bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovatieve wijkaanpak en gebiedsontwikkeling in Deventer: meer inzichten via KISS
Authors: Reussing Rik
Published: February 2016

Innovative community and area development in Deventer: more insights through KISS

Since 2001 the Dutch province of Overijssel has its own knowledge centre in the area of urban society next to the national knowledge centres: the ‘KennisInstituut Stedelijke Samenleving’ (KISS). In a previous essay an overview of KISS-meetings dedicated to citizen participation was given. Examples were used from all over the world. This essay zooms in on Deventer, a municipality with almost 100.000 inhabitants in the east of the Netherlands, that can be considered a frontrunner in the area of innovative community and area development. This essay gives an impression of some KISS-meetings on physical community development (to give the inhabitants a say in the physical renewal of their neighbourhoods), social community development (to stimulate inhabitants to improve their own life chances) and economic community development (to give the inhabitants better opportunities on the labour market). This approach was implemented in a deprived neighbourhood (‘Rivierenbuurt’) for the first time and was accompanied by ‘verbal renewal’. The case of area development (‘Havenkwartier’) concerns the subject of temporarily landscapes (‘pauzelandschappen’) that are developed, because the original development plans have incurred a delay. Apart from its willingness to break new ground Deventer shows a lot of attention for issues of sustainability and the positive role of the art sector. In short it is a versatile ‘micropolis’ that uses the available ‘social capital’ and the ‘creative class’ well.
The Doctrinal Method: Incorporating Interdisciplinary Methods in Reforming the Law
Authors: Hutchinson Terry
Published: February 2016

The Doctrinal Method: Incorporating Interdisciplinary Methods in Reforming the Law

The doctrinal methodology is in a period of change and transition. Realising that the scope of the doctrinal method is too constricting, academic lawyers are becoming eclectic in their use of research method. In this transitional time, legal scholars are increasingly infusing evidence (and methods) from other disciplines into their reasoning to bolster their reform recommendations.

This article considers three examples of the interplay of the discipline of law with other disciplines in the pursuit of law reform. Firstly the article reviews studies on the extent of methodologies and reformist frameworks in PhD research in Australia. Secondly it analyses a ‘snapshot’ of recently published Australian journal articles on criminal law reform. Thirdly, it focuses on the law reform commissions, those independent government committees that play such an important role in law reform in common law jurisdictions.

This examination demonstrates that while the doctrinal core of legal scholarship remains intact, legal scholars are endeavouring to accommodate statistics, comparative perspectives, social science evidence and methods, and theoretical analysis, within the legal research framework, in order to provide additional ballast to the recommendations for reform.
Who Must Presume Whom to Be Innocent of What?
Authors: Duff Antony
Published: February 2016

Who Must Presume Whom to Be Innocent of What?

This paper explores the roles that the presumption of innocence (PoI) can play beyond the criminal trial, in other dealings that citizens may have with the criminal law and its officials. It grounds the PoI in a wider notion of the civic trust that citizens owe each other, and that the state owes its citizens: by attending to the roles that citizens may find themselves playing in relation to the criminal law (such roles as suspect, defendant, convicted offender and ‘ex-offender’), we can see both how a PoI protects us, beyond the confines of the trial, against various kinds of coercion, and how that PoI is modified or qualified as we acquire certain roles. To develop and illustrate this argument, I pay particular attention to the roles of defendant (both during the trial and while awaiting trial) and of ‘ex-offender,’ and to the duties that such roles bring with them.
The Meaning of the Presumption of Innocence for Pre-trial Detention
Authors: Stevens Lonneke
Published: February 2016

The Meaning of the Presumption of Innocence for Pre-trial Detention. An Empirical Approach

The presumption of innocence (PoI) is considered to be an important principle for regulating pre-trial detention. The idea is that pre-trial detention should be a last resort. However, pre-trial detention practice demonstrates that pre-trial detention does not function on the basis of a presumption of innocence but rather from a presumption of guilt and dangerousness. It must be concluded that, with regard to pre-trial detention, the PoI has a rather limited normative effect.
Presumptions Broad and Narrow
Authors: Duff Antony
Published: February 2016

Presumptions Broad and Narrow

In this response to my five critics, I note the strength of the arguments in favour of treating the presumption of innocence as a narrow, legal presumption that operates only within the criminal process; but I then try to make clearer my reasons for talking of different presumptions of innocence (moral, rather than legal, presumptions) outside the criminal process, in other contexts in which issues of criminal guilt or innocence arise – presumptions that guide or are expressed in the conduct of the state’s officials towards its citizens, and of citizens towards each other. Once we look at these other contexts in which criminal guilt and innocence (of past and future crimes) are at stake, we can see the importance of civic trust as a practical attitude that citizens owe to each other; and the fruitfulness of examining the various normative roles that citizens may have to play in relation to the criminal law.
Behandelingsbereidheid onder gedetineerden in Nederland
Authors: Bosma Anouk , Dirkzwager Anja , Nieuwbeerta Paul , Kunst Maarten
Published: February 2016

