bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When can we trust population trends? A method for quantifying the effects of sampling interval and duration
Authors: Wauchope Hannah S. , Amano Tatsuya , Sutherland William J. , Johnston Alison
Published: September 2019

Species’ population trends are fundamental to conservation. They are used to determine the state of nature, and to prioritize species for conservation action, for example through the IUCN red list. It is crucial to be able to quantify the degree to which population trend data can be trusted, yet there is not currently a straightforward way to do so.

We present a method that compares trends derived from various samples of ‘complete’ population time series, to see how often these samples correctly estimate the sign (i.e. direction) and magnitude of the complete trend. We apply our method to a dataset of 29,226 waterbird population time series from across North America.

Our analysis shows that, for waterbirds, if a statistically significant (p < .05) trend is detected, even from only a few years, it is likely to reliably describe the sign (positive or negative) of the complete trend, but is unlikely to accurately match the percentage change in population per year. If no significant trend is detected, a many‐years long sample is required to be confident that the population is truly stable. Furthermore, an insignificant trend is more likely to be missing a decline rather than an increase in the population. Sampling infrequently, but regularly, was surprising reliable in determining trend sign, but poor at determining percentage change per year.

By providing percentage estimates of reliability for combinations of sampling regimes and lengths, we have a means to determine the reliability of species population trends. This will increase the rigour of large‐scale population analyses by allowing users to remove time series that do not meet a reliability cut‐off, or weighting time series by reliability, and could also facilitate planning of future monitoring schemes. While the specific values estimated by our analysis might not be applicable to other taxa or systems, the methods are easily transferable, and we provide the tools to do so.
Audit Firm Attributes and Auditor Litigation Risk
Authors: Kang Minjung , Lee Ho‐Young , Mande Vivek , Woo Yong‐Sang
Published: September 2019

This study examines the association between auditors' litigation risk and audit firm attributes. Using professional liability insurance premiums as a proxy for auditors' litigation risk, we present evidence that the risk is lower in audit firms having: (1) separate non‐audit and audit divisions; (2) a higher proportion of partners; and (3) a higher annual growth in number of CPAs employed. Additionally, we find that the risk is higher in audit firms having: (1) operating losses; and (2) high revenue growth. Our results are consistent with the idea that audit firms' financial condition and organizational structure affect their independence/ expertise, and, in turn, their litigation risk. Our results are broadly supportive of the PCAOB's (2015) and US Department of Treasury's (2008) views that investors, audit committees, management, and other regulators could benefit from having access to financial and organizational information about audit firms.
Bridging the gap between clinical trials and community care: Translating a memory group for older people with mild cognitive impairment into a community‐based organisation
Authors: Kinsella Glynda J. , Mullaly Elizabeth , Rand Elizabeth , Pike Kerryn E. , Reilly Ann , Cavuoto Marina G.
Published: September 2019

Objectives

Older people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are seeking interventions for maintaining independence. This study investigates the feasibility of translating a research‐evaluated memory group (LaTCH) into a community‐based organisation by evaluating the experiences of clients and trained staff.

Methods

Dementia Australia staff trained as facilitators of memory groups for 274 people with MCI and families. Clients and staff were interviewed regarding experiences from group participation.

Results

Clients and staff reported benefits of shared experience through group participation, leading to greater use of compensatory strategies. Staff observed client improvement in memory‐related self‐confidence, thereby reducing anxiety and increasing re‐engagement in life activities. In their own professional roles, staff reported increased self‐efficacy, leading to greater role satisfaction. Several challenges in running and sustaining the program were also identified.

Conclusions

Memory group interventions can be feasibly delivered in a community setting and increase service access opportunities for older people with memory problems.
Dynamic predictive model for postoperative nausea and vomiting for intravenous fentanyl patient‐controlled analgesia
Authors: Chae D. , Kim S. Y. , Song Y. , Baek W. , Shin H. , Park K. , Han D. W.
Published: September 2019

Postoperative nausea and vomiting is the most common side‐effect of opioid‐based intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia. Apfel's simplified risk score is popular but it has some limitations. We developed and validated a dynamic predictive model for nausea or vomiting up to 48 postoperative hours, available as an online web application. Fentanyl was used by 22,144 adult patients for analgesia after non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia: we randomly divided them into development (80%) and validation (20%) cohorts, repeated 100 times. We used linear discriminant analysis to select variables for multivariate logistic regression. The incidences of postoperative nausea or vomiting were: 0–48 h, 5691/22,144 (26%); 0–6 h, 2749/22,144 (12%); 6–12 h, 2687/22,144 (12%); 12–18 h, 2624/22,144 (12%); 18–24 h, 1884/22,144 (9%); and 24–48 h, 1082/22,144 (5%). The median (95%CI) area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.72 (0.71–0.73) up to 48 postoperative hours compared with 0.65 (0.64–0.66) for the Apfel model, p < 0.001. The equivalent areas for 0–6 h, 6–12 h, 12–18 h, 18–24 h and 24–48 h were: 0.70 (0.69–0.72); 0.71 (0.69–0.73); 0.69 (0.68–0.71); 0.70 (0.67–0.72); and 0.69 (0.66–0.71), respectively. Our web application allows clinicians to calculate incidences of nausea and vomiting in patients receiving intravenous fentanyl for patient‐controlled analgesia.
The relationship between obstructive sleep apnoea and postoperative delirium and pain: an observational study of a surgical cohort
Authors: Strutz P. K. , Kronzer V. , Tzeng W. , Arrington B. , McKinnon S. L. , Ben Abdallah A. , Haroutounian S. , Avidan M. S.
Published: September 2019

