bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marijuana and Migraine
Authors: EI‐Mallakh Rif S.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Three cases are described in which common migraine headaches appeared shortly after abrupt discontinuation of long‐term marijuana use. Since cannabinoids have been reported to have both a peripheral vasoconstrictor effect and an ability to inhibit platelet serotonin release induced by migraineur's plasma, they may have a specific migraine prophylactic effect. This would have implications regarding potential therapeutic uses of cannabinoid derivatives.
Viewpoint: Food Induced "Delayed Reaction" Headaches in Relation to Tyramine Studies
Authors: Gettis Alan
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

In 1967, Hanington hypothesized that oral tyramine caused headache in susceptible individuals. Since then, the studies on tyramine and headache have yielded conflicting results. All the studies use either a 24 or 48 hour period following tyramine ingestion to note whether headache developed. However, there is a considerable body of literature on "delayed reaction" type food sensitivities which notes a gap of as much as 72 hours between ingestion of offending foods and development of headache. When subjects receive tyramine capsules and placebo capsules 24 or 48 hours apart, it is conceivable that contamination of results could occur due to delayed reaction headaches. A headache following placebo ingestion could be a result of the delayed reaction to the tyramine. Numerous studies did not attempt to control for the ingestion of tyramine‐rich foods in their subjects, and the failure to do so threatens the validity of their findings. Future studies need to consider a 72 hour time frame between tyramine and placebo trials, and any headaches developing for 72 hours after capsule ingestion should be recorded.
Pattern‐Shift Visual Evoked Responses in Cluster Headache
Authors: Polich John , Aung Maung , Dalessio Donald J.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Visual evoked responses (VERs) elicited with two different sizes of checkerboard patterns were obtained from 10 male cluster headache patients and their age‐matched controls. Full‐and half‐field stimulus presentations produced no substantial differences between the subject groups for any of the major component latencies or amplitudes (N75, P100, N145). No differences were obtained for either checkerboard size between the groups or when the specific side of headache pain was assessed separately. The results are discussed in terms of previous VER headache studies.
Group and Menstrual Phase Effect in Reported Headaches among College Students
Authors: Kappius Ruth E. Kelsch , Goolkasian Paula
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Headache is one of many symptoms associated with menstrual phase. Three groups of college students (25 naturally menstruating women, 26 women using oral contraceptives, and 27 men) kept a daily record of each occurrence of headache for eight weeks. The rating scale data was analyzed to test for effects of group and menstrual phase. Naturally menstruating women reported more headaches than women using oral contraceptives, and in addition, women in both groups experienced variability across menstrual phase in reported headaches. Headache pain was found to rise premenstrually reaching a peak during the menstrual phase.
Cervicogenic Headache ‐ The Clinical Picture, Radiological Findings and Hypotheses on Its Pathophysiology
Authors: Pfaffenrath V. , Dandekar R. , Pöllmann2 W.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The clinical picture of 15 patients with “cervicogenic headache” is presented. The patients suffered from constant one‐sided headaches, upon which were superimposed acute attacks. The pain could be precipitated and intensified mechanically. It was accompanied in one third of the patients by ipsilateral lacrimation, conjunctival injection, lid edema and visual blurring. Other concomitant symptoms were phono‐ and photophobia, nausea and vomiting. A C2 blockade always led to temporary pain relief.Routine X‐rays of the cervical spine and functional radio‐graphs in flexion and extension did not reveal any findings specific for cervicogenic headache when compared to 18 control subjects. Hypotheses on the pathophysiology of cervicogenic headache are presented.
Cluster Headache After Head Injury
Authors: Reik Louis
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Four patients developed cluster headaches after minor head injuries that caused no permanent neurologic or CT abnormalities. None had had headaches previously. The headaches of the three whose histories were known in detail either corresponded to the injury site or evolved from an earlier headache that did. Nerve injury is suggested as the mechanism by which trauma could initiate cluster headache.
Facial Pain of Dental Origin ‐ A Review for Physicians
Authors: Heir Gary M.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The diagnosis and treatment of facial pain is a multidisciplinary problem involving many areas of medicine and dentistry. Among the most common sources of this symptom are the dental structures.

Facial pain of odontogenic and masticatory origin is often overlooked, perhaps because it is considered so obvious. The assumption that a patient enjoys good dental health may not always be true. Pain arising from not only the teeth and their supporting structures, but from the mandible, maxilla, the masticatory musculature and the temporomandibular joints, must also be considered during any examination of a facial pain patient.

This paper considers pain of dental and craniomandibular origin. A discussion of techniques which the non‐dentalprofessional may use in evaluating this type of patient is included.
Reduced Activity of the NK Cells from Patients with Cluster Headache and the “In Vitro” Response to β‐Interferon
Authors: Martelletti P. , Stirparo G. , De Stefano L. , Bonmassar E. , Giacovazzo M. , Rinaldi‐Garaci C.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A quantitative increase of leukocyte Leu7+ subset (largely represented by cells with natural killer activity, NK) was observed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients during the active period of cluster headache (CH). These patients are susceptible to herpes virus infections. In order to ascertain whether or not the quantitative changes in Leu7+ leukocyte subset would correspond to changes of the NK function, the activity of NK cells was investigated in CH patients. Eighteen patients with the episodic form of CH were studied during cluster periods and in painless periods. The control group consisted of 11 healthy volunteers. The results show that the NK activity of CH patients is significantly lower in comparison to that of control values. This impairment appears to be independent of the cluster period.

