bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El agarre adecuado de la espada en el Iaido Muso Jikiden Eishin-ryu
Authors: Suino Nicklaus
Published: June 2015

No abstract available
La Danza del León del sur de China en Canadá: la influencia de James Lore en las artes marciales
Authors: Young Will Robin
Published: June 2015

No abstract available
Introducción a las formas de combate cuerpo a cuerpo en el medio acuático
Authors: Ibáñez Espinosa Miguel Ángel
Published: June 2015

No abstract available.
Estudio de las primeras obras sobre artes marciales escritas en español
Authors: Gutiérrez García Carlos
Published: June 2015

No English abstract available
El general chino Yue Fei: hechos, relatos y misterios de las artes marciales
Authors: Henning Stanley E.
Published: June 2015

Yue Fei (1103-1142), the famous Southern Song dynasty general who successfully resisted Jin (Jurched) incursions until he was murdered at the age of 39 as a result of court intrigues, has been credited with a number of boxing schools. While the historical record has not supported these relationships, there were reasons for the myths, which have persisted to the present. This article clarifies the Yue Fei-martial arts connection by use of original Chinese historical materials, including Yue Fei’s biographical record, and a visit to the Yue Fei Temple in Hangzhou. It confirms Yue Fei’s known martial arts skills and explains the factors behind his recognition as one of China’s most revered patriots and martial arts symbols.
Los diez errores principales de los artistas marciales al defenderse de un arma blanca
Authors: McCurry John , Grossman Eliot Lee
Published: June 2015

There are ten deadly errors which make most empty-handed martial-arts techniques against a knife ineffective. The principal error stems from the fact that few present-day martial systems teach the blade. The premise of this article is that to effectively defend against a knife, you need to know how to use one. The purpose of this article is to motivate martial arts instructors to analyze more critically their unarmed knife defense techniques based on a clear understanding of the use of the knife, and to reawaken interest in the blade arts in the martial arts community.
La integración de ideas de un Guerrero de la Vida: una entrevista con Leo Fong
Authors: Hobart Peter
Published: June 2015

Mr. Leo Fong is the architect and founder of a system of martial arts known as Wei Kuen Do (man. Hui Quan Dao)—the Way of the Integrated Fist. Leo Fong trained in a variety of Chinese disciplines, including Shaolin, Choy Lay Fut and Tiger Claw, and was a close associate of Bruce Lee. Over the course of his studies, Master Fong combined many of the aspects of Chinese martial arts with principles of western boxing, to produce his own, unique and devastating system of self-defense.
Miedo a caer. El taijiquan como forma de terapia de exposición gradual en vivo
Authors: Kachur Shane , Carleton R. Nicholas , Asmundson Gordon
Published: June 2015

Falls in the elderly can cause injuries that lead to loss of independence. Loss of postural sway, balance, and slower reaction times are strong predictors of falling (Lajoie & Gallagher, 2004). Traditional exercise programs focus on studying and treating these factors (Tideiksaar, 1997); however, fear of falling – another strong predictor of falls – has received relatively little attention in the treatment literature (Maki et al., 1991). There are indications of a direct link between fear of falling, and actual falls (Myers et al., 1996), and a relationship between fear-related avoidance of activities and falling (Delbaere et al., 2004). Taijiquan, an ancient Chinese martial art turned exercise regimen (Wolf et al., 2001), has been shown to be effective ameliorating fear of falling and traditional antecedents of falling (Tsang et al., 2004). Like graded exposure therapies, Taijiquan practitioners slowly and progressively achieve increasingly difficult postures that simulate potentially fearful situations in a calming environment. Relative to other exercise treatments, such as computerized balance training, education, and graded exercise, Taijiquan has produced significant reductions in fear of falling and in actual falls (McGibbon et al., 2005). Herein the available research on Taijiquan and falls is reviewed to advocate for Taijiquan as a form of graded exposure therapy to reduce fear of falling and falls in seniors. Implications and future research directions will be discussed.
Habilidades fundamentales y cuatro formas básicas de juji gatame (luxación en cruz)
Authors: Scott Steve
Published: June 2015

The topic of the article is the four core skills of how to perform the juji gatame (cross-body armlock). The purpose of the article is to present an organized series of skills that are progressively stepped. The reader will better understand the skills of juji gatame and be able to start with a fundamental skill, then progress on to a more complex skill, but all in the context that the four skills presented contitute a core base of technical ability that will help any interested person perform juji gatame more effectively. The skills presented are based on the author’s 42 years of training and coaching and based on the approach taken by numerous European judo and sambo armlock specialists. My conclusion is that if the four core skills presented in this article are sutdies, practiced and developed by the reader, the reader will have not only a better understanding of juji gatame, but also have progesssively better skill in performing the technique, especially in stress or competitive situations. 
Un análisis preliminar de la estructura de la kata Goju-ryu
Authors: Cámara Fernando Portela , Mckenna Mario
Published: June 2015

