bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic review on techniques for the creation of pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic surgeries
Authors: Asna Zehra Naqvi  , Vignesh Balasubaramaniam  , Wasif Raza  , Lajpat Rai  , Graham S Whiteley
Published: January 2025

Recently, laparoscopic surgeries (LPSs) are becoming increasingly prevalent. Incorporating these methods into clinical practice necessitates an in-depth understanding of the surgical techniques and multifaceted instrumentation that are specific to a slightly invasive operation. Within this systematic review, attention is directed to the technique for pneumoperitoneum creation, like the open and closed technique, to select optimal procedures along with appropriate utilization, with prominence on complication avoidance. This systematic literature review (SLR) examined significant findings from 2018 to 2023. This SLR complies with the quality standards suggested by the PRISMA document. Web of Science, SCOPUS, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink are the resources. The exclusion criteria included case reports, abstracts, and letters, as well as inclusion criteria included randomized, quasi-randomized, non-randomized, and cohort investigations on human patients, provided that they liked access safety methods and presented values. According to the findings, it can be concluded that the LP inspection of the abdominal cavity (AC), which necessitates cannula implantation, is safe and effective. Closed (Veress needle technique) and open (Hasson technique) pneumoperitoneum induction techniques are frequently utilized. Most laparoscopy (LP) surgeons prefer closed LP utilizing a Veress needle and the first trocar’s masked insertion. Critics of the Veress needle, however, assert that this technique increases the risk of vascular injury. According to proponents of the open Hasson technique, vascular injury could be entirely avoided. The use of an open approach utilizing a blunt-tipped trocar for the formation of pneumoperitoneum may provide a potentially safer alternative during LPSs, depending on safety considerations.
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy: An unusual case report from a tertiary care hospital of the Eastern part of India
Authors: Soumyadeep Mahapatra  , Maiti Anindita
Published: January 2025

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) is a rare dermatitis of unknown etiology first diagnosed in 1979. It occurs most commonly in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Postpartum presentation is extremely rare. Treatment modalities mostly involve the relief of symptoms. We are going to report here one case of a 24-year-old primigravid female who presented in the 9th month of the gestational period with generalized pruritic eruptions in a tertiary care hospital in the Eastern part of India. These eruptions were erythematous, hyperpigmented, and papular, which began within the striae distensae of the abdomen and progressively spread on the skin of upper and lower limbs, trunk, and buttocks. After the delivery of a full-term male child, there was an aggravation of the symptoms such as itching and disturbed sleep. There was also increased spread of the lesions over the skins of the mentioned areas, which persisted for 6 weeks of the postpartum period. The lesions and associated symptoms gradually subsided with topical application of corticosteroids and hydroquinone along with oral antihistaminic for prolonged periods. Our objective behind reporting this case is to make clinicians aware of PUPPP as a differential diagnosis of peripartum and postpartum pruritic eruptions for prolonged periods.
Study of acute kidney injury in children with nephrotic syndrome in a rural tertiary care hospital
Authors: Khichar Babita , Rakhi Jain  , Meetu Yadav
Published: January 2025

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common comorbidity in critically ill children and is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in children with nephrotic syndrome. The etiology of AKI in nephrotic syndrome is complex and multifactorial.
Aims and Objectives: To determine the proportion, risk factors, and outcomes of patients with AKI in children hospitalized with nephrotic syndrome.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on children between 1 month and 14 years of age attending the pediatric department for 1 year from October 2020 to June 15, 2022. Detailed history, physical examination, and investigations were done in children with nephrotic syndrome as per pro forma. Information was collected on demographic variables, vital signs, anthropometry, diagnosis, comorbidities, therapies, presence of hypovolemia, sepsis or shock, use of diuretics or nephrotoxic medications, need for oxygen, mechanical ventilation, vasopressors or renal replacement therapy, length of hospital stay, and outcome at discharge. For those children having AKI, clinical outcomes were measured in terms of duration of hospital stay, recovery of S.creatinine, and urine output.
Results: A total of 64 patients with nephrotic syndrome were enrolled in this study. Fifteen patients had AKI (23.4%) among children with nephrotic syndrome. The most common etiology being sepsis accounting for 4 out of 15 (26.7%) of total cases followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome (13.3%), nephrotoxic medications (13.3%), renal parenchymal disease (13.3%), Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (13.3% each) and Sickle cell disease with nephritis and acute fulminant hepatitis (6.7%). There was significantly more mortality among subjects with stage 2 (14.3%) and 3 (14.3%) kidney disease.
Conclusion: AKI is common in our children with nephrotic syndrome and the main risk factors of AKI include sepsis, gross hematuria, urinary tract infections, peritonitis, and exposure to potentially nephrotoxic medications. There is a need to identify the patients with nephrotic syndrome at risk of AKI and apply strategies to prevent AKI in focused at-risk groups.
Screen time and effects on attention deficient hyperactivity disorder in children - A systematic review
Authors: Ambarish Ghosh  , Maidul Islam SK  , Raghav Oza
Published: January 2025

