bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wasser als Kältemittel
Authors: Kaden Peter
Published: March 2021

Seit 01.01.2021 werden die durch Kältemittel verursachten CO2-Emissionen auf Basis der F-Gase-Verordnung erneut deutlich reduziert. Damit die vorgegebenen Werte erreicht werden können, müssen alte Kältemittel vom Markt verschwinden. Wasser als Kältemittel stellt in diesem Zusammenhang eine ökologisch und ökonomisch nachhaltige Alternative für die Kühlung von Gebäuden, Rechenzentren und einer Vielzahl industrieller Prozesse dar. Ein Überblick.
Kann die vorhandene Heizungsanlage zur sommerlichen Raumkühlung genutzt werden?
Authors: Felsmann Clemens , Perschk Alf , Haupt Lars , Arendt Markus , Kremonke André
Published: March 2021

Insbesondere in den urbanen Ballungszentren verschärft sich während der Sommermonate die thermische Situation in den Gebäuden unterschiedlichster Nutzung nachhaltig. Verschiedene Untersuchungen (beispielsweise [1], [2], [3]) kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass dies die thermische Behaglichkeit nicht nur deutlich einschränkt, sondern auch zu signifikanten Mortalitätsraten führt. Die Realisierung eines Kühlbetriebes mit der vorhandenen Heizungsanlage kann die Überhitzung von Gebäuden deutlich mildern. Der Komfortgewinn und die damit einhergehende Wertsteigerung von Bestandsgebäuden schafft Anreize zur Modernisierung von Heizungsanlagen. Die Technische Universität Dresden untersucht die Gesamtzusammenhänge in einem Forschungsvorhaben an realen Anlagen.
Systemkonfigurator zur Dimensionierung mono- und bivalenter Wärmepumpen
Authors: Frisch Jerome , Eyhusen Doreen , van Treeck Christoph , Weck-Ponten Sebastian
Published: March 2021

Für den in der HLH Bd. 72 (2021) Nr. 01-02 beschriebenen Systemkonfigurator (GeoWPSys) zur Untersuchung der Wirtschaftlichkeit von geothermischen Wärmepumpen (WP) werden in diesem Beitrag Parameterstudien vorgestellt, in denen sowohl spezifische als auch allgemeingültige Aussagen zum Dimensionierungsprozess von Wärmepumpensystemen (WPS) erarbeitet und Praxisregeln überprüft werden.
Effectiveness Of Chemicals Against Cotton Scoop Of A Suitable Crop
Authors:   Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan, Makhmudova Shakhnoza , Ablazova Mokhichekhra ,   Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan
Published: March 2021

The article achieved the chemical efficiency of Entovant 15% em.k., 0,5 l per hectare, Vertimek, 1,8% em.k., 0,5 l, biological efficiency 89,0-90,0%. It is r ecommended to use these preparations at least 25-30 days before harvest.
Development Of The Economy Of Knowledge In Different Countries
Authors:   Associate Professor, PhD, Department Of “Economic Theory” National University Of Uzbekistan, Olimjonova Shoira , Khasankhonova Nodira Isametdinovna ,   Senior Lecturer, Department Of Economics, Tashkent Financial Institute, Index100000, Uzbekistan, Tashkent City, A.Temur Street 60a
Published: March 2021

Creating conditions for R&D in a post-industrial type of development is an extremely urgent task. Thanks to its scientific potential, the economy will be in a much more advanced position. The article examines the current state of research and development, knowledge economy and innovation. The factors of accelerated development of R&D in the knowledge economy are identified. The requirements for creating systemic prerequisites for the formation of the knowledge economy and innovation environment are discussed separately.
The Influence Of Semiconductor Leds On The Aquatic Environment And The Problems Of Developing Lighting Devices For Fish Industry Based On Them
Authors:   (DSc) Doctor Of Physical And Mathematical Sciences, Department Of ", Olimov Lutfiddin Omanovich ,   Materials Science And Technology Of New Materials",   , Andijan Machine-Building Institute, Uzbekistan, Yusupov Abdurashid Khamidillaevich ,   Doctoral Student, Andijan Machine-Building Institute, Uzbekistan
Published: March 2021

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the influence of semiconductor LEDs on the aqueous environment. It has been shown that the use of semiconductor LEDs in fish farming is the preferred source of optical radiation in the development of microorganisms in natural or open bodies of water, in particular, in the growth of functional systems as aquatic plants, fish and their larvae, as well as moderate development of zooplankton, phytoplankton, detritus, which are the natural feed base of fish and their larvae.
The Theoretical And Experimental Basis For Calculating And Justifying The Parameters And Regimes Of The Working Areas Of The Cleaning Zone Of Fibrous Materials
Authors:   (D.Sc) Doctor Of Science Tashkent Textile And Light Industry Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Djurayev Anvar Djurayevich , Daliyev Shukhrat Latibjonovich
Published: March 2021

(PhD) Doctor Of Philosophy In Technical Sciences Andijan Machine Building Institute, Andijan City, Uzbekistan
Coronary Heart Disease
Authors:   Department Of Internal Diseases No. 1 Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Nurmamadovna Ishankulova Nasiba
Published: March 2021

