bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tongue Reconstruction Procedures for Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Truelson John M. , Pearce Angela N.
Published: August 2006

Cancer of the tongue is the second most common oral cavity malignancy seen in the general population. When otolaryngologists decide to treat patients surgically, perioperative nurses must institute special nursing interventions directed toward patients' tongue reconstruction procedures and rehabilitation. Surgical management of patients undergoing tongue reconstruction procedures requires extensive knowledge of the tongue's anatomy and both current and new physiology created by surgical reconstructive procedures. Equally important is the multidisciplinary care provided to patients during rehabilitation. AORN J 65 (March 1997) 528–551.
A Guide to Salivary Gland Disorders
Authors: McEwen Donna R. , Sanchez Maria M.
Published: August 2006

This article discusses salivary gland disorders and provides nurses with a broad base of knowledge for use in planning and implementing perioperative patient care. Salivary gland disorders may be caused by nonneoplastic conditions or neoplasms. Nonneoplastic conditions generally are related to inflammatory processes or are secondary to existing disease processes. Neoplasms manifest themselves as benign or malignant tumors of the salivary glands. Patients with nonneoplastic conditions may undergo surgical procedures for health problems unrelated to their salivary gland disorders; however, patients with salivary gland neoplasms usually undergo surgical excisions of their tumors and affected glands. Patients in both categories require skilled perioperative nursing care. AORN J 65 (March 1997) 554–567.
Preoperative Management of Patients With Major Trauma Injuries
Authors: Clevenger Frederick W. , Tepas Joseph J.
Published: August 2006

Traumatic injuries require rapid, efficient, and precise diagnoses and immediate treatment. Patients with major trauma injuries place special demands on emergency department, OR, and intensive care unit health care providers. Cost‐effective and time‐efficient management of these patients results in improved patient care and optimal outcomes in this era of shrinking health care dollars. Perioperative nurses need to be aware of the many evolving changes in the preoperative management of patients with major trauma injuries to provide quality care to these patients. AORN J 65 (March 1997) 583–594.
Getting Better from My Hurts: Toward a Model of the Young Child's Pain Experience
Authors: Byrne Michelle M.
Published: August 2006

Getting Better from My Hurts: Toward a Model of the Young Child's Pain Experience, R Woodgate, LJ Kristjanson, Journal of Pediatric Nursing, Vol 11, August 1996, 233–242
Surgical Management of Patients with Severe Head Injuries
Authors: Pieper Daniel R. , Valadka Alex B. , Marsh Cheryi
Published: August 2006

Minutes can make the difference between life and death when patients with severe head injuries require surgery. Subdural, epidural, and intracerebral hematomas and cerebral contusions and gunshot wounds are the pathologic entities encountered most frequently during emergency surgery in patients with severe head injuries. Neurosurgical team members frequently use hyperventilation, mannitol and barbiturates, and sophisticated monitoring modalities to manage patients with severe head injuries during and after surgery. Although monitoring a patient's intracranial pressure (ICP) through a ventriculostomy catheter remains the most widely used gauge of cerebral metabolism, neurosurgical teams also are using fiber‐optic ICP monitoring catheters, cerebral blood flow measurement probes, microdialysls catheters, jugular venous oxygen saturation catheters, and brain oxygen content measurement electrodes. Coordinated teamwork by perioperative nurses, neurosurgeons, anesthesia care providers, and emergency department staff members helps ensure the best possible outcomes for patients who require surgery for management of severe head injuries. AORN J 63 (May 1996) 854–867.
Surgical Treatment of Patients with Open Tibial Fractures
Authors: Brown Chris , Henderson Shirley , Moore Shirley
Published: August 2006

Open tibial fractures are true surgical emergencies because of the risk of extensive infection to bone and devitalized soft tissue. The most serious consequence of open tibial fractures is osteomyelitisf‐which usually can be prevented by prompt surgical intervention within six to eight hours after injuries occur. Open tibial fractures often are the result of trauma from motor vehicle collisions, farm accidents, falls from heights, or gunshot wounds. Initial management of patients with multiple trauma injuries focuses on their life‐threatening injuries before or during orthopedic surgical intervention for open tibial fractures. Orthopedic surgeons often work in collaboration with general, vascular, and plastic surgeons and perform multiple surgical procedures (eg, fasciotomy procedures for compartment syndromes, irrigation and debridement of wounds, application of external fixation devices, placement of intramedullary nails, possible limb amputations). The type and extent of open tibial fractures and soft tissue injuries determine the best treatment options for patients. Preoperative nurses should help patients focus on treatment choices for their open tibial fractures that ensure optimal surgical outcomes and maintain their quality of life. AORN J 63 (May 1996) 875–896.
In Search of Perioperative Nursing Data Elements
Authors: Kleinbeck Susan V.M.
Published: August 2006

A 14‐member task force appointed by the AORN Board of Directors began the process of identifying perioperative nursing data elements in November 1993. During the ensuing two years, the task force members identified perioperative nursing intervention data elements, linked these data elements to specific patient outcomes, and asked 232 AORN members to validate the list of intervention data elements. This article explains the value of data elements to perioperative nurses, describes the consensus process used by the task force, and presents the Perioperative Nursing Data Elements: Interventions, Version 1.0. AORN J 63 (May 1996) 926–931.
Hyperthermic Intraoperative Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Safety Considerations
Authors: White Susan K. , Stephens Arvil D. , Sugarbaker Paul H.
Published: August 2006