In recent years, screen time exposure and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom interrelations in children have garnered increasing attention. Understanding the screen time’s impact on ADHD has become crucial due to its potential influence on socialization, neurobehavioral development, and the prevalence of ADHD among pediatric populations. Conforming to the guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, a systematic examination was undertaken, centering on research investigating the correlation between screen time and ADHD symptoms in children. The search encompassed databases including MEDLINE (through PubMed), ScienceDirect, Wiley online library, PsycINFO, ERIC, JSTOR, and PsycArticles, utilizing descriptors such as “screen time” and “attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.” The initial search yielded 2480 articles, supplemented by an additional 10 articles from reference searches, resulting in a total of 2480 records. Excluding the duplicates, 1590 articles were screened based on abstracts, of which 130 underwent full-text examination. Ultimately, 15 studies included in this review met the inclusion criteria. These studies, conducted between 2013 and 2023, comprised cross-sectional, longitudinal, and interventional designs, presenting varying associations between screen time and ADHD symptoms across different age groups. The findings from the selected studies depict a complex relationship between screen time exposure and ADHD symptoms in children. While some studies highlight significant correlations between increased screen exposure and ADHD symptoms, others present conflicting results, indicating the need for further research. Understanding these nuances is crucial in formulating targeted interventions and delineating clearer guidelines to manage screen time concerning ADHD in children.
Profile of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease cirrhosis
Authors: Zeeshan Ahmad Wani  , Mohamad Muzzafer Mir  , Nissar Hussain Hamadani  , Umer Amin Bhat  , Waseem Imtiyaz Khuroo
Published: January 2025

Background: Etiology of chronic liver disease (CLD) has an impact on the profile of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in terms of infection acquisition, resistance pattern, and treatment outcome.
Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to study infection acquisition, antibiotic resistance pattern, and treatment outcome in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cirrhosis with SBP.
Materials and Methods: This observational prospective study was carried out in Government Medical College; Srinagar: over a period of 2 years from 2017 onward. We did analysis of patients with NAFLDs cirrhosis. We studied infection acquisition, antibiotic resistance pattern, and treatment outcome in this group of patients.
Results: Over 2-year period, 246 patients were enrolled. The mean age of patients was 57.09±13.90 years. Hepatitis B virus and NAFLD were the major etiological contributors to the burden of CLD amounting to 51.20% in Kashmir. SBP was present in 33/57 (57.90%) of NAFLD cirrhosis patients. Child-Turcotte-Pugh Class C was 63.60%. Patients with culture-positive SBP (CP-SBP) were 45.45%. In patients of SBP with etiology other than NAFLD, CP-SBP was 61% whereas culture-negative SBP was 38.77%.
Conclusion: In our region, NAFLD is one of the leading contributors to CLD. In this study, the trend toward worse treatment outcome and mortality in the patients with NAFLD SBP was observed.
Patient factors that lead to presentation delay in breast cancer among Sri Lankan women: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Jeewantha Senavirathna  , Gavesha De Silva  , Yohan Chamara  , Hasangi Gamage  , Heiyanthuduwa WR  , Jeyakumaran N  , Maheeka Seneviwickrama  , Kanchana Wijesinghe
Published: January 2025

Background: Breast cancer (BC) poses a significant public health concern as it is the most common cancer detected among women worldwide. Early detection and intervention are associated with better prognosis and survival. A primary reason for the rising mortality and morbidity in developing countries is the lack of patient education and practice early detection programs and presentation.
Aims and Objectives: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of delayed presentation and the factors lead to delay among BC patients in Sri Lanka.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January 01, 2023, to June 30, 2023 among women diagnosed with BC attending two selected state hospitals in Sri Lanka. All women with histological diagnosis of early, locally advanced, or metastatic BC attending for treatment were included and women with recurrent BC and concomitant other cancers were excluded. Presentation delay was defined as ≥3 months. The calculated sample size was 396.
Results: About 47.5% of our study population (n=188) had a presentation delay of more than 3 months. The main reasons for the delay in presentation were, being unaware that BC is a major problem in Sri Lanka, difficulty in accessing healthcare, and not being able to find time due to family and social commitments. Women who had not been practicing self-breast examination had a significant association with presentation delay (OR=3.26, 95% CI - 0.090–0.362, P=0.001). The participants who were having a presentation delay were also more likely to be diagnosed with an advanced stage of cancer (OR=2.86, 95% CI - 2.573–3.153, P=0.000).
Conclusion: Our study population depicts a good knowledge related to BC symptoms, risk factors, and early detection methods. However, very few are practicing them. There is also a significant delay of presentation due to various factors. Awareness and good practices would lead to early detection and diagnosis and improve overall survival.
Assessment of seasonal variations in dry eye syndrome prevalence among office workers
Authors: Prameela R  , Vijaya Sree S  , Ramya Bhukya
Published: January 2025

