bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conversational Remembering and Uncertainty
Authors: Middleton David
Published: June 2009

Conversational remembering in a medical team is examined for the way it displays and produces interdependencies between members'claims to experience and collectively reasoned understandings of uncertainties in team practice. Analysis of examples of transcribed talk, recorded in weekly team meetings at a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, presents three interrelated issues. First, how claims concerning uncertainties ofpast, present, and future experiences in team work are formulated in terms of avowals of remembering and forgetting. Second, how such experience claims are shown to be collectively relevant within the organisation of talk. In particular, how what it is to remember and forget is used rhetorically, both to warrant the place of speakers in the reported experiences and as a means of establishing experience claims as collectively relevant. Third, how an orientation to what is remembered and forgotten is accomplished through the use of hypothetical instances of events and experiences.
Gendering the Internet
Authors: van Zoonen Liesbet
Published: June 2009

In this article the mutual shaping of the Internet and gender is analysed. Common claims that the Internet constitutes a masculine or contrarily a feminine environment are critically discussed, as well as the cyberfeminist contention that the Internet enables new identities not limited by gender. It is argued instead that gender and the Internet are multidimensional concepts that are articulated in complex and contradictory ways. Drawing from cultural and technology studies, we assume that the gendered meanings of the Internet arise particularly at the moment of `domestication'. In-depth interviews with young couples are used to illustrate how the social, symbolic and individual dimensions of gender interact with everyday uses and interpretations of the Internet, showing four types of articulations constituting traditional, deliberative, reversed and individualized use cultures. Whereas male usage primarily explains these types, the interviews show that this does not automatically result in the construction of a masculine domain in the household. It opens up space for shared and feminine appropriations as well.
Spatial Phantasmagoria
Authors: Jansson André
Published: June 2009

It is often argued that media culture involves a state of constant virtual mobility. Thus, it is important to discuss the relationship between media practices and touristic practices — in particular, whether the mediatization of tourism may signify an era of `post-tourism', or the `end of tourism'. In this article media consumption and touristic consumption are regarded as two contexts of spatial appropriation. Distinguishing three principal modes of spatial appropriation, it is argued that tourism and media consumption tend to follow a shared logic inherent to people's lifestyles. In extension, the `end of tourism' thesis is contested. Empirical evidence stresses that people uphold the distinction between simulations and `real experiences'. Rather than substituting physical travel, mediated spatial phantasmagoria reinforces the desire for `first-hand tourism'.
Framing Media Masculinities
Authors: Boni Federico
Published: June 2009

Over the last few years, there have been more and more men's lifestyle magazines being published, providing men with a plethora of self-help articles. This article aims to understand this recent phenomenon through an analysis of the Italian edition of Men's Health, the most important men's lifestyle magazine in Italy. The main hypothesis is that the recent and growing success of Men's Health in the Italian magazine market is a reflection of men's changing gender relations and identities. By offering a wide spectrum of `self-care' advice, Men's Health contributes to the production and reproduction of a (male) bodily `order' accomplished through `body techniques' and `technologies of the self'. The work is based on a media frame analysis of the Italian edition of Men's Health: discourse analysis is used to identify the different textual frames producing the discourse on men's lives and bodies, while a series of focus groups identify the audience frames, i.e. the different ways the readers `make sense' of the magazine.
From Ways of Life to Lifestyle
Authors: Taylor Lisa
Published: June 2009

This article attributes the popularity of lifestyle to the contemporary shift from civic to consumer culture. At the local level, `lifestyle' is replacing the traditional `way of life'. The media, culture and leisure industries have a vested economic interest in encouraging the transition to lifestyle — hence the increased popularity of lifestyle programming in British primetime television. Since the mid-1990s, however, garden lifestyle media products have multiplied alongside a concomitant growth in consumer spending on garden merchandise. This article analyses the `ordinari-ization' strategies garden lifestyle programmes use to urge ordinary gardeners to invest in lifestyle projects. Viewers witness the embrace of more ordinary subjects and garden experts are `personalityinterpreters', translating lifestyle ideas from the symbolic repertoires offered by consumer culture.
Choice-Matching Preference Reversals in Health Outcome Assessments
Authors: Sumner Walton , Nease Robert F.
Published: June 2009

Background. Health outcome utility assessments generally assume procedural invariance. Preference reversals violating procedural invariance occur in economic scenarios when the assessment process shifts from a choiceto a fill-in-the-blanktask. Purpose. To determine if similar reversals occur in utility assessments. Methods. One hundred thirty-six volunteer subjects completed 6 preference assessments of 4 personal health scenarios. Patients responded to otherwise identical tasks using either choice or fill-in-the-blank processes in a randomized crossover design. The authors determined the percentage of subjects preferring, or inferred to prefer, a given choice. Results. Preference reversals occurred in all assessment scenarios. Conclusions. These preference reversals are a potential source of confusion for utility assessment and informed consent. They could be manipulated to achieve ends other than the best interest of patients. Anchoring or the prominence hypothesis may explain these findings.
Kinematics and Singularity Analysis of a Novel Type of 3-CRR 3-DOF Translational Parallel Manipulator
Authors: Xianwen Kong  , Gosselin Clément M.
Published: June 2009