Treatment readiness amongst detainees in the Netherlands

A survey of the literature suggested that low participation rates in prison-based rehabilitation programs in The Netherlands can be explained by a lack of treatment readiness amongst rehabilitation candidates and participants. The current contribution aims to examine treatment readiness amongst detainees that have been assigned a candidate for a prison-based rehabilitation program in the Netherlands. To address these aims, data were used from the fourth wave of a research project studying the effects of imprisonment on the life of detainees in the Netherlands. Results showed that about eighty percent of treatment candidates were not treatment ready. This lack of treatment readiness amongst potential participants will no doubt influence both treatment engagement numbers, which studies have shown to be low, and quite possible treatment effectiveness. Results imply that practitioners should be aware of the absence of treatment readiness amongst a large part of their clients. Assessment and (if necessary) interventions to increase treatment readiness amongst candidates and participants seems of the utmost importance.
Vluchtelingen, humanitaire hulp en conflict: de Karen National Union in Birma
Authors: Brouwer Jelmer , van Wijk Joris
Published: February 2016

Refugees, humanitarian aid and conflict: The Karen National Union in Burma

In this article we describe how and why the Karen National Union (KNU) has profited from international refugee camps and humanitarian aid in Thailand after they had been largely defeated in Burma. By assuming leadership positions in the refugee and camp committees, they have been able to maintain their specific ideology in the camps. Because humanitarian aid to these refugee camps was much higher than to victims and organizations in Burma itself, international donors and NGOs have disproportionately supported the KNU.
De actor als factor?
Authors: de Groot-van Leeuwen Leny , Jettinghoff Alex
Published: February 2016

Introduction: the Actor as a Factor in Legal Change?

Legal change is likely to be the product of a complicated process involving many actors. Law making in international organisations and national legislatures are obvious examples. However, legal change sometimes appears to have resulted from the efforts of an individual actor. Against the odds, his or her new ideas win the day in a legal arena, changing the course of legal development. This special issue samples some of these cases, with examples from various legal arenas, such as an international organisation, national legislatures, a supreme court and a law school. The authors reconstruct the history of their case, examining whether the actors have indeed played a key role in the legal change considered, under what conditions they were able to do this and what remained of their efforts in legal practice.
Raphael Lemkin en de misdaad zonder naam
Authors: Baas Reyer
Published: February 2016

Raphael Lemkin and the Crime without a Name

Could one imagine that up until the mid-1940s international treaties had been ratified on postal services, copyright protection, and whale hunting, but not on genocide? It was only after the Second World War that the deliberate and systematic destruction of groups was recognised as an international crime. There had not even been a name for this practice, which has existed since the beginning of humanity. The 1948 Genocide Convention, the first human rights treaty adopted by the United Nations, was a milestone in the international protection of human rights, although several tragedies have shown that mere law is not sufficient to relegate genocide to the scrapheap of history. The initiator of the Convention was not a very well-known man. This article is about the struggle of Raphael Lemkin, who had, with unflagging zeal, devoted his life to the elimination of genocide.
Hugo Sinzheimer en de collectieve arbeidsovereenkomst
Authors: Knegt Robert
Published: February 2016

Hugo Sinzheimer and the Collective Labour Agreement

The German lawyer / labour law professor Hugo Sinzheimer (1875-1945) has, in the first two decades of the twentieth century, contributed significantly to the legal recognition of the ‘collective labour agreement’. The imperative character of CLA provisions, now widely accepted all over the world, required a paradigmatic turn in the dominant private law perspective on labour relations. The paper tries to specify what made him able and prone to do this, both by reconstructing the legal and political discussion in Germany and the Netherlands and by relating elements of the process to social-scientific theories of institutional and intellectual innovation. I argue that his combination of commitments in various fields (legal practice, science, politics) allowed him to span the gap between the fields of labour relations and state law and to contribute to the constitutionalisation of labour relations.
Nabeschouwing: de actor als factor
Authors: Jettinghoff Alex , de Groot-van Leeuwen Leny
Published: February 2016

Afterword: the Actor as a Factor in Legal Change

With the help of a model of policy formation designed by John Kingdon, we seek to map the actors in the previous cases of legal change and to establish the way in which they performed their key role and what conditions allowed them to do that. It appears that only two of the actors are insiders, government officials. The rest are outsiders. According to Kingdon’s model, a particular kind of actors is most likely to play a key role in policy change. He calls them ‘policy entrepreneurs’ and they typically are experts in a particular field of policy, who spend time, energy and money to promote a proposal they favour. They spring into action when they seize an opportunity to push their proposal on the agenda of the decision-makers. In our small collection of actors, Lemkin, Sinzheimer and Leenen are prototypical ‘policy entrepreneurs’. The others do not fit this profile, but played an influential role nevertheless.
Um início duvidoso, um fim incógnito – um caso de tinha incógnita
Authors: Costa Francisco Pinto da , Moreira Margarida , Da Silva Margarida Ferreira , Ferreira Rita
Published: February 2016

