bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing online rapport experience via augmented reality
Authors: Huang Tseng-Lung , Mathews Shane , Chou Cindy Yunhsin
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to draws on self-determination and self-evaluation theories to examine the psychological factors impacted by augmented reality (AR) services, an augmented reality try-on system. This study highlights three characteristics of modality, synchronous sense or ownership and re-processability within an AR try-on experiences as well as the moderating effects of consumers’ body surveillance and fashion consciousness.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a scenario survey approach, this study designs characteristics of an AR try-on system to examine the research model and the hypotheses. A total of 207 responses are collected and analysed using the SmartPLS 3 statistical software.

Findings

The results show that modality, synchronous sense of ownership control and re-processability of AR try-on system positively affect consumer’s rapport experience. Both body surveillance and fashion consciousness significantly moderate the effects of AR try-on service system characteristics on consumer rapport experience.

Research limitations/implications

This study highlights the importance of understanding the implications of the evolution of cyborg consumerism where consumer technology interface systems such as AR, as a source of technologically mediated modality, become part of the consumer’s body, an extension of their body if you will.

Practical implications

Based on the study findings, marketing managers can understand how to better use AR to implement digital promotional strategies for various body-involvement products.

Originality/value

Using immersive technologies, this study shows that AR allows a consumer see an authentic self and tangible extension of their physical self in an online shopping setting, thus enhancing a consumer’s online shopping experience.
The whys and hows of academic library space assessment: a case study
Authors: Trembach Stan , Blodgett Jayne , Epperson Annie , Floersch Natasha
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to advocate for change in academic library space assessment and use philosophy in favor of a more user-centered approach emphasizing space designed for and by users themselves. This goal is achieved by analyzing the implementation of a recent space assessment project at the University of Northern Colorado Libraries to investigate specific patterns of library space utilization.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents a case study for which data were collected through a multi-method approach, including flip chart and whiteboard questions, brief semi-structured “tabling” interviews, and more in-depth “roving” interviews.

Findings

The current library literature on space assessment does not encompass broader, more holistic approaches to how library space is used by students, faculty, staff and community users. The findings from this study highlight the diversity of ways patrons may use an academic library, many of which are related to academic work. However, visitors also come to the library for other purposes, such as socializing or attending an event. It is imperative that the space be adequately equipped to meet varied visitor needs and to create a welcoming environment for all patrons.

Originality/value

The paper has several implications for planning and managing the operations of medium-sized academic libraries. It contributes to the larger conversation in higher education about the importance of user research for enhancing visitor experience through data-informed decision-making. Furthermore, the project it details is not an isolated assessment effort but part of the library’s ongoing space assessment work.
How community-based social enterprises struggle with representation and accountability
Authors: Kleinhans Reinout , Bailey Nick , Lindbergh Jessica
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Community-based social enterprises (CBSEs), a spatially defined subset of social enterprise, are independent, not-for-profit organisations managed by community members and committed to delivering long-term benefits to local people. CBSEs respond to austerity and policy reforms by providing services, jobs and other amenities for residents in deprived communities, thus contributing to neighbourhood regeneration. This paper aims to develop a better understanding of how CBSEs perceive accountability, how they apply it in the management and representation of their business and why.

Design/methodology/approach

Nine case studies of CBSEs across three European countries (England, the Netherlands and Sweden) are analysed, using data from semi-structured interviews with initiators, board members and volunteers in CBSEs.

Findings

CBSEs shape accountability and representation in response to the needs of local communities and in the wake of day-to-day challenges and opportunities. Apart from financial reporting, CBSEs apply informal strategies of accountability which are highly embedded in their way of working and contingent upon their limited resources.

Originality/value

Although research has shown the complex governance position of CBSEs, their application of accountability to target communities and other stakeholders is unclear. The paper coins the term “adaptive accountability,” reflecting a relational, dialectic approach in which formal, costly accountability methods are only applied to legally required forms of accounting, and informal practices are accepted by funding agencies and governments as valid forms of accountability, assessing CBSEs’ societal value in more open terms.
Effect of nickel on the adsorption of silver ions over activated carbon
Authors: Altaher Hossam , Magdy Yehia H. , Al Yaqout Anwar F.
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The disposal of wastewater containing silver is an environmental concern. Due to the toxicity of silver, treatment of such wastewater is necessary. Real wastewater contains a complex matrix of pollutants. The purpose of this paper is to study the adsorption behavior of silver in single and binary systems (with nickel) onto granular activated carbon.

Design/methodology/approach

The effect of silver ions concentration and the mass of adsorbent on the adsorption behavior were analyzed. Five two-parameter isotherms (Langmuir, Elovich, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin) were applied to investigate the adsorption mechanism. Both linear and nonlinear regressions were tested for the first three isotherms. The experimental data were also fitted to Redlich–Petersons, Sips and Toth models.