Background: Dry eye syndrome (DES) is prevalent among office workers and influenced by various environmental and individual factors. This study assesses the prevalence, seasonal variations, symptom severity, and environmental influences on DES among office workers.
Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of DES among office workers in Warangal, Telangana, India, and to evaluate the impact of seasonal variations, symptom severity, and environmental factors on DES.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 office workers aged 25–55 years old. Data were collected through questionnaires on DES symptoms, environmental conditions, and demographics. The prevalence of DES was calculated, and seasonal variations were analyzed. Symptom severity was recorded on a scale from 1 to 10. Environmental factors such as humidity, air-conditioning use, screen time, and indoor air quality were examined for their correlation with DES prevalence.
Results: The overall prevalence of DES was 45%, with females showing a higher prevalence (50%) compared to males (37.5%). Seasonal variations showed the highest DES prevalence in winter (40%) and the lowest in summer (16%). Symptom severity scores were highest in winter (6.5 overall) and lowest in summer (3.8 overall). Low humidity in winter was associated with a 55% prevalence of DES, especially among females (65%). High air-conditioning use in summer correlated with a lower DES prevalence (12.5%). Increased screen time (>6 h/day) resulted in a 60% prevalence of DES, with seasonal peaks in winter (65%). Poor indoor air quality was reported by 70% of participants and linked to a 50% prevalence of DES.
Conclusion: The study highlights significant gender differences, seasonal variations, and environmental factors impacting DES prevalence and severity among office workers. Interventions focusing on improving workplace conditions, managing screen time, and enhancing indoor air quality may mitigate DES symptoms.
DNA repair efficiency in young hypertensive: Is lifestyle a prooxidant factor?
Authors: Sumina Cheriyan  , Sumitha Prabhu PS  , Renjith G
Published: January 2025

Background: High prevalence of hypertension (HTN) is of major concern among the middle-aged population of Kerala. Understudied in the context of HTN is oxidative damage to DNA, which is caused by free radical assaults. The modern lifestyle associated with an unhealthy diet and lack of exercise plays a key role in oxidative stress induction.
Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the significance of oxidative stress and the effectiveness of DNA repair mechanisms in young hypertensives along with how it correlates with aspects of lifestyle.
Materials and Methods: This prospective case–control study enrolled clinically proven hypertensive patients referred from the outpatient department of Hridayalaya, Institute of Preventive Cardiology, Thiruvananthapuram, to Genetika, a research center for Cytogenetic Studies in South Kerala. Hypertensive patients (n=180) within the age group of 18–39 were compared with matched healthy controls (n=140). Associated lifestyle factors were determined.
Results: In comparison to controls, cases had noticeably higher mean levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and mean break per cell (P<0.05). There was a difference that was statistically significant (P<0.05) between the patients and controls in terms of diet, exercise, physical activity, obesity, mental stress, alcohol, and tobacco use. On comparing MDA and mean break per cell values with lifestyle factors, a statistically significant difference was detected (P<0.05). Observed a significant positive correlation of break per cell value with MDA (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The current study demonstrated increased DNA damage and decreased DNA repair efficiency in young hypertensive and was strongly associated with lifestyle factors. Appropriate measures such as regular BP checkups, regular exercises, and abstinence from alcohol and smoking are to be taken for the prevention and control of HTN.
Serum Vitamin D level in sepsis patients and its correlation with clinical outcome
Authors: Anand Singh  , Baghel PK  , Karan Sharan Kapur
Published: January 2025

Background: Serum Vitamin D plays an important role in sepsis; lack of Vitamin D has been linked to a higher risk for the progression of infections, as it signifies an immune system mediator.
Aims and Objectives: In this study, our aim is to evaluate the correlation between serum levels of Vitamin D and clinical outcome in sepsis patients.
Materials and Methods: The present prospective cohort study was performed on patients over 18 years of age suspected of sepsis presenting to an emergency department during 1 year. For all eligible patients, the blood sample was drawn for the measurement of serum level of Vitamin D3, and its correlation with outcomes such as mortality, renal failure, and liver failure was assessed.
Results: One hundred and sixty patients with a mean age of 48.5±20.587 years were studied (60.0% males). The mean serum level of Vitamin D3 in the studied patients was 32.0±12.54 ng/mL. By considering 30–100 ng/mL as the normal range of Vitamin D, 70% of the patients had Vitamin D deficiency. Only age (r=−0.261, P=0.037) and mortality (r=−0.426, P=0.025) showed a significant correlation with mean Vitamin D.
Conclusion: Based on the result of this study, out of 160 patients, 61.25% of patients with sepsis are Vitamin D deficient. There is a significant and inverse relationship between mortality and advanced age which were associated with serum Vitamin D3 levels. Hence, supplementing with Vitamin D appears to have potential benefits in reducing infection rates, sepsis-related deaths, and infection prevalence, particularly in the elderly.
A computerized tomography-based study of anatomical variations of the ethmoidal uncinate process
Authors: Rakesh Sharma  , Puneet Gupta
Published: January 2025

