bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alignment of Liquid Crystalline Polyfluorene Films by an Optically Aligned Polymer Layer
Authors: Fukumura Tomoteru , Soci Cesare , Moses Daniel , Heeger Alan J. , Gibbons Wayne M. , Reppy Mike G. P.
Published: January 2006

An optically aligned polymer with linearly polarized light is used to align uniaxially a liquid crystalline fluorescent polymer, poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO). The optically aligned polymer has negligible absorption for visible light regime and is stable at relatively high temperature in air. The aligned PFO film shows the significant dichroic ratios in absorption and photoluminescence. The photoconductivity is sensitive to the polarization of the excitation light.
Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Epitaxial Perovskite SrIrO3 Films on (100)SrTiO3 Substrates
Authors: Kim Yong Kwan , Sumi Akihiro , Takahashi Kenji , Yokoyama Shintaro , Ito Shinichi , Watanabe Takayuki , Akiyama Kensuke , Kaneko Satoru , Saito Keisuke , Funakubo Hiroshi
Published: January 2006

(001)c-oriented 60–70-nm-thick SrIrO3 films with a high-pressure-stable perovskite phase were epitaxially grown on (100)SrTiO3 substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, and the crystal structure and the resistivity of the films were investigated. X-ray diffraction techniques including general θ–2θ scan, the rocking curve and high-resolution reciprocal space mapping, were used to determine crystal quality, lattice constant, and crystal structure of the SrIrO3 films. It was demonstrated that the film crystal structure was tetragonal distorted by strong mechanical constraints due to the in-plane matching with the lattice parameters of SrTiO3 substrates, and maintained almost the same unit cell volume as the reported one for the perovskite cubic SrIrO3 phase. The resistivity of the film at room temperature was 740 µΩ cm, and it decreased with decreasing temperature down to 100 K. Finally, an atomically flat surface was obtained on atomically stepped (100)SrTiO3 substrates.
Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy Study of the ZnO(0001)–Zn Surface
Authors: Kishida Masaru , Murata Yuya , Maeda Daisuke , Okado Hideaki , Honda Shin-ichi , Oura Kenjiro , Katayama Mitsuhiro
Published: January 2006

The electronic structure of the ZnO(0001)–Zn surface was studied using scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and first principles molecular dynamics. The STS spectrum indicated that the clean surface is n-type semiconducting with a band gap of about 3.3 eV. The local density of states (LDOS) calculated using ZnO slab model was in qualitative agreement with the STS spectrum, and revealed that occupied and unoccupied peaks originate from O and Zn atoms at the top bilayer of the surface, respectively. From the contour plots of LDOS, it was found that Zn atoms dominantly contribute to both occupied and unoccupied LDOS distributions and their broadening on the surface, which prevents atom-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of ZnO(0001) surface.
Growth of Silicon Nanocrystals by Low-Temperature Photo Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Kim Sang Soo , Bang Kee In , Kwak Joonghwan , Lim Koeng Su
Published: January 2006

Silicon nanocrystals on a thermally grown silicon oxide have been fabricated at a low temperature using the photo chemical vapor deposition (photo-CVD). Even at a low temperature of 150°C, crystalline silicon nanocrystals are successively formed by this method. By changing the gas mixture of SiH4 and H2, the size and number density of Si nanocrystals are systematically investigated in a controlled manner. The shape, size, and crystallinity of such nanocrystals examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To apply Si nanocrystals in nonvolatile memory, the capacitance–voltage (CV) characteristics of Si nanocrystals are also discussed in this paper.
Static and dynamic location in French and in English
Authors: Hickmann Maya , Hendriks Henriëtte
Published: January 2006

Available research (Bowerman & Choi, 2003; Slobin, 1996) shows crosslinguistic differences in how children talk about space, suggesting the impact of languagespecific factors on language acquisition. This study compares the productions of French children aged 3, 4 and 5 years (N = 60) with those of French and English adults (N = 40) in two tasks that required them to locate objects and to describe object displacements. French adults frequently rely on verbs and focus on manner of attachment, whereas English adults frequently rely on satellites and focus on posture or manner of displacement. French children show few age differences between 3 and 5 years, generally following the French pattern from 3 years on, although they also differ from both groups of adults in some respects, showing developmental changes (overgeneralizations in prepositional use, expansion of the verbal lexicon). The discussion highlights the impact of language-specific determinants of acquisition in relation to the typological properties of French and English as verb-framed vs. satellite-framed languages. It is argued that languages invite speakers to rely on different linguistic means (information locus) and to pay attention to different types of information (information focus), thereby inducing different ways of organizing underlying spatial categories.
Harry Stack Sullivan and his chums: archive fever in American psychiatry?
Authors: Hegarty Peter
Published: January 2006

