bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automating teleoperation
Authors: Pegman Geoff
Published: July 2002

Discusses the requirement for teleoperation and the optimum division of tasks between the human operator and the robot controller. Concludes that a combination of adaptive autonomous control with teleoperation will allow operators to take a more supervisory role.
A study of purchasing practices in Taiwan
Authors: Carr Amelia S. , Keong Leong G. , Sheu Chwen
Published: July 2002

This empirical research seeks to evaluate purchasing practices in Taiwan based on survey data collected from companies located in that country. A research model is presented and tested using structural equation modeling. The model includes three factors: purchasing risk taking, purchasing knowledge and skills, and strategic purchasing. The research findings indicate that purchasing risk‐taking impacts purchasing knowledge and skills and purchasing knowledge and skills impacts strategic purchasing. Also, the study finds that the relationships among risk taking, purchasing knowledge and skills and strategic purchasing for high performing firms are stronger than for low performing firms.
Labor costs convergence in manufacturing between North America and Western Europe, 1960‐1991
Authors: Jung Chulho , Doroodian Khosrow
Published: July 2002

Hourly labor costs in the manufacturing sector of seven EC countries, the USA and Canada are used to test the factor price convergence (FPC) by employing Johansen’s multivariate cointegration tests. We also examine if there is a two‐way causality in wages between two groups of countries covered in this study. Both objectives are evaluated by developing error‐correction models for Western Europe and North America. Our empirical findings provide support for the FPC and the existence of a long‐run equilibrium cointegration relationship among labor costs in manufacturing. The estimation results of error correction models show that a feedback causality exists between manufacturing labor costs in North America and Western Europe.
Potential for two‐dimensional codes in automated manufacturing
Authors: Osman Keith A. , Furness Anthony
Published: July 2002

Linear barcodes have found wide acceptance in all sectors of industry as machine‐readable part identifiers, but their low data density limits practical data capacity to some 20 characters. Two‐dimensional codes, however, have a much higher data density, and can contain significant volumes of data in compact symbols that can be printed or marked directly on to small parts. When used as portable data files 2‐D encoding provides both flexibility and prospects for applications unachievable with linear barcode data carriers. This paper discusses 2‐D codes and the potential for their applications in automated manufacturing.
Light curing adhesives increase productivity: an update on light curing adhesives and equipment for faster assembly and lower processing cost
Authors: Bachmann Andrew G.
Published: July 2002

UV light curing of adhesives has become the method of choice for many more industrial bonding, sealing, coating, potting and tacking applications. Because faster cures provide more efficient manufacturing processes and lower total assembly cost, and because light curing adhesives are being used in more kinds of applications, both the range of resins and curing equipment now available has expanded dramatically. Outlines the performances of currently available UV adhesives, their application and selection of UV light sources.
Determining the optimum level of work in progress using constraint analysis and computer simulation
Authors: Gunn Bruce , Nahavandi Saeid
Published: July 2002

The dilemma faced by many batch‐manufacturing operations is the trade‐off between reducing lead times and manufacturing throughput. Using Little’s Law and the theory‐of‐constraints analysis, the authors have developed a methodology to optimise such dilemmas. The solution to this problem is to find the point in the operation of the plant where throughput is maintained at acceptable levels, but the lead time through the plant is maintained at or near a minimum. At such a point, the optimum level of work in progress (WIP) will be obtained. Such principles have been applied in this research project to a metals manufacturer. The difficulty with this case study is that complexity of the product mix and manufacturing flow renders simple analysis incomplete. By utilising a discrete event simulation of the manufacturing facility, we have been able to identify bottlenecks within the plant. From here we have developed a tool that automatically predicts the optimum level of WIP, depending upon such parameters as product mix and batch sizes. The results show significant improvement over the current practices, and over maintaining a constant WIP level. The results highlight the power of the constraint principles, and the value in evaluating and choosing the best methods for managing change through simulation.
Features New RP processes cut costs and improve performance
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: July 2002

In this interview, Eamonn McKinney of Tao China Associates talks about the current scope of trade between the West and China and in particular the opportunities for manufacturers and suppliers of automation and advanced technology manufacturing systems. He emphasizes why it is important to have a clear strategy, explains why China needs advanced manufacturing technology and explodes some of the myths about business in China.
Micro‐actuators: not so small any more
Authors: Monkman Gareth
Published: July 2002

