bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic crack propagation in weak snowpack layers: Insights from
high-resolution, high-speed photography
Authors: Bergfeld Bastian , van Herwijnen Alec , Reuter Benjamin , Bobillier Grégoire , Dual Jürg , Schweizer Jürg
Published: January 2021

Abstract. To assess snow avalanche release probability, information on failure initiation and crack propagation in weak snowpack layers underlying cohesive slab layers are required. With the introduction of the Propagation Saw Test (PST) in the mid-2000s, various studies used particle tracking analysis of high-speed video recordings of PST experiments to gain insight into crack propagation processes, including slab bending, weak layer collapse, crack propagation speed and the frictional behavior after weak layer fracture. However, the resolution of the videos and the methodology used did not allow insight into dynamic processes such as the evolution of crack speed within a PST or the touchdown distance, which is the length from the crack tip to the trailing point where the slab sits on the crushed weak layer at rest again. Therefore, to study the dynamics of crack propagation we recorded PST experiments using a powerful portable high-speed camera with a horizontal resolution of 1280 pixels at rates up to 20,000 frames per second. By applying a high-density speckling pattern on the entire PST column, we then used digital image correlation (DIC) to derive high-resolution displacement and strain fields in the slab, weak layer, and substrate. The high frame rates allowed time derivatives to obtain velocity and acceleration fields. On the one hand, we demonstrate the versatile capabilities and accuracy of the DIC method by showing three PST experiments resulting in slab fracture, crack arrest and full propagation. On the other hand, we present a methodology to determine relevant characteristics of crack propagation: the crack speed and touchdown distance within a PST, and the specific fracture energy of the weak layer. To estimate the effective elastic modulus of the slab and weak layer as well as the weak layer specific fracture energy we used a recently proposed mechanical model. A comparison to already established methods showed good agreement. Furthermore, our methodology also provides insight into the three different propagation results found with the PST and reveals intricate dynamics that are otherwise not accessible.
Frog vocalization is influenced by moon phases: Brazilian frogs tend to prefer low-albedo phases
Authors: Lima Mauro S. C. S. , Pederassi Jonas , Caramaschi Ulisses , Sousa Kléssia Denise S. S. , Souza Carlos Alberto S.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Lunar phases remarkably influence the circadian cycle of living beings. Early amphibian studies date back to the 1960s, but only recently has more research been conducted in this field. Much still needs to be understood to establish the behavioral pattern of this group according to the synodic cycle. In the present study, we sought to determine (i) whether the vocalization activity was influenced by the lunar phases and (ii) whether the influence was species-specific or affects the community with equal intensity. We expected a great diversity of behaviors and adaptations. Rayleigh's test was used to verify whether the sample differs significantly from the null hypothesis; Rao's test was used to check sample size sufficiency; and the Kiviat diagram was used to evaluate the activity of the species in relation to the complete synodic cycle. We have observed 1691 individuals of 37 species over 882 d. The lunar cycle influenced 78 % of the species, with 32 % preferring the lower-albedo phases. The activity pattern of each species was established. These results suggest that the lunar phases influence the vocalization activity of most species. Therefore, there is a general pattern of activity related to the synodic cycles; however, the specificities still need to be better understood.
Le Sublime et le Pire dans le dialogisme romanesque et la vocation théâtrale des romans schwarz-bartiens
Authors: Felten Agnès
Published: January 2021

Victor Hugo l’a démontré dans ses oeuvres, le théâtre n’est souvent qu’une forme aboutie du roman. Les deux genres, presque radicalement opposés, communiquent par le biais du dialogue. Dans les romans schwarz-bartiens, il s’effectue à plusieurs niveaux : les auteurs entre eux, entre les oeuvres aussi (selon le concept de Bakhtine), et enfin entre les personnages. Parfois, un effet-miroir entre le narrateur et l’auteur pénètre l’écriture. L’oeuvre ouvre un dialogue infini qui s’oriente vers le Sublime. Toutefois, il est devenu impossible de taire le Mal, surtout dans un univers scriptural qui doit traiter de deux événements à jamais associés à l’horreur la plus absolue : l’esclavage et la Shoah. Dans la pièce de Simone Schwarz-Bart, le dialogue est d’autant plus original que la voix de l’absente se fait entendre et prend presque le pas sur le personnage en scène. La voix mise en scène et le personnage qui lui répond, en reprenant mimétiquement ce qu’il entend, fait naître une deuxième personne qui porte l’interrogation des relations humaines et de la place accordée à l’autre : « Tu seras mon autre, mon capitaine » et « mon destinataire préféré» ! Mais subitement, tout peut s’arrêter et le dialogue est rompu. Ainsi, cette œuvre à quatre-mains et aux multiples visages implique un dialogisme qui induit une vocation (un appel de la voix) théâtrale.
A TEXTBOOK FOR THE LEFT? PROVIDING A FRAMEWORK FOR LEFT-WING EDUCATION POLICIES IN LATIN AMERICA
Authors: Burton Guy
Published: January 2021

The article presents a framework by which the approaches taken in educational policies by the Left in Latin America may be understood. This framework takes the form of a continuum by which left-wing or progressive education, between deep and shallow poles, drawing at an abstract level the continuum on the equalitydifference

features associated with Bobbio’s (1996) Left-Right political spectrum.