Findings

A direct relationship between the initial silver ion concentration and its adsorption capacity was observed, whereas an inverse relationship between the adsorbent mass and the adsorption capacity was documented. The Langmuir model was found to best-fit the data indicating monolayer adsorption behavior. The maximum uptake was 2,500 mg/g in the single adsorption system. This value decreased to 909 mg/g in the binary system. The adsorption was found to have an exothermic chemical nature.

Originality/value

The study of the silver adsorption in a single system is inaccurate. Real wastewater contains a complex matrix of pollutants. This research gives a clear insight into the adsorption behavior in binary systems.
Role of Camellia brevistyla (Hayata) Coh. Stuart Seed Pomace Extract on Hypertension and Vascular Function in L‐NAME–Treated Mice
Authors: Chiang Shen‐Shih , Hsu Fu‐Lan , Hsu Chun‐Kai , Liu Chiung‐Feng , Chu Chen‐Yeon
Published: November 2019

Camellia brevistyla (Hayata) Coh. Stuart seeds are used to produce edible oil. The seed pomace is an agricultural waste, containing approximately 8% saponin, which has antihypertensive effects. Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) can induce hypertension with no deficiency on mice. Here, we investigated the effects of ethanol extract from C. brevistyla seed pomace (CBPE) in L‐NAME–induced hypertension mice. The results showed that all doses of CBPE significantly decreased systolic (117 ± 5–122 ± 5 mmHg) and diastolic (72 ± 16–77 ± 8 mmHg) blood pressure, aortic intima media thickness (48 ± 5–53 ± 5 µm), and also reduced the MDA adduct and protein carbonyl levels in the liver (101 ± 19–114 ± 17 ρmol/mL and 4.8 – 5.2 nmol/mg) compared to those observed in the L‐NAME group (140 ± 3 and 95 ± 8 mmHg, 65 ± 10 µm, 145 ± 25 ρmol/mL, and 7.8 nmol/mg; P < 0.05). These results suggest that CBPE has profitable antihypertensive properties which are preventing aorta remodeling and reducing liver oxidative stress in hypertensive mice.
Precipitation as the Primary Driver of Variability in River Nitrogen Loads in the Midwest United States
Authors: Baeumler Nathaniel W. , Gupta Satish C.
Published: November 2019

Nitrogen (N) losses from agricultural lands in the Midwest United States are contributing to the expansion of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. This study evaluated the importance of inter‐annual variability in precipitation, land cover, and N fertilizer use on NO3 + NO2‐N loads in seven United States Midwestern Rivers using the backward stepwise regression analysis. At the annual scale, fluctuations in the current and previous years’ precipitations explained much of the variation in streamflow, baseflow, and N‐load. Previous years precipitation effects were associated with fillable soil porosity. In some years, higher residual soil N from previous dry years also contributed to an increase in N‐load. Area under soybean production (SOY), a surrogate for replacement of prairies and small grains was generally not a significant explanatory variable. Fertilizer use from 1987 to 2012 was also not a significant explanatory variable in the annual analysis. Precipitation in both the current and previous months and previous year were important in explaining variation in monthly streamflow, baseflow, and N‐load. SOY was significant in one or two months from June to August, but had a higher p‐value than precipitation. We conclude recent increases in river N‐loads are primarily due to wet climate and minimally due to the changes in land cover or N fertilizer use. Under current cropping systems and agronomic N application rates, tile water remediation will be necessary to reduce river N‐loads.
The effect of different sealer removal protocols on the bond strength of AH plus‐contaminated dentine to a bulk‐fill composite
Authors: Peters Ove A. , Teo Mark R.X. , Ooi Justin M. , Foo Ashley S.W. , Teoh Yu‐Yao , Moule Alex J.
Published: November 2019

The integrity of composite bonding for post‐endodontic restorations may be compromised by sealer contamination. This study assessed the effect of different sealer removal regimes on the bond strength of dentine to composite resin. Dentine surfaces were contaminated with AH Plus sealer (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany), followed by removal with either dry cotton pellets, cotton pellets saturated with 95% ethanol, AH Plus cleaner or external surface preparation. Dentine surfaces were not contaminated in a positive control group. A bulk‐fill composite (SDR; Dentsply) was bonded with Prime&Bond active universal adhesive (Dentsply) onto the prepared surface. Composite resin–dentine beams were produced, and tensile bond strength was determined using a universal testing machine. Using an etch‐and‐rinse adhesive, bond strengths varied from 21.34 to 29.11 MPa with no statistical differences among removal protocols. In conclusion, contamination by AH Plus sealer does not appear to substantially interfere with bond strength between dentine and a bulk‐fill composite/etch‐and‐rinse system.
Rail transport as a vector of emerald ash borer
Authors: Short Mara T. , Chase Kevin D. , Feeley Tivon E. , Kees Aubree M. , Wittman Jacob T. , Aukema Brian H.
Published: November 2019

The emerald ash borer (EAB) Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is an invasive woodboring beetle native to northeastern Asia that continues to expand its range within North America and European Russia. The insect reproduces within and kills most North American species of ash Fraxinus spp.

