bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O INÍCIO DA ABERTURA DEMOCRÁTICA E A LEI DE DROGAS Nº 6.368/76
Authors: De Carvalho Robson Augusto Mata , Alves Bruno Moares , Alencar Ítalo Coelho
Published: January 2023

O presente artigo analisa a Lei de Drogas nº 6.368/76. Promulgada durante o início do processo de abertura democrática, esta Lei inaugurou um modelo inédito no país que correspondia às recomendações político-criminais dos países centrais. Sua aprovação faz parte de uma estratégia mais ampla de controle do governo sobre a vida social no país. Fomentavam-se representações sociais de medo e conspiração perigosa em razão dos grupos de esquerda e dos problemas cotidianos da população. Com efeito, a referida política criminal de drogas definiu “novos estereótipos” e “nova legitimação repressiva” para os “inimigos internos” ao mesmo tempo em que flexibilizou a punição para o usuário. As análises contemplam autores dos campos da História, Ciências Sociais e Direito; em especial, da Criminologia Crítica.
EFEITO ANTIPROTEINÚRICO DA TELMISARTANA EM UM FELINO DOENTE RENAL CRÔNICO: RELATO DE CASO
Authors: De Souza Letícia Machado , Wirth Igor Machado
Published: January 2023

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de relatar o caso de um felino com doença renal crônica diagnosticado com proteinúria de origem renal submetido ao tratamento com telmisartana. A proteinúria é definida pela presença de proteína na urina e está ligada a progressão da doença renal crônica assim como a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), e ambas podem acelerar o processo de perda da função renal. Um felino, fêmea, de 6 anos de idade com histórico de hiporexia, vômitos, poliúria e polidipsia, perda de peso, apresentando piora progressiva da azotemia, alterações ultrassonográficas na morfologia renal, bem como alteração na relação proteína creatinina urinária (RPC) que foi numerada em 1,262, sendo o valor normal adotado pela Sociedade Internacional de Interesse Renal (IRIS) abaixo ou igual a 0,2. O tratamento instituído para regressão da proteinúria foi com telmisartana na dose 1mg/kg/VO/SID, apresentando regressão da RPC para 0,33 um mês após início da terapêutica. Desta forma, conclui-se que a terapêutica estabelecida com telmisartana foi efetiva na redução da proteinúria.
UMA ANÁLISE DE USO DO APLICATIVO ESCOLAR ECOMUNICAÇÃO NOS ANOS INICIAIS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL
Authors: Barbosa Adriana da Silva , Monteiro Josele da Rocha , Araujo Marcos Vieira , Silva Maria do Carmo , Pacheco Rafael Durant
Published: January 2023

O trabalho relata duas pesquisas realizadas com professores e alunos na Escola Municipal Professor Carlos Raimundo Rodrigues referentes: ao perfil dos alunos sobre o uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação e a satisfação sobre o uso do aplicativo escolar EComunicação. O trabalho tem como pontos positivos (P) dois: P1) Pesquisa abrangente realizada com um número expressivo de alunos e professores; e P2) Boa apresentação dos resultados, seguindo metodologia adequada. O mesmo dependendo do ponto de vista de pesquisadores pode-se visualizar dois pontos negativos (N), tais como: N1) A apresentação do aplicativo é quase inexistente; e N2) Não se pode avaliar realmente o impacto do uso do aplicativo no contexto do ensino/aprendizagem. A pesquisa mostra uma avaliação do aplicativo. Por essa razão, a pesquisa teve dois momentos, sendo que no primeiro foi realizado um estudo com o propósito de levantar informações do perfil de alunos do 4º e 5º ano do ensino fundamental da Escola Municipal Professor Carlos Raimundo Rodrigues em Roraima em relação ao uso de tecnologias da informação e comunicação objetivando conhecer a realidade dos investigados, a fim de posteriormente obter índices de satisfação dos alunos e informações de usabilidade dos professores da escola ao utilizarem o aplicativo EComunicação. A pesquisa contou com três questionários, sendo que dois deles foram aplicados aos alunos e um aos professores. A amostragem foi composta por 118 participantes, especificamente 17 professores e 101 alunos do 4º e 5º ano do ensino fundamental. Ao analisar de uma forma geral, podemos ver uma boa receptividade com um índice positivo acima da metade.
POLÍTICA NACIONAL DA SAÚDE INTEGRAL DA POPULAÇÃO NEGRA: ANÁLISE DO ACESSO À SAÚDE DA POPULAÇÃO QUILOMBOLA DE ALTO ALEGRE EM HORIZONTE-CEARÁ
Authors: Da Silva Paulo Henrique Maciel , Cruz Lara Abreu , Freitas Clenia Mara dos Santos , Lobo Pryscila Gomes , Linhares Amanda Bruna Machado , Mota Cristiane Carneiro , Nogueira Bruna Maria Lima de Queiroz , Silva Sávia Diane de Oliveira
Published: January 2023

