bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constituents of the essential oil of myrtus communis L. from Iran
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Marschall Helga , Rustaiyan Abdolhossein
Published: November 2006

The main constituents of the essential oil from Myrtus communis L. from Iran are the monoterpenes α‐pinene (35%), 1,8‐cineole (28%), limonene (11%), linalol (9%), α‐terpineol (5%), and linalyl acetate (2%). In the distillation residue of the oil some trace constituents were identified: 3,3,5,5,8,8‐hexamethyl‐7‐oxabicyclo[4,3.0] non‐1(6)‐ene‐2,4‐dione (1), the 4‐isobutyl‐ (2) and 4‐isobutenyl‐5‐acetoxy‐4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylcyclohexan‐1,3‐dione (3), 4‐acetoxy‐3‐hydroxy‐3‐senecioyl‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethylcyclopentan‐1‐one (4), the known peroxide 5 (G3), and, obviously as artefacts, the (Z)‐ and (E)‐4‐(2‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropylidene)‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethylcyclopentan‐l,3‐dione (6). The structures of the compounds 1–6 were confirmed by their 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra.
A comparative study of the essential oils of five piper species from Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Jantan Ibrahim Bin , Ahmad Abdul Rashih , Ahmad Abu Said , Ali Nor Azah Mohd
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of the leaf oils of five Malaysian Piper species (P. aduncum L., P. lanatum Roxb., P. pedicellosum Wall., P. penangense C.DC. and P. betle L.) was determined by co‐chromatography with authentic samples on two columns of different polarity, GC‐MS and Kováts retention indices. Dillapiole at 64.5% was the most abundant component in the oil of P. aduncum. Chavibetol constituted 69.0% and 42.7% of the oils of P. betle and P. lanatum respectively. The major components of the oil of P. pedicellosum were β‐phellandrene (21.9%) and eugenol (17.2%. )E)‐Nerolidol (17.5%) and cedrol (14.8%) were found to be the major constituents of P. penangense.
Volatiles of an alcoholic extract of flowers from plumeria rubra L. var. acutifolia
Authors: Pino Jorge A. , Ferrer Austreberta , Alvarez Dania , Rosado Aristides
Published: November 2006

Volatile compounds of an alcoholic extract from flowers of Plumeria rubra L. var acutifolia were isolated by continuous liquid‐liquid extraction with isopentane. The extract was analysed by HRGC and GC‐MS techniques. A total of 27 compounds were identified, of which 16 are reported for the first time in this flower.
Seasonal variation in essential oil yield and composition from naturalized thymus vulgaris L. in New Zealand
Authors: McGimpsey Jennifer A. , Douglas Malcolm H. , Van Klink John W. , Beauregard Daniel A. , Perry Nigel B.
Published: November 2006

The seasonal variation in essential oil yield and composition from naturalized Thymus vulgaris L. in Central Otago, New Zealand, is reported. Essential oil yield (l/ha), from replicated, pilot‐scale distillations, was influenced by both the field production of herb and the essential oil content of the herb. The oil yield peaked at 22.8 l/ha in December, after flowering had finished. Essential oil composition also varied significantly during the 13‐month sampling period. Levels of the phenolic components, thymol and carvacrol, peaked at a total of 37% after flowering in summer (December and January). p‐Cymene was an important component of Central Otago thyme oils and ranged from 40% to 50% in winter and early spring (May to October), declining to 21% in January. To maximize yields and phenol content of the oil, naturalized thyme in Central Otago should be harvested after flowering has finished in December.
Determination of potent odourants in roasted coffee by stable isotope dilution assays
Authors: Semmelroch P. , Laskawy G. , Blank I. , Grosch W.
Published: November 2006

Stable isotope dilution assays were developed for 14 important odourants of roasted coffee. The following amounts (mg/kg) were found in the Arabica (I) and the Robusta (II) coffees: 2‐furfurylthiol (1.08 I, 1.73 II), methional (0.24 I, 0.095 II), 3‐mercapto‐3‐methylbutyl formate (0.13 I, 0.115 II), 2‐ethyl‐3‐5‐dimethylpyrazine (0.33 I, 0.94 II), 2,3‐diethyl‐5‐methylpyrazine (0.095 I, 0.31 II), guaiacol (4.2 I, 28.2 II), 4‐vinylguaiacol (64.8 I, 177.7 II), 4‐ethylguaiacol (1.63 I, 18.1 II), vanillin (4.8 I, 16.1 II), (E)‐β‐damascenone (0.195 I, 0.205 II), 4‐hydroxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐3(2H)‐furanone (109 I, 57 II), 3‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethyl‐2(5H)‐furanone (1.47 I, 0.63 II), 5‐ethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐2(5H)‐furanone (0.16 I, 0.085 II), 5‐ethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐3(2H)‐furanone (17.3 I, 14.3 II).
Automated HPLC‐HRGC: A powerful method for essential oils analysis. Part V. identification of terpene hydrocarbons of bergamot, lemon, mandarin, sweet orange, bitter orange, grapefruit, clementine and mexican lime oils by coupled HPLC‐HRGC‐MS(ITD)
Authors: Mondello Luigi , Dugo Paola , Bartle Keith D. , Dugo Giovanni , Cotroneo Antonella
Published: November 2006

A fully automated HPLC‐HRGC‐MS(ITD) system was used for the analysis of the terpene hydrocarbon fraction of eight essential oils: bergamot, lemon, mandarin, sweet orange, bitter orange, grapefruit, clementine and Mexican lime. The system allows the isolation by LC of the hydrocarbon fraction followed by transfer into the GC and identification of the single components by MS(ITD).