Since β‐IFN has been shown to increase “in vitro” NK cell activity, studies were performed to investigate if β‐IFN could restore the limited NK activity found in CH patients. For this purpose the “in vitro” effect of overnight incubation with β‐IFN (1000 I.U./ml) was assessed on NK cell activity in CH patients and in the control group. It was found that β‐IFN was more effective in increasing NK activity of effector cells collected from CH patients when compared with healthy controls.
Elevated Frequency of HLA Shared‐Haplotypes in Migraine Families
Authors: Giacovazzo M. , Valeri M. , Piazza A. , Torlone N. , Bernoni R.M. , Martelletti P. , Adorno D.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Associations between HLA antigens and disease susceptibility have been investigated in several pathological conditions. Previous studies in selected migraine populations did not reveal any association with the HLA system. It is widely accepted that migraine is a disease with familial incidence. The genetic basis of migraine occurrence within 8 families with more than one member affected in two generations was studied. 60 individuals were studied; 33 of them were affected by migraine. HLA‐A,B,C,DR typing was performed in 41 individuals using the microlymphocytotoxicity technique of Terasaki.

The studied pedigrees failed to identify a particular HLA antigen or HLA haplotype as a genetic marker of migraine. Among the total number of HLA typed individuals entering the study, Sib‐pair analysis was done in 20 pairs. The observed frequency of shared‐haplotypes differed from the expected frequency: 60% of compared pairs shared one haplotype (expected frequency 50%) and 30% shared two haplotypes (expected frequency 25%).
Tension Headache: A Comparison of Menstrual and Non‐Menstrual Occurrences
Authors: Solbach Patricia , Sargent Joseph , Coyne Lolafaye , Malone Leslie , Simons Alan
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Headache is a common complaint with the menstrual period. Although research studies now appear on menstrual migraine headache, little research has examined the differences in tension headaches occurring with the menses and at other times. In this study 32 women were followed over nine months during which headache activity was charted daily for both menstruating and non‐menstruating days. All subjects had been diagnosed with tension headaches. The average sample age was 29 years; subjects reported having a headache problem an average of 13 years prior to study entry.

Comparisons of headache activity using headache frequency, duration, and intensity and disability based on example‐anchored scales, were made between menstrual and non‐menstrual days. Menstrual days were defined as the three days prior to the flow and the days of the flow. Treatment outcome comparing the effectiveness of non‐drug techniques for the menstrual and non‐menstrual days was also evaluated.

Problems unique to the study were encountered in the analysis and interpretation of the data due to the individual differences in menstrual patterns and cycle starting points in the study. Statistical analysis showed some differences between the menstruating and non‐menstruating headache occurrences. In general, the menstrual headaches were slightly more intense, decreased less across time, and responded less to non‐drug treatments than the non‐menstrual headaches.
Seasonal and Meteorological Factors in Primary Headaches
Authors: Marrelli A. , Marini C. , Prencipe M.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

In a retrospective survey using a standardized format, 495 patients with “primary headaches” (classic migraine, common migraine, tension headaches, and mixed headaches) were questioned about the role of the seasons and of weather changes in influencing the frequency of their headache attacks. Seasonal influences were more prominent in migraine than in the other headache syndromes, and spring exacerbetions were particularly characteristic of classic migraine. On the other hand, rapid atmospheric variations (quick weather changes) were more potent as headache triggers in mixed headaches than in classic migraine or tension headaches. These differences assist in the delineation of classic migraine as an individual entity.
Naproxen Sodium for Muscle Contraction Headache Treatment
Authors: Sargent Joseph D. , Peters Kenneth , Goldstein Jerome , Madison David S. , Solbach Patricia
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