Presenting the Cuban (and to a lesser extent) the Sandinista Revolutions as the main source of progressive education in the region prior to the 1980s, the article

examines the neo-liberal and neo-conservative features associated with the New Right and the Left’s response. This took several forms in the 1990s and 2000s: traditional communists (Cuba), Third Way reformers (e.g. the PSDB in Brazil and the Concertacion in Chile) and between first generation (e.g. PT, Frente Amplio, Izquierda Unida, Causa R, Sandinistas since 2007) and second generation (e.g. the Chavez, Morales and Correa governments) radicals. The educational approaches of

each are then placed tentatively along the progressive education spectrum.
Using reflective processes to promote attention To diversity in schools: a study of Practice in chile
Authors: López Ana Luisa
Published: January 2021

Over the last decade or so, many writers have argued that inclusive practices are more likely to be developed when school communities are involved in collaborative processes of inquiry, reflection and action in order to learn how to respond to learners’ diversity. The research was carried out in two schools (with names changed for ethical reasons) with different characteristics: Innovacion School, in Santiago, is one of the pioneer schools in the country in integrating disabled students, whilst Loncomahuida School is located in one of the most isolated rural areas of Chile and responds to a high population of students of a Mapuche ethnia.

Guided by literature on action research, the study made use of an inclusive action research model that guided the process in both schools. This model emphasises the need to concentrate efforts on the promotion of reflective practitioners, as well as reflective communities. It also involves a team of co-researchers, formed by volunteers from the schools, planned to internalize and coordinate the process in each institution.
Educación y democracia*
Authors: Escudero Burrows Ethel
Published: January 2021

Este artículo incluye extractos del pensamiento del Profesor Vera respecto a una reforma de la educación media nacional; así como un balance retrospectivo sobre lo que fue la Renovación Gradual de la Educación Secundaria iniciada 20 años antes (1945 a 1966).

* Educación y Democracia (1985) es una publicación de la sucesión Oscar Vera Lamperein, con 299 páginas, que reúne escritos que aparecieron bajo su nombre en diversas circunstancias de su vida profesional que lo caracterizó como hombre de acción.
Estudio de liderazgo educativo en un modelo de gestión escolar hacia la calidad
Authors: López Alfaro Pablo
Published: January 2021

El presente trabajo aborda la importancia del liderazgo en las comunidades escolares en Chile y su relación con la calidad educativa. Se postula un modelo causal que recoge variables relevantes asociadas a la gestión escolar, entre las que se encuentra la variable liderazgo.

El estudio pone de manifiesto esta realidad en torno a las escuelas como organizaciones. A medida que pasa el tiempo, éstas se transforman en sistemas cada vez más complejos, siendo el liderazgo que se ejerce en un centro educativo, una de las variables fundamentales que influye en el logro de los objetivos propuestos por la organización y que permite a sus actores enfrentar exitosamente su complejidad, de acuerdo a lo señalado en diversos estudios nacionales e

internacionales.
There Is No Such Thing as Sound Production, or Sound=Release – The Importance of Natural Movement and Its Teaching in Violin Playing
Authors: Ittzés Tamás
Published: January 2021

This study details an approach which, in a certain respect, simplifies violin playing and teaching in the extreme. Creating a sound is based on a very simple rule: the sound = release. Release is preceded by tension, which is released with the sounding of the note. This is true on every level, in every direction. This general rule (or view) helps to make violin playing, the sounds created relaxed, natural and beautiful. The study shows step by step, how the necessary active tension comes into being and then how it is released, how and in what forms performers can use gravity. The main elements of this process are the posture of the body and the instrument, the movements of the arms and the joints (shoulder/armpit/upper arm. elbow/lower arm, wrist/back of the hand/palm and fingers) in their natural direction, the positions of the left hand, touch and vibrato, the relationship of the bow to the string, the use of bowing positions and right bow division, and strokes. Without the appropriate teaching of these no mechanism can be established and because of these deficiencies many a talent has been lost unable to even approach their own boundaries and unable to ever become a professional player. Keywords: sound production, release, natural mechanism, freedom, gravitation, violin
The Degree of the Irbid School Principals Practice of Inspiring Leadership and Its Relationship to the Level of Organizational Energy of Teachers from Their Point of View
Authors: Harahsheh Ala Ahmad , Al-Taani Worod Maarouf , Khataybeh Ghadeer Salih
Published: January 2021