The literature on the life and work of American psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan is used to provide a critique of Jacques Derrida’s Archive Fever. Derrida’s concept of archival violence relies on psychoanalysis both for its epistemology and for its exemplar of archival violence. The Sullivan literature shows how these positions become antagonistic when Derrida’s work is used to think about Freud’s critics. The published literature on Sullivan is described as a queer archive that has been strongly shaped by historical shifts in discourses about homosexuality, but that continues to stimulate and frustrate attempts to know the essential truth about Sullivan. Sullivan scholars have been quick to read his personality theory as autobiography, belittling the importance of friendship in Sullivan’s developmental theory, which differentiates it from the heteronormative Oedipal narrative. It is argued that Derrida’s mode of critique would entrench rather than unearth such heteronormative historiographical moves. Scholars are invited to put Sullivan’s biographies and published works to a broader range of uses in the human sciences.
Roles of protease-activated receptors in a mouse model of endotoxemia
Authors: Camerer Eric , Cornelissen Ivo , Kataoka Hiroshi , Duong Daniel N. , Zheng Yao-Wu , Coughlin Shaun R.
Published: January 2006

Endotoxemia is often associated with extreme inflammatory responses and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) mediate cellular responses to coagulation proteases, including platelet activation and endothelial cell reactions predicted to promote inflammation. These observations suggested that PAR activation by coagulation proteases generated in the setting of endotoxemia might promote platelet activation, leukocyte-mediated endothelial injury, tissue damage, and death. Toward testing these hypotheses, we examined the effect of PAR deficiencies that ablate platelet and endothelial activation by coagulation proteases in a mouse endotoxemia model. Although coagulation was activated as measured by thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) production and antithrombin III (ATIII) depletion, Par1–/–, Par2–/–, Par4–/–, Par2–/–:Par4–/–, and Par1–/–:Par2–/– mice all failed to show improved survival or decreased cytokine responses after endotoxin challenge compared with wild type. Thus, our results fail to support a necessary role for PARs in linking coagulation to inflammation or death in this model. Interestingly, endotoxin-induced thrombocytopenia was not diminished in Par4–/– mice. Thus, a mechanism independent of platelet activation by thrombin was sufficient to cause thrombocytopenia in our model. These results raise the possibility that decreases in platelet count in the setting of sepsis may not be caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation but instead report on a sometimes parallel but independent process.
X-inactivation–based clonality analysis and quantitative JAK2V617F assessment reveal a strong association between clonality and JAK2V617F in PV but not ET/MMM, and identifies a subset of JAK2V617F-negative ET and MMM patients with clonal hematopoiesis
Authors: Levine Ross L. , Belisle Claude , Wadleigh Martha , Zahrieh David , Lee Stephanie , Chagnon Pierre , Gilliland D. Gary , Busque Lambert
Published: January 2006

The JAK2V617F mutation is present in most patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and in some patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) and myeloid metaplasia/myelofibrosis (MMM). We sought to investigate the relationship between granulocyte clonality and JAK2V617F allelic ratio. A total of 168 of 190 female patients were informative for a clonality assay at the HUMARA locus; 80% of MMM, 75% of PV, and 67% of ET patients demonstrated clonal granulopoiesis. The JAK2V617F allele was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 99% of PV, 72% of ET, and 39% of MMM. A correlation between clonality and JAK2V617F allelic ratio was demonstrated for PV (P < .001) but not for ET or MMM (both P > .6). These data suggest that acquisition of the JAK2V617F mutation may be sufficient for the development of PV, but additional genetic events are necessary in ET and MMM. In addition, some ET and MMM patients with clonal granulopoiesis have somatic mutations other than JAK2V617F.
A simplified design approach to prevent shrinkage cracking in patch repairs
Authors: O'Flaherty F. J. , Mangat P. S.
Published: January 2006

This paper outlines two procedures for determining the interfacial shrinkage stresses in a repair patch. The first is an analytical approach based on the analogy of a bimetallic strip undergoing contraction (shrinkage). The second is a semi-empirical procedure based on strain monitoring of in situ repairs to in-service bridges. The procedures determine conversion factors to relate the specified properties of the repair materials to their in situ properties in a field repair patch. For example, the shrinkage of a repair patch is influenced by the volume–surface effect, site temperature and relative humidity which are not considered in repair material specification. Creep is initiated in situ by differential shrinkage stresses in the repair material and is determined by adopting an effective elastic modulus approach. Both procedures require the basic material properties (elastic modulus, shrinkage, creep) and geometrical details (width, depth) of the repair patch. The analytical approach incorporates the repair material creep coefficient to predict the interfacial tensile stresses. Alternatively, it uses a less rigorous, elastic approach that omits creep. The creep approach provides higher accuracy whereas the elastic approach overestimates stresses since relaxation by creep is neglected. The elastic approach is recommended for design due to its simplicity and the in-built factor of safety provided by the overestimation of tensile stress. The semi-empirical approach uses an expression derived from long-term field data to determine the strain (and consequently stresses) at the interface of the repair patch and the substrate concrete. The procedures predict the maximum interfacial tensile stress during the service life of a repair patch. They can be used to design crack-free repair patches and optimise repair material selection through a better understanding of the interaction between the repair patch and substrate concrete.
Analytical studies on creep of sealed concrete under multiaxial stresses using a microplane model
Authors: Kim J. K. , Kwon S. H. , Kim Y. Y.
Published: January 2006

