bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracellular Vesicle–Mediated Delivery of Circular RNA SCMH1 Promotes Functional Recovery in Rodent and Nonhuman Primate Ischemic Stroke Models
Authors: Yang Li , Han Bing , Zhang Zhiting , Wang Shuguo , Bai Ying , Zhang Yuan , Tang Ying , Du Lingli , Xu Ling , Wu Fangfang , Zuo Lei , Chen Xufeng , Lin Yu , Liu Kezhong , Ye Qingqing , Chen Biling , Li Bin , Tang Tianci , Wang Yu , Shen Ling , Wang Guangtian , Ju Minzi , Yuan Mengqin , Jiang Wei , Zhang John H. , Hu Gang , Wang Jianhong , Yao Honghong
Published: May 2020

Background:

Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability that can severely compromise the quality of life of patients, yet no effective medication currently exists to accelerate rehabilitation. A variety of circular RNA (circRNA) molecules are known to function in ischemic brain injury. Lentivirus-based expression systems have been widely used in basic studies of circRNAs, but safety issues with such delivery systems have limited exploration of the potential therapeutic roles for circRNAs.

Methods:

Circular RNA SCMH1 (circSCMH1) was screened from the plasma of patients with acute ischemic stroke by using circRNA microarrays. Engineered rabies virus glycoprotein-circSCMH1-extracellular vesicles were generated to selectively deliver circSCMH1 to the brain. Nissl staining was used to examine infarct size. Behavioral tasks were performed to evaluate motor functions in both rodent and nonhuman primate ischemic stroke models. Golgi staining and immunostaining were used to examine neuroplasticity and glial activation. Proteomic assays and RNA-sequencing data combined with transcriptional profiling were used to identify downstream targets of circSCMH1.

Results:

CircSCMH1 levels were significantly decreased in the plasma of patients with acute ischemic stroke, offering significant power in predicting stroke outcomes. The decreased levels of circSCMH1 were further confirmed in the plasma and peri-infarct cortex of photothrombotic stroke mice. Beyond demonstrating proof-of-concept for an RNA drug delivery technology, we observed that circSCMH1 treatment improved functional recovery after stroke in both mice and monkeys, and we discovered that circSCMH1 enhanced the neuronal plasticity and inhibited glial activation and peripheral immune cell infiltration. CircSCMH1 binds mechanistically to the transcription factor MeCP2 (methyl-CpG binding protein 2), thereby releasing repression of MeCP2 target gene transcription.

Conclusions:

Rabies virus glycoprotein-circSCMH1-extracellular vesicles afford protection by promoting functional recovery in the rodent and the nonhuman primate ischemic stroke models. Our study presents a potentially widely applicable nucleotide drug delivery technology and demonstrates the basic mechanism of how circRNAs can be therapeutically exploited to improve poststroke outcomes.
Environment-Sensing Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Inhibits the Chondrogenic Fate of Modulated Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerotic Lesions
Authors: Kim Juyong Brian , Zhao Quanyi , Nguyen Trieu , Pjanic Milos , Cheng Paul , Wirka Robert , Travisano Stanislao , Nagao Manabu , Kundu Ramendra , Quertermous Thomas
Published: May 2020

Background:

Smooth muscle cells (SMC) play a critical role in atherosclerosis. The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an environment-sensing transcription factor that contributes to vascular development, and has been implicated in coronary artery disease risk. We hypothesized that AHR can affect atherosclerosis by regulating phenotypic modulation of SMC.

Methods:

We combined RNA-sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing, and in vitro assays in human coronary artery SMCs, with single-cell RNA-sequencing, histology, and RNAscope in an SMC-specific lineage-tracing
Ahr
knockout mouse model of atherosclerosis to better understand the role of
AHR
in vascular disease.

Results:

Genomic studies coupled with functional assays in cultured human coronary artery SMCs revealed that
AHR
modulates the human coronary artery SMC phenotype and suppresses ossification in these cells. Lineage-tracing and activity-tracing studies in the mouse aortic sinus showed that the
Ahr
pathway is active in modulated SMCs in the atherosclerotic lesion cap. Furthermore, single-cell RNA-sequencing studies of the SMC-specific
Ahr
knockout mice showed a significant increase in the proportion of modulated SMCs expressing chondrocyte markers such as
Col2a1
and
Alpl
, which localized to the lesion neointima. These cells, which we term “chondromyocytes,” were also identified in the neointima of human coronary arteries. In histological analyses, these changes manifested as larger lesion size, increased lineage-traced SMC participation in the lesion, decreased lineage-traced SMCs in the lesion cap, and increased alkaline phosphatase activity in lesions in the
Ahr
knockout in comparison with wild-type mice. We propose that
AHR
is likely protective based on these data and inference from human genetic analyses.