A new three-degrees-of-freedom (3-DOF) translational parallel manipulator (TPM) with linear actuators, i.e., 3-CRR TPM, is first proposed. The rotation singularity analysis, the inverse kinematics, the forward kinematics, and the kinematic singularity analysis of the 3-CRR TPM are then performed. The analysis shows that the proposed TPM has the following kinematic merits over previous TPMs. (1) The forward displacement analysis can be performed by solving a set of linear equations. (2) The Jacobian matrix of the TPM is constant. The inverse of the Jacobian matrix can be pre-calculated, and there is no need to calculate repeatedly the inverse of the Jacobian matrix in performing the forward displacement analysis and forward velocity analysis. (3) There is no rotation singularity. (4) There is no uncertainty singularity. (5) The TPM has a fewer number of links or joints. The geometric condition for a 3-CRR TPM to be isotropic is also revealed. Two additional kinematic merits exist for the isotropic 3-CRR TPM. The first is that an isotropic 3-CRR TPM is isotropic in its whole workspace. The second is that no calculation is needed in order to pre-determine the inverse of the Jacobian matrix. Finally, preliminary design considerations are presented.
Economic Impact of Retirement Migration on the Texas Hill Country
Authors: Day Frederick A. , Barlett Jon M.
Published: June 2009

Early in the 20th century economies stagnated and populations dwindled in the Texas Hill Country. Over the past three decades, however, several Hill Country counties have experienced a remarkable reversal of demographic fortune, culminating in a notable influx of older migrants with wealth. This study documents this flow with census data for 34 counties in Texas Hill Country between 1965 and 1990. Correlation statistics show a close relationship between elderly inmigrant flows and economic resurgence in several counties. In particular, elderly in-migration rates were closely tied to increases in county income, as well as growth in the service, retail, and construction sectors.
Older Caregivers for Family Members With HIV or AIDS: Reasons for Caring
Authors: Linsk Nathan L. , Poindexter Cynthia Cannon
Published: June 2009

This qualitative study explored the experiences of 19 older women from minority communities who provided care to their children or adult relatives infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These caregivers felt that providing this care contributes significantly to their sense of identity. Most provided care because of their sense of personal commitment to caring for the individual in need or because they felt they were the best or only available source of care. The findings reveal a previously hidden group of aging family members who provide extensive support for people with HIV and AIDS while paying minimal attention to their own needs.
Predicting Different Types of Service Use By the Elderly: The Strength of the Behavioral Model and the Value of Interaction Terms
Authors: Calsyn Robert J. , Winter Joel P.
Published: June 2009

This study compared the ability of logistic regression models (with and without interaction terms) to predict the following four measures of service use: in-home, financial, community, and any service use. A representative sample of more than 4,000 older adults provided data for the study via telephone interviews. Policy and practice implications of the study results were (a) the behavioral model predicted any service use and in-home service use moderately well; need variables explained about half of the variance, with predisposing and enabling variables explaining the remainder; (b) the behavioral model did not explain much of the variance of the use of financial assistance or community services; and (c) although most of the interaction hypotheses in this study were not supported, interactions involving activities of daily living or instrumental activities of daily living needs with living situation and income helped explain which older adults were most likely to use services.
Personal Functional Goals: A New Approach to Assessing Patient-Centered Outcomes
Authors: Bearon Lucille B. , Crowley Gail M. , Chandler Julie , Robbins Michael S. , Studenski Stephanie
Published: June 2009

One dilemma in outcomes research is finding measures that show the impact of an intervention on participants' quality of life, especially in areas most salient to participants. The authors describe the development and testing of a method for eliciting information about personal functional goals from older adults entering an exercise program and assessing progress after completion of the program. The authors' Personal Functional Goals (PFG) Checklist and Interview Protocol is a 45-item checklist of goals for health, daily living, and general well-being. Testing on older adult, community-dwelling participants in controlled exercise intervention studies confirmed the ease of administration and provided preliminary evidence of reliability and validity, including responsiveness to change. Thus, the PFG shows promise for measuring health-related quality of life in terms of individual concerns and is suitable for application in clinical and research settings.
The Meal as a Gift—The Meaning of Cooking Among Retired Women
Authors: Sidenvall Birgitta , Nydahl Margaretha , Fjellström Christina
Published: June 2009