A tinha incógnita é causada pela modificação de uma dermatofitose após tratamento com imunossupressores, geralmente corticoides tópicos, mascarando as suas características típicas, resultando na progressão da infecção fúngica original. Relata-se um caso clínico de um homem de 71 anos que desenvolveu um quadro de “picadelas” (sic), dor e desconforto no antebraço direito associado a lesões pápulo-vesiculares de cor rósea, não pruriginosas. O doente foi avaliado e medicado, com antiviral, antibiótico, anti-inflamatório não esteroide e corticoide sem sucesso, tendo desenvolvido lesões pápulo-pustulosas violáceas com descamação em cerca de 1 mês. Após prova terapêutica com um agente antifúngico e depois de descoberto que o paciente usava cronicamente corticoides tópicos, foi diagnosticada uma tinha incógnita. O diagnóstico da tinha incógnita representa um desafio para o Médico de Família, uma vez que esta mimetiza várias condições dermatológicas.
Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre crianças de 7 a 10 anos atendidas em uma unidade de Estratégia Saúde da Família - ESF
Authors: Marques Maria Suzana , Silva Joviene Rose , Lima Celina Aparecida Gonçalves , Maia Eliana Maria Guimarães Costa
Published: February 2016

Objetivos: Estabelecer a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre crianças cadastradas em unidade de Estratégia Saúde da Família. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, quantitativo, de corte transversal, com população alvo de 134 crianças de 7 a 10 anos de idade. Foi calculado o índice de massa corporal das crianças e aplicado questionário sobre práticas alimentares e atividade física. No tratamento estatístico dos dados foi usado o SPSS versão 19, utilizando-se os procedimentos: média, desvio padrão, frequência, teste t  e Qui Quadrado. Usou-se Odds ratio de prevalência  com intervalo de confiança de 95%. A importância relativa dos fatores estudados no risco da criança apresentar sobrepeso ou obesidade foi observada pelo ajuste do modelo regressão logística. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 86 crianças de ambos os sexos. A taxa de sobrepeso foi de 17,5% e de obesidade de 25% entre meninas e 4,3% de sobrepeso e 13% de obesidade entre meninos (p=0,061). Crianças matriculadas na rede particular tiveram 18,8% de sobrepeso e 37,5% de obesidade enquanto nas da rede pública as taxas foram de 8,6% e 14,3%, para sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente (p=0,058). As demais variáveis não foram estatisticamente significativas após a aplicação do modelo de regressão logística. Conclusão: Houve alta prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade na população estudada, principalmente entre crianças matriculadas na rede particular e do sexo feminino.
Estoque domiciliar de medicamentos de pessoas assistidas por uma equipe de profissionais da Estratégia de Saúde da Família
Authors: Loch Ana Paula , Damo Nevoni Goretti , De Santa Helena Ernani Tiaraju , Missugiro Edson Machado Sirai
Published: February 2016

O estoque domiciliar de medicamentos é uma prática comum a muitas famílias, mas pode representar um risco à saúde. Foi realizado um estudo transversal em 100 domicílios em uma área de abrangência da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) em Blumenau, SC, entre fevereiro e março de 2012. Nos domicílios visitados, 91% tinham medicamentos, sendo encontrados 737 medicamentos (média de 7,6 por domicílio). O grupo terapêutico de medicamentos mais frequente foi o dos que atuam no sistema digestivo 148 (20,1%) e o medicamento mais encontrado foi o paracetamol (48,7%). Dentre os entrevistados, 29 (31,9%) relataram descartar medicamentos no lixo comum, 12 (13,2%) não observavam o aspecto físico antes de utilizar e 74 (81,3%) tiveram acesso a medicamentos em farmácias comunitárias e ESFs. Observou-se associação entre número de medicamentos e número de pessoas no domicílio (p<0,01) e com presença de doenças crônicas (p<0,05). Pessoas com mais escolaridade armazenam mais medicamentos (p<0,001). Contudo, pessoas com baixa escolaridade utilizam mais medicamentos prescritos por médicos (p<0,001).
Validation of the ANSR® Listeria monocytogenes Method for Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Selected Food and Environmental Samples
Authors: Caballero Oscar , Alles Susan , Le Quynh-Nhi , Gray R Lucas , Hosking Edan , Pinkava Lisa , Norton Paul , Tolan Jerry , Mozola Mark , Rice Jennifer , Chen Yi , Odumeru Joseph , Ryser Elliot
Published: February 2016

Work was conducted to validate performance of the ANSR® for Listeria monocytogenes method in selected food and environmental matrixes. This DNA-based assay involves amplification of nucleic acid via an isothermal reaction based on nicking enzyme amplification technology. Following single-step sample enrichment for 16–24 h for most matrixes, the assay is completed in 40 min using only simple instrumentation. When 50 distinct strains of L. monocytogenes were tested for inclusivity, 48 produced positive results, the exceptions being two strains confirmed by PCR to lack the assay target gene. Forty-seven nontarget strains (30 species), including multiple non-monocytogenes Listeria species as well as non-Listeria, Gram-positive bacteria, were tested, and all generated negative ANSR assay results. Performance of the ANSR method was compared with that of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook reference culture procedure for detection of L. monocytogenes in hot dogs, pasteurized liquid egg, and sponge samples taken from an inoculated stainless steel surface. In addition, ANSR performance was measured against the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual reference method for detection of L. monocytogenes in Mexican-style cheese, cantaloupe, sprout irrigation water, and guacamole. With the single exception of pasteurized liquid egg at 16 h, ANSR method performance as quantified by the number of positives obtained was not statistically different from that of the reference methods. Robustness trials demonstrated that deliberate introduction of small deviations to the normal assay parameters did not affect ANSR method performance. Results of accelerated stability testing conducted using two manufactured lots of reagents predicts stability at the specified storage temperature of 4°C of more than 1 year.
Research and Design of a New Horizontal Lower Limb Rehabilitation Training Robot
Authors: Guo Bingjing , Han Jianhai , Li Xiangpan , Fang Taotao , You Aimin
Published: February 2016

