bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electric field induced migration of native point defects in Ga2O3 devices
Authors: Haseman Micah S. , Ramdin Daram N. , Li Wenshen , Nomoto Kazuki , Jena Debdeep , Xing Huili Grace , Brillson Leonard J.
Published: January 2023

While the properties of β-Ga2O3 continue to be extensively studied for high-power applications, the effects of strong electric fields on the Ga2O3 microstructure and, in particular, the impact of electrically active native point defects have been relatively unexplored. We used cathodoluminescence point spectra and hyperspectral imaging to explore possible nanoscale movements of electrically charged defects in Ga2O3 vertical trench power diodes and observed the spatial rearrangement of optically active defects under strong reverse bias. These observations suggest an unequal migration of donor-related defects in β-Ga2O3 due to the applied electric field. The atomic rearrangement and possible local doping changes under extreme electric fields in β-Ga2O3 demonstrate the potential impact of nanoscale device geometry in other high-power semiconductor devices.
Nuclear explosion impact on humans indoors
Authors: Kokkinakis Ioannis W. , Drikakis Dimitris
Published: January 2023

This study investigates the nuclear blast effects on humans inside a building within a moderate damage zone. These effects depend on many parameters that must be better understood. In addition, the nuclear blast effects will spread further away than the devastating destruction zone, where most people are killed instantly. However, these injuries will vary depending on a person's position in the building and the air velocities attained when the blast wave enters indoors. The blast wave effects are examined for an indicative, easily reproducible indoor arrangement. The airspeed behind the blast wave accelerates to even higher velocities in the interior. The supersonic shock waves arising from the blast undergo expansion as they enter a room through an opening leading to channeling effects. The results show that most of the air is directed toward the corridor rather than through the opposite room's door, leading to high airspeed developed in rooms further down the aisle. The airspeed attained in the interior is calculated for two blast wave overpressures, 3 and 5 pounds per square inch, for which most concrete buildings do not collapse. The data reveal that the force applied to a standing person from the speed of the gusts formed at several locations in the interior is equivalent to several g-forces of body mass acceleration capable of lifting and throwing any person off the ground. It is then the impact onto solid surfaces that can lead to severe injury or death. Finally, the results reveal preferential areas in the rooms where a human can avoid the risk of exposure to the highest wind forces.
First-principles evaluation of the second harmonic generation response of reference organic and inorganic crystals
Authors: Mairesse François , Maschio Lorenzo , Champagne Benoît
Published: January 2023

Using the CRYSTAL17 package at the coupled-perturbed Kohn–Sham (CPKS) level, periodic boundary conditions first-principles calculations are enacted to predict the second harmonic generation second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) susceptibility, χ(2), values of six historical NLO crystals. This selection allowed the comparison between state-of-the-art calculations and experiment. Several computational aspects are tackled to define conditions where the results are converged with respect to the range of lattice summations, to the number of k-points in the first Brillouin zone, to the order of the multipole expansions for evaluating the long-range part of the electrostatic interactions, as well as to the atomic basis set size. A valence triple zeta basis set supplemented with polarization functions has been selected. Then, χ(2) calculations have been performed using a range of exchange-correlation functionals (XCFs). Results show the large impact of the amount of Hartree–Fock (HF) exchange on the amplitude but also on the sign on the χ(2) tensor components. To a given extent, these amplitude effects are consistent with results on molecules, but the sign reversal effects and the non-monotonic behavior of the χ(2) tensor components as a function of the amount of HF exchange are scarcely found for molecules. Then, using the recommended range-separated hybrid XCFs, the CPKS scheme leads to good agreement with experimental data for potassium dihydrogenophosphate, urea, and χZXX(2) of LiNbO3. The agreement is more questionable for χZZZ(2) of LiNbO3 whereas it remains poor for ammonium dihydrogenophosphate and 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline, with large underestimations by about a factor of 3, opening a path to further fine-tuning of the ranges of inclusion of HF exchange.
Evolutionary isolation of ryanodine receptor isoform 1 for muscle-based thermogenesis in mammals
Authors: Singh Daniel P. , Pearce Luke , Choi Rocky H. , Meizoso-Huesca Aldo , Wette Stefan G. , Scott John W. , Lamboley Cedric R. , Murphy Robyn M. , Launikonis Bradley S.
Published: January 2023

