bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poetics
Authors: Cheney Patrick
Published: April 2022

The sixteenth century prints the first treatises in English on ‘poetics’, a branch of literary criticism outlining a theory of poetry. Traditionally, modern scholars understand English poetics to be rhetorical: poetry is a rational form of persuasion. However, sixteenth-century theorists also introduce a counter-theory known as the sublime, first outlined by Longinus, who sees poetry as an irrational art aiming at ‘amazement and wonder’. For Longinus, the goal of sublime poetry is not to civilise the human but to secure freedom from the human: sublime poetry catapults the reader to the godhead. Sidney’s Defence taps into a poetics of sublime freedom, as do other treatises, such as Scott’s Model of Poetry. Consequently, the sixteenth century is the first era to theorise sublime poetic freedom of the literary imagination itself. Poets and playwrights like Marlowe in Doctor Faustus cohere with the theorists by scripting a liberating poetics of sublime authorship.
Career
Authors: Gil Daniel Juan
Published: April 2022

This chapter develops a sociological account of the emergence of the literary ‘career’ in which composing literature becomes legible as a social role that brings status and recognition in its own right. The key change that makes this possible is the emergence of a new social function for English literature, namely, to confer upon readers a distinctive cultural status based on their taste and cultural refinement. This ‘cultural capital’ is based on readers’ ability conspicuously to consume and produce a super-literary language that is differentiated from ordinary uses of language. This cultural capital comes to supplement other more traditional early modern forms of status, being an aristocrat or possessing wealth or being of the masculine gender. The chapter explores how this phenomenon is affected by the gender and class position of a variety of authors including Wyatt, Surrey, Shakespeare, Spenser, Whitney, Lanyer, Wroth, and Jonson.
Lyric
Authors: Campana Joseph , Bates Catherine
Published: April 2022

This chapter looks at lyric poetry of the sixteenth century, focusing on forms such as ode, epigram, riddle, song, and Psalm. It notes that lyric has been theorised in both the early modern and the modern periods as a form that is typically short and sweet. Diminutive in size, a lyric poem is capable of being taken in at a glance and thus has a special appeal to the eye. At the same time, deriving its name from the lyre, lyric has anciently been associated with song, and its musical cadences of rhythm and rhyme also have a special appeal to the ear. The chapter explores ways in which these different tendencies combine and complement each other within lyric verse.
Minor Epic
Authors: Moss Daniel
Published: April 2022

Traditional accounts of the minor epic have emphasised alternately their emanation from the rhetorical training of the Elizabethan schoolroom and their erotic experimentalism, but the wide variousness and peculiar constitution of the minor epic canon demand a more concerted account of where the genre fits into the career models available to the poets of the 1590s and early seventeenth century. Identifying the three primary examples by Lodge, Marlowe, and Shakespeare as immediately successful and lastingly influential, this chapter turns to less studied epyllia by Heywood, Marston, Fletcher, and Chapman to propose that secondary minor epics are best understood as calculated acts of emulation, a way for professionalising poets to map their relations to the works of their predecessors, rivals, and peers.
Skelton
Authors: Griffiths Jane
Published: April 2022

John Skelton (c 1460-1529) has long been recognised as a poetic innovator, most notably for his invention of the verse-form that bears his name, the Skeltonic. Its origins have been traced to a wide variety of poetic genres and even prose forms; this chapter, however, argues that it also owes a great deal to Skelton’s own earlier writing in the well-established verse-form of rhyme royal. The chapter first traces connections between the ostentatiously experimental Skeltonic and Skelton’s less conspicuous experiments with sound pattern in rhyme royal; it then argues that formal experimentation shapes Skelton’s understanding of poetic authority as something derived from the poet’s own technical skill rather than from external sources.
Spenser
Authors: McCabe Richard
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the relationship between the generic hybridity of The Faerie Queene, and the studied ambivalence of its allegory. It argues that Spenser’s overt idealisation of the Tudor court was ultimately frustrated by its perceived hostility to a poetics intended to fashion its members ‘in virtuous and gentle discipline’. The second instalment of the poem is seen to constitute a powerfully voiced reflection on the reception of the first, exposing the inherent fault lines in a society that values poetry as a vehicle of flattery rather than instruction. The fragmentary Mutabilitie Cantos, set in the precincts of Spenser’s Irish plantation, confront the impossibility of heroic accomplishment, political or poetic, in a world governed by compromise and contingency.
Marlowe
Authors: Eisendrath Rachel
Published: April 2022

