (cm). Measurement of leg muscle strength with leg dynamometer (kg), and frequency of straight kick measurement using a hand box and stopwatch by measuring the number of kicks in one minute. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation and multiples regression.
Nurturing Jawi Through Education: Mirroring Jawi Education in Aceh and Malaysia
Authors: Rizki Syukri
Published: March 2020

As Jawi – the Arabic orthography used to write Malay language – deals with more challenges in this sophisticated era, it requires more severe acts of nurturing its existence, one of which, education. Inferred to be originated from Aceh, the massive dissemination of Jawi got through the Malay Archipelago countries, including Malaysia, where it, compared to other countries, receives better treatment for its development nowadays. This paper seeks to trace the origin of Jawi and its development in the light of education in Aceh and Malaysia. The findings reveal that Jawieducation in Malaysia has better developed with its outstanding features. Relevant journal articles, books, reports, and online pages are consulted to obtain the real picture of Jawi education in both countries. Positive innovations developed in Malaysian schools are expected to set a new benchmark for Jawi education in Aceh in particular and in other Indonesian provinces which are concerned over Jawi education like Riau, Islands of Riau, South Sumatera, North Sumatera, and Jambi.
The State of Responsibility to Protect Inception in ASEAN Regionalism
Authors: Rum Muhammad
Published: March 2020

As a regional organization, ASEAN upholds its core principles of non-interference, consultation and consensus. Meanwhile, Responsibility to Protect (R2P) encourages the need for the international community’s intervention to a country that falls to its citizens. Hence, this creates tension between ASEAN principles and R2P. The tension is reflected when the limited capacity of a member state’s government might invite humanitarian intervention from the international community. This research aims to discuss how Southeast Asian regionalism adapts to this situation and is undergoing dynamic reformulation to reconcile ASEAN Way and humanitarian principles. In contemporary Southeast Asian Studies, the extent of R2P inception in ASEAN regional cooperation is understudied. These methods utilize a reductionist approach in I.R. studies by explaining ASEAN through the analysis of individual actors based on a constructivism school of thought. The data taken from the interviews are utilized to confirm ASEAN and member states’ positions. This study argues that the traditional constructivist tipping point measurement for an international norm needs to be revisited. The tipping points for R2P in international forums may not necessarily be well-reflected at the regional level.
Perceptions of ASEAN Youth Towards Japan: Impact on the Japanese Economy
Authors: Samad Muhammad Riduan Bin
Published: March 2020

In exerting soft power to pursue its economic interests in Southeast Asia, Japan has been challenged by its regional rivals. In retaining its position, Japan needs to win the hearts and minds of ASEAN youths, a generation moving toward the middle class with significant purchasing power. Hence, a three-month online survey and a series of focus group discussions were conducted to gather information and perspectives about Japan from 222 youth respondents from the ten ASEAN countries. It was found that ASEAN young generations have a good impression of Japan and Japanese people, even though most of them have never been to Japan or personally interacted with a Japanese person. This perception has been built most effectively by Japanese popular culture, including animation and manga. However, youth development and exchange programs, and interactions with Japanese people are less influential factors, especially for those who are from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Thus, exposures to Japanese products and services to ASEAN young generations have not only contributed to the Japanese economy but also contributed to the positive perception toward the country. Given tighter government budgets, streamlining Japan’s soft power strategy will help it win over ASEAN youths for its future economic prosperity.
SPECIFIC AND NON-SPECIFIC PARAMETERS BASED ON SIMPLICIA AND ETHYL ACETATE FRACTIONS OF STAR FRUIT LEAVES (AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA L.)
Authors: FITRIANI DIAN , ELYA BERNA , NOVIANI ARIKA
Published: March 2020