Resting skeletal muscle generates heat for endothermy in mammals but not amphibians, while both use the same Ca
2+
-handling proteins and membrane structures to conduct excitation–contraction coupling apart from having different ryanodine receptor (RyR) isoforms for Ca
2+
release. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) generates heat following Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis at the Ca
2+
pump, which is amplified by increasing RyR1 Ca
2+
leak in mammals, subsequently increasing cytoplasmic [Ca
2+
] ([Ca
2+
]
cyto
). For thermogenesis to be functional, rising [Ca
2+
]
cyto
must not interfere with cytoplasmic effectors of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) that likely increase RyR1 Ca
2+
leak; nor should it compromise the muscle remaining relaxed. To achieve this, Ca
2+
activated, regenerative Ca
2+
release that is robust in lower vertebrates needs to be suppressed in mammals. However, it has not been clear whether: i) the RyR1 can be opened by local increases in [Ca
2+
]
cyto
; and ii) downstream effectors of the SNS increase RyR Ca
2+
leak and subsequently, heat generation. By positioning amphibian and malignant hyperthermia-susceptible human-skinned muscle fibers perpendicularly, we induced abrupt rises in [Ca
2+
]
cyto
under identical conditions optimized for activating regenerative Ca
2+
release as Ca
2+
waves passed through the junction of fibers. Only mammalian fibers showed resistance to rising [Ca
2+
]
cyto
, resulting in increased SR Ca
2+
load and leak. Fiber heat output was increased by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-induced RyR1 phosphorylation at Ser2844 and Ca
2+
leak, indicating likely SNS regulation of thermogenesis. Thermogenesis occurred despite the absence of SR Ca
2+
pump regulator sarcolipin. Thus, evolutionary isolation of RyR1 provided increased dynamic range for thermogenesis with sensitivity to cAMP, supporting endothermy.
Genomic perspectives on human dispersals during the Holocene
Authors: Stoneking Mark , Arias Leonardo , Liu Dang , Oliveira Sandra , Pugach Irina , Rodriguez Jae Joseph Russell B.
Published: January 2023

Nearly 20 y ago, Jared Diamond and Peter Bellwood reviewed the evidence for the associated spread of farming and large language families by the demographic expansions of farmers. Since then, advances in obtaining and analyzing genomic data from modern and ancient populations have transformed our knowledge of human dispersals during the Holocene. Here, we provide an overview of Holocene dispersals in the light of genomic evidence and conclude that they have a complex history. Even when there is a demonstrated connection between a demographic expansion of people, the spread of agriculture, and the spread of a particular language family, the outcome in the results of contact between expanding and resident groups is highly variable. Further research is needed to identify the factors and social circumstances that have influenced this variation and complex history.
Ancient pathogens provide a window into health and well-being
Authors: Lewis Cecil M. , Akinyi Mercy Y. , DeWitte Sharon N. , Stone Anne C.
Published: January 2023

This perspective draws on the record of ancient pathogen genomes and microbiomes illuminating patterns of infectious disease over the course of the Holocene in order to address the following question. How did major changes in living circumstances involving the transition to and intensification of farming alter pathogens and their distributions? Answers to this question via ancient DNA research provide a rapidly expanding picture of pathogen evolution and in concert with archaeological and historical data, give a temporal and behavioral context for heath in the past that is relevant for challenges facing the world today, including the rise of novel pathogens.
Long-term trends in human body size track regional variation in subsistence transitions and growth acceleration linked to dairying
Authors: Stock Jay T. , Pomeroy Emma , Ruff Christopher B. , Brown Marielle , Gasperetti Matthew A. , Li Fa-Jun , Maher Lisa , Malone Caroline , Mushrif-Tripathy Veena , Parkinson Eóin , Rivera Michael , Siew Yun Ysi , Stefanovic Sofija , Stoddart Simon , Zariņa Gunita , Wells Jonathan C. K.
Published: January 2023

Evidence for a reduction in stature between Mesolithic foragers and Neolithic farmers has been interpreted as reflective of declines in health, however, our current understanding of this trend fails to account for the complexity of cultural and dietary transitions or the possible causes of phenotypic change. The agricultural transition was extended in primary centers of domestication and abrupt in regions characterized by demic diffusion. In regions such as Northern Europe where foreign domesticates were difficult to establish, there is strong evidence for natural selection for lactase persistence in relation to dairying. We employ broad-scale analyses of diachronic variation in stature and body mass in the Levant, Europe, the Nile Valley, South Asia, and China, to test three hypotheses about the timing of subsistence shifts and human body size, that: 1) the adoption of agriculture led to a decrease in stature, 2) there were different trajectories in regions of in situ domestication or cultural diffusion of agriculture; and 3) increases in stature and body mass are observed in regions with evidence for selection for lactase persistence. Our results demonstrate that 1) decreases in stature preceded the origins of agriculture in some regions; 2) the Levant and China, regions of in situ domestication of species and an extended period of mixed foraging and agricultural subsistence, had stable stature and body mass over time; and 3) stature and body mass increases in Central and Northern Europe coincide with the timing of selective sweeps for lactase persistence, providing support for the “Lactase Growth Hypothesis.”
Asymmetrical electrohydrogenation of CO
2
to ethanol with copper–gold heterojunctions
Authors: Kuang Siyu , Su Yaqiong , Li Minglu , Liu Hai , Chuai Hongyuan , Chen Xiaoyi , Hensen Emiel J. M. , Meyer Thomas J. , Zhang Sheng , Ma Xinbin
Published: January 2023

