bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological Freedom
Authors: Ott Paul ,   International Association for Environmental Philosophy
Published: October 2019

This article develops the idea of ‘ecological freedom’ from Aldo Leopold’s account of ecological relations in terms of the dual notions of the “freedom from want and fear” and the “freedom to make mistakes.” Through an analysis of Leopold’s thought on technology and civilization, I develop and argue for the claim that direct experience of ecological relations, or ecological freedom, is vital to meaningful human life. The absence of ecological freedom constitutes a form of ecological alienation, which is paired with social alienation. Ecological freedom is then used as a way to understand environmental injustice and critique contemporary environmentalism.
Holism, Realism, and Error
Authors: Peterson John ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2019

Holism in metaphysics can be defended because it can solve a dilemma about error: that the object of one’s wrong judgment is either inside or outside one’s mind and that neither alternative can be the case. Among holists the American philosopher Josiah Royce provides the best account of both the dilemma and its holist answer. The latter consists in steering between the hard and fast difference of being inside and outside the mind that sparks the dilemma. Royce does this by identifying a unity in the difference, which then ceases to be a stark division and becomes instead a unity-in-difference. I then show how a related dilemma is susceptible to this sort of holist solution. Yet the holist answer to these dilemmas invites all the stock objections to holism. These include the obliteration of finite selves and the distinction between such selves and their experiences. Answering these objections calls for an alternative that uses Royce’s ploy of synthesizing the extremes of being inside and being outside the mind. This sort of realism gets between the horns of the dilemmas via the real and intentional modes of forms.
The Three-Minute-Rehearsal Cycle of Enactment and Investigation: Preservice Secondary Mathematics Teachers Learning to Elicit and Use Evidence of Student Thinking
Authors: Arbaugh Fran , Graysay Duanne , Konuk Nursen , Freeburn Ben
Published: October 2019

In the last decade, mathematics teacher educators have begun to design learning opportunities for preservice mathematics teachers using a pedagogies-of-practice perspective. In particular, learning cycles provide a structure for engaging PSTs in learning to teach through the use of representations, approximations, and decompositions of practice (Grossman et al., 2009). In this article, we provide details of one learning cycle designed to support secondary mathematics preservice teachers' learning to elicit and use evidence of student thinking and pose purposeful questions (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2014). Through qualitative analyses conducted on learning reflections, we provide evidence of the impact on engagement of this cycle through the lens of the Framework for Learning to Teach (Hammerness et al., 2005).
La emigración española a América en la época moderna. Un acercamiento al estado de la cuestión.
Authors: García Hidalgo Palmira
Published: October 2019

La emigración española a América durante el periodo colonial ha sido un fenómeno de gran transcendencia para el discurrir de la historia y las relaciones entre el Viejo y el Nuevo Mundo. Por ello, se ha convirtió en objeto de interés de numerosos investigadores. Este artículo pretende presentar la producción historiográfica realizada en torno a tal cuestión, resaltando cuáles fueron los periodos de mayor auge, las diferentes líneas temáticas abarcadas y la evolución en las metodologías empleadas, así como las fuentes documentales analizadas. Este trabajo se estructura en tres partes: primero referimos las obras que tratan la emigración a la colonia de forma general, posteriormente abordamos aquellas que atienden de forma específica a las mujeres, por considerar la gran transcendencia de estos estudios, y en último lugar, aquellas que conectan la correspondencia privada con las migraciones.

Spanish emigration to America during the colonial era has been a very significant episode in history, having implications in the relationships between the Old and the New World. Therefore, it has been of interest for many researchers. This article aims to introduce the historiographical production originated   about the topic.  It highlights the periods with the highest peak, the different topics involved, and the evolution of both the methods applied and the analysed sources. This work has been structured in three parts. Firstly, we are going to deal with the works referring to emigration to the colony in general terms. Secondly, we are going to review the ones concerning women, given the relevance and implications of these studies.Thirdly, we are going to approach the works which connect   private post with migrations.
De espionaje y cartas náuticas: el impacto de América en la Europa de principios del siglo XVI.
Authors: Moreno Madrid José María
Published: October 2019

La llegada de Cristóbal Colón a América en 1492 fue un acontecimiento que sacudió los cimientos del mundo occidental de la época. Una ingente cantidad de trabajos sobre esta cuestión se han centrado principalmente en el impacto que tuvo la llegada de los europeos al Nuevo Mundo, mientras que en mucha menor medida encontramos estudios que analicen el inmediato impacto americano en el Viejo Continente, especialmente en el campo de la historia cultural y del pensamiento. En este último ámbito menos trabajado se encuadraría esta investigación, cuyo objetivo es analizar algunos escenarios diplomáticos o de espionaje surgidos en la Europa de principios del siglo XVI a raíz de la primera empresa colombina. El trasfondo de estos contactos es un mosaico de los principales intereses de la época, entre los que podemos destacar la obtención de informaciones para la construcción de obras cartográficas, ambiciones comerciales o alianzas que inviertan los equilibrios de poder.