Background: The uncinate process is very relevant with respect to the ventilation and drainage of the frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoid sinuses in the osteomeatal complex.
Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted with the aim to examine and assess various patterns of upper attachment of the ethmoidal uncinate process. The secondary objective of the study was to study the incidence of pneumatization of the uncinate process.
Materials and Methods: With the objective to study the various patterns of upper attachment of the uncinate process, the study was conducted at the Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Head and Neck Surgery, at Government Medical College, Doda, J and K, India. The period of study was from November 2020 up to November 2021. The study involved 100 patients who had presented to the ENT outpatient with nasal and or sinus-related complaints.
Results: The study included 58 males and 42 females. Among the various patterns, it was the type-2 pattern of the uncinate attachment that was the most prevalent (42%). This was followed by a type-1 pattern (attached to the lamina papyracea) (16%) and then a type-6 pattern (14%). Type-3 in 4%, type-4 in 3%, and type-5 in 7%. In 14% of the cases, there was no upper attachment of the uncinate process. The pneumatization of the uncinate process was noted among 42 of the uncinate processes that we studied. The pneumatization was unilateral in 41% and bilateral in 59% of the uncinate process. The patients with a pneumatized uncinate process had more severe clinical presentation.
Conclusions: A thorough computerized tomography scan assessment of the attachments of the uncinate process and its variations aids in minimizing damage to the related landmarks during the surgery and helps minimizing the chances of iatrogenic trauma to the nasolacrimal duct, medial orbital wall, and other surrounding structures. It can also assist in figuring out the likely cause of refractory sinusitis.
Evaluation of otoacoustic emissions and brainstem auditory evoked potential in infants with birth asphyxia
Authors: Kavitha P  , Syed Madhar Shah K  , Chandrabalan S  , Sai Sailesh Kumar Goothy
Published: January 2025

Background: Recent technological evolutions allow for the identification of hearing level (HL) in infants soon after birth. The goal of early hearing detection and intervention is to maximize linguistic and communication skills and literacy development for children who are deaf or hard of hearing. Infants whose HL has been confirmed before 6 months of age must be provided early intervention.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to observe the changes in the otoacoustic emissions (OAE) and brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) in infants with birth asphyxia (BA).
Materials and Methods: The present study was a case–control study. A total of 50 cases of infants with BA and 50 normal-term infants were part of the study after obtaining informed consent as per the ICMR guidelines. A through clinical examination and otoscopy examination were done to rule out any conductive hearing loss. Then, OAE and BAEP were recorded to estimate the hearing loss and hearing threshold of infants.
Results: BAEP waveform I, III, and V absolute latencies were significantly prolonged among BA infants than normal infants. The interpeak latency (IPL) of the right ear III-V was significantly increased in BA infants. However, III-V and I-V latencies though prolonged in BA infants, they are not statistically significant. No significant interaural difference was noted in absolute and IPLs of both BA and normal infants. No significant relationship existed between the mode of delivery and the degree of hearing loss in both ears. Significant association was observed between the degree of hearing loss and severity of BA (hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy) in both ears.
Conclusion: BAEP recording in BA infants is useful to identify the hearing impairment at the earliest. The implication of this research work will help in early detection of hearing impairment, so that speech and language developmental delay in the child can be prevented.
A cross-sectional analysis on the patterns and prevalence of anxiety, stress, and depression in patients at diagnosis with cancers of the oral cavity: A single institutional study
Authors: Sharmistha Roy  , Debottam Barman  , Nitu Mallik  , Snigdha Hazra  , Asit Ranjan Deb  , Samik Pramanik
Published: January 2025

Background: It is a truth universally acknowledged that the diagnosis of cancer is a huge stress for both individuals and families. While many psychosocial variables have been shown to influence the mental well-being, these factors are so complicated and interlinked with each other, that their integrated effect on oral cancer patients, who constitute a large morbid group of patients, is yet to be recognized.
Aims and Objectives: The present research work aims to find more about the prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression among patients with cancers of the oral cavity and work out on some key potentially predictive factors associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out for patients of oral cancer, attending the radiation oncology out-patient department (OPD) at Medical college, Kolkata, between April 2022 and March 2023, a 1-year period. A total of 89 patients with oral cancer were interviewed with questionnaires on demographic variables, depression anxiety stress scale 21, and National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Thermometer. Chi-square tests and Spearman Correlation tests were conducted where appropriate to explore relationships between different variables.
Results: The prevalence of stress symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms was 44% (39/89), 60% (53/89), and 84% (75/89), respectively, among the patients interviewed. Addiction history of the patients was an important association found in this study.
Conclusion: The prevalence of stress and depressive symptoms was high among the oral cancer patients attending the Radiation Oncology OPD at our institution as well as levels of anxiety. Certain social variables such as relationship with spouse, children, and other family members had a profound effect on the mental well-being of the patients. Furthermore, certain factors such as addiction to tobacco and its different forms reduced the coping up capability of the patients.
Enhancer hijacking: Innovative ways of carcinogenesis
Authors: Ruby Dhar  , Arun Kumar  , Subhradip Karmakar
Published: January 2025

