bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing translocation success of the endangered Persian fallow deer using a Bayesian Belief Network
Authors: Goudarzi F. , Hemami M. R. , Bashari H. , Johnson S.
Published: October 2015

For the past 50 years, the endangered Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) have been translocated to various sites throughout Iran. To better understand the varying degrees of success at the translocation sites, population growth rates were measured for all the sites, and factors believed to affect the growth rate, such as initial population structures of the translocated herds and habitat characteristics, were identified and modeled. The population growth rate was used as a proxy for translocation success. Quantitative ecological data for Persian fallow deer is scarce, but expert knowledge was readily available to inform and enhance fallow deer management options. We integrated the available quantitative data and qualitative information in a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) model to predict Persian fallow deer translocation success. The BBN model was tested using scenarios based on previous translocations to 13 sites in Iran. It correctly predicted the success of translocated populations in 11 out of the 13 sites. This model may be used as a decision support tool for future translocations, and can assist in designing reintroduction programs of the Persian fallow deer. Moreover, it should be adapted to incorporate new knowledge as evidence of translocation successes and failures emerge. Although the BBN model was developed specifically for the translocation of Persian fallow deer, this approach can clearly be applied to design and assess the success of translocation programs of other endangered species, and may be extended to design and assess alternative conservation management strategies.
Landscape configuration is a major determinant of home range size variation
Authors: Bevanda Mirjana , Fronhofer Emanuel A. , Heurich Marco , Müller Jörg , Reineking Björn
Published: October 2015

Most animals restrain their movement activities to familiar areas which leads to home ranges. Although understanding both establishment and shifts of home ranges is highly relevant for basic science and conservation, pinpointing the factors that shape the dynamics of home ranges remains a challenge. Evidently home ranges are influenced by the underlying landscape. Landscape composition, i.e., the fraction of different land cover types, has recently been shown to affect home range size. Yet, the explicit spatial configuration of the landscape, a factor which is known to be of central importance in spatial ecology, is not taken into account by most studies. We quantify the effect of landscape configuration on summer home range sizes across multiple spatio‐temporal scales using GPS data from two behaviorally distinct ungulate species, red (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany. We show that the spatial configuration of the landscape is the dominant factor explaining home range size. Furthermore, we find that the shape of the relationship between home range size and landscape configuration depends on a species' habitat requirements: while roe deer decrease their home range size with increasing landscape patchiness, the relationship is hump‐shaped for red deer. Our results are robust at all tested spatio‐temporal scales.
Riparian plant isotopes reflect anthropogenic nitrogen perturbations: robust patterns across land use gradients
Authors: Hall Steven J. , Hale Rebecca L. , Baker Michelle A. , Bowling David R. , Ehleringer James R.
Published: October 2015

Riparian plants incorporate nitrogen (N) from aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric sources, and their stable isotope compositions (δ15N) may reflect land use impacts on N sources and transformations over scales of sites to watersheds. We surveyed leaf δ15N values of 11 common riparian tree, shrub, and herbaceous species from 20 streams and rivers spanning three fifth‐order watersheds in northern Utah, USA (n = 255 sites and 819 leaf samples). Streams spanned undeveloped montane forests to suburban, urban, and agricultural lands. Mean species‐specific differences in leaf δ15N values were relatively small within sites (1.2 ± 2.2‰), although emergent aquatic macrophytes had higher within‐site δ15N values than other growth forms. Leaf δ15N values varied significantly across land‐use categories, and were lowest in undeveloped montane reaches (0.5 ± 1.9‰; mean and standard deviation), intermediate in suburban and urban reaches (2.3 ± 2.6 and 3.2 ± 3.4‰), and greatest in agricultural reaches (4.1 ± 3.1‰). The substantial variation in leaf δ15N values within a land use category often corresponded with local management differences. In an undeveloped montane canyon permitting off‐leash dogs, leaf δ15N values (1.5 ± 1.3‰) exceeded similar canyons that strictly prohibited dogs (δ15N = −0.7 ± 1.1‰). Canyons with cattle grazing had leaf δ15N values enriched by 1.4 and 2.8‰ relative to similar, but un‐grazed canyons. Variation in traffic between 0 and 5000 vehicles per day did not significantly affect leaf δ15N values, although a canyon with 50,000 vehicles per day showed a 5.7‰ increase relative to low‐trafficked canyons. Urban leaf δ15N values were consistently enriched by 2.5 ± 0.6‰ relative to leaves in un‐grazed montane reaches, and leaves in a septic‐impacted suburban reach were enriched by 4.6‰ relative to upstream samples. Samples from a sewage‐impacted urban river averaged 8.0 ± 4.1‰ and reached 22‰ adjacent to publicly owned treatment works (POTW). Another urban river displayed similar values in the absence of POTWs, implicating leaky sewers. Our results demonstrate the capacity of N isotopes from a diverse riparian plant community to inform our spatial understanding of watershed N‐cycling perturbations, and illustrate the impact of human activities on N cycling even within protected watersheds.
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mimicking Peri‐Implantitis
Authors: Chainani‐Wu Nita , Chang Crystal , Sim Chelsia , Wu Timothy C. , Cox Darren , Sirjani Davud , Silverman Sol
Published: October 2015

Introduction: Peri‐implantitis is inflammation and alveolar bone loss around a dental implant. Published case reports have described squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development around dental implants.