The arrival of Cristobal Columbus to America in 1492 is considered an important event that shook the foundations of the Western world. A great number of works and investigations about this topic have been focused in the arrival of Europeans to the American continent and its effect rather than on the analysis of the immediate impact of America on the Old World, especially in the field of cultural and intellectual history. This investigation will study that last theme mentioned, being its aim the analysis of the diplomatic scenarios and the collection of intelligence that arose during the XVI century in Europe as a result of the first voyage of Columbus. The historical context of these contacts is a mosaic of the main interests and intrigues of that time. We can highlight among them: obtaining of information to aid in the construction of cartographic works, the development of commercial ambitions, and the forging of alliances that inverted the balance of power.
Los tres juicios a Felipe de Sentenach. El rol político de la justicia en Buenos Aires (1807-1812).
Authors: Martínez Llamas David
Published: October 2019

Utilizando como eje los juicios realizados a Felipe de Sentenach entre 1807 y 1812, en tres momentos clave de la historia rioplatense, analizaremos los cambios políticos, las fidelidades y las luchas entre los personajes que lideraron los procesos que llevaron a la Revolución de Mayo y a su dirección.

Using as an axis the judgments of Felipe de Sentenach between 1807 and 1812, in three key moments of the Rio de la Plata's history, we will analyze the political changes, the loyalties and struggles between the characters who lead the processes that led to the May Revolution and its leadership.
“Clásicos y naturalistas jesuitas. Los antiguos en la interpretación de la naturaleza americana. Siglos XVII-XVIII”, de Carolina Valenzuela Matus.
Authors: Suñer Tena Juan José
Published: October 2019

Reseña de “Clásicos y naturalistas jesuitas. Los antiguos en la interpretación de la naturaleza americana. Siglos XVII-XVIII”, de Carolina Valenzuela Matus.
Transformer l’école privée libanaise en école inclusive : quel rôle du·de la directeur·rice ?
Authors: Mjaes Azar Asma
Published: October 2019

Dès les années 1990, plusieurs écoles privées libanaises accueillent des enfants ayant des besoins éducatifs particuliers. Le·la directeur·rice de l’école est reconnu·e dans les écrits scientifiques comme agent actif dans l’implantation de l’inclusion scolaire, son influence étant déterminante pour la mise en place et la pérennisation des pratiques inclusives. En 2014, nous avons achevé une recherche1 visant à décrire le rôle de la direction de l’école privée libanaise dans l’implantation de l’inclusion scolaire et à repérer les facteurs internes et externes susceptibles d’orienter ses choix et son action. En mettant en place une étude de type exploratoire selon une approche qualitative, nous avons réalisé une étude multicas de cinq écoles privées libanaises. Les résultats montrent que le rôle des directeur·rice·s s’inscrit dans une perspective de changements ponctuels et immédiats se situant essentiellement sur le plan de la structure. Ceux visant des changements et des transformations plus profonds sont peu ou pas mis en place.
Quelles adaptations des enseignant·e·s français·e·s des écoles primaires face aux « éducations à » ?
Authors: Barthes Angela
Published: October 2019

L’introduction des « éducations à » (au développement durable, à la citoyenneté, etc.) s’accompagne pour les enseignant·e·s de fonctions sociales élargies et d’une diversification des tâches à accomplir. Face aux projets qui rentrent à l’école, peuvent se produire des pertes de repères dans l’exercice du métier enseignant. Afin de comprendre ce qui se passe dans des dispositifs qui ont la particularité d’être initiés par le monde politicoassociatif et de prendre forme à l’intérieur des établissements scolaires, nous analysons diverses formes de réactions enseignantes à partir d’études de cas français. La méthodologie employée questionne les enseignant·e·s avant et après les projets, étudie leurs représentations sociales de leurs métiers et des thématiques abordées, analyse le lien entre leurs postures et leurs contextes sociologiques et géographiques d’exercice de leurs métiers. Il s’agit d’expliciter les différentes postures adoptées dans les dispositifs. Nous en avons déterminé quatre : les militant·e·s, les acceptant·e·s, les résigné·e·s, les résistant·e·s. De plus, selon les contextes, les fonctions enseignantes peuvent se mettre en tension et provoquer un rejet ou encore trouver sens dans un engagement social nouveau.
ПЈЕСНИШТВО ЈАКОВА ШАНТИЋА
Authors: Лукић Мирјана М.
Published: October 2019

У раду се анализира поезија Јакова Шантића (1882–1905), данас готовозаборављеног пјесника мостарског књижевног круга. Књижевна критика оције-нила је Ј. Шантића на основу једине књиге стихова из 1904, занемарујући пје-сме које су објављене послије његове смрти у Бранковом колу (Из пошљедњихпјесама 1905. и Посмрчад из 1907), а које умногоме мијењају слику о његовомпјесничком дјелу. С обзиром на то да је он данас сведен на пјесника с маргинесрпског поетског модернитета, у раду смо настојали представити његов кратакживотни вијек и поетске преокупације.
СТРАНАЦ АЛБЕРА КАМИЈА: О ЋОРСОКАКУ АПСУРДА
Authors: Лукајић Радана
Published: October 2019

