bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pain And Pleasure
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

If you hurt when you play (lips, jaws, arms, back, or heaven knows what), it is likely that you have not cultivated a good and comfortable relationship with instrumental playing. Sooner or later, the cause of these problems must be confronted. Flute playing is, or should be, a source of pleasure— for the listener, no doubt, but first of all for the flutist. “Charity well rendered starts with oneself.” It is not as selfish as it sounds. How can you help others when you cannot help yourself ? How can you bring enjoyment to your listeners when you hurt and suffer? How can you love anything when you hate yourself ? Practice is not so much a way to deal with our guilt feelings as a path to happiness and pleasure. This hedonistic philosophy might not be popular in the Puritan work ethic of “no pain, no gain.” However, pleasure in its deepest meaning requires sensitivity, patience, kindness, and self-knowledge, rather than greed.
Phrasing
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

A musical phrase is similar to a spoken sentence. It is an attempt to organize sounds and syllables to give them a direction, a meaning that will make their intellectual, spiritual, and emotional content intelligible. Phrasing is a relationship between freedom and constraint, tension and release, intensity and repose— between time and space, and between sound and silence. It is impossible to load every single syllable of a speech with drama: it becomes quickly emphatic and boring. “The pursuit of the extraordinary is the character of mediocrity. When one despairs of doing a beautiful, simple, and natural thing, he attempts a weird one.”13 Likewise in music. If all the notes of a passage are highlighted, it becomes a hysterical interpretation that often disfigures masterpieces. Somehow, it reminds me of a sandwich advertised “with everything on it: five meats, three cheeses, lettuce, tomato, mayonnaise, mustard. ” The works! A musical phrase or motif exists in itself. Harmony, however, is implicit. To simplify matters, let us say that when the harmony is consonant (major or minor triads and their inversions), the phrasing flows without tension. On the other hand, dissonant harmony denotes tension and build-up. A line containing sevenths or augmented fourths (called tritones) or diminished fifths (which are in fact part of seventh chords) requires more tension.
Rest
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

Bicycle racers know how to rest “in the pack”: they eat, converse, play pranks, relax, even relieve themselves, all the while going at speeds unthinkable to laypersons. It is possible for us to rest while playing a piece. There is almost always a passage where “the flute plays by itself,” where the music speaks effortlessly. Without losing concentration, one can rest a bit, come to terms with stress, and repair one’s health to a certain extent. One misunderstanding about interpretation would tend to make every note meaningful. Good idea, but meaningful does not mean overbearing. On the contrary, for my taste in interpretation, less is more. Actually, as a listener and an orchestral player, I often feel that some conductors tend to do too much. Places where the orchestra plays loud and straight, for instance, need not be conducted.
Yawning
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

We have all experienced the feeling. Under nervous tension, the throat tightens, producing a choked sound. Poor posture, such as high shoulders, has the same effect. How can we remedy this situation? Let’s observe the process of yawning. Through an involuntary motion, the shoulders drop, the throat opens, the ears pop. A sense of well-being sets in, and the abdomen’s movement allows the lungs to fill up completely upon inhaling. Yawning is the language of the body telling us to relax, to forget about our problems, to feel good and to go to sleep. We can hardly do that just before going on stage. I experience this yawning just before performing. It’s the only good thing about stage fright.
“When I Don Your Silken Draperies”: New Women’s Performances of Asian Heroines
Authors: Yoshihara Mari
Published: November 2023

One of the most popular icons of American Orientalism that emerged in this period is Madame Butterfly. The timing of publication of John Luther Long’s original story in 1898 and subsequent stage and film productions of Madame Butterfly in the early twentieth century is significant. As critic James Moy demonstrates, the narrative of Butterfly—and many other texts representing Asians in this period—in which the Asian character dies at the end worked conveniently for America’s nationalist ideology of the time.
Re-gendering the Enemy: Culture and Gender in Ruth Benedict’s The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
Authors: Yoshihara Mari
Published: November 2023

The international rivalries in the Pacific, incited by Japan’s aggression in Manchuria in 1931 and the subsequent Sino-Japanese War, prompted Americans to refine their understanding of Asians as an undifferentiated alien race. As the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 made the United States’ enmity toward Japan and support of China unquestionable, Americans needed to distinguish between the “evil” Japanese and the Chinese “heroes risen” against the Japanese. The media put out sensational and propagandistic calls for people to make a distinction between the two groups, exemplified by articles like “How to Tell Your Friends from the Japs.”2 On a more strategic level, government agencies and the military mobilized academics and professionals to gather information about and analyze enemy behavior for the purposes of accurate military planning, psychological warfare, and policy- making for the postwar period.
Concerning Compositions With Humorous Secular Texts in Certain Verse Patterns, Such as Madrigals, Stanzas, Sestinas, and Sonnets
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

