bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A model describing diffusion in prostate cancer
Authors: Gilani Nima , Malcolm Paul , Johnson Glyn
Published: July 2016

Purpose

Quantitative diffusion MRI has frequently been studied as a means of grading prostate cancer. Interpretation of results is complicated by the nature of prostate tissue, which consists of four distinct compartments: vascular, ductal lumen, epithelium, and stroma. Current diffusion measurements are an ill‐defined weighted average of these compartments. In this study, prostate diffusion is analyzed in terms of a model that takes explicit account of tissue compartmentalization, exchange effects, and the non‐Gaussian behavior of tissue diffusion.

Method

The model assumes that exchange between the cellular (ie, stromal plus epithelial) and the vascular and ductal compartments is slow. Ductal and cellular diffusion characteristics are estimated by Monte Carlo simulation and a two‐compartment exchange model, respectively. Vascular pseudodiffusion is represented by an additional signal at b = 0. Most model parameters are obtained either from published data or by comparing model predictions with the published results from 41 studies. Model prediction error is estimated using 10‐fold cross‐validation.

Results

Agreement between model predictions and published results is good. The model satisfactorily explains the variability of ADC estimates found in the literature.

Conclusion

A reliable model that predicts the diffusion behavior of benign and cancerous prostate tissue of different Gleason scores has been developed. Magn Reson Med 78:316–326, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Pediatric quality of life in long‐term survivors of childhood cancer treated with anthracyclines
Authors: Ryerson A. Blythe , Wasilewski‐Masker Karen , Border William L. , Goodman Michael , Meacham Lillian , Austin Harland , Marchak Jordan Gilleland , Mertens Ann C.
Published: July 2016

Background

Anthracyclines are a common class of drugs used to treat pediatric cancer. While much attention is given to their cardiotoxicity, little is known about the relationship between the use of anthracyclines and health‐related quality‐of‐life (HRQoL) outcomes. This study examines the association of anthracycline cardiotoxicity risk status and Pediatric Quality‐of‐Life (PedsQL) InventoryTM scores in childhood cancer

Methods

Pediatric cancer survivors aged 8–21 who were at least 5 years posttreatment were recruited from a Cancer Survivor Clinic. Participants completed the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales and a health behavior survey. Linear regression was used to evaluate the association between PedsQL scores and anthracycline cardiotoxicity risk status and to assess whether self‐reported physical activity modified the association.

Results

Eighty survivors participated and were characterized by cardiotoxicity risk status (high: 12; moderate: 23, low: 24, no risk: 21) as defined by the Children's Oncology Group (COG). Measures in all PedsQL domains tended to be slightly lower for survivors exposed to anthracyclines as compared to the unexposed. The largest difference in unadjusted mean scores was for social functioning (96.0% for unexposed vs. 91.3% for exposed, P = 0.0068). There was also an inverse dose–response relation between adjusted PedsQL scores and increasing anthracycline cardiotoxicity risk; this association was not modified by physical activity level.

Conclusion

These data indicate that regular psychosocial assessments, such as those currently recommended by the COG, may be especially important for survivors treated with anthracyclines.
The impact of mosaicism in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD): approaches to PGD for dominant disorders in couples without family history
Authors: Naja Roy Pascal , Dhanjal Seema , Doshi Alpesh , Serhal Paul , Delhanty Joy , SenGupta Sioban B.
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Mosaicism in certain dominant disorders may result in a ‘non‐Mendelian’ transmission for the causative mutation. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is available for patients with inherited disorders to achieve an unaffected pregnancy. We present our experience for two female patients with different dominantly inherited autosomal disorders; neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and tuberous sclerosis complex type 2 (TSC2).

Methods

PGD protocol development was carried out using single cells from the patients. PGD was carried out on polar bodies and different embryonic cells.

Results

Protocol development for NF1 using lymphocytes from the patient suggested mosaicism for the mutation. This was supported further by quantitative fluorescent‐PCR performed on genomic DNA. During PGD, polar bodies and blastomeres lacked the mutation that probably was absent or present at very low levels in the patient's germline. Single lymphocyte analysis during protocol development for TSC2 did not indicate mosaicism; however, analysis of single buccal cells and multiple embryo biopsies across two consecutive IVF/PGD cycles confirmed gonosomal mosaicism.

Conclusions

The trend in PGD is for blastocyst biopsy followed by whole genome amplification, eliminating single cell analysis. In the case of certain dominantly inherited disorders, pre‐PGD single cell analysis is beneficial to identify potential mosaicism that ensures robust protocols. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recurrent selection with reduced 2,4‐D amine doses results in the rapid evolution of 2,4‐D herbicide resistance in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.)
Authors: Ashworth Michael B , Walsh Michael J , Flower Ken C , Powles Stephen B
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

When used at effective doses, weed resistance to auxinic herbicides has been slow to evolve when compared with other modes of action. Here we report the evolutionary response of a herbicide‐susceptible population of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) and confirm that sublethal doses of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) amine can lead to the rapid evolution of 2,4‐D resistance and cross‐resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides.