LC‐GC‐MS coupling gives more accurate results than those obtained from GC‐MS analysis of the whole essential oil. The results obtained were compared with those reported in the literature, and represent a reference for the characterization of the citrus essential oils.
Composition of the essential oil of Minthostachys spicata (Benth.) Epl
Authors: Senatore Felice
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of Minthostachys spicata (Benth.) Epl. was obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of the plant in a 0.53% yield related to the dry weight. The composition of the oil was analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The oil was found to contain 54.7% oxygenated monoterpenes, the major compounds being menthone (14.5%), 2‐hydroxy‐p‐menth‐1‐en‐3‐one (12.5%) and pulegone (9.7%). Spathulenol (4.9%) was the principal oxygenated sesquiterpene. There were few monoterpene hydrocarbons (3.2%) with limonene as the main component of this fraction. β‐Caryophyllene (4.9%) and viridiflorene (3.5%) were the most abundant sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.
Comparison between green and black pepper oils from Piper nigrum L. Berries of Indian and Sri Lankan origin
Authors: McCarron M. , Mills Allen , Whittaker D. , Kurian Thomas , Verghese J.
Published: November 2006

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of green and black Piper nigrum L. berries of Indian origin were analysed by GC and GC‐MS methods and compared with reported constituents of Sri Lankan green and black pepper oils. The monoterpene hydrocarbons of Indian oils are similar to those of corresponding Sri Lankan oils but the oils differ in the make‐up of their sesquiterpene and oxygenated components. β‐Pinene and caryophyllene occur in all oils, sabinene in Sri Lankan oils only and car‐3‐ene in none of the oils. Salzer's recommendation that the ratio of (sabinene + β‐pinene + car‐3‐ene)/caryophyllene ‘as a suitable pepper oil characteristic’ requires further scrutiny.
Deterpenation of sweet orange and lemon essential oils with supercritical carbon dioxide using silica gel as an adsorbent
Authors: Dugo Paola , Mondello Luigi , Bartle Keith D. , Clifford Anthony A. , Breen David G. P. A. , Dugo Giovanni
Published: November 2006

A method to deterpenate sweet orange and lemon oils by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide combined with use of silica gel as adsorbent is described. The composition of the oxygenated fractions obtained by SFE was compared to that of deterpenated oils obtained by vacuum distillation, and to that of cold‐pressed oils. The deterpenated products obtained by SFE show qualitative composition and quantitative ratios between oxygenated compounds near to those of original oils.
Aromatic plants of tropical central Africa. Part XVII. 6,7‐epoxymyrcene, the major unusual constituent of Lippia multiflora s.l. moldenke essential oil from the central African Republic
Authors: Menut C. , Lamaty G. , Bessière J. M. , Koudou J. , Maidou J.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves of Lippia multiflora s.l. Moldenke growing in Central African Republic has been analysed by GC and GC‐MS; its chemical composition is rather atypical in that it contains more than 70% of a rare monoterpenoid compound, 6,7‐epoxymyrcene. As far as we know, it is the first time that this compound has been found in an essential oil at such a high level.
Composition of the Essential Oil of Lavandula pinnata L. fil. var. pinnata grown on madeira
Authors: Cristina Figueiredo A. , Barroso José G. , Pedro Luis G. , Sevinate‐Pinto Isabel , Antunes Teresa , Fontinha Susana S. , Looman Anja , Scheffer Johannes J. C.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oils from different aerial parts of Lavandula pinnata L. fil. var. pinnata was analysed by GC and GC‐MS. The oils were isolated separately from flowering tops, and from leaves and stems collected during the flowering period and the vegetative phase of the plant. The three oil samples consisted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons (37‐80%), whereas oxygen‐containing monoterpenes were hardly present (2‐4%). β‐Phellandrene (12‐32%) was the main component of the oils analysed, and α‐phellandrene (6‐l6%) the second most important monoterpene. The sesquiterpene fraction of the oils (13‐22%) was also characterized by hydrocarbons of which β‐caryophyllene (11% of each oil) formed the major part. Phenylacetaldehyde amounted to 6‐9% of the leaf oils. Common major components of lavender oils were not found in the oils or were present in very small amounts only.
Aromatic plants of tropical Central Africa. Part XX. The occurrence of 1‐phenylhepta‐1,3,5‐triyne in the essential oil of Bidens pilosa L. from cameroon
Authors: Amvam Zollo P. H. , Kuiaté J. R. , Menut C. , Lamaty G. , Bessiére J. M. , Chalchat J. C. , Garry R. Ph.
Published: November 2006

Four essential oil samples were obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves of Bidens pilosa L. collected in Cameroon. Two types of commercially available apparatus were used. The samples were analysed by GC and GC‐MS. The major sesquiterpenes, germacrene‐D and β‐caryophyllene (respectively 21.2‐27.1% and 13.4‐19.8%) were accompanied by 1‐phenylhepta‐1,3,5‐triyne (12.0‐32.3%). The chemotaxonomic implications of the constant presence of small amounts of 7‐methoxy‐2,2‐dimethyl chromene (precocene I), and the influence of the hydrodistillation method on the quantitative chemical composition of the essential oils are discussed.
Kinetics of microwave extraction of rosemary leaves in hexane, ethanol and a hexane + ethanol mixture
Authors: Chen Sau Soon , Spiro Michael
Published: November 2006

Extraction experiments were carried out at atmospheric pressure in an electrically and mechanically modified domestic microwave oven, with temperature changes monitored by a gas thermometer. The rates of extraction were measured of six essential oil components of rosemary (Rosmarinus oficinalis L.) and detailed results are given for α‐pinene and for 1,8‐cineole. Major differences of behaviour were found according to whether the solvent employed was hexane, ethanol, or a mixture of 10 mol% hexane + 90 mol% ethanol. Simulated microwave extraction plots generated from the data of a series of thermostatted solvent extractions showed faster extraction rates than expected from the temperature changes. The rates of extractions were affected by the intensity of the microwave energy, the dielectric properties, size and composition of the workload, and the shape of the extracting vessel. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the kinetics and mechanism of the extractions were related to structural changes in the oil‐containing glands.
Analysis of the essential oils of some Agastache species grown in Scotland from various seed sources
Authors: Svoboda K. P. , Gough J. , Hampson J. , Galambosi B.
Published: November 2006

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from plants grown from 25 batches of seed of Agastuche species were investigated. Oil yield and composition were determined from individual samples. The changes in yield and chemical composition were monitored throughout the season. The authenticity of plants was assessed.
Composition of the root essential oils of several Geum species and related members of the subtribus geinae (rosaceae)
Authors: Vollmann C. , Scbultze W.
Published: November 2006