Conclusions:

Overall, we conclude that
AHR
promotes the maintenance of lesion cap integrity and diminishes the disease-related SMC-to-chondromyocyte transition in atherosclerotic tissues.
Comanagement of Risk Factors in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: Insights From the APPEAR Study
Authors: Hejjaji Vittal , Gosch Kensey , Jones Philip G. , Breeding Tracie , Spertus John A. , Arnold Suzanne V.
Published: May 2020

Background

Effective management of cardiovascular risk factors is the foundation of secondary prevention in coronary artery disease. The physician under whose sphere these are managed can vary, primary care physicians, cardiologists, or both, and the optimal management strategy for risk factor control is unknown.

Methods and Results

The APPEAR (Angina Prevalence and Provider Evaluation of Angina Relief) study was a cross‐sectional cohort study of outpatients with coronary artery disease (stable angina, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, or myocardial infarction) from 25
US
cardiology practices. After each patient visit, providers noted who managed each risk factor. Blood pressure and lipid levels were recorded from charts. We compared adherence to guideline‐directed risk factor control between management strategies (primary care physician alone, cardiologist alone, or comanaged). Among 1259 outpatients with coronary artery disease (mean [
SD
] age, 71 [11.1] years; 69% men), blood pressure and lipid management strategy varied. Mean blood pressure was 127.9/72.3 mm Hg, with 74% of patients at <140/90 mm Hg and 46% at <130/80 mm Hg. Mean low‐density lipoprotein was 83.5 mg/dL, with 75% of patients at <100 mg/dL and 91% on appropriate statin therapy. Patients managed by cardiologists alone tended to have higher rates of risk factor control for both blood pressure and lipids, even after adjusting for covariates.

Conclusions

Although comanagement has shown benefit in some clinical situations, we found that risk factor control in patients with coronary artery disease tended to be poorer when care was shared between cardiologists and primary care physicians. Further research is needed to better define which conditions are best comanaged and how to more effectively comanage patients in the fractured
US
healthcare system.
Unpredictable Fall of Severe Emergent Cardiovascular Diseases Hospital Admissions During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Experience of a Single Large Center in Northern Italy
Authors: Toniolo Mauro , Negri Francesco , Antonutti Marco , Masè Marco , Facchin Domenico
Published: May 2020

Background

Northern Italy is one of the epicenters of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV 2) pandemic in Europe. The impact of the pandemic and the consequent lockdown on medical emergencies other than those SARS‐CoV 2 pandemic related is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiologic impact of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on hospital admission for severe emergent cardiovascular diseases (
SECD
s) in a single Northern Italy large tertiary referral center.

Methods and Results

We quantified
SECD
s admissions to the Cardiology Division of Udine University Hospital between March 1, 2020 and March 31, 2020 and compared them with those of the same time frame during 2019. Compared with March 2019, we observed a significant reduction in all
SECD
s admissions: −30% for
ST
‐segment–elevation acute coronary syndromes, −66% for non‐
ST
‐segment–elevation acute coronary syndromes and −50% for severe bradyarrhythmia.

Conclusions

A significant decrease in all
SECD
s admissions has been observed during the SARS‐CoV 2. pandemic and was unlikely caused by a reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Fear of contagion may have contributed to the unpredictable drop of
SECD
s. Social education about early recognition of symptoms of life‐threatening cardiac conditions requiring appropriate care in a timely fashion may help to reduce this counterproductive phenomenon.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Pandemic Implications in Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Alsaied Tarek , Aboulhosn Jamil A. , Cotts Timothy B. , Daniels Curt J. , Etheridge Susan P. , Feltes Timothy F. , Gurvitz Michelle Z. , Lewin Mark B. , Oster Matthew E. , Saidi Arwa
Published: May 2020

The corona virus disease ‐2019 (COVID‐19) is a recently described infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 with significant cardiovascular implications. Given the increased risk for severe COVID‐19 observed in adults with underlying cardiac involvement, there is concern that patients with pediatric and congenital heart disease (CHD) may likewise be at increased risk for severe infection. The cardiac manifestations of COVID‐19 include myocarditis, arrhythmia and myocardial infarction. Importantly, the pandemic has stretched health care systems and many care team members are at risk for contracting and possibly transmitting the disease which may further impact the care of patients with cardiovascular disease. In this review, we describe the effects of COVID‐19 in the pediatric and young adult population and review the cardiovascular involvement in COVID‐19 focusing on implications for patients with congenital heart disease in particular.
Religion and Reconnecting with Nature
Authors: DiBona Christopher D.
Published: May 2020

Attention to the work of American pragmatist philosopher John Dewey and Native American novelist, poet, and essayist Leslie Silko reveals what are in many ways remarkably similar and complementary conceptualizations of religion, as both authors situate religion in the human’s experienced alienation from and reconnection with the natural world, draw heavily on Romantic motifs in literary art to convey the “religious” dynamics of these experiences, and suggest that readers who sincerely engage with certain literary works of art can come to share in these dynamics in a way that has the potential to help reorient their everyday relations with and attitudes toward the natural world. Reading Dewey alongside Silko thus offers us an interdisciplinary set of resources to articulate and promote an ecological conception of religion founded on a mutualistic-symbiotic mode of human dwelling on the earth.
China’s Engagement with R2P: Pluralist Shaper?
Authors: Ribeiro Mikelli Marzzini L. A. , de Almeida Medeiros Marcelo , Leite Alexandre Cesar Cunha
Published: May 2020