Christopher Marlowe’s radicality has often been situated in his biography, in the rumours of his atheism, homosexuality, and renegade lifestyle. This chapter focuses instead on his edgy, recalcitrant, and defiant poetics. Surveying his major poetic works (his translations of Lucan and Ovid, his lyric poem ‘The Passionate Shepherd to His Love’, his epyllion Hero and Leander, and the blank verse of his plays), the chapter explores how Marlowe’s work resists teleological or end-driven modes of thought. His work does so in many ways: through lines of verse that seem to reach beyond their own end-stopped form, through a kind of anti-narrative poetic eddying that celebrates non-normative sexuality and play, and through a complex defiance of epic triumphalism.
Ralegh
Authors: Hiscock Andrew
Published: April 2022

This chapter concentrates on the challenges which Ralegh’s poetry continues to pose for twenty-first-century readers and researchers. The first phase of discussion focuses on the significant difficulties surrounding the undertaking of establishing his poetic corpus, given the problems of misattribution and the possibility of lost works, which continue to beleaguer scholarship in this area. Subsequently, attention is turned to Ralegh’s various formulations of poetic voice and the repertoire of poetic strategies he employs to excite reader attention in both lyric and narrative modes. In the final phase of the discussion, particular emphasis is placed on the varying fortunes that Ralegh’s poetic output has enjoyed at the hands of successive generations of critics and how the gravitational pull in his writing towards sententiae and/or extravagant Petrarchismo has often shaped reader engagement with it in the post-Romantic period.
Issue Salience and Vote Choice
Authors: Stövsand Lars-Christopher , Dietz Melanie , Roßteutscher Sigrid , Scherer Philipp
Published: April 2022

Recent accounts of changes in the political conflict structure assume a shift in issue salience from traditional socio-economic issues to cultural issues, which in turn is linked to recent successes of right-wing populist parties. This chapter explores whether such a change occurred in Germany and whether and how it affected voting behavior. Using survey data from the GLES, it shows that attention to cultural issues increased between 2009 and 2017, but conflicts over cultural issues had been highly important to voters already in 2009. Shifts in issue salience had a substantial impact on vote choice by, first, favoring parties with clear, unambiguous positions, and, second, altering the issue basis of voters’ decision-making. The AfD benefited directly and indirectly from the growing salience of the immigration issue, as voters concerned about this theme tended toward this party, and as the issue’s high salience also boosted voting based on positional proximity.
Ties that No Longer Bind?
Authors: Gärtner Lea , Schoen Harald , Wuttke Alexander
Published: April 2022

Party attachments shape perceptions of the political context, but neither are they fixed nor do they completely blind supporters to political reality. When severe challenges like the European sovereign debt or refugee crises force parties to change their policies or make formerly inconsequential positions salient, party identifiers may find their policy preferences at odds with their party identification. This may lead them to adopt their party’s position. However, if inconsistent positions are sufficiently important, party identifiers may also loosen their party ties. The chapter uses survey data from the GLES campaign panels 2009–2017 to show how these crises prompted identifiers to follow the party line in some cases but more often weakened or even eroded party attachments among supporters with strong issue positions. In effect, the Euro crisis and, in particular, the refugee crisis appears to have contributed to an issue-based reshuffling of the partisan balance in German politics.
Partisan Agreement and Disagreement in Voters’ Discussant Networks
Authors: Ellerbrock Simon
Published: April 2022