Овим чланком настојали смо да, у кратким цртама, понудимо увид у цје-локупно стваралаштво Албера Камија, као и у контекст у којем настају његованајзначајнија дјела, с посебном освртом на роман Странац, као и на есеј Мито Сизифу. Овај потоњи је, са својом идеолошком дефиницијом концепта апсур-да, и из њега произашлих теоретских поставки појмова „апсурдног човјека” и„апсурдне слободе“, између осталог, дуго важио као својеврстан интерпрета-тивни кључ за овај роман. Нашом анализом дотакли смо се неколико кључнихтема: проблематизација дефиниције романа, као и његовог главног протагони-сте, као „апсурдних“; одређење појма класичног књижевног дјела или опуса;пишчеве намјере. С друге стране, понудили смо, у складу са закључцима докојих смо претходно дошли, и наше тумачење дјела, с намјером да истакнемослојевитост и широк дијапазон могућих аналитичких приступа овом класикусвјетске књижевности.
ЈЕДНА ОБИЧНА СРПСКА СУДБИНА, КРСТОНОСНА И ВЕНЦЕНОСНА
Authors: Кончаревић Ксенија Ј.
Published: October 2019

Тумачење наслова Михаиловићевог романа Петријин венац може послу-жити као пример специфичног односа између основног (денотативног) и пре-несених (конотативних) значења која се преплићу у делу и у његовим сижејними идејним линијама. Реч из наслова асоцира неколико планова значења у раз-ним културолошким контекстима, којима кореспондира наслов и сам текст ро-мана. У раду се заснива методички приступ полисемији лексеме венац из насло-ва романа, при чему се инсистира на симболичкој вишепланости наслова.
КОНТИНУИТЕТ ЗАТИРАЊА СРБА У БОСНИ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНИ У XX ВИЈЕКУ
Authors: Мастиловић Драга
Published: October 2019

Ни вијекови турске окупације, процеси исламизације и унијаћења, буне,ратови, миграције и сваковрсни терор нису успјели да униште Србе као већин-ски народ у Босни и Херцеговини, јер су и пред Први свјетски рат Срби право-славни чинили више од 43% становништва ових покрајина. Али, у XX вијеку,два свјетска рата и надасве планирани геноцид над српским народом који јеспровођен у оквиру њих, затим двије планске колонизације, појачане миграци-је и на крају негативна стопа прираштаја, учинили су да 1991. године Србиправославни чине једва нешто више од 31% становништва Босне и Херцегови-не, не рачунајући оне који су се изјаснили као Југословени. Ови подаци несум-њиво свједоче о томе да је српски народ у Босни и Херцеговини било метапланског уништења током XX вијека.
ТВОРБЕНО ГНИЈЕЗДО РОД КРОЗ ПРИЗМУ СВЕТОСАВЉА
Authors: Никитовић Зорица
Published: October 2019

У раду се даје преглед твореница које образују творбено гнијездо род. Сатворбеног аспекта ово веома богато творбено гнијездо пружа могућност обрадеили утврђивања градива творбених модела које се усваја кроз више нивоа наста-ве српског језика: седми и девети разред основне школе, други разред средњешколе, као и у оквиру предмета Творба ријечи српског језика на универзитет-ском нивоу. Са семантичког аспекта у фокусу пажње су творенице породица инарод чија се семантичка реализација кроз форму есеја Светосавска философијапородице и народа даје са аспекта православне духовности односно светосавља.
ОД КУЛИНА БАНА ДО НАШИХ ДАНА
Authors: Савић Виктор
Published: October 2019

Речима: „У име Оца и Сина и Светаго Духа”, уз крст као обе-лежје символичке инвокације, пре 830 година почиње својекратко обраћање босански бан Кулин кнезу Гервасију (локал-но Крвашу) и свим дубровачким грађанима, с обећањем да ће им пра-ви пријатељ бити за сва времена. Окончавајући своје свечано обећа-ње, бан осигурава своје кореспонденте призивом Бога и држећи уруци Јеванђеље: тако ми Боже помагај и сије Свето јеванђелије. Доку-мент је састављен 1189. године од рођења Христова, на Усековање гла-ве Светог Јована Крститеља, или, по старом календару 29. августа ме-сеца (11. септембра).
Tonotopic and non-auditory organization of the mouse dorsal inferior colliculus revealed by two-photon imaging
Authors: Wong Aaron Benson , Borst J Gerard G
Published: October 2019

The dorsal (DCIC) and lateral cortices (LCIC) of the inferior colliculus are major targets of the auditory and non-auditory cortical areas, suggesting a role in complex multimodal information processing. However, relatively little is known about their functional organization. We utilized in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging in awake mice expressing GCaMP6s in GABAergic or non-GABAergic neurons in the IC to investigate their spatial organization. We found different classes of temporal responses, which we confirmed with simultaneous juxtacellular electrophysiology. Both GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons showed spatial microheterogeneity in their temporal responses. In contrast, a robust, double rostromedial-caudolateral gradient of frequency tuning was conserved between the two groups, and even among the subclasses. This, together with the existence of a subset of neurons sensitive to spontaneous movements, provides functional evidence for redefining the border between DCIC and LCIC.
Effect of Osteopathic Cranial Manipulative Medicine on an Aged Rat Model of Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Tobey Hope , Lucas Tyler , Bledsoe Douglas , Mykins Michael , Campbell Caroline , Berr Stuart S. , Sasser Todd , Helm Richard , Brolinson Per Gunnar , Klein Bradley G. , Costa Blaise M.
Published: October 2019

Context

In the aging brain, reduction in the pulsation of cerebral vasculature and fluid circulation causes impairment in the fluid exchange between different compartments and lays a foundation for the neuroinflammation that results in Alzheimer disease (AD). The knowledge that lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system play a role in the clearance of brain-derived metabolic waste products opens an unprecedented capability to increase the clearance of macromolecules such as amyloid β proteins. However, currently there is no pharmacologic mechanism available to increase fluid circulation in the aging brain.

