bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co‐localization of alopecia areata and lichen planopilaris in a patient receiving immunosuppressants: A rare case
Authors: Mofarrah Ramin , Mofarrah Ramina , Jahani Amiri Kousar , Ghasemi Maryam
Published: July 2020

Background

AA is an acquired dermatosis distributed universally, with multifactorial etiology. It affects the hair follicle with or without nail involvement, resulting in an acute nonscarring alopecia with a relapsing course.1 Being a relatively common skin disease, LPP (lichen planopilaris) is initiated by a chronic lymphocytic inflammation that selectively destructs the hair follicles and eventually leads to scarring alopecia. Also, even though there is enough literature available for the co‐existence of AA and LPP with each other and their association with other autoimmune conditions, there are only very few reports on the anatomical concomitance of both disorders.3

Aims

Although the incidence of not only one but two autoimmune diseases in an immunosuppressed individual is very unusual, we hereby report a case of co‐localization of AA and LPP in a patient receiving immunosuppression due to a previous history of SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus).

Patients

A 37‐year‐old woman, housewife, presented to our office with general alopecia on the scalp since about two years ago (Figure 1), particularly on the vertex which was accompanied by mild itching and trichodynia. She had a history of hypothyroidism and lupus erythematosus arthritis. She had been receiving long‐term treatment with prednisolone, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, and levothyroxine but had not been treated for hair loss. Despite being on all of the above‐mentioned immunosuppressants, the patient developed AA and LPP which are both immune‐mediated diseases.

Results

In addition to continuing her oral immunosuppressants, the patient was treated with Minoxidil 5% and Clobetasol solution as well as a higher dose of Azathioprine than she was receiving beforehand. Approximately, 3 months into the treatment, the follicular hyperkeratosis and scalp erythema resolved. Also, hair growth could be seen on AA spots.

Conclusion

Our case report is indicating the possibly mutual immunopathogenesis of these two T cell–mediated disorders. Furthermore, we want to bring attention to the probability of new autoimmune diseases occurring even during treatment with immunosuppressive medications.
Psychological aspects of COVID‐19
Authors: Stamu‐O’Brien Caroline , Carniciu Simona , Halvorsen Elizabeth , Jafferany Mohammad
Published: July 2020

Background

COVID‐19 pandemic has affected the world from every aspect. Individuals are drained from social, financial, and emotional percussion of this pandemic. Psychosocial consequences are far greater than are being perceived. It is anticipated that once the pandemic is over the psycho‐emotional turbulence would shake the whole populations of affected countries.

Aims and Objectives

To review the psychological consequences of COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

A literature search was conducted on major databases from January 2020 to April 2020 with the search terms of Covid‐19, Corona virus, psychological, depression, anxiety, phobias, obsessive behaviors, paranoia, parental relationship, marital life and maternal and fetal bond.

Conclusion

Patients with COVID‐19 infection are more likely to suffer from a myriad of psychological consequences, and this infection may have profound effect on parenting, relationships, marital life, elderly, and maternal‐fetal bond.
Family Complexity and Children's Behavior Problems over Two U.S. Cohorts
Authors: Fomby Paula , Ophir Ariane , Carlson Marcia J.
Published: July 2020

Objective

We consider the prevalence of family complexity and its association with children's externalizing behavior problems over children's life course and over historical time.

Background

A growing literature has demonstrated the prevalence and multidimensional nature of family complexity and its association with child behavior. The nature/strength of this association may have changed in recent cohorts as family complexity has become more normative.

Method

Data are from the 1997 and 2014 cohorts of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement. Samples represent U.S. children aged 0–12 years born since 1985 (N = 5,030). Ordinary least squares regression estimated change in the association between family complexity and behavior between cohorts. Difference‐in‐difference models estimated baseline and longitudinal differences in children's behavior as linked to family complexity.

Results

The prevalence of family complexity has stabilized over the last two decades, and the antecedents to parental repartnering and complex sibship organization remain similar. The expectation that increasing family complexity contributes to elevated behavior problem scores was not supported. Instead, children who eventually acquired a step‐ or half‐sibling or who experienced parents' union dissolution had elevated behavior problems prior to those changes.

Conclusion

The prevalence of and precursors to complex family organization were stable across recent child cohorts. The observed association between family complexity and child behavior problems may be attributable to selection mechanisms linked to both parents' family formation trajectories and to children's behavior, rather than to family change itself.
Comparison of Maximum Mouth Opening Following Mandibular Bilateral Sagittal Splitting Ramus osteotomies in Class III Females Using Two Different Osteosynthesis Methods
Authors: Ooi Kazuhiro , Inoue Nobuo , Matsushita Kazuhiro , Yamaguchi Hiro‐o , Mikoya Tadashi , Kawashiri Shuichi , Tei Kanchu
Published: July 2020

Background

Limitation of mouth opening is a common complaint following orthognathic surgery.

Objectives

This investigation reports on the progress of maximum incisal opening following orthognathic surgery and compares the impact of two different osteosynthesis methods on mouth opening in female patients with Class III dentofacial deformities.

