bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinematics of a symmetrically confined cylindrical particle in a “Stokes-type” regime
Authors: Champmartin Stéphane , Ambari Abdelhak
Published: July 2007

To contribute to the study of the influence of the hydrodynamic interactions governing the dynamics of solid particles such as fibers in nondilute regimes, we consider in this work a cylindrical particle confined between two parallel walls at low Reynolds numbers. The particle moves with its axis always parallel to both walls. Our numerical results, derived with a projection method and a finite-volume approach, turn out to be very accurate and enable us to solve different problems using the matrix resistance technique. The first problem considers the consequences of these interactions on the settling velocity of a particle. In such confined situations, the hydrodynamic interactions are expressed by a backflow leading to a decrease of the settling velocity when the confinement increases with an asymptotical behavior varying like ε5∕2, where ε stands for the gap between the plane walls and the cylinder. The second problem consists in the accurate determination of the actual velocity of a neutrally buoyant particle transported in a Poiseuille flow, with its axis perpendicular to the mean flow. The hydrodynamic interactions lead to the existence of a relative velocity between the free particle and the flow unperturbed by the particle. This result reconsiders the assumption commonly used in some studies (same velocity for the particle and the unperturbed fluid) to analyze the transportation of fibers in the processing of composite materials (extrusion, injection molding) for concentrated regimes. In the third problem describing the transportation of a non-neutrally buoyant particle in a vertical Poiseuille flow, as in a fluidized bed, for instance, we obtain two regimes depending on the relative magnitude of the sedimentation velocity to the mean Poiseuille flow, and this suggests a potential method to separate the particles according to their density or size. On this occasion, we give the various flow patterns arising with each problem.
Self-propagating high temperature synthesis of yellow-emitting Ba2Si5N8:Eu2+ phosphors for white light-emitting diodes
Authors: Piao Xianqing , Machida Ken-ichi , Horikawa Takashi , Hanzawa Hiromasa
Published: July 2007

High-performance nitride phosphors, Ba2Si5N8:Eu2+, were prepared by the self-propagating high temperature synthesis method. The broadband absorption in the range of 380–500nm indicated that the resultant phosphors were effectively excited by an InGaN blue light-emitting diode (400∕470nm). The emission peak position of Ba2−xEuxSi5N8 (x=0–0.3) varied from 572to650nm with increasing Eu2+ concentration, and the intensity was maximized at x=0.04. The optimized sample gave a strong yellow emission peak at 580nm. The redshifting behavior of the emission band was attributed to three factors: energy migration, crystal field strengthening, and reabsorption.
Superior flexibility of super carbon nanotubes: Molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Qin Zhao , Feng Xi-Qiao , Zou Jian , Yin Yajun , Yu Shou-Wen
Published: July 2007

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to study the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of the so-called super carbon tubes (SCTs), a recently developed network material made by conjoined single- or multiwalled carbon nanotubes. It is found that such SCTs exhibit some unusual mechanical properties distinctly different from individual carbon nanotubes. The rupture strain of SCTs reaches more than 30%, more than three times that of single-walled carbon nanotubes. This study suggests that SCTs might be used as advanced materials with extremely low mass density and high flexibility.
Microwave absorption properties of hollow microsphere/titania/M-type Ba ferrite nanocomposites
Authors: Mu Guohong , Chen Na , Pan Xifeng , Yang Kai , Gu Mingyuan
Published: July 2007

Low density composite powders of hollow microsphere/titania/M-type Ba ferrite were prepared using a two-step sol-gel technique. Their electromagnetic wave absorption properties were investigated in the 2–18GHz frequency range. Reflection loss less than −20dB was obtained between 7.5–9.4GHz for paraffin composites containing 25wt% titania over an absorber thickness of 2.0–3.0mm. A minimum reflection loss of −30.1dB was observed at 8.5GHz with a thickness of 2.4mm. The strong electromagnetic absorption properties are due to the introduction of a titania intermediate layer.
Evolution process of luminescent Si nanostructures in annealed SiOx thin films probed by photoconductivity measurements
Authors: Koyanagi Emi , Uchino Takashi
Published: July 2007

The authors have investigated the photoconductivity (PC) phenomena of SiOx thin films during annealing, which eventually lead to the formation of luminescent Si nanostructures. It has been found that there are three characteristic annealing stages in the variation of the PC spectral response depending on the microscopic structural transformations of the annealed samples, namely, the elimination of defective midgap states of the as-deposited films, the evolution of conducting Si nanostructures, and the subsequent formation of isolated luminescent Si nanograins.
Ecogeographical studies identify diversity and potential gaps in the largest germplasm collection of bladder clover (Trifolium spumosum L.)
Authors: Ghamkhar K. , Snowball R. , Bennett S. J.
Published: July 2007

Plant germplasm collections are important reservoirs of diversity for plant breeders and adding to the knowledge of the diversity among and within germplasm accessions helps plant breeders to use them more efficiently. The annual legume, bladder clover (Trifolium spumosum L.), was the model plant in this study. The hypothesis that ecogeographical variables are important sources of diversity in the germplasm collection of bladder clover and some variables are more important than others has been studied. Three themes have been addressed here: firstly, analysis of the existing passport data to determine a minimum set of ecogeographical descriptors required for capturing ecological aspects of each collection site; secondly, illustration of the ecogeographical regions and subregions using GIS techniques to identify areas with the greatest likelihood of filling gaps in the collection; thirdly, development of an approach for the evaluation of genetic diversity by grouping accessions with a focus on outliers within the collection using principal component and cluster analyses. In this paper the importance of longitude as a geographical factor has been documented and the overall ecogeographical diversity in the germplasm collection of bladder clover has been screened.
'From the Frying Pan to the Oven': Gentrification and the Experience of Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn
Authors: Curran Winifred
Published: July 2007