Objective

To demonstrate the influence of an osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine (OCMM) technique, specifically, compression of the fourth ventricle, on spatial memory and changes in substrates associated with mechanisms of metabolic waste clearance in the central nervous system using the naturally aged rat model of AD.

Results

Significant improvement was found in spatial memory in 6 rats after 7 days of OCMM sessions. Live animal positron emission tomographic imaging and immunoassays revealed that OCMM reduced amyloid β levels, activated astrocytes, and improved neurotransmission in the aged rat brains.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate the molecular mechanism of OCMM in aged rats. This study and further investigations will help physicians promote OCMM as an evidence-based adjunctive treatment for patients with AD.
Direct multicomponent synthesis of benzocoumarins
Authors: Bornadiego Ana , Díaz Jesús , Fernández Marcos Carlos
Published: October 2019

A straightforward and versatile protocol for the synthesis of dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-ones from readily available 3-carbonylcoumarins is reported. Our strategy is based on a reaction cascade of successive [4+1] and [4+2] cycloadditions that occur in one single operation. This work illustrates the unprecedented use of a multicomponent reaction of isocyanides for the preparation of this biologically relevant type of compounds. Notably, in this highly convergent and atom-economic process, one new single and two new double carbon-carbon bonds are formed in a simple synthetic operation.
Structure and diffusion of molten alkali carbonate salts at the liquid-vacuum interface
Authors: Lindberg Gerrick E.
Published: October 2019

The liquid-vacuum interface of molten alkali carbonate salts is studied with molecular dynamics simulations. Three salts comprised of LixNayKzCO3 near their respective eutectic concentrations are considered to understand the distribution of ions relative to a liquid-vacuum interface and their diffusivity. These simulations show that each of the cations accumulate at the interface preferentially compared to carbonate. The cation ordering is found to inversely correspond to cation radius, with K being the most likely occupant at the surface, followed by Na, Li, and then the anion. Similar to other studies, the carbonate is found to diffuse more slowly than the cations, but we do observe small differences in diffusion between compositions that present opportunities to optimize ion transport. These results hold consequences for our understanding of ion behavior in molten carbonate salts and the performance of devices employ these electrolytes.
Effects of number of parallel runs and frequency of bias-strength replacement in generalized ensemble molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Shimato Takuya , Kasahara Kota , Higo Junichi , Takahashi Takuya
Published: October 2019

Background

The generalized ensemble approach with the molecular dynamics (MD) method has been widely utilized. This approach usually has two features. (i) A bias potential, whose strength is replaced during a simulation, is applied. (ii) Sampling can be performed by many parallel runs of simulations. Although the frequency of the bias-strength replacement and the number of parallel runs can be adjusted, the effects of these settings on the resultant ensemble remain unclear.

Method

In this study, we performed multicanonical MD simulations for a foldable mini-protein (Trp-cage) and two unstructured peptides (8- and 20-residue poly-glutamic acids) with various settings.

Results

As a result, running many short simulations yielded robust results for the Trp-cage model. Regarding the frequency of the bias-potential replacement, although using a high frequency enhanced the traversals in the potential energy space, it did not promote conformational changes in all the systems.
Downregulated miR-383-5p contributes to the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells and is associated with poor prognosis
Authors: Wei Chao , Gao Jian-Jun
Published: October 2019

Aim

The study aims to identify differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) in gastric cancer (GC) and explore the expression, prognosis and downstream regulation role of miR-383-5p in GC.

Methods

The GC miRNA-Seq and clinical information were downloaded from Firebrowse which stores integrated data sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The DEMs were identified with limma package in R software at the cut-off criteria of P < 0.05 and |log2 fold change| > 1.0 (|log2FC| > 1.0). The expression of miR-383-5p in GC cell lines and 54 paired GC tissues was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The overall survival curve of miR-383-5p and the association between its expression and clinicopathological features were explored. Wound healing and cell counting kit-8 assays were performed to investigate the capacity of miR-383-5p in cell proliferation and migration. The downstream target genes were predicted by bioinformatics tools (miRDB, TargetScan and starBase). The consensus target genes were selected for gene functional enrichment analysis by FunRich v3.0 software. The luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the potential targeting sites of miR-383-5p on lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA).

Results

A total of 21 down-regulated miRNAs (including miR-383-5p) and 202 up-regulated miRNAs were identified by analyzing GC miRNA-Seq data. Survival analysis found that patients with low miR-383-5p expression had a shorter survival time (median survival time 21.1 months) than those with high expression (46.9 months). The results of qRT-PCR indicated that miR-383-5p was downregulated in GC cell lines and tissues, which was consistent with miRNA-Seq data. The expression of miR-383-5p was significantly associated with tumor size and differentiation grade. Besides, overexpression of miR-383-5p suppressed GC cells proliferation and migration. A total of 49 common target genes of miR-383-5p were obtained by bioinformatics tools and gene functional enrichment analysis showed that these predicted genes participated in PI3K, mTOR, c-MYC, TGF-beta receptor, VEGF/VEGFR and E-cadherin signaling pathways. The data showed that expression of miR-383-5p was negatively correlated with target LDHA (r = −0.203). Luciferase reporter assay suggested that LDHA was a target of miR-383-5p.