In this multicenter, double‐blind, parallel study, patients with muscle contraction headache were randomized to treatment with either two naproxen sodium 275 mg capsules per headache or matching placebo. Of a total of 161 patients enrolled, 137 received trial medication and 134 (63 taking naproxen sodium and 71 taking placebo) were valid for efficacy analysis. During four headache episodes, patients recorded, on a visual analog scale, pain intensity just before the dose of trial medication (baseline) and at1, 2, and 4 hours after this dose. For each patient, two additional indices were derived from these data: Pain Intensity Difference (PID), the difference between intensity of pain at baseline and intensity of pain recorded at any time after treatment began; and Summed Pain Intensity Difference (SPID), the sum of the PIDs at a given hour. Results significantly favored naproxen sodium over placebo (p<0.05) at all times. Naproxen sodium was found to be well tolerated and was more efficacious than placebo in the treatment of muscle contraction headache.
The Psychological Treatment of Recurrent Headache in Adolescents Short‐Term Outcome and Its Prediction
Authors: Larsson Bo , Melin Lennart
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The results from three separate treatment studies on adolescents (N = 108) aged 16‐18 years with predominantly recurrent tension (n = 85), and migraine (n = 23) headaches are presented along with information on predictors of short‐term outcome. A standardized therapist‐or home‐based relaxation training program was compared to attention‐control approaches in which information or problem‐discussion procedures were provided for the students. These treatment conditions were both contrasted with self‐monitoring procedures. All students were assessed and treated in a school setting and may therefore, be regarded as representing a nonclinical replication series. The outcome results indicated that the majority (53%) of students, in particular those with tension headache, had improved after both forms of relaxation training, which were clearly superior to attention‐placebo control and self‐monitoring contrasts. Furthermore, it was found that treatment condition, baseline headache severity and students' satisfaction with their home life were the strongest predictors of overall outcome, accounting for 32% of the total variance. For students provided with relaxation training, a set of four parameters, again including baseline headache severity, in addition to students' level of somatic symptoms, school satisfaction and disease within their family, emerged as strong predictors of outcome, explaining 44% of the outcome variance. The results are discussed in view of similar outcome and prediction studies in the field of pediatric and adult recurrent headache.
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEPs) in Childhood Migraine
Authors: Battistella Pier Antonio , Suppiej Agnese , Casara Gianluca , Cavinato Maria Silvia , Olivotto Daniela , Pitassi Isabella , Zacchello Franco
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were recorded in pain‐free periods in 28 children suffering from migraine (23 common and 5 classic). They were without medication for at least one month before there cording session. The results were compared with a group of 10 normal subjects matched for sex and age. We found no significant differences between the migraine group and the control subjects; when analyzing separately the classic and common form, two groups either with more or less than 5 years of history of migraine or with and without nausea and/or vomiting, similar results were obtained. Our data suggest that in migrainous children conduction in the auditory pathway at the brainstem level is not significantly different from controls.
Cluster Headache Like Symptoms Due to Sinusitis: Evidence for Neuronal Pathogenesis of Cluster Headache Syndrome
Authors: Takeshima Takao , Nishikawa Seiho , Takahashi Kazuro
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Two patients with paranasal sinusitis, who showed cluster headache like symptoms rather than typical sinusitis symptoms, are reported. A possible mechanism of the cluster headache like symptoms is discussed. The importance of paranasal radiological study of patients with cluster headache like symptoms is emphasized. These cases seem to support a neuronal pathogenesis of the cluster headache syndrome.
Palliation of Pain in Advanced Oral Cancer
Authors: Narayanan R. Sankara , Nair M. Krishnan , Padmanabhan T.K.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Pain is a severe symptom in advanced oral cancer. Pain is often aggravated by the anxiety induced by visible oral cancer. Unless the primary and regional disease are controlled, nothing substantial in terms of pain relief can be achieved in advanced oral cancer by methods like radiotherapy, surgery or chemotherapy. However, additional treatments such as adequate medical and psychological management may result in considerable alleviation of pain. This article emphasizes the need for more organised education of health professionals, research and publications in cancer pain relief. It also underlines the importance of adequate medical and psychological management to alleviate pain from cancer.
Aborting a Migraine Attack: Naproxen Sodium v Ergotamine plus Caffeine
Authors: Sargent Joseph D. , Baumel Barry , Peters Kenneth , Diamond Seymour , Saper Joel R. , Eisner Larry S. , Solbach Patricia
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The tolerability and efficacy of naproxen sodium and of ergotamine tartrate plus caffeine (ergotamine) were compared in the treatment of acute migraine attacks and associated symptoms. In this multicenter, double‐blind, parallel study of up to six headaches over a 3‐month period, patients took naproxen sodium 825 mg, ergotamine 2 mg, or placebo at the time of the first symptom of an attack; 30 minutes later, if necessary, patients repeated naproxen sodium 275 mg, ergotamine 1 mg or placebo, as appropriate. Rescue medication was allowed 30 minutes following the second dose if needed. Active drugs provided notably better relief of head pain than did placebo; 1 hour following the first dose the difference between naproxen sodium and placebo was statistically significant. Naproxen sodium was as efficacious as ergotamine in the relief of migraine attacks and associated symptoms. Relief of vomiting, nausea, photophobia, and motor symptoms favored naproxen sodium over ergotamine; these differences were statistically significant for nausea and motor symptoms. Ergotamine‐treated patients reported more complaints and had more severe and longer‐lasting complaints than patients on the other two regimens. Overall tolerance ratings by both investigators and patients indicated that naproxen sodium and placebo were tolerated significantly better than ergotamine.
Percutaneous Radiofrequency Trigeminal Gangliorhizolysis in Intractable Cluster Headache
Authors: Mathew Ninan T. , Hurt Wayne
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Recent interest in the possible role of substance P and other vaso‐active polypeptides of the trigeminal vascular system, in the pathogenesis of vascular headache, has lad to a reconsideration of the value of ablative procedures on the trigeminal nerve in the control of chronic, medically intractable cluster headache. Twenty‐seven patients with disabling intractable chronic cluster headache underwent radiofrequency trigeminal gangliorhizolysis. Indications included total resistance to prophylactic treatment, narcotic dependency, hypercorticism, and contra‐indications to ergotamine and methysergide as a result of severe ischemic heart disease. The procedure had to be repeated in 6 patients, once in 4 and twice in 2. The average follow‐up period was 28 months with a range of 6 to 63 months. Excellent results were obtained in 15 patients, very good in 2, good in 3, fair in 1 and poor in 6. Complications were anesthesia dolorosa, stabbing pain over the vertex, ice‐pick like pain over the ipsilateral eye, transient corneal infection, transient diplopia, localized dermatosis, and recurrent stye. Complications were mild and transient in the majority of the patients, and the benefits from the surgery far outweighed the discomfort from the complications. The reasons for poor results in some patients were analyzed.