Recently, the behaviour of emerging powers in relation to R2P has been understood as that of norm-shapers: states that seek to adjust the norm so that it conforms to their particular understandings. In this behaviour, respect for sovereignty is seen as a central concern. In the English School of International Relations, identification with the institution of sovereignty reflects an approach called pluralism. China’s behaviour is consistent with a pluralist approach to international relations. This paper aims to examine the Chinese positions regarding R2P, in order to identify pluralist traits in them. The procedure was to raise, inductively, prescriptions made by China, associating them with theoretical categories. From an analysis of the Chinese positions, it can be demonstrated that China’s behaviour reveals a paradigmatic case of a pluralist norm-shaper. Qualitative Content Analysis techniques were used as a methodological approach, while MAXQDAplus software was applied as a tool to aid in the coding of declarations.
Nomenclatorial changes in the family Cixiidae (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoroidea), with fixation of type species of the genus Reptalus Emeljanov, 1971 and description of a new subgenus
Authors: EMELJANOV ALEXANDR F.
Published: May 2020

New name, Caravellita, is proposed to replace Caravella Emeljanov, 2007, nomen praeoccupatum. Proreptalus Emeljanov, 2015 is placed in synonymy under Reptalus Emeljanov, 1971. Pererepa, subgen. nov. is erected for Oliarus quadricinctus Matsumura, 1914 in the genus Reptalus Emeljanov, 1971. Flata artemisiae Becker, 1865 is validated and fixed as type species of the genus Reptalus Emeljanov following the Article 70.3 of the ICZN, while Oliarus quinquecostatus Fieber, 1872 (non Cixius quenquicostatus Dufour, 1833) is supposed to be misidentification of F. artemisiae Becker. Key to subgenera of Reptalus is given.
An Array of Ringing Global Free Modes Discovered in Tropical Surface Pressure Data
Authors: Sakazaki Takatoshi , Hamilton Kevin
Published: May 2020

We used newly available ERA5 hourly global data to examine the variations of atmospheric circulation on global scales and high frequencies. The space–time spectrum of surface pressure displays a typical red background spectrum but also a striking number of isolated peaks. Some peaks represent astronomically forced tides, but we show that most peaks are manifestations of the ringing of randomly excited global-scale resonant modes, reminiscent of the tones in a spectrum of a vibrating musical instrument. A few such modes have been tentatively identified in earlier observational investigations, but we demonstrate the existence of a large array of normal mode oscillations with periods as short as 2 h. This is a powerful and uniquely detailed confirmation of the predictions of the theory of global oscillations that has its roots in the work of Laplace two centuries ago. The delineation of the properties of the modes provides valuable diagnostic information about the atmospheric circulation. Notably the amplitudes and widths of the normal mode spectral peaks contain information on the forcing mechanisms and energy dissipation for the modes, and the simulation of these properties for each of the many modes we have identified can serve as tests for global climate and weather prediction models.
North Pacific Upper-Ocean Cold Temperature Biases in CMIP6 Simulations and the Role of Regional Vertical Mixing
Authors: Zhu Yuchao , Zhang Rong-Hua , Sun Jichang
Published: May 2020

Substantial model biases are still prominent even in the latest CMIP6 simulations; attributing their causes is defined as one of the three main scientific questions addressed in CMIP6. In this paper, cold temperature biases in the North Pacific subtropics are investigated using simulations from the newly released CMIP6 models, together with other related modeling products. In addition, ocean-only sensitivity experiments are performed to characterize the biases, with a focus on the role of oceanic vertical mixing schemes. Based on the Argo-derived diffusivity, idealized vertical diffusivity fields are designed to mimic the seasonality of vertical mixing in this region, and are employed in ocean-only simulations to test the sensitivity of this cold bias to oceanic vertical mixing. It is demonstrated that the cold temperature biases can be reduced when the mixing strength is enhanced within and beneath the surface boundary layer. Additionally, the temperature simulations are rather sensitive to the parameterization of static instability, and the cold biases can be reduced when the vertical diffusivity for convection is increased. These indicate that the cold temperature biases in the North Pacific can be largely attributed to biases in oceanic vertical mixing within ocean-only simulations, which likely contribute to the even larger biases seen in coupled simulations. This study therefore highlights the need for improved oceanic vertical mixing in order to reduce these persistent cold temperature biases seen across several CMIP models.
Validation of High-Resolution Gridded Rainfall Datasets for Climate Applications in the Philippines
Authors: Peralta J. C. Albert C. , Narisma Gemma Teresa T. , Cruz Faye Abigail T.
Published: May 2020