Enhancer elements are specific DNA sequences that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression. Located upstream or downstream in the genomic context, enhancers enhance the transcription of linked genes. This is achieved by providing binding sites for transcription factors and other proteins, acting as a nucleation point that promotes the assembly of the transcriptional machinery.
What makes enhancers unique is that located even thousands of base pairs away, they can exert their function. They can act over long distances, looping to interact with the promoter region of their target genes. Enhancers are often involved in cell type-specific gene expression as different cells express different sets of genes by activating and repressing cell type-specific enhancers.
Cancer cells seem to co-opt this mechanism and hijack it for their own survival. In this process, an aberrant enhancer element activates the transcription of oncogenes (genes that have the potential to cause cancer) due to some alterations in genomic structure or regulatory elements that happen in cancer, contributing to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Enhancer hijacking often occurs through complex genomic rearrangements such as chromosomal translocations and other structural rearrangements such as deletions or amplifications.8 These alterations can bring a usually distant, far-located enhancer into proximity with an oncogene, leading to its inappropriate activation. This is often seen in various cancers, including leukemias and solid tumors.
Enhancer hijacking and its effects on gene regulation in cancer are frequently studied using methods such as RNA sequencing, chromatin conformation capture, and CRISPR-Cas9. Finding an enhancer hijacking event may be used to inform treatment choices, especially in precision medicine settings, and may also function as a biomarker for particular cancer types.
Malnutrition of Under-Five Children: Evidence from Bangladesh
Authors: Md. Nure Alam Siddiqi  , Md. Nuruzzaman Haque  , Md. Abdul Goni
Published: January 2025

Objective: The objectives of this study are to describe the differentials and associated risk factors of malnutrition among under-five children in Bangladesh.
Material & Methods: The data extracted from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS)-2007. Basic anthropometric variables were used for finding prevalence of anthropometric indices (stunting, wasting and under weight) to assess child’s nutritional statuses. Chi- Square test and Logistic Regression technique were used to find out the significant factors associated with child’s nutritional status.
Results: The study results showed the high prevalence of stunting and underweight, for instance 42% and 40% of under-five children were stunted and underweighted respectively. The analyses of the study also revealed that household economic status, mother’s education, father’s education, mother’s antenatal visit (s), mother’s age at birth and mother’s BMI are the most significant factor /determinant s of child’s malnutrition.
Conclusion: The magnitude of the Child’s malnutrition still is of great concern in Bangladesh. Significant association between maternal related factors and child’s nutritional status has been found in this study. For improving the nutritional status of children or for getting healthy babies the intervention program(s) must connect not only children but also newly mothers and prospective mothers.
Key Words: Anthropometric measurement; Malnutrition; Stunting; Underweight; Wasting
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i2.3662
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 113-119
Ophthalmia Neonatorum: A Letter to Editor
Authors: Dharm Raj Bhatta  , M T Ansari  , Shishir Gokhale  , A N Ghosh  , J K De  , H M Gurung
Published: January 2025

Neonatal Conjunctivitis, also known as Ophthalmia Neonatorum, is a form of bacterial conjunctivitis contracted by newborn during delivery. It is a rare clinical entity in advanced countries, but relatively common in developing countries. Many bacteria and viruses can cause conjunctivitis in the neonates. Two most feared causes are Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis acquired from birth canal during delivery. We present a case of gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatorum in a 20 days young neonate from mid-western (Myagdi), Nepal.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i3.5237
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 72-78
Need of Improvement in Timing of Prophylactic Antibiotic in Elective Surgery
Authors: J N Shah  , S B Maharjan  , K Manandhar
Published: January 2025

Objective: Infections in surgery are major concern of morbidity, mortality, and costs. Timely antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) before incision ensures optimum concentration of AP in blood and tissues to prevent surgical site infections (SSIs). However, proper timing of AP remains problematic as reported by various studies, though none so far from  local institutions in Nepal. Aim of this cross sectional observation study was to assess and address the issues of timing of AP and need for improvements.
Material & Methods: Convenient sample target of 100 cases of preoperative AP were studied from Oct 1 to Oct 30, 2010. Data were prospectively entered in predesigned ‘AP form’ for all major elective surgeries, except obstetric cases, who received AP of intravenous Cefazoline 1 g as per existing hospital protocol. Time of AP administration in respect to incision time was analyzed.
Results: There were 125 cases during study period. Majority, 81% received AP before incision, while 19% had AP after the incision. Only 1% of patients received AP within recommended period within 60 to 30 minutes before incision.
Conclusion: Current practice of antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) at our institutions needs improvement as per standard guidelines of AP within 60 to 30 minutes before incision.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i3.5610
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 207-211
Frequency of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and Impaired Glycemia in a Teaching Hospital of South-Western Nepal
Authors: DR Pokharel  , N Gautam  , J Archana  , T Nagamma  , R Kumar  , R M Sapkota
Published: January 2025