The root essential oils of several members of the genera Geum, Waldsteinia and Coluria, together representing the subtribus Geinae, were analysed by GC‐MS. The qualitative composition of these oils was relatively similar with eugenol and some pinane derivatives, e.g. myrtanals, myrtenal, myrtanols and myrtenol, as characteristic constituents. The oils differed considerably concerning the quantitative composition, e.g. two groups of Geum species could be observed, one with a high (>65%) and one with a low (<5%) content of eugenol. In the root oil of Waldsteinia ternata Fritsch, only traces of this phenylpropanoid were found. Headspace analysis of a root extract of W. geoides Willd. showed a high percentage of cinnamyl alcohol.
Comparison of sesquiterpenes from field collected material and in vitro cultures of Jamesoniella autumnalis (DC.) Steph.
Authors: Becker Hans , Blechschmidt Martin
Published: November 2006

Two new cultures from the liverwort Jamesoniella autumnalis (DC.) Steph. collected at two different natural habitats, were initiated. Fresh weight increase was about eightfold within 80 days. Anastreptene 1, β‐barbatene 2, bicyclogermacrene 3, β‐bisabolene 4, α‐bisabolene 5, spathulenol 6 and 3α‐acetoxybicyclogermacrene 7 were isolated from field collected material as well as from the in vitro cultures. The sesquiterpenoid pattern was compared, and it was found that in vitro cultures had almost the same composition—qualitatively and quantitatively—as the respective material from the natural habitats.
Gas chromatographic analysis and biogenetic relationships of monoterpene enantiomers in Scots Pine and juniper needle oils
Authors: Hiltunen R. , Laakso I.
Published: November 2006

The enantiomeric composition of monoterpene hydrocarbons of the needle oils of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and juniper (Juniperus communis L.) grown in Finland was investigated by gas chromatography using chiral columns. In both species, the proportions of (+)‐enantiomers represented more than 50%, on the average. The (−)/(+)‐ratio of a‐pinene (0.4) was the same in low and high 3‐carene chemotypes of Scots pine. 3‐Carene occurred entirely as (+)‐enantiomer. Multivariate analysis separated the (+)‐ and (−)‐enantiomeric series of the major monoterpenes into distinct groups. In the (−)‐series, the most close linkages were found between (−)‐a‐pinene, tricyclene and (−)‐camphene, and in the (+)‐series between (+)‐α‐pinene and (+)‐P‐pinene. Groupings of the monoterpene enantiomers by multivariate analysis reflected well the known biogenetic linkages.
Cyclosantalal and epicyclosantalal—new sesquiterpene aldehydes from east Indian sandalwood oil
Authors: Brunke E.‐J. , Vollhardt J. , Schmaus G.
Published: November 2006

Two new minor components of East Indian sandalwood oil have been isolated by chromatography. Structure elucidation using spectroscopical methods resulted in formulae 1 and 2. The relative configurations of the epimeric sesquiterpene aldehydes 1, 2 were determined by two‐dimensional NMR‐analysis (HETCOR‐, INADEQUATE‐, and NOE‐experiments) of the corresponding acids, cyclosantalic acid (3) and epicyclosantalic acid (4). The proposed structures of the aldehydes were confirmed by oxidative degradation reactions. Both aldehydes could be oxidized under normal conditions resulting in the known products acetyldihydroalbene (7) and albene (12) but also some new products such as the acids 3,4 and the formates 8,9. Trace amounts of those oxidation products could also be detected as constituents of sandalwood oil. A possible biogenetic pathway leading from p‐santalane derivatives to the cyclosantalals is briefly discussed.
Essential oil and glycosidically bound volatiles of lemonscented thyme, Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb
Authors: Stahl‐Biskup E. , Holthuijzen J.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil from fresh aerial parts of Thymus x citriodorus, probably a hybrid between T. vulgaris L. and T. pulegioides L., was analysed by GC and GC‐MS. Geraniol was found to be the main compound (more than 60%), which kept its high level from July to October. Geranyl acetate (1.0%), geranyl butyrate (0.8%), nerol (2.8%), and citronellol (0.3%) were also detected. The lemon‐scented compounds geranial and neral amounted to 8.2% and 5.5% respectively. The content of thymol (0.5%) was remarkable.

In fresh plant material the glycosidically bound volatiles amounted to 0.003‐0.013%. After enzymatic hydrolysis, geraniol was found to be the main aglycone (45%), bound to glucose in the glycosidic fraction. Other important aglycones were a farnesol isomer (7.3%), nerol (3.5%), α‐cadinol (0.4%) and citronellol (0.4%). Thymol only amounted to 0.5% in the aglycone fraction. Other aglycones, such as the aliphatic alcohols present, and benzyl alcohol, 2‐phenylethanol, eugenol, and the terpenes terpinen‐4‐01 and linalol, can more or less be considered as ubiquitous in aglycone fractions. The correspondingly high level of geraniol in the essential oil and in the aglycone fraction shows a correlation between the free and bound volatiles in the plant.
Composition of the essential oil from the underground parts of Geum reptans L. (Rosaceae)
Authors: Schultze W. , Vollmann C.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil isolated from underground parts of Geum reptans L. (Rosaceae) was analysed by GC and GC‐MS. The composition of the oil has not been described until now. In total, 111 components were identified, representing 91% of the oil. The main classes of the compounds present are monoterpenoids (20.5%) and fatty acids (52%) with linolenic acid as the predominant constituent (18.3%). The differences in oil composition between lowland and alpine Geum species are discussed.
Constituents of the essential oil of Leptospermum javanicum Blume from Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Bin Jantan Ibrahim , Ali Nor Azah Mohd , Said Ahmad Abu , Rashih Ahmad Abdul
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of the leaf oil of Leptospermum javanicum Blume was examined by co‐chromatography with authentic samples on two columns of different polarity, GC‐MS and Kováts retention indices. Oils obtained from three different sites at different periods were found to possess compositional similarities but quantitative differences in the concentration of each component. α‐Pinene at 41.7%, β‐pinene at 12.4% and β‐caryophyllene at 11.2% were the major components in one of the samples. The other two samples were characterized by the presence of relatively high concentrations of terpinen‐4‐ol (24.9% and 13.5% respectively) and low amounts of pinenes (6.1% and 8.1% respectively). All the samples contained 4‐hydroxy‐4‐methylpentan‐2‐one which has not been reported previously from the genus Leptospermum.
Volatile compounds of Polygala senega L. var. latifolia Torrey et Gray roots
Authors: Hayashi Shuichi , Kameoka Hiromu
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oil from roots of Polygala senega L. var. latifolia Torrey et Gray grown in Canada has been investigated by GC, IR, 1H‐NMR and GC‐MS. The oil contained over 230 components: 53.4% of the oil was made up of carboxylic acids. The main components were hexanoic acid (33.6%), methyl salicylate (26.5%), n‐hexanal (5.3%) and o‐cresol (3.5%).
The essential oils of Australian Austromyrtus sens. lat. Part 2. The Austromyrtus lasioclada group
Authors: Brophy Joseph J. , Goldsack Robert J. , Forster Paul I.
Published: November 2006

