bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPLEMENTING COLLABORATIVE STRATEGY TO IMROVE READING COMPREHENSION THE ELEVENTH GRADERS OF SMK KERTHA WISATA MALANG
Authors: Rosa Chindy Hanggara , Yahmun Yahmun
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

In this classroom action research, the researcher used the model of classroom action research developed by Kemmis and Mc Taggart (1999). There are four steps of teaching. Before doing those four steps, the researcher did reconnaissance step by observing the class situation and interviewing the class teacher and the students to know the problems. After knowing the problems, the researcher started to do the four steps of teaching they were planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. The findings of this result showed that teaching reading comprehension using collaborative strategic reading improved the students` reading comprehension skill. In the first cycle the result was not satisfactory.  The students were still passive in class because they did not understand about the method and many of them still found difficulty in understanding the texts. Their mean score of the first cycle was under the MMC. The criterion of success is when students give good response to this method, and also get the mean score that reach the MMC. After implementing the second cycle, the researcher found that the students were more enthusiastic because they knew about the topics of the texts and enjoyed comprehending the texts using CSR. They felt that the method was not boring. Besides that, the students` mean score was 72.85. The second cycle succeeded and proved that the students` mean score improved. It was above the MMC.
A STUDY OF SLANG WORDS IN SONG LYRICS USED BY BRUNO MARS
Authors: Puspitorini Ferawaty
Published: March 2019

The study concerned with discussing about slang words used in Bruno Mars song lyrics. The research design of this study is descriptive qualitative method. In this study, the theory of word-formation process by George Yule process (1986) in his book “the study of language” is used to analyze the formation process of each slang word. The researcher only analyzes five in Bruno Mars song lyrics. They are count on me, show me, the lazy song, liquor store blues and just the way you are. There are consists of two research problem : (1) what is the type of slang word used by Bruno Mars in lyrics, (2) what is the dominant slang word found in Bruno Mars song lyrics. The data were document analysis, the research tried to find and identity the slang word in lyric by marking, finding and analyzing the slang word. The result shows that from 58 data taken, not all process of slang-word formation appear in the lyrics. Five process of slang-word formation found in the lyrics. The process of slang word formation that are used in the lyrics are clipping(160%), blending(120%), coinage(80%), borrowing(0%), and acronym(60%).
Analisis Nilai Manfaat Ekonomi Program CSR dan PKBL PT. Bukit Asam (Tbk.)
Authors: Zainal Rabin Ibnu
Published: March 2019

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a form of social responsibility from the business to also care about the conditions of the social environment around it. In this concept, businesses are not only required to realize their economic responsibilities in fulfilling the production of goods and services but are also asked to care about aspects of social and environmental responsibility affected by these production activities. PT. Bukit Asam (Tbk) (PTBA) as one of the companies engaged in coal mining in Muara Enim district, is also inseparable from the responsibilities that have been mandated in the form of related regulations and laws. PTBA as a BUMN is also mandated to implement the Partnership and Community Development Program (PKBL), which is also a form of CSR programs. In its implementation, if it is associated with the mandate of CSR and PKBL regulations, it is appropriate for the CSR-PKBL program not only to measure its business benefits, both in terms of the company's reputation, but also to continue to operate to the marketing aspects. However, CSR and PKBL must be able to provide economic benefits to the recipient community. For this reason, this study presents how the perspective of the community in seeing the CSR-PKBL program that has been conducted by PTBA to the community in Muara Enim Regency. The study was conducted in communities in 17 villages in 3 sub-districts identified as having received the CSR-PKBL program from 2014-2015. This study is useful for companies to provide a direction to the future CSR-PKBL program, and also to local governments to formulate policies related to the implementation of CSR-PKBL as mandated by law.
Egy megújult Spar szupermarket vásárlókra gyakorolt hatásának vizsgálata
Authors: Valkó Roland , Olsovszkyné Némedi, Ph.D. Andrea
Published: March 2019

Nowadays, the existence of a business unit and the fact of the purchasing process are not enough by themselves to understand the consumer behaviour. Customers don’t only have different preferences, but they are also critical, with higher and higher expectations. To understand all of these we carried out studies in the fully transformed SPAR supermarket in Kaposvár in 2016 and 2017. Our aimed to completely come to know the effect that this renewed supermarket has on its customers. During we research the first pillar that determines the main aspects of choosing a shop and customer satisfaction.

 We mapped every inch of the shop by observations based on predefined criteria. We were exposed to direct communication with numerous consumers that helped me further to enlighten the strong and weak points of the shop.

 The first impression and all the information coming from direct experience had positive effect thanks to the reopening. When the business unit became more and more cognoscible, more and more difficulties and also positive experiences surfaced due to carrying out both purchasing process and specific researches as well. The observations supported the result of the surveying because amongst 159 customers the closeness of the shop and habit primarily dominated as the main factors when choosing a shop, besides the nice and fresh appearance. After the formerly mentioned come the prices and the importance of the quality of the products, in different order.

