bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fresh Osteochondral Total Ankle Allograft Transplantation for the Treatment of Ankle Arthritis
Authors: Jeng Clifford L. , Kadakia Anish , White Kacey L. , Myerson Mark S.
Published: June 2008

Background: Fresh osteochondral total ankle allograft transplantation has been reported in the literature with survival rates between 50% and 92% at 1- to 12-years followup. The goal of this study was to present the results of total ankle allografts from another institution. Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine patients underwent osteochondral total ankle transplant at our institution between July 2003 and July 2005. The mean patient age was 41 years old and the mean followup duration was 2 years. Results: At followup, 14 of the 29 transplants had been revised to a repeat ankle transplant, prosthetic total ankle arthroplasty, or bone block arthrodesis. In addition, 6 of the remaining 15 transplants were deemed to be radiographic failures due to allograft fracture, allograft collapse, or progressive loss of joint space. The remaining 9 allografts (31%) were considered successes. In comparing the success versus the failure group, patients who were older, who had a lower body-mass index, and who had minimal preoperative angular deformity did significantly better. Conclusion: This is the largest series of osteochondral total ankle allograft transplants reported in the literature to date. There is an extremely high rate of failure associated with this procedure, and we currently consider it only rarely in patients who are too young for ankle replacement, have excellent range of motion, low body mass index, normal radiographic alignment, and who refuse arthrodesis.
Subtalar Distraction Arthrodesis Using Interpositional Frozen Structural Allograft
Authors: Garras David N. , Santangelo James R. , Wang David W. , Easley Mark E.
Published: June 2008

Background: Subtalar bone-block distraction arthrodesis using structural autograft carries the risk of donor site morbidity. Recent reports suggest that structural allograft may be an attractive alternative to structural autograft in subtalar arthrodesis. This prospective study analyzes subtalar distraction arthrodesis using interpositional structural allograft. Materials and Methods: Between 2000 and 2006, 22 patients (24 feet; mean age, 45.6 years) underwent subtalar arthrodesis with interpositional fresh-frozen femoral head structural allograft. Indications included subtalar arthrosis, loss of heel height, and anterior ankle impingement. Clinical outcome was assessed using the AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scoring system. Time to union was determined by previously reported clinical findings and radiographic evidence for bridging trabeculation between host bone and structural allograft. Results: Mean followup was 35.8 months for 20 patients (21 feet) available for followup evaluation. Union was achieved in 19 of 21 patients (90%) at a mean of 15.5 (range, 11 to 19) weeks. Mean AOFAS hind-foot score improved from 21 to 71 points ( p < 0.05). Radiographic analysis suggested significant ( p < 0.05) improvement in all measurements. Complications included nonunion (2), varus malalignment (1), persistent subfibular impingement (1), sural neuralgia (1), and prominent hardware (2). Both patients with nonunions had avascular bone at the arthrodesis site and used tobacco products. Conclusion: This study supports recent publications that subtalar arthrodesis using interpositional structural allograft can have a favorable outcome. Our clinical and radiographic results suggest that restoration of hindfoot function and dimensions with structural allograft are comparable to results reported for the same procedure using structural autograft. Level of Evidence: Level IV, prospective case series.
Radiographic Measures as a Predictor of Ulcer Formation in Diabetic Charcot Midfoot
Authors: Bevan Wesley P. C. , Tomlinson Matthew P. W.
Published: June 2008

Background: Plantar midfoot ulceration in diabetic patients with midfoot Charcot neuroarthropathy is a risk factor for infection that can require amputation. The aim of this study was to determine a simple radiographic predictor of the individual risk of subsequent ulcer formation in this group of patients. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of all patients seen at our institution between January 1998 and July 2004 with diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy was performed. Exclusion criteria were previous reconstructive foot surgery, absence of weightbearing foot radiographs and absent pedal pulses. Patient charts were reviewed for demographics, diabetic co-morbidities, and presence of midfoot skin pathology (plantar callus and/or ulceration). Weightbearing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were assessed using standard measurements. Results: Nineteen patients with radiographs of 24 feet were included. Fifty-eight percent were female, and the mean age was 54 (SD ± 13) years. Ninety-five percent had type II diabetes mellitus, and the median duration of illness was 20 (range, 14 to 25) years. Midfoot ulceration and callus formation were seen in 6 (25%) and 2 feet, respectively. When radiographic measures of feet with and without midfoot skin pathology were compared, the lateral talar-first metatarsal angle was significantly associated with skin pathology ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: The lateral talar-first metatarsal angle measured on weightbearing radiographs is a simple means of monitoring patients' risk of development of midfoot ulceration. Only patients with a lateral talar-first metatarsal angle of greater than −27 degrees had an ulcer. This may be a clinically useful threshold for increased risk of the development of ulceration in midfoot diabetic neuroarthropathy.
Neurectomy versus Neurolysis for Morton's Neuroma
Authors: Villas Carlos , Florez Borja , Alfonso Matias
Published: June 2008

