bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential Applications of NRF2 Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Panieri Emiliano , Saso Luciano
Published: April 2019

The NRF2/KEAP1 pathway represents one of the most important cell defense mechanisms against exogenous or endogenous stressors. Indeed, by increasing the expression of several cytoprotective genes, the transcription factor NRF2 can shelter cells and tissues from multiple sources of damage including xenobiotic, electrophilic, metabolic, and oxidative stress. Importantly, the aberrant activation or accumulation of NRF2, a common event in many tumors, confers a selective advantage to cancer cells and is associated to malignant progression, therapy resistance, and poor prognosis. Hence, in the last years, NRF2 has emerged as a promising target in cancer treatment and many efforts have been made to identify therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting its prooncogenic role. By summarizing the results from past and recent studies, in this review, we provide an overview concerning the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway, its biological impact in solid and hematologic malignancies, and the molecular mechanisms causing NRF2 hyperactivation in cancer cells. Finally, we also describe some of the most promising therapeutic approaches that have been successfully employed to counteract NRF2 activity in tumors, with a particular emphasis on the development of natural compounds and the adoption of drug repurposing strategies.
Periodontal Management of Cyclosporin A-Induced Gingival Overgrowth: A Nonsurgical Approach
Authors: Malek Rayhana , El Houari Bouchra , Kissa Jamila
Published: April 2019

Gingival overgrowth is a major and frequent unwanted effect accompanying the chronic usage of antihypertensive, anticonvulsant, and immunosuppressant drugs. The expression and the severity of this tissue-specific condition are influenced by a variety of factors, mainly drug and periodontal variables. Such increased volume of gingiva may compromise normal oral functions, aesthetics in addition to the patients’ ability to practice optimal oral hygiene. The management of gingival overgrowth includes nonsurgical approach, surgical approach, or both of them for severe cases of gingival overgrowth as well as drug withdrawal. This case report illustrates a successful nonsurgical management of a 21-year-old patient with cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth who experienced a total regression of the gingival enlargement without any surgical procedure or drug substitution. And it highlights therefore the key role of supportive periodontal therapy in maintaining good and stable outcomes over 2 years of follow-up.
Downregulation of TNF-α/TNF-R1 Signals by AT-Lipoxin A4 May Be a Significant Mechanism of Attenuation in SAP-Associated Lung Injury
Authors: Yu Suhui , Xie Jianming , Xiang Yukai , Dai Shengjie , Yu Dinglai , Sun Hongwei , Chen Bicheng , Zhou Mengtao
Published: April 2019

Our previous studies verified the potent anti-inflammatory effects against severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) of AT-Lipoxin A4 and their analogues. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of AT-Lipoxin A4 on SAP-associated lung injury are not thoroughly known. We used western blot, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunofluorescence to investigate the downregulation of TNF-α signals in cellular and animal models of SAP-associated lung injury following AT-Lipoxin A4 intervention. In vitro, we found that AT-Lipoxin A4 markedly suppressed protein expression in TNF-α signals in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell, such as tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), TNF-R1-associated death domain (TRADD), receptor-interacting protein (RIP), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin. Moreover, AT-Lipoxin A4 inhibited downstream signals activated by TNF-α, including NF-κB/p65, JNK/MAPK, and ERK/MAPK. In vivo, AT-Lipoxin A4 significantly decreased pathological scores of the pancreas and lungs and the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Immunofluorescence, western blotting, and real-time PCR assay showed that AT-Lipoxin A4 significantly attenuated the expression of TNF-R1, TRADD, TRAF2, and RIP in the lungs of SAP rats. In addition, the activation of NF-κB was also downregulated by AT-Lipoxin A4 administration as compared with SAP rats. AT-Lipoxin A4 could inhibit the production of proinflammatory mediators and activation of TNF-α downstream signals such as NF-κB and MAPK. Downregulation of TNF-α signals by AT-Lipoxin A4 may be a significant mechanism in the attenuation of SAP-associated lung injury.
Electromagnetic Scattering of Rough Ground Surface Covered by Multilayers Vegetation
Authors: Yang Yuqi , Luo Wei , Yin Bo , Ren Yi
Published: April 2019

A microwave scattering model is proposed for the ground surface covered with multilayers vegetation. The vegetation leaves are simulated with the discrete elliptical particles in layers, which are randomly distributed above the randomly rough surface. The finite element method is applied to solve the scattering magnetic field equation based on the Dirichlet boundary, and the relationship between the radar cross section and bidirectional reflectance distribution function is deduced with the coherent scattering field. The internal mechanism of microwave scattering of multilayers vegetation is explored with the numerical results, and the relationship of vegetation growing parameter with scattering characteristic is established.
GATA1 Promotes Gemcitabine Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer through Antiapoptotic Pathway
Authors: Chang Zhenyu , Zhang Yanan , Liu Jie , Guan Chengjian , Gu Xinjin , Yang Zelong , Ye Qinong , Ding Lihua , Liu Rong
Published: April 2019

Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is the first-line treatment for pancreatic cancer. However, chemoresistance is a major obstacle to drug efficacy, leading to poor prognosis. Little progress has been achieved although multiple mechanisms are investigated. Therefore, effective strategies are urgently needed to overcome drug resistance. Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factor GATA binding protein 1 (GATA1) promotes gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer through antiapoptotic pathway. GATA1 is highly expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissues, and GATA1 status is an independent predictor of prognosis and response to gemcitabine therapy. Further investigation demonstrates GATA1 is involved in both intrinsic and acquired gemcitabine resistance in PDAC cells. Mechanistically, we find that GATA1 upregulates Bcl-XL expression by binding to its promoter and thus induces gemcitabine resistance through enhancing Bcl-XL mediated antiapoptosis invitroand invivo. Moreover, in PDAC patients, Bcl-XL expression is positively correlated with GATA1 level and predicts clinical outcomes and gemcitabine response. Taken together, our results indicate that GATA1 is a novel marker and potential target for pancreatic cancer. Targeting GATA1 combined with Bcl-XL may be a promising strategy to enhance gemcitabine response.
The Polymorphism rs17525495 of LTA4H Is Associated with Susceptibility of Crohn’s Disease instead of Intestinal Tuberculosis in a Chinese Han Population
Authors: Yu Zi-qi , Wang Wen-fei , Zhu Chuan-zhi , Zhang Ke-hong , Chen Xin-chun , Chen Jian-yong
Published: April 2019

Background. Because of the similarity of intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn’s disease in disease phenotype, differential diagnosis has always been a clinical problem. Arachidonic acid metabolites play an important role in the inflammatory response of intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn’s disease. Recent studies have shown that the polymorphism locus in the promoter region ofLTA4Hgene affects LTB4 expression level and the susceptibility to extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Thus, we identified a total of 148 patients with intestinal tuberculosis, 145 with Crohn’s disease, and 700 normal controls in this study.Methods. All the study participants were local Han people from Jiangxi Province in the past eleven years. DNA was extracted from the paraffin-embedded specimens or the whole blood. TheLTA4Hpromoter SNP (rs17525495) was genotyped with TaqMan assay.Results. The T-alleles frequency was not significantly increased in patients with intestinal tuberculosis compared with healthy control group (p=0.630; OR=1.07; 95%CI=0.81-1.41), while patients with Crohn’s disease have significantly increased T allele frequency compared with healthy population (p=0.032; OR=1.34; 95%CI=1.03-1.75). During treatment, the presence of the T allele significantly increased the proportion of Crohn’s patients requiring glucocorticoids (p<0.05).Conclusions. The T allele ofLTA4Hgene SNP (rs17525495) is a risk factor for Crohn’s disease instead of intestinal tuberculosis. More importantly, there may be a potential association of the different genotypes of rs17525495 with the treatment efficacy of 5-ASA and glucocorticoids in patients with Crohn’s disease. The association betweenLTA4Hpolymorphism and drugs therapeutic effects might contribute to the practice of precision medicine and the prediction of clinical outcomes.
PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Alterations Promote Malignant Progression and Xenograft Formation in Oligodendroglial Tumors
Authors: Tateishi Kensuke , Nakamura Taishi , Juratli Tareq A. , Williams Erik A. , Matsushita Yuko , Miyake Shigeta , Nishi Mayuko , Miller Julie J. , Tummala Shilpa S. , Fink Alexandria L. , Lelic Nina , Koerner Mara V.A. , Miyake Yohei , Sasame Jo , Fujimoto Kenji , Tanaka Takahiro , Minamimoto Ryogo , Matsunaga Shigeo , Mukaihara Shigeo , Shuto Takashi , Taguchi Hiroki , Udaka Naoko , Murata Hidetoshi , Ryo Akihide , Yamanaka Shoji , Curry William T. , Dias-Santagata Dora , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Ichimura Koichi , Batchelor Tracy T. , Chi Andrew S. , Iafrate A. John , Wakimoto Hiroaki , Cahill Daniel P.
Published: April 2019

Purpose:

Oligodendroglioma has a relatively favorable prognosis, however, often undergoes malignant progression. We hypothesized that preclinical models of oligodendroglioma could facilitate identification of therapeutic targets in progressive oligodendroglioma. We established multiple oligodendroglioma xenografts to determine if the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway drives tumor progression.

Experimental Design:

Two anatomically distinct tumor samples from a patient who developed progressive anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AOD) were collected for orthotopic transplantation in mice. We additionally implanted 13 tumors to investigate the relationship between PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway alterations and oligodendroglioma xenograft formation. Pharmacologic vulnerabilities were tested in newly developed AOD models in vitro and in vivo.

Results:

A specimen from the tumor site that subsequently manifested rapid clinical progression contained a PIK3CA mutation E542K, and yielded propagating xenografts that retained the OD/AOD-defining genomic alterations (IDH1R132H and 1p/19q codeletion) and PIK3CAE542K, and displayed characteristic sensitivity to alkylating chemotherapeutic agents. In contrast, a xenograft did not engraft from the region that was clinically stable and had wild-type PIK3CA. In our panel of OD/AOD xenografts, the presence of activating mutations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was consistently associated with xenograft establishment (6/6, 100%). OD/AOD that failed to generate xenografts did not have activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR alterations (0/9, P < 0.0001). Importantly, mutant PIK3CA oligodendroglioma xenografts were vulnerable to PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors in vitro and in vivo—evidence that mutant PIK3CA is a tumorigenic driver in oligodendroglioma.