Madrigals do not take their name from the melody of the composition but rather from its text and verse, as do the following: dialogues, stanzas, sestinas, sonnets, canzonas, and canzonettas. For “madrigal” is the name of a poem, not a composition, the texts of which are generally taken from Francesco Petrarca, [Giovanni] Boccaccio, Pietro Bembo, and Dante [Alighieri].
Concerning Ligatures or the Connecting of Notes Concerning Several Ligatures
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

I agree with Lippius,  Hassler, and others, that all intricate ligatures must be split up except this one indicating semibreves , and in place of these ligatures this sign must be used. I see that this has already been done both by our [musicians] and by the Italians, not only with minims, semiminims, and fusas, but also with breves and semibreves. Therefore, I have employed that sign in place of a ligature, so that among other things the melody of the chant could be better observed.
Concerning the Proper Use of b-rotundum, n-quadratum, #-cancellatum
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

The n-quadratum has its characteristic place in a song, as it were, either on the pitch [clavis] “b” of the transposed system, or on “f” of the regular [system],  since the fifth [quinta] is placed in the lower position in [traditional] harmony. [It is to be applied] wherever mi and fa are modified into a perfect fifth [diapente]; that is, when a diminished fifth is changed into a perfect [ fifth] by the addition of a minor semitone. But whenever a cancellatum is indicated, it is not always necessary that a pitch be raised or lowered by a full minor semitone, for it is only added to a small third or a small sixth, wherever they should be altered into large ones.
Concerning Consecutive Unisons and Octaves and Their Use in Compositions for Many Voices Set in Separate Choirs To What Extent the Unisons and Octaves Can Be Used and Permitted
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

I presented various arguments concerning the use and acceptance of consecutive unisons and octaves at the beginning of my Urano Chorodiá, dealing with the major concerns and important reasons why I write the discant and especially the basses in unison when the choirs join together in settings of chorales; it is therefore unnecessary to repeat that here. Nevertheless, because this was used so little in former times and many have as yet never seen this style before, one might find reason to quibble about one thing or the other. For this reason I consider it necessary to bring this up again and to expand on the above-mentioned reasons further, so that these rules and recommendations might be sufficiently persuasive to make my case.
All that makes a Man
Authors: Berry Stephen W
Published: November 2023

In May 1861, Jefferson Davis issued a general call for volunteers for the Confederate Army. Men responded in such numbers that 200,000 had to be turned away. Few of these men would have attributed their zeal to the cause of states' rights or slavery. As All That Makes a Man: Love and Ambition in the Civil War South makes clear, most southern men saw the war more simply as a test of their manhood, a chance to defend the honor of their sweethearts, fiancés, and wives back home. Drawing upon diaries and personal letters, Stephen Berry seamlessly weaves together the stories of six very different men, detailing the tangled roles that love and ambition played in each man's life. Their writings reveal a male-dominated Southern culture that exalted women as "repositories of divine grace" and treasured romantic love as the platform from which men launched their bids for greatness. The exhilarating onset of war seemed to these, and most southern men, a grand opportunity to fulfill their ambition for glory and to prove their love for women-on the same field of battle. As the realities of the war became apparent, however, the letters and diaries turned from idealized themes of honor and country to solemn reflections on love and home. Elegant and poetic, All That Makes a Man recovers the emotional lives of unsung Southern men and women and reveals that the fiction of Cold Mountain mirrors a poignant reality. In their search for a cause worthy of their lives, many Southern soldiers were disappointed in their hopes for a Southern nation. But they still had their women's love, and there they would rebuild.
Introduction
Authors: Berry Stephen W
Published: November 2023

In 1857, North Carolinian Albert Luria fell in love with his cousin Eliza. He was fifteen; she may have been younger still. All questions of age were brushed aside, however. Albert ‘s feelings were “too irrevocably fixed” on the girl “ever to centre on anyone else,” and so he proposed. Unfortunately, Eliza ‘s parents disapproved the match. The couple was too young, they said, and Albert ‘s older brother had already married Eliza ‘s older sister.
Epilogue: The Future of Sex
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

Throughout this book we have argued that sex for pleasure and sex for reproduction are conceptually distinct entities. With modern forms of birth control, wider acceptance of homosexual behavior, and advances in nonsexual reproductive techniques (e.g., artificial insemination), the perpetuation of this distinction seems assured. But does this mean that we are headed inexorably toward Aldous Huxley’s prophetic Brave New World, with its appropriately named Malthusian belts (containing an unspecified contraceptive) and its sex hormone chewing gum? That is, will the current trend continue unabated, the two functions of sexuality ultimately becoming completely divorced from one another? Or, as the conservative fundamentalist movement would have it, is the sexual liberation of the previous decades simply a fad, ready for reversal? What, in other words, is the future of sex?
Primary Photochemical Processes Of The Aromatic Hydrocarbons And Some Of Their Common Oxidation Products
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg
Published: November 2023

The monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene and its alkyl-substituted benzenes, absorb very little of the sunlight present in the troposphere, and as a consequence their photochemistry is unimportant in the urban atmosphere. Substitution of an increasing number of alkyl groups on benzene results in a shift in the absorption of the compounds to longer wavelengths, but even with the trimethyl substituted benzenes, there is no overlap of the absorption region with the wavelengths of sunlight present in the lower troposphere; see figure VII-A-I. Note that all cross sections (symbolized by er in this work) are in the conventional units of cm2 molecule1 with er= In ( /0 / I )/ d [c], where In is the natural logarithm (base e), /0 and/ are the incident and transmitted intensity of light, respectively, dis the path length in centimeters, and [c] is the concentration of the absorbing species in molecules per cubic centimeter.
Aerosol Generation In Atmospheric Oxidation Of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg
Published: November 2023

Atmospheric aerosol in virtually all areas of the troposphere, but especially in urban areas, contains a significant fraction of carbonaceous material. Atmospheric particulate carbonaceous material is composed of a complex mixture of substances, frequently classified in two main fractions: elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). Elemental, or black carbon is a primary pollutant, emitted directly as a result of the combustion of fossil and biomass fuels. Particulate organic carbon, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons, has both primary and secondary origins. Primary particulate OC is emitted during combustion of fuels, cooking of meat, and so on, whereas secondary particulate OC results from gas-to-particle conversion of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. This secondary particulate OC is usually referred to as secondary organic aerosol (SOA).
Application Of Findings To Modeling The Atmospheric Chemistry Of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg
Published: November 2023

The modeling of the atmospheric chemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons and the influence of these hydrocarbons on ozone generation within the urban atmo­sphere is an especially challenging task, since many of the details of the complex reactions that occur are unknown at present. One must resort to parameterized mechanisms, with the yields of surrogate model species representing reactive, uncharacterized products that are adjusted to fit the experimentally measured 03 , NO2, and N02, and possibly other measured products that are observed in smog chamber experiments. Some features of the atmospheric oxidation of the aromatic hydrocarbons are reasonably well established and can be treated in atmospheric chemistry mechanisms with a high degree of confidence. Thus, it is clear that reactions of the OH radical with the aromatic hydrocarbons are the primary, rate-determining steps in the removal of the aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric oxidation. The OH aromatic hydrocarbon rate coefficients in our reaction mechanisms can be formulated accurately (commonly to within (±20%).
Two Governments Go To War Southern Democracy and Northern Republicanism
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol
Published: November 2023

A hundred miles and two major rivers separated the Northern and Southern congresses. In the smoke-filled rooms, oyster bars, hotel lobbies, and congressional chambers in Richmond and Washington, legislators furiously argued over how to represent a people at war. In three areas—funding the war, unifying judicial authority, and underwriting private initiative—the two congresses differed in every possible way. Though the decisive battles took place in forts and fields, an army, Napoleon once noted, marches on its stomach. The military’s capacity to fight rested on what governments gave armies or allowed them to take. Both nations’ congressmen responded to the erosion of slavery, the costs of occupation and guerrilla warfare, and the ballooning casualties. Hoping to solidify their claims to nationhood, they reached into every household.
The Male World Of The Camp Domesticity and Discipline
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol
Published: November 2023

When the Union army garrisoned itself outside of the Mississippi River town of Helena, Arkansas, in August 1862, its makeshift camp became the largest city in the state. Before the war, the census taker had found just over fifteen hundred souls in Helena, and only four thousand in the Arkansas capital at Little Rock. By the end of August, twenty-two thousand soldiers had set up temporary housing on the plains west of Helena. Built in weeks, the makeshift town was neither orderly, comfortable, nor sanitary. Diarrhea, dysentery, and malaria ravaged the camps, food was hard to procure, and soldiers had nothing to do. The general in command of forces may not have been exaggerating when he declared in November, “[A]ll the Helena troops are sick and broken down and are not able to do much.” Iowa soldiers stationed in the newly expanded town of Helena renamed their little spot “Hell-in-Arkansas.”
The Dilemma of Human Research
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