Patients with obstructive sleep apnoea are at increased risk of adverse postoperative outcomes, such as cardiac and respiratory complications. It has been hypothesised that obstructive sleep apnoea also increases the risk for postoperative delirium and acute postoperative pain. We conducted a retrospective, observational study investigating the relationship of obstructive sleep apnoea with postoperative delirium and acute postoperative pain severity. Patients were classified as being at high risk for obstructive sleep apnoea if they had been diagnosed with this condition, or if they were positive for more than four factors using the ‘STOP‐BANG’ screening tool. Adjusted logistic regression was used to investigate the association between obstructive sleep apnoea and postoperative delirium, and multivariable linear regression to study the relationship between obstructive sleep apnoea and postoperative pain severity. The incidence of postoperative delirium was 307 in 1441 patients (21.3%; 95%CI 19.2–23.5%). In unadjusted analysis, high risk for obstructive sleep apnoea was associated with delirium, with an odds ratio (95%CI) of 1.77 (1.22–2.57; p = 0.003). After adjustment for pre‐specified variables, the association was not statistically significant with odds ratio 1.34 (0.80–2.23; p = 0.27). The mean (SD) maximum pain (resting or provoked) reported for the entire cohort was 63.8 (27.9) mm on a 0–100 mm visual analogue scale. High risk for obstructive sleep apnoea was not associated with postoperative pain severity (β‐coefficient 2.82; 95%CI, −2.34–7.97; p = 0.28). These findings suggest that obstructive sleep apnoea is unlikely to be a strong risk factor for postoperative delirium or acute postoperative pain severity.
Editorial: depression in NAFLD—worth looking for
Authors: Parker Richard
Published: September 2019

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Kim et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15395.
Letter: anti‐TNF therapy and intestinal resections in Crohn’s disease—are we just delaying the inevitable?
Authors: Ashton James J. , Beattie R. Mark
Published: September 2019

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Eberhardson et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14224.
When the political becomes personal: Reflecting on disability bioethics
Authors: Shakespeare Tom
Published: September 2019

A discussion of the connection between activism and academia in bioethics, highlighting the author’s own trajectory, exploring the extent to which academics have an obliation to be ‘judges’ rather than ‘barristers’ (as explored by Jonathan Haidt) and asking questions about the relationship of disability to positions in bioethics.
The relationship of airway structural changes to blood and bronchoalveolar lavage biomarkers, and lung function abnormalities in asthma
Authors: Kozlik Pawel , Zuk Joanna , Bartyzel Sylwia , Zarychta Jacek , Okon Krzysztof , Zareba Lech , Bazan Jan G. , Kosalka Joanna , Soja Jerzy , Musial Jacek , Bazan‐Socha Stanislawa
Published: September 2019

Background

Airway structural changes are important in asthma pathology and require further investigations.

Objective

We sought to evaluate which computed tomography (CT) indices, bronchial histological traits, or blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) biomarkers correlate best with lung function abnormalities in asthma.

Methods

In 105 white adult asthmatics (53 with a component of fixed airflow obstruction), we determined airway cross‐sectional geometry of two proximal (the right upper lobe apical segmental and the left apicoposterior) and two distal (the right and the left basal posterior) bronchi, quantified the low‐attenuation lung area (LAA%), and analysed clusters based on airway CT‐metrics. We also performed bronchofiberoscopy with BAL and endobronchial biopsy, assessed blood and BAL biomarkers, including interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12p70, IL‐17A, IL‐23, interferon (INF)γ and periostin, together with circulating a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain‐containing protein (ADAM)33, and investigated interplays between analysed variables.

Results

Patients with fixed airflow limitation were characterized by lower lumen area and increased wall area and wall thickness ratios in distal airways, accompanied by raised LAA%. They had also higher blood neutrophilia, blood and BAL eosinophilia, increased circulating fibrinogen, periostin, and ADAM33. Blood neutrophilia, serum high density lipoproteins, thyroid‐stimulating hormone, and shortened activated partial thromboplastin time were determinants of thicker reticular basement membrane (RBM). BAL eosinophilia was the only positive predictor of collagen I accumulation. Surprisingly, we observed a negative correlation between RBM thickening and collagen I deposit. Cluster analysis based on CT‐metrics of the right lower lobe basal posterior bronchus revealed three well‐separated clusters similar in age, asthma duration, and BMI, but different in RBM thickness, collagen I accumulation, and inflammatory markers.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Airway remodelling traits are mainly related to the Th2 profile, higher circulating ADAM33, and blood neutrophilia. Lung function abnormalities and RBM thickening correlate better with CT‐metrics of distal than proximal airways.
Depression prevalence in Type 2 diabetes is not related to diabetes–depression symptom overlap but is related to symptom dimensions within patient self‐report measures: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Harding K. A. , Pushpanathan M. E. , Whitworth S. R. , Nanthakumar S. , Bucks R. S. , Skinner T. C.
Published: September 2019

Aim

Depression is common in Type 2 diabetes, yet rates vary. Overlap between symptoms of depression and diabetes may account for this variability in depression prevalence rates. We examined to what extent depression prevalence was a function of the proportion of depression–diabetes symptom overlap (items within symptom dimensions) and sample characteristics.

