bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The pace of secular changes of body measurements of children and adolescents from Kolkata (India) in the context of socioeconomic inequalities between the sexes
Authors: Kryst Łukasz , Żegleń Magdalena , Dasgupta Parasmani , Saha Rana , Das Rituparna , Das Sukanta
Published: January 2021

Objectives

To examine the pace of secular changes of selected body measurements and proportions of children and adolescents from Kolkata (India), between 1952–1966 and 1999–2011 in the context of differences between the sexes.

Methods

The study group consisted of 7753 children, adolescents and young adults (7–21 years of age) included in two series of studies (1952–1966 and 2005–2011). The measurements included: body height, sitting height, biacromial and biiliocristal diameters, as well as body mass. Additionally, subishial leg length was derived. The pace of the observed intergenerational trends was estimated on the basis of the differences of the mean values of the analyzed characteristics between both cohorts and expressed as the change of a given parameter for a decade. Information regarding the educational and professional status of the parents of participants was obtained using a questionnaire.

Results

In the majority of the analyzed characteristics, the pace of intergenerational changes was significantly higher among males, in comparison to females. It was visible especially during adolescence—between 11 and 19 years of age. The positive trends, especially, for characteristics such as body height or limb lengths occurred significantly quicker in males, in comparison to females.

Conclusions

There were significant differences between the sexes in the pace of secular changes regarding the growth of the examined population. Considering the relatively homogenous economic situation of the families of the participants, it was more likely that those discrepancies effected from the social and domestic division of sexes, and the resulting differences in growth and development conditions.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Heteroarenyne Cycloisomerization Reaction
Authors: Liang Ren‐Xiao , Song Ling‐Jie , Lu Jin‐Bo , Xu Wei‐Yan , Ding Chao , Jia Yi‐Xia
Published: January 2021

The extensively developed ene‐type enantioselective cycloisomerization of classical 1,n‐enynes provides an efficient approach to chiral cyclic 1,4‐dienes. In contrast, the catalytic asymmetric heteroarenyne (heteroarene–alkyne) cycloisomerization involving the dearomative transformation of endocyclic aromatic C=C bonds remains unknown. Herein, we communicate a PdH‐catalyzed enantioselective heteroarenyne cycloisomerization reaction of alkyne‐tethered indole substrates (formal 1,5‐ and 1,6‐enynes). Based on this strategy, a variety of structurally diverse chiral spiro and fused indoline derivatives bearing quaternary stereocenters and exocyclic C=C bonds are afforded in moderate to excellent yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98 % ee). The classical ene‐type enantioselective 1,5‐enyne cycloisomerization of N‐vinylpropiolamides is also developed to afford chiral 2‐pyrrolones in good to excellent ee values.
Olfactory impairment in Wilson’s disease
Authors: Chen Lei , Wang Xin , Doty Richard L. , Cao Shanshan , Yang Junxiu , Sun Feng , Yan Xiaoyan
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Olfactory dysfunction is a common and early sign of many neurodegenerative disorders, but little is known about olfactory dysfunction in Wilson’s disease (WD). We aimed to evaluate olfactory function in patients with WD and identify selective WD screening odors.

Methods

We measured olfactory identification ability in 25 patients with WD and 25 healthy controls using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Patients with WD were evaluated using the Global Assessment Scale for WD (GAS). Cognitive function was measured using the Mini–Mental State Examination.

Results

Patients with WD were worse at identifying smells in the simplified Chinese version of the UPSIT compared with healthy controls (t = 2.198, p = .033), but there was no difference in olfactory dysfunction severity between the groups (V = 136, p = .094). UPSIT scores negatively correlated with the GAS neurological scores in patients with WD (r = −0.571, p = .003). Using logistic regression with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis, two models were screened. Receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that, to discriminate WD patients from healthy controls, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for a combination of seven odors (motor oil, onion, licorice, strawberry, tire, jasmine, and natural gas) was 0.926, while the AUC for three odors (onion, licorice, and jasmine) was 0.852.