Gridded rainfall products could augment the shortage of available rainfall data in archipelagic countries like the Philippines, where weather stations are still sparsely distributed especially over its remote and less-developed islands. However, these products need to be validated first using ground measurements to determine their ability to represent properties of local rainfall. This study compares four high-resolution, gridded datasets—APHRODITEv1101, CHIRPSv2, TRMM 3B42v7, and PERSIANN-CDR—with respect to 49 synoptic weather stations over the Philippines from 1998 to 2005. The performance of these datasets was assessed in terms of bias, distribution, and different statistical error metrics and skill scores across time scales and climate types. Results show that all the datasets were able to capture the basic climatology and to varying extents, spatial patterns of Philippine rainfall. TRMM 3B42v7 has the least overall average monthly bias and most closely resembles the rainfall distribution observed at weather stations, especially dry days and torrential rain days for the whole Philippines. APHRODITEv1101 performs best in terms of error metrics and skill scores but displays consistent underestimates. CHIRPSv2, on the other hand, best captures the seasonal rainfall peaks in the different climate types in the Philippines but is prone to larger errors. Last, PERSIANN-CDR shows generally poor metrics and rainfall distributions, in comparison to the other datasets. These key findings are used to identify possible research applications in the Philippines that are best suited for each dataset.
Potential Impacts of Assimilating All-Sky Satellite Infrared Radiances on Convection-Permitting Analysis and Prediction of Tropical Convection
Authors: Chan Man-Yau , Zhang Fuqing , Chen Xingchao , Leung L. Ruby
Published: May 2020

Geostationary infrared satellite observations are spatially dense [>1/(20 km)2] and temporally frequent (>1 h−1). These suggest the possibility of using these observations to constrain subsynoptic features over data-sparse regions, such as tropical oceans. In this study, the potential impacts of assimilating water vapor channel brightness temperature (WV-BT) observations from the geostationary Meteorological Satellite 7 (Meteosat-7) on tropical convection analysis and prediction were systematically examined through a series of ensemble data assimilation experiments. WV-BT observations were assimilated hourly into convection-permitting ensembles using Penn State’s ensemble square root filter (EnSRF). Comparisons against the independently observed Meteosat-7 window channel brightness temperature (Window-BT) show that the assimilation of WV-BT generally improved the intensities and locations of large-scale cloud patterns at spatial scales larger than 100 km. However, comparisons against independent soundings indicate that the EnSRF analysis produced a much stronger dry bias than the no data assimilation experiment. This strong dry bias is associated with the use of the simulated WV-BT from the prior mean during the EnSRF analysis step. A stochastic variant of the ensemble Kalman filter (NoMeanSF) is proposed. The NoMeanSF algorithm was able to assimilate the WV-BT without causing such a strong dry bias and the quality of the analyses’ horizontal cloud pattern is similar to EnSRF’s analyses. Finally, deterministic forecasts initiated from the NoMeanSF analyses possess better horizontal cloud patterns above 500 km than those of the EnSRF. These results suggest that it might be better to assimilate all-sky WV-BT through the NoMeanSF algorithm than the EnSRF algorithm.
Childhood maltreatment in individuals at risk of psychosis: Results from the Brazilian SSAPP cohort
Authors: Freitas Elder Lanzani , Loch Alexandre Andrade , Chianca Camille , Andrade Julio Cesar , Serpa Mauricio Henriques , Alves Tania Maria , Hortêncio Lucas , Pinto Marcel Tavares Camilo , van de Bilt Martinus Theodorus , Gattaz Wagner Farid , Rössler Wulf
Published: May 2020

Background:

Childhood maltreatment is a known risk factor for the development of mental disorders, such as psychotic symptoms. An extensive body of literature about childhood maltreatment and mental health has been developed in wealthy countries, but information about this connection is lacking in developing countries.

Aims:

To explore a possible relationship between childhood maltreatment and ultra-high risk of psychosis in a non-help-seeking population in a low- and middle-income country.

Methods:

A household survey was conducted in Sao Paulo, Brazil, involving over 2,500 individuals aged 18–30 years who were randomly selected from the general population. The participants underwent screening with the Prodromal Questionnaire. Ultra-high risk status was assessed using the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, and childhood maltreatment was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The final sample comprised 87 ultra-high risk individuals and 115 controls.

Results:

Childhood maltreatment was significantly more present among ultra-high risk individuals. In ultra-high risk individuals, physical and emotional neglect were inversely related to grandiosity symptoms, physical abuse was related to perceptual abnormalities and physical neglect was related to disorganized speech and thought.

Conclusion:

This is the first study to investigate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and ultra-high risk status and psychopathological features in a large Latin American sample. Further studies in this field are necessary to better understand the specific influence of various early life adversities on psychosis risk.
The Impacts of Drought and the Adaptive Strategies of Small-Scale Farmers in uMsinga, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Lottering Shenelle J , Mafongoya Paramu , Lottering Romano
Published: May 2020

