bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problemática del desarrollo científico y tecnológico en México
Authors: Reynoso Gerardo Suárez , Torres Ana Hilda Gómez
Published: September 2012

This essay provides a general assessment of scientific and technological research in Mexico. The problems faced by Mexican science are highlighted through quantitative indicators. The first, membership in the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, is significant became this distinction has had a major impact on the country's research and scientific development. An analysis of the expenditures of the federal government on science and technology demonstrates that these have been insufficient. Finally, the article explores some alternative approaches to increase the contributions of the private sector to scientific and technological research in Mexico. In agreement with the current view of many public educational institutions, the article concludes by emphasizing the need to strengthen university--industry relations.
Technology Transfer between Mexico and the United States: Past Experience and Future Prospects
Authors: Urquidi Víctor L.
Published: September 2012

Tradicionalmente un gran importador de tecnología, México está ahora exportando modestas cantidades propias. A través de la cooperación estadounidense-mexicana existen oportunidades para la transferencia en ambas direcciones.
The Transfer of Advanced Technology: Recent Trends and Implications for Mexico
Authors: Flamm Kenneth
Published: September 2012

Este artículo repasa brevemente el carácter de la transferencia de la tecnología y las políticas que afectan tal transferencia. En este artículo se discute que México debería estar dispuesto a canjear normas de control más tradicionales sobre las inversiones extranjeras a cambio de medidas que promuevan la inversión de recursos humanos en las industrias de alta tecnología.
Alternative Forms, Fashions and Politics for Technology Transfer: A Mexican Perspective
Authors: Bueno Gerardo M.
Published: September 2012

El argumento de este artículo es que las relaciones entre México y los Estados Unidos en cuanto a la transferencia de la tecnología pueden desempeñar un papel importante en su desarrollo copartícipe y son importantes dentro del contexto general de relaciones entre los países desarrollados y los no muy desarrollados.
The Private Sector and Technology Transfer to Mexico
Authors: Douglas H. Eugene , Basiuk Victor
Published: September 2012

El manejo de la interdependencia debe llevar a políticas propicias, a la inovación, a la actitud empresarial, y a la transferencia de la tecnología. La coordinación de la política en las áreas del comercio, de la inversión, y de la migración es vital para este proceso.
Public Policy and Technology Transfer: A Mexican Perspective
Authors: Rodríguez Guillermo Funes
Published: September 2012

Este artículo discute las políticas y los acuerdos afectando la transferencia del conocimiento tecnológico entre el proveedor y el recibidor. Describe los efectos sobre el desarrollo económico y técnico de los países anfitriones y el establecimiento de una nueva orden económica internacional.
Peasants into Patriots: Thoughts on the Making of the Mexican Nation
Authors: Knight Alan
Published: September 2012

Esta ponencia trata el nacionalismo mexicano en la época poscolonial dentro de un marco comparativo. Ofrece una tipología escueta del nacionalismo y esboza unas características del nacionalismo--o de los nacionalismos--mexicano[s]. Sugiere que tanto la supuesta falta de conciencia nacional de los campesinos como el supuesto nacionalismo furibundo de la Revolución han sido exagerados, o misconcebidos. Concluye que el nacionalismo tiene que verse como un fenómeno polifacético, un objeto de disputa política discursiva, mas que un cemento social sencillo.
El Capital Eclesiástico y Las Elites Sociales en Nueva España a Fines del Siglo XVIII
Authors: Lavrin Asunción
Published: September 2012

This work underlines the close association of interests between the ecclesiastical sources of credit and the social elite of the Archbishopric of Mexico. Although the availability of credit was not restricted to the top members of the socio-economic hierarchy, the wealthiest money-lending religious institutions showed a marked preference for that group. Large merchants, choice members of the local and viceregal bureaucracy, and considerable range of rural property owners received preferential treatment from credit institutions in the allocation of their loans. The author provides data on the operations of the Juzgado de Capellanías, and several confraternities and nunneries of the capital of the Vice-royalty in the last two decades of the eighteenth century.
Mexico's Second Green Revolution: Food for Feed
Authors: DeWalt Billie R.
Published: September 2012

Se ha argumentado que, habiendo realizado una Revolución Verde, México ahora se encuentra desesperadamente con la necesidad de tener otra para resolver su crisis agrícola. Este ensayo sostiene que México ya ha realizado una segunda Revolución Verde la cual ha tenido efectos más profundos que la primera. Las fuerzas que han conducido a esta segunda Revolución Verde en sorgo y artículos asociados de consumo para el pastoreo son las causas de y no los remedios para el problema agrícola de México. La internacionalización del capital ha llevado a que el sector agrícola del país se haya dedicado a la producción de artículos de consumo para los que pueden comprar comidas de lujo como es la carne. Así que, mientras el país ahora produce casi el doble de granos per capita que produjo en 1940, un porcentaje siempre más grande de los granos es destinado para el alimento de animales y no para la alimentación del 27% de la población mexicana subalimentada.
La izquierda mexicana hoy (una mirada aproximativa y en perspectiva)
Authors: Hector Cary
Published: September 2012