The aim of this qualitative interview study was to delineate the meaning of preparing, cooking, and serving meals among retired single living and cohabiting women. Sixty-three women living in two Swedish cities and their rural surroundings participated. The findings showed that the profound meaning was to do something for others. The whole procedure of preparing a meal could be seen as preparing a gift. Four phases were identified: finding out what to serve, cooking with fresh ingredients, presenting the gift in a beautiful manner, and enjoying the gift in commensality. Cohabiting women went on cooking with duty and joy as they had done before retirement as long as their power was maintained. For widows, especially those who had recently lost their spouse, the whole meaning of cooking and eating was lost, and among these women there is a risk of poor nutritional intake.
Health Care Decisions of Older Adults: Underlying Influences, Cognitive Status, and Perceived Outcomes
Authors: Roberto Karen A. , Weeks Lori E. , Matheis-Kraft Carol
Published: June 2009

Fifty-seven community-dwelling older adults responded to hypothetical health care scenarios. The older adults' willingness to accept care rose as their chances for recovery increased. They also were more likely to agree to treatment when responding from their current health status rather than when they presumed a state of permanent confusion. Five primary reasons emerged that guided the older adults' decision-making process: medical considerations, personal relationships, past experiences, quality of life, and age. Their preferences for procedures and treatments emerged from an interplay of knowledge, beliefs, and emotional attachments.
Mental Health Care Provision for Rural Elders
Authors: Rathbone-McCuan Eloise
Published: June 2009

Rural mental health service resources and intervention approaches to meet the needs of rural elders are in a state of flux. Even within this fluctuation, some relatively stable and beneficial resources are available to rural elders and their families. This article identifies those resources within the context of the growing influence of managed behavioral health care. Systems of managed care are directing the types of mental health services available and their patterns of coordination with other health and social service resources used by rural elders.
Determinants of Service Awareness Among the Japanese Elderly
Authors: Shibusawa Tazuko , Ishikawa Hisanori , Maeda Daisaku
Published: June 2009

Although considerable research has been conducted on service awareness among older adults in the United States and Canada, little data are available on service awareness among elderly in other nations. This study examined service awareness among 474 randomly selected elders in Japan. Awareness of four services mandated under the newly implemented Gold Plan was examined. The majority of elders were aware of in-home support services, whereas only half were aware of day care and respite services. Although close-kin networks have been found to inhibit service awareness among elders in the United States, logistic regression analysis revealed that gender and social support networks were the strongest predictor of overall service awareness among Japanese participants. Cultural implications of the findings are discussed.
The Mexican American Elderly and Supplemental Security Income: Reasons and Characteristics AssociatedWith Nonuse
Authors: Dietz Tracy L.
Published: June 2009

Using a national data set, this project examines the underutilization of formal services by older ethnic minorities. Specifically, the project reveals that olderMexican Americans, although likely to report income below the official poverty line, report low utilization rates of Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Analysis further reveals that among older Mexican Americans who are eligible to receive SSI, those participants who had used another formal program in the previous year, had at least some formal education, lived with others, and/or reported that too many medical bills was a problem were statistically less likely to use SSI. Furthermore, the most commonly reported reasons for not using SSI were lack of knowledge and previous feelings of discrimination or mistreatment by SSI representatives and other formal providers.
Access to Health Care and Self-Rated Health Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Goins R. Turner , Hays Judith C. , Landerman Lawrence R. , Hobbs Gerry
Published: June 2009

Objective: This study examined the relationship between access to health care and self-rated health among community-dwelling persons aged 65 years and older. Data Source: The analyses were based on a sample of 2,982 participants from the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Study Design: This study was a secondary data analysis using longitudinal data collected in 1987 and again in 1990. Logistic regression was used to determine change to poor self-rated health from excellent, good, or fair self-rated health. Principal Finding: In a multivariate model, one of the seven access to health care indicators was found to be significantly related to reporting poor self-rated health. Controlling for demographics and other potential confounders, the odds of reporting poor self-rated health were approximately 87% higher among those without private health coverage.
Depressive Symptoms in the Elderly: Differences by Adult Drinking History
Authors: Reifman Alan , Welte John W.
Published: June 2009

How depression in elderly persons is related to their previous drinking over the life span has received little attention. We examined this issue with survey data from a sample representative of persons aged 60 years and older in Erie County, New York ( N = 2,325). In one type of analysis, respondents were classified into those who abstained from alcohol throughout life; drank, but never experienced any alcohol-related problems or symptoms; experienced problems only before age 60; experienced them only after age 60; or experienced them both before and after age 60. Drinkers who never experienced alcohol problems had the lowest depressive symptomatology; individuals who experienced alcohol problems both before and after age 60 had the highest. Multiple-regression analyses further confirmed the possible role of earlier (around ages 20 and 40) alcohol problems in predicting elderly depression. Directions for future research and clinical screening of elders' potential alcohol misuse are discussed.
Current Research in Rural Models of Integrated Long-Term Care
Authors: Beaulieu Joyce , Rowles Graham D. , Kuder Linda
Published: June 2009