Copper is distinctive in electrocatalyzing reduction of CO
2
into various energy-dense forms, but it often suffers from limited product selectivity including ethanol in competition with ethylene. Here, we describe systematically designed, bimetallic electrocatalysts based on copper/gold heterojunctions with a faradaic efficiency toward ethanol of 60% at currents in excess of 500 mA cm
−2
. In the modified catalyst, the ratio of ethanol to ethylene is enhanced by a factor of 200 compared to copper catalysts. Analysis by ATR-IR measurements under operating conditions, and by computational simulations, suggests that reduction of CO
2
at the copper/gold heterojunction is dominated by generation of the intermediate OCCOH*. The latter is a key contributor in the overall, asymmetrical electrohydrogenation of CO
2
giving ethanol rather than ethylene.
The Adaptation of Western and Chinese Categories to the Description of Manchu
Authors: Gianninoto Mariarosaria
Published: January 2023

Frequent contacts between European countries and China during the Qing period kindled interest in the languages spoken in the Qing empire and led to the publication of numerous Western books on Chinese varieties but also on the Manchu language. To describe the features of these distant languages, most of these works adapted Western linguistic categories and terminologies. This was the case of the earliest Western grammar of Manchu, Verbiest’sElementa linguae tartaricae(1682). However, some Western works progressively integrated elements of the Chinese linguistic tradition. For instance, the grammars ofKaulen (1856)andHarlez (1884)refer to the Chinese categories “full words” (content words) and “empty words” (function words). Other Western works translated or drew on Chinese-Manchu bilingual primers, which in turn adapted the methodology and categories of Chinese philology to the description of Manchu, such as in the textbooks byShěn (1682)andWǔ-gé (1730). Their western translations (Domenge n.d.;Wylie 1855; Hoffman 1883) resulted in interesting examples of circulation of linguistic knowledge and amalgamation of descriptive categories.
New directions in pronunciation research
Authors: Levis John M. , Zawadzki Zoë
Published: January 2023

L2 pronunciation research has recently seen an increasing amount of documentary research approaches, which use previous research or other documentation of the field as the primary data to synthesize and quantify the findings of previous research on specific topics, such as the effects of pronunciation instruction. These research approaches have changed the character of the field by identifying findings upon which there are agreement, important gaps that have not yet been addressed, and key researchers and topics that have shaped the field. This editorial lists some examples of these types of research studies over the past decade that are specifically related to L2 speech and pronunciation.
Cognitive prosodies, displacements, and translation
Authors: Dávila-Montes José
Published: January 2023

This article introduces the cognitive prosodies model as a way to explain how some rhetorical features in
persuasive texts differ across languages and rhetorical traditions, which may inform the process of translating highly rhetorical,
persuasive texts. By drawing on a multidisciplinary framework grounded in comparative rhetoric, the semiotics of advertising,
cognitive linguistics, and studies of rhetorical phenomena based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and event-related potential
(ERP), it first describes persuasion as a textual process that weaves specific ‘static’ versus ‘dynamic’ rhetorical mechanisms.
These activate varying cognitive efforts and speeds in semantic processing that differ between languages and textual genres. The
second half of the article presents a corpus-based study of six English and Spanish presidential speeches on immigration – and
their translations – by three consecutive Mexican and US presidents. Through the lens of the cognitive prosodies model, the
analysis quantitatively and qualitatively scrutinizes how source and target texts behave and how the model can inform rhetorical
awareness in translation practice.
Plant adaptability to climate change and drought stress for crop growth and production
Authors: Cotrina Cabello Guillermo Gomer , Ruiz Rodriguez Alfonso , Husnain Gondal Aqarab , Areche Franklin Ore , Flores Denis Dante Corilla , Astete Jhon Adolfo Quincho , Camayo-Lapa Becquer Frauberth , Yapias Rafael Julian Malpartida , Jabbar Abdul , Yovera Saldarriaga José , Salas-Contreras William Herminio , Cruz Nieto Dante Daniel
Published: January 2023

Abiotic factors pose a significant constraint for food security and agricultural production worldwide, and the issue has been exacerbated by extreme and rapid climate change. Heat and drought are the most important limiting factors that have a significant influence on crop growth and production. For better management, it is critical to understand the biochemical, ecological and physiological responses to these stresses. Plant responses to these challenges may be divided into three categories: phonological, physiological and biochemical. This review gives a thorough description of plant adaptations towards drought and heat stress, with a particular emphasis on identifying similarities and variations. As a result of physical damage, biological disruption and biochemical abnormalities, suboptimal water supplies and unusual temperatures negatively impact crop development and yields. However, both of these stressors have a wide range of impacts and are thus complex to explain in terms of mechanics. More profound knowledge of how plants respond to various challenges can lead to more practical solutions and management. A distinctive aspect of the phenomenon is comparing fundamental behaviour with abiotic stresses.
Jigjiga University One Health Initiative
Authors: Crump Lisa , Mohammed Ali Seid , Tschopp Rea , Zinsstag Jakob
Published: January 2023

