bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF CIVIC AND CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION ACHIEVEMENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ CITIZENSHIP ATTITUDES
Authors: Geske Andrejs , Cekse Ireta
Published: September 2021

Civic skills, knowledge and attitudes are the elements forming the citizenship concept. How do they suit multicultural societies? What are the mutual links among civic attitudes, knowledge and skills of different ethnic groups? The aim of the research is to establish the model of students’ civic competence and to find out factors which explain the influence of civic achievements on civic attitudes. IEA (the International Association for the Evolution of Educational Achievement) ICCS 2009 (the International Civic and Citizenship Studies 2009) are used for the analysis. SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) is used for data processing. The authors used multi-modelling to compare Latvian and Estonian majority and minority sample groups. The results indicate that the level of civic knowledge and skills influences civic attitudes of Estonian and Latvian students. Students with a higher level of civic knowledge and skills have a more pronounced sense of global belonging and ability to adjust and live a multicultural society. The civic knowledge of Estonian students with the Estonian language of instruction influences most essentially the civic attitudes and a sense of belonging to Europe. Latvian students with the Russian language of instruction have the least influence on the mentioned factors.
Key words: civic and citizenship education, Estonia, Latvia, SEM method.
PROFICIENCY INCREASE BY COLLABORATION WITHIN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY PROCESS
Authors: Liepa Diana , Ratniece Inta
Published: September 2021

In the fields of science and education transnational cooperation has become particularly relevant for developing of contemporary conceptions in education and science. As the first step in such cooperation has been the Bologna process, started on June 19, 1999, when 29 Ministers of European countries signed the Bologna Declaration. The Bologna Declaration promotes education and cooperation being the fundamentals of a peaceful and a democratic society. The European dimension is characterized by student mobility and cooperation between educational institutions in European study programmes. The significance of communication and foreign language acquisition skills is gradually increasing (Bologna Declaration, 1999). A strategic goal for the European Union is to develop the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world capable of sustainable economic growth with a wider variety and better jobs and greater social cohesion. All citizens of European Union countries require foreign language skills, because these skills provide citizens with the opportunity to make use of the free movement to work or to study at one of the EU member states and as such they stimulate the development of a European labour market. As an EU member state, Latvia participates in this process. Improvements should be achieved in teacher education by implementing innovations in the study process.
Key words: didactic modules, experience, planning, aim, assessment.
THE RESEARCH AND STUDY PATHS IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOL: THE CASE OF THE POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE SECOND DEGREE
Authors: Llanos Viviana Carolina , Otero María Rita
Published: September 2021

This analysis introduces the pedagogy of research and questioning the world within the Math classrooms at secondary schools in Argentina by using Research and Study Paths (RSP). The RSP have been proposed by Chevallard in the Anthropologic Theory of Didactic (ATD) to face the mechanistic model of teaching mathematics in secondary school (Chevallard, 2004). The RSP has been previously conceived as part of this research and could enable to cover the syllabus of the three last years of the secondary level (students aged 14 to 18 years old). The RSP has been carried out in courses intentionally selected by the researcher. Two implementations have been performed once a year during three years; with 163 students participating in the whole research. The results of introducing RSP into the classroom, the characteristics of the Mathematical Organization (MO) and the advantages and disadvantages of teaching mathematics based on the pedagogy of research and questioning the world are described in the present work.
Key words: functions, pedagogy of research and questioning the world, polynomial functions of second degree, research and study paths, secondary school.
ON THE PROBLEMATIC OF „RESEARCH ISLANDS“ (PART 1)
Authors: Kubiatko Milan
Published: September 2021

This problematic concerns only countries in middle Europe, because the author does not know the situation in countries from Western Europe or from far countries like USA or Australia. A very general division consists in two types of researchers. Researchers from the first type relatively do not like researchers from the second type and vice versa. The first type of researchers is people, whose work does not exceed the boundaries of the native country. Their publishing outcomes are predominantly contributions in the local proceedings of a conference. The value of these kinds of contributions is relatively very low and in some cases the contributions are without any value. This situation is caused by the fact that the conference organizers accept every contribution without any review process. The style of conferences has been still the same for many years, i.e. the oral and poster section and next acceptance of all contributions to local proceedings. The new style of conference organization is very rare in the conditions of the Middle Europe country, where discussion forums and contributions are offered to some international journal. This situation is very advantageous for the majority of academicians; they have got a published contribution, where the revisions are not necessary.
BLENDING OF OLD AND NEW APPROACHES IN GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Hofmann Eduard , Svobodová Hana
Published: September 2021