Background: We evaluated a series of patients who underwent neurectomy or neurolysis for the surgical treatment of Morton's neuroma. Materials and Methods: A group of 50 patients (69 feet) who underwent surgery for a symptomatic Morton's neuroma were retrospectively reviewed. Surgery was performed through a dorsal approach in all cases. When the nerve showed macroscopic thickening or the typical pseudoneuroma, it was resected; when the nerve had no macroscopic changes, the intermetatarsal ligament and any other potentially compressive structure were released. In 17 cases, adjacent claw toes were treated. Results: Nerve thickening (pseudoneuroma) were resected in 46 cases; in the other 23 cases, the nerve was preserved. Total relief from digital nerve related symptoms was obtained in all cases but one in each group. These patients were reoperated on 6 months later by performing a neurectomy in the case where the nerve had been preserved, and a more proximal resection in the case in which the nerve had been resected. Both patients finally achieved complete pain relief. Conclusion: When treating Morton's neuromas surgically, neurolysis can be a valid option when a pseudoneuroma has not developed.
The Use of Calcium Sulfate and Calcium Phosphate Composite Graft to Augment Screw Purchase in Osteoporotic Ankles
Authors: Panchbhavi Vinod K. , Vallurupalli Santaram , Morris Randal , Patterson Rita
Published: June 2008

Background: Screws placed in the distal fibula may not have satisfactory purchase during internal fixation of an osteoporotic ankle fracture. Tibia-pro-fibula screws that extend from the fibula into the distal tibial metaphysis provide additional purchase. The purpose of this study was to investigate if purchase of these screws can be enhanced further by injecting calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate composite graft into the drill holes prior to insertion of the screws. Materials and Methods: Bone density was quantified using a DEXA scan in paired cadaver legs. One leg from each pair was randomly selected for injection of composite graft into the screw holes before insertion of the screws. Two screws were inserted through the fibula into the distal tibial metaphysis in each leg, at the level of the syndesmosis under fluoroscopy in a standardized fashion in an MTS machine. Results: After testing 4 pairs of cadaver legs, a statistically significant difference was noted in displacement ( p = 0.018 distal, p = 0.0093 proximal), failure load, ( p = 0.0185 distal, p = 0.0238 proximal), and failure energy ( p = 0.0071 distal, p = 0.0115 proximal) between augmented and non-augmented screws, with the augmented screws being considerably stronger. Conclusion: Screws augmented with composite graft provide significantly greater purchase in an osteoporotic fibular fracture model. Clinical relevance: Composite graft augmented screws inserted into the distal tibia from the fibula may enhance the stability of internal fixation of an osteoporotic ankle fracture. This may enable earlier weightbearing and return to function which is important in elderly patients.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Different First Metatarsal Osteotomies in a Hallux Valgus Model
Authors: McCarthy Avril D. , Davies Mark Bowen , Wembridge Kevin R. , Blundell Chris
Published: June 2008

Background: This study evaluates and compares three-dimensional (3-D) changes in geometry of the first metatarsal (MT1) independent of soft tissue corrections of 5 common osteotomies: three distal (Chevron, Mitchell, and Wilson), one proximal (Stephens basal), and one combined proximal/distal (Scarf), using standardized synthetic bone models. Materials and Methods: A digitizing system was used to measure and record points on the synthetic bone models in 3-D space. Computer vector analysis calculated 3-D rotations and translations of the MT1 head plus the conventional intermetatarsal angle (IMA) and distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA). Results: The Wilson and Mitchell's osteotomies produced significant shortening ( p < 0.001) in contrast to the three other osteotomies. All the osteotomies produced a reduction in the 3-D IMA. The Scarf and Stephens basal osteotomies reduced the DMAA. All of the osteotomies resulted in lateral translations and depression of the MT1 head. While there were no significant ( p > 0.05) translational differences between the Scarf and Stephens basal osteotomies, there were rotational differences, with the Stephens basal producing significantly more plantar flexion ( p = 0.000) and pronation ( p < 0.001) than the Scarf. Conclusion: This geometric study indicated many of the MT1 head changes following metatarsal osteotomy to be out-of-plane translational and multiplanar rotations which cannot be determined using AP radiographs alone. Clinical Relevance: We advocate judicious choice of osteotomy to achieve the desired correction of hallux valgus in each individual.
Establishing the case for CT angiography in the preoperative imaging of abdominal wall perforators
Authors: Rozen W. M. , Ashton M. W. , Grinsell D. , Stella D. L. , Phillips T. J. , Taylor G. I.
Published: June 2008

Preoperative imaging of the donor site vasculature for deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) perforator flaps and other abdominal wall reconstructive flaps has become more commonplace. Abdominal wall computed tomography angiography (CTA) has been described as the most accurate and reproducible modality available for demonstrating the location, size, and course of individual perforators. We drew on our experience of 75 consecutive patients planned for DIEA‐based flap surgery undertaking CTA at a single institution. Seven of these cases have been reported to highlight the utility of CTA for preoperative planning, emphasizing the unique information supplied by CTA that may influence operative outcome. Among all cases that underwent preoperative imaging with CTA, there was 100% flap survival, with no partial or complete flap necrosis. We found that in three of the cases described, the choice of operation was necessarily selected based on CTA findings (DIEA perforator flap, transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, and superficial superior epigastric artery flap). In addition, three cases demonstrate that CTA findings may dictate the decision to operate at all, and one case demonstrates the utility of CTA for evaluating the entire abdominal contents for comorbid conditions. Our experience with CTA for abdominal wall perforator mapping has been highly beneficial. CTA may guide operative technique and improve perforator selection in uncomplicated cases, and in difficult cases it can guide the most appropriate operation or indeed if an operation is appropriate at all. This is particularly the case in the setting of comorbidities or previous abdominal surgery. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.
Harvesting of forearm perforator flaps based on intraoperative vascular exploration: Clinical experiences and literature review
Authors: Matei Ileana , Georgescu Alexandru , Chiroiu Bogdan , Capota Irina , Ardelean Filip
Published: June 2008