This paper explores the effects of gentrification on industrial displacement. Although urban manufacturing centres are not as central to the urban economy as they once were, they still house a vibrant and varied manufacturing sector that serves urban niche markets and provides employment for a less-educated and largely immigrant and minority workforce. As urban neighbourhoods gentrify, these manufacturers are faced with displacement because their space has become attractive to developers who convert lofts into residences. This paper looks at the process of gentrification and the experience of industrial displacement in the Williamsburg neighbourhood of Brooklyn, New York, in order to challenge existing theories on the impacts of gentrification and thus help to make clear the processes and interests at work. Through buy-outs, lease refusals, zoning changes and increasing rents, small manufacturers are being actively displaced, endangering the diversity of the economy and the employment outcomes of unskilled and immigrant workers.
Tokyo-as-World-City: Reassessing the Role of Capital and the State in Urban Restructuring
Authors: Waley Paul
Published: July 2007

The world cities literature has been enlivened by debate over the place of Tokyo in a conceptual model that appears to have clear North Atlantic roots. In recent years, it has been suggested that Tokyo is shaped to an unusual degree by interventions by the state. This paper reviews this discussion and argues that the role of capital in Tokyo's restructuring has been underplayed. The paper places Japan's capital within a wider context of urban theorising through the use of three conceptual categories: urban governance, the urban terrain and urban life-spaces. It follows the story of the restructuring of Tokyo's urban terrain and the squeezing of life-spaces, drawing out the ever more substantial role of business corporations in urban development projects, with national government cheer-leading and local government increasingly sidelined.
Genomic Profiling in Nuclear Receptor-Mediated Toxicity
Authors: Woods Courtney G. , Vanden Heuvel John P. , Rusyn Ivan
Published: July 2007

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are attractive drug targets due to their role in regulation of a wide range of physiologic responses. In addition to providing therapeutic value, many pharmaceutical agents along with environmental chemicals are ligands for NRs and can cause adverse health effects that are directly related to activation of NRs. Identifying the molecular events that produce a toxic response may be confounded by the fact that there is a significant overlap in the biological processes that NRs regulate. Microarrays and other methods for gene expression profiling have served as useful, sensitive tools for discerning the mechanisms by which therapeutics and environmental chemicals invoke toxic effects. The capability to probe thousands of genes simultaneously has made genomics a prime technology for identifying drug targets, biomarkers of exposure/toxicity and key players in the mechanisms of disease. The complex intertwining networks regulated by NRs are hard to probe comprehensively without global approaches and genomics has become a key technology that facilitates our understanding of NR-dependent and -independent events. The future of drug discovery, design and optimization, and risk assessment of chemical toxicants that activate NRs will inevitably involve genomic profiling. This review will focus on genomics studies related to PPAR, CAR, PXR, RXR, LXR, FXR, and AHR.
Investigating the Mechanistic Basis for Hepatic Toxicity Induced by an Experimental Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) Antagonist Using a Compendium of Gene Expression Profiles
Authors: Cornwell Paul D. , Ulrich Roger G.
Published: July 2007

A compendium of hepatic gene expression signatures was used to identify a mechanistic basis for the hepatic toxicity of an experimental CCR5 antagonist (MrkA). Development of MrkA, a potential HIV therapeutic, was discontinued due to hepatotoxicity in preclinical studies. Rats were treated with MrkA at 3 dose levels (50, 250, and 500 mg/kg) for 1, 3, or 7 days. Hepatic toxicity (vacuolation, consistent with steatosis, and elevated serum transaminase levels) was observed at 250 and 500 mg/kg, but not at 50 mg/kg. Hepatic gene expression profiles were compared to a compendium of hepatic expression profiles. MrkA was similar to 3 β-oxidation inhibitors (valproate, cyclopropane carboxylate, pivalate), 8 PPARα agonists (fenofibrate, bezafibrate and 6 fibrate analogues), and 3 other diverse compounds (diethylnitrosamine, microcystin LR & actinomycin D). These data indicate MrkA to be a mitochondrial inhibitor, and activation of PPARα-regulated transcription was thought to be due to an accumulation of endogenous ligands. While mitochondrial inhibition was likely responsible for steatosis, canonical pathway analysis revealed that progression to liver injury may be mediated by activation of the innate immune system primarily through NF-kB pathways. These results demonstrate the utility of a gene expression response compendium in developing transcriptional biomarkers and identifying the mechanistic basis for toxicity.
The IPPR and industrial policy
Authors: Brayshaw Peter
Published: July 2007

Brunskill, I. 1990: The Regeneration Game: A Regional Approach to Regional Policy. IPPR, £7.50.

