A novel strategy to control the fall armyworm with entomopathogenic nematodes
Authors:   , Fallet Patrick 
Published: October 2024

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, Smith; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an insect species native to the Americas known to be a major agricultural pest. It can feed on a large variety of plants, but is particularly devastating to maize. The recent invasion of the fall armyworm in Africa and Asia has wreaked havoc in maize cultivation, leading to a tremendous increase in the use of harmful synthetic insecticides, which are often only marginally effective. This limited efficacy is mainly due to the specific feeding behaviour of the fall armyworm caterpillars, which are mostly found deep within the wrapped leaves of the maize whorl, making them difficult targets for conventional contact insecticides. In addition, the fall armyworm has rapidly developed resistances to a wide range of synthetic insecticides as well as to some Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins commonly employed against insect pests in some regions of the world. Effective, safe and sustainable control alternatives are desperately needed to ensure food security as well as to preserve beneficial organisms, such as pollinators, and the environment. Several biological control agents, such as entomopathogenic nematodes, can be quite effective in killing armyworms, but their application on plant leaves is challenging. Entomopathogenic nematodes are parasites that specifically target insects. They live in soils around the world and are commonly used as biological control agents for decades, notably because they have the ability to actively locate, infect and swiftly kill insects. As soil organisms, nematodes are particularly sensitive to the abiotic conditions found aboveground and on foliage, such as desiccation and UV radiation. The aim of this thesis is to address these challenges by exploring novel solutions to apply and protect entomopathogenic nematodes on maize leaves to ensure effective as well as sustainable control of the fall armyworm. We showed in Chapters 1 and 2 that locally isolated nematodes represent excellent candidates against the fall armyworm. They also offer the advantage of preventing the risk of introducing foreign species in a target country, associated with the use of often non-native commercially available nematodes. In Chapter 3, we explored different methods to formulate nematodes for aboveground application. We found a here-developed carboxymethyl cellulose gel formulation to be quite effective, killing 100% caterpillars in laboratory conditions and significantly reducing FAW infestations in preliminary field trials in Rwanda. In Chapter 4, we showed that throughout a full maize growing season in Rwanda, nematodes formulated in the gel consistently limited plant damage. In addition, the nematode-gel was significantly more effective than the commonly used insecticide cypermethrin in reducing armyworms infestation. This led to an increased grain yield as compared to untreated control plants. Lastly, we demonstrated in Chapter 5 that the addition of affordable, readily available, natural substances to the gel formulation prolonged the survival and effectiveness of nematodes exposed to UV radiation. This could translate into an increased efficacy of the nematode-gel formulation in realistic farming conditions as well as contribute to expanding the use of nematodes against aboveground pests. This thesis demonstrates the potential of locally isolated entomopathogenic nematodes for fall armyworm control and represents a step towards the sustainable management of this devastating pest.