bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When two equals three: developmental osteology and homology of the caudal skeleton in carangid fishes (Perciformes: Carangidae)
Authors: Hilton Eric J. , Johnson G. David
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY
Ontogeny often provides the most compelling evidence for primary homology in evolutionary developmental studies and is critical to interpreting complex structures in a phylogenetic context. As an example of this, we document the ontogenetic development of the caudal skeleton of Caranx crysos by examining a series of cleared and stained larval and postlarval specimens. By studying ontogeny, we are able to more accurately identify some elements of the adult caudal skeleton than is possible when studying the adult stage alone. The presence of two epurals has been used as a synapomorphy of Caranginae (homoplastically present in the scomberoidine genera Scomberoides and Oligoplites). Here we find that three epurals (ep) are present in larvae and small postlarval juveniles (i.e.,<25 mm standard length [SL]) of C. crysos and other carangines, but ep2 never ossifies and does not develop beyond its initial presence. Ep2 was last observed in a 33.6 mm SL specimen as a small nodule of very lightly stained cartilage cells and eventually disappears completely. Therefore, the two epurals present in the adult are ep1 and ep3. In other carangines examined (e.g., Selene, Selar), the rudimentary ep2 ossifies and appears to fuse to the proximal tip of ep1. In these taxa, therefore, the two epurals of the adult appear to be ep1+2 and ep3. We found no indication of three epurals at any stage in the development of Oligoplites (developmental material of Scomberoides was unavailable). We discuss the osteology of the caudal skeleton of carangoid fishes generally and emphasize the power and importance of ontogeny in the identification of primary homology.
Evolution of novel abdominal appendages in a sepsid fly from histoblasts, not imaginal discs
Authors: Bowsher Julia H. , Nijhout H. Frederik
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY
Abdominal appendages in male sepsid flies are a complex novel structure of unknown developmental and evolutionary origin. Although these abdominal appendages superficially resemble serially homologous insect appendages, they do not develop from imaginal discs like other dipteran appendages. Cauterization of the genital disc and ventral abdominal histoblasts in Themira biloba (Sepsidae, Diptera) revealed that these abdominal appendages develop from the ventral histoblast nests of the fourth abdominal segment. Cell counts of the histoblasts in males and females revealed that the ventral histoblast nests on the fourth abdominal segment in males were significantly larger than other histoblast nests, indicating that the specification of that segment as the location of the abdominal appendages occurs before the last larval instar. The recruitment of histoblasts to produce appendages has not been documented before, and implies a developmental and evolutionary potential for histoblasts that was previously unknown.
Brefeldin A and monensin inhibit the D quadrant organizer in the polychaete annelids Arctonoe vittata and Serpula columbiana
Authors: Gonzales Eric E. , Van Der Zee Maurijn , Dictus Wim J.A.G. , Van Den Biggelaar Jo
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY
The D quadrant organizer is a developmental signaling center that is localized to the vegetal D quadrant in different spiral‐cleaving lophotrochozoan embryos and may be homologous to axial organizing regions in other metazoans. Patterning by this organizing center creates a secondary developmental axis and is required for the transition from spiral to bilateral cleavage and later establishment of the adult body plan. Organizer specification in equal‐cleaving embryos is thought to involve inductive interactions between opposing animal and vegetal blastomeres. To date, experimental demonstration of this interaction has been limited to molluscs and nemerteans. Here, we examine three families of equal‐cleaving polychaete annelids for evidence of animal–vegetal contact. We find that contact is present in the polynoid, Arctonoe vittata, but is absent in the serpulid, Serpula columbiana, and in the oweniid, Oweniia fusiformis. To interfere with cell signaling during the period predicted for organizer specification and patterning in A. vittata and S. columbiana, we use two general inhibitors of protein processing and secretion: Brefeldin A (BFA) and monensin. In A. vittata, we detail subsequent embryonic and larval adult development and show that treatment with either chemical results in radialization of the embryo and subsequent body plan. Radialized larvae differentiate many larval and adult structures despite the loss of bilateral symmetry but do so in either a radially symmetric or four‐fold radially symmetric fashion. Our results suggest that the D quadrant organizer is functionally conserved in equal‐cleaving polychaetes, but that details of its specification, induction, and patterning have diverged relative to other spiral‐cleaving phyla.
Molecular evolution of monotreme and marsupial whey acidic protein genes
Authors: Sharp Julie A. , Lefèvre Christophe , Nicholas Kevin R.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY
Whey acidic protein (WAP), a major whey protein present in milk of a number of mammalian species has characteristic cysteine‐rich domains known as four‐disulfide cores (4‐DSC). Eutherian WAP, expressed in the mammary gland throughout lactation, has two 4‐DSC domains, (DI–DII) whereas marsupial WAP, expressed only during mid‐late lactation, contains an additional 4‐DSC (DIII), and has a DIII–D1–DII configuration. We report the expression and evolution of echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and platypus (Onithorhynchus anatinus) WAP cDNAs. Predicted translation of monotreme cDNAs showed echidna WAP contains two 4‐DSC domains corresponding to DIII–DII, whereas platypus WAP contains an additional domain at the C‐terminus with homology to DII and has the configuration DIII–DII–DII. Both monotreme WAPs represent new WAP protein configurations. We propose models for evolution of the WAP gene in the mammalian lineage either through exon loss from an ancient ancestor or by rapid evolution via the process of exon shuffling. This evolutionary outcome may reflect differences in lactation strategy between marsupials, monotremes, and eutherians, and give insight to biological function of the gene products. WAP four‐disulfide core domain 2 (WFDC2) proteins were also identified in echidna, platypus and tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) lactating mammary cells. WFDC2 proteins are secreted proteins not previously associated with lactation. Mammary gland expression of tammar WFDC2 during the course of lactation showed WFDC2 was elevated during pregnancy, reduced in early lactation and absent in mid‐late lactation.
Combining ontogenetic and evolutionary scales of morphological disparity: a study of early Jurassic ammonites
Authors: Gerber Sylvain , Neige Pascal , Eble Gunther J.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY
Two major research themes in Evolutionary Developmental Biology and in Paleobiology, respectively, have each become central for the analysis and interpretation of morphological changes in evolution: the study of ontogeny/phylogeny connections, mainly within the widespread and controversial framework of heterochrony; and the study of morphological disparity, the morphological signal of biodiversity, describing secular changes in morphospace occupation during the history of any given clade. Although enriching in their respective fields, these two themes have remained rather isolated to date, despite the potential value of integrating them as some recent studies begin to suggest. Here, we explore the recent notion of developmental morphospace—morphospace carrying ontogenetic information—as a potential tool for bridging the gap between disparity dynamics and developmental dynamics. We elaborate this approach with a case study of Early Jurassic ammonite family Hildoceratidae (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Morphometric analyses of the shell shape of 20 species spanning the morphological spectrum of the family are used to quantify and contrast juvenile and adult disparity levels. Adult disparity is significantly greater than juvenile disparity at the family level; yet, some subclades also display different patterns. In addition, comparisons of ontogenetic trajectories underline the prevalence of heterochrony‐based evolutionary modifications within subfamilies (via ontogenetic scaling); they also point to the probable existence of pervasive developmental constraints structuring inhomogeneous morphospace occupation.
Development of the carapacial ridge: implications for the evolution of genetic networks in turtle shell development
Authors: Moustakas Jacqueline E.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY
Paleontologists and neontologists have long looked to development to understand the homologies of the dermal bones that form the “armor” of turtles, crocodiles, armadillos, and other vertebrates. This study shows molecular evidence supporting a dermomyotomal identity for the mesenchyme of the turtle carapacial ridge. The mesenchyme of the carapace primordium expresses Pax3, Twist1, Dermo1, En1, Sim1, and Gremlin at early stages and before overt ossification expresses Pax1. A hypothesis is proposed that this mesenchyme forms dermal bone in the turtle carapace. A comparison of regulatory gene expression in the primordia of the turtle carapace, the vertebrate limb, and the vertebral column implies the exaptation of key genetic networks in the development of the turtle shell. This work establishes a new role for this mesodermal compartment and highlights the importance of changes in genetic regulation in the evolution of morphology.
Developmental expression of foxA and gata genes during gut formation in the polychaete annelid, Capitella sp. I
Authors: Boyle Michael J. , Seaver Elaine C.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY
Most bilaterian animals have evolved a through gut that is regionally specialized along the anterior–posterior axis. In the polychaete annelid, Capitella sp. I, the alimentary canal is subdivided into a buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, midgut, and hindgut. Members of the Fox and GATA families of transcription factors have conserved functions in patterning ectodermal and endodermal gut components. We have isolated and characterized expression of one FoxA gene (CapI‐foxA) and four GATA genes (CapI‐gataB1, CapI‐gataB2, CapI‐gataB3, and CapI‐gataA1) from Capitella sp. I. Both gene families are expressed in the developing gut of this polychaete. CapI‐foxA, an ortholog of the FoxA subgroup, is expressed in vegetal hemisphere micromeres of cleavage‐stage embryos, in multiple blastomeres within and surrounding the blastopore during gastrulation, and throughout morphogenesis of the pharynx, esophagus, and hindgut. The CapI‐gataB genes group within the vertebrate GATA4/5/6 subfamily, appear to be products of lineage‐specific gene duplication, and are expressed in specific domains of endomesoderm. CapI‐gataB1 is expressed in endoderm precursors and throughout developing midgut endoderm, and is particularly prominent at anterior and posterior midgut boundaries. CapI‐gataB2 is co‐expressed with CapI‐gataB1 in midgut endoderm, and is also expressed in visceral mesoderm. CapI‐gataB3 is limited to and coexpressed with CapI‐gataB2 in visceral mesoderm. CapI‐gataA1 groups within the vertebrate GATA1/2/3 subfamily and is expressed primarily in ectodermal tissues of the brain, ventral nerve cord, lateral trunk, and both pharyngeal and esophageal regions of the foregut. Collectively, the CapI‐foxA and CapI‐gata genes show patterns of expression that span almost the entire length of the developing alimentary canal, consistent with a role in gut development.
Early Distal‐less expression in a developing crustacean limb bud becomes restricted to setal‐forming cells
Authors: Williams Terri A.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY
Distal‐less (Dll) plays a well‐known role in patterning the distal limb in arthropods. However, in some taxa, its expression even during early limb development is not always limited to the distal limb. Here, I trace the expression of Distal‐less in a crustacean (Thamnocephalus platyurus) from the early limb bud to later stages of limb development, a period that includes differentiation of juvenile and adult morphology. During early development, I find two distinct types of DLL expression: one correlated with proximal distal leg patterning and the other restricted to setal‐forming cells. Later in development, all the DLL expression is restricted to setal‐forming cells. Based on the particular cells expressing DLL, I hypothesize an ancestral role for Dll function in the formation accessory cells of sensilla.
Constraint and developmental dissociation of phenotypic integration in a genetically accommodated trait
Authors: Suzuki Yuichiro , Nijhout H. Frederik
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY
The genetic accommodation of novel adaptive traits may be accompanied by the evolution of correlated traits that constrain adaptive evolution. Very little is known about the removal of maladaptive correlated traits. In the present study, body size was found to have evolved as a correlated trait during the artificial selection for a polyphenism and a monophenism, and the developmental basis underlying this correlated trait was investigated. The body size and coloration were found to be developmentally integrated by titers of the insect developmental hormone, juvenile hormone (JH). Attempts to uncouple the two traits resulted in the evolution of one of the body size determinants—the critical weight—but not the delay period whose evolution is constrained by JH titers. Thus, maladaptive correlated traits can be removed when multiple developmental modules exist, and the evolution of one or more of these modules is not constrained.
Restoration and Rehabilitation of Degraded Ecosystems in Arid and Semi‐Arid Lands. II. Case Studies in Southern Tunisia, Central Chile and Northern Cameroon
Authors: Aronson J. , Floret C. , Le Floc'h E. , Ovalle C. , Pontanier R.
Published: August 2010