This project focuses on the design of one robot to help long-time bedridden patients complete their daily leg rehabilitation training while lying in bed. Based on an analysis of many rehabilitation training modes and integrated with a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) massage technique, a new horizontal lower limb rehabilitation training robot with four degrees of freedom is presented in this paper. The mechanical structural design, kinematic calculation and control system are introduced in detail. A robot prototype is fabricated and rehabilitation training experiments are carried out. The experimental results show that the robot can satisfy the requirements of a variety of rehabilitation training modes and has a certain degree of rehabilitation effectiveness.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Monocular Optical Flow Field for Mobile Robot Ego-Motion
Authors: Liu Huajun , Wang Cailing , Lu Jianfeng , Tang Zhenmin , Yang Jingyu
Published: February 2016

This paper presents an optimized scheme of monocular ego-motion estimation to provide location and pose information for mobile robots with one fixed camera. First, a multi-scale hyper-complex wavelet phase-derived optical flow is applied to estimate micro motion of image blocks. Optical flow computation overcomes the difficulties of unreliable feature selection and feature matching of outdoor scenes; at the same time, the multi-scale strategy overcomes the problem of road surface self-similarity and local occlusions. Secondly, a support probability of flow vector is defined to evaluate the validity of the candidate image motions, and a Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) optical flow model is constructed based not only on image motion residuals but also their distribution of inliers and outliers, together with their support probabilities, to evaluate a given transform. This yields an optimized estimation of inlier parts of optical flow. Thirdly, a sampling and consensus strategy is designed to estimate the ego-motion parameters. Our model and algorithms are tested on real datasets collected from an intelligent vehicle. The experimental results demonstrate the estimated ego-motion parameters closely follow the GPS/INS ground truth in complex outdoor road scenarios.
Pathology in the Medical Profession?: Taking the Pulse of Physician Wellness and Burnout
Authors: Schrijver Iris
Published: February 2016

Context.—In the past decades, physician wellness has diminished in every aspect of professional life. Burnout symptoms in the United States affect 30% to 68% of physicians overall—exceeding the levels of any other professional group. The ramifications of burnout present an underrecognized crisis in the health care system that carries the consequences of personal, professional, institutional, and societal costs.

Objective.—To bring to light the elements of current medical practice that contribute to physician professional fulfillment and burnout. Intervention measures, steps toward burnout prevention, and the present limitations thereof are also addressed.

Data Sources.—This narrative literature review was performed by using studies in PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information) and large online physician surveys, published through December 2015. Because of geographic differences, the review is primarily concentrated on physicians across specialties in the United States. Small studies and those of single disciplines were excluded.

Conclusions.—Many physicians learn to tolerate burnout symptoms despite negative personal consequences. Long-term work-related stress, however, may lead to the potential for negative effects on the quality of patient care, and to attrition. Interestingly, the factors that enhance physician fulfillment and those that may precipitate burnout symptoms are distinct. Optimization of physician well-being, therefore, requires tailored approaches in each of these 2 dimensions and is most likely to succeed if it includes approaches that are customized to career phase, physician specialty, and practice setting. Importantly, organization leaders must prioritize this issue and provide sustained support for wellness initiatives, to foster a culture that is conducive to physician well-being.
Reflection of the Baltic Sea Lithuanian nearshore bottom peculiarities in the historical maps
Authors: Žaromskis Rimas , Gulbinskas Saulius
Published: February 2016

Using the bathymetry information available from historical maps, the  underwater slope of the  Baltic Sea in the  Lithuanian area of the  shore is analysed south and north of the  Klaipėda harbour. For this purpose, the old depth measurements have been converted into the metric system and cross profiles of the nearshore drawn, as well as, on this basis, the diagrams for the 3, 5, 7 and 10 m depth points have been constructed. The depth data from the maps compiled in 1743, 1855, 1875 and 1913 have been analysed. These periods correspond to specific conditions of the shore zone morpho- and litho-dynamics. In 1743 there was no beach protecting the dune ridge on the Curonian Spit, and sand was driven by wind from the shore zone to the large dunes. There were no hydro-engineering structures in the  Klaipėda harbour; therefore nothing impeded sand migration along the shore. In 1855 the shores of the Klaipėda channel were fixed, but there were no harbour piers yet. In 1875, the piers were freshly built and a beachprotecting dune ridge partly formed. In 1913, this dune ridge was already finished and the Klaipėda port was fully functioning with 5–6 m depths at the port gates. Conclusions are made about the former bottom relief during different stages of the nearshore evolution and about the conditions which caused its changes.
Vild geologi - og dramatiske teorier
Authors: Hjuler Ulla V.
Published: February 2016

Joseph Kirschvink, professor i geobiologi ved Caltech (California Institute of Technology), kan ikke betegnes som en småkedelig forsker, der med sin forskning luller folk i søvn. Blandt hans teorier finder vi bidrag til for eksempel “Snowball Earth” – teorien om, at hele Jorden frøs til is i prækambrisk tid. I en artikel fra 2000 beskriver han jordskælvsforudsigelse ved hjælp af dyr. Også polvandring har han været rundt om.
Nyt tyngdekort - hjælp til olie-efterforskningen
Authors: Andersen Ole Baltazar
Published: February 2016