Methods

Forty cases of skeletal class III malocclusion were divided into twenty cases treated using the conventional single miniplate osteosynthesis method (P1) and twenty cases using the additional L‐shaped miniplate osteosynthesis method (P2). No significant differences in pre‐operative clinical status were detected between the P1 and P2 group, and all patients were managed with elastics in the post‐operative period. Independent mouth opening exercises were initiated seven days after surgery, and inter‐incisal distance was measured as maximum mouth opening (MMO) at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 1, 2, 3, 6 months. Statistical analysis was performed in order to analyse differences in MMO between the P1 and P2 groups (Prism 7 GraphPad software, San Diego, CA). Values of P < .05 were considered to be significant.

Results

MMO significantly increased from 2 weeks after surgery in both groups. The MMO of P2 was significantly larger than that of P1 in all experimental periods after surgery. MMO was statistically improved in P2 at 2 months after surgery, while MMO in P1 was significantly smaller than the pre‐operative MMO, even at 6 months post‐operative. A minimum MMO of 40 mm was achieved by all patients.

Conclusion

L‐shaped miniplate osteosynthesis was more useful for early limitation of mandibular opening improvement than conventional single miniplate osteosynthesis.
Benzothiazoles as potential antiviral agents
Authors: Asiri Yahya I , Alsayari Abdulrhman , Muhsinah Abdullatif B , Mabkhot Yahia N , Hassan Mohd Z
Published: July 2020

Objectives

The recent viral pandemic poses a unique challenge for healthcare providers. Despite the remarkable progress, the number of novel antiviral agents in the pipeline is woefully inadequate against the evolving virulence and drug resistance of current viruses. This highlights the urgent need for new and improved vaccines, diagnostics and therapeutic agents to obviate the viral pandemic.

Key findings

Benzothiazole plays a pivotal role in the design and development of antiviral drugs. This is evident from the fact that it comprises many clinically useful agents. The current review is aimed to provide an insight into the recent development of benzothiazole-based antiviral agents, with a special focus on their structure-activity relationships and lead optimisation. One hundred and five articles were initially identified, and from these studies, 64 potential novel lead molecules and main findings were highlighted in this review.

We hope this review will provide a logical perspective on the importance of improving the future designs of novel broad-spectrum benzothiazole-based antiviral agents to be used against emerging viral diseases.
Consumption of identically formulated foods extruded under low and high shear force reveals that microbiome redox ratios accompany canine immunoglobulin A production
Authors: Jackson Matthew I. , Waldy Christopher , Cochrane Chun‐Yen , Jewell Dennis E.
Published: July 2020

Digestion‐resistant starch (RS) can provide health benefits to the host via gut microbiome‐mediated metabolism. This study tested the physiological effects on healthy dogs of identically formulated foods processed under high (n = 16) or low (n = 16) shear extrusion conditions resulting in respective lower and higher levels of RS. Faecal samples collected at weeks 3 and 6 were assayed for stool score, proximate analysis, short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA), immunoglobulin A (IgA) and microbiome; faecal metabolome was characterized at week 6. Proximate and digestibility analyses of the foods and stool scores and stool proximate analysis showed few differences between the two shear methods except for increased apparent fibre digestibility in the low shear food. In contrast, levels of butyrate (p = .030) and total SCFA (p = .043) were significantly greater in faeces at week 6 from dogs who consumed the low versus high shear food. Faecal IgA levels were significantly higher at week 3 (p = .001) but not week 6 (p = .110) in the low shear food. Significant differences in 166 metabolites between consumption of the two foods were identified via faecal metabolomic analysis, with changes in sugars, bile acids, advanced glycation end products and few amino acids. Strikingly, consumption of the low shear food resulted in elevated levels of the reduced members of redox couples derived from metabolized sugars and branched‐chain and phenyl amino acids. Alpha diversity of the microbiome showed significantly higher species richness in faeces from the low shear group at week 6, though other measures of diversity were similar for both foods. Twelve genus‐level operational taxonomic units (OTU; half Firmicutes) significantly differed between the food types. Six OTU significantly correlated with RS‐derived sugars and ratios of the redox couples. Taken together, these data show that RS impacts microbiome‐mediated metabolism in the gut, resulting in changes in the reducing state.
Attendance and Specific Learning Disability Identification: A Survey of Practicing School Psychologists
Authors: Sprick Jessica T. , Bouck Emily C. , Berg Tricia R. , Coughlin Cristy
Published: July 2020

According to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, lack of appropriate instruction is a possible exclusionary factor that must be considered during Specific Learning Disability (SLD) identification. Student attendance is a major predictor of long‐term academic success or failure and may relate to whether a student had access to appropriate instruction; however, it is unclear whether and how attendance is considered during SLD identification. This survey of practicing school psychologists provides an exploration of how school psychologists consider and address student absenteeism in the SLD identification process. Researchers found considerable variability across school psychologists and eligibility teams across a multitude of dimensions, including whether and how attendance is considered exclusionary and whether respondents perceived the need for more clear guidance from their district and/or state.
How can we model ethnic democracy? An application to contemporary India
Authors: Adeney Katharine
Published: July 2020