A model of ecosystem degradation and three possible responses to it—restoration, rehabilitation, and real‐location—is applied to ongoing projects in the arid mediterranean region of southern Tunisia, the subhumid mediterranean region of central Chile, and the semiarid tropical savannas of northern Cameroon. We compare both nonhuman and human determinants of ecosystem degradation processes in these contrasted regions, as well as interventions being tested in each. A number of quantifiable “vital ecosystem attributes” are used to evaluate the effects of ecosystem degradation and the experimental responses of rehabilitation on vegetation, soils and plant‐soil‐water relations. We argue that attempts to rehabilitate former ecosystem structure and functioning, both above‐ and below ground, are the best way to conserve biodiversity and insure sustainable long‐term productivity in ecosystems subjected to continuous use by people in arid and semi‐arid lands of “the South.” The success of such efforts, however, depends not only on elucidating the predisturbance (or slightly disturbed) structure and function of the consciously selected “ecosystem of reference,” but also on understanding and working with the socioeconomic, technical, cultural, and historical factors that caused the degradation in the first place.
Two‐Stage System for Prioritizing Riparian Restoration at the Stream Reach and Community Scales
Authors: Harris Richard , Olson Craig
Published: August 2010

This paper describes a two‐stage system for prioritizing stream reaches and riparian communities along a given river for protection or restoration. The system uses associations between geomorphology and riparian vegetation at stream reach and community scales as a basis for defining reference conditions. First‐stage reach classification involves collecting and analyzing data from topographic maps and aerial photographs. These data, along with judgment‐based criteria for ranking reaches relative to reference conditions, are used to classify stream reaches as suitable for protection, recommended for mitigation or restoration within existing site‐specific regulatory procedures, or requiring further analysis to evaluate community‐scale restoration needs. Second‐stage field sampling is conducted on the reaches needing further analysis to determine the riparian communities present, the associations between communities and floodplain landforms, and reference community conditions. This stage requires collection of fields data on geomorphic conditions, plant species composition, and plant community structure. Cluster analysis or a comparable technique is used to classify plant communities associated with floodplain landforms and identify reference conditions for each landform. Community structure and species compositiotion are compared to reference conditions to define restoration possibilities at the community scale. The combined results from stream reach and community scale analysis provide a strategy for protecting and restoring riparian resources for a whole river. Implementation requires further site‐specific information on hydrology, geomorphology, and other factors.
Vulnerability of Riparian Vegetation to Catastrophic Flooding: Implications for Riparian Restoration
Authors: Hawkins Charles P. , Bartz Kate L. , Neale Christopher M. U.
Published: August 2010