The leaf essential oils of four members of the genus Austromyrtus sens. lat. (three undescribed and one described species), the A. lasioclada group have been examined. All species produced oils in 0.1‐0.4% yields, based on fresh leaves. The oils were almost entirely sesquiterpenic in nature. In A. lasioclada (F. Muell.) L.S. Sm. the main compounds were δ‐cadinene (8‐14%) and germacrene‐D (4‐12%).A.. sp. (Blackall Range P.R. Sharpe 5387) gave an oil in which the main components were α‐copaene (12‐16%), β‐caryophyllene (4‐20%) and allo‐aromadendrene (3‐13%). A sp. (Upper Mudgeeraba Creek N.B. Byrnes +4069), also yielded an oil with α‐copaene (8‐15%), β‐caryophyllene (3‐8%) and allo‐aromadendrene (8‐14%) as the principal components. The last member of the group, A. sp. (Main Range P.R. Sharpe 4877) produced an oil in which the main components were spathulenol (8‐12%) and allo‐aromadendrene (7‐9%).
Constituents of the absolute of Boronia megastigma Nees. from Tasmania
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Marschall Helga , Bork Wolf‐Rainer , Rilk Reiner , Schneider Sabina , Wahlburg Hans‐Christian
Published: November 2006

More than 160 constituents were identified in a commercial Boronia absolute. The main constituents are β‐ionone, (Z)‐heptadec‐8‐ene, 8‐hydroxylinalyl esters, methyl (Z,E)‐4‐(geranyloxy)cinnamates, methyl (Z,E)‐4‐(5‐hydroxygeranyloxy)cinnamates, N‐[2‐(4‐prenyloxyphenyl)ethyl]tiglamide and 3‐hydroxymegastigm‐7‐en‐9‐one, which are even recognizable in the 400 MHz 1H‐NMR spectrum of the dewaxed absolute.
Chemical composition of the essential oils of chemotypes of Pimenta racemosa var. racemosa (P. Miller) J. W. Moore (Bois d'Inde) of Guadeloupe (F.W.I.)
Authors: Abaul J. , Bourgeois P. , Bessiere J. M.
Published: November 2006

In Guadeloupe, three kinds of plants that have the botanical name of Pimenta racemosa var. racemosa (P.Miller) J. W. Moore (Myrtaceae) can be found. They differ from one another by the smell of their leaves: smells similar to those of clove, lemon and anise. An analysis of the essential oils of each type shows differences concerning their physical characteristics and their chemical compositions; in two chemotypes, major amounts of phenolic ethers (eugenol, chavicol, estragole, methyleugenol) were observed whereas the third one mainly contains acyclic oxygenated monoterpenes such as geranial and neral.
HPLC determination of β‐ and β‐thujone, potentially toxic components of natural flavourings, in alcoholic beverages
Authors: Micali Giuseppe , Lanuzza' Francesco
Published: November 2006

An analytical method for the determination of β‐plus β‐thujone in commercial alcoholic beverages is described. The thujones are potentially toxic compounds present in natural flavourings. The maximum content of the thujones in foodstuffs and beverages is established by laws in several countries.

The determination of thujones was carried out by HPLC using an HS‐RP 18 (3 μm) (8.3 cm × 0.42 cm i.d.) column, and acetonitrile‐water (55:45) as mobile phase, flow rate 2 ml/min at 30°C.

The fluorescent properties of β‐ and β‐thujone have been used for the detection at λex 220 nm and λem 290 nm. The selectivity of the fluorimetric detection allows the preparation of the analytical sample simply by diluting appropriately the alcoholic beverages in methanol.

The method is precise and accurate and allows the determination of β‐ plus β‐thujone, without interference, at concentrations down to 0.5mg/kg. However, even if the fluorimetric detection provides good selectivity, when the concentrations of the thujones in a product exceed the permitted limits, the results should be confirmed by other methods, e.g. LC‐MS or GC‐MS.
Volatile constituents from tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.) fruit
Authors: Torrado A. , Suárez M. , Duque C. , Krajewski D. , Neugebauer W. , Schreier P.
Published: November 2006

The volatile constituents of the tamarillo fruit (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.) pulp were obtained by liquid‐liquid extraction using pentane–dichloromethane mixture (2:1, v/v). In total, 46 components were identified by HRGC and HRGC‐MS analysis. Among them, methyl hexanoate, (E)‐hex‐2‐enal, (Z)‐hex‐3‐en‐1‐ol, eugenol and 4‐allyl‐2,6‐dimethoxyphenol were found to be the major constituents. Chirospecific MDGC analysis revealed the presence of racemic mixtures both of butan‐2‐01 and methyl 3‐hydroxybutanoate. For ethyl 3‐hydroxybutanoate, methyl 3‐hydroxyhexanoate and ethyl 3‐hydroxyhexanoate enantiomeric distributions of 68:32%, 73:27%, and 63:37%, each of (S):(R), respectively, were determined. For α‐terpineol and 4‐terpineol enantiomeric excesses of 76% (S) and 48% (R), respectively, were found.
Comparison of the monoterpenes derived from green leaves and fresh rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. from India
Authors: McCarron M. , Mills A. J. , Whittaker D. , Sunny T. P. , Verghese J.
Published: November 2006