It is concluded that radiofrequency trigeminal gangliorhizolysis is a reasonable alternative in patients with chronic cluster headache 1) who are totally resistant to medical treatment, 2) with a history of strictly unilateral headache, and 3) with stable personality profile and low addiction proneness.
Migraine Headaches, Migraine Equivalents and Anti‐Smooth Muscle Antibodies
Authors: Ludwig Carol Lynn , Stiller John W. , Burns Patrick J. , Phillips Terence M.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

We describe 20 patients with migraine headaches and/or migraine equivalents who had positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) on routine laboratory screening: 17 of the 20 (85%) had elevated anti‐smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA) that were cytotoxic on Cr51 studies. No patient met criteria for defined autoimmune disorders and the remainder of an extensive autoantibody screen was unremarkable. Details of the clinical features and immunology of these patients are presented. The cytotoxicity of the ASMA suggests that they are capable of producing tissue damage and inflammation and could play a pathogenic role in the production of vascular headaches and/or central nervous system symptoms in these patients.
Psychological Assessment in Tension Headache Before and After Biofeedback Treatment
Authors: Grazzi L. , Frediani F. , Zappacosta B. , Boiardi A. , Bussone G.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The utility of Biofeedback (BFB) techniques in the treatment of tension headache in a small group of young adult patients is demonstrated. A psychological assessment was conducted before and after the treatment: the possible effects of the treatment on some psychological aspects of personality are discussed. The eventual relationships between the clinical improvement and the decrease of muscular tension values are also considered.
Cognitive Changes of Migraineurs Receiving Biofeedback Training
Authors: Mizener Deborah , Thomas Martyn , Billings Ronald
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

This study investigated change in cognitions of migraine patients as they progressed through biofeedback training. Specific cognitions investigated were beliefs about their ability to control physiological processes and their health in general, and coping strategies used.

Subjects were male and female patients presenting with chronic migraine headache at Sunnybrook Medical Centre. They completed the Health Locus of Control, PSC Belief Survey and Cognitive Coping Questionnaire at three different intervals ‐ pre‐, mid‐ and post‐treatment. The results showed that patients became more internal about their beliefs to control their general health, held higher beliefs of ability to control their physiological processes, and were ignoring their pain sensations more than when they started treatment. There was a trend for patients to increase the use of coping self‐statements and to decrease catastrophizing. Interestingly, the significant change in cognitions took place between pre‐ and mid‐treatment (i.e. before biofeedback training occurred). There were some significant correlations between the cognitive and physiological measures, and headache outcome.
Hypothesis: a Rationale for Migraine
Authors: Suess Larry E. , Cuetter Albert C.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

We explore the importance certain extracranial peripheral neural structures have in the pathogenesis of the painful second phase of migraine. The role of leptomeningeal arteries in the migraine pain, and the laudatory nature of the leptomeningeal and extracranial vasodilatation responsible for the migraine phenomenon are presented. When patients understand the concept that the oligemic first phase of the attack of migraine is the actual noxious event which should be targeted for comprehensive management, they are able to improve their quest to identify precipitating environmental factors and obtain clues that will serve as guidelines in the prevention of the attacks.
Arterial Encroachment by an Electrode as a Cause of Referred Vascular Headache
Authors: Hill Stephen , King Don , Flanigin Herbert , Smith Joseph , Gallagher Brian
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A case is reported of focal headache caused by traction on the left middle cerebral artery by an intracerebral electrode placed in the left amygdala. The character and location of the headache suggested the involvement of vascular structures. CT confirmed the diagnosis, and the headache was relieved by removal of the electrode. The features of pain referred from intracranial vessels are reviewed.
Episodic Cluster Headache: Short and Long Term Results of Prophylactic Treatment
Authors: de Carolis Piero , de Capoa Daniela , Agati Raffaele , Baldrati Anna , Sacquegna Tommaso
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

We reviewed our experience with episodic cluster headache patients to evaluate both short and long term results of prophylactic treatment. 50 patients (46 M ‐ 4 F) with episodic cluster headache were studied. During a follow‐up period (mean duration 27.5 months, range 12–84) we studied: response to prophylactic treatment, relapses in responders, and response to the same prophylactic treatment when repeated in subsequent bouts. Drugs used were: Prednisone 50 mg/day; Nimodipine 120 mg/day; Lithium Carbonate 900 mg/day and Methysergide 6 mg/day. The patients were treated at the start of the cluster (within the first week of a bout); successful outcome was defined as the disappearance of attacks within seven days of treatment. Prednisone and Nimodipine gave positive results in over 50% of cases, Lithium Carbonate in 40% of cases, Methysergide in less than 30% of cases. Prednisone presented 33% of relapses; less relapses occurred with Lithium and Nimodipine.