Miliband, D. 1990: Technology Transfer: Policies for Innovation. IPPR, £7.50

IPPR 1991: Annual Report 1990–1991, no price stated.
The car industry
Authors: Haslam Colin
Published: July 2007

Wells. P. and Rawlinson, M. 1994: The New European Automobile Industry. London: Macmillan Press, £40.00, cased.
Reviews
Authors: Crisp Jeff , Leys Roger
Published: July 2007

Richard Jeffries, Class, Power and Ideology in Ghana: the Railwaymen of Sekondi,(Cambridge University Press, 1978).
Reviews
Authors: Campbell Horace , Copans J. , Hunt Geoffrey
Published: July 2007

Imperialism and Revolution in Ugandaby D. Wadada Nabudere, (Tanzania Publishing House and Onyx Press 1981 — London and Dar Es Salaam). 376 pages.
Reviews
Authors: McBride Robert , Connell Dan , Sano Hans
                      Otto
Published: July 2007

Bereket Habte Selassie, Conflict and Intervention in the Horn of Africa(New York: Monthly Review, 1980), pp.211; $15.00.

Basil Davidson, Lionel Cliffe and Bereket Habte Selassie, eds., Behind the War in Eritrea(London: Spokesman, 1980), pp.150; £3.50.

David Pool, Eritrea: Africa's Longest War(London: Anti‐Slavery Society, 1980), pp.78; £1.50; paperback.

Judith Heyer, Pepe Roberts and Gavin Williams (eds.), Rural Development in Tropical Africa(MacMillan Press, 1981); 375pp; £25.00.
Reviews
Authors: Turshen Meredeth , Kirkby S.J. , Pool Ian , Ishemo Shubl , Turshen Meredeth
Published: July 2007

AIDS in Africa: The Social and Policy Impactby Norman Miller and Richard C. Rockwell (Eds), Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, NY/Queenston, Ont., 1988, 336pp.; Aids, Africa and Racismby Richard C. Chirimuuta and Rosalind J. Chirimuuta, Bretby House, Stanhope Nr Burton‐on‐Trent, DE15 0PT, UK, 1987, £6 pb, £14 hbb, 160pp.

Africa in Crisis:the causes, the cures of environmental bankruptcy by Lloyd Timberlake (1988), Earthscan, London.

African Population and Capitalism: Historical Perspectivesedited by Dennis D. Cordell and Joel W. Gregory, Westview Press: Boulder and London, $41.50 (US), August 1987, pp.302

The Ecology of Survival: Case Studies from Northeast African Historyby Douglas H.Johnson and David M.Anderson, Eds; Lester Crook Academic Publishing, London; Westview Press, Boulder, 1988.

Reproductive Sights and Wrongs: The Global Politics of Population Control and Contraceptive Choiceby Betsy Hartmann, New York, Harper & Row, 1987, PB $10.95, 368pp.
Book notes
Authors: Love Roy , Bush Ray , Szeftel Morris
Published: July 2007

South Africa: Limits to Change — the Political Economy of Transformation
(1997), by Hein Marais, Zed and UCT Press ISBN 1 85649 544 2.

Reconciliation Through Truth: A Reckoning of Apartheid's Criminal Governance
(1997), by Kader Asmal, Louise Asmal, Ronald Suresh Roberts; David Philip, St Martins, James Currey, ISBN 0 85255 802 3.

What Women do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa
(1998), edited by Meredeth Turshen & Clotilde Twagira‐mariya, Zed Books, ISBN 1 85649 538 8.

Democratisation in Africa: The Theory and Dynamics of Political Transitions
(1997), by Earl Conteh‐Morgan, Praeger, ISBN 0–275–95780–2.

Custodians of the Commons: Pastoral Land Tenure in East & West Africa
(1998), edited by Charles R Lane, Earthscan/UNRISD, ISBN 1 85383 473 4.

Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa
(1997), by David E Sahn, Paul A Dorosh, Stephen D Younger, Cambridge UP, ISBN 0 521 58451 5.

Structural Adjustment, Reconstruction and Development in Africa
(1997), edited by Kempe Ronald Hope, Sr, Ashgate, ISBN 1 84014 127 1.
LONG TERM EFFICACY OF RELAXATION TRAINING FOR ALCOHOL AND POLY DRUG USERS
Authors: Felstead B. , Postlethwaite R.
Published: July 2007

Thirty alcohol and drug abusing clients of an inclient treatment centre were administered questionnaires regarding their perceptions of the usefulness of Relaxation as a treatment and continued use of Relaxation following discharge. These questionnaires were administered to clients attending follow‐up appointments following discharge from an inclient treatment programme in which Relaxation was a significant component. They were administered at random periods following discharge up to twenty‐three months post‐discharge. The results indicate that a majority of clients perceived relaxation to be an appropriate treatment procedure and a significant proportion continued to use Relaxation at the time of follow‐up. These results were discussed in the light of possible improvements which could be made to the Relaxation training procedure to increase its usefulness.
Alcohol and Diseases of the Oesophagus
Authors: Foy A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The association between alcohol intake and diseases of the oesophagus is reviewed. In particular, oesophageal carcinoma, reflux oesophagitis and the Mallory‐Weiss syndrome are considered.
Deranged Ingestion: Foundations of Therapy for Alcoholism
Authors: Clarke J. Christopher , Garcia John
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Recent investigations of human and animal learning suggest that the conceptualization of alcoholism and its subsequent treatment might be appropriately based on an understanding of learning mechanisms which control feeding behaviour. Perhaps the most significant in this regard is the research concerning taste aversion and food avoidance. This research, particularly that related to modifying the feeding habits of predators and the management of alcoholism in humans by aversive conditioning, is described in detail in this review. The theoretical significance of the prolonged interval between the conditioned stimulus (the food or drink) and the aversive event and the insights that this research has provided on the notion of equipotentiality and generally of different aversive stimuli are discussed.
The Appropriate Use of Psychotropic Drugs
Authors: Ball J.R.B.
Published: July 2007