Perioperative staff members encounter many occupational exposure hazards in the workplace. Cytotoxic agent exposure is a relatively new hazard that perioperative staff members are experiencing as more surgeons use hyperthermic intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIIC) to treat patients with abdominopelvic cavity malignancies. Routes of exposure include inhalation, ingestion, injection, and skin contact. The National Cancer Institute, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations provide guidelines for the safe administration and handling of cytotoxic agents. Institutions in which cytotoxic agents are administered should use these guidelines to develop policies, procedures, and educational programs to protect surgical patients and perioperative staff members. AORN J 63 (April 1996) 716–724.
AORN Sales Professional Course
Authors: Moss Rose , Thompson Julie
Published: August 2006

The sales professional course “Introduction to the Operating Room” offered by the AORN Center for Nursing Practice, Health Policy, and Research is an introductory program in OR etiquette. Its purpose is to provide sales professionals a working knowledge of OR protocol for them to function appropriately in OR settings. Sales professionals who have completed this course establish mutually beneficial perioperative partnerships with OR personnel. Sales professionals' effectiveness is strengthened as a result of their newly acquired knowledge of OR protocol, and patient safety is protected. An AORN Certificate of Recognition is awarded on completion of the course. AORN J 63 (April 1996) 745–749.
Effect of Music on Ambulatory Surgery Patients' Preoperative Anxiety
Authors: Augustin Penny , Hains Anthony A.
Published: August 2006

The authors investigated music as a method to reduce ambulatory surgery patients' preoperative anxiety. They assigned 42 patients to either an experimental or a control group and compared the patients' vital signs and self‐reports of anxiety, which were measured using the state portion of the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. The study results indicate that music can be more beneficial than preoperative instruction alone in reducing ambulatory surgery patients' anxiety. Patients who listened to their choice of music before surgery in addition to receiving preoperative instruction had significantly lower heart rates than patients in the control group who received only preoperative instruction. Differences in experimental and control group patients' blood pressure measurements and respiratory rates approached significance. The authors suggest that perioperative nurses offer music as a viable option to reduce anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients who believe music is a method of relaxation.AORN J63 (April 1996) 750–758.
Lasers: The Perioperative Challenge
Authors: Bartlett Carolyn
Published: August 2006

Lasers: The Perioperative Challenge, second ed By Kay A. Ball 1995, 447 pp $31.95 paperback
An Interactionist's Approach to Perioperative Nursing
Authors: Rosenthal Barbara C.
Published: August 2006

Most nurse‐patient interactions in the OR are of short duration; therefore, formulating appropriate care plans for accurate patient assessments is paramount. Observations of a patient's behavior without a deliberative exploration to disclose the behavioral meanings can lead to erroneous nursing diagnoses and interventions. A perioperative nurse who uses the theoretical approach developed by Ida Jean Orlando, RN, MA, will be able to identify the patient's covert needs, thereby providing timely, therapeutic nursing interventions. The article presents a perioperative clinical situation analyzed through Orlando's Interactional framework, demonstrating the theory's beneficial impact on patient outcomes. AORN J 64 (Aug 1996) 254–260.
A Heideggerian Hermeneutical Analysis of Older Women's Stories of Being Strong
Authors: Byrne Michelle M.
Published: August 2006

A Heideggerian Hermeneutical Analysis of Older Women's Stories of Being Strong, MF Maloney, IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol 27, Summer 1995, 104–109
The Business of Nursing
Authors: Pruznick Marla
Published: August 2006

The Business of Nursing Edited by the American Organization of Nurse Executives 1996, 104 pp $32 AHA members, $40 nonmembers paperback
Interviewing Techniques for Hiring Quality Employees in the OR
Authors: Timmons Linda J.
Published: August 2006

Today's OR requires high caliber employees to provide quality patient care and excellent service to their medical staff members. As such, there Is clearly a need for some mode of identifying the appropriate individuals to fill specific vacant positions. A recent survey was conducted of OR directors and managers in Miami, Fla. The purpose of the survey was to identify exactly what types of education and/or training directors and managers had acquired with respect to interviewing techniques and to determine whether there was any consistency in their interview processes. Based on the surveys' findings it was found that there is a lack of relevant training amongst those directors and managers who conduct interviews. This training could include the implementation of standardized interview questions (for candidates of specific job descriptions) for use on a consistent basis as well as a process of evaluation for the interview. AORN J 67 (Jan 1998) 222‐228.
Effects of Fatigue, Physical Functioning, and Emotional Distress During Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: Graling Paula R.
Published: August 2006

Effects of Fatigue, Physical Functioning, and Emotional Distress During Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer, V Mock, Oncology Nursing Forum, Vol 24, July 1997, 991–1000
Typical and Atypical Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction and Delayed Seeking of Professional Care among Blacks
Authors: Byrne Michelle M.
Published: August 2006