This essay presents both a global and a selective overview of the Left in present-day Mexico. The article attempts to assess the potentialities of the Left for breaking with the Mexican power structure inherited from the 1910 Revolution and institutionalized since 1928. Ideological and political-strategic issues and the question of unity are discussed.
Social and Cultural Aspects of Transborder Environmental Cooperation
Authors: Nalven Joseph
Published: September 2012

En base a datos de estudio de caso y de encuesta, el análisis situa actitudes de técnicos mexicanos y norteamericanos en el contexto de cooperación transfronteriza.
Los ferrocarriles: Un modelo de utilización monopólica, y su expresión territorial en México
Authors: de Fuentes Ana García
Published: September 2012

All over the world railways can still be considered a cheap bulk carrier. In developed countries railways are a highly competitive means of transportation for both passengers and freight. In Mexico, however, a small number of large companies control railways, which are subsidized by the State. As a result, Mexican railways offer rather limited service with few routes, stations, and areas being served. This situation has favored the development of other means of land transport to the regions and services that railways should provide. Recent investment in the modernization of Mexican railways has been geographically biased and has only reinforced this process.
'Consumers of Good Taste:' Marketing Modernity in Northern Mexico, 1890-1910
Authors: Bunker Steven B.
Published: September 2012

Durante la última mitad del porfiriato, se desarrolló una incipiente cultura de consumo en las áreas urbanas e industriales del norte mexicano, como Monterrey y Chihuahua. Este estudio examina cómo el consumismo tuvo cabida dentro del sistema de creencias de modernización porfirista. Además, pretende ilustrar el impacto del consumismo en la vida cotidiana a través de la publicidad, el crecimiento de tiendas departamentales y la transformación de las diversiones y celebraciones públicas.
Rewriting History: Salinas, Zedillo and the 1992 Textbook Controversy
Authors: Gilbert Dennis
Published: September 2012

El presente trabajo analiza los libros de texto de historia de 1992 y la controversia política que provocaron. Se hacen comparaciones con libros de texto y con controversias anteriores. Los libros, vetados en los niveles más altos de la administración salinista, documentan un cambio ideológico en el gobierno mexicano. La controversia reveló profundas divisiones en el PRI y transformó las relaciones con los tradicionales enemigos de derecha del régimen.
Constitutional Crisis: How Reforms to the Legislature Have Doomed Mexico
Authors: Taylor Michael C.
Published: September 2012

Este artículo examina la manera en que los procedimientos electorales incluidos en la Constitución mexicana socavan la democracia en el país. Dos reformas constitucionales, la prohibición de la reelección legislativa y la creación de la representación proporcional, han contribuido grandemente a las tendencias antidemocráticas en México, incluyendo la centralización del poder en la rama del ejecutivo, el fomento de la apatía y la desconfianza en el gobierno entre los ciudadanos y el dominio de los partidos políticos sobre los ciudadanos de la nación.
Partido Revolucionario Institucional: Contexto, situación política y escenarios electorales
Authors: Mendoza Arturo Alvarado , Pérez Liliana Martínez
Published: September 2012

In light of the political changes that have occurred in Mexico in recent years--particularly the reforms initiated in 1982 during the administration of Miguel de la Madrid (1982-1988) and expanded during the presidential term of Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988-1984)--, this article analyzes the political position of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) and its political-electoral possibilities for the congressional elections of 1997. It studies the party's growing electoral decline at the regional level, the deterioration of its institutional structures, processes, and leadership, and its relations with other political and social actors. In addition, it considers the possible effects of the changes in the electoral formula to the federal legislature and the redistricting of the country on the 1997 elections.
Las primeras elecciones populares en la ciudad de México. 1812-1813
Authors: Guedea Virginia
Published: September 2012

This article examines the elections held in Mexico City as a result of the Constitution of 1812. The first popular elections held in New Spain provided large sectors of the population not only an opportunity to participate in politics, but also an alternative to the armed struggle. The electoral process contributed to the development of new forms of political participation. It also created electoral patterns which continued after independence.
Land and Society in Revolutionary Mexico: The Destruction of the Great Haciendas
Authors: Knight Alan
Published: September 2012

Este ensayo trata de analizar el carácter y significado de la reforma agraria que surgió de la Revolución Mexicana, tomando en cuenta algunos estudios recientes. Sostiene que la reforma sí representó una ruptura socio-económica de gran importancia que cambió de manera radical la sociedad rural mexicana, aunque este cambio asumió formas que no siempre se demuestran en las estadísticas y, como cualquier transformación de tal magnitud, involucró bastante violencia, ambiciones y desviaciones.
La Frontera: The Border as Symbol and Reality in Mexican-American Thought
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: September 2012

