bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Molecular Biology
Authors: Epstein Richard J.
Published: July 2011

Human Molecular Biology is an introduction to the molecular basis of health and disease for the new generation of life scientists and medical students. By integrating cutting-edge molecular genetics and biochemistry with the latest clinical information, the book weaves a pattern which unifies biology with syndromes, genetic pathways with developmental phenotypes, and protein function with drug action. From the origins of life to the present day, a narrative is traced through the workings of genomes, cells and organ systems, culminating in linking of laboratory technologies to future research horizons. Lavishly illustrated throughout with two-colour diagrams and full colour clinical pictures, this text brings the complexities and breadth of human molecular biology clearly to life. This seamless account breaks through the boundaries between molecular biology and medicine, and leads the reader on to a new dimension where the biological basis of health and disease is inescapably molecular.
Human Molecular Biology scooped both the Richard Asher prize for best new textbook and the overall 'Medical Book of the Year' in the Society of Authors and Royal Society of Medicine Medical Book Awards 2003.
A Collection of Documents on Spitzbergen and Greenland
Authors: Martens F. , Peyrère Isaac de la
Published: July 2011

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This volume (published in 1855) contains three narratives: Frederick Martens' description of a voyage to Spitzbergen in 1671, first translated into English and published in 1694 in a book of voyages dedicated to Samuel Pepys, then Secretary to the Admiralty; the Relation du Groeneland of Isaac de la Peyrère (published anonymously in French in 1663 and specially translated for this book); and the extraordinary account of the survival of eight Englishmen 'left by mischance in Green-land' for nine months in 1630.
The History of Rome
Authors: Niebuhr Barthold Georg
Published: July 2011

This three-volume English translation of Barthold Georg Niebuhr's influential History of Rome was published between 1828 and 1842. It follows the second German edition, which the author contrasts with the earlier edition (1811–1812, translated into English in 1827) as being 'the work of a man who has reached his maturity'. The early part of the nineteenth century saw important developments in philological scholarship in Germany, and Niebuhr's international career as a statesman and scholar reflected Germany's new-found confidence in the wider world. His book had a lasting impact both within its own subject area and on the understanding of history as an academic discipline, and was a landmark of nineteenth-century European scholarship. Volume 1 covers the origins of Rome in Ancient Italy, up to the secession of the commonalty, and the Tribunate of the People.
A History of Greece
Authors: Thirlwall Connop
Published: July 2011

This is the first of eight volumes on the history of Greece, first published in 1835. The volumes were aimed at two audiences: those people who wanted more than a superficial knowledge of the subject, but did not have the time or means to study the original sources, and those who had access to the ancient authors, but required a guide or interpreter. The first volume considers the geographical outlines of Greece, the earliest inhabitants and foreign settlers, the Hellenic nation and the Heroes and their age. It also details the government, religion and art of the Greeks in the Heroic Age, the return of the Heracleids, the legislation of Lycurgus and the Messenian Wars, and affairs of Sparta down to the sixth century BCE. The final chapter is on national institutions and forms of government. This book will be of interest to researchers and students of ancient history.
An Account of Some Recent Discoveries in Hieroglyphical Literature and Egyptian Antiquities
Authors: Young Thomas
Published: July 2011

Thomas Young (1773–1829) was an English physician who was one of the first modern scholars to attempt to decipher ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, and made significant contributions to a variety of other academic disciplines. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1794 and in 1803 published an article establishing the wave theory of light. Young became interested in hieroglyphs in 1814, when he was sent a fragment of papyrus from Egypt. After acquiring a copy of the Rosetta Stone inscriptions Young made rapid progress, publishing his results in 1816 and 1819. When Champollion published his groundbreaking work on hieroglyphs in 1822 Young believed that Champollion had based that work on his earlier translations without acknowledgement, which Champollion denied. This book was published in 1823 in an attempt by Young to lay 'public claim to whatever credit be my due', and provides a summary of his hieroglyphic research.
A History of England
Authors: Ranke Leopold von
Published: July 2011

German historian Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886) is well known for pioneering the modern historical method which advocates empiricism, rather than a focus on the philosophy of history. Emphasizing the importance of presenting history exactly as it happened, Ranke asserted that different eras need to be understood in their own contexts rather than in relation to each other: history should not be regarded as one long, teleological narrative. These principles of writing history, established in earlier publications, are all evident here. Originally published in eight volumes between 1859 and 1869, Ranke's history, 'principally in the seventeenth century', was first published as a six-volume history in English by the Clarendon Press in 1875, the mammoth task of its translation distributed among eight Oxford dons. Volume 5 focuses on William III, ending with the reigns of Anne, George I, and George II; an appendix gives source material from contemporary documents.
Christ, St Francis and To-day
Authors: Coulton G. G.
Published: July 2011

