bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ACTA as Media Gatekeeping Factor
Authors: Cossiavelou Vassiliki
Published: October 2016

This paper explores the influence of regulatory instruments in media content gatekeeping model and especially, the impact of ACTA (Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement) in online media industries. The author argues that both developments in the regulatory field worldwide as well as the emerging role of international agreements' negotiators on internet access and security issues are going to influence also the media gatekeeping model. The analysis shows that even an updated by the ICTs' evolutions media gatekeeping model should follow the developments on regulations' global debate related to online media and on their impact to the electronic and mobile (e/m) business models. The actions taken by EU institutions indicate the establishment of EU as a global negotiator in cultural industries as well as the global internet users' communities as an informal negotiator for online media issues.
The Evolution of the ISO/IEC 29110 Set of Standards and Guides
Authors: O'Connor Rory V. , Laporte Claude Y.
Published: October 2016

While the quality of products is a competitive advantage for very small software development organizations, the usage of Software and Systems Engineering standards amongst such very small organizations is extremely low. A key factor in the literature explaining this lack of quality standards adoption is the perception by small and very small organizations that such standards have been developed for large multi-national companies and not with small and very small organizations in mind. The ISO/IEC 29110 standard is unique amongst software and systems engineering standards, in that the working group (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC7 WG 24) mandated to develop a new standard approached industry to conduct a needs assessment and gather actual requirements for a new standard as part of the standards development process. This paper presents a historical perspective behind the development of the ISO/IEC 29110 systems and software engineering standard and its constituent components, including the rationale behind its development and the innovative design of implementation guides to assist very small companies in adopting the standards. Further this paper will present an overview of the various parts of the ISO/IEC 29110 family and briefly present the plans for the future evolution of this series of standards.
Methodology for ISO/IEC 29110 Profile Implementation in EPF Composer
Authors: Buchalcevova Alena
Published: October 2016

The article presents the ISO/IEC 29110 Profile Implementation Methodology that was developed to manage consistent implementation of individual ISO/IEC 29110 Profiles in the open-source content management tool Eclipse Process Framework Composer. Such an implementation enables effective managing of the standard and its publishing in the form of a web application that can be easily and efficiently used. This methodology represents an example of the usable outputs of the ISO/IEC 29110 standard being utilized in education and research in the Czech Republic. Its main elements described in this article can be also used for implementation purposes in other countries. First, the methodology structure is presented, followed by its individual elements, i.e. General Principles, Profile Structure, Profile Element Mapping, Implementation Conventions, EPF Composer Usage Guidelines, and Implementation Process. The evaluation of this methodology was performed during the implementation of the Entry Profile.
Enhancement of Turbo-Generators Phase Backup Protection Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System
Authors: Abdel Aziz Mohamed Salah El-Din Ahmed , Elsamahy Mohamed , Hassan Mohamed A. Moustafa , Bendary Fahmy M. A.
Published: October 2016

This research work presents an advanced solution for the problem due to the current setting of Relay (21). This problem arises when it is set to provide thermal backup protection for the generator during two common system disturbances, namely a system fault and a sudden application of a large system load. These investigations are carried out using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The results of the investigations have shown that the ANFIS has a promising tool when applied for turbo-generators phase backup protection. The effect of this tool varies according to the type of input data used for ANFIS testing and validation. The proposed method in this paper proposes the use of two different sets of inputs to the ANFIS, these inputs are the generator terminal impedance measurements (R and X) and the generator three phase terminal voltages and currents (V and I). The dynamic simulations of a test benchmark have been conducted using the PSCAD/EMTDC software. The results obtained from the ANFIS scheme are encouraging.
Perceptual Metrics Quality
Authors: Elloumi Nessrine , Kacem Habiba Loukil Hadj , Dey Nilanjan , Ashour Amira S. , Bouhlel Med Salim
Published: October 2016

A 3D mesh can be subjected to different types of operations, such as compression, watermarking etc. Such processes lead to geometric distortions compared to the original version. In this context, quantifying the resultant modifications to the original mesh and evaluating the perceptual quality of degraded meshes become a critical issue. The perceptual 3D meshes quality is central in several applications to preserve the visual appearance of these treatments. The used metrics results have to be well correlated to the visual perception of humans. Although there are objective metrics, they do not allow the prediction of the perceptual quality, and do not include the human visual system properties. In the current work, a comparative study between the perceptual quality assessment metrics for 3D meshes was conducted. The experimental study on subjective database published by LIRIS / EPFL was used to test and to validate the results of six metrics. The results established that the Mesh Structural Distortion Measure metric achieved superior results compared to the other metrics.
Knowledge Creation and Student Engagement Within 3D Virtual Worlds
Authors: Burton Brian G. , Martin Barbara
Published: October 2016