Objective: Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) is a plant with numerous benefits, including anti-skin inflammation properties. The aim of the presentstudy was to evaluate simplicia and ethyl acetate fractions of star fruit leaves collected from three regions in Indonesia, including Depok, Subang, andSukabumi, and to characterize specific and non-specific parameters.Methods: Extraction was performed through maceration. Next, liquid partitioning was performed to obtain ethyl acetate fractions. Chromatogramsfor simplicia and ethyl acetate fractions for samples from three regions were obtained using chloroform: methanol:water (8:2:0.5) with apigenin asthe standard.Results: The yield of the ethyl acetate fraction from the star fruit leaves was 4.2–6.2%. Water content, total ash content, and acid-soluble ash contentswere 4.79%, 1.55%, and 0.064%, respectively, and total flavonoid levels were 14.63–22.14 mg QE/g of a fraction. The water-soluble and ethanol-solubleextracts were 14.32% and 9.69%, respectively, and total flavonoid contents were 0.12–0.18 mg QE/g simplicia. In addition, drying losses, ash content,and acid-soluble ash content were 9.70%, 7.14%, and 0.31%, respectively. The results of solvent residues and heavy metal contaminant (Hg, Pb, Cd,and As) tests indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction did not contain solvent residue or heavy metal contamination.Conclusion: The specific and non-specific parameters based on simplicia and ethyl acetate fractions from star fruit leaves meet the requirement.
INHIBITION OF LIPOXYGENASE ACTIVITY FROM AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA L. LEAF EXTRACTS
Authors: RAHMA RANA KURNIA , ELYA BERNA , HANDAYANI ROSITA
Published: March 2020

Objective: Inflammation is a protective response to tissue injury caused by physical trauma, harmful chemicals, or microbiological substances.Leukotriene, which originates in the lipoxygenase pathway, is a mediator of inflammation. Averrhoa carambola L. leave contains flavones, includingapigenin, which exhibits potential anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of lipoxygenase activity. The present study aimed to examine thelipoxygenase inhibition activity of A. carambola leaf extracts.Methods: A. carambola leaf extracts were obtained using multilevel maceration using the solvents n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Subsequently,total flavonoid contents in the three extracts were determined using the colorimetric method. Apigenin content in the most active extract wasdetermined using high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: The extract with the highest lipoxygenase inhibition activity was the ethyl acetate extract with an IC50 value of 10.17±0.83 μg/mLfollowed by the n-hexane and ethanol extracts with IC50 values of 40.99±0.51 and 35.61±0.66 μg/mL, respectively. Total flavonoid content fromthe n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts was 3.01, 24.24, and 8.24 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. A qualitative test usingthin-layer chromatography showed that all extracts contained apigenin. The most active (ethyl acetate) extract contained 5.39% apigenin with ahigh-performance liquid chromatography method.Conclusion: The ethyl acetate extract of A. carambola leaf is the most active extract to inhibit lipoxygenase activity. Flavonoid content has a strongcorrelation to the inhibitory activity of each extract.
SPECIFIC AND NON-SPECIFIC PARAMETERS OF SIMPLICIA AND ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PRASMAN LEAVES (AYAPANA TRIPLINERVIS)
Authors: SARI SASMITA RETNO , ELYA BERNA , BASAH KATRIN
Published: March 2020

Objective: Ayapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M.King and H. Rob. leaves can be applied as a diuretic and as an antioxidant. Based on its medicinal properties,A. triplinervis can be used as traditional medicine. Therefore, its quality and safety should be guaranteed, which could be verified based on theoutcomes of standardization processes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate some specific and non-specific parameters of simplicia and 70%ethanolic extracts of A. triplinervis leaves from three regions in Indonesia.Methods: The samples were macerated using 70% ethanol.Results: With regard to the specific parameters of A. triplinervis simplicia, the total water-soluble extract was 18.69–29.30%, the total ethanol-solubleextract was 7.73–11.78%, and the total flavonoid content was 3.31–4.10, expressed as mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g simplicia. With regard to the nonspecificparameters, the total drying losses were 13.61–14.55%, the total ash content was 11.54–11.83%, and the total acid insoluble ash content was1.90–2.66%. In the extracts, the total flavonoid content was 14.94–22.41 expressed as mg RE/g extract, while for the non-specific parameters, the totalwater content was 11.07–12.66%, the total ash content was 10.55–10.89%, and the total acid insoluble ash content was 0.25–0.32%.Conclusion: The parameters identified could be used to determine the safety and stability of extracts and simplicial before administration to treatvarious ailments.
SYNTHESIS OF ACETYL AND BENZOYL ESTERS OF XANTHORRHIZOL AND ITS OXIDATION PRODUCTS AND EVALUATION OF THEIR INHIBITORY ACTIVITY AGAINST NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTION
Authors: RAHAYU MAYA DAMAYANTI , KUSUMANINGRUM SUSI , HAYUN HAYUN
Published: March 2020