Medieval historian G. G. Coulton relinquished his own holy orders in 1885 but remained firmly engaged with Christianity. This 1919 collection of lectures is a radical and impassioned discussion of how Christianity must change to meet the needs of post-war society as soldiers return from the trenches. Drawing parallels between the lives of Jesus Christ and St Francis of Assisi, Coulton highlights how ambiguities in the surviving accounts of both men have diverted the original course of their ministry and, with it, the objectives and outlook of the church. The author also takes on the weaknesses in both Catholic and agnostic arguments and advocates a simplifying and democratisation of Christianity and the resolving of denominational differences. Included alongside the lectures is the author's comprehensive response to a number of questions raised by the original lecture series which provides a useful conclusion to the controversial anti-Catholic's plea for religious modernisation.
Lives of the Founders of the British Museum
Authors: Edwards Edward
Published: July 2011

This two-volume work covers the period 1570–1870, and is one of several written on book collections by Edward Edwards (1812–1886), whose three-volume Memoirs of Libraries is also reissued in this series. Volume 1 considers the gatherers of the 'foundation collections' of the British Museum. Among them were Henry, Prince of Wales, the son of James I, Sir Robert Cotton (1571–1631), and Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose bequest of his collections to George II led directly to the foundation of the Museum by Act of Parliament in 1753. The administrators and early donors to the Museum - archaeologists, travellers and dilettanti such as Sir William Hamilton and the earl of Elgin - are also discussed.
History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
Authors: Gregorovius Ferdinand
Published: July 2011

Ferdinand Gregorovius (1821–1891) was a celebrated German medieval historian. After studying philosophy and theology at the University of Königsberg, Gregorovius moved to Rome in 1852, and became immersed in researching the medieval history of the city. First published in 1872, his monumental study of medieval Rome was the first modern account of the subject, and became the standard reference. This English translation of the fourth German edition appeared between 1894 and 1902. In his work Gregorovius discusses the political, social and cultural changes in the city from 400 to 1534, making extensive use of primary sources. Gregorovius also includes the Renaissance in his study, showing how medieval thought and events influenced political and cultural life and thought during the Renaissance. Volume 8, Part 1 covers the period 1503–1521. It discusses population growth in the city during the early sixteenth century and the achievements of the Renaissance.
Widsith
Authors: Chambers Raymond Wilson
Published: July 2011

One of the few records of German heroic poetry, Widsith was found in the Exeter Book, a manuscript of Old English poetry compiled in the late tenth century. The tale, in which the wandering poet and narrator Widsith recounts his travels across northern Europe, is often seen as a catalogue of tribes, people and heroes who existed between the third and fifth centuries. Yet it is also, in Raymond Wilson Chambers' words, a rare and valuable 'record of lost heroic song'. Originally published in 1912, Chambers' study provides an introduction to the background of the German heroic tradition, as well as detailed analyses of specific aspects of Widsith, such as the metre, geography, and critical reception of the poem. This scholarly edition also includes an annotated version of the poem, and maps, as well as an appendix which will be valuable to students and scholars of Old English literature.
A Few Words to the Jews
Authors: Montefiore Charlotte
Published: July 2011

Charlotte Montefiore (1818–1854) published A Few Words to the Jews anonymously in 1853. The volume is a collection of essays on Anglo-Jewish life, covering topics including the Sabbath, Jewish women, religious reform and practice, Jewish materialism, immortality, the idea of truth, and religious festivals. The essays, like Montefiore's collection of short stories, The Cheap Jewish Library, and her novel, Caleb Asher, carry a strong message of social justice. Montefiore, a wealthy, aristocratic and influential Jew, was deeply involved in social welfare and the education of young people within her community, establishing a number of foundations to aid underprivileged Jews, including the Jewish Emigration Society. In A Few Words Montefiore argued her case against inequality and economic exploitation within Jewish communities. The work offers a fascinating insight into the life and politics of Victorian Jews. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=montc2
Native Tribes of Central Australia
Authors: Spencer Baldwin , Gillen F. J.
Published: July 2011

Sir Baldwin Spencer (1860–1929) was a British/Australian biologist and anthropologist, best known for his work amongst the indigenous Aboriginal tribes of Australia. After graduating from Exeter College, Oxford in 1884, Spencer was elected a fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, before being appointed the Professor of Biology at the University of Melbourne. In 1896 Spencer joined his friend and co-author Francis James Gillen (1855–1912) to undertake fieldwork during the Aboriginal tribal gathering known as the Engwura. This pioneering volume, first published in 1899, is the result of this fieldwork. Spencer and Gillen were initiated as members of the Arunta tribe and became the first Europeans to witness many tribal customs and social structures. The kinship structures, marriage and burial ceremonies and religious beliefs of several tribes are described. This fascinating volume influenced contemporary ideas concerning palaeolithic society and the origins of art and religion.
Enterprise Liability and the Common Law
Authors: Brodie Douglas
Published: July 2011

Theories of enterprise liability have, historically, had a significant influence on the development of various aspects of the law of torts. Enterprise liability has impacted upon both statutory and common law rules. Prime examples would include laws on workmen's compensation and products liability. Of late, in a number of jurisdictions, enterprise liability has been a powerful catalyst for change in the employer's responsibilities towards third parties by prompting changes to the law on vicarious liability. The results have been seen most dramatically where the employer's responsibility for the intentional torts of employees is concerned. Recent common law reforms have not been without controversy and have raised difficult and challenging questions about the appropriate scope of an employer's responsibility. In response to this, Douglas Brodie offers a critique of the employer's common law obligations, both in tort and under the law of contract of employment.
Agrarian Reform in Russia
Authors: Leonard Carol S.
Published: July 2011