Et nyt globalt tyngdekort med en hidtil uset detaljeringsgrad og nøjagtighed er blevet udviklet på DTU Space, som skal gøre det lettere at finde frem til nye forekomster af olie i undergrunden. Det nye tyngdekort er samtidig en kraftig forbedring af eksisterende tyngdekort fra satellit så som KMS02(2) og Sandwell og Smith’s (4) kort.
Kan jordskælv forudsiges? - brugbare forudsigelser er langt væk
Authors: Gregersen Søren , Larsen Tine B. , Voss Peter
Published: February 2016

Det er en klassiker. Et stort jordskælv sender huse i grus, mange mennesker mister livet, og endnu flere bliver hjemløse. Katastrofen er omfattende og tragedien ubærlig. Frem af kaos dukker en person, som hævder at have forudsagt jordskælvet, og hvis advarsler er blevet ignoreret af myndigheder og borgere. Hvis bare vi havde lyttet, kunne menneskeliv være sparet.
Geomuseum Faxe - Danmarks nye geologimuseum er åbnet
Authors: Milán Jesper
Published: February 2016

For 63 millioner år siden var området ved Faxe et frodigt koralrev, hvor der levede et mylder af liv, og hvor hajer og krokodiller patruljerede rundt i vandmasserne omkring revet. Det er dette spændende kapitel i Jordens historie, der danner rammen om det nye Geomuseum Faxe.
Botner - gletschernes fødestuer og kirkegårde
Authors: Yde Jacob C. , Paasche Øyvind
Published: February 2016

En type gletschere, der virkelig lider, når klimaet bliver varmere, er botn-gletscherne. Det er her, vi oftest finder døende gletschere eller resterne efter nyligt bortsmeltede gletschere, men det er også her, gletschere genfødes.
Vulkansk aktivitet - første halvdel af 2009
Authors: Plesner Susanne
Published: February 2016

I det forgange halvår kan vi konstatere de største forskelle fra sidste halvår af 2008 i Stillehavsregionen. Filippinerne var godt repræsenteret sidste gang, men der har ikke været noget bemærkelsesværdigt fra dem de seneste seks måneder.
Solens mystiske godnat - det flygtige grønne glimt
Authors: Hjuler Morten L.
Published: February 2016

Når solen går til ro bag horisonten, sender den en sjælden gang en sidste kort hilsen i form af et grønt glimt. Selvom fænomenet har en videnskabelig forklaring, er det også omgærdet af mystik…
An Introduction to Thermogeology - Ground Source Heating and Cooling
Authors: Sørensen Inga
Published: February 2016

Andetsteds i dette nummer kan man læse om de aktuelle planer om jordvarmeboringer i Horsens. Skulle nogle læsere have fået lyst til at læse mere om dette spændende emne, var det måske en idé at anskaffe bogen, som anmeldes hér!
Ingeniørgeologi i Danmark
Authors: Hjuler Ulla V.
Published: February 2016

Denne gode og oplysende bog er vel næsten at betragte som et kompendium – dvs. bogen uddrager alt det væsentlige af et stort og kompliceret emne, samtidig med at den går i dybden med vigtige emner inden for ingeniørgeologi. Bogen bruges da netop også på Ingeniørhøjskolen i Horsens (VIA University College). Men alle, som interesserer sig for geologi, kan have glæde af bogen.
Jordens atmosfæriske iltning - klimaeffekter og konsekvenser
Authors: Frei Robert
Published: February 2016

Det er i dag en alment accepteret teori, at iltningen af Jordens atmosfære var en enorm, drivende kraft for klimaændringer, og at den havde voldsomme konsekvenser for livets udvikling på vor planet. At forstå dén kompleksitet og vekselvirkning, der eksisterer mellem forskellige parametre og cykler i Jordens system, er meget vigtigt bl.a. for at kunne tackle årsager til de mere recente klimatiske fluktuationer inden for de sidste 100.000-150.000 år, som ikke er menneskeskabte.
Monsterdelfinen fra Trias - mød Verdens største marine krybdyr
Authors: Hjuler Morten L.
Published: February 2016

Shonisaurus sikanniensis må have mindet om en overvægtig delfin med sin lange snude og en betragtelig hængebug, men trods en imponerende kropslængde på over 20m var den muligvis en fredelig kæmpe.
Det Ustyrlige Klima - Eksperternes vej fra forskere til flagellanter
Authors: Thøgersen Jan
Published: February 2016

“Alle taler om vejret, men ingen gør noget ved det” (red: Storm P.) – nu er der nogen, der prøver!
Danmarks senkvartære pattedyrsfauna
Authors: Bennike Ole
Published: February 2016

Denne monografi giver en oversigt over ændringer af pattedyrfaunaen i Danmark og de nærliggende områder under sidste istid og Holocæn, svarende til de sidste 115.000 år. I alt omtales 77 arter af land- og havpattedyr.
Analyse ved røntgendiffraktion - Rietveld-metoden
Authors: Rasmussen Svend Erik
Published: February 2016