Miyagi Chojun (1888-1953) was the founder of Goju-ryu; a karate-do style that purportedly had ties to a Chinese boxing school established on Okinawa in 1828 and was based on the teachings of his primary instructor Higaonna Kanryo (1850-1915). Yet, the continuity of modern Goju-ryu with respect to its katas (forms) and these historical sources has never been established. Therefore, we employed a statistical technique to examine the relationship between the classical katas of modern Goju-ryu. It was reasoned that there would be continuity across all katas of modern Goju-ryu if they indeed came from a similar source. The results were insightful and suggest the possible origins of Goju-ryu katas.
Las artes marciales y los deportes de combate en números: una mirada exploratoria sobre los datos numéricos o estadísticos en Portugal
Authors: Rosa Vítor
Published: June 2015

Anyone who wishes to study martial arts or combat sports in Portugal is almost obliged to obtain numerical or statistical information. However, we should consider that statistics, whatever the situation, are not an objective reality. For the users its fundamental to be aware of the need to obtain a maximum control over the statistics production processes: who have produce them, with what objectives and the purpose scope. In this work we intend to identify, analyse and reflect over the principal numerical or statistical data produced by different entities over the subject of martial arts or combat sports in Portugal. The results obtained show that martial-sportive modalities have been grown in practitioners number, and that the available data are very irregular and, sometimes, confused. After all, the absence of data appears as a semiotic sign of disease and dysfunction in its organization.
“La contribución del judo a la educación” de Jigoro Kano. Introducción, traducción y notas
Authors: Gutiérrez García Carlos , Pérez Gutiérrez Mikel
Published: June 2015

This paper translates and comments Jigoro Kano’s (1860-1938) conference The Contribution of Judo to Education, which the founder of Kodokan Judo gave at the University of Southern California (Los Angeles) in 1932. Through its lecture not only we appreciate Kano’s conception on judo, but also some of his personality characteristics revealing the amplitude of his knowledge and a humanistic character based on rationality and cooperation between individuals and countries.
La proyección Kharbarelli: cómo y por qué funciona esta técnica
Authors: Scott Steve
Published: June 2015

The throwing technique that came to be known as the Kharbarelli Pick-up in the world of competitive judo is a good example of how different cultures and their unique grappling traditions have changed the look of this Olympic sport. This presentation of the Kharbarelli Pick-up illustrates and explains the theory, mechanics, and application of this unorthodox, effective and crowd-pleasing throwing technique. The author has an extensive background in sambo and judo and studied this technique for a number of years after seeing it used in international judo and sambo events. The Kharbarelli Pick-up, while considered “unorthodox” and not Japanese in origin, is effective because it exhibits the common elements of using an opponent’s balance and movement in the same way a “traditional” judo throw does.
Atacar rodando en sambo
Authors: Koepfer Stephen
Published: June 2015

In recent years the Soviet born martial art of sambo has become increasingly well known in martial art circles. This is largely due to the success of sambo fighters in various mixed martial art venues. Offered here is a brief description of sambo’s development as well as a delineation of one of sambo’s hallmark strategies: offensive rolling. Examples of proper forward rolling and three related offensive techniques are presented. This paper provides a brief introduction to sambo’s history and one of its key tactical philosophies.
Las técnicas de la esgrima persa
Authors: Khorasani Manouchehr Moshtagh
Published: June 2015

There are numerous manuscripts, poems and stories that describe, specifically and in detail, the different techniques used in Persian swordsmanship. The present article explains the origins and the techniques of Persian swordsmanship. The article also describes the traditional code of conduct for Persian warriors. Additionally, it describes an array of techniques that were deployed in actual combat in Iran’s history. Some of these techniques are represented via the miniatures that are reproduced herein. This is the first article on Persian swordsmanship published in any periodical.
La espada de la sabiduría: reflexiones en torno a la filosofía y espiritualidad del ken jutsu y del iaido
Authors: Collado Valencia José Manuel
Published: June 2015

Iaido (fast drawing of the sword) and Ken Jutsu (saber fencing) are two Japanese martial arts that have overcome their pragmatic character to become spiritual ways of self-cultivation. In this essay, the author presents some of the keys and fundamental ideas that support this concept. From this perspective, the mysticism of both disciplines already starts at the very forging process of the sword and spreads to the last performance of the techniques, when the player is released from all that binds him to the world through the cutting gesture.
El combate con armas blancas cortas en la esgrima persa
Authors: Khorasani Manouchehr Moshtagh
Published: June 2015

The combat with short-edged weapons has a long tradition in Iran. There are several traditional types of Persian knives and daggers. They can generally be classified into three main categories that were used by Persian warriors in close cambat: kārd (knife), xanjar (dagger), and pišqabz (a type of knife/dagger with an S-shaped blade). The pišqabz was also called dešne. The following article presents these different weapons, analyzing their basic features and variations, the way of carrying and unsheathing them, and the corresponding techniques of use of each weapon.
La Espada Recta Qingping. ¿El último sistema chino de espada vivo?
Authors: Berwick Stephan
Published: June 2015