Objective: Xanthorrhizol is known to have anti-inflammatory activity. However, new xanthorrhizol derivatives with improved anti-inflammatoryactivity and reduced toxicity are needed.Methods: In this study, the derivatives of xanthorrhizol were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized, and their inhibitory activities againstnitric oxide (NO) production were evaluated in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.Results: The first stage of synthesis produced compounds 2a and 2b in 58.49% and 63.26% yields, respectively. Compounds 2a and 2b were oxidizedusing potassium permanganate, giving compounds 3a and 3b in yields of 51.92% and 43.78%, respectively. Compounds 1, 2a, 3a, and 3b alongwith diclofenac sodium (the positive control) exhibited IC50 values for NO production of 31.82, 73.85, 354.05, 97.19, and 78.43 μM, respectively. Incontrast, compound 2b did not show any inhibitory activity. Based on cytotoxicity assay, compounds 1, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, and diclofenac sodium had LD50values of 30.97, 65.15, 31.15, 117.86, 53.40, and 51.67 μM, respectively. The NO inhibitory activities of compounds 2a, 3a, and 3b were lower than thatof xanthorrhizol (compound 1). However, cytotoxicity tests showed that compounds 2a, 3a, and 3b had reduced toxicities compared to xanthorrhizol.Conclusion: The modification of xanthorrhizol through esterification and oxidation produced derivative compounds with weaker anti-inflammatoryactivity but reduced cytotoxicity.
FORMULATION AND IN VITRO SKIN PENETRATION OF A SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE GEL CONTAINING COFFEA ARABICA EXTRACT
Authors: AGEIS JIHAN , SURYADI HERMAN , JUFRI MAHDI
Published: March 2020

Objective: The extract of Coffea contains caffeine that could be used for its anticellulite activity. This study aimed to formulate a Coffea arabicagrounds residue extract into a solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) gel dosage form and examine the physical stability and in vitro skin penetration of theformulation.Methods: Coffee grounds residue (CGR) extracts were made into three SLN formulations with different glycerin monostearate (GMS) concentrationsof 1%, 2%, and 3%. The SLN F2 formulation was a gel created by high-pressure homogenization (HPH). The in vitro penetration assessed using Franzdiffusion cells and the physical stability of the SLN extract gels was compared with those of the nonsense extract gel.Results: Formulation F2 with 2% GMS had a mean particle size (PS) of 60.3 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.278, and zeta potential of −32±1.40.The PS for the SLN gel after HPH was 159 nm and the PDI was 0.211. Cycling and mechanical tests showed that the SLN gel was physically stable. Thecumulative amount of caffeine penetrated in vitro was 5.55±0.08 for the CGR-SLN gel and 4.18±0.08 for the CGR gel.Conclusions: The amount of caffeine penetrated into rat skin was greater for the CGR-SLN gel than for the CGR gel.
FORMULATION OF ANDROGRAPHOLIDE TRANSFERSOMES GEL FOR TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Authors: SURINI SILVIA , NASTITI PUTERI D , PUTRI ADELIA R , PUTRI KURNIA SS
Published: March 2020