Increasing demand is being voiced for actuators whose range of movement lies somewhere between the many centimetres of conventional pneumatic and hydraulic systems and the nano‐metre ranges of micromovers. Two recent international conferences held this June, in Germany, have demonstrated a convergence of interests in this direction; the research and development‐orientated “Actuator”, held traditionally every two years in Bremen, and Berlin’s annual industrially‐based “Coil Winding International”. The first deals mainly with new innovations, the latter tends to be more concerned with present‐day applications.
The current fieldbus standards situation – a European view
Authors: Piggin Richard , Young Ken , McLaughlin Richard
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews current and proposed fieldbus standards that affect Europe. Relevant technologies and the formation of standards are shown. The initial goal of a single global standard and the recognition of a number of emerging de facto standards are discussed, as is the potential future standardisation of fieldbus technology.
Integration of an optical roughness sensor with a co‐ordinate measuring machine
Authors: Bradley C.
Published: July 2002

An optical roughness sensor is described that is ideally suited for integration with a co‐ordinate measuring machine (CMM). The CMM provides an extremely stable platform for moving the sensor head over the surface specimen. The sensor consists of a fibre optic head, data processing electronics and software for controlling the sensor and calculating surface texture parameters from the sensor’s data. The software controls the data acquisition process, filters the data to remove sensor noise and calculates basic amplitude parameters that describe the texture profile of the surface. Tests have been conducted on surfaces and the results compared with stylus profilometer measurements on the same surface regions. Comparison of the amplitude parameter, Ra, shows differences of between 3 percent and 8 percent across the sample set for profiles in the 0.4 μm Ra range.
Signature analysis system: new technology to enhance quality in manufacturing
Authors: McMahon Steve
Published: July 2002

The demands for ever improving quality coupled with requests for constant cost reductions have never been as great as they are today. Technology has a major role to play in terms of providing improved measurement instrumentation and process control systems to enable today’s manufacturers to supply tomorrow’s improved products. Signature analysis, although used extensively in the R&D laboratories for many years now, is relatively new at the shopfloor level in manufacturing and assembly facilities as these systems tended to be quite expensive and not sufficiently easy to use. This article introduces the latest advances in signature analysis, specifically for the demanding environments of the assembly plant, and makes reference to real‐world applications.
How to measure temperature a practical guide on temperature measurement
in the power generation industry
Authors: Orrell Peter
Published: July 2002

A guide to the various technologies available for measuring and
monitoring temperature in the power generation industry. Outlines the
parameters to be considered when choosing a measurement system: budgets,
location, operating environment. Describes the various technologies of
thermocouples, resistance thermometers, infrared thermometry and
fibre‐optic temperature sensors and discusses the applications for
which each is best suited.
Sensor research at the French Atomic Energy Commission
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: July 2002

Highlights some of the projects being carried out by the Leti, a laboratory within the French Atomic Energy Commission. Specifically looks at the development of a miniature sensor to detect methane in coal mines; pressure sensors in the automotive industry; the development of a miniature sensor which triggers airbag inflation in vehicles; and a sensor to measure pressure at high temperatures for use within the aeronautics industry.
Fully digital alias‐free processing of sensor signals in a substantially enlarged frequency range
Authors: Bilinskis Ivars , Cain Gerald
Published: July 2002

Addresses the problem of full digital processing of sensor signals at frequencies in the microwave and radio frequency range. Discusses advantages and drawbacks of the emerging digital alias‐free signal processing technology considering it as a new DSP tool prospective for achieving a breakthrough in DSP theory and techniques leading to a stepwise enlarging of the DSP application frequency range.
Food sensory evaluation employing artificial neural networks
Authors: Zhang Jun , Chen Yixin
Published: July 2002

Introduces a method of food sensory evaluation employing artificial neural networks. The process of food sensory evaluation can be viewed as a multi‐input and multi‐output (MIMO) system in which food composition serves as the input and human food evaluation as the output. It has proved to be very difficult to establish a mathematical model of this system; however, a series of samples have been obtained through experiments, each of which comprises input and output data. On the basis of these sample data, applies the back‐propagation algorithm (BP algorithm) to “train” a three‐layer feed‐forward network. The result is a neural network that can successfully imitate the food sensory evaluation of the evaluation panel. This method can also be applied in other fields such as food composition optimizing, new product development and market evaluation and investigation.
Light sensors help keep the environment safe
Authors: Rooks Brian W.
Published: July 2002

Highlights the use of infrared and ultraviolet for flame detection, emission monitoring and thermal imaging. Describes the application of an infrared fire detection system at Courtaulds Chemicals and the use of thermal imaging for preventive maintenance at Blue Circle Cement.
Real‐time 3‐D metrology for aerospace manufacture
Authors: Clarke Tim , Gooch Richard
Published: July 2002