RESULTS

Following four generations of 2,4‐D selection, the progeny of a herbicide‐susceptible wild radish population evolved 2,4‐D resistance, increasing the LD50 from 16 to 138 g ha−1. Along with 2,4‐D resistance, cross‐resistance to the ALS‐inhibiting herbicides metosulam (4.0‐fold) and chlorsulfuron (4.5‐fold) was evident. Pretreatment of the 2,4‐D‐selected population with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor malathion restored chlorsulfuron to full efficacy, indicating that cross‐resistance to chlorsulfuron was likely due to P450‐catalysed enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism.

CONCLUSION

This study is the first to confirm the rapid evolution of auxinic herbicide resistance through the use of low doses of 2,4‐D and serves as a reminder that 2,4‐D must always be used at highly effective doses. With the introduction of transgenic auxinic‐herbicide‐resistant crops in the Americas, there will be a marked increase in auxinic herbicide use and therefore the risk of resistance evolution. Auxinic herbicides should be used only at effective doses and with diversity if resistance is to remain a minimal issue. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Bayesian predictive power: choice of prior and some recommendations for its use as probability of success in drug development
Authors: Rufibach Kaspar , Burger Hans Ulrich , Abt Markus
Published: July 2016

Bayesian predictive power, the expectation of the power function with respect to a prior distribution for the true underlying effect size, is routinely used in drug development to quantify the probability of success of a clinical trial. Choosing the prior is crucial for the properties and interpretability of Bayesian predictive power. We review recommendations on the choice of prior for Bayesian predictive power and explore its features as a function of the prior. The density of power values induced by a given prior is derived analytically and its shape characterized. We find that for a typical clinical trial scenario, this density has a u‐shape very similar, but not equal, to a β‐distribution. Alternative priors are discussed, and practical recommendations to assess the sensitivity of Bayesian predictive power to its input parameters are provided. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DAT detectors: uncovering TCP/IP covert channels by descriptive analytics
Authors: Iglesias Felix , Annessi Robert , Zseby Tanja
Published: July 2016

Covert channels provide means to conceal information transfer between hosts and bypass security barriers in communication networks. Hidden communication is of paramount concern for governments and companies, because it can conceal data leakage and malware communication, which are crucial building blocks used in cyber crime. We propose detectors based on descriptive analytics of traffic (DAT) to facilitate revealing network and transport layer covert channels originated from a wide spectrum of published data‐hiding techniques. DAT detectors transform communication data into flexible feature vectors that represent traffic by a set of extracted calculations and estimations. For the case of covert channels, the core of the detection is performed by the combined application of autocorrelation calculations and multimodality measures built upon kernel density estimations and Pareto charts. DAT detectors are devised to be embedded as extensions of network intrusion detection systems, being able to perform fast, lightweight analysis of numerous flows. The present paper focuses specifically on TCP/IP traffic and provides suitable classifications of TCP/IP fields and related covert channel techniques from the perspective of the statistical detection. The proposed methodology is evaluated with public traffic datasets as well as covert channels generated according to main techniques described in the related literature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marketing Challenges and Opportunities in Emerging Economies: A Brazilian Perspective
Authors: Gouvea Raul , Kapelianis Dimitri , Montoya Manuel
Published: July 2016

This article describes the challenges and opportunities of marketing in an emerging economy, focusing on Brazil as an exemplar. The main features of the Brazilian economy are discussed with special attention given to the changing nature of the country's income distribution. Where Brazil once had a pyramid‐shaped income distribution typical of many less developed countries, this is rapidly giving way to a diamond‐shaped income distribution due to the emergence of a growing middle class. This, in turn, presents marketers with many opportunities ranging from franchise development to e‐commerce. At the same time, however, marketers are challenged by several features of the Brazilian economy, including poor logistics, corruption, and state interventionism, among other threats. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Focus on sulfur count rates along marine sediment cores acquired by XRF Core Scanner
Authors: Chéron S. , Etoubleau J. , Bayon G. , Garziglia S. , Boissier A.
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study is to investigate the information provided by sulfur count rates obtained by X‐ray fluorescence core scanner (XRF‐CS) along sedimentary records. The analysis of two marine sediment cores from the Niger Delta margin shows that XRF‐CS sulfur count rates obtained at the surface of split core sections with XRF‐CS correlate with both direct quantitative pyrite concentrations, as inferred from X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and sulfur determination by wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WD‐XRF) spectrometry, and total dissolved sulfide (TDS) contents in the sediment pore water. These findings demonstrate the potential of XRF‐CS for providing continuous profiles of pyrite distribution along split sections of sediment cores. The potential of XRF‐CS to detect TDS pore water enrichments in marine sediment records, even a long time after sediment recovery, will be further discussed. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. X‐Ray Spectrometry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Estimation of Latent Ability Using a Response Pattern of Graded Scores
Authors: Samejima Fumiko
Published: July 2016

This monograph is a part of a more comprehensive treatment of estimation of latent traits, when the entire response pattern is used.