Conclusion

The present study concluded that miR-383-5p was downregulated and may act as a tumor suppressor in GC. Furthermore, its target genes were involved in important signaling pathways. It could be a prognostic biomarker and play a vital role in exploring the molecular mechanism of GC.
Feeding habits of the Mexican barracuda, Sphyraena ensis Jordan and Gilbert, 1882, in the southeastern end of the Gulf of California
Authors: Moreno-Sánchez Xchel Gabriel , Palacios-Salgado Deivis Samuel , Granados-Amores Jasmin , Abitia-Cárdenas Leonardo Andrés , Escobar-Sánchez Ofelia
Published: October 2019

Understanding the feeding habits of the Mexican barracuda, Sphyraena ensis Jordan and Gilbert, 1882, is important to elucidate relevant aspects of its trophic ecology (prey intake, diet breadth, trophic level, and energy flows), which in general provide valuable information on the dynamics of marine communities. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to assess the dietary habits of the Mexican barracuda, S. ensis, and to determine dietary variations by sex (males, females), size (small, medium, and large individuals), and season (rainy and dry). Monthly samples were obtained from February 2014 to January 2015 in the San Blas region, Nayarit, Mexico. A total of 308 specimens were captured. Individuals measured between 30.6 and 58.7 cm total length and weighed between 405 and 836 g. Of the analyzed stomachs, 264 (86%) contained food and 44 (14%) were empty. The diet of the Mexican barracuda comprised 13 prey items from 11 families, 12 genera, and 9 species. According to the index of relative importance, the most important prey were fishes, particularly Sardinops spp. (40.36%), Hemiramphus saltator (40.24%), Opisthopterus dovii (10.83%), Anchoa spp. (4.17%), and Mugil cephalus (3.05%). We conclude that the Mexican barracuda can be categorized as an opportunistic ichthyophagous predator in coastal epipelagic zones that feeds mainly on schooling fish species. The trophic spectrum did not vary significantly by sex or size, but the consumption of preferred prey varied significantly by season.
Fracture of the Humeral Bone as the First Clinical Presentation of Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Ibadan
Authors: Ajani Mustapha Akanji , Awosusi Babatope Lanre , Fatunla Ebenezer O. , Adegoke Omolade O. , Salami Ayodeji A.
Published: October 2019

Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the commonest type of thyroid cancer representing 75 to 85 per cent of all thyroid cancer cases. It is often well-differentiated, slow-growing, and localized, although it can metastasize. This is a case of a 49-year-old male who presented with a pathological fracture of the left humerus. A bone biopsy was done at the surgery which had a histological diagnosis of metastatic thyroid carcinoma. A total thyroidectomy was subsequently done and was histologically reported as a follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The patient was clinically stable post-thyroidectomy and was discharged home on the 10th postoperative day and he is currently being followed-up in the surgical outpatient clinic. Pathological fracture as the initial clinical presentation is an unusual manifestation of metastatic thyroid carcinoma; therefore a high index of suspicion is needed to make this diagnosis. In any patient presenting with a pathologic fracture, the possibility of metastatic carcinoma from the thyroid gland should always be considered.
Vocational Education and Training Perception on Integration of Prisoners into the Society
Authors: Mbatha Clement Muinde , Kere Bonaventure W. , Ferej Ahmed , Kitainge Kisilu Mashtakh
Published: October 2019

This study sought to evaluate Vocational Education and Training (VET) perception on integration of prisoners back into the society. The study was undertaken in Mombasa County with a primary focus drawn to Shimo La Tewa main prison and Shimo La Tewa Medium Security Prison. Questionnaire instruments were used for data collection. Different questionnaires were administered to different response groups. The groups included the prison administrators, the trainers, trainees and ex-prisoners. Sample selection method was majorly purposive for all groups except for the trainees who were selected randomly from a pool of those who undertook VET. The information was coded, cleaned and analyzed using the Predictive Analytical Software (PASW). Mixed methods such as qualitative and quantitative techniques were used as the data collected was both qualitative and quantitative. To facilitate the data collection that was qualitative in nature open ended questions were captured in the questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to deduce meaningful information. Regression analysis was done to assess the perception on integration of prisoners into the society. The model was found to be statistically significant (and the degree of linear relationship  while the total amount of variation explained by perception was significant. Other perceptions deduced to impact on integration back into the society, societal point of view on the released persons, the prison administration point of view on the role of VET for inmates in prison and finally, the perception of trainers based in remunerative impact of VET on them. The research recommends that an orientation programme on importance of VET be conducted for prisoners before they can make choices on the types of courses that they wish to undertake, civic education for the society should be done for it is an integral part in ensuring successful re-entry for the prisoners, policies to reduce discrimination against prisoner need to be formulated and enacted, there is need to enhance human resource capital in prisons and finally, material resources to facilitate implementation of VET need to conform with market requirements.
Evaluation of Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for Diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum in Wad Medani City, Gezira State, Sudan
Authors: Mohamed M. Y. , Abakar A. D. , Talha B. A. , Elzaki Salah Eldin G. , Mohammed Y. A. , Elsharief Usama Abdalla , Ahmed K. A. Mohamed , Nour B. Y. M.
Published: October 2019