The history of psychiatric services and treatment is reviewed from the sedatives and psychotherapy of the 1930s, through electroconvulsive therapy in the 1940s, Rauwolphia and Chlorpromazine in the 1950s, followed by barbiturates then benzodiazepines in more recent times. The move to treatment in the community rather than in institutional settings is discussed, as is the need for care in the use of psychotropic drugs.
A Report on the AMSAD National Workshop on Clinical Responses to Cocaine, Sydney, September 1986
Authors: Wodak A.D.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: A workshop on clinical issues related to cocaine was held in Sydney on September 15–16th. It was sponsored by the Commonwealth Department of Health through the National Campaign Against Drug Abuse (NCADA) and organised by the Australian Medical Society on Alcohol and Drugs (AMSAD). All states and territories were invited to nominate representatives. The 23 people who attended came from a range of professional backgrounds and were involved (or expected to be involved) in the clinical management of cocaine users. One objective of the workshop was to develop recommendations for the Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (MCDS) to assist it in developing a national approach to cocaine. This report summarises the proceedings and recommendations of the workshop.
Cerebral Deficits in Social Drinkers and the Onus of Proof
Authors: Bowden Stephen C.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: A number of correlational studies have claimed to show that moderate social drinking (less than 80 ml of ethanol per occasion) may give rise to chronic cerebral deficits. These claims are widely cited in the scientific literature and have been reiterated in the popular press. However, review of the evidence suggests that these claims suffer serious conceptual and methodological limitations. All of the data is open to more parsimonious interpretation. Abstinence studies have also failed to provide any evidence of a reversible toxic effect on behaviour. As a consequence, the onus rests with the proponents of the view that moderate alcohol consumption harms mentation to provide some unambiguous evidence.
The Emperor has no Clothes: The Limits of Science in Dealing with Drug Problems
Authors: Drew L.R.H.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: This article proposes that, of necessity, the attempt to deal with alcohol and other drug problems within a purely rational, scientific framework and to claim the area as the exclusive domain of health‐science professionals has been unsuccessful. It is proposed that human problems such as those associated with drug use must be addressed from many perspectives concurrently, using many models or governing images, and that it is necessary to acknowledge that the scientific and existential approaches are complementary rather than alternative. Drug use must be affirmed as ordinary behaviour and the moral dimension must be added as an equal to the psycho‐bio‐social dimensions both in theory and practice. A pragmatic approach will protect against a return to destructive moralising
Secondary Prevention of Alcohol Related Problems
Authors: Ryder David
Published: July 2007

Abstract: It is argued that the secondary prevention of alcohol related problems cannot be undertaken within the methods currently employed to deal with a chronic drinking population. It is argued that fresh initiatives are required, involving seeking out the target population in venues other than treatment units. The interventions can be less intensive than those generally adopted and will preferably be conducted by non‐specialists. The treatment goal will in all likelihood be for a moderating of consumption and a non‐confrontational style of counselling is required. A broader model of what constitutes an alcohol related problem is discussed, as are the implications of such initiatives for the specialist alcohol worker.
A Dangerous Dose of Alcohol
Authors: Santamaria Joseph N.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The problem of what constitutes a dangerous dose of alcohol has led to considerable confusion in the terminology that is used and the public statements that are made. The model of liver damage is inadequate to convey the message of what constitutes a harmful dose in the context of our understanding of indices of harm. It is recommended that community education should be based on the effects of alcohol on the brain, on skilled performance, cognitive functioning, behaviour and to a lesser degree on neural or other physical damage. Guidelines are suggested for controlling the dose of alcohol and the blood alcohol concentration.
Recent developments in drug and alcohol medical education in Australia
Authors: Roche Ann M. , Saunders John B.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Drug and alcohol training in Australian medical schools is about to undergo a transformation with the appointment of drug and alcohol co‐ordinators to all medical schools. These federally‐funded positions will ensure the development and implementation of integrated drug and alcohol medical curricula at the undergraduate level.
Commercial influences on the pursuit of wisdom
Authors: McHenry Leemon B.
Published: July 2007

This essay examines the effects of commercialization on education with particular focus on corporatization of academic research. This trend results from a business model of education, which I identify as profit-based inquiry. I contrast profit-based inquiry with Nicholas Maxwell's conception
of wisdom-based inquiry and conclude that the business model fails to achieve enduring value and results in a promotional or ideological emphasis rather than one that stresses the importance of critical rationalism. In order to make my case for this failure, I focus attention on the current
state of commercialization in research of medicines.
Teaching for wisdom: what matters is not just what students know, but how they use it
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. , Reznitskaya Alina , Jarvin Linda
Published: July 2007