Examined in this 3D Virtual World case study was undergraduate student engagement on a learning task and student creation of knowledge. After creating a 3D didactic constructivist virtual world, student conversations were recorded for analysis using Hara, Bonk, and Angeli's (2000) engagement framework and Nonaka and Takeuchi's (1995) knowledge creation theory. The five forms of student engagement augmented the learning process and a complete knowledge spiral was documented, emphasizing the use of the four modes of knowledge conversion. Though limited in time and scope, results further suggest that a highly engaged community of learners was created.
Effect of antioxidant and heat treatment on the free fatty acids formation of differently processed coconut oil
Authors: Yalegama Chandi , Sovis Muthumali , Dissanayake D.
Published: October 2016

This study investigated the effect of heat treatment (100°C and 150°C) with or without addition of tocopherol (0 mg/L - 300 mg/L) in the formation of free fatty acids in differently processed coconut oil, dry processed virgin coconut oil (DYCO), wet processed virgin coconut oil (WYCO), white coconut oil (WCO), paring coconut oil (PCO) and soya oil. FFA content of all oils stored for a period of 3 months were determined. The results show that WVCO had the lowest FFA content (0.035 %) followed by DYCO, WCO, Soya and paring oil. The initial FFA content reduced when the respective oils were heated to 100°C or 150°C. This indicates that heat treatment can improve the quality of coconut oil. Addition of tocopherol to DYCO, WYCO and WCO in 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L and 300 mg/L had a significant effect on controlling FFA development of the oil. Addition of tocopherol in 200 mg/L had significantly lower FFA content in DVCO both with and without heat treatment. WVCO and WCO had lowering effect of FFA due to addition of tocopherol in 200 mg/L. However it was not significant.
The protective role of saffron petal extracts on gentamicininduced nephrotoxicity in rats
Authors: Omidi Arash , Totrabi Zahra
Published: October 2016

Different potentially therapeutic approaches to prevent or attenuate gentamicin sulfate (GM) induced nephrotoxicity have been proposed. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the saffron petals extracts (Crocus sativus) (SPE) on male Wistar rats with kidney failure. Rats (40) were randomly assigned into five groups of 8 animals each: i) the control group, that received normal saline (0.5 mL/kg); ii) the GM group, that received GM (80 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection on a daily basis; iii) the GM+SPE group that received the same dose of GM and SPE (40 mg/kg) by i.p. injection on a daily basis; iv) the GM+2SPE group, that received the same dose of GM and twofold of SPE (80 mg/kg) by i.p. injection on a daily basis; whereas v) 2SPE+GM group, that received 80 mg/kg of SPE a week before initiating the treatment with GM (prevention group). Significant differences were seen in the concentration of glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine between treatment groups and control in the male Wistar rats. GM was observed to cause nephrotoxicity, which was evidenced by an elevation of serum BUN and creatinine levels. The biochemical findings of the current study are concordant with those of histopathologic findings. The results of this study indicate that SPE especially in dose of 40 mg/kg can ameliorate harmful effects of GM on the kidney. The present results may suggest that the SPE have ameliorative effects on kidney failures induced by GM.
Equine colic: a review of the equine hindgut and colic
Authors: Bland Stephanie D.
Published: October 2016

Colic is the major cause of morbidity and mortality, premature deaths, and is the number one health concern in horses. To increase the quality of life for horses, it is vital to understand the causes, signs, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of colic. Horses are hindgut fermenters and their cecal microbiome can easily be altered due to environmental and physiological changes. Colic can be induced from starch overloading, which can have detrimental effects on the cecum microbiome, such as decreasing hindgut pH and altering the production of volatile fatty acids. In addition, if the immune system becomes compromised, causing changes in the hindgut microbiome, this will trigger a proliferation of opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria, which can cause numerous gastrointestinal diseases, resulting in colic. However, identifying a variety of microorganisms in the cecum is extremely difficult and understudied because difficulties in sampling and not all bacteria strains can be cultured. Therefore, next generation sequencing has helped in identifying microbes found in the gastrointestinal tract. Using the application of metagenomics, allows scientists to be able to sequence thousands of microorganisms simultaneously. In addition, exploring new techniques to help identify and achieve a clearer picture of the microbiome population and how it may change during bouts of colic could revolutionize the way veterinarians diagnose colic and tailoring a treatment specific to the microoganisms that are proliferating. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of colic and next technological advances could increase the quality of life for horses and minimize the mortality rates.
MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA OF ADULTS: DETERMINATION, PROGNOSTIC IMPACT AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS.
Authors: Del Principe Maria Ilaria
Published: October 2016

Pretreatment assessment of cytogenetic/genetic signature of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been consistently shown to play a major prognostic role but also to fail at predicting outcome on individual basis, even in low-risk AML. Therefore, we are in need of further accurate methods to refine the patients’ risk allocation process, distinguishing more adequately those who are likely to recur from those who are not. In this view, there is now evidence that the submicroscopic amounts of leukemic cells (called minimal residual disease, MRD), measured during the course of treatment, indicate the quality of response to therapy. Therefore, MRD might serve as an independent, additional biomarker to help identifying patients at higher risk of relapse. Detection of MRD requires the use of highly sensitive ancillary techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiparametric flow cytometry (MPFC). In the present manuscript, we will review the current approaches to investigate MRD and its clinical applications in AML management.
John Haught on original sin: A conversation
Authors: Conradie Ernst M.
Published: October 2016