O presente estudo traz à reflexão a questão da promoção da saúde nas comunidades quilombolas, tomando como parâmetro de análise a intersecção entre a Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde e a Política Nacional de Saúde Integral da População Negra (PNSIPN) a partir da experiência desenvolvida pelo setor de Serviço Social na Unidade Básica de Saúde de Queimadas, a qual atua diretamente na comunidade quilombola de Alto Alegre, no município de Horizonte, Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza. Nesse sentido, entende-se a promoção da saúde como requisito fundamental para se trabalhar o direito social à saúde em comunidades quilombolas, devido as diversas iniquidades, historicamente, tais como: o preconceito racial, doenças genéticas e aquelas adquiridas devido às dificuldades de se acessar o sistema de saúde. Este artigo é resultado de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, em que por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo, sistematizando a atuação do Serviço Social.
Experimental Cloud Seeding Program 1976/1977
Authors: McNaughton D. L.
Published: January 2023

Three seasons of single cloud experiments conducted in Rhodesia in 1968/69, 1973/74 and 1974/75 indicated that rainfall could be increased by seeding cumulus clouds with silver iodide, provided that the cloud-top temperatures were colder than about -10°C.... In 1974/75, trials conducted with clouds failing to attain -10°C indicated that silver iodide was nearly always ineffective at these warmer temperatures. It was decided to resume these experiments on warmer clouds in 1976/77, but increasing the quantity of silver iodide used for the seeding, to see whether this succeeded in stimulating rain where the light dose had failed...
Summary of three seasons' Single Cloud Seeeding results in Rodesia between 1968 and 1975
Authors: McNaughton D. L.
Published: January 2023

During the three seasons 1968/69, 1973/74 and 1974/75, randomized experiments were carried out in Rhodesia on 58 isolated cumulus cloud systems with tops colder than -10C, 36 being seeded and the other 22 left alone.... A comparison .... shows that a modest average rain increase can be expected by seeding Rhodesian clouds with tops colder than -10C, but a much larger increase is likely if this threshold is raised to -13C.
Cloud seeding in Necaxa Watershed
Authors: Betancourt Jorge Estrada
Published: January 2023

Cloud seeding experiments in Necaxa Watershed, in Mexico, were initiated in 1949, and have been carried out long enough to produce statistically significant data. Those meteorological factors which influence the diffusion of Agl smoke in seeding days have been studied.  The results were evaluated by a non-parametric statistics technique and it is inferred that a redistribution of the precipitation was probably caused by an overseeding.  Statistically it is also inferred that there was a persistence of AgI smoke on days close to those on which cloud seeding operations were conducted.
An overview of the Skywater IX Conference on precipitation management and the environment
Authors: Howell Wallace E.
Published: January 2023

The Skywater IX Conference on Precipitation Management and the Enviroment held at Vail, Colorado, during the second week in November, 1976, was undertaken by the Bureau of Reclamation to assess the present status of knowledge about what might be the environmental effects of widespread or prolonged application of the techniques of precipitation management that Project Skywater is developing, and to provide information for planning.....
The search for a perfect Weather Modification Experiment: An essay
Authors: Dennis Arnett S.
Published: January 2023

.....This essay explores the development of the perfect experiment concept, gives examples of its deleterious effects, and sounds a warning against possible further damage....
Assessment of Summer 1979 Weather Modification Effort Southeastern Illinois
Authors: Hsu Chin-Fei , Changnon Stanley A.
Published: January 2023

An operational cloud seeding project took place in southeasternIllinois during a 40-day period in the summerof 1979. A historicaltarget-control evaluation design, using NWS raingage data, indicated an estimated rainfall increase of 39.5% in the target. Three statistical evaluation techniques - principal component regression, multiple regressions and double ratio, were employed and compared. The (randomization) significance levels were .10, .26, and .26, respectively. The possibility of the east control being contaminated was studied and found rather unlikely. Investigation of the 1979 isohyetal pattern, based on a 92-raingage network data revealed that within the target there were wide extremes, from very low to very heavy, and a localized high existed in the target on seeded rain occasions which was not present on no-seed rain occasions.
Salt Seeding from Aircraft over Linganamakki Catchment, South India
Authors: Murty A. S. Ramachandra , Selvam A. Mary , Kulkarni C. P. , Chatterje R. N. , Murty Bh. V. Raman
Published: January 2023

Acute power shortages because of weak monsoonsin the summersof 1973, 1974, and 1975 led to several cloud seeding operations over hydroelectric catchments throughout India. One of these involved salt seeding of warm cumulus clouds from aircraft over the Linganamakki catchment in southwest India during the summerof 1975, at the request of the Karnataka State Government. Operational details have been given by the Karnataka State Electricity Board (KSEB, 1975). Rainfall measured in the target area and in adjacent control areas (Fig. 1) is used for the present evaluation.     The project was similar to that conducted in the preceding two years 1300 km to the northeast over the catchment of Rihand reservoir (24 v 12’N, 83 03’ E, 310 m MSL) in the extreme southeast corner of Uttar Pradesh, south of Varanasi (Banaras). A limited number of raingauges in and around the catchment indicated increases on seeded days of 17 to 28 percent, which was not statistically significant (Kapoor eta., 1976).  Despite the strong chance of similar inconclusive results from a non-randomized operational project, the Karnataka authorities requested an operational project, to alleviate a critical water shortage.
Cloud Seeding Southeast of Mexico City, 1974-96
Authors: Betancourt Jorge Estrada , Diaz Isabel Villasenor
Published: January 2023