The monoterpenes from green leaves and fresh rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. grown in India have been analysed by GC and GC‐MS. With the exception of the absence of myrcene, the leaf oil largely resembled the Nigerian counterpart. The rhizome oil did not contain β‐pinene but had all the other components of the leaf oil in different proportions. Of interest is the fact that the rhizome volatiles included car‐3‐ene, α‐terpinene, γ‐terpinene and terpinolene.
Constituents of the leaf essential oil of Hypericum perforatum L. from India
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Splittgerber Ute , Marschall Helga , Kaul Vijay K.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of Hypericum perforatum L. of North Indian origin consists of 74% of monoterpene hydrocarbons, 7% of oxygenated monoterpenes, 10% of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and only 1.5% of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Ishwarane and α‐cuprenene were isolated (besides some well‐known monoterpene acetates and other sesquiterpenes) from the high boiling fraction of the oil. The low boiling fraction contained 5‐ and 6‐methylheptan‐2,4‐dione as trace consistuents, while from the residue two new dimethylchromene derivatives 7‐sec‐butyl‐ and 7‐isobutyl‐2,2‐dimethyl‐2H,5H‐pyrano[4,3‐b]pyran‐5‐one were isolated.
Composition and study of the variability of the essential oil of Thymus funkii Cosson
Authors: Vila Roser , Freixa Blanca , Cañigueral Salvador , Adzet Tomàs , Tomàs Xavier , Molins José J.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oils of two populations of Thymus funkii Cosson and of some individual plants of each population was investigated by GC and GC‐MS. The two population samples showed a similar composition, the main constituents being 1,8‐cineole, camphor, borneol, camphene, β‐pinene and α‐pinene. In order to study the infraspecific variability, the results obtained were submitted to cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results did not show a significant variability within the individuals of this species.
Die Wirkung langfristig verabreichter Medikamente auf die Nährstoffverwertung. 1. Mitt. Die Wirkung von Tranquillizern auf den Kohlenhydrat‐ und Lipidstoffwechsel weißer Ratten
Authors: TarjáN R. , Krámer M. , Dworschák E. , Bedö M.
Published: November 2006

Von den am weitesten verbreiteten, langfristig verabreichten Medikamenten wird die Wirkung einzelner Psychopharmaka auf den Kohlenhydrat‐ und Lipidstoffwechsel junger, ausgewachsener Ratten untersucht. Den Tieren wird 1 Monat lang 90 mg Trioxazin/kg Körpergewicht bzw. 18 mg Frenolon/kg Körpergewicht und 5 Monate lang 13,5 mg Trioxazin/kg Körpergewicht bzw. 3,6 mg Frenolon/kg Körpergewicht verabreicht. In der Frenolon‐ und in der Trioxazin‐Gruppe ist die Gewichtszunahme — sowohl im 5‐ wie im 1 monatigen Versuch — geringer als bei den Kontrollen. Im 1 monatigen Versuch erhöhte Frenolon den Blutzuckerspiegel. Nach Zuckerbelastung hat die Blutzuckerkurve der mit Frenolon behandelten Tiere einen flacheren Verlauf als die der Kontrolltiere. Die untersuchten Medikamente lassen den Leber‐ und Serum‐Cholesterinspiegel unbeeinflußt; in den Leberlipiden verschieben sie die Verteilung der Fettsäuren in Richtung der gesättigten Fettsäuren.
Die Wirkung langfristig verabreichter Medikamente auf die Nährstoffverwertung.2. Mitt. Die Wirkung von Tranquillizern auf den Vitaminstoffwechsel weißer Ratten
Authors: Krámer M. , Tarján R. , Kováts M. Telegdy , Szotyori K.
Published: November 2006

Von den verbreitet und langfristig verwendeten Medikamenten wird die Wirkung einzelner Psychopharmaka (von den ‘minor’ Tranquillizern das Trioxazin, von den ‘major’ Tranquillizern das Frenolon) auf den Vitamin‐A‐, ‐B6‐ und ‐C‐Haushalt der Ratte unter‐sucht. Die Medikamente beeinflussen den Stoffwechsel der Vitamine mehr oder weniger stark. Der Vitamin‐A‐Gehalt der Leber ist bei den Versuchstieren niedriger als bei den Kontrollen. Der Gehalt an Vitamin B6 der Leber ist hingegen erhöht, aber im Gehirn unverändert bei den behandelten Tieren. Auch der Gehalt an Vitamin C der Leber und Nebenniere unterscheidet sich von dem der Kontrollen. Aus diesen Ergebnissen erwächst die Notwendigkeit eingehenderer Untersuchungen.
Die biologische Bedeutung von Komplexen oxydierter Lipide mit Eiweiß3. Mitt. Die enzymatische Hydrolyse der Eiweißkomponente in vitro
Authors: Marečková O. , Pokorný J. , Vavříková J.
Published: November 2006

In vitro wird die enzymatische Proteolyse von Eialbumin verfolgt, das mit Hydroxyketooctadecansäure, einem der Produkte der Fettoxydation, während 2h auf 130°C erhitzt worden ist. Als Folge davon wird eine verschlechterte Proteolyse dieses Komplexes in vitro durch Pepsin wie auch durch die Mischung proteolytischer Enzyme des Pankreas nachgewiesen.
Die biologische Bedeutung von Komplexen oxydierter Lipide mit Eiweiß4. Mitt. Die enzymatische Hydrolyse der Eiweißkomponente in vivo
Authors: Marečková O. , Vavříková J. , Pokorný J. , Vavřínková H.
Published: November 2006