This article engages with John Haught’s views on original sin. It offers a brief orientation todiscourse on sin in the context of theological debates on human evolution. This is followed bya thick description of Haught’s so-called note on original sin. A series of five observations andquestions regarding Haught’s position is offered. It is observed that Haught’s way of tellingthe story of sin and salvation follows a classic Roman Catholic plot, namely one based on graceelevating nature. This is contrasted with the more typically reformed plot of restoration.
The surgical approach to managing differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: To Kim , Nixon Iain J.
Published: October 2016

In recent decades, our understanding of thyroid cancer has improved significantly with the recognition that differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has good survival and oncological outcomes. Along with the recent rise in the detection of otherwise subclinical tumours due to improved diagnostics, there has been much debate on how aggressive one should be when performing thyroid and lymph node surgery. The use of risk stratification to categorize patients into low, intermediate and high risk has led to a more tailored approach to treating differentiated thyroid cancer. This ensures patients are not subject to preventable morbidity from overtreatment while maintaining good outcomes. We discuss the approach to primary thyroid and lymph node surgery by reviewing the current literature.
Changing clinical scenario in Chandipura virus infection
Authors: Sudeep A.B. , Gurav Y.K. , Bondre V.P.
Published: October 2016

Chandipura virus (CHPV) (Vesiculovirus: Rhabdoviridae) garnered global attention as an emerging neurotropic pathogen inflicting high mortality in children within 24 h of commencement of symptoms. The 2003-2004 outbreaks in Central India witnessed case fatality rates ranging from 56-75 per cent in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat with typical encephalitic symptoms. Due to the acute sickness and rapid deterioration, the precise mechanism of action of the virus is still unknown. Recent studies have shown increased expression of CHPV phosphoprotein upto 6 h post infection (PI) demonstrating CHPV replication in neuronal cells and the rapid destruction of the cells by apoptosis shed light on the probable mechanism of rapid death in children.

Phlebotomine sandflies are implicated as vectors due to their predominance in endemic areas, repeated virus isolations and their ability to transmit the virus by transovarial and venereal routes. Significant contributions have been made in the development of diagnostics and prophylactics, vaccines and antivirals. Two candidate vaccines, viz. a recombinant vaccine and a killed vaccine and siRNAs targeting P and M proteins have been developed and are awaiting clinical trials. Rhabdomyosarcoma and Phlebotomus papatasi cell lines as well as embryonated chicken eggs have been found useful in virus isolation and propagation. Despite these advancements, CHPV has been a major concern in Central India and warrants immediate attention from virologists, neurologists, paediatricians and the government for containing the virus.
Influence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene rs4362 polymorphism on the progression of kidney failure in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
Authors: Ramanathan Gnanasambandan , Ghosh Santu , Elumalai Ramprasad , Periyasamy Soundararajan , Lakkakula Bhaskar V.K.S.
Published: October 2016

Background & objectives:

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited systemic disorder, characterized by the fluid filled cysts in the kidneys leading to end stage renal failure in later years of life. Hypertension is one of the major factors independently contributing to the chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) genes have been extensively studied as hypertension candidate genes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of angiotensin converting enzyme tagging - single nucleotide polymorphisms (ACE tag-SNPs) in progression of CKD in patients with ADPKD.

Methods:

In the present study six ACE tagSNPs (angiotensin converting enzyme tag single nucleotide polymorphisms) and insertion/deletion (I/D) in 102 ADPKD patients and 106 control subjects were investigated. The tagSNPs were genotyped using FRET-based KASPar method and ACE ID by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis. Genotypes and haplotypes were compared between ADPKD patients and controls. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the effect of genotypes and hypertension on CKD advancement. Mantel-Haenszel (M-H) stratified analysis was performed to study the relationship between different CKD stages and hypertension and their interaction.

Results:

All loci were polymorphic and except rs4293 SNP the remaining loci followed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Distribution of ACE genotypes and haplotypes in controls and ADPKD patients was not significant. A significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed between SNPs forming two LD blocks. The univariate analysis revealed that the age, hypertension, family history of diabetes and ACE rs4362 contributed to the advancement of CKD.