The use of perforator flaps all over the body, as free microsurgical transfers, as well as pedicled or transposition flaps gained more and more importance in the surgery of tissue defects. When we consider harvesting such flaps at trunk level, in repeatedly traumatized areas, after previous surgery or when we plan to use the perforator flap as a free flap, it is very important to perform preoperative investigations aimed to precisely localize the perforator or perforators able to sustain such a flap. But, at limb level and, especially, at forearm level, the preoperative investigations cannot always have a complete justification. After a short review of the main preoperative investigations used in flap surgery and considering our color Doppler study, we will present in this article our technique of performing such flaps in the forearm, without any preoperative perforator vessel detection. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.
Invited Discussion: Harvesting of forearm perforator flaps based on intraoperative vascular exploration: Clinical experiences and literature review
Authors: Lee Gordon K.
Published: June 2008

Advancements in microsurgery and a better understanding of vascular anatomy has allowed for expanding indications for perforators flaps in reconstructive surgery. The use of perforator flaps in the forearm has not become widespread, yet the benefit of sparing a major peripheral artery such as the ulnar or radial is certainly worth considering. The authors present their experience with perforator flaps in the forearm. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.
Management of traumatic tibial defects using free vascularized fibula or Ilizarov bone transport: A comparative study
Authors: El‐Gammal Tarek A. , Shiha Anis E. , El‐Deen Mohamed Alam , El‐Sayed Amr , Kotb Mohamed M. , Addosooki Ahmad I. , Ragheb Yasser Farouk , Saleh Waleed Riad
Published: June 2008

There are several options for the treatment of traumatic tibial defects. Among these options, free vascularized fibula and Ilizarov bone transport are well‐known and effective techniques. The differences between both techniques and the indications for each of them are not well studied in the literature. Between September 1995 and December 2004, Ilizarov bone transport and free vascularized fibula were used to treat 25 traumatic bone. Patients were divided into two groups, Ilizarov group (12) and free fibula group (13). Preoperative data, operative data, duration of treatment, functional outcome, range of motion loss, number of secondary procedures, and type and rate of complications were compared in both groups. All the cases were ultimately united in both groups. Operative time and blood loss were significantly higher in the free fibula group. Although external fixation time was longer in the Ilizarov group, the overall duration of treatment was similar. Range of motion loss was less in the Ilizarov group, but the overall functional outcome was similar. There was no difference in complication rate, or number secondary procedures. Defect size was found to have the most significant effect on the results. Results were much better in the free fibula group when the defect length was 12 cm or more while the results were better in Ilizarov group when the defect length was less than 12 cm. We recommend using free vascularized fibula for traumatic tibial defects of 12 cm or more, whenever experience is available. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.
Soft tissue augmentation for restoration of facial contour deformities using the free SCIA/SIEA flap
Authors: Nasir Serdar , Aydin Mustafa Asim , AltuntaŞ Selman , Sönmez Erhan , Şafak Tunç
Published: June 2008

Reconstruction for facial contour deformities is still a challenging process and treatment for most cases is achieved only by soft tissue augmentation. The use of free tissue transfer offers the advantage of one step vascularized soft tissue augmentation. This article summarized the authors' use of de‐epthelialized free superficial circumflex iliac artery/superficial inferior epigastric artery flap for facial contour deformities. Of these patients, two had hemifacial microsomia, one depressed scar, and one had hemifacial progressive atrophy. Stable restoration of the facial contour was achieved in all patients. The advantages of this flap are numerous. Two surgical teams may work at the same time for flap harvesting and recipient area preparation. A wide flap may be planned for large contour deformity to achieve one single stage augmentation. Pedicle course of this flap allows primary defating without disturbing distal flap circulation when in need of a thin flap for mild contour deformity. Donor site may be closed with bikini (abdominoplasty) incision, which has excellent esthetic outcome compared to other flaps. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.
Replantation of amputated finger composite tissues with microvascular anastomosis
Authors: Chai Yimin , Kang Qinglin , Yang Qingcheng , Zeng Bingfang
Published: June 2008

Replantation of the partial amputated finger or the composite tissue in finger would achieve better functional and esthetical results than any reconstructive procedure. In this article, we report the results of microsurgical partial finger or composite tissue replantation at different anatomic sites of 24 fingers in 21 patients. Microvascular anastomosis was performed in all cases of replantation. For the digital palmar and lateral composite tissue defects, the proper palmar digital artery and volar or dorsal subcutaneous veins were repaired by end‐to‐end anastomoses. For the digital dorsal defects, the blood supply was reestablished by arterialization of a dorsal central vein in the replanted part with one of the proper palmar digital arteries. The average follow‐up period was 12.3 months. Twenty‐two of 24 fingers survived completely with good functional and esthetic results. Two replantations failed because of vascular complications. In conclusion, if the vascular vessels in amputations of partial finger and composite tissue of finger are suitable for anastomosis, a successful replantation of these parts with excellent functional and esthetical recovery can be achieved. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.
Reversal of toe clawing in the patient with neuropathy by neurolysis of the distal tibial nerve
Authors: Dellon A. Lee , Steck Jerome K.
Published: June 2008