Case Presentation: A 60‐year‐old female presented with two small fistulas on the alveolar ridge of missing tooth #18. The mucosa around the fistulas appeared normal otherwise, with no hyperplasia, erythema, or keratotic changes. The patient had a 14‐year history of recurrent erythroleukoplakia (with microscopic dysplasia) on the left tongue that had been managed by surgical removal (scalpel and carbon dioxide laser), biopsies, and close follow‐up. She had no other medical conditions. She reported that she had an implant placed to replace tooth #18 4 years ago that had been removed without flap reflection, curettage, or biopsy 1 year previously as a result of peri‐implantitis. Periapical radiographs showed that the peri‐implant radiolucency in the region of tooth #18 was unchanged in dimensions from the time of implant removal 1 year ago. Curettage and biopsy of the area were performed and showed the presence of a well‐differentiated SCC.

Conclusions: This is a case of peri‐implant SCC development in a patient at high risk for oral SCC. The carcinoma was present within the alveolar defect in the area of a failed implant that had been removed 1 year previously. The overlying surface mucosa did not show the clinical changes typically seen in carcinoma. This case and others demonstrate the importance of periodic oral and radiographic examination after implant placement. Although rare, neoplasia must be considered in the evaluation of peri‐implant pathology.
Discriminación en Servicios de Educación EBR. Valoración Crítica de las Resoluciones del INDECOPI desde una Perspectiva Práctico-Realista
Authors: Gonzales Linares Emily Alejandra
Published: October 2015

El presente artículo deriva del trabajo de investigación  del mismo autor (Gonzales Linares, 2014), que realiza una crítica valorativa sobre las resoluciones de primera y segunda instancia emitidas por el Indecopi  entre los años 2006 y 2013. Respecto de denuncias de parte y procedimientos de oficio derivados de casos de discriminación en la prestación de servicios educativos, por motivo de discapacidad, religión, orientación sexual y condiciones económicas. Ello a partir de criterios valorativos preestablecidos y principalmente vinculados a la actuación de la prueba y la imposición de la sanción.

Desarrollado el análisis, se obtuvo como resultado que el Indecopi no maneja adecuadamente los recursos procedimentales que le asisten, ni cumple con el requisito de motivar sus resoluciones. El propósito del presente artículo es ofrecer una perspectiva práctico – realista que sirva de instrumento para nutrir futuros debates sobre el tema.

This paper is based on research that conducted an evaluative review of the resolutions of first and second instance of Indecopi, issued regarding complaints and ex officio procedures as a result of discrimination in the provision of educational services based on disability, religion, sexual orientation and economic conditions. Two criteria, the evidence presented and the sanction imposed were used.

As a result, the research found that Indecopi mishandle their procedural resources and did not meet the requirement to base their decisions. The purpose of this article is to provide a practical and realistic view of the subject and to contribute to future discussions on the subject.
Use of a Direct Anatomic Post in a Flared Root Canal: A Three-year Follow-up
Authors: Gomes GM , Monte-Alto RV , Santos GO , Fai CK , Loguercio AD , Gomes OMM , Gomes JC , Reis A
Published: October 2015

The following case report describes the three-year follow-up after rehabilitation of a flared root canal using a direct anatomic post (a resin composite combined with a prefabricated glass fiber post) associated with metal-free ceramic restoration. The report presents the clinical protocol for the fabrication of the posts, which provide an intimate fit to the remaining root and mechanical properties similar to those of the dental structure. These posts serve as an alternative to conventional metal cores.
The Effect of Resin-modified Glass-ionomer Cement Base and Bulk-fill Resin Composite on Cuspal Deformation
Authors: Nguyen KV , Wong RH , Palamara J , Burrow MF
Published: October 2015

Objectives: This study investigated cuspal deformation in teeth restored with different types of adhesive materials with and without a base.

Methods: Mesio-occluso-distal slot cavities of moderately large dimension were prepared on extracted maxillary premolars (n=24). Teeth were assigned to one of four groups and restored with either a sonic-activated bulk-fill resin composite (RC) (SonicFill), or a conventional nanohybrid RC (Herculite Ultra). The base materials used were a flowable nanofilled RC (Premise Flowable) and a high-viscosity resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) (Riva Light-Cure HV). Cuspal deflection was measured with two direct current differential transformers, each contacting a buccal and palatal cusp. Cuspal movements were recorded during and after restoration placement. Data for the buccal and palatal cusp deflections were combined to give the net cuspal deflection.

Results: Data varied widely. All teeth experienced net inward cuspal movement. No statistically significant differences in cuspal deflection were found among the four test groups.