The fundamental structure of the whole theory comes from the latent trait model, which was initiated by Lazarsfeld as the latent structure analysis [Lazarsfeld, 1959], and also by Lord and others as a theory of mental test scores [Lord, 1952]. Similarities and differences in their mathematical structures and tendencies were discussed by Lazarsfeld [Lazarsfeld, 1960] and the recent book by Lord and Novick with contributions by Birnbaum [Lord & Novick, 1968] provides the dichotomous case of the latent trait model in the context of mental measurement.
Lack of global epigenetic methylation defects in CBS deficient mice
Authors: Lee Hyung‐Ok , Wang Liqun , Kuo Yin‐Ming , Gupta Sapna , Slifker Michael J. , Li Yue‐sheng , Andrews Andrew J. , Kruger Warren D.
Published: July 2016

Cystathionine β‐synthase (CBS) deficiency is a recessive inborn error of metabolism in which patients have extremely elevated plasma total homocysteine and have clinical manifestations in the vascular, visual, skeletal, and nervous systems. Homocysteine is an intermediary metabolite produced from the hydrolysis of S‐adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), which is a by‐product of methylation reactions involving the methyl‐donor S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM). Here, we have measured SAM, SAH, DNA and histone methylation status in an inducible mouse model of CBS deficiency to test the hypothesis that homocysteine‐related phenotypes are caused by inhibition of methylation due to elevated SAH and reduced SAM/SAH ratio. We found that mice lacking CBS have elevated cellular SAH and reduced SAM/SAH ratios in both liver and kidney, but this was not associated with alterations in the level of 5‐methylcytosine or various histone modifications. Using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation in combination with microarray, we found that of the 241 most differentially methylated promoter probes, 89 % were actually hypermethylated in CBS deficient mice. In addition, we did not find that changes in DNA methylation correlated well with changes in RNA expression in the livers of induced and uninduced CBS mice. Our data indicates that reduction in the SAM/SAH ratio, due to loss of CBS activity, does not result in overall hypomethylation of either DNA or histones.
Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Modeling of the B2O3-FeO-Fe2O3-Nd2O3 System for Recycling of NdFeB Magnet Scrap
Authors: Jakobsson Lars Klemet , Tranell Gabriella , Jung In-Ho
Published: July 2016

NdFeB magnet scrap is an alternative source of neodymium that could have a significantly lower impact on the environment than current mining and extraction processes. Neodymium can be readily oxidized in the presence of oxygen, which makes it easy to recover neodymium in oxide form. Thermochemical data and phase diagrams for neodymium oxide containing systems is, however, very limited. Thermodynamic modeling of the B2O3-FeO-Fe2O3-Nd2O3 system was hence performed to obtain accurate phase diagrams and thermochemical properties of the system. Key phase diagram experiments were also carried out for the FeO-Nd2O3 system in saturation with iron to improve the accuracy of the present modeling. The modified quasichemical model was used to describe the Gibbs energy of the liquid oxide phase. The Gibbs energy functions of the liquid phase and the solids were optimized to reproduce all available and reliable phase diagram data, and thermochemical properties of the system. Finally the optimized database was applied to calculate conditions for selective oxidation of neodymium from NdFeB magnet waste.
A new method of infrared thermography for quantification of brown adipose tissue activation in healthy adults (TACTICAL): a randomized trial
Authors: Ang Qi Yan , Goh Hui Jen , Cao Yanpeng , Li Yiqun , Chan Siew-Pang , Swain Judith L. , Henry Christiani Jeyakumar , Leow Melvin Khee-Shing
Published: July 2016

The ability to alter the amount and activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in human adults is a potential strategy to manage obesity and related metabolic disorders associated with food, drug, and environmental stimuli with BAT activating/recruiting capacity. Infrared thermography (IRT) provides a non-invasive and inexpensive alternative to the current methods (e.g. 18F-FDG PET) used to assess BAT. We have quantified BAT activation in the cervical-supraclavicular (C-SCV) region using IRT video imaging and a novel image computational algorithm by studying C-SCV heat production in healthy young men after cold stimulation and the ingestion of capsinoids in a prospective double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Subjects were divided into low-BAT and high-BAT groups based on changes in IR emissions in the C-SCV region induced by cold. The high-BAT group showed significant increases in energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and heat output in the C-SCV region post-capsinoid ingestion compared to post-placebo ingestion, but the low-BAT group did not. Based on these results, we conclude that IRT is a promising tool for quantifying BAT activity.
mTOR, metabolism, and the immune response in HPV‐positive head and neck squamous cell cancer
Authors: Coppock Joseph D. , Lee John H.
Published: July 2016