Objective: A transfersome is a drug delivery system that offers increased penetration for the transdermal delivery of drugs. The aim of this study wasto assess the application of transfersomes for transdermal delivery of andrographolide.Methods: The development of andrographolide transfersomes for transdermal delivery was conducted in two steps. The first step involved varyingratios of Span 80 and phospholipids to investigate the effect on transfersome deformability using four formulations (P1–P4). Afterward, a second stepinvolved varying ratios of andrographolide in transfersomes to investigate the influence on entrapment efficiency using four formulations (F1–F4).The selected transfersomes were then formulated into a gel dosage form. An in vitro penetration study was conducted by comparing the penetrationfluxes of the transfersome and non-transfersome andrographolide gels using Franz diffusion cells.Results: The results showed that formulation F4 had an entrapment efficiency of 97.02±0.01% and particle size (DV-average) of 524.02 nm. An in vitropenetration study of the andrographolide transfersome gels showed two phases of penetration, with a marked increase in both fluxes. In the firstphase, penetration flux was 23.26±2.34 and 1.28±0.82 μg/cm2·h for the transfersome and non-transfersome andrographolide gels, respectively.Conclusion: The results showed that the transfersome gel is a promising dosage system for transdermal delivery of andrographolide.
DEVELOPMENT OF COPROCESSED EXCIPIENTS OF XANTHAN GUM AND ACACIA GUM AS A CONTROLLED RELEASE MATRIX FOR FAMOTIDINE FLOATING TABLETS
Authors: BUDAYA UNSYURA DHIPA , SURINI SILVIA
Published: March 2020

Objective: Controlled release floating tablets require excipients, which act as a matrix to control the release of the active drug and facilitatethe tablet floating in the gastric milieu. One potential excipient is coprocessed excipients of xanthan gum and acacia gum (Co-XG-GA), which isa physical modification of the two natural polymers. In this study, we produced several Co-XG-GA and used them as matrices in floating tabletformulations.Methods: Several coprocessed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum and acacia gum at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3, and 3:1. The obtainedexcipients were then characterized physically, chemically, and functionally. The coprocessed excipients were then formulated in floating tablets usingfamotidine as the drug model. The floating tablets were then evaluated in terms of the tablet floating capabilities and the drug release in HCl mediumat pH 1.2 for 8 h.Results: Our results showed that the coprocessed excipients were a fine powder, odorless, and a grayish-white color. The excipients had a goodswelling index, fairly large viscosity, and good gel strength; hence, they were suitable to be applied as the matrices of floating tablet formulations. Thefloating tablets of F2, which contained the Co-XG-GA 1:2, demonstrated the best characteristics with 8.33±0.58 min of floating lag time and 24 h oftotal floating time. Further release studies revealed that the famotidine floating tablets, which used Co-XG-GA (F1–F5) as matrices, controlled drugrelease with zero-order release kinetics and could be used for controlled release dosage forms.Conclusion: Collectively, our results indicate that the Co-XG-GA can be applied as matrices in controlled release floating tablets
DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSDERMAL DOSAGE FORM USING COPROCESSED EXCIPIENTS OF XANTHAN GUM AND CROSS-LINKED AMYLOSE: IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES
Authors: SURINI SILVIA , SICILIA ASTINA , SOFIANI RIKA , KHOIRIAH SITI , INDRIATIN UFAIRAH H , SARI SANTI PURNA , HARAHAP YAHDIANA
Published: March 2020

Objective: A transdermal hydrogel dosage form consists of a three-dimensional polymer network that binds water in large quantities and is usedfor drug delivery. The study’s aim was to prepare coprocessed excipients as a matrix for a transdermal hydrogel containing diclofenac sodium andexamine in vitro and in vivo drug penetrations.Methods: Four types of coprocessed excipients were produced using two methods that combined crosslinking and coprocessing steps. The producedexcipients were formulated as transdermal gels containing sodium diclofenac. An in vitro penetration test was then performed using a Franz diffusioncell to pass the drug through a rat skin membrane. An in vivo penetration test was performed by applying the hydrogel to the abdominal skin of maleSprague-Dawley rats and then measuring the plasma drug concentration.Results: In vitro penetration results showed that the flux from Co-CLA6-XG 1:2, Co-CLA12-XG 1:2, CL6-Co-A-XG 1:2, and CL12-Co-A-XG 1:2 transdermalhydrogels was 655.23±116.43 μg∙cm−2/h, 569.08±26.58 μg∙cm−2/h, 867.42±101.27 μg∙cm−2/h−1, and 736.99±15.39 μg∙cm−2/h−1. The in vivo studyresulted in area under the curve for the Co−CLA6−XG 1:2, Co−CLA12−XG 1:2, CL6−Co−A−XG 1:2, and CL12−Co−A−XG 1:2 transdermal hydrogels was32.08±5.40 μg∙ml−1∙h, 34.27±8.34 μg/ml∙h, 6.20±2.90 μg/ml∙h, and 14.38±2.38 μg/mL∙h, respectively.Conclusion: The study results showed that the excipients could be processed to form a matrix within a transdermal hydrogel formulation and deliversodium diclofenac into systemic circulation in a controlled release manner.
SYNTHESIS AND STABILITY OF RESVERATROL-CONJUGATED GOLD NANOPARTICLES MODIFIED WITH POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
Authors: ISWANDANA RADITYA , NURSELVIANA RICHA , SUTRIYO SUTRIYO
Published: March 2020