Conclusions: The use of a flowable RC or an RMGIC in closed-laminate restorations produced the same degree of cuspal movement as restorations filled with only a conventional nanohybrid or bulk-fill RC.
Effect of Tooth-structure Thickness on Light Attenuation and Depth of Cure
Authors: Hamlin NJ , Bailey C , Motyka NC , Vandewalle KS
Published: October 2015

Newer bulk-fill composites claim a greater depth of cure than conventional resin-based composites. To facilitate complete curing, the manufacturer of SonicFill (Kerr) recommends curing from the occlusal, as well as the buccal and lingual, surfaces of the tooth. The purpose of this study was to quantify the degree of curing light attenuation as it passes through natural tooth structure, and how this attenuation affects the depth of cure of different posterior resin composites. Ten noncarious extracted mandibular third molars were sectioned to produce 5-mm-thick pieces of buccal tooth structure. Sanding 0.5-mm increments from the flattened surface produced 4.5-, 4.0-, 3.5-, 3.0-, 2.5-, 2.0-, and finally 1.5-mm-thick sections. A Bluephase G2 (Ivoclar) curing light with an 8-mm-diameter light guide set on high for 20 seconds was used for measurement of irradiance as it passed through different thicknesses of tooth structure and air. The average irradiance (mW/cm2) was measured with a MARC-RC Resin Calibrator with a 4-mm-diameter sensor (BlueLight Analytics). To measure depth of cure of a conventional hybrid composite (Herculite Ultra; Kerr) vs a bulk-fill hybrid composite (SonicFill) through varying thicknesses of tooth structure, composites were cured in a 4-mm-diameter × 10.25-mm-long split mold according to International Organization for Standardization 4049. A mean and standard deviation was determined per group. Data were analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)/Tukey test and two-way ANOVA/Tukey test (α=0.05). One-way ANOVA/Tukey found a significant decrease in irradiance based on thickness of tooth structure or distance through air (p<0.001). Two-way ANOVA/Tukey found a significant decrease in depth of cure based on thickness of tooth structure (p<0.001) and on composite type (p<0.001) with no significant interaction (p=0.623). SonicFill had a significantly greater depth of cure than Herculite Ultra.
Comparison of the Effects of In-office Bleaching Times on Whitening and Tooth Sensitivity: A Single Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Kose C , Calixto AL , Bauer JRO , Reis A , Loguercio AD
Published: October 2015

Objectives: The objective of the present study was to compare the bleaching efficacy (BE) and tooth sensitivity (TS) of in-office bleaching applied under different time protocols.

Methods and Materials: Fifty-three patients were randomly distributed into three groups: the bleaching agent was applied in one (1×15), two (2×15), or three (3×15) 15-minute applications. The labial surfaces of the anterior teeth were bleached using a 35% hydrogen peroxide gel. Two bleaching sessions with a one-week interval between were performed. The shade evaluation was performed with a visual shade guide and spectrophotometer before and 30 days after bleaching. Participants recorded TS with a five-point verbal scale. Color change was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests. The absolute risk of TS and TS intensity were evaluated by the Fisher exact and Friedman/Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively (α= 0.05).

Results: Significant whitening was observed in all groups, with statistically lower BE for the 1×15 group (p<0.05). The absolute risk of TS (95% confidence interval) was lower for the 1×15 group than for the other groups (p<0.05). The TS intensity of the 3×15 group was statistically higher than that associated with the other protocols (p<0.05).

Conclusions: A single 15-minute application produced less TS but reduced BE. The protocol with 2×15 produced a degree of BE similar to that of the 3×15 group, but with reduced overall TS intensity.
Biochemical Conversion Processes of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals – A Review
Authors: Brethauer Simone , Studer Michael H.
Published: October 2015

Lignocellulosic biomass – such as wood, agricultural residues or dedicated energy crops – is a promising renewable feedstock for production of fuels and chemicals that is available at large scale at low cost without direct competition for food usage. Its biochemical conversion
in a sugar platform biorefinery includes three main unit operations that are illustrated in this review: the physico-chemical pretreatment of the biomass, the enzymatic hydrolysis of the carbohydrates to a fermentable sugar stream by cellulases and finally the fermentation of the sugars by
suitable microorganisms to the target molecules. Special emphasis in this review is put on the technology, commercial status and future prospects of the production of second-generation fuel ethanol, as this process has received most research and development efforts so far. Despite significant
advances, high enzyme costs are still a hurdle for large scale competitive lignocellulosic ethanol production. This could be overcome by a strategy termed 'consolidated bioprocessing' (CBP), where enzyme production, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation is integrated in one step – either
by utilizing one genetically engineered superior microorganism or by creating an artificial co-culture. Insight is provided on both CBP strategies for the production of ethanol as well as of advanced fuels and commodity chemicals.
Uneven development in the Papua New Guinea highlands
Authors: Jacka Jerry K.
Published: October 2015