The following examination of classical Chinese straight sword (jian) details the very rare Qingping straight sword system. The study meshes Chinese- and English-sourced research with a revealing interview (conducted by America’s senior Qingping disciples, Reza Momenan and Hon Lee) with Lu Junhai—the grandmaster of this unique sword system. The author presents Qingping system as perhaps the only known, complete Chinese sword system surviving from China’s pre-Rebulican era (1911-1949).
Instrucción progresiva inherente a la práctica estandarizada de la forma utilizando el Iaido como ejemplo
Authors: Taylor Kim
Published: June 2015

The practice of kata, or pre-arranged, patterned movements in the martial arts, allows a student to learn specific basic movements, and to understand the meaning behind them. Many kata-based martial arts organize their curriculum into sets of practice. Using iaido (sword drawing) as an example, this paper demonstrates how a set of practice can build, one kata after the other, from simple to more complex ideas and provide a deeper understanding of the entire set.
Informe sobre el II Congresso Científico de Artes Marciais e Desportos de Combate
Authors: Rosa Vítor
Published: June 2015

This text resumes the communications and posters presented at the II Scientific Congress of Martial Arts and Combat Sports (CCMACS), held on 16 and 17 May 2009, in the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu (Portugal). In an environment characterized by a significant international presence and a wide variety of thematics issues presented, a total of 38 communications and 13 posters were exposed, organized in six major areas: 1) Study object, research and systematic of martial arts and combat sports (MA&CS), 2) Physical, technique and tactics dimensions of MA&CS; 3) Pedagogical, psychological and tactics dimensions of MA&CS; 4) Socio-cultural and philosophical dimensions of MA&CS; 5) The martial arts in Portugal; and 6) Posters. The results of the Congress allow us to affirm the growing interest of the MA&CS as a subject of academic study, and to certify the importance of this type of event to the knowledge and build of networks among researchers in the MA&CS.
Taiji estilo Xiong en Taiwán: desarrollo histórico & exposición fotográfica protagonizada por el maestro Lin Jianhong
Authors: DeMarco Michael A.
Published: June 2015

This article presents a branch of Yang Family Taijiquan that is little-known outside of Taiwan. It is called Xiong Style after Xiong Yanghe (1888 ~1981). However, what little that has been published in English about Master Xiong is confusing and sometimes contradictory. By utilizing Chinese published sources (including Xiong’s own published writings), unpublished documents by his leading disciples, related websites in Taiwan, personal observations, and photographic documentation, information assembled here should provide a comprehensive overview of Xiong Style Taiji. English language sources are utilized to provide the socio-political setting that had a profound impact on the early Yang Family Taiji development. The main conclusions concern Xiong’s lineage, his preservation of the art, and its significance for the understanding of all taijiquan branches as a martial art and exercise for health.
La filosofía aristotélica de las artes marciales
Authors: Hackney Charles H.
Published: June 2015

Aristotle’s approach to ethics is proposed as a useful way to understand the role that the martial arts play in the life of the martial artist. Neo-Aristotelian philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre, in his classic work After Virtue, introduces the concept of a eudaimonic practice, a form of social activity in which pursuing excellence in the practice results in the practitioner also becoming a better person. It is argued that the martial arts can best be described as such a practice. This approach reconciles a broad range of divergent perspectives on the martial arts, and coherently describes how training as a martial artist can contribute to high levels of functioning in one’s relationships and social roles, connecting the martial arts to the overall process of becoming a morally-excellent human being through growth in the virtues.
El arma sagrada: el combate con arco y flecha en Irán
Authors: Khorasani Manouchehr Moshtagh
Published: June 2015

The following article presents the development of the bow and arrow, and its important role in the history of Iran. The bow always played an important role not only on the battlefield, but also in hunting. It was also considered as a sacred weapon and additionally a royal symbol. Bow and arrow were considered as a superior weapon in comparison with other types of weapons because one could fight with them at a safer distance as one offered by swords, maces and axes. The first part of the article presents a short history of the bow in Iran. Based on historical Persian manuscripts, the next part explains the structure of the composite bow and the materials used for making it. The third part describes some types of bows based on the material, place of production, the usage, and bow type based on the length of the bow and the arrows. The following part talks about different types of arrows based on morphology of arrowheads, the type of plume/feather, the material of the shaft, the material of the arrowhead, the length of arrows, the target of arrows, the place of production of arrowheads and terms for describing its different features of an arrowhead. Then, the article talks about different types of thumb rings, bowstrings, quivers and bow cases and arrow guides for shooting short arrows. The next part discusses different principles of archery as explained in Persian manuscripts. Finally the article describes different archery targets.
Entrenando la parte inferior del cuerpo para mejorar las posturas, desplazamientos y patadas
Authors: Pittman Allen
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this article is to present various training methods for the lower body thereby making them immediately available to the readers to further their own training. The lower body will be defined generally as the region of the body from the waist (area between short rib and hip bone) downward. The training methods presented will work along two major lines of reference—that of time or history i.e. modern methods verses traditional methods, and that of geography and culture or “East verses West.” For reading ease, the presentation will follow a sequence going from ideas more common to martial arts practitioners to less common ideas. In this way a reader can bridge familiar and unfamiliar concepts without losing orientation to the main theme.
Infecciones cutáneas en las artes de combate cuerpo a cuerpo (grappling)
Authors: Jones Brian
Published: June 2015