High speed image processing is the basis of a unique 3‐D measurement system developed by British Aerospace and the City University Optical Metrology Centre. The system can produce 3‐D coordinates for over a hundred measured points up to every 1/25th of a second. As a result it can simultaneously measure locations of components during assembly or guide a robot end effector in drilling operations. This work has recently won the 1998 Metrology for World Class Manufacturing Award for Innovative Metrology and a DSP in Action Award for 1998.
Preparing East African managers for the twenty‐first century
Authors: Mitiku Abainesh , Wallace John B.
Published: July 2002

Contrary to what one might expect, some of the least economically advanced regions of the world enjoy well established management development systems. This paper explores management development in parts of Eastern Africa and shows that, although the per capita income there is only one‐hundredth of that in industrialized countries, the region’s MDIs (management development institutions) benefit from a wide variety of influences. The paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the MDI offerings in the region, past attempts to overcome the weaknesses, and challenges yet to be met. It suggests how international donor agencies could work more closely with government agencies and the management community in the region to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of management development there.
Information technology development methodologies
Authors: Vickers Margaret H.
Published: July 2002

Information technology (IT) development methodologies may be described as another bastion of rationalist, positivist, functionalist hegemony. The paper historically reviews IT development methodologies of the past 30 years. The major methodologies of the Classical Systems Life Cycle, Structures Systems Development, Data Modeling and Object Oriented Analysis are briefly reviewed in terms of their ubiquitously quoted evolution and maturation and the benefits they purport to offer IT specialists and managers, general management and user groups. This paper argues that, while it has traditionally been the case that such methodologies be compared on a case‐by‐case basis, it is time to step back from the traditionally reductionist, positivist approaches of IT. IT methodological development is considered here from a critical, anti‐positivist perspective. It is suggested that qualitiative research methodologies be employed to assist in creating a new IT development epistemology to spare us from further IT implementation disasters.
Playing back the past. Part 1: deciphering old structures and the work of the RCHME
Authors: Mack Simon
Published: July 2002

Postulates the metaphor of a “video camera” to discuss the way old structures accumulate physical signs of the events through which they have existed. Outlines the nature and purpose of the RCHME, its constitution, size, and its objectives of: survey, curating and making available its archives, and recording of “threatened buildings”. Suggests why the past is regarded as significant and how historical research operates by piecing together evidence. Explains how old structures contribute their stored evidence to this process.
Accrediting the surveyors
Authors: Mika Stephen
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews a computerised system ISIS (Interactive Survey Information System) which could be used for the assessment or accreditation of those that inspect buildings. In the system developed by the author, the user is presented with colour images of a building and is able to inspect and interact with any or all of these pictures at will. By using navigation tools, realistic travel in many directions through and around the building is possible. Tests to aid inspection and diagnosis can be undertaken by using normal surveying tools available from the survey menu. The way the survey is undertaken, the order and number of images examined and where and when tools have been used, is recorded for later audit analysis.
The Party Wall etc. Act 1996: differences of opinion in interpreting section 1
Authors: Ainsworth Robin
Published: July 2002

Notes that differences of opinion often arise regarding the correct interpretation of provisions within the Party Wall etc. Act 1996. Argues that this is frequently due to ambiguities within the wording of the statute and to a lack of clarity within its provisions regarding its relationship to the common law. Examines three areas within section 1 of the statute where differences of opinion arise and challenges some of the assumptions regarding their correct interpretation. Concludes that differences of opinion will continue to arise until the deficiencies within the legislation are properly addressed.
Difficulties with modern pitched roof coverings
Authors: Hunter‐Cairns A. , Stewart Stirling J.
Published: July 2002

Examines modern roof coverings and their associated problems over the past decade. Discusses the designers’ and suppliers’ dependence on and compliance with British Standards. Provides details of the problems and their technical solutions.
Fully digital survey systems for property
Authors: de Boehmler Roger
Published: July 2002

Realistic digital data entry and data handling is the key to unlocking the power of modern computer tools for all forms of building management functions. A survey system is needed to get the vital data about property collected and entered into any management database. Three discrete usage areas for computer technology are identified: data collection, manipulation and presentation. The key differences between the various types of building survey are outlined. The conceptual and actual challenges in each survey system area are explored. Past problems and mistakes in applying technology are discussed. Innovative automated, efficient, and integrated solutions are suggested. A new multi‐media and completely digital approach is recommended for applying new computer‐based tools to all kinds of property inspection. The future tools for super‐efficient building surveys in the next century are considered and predicted.
The development of ground floor constructions: part IV (damp proofing methods)
Authors: Douglas James
Published: July 2002

Continues to examine the provision of damp proofing in ground floors. Shows that damp proof membranes only became mandatory in floors laid after the mid‐1960s. Examines the methods and location of damp proofing in ground floors. Considers the problems associated with dampness in, and damp proofing of, ground floors.
Chasing the mirage: managing facilities in a virtual world
Authors: Grimshaw Bob , Cairns George
Published: July 2002