The Poisson's ratio resulting from multiaxial creep of concrete, which has been reported by some experimental works, is controversial. When calculated from measured strains, Poisson's ratio is very sensitive to small experimental error. This sensitivity makes it difficult to determine whether the ratio varies with time or remains constant, and whether it has a different value with stress states. To understand precisely the properties of multiaxial creep of concrete, a new approach is needed. In this study, microplane model is applied to optimally fitting test data extracted from experimental studies on multiaxial creep of concrete. Double-power law is used as a model to represent volumetric and deviatoric creep evolutions on a microplane. Six parameters representing the volumetric and deviatoric compliance functions are determined from regression analysis, and the optimum fits accurately simulate the test data. Poisson's ratio is calculated from the optimum fits and its value varies with time. Regression analysis is also performed on the assumption that multiaxial creep of concrete is isotropic. Four parameters are determined for this condition, and the error between the optimum fits and the test data is slightly larger than that for the six-parameter regression results. The constant Poisson's ratio with time is obtained from the results of the four-parameter analysis, and the constant value can be used in practice without serious error.
Intersubgenomic Heterosis in Rapeseed Production with a Partial New‐Typed Brassica napus Containing Subgenome Ar from B. rapa and Cc from Brassica carinata
Authors: Li Maoteng , Chen Xin , Meng Jinling
Published: January 2006

A breeding strategy for utilizing intersubgenomic heterosis in rapeseed (Brassica spp.) was proposed by partially replacing the An and Cn subgenomes of B. napus L. (AnAnCnCn) with the Ar subgenome of B. rapa L. (ArAr) and Cc of B. carinata A. Braun (BcBcCcCc), respectively. To replace the subgenomes of natural B. napus (AnAnCnCn), pentaploid hybrids were first produced by mating the synthetic hexaploid (ArArBcBcCcCc) with natural B. napus Progenies of pentaploid hybrids were considered as the partial new‐typed B. napus (ArArCcCc) since they contained 38 chromosomes and half of their genome was introgressed from Ar/Cc subgenome based on cytological and molecular assay. Most individuals of the partial new‐typed B. napus showed normal meiotic behavior, high portion of germinated‐pollen and good seed set. Intersubgenomic hybrids were produced by crossing cultivars of natural B. napus with the partial new‐typed B. napus plants selected from F3, F4, and F5 generations. Seed yield potential of intersubgenomic hybrids was tested for three successive years and most hybrids showed strong over‐control or midparent heterosis. Seed yield of hybrids was positively correlated with the genomic proportion of Ar, Cc and Ar + Cc in the new‐typed B. napus It is suggested that increasing the subgenomic portion of Ar/Cc in the new‐typed B. napus might further strengthen the intersubgenomic heterosis for seed yield.
Marker‐Assisted Selection for Neutral Detergent Fiber in Smooth Bromegrass
Authors: Stendal C. , Casler M. D. , Jung G.
Published: January 2006

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the most effective and measurable predictor of animal intake. About 70% of the variation in animal production is attributed to differences in intake potential of livestock feed. Sixteen molecular markers associated with NDF in four divergently selected smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) populations were selected from a previous study for further examination for possible use in a marker‐assisted selection (MAS) breeding program. The objectives of this experiment were to confirm the association of previously identified markers to NDF concentration in smooth bromegrass populations and to develop a marker‐based selection index. Marker and NDF data were analyzed and marker indices were constructed using data from the current and previous studies. Index scores were used to rank genotypes and create selection differentials on the basis of phenotypic data. Marker frequencies calculated on a subpopulation basis between the previous and current studies were highly unrepeatable. Nevertheless, of the 14 groups of marker indices, seven of which accounted for pedigree structure, one marker index appears to provide the greatest potential for use in MAS to reduce NDF across all four populations of smooth bromegrass. Where pedigree structure is known, selections made using this index would lead to the largest expected response per year and eliminate the need to collect phenotypic data for as long as linkage relationships remain intact. Where pedigree structure is unknown, a general marker index may be used, or phenotypic data can be utilized along with a marker index. However, inclusion of phenotypic data would necessitate a cost–benefit analysis.
Estimating Out‐Crossing Rates in Spring Wheat Cultivars Using the Contact Method
Authors: Lawrie R. G. , Matus‐Cádiz M. A. , Hucl P.
Published: January 2006