Objective: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are highly useful for drug delivery, but their application is limited by their stability as they readily aggregate.This issue can be prevented by adding a stabilizing agent such as resveratrol (RSV), which is a polyphenol derived from plants, that is used to preventcancer. Therefore, we propose a novel method to prepare stable RSV-conjugated nanoparticles modified with polyethylene glycol (RSV-AuNP-PEG).Methods: In the first step, the Turkevich method was used to synthesize the AuNPs. Then, PEG was added as stabilizer agent and conjugated with RSV.The synthesized conjugates were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle sizeanalysis, and high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: The obtained RSV-AuNP-PEG had a particle size of 83.93 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.562 and formed a translucent purple-redfluid in solution. The zeta potential was −22.9 mV, and the highest entrapment efficiency was 75.86±0.66%. For comparison, the RSV-AuNP solutionwas purple and turbid, the particle size was 51.97 nm with a PDI of 0.694, and the zeta potential was −24.6 mV. The stability test results showed thatthe storage stability of RSV-AuNP-PEG was better than that of AuNP-RSV. Further, the RSV-AuNP-PEG was shown to be most stable in 2% bovine serumalbumin (BSA) while the AuNP-RSV was most stable in 2% BSA in phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4.Conclusion: These results show that modification of RSV-conjugated AuNPs with PEG effectively prevents their aggregation in storage, but only incertain mediums.
IN VITRO STUDY OF A TRANSFERSOMAL GEL PREPARATION CONTAINING LYNESTRENOL AS A TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Authors: NURFITRIYANA NURFITRIYANA , HARMITA HARMITA , ISKANDARSYAH ISKANDARSYAH
Published: March 2020

Objective: Lynestrenol, a progestin hormone derivative, can suppress the productions of endogenous estrogen and progesterone hormones (ovaries)to prevent ovulation. In this study, lynestrenol was included in various transfersomal gel preparations for its transdermal delivery into fat (F)-andnon-fat (NF)-containing skin tissues.Methods: Lynestrenol transfersome vesicles were prepared by encapsulating the drug in varied concentrations of phosphatidylcholine and Tween80 using lipid film hydration method. Transfersomes were produced in the form of gel preparations at a dose of 0.15 mg/week and evaluated fortheir particle size, percentage of entrapment efficiency, and particle polydispersity. We performed in vitro evaluations of the formulation variants F0(lynestrenol gel control) and F1 and F2 (lynestrenol transfersome gels) with variations in their phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 content. We thenperformed an in vitro evaluation using the Franz diffusion cell (FDC) method for 12 h using all three formulations on F and NF-containing rat skin.Results: The FDC results demonstrated that lynestrenol was deposited into fat tissue and increased concentrations of Tween 80 (edge activator)increased lynestrenol delivery into this tissue. In addition, the percentages of drug penetration from NF rat skin treated with F0, F1, and F2 gels were19.56%, 20.13%, and 20.56%, respectively, and those from F rat skin were 17.16%, 17.38%, and 17.50%, respectively.Conclusion: In vitro evaluation using the FDC method indicates that transdermal drug delivery through to fat tissues using transfersomes is apromising method for lynestrenol delivery.
PREDICTION ANALYSIS OF PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS OF SEVERAL ORAL SYSTEMIC DRUGS USING INSILICO METHOD
Authors: ISWANDANA RADITYA , AISYAH PERMATA , SYAHDI REZI RIADHI
Published: March 2020