Field work often takes place in the countryside and the city environment is neglected, although we usually move there more often. Natural science education should, however, include not only the evaluation of the rural landscape, but also the city, because we can find there an explanation for a number of physical-geographical but also socioeconomic phenomena and their spatio-temporal evolution. Therefore, the authors focused on the goal to use urban landscape as a "geography textbook". Urban landscape serves in this case as a didactic image.
A study about significant viewpoints in Brno and its surroundings served as a basis for the experiment in which pupils and students had to sketch a view from these viewpoints and authors evaluated how they are able to perceive the urban landscape, locate the significant elements in an urban structure, identify their functions and relations among them. This concept can be understood as a use of nonverbal elements in teaching. The results of this experiment and namely the comparison of sketches produced by pupils and university students are described in the paper which also describes the blending of old and new approaches in geographical education.
Key words: didactic image, geographical education, panoramic sketch, urban landscape.
IMPLEMENTATION OF PROCESS-TARGETED ACTIVITIES OF PROSPECTIVE CHEMISTRY TEACHERS DURING CONTINUOUS TEACHING PRACTICE: A RATIONAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TEACHING METHODS ACCORDING TO THE EXPRESSED COMPETENCIES
Authors: Sikošek Darinka , Žarić Kornelia
Published: September 2021

The main aim of the teacher study program is to ensure the proper role of teaching practice, which is included in initial teacher training courses. It is necessary that teachers of chemistry gain or develop learner competencies for appropriate teaching/ learning in the chemistry subject by using innovative teaching methods. In terms of activities and methods correction of the continuous teaching practice model for prospective chemistry teachers in Pedagogical study program of 2nd degree "Educational Chemistry" which would ensure the creation of a competent chemistry teacher (active and innovative).The main result of the study is a list of potential competencies by prospective chemistry teachers using innovative teaching methods. These competencies can be developed and produced in the performance of activities defined by using continuous teaching practice, particularly in the areas of testing and assessment, experiential and collaborative learning, and experimental (laboratory and field) work. Each of these components is separately assessed by activity and competence.
Key words: continuous teaching practice (role), innovative teaching methods, learners’ competencies, potential competencies by prospective chemistry teachers.
USING CHEMICAL MODELS FOR DEVELOPING NATURAL SCIENCE COMPETENCES IN TEACHING CHEMISTRY: FROM PUPILS AS MODEL ASSEMBLERS TO PUPILS AS CREATORS OF SELF-MADE MODELS
Authors: Sikošek Darinka , Žuželj Mateja
Published: September 2021

Chemical models are indispensable tool in chemistry class and enable secondary school pupils to develop complex thought processes and spatial concepts, both of which are necessary to improve their understanding of chemical concepts.
In this research, special emphasis is given to complex competencies not only their acquisition, but rather how pupils develop them. For this purpose, a learning strategy has been developed, called learning by self-generating chemical models. Pupils learn individually on their own models, which are made from easily accessible, low-cost materials.
The impact of workable models was investigated (assembly of commercial models and production of self-made models) on the (1) learning success using simple molecule shapes and (2) the degree of competence development which realized through the implemented activities. The study involved first-year secondary school-pupils, defined as self-creators of paper- and -wire models (experimental group) and assemblers of commercial models (called the control group). The appearance of the molecules being studied took the form of geometric shapes and structures, which pupils present by making of ball-, called wire-models from plasticine and wire or paper created, called paper models.
Based on the results of statistical processing of the data, we found that self-creation of models (as an innovative approach) leads to better understanding and to subsequently sustained knowledge for the pupil. It should also be noted that pupils who were self-generators in comparisons to those who merely assembled the models, generally developed many complex skills in the areas of problem solving, practical competence, mathematical competence and critical thinking skills. The knowledge so acquired was also better understood.
Key words: chemical models, competencies, self-made models, teaching and learning by models.
Role and significance of responsibility in medical practice
Authors:   Postgraduate Institute for Public Health Workers under Health Ministry of Khabarovsk Krai, Topalov K.P. , Skoromets Ye.K. ,   Pacific National University
Published: September 2021

The article analyzes 249 expert opinions on the quality of medical care from the standpoint of the responsibility of medical workers for their professional activities. The principles of moral responsibility for medical workers are outlined.
Clinical and laboratory aspects of reactive thrombocytosis
Authors:   Postgraduate Institute for Public Health Workers under Health Ministry of Khabarovsk Krai, Klimkovich N.M. , Boytsova T.Yu. ,   Khabarovsk Krai Clinical Hospital No.1 named after professor S. I. Sergeyev under Health Ministry of Khabarovsk Krai, Krasnova Ye. A ,   Branch No. 4 of Naval Clinical Hospital No. 1477 of the Ministry of Defense of Russia
Published: September 2021