This article covers the incidence, symptoms, and treatment of skin infections common among grapplers. The purpose is to educate grapplers, coaches, and parents about the risk of skin infections, identification of infections, and steps to treat and prevent outbreaks. The information in this article is drawn from primary and medical reference literature. It is concluded that prevention is key and the appropriate measures should be taken to prevent the spread of infections. Grapplers of all styles should adhere to the guidelines set forth by the NCAA Wrestling Handbook when determining eligibility for practice or competition.
Combate integrador: una perspectiva empírica de las artes marciales
Authors: Vey Gregory
Published: June 2015

There have been many past efforts to define the martial arts and to render them in a pseudoscientific manner. The present work attempts to delineate a subset of the greater entity of the martial arts that is primarily concerned with combat as an observable, measurable, and testable phenomenon. The term Integrative Combat (IC) is proposed here to denote such a research area. Applying the tenets of empirical reductionism, a model for IC is proposed that consists of three layers of conceptual abstraction. The IC model offers a means to envision scientific research on combat and to illustrate the benefits of interconnectivity between diverse research interests undertaken from varying levels of conceptual complexity. By forging a scientific approach to the martial arts it becomes possible to achieve new heights of technical knowledge and combative expertise. Thus, IC has the potential to emerge as its own powerful and legitimate field of study.
Atención y tiempo de reacción en practicantes de kárate Shotokan
Authors: VencesBrito António , Silva Carlos , Cid Luis , Ferreira Dora , Marques Ana
Published: June 2015

The aim of this study is to analyze the attention capacity and the reaction time in Portuguese karate Shotokan athletes. Participated 96 Shotokan athletes from the Portuguese Karate Association. We physically characterized the sample (weight, height, body mass index, and body fat mass percentage) and evaluated Simple Reaction Time (TRS), Choice Reaction Time (TRE), Decision Time (TD) and the Distributed Attention (AD). Data was analyzed according to athletes’ group age (15 to 19 yr, 20 to 35 yr and more than 35 yr), level of graduation (9th to 4th kyu, 3rd to 1st kyu, DAN) and by gender (male and female). Male athletes present significant differences from female athletes in height, weight, years of practice and body fat mass. In relation to TRS all groups tend to a value near to 300 ms without significant differences among them, but the TRE and the TD are significantly higher in the Dan athletes and in the +35 yrs athletes than in the other groups. On the other hand the Dan and +35 yrs athletes tend to do less mistakes. Gender does not influence significantly the reaction time in the Shotokan karate athletes, but it seems that women tend to have smaller reaction times than men. Athletes with more years of practice and more graduation need more time to reply to the stimulus than the other athletes, but they tend to do fewer mistakes on their choices than other subjects. As for distributed attention, no significant differences were found in function of the athlete graduation, nor in function of gender. However, for distributed attention, we found statistical significant differences in function of the age, with the oldest athletes presenting lower levels of distributed attention. Our results seem to show that is necessary to do some modifications in the training process of Portuguese Shotokan karate athletes.
Introspección y organización de la experiencia: examinando el budo de Inaba Minoru como forma de arte
Authors: Edinborough Campbell C.
Published: June 2015

This article examines how Japanese budo (martial arts), specifically the approach developed by Inaba Minoru (former headmaster of the Shiseikan Budojo, Tokyo), can be functionally understood as a form of art. Through referring to the aesthetic theories of Dennis Dutton, Ellen Dissanayake, and Joseph Carroll, the article examines budo as a means of organizing experience, recognizable alongside painting, dance, theater, and literature.
Informe sobre el 2011 Scientific Congress on Martial Arts and Combat Sports
Authors: Avelar-Rosa Bruno
Published: June 2015

The text resumes the communications and posters presented at the 2011 Scientific Congress on Martial Arts and Combat Sports (2011 SCMACS), held on 13, 14 and 15 May 2011, in the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu (Portugal). In an environment characterized by a significant international presence, a total of 36 communications and 25 posters were exposed, organized in eight sessions: 1) Study object, research and systematic of martial arts and combat sports (MA&CS); 2) Pedagogical and didactics dimension on MA&CS; 3) Physical dimensions on MA&CS; 4) Physical and technical dimensions on MA&CS; 5) Psychological and tactical dimensions on MA&CS; 6) Socio- cultural dimensions on MA&CS; 7) Socio-cultural and philosophical dimensions on MA&CS; and, 8) Posters. A formal meeting of the International Martial Arts and Combat Sports Scientific Society (IMACSSS) also took place as an extraordinary event. The results of the congress gave us the possibility for observing the growing interest of the academy in this particular subject, as the evident development of an international network.
Condición física y perfil antropométrico de atletas de artes marciales mixtas
Authors: Marinho Bruno Ferreira , Del Vecchio Fabrício Boscolo , Franchini Emerson
Published: June 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the physical fitness and anthropometric profile of mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes and the correlations between these variables.