The status of India as the world's largest democracy is often lauded, but the re‐election of the overtly Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party in 2019 has increased concerns about the threat to India's multinational democracy and the rule of law. India is not the only democracy facing challenges related to majoritarian nationalism; there has been a worldwide rise in the language of majority ‘rights’ in democratic systems. The importance of analysing the extent to which the rights of majorities are being increasingly institutionalized within democratic systems has therefore increased. It is vitally important to identify whether tendencies toward ethnic democracy are increasing (and the conditions under which they do so). There may well be red flags that emerge in democratic systems, heralding the potential direction of travel. This article proposes a methodology to identify degrees of ethnic democracy using a combination of formal and informal measures and illustrates it by assessing India through an examination of anti‐Muslim policies and rhetoric.
Hydrogen peroxide homeostasis provides beneficial micro‐environment for SHR‐mediated periclinal division in Arabidopsis root
Authors: Li Pengxue , Cai Qiang , Wang Hong , Li Shuang , Cheng Jie , Li Haiyang , Yu Qiaozhi , Wu Shuang
Published: July 2020

The precise regulation of asymmetric cell division (ACD) is essential for plant organogenesis. In Arabidopsis roots, SHORT‐ROOT (SHR) functions to promote periclinal division in cortex/endodermis initials, which generate the ground tissue patterning. Although multiple downstream transcription factors and interplaying hormone pathways have been reported, the cellular mechanism that affects SHR‐mediated periclinal division remains largely unclear.

Here, we found that SHR can substantially elevate reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in Arabidopsis roots by activating respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs). Among the ROS products, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) rather than superoxide (O2−) was shown to play a critical role in SHR‐mediated periclinal division. Scavenging H2O2 could markedly impair the ability of SHR to induce periclinal division.

We also show that salicylic acid (SA) can promote H2O2 production by repressing CAT expression, which greatly increased periclinal division in root endodermis. As a result, middle cortex was more frequently formed in the endodermis of snc1, a mutant with accumulated endogenous SA and H2O2. In addition to RBOHs, SHR also activated the SA pathway, which might contribute to the elevated H2O2 level induced by SHR.

Thus, our data suggest a mechanism by which SHR creates the optimal micro‐environment for periclinal division by maintaining ROS homeostasis in Arabidopsis roots.
Arabidopsis C‐terminal binding protein ANGUSTIFOLIA modulates transcriptional co‐regulation of MYB46 and WRKY33
Authors: Xie Meng , Zhang Jin , Yao Tao , Bryan Anthony C. , Pu Yunqiao , Labbé Jessy , Pelletier Dale A. , Engle Nancy , Morrell‐Falvey Jennifer L. , Schmutz Jeremy , Ragauskas Arthur J. , Tschaplinski Timothy J. , Chen Feng , Tuskan Gerald A. , Muchero Wellington , Chen Jin‐Gui
Published: July 2020

The apparent antagonism between salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) signalling resulting in trade‐offs between defence against (hemi)biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens has been widely described across multiple plant species. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be fully established.

The molecular and cellular functions of ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) were characterised, and its role in regulating the pathogenic response was studied in Arabidopsis.

We demonstrated that AN, a plant homologue of mammalian C‐TERMINAL BINDING PROTEIN (CtBP), antagonistically regulates plant resistance to the hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Consistent with phenotypic observations, transcription of genes involved in SA and JA/ET pathways was antagonistically regulated by AN. By interacting with another nuclear protein TYROSYL‐DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE1 (TDP1), AN imposes transcriptional repression on MYB46, encoding a transcriptional activator of PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA‐LYASE (PAL) genes which are required for SA biosynthesis, while releasing TDP1‐imposed transcriptional repression on WRKY33, a master regulator of the JA/ET signalling pathway.

These findings demonstrate that transcriptional co‐regulation of MYB46 and WRKY33 by AN mediates the coordination of SA and JA/ET pathways to optimise defences against (hemi)biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.
The relevance of Xenophon’s Anabasis and Plato’s Meno to nursing
Authors: Gonzalez‐Sanz Juan D.
Published: July 2020

The current situation in which the humanities are disparaged affects all university disciplines, including nursing, in whose historical evolution the humanities have always been present in one form or another. Looking beyond this disrepute, this study proposes that nursing renew its attention to classical philosophy. Specifically, it invites a close reading of Xenophon's Anabasis and Plato's Meno, to get three related goals: to show how the use of ancient texts are very valuable tools for the philosophical initiation of nursing students and can help them reflect on their choice of nursing as a practical activity; to reflect on the problem of virtue and the nature of the good life; and to show how the interaction with ancient texts allows students to reflect on questions and issues of life, theirs and others, that are not open to investigation through a purely scientific method. Consequently, both Anabasis and Meno readings strengthen the intellectual relationship between philosophy and nursing, enabling the latter to delve deeper into the key questions of its own thought as a discipline.
Male adiposity, sperm parameters and reproductive hormones: An updated systematic review and collaborative meta‐analysis
Authors: Salas‐Huetos Albert , Maghsoumi‐Norouzabad Leila , James Emma R. , Carrell Douglas T. , Aston Kenneth I. , Jenkins Timothy G. , Becerra‐Tomás Nerea , Javid Ahmad Zare , Abed Reza , Torres Pedro Javier , Luque Eugenia Mercedes , Ramírez Nicolás David , Martini Ana Carolina , Salas‐Salvadó Jordi
Published: July 2020