This article describes a balance theory of wisdom and applies the theory to the context of schooling. First the article discusses why cognitive skills as assessed by conventional tests are an important, but not a sufficient, basis for education. Second the article discusses the concept
of wisdom and why it is important for schooling. Third the article presents a balance theory of wisdom, according to which wisdom is defined as the application of intelligence, creativity, and knowledge toward the achievement of a common good through a balance in the (a) short- and (b) long-terms;
among (a) intrapersonal, (b) interpersonal, and (c) extrapersonal interests; in order to achieve a balance among (a) adaptation to existing environments, (b) shaping of existing environments, and (c) selection of new environments. Fourth the article discusses how wisdom might be nurtured in
schools. It is concluded that it might be worthwhile for schools to emphasize the development of wisdom.
Hypoxia/Ischemia and the Regulation of Neuroglobin and Cytoglobin Expression
Authors: Fordel E. , Geuens E. , Dewilde S. , De Coen W. , Moens L.
Published: July 2007

In analogy to hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb), neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Cygb) are supposed to be involved in oxygen (O2) storage and delivery. The Cygb gene harbours both conserved HREs and mRNA stabilization sites, strongly suggestive of an oxygen‐dependent regulation. We examined the relative transcriptional changes of Ngb and Cygb in a situation of chronic hypoxia using real‐time quantitative PCR. We could conclude that Cygb is a hypoxia‐induced gene, which is transcriptionally upregulated during chronic hypoxia in a hippocampal neuronal cell line and in multiple murine metabolically active tissues. The mechanism of induction of Cygb is HIF‐1α dependent. HIF‐1 is unique among mammalian transcription factors with respect to the specificity and sensitivity of its induction by hypoxia. Ngb expression seems to be regulated using other response elements and is less influenced by hypoxia.
IUBMB Life, 56: 681‐687, 2004
The Cellular and Subcellular Localization of Neuroglobin and Cytoglobin ‐ A Clue to Their Function?
Authors: Hankeln Thomas , Wystub Sylvia , Laufs Tilmann , Schmidt Marc , Gerlach Frank , Saaler‐Reinhardt Sigrid , Reuss Stefan , Burmester Thorsten
Published: July 2007

Neuroglobin and cytoglobin are recently discovered respiratory proteins of vertebrates with yet ill‐defined physiological functions. Neuroglobin is widely expressed in neurons, but not glia, in the vertebrate central and peripheral nervous systems. Other major expression sites are the retina and endocrine tissues. This distribution is indicative of a function of neuroglobin in metabolically most active, oxygen‐consuming cell types, but does not yet allow to safely distinguish between different cellular roles, such as oxygen homeostasis, scavenging of reactive oxygen species or sustaining energy metabolism. Cytoglobin is predominantly expressed in connective tissue fibroblasts and related cell types in the body organs. Its main function may therefore be related to the specific metabolic properties of these cells, namely the production of massive amounts of extracellular matrix. Cytoglobin may hypothetically be involved in the oxygen‐consuming maturation of collagen proteins. Cytoglobin is also expressed in distinct cell types of brain and retina. Its distribution strikingly differs from neuroglobin, suggesting an independent, yet unknown function.
IUBMB Life, 56: 671‐679, 2004
Reversible hexa‐ to penta‐coordination of the heme Fe atom modulates ligand binding properties of neuroglobin and cytoglobin
Authors: Pesce Alessandra , De Sanctis Daniele , Nardini Marco , Dewilde Sylvia , Moens Luc , Hankeln Thomas , Burmester Thorsten , Ascenzi Paolo , Bolognesi Martino
Published: July 2007

Neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Cygb) are two recently discovered intracellular members of the vertebrate hemoglobin (Hb) family. Ngb, predominantly expressed in nerve cells, is of ancient evolutionary origin and is homologous to nerve‐globins of invertebrates. Cygb, present in many different tissues, shares common ancestry with myoglobin (Mb) and can be traced to early vertebrate evolution. Ngb is held to facilitate O2 diffusion to the mitochondria and to protect neuronal cells from hypoxic‐ischemic insults, may be an oxidative stress‐responsive sensor protein for signal transduction, and may carry out enzymatic activities, such as NO/O2 scavenging. Cygb is linked to collagen synthesis, may provide O2 for enzymatic reactions, and may be involved in a ROS (NO)‐signaling pathway(s). Ngb and Cgb display the classical three‐over‐three α‐helical fold of Hb and Mb, and are endowed with a hexa‐coordinate heme‐Fe atom, in their ferrous and ferric forms, having the heme distal HisE7 residue as the endogenous ligand. Reversible hexa‐ to penta‐coordination of the heme Fe atom modulates ligand binding properties of Ngb and Cygb. Moreover, Ngb and Cygb display a tunnel/cavity system within the protein matrix held to facilitate ligand channeling to/from the heme, multiple ligand copies storage, multi‐ligand reactions, and conformational transitions supporting ligand binding.
IUBMB Life, 56: 657‐664, 2004
Nutritional needs of elite endurance athletes. Part I: Carbohydrate and fluid requirements
Authors: Tarnopolsky Mark A. , Gibala Martin , Jeukendrup Asker E. , Phillips Stuart M.
Published: July 2007

Both carbohydrate depletion and dehydration have been shown to decrease performance whilst severe dehydration can also cause adverse health effects. Therefore carbohydrate and fluid requirements are increased with exercise. Ingestion of 200–300 g of CHO 3–4 h prior to exercise is an effective strategy in order to meet daily CHO demands and increase CHO availability during the subsequent exercise period. There is little evidence that CHO during the hour immediately prior to exercise has adverse effects such as rebound hypoglycaemia. CHO ingestion during exercise has been shown to improve performance as measured by enhanced work output or decreased exercise time to complete a fixed amount of work. Recent studies have demonstrated that exogenous CHO oxidation rates can be increased by ingesting combinations of CHO that use different intestinal CHO transporters. After exercise maximal muscle glycogen re‐synthesis rates can be achieved by ingesting CHO at a rate of ∼1.2 g/kg/h, in relatively frequent (e.g., 15–30 min) intervals for up to 5 h following exercise. Protein amino acid mixtures may increase glycogen synthesis further but only if relatively small amounts of CHO are ingested.