Typical and Atypical Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction and Delayed Seeking of Professional Care among Blacks, H‐O Lee, American Journal of Critical Care, Vol 6, January 1997, 7–13
Bilateral Lung Volume Reduction Surgery
Authors: Graling Paula R. , Hetrick Vivian L. , Kiernan Paul D.
Published: August 2006

A new surgical approach, bilateral lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS), offers hope for select patients with chronic pulmonary emphysema (CPE). Bilateral LVRS procedures involve excision of emphysematous alveoli, which results in a 20% to 30% reduction in the volume of each lung. The goal of LVRS is to improve the respiratory mechanics of patients with CPE by reexpanding functional lung tissue compressed by overdistended emphysematous alveoli, restoring diaphragmatic mobility, and improving the bellows function of the chest wall structures. Patients undergoing bilateral LVRS procedures experience relief from chronic dyspnea and may note improved pulmonary functions and better quality of life. AORN J 63 (Feb 1996) 389–404.
Gender Differences in Pain
Authors: McConnell Edwina A.
Published: August 2006

Gender Differences in Pain, AH Vallerand, IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol 27, Fall 1995, 235–237
Comprehensive Perioperative Nursing Volume 1: Principles Volume 2: Practice
Authors: Fortunato Nancymarie
Published: August 2006

COMPREHENSIVE PERIOPERATIVE NURSING VOLUME 1: PRINCIPLES VOLUME 2: PRACTICE By Barbara J. Gruendemann, Billie Fernsebner 1995, Volume 1—546 pp, Volume 2—565 pp $42.50 each or $67.50 per set hardcover
Recovery from Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Procedures
Authors: Cason Carolyn L. , Seidel Saundra L. , Bushmiaer Marty
Published: August 2006

The authors studied the postoperative experiences of 53 patients who had uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures. Patients rated their pain, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue before surgery, before discharge, and on postoperative days one, two, three, four, and seven. The majority of patients reported more difficult and painful and slower recoveries than they expected or that they believed were indicated in the education materials provided to prepare them for surgery. The experiences of the patients in this study clearly indicate a need to modify preoperative preparatory education materials. AORN J 63 (June 1996) 1099–1116.
Teaching Caring to Nursing Students
Authors: Shoup Anita Jo
Published: August 2006

Teaching Caring to Nursing Students, CLS Simonson, Journal of Nursing Education, Vol 35, March 1996, 100–104
Transformational Leadership
Authors: Morton Paula J.
Published: August 2006

By Mary K. Kohles; William G. Baker, Jr; Barbara A. Donaho 1995, 275 pp $32 members, $40 nonmembers paperback
Right Thoracotomy Approach to Mitral Valve Surgical Procedures
Authors: Coulson Alan S. , Quarnstrom Judy A. , Holmes Katrina , Henry Joann
Published: August 2006

The right thoracotomy approach to mitral valve surgical procedures allows surgeons to achieve excellent, rapid exposures of mitral annuli; facilitates the excision of diseased mitral valves; avoids injury to previously placed coronary artery bypass grafts; and aids surgeons with the insertion of valve prostheses. This approach is especially appropriate for patients with anatomic deviations (eg, deep chest cavities, counterclockwise rotations of the heart) and hostile mediastina (ie, previously opened mediastina with severe adhesions around the heart and posterior side of the sternum). This article discusses mitral valve disease, compares the right thoracotomy approach to median sternotomy, describes perioperative nursing care of patients undergoing mitral valve surgical procedures, and presents a case study. AORN J 65 (Feb 1997) 347–364.
The Significance and Application of Informed Consent
Authors: Brazell Nancy E.
Published: August 2006

Bringing well‐informed patients to the OR is a challenge for all who participate in surgical patients' care. Although the issue of informed consent has been around for a long time, it was not until the latter half of the twentieth century that health care professionals and patients began to focus on informed consent as a central concern in health care. This article explains the roots of informed consent, the path it has traveled, and the importance that health care professionals, especially perioperative nurses, play in ensuring that patients are fully informed about their impending procedures. AORN J 65 (Feb 1997) 377–386.
Building Perioperative Nursing Research Teams—Part I
Authors: Csokasy Judith A.
Published: August 2006

Perioperative nurses can use nursing research to acquire skills and knowledge to formulate independent judgments, make critical decisions, and become nurse scholars. This article, which is the first in a two‐part series, describes the use of the model of experiential learning developed by David A. Kolb, PhD, to facilitate a team approach to perioperative nursing research. The second article in the series will focus on constraints and enablers to conducting and using nursing research in perioperative care settings and will provide suggestions for perioperative nurse managers to facilitate clinical research. AORN J 65 (Feb 1997) 396‐401.
Triple Arthrodesis
Authors: Schramm Carol A. , Hein Suzanne C. , Cooper Paul S.
Published: August 2006