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a self‐pollinated species with out‐crossing (OC) rates assumed to be less than 1%. The objective of this study was to evaluate the OC rates for 35 Canadian spring wheat cultivars grown under greenhouse conditions. Recipient cultivars were crossed with Purendo‐38, a blue aleurone wheat, using direct spike contact inside glassine bags. Four seeding dates were used in each of two greenhouse experiments (2001 and 2002). Out‐crossing rates ranged from 0 to 2.8% (2001) and 0 to 3.5% (2002), with the exception of ‘Glenlea’ and ‘Wildcat’. Only Glenlea (10.6% [2001]; 8.6% [2002]) and Wildcat (6.3% [2001]; 4.2% [2002]) displayed consistently elevated levels of OC.
Defining the response to interferon‐β in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Río Jordi , Nos Carlos , Tintoré Mar , Téllez Nieves , Galán Ingrid , Pelayo Raúl , Comabella Manuel , Montalban Xavier
Published: January 2006

Objective

Many patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are currently receiving treatment with interferon (IFN)–β. Early identification of nonresponder patients is crucial to try different therapeutic approaches. We investigated various criteria of treatment response to assess which criterion better identifies patients with a poor response.

Methods

We studied relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS) patients treated with IFN‐β and followed them up for at least 2 years. Expanded Disability Status Score was scored every 3 months and relapses were recorded. We analyzed various criteria based on relapses, disability progression, or both.

Results

Three hundred ninety‐three patients were included. After 2 years of treatment, we observed a proportion of nonresponders, ranging from 7 to 49% depending on the stringency of the criteria used. Criteria based in disability progression had higher sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. The hazard ratio for the development of marked disability after 6 years of treatment was 39.6 (95% confidence interval, 16.6–94.4) among the patients who fulfilled the criterion based only in disability progression.

Interpretation

Criteria of response to IFN‐β therapy in RRMS using disability progression are more clinically relevant than those based only in relapse rate. This finding may be important for the counseling and care of RRMS patients treated with IFN‐β. Ann Neurol 2006;59:344–352
Low stability of huntington muscle Mitochondria against Ca2+ in R6/2 mice
Authors: Gizatullina Zemfira Z. , Lindenberg Katrin S. , Harjes Phoebe , Chen Ying , Kosinski Christoph M. , Landwehrmeyer Bernhard G. , Ludolph Albert C. , Striggow Frank , Zierz Stephan , Gellerich Frank N.
Published: January 2006

Objective

The aim of the present work was the detection of Mitochondrial dysfunction of Huntington's disease (HD).

Methods

We investigated muscle and muscle mitochondria of 14‐ to 16‐week‐old R6/2 mice in comparison with wild‐type mice.

Results

Atrophic fibers, increased fuchsinophilic aggregates, and reduced cytochrome c oxidase (15%) were found in HD muscle. With swelling measurements and Ca2+ accumulation experiments, a decreased stability of HD mitochondria against Ca2+‐induced permeability transition was detected. Complex I–dependent respiration of HD mitochondria was more sensitive to inhibition by adding 10μm Ca2+ than wild‐type mitochondria.

Interpretation

Data suggest that the decreased stability of HD mitochondria against Ca2+ contributes to energetic depression and cell atrophy. Ann Neurol 2006;59:407–411
Skin sympathetic adrenergic innervation: An immunofluorescence confocal study
Authors: Donadio Vincenzo , Nolano Maria , Provitera Vincenzo , Stancanelli Annamaria , Lullo Francesco , Liguori Rocco , Santoro Lucio
Published: January 2006

Objective

The aim of this study was to characterize sympathetic adrenergic innervation of the skin in healthy subjects using dopamine β hydroxylase (DβH) as a specific marker for noradrenergic fibers.

Methods

Sympathetic adrenergic innervation of human skin was studied in 10 healthy subjects by indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy applied to punch skin biopsies. Noradrenergic fibers were identified both in glabrous and hairy skin using DβH antibody.

Results

DβH immunoreactive fibers were mainly localized in arteriovenous anastomoses, arrector pilorum muscles, and arterioles, whereas few adrenergic fibers were found around sweat glands.