Interpretation & conclusions:

The results suggest that the ACE genotypes are effect modifiers of the relationship between hypertension and CKD advancement among the ADPKD patients.
Homocysteine & its metabolite homocysteine-thiolactone & deficiency of copper in patients with age related macular degeneration - A pilot study
Authors: Bharathselvi Muthuvel , Biswas Sayantan , Raman Rajiv , Selvi Radhakrishnan , Coral Karunakaran , Narayanansamy Angayarkanni , Ramakrishnan Sivaramakrishnan , Sulochana Konerirajapuram N.
Published: October 2016

Background & objectives:

Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) is a leading cause of blindness, particularly in persons above 60 yr of age. Homocysteine is implicated in many ocular diseases including ARMD. This study was undertaken to assess the status and relationship between plasma homocysteine, homocysteine - thiolactone, homocysteinylated protein and copper levels in patients with ARMD.

Methods:

A total of 16 patients with ARMD and 16 age-matched controls were recruited for the study. Plasma glutathione, homocysteine, homocysteine - thiolactone and extent of homocysteine conjugation with proteins, copper and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were measured.

Results:

Homocysteine levels were elevated with increase in homocysteine-thiolactone, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and a decrease of glutathione. The levels of homocysteinylated protein were elevated in ARMD. The elevated homocysteine, homocysteine-thiolactone correlated with the decrease in copper level.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Elevated homocysteine and its metabolite homocysteine-thiolactone and decreased levels of copper may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ARMD.
Current costs & projected financial needs of India's Universal Immunization Programme
Authors: Chatterjee Susmita , Pant Manish , Haldar Pradeep , Aggarwal Mahesh Kumar , Laxminarayan Ramanan
Published: October 2016

Background & objectives:

India's Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) is one of the largest programmes in the world in terms of quantities of vaccines administered, number of beneficiaries, number of immunization sessions, and geographical extent and diversity of areas covered. Strategic planning for the Programme requires credible information on the cost of achieving the objectives and the financial resources needed at national, State, and district levels. We present here expenditures on immunization services in India in 2012 (baseline) and projected costs for five years (2013-2017).

Methods:

Data were collected from the Immunization Division of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, and immunization partners, such as the World Health Organization and UNICEF. The cost components were immunization personnel, vaccines and injection supplies, transportation, trainings, social mobilization, advocacy and communication activities, disease surveillance, Programme management, maintenance of cold chain and other equipment, and capital costs.

Results:

Total baseline expenditure was

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-201643060-00018/math_18MM1/v/2022-09-30T185044Z/r/image-tiff

3,446 crore [1 crore = 10 million] (US$718 million), including shared personnel costs. In 2012, the government paid for 90 per cent of the Programme. Total resource requirements for 2013-2017 are

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-201643060-00018/math_18MM2/v/2022-09-30T185044Z/r/image-tiff

34,336 crore (US$ 5, 282 million). Allocations for vaccines increase from

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-201643060-00018/math_18MM3/v/2022-09-30T185044Z/r/image-tiff

511 crore in 2013 to

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-201643060-00018/math_18MM4/v/2022-09-30T185044Z/r/image-tiff

3,587 crore in 2017 as new vaccines are assumed to be introduced in the Programme.

Interpretation & conclusions:

The projections show that the government immunization budget will be double in 2017 as compared to 2013. It will increase from

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-201643060-00018/math_18MM5/v/2022-09-30T185044Z/r/image-tiff

4,570 crore in 2013 to

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-201643060-00018/math_18MM6/v/2022-09-30T185044Z/r/image-tiff

9,451 crore in 2017.
Numerical Analysis for a Nonlocal Parabolic Problem
Authors: Mbehou M. , Maritz R. , Tchepmo P.M.D.
Published: October 2016

This article is devoted to the study of the finite element approximation for a nonlocal nonlinear parabolic problem. Using a linearised Crank-Nicolson Galerkin finite element method for a nonlinear reaction-diffusion equation, we establish the convergence and error bound for the fully discrete scheme. Moreover, important results on exponential decay and vanishing of the solutions in finite time are presented. Finally, some numerical simulations are presented to illustrate our theoretical analysis.
Kola Nut as a Symbol of Welcome Among the Igede of Benue State
Authors: Adega Andrew Philips
Published: October 2016

The concepts hospitality and welcome are closely related if not synonymous. Both concepts connote friendly behaviours to guests or a person who has just arrived one’s place on a short or long term visit. Thus, if a host is happy with a visit, he/she is normally glad and expresses his/her gladness by the manner the guest is treated. As such, someone who is welcome is gladly accepted in a place. The fact that Africans are hospitable and welcome guests in their midst and abode is uncontestable. Various ethnic nationalities in Africa have different ways of saying welcome to their guests/visitors. For the Tiv of Central Nigeria, any of a piece of roasted yam, groundnuts, ginger, garden eggs, water and smoking pipe (for smokers) symbolises welcome. To the Idoma and Igala of Central Nigeria, it is Kunu (gruel) and water respectively. The paper established that for the Igede of Oju and Obi Local Government Areas of Benue State, Kola nut symbolises welcome. Therefore, the Igede way of expressing greetings to guests and showing that such guests are accepted is to offer them kola nut. This clearly depicts that the Igede are glad that such a visitor has come. Also, the Igede gives kola nuts in odd numbers to their guest because even numbers are reserved for royalties (kings/chiefs). The paper also established that palm wine, soft drinks and any other form of alcoholic drinks accompany the kola to “wash” it down the throat. This paves the way for fruitful discussions and cross-fertilization of ideas. The Igede belief that only the elders can break kola nut hence they are the only ones by virtue of the wisdom, who understand the language of kola nut and the spirits. Thus, Kola nut has both social and religious implications. The paper calls for the preservation of African cultural values on hospitality for the maintenance of peace, growth and developing of African societies.Key Words: symbol, kola nut, Igede
Can growth be wage-led in small open developing economies?
Authors: Ros Jaime
Published: October 2016