Extensive preclinical studies have identified mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation as a frequent molecular signature underlying head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), including the distinct clinical subtype that is human papillomavirus (HPV) related, and have demonstrated the potential therapeutic utility of mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of these cancers. Numerous clinical studies have begun to evaluate this potential, however few have selected for and fewer have focused specifically on HPV‐related disease. While HPV‐positive (HPV+) HNSCC patients have a generally favorable prognosis, the overall number of patients who suffer failed treatment, recurrent disease, metastasis, and death is increasing due to the rapidly increasing incidence of HPV‐related cancers. In this review, we discuss the rationale for proposing the adjuvant use of mTOR inhibition in the treatment of HPV+ HNSCC, highlighting the interplay of virally activated mTOR signaling, cellular metabolism, and the anti‐tumor immune response.
Correspondence between Subjective and Objective Cognitive Functioning Following Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: Mihuta Mary E. , Green Heather J. , Man David W. K. , Shum David H. K.
Published: July 2016

This study examined subjective and objective cognitive functioning in 26 female breast cancer survivors (BCS) who received chemotherapy treatment that finished .5 to 5 years prior to testing and compared their results to 25 demographically matched women with no history of cancer. Participants were assessed on prospective memory (PM) tasks; neuropsychological tests of processing speed, attentional flexibility with greater cognitive load, executive function, and verbal memory; self-report measures of cognitive dysfunction and PM failures; and distress. The BCS group showed significantly slower speed of processing and reduced attentional flexibility, and reported significantly more cognitive complaints and PM failures than the control group on five of six self-report measures. The groups did not differ on other PM or neuropsychological measures or on a measure of distress. Subjective cognition correlated with some neuropsychological tests and with a virtual reality PM task. Objective cognitive impairments were associated with reduced quality of life in the BCS group. The results provide some evidence of both self-reported impairment and objective cognitive dysfunction following chemotherapy treatment.
Numerical investigation of the role of free-stream turbulence in boundary-layer separation
Authors: Balzer Wolfgang , Fasel H. F.
Published: July 2016

The aerodynamic performance of lifting surfaces operating at low Reynolds number conditions is impaired by laminar separation. In most cases, transition to turbulence occurs in the separated shear layer as a result of a series of strong hydrodynamic instability mechanisms. Although the understanding of these mechanisms has been significantly advanced over the past decades, key questions remain unanswered about the influence of external factors such as free-stream turbulence (FST) and others on transition and separation. The present study is driven by the need for more accurate predictions of separation and transition phenomena in ‘real world’ applications, where elevated levels of FST can play a significant role (e.g. turbomachinery). Numerical investigations have become an integral part in the effort to enhance our understanding of the intricate interactions between separation and transition. Due to the development of advanced numerical methods and the increase in the performance of supercomputers with parallel architecture, it has become feasible for low Reynolds number application ($O(10^{5})$) to carry out direct numerical simulations (DNS) such that all relevant spatial and temporal scales are resolved without the use of turbulence modelling. Because the employed high-order accurate DNS are characterized by very low levels of background noise, they lend themselves to transition research where the amplification of small disturbances, sometimes even growing from numerical round-off, can be examined in great detail. When comparing results from DNS and experiment, however, it is beneficial, if not necessary, to increase the background disturbance levels in the DNS to levels that are typical for the experiment. For the current work, a numerical model that emulates a realistic free-stream turbulent environment was adapted and implemented into an existing Navier–Stokes code based on a vorticity–velocity formulation. The role FST plays in the transition process was then investigated for a laminar separation bubble forming on a flat plate. FST was shown to cause the formation of the well-known Klebanoff mode that is represented by streamwise-elongated streaks inside the boundary layer. Increasing the FST levels led to accelerated transition, a reduction in bubble size and better agreement with the experiments. Moreover, the stage of linear disturbance growth due to the inviscid shear-layer instability was found to not be ‘bypassed’.
Holes stabilize freely falling coins
Authors: Vincent Lionel , Shambaugh W. Scott , Kanso Eva
Published: July 2016

The free fall of heavy bodies in a viscous fluid medium is a problem of interest to many engineering and scientific disciplines, including the study of unpowered flight and seed dispersal. The falling behaviour of coins and thin discs in particular has been categorized into one of four distinct modes; steady, fluttering, chaotic or tumbling, depending on the moment of inertia and Reynolds number. This paper investigates, through a carefully designed experiment, the falling dynamics of thin discs with central holes. The effects of the central hole on the disc’s motion is characterized for a range of Reynolds number, moments of inertia and inner to outer diameter ratio. By increasing this ratio, that is, the hole size, the disc is found to transition from tumbling to chaotic then fluttering at values of the moment of inertia not predicted by the falling modes of whole discs. This transition from tumbling to fluttering with increased hole size is viewed as a stabilization process. Flow visualization of the wake behind annular discs shows the presence of a vortex ring at the disc’s outer edge, as in the case of whole discs, and an additional counter-rotating vortex ring at the disc’s inner edge. The inner vortex ring is responsible for stabilizing the disc’s falling motion. These findings have significant implications on the development of design principles for engineered robotic systems in free flight, and may shed light on the stability of gliding animals.
Edge states as mediators of bypass transition in boundary-layer flows
Authors: Khapko T. , Kreilos T. , Schlatter P. , Duguet Y. , Eckhardt B. , Henningson D. S.
Published: July 2016