Die Verdauung der lipoproteidischen Komplexe von Albumin mit den Hydroxyketo‐derivaten der Lipoperoxydation von Fettsäuren wird untersucht. Der Komplex wird durch Erhitzen einer Mischung von Albumin mit Hydroxyketooctadecansäure während 2 h auf 130 °C hergestellt. Es wird seine verschlechterte enzymatische Hydrolyse im Magen nachgewiesen; in den anderen Abschnitten des Verdauungstraktes wird der Komplex recht gut verdaut und verwertet. Eine Beeinflussung des Ernährungswertes der Eiweißkomponente des Komplexes tritt nicht in Erscheinung.
Enzymatischer Abbau des DDT durch Schimmelpilze. 3. Mitt. Darstellung des 2,2‐Bis(p‐chlorphenyl)acetaldehyds (DDHO) und seine Bedeutung im Abbaucyclus
Authors: Engst R. , Kujawa M.
Published: November 2006

Mit der Synthese des 2,2‐Bis(p‐chlorphenyl)acetaldehyds als Testsubstanz gelang es, die Beweiskette für das aufgestellte Schema für den enzymatischen Abbau von DDT unter Einfluß des Kulturfiltrats von Fusarium oxysporum zu schließen. Die Darstellung des Aldehyds erfolgte nach dem Prinzip von RIED u. a. durch hydro‐genolytische Spaltung des N1‐Bis(p‐chlorphenyl)acetyl‐3,5‐dimethlpyrazol in Gegenwart von Lithiumaluminiumhydrid.
Beitrag zur Prüfung von Bedarfsgegenständen aus Plasten Bestimmung der Migrationstendenz einiger Hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole (UV‐Absorber) in Speiseöl
Authors: Uhde W.‐J. , Woggon H.
Published: November 2006

UV‐Absorber werden in der Zukunft als Lichtschutzstabilisatoren bei der Herstellung glasklarer Lebensmittelverpackungen eine Rolle spielen. Da es sich bei diesen Substanzen meist um niedermolekulare Verbindungen handelt, ist ein Übergang auf Lebensmittel nicht ausgeschlossen; dies wurde bisher noch nicht exakt untersucht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden je eine dünnschichtchromatographische, UV‐spektrophotometrische und polarographische Methode beschrieben, mit denen aus Plastflaschen in Speiseöl migrierte Mengen an UV‐Absorber auf Benzotriazolbasis bestimmbar sind. Bei der dünnschichtchromatographischen bzw. polarographischen Methode ist im Gegensatz zur spektrophotometrischen Methode eine vorhergehende Abtrennung des UV‐Absorbers vom Speiseöl durch Säulenchromatographie erforderlich. Eine 10tägige Lagerung von Speiseöl bei 45 °C in Plastflaschen zeigt, daß je nach UV‐Absorber und Plastmaterial etwa 2 bis 20 ppm UV‐Absorber übergehen. Diese Werte werden durch halbjährige Lagerversuche unter Bedingungen, wie sie in der Praxis vorkommen, bestätigt.
Zur Analytik der Konservierungsmittel. 1. Mitt. Isolierung und dünnschichtchromatographische Trennung
Authors: Prahl L. , Engst R. , Jarmatz E.
Published: November 2006

Zur Abtrennung der Konservierungsmittel aus dem Lebensmittel wird die Wasserdampfdestillation mit der Apparatur nach ANTONACOPOULOS vorgeschlagen. Nach Ätherextraktion des Wasserdampfdestillates erfolgt die dünnschichtchromatographische Trennung an Kieselgel‐Kieselgur (3:1) mit n‐Heptan‐Eisessig‐Mischungen 96:4 und 90:10 als Fließmittel. Die Sichtbarmachung der Flecken erfolgt mit einer 0,1% igen Rhodamin‐B‐Lösung. Mitgeteilt werden ferner die Arbeitsvorschrift zur Trennung der p‐Hydroxybenzoesäure‐Ester (PHB‐Ester) untereinander und die Erfassungsgrenze für die einzelnen Konservierungsmittel. Im unteren Bereich der Erfaßbarkeit (um 10 μg) ist eine semiquantitative Auswertung möglich.
Forschungsergebnisse auf dem Gebiet von Nahrung und Ernährung, ausgewählt aus dem neueren Schrifttum 5. Mitt. Verdauung und Resorption von Fetten
Authors: Täufel K.
Published: November 2006

Nach den Ergebnissen der neueren Forschung werden bekanntlich vom Zellkern aus über die DNS und die Messenger‐RNS die Protein‐ und damit auch die Enzymsynthese genetisch gesteuert. Damit ist die Brücke zwischen Molekulargenetik und Metabolismus geschlagen, und dem Verständnis für das komplizierte Geschehen des enzymatisch gelenkten Stoffwechsels werden kausale Gesichtspunkte an die Hand gegeben. Was für die ‘Verdauungsvorgänge’ in der Zelle gilt, die durch die in den Lysosomen [1] enthaltenen, von einer Lipidmembran umhüllten, in ihrer Aktivität streng geregelten Palette von Hydrolasen vollzogen werden, findet sich grundsätzlich, wenn auch in abgewandelter Form, bei den hydrolytischen Prozessen im Verdauungstrakt wieder; eine vergleichend deduktiv/induktive Betrachtungsweise erweist sich deshalb als fördernd und fruchtbar.
Einfluß des Pökelns auf die Nucleotidumwandlungen im zerkleinerten schlachtwarmen und gekühlten Schweinefleisch
Authors: Mroczek J. , Rutkowski A.
Published: November 2006

Es wurden die Veränderungen des Gehaltes an Nucleotiden während des Pökelprozesses bei schlachtfrischem (2 h post mortem) und gekühltem (24 h post mortem), zerkleinertem Schweinefleisch untersucht. Bestimmt wurde der Gehalt an Gesamtnucleotiden, Adenylnucleotiden (ATP, ADP, AMP, NAD), Inosinmonophosphat (IMP), Nucleosiden und Basen (berechnet als Hypoxanthin). Die Auftrennung dieser Verbindungen erfolgte mittels Säulenchromatographie an Ionenaustauschern (Dowex AG i × 8, 200 ‐ 400 mesh, C1−). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß sich der Gesamtgehalt an Nucleotiden und Nucleosiden während des Kühlens und Pökelns nur unwesentlich verändert. Dies deutet darauf hin, daß sich die Umwandlungen im Bereich Nucleotide → Nucleoside vollstreckten.