Drought is a major challenge threatening agricultural productivity in uMsinga. The occurrence of drought is expected to increase in coming decades, intensifying in severity, duration and the way people are affected by drought. The objective of this study is to understand small-scale farmers’ and rural communities’ perceptions of drought, its environmental and socio-economic impacts, adaptive and mitigation measures at household level and their satisfaction with the government’s role in drought management in the community. The study utilized a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, in the form of questionnaires, focus groups and key informant interviews. The sample size for the research study was 180 respondents for the questionnaire component and a total of 30 respondents for the focus groups and key informant interviews. The results show that increased levels of poverty, food insecurity and increased migration were the main socio-economic impacts perceived by respondents. Water scarcity, crop failure, forest degradation and an increase in average temperatures were perceived by respondents as the main environmental impacts caused by drought in uMsinga. Respondents perceived drought as a serious threat to agricultural production and adopted various indigenous adaptive strategies. A majority of respondents adopted a reactive approach to drought management, and therefore did not adopt many mitigation measures.
Representing the representers: Non-Western depictions of Orientalists and Orientalism in Turkish, Mexican, and Bengali writing
Authors: Almond Ian
Published: May 2020

How do writers from regions with a historical experience of colonialism depict Western Orientalists in their work? What exactly does it mean to “reverse the gaze” and include the Orientalist within the frame of representation? The article considers the non-Western representation of Orientalists and Orientalism in literary texts from three different regions (Turkey, Mexico, and Bengal), concentrating in particular on Oguz Atay’s Tutunamayanlar (The Disconnected), Ignacio Padilla’s Antipodes, and Amitav Ghosh’s In an Antique Land, but also referring to a wide selection of other texts in the process. It suggests three categories of such representation — parodic, empathetic, and authoritative, in ascending order of sympathy — and proposes, in the analysis of the various fictitious representations of Orientalists examined, a central link between Orientalism and the sacred. Finally, the question of the ironic representation of Orientalists — the extent to which a redemptive irony is adopted by structures of power as a tool of self-preservation — is also considered.
TBX1 Regulates Chondrocyte Maturation in the Spheno-occipital Synchondrosis
Authors: Funato N. , Srivastava D. , Shibata S. , Yanagisawa H.
Published: May 2020

The synchondrosis in the cranial base is an important growth center for the craniofacial region. Abnormalities in the synchondroses affect the development of adjacent regions, including the craniofacial skeleton. Here, we report that the transcription factor TBX1, the candidate gene for DiGeorge syndrome, is expressed in mesoderm-derived chondrocytes and plays an essential and specific role in spheno-occipital synchondrosis development by inhibiting the expression of genes involved in chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteogenesis. In Tbx1-deficient mice, the spheno-occipital synchondrosis was completely mineralized at birth. TBX1 interacts with RUNX2, a master molecule of osteoblastogenesis and a regulator of chondrocyte maturation, and suppresses its transcriptional activity. Indeed, deleting Tbx1 triggers accelerated mineralization due to accelerated chondrocyte differentiation, which is associated with ectopic expression of downstream targets of RUNX2 in the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. These findings reveal that TBX1 acts as a regulator of chondrocyte maturation and osteogenesis during the spheno-occipital synchondrosis development. Thus, the tight regulation of endochondral ossification by TBX1 is crucial for the normal progression of chondrocyte differentiation in the spheno-occipital synchondrosis.
Midkine Promotes Odontoblast-like Differentiation and Tertiary Dentin Formation
Authors: Park Y.H. , Lee Y.S. , Seo Y.M. , Seo H. , Park J.S. , Bae H.S. , Park J.C.
Published: May 2020

Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradation process that is essential for tissue development, cell differentiation, and survival. Nevertheless, the role of autophagy in tooth development has not been definitively identified. The goal of this study was to investigate how autophagy is involved in midkine (MK)–mediated odontoblast-like differentiation, mineralization, and tertiary dentin formation in a mouse tooth pulp exposure model. In vitro studies show that MK and LC3 have similar expression patterns during odontoblast-like cell differentiation. Odontoblast-like cell differentiation is promoted through MK-mediated autophagy, which leads to increased mineralized nodule formation. Subcutaneous transplantation of hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate with rMK-treated human dental pulp cells led to dentin pulp–like tissue formation through MK-mediated autophagy. Furthermore, MK-mediated autophagy induces differentiation of dental pulp cells into odontoblast-like cells that form DSP-positive tertiary dentin in vivo. Our findings may provide 1) novel insight into the role of MK in regulating odontoblast-like differentiation and dentin formation in particular via autophagy and 2) potential application of MK in vital pulp therapy.
Social Class, Diagnoses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Child Well-Being
Authors: Owens Jayanti
Published: May 2020

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorder among U.S. children. Diagnosis can bring positives, like proper treatment, extra testing time, and social support, but may also trigger negatives, like stigmatization. Although rates of diagnosis are high across socioeconomic status (SES) groups, the balance of positive and negative consequences of diagnosis may differ by SES. In high-SES communities, mental health diagnoses are less stigmatized and parents have greater ability to connect children to support resources, suggesting greater positive effects of diagnosis for high-SES children. Alternatively, the greater academic pressure present in high-SES communities may amplify the negative effects of mental health stigma, suggesting larger negative diagnostic effects. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohort of 1998–1999, I found that diagnosed and medicated high-SES but not low-SES children exhibit significantly poorer future self-competence and teacher-rated school behaviors than undiagnosed matches. Findings suggest that diagnosis may not always be a net positive.
Constructing Digital Democracies: Facebook, Arendt, and the Politics of Design
Authors: Forestal Jennifer
Published: May 2020