A partnership between Jigjiga University (JJU), the Armauer Hansen Research Institute and the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, One Health (OH) established the Jigjiga University One Health Initiative (JOHI) in Ethiopian Somali Regional State. The aim of JOHI is to establish health research, teaching and development capacity at JJU leading to innovative integrated health systems to improve the health and wellbeing of pastoralist communities. The stakeholders include communities, local decision makers and academic partners. This case study reviews their experiences through the transdisciplinary process of the first phase of the project. We started with the challenge of how to find out what to do, identifying priorities together with all actors, and framing and setting up the project. From the agreed upon goals, research questions were formulated and discussed with the participants. Ideas emerged on interventions, which were converted into action plans, and again scrutinized by the actors and project committees. Field projects were implemented and research results were shared with stakeholders to inform and develop the activities for the second project phase. The repeated dialogue with stakeholders, including the communities, ensured that the developed interventions are feasible for service providers and acceptable to the target population. We conclude that such iterative transdisciplinary research projects have a huge advantage over conventional scientist-driven research, leading to more rapid transfer of research findings into policy and practice.
How Crop–Livestock Clinics Are Advancing One Health: A Pilot Case from Uganda
Authors: Danielsen Solveig , Alokit Christine , Aliamo Caroline , Mugambi Idah
Published: January 2023

Crop and livestock health are crucial to agricultural productivity and farmers’ livelihoods. However, in low-income countries, farmer advisory services tend to be permanently short of funding and staff, leaving the majority of smallholders underserved. CABI’s work with plant clinics has revealed potential ‘One Health’ benefits of broadening the scope of the plant clinics to better meet farmers’ demands for advice. This case shows how a team from different disciplines and sectors co-created a new type of farmer advisory service in Uganda: a ‘plant and livestock clinic’ (consultation centre). These joint clinics represent an innovation in farmer service delivery using existing organizational structures and capacities. This case explores the results and lessons learned from the first pilot year. The joint clinics add value to the One Health offer in several ways: (i) crop and livestock staff are able to share operational costs, knowledge and insights in a way that they would not normally be able to do; (ii) plant and livestock consultations in the same place save time for farmers and provide opportunities for cross-learning – farmers ‘hang around’ to hear the advice other farmers receive and exchange information with one another; (iii) joint clinics are an entry point to improving referral systems and targeting delivery of technology such as animal vaccines and clean cassava cuttings; and (iv) crop–livestock clinics provide an avenue for finding out what farmers know and don’t know about One Health issues – crucial information to design solutions. The case also examines the opportunities for furthering crop–livestock clinics as an entry point to advance One Health.

The logo for the Coat of arms of Uganda. The logo has a shield with two spears. The shield is situated between a deer and a bird. The text For God and My Country is present at the bottom.

A logo titled C A B I.

A logo for biovision with the logo of the African continent.

What is the incremental value that makes this a One Health case?

The case shows the transdisciplinary process of co-developing a new type of integrated, cross-sectoral health service for smallholder farmers. The pilot intervention explores opportunities for adding value to existing crop and livestock service delivery in terms of coverage, cost savings, cross-learning among farmers and service providers, and targeted delivery of knowledge and technology.

Information

This case is based on results and lessons learned from the first year of a CABI-led project: ‘Joint crop–animal services for smallholder farmers in east Africa: exploring ‘One Health’ benefits, operations and lessons for scaling out’.

© The Authors 2022
The Ten Commandments of Antibiotic Stewards
Authors: Ogunseitan Oladele A. , Gussin Gabrielle , Wang Sarah , Jimah Tamara , Fenny Ama P. , Bada-Alambedji Rianatou , Bedekelabou Andre
Published: January 2023

Antibiotic resistance is an emergency for global health security, the solution for which demands a transdisciplinary and interprofessional One Health approach. This case study builds on a project to recruit antibiotic stewards and examines their responsibility to disseminate best practices, to support deeper knowledge, conservative attitudes and preventive practices.

Antibiotic resistance is a global emergency that threatens the reversal of improvements in societal capacity to reduce human mortality caused by infectious pathogenic bacteria. Solutions to the problem demand a One Health approach because antibiotics are abused in animal and human healthcare; and the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens occurs in environmental contexts. In all regions of the world, antibiotic resistance increases the global burden of diseases by jeopardizing population health, food security and environmental quality, with most of the adverse impacts expected in Africa. Proposed remediation strategies hinge on improving antibiotic stewardship through deeper knowledge of social and ecological determinants of resistance, conservative attitudes in antibiotic uses, and preventive practices to curb infectious diseases. This case study is based on a project entitled Antibiotic Stewardship is Public Health (ASPH), with the goal of empowering stewards with tools to implement strategies for preventing antibiotic-resistant infections. The Ten Commandments of antibiotic stewards emerged from population surveys, stakeholder interviews and community engagement exercises. Outcomes were distilled to inform best practices including: using antibiotics as prescribed; not disposing of expired antibiotics in domestic waste; advocating prudent use of antibiotics in farm animals; supporting research to respond better to antibiotic resistance; teaching students about the importance of antibiotics for global health security; understanding the One Health approach to combatting antibiotic resistance; advocating effective policies to stop the careless use and disposal of antibiotics; resisting consumption of food items laden with antibiotic residues; and supporting research to discover alternative therapies to prevent or treat infections.
Engineering mighty microglia
Authors: Walsh Adeline E. , Lukens John R.
Published: January 2023