Subjects and methods: Thirteen male MMA athletes (30 ± 4 years-old) participated in this study. They were submitted to anthropometric measurements and the following tests: adapted flexitest, sit-ups, push-ups, long jump, flexed arm hang, 1RM bench press and squat.

Results: Main results are as follows: body mass (kg): 82.1 ± 10.9; body fat (%): 11.87 ± 5.11; flexibility (score): 18.38 ± 4.07; sit-ups (rep): 43 ± 11; push-ups (rep): 41 ± 9; long jump (m): 2.19 ± 0.25; flexed arm hang (s): 34 ± 11, 1RM bench- press (kg): 76 ± 23; 1RM squat (kg): 73 ± 15. Furthermore we observed results showed significant correlations between anthropometric variables and physical fitness: body fat and long jump (R = -0.75); body fat and flexed arm hang (R= -0.67); height and squat 1RM (R = 0.67); arm circumference and bench press 1RM (R = 0.77).
Conclusion: MMA athletes involved in this investigation have showed poor neuromuscular performance. Body fat was negatively correlated with both power and strength endurance performance, while arm circumference was positively related to upper body maximum strength.
Una visión histórica de las artes marciales mixtas en China
Authors: Acevedo William , Cheung Mei
Published: June 2015

Mixed martial arts (MMA) has become one of the fastest-growing combat sports in the twenty-first century, drawing millions of Pay-Per-View spectators since the inception of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in 1993. Popular conceptions have credited the creation of MMA to Bruce Lee, a Chinese-American actor and martial artist who became an icon in the 1970s and who is still considered by many as a revolutionary figure in the field. This paper will present, in chronological order, examples of ancient Chinese martial arts concepts preceding the creation of modern MMA.
Informe sobre la International Martial Arts and Combat Sports Scientific Society (IMACSSS) Conference - “Game, Drama, Ritual in Martial Arts and Combat Sports”
Authors: Vertonghen Jikkemien
Published: June 2015

The present report provides a brief account of the first conference of the International Martial Arts and Combat Sports Scientific Society (IMACSSS), held in Genova (Italy) on June 8th-10th, 2012. There were 43 oral presentations and 15 posters divided into five themes: (1) Psychological dimensions of martial arts and combat sports (MA&CS); (2) Sociological and historical aspects of MA&CS; (3) Bio physical, bio technical and bio tactical issues in MA&CS; (4) Pedagogy and didactic methodologies in MA&CS; (5) Philosophical aspects, anthropological conceptions and taxonomy in MA&CS. The conference was a well-organised and unique meeting of MA&CS researchers with a wide variety of topics, international presence and expertise. It provided a good opportunity to consolidate and broaden scientific knowledge and research in MA&CS and contributed to the integration of the scientific community involved in their study.
Ansiedad estado precompetitiva en judocas
Authors: Montero Carretero Carlos , Moreno-Murcia Juan A. , González Ponce Inmaculada , Pulido González Juan J. , Cervelló Gimeno Eduardo M.
Published: June 2015

Aim: The objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) in Spanish judokas, and calculate differences in pre-competitive state anxiety due the sport level, age and gender. We analyze these relationships using a multidimensional anxiety perspective.

Method: A sample of 128 judokas from amateur to high performance level participated in our study. The intensity and directional somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety and self confidence of the CSAI-2 were measured.
Results: The results show that the questionnaire administered showed acceptable psychometric properties, and there are differences in directional somatic and cognitive anxiety for age, and in intensity self confidence for sport level. The implications of these findings for the process of training and competition are discussed in the document.
Diferencias técnico-tácticas en taekwondistas universitarios según sexo y categoría de competición
Authors: Menescardi Cristina , Bermejo José Luis , Herrero Carlos , Estevan Isaac , Landeo Raul , Falco Coral
Published: June 2015

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical-tactical behavior of the competitors competing in the 2011 University Taekwondo Championship of Spain.

Method: The sample consisted of 30 men and 31 women participating in 45 championship finals and semifinals combats. The variables analyzed were: the score, total number of actions, the type of tactical action, the height, the type of technic and kicking leg.
Results/Conclusions: The Mann Whitney U test showed significant differences between men and women in total actions, circular techniques and warnings. The results also showed significant gender differences in circular actions in the flyweight and heavyweight categories, in the linear actions in bantamweight and total score in the lightweight category. Significant differences in total actions, attacking actions, actions to the trunk, performed techniques with right leg and circular techniques were also found in the middleweight division. The technical-tactical behavior of taekwondo competitors was found to differ between gender or gender and weight divisions. Women were found to perform more circular actions to the trunk with the right leg and total actions than men, who received more warnings than women. 
Análise da ansiedade pré-competitiva e competitiva de jovens judocas
Authors: Interdonato Giovanna Carla , Miarka Bianca , Franchini Emerson
Published: June 2015

Aim: The present study aimed to verify levels of trait anxiety in juvenile judo athletes (between 14 and 18 yrs.) in pre-competitive and competitive moments.