Skarpe veldefinerede røntgenreflekser kan opnås ved at sende monokromatisk røntgenstråling ind mod en pulverformig krystallinsk prøve. Ud fra kendskab til krystalstrukturer med mere kan pulverdiffraktogrammer beregnes for såvel rene faser som for blandinger. Ud fra observerede data kan man ved sammenligning med beregnede værdier opnå kvantitative modalanalyser ved en metode kaldet Rietveld-metoden.
La mémoire du désordre : la temporalité dans le parler ordinaire et le discours des ONG lors de catastrophes naturelles au Guatemala
Authors: Hébert Martin , Roy-Allard Florence
Published: February 2016

Les catastrophes naturelles qui ont frappé le Guatemala au cours des dernières décennies ont déclenché l’intervention de nombreuses organisations humanitaires non gouvernementales. Ces ONG véhiculent des savoirs et des discours qui marquent la préparation, l’action d’urgence et la reconstruction liées aux désastres. Ces discours portent sur les causes et la nature de l’urgence, de même qu’elles véhiculent des présupposés sur ce qui doit être reconstruit. Dans le présent texte, ces discours articulés sur le passé, le présent et le futur sont mis en rapport avec la mise en récit locale de la catastrophe. L’expérience de deux communautés guatémaltèques du département de Sacatépequez ayant vécu l’ouragan Agatha en 2010 est examinée. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement à la manière dont le discours des ONG et le parler ordinaire se comparent du point de vue de leur rapport au temps. Le contraste constaté entre la mobilisation de la longue durée dans le parler ordinaire et la temporalité beaucoup plus comprimée du discours des ONG qui ont oeuvré dans les communautés affectées nous laisse entrevoir une diversité de temps sociaux s’articulant avant, pendant et après la catastrophe. Ainsi, les données recueillies contribuent à complexifier notre compréhension de la temporalité des catastrophes naturelles en mettant en lumière la concomitance des temps sociaux à chaque moment de la crise et les rapports politiques qui sont produits dans les tensions entre eux.
A common mechanism underlies changes of mind about decisions and confidence
Authors: van den Berg Ronald , Anandalingam Kavitha , Zylberberg Ariel , Kiani Roozbeh , Shadlen Michael N , Wolpert Daniel M
Published: February 2016

Decisions are accompanied by a degree of confidence that a selected option is correct. A sequential sampling framework explains the speed and accuracy of decisions and extends naturally to the confidence that the decision rendered is likely to be correct. However, discrepancies between confidence and accuracy suggest that confidence might be supported by mechanisms dissociated from the decision process. Here we show that this discrepancy can arise naturally because of simple processing delays. When participants were asked to report choice and confidence simultaneously, their confidence, reaction time and a perceptual decision about motion were explained by bounded evidence accumulation. However, we also observed revisions of the initial choice and/or confidence. These changes of mind were explained by a continuation of the mechanism that led to the initial choice. Our findings extend the sequential sampling framework to vacillation about confidence and invites caution in interpreting dissociations between confidence and accuracy.
The Melanocortin Receptor Accessory Protein 2 promotes food intake through inhibition of the Prokineticin Receptor-1
Authors: Chaly Anna L , Srisai Dollada , Gardner Ellen E , Sebag Julien A
Published: February 2016

The Melanocortin Receptor Accessory Protein 2 (MRAP2) is an important regulator of energy homeostasis and its loss causes severe obesity in rodents. MRAP2 mediates its action in part through the potentiation of the MC4R, however, it is clear that MRAP2 is expressed in tissues that do not express MC4R, and that the deletion of MRAP2 does not recapitulate the phenotype of Mc4r KO mice. Consequently, we hypothesized that other GPCRs involved in the control of energy homeostasis are likely to be regulated by MRAP2. In this study we identified PKR1 as the first non-melanocortin GPCR to be regulated by MRAP2. We show that MRAP2 significantly and specifically inhibits PKR1 signaling. We also demonstrate that PKR1 and MRAP2 co-localize in neurons and that Mrap2 KO mice are hypersensitive to PKR1 stimulation. This study not only identifies new partners of MRAP2 but also a new pathway through which MRAP2 regulates energy homeostasis.
Crossing behaviors of optical resonance modes in metallic metamaterials
Authors: Tokuda Yasunori , Sakaguchi Koichiro , Takano Keisuke , Yamaguchi Yuki , Fukushima Takehiro
Published: February 2016

We investigated the behavior of waveguide resonance modes in a metamaterial consisting of metallic slit-array slabs separated by an air gap. Simulation results show two unusual types of intersection phenomena. One type is an anticrossing with a specifically recognizable mode repulsion. An effective medium theory analysis revealed that this phenomenon can be explained in terms of an increased effective refractive index in the air-gap region. The other type of intersection leads to transmission suppression by the mixing of symmetric and asymmetric modes. This fade-out phenomenon is associated with a change in the behavior of the symmetric mode above a critical frequency.
New insights onPrestosuchus chiniquensisHuene, 1942 (Pseudosuchia, Loricata) based on new specimens from the “Tree Sanga” Outcrop, Chiniquá Region, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Lacerda Marcel B. , Mastrantonio Bianca M. , Fortier Daniel C. , Schultz Cesar L.
Published: February 2016