This paper investigates the conditions under which wage-led and profit-led growth can take place in a small open developing economy. It presents a model in which three sectors coexist: a capital-intensive tradables sector, a capital-intensive modern non-tradables sector and a labor-intensive traditional or non-capitalist sector producing non-tradable services. The analysis highlights the role and importance of the modern non-tradables sector in the economy (banking and insurance, construction, water, gas, electricity, transport, and communications), showing to what extent the presence of this sector modifies the conditions for wage-led and profit-led growth.
Appointment Lead Time Policy Development to Improve Patient Access to Care
Authors: Bach Sarah , Huang Yu-Li
Published: October 2016

Background Patient access to care has been a known and continuing struggle for many health care providers. In spite of appointment lead time policies set by government or clinics, the problem persists. Justification for how lead time policies are determined is lacking.

Objectives This paper proposed a data-driven approach for how to best set feasible appointment target lead times given a clinic’s capacity and appointment requests.

Methods The proposed approach reallocates patient visits to minimize the deviation between actual appointment lead time and a feasible target lead time. A step-by-step algorithm was presented and demonstrated for return visit (RV) and new patient (NP) types from a Pediatric clinic excluding planned visits such as well-child exam and the same day urgent appointments. The steps are: 1. Obtain appointment requests; 2. Initialize a target lead time; 3. Set up an initial schedule; 4. Check the feasibility based on appointment availability; 5. Adjust schedule backward to fill appointment slots earlier than the target; 6. Adjust schedule forward for appointments not able to be scheduled earlier or on target to the later slots; 7. Trial different target lead times until the difference between earlier and later lead time is minimized.

Results The results indicated a 59% lead time reduction for RVs and a 45% reduction for NPs. The lead time variation was reduced by 75% for both patient types. Additionally, the opportunity for the participating clinic to achieve their organization’s goal of a two-week lead time for RVs and a twoday lead time for NPs is discussed by adjusting capacity to increase one slot for NP and reduce one slot for RV.

Conclusions The proposed approach and study findings may help clinics identify feasible appointment lead times.

Citation: Huang Y, Bach SM. Appointment lead time policy development to improve patient access to care.
Orbital control on the timing of oceanic anoxia in the Late Cretaceous
Authors: Batenburg Sietske J. , De Vleeschouwer David , Sprovieri Mario , Hilgen Frederik J. , Gale Andrew S. , Singer Brad S. , Koeberl Christian , Coccioni Rodolfo , Claeys Philippe , Montanari Alessandro
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The oceans at the time of the Cenomanian–Turonian transition were abruptly perturbed by a period of bottom-water anoxia. This led to the brief but widespread deposition of black organic-rich shales, such as the Livello Bonarelli in the Umbria–Marche Basin (Italy). Despite intensive studies, the origin and exact timing of this event are still debated. In this study, we assess leading hypotheses about the inception of oceanic anoxia in the Late Cretaceous greenhouse world by providing a 6 Myr long astronomically tuned timescale across the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary. We procure insights into the relationship between orbital forcing and the Late Cretaceous carbon cycle by deciphering the imprint of astronomical cycles on lithologic, physical properties, and stable isotope records, obtained from the Bottaccione, Contessa and Furlo sections in the Umbria–Marche Basin. The deposition of black shales and cherts, as well as the onset of oceanic anoxia, is related to maxima in the 405 kyr cycle of eccentricity-modulated precession. Correlation to radioisotopic ages from the Western Interior (USA) provides unprecedented age control for the studied Italian successions. The most likely tuned age for the base of the Livello Bonarelli is 94.17 ± 0.15 Ma (tuning 1); however, a 405 kyr older age cannot be excluded (tuning 2) due to uncertainties in stratigraphic correlation, radioisotopic dating, and orbital configuration. Our cyclostratigraphic framework suggests that the exact timing of major carbon cycle perturbations during the Cretaceous may be linked to increased variability in seasonality (i.e. a 405 kyr eccentricity maximum) after the prolonged avoidance of seasonal extremes (i.e. a 2.4 Myr eccentricity minimum). Volcanism is probably the ultimate driver of oceanic anoxia, but orbital periodicities determine the exact timing of carbon cycle perturbations in the Late Cretaceous. This unites two leading hypotheses about the inception of oceanic anoxia in the Late Cretaceous greenhouse world.
Ensemble cloud-resolving modelling of a historic back-building mesoscale convective system over Liguria: The San Fruttuoso case of 1915
Authors: Parodi Antonio , Ferraris Luca , Gallus William , Maugeri Maurizio , Molini Luca , Siccardi Franco , Boni Giorgio
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Highly localized and persistent back-building mesoscale convective systems represent one of the most dangerous flash-flood producing storms in the north-western Mediterranean area. Substantial warming of the Mediterranean Sea in recent decades raises concerns over possible increases in frequency or intensity of these types of events as increased atmospheric temperatures generally support increases in water vapor content. However, analyses of the historical record do not provide a univocal answer, but these are likely affected by a lack of detailed observations for older events. In the present study, 20th Century Reanalysis Project initial and boundary condition data in ensemble mode are used to address the feasibility of performing cloud-resolving simulations with 1 km horizontal grid spacing of a historic extreme event that occurred over Liguria: The San Fruttuoso case of 1915. The proposed approach focuses on the ensemble Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model runs that show strong convergence over the Liguria sea, as these runs are the ones most likely to best simulate the event. It is found that these WRF runs generally do show wind and precipitation fields that are consistent with the occurrence of highly localized and persistent back-building mesoscale convective systems, although precipitation peak amounts are underestimated. Systematic small north-westward position errors with regard to the heaviest rain and strongest convergence areas imply that the Reanalysis members may not be adequately representing the amount of cool air over the Po Plain outflowing into the Liguria Sea through the Apennines gap. Regarding the role of historical data sources, this study shows that in addition to Reanalysis products, unconventional data, such as historical meteorological bulletins newspapers and even photographs can be very valuable sources of knowledge in the reconstruction of past extreme events.
Topography- and nightlight-based national flood risk assessment in Canada
Authors: Elshorbagy Amin , Lakhanpal Anchit , Raja Bharath , Ceola Serena , Montanari Alberto , Lindenschmidt Karl-Erich
Published: October 2016