Interpretation

Our description of sympathetic adrenergic innervation of human skin aims to improve the diagnostic ability of skin biopsy to detect selective autonomic nervous system disorders. Ann Neurol 2006;59;376–381
Development of the blood‐brain barrier: A historical point of view
Authors: Ribatti Domenico , Nico Beatrice , Crivellato Enrico , Artico Marco
Published: January 2006

Although there has been considerable controversy since the observation by Ehrlich more than 100 years ago that the brain did not take up dyes from the vascular system, the concept of an endothelial blood‐brain barrier (BBB) was confirmed by the unequivocal demonstration that the passage of molecules from blood to brain and vice versa was prevented by endothelial tight junctions (TJs). There are three major functions implicated in the term “BBB”: protection of the brain from the blood milieu, selective transport, and metabolism or modification of blood‐ or brain‐borne substances. The BBB phenotype develops under the influence of associated brain cells, especially astrocytic glia, and consists of complex TJs and a number of specific transport and enzyme systems that regulate molecular traffic across the endothelial cells. The development of the BBB is a complex process that leads to endothelial cells with unique permeability characteristics due to high electrical resistance and the expression of specific transporters and metabolic pathways. This review article summarizes the historical background underlying our current knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of the BBB. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:3–8, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sudden origins: A general mechanism of evolution based on stress protein concentration and rapid environmental change
Authors: Maresca Bruno , Schwartz Jeffrey H.
Published: January 2006

A major theme in Darwinian evolutionary theory is that novelty arises through a process in which organisms and their features are gradually transformed. Morgan provided Darwinism and the evolutionary synthesis with the idea that minor mutations produce the minuscule morphological variations on which natural selection then acts, and that, although mutation is random, once a process of gradual genetic modification begins, it becomes directional and leads to morphological, and consequently organismal, transformation. In contrast, studies on the role of cell membrane physical states in regulating the expression of stress proteins in response to environmental shifts indicate the existence of a downstream mechanism that prevents or corrects genetic change (i.e., maintains “DNA homeostasis”). However, episodic spikes in various kinds of environmental stress that exceed an organism's cells' thresholds for expression of proper amounts of stress proteins responsible for protein folding (including stochastically occurring DNA repair) may increase mutation rate and genetic change, which in turn will alter the pattern of gene expression during development. If severe stress disrupts DNA homeostasis during meiosis (gametogenesis), this could allow for the appearance of significant mutational events that would otherwise be corrected or suppressed. In evolutionary terms, extreme spikes in environmental stress make possible the emergence of new genetic and consequent developmental and epigenetic networks, and thus also the emergence of potentially new morphological traits, without invoking geographic or other isolating mechanisms. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:38–46, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remote visualisation of Labrador convection in large oceanic datasets
Authors: West L. J. , Killworth P. D. , Cornell V. C. , Challenor P. G.
Published: January 2006

The oceans relinquish O(1PW) of heat into the atmosphere at high latitudes, the lion's share of which originates in localised ‘hotspots’ of violent convective mixing, but despite their small horizontal scale—O(10–100km)—these features may penetrate deeply into the thermocline and are vital in maintaining the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). Accurate modelling of the MOC, therefore, requires a large‐scale numerical model with very fine resolution.

The global high‐resolution ocean model, Ocean Circulation Climate Advanced Model (OCCAM) has been developed and run at the Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC) for many years. It was configured to resolve the energetic scales of oceanic motions, and its output is stored at the Manchester Supercomputer Centre. Although this community resource represents a treasure trove of potential new insights into the nature of the world ocean, it remains relatively unexploited for a number of reasons, not the least of which is its sheer size.

A system being developed at SOC under the auspices of the Grid for Ocean Diagnostics, Interactive Visualisation and Analysis (GODIVA) project makes the remote visualisation of very large volumes of data on modest hardware (e.g. a laptop with no special graphics capability) a present reality. The GODIVA system is enabling the unresolved question of oceanic convection and its relationship to large‐scale flows to be investigated; a question that lies at the heart of many current climate change issues.

In this article, one aspect of the GODIVA is presented, and used to locate and visualise regions of convective mixing in the OCCAM Labrador Sea. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field
Authors: Merola P. , Marino C. , Lovisolo G.A. , Pinto R. , Laconi C. , Negroni A.
Published: January 2006