Silver iodide was emitted from ten burners from 09 to 13 CST on about half the days, randomly selected before the start of the five-month rainy season, June-October, south and southeast of Mexico City in 1974, 1975 and 1976. Five burners were of voltiac arc type, operating at approximately 2500 C; the other five used butane gas, burning at about 1,000 C. Neither type was calibrated, so no infor- mation is available on their output of freezing nuclei. On each seeded day, an average of seven burners operated, consuming 0.24 kg of Agl per day.
Dynamic Responses Warm of Monsoon Clouds Salt Seeding
Authors: Parasnis S. , Selvam Mary , Murty Ramachandra , Murty Ramana
Published: January 2023

High resolution temperature measurements during single-level air- craft penetrations through warm monsoon clouds before and after salt seeding had a significant wave-length of about 2 km. The slope of the spectra relating to not-seeded traverses followed a -5/3 power law. The slope of the spectra relating to seeded traverses increased when liquid water content increased and rain formed. The temperature spectra of the seeded traverses showed a net energy gain in the larger wave-lengths ( >540 m) and a net energy loss in the shorter wavelengths. The net-energy gain could be due to condensation of water vapor on the salt parti- cles, the net energy loss to the decrease in the small scale turbulence resulting from the invigoration of the updraft. These features could be manifestations of the alteration of the dynamics of the cloud through salt seeding.
Emergency Cloud Seeding in Georgia, Summer, 1977
Authors: Griffith Don A.
Published: January 2023

Three drought relief cloud seeding programs were conducted ~n Georgia during the summer of 1977 by on-site meteorologists who flew on specially equipped seeding aircraft. Suitable clouds, actively growing cumulus towers reaching at least the -5°C level, were seeded with ejectable silver iodide pyrotechnic flares. The seeding technique was patterned after the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Florida Area Cumulus Experiment (FACE) in southern Florida, and followed a dynamic seedability hypothesis.     In limited evaluation of one of the three programs, a target~ontrol comparison indicated an excess of 27 percent in actual July-August precip- itation over that predicted from control area precipitation. A one tailed Student’s t test indicated less than five chances in 100 that this difference could be attributed to chance.
A Confirmatory Evaluation of the Grossver Such IV Experiment Using Hailpad Data (French Network 1977- 1981)
Authors: Mezeix J-F. , Caillot P.
Published: January 2023

Grossversuch IV is a collaborative project, coordinated by the Institute for Atmospheric Physics of E.T.H. in Zurich. It includes the participation of universities and government agencies of France, Italy and Switzerland. Each participating group contributes its particular expertise toward a program designed to test whether a hail suppression method similar to the one proposed by scientists in the USSR, using their high altitude rockets, can successfully be applied in Central Europe, taking into account the climatic and logistic boundary conditions of the regions. The field program includes a 3 cm radar with PPI and RHI for measuring the parameters needed for the seeding criteria, launchers for the Soviet Oblako rockets, a O cm radar with PPI to measure precipitation quantiatively, and a ground network of hailpads with sufficient density to measure kinetic energy and massive hail in the test area.
Winter Orographic Cloud Seeding Northeast of Bear Lake, Utah
Authors: Griffith D. , Thompson J. , Shaffer R.
Published: January 2023

A wintertime operational cloud seeding program was conducted in portions of the Bear Lake watershed of Utah, Wyoming, and Idaho for a 15 year period. Seeding operations were curtailed in 1970 but initiated again in 1979. This sequence of events provides the opportunity to examine possible seedinq effects over the 18 year period as well as studying the natural precipitation regime that fell between the two seeded periods. Results of this analysis indicate approximately an 11 percent increase in April I snowpack water content based upon a target/control evaluation. A double mass plot of the target/control April 1 snowpack water content indicates breaks in slope coincident with the years of project initiation, termination, and re-initiation. This double mass plot lends considerable credence to the interpretation that the indicated 11 percent difference in snowpack can be attributed to the cloud seeding activities.
Effects of Artificial and Natural Cirrus Near the Ground on Temperatures Clouds
Authors: Detwiler Andrew
Published: January 2023

The effects of thin to moderately thick cirrus clouds on daytime air temperature rise or nighttime air temperature fall near the ground can be approximated as linearly proportional to the change in solar heating, or nocturnal radiative cooling, of the surface, produced by the clouds. It is estimated that a uniform overcast of cirrus with a thickness comparable to an average aircraft contrail will reduce daytime heating by I0 to 20% and nighttime cooling by up to 50% compared to the heating and cooling that would have occurred in cloudless conditions.
De Facto Deregulation of Weather Modification in California
Authors: Roos Maurice
Published: January 2023

In 1978, legislation was passed in California which provided for State regulation of all weather modification activities e×cept agricultural frost protection. The new law went into effect in October 1979. State licenses were required for individuals authorizing them to design and conduct weather resources management projects. State permits were needed by persons or organizations to conduct specific weather resources management projects in California. The permits set forth the conditions under which individual weather modification project activities could be conducted, including suspension criteria in the interest of public health and safety.
Evaporation Decay Organic Nucleus of ice Particle
Authors: Vasquez H. R. , Fukuta N.
Published: January 2023