The article covers the etiology, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, clinical picture and treatment of coronary heart disease, provides a literature review. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the leading cause of death among women as well as men. The number of deaths due to CVD in women are greater than in men. There are significant gender-related differences concerning CVD.
Optimization Of Surgical Tactics For Treating Patients With Midrace Trauma
Authors:   Samarkand State Medical Institute Assistant Of The Department Of Maxillofacial Surgery, Uzbekistan, Shavkatovich Ahrorov Alisher , Juraxanovna Pulatova Barno ,   Samarkand State Medical Institute Assistant Of The Department Of Maxillofacial Surgery, Uzbekistan
Published: March 2021

The management of midrace trauma continues to challenge maxillofacial surgeons. The complex local anatomy and functional and cosmetic importance of the region make precise surgical correction and reconstruction essential to success. The following article aims at looking for ways for treatment of the surgery.
Features Of Non-Specific Protection Factors And Cytokine Status In Inflammatory Diseases Of The Paranasal Sinuses In Twin Children
Authors:   Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, Nurov U.I. , Ikramova F.S. ,   Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Published: March 2021

The Aim of this work was to study the functional activity of monocytes, neutrophils and cytokines in twin children with Inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses in comparison with non-twins. It was found that with various rhinosinusitis in children, phagocytic activity of monocytes in blood decrease, which causes the development of a chronic purulent focus and is characterized by an increase in monocytes with viral inclusions. In patients with Inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses, the activity of non-specific protective factors of the body is significantly reduced, which is expressed in a decrease phagocytic activity of monocytes and an increase monocyte with viral inclusions, which is more evidently in twin children than in non-twin children. Serum cytokines in children with Inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses were significantly increased in relation to the data of healthy children. In children-twins and non - twins, the parameters of anti-inflammatory cytokines changed in different directions.
Peculiarities Of The Current Of Acute Bronchopulmonary Diseases In Children With Adverse Premorbid Condition
Authors:   Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, Shamsutdinov A.S. , Akhmedova N.Sh. ,   Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, Abdullaeva U.K. ,   Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Published: March 2021

The article also examines the consequences of family relations, the health and age of the mother, the course of pregnancy, premorbid background in the form of childhood rickets, anemia, the state of the immune status in acute pneumonia, bronchiolitis, obstructive bronchitis in children. Sociopathic families and children with dangerous factors are more likely to suffer from acute respiratory infections, fever, shortness of breath, prolonged coughing and pathological changes in the lungs. Compared to 2014, the incidence of pneumonia decreased by 22.7%, and the number of children with obstructive syndrome increased from 33.4% to 47.5%.
Linguistic And Extralinguistic Factors In The Formation Of Phrases In The English And Uzbek Languages
Authors:   Lecturer, Andijan State University, Andijan, Uzbekistan, Tursunova N.F.
Published: March 2021

This article discusses the influence of internal and external language factors in the formation of English and Uzbek phrases. In both languages, the influence of habitat, flora, fauna and poultry, national costumes, food, and religious values on the formation of phraseological units is studied. It is argued that each of these phraseological units, which represent the national-cultural feature of different structural languages, can become a separate research topic.
Innovative Technologies In Education: Development Trends, Prospects
Authors:   Senior Lecturer, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Uzbekistan, Abdusattorovna Mirboboeva Gulhayo
Published: March 2021

This article describes the study of innovative educational technologies and pedagogical principles, the effective use of modern interactive teaching methods in the educational process. The effective methods of innovative technologies in strengthening the knowledge of students studying in higher educational institutions are analysed. The formation of stable theoretical knowledge and professional skills increases the effectiveness of the educational process. For this purpose, proposals and recommendations on new pedagogical technologies in the educational process have been developed.
Higher Education And Training In Uzbekistan On The Eve Of Independence
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Candidate Of Historical Sciences, National University Of Uzbekistan Named After Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Siddikov Ravshan
Published: March 2021

The article analyzes the situation in the system of higher education and national training of the Republic of Uzbekistan during the policy of "reconstruction" in the second half of the 80s of the XX century, the problems in the field and its causes. The first steps taken by the new leadership of Uzbekistan to address the problems in the field and the changes made have been highlighted.
Professional Training Is An Incentive For Moral And Aesthetic Education
Authors:   Candidate Of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor Of The Department Of Music, Faculty Of Art History, Bukhara State University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, Madrimov Bahram Khudoinazarovich
Published: March 2021

Each profession has its own characteristics, and the profession of a music teacher has its own secrets and requirements. The uniqueness of the professional competencies of the future teacher is reflected in the fact that they are aimed at enriching the inner world of students in the music sphere with spiritual values and content that are reflected in the works of musical art. Professional spiritual competences reflect the specificity and spiritual nature of the practice of musical pedagogy. Their formation is one of the most pressing problems inherent in the modern system of music education, and is a prerequisite for determining the effectiveness of the professional activity of a music teacher and his educational work with children.
The Issue Of Structural Classification Of Legal Terms
Authors:   Lecturer At Specialized Branch Of Tashkent State University Of Law, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Sabirova Ezoza
Published: March 2021

Criteria for distinguishing types according to the form of words are different from structurally grouping of terms. Depending on the differences of the term from other lexical units, in particular, the fact that it can be formed on the basis of syntactic connection, and the units that make up the term also have a special meaning, groups of legal terms based their structural features are highlighted in the article.
Reforms Of The Western Turkish Khanate In The Chach Administration
Authors:   Teacher, Department Of ", Muhamedov Yoqubjon ,   Archeology",   , National University Of Uzbekistan Named After Mirzo Ulugbek
Published: March 2021