The article deals with the cases of secondary acquired (reactive) thrombocytosis in patients with various diseases. Thrombocytosis was registered against the background of inflammatory diseases of an infectious and non-infectious nature, during surgical interventions. In all patients with reactive thrombocytosis, no morphological changes in platelets were detected by the method of Fonio light microscopy
Analysis of the assortment of narcotic drugs used for the treatment of pain in cancer patients in the palliative care unit
Authors:   Postgraduate Institute for Public Health Workers under Health Ministry of Khabarovsk Krai, Orlova N. V. , Abrosimova N.V. ,   Postgraduate Institute for Public Health Workers under Health Ministry of Khabarovsk Krai, Melnitskaya Yu.A. ,   The Khabarovsk Krai Clinical Center of Oncology under Health Ministry of Khabarovsk Krai, Kryukova I.V. ,   Postgraduate Institute for Public Health Workers under Health Ministry of Khabarovsk Krai
Published: September 2021

A study of the assortment of narcotic drugs for the relief of acute and chronic pain syndrome in cancer patients in the palliative care unit of the Oncological Center was carried out. It has been shown that practically all registered dosage forms of opioid analgesics are used
Embodied GHG Emissions of Wooden Buildings—Challenges of Biogenic Carbon Accounting in Current LCA Methods
Authors: Andersen C. E. , Rasmussen F. N. , Habert G. , Birgisdóttir H.
Published: September 2021

Buildings play a vital role in reaching the targets stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees. Increasing the use of wood in construction is a proposed upcoming strategy to reduce the embodied greenhouse gas emissions of buildings. This study examines existing life cycle assessments of wooden buildings. The aim is to investigate embodied greenhouse gas emission results reported, as well as methodological approaches applied in existing literature. The study applies the protocol for Systematic Literature Reviews and finds 79 relevant papers. From the final sample, the study analyses 226 different scenarios in-depth in terms of embodied emissions, life cycle assessment method, life cycle inventory modelling and biogenic carbon approach. The analysis shows that the average reported values of embodied greenhouse gas emissions of wooden buildings are one-third to half of the embodied emissions reported from buildings in general. Additionally, from the analysis of the final sample we find that the majority of wooden building life cycle assessments apply similar methods and often leave out biogenic carbon from the assessment or simply do not declare it. This implies that the focus on variability in the different methods applied in wooden building life cycle assessments needs to be increased to establish the relationship between methodological choices and embodied emissions of wooden buildings. Further, transparency and conformity in biogenic carbon accounting in life cycle assessments is essential to enhance comparability between life cycle assessment studies and to avoid distortions in embodied GHG emission results.
Identification of Immune-Related Subtypes and Characterization of Tumor Microenvironment Infiltration in Bladder Cancer
Authors: Huang Mengjia , Liu Lin , Zhu Junkai , Jin Tong , Chen Yi , Xu Li , Cheng Wenxuan , Ruan Xinjia , Su Liwen , Meng Jialin , Lu Xiaofan , Yan Fangrong
Published: September 2021

Tumors are closely related to the tumor microenvironment (TME). The complex interaction between tumor cells and the TME plays an indisputable role in tumor development. Tumor cells can affect the TME, promote tumor angiogenesis and induce immune tolerance by releasing cell signaling molecules. Immune cell infiltration (ICI) in the TME can affect the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. However, the pattern of ICI of the TME in bladder cancer has not yet been elucidated. Herein, we identified three distinct ICI subtypes based on the TME immune infiltration pattern of 584 bladder cancer patients using the ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms. Then, we identified three gene clusters based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the three ICI subtypes. In addition, the ICI score was determined using single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). The results suggested that patients in the high ICI score subgroup had a favorable prognosis and higher expression of checkpoint-related and immune activity-related genes. The high ICI score subgroup was also linked to increased tumor mutation burden (TMB) and neoantigen burden. A cohort treated with anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy confirmed the therapeutic advantage and clinical benefit of patients with higher ICI scores. In the end, our study also shows that the ICI score represents an effective prognostic predictor for evaluating the response to immunotherapy. In conclusion, our study deepened the understanding of the TME, and it provides new ideas for improving patients’ response to immunotherapy and promoting individualized tumor immunotherapy in the future.
Replication of the Mammalian Genome by Replisomes Specific for Euchromatin and Heterochromatin
Authors: Zhang Jing , Bellani Marina A. , Huang Jing , James Ryan C. , Pokharel Durga , Gichimu Julia , Gali Himabindu , Stewart Grant , Seidman Michael M.
Published: September 2021

Replisomes follow a schedule in which replication of DNA in euchromatin is early in S phase while sequences in heterochromatin replicate late. Impediments to DNA replication, referred to as replication stress, can stall replication forks triggering activation of the ATR kinase and downstream pathways. While there is substantial literature on the local consequences of replisome stalling–double strand breaks, reversed forks, or genomic rearrangements–there is limited understanding of the determinants of replisome stalling vs. continued progression. Although many proteins are recruited to stalled replisomes, current models assume a single species of “stressed” replisome, independent of genomic location. Here we describe our approach to visualizing replication fork encounters with the potent block imposed by a DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) and our discovery of an unexpected pathway of replication restart (traverse) past an intact ICL. Additionally, we found two biochemically distinct replisomes distinguished by activity in different stages of S phase and chromatin environment. Each contains different proteins that contribute to ICL traverse.
Explaining Regeneration: Cells and Limbs as Complex Living Systems, Learning From History
Authors: MacCord Kate , Maienschein Jane
Published: September 2021