In this study, we examined the site‐specific effects of a large episodic flood on the riparian vegetation within the floodplain of the San Luis Rey River in southern California. Using multispectral airborne videography, we quantified percent cover of riparian vegetation, cultivated agricultural land, urban surfaces, upland vegetation, bare soil, and water within 22 sections of flood‐plain, both before and after a large flood (January 13, 1993). We also quantified the amount of these cover types within bands of the watershed 1 km wide × 5 km long directly upstream of each floodplain site. The amount of riparian vegetation destroyed by the flood within each section varied from nearly zero to almost 40% of pre‐flood coverage. The magnitude of loss in riparian vegetation was most strongly related to the amount of riparian vegetation initially present in the floodplain and the amount of urban surfaces in the nearby watershed. These results suggest that riparian vegetation within the San Luis Rey River floodplain is generally at high risk of destruction from large floods, and that this risk is exaggerated in areas with high urban development. We infer from these results that sites near existing large areas of intact riparian vegetation and away from urban development will have the highest potential for successful long‐term restoration.
Identifying Sites for Riparian Wetland Restoration: Application of a Model to the Upper Arkansas River Basin
Authors: O'Neill Michael P. , Schmidt John C. , Dobrowolski James P. , Hawkins Charles P. , Neale Christopher M. U.
Published: August 2010

We present a conceptual model for identifying restoration sites for riparian wetlands and discuss its application to reaches within the Upper Arkansas River basin in Colorado. The model utilizes a Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze a variety of spatial data useful in characterizing geomorphology, hydrology, and vegetation of riparian wetland sites. The model focuses on three basic properties of riparian wetland sites: relative soil moisture, disturbance regime, and vegetative characteristics. A relative wetness index is used to define nominal soil moisture classes within the watershed. These classes generally coincide with uplands (low), channel margins (moderate), and channels or open water (high). Vegetative conditions are characterized using color infrared aerial photographs. Land cover types are grouped into five major land cover classes: riparian, moist herbaceous, bare ground, upland, and open water. Disturbance regime is characterized by a reach‐based index of specific power (ω). Preliminary results indicate that reaches within the Upper Arkansas River basin can be classified as high energy (ω≥ 8 W/m2) or low energy (ω≤ 3W/m2), using discharge estimates that reflect the 10‐year flood event. Field surveys of channel and floodplain conditions show that high‐energy reaches (ω≥ 8 W/m2) are characterized by sites where the channel occupies a large proportion of the valley bottom. By contrast, low‐energy reaches (ω≤ 3 W/m2) are characterized by meandering channels with wide alluvial valleys. Restoration potential is evaluated as a combination of nominal scores from wetness, land cover, and disturbance indices. Application of these methods to field sites within the Upper Arkansas River basin identifies a wide range of riparian wetland sites for preservation or restoration. Potential sites within identified reaches are prioritized using size and proximity criteria.
On Atheism, Pluralism and Science: A Response to Ted Peters
Authors: Padgett Alan G.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  In dialogue with Ted Peters this article argues that atheists can and do respect other religions; that the term “respect” itself is a slippery word that requires careful delineation; that what we call religious pluralism (“parity model”) is a form of religious relativism; and that much of the doctrine of the Trinity is not symbolic language but conceptual. These points are meant to forward the truth‐claims of Christian confession in a pluralistic world.
On Parish Theologizing in Response to Ted Peters
Authors: Purdum Elizabeth
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  What happens when a men's Bible study group discusses Ted Peters' article, “Christian God‐Talk, While Listening to Atheists, Pluralists, and Muslims”? Lay people like theologians confront the secularization of society, pluralism, Islam, and atheism, the threat of violence, the institutionalization of ideology. And they confront the power of grace provocatively proclaimed. This writing concludes with a proposal to seek new language in the ongoing debate.
A Parish Pastor Responds To Ted Peters
Authors: Bongfeldt Juliet Sanson
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The competing claims of atheism, pluralism, and Islam have all penetrated to the parish level in various degrees. The author describes her parish experience, examines Peters's recommendations, and offers an additional recommendation of her own: collaboration when appropriate.
Resisting the creation of forgotten places: artistic production in Toronto neighbourhoods
Authors: BAIN ALISON L.
Published: August 2010

This article analyzes semi‐structured interviews with contemporary visual artists from Toronto, Canada, to explore the relationship between artists, memory, and place. The focus of the article is on three neighbourhoods in downtown Toronto that have the potential to become forgotten places of artistic production: Yorkville, King Street West and The Junction. Through an analysis of artists' spatially grounded narratives about these three neighbourhoods, I reveal how the intense emotional and material connections that artists have to places have the potential to challenge the loss of collective urban memory. This article contributes to intersecting literatures on neighbourhood change, artistic production and the importance of vernacular memory in urban cultural geography.
Fluctuations in land values in a rural municipality in southern Québec, Canada
Authors: PROVOST ÉRIK , MÉNARD ANDRÉ , FRIHIDA ALI , DOMON GÉRALD , MARCEAU DANIELLE J.
Published: August 2010