Methods

Electronic and hand searching of published and unpublished works identified 147 eligible papers. Of 3656 screened, 147 studies (149 samples, N = 17–229 047, mean sample age 25.4–82.8 years, with 152 prevalence estimates), using 24 validated depression questionnaires were selected. Sample size, publication type, sample type, gender, age, BMI, HbA1c, depression questionnaire and prevalence rates were extracted.

Results

Prevalence rates ranged from 1.8% to 88% (mean = 28.30%) and were higher in younger samples, samples with higher mean HbA1c and clinic samples. Diabetes–depression symptom overlap did not affect prevalence. A higher proportion of anhedonia, cognition, cognitive, negative affect and sleep disturbance symptoms, and a lower proportion of somatic symptoms were consistently associated with higher depression prevalence.

Conclusions

The lack of an overall effect of diabetes–depression symptom overlap might suggest that assessment of depression in Type 2 diabetes is generally not confounded by co‐occuring symptoms. However, questionnaires with proportionally more or fewer items measuring other symptom categories were associated with higher estimates of depression prevalence. Depression measures that focus on the cardinal symptoms of depression (e.g. negative affect and cognition), limiting symptoms associated with increasing diabetes symptomatology (e.g. sleep disturbance, cognitive) may most accurately diagnose depression.
The Gift of a Warmer Climate: Education for Courage
Authors: Ide Kanako W.
Published: September 2019

The aim of this essay is to give hope to those who are in the middle of struggles relating to personal experiences associated with sexual/gendered harassment. In it, Kanako W. Ide inquires into the moral conditions around speaking out publicly about such incidents through critical analysis of the social norms of gender and economy. Jane Roland Martin's gender‐sensitive theory supports a discussion of how contemporary discourses against sexual/gendered harassment are embedded in the norms of a gender‐blind market economy. In seeking an alternative, gender‐sensitive discussion, the gift paradigm is addressed and critically examined. Ide applies the conceptual distinction between “labor” and “work” that informs gift theory to argue for the invisible spirit of the gift as an essence of feminine moral values. The Buddhist idea of altruism as asceticism is offered as a means of developing the concept of “labor” as a gift, and also as a way to conclude the essay by explaining negative incidents in an affirmative gift theory.
Estimates of fishing gear loss rates at a global scale: A literature review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Richardson Kelsey , Hardesty Britta Denise , Wilcox Chris
Published: September 2019

Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) represents a significant, yet ultimately unknown amount of global marine debris, with serious environmental and socioeconomic impacts. This study reviews 68 publications from 1975 to 2017 that contain quantitative information about fishing gear losses. Gear loss estimates reported by the studies ranged widely, with all net studies reviewed reporting annual gear loss rates from 0% to 79.8%, all trap studies reporting gear loss rates from 0% to 88%, and all line studies reporting gear loss rates from 0.1% to 79.2%. Information obtained from this review was used to perform a meta‐analysis that provides the first synthetic, statistically robust estimates of global fishing gear losses. The meta‐analysis estimates global fishing gear losses for different major gear types. We estimate that 5.7% of all fishing nets, 8.6% of all traps, and 29% of all lines are lost around the world each year. Furthermore, we identified key gear characteristics, operational aspects and environmental contexts that influence gear loss. These estimates can be used to support sustainable fisheries development through informing risk assessments for fisheries and monitoring and assessment efforts to reduce gear losses.
DNA G‐quadruplex stability, position and chromatin accessibility are associated with CpG island methylation
Authors: Jara‐Espejo Manuel , Line Sérgio Roberto
Published: September 2019

CpG islands (CGI) are genomic regions associated with gene promoters and involved in gene expression regulation. Despite their high CpG content and unlike bulk genomic DNA methylation pattern, these regions are usually hypomethylated. So far, the mechanisms controlling the CGI methylation patterning remain unclear. G‐quadruplex (G4) structures can inhibit DNA methyltransferases 1 enzymatic activity, leading to CGI hypomethylation. Our aim was to analyse the association of G4 forming sequences (G4FS) and CGI methylation as well as to determine the intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of G4FS that may modulate this phenomenon. Using methylation data from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and three hESC‐derived populations, we showed that hypomethylated CpGs located inside CGI (CGI/CpG) tend to be associated with highly stable G4FS (Minimum free energy ≤ −30 kcal·mol−1). The association of highly stable G4FS and hypomethylation tend to be stronger when these structures are located at shorter distances (~ < 150 bp) from GCI/CpGs, when G4FS and CpGs are located within open chromatin and G4FS are inside CGI. Moreover, this association is not strongly influenced by the CpG content of CGI. Conversely, highly methylated CGI/CpG tend to be associated with low stability G4FS. Although CpGs inside CGIs without a G4FS tend to be more methylated, high stability G4FS within CGI neighbourhood were associated with decreased methylation. In summary, our data indicate that G4FS may act as protective cis elements against CGI methylation, and this effect seems to be influenced by the G4FS folding potential, its presence within CGI, CpG distance from G4FS and chromatin accessibility.
On the biogenicity of Fe‐oxyhydroxide filaments in silicified low‐temperature hydrothermal deposits: Implications for the identification of Fe‐oxidizing bacteria in the rock record
Authors: Johannessen Karen C. , McLoughlin Nicola , Vullum Per Erik , Thorseth Ingunn H.
Published: September 2019