This paper is a consolidation of the keynote address given to the BIFM Annual Conference and Research Forum held at the University of Warwick in September 1999 in which the authors sought to identify the underlying forces influencing FM’s global development. They argue that radical movements in demand side organisational structures are bringing about fundamental change in the relationship between businesses and their supporting infrastructure and that, if FM is to generate an ability to enhance business performance via the effective application of infrastructure resources, then it will have to be able to respond positively to this new landscape. This will involve re‐evaluation of the structure that supports FM development, including the system for producing FM knowledge, and implies new models that integrate research and practice.
Fire safety systems – interaction and integration
Authors: Marchant Eric W.
Published: July 2002

Fire safety is a performance characteristic of buildings. The technological functions of fire safety systems interact with the systems that are necessary for other environmental control systems and to fulfil other performance characteristics expected from the building. For some aspects of fire safety the systems needed to generate the ambient environment and the control expected over the ambient environment are conceptually the same systems that are needed for the control of the environment that changes because of the intrusion of products of combustion. Outlines the interactions between fire safety needs and the systems that help to generate and monitor the ambient environment.
Property performance measurement: from theory to management practice
Authors: Bon Ranko , McMahan Jay F. , Carder Paul
Published: July 2002

Property performance needs to be measured and monitored so as to ensure the maintenance of a match between an organization’s business and property strategies. Useful measures of property performance need to be developed jointly by researchers and practitioners of corporate real estate management. Presents the ongoing Property Performance Measurement Study, conducted under the auspices of DEGW’s Workplace Forum and in collaboration with the Corporate Real Estate Management Research Unit (CREMRU) at the University of Reading. First, introduces the conceptual framework; then discusses the organizational framework provided by the Workplace Forum; proceeds by discussing several research findings to date; and, last, provides several conclusions about further work in this important area of collaboration between researchers and practitioners.
Remote building control using the Internet
Authors: Finch Edward
Published: July 2002

In this paper the author examines the prospect and benefits of remote building control. The convergence of Internet technology and building management systems is likely to transform facilities management. The paper explores the nature of this convergence. Information ranging from individual light sensor outputs to strategic occupancy data will be accessible to secure users on the Internet. The discussion considers what form this will take and some of the hurdles that need to be addressed.
Reengineering the human resource information system at Gamma
Authors: Rodger James A. , Pendharkar Parag C. , Paper David J. , Molnar Patricia
Published: July 2002

In 1997, Gamma Health Care Systems embarked on a redesign project for their Human Resource Information System (HRIS). Redesign involved major changes to the existing system to guarantee a very high level of service. This case describes the efforts of the Human Resource Department (HRD) to redesign its HRIS to better meet enterprise‐wide goals of cost effectiveness and efficiency. The reengineering project transformed the HRD from a historic role of transaction processing to one of a strategic partner.
Cultural change: its effect on the University of Hong Kong estates office
Authors: Wilson Clive , Wilson June
Published: July 2002

The paper reviews the operation and management of a long established estate office within a university. It identifies the drivers for change and the potential consequences of these changes on the staff. Further it examines the potential for conflict during the period of change. The paper suggests that by adopting a teamwork response uncertainty and stress can be minimised. The paper concludes by emphasising the need for interaction between team members as an organisation undergoes the change from property driven to one where customers drive the process.
Managing change: facilities management at the Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital
Authors: Wan Yeung Kam‐Shim Mary
Published: July 2002

Increasing budget constraints, the introduction of new clinical protocols and technologies, and changing community needs and expectations are changing Hong Kong’s health care system. These unprecedented changes are creating powerful and urgent needs for many of Hong Kong’s hospitals to explore alternative approaches to designing and managing their hospital environments. The paper starts by reviewing these changing conditions and then suggests that hospital facilities management professionals must think and act anew. The paper concludes that hospital administrators at the Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital in Hong Kong are responding to these corporate challenges by developing a facilities management support response.
Coping with Asian telecommunication liberalization in commercial buildings
Authors: Werner David P.
Published: July 2002

As Asian telecommunications markets become liberalized, there will be significant impact on the design and management of telecommunications space and pathways. Details of the impact will vary according to each country’s unique approach to liberalization and according to tenants’ expectations with regard to an increasingly competitive telecommunications market. This article explores via each element of telecommunications space and pathways how liberalization of the telecommunications market in Hong Kong is being used as a catalyst to improve services and competitiveness of commercial buildings owned and operated by Hongkong Land Ltd, a major developer of grade A office space in Asia.
Multi‐skilling for success
Authors: Clark Liz
Published: July 2002