Because both the adult and larval life stages of EAB are difficult to detect prior to development of tree symptoms, much work has focused on quantifying spread and clarifying the potential movement pathways to improve early detection and monitoring strategies.

In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed county‐level infestations of emerald ash borer in the state of Iowa, U.S.A., subsequent to the initial detection of EAB in 2010. Visual data analysis had suggested that new infestations were not in accordance with the expected patterns of establishment along roads, near campgrounds or by large population centres.

We found a positive correlation between the establishment and detection of EAB in Iowa counties and the length of railroads in each county. To our knowledge, this is the first statistically significant association between rail pathways and the spread of EAB on the North American continent.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis on the use of probiotic supplementation in pregnant mother, breastfeeding mother and infant for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in children
Authors: Amalia Nasya , Orchard David , Francis Kate Louise , King Emma
Published: November 2019

Probiotic supplementation may decrease the risk of allergic disease; however, there are differences between studies, such as the type of probiotic, the route or the duration of supplementation. Therefore, determining the most effective probiotic strain/s, route of administration and duration for clinical recommendation has been difficult. An electronic systematic literature search was undertaken between using Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed and Cochrane. Risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) are presented for the studies. PEDro scale and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale were used to assess the quality of the included studies. A total of 21 studies met the inclusion criteria. Strain‐specific sub‐meta‐analyses indicated that single strains are not as effective as probiotic mixtures and administration to a combination of pregnant mothers, breastfeeding mothers and infants had a reduced risk in the onset of atopic dermatitis in children. Our systematic review and meta‐analysis showed that a mixture of probiotic supplementation given to the mother in pregnancy and continuing while breastfeeding and also to the infant in children classified as high‐risk for atopic dermatitis and non‐high‐risk groups is the most efficacious in reducing the risk of incidence of atopic dermatitis in children.
Short‐term safety and effectiveness of sugammadex for surgical patients with end‐stage renal disease: a two‐centre retrospective study
Authors: Adams D. R. , Tollinche L. E. , Yeoh C. B. , Artman J. , Mehta M. , Phillips D. , Fischer G. W. , Quinlan J. J. , Sakai T.
Published: November 2019

Sugammadex is a novel reversal agent for aminosteroid neuromuscular blocking drugs, especially rocuronium. Given its renal excretion, sugammadex is not recommended for patients with end‐stage renal disease; however, reports exist of its use in this group of patients. This two‐institutional retrospective observational study aimed to review the safety profile and effectiveness of sugammadex in surgical patients with end‐stage renal disease who required pre‐operative renal replacement therapy. Adult surgical patients with end‐stage renal disease requiring pre‐operative renal replacement therapy, who received sugammadex between April 2016 and January 2019, were studied. The primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative tracheal re‐intubation within 48 h. The secondary outcome was the incidence of deferred tracheal extubation in the operating theatre. One hundred and fifty‐eight patients were identified from 125,653 surgical patients: 48 patients (30%) underwent renal transplantation and 110 (70%) underwent non‐renal transplantation procedures. There were 22 instances (14%) of deferred tracheal extubation due to surgical and/or pre‐existing medical conditions. Out of the 136 patients who had the tracheal tube removed at the end of the procedure, three patients had their trachea re‐intubated within 48 h: two patients developed pulmonary oedema resulting from volume overload; and one patient had worsening sepsis. No incidence of recurrence of neuromuscular blockade was observed. Of note, 24 (18%) patients were found to have incomplete neuromuscular blockade reversal with neostigmine but administration of sugammadex led to successful tracheal extubation. In conclusion, sugammadex appears to be safe and effective in adult patients with end‐stage renal disease receiving pre‐operative renal replacement therapy.
When the origin becomes the destination: Lost remittances and social resilience of return labour migrants in Thailand
Authors: Peth Simon Alexander , Sakdapolrak Patrick
Published: November 2019

In recent years there has been a renewed enthusiasm about the role of migration in development, as well as the importance of remittances. However, there is also a danger of rehashing previous debates with an overemphasis on economic remittances, while relegating the transfer of social remittances, such as new ideas, knowledge, skills, practices, and social capital, to a secondary role. Though literature on social remittances has increased over the last decade, the debate tends to emphasise the positive relation between migration, remittances, and development. In this paper we scrutinise this relation. Based on eight months of multi‐sited empirical research in Thailand (origin) and Singapore (destination), the aim of this paper is to enhance our understanding of the process of transfer of social remittances to the place of origin, and their effect on social resilience. This paper examines current and returned migrants and hypothesises that the translocal setting – including both occupational engagement at the destination and local conditions at the place of origin – and time decisively influence how social remittances can be used back home.
The primacy of anti‐blackness
Authors: Bledsoe Adam
Published: November 2019