Abstract. In Canada, flood analysis and water resource management, in general, are tasks conducted at the provincial level; therefore, unified national-scale approaches to water-related problems are uncommon. In this study, a national-scale flood risk assessment approach is proposed and developed. The study focuses on using global and national datasets available at reasonably fine resolutions to create flood risk maps. First, a flood hazard map of Canada is developed using topography-based parameters derived from digital elevation models namely Elevation Above Nearest Drainage (EAND) and Distance From Nearest Drainage (DFND). This flood hazard mapping method is tested on a smaller area around the city of Calgary, Alberta, against a flood inundation map produced by the City using hydraulic modeling. Second, a flood exposure map of Canada is developed using a land-use map and the satellite-based nightlight luminosity data as two exposure parameters. Third, an economic flood risk map is produced, and subsequently overlaid with population density information to produce a socioeconomic flood risk map for Canada. All three maps of hazard, exposure, and risk are classified into five classes, ranging from very low to severe. A simple way to include flood protection measures in hazard estimation is also demonstrated using the example of the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba. This could be done for the entire country if information on flood protection across Canada were available. The evaluation of the flood hazard map shows that the topography-based method adopted in this study is both practical and reliable for large-scale analysis. Sensitivity analysis regarding the resolution of the digital elevation model is needed to identify the resolution that is fine enough for reliable hazard mapping, but coarse enough for computational tractability. The nightlight data are found to be useful for exposure and risk mapping in Canada; however, uncertainty analysis should be conducted to investigate the effect of the overglow phenomenon on flood risk mapping.
Las ONG microfinancieras peruanas: ¿siguen manteniendo su misión social?
Authors: Marbán Flores Raquel
Published: October 2016

En los últimos años el crecimiento del sector microfinanciero ha sido considerable, hecho que ha venido en paralelo con la aparición de marcos reguladores que se marcan como objetivo impulsar la expansión del sector. Es el caso de Perú, país en donde, sin embargo, varias ONG han decidido no convertirse en instituciones reguladas argumentando que esto las alejaría de la función social para la que fueron creadas. En un mercado competitivo, con un marco legislativo que impulsa la formalización de las instituciones microfinancieras, cuál sea el papel de las ONG es una cuestión que merece estudio. Es el objetivo de este artículo, que analiza la función social de las ONG peruanas que no se han acogido a la regulación. Para ello, un número de indicadores (atención a la mujer, crédito medio, destino del crédito, entre otros) son analizados. Estos indicadores son usados para evaluar la función social que llevan a cabo estas ONG y para conjeturar sobre su futuro en este entorno cambiante.
Failure Mode Prediction for One-Way Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs with Rectangular Columns
Authors: Oliveira Dênio Ramam , Damsceno Lins Sandro
Published: October 2016