Deliberative democracy requires both equality and difference, with structures that organize a cohesive public while still accommodating the unique perspectives of each participant. While institutions like laws and norms can help to provide this balance, the built environment also plays a role supporting democratic politics—both on- and off-line. In this article, I use the work of Hannah Arendt to articulate two characteristics the built environment needs to support democratic politics: it must (1) serves as a common world, drawing users together and emphasizing their common interests and must also (2) preserve spaces of appearance, accommodating diverse perspectives and inviting disagreement. I, then, turn to the example of Facebook to show how these characteristics can be used as criteria for evaluating how well a particular digital platform supports democratic politics and providing alternative mechanisms these sites might use to fulfill their role as a public realm.
‘A Life of Their Own’? Traditions, Power and ‘As If Realism’ in Political Analysis
Authors: Pike Karl
Published: May 2020

This article explores the role of tradition in the social world and offers a theory of why some traditions ‘stick’. Building on the ontological insight of ‘as if realism’, I argue that traditions are constitutive both of an actor’s beliefs and of their institutional context, and so critical to political analysis. The relative resonance of traditions can be understood as contingent upon power relations and ideational maintenance of traditions by groups of upholders – what could be termed ‘socially contingent’. Traditions help us understand why a person believes what they believe and how a person’s strategic calculations are affected by perceptions of what others believe. They exert a powerful pull to political actors as orientation tools in complex social settings and through the symbols and argumentation attached by those who uphold them. While traditions are contingent upon people’s beliefs, it is ‘as if’ they have a life of their own.
Prevalence of and Risk Markers for Dating Abuse–Related Stalking and Harassment Victimization and Perpetration in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Adolescents
Authors: Rothman Emily F. , Bahrami Eva , Okeke Nnenna , Mumford Elizabeth
Published: May 2020

There are no nationally representative estimates of the prevalence of dating abuse–related stalking and harassment. We analyzed data collected from 320 twelve- to 18-year-old U.S. youth. Youth with dating experience were asked whether a dating partner had ever spied on or followed them, damaged something that belonged to them, or gone through their online accounts. The prevalence of lifetime stalking and harassment victimization was 48% and the prevalence of perpetration was 43%. Latinx boys were at elevated risk for dating abuse–related stalking and harassment perpetration and victimization. Among girls, younger age, being marijuana use and living in a neighborhood with an elevated crime rate were associated with perpetration, and younger age, being Black, and marijuana use were associated with victimization. Interventions that prevent less severe and indirect forms of dating abuse are warranted.
On the concept of international disorder
Authors: McKeil Aaron
Published: May 2020

International relations today are widely considered to be experiencing deepening disorder and the topic of international disorder is gaining increased attention. Yet, despite this recent interest in international disorder, in and beyond the academy, and despite the decades-long interest in international order, there is still little agreement on the concept of international disorder, which is often used imprecisely and with an alarmist rather than analytical usage. This is a problem if international disorder is to be understood in theory, towards addressing its concomitant problems and effects in practice. As such, this article identifies and explores two ways international order studies can benefit from a clearer and more precise conception of international disorder. First, it enables a more complete picture of how orderly international orders have been. Second, a greater understanding of the problem of international order is illuminated by a clearer grasp of the relation between order and disorder in world politics. The article advances these arguments in three steps. First, an analytical concept of international disorder is developed and proposed. Second, applying it to the modern history of international order, the extent to which there is a generative relationship between order and disorder in international systems is explored. Third, it specifies the deepening international disorder in international affairs today. It concludes by indicating a research agenda for International Relations and international order studies that takes the role of international disorder more seriously.
Predicting Future Intimate Partner Violence with Past Intimate Partner Violence: The Moderating Role of Proactive and Reactive Criminal Thinking
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: May 2020

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health concern with serious consequences for individuals, families, and society in general. In an effort to expand knowledge in this area, this study assessed whether proactive (planned, calculated, amoral) and reactive (impulsive, irresponsible, emotional) criminal thinking mediated or moderated the past IPV–future IPV relationship in 1,238 individuals released from federal prison. Evaluating the indirect effect of past IPV on future IPV via proactive and reactive criminal thinking failed to produce any significant mediated effects. There was evidence, however, of a moderating effect for proactive criminal thinking, such that prior IPV predicted subsequent IPV recidivism only when proactive criminal thinking was elevated. Reactive criminal thinking, by contrast, failed to moderate the past IPV–future IPV relationship. These findings suggest that proactive criminal thinking may serve as a risk factor for future IPV in individuals with a prior history of domestic violence.
Military Covenants and Contracts in Motion: Reservists as Transmigrants 10 Years Later
Authors: Gazit Nir , Lomsky-Feder Edna , Ari Eyal Ben
Published: May 2020