Microaerophilic Fe(II)‐oxidizing bacteria produce biomineralized twisted and branched stalks, which are promising biosignatures of microbial Fe oxidation in ancient jaspers and iron formations. Extracellular Fe stalks retain their morphological characteristics under experimentally elevated temperatures, but the extent to which natural post‐depositional processes affect fossil integrity remains to be resolved. We examined siliceous Fe deposits from laminated mounds and chimney structures from an extinct part of the Jan Mayen Vent Fields on the Arctic Mid‐Ocean Ridge. Our aims were to determine how early seafloor diagenesis affects morphological and chemical signatures of Fe‐oxyhydroxide biomineralization and how extracellular stalks differ from abiogenic features. Optical and scanning electron microscopy in combination with focused ion beam‐transmission electron microscopy (FIB‐TEM) was used to study the filamentous textures and cross sections of individual stalks. Our results revealed directional, dendritic, and radial arrangements of biogenic twisted stalks and randomly organized networks of hollow tubes. Stalks were encrusted by concentric Fe‐oxyhydroxide laminae and silica casings. Element maps produced by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) in TEM showed variations in the content of Si, P, and S within filaments, demonstrating that successive hydrothermal fluid pulses mediate early diagenetic alteration and modify the chemical composition and surface features of stalks through Fe‐oxyhydroxide mineralization. The carbon content of the stalks was generally indistinguishable from background levels, suggesting that organic compounds were either scarce initially or lost due to percolating hydrothermal fluids. Dendrites and thicker abiotic filaments from a nearby chimney were composed of nanometer‐sized microcrystalline iron particles and silica and showed Fe growth bands indicative of inorganic precipitation. Our study suggests that the identification of fossil stalks and sheaths of Fe‐oxidizing bacteria in hydrothermal paleoenvironments may not rely on the detection of organic carbon and demonstrates that abiogenic filaments differ from stalks and sheaths of Fe‐oxidizing bacteria with respect to width distribution, ultrastructure, and textural context.
Numerical Investigation of a Methane Leakage from a Geothermal Well into a Shallow Aquifer
Authors: D'Aniello Andrea , Fabbricino Massimiliano , Ducci Daniela , Pianese Domenico
Published: September 2019

The potential environmental impacts on subsurface water resources induced by unconventional gas production are still under debate. Solving the controversy regarding the potential adverse effects of gas leakages on groundwater resources is therefore crucial. In this work, an interesting real‐world case is presented in order to give further insight into methane multiphase and transport behavior in the shallow subsurface, often disregarded compared to the behavior in the deep subsurface. Multiphase flow and solute transport simulations were performed to assess the vulnerability of an existing shallow unconfined aquifer with respect to a hypothetical methane leakage resulting from a well integrity failure of a former deep geothermal well. The analysis showed that migration of gaseous methane through the aquifer under examination can be extremely fast (of the order of a few minutes), occurring predominantly vertically upwards, close to the well. By contrast, dissolved methane migration is largely affected by the groundwater flow field and occurs over larger time scales (of the order of months/years), covering a greater distance from the well. Overall, the real concern for this site in case of gas leakages is the risk of explosion in the close vicinity of the well. Predicted maximum gaseous fluxes (0.89 to 22.60 m3/d) are comparable to those reported for leaking wells, and maximum dissolved methane concentrations may overcome risk mitigation thresholds (7 to 10 mg/L) in a few years. Therefore, surface and subsurface monitoring before decommissioning is strongly advised to ensure the safety of the site.
Characterization of the mutation spectrum in a Pakistani cohort of type 3 von Willebrand disease
Authors: Ahmed Shariq , Yadegari Hamideh , Naz Arshi , Biswas Arijit , Budde Ulrich , Saqlain Nazish , Amanat Samina , Tariq Shehla , Raziq Fazle , Masood Shahtaj , Pavlova Anna , Shamsi Tahir Sultan , Oldenburg Johannes
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Type 3 von Willebrand disease (VWD), a severe autosomal recessive hereditary bleeding disorder, is described by the virtual absence of von Willebrand factor (VWF). In consanguineous populations, for example Pakistan, the disease is reported with a higher incidence rate than the worldwide prevalence.

Aims

This study aims to characterize molecular pathology and clinical profile of type 3 VWD cohort of Pakistani origin.