Triple arthrodesis is the surgical fusion of the calcaneocuboid, talonavicular, and talocalcaneal joints of the foot. This is a palliative surgical procedure used to treat many painful hindfoot disorders (eg, clubfoot deformity, arthritis, Charcot's joint disease). Patient benefits include pain relief and improvement in foot function. Several anesthesia options are available for intraoperative and postoperative pain management. Perioperative nurses should be knowledgeable about foot anatomy, the sequence of surgical events, and possible postoperative complications from triple arthrodesis. A systems approach to patient care throughout the perioperative phase can ensure optimal patient outcomes.
Collagen Injection Therapy for Type III Stress Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Bartholomew Barbara , Grimalid Thomas
Published: August 2006

Urinary incontinence is a distressing, demoralizing, costly condition that affects 10% to 25% of women and up to 5% of men between the ages of 15 and 60 years. One common type of urinary incontinence is stress urinary incontinence (SUI), which is the involuntary loss of urine during physical activities that increase intraabdominal pressure. Many individuals with SUI have intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Until recently, treatment for intrinsic sphincter deficiency involved open surgical procedures and lengthy recovery periods. Patients now have the option of undergoing a less‐invasive treatment: collagen injections into their bladder necks and proximal urethras. Perioperative nurses can enhance the success of collagen injection therapy by understanding the psychosocial needs of patients with SUI, the patient selection criteria and diagnostic tests required for this new treatment approach, and the nursing role in collagen injection procedures.
A Western OR Delegation to the People's Republic of China
Authors: Spry Cynthia C.
Published: August 2006

Nursing in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is beginning to revitalize after decades of the repression and obliteration of nursing education programs under the rule of Mao Tse‐tung. A delegation of American, Australian, and Canadian perioperative nurses traveled to the PRC for a series of professional exchanges with Chinese OR nurse colleagues. The exchange was an affirmation of the common commitment to caring that all nurses share. AORN J 63 (March 1996) 525–532.
Use of Physiologic Variables in Nursing Research
Authors: Allen Janice R.
Published: August 2006

Use of Physiologic Variables in Nursing Research, LC Pugh, FG DeKeyser, IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol 27, Winter 1995, 273–276
Development First: Strategies for Self‐Development
Authors: Hershey Donna N.
Published: August 2006

Development First: Strategies for Self‐Development By David B. Peterson, Mary Dee Hicks 1995, 87 pp $14.95 paperback
Gender Relations and Household Economic Planning in the Rural Philippines
Authors: Eder James F.
Published: August 2006

This paper lies at the intersection of the considerable scholarly literatures on household livelihood strategies and on the role of women in Southeast Asia. Focused ethnographically on rural Philippine households engaged primarily in various combinations of fishing and farming activities, and analytically on how gender relations figure in the decisions that the co-heads of these households make regarding their economic plans for the future, it considers how the livelihood diversification that characteristically accompanies rural development affects – and is in turn affected by – the conjugal relationship.
Khmerness and the Thai ‘Other’: Violence, Discourse and Symbolism in the 2003 Anti-Thai Riots in Cambodia
Authors: Hinton Alexander
Published: August 2006

On 29 January 2003, a Cambodian mob burned down the Thai Embassy in Phnom Penh. This article explores the roots of this violence, arguing that the anti-Thai riots were linked in part to a set of discourses and imagery that have long been central to assertions of ‘Khmerness’ and constructions of the ‘Other’.
Korob, Kaud, Klach: In Search of Agency in Rural Cambodia
Authors: Öjendal Joakim , Sedara Kim
Published: August 2006

This article takes the dominant view of a top-down Khmer political culture as its point of departure and explores the extent to which the last decade's political changes have altered the socio-political landscape and triggered the growth of agency in rural areas. In particular, the reform of democratic decentralisation and its integrated ‘soft’ values are scrutinised in fields such as views on local governance, popular discourse on decentralisation, rural NGO activity and the gendering of politics.
Transcending Time and Terror: The Re-emergence of Bon Dalien after Pol Pot and Thirty Years of Civil War
Authors: Zucker Eve Monique
Published: August 2006

This article is concerned with social and moral cohesion in the wake of war and violence. In the Cambodian village of O'Thmaa, villagers are making tentative and at times ambiguous efforts to connect to their pre-Khmer Rouge past to recreate a sense of community and moral order. This article examines this process through a detailed ethnographic description and analysis of the production of O'Thmaa's harvest ritual and festival, Bon Dalien.
State–Society Relations in Burma and the Philippines
Authors: Hlaing Kyaw Yin
Published: August 2006

Burma at the turn of the twenty-first century Edited by MONIQUE SKIDMORE
Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005. Pp. vii, 304. Illustrations, Maps,
Bibliography, Index.