Treatment effectiveness tends to diminish in subsequent bouts irrespective of the drug used.
Mitochondrial Abnormalities in Migraine. Preliminary Findings.
Authors: Montagna P. , Sacquegna T. , Martinelli P. , Cortelli P. , Bresolin N. , Moggio M. , Baldrati A , Riva R. , Lugaresi E.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Nine patients with migraine (5 with migraineous stroke) were investigated for defects of mitochondrial energy metabolism. During effort, blood lactate rose significantly higher in migraineurs. Muscle biopsy showed ragged‐red fibres deficient in cytochrome‐c‐oxidase activity in one case. On muscle biochemistry, depression of some respiratory chain enzymes was found for the whole group of patients, and especially in 2 for cytochrome‐c‐oxidase, succinate‐cytochrome‐c‐reductase and NADH‐cytochrome‐c‐reductase.

Our findings are still preliminary, but they suggest impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism in migraine.
Intracranial Haemodynamics in Cluster Headache
Authors: Gawel M.J. , Krajewski A.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

It is now possible to obtain information about intracranial blood flow velocity by the use of transcranial doppler. We investigated transcranial doppler flow velocities in 42 cluster headache patients, and 41 controls. Interhemispheric asymmetry was significantly greater in the cluster headache group. Within the patient groups, velocities in the middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery, were significantly faster on the headache side and slower in the anterior cerebral artery.

Prophylactic medication seems to block these changes.
Interhemispheric Attentional Functioning in Classic Migraine Subjects During Paroxysmal and Interparoxysmal Phases
Authors: Mazzucchi A. , Sinforiani E. , Zinelli P. , Agostinis C. , Granella F. , Miari A. , Manzoni G.C. , Parma M.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

To investigate whether recurrent neurological migraine prodromes may cause deterioration of higher brain functions, classic migraine patients with prodromes always on the same side ware submitted versus controls to a lateralized attentional task (Posner's test) at a short time interval from the headache attack (paroxysmal phase) and at a longer interval during the headache‐free period (interparoxysmal phase). The results indicate that classic migraine subjects showed no significant changes of interhemispheric attentional processing and interhemispheric balance. Some other findings which did not regard interhemispheric balance are discussed.
The Hypnic Headache Syndrome
Authors: Raskin Neil H.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Six patients, all but one, men, between the ages of 65 and 77 years, were regularly awakened from sleep at a consistent time of night, sometimes during a dream, by a diffuse headache that persisted for 30 to 60 minutes and was often associated with nausea, without autonomic symptoms. In all cases, headache ceased or was substantially attenuated by a bedtime dose of 300 to 600 mg of lithium. The disorder persisted for one and a half to three years in three of the patients; the others continue to require lithium. It is proposed that this syndrome may be caused by perturbation of a biological clock.
Treatment Review: Non‐Steroid Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs in the Treatment and Long‐Term Prevention of Migraine Attacks
Authors: Pradalier A. , Clapin A. , Dry J.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