Conclusions:

Activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is an oncogenic driver and is associated with xenograft formation in oligodendrogliomas. These findings have implications for therapeutic targeting of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation in progressive oligodendrogliomas.
HBx-K130M/V131I Promotes Liver Cancer in Transgenic Mice via AKT/FOXO1 Signaling Pathway and Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
Authors: Chiu Amy P. , Tschida Barbara R. , Sham Tung-Ting , Lo Lilian H. , Moriarity Branden S. , Li Xiao-Xiao , Lo Regina C. , Hinton David E. , Rowlands Dewi K. , Chan Chi-On , Mok Daniel K.W. , Largaespada David A. , Warner Nadia , Keng Vincent W.
Published: April 2019

Chronic hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection remains a high underlying cause for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide, while the genetic mechanisms behind this remain unclear. This study elucidated the mechanisms contributing to tumor development induced by the HBV X (HBx) gene of predominantly Asian genotype B HBV and its common HBx variants. To compare the potential tumorigenic effects of K130M/V131I (Mut) and wild-type (WT) HBx on HCC, the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system was used to deliver HBx Mut and WT into the livers of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah)-deficient mice and in the context of transformation related protein 53 (Trp53) deficiency. From our results, HBx Mut had a stronger tumorigenic effect than its WT variant. Also, inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis were evident in HBx experimental animals. Reduction of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) with increased phosphorylation of upstream serine/threonine kinase (AKT) was detected under HBx Mut overexpression. Thus, it is proposed that HBx Mut enhances disease progression by reducing FOXO1 via phosphorylation of AKT. At the metabolomic level, HBx altered the expression of genes that participated in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, as a result of inflammation via accumulation of proinflammatory factors such as prostaglandins and leukotriene in liver. Taken together, the increased rate of HCC observed in chronic hepatitis B patients with K130M/V131I-mutated X protein, may be due to changes in AA metabolism and AKT/FOXO1 signaling.

Implications:

Our findings suggested that HBx-K130M/V131I–mutant variant promoted HCC progression by activating AKT/FOXO1 pathway and inducing stronger inflammation in liver via AA metabolism.
Amyloid β42 and Total Tau Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid Associate with Survival in an 85-Year-Old Population-Based Cohort Followed until Death
Authors: Ribbe Mats , Kern Silke , Börjesson Hansson Anne , Östling Svante , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Skoog Ingmar
Published: April 2019

Background: Dementia of Alzheimer’s type (AD) is related to decreased survival. It is not clear whether also biological markers of AD are related to mortality. Low levels of amyloid beta-42 (Aβ42) and high levels of total tau (T-tau) protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are established biomarkers for AD. Objective: Our aim was to investigate whether levels of Aβ42 and T-tau are associated with survival among octogenarians independently of dementia status. Methods: Sixty-five 85-year-olds underwent lumbar puncture and were followed with repeated neuropsychiatric examinations until death. Results: Lower CSF Aβ42 (p = 0.010) and higher CSF T-tau (p = 0.005) at the age of 85 were associated with lower survival independently of dementia status at baseline and follow-up. Low CSF Aβ42 and high CSF T-tau were also related to baseline dementia at the age of 85 years, and lower CSF Aβ42 with increased dementia incidence during the first 3 years of follow-up. Conclusions: Biological markers of AD are associated with mortality in octogenarians. The reason for this needs further study. Our findings highlight the importance to consider the competing risk of death when evaluating biological markers of AD in the very old.
Clopidogrel Pharmacogenetics
Authors: Pereira Naveen L. , Rihal Charanjit S. , So Derek Y.F. , Rosenberg Yves , Lennon Ryan J. , Mathew Verghese , Goodman Shaun G. , Weinshilboum Richard M. , Wang Liewei , Baudhuin Linnea M. , Lerman Amir , Hasan Ahmed , Iturriaga Erin , Fu Yi-Ping , Geller Nancy , Bailey Kent , Farkouh Michael E.
Published: April 2019

Common genetic variation in
CYP2C19
(cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 19)
*2
and
*3
alleles leads to a loss of functional protein, and carriers of these loss-of-function alleles when treated with clopidogrel have significantly reduced clopidogrel active metabolite levels and high on-treatment platelet reactivity resulting in increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, especially after percutaneous coronary intervention. The Food and Drug Administration has issued a black box warning advising practitioners to consider alternative treatment in
CYP2C19
poor metabolizers who might receive clopidogrel and to identify such patients by genotyping. However, routine clinical use of genotyping for
CYP2C19
loss-of-function alleles in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention is not recommended by clinical guidelines because of lack of prospective evidence. To address this critical gap, TAILOR-PCI (Tailored Antiplatelet Initiation to Lessen Outcomes due to Decreased Clopidogrel Response After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) is a large, pragmatic, randomized trial comparing point-of-care genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy with routine care to determine whether identifying
CYP2C19
loss-of-function allele patients prospectively and prescribing alternative antiplatelet therapy is beneficial.
Benign Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Population at Low Risk for Hematoma Growth and Poor Outcome
Authors: Li Qi , Yang Wen‐Song , Shen Yi‐Qing , Xie Xiong‐Fei , Li Rui , Deng Lan , Yang Ting‐Ting , Lv Fa‐Jin , Lv Fu‐Rong , Wu Guo‐Feng , Tang Zhou‐Ping , Goldstein Joshua N. , Xie Peng
Published: April 2019

Background

To define benign intracerebral hemorrhage (
ICH
) and to investigate the association between benign
ICH
, hematoma expansion, and functional outcome.