The ‘rauisuchians’ are a group of Triassic pseudosuchian archosaurs that displayed a near global distribution. Their problematic taxonomic resolution comes from the fact that most taxa are represented only by a few and/or mostly incomplete specimens. In the last few decades, renewed interest in early archosaur evolution has helped to clarify some of these problems, but further studies on the taxonomic and paleobiological aspects are still needed. In the present work, we describe new material attributed to the ‘rauisuchian’ taxonPrestosuchus chiniquensis, of theDinodontosaurusAssemblage Zone, Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of the Santa Maria Supersequence of southern Brazil, based on a comparative osteologic analysis. Additionally, we present well supported evidence that these represent juvenile forms, due to differences in osteological features (i.e., a subnarial fenestra) that when compared to previously described specimens can be attributed to ontogeny and indicate variation within a single taxon of a problematic but important osteological structure in the study of ‘rauisuchians.’
Estimating and comparing microbial diversity in the presence of sequencing errors
Authors: Chiu Chun-Huo , Chao Anne
Published: February 2016

Estimating and comparing microbial diversity are statistically challenging due to limited sampling and possible sequencing errors for low-frequency counts, producing spurious singletons. The inflated singleton count seriously affects statistical analysis and inferences about microbial diversity. Previous statistical approaches to tackle the sequencing errors generally require different parametric assumptions about the sampling model or about the functional form of frequency counts. Different parametric assumptions may lead to drastically different diversity estimates. We focus on nonparametric methods which are universally valid for all parametric assumptions and can be used to compare diversity across communities. We develop here a nonparametric estimator of the true singleton count to replace the spurious singleton count in all methods/approaches. Our estimator of the true singleton count is in terms of the frequency counts of doubletons, tripletons and quadrupletons, provided these three frequency counts are reliable. To quantify microbial alpha diversity for an individual community, we adopt the measure of Hill numbers (effective number of taxa) under a nonparametric framework. Hill numbers, parameterized by an orderqthat determines the measures’ emphasis on rare or common species, include taxa richness (q= 0), Shannon diversity (q= 1, the exponential of Shannon entropy), and Simpson diversity (q= 2, the inverse of Simpson index). A diversity profile which depicts the Hill number as a function of orderqconveys all information contained in a taxa abundance distribution. Based on the estimated singleton count and the original non-singleton frequency counts, two statistical approaches (non-asymptotic and asymptotic) are developed to compare microbial diversity for multiple communities. (1) A non-asymptotic approach refers to the comparison of estimated diversities of standardized samples with a common finite sample size or sample completeness. This approach aims to compare diversity estimates for equally-large or equally-complete samples; it is based on the seamless rarefaction and extrapolation sampling curves of Hill numbers, specifically forq= 0, 1 and 2. (2) An asymptotic approach refers to the comparison of the estimated asymptotic diversity profiles. That is, this approach compares the estimated profiles for complete samples or samples whose size tends to be sufficiently large. It is based on statistical estimation of the true Hill number of any orderq≥ 0. In the two approaches, replacing the spurious singleton count by our estimated count, we can greatly remove the positive biases associated with diversity estimates due to spurious singletons and also make fair comparisons across microbial communities, as illustrated in our simulation results and in applying our method to analyze sequencing data from viral metagenomes.
Exploration of the “larval pool”: development and ground-truthing of a larval transport model off leeward Hawai‘i
Authors: Wren Johanna L.K. , Kobayashi Donald R.
Published: February 2016

Most adult reef fish show site fidelity thus dispersal is limited to the mobile larval stage of the fish, and effective management of such species requires an understanding of the patterns of larval dispersal. In this study, we assess larval reef fish distributions in the waters west of the Big Island of Hawai‘i using bothin situand model data. Catches from Cobb midwater trawls off west Hawai‘i show that reef fish larvae are most numerous in offshore waters deeper than 3,000 m and consist largely of pre-settlement Pomacanthids, Acanthurids and Chaetodontids. Utilizing a Lagrangian larval dispersal model, we were able to replicate the observed shore fish distributions from the trawl data and we identified the 100 m depth strata as the most likely depth of occupancy. Additionally, our model showed that for larval shore fish with a pelagic larval duration longer than 40 days there was no significant change in settlement success in our model. By creating a general additive model (GAM) incorporating lunar phase and angle we were able to explain 67.5% of the variance between modeled andin situAcanthurid abundances. We took steps towards creating a predictive larval distribution model that will greatly aid in understanding the spatiotemporal nature of the larval pool in west Hawai‘i, and the dispersal of larvae throughout the Hawaiian archipelago.
Performance of women with fibromyalgia in walking up stairs while carrying a load
Authors: Collado-Mateo Daniel , Adsuar José C. , Olivares Pedro R. , Dominguez-Muñoz Francisco J. , Maestre-Cascales Cristina , Gusi Narcis
Published: February 2016

Background.Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease characterized by widespread pain and other associated symptoms. It has a relevant impact on physical fitness and the ability to perform daily living tasks. The objective of the study was to analyze the step-by-step-performance and the trunk tilt of women with fibromyalgia in the 10-step stair climbing test compared with healthy controls.

Methods.A cross-sectional study was carried out. Twelve women suffering from fibromyalgia and eight healthy controls were recruited from a local association. Participants were asked to climb 10 stairs without carrying a load and 10 stairs carrying a load of 5 kg in each hand. Mediolateral trunk tilt was assessed using the “Functional Assessment of Biomechanics (FAB)” wireless motion capture device, and the time between steps was assessed via weight-bearing insoles.