Method: Therefore, 40 athletes (20 boys and 20 girls) with 5 ± 2 yrs. of judo practice were analyzed. The instrument used was the "Sport Competition Anxiety Test” (SCAT). In statistical analysis, we observed differences with Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests, p ≤ 0.05. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to identify the relationship between variables.

Results: Results demonstrated that males and females presented higher anxiety in championship, when compared with the training period. When compared gender in interaction with the moment, the competitive female group demonstrated higher anxiety than other groups. A significant and negatives correlations between anxiety, during championship and pre-competitive moments, and judo practice time were found.
Conclusions: These data suggest preparatory work during the championship day should be different for male and female athletes, while female athletes have to control anxiety, in the male group other aspects could be analyzed/considered in the preparation of the athlete.
Born to fight? Genetics and combat sports
Authors: Franchini Emerson
Published: June 2015

Recently, the influence of genetics on sports performance has received increased attention from many researchers. In combat sports, some investigations have also been conducted. This article’s main objective was to review the representation of specific gene polymorphisms in combat sports athletes compared to controls. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Science and SportDiscus. The terms used in this search involved combat sports (boxing, karate, judo, mixed martial arts, taekwondo and wrestling), genes, genetics and candidate genes. Articles published until November 2013 were included if combat sports athletes were considered as a single group (i.e., not mixed with athletes of other sports). Seven studies were found, with two presenting no difference between combat sports athletes and controls, two presenting higher frequencies of candidate genes related to a more endurance-related profile compared to controls, and three where a more power-related gene overrepresentation was found in comparison to controls. Taken together, the initial studies about the genetic characteristics of combat sports athletes are controversial, which is probably due to the mixed (aerobic and anaerobic) characteristic and to the multifactorial performance determinants of these sports.
Supernatural sources of martial power: a cross-cultural investigation
Authors: Miracle Jared
Published: June 2015

This paper utilizes a cross-cultural comparison model of cultural inquiry to approach the question of whether or not there are generalizable trends in the intersection of fighting arts and cultural conceptions of the supernatural. The methods are outlined and background presented to explain how the investigation was undertaken. Sources are limited to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and bounded geographically. The regions included are the Japanese archipelago, China, the Afro-Atlantic, the Great Plains of North America, and the Indian subcontinent. The five regions were chosen at random and do not represent an attempt to be comprehensive. Explanation of the evidence is followed by a comparative discussion. While further study is required, the most apparent tentative conclusion is that cultural understanding of supernatural intervention combines with the martial arts in cases where not only physical, but socio-political power is sought in asymmetrical conflict.
La fuerza isométrica del agarre en judo
Authors: Bonitch-Góngora Juan G , Almeida Filipa
Published: June 2015

<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">The grip is an important technical and tactical aspect through which the judokas dominate the adversary, hindering the application of appropriate techniques and favoring their own attack. The judokas must have high levels of isometric force and endurance to this type of force on the gripping muscles of the forearms, as one of the key aspects for success. This article reviews the grip muscular strength and endurance profiles of judokas of different groups (gender, age and competitive level). In general, the peak isometric strength of elite judokas has not changed in the last 40 years and is similar to that reached by non-elite judokas or even registered in large populations. This indicate that the evaluation of the isometric hand grip endurance may be a more relevant parameter than the peak isometric force in judokas, as during the bouts the grip must be maintained for relatively long periods of time and the maximum force cannot be maintained for long. However there are few studies on the ability to resist successive isometric handgrip stress in judokas.
Nanatsu-no-kata, Endō-no-kata, and Jōge-no-kata ―A pedagogical and qualitative biomechanical evaluation of Hirano Tokio’s kuzushi (unbalancing) concept as part of skill acquisition for throwing techniques in Kōdōkan jūdō
Authors: De Crée Carl
Published: June 2015

Hirano Tokio (1922-1993) was a talented jūdō champion who developed his own pedagogical approach towards teaching and practicing kuzushi (unbalancing) and tsukuri (preparation), two critical skills for successfully applying jūdō throws. In his approach, Hirano emphasizes the use of rotational unbalancing preceded by strategic movements that mimic water waves. No biomechanical analysis of Hirano’s wave system has previously been attempted. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed survey of Hirano’s didactic system comparing it with traditional Kōdōkan teachings, and to assess its biomechanical foundations. The fluid dynamic modeling of the several kinds of waves proposed by Hirano is mathematically complicated and heavily relies on Boussinesq differential equations. Given the involvement of numerous parameters in determining the hydrodynamic behavior of water (depth, period of waves, saliency, temperatures, currents, shape of the coastal line, water density, wind) which are absent in the surroundings of a pair of two jūdōka moving indoors on a tatami, Hirano’s system appears limited to a mere visualization and metaphysical interpretation of jūdō. The lack of empirical and experimental data available obtained in large groups of students taught according to Hirano’s approach make it so far impossible to conclude whether it facilitates kuzushi and tsukuri skill acquisition. Ultimately Hirano’s wave-based kuzushi/tsukuri does not alter the biomechanical analysis previously proposed by Sacripanti, as it still is all about general action invariants aimed to close the distance between both opponents, to break the opponent’s symmetry, and to apply one of the infinite options to achieve this.
Self-efficacy and performance of the roundhouse kick in taekwondo
Authors: Estevan Isaac , Álvarez Octavio , Falcó Coral , Castillo Isabel
Published: June 2015