Plasmodium falciparum considered as the most serious form of species causes malaria compared with other species. Diagnosis of falciparum malaria in Sudan remain a major problem, the laboratory diagnosis depends solely on microscopy and RDTs. Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay is a molecular technique done in isothermal temperature using simple, inexpensive instruments for detection of falciparum malaria. The aim of the study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of P. falciparum and compare with microscopic detection. A cross sectional hospital based study conducted on 220 blood samples collected from participants suspected to have falciparum malaria attending Wad Medani Teaching Hospitals and 26 healthy participants during the period November 2018 to January 2019. Thick blood films were done and used for P. falciparum detection. The extracted DNA by TE buffer was amplified by LAMP assay targeting 18S rRNA gene. Data were analyzed using Medical calculator (MedCalc) programs (V. 16). The results showed that the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive values were 99.1%, 84.6%, 53.2%, 99.8% respectively. Validation of LAMP diagnostic performance revealed that area under the curve is 0.919, while Weighted Kappa is 0.866. The study concluded that the LAMP assay had the identical diagnostic performance compared with microscopy in diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This gives a relative effortlessness application of LAMP assay in Sudan after availing the required logistics.
Sex Chromosome Turnovers in Evolution
Authors: Saunders Paul A
Published: October 2019

Animals and plants display a remarkable diversity in the way they determine sex. This implies that changes in the mode of sex determination occur over evolutionary time. Changes that involve a modification of the identity of sex chromosomes are called sex chromosome turnovers, and are caused by the spread of a mutant gene with sex‐determining properties or the translocation of the ancestral sex determiner to a new genomic location. Through both empirical and theoretical studies, the mysteries surrounding the proximate and ultimate mechanisms responsible for turnovers, and their consequences on sex chromosome evolution, are gradually being unravelled. Nevertheless, many questions surrounding these evolutionary transitions remain unanswered: Why do turnover rates vary across taxa? What are the driving evolutionary forces? Why do certain types of transitions seem more common than others?

Key Concepts

In many species with separate sexes, sex is determined genetically by a single gene, located on the sex chromosomes.

A sex chromosome turnover is a change in the identity of the sex chromosomes, resulting from a change in identity and/or location of the sex‐determining gene.

The study of sex chromosome turnovers in evolution has been driven mainly by theoretical work, but empirical studies are gradually catching up.

Different types of turnovers have been described, which have contrasting consequences for sex determination.

Rates of transitions vary dramatically across taxa: they are rare in some taxa and very frequent in others.

Many evolutionary mechanisms have been proposed as potential drivers of turnovers, but their relative implication and importance is still poorly understood.

Certain types of transitions seem more frequent than others, and some lineages experiencing frequent turnovers show nonrandom transitions.
Bizionia
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Kim Song‐Gun
Published: October 2019

Bi.zi.o'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.Bizionia, named in honor of the famous Italian naturalist Bartolomeo Bizio, for his important contribution to the development of microbiology.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Bizionia

The genusBizionia,a member of the familyFlavobacteriaceae, was proposed by Nedashkovskaya et al. in 2005 to accommodate Gram‐negative, strictly aerobic, nonmotile by gliding, and oxidase‐positive bacteria. The close phylogenetic relatives of the genusBizioniaare members of the familyFlavobacteriaceaesuch asAquaticitalea, Arcticiflavibacter, Corallibacter, Formosa, Geojedonia, Ichthyenterobacterium, Lacinutrix, Olleya, Psychroserpens, andXanthomarinawith sequence similarity ranges of 93.6–96.5, 93.4–95.9, 93–94.8, 93.5–97.2, 93.1–96.1, 93.9–96.5, 92.3–96.4, 93.5–95.8, 91.9–95.5, and 94.2–96.5%, respectively. On marine agar, colonies of the majorityBizioniaspecies are circular, convex, smooth, yellow, with entire edges and golden yellow, orange, yellowish orange, or saffron pigmented. Growth occurs with 0–10% NaCl, at pH 5.5–9.0, and at −2–45°C. The optimal growth is observed with 1–3% NaCl, at pH 7.0–8.0, and at 20–30°C.Bizioniastrains cannot hydrolyze agar, chitin, carboxymethylcellulose, starch, and urea, and produce acid froml‐arabinose and maltose. The predominant cellular fatty acids of the known members of the genusBizioniaare iso‐C15:0, anteiso‐C15:0, iso‐C15:1G, and iso‐C16:03‐OH. The major respiratory quinone is MK‐6. The main polar lipid is phosphatidylethanolamine. At the time of writing, the genusBizioniacomprised 13 species with validly published names that were isolated from the different marine environments including seawater, sea‐ice brines, sediments, and animals. TheBizioniaspecies share 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities ranging from 93.9 to 99% to one another. The DNA–DNA relatedness between the type strains of theBizioniaspecies is 11–53%.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 33–45 (Tm, and HPLC).