Over the last 20 years, Papua New Guinea has been at the center of a resource development boom as mining, petroleum, and logging companies extract the rich resources of this tropical Pacific island. As 97 percent of the country is owned by customary groups who correspondingly receive benefits from extraction, resource development has the potential to integrate local communities into the global economy in beneficial ways. Often, though, this is not the case, as small factions of landowners control the bulk of development proceeds. In this article, I examine the development of a coffee growing scheme adjacent to the world-class Porgera Gold Mine, intended to help local people who are marginal to mining benefit streams. Tragically, however, instead of engaging in coffee production, many disenfranchised young men in Porgera prefer to work in the “life market”—a term they use to describe tribal warfare in which groups not receiving benefits attack benefit-receiving groups in the attempt to extort monetary payments. Not only are individuals' lives at stake in the life market, but so too are the economic conditions—coffee and gold mining—that allow the life market's very existence.
Local legacies of the GULag in Siberia
Authors: Balzer Marjorie Mandelstam
Published: October 2015

This essay, based on field notes from 1976 to 2013, explores resonances of the GULag and exile system in Siberia, focusing on often ignored indigenous peoples in villages and towns. Interethnic relations, diverse community relationships with prison camps, and dynamics of Russian Orthodox and pre-Christian spirituality are explored. Debates about how to understand, teach, and memorialize the significance of the Stalinist system are analyzed, as are issues of shame, moral debilitation, and cultural revitalization. Featured cases include the Khanty of West Siberia, Sibiriaki of West and East Siberia, plus Éveny, Évenki, Yukagir, and Sakha of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The author argues that what local people have chosen to emphasize as they reflect on and process the GULag varies greatly with their and their ancestors' specific experiences of the camps and exiles, as well as with their degrees of indigeneity.
City of Farmers and Merchants: Beisan in the Palestine Mandate Period (1918–1948)
Authors: Abbasi Mustafa
Published: October 2015

This article discusses the rise of Palestinian Beisan during the late Ottoman period and the British Mandate (1918–1948). The study shows that the city grew due to two main factors: the first was the reform and change in the ownership of land and the second was the construction of the Hejaz railway and its connection to Haifa in 1905. Beisan attracted migrants from many regions and became a flourishing Arab centre of the Jordan valley region. This situation continued until the 1948 War, the Arab city was destroyed to its foundations and in its place was founded the Israeli Jewish city of Beit Shean.
Women and the 2015 General Election: Shattering the Political Glass Ceiling?
Authors: Kenny Meryl
Published: October 2015

While the 2015 General Election produced mixed electoral fortunes for the major parties, the results for women have been historic – 191 women were elected to the House of Commons on 7 May, including a record number of Scottish women MPs. This article reports on the 2015 GE from the perspective of women's representation, providing a gendered analysis of the election campaign and assessing the parties’ efforts to increase the number of women elected in Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom. It argues that while the 2015 elections may have made some cracks in the political ‘glass ceiling’, further increases in women's representation are unlikely without greater commitment by all of the parties and without the use of strong equality measures, including legislative gender quotas.
The Roman Adversarial Dialogue in Eighteenth-Century Political Satire
Authors: Bucknell Clare
Published: October 2015

This article examines the use of the Roman satiric dialogue in eighteenth-century political verse. It studies partisan satires that pit their speakers against a cautionary interlocutor (adversarius) in imitation of Horace's Satire 2.1 and Persius' Satire 1. It begins with an overview of Pope's use of the dialogue form in his Imitations of Horace, and his shift in the later 1730s to a model of antagonistic encounter between ideological opponents in the style of Persius. Its main body is an examination of later eighteenth-century satires that find alternative political uses for Persius' dialogue form to those of Pope and the Whig Patriot satirists who followed his lead. It studies Thomas Newcomb's inversion of Pope's Epilogue to the Satires for the purposes of ministerial propaganda; Charles Churchill's variations on the dialogue form under the banner of Wilkesite opposition; and Peter Pindar's comic burlesque of the traditional postures of dialogic satire in One Thousand Seven Hundred and Ninety-Six. The article reveals the Roman dialogue to have been a distinctively flexible framework for eighteenth-century satirists, capable of accommodating positions and arguments on both sides of the partisan divide.
Material inheritances: an affective story in the history of elderly persons
Authors: Sousa Liliana , Paträo Marta , Mendes Álvaro
Published: October 2015

Material inheritance is an important theme in old age, tied up to the life story and with shaping the manner in which one will be remembered. This study adopts the self-confrontation method to explore the meanings and affects that elderly persons attach to the material inheritance, taking into consideration their experiences both as heirs and donors. The sample comprises five participants (80-95 years). Main findings suggest a process of transmitting material inheritance characterized by the creation of a material legacy throughout life and from both positions (donor and heir); resolution related to receiving inheritances (heir position); and transferral as a donor later on in life. This process seems to play an affective role at individual (self-autonomy vs. lost love) and familial (union vs. isolation) levels. The transmission of material inheritance represents a lifelong task that connects past, present, and future and links generations.
A Scale Invariant Distribution of the Prime Numbers
Authors: Kendal Wayne , Jørgensen Bent
Published: October 2015