This paper contributes to conversations in Black Geographies by reflecting on the nature of anti‐Black oppression. Much work within Black Geographies has (understandably and importantly) drawn out the ways in which race and class intersect with one another. This paper acknowledges the necessity of such an approach yet argues that scholars must be careful not to conflate anti‐Black oppression with class‐based oppression, as anti‐Blackness is its own logic of oppression that eclipses class. I draw on three 20th‐century examples of the displacement of middle‐class Black communities in the USA to highlight how the logic of anti‐Blackness leads to the spatial marginalisation of Blackness, regardless of class status. Specifically, I examine how 20th century infrastructure building entailed the routine destruction of Black middle‐class neighbourhoods and commercial districts, a process made possible through the assumed a‐spatiality of Black populations. I argue that while race and class do frequently intersect, examples such as those in this paper highlight the need to analyse Blackness ontologically. A scholarly commitment to rigour and political commitment to social justice demand that Black Geographies attend to the logics that structure anti‐Blackness, as this is an important step toward acknowledging the struggles of all sections of the African Diaspora.
The ABC taxonomy for medication adherence translated into French and German
Authors: Haag Melanie , Lehmann Audrey , Hersberger Kurt E. , Schneider Marie‐Paule , Gauchet Aurélie , Vrijens Bernard , Arnet Isabelle , Allenet Benoît
Published: November 2019

Aims

We translated the ABC adherence taxonomy (i.e. 7 terms and their corresponding definitions) published by Vrijens et al. (2012) into French and German without changing the original meaning with the aim to promote a standardised taxonomy for medication adherence to French‐ and German‐speaking researchers and clinicians.

Methods

A Delphi survey was performed. To generate round 1, we identified French and German synonyms for the 7 adherence terms through a literature search in PubMed. Investigators translated the original English definitions into French and German. Panellists were members of ESPACOMP—the International Society for Patient Medication Adherence; experts suggested by ESPACOMP members and first authors of medication adherence publications in French and German. Google forms were used to create online questionnaires. Delphi rounds were performed until consensus was reached. The consensus was defined according to the acceptance rate as moderate consensus (50–75%), consensus (>75–95%), and strong consensus (>95%).

Results

The literature search resulted in 4–6 (French) and 4–7 (German) items per English term. Delphi rounds were launched between November 2016 and April 2018. Three rounds sufficed to reach consensus on all terms and definitions from 26 French‐speaking and 25 German‐speaking panellists. Preferred terms for medication adherence are adhésion médicamenteuse (82%) in French and Medikamentenadhärenz (88%) in German.

Conclusion

The use of a common terminology for medication adherence with translations in French and German will contribute to standardise the vocabulary, to harmonise research projects and ultimately ease comparison of study results among researchers and clinicians.
Emergency care, triage, and fairness
Authors: Lauridsen Sigurd
Published: November 2019

Triage is a widespread principle for prioritizing patients in emergency departments. The purpose of triage is to ensure that in emergency situations, whenever medical demand exceeds medical supply, limited resources should be directed to the case with the greatest clinical need. Triage fulfills this purpose by ranking patients according to how acute their condition is and then giving priority to the most acute ones. In this paper, I argue that this current practice of triage needs to be supplemented. Contemporary triage is based on a principle of preserving patients’ core capabilities, which is relevant when it comes to prioritizing acute patients above sub‐acute ones, but not for prioritizing among sub‐acute patients, which is the largest group of emergency patients. Henceforth, I propose to supplement triage with what I term the real dialogue model, a framework that, when combined with enhanced professional autonomy for clinical decision‐makers, enables fair prioritizing among sub‐acute patients.
An abdominal wall mass of exogenous insulin amyloidosis in setting of metastatic sarcoma
Authors: Carll Timothy , Antic Tatjana
Published: November 2019

Exogenous insulin amyloidosis (AIns) is an iatrogenic form of amyloidosis which is found in diabetic patients, generally localized to the site of subcutaneous insulin administration. It may form a discrete mass that could come to clinical attention, and can contribute to abnormal pharmacokinetics of the exogenous insulin, resulting in worsened control of diabetes. In this case report, we describe such a lesion in a 72‐year‐old man with a history of type 2 diabetes and primary adrenal gland epithelioid sarcoma and discuss the diagnostic challenges it poses.
Impact of mismatches in HbA1c vs glucose values on the diagnostic classification of diabetes and prediabetes
Authors: Gonzalez A. , Deng Y. , Lane A. N. , Benkeser D. , Cui X. , Staimez L. R. , Ford C. N. , Khan F. N. , Markley Webster S. C. , Leong A. , Wilson P. W. F. , Phillips L. S. , Rhee M. K.
Published: November 2019

Aims

To determine whether HbA1c mismatches (HbA1c levels that are higher or lower than expected for the average glucose levels in different individuals) could lead to errors if diagnostic classification is based only on HbA1c levels.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study, 3106 participants without known diabetes underwent a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test (fasting glucose and 2‐h glucose) and a 50‐g glucose challenge test (1‐h glucose) on separate days. They were classified by oral glucose tolerance test results as having: normal glucose metabolism; prediabetes; or diabetes. Predicted HbA1c was determined from the linear regression modelling the relationship between observed HbA1c and average glucose (mean of fasting glucose and 2‐h glucose from the oral glucose tolerance test, and 1‐h glucose from the glucose challenge test) within oral glucose tolerance test groups. The haemoglobin glycation index was calculated as [observed – predicted HbA1c], and divided into low, intermediate and high haemoglobin glycation index mismatch tertiles.