Regeneration has been investigated since Aristotle, giving rise to many ways of explaining what this process is and how it works. Current research focuses on gene expression and cell signaling of regeneration within individual model organisms. We tend to look to model organisms on the reasoning that because of evolution, information gained from other species must in some respect be generalizable. However, for all that we have uncovered about how regeneration works within individual organisms, we have yet to translate what we have gleaned into achieving the goal of regenerative medicine: to harness and enhance our own regenerative abilities. Turning to history may provide a crucial perspective in advancing us toward this goal. History gives perspective, allowing us to reflect on how our predecessors did their work and what assumptions they made, thus also revealing limitations. History, then, may show us how we can move from our current reductionist thinking focused on particular selected model organisms toward generalizations about this crucial process that operates across complex living systems and move closer to repairing our own damaged bodies.
The WIPI Gene Family and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights From Yeast and Dictyostelium Models
Authors: Vincent Olivier , Antón-Esteban Laura , Bueno-Arribas Miranda , Tornero-Écija Alba , Navas María-Ángeles , Escalante Ricardo
Published: September 2021

WIPIs are a conserved family of proteins with a characteristic 7-bladed β-propeller structure. They play a prominent role in autophagy, but also in other membrane trafficking processes. Mutations in human WIPI4 cause several neurodegenerative diseases. One of them is BPAN, a rare disease characterized by developmental delay, motor disorders, and seizures. Autophagy dysfunction is thought to play an important role in this disease but the precise pathological consequences of the mutations are not well established. The use of simple models such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum provides valuable information on the molecular and cellular function of these proteins, but also sheds light on possible pathways that may be relevant in the search for potential therapies. Here, we review the function of WIPIs as well as disease-causing mutations with a special focus on the information provided by these simple models.
Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Modulation of Cellular Functional Dynamics in Tumor Microenvironment and Its Clinical Implications
Authors: Santos Nathalia Leal , Bustos Silvina Odete , Bhatt Darshak , Chammas Roger , Andrade Luciana Nogueira de Sousa
Published: September 2021

Cancer can be described as a dynamic disease formed by malignant and stromal cells. The cellular interaction between these components in the tumor microenvironment (TME) dictates the development of the disease and can be mediated by extracellular vesicles secreted by tumor cells (TEVs). In this review, we summarize emerging findings about how TEVs modify important aspects of the disease like continuous tumor growth, induction of angiogenesis and metastasis establishment. We also discuss how these nanostructures can educate the immune infiltrating cells to generate an immunosuppressive environment that favors tumor progression. Furthermore, we offer our perspective on the path TEVs interfere in cancer treatment response and promote tumor recurrence, highlighting the need to understand the underlying mechanisms controlling TEVs secretion and cargo sorting. In addition, we discuss the clinical potential of TEVs as markers of cell state transitions including the acquisition of a treatment-resistant phenotype, and their potential as therapeutic targets for interventions such as the use of extracellular vesicle (EV) inhibitors to block their pro-tumoral activities. Some of the technical challenges for TEVs research and clinical use are also presented.
Modeling Disorder in Pyrochlores and Other Anion-Deficient Fluorite Structural Derivative Oxides
Authors: Kocevski V. , Pilania G. , Uberuaga B. P.
Published: September 2021

Their very flexible chemistry gives oxide materials a richness in functionality and wide technological application. A specific group of oxides that have a structure related to fluorite but with less oxygen, termed anion-deficient fluorite structural derivatives and with pyrochlores being the most notable example, has been shown to exhibit a diversity of useful properties. For example, the possibility to undergo a transition from an ordered to disordered state allows these oxides to have high radiation tolerance. Atomistic-scale calculations in the form of molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) have been extensively used to understand what drives this order/disorder transition. Here we give a brief overview of how atomistic-scale calculations are utilized in modeling disorder in pyrochlores and other anion-deficient fluorite structural derivatives. We discuss the modeling process from simple point defects to completely disordered structures, the dynamics during the disordering process, and the use of mathematical models to generate ordered solid-solution configurations. We also attempt to identify the challenges in modeling short range order and discuss future directions to more comprehensive models of the disordered structures.
Large-Scale Molecular Dynamics Simulations Reveal New Insights Into the Phase Transition Mechanisms in MIL-53(Al)
Authors: Vandenhaute Sander , Rogge Sven M. J. , Van Speybroeck Veronique
Published: September 2021