Against the backdrop of increasing electoral fragmentation and the emergence of the right-wing populist AfD, this chapter analyzes political discussions across party lines among voters at the 2009, 2013, and 2017 German federal elections. Using a framework of “choice-within-constraints,” it examines voters’ experiences of partisan disagreement in political conversations as a result of the availability of like-minded individuals in voters’ socio-spatial contexts and the deliberate choice exercised by voters when constructing their discussant networks. Combining three modules of the GLES from 2009, 2013, and 2017 with official election results at the level of electoral districts, the analyses reveal that rising fragmentation in regional contexts increased the probability of discussions among supporters of different parties. At the same time, voters showed an increasing tendency to select like-minded discussants over voters of other parties, with AfD supporters in 2017—more than those of any other party—avoiding political discussions across party lines.
Values, Objectives, and Principles Governing the Union Competences
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses the European Union's values and objectives and the principles governing the EU competences. Article 2 TEU proclaims that the Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law, and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. It further adds that these values are common to the Member States 'in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail'. These values are thus protected in Union law as fundamental rights. Originally, the main objective of the European Community was the establishment of a common market. Since then, these objectives have been expanded and supplemented with non-economic objectives, which has led to the long and broad list of Union objectives currently set out in Article 3 TEU. Union competence is not so much defined according to subject matter as it is 'functionally' circumscribed to what is required by these objectives which are set out in the Treaties. The exercise of the Union's competence is further subject to compliance with the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality and the principles of sincere cooperation and equal treatment.
Other Areas of Union Policy
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter details the European Union's competence and substantive rules relating to other internal policies. It begins by discussing the protection of personal data enshrined in Article 16 TFEU which, while forming part of the 'provisions having general application' of Part One of the TFEU, also developed into an important policy field for Union action. Article 16 TFEU also entrusts the European Parliament and the Council, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, with the adoption of rules with regard to the processing of personal data by Union institutions, bodies, offices, and agencies, and by the Member States when carrying out activities which fall within the scope of Union law, as well as rules relating to the free movement of such data. The chapter then considers Part Three of the TFEU on 'Union policies and internal actions', which contains the legal basis for Union action in several policy areas. These policy areas include agriculture and fisheries; transport; competition; economic and monetary policy; social policy and employment; education, vocational training, youth, and sport; culture; public health and consumer protection; economic, social, and territorial cohesion and trans-European networks; industry; research and technological development and space; environment and energy; tourism and civil protection; administrative cooperation; and the implementation of the solidarity clause.
Limitations and Exceptions to the Application of the Treaties
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter assesses the limits and exceptions to the application of the Treaties. The personal scope of the Treaties covers all who come under the jurisdiction of the Member States. More generally, legislative acts adopted by the European Union institutions in the various policy areas confer rights and obligations on all natural and legal persons who come within their scope of application, often without any consideration of nationality. Such persons may invoke Union law in domestic courts against other persons or against authorities of their own or another Member State. The chapter then considers the temporal scope of the Treaties, looking at the entry into force and duration of the Treaties, as well their territorial scope. Articles 346 to 348 TFEU allow the Member States to deviate from their general Treaty obligations on grounds of internal or external security. Moreover, during the transitional period which was provided for in the European Economic Community (EEC) Treaty, a Member State could apply to the Commission for authorization to take protective measures if difficulties arose which were serious and liable to persist in any sector of the economy or which could bring about serious deterioration in the economic situation of a given area.
Judicial Protection Vis-á-Vis Member States and Private Parties
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter highlights judicial protection against the actions of national authorities and individuals. Article 19(1) TEU, which gives concrete expression to the value of the rule of law affirmed in Article 2 TEU, entrusts national courts together with the Court of Justice with the responsibility for ensuring the full application of Union law in the Member States and the judicial protection that individuals derive from Union law. When a dispute involving the application of Union law arises in a Member State, it is for the national courts to apply and enforce that law. If necessary, these courts may refer a question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling on the interpretation of Union law. If a Member State's authority fails to apply Union law correctly, there is also the possibility of raising the issue with the Commission. The Commission may start proceedings against the Member State in question under Article 258 TFEU and may ask the Court of Justice to rule that the Member State has failed to fulfil its obligations under Union law. However, national courts do not have the same possibility to cooperate with the Court of Justice with regard to Union action in the field of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP). In this field, no action may be brought against a Member State for failure to comply with Union law.
Judicial Protection Vis-à-Vis the Institutions and Bodies of the Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter reviews judicial protection of all those affected by the European Union's own actions. Union law rules must be upheld and applied not only within the Member States but also by the institutions and bodies of the Union itself. To this end, the Treaties have established 'a complete system of legal remedies and procedures designed to permit the Court of Justice to review the legality of measures adopted by the institutions'. Due to the requirement of equality of the Member States before Union law (Article 4(2) TEU), the legality of the actions of the institutions and bodies of the Union may be assessed only by the Court of Justice in accordance with Union law. In order to ensure that Union law is respected by the institutions and bodies of the Union, the Treaties provide for procedures whereby the Court of Justice may review the legality of their acts directly. In addition to these 'direct actions', there is the possibility for national courts and tribunals to ask the Court of Justice to give preliminary rulings on the validity of acts of the institutions and bodies. The chapter provides a brief description of these two forms of legal protection before assessing how the combination of the two forms constitutes a comprehensive system of legal protection.
Population Subdivision
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

Natural populations of most species are subdivided or “structured” into partially isolated local random mating populations that are called “demes.” The subdivision of a species into subpopulations means that genetic variation exists at two levels: (1) genetic variation within local populations and (2) genetic diversity between local populations. The amount of divergence among populations is a function of the amount of gene flow between populations, the effective population sizes (i.e., genetic drift), and fitness differences in different environments (i.e., natural selection). In some species, individuals are distributed continuously across large landscapes (e.g., coniferous tree species across boreal forests) and are not subdivided into discrete subpopulations by barriers to gene flow (isolation by distance). Understanding the patterns and extent of genetic divergence among populations is crucial for protecting species and developing effective conservation plans. For example, translocations may have harmful effects if the translocated individuals are genetically different from the recipient population.
John Keats, Romantic Scotland, and Poetical Purposes
Authors: Roe Nicholas
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the background to Keats’s 1818 tour to the English Lake District and Scotland, placing the tour in relation to his other travels. I then focus on Keats’s awareness of Scottish poetry, Walter Scott’s Waverley novels Guy Mannering and Rob Roy, and contemporary theatrical versions of those novels staged in London, Exeter, and Teignmouth. Seen in relation to ‘Meg Merrilies’ mania, 1815–17, and the romance of Rob Roy in spring 1818, Keats’s plan for a Scottish tour developed at a time when ideas of Romantic Scotland had caught the public imagination, and appeared to offer material for a fresh bid for poetic fame. Influenced by Milton’s Lycidas, Gray’s Bard, and myths of the Titans and the Celts, however, Keats’s decisive act was to step away from Scotland as popularized by modern writers to discover the origins of his projected epic Hyperion, and of poetry itself, on Scotland’s remote west coast.
Smith’s Scratches
Authors: Jagger Jasmine
Published: April 2022