Results

Those participants with higher mismatches were more likely to be black, to be men, to be older, and to have higher BMI (all P<0.001). Using oral glucose tolerance test criteria, the distribution of normal glucose metabolism, prediabetes and diabetes was similar across mismatch tertiles; however, using HbA1c criteria, the participants with low mismatches were classified as 97% normal glucose metabolism, 3% prediabetes and 0% diabetes, i.e. mostly normal, while those with high mismatches were classified as 13% normal glucose metabolism, 77% prediabetes and 10% diabetes, i.e. mostly abnormal (P<0.001).

Conclusions

Measuring only HbA1c could lead to under‐diagnosis in people with low mismatches and over‐diagnosis in those with high mismatches. Additional oral glucose tolerance tests and/or fasting glucose testing to complement HbA1c in diagnostic classification should be performed in most individuals.
Supporting Student Learning through Instructional Videos in Business Statistics
Authors: Laugerman Marcia R. , Saunders Kevin P.
Published: November 2019

While statistics is an essential topic for business students, many students experience barriers to successful learning due to anxiety, motivation, or difficulty with quantitative understanding. This research examines the use of online videos with an effort to explore the relationship between student characteristics, video usage, and course performance measures. In addition, the study examines student perceptions of the supplemental resources in an effort to examine the efficacy related to student learning and performance. This study seeks to confirm previous research regarding the benefit of supplemental video resources and extend the knowledge base by understanding the impact for various types of students (e.g., level of course, level of previous academic performance, etc.). The study found that the use of the video resources varies based on students’ previous math performance and the difficulty of the material. Student ratings indicate that the videos were helpful in learning the content and that they provided an important resource when students needed additional tools to master the material. Analysis of the results provides implications for understanding how different students use online videos and offers recommendations for educators and researchers about how to enhance student success in difficult statistics coursework.
Equine duodenal motility, assessed by ultrasonography, as a predictor of reflux and survival following colic surgery
Authors: Lawson A. L. , Sherlock C. E. , Mair T. S.
Published: November 2019

Intestinal dysmotility following equine colic surgery contributes negatively to financial and prognostic outcomes. This study assessed duodenal contractility as a predictor of post‐operative reflux and survival to discharge in horses following colic surgery. Duodenal contractility was assessed using daily transabdominal ultrasound examinations in 49 horses for up to 7 days (Day 1 scan performed between 6 and 36 h post‐surgery and sequential daily scans performed between 08.00 and 20.00 h) following colic surgery (September 2014–April 2017). The duodenum was visualised ventral to the right kidney, and duodenal contractions were measured over 2 min. The signalment of each horse and surgical findings were noted. Outcomes were defined as horses that refluxed (>5 L/24 h beyond 24 h) or did not reflux post‐operatively and those that were survivors or were nonsurvivors. A significant difference in duodenal contractions at Day 1 post‐operatively was identified between horses that refluxed (n = 8) and those who did not reflux (n = 32; P = 0.013) but not between those who were nonsurvivors (n = 7) and survivors (n = 32; P = 0.113). Horses in the reflux group had reduced duodenal contractility comparatively. There were no significant differences in duodenal contractions in the sequential days after the Day 1 scan or between duodenal contractions and surgical findings. A significant association was identified between duodenal contractions and survivors (P = 0.039; odds ratio 1.88). The main study limitations were the single centre design with consequent small numbers of horses included. The study did not account for other factors that may contribute to alterations in motility such as drug administration or stages of re‐feeding. This preliminary study indicates that Day 1 (6–36 h post‐operatively) duodenal contractions may predict reflux (>5 L/24 h beyond 24 h) and that increased duodenal contractions are associated with survival. However, there was no clear distinction or cut‐off between groups. Future studies with greater numbers of horses yielding better statistical power are required.
Desert breath—How fog promotes a novel type of soil biocenosis, forming the coastal Atacama Desert’s living skin
Authors: Jung Patrick , Baumann Karen , Lehnert Lukas W. , Samolov Elena , Achilles Sebastian , Schermer Michael , Wraase Luise M. , Eckhardt Kai‐Uwe , Bader Maaike Y. , Leinweber Peter , Karsten Ulf , Bendix Jörg , Büdel Burkhard
Published: November 2019