Desde la conquista por los Estados Unidos del territorio norteño de México durante la década de 1840, la frontera norteamericana-mexicana ha sido una realidad para los mexicanos que permanecieron al norte de la nueva frontera. Sin embargo, la frontera también ha sido un símbolo de la nueva condición histórica para los que pueden ser apropiadamente considerados méxicoamericanos. Este estudio analiza la frontera como símbolo y realidad durante tres períodos históricos en la historia mexicoamericana: La Epoca de Inmigración (1900-1930), la Epoca Mexico-Americana (desde 1930 hasta principios de 1960), y la Epoca Chicana (las décadas de 1960 y 1970). Cada período y cada generación aquí presentada desarrolló distintos puntos de vista sobre la frontera y lo que la frontera significa para ellos. Estos puntos de vista revelan no solamente el carácter natural de la frontera, sino los cambios fundamentales, generacionales, sociales y culturales que afectan a todos los mexicanos tanto ciudadanos estadounidenses como inmigrantes a los Estados Unidos.
The Dilemma of the Mexican Trade Union Movement
Authors: Ashby Joe C.
Published: September 2012

Este ensayo analiza el origen y la naturaleza de un dilema central en el movimiento obrero mexicano y su acentuación provocada por el programa gubernamental instituido en respuesta a la crisis financiera que se declaró en el verano de 1982. El dilema estaba presente en muchos respectos del entretejido social de México, bien explícitamente en sus normas y leyes básicas, bien implícitamente en los acuerdos de los generales victoriosos de la Revolución y sus sucesores en la presidencia, y en la actuación de éstos con los líderes de los sectores políticos del PRI. A pesar de la tímida recuperación económica mexicana a partir de 1982, ¿se podrá resolver el dilema sindical sin poner en peligro la estabilidad sociopolítica mexicana?
Mexican Revolutionary Nationalism and Repatriation during the Great Depression
Authors: Valdés Dennis Nodín
Published: September 2012

El nacionalismo mexicano manifiesta un papel importante en la repatriación de los años 30. En Detroit encontramos su expresión en los esfuerzos del consulado mexicano y del artista Diego Rivera, quienes formaron La Liga de Obreros y Campesinos.
Los medios de difusión masiva y la centralización en México
Authors: Ruiz Enrique E. Sánchez
Published: September 2012

From a theoretical viewpoint that seeks to comprehend centralization as a system of power, the article traces the origins of the centralized system of media in Mexico and its relation to political, economic and cultural centralization. It provides a picture of the current centralization of media in Mexico.
Los sectores del PRI en las elecciones de 1988
Authors: Méndez Guadalupe Pacheco
Published: September 2012

The article examines the crisis of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional's corporative-sectorial role by examining the behavior of urban, mixed, and rural electoral districts during the 1988 election. It also considers two aspects of that crisis: the impact of urbanization on the sectoral organizations which mobilized voters and the declining ability of the rural political structures to deliver the vote.
Del gobierno indigena al Ayuntamiento constitucional en las Huastecas hidalguense y veracruzana, 1780-1853
Authors: Ohmstede Antonio Escobar
Published: September 2012

This article examines the manner in which the Indian villages in the Huastecas of Hidalgo and Veracruz structured their governments during the transitional years of 1780 to 1853. It describes possible continuities and modifications of the organizational structure of Indian government, as well as measures adopted by the villages during the formation of ayuntamientos in 1812 and the first forty years of independence.
Political Legitimation and Maximilian's Second Empire in Mexico, 1864-1867
Authors: Duncan Robert H.
Published: September 2012

El presente ensayo examina cómo el imperio de Maximiliano intentó construir una legitimidad política a través de una hábil utilización de la imagen, el simbolismo y el ritual. Sostiene que estos esfuerzos fracasaron no porque hubieran sido mal llevados o inapropiados sino debido a lo contencioso de la cultura política mexicana.
Money as Commodity: Mexico's Conversion to the Gold Standard, 1905
Authors: Schell, William
Published: September 2012

Después de discutir la influencia que tuvo la plata en los ciclos económicos del Porfiriato, este artículo examina el impacto de la conversión de México al patrón oro en 1905, implementada por José Ives Limantour, y su subsecuente contribución a la recesión que precedió a la Revolución de 1910. Se hace hincapié en la relación económica de México con Asia a través del mercado del peso.
Through a Glass Darkly: On the Challenges and Enigmas of Mexico's Future
Authors: Schulz Donald E.
Published: September 2012

Este artículo se ocupa de valorar los prospectos para la democratización, el desarrollo socioeconómico, la estabilidad política y las relaciones México-Estados Unidos. Concluye que el futuro es incierto y que la euforia generada por el Tratado de Libre Comerico para Norteamérica (NAFTA) se basó en suposiciones optimistas sobre la habilidad de México para manejar la modernización política y socioeconómica en un mundo cada vez más interdependiente.
Economía y comunidades indígenas: El efecto de la supresión del sistema de reparto de mercancías en la intendencia de México, 1786-1810
Authors: Bornemann Margarita Menegus
Published: September 2012

The article examines the impact that the supression of the repartimiento de mercancías had on the intendancy of Mexico. It also compares the agrarian structure of the intendancy of Mexico with those of the Puebla-Tlaxacala and Oaxaca regions, areas which have been studied by other historians. It concludes with an analysis of the political and economic crises of the late eighteenth century.
Bicultural Preparation and National Identity: A Study of Medical Students at a Mexican University
Authors: Epstein Erwin H. , Riordan Catherine A.
Published: September 2012