Methods

In total, 48 patients were enrolled in the current study. Initially, the index patients (IPs) were evaluated by a standardized questionnaire for recording bleeding manifestations and by performing conventional coagulation tests. The diagnosis of VWD type 3 was confirmed by VWF antigens less than 5 IU/dL. Direct sequencing of VWF gene (VWF) was carried out to identify causative gene variations. We evaluated the potential consequence of novel splice site and missense variations by predictive computational programs and in silico structural analysis.

Results

VWF mutations were detected in 46 out of 48 IPs (95.8%), predominantly as homozygous variants. In total, twenty‐nine different gene defects were characterized in this cohort from which 10 (34.5%) are novel. The majority of the mutations were null alleles (66%; including gene conversions, nonsense, splice site variations, small deletions and insertions), and 34% of them were missense substitutions.

Conclusion

Herein, we reported for the first time, the pattern of gene defects in Pakistani type 3 VWD cohort. We identified a wide heterogeneous mutation spectrum along with variability in the type of bleeding episodes.
Recommendations to improve patient‐centred care for ductal carcinoma in situ: Qualitative focus groups with women
Authors: Nyhof Bryanna B. , Wright Frances C. , Look Hong Nicole J. , Groot Gary , Helyer Lucy , Meiers Pamela , Quan May Lynn , Baxter Nancy N. , Urquhart Robin , Warburton Rebecca , Gagliardi Anna R.
Published: September 2019

Background

Patient‐centred care (PCC) improves health‐care experiences and outcomes. Women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and clinicians have reported communication difficulties. Little prior research has studied how to improve communication and PCC for DCIS.

Objective

This study explored how to achieve PCC for DCIS.

Design

Canadian women treated for DCIS from five provinces participated in semi‐structured focus groups based on a 6‐domain cancer‐specific PCC framework to discuss communication about DCIS. Data were analysed using constant comparative technique.

Setting and Participants

Thirty‐five women aged 30 to 86 participated in five focus groups at five hospitals.

Results

Women said their clinicians used multiple approaches for fostering a healing relationship; however, most described an absence of desired information or behaviour to exchange information, respond to emotions, manage uncertainty, make decisions and enable self‐management. Most women were confused by terminology, offered little information about the risks of progression/recurrence, uninformed about treatment benefits and risks, frustrated with lack of engagement in decision making, given little information about follow‐up plans or self‐care advice, and received no acknowledgement or offer of emotional support.

Discussion and Conclusions

By comparing the accounts of women with DCIS to a PCC framework, we identified limitations and inconsistencies in women's lived experience of communication about DCIS, and approaches by which clinicians can more consistently achieve PCC for DCIS. Future research should develop and evaluate informational tools to support PCC for DCIS.
Chemical, rheological and sensory characteristics of sweet spreads made from by‐products of soya bean and maize
Authors: Žilić Slađana , Simić Marijana , Belović Miona , Škrobot Dubravka , Srdić Jelena , Perić Vesna
Published: September 2019

Sweet maize cob (SMC) and black soya bean seed coat (BSC) were used to prepare a sweet spread. Chemical composition of the prepared spread and its rheological and sensory characteristics were investigated. The results were compared with those of commercial plum and raspberry jams and spreads. Spreads made from SMC and BSC had the highest content of proteins, total fibres, hemicellulose and cellulose. In relation to fruit jams, they are distinguished by the presence and content of p‐coumaric, ferulic and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acids, as well as of flavonoids such as catechin and quercetin. SMC spread with 3.2% of BSC had the highest content of total anthocyanins (666.75 mg CGE kg−1) (cyanidin 3‐glucoside equivalent). Cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (Cy‐3‐Glu) was the most abundant anthocyanins in SMC/BSC containing spreads, while in raspberry jam, that was cyanidin‐3‐sophoroside (Cy‐3‐Sop). According to chemical, rheological and sensory properties, SMC/BSC containing spreads could be competitive with fruit jams and spreads.
Feasibility study of automated interactive voice response telephone calls with community health nurse follow‐up to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Pichayapinyo Panan , Saslow Laura R. , Aikens James E. , Marinec Nicolle , Sillabutra Jutatip , Rattanapongsai Piyamon , Piette John D.
Published: September 2019

Background

Thailand has a shortage of community health nurses for supporting the self‐management of type 2 diabetes, which is prevalent and poorly controlled.

Aim

This study examined the feasibility and acceptability of a self‐care assistance programme for poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. The SukapapNet programme consisted of automated interactive voice response calls to patients and automated follow‐up email notifications to their nurses.

Design

Single‐arm pre‐post trial.

Methods

Six nurses and 35 type 2 diabetes patients were recruited from primary care settings in suburban provinces in Thailand. The study was conducted from June 2017 to November 2017. We assessed patients before and after 12 weeks of the SukapapNet intervention.

Results

Mean glycated haemoglobin decreased by 0.9%. Patients reported reduced carbohydrate consumption, increased physical activity, increased medication adherence, improved sleep quality, and more frequent foot care. Patients and nurses both recommended using the intervention, although nurses expressed concerns regarding increased workload.