Type species:Bizionia paragorgiaeNedashkovskaya, Kim, Lysenko, Frolova, Mikhailov and Bae 2005, 377VP.
D
esulfobotulus
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: October 2019

De.sul.fo.bo'tu.lus. L pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. masc. n.
botulus
sausage; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfobotulus,
a sausage‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulforegulaceae / Desulfobotulus

Vibrio‐shaped cells, 1.0–1.5 µm × 3–6.0 µm. Occur singly or in pairs. Sigmoid or spirilloid cells sometimes occur. Spore formation is not observed. Gram‐stain‐negative. Described species are motile. Strict anaerobe with a respiratory or fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophs, using fatty acids and pyruvate as electron donors and as carbon sources; growth substrates are incompletely oxidized to acetate. Sulfate and sulfite serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Growth in the absence of an external electron acceptor is only possible with pyruvate. Mesophilic, optimal temperature 32–34°C. Genus contains one neutrophilic and one haloalkaliphilic species. The haloalkaliphile can use thiosulfate as electron acceptor in addition to sulfate and sulfite. Anoxic medium, with sulfide as a reductant, is necessary for growth. Vitamins are not required. Cells contain cytochromes of the
b
‐ and
c
‐type. Storage granules of poly‐β‐hydroxyalkanoate occur.
Desulfobotulus
species are widespread in anoxic freshwater mud, but occur in brackish, marine or hypersaline sediments as well.

DNA G + C content (mol %)
: 50.8–53.5 (genome).

Type species
:
Desulfobotulus sapovorans
(Widdel 1981) Kuever, Rainey and Widdel 2009, 923
VP
(Effective publication: Kuever Rainey and Widdel 2005c, 971; basonym
Desulfovibrio sapovorans
Widdel 1981, 382).
D
esulfococcus
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: October 2019

De.sul.fo.coc'cus. L. pref.
de
from L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
equivalent of Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
grain, berry; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfococcus
a berry shaped (spherical) sulfate‐reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfococcaceae / Desulfococcus

Cells are spherical or lemon‐shaped, 1.4–2.3 µm in diameter. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Cells stain Gram‐negative and often contain granules of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate. The cells are nonmotile. Slime capsules may occur. Strict anaerobes with a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophic and nutritionally versatile. Many species use formate and higher monocarboxylic acids up to C
16
, lactate, pyruvate, and alcohols as electron donors and as carbon sources. Acetone and phenyl‐substituted organic acids may be utilized. These compounds are completely oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway). Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate (one species) serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, slow growth occurs by fermentation of lactate or pyruvate to acetate and propionate. Mesophilic. The optimal temperature range for growth is 28–35°C. The optimal pH range for growth is 6.7–7.6. Growth occurs in simple, defined media containing a reductant (usually sulfide) and vitamins. Occur in anoxic mud of freshwater, brackish water, and marine habitats; also occur in the sludge of anaerobic sewage digesters.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 56.8–58.3 (genome).

Type species
:
Desulfococcus multivorans
Widdel 1981, 382 (Effective publication: Widdel 1980, 377).
D
esulfofrigus
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: October 2019

De.sul.fo.fri'gus. L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. neut. n.
frigus
cold; N.L. neut. n.
Desulfofrigus
sulfate reducer living in the cold.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfolunaceae / Desulfofrigus

Cells are large, straight or slightly curved rods, 0.8–2.1 µm × 3.2–6.1 µm. Motile cells may be observed in old cultures. Cells stain Gram‐negative and do not form spores. Strict anaerobe with a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophs, using fatty acids, other carboxylic acids, amino acids, and alcohols as electron donors and also as carbon sources. Organic substrates oxidation varies between species, one species performs complete oxidation to CO
2
and another species performs incomplete oxidation to acetate. Sulfate serves as terminal electron acceptor and is reduced to sulfide. Ferric citrate may also serve as electron acceptor. The type strain can use thiosulfate and sulfite as electron acceptors; other electron acceptors are not used. Fermentative growth on pyruvate, malate, or other carbon substrates is possible. Sulfur and thiosulfate are not disproportionated. Obligate (only the type species) or facultatively psychrophilic. The temperature optimal for growth is 10–18°C, but growth still occurs at −1.8°C. The optimal pH for growth is between 7.0 and 7.5.
Desulfofrigus
species require NaCl and MgCl
2
, and optimal growth occurs at marine salt concentrations. Media containing a reductant are necessary for growth. Occur in permanently cold marine sediments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 52.1–52.8 (LC).

Type species
:
Desulfofrigus oceanense
Knoblauch, Sahm and Jørgensen 1999, 1640
VP
D
esulfospira
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: October 2019

De.sul.fo.spi'ra. L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. fem. n.
spira
a coil; N.L. fem. n.
Desulfospira
a sulfate‐reducing coil.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfospira

Curved, often spirilloid cells 0.7–0.8 µm × 1–2 µm. Nonmotile. Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores not formed. Anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism. Fermentative growth does not occur. Catalase positive. Chemoorganoheterotrophic or chemoautotrophic, using a wide range of organic compounds as electron donors and also as carbon sources, for example, fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, oxoacids, hydroxyacids, or compatible solutes; these compounds are completely oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase [CODH] or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway). The same pathway is used for autotrophic growth on H
2
plus CO
2
and formate. Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, and sulfur serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. The type strain grows well in sulfide‐free medium in the presence of high concentrations of amorphous iron Fe(III) hydroxide. Mesophilic. Neutrophilic. Na
+
and Mg
2+
are required for growth. The type strain requires biotin for growth. Isolated from iron‐rich, oxidized, marine surface sediment.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 50.6 (genome).