Objective: This research aims to observe the pharmacokinetic parameters that can be predicted using a software, discover the best software to predictpharmacokinetic properties, and analyze the correlation between pharmacokinetic parameters used as descriptors with absorption percentage(%ABS) from references.Methods: This research was conducted using Molinspiration, QikProp, admetSAR, SwissADME, Chemicalize, and pkCSM software. This researchanalyzed 34 oral systemic drug compounds for absorption rate and six descriptors comprising molecular weight (MW), logP, hydrogen bond acceptor(HBA), hydrogen bond donor (HBD), polar surface area (PSA), and pKa.Results: SwissADME showed the most accurate prediction of MW, logP, and HBD. Chemicalize showed the most accurate prediction of HBA, PSA, andpKa. Further, admetSAR showed the most accurate prediction of Caco-2 permeability. The highest R value was obtained from the correlation between%ABS with Caco-2 permeability on 34 drug compounds (R=0.8211).Conclusion: The highest R value was obtained from the correlation between %ABS with Caco2 permeability on 34 drug compounds (R=0.8211),which showed a significant relationship (*p<0.001). This indicates that oral systemic drugs are affected by Caco-2 permeability. Moreover, the result of this research can be considered for the development of oral systemic drugs.
Intereses divididos: la arquitectura moderna latinoamericana en las revistas europeas después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Authors: Esteban Maluenda Ana
Published: March 2020

Este trabajo pretende superar el estudio de los monográficos de las revistas para presentar un análisis global de los contenidos latinoamericanos incluidos en los medios europeos en las décadas posteriores a la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Para ello se revisarán los principales focos de emisión del continente: las revistas de Francia, Inglaterra e Italia. A ellas se sumarán las españolas, que se distinguieron del conjunto por su interés explícito por la arquitectura mexicana frente a la brasileña, el país que, sin duda, resultó más llamativo para los europeos.
Narrativas del ambiente tropical y la consolidación de ciertos discursos disciplinares en la revista Habitar (Costa Rica, 1990-2012)
Authors: Solano-Meza Natalia
Published: March 2020

En Costa Rica, la apertura de la primera escuela de arquitectura y la fundación del Colegio de Arquitectos favorecieron el inicio de una discusión acerca del papel de la profesión en el país (1970-1973). Este texto explora la agencia de la revista oficial del Colegio de Arquitectos como expositora de tópicos alrededor del ambiente tropical: identidad, regionalismo y modernidad, a partir de 1990. La labor editorial sugiere una aspiración permanente por consolidar el campo disciplinar de la arquitectura en Costa Rica.
La teoría arquitectónica clásica en la Nueva España y los tratados arquitectónicos como artefactos colonialistas
Authors: Luis Burke Juan
Published: March 2020

En Costa Rica, la apertura de la primera escuela de arquitectura y la fundación del Colegio de Arquitectos favorecieron el inicio de una discusión acerca del papel de la profesión en el país (1970-1973). Este texto explora la agencia de la revista oficial del Colegio de Arquitectos como expositora de tópicos alrededor del ambiente tropical: identidad, regionalismo y modernidad, a partir de 1990. La labor editorial sugiere una aspiración permanente por consolidar el campo disciplinar de la arquitectura en Costa Rica.
El surgimiento de una esfera pública Textos de arquitectura de 1960 a 1990
Authors: Shah Riddhi
Published: March 2020

El período de 1960 a 1990 es muy importante para la aparición del discurso arquitectónico en los países del primer mundo. Fue resultado de la publicación prolífica de textos durante este período que marcaron un cambio en la práctica de la arquitectura, crearon conciencia entre los profesionales de la arquitectura y el público en general sobre el estado de la disciplina y mostraron la necesidad de alterar los métodos de conceptualización, diseño y práctica. Este artículo muestra la relación entre los medios impresos y la arquitectura, con un enfoque en los textos publicados en el período seleccionado. 