Conclusions

The study programme could improve outcomes in Thai type 2 diabetes patients. Further study of the impact of technology upon nurses' workload is warranted.
A rare case of acral amelanotic melanoma, nodular type
Authors: Mohammed Saeed Dereen , Braniecki Marylee , Groth John V.
Published: September 2019

Amelanotic melanoma is a rare melanoma subtype, and it is even more rare when it occurs at an acral site. We here present a case of a nodular amelanotic acral melanoma (NAAM) occurring on the heel of an 83‐year old female. It presented as an ulcerated pink nodular growth on the heel, which clinically mimicked other nodular non‐pigmented lesions, causing a delay in diagnosis until it was biopsied. This case is a demonstration of the critical importance to include NAAM in the differential diagnosis of nodular non‐pigmented skin lesions as to avoid delay in diagnosis and disease progression, in which early detection can provide the most modifiable prognostic factor.
Occupational stress and cognitive failure of nurses and associations with self‐reported adverse events: A national cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Kakemam Edris , Kalhor Roholla , Khakdel Zahra , Khezri Ali , West Sancia , Visentin Denis , Cleary Michelle
Published: September 2019

Aim

To determine correlations for nurse self‐reported occupational stress, prevalence of cognitive failure (CF), and adverse events.

Design

Cross‐sectional nationwide survey.

Methods

Tertiary‐level public hospitals (N = 115) from 13 provinces in Iran were recruited and 2,895 nurses surveyed (August 2016–December 2017). Participants’ self‐reported demographic information, occupational stress, CF, and frequency of adverse events were analysed using chi‐square, t tests, and binary logistic regression.

Results

This study showed that 29.1% of nurses had experienced adverse events in the past six months. Significant predictors for reported adverse events from logistic regression were ‘Role stressors’, ‘Interpersonal relations stressors’, and ‘Action’, while ‘Working environment stressors’ was protective for reported adverse events. Demographic predictors of adverse events were longer work hours and male gender, while those working in critical care units, general wards, and other wards had higher reported adverse events than for emergency wards.

Conclusions

Occupational stress and CF are associated with the reporting of adverse events. Further research is needed to assess interventions to address occupational stress and CF to reduce adverse events.

Impact

Adverse events compromise patient safety, lead to increased healthcare costs, and impact nursing staff. Higher self‐reported adverse events were associated with higher reported stressors and CF. Understanding the factors that influence occupational stress, CF, and adverse events will support quality patient care and safety.
Senescence in the city: exploring ageing patterns of a long‐lived raptor across an urban gradient
Authors: Sumasgutner Petra , Koeslag Ann , Amar Arjun
Published: September 2019

In many vertebrates, productivity and survival usually increase with age and then start to decline above a certain age; processes known as reproductive and actuarial senescence. Senescence is widely believed to be driven by the accumulation of somatic damage or mutations. Thus, levels of such cellular damage, and therefore senescence could, in theory, differ between different habitats if they experience different stressors. Urban environments expose animals to a wide range of stressors that pose a challenge to physiological systems and might accelerate the ageing process. We studied productivity and survival of black sparrowhawks across an urban gradient in Cape Town, South Africa. We hypothesise that productivity and survival will first increase with age, but that productivity and survival will then decline above a certain age, due to senescence. Furthermore, we hypothesise that rates of senescence will be accelerated in more urban areas. We used 17 years of data from colour‐ringed individuals. We found no indication of any improvement in productivity with age in early‐life, but we did detect reproductive senescence, with productivity declining above six years of age. However, contrary to our predictions, there were no differences in reproductive senescence along the urban gradient. Similarly, we found that survival rates of adults did not show any strong improvement with age in early life, but decreased with age amongst older birds, providing support for actuarial senescence. However, once again no differences in this pattern were apparent along the urban gradient. This study represents one of the first to examine differences in senescence rates in different habitats. Our results suggest that for this urban adapted species, senescence patterns do not vary according to levels of urbanisation. Whether this pattern holds for species more sensitive to urbanisation remains worthy of exploration.
Powerful CEOs, cash bonus contracts and firm performance
Authors: Bachmann Rebecca L. , Loyeung Anna , Matolcsy Zoltan P. , Spiropoulos Helen
Published: September 2019

We investigate whether powerful chief executive officers (CEOs) influence the conditions of their cash bonus contracts. Specifically, we examine (i) the association between CEO power and the proportion of ex‐ante cash bonus to base salary (bonus ratio), (ii) the association between CEO power and the relative use of non‐financial to financial performance targets in cash bonus contracts, and (iii) the performance consequences of incorporating non‐financial targets in cash bonus contracts. Results show that powerful CEOs are associated with greater ex‐ante bonus ratios and higher proportions of non‐financial performance targets compared to less powerful CEOs. Furthermore, the use of quantitative and corporate social responsibility (CSR)‐related non‐financial performance targets is positively associated with subsequent firm performance, and the use of undefined non‐financial performance targets is negatively associated with subsequent firm performance. These results are robust to alternative econometric specifications and variable definitions.
Expert panel consensus recommendations for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in Asia: The HOPE Asia Network
Authors: Kario Kazuomi , Shin Jinho , Chen Chen‐Huan , Buranakitjaroen Peera , Chia Yook‐Chin , Divinagracia Romeo , Nailes Jennifer , Hoshide Satoshi , Siddique Saulat , Sison Jorge , Soenarta Arieska Ann , Sogunuru Guru Prasad , Tay Jam Chin , Teo Boon Wee , Turana Yuda , Zhang Yuqing , Park Sungha , Van Minh Huynh , Wang Ji‐Guang
Published: September 2019