The study aimed to identify the degree of the Irbid school principals ’practice of inspiring leadership and its relationship to the level of organizational energy of teachers from their point of view. The relational descriptive approach was used, and the study sample consisted of (350) teachers. The study tool was developed as it consisted of (50) paragraphs, distributed into two parts: Part One, Inspirational Leadership and consisting of (26) paragraphs, distributed into four areas, namely: self-confidence, challenge, change management, strategic vision (future), and the second part: Organizational energy, which consists of (24) paragraphs distributed into three areas (emotional energy, cognitive energy, and physical energy). The results of the study showed that the degree of the school principals of the Irbid schools for inspiring leadership was high, with an average score (3.75), and the level of organizational energy among teachers with a medium grade, with an average score of (3.58), and the existence of a statistically significant positive relationship between the degree of practice of school principals in Irbid Governorate for inspiring leadership and the level of organizational energy of teachers from a teacher’s perspective. The study recommend that school leaderships need to involve all concerned and responsible parties for formulating the school's goals, and then laying down practical mechanisms to achieve them. And encouraging innovation and creativity in order to build a second class of leaders who are able to be inspiring leaders by holding training courses and workshops to clarify this concept, due to its effective role in enhancing the organizational energy of teachers.
Technological Progress in US Agriculture: Implications for Biofuel Production
Authors: Taheripour Farzad , Scott Don , Hurt Cristopher A. , Tyner Wallace E.
Published: January 2021

This paper evaluates in a holistic way major trends in US production of food, feed, and biofuel commodities over the period 1961-2014. It is motivated by literature that examines parts of the changes but does not integrate them. We develop a comprehensive data set and then conduct analysis of the major trends that emerge. We identify eight major trends and then combine them to four major themes. The first theme is the huge gain in agricultural productivity over this period. An important component of this theme is that the productivity gain was sufficient to achieve substantial total production growth as agricultural land declined over the period. Second, there has been a major transformation of the livestock sector as less efficient and more expensive beef has been replaced by more efficient and less expensive poultry. As this change has happened, the livestock sector has become more land efficient, less land used in livestock. The third major change is that US calorie production is now substantially more than the needs for food and feed. Finally, the first three major themes have enabled the fourth, which is growth of US renewable fuel production, while agricultural land declined over time.
A ÁFRICA ENSINANDO A GENTE
Authors: Silva Vitor Vinicios da
Published: January 2021

O livro apresentado marca a presença de uns dos maiores pedagogos da modernidade, Paulo Freire, com algumas das culturas mais ricas de experiência situadas no continente africano. Esse encontro gestou esse belo livro denominado “A África ensinando a gente: Angola, Guiné-Bissau, São Tomé e Príncipe”, de Paulo Freire e Sérgio Guimarães. O livro é construído pelo esforço de Sérgio Guimarães que se faz em memória ao grande educador Paulo Freire. No seu tecido total aborda de forma magistral um problema que ainda se faz presente em muitos países africanos, acredito que não apenas em Angola, Guiné-Bissau e São Tomé e Príncipe, mas também em outros tantos países que constituem o vasto  continente africano e demais continentes, que é o problema linguístico que deságua numa série de outros problemas em relação a educação e no processo de independencia dos países outrora colonizados.
ACHILLE MBEMBE E A NOÇÃO DE NECROPOLÍTICA
Authors: Bontempo Valéria Lima
Published: January 2021

Este artigo enfoca a noção de necropolítica, a partir do ensaio Necropolítica – Biopoder, soberania, Estado de exceção, política da morte, de Achille Mbembe. Nele, o filósofo, camaronês, demonstra a influência decisiva dessa ideia  na reconfiguração das relações entre resistência, sacrifício e terror. Necropolítica  trata-se da subjugação da vida ao poder da morte.  O poder político hoje cuida não só de medidas sobre como a vida deverá ser gerida, mas também se encarrega de fazer a gestão sobre como morrer e sobre quem deve morrer. Assim,  o risco da morte torna-se presente o tempo todo. E essa é marca central da necropolítica.  Enfatizou-se neste artigo,  algumas das topografias sublinhadas por Achille Mbeme, tais como o sistema de plantation e colônia, as quais são marcadas por uma extrema crueldade. Nesse contexto, de apropriação da morte pelo poder político, o conceito  de biopolítica  mostra-se incapaz de explicar as  tecnologias atuais de submissão da vida ao poder da  morte. Por fim, verifica-se que a reflexão sobre  a necropolítica traz o desafio de impedir que o Estado continue fazendo a gestão da morte.
O AMOR E MEMÓRIA NO LIVRO X DAS CONFISSÕES DE SANTO AGOSTINHO
Authors: Veliq Fabiano , Gomes Ana Paula Ferreira
Published: January 2021

No presente artigo, temos por objetivo focalizar nas temáticas do Amor e da Memória, por meio das quais Agostinho busca alcançar a Deus, abordadas, principalmente, no livro X das Confissões, temas esses de grande relevância na produção científica e filosófica até a atualidade. Seguimos para o exame da alma como parte constituinte do ser e a vinculação dessa à memória, reconhecidas por meio do processo de autoconhecimento do autor. O estudo da referida memória se dá por meio das metáforas apresentadas por Agostinho, sendo relevante, posteriormente, para o aprofundamento de questões como a temporalidade e a Vida Feliz. Por fim, discutimos as volúpias dos sentidos, que dialogam, mais uma vez, com a temática do amor.
ARCHAEOLOGY OF SCHOOL PRACTICE IN EDUCATION OF CHILDREN
Authors: Reis Magali dos , Ortega Lenise Maria , Calvo Julia , Veríssimo Mariana
Published: January 2021