El artículo se basa en la hipótesis de que hubo una publicación prolífica de textos arquitectónicos entre 1960 y 1990 y reconoce el surgimiento de la esfera pública debido al impacto de una variedad de medios impresos, como libros y revistas, en los pensamientos y las acciones humanas. Este artículo se divide en tres partes: la primera analiza la imprenta como medio de comunicación, la segunda describe la evolución de la esfera pública en la arquitectura y la tercera identifica las instituciones teóricas como parte de la esfera pública.
El arte y su poder transformador. Inconsciente, emociones y creación según la perspectiva junguiana
Authors: Hernández-Mella Rocío , D’Meza-Pérez Patricia , Ramírez-Jiménez Nicole , Morel-Camacho José , Peña-Lantigua Laura , Olivier-Sterling Cynthia
Published: March 2020

Este ensayo analiza cómo la creatividad otorga a la conciencia una fuerza renovadora y cómo su poder transformador proviene del nivel inconsciente de la psique, como se explica en la Psicología Analítica de Carl Jung y sus seguidores. En particular, se centra en mostrar cómo en el estrato más profundo del inconsciente se genera una creación visionaria que convierte al creador en una especie de medium consumido por un impulso superior a su fuerza. Un impulso, que puede expresarse en una obra artística o exteriorizarse en un brote de locura cuando no se comprende el significado profundo de la experiencia creativa en el self . El artículo también analiza la creación en sus relaciones con el desarrollo humano en el contexto de la Psicología Analítica y su conceptualización como individuación. En ese sentido, destaca cómo, a través de las emociones que una obra de arte consigue despertar en el espectador, el artista logra establecer una comunicación con su público.
Vivencias de las mujeres egresadas del Programa de Posgrado en Tecnología y Sociedad (PPGTE) de la Universidad Tecnológica Federal del Paraná (UTFPR)
Authors: De Lima Dias Maria Sara , Caldas Brognoli Paula
Published: March 2020

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar si aspectos de género interfieren en las trayectorias académicas. El refe-rencial teórico-epistemológico del estudio ha sido el histó-rico-cultural, para analizar distinciones existentes para las mujeres en el ejercicio de actividades investigativas. El método  de  investigación  cualitativo  fue  de  particular  relevancia para analizar si existía una disolución de viejas desigualdades sociales dentro de la diversidad del ambiente académico. Como instrumento de investigación se utilizó la entrevista abierta, realizada a cinco mujeres egresadas del programa, tres de la maestría y dos del doctorado. El análisis de las narrativas permitió constatar que la carrera académica es una de las pocas alternativas en que la mujer puede trabajar y estudiar al mismo tiempo. En contraste, la  asunción  de  múltiples  papeles  sociales  y  el  esfuerzo  emprendido para conciliar jornadas dobles de trabajo, y la falta de apoyo familiar y financiero para los estudios son vistos  como  obstáculos  para  la  formación.  Asimismo,  las  narrativas  permitieron  visibilizar  un  conjunto  de  “barreras”  para seguir la carrera científica, que se refieren a: doble jornada de trabajo, maternidad, productividad en investi-gación, competencia, prejuicio y discriminación de género; de  esta  manera  se  reafirma  la  necesidad  de  desarrollar  políticas públicas para ampliar no solo el acceso, sino la permanencia de las mujeres en la universidad.
Distorsiones fiscales y la curva de Laffer en la República Dominicana
Authors: Prazmowski Peter Albert
Published: March 2020

Este artículo estima una curva de Laffer para la República Dominicana utilizando datos anuales desde el año 1955 hasta el 2018. Los resultados indican que la presión tributaria que maximizaría las recaudaciones fiscales es de aproximadamente un 20 %, superior al promedio histórico de 15 %. La baja presión tributaria es en parte el resultado de distorsiones fiscales que incluyen evasión, elución e informalidad. Se estima que dichas distorsiones son de aproximadamente un 60 % y su evolución histórica se corresponde con numerosos episodios, incluyendo más de veinte reformas tributarias y cinco acuerdos de estabilización con el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI). Las conclusiones pueden ser útiles para el diseño e implementación de políticas fiscales en general y tributarias en particular.
Needs Analysis for Informatics Engineering Students as a Basis to Develop Teaching Materials on English for Specific Purposes
Authors: Susana Kadek Yogi , Iswara Agus Ari
Published: March 2020