Development of self-efficacy scales allows the analysis of athletes’ perceptions and examination of the relationship between perception and performance. The aim of this paper was to: (1) develop a specific self-efficacy scale in a taekwondo task, the roundhouse kick, and (2) analyse the sport performance and its relationship with two self-efficacy scales (specific and general) outcomes according to the athletes’ gender. Forty-three taekwondo athletes (33 male and 10 female) participated in this study. The Physical (PSE) and Specific (RKSES) self-efficacy scales were administered. Performance data (impact force and total response time) were acquired by athletes kicking twice to an instrumented target. Results showed that the specific self-efficacy scale has high reliability and is able to predict sport performance in males and females. Males had higher self-efficacy scores and also higher performance results than females. Females’ taekwondo psychological training should be focus on improving their self-efficacy perception in order to increase their performance in the roundhouse kick. This specific self-efficacy scale for the taekwondo roundhouse kick offers empirical information to coaches, sport psychologists and researchers that allow them to predict athletes’ sport performance in the roundhouse kick.
Bā čuxe wrestling: a traditional wrestling art from Iran
Authors: Khorasani Manouchehr Moshtagh
Published: June 2015

There are more than twenty different traditional wrestling arts that are practiced in today Iran. One of them which is practiced in the region of great Khorasan province is called košti-ye bā čuxe (bā čuxe wrestling). This wrestling art is performed by wearing knee-length pants and a thick jacket and is famed for its powerful throws and leg trips. The following article deals with the history of bā čuxe wrestling and its fundamental techniques. First an introduction to this type of wrestling is given. Later the article describes the background and the regions of practice of bā čuxe wrestling. In the next section the rules and regulation of bā čuxe matches are provided. Then, based on the available literature on the topic and also on fieldwork, the article expands on the fundamental techniques in this traditional wrestling style.
Becoming an Aikidoka: Acculturation and Essentialism in the Practice of Aikido
Authors: Tan Kevin Siah-Yeow
Published: June 2015

Based on an ethnographic study conducted from 2002-2005 in Canada, this paper argues that the practice of Aikido within a specific community of practitioners does not simply exist as a medium for acquiring martial knowledge, but is also a viable conduit for acculturating or essentializing aspects of Japanese culture and identity. This is made possible in light of the highly embodied and corporeal dimension of Aikido practice, which requires one to develop the necessary dispositions and strategies for the construction of an Aikido habitus. Consequently, the path towards becoming an Aikidoka enables one to potentially embody, in similar but also unique ways, the cultural and moral worldviews that the art seeks to represent within intercultural and transnational spaces.
In-Situ Stresses in Low-Permeability, Nonmarine Rocks
Authors: Warpinski N. R. , Teufel L. W.
Published: June 2015

In situ stress measurements have been performed over a 2500-ft (760-m) interval in the nonmarine section of the Cretaceous Mesaverde in the Piceance basin in Colorado. These measurements include 27 hydraulic fracture measurements of the minimum in situ stress and 22 anelastic strain recovery (ASR) measurements. Stress data were obtained in sandstones, shales, mudstones, siltstones and coals and show the effect of lithology on the magnitudes of the stresses. Most tests in nonreservoir, clay-rich rocks had stress magnitudes near the lithostatic value, while reservoir rocks had considerably lower stress magnitudes. Stress orientations in these channel and meander belt sandstones were consistent throughout the section and showed no variation with channel direction. Where available, these results are compared with other techniques that give stress orientation and magnitude and consistent results are found.
Reactive-Dissolution Modeling and Experimental Comparison of Wormhole Formation in Carbonates With Gelled and Emulsified Acids
Authors: Maheshwari P.. , Maxey J.. , Balakotaiah V..
Published: June 2015

Polymer-based (gelled or in-situ gelled) and emulsified acids have been used for matrix acidization of carbonate reservoirs for several years. Gelled and emulsified acids are typically used for acidization of high-temperature carbonate reservoirs because of their lower reaction rate as compared with nongelled/emulsified acids, resulting in deeper penetration of acid, whereas in-situ gelled acid is used for acid diversion. Literature review indicates that several laboratory-scale experimental studies have been performed to analyze the effect of acid gelation and emulsion on carbonate acidization as compared with nongelled/emulsified acids. However, there are very few modeling or quantitative theoretical studies regarding carbonate acidization with gelled and emulsified acids that can be tested at laboratory or field scale. More specifically, a theoretical analysis of the effect of transport and rheological properties (i.e., shear-thinning behavior) of gelled and emulsified acids on the acidization process is not available in the literature. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to analyze the effect of transport and rheological properties of gelled and emulsified acids on carbonate acidization in three dimensions, which can help in terms of design of gelled- and emulsified-acid properties to achieve lower leakoff rate and deeper penetration of wormholes.