In the last decades of the twentieth century, there has been a growing attempt to portray participation in a clinical trial—a research study comparing some new treatment to the existing treatment—as often being a great choice for someone with a hard-to-treat medical problem. Such research studies presumably give people access to the best doctors at the best medical centers, provide them with far more medical attention than they would otherwise get, and also give them a chance to receive some cutting-edge treatment. Under this new reality, participation in research has become something to be sought after, replacing in peoples’ minds the old image of a Dr. Frankenstein performing some frightening “experimental” procedure in a dank and dark laboratory.1
The Weakened Legal Protections Given to Research Subjects
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, we showed that the American legal system fairly vigorously protects patients from “substandard” care. Most of the time, patients are required to be given standard care. And even when there are departures from standard care, they are acceptable only when the nonstandard care provided to the patient, given the relevant circumstances, is nonetheless in the best interests of the patient.
The Anatomy of a Consent Form
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

In the space of a few weeks during separate discussions with two of this nation’s leading bioethicists, both prominent figures in research ethics, I (JM) each time heard comments to the effect that, “Of course, consent forms are to a large extent irrelevant.” This is part of the new approach coming from many in the research ethics community: getting informed consent is a process, involving not just the consent form, but also discussions (sometimes extensive) between the subject and the investigators, designed to help the subject understand what will happen to him if he decides to participate in the study. Under this view, the consent form is a relatively minor element of this process, and perhaps even irrelevant.1 As one of these experts noted, it is the integrity of the investigator that ultimately protects the subject, not the consent form.
Should Research Subjects Be Paid?
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

The idea of paying research subjects for their participation in a study remains a controversial one. In this chapter, we first explore the issue of paying subjects for contributing a part of their body—such as tissue or blood—to a study, and then turn to the more general question of whether subjects should be paid for their services. As we show here, paying subjects generates far more controversy than it should—and actually serves a number of valuable purposes, including helping people to distinguish between “good choice” and “bad choice” studies.
Great Possessions: Leopold’s Good Oak
Authors: Bishop Mary Anne
Published: November 2023

Hindsight was among Aldo Leopold’s greatest literary attributes. Through­ out A Sand County Almanac, he reflects on his personal outdoor experiences and their application to wildlife management and conservation. Nowhere, however, are the historic merits and mistakes of wildlife management more clearly chronicled than in his essay “February Good Oak.”
Professor Leopold, What Is Education For?
Authors: Kessler Winifred B , Booth Annie L
Published: November 2023

In Aldo Leopold’s view, the essential purpose of education is to inform citizens about their place in the ecosystem as a basis for the intelligent and sustainable use of lands and natural resources. This idea winds like a thread throughout the essays of Leopold’s A Sand County Almanac. Leopold seemed to have a broad educational purpose in writing the essays: to inspire understanding, respect, and ethical reflection to counter society’s destructive tendencies toward land and natural resources. Finch (1989, xxi), while noting the bitterness and pain in these essays, concluded that Leopold “remained convinced that most environmental mistakes are due, not to some inherent baseness in human nature but to ignorance. He understood that his own ability to perceive and understand how nature works was the result of a long period of education and self-education;’ Leopold envisioned a broad and inclusive role for educators in society and for environmental education in the lives of the world’s citizens.
The A-B Dichotomy and the Future
Authors: Pister Edwin P
Published: November 2023

With his inimitable combination of perception and prophecy, Aldo Leopold presented us in A Sand County Almanac with his ‘‘A-B cleavage;’ a phenomenon that has exerted great influence on the American conservation scene during the second half of the twentieth century. In “The Land Ethic;’ Leopold wrote, “Conservationists are notorious for their dissensions In each field one group (A) regards the land as soil, and its function as commodity­ production; another group (B) regards the land as a biota, and its function as something broader” (Leopold 1949, 221).
What Would Aldo Have Done?-A Personal Story
Authors: Thomas Jack Ward
Published: November 2023

This essay takes on, of necessity, a very personal tone. I do not fancy myself a Leopold scholar. I have developed a sense of knowing the man only through his writings; through the writings of his children, friends, and students; and through those same people whom I have had the honor to know. These feelings of knowing Aldo Leopold and contacts are personal to me.
Nonintentional Similarity Processing
Authors: Markman Arthur B , Gentner Dedre
Published: November 2023

Similarity is a compelling part of everyday experience. In the visual world, objects that are similar in shape or color may seem to leap to our attention. In conceptual processing, we have an immediate sense of whether a pair of concepts is similar. The prominence of similarity in conscious experience has made it an important explanatory construct in psychological theories. New problems are assumed to be solved on the basis of their similarity to known problems (e.g., Reed, Ernst, & Banerji, 1974; Ross, 1987). Objects are assumed to be classified on the basis of their similarity to some stored category representation (e.g., Medin & Schaffer, 1978; Reed, 1972). Predictions of new features of an item may be based on what other similar items have those features (e.g., Blok & Gentner, 2000; Heit & Rubinstein, 1994; Osherson, Smith, Wilkie, Lopez, & Shafir, 1990; Sloman, 1993).
The Development of the Intention Concept: From the Observable World to the Unobservable Mind
Authors: Baird Jodie A , Astington Janet Wilde
Published: November 2023