Defective microglial responses underlie many neurological disorders. Recent efforts to swap out dysfunctional microglia with optimized replacements have been derailed by safety issues and transplantation inefficiencies. In this issue, Chadarevian et al. (2023. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20220857) designed a novel strategy that enables improved engraftment of human microglia.
Tunable Dual-Wavelength Fiber Laser in a Novel High Entropy van der Waals Material
Authors: Cui Wen-Wen , Xing Xiao-Wei , Chen Yue-Qian , Xiao Yue-Jia , Ye Han , Liu Wen-Jun
Published: January 2023

Fiber lasers with different net dispersion cavity values can produce some types of solitons, and rich nonlinear dynamics phenomena can be achieved by selecting different saturable absorbers. A new layered high-entropy van der Waals material (HEX) (Mn,Fe,Co,Ni)PS3 was selected as a saturable absorber to achieve a high-power laser output of 34 mW. In addition, the wavelength can be dynamically tuned from 1560 nm to 1531 nm with significant dual-wavelength phenomena at 460 fs pulse duration.
Demonstration of compensated n-type scandium nitride Schottky diodes
Authors: Rao Dheemahi , Acharya Shashidhara , Saha Bivas
Published: January 2023

Scandium nitride (ScN) is an emerging group III-B transition metal pnictide and has been studied extensively for its thermoelectric properties, as interlayers for defect-free GaN growth, in epitaxial metal/semiconductor superlattices, and recently for its polaritonic and optoelectronic synaptic functionalities. However, to realize the full potential of its semiconducting properties in electronic, thermionic, and optoelectronic device applications, it is necessary to develop Schottky diodes of ScN that are missing thus far. Here we show Schottky diodes of ScN with elemental metals such as silver (Ag) and gold (Au). As-deposited ScN thin films exhibit a high electron concentration in the (1–4) × 1020 cm−3 range due to unintentional oxygen doping. These excess electrons are compensated by Mg hole doping, leading to a wider depletion region at the metal/ScN interface for activated electronic transport. Current–voltage (I–V) characteristics show the rectification nature in ScN/Ag and ScN/Au diodes, and the barrier heights of 0.55 ± 0.05 eV and 0.53 ± 0.06 eV, respectively, are obtained. Interface annealing with time and temperature results in a slight increase in the forward junction potential. The capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements also revealed the presence of interface trap states. The demonstration of Schottky diodes marks an important step in realizing the full potential of ScN in electronic, thermionic, and optoelectronic devices.
Polarization-insensitive and wide-angle metasurface to harvest dual-band energy in an ISM band
Authors: Huang Runze , Liu Beijia , Liu Xinyu , Lan Shengchang , Wang Nannan , Qiu Jinghui
Published: January 2023

This paper reports a novel dual-band metasurface structure to harvest electromagnetic energy in the environment efficiently. The unit structure comprises a novel Jerusalem cross on F4B substrate, a centrosymmetric structure which exhibits excellent stability under different polarization and incident angles of ISM bands (2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz). Then the composite structure is designed to complete the array design of the metasurface. The harvetsed energy is guided to the back of the array through vias and collected by a dual-band differential input power combiner. Numerical simulation validates the dual-band, polarization-insensitive and wide-angle energy harvesting of the metasurface array constructed by the composite structure. The experimental results demonstrate that the metasurface array can achieve a peak energy harvesting efficiency of 91.6% and 94.9% under TE and TM polarization, respectively.
An optimized method for neutron dose evaluation based on 24Na activity distribution in the human body
Authors: Xu Xu , Xiaomin Zhang , Jing Ning , Xiangdong Xie , Yong Yuan
Published: January 2023

The neutron dose resulting from external irradiation can be evaluated by measuring the counts of characteristic γ rays produced by 24Na in the human body. The detection geometry with the highest detection efficiency for measuring the whole-body 24Na activity has not been studied. In this work, the MCNP code is used to calculate the spatial distribution of 24Na in the human body irradiated by neutrons with different energies in different irradiation geometries. The fluence distribution of 24Na characteristic γ rays on the body surface is calculated. The counts of 24Na characteristic γ rays induced by monochromatic neutron irradiation are simulated to fit the scenarios of neutron irradiation by a continuous energy spectrum neutron. When the spontaneous neutrons from 252Cf with 1Gy dose irradiate the human body, (3.63–4.35) × 1010 24Na atoms are produced. The lower detection limit for the neutron absorption dose is reduced from ∼100 to less than 1 mGy when the radiation detector is placed over the back of the human body close to the liver. The relative error between the measured counts of 24Na characteristic γ rays caused by 252Cf neutron irradiation and the counts fitted by monochromatic neutron irradiation data is less than 5.7%. The neutron dose received from a continuous energy spectrum neutron can be acquired quickly and accurately by weighted summing of the data for monochromatic neutron irradiations calculated in this paper, which is more convenient and practical than the previous method.
Efficient machine learning method for spatio-temporal water surface waves reconstruction from polarimetric images
Authors: Ginio Noam , Liberzon Dan , Lindenbaum Michael , Fishbain Barak
Published: January 2023