As reflexões apresentadas neste artigo decorrem das experiências de pesquisa e extensão universitária desenvolvidas em instituições de Ensino Fundamental e Educação Infantil. A ideia de trabalhar com a Arqueologia das Práticas Escolares surgiu a partir de nossa imersão nos campos de investigação científica nas escolas, da observação e do registro de inúmeras práticas escolares, as quais, ao final do ano letivo, perdem-se, não havendo sistematização e produção de acervo do rico material produzido. Buscam-se, na arqueologia, os conceitos, e métodos de coleta de dados para se pensar as possibilidades de constituição de acervos digitais que possibilitem a análise da produção material do ensino na educação básica, delimitando o campo de indagação à “Escola de Infância” compreendida como a Educação Infantil (EI) e os anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental (EF). E parte-se do entendimento que a articulação e as políticas de transição entre essas escolas necessitam ser repensadas continuamente.
A MODERNIZAÇÃO DA INSTRUÇÃO PÚBLICA DE MINAS GERAIS A PARTIR DO GRUPO ESCOLAR DR. JOÃO PINHEIRO, NO SERRO/MG (1908-1918)
Authors: Briskievicz Danilo Arnaldo
Published: January 2021

Investiga-se o contexto de criação dos grupos escolares em Minas Gerais em seus aspectos legislativos, políticos e sociais. De modo particular, apresenta-se como estudo de caso a inauguração do Grupo Escolar Dr. João Pinheiro e o funcionamento desta escola de instrução pública primária nos seus dez primeiros anos. Explicam-se a modernização e o progresso como ideologias educacionais republicanos e os desafios inerentes à instrução pública, em especial, a pobreza dos meninos e meninas que motivaram a criação da Caixa Escolar. Avalia-se a partir de gráficos estatísticos o cotidiano das matrículas, o cotidiano escolar de alunos e professores, o funcionamento geral da instituição. A metodologia bibliográfica nos levou aos arquivos da escola, aos arquivos da Câmara e aos livros especializados para chegarmos a uma visão geral do contexto estudado. Busca como resultado da pesquisa o detalhamento da instituição e desmascaramento dos conflitos locais que revelam muito sobre o republicanismo brasileiro e suas interfaces com a educação.
Anti-cancer Effects of Pomegranate Seed Oil on Esophageal Cancer Cell Line (KYSE-30)
Authors: Zare Maryam , Shaverdi Heydar , Ebrahimi Vosta Kalaee Soheila
Published: January 2021

Background: Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer and the sixth most frequent cancer-related death. Despite improvements in treatment approaches, it has remained one of the most challenging cancers for treatment. Thus, it is necessary to introduce novel and efficient methods for treatment. In this regard, the anti-cancer and antioxidant properties of pomegranate have been more concerned. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the potential cytotoxicity effects of pomegranate on the esophageal cancer cell line. Methods: We cultured esophageal cancer cell line (KYSE-30) and fibroblast cell line (HF2FF) as normal cell line in RPMI-1640/Ham's F12 and RPMI-1640 medium, respectively, with different concentrations of pomegranate seed oil (2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, and 0.03125 mg/mL). Then, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of pomegranate seed oil via morphologic observation and MTT assay after 24, 48, and 72 hours. The wound-healing assay was used for the evaluation of the mobility and migration potential of the treated cells. Results: The results of the MTT assay showed the cytotoxicity and growth inhibitory effects of pomegranate seed oil on esophageal cancer cells. The viability of tumor cells was significantly reduced compared with the untreated control cells and normal cells (P < 0.05), which were dose and time-dependent. The results of the wound-healing assay indicated that pomegranate seed oil could reduce the migration ability of KYSE-30 cells. Conclusions: According to the results, pomegranate seed oil seems to have cytotoxicity effects on esophageal cancer cells. Thus, it might be considered a new, cheap, and safe treatment option for esophageal cancer.
Investigation of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia in Children with Bronchiectasis in Iran
Authors: Alyasin Sohila , Maneshian Behjat , Niliyeh Shadi
Published: January 2021