Hypohydration and hyperthermia alone have negative effects on performance but their combination is particularly serious, both in terms of performance and health. Dehydration can be prevented by fluid ingestion pre exercise and during exercise. Because of large individual differences it is difficult to individualise the advice. Perhaps the best guidance for athletes is to weigh themselves to assess fluid losses during training and racing and limit weight losses to 1% during exercise lasting longer than 1.5 h. Excessive fluid intake has been associated with hyponatremia. Post exercise the volume of fluid ingested and sodium intake are important determinants of rehydration.
The Abl-related Gene Tyrosine Kinase Acts through p190RhoGAP to Inhibit Actomyosin Contractility and Regulate Focal Adhesion Dynamics upon Adhesion to Fibronectin
Authors: Peacock Justin G. , Miller Ann L. , Bradley William D. , Rodriguez Olga C. , Webb Donna J. , Koleske Anthony J.
Published: July 2007

In migrating cells, actin polymerization promotes protrusion of the leading edge, whereas actomyosin contractility powers net cell body translocation. Although they promote F-actin–dependent protrusions of the cell periphery upon adhesion to fibronectin (FN), Abl family kinases inhibit cell migration on FN. We provide evidence here that the Abl-related gene (Arg/Abl2) kinase inhibits fibroblast migration by attenuating actomyosin contractility and regulating focal adhesion dynamics. arg−/− fibroblasts migrate at faster average speeds than wild-type (wt) cells, whereas Arg re-expression in these cells slows migration. Surprisingly, the faster migrating arg−/− fibroblasts have more prominent F-actin stress fibers and focal adhesions and exhibit increased actomyosin contractility relative to wt cells. Interestingly, Arg requires distinct functional domains to inhibit focal adhesions and actomyosin contractility. The kinase domain–containing Arg N-terminal half can act through the RhoA inhibitor p190RhoGAP to attenuate stress fiber formation and cell contractility. However, Arg requires both its kinase activity and its cytoskeleton-binding C-terminal half to fully inhibit focal adhesions. Although focal adhesions do not turn over efficiently in the trailing edge of arg−/− cells, the increased contractility of arg−/− cells tears the adhesions from the substrate, allowing for the faster migration observed in these cells. Together, our data strongly suggest that Arg inhibits cell migration by restricting actomyosin contractility and regulating its coupling to the substrate through focal adhesions.
Advantage of harmlessness in gaining preferential access to a heterospecific territory
Authors: Ochi H. , Hata H. , Hori M.
Published: July 2007

Underwater observations conducted in the shallow waters of the southern part of Lake Tanganyika showed that a zoobenthos‐eating cichlid Neolamprologus mustax preferentially foraged in the permanent territory of an algivorous cichlid Neolamprologus moorii, even though other zoobenthos‐eaters were chased out. Benthic invertebrates were much richer within the territory of N. moorii than outside, suggesting that the territory was an attractive feeding ground for zoobenthos‐eaters. Stomach contents analysis showed that N. mustax rarely ate fish broods, although other zoobenthos‐eaters often did so. It is concluded that the differential tolerance of N. moorii towards zoobenthos‐eaters based on their harmfulness to broods benefits harmless N. mustax by allowing its use of the prey‐rich territory.
Schooling behaviour and retinomotor response of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis under different light intensities
Authors: Torisawa S. , Takagi T. , Fukuda H. , Ishibashi Y. , Sawada Y. , Okada T. , Miyashita S. , Suzuki K. , Yamane T.
Published: July 2007

Schooling behaviour and histological retinal light adaptation in juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis were examined under various light intensities to determine the effect of light intensity on behaviour. After monitoring the schooling behaviour of juveniles 35–36 and 45–46 days post hatching, schooling variables such as nearest neighbour distance and separation swimming index were measured under different light intensities. Furthermore, retinal indices of light adaptation were investigated histologically for each experimental light intensity. Under intensities >5 lx, schooling variables in the two juvenile growth stages were nearly constant, allowing schooling. In contrast, the schooling variables indicated that the fish gradually swam more widely and randomly with decreasing light intensities <5 lx. The retinal indices also showed a shift from light adaptation to dark adaptation at light levels <5 lx. From 5 to 0·01 lx, retinal adaptation and fish schooling behaviour changed with light intensity. These data suggest that the schooling behaviour of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna is greatly affected by retinal adaptation.
Fungi isolated from cultured eggs, alevins and broodfish of brown trout in a hatchery affected by saprolegniosis
Authors: Fregeneda‐Grandes J. M. , Rodríguez‐Cadenas F. , Aller‐Gancedo J. M.
Published: July 2007

The aquatic fungi cultured from eggs, alevins and broodfish of brown trout Salmo trutta belonged to the genus Saprolegnia and were identified as S. diclina, S. australis, S. ferax, S. furcata, S. hypogyna, S. unispora and S. parasitica. The species obtained from infected eggs and alevins were different to those from infected fish. Several Saprolegnia species were isolated from eggs and alevins, whereas all the isolates obtained from broodfish were the pathogenic S. parasitica.
Effects of pollution and parasites on biomarkers of fish health in spottail shiners Notropis hudsonius (Clinton)
Authors: Thilakaratne I. D. S. I. P. , McLaughlin J. D. , Marcogliese D. J.
Published: July 2007