This book examines the history of reforms and major state interventions affecting Russian agriculture: the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the Stolypin reforms, the NEP, the Collectivization, Khrushchev reforms, and finally farm enterprise privatization in the early 1990s. It shows a pattern emerging from a political imperative in imperial, Soviet, and post-Soviet regimes, and it describes how these reforms were justified in the name of the national interest during severe crises – rapid inflation, military defeat, mass strikes, rural unrest, and/or political turmoil. It looks at the consequences of adversity in the economic environment for rural behavior after reform and at long-run trends. It has chapters on property rights, rural organization, and technological change. It provides a new database for measuring agricultural productivity from 1861 to 1913 and updates these estimates to the present. This book is a study of the policies aimed at reorganizing rural production and their effectiveness in transforming institutions.
Leon Battista Alberti: On Painting
Authors: Alberti Leon Battista
Published: July 2011

Leon Battista Alberti was one of the most important humanist scholars of the Italian Renaissance. Active in mid-fifteenth-century Florence, he was an architect, theorist, and author of texts on perspective and painting. Leon Battista Alberti: On Painting is a cardinal work that revolutionized Western art. In this volume Rocco Sinisgalli presents a new English translation and critical examination of Alberti's seminal text. Dr Sinisgalli reverses the received understanding of the relationship between the Italian and Latin versions of Alberti's treatise by demonstrating that Alberti wrote it first in Italian and then translated it into a polished Latin over the course of several decades. This volume is richly illustrated to help demonstrate how Alberti understood optics and art.
The History of British India
Authors: Mill James
Published: July 2011

James Mill's three volume History of British India was published from 1817 to 1818 and became an immediate success. A friend of Jeremy Bentham and a follower of utilitarianism, Mill focuses more on historical processes than human interest. He uses extensive sources rather than first-hand experience to create, as his preface claims, an 'objective' yet 'critical' history, often making harsh judgements of the country and its people within the context of a theoretical framework. He also criticises the British involvement in India and the process of conquest, colonization, and administration, the intention being to encourage the reader to a greater understanding of historical processes, ideas, and institutions with a view to encouraging thorough reform. Volume 3 examines the history of the colony from Pitt's India Act in 1784 to the end of the Second Anglo-Maratha War and the peace between the British and Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar in 1805.
Acute Stroke Care
Authors: Uchino Ken , Pary Jennifer , Grotta James
Published: July 2011

You have just encountered a possible stroke patient. You ask yourself: what should I do first? How do I know it is a stroke? Is it too late to reverse the damage? How do I do the right things in the right order? This book will help you answer these critical questions. It provides practical advice on the care of stroke patients in a range of acute settings. The content is arranged in chronological order, covering the things to consider in assessing and treating the patient in the emergency department, the stroke unit and then on transfer to a rehabilitation facility. All types of stroke are covered. This new edition provides updated information from recently completed clinical trials and added information on endovascular therapy, hemicraniectomy for severe stroke, DVT prophylaxis and stroke prevention. A comprehensive set of appendices contain useful reference information including dosing algorithms, conversion factors and stroke scales.
Beyond Smoke and Mirrors
Authors: Richter Burton
Published: July 2011

Global climate change is one of the most important issues humanity faces today. This book assesses the sensible, senseless and biased proposals for averting the potentially disastrous consequences of global warming, allowing the reader to draw their own conclusions on switching to more sustainable energy provision. Burton Richter is a Nobel Prize-winning scientist who has served on many US and international review committees on climate change and energy issues. He provides a concise overview of our knowledge and uncertainties within climate change science , discusses current energy demand and supply patterns, and the energy options available to cut emissions of greenhouse gases. Written in non-technical language, this book presents a balanced view of options for moving from our heavy reliance on fossil fuels into a much more sustainable energy system, and is accessible to a wide range of readers without scientific backgrounds - students, policymakers, and the concerned citizen.
Introduction to XAFS
Authors: Bunker Grant
Published: July 2011

X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) is a powerful and versatile technique for studying structures of materials in chemistry, physics, biology and other fields. This textbook is a comprehensive, practical guide to carrying out and interpreting XAFS experiments. Assuming only undergraduate-level physics and mathematics, the textbook is ideally suited for graduate students in physics and chemistry starting XAFS-based research. It contains concise executable example programs in Mathematica 7. Supplementary material available at www.cambridge.org/9780521767750 includes Mathematica code from the book, related Mathematica programs, and worked data analysis examples. The textbook addresses experiment, theory, and data analysis, but is not tied to specific data analysis programs or philosophies. This makes it accessible to a broad audience in the sciences, and a useful guide for researchers entering the subject.
Sustainable Natural Resource Management
Authors: Lynch Daniel R.
Published: July 2011