The distinction between hammer toes and clawed toes is poorly emphasized. The neural origin of clawing in the foot is related to the lateral plantar nerve, and suggests that surgical treatment directed at decompression or neurolysis of the lateral plantar nerve may either reverse or prevent progression of intrinsic motor paralysis. The purpose of this report is to provide criteria to distinguish between the musculoskeletal imbalances that creates hammer versus clawing of the toes, and to demonstrate examples of improvement in clawing that resulted from neurolysis of the tibial nerve and the lateral plantar nerve. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.
Semiautomatic analysis of serum triglycerides and cholesteryl esters by infrared absorption
Authors: Freeman N. K. , Lampo E. , Windsor A. A.
Published: June 2008

An instrument has been developed for the semiautomatic analysis of mixtures of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters. The method is based on high‐resolution infrared spectrophotometry, and has previously been shown to be applicable to the determination of these components in the nonionic fraction of human serum lipids. A simple nonrecording grating spectrophotometer has been suitably modified to carry out this analysis; and appropriate computing circuitry has been coupled with it for performing the two‐component calculation. The supplementary electronics consist of operational amplifiers, a logarithmic conversion circuit, a digital voltmeter, and a printer. Automatic operation is accomplished by a control mechanism, which programs the measurements, the steps in the calculations, and print‐out of the results. Sample preparation consists of an extraction of lipids from serum in such a way as to exelude phospholipids. This may be done in a single step, although a two‐step procedure—total lipid extraction followed by adsorption separation of the phospholipids—appears to be more reliable. Measurements are made on a solution of the neutral lipid fraction in carbon tetrachloride.
The use of the computer in serum lipid and lipoprotein analysis
Authors: Jensen L. C. , Ewing A. M. , Wills R. D. , Lindgren F. T.
Published: June 2008

The usefulness of computers in data evaluation is generally recognized; however, the problem of utilizing a computer in the most intelligent manner deserves careful consideration.

Several programs are described which aid in serum lipid and lipoprotein analysis. Two programs requiring a minimum of manual measurements have been developed to analyze gas‐liquid chromatograms. These programs perform many operations including erratums for baseline, linearity, Gaussian resolution, and variation in column conditions. The presentation in some detail of one of these programs for NCH elemental analysis illustrates the development and refinement of a program for a specific instrument. Finally, a general purpose statistical analysis program has been developed which greatly aids in summarizing and correlating data from these programs, as well as other sources, such as ultracentrifugal data.
Measurement of carbon‐14 and tritium in the effluent of a gas chromatography column
Authors: Karmen Arthur
Published: June 2008

Several methods of measuring radioactivity in the effluent of a gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) column are reviewed. If there is sufficient radioactivity in individual compounds to be measurable with acceptable precision in less than 15‐20 see, the effluent of a GLC column can be assayed for radioactivity during the course of an analysis. The effluent can be passed directly through a heated ionization chamber or proportional counter but both of these are some‐what sensitive to changes in the composition of the gas. The effluent can also be combusted to carbon dioxide and water, and the water then converted to HT for tritium assay. These gases can then be assayed in an ionization chamber, proportional counter or flow‐through scintillation counter at ambient temperature. The detector volume and gas flow rate can then be large so that changes in gas composition that occur during the course of an analysis are minimized. The gas flow is adjusted for optimal speed of response. Combustion trains have been developed that minimize memory effects in tritium assays that otherwise can cause difficulties. Convenient calibration methods are available for setting up the methods and for determining their efficiencies. When there is insufficient radioactivity in the sample to be measurable during a short time interval, the effluent can be fractionated, high boiling material in each fraction can be condensed out and assayed for radioactivity for longer periods. Automatic and quantitative fraction collecting devices have been developed for use with liquid scintillation counters that make this method of radioassay accurate as well as highly sensitive.
Methods of isolation and identification of volatile compounds in lipids
Authors: Angelini Pio , Forss D. A. , Bazinet M. L. , Merritt Charles
Published: June 2008

Techniques are described for the collection, separation and identification of the volatile compounds produced in lipids by oxidation or irradiation. Methods employed are high vacuum distillation followed by wide range programmed temperature gas chromatography and rapid scanning mass spectrometry. Efficacy of the methods is discussed.
Composition of the CnH2n‐8 fraction from an alkylation reaction
Authors: Flanagan P. W. , Hamming M. C. , Evens F. M.
Published: June 2008

The CnH2n‐8 distillation cut from the alkylation of benzene with tridecyl chlorides using AlCl3 catalysis has been examined. Spectroscopic techniques (mass spectra, infrared, ultraviolet and nuclear magnetic resonance) were not able to resolve the question of whether these compounds are indans or tetralins. Aromatization of the distillation cut using a Pd/C catalyst gave a mixture of 1,4‐dialkylnaphthalenes, showing that the starting material was almost completely of the tetralin structure.
Observations on response factors for thermal conductivity detectors in GLC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Herb S. F. , Magidman Paul , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: June 2008