Flat slabs are reinforced concrete plates directly supported on columns, without intermediary beams. This structural system has been sufficiently used in the last decade, mainly for successful reach large spans and allowing "layouts" flexible. On the other hand, these slabs can be characterized as two-ways or one-ways, depending on the loading conditions, it is still stand out that NBR 6118 does not distinguish the types of flat slabs and make no reference to how much the punching resistance in the case of the one-ways flat slabs and it is known that normally these flat slabs presents low failure loads compared to the two-ways one. In this work presents a proposal, completely detailed in Damasceno’s master thesis (2007), for forecast the failure mode of one-way flat slabs with rectangular columns and without shear reinforcement, based on the prescriptions of CEB-FIP MC90 and on the Yield Line Theory. Equations that describe the behavior of the slabs in the limit between punching shear and flexure failures, considering the material’s properties, dimensions of the flat slab and the column’s cross sections, rate of flexure reinforcement in two directions, etc. are presented, parameters that influence on the slabs’ behavior. The estimates had been satisfactory and able to forecast one-way flat slabs’ failure modes.
Assessment the Effect of Prophylaxis Therapy on Splenic and Portal Vein Thrombosis after Open Splenectomy: A Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Bahraini Amin , Asnaashari Majid , Salmasi Amir Ahmad , Gharibvand Mohamad Momen
Published: October 2016

Splenic and portal vein thrombosis (SPVT) is considered as a serious complication of splenectomy with potential life-threatening. Chemoprophylaxis may help to curb the incidence of SPVT after splenectomy. This clinical trial study was conducted to determine the incidence rate of SPVT after splenectomy and investigate the effect of chemoprophylaxis to reduce its incidence. Sixty six patients undergoing open splenectomy were included in this single-blind clinical randomized controlled trial (RCT). Patients were randomly assigned in two groups of intervention and control using block randomization to either d receive 40 mg of enoxaparin subcutaneously once a day for 5 days and then 100mg aspirin for one month or no postoperative drug. After one month, all patients over a week underwent Doppler ultrasonography of the splenic, portal and superior mesenteric veins for thrombosis. The mean age of patients was similar between intervention and control groups (28.3±14.5 and 25.6±14.9, respectively) (P value=0.9).Furthermore, two groups were matched regarding distribution of gender. None of patients in intervention group developed portal vein thrombosis, while of 23 patients in control group, 2 (8.69%) subjects were diagnosed with portal vein thrombosis. The two groups had no statistically significant difference in the rate of portal vein thrombosis (P=0.18). Based on the results of our study, prophylaxis therapy had no effects in preventing portal vein thrombosis developed in patients undergoing open splenectomy for any reason.
Psychometric Testing of the Student Evaluation of Clinical Educational Environment Inventory in Greek Nursing Students
Authors: Govina Ourania , Vlachou Eugenia , Lavdaniti Maria , Kalemikerakis Ioannis , Margari Nikoletta , Galanos Antonios , Kavga Anna
Published: October 2016

INTRODUCTION: The need for translation and validation of an assessment tool regarding the Clinical Learning Environment of nursing students in Greece is imperative, given that inappropriate research tools are frequently used. Τhe aim of this study was to validate and psychometrically test the Greek translation of the Student Evaluation of Clinical Educational Environment (SECEE) Version 3 Inventory, with a sample of senior nursing students during their clinical practice.

METHODS: Following a formal “forward-backward” method to translate the original SECEE into Greek, the scale was administered to 130 senior students. They also completed the Clinical Learning Environment and Supervision (CLES) Scale. Validity and reliability analyses were performed.

RESULTS: Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the SECEE subscales score was 0.89 for Instructor Facilitation of Learning (IFL), 0.84 for Learning Opportunities (LO) and 0.84 for Preceptor Facilitation of Learning (PFL). Test-retest reliability analysis in a subgroup of students (n=40) revealed good short term stability over a two week interval. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the three factor subscales for the Greek translation, as in the original scale. Construct validity was supported through the scale’s moderate correlation with CLES subscales, ranged from 0.163 to 0.317 for IFL, from 0.387 to 0.445 for LO and from 0.443 to 0.537 for PFL.

CONCLUSIONS: The Greek version of the SECEE is a psychometrically sound instrument that can be usefully implemented into clinical education to identify appropriate clinical sites and provide information about student perceptions regarding the adequacy of learning opportunities.
The competitive ability of Chenopodium album and Echinochloa crus-galli in maize crops depending on the time of their occurrence or removal
Authors: Golebiowska Hanna , Kieloch Renata
Published: October 2016