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) among patients visiting a tertiary level teaching hospital in south-western Nepal.
Material & Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted among subjects (n=17082) who visited outpatient department of the Universal College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital (UCMSTH), Bhairahawa, Nepal for their medical checkup.  Data related to age, sex, hospital number and blood glucose concentration of the study subjects were collected from hospital records and analyzed for the frequency study.
Results: The average frequency of type 2 diabetes was found to be 6.1% over a period of five years and it was significantly (p=0.0232) higher in males (3.4%) than in females (2.8%). Frequency of IFG and IGT were found to be 2.31% and 2.70% respectively. The frequency of type 2 diabetes, IFG and IGT was significantly higher in males and age group of 51-60 years.
Conclusion: The frequency of type 2 diabetes and impaired glycemia is increasing every year in south-western part of Nepal. We recommend that efforts be made by all the stakeholders to curb this emerging medical problem before it becomes epidemic in the general population.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i3.5485
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 202-206
The Protective Role of Sphenocentrum Jollyanum Leaf Extract on Beta Cells Morphology of Alloxan Treated Rabbits
Authors: Godwin Oyebueke Mbaka  , Olufunmilayo Olaide Adeyemi
Published: January 2025

Objective: To assess the protective effect of ethanol leaf extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (SJ) (Menispermaceae) on beta cells against alloxan treated rabbits.
Material & Methods: Rabbits of both sexes, divided into 6 groups (8 per group) received oral treatment as follows: groups A and B received Tween 80 (2 %) solution; group C received 10 mg/kg of glibenclamide; groups D, E and F    received 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of SJ. A week later (day 0), basal glycaemia was determined (72.4±3.5) followed by alloxan challenge at 170 mg/kg intravenously with the exception of group A. Blood was collected at days 0, 3, 5, 10 and 15  and analyzed. Inflammatory activity was evaluated using C - reactive protein (CRP) as biomarker. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and glutathione (GSH) were used to assess oxidative activity.
Results: At day 3, glycaemic increase of 157.2 ± 4.7, 153.2 ± 8.2 and 150.2 ± 9.5 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) was observed in the group that received SJ. Decrease however occurred from day 5 which continued to the last day of the experiment. On the contrary, progressive increase occurred in diabetic control. Tissue histology of the extract group showed no lesion. The CRP level which was slightly elevated in the extract group at day 3, decreased appreciably at day 15. Decrease in SOD and CAT activities which occurred at day 3 in SJ treated increased at day 15. Also, the elevated levels of hepatic GSH in extract treated demonstrated an enhanced biosynthesis of antioxidative enzymes.
Conclusion: SJ leaf effectively protected the beta cells against oxidative damage.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i3.3400
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 195-201
Phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of the methanolic extracts of Bombax buonopozense leaf and root
Authors: Godwin C Akuodor  , Augustine D Essien  , Jemilat A Ibrahim  , Augustine Bassey  , Joseph L Akpan  , Nwakaego C Ikoro  , Simon C Onyewenjo
Published: January 2025

Objective: The leaf and root of Bombax buonopozense which have some ethnomedicinal applications were subjected to phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity against some disease causing microorganisms.
Material & Methods: The phytochemical composition was evaluated using standard procedures. Susceptibility of these clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonae, Proteus spp. and Escherichia coli) to the extracts was determined using the agar diffusion method.
Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, phlobatannins, anthraquinones and carbohydrates (mostly in root). The root extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against all the organisms tested, while the leaf extract had activity on S. aureus and B. subtilis only.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that the root extract contain the most active components which may be used to source antibiotic substances for possible treatment of bacterial infections.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i3.4222
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 190-194
Mentoring for Medical Undergraduates - Feedback from Mentees (Need For Training of Mentors)
Authors: Lingaraj Jayalakshmi  , Komala Devi Sampath Damodar  , Prathiba Nadig
Published: January 2025