Various erratum factors have been proposed for quantitative analysis of fatty acid methyl ester mixtures by isothermal gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) employing thermal conductivity detectors in an effort to obtain more accurate values. These factors include multiplication of the area of each peak by the square root of the molecular weight of each component before calculating the percentage of each compound in the mixture or applying erratums for relative molar response for saturated esters and relative mass response for unsaturated esters. These proposed factors are not valid erratums for detector response but fortuitously are approximate compensations for lack of optimum operating conditions for each component. This is shown from the analysis of a number of standard fatty acid methyl ester mixtures by isothermal and programmed temperature GLC where the detector is maintained under identical conditions. Isothermal GLC requires different factors each time operating conditions are altered appreciably while proper temperature programming required little or no erratums depending on the particular mixture of methyl esters.
Conjugation of soybean oil by decomposition of its iron tricarbonyl complex with carbon monoxide
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Metlin S.
Published: June 2008

Soybean and other vegetable oils are conjugated by decomposing their iron tricarbonyl complexes with carbon monoxide at elevated pressures. This procedure converts the iron tricarbonyl moiety of the complex into iron pentacarbonyl, which is recovered for reuse. When iron carbonyl‐complexed soybean oil is heated at 180‐200C at CO pressures of 1090‐3750 psi, 90‐97% of the complex is decomposed into Fe(CO)5 and conjugated soybean oil. At 180C and 3600 psi CO, 84% of the Fe(CO)5 is recovered, and 82% of the polyunsaturates in the oil is conjugated. At 200C and 1090 psi CO, 98% of the Fe(CO)5 is recovered, but the oil is less conjugated (75%). The studies point the way to a possibly economical process for conjugating vegetable oils by consecutive reactions with Fe(CO)5 and CO.
Urethane foams from animal fats. II. Reaction of propylene oxide with fatty acids
Authors: Scholnick F. , Monroe H. A. , Saggese E. J. , Wrigley A. N.
Published: June 2008

Propylene oxide has been reacted with 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid to form polyol components for urethane foams. The alkali‐catalyzed reaction proceeds slowly until the first mole of propylene oxide is absorbed and thereafter at a higher rate. For other substrates, the initial reaction proceeds most readily with alcohols and decreases in speed with increasing acidity of the hydroxyl group.

Threo‐anderythro‐9,10‐dihydroxystearic acids were reacted with approximately 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 moles of propylene oxide. Both series of the resulting polyols were liquid, unlike corresponding oxyethylated derivatives, which were solids in theerythro series. A small amount of unsaturation was observed in the reaction products in accord with previous studies. The liquid polyols can be used conveniently in the preparation of rigid urethane foams.
Urethane foams from animal fats. III. Oxypropylated dihydroxystearic acids in rigid foams
Authors: Saggese E. J. , Scholnick Frank , Zubillaga Marta , Ault Waldo C. , Wrigley A. N.
Published: June 2008

Liquid polyols consisting ofthreo‐orerythro‐9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid previously reacted with 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 moles of propylene oxide were adjusted with triisopropanolamine to equivalent weight 100. Using trichlorofluoromethane as blowing agent and triethylenediamine as catalyst, the adjusted polyols were foamed by reaction with a prepolymer made from oxypropylated sorbitol and tolylene diisocyanate.

The resulting rigid foams had densities between 1.6 and 2.0 lb/ft3, the densities for thethreo series being parallel to but higher at each stage of oxypropylation than those of theerythro series. Compressive strengths in theerythro series ranged from 19 psi for the monooxypropylated compound to 38 psi for the octaoxypropylated member; in thethreo series from 27 to 39 psi. Properties improved in both series as the degree of polyol oxypropylation increased. This contrasted with foams prepared earlier from oxyethylated polyols, whose properties generally reached maxima at intermediate degrees of oxyethylation. Using the tetra‐and hexaoxypropylatedthreo polyols, the proportion of blowing agent was varied to relate compressive strength to density of foams between 1.4 and 4 lb/ft3.
Conductivity analysis for free fatty acids in oil from glandless cottonseed
Authors: Velasco James
Published: June 2008

Attempts to determine free fatty acids in petroleum ether extracts of cottonseed and crude cottonseed oil by conductivity measurements were unsuccessful due to interference of gossypol. With new strains of glandless cottonseed, which do not contain gossypol, analysis of free fatty acids by conductivity was successful on both the petroleum ether extracts and on the crude oil. An important advantage of conductivity over titration is that sample preparation is eliminated, since conductivity measurements are made on the oil extracts from the total oil determination.
Countercurrent distribution of alkali‐isomerized methyl linolenate with an argentation system
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Butterfield R. O. , Peters Helen , Glass C. A. , Dutton H. J.
Published: June 2008

The isomerized product obtained by heating linolenic acid with potassium hydroxide in ethylene glycol at 165C for 30 min was separated into urea‐adduct‐forming (AF) and nonurea‐adductforming (NAF) materials. Both were converted to methyl esters and fractionated by countercurret distribution (CCD) between hexane and 0.2N silver nitrate in 90% methanol. Some of the CCD fractions were further fractionated by low‐temperature crystallization from acetone.