The authors present 3D numerical simulations of carbonate acidization with hydrochloric acid (HCl), gelled acid, and emulsified acid by use of a two-scale-continuum model. By use of this model, the effect of transport and rheological properties of these non-Newtonian acids on the acidization curve and dissolution pattern is analyzed and compared with the available laboratory-scale experimental data. It has been observed from the numerical simulations that a lower amount of acid is necessary to breakthrough, and thinner wormholes are formed for both gelled and emulsified acids compared with neat HCl. Additionally, acidization remains in the optimum dissolution regime for a large variation in terms of acid-injection rate for both gelled and emulsified acids compared with neat HCl. Finally, the authors develop a wormholing criterion for acids, the rheological behavior of which can be described by the power law. This criterion can be used to estimate the optimum injection rate for vuggy and nonvuggy carbonates.
A Unified Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Map of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Derived from Current Genomic Resources
Authors: Hulke Brent S. , Grassa Christopher J. , Bowers John E. , Burke John M. , Qi Lili , Talukder Zahirul I. , Rieseberg Loren H.
Published: June 2015

Dense genetic maps are critical tools for plant breeders and geneticists. While many maps have been developed for sunflower in the last few decades, most have been based on low‐throughput technologies and include marker numbers in the hundreds. However, two maps with reasonably dense coverage of about 5000 and 9000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci each have recently been produced using high‐throughput genotyping methods. Unfortunately, no mapping population is common between the two maps, making the development of a joint map a challenge. With genome sequencing and resequencing of mapping populations currently in progress, there will be opportunities in the near future to develop much more informative resources. In the meantime, there is much demand from the sunflower community, particularly plant breeders, to combine these two maps to develop a denser map for immediate needs. In this paper, we used an in silico approach to join the two SNP maps by placing our existing marker sequences on draft genome scaffolds. Genetic map positions of the markers were determined from a resequenced mapping population aligned to the same draft genome scaffolds. In this way, we were able to directly place 10,247 SNP and insertion‐deletion (Indel) loci on a common linkage map, and also provide the ability to infer genetic position of a further 6724 SNP loci from both previously published maps. These results will allow researchers to compare previous genetics research conducted on the separate maps, and facilitate collaborative work on marker‐assisted breeding approaches in sunflower.
Climate change related increase of storminess near Hel Peninsula, Gulf of Gdańsk, Poland
Authors: Cerkowniak Grzegorz R. , Ostrowski Rafał , Szmytkiewicz Piotr
Published: June 2015

The paper deals with the growing threat of erosion to the south Baltic coast, caused by the intensification of a wind-induced wave climate and sea level rise, which is expected to continue until 2100 as a result of climate change. In the analysis, a deep-water wave prognostic point is located about 13 km north-east of the Hel Peninsula, situated in the NW part of the Gulf of Gdańsk. The study comprises the analyses of wind velocity, storm surge, wave height, wave set-up and wave run-up. A significant predicted increase in wave heights during extreme storms, compared with the wave climate reconstructed for 1958–2001, combined with anticipated higher storm surges, is expected to result in a lower resilience of the sea shore to erosion and flooding. Although nourishment operations conducted along the open sea shore of the Hel Peninsula have proved efficient and successful, nourishment needs will have to be adequately recalculated in future to ensure sufficient protection of this coastal segment.
Statistical characteristics of rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment in South Australia
Authors: Rashid M. Mamunur , Beecham Simon , Chowdhury Rezaul K.
Published: June 2015

The main objective of this study was to investigate the statistical characteristics of point rainfall and the novelty of the work was the development of a hybrid probability distribution that can model the full spectrum of daily rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment in South Australia. Daily rainfall data from 1960 to 2010 at 13 rainfall stations were considered. Spatial dependency among the rainfall maxima was assessed using madograms. Relatively strong and significant autocorrelation coefficients were observed for rainfall depths at finer (daily and monthly) temporal resolutions. The performance of different distribution models was examined considering their ability to regenerate various statistics such as standard deviation, skewness, frequency distribution, percentiles and extreme values. Model efficiency statistics of modelled percentiles of daily rainfall were found to be useful for optimum threshold selection in a hybrid of the gamma and generalized Pareto distributions. The hybrid and the mixed exponential distributions were found to be more efficient than any single distribution (Weibull, gamma and exponential) for simulating the full range of daily rainfall across the catchment. The outcomes from this study will assist water engineers and hydrologists to understand the spatial and temporal characteristics of point rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment and will hopefully contribute to the improvement of rainfall modelling and downscaling techniques.