Intentions are everywhere: in action (a lover’s embrace), in conversation (an unseemly comment), even on paper (the dimpled chad of a presidential election ballot). As Premack and Woodruff (1978) remark, “It seems beyond question that purpose or intention is the state we impute most widely” (p. 515). But what does it mean to say that someone has an intention? And on what basis are attributions of intention made? Drawing on literature from philosophy and psychology, we define intention, highlighting the complexities of this concept and pointing to features that distinguish intention from related concepts such as desire and action. We then review the literature on the development of the intention concept in infancy and early childhood. Our treatment of the literature reveals that a complete appreciation of intention is acquired only gradually and is characterized by a shift from inferences based on the observable to those based on the unobservable. In a final section, we argue that language development plays an important role in this shift in children’s understanding.
The Unconscious Relational Self
Authors: Andersen Susan M , Reznik Inga , Glassman Noah S
Published: November 2023

The notion that previous knowledge is brought to bear in extracting and constructing meaning is fundamental in social cognition. This process can be understood in terms of mental representations of self and of others that give both idiosyncratic and shared meaning to experience. The relational self, or the self one experiences in relation to another person, thus reflects the personal as well as the interpersonal. We characterize the relational self as social-cognitive and draw on personality and clinical theory in making the assumption that significant others play a critical role in both self-definition and self-regulation (Andersen & Chen, 2002). According to our model, each individual has an overall repertoire of selves, each of which stems from a relationship with a significant other. The repertoire is a repository for, and later a source of, interpersonal patterns the individual experiences. In short, each relational self is tied to a mental representation of a significant other. When activated, the representation of this significant other and the aspects of the self linked to it end up imbuing current experiences with different meaning, depending on the content of the relationship and the context in which this is evoked. People may, we assume, have nearly as many selves as they have significant interpersonal relationships (Sullivan, 1953; see also Kelly, 1955), and this provides for both contextual variability in the self and for the chronic influence of long-standing patterns.
Going Beyond the Motivation Given: Self-Control and Situational Control Over Behavior
Authors: Trope Yaacov , Fishbach Ayelet
Published: November 2023

Yaacov Trope and Ayelet Fishbach A basic theme running through much of the social psychological literature is the idea that the immediate situation is a powerful determinant of human behavior. Inspired by Kurt Lewin’s (1935) field theory, social psychologists have sought to demonstrate that a wide range of human behavior, socially desirable as well as undesirable, is under the control of immediate situational forces (Asch, 1952; Cartwright, 1959; Milgram, 1963). Indeed, the field of social psychology has been defined as the study of situational determinants of thought, feeling, and action (Ross & Nisbett, 1991). Research on automaticity has provided a new impetus to the study of situational control over behavior (Bargh, 1990, 1994; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Wegner & Bargh, 1998). This research suggests that situational cues can govern behavior without being consciously processed and without making a deliberate choice of an appropriate course of action. Situational cues that have been consistently and frequently associated with certain goals acquire the capacity to directly elicit these goals and thus directly control action.
Mormons in the Nation, 1890–1945
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: November 2023

The end of polygamy and Utah’s admission to the Union marked a turning point in Mormon history. While they clung stubbornly to their “peculiar principle,” the Mormons remained an isolated and alienated people. After losing the polygamy battle, the church’s members moved toward integration with their fellow citizens. As their fortress mentality slowly dissolved, Mormons became good Americans.
The Easter/Passover Season: Connecting Time’s Broken Circle
Authors: Aveni Anthony F
Published: November 2023

Chinese, Indians,Africans, Mexicans—all have looked at the face of the moon. In the patterning of the dark lava plains against the stark white highlands, they have discerned the figure of a rabbit.
May Day: A Collision of Forces
Authors: Aveni Anthony F
Published: November 2023

May “Day. Where did this now relatively obscure holiday identified with a distress signal and the once dreaded specter of world communism come from? And what could a political philosophy once deemed threatening to democratic society have to do with dancing around a florally decorated vertical log?
Messenger RNA Imaging in Living Cells for Biomedical Research
Authors: Fusco Dahlene , Bertrand Edouard , Singer Robert H
Published: November 2023