Evaporation rates have been determined for two organic ice nucleus particles: 1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene and metaldehyde aerosols, produced by powder vaporization-condensation method and by vapor activation method, respectively. The aerosols are injected into a large smoke chamber inside a walkin environmental room and allowed to evaporate under dry conditions at different temperatures. The decay rates of aerosols are determined in a mixing chamber at -15 C with intermittent sampling at predetermined time intervals. The aerosol concentration losses are compared with cumulative size distributions, and assuming that the decay proceeds from smaller sizes, lifetimes of particles for different temperatures are determined as a function of minimum size. Metaldehyde particles less than 0.6 um in diameter de- cay within 20 minutes at temperature as cold as -20 C, and 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene particles within several hours, if particle diameters are smaller than 0.2 um at the same temperature. These data are expected to provide the basis for estimating, as well as minimizing, the extent of possible downwind and environmental contamination through use of these organic ice nucleants.
Seeding Results Favor Small Clouds in China, South Dakota, and Yugoslavia
Authors: Miller James R.
Published: January 2023

A comparison four cloud seeding projectson three continents of indicates that smaller clouds may give much greater percentage increases in rainfall than do larger ones in weather modification efforts. Project Cloud Catcher, randomized a single-cloud project in South Dakota1969-1970 (Denniset al., 1975) is compared here to a randomized two-area projectin Fugianprovince, China,1975, 1977,1981 (Yeh et al., 1982). Also compared are rainfall results from two non-randomized, hail suppression efforts South Dakota, in 1972-1976 (Pellett et al., 1977) and in Serbia, Yugoslavia, 1970-1979 (Curic, 1981).
Seeding Effects On Convective Clouds In The Colorado River Basin Pilot Project
Authors: Elliott R. D.
Published: January 2023

This paper addresses the matter of probable seeding effects during unstable air mass conditions in the target area of the Colorado River Basin Pilot Project (1970-1975). Various reports and articles have covered the neutral/stable condition which were the intended subject for testing, but not the unstable cases which had been inadvertently seeded as well. It is shown that when the upwind sounding gave indications that convection would be shallow enough to be embedded within the orographic cloud over the barrier, seeding effects appeared to be positive. However, for those cases in which there were indications that convection would be deep enough to emerge above the orographic cloud, there were indications of a negative effect. Reference is made to convection models in an attempt to explain how such a result is possible through the action of dynamic effects, which can diminish as as enhance net precipitation.
Selected Analyses of a Utah/NOAA Cooperative Research Program Conducted in Utah During the 1982-83 Winter Season
Authors: Griffith Don A.
Published: January 2023

A major weather modification research program was conducted in south central Utah during the 1982-83 winter season.  This research was conducted in a "piggyback" fashion upon an on-going operational program being conducted in Utah.  The goal of the operational weather modification program in Utah is to increase higher elevation snowpack in much of central and southern Utah to provide augmented streamflow to a variety of irrigation water users.
Repeatability Of Strong Responses In Precipitation Management
Authors: Todd Clement J. , Howell Wallace E.
Published: January 2023

Reported evaluations of 49 cloud-seeding projects, 35 of them randomized, yielded nearly 80 data sets categorizeed according to expected responses base don cloud-physics concepts. The median response in the 31 sets of cumulus congestion with tops between C and -20 C was+ 90%, all increases except one nil; the median response -10 of 11 sets of cumulonimbus with tops colder than -35 C was -30%, all decreases except one nil. Other sets were smaller and mostly less consistent. Hypothetical explanations are offered, and it is concluded that, even without full theoretical understanding, cloud seeders are able to achieve consistent results in the field.
Potential Benefits To Agriculture of Augmenting Precipitation
Authors: Offutt S. E. , Garcia P. , Pinar M.
Published: January 2023

This paper discusses ongoing research intended to develop a clearer understanding of the impact of weather modification on a portion of the agricultural sector of the U.S. economy, the feed-livestock complex. The research framework models the interactive effects of changing weather, technology, government policies, and demand on market prices. Supply and demand relations may be estimated and solved within the context of a simultaneous equation econometric model. Within the model, crop yield response relations must be estimated at an appropriate level of geographical aggregation to ensure uniform measurement of weather modification effects. An econometric technique, based on the use of binary variables, is proposed as means for selecting geographical aggregates. The transmission of the "weather effect" to the agricultural sector is accomplished in the supply-demand model. Benefits accruing to various market participants may then be identified under alternative scenarios of weather modification.
Comments on the Paper by Alexis B. Long Entitled "Review of Persistence Effects of Silver Iodide Cloud Seeding"
Authors: Bigg E. K.
Published: January 2023

Statistical analyses of cloud seeding using fixed target and control areas usually contain several hidden assumptions, thought to be so obviously true that they are never stated. They are: 1. The effects of seeding are confined to the day of seeding. 2. There are no cumulative effects of seeding. 3. Unseeded control areas that are crosswind or upwind from the target on the day of seeding are never affected by seeding in the target area.
Reply to Bigg's Comments on "Review of Persistence Effects of Silver Iodide Cloud Seeding"
Authors: Long Alexis B
Published: January 2023