Accurate and cost-effective sea state measurements, in terms of spatio-temporal distribution of water surface elevation (water waves), is of great interest for scientific research and various engineering, industrial, and recreational applications. To this end, numerous measurement techniques have been developed over the years. None of these techniques, however, are universally applicable across various ocean and laboratory conditions and none provide near-real-time data. We utilized the latest advances in polarimetric imaging to develop a new remote sensing method based on machine learning methodology and polarimetric reflection measurements for inferring surface waves elevation and slope. The method utilizes a newly available, inexpensive polarimetric camera providing images of the water surface in a high spatio-temporal resolution at several linear polarization angles. Algorithms based on artificial neural networks (

ANN

s) are then trained to obtain high-resolution reconstructions of the water surface slope state from those images. The

ANN

s are trained on laboratory-collected supervised datasets of prescribed mechanically generated monochromatic wave trains and tested on a stochastic wave field of JONSWAP spectral shape. The proposed method, based on inferring the surface slope from polarimetric images, provides a dense estimate of the water surface. The results of this study pave the way for the development of accurate and cost-effective near-real-time remote sensing tools for both laboratory and open sea wave measurements.
Compact chromatic confocal sensor for displacement and thickness measurements
Authors: Liu Chunmin , Lu Guoyi , Liu Chunyang , Li Dong
Published: January 2023

Chromatic confocal sensors are widely used in various precision measurement fields because of their high measurement accuracy, fast response speed, and good stability. Unlike traditional fiber-coupled structures, we propose an integrated compact chromatic confocal sensing system that can overcome the device-integrating constraints met in industrial environments. Aiming at the distortion of the peak waveform caused by the inconsistent spectral response of the system and to accurately extract the peak wavelength, a spectral characteristic compensation algorithm and a peak wavelength extraction method based on Gaussian curve fitting are proposed. Based on these methods, a segmented curve calibration algorithm is applied to achieve accurate mapping between peak wavelength and position. For the thickness measurement of transparent objects, a simple thickness measurement model and its calibration procedure are proposed, which do not need to obtain previous parameters, such as incident angle or refractive index. Finally, the performance of the proposed sensing system is tested by displacement measurement and thickness measurement experiments. The experimental results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of displacement measurement is less than 0.1 μm, and the RMSE of thickness measurement is less than 1 μm, which verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed sensing system.
Improvement in current drivability and stability in nanoscale vertical channel thin-film transistors via band-gap engineering in In–Ga–Zn–O bilayer channel configuration
Authors: Ahn Hyun-Min , Kwon Young-Ha , Seong Nak-Jin , Choi Kyu-Jeong , Hwang Chi-Sun , Yang Jong-Heon , Kim Yong-Hae , Kim Gyungtae , Yoon Sung-Min
Published: January 2023

Vertical channel thin film transistors (VTFTs) have been expected to be exploited as one of the promising three-dimensional devices demanding a higher integration density owing to their structural advantages such as small device footprints. However, the VTFTs have suffered from the back-channel effects induced by the pattering process of vertical sidewalls, which critically deteriorate the device reliability. Therefore, to reduce the detrimental back-channel effects has been one of the most urgent issues for enhancing the device performance of VTFTs. Here we show a novel strategy to introduce an In–Ga–Zn–O (IGZO) bilayer channel configuration, which was prepared by atomic-layer deposition (ALD), in terms of structural and electrical passivation against the back-channel effects. Two-dimensional electron gas was effectively employed for improving the operational reliability of the VTFTs by inducing strong confinement of conduction electrons at heterojunction interfaces. The IGZO bilayer channel structure was composed of 3 nm-thick In-rich prompt (In/Ga = 4.1) and 12 nm-thick prime (In/Ga = 0.7) layers. The VTFTs using bilayer IGZO channel showed high on/off ratio (4.8 × 109), low SS value (180 mV dec−1), and high current drivability (13.6 μA μm−1). Interestingly, the strategic employment of bilayer channel configurations has secured excellent device operational stability representing the immunity against the bias-dependent hysteretic drain current and the threshold voltage instability of the fabricated VTFTs. Moreover, the threshold voltage shifts of the VTFTs could be suppressed from +5.3 to +2.6 V under a gate bias stress of +3 MV cm−1 for 104 s at 60 °C, when the single layer channel was replaced with the bilayer channel. As a result, ALD IGZO bilayer configuration could be suggested as a useful strategy to improve the device characteristics and operational reliability of VTFTs.
Reliable measurements of low-density plasmas using a novel Langmuir probe with a guard tube
Authors: Li Jian-Quan , Xie Xin-Yao , Zhang Qing-He , Xing Zan-Yang
Published: January 2023

A novel cylindrical Langmuir probe with an optimized probe structure and an additional guard tube is developed to obtain exact plasma electron densities. Using both this novel Langmuir probe and a conventional cylindrical Langmuir probe, a comparative measurement of low-density hot-filament discharge plasmas is performed. Although the plasma potentials and electron temperatures determined by the two probes are almost identical, the electron densities obtained using the conventional Langmuir probe are grossly underestimated by more than 10% compared to those from the novel Langmuir probe. The experimental results demonstrate that optimization of the structure of such cylindrical probes is very important, especially for reliable measurements of low-density plasmas using the Langmuir probe.
Goos–Hänchen and Imbert–Fedorov shifts of the Airy beam in dirac metamaterials
Authors: Yue Qinxin , Zhou Xiang , Deng Dongmei
Published: January 2023