The present updated systematic review and meta‐analysis aims to summarize the evidence from published studies with low risk for any important bias (based on methodological quality assessment) investigating the potential associations of adiposity with sperm quality and reproductive hormones. We conducted a systematic search of the literature published in MEDLINE‐PubMed and EMBASE through June 2019. Based on the criteria in our review, 169 eligible publications were used for data abstraction. Finally, 60 articles were included in the qualitative analysis and 28 in the quantitative analysis. Our systematic review results indicated that overweight and/or obesity were associated with low semen quality parameters (i.e., semen volume, sperm count and concentration, sperm vitality and normal morphology) and some specific reproductive hormones (e.g., inhibin B, total testosterone and sex hormone‐binding globulin). Overweight and/or obesity were also positively associated with high estradiol concentrations. Meta‐analysis indicated that overweight and/or obesity categories were associated with lower sperm quality (i.e., semen volume, sperm count and concentration, sperm vitality, total motility and normal morphology), and underweight category was likewise associated with low sperm normal morphology. In conclusion, our results suggest that maintaining a healthy body weight is important for increasing sperm quality parameters and potentially male fertility.
Ontogenetic and trans‐generational dynamics of a vertically transmitted fungal symbiont in an annual host plant in ozone‐polluted settings
Authors: Ueno Andrea C. , Gundel Pedro E. , Ghersa Claudio M. , Demkura Patricia V. , Card Stuart D. , Mace Wade J. , Martínez‐Ghersa María Alejandra
Published: July 2020

Tropospheric ozone is an abiotic stress of increasing importance in the context of global climate change. This greenhouse gas is a potent phytotoxic molecule with demonstrated negative effects on crop yield and natural ecosystems. Recently, oxidative stress has been proposed as a mechanism that could regulate the interaction between cool‐season grasses and Epichloë endophytes. We hypothesized that exposure of Lolium multiflorum plants, hosting endophytes to an ozone‐polluted environment at different ontogenetic phases, would impact the trans‐generational dynamics of the vertically transmitted fungal symbiont. Here, we found that the ozone‐induced stress on the mother plants did not affect the endophyte vertical transmission but it impaired the persistence of the fungus in the seed exposed to artificial ageing. Endophyte longevity in seed was reduced by exposure of the mother plant to ozone. Although ozone exposure did not influence either the endophyte mycelial concentration or their compound defences (loline alkaloids), a positive correlation was observed between host fitness and the concentration of endophyte‐derived defence compounds. This suggests that fungal defences in grass seeds were not all produced in situ but remobilized from the vegetative tissues. Our study reveals ozone trans‐generational effects on the persistence of a beneficial symbiont in a host grass.
Filling in the gaps on FILS syndrome: A case report and literature review
Authors: Eason Chelsea , Aleisa Ahmad , Jones Julie R. , Prijoles Eloise J. , Wine Lee Lara
Published: July 2020

FILS syndrome (facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic alterations in the POLE gene leading to multisystemic manifestations, including poorly characterized skin findings. We report a child with a homozygous variant, c.100C > T (p.Arg34Cys), in POLE and features consistent with poikiloderma, expanding the dermatologic signs associated with this rare disorder. Additionally, we review reported cases of FILS syndrome, discuss possible pathomechanisms for our patient's presentation, and consider implications for management.
How domestication alters fish phenotypes
Authors: Milla Sylvain , Pasquet Alain , El Mohajer Leila , Fontaine Pascal
Published: July 2020

Domestication can be defined as the adaptation of an animal to the human environment and its constraints. Accumulating evidence strongly indicates that domestication plays essential roles in modulating the phenotypes of teleosts, despite the scattered information. Animal husbandry and molecular, physiological and behavioural studies have identified a high degree and complexity of biological changes induced by domestication. These phenotypic modifications during domestication vary greatly amongst species and physiological function (e.g. growth, reproduction, response to stress and immunity), probably due to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can interfere with phenotypic changes. Indeed, much information about domestication is lacking, which impedes the generalisation of our understanding of the effects of domestication. This review gathers and clarifies the available information about the main effects of fish domestication. We use a broad physiological approach for understanding these biological consequences, from the genesis of domestication (e.g. netting from the wild) to the ultimate step (controlled artificial selection). We also suggest ways to predict the effects of domestication and to better understand the sources of the biological changes.
The expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 alpha in primary reproductive organs of the female yak (Bos grunniens) at different reproductive stages
Authors: Fan Jiangfeng , Yu Yiteng , Han Xiaohong , He Honghong , Luo Yuzhu , Yu Sijiu , Cui Yan , Xu Gengquan , Wang Libin , Pan Yangyang
Published: July 2020