The agro‐forested region of the Haut‐St‐Laurent, in southwestern Québec, in Canada, has served as a laboratory for several years to a multi‐disciplinary research team seeking to understand the interplay of stakeholders and processes influencing the rural space of southern Québec. Following directly in the footsteps of previous research, this study was undertaken to analyze the hitherto neglected but important aspect of fluctuations in land values with respect to geomorphology and land use, during the 1958–1997 period. A geo‐referenced database was built within an object‐oriented geographic information system (GIS) that includes data from the sale of parcels of land within the study area, land registry maps, land use maps, and a geomorphological map. These data were analyzed and sorted through queries addressed to the database. Finally, a statistical analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between sale price, geomorphology and indirectly land use, for the entire study period and for each of its decades. The results show that land value has increased at different times during the past, according to its geomorphological type and land use. These relationships are explained by the important transformation phases that have affected southern Québec during the second half of the twentieth century.
Evolving retail landscapes: power retail in Canada
Authors: HERNANDEZ TONY , SIMMONS JIM
Published: August 2010

During the last fifteen years the Canadian retail landscape has been transformed by the growth and clustering of big box retailers into a range of 'power retail' developments. This has brought new retailers into Canada (predominantly U.S. retailers) with different business strategies that have lead to different consumer behaviour. The power retail phenomenon encompasses all aspects of the retail offer (price, product, service, etc.) and is not simply about the size of stores. These developments have led to new types of commercial clusters—power centres and power nodes—that have challenged both planning policy and the existing retail hierarchy across Canada, and conversely, provided substantial scope for retailers and developers to exploit market opportunities. The article discusses the alternate definitions of power retail, estimates the magnitude of this activity, and examines the spatial pattern and preferences of these new retail locations. The development of power retail is tracked across Canada and regional variations examined. The key trends in power retail growth are identified and potential directions for future development suggested.
Domestic timber auctions and flexibly specialized forestry in Japan
Authors: REIFFENSTEIN TIM , HAYTER ROGER
Published: August 2010

In Japan, a well‐established, widespread system of local timber market auctions, featuring the exchange of privately owned logs, is increasingly threatened by imports organized according to mass production principles. This article assesses the evolution, rationale, and functions of Japan's timber auctions that were primarily created in post‐war Japan to provide key roles linking small‐scale (private) forest owners to flexibly specialized value chains that are consummated in Japanese homes. The conceptual point of departure for the analysis is flexible specialization theory's interpretation of industrialization as a contest between mass production and small‐scale production. We extend this discussion by giving analytical priority to markets as an institution distinct from firms and by interpreting markets from the perspectives of transaction costs and embeddedness, concepts normally deemed antagonistic to one another. Empirically, four case studies of timber auctions located in central and southern Japan are analyzed based on personal interviews with auction managers and participants within the context of broader trends in forestry. Three auctions feature ‘silent’ bidding and one involves open bidding. While the auctions exhibit varying characteristics, they continue to be the fulcrum of localized forestry systems, even as they are threatened by declining prices driven by imported wood and by restructurings within the Japanese solid wood sector. The continued resiliency of the flexible specialization model, and the auctions that are at its core, has important implications for forestry throughout Japan.
Seeking red herrings in the wood: tending the shared spaces of environmental and feminist geographies
Authors: REED MAUREEN G.
Published: August 2010

In this article I argue the need for feminist and environmental geographers to work more diligently to find, mind and tend the intersections of their research agendas to enrich scholarship and deepen impacts on public policy. Such a project requires us to move beyond an obvious call to acknowledge one another's work and towards the boundaries of our respective fields in order to co‐create ‘boundary objects’ that provide opportunities for mutual exchange, collaboration and learning. Rather than being ‘red herrings’ or diversions from our main research foci, boundary objects bring new insights to taken‐for‐granted concepts. I focus on one example to argue that social sustainability of rural places is better understood by an integrated understanding of what constitutes a ‘worker’ in a forestry community. A redefinition of the worker that draws on insights and interests from both environmental and feminist geographers reveals an underlying gender bias in environmental decision‐making processes and illustrates how the concept of social sustainability has been artificially restricted in practice. Nevertheless, collaborations are never easy. I draw attention to potential challenges of such collaborations that include the need to establish mutually agreeable protocols, joint commitment to constructive, respectful debate and strategies to ensure that research provides meaningful contributions to theory and public policy.
Understanding change in cities: a personal research path
Authors: BOURNE LARRY S.
Published: August 2010