Concerning the modernized supermarket, customers expressed either their satisfaction and loyalty or their dissatisfaction. However, by applying the Homburg-Stock employee satisfaction-loyalty matrix on the customers We founded that more than 80% of the responders are satisfied with the shop and 40% of the consumers confirmed their loyalty. Still, in order for the customer to form a certain degree of loyalty towards a product or a shop, the customer first have to be satisfied and the satisfaction has to be maintained. Over time the expectation and longing subside giving space to the routine and the monotonous circulation of customers that need to be resolved by the marketing tools of the supermarket.
A sertéshústermelést és -fogyasztást befolyásoló tényezők
Authors: Kőműves Zsolt , Horváthné Petrás Viktória
Published: March 2019

The decrease in the number of pigs grew to a drastic proportion during the past few decades. before the change of the regime therewere approximately 10 million pigs counted, but today this number is slightly beyond 3 million. The decline in livestock has anegative effect on the competitive position of both this sector and that of other branches of industry as well weakening significantlythe economic importance of the sector. The underlying causes of the process leading to the decline are diverse. to reveal thesolution a versatile analysis of the economic situation is essential, which should be started in the first place by the examination ofthe factors defining the competitiveness of the pig sector. The aim of this work is to reveal and characterize the national capacities,the physical and biological, as well as the social, economic (market) and human factors pointing to the most important differencesat the same time. This study analyzes the efficiency of the chosen farms according to the size of plant, standard of production, technologyand capacity of maintenance. summarizing the farmers’ opinions and the data obtained, it can be stated that farmers in thecurrent situation are satisfied with the buying price as one of the most essential factors of production. however, they emphasizedthe role of prices as a factor of uncertainty. As a result of changing the out-of-date technology considerable improvement could beobserved in the natural indexes. Unfortunately, significant changes should be accomplished in the feasibility of support andfinancing investment. The strict environmental regulations of animal keeping make the operation of farms – mainly of those thatdo not possess arable land – more difficult. reforms would provide relief for the operating farms. The market price regulation ofthe alternative fodder and the existent substitute products could appear as a significant cost efficiency factor during production.Workers with unsuitable education – and often being incompetent –, trade unions operating as false organizations as well as thelack of cooperation with the food processing industry affect the sector sensitively.
“Oh, if only I could create a majestic, positive, holy figure!” (On Peculiarities of Sacralization of Gogol’s and Dostoyevsky’s works from Their Late Periods of Writing)
Authors: Skvira Nataliya
Published: March 2019

The paper deals with Gogol’s “Dead Souls” and Dostoyevsky’s “The Brothers Karamazov”. The author investigates main ideas, motives, plot coincidences, which are core for the works. The word of the Holy Scripture clearly permeates the language of the works by Gogol and Dostoyevsky, forming the stylistic direction of the narrative with its inherent didacticism and emphasizing the credibility of the original Source. The aim of the Bible intertext is to sacralize the whole of the text. The writers’ techniques of retrospection enhance the reader’s attention and actualize pivotal biblical formulas.

The researcher states that some episodes of “The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants” by Dostoyevsky cover the ideas of “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends” by Gogol, and also extend the content components of the statements articulated by the heroes’ of the second volume of “Dead Souls”. The chapter of “The Brothers Karamazov” called “Conversations and Exhortations of Father Zosima” by its style, didactic pathos, plot, motive combinations and the names of the sub-chapters reminds “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends”. Gogol’s phrase “Love us black, anyone can love us white” repeatedly echoes in the replicas of the characters of “The Brothers Karamazov” and becomes universalized to the formula: “Love a man even in his sin, for that is the semblance of Divine Love and is the highest love on earth. Love all God’s creation… If you love everything, you will perceive the divine mystery in things…  And you will come at last to love the whole world with an all-embracing love”.

The image of Troyka (Carriage-and-Three) makes the image of Russia in the studied works by Gogol and Dostoevsky more profound, accumulating the core idea of the writers – the revival of society.

‘Gesture situations’ allow the writers to describe a psychological image of the characters in detail and to relate their spiritual movement with a millenary dimension of existence.
Devrim Teorileri Işığında 2011 Mısır Devrimi ve Sonrası: Ne Tür Bir Devrim Gerçekleşti?
Authors: KURUN İsmail
Published: March 2019

Önce Tunus’ta başlayarak ardından hızla diğer Arap
ülkelerine yayılan “Arap Baharı” adı verilen süreçte Ortadoğu ülkelerinde
yaşanan sosyo-politik olayların doğası çeşitli sosyal bilim çalışmalarına konu
olmuştur. Bu makale öncelikle iki filozofun (Aristoteles ve John Locke) ve iki politik
düşünürün (Edmund Burke ve Alexis de Tocqueville) devrim teorilerini, ardından
Marksist devrim çalışmaları okulu ve 20. yüzyıl devrim teorilerini inceleyerek,
25 Ocak 2011 Mısır devriminin hangi devrim teori ve analizleri ile en iyi
şekilde anlaşılabileceğini araştırmaktadır. Makalede öncelikle adı geçen devrim
teorileri karşılaştırmalı olarak kısaca incelenmiş ve ardından Mısır’da Ocak
2011 ve sonrasında yaşanan hadiseler bu teoriler ışığında anlamlandırılmaya
çalışılmıştır. Karşılaştırmalı siyaset bilimi alanında bir çalışma olan makale
aynı zamanda Mısır’da 2011 ve sonrasındaki hadiselerin devrim olarak tanımlanıp
tanımlanamayacağı meselesini adı geçen devrim teorileri perspektifinden
soruşturmaktadır. Makalenin ulaştığı temel sonuç 2011 Mısır devriminin en iyi
şekilde 20. yüzyılda Jack A. Goldstone’un sultanî diktatörlüklerin
devrilmelerine dair geliştirdiği analizler ve Timur Kuran’ın “kır yangınları”
adını verdiği devrim teorisi ile anlaşılabileceğidir.
Türkiye-Rusya İlişkilerinin Yerel Komuoyuna Yansımasına Bir Örnek: Trabzon Basınında Sovyet Rusya ve Komünizm Algısı (1945-1960)
Authors: ASLAN Zehra
Published: March 2019