After reviewing the pathophysiological features suggesting a role of prostaglandins in migraine, we have analyzed the literature concerning double‐blind trials of anti‐inflammatory drugs versus placebo or reference compounds in the acute and long‐term preventive treatment of migraine. For both of these indications, in the majority of double‐blind trials NSAID's have been found to be superior to placebo and equivalent to reference drugs. Certain points remain to be defined including, in particular, the following: • acceptability in the long‐term or by frequent repeated administrations, • efficacy according to different types or factors inducing migraine. More extensive trials are therefore indicated.
Epidemiology of Migraine: A Survey in 21 Provinces of the People's Republic of China, 1985
Authors: Zhao Fu , Tsay Jia‐Yeong , Cheng Xue‐ming , Wong Wu‐ji , Li Shi‐chuo , Yao Shui‐xiang , Chang Si‐ming , Schoenberg Bruce S.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The first large scale study of migraine epidemiology from a nationwide collaborative group was carried out in 22 Chinese rural and ethnic minority communities of 21 provinces of the People's Republic of China during 1985 in a well‐defined population of 246,812 inhabitants. On the day for which prevalence was calculated, January 1, 1985, there were 1703 cases of migraine, yielding a point prevalence ratio of 690/100,000. The prevalence ratio of migraine for females was higher than that for males. The overall sex difference in the prevalence ratio was significant (Z=26.57, P<0.0001), The prevalence began from the age before 10 years old, and monotonically increased until it had reached its peak at age 40–49, then decreased steadily. The geographic distribution of the prevalence has the tendency that the south is higher than the north, and the west is higher than the east. The incidence rate of new cases was 37/100,000 in 1984. The incidence rate reached its peak at age 15–19, then gradually decreased. Incidence before age 10 and after age 50 was rare. The incidence rate of migraine was higher in females than in males. Sex difference in the incidence rate was significant (Z=4.35, P<.0001}. Clinical Manifestations: In 804 cases with auras, 793 (46.56%) had visual disturbances, 11 (0.64°/o) had hemiparesis or hemiparesthesia. Concomitant nausea or vomiting occurred in 1,349 cases (79.21%). Among those 1703 cases with headache, 584 cases (34.29%) were unilateral, 791 cases (40.45%) were bilateral and 328 cases (19.26%) were uncertain. In duration of headache, 744 cases (43.69%) had less then 24 hours and 720 cases (42.28%) had 24 hours or longer. In the frequency of episodes, 818 cases (48.03%) had no more than once per month and 742 cases (43.57%) had more than once per month. Classification: There were 752 cases (44.16%) of prodromal type (classical) migraine, 929 cases (54.55%) of non‐prodromal type (common) migraine, 14 cases (0,82%) of cluster headache, 2 cases (0.12%} of hemiplegic migraine. Each of vertebrobasilar and ophthalmoplegic types had 3 cases (0.18%), Trigger Factors for Episodes: 678 cases (39.81%) were triggered by mental stress (tension, anxiety etc.), 509 cases (29.81%) by change of weather and 293 cases (20.88%) of females by menstruation.
Platelet Alpha2‐Adrenoceptor Binding in Migraine
Authors: Hasselmark Lena , Malmgren Rigmor , Hannerz Jan
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Platelet alpha 2 ‐adrenoceptor binding was determined in ten migraine patients and sixteen healthy controls using (3H)‐yohimbine as radioligand. The mean value of maximum binding (Bmax ) in the migraine patients was 133 ±55 binding sites/ platelet which is significantly lower than that of 217 ± 76 binding sites/platelet in controls (p<0.01). There was also a significant difference in the mean dissociation constant (KD ); 2.05 ± 0.44 nM in migraineurs and 2.98 ± 1.15 nM in controls (p<0.05). Platelet alpha 2 ‐adrenoceptors may constitute valid models for certain characteristics of alpha 2 ‐adrenoceptors in the brain. An alteration in platelet alpha2 ‐adrenoceptor binding may thus reflect similar alterations in central alpha2 ‐adrenoceptors. It is also discussed whether the alpha2 ‐adrenoceptor abberrations are intrinsic to migraine or a result of endogenous and/or pharmacologically induced modulation.
The Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania Concept Expanded
Authors: Spierings Egilius L. H.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Since the description of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania as a separate headache syndrome responsive to indomethacin, two other such syndromes have been described, i.e. hemi‐crania continua and episodic paroxysmal hemicrania. Like chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, these syndromes are relatively rare but their recognition is important because of the absolute and seemingly specific response to indomethacin. In the present paper one additional case of each is described.
Cerebral Infarction in Patients With Migraine Accompaniments
Authors: Shuaib Ashfaq , Lee Mary Anne
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Migraine accompaniments (MA) are transient visual, sensory, motor or behavioral symptoms that are identical to the auras of classical migraine and are thought to have a similar underlying mechanism but which do not occur in association with headache. Cerebral infarction may rarely occur during an episode of migraine and if no other more obvious etiology can be found the infarct is thought to be related to migraine. Cerebral infarction, to our knowledge, has not been reported in association with MA. We now report four patients with a history of MA who developed cerebral infarction. Infarctions were occipital in two cases, frontoparietal in one case and parietal and cerebellar in one case. All patients showed good recovery. The mechanism for cerebral infarction in MA is probably similar to that of infarcts seen with classical migraine.
Long Acting Propranolol in the Prophylaxis of Migraine. Comparison of the Daily Doses of 80 mg and 160 mg
Authors: Havanka‐Kanniainen H. , Hokkanen E. , Myllylä V.V.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The efficacy of long acting propranolol in a dosage of 80 mg once daily in comparison to 160 mg once daily was assessed in the prophylactic treatment of migraine in a double‐blind cross‐over trial. 48 patients with classic or common migraine were included in the investigation, 6 patients withdrew, but only one because of side‐effects. A four week run‐in placebo period preceded the drug treatments, the duration of drug treatments was 12 weeks and there was a wash‐out placebo period of 4 weeks between the treatments.

The two long acting propranolol doses, 80 mg and 160 mg once daily seemed to be equally effective. There was no difference in the antimigraineous effect. Long acting propranolol decreased both the frequency and severity of migraine attacks. Side‐effects reported during the trial were mild, both doses were well tolerated. The treatment compliance during the once daily treatment was very good.
Different Forms of Migraine in Childhood and Adolescence: Notes on Personality Traits
Authors: Lanzi G. , Balottin U. , Borgatti R. , Guderzo M. , Scarabello E.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The present study was proposed to explore the association between specific psychopathological factors and the different types of migraine.

15 subjects with classic migraine (7 males and 8 females; avg. age 14.9), 15 subjects with common migraine (5 males and 10 females; avg. age 10.5) and 15 subjects with chronic daily headache (8 males and 7 females; avg. age 11.3) were examined.

The psychological study of each of them was performed through individual interviews, psychodynamic testing and parental conferences in order to study the individual's personality in a dynamic fashion.

With the same modalities 29 normal subjects were also studied (11 males and 18 females; avg. age 11.3).

In the remote clinical histories of migrainous subjects the authors found: psychosomatic disturbances in a high percentage of cases (70% in classic and common migraine; 72% in chronic daily headache; 27% in control subjects: F = 7.3 p< 0.01); the presence of a psychologically important event directly associated with the onset of the disease (55% for chronic daily headache, 31% for classic migraine, 27% for common migraine}.

As regards the results of statistical analysis of some of the most objective parameters of the Rorschach the authors found: the number of responses of human movement (M) were significantly lower in headache patients, while popular responses (P%), spaces response (S%) and Dr % responses worn in higher percentage in comparison with control. The headache patients also showed significant deceases of F+% and extended F+% while kinesthetic shock and K‐type responses were significantly present.