El presente trabajo examina el grado de nacionalismo y de etnocentrismo mostrado por los estudiantes de una escuela de medicina en México. Compara a los estudiantes mexicanos educados en escuelas biculturales (inglés-español) con aquéllos preparados en escuelas nacionales; asimismo los compara con otros estudiantes de América Latina y de los Estados Unidos y Canadá. Los estudiantes de medicina educados en escuelas biculturales mostraron un etnocentrismo menor, así como un sentido de nacionalismo más reducido.
The Seven Deadly Sins of Political Reporting on Mexico
Authors: Needler Martin C.
Published: September 2012

El reportaje hecho por extranjeros sobre México tiene ciertas deformaciones características, que se originan primordialmente en que se basan en informantes procedentes de sectores limitados del espectro político.
Testimony of Michael J. Glennon Professor of Law University of California, Davis Law School Davis, California before the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights Committee on the Judiciary United States House of Representatives Washington, D. C. Monday, June 22, 1992
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: September 2012

En este testimonio, presentado ante el Comité Judicial de la Cámara de Diputados de los Estados Unidos, Michael J. Glennon se ocupa de la opinión de la Suprema Corte de los Estados Unidos en Los Estados Unidos vs. Alvarez-Machain. Sostiene que, en contra de lo que popularmente se cree, la opinión de la Suprema Corte no sostiene que el secuestro patrocinado por el gobierno esté permitido por la ley internacional; resulta claro que no lo es. Señala que la Suprema Corte simplemente se ocupó de si está o no permitido el llevar a juicio por una ofensa criminal a un reo que fue secuestrado, lo que no está prohibido ni por la ley internacional ni por la ley constitucional de los Estados Unidos. No obstante, exhorta al Congreso a prohibir semejante práctica.
Las fiestas novohispanas: Espectáculo y ejemplo
Authors: Aizpuru Pilar Gonzalbo
Published: September 2012

Public festivals played an important role in the social and political life of the baroque era. In New Spain, the authorites used the celebrations as a way to demonstrate the power and prestige of the Crown. Over the years, the Spaniards became less inclined to participate in these public festivals, preferring instead other types of diversion. The public festivals increasingly became part of popular culture, leading the elites to abandon what had once been a privileged space for them.
Espacio social y crisis política: La Sierra Gorda 1850-1855
Authors: Mantecón Carmen Vázquez
Published: September 2012

The Sierra Gorda forms a portion of the Sierra Madre Oriental, a vast region in central Mexico which became a haven for discontented and politically persecuted groups in the nineteenth century. This article examines the manner in which local socioeconomic interests came into conflict with the project of Santa Anna's government to convert the area into a territory. It also considers how the rebellions of 1854 and 1855, which initially reflected local concerns, expanded to become part of the larger Revolution of Ayutla.
Sin fronteras: (Des) mitificación en las letras norteamericanas y mexicanas
Authors: Leal Luis
Published: September 2012

This article examines the presence of myths in the works of North American and Mexican authors, showing how they affect Mexico/United States relations. Some attention is given to myth creation by Chicano writers and also the process of desmythification.
The Lure of the Perverse: Moral Negotiation of Pederasty in Porfirian Mexico
Authors: Nesvig Martin
Published: September 2012

This article examines the dynamic relationship between a criminologist, Carlos Roumagnac, and the inmates that he interviewed in the large Mexico City prison, Belem, in the first decade of the twentieth century. In particular the piece delves into the way that pederasty, or male homosexuality, was discussed in these interviews, revealing the ways in which Mexican men understood homosexuality as morally unseemly but acceptable if left unspoken. The article concludes with some suggestions about the difficulties encompassed in the history of (homo)-sexuality. / Este artículo examina la relación dinámica entre un criminologista, Carlos Roumagnac, y los presos entrevistados por él en la enorme cárcel Belem, en la ciudad de México en la primera década del siglo veinte. En particular este ensayo profundiza en la manera en que la pederastía, o homosexualidad masculina, fue discutida en estas entrevistas. En dichas entrevistas se observan las maneras en cómo los hombres mexicanos en la cárcel entienden la homosexualidad: mientras que aceptan que la homosexualidad es moralmente impropia, también afirman que es aceptable si no se discute. Este artículo concluye con algunas sugerencias sobre las dificultades encuadradas en la historia de la (homo)sexualidad.
Fem: "A Window onto the Cultural Coalescence of a Mexican Feminist Politics of Sexuality"
Authors: Hodgdon Tim
Published: September 2012

The journal Fem documents the evolution in the 1970s of a distinctly Mexican feminist politics of sexuality. These politics emerged as activist women molded those elements of diverse foreign feminist ideologies and practices which they deemed relevant to the exigencies of their situation into a coherent political program for the liberation of women from male supremacy. / La revista Fem documenta la evolución, en la década de los 70, de una política feminista de la sexualidad idóneamente mexicana. Esta política fue el resultado de una adaptación de diversas ideologías feministas extranjeras, de las cuales las activistas mexicanas tomaron elementos que juzgaron pertinentes a su propia situación y los integraron en un programa coherente para la liberación de la mujer de la supremacía masculina.
Student Movements and User Fees: Trends in the Effect of Social Background and Family Income on Access to Mexican Higher Education, 1984-1996
Authors: Post David
Published: September 2012