Recent advances in messenger RNA (mRNA) visualization technology have placed biomedical imaging at an interface between molecular biology and cellular biology. It is now increasingly possible to study in vivo gene expression at the transcript level. Analyses of mRNA expression, movement, interactions, and localization will enhance understanding of cellular responses to various conditions and will complement studies of protein expression. Live cell mRNA imaging technology can add new information about where and when transcription and translation occur, as well as provide a single cell expression profile that cannot be achieved with microchip or biochemical analyses. Simultaneous analysis of multiple transcription sites can provide a single cell profile of gene expression that can be linked precisely to cellular morphology (Levsky et al., 2002), and observation of these transcription sites in living cells will provide novel information about the time course of gene expression in normal and pathological samples.
Quantitative Absorption and Scattering Spectra in Thick Tissues Using Broadband Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy
Authors: Jakubowski Dorota , Bevilacqua Frederic , Merritt Sean , Cerussi Albert , Tromberg Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Near-infrared spectroscopy is a well-established technique that has been applied to a variety of medical diagnostic problems. Recent examples include detecting peripheral vascular disease, compartment syndrome, and various forms of cancer (Fantini et al., 1998; Zonios et al., 1999; Benaron et al., 2000; Giannotti et al., 2000; Tromberg et al., 2000; Wariar et al., 2000; Cerussi 2001). Because near-infrared light penetrates bone, near-infrared spectroscopy is also widely used for noninvasive brain imaging to monitor cortical activation, neonatal cerebral oxygenation, and hematomas (Adcock et al., 1999; Fantini et al., 1999; Benaron et al., 2000; Springett et al., 2000). The use of model-based photon migration methods to separate light absorption from scattering quantitatively in multiply scattering tissues is a type of near-infrared spectroscopy broadly referred to as diffuse optical spectroscopy or DOS.

Diffuse optical spectroscopy methods can be categorized as time independent and time resolved. Time-independent, steady-state methods use a CW source. They are capable of acquiring a full wavelength-dependent spectrum of diffuse reflectance at one time, but the data cannot be resolved into their scattering and absorbing components without additional information. Research groups using this approach have employed multiple source–detector separations to provide this additional information (Farrell et al., 1992). Short (e.g., millimeter) source–detector separations are more sensitive to scattering properties, whereas far (e.g., centimeter) source–detector separations are sensitive to both scattering and absorption. This method provides fast and accurate results for homogenous systems. However, because two overlapping but different volumes are sampled, accuracy may suffer if the system is heterogenous or layered, as is commonly the case in tissue.
Defining Conservation Medicine
Authors: Tabor Gary M
Published: November 2023

In 1827, Charles Darwin, founder of modern evolutionary biology, decided to leave medical school at the University of Edinburgh to pursue studies in religion and natural history at Cambridge. This was a period in medical training when natural history and zoology were considered integral disciplines of the medical arts. Although Darwin never completed his medical training, the combination of his exposure to multiple disciplines and his worldly experience aboard the HMS Beagle led to his penning On the Origin of Species. Perhaps the power and depth of his observations that led to his groundbreaking work were based in part on his diverse training and intellectual pursuits. Like Darwin, health practitioners in his era and before were routinely trained in both medicine and natural history; these were disciplines that were once closely aligned.
Ecological Context of Lyme Disease: Biodiversity, Habitat Fragmentation, and Risk of Infection
Authors: Ostfeld Richard S , Keesing Felicia , Schauber Eric M , Schmidt Kenneth A
Published: November 2023

Rapid, human-induced erosion of biological diversity may have enormous consequences for the transmission of infectious diseases to humans. The consequences of biodiversity loss for human health are only beginning to be understood. The development of theory linking biodiversity to risk of infectious diseases has been slow, and empirical studies based on a solid theoretical foundation are few. How might biodiversity loss influence the probability of human exposure to infectious diseases? At one extreme, imagine that all the natural habitats surrounding a town are converted into parking lots, resulting in a massive loss of local biodiversity.
Why Entitlements Matter
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus
Published: November 2023

Health care is different from other goods and services. Health care entitlements matter a great deal because health care is different.

To begin, a striking fact about health-care costs is that their distribution is remarkably skewed. In any given year, the 1% of the population that spends the most on health care is responsible for 27% of health-care costs, and the most expensive 2% are responsible for 38%. The top 5% are responsible for over 50% of health-care costs, and the top 10% are responsible for nearly 70%. By contrast, the least expensive 50% of the population accounts for only 3% of health-care expenditures (see Figure 2–1).