The authors conclude that in migrainous subjects there is a contact with reality which is uninvolved emotionally, and detached, with prevalently rationalized and intellectualized modalities that correspond to the need of blocking the emergence of emotional phantoms.
Infection-Stimulated Fibrin Deposition Controls Hemorrhage and Limits Hepatic Bacterial Growth during Listeriosis
Authors: Mullarky Isis K. , Szaba Frank M. , Berggren Kiera N. , Parent Michelle A. , Kummer Lawrence W. , Chen Wangxue , Johnson Lawrence L. , Smiley Stephen T.
Published: June 2005

Bacterial infections are major causes of human mortality. The activation of coagulation pathways leading to the deposition of insoluble fibrin frequently accompanies bacterial infection, and much attention has focused upon the pathological attributes of infection-stimulated fibrin deposition. Nevertheless, here we present conclusive evidence that infection-stimulated fibrin deposition can perform critical protective functions during bacterial infection. Specifically, we demonstrate that coagulation-impaired fibrin(ogen)-deficient mice, in comparison with genetically matched control mice, display increased mortality upon peritoneal infection with the gram-positive facultative intracellular bacteriumListeria monocytogenes. To distinguish effects of fibrinogen from those of fibrin, we treat wild-type mice with warfarin, an anticoagulant that suppresses fibrin formation without impacting fibrinogen levels. Warfarin treatment exacerbates listeriosis, suggesting that fibrin is the key mediator of protection. With regard to the underlying protective mechanisms, we demonstrate that fibrin(ogen) suppresses anemia, reduces hemorrhagic pathology, and limits bacterial growth during listeriosis. Despite confirming a prior report that fibrin(ogen) promotes the peritoneal clearance of the extracellular bacteriumStaphylococcal aureus, we demonstrate that fibrin(ogen) plays little role in controlling peritoneal numbers ofL. monocytogenesbacteria or the dissemination ofL. monocytogenesbacteria from the peritoneal cavity. Rather, fibrin(ogen) primarily limits the growth of these intracellular bacteria within hepatic tissue. While the pathological potential of excessive infection-stimulated fibrin deposition is well appreciated, our findings reveal that fibrin can function protectively, via multiple mechanisms, during bacterial infection.
Plasmodium falciparum
Merozoite Surface Protein 8 Is a Ring-Stage Membrane Protein That Localizes to the Parasitophorous Vacuole of Infected Erythrocytes
Authors: Drew Damien R. , Sanders Paul R. , Crabb Brendan S.
Published: June 2005

To date, the following seven glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored merozoite antigens have been described in
Plasmodium falciparum
: merozoite-associated surface protein 1 (MSP-1), MSP-2, MSP-4, MSP-5, MSP-8, MSP-10, and the rhoptry-associated membrane antigen. Of these, MSP-1, MSP-8, and MSP-10 possess a double epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain at the C terminus, and these modules are considered potential targets of protective immunity. In this study, we found that surprisingly,
P. falciparum
MSP-8 is transcribed and translated in the ring stage and is absent from the surface of merozoites. MSP-8 is the only GPI-anchored protein known to be expressed at this time. It is synthesized as a mature 80-kDa protein which is rapidly processed to a C-terminal 17-kDa species that contains the double EGF module. As determined by a combination of immunofluorescence and membrane purification approaches, it appears likely that MSP-8 initially localizes to the parasite plasma membrane in the ring stage. Although the C-terminal 17-kDa fragment is present in more mature stages, at these times it is found in the food vacuole. We successfully disrupted the
MSP-8
gene in
P. falciparum
, a process that validated the specificity of the antibodies used in this study and also demonstrated that MSP-8 does not play a role essential to maintenance of the erythrocyte cycle. This finding, together with the observation that MSP-8 is exclusively intracellular, casts doubt over the viability of this antigen as a vaccine. However, it is still possible that MSP-8 is involved in an early parasitophorous vacuole function that is significant for pathogenesis in the human host.
Cellular Immune Suppressor Activity Resides in Lymphocyte Cell Clusters Adjacent to Granulomata in Human Coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Li Lijin , Dial Sharon M. , Schmelz Monika , Rennels Margaret A. , Ampel Neil M.
Published: June 2005

The in situ immunologic response in human coccidioidomycosis remains undefined. To explore this further, pulmonary necrotizing coccidioidal granulomata were examined using immunohistochemical staining for lymphocyte subsets and for the cytokines interleukin-10 (IL-10) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Discrete perigranulomatous lymphocytic clusters were seen in eight of nine tissues examined. In these tissues, T lymphocytes (CD3
+
) significantly outnumbered B lymphocytes (CD20
+
) in the mantle area of the granulomata (
P
= 0.028), whereas the clusters were composed of roughly equal numbers of T and B lymphocytes. While the number of cells in the mantle expressing IL-10 was similar to those in the perigranulomatous clusters, there were significantly more cells expressing IFN-γ in the mantle than in the clusters (
P
= 0.037). Confocal microscopy revealed that CD4
+
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes are associated with IL-10 production. CD4
+
CD25
+
T lymphocytes were identified in the perigranulomatous clusters but were not associated with IL-10 production. This is the first report noting perigranulomatous lymphocyte clusters and IL-10 in association with human coccidioidal granulomata and suggests that down-regulation of the cellular immune response is occurring within coccidioidal granulomata.
Survival ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium within Late Endosomal-Lysosomal Compartments of B Lymphocytes Is Associated with the Inability To Use the Vacuolar Alternative Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Antigen-Processing Pathway
Authors: Rosales-Reyes Roberto , Alpuche-Aranda Celia , Ramírez-Aguilar María de la Luz , Castro-Eguiluz Angel Denisse , Ortiz-Navarrete Vianney
Published: June 2005

Gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-activated macrophages use an alternative processing mechanism to presentSalmonellaantigens to CD8+T lymphocytes. This pathway involves processing of antigen in a vacuolar compartment followed by secretion and loading of antigenic peptides to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules on macrophage cell surface and bystander cells. In this study, we have shown that B lymphocytes are not able to processSalmonellaantigens using this alternative pathway. This is due to differences inSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium-containing vacuoles (SCV) when comparing late endosomal-lysosomal processing compartments in B lymphocytes to those in macrophages. The IFN-γ-activated IC21 macrophage cell line and A-20 B-cell line were infected with live or deadSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium. The SCV in B cells were in a late endosomal-lysosomal compartment, whereas SCV in macrophages were remodeled to a noncharacteristic late endosomal-lysosomal compartment over time. Despite the difference in SCV within macrophages and B lymphocytes,S. entericaserovar Typhimurium survives more efficiently within the IFN-γ-activated B cells than in activated macrophage cell lines. Similar results were found during in vivo acute infection. We determined that a lack of remodeling of late endosomal-lysosomal compartments by liveSalmonellainfection in B lymphocytes is associated with the inability to use the alternative MHC-I antigen-processing pathway, providing a survival advantage to the bacterium. Our data also suggest that the B lymphocyte late endosome-lysosome environment allows the expression ofSalmonellavirulence mechanisms favoring B lymphocytes in addition to macrophages and dendritic cells as a reservoir during in vivo infection.
Inactivation ofvimF, a Putative Glycosyltransferase Gene Downstream ofvimE, Alters Glycosylation and Activation of the Gingipains inPorphyromonas gingivalisW83
Authors: Vanterpool Elaine , Roy Francis , Fletcher Hansel M.
Published: June 2005

Regulation/activation of thePorphyromonas gingivalisgingipains is poorly understood. A 1.2-kb open reading frame, a putative glycosyltransferase, downstream ofvimE, was cloned, insertionally inactivated using theermF-ermAMantibiotic resistance cassette, and used to create a defective mutant by allelic exchange. In contrast to the wild-type W83 strain, this mutant, designatedP. gingivalisFLL95, was nonpigmented and nonhemolytic when plated on Brucella blood agar. Arginine- and lysine-specific gingipain activities were reduced by approximately 97% and 96%, respectively, relative to that of the parent strain. These activities were unaffected by the growth phase, in contrast to thevimA-defective mutantP. gingivalisFLL92. Expression of thergpA,rgpB, andkgpgingipain genes was unaffected inP. gingivalisFLL95 in comparison to the wild-type strain. In nonactive gingipain extracellular protein fractions, multiple high-molecular-weight proteins immunoreacted with gingipain-specific antibodies. The specific gingipain-associated sugar moiety recognized by monoclonal antibody 1B5 was absent in FLL95. Taken together, these results suggest that thevimEdownstream gene, designatedvimF(virulencemodulating geneF), which is a putative glycosyltransferase group 1, is involved in the regulation of the major virulence factors ofP. gingivalis.
Involvement of Up-Regulated CXC Chemokine Ligand 16/Scavenger Receptor That Binds Phosphatidylserine and Oxidized Lipoprotein in Endotoxin-Induced Lethal Liver Injury via Regulation of T-Cell Recruitment and Adhesion
Authors: Xu Huanbin , Xu Wei , Chu Yiwei , Gong Yanping , Jiang Zhenggang , Xiong Sidong
Published: June 2005

A murine model of endotoxin-induced lethal liver injury induced byMycobacterium bovisBCG plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been widely accepted and used. It has been reported that T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of liver damage in this model. However, the precise mechanisms involved in regulation of the trafficking of effector T cells need to be elucidated. In the present study, we first reported that CXCL16/SR-PSOX (CXC chemokine ligand 16/scavenger receptor that binds phosphatidylserine and oxidized lipoprotein), a chemokine containing both membrane-anchored and soluble forms, was strongly up-regulated and predominantly distributed in the vascular endothelium in the injured liver tissue in the model. The secretory and membrane-anchored CXCL16/SR-PSOX functioned as a chemokine and an adhesive molecule, respectively, to attract T cells to a tumor necrosis factor alpha-activated endothelial cell line (SVEC) in vitro. To further identify the pathophysiological roles of CXCL16/SR-PSOX in the liver injury, the anti-CXCL16 antibody was administered to the BCG-primed mice before LPS challenge in vivo. Significant protection effects were observed with 70% of mice regarding lethality, the massive necrosis in the liver was reduced, and the intrahepatic infiltrating T cells were significantly inhibited. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that functional CXCL16/SR-PSOX, as both a chemokine and an adhesion molecule, may be involved in the pathogenesis of the endotoxin-induced lethal liver injury via recruitment and adhesion of activated T cells to the vascular endothelium.