This introductory article describes four commissioned articles in this issue that review the research on integrated models of long-term care and the rural implications of these models. Most models have been tested in urban areas or with urban population bases. Rural regions have both barriers and opportunities in implementing integrated long-term care. Although a full range of long-term care services may be failing to meet the needs of home and community-based care, rural areas may have better cooperation among acute and long-term care providers. Managed care penetration and experience are limited in most rural regions,b ut examples are given of Program for All-inclusive Care of the Elderly programs,the Arizona long-term care system,the Carle Clinic demonstration,and developments in several states for serving rural long-term care populations with new models that integrate across providers, funders, and/or services.
Models for Integrating and Managing Acute and Long-Term Care Services in Rural Areas
Authors: Coburn Andrew F.
Published: June 2009

States and the federal government are searching for new managed-care strategies, such as capitated financing and coordinated case management, that integrate the financing and delivery of primary, acute, and long-term care services. For rural communities, the development of organizational and delivery systems, which better integrate and manage primary, acute, and long term care services, may help address long-standing problems of limited access to long-term care services. This article discusses the concept of integrated acute (medical) and long-term care service networks; model programs; challenges that health care providers, state policymakers, and others have faced in developing these new integrated structures; and the future of service-integration and coordination approaches in rural areas.
Financing and Payment Issues in Rural Long-Term Care Integration
Authors: Saucier Paul , Fralich Julie
Published: June 2009

A major concern with fee-for-service reimbursement is that it forces consumers into predefined categories of service, whether or not those services meet their needs. The urban response to these incentives has been to experiment with capitated Medicare and Medicaid payments that integrate acute and long-term care funding. Although the use of capitation payments has conceptual and intuitive appeal, this article analyzes whether it is feasible in rural areas. Integrated financing systems for rural areas must meet the specific goals of people served in the areas and be compatible with local market conditions. Full risk capitation may be most applicable to urban settings where managed-care infrastructures are better developed and where risk can be spread over large numbers of consumers. Alternatives to fully capitated financing are emerging and represent more viable approaches for rural communities.
Balancing Family Life: How Adult Children Link Elder-Care Responsibility to Service Utilization
Authors: Piercy Kathleen W. , Blieszner Rosemary
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this article is to examine the links among adult children's perceived responsibil ity to care for elderly family members, otherfamily needs, and their use offormal services. Care givers in 15 families providing assistance to a parent or parent-in-law were interviewed about their responsibilities to their relatives and their reasons for using or not using community ser vices to help with caregiving. The results indicated that perceived responsibility included responsibility both to the parent and to other family members. Reasons for using services included both care recipient considerations as well as caregivers' personal and marital con cerns. Respondent families sought assistance from formal services in order to balance parental safety needs with caregiver needs for personal and marital fulfillment. When caregivers experi enced physical or emotional limitations, they hired help. Implications for practitioners provid ing services to caregiving families are discussed
Long‐Term Reduction in the Cost of Nutritional Intervention Achieved by a Nutrition Support Service
Authors: Ochoa Juan B. , Magnuson Barbara , Swintowsky Marjorie , Loan Theresa , Boulanger Bernard , McClain Craig , Kearney Paul
Published: June 2009

Background: Short‐term effectiveness of Nutrition Support Services (NSS) has been previously evaluated. However, long‐term clinical and economic impact is unknown. This study tests the hypothesis that the NSS improves patient care while reducing costs and that the service should be maintained on a long‐term basis. Methods: Prospective monitoring of the effectiveness of nutrition support was done during the whole length of the study. Parameters studied included: (1) use of the appropriate route of nutritional delivery; (2) physician compliance with the recommendations given by the NSS; (3) Monitoring of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) waste; and (4) evaluation of costs. Results: A dramatic change in the route of delivery of nutrients occurred when NSS was instituted. This coincided with increased physician awareness that an enteral route for nutrient delivery could be safely obtained in most patients thus avoiding an indiscriminate use of TPN. The initial trend in reduction of TPN observed in the first year (46% reduction in TPN in one year, p < .001) of the institution of the NSS has continued through the years (78.6% reduction in the use of TPN by 1999, p < .001). The use of enteral nutrition (EN) increased proportionately. A reduction in TPN waste from 493 bags in 1991 to 34 bags in 1999 was also observed. Compliance with recommendations forwarded by the NSS is now above 90% compared with 50% in 1991. TPN cost in 1991 was $513,246.00, which was reduced to $195,176.00 by 1999. We believe that significant savings in the cost of nutrition support have occurred as a result of the implementation of a NSS. Conclusions: Long‐term maintenance of an NSS is warranted. The NSS provides constant surveillance and interventions regarding the appropriate nutrition support route, the adequacy of its use, and continuously minimizes waste.
Critical Care Enteral Formula Improves Outcomes for a Patient with Chronic Pressure Ulcers
Authors: Brasseur Kelly , Liske Thomas
Published: June 2009