State and society in the Philippines
By PATRICIO ABINALES and DONNA AMOROSO
Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005. Pp. xxxiv, 353. Illustrations,
Bibliography, Index.
Robert Hart and Gustav Detring during the Boxer Rebellion
Authors: VAN DE VEN HANS
Published: August 2006

This article focuses on Robert Hart during the Boxer Rebellion. My reconstruction of his activities is based on a recently discovered file in the archives of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service held at the Second Historical Archives in Nanjing. While it has long been known that Hart corresponded with Qing officials during the Siege itself and while a few letters have been published, the file contains more than one hundred exchanges between Hart and Qing officials written after the end of the Siege of the Legations. I have further relied on a box of documents dealing with the Boxer Rebellion in the Hart Manuscript Collection at the Queen's University of Belfast, including Hart's notes on his meetings with Qing officials. These materials provide insight into the way Hart was able to persuade the Qing and foreign countries to begin negotiations and illustrate the critical role he played in fashioning the Boxer Protocol signed on 7 September 1901.
The Boxer Indemnity—‘Nothing but Bad’
Authors: KING FRANK H. H.
Published: August 2006

There was nothing unusual in an indemnity per se. Indeed, an indemnity could be seen as a forward step in European civilization, replacing the regime of indiscriminate plunder which preceded it—although it could equally be argued that in their pacification of north China following the razing of the Siege of the Legations in 1900 the Allies, through their looting of the Tientsin and Peking areas in disregard of recently agreed definitions, had acquired both indemnity and plunder. Indeed the chaos was such that among the first financial and contradictory consequences of the post-Boxer period was Sir Robert Hart's successful arrangement with the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation of a loan of Ts10,000 a month for the chief Chinese negotiator, Prince Ch'ing [I-K'uang], on the one hand, while in Shansi the Protestant Church refused to accept any indemnity for the Christian lives lost; consequently the authorities voluntarily agreed to establish a University on Western lines, to be maintained by the authorities, and to operate under joint control for ten years at the annual cost of Ts 50,000.
‘Jerusalem, Convertere’: The De Quadris Lamentations of Jeremiah, early modern Tuscany and a new manuscript source
Authors: DICKEY TIMOTHY J.
Published: August 2006

This article discusses the implications of a new fragmentary manuscript of fifteenth-century polyphony on musicians' biographies, the dating of other manuscripts, and the cultural ties between Venice and the two great Tuscan powers of Florence and Siena. This parchment fragment recovered from a Sienese archival binding represents the earliest surviving concordance between the music of the two Tuscan rivals. It once stood in a Tuscan collection of Holy Week polyphony, including the Lamentations of Jeremiah as set by the Venetian composer Johannes de Quadris; it may have originally been the property of a contado parish church or monastery. The specific musical text of the Siena fragment also can shed new light upon the dating and musical transmission of two contemporary Florentine manuscripts (I-Fn II.I.350 and I-Fd 21), containing music of Brumel, Carpentras and Bernardo Pisano. Finally, the rare Tuscan concordance can begin to clarify some of the earliest known traffic in polyphony between Tuscany and distant Venice.
Numerical MHD modeling of propagation of interplanetary shock through the magnetosheath
Authors: Samsonov A. A. , Němeček Z. , Šafránková J.
Published: August 2006

Propagation of an interplanetary (IP) shock through the bow shock and magnetosheath is studied using numerical results of a three‐dimensional MHD model of the magnetosheath. According to already published theoretical studies, a fast forward shock passing through the bow shock would generate a train of new discontinuities including a slow expansion wave, a contact discontinuity, and a slow reversed shock. We have found that these particular discontinuities propagate with similar velocities and thus they cannot be distinguished in our calculations, and we observe one discontinuity that combines properties of all of them. We suggest that the same would be true for an analysis of experimental data. We have simulated three different ways of the magnetopause response to the IP shock. A comparison of these runs reveals that the magnetopause reaction defines the mode of reflected waves. Assuming a fast earthward motion of the magnetopause, about 240 km s−1 or more, we obtain that a fast rarefaction wave would propagate from the magnetopause toward the bow shock, while a slower magnetopause motion would result in a fast reversed shock. On the other hand, the speed of the IP shock propagation does not depend on the magnetopause response, and all three model runs confirm a deceleration of the modeled IP shock front in the magnetosheath in course of its motion from the subsolar region to the magnetosheath flanks.
Evaluation of model‐derived and remotely sensed precipitation products for continental South America
Authors: de Goncalves L. Gustavo Goncalves , Shuttleworth W. James , Nijssen Bart , Burke Eleanor J. , Marengo Jose A. , Chou Sin Chan , Houser Paul , Toll David L.
Published: August 2006

This paper investigates the reliability of some of the more important remotely sensed daily precipitation products available for South America as a precursor to the possible implementation of a South America Land Data Assimilation System. Precipitation data fields calculated as 6 hour predictions by the CPTEC Eta model and three different satellite‐derived estimates of precipitation (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS), and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)) are compared with the available observations of daily total rainfall across South America. To make this comparison, the threat score, fractional‐covered area, and relative volumetric bias of the model‐calculated and remotely sensed estimates are computed for the year 2000. The results show that the Eta model‐calculated data and the NESDIS product capture the area without precipitation within the domain reasonably well, while the TRMM and PERSIANN products tend to underestimate the area without precipitation and to heavily overestimate the area with a small amount of precipitation. In terms of precipitation amount the NESDIS product significantly overestimates and the TRMM product significantly underestimates precipitation, while the Eta model‐calculated data and PERSIANN product broadly match the domain average observations. However, both tend to bias the zonal location of precipitation more heavily toward the equator than the observations. In general, the Eta model‐calculated data outperform the several remotely sensed data products currently available and evaluated in the present study.
Lightning flashes conducive to the production and escape of gamma radiation to space
Authors: Williams E. , Boldi R. , Bór J. , Sátori G. , Price C. , Greenberg E. , Takahashi Y. , Yamamoto K. , Matsudo Y. , Hobara Y. , Hayakawa M. , Chronis T. , Anagnostou E. , Smith D. M. , Lopez L.
Published: August 2006