Conclusions

Patients with WD may have stable, selective olfactory impairments. This selective pattern may be a useful tool for disease diagnosis and prediction.
How I treat obesity and obesity related surgery in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: An outcome of an ELN project
Authors: Yassin Mohamed A. , Kassem Nancy , Ghassoub Rola
Published: January 2021

Obesity may affect treatment outcome in CML patients, therefore the treatment of this cohort of patients need careful monitoring, TKIs dose adjustment may be required for certain patients. Further studies are needed to determine the proper TKIs doses.
NF‐Y is critical for the proper growth of zebrafish embryonic heart and its cardiomyocyte proliferation
Authors: Chen Jing
Published: January 2021

The ubiquitous NF‐Y gene regulates the expression of different genes in various signaling pathways. However, the function of NF‐Y in zebrafish heart development is largely unknown. Previously we identified a same group of cell cycle related gene cluster (CCRG) was downregulated in the embryonic hearts with impeded growth due to various stresses. The promoter regions of these CCRG genes shared a most common motif for NF‐Y. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiment demonstrated that the binding of NF‐Y to its motif was real on the CCRG candidate gene promoters. Knockdown of embryonic NF‐Y by morpholinos led to a small heart, mimicking the abnormal heart phenotype caused by other stresses. In parallel the expression of certain CCRG candidate genes was reduced in the NF‐Y A morphant hearts exposed to malignant environments. Absence of NF‐Y A also led to undermine cardiomyocyte proliferation and hence less total number of caridomyocytes per heart. Trans‐AM Elisa experiment also found that in the presence of the stresses such as TCDD and TNNT2 MO, the binding capacity of NF‐Y A subunit to its core motif was reduced. We conclude that NF‐Y sustains proper cardiomyocyte proliferation in the heart, thus it plays a positive role in promoting early zebrafish heart growth.
Inorganic Chemistry in Latin America
Authors: Castillo Ivan , Fadini Luca , Doctorovich Fabio , Rossi Liane M. , González‐Gallardo Sandra
Published: January 2021

The European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry takes pride in showcasing the high‐quality research produced by some of the currently most active scientists in Latin America. With this initiative, we seek to highlight the breadth and depth of the science developed in the region, and to enhance its visibility in the wider chemistry community.
Fundamental mode selection thanks to metamaterial wall insertion in waveguides
Authors: Kuhler Lucille , Raveu Nathalie , Le Fur Gwenn , Duchesne Luc
Published: January 2021

In this paper, a new application of metamaterials is put forward, the selection of the fundamental mode of waveguides. To demonstrate this new application, the Modal Expansion Theory (MET) hybridized with a 2‐D Finite Element Method (FEM) is used. The procedure to design metamaterial waveguides using the MET is also introduced. This method is used to design a corrugated waveguide with a TM01 mode as fundamental mode, knowing that in metallic waveguide the fundamental mode is the TE11. As a proof of concept, this metamaterial waveguide is fabricated as well as the metallic waveguide. Both waveguides are excited with the TE11 mode, which results in a standard propagation of this mode in the metallic waveguide, and no propagation in the corrugated waveguide. To excite the TM01, a new Coaxial to Waveguide Transition is developed and presented in the paper. Both, simulations and experiments are carried out in order to verify and prove the fact that the fundamental mode of the corrugated waveguide is the TM01 mode.
Study on simplified energy‐efficient control methods of HVAC cooling water system from the global online optimization perspective
Authors: Zhao Tianyi , Wang Jiaming , Fu Peng , Wu Xiaoyan
Published: January 2021

The cooling water system is an indispensable part in the removal of the indoor cooling load in heating, ventilation, and air‐conditioning (HVAC) systems. However, the complexity and strong coupling characteristics of the controlled objects lead to unsatisfied control effects in most practical engineering applications. In this paper, the cooling water system is studied as a whole from the perspective of online application. Firstly, the mathematical models of the cooling water system are introduced and simplified based on the experimental data from the actual system. The simplified models have easy obtained inputs and programmable structure, which renders higher feasibility and practicality for the model‐based control method applied in the real system. On this base, an easily implemented control method for cooling water system is proposed to improve the global efficiency. By comparing with the conventional constant temperature difference control strategy and constant speed control strategy in the simulation platform, the proposed water flow optimization control strategy is superior in both global COP and energy saving at the same operating conditions, and 0.37% and 3.45% of energy consumption can be saved, respectively. The simulation results imply that the proposed simplified method is a referable control method for designing or retrofitting the real cooling water system.
Influence of polysaccharide‐based edible coatings on enzymatic browning and oxidative senescence of fresh‐cut lettuce
Authors: Li Li , Yi Ping , Li Changbao , Xin Ming , Sun Jian , He Xuemei , Sheng Jinfeng , Zhou Zhugui , Zheng Fengjin , Li Jiemin , Liu Guoming , Ling Dongning , Tang Jie , Li Zhichun , Yang Ying , Tang Yayuan
Published: January 2021