The 1999 strike at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) mobilized students around the demand for free public higher education to promote equality of opportunity. In the wake of that movement, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of user fees and of free tuition in promoting equality of opportunity. For this purpose, I used the Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso-Gasto to gauge the impact of family background and household income on the chances for attending higher education since 1984. Despite the low user fees charged in Mexico's public universities during the period, the data show that selectivity by family income worsened. Private universities, always selective, remained so. More worrisome is the fact that, by the mid 1990s, young people living in the poorest income quartile of households were less than ten times as likely to attend public higher education, as compared with children from the richest quartile of households. Free tuition in itself is unlikely to promote equality of access, because the beneficiaries of free tuition--increasingly--came from upper income families. / La huelga de 1999 en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) mobilizó a los estudiantes en torno a la exigencia de una educación pública gratuita que promoviera una igualdad en la oportunidad a acceder a instituciones de educación superior. En el despertar de ese movimiento, es necesario evaluar los efectos de los pagos del usuario y de la enseñanza gratuita en la promoción de dicha igualdad de oportunidad. Por ende, utilicé la Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso-Gasto para calcular el impacto que han tenido el trasfondo social familiar y los ingresos de la familia en cuanto al acceso a la educación avanzada desde 1984. A pesar que durante el período ya mencionado las universidades públicas de México cobran muy poco al estudiante, las estadisticas ejemplifican que las universidades públicas no aceptan a los estudiantes a base de los ingresos familiares del estudiante. Las universidades privadas, que siempre han sido selectivas, continúan siéndolo. Lo que preocupa más es que, para mediados de la década de los noventa, la juventud que vive en los sectores más pobres ha perdido la oportunidad diez veces más de asistir a universidades públicas que los jóvenes que viven en sectores más adinerados de la ciudad. No es probable que la enseñanza gratuita en sí promueva la igualdad de acceso a universidades públicas, ya que los beneficiarios de la enseñanza gratuita--cada vez más--provienen de familias con altos ingresos.
Espacios mayas de familia y comunidad: Una relación de interdependencia
Authors: Brown Denise Fay
Published: September 2012

Despite the fundamental importance of the concepts of family and community in the study of human societies, there still exists a certain degree of theoretical confusion regarding the definition and construction of these social units. This article presents the results of a study of the relationship between these social units, based on an examination of the relationship between the physical spaces generated on the basis of the organizational principles of each. It is proposed that the construction and boundaries of one unit, reflected in the physical spaces generated, are negotiated in relation to the other. In conclusion, it is observed that they are gendered spaces, and that the relationship between family and community can be understood as one of interdependence, the result of which is the social reproduction of the human society. A pesar de la importancia de los conceptos de familia y de comunidad en el estudio de las sociedades humanas, todavía existe cierta confusión a nivel teórico acerca de la definición y construcción social de estas unidades. Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio de la relación entre las dos unidades, partiendo de la relación entre los espacios fisicos generados a base de principios organizativos de cada una. Se plantea que la construcción y fronteras de una unidad, reflejadas en sus espacios, se negocian con la otra. Finalmente, se observa que son espacios de género, y que la relación entre comunidad y familia puede entenderse como una relación interdependiente que resulta en la reproducción social.
Mexico's Unfinished Transition: Democratization and Authoritarian Enclaves in Mexico
Authors: Lawson Chappell
Published: September 2012

Over the last two decades, popular mobilization has pushed forward a halting, protracted process of political transition in Mexico. The old one-party regime has broken down, and democratic institutions have finally taken its place. But democratization has not proceeded at the same pace across all regions or spheres of government. As a result, Mexico's new political order comprises a series of authoritarian enclaves in which the old rules of the game still operate. With the victory of Vicente Fox in the July 2000 presidential elections, these authoritarian enclaves represent prime targets for political reform. / Durante las últimas dos décadas, una movilización popular ha puesto en movimiento un prolongado y pausado proceso de transición política en México. El antiguo régimen del partido oficial se ha desmantelado, e instituciones democráticas, aunque frágiles en su composición, lo han reemplazado. Pero la democratización no ha procedido en la misma medida por todas las regiones o esferas del gobierno. Entre los enclaves más sobresalientes que han resistido los cambios se encuentran la burocracia federal, la judiciaría, sectores de los medios de comunicación, y zonas locales regidas por elementos del partido dominante que aún no se ven afectadas por las reformas políticas del país. Con la victoria electoral de Vicente Fox en las elecciones presidenciales de julio de 2000, estos enclaves autoritarios son puntos de partida fundamentales para consolidar la reforma política.
Mexican Public Opinion and Perceptions of Instability: Revisiting "Relative Deprivation"
Authors: Gawronski Vincent T.
Published: September 2012