The article discusses some of the issues related to the reforms of the Western Turkic Khanate in the early Middle Ages under Chach, based on written sources and archeological (mainly numismatic) materials, as well as research on the history of the oasis in recent years. In particular, the existence of administrative or political governance in the Chach oasis management system during this period, the location of the administrative centers, the reforms carried out by the khanate in the management of the oasis, and the methods and tools used in oasis management among researchers were analyzed. The article also provides a detailed analysis of the history of Chach's administrative reforms by the Western Turkic Khanate on the basis of scientific sources, especially numismatic materials.
Brachiopod macrofaunal distribution through the upper Volkhov – lower Kunda (Lower Ordovician) rocks, Lynna River, St. Petersburg region
Authors: Hansen Jesper , Harper David A.T.
Published: March 2021

The ranges of 27 brachiopod species, through the upper Volkhov-lower Kunda interval of the Lynna River section, are presented on the basis of over 17,500 specimens. Three depth-related ecological associations are recognized within the succession of alternating limestones and marls forming part of an array of nearshore to mid-shelf communities in an intracratonic setting. Faunal diversity is relatively stable throughout the section with little evidence for abrupt local extinctions or originations. The dominant orthoid and clitambonitoid assemblages, however, form the basis of the distinctive Baltic brachiopod province developed during this time interval.
Stratigraphy and depositional evolution of the uppermost Oligocene –Miocene succession in western Denmark
Authors: Rasmussen Erik Skovbjerg
Published: March 2021

The uppermost Oligocene – Miocene succession in Denmark is subdivided into six depositional sequences. The development of the succession was controlled both by tectonic movements and eustatic sea-level changes. Tectonic movements generated a topography, which influenced the depositional pattern especially during low sea level. This resulted in sediment by-pass on elevated areas and the confinement of fluvial systems to structural lows. Structural highs further created restricted depositional environments behind the highs during low sea level. The structural highs were also the locus for sandy spit deposits during transgression and high sea level. Initially sediment supply was from the north and north-east but shifted within the Middle Miocene to an easterly direction indicating a significant basin reorganisation at this time. Eustatic sea-level changes mainly controlledthe timing of sequence boundary development and the overall architecture of the sequences.Consequently, the most coarse-grained sediments were deposited within the forced regressive wedge systems tract, the lowstand systems tract and the early transgressive systems tract. The most distinct progradation occurred in the Aquitanian (Lower Miocene) and was associated with a cold period in central Europe.The subsequent rise of sea level until the Serravallian (Middle Miocene) resulted in an overall back-stepping stacking pattern of the sequences and in decreasing incision.
Physiochemical synthesis of Silver/Kaolinite nanocomposites and study their antibacterial properties
Authors: Moosa Salmah , Mohd Faisol Mahadeven Anis Nadia , Shameli Kamyar
Published: March 2021

Silver nanocomposites (Ag NCs) were prepared by two methods, chemical and physical synthesis using sodium borohydride and gamma irradiation as a reducing tool. A one-step silver/kaolinite nanocomposite (Ag/Kln NCs) synthesis method has been developed successfully by irradiation technique at room temperature and under ambient pressure. The Ag/Kln NCs produced by the ?-irradiation technique is pure without chemical residues, has a good distribution with enhanced antibacterial properties, and environmentally friendly. The effects of various experimental parameters on the formation of NCs, such as the concentration of Ag+ and the irradiation dose, have been investigated. A study on antimicrobial susceptibility was undertaken to determine the antibacterial properties of Ag NCs in the presence of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The susceptibility of the microorganisms to varying concentrations of Ag NCs synthesized via physical synthesis using gamma irradiation was compared to those synthesized chemically. Concentrations of Ag NCs used were 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, and 10 % for chemical synthesis and irradiation doses used for physical synthesis were 7, 13, 20, 30, 40, 50, 65 and 80 kGy. Observation on well diffusion variant showed a significantly large zone of inhibition for physically synthesized NCs, (63 to 107% relative to control) which indicates high antimicrobial activity. Chemically synthesized NCs using the same experimental set up however showed a significantly smaller zone of inhibition. The Ag/Kln NCs in 20kGy showed higher antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. These suggest that Ag/Kln NCs can be employed as an effective bacteria inhibitor and can be applied in the medical field.
Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Passive Heat Storage System with Microencapsulated Paraffin Wax for Thermoelectric Generation
Authors: Nazer Mohamed , Rostam Muhammad Fadzrul Hafidz , Eh Noum Se Yong , Hajibeigy Mohammad Taghi , Shameli Kamyar
Published: March 2021

The depletion of non-renewable energy sources and negative effects towards the environment push research towards the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources such as solar energy. The main drawback of solar panels is that temperatures above 27°C will result in an efficiency drop of 0.1-0.5%/°C. In previous studies, usage of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems was mainly for the purpose of heating water, warming buildings, and drying crops. This research will focus on the usage of a standalone PVT and thermoelectric generator (TEG) system whereby it uses heat extracted from the PVT system for thermoelectric generation. A passive standalone PVT-TEG system design with microencapsulated paraffin wax as a phase change material (PCM) as a heat storage medium was created. The heat stored in the PCM is used as a heat source for thermoelectric generation. To extract the heat from the PV panel, an aluminum heatsink underneath the PV panel is used as a heat absorber to passively extract heat without external power sources. This setup reduces the surface temperature by 22.7°C. Transient thermal analysis and thermoelectric simulation of the system was conducted through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) using ANSYS 2019 software. The error recorded between the experimental and simulation results was 4.2%. This proposed system panel successfully increased the electrical efficiency of the PV panel by approximately 12.8%, where the overall electrical power produced shows a significant increase from 7.7W to 17.7W.
Remote Rehabilitation of Patients with Impaired Motor Functions in Cerebral Pathology
Authors: Yastrebtseva Irina P. , Daminov Vadim D. , Deryabkina Lydia Yu. , Vyalkova Svetlana V. , Makshantsevа Ksenia V.
Published: March 2021