The concept of edge states is investigated in the asymptotic suction boundary layer in relation to the receptivity process to noisy perturbations and the nucleation of turbulent spots. Edge tracking is first performed numerically, without imposing any discrete symmetry, in a large computational domain allowing for full spatial localisation of the perturbation velocity. The edge state is a three-dimensional localised structure recurrently characterised by a single low-speed streak that experiences erratic bursts and planar shifts. This recurrent streaky structure is then compared with predecessors of individual spot nucleation events, triggered by non-localised initial noise. The present results suggest a nonlinear picture, rooted in dynamical systems theory, of the nucleation process of turbulent spots in boundary-layer flows, in which the localised edge state plays the role of state-space mediator.
THERE ARE ASYMPTOTICALLY THE SAME NUMBER OF LATIN SQUARES OF EACH PARITY
Authors: CAVENAGH NICHOLAS J. , WANLESS IAN M.
Published: July 2016

A Latin square is reduced if its first row and first column are in natural order. For Latin squares of a particular order$n$, there are four possible different parities. We confirm a conjecture of Stones and Wanless by showing asymptotic equality between the numbers of reduced Latin squares of each possible parity as the order$n\rightarrow \infty$.
PERFECT POWERS IN PRODUCTS OF TERMS OF ELLIPTIC DIVISIBILITY SEQUENCES
Authors: HAJDU LAJOS , LAISHRAM SHANTA , SZIKSZAI MÁRTON
Published: July 2016

Diophantine problems involving recurrence sequences have a long history. We consider the equation $B_{m}B_{m+d}\cdots B_{m+(k-1)d}=y^{\ell }$ in positive integers $m,d,k,y$ with $\gcd (m,d)=1$ and $k\geq 2$, where $\ell \geq 2$ is a fixed integer and $B=(B_{n})_{n=1}^{\infty }$ is an elliptic divisibility sequence, an important class of nonlinear recurrences. We prove that the equation admits only finitely many solutions. In fact, we present an algorithm to find all possible solutions, provided that the set of $\ell$th powers in $B$ is given. We illustrate our method by an example.
The first diploaspidid (Chelicerata: Chasmataspidida) from North America (Silurian, Bertie Group, New York State) is the oldest species of Diploaspis
Authors: LAMSDELL JAMES C. , BRIGGS DEREK E. G.
Published: July 2016

A single specimen of a new species of the chasmataspidid Diploaspis Størmer, 1972 is described from the upper Silurian (Pridoli) Phelps Member of the Fiddlers Green Formation (Bertie Group) in Herkimer County, New York State, USA. Diploaspis praecursor sp. nov. is distinguished by the shape of the posterolateral margins of the buckler, which are drawn out into angular epimera, and by the lack of elongate tubercles on the postabdomen. This discovery increases the taxonomic diversity of the Bertie Group by extending the geographic extent of Diploaspididae into North America. D. praecursor pre-dates previously known species of Diploaspis by more than 10 million years.
The Biology of Ceratophyllus fasciatus Bosc., the Common Rat-Flea of Great Britain
Authors: Strickland C.
Published: July 2016

In view of its possible relation to the epidemiology of plague, a knowledge of the biology of the common rat-flea of England, Ceratophyllus fasciatus Bosc, is much to be desired, and therefore, at the request of Professor Niittall, the present investigation was undertaken. The observations recorded below are mainly the result of experimental work with fleas conducted in the Quick Laboratory, Cambridge; but before proceeding to a description of the experiments it is considered advisable to give a short summary of the life-cycle of the rat-flea.
A new species and four new records of sedentary polychaetes from the Canadian High Arctic
Authors: López Eduardo , Olivier Fredéric , Grant Cindy , Archambault Philippe
Published: July 2016

During ArcticNet surveys aboard ‘CCGS Amundsen’ in 2011, several subtidal stations located in Canadian Archipelago were sampled in order to study the composition of their benthic communities. Among the abundant material sampled, several specimens of rare polychaete species were found. Examination of this material showed four species not previously recorded in the area, and a new species described herein. Descriptions of these specimens are given in this work.Ophelina brattegardiKongsrudet al., 2011 is characterized by a body composed of 27–28 chaetigers, by having the parapodia of the last four chaetigers shifted to the ventral side of the body, and by lacking branchiae in mid-body chaetigers.Macrochaeta polyonix Eliason, 1962 is unique within the genus in having several (instead of one or two) compound neurochaetae in anterior parapodia.Chaetozone acutaBanse & Hobson, 1968 is characterized by having spines from anterior third of the body and arranged in bundles composed of just a few chaetae.Chaetozone jubataChambers & Woodham, 2003 can be distinguished from similar species by having very long capillary chaetae from chaetiger 2 or 3. Finally,Dialychone hervyaen. sp. is characterized by bearing four pairs of radioles with narrow flanges, by the bilobed tip of its first peristomial ring that projects beyond the collar, and by the paleate thoracic notochaetae bearing long mucros.
Chloroquine-containing organoruthenium complexes are fast-acting multistage antimalarial agents
Authors: MACEDO TAÍS S. , COLINA-VEGAS LEGNA , DA PAIXÃO MARCELO , NAVARRO MARIBEL , BARRETO BRENO C. , OLIVEIRA POLIANA C. M. , MACAMBIRA SIMONE G. , MACHADO MARTA , PRUDÊNCIO MIGUEL , D'ALESSANDRO SARAH , BASILICO NICOLETTA , MOREIRA DIOGO R. M. , BATISTA ALZIR A. , SOARES MILENA B. P.
Published: July 2016