Seven biomarkers in 204 spottail shiners Notropis hudsonius were examined for effects of pollution and parasites on fish health at localities along the St Lawrence River, Canada. The number of pigmented macrophage centres and pigmented macrophages in the spleen was significantly higher at polluted localities receiving urban and industrial effluents than at reference localities, indicating that they were good indicators of exposure to pollution in spottail shiners. Seven of the nine species of parasites found in 1+ year fish showed significant correlations with biomarkers. More parasites (18 species) but fewer correlations with biomarkers were observed in 2+ year fish, indicating that parasite effects were more pronounced in young spottail shiners. A significant negative relationship was observed between condition factor and Neoechinorhynchus rutili in 1+ year fish, suggesting its potential pathological significance in young spottail shiners. High abundance of Plagioporus sinitsini was associated with higher spleen macrophage counts and lower indices of condition at polluted localities. Furthermore, infection by P. sinitsini in polluted conditions appeared to have a greater negative effect on fish health than either stressor alone, providing further evidence that parasites should be considered when examining effects of pollution on fish health.
The effects of environmental factors on rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax embryos and larvae
Authors: Fuda K. M. , Smith B. M. , Lesser M. P. , Legare B. J. , Breig H. R. , Stack R. B. , Berlinsky D. L.
Published: July 2007

Experiments were conducted to identify environmental factors that influence the survival of rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax during their early life stages. Developing rainbow smelt embryos and yolk‐sac larvae were cultured under controlled conditions with different dissolved oxygen (DO; 1·09, 2·18, 4·37 and 6·55 mg l−1, pH (4·0, 4·5, 5·0, 5·5, 6·0 and 7·0), nitrate (0·7, 3·6, 7·3, 14·6 and 29·2 mg l−1), phosphate (0·04, 0·21, 0·42, 2·08 and 4·17 mg l−1) and salinity (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30) levels. Rainbow smelt embryos were also incubated with simulated tidal salinity fluctuations (2–28), ultraviolet radiation (irradiances of 2·8, 6·2 and 5·1 W m−2) and under natural conditions in two rainbow smelt spawning rivers. In the laboratory, hatch was only impaired under the lowest DO and pH conditions (0 and 13% hatch, respectively) and at highest constant salinity levels (0% hatch). Larval survival was only affected by pH levels ≤5·0. The experiment that compared hatch under natural conditions was terminated when embryos became covered with silt and fungus. These results suggest that water acidification, sediment and fungal growth may affect rainbow smelt survival during their early life stages.
Royal College of Anaesthetists TutorsA survey of their duties and resources*
Authors: Webster V. J. , Barker I.
Published: July 2007

Royal College of Anaesthetists Tutors have a key role in the delivery of postgraduate anaesthetic training in the UK. We report the results of a postal questionnaire sent to all College Tutors in April 2000. An 89% response rate (253 of 283 Tutors) was received. Respondents were responsible for a median 11 trainees. Forty‐nine Tutors with responsibility for larger numbers of trainees had the assistance of a deputy. The duties of a College Tutor comprised the organisation and delivery of training, appraisal and assessment, and 73% of respondents undertook all of these. In addition, a proportion had other administrative duties. The average time spent on College Tutor duties was 1.6 notional half days. Almost two‐thirds of Tutors received some resources (time or remuneration) for their duties.
Spatial population structure in an obligate plant pathogen colonizing oakQuercus robur
Authors: ROSLIN TOMAS , LAINE ANNA‐LIISA , GRIPENBERG SOFIA
Published: July 2007

The spatial population structure of parasites may have profound effects on both ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Strong gene flow among local populations has been hypothesized to prevent differential performance on local and foreign hosts.

We studied the spatial population structure of an obligate pathogen, the oak mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides) on the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). Patterns of distribution and colonization–extinction dynamics were recorded in a set of 113 trees over 3 years, and in an additional set of 77 trees over 2 years. Colonization of uninfected hosts was examined in a set of 100 experimentally transplanted hosts, and differential performance on local and foreign hosts tested by reciprocal inoculations conducted in the laboratory.

Across years, the mildew occupied a high proportion of host trees ( ≥ 2/3). Patterns of mildew infection showed either no spatial aggregation (years 2003, 2005), or aggregation at a large spatial scale (up to 400 m; year 2004). High and even incidence of infection reflects efficient dispersal: during a single year, transplanted uninfected host plants were rapidly colonized in all parts of the landscape.

Local mildew populations still performed best on their original hosts: in reciprocal inoculations conducted on mature foliage, local mildew populations infected a significantly higher proportion of leaves from their original host tree than from other trees. Yet, even on the local host less than half of the leaves were infected.

To account for the observed patterns, two selection processes are invoked. The colonization experiment suggests that mildew spores are spread widely, with selection filtering out the genotypes that cannot infect the focal host. Local mildew populations are subject to further selection events later in the summer, favouring the strains best adapted to phenological changes in the local environment.