The yak (Bos grunniens) is the most important livestock animal in high‐altitude regions owing to its prominent adaptability to cold conditions, nutritional deficiencies and hypoxia. The reproductive organs exhibit different histological appearances and physiological processes at different reproductive stages. Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 alpha (HIF‐1α) is the regulatory subunit of HIF‐1 that crucially regulates the response to hypoxia in mammalian organisms. The goal of our study was to investigate the expression and distribution of HIF‐1α in the primary yak reproductive organs at different reproductive stages. Samples of the ovary, oviduct and uterus of 15 adult female yaks were collected and used in the experiment. The expression and localization of HIF‐1α proteins and mRNA were investigated using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The results indicated that the expression of HIF‐1α protein in the ovary was higher during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase and gestation period (p < .05). In the oviduct, HIF‐1α protein was also more highly expressed during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase and gestation period (p < .01). However, in the uterus, the HIF‐1α protein had stronger expression during the gestation period than during the follicular phase (p < .01) and luteal phase (p < .05). The expression of HIF‐1α mRNA was similar to that of its protein. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed intense immunostaining of HIF‐1α proteins in the follicular granulosa cells, granular luteal cells, villous epithelial cells of the oviduct, endometrial glandular epithelium and luminal epithelium, foetal villous trophoblast, and epithelia of caruncular crypts. This study showed that the expression of HIF‐1α in the ovary, oviduct and uterus varies according to the stage of the reproductive cycle. This implies that HIF‐1α plays an important role in regulating the stage‐specific physiological function of yak reproductive organs under hypoxic environments.
Non‐linear Effects of Inflation on Economic Growth in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Yemba Boniface , Kitenge Erick , Woodburne Paul
Published: July 2020

This paper presents one of the first empirical studies that employ the regression kink model with an unknown threshold to estimate the turning point in the relationship between inflation and economic growth. To deal with the asymptotic non‐normality of the regression function, we use a numerical delta bootstrap method and inference methods in the construction of confidence intervals for the regression function. Our estimated threshold suggests that, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, inflation rates lower than 17.2% would drive economic growth, but any inflation rate beyond that threshold will harm the growth. The Congolese policymakers should be aware of this threshold in the implementation of any inflation‐targeting policy instruments or strategies.
Comparison of peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion techniques by nephrologists: Surgical vs blind methods
Authors: Kang Seok Hui , Park Jong Won , Cho Kyu Hyang , Do Jun Young
Published: July 2020

Background

The aim of the present study was to perform a comparative analysis of peritoneal dialysis catheter (PDC) insertion between blind and surgical methods by nephrologists.

Patients and Methods

The present study enrolled 249 peritoneal dialysis patients who received first‐time PDC insertion. All PDC insertions were performed using either the blind or surgical method. In our hospital during the study period, two of three nephrologists performed the blind method routinely in all eligible patients (blind group), and one of three nephrologists performed the surgical method in all eligible patients (surgical group). Catheter outcomes, including infectious or mechanical complications, functional parameters, and catheter survival, were evaluated.

Results

The numbers of patients underwent surgical or blind methods were 105 and 144, respectively. The use of systemic analgesics in the surgical group was higher than that in the blind group. The operation time was longer in the blind group than in the surgical group. The D0 level and peritonealKt/Vwere similar between the two groups. There was no significant difference in infectious and mechanical complications between the two groups. The catheter survival and intervention‐free survival were similar between the two groups (P = .995 for catheter survival andP = .723 for intervention‐free survival).

Conclusion

Our study shows that catheter outcomes are similar between blind and surgical insertion techniques performed by nephrologists. These findings reveal that patients without previous major abdominal surgery would be suitable to receive any one of the two methods according to the operator‐friendly technique.
Internet‐based cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in an outpatient specialized care setting: A qualitative study of the patients’ experience of the therapy
Authors: Pedersen Martin Kent , Mohammadi Rozhiar , Mathiasen Kim , Elmose Mette
Published: July 2020

Knowledge about user experiences of internet‐based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) has mostly been drawn from non‐clinical groups or with iCBT offered via self‐referral. The present study therefore focused on patients who had undergone iCBT with minimal support while actively awaiting outpatient psychological treatment in the form of face‐to‐face CBT. To seek out barriers to adherence the study also included patients who had withdrawn from the iCBT treatment before completion. The study was performed in an outpatient clinic for anxiety disorders where twelve participants with a primary diagnosis of either social anxiety disorder or panic disorder were recruited from an ongoing randomized control trial for semi‐structured interviews. Statements from the interviews showed that the iCBT treatment was unfavorably compared to the usual face‐to‐face treatment at the clinic. Despite this, a majority of the interview participants still expressed to have experienced various benefits from the treatment. Some participants did however, experience difficulties putting the materials to practical use. Furthermore, a large majority of the participants expressed a need for additional support, with a strong tendency for non‐completers specifically expressing a need for face‐to‐face contact with a clinician. Implications for future research and implementation of iCBT in clinical practice are discussed.
C‐SSRS performance in emergency department patients at high risk for suicide
Authors: Brown Lily A. , Boudreaux Edwin D. , Arias Sarah A. , Miller Ivan W. , May Alexis M. , Camargo Carlos A. , Bryan Craig J. , Armey Michael F.
Published: July 2020

Objective

To evaluate the psychometric and predictive performance of the Columbia‐Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C‐SSRS) in emergency department (ED) patients with suicidal ideation or attempts (SI/SA).