Soft porous crystals have the ability to undergo large structural transformations upon exposure to external stimuli while maintaining their long-range structural order, and the size of the crystal plays an important role in this flexible behavior. Computational modeling has the potential to unravel mechanistic details of these phase transitions, provided that the models are representative for experimental crystal sizes and allow for spatially disordered phenomena to occur. Here, we take a major step forward and enable simulations of metal-organic frameworks containing more than a million atoms. This is achieved by exploiting the massive parallelism of state-of-the-art GPUs using the OpenMM software package, for which we developed a new pressure control algorithm that allows for fully anisotropic unit cell fluctuations. As a proof of concept, we study the transition mechanism in MIL-53(Al) under various external pressures. In the lower pressure regime, a layer-by-layer mechanism is observed, while at higher pressures, the transition is initiated at discrete nucleation points and temporarily induces various domains in both the open and closed pore phases. The presented workflow opens the possibility to deduce transition mechanism diagrams for soft porous crystals in terms of the crystal size and the strength of the external stimulus.
Cyclohexanone and Phenolic Acid Derivatives from Endophytic Fungus Diaporthe foeniculina
Authors: Lu Xiuxiang , Zhang Yanjiang , Zhang Wenge , Wang Huan , Zhang Jun , Wang Sasa , Tan Haibo
Published: September 2021

Chemical investigation of an endophytic fungus Diaporthe foeniculina SCBG-15, led to the isolation of eight new cyclohexanone derivatives, foeniculins A–H (1–8) and three new phenolic acid derivatives, foeniculins I–K (9–11). Their structures were extensively established on the basis of 1H and 13C NMR spectra together with COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY experiments. The absolute configurations were confirmed by quantum chemical ECD calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffractions. Moreover, the in vitro cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of isolated compounds 1–11 were also evaluated.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Citrobacter spp. Causing Extraintestinal Infections
Authors: Liu Liyun , Zhang Ling , Zhou Haijian , Yuan Min , Hu Dalong , Wang Yonglu , Sun Hui , Xu Jianguo , Lan Ruiting
Published: September 2021

Objectives

This prospective study was carried out to investigate molecular characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Citrobacter spp. from extraintestinal infections.

Methods

Forty-six clinical Citrobacter spp. isolates were isolated from hospital patients with extraintestinal infections and analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using seven housekeeping genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. Adhesion and cytotoxicity to HEp-2 cells were assessed.

Results

The 46 clinical Citrobacter spp. isolates were typed into 38 sequence types (STs), 9 of which belonged to four clonal complexes (CCs). None of the isolates shared the same ST or CCs with isolates from other countries or from other parts of China. Over half of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), with 17/26 C. freundii, 5/6 C. braakii, and 3/14 C. koseri isolates being MDR. Moreover, four isolates were carbapenem resistant with resistance to imipenem or meropenem. Among eight quinolone resistant C. freundii, all had a mutation in codon 59 (Thr59Ile) in quinolone resistance determining region of the gyrA gene. Only a small proportion of the isolates were found to be highly cytotoxic and adhesive with no correlation to sample sources.

Conclusions

There was a diverse range of Citrobacter isolates causing extraintestinal infections and a high prevalence of MDR.
Inclusiveness, Equity, Consistency, and Flexibility as Guiding Criteria for Enabling Transdisciplinary Collaboration: Lessons From a European Project on Nature-Based Solutions and Urban Innovation
Authors: Basta Claudia , Kunseler Eva , Wamsler Christine , van der Jagt Alexander , Baró Francesc , Balenciaga Intza , Bach Matthew , Wickenberg Björn
Published: September 2021

The structural research programmes of the European Union dedicated to advance the sustainability sciences are increasingly permeated by the notion of transdisciplinarity (TD). A growing body of literature residing at the intersection of research methodology and sustainability studies can guide researchers to adopt appropriate research approaches in their projects. However, how to implement the transdisciplinary approach in multidisciplinary and multi-stakeholder projects that develop in different countries for several years is still relatively undocumented. This study seeks to fill this gap by sharing the experience of a group of researchers and stakeholders involved in the Horizon 2020 research and innovation project Nature-Based Urban Innovation (NATURVATION). The article discusses the monitoring and evaluation strategy that employed four criteria of transdisciplinary research quality as “reflexive devices” to enable a systematic reporting on the project's most important collaborative activities. By examining how the four criteria captured transdisciplinary quality, new insights were produced for improving this monitoring and evaluation strategy for future transdisciplinary research, allowing a number of concrete recommendations to be formulated.
If-Clauses, Their Grammatical Consequents, and Their Embodied Consequence: Organizing Joint Attention in Guided Tours
Authors: De Stefani Elwys
Published: September 2021