Natural resources support all human productivity. The sustainable management of natural resources is among the preeminent problems of the current century. Sustainability and the implied professional responsibility start here. This book uses applied mathematics familiar to undergraduate engineers and scientists to examine natural resource management and its role in framing sustainability. Renewable and nonrenewable resources are covered, along with living and sterile resources. Examples and applications are drawn from petroleum, fisheries, and water resources. Each chapter contains problems illustrating the material. Simple programs in commonly available packages (Excel, MATLAB) support the text. The material is a natural prelude to more advanced study in ecology, conservation, and population dynamics, as well as engineering and science. The mathematical description is kept within what an undergraduate student in the sciences or engineering would normally be expected to master for natural systems. The purpose is to allow students to confront natural resource problems early in their preparation.
The Standard Model
Authors: Burgess Cliff , Moore Guy
Published: July 2011

This book was first published in 2006. The standard model brings together two theories of particle physics in order to describe the interactions of subatomic particles, except those due to gravity. This book uses the standard model as a vehicle for introducing quantum field theory. In doing this the book also introduces much of the phenomenology on which this model is based. The book uses a modern approach, emphasizing effective field theory techniques, and contains brief discussions of some of the main proposals for going beyond the standard model, such as seesaw neutrino masses, supersymmetry, and grand unification. Requiring only a minimum of background material, this book is ideal for graduate students in theoretical and experimental particle physics. It concentrates on getting students to the level of being able to use this theory by doing real calculations with the minimum of formal development, and contains several problems.
Dispersal and dispersion of southern elephant seals in the Kerguelen province, Southern Ocean
Authors: Oosthuizen W. Chris , Bester Marthán N. , Tosh Cheryl A. , Guinet Christophe , Besson Dominique , Nico de Bruyn P.J.
Published: July 2011

Southern elephant sealsMirounga leoninawithin the Kerguelen province disperse between Marion Island (MI), Iles Crozet (IC) and Iles Kerguelen (IK) despite the high site fidelity characteristic of this species. From 1987–2002, 199 IC individuals, or 11.63% of the tagged population there, were resighted at MI. Resights of IC seals at MI peaked during the juvenile moult and seals aged 0–2 represent 66% of all resights made. Equal numbers of male and female seals (all age classes) were dispersing. Dispersing breeding females (n= 22, on 33 occasions) outnumbered dispersing breeding males (n= 6, on 16 occasions), after initially emigrating from IC to MI as juvenile seals (natal dispersal). Greater male-mediated gene flow was ultimately attained due to the polygynous mating system and some extremely successful males. Of 132 seals fitted with satellite-relay data loggers at MI, six hauled out at IC and three at IK. Two of the seals which migrated to IC were born at MI; all others were unmarked males likely to be native to IC or IK. Dispersal should ideally be considered when assessing vital rates for southern Indian Ocean elephant seal populations.
A flare sensitive 3 h solar flux radio index for space weather applications
Authors: Acebal Ariel O. , Sojka Jan J.
Published: July 2011

Many space physics models use the F10.7 as their input for solar activity. The F10.7 is a daily index derived from solar radio measurements taken at 2800 MHz, excluding activity from solar flares. In this paper, we compute a 3 h composite index, similar, in part, to the F10.7, using solar radio observations taken at 2695 MHz (11.1 cm) by the United States Air Force's Radio Solar Telescope Network. This index, called the F11.1 index, is similar to the F10.7. But unlike the F10.7 index, which is measured three times each day, at 1700, 2000, and 23 UT, F11.1 consists of eight measurements each day, uniformly distributed over 24 h. These 3 h intervals are aligned in UT with the planetary geomagnetic index Kp's time intervals. Each interval provides an F11.1 value that minimizes solar flare radio emission data. This composite index also provides two additional pieces of quantitative information that the F10.7 does not provide. The first is a factor, ranging from 0 to 1, indicating how representative the single F11.1 value is of this entire 3 h period (representation accuracy parameter). The second is a measure of how much of the 3 h interval can be classified as solar disturbed or as having a flare in progress (duration parameter). These aspects together have relevance for ionospheric modeling/specification for solar conditions in which significant change can occur over a 24 h period.
Myocardial Oxygen Consumption Change Predicts Left Ventricular Relaxation Improvement in Obese Humans After Weight Loss
Authors: Lin C. Huie , Kurup Suraj , Herrero Pilar , Schechtman Kenneth B. , Eagon J. Christopher , Klein Samuel , Dávila‐Román Víctor G. , Stein Richard I. , Dorn‐II Gerald W. , Gropler Robert J. , Waggoner Alan D. , Peterson Linda R.
Published: July 2011