The AF material consisted largely of trienoate containing triene conjugation and of trienoate containing diene conjugation. The NAF material was composed of the same two components and cyclic esters.
Acetalization of aldehyde oils by catalysis with cation‐exchange resins
Authors: Beal R. E. , Anders D. E. , Black L. T.
Published: June 2008

Aldehyde oils produced on a pilot‐plant scale gradually polymerized at room temperature and became extremely viscous or solidified in a few weeks. Initial viscosity level was maintained by converting the oils to acetals by use of a strong cation resin catalyst which, it was found, does not cause appreciable transesterification. Aldehyde conversion was determined by infrared absorbance at 2720 cm‐1. The effects of amount of alcohol and resin on degree of conversion were studied. Storage studies indicate that the acetal oils must be protected from oxidation.
Chick feeding tests on treated tung meals
Authors: Holmes R. L. , Spadaro J. J. , Watts A. B.
Published: June 2008

In attempts to detoxify tung meal, batches were treated with gaseous ammonia at 100 psi at room temp and at 110C, also at 110C with phosphoric acid, with sodium carbonate, and with urea, and by benzene extraction. The analyses of the meals for total, ammonia and nonprotein nitrogen, and for pH are given. The treated meals were fed to chicks by replacing half the protein in a standard chick ration by protein from the tung meals. All treatments except benzene extraction greatly reduced toxicity of the meal, but no ration containing tung meal was equal to the standard chick ration in its effect on rate of growth. The best meal was that treated with ammonia. The average gain in weight of chicks in 21 days (15th to 36th day) on the ration containing this meal was 247 g compared to 325 g for the chicks on the standard ration. None of the rations containing treated meals killed any chicks except the benzene‐extracted meal. The untreated meal killed 23 out of 40 chicks and the survivors gained only 88 g in 21 days.
Relationship betweenAspergillus flavus growth fat acidity, and aflatoxin content in peanuts
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Sessoms Sandra L.
Published: June 2008

The influence of fungal growth, under standardized conditions, on fat acidity in large‐seeded Virginia‐type peanuts inoculated withAspergillus flavus and relationships between fat acidity and aflatoxin, a toxic metabolite produced byA. flavus were studied. Fat acidity increased quadratically and was highly correlated with visible fungal growth. A lag in aflatoxin production in relation to fat acidity increase was noted; fat acidity reached 60 mg KOH per 100 g kernels before aflatoxin became detectable. This relationship suggests that a rapid method of determining fat acidity might be used to sereen peanut samples for the possible presence of aflatoxin. A rapid method of determining fat acidity is cited and compared with the official A.O.A.C. method.
Farm sales policy and cotton decline should soon affect soybean crushing volume
Authors: Malone Patrick J.
Published: June 2008

Conclusion

In conclusion, the rate of farm sales over the nearterm will play a very major role in determining this seasons soybean crushings. As pointed out the major statistics which are the result of the shortfall in cottonseed production this fall imply that the potential for a 30 to 40 million bushel increase in soybean crushings this season is present.
Mechanisms of analgesic action of pulsed radiofrequency on adjuvant‐induced pain in the rat: Roles of descending adrenergic and serotonergic systems
Authors: Hagiwara Satoshi , Iwasaka Hideo , Takeshima Naozumi , Noguchi Takayuki
Published: June 2008

Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of several types of pain. The mechanism of action, however, is not well known. In a recent study, the antinociceptive effects of acute thermal pain were shown to be mediated via descending pain inhibitory pathways. In this study we observed an analgesic effect of PRF treatment in an adjuvant induced inflammatory pain model in rats. In this model, sciatic nerves were treated with PRF at 37° and 42°, which inhibited hyperalgesia in the inflammatory groups when compared to RF and sham treatment. This effect was attenuated after intrathecal administration of the alpha2‐adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine, the selective 5‐HT3 serotonin receptor antagonist MDL72222, and the non‐selective serotonin receptor antagonist methysergide. All three drugs were found to significantly inhibit the analgesic effect of PRF. The results suggest that the analgesic action of PRF involves the enhancement of noradrenergic and serotonergic descending pain inhibitory pathways.
HSV‐1 ICP27 suppresses NF‐κB activity by stabilizing IκBα
Authors: Kim Jin Chul , Lee Soo Yun , Kim Sang Young , Kim Jeong Ki , Kim Hye Jin , Lee Hee Min , Choi Mi Sun , Min Jung Sun , Kim Mi Jee , Choi Hyang Soon , Ahn Jeong Keun
Published: June 2008

MINT‐6549405:

IkappaBalpha (uniprotkb:P25963) physically interacts (MI:0218) with ICP27 (uniprotkb:Q9J0X9) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)

MINT‐6549385:

IkappaBalpha (uniprotkb:P25963)physically interacts (MI:0218) with ICP27 (uniprotkb:Q9J0X9) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007)

MINT‐6549372:

IkappaBalpha (uniprotkb:P25963) physically interacts (MI:0218) with ICP27 (uniprotkb:Q9J0X9) by pull down (MI:0096)
HemK2 protein, encoded on human chromosome 21, methylates translation termination factor eRF1
Authors: Figaro Sabine , Scrima Nathalie , Buckingham Richard H. , Heurgué-Hamard Valérie
Published: June 2008