Background: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disorder with signs and symptoms of recurrent chronic sinusitis, otitis media, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, male infertility, and situs inversus. The diagnosis of PCD has always been one of the challenging issues that is mostly made through screening tests. These include the saccharin test and measurements of exhaled and nasal nitric oxide (NO) level, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for evaluating ultrastructure of the cilia, high-speed video microscopy for evaluating ciliary beat patterns, immunofluorescent staining of the cilia in the biopsies, and genetic studies. As there had not been any epidemiological studies in Iran to detect the prevalence of PCD in the general population, the current research has been undertaken for the first time using screening tests of saccharin and measurement of the level of exhaled NO (fractional exhaled NO) to investigate the prevalence of PCD. Objectives: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disorder with the basis of an abnormal ciliary movement that causes chronic respiratory infections, bronchiectasis, infertility in males, and situs inversus. The significance of earlier diagnosis is for better care and prevention of complications. In this regard, we studied the PCD in children with bronchiectasis by saccharin test and measurement of exhaled nitric oxide. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 31 patients with a definite diagnosis of bronchiectasis were evaluated regarding nitric oxide exhalatory measurement (FeNO) and a saccharin test for the confirmation of PCD diagnosis. The cut-off point of 20 ppb was considered as the normal level for FeNO test and the sensation of fewer than 60 minutes for the normal range of the saccharin test. Age, gender, and cardioposition were recorded for the patients. Results: Unlike the saccharine test, the measurement of exhaled nitric oxide had a high sensitivity (90.3% versus 54.8%) for the diagnosis of PCD. Cardioposition and gender did not have significant effects on the outcomes of exhaled NO and saccharin test (P-value > 0.05). Besides, the patients’ age did not affect FeNO measurement but was significantly higher among those with abnormal saccharin test (P-value = 0.028). Conclusions: The FeNO test had a remarkable sensitivity of 90.3% for the diagnosis of PCD, and its outcomes were not affected by age, gender, and cardioposition. The saccharin test had a sensitivity of 54.8% and was influenced by age, while not by gender or cardioposition. Although there are more accurate tests for diagnosis of PCD such as TEM and genetic studies, we decided to investigate PCD in children with bronchiectasis by performing two screening tests, NO and saccharin, because of several issues.
Meditations on Blade Runner
Authors: Martin Michael ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

The 1982 film, Blade Runner, presents many questions conceming the position and relevance of the human being in the postmodern epoch. The audience is confronted with androids, called replicants, incredibly handsome "beings" whose language rises at times to poetic beauty, while the humans in the film are embarrassing physical and moral examples of the species. With whom will the audience identify or sympathize, the human or the simulacrum? The film further complicates this issue by incorporating traditional Christian symbols and language in relation to the replicants. The film seems to suggest that consciousness is the defining characteristic of humanness, whether one speaks of an organic human being or a replicant. Current debate between scientists, philosophers, and theologians centers on the question of consciousness and its relationship to the brain and, for some, the soul This essay addresses the dilemmas in the film, while keeping in mind the central question: What is a human being?
The examination and assessment of winery business and contribution to the development of wine tourism of Serbia
Authors: Radović Nikica , Milićević Snežana
Published: January 2021

The tradition of winemaking on the territory of Serbia dates back to ancient times. Today the activities related to wine production are on the rise, as is the number of wineries, and they participate in the valorization of wine tourism activities as an important Serbian tourist product. The aim of this paper is to assess the business excellence of wine producers in Serbia via the application of BEX model while establishing a correlation with the data on the promotion of wine tourism activities on the analyzed wineries' websites. The attained research results indicate a decrease in the BEX index in 2018 in comparison with the values from 2017 and are within the parameters for good values. However, there is no correlation between the performance of wineries and the promotion of wine tourism on their websites.
What drives peasant household to commercialize? An investigation of the factors leading to commercialization of semi-subsistence farming in Ukraine
Authors: Koblianska Inna , Pasko Oleh , Marenych Tetiana , Kotseruba Nataliia , Tkachenko Viktoriia
Published: January 2021

More than half of the total number of households in Ukraine are engaged in agricultural activities both for food self-sufficiency and for the production of marketable agricultural products, acting as subsistence or semi-subsistence farms. The determination of the right strategy for the further development of this form of farming is the key to the effective development of the agricultural sector, rural areas and the national economy as a whole. Instigated by Europe's CAP policy and its implementation, the study seeks to and delivers the factors influencing the commercialization of the semi-subsistence farms in Ukraine, based on the wealth of statistical data. The findings also show the lack of a strategy to support the establishment of a model of individual farming, which must counteract the risks of industrialized agro-production.
Food security and comparative analysis of situation in Serbia and neighbouring countries
Authors: Božić Dragica , Nikolić Marija
Published: January 2021

The concept of food security has expanded significantly over time, and due to its importance, it is on the list of priorities of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The aim of this paper is to analyze the state of individual dimensions and key indicators of food security in Serbia and selected neighboring countries using the Global Food Security Index (GFSI). The index was created in 2012 by the Economist Intelligence Unit and it is calculated every year to measure the risk of food insecurity in individual countries. The latest data indicate that Serbia has the worst rank among the neighboring countries. The analysis showed that two GFSI indicators for Serbia (gross domestic product per capita and public expenditure on agriculture) are the worst evaluated and represent the main limitations of improving food security in Serbia.
Concentrations of economic entities in the law of the European Union and their connection with the agricultural sector
Authors: Krstić Boro
Published: January 2021