I am pleased to have the opportunity to address further in a small way "persistence effects" of silver iodide cloud seeding (see Bigg [2002] and Long [2002]). Keith Bigg has certainly raised the issue. My arguments in Long (2001) do not revolve around the existence of persistence so much as with some of the methodology involving long time-series Bigg has followed. Although I do not agree entirely with his methodology I do believe certain further modified work is required along the lines he has pioneered. I urge the community to ensure that the work is accomplished.
Some Reflections on Hailstorms and Hail Suppression
Authors: Detwiler Andrew G
Published: January 2023

The Weather Modification Association (WMA) has this wonderful journal as a tool to promote the sharing of new and old ideas and insights between members. I would like to use it now to share some reflections on the subject of hailstorms and hail suppression. These reflections come from one who has been only peripherally involved in the study of hail development in hailstorms, and who has learned a little about transport and dispersion of seeding material in flanking cells, but one who has not been directly involved in hail suppression operations. I have had the opportunity to work for 15 years now with a wonderful observing platform that routinely penetrates hailstorms as a participant in collaborative convective storm field programs with various goals. These programs have included participants who have made fundamental contributions to the understanding of hailstorms and hail suppression. I have learned a great deal about hail from being around these folks at meetings, during field operations, sharing meals, and on long road trips. The following thoughts are offered in an effort to continue the discussions that seem to have waned since the demise of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Federal/State Cooperative Program in Atmospheric Modification Research.
A Review of the Edwards Aquifer Precipitation Enhancement Program
Authors: Resler Rebecca L , Boe Bruce A
Published: January 2023

The organization and facilities of the Edwards Aquifer Precipitation Enhancement Project (EAPEP) is reviewed, and the resources applied in the 1999, 2000, and 2001 seasons are summarized. A preliminary evaluation of the 1999 and 2000 project seasons suggests a 24% increase in rainfall volume for floating target units of 1,964 km^2 that actually received treatment within the Edwards Aquifer fixed target. This corresponds to an average water increment of 626 acre-feet per unit. The full effect of seeding over the entire target area is presently unknown. The current estimate of the benefit-to-cost ratio is 9:1.
What is the Actual Benefit from Cloud Seeding?
Authors: Newsome David L
Published: January 2023

Since Vincent Schaefer’s Cold Box experiment in the late 1940’s, cloud seeding has been used to increase rainfall, enhance snowfall, and decreased damaging hail throughout the world. One of the most frequent uses of cloud seeding has been as an aid to dry land agriculture. There have been numerous programs conducted with claims of precipitation being increased by X%, it is often unclear whether this claimed increase applies to the entire Target Area or whether it occurs on a more localized area. While some portions of the Target Area will benefit greatly from seeding, an X% increase can sometimes be an insignificant amount of water in relation to the entire Target Area. Even over a relatively small area like a single county, there will be natural variations in annual precipitation. These can be the result of topographay as well as climatological influences and these variations in precipitation can have a major impact on the overall benefit of cloud seeding to the Target Area. However, with digital radar systems and software, such as TITAN, Thunderstorm Identification, Tracking And Nowcasting (Dixon and Weiner, 1993), in use today on many of these programs, a concerted effort should be made to determine the actual, as opposed to the assumed, benefits from X%.
Weather Modification Scientific Management in Texas: The extensive and intensive uses of TITAN
Authors: Bates Dale L , Ruiz Arquimedes
Published: January 2023

Nowadays Texas already has ten working operational rain-enhancement projects, which are focused to diminish the impact of periodic severe droughts by using cloud seeding techniques. These programs use TITAN telemetry to perform and improve the operations and the TITAN and analysis software to assess the performance evaluate the results. This paper describes these uses.
Winter "Cloud Seeding Windows" and Potential Influences of Targeted Mountain Barriers
Authors: Griffith Don A. , Yorty David , Weston Warren , Solak Mark
Published: January 2023

The concept of “winter cloud seeding windows” is a familiar theme found in a number of earlier publications. More recent feasibility studies, physical observations and analyses of existing cloud seeding programs have indicated some of this earlier thinking has considerable merit. The concept that deep winter storm systems with cold cloud tops often appear to be naturally efficient with little or no supercooled liquid water content is especially important. It appears from a variety of earlier sources of information and more recent observations that shallow, orographically induced clouds often contain supercooled liquid water and therefore offer good cloud seeding potential. Several studies and observations suggest that shallow orographic clouds that contain supercooled liquid water frequently occur after the passage of a surface cold front and even after the passage of an upper level trough. If the occurrence of such clouds is viewed in the context of the orientation of the targeted mountain barriers, the question can be asked if mountain barrier orientations have any impact on the development of these types of “seedable” clouds? This is basically a question of the amount of up barrier flow that accompanies these shallow orographic clouds. North American Weather Consultants  has developed a conceptual model  that the barrier orientation that provides the best conditions for the formation of these kinds of clouds in the western United States (and perhaps elsewhere) are barriers with a north-south orientation since post-frontal or post upper trough passage conditions will produce considerable up barrier flow over these barriers. Fortunately, most mountain barriers in the western United States have such an orientation.   North American Weather Consultants believes that recognition and verification of the above will be important in the conduct of future winter orographic cloud seeding programs. Placing “seedabilty” in the synoptic setting and relating “seedability” to barrier orientation will be important in estimating potential cloud seeding effects in different project areas in the future.
Low-Level Stability during Winter Storms in the Uinta Basin of Utah: Potential Impacts on Ground-Based Cloud Seeding
Authors: Yorty David , Weston Warren , Solak Mark , Griffith Don
Published: January 2023