We report the pharmacological activity of organoruthenium complexes containing chloroquine (CQ) as a chelating ligand. The complexes displayed intraerythrocytic activity against CQ-sensitive 3D7 and CQ-resistant W2 strains ofPlasmodium falciparum,with potency and selectivity indexes similar to those of CQ. Complexes displayed activity against all intraerythrocytic stages, but moderate activity againstPlasmodium bergheiliver stages. However, unlike CQ, organoruthenium complexes impaired gametocyte viability and exhibited fast parasiticidal activity against trophozoites forP. falciparum. This functional property results from the ability of complexes to quickly induce oxidative stress. The parasitaemia ofP. berghei-infected mice was reduced by treatment with the complex. Our findings demonstrated that using chloroquine for the synthesis of organoruthenium complexes retains potency and selectivity while leading to an increase in the spectrum of action and parasite killing rate relative to CQ.
Modernising the European Social Paradigm: Social Investments and Social Entrepreneurs
Authors: JENSON JANE
Published: July 2016

Policy perspectives of the European Union as well as those of member states currently link the concepts of social investment and social entrepreneurship in order to advocate both where and how to intervene. The argument of this article is that the explicit linking of these two notions, by policy-makers at several different levels and scales of authority, constitutes an emerging policy paradigm. The article identifies three characteristics of any paradigm, including that a policy paradigm must provide a perspective on the maintenance of the well-being of both society and individuals. Despite variation across countries and levels of authority (a characteristic of any paradigm) policy communities proffer the quasi-concepts of social investment and social entrepreneurship in combination as the appropriate ways to govern financing and the delivery of social investments. Therefore, social enterprises are targeted to receive public financing in order to deliver social investments in activation (training, employability, job support and wage supplements) as well as childcare. Reliance on this assemblage is documented across scales from the local through the national, transnational and international.
Demanding Activation
Authors: RAFFASS TANIA
Published: July 2016

The distinctive character of the unemployment policies overhaul, known as the ‘activation turn’ of the 1990s, was that OECD governments intensified coercion against unemployed individuals while relaxing their commitment to ensuring full employment. By now supply-side activation policies have been tested long enough to permit conclusive evaluations, and the article surveys the body of empirical assessments to determine the achievements of the activation turn. The implementation of welfare-to-work policies has not resulted in bringing down the rates of unemployment (independently of the business cycle), combating long-term unemployment, reducing (in-work) poverty or empowering jobseekers as consumers of public services, which were all goals of the reformed ‘activating state’. Instead, activation has been working as a mechanism of entrapment at the margins of liberalised labour markets by dint of its complementarity with employer-centred flexibility. The activation turn has thus failed to achieve its direct labour market and social objectives. However, it has produced pronounced indirect negative effects in the labour market, and its social impact has been regressive and repressive, as anticipated in normative and political-economic critiques of the rising ‘workfare state’.
XXXI.—On Thermodynamic Motivity
Authors: Thomson W.
Published: July 2016

After having for many years felt with Professor Tait the want of a word “to express the Availability for work of the heat in a given magazine, a term for that possession the waste of which is called Dissipation” I now suggest the word Motivity to supply this want.

In my paper on the “Restoration of Energy from an Unequally Heated Space,” published in the Philosophical Magazine for January 1853, I gave the following expression for the amount of “mechanical energy” derivable from a body B, given with its different parts at different temperatures, by the equalisation of its temperature throughout to one common temperature T, by means of perfect thermodynamic engines,—

where t denotes the temperature of any point x, y, z of the body; c the thermal capacity of the body's substance at that point and that temperature; J, Joule's equivalent; and μ, Carnot's function of the temperature t.
XVI.—On the Old Red Sandstone of Western Europe
Authors: Geikie
Published: July 2016

In the early part of the present century, when stratigraphical geology, starting from the clear succession of Secondary rocks of England, was groping its way among the older formations in this country and abroad, the Old Red Sandstone occupied a somewhat indeterminate position. The series of deposits comprised under that name had been recognised chiefly in the British Islands, hardly at all on the opposite mainland of Europe. By most geologists they were classed as a subordinate and inconstant portion of the Carboniferous system, while by some they were placed rather at the top of the yet unexplored “Transition” or “Greywacke “ series. Murchison first claimed for them the dignity and importance of a distinct system. On the whole, they had yielded comparatively few organic remains; they consequently seemed to lie as a thick red barren zone between the richly fossiliferous Silurian deposits below them and the equally fossiliferous Carboniferous limestone above. By degrees, however, as they brought forth a rich harvest of new and strange ichthyolites, they indicated their own right to recognition, and when they were found covering a vast space in Russia with many of the same types of fish as they had yielded in Britain, their claim to rank as a distinct and independent system was no longer contested.
XVII.—Chapters on the Mineralogy of Scotland. Chapter Fourth.—Augite, Hornblende, and Serpentinous Change
Authors: Heddle
Published: July 2016

Malacolite was first observed in Scotland by Dr Macculloch, who included it with the second sub-species, under the name of Sahlite.