Hypertension is an important public health issue because of its association with a number of significant diseases and adverse outcomes. However, there are important ethnic differences in the pathogenesis and cardio‐/cerebrovascular consequences of hypertension. Given the large populations and rapidly aging demographic in Asian regions, optimal strategies to diagnose and manage hypertension are of high importance. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is an important out‐of‐office blood pressure (BP) measurement tool that should play a central role in hypertension detection and management. The use of ABPM is particularly important in Asia due to the specific features of hypertension in Asian patients, including a high prevalence of masked hypertension, disrupted BP variability with marked morning BP surge, and nocturnal hypertension. This HOPE Asia Network document summarizes region‐specific literature on the relationship between ABPM parameters and cardiovascular risk and target organ damage, providing a rationale for consensus‐based recommendations on the use of ABPM in Asia. The aim of these recommendations is to guide and improve clinical practice to facilitate optimal BP monitoring with the goal of optimizing patient management and expediting the efficient allocation of treatment and health care resources. This should contribute to the HOPE Asia Network mission of improving the management of hypertension and organ protection toward achieving “zero” cardiovascular events in Asia.
Combined effects of glycerol and petrolatum in an emollient cream: A randomized, double‐blind, crossover study in healthy volunteers with dry skin
Authors: Vaillant Loïc , Georgescou Gabriela , Rivollier Constance , Delarue Alain
Published: September 2019

Background

The stratum corneum plays an important protective physiological role in providing a barrier to preventing skin desiccation and penetration of external agents. Emollients are used commonly to improve barrier function and skin hydration.

Aims

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an emollient, V0034CR cream, and its active ingredients, to restore the cutaneous barrier. Secondary objectives included assessment of the moisturizing activity of each product and tolerance. The study was not designed to evaluate therapeutic benefit.

Methods

In this randomized, double‐blind, 4‐arm crossover, clinical pharmacology study, the full emollient V0034CR, its vehicle formulation alone, or with glycerol, or petrolatum, was applied to the forearms of healthy volunteers (n = 51) with dry skin (Kligman score of 2 or 3). Cutaneous permeability by Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) and skin moisture content by corneometry were serially measured for 12 hours following application. An analysis of variance with repeated measures was performed on the evolution of TEWL and corneometry.

Results

V0034CR emollient significantly reduced mean TEWL compared to vehicle (P = .0018) and vehicle + glycerol (P = .0001) and significantly increased mean corneometry scores compared to vehicle (P < .0001) and vehicle + petrolatum (P < .0001).

Conclusions

The emollient V0034CR presented combined effects, with the petrolatum component improving skin barrier function, with a reduction in TEWL, and the glycerol component improving skin hydration.
Child participation in health care (ChiPaC)—Development and psychometric evaluation of a self‐report instrument for children's participation in health care
Authors: Gilljam Britt‐Mari , Arvidsson Susann , Nygren Jens M. , Svedberg Petra
Published: September 2019

Aims and objectives

To develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a self‐report instrument measuring 6‐ to 12‐year‐old children's own experiences of participation in health care.

Background

Validated measures to evaluate children's participation in health care can play a critical role in strategic work towards supporting children's participation at an individual level and in working towards quality improvements at an organisational level. There are, however, no available instruments to achieve this.

Methods

An instrument development design was used, together with the TRIPOD checklist. Item construction was based on research about children's perspectives on participation in health care and Shier's model for participation. The face and content validity was evaluated by 14 healthy children, 9 paediatric nurses and 8 children with different diseases. The construct validity, internal consistency and stability reliability were evaluated based on data from 138 children visiting a paediatric clinic.

Results

The testing of the face and content validity resulted in an instrument with child‐friendly language, additional instructions and visual attractive presentation. The principle component analysis resulted in the four‐factor solution: “To be included,” “To trust professionals,” “To take control,” and “To understand information.” Internal consistency and intraclass correlation coefficients were acceptable.

Conclusion

We conclude that the child participation in health care (ChiPaC) instrument has adequate reliability and validity when used to evaluate children's participation in health care. The involvement of children in the development of ChiPaC resulted in a brief, colourful and user‐friendly instrument for use in paediatric health care.

Relevance to clinical practice

This new questionnaire, ChiPaC, is adapted for children between 6–12 years measuring participation in health care from a child perspective. ChiPaC can be used in the practical work of supporting individual children's participation in health care as well as in the strategical work towards quality improvements on an organisational level.
Evaluation of (1 → 3)‐β‐D‐glucan assay for diagnosing paracoccidioidomycosis
Authors: Melo Analy Salles de Azevedo , Santos Daniel Wagner de Castro Lima , Lima Soraia Lopes , Rodrigues Anderson Messias , de Camargo Zoilo Pires , Finkelman Malcolm , Colombo Arnaldo Lopes
Published: September 2019

Background

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is highly prevalent in Latin America, but no commercial system is available for diagnosing this endemic mycosis.