Introduction. After passing the inpatient rehabilitation program, patients often experience a regression of the results achieved due to the low activity of outpatient rehabilitation. The solution to this problem is the introduction of remote rehabilitation programs.
Purpose. To analyze the results of remote patients’ rehabilitation with impaired motor functions in cerebral stroke using Steps Reabil software.
Material and methods. 32 patients with stroke were examined at the ISMA clinic. They were randomly assigned to a group of patients who continued a remote course of kinesotherapy using the Steps Reabil program for 3 months. (Steps Reabil group, n = 14) and to the group of people who received recommendations on therapeutic exercises for homework and were not appealing to this software (comparison group, n = 18). At the time of discharge, 1 and 3 months into, the capabilities were evaluated according to the Frenchay, «Stand up and go» tests, the Rivermead mobility index and Hauser Ambulation Index, the Berg Balance Scale, and the EuroQol-5D quality of life questionnaire.
Results. When comparing the initial results in the study groups, a statistically significant difference was found between the indicators on the Berg Balance Scale (the indicators were lower in the Steps Rehabil group), but the differences were leveled out after 3 months. When comparing the results in the Steps Reabil group at discharge and after 3 months, there was an improvement as of the Berg Balance Scale, the Rivermead mobility index and the Hauser Ambulation Index, and the Frenchay arm test. In the comparison group, from the moment of discharge and 3 months into, the results on the Berg Balance Scale improved (p <0.05).
Conclusion. The functioning of patients who continued rehabilitation kinesiotherapeutic measures using modern information technologies continues to improve effectively in everyday life. Remote rehabilitation for 3 months is much more effective than short-term
monthly, which indicates the need for continuous controlled rehabilitation measures. The Berg Balance Scale is especially sensitive in assessing the functional capabilities of patients.
Writing Errors in Broca’s and Wernicke’s Aphasias as a Manifestation of Functional Strategies for Writing
Authors: Ivanova Elena G. , Skvortsov Anatoly А. , Mikadze Yuri V.
Published: March 2021

The research is devoted to the study of functional rearrangements in the structure of agraphia syndrome, depending on the content of the written task.
Aim: To identify the variability of writing disorders in sensory and motor efferent agraphia in the conditions of performing different types of writing in terms of functional orientation.
Materials and methods. The study involved 51 participants with post stroke aphasia and agraphia (29 people with with Wernicke aphasia). The severity of speech syndromes ranged from mild to moderate. All patients were right-handed. The native language for all participants was Russian. The study was carried out on the basis of inpatient departments of the Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation in Moscow. Experimental methods included specially designed tasks that actualize the communicative, mnestic and regulatory functions of written speech. The productivity of writing when performing these tasks was compared with the assessment of the performance of diagnostic tasks traditionally used in clinical practice. Written errors were assessed at the level of individual graphemes, words and sentences. Statistical error analysis was carried out by intraindividual comparison of errors using nonparametric Chi-square tests and Wilcoxon’s test with subsequent correction for multiple comparisons using the Holm-Bonferroni method.
Results. It was shown that in the group of patients with sensory agraphia, changes in the error structure were leading due to the increased load on the operation of auditory-speech analysis. In the group of patients with efferent motor dissociation agraphia identified when comparing different kinds of syntax errors. A common pattern for both groups was the use of compensatory strategies that optimize the writing process. Patients of both groups resorted to elliptical (incomplete, abbreviated) writing, used phrases of simple syntactic constructions, trying to reduce the number of written errors. The patients also resorted to a high variability of the communicative task, choosing the vocabulary that was most solidified in the past experience, which made it possible to avoid writing errors.
Conclusion. Writing errors due to aphatic syndromes can be not only a manifestation of structural disorders of the component structure of speech function, but also a manifestation of the action of functional strategies of written communication.
A D-term Modeling Code (DMC) for Simultaneous Calibration and Full-Stokes Imaging of Very Long Baseline Interferometric Data
Authors: Pesce Dominic W.
Published: March 2021

In this paper we present DMC, a model and associated tool for polarimetric imaging of very long baseline interferometry data sets that simultaneously reconstructs the full-Stokes emission structure along with the station-based gain and leakage calibration terms. DMC formulates the imaging problem in terms of posterior exploration, which is achieved using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampling. The resulting posterior distribution provides a natural quantification of uncertainty in both the image structure and the data calibration. We run DMC on both synthetic and real data sets, the results of which demonstrate its ability to accurately recover both the image structure and calibration quantities, as well as to assess their corresponding uncertainties. The framework underpinning DMC is flexible, and its specific implementation is under continued development.
The Photospheric Footpoints of Solar Coronal Hole Jets
Authors: Muglach K.
Published: March 2021