Attempts to introduce multi‐skilled “hotel services” workers in several NHS trusts have been studied using Scott‐Morgan’s Unwritten Rules of the Game methodology. In‐depth interviews reveal that, even for staff traditionally regarded as “marginal” and low paid, pride in helping patients is a powerful motivator, one which frequently ensures services are maintained, especially during periods of compulsory competitive tendering (CCT). A traditional “command and control” style of management and the fear engendered by CCT produced powerful barriers to different performance levels from multi‐skilling. We contrast this approach with a more emergent exercise fostered in a group of wards where responsibility for the ancillary workers was transferred to the wards’ director of nursing. These wards have now developed more highly motivated, confident support workers and demonstrate a number of resulting performance gains. We interpret the results in terms of the cultivation of a new pattern and a systemic positive feedback.
Human factors in the adoption and performance of advanced manufacturing technology in unionized firms
Authors: Small Michael H. , Yasin Mahmoud
Published: July 2002

Some researchers have found that unionized firms are less likely to pursue automation because high wage demands deprive them of the necessary capital required to invest in advanced manufacturing technology (AMT). It has also been suggested that stringent work rules and technology agreements can make the substitution of new technology for union labor too expensive. Others have found, however, that the pursuit of high wage policies and the resultant requirement for improved worker and machine productivity can create a positive environment for technological change. This exploratory study examines the relationships between firm‐level union status and the adoption and performance of AMT in the discrete parts durable‐goods manufacturing industry. Analyses of our sample, which included Chi‐square tests, t‐tests, correlation analyses and multiple linear regression analyses, revealed a union effect on the adoption of just‐in‐time technology and a moderately positive union effect on performance. Results of analyses of the impact of union status, firm size and several human factor variables on firm performance are also presented and discussed.
The impact of workforce level restriction on the performance of the linear decision rule: an exploratory production planning study
Authors: Lisboa Joao , Yasin Mahmoud
Published: July 2002

This study examines the impact of workforce level restriction on the aggregate production planning problem. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that the solution to the aggregate production problem appears to be the same regardless of workforce level restriction. Additional research utilizing multi‐industry large‐scale data is needed to test the applicability of findings derived from the current study.
Conversion aversion? The Euro and the property manager
Authors: McAllister Patrick
Published: July 2002

Examines the implications of European Monetary Union (EMU) for property managers of operational and investment property portfolios. In the first section, the background to the introduction of a single currency is reviewed and the proposed timetable and method of introducing the Euro is discussed. The next section analyses the property management areas which may be affected by EMU. It is argued that the costs and benefits of the introduction of the Euro will be unequally distributed. Key factors will include the pattern of property interests and liabilities in potential member countries. A key variable will be the rate at which the existing currency is converted to the Euro. This will be a determinant of the future value of assets and liabilities and will, therefore, impact on corporate costs, profitability and competitiveness. The degree to which a firm benefits from the elimination of exchange rate uncertainty and transaction costs will depend on its financial structure. Firms which meet liabilities in non‐sterling currencies from revenues raised in such currencies will not benefit to a great extent. The paper argues that the legal implications for continuity of contract will be minimal for property managers. It is suggested that the need to amend information systems and records will be the major cost to many organisations.
Contaminated land ‐ the inevitability of an explicit appraisal model
Authors: Gronow Stuart
Published: July 2002

The reasons for the development of explicit methods of appraisal, in general, are outlined and examples given. The acceptability of a discounted cash flow (DCF) approach for appraising contaminated land is considered and the knowledge requirements are described. The principles for such a model are examined and a suggested framework put forward reflecting the knowledge and expertise required. The argument is made that only an explicit DCF approach is logical and defensible. Concludes that such an approach is inevitable as clients demand to know what has been taken into consideration, and how this has been accounted for, in the appraisal of contaminated land.
Contaminated land – quantifying the inputs to an explicit appraisal model
Authors: Gronow Stuart
Published: July 2002

The means to quantify the inputs to be used by a valuation surveyor in an explicit model for appraising contaminated land are explored. These relate to treatment techniques and cost estimates; and forecasting techniques and the forecasting of future rent and capital flows, cost changes and depreciation. A comparison is made with a “traditional” valuation approach. It is concluded that an explicit approach is more likely to satisfy the calls for more sophisticated and creditable approaches and more explanation and justification in appraisals and valuations.
Telecommunications alternatives in accessing image intensive digital libraries
Authors: Kibirige Harry M.
Published: July 2002