The irregular distribution of prime numbers amongst the integers has found multiple uses, from engineering applications of cryptography to quantum theory. The degree to which this distribution can be predicted thus has become a subject of current interest. Here, we present a computational analysis of the deviations between the actual positions of the prime numbers and their predicted positions from Riemann’s counting formula, focused on the variance function of these deviations from sequential enumerative bins. We show empirically that these deviations can be described by a class of probabilistic models known as the Tweedie exponential dispersion models that are characterized by a power law relationship between the variance and the mean, known by biologists as Taylor’s power law and by engineers as fluctuation scaling. This power law behavior of the prime number deviations is remarkable in that the same behavior has been found within the distribution of genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the human genome, the distribution of animals and plants within their habitats, as well as within many other biological and physical processes. We explain the common features of this behavior through a statistical convergence effect related to the central limit theorem that also generates 1/f noise.
Targeting FGF19/FGFR4 Pathway: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Repana Dimitra , Ross Paul
Published: October 2015

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal cancer with limited systemic therapeutic options. Liver carcinogenesis is a complex procedure and various pathways have been found to be deregulated which are potential targets for novel treatments. Aberrant signalling through FGF19 and its receptor FGFR4 seems to be the oncogenic driver for a subset of HCCs and is associated with poor prognosis. Inhibition of the pathway in preclinical models has shown antitumour activity and has triggered further evaluation of this strategy to in vivo models. This review aims to describe the role of the FGF19/FGFR4 pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma and its role as a potential predictive biomarker for novel targeted agents against FGF19/FGFR4 signalling.
Projective Exponential Synchronization for a Class of Complex PDDE Networks with Multiple Time Delays
Authors: Yang Chengdong , Qiu Jianlong , Li Tongxing , Zhang Ancai , Chen Xiangyong
Published: October 2015

This paper addresses the problem of projective exponential synchronization for a class of complex spatiotemporal networks with multiple time delays satisfying the homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions, where the network is modeled by coupled partial differential-difference equations (PDDEs). A distributed proportional-spatial derivative (P-sD) controller is designed by employing Lyapunov’s direct method and Kronecker product. The controller ensures the projective exponential synchronization of the PDDE network. The main result of this paper is presented in terms of standard linear matrix inequality (LMI). A numerical example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed design method.
Comparison Based on Exergetic Analyses of Two Hot Air Engines: A Gamma Type Stirling Engine and an Open Joule Cycle Ericsson Engine
Authors: Hachem Houda , Creyx Marie , Gheith Ramla , Delacourt Eric , Morin Céline , Aloui Fethi , Nasrallah Sassi
Published: October 2015

In this paper, a comparison of exergetic models between two hot air engines (a Gamma type Stirling prototype having a maximum output mechanical power of 500 W and an Ericsson hot air engine with a maximum power of 300 W) is made. Referring to previous energetic analyses, exergetic models are set up in order to quantify the exergy destruction and efficiencies in each type of engine. The repartition of the exergy fluxes in each part of the two engines are determined and represented in Sankey diagrams, using dimensionless exergy fluxes. The results show a similar proportion in both engines of destroyed exergy compared to the exergy flux from the hot source. The compression cylinders generate the highest exergy destruction, whereas the expansion cylinders generate the lowest one. The regenerator of the Stirling engine increases the exergy resource at the inlet of the expansion cylinder, which might be also set up in the Ericsson engine, using a preheater between the exhaust air and the compressed air transferred to the hot heat exchanger.
Quantum Information as a Non-Kolmogorovian Generalization of Shannon’s Theory
Authors: Holik Federico , Bosyk Gustavo , Bellomo Guido
Published: October 2015

In this article, we discuss the formal structure of a generalized information theory based on the extension of the probability calculus of Kolmogorov to a (possibly) non-commutative setting. By studying this framework, we argue that quantum information can be considered as a particular case of a huge family of non-commutative extensions of its classical counterpart. In any conceivable information theory, the possibility of dealing with different kinds of information measures plays a key role. Here, we generalize a notion of state spectrum, allowing us to introduce a majorization relation and a new family of generalized entropic measures.
Estimating a Repeatable Statistical Law by Requiring Its Stability During Observation
Authors: Frieden B.
Published: October 2015

Consider a statistically-repeatable, shift-invariant system obeying an unknown probability law p(x) ≡ q2(x): Amplitude q(x) defines a source effect that is to be found. We show that q(x) may be found by considering the flow of Fisher information J → I from source effect to observer that occurs during macroscopic observation of the system. Such an observation is irreversible and, hence, incurs a general loss I - J of the information. By requiring stability of the law q(x), as well, it is found to obey a principle I − J = min. of “extreme physical information” (EPI). Information I is the same functional of q(x) for any shift-invariant system, and J is a functional defining a physical source effect that must be known at least approximately. The minimum of EPI implies that I ≈ J or received information tends to well-approximate reality. Past applications of EPI to predicting laws of statistical physics, chemistry, biology, economics and social organization are briefly described.
The Redistribution of Trade Gains When Income Inequality Matters
Authors: De Pinto Marco
Published: October 2015