Low-level thermodynamic stability, an important consideration for winter season ground-based cloud seeding site selection and conduct of operations, varies considerably in and near mountainous terrain.  Rawinsonde observations may sometimes be poorly representative of nearby areas, with significant lower-level atmospheric temperature variability common between basins and sometimes within a basin. Operational forecast models may lack the ability to resolve or properly initialize low-level stability or “cold pooling” specific to a given basin or portion of a basin.  Analyses of surface observations, as well as plume dispersion modeling with HYSPLIT, can be used both for real-time operations and in post-hoc examinations of low-level stability specific to storm periods with cloud seeding potential.  Analyses of this type have been performed in various portions of Utah, and a recent analysis in the Uinta Range and Uinta Basin area of northeastern Utah highlights both the geographic variability and the seasonality of basin cold pooling.  The Uinta Basin analyses have shown much greater low-level thermodynamic stability during relevant winter storm periods than other portions of Utah.  Strong correlation of stability to site elevation within the basin, as well as distinct seasonality, are observed.
Analysis of Hailstone and Thunderstorm Characteristics in Tianjin during Recent Years
Authors: Wei Song , Ruijun Jin , Hui Meng , Xiaojun Guo
Published: January 2023

Based on the hailstorm and thunderstorm data from 13 meteorological observation stations, this article analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of hailstorms and thunderstorms in Tianjin. Three main conclusions are reached from the results of this study: (1) During the last 20 years the annual mean hailstorm days of 13 meteorological station in Tianjin is 13. The total number of hail days in Jixian district is the most (105 days). The hailstorm weather often appears in spring, summer and autumn, from March to September mostly. (2) Jixian, Jinghai and Hangu districts have more thunderstorms than other regions in Tianjin. The thunderstorms which form in the northwest have the highest frequency. The influence of southwest thunderstorms has increased gradually in recent years. (3) There are four kinds of synoptic systems which can cause the formation of hailstorms and thunderstorms in Tianjin. They are high level vortex, upper trough, shear line and northwest air current.
Suitability of North Dakota for Conducting Effective Hygroscopic Seeding
Authors: Delene David J.
Published: January 2023

One goal of the Polarimetric Cloud Analysis and Seeding Test (POLCAST) project is to determine if North Dakota clouds created by surface-base convection are suitable for treatment with hygroscopic flares to enhance surface rainfall amounts. The suitability evaluation examines the processes involved in the hygroscopic seeding conceptual model to determine how supportive North Dakota's environment is to conducting an effective rain enhancement program. POLCAST field measurements are used to determine if important environmental factors support an increase in cloud precipitation efficiency from hygroscopic seeding. Current scientific theories and modeling results indicate that the most important environmental factors are cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, droplet size distribution, and cloud base temperature and height. North Dakota's high CCN concentration supports the conclusion that releasing large hygroscopic particles at cloud base produces more collector droplets which increases precipitation efficiency. North Dakota's cloud base temperatures and several kilometer thick clouds indicates that ice phase hydrometeors are important in the precipitation formation process. Hence, increases in precipitation efficiency is not a simple warm rain process but involves more graupel production in the cold cloud region. North Dakota's low cloud base heights indicate that increases in precipitation would increase rain at the surface. All environmental factors examined indicate North Dakota's suitability for conducting hygroscopic seeding to enhance precipitation; however, some cloud processes are impossible to fully evaluate with the current POLCAST data set. A complete aerosol/cloud physics data set would provide a valuable resource for further understanding physical processes and help in constructing a more accurate regional precipitation forecast model. Development, validation, and use of a precipitation forecast model with a known uncertainty would be an effective method for determining precipitation increases from hygroscopic seeding.
Feasibility/Design Study for a Winter Cloud Seeding Program for the Abajo and La Sal Mountain Ranges, Utah
Authors: Griffith Don A. , Yorty David P. , Flanagan Todd R. , Beall Stephanie D.
Published: January 2023

North American Weather Consultants received funding from the three Lower Colorado River Basin States (Arizona, California and Nevada) to perform a feasibility/design study for a winter cloud seeding program. The proposed program would target two smaller mountain barriers located in southeastern Utah, the Abajo and La Sal Ranges. The Lower Basin States are interested in these barriers since they contribute runoff to the Colorado River. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) guidelines were followed in the conduct of the study. NAWC complied site-specific climatology’s for these two barriers with a focus on parameters of interest in the design of cloud seeding programs. Both ground-based and airborne seeding modes, utilizing silver iodide, were considered and both recommended for deployment depending upon the funding that might be available to conduct a program. Estimates of increases in precipitation and resultant increases in streamflow were made. An estimated total of 10,852 acre feet of additional annual runoff in an average year was calculated. Benefit to cost studies were performed. One study concluded that the program would not be economically feasible to local agricultural interest near the two barriers. A NAWC analysis suggested that a program would be economically feasible for downstream water users driven by the value of streamflow that would enter Lake Powell. A cloud seeding program designed to target winter storms affecting the Abajo and La Sal Mountain Ranges was considered technically feasible. Such a program was also considered economically feasible but only if the predicated augmented streamflow reaches Lake Powell. According to the two primary criteria established by the ASCE (technical and economical), the proposed program was therefore considered conditionally feasible. One winter season of data collection and analysis of microwave radiometer observations in the Moab, Utah area was recommended.
Assessing the Presence of Supercooled Liquid Water and Stability Using Radiometer Data Collected during the 2015-2016 Winter Cloud Seeding Program in the Upper Gunnison River Basin, Colorado
Authors: Beall Stephanie D. , Griffith Don A.
Published: January 2023