Purpose the paper should confirm that concentrations of economic entities, which perform agricultural or other activities, in addition to distorting competition, are frequent cases of competition protection on the European Union market. Methodology the paper uses dogmatic and normative method that highlights existing legal solutions and indicate the directions of de lege ferenda solutions and method of content analysis. Results Concentrations of business entities are playing an increasing role in the world economy and law. The process of globalization of international trade and increasing competition among businessmen, especially in the countries of the European Union, have contributed to this. Conclusions Concentrations of business entities are important in creating market monopolies and they represent means of protecting the global market. Recommendations an important aspect of the concentration is its compatibility with the global market, otherwise, the application of temporary measures is recommended in order to restore the previous state.
Economic indicators of goat breeding on family holdings in the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Sredojević Zorica , Vujić Tamara , Jevremović Miroslav
Published: January 2021

Goat milk and meat production in the world, Europe and the EU -Goat milk production in the world, from over one billion head of goats, amounts to about 18.6 million tons, of which 15.14% in Europe (2.8 million tons). There are over 15 million dairy goats in the EU. In the total production of goat milk in the EU in the amount of 2.2 million tons, the largest share belongs to Greece (26.16%), followed by France (27.45%), followed by Spain (22.85%) and the Netherlands (11.47%), and the other members together have a share of 12.07% (Table 1).
Underdevelopment of rural tourism in Serbia: Causes, consequences and possible directions of development
Authors: Radović Gordana
Published: January 2021

The aim of this paper is to analyze the development of rural tourism in Serbia. The paper uses the method of survey research, analysis, synthesis, comparative and statistical methods. The author concludes that rural tourism in Serbia is underdeveloped. The reasons for this are numerous, and they primarily relate to problems and limitations in the development of supply, but also to the lack of demand. The consequences are the economic and social decline of rural areas. In order to develop rural tourism in Serbia, it is necessary to adopt new strategic documents, regulations and provide favorable continuous sources of financing for the development of all segments of the offer. For the purpose of balanced rural development, it is necessary to form an association at the national level, which should have branches in all administrative districts and play a key role in the further development of rural tourism in Serbia.
Textile waste from confection industries and possibilities for its recycling
Authors: Risteski Sanja , Srebrenkoska Vineta
Published: January 2021

Many of the processes and products associated with modern lifestyles have negative effects on the environment. Among the significant consequences are the rising costs of treating and disposing of excessive amounts of waste. Proper management of the large amounts of waste generated by the confection industry is of high importance to the good of society. Solving the problem of textile waste is of great importance for the garment production facilities in order to increase competitiveness, make additional profits and reduce disposal costs. In this paper were analyzed two confection companies, in order to determine the amount of textile waste that occurs in both companies, and also was made a research for utilization of the generated textile waste through its application as a raw material for the production of composite materials.
The Provisional Report of the National Committee on a Geometry Syllabus
Authors: Hart Howard F.
Published: January 2021

We have before us for discussion the Provisional Report of the National Committee of Fifteen on a Geometry Syllabus. The history of the formation of this committee and the results of its subcommittee on Logical Considerations have already been presented to this Association by Mr. E. R. Smith and printed in the Mathematics Teacher for June, 1910. When it was suggested to me that I discuss this report before you I hesitated because the form of this report, in which at times it appears to be the habit of the committee to propose a change, then debate the question and finally straddle the fence, does not lend itself to criticism, and also because in general this is a good report and the result of much work. I accepted in the hope that certain features of this report might be discussed and the Association take definite action with respect to them.
The Problem of a Non-College Preparatory Curriculum in Mathematics and Suggestions for Its Solution
Authors: Fabing C. C.
Published: January 2021

Most mathematics teachers have been aware that the non-college student has been neglected so far as getting his rightful share of mathematics has been concerned. In most instances the awareness was passed passed off with a shrug of the shoulders and the blame for not establishing these courses, passed onto some one else. The need has become so acute that the tail is wagging the dog and it would seem that some action may be taken to aid in solving the problem. If you will check the number of graduates in your high school and the number of these graduates who enter college, you will find that only about 15% of the group go on to college. It must be admitted then, that we have constructed our mathematics curriculum largely for the 15% and the remaining 85% have received little or no consideration in mathematics and most of that was a make shift, hit or miss proposition. In some high schools, it is possible for a pupil to graduate without being required to pursue any class in mathematics. If a search were made, I suspect that many more high schools are permitting this situation than we know. Mathematics teachers as a group are rather complacent and hold the dignity of their profession on a high plane. This is as it should be. Since we are supposed to know the meaning of facts as expressed in figures, then we must admit that 85% of a graduating class is a greater responsibility than 15% of the class. To reach 85% of the class, I hope that we will bestir ourselves from this smug complacency in academic mathematics and lend a helping hand to those who need, but seldom get any mathematics. We must become mathematical missionaries and carry the gospel truth to the majority who need aid in mathematics other than that prescribed for the selected few who go to college. We must show the way or continue to see school subjects with less concrete usefulness and more aggressive leaders reducing our mathematics time in the curriculum.
Escribed Circles
Authors: Nyberg Joseph A.
Published: January 2021