This article draws on two survey snapshots of Mexico taken at a most interesting time--starting with the historic 1997 mid-term elections and heading toward the all-important 2000 presidential elections. It advances the notion that Mexico is experiencing a social expectation-regime capability dilemma, which threatens the country's longstanding stability and invokes the theory of relative deprivation. Empirical evidence is combined with theoretical work on stability to offer an interpretation of contemporary Mexico, and an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model predicting perceptions of stability is presented. The model demonstrates that the perceived inequity of income distribution has a powerful effect on perceptions of instability. / El presente artículo se basa en dos encuestas snapshot que se llevaron a cabo en México durante un momento de gran interés--el período mientras que las históricas elecciones de medio plazo de 1997 llegaban a su fin y se dirigían hacia las sumamente importantes elecciones presidenciales del año 2000. El artículo postula la noción que México vive un dilema social que yace en la expectativa y capacidad del presente régimen. Dicho dilema amenaza la estabilidad que México ha gozado por tanto tiempo e invoca la teoría de la privación relativa. La evidencia empírica de las encuestas se mezcla ante un marco teórico sobre la estabilidad que tiene como objetivo el ofrecer una interpretación del México contemporáneo y presentar un modelo de estadística (OLS regresión) para predecir lo que las opiniones sobre la estabilidad del país indican. Este modelo ejemplifica que los encuestados correlacionan la injusticia imperante en la distribución de ingresos y la inestabilidad social que actualmente reina en el país.
Like Hypatia before the Mob: Desire, Resentment, and Sacrifice in The Bostonians (An Anthropoetics)
Authors: Bertonneau Thomas F.
Published: September 2012

Recent criticism of Henry James's The Bostonians (1885) tends to vindicate the plan of Olive Chancellor to recruit the young Verena Tarrant to the cause of radical feminism. This essay argues that such an interpretation can be made only at the cost of ignoring the novel's plea for recognizing the validity of the subject's own plan for himself or herself, a recognition that Olive's intentions regarding Verena violate. The essay makes use of an allusion in James's novel to Charles Kingsley's Hypatia (1853) that has been over-looked by previous critics. Exploring the relation between James's and Kingsley's novels permits us to understand that The Bostonians is a novel about sacrifice-the dedication of individuals to causes not their own and against their will. James ultimately affirms a dialogical view of human existence in which each individual makes an implicit demand to be included as an equal partner in a reciprocal conversation about life. The highest form of this conversation is love.
Sentimental Emasculations: Uncle Tom's Cabin and Black Beauty
Authors: Stoneley Peter
Published: September 2012

This essay reassesses the notion of passionlessness in relation to debates on race and women's fiction. In nineteenth-century writing by white men and women, the primitive other-animal, black, or Indian-becomes the touchstone of intact maleness in a smothering and emasculatory culture. To write about blackness is to write about desire, but it is also to avoid desire altogether: the black figure represents both sexuality and childish innocence. There is the same contradiction as that between "dumb beasts" and "the Beast," between the helpless and the wicked. But in the implicitly emasculatory scenarios of women's writing, this essay detects a rejection of female as much as of male desire. Women's novels both facilitate and impede a consuming gaze. In repeated episodes, the black male body is exposed and punished, celebrated and lamented, in the same moment. Blackness threatens to call forth or desublimate white desire, and white writers move between the sexual allure of blackness and the need to reaffirm the superiority of white discipline. The emasculatory scenario serves as another opportunity to assert a Christian, maternal love, even if, to the other readers, this can seem an unconvincing "cover story" for the texts' secret "black" desire.
Body Politics in "Bartleby": Leprosy, Healing, and Christ-ness in Melville's "Story of Wall-Street"
Authors: Zlogar Richard J.
Published: September 2012

Over the years, critics have attached multiple equivalences to the title character in Herman Melville's "Bartleby, the Scrivener" (1853). Bartleby has become metaphor as readers have found a variety of matches for the condition of alienation and rejection implicit in his tragic story, a well-known example of which is interpreting Bartleby as an artist who refuses to produce the type of literature that is commercially successful in his society. The central contention of this study is that the scholarship written on "Bartleby" to date has not identified the vehicle for the tenor we uncover in Bartleby's situation. Melville in effect programs diversity of interpretation into his story by depicting the scrivener as a figurative leper. We arrive at such a reading of Bartleby's character not only by examining a biblical allusion that Melville scholars have not yet discussed, but also by noting the extent to which the medieval ritual for sequestering the leper from mainstream society figures into the story-a ritual that Melville clearly knew, as evidenced years later in Clarel (1876). Reading "Bartleby" within a context of figurative leprosy results in an interpretation that unites what initially seem like disparate elements in the text: reclusion, illness and a related fear of infection, the mixture of corpse and Christ imagery surrounding the scrivener, Bartleby's "dead-wall reveries," and the role of touch. This reading also sheds new light on the interdependence of the narrator and his copyist. Once we recognize Bartleby as a figurative leper, we realize that the narrator faces a challenge of Christ-ness in his interaction with the scrivener: he has the opportunity to imitate Christ and heal the illness of alienation that afflicts Bartleby by choosing to go against the prevailing norms of his society.
"Fiction in Color": Domesticity, Aestheticism, and the Visual Arts in the Criticism and Fiction of William Dean Howells
Authors: Diller Christopher
Published: September 2012