At the invitation of the editor, this article offers an overview of my personal research trajectory in one thematic area—the study of urban form, structure and growth. The purpose of the article is not to assign prominence to any particular research style or approach but to illustrate how ideas and priorities in research evolve over a given time period and under specific conditions, as viewed through the lens of my own experience. The article traces the sequential evolution of my research activity and publications from an initial emphasis on understanding change in inner‐city land use and built form, through studies of decision making and the behavioural bases of urban form, to analyses of social change, income inequalities and spatial polarization, and then to issues of planning, policy and governance in emerging city regions. The review highlights lessons learned and concludes with an argument for more inclusive and comparative research.
Competing use of marine space in a modernizing fishery: salmon farming meets lobster fishing on the Bay of Fundy
Authors: WALTERS BRADLEY B.
Published: August 2010

Coastal fishing communities are frequently portrayed as bastions of tradition at odds with the modernizing forces of technological change and industrial capitalism. This article examines this debate in the context of intensive aquaculture introduced into regions formerly dependent on the wild fishery, specifically with respect to the explosive growth of salmon farming in New Brunswick. New farm sites are large, often located within or close to traditional lobster fishing areas, which has motivated considerable opposition from local fishermen. This article presents findings from research on interactions between salmon farming and lobster fishing around Deer Island and Grand Manan, New Brunswick. Fishermen and salmon farmers are concerned about possible long‐term effects of farm operations on marine environmental quality and lobster health, and many are concerned about the concentration of ownership and lack of local control over the aquaculture industry. The potential for physical displacement from traditional fishing grounds is real, but the actual impacts have been tempered by a combination of factors, including unusually large lobster catches in recent years; technological advances that have encouraged a shift in lobster fishing effort further offshore, away from salmon farm sites; and social accommodations between salmon site managers and those who fish
Hybrid identities in Canada's Red River Colony
Authors: FITZGERALD SHARRON A.
Published: August 2010

Scholarship on Canada's Métis women has been informed largely by their central economic and reproductive roles in the British fur trade in North America. This article moves beyond these representations and focuses on Victorian discourses of race, class, gender and sexuality in a re‐conceptualization of women's lives and experiences in territory. The article's primary aim is to evaluate the concept of female agency in Canada's Red River Colony (now Winnipeg, Manitoba) in 1850 and 1863. I use case studies of two unrelated lawsuits, Foss v. Pelly and The Queen v. Corbett, involving two differently situated Métis women. My central argument is that British attempts to translate English law over colonized space provided the ‘Other’ with a space of resistance and created hybrid socio‐legal and cultural forms. My approach questions Western assumptions about discrete colonizer/colonized identities and power relations in those identities, maps the impact of law on social and cultural change in the fur trade and asks whether the Red River Colony was a hybrid place.
The ‘greening’ of global project financing: the case of the Sakhalin‐II offshore oil and gas project
Authors: BRADSHAW MIKE
Published: August 2010

This article responds to a plea for economic geographers to play greater attention to the world's resource peripheries. The article presents a detailed case study of oil and gas development offshore of Sakhalin in the Russian Far East. The study serves to illustrate the complexity of resource peripheries and to demonstrate how a critical approach to resource geographies aids economic geographic theorization of globalization. The case study focuses on how the ‘greening’ of global project financing has created a means by which environmental non‐governmental organizations hold the international oil companies to account. The article describes the transnational advocacy network that has developed to protest against the Sakhalin‐II project. The key issues are identified and the response of the operator, Sakhalin Energy, is considered. Finally, the recent actions of the Russian Government in relation to the environmental impacts of the Sakhalin‐II project are examined. The article concludes by assessing the ways in which the Sakhalin case demonstrates the complex processes that construct resource peripheries and how such analyses contribute to the development of a truly global economic geography. Le ‘verdissement’ du financement de projets à
Rivers as resources, rivers as borders: community and transboundary management of fisheries in the Upper Zambezi River floodplains
Authors: ABBOTT JAMES , CAMPBELL LISA M. , HAY CLINTON J. , NÆSJE TOR F. , NDUMBA AMON , PURVIS JOHN
Published: August 2010

This article examines the recent convergence of community‐based and transboundary natural resource management in Africa. We suggest that both approaches have potential application to common‐pool resources such as floodplain fisheries. However, a merging of transboundary and community‐based management may reinforce oversimplifications about heterogeneity in resources, users, and institutions. A scalar mismatch between the ecosystem of concern in transboundary management and local resources of concern in community‐based management, as well as different colonial and post‐colonial histories contribute to this heterogeneity. We describe a fishery shared by Namibia and Zambia in terms of hybrid fisheries management. We examine settlement patterns, fishermen characteristics, sources of conflict, and perceptions regarding present and potential forms of fisheries management in the area. We also consider the implications that initiatives to manage resources on the local and ecosystem scale have for these fishing livelihoods. Our findings indicate that important social factors, such as the unequal distribution of population and fishing effort, as well as mixed opinions regarding present and future responsibility for fisheries management will complicate attempts to implement a hybrid community‐transboundary management initiative.
Fixed links and the engagement of islandness: reviewing the impact of the Confederation Bridge
Authors: BALDACCHINO GODFREY
Published: August 2010