In conclusion, the patterns observed and processes inferred inM. alphitoidessuggest that complex selection pressures may affect local parasite populations, blurring any clear‐cut relation between gene flow and performance on local and foreign hosts.
Feeding, nutrient flow, and digestive enzyme release in the giant milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus
Authors: WOODRING JOSEPH , HOFFMANN KLAUS H. , LORENZ MATTHIAS W.
Published: July 2007

Abstract The giant milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, is an intermittent feeder, spending most of its time in compact groups away from the food, with feeding bouts lasting 30–60 min. They macerate a small area of the seed with their stylets, secreting large amounts of saliva (which suspends and emulsifies the seed tissue), and quickly suck the emulsion into the gut. Therefore, little digestive activity occurs in the seed tissue. Freshly ingested food in the first gut region (V1) consists of 50% water, 46% lipid, 5% protein, and 1% soluble carbohydrates. The junction of the midgut and hindgut lacks a lumen in the larvae stages, and a 3 μL large oil drop (> 85% triacylglycerides) accumulates in the third gut region (V3). Approximately 24 h after the imaginal moult, this large volume of oil and faeces is defecated, and thereafter an oily faeces is defecated several times daily. It is postulated that the delayed egestion in larvae protects them against suffocation due to self‐soiling with oily faeces. Serine proteases are absent in the gut and, instead, a cystein proteinase, inhibited by E64, is present (gut pH 6.0). High lipase activity was found throughout the gut, but only limited amylase activities. Basal levels of all three enzymes occurred throughout the gut, but at lower levels in starved bugs. Salivary gland extracts contain a cysteine proteinase and a lipase, but no amylase.
Cow's milk‐specific cellular and humoral immune responses and atopy skin symptoms in infants from atopic families fed a partially (pHF) or extensively (eHF) hydrolyzed infant formula
Authors: Nentwich I. , Michková E. , Nevoral J. , Urbanek R. , Szépfalusi Z.
Published: July 2007

Background: Hydrolyzed milk formulas are recommended to feed infants at high risk of atopy if breast‐feeding is not possible. We studied the specific cellular and humoral immune response to cow's milk proteins and occurrence of atopic dermatitis under different feeding regimens: two hydrolyzed infant milk formulas (partially [pHF] and extensively hydrolyzed [eHF]) and under exclusive breast‐feeding (BF).

Methods: Seventy‐two infants from families with atopic symptoms were randomized in the pHF and eHF groups, respectively. At 6 and 12 months of age, peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation along with specific IgG and IgE to cow's milk proteins was determined in infants fed pHF or eHF, respectively, and those who had not yet received any formula at 6 months of age (BF). Cases of atopic dermatitis were recorded throughout the first 12 months of life, and their severity was evaluated with SCORAD points.

Results: A significantly decreased proliferation to cow's milk caseins was found in the pHF group compared to the exclusively breast‐fed group. Medians of stimulation indexes for CAS at 6 months were as follows: pHF 1.18; n=24; BF 1.70; n=24 (P=0.033, Mann‐Whitney U‐test). Higher levels of plasma IgG antibodies to BCAS were found in infants fed pHF than in those fed eHF at 12 months. Optical density (OD): (25th percentile; median; 75th percentile): pHF: 0.00; 0.14; 0.38; n=30; eHF: 0.00; 0.03; 0.14; n=28; P=0,089, Mann‐Whitney U‐test. Cow's milk‐specific IgE was detected at 6 months as follows: BF: 3 of 24; eHF: 2 of 21; pHF: 0 of 23. The number of cases of atopic dermatitis and their severity did not differ among the groups during the first 12 months.

Conclusions: Feeding pHF appears to suppress cow's milk‐specific cellular responses and stimulate specific IgG production. Specific IgE sensitization can occur also with breast‐feeding.
A novel HLA‐B*51 allele, HLA‐B*5149
Authors: Endres R. O. , Redman H. , Scavello G. S.
Published: July 2007

Discovery of the novel HLA‐B*5149 allele in a North American Caucasian individual is described. It differs from B*510101 by one nucleotide within the coding sequence of exons 1‐6. A substitution at nucleotide position 488 in exon 3 changes alanine to glycine in amino acid position 139.
Urticaria is associated with birch‐pollen sensitization
Authors: Hesselmar B. , Eriksson B. , Åberg N.
Published: July 2007

Urticaria is a common condition, seldom of allergic origin. It is however not always possible to find the provoking allergen. The aim of the present study was to analyze if there was a relationship between urticaria and sensitization to common airborne allergens. A representative sample of 402 12 to 13‐yr‐old children answered a questionnaire on allergic diseases, 397 were interviewed by the study nurse and 371 underwent skin prick tests to cat, dog, horse, birch, timothy‐grass, house dust mites and Cladosporium mould. Specific IgE‐antibodies were analyzed to birch pollen and cat dander. Urticaria was more common in sensitized children, but the relationship between urticaria and sensitization was only statistically significant for birch pollen sensitization (OR 1.99, 95% CL 1.04–3.83), when tested in a multiple logistic regression model with the specified allergens as independent variables. A similar pattern was seen for birch‐specific IgE‐antibody levels, which was higher in children reporting urticaria than in those without. IgE‐levels to cat dander did not show such a difference. Urticaria was statistically significantly associated with sensitization to birch‐pollen, but not to other common inhalant allergens. We propose that intake of birch‐pollen cross‐reactive food‐stuffs may be a neglected cause of urticaria and relapsing urticaria, in birch‐pollen sensitized subjects.