He, in his different works, noted its occurrence—“near the church of Rodel in Harris,”- “in Tiree,”-“Glen Elg,”-“Glen Tilt,”-and “in Rannoch.” With his usual power he describes the occurrence, varieties, and even the crystalline form of the mineral,—the clearness and precision of his descriptions being only equalled by the utter want of precision and frequent mystifications as to their localities.

The above sentence conveys all the direct information which Dr Macculloch vouchsafes as to the five localities indicated by him, though in a vague manner he may occasionally lead one to conjecture that certain particular spots are meant.

By the time that the mineralogist, led by Dr Macculloch to Glen Elg, Tiree, or Rannoch, has walked some twelve or twenty miles in an unsuccessful search, he begins to think that if he be successful, he has some claim to be himself regarded as an independent discoverer.
XXII.—A Class of Determinants
Authors: Dickson J. Douglas Hamilton
Published: July 2016

(I.) It is proposed to consider determinants of the form

and of the same form as this with the top horizontal and last vertical rows removed, in connection with the two series of quantities

(II.) From the two given sets of quantities

two new sets are deduced

by means of the auxiliary quantities

viz.,

Then in like manner from the sets (c, d) two new sets

by means of the auxiliary quantities
I.—On the Application of Graphic Methods to the Determination of the Efficiency of Machinery
Authors: Jenkin Fleeming
Published: July 2016

The object of the present paper is to show how, by graphic niethods, we may find the relation between the effort exerted at one part of a machine in motion, and the resistance overcome at another part; the solution found is rigorous for all motions in one plane, and takes count of the friction, weight, and inertia of the parts. It also takes into account the stiffness of ropes or belts.

The paper shows that we may represent any machine, at any given instant, by a frame of links, the stresses in which are identical with the pressures at the joints of the machine. This self-strained frame is called the dynamic frame of the machine, and may be so drawn as to represent the machine either rigorously, taking into account friction, weight, inertia, and rigidity, or approximately, omitting some of the conditions under which the machine works.

Moreover, it is shown that for all machines (in which the motions can be represented as in one plane), the dynamic frame is of one type, either simple or compounded. The dynamic analysis of machinery into parts represented by this simple frame is believed by the author to be novel. It is consistent with the kinematic analysis of Reuleaux.
IV.—On the Solutions of the Equation Vρϕρ = 0, ϕρ representing a Linear Vector-Function, generally not Self-Conjugate.
Authors: Plarr Gustav
Published: July 2016

Certain cinematical and physical questions lead to the problem: to determine the directions in which a given linear vector-function, ϕρ, assumes a direction parallel to that of the vector, ρ, on which it depends.

The condition of parallelism is expressed by

and it is translated into the equation

where g represents a certain scalar, on whose determination the whole problem depends.

Following the method traced out by Hamilton, we treat this equation successively by

α,β,γ, being any system of vectors not coplanar between each other; but we will state at once that throughout the whole of this paper we shall assume α,β,γ, to form a system of treble rectangular unit-vectors, of which hypothesis the justification is evident.
VIII.—On Knots
Authors: Tait
Published: July 2016

The following paper contains, in a compact form, the substance of several somewhat bulky communications laid before the Society during the present session. The gist of each of these separate papers will be easily seen from the abstracts given in the Proceedings. These contain, in fact, many things which I have not reproduced in this digest. Nothing of any importance has been added since the papers were read, but the contents have been very much simplified by the adoption of a different order of arrangement; and long passages of the earlier papers have been displaced in favour of short general statements from the later ones. With the exception of the portion which deals with the main question raised, this paper is fragmentary in the extreme. Want of leisure or press of other work may justly be pleaded as one cause; but there is more than that. The subject is a very much more difficult and intricate one than at first sight one is inclined to think, and I feel that I have not succeeded in catching the key-note. When that is found, the various results here given will no doubt appear in their real connection with one another, perhaps even as immediate consequences of a thoroughly adequate conception of the question.
X.—Chapters on the Mineralogy of Scotland. Chapter Second.—The Felspars. Part I
Authors: Heddle
Published: July 2016

Before submitting the results of my examination of the silicates, it is incumbent upon me to give an outline of the processes adopted for their analysis, seeing that the amount of confidence which is to be placed in the results must rest very immediately thereupon.