Fresh‐cut lettuce has a short shelf‐life due to enzymatic browning and oxidative senescence. The present study investigated effects of polysaccharide‐based edible coatings (alginate, chitosan, and carrageenan) on enzymatic browning and antioxidant defense system of fresh‐cut lettuces during cold storage (4°C) for 15 days. The results showed that three coatings could inhibit enzymatic browning through maintaining total phenolics (TP) content and decreasing polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) activities. These coatings also reduced phospholipase D (PLD) and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities, lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and enhanced antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX) activities. Besides, all coatings positively affected sensory properties of fresh‐cut lettuces after 3 days storage. Additionally, among three coating treatments, chitosan coating had the most positive effects on quality of fresh‐cut lettuce and was the most suitable coating for retarding enzymatic browning and alleviating membrane oxidative damage. These results indicated that polysaccharide‐based edible coatings were helpful to maintain quality, inhibit enzymatic browning, and postpone senescence of fresh‐cut lettuce.
Examining the relationship of immunotherapy and wound complications following flap reconstruction in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Mays Ashley C. , Yarlagadda Bharat , Achim Virginie , Jackson Ryan , Pipkorn Patrik , Huang Andrew T. , Rajasekaran Karthik , Sridharan Shaum , Rosko Andrew J. , Orosco Ryan K. , Coughlin Andrew M. , Wax Mark K. , Shnayder Yelizaveta , Spanos William C. , Farwell Donald Gregory , McDaniel Lee S. , Hanasono Matthew M. ,   American Head and Neck Society Reconstructive Microsurgery Committee
Published: January 2021

Background

Immunotherapy agents are used to treat advanced head and neck lesions. We aim to elucidate relationship between immunotherapy and surgical wound complications.

Methods

Retrospective multi‐institutional case series evaluating patients undergoing ablative and flap reconstructive surgery and immunotherapy treatment. Main outcome: wound complications.

Results

Eight‐two (62%) patients received preoperative therapy, 89 (67%) postoperative, and 33 (25%) in both settings. Forty‐one (31%) patients had recipient site complications, 12 (9%) had donor site. Nineteen (14%) had major recipient site complications, 22 (17%) had minor. There was no statistically significant difference in complications based on patient or tumor‐specific variables. Preoperative therapy alone demonstrated increased major complications (odds ratio [OR] 3.7, p = 0.04), and trend to more donor site complications (OR 7.4, p = 0.06), however treatment in both preoperative and postoperative therapy was not.

Conclusions

Preoperative immunotherapy may be associated with increased wound complications. Controlled studies are necessary to delineate this association and potential risks of therapy.
Mitochondria are devoid of poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase‐1, but harbor its product oligo(ADP‐ribose)
Authors: Köritzer Julia , Blenn Christian , Bürkle Alexander , Beneke Sascha
Published: January 2021

There are conflicting data about localization of poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase‐1 and its product poly(ADP‐ribose) in mitochondria. To finally clarify the discussion, we investigated with biochemical and cell biological methods the potential presence of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 in these organelles. Our data show that endogenous and overexpressed poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase 1 is only localized to the nucleus with a clear exclusion of cytosolic compartments. In addition, highly purified mitochondria devoid of nuclear contaminations do not contain poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase‐1. Although no poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase‐1 enzyme is detectable in mitochondria, a shorter variant of its product poly(ADP‐ribose) is present, associated specifically with a small subset of mitochondrial proteins as revealed by immunoprecipitation and protein fingerprint analysis. These proteins are located at key‐points of the Krebs‐cycle, are chaperones involved in mitochondrial functionality and quality‐control, and are RNA‐binding proteins important for transcript stability, respectively. Of note, despite the fact that especially poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase‐1 is its own major target for modification, we could not detect this enzyme by mass spectrometry in these organelles. These data suggests a new way of targeted nuclear‐mitochondrial signaling, mediated by nuclear poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation dependent on poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase‐1.
Familial variability of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis lacking typical biochemical findings
Authors: Guenzel Adam J. , DeBarber Andrea , Raymond Kimiyo , Dhamija Radhika
Published: January 2021