Rusya’nın 1945 yılında Türkiye'ye 1925 anlaşmasının geçerliliğini yitirdiğine dair bir nota vermesi, 7 Haziran 1945 tarihinde yeni bir işbirliği antlaşmasının imzalanması için Türkiye'den Kars, Ardahan veBoğazlardan imtiyaz talep etmesi ve 1946 yılında da Boğazlar konusunda yine Türkiye’ye iki sert nota vermesi ile Türk Sovyet ilişkileri Cumhuriyet döneminin en sıkıntılı sürecine girmiştir. Bu gelişmelere paralel olarak da gerek ulusal gerekse yerel basında “komünizm” ve “Sovyet Rusya” ile ilgili yayınlarda kullanılan üslup gittikçe sertleşmiştir. Trabzon’da bu dönemde yayın yapan gazetelerin haberlerinde, dış gelişmelerin ülke gündemindeki siyasi gelişmelere olumsuz etkileri bir şekilde “komünizm”le bağlantı kurularak okuyuculara aktarılmıştır. Trabzon basınının genel tutumu, Sovyet ve komünizm karşıtlığı, Amerika ve Batı taraftarlığı olmuştur. Bu bağlamda dönemin Trabzon basınının sesi olan “Halk”, “Trabzon”, “Yeniyol”, “Çaykara”, “Demokrat Çaykara”, “Doğu”, “Hizmet” ve “Hakimiyet” gazetelerinden yararlanılarak hazırlanmış olan bu çalışma ile 1945-1960 arası dönemde Trabzon kamuoyundaki “Rusya” ve “komünizm” algısının ortaya konulması amaçlanmaktadır.
Board Members and Board Characteristics Effect on Bank Performance in Turkey
Authors: YILMAZ İbrahim
Published: March 2019

This study analyzes the effect of board member’s characteristics (political, national and gender) and board characteristics (board size, CEO-chairman duality) on bank performance, with the main attention being on the political board directors, in Turkey. By making use of a sample of 31 commercial banks in Turkey, during the period of 2002-2013, our empirical evidence shows that political board directors have a significantly negative impact on bank performance. We found new evidence that not only political board directors inhibit bank performance, but politically connected banks also have less accounting performance than their nonconnected counterparts. Similarly, our results indicate that foreign board directors also affect negatively bankperformance. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that gender diversity, board size and CEO-Chairman duality has no impact on bank performance. Our results are robust to the alternative time-period and estimation models.
The Role of Turkish Civil Society in Political Decision Making
Authors: KUŞKU SÖNMEZ Eda
Published: March 2019

For consolidation of democracies, political scientists recognize the normative ideal that civil society should be given an enhanced role in political decision-making. Analysis of such role is very central to the study of political science and especially for democratic theory. To assess such role, one needs to understand civil society organizations’ interactions with the larger political system and its actors, their activeness in policy making processes and impact of all these over policy outcomes. This article first examines the content and methods of the literature on the impacts of the European Union (EU) process over the transformation of civil society realm in Turkey. The article points to lack of empirical research within this literature on the civil society organizations’ characteristics of involvement to decision making processes. In this respect, the article reveals the convenience of the methodological approaches of the literature on interest group influence and demonstrates how the literature on Turkish civil society can benefit from these contributions. The article draws attention to the need for future studies to empirically assess the characteristics and transformation of Turkish civil society’s participation to the decision-making processes.
Türkiye-İsrail İlişkilerinde Değişmeyen Dinamik: Ekonomi
Authors: SARIASLAN Fatma
Published: March 2019

Türkiye’nin 1949 yılında İsrail devletini tanımasıyla başlayan Türkiye-İsrail ilişkileri, İsrail’in Ortadoğu’da barış ve istikrarı olumsuz etkileyen politikaları nedeniyle inişli çıkışlı bir seyir izlemekle birlikte1990’ların başlarından itibaren ivme kazanmıştır. 1990’lar boyunca iki ülke ilişkileri özellikle 1996 yılında imzalanan bir dizi antlaşma ile hızlı bir gelişme göstermiş ve bu tarihten sonra ilişkiler askeri, diplomatik, siyasi, ekonomik ve istihbarî unsurları içeren çok boyutlu bir niteliğe sahip olmuştur. Takip eden yıllarda, özellikle 2000’lerde ekonomik ilişkiler dikkat çekici bir biçimde artmıştır. İki ülke arasında tesis edilmiş olan ekonomik ilişkilerin, özellikle 2010 ve sonrasında Türkiye-İsrail arasında yaşanan muhtelif politik gerilimlere rağmen siyasal krizlerden etkilenmeyecek biçimde devam ettiği gözlemlenmektedir. Çalışma, Türkiye’nin İsrail ile güçlü bir stratejik ittifak ilişkisi kurduğu dönem olan 1990’lı yıllar ile İsrail devletiyle birtakım siyasal krizler yaşadığı 2000’li yıllarda, değişmeyen bir dinamik olarak ekonominin üzerine durmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, Türkiye-İsrail ilişkilerinde ekonomik rasyonalitenin belirleyiciliğinin her dönem ön planda olduğu, iki ülke arasındaki ticaret ve doğrudan yatırım ilişkilerinde yaşanan gelişmelerin siyasal konjonktürdeki dalgalanmalardan bağımsız kendi mecrasında etkinliğini sürdürdüğü ortaya konulmaktadır.
Eighteenth-Century Women's Shoes: A Valuable Historical Resource
Authors: Fairhurst Alison
Published: March 2019