Methods and Results

We analyzed a prospectively collected cohort of patients with ICH, who presented within 6 hours of symptom onset between July 2011 and February 2017 to a tertiary teaching hospital. Follow‐up computed tomographic scanning was performed within 36 hours after initial computed tomographic scanning. Benign
ICH
was operationally defined as homogeneous and regularly shaped small
ICH
. The presence of benign
ICH
was judged by 2 independent reviewers (Q.L., W.Y.) on the basis of the admission computed tomographic scan. Functional independence was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2 at 3 months. The associations between benign
ICH
, hematoma expansion, and functional outcome were assessed by using multivariable logistic regression analyses. A total of 288 patients with
ICH
were included. Benign
ICH
was found in 48 patients (16.7%). None of the patients with benign
ICH
had early hematoma expansion. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of benign
ICH
for predicting functional independence at 3 months were 30.7%, 96.6%, 90.0%, 60.0%, and 0.637, respectively.

Conclusions

Patients with benign
ICH
are at low risk of hematoma expansion and poor outcome. These patients may be safe for less intensive monitoring and are unlikely to benefit from therapies aimed at preventing
ICH
expansion.
Pulse Pressure and Diabetic Eye Disease
Authors: Dart Anthony M.
Published: April 2019

See Article
Yamamoto et al
Three new Newmania species (Zingiberaceae: Zingibereae) from central Vietnam
Authors: TRẦN HỮU ÐĂNG , LƯU HỒNG TRƯỜNG , TRẦN NGỌC TOÀN , NGUYỄN THÀNH TRUNG , NGUYỄN QUỐC BÌNH , LEONG-ŠKORNIČKOVÁ JANA
Published: April 2019

Three new Newmania species, N. cristata, N. gracilis and N. sontraensis, are described here, bringing the number of species in this endemic Vietnamese genus to six. Descriptions, notes on ecology, phenology, distribution, preliminary IUCN assessments and colour plates are provided for each newly described species. An updated key to all six species and a map of their distributions are also given. We also report pseudovivipary in Newmania for the first time, namely in N. cristata.
Vriesea roberto-seidelii (Bromeliaceae): taxonomy, distribution, and conservation based on new records from the Atlantic Forest of Bahia, Espírito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: VERSIEUX LEONARDO M. , MACHADO TALITA MOTA
Published: April 2019

Vriesea roberto-seidelii is redescribed based on new specimens from Espírito Santo and from Rio de Janeiro states. It is a poorly recorded species, currently represented only by a few incomplete specimens in Brazilian herbaria. Beside the limited taxonomic treatment, we show illustrated photos with additional material supplied to complement the morphology and geographical distribution. Although originally described as related to V. lancifolia, we believe that this taxon is morphologically more closely related to V. longiscapa, from which it can be distinguished by the size of the flowering plant, size of the inflorescence and peduncle, floral bract and petal characteristics. Our data also indicate that its provenance, as mentioned for the type specimen, is incorrect. Rather than occurring in rocky fields from Chapada Diamantina habitats, the species is confined to sandy coastal plain vegetation from southern Bahia, northern Espírito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro. Pictures of live specimens, updated distributional map, and additional specimens are presented.
Meta-Analysis of Parental Involvement and Achievement in East Asian Countries
Authors: Kim Sung won
Published: April 2019

Countless meta-analytic studies document the relation between parental involvement and achievement, but they mostly include studies conducted in the United States where parental involvement is framed as a policy issue. This is the first meta-analytic study focusing on East Asian countries characterized by high achievement levels, a comparatively standardized education system, and no policy encouraging family–school relations. A meta-analysis of 15 studies retrieved from an exhaustive search of the literature reveals a positive association between parental involvement and achievement. The strength of the relation was highest for academic socialization, followed by home involvement and school involvement, similar to previous meta-analyses.
Cultural Humility for People of Color: Critique of Current Theory and Practice
Authors: Moon Sarah H. , Sandage Steven J.
Published: April 2019

Cultural humility and the broader multicultural orientation approach (MCO) is important for clinicians of color as it is for White clinicians; however, the MCO framework does not address how experiences of racism and oppression impact how therapists of color think about and practice cultural humility. This article attempts to address important ways that the dialogue around cultural humility must be nuanced for therapists of color, and will provide examples of ways in which the framework for racial/ethnic minority community is fundamentally unique, both conceptually and in application: perspectives will be provided through responding to concepts within MCO framework such as “other-oriented” stance, leaning into cultural opportunities, and cultural comfort from a person-of-color lens. We contend that the traumatic effects of racism, microaggression, intergenerational trauma, and the pressures to assimilate to White culture make it difficult for therapists to practice cultural humility in the way that it is currently discussed in the literature. The authors provide potential resources for therapists of color, and explore how it is essential to have institutional and communal resources provided in White spaces.
Shakespeare’s curtain: The stage revealed or the stage re-veiled?
Authors: Grzegorzewska Małgorzata
Published: April 2019