The Atacama Desert is the driest non‐polar desert on Earth, presenting precarious conditions for biological activity. In the arid coastal belt, life is restricted to areas with fog events that cause almost daily wet–dry cycles. In such an area, we discovered a hitherto unknown and unique ground covering biocenosis dominated by lichens, fungi, and algae attached to grit‐sized (~6 mm) quartz and granitoid stones. Comparable biocenosis forming a kind of a layer on top of soil and rock surfaces in general is summarized as cryptogamic ground covers (CGC) in literature. In contrast to known CGC from arid environments to which frequent cyclic wetting events are lethal, in the Atacama Desert every fog event is answered by photosynthetic activity of the soil community and thus considered as the desert's breath. Photosynthesis of the new CGC type is activated by the lowest amount of water known for such a community worldwide thus enabling the unique biocenosis to fulfill a variety of ecosystem services. In a considerable portion of the coastal Atacama Desert, it protects the soil from sporadically occurring splash erosion and contributes to the accumulation of soil carbon and nitrogen as well as soil formation through bio‐weathering. The structure and function of the new CGC type are discussed, and we suggest the name grit–crust. We conclude that this type of CGC can be expected in all non‐polar fog deserts of the world and may resemble the cryptogam communities that shaped ancient Earth. It may thus represent a relevant player in current and ancient biogeochemical cycling.
Towards a macroscope: Leveraging technology to transform the breadth, scale and resolution of macroecological data
Authors: Dornelas Maria , Madin Elizabeth M. P. , Bunce Michael , DiBattista Joseph D. , Johnson Mark , Madin Joshua S. , Magurran Anne E. , McGill Brian J. , Pettorelli Nathalie , Pizarro Oscar , Williams Stefan B. , Winter Marten , Bates Amanda E.
Published: November 2019

The problem

Earth‐based observations of the biosphere are spatially biased in ways that can limit our ability to detect macroecological patterns and changes in biodiversity. To resolve this problem, we need to supplement the ad hoc data currently collected with planned biodiversity monitoring, in order to approximate global stratified random sampling of the planet. We call this all‐encompassing observational system ‘the macroscope’.

The solution

With a focus on the marine realm, we identify seven main biosphere observation tools that compose the macroscope: satellites, drones, camera traps, passive acoustic samplers, biologgers, environmental DNA and human observations. By deploying a nested array of these tools that fills current gaps in monitoring, we can achieve a macroscope fit for purpose and turn these existing powerful tools into more than the sum of their parts.

An appeal

Building a macroscope requires commitment from many fields, together with coordinated actions to attract the level of funding required for such a venture. We call on macroecologists to become advocates for the macroscope and to engage with existing global observation networks.
Performing and counter‐performing organic food markets in East Asia: The role of ahimsa, scientific knowledge and faith groups
Authors: Wang Chi‐Mao
Published: November 2019

Inspired by Japanese faith groups, organic food production has witnessed surprising growth in East Asian countries, such as Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea, over the past two decades. The rapid expansion of East Asian trans‐national organic food production networks is closely linked with religious practices and beliefs, such as ahimsa (non‐killing). The complexities of transnational organic production networks in East Asia cannot be adequately captured by the existing literature on “conventionalisation of organic agriculture,” which repeatedly debates the extent to which capitalism intrudes on the social and biophysical dimensions of farming. I argue that this simplified and binary debate tends to treat the organic market as an unquestioned, stabilised, and universalised artefact. Less attention has been paid to questions such as, how do alternative food markets come into being, stabilise or get crushed? Inspired by the social studies of economisation and marketisation (SSEM) approach, this paper urges scholars to move beyond the conventionalisation debate and draws attention to the organic food market‐making practices. Taking inspiration from SSEM thinking, I propose that more emphasis needs to be placed on the performation struggles, which refers to the confrontations between different economic programmes and actors. By drawing attention to the organic market performation struggles in Japan and Taiwan, this paper argues that organic food market‐making is a global heterogeneous assemblage, in which all human and non‐human actants across multi‐scalar geographies, such as trans‐local religious/scientific knowledge, believers, and so on, can contribute to the making and remaking of markets. With reference to qualitative interviews with organic distributors and practitioners, this paper deepens the knowledge of the geographies of marketisation in a global‐relational context.
Transnational marriages in Yiwu, China: tensions over money
Authors: SHA HEILA
Published: November 2019

In this article, I explore the role of transnational marriages in the activities and strategies of trading networks, through the lens of money and uncertainty in marriage. I argue that uncertainty in spousal relations challenges the durability of such unions and hence the effectiveness of their role in trading activities. These uncertainties are shaped by intertwined factors, including especially the embedded relationship between commercial and social networks (for example, business partners, kinship, friendship) and spousal relations, the differing cultural values and practices of the partners to such unions, stereotypes, varying forms and degrees of trust and mistrust, and the dynamics of global markets and state policy. Uncertainties driven by these factors exacerbate mistrust in both marriages and trading relations; they also shape shifting orientations toward future life. Therefore, I argue that the role of marriage in trading activities should be neither simplified nor romanticized.
Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adult Patients With Episodic or Chronic Migraine Treated With Galcanezumab: Data From Three Phase 3, Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled EVOLVE‐1, EVOLVE‐2, and REGAIN Studies
Authors: Oakes Tina M. , Kovacs Richard , Rosen Noah , Doty Erin , Kemmer Phebe , Aurora Sheena K. , Camporeale Angelo
Published: November 2019

Objective

Blood pressure (BP), pulse, electrocardiogram (ECG), and clinical cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with episodic or chronic migraine treated for up to 6 months with galcanezumab compared to placebo were evaluated.