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of bile acid synthesis caused by pathogenic variants in the CYP27A1 gene encoding the mitochondrial enzyme sterol 27‐hydroxylase. Patients with CTX can present with a wide range of symptoms, but most often have evidence of tendon xanthomas along with possible cataracts, atherosclerosis, or neurological dysfunction. Regardless of clinical phenotype, CTX patients typically exhibit levels of cholestanol and bile acid precursors in the circulation that are many fold increased over normal control concentrations. Here we report two siblings, one with the rare spinal xanthomatosis phenotype and the other with a very mild form of CTX manifesting as minor tendon xanthomatosis and gastrointestinal complaints who both carry compound heterozygous variants in CYP27A1: NM_000784.3: c.410G > A (p.Arg137Gln) and c.1183C > T (p.Arg395Cys). However, biochemical analysis of these patients revealed normal levels of serum cholestanol and relatively mild elevations of the bile acid precursors 7α‐hydroxy‐4‐cholesten‐3‐one and 7α,12α‐dihydroxy‐4‐cholesten‐3‐one. The atypical biochemical presentation of these cases represents a diagnostic challenge for a disorder once thought to have a sensitive biomarker in cholestanol and highlight the need for thorough investigation of patients with symptomatology consistent with CTX that includes bile acid precursor biochemical testing and molecular analysis.
Consensus‐based nutrition care pathways for hospital‐to‐community transitions and older adults in primary and community care
Authors: Keller Heather , Donnelly Rachael , Laur Celia , Goharian Leila , Nasser Roseann
Published: January 2021

Background

Practical guidance for providers on preventing, detecting, and treating malnutrition in primary care (PC) and the community is limited. The purpose of this study was to develop nutrition care pathways for adult patients (aged ≥18 years) transitioning from hospital to community and community‐dwelling older adults (aged ≥65 years) who are at risk for malnutrition.

Methods

A review of best‐practice nutrition evidence and guidelines published between 2009 and 2019 was performed using PubMed and CINAHL. Findings were summarized into two draft care pathways by the Primary Care Working Group of the Canadian Malnutrition Task Force. Diverse stakeholders (n = 21) reviewed and suggested revisions at a 1‐day meeting. Revisions were made and an online survey was conducted to determine the relevance and importance of discrete care practices, and to establish consensus for which practices should be retained in the pathways. Providers (e.g., dietitians, physicians, nurses; n = 291) across healthcare settings completed the survey. Consensus on relevance and importance of practices was set at ≥80%.

Results

One hundred twenty‐eight resources were identified and used to develop the draft pathways. Survey participants assigned ratings of ≥80% for relevance and importance for all nutrition care practices, except community service providers monitoring patient weight and appetite.

Conclusion

These evidence‐ and consensus‐based nutrition pathways offer guidance to healthcare and service providers on how to deliver nutrition care during hospital‐to‐community transitions for malnourished adult patients and community‐dwelling older adults at risk for malnutrition. These pathways are flexible for diverse PC and community models.
Effect of alcoholic and acetous fermentations on the phenolic acids of Kei‐apple (Dovyalis caffra L.) fruit
Authors: Minnaar Phillip , Jolly Neil , Beukes Louisa , Benito Santiago
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

The Kei apple is a tree found on the African continent. Limited information exists on the effect of alcoholic and acetous fermentation on the phytochemicals of Kei apple. The fruit has increased concentrations of l‐malic, ascorbic, and phenolic acids among other compounds. Juice was co‐inoculated with Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sp) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) to induce alcoholic fermentation (AF). Acetous fermentation followed AF, using an acetic acid bacteria (AAB) consortium.

RESULTS

Saccharomyces cerevisiae + Sp wines and vinegars had the highest pH. Total acidity, soluble solids and l‐malic acid decreased during AF and acetous fermentation, and was highest in Sc wines and vinegars. Volatile acidity (VA) concentration was highest in Sp vinegars but was not significantly different from Sc and Sc + Sp vinegars.