Escribed circles have disappeared from modern texts in trigonometry in this conntry. Hence many teachers of high school mathematics have college credits in edution, calculus, statistics, and other subjects, but have never heard of escribed circles. This is unfortunate since a study of these circles offers an excellent opportunity to introduce more algebraic work in the trigonometry classes and to give a geometric interpretation of many of the terms that occur in certain formulas. The most thorough treatment of the topic is in Hall and Knight's Elementary Trigonometry (Macmillan Co. of London) but this is now a rare book.
Variation Applied to Problem-Solving
Authors: Rich Barnett
Published: January 2021

I would like to consider with you the topic “the Application of the Three Types of Variation; Joint, Direct, and Inverse Variation, to the Solution of Typical Problems.” By typical problems, I mean more than the typical variation problem where the word variation is explicitly stated. I have in mind such ordinary and common types as motion, investment, area, volume, solution and mixture problems. Because of the frequency and importance of these types, the wide significance of the topic can be readily understood.
The Place of Multisensory Aids in the Teacher Training Program
Authors: Fehr Howard F.
Published: January 2021

When Perry made his now famous address to the British Society in 1901, he advocated a change in teaching, away from the pure abstract approach, and in its place, the use of scaled drawings, graphs, models, physical apparatus, and practical applications, so that pupils would achieve meaning or “mental tools as easy to use as their legs or arms; enabling them to go on with their education (developing of their souls and brains) throughout their lives, utilizing for this purpose all their experience.”
The Measurement of Understandings and Judgments in Elementary School Mathematics (Arithmetic)
Authors: Sueltz Ben A.
Published: January 2021

Why do we test and measure in the elementary school? What useful purpose do we wish to serve? We may wish to secure a score or record indicating a mark of achievement or, on the other hand, we may be primarily interested in measurement in terms of its contribution to learning. It is this second function that I wish to emphasize. However, this is not intended to deny the worth of the former and its role in education. Dr. Thiele has discussed Meaning and Understanding in arithmetic. I want to describe methods of measurement of these important aspects of a modern school program.
A Study of the Process of Transformation with Special Emphasis on Its Application to the Division of Decimal Numbers
Authors: Ulrich Louis E.
Published: January 2021

Recently several interesting articles on the division of decimal numbers appeared in The Mathematics Teacher,1 and in various other professional publications referred to in this paper. When a subject is thus widely discussed, it points to a healthy quest on the part of teachers to get at the root of the matter.
Directed Segments of the School Population
Authors: Schult Veryl
Published: January 2021

During the tremendous growth of secondary schools since the turn of the century, they have been suffering from unavoidable growing pains. When enrollments in high schools doubled and redoubled in decade after decade, how could the curriculum keep abreast of this growth? What could be done about keeping the mathematics offerings up-to-date? Mathematics curricula did not keep up to the changes in secondary school populations, and even today we find many high schools offering only the traditional college-preparatory sequence of the mathematics curriculum of a century ago. The study of mathematics has often been surrounded by a halo of vague superiority, or a sort of aristocracy. Some teachers have perpetuated such foolishness by trying to impress students with their own mystic ability to do mathematical tricks and to expound profound mathematical truths.
A Usable Philosophy in Teaching Arithmetic
Authors: Cooke Dennis H.
Published: January 2021

As far back as I can remember arithmetic, number, and applied mathematics have been interesting to me. The teaching of number and arithmetic has been a hobby of mine for twenty-five years. At the ripe old age of eighteen, in taking inventory of my ambitions and my means of attaining them, I found on the credit side of the ledger that I had attended college for one year, had passed all my work creditably, and had a burning passion to finish my college degree. On the debit side of the ledger I found that I had spent all of my money and would need to earn the necessary funds with which to finish the three remaining years of college for the completion of the degree. My father being a close friend of the chairman of the board of education in my home town, it was arranged that I would teach the sixth grade in the local elementary school.
What's Going on in Your School?: A Mathematics Inquiry
Authors: Schorling Raleigh
Published: January 2021

The Commission on Post-War Plans of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics collected information relating to mathematical education by an inquiry entitled: “What's Going on in Your School?” This inquiry was printed in three parts respectively,—in the February, April and May, 1947, issues of The Mathematics Teacher. Although the Commission no longer exists, the persons who responded to the Inquiry are entitled to a report. This article will therefore attempt to interpret the data that were collected. The response to the Inquiry was far greater than could reasonably be expected. The 136 reports received on Part I described the mathematical programs for 133, 121 pupils; and the 358 responses received on Part II reported on the mathematical programs of 174,746 pupils. The responses to Part III were fewer, although, as a matter of fact, they are still coming. It is truly amazing that the various journals of our national societies have not used this simple technique for following the trends in their fields.
Teachers of Mathematics
Authors: Fehr Howard F.
Published: January 2021