This article reexamines and develops the analytical metaphor of “Reserve Soldiers as Transmigrants” in three directions. First, we advance the notion of transmigration by linking it to the explicit and implicit “contracts” or agreements struck between the military and individuals and groups within and outside of it. Second, we show that the “management” model of reserve forces is not just an administrative matter but that “negotiating” with reservists involves wider issues that include managing identity, commitment, and the meaning attached to military service. Third, we examine the institutional and political meaning of the reserves at the macro sociological level. The juxtaposition and interplay of two models—transmigration and multiple contracts—allows us to introduce structural elements into the movement of soldiers between the military and civilian society, and add a dynamic dimension to the contents of the implicit contracts that organize reservists’ relations with the state and military.
Hanse Cultural Geography and Communal Identity in Late-Medieval City Views of Lübeck
Authors: Tillery Laura
Published: May 2020

This article examines painted and printed city views of Lübeck, Germany, from ca. 1465 to 1540 as a lens to examine the corporate body of Hanse merchants and towns in the Baltic late-medieval urban environment. Previous studies on painted views of Lübeck in the background of Bernt Notke’s Lübeck Dance of Death and Hermen Rode’s Altarpiece of Sts. Nicholas and Viktor interpret the cityscape as a marker for the dominance of Lübeck in the Baltic Sea. In identifying the manipulated monuments and spatial distortions in representations of Lübeck, this article draws upon the social context of patronage and recent studies on the Hanse network to argue that city views of Lübeck attest to the shared urban group and cultural practices between Hanse merchants and towns. The Lübeck city view, displayed locally and extraterritorially, and further proliferated in early printed geography books, catered to the Hanse collective of intertwined consumers and markets.
STP at 75: Past Presidents Look Back…and Forward
Authors: Smith Randolph A.
Published: May 2020

As part of the updating of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology's (STP) history, STP leaders and past leaders participated in discussions of topics concerning change and evolution of STP during the last 25 years. This panel consisted of STP Past Presidents and focused on the changes they have seen in STP.
Laser-Assisted Lithotripsy With Sialendoscopy: Systematic Review of YO-IFOS Head and Neck Study Group
Authors: Chiesa-Estomba Carlos Miguel , Saga-Gutierrez Carlos , Calvo-Henriquez Christian , Lechien Jérome Rene , Cartier César , Mayo-Yanez Miguel , Larruscain-Sarasola Ehkiñe , Ayad Tareck , Walvekar Rohan R.
Published: May 2020

Introduction:

Sialolithiasis is the most common cause of symptomatic obstructive sialadenitis. Sialendoscopy represent a minimally invasive technique that has evolved significantly in the last 2 decades, with high success rates in managing sialolithiasis and allowing gland preservation. Lithotripsy assisted or not by laser represents the fragmentation of stone or lithiasis within the salivary duct followed immediately by removal of the fragmented pieces. Material and Methods: A systematic review investigating the role of laser-assisted lithotripsy with sialendoscopy (LAS) in the treatment of sialolithiasis was performed.

Results:

Sixteen papers meet inclusion criteria. The mean maximum diameter of lithiasis was 7.11 mm (min: 2 mm/max: 17 mm; standard deviation [SD]: 2.33; 95% CI = 1.573-4.463). Success rate described ranging from 71% to 100% with a mean of 87.3% (SD: 7.21; 95% CI: 5.326-11.158) and the gland preservation rate was 97%. Considering only “non retrievable–non floating stones” studies that include both parotid and submandibular stones: Eight clinical retrospectives, nonrandomized studies and 1 prospective, nonrandomized study report results from parotid and submandibular gland lithiasis. According to this, the most common gland involved was the submandibular gland (n = 153; 65.1%), in comparison to the parotid gland (n = 82; 34.8%).

Conclusion:

The current evidence supports LAS as a conservative, efficient, safe, and gland-preserving alternative technique, in experienced hands, for management of mid-size sialolith removal from major salivary glands, when the indication is appropriate.
Psychometrics of the Gratitude Questionnaire-6 in African-Americans at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Cousin Lakeshia , Redwine Laura , Bricker Christina , Kip Kevin , Buck Harleah
Published: May 2020

Psychometrics of the Gratitude Questionnaire-6, which measures dispositional gratitude, was originally estimated in healthy college students. The purpose of this study was to examine the scales’ factor structure, convergent/divergent validity, and reliability among 298 AA adults at risk for CVD in the community. Analyses were performed using bivariate correlations, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. The scale demonstrated acceptable estimates for internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.729). Our exploratory factor analysis results yielded a one-factor structure consistent with the original instrument, and the confirmatory factor analysis model was a good fit. Convergent/divergent validity was supported by the association with positive affect (coefficient = 0.482, 95% CI = [0.379, 0.573], spiritual well-being (coefficient = 0.608, 95% CI = [0.519, 0.685], and depressive symptoms (coefficient = −0.378, 95% CI = [−0.475, −0.277]. Findings supported the scale’s reliability and convergent/divergent validity among AAs at risk for CVD.
Development of a Synthetic Training Model for Canine Thoracocentesis
Authors: Haller Nicolas , Reiss Jacob , Seipel Frank , Weishar Robert , Alden Zachary , Puccinelli Tracy Jane , Walker Julie
Published: May 2020