How does a redistribution of trade gains affect welfare when income inequality matters? To answer this question, we extend the [1] model to unionized labor markets and heterogeneous workers. As redistribution schemes, we consider unemployment benefits that are financed either by a wage tax, a payroll tax or a profit tax. Assuming that welfare declines in income inequality, we find that welfare increases up to a maximum in the case of wage tax funding, while welfare declines weakly (sharply) if a profit tax (payroll tax) is implemented. These effects are caused by the wage tax neutrality (due to union wage setting) and by a profit tax-induced decline in long-term unemployment. As a result, the government’s optimal redistribution scheme is to finance unemployment benefits by a wage tax.
Prevalence and Determinants of Metabolic Health in Subjects with Obesity in Chinese Population
Authors: Zheng Ruizhi , Yang Min , Bao Yuqian , Li Hong , Shan Zhongyan , Zhang Bo , Liu Juan , Lv Qinguo , Wu Ou , Zhu Yimin , Lai Maode
Published: October 2015

Background: The study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic health in subjects with obesity in the Chinese population and to identify the determinants related to metabolic abnormality in obese individuals. Methods: 5013 subjects were recruited from seven provincial capitals in China. The obesity and metabolic status were classified based on body mass index (BMI) and the number of abnormalities in common components of metabolic syndrome. Results: 27.9% of individuals with obesity were metabolically healthy. The prevalence of the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype was significantly decreased with age in women (p trend < 0.001), but not significantly in men (p trend = 0.349). Central obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 4.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.93–8.59), longer sedentary time (OR = 1.97, 95%CI = 1.27–3.06), and with a family history of obesity related diseases (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia) (OR = 1.85, 95%CI = 1.26–2.71) were significantly associated with having metabolic abnormality in obese individuals. Higher levels of physical activity and more fruit/vegetable intake had decreased ORs of 0.67 (95%CI = 0.45–0.98) and 0.44 (95%CI = 0.28–0.70), respectively. Conclusion: 27.9% of obese participants are in metabolic health. Central obesity, physical activity, sedentary time, fruits/vegetables intake and family history of diseases are the determinants associated with metabolic status in obesity.
Improving Management of Green Retrofits from a Stakeholder Perspective: A Case Study in China
Authors: Liang Xin , Shen Geoffrey , Guo Li
Published: October 2015

Green retrofits, which improve the environment and energy efficiency of buildings, are considered a potential solution for reducing energy consumption as well as improving human health and productivity. They represent some of the riskiest, most complex, and most uncertain projects to manage. As the foundation of project management, critical success factors (CSFs) have been emphasized by previous research. However, most studies identified and prioritized CSFs independently of stakeholders. This differs from the reality, where the success of green retrofits is tightly interrelated to the stakeholders of projects. To improve the analysis from a stakeholder perspective, the present study proposed an innovative method based on a two-mode social network analysis to integrate CSF analysis with stakeholders. The results of this method can provide further understanding of the interactions between stakeholders and CSFs, and the underlying relationship among CSFs through stakeholders. A pilot study was conducted to apply the proposed method and assess the CSFs for green retrofits in China. The five most significant CSFs are identified in the management of green retrofit. Furthermore, the interrelations between stakeholders and CSFs, coefficient and clusters of CSFs are likewise discussed.
Aminolevulinic Acid-Based Tumor Detection and Therapy: Molecular Mechanisms and Strategies for Enhancement
Authors: Yang Xue , Palasuberniam Pratheeba , Kraus Daniel , Chen Bin
Published: October 2015

Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the first metabolite in the heme biosynthesis pathway in humans. In addition to the end product heme, this pathway also produces other porphyrin metabolites. Protoporphyrin (PpIX) is one heme precursor porphyrin with good fluorescence and photosensitizing activity. Because tumors and other proliferating cells tend to exhibit a higher level of PpIX than normal cells after ALA incubation, ALA has been used as a prodrug to enable PpIX fluorescence detection and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of lesion tissues. Extensive studies have been carried out in the past twenty years to explore why some tumors exhibit elevated ALA-mediated PpIX and how to enhance PpIX levels to achieve better tumor detection and treatment. Here we would like to summarize previous research in order to stimulate future studies on these important topics. In this review, we focus on summarizing tumor-associated alterations in heme biosynthesis enzymes, mitochondrial functions and porphyrin transporters that contribute to ALA-PpIX increase in tumors. Mechanism-based therapeutic strategies for enhancing ALA-based modalities including iron chelators, differentiation agents and PpIX transporter inhibitors are also discussed.
1-(Triethoxysilyl)buta-1,3-dienes—New Building Blocks for Stereoselective Synthesis of Unsymmetrical (E,E)-1,4-Disubstituted 1,3-dienes
Authors: Szudkowska-Frątczak Justyna , Taczała Mariusz , Pawluć Piotr
Published: October 2015

A convenient methodology for the highly stereoselective synthesis of unsymmetrical (1E,3E)-1,4-disubstituted 1,3-dienes based on palladium-catalyzed Hiyama cross-coupling reaction of 1-(triethoxysilyl)-substituted buta-1,3-dienes with aryl iodides is reported.
Translucency of Dental Ceramic, Post and Bracket
Authors: Lee Yong-Keun
Published: October 2015