There are persons who do not like to teach who are conducting classes in our schools. There are persons who do not like mathematics who have been assigned to handle algebra classes and to instruct in arithmetic. There are men and women who do not understand mathematics yet they are engaged by boards of education to instruct in the subject. There are people with no sympathy for, nor understanding of children's desires and ambitions who daily browbeat their assigned pupils into fearful obedience through routine lessons. There are pedants who asperse educational theory and methods of learning, seeking only to perpetuate in their pupils the memorized meaningless manipulation of symbols that constitutes their entire stock of knowledge. They are blind to the world about them. These are not the teachers of mathematics. But we are teachers of mathematics if we have the following attributes.
Mathematics for All the Students in High School
Authors: Mccreery Gene S.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the mathematics courses that are offered in high schools today, and to recommend some procedure that Will better meet the needs of all high school students.
Measures for Predicting Success in a First Course in College Mathematics
Authors: Keller M. W. , Jonah H. F. S.
Published: January 2021

The sectioning or grouping of students taking required college mathematics courses is now a relatively common procedure. O’Quinn1 reports that twenty-seven state universities, out of forty-three replying to his questionaire, used some method for grouping students according to mathematical ability or previous training in mathematics. The criteria used for grouping or sectioning students in mathematics courses were almost as varied as the number of universities which replied that they sectioned their students. In some universities all the students take the same course regardless of the group to which they were assigned, while in others those with the poorer preparation and/or ability were placed in special courses. In general, those universities which favored grouping were also strongly in favor of making adjustments in the amount of material, and type of subject matter to be taught in the different sections. From the O’Quinn report it is evident that there is a rather definite trend in the state universities toward the grouping of students according to ability and/or training.
The Art of Teaching: Colored Chalk Techniques for Basic Mathematics
Authors: McCurdy Sylvia E.
Published: January 2021

The term “High School Mathematics” to the layman is the cognomen for a series of courses enabling a student to cover their college requirement in the math field. And for many years, because the efficiency of a school was so readily ascertained by college board results in those subjects, the tendency has been for pedagogues, themselves, to concentrate heavily on the techniques of teaching algebra and geometry.
Operations in the Systems of Positive and Negative Numbers and Zero
Authors: Fehr Howard F.
Published: January 2021

Despite the ready accessibility of elementary proofs1 of the impossibility of the Euclidean trisection of an angle, every year produces its crop of would-be solvers of the problem.
The Baltimore Annual Meeting
Authors: Herbert Agnes
Published: January 2021

For many years I had traveled to annual meetings of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and silently thought, “How wonderful it would be if some day the meeting would come to Baltimore.” But it was not until en route to Indianapolis in 1948 that Mrs. Blakiston and I openly expressed our thoughts. Then, as if by some power of mental telepathy, others had the same idea, and within a short period of time, we learned Baltimore was to be the host for the 1949 meeting. Thus, was the beginning of another “first” for Baltimore.
Miscellanea—Mathematical, Historical, Pedagogical
Authors: Jones Phillip S.
Published: January 2021

Several persons who read last month's column expressed an interest in hearing about the journal cited there, Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation. This journal is published quarterly by the National Research Council, Washington, D. C. It began publication in January, 1943 under the editorship of Raymond Clare Archibald, Chairman of the Council's Committee on Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation.
The Present State of Evaluation of Critical Thinking in Algebra and Geometry
Authors: Rosskopf M. F.
Published: January 2021

Very early in the history of people much attention was given to the study of mathematics; practical applications alone made study necessary, but mathematical investigations were carried on, too, for their own sake. The secret society of the Pythagoreans (about 500 B. C.) set up a training school for the instruction of new members. The curriculum consisted of four subjects:—geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music. It was Plato (about the fourth century B. C.) who hung over his academic door a sign that read, “Let no one who is unacquainted with geometry enter here.” The belief that a study of mathematics led to clear thinking and logical marshalling of ideas is evident from the titles of books popular in their day; there was Alcuin's (735-804) Problems for Quickening the Mind and Robert Recorde's (1510-1558) The Whetstone of Witte.
Miscellanea—Mathematical, Historical, Pedagogical
Authors: Jones Phillip S.
Published: January 2021

The article “Topology” by Albert W. Tucker and Herbert S. Bailey, Jr. in the January 1950 issue (pp. 18-24) of Scientific American is the most recent of many attempts to popularize that fascinating subject. More technical but still readable is “The Theory of Braids” by Emil Artin in the Winter (1950) issue of the American Scientist (vol. 38, pp. 112-119).
Applications
Authors: Myers Sheldon S.
Published: January 2021

This department is an effort to help meet the need for sources of enrichment and motivation at all levels of elementary and secondary mathematics. It is the opinion of the writer that applications may not only motivate but also supply some of the learning experiences whereby mathematical insights and understandings are acquired by the students. Applications need not be geared only to the gifted student. This department will attempt to describe applications which are suitable for wide ranges of ability at different grade levels.
Pythagorean numbers
Authors: Hart Philip J.
Published: January 2021

Pythagorean sets have interested mathematicians for over 2000 years. They may be of interest to some students in the mathematics classes of the senior high school and the college.