This article aims to prove how important eighteenth-century women's shoes are as a historical resource by demonstrating the copious information that can be gleaned from the extant corpus. By interpreting the shoes from various angles — such as fashion; manufacture; the materials from which they were made; how they were bought and sold; the size, shape and wear patterns — the current understanding of eighteenth-century social life, manufacturing processes and retailing can be expanded. Having established this, the article goes on to examine the importance of maintaining and conserving this resource for continued future access. Factors that cause deterioration in shoes and the role of the conservator are addressed.
Evaluation of F4 Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) Genotypes for Genetic Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance and Correlation Studies
Authors: Sohail Amir , Rahman Hidayatur , Ullah Farhat , Shah Syed M.A. , Burni Tanvir , Ali Shahzad
Published: March 2019

This research was carried out to check genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in 11 F4 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (10 F4 lines and one check) in a randomized block design with three replications at the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan during 2015-16. Data was/were taken on parameters such as days to heading (days), plant height (cm), flag leaf area (cm2), spike length (cm), grain weight spike-1 (g), 1000-grain weight (g), grain yield plant-1 (g), biological yield plant-1 (g)and harvest index (%). The statistically significant difference(s) was/were detected for the investigated traits.  The high magnitude of heritability (˃0.62) was noted for all parameters except spike length (0.57) which was moderate. Low expected genetic advance was recorded for days to heading (3.90%) and spike length (8.13%), moderate expected genetic advance was observed for plant height (9.95%), grain weight spike-1 (11.54%) and 1000 grain weight (13.41%), while high expected genetic advance was noted for flag leaf area (24.72%), grain yield plant-1 (20.45%), biological yield plant-1 (23.64%) and harvest index (24%). Grain yield plant-1 was non-significantly and positively correlated with days to heading (rG = 0.19NS and rP = 0.07 NS),  plant height (rG = 0.30 NS and rP = 0.26 NS), flag leaf area (rG = 0.25 NS and rP = 0.18 NS), spike length (rG = 0.01 NS and rP = 0.07 NS), grain weight spike-1 (rG = 0.28 NS and rP = 0.22 NS) and 1000-grain weight (rG = 0.02 NS and rP = 0.07 NS) at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. While significantly and positively correlated with biological yield plant-1 (rG = 0.34* and rP = 0.33*) and harvest index (rG = 0.58** and rP = 0.66**) at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. High heritability showed that these traits are under genetic control and single plant selection could be started in F5 generation. The strong correlation of grain yield plant-1 with the mentioned traits showed that grain yield could be indirectly improved by improving these traits.
Genetic Dissection of Low-N Traits using Triple Test Cross Analysis in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Segun Afolabi M. , Ekundayo Salami A.
Published: March 2019

Low-N maize is bred for its ability to tolerate low soil nitrogen (N) by growing and producing grain that compares appreciably to conventional varieties. This experiment was conducted to study the genetic effects of grain yield and other agronomic traits in Low-N maize using triple test cross analysis. Twelve low-N open pollinated maize varieties were converted to the inbred line after six generations of selfing and used for the experiment. Two inbred lines along with their F1 were used as testers for ten inbred lines in a triple test cross pattern to generate 30 crosses and along with their parents and testers to make a total of 43 entries which were evaluated at the Teaching and Research Farms of Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti during in 2017. The design was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data was collected on plant height, ear height, days to 50% anthesis, days to 50% silking, the incidence of Curvularia leaf spot, blight, plant aspect, ear aspect, ear rot, stay green, cob per plant, ear weight, grain moisture content and grain yield. All data was subjected to analysis of variance and complete genetic estimates made. Additive and dominants were significant (P0.05) for all traits, however, epitasis estimates were not significant for all the traits. The degree of dominance component indicated partial dominance for all the traits. Correlation coefficients for days to 50% anthesis and 50% silking, plant height, ear height, number of cob per plant and grain yield were positive and significant (P0.05). Since both additive and dominance gene actions were important for low-N traits, the use of reciprocal recurrent selection procedure can be adopted in incorporating the trait into elite maize varieties.
Simple Inheritance of Partial Resistance to Leaf Rust in Six Spring Wheat Cultivars
Authors: Abdelbacki Ashraf M. M. , Omara Reda I. , Soliman Nor-Eldin K. , Najeeb Mohammed A.
Published: March 2019

Leaf rust disease affects wheat stems, leaves, and grains can lead up to 20% loss in the yield. The promising wheat breeding programs focusing on developing cultivars that have high-yielding and are resistance in wheat-growing areas where leaf rust is common. The inheritance and genetic nature of partial resistance were studied in six parental Egyptian wheat cultivars i.e., Sakha-93, Gemmeiza-9, Gemmeiza-10, Gemmeiza-11, Sids-12, Sids-13, and their F1 and F2 crosses, using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. The results proved that partial resistance to leaf rust disease in the wheat cultivars was quantitative trait loci, with the dominance effects being more pronounced in its genetic expression. This type of resistance was controlled by one, two or three gene pairs in the adult stage and the heritability in its broad-sense was generally high (ranging from 81.73% to 93.25%). This indicated that the selection of partial resistance materials in the early generation was possible, while it is more effective if delayed, due to the important role of the dominance effects in the expression of this trait.
Research of Media industry's Expatriates’ Cross-Culture Adjustment on the Job Involvement and Work Stress: The Impact of Relatedness
Authors: LIN Pao-Cheng , ROBBINS Nancy , LIN Pei-Kuan
Published: March 2019