Methods

Participants (n = 1,376, mean age 36.8, 55% female, 76.8% white) completed the C‐SSRS during the ED visit and were followed for one year. Reliability analyses, exploratory structural equation modeling, and prediction of future SA were explored.

Results

Reliability of the Suicidal Ideation subscale was adequate, but was poor for the Intensity of Ideation and Suicidal Behavior subscales. Three empirically derived factors characterized the C‐SSRS. Only Factor 1 (Suicidal Ideation and Attempts) was a reliable predictor of subsequent SA, though odds ratios were small (ORs: 1.09–1.10, CI95%: 1.04, 1.15). The original C‐SSRS Suicidal Ideation and Suicidal Behavior subscales and the C‐SSRS ED screen predicted subsequent SA, again with small odds ratios (ORs: 1.07–1.19, CI95%: 1.01, 1.29). In participants without a SA history, no C‐SSRS subscale predicted subsequent SA. History of any SA (OR: 1.98, CI95%: 1.43, 2.75) was the strongest predictor of subsequent SA.

Conclusions

The psychometric evidence for the C‐SSRS was mixed. History of a prior SA, as measured by the C‐SSRS, provided the most parsimonious and powerful assessment for predicting future SA.
Sleep in youth with repeated self‐harm and high suicidality: Does sleep predict self‐harm risk?
Authors: Asarnow Joan Rosenbaum , Bai Sunhye , Babeva Kalina N. , Adrian Molly , Berk Michele S. , Asarnow Lauren D. , Senturk Damla , Linehan Marsha M. , McCauley Elizabeth
Published: July 2020

Objective

To elucidate processes contributing to continuing self‐harm in youth at very high risk for suicide, focusing on sleep disturbance, a putative warning sign of imminent suicide risk.

Method

101 youth (ages 12–18) selected for high risk of suicide/suicide attempts based on suicidal episodes plus repeated self‐harm (suicide attempts and/or nonsuicidal self‐injury [NSSI]). Youth were assessed at baseline, 6‐, and 12‐month follow‐ups on measures of self‐harm, suicidality, sleep, and depression.

Results

Youth showed high rates of baseline sleep disturbance: 81.2% scored in the clinical range on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); 81.2% reported an evening (night owl) circadian preference. PSQI score was associated with elevated levels of self‐harm (suicide attempts and NSSI) contemporaneously and predicted future self‐harm within 30 days. Rates of self‐harm were high during follow‐up: 45.0% and 33.7% at 6 and 12 months, respectively.

Conclusions

Results underscore the need to move beyond an acute treatment model to prevent recurrent and potentially deadly self‐harm, the importance of clarifying mechanisms contributing to elevated suicide/self‐harm risk, and the potential promise of engaging sleep as a therapeutic target for optimizing treatment and elucidating mechanistic processes.
Online disinhibition and internet communication of non‐suicidal self‐injury
Authors: Corcoran Vincent P. , Andover Margaret S.
Published: July 2020

Objective

Non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) is of concern given the increased risk for suicide attempt. Prevalence rates of NSSI are highest among adolescents and young adults. These groups also exhibit the highest rates of Internet use. Previous research suggests that online communication of NSSI can serve as both a risk and protective factor related to NSSI engagement. This study explored online disinhibition in the context of NSSI e‐communities as a potential factor that could contribute to opposing NSSI outcomes.

Method

The study sample consisted of 200 individuals 18 years or older (M = 21.76, SD = 5.24) recruited from social networking sites (i.e., Reddit, LiveJournal). These participants provided self‐report of their NSSI histories and degree of online disinhibition.

Results

Those who engaged in Internet communication of NSSI at the highest level endorsed more online disinhibition than those less involved with NSSI content. Furthermore, within this group of high communicators, increased toxic disinhibition predicted lower lifetime frequency of NSSI.

Conclusions

This study suggests that online behavior, including toxic disinhibition, may contribute to NSSI outcomes. Online disinhibition and its relationship to NSSI should be an area of continued research. Cyberbullying may be an additional construct of interest in future studies of NSSI e‐communication.
Effects of eccentric training at long‐muscle length on architectural and functional characteristics of the hamstrings
Authors: Marušič Jan , Vatovec Rok , Marković Goran , Šarabon Nejc
Published: July 2020