MINT‐6571489:

HemK2α (uniprotkb:Q9Y5N5) binds (MI:0407) to hTrm112 (uniprotkb:Q9UI30) by pull down (MI:0096)
Human neprilysin‐2 (NEP2) and NEP display distinct subcellular localisations and substrate preferences
Authors: Whyteside Alison R. , Turner Anthony J.
Published: June 2008

Neprilysin‐2 (NEP2) is a novel metallopeptidase homologous to neprilysin (NEP), an enzyme involved in regulation of neuropeptide signalling. NEP2 exists as two alternatively spliced isoforms, NEP2 and NEP2Δ. In this study, we cloned and expressed both human isoforms. Human NEP2 exists as a membrane‐bound and soluble enzyme, whereas human NEP2Δ exists as two membrane‐bound glycoforms, localised to the ER and plasma membrane. Surprisingly, NEP2 substrate specificity and inhibitor binding was distinct from that of human NEP, suggesting that NEP and NEP2 play distinct physiological roles in humans, and human NEP2 differs markedly from its rodent homologues.
The yeast Hsp110, Sse1p, exhibits high‐affinity peptide binding
Authors: Goeckeler Jennifer L. , Petruso Anthony P. , Aguirre Julia , Clement Cristina C. , Chiosis Gabriela , Brodsky Jeffrey L.
Published: June 2008

Hsp110s are divergent relatives of Hsp70 chaperones that hydrolyze ATP. Hsp110s serve as Hsp70 nucleotide exchange factors and act directly to maintain polypeptide solubility. To date, the impact of peptide binding on Hsp110 ATPase activity is unknown and an Hsp110/peptide affinity has not been measured. We now report on a peptide that binds to the yeast Hsp110, Sse1p, with a K
D of ∼2 nM. Surprisingly, the binding of this peptide fails to stimulate Sse1p ATP hydrolysis. Moreover, an Hsp70‐binding peptide is unable to associate with Sse1p, suggesting that Hsp70s and Hsp110s possess partially distinct peptide recognition motifs.
Hypoxia induces microRNA miR‐210 in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Pulkkinen Kati , Malm Tarja , Turunen Mikko , Koistinaho Jari , Ylä-Herttuala Seppo
Published: June 2008

Shortage of oxygen is one of the prime stress conditions in tissues. In this study, we looked for microRNAs expressed during hypoxia and showed that miR‐210 expression was upregulated in response to hypoxia in vitro and in vivo. An active form of the HIF‐1α induced the expression of miR‐210, showing the involvement of the HIF‐1 signaling pathway in miR‐210 gene transcription. Furthermore, miR‐210 was shown to bind to the predicted target sites of ephrin‐A3 or neuronal pentraxin 1, causing repression in luciferase reporter activity. Contrary to the microRNA‐mediated repression hypothesis, ephrin‐A3 was expressed at very high levels in post‐ischemic mouse hippocampus in vivo. Thus, the regulatory effects of miR‐210 on its targets in vivo need to be further characterized.
Pathogenesis of feline enteric coronavirus infection
Authors: Pedersen Niels C. , Allen Claire E. , Lyons Leslie A.
Published: June 2008

Fifty-one specific pathogen-free (SPF) cats 10 weeks to 13 years of age were infected with a cat-to-cat fecal–oral passed strain of feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Clinical signs ranged from unapparent to a mild and self-limiting diarrhea. Twenty-nine of these cats were FECV naïve before infection and followed sequentially for fecal virus shedding and antibody responses over a period of 8–48 months. Fecal shedding, as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from rectal swabs, appeared within a week and was significantly higher in kittens than older cats. FECV shedding remained at high levels for 2–10 months before eventually evolving into one of three excretion patterns. Eleven cats shed the virus persistently at varying levels over an observation period of 9–24 months. Eleven cats appeared to have periods of virus shedding interlaced with periods of non-shedding (intermittent or recurrent shedders), and seven cats ceased shedding after 5–19 months (average 12 months). There was no change in the patterns of virus shedding among cats that were excreting FECV at the time of a secondary challenge exposure. Four cats, which had ceased shedding, re-manifested a primary type infection when secondarily infected. Cats with higher feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibody titers were significantly more likely to shed virus, while cats with lower titers were significantly less likely to be shedding. Twenty-two kittens born to experimentally infected project queens began shedding virus spontaneously, but never before 9–10 weeks of age. Natural kittenhood infections appeared to be low grade and abortive. However, a characteristic primary type infection occurred following experimental infection with FECV at 12–15 weeks of age. Pregnancy, parturition and lactation had no influence on fecal shedding by queens. Methylprednisolone acetate treatment did not induce non-shedders to shed and shedders to increase shedding.
OSL ages on glaciofluvial sediment in northern Lower Michigan constrain expansion of the Laurentide ice sheet
Authors: Schaetzl Randall J. , Forman Steven L.
Published: June 2008