This research aims is to find and describe students' needs for ESP and find out students' perceptions of ESP teaching that has been running. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The subject of this research was the first semester students of Informatics Engineering of STMIK STIKOM Indonesia. The data collection was done using online questionnaire on google form application. The data obtained were then classified so that the needs of Informatics Engineering students on English learning can be identified and then be described. The results of this research can be used as a reference for subsequent research, namely syllabus planning and the development of teaching materials of ESP. Referring to students awareness of the importance of speaking skill and the also the need of having grammar lessons as basis for their practical competence, it is a task for ESP lecturer to apply teaching strategies which are interesting, motivating and engaging to cover both areas in equal portion.
Tindakan Pencegahan Demam Berdarah Dengue dengan Meningkatkan Pengetahuan dan Sikap Masyarakat Di Kecamatan Medan Deli
Authors: Verawaty Saharnauli J. , Simanjuntak Novita Hasiani , Simaremare Ade Pryta
Published: March 2020

Abstract  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is one of disease that needs serious attention. The highest number of dengue cases in North Sumatra was in Medan City. One effective way to deal with  dengue fever completely is to involve the community in eradicating the larvae / infectious mosquitoes, known as the Eradication of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Mosquito Nest (PSN DBD). The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with PSN DBD  in Medan Deli District. This study was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. The study sample was determined using the rapid survey method. The area selection was carried out using the principle of PPT (Probability proportional to size), while the household samples were obtained by simple random method.The total sample of this study was 237 people. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire.  Univariate analysis results of showed that most respondents already had good knowledge (71.3%), good attitude (88.2%) and good PSN DBD actions (97.9%). However, the results of the analysis with the Fisher’s test obtained no relationship between age, education, employment status, knowledge and attitudes of respondents with the actions of PSN DBD in Medan Deli District.
 Abstrak 
Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan salah satu penyakit yang perlu mendapat perhatian serius. Jumlah kasus DBD tertinggi di Sumatera Utara terdapat di Kota Medan. Salah satu cara yang efektif untuk menanggulangi penyakit DBD secara tuntas adalah dengan melibatkan masyarakat dalam membasmi jentik/nyamuk penularnya yang dikenal dengan istilah Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk Demam Berdarah Dengue (PSN DBD). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan tindakan PSN DBD di Kecamatan Medan Deli. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sampel penelitian ini ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode rapid survey. Pendekatan pemilihan wilayah dilakukan dengan menggunakan prinsip PPT (Probability Proportionate to size) berdasarkan jumlah penduduk, sementara sampel rumah tangga diperoleh dengan metode acak sederhana. Jumlah sampel penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 237 orang. Instrumen pengumpulan data adalah kuesioner. Hasil analisis univariat menunjukkan sebagian besar responden sudah memiliki pengetahuan yang baik (71,3%), sikap yang baik (88,2%) dan tindakan PSN DBD yang baik (97,9%), akan tetapi hasil analisis dengan uji Fisher’s diperoleh tidak terdapat hubungan umur, pendidikan, status pekerjaan, pengetahuan, dan sikap responden dengan tindakan PSN DBD di Kecamatan Medan Deli.
When does co-leadership drive innovation? The non-linear effect of co CEOS’ power differences on R&D spending
Authors: Matozza Felice , D’Amico Eugenio
Published: March 2020

A co-leadership structure at the executive level is characterized by the presence of two co-CEOs exerting mutual influence on each other while working together towards common goals. This study relies on the unity of command and social comparison theories to investigate the relationship between power differences within co-CEO dyads and firm innovation. The results from a sample of US firms led by co-CEOs in the 2000 2016 period indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship, such that: 1) power differences between co-CEOs are positively related to firm innovation when power differences are below a high level; and 2) this positive relationship becomes negative as power differences become very large. This study improves upon Krause, Priem, and Love’s (2015) analysis by arguing that social psychological factors affect collaboration between co-CEOs and advances innovation literature by illustrating that the conditions under which a co-leadership structure promotes innovation are non-linear. These results suggest important implications for scholars and practitioners who are dealing with the strategic framing of the top executive team and aim at pursuing corporate results in terms of innovation.