Background

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide, a potent microvascular vasodilator, has a hypothesized protective role in CV health. Increased CV risks have been reported in patients with migraine.

Methods

In 2 similarly designed episodic migraine 6‐month studies and 1 chronic migraine 3‐month study, data from patients randomized (1:1:2) to subcutaneous injection of galcanezumab 120 mg/month (following initial 240 mg loading dose) or 240 mg/month or placebo were pooled. Treatment comparisons for cardiovascular treatment‐emergent adverse events (CV TEAE) and categorical and mean changes in BP, pulse, and ECG were evaluated using the Cochran‐Mantel‐Haenszel test. Mean changes from baseline in BP, pulse, and ECG were evaluated using the analysis of covariance model.

Results

Overall, among galcanezumab 120 mg (n = 705) and 240 mg (n = 730), and placebo (n = 1451) groups, the percentage of patients reporting ≥1 CV TEAE was low and was similar between the galcanezumab 120 mg (2.6%; odds ratio [OR] = 0.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.5,1.5) and galcanezumab 240 mg (3.3%; OR = 1.1; 95% CI: 0.7,1.9), and placebo (2.9%) groups. The frequency of any individual CV TEAE, broad or narrow term, was ≤1.4%. The CV‐related serious adverse events that occurred in the galcanezumab 240 mg group (n = 3; acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and transient ischemic attack) and placebo group (n = 3; pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and myocardial infarction) were not considered treatment related. Four placebo‐ and 1 galcanezumab‐treated patient discontinued due to a CV TEAE. Least squares mean and categorical changes from baseline in BP, pulse, and QT interval corrected using Fridericia’s correction were similar across treatment groups.

Conclusions

In this 6‐month treatment trial, the percentages of galcanezumab‐ and placebo‐treated patients that reported CV TEAEs or serious adverse events were low and similar between groups with few discontinuations. Thus, no clinically meaningful treatment group differences were observed for changes in BP, pulse, or ECG parameters. Additional longer‐term studies in a broader and larger cohort are required to better characterize CV safety.
Clinical utility of the Liver Frailty Index for predicting muscle atrophy in chronic liver disease patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hirota Keisuke , Kawaguchi Takumi , Koya Shunji , Nagamatsu Ayu , Tomita Manabu , Hashida Ryuki , Nakano Dan , Niizeki Takashi , Matsuse Hiroo , Shiba Naoto , Torimura Takuji
Published: November 2019

Aim

Muscle atrophy is a prognostic factor for patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The Liver Frailty Index (LFI) is a simple physical function test; however, an association between LFI and muscle mass remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the utility of LFI for predicting muscle atrophy in CLD patients with HCC.

Methods

We enrolled 138 CLD patients with HCC (aged 77 years, female/male 34.8%/65.2%). Muscle mass was assessed by skeletal muscle index, and patients were classified into the muscle atrophy group (n = 109) or the non‐muscle atrophy group (n = 29). Physical frailty was assessed by LFI. The optimal cut‐off value of LFI for predicting muscle atrophy was identified by receiver operating characteristic analysis.

Results

In the muscle atrophy group, the prevalence of pre‐frail/frail was significantly higher than the non‐muscle atrophy group (87.2% vs. 58.6%, P = 0.0005). In the logistic regression analysis, being female and pre‐frail/frail were identified as independent factors associated with muscle atrophy (pre‐frail/frail; OR 3.601, 95% CI 1.381–9.400, P = 0.0088). In patients with normal grip strength, 71.1% of patients were pre‐frail/frail, in which 82.8% of patients showed muscle atrophy. Receiver operating characteristic statistics provided an area under the curve of 0.74, and an LFI cut‐off value of 2.94 for predicting muscle atrophy (sensitivity 88.06%, specificity 52.17%, accuracy 77.91%).

Conclusions

We showed that pre‐frail/frail was an independent factor for muscle atrophy in CLD patients with HCC. Furthermore, LFI predicted muscle atrophy with high sensitivity, even in patients with normal grip strength. Thus, LFI might be a useful screening tool for muscle atrophy in CLD patients with HCC.
Association between diabetes and the outcome of root canal treatment in adults: an umbrella review
Authors: Nagendrababu V. , Segura‐Egea J. J. , Fouad A. F , Pulikkotil S. J. , Dummer P. M. H.
Published: November 2019

Background

Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder amongst dental patients. The association between the diabetes and the outcome of root canal treatment is unclear.

Aim

To conduct an umbrella review to determine whether there is an association between diabetes and the outcome of root canal treatment.

Data source

The protocol of the review was developed and registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42019141684). Four electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCHOhost, Cochrane and Scopus databases) were used to perform a literature search until July 2019.