Given that William Dean Howells was the leading spokesperson for literary realism in the late nineteenth century, critics have traditionally cited him for his failure to define a formal aesthetic theory, or, more recently, they have located such a theory in its very absence. Neither view acknowledges how Howells appropriated a central tenet of genteel society-domesticity-as ground for a pragmatic appraisal of fine art under the impress of capitalism. Especially in his fictional descriptions of painting and illustration, Howells delineates how disinterested rationales of fine art like aestheticism depend upon the aesthetic equivalent of the sexual double-standard: women are valorized as moral authorities but denigrated as artists so that men can make art without the stigma of commercialism. Through doubly gendered artists and feminized artistic practices, Howells critiques the capitalist logic that reduces aesthetics to an epiphenomenon of the market or to self-referential theories of the artwork. He demonstrates instead that art objects are ultimately defined by the ethical affiliations they bear to other social and aesthetic practices. In his criticism and fiction of the late 1880s and early 1890s, then, femininity emerges as a crucial rhetorical strategy that enabled Howells to represent and rationalize the paradoxical nature of fine art in capitalist society.
Readers Write: Nineteenth-Century Annotations in Copies of the First American Edition of Poe's The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym
Authors: Kopley Richard
Published: September 2012

Our understanding of the nineteenth-century reception of Edgar Allan Poe's only novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1838), is illuminated not only by considering the reviews but also by examining the handwritten comments that appear in three copies of the first American edition of the work. Two copies feature handwritten comments that strongly support the argument of some reviews that the book is fraudulent, that it deceitfully presents unbelievable details as if they were true. The tone of these comments is angry and annoyed. A third copy features handwritten comments that effectively support the contention of some reviewers that the book is a remarkable achievement, a narrative of exceptional interest. The tone of these comments is appreciative and admiring. The polarized responses of these ordinary readers reflect those of the contemporary reviewers. The more astute readers and critics of Pym understood well that verisimilitude may well intensify the fantastic in literature.
Struggling for Medical Reform in Middlemarch
Authors: Furst Lilian R.
Published: September 2012

This articles sets Middlemarch into the context of medical history, particularly the movement for reform advocated by the radical Thomas Wakley in the Lancet, which he founded in 1823, and which was widely read. The profession's hierarchical structure with its division into physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries is outlined, with special reference to Lydgate's infringement of the established conventions. His position in relation to the five other medical men in the town is examined. His superior diagnostic and therapeutic abilities are seen as the outcome of his education in London, Edinburgh, and notably Paris, then the mecca of advanced medicine, in addition to the custormary, and often perfunctory apprenticeship. His refusal to dispense durgs is symptomatic of his disturbing non-conformity because it flaunts the practices usually associated with his status as a surgeon. In the plants for the new hospital he is avant-garde in his campaign to isolate fever cases, but naive in his disregard for Middlemarch politics. His idealism and sensitivity as a doctor form a puzzling contrast to the "spots of commonness" in his character. He fails in Middlemarch because he misreads the town's mood and is in turn misread by its inhabitants.
Allusive Mischaracterization in Middlemarch
Authors: Moscovici Claudia
Published: September 2012

This essay traces some of the social and generic implications of George Eliot's abundant use of allusion as a mode of characterization in Middlemarch. By analyzing the manner in which the characters in Middlemarch tend t misread each other by means of false or inappropriate associations with prominent cultural figures and especially with gender-based stereotypes, this essay explores some of the ways in which George Eliot's text employs allusion as a mode of interrogating and subverting those cultural stereotypes that, from both her own ambivalently "feminist" position and from current feminist perspectives, are perceived as having been especially confining and devalorizing for women.
The Wuther of the Other in Wuthering Heights
Authors: Vine Steven
Published: September 2012

Wuthering Heights is a drama of instabilities. The novel introduces a "wuthering" into the social, psychical, and ideological stabilities of the world it represents and submits secure self-identity to the wuther of the other, to the disruptive and conflictual movements of alterity. The essay examines the ways in which the limits of social and sexual identity are dramatized in the novel, a process that shows how self-identity is conflictually constructed and how the other inhabits the familiar. The argument examines the ideological contradictions dramatized in the figure of Heathcliff and the agon of desire, identity, and sexual difference as it is enacted in the relationship between Cathy and Heathcliff. The essay concludes by examining Cathy's delirium in the novel alongside Julia Kristeva's account of delirium in psychoanalysis and relates both of these to the dynamic textuality of Wuthering Heights. The argument reinflects Marxist, feminist, and deconstructive treatments of Emily Brontë's text and focuses particularly on wuthering as othering in the novel's account of subjectivity.
Consistent Inconsistencies: The Transvestite Actress Madame Vestris and Charlotte Brontë's Shirley
Authors: Vanskike Elliott
Published: September 2012