Obesity adversely affects myocardial metabolism, efficiency, and diastolic function. Our objective was to determine whether weight loss can ameliorate obesity‐related myocardial metabolism and efficiency derangements and that these improvements directly relate to improved diastolic function in humans. We studied 30 obese (BMI >30 kg/m2) subjects with positron emission tomography (PET) (myocardial metabolism, blood flow) and echocardiography (structure, function) before and after marked weight loss from gastric bypass surgery (N = 10) or moderate weight loss from diet (N = 20). Baseline BMI, insulin resistance, hemodynamics, left ventricular (LV) mass, systolic function, myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), and fatty acid (FA) metabolism were similar between the groups. MVO2/g decreased after diet‐induced weight loss (P = 0.009). Total MVO2 decreased after dietary (P = 0.02) and surgical weight loss (P = 0.0006) and was related to decreased BMI (P = 0.006). Total myocardial FA utilization decreased (P = 0.03), and FA oxidation trended lower (P = 0.06) only after surgery. FA esterification and LV efficiency were unchanged. After surgical weight loss, LV mass decreased by 23% (Doppler‐derived) E/E' by 33%, and relaxation increased (improved) by 28%. Improved LV relaxation related significantly to decreased BMI, insulin resistance, total MVO2, and LV mass but not FA utilization. Decreased total MVO2 predicted LV relaxation improvement independent of BMI change (P = 0.02). Weight loss can ameliorate the obesity‐related derangements in myocardial metabolism and LV structure and diastolic function. Decreased total MVO2 independently predicted improved LV relaxation, suggesting that myocardial oxygen metabolism may be mechanistically important in determining cardiac relaxation.
Influence of Abdominal Obesity on Vascular Endothelial Function in Overweight/Obese Adult Men
Authors: Weil Brian R. , Stauffer Brian L. , Mestek Michael L. , DeSouza Christopher A.
Published: July 2011

It has been suggested that body fat distribution may be an important determinant of the impact of adiposity on endothelial function. We tested the hypothesis that overweight/obese adults with abdominal adiposity exhibit worse endothelial vasodilator and fibrinolytic function than overweight/obese adults without abdominal adiposity. Sixty adult men were studied: 20 normal weight (BMI: 22.3 ± 0.7 kg/m2; waist circumference (WC): 84.9 ± 2.0 cm); 20 overweight/obese with WC <102 cm (29.2 ± 0.3 kg/m2; 98.1 ± 0.7 cm); and 20 overweight/obese with WC ≥102 cm (30.0 ± 0.4 kg/m2; 106.7 ± 1.0 cm). Forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to intra‐arterial acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were measured. Additionally, net endothelial release of tissue‐type plasminogen activator (t‐PA) was determined in response to bradykinin (BK) and SNP. Overweight/obese men demonstrated lower (∼30%; P < 0.01) FBF responses to acetylcholine compared with normal weight controls. However, there were no differences in FBF responses to acetylcholine between overweight/obese men with (4.1 ± 0.3–10.8 ± 1.3 ml/100 ml tissue/min) and without (4.5 ± 0.3–11.6 ± 0.8 ml/100 ml tissue/min) abdominal adiposity. Similarly, endothelial t‐PA release to BK was lower (∼40%; P < 0.05) in the overweight/obese men compared with normal weight controls; however, t‐PA release was not different between the overweight/obese men with (−0.7 ± 0.4–40.4 ± 6.2 ng/100 ml tissue/min) and without (−0.3 ± 0.6–48 ± 7.5 ng/100 ml tissue/min) abdominal adiposity. These results indicate that abdominal obesity is not associated with greater impairment in endothelial vasodilation and fibrinolytic capacity in overweight/obese men. Excess adiposity, regardless of anatomical distribution pattern, is associated with impaired endothelial function.
Subnanosecond pulse generator operating with arbitrary load
Authors: Beziuk G.
Published: July 2011

A subnanosecond pulse generator based on two Blumlein pulse-forming lines (PFL) is investigated. The width of an output pulse of the generator does not depend on its load resistance in contrast to the basic structure of a Blumlein PFL. Therefore, the generator does not need to be matched to load in order to avoid the reflections. The circuit design was simulated by PSPICE simulation software. The reported subnanosecond pulser was made using a microstrip technique. A comparison between measured and simulated results shows good agreement.
Site selective surface enhanced Raman on nanostructured cavities
Authors: Lordan Frances , Rice James H. , Jose Bincy , Forster Robert J. , Keyes Tia E.
Published: July 2011

Presented here are angle dependence studies on the surface enhanced Raman (SER) signal obtained from dye placed on plasmon active nanocavity arrays. A comparative study was carried out between two modified array supports. One array had dye placed only on the interior walls of the cavities in the array. The other array had dye placed only on its top flat surface. Results show that Raman intensities as a function of angle depend on the location of the dye on the array; this was interpreted to arise from the presence of different plasmon polariton modes in these sites.
Expression and Localization of a Rhizobium-Derived Cambialistic Superoxide Dismutase in Pea (Pisum sativum) Nodules Subjected to Oxidative Stress
Authors: Asensio Aaron C. , Marino Daniel , James Euan K. , Ariz Idoia , Arrese-Igor Cesar , Aparicio-Tejo Pedro M. , Arredondo-Peter Raúl , Moran Jose F.
Published: July 2011