Results.Trunk tilt in the stair-climbing task carrying a load was significantly higher in women with fibromyalgia when compared to the healthy controls (2.31 (0.63)vs.1.69 (0.51) respectively). The effect of carrying a load was significantly higher for women with fibromyalgia compared with healthy controls at the intermediate and final part of the task.

Discussion.Trunk tilt during stair climbing while carrying a load was higher in women with FM, which could increase the risk of falling. Additionally, women with FM experienced a higher pace slowdown as a consequence of the load, which supports the need of including specific strength and resistance training to physical therapies for this population.
The Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Study and Treatment of Liver Diseases
Authors: Hansel Marc C. , Davila Julio C. , Vosough Massoud , Gramignoli Roberto , Skvorak Kristen J. , Dorko Kenneth , Marongiu Fabio , Blake William , Strom Stephen C.
Published: February 2016

Liver disease is a major global health concern. Liver cirrhosis is one of the leading causes of death in the world and currently the only therapeutic option for end‐stage liver disease (e.g., acute liver failure, cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, cholestatic diseases, metabolic diseases, and malignant neoplasms) is orthotropic liver transplantation. Transplantation of hepatocytes has been proposed and used as an alternative to whole organ transplant to stabilize and prolong the lives of patients in some clinical cases. Although these experimental therapies have demonstrated promising and beneficial results, their routine use remains a challenge due to the shortage of donor livers available for cell isolation, variable quality of those tissues, the potential need for lifelong immunosuppression in the transplant recipient, and high costs. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies and more reliable clinical treatments are urgently needed. Recent and continuous technological advances in the development of stem cells suggest they may be beneficial in this respect. In this review, we summarize the history of stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology in the context of hepatic differentiation and discuss the potential applications the technology may offer for human liver disease modeling and treatment. This includes developing safer drugs and cell‐based therapies to improve the outcomes of patients with currently incurable health illnesses. We also review promising advances in other disease areas to highlight how the stem cell technology could be applied to liver diseases in the future. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of Toxicity in Mouse Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells
Authors: Ezeh Peace C. , Xu Huan , Wang Shu Chun , Medina Sebastian , Burchiel Scott W.
Published: February 2016

Development of blood cells through hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow (BM), and can be adversely impacted by various substances and/or conditions ranging from known therapeutic, intentionally administered xenobiotics to unintentional food additives and exposure to environmental chemicals. The principles underlying the techniques for evaluating toxicity to BM progenitors (erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid) exploit changes in the normal hematopoietic process, biochemical cell surface and intracellular markers, as well as components of the BM microenvironment. Toxicological investigations following in vivo exposures of mice or in vitro exposures of mouse primary BM cell cultures allow the assessment of the developmental and functional integrity of BM cells, cell population shifts, and adverse biochemical effects due to toxicity. Colony forming unit (CFU) assays and flow cytometry are indispensable techniques in these toxicity studies. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Novel motif in calcineurin catalytic subunit is required for septal localization of calcineurin in Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Juvvadi Praveen R. , Pemble Charles W. , Ma Yan , Steinbach William J.
Published: February 2016

Calcineurin heterodimer, comprised of the catalytic (CnaA) and regulatory (CnaB) subunits, localizes at the hyphal tips and septa to direct growth, septation, and disease in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Here we discovered a novel motif (FMDVF) required for this critical CnaA septal localization, including residues Phe368, Asp370 and Phe372 overlapping the cyclosporine A‐cyclophilin A‐binding domain, CnaB‐binding helix and the FK506‐FKBP12‐binding pocket. Mutations in adjacent residues Asn367, Trp374, and Ser375 confer FK506 resistance without impacting CnaA septal localization. Modeling A. fumigatus CnaA confirmed that the FMDVF motif forms a bridge between the two known substrate‐binding motifs, PxIxIT and LxVP, and concurrent mutations (F368A D370A; F368A F372A) in the FMDVF motif disrupt CnaA‐substrate interaction at the septum.
Comparison of potential field solutions for Carrington Rotation 2144
Authors: Hayashi Keiji , Yang Shangbin , Deng Yuagyong
Published: February 2016

We examined differences among the coronal magnetic field structures derived with the potential field source surface (PFSS) model for Carrington Rotation 2144, from 21 November to 19 December 2013. We used the synoptic maps of solar photospheric magnetic field from four observatories, the Huairou Solar Observing Station (HSOS), Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG), Helioseismic Magnetic Imager (HMI), and Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO). We tested two smoothing methods, Gaussian and boxcar averaging, and correction of unbalanced net magnetic flux. The solutions of three‐dimensional coronal magnetic field are significantly different each other. An open‐field region derived with HSOS data agrees best with the corresponding coronal hole observed by Solar Dynamics Observatories/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, while HMI data yielded best agreements with the near‐Earth OMNI database. The GONG data overall gave agreements as good as the HMI. The PFSS calculations using WSO data were least sensitive to the choices we examined in this work. Differences in PFSS solutions using different choices and parameters in smoothing imply that the photospheric magnetic field distributions with size of several degrees at midlatitude and low‐latitude regions can be decisive, at least, in the examined period. To better determine the global solar corona, therefore, further evaluation of influences from compact bipolar magnetic field is needed.