We theoretically derive the expression for the Goos–Hänchen (GH) and Imbert–Fedorov (IF) shifts of the Airy beam in Dirac metamaterial. In this work, the large GH and IF shifts can be found when the Airy beam is reflected near the Dirac and Brewster angles. Compared to the Gaussian beam, the GH shifts of the Airy beam are more obvious in the vicinity of the Brewster angle. Interestingly, it is found that the ability to produce an Airy vortex beam at the Dirac point. In addition, the magnitude and the direction of the GH shifts can be controlled by the rotation angles of the Airy beam. We take advantage of this property to design a reflective optical switch based on the rotation angle-controlled GH shifts of the Dirac metamaterial. Our solutions provide the possibility to implement light-tuned optical switches. Moreover, our model can also be used to describe the GH and IF shifts generated by novel beams in other similar photonic systems.
Higher-order fractional linear multi-step methods
Authors: Marasi H R , Derakhshan M H , Soltani Joujehi A , Kumar Pushpendra
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we propose two arrays, containing the coefficients of fractional Adams-Bashforth and Adams-Moulton methods, and also recursive relations to produce the elements of these arrays. Then, we illustrate the application of these arrays in a suitable way to construct higher-order fractional linear multi-step methods in general form, with extended stability regions. The effectiveness of the new method is shown in comparison with some available previous results in an illustrative test problem.
Observation of Bohm trajectories and quantum potentials of classical waves
Authors: Rozenman Georgi Gary , Bondar Denys I , Schleich Wolfgang P , Shemer Lev , Arie Ady
Published: January 2023

In 1952 David Bohm proposed an interpretation of quantum mechanics, in which the evolution of states results from trajectories governed by classical equations of motion but with an additional potential determined by the wave function. There exist only a few experiments that test this concept and they employed weak measurement of non-classical light. In contrast, we reconstruct the Bohm trajectories in a classical hydrodynamic system of surface gravity water waves, by a direct measurement of the wave packet. Our system is governed by a wave equation that is analogous to the Schrödinger equation which enables us to transfer the Bohm formalism to classical waves. In contrast to a quantum system, we can measure simultaneously their amplitude and phase. In our experiments, we employ three characteristic types of surface gravity water wave packets: two and three Gaussian temporal slits and temporal Airy wave packets. The Bohm trajectories and their energy flows follow the valleys and bounce off the hills in the corresponding quantum potential landscapes.
Structural and magnetic analysis of Cd-Zn spinel ferrite nanoparticles
Authors: Badr M H , Kudrevatykh N V , Hassan M A , Moustafa M , Rammah Y S , Abouhaswa A S , EL-Hamalawy A A
Published: January 2023

Sol-gel auto-combustion synthesis technique was employed to synthesize Cd-Zn ferrite nanoparticles with composition Zn1-xCdxFe2O4, where 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0. The physical properties of prepared samples were inspected by using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of Cd-Zn spinel nanoferrites with an increase in experimental lattice constant from 8.37 Å to 8.74 Å for zinc and cadmium ferrite samples, respectively. Variation of tetrahedral and octahedral hopping lengths, crystallite size, microstrain and dislocation density with Cd-content has been investigated and elucidated. SEM micrographs showed agglomeration of nearly-spherical grains that increased in size with Cd-content increase. FTIR analysis confirmed the existence of the characteristic tetrahedral and octahedral stretching vibrations of metal ion and oxygen complex in the range 429–558 cm−1. VSM measurements revealed a tuning in coercivity to higher values and a decrease in saturation magnetization as Cd-content increased. The calculated cations distribution, bond lengths, bond angles and interionic distances between cations at tetrahedral and octahedral sites attribute the observed decrease in saturation magnetization to weak interaction between cations in the two sites.
The emergence of universal relations in the AdS black holes thermodynamics
Authors: Sadeghi J , Pourhassan B , Noori Gashti S , Upadhyay S , Mezerji E Naghd
Published: January 2023

Our primary goal in this paper is to confirm new universal relations in black hole thermodynamics. We investigate the universal relations by selecting different black holes. First, we obtain the black holes thermodynamic relations assuming a new minor correction is added to the AdS part of the action. Then we confirm the universal relations by performing a series of direct calculations. It is noteworthy that according to each of the properties related to black holes, a new universal relation can be obtained according to this method. We confirm two different types of these universal relations for various black holes. Furthermore, we also consider black holes in AdS space surrounded by perfect fluid. We use a small correction to the action and obtain the modified thermodynamic quantities. We achieve two new universal relations which correspond to the parameters of perfect fluid and magnetic charge of the Bardeen AdS Black Hole. Finally, the new universal relation leads us to understand the charge-to-mass ratio, i.e., weak gravity conjecture like behavior. We also find that the weak gravity conjecture condition is satisfied for the black hole surrounded by perfect fluid.
Assembly bias in the local PNG halo bias and its implication for f
NL constraints
Authors: Lazeyras Titouan , Barreira Alexandre , Schmidt Fabian , Desjacques Vincent
Published: January 2023