Two phylogenetically unrelated superoxide dismutase (SOD) families, i.e., CuZnSOD (copper and zinc SOD) and FeMn-CamSOD (iron, manganese, or cambialistic SOD), eliminate superoxide radicals in different locations within the plant cell. CuZnSOD are located within the cytosol and plastids, while the second family of SOD, which are considered to be of bacterial origin, are usually located within organelles, such as mitochondria. We have used the reactive oxygen species–producer methylviologen (MV) to study SOD isozymes in the indeterminate nodules on pea (Pisum sativum). MV caused severe effects on nodule physiology and structure and also resulted in an increase in SOD activity. Purification and N-terminal analysis identified CamSOD from the Rhizobium leguminosarum endosymbiont as one of the most active SOD in response to the oxidative stress. Fractionation of cell extracts and immunogold labeling confirmed that the CamSOD was present in both the bacteroids and the cytosol (including the nuclei, plastids, and mitochondria) of the N-fixing cells, and also within the uninfected cortical and interstitial cells. These findings, together with previous reports of the occurrence of FeSOD in determinate nodules, indicate that FeMnCamSOD have specific functions in legumes, some of which may be related to signaling between plant and bacterial symbionts, but the occurrence of one or more particular isozymes depends upon the nodule type.
Exact solutions of a
q
-discrete second Painlevé equation from its iso-monodromy deformation problem: I. Rational solutions
Authors: Joshi Nalini , Shi Yang
Published: July 2011

In this paper, we present a new method of deducing infinite sequences of exact solutions of
q
-discrete Painlevé equations by using their associated linear problems. The specific equation we consider in this paper is a
q
-discrete version of the second Painlevé equation (
q
-P
II
) with affine Weyl group symmetry of type (
A
2
+
A
1
)
(1)
. We show, for the first time, how to use the
q
-discrete linear problem associated with
q
-P
II
to find an infinite sequence of exact rational solutions and also show how to find their representation as determinants by using the linear problem. The method, while demonstrated for
q
-P
II
here, is also applicable to other discrete Painlevé equations.
Marine planktonic microbes survived climatic instabilities in the past
Authors: Cermeño Pedro
Published: July 2011

In the geological past, changes in climate and tectonic activity are thought to have spurred the tempo of evolutionary change among major taxonomic groups of plants and animals. However, the extent to which these historical contingencies increased the risk of extinction of microbial plankton species remains largely unknown. Here, I analyse fossil records of marine planktonic diatoms and calcareous nannoplankton over the past 65 million years from the world oceans and show that the probability of species' extinction is not correlated with secular changes in climatic instability. Further supporting these results, analyses of genera survivorship curves based on fossil data concurred with the predictions of a birth–death model that simulates the extinction of genera through time assuming stochastically constant rates of speciation and extinction. However, my results also show that these marine microbes responded to exceptional climatic contingencies in a manner that appears to have promoted net diversification. These results highlight the ability of marine planktonic microbes to survive climatic instabilities in the geological past, and point to different mechanisms underlying the processes of speciation and extinction in these micro-organisms.
Propidium Iodide Competes with Ca2+ to Label Pectin in Pollen Tubes and Arabidopsis Root Hairs
Authors: Rounds Caleb M. , Lubeck Eric , Hepler Peter K. , Winship Lawrence J.
Published: July 2011

We have used propidium iodide (PI) to investigate the dynamic properties of the primary cell wall at the apex of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root hairs and pollen tubes and in lily (Lilium formosanum) pollen tubes. Our results show that in root hairs, as in pollen tubes, oscillatory peaks in PI fluorescence precede growth rate oscillations. Pectin forms the primary component of the cell wall at the tip of both root hairs and pollen tubes. Given the electronic structure of PI, we investigated whether PI binds to pectins in a manner analogous to Ca2+ binding. We first show that Ca2+ is able to abrogate PI growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. PI fluorescence itself also relies directly on the amount of Ca2+ in the growth solution. Exogenous pectin methyl esterase treatment of pollen tubes, which demethoxylates pectins, freeing more Ca2+-binding sites, leads to a dramatic increase in PI fluorescence. Treatment with pectinase leads to a corresponding decrease in fluorescence. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PI binds to demethoxylated pectins. Unlike other pectin stains, PI at low yet useful concentration is vital and specifically does not alter the tip-focused Ca2+ gradient or growth oscillations. These data suggest that pectin secretion at the apex of tip-growing plant cells plays a critical role in regulating growth, and PI represents an excellent tool for examining the role of pectin and of Ca2+ in tip growth.
Sufentanil preserves hemodynamics and left ventricular function in patients with ischemic heart disease
Authors: BHAVSAR R. , SLOTH E. , FOLKERSEN L. , GREISEN J. R. , JAKOBSEN C.‐J.
Published: July 2011

Objective: Sufentanil has been reported to provide stable hemodynamics similar to other opioids. However, it has not been reliably established whether this stability can be attributed only to Sufentanil and translates into fully preserved left ventricular (LV) function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Sufentanil on hemodynamics and LV systolic and diastolic function using invasive monitoring and echocardiography in patients with ischemic heart disease.

Methods: Prospective observational study of thirty patients acting as their own control undergoing echocardiographic imaging before and after bolus Sufentanil 1.5–2.0 μg/kg. Full invasive hemodynamic monitoring was established before Sufentanil administration. Global LV systolic function was evaluated with a global longitudinal peak systolic strain (GLPSS) by speckle tracking ultrasound; systolic displacement by tissue tracking (TT) and diastolic function was evaluated using Doppler tissue imaging and pulse wave Doppler.