Type species
:
Desulfospira joergensenii
Finster, Liesack and Tindall 1997b, 1274 (Effective publication: Finster, Liesack and Tindall 1997a, 207).
Syntrophobacter
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: October 2019

Syn.tro.pho.bac'ter. Gr. adj.syntogether with; Gr. n.trophosone who feeds; N.L. masc. n.bactersmall sfatt, rod; N.L. masc. n.Syntrophobacterrod which feeds together with (another species).

Desulfobacterota / Syntrophobacteria / Syntrophobacterales / Syntrophobacteraceae / Syntrophobacter

Straight rods with rounded ends, 0.6–1.0 µm × 1.0–4.5 µm, occur singly and in pairs. May form short chains and filamentous cells (up to 35 µm). Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores not formed. Strictly anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph. Mesophilic. Growth occurs at neutral pH (7.0) in low salinity media. Growth occurs by syntrophic metabolism and sulfate reduction. Propionate oxidation to acetate and CO2requires the presence of either a H2/formate‐utilizing organism (methanogen or sulfate reducer) or sulfate as the electron acceptor. Acetate and other fatty acids are not oxidized. Fermentative growth with pyruvate and fumarate. Other common bacterial substrates such as sugars and aromatic compounds are not used either in coculture with a H2/formate‐using organism or in pure culture with sulfate as the electron acceptor. The genus contains only one species, because three former species have been transferred to the new genusSyntrophobacterium. Mesophilic and neutrophilic. Habitat is sludge from anaerobic waste‐treatment facilities and biogas plants.

DNA G + C content (mol%): not determined.

Type species:Syntrophobacter woliniiBoone and Bryant 1984, 356VP(Effective publication: Boone and Bryant 1980, 631).
D
esulfobaculum
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: October 2019

De.sul.fo.ba'cu.lum. L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. masc. n.
baculum
, a stick or rod; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfobaculum
a rod sulfate‐reducing bacterium.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfovibrionaceae / Desulfobaculum

Cells are short rods, 0.3–0.6 µm × 1.5–2.2 µm. Occur singly, in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Cells are motile by a single polar flagellum. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotroph or chemolithoheterotroph. Simple organic compounds like lactate, pyruvate, succinate, fumarate, and malate are used as electron donors and carbon sources; organic compounds are most likely incompletely oxidized to acetate (although original description claim oxidation of acetate). H
2
can be used as electron donor in the presence of acetate as organic carbon source, allowing chemolithoheterotrophic growth. Sulfate and sulfite serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Thiosulfate and fumarate are used by one species. Sulfur and nitrate are not used. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, growth may occur by fermentation of pyruvate. Mesophilic, the optimum temperature range for growth is 35–40°C. Media containing a reductant are required for growth. Isolated from anoxic offshore mangrove sediments and solar saltern.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 62.0–64.5 (LC).

Type species
:
Desulfobaculum xiamenense
corrig. Zhao, Gao, Qin, Li and Ruan 2012, 1574
VP
.
P
seudodesulfovibrio
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: October 2019

Pseu.do.de.sul.fo.vi'bri.o. Gr. adj.
pseudes
false; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfovibrio
a bacterial genus; N.L. masc. n.
Pseudodesulfovibrio
like
Desulfovibrio
, referring to the close relationship to this genus.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfovibrionaceae / Pseudodesulfovibrio

Curved or occasionally straight rods, 0.4–1.0 µm × 1.7–6.0 µm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is absent. Stain Gram‐negative. Motile by means of single polar flagellum. Strictly anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophs, using lactate, pyruvate, some species also fumarate, succinate, and malate as electron donors and carbon sources; organic compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate. Some species can use alcohols, which are oxidized to their corresponding acids. H
2
can be used as electron donor in the presence of acetate as an organic carbon source (chemolithoheterotrophic growth) by most species. Formate can be used in the presence of acetate by most species. Sulfate serves as a terminal electron acceptor and is reduced to H
2
S. Sulfite and thiosulfate are used by most species. Other electron acceptors such as nitrate, fumarate, and dimethyl sulfoxide are used by few species. Growth may occur by fermentation of pyruvate, malate, or fumarate. Mesophilic, the optimum temperature range for growth is 25–40°C. All members require increased levels of NaCl. Some species are piezophilic. Media containing a reductant are required for growth; some species need vitamins. Cells contain
c
‐type cytochromes (such as
c
3
) and usually
b
‐type cytochromes. Most members of the genus
Pseudodesulfovibrio
contain desulfoviridin. Occur in anoxic marine and brackish water sediments, including deep‐sea sediments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
:
49.9–65.2 (
T
m
, LC, genome).

Type species
:
Pseudodesulfovibrio indicus
Cao, Gayet, Zheng, Shao, Jebbar and Alain 2016a, 3910
VP
.