This article takes advantage of Jean-Luc Marion’s post-phenomenological reflection in order to analyse the different modes of seeing and looking suggested in William Shakespeare’s plays. It highlights the difference between the indoor stage, where the audience’s attention is focused on the lighted and framed space of the stage, and an open-air performance, which struggles to wrest attention from the spectator’s gaze. A theological turn in the argument accounts for the transition from the description of a concealment/discovery space in Elizabethan theatre to what the author defines as the ‘space of revelation’ recreated in contemporary theatre.
In vivo transplantation of stem cells with a genipin linked scaffold for tracheal construction
Authors: Zhong Yi , Yang Wenlong , Yin Pan Zi , Pan Shu , Zhang Si Quan , Hao Wang Zhi , Gu Sijia , Shi Hongcan
Published: April 2019

To establish the procedures of genipin-linked scaffold for in situ tracheal reconstruction in a rabbit model, and to demonstrate whether stem cells can be further differentiated in the bioreactor in vivo. It will further provide an experimental and theoretical foundation for clinical application. Previously, in vitro evaluation proved the detergent–enzymatic method effectively removed stromal epithelial cells, and the number of nuclei was reduced significantly ( p < 0.05). The content of type II collagen was not statistically reduced ( p > 0.05). Plasmids with green fluorescence protein were transfected into 293T cells, and these cells subsequently synthesized lentivirus with green fluorescence protein that could infect other cells. After in vivo experiments, macroscopic specimen observation and hematoxylin and eosin staining comparison showed that the genipin cross-linked decellularized scaffold had low immunological rejection. Blood routine proved the progenitor cells (such as mononuclear cells) can be mobilized from the bone marrow by the growth factors, to allow their circulation into the peripheral blood. The immunohistochemistry of Type II collagen after surgery showed the expression level of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantated group was statistically higher than the autologous transplantated group ( p < 0.05). The fluorescences of Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNCs) were traced after the specimens harvested. It successfully demonstrated that the procedures combining stem cells with the genipin cross-linked decellularized scaffold could apply to in situ airway construction. Compared to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, BMNCs can also be used to achieve chondrocyte differentiation; this procedure will avoid in vitro cell culture, shortening the time and economic costs.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Role of Sexual Objectification in the Relationship Between Alcohol Use and Sexual Assault Perpetration
Authors: Tuliao Antover P. , Landoy Bernice Vania N. , Mullet Natira D. , Canoy Nico , Klanecky Alicia K. , McChargue Dennis E.
Published: April 2019

In this study, we examined how sexual objectification can help explicate the relationship between alcohol use and sexual assault perpetration. Specifically, we examined a mediation and a moderation model. Moreover, given that gender roles and sexual norms vary across cultures, we also examined the structural invariance of the models between a U.S. male ( n = 404) and Philippines male ( n = 100) college sample. Path analyses were used to examine the mediation and the moderation model, and multiple groups analysis was utilized to examine model differences between samples. Sexual objectification fully mediated the relationship between alcohol use severity and sexual aggression. Furthermore, the mediation model was invariant between the U.S. sample and Philippines sample. A significant alcohol use severity by sexual objectification interaction effect was found for both samples. Simple slopes analysis indicated that alcohol use severity was not associated with sexual aggression among those with high sexual objectification scores. Among men with low sexual objectification scores, alcohol use severity was associated with higher likelihood toward sexual assault. For the Filipino sample, the impact of alcohol consumption on sexual aggression is more pronounced compared with the U.S. sample. Sexual objectification is a key variable in understanding the alcohol use—sexual aggression relationship. Country differences in alcohol use, cultural meanings of Filipino masculinity, and sexual norms and behaviors accounts for noninvariance in the moderation model. Implications for sexual assault reduction programs were also discussed.
Intimate Partner Violence in Nicaragua: The Role of Possessive Jealousy, Intrasexual Competitiveness, Life History, Mate Value, and Stress
Authors: Buunk Abraham P. , Massar Karlijn
Published: April 2019

Using an evolutionary perspective, we examined predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the Department of the Rio San Juan in Nicaragua. Specifically, we focused on possessive jealousy, intrasexual competitiveness, life history strategy, mate value, and stress. The sample consisted of 199 men and 201 women (mean age = 36.48, SD = 10.47) from the general population who were all personally interviewed. For all variables, validated measures were used. The data were analyzed for men and women separately, using regression analyses. In contrast to previous research and our expectations, possessive jealousy was not related to IPV among men or women. Rather, among men, IPV was independently predicted by (a) intrasexual competitiveness, (b) a fast life history strategy, (c) a low mate value, and (d) stress, together explaining 35% of the variance. Among women, violence against one’s partner was only predicted by intrasexual competitiveness (3% explained variance). These results suggest that perpetration of IPV in Nicaragua may have qualitative different roots among men than among women, and that for men, more “triggers” are present which may evoke aggression toward their partners. These results are discussed in light of their relevance for theory and practice.
A two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada, part 2: causes of morbidity and mortality
Authors: Brochu Nancy M. , Guerin Michele T. , Varga Csaba , Lillie Brandon N. , Brash Marina L. , Susta Leonardo
Published: April 2019