In linguistics,if-clauses have attracted the interest of scholars working on syntax, typology and pragmatics alike. This article examinesif-clauses as a resource available to tour guides for reorienting the visitors’ visual attention towards an object of interest. The data stem from 11 video-recorded tours in Italian, French, German and Dutch (interpreted into Flemish Sign Language). In this setting, guides recurrently useif-clauses to organize a joint focus of attention, by soliciting the visitors to bodily and visually rearrange. These clauses occur in combination with verbs of vision (e.g.,to look), or relating to movement in space (e.g.,to turn around). Using conversation analysis and interactional linguistics, this study pursues three interrelated objectives: 1) it examines the grammatical relationship that speakers establish between theif-clause and the projected main clause; 2) it analyzes the embodied conduct of participants in the accomplishment ofif/then-constructions; 3) it describesif-clauses as grammatical resources with a twofold projection potential: a vocal-grammatical projection enabling the guide (or the addressees) to achieve a grammatically adequate turn-continuation, and an embodied-action projection, which solicits visitors to accomplish a situationally relevant action, such as reorienting gaze towards an object of interest. These projections do not run independently from each other. The analysis shows how, while producing anif-clause, guides adjust their emerging talk—through pauses, expansions and restarts—to the visitors’ co-occurring spatial repositioning. These practices are described as micro-sequential adjustments that reflexively affect turn-construction and embodied compliance. In addressing the above phenomena and questions, this article highlights the fundamentally adaptive, situated and action-sensitive nature of grammar.
Acute Myocardial Infarction Followed by Cerebral Hemorrhagic Infarction in Polycythemia Vera: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Shao XiangSen , Liu ZhuoTing , Qin ChunChang , Xiao Fei
Published: September 2021

A 60-year-old man presented to our emergency room with severe chest pain. Based on the electrocardiogram and elevated serum troponin T levels, acute coronary syndrome was suspected. Coronary angiography revealed total occlusion of the middle of the left anterior descending coronary artery. However, blood cell count abnormalities were not of concern. Twelve days later, the patient developed hemorrhagic infarction in the right parieto-occipital lobe. Acute coronary syndrome and cerebral hemorrhagic infarction were primarily caused by thrombus formation due to polycythemia vera (PV), based on the presence of increased blood consistency on admission. PV was diagnosed after bone marrow biopsy and genetic testing. The patient was treated with descending cell and antiplatelet therapy. Our case highlights the importance of the urgent identification of PV. When acute myocardial infarction occurs in patients with no significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease, blood routine abnormalities should be paid close attention to. If PV was diagnosed as early as possible, thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications could be prevented in the early stages.
A Dual Role for Death Receptor 5 in Regulating Cardiac Fibroblast Function
Authors: Tanner Miles A. , Grisanti Laurel A.
Published: September 2021

The fibrotic response is involved in nearly all forms of heart failure and dysregulated responses can lead to enhanced cardiac dysfunction. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its receptor, death receptor (DR) 5, are associated with multiple forms of heart failure, but their role in the heart is poorly defined. Our previous study identified DR5 expression on cardiac fibroblasts however, the impact of DR5 on fibroblast function remains unexplored. To investigate the role of DR5 in cardiac fibroblasts, a variety of fibroblast functions were examined following treatment with the endogenous ligand, TRAIL, or small molecule agonist, bioymifi. DR5 activation did not induce apoptosis in naïve fibroblasts but activated ERK1/2 signaling to increase proliferation. However, upon activation and differentiation to myofibroblasts, DR5 expression was elevated, and DR5 agonists induced caspase 3 activation resulting in myofibroblast apoptosis. To investigate the impact of DR5 regulation of fibroblasts in vivo, a chronic isoproterenol administration model of heart failure was used. Wild-type (WT) mice receiving isoproterenol had increased hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte death, and fibrosis and decreased contractility compared to vehicle treated animals. DR5 knockout (KO) mice had no overt baseline phenotype however, following isoproterenol infusion, increased cardiomyocyte death and hypertrophy in comparison to isoproterenol treated WT animals was observed. DR5KO mice had an augmented fibrotic response with isoproterenol treatment compared with WT, which corresponded with additional decreases in contractility. These findings identify a dual role for DR5 in cardiac fibroblast function through enhanced naïve fibroblast proliferation, which switches to a pro-apoptotic function upon differentiation to myofibroblasts. This is important in heart failure where DR5 activation suppresses maladaptive remodeling and may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of heart failure.
Regenerating Craniofacial Dental Defects With Calcium Phosphate Cement Scaffolds: Current Status and Innovative Scope Review
Authors: Alsahafi Rashed A. , Mitwalli Heba Ahmed , Balhaddad Abdulrahman A. , Weir Michael D. , Xu Hockin H. K. , Melo Mary Anne S.
Published: September 2021