This chapter reviews the poetic composition of Stevie Smith as affect-driven, looking in particular at dramatizations of rage and tiredness. It advances criticism by Frances Spalding (1989), challenges studies by Laura Severin (1997) and Romana Huk (2005), tests anthropological theories by Mary Midgley (2002) and Konrad Lorenz (1963), and contributes to thinking about medical disorder by Oliver Sacks (2011). Locating moments in which this affect is dramatized as creatively upsetting poetic form, it provides one of the first looks at Smith’s archival drafts, and traces the ways in which her composition is influenced by affect, both visually and verbally.
Infectious Disease Ecology and Conservation
Authors: Foufopoulos Johannes , Wobeser Gary A. , McCallum Hamish
Published: April 2022

Emerging infectious diseases pose an increasingly serious threat to a number of endangered or sensitive species. Despite the significant impact of pathogens on conservation, no single book has yet integrated the theoretical principles underlying disease transmission with the practical health considerations for helping wildlife professionals and conservation biologists to manage disease outbreaks and conserve biodiversity. This novel and accessible textbook starts with a foundational section focusing on the role of pathogens in natural ecosystems, the dynamics of transmission in different environments, and the factors driving wildlife disease outbreaks. It then moves on to far more applied issues concerned with the acquisition of field data including sampling, experimental design, and analysis, as well as diagnostic analyses in both the laboratory and field. Guidelines for effective modeling and data analysis follow, before a final section is devoted to disease prevention and control including the prevention of novel outbreaks, the use of diseases as biocontrol agents, and the associated issues of ethics, public communication, and outreach.
Anthropogenic Effects and Wildlife Diseases
Authors: Foufopoulos Johannes , Wobeser Gary A. , McCallum Hamish
Published: April 2022

Human activities have become a pervasive factor affecting ecosystems worldwide—this increasingly includes the distribution and occurrence of parasitic organisms. While anthropogenic impacts have become too diverse to discuss in detail, this chapter focuses on the most important drivers of wildlife disease: (i) introduction of exotic pathogen, host, or vector species; (ii) degradation and fragmentation of natural habitats; and (iii) climate change. The introduction of exotic pathogens happens typically through accidental escape of imported pets or through translocations of infected wildlife. Habitat fragmentation has a diversity of direct and indirect effects on natural ecosystems, which in turn may result in either increased or decreased occurrence of wildlife disease. Similarly complex are the effects of global climate change; they typically become realized either through shifts in host population abundances or via changes in the rates of transmission.
Disease Modeling
Authors: Foufopoulos Johannes , Wobeser Gary A. , McCallum Hamish
Published: April 2022

Mathematical models are essential components of the toolbox of any disease ecologist. They should be used as an integral part of any investigation into the impact and management of infectious disease in wildlife populations. Simple models are important to conceptualize the processes occurring during host–pathogen interactions and to identify key components of these interactions. More detailed models, specific to the system in question, can be developed later in an investigation and are essential for evaluating the consequences of alternative management actions. Various models of infectious disease dynamics are available to assist in managing disease in wildlife, including single-host and multihost models, and are discussed here. The basic reproductive number R
0, the number of secondary cases per primary case when disease is rare, can be derived from these models. This is a key concept in practical epidemiology, because eliminating a pathogen from a population entails reducing R
0 to below one and disease emergence can only occur if R
0 becomes greater than one.
Ethical and Public Outreach Considerations
Authors: Foufopoulos Johannes , Wobeser Gary A. , McCallum Hamish
Published: April 2022