Non-commercial poultry flocks (referred to as “small flocks”) have become increasingly popular in Canada. Despite this popularity, little is known about the main causes of morbidity and mortality (health status) in these flocks. We assessed the baseline prevalence of infectious and non-infectious diseases among Ontario’s small poultry flocks by conducting a prospective surveillance study over a 2-y period. With the owner’s consent, for each bird ( n = 245) submitted to the Animal Health Laboratory, we performed a postmortem examination, including ancillary tests to reach a diagnosis. Infectious diseases were the most common primary cause of clinical signs or death (62%), with multifactorial respiratory diseases (21%) and Marek’s disease (11%) being most frequent. Multifactorial respiratory diseases were commonly caused by coinfection with bacteria (e.g., Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae, Escherichia coli, Avibacterium spp.) and viruses, such as infectious bronchitis and infectious laryngotracheitis viruses. No federally reportable diseases were diagnosed. The health status of small flocks in Ontario has not been reported previously, to our knowledge, and the data presented herein will produce helpful baseline information for the development of technology transfer material directed to owners and veterinarians, which will ultimately aid in the control of diseases among these flocks.
Infections and pathology of free-roaming backyard chickens on St. Kitts, West Indies
Authors: Bolfa Pompei , Callanan John J. , Ketzis Jenifer , Marchi Silvia , Cheng Trista , Huynh Hieuhanh , Lavinder Tiffany , Boey Kenneth , Hamilton Clare , Kelly Patrick
Published: April 2019

Free-roaming chickens on Caribbean islands are important sentinels for local avian diseases and those introduced by birds migrating through the Americas. We studied 81 apparently healthy unvaccinated free-roaming chickens from 9 parishes on St. Kitts, an eastern Caribbean island. Using commercial ELISAs, no chickens had antibodies against avian influenza virus, West Nile virus, or Salmonella Enteritidis, although seropositivity was high to infectious bursal disease virus (86%), infectious bronchitis virus (84%), Mycoplasma (37%), and avian avulavirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus, 31%). Examination of small and large intestinal contents revealed cestodes in 79% and nematodes in 75% of the chickens. Although ectoparasites and endoparasites were common (74% and 79%, respectively), only a few chickens had lesions at postmortem examination, mainly intestinal serosal nodules (12%) and feather loss (6%). Histologic examination of 18 organs from each bird revealed lesions in high percentages of organs, mainly the liver (86%), lung (75%), spleen (60%), small intestine (56%), skin (42%), and kidney (40%). Lesions included degenerative, reactive, inflammatory, and neoplastic, and were not correlated with the serologic status of the chickens except in one case of infectious bursal disease. Microscopically, Paratanaisia bragai was seen in the kidneys of 3 chickens and intestinal coccidiasis in 1 chicken. Pulmonary silicate aggregates were common, were present in intestinal serosal nodules, and were suggestive of environmental exposure.
Social determinants of adolescent smoking over three generations
Authors: Doku David Teye , Acacio-Claro Paulyn Jean , Koivusilta Leena , Rimpelä Arja
Published: April 2019

Aim: We studied how multigenerational socioeconomic circumstances influence adolescents’ smoking. Previous studies have shown that low academic achievement as well as parents’ low socioeconomic circumstances are associated with adolescents’ smoking, but there are few studies on grandparents’ influence on their grandchildren’s smoking. For the chain of three generations, we hypothesised that high socioeconomic circumstances of both parents and grandparents decrease the probability of smoking and adolescents’ own education and circumstances contribute to this association. We further investigated the role of intergenerational social mobility. Method: Survey data from 1979 to 1997 on 12- to 18-year-old Finns ( n=54,487) were linked with 1970–2009 registry-based data of their grandparents, parents and themselves. Socioeconomic circumstances among parents and grandparents were measured by socioeconomic status, education and material resources and among adolescents by academic achievement, educational orientation, family structure and parental smoking. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the associations. Results: Associations of adolescent smoking with grandparental socioeconomic circumstances were weak and mediated through parental circumstances. Parental smoking and divorce and living in a non-intact family increased smoking. Adolescents’ low academic achievement and orientation to low education level were the most important predictors of smoking. Upward intergenerational social mobility between fathers and children decreased the risk of smoking, whereas downward mobility increased it. Conclusions: The influence of grandparents’ low socioeconomic circumstances on grandchildren’s smoking is mediated through parents’ socioeconomic circumstances. Low academic achievement in adolescence is a strong predictor of smoking and adolescents orient towards the group of their future education level, not that of their parents.
Cost savings following faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
Authors: Dehlholm-Lambertsen Emilie , Hall Bianca K. , Jørgensen Simon M. D. , Jørgensen Christine W. , Jensen Mia E. , Larsen Sara , Jensen Josephine S. , Ehlers Lars , Dahlerup Jens F. , Hvas Christian L.
Published: April 2019

Background:

Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (rCDI) is becoming increasingly common. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is effective for rCDI, but the costs of an FMT and hospital cost savings related to FMT are unknown. The aim of this study was to calculate the cost of an FMT and the total hospital costs before and after FMT.