Gamma radiation observed in space has been associated with lightning flashes in thunderstorms. These special flashes do not appear to be the large and energetic positive ground flashes that also produce sprites. Considerations of gamma ray attenuation in air indicate that such flashes may not produce gamma radiation at sufficient altitude to enable their escape to space. High‐altitude intracloud lightning, most prevalent in the tropics where the tropopause is also high, may be a necessary source.
Analysis of the mass flux profiles of an aeolian saltating cloud
Authors: Dong Zhibao , Qian Guangqiang , Luo Wanyin , Wang Hongtao
Published: August 2006

Aeolian researchers have recognized the importance of measuring the height profile of aeolian saltating flux and devoted a lot of effort to reliable measurement. In this paper, the height profiles of aeolian saltation flux are reconstructed on the basis of the profiles of mean particle velocity and relative particle concentration obtained by particle image velocimetry, a nonintrusive technique, in a wind tunnel. The results suggest that the mean particle velocity increases with an increase in wind velocity and height but decreases with an increase in particle size. The height profile of mean particle velocity can be expressed by a power function, essentially in agreement with previous studies. Particle concentration decays exponentially with the square root of height rather than height itself as proposed in most previous studies. Mass flux profiles are derived by multiplying the mean particle velocity and concentration profiles. The reconstructed mass flux profiles are characterized by three sections. In the near‐surface layer, mass flux increases with height. In the upper layer, mass flux decays exponentially with height. Between the near‐surface and upper layers is a peak flux zone whose height above the surface increases with an increase in wind velocity but decreases with an increase in particle size. The reconstructed mass profiles are essentially in reasonably good agreement with those measured by a segmented sand sampler in a wind tunnel. Two significant parameters, average saltation height and relative decay factor, are proposed to characterize variation with height of aeolian saltating flux. They are well correlated and imply that saltating particles can reach higher levels as wind velocity increases and particle size decreases and that mass flux decays more rapidly as wind velocity decreases and particle size increases.
Tropospheric moisture and monsoonal rainfall over the southwestern United States
Authors: Diem Jeremy E. , Brown David P.
Published: August 2006

This study investigates the role of increased atmospheric humidity in occurrences of wet days in the southwestern United States during the monsoon seasons of 1996–2002, using spatiotemporal analyses of ground‐measured precipitation, spatial analyses of surface and 700‐hPa humidity, and air‐parcel trajectory analyses. A precipitation regionalization indicates that the Gila River basin in southern Arizona/southwest New Mexico should be divided into a western region and an eastern region. A rainfall peak occurred in late August/early September for the western region; however, similar to that of the core monsoon zone in northwestern Mexico, the eastern region of the basin had a rainfall peak in late July/early August. Wet days in the western (eastern) region were associated with a large (moderate) peak in dew point temperature in the southwestern (south central) portion of the basin. The middle troposphere was more humid than normal on both sets of days, with the anomalies for western region wet days being larger and located more over the Gila River basin than anomalies for the eastern region wet days. The Sierra Madre Occidental was the most likely source of middle troposphere moisture for both regions; however, the Gulf of Mexico may have been a significant contributor to rainfall in parts of the eastern region. The Gulf of California probably was the dominant source of low‐level moisture for western region wet days, with gulf surges likely causing the late August/early September peak.
Biomass burning and anthropogenic sources of CO over New England in the summer 2004
Authors: Warneke C. , de Gouw J. A. , Stohl A. , Cooper O. R. , Goldan P. D. , Kuster W. C. , Holloway J. S. , Williams E. J. , Lerner B. M. , McKeen S. A. , Trainer M. , Fehsenfeld F. C. , Atlas E. L. , Donnelly S. G. , Stroud Verity , Lueb Amy , Kato S.
Published: August 2006

During the summer of 2004 large wildfires were burning in Alaska and Canada, and part of the emissions were transported toward the northeast United States, where they were measured during the NEAQS‐ITCT 2k4 (New England Air Quality Study–Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation) study on board the NOAA WP‐3 aircraft and the NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown. Using acetonitrile and chloroform as tracers the biomass burning and the anthropogenic fraction of the carbon monoxide (CO) enhancement are determined. As much as 30% of the measured enhancement is attributed to the forest fires in Alaska and Canada transported into the region, and 70% is attributed to the urban emissions of mainly New York and Boston. On some days the forest fire emissions were mixed down to the surface and dominated the CO enhancement. The results compare well with the FLEXPART transport model, indicating that the total emissions during the measurement campaign for biomass burning might be about 22 Tg. The total U.S. anthropogenic CO sources used in FLEXPART are 25 Tg. FLEXPART model, using the U.S. EPA NEI‐99 data, overpredicts the CO mixing ratio around Boston and New York in 2004 by about 50%.
Ensemble simulations of the decline and recovery of stratospheric ozone
Authors: Austin John , Wilson R. John
Published: August 2006