Study eligibility criteria, participants and interventions

Systematic reviews with or without meta‐analyses published in English assessing any outcomes of root canal treatment comparing diabetic and nondiabetic patients were included. Two reviewers were involved independently in study selection, data extraction and appraising the reviews that were included. Disagreements were resolved with the help of a third reviewer.

Study appraisal and synthesis methods

The quality of the reviews was assessed using the AMSTAR tool (A measurement tool to assess systematic reviews), with 11 items. Each AMSTAR item was given a score of 1 if the criterion was met, or 0 if the criterion was not met or the information was unclear.

Results

Four systematic reviews were included. The AMSTAR score for the reviews ranged from 5 to 7, out of a maximum score of 11, and all the systematic reviews were classified as ‘medium’ quality.

Limitations

Only two systematic reviews included a meta‐analysis. Only systematic reviews published in English were included.

Conclusions and implications of key findings

Diabetes mellitus is associated with the outcome of root canal treatment and can be considered as a preoperative prognostic factor.
Conductive mechanism of reduced lead silicate glass for micro‐channel plate
Authors: Huang Yonggang , Shi Pan , Zhou You , Wang Yun , Fu Yang , Wang Jiuwang , Jia Jinsheng
Published: November 2019

Lead silicate glasses reduced by hydrogen have the characteristics of conductivity like semiconductors and surface secondary electron emission. Therefore, lead silicate glass is the important material of microchannel plate (MCP) for electron multiplier element. The change of bulk resistance (BR) of lead silicate glass (LSG) with hydrogen reducing time and temperature, and hydrogen flow was investigated. The effect of various hydrogen‐reducing parameters on BR is firstly decreasing, then keeping level, and finally increasing. The tendency presents V‐shaped curve. By analyzing the surface composition and morphology of LSG, it is found that the quantity and aggregation state of lead and bismuth are the key factors determining the conductivity of LSG. It is indicated that the electrical conduction is derived from ions and electrons of LSG. The conductive mechanism, however, is different in different stages in the V‐shaped curve. The discovery of V‐shape curve and the conduction mechanism at different stages have important theoretical guiding significance for the fabrication of microchannel plates.
The Duality of an Atypical Leader in Diversity Management: The Legitimization and Delegitimization of Diversity Beliefs in Organizations
Authors: Samdanis Marios , Özbilgin Mustafa
Published: November 2019

An atypical leader is often celebrated as an individual who is likely to support workforce diversity in organizations. Yet the verity of the assumption that an atypical leader will invariably promote workforce diversity remains underexplored. In this paper, we question this assumption and demonstrate the dualities of an atypical leader in legitimizing and delegitimizing workforce diversity. We define and examine the concept of atypicality among leaders, in terms of how they emerge, who they are (dispositions), what they say (discourses) and what they do (performative acts). We introduce a conceptual framework that maps out the emergence and constitution of an atypical leader, as well as their impact on diversity management within an organization. Our analysis incorporates the concept of habitus (class‐specific and reflexive), in order to reveal the dualities of an atypical leader which determine the management of diversity within an organization and cause continuity and change in diversity beliefs.
Reframing the World: Toward an Actual Christian Doctrine of Creation
Authors: James Jennings Willie
Published: November 2019

Christian theologies of creation are in crisis. They have become overly determined by questions of human origins and interaction with evolutionary theorization. They have also focused myopically on ecological concerns without thinking ecologically and holistically about the built environment in relation to racial and gender formation and multispecies connectivity and relationality. These and other problems stem from a twofold failure. We have failed to take seriously the loss of our gentile positionality in relation to reading the world as creation and we have also failed to grasp the fundamental transformation of the world with the emergence of modern colonialism. This article suggests the possibility of a reframing of a doctrine of creation to address this crisis.
Impaired B‐cell tolerance checkpoints promote the development of autoimmune diseases and pathogenic autoantibodies
Authors: Meffre Eric , O'Connor Kevin C.
Published: November 2019

A role for B cells in autoimmune diseases is now clearly established both in mouse models and humans by successful treatment of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis with anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibodies that eliminate B cells. However, the underlying mechanisms by which B cells promote the development of autoimmune diseases remain poorly understood. Here, we review evidence that patients with autoimmune disease suffer from defects in early B‐cell tolerance checkpoints and therefore fail to counterselect developing autoreactive B cells. These B‐cell tolerance defects are primary to autoimmune diseases and may result from altered B‐cell receptor signaling and dysregulated T‐cell/regulatory T‐cell compartment. As a consequence, large numbers of autoreactive naive B cells accumulate in the blood of patients with autoimmune diseases and may promote autoimmunity through the presentation of self‐antigen to T cells. In addition, new evidence suggests that this reservoir of autoreactive naive B cells contains clones that may develop into CD27−CD21−/lo B cells associated with increased disease severity and plasma cells secreting potentially pathogenic autoantibodies after the acquisition of somatic hypermutations that improve affinity for self‐antigens.