We use N-body simulations to study halo assembly bias (i.e., the dependence of halo clustering on properties beyond total mass) in the density and primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) linear bias parameters b
1 and b
ϕ, respectively. We consider concentration, spin and sphericity as secondary halo properties, for which we find a clear detection of assembly bias for b
1 and b
ϕ. At fixed total mass, halo spin and sphericity impact b
1 and b
ϕ in a similar manner, roughly preserving the shape of the linear b
ϕ(b
1) relation satisfied by the global halo population. Halo concentration, however, drives b
1 and b
ϕ in opposite directions. This induces significant changes to the b
ϕ(b
1) relation, with higher concentration halos having higher amplitude of b
ϕ(b
1). For z = 0.5 and b
1 ≈ 2 in particular, the population comprising either all halos, those with the 33% lowest or those with the 33% highest concentrations have a PNG bias of b
ϕ ≈ 3, b
ϕ ≈ -1 and b
ϕ ≈ 9, respectively. Varying the halo concentration can make b
ϕ very small and even change its sign. These results have important ramifications for galaxy clustering constraints of the local PNG parameter fNL that assume fixed forms for the b
ϕ(b
1) relation. We illustrate the significant impact of halo assembly bias in actual data using the BOSS DR12 galaxy power spectrum: assuming that BOSS galaxies are representative of all halos, the 33% lowest or the 33% highest concentration halos yields σ
f

NL = 44, 165, 19, respectively. Our results suggest taking host halo concentration into account in galaxy selection strategies to maximize the signal-to-noise on f
NL. They also motivate more simulation-based efforts to study the b
ϕ(b
1) relation of halos and galaxies.
Spatially selective stimulation of the pig vagus nerve to modulate target effect versus side effect
Authors: Blanz Stephan L , Musselman Eric D , Settell Megan L , Knudsen Bruce E , Nicolai Evan N , Trevathan James K , Verner Ryan S , Begnaud Jason , Skubal Aaron C , Suminski Aaron J , Williams Justin C , Shoffstall Andrew J , Grill Warren M , Pelot Nicole A , Ludwig Kip A
Published: January 2023

Electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve using implanted electrodes (VNS) is FDA-approved for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy, treatment-resistant depression, and most recently, chronic ischemic stroke rehabilitation. However, VNS is critically limited by the unwanted stimulation of nearby neck muscles—a result of non-specific stimulation activating motor nerve fibers within the vagus. Prior studies suggested that precise placement of small epineural electrodes can modify VNS therapeutic effects, such as cardiac responses. However, it remains unclear if placement can alter the balance between intended effect and limiting side effect. We used an FDA investigational device exemption approved six-contact epineural cuff to deliver VNS in pigs and quantified how epineural electrode location impacts on- and off-target VNS activation. Detailed post-mortem histology was conducted to understand how the underlying neuroanatomy impacts observed functional responses. Here we report the discovery and characterization of clear neuroanatomy-dependent differences in threshold and saturation for responses related to both effect (change in heart rate) and side effect (neck muscle contractions). The histological and electrophysiological data were used to develop and validate subject-specific computation models of VNS, creating a well-grounded quantitative framework to optimize electrode location-specific activation of nerve fibers governing intended effect versus unwanted side effect.
In situ melting phenomena on W plasma-facing components for lower divertor during long-pulse plasma operations in EAST
Authors: Zhu D. , Guo Z. , Xuan C. , Yu B. , Li C. , Gao B. , Ding R. , Yan R. , Wang Y. , He C. , Yao D. , Cao L. , Zi P. , Han L. , Wang B. , Fu W. , Li Y. , Chen J.
Published: January 2023

Tungsten (W) is one of the most promising plasma-facing materials for future fusion devices. Although its melting point is the highest among all metals, it still has great risk of melting under extremely high plasma heat fluxes, which is a big concern for ITER and future reactors. Actively cooled W plasma-facing components (PFCs) with both monoblocks and flat-type structure have been successfully installed in the lower divertor of the EAST tokamak since 2021, and provide a good opportunity for direct comparison of the damage mechanism for the two types of PFCs. Various in situ melting phenomena on the lower divertor have been observed by CCD cameras, which have been further verified by post-mortem inspections. Severe melting and even exfoliation of the edge-beveled W plates were observed on some W/Cu flat-type components at horizontal outer targets. Many droplets were ejected during long-pulse operations, which induced a significant increase of W impurities and total irradiation in the core plasma, and thus greatly deteriorated the plasma performance and even caused disruptions. Two different shaping structures of flat-type PFCs show different positions of melting and the corresponding mechanisms. Slight melting was found on the sharp leading edges of W/Cu monoblocks between cassette modules (inter-CM) for horizontal targets with small droplet ejection, which was much improved compared to that observed on the upper W divertor, illustrating that the application of a large-sized bevel chamfer inter-CM was generally effective. In addition, an unexpected melting phenomenon on the dome plate was attributed to the extreme transient heat flux during disruption with runaway electrons. The application of both types of W/Cu PFCs for the divertor provides important experiences and lessons for the engineering design and optimization of divertor PFCs in future fusion devices.