Digital libraries are becoming vital in basic research and general surfing of the Internet and the Web. Unlike text‐based digital libraries, image intensive digital libraries have inherent problems of slow downloading and uploading. These bottlenecks are caused by low bandwidth at the “last mile”, the distance between the telecommunications carriers’ distribution center – or central office and the user premises. Telecommunications technologies which are commonly used to alleviate this problem are: high end analog modems, T… series, frame relay, ISDN, cable modems, digital subscriber line and satellites. The article summarizes the latest developments of these technologies and how they can be used by various types of information professionals and end‐users in accessing digital libraries.
Interlending and document supply: a review of recent literature ‐ XXXV
Authors: Connolly Pauline
Published: July 2002

Reviews literature related to several aspects of interlibrary loan and document supply. Discusses the impact of electronic technology on traditional interlibrary services, emphasising the increased availability of and access to electronic resources. Highlights the problems linked to copyright and licensing and considers the unresolved issues of fair use. Includes articles on electronic publishing and use of commercial document suppliers.
A review of interlending in the UK in 1998
Authors: Prowse Stephen William
Published: July 2002

Examines key issues and important developments in UK interlending during 1998. Provides an update on progress in various document delivery projects, including those of eLib, and highlights the importance of the ISO ILL protocol. Also summarises the work of the clumps projects, yet questions how far their reliance on Z39.50 can benefit ILL, and reports on new initiatives in electronic journals. Positive developments in areas such as interlending to the blind, retroconversion, distance learning and cross‐sectoral cooperation are contrasted with news of how economic difficulties have affected services in a wide range of interlending agencies.
Barriers in using new information technology in document delivery in the Third World: prospects for the IFLA project in Ghana
Authors: Kisiedu Christine O.
Published: July 2002

Since 1996 an IFLA/DANIDA project has been underway to enhance interlending and document supply in Ghana. Through external funding the project aims to establish an electronic networking system, to train local librarians in the use of new technology and in ILDS systems generally; to develop relationships with major Western libraries. If the project is successful it is likely to be extended to other Third World countries. The project is being carried out against the background of traditional library problems in Africa, e.g. underfunding, poor telecommunications, lack of computing equipment, limited local expertise, inadequate staff numbers and poor training facilities. Through the project, promising progress is already being made.
The impact of new technology on journal publishing and document delivery – a publisher’s perspective
Authors: interview An
Published: July 2002

A medical journal publishing perspective on the impact of new technology. Covers the future of the scientific journal; its pricing; the effect of the move by libraries to access instead of ownership; fair use; the success of the various rights organisations which have been set up to control exploitation of published information through new technology; licensing and the economics of licensing; archiving; and the future of the journal article.
A plan for the establishment of a library network or consortium for Swaziland: preliminary investigations and formulations
Authors: Jalloh Brimah
Published: July 2002

Libraries and Information Services (LIS) are being transformed by technology; consequently, LIS are having to adapt to meet their users’ changing needs and growing expectations. Included among the resource‐sharing initiatives conceived by libraries in Swaziland is the creation of a computerised network or consortium of all LIS. Reports on the preliminary investigations and formulations carried out to assess the feasibility or viability of such a network. Evaluates the existing resources and facilities, affirms and confirms the perceived need for resource sharing and library networking, establishes present obstacles for library cooperation, and proposes a scheme or framework within which the network can be achieved for optimum use.
Interlibrary lending in France: the situation today
Authors: Menil Céline
Published: July 2002

With the closure of the Centre de Prêt at the Bibliothèque Nationale, and the prospect of integration of higher grade information systems, the French interlending system is currently facing a period of reduced functionality. If few significant changes have been noticed for the internal requests of French readers, the same cannot be said for foreign libraries which are experiencing difficulties in locating documents in French libraries. This paper aims to help users to understand the present situation, and to offer some pointers, which can only be a temporary solution pending the launch of the Catalogue Collectif de France (Union Catalogue of France).
Finite elastoplastic deformation of membrane shells
Authors: Ibrahimbegović Adnan
Published: July 2002

Under restriction of an isotropic elastic response of deformed lattice, develops a covariant theory of finite elastoplasticity in principal axes of a pair of deformation tensors. In material description, the tensor pair consists of the plastic deformation tensor and the total deformation Cauchy‐Green tensor. Applies the proposed theory to elastoplastic membrane shells, whose references and current configurations can be arbitrary space‐curved surfaces. Pressure‐insensitive von Mises yield criterion with isotropic hardening and a quadratic form of the strain energy function given in terms of elastic principal stretches are considered as a model problem. Through an explicit enforcement of the plane stress condition we arrive at a reduced two‐dimensional problem representation, which is set in the membrane tangent plane. Numerical implementation of the presented theory relies crucially on the operator split methodology to simplify the state update computation. Presents a set of numerical examples in order to illustrate the performance of the presented methodology and indicate possible applications in the area of sheet metal forming.
Development of sound pressure level integral sensitivity and its application to vehicle interior noise reduction
Authors: Kozukue Wakae , Hagiwara Ichiro
Published: July 2002