Along with the country largely attracting foreign businesses for the investment, foreign-owned enterprises have gradually stationed in. In consideration of the Media transfer, the establishment of business management systems, and the needs for market expansion for offshore sourcing, numerous expatriates are required for executing company tasks in subsidiary companies from the initial establishment & planning, factory construction, marketing, Media, and general affairs. Various differences in life and social culture would appear cross-culture adjustment problems for expatriates, and lots of factors would affect the work pressure. When expatriates gradually increase, the expense for expatriation is high for enterprises and individuals that the success in expatriation focuses on support for expatriates’ career. In addition to subsidies, there should be the reference principles for selection, training, oversea life, oversea work, and repatriation. Besides, assistance in emergency could release expatriates’ anxiety to enhance the work efficiency. This study therefore intends to discuss the effect of expatriates’ cross-culture adjustment on working pressure and job involvement. The questionnaire survey is used for collecting data, and conclusions and specific suggestions are proposed for the reference of corporate expatriation as well as individual psychological adjustment of expatriates.
Effects of Leaders’ Positive/Negative Emotional Expression on Subordinates’ Voice Behavior: Mediation Effect of Subordinates’ Liking to Superiors
Authors: SONG Wen-Cheng , ZHANG Xiang-Qian , GIURA Serena
Published: March 2019

Employees’ voice could benefit organizational development and progress; however, emotional mechanism to induce such a behavior still requires further research. This study investigates the relations between leaders’ different emotional expression and employees’ voice behavior in China. By investigating 215 pairs of superior-subordinate samples of enterprises in China, it is discovered that leaders’ positive emotional expression could enhance employees’ voice, and the negative emotional expression would negatively affect employees’ voice behavior. Meanwhile, subordinates’ liking to superiors shows partial mediation effects on the effect of leaders’ positive/negative emotional expression on employees’ voice behavior. The research results reveal that leaders emphasize the function of positive emotional expression in organizational management. Future research could further investigate various influential paths and distinguish leaders’ emotional expression.
The Impact of Seniors’ Health Food Product Knowledge on the Perceived Value and Purchase Intention
Authors: YOSHIHIRO Yamazaki , KUO Hui-Ming , SHIEH Chich-Jen
Published: March 2019

The advance of quality of life and pharmaceutical technology, the enhancement of national income, and the extension of national life expectancy have “aging” become a general socioeconomic phenomenon in China. In many developed countries, people would utilize health food for reducing physical resistance enhancement or drug dependence resulted from drugs taken for curing diseases. Especially, health food is popularized among people with chronic diseases or risks of chronic diseases. Members of Fujian senior-citizen University, as the research subjects, are distributed 300 copies of questionnaire. After deducting invalid and incomplete ones, 206 copies are valid, with the retrieval rate 69%. The research results show significant effects of product knowledge on perceived value, remarkable effects of perceived value on purchase intention, notable effects of product knowledge on purchase intention, and partial mediation of perceived value on the relationship between product knowledge and purchase intention. Suggestions are proposed according to the results, expecting to provide important reference for the marketing of health food industry.
Analysis of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Speech Perception Model & the Perception of Second Language Prosody
Authors: CHU Jing , YANG Chunsheng , LIU Guofa
Published: March 2019

This paper provides a critical review on the major models of speech perception in second language (L2) acquisition. It is argued that some new models, such as L2LP and ASP, have more explanatory power for L2 speech perception. However, due to the different theoretical frameworks, objectives and hypotheses in these models, it is difficult to integrate these models into one which is universally applicable. Although most of these models were proposed for accounting for the perception of L2 segments, they can also be applied in the perception of L2 prosody. When these models are used in examining L2 speech prosody, the prosodic systems of both L1 and L2 should be thoroughly investigated first.
Based on Fund Managers’ Emotional Labor to Discuss the Effect of Social Network on Work Performance
Authors: ZHUANG Xiaowei , JIN Xiu , REN Land D.
Published: March 2019

Interpersonal relationship is an important element for business activity in Chinese societies. Venture capital companies have invested in various industries in past years and the funds of most venture capital companies are not large that venture industry would form an investment network to construct the information flow channel with the network activity among managers through the social network. It does not simply enhance the contact with other potential partners, but is also the information source and resource acquisition method. The difference in fund managers’ investment decision-making lies in individual characteristics as well as the position in the social network to further influence the investment performance. Aiming at fund managers in Beijing, the research results show 1.negative relations between social network and emotional labor, 2.negative relations between emotional labor and work performance, and 3.positive relations between social network and work performance. According to the results to propose suggestions, it is expected to assist in selecting good fund managers, help fund managers make correct decisions, and benefit enterprises creating competitive advantage.
Interaction between the Knowledge Sharing on Innovation Behavior Based on the Viewpoint of Team Diversity: Empirical Research from China
Authors: LEE Meng-Hsiu , YEN Ming-Yu , PERROMAT Louis
Published: March 2019