We study the photospheric footpoints of a set of 35 coronal jets in a coronal hole as observed by Hinode/EIS. We use SDO/AIA data to coalign the spectroscopic EIS data with SDO/HMI line-of-sight magnetograms and calculate the plane-of-sky flow field using local correlation tracking (LCT) on SDO/HMI white light images. The jets are put into categories according to the changes observed in the photospheric magnetic flux at the footpoints of the coronal bright point where the jets originate: flux cancellation, complex flux changes (flux appearance/emergence and cancellation), and no flux changes. We also present three jets in detail. Observed magnetic flux evolution, LCT flow field structure and location of the jet footpoints at supergranular boundaries do not support the flux emergence scenario used in most jet simulations and are also not consistent with a rotational photospheric driver. Detailed numerical jet simulations using our observed photospheric features, in particular converging flows and flux cancellation do not currently exist, although such models would provide a realistic eruptive event scenario.
Relationship between Polytropic Index and Temperature Anisotropy in Space Plasmas
Authors: Livadiotis G. , Nicolaou G.
Published: March 2021

The paper develops a theoretical relationship between the polytropic index and the temperature anisotropy that may characterize space plasmas. The derivation is based on the correlation among the kinetic energies of particles with velocities described by anisotropic kappa distributions. The correlation coefficient depends on the effective dimensionality of the velocity distribution, which is determined by the temperature anisotropy caused by the ambient magnetic field; on the other hand, the effective dimensionality is directly dependent on the polytropic index. This analysis leads to the connection between the correlation coefficient, effective dimensionality of the velocity space, and the polytropic index, with the temperature anisotropy. Moreover, a data and statistical analysis is performed to test the developed model in the solar wind proton plasma near 1 au. The derived theoretical relationship is in good agreement with observations, showing that the lowest and classical value of the adiabatic polytropic index occurs in the isotropic case, while higher values of the adiabatic index characterize more anisotropic plasmas. Finally, possible extensions of the theory considering (i) nonadiabatic polytropic behavior and (ii) more general distributions, are further discussed.
2-aminooxazole in Astrophysical Environments: IR Spectra and Destruction Cross Sections for Energetic Processing
Authors: Maté Belén , Carrasco-Herrera Ricardo , Timón Vicente , Tanarro Isabel , Herrero Victor J. , Carrascosa Héctor , Muñoz Caro Guillermo M. , González-Díaz Cristóbal , Jiménez-Serra Izaskun
Published: March 2021

2-aminooxazole (2AO), a N-heterocyclic molecule, has been proposed as an intermediate in prebiotic syntheses. It has been demonstrated that it can be synthesized from small molecules such as cyanamide and glycoaldehyde, which are present in interstellar space. The aim of this work is to provide infrared (IR) spectra, in the solid phase for conditions typical of astrophysical environments and to estimate its stability toward UV photons and cosmic rays. IR (4000–600 cm−1) absorption spectra at 20 K, 180 K, and 300 K, IR band strengths, and room-temperature UV (120–250 nm) absorption spectra are given for the first time for this species. Destruction cross sections of ≈9.5 10−18 cm2 and ≈2 10−16 cm2 were found in the irradiation at 20 K of pure 2AO and 2AO:H2O ices with UV (6.3–10.9 eV) photons or 5 keV electrons, respectively. These data were used to estimate half-life times for the molecule in different environments. It is estimated that 2AO could survive UV radiation and cosmic rays in the ice mantles of dense clouds beyond cloud collapse. In contrast, it would be very unstable on the surface of cold solar system bodies like Kuiper Belt objects, but the molecule could still survive within dust grain agglomerates or cometesimals.
Astrochemical Significance of the P + SO Reaction: Spectroscopic Characterization of SPO, PSO, and SOP Isomers
Authors: Trabelsi Tarek , Plane John M. C. , Francisco Joseph S.
Published: March 2021

The doublet and quartet potential energy surfaces for the P + SO → PO + S reaction are explored using the highly accurate explicit correlation multireference configuration interaction method, and the reaction is found to be thermodynamically favorable, with an exothermicity value of 70.5 kJ mol−1. The electronic structure, spectra, and bond dissociation energies of the intermediates involved in the reaction, such as SPO, PSO, and SOP, are calculated using high-level quantum chemistry methods. An explanation of the nondetection of the diatomic SP is proposed. At pressures relevant to astrochemistry, the reaction is overwhelmingly bimolecular, with a predicted rate coefficient of 2.1 × 10−10 (T/300)−0.23 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The results from this study are expected to aid in the spectroscopic detection of these new species in the laboratory and the interstellar medium.
SDSS-IV MaNGA: The Radial Profile of Enhanced Star Formation in Close Galaxy Pairs
Authors: Steffen Joshua L. , Fu Hai , Comerford J. M. , Dai 戴 Y. Sophia 昱 , Feng Shuai , Gross Arran C. , Xue Rui
Published: March 2021