1. Determination of the Water. — In all silicates which were found, after thorough drying, to give out moisture when heated in the closed tube, the amount of loss upon ignition was calculated as water. About 2 grammes, crushed in the diamond mortar, were first merely heated throughout in the air-chamber of a water-bath, the contact temperature of which was 212° Fahr., the temperature of the air-space being never below 199°. The weight after this heating was taken; and, except in the case of a mineral functioning in any peculiar way, the loss in weight was estimated as hygroscopic moisture. The mineral was now continuously heated in the bath until the weight was found to be constant. It was then exposed for the space of one hour to a full red heat, in the flame of a Bunsen burner, after which it was re-weighed. Finally, it was exposed for ten minutes to a heat approaching whiteness, in a three-jet Griffin blast-furnace, again re-weighed, and again heated in this furnace, until the weight was constant.
Experience in Developing an Astronomy Program in Paraguay
Authors: Troche-Boggino Alexis E.
Published: July 2016

Encouraging IAU-ISYA schools were held in Argentina (1974) and Brazil (1977 and 1995). Contacts with IAU Commission 46 were soon established and the author became the responsible person for setting up a supporting framework for astronomy in Paraguay. A proposal for an IAU-VLP program was made and the program began in 1988, running until 1994. The IAU Traveling Telescope and another telescope were borrowed for hands-on astronomy. Three students went to the Brazil ISYA in 1995 and two others began to work as astronomers abroad. Others became high-school and university instructors. A small library was opened, thanks to donations from IAU members. The need to find jobs for these young astronomers led to the further development of an Astronomy Center around the National Astronomical Observatroy.
Astronomy Education in Universities of China
Authors: Fang Cheng , Tang Yuhua
Published: July 2016

In China, more than twenty universities have astronomy education and research work. In four key universities, a complete series of educational programs of undergraduate, master’s, doctoral and postdoctoral levels has been formed. After four-year study at the undergraduate stage, students can be enrolled in master degree specialties. Three years later, some of them begin their three-year Ph.D. education. Only a few students enter into post-doctoral programs. Master’s and doctoral education systems are also established in the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In this paper, we give a description of the astronomy education of universities in China. After introducing the overall situation, we describe teaching materials, graduate-degree courses and facilities. We also discuss some problems and prospects for the new century.
Exchange of Astronomy Teaching Experiences
Authors: Ros Rosa. M.
Published: July 2016

The Working Group of the European Association for Astronomy Education responsible for Teacher Training organises an annual Summer School for teachers under expert guidance. For a week the teachers participating can exchange experiences, increase their knowledge and discuss different ideas and perspectives.

In general, the instructors are professional astronomers, professors and teachers from different countries. The papers presented offer very practical activities, paying special attention to didactic aspects, and take the form of general lectures to all 40 participants and workshops to reduced groups of 20 participants. There are also day and night observations, without expensive equipment or complicated procedures, that are easy to set up and based on topics that it is possible to use in the classroom.

The Summer Schools promote a scientific astronomical education at all levels of astronomy teaching, reinforce the link between professional astronomers and teachers with experience of teaching astronomy, allow debates among the participants on their pedagogical activities already carried out in their own classroom and help them to organise activities outside it.

Astronomy teachers need special training, access to specific research, to new educational materials and methods and the opportunity to exchange experiences. All these things are provided by the Summer School.
Distance Education and Self-Study
Authors: Jones Barrie W.
Published: July 2016

Distance education and self-study are defined and described and their possible application to developing countries is discussed.
An Interactive Approach to Planetary Orbits at Secondary Level
Authors: Bhatia V.B.
Published: July 2016

I describe an interactive unit for teaching/learning planetary orbits at secondary level. The unit consists of a pre-test, activites related to the planetary orbits and a post-test. The pre-test is designed to modulate the activities to suit the needs of the students. The activities are (1) Trajectory of a particle in a gravitational field when the field is constant, and when it varies with distance (invoking a fictitious planet WonderX); (2) Plotting the orbit of a planet round the sun starting from select initial conditions and discovering Kepler’s laws; (3) Plotting orbits with force laws containing terms like 1/r3 and 1/r4 and discovering precession. Students work through graded steps. To help them, simple numerical algorithms and computer programs have been developed as they are not yet comfortable with calculus. A post-test gauges the progress of the students for a possible revisit to the topic. Such units can be very effective in teaching basic astronomy in developing countries.
Galactic Cluster Studies and Emission-Line Star Surveys with the Schmidt Telescope at Bosscha Observatory
Authors: Wiramihardja Suhardja D.
Published: July 2016

Galactic cluster studies and emission-line star surveys have conducted at the Bosscha Observatory since the establishment of Schmidt telescope in 1959. Though the mirror diameter is moderate, its coverage of 25 square degree sky area makes this telescope capable for survey works. Some results and plans will be given in the poster
The Working Group on Space Sciences in Africa
Authors: Martinez Peter
Published: July 2016

IAU membership is a good indicator of a nationally organized astronomical community. Although IAU membership statistics for Africa continue to be very poor, other indicators (such as publications) suggest that there are many individual scientists in Africa who are attempting research or promoting education in astronomy. The Working Group on Space Sciences in Africa seeks to support these individuals through various means. This poster provides an overview of astronomy in Africa and the activities of this Working Group.