This distribution has been remarkably stable for decades. It has not changed significantly under managed care and remains almost identical among health maintenance organization, other managed-care, and indemnity plans. The skewed concentration of health-care costs also holds regardless of age, although health care costs more for the elderly than for younger populations. It also seems to hold true in other countries.
Mental Health Assessment Tools and Techniques for Working With Battered Women
Authors: Jackson Thomas L , Petretic-Jackson patricia A , Witte Tricia H
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides mental health professionals with information regarding assessment strategies empirically demonstrated to be applicable to battered women. Although the tools and instruments presented are specific to battered women, many may be applicable to other trauma or victim populations. Additionally, since many battered women have experienced a variety of past and current life traumas and may show comorbid psychopathology, assessment concerns related to these compounding factors will be presented.
A Comprehensive Model for Crisis Intervention With Battered Women and Their Children
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Roberts Beverly Schenkman
Published: November 2023

Do you know what some women get for their birthdays? A black eye, a punch in the ribs, or a few teeth knocked out. It’s so frightening because it doesn’t just happen on their birthday. It may be every month, every week, or even every day. It’s so frightening because sometimes he abuses the kids, too. Or maybe she’s pregnant and he kicks her in the stomach in the same spot where, just a few minutes ago, she felt the baby moving. It’s so frightening because the woman doesn’t know what to do. She feels so helpless. He’s in control. She prays he’ll come to his senses and stop. He never does.
Latina Battered Women Barriers to Service Delivery and Cultural Considerations
Authors: Santiago Gloria Bonilla
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the recent cultural barriers and social service and legal needs of Latina battered women. It also includes an analysis of the socioeconomic, cultural, and ethnic factors that contribute to domestic violence. Latina women have parents, grandparents, or great grandparents from Latin America—Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, or Central or South America. The Latino population in the United States experienced a 60% growth rate during the 1990s, positioning it at virtual parity with the African-American population (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2001).
Asian Battered Women Assessment and Treatment
Authors: Lee Mo Yee
Published: November 2023

As a result of the work of feminist activists, scholars, and practitioners who have been the force behind the battered women’s movement, the issue of spouse abuse has gained increased prominence in American society. The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 signifies a fundamental change in the criminal justice system and reflects the recognition that violence against women is a crime with far-reaching, harmful consequences for families, children, and society (U.S. Department of Justice, 1996).
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Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

PAESTUM: an ancient site in Italy, located 62 miles southeast of Naples, lying on the edge of a flat coastal plain. Its Greek temples are well preserved. The site is that of the ancient city of Poseidonia, founded by Greek colonists in the seventh century B.C.E. and taken over by the Romans in 273 B.C.E.
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Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

Racine, jean (1639–1699): French poet and dramatist. Racine’s parents died soon after his birth, after which he was brought up by Jansenist parents. Still in his teens, he wrote passable *odes in Latin and French. One of these odes, written in honor of the marriage of the king, brought Racine 600 gold livres from Louis XIV. The critic Nicolas Boileau, having become a friend to Racine, behaved as his mentor for most of his life.
Thinking Spatially in the Social Sciences
Authors: Goodchild Michael F , Janelle Donald G
Published: November 2023

The table of numbers or statistics is such a common way to organize information that we scarcely if ever think about its significance. Tables are used to organize information about states from the decennial census, to report the comparative performance of national economies, to summarize the performance of individual schools in a state, and for a host of other purposes. In most cases a simple convention will have been followed in preparing the table (Nicol and Pexman 1999). The rows of the table will represent the instances, objects, or cases whose attributes are being reported, and all such objects will be drawn from a homogeneous class, such as counties, states, or nations.
John R. Logan, Wenquan Zhang
Authors: Logan John R , Zhang Wenquan
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes and offers an example of the application of methods of spatial analysis that can be used to study ethnic neighborhoods, and by extension, to study neighborhoods defined by any other social characteristic. We use the cases of Chinese and Filipinos in Los Angeles in 1990 for illustration. Many members of these groups live in ethnic neighborhoods, and people living near these neighborhoods are very aware of their ethnic character.
The Spatial Structure of Urban Political Discussion Networks
Authors: Bélanger Munroe Eagles Paul , Calkins Hugh W
Published: November 2023

Since the 1950s, most research in the field of political behavior has relied upon survey data for randomly sampled individuals (the Michigan school; see Campbell et al. 1960). As a result, theory building and explanation have traditionally been preoccupied with understanding the effects of personal and psychological factors, while community and geographic factors have been devalued. Over time, the atomistic assumptions of methodological individualism that contributed to the popularity of sample survey research came under attack (Barton 1968; Shein gold 1973).
Mapping Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Developing Countries: Spatial Patterns of Sa˜o Paulo in the 1990s
Authors: Câmara Gilberto , Sposati Aldaiza , Koga Dirce , Monteiro Antonio Miguel , Camargo Frederico Roman Ramos Eduardo , Fuks Suzana Druck
Published: November 2023

The concept of social exclusion was born in Europe, motivated by the sharp increase in the number of poor, whose numbers in the twelve countries of the EECwent from 38 million in 1975 to 53 million in 1992. First conceived in the 1960s in France (Klanfer 1965), in the last two decades social exclusion has become a major category of social thinking (Duffy 1995; Paugam 1991). Poverty implies exclusion from goods and services; social exclusion goes beyond income inequalities, to encompass denial or non-realization of civil, political, and social rights of citizenship (Room 1995).
Spatial Analysis of Regional Income Inequality
Authors: Rey Sergio J
Published: November 2023