Thoracocentesis, a procedure in which air or fluid is removed from the pleural space, is used to relieve respiratory distress, and as a diagnostic procedure in human and veterinary medicine. Veterinary students commonly learn and practice the procedure on canine cadavers which are in limited supply and are not amenable to long-term storage and use. Practicing thoracocentesis on a cadaveric model also provides limited feedback indicative of success and/or procedural complications. One commercial model for practicing canine thoracocentesis is available, but it costs over US$2000 and is excessively bulky. In order to improve the learning process for veterinary students, we have developed a reusable synthetic canine thorax model that accurately replicates the thoracocentesis procedure, provides immediate feedback to the students and reduces the need for canine cadavers. The low cost of our product provides an efficient alternative to cadavers for instruction in veterinary schools or hospitals.
The Role of Parents’ Disapproval of Peers and Monitoring on Immigrant and Native Youth’s Participation in Organized Sports in Sweden: The Mediating Role of Engagement in Delinquent Activities
Authors: Jaf Darun , Özdemir Metin , Bayram Özdemir Sevgi
Published: May 2020

The aim of the present study was (a) to investigate the effect of perceived parents’ disapproval of peer relations and perceived parental monitoring on youth’s engagement in organized sports activities, (b) to examine whether youth’s engagement in delinquent behaviors mediates the link between parents’ behaviors and youth’s participation in and dropout from organized sports, and (c) to test whether the mediation process is moderated by youth’s immigrant background. Data were collected from immigrant and Swedish adolescents ( N = 687) in seventh grade over two consecutive years. Our main findings revealed that youth who disclose their whereabouts to parents and whose parents practice control are less likely to engage in delinquent behaviors, and, in turn, more likely to engage in organized sports. The findings were similar with respect to sports dropout. Most importantly, these results hold for both immigrant and Swedish youth.
Linear–quadratic optimal steady state controllers for engineering students and practicing engineers
Authors: Radisavljevic-Gajic Verica
Published: May 2020

This paper is an overview of fundamental linear–quadratic optimal control techniques used for linear dynamic systems. The presentation is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students and practicing engineers. The paper can be used by class instructors as supplemental material for undergraduate and graduate control system courses. The paper shows how to find the solution to a dynamic optimization problem: optimize an integral quadratic performance criterion along trajectories of a linear dynamic system over an infinite time period (steady-state linear–quadratic optimal control problem). The solution is obtained by solving a static optimization problem. All derivations done in the paper require only elementary knowledge of linear algebra and state space linear system analysis. The results are presented also for the observer-driven linear–quadratic steady-state optimal controller, output feedback-based linear–quadratic optimal controller, and the Kalman filter-driven linear–quadratic stochastic optimal controller. Having full understanding of derivations of the linear–quadratic optimal controller, observer-driven linear–quadratic optimal controller, optimal linear–quadratic output feedback controller, and optimal linear–quadratic stochastic controller, students and engineers will feel confident to use these controllers in numerous engineering and scientific applications. Several optimal linear–quadratic control case studies involving models of real physical systems, with the corresponding Simulink block diagrams and MATLAB codes, are included in the paper.
Upgrading the FHWA Work Zone Model Version 2.0 and Validating Its Performance along I-91 in Springfield, Massachusetts
Authors: Berthaume Andrew , Berg Ian , Kiriazes Rebecca , O’Donnell Brian , Zitzow-Childs Stephen , Nwana Tema
Published: May 2020

Freeway work zones can have significant safety and operational impacts. To mitigate these, planners and engineers rely on accurate simulation tools to assess various work zone design and scheduling alternatives. Microsimulation models are often used to predict traffic conditions along freeways, however, they were not created to replicate car-following through work zones and therefore cannot be used to accurately predict work zone impacts. So that practitioners can use microsimulation to better predict work zone impacts, FHWA created the Work Zone Driver Model v1.0 (FHWA v1.0) software that overrides car-following in commercial microsimulation software packages for work zone segments. FHWA v1.0 was tested in a 2017 case study. Results showed acceptable performance, however, there were opportunities to improve the software’s usability and accuracy. Findings were used to upgrade the software and create the FHWA Work Zone Driver Model v2.0 (FHWA v2.0). This paper demonstrates the enhanced capabilities of FHWA v2.0 by interfacing with VISSIM and recreating the 2017 case study, testing its performance along the same interstate work zone in Springfield, MA. FHWA v2.0’s performance was compared with field data, with Wiedemann 99 (W99), and with FHWA v1.0. Performance metrics were selected to align with state departments of transportation (DOTs) work zone management efforts. Results show improved performance from FHWA v2.0 as it predicted queue lengths, queue locations, and travel speeds more accurately than FHWA v1.0 and W99. The enhanced software also addressed some of the variability and merging issues described in the 2017 case study. Next steps are described.