Multiple management approaches can be used to respond to a wildlife disease outbreak; which actions are chosen depends not only on epidemiological, ecological, and economic considerations, but also on the underpinning ethical values of the groups affected. As a result, any successful disease control effort needs to consider from the onset the underlying ethical values of all stakeholders involved. This includes the willingness to trade the well-being of individual hosts or stakeholders against the benefit for the populations overall, as well as the willingness to accept costs and limitations to human behaviors rather than just manipulation of conditions for animals. Public outreach and communication during the management of a wildlife disease outbreak are extremely important. Engaging the general public through comprehensive outreach methods not only ensures higher levels of acceptance and consensus, but also higher probability of a successful campaign outcome. Numerous means exist for engaging different stakeholder groups ranging from mass media outlets including mail, phone, and internet, through to the set-up of surveys, focus groups, open houses, task forces, and workshops or conferences. Integrating stakeholder knowledge and concerns in the decision-making process tends to improve governance and accountability and leads to increases in overall effectiveness and durability of a management action.
Transient-absorption reprise: Taking advantage of vibrational adiabaticity
Authors: Cina Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2022

This chapter revisits the quantum mechanical description of transient absorption, taking account of the additional insight that is possible in systems with a timescale separation among nuclear degrees of freedom that enables a vibrationally adiabatic treatment. Illustrative calculations are performed on the same conformational/vibrational system considered in the FSRS chapter. While evidence of interaction between slow and fast modes of motion can be discerned in the transient-absorption spectrum, it is shown to be subtler and less vividly informative than the fissors signal.
Systemic Regulation of Iron Acquisition by Arabidopsis in Environments with Heterogeneous Iron Distributions
Authors: Tabata Ryo , Kamiya Takehiro , Imoto Shunpei , Tamura Hana , Ikuta Kumiko , Tabata Michika , Hirayama Tasuku , Tsukagoshi Hironaka , Tanoi Keitaro , Suzuki Takamasa , Hachiya Takushi , Sakakibara Hitoshi
Published: April 2022

Nutrient distribution within the soil is generally heterogeneous. Plants, therefore, have evolved sophisticated systemic processes enabling them to optimize their nutrient acquisition efficiency. By organ-to-organ communication in Arabidopsis thaliana, for instance, iron (Fe) starvation in one part of a root drives the upregulation of a high-affinity Fe-uptake system in other root regions surrounded by sufficient levels of Fe. This compensatory response through Fe-starvation-triggered organ-to-organ communication includes the upregulation of Iron-regulated transporter 1 (IRT1) gene expression on the Fe-sufficient side of the root; however, the molecular basis underlying this long-distance signaling remains unclear. Here, we analyzed gene expression by RNA-seq analysis of Fe-starved split-root cultures. Genome-wide expression analysis showed that localized Fe depletion in roots upregulated several genes involved in Fe uptake and signaling, such as IRT1, in a distant part of the root exposed to Fe-sufficient conditions. This result indicates that long-distance signaling for Fe demand alters the expression of a subset of genes responsible for Fe uptake and coumarin biosynthesis to maintain a level of Fe acquisition sufficient for the entire plant. Loss of IRON MAN/FE-UPTAKE-INDUCING PEPTIDE (IMA/FEP) leads to the disruption of compensatory upregulation of IRT1 in the root surrounded by sufficient Fe. In addition, our split-root culture-based analysis provides evidence that the IMA3/FEP1-MYB10/72 pathway mediates long-distance signaling in Fe homeostasis through the regulation of coumarin biosynthesis. These data suggest that the signaling of IMA/FEP, a ubiquitous family of metal-binding peptides, is critical for organ-to-organ communication in response to Fe starvation under heterogeneous Fe conditions in the surrounding environment.
Phenotypic, transcriptomic and functional profiling reveal reduced activation thresholds of CD8+ T cells in giant cell arteritis
Authors: Reitsema Rosanne D , van der Geest Kornelis S M , Sandovici Maria , Jiemy William F , Graver Jacoba C , Abdulahad Wayel H , Boots Annemieke M H , Heeringa Peter , Brouwer Elisabeth
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Evidence from temporal artery tissue and blood suggests involvement of CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of GCA, but their exact role is poorly understood. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive analysis of circulating and lesional CD8+ T cells in GCA patients.

Methods

Circulating CD8+ T cells were analysed for differentiation status (CD45RO, CCR7), markers of activation (CD69 and CD25) and proliferation (Ki-67) in 14 newly diagnosed GCA patients and 18 healthy controls by flow cytometry. Proliferative capacity of CD8+ T cells upon anti-CD3 and anti-CD3/28 in vitro stimulation was assessed. Single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients and controls (n = 3 each) was performed for mechanistic insight. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect CD3, CD8, Ki-67, TNF-α and IFN-γ in GCA-affected tissues.

Results

GCA patients had decreased numbers of circulating effector memory CD8+ T cells but the percentage of Ki-67-expressing effector memory CD8+ T cells was increased. Circulating CD8+ T cells from GCA patients demonstrated reduced T cell receptor activation thresholds and displayed a gene expression profile that is concurrent with increased proliferation. CD8+ T cells were detected in GCA temporal arteries and aorta. These vascular CD8+ T cells expressed IFN-γ but not Ki-67.