We compare the radial profiles of the specific star formation rate (sSFR) in a sample of 169 star-forming galaxies in close pairs with those of mass-matched control galaxies in the SDSS-IV MaNGA survey. We find that the sSFR is centrally enhanced (within one effective radius) in interacting galaxies by ∼0.3 dex and that there is a weak sSFR suppression in the outskirts of the galaxies of ∼0.1 dex. We stack the difference profiles for galaxies in five stellar-mass bins in the range log(M/M
⊙) = 9.0–11.5 and find that the sSFR enhancement has no dependence on the stellar mass. The same result is obtained when comparison galaxies are matched to each paired galaxy in both stellar mass and redshift. In addition, we find that the sSFR enhancement is elevated in pairs with nearly equal masses and closer projected separations, in agreement with previous work based on single-fiber spectroscopy. We also find that the sSFR offsets in the outskirts of the paired galaxies are dependent on whether the galaxy is the more-massive or less-massive companion in the pair. The more-massive companion experiences zero to a positive sSFR enhancement, while the less-massive companion experiences sSFR suppression in their outskirts. Our results illustrate the complex tidal effects on star formation in closely paired galaxies.
Contemporaneous Multiwavelength and Precovery Observations of the Active Centaur P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)
Authors: Kareta Theodore , Woodney Laura M. , Schambeau Charles , Fernandez Yanga , Pinto Olga Harrington , Wierzchos Kacper , Womack M. , Bus S. J. , Steckloff Jordan , Sarid Gal , Volk Kathryn , Harris Walter M. , Reddy Vishnu
Published: March 2021

The Gateway Centaur and Jupiter co-orbital P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS) provides the first opportunity to observe the migration of a solar system small body from a Centaur orbit to a Jupiter Family Comet (JFC) four decades from now. The Gateway transition region is beyond where water ice can power cometary activity, and coma production there is as poorly understood as in all Centaurs. We present contemporaneous multiwavelength observations of LD2 from 2020 July 2–4: Gemini North visible imaging, NASA IRTF near-infrared spectroscopy, and ARO Submillimeter Telescope millimeter-wavelength spectroscopy. Precovery DECam images limit the nucleus’s effective radius to ≤1.2 km and no large outbursts were seen in archival Catalina Sky Survey observations. LD2's coma has

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, a dust-production rate of ∼10–20 kg s−1, and an outflow velocity between v ∼ 0.6–3.3 m s−1. We did not detect CO toward LD2 on 2020 July 2–3, with a 3σ upper limit of Q(CO) < 4.4 × 1027 mol s−1 (⪅ 200 kg s−1). Near-infrared spectra show evidence for water ice at the 1%–10% level depending on grain size. Spatial profiles and archival data are consistent with sustained activity. The evidence supports the hypothesis that LD2 is a typical small Centaur that will become a typical JFC, and thus, it is critical to understanding the transition between these two populations. Finally, we discuss potential strategies for a community-wide, long-baseline monitoring effort.
Du constructivisme au naturalisme ontologique. L’itinéraire intellectuel de Lukács à la lumière des questionnements écologiques contemporains
Authors: Haug Timothée
Published: March 2021

Cet article relit l’itinéraire conduisant Lukács d’un constructivisme fort à un naturalisme plus prononcé à la lumière des débats écologiques contemporains polarisés par l’opposition entre naturalisme et antinaturalisme. La critique de la naturalisation des phénomènes sociaux conduit dans Histoire et conscience de classe à disqualifier tout concept de nature ; ce constructivisme fort empêche la première philosophie de la praxis de problématiser les rapports écologiques entre nature et société. À l’inverse, Ontologie de l’être social interroge le conditionnement naturel de la praxis humaine. Si le dernier Lukács souligne la contradiction possible entre les finalités de l’agir humain et la toile causale naturelle où il s’inscrit, sa conception optimiste de l’histoire évacue en même temps l’éventualité d’une crise écologique du capitalisme.
De la flânerie. Un improbable dialogue entre F.W. Taylor et W. Benjamin
Authors: Rappin Baptiste
Published: March 2021

La flânerie offre un pont qui relie les rives de la gestion et de la philosophie. Cet article clarifie d’abord le sens de la flânerie chez Taylor, sa distinction entre flâneries naturelle et systématique, et l’attention spécifique porté par Taylor à cette dernière, collective, organisée et sournoise, donc plus difficilement rationalisable. Il confronte ensuite Taylor aux réflexions de Benjamin s’attachant aux métamorphoses du flâneur dans le Paris du xix e  siècle, pour interroger enfin l’ambiguïté de la flânerie et son potentiel révolutionnaire : pour Taylor, la maîtrise du désir devient l’objet même du management ; pour Benjamin, la flânerie apparaît comme l’une des dernières possibilités de voir éclater l’espace-temps homogène de la Fin de l’Histoire. Le management contemporain clôt cette tension en intégrant les actions et les pensées des travailleurs dans de multiples boucles de rétroaction.
Le renouveau religieux en Corée du Nord
Authors: Morillot Juliette
Published: March 2021

La Corée du Nord est réputée pour être un pays où toute pratique religieuse a été éradiquée. Si, en effet, les grandes religions traditionnelles – bouddhisme, christianisme catholique et protestant – ont quasiment disparu, ce n’est pas le cas d’autres formes plus anciennes. Pour diverses raisons, on assiste, en effet, à une résurgence du chamanisme, une religion où les femmes jouent un rôle central.
L’éducation à l’heure de l’Anthropocène
Authors: Hétier Renaud , Wallenhorst Nathanaël
Published: March 2021

L’Anthropocène est sans conteste le mot du XXI e siècle. C’est le nom de la nouvelle époque géologique dans laquelle nous sommes, compte tenu de l’impact des humains sur le « système Terre ». Pour imager simplement la complexité de cette nouvelle époque géologique, il est possible de dire que l’Anthropocène est un feu. Cet article explore ensuite un contre-feu, en proposant un style d’éducation à la hauteur des défis de l’Anthropocène.
La messe en temps de confinement
Authors: Chauvet Louis-Marie
Published: March 2021