Enteral formulas commonly used for nutrition support in trauma, hypermetabolism, surgical recovery, arid other critical illnesses are seldom used for patients outside the intensive care unit. This case study explains how a long‐term, acute‐care facility specializing in wound care and ventilator management was successful in improving the healing outcomes of an elderly patient with severe chronic pressure ulcers by providing nutrition support with a peptide‐based, critical care enteral formula.
A Survey of Regional Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Discharge Practices
Authors: Verhage Albert H. , van Vliet Adrie C. M.
Published: June 2009

Aim: The discharge of a patient with a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is often complicated by important practical and logistic but not medical problems. The purpose of this survey study was to collect data about discharge procedures in patients with a PEG in order to improve discharge procedures and evaluate the home‐care environment. Methods: Questionnaires were sent to 25 hospitals. Questions were related to the incidence of PEG tube placement, the discharge procedure, and problems experienced relating to the home‐care setting. Results: The regional incidence of PEG tube placement was calculated to be 1:1500 inhabitants per year. The most frequent indications for PEG were neurologic and esophageal disease. Generally, coordination of the discharge was carried out by a nonmedically trained discharge manager or dietitian. Tube feeding instructions were given to the patient by the nurse or dietitian and at‐home support was provided by the patient/family member or district nurse. The discharge process generally took 3 days. Fifty‐three percent (10/19) responded favorably to the suggestion to delegate the task of at‐home care for the PEG to a professional service. Complications in the home after discharge were infections, tube leakage, and occlusion. Conclusion: At present, PEG tube placement is an accepted clinical procedure. Discharge from the hospital takes several days. More than 50% of the respondents have a positive attitude to a structured discharge procedure and the institution of a specialized home‐care team outside the hospital. A regional survey of PEG discharge practices yielded useful information for future discharge planning.
Enteral Glutamine Supplementation: Clinical Review and Practical Guidelines
Authors: Savy Gayle K.
Published: June 2009

Glutamine supplementation has been researched extensively in the past decade. Many positive outcomes have been documented using supplemental glutamine in various disease states, including gastrointestinal disorders, immune function deficiencies, and metabolic stress states. Clinicians are interested in using oral/enteral glutamine supplementation instead of parenteral infusion due to production difficulties and costs associated with supplemented parenteral nutrition. This article provides practical guidelines for glutamine administration.
Low‐Protein Diet Improves Muscle Energy Metabolism in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Aquilani Roberto , Dossena Maurizia , Foppa Paola , Catapano Mariana , Opasich Cristina , Baiardi Paola , Salvadeo Alessandro , Pastoris Ornella
Published: June 2009

To investigate the effects of a low‐protein diet (LPD) in chronic renal failure (CRF), muscle biopsies were performed on eight nondialyzed patients before and after 1 year of reduced protein intake (0.5 g/kg/d) with calorie intake equal to 1.4 x resting energy expenditure (1.4 x REE). Serum parathormone, glucagon, insulin levels, blood HCO3‐, and pH were measured before and after LPD. The bicycle exercise test also was performed to evaluate exercise tolerance. The control group consisted of 12 healthy sedentary subjects matched for sex, age, and weight. Twelve months of LPD caused an increase in muscle adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration (p .001) and a reduction both in citrate (p < .05) and α‐ketoglutarate (p < .05) concentrations. Citrate synthase (p < .05) and alanine aminotransferase (p < .05) activities decreased. No significant changes were noted in hormonal and blood acid‐base status. Patients with CRF reported reduced muscle weakness during physical activity after 1 year of LPD: their oxygen consumption (Vo2) peak and Vo2/heart rate (HR) (oxygen pulse) were significantly higher. Our study revealed that 1 year of dietary intake with calories equal to 1.4 x REE can reduce, but not normalize the alterations in muscle energy metabolism due to CRF.
Determination of Energy Expenditure in the Bone Marrow Transplant Patient
Authors: Ringwald‐Smith Karen , Williams Ruth , Horwitz Edwin , Schmidt Marlene
Published: June 2009