Warmfleischpökelung verursacht einen starken Abbau von ATP und den anderen Adenylnucleotiden (ADP, AMP, NAD) sowie einen Anstieg von IMP, besonders bis 8 h post mortem. Pökeln von gekühltem Fleisch beschleunigt den Abbau von IMP zu Nucleosiden. In kaltgepökeltem Fleisch wurden etwa 60‐70 μM IMP/Ioo g Muskelgewebe weniger gefunden als in Fleisch ohne NaCl‐Zusatz und etwa 90 μM IMP/ioo g weniger als im warmgepökelten Muskelgewebe.

Der eindeutig höhere Gehalt an Gesamtnucleotiden und insbesondere an IMP im schlachtfrisch gepökelten Fleisch sprechen ‐ im Rahmen der Möglichkeiten ‐ für ein alsbaldiges Pökeln nach dem Schlachten des Tieres.
Methylphenidate‐induced activation of the anterior cingulate but not the striatum: A [15O]H2O PET study in healthy volunteers
Authors: de Haes Joanna I. Udo , Maguire R. Paul , Jager Piet L. , Paans Anne M.J. , den Boer Johan A.
Published: November 2006

The dopaminergic system has been implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, and addiction. (Dys)function of the dopaminergic system may be studied by combining [15O]H2O PET with a dopaminergic drug challenge. In this pilot study we investigated the suitability of the dopamine reuptake blocker methylphenidate (MP) as a dopaminergic probe. Measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were made at 10 and 30 min after placebo and MP (0.25 mg/kg) injection to seven healthy volunteers. During scanning the behavioral condition of the subjects was standardized using a continuous performance task. Growth hormone levels were assessed and subjective ratings were obtained. MP significantly elevated growth hormone levels. After receiving MP, the subjective experience varied from neutral to highly pleasurable. Ten minutes after MP administration, significant relative increases in rCBF were found in the rostral anterior cingulate (AC), temporal poles, and the supplementary motor area. Significant reductions were seen in the superior temporal gyri, right medial frontal gyrus, and right inferior parietal cortex. At 30 min after MP administration, increases were seen in the AC, temporal pole, and right cerebellum. No changes were observed in the striatum. The activation in the right rostral AC was significantly higher in the subjects with the highest euphoria scores compared to the subjects with minimal MP‐induced changes in euphoria. We suggest that the combined MP challenge with functional imaging, as described in our study, may be a useful tool to study the functional integrity of the dopaminergic system in psychiatric disorders. Hum Brain Mapp, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic association with polysomes during P19 neuronal differentiation and an untranslated‐region‐dependent translation regulation of the tau mRNA by the tau mRNA‐associated proteins IMP1, HuD, and G3BP1
Authors: Atlas Roee , Behar Leah , Sapoznik Stav , Ginzburg Irith
Published: November 2006

Regulation of mRNA translation is a key step in mediating neuronal polarity during differentiation, insofar as neuronal polarity is partially determined by local translation of specific mRNA molecules as dendrites and axons are emanating. The multiplicity of mRNA‐binding proteins in neurons plays an essential role in controlling mRNA translation. These proteins are associated with ribosomes and translation factors, thereby regulating both temporally and spatially the translation process. In a previous study, we have shown an association among the tau mRNA‐binding proteins HuD, IMP1, and G3BP1 with translating polysomes in P19 neurons. In the present study, we determined the dynamics of the association among G3BP1, IMP1, and HuD with polysomes through P19 neuronal differentiation as well as the functional effect of these proteins on tau mRNA translation. We show a novel, differentiation‐dependent association of these proteins with polysomes. In addition, we show a strong, negative effect on translation of the tau mRNA by IMP1, G3BP1, and HuD proteins in HEK‐293 cells. To our knowledge this is the first observation of a direct translational role of G3BP1 for any mRNA and the first report of a translation inhibition by IMP1 and HuD on the tau mRNA in a cell system. The translation inhibition is shown to be mediated by the tau mRNA 3′untranslated regions (UTRs), thus giving a new, translational role for these sequences, which were previously implicated in mRNA stabilization. We also define a novel mechanism for IMP1 binding to tau mRNA, which suggests a conformational binding, which is not sequence dependent. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in the composition of detergent‐resistant membrane domains of cultured neurons following protein kinase C activation
Authors: Botto L. , Masserini M. , Palestini P.
Published: November 2006

Changes in the composition of cell fractions, and in particular of detergent‐resistant membranes (DRM) isolated from cultured rat cerebellar granule cells, were taken as possible changes in lipid raft composition during a signal transduction event. After activation of protein kinase C (PKC) with phorbol esters (PMA) or glutamate, the content of PKC and of proteins highly enriched (GAP43, Fyn, and PrPc) or not (MARCKS) in DRM was followed. PKC activation strongly increased its association with membranes (from 2% to 75%), causing its enrichment within DRM; the substrate GAP43, enriched in DRM, remained membrane associated, but its proportion in DRM dramatically decreased (from about 40% to 2.5%), suggesting its shift from raft to nonraft membranes, possibly as a consequence of phosphorylation by PKC. The distribution of Fyn and PrPc (DRM‐enriched) and of MARCKS (present mainly outside DRM) did not change. PKC activation was followed by an increase of GAP43 and MARCKS phosphorylation (about 7‐ and 8‐fold, respectively). Noteworthy was that, after cell treatment with the lipid raft‐disrupting drug methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, PKC activation occurred normally, followed by MARCKS phosphorylation, but GAP43 phosphorylation did not occur. Taken altogether, these data suggest that the integrity of lipid rafts is necessary for PKC to affect GAP43 and catalyze its phosphorylation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional confocal morphometry reveals structural changes in astrocyte morphology in situ
Authors: Chvátal Alexandr , Ande˘rová Miroslava , Hock Miroslav , Prajerová Iva , Nepras˘ová Helena , Chvátal Viktor , Kirchhoff Frank , Syková Eva
Published: November 2006