The management and treatment of dental and craniofacial injuries have continued to evolve throughout the last several decades. Limitations with autograft, allograft, and synthetics created the need for more advanced approaches in tissue engineering. Calcium phosphate cements (CPC) are frequently used to repair bone defects. Since their discovery in the 1980s, extensive research has been conducted to improve their properties, and emerging evidence supports their increased application in bone tissue engineering. This review focuses on the up-to-date performance of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds and upcoming promising dental and craniofacial bone regeneration strategies. First, we summarized the barriers encountered in CPC scaffold development. Second, we compiled the most up to date in vitro and in vivo literature. Then, we conducted a systematic search of scientific articles in MEDLINE and EMBASE to screen the related studies. Lastly, we revealed the current developments to effectively design CPC scaffolds and track the enhanced viability and therapeutic efficacy to overcome the current limitations and upcoming perspectives. Finally, we presented a timely and opportune review article focusing on the significant potential of CPC scaffolds for dental and craniofacial bone regeneration, which will be discussed thoroughly. CPC offers multiple capabilities that may be considered toward the oral defects, expecting a future outlook in nanotechnology design and performance.
Increasing Autochthonous Production in Inland Waters as a Contributor to the Missing Carbon Sink
Authors: Liu Zaihua , Yan Hao , Zeng Sibo
Published: September 2021

Accounting for the residual land sink (or missing carbon sink) has become a major budget focus for global carbon cycle modelers. If we are not able to account for the past and current sources and sinks, we cannot make accurate predictions about future storage of fossil fuel combustion emissions of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere. Here, we show that the autochthonous production (AP) in inland waters appears to have been strengthening in response to changes in climate and land use, as evidenced by decreasing CO2 emissions from and increasing dissolved organic carbon storage and/or organic carbon burial in inland waters during recent decades. The increasing AP may be due chiefly to increasing aquatic photosynthesis caused by global warming and intensifying human activities. We estimate that the missing carbon sink associated with the strengthening AP in inland waters may range from 0.38 to 1.8 Gt C yr-1 with large uncertainties. Our study stresses the potential role that AP may play in the further evolution of the global carbon cycle. Quantitative estimates of future freshwater AP effects on the carbon cycle may also help to guide the action needed to reduce carbon emissions, and increase carbon sinks in terrestrial aquatic ecosystems.
Experimental Investigation of Water-Rich Fully Weathered Granite on Water Bursting and Mud Bursting
Authors: Zheng Suping
Published: September 2021

In order to investigate the mechanism of water-rich and fully weathered granite on the water bursting and mud bursting, the single-factor variable method is adopted in this study. The particle size gradation, initial porosity, water pressure, confining pressure, and anti-outburst thickness are chosen to determine each factor on the evolution of sand gushing, porosity, permeability, fine particle concentration, and water gushing velocity. Results indicate that a particle loss is the most critical reason for the water bursting and mud bursting of water-rich and fully weathered granite. The transition of water bursting from the linear to the nonlinear stage is the most significant feature. Soil particles with a larger Talbol power index are more likely to lead to water bursting. In addition, there is a critical water pressure to control the occurrence of water bursting and mud bursting. It is found that when the confining pressure reached the soil yield strength, the evolution of water bursting and mud bursting is independent of the increase in confining pressure. The increase in anti-outburst thickness can also effectively limit the risk of water bursting and mud bursting.
Formation and Dispersal of Ash at Open Conduit Basaltic Volcanoes: Lessons From Etna
Authors: Edwards Matthew J. , Eychenne Julia , Pioli Laura
Published: September 2021

Open conduit volcanoes are characterized by frequent, small scale explosive eruptions, which have a significant impact. Ash-forming explosions are impacting over larger areas with respect to effusive or poorly explosive events and, consequently, are more significant for hazard assessments. Quantifying the hazard associated with them requires understanding the processes and parameters controlling explosive style, and tephra dispersal and obtaining a comprehensive dataset to constrain syn-eruptive dynamics and particle transport in the volcanic plume. We present a study focused on Etna volcano (Italy), which, despite its continuous outgassing through the summit vents, has very frequent explosive eruptions dispersing ash along the southern Mediterranean area. The goal of this study is to obtain a statistically valid dataset on ash morphology and texture and investigate how various particle types distribute spatially in the tephra blanket. We chose a small scale, ash-forming eruption occurred in May 2016, sampled a few hours after tephra deposition. Analyses of grainsize distribution were coupled with further data on tephra texture and morphology, and numerical simulations. Several components were identified based either on purely textural or purely shape characteristics. Shape parameters related to the form of the grains (aspect ratio) are consistent across grainsizes and components. However, roughness parameters (solidity, convexity, concavity index) vary non-uniformly with particle size and componentry. Ash was formed through complex fragmentation of heterogenous magma, starting in the conduit, extending to the explosion jet, and resulting into a large variability of particle shapes, density and textures which distribute non-uniformly across grainsizes. This variability determines variable traveling potential within the volcanic plume and thus non uniform distribution in the deposit. Componentry variations along the dispersal axis suggest that density is the most effective parameter in controlling particle settling. However, extreme shapes, such as very elongated particles formed by surface tension instabilities in the jet, have the largest potential of being transported in the plume and can disperse downwind up to tens of km. Our results suggest that heterogeneities in textures and morphologies of particles are fundamental characteristics of tephra from frequently erupting volcanoes and should be accounted for plume dispersal modelling and hazard assessment.
A New GNSS-R Altimetry Algorithm Based on Machine Learning Fusion Model and Feature Optimization to Improve the Precision of Sea Surface Height Retrieval
Authors: Wang Qiang , Zheng Wei , Wu Fan , Xu Aigong , Zhu Huizhong , Liu Zongqiang
Published: September 2021