Just over a decade ago, Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1991) reintroduced main-stream macroeconomics to the concept of a region. That introduction set off an explosion of research on the question of regional economic convergence.1 Much of this research represented a shift in focus from studying the dynamics of international income disparities to the analysis of international dynamics. That is, whether incomes between regions within a given nation state become more, or less, similar over time.
Spatial Interaction Models of International Telecommunication Flows
Authors: Guldmann Jean-Michel
Published: November 2023

International telecommunication flows have increased significantly in recent years. For instance, the total traffic over the public international network has grown from 14.8 billion minutes in 1985 to 60 billion minutes in 1995, at an annual rate of 15 percent (ITU and TGI 1996). With important technological advances leading to decreasing costs, international telephone calls have become more frequent, though shorter, and have virtually eliminated once-competing telegraph and telex services.
Bertrand Russell: A Public Life
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Bertrand Russell was born in 1872 and died in 1970. The second volume of Ray Monk’s historically authoritative biography begins exactly halfway through the life, in 1921. It has the curious property of transcending the emotional and sympathetic limitations of its author: Russell’s greatness and indomitable force of life shine through the scrupulously researched narrative in spite of the relentless contempt and distaste with which Monk presents it. To his credit, Monk acknowledges in the preface that his attitude toward Russell may have distorted the account; but equally to his credit, I found that even with Monk’s emphases, the facts presented did not support his attitude.
Rawls and Liberalism
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

“Liberalism” means different things to different people. The term is currently used in Europe by the Left to castigate the Right for blind faith in the value of an unfettered market economy and insufficient attention to the importance of state action in realizing the values of equality and social justice. (Sometimes this usage is marked by the variants “neoliberalism” or “ultraliberalism.”) In the United States, on the other hand, the term is used by the Right to castigate the Left for unrealistic attachment to the values of social and economic equality and the too ready use of government power to pursue those ends at the cost of individual freedom and initiative. Thus American Republicans who condemn the Democrats as bleeding-heart liberals are precisely the sort of people who are condemned as heartless liberals by French Socialists.
Justice and Nature
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Justice plays a special role in political argument: To appeal to it is to claim priority over other values. Injustice is not just another cost; it is something that must be avoided, if not at all costs, then at any rate without counting the costs too carefully. If a form of inequity in social arrangements is unjust, it should not be tolerated, even if that means giving up things that may be very valuable in other ways.
Rorty’s Pragmatism
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Truth and Progress, the third volume of Richard Rorty’s philosophical essays, can be recommended not only to Rorty’s admirers and to those who regard him as a leading enemy of reason but also to anyone who wants to get a sense of a significant intellectual phenomenon. Rorty must be the contemporary anglophone philosopher most read by non philosophers.
Emotions and Freedom
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: November 2023

Once one recognizes the centrality of thought in constituting emotions, it becomes easier to appreciate the role of social, political, and cultural factors in shaping our emotional lives. If one thinks of emotions as unanalyzable feelings fixed in our biology, different social contexts might trigger those fixed feelings and different societies might value them differently, but one might readily miss the ways in which society shapes thought and so perhaps more directly shapes our emotional world.
Is Emotion a Natural Kind?
Authors: Griffiths Paul E
Published: November 2023

In Griffiths 1997 I argued that it is unlikely that all the psychological states and processes that fall under the vernacular category of emotion are sufficiently similar to one another to allow a unified scientific psychology of the emotions. The psychological, neuroscientific, and biological theories that best explain any particular subset of human emotions will not adequately explain all human emotions. In a slogan, emotions are not a natural kind (14–17; 241–47). I argued that the same is probably true of many specific emotion categories, such as anger and love (17). On some occasions when a person is properly said to be angry, certain psychological, neuroscientific, and biological theories will adequately explain what is happening to that person.
The Campaign Gains Momentum
Authors: White G Edward
Published: November 2023

In 1962 Richard Nixon lost the gubernatorial election in California, and gave an emotional speech in which he declared that the press would no longer have him to “kick around.” After Nixon’s defeat ABC News ran a program, “The Political Obituary of Richard Nixon,” in which they invited supporters and antagonists of Nixon to comment on his future. Among the invitees was Alger Hiss. When Nixon learned that Hiss was being asked to comment, he protested, as did thousands of other viewers. Some ABC network affiliates refused to run the program. The reaction was one more piece of evidence that Hiss, eight years after being released from Lewisburg, remained a convicted traitor in the minds of large numbers of the public.