Small-plot experiments for two levels of infestation (20 and 40 plants per m2) with Chenopodium album L. and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beav were conducted in the 2009–2011 seasons. In the first variant, the effect of time of weed removal on maize was investigated. Weeds were removed in the following growth stages of maize: one, three, five, and seven leaves, the beginning of stem elongation, and the stage from the fourth to sixth node. The second variant concerned the effect of time of weed emergence on maize and included the same maize growth stages as mentioned above. In both treatments, weed competition was compared to the control – the plot completely free from weeds, as well as to the plot fully covered with weeds. Echinochloa crus-galli in the amount of 20 plants per m2, which were not removed until the five-leaf stage or which emerged immediately after the seven-leaf stage of maize, did not show any competitive effect on the growth and development of maize. Chenopodium album was characterized by a similar effect at the same level of weed infestation severity and when not removed until the five-leaf stage as well as in the case of plants that emerged after the seven-leaf stage of maize. Both species present in an amount of 40 plants per m2 needed to be removed no later than at the three-leaf stage of maize.
Consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes de magisterio y sus creencias acerca de la educación preventiva
Authors: Fernández Cruz Manuel , Gijón Puerta José , Lizarte Simón Emilio Jesús
Published: October 2016

ResumenLa realización de programas escolares de prevención de consumo de drogas se ha demostrado eficaz en el control de hábitos de adicción en la población juvenil. El éxito de los programas preventivos descansa, en buena parte, en la capacitación de los docentes que los desarrollan y sus propias creencias sobre el consumo de drogas. Otro factor que puede estar relacionado con el éxito de los programas, es la experiencia del propio docente en el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. En este artículo se explora la relación entre hábitos de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y drogas ilegales de futuros docentes (estudiantes de magisterio de la Universidad de Granada) y las creencias falsas sobre prevención de la drogadicción en la escuela que mantienen. AbstractConducting educational programs to prevent drug use has proven effective in controlling addiction habits among young people. The success of prevention programs rests largely on the training of teachers and their own beliefs about drug use. Another factor that may be related to the success of the programs is teacher's own experience in the use of psychoactive substances. In this article we explore the relationship between tobacco, alcohol and illegal drugs consumption habits of future teachers (education students at the University of Granada) and the false beliefs about drug prevention at schools they have.
Oncostatin M-Preconditioned Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis Through Paracrine Effects of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor
Authors: Lan Ying-Wei , Theng Si-Min , Huang Tsung-Teng , Choo Kong-Bung , Chen Chuan-Mu , Kuo Han-Pin , Chong Kowit-Yu
Published: October 2016

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely considered for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis based on the anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antiapoptotic, and regenerative properties of the cells. Recently, elevated levels of oncostatin M (OSM) have been reported in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a pulmonary fibrosis animal model and in patients. In this work, we aimed to prolong engrafted MSC survival and to enhance the effectiveness of pulmonary fibrosis transplantation therapy by using OSM-preconditioned MSCs. OSM-preconditioned MSCs were shown to overexpress type 2 OSM receptor (gp130/OSMRβ) and exhibited high susceptibility to OSM, resulting in upregulation of the paracrine factor, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Moreover, OSM-preconditioned MSCs enhanced cell proliferation and migration, attenuated transforming growth factor-β1- or OSM-induced extracellular matrix production in MRC-5 fibroblasts through paracrine effects. In bleomycin-induced lung fibrotic mice, transplantation of OSM-preconditioned MSCs significantly improved pulmonary respiratory functions and downregulated expression of inflammatory factors and fibrotic factors in the lung tissues. Histopathologic examination indicated remarkable amelioration of the lung fibrosis. LacZ-tagged MSCs were detected in the lung tissues of the OSM-preconditioned MSC-treated mice 18 days after post-transplantation. Taken together, our data further demonstrated that HGF upregulation played an important role in mediating the therapeutic effects of transplanted OSM-preconditioned MSCs in alleviating lung fibrosis in the mice.
Improving Upper Extremity Motor Skills in Girls with Rett Syndrome Using Virtual Reality
Authors: Mraz Kourtney M. , Amadio Gina , Diener Pamela , Eisenberg Grace , Engsberg Jack R.
Published: October 2016

Introduction: Rett Syndrome is a genetic disorder that limits a girl’s ability to use her upper extremities for daily activities, such as dressing and playing. One possible intervention to improve upper extremity function in this population is virtual reality, which can be used to increase activity demands during therapy sessions.
Objectives: To determine the feasibility of using internet-based virtual reality intervention for Rett Syndrome (RTT-IVR), to decrease hand wringing/mouthing and increase hand and arm movements away from the midline by identifying attributes and limitations to the proposed intervention.
Materials and Methods: Using FAAST Software and Microsoft Kinect sensor, RTT-IVR was trialed with 6 girls with RTT. Upper extremity movements were used to play free Internet games as means of increasing repetitions and purposeful arm movements. Data regarding attributes and limitations of the RTT-IVR intervention were collected via observation and post-session parent interviews.
Results: Interviews and observation revealed successful game play when games were motivating, clearly established cause and effect, and matched level of cognitive ability of the participant. Limitations include technological glitches regarding Kinect sensor sensitivity and identifying appropriate games for each participant’s interests and abilities.
Conclusion: Internet based virtual reality interventions for girls with RTT should be highly individualized to increase motivation and success of intervention.