Objective: The need for mentoring of undergraduate medical students has been well perceived and  several medical institutions have started the practice of setting up mentoring programs. Program evaluation  is  essential  in establishing an effective mentoring program. With  students being the core of the program, their expectations from the program needs due consideration to analyze the outcome efficacy of the program. This  study was done as  part of program  evaluation to analyze  the opinion of mentees  on  impact of  mentoring  and on  mentee-mentor relationship. The aim was to use the input of this feedback to improve  the conduction of the program for the next batch of students.
Material & Methods: A mentoring program was started for 150 1stM.B.B.S students . After one year a  feedback questionnaire with 15 likert type items  and  4 open ended questions was  given.  The questions were pertaining to  process , outcome of program  and  mentor-mentee relationships. Two  of the  open ended questions were based on concept of negative mentoring.  125 students gave  feedback voluntarily.
Results: 85% of mentees   agreed upon the  need for mentoring for all students. Majority felt that mentoring had only helped in academics and not in improving behavior. More than 50%  agreed  that mentors should be   involved in personal aspects besides academics. Responses   to open ended questions has well expressed their expectations from  mentors and perceived  lacunae . There was  a clear perception on the  need for quality in  mentoring. Their responses  has also given us a list  of causes  for discordant  mentor-mentee relationship,  majority of  which can be rectified by training mentors.
Conclusion: Feedback from students after implementing a mentoring program can be considered  very  essential  for effective mentoring. The feedback  has exposed the need   to have  good  mentors who can build a satisfying trustworthy mentoring relationship. Training for  mentors can be an effective solution and  should be a part of the mentoring program early during the planning phase.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i3.4807
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 151-158
A Community Based Epidemiological Study on Intestinal Amoebiasis in Rural West Bengal, India
Authors: Sintu Samanta  , Soumyendu Mehra  , Tapas K. Maiti  , Pramit Ghosh  , Sudip K. Ghosh
Published: January 2025

Objective: To assess the magnitude of Entamoeba histolytica/ Entamoeba dispar infestation and to study some socio-demographic correlates in relation to parasitic infestation in the study subjects.
Material & Methods: A cross sectional epidemiological study was carried out in West Bengal, India among rural population of two districts. Stool samples from selected study subjects of all age groups were tested for presence of parasitic infestation by standard diagnostic procedures and data were collected to get information on socio demographic correlates of E. histolytica /E. dispar infestation.
Results: Total 402 stool samples were tested. 23.4% of stool samples were positive for parasitic infestation. Major types were E. histolytica/E. dispar (17.7%), G. lambia (3.23%), B. hominis (2.23%), A. lumbricoidis (0.99%) and Hookworm (0.76%). Six samples were positive for mixed infection (1.49%). Among those infected with E. histolytica/E. dispar, majority were female (63.4%), middle aged 21-60yrs (53.5%). Magnitude was highest among geriatric people (26.7%) and children aged 6-10yrs (22.7%) and least among <5yrs age (9.1%). Majority of the infested persons were asymptomatic (52.1%). Participant’s self perception, self medication & water used for washing utensils were found to be significantly associated with parasitic infestation.
Conclusion: Result reiterates the need for organized efforts for improvement of basic sanitation needs in the area to curb the parasitic morbidities.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i3.4375
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 164-168
Assessment of Physical Fitness Status of Young Sikkimese Residing in High-Hill Temperate Regions of Eastern Sikkim under the Influence of Climate and Socio-Cultural Factors
Authors: Sengupta Pallav
Published: January 2025

Objective: The least populated state of India, Sikkim is situated over 6,000 ft as of the sea level. The health of people residing at high altitude is shaped not only by the low-oxygen environment, but also by population ancestry and   socio-cultural determinants. These factors may also have an influence over their physical fitness level. Thus the present survey work was designed in order to assess the influence of high altitude on physical fitness and anaerobic power.
Material & Methods: The study was conducted in randomly selected young adult male residents of Gangtok, Sikkim (mean age 22.0) and the college students of Kolkata (mean age 21.9) served as controls. Some parameters of physical fitness and endurance were measured using resting heart rate, blood pressure, PFI, energy expenditure, VO2max etc.
Results: A significant difference (p<0.05) in blood pressure, PFI, energy expenditure, BF% and anaerobic power were found in Sikkimese.
Conclusion: This study implies health of young Sikkimese is not only under the influence of low-oxygen environment but also by their socio-cultural factors over their physical parameters.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i3.5368
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 169-174
Nutritional Value of Lime and Lemon in Hypercholesterolaemic Induced Rats
Authors: Ajugwo Anslem o , Tosan Erhabor  , Tom Mokogwu  , Kester Digban  , Godwin Ojieh  , Issac Nnatuanya
Published: January 2025

OBJECTIVE: People generally use lime and lemon when weight reduction is anticipated. This work was carried out to determine the effect of these fruits in hypercholesterolaemic induced rats.
MATERIALS AND METHOD: Sixteen (16) albino rats were used and grouped into four groups of four (4) each. The rats were allowed to acclimatize and fed with egg yolk for seven days to induce hypercholesterolaemic state. Water, lemon, lime and lime+lemon were administered to these groups respectively. Cholesterol level was analyzed in all the groups after two (2) weeks of the administration of the fruits.
RESULTS: The result showed a statistical decrease in the groups treated with lime, lemon and lime+lemon. The lime+lemon group showed a more significant decrease (p<0.05) in both cholesterol level and body weight when compared with the control group and other groups. This reduction may be as a result of the contents of the fruits.
CONCLUSION: It can therefore be concluded that lime and lemon helps in the lowering of blood cholesterol level and body weight.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i1.5450
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 3(2012) 13-16
Duration of Use of Computer as Risk Factor for Developing Back Pain among Indian Office Going Women
Authors: Varte Lalhmunlien Robert , Shweta Rawat  , Inderjeet Singh  , Dhurjati Majumdar
Published: January 2025