Les restrictions sur les messes, du fait du confinement, ont provoqué un certain nombre de débats dans l’Église catholique. Mais ce peut être l’occasion de réfléchir à la place de l’eucharistie dans la vie chrétienne, qui s’inscrit dans un ensemble qui comprend l’écoute de la parole de Dieu et une éthique de vie conforme à l’Évangile. La restriction sur le sacrement peut aider à redécouvrir l’importance de ces deux composantes tout aussi essentielles.
Vers une Église synodale
Authors: Czerny Michael
Published: March 2021

Le pape François envisage la tenue d’un synode sur la « synodalité ». Cela s’inscrit dans une nouvelle conscience ecclésiale qui prenne vraiment au sérieux le « sacerdoce commun des fidèles ». Tous les membres de l’Église doivent en devenir davantage coresponsables. Une attention particulière est accordée à la promotion humaine des pauvres et à la sauvegarde de la création.
Recenser la population dans une région russe pendant la guerre civile (1918-1921). L’expérience des statisticiens dans la région de la Moyenne Volga
Authors: Mespoulet Martine
Published: March 2021

Dès leur arrivée au pouvoir, les dirigeants bolcheviques décidèrent de créer une administration d’État de la statistique, à Moscou et dans les régions. Un premier recensement eut lieu fin 1918, plusieurs autres suivirent en 1919 et 1920, pendant la guerre civile. Les difficultés de toutes sortes rencontrées par les statisticiens pour mener à bien leurs opérations d’enquête sur le terrain, en particulier dans une région fortement touchée par les combats, éclairent les difficultés d’organisation d’une administration d’État dans une région éloignée de Moscou, marquée par le chaos de la guerre civile et une profonde désorganisation de la vie quotidienne. En proie aux épidémies et à la famine, la province de Saratov, située dans la Moyenne Volga, fournit un bon cas d’étude.
D’un conflit à l’autre : les traumatismes de guerre en Russie et en Union Soviétique (1904-1945)
Authors: Dufaud Grégory
Published: March 2021

Depuis 20 ans, les travaux sur les traumatismes de guerre en Russie puis en Union soviétique se sont développés. L’objectif de cet article est de mettre à plat les études livrées sur la période qui va de la guerre russo-japonaise à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Comment cet objet a-t‑il été progressivement défini ? Selon quelles approches ? Pour répondre à ces questions, cet article suivra pas à pas les analyses les plus significatives, qui ont d’abord avancé l’absence du traumatisme de guerre avant de révéler la pluralité d’interprétations à l’endroit des troubles acquis en situation de conflit. On proposera deux explications à cette évolution : le glissement opéré de l’histoire de la culture vers l’histoire de la médecine ; une plus grande attention des historiens aux phénomènes dans leur contexte et une volonté de les appréhender au plus près des acteurs.
Pour une histoire de la sortie de guerre froide : le cas du retrait des troupes soviétiques d’Allemagne (1990-1994)
Authors: Momzikoff Sophie
Published: March 2021

De 1991 à 1994, l’armée russe conduit ce qui est souvent décrit comme la plus grande opération logistique depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : le retrait du groupement occidental de ses forces du territoire allemand. Pourtant, ces troupes n’ont pas été défaites au cours d’une bataille, leur départ ne suit aucun acte de capitulation, et sa gestion est très largement financée par la nouvelle Allemagne. Pour mieux saisir les raisons de ce retrait, de même que sa mise en œuvre marquée par la coopération, il convient de l’inscrire dans un processus plus large : celui d’une « sortie de guerre froide » concertée, témoignant d’un brouillage des catégories traditionnelles de vainqueur et vaincu, reflétant par là même toute la complexité du conflit qui vient d’être mené.
L’Afrique des pauvretés à l’heure du COVID-19
Authors: Courade Georges
Published: March 2021

En 2020, l’Afrique reste le continent le plus pauvre de la planète, pauvreté que combat l’aide internationale qui la définit avec ses normes et outils. Fait social total, la pauvreté en Afrique s’inscrit dans l’histoire des sociétés sans État protecteur si bien qu’il faut dépasser les approches habituelles pour la comprendre. Si le COVID-19 ne semble pas avoir eu l’impact qu’il a eu ailleurs, les vulnérabilités de ce continent mondialisé mettent à l’épreuve une « résilience » hors du commun.
États-Unis : la pauvreté au pays de la richesse
Authors: Mitra Sophie
Published: March 2021

La pauvreté aux États-Unis ne fait pas partie du débat public, mais elle n’y est pas rare. À la fin des années 2010, elle n’affectait sous toutes ses formes pas moins de 20 % de la population. Les aides sociales sont modestes, mais des recherches récentes montrent que le système de protection sociale a été relativement efficace pour réduire la pauvreté depuis la fin des années 1960. Son aggravation dans le contexte du COVID-19 appelle à des réformes structurelles pour envisager de l’éradiquer.
Qu’attendre de l’ONU aujourd’hui ?
Authors: Guéhenno Jean-Marie
Published: March 2021