Bone marrow transplantation is an accepted modality of treatment for many diseases. There are several posttransplant nutrition‐related complications that have a direct impact on energy expenditure. The literature is unclear on how to calculate energy expenditure accurately for these patients. The following case presentations highlight the variation in energy expenditure that occurs when two energy equations are used. Based on these findings, it is recommended that energy expenditure be measured via indirect calorimetry.
Overdose of Intravenous Fat Emulsion in a Preterm Infant: Case Report
Authors: Fairchild Karen D. , Patterson Angela , Gumpper Karl F.
Published: June 2009

IV fat emulsion therapy is essential for providing optimum nutrition for neonates who are unable to tolerate enteral feeding. The method of administering IV lipids in many neonatal intensive care units allows the possibility of accidental overdose. We report the case of a massive overdose of Intralipid (Clintec, Deerfield, IL) to a 32‐week‐gestation infant. On day 5 of life, the patient received 250 mL of 20% lipid emulsion IV over 1 hour (24 g of lipid/kg body wt). The serum triglyceride level peaked at 12,900 mg/dL, and the infant developed respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, lethargy, and apnea. The infant was treated with double volume exchange transfusion, with rapid resolution of clinical symptoms. There was no evidence of clinical sequelae of the lipid overdose, either immediately after the event or during 1 year of neurodevelopmental follow‐up.
Alcohol Use and Perceived Social and Emotional Consequences Among Perpetrators of General and Sexual Aggression
Authors: Stappenbeck Cynthia A. , Fromme Kim
Published: June 2009

This study examines the relation among alcohol use, alcohol-related aggression expectancies, and the perceived negative consequences of perpetrating general and sexual aggression. Participants ( N = 2,941; 59% female) were incoming college freshmen who reported on the last 3 months of their senior year of high school. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses for general aggression reveal that heavy alcohol consumption at the time of the aggression and strong alcohol-related aggression expectancies were associated with more frequent social and emotional consequences. For sexual aggression, similar regression analyses found that any alcohol use at the time of the aggression, but not outcome expectancies, was associated with social and emotional consequences. Among individuals who perpetrated general and sexual aggression, consuming alcohol at the time of the aggression was positively associated with perceived negative social and emotional consequences. Results do not support the idea that alcohol is used as an excuse for aggressive behavior.
National Interruption
Authors: Axel Brian Keith
Published: June 2009

This essay explores the limitations of diaspora theory by engaging the forms of knowledge production that intersect domains of diaspora studies and the modern nation-state. The murder of a Sikh community member and the ensuing debates over multiculturalism in the UK in the late 1990s illustrate the extent to which the constitution of diaspora-as-problem deflects attention from more precise analysis of the nation-state's relations to alterity. The analytic of national interruption interrogates the ways in which the nation-state sees the difference of diaspora as a threat and simultaneously desires to interpellate diasporic difference into a multicultural vision of the nation's people. The construction of diasporic communities as a threat presumes that the latter is `Other' and, as such, is separate, separable, and isolable from a national people. On the other hand, the diasporic subject as a figure of promise uncritically recuperates a capitalist fantasy of productive labor and commodity circulation and reinforces a nationalist fantasy wherein diasporic difference may be abstracted into national equivalence.
`La India Bonita'
Authors: Ruiz Apen
Published: June 2009

`La India Bonita', a beauty pageant celebrated in Mexico City in 1921, was a performance that embodied the concerns of revolutionary intellectuals seeking to build a `new Mexico' in the aftermath of the Porfiriato. Mexico's indigenous heritage and the figure of the feminine woman emerged as critical resources for nationalists, especially their efforts to combat the threat to the formation of national consciousness posed by feminism. This essay seeks to uncover the gendered construction of the rural mestiza in post-revolutionary Mexico, through a critical reading of representations both in the popular press and in the narratives of intellectuals such as the social scientist, Manuel Gamio, his peers, and predecessors.
The rise and decline of character: humoral psychology in ancient and early modern medical theory
Authors: Bos Jacques
Published: June 2009

Humoralism, the view that the human body is composed of a limited number of elementary fluids, is one of the most characteristic aspects of ancient medicine. The psychological dimension of humoral theory in the ancient world has thus far received a relatively small amount of scholarly attention. Medical psychology in the ancient world can only be correctly understood by relating it to psychological thought in other fields, such as ethics and rhetoric. The concept that ties these various domains together is character ( êthos), which involves a view of human beings focused on clearly distinguishable psychological types that can be recognized on the basis of external signs. Psychological ideas based on humoral theory remained influential well into the early modern period. Yet, in 17th-century medicine and philosophy, humoral physiology and psychology started to lose ground to other theoretical perspectives on the mind and its relation to the body. This decline of humoralist medical psychology can be related to a broader reorientation of psychological thought in which the traditional concept of character lost its central position. Instead of the focus on types and stable character traits, a perspective emerged that was primarily concerned with individuality and transient passions.
Disinterring ideology from a corpus of obituaries: a critical post mortem
Authors: Moore Stephen H.
Published: June 2009