Hamstring strain injuries during sprinting or stretching frequently occur at long‐muscle length. Yet, previous research has mainly focused on studying the effectiveness of eccentric hamstring strengthening at shorter muscle length on hamstring performance, morphology, and hamstring strain injury risk factors. Here, we evaluated the effects of 6‐week eccentric hamstring training at long‐muscle length on functional and architectural characteristics of the hamstrings. Healthy and injury‐free participants (n = 40; age 23.7 ± 2.5 years) were randomly assigned to control or intervention group. Training intervention consisted of 12 sessions with two eccentric hamstring exercises in a lengthened position. Outcome measures included isokinetic and isometric knee flexion peak torque, Nordic hamstring exercise peak torque, voluntary activation level, and countermovement jump performance. Ultrasonography was used to determine muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length of biceps femoris long head (BFlh). A significant time × group interaction effect was observed for all measured parameters except countermovement jump performance and muscle thickness. The training intervention resulted in increased concentric and eccentric knee flexion peak torque at 60°/s (d = 0.55‐0.62, P = .02 and .03) and concentric peak torque at 180°/s (d = 0.99, P = .001), increased isometric knee flexion peak torque (d = 0.73, P = .008) and Nordic hamstring exercise peak torque (d = 1.19, P < .001), increased voluntary activation level (d = 1.29, P < .001), decreased pennation angle (d = 1.31, P < .001), and increased fascicle length (d = 1.12, P < .001) of BFlh. These results provide evidence that short‐term eccentric hamstring strengthening at long‐muscle length can have significant favorable effects on various architectural and functional characteristics of the hamstrings.
Work‐Limiting Disability and Intergenerational Economic Mobility
Authors: Jajtner Katie M
Published: July 2020

Objective

To examine whether work‐limiting disability may modify intergenerational economic mobility in the United States.

Methods

Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, common metrics of intergenerational mobility are estimated by parent work‐limiting disability. These include rank slope coefficients capturing persistence of socioeconomic status and absolute upward economic mobility capturing expected child outcomes.

Results

Parent–child pairs with work‐limiting disability experience 5–12 percentiles lower absolute economic mobility at the 25th percentile of parent income. More severe and/or chronic conditions have larger disparities and higher parent income is associated with smaller disparities. Women may experience larger mobility differences, while non‐Hispanic black children may face a higher likelihood of parents experiencing work limitations.

Conclusions

Work‐limiting disability appears to modify children's economic opportunity. This contributes to the understanding of disparate access to opportunity in the United States while also identifying economic disadvantages associated with disability for subsequent generations.
miR‐497 induces apoptosis by the IRAK2/NF‐κB axis in the canine mammary tumour
Authors: Zhang Tao , Feng Xiujuan , Zhou Tianhong , Zhou Ning , Shi Xue , Zhu Xinying , Qiu Jinxia , Deng Ganzhen , Qiu Changwei
Published: July 2020

Since companion dogs have the same living environment as humans, they are a good animal model for the study of human diseases; this is especially true of canine spontaneous mammary tumours models. A better understanding of the natural history and molecular mechanisms of canine mammary tumour is of great significance in comparative medicine. Here, we collected canine mammary tumour cases and then assayed the clinical cases by pathological examination and classification by HE staining and IHC. miRNA‐497 family members (miR‐497, miR‐16, miR‐195 and miR‐15) were positively correlated with the breast cancer marker genes p63 and PTEN. Modulation of the expression of miR‐497 in the canine mammary tumour cell lines CMT1211 and CMT 7364 induced apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation. Mechanistically, IRAK2 was shown to be a functional target of miR‐497 that affects the characteristics of cancer cells by inhibiting the activity of the NF‐κB pathway. Overall, our work reveals the miR‐497/IRAK2/NF‐κB axis as a vital mechanism of canine mammary tumour progression and suggests this axis as a target in breast cancer.
Peripheral chemoreflex control of fetal heart rate decelerations overwhelms the baroreflex during brief umbilical cord occlusions in fetal sheep
Authors: Lear Christopher A. , Kasai Michi , Booth Lindsea C. , Drury Paul P. , Davidson Joanne O. , Maeda Yoshiki , Magawa Shoichi , Miyagi Etsuko , Ikeda Tomoaki , Westgate Jenny A. , Bennet Laura , Gunn Alistair J.
Published: July 2020

Key points

The majority of intrapartum decelerations are widely believed to be mediated by the baroreflex secondary to brief umbilical cord occlusions (UCOs) but this remains unproven.

We examined the responses to brief‐UCOs in fetal sheep and compared these to a phenylephrine‐stimulated baroreflex in a separate cohort. A further cohort was instrumented with near‐infrared spectroscopy to measure cerebral oxygenation during UCO.

The first 3–4 s of the brief‐UCOs were consistent with a baroreflex, and associated with a minor fall in fetal heart rate (FHR). Thereafter, the remainder of the FHR decelerations were highly consistent with the peripheral chemoreflex.

The baroreflex is not sufficient to produce deep, rapid decelerations characteristic of variable decelerations and it is therefore likely to be a minor contributor to intrapartum decelerations.

Fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring is widely used to assess fetal wellbeing during labour, yet the physiology underlying FHR patterns remains incompletely understood. The baroreflex is widely believed to mediate brief intrapartum decelerations, but evidence supporting this theory is lacking. We therefore investigated the physiological changes in near‐term fetal sheep during brief repeated umbilical cord occlusions (brief‐UCOs, n = 15). We compared this to separate cohorts that underwent a phenylephrine challenge to stimulate the baroreflex (n = 9) or were instrumented with near‐infrared spectroscopy and underwent prolonged 15‐min complete UCO (prolonged‐UCO, n = 9). The first 3–4 s of brief‐UCOs were associated with hypertension (P = 0.000), a fall in FHR by 9.7–16.9 bpm (P = 0.002). The FHR/MAP relationship during this time was consistent with that observed during a phenylephrine‐induced baroreflex. At 4–5 s, the FHR/MAP relationship began to deviate from the phenylephrine baroreflex curve as FHR fell independently of MAP until its nadir in association with intense peripheral vasoconstriction (P = 0.000). During prolonged‐UCO, cerebral oxygenation remained steady until 4 s after the start of prolonged‐UCO, and then began to fall (P = 0.000). FHR and cerebral oxygenation then fell in parallel until the FHR nadir. In conclusion, the baroreflex has a minor role in mediating the first 3–4 s of FHR decelerations during complete UCO, but thereafter the peripheral chemoreflex is the dominant mediator. Overall, the baroreflex is neither necessary nor sufficient to produce deep, rapid decelerations characteristic of variable decelerations; it is therefore likely to be a minor contributor to intrapartum decelerations.
Assessing the perceived reverberation in different rooms for a set of musical instrument sounds
Authors: Osses Vecchi Alejandro , McLachlan Glen , Kohlrausch Armin
Published: July 2020

Previous research has shown that the perceived reverberation in a room, or reverberance, depends on the sound source that is being listened to. In a study by Osses Vecchi, Kohlrausch, Lachenmayr, and Mommertz [(2017). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 141(4), EL381–EL387], reverberance estimates obtained from an auditory model for 23 musical instrument sounds in 8 rooms predicted a sound-source dependency. As a follow-up to that study, a listening experiment with 24 participants was conducted using a subset of the original sounds with the purpose of mapping each test sound onto a reverberance scale. Consistent with the literature, the experimental reverberance estimates were significantly dependent on the instrument sound being listened to, but on the top of that, the estimates were significantly correlated with simulated reverberance estimates for the test stimuli as well as for the previously reported long-duration sounds.
Is Reflexivity Enough? Addressing Reflexive Embodiment, Power, and Whiteness in Sport Management Research
Authors: Vadeboncoeur Joshua D. , Bopp Trevor , Singer John N.
Published: July 2020

In this article, the authors drew from the epistemological and methodological considerations of neighboring social science fields (i.e., counseling psychology, education, sociology, and women’s studies), which suggest a reevaluation of reflexive research practice(s). In discussing the implications this reevaluation may have for future sport management research, the authors contend that such dialogue may encourage scholars to understand that, while adopting a reflexive approach is good research practice, it may also mean taking a closer look at how our biases, epistemologies, identities, and values are shaped by whiteness and dominant ways of knowing and, in turn, serve to affect our research practice. Thus, this may allow all researchers, with explicit consideration for those in positions of conceptual, empirical, and methodological, as well as cultural and racial, power, to acknowledge and work toward a more meaningful point of consciousness in conducting sport management research.
When ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny: Fixed neurodevelopmental sequence of manipulative skills among primates
Authors: Heldstab Sandra A. , Isler Karin , Schuppli Caroline , van Schaik Carel P.
Published: July 2020

The strictly cumulative emergence of manipulative skills in primates constrains the evolution of complex technology.
Inhibitory Effect of PIK-24 on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Entry by Blocking Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase Signaling
Authors: Chen Li-Feng , Xu Wei-Bin , Li Yue-Yue , Chen Neng-Hua , Luo Ding , Song Qiao-Yun , Tang Wei , Huang Zhi-Gang , Li Yao-Lan , Liu Zhong , Li Man-Mei
Published: July 2020

Phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling modulates many cellular processes, including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Currently, it is known that the establishment of respiratory syncytial virus infection requires phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling. However, the regulatory pattern of phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling or its corresponding molecular mechanism during respiratory syncytial virus entry remains unclear. Here, the involvement of phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling in respiratory syncytial virus entry was studied.
Activity of Cefiderocol, Ceftazidime-Avibactam, and Eravacycline against Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from the United States and International Sites in Relation to Clonal Background, Resistance Genes, Coresistance, and Region
Authors: Johnston Brian D. , Thuras Paul , Porter Stephen B. , Anacker Melissa , VonBank Brittany , Snippes Vagnone Paula , Witwer Medora , Castanheira Mariana , Johnson James R.
Published: July 2020

Emerging carbapenem resistance in
Escherichia coli
, including sequence type 131 (ST131), the leading cause of extraintestinal
E. coli
infections globally, threatens therapeutic efficacy. Accordingly, we determined broth microdilution MICs for three distinctive newer agents, i.e., cefiderocol (CFDC), ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA), and eravacycline (ERV), plus 11 comparators, against 343 carbapenem-resistant (CR) clinical
E. coli
isolates, then compared susceptibility results with bacterial characteristics and region.