The aim of this study was to examine whether a modulated radiofrequency of the type used in cellular phone communications at a specific absorption rate (SAR) higher than International Commission on Non‐ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference level for occupational exposure, could elicit alterations on proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis processes in a neuroblastoma cell line. The cell line was exposed for 24, 48, and 72 h to 900 MHz radiofrequency and proliferation and differentiation were tested by WST‐I assay and by a molecular analysis of specific markers, two oncogenes and a cytoskeleton protein, in exponential growth phase and in synchronized cell cultures. Apoptosis was evaluated by caspase activation analysis and by molecular detection of Poly (ADP‐ribose) polimerase (PARP) cleavage. Combined exposures to radiofrequency and to the differentiative agent retinoic acid or to the apoptotic inducer camptothecin were carried out to test possible interference between electromagnetic field and chemical agents. Overall our data suggest that 900 MHz radiofrequency exposure up to 72 h does not induce significant alterations in the three principal cell activities in a neuroblastoma cell line. Bioelectromagnetics 27:164–171, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid and selective isolation of β‐xylosidase through an activity‐based chemical approach
Authors: Lo Lee‐Chiang , Chu Chi‐Yuan , Pan Yen‐Ru , Wan Chin‐Feng , Li Yaw‐Kuen , Lin Jing‐Jer
Published: January 2006

β‐Xylosidase is a key enzyme in the xylanolytic system with a great potential in many biotechnological applications, especially in the food as well as the pulp and paper industries. We have developed a chemical approach for the rapid screening and isolation of β‐xylosidase. Activity probe LCL‐6X targeting β‐xylosidase was utilized in this study. It carries a β‐xylopyranosyl recognition head, a latent trapping device consisting of a 2‐fluoromethylphenoxyl group, and a biotin reporter group. The biotin reporter group serves both as a readout device and as a tool for enriching the labeled proteins. LCL‐6X could selectively label a model β‐xylosidase from Trichoderma koningii. All other bystander proteins used in this study, including phosphorylase b, BSA, ovalbumin, carbonic anhydrase, and trypsin inhibitor, gave negligible cross‐labeling effect. With the assistance of streptavidin agarose beads and mass spectrophotometry for the recovery and identification of the biotinylated proteins, we demonstrated that LCL‐6X could be successfully applied to identify a bi‐functional enzyme with α‐L‐arabinofuranosidase/β‐xylosidase activity from the total protein extract of a Pichia expressing system and a prospective β‐xylosidase in the culture medium of Aspergillus fumigatus. The β‐xylosidase activities from numerous microbes were also screened using the LCL‐6X probe. Preliminary results showed significant differences among these microbial sources and some distinct protein bands were observed. Thus, we have successfully developed a novel chemical probe that has potential applications in xylan‐related research.
Stability of sludge flocs under shear conditions: Roles of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)
Authors: Sheng Guo‐Ping , Yu Han‐Qing , Li Xiao‐Yan
Published: January 2006

The roles of extracellular polymer substances (EPS) in the shear stability of aerobic and anaerobic flocs were investigated. Both pH and EDTA concentration had a significant effect on the floc stability. The sludge flocs became much weaker as the solution pH increase to above 10. Addition of 1 mM EDTA or more could cause considerable cell erosion and deflocculation of the anaerobic flocs, whereas more than 3 mM EDTA was needed to show its adverse effect on the stability of aerobic flocs. A fraction of the EPS, around 10 mg/g SS for the aerobic flocs and 15 mg/g SS for the anaerobic flocs, could be extracted by fluid shear when the dispersed mass concentration approached the equilibrium. This suggests that most of the dispersed particles were glued by a small amount of readily‐extractable EPS fraction. In addition to the abundance of this EPS fraction, its proteins/carbohydrates ratio, about 0.22:1 for the aerobic flocs and 2.66:1 for the anaerobic flocs, also appeared to be an important factor governing the microbial floc stability. A lower content of the readily‐extractable EPS fraction and a lower ratio of proteins/carbohydrates were responsible for the greater stability of microbial flocs. The total content of the EPS, however, did not show a direct correlation with the floc stability. A hypothesis about biological flocs with two distinct structural regions was proposed. The outer part contained dispersible cells loosely entangled by the readily‐extractable EPS fraction. This part was layered and would become completely dispersed at an infinite shear intensity. On the other hand, the inner part contains biomass in a stable structure tightly glued by EPS, which could not be dispersed by shear except under unfavorable conditions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Environmental disclosures and compulsory accounting standards: the case of spanish annual reports
Authors: Llena Fernando , Moneva Jose M. , Hernandez Blanca
Published: January 2006

This paper analyses environmental reporting practices found in the annual reports published by 51 large companies operating in Spain, with the aim of determining which factors in the firms analysed – belonging to ecologically sensitive sectors – explain the quantity and characteristics of the environmental information published and its evolution. Moreover, the paper takes into account the implementation of the Spanish compulsory accounting standard of 25 March 2002 and its impact on the environmental reporting behaviour.