In this paper I propose the transvestite actress Madame Vestris as an interpretive doppelgänger for the title character in Charlotte Brontë's novel Shirley. Vestris crossed gender lines not only in her cross-dressed performances on the Victorian stage but also in her incursion into the male-dominated realm of theater ownership. In this way she is like Shirley Keeldar, the fiercely independent female factory owner whom Brontë consistently depicts in masculine terms. Most critics read Shirley as a narrative and thematic fiasco because the protofeminist momentum that the novel accumulates from Brontë's portrayal of an independent, headstrong female character is brought to a halt when Shirley subjugates herself to a meek and weasly man. The ending of the novel has been almost unanimously dismissed as Brontë's submission to the very patriarchal culture that she set out to critique when she created the character of Shirley Keeldar. However, far from being the low point of Brontë's writing, the ending of the novel elevates the writing into a high satirical mode that only serves to intensify Brontë's criticism of society's treatment of women. Through reading Shirley by means of the narrative and gender disruptions that Vestris's performances staged, we can understand this curious narrative reversal at the end of the novel as a motivated strategy on the part of Brontë, not a lapse of craft.
Postcolonial Columbus: Washington Irving and The Conquest of Granada
Authors: McLamore Richard V.
Published: September 2012

Irving's politically pious persona in The Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (1829), "Fray Agapida," indicts Irving's own exemplification of the postcolonial American literary sanctification of discovery, conquest, and colonization presented in The Life and Voyages of Columbus (1828). Through his satire of Agapida, Irving undermines the nationalistic and religious grounds upon which both the Conquest of Granada was most often justified and his biography of Columbus was commissioned to further. Irving links the reconquest of Moorish Granada, Columbus's voyages, the Inquisition, and the Crusades to Irving's satire of contemporary acts of literary, mercantile, and political imperialism in A History of New York. Instead of being a writer absorbed in his own romantic fantasies, in The Chronicle Irving attacks the casuistic use of religion, nobility, and enlightenment to sanctify conquest and usurpation. The conflict indicated by Irving's satire of self- and nation-fashioning reflects many of the United State's own struggles to establish a postcolonial identity.
Truth and Fiction in Trollope's Autobiography
Authors: Super R. H.
Published: September 2012

Trollope's lively Autobiography has dominated scholarly writing about him not only among his biographers but among critics as well, all of whom incline to regard as factual whatever he has told of his life. But the evidence of such sources as his correspondence, his travel diaries, and his writing schedules, as well as relevant articles in nineteenth-century periodicals, discloses that the facts often differed significantly from the account he gives in the story of his life. Events did not always take place as he remembered them. The aim of this essay is to point explicitly to certain statements in An Autobiography that are often repeated as factual by scholars, but that in truth were erroneous recollections of what happened.
Correcting the Poe Canon: Beverley Tucker's Anecdote on Gibbon and Fox
Authors: Whalen Terence
Published: September 2012

A recently discovered letter indicates that there is an error in the canon of Poe's works. "Gibbon and Fox," a short article published in the February 1836 Southern Literary Messenger, was actually written by Beverley Tucker. This discovery casts new light on Tucker's relation to the Messenger, and especially on Poe's attitude toward historical writing.
A Source for the Immuration in "The Black Cat"
Authors: Reilly John E.
Published: September 2012

The idea of having the narrator of "The Black Cat" immure the body of his wife may have come to Edgar Allen Poe from a news item reprinted by the Philadelphia Public Ledger from the Greenfield Democrat of Greenfield, Massachusetts, on 16 July 1842, shortly before Poe composed the tale.
Mythic Language and Gender Subversion: The Case of Ruskin's Athena
Authors: Weltman Sharon Aronofsky
Published: September 2012

Ruskin's complex attitude toward women has long been important to feminist and Victorian studies; over a quarter-century ago Kate Millett published Sexual Politics and its famous attack on Ruskin's essay "Of Queens' Gardens." She charged Ruskin with promoting a sugar-coated but perfidious system of separate spheres for men and women. Yet shortly after Ruskin produced that idealized vision of housewife-queens in 1865, he created a new ideal queen in his mythological study The Queen of the Air (1869), this time elaborated from Athena. Through his mythopoesis, Ruskin disrupts both conventional gender categories and his own implication in them. Ruskin presents a series of binary oppositions that he immediately conflates: Athena and Medusa, air and earth, bird and snake, formation and destruction, science and myth, male and female. Ruskin documents the instability of his oppositions through a bizarre "natural language" where real-life creatures such as birds and snakes serve as eternal hieroglyphs, signifying universally recognizable abstractions. That seemingly fixed signs in Athena's hieroglyphic code inevitably change is clear from Ruskin's acknowledgment of Darwin's evolutionary theory. But evolution slips into a wild image of degenerative metamorphosis, where all the divisions that Ruskin has so laboriously noted dissolve. Since Ruskin identifies Athena with each seemingly opposed animal signifier in his language of living hieroglyphs, he subverts all linguistic difference and ultimately feminizes signification itself. Through myth Ruskin creates a mutable language, one where genders as well as signs become mobile rather than fixed.