Translucency of dental ceramics, esthetic posts and orthodontic brackets was reviewed. Translucency parameter (TP) and contrast ratio (CR) are generally used for translucency evaluation. For the evaluation of translucency, two criteria such as the translucency of human teeth (TP = 15–19, 1 mm thick) and the visual perceptibility threshold for the translucency difference (∆CR > 0.07 or ∆TP > 2) were used. In ceramics, translucency differences were in the perceptible range depending on the type of material and the thickness. However, variations caused by the difference in the required thickness for each layer by the material and also by the measurement protocols should be considered. As to the translucency of esthetic posts, a significant difference was found among the post systems. Translucency was influenced by the bracket composition and brand, and the differences by the brand were visually perceptible.
Chitosanases from Family 46 of Glycoside Hydrolases: From Proteins to Phenotypes
Authors: Viens Pascal , Lacombe-Harvey Marie-Ève , Brzezinski Ryszard
Published: October 2015

Chitosanases, enzymes that catalyze the endo-hydrolysis of glycolytic links in chitosan, are the subject of numerous studies as biotechnological tools to generate low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) or chitosan oligosaccharides (CHOS) from native, high molecular weight chitosan. Glycoside hydrolases belonging to family GH46 are among the best-studied chitosanases, with four crystallography-derived structures available and more than forty enzymes studied at the biochemical level. They were also subjected to numerous site-directed mutagenesis studies, unraveling the molecular mechanisms of hydrolysis. This review is focused on the taxonomic distribution of GH46 proteins, their multi-modular character, the structure-function relationships and their biological functions in the host organisms.
Heparanase and Syndecan-4 Are Involved in Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan-Induced Angiogenesis
Authors: Haddad Oualid , Guyot Erwan , Marinval Nicolas , Chevalier Fabien , Maillard Loïc , Gadi Latifa , Laguillier-Morizot Christelle , Oudar Olivier , Sutton Angela , Charnaux Nathalie , Hlawaty Hanna
Published: October 2015

Induction of angiogenesis is a potential treatment for chronic ischemia. Low molecular weight fucoidan (LMWF), the sulfated polysaccharide from brown seaweeds, has been shown to promote revascularization in a rat limb ischemia, increasing angiogenesis in vivo. We investigated the potential role of two heparan sulfate (HS) metabolism enzymes, exostosin-2 (EXT2) and heparanase (HPSE), and of two HS-membrane proteoglycans, syndecan-1 and -4 (SDC-1 and SDC-4), in LMWF induced angiogenesis. Our results showed that LMWF increases human vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and angiogenesis in vitro. We report that the expression and activity of the HS-degrading HPSE was increased after LMWF treatment. The phenotypic tests of LMWF-treated and EXT2- or HPSE-siRNA-transfected cells indicated that EXT2 or HPSE expression significantly affect the proangiogenic potential of LMWF. In addition, LMWF increased SDC-1, but decreased SDC-4 expressions. The effect of LMWF depends on SDC-4 expression. Silencing EXT2 or HPSE leads to an increased expression of SDC-4, providing the evidence that EXT2 and HPSE regulate the SDC-4 expression. Altogether, these data indicate that EXT2, HPSE, and SDC-4 are involved in the proangiogenic effects of LMWF, suggesting that the HS metabolism changes linked to LMWF-induced angiogenesis offer the opportunity for new therapeutic strategies of ischemic diseases.
Rounding of Negative Dry Film Resist by Diffusive Backside Exposure Creating Rounded Channels for Pneumatic Membrane Valves
Authors: Frank Philipp , Haefner Sebastian , Paschew Georgi , Richter Andreas
Published: October 2015

Processing of dry film resist is an easy, low-cost, and fast way to fabricate microfluidic structures. Currently, common processes are limited to creating solely rectangular channels. However, it has shown that rounded channels are necessary to ensure proper closing of pneumatic membrane valves for microfluidic devices. Here, we introduce a modification to the standard lithography process, in order to create rounded channels for microfluidic structures. Therefore, a diffuser element was inserted into in the optical path between the light source and glass substrate, which is then exposed through the backside, hence altering the exposure to the dry resist spatially. Characterization of the process was carried out with different exposure times, features sizes, and substrate thickness. The process modification is almost effortless and can be integrated in any lithography process.
Balancing Sodium and Potassium: Estimates of Intake in a New Zealand Adult Population Sample
Authors: McLean Rachael , Edmonds Julia , Williams Sheila , Mann Jim , Skeaff Sheila
Published: October 2015

Dietary intakes of sodium and potassium are important determinants of blood pressure. We assessed sodium and potassium intake in a cross-sectional survey which included a random sample of New Zealand Adults aged 18 to 64 years from two New Zealand cities: Dunedin and Wellington. Participants completed a short questionnaire, had height, weight and blood pressure measured, and collected a 24 h urine sample. Mean 24 h sodium excretion was 3386 mg/day (95% CI 3221, 3551): 3865 mg/day for men and for 2934 mg/day women. Mean 24 h potassium excretion was 2738 mg/day (95% CI 2623, 2855): 3031 mg/day for men and 2436 mg/day for women. Mean sodium:potassium ratio was 1.32 (95% CI 1.26, 1.39); 1.39 for men and 1.26 for women. Sodium intake was higher among younger people, men, those with a higher BMI and higher potassium excretion. Potassium excretion was higher among older people, men and those with a higher sodium excretion. New Zealand adults have high sodium intakes and low potassium intakes compared to recommended levels. This is likely to adversely affect population blood pressure levels as well as incidence of cardiovascular disease. A comprehensive public health programme to reduce dietary sodium intake and increase intake of fruit and vegetables is warranted.
Hierarchic Information Systems in a Search for Methods to Transcend Limitations of Complexity
Authors: Schroeder Marcin
Published: October 2015