An ensemble of simulations of a coupled chemistry‐climate model is completed for 1960–2100. The simulations are divided into two periods, 1960–2005 and 1990–2100. The modeled total ozone amount decrease throughout the atmosphere from the 1960s until about 2000–2005, depending on latitude. The Antarctic ozone hole develops rapidly in the model from about the late 1970s, in agreement with observations, but it does not disappear until about 2065, about 15 years later than previous estimates. Spring averaged ozone takes even longer to recover to 1980 values. Ozone amounts in the Antarctic are determined largely by halogen amounts. In contrast, in the Arctic, ozone recovers to 1980 values about 25–35 years earlier, depending on the recovery criterion adopted. By the end of the 21st century, the climate change associated with greenhouse gas changes gives rise to a significant superrecovery of ozone in the Arctic but a less marked recovery in the Antarctic. For both polar regions, ensemble and interannual variability is greater in the future than in the past, and hence the timing of the full recovery of polar ozone is very sensitive to the definition of recovery. It is suggested that the range of recovery rates between the hemispheres simulated in the model is related to the overall increase in the strength of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation, driven by increases in greenhouse gas concentrations.
Evaluation of Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) measures of live fuel moisture and fuel condition in a shrubland ecosystem in southern California
Authors: Roberts D. A. , Dennison P. E. , Peterson S. , Sweeney S. , Rechel J.
Published: August 2006

Dynamic changes in live fuel moisture (LFM) and fuel condition modify fire danger in shrublands. We investigated the empirical relationship between field‐measured LFM and remotely sensed greenness and moisture measures from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). Key goals were to assess the nature of these relationships as they varied between sensors, across sites, and across years. Most AVIRIS‐derived measures were highly correlated with LFM. Visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) and visible green index (VIg) outperformed all moisture measures. The water index (WI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI) had the highest correlations of the moisture measures. All relationships were nonlinear, and a linear relationship only applied above a 60% LFM. Changes in the fraction of green vegetation (GV) and nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV) were good indicators of changes in fuels below the 60% LFM threshold. AVIRIS‐ and MODIS‐derived measures were highly correlated but lacked a 1:1 relationship. MODIS‐derived greenness and moisture measures were also highly correlated to LFM but generally had lower correlations than AVIRIS and varied between sites. LFM relationships improved when data were pooled by functional type. LFM interannual variability impacted relationships, producing higher correlations in wetter years, with VARI and VIg showing the highest correlations across years. Lowest correlations were observed for sites that included two different functional types or multiple land cover classes (i.e., urban and roads) within a MODIS footprint. Higher correlations for uniform sites and improved relationships for functional types suggest that MODIS can map LFM effectively in shrublands.
Day‐to‐day variability in equatorial spread F: Is there some physics missing?
Authors: Tsunoda Roland T.
Published: August 2006

Attempts continue to be made, without notable success, to identify the source of day‐to‐day variability in occurrence of equatorial spread F (ESF). Most seek to uncover a controlling factor in one of the parameters that describe the linear growth rate of the Rayleigh‐Taylor (RT) instability. It is possible, however, that some physics is still missing in that description of ESF generation. Consideration is given here to an F‐region response to a large‐scale polarization electric field that is generated by a sporadic‐E layer instability (Cosgrove and Tsunoda, 2002) and mapped to the bottomside of the F2 layer. Results indicate that the large‐scale wave structure, the most reliable precursor for ESF, may be initiated by this process at the base of the F2 layer, where plasma drift is westward.
Variability of natural hypoxia and methane in a coastal upwelling system: Oceanic physics or shelf biology?
Authors: Monteiro P. M. S. , van der Plas A. , Mohrholz V. , Mabille E. , Pascall A. , Joubert W.
Published: August 2006

Emerging understanding of the variability of natural coastal hypoxia is divided between two main hypotheses: the biogeochemical oxygen demand linked to locally‐driven organic matter decay or to supply of low‐oxygen waters by physical processes. The precise role of either mechanism in triggering hypoxia has remained elusive. A combined methane and oxygen high resolution year‐long hourly data time series in a coastal upwelling system suggests that these systems may be responding to a complex interaction between the two. The data show how anoxia is initially triggered by remote equatorial hypoxic waters after which it can be sustained by a local biogeochemical flux of exported production. Crucially, without a remote trigger the local forcing could not develop anoxic conditions because the physical flux of oxygen would be too high. The robustness of this interpretation is tested using a 10‐year data set (1994–2003) with seasonal and interannual scales of variability.
Temporal and spatial variation in methyl bromide flux from a salt marsh
Authors: Drewer Julia , Heal Mathew R. , Heal Kate V. , Smith Keith A.
Published: August 2006

Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a trace gas involved in stratospheric ozone depletion with both anthropogenic and natural sources. Estimates of natural source strengths are highly uncertain. In this study, >320 highly temporally and spatially resolved measurements of CH3Br emissions from a salt marsh in Scotland (56°00′N, 2°35′W) were made during one year using eight static enclosures. Net emissions showed both strong seasonal and diurnal cycles. Day‐to‐day maxima in emissions were associated with sunny days. Emissions dropped to zero when vegetation was removed. Mean measured CH3Br emission was 350 ng m−2 h−1, but a few “hot spots” (measured maximum 4000 ng m−2 h−1) dominated integrated emissions. A crude scale‐up of the annual mean emission yields an estimate for global CH3Br emission of ∼1 (0.5–3) Gg y−1 (range uses annual mean from lowest and highest emitting enclosures), ∼10% the global salt marsh emission regularly quoted in the literature.
Cassini observations of flow‐like features in western Tui Regio, Titan
Authors: Barnes Jason W. , Brown Robert H. , Radebaugh Jani , Buratti Bonnie J. , Sotin Christophe , Le Mouelic Stephane , Rodriguez Sebastien , Turtle Elizabeth P. , Perry Jason , Clark Roger , Baines Kevin H. , Nicholson Phillip D.
Published: August 2006

A large (>3 × 104 km2), lobate, 5‐μm‐bright region seen by Cassini on Titan's leading equatorial region is best explained as a flow field. We discuss observations from the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer and Imaging Science Subsystem of the feature and present a map of the field. We establish relative ages of flow features and discuss possible formation mechanisms and the implications of this finding for the evolution of Titan's surface.
In situ measurement of the hydraulic diffusivity of the active Chelungpu Fault, Taiwan
Authors: Doan M. L. , Brodsky E. E. , Kano Y. , Ma K. F.
Published: August 2006

Hydraulic diffusivity controls fluid pressure and hence affects effective normal stress during rupture. Models suggest a particularly spectacular example of fluid pressurization during the Mw = 7.6 1999 Chichi earthquake when pressurization may have reduced high‐frequency shaking in the regions of large slip if the fault was sufficiently sealed. We investigate in situ hydraulic diffusivity which is the key parameter in such models through a cross‐hole experiment. We find a diffusivity of D = (7 ± 1) × 10−5 m2/s, which is a low value compatible with pressurization of the Chelungpu fault during the earthquake. In most poroelastic media, the hydraulic storativity S lies between 10−7 and 10−5, so that the transmissivity T along the fault zone is comprised between 10−11 m2/s and 10−9 m2/s. The corresponding permeability (10−18–10−16 m2) is at most one hundred times larger than the value obtained on core samples from the host rock. The fault zone is overpressurized by 0.06 to 6 MPa, which is between 0.2% and 20% of the lithostatic pressure.
Distribution of rocks on the Gusev Plains and on Husband Hill, Mars
Authors: Grant J. A. , Wilson S. A. , Ruff S. W. , Golombek M. P. , Koestler D. L.
Published: August 2006

The population of rocks larger than 15 cm in diameter was measured at 36 locations imaged by the Spirit rover over ∼ 4 km of the traverse across the Gusev plains and Husband Hill in Gusev crater on Mars. The rock population observed on plains surfaces is consistent with impact fragmentation of rubbly/fractured volcanics and reveals little evidence for modification by secondary processes or weathering. Interpretation of counts from Husband Hill suggest an influence by bedrock for rocks larger than 0.5 m across, but the distribution of smaller rocks is consistent with ejecta possessing contributions from pre‐plains impact events. Results indicate plains surfaces experienced only tens of centimeters of eolian erosion/deposition since the Hesperian, whereas meters rather than tens of meters of erosion modified Husband Hill since the early Hesperian.
Moisture‐related weakening and strengthening of a fault activated at seismic slip rates
Authors: Mizoguchi Kazuo , Hirose Takehiro , Shimamoto Toshihiko , Fukuyama Eiichi
Published: August 2006

From high‐velocity friction experiments on gabbro rock at a rate of 85 mm/s, we found that a fault with a thin gouge layer experienced slip weakening with a drop of about 80% in the friction coefficient. At room humidity conditions, the fault subsequently recovered its complete strength, over an interval of several minutes after the slip terminated. The strength recovery did not occur under dry N2 gas‐saturated condition. This result can be interpreted as the interaction of moisture with gouge particles: moisture‐drained weakening due to frictional heating and moisture‐absorbed strengthening due to cooling. This new mechanism can cause dynamic weakening of faults, which controls earthquake rupture propagation.
Delay mechanisms of non‐Fickian transport in heterogeneous media
Authors: Dentz Marco , Tartakovsky Daniel M.
Published: August 2006

Fickian models of diffusion often fail to describe transport phenomena in heterogeneous environments due to their inability to capture the sub‐scale fluctuations. We present an effective description of non‐Fickian behavior that reflects the dichotomy between the continuum nature of Fick's law and the finite (effective) observation scale associated with experimental studies of transport phenomena in heterogeneous systems. This dichotomy gives rise to a time delay between the cause and effect, i.e. between the concentration gradient and the mass flux. Evolving scales of heterogeneity induce a spectrum of such delay times that can lead to anomalous behavior. The presented model is a direct generalization of Fick's law and the well‐established delay diffusion model. It complements effective modeling frameworks based on stochastic non‐local theories and continuous time random walks.