We report new ages on glaciofluvial (outwash) sediment from a large upland in northern Lower Michigan—the Grayling Fingers. The Fingers are cored with > 150 m of outwash, which is often overlain by the (informal) Blue Lake till of marine isotope stage (MIS) 2. They are part of an even larger, interlobate upland comprised of sandy drift, known locally as the High Plains. The ages, determined using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) methods, indicate that subaerial deposition of this outwash occurred between 25.7 and 29.0 ka, probably associated with a stable MIS 2 ice margin, with mean ages of ca. 27 ka. These dates establish a maximum-limiting age of ca. 27 ka for the MIS 2 (late Wisconsin) advance into central northern Lower Michigan. We suggest that widespread ice sheet stabilization at the margins of the northern Lower Peninsula, during this advance and later during its episodic retreat, partly explains the thick assemblages of coarse-textured drift there. Our work also supports the general assumption of a highly lobate ice margin during the MIS 2 advance in the Great Lakes region, with the Fingers, an interlobate upland, remaining ice-free until ca. 27 ka.
Fashion and phases of late Pleistocene aggradation and incision in the Alaknanda River Valley, western Himalaya, India
Authors: Srivastava Pradeep , Tripathi Jayant K. , Islam R. , Jaiswal Manoj K.
Published: June 2008

We study the aggradation and incision of the Alaknanda River Valley during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. The morphostratigraphy in the river valley at Deoprayag shows the active riverbed, a cut terrace, and a fill terrace. The sedimentary fabric of the fill terrace comprises four lithofacies representing 1) riverbed accretion, 2) locally derived debris fan, 3) the deposits of waning floods and 4) palaeoflood records. The sedimentation style, coupled with geochemical analysis and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating, indicate that this terrace formed in a drier climate and the river valley aggraded in two phases during 21–18 ka and 13–9 ka. During these periods, sediment supply was relatively higher. Incision began after 10 ka in response to a strengthened monsoon and aided by increase of the tectonic gradient. The cut terrace formed at ~ 5 ka during a phase of stable climate and tectonic quiescence. The palaeoflood records suggest wetter climate 200–300 yr ago when the floods originated in the upper catchment of the Higher Himalaya and in the relatively drier climate ~ 1.2 ka when locally derived sediments from the Lesser Himalaya dominated flood deposits. Maximum and minimum limits of bedrock incision rate at Deoprayag are 2.3 mm/a and 1.4 mm/a.
Effect of small particles on the near-wall dynamics of a large particle in a highly bidisperse colloidal solution
Authors: Bhattacharya Sukalyan , Blawzdziewicz Jerzy
Published: June 2008

We consider the hydrodynamic effect of small particles on the dynamics of a much larger particle moving normal to a planar wall in a highly bidisperse dilute colloidal suspension of spheres. The gap h0 between the large particle and the wall is assumed to be comparable to the diameter 2a of the smaller particles so there is a length-scale separation between the gap width h0 and the radius of the large particle b⪢h0. We use this length-scale separation to develop a new lubrication theory which takes into account the presence of the smaller particles in the space between the larger particle and the wall. The hydrodynamic effect of the small particles on the motion of the large particle is characterized by the short time (or high frequency) resistance coefficient. We find that for small particle-wall separations h0, the resistance coefficient tends to the asymptotic value corresponding to the large particle moving in a clear suspending fluid. For h0⪢a, the resistance coefficient approaches the lubrication value corresponding to a particle moving in a fluid with the effective viscosity given by the Einstein formula.
Molecular view of the isothermal transformation of a stable glass to a liquid
Authors: Swallen Stephen F. , Kearns Kenneth L. , Satija Sushil , Traynor Katherine , McMahon Robert J. , Ediger M. D.
Published: June 2008

We have used neutron reflectivity to measure translational motion on the nanometer length scale in exceptionally stable glasses of tris(naphthylbenzene). These glasses are prepared by vapor deposition onto a substrate held somewhat below the glass transition temperature (Tg=342K). When the most stable samples are annealed at 345K, no translational motion is observed on the 12nm length scale for over 10000s and full mixing requires more than 60000s. For comparison, the equilibrium supercooled liquid mixes in 1000s at this temperature and on this length scale. These measurements provide insight into the mechanism by which a stable glass transforms into a liquid. “Melting” of the stable glass appears to occur by the growth of liquid regions into the surrounding glassy matrix, perhaps by a surface-initiated growth process. At 345K, translational motion in the stable glass is at least 100 times slower than motion in the supercooled liquid.
What can we learn from the adiabatic connection formalism about local hybrid functionals?
Authors: Arbuznikov Alexei V. , Kaupp Martin
Published: June 2008

Local hybrid functionals with position-dependent exact-exchange admixture are a promising new generation of exchange-correlation functionals for a large variety of applications. So far, the local mixing functions (LMFs) determining the position dependence have been largely constructed in an ad hoc manner, albeit based on physical reasoning. Here the basic formalism of the adiabatic connection is employed to investigate the formal basis of local hybrids and to construct a priori LMFs. Both a local spin density approximation to the LMF (AC-LSDA LMF) and generalized gradient approximation approximations (AC-PW91 LMF and AC-PBE LMF) turn out to provide inferior performance when used in local hybrids to compute atomization energies and reaction barriers compared to previous semiempirical LMFs. This is rationalized by limited flexibility of these first-principles LMFs and some basic limitations of the adiabatic connection formalism in this context. Graphical analyses and formal considerations provide nevertheless important new insight into the physical background of local hybrid functionals.