Results: Hemodynamic monitoring showed a minor decline in systolic blood pressure from 159 to 154 mmHg (P=0.046). No changes were observed in the cardiac index, stroke volume index and heart rate. An unchanged TT score index (9.9 vs. 10.2 mm, P=0.428) and GLPSS (14.3 vs. 14.5%, P=0.658) indicated preserved LV global systolic function and unchanged E'/A' (0.95 vs. 0.89, P=0.110) and E/E' ratio (15.4 vs. 14.9, P=0.612) indicated unchanged diastolic function.

Conclusion: Sufentanil preserves hemodynamic parameters as well as echocardiographic indices of LV systolic and diastolic function in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD).
CYP2C19 genotypes determine the efficacy of on‐demand therapy of pantoprazole for reflux esophagitis as Los‐Angeles grades C and D
Authors: Sheu Bor‐Shyang , Cheng Hsiu‐Chi , Yeh Yi‐Chun , Chang Wei‐Lun
Published: July 2011

Backgrounds and Aim:  The present study determined whether the genotypes of S‐mephenytoin 4′‐hydroxylase (CYP2C19) could serve as an indicator to assess the success of long‐term on‐demand therapy (ODT) with pantoprazole for the patients with severe reflux esophagitis as Los Angles grade C or D (RE‐CD).

Methods:  A total of 240 patients with RE‐CD were prospectively enrolled to receive continuous pantoprazole, 40 mg daily for 6 months. The patients, who achieved complete healing and were free from acid reflux‐related symptoms during follow up, were included to receive ODT with a 40 mg pantoprazole tablet up to 1 year. Each patient was followed to assess the monthly tablet number of 40 mg pantoprazole and the cumulative rate of failure of ODT. The CYP2C19 genotype of each included patient was defined as homologous extensive metabolizer (HomoEM), heterologous extensive metabolizer (HeteroEM), and poor metabolizer (PM).

Results:  Two‐hundred patients were included to receive ODT, including 51 as HomoEM, 108 as HeteroEM, and 41 as PM. There were no differences in demographic and endoscopic features among patients with different CYP2C19 genotypes (P > 0.05). The 1‐year cumulative failure rate of ODT was significantly higher in HomoEM than in HeteroEM and PM (P < 0.05, by log–rank test). For those with successful ODT during the 1‐year follow up, the mean monthly tablet number of pantoprazole was lower in PM than in HeteroEM and HomoEM (11.5 vs 16.3 and 18.6, P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  For RE‐CD with complete healing after continuous pantoprazole, the successful shift to ODT is determined by the CYP2C19 genotypes of the patients.
Anatomy of an enigma: an osteological investigation of the Namibian festive gecko (Narudasia festiva: Gekkonidae: Gekkota)
Authors: Daza Juan D. , Aurich Janina , Bauer Aaron M.
Published: July 2011

Daza, J.D., Aurich, J. and Bauer, A.M. 2011. Anatomy of an enigma: an osteological investigation of the Namibian festive gecko (Narudasia festiva: Gekkonidae: Gekkota). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 93: 465–486.

The monotypic genus Narudasia is a poorly studied Namibian endemic gekkonid lizard. It has been hypothesized to have close relationships with a diversity of other gekkotan genera, including representatives of three of the currently recognized families of geckos, but most such interpretations have been based solely on overall morphological similarity. X‐ray CT scans, cleared‐and‐stained specimens and conventional radiographs were used to provide a detailed osteological description of N. festiva, with an emphasis on the cranium. Narudasia exhibits a number of features associated with miniaturization, including a relatively large neurocranium and a bulging occipital condyle. However, many skeletal features differ from other minaturized taxa but are shared with one or more larger‐bodied gecko taxa. Narudasia shares a number of putatively derived features with at least some representatives of a large clade of Afro‐Malagasy gekkonids, but at present neither molecular nor osteological data adequately resolve its relationships. It remains a phylogenetic enigma, but more extensive osteological taxon sampling across the Gekkota may ultimately reveal synapomorphies uniting Narudasia with particular Afro‐Malagasy genera.
The Fundamental Plane of early-type galaxies as a confounding correlation
Authors: Fraix-Burnet D.
Published: July 2011

Early-type galaxies are characterized by many scaling relations. One of them, the so-called Fundamental Plane, is a relatively tight correlation between three variables and has resisted a clear physical understanding, despite many years of intensive research. Here, we show that the correlation between the three variables of the Fundamental Plane can be the artefact of the effect of another parameter influencing all, so that the Fundamental Plane may be understood as a confounding correlation. Indeed, the complexity of the physics of galaxies and of their evolution suggests that the main confounding parameter must be related to the level of diversification reached by the galaxies. Consequently, many scaling relations for galaxies are probably evolutionary correlations.
Experimental Study of
Surface Roughness Effects on a Turbine Airfoil in a Linear Cascade— Part I: External Heat
Transfer
Authors: Lorenz M. , Schulz A. , Bauer H.-J.
Published: July 2011