In the rapidly changing and challenging environment, the possession of continuous innovation ability is primary for organizations in high-tech industry, which have to constantly apply innovation to maintain and enhance the effectiveness, create corporate value, and pursue organizational excellence so as to promote the competitive advantage for enterprise growth and survival. For organizations toady, work teams are the basic units to complete tasks. A lot of management activities are mostly preceded with teams, relying on the mutual cooperation among members. Besides, team interaction and communication could effectively enhance team performance and organizational performance. Aiming at supervisors and employees of high-tech industry in Fujian Province, total 520 copies of questionnaire are distributed, and 351 valid copies are retrieved, with the retrieval rate 68%. The research results show that 1.team diversity presents positive and significant effects on knowledge sharing, 2.knowledge sharing shows positive and remarkable effects on innovation behavior, and 3.team diversity reveals positive effects on innovation behavior. According to the results, suggestions are proposed, expecting to stimulate team innovation behaviors for high-tech industry applying different value, experience, and professional knowledge of team members.
EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT FUNGICIDES AGAINST PREDOMINANT AND VIRULENT FUNGUS FUSARIUM NIVALE THE CAUSE OF MANGO MALFORMATION DISEASE
Authors: Khaskheli Muhammad I. , Pathan Mumtaz A. , Jiskani Muhammad M. , Abro Manzoor A. , Poussio Gul B. , Khaskheli Allah J.
Published: March 2019

Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces. a recently reported fungus of mango malformation disease (MMD)is a predominant and virulent fungus in mango orchards of Sindh, Pakistan. In the current study in vitro and in vivo attempts were made with commercial fungicides to reduce the severity of F. nivale. Mycelial growth of F. nivale was significantly inhibited at low and high doses of Thiophanate methyl and Fosetyl- Aluminium. Metalaxyl+Mancozeb and Mancozeb also reduced growth of fungus at their high doses (6.830 and 11.900mm), respectively, as compared to Copper oxychloride (18.083 mm) and control (40.750 mm). Thiophanate methyl and Fosetyl- Aluminium significantly reduced infection in Desi, Almas and Dusheri to 16.60 and 19.00%; 17.60 and 19.80%; and 20.60 and 22.00% after first spray, with decreased percent of malformation 72.33 and 68.33%; 71.11 and 67.54%; and 67.81 and 65.62% and over untreated control. The second spray of Thiophanate methyl and Fosetyl- Aluminium fungicides completely inhibited infection of F. nivale, and 100.0% reduction in malformation disease in Desi, Almas, and Dusheri as compared to Metalaxyl+Mancozeb (78.73, 73.84, 72.64%) and Mancozeb (73.65, 73.69, 69.41%), Copper oxychloride and in control. The application of Thiophanate methyl and Fosetyl- Aluminium would be useful in integrated management of MMD.
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL AND SEED BORNE FOLIAR BLIGHT DISEASES OF WHEAT OF POTHOHAR REGION
Authors: Sami Sadia , Sami Summiya , Batool Syeda Q. , Iftikhar Shazia
Published: March 2019

The study focuses on soil and seed borne foliar blight diseases. The study area covered pothohar rain fed region of Punjab containing four districts Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock and Chakwal. Epidemiological surveys were conducted to check prevalence and incidence of foliar diseases. Samples were collected from 70 locations. Fungi isolated from soil samples belonged to the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium, Curvularia and Rhizopus. Yield attributes were also calculated for yield production under different stresses. The results indicated that overall trend of foliar blight diseases was such that diseases took higher toll in Attock>Chakwal>Jhelum>Rawalpindi. Tan spot mean incidence was 7.15 in Chakwal and 2 in Attock, it was absent in Jhelum and Rawalpindi. Net blotch mean incidence was recorded highest among all diseases with values 1.47, 24.33, 13.66 and 14.55 in Chakwal, Jhelum, Rawalpindi and Attock respectively. Scald mean incidence was 2.5 in Attock only. Disease incidence of Septoria and HLB ranged from 0.8 – 2.10 in four districts. Alternariaand Fusarium were recorded highest in Jhelum and Chakwal respectively. Consequently the measured wheat yield and grains quality was affected in presence of foliar blight diseases. It needs improved agricultural practices and better management to combat diseases for higher yields.
EFFECT OF LEAF RUST DISEASE ON VARIOUS MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES IN BREAD WHEAT
Authors: Din Ghulam M.U. , Ali Amjad , Abbas Amjad , Naveed Muhammad , Anwar Javed , Tanveer Muhammad H.
Published: March 2019

Leaf rust of wheat caused by Puccinia triticina is one of the most important diseases in the Pakistan and cause both yield and quality reduction. To investigate the effect of leaf rust of wheat on morph-physiological processes and grain yield, a field experiment was conducted using different wheat lines and varieties. The morpho-physiological attributes of the infected plant leaves were badly affected by the infection of leaf rust of wheat. The experiment comprised two treatments, one was inoculated with leaf rust spores manually and Morocco as a spreader while other keeping as a control. The results showed that there was -42.92, -23.72, -23.01, and -11.42, % decrease in chlorophyll content, flag leaf area, specific flag leaf area and relative water content in leaf rust (diseased) plot respectively while 21.24, 160.16% increase in relative dry weight and relative membrane permeability in the leaf rust plot. The results also revealed that leaf rust of wheat also reduces the yield components like number of grains per spike, spike length and 1000 grain weight (-52.38, -43.37 and -45.50 respectively). Thus, it could be concluded that leaf rust of wheat affect the morph-physiological process of wheat plants and badly reduce the yield as well.
POTATO VIRUS Y: AN EVOLVING PATHOGEN OF POTATO WORLDWIDE
Authors: Naveed Khalid , Abbas Amjad , Amrao Luqman
Published: March 2019

Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the important diseases of potato throughout the world wherever potatoes are grown. Yield losses in potato due to PVY are upto 70% if infection occurs at initial growth stages of plants. More than eight PVY strains have been reported worldwide which differ from each other based on symptoms they produce in the infected host plants and at their genetic makeup. In recent past years, new necrotic strains of PVY have emerged which are more damaging as they produce necrotic rings and arms on the tubers of infected plants. With increasing aphid population during last decade, incidence of PVY epidemics has increased worldwide. Managing PVY is difficult as some strains do not produce symptoms on infected potato plants and disease diagnosis becomes difficult. In Pakistan, work on strain differentiation of PVY and their aphid vectors are lacking and there is need of molecular research to identify PVY strains which are present in Pakistan.
EVALUATION OF AVAILABLE GENETIC RESOURCE AGAINST BACTERIAL BLIGHT OF COTTON IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Sajid Muhammad , Rashid Abdul , Bashir Muhammad R. , Zeeshan Muhammad A. , Abid Muhammad , Parveen Rashida , Chohan Sobia , Jamil Humaira
Published: March 2019

Bacterial leaf Blight of cotton a major seed borne foliar disease that attacks the crop at all growth stages leading to cause severe losses in conducive environment. To find out best source of resistance against pathogen this research was conducted in the field area Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Incidence of bacterial blight of cotton was determined on twenty eight varieties/advanced lines sown in field to determine the resistance resource against the disease. Two years data showed that seventeen varieties (BT-Z-33, BT-S-78, BT-786, BT-A-ONE, BT -282, BT-886, BT-3701, BT-SPECIAL, BT-802, Non Bt-FH 901, BT-92, BT-131, BT-905, BT-SUPPER, Non Bt-MNH 496, Non Bt-FH 1000, and BT-121) expressed moderately resistant response with 21-50 % disease incidence (rating 4). Five varieties viz. Non Bt-FH 207, Non BT-N 112, Non BT-FH 942, Non BT-MNH 6070 and Non Bt-FH 941exhibited moderately susceptible response with 51-70% disease incidence under rating 5. Four varieties namely Non BT-N 814, Non Bt-FH 900, Non BT-ANMOL and Non Bt-FH 2015 showed susceptible response with 71-80% disease incidence (rating 6) while Non BT-REDACOLA and Non BT-C 26 expressed highly susceptible response with disease incidence 81-100% rating 7 against bacterial blight disease of cotton. Results indicate that a wide range of resistant resource is present in Pakistan against the disease. The selection of diverse germplasm/resistant varieties through screening is the most efficient, environment friendly and economical management strategy for farmers against this disease.
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF BACTERIAL WILT CAUSED BY RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM AS ASSESSED BY PCR
Authors: Mansoor Muhammad , Abbas Muhammad W. , Elsas J. D V. , Bashir Muhammad R. , Atiq Muhammad
Published: March 2019

The current research was conducted to investigate genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum for comparison of different strains that were collected mainly from Netherlands as well as from Bangladesh, Brazil, Kenya, Egypt, Pakistan and Palma. Forty six strains were included in contemporary studies whereas main biovars for these strains included biovar-2 except GMI1000 that belonged to biovar 3. Genetic diversity of bacterial wilt disease caused by R. solancearum was assessed by focusing mainly on three genes i.e. mutL, cbhA and dps. All the genes seem to be conserved but in case of mutL some strains showed divergence. Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme was used in this contemporary research. It was concluded that polymerized chain reaction (PCR) is the most imperative and appropriate modern tool of molecular biology to find genetic diversity in Ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial wilt.
ANTI-FUNGAL POTENTIAL OF CHILLI GERMPLASM AGAINST FUSARIUM WILT
Authors: Murtza Awais , Bokhari Syed A. A. , Kanwal Iqra , Ali Yasir , Ahmad Tanvir , Habib Amer , Mazhar Komal , Hussain Mehboob , Randhawa Sarfraz
Published: March 2019

Fusarium wilt caused by F. oxysporum f.sp. capsici is a potential risk to successful production of chilli in Pakistan and causes huge yield loss. In present study, fifteen varieties/ lines were assessed against Fusarium wilt disease under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in the trial area of Department of Pla­nt Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad for a long time amid 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Results showed that none of variety showed highly resistant response towards disease. Gola peshawari showed resistant response with 5.1% infection frequency while six varieties i.e. Talhari (10.30), Harmal (13.26), Neelum (14.46), Burewala (20.13), Sanam (15.10) and FSD-1 (18.43) showed moderately resistant response. Four varieties i.e. FSD-2 (28.10), Ghotki (25.167%), KA-2 (23.133%), Tatapuri (V%), expressed moderately susceptible response with rating three and four varieties/lines i.e. Arunalu (40.33), NARC-4 (35.66), Sabazperi (32.13) and Skyline (30.50) expressed vulnerable response with score 4 to Fusarium wilt.
EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL AMENDMENTS, PLANT EXTRACTS AND CHEMICALS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF STEM ROT OF RICE
Authors: Ali Safdar , Anjum Sahar , Zeshan Muhammad A. , Arshad Muhammad , Ahmad Nadeem , Ghani Muhammad U.
Published: March 2019