Islands are the challenging targets of a global pursuit in the closing of gaps, their distinct geography so far having seemingly eluded and mocked both human ingenuity and terra firma. This article seeks to deconstruct the concept of the bridge as more than just a value‐free symbol of inexorable technological progress, and uses islands as the reference point to flesh out such an argument. Bridges impact on the subtle balance between the characteristic ‘local–global’ nature of an island identity; such an impact is multi‐faceted, complex and case‐specific. These ideas are applied to the specific case of the Confederation Bridge, the 14‐km structure linking Prince Edward Island to New Brunswick, and which celebrated its tenth anniversary in June 2007.
XVIII. REPORT UPON TRIALS OF THREE STEAMERS, FUSI YAMA, COLCHESTER, TARTAR.
Authors: KENNEDY ALEXANDER B. W.
Published: August 2010

[Reprint of report of the Research Committee on Marine engine Trials, read before the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
DYNAMIC BALANCING
Authors: Cleary F. J.
Published: August 2010

A detailed description of the method developed and used at Mare Island for dynamically balancing the rotating elements (four rotors, one large reduction gear and two propellers) of the turbine propelling machinery U. S. S. “Shaw.”
THE GENERAL, ELECTRIC TURBO‐SUPERCHARGER FOR AIRPLANES
Authors: Moss Sanford A.
Published: August 2010

Dr. Moss, who developed the General Electric turbo‐supercharger, compares the device with others intended for the same purpose and with supercharging engines. He then explains the design of the General Electric supercharger, and narrates the very interesting history of its development which includes a series of tests on Pike's Peak and also in flight. There is also included a very graphic description of the instruments and method of calculation employed in accurately measuring airplane altitude. The author concludes his article with a description of the performance of the supercharger.–Editor.
PROPRIETARY PURCHASE
Authors: Chadwick Guy
Published: August 2010

This article can be read with profit by any officer having to do with the purchase of Government materials, and it should be informative to vendors of such materials who are mystified by the legal processes which surround a Government contract. The study which has been made by the author seems to indicate that some further amplification of the basic law by Congress would be of definite benefit to the Federal activities which must purchase under its provisions. The statute has been on the books now for some seventy‐five years, and through these years volumes have been written by Attorneys General of the United States, and by the Comptroller General, in interpreting its meaning in varying applications. Its requirements have been modified by subsequent acts in a few specific cases to meet a particular need, but it has never been generally revised to bring it more into accord with experience.
MOLDS FOR PHENOL RESINOIDS
Authors: Cassey T. E.
Published: August 2010

In the February, 1937, issue of the Journal, Mr. Cassey presented an article entitled “The Problem of the Phenol Resinoids,” which did much to clear the air between the Navy Department and the manufacturers in the much discussed question of procurement and supply of phenolic, materials. It will be recalled that at that time a second article was promised which would cover mold manufacture, design, and technique, thus forming a basis for a correlative understanding in an equally difficult and involved matter of proper supply. It will probably be apparent at once that any difficulty or misunderstanding which may now exist between buyer and vendor, centers around the fact that it is perfectly feasible to manufacture a good mold very cheaply which will serve all purposes in the production of a limited number of parts on a particular order. But the Government always wants more than this, and demands a mold which can be used again and again, and by many different manufacturers, and for this purpose, the cheap mold will not serve, and resort must be had to a standardised, rugged, and high‐grade article which has been thought out, designed and built against a “long haul.” Mr. Cassey deals with the variations in type which appear to be necessary today, together with little tricks of design detail which have been noted as the result of a wide experience in purchase.
THE SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN MATERIALS TO DETERMINE THEIR CONFORMITY TO SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: Sherman Jacob , Jeffries W. J.
Published: August 2010

Although the spectroscope and the spectrum have been known and worked with continuously since Sir Isaac Newton's classical experiments over two hundred and fifty years ago, it is only recently that they have been applied seriously to commercial use in the analysis both qualitative and quantitative of the various metals appearing in the standard alloys. As the authors point out in this informative paper, the time ordinarily consumed in making the chemical analyses of metals and their alloys has become a serious item of delay in the delivery of materials as specification demands have become more precise, and industry generally more exacting. With more experience and a perfection of technique, the authors believe that spectroscopic analyses may ultimately largely replace chemical analyses for industrial purposes because less time is consumed in making the analysis, and upon its completion a file record of every test detail appears on a photographic plate. The Navy's first contribution to the experimentation now going forward in many laboratories throughout the world is here discussed.
STEEL CASTING DESIGN FOR THE ENGINEER AND FOUNDRYMAN
Authors: Briggs C. W. , Gezelius R. A. , Donaldson A. R.
Published: August 2010