During the 2015-2016 Winter Cloud Seeding Program, a Radiometrics microwave radiometer was installed in the Upper Gunnison River Basin cloud seeding target area.  The main purpose of using this device was to provide the ability to measure temperature and liquid water in frequent vertical profiles of the atmosphere above the radiometer.  With observations of these two variables, the presence of supercooled liquid water can be identified. This information may be used in real-time to determine the “seedablity” of naturally occurring winter storms that impact the target area. Data may also be used in the post-analysis of these winter storms. For example, the radiometer data used in conjunction with the Rawindsonde Observation Program (RAOB), can be used to generate a vertical sounding of temperature dew point (no winds are observed from these radiometers). Such plots can be used to assess lower level atmospheric stability during storm periods that contain “supercooled” liquid water, which is the target of glaciogenic winter cloud seeding programs.   The ensuing analyses indicated that stability is present in the lower valley levels upwind of the target area during most winter storms but that these inversions have a negligible effect on seeding operations primarily due to the very shallow nature of these inversions. Radiometer data were also compared to a nearby ground-based icing meter to determine if there was any correlation between the two types of observations.
An Overview of the 2016 Rainfall Enhancement Activities in Texas: A More Intensive Use of Hygroscopic Material
Authors: LaRoche Kendell , Ruiz-Columbié Arquimedes , Jennings Jonathan
Published: January 2023

The Texas Weather Modification Association oversees four rainfall enhancement projects which combined have completed their 21st season in 2016.  These projects include the Panhandle Groundwater Conservation District, the South Texas Weather Modification Association, the Trans-Pecos Weather Modification Association, and the West Texas Weather Modification Association.  Classic Thunderstorm Identification, Tracking, Analysis and Nowcasting evaluation of seeded and control clouds for each project are analyzed to determine the effect seeding operations had on different cloud variables.  A more recent evaluation analysis examining the results of dual seeding (hygroscopic plus glaciogenic material) compared to seeding with only glaciogenic material.  Excellent results were achieved during the 2016 season with average precipitation increases of 1.34 inches above seasonal value, and over 2 million acre-feet of addition precipitation from cloud seeding activities.  An analysis of hygroscopic seeding continues to show its importance for effective seeding operations. Clouds seeded with both glaciogenic and hygroscopic material lasted longer and produced more precipitation than similar clouds seeded with only glaciogenic material.
Author's Guide
Authors: Delene David J.
Published: January 2023

Author's Guide
Quadratic Growth Hypothesis, Classification of Cumulus Based On Rate of Growth, Concept of Reaction Time and Cumulus Motion Speed
Authors: Kumar P
Published: January 2023

This paper is a new attempt to evaluate hail storm severity and hail suppression effects. In this paper a new concept of Quadratic Growth Hypothesis (QGH) has been proposed and examined in the prediction of hailstorm. Another new concept of Reaction Time (RT) has been presented which is useful for effective seeding in hail mitigation campaigns. Given complex nature of cumulus growth, rate of growth of cumulus (r) have been broadly categorized as Slow (r ? 0.2 dBZ/min), Moderate (0.2 < r < 0.8 dBZ/min) and Fast (r? 0.8 dBZ/min). Often cumulus shows reverse growth too. It is found that QGH based predictions are 100% correct for Slow growing cumulus and 62.5% accurate for Moderate. However, QGH predictions are incorrect when the cumulus growth reverses or when it is Fast. Empirically a “QGH-Rectangle” has been identified wherein QGH is precisely valid. Prediction skill scores [= (Correct prediction/Total Predictions made)] of 0.79, 0.79 and 0.75 are obtained from scan intervals of 10, 12 and 19 minutes data, respectively. Amongst the three data sets, 10 minutes scan interval is operationally safer for RT computation during hail mitigation campaigns. In most of the cases RT may range from 17.3 to 29.6 minutes. Maximum RT of 43 minutes is also noted for slow growing cumulus. Linear Extrapolation (LE) has been used to predict the cumulus motion speed which has been observed from 5 m/s to as high as 19.3 m/s. It is noted that larger scan interval of DWR data would exhibit more consistent and reliable speed prediction by LE method.
In Memoriam - Joe Busto
Authors: Rickert Andrew
Published: January 2023