Conclusion

In GCA, circulating effector memory CD8+ T cells demonstrate a proliferation-prone phenotype. The presence of CD8+ T cells in inflamed arteries seems to reflect recruitment of circulating cells rather than local expansion. CD8+ T cells in inflamed tissues produce IFN-γ, which is an important mediator of local inflammatory responses in GCA.
Reforming Star Trusts: CIBC v T and S
Authors: Stoute Graham
Published: April 2022

Section 104 of the Trusts Act (as revised) of the Cayman Islands confers a jurisdiction on the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands to reform STAR Trusts on a number of grounds. STAR Trusts are a form of statutory trust unique to the Cayman Islands, which facilitate the establishment of trusts, inter alia, for charitable or non-charitable purposes. The article considers the application of the cy près doctrine, which is incorporated by reference in section 104, in the context of reforming STAR Trusts in the recent Grand Court ruling in CIBC v (1) T and (2) S. The case considered is a welcome illustration of when section 104 can be invoked, and the approach that the Cayman Islands court can be expected to adopt in considering applications to reform STAR Trusts on grounds of obsolescence.
Cell-level anatomy explains leaf age-dependent declines in mesophyll conductance and photosynthetic capacity in the evergreen Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia
Authors: Alonso-Forn David , Peguero-Pina José Javier , Ferrio Juan Pedro , García-Plazaola José Ignacio , Martín-Sánchez Rubén , Niinemets Ülo , Sancho-Knapik Domingo , Gil-Pelegrín Eustaquio
Published: April 2022

Leaves of Mediterranean evergreen tree species experience a reduction in net CO2 assimilation (AN) and mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm) during aging and senescence, which would be influenced by changes in leaf anatomical traits at cell level. Anatomical modifications can be accompanied by the dismantling of photosynthetic apparatus associated to leaf senescence, manifested through changes at the biochemical level (i.e., lower nitrogen investment in photosynthetic machinery). However, the role of changes in leaf anatomy at cell level and nitrogen content in gm and AN decline experienced by old non-senescent leaves of evergreen trees with long leaf lifespan is far from being elucidated. We evaluated age-dependent changes in morphological, anatomical, chemical and photosynthetic traits in Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia Lam., an evergreen oak with high leaf longevity. All photosynthetic traits decreased with increasing leaf age. The relative change in cell wall thickness (Tcw) was less than in chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular air space (Sc/S), and Sc/S was a key anatomical trait explaining variations in gm and AN among different age classes. The reduction of Sc/S was related to ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts associated to leaf aging, with a concomitant reduction in cytoplasmic nitrogen. Changes in leaf anatomy and biochemistry were responsible for the age-dependent modifications in gm and AN. These findings revealed a gradual physiological deterioration related to the dismantling of the photosynthetic apparatus in older leaves of Q. ilex subsp. rotundifolia.
Combined Programmed Intermittent Bolus Infusion With Continuous Infusion for the Thoracic Paravertebral Block in Patients Undergoing Thoracoscopic Surgery
Authors: Yang Lin , Huang Xinyi , Cui Yulong , Xiao Yangfan , Zhao Xu , Xu Junmei
Published: April 2022

Background:

Continuous thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) connected with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump is an effective modality to reduce postoperative pain following thoracic surgery. For the PCA settings, the programmed intermittent bolus infusion (PIBI) and continuous infusion (CI) are commonly practiced. However, the comparative effectiveness between the 2 approaches has been inconsistent. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the optimal PCA settings to treat postthoracotomy pain by combing PIBI and CI together.

Methods:

All enrolled patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery accepted ultrasound-guided TPVB catheterization before the surgery and then were randomly allocated in to 3 groups depending on different settings of the PCA pump connecting to the TPVB catheter: the PIBI+CI, PIBI, and CI groups. Numerical Rating Scales were evaluated for each patient at T1 (1 h after extubation), T2 (12 h after the surgery), T3 (24 h after the surgery), T4 (36 h after the surgery), and T5 (48 h after the surgery). Besides, the consumptions of PCA ropivacaine, the number of blocked dermatomes at T3, and the requirement for extra dezocine for pain relief among the 3 groups were also compared.

Results:

First, the Numerical Rating Scale scores in the PIBI+CI group were lower than the CI group at T2 and T3 (P<0.05) when patients were at rest and were also lower than the CI group at T2, T3, and T4 (P<0.01) and the PIBI group at T3 when patients were coughing (P<0.01). Second, the 2-day cumulative dosage of PCA in the PIBI+CI group was lower than both the CI and PIBI groups (P<0.01). Third, the number of blocked dermatomes in the PIBI and PIBI+CI groups were comparable and were both wider than the CI group at T3 (P<0.01). Finally, a smaller proportion (not statistically significant) of patients in the PIBI+CI group (5.26%, 2/38) had required dezocine for pain relief when compared with the PIBI group (19.44%, 7/36) and the CI group (15.79%, 6/38).