Steel casting design has been considered from two viewpoints, namely, that of the designing engineer and that of the foundryman. A code or the nucleus of a set of rules is presented for the engineers' guidance and experimental results on padding, external and internal chills, and controlled directional solidification are reported as of possible interest to foundrymen.
A SHORT HISTORY OF THE NAVAL USE OF FUEL OIL: PART VI
Authors: Hamilton James E.
Published: August 2010

This part of the author's history covers the period from 1920 to 1934 under the subhead “Source.” He discusses the natural sources of petroleum and possible substitute or replacement materials; their location, control, and Naval value. The Navy's oil reserves play a prominent and dramatic part in this period. The author presents an authoritative and unbiased picture of the events which arose from attempts to use the Navy's oil fields for immediate profit. He suggests' the importance of technical information which was derived concerning the fields during the period of partial operation. Lessons in the future handling of the reserves may be drawn from his discussion.
TORSION OF A HOLLOW TAPERED SHAFT
Authors: Bleick W. E.
Published: August 2010

The author presents an exact solution of the problem of torsion of a hollow tapered shaft. He attains an order of accuracy hardly required for engineering purposes. The solution is presented as of possible academic interest to some members.
CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLER
Authors: Strandell J. H.
Published: August 2010

The controllable pitch propeller, which has attained great importance in aviation, may have an equally important part to play in marine engineering.

The author in this article reviews the history of the controllable pitch propeller, tracing its beginning from successful water turbine applications. His article is a timely follow‐up to the one by Dr. Nordstrom which was translated by the author and reprinted in the February 1940 issue of the Journal.

After describing historical designs and applications, the author covers the field of current practice which is almost entirely limited to the Scandinavian countries. This is followed by a proposed design of the author, which is described in detail with particular regard to its application in the field of submarine propulsion.

There can be but little doubt that we are due for considerable experimentation, in this country, with variable pitch propellers. What their future application may be must be left for the future to disclose.
PRESSURE DROP TESTS ON GLOBE AND ANGLE VALVES WITH OIL AND WATER FLOW
Authors: KARR MILTON , SCHUTZ LORING W.
Published: August 2010

The data for this paper was originally obtained for two theses: One written in 1937 by Milton Karr and Harry D. Crapon, and the other in 1938 by Loring W. Schutz and Archibald M. Main, Jr., for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

The paper is published for several reasons: First, it illustrates the thorough and workmanlike method of doing a job that results from contemporary technical schooling. Again, it emphasizes the complex problem which is involved in warship construction, even in the disposition of a small brass valve. The data itself increases that already available for solving the complex problem.
STOPPING AND BACKING TRIALS OF A DESTROYER
Authors: GOLD PLEASANT D.
Published: August 2010

Stopping and backing of ships is a matter of concern to designers, particularly for vessels to be propelled by Diesel engines or electric motors. The author here makes a valuable addition to the available stock of data on the subject.
FUEL INJECTION PUMPS FOR DIESEL POWERED NAVAL MOTOR BOATS
Authors: Alden CarrollR.
Published: August 2010

It may truly be said that the fuel injection pump is the heart of the Diesel engine. This statement applies particularly to high speed light weight Diesels in which the time available for the injection is inversely proportional to the engine speed.

It has long since been demonstrated that fuel pumps respectively built in accordance with several different schools of thought relative to their underlying principles of operation, will each successfully operate the several types of engines to which they have been correctly applied, often with a close agreement in the matter of specific fuel consumption and specific power output. It therefore logically follows that questions of preferment of the various designs rests, not in theoretical considerations but upon the suitability of the respective designs to the particular conditions of use and service. This paper therefore deals with practical rather than theoretical aspects of fuel injection pumps for Naval motor boats.
THERMAL BOLT STRESS STUDY IN A HIGH‐PRESSURE FLANGED PIPE JOINT
Authors: POTTER J. H. , EITEL V. W.
Published: August 2010

This paper reports on a series of temperature runs on a high‐pressure, high‐temperature bolted flanged joint. The work was done in the mechanical engineering laboratory at the Johns Hopkins University during 1949. Bolt stresses were computed from temperature measurements in the bolts and flanges. A stream of hot gases was introduced in the line containing the flange, the stream temperature ranging from 600°F to 1200°F. The Reynold's Number varied from 10,000 to 20,000.

The temperature differential between the flange and bolts was found to be small in all cases, and linearly related to the stream temperature. The findings are contrasted with those reported earlier by some German engineers.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS IN PRECISION MACH NUMBER AND PRESSURE‐RATIO COMPUTERS
Authors: HERR DONALD L.
Published: August 2010

THIS is a brief report on the basic requirements of pressure transducers, specifically with respect to their equivalent “pressure transmission errors,” their effect upon the accuracy of Mach Number and pressure‐ratio computations, their effect upon the design requirements of the computers in which they are employed, and the absolute performance requirements of such transducers. By separating out the irreducible intrinsic errors arising from the transducers (pressure‐force, pressure‐voltage, etc.), the proper design emphasis in the computer itself is delineated. Finally, useful practical and theoretical characteristics are included.