The results of the content analysis for the period 2001–02 show a significant increase in the environmental information compared with the 1992–94 period. For the first year in which the environmental accounting standard was in force (2002), the results show a high percentage of environmental disclosures in the notes to the annual accounts, although the degree and level of disclosures is very heterogeneous, in both form as well as quantity and quality. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Environmental leaders: making a difference. A typology of environmental leaders and recommendations for a differentiated policy approach
Authors: Runhaar Hens , Tigchelaar Casper , Vermeulen Walter J. V.
Published: January 2006

In the literature, environmental leaders are often implicitly considered as a homogeneous group of companies. In addition, this proposition underlies much public policymaking that is aimed at supporting companies that go green'. A recent exploratory study conducted in the Netherlands however revealed that environmental leaders are often rather heterogeneous – even if they operate in the same sector. Differences are particularly related to incentives for and barriers to environmental leadership. In this paper we develop a typology of environmental leaders and provide recommendations for a differentiated and more effective public policy approach to supporting environmental leaders. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Fine‐Tuning of Properties of Bismacrocyclic Dinuclear Cyclidene Receptors by N‐Methylation
Authors: Domagała Sławomir , Więckowska Agnieszka , Kowalski Jarosław , Rogowska Agnieszka , Szydłowska Jadwiga , Korybut‐Daszkiewicz Bohdan , Bilewicz Renata , Woźniak Krzysztof
Published: January 2006