John Joseph Busto was born in Denver, Colorado, in 1967, and died in Lakewood, Colorado, on December 5, 2019 at the age of 52, after a strong battle against cancer. He is survived by his son, Coyle Busto. This In-Memorian is a collection of reflections and memories from Joe's friends and colleagues.
Update On A Long-term Winter Operational Cloud Seeding Program In Central/Southern Utah
Authors: Griffith Don , Yorty David , Cammans Garrett , Serago Jake
Published: January 2023

North American Weather Consultants, Inc. (NAWC) has conducted operational winter cloud seeding programs in the mountainous areas of Central and Southern Utah since 1974. Beginning in 1988, seeding has also been conducted in three additional mountainous target areas within the State. The goal of these programs has been to enhance winter snowpack accumulation in the target areas, which now include most of the mountainous areas of the State. Studies have demonstrated that a large majority of the annual runoff in Utah streams and rivers is derived from melting snowpack, which explains the focus on wintertime seeding (within the November – April period).  Augmented water supplies are typically used for irrigated agriculture or municipal water supplies. Programs are typically funded at the county level with cost sharing grants from the Utah Division of Water Resources (UDWR) and the three Lower Colorado River Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada, since 2007. An earlier WMA paper (Griffith et al. 2009) provided a summary of seeding operations for the water years of 1974 through 2007 for the four target areas. This paper is focused on the Central and Southern Utah program which is both the largest target area and the longest running program in the state. It covers all but three water years from 1974 through 2021 and is one of the three or four longest operational winter cloud seeding programs that have been conducted in the United States.
The target area encompasses several mountain ranges in Central and Southern Utah. NAWC has defined the target area boundaries as those locations that are above 7,000 feet MSL. This is a large area of approximately10,000 square miles.
Cloud seeding is accomplished using networks of ground-based, manually operated silver iodide nuclei generators located in valley or foothill locations upwind of the intended target mountain barriers. As such, these programs are classified as orographic winter cloud seeding programs. Orographic winter cloud seeding programs are typically categorized as those with the highest level of scientific support based upon capability statements of such organizations as the American Meteorological Society and the Weather Modification Association.
NAWC historical target/control evaluations of this program indicate an average increase in December-March target area precipitation of 12% or an average increase in precipitation of 1.3”. These results were significant at the 0.06 level from a one-tailed Student’s t-test. The UDWR has conducted periodic studies to estimate the increases in annual streamflow resulting from the estimated increases in April 1st snow water content produced by this seeding program. The most recent study (UDWR 2018) indicated an estimated average annual streamflow increase of about 84,000 acre-feet for the Central and Southern Utah target area.   Factoring in the cost of conducting this program resulted in an estimate of the average cost of the augmented runoff to be $2.02 per acre-foot.
Bioarqueología en la Iglesia colonial de Huaviña. Quebrada de Tarapacá Norte de Chile
Authors: Silva-Pinto Verónica , Méndez-Quiros Pablo , Soto Rodríguez Catalina
Published: January 2023

A raíz del devastador terremoto que afectó la región de Tarapacá en el norte de Chile el año 2005, parte importante del patrimonio arquitectónico colonial andino se vio seriamente afectado. Cinco años después se inició la reconstrucción de la iglesia colonial de Huaviña, Monumento Histórico desde 1953. En este contexto, se realizan excavaciones sistemáticas que permitieron documentar un gran número de inhumaciones, eventos de reconstrucción y ampliación de la edificación, los que en su conjunto explican la disturbación de buena parte de los entierros, especialmente al interior, y exterior del templo. Entre los entierros fueron identificados dos patrones mortuorios, uno propio del período Colonial y otro Republicano, los que reflejan la instauración de un nuevo ritual fúnebre acorde a la consolidación del catolicismo como eje central en la vida espiritual de estos poblados. Finalmente, este estudio permitió reconocer algunas características bioantropológicas de la población en un período escasamente estudiado desde esta perspectiva, en especial destaca el alto número de infantes menores de tres años, la exclusión de individuos de sexo femenino de los interiores de las capillas en los entierros primarios, un individuo con severas patologías óseas y el depósito de un conjunto de cráneos con deformación intencional bajo el altar de una de las capillas.
Nota breve sobre una vértebra caudal de titanosaurio (Sauropoda, Lithostrotia) del Cretácico Tardío de la Región de Atacama
Authors: Rubilar-Rogers David , Vargas Alexander O. , Soto-Acuña Sergio , Otero Rodrigo A.
Published: January 2023

Reportamos una vértebra caudal anterior aislada de un saurópodo titanosaurio Lithostrotia. El material proviene de la Formación Hornitos en quebrada La Higuera, Región de Atacama, norte de Chile. Los registros locales previos corresponden exclusivamente a individuos juveniles. El nuevo hallazgo representa la primera evidencia de titanosaurios adultos en esta localidad. El sedimento removido durante la preparación es similar al encontrado en los dos especímenes in situ, sugiriendo condiciones ambientales similares, perteneciendo posiblemente a la misma unidad estratigráfica.
Doina lircay, nueva especie de Depressariidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) de Chile central
Authors: Urra Francisco
Published: January 2023

Se describe una nueva especie de Depressariidae, Doina lircay sp. nov., a partir de ejemplares recolectadosen la zona central de Chile. Se presentan caracteres diagnósticos para la especie, fotografías deladulto y de las estructuras genitales del macho y de la hembra.