Methods:

This was an observational single-centre study, carried out in a public teaching hospital. We included all patients referred for rCDI from January 2014 through December 2015 and documented costs related to donor screening, laboratory processing, and clinical FMT application. We calculated patient-related hospital costs 1 year before FMT (pre-FMT) and 1 year after FMT (post-FMT). Sensitivity analyses were applied to assess the robustness of the results.

Results:

We included 50 consecutive adult patients who had a verified diagnosis of rCDI and were referred for FMT. The average cost of an outpatient FMT procedure if donor faeces were applied by colonoscopy was €3,326 per patient and €2,864 if donor faeces were applied using a nasojejunal tube. The total annual pre-FMT hospital costs per patient were €56,415 (95% confidence interval (CI) 41,133–71,697), and these costs dropped by 42% to €32,816 (22,618–42,014) post-FMT ( p = 0.004). The main cost driver was hospital admissions. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated cost reductions in all scenarios.

Conclusions:

In a public hospital with an implemented FMT service, the average cost of FMT applied by either colonoscopy or nasojejunal tube was €3,095. Total hospital costs dropped by 42% the first year after FMT. The reduction was mainly caused by reductions in the number of hospital admissions and in length of stay.
Tranexamic acid use is associated with lower transfusion rates in shoulder arthroplasty patients with preoperative anaemia
Authors: Clay T Bradly , Lawal A Sayo , Wright Thomas W , Patrick Matthew , Struk Aimee M , Farmer Kevin W , King Joseph J
Published: April 2019

Background

We evaluate tranexamic acid use in high-risk shoulder arthroplasty patients, hypothesizing that tranexamic acid will decrease transfusion rates in patients with low preoperative haematocrit.

Methods

A retrospective review of shoulder arthroplasty patients with preoperative anaemia compared those treated with and without perioperative tranexamic acid. Inclusion criterion was any shoulder arthroplasty with a preoperative haematocrit (Hct) <38%. Tranexamic acid was given generally as 1 g intravenously before incision and 1 g during wound closure; topical tranexamic acid was used in cases of contraindication to IV tranexamic acid. Preoperative Hct, postoperative Hct, estimated blood loss, preoperative anticoagulation use, American Society of Anesthesiologist score, transfusion rate and demographic data were compared between groups with and without tranexamic acid.

Results

Of the 435 arthroplasties performed, 109 patients had preoperative Hct < 38% (haemoglobin of 12.7 g/dL); 69 had tranexamic acid perioperatively and 40 did not. Demographics, anticoagulation use, diagnosis, arthroplasty types, estimated blood loss and preoperative Hct were similar between groups. The tranexamic acid group had a higher postoperative Hct, significantly lower transfusion rate and significantly smaller drop in Hct. Hct levels, Hct change and transfusion rate for topical versus intravenous tranexamic acid were not significantly different.

Discussion

Perioperative tranexamic acid in high-risk shoulder arthroplasty patients with preoperative Hct <38% is associated with higher postoperative Hct and lower transfusion rates.
The Importance of Literary Rhythm When Translating Psalms for Oral Performance (in Zulu)
Authors: Dickie June F.
Published: April 2019

Poetry must be heard, and heard in a way that is pleasing and memorable. Much of the beauty and rhetorical power of poetry arises from prosody, that is, patterns of rhythm and sound. Rhythm is composed of four elements that work together to provide aesthetic and emotive strength. It is an important feature of both biblical and Zulu poetry, and thus the translator of psalms (translating into Zulu or any Bantu language) must pay attention to aural components of the source and receptor texts. A recent empirical study invited Zulu youth to participate in translating and performing three praise psalms. They learned the basics of Bible translation and poetics, including rhythm, and their translations show a sensitivity to Zulu poetry and music that makes them highly rhythmic and singable. The underlying understanding of “translating with rhythm” can be applied to other languages and is an essential element of translating biblical poetry.
Governing migrant mobility through mobility: Containment and dispersal at the internal frontiers of Europe
Authors: Tazzioli Martina
Published: April 2019

This article focuses on the twofold relationship between migrants’ mobility and modes of government, suggesting that mobility is an object of government and, at once, a technique for governing migrants. It focuses on mobility as a technology of government, investigating how intra-European migration movements are managed by national authorities, with particular attention to illegalized migrants who fall under the Dublin Regulation. Building on ethnographic research conducted between 2015 and 2017, the article centres first on the Italian–French border (Ventimiglia) and on the Swiss–Italian border (Como). Then, it moves on exploring how migrants are currently managed in France, being transferred from Calais to hosting centres across the country. It highlights how migrants’ movements are controlled, disrupted and diverted not (only) through detention and immobility but by generating effects of containment keeping migrants on the move and forcing them to engage in convoluted geography. It shows that one of the main strategies for governing migration through mobility consists in the politics of migrant dispersal, that is by scattering migrants across spaces and dividing emergent migrant groups.
Effects of patient suicide on psychiatrists: survey of experiences and support required
Authors: Gibbons Rachel , Brand Fiona , Carbonnier Anne , Croft Alison , Lascelles Karen , Wolfart Gislene , Hawton Keith
Published: April 2019

Aims and method

Death of patients by suicide can have powerful effects on psychiatrists. We report the findings of a survey completed by 174 psychiatrists on the effects of patient suicide on their emotional well-being and clinical practice, and the support and resources they felt would be helpful.