The present experimental study is part of a comprehensive heat transfer analysis on a highly loaded low pressure turbine blade and endwall with varying surface roughness. Whereas a former paper (Lorenz et al., 2009, “An Experimental Study of Airfoil and Endwall Heat Transfer in a Linear Turbine Blade Cascade—Secondary Flow and Surface Roughness Effects,” International Symposium on Heat Transfer in Gas Turbine Systems, Aug. 9–14, Antalya, Turkey) focused on full span heat transfer of a smooth airfoil and surface roughness effects on the endwall, in this work further measurements at the airfoil midspan with different deterministic surface roughness are considered. Part I investigates the external heat transfer enhancement due to rough surfaces, whereas part II focuses on surface roughness effects on aerodynamic losses. A set of different arrays of deterministic roughness is investigated in these experiments, varying the height and eccentricity of the roughness elements, showing the combined influence of roughness height and anisotropy of the rough surfaces on laminar to turbulent transition and the turbulent boundary layer as well as boundary layer separation on the pressure and suction side. It is shown that, besides the known effect of roughness height, eccentricity of roughness plays a major role in the onset of transition and the turbulent heat transfer. The experiments are conducted at several freestream turbulence levels (Tu1=1.4–10.1%) and different Reynolds numbers.
Compressor Performance and Operability in Swirl Distortion
Authors: Sheoran Yogi , Bouldin Bruce , Krishnan P. Murali
Published: July 2011

Inlet swirl distortion has become a major area of concern in the gas turbine engine community. Gas turbine engines are increasingly installed with more complicated and tortuous inlet systems such as those found on embedded installations on unmanned aerial vehicles. These inlet systems can produce complex swirl patterns in addition to total pressure distortion. The effect of swirl distortion on engine or compressor performance and operability must be evaluated. The gas turbine community is developing methodologies to measure and characterize swirl distortion. There is a strong need to develop a database containing the impact of a range of swirl distortion patterns on a compressor performance and operability. A recent paper presented by the authors described a versatile swirl distortion generator system that produced a wide range of swirl distortion patterns of a prescribed strength, including bulk swirl, twin swirl, and offset swirl. The design of these swirl generators greatly improved the understanding of the formation of swirl. The next step of this process is to understand the effect of swirl on compressor performance. A previously published paper by the authors used parallel compressor analysis to map out different speed lines that resulted from different types of swirl distortion. For the study described in this paper, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is used to couple upstream swirl generator geometry to a single stage of an axial compressor in order to generate a family of compressor speed lines. The complex geometry of the analyzed swirl generators requires that the full 360 deg compressor be included in the CFD model. A full compressor can be modeled several ways in a CFD analysis, including sliding mesh and frozen rotor techniques. For a single operating condition, a study was conducted using both of these techniques to determine the best method, given the large size of the CFD model and the number of data points that needed to be run to generate speed lines. This study compared the CFD results for the undistorted compressor at 100% speed to comparable test data. Results of this study indicated that the frozen rotor approach provided just as accurate results as the sliding mesh but with a greatly reduced cycle time. Once the CFD approach was calibrated, the same techniques were used to determine compressor performance and operability when a full range of swirl distortion patterns were generated by upstream swirl generators. The compressor speed line shift due to co-rotating and counter-rotating bulk swirl resulted in a predictable performance and operability shift. Of particular importance is the compressor performance and operability resulting from an exposure to a set of paired swirl distortions. The CFD generated speed lines follow similar trends to those produced by parallel compressor analysis.
English-learning infants’ perception of word stress patterns
Authors: Skoruppa Katrin , Cristià Alejandrina , Peperkamp Sharon , Seidl Amanda
Published: July 2011

Adult speakers of different free stress languages (e.g., English, Spanish) differ both in their sensitivity to lexical stress and in their processing of suprasegmental and vowel quality cues to stress. In a head-turn preference experiment with a familiarization phase, both 8-month-old and 12-month-old English-learning infants discriminated between initial stress and final stress among lists of Spanish-spoken disyllabic nonwords that were segmentally varied (e.g. [ˈnila, ˈtuli] vs [luˈta, puˈki]). This is evidence that English-learning infants are sensitive to lexical stress patterns, instantiated primarily by suprasegmental cues, during the second half of the first year of life.
The Deacetylase SIRT1 Promotes Membrane Localization and Activation of Akt and PDK1 During Tumorigenesis and Cardiac Hypertrophy
Authors: Sundaresan Nagalingam R. , Pillai Vinodkumar B. , Wolfgeher Don , Samant Sadhana , Vasudevan Prabhakaran , Parekh Vishwas , Raghuraman Hariharasundaram , Cunningham John M. , Gupta Madhu , Gupta Mahesh P.
Published: July 2011

Deacetylation of Akt and its activating kinase PDK1 promotes cell growth in physiological and pathological settings.
JET RESULTS FROM D0
Authors:   FOR D0 COLLABORATION, HUBACEK ZDENEK
Published: July 2011

We present recent jet results from the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. Inclusive jet, dijet and multijet results from the [Formula: see text] collisions at [Formula: see text] are discussed.