The Economist is an influential publication read by a worldwide elite audience of politically and economically powerful people and their supporters. This article explores how The Economist constructs and projects an ideology. It is hypothesized that even a peripheral feature of the journal, such as the regular obituary column, will still reveal a great deal about its ideology (i.e. its view/construction of reality). The investigation is undertaken using the paradigm of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). First, a corpus of 100 of The Economist's obituaries is examined to provide a sociological profile of the typical subject. Second, drawing from the both CDA and Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), two of these obituaries, one closely matching the typical profile and one not, are subjected to a detailed analysis to compare and contrast them stylistically and to tease out the underlying ideology. Patterns in the choice of subject and pervasion of an ideology are clearly identified.
Mothering in Europe
Authors: Guerrina Roberta
Published: June 2009

This article looks at the role of the European Union in promoting substantive equality for men and women in the European labour market. For this purpose it looks at the assumptions about gender roles and gender divisions of labour enshrined by EU directives on maternity rights and parental leave. The article presents a theoretical discussion of the role of EU policies in protecting women's rights and thus promoting a socioeconomic model that allows men and women to reconcile work and family life. The main policies at the heart of this research are the 1992 Pregnant Worker Directive, the 1996 Parental Leave Directive, the 1992 Childcare Recommendations and the 2000 Council Resolution on Balanced Participation in Work and Family Life. The article thus assesses the gender biases of EU policies and the ensuing implications for the future of gender relations and socioeconomic trends in Europe.
Science as Father?
Authors: Lie Merete
Published: June 2009

The new reproductive technologies affect several of our conceptual distinctions, and most basically the one between nature and culture. This includes the understanding of reproduction as natural, biological processes and of the body as a product of nature. Nature and culture has been a basic conceptual distinction in western culture and it is paralleled in the division between sex, understood as nature, and gender, understood as culture. The process of reproduction is central to the understanding of sexual difference, in the sense that the abilities to conceive and give birth to children are generally considered to be features that distinguish woman from man. Therefore changes in this process provide us with empirical material for exploring changes in people's understanding of sex and gender. The article explores reproductive technology as a provider of new cultural models for understanding the relationship between nature and culture and thereby the distinction of sex/nature and gender/culture.
To transitory peace
Authors: Cubitt Sean
Published: June 2009

•Cultural studies increasingly looks across boundaries. This article looks at definitions of peace from a cultural studies perspective, suggesting that binary oppositions governing such fields as peace and war, individual and society, tradition and modernity offer few grounds for progress towards peace. The article suggests instead that the utopian principle of hope can be recruited for a culture of peace based on the surrender to difference, at a subjective and dialogic level. •
A glamorous, untouchable elsewhere
Authors: Vieth Eva
Published: June 2009

The attack on the World Trade Center and the ensuing `war against terrorism' make necessary a reinspection of the western notions of selfjustification and alliance with America. An analysis of popular German and British illustrated magazines during World War II reveals a remarkably stable image of America as a Glamorous Elsewhere (in relation to ordinary life) that was also an Untouchable Elsewhere (in relation to military action). The image was produced equally by both German and British media. This article argues that it helped to establish an `American dream' in the West, a dream that still shapes the concepts dominating the western perception of the `war against terrorism'. But the post-11 September crisis of 2001 required the adoption of new concepts, more adequate to the changed nature of international images, alliances and warfare.
`Nice dress, take it off'
Authors: Turnbull Sue
Published: June 2009

The experience of interviewing successful American crime writer Janet Evanovitch before a large and enthusiastic audience prompts an exploration of how and why Evanovitch's crime novels make their appeal to readers. Because Evanovitch's novels cross into the terrain of romance, the formulaic nature of both crime and romance and their status as popular genres is discussed. Research conducted with the crime fiction readership network Sisters in Crime Australia is used to reveal that how people justify their taste in crime fiction has much to do with their perception of its status with regard to questions of literary value. Other criteria such as the need for `escape', the need for closure and the problematic nature of `realism' in crime are also addressed with particular reference to what women say about their lives. It is suggested that while the pleasures of reading crime may have much to do with the formulaic nature of the text, what people say about this pleasure can function only as a set of clues in a case that is far from closed.
Le Pen and Mégret's Christmas divorce
Authors: Quinn Adrian
Published: June 2009

Since 1995, the Front National in France has successfully cast itself as a party of ideas. This, according to some observers, is where the power and danger of the French extreme right resides. A media conspiracy theory is seminal to the Front's ideology, especially the belief that the media conspire with the political elite to destabilize the Front en route to destroying true nationalism in France. In offering a British perspective on the culture of conspiracy within the Front National, this article makes some attempt to resituate conspiracy in the context of existing theoretical models for the analysis of mass communications, showing the conspiracy model to be at least as sophisticated as some of the less lampooned communications models that have thus far been forwarded.1
The institutional revolutionary major?
Authors: Schneider Annedith
Published: June 2009