Results and clinical implications

The death of a patient by suicide usually had a major effect on respondents. Clinical practice was often negatively affected, and over a quarter of respondents considered a change of career path as a result. There were some gender differences in responses, with women reporting more sense of responsibility for the deaths and a greater effect on their clinical confidence. Desired support included a senior suicide lead clinician, support during formal post-suicide processes, opportunity for reflection on practice, information about resources to support families and help communicating with families and friends of the deceased.
Anesthetic Management of Patients After Traumatic Injury With Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta
Authors: Engdahl Ashton J. , Parrino Christopher R. , Wasicek Philip J. , Galvagno Samuel M. , Brenner Megan L. , Anders Megan G. , Conti Bianca , Rock Peter , McCunn Maureen
Published: April 2019

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a temporizing maneuver for noncompressible torso hemorrhage. To our knowledge, this single-center brief report provides the most extensive anesthetic data published to date on patients who received REBOA. As anticipated, patients were critically ill, exhibiting lactic acidosis, hypotension, hyperglycemia, hypothermia, and coagulopathy. All patients received blood products during their index operations and received less inhaled anesthetic gas than normally required for healthy patients of the same age. This study serves as an important starting point for clinician education and research into anesthetic management of patients undergoing REBOA.
Effect of Right-Lateral Versus Left-Lateral Tilt Position on Compression of the Inferior Vena Cava in Pregnant Women Determined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Fujita Nobuko , Higuchi Hideyuki , Sakuma Shiori , Takagi Shunichi , Latif Mahbub A. H. M. , Ozaki Makoto
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND:

Despite the existing dogma that women undergoing cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia should be positioned with a 15° left-lateral tilt, the patients were actually positioned in a right-lateral tilt position in several of the original studies. The superiority of right versus left positioning for optimal inferior vena cava volume is unknown. We used magnetic resonance imaging to compare the effects of right-lateral and left-lateral tilt positions on abdominal aortic and inferior vena cava volumes in pregnant women.

METHODS:

Thirteen women with singleton pregnancies and gestational age 31–39 weeks underwent magnetic resonance imaging while in the supine position, and in the left-lateral (15° and 30°) and right-lateral tilt (15° and 30°) positions, which were maintained by placing a 1.5-m–long piece of polyethylene foam under either side of the body. Abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava volume were measured between the L1–L2 disk and L3–L4 disk levels using magnetic resonance images.

RESULTS:

Aortic volume did not differ significantly among any of the positions examined. Mean inferior vena cava volume was significantly greater in the 30° left-lateral tilt position than in the 15° right-lateral tilt (10.7 ± 7.5 vs 5.9 ± 5.1 mL; mean difference, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.2–8.5; P = .002) and 30° right-lateral tilt (10.7 ± 7.5 vs 5.9 ± 2.5 mL; mean difference, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.2–8.4; P = .002) positions. Mean inferior vena cava volume in the 15° left-lateral tilt position did not differ significantly from that in the 15° right-lateral tilt (mean difference, 0.4; 95% CI, −3.2 to 4.0; P = 1.000) or 30° right-lateral tilt (mean difference, 0.4; 95% CI, −3.3 to 4.0; P = 1.000) positions. Mean inferior vena cava volume in the supine position only differed significantly from that in the 30° left-lateral tilt position (5.2 ± 3.8 vs 10.7 ± 7.5 mL; mean difference, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.8–9.1; P < .001). The greatest inferior vena cava volume was observed in the 30° left-lateral tilt position in 9 of 13 subjects (70%), and in the 30° right-lateral tilt in 3 subjects (23%).

CONCLUSIONS:

The 30° left-lateral tilt position most consistently reduced inferior vena cava compression by the gravid uterus compared with the supine position. Mean inferior vena cava volume in pregnant women was not increased at either angle of the right-lateral tilt position compared with the 30° left-lateral tilt position. However, in a subset of patients, the 30° right-lateral tilt position achieved the optimal inferior vena cava volume. Further investigation to understand this variability is warranted.
Lessons Learned From a Burn-Injured Pediatric Patient With Dandy–Walker Syndrome After Multiple Anesthetics: A Case Report
Authors: Khan Asif , Kurtz Brian , Ambardekar Aditee
Published: April 2019

Dandy–Walker syndrome is a rare congenital brain malformation that requires unique anesthetic considerations. We present a rare case of an 18-month-old boy with Dandy–Walker syndrome presenting with 17% total body surface area burns undergoing multiple general anesthetics for both operative and bedside procedures. Numerous lessons were learned during multiple anesthetics, which influenced and guided our subsequent anesthetic management. The preoperative assessment, risk for respiratory apnea, opioid management, risk for laryngospasm, and postoperative care of patients with Dandy–Walker syndrome were all lessons learned.
Anesthetic Considerations in Cobb Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Minagar Milad , Dehghan-Tezerjani Mohammad , Khan Zahid Hussain
Published: April 2019

Cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis, popularly known as Cobb syndrome, is a rare clinical disorder predominantly presenting with a vascular skin lesion and a spinal angioma at the same dermatomal level. Several case reports and case series have reported on the surgical management of this syndrome, but we failed to find any information about its anesthetic considerations in the Medline database. Our case report describes the perioperative anesthetic management of a 46-year-old man with Cobb syndrome.