The global navigation satellite system reflectometer (GNSS-R) can improve the observation and inversion of mesoscale by increasing the spatial coverage of ocean surface observations. The traditional retracking method is an empirical model with lower accuracy and condenses the Delay-Doppler Map information to a single scalar metric cannot completely represent the sea surface height (SSH) information. Firstly, to use multi-dimensional inputs for SSH retrieval, this paper constructs a new machine learning weighted average fusion feature extraction method based on the machine learning fusion model and feature extraction, which takes airborne delay waveform (DW) data as input and SSH as output. R2-Ranking method is used for weighted fusion, and the weights are distributed by the coefficient of determination of cross validation on the training set. Moreover, based on the airborne delay waveform data set, three features that are sensitive to the height of the sea surface are constructed, including the delay of the 70% peak correlation power (PCP70), the waveform leading edge peak first derivative (PFD), and the leading edge slope (LES). The effect of feature sets with varying levels of information details are analyzed as well. Secondly, the global average sea surface DTU15, which has been corrected by tides, is used to verify the reliability of the new machine learning weighted average fusion feature extraction method. The results show that the best retrieval performance can be obtained by using DW, PCP70 and PFD features. Compared with the DTU15 model, the root mean square error is about 0.23 m, and the correlation coefficient is about 0.75. Thirdly, the retrieval performance of the new machine learning weighted average fusion feature extraction method and the traditional single-point re-tracking method are compared and analyzed. The results show that the new machine learning weighted average fusion feature extraction method can effectively improve the precision of SSH retrieval, in which the mean absolute error is reduced by 63.1 and 59.2% respectively, and the root mean square error is reduced by 63.3 and 61.8% respectively; The correlation coefficient increased by 31.6 and 44.2% respectively. This method will provide the theoretical method support for the future GNSS-R SSH altimetry verification satellite.
Spatial Thinking With Comics in Geography Education
Authors: von Reumont Frederik , Budke Alexandra
Published: September 2021

Spatial thinking is a key asset in geography education. Thus pre-service geography teachers need to be trained in spatial thinking. Since comics seem to be a good approach to teaching geography, in our study we wanted to find out about the possibilities to teach spatial thinking with comics. How do students put their spatial thinking into practice while producing their own comics? What does this mean for the learning process? We analyzed comics, which were produced by teacher students in a mid-level university seminar for the use in the geography classroom. In the analysis of the comics produced by our students we gauged their abilities to think spatially in terms of the spatial concepts developed by Wardenga. We contextualized the visual output of the comics with a survey we conducted among the participants, which we analyzed using qualitative content analysis. We found that our students had difficulties assessing the potential of comics to teach spatial thinking in a purely verbal and theoretical way. However, in their own productions they showed high levels of creativity expressing spatial concepts. Comics produced by learners offer unique opportunities for the reflection and assessment of their ways of spatial thinking.
Effect of Time Constraint in Exploring Spatial Differences With Balanced Allocation of Performance Factors in a Redrawn Mental Rotation Test
Authors: Jeng Hi-Lian , Lin Yi-Lung
Published: September 2021

To achieve a comprehensive and unbiased measurement, a mental rotation test (MRT) (cube form) was redrawn and administered with influential performance factors, namely, time constraint, item type, angular disparity, and rotation/flipping. Item type, angular disparity, and rotation/flipping were systematically balanced into the items of the redrawn Pentomino-MRT, and two time-constraint conditions were randomly assigned to 813 Grade 4 to 6 primary students when administering the test. Children of these ages are of investigative interest because they are at crucial stages of spatial ability development and are at an age where associated gender differences emerge. The study demonstrates that spatial gender differences can be detected in Grade 4, are more marked in Grade 5, and become stable in Grade 6. The importance of time constraint is acknowledged in how and at what grade gender differences emerge under the conditions of the performance factors investigated. In particular, the performance of girls reminds us to focus on their spatial ability development if later STEM-related field participation is of concern.