Conclusions:

The combination of PIBI and CI provides superior analgesic modality to either PIBI or CI alone in patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery. Therefore, it should be advocated to improve the management of postoperative pain, clinical outcomes, and ultimately patient satisfaction.
Rethinking the definition of chronic postsurgical pain: composites of patient-reported pain-related outcomes vs pain intensities alone
Authors: Hofer Debora M. , Lehmann Thomas , Zaslansky Ruth , Harnik Michael , Meissner Winfried , Stüber Frank , Stamer Ulrike M.
Published: April 2022

Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is defined by pain intensity and pain-related functional interference. This study included measures of function in a composite score of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) to investigate the incidence of CPSP. Registry data were analyzed for PROs 1 day and 12 months postoperatively. Based on pain intensity and pain-related interference with function, patients were allocated to the groups “CPSPF” (at least moderate pain with interference), “mixed” (milder symptoms), and “no CPSPF”. The incidence of CPSPF was compared with CPSP rates referring to published data. Variables associated with the PRO-12 score (composite PROs at 12 months; numeric rating scale 0-10) were analyzed by linear regression analysis. Of 2319 patients, 8.6%, 32.5%, and 58.9% were allocated to the groups CPSPF, mixed, and no CPSPF, respectively. Exclusion of patients whose pain scores did not increase compared with the preoperative status, resulted in a 3.3% incidence. Of the patients without pre-existing pain, 4.1% had CPSPF. Previously published pain cutoffs of numeric rating scale >0, ≥3, or ≥4, used to define CPSP, produced rates of 37.5%, 9.7%, and 5.7%. Pre-existing chronic pain, preoperative opioid medication, and type of surgery were associated with the PRO-12 score (all P < 0.05). Opioid doses and PROs 24 hours postoperatively improved the fit of the regression model. A more comprehensive assessment of pain and interference resulted in lower CPSP rates than previously reported. Although inclusion of CPSP in the ICD-11 is a welcome step, evaluation of pain characteristics would be helpful in differentiation between CPSPF and continuation of pre-existing chronic pain.
Differences in Clinical Presentation of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Pediatric Patients With Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease
Authors: Splawski Judy , Aktay Atiye Nur , Perry Sharon , Baez-Socorro Virginia , DeLozier Sarah , Sferra Thomas J. , Moses Jonathan
Published: April 2022

Significance:

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an inflammatory condition characterized by T helper-2 (TH2) cytokines. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD) are inflammatory conditions with different clinical presentations and immune profiles. UC is associated with TH2 cytokines and CD with TH1 cytokines. We investigated potential differences in the association of EoE with UC and CD because of these different immune profiles.

Methods:

We utilized ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes to find patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and EoE. We defined EoE as any esophageal biopsy with >15 eosinophils. We collected demographic, clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, and histological data.

Results:

Thirty patients had both EoE and IBD. 14.9% of UC patients had EoE and 5.7% of CD patients had EoE. 64.7% of UC patients presented with UC and EoE at the same time, whereas 76.9% of CD patients presented with EoE at follow up. Ten of 13 CD patients were on anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) at EoE diagnosis. No UC patients were on anti-TNF at EoE diagnosis. Eighty-three percent of CD patients had mild disease or were in remission, whereas 50% of UC patients had moderate to severe disease at the time of EoE diagnosis.

Conclusion:

A higher percentage of UC than CD patients had EoE. EoE was more likely to be present at the initial diagnosis of UC than CD. EoE was more likely after diagnosis and treatment of CD with anti-TNF, when CD activity was mild or in remission. The difference in presentation suggests that anti-TNF or it’s impact on inflammation may differentially impact the association of EoE with CD and UC.
External Ophthalmoplegia and Brainstem White Matter Lesions
Authors: Igreja Liliana , Ribeiro Luís , Cardoso Márcio , Vasconcelos Cristiana , Santos Ernestina
Published: April 2022

Introduction:

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an autosomal dominant condition which phenotype can be extremely variable considering its multisystem involvement, including the central nervous system. Neuromuscular findings are facial and distal extremities muscle weakness, muscle atrophy and myotonia. Standard diagnosis is obtained with molecular testing to detect CTG expansions in the myotonic dystrophy protein of the kinase gene. Brain magnetic resonance imaging typically shows characteristic subcortical white matter (WM) abnormalities located within anterior temporal lobes.

Case Report:

We present a 39-year-old male patient with a progressive external ophthalmoplegia, facial and limb muscle weakness, percussion myotonia and atypical brain magnetic resonance imaging findings, showing confluent brainstem WM lesions, affecting the pons, a rare radiologic feature in this disorder. Genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis for DM1.