The ability of an agent (natural or artificial) to overcome limitations caused by complexity can be identified with intelligence. Yet, the study of complexity is dominated by the issues not really associated with authentic intelligence. In search of the methods to overcome limitations of complexity it is necessary to find a sufficiently general conceptual framework for its study, to identify its characteristics and sources, and then to explore alternatives to the currently used methods. The present paper is using for this purpose the conceptual framework of information, its integration, and dynamics developed by the author in his earlier publications. Using this framework, complexity is characterized in both quantitative and qualitative (structural) ways, and in both static and dynamic perspectives. The main objective is to propose an approach to transcending limitations of complexity through reverse engineering of the effectiveness in overcoming complexity by natural, living organisms. Since the most striking characteristic of life is its hierarchic organization, the use of multi-level hierarchic information systems in information processing is explored. Theoretical design of such multi-level systems becomes possible with the use of generalized Turing machines (symmetric or s-machines) as components performing concurrent computation on all levels of the hierarchy.
Low Proviral Load is Associated with Indeterminate Western Blot Patterns in Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infected Individuals: Could Punctual Mutations be Related?
Authors: Cánepa Camila , Salido Jimena , Ruggieri Matías , Fraile Sindy , Pataccini Gabriela , Berini Carolina , Biglione Mirna
Published: October 2015

Background: indeterminate Western blot (WB) patterns are a major concern for diagnosis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection, even in non-endemic areas. Objectives: (a) to define the prevalence of indeterminate WB among different populations from Argentina; (b) to evaluate if low proviral load (PVL) is associated with indeterminate WB profiles; and (c) to describe mutations in LTR and tax sequence of these cases. Results: Among 2031 samples, 294 were reactive by screening. Of them, 48 (16.3%) were WB indeterminate and of those 15 (31.3%) were PCR+. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed to 52 HTLV-1+ samples, classified as Group 1 (G1): 25 WB+ samples from individuals with pathologies; Group 2 (G2): 18 WB+ samples from asymptomatic carriers (AC); and Group 3 (G3): 9 seroindeterminate samples from AC. Median PVL was 4.78, 2.38, and 0.15 HTLV-1 copies/100 PBMCs, respectively; a significant difference (p=0.003) was observed. Age and sex were associated with PVL in G1 and G2, respectively. Mutations in the distal and central regions of Tax Responsive Elements (TRE) 1 and 2 of G3 were observed, though not associated with PVL.The 8403A>G mutation of the distal region, previously related to high PVL, was absent in G3 but present in 50% of WB+ samples (p = 0.03). Conclusions: indeterminateWBresults confirmed later as HTLV-1 positive may be associated with low PVL levels. Mutations in LTR and tax are described; their functional relevance remains to be determined.
Effects of Polymer Molecular Weight on Adsorption and Flocculation in Aqueous Kaolinite Suspensions Dosed with Nonionic Polyacrylamides
Authors: Lee Byung , Schlautman Mark
Published: October 2015

The effects of polyacrylamide (PAM) molecular weights (MWs) on the PAM adsorption capacities and PAM-mediated flocculation of kaolinite suspensions were investigated using a series of nonionic PAMs with different MWs. Adsorption tests using aqueous kaolinite suspensions dosed with a series of PAMs with MWs of 1.5 kg/mol, 10 kg/mol, 0.6–1 Mg/mol, 5–6 Mg/mol, and 18 Mg/mol (referred to as 1.5 K, 10 K, 0.6–1 M, 5–6 M, and 18 M PAMs) indicated that the adsorption capacity of the kaolinite for PAM increased with increasing MW. However, the capacity for 18 M PAM was 20 times smaller than those for the 0.6–1 M and 5–6 M PAMs, although it has the highest MW. In steady-shear viscosity tests, a 1 g/L stock solution of 18 PAM was found to cause polymeric chain entanglements, which reduced the adsorption capacity. The 0.6–1 M and 5–6 M PAMs were further used in flocculation tests, in order to investigate the effect of PAM MW on the flocculation capability. The 5–6 M PAM was found to have higher flocculation capabilities than 0.6–1 M PAM; 5–6 M PAM was more subject to nonequilibrium flocculation, resulting in the development of unstable, stretched polymeric structures on solid surfaces and increasing particle-particle bridging and flocculation. Higher-MW PAMs are more effective flocculation agents, because of their higher adsorption capacities and flocculation capabilities. However, an extremely high-MW PAM, such as 18 M PAM, decreases adsorption/flocculation, and the preparation and handling of working solutions become difficult, because of polymeric chain entanglements.