Introduction: The study was designed to investigate back pain among working women in one of the largest Research and Development Organization in India and identify occupational factors associated with lower back pain by means of a survey of female employees.
Methods: This study investigated the relative risk of whether different age groups, job types, body mass index (BMI), years or service, screen viewing distance, self perception of comfort level and duration of use of computer have a bearing on the occurrence of back pain and if such risk factors aggravate cases of back pain.
Results: In the unadjusted table, there was a statistically significant chance of developing backpain as the age increases (odds ratio) OR 1.56, 95% (confidence interval) CI (1.030 - 2.372), however, after adjusting for the other co-variates, this chance was not of significance. Job types, body mass index (BMI) >30 (OR >1 (0.802-1.877), years of service and screen distance OR >1 (0.96-1.745) all showed a positive association with back pain though the p values were not of statistically significance.  In the adjusted table, for those who use the computer daily at the workplace for more than 6 hours, there was a statistically significant association for this group of developing back pain as compared to the first group i.e. those who work for 0-2 hours, as shown by OR 1.79, (1.123 - 2.864).
Conclusion: The present study indicated that backpain is present in as much as about 25.3% of the study population. For those who use the computer >6 hours daily, there was a statistically significant chance of developing backpain.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i1.5567
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 3(2012) 6-12
Non-Descent Vaginal Hysterectomy - Analysis of 100 Cases
Authors: Manidip Pal  , Soma Bandyopadhyay
Published: January 2025

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of performing vaginal hysterectomy for non-prolapsed uteri as primary route
METHODS: 100 patients planned for hysterectomy for a wide range of  indications like large uterus, cervix flushed with vagina, previous pelvic surgery were chosen for vaginal hysterectomy. Prerequisite were uterine size not more than 16 weeks, adequate vaginal access and good uterine mobility. Patients with utero-vaginal prolapse, complex adnexal mass and suspected malignancy were excluded.
RESULTS: Majority were aged 35 – 45 years (77%) with 8 nullipara and 21 primipara. Commonest indication was fibroid (54%) and largest uterine size was 16 weeks. There were 79 patients with history of different pelvic surgeries. Different morcellation techniques were used in more than 10 weeks sized uteri. Adnexal surgeries were performed in 12 cases without difficulty. In uncomplicated cases average blood loss was 200 ml and operating time was 50 minutes. Most of the patients were discharged by 5th post operative day. Two patients were converted to abdominal route due to bladder injury and slippage of upper pedicle respectively.
CONCLUSION: Experience and training can lead gynecologist to consider the vaginal approach as the standard route for hysterectomy.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i1.4471
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 3(2012) 1-5
Absence of Musculocutaneous Nerve: Embryological Basis
Authors: Arvind Kumar Pankaj  , CS Ramesh Babu  , Archana Rani  , Anita Rani  , Jyoti Chopra  , Rakesh Kumar Verma  , Navneet Kumar  , Ajay Kumar Srivastava
Published: January 2025

Variation of brachial plexus characterized by the absence of musculocutaneous nerve in right arm was found during routine dissection of a 54 year old male cadaver. After giving lateral pectoral nerve, rest of the lateral cord continued as lateral root of median nerve. An unusual branch was arising from lateral cord which crossed the axillary artery anteriorly and then divided into two branches. One of these branches joined ulnar nerve and other medial root of median nerve. All the muscles of front of arm were supplied by branches of median nerve. These variations are important for the anesthetists, surgeons, neurologists during surgery and for anatomists during dissection in the region of axilla.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i2.6626
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 3(2012) 21-24
Triple Negative Breast Cancer-An Overview and Review of Literature
Authors: Amit Gupta  , Jyotika Jain  , Ajay Kumar  , Sunil Kumar  , Neelam Wadhwa
Published: January 2025

Triple-negative breast cancer refers to a specific subtype of breast cancer that does not express the genes for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) or Her2/neu. About 12-17 % of ca breast  have triple negative ca breast This subtype of breast cancer is clinically characterized as more aggressive and less responsive to standard treatment and associated with overall poorer prognosis. Chemotherapy is the choice of systemic therapy for triple-negative tumors. They are more susceptible to non-receptor mediated therapies than other tumors. A number of new strategies are currently being tested in clinical trials.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i2.5384
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 3(2012) 16-20