Conclusion:

This presentation with external ophthalmoplegia and brainstem WM loss in DM1 can show an important correlation with clinical findings and have an important diagnostic and prognostic value.
What Can We Learn From In-Depth Analysis of Human Errors Resulting in Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: An Analysis of Serious Adverse Event Reports
Authors: Baartmans Mees C. , Hooftman Jacky , Zwaan Laura , van Schoten Steffie M. , Erwich Jan Jaap H.M. , Wagner Cordula
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Human error plays a vital role in diagnostic errors in the emergency department. A thorough analysis of these human errors, using information-rich reports of serious adverse events (SAEs), could help to better study and understand the causes of these errors and formulate more specific recommendations.

Methods

We studied 23 SAE reports of diagnostic events in emergency departments of Dutch general hospitals and identified human errors. Two researchers independently applied the Safer Dx Instrument, Diagnostic Error Evaluation and Research Taxonomy, and the Model of Unsafe acts to analyze reports.

Results

Twenty-one reports contained a diagnostic error, in which we identified 73 human errors, which were mainly based on intended actions (n = 69) and could be classified as mistakes (n = 56) or violations (n = 13). Most human errors occurred during the assessment and testing phase of the diagnostic process.

Discussion

The combination of different instruments and information-rich SAE reports allowed for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying diagnostic error. Results indicated that errors occurred most often during the assessment and the testing phase of the diagnostic process. Most often, the errors could be classified as mistakes and violations, both intended actions. These types of errors are in need of different recommendations for improvement, as mistakes are often knowledge based, whereas violations often happen because of work and time pressure. These analyses provided valuable insights for more overarching recommendations to improve diagnostic safety and would be recommended to use in future research and analysis of (serious) adverse events.
A Historical Perspective on the Management of Facial Paralysis
Authors: Horen Sydney R. , Gantiwala Shahina , Hamidian Jahromi Alireza , Konofaos Petros
Published: April 2022

Documented evidence of facial nerve paralysis (FNP) and its treatment have been discovered in many early civilizations dating back centuries. Early records are present in art and scripts across ancient civilizations and have laid the groundwork for the implementation of many managements used in modern practice. Although the current management of FNP is still evolving, it includes a complex and multimodal spectrum of options ranging from pharmacologic therapy to facial physical therapy and neuromuscular training, and surgical facial reanimation interventions via static and dynamic procedures. The aim of this review is not to provide an up-to-date glossary of modern management options but rather to discuss the historical evidence of FNP and treatments leading up to current techniques and practices.
Changes in the perceived size of the body following exposure to distorted self-body images
Authors: D'Amour Sarah , Alexe Deborah , Harris Laurence R.
Published: April 2022

Inaccurate perceptions, such as under- or over-estimation of body size are often found in clinical eating disorder populations but have recently been shown also in healthy people. However, it is not yet clear how body size perception may be affected when the internal body representation is manipulated. In this study, visual adaptation was used to investigate whether exposure to distorted visual feedback alters the representation of body size and how long any such effects might last. Participants were exposed for five minutes to a distorted life-size image of themselves that was either 20% wider or 20% narrower than their normal size. Accuracy was measured using our novel psychophysical method that taps into the implicit body representation. The accuracy of the representation was assessed at 6, 12 and 18 min following exposure to adaptation. Altered visual feedback caused changes in participants' judgements of their body size: adapting to a wider body resulted in size overestimation whereas underestimations occurred after adapting to a narrower body. These distortions lasted throughout testing and did not fully return back to normal within 18 min. The results are discussed in terms of the emerging literature indicating that the internal representation of the body is dynamic and flexible.
Supervised learning for analysing movement patterns in a virtual reality experiment
Authors: Vogel Frederike , Vahle Nils M. , Gertheiss Jan , Tomasik Martin J.
Published: April 2022

The projection into a virtual character and the concomitant illusionary body ownership can lead to transformations of one’s entity. Both during and after the exposure, behavioural and attitudinal changes may occur, depending on the characteristics or stereotypes associated with the embodied avatar. In the present study, we investigated the effects on physical activity when young students experience being old. After assignment (at random) to a young or an older avatar, the participants’ body movements were tracked while performing upper body exercises. We propose and discuss the use of supervised learning procedures to assign these movement patterns to the underlying avatar class in order to detect behavioural differences. This approach can be seen as an alternative to classical feature-wise testing. We found that the classification accuracy was remarkably good for support vector machines with linear kernel and deep learning by convolutional neural networks, when inserting time sub-sequences extracted at random and repeatedly from the original data. For hand movements, associated decision boundaries revealed a higher level of local, vertical positions for the young avatar group, indicating increased agility in their performances. This occurrence held for both guided movements as well as achievement-orientated exercises.