N‐Methylated bismacrocyclic Cu and Ni complexes were synthesised and structurally characterised in the solid state. Their properties in solution were analysed by using NMR and ESR spectroscopies and electrochemical methods. Face‐to‐face biscyclidenes linked through polymethylene chains form rectangular boxlike cations. These moieties can host some small guest molecules (water, π‐electron donating compounds) and are stabilised by a shell of neighbouring counterions. For the bismacrocyclic dinuclear complexes containing two nickel or two copper ions, the intramolecular interactions between the metallic centres are strengthened through methylation of the macrocyclic components, as compared with the nonmethylated species. We report the electron coupling created by two unpaired electrons coming from two copper centres observed by ESR spectroscopy. Methylation weakens the electron‐acceptor properties of the complexes, which leads to less effective binding of the π‐electron‐donating guests. It also increases the stability of the lower oxidation states. In the case of the copper complexes, both CuII/CuI and CuII/CuIII reversible one‐electron transfers are seen in the voltammograms. These changes in properties are interpreted as the consequences of steric repulsion between the methyl substituents and the macrocyclic ring.
Structural and Electronic Properties of Nanostructured HAlO
Authors: Dong Yi , Burkhart Markus , Veith Michael , Springborg Michael
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Modulated Crystal Structure of KBaNbS4.
Authors: Wu Yuandong , Doert Thomas , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structure, Electronic Structure, and Luminescence of Cs2KYF6:Pr3+.
Authors: Schiffbauer Daniel , Wickleder Claudia , Meyer Gerd , Kirm Marco , Stephan Michael , Schmidt Peter C.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Interpenetrating Copper—Silver Cyanometallate Networks: Polymorphs and Topological Isomers.
Authors: Chippindale Ann M. , Cheyne Simon M. , Hibble Simon J.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Ylide Intermediates: A Novel Diastereoselective Synthesis of Cycloalkyl Fused Furan‐3‐ones.
Authors: Muthusamy Sengodagounder , Gnanaprakasam Boopathy , Suresh Eringathodi
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intramolecular Participation in Alkoxycarbenium Ion Pools.
Authors: Suga Seiji , Suzuki Shinkiti , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Intriguing Hydroiodination of Alkenes and Alkynes with Titanium Tetraiodide.
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Toyoda Tadahiro , Baba Toru
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Use of Boronates in the Petasis Reaction.
Authors: Jourdan Helene , Gouhier Geraldine , Van Hijfte Luc , Angibaud Patrick , Piettre Serge R.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient and Convenient Method for the Direct Conversion of Alkyl Silyl Ethers into the Corresponding Alkyl Ethers Catalyzed by Iron(III) Chloride.
Authors: Iwanami Katsuyuki , Yano Kentaro , Oriyama Takeshi
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Halogen—Metal Exchange/Cyclization of Iodoketones: A Direct Synthesis of 3‐Arylbenzofurans.
Authors: Kraus George A. , Schroeder Jacob D.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclization Reactions of Vinyl Radicals via 1,6‐H‐Atom Transfer: Facile Access to 2,3‐Disubstituted Dihydrobenzofurans.
Authors: Lin Hechun , Schall Andreas , Reiser Oliver
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regiospecific Synthesis of Mono‐N‐Substituted Indolopyrrolocarbazoles.
Authors: Froehner Wolfgang , Monse Barbara , Braxmeier Tobias M. , Casiraghi Laura , Sahagun Heidi , Seneci Pierfausto
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Thieno[3,2‐b]pyrrolenine Derivatives under the Fischer Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Shirinian V. Z. , Krayushkin M. M. , Nikalin D. M. , Shimkin A. A.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of New Chiral Mono‐, Di‐, Tri‐, and Tetraalkylglycolurils.
Authors: Kravchenko A. N. , et al. et al.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemical Characteristics of 4‐Aryl‐2‐carbamoylmethylthio‐5‐ethoxycarbonyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridine‐3‐carb oxylic Acid Nitriles.
Authors: Baumane L. , Krauze A. , Belyakov S. , Sile L. , Chernova L. , Griga M. , Duburs G. , Stradins J.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Derivatives of (4‐Methyl‐2‐quinolylthio)acetic and (4‐Methyl‐2‐quinolylthio)propionic Acids.
Authors: Avetisyan A. A. , Aleksanyan I. L.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Approach to the Synthesis of Lamotrigine and Other 3,5‐Diamino‐1,2,4‐triazine Derivatives.
Authors: Ulomskii E. N. , Shestakova T. S. , Deev S. L. , Rusinov V. L. , Chupakhin O. N.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Study of Nitrogen‐ and Sulfur‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 57. Synthesis and Conversion of 4′‐Substituted 5‐(5‐Amino‐6‐pyrimidylthio)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐4,6‐dioxo‐1,3‐dioxanes.
Authors: Safonova T. S. , Nemeryuk M. P. , Likhovidova M. M. , Sedov A. L. , Keremov A. F. , Solov'eva N. P. , Anisimova O. S.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure of New Carotenoids (I)‐(III) with a 3,4‐Dihydroxy‐β‐End Group from the Oyster Crassostrea gigas.
Authors: Maoka Takashi , Fujiwara Yasuhiro , Hashimoto Keiji , Akimoto Naoshige
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Clerodane Diterpenoids from Laetia procera (Poepp.) Eichler (Flacourtiaceae), with Antiplasmodial and Antileishmanial Activities.
Authors: Jullian Valerie , Bonduelle Colin , Valentin Alexis , Acebey Lucia , Duigou Anne‐Gaelle , Prevost Marie‐Francoise , Sauvain Michel
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sesquiterpenoids from Ligularia virgaurea spp. oligocephala.
Authors: Wu Quan‐Xiang , Yang Ai‐Mei , Shi Yan‐Ping
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Total Synthesis of (—)‐Bestatin Using Shibasaki′s Asymmetric Henry Reaction.
Authors: Gogoi Naminita , Boruwa Joshodeep , Barua Nabin C.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phosphomolybdic Acid Supported on Silica Gel: An Efficient, Mild and Reusable Catalyst for the Chemoselective Hydrolysis of Acetonides.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Raghavendra S. , Satyanarayana M. , Balanarsaiah E.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Concise Syntheses of Meridianins by Carbonylative Alkynylation and a Four‐Component Pyrimidine Synthesis.
Authors: Karpov Alexei S. , Merkul Eugen , Rominger Frank , Mueller Thomas J. J.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry and Dynamics of Interaction of Nucleosides with Pentafluoropyridines.
Authors: Litvak V. V. , Mainagashev I. Ya. , Bukhanets O. G.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dihydrophenanthrenes from Bletilla formosana.
Authors: Lin Yun‐Lian , Chen Wan‐Ping , Macabalang Abdulgafor Datu
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Constituents of Leaves of Phellodendron japonicum Maxim. and Their Antioxidant Activity.
Authors: Chiu Chih‐Yang , Li Chia‐Ying , Chiu Chao‐Chen , Niwa Masatake , Kitanaka Susumu , Damu Amooru Gangaiah , Lee E‐Jiang , Wu Tian‐Shung
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Gymnasterkoreayne G, a New Inhibitory Polyacetylene Against NFAT Transcription Factor from Gymnaster koraiensis.
Authors: Nguyen Tien Dat , Cai Xing Fu , Shen Quanghai , Lee Im Seon , Lee Eun Joo , Park Yong Ki , Bae KiHwan , Kim Young Ho
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Antioxidant Constituents of Caragana tibetica.
Authors: Xiang Ting , Uno Toshio , Ogino Fumino , Ai Cuoqian , Duo Jie , Sankawa Ushio
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry of Gold in Silicate Glasses: Studies on a Nonthermally Activated Growth of Gold Nanoparticles.
Authors: Eichelbaum Maik , Rademann Klaus , Mueller Ralf , Radtke Martin , Riesemeier Heinrich , Goerner Wolf
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Series of Bisaryl Imidazolidin‐2‐ones Has Shown to be Selective and Orally Active 5‐HT2C Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Goodacre Caroline J. , et al. et al.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.