• InTurkish universities, the humanities and social sciences have for years been at the bottom of the academic pecking order, and academicians in general have been expected to stay out of politics. Given its base in humanities and social sciences and its overt political engagement, cultural studies would not at first seem destined for a brilliant future in Turkey. The academic climate is changing, in particular with the recent establishment of several private universities. Yet students show little inclination to take a course of study that, to their eyes, does not lead to a career. This article addresses the pragmatic issues of both persuading students that cultural studies is relevant (yes, and useful) and deciding which courses will make a coherent program of study. It argues that cultural studies' involvement with the `real world' might stimulate a renewed interest in the humanities and social sciences — and, along the way, perhaps reinject some politics back into academia •
Changing lives, challenging concepts
Authors: Barker Martin
Published: June 2009

This article presents a series of key findings from the international Lord of the Rings project, around the meanings and implications for audiences of choosing to describe the films as a `Spiritual Journey'. Drawing on a combination of quantitative results and qualitative responses, and presenting one woman's responses in detail, it proffers a set of implications for the fields of film, and cultural studies.
Globalization and Health Policy in Korea
Authors: Kwon Soonman
Published: June 2009

Globalization provides both opportunities and challenges to health policy in Korea. Through the diffusion of policy innovations, other countries' experience provides important lessons for health care reform in Korea. However, when globalization provides an external pressure toward more competition and market mechanisms without taking into account the unique institutional context of Korea, it becomes a challenge. Recent economic crisis and its impacts on health and health care in Korea is a good example of global pressures. More markets or privatization in the health care system, which vested interest groups strongly support, is likely to result in deteriorating solidarity in Korea, for the role of the public sector is very limited — the public share of health care financing is less than 50% and the proportion of public hospitals is less than 10%.
A Profile of Social Welfare in Lebanon
Authors: Jawad Rana
Published: June 2009

This article profiles social welfare in the Lebanon based upon the perceptions of a group of expert observers and practitioners there. It proposes that welfare is primarily a charitable initiative that springs from the private sphere but becomes politicized once it assumes a public role. The conceptualization of welfare, however, is in no way rudimentary; indeed, the actors concerned are actively engaging with the developmental discourses of our times thereby building bridges between `traditional' and `modern' visions of social justice. The Lebanese case is interesting for social development policy since it illustrates the dynamism of non-state welfare actors. A key issue is religious welfare (particularly Islamic), which continues to receive little attention in the social development literature. To this extent, the article reviews poverty and social dynamics in Lebanon and questions the universal relevance of social exclusion as an analytical tool for understanding processes of human impoverishment.
The hierarchy of Greekness
Authors: Triandafyllidou Anna , Veikou Mariangela
Published: June 2009

This article discusses critically recent changes in Greek immigration policy with a special focus on immigrants of Greek ethnic descent. The study briefly presents the ambivalent character of Greek national identity, which is organized around an ethnogenealogical conception of the nation but has been trimmed by civic experience and political challenges over the past century. The interaction between ethnic, civic and policy concerns is also salient in the present context in which Greece is faced with increasing immigrant flows from non-EU countries. Different immigrant and refugee groups are organized in concentric circles around the ethnonational core, and hence a `hierarchy of Greekness' is constructed. This hierarchy is reflected in recent developments in Greek immigration policy where special provisions are taken for immigrants of Greek ethnic origin. More specifically, two groups are catered for; Pontic Greeks, who are classified in the law provisions as returnees, and Greek Albanians, whose Greek ethnic descent has been recently recognized. A thorough examination of policy provisions issued during the past couple of years shows a shift in the focus of Greek national identity. The change in the policy approach, prompted by integration into the EU and the presence of a large immigration population in the country, involves a redefinition of Greek identity.
Tourist agency
Authors: MacCannell Dean
Published: June 2009

The concept of ‘the gaze’ brings a philosophical concern for the human subject and human ‘agency’ to tourism studies. Foucault’s concept of the gaze, advocated by Urry, presupposes a narcissistic subject within which there is a deterministic fit between self and society. This article proposes for tourism studies an alternative to the Foucault/Urry idea of the gaze. The second version of the gaze is structured by its understanding, conscious or not, that visibility presupposes invisibility; that in every seeing there is an unseen; a backside, a dark side. I reject Urry’s notion that the motive for tourism is simply to take leave of ordinary, everyday life. I argue that the basis for specifically tourist desire is in the structure of the second gaze as always suggesting something that is missing from it.