Neuronal activity and many pathological states in the CNS are accompanied by transient astrocytic swelling, which affects excitability, extrasynaptic transmission, and neuron–glia interactions. By using three‐dimensional confocal morphometry (3DCM), we quantified the morphometric parameters of astrocytes in intact tissue. In experiments performed in brain cortex slices from transgenic GFAP/EGFP mice, we applied 3DCM to study the dynamic changes in astrocyte morphology during hypotonic stress. Our morphometric analysis showed that the effect of a 10‐min application of hypotonic solution (200 mmol/kg) on the swelling of different cell compartments was dependent on the extent of the swelling of the total astrocyte volume. If the swelling of the whole cell, i.e., soma and processes, was less than approximately 10%, there were no differences between the swelling of the soma and the processes. However, if the swelling of the total cell volume was greater than 10%, the swelling of the processes was greater than the swelling of the soma. Analyzing the effect of hypotonic solution on the morphology of these astrocytes revealed that the total cell volume increased; however, certain cell compartments were distinguished in which the volume increased, whereas in other compartments cell volume decreased or apparently did not change, and the structure of some compartments was altered. Our data show that astrocytes in brain slices undergoing hypotonic stress display cell volume regulation as well as transient changes in morphology. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zur Erinnerung an Chevreul
Authors: Edmund O. , Lippmann  , Kaufmann H. P.
Published: November 2006

Vor 50 Jahren, am 31. 8. 1886, wurde Michel Eugène Chevreul in Angers geboren, einer der größten Chemiker, die Frankreich hervorgebracht hat. Sein Name ist mit den Anfängen der wissenschaftlichen Fettchemie durch die grundlegende Entdeckung der Glyceridstruktur der Fette aufs engste und ruhmvollste verknüpft. Aber auch die Technik verdankt ihm, vor allem als dem Schöpfer der Stearinindustrie, vielfache Anregungen. Daneben hat sich dieser umfassende Geist mit zahlreichen anderen Problemen der organischen Chemie,z. B. auf dem Farbengebiet, ferner mit Hygiene und Philosophie erfolgreich befaßt. Die Schriftleitung ist Herrn Professor Dr. Lippmann für die Veröffentlichung der nachstehenden persönlichen Erinnerung an Chevreul zu besonderem Dank verpflichtet.
Fette und Seifen in der Abwassertechnik
Authors: Sierp F.
Published: November 2006

In einem, am 10. 7. 36 in der Fachgruppe für Wasserchemie des V. d. Ch. in München gehaltenen Vortrage behandelte der Verfasser, einer unserer führenden Fachleute auf dem Gebiet der Abwassertechnik, die Wiedergewinnung von Fetten aus Abwässern und die Ersparnis von Seifen durch zentrale Wasserenthärtung. Er gibt auf Wunsch der Schriftleitung nachstehend einen kurzen Auszug seines Vortrages.1) D. Schriftl.
The Chemical Differentiation between Sinapis arvensis and Brassica napus Seeds by Surface Wax Analysis
Authors: Andrew M. , Hamilton R. J. , Rossell J. B.
Published: November 2006

The hydrocarbons were extracted and isolated from the surface of bothSinapis arvensisandBrassica napusseeds. The major hydrocarbon of the weed seed was found to be hentriacontane (C31H64) whereas nonacosane (C29H60) was the predominant hydrocarbon in rapeseed. This can be used as a criterion upon which differentiation can be made. Total “wax” extracts of the two seed types were analysed by gas chromatography. The waxy material extracted from the weed seed was found to have a major peak at 3320 Kovats retention indices which was absent in all rapeseed varieties. By studying a series of known composites of rapeseed and wild mustard, the level of wild mustard contamination could be accurately determined down to a level of 1 % using a ratio of two peaks at 2900 and 3320 Kovats retention indices.
Co‐occurrence of Coronaric and Vernolic Acids in Compositae Seed Oils
Authors: Ansari M. H. , Ahmad Suhail , Ahmad F. , Ahmad M. , Osman S. M.
Published: November 2006

Seed oils of Lactuca scariola Linn., L. sativa Linn. and Siegesbeckia orientalis Linn., were found to contain epoxy acids in 10.0% (6.0% coronaric + 4.0% vernolic), 27.4% (16.9% coronaric + 10.5% vernolic) and 20.0% (16% coronaric + 4.0% vernolic) amount, respectively, alongwith normal fatty acids. The co‐occurrence of the two epoxy acids was confirmed by chromatographic (TLC, GLC), spectroscopic and chemical methods. Further, this was confirmed by mass spectral study of methyl ester and its methoxy hydroxy derivative in the case of S. orientalis seed oil.The seed oils of Chrysanthemum coronariumand Vernonia anthelmintica were used as reference standard.
Chemical Investigations on Celastrus paniculatus Seed Oil I
Authors: Sengupta A. , Sengupta Chandana , Mazumder U. K.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid compositions of four lipid fractions of Celastrus paniculatus seed namely normal triglycerides (20.2%), polar triglycerides (44.4%), polar nonglyceridic ester (23.5%), and nonpolar nonglyceridic ester (11.9%), have been determined by gas liquid chromatography. Percentage contents of major component acids in these fractions are: palmitic, 25.1, 42.0, 12.7, 58.2; stearic, 6.7, 4.5, 15.8; oleic, 46.1, 24.8, 4.7, 14.2; linoleic, 15.4, 14.7, 10.0; and linolenic, 3.0, 13.1, 43.0, respectively. The major molecular species constituting the normal triglycerides are: palmitooleopalmitin, 6.8%; palmitooleostearin, 5.6%; palmitodiolein, 14.7; palmitooleolinolein, 7.0%; stearodiolein, 6.1%; triolein, 8.0% and dioleolinolein 7.6%. Lipolysis of the polar triglyceride indicated as high as 59.6% of saturated acids linked to the 2‐position of glycerol.