L’ONU n’a sans doute plus ni la légitimité ni les moyens d’imposer la paix dans un monde qui ne ressemble plus à celui de 1945. Et la réforme de ses institutions centrales est hors d’atteinte. Mais elle peut s’inscrire dans l’avenir, en continuant à aider à résoudre nombre de problèmes concrets. À travers ses diverses institutions spécialisées, l’ONU pourra ainsi s’adapter à un monde dont les enjeux et les acteurs ont connu des mutations fondamentales depuis la Charte de 1945.
Que peuvent faire les Nations unies au XXI e siècle ?
Authors: Bermann Sylvie
Published: March 2021

Après le printemps des années 1990, l’ONU connaît un temps de reflux : retrait des Occidentaux des Opérations de maintien de la paix, minage de l’Organisation par les États-Unis, retour aux vétos au Conseil de sécurité… Sa réforme paraît aujourd’hui à la fois nécessaire pour l’adapter aux mutations du monde, et improbable, au moins pour la composition du Conseil de sécurité. Elle demeure le seul espace de dialogue universel pour des questions comme l’environnement ou les droits de l’homme.
Regards psychologiques sur les modalités écologiques d’amélioration de l’homme sous contrainte
Authors: Trousselard Marion
Published: March 2021

Le groupe de travail A s’est penché plus spécifiquement sur l’augmentation des capacités cognitives et le soutien psychologique du futur combattant. Cette étude s’organise en 3 parties : la méthodologie de sa réflexion et les résultats obtenus, le cadre théorique scientifique sur lequel il est possible de s’appuyer et les études complémentaires à envisager, et enfin quelques illustrations à partir de la veille scientifique, technologique et industrielle en cours. Cette contribution doit permettre d’apprécier les fonctions à considérer prioritairement, comment les aborder et en s’appuyant sur quelles innovations technologiques.
Soldats et environnements augmentés : une approche éthique fondamentale
Authors: Lambert Dominique
Published: March 2021

En analysant la signification du concept d’augmentation du soldat, on distingue augmentation du combattant lui-même et augmentation de son environnement. Cela permet ensuite de chercher les critères qui permettraient d’évaluer leur caractère licite ou non, en se fondant sur deux principes régulateurs : le respect des limites propres de l’humain et le respect de la réalité des situations et de la vérité des informations. Il faut viser un soldat aidé et non pas écrasé, un soldat informé et non pas un combattant trompé.
Augmentation individuelle du sportif et comparaison avec le monde militaire
Authors: Labedade Jean-Paul
Published: March 2021

Tout comme le soldat, le sportif s’augmente en permanence et relève, grâce à cela, des défis de plus en plus importants. La créativité dont il fait preuve en ce domaine est sans limite. Cependant, l’éthique et la déontologie des professionnels qui les entourent tentent de sauvegarder l’esprit du sport.
Conclusions et mise en perspective
Authors: Godart Patrick
Published: March 2021

Face au changement de paradigme que représente l’inéluctable et bénéfique augmentation des capacités humaines se pose, pour le soldat, la question de sa diminution face au possible danger de l’altération de ses capacités cognitives. Notamment par la dépossession de son intelligence par une autre forme d’intelligence dite artificielle, laquelle pourrait supplanter ses capacités d’analyse et le mener vers un état d’« ignorance artificielle ».
L’impact des systèmes robotiques militaires pour l’armée de Terre et les enjeux liés à leur autonomie
Authors: Beaudouin Charles
Published: March 2021

L’armée de Terre s’engage sur le chemin de la robotisation pour accroître ses capacités opérationnelles, mais les systèmes robotiques militaires semi-autonomes seront déployés sous le contrôle d’un chef militaire pour des fonctions non létales.
Essai sur les nouveaux usages robotiques
Authors: de Boisboissel Gérard
Published: March 2021

Nouveaux outils et nouveaux pions tactiques pour le combattant, les systèmes robotiques vont progressivement révolutionner les usages militaires de demain.
Les futurs systèmes de drones
Authors: Moschetta Jean-Marc
Published: March 2021

La miniaturisation croissante des systèmes laisse présager que les futurs systèmes de drones seront à la fois plus compacts, plus intelligents et plus envahissants. Ils pourront ainsi être opérés non individuellement mais par vagues ou par essaims.
Peut-on élaborer une politique éthique du véhicule autonome ?
Authors: Perrin Jérôme
Published: March 2021

L’introduction dans la vie courante de robots et de systèmes autonomes dotés d’intelligence artificielle fait l’objet d’une médiatisation accélérée et de débats sur les dilemmes éthiques. Cet article analyse différents aspects contextuels et dynamiques de l’usage de véhicules autonomes, et propose des pistes de travail spécifiques et des recommandations en vue de l’élaboration d’une « politique éthique du véhicule autonome » à l’ensemble des acteurs concernés de la filière automobile.
Les problématiques de l’évaluation et de la certification des systèmes robotiques autonomes
Authors: Delaborde Agnès
Published: March 2021

L’éthique de l’intelligence artificielle vise à protéger l’utilisateur et la société. Dans quelle mesure est-il possible de valider que les comportements d’un robot sont éthiques ? Tour d’horizon des principes de la certification et de l’évaluation des systèmes autonomes.
Éthique et machines autonomes : esquisse d’un discernement
Authors: Lambert Dominique
Published: March 2021

La constitution d’un algorithme est une activité porteuse d’une charge éthique. Or, les limites d’une éthique algorithmique montrent la place irréductible de l’acteur humain responsable. Il faut donc proposer, en matière de régulation éthique des systèmes autonomes, des critères de discernement basés sur un concept d’autonomie finalisée et responsable.