Objectives

To check the performance of (1 → 3)‐β‐D‐glucan assay (BDG) for diagnosing  PCM in 29 patients with proven fungal disease and compared with double immunodiffusion assay for detecting anti‐Paracoccidioides antibodies.

Patients and Methods

We selected 52 serum samples sequentially obtained from 29 patients with active PCM (12 chronic and 17 acute form). Samples were collected at baseline, and for 16 patients, additional serum levels were obtained after 3 and 6 months of antifungal treatment. Detection of BDG in serum was performed by using the Fungitell® assay. For the double immunodiffusion assay, Paracoccidioides exoantigen was used in latex agglutination tests to detect serum anti‐Paracoccidioides antibodies.

Results

Despite exhibiting good sensitivity in the diagnosis of patients with PCM, we failed to demonstrate any correlation between the postdiagnosis kinetic profile of BDG serum levels and clinical response to antifungal therapy. This finding may be related to the maintenance of quiescent foci of fungal infection in several organs and tissues, a phenomenon that has been previously reported by other authors and helps to understand why so many relapses are documented in patients treated for short periods of time. Finally, we did not find any correlation between BDG quantification and specific anti‐P brasiliensis antibodies serum titres in patients with PCM.

Conclusions

In conclusion, BDG is detected in serum samples of most patients with PCM but is probably not useful for predicting clinical response to antifungal therapy.
Two new species of Microlicia D.Don (Melastomataceae) from campos rupestres in eastern Brazil
Authors: Romero Rosana , Souza Caetano Ana Paula , dos Santos Karine Fonseca , De‐Paula Orlando Cavalari , Alves Versiane Ana Flávia
Published: September 2019

Two new species of Microlicia (Melastomataceae) endemic to campos rupestres in Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil, are described, illustrated and compared with their putative relatives. Microlicia rugosa sp. nov. is similar to M. minutiflora and M. martiana by having fastigiate branches, ascending, lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves with obtuse apex, attenuate base and entire margin, flower with short pedicels (1−2 mm long), magenta petals, and dimorphic stamens. Microlicia rugosa is further characterized by wrinkled surface of hypanthium and sepals, and both leaf surfaces with distinct depressions, which sometimes contain short‐stalked glandular trichomes. Microlicia viscida sp. nov. is similar to M. martiana, M. furnensis and M. rugosa mainly by having fastigiate branches, terete stems without leaves at the base and the bark gradually peeling to reveal the underlying brownish wood and leaves with similar size and shape. Microlicia viscida is characterized by a conspicuous secretion covering branches, leaves, hypanthium and sepals, giving a smooth and bright appearance. The leaf anatomy of both new species is briefly described. Microlicia rugosa and M. viscida are assessed as ‘Endangered’ and ‘Critically Endangered’ respectively, due to its limited extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, according to the IUCN categories and criteria.
Safety and efficacy of transvenous lead extractions for noninfectious superfluous leads in a Japanese population: A single‐center experience
Authors: Higuchi Satoshi , Shoda Morio , Saito Satoshi , Kanai Miwa , Kataoka Shohei , Yazaki Kyoichiro , Yagishita Daigo , Ejima Koichiro , Hagiwara Nobuhisa
Published: September 2019

Background

A challenging decision exists as whether to abandon or remove noninfectious superfluous leads during lead revisions or cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) upgrades. There is insufficient data in the Asian population to guide decision making.

Methods

This study investigated the safety and efficacy of transvenous lead extractions (TLEs) in a high‐volume Japanese center. Among a total of 341 patients who underwent lead revisions or CIED upgrades between 2008 and 2018, 53 patients (16%) who underwent TLEs to remove the superfluous leads were analyzed.

Results

Indications for TLE were vascular issues (60%), recalled leads (21%), growth of the body size (6%), abandoned leads in young patients (6%), switch to a subcutaneous implanted cardiac defibrillator (4%), need for an MRI conditional CIED (2%), and risks of vascular injury (2%). The population included 29 patients (55%) with nonfunctional leads and 24 (45%) with functional abandoned leads. A total of 74 target leads (mean 1.4 leads/person, median lead age 6.7 years) were extracted with a complete removal achieved in 98%. All coexisting leads, intended for continued use, were not damaged. All new leads (mean 1.4 leads/person) that had been simultaneously implanted during the TLE procedures were successfully implanted. There was one minor complication (2%) involving a pericardial effusion but it did not affect the hemodynamics.

Conclusions

In this Japanese single center experience, the removal of noninfectious superfluous leads with TLEs seemed to be a safe and effective therapeutic option.
Income Shocks, Inequality, and Democracy*
Authors: Kotschy Rainer , Sunde Uwe
Published: September 2019

In this paper, motivated by contradictory evidence on the effect of income on democracy, we investigate the hypothesis that it is income shocks – major income fluctuations relative to the trend – rather than marginal year‐on‐year variation in income levels that lead to non‐trivial changes in the quality of political institutions. Empirical results provide support for this hypothesis, and show how income inequality plays a crucial role in the effects of economic shocks on democracy. In particular, negative income shocks reveal a positive effect on democracy in countries with high inequality, and vice versa.