One of the authors has already formulated the sensitivity analysis for a coupled structural‐acoustic system and applied the method in order to obtain modal sensitivities and modal frequency response sensitivities for the sound pressure level at peak frequency points. However, for the development of a vehicle, not only the reduction of peak frequency level but also that of integral of noise for a specified frequency range is desired. For investigating this it is considered effective to use sensitivities of integrated sound pressure level for a specified frequency range. Thus a “sound pressure level integral” has been developed, which is the integrated value of sound pressure level, and further “sensitivity of sound pressure level integral”. Shows how an integral analysis process is performed, and how vibration and noise can be reduced.
Geometric mesh adaptivity
Authors: Pica Angelo
Published: July 2002

Presents a simple adaptive a priori mesh refinement scheme, capable of fitting the finite element mesh to a curved surface at any degree of accuracy with cost control. The technique is based on the geometry of the surface and relies on the possibility of defining a projection operator in the proximity of the surface itself. It is applied here to curved shells, though it will be seen that it can be easily extended, with the due adjustments, to cope with other situations. Includes simple examples to show the applicability and performance of the method.
An iterative (k‐L)‐predictor/ε‐corrector algorithm for solving (k‐ε) turbulent models
Authors: Goldschmit Marcela B. , Cavaliere Miguel A.
Published: July 2002

The finite element solution of turbulent flows using a (k‐ε) turbulence model usually presents severe numerical difficulties. Develops an iterative (k‐L)‐predictor/ε‐corrector algorithm for overcoming this and solving the (k‐ε) turbulent models. The iterative scheme achieves convergence in L (length scale) which is proportional to (k1.5/ε). Numerical results indicate that the developed iterative algorithm is very robust.
Dynamic simulation of multibody systems including planar elastic beams using Autolev
Authors: Botz M. , Hagedorn P.
Published: July 2002

A number of computer codes are available for the automatic generation of the equations of motion of multibody systems formed by rigid bodies. Systems containing deformable components generally cannot be treated readily by these programs. Demonstrates how multibody systems containing both rigid and deformable components can be handled with the aid of Autolev, a symbol manipulator for dynamics, when such components are discretized by a Rayleigh‐Ritz procedure. A computer code called Ritz was written to perform this task interactively with Autolev, and a Fortran program is generated automatically for the numerical simulation of motions of the system under consideration. The numerical results are then converted to Matlab format, so that plotting routines and other facilities available in Matlab can be used to process the results further.
Tooling mesh generation technique for iterative FEM die surface design algorithm to compensate for springback in sheetmetal stamping
Authors: Wu Longwu
Published: July 2002

FEM analysis has been increasingly employed to simulate sheetmetal forming processes for industrial application purposes. From the simulation results, finite element analysts are able to predict the occurrences of splits and wrinkles therefore they can make recommendations of changes to the die design and/or to the part design to avoid possible stamping failures. The number of real die tryouts can be reduced, thus, the design cycle is shortened and manufacturing costs lowered. In the early times, application analysts were mostly concentrated on simulation of the stamping process itself starting from simple models, later running full size 3D models with large number of elements.
A simple and efficient triangular finite element for plate bending
Authors: Martins R.A.F. , Sabino J.
Published: July 2002

Presents the formulation of a new triangular finite element for plate bending. The element has 15 degrees of freedom: six displacements at the corners and midside nodes and nine rotations normal to the element side, three along each element side. The element is based on the Kirchhoff theory for plate bending and the shape functions are derived from a complete quartic polynomial. Presents a numerical assessment of the element, showing that the element passes the patch test and that it possesses a good converge rate. The stiffness matrix is integrated exactly.
Interior point tracking in shape evolving unstructured finite element meshes
Authors: Robinson James C. , Campbell John S. , Kelliher Denis
Published: July 2002

An algorithm is presented for the tracking of interior points in a shape evolving unstructured FE mesh. Evolution of the boundary shape may be associated with a governing equation, as in moving boundary problems, or may be prescribed, as in structural shape optimisation. In the latter SSO case the point tracking algorithm may be used in conjunction with a FD approximation to determine geometric sensitivities: in this case the boundary deformation is a small perturbation. For meshes undergoing gross deformations of the boundary an incremental method is used. Reversibility tests are undertaken to assess the robustness and accuracy of the algorithm and examples are given to illustrate the general utility of the method.
Fully‐developed flow and temperature calculations for rheologically complex materials using a mapped circular domain
Authors: Wachs A. , Clermont J.R. , Normandin M.
Published: July 2002