Rice is the staple food of more than one third of world population. The emerging threat to this crop is the stem rot of rice. It is one of the dangerous disease causing huge losses to rice crop worldwide. In-vitro experiments were performed for evaluation of three plant extracts (Eucalyptus globules, Azadirachta indica and Alstonia scholaris) was done at three concentrations (10%, 5% and 2.5%) by poison food technique against the causal fungus, Sclerotium oryzae. Eucalyptus extract was found the most effective followed by neem and devil. Similarly, three fungicides, Thiophenate methyl 70% WP, Difenoconazole 10% WDG and Azoxystrobin 50% WDG were also tested at three concentrations (R, R/2 & R/4) and among these Thiophenate methyl 70%WP was the most effective followed by Difenoconazole 10% WDG and Azoxystrobin 50% WDG. The field trial based on 11 treatments comprising of organic nutritional amendments, plant extracts and fungicides was conducted using RCBD. It revealed that mixture of all organic nutritional amendments in combination with Thiophenate methyl fungicide showed significant response in the reduction of disease incidence. Moreover, these amendments also improved the plant growth and yield parameters i.e. plant height, panicle length (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of kernels per panicle, 1000-grain weight and yield/plant.
A CASE STUDY FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT OF MANGO IN PUNJAB (PAKISTAN)
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Naqvi Syed A. H. , Perveen Rashida , Naz Farah , Hasnain Ammarah , Chohan Sobia
Published: March 2019

A survey was conducted for bacterial black spot disease in different districts of Punjab. Maximum disease incidence was observed in Multan followed by Muzaffar Garh and Khanewal while minimum disease incidence was noted in Jhang and Lodhran district of the Punjab. Thirty symptomatic samples were collected from multiple locations and associated pathogens were isolated. Bacterial isolates were inoculated on different mango cultivars to evaluate the level of resistance. None of the cultivar was resistant against the disease although Anwar Ratool and Late Chounsa were least affected. Eighteen isolates were grown on asparagine and nutrient agar with 5% glucose medium to check their variability which depicted round, convex, creamy white and yellow pigmented colonies with entire margins. Mucoid colony growth was found when inoculated on nutrient agar with 5% glucose. Biochemical tests showed that all bacterial isolates were gram negative, salt tolerant, oxidase negative and showed negative growth while grown on asparagines medium. On the basis of these tests bacteria were found as X. campestris. Although yellow pigmented isolates were found less aggressive as compared to creamy white ones.
EXPLOITATION OF NEW CHEMISTRY FUNGICIDES AGAINST CHARCOAL ROT OF SESAME CAUSED BY MACROPHOMINA PHASIOLINA IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Bashir Muhammad R. , Mehmood Abid , Sajid Muhammad , Zeshan Muhammad A. , Mohsin Muhammad , Khan Qamar A.T. , Tahir Faizan A.
Published: March 2019

The current research was conducted to find out the most appropriate concentrations of six fungicides for the management of sesame charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina under lab and field conditions. The treatments viz. Antracol, Topsin-M, Mancozeb, Score, Topas, Nativo and Control with concentrations of 150, 250 and 350ppm were used with three replications under completely randomized design and randomized complete block design in Lab. and field conditions respectively. The mean colony growth of all treatments expressed that Nativo exhibited minimum colony growth of (0.93 cm) as compared to Score (1.14 cm), Topsin-M (1.42 cm), Mancozeb (1.77 cm), Antracol (2.04 cm), Topass (2.33 cm) correspondingly. The interaction between treatments and concentrations (T×C) showed that  used concentrations 150 ppm, 250 ppm and 350 ppm of Nativo abundantly inhibit fungal colony growth upto 1.26 cm, 0.86 cm and 0.66 cm respectively whereas the interaction between treatments and days expressed that after day ninth the minimum colony growth (1.23 cm) was observed for Nativo as compared to all other treatments. Similarly, the interaction between concentrations and days expressed highest fungal colony growth at concentration 150 ppm on day third (2.06 cm), sixth (3.02 cm) and ninth (3.65 cm) but the interaction of treatments, days and concentrations expressed that at 150 ppm concentration, all treatments exhibited minimum colony growth (1.70 to 3.30) cm at third, sixth and ninth day as compared to 250 and 350 ppm concentration respectively with respect to control (6.90 cm). In filed conditions, Nativo exhibited minimum Mean Disease Incidence (12.55%) whereas the interaction between treatments and days showed minimum of 14.95%, 12.82% and 9.90% disease incidence by Nativo as compared to all other treatments including control (66.86%, 77.57% and 87.22%) after day tenth, twenty and thirty. It was concluded that Nativo is significantly inhibiting the colony growth under lab and filed conditions.
EVALUATION OF SOILBORNE PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGAL COUNT IN VARIOUS LAND USE TYPES OF DISTRICT OKARA
Authors: Naz Sumaira , Khan Salik N. , Chaudhry Muhammad N.
Published: March 2019

A field survey was conducted in district Okara to determine existing plant pathogenic fungal count in various land use types. The target sites were classified as orchard, barren land, fallow land, cultivated land and forest land use types. Field soil samples were collected from these land use types at different depths of 15, 30 and 45 cm respectively. Dilution of soil samples was made in sterilized distilled water and 1ml was poured on to the malt extract agar (MEA) medium in 90 mm diameter Petri plates incubated at 25±2°C for 5-7 days. Purified fungal colonies of Mucor spp., Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp., Alternaria alternata, Curvularia spp., Rhizopus spp., and Helminthosporium spp. on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium were identified based on their morphological descriptions. These fungal counts were recovered from the soil at 30 cm depth which indicates an alarming situation for deep-rooted crops to soilborne fungal pathogens infestation in future.