This paper considers fully‐developed flows in ducts of arbitrary shape under thermal conditions of fluids obeying various constitutive equations. The numerical method is based on the transformation of the physical flow domain, assumed to be simply‐connected. By using mass, momentum and energy conservation equations, the analysis leads to direct determination of contour velocity curves, corresponding stresses and temperatures. Calculations are performed in the mapped domain where simple meshes and efficient discretization schemes may be defined. The thermal dependence is considered using a time‐temperature superposition principle. Newtonian, purely viscous, viscoelastic and yield stress fluids are investigated for several flow geometries, with realistic parameters and boundary conditions. Comparisons with existing analytical solutions are found to be satisfactory. The influence of temperature related to various physical and flow parameters is discussed.
Evaluation of Ni/Pd/Au as an alternative metal finish on PCB
Authors: Mei Zequn , Eslambolchi Ali
Published: July 2002

Multi‐layer surface finish, from the bottom to top, of electroless Ni, electroless Pd, and immersion Au (Ni/Pd/Au) have been introduced in the printed circuit board (PCB) industry recently. This paper reports an evaluation of this surface finish from the perspective of solder joint attachment reliability, especially to see if the Ni/Pd/Au could be immune from the brittle interfacial fracture of PBGA on electroless Ni/immersion Au, recently observed and reported by us. PCBs with Ni/Pd/Au finishes, made from two vendors with varied Pd layer thickness were attached with PBGA packages, and tested in four‐point bending. When joint strength is strong, bending tests resulted in peeling off the PCB pads; otherwise, brittle fractures occurred at the interface between solder balls and PCB pads. After aging, solder joints on all Ni/Pd/Au and reference metal finishes failed by the same brittle fracture at the interface between Ni‐Sn and Au‐Sn intermetallic compounds. It is concluded that the interfacial fracture was controlled by something other than the Pd, and the existence of the Pd did not prevent the interfacial fracture. Also, the presence of Pd could not prevent the Au migration and subsequent fracture.
Workplace training initiatives: implications for women in the Australian workforce
Authors: Wallace Michelle
Published: July 2002

Examines the situation for women workers in Australia after a ten‐year focus on training. The National Training Reform Agenda is discussed and the position of women in the Australian workforce explained. Comparative statistics on workplace training and some qualitative studies that illuminate workplace practice are examined.
Personal Development Plans:
Authors: Floodgate Jean F. , Nixon A.E.
Published: July 2002

The personal development plan (PDP) is rapidly becoming one of the most
critical documents in the training and development field. Describes how
the PDP was introduced at the Trustee Savings Bank plc with the emphasis
on both job and personal development.
Competence‐based management development: rhetoric and reality
Authors: Currie Graeme , Darby Roger
Published: July 2002

Summarizes recent debates as to the strengths and weaknesses of
competence‐based management development, and illustrates these via a
case study. In the case study, key issues are raised which reinforce
many of the criticisms of competence‐based approaches raised in the
literature. Concludes that the limitations of the competence approach,
as discussed in the literature, should be recognized in implementing a
competence‐based programme, and that it is one approach towards
management development which may be taken with others.
Self‐development of peripheral trainers: deciphering the dichotomies
Authors: Gilleard Jenni
Published: July 2002

The number of part‐time trainers is unknown but within some training specialisms they can form a substantial cohort. Often, however, their development is not supported adequately, if at all, within their working environments. Considers self‐development from the individual perspective of six English as a Second Language (ESL) peripheral trainers. Explores how a profession’s attitude towards its members and self‐actualization can influence the development of its practitioners. Also considers the significance of the internal impact of the organization on restricting the possibilities of self‐development. The implication is that professions need to be more supportive of peripheral trainers; that organizations need to be more imaginative and responsive towards engendering self‐responsibility for personal learning; and that individual trainers need to be more strategic and proactive in facilitating their own self‐development.
The development of vocational education policy in Greece: a critical approach
Authors: Patiniotis Nikitas , Stavroulakis Dimitris
Published: July 2002

Vocational education in Greece has been developed only recently, mainly through foreign influences. Delay is largely attributed to idiomorphic employment patterns, favouring low‐skilled labour, and to culture, prompting youths to university education. Traditional lack of continuity of the national education policy, as well as persistent low financing of vocational education by the state, has resulted in the accumulation of long‐standing problems. This situation has added up to a sluggish vocational education organization, more or less incapable of effectively tackling crucial social issues like unemployment and the challenge of new technologies.