Gallic acid was highest in Sp wines and vinegars, whereas syringic acid was highest in Sc wines and vinegars. The Sc + Sp wines were highest in caffeic, p‐coumaric, and protocatechuic acids. Schizosaccharomyces pombe vinegars were highest in caffeic and p‐coumaric acids. Highest concentrations of ferulic and sinapic acids were found in Sp and Sc wines, respectively. Chlorogenic acid was most abundant phenolic acid in both wines and vinegars.

CONCLUSION

Saccharomyces cerevisiae + Sp and Sc fermentation had a positive effect on most phenolic acids; Sc + AAB had an increased effect on syringic and chlorogenic acids, whereas Sp + AAB resulted in an increase in gallic, caffeic, and p‐coumaric acids. The AAB selected had minimal performance with respect to VA production in comparison to commercial vinegars. Acetic acid bacteria selection for acetous fermentation should therefore be reconsidered and the decrease of certain phenolic acids during acetous fermentation needs to be investigated. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification of genes associated with soluble sugar and organic acid accumulation in ‘Huapi’ kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) via transcriptome analysis
Authors: Wei Qing‐Jiang , Ma Qiao‐Li , Zhou Gao‐Feng , Liu Xiao , Ma Zhang‐Zheng , Gu Qing‐Qing
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

The levels and ratios of sugar and acid are important contributors to fruit taste. Kumquat is one of the most economically important citrus crops, but information on the soluble sugar and organic acid metabolism in kumquat is limited. Here, two kumquat varieties – ‘Rongan’ (RA) and its mutant ‘Huapi’ (HP) – were used to assess soluble sugar and organic acid accumulation and the related genes.

RESULTS

Soluble sugars include sucrose, glucose and fructose, while malate, quinic acid and citrate are the dominant organic acids in the fruits of both kumquat varieties. HP accumulated more sugars but fewer organic acids than did RA. Transcriptome analysis revealed 63 and 40 differentially expressed genes involved in soluble sugar and organic acid accumulation, respectively. The genes associated with sugar synthesis and transport, including SUS, SPS, TST, STP and ERD6L, were up‐regulated, whereas INVs, FRK and HXK genes related to sugar degradation were down‐regulated in HP kumquat. For organic acids, the up‐regulation of PEPC and NAD‐MDH could accelerate malate accumulation. In contrast, high expression of NAD‐IDH and GS resulted in citric acid degradation during HP fruit development. Additionally, the PK, PDH, PEPCK and FBPase genes responsible for the interconversion of soluble sugars and organic acids were also significantly altered in the early development stages in HP.

CONCLUSION

The high sugar accumulation in HP fruit was associated with up‐regulation of SUS, SPS, TST, STP and ERD6L genes. The PEPCK, PEPC, NAD‐MDH, NADP‐IDH, GS and FBPase genes played important roles in acid synthesis and degradation in HP kumquat. These findings provide further insight into understanding the mechanisms underlying metabolism of sugars and organic acids in citrus. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Rheological and microstructural characterization of wheat dough formulated with konjac glucomannan
Authors: Meng Kexin , Gao Haiyan , Zeng Jie , Zhao Jingxiang , Qin Yueqi , Li Guanglei , Su Tongchao
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

This work aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of konjac glucomannan (KGM) on the thermomechanical and pasting properties, water distribution, gelatinization, texture, and microstructural characteristics of wheat flour and dough.

RESULTS

The thermomechanical properties assessed with a Mixolab showed that KGM could increase the water absorption and degree of softening and decrease the stability time of wheat dough. In addition, wheat flour starch with KGM underwent significant (P < 0.05) gelatinization changes according to the rapid viscosity analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry results. These results demonstrated that KGM enhanced the thermal stability and anti‐aging capacity of wheat flour. All doughs with KGM exhibited viscoelastic behavior but lower hardness and gumminess. Low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance showed that water, with a tight binding force, migrated to the weaker binding forces in the dough. A noticeable disruption of the gluten network was observed at the highest level of KGM. However, an intermediate level of KGM addition (10 or 15 g kg−1 flour) still rendered dough with satisfactory properties.

CONCLUSION

A certain amount of KGM could enhance the thermal stability and anti‐aging ability of wheat flour, improve the viscoelastic behavior, and decrease the hardness and gumminess of dough. In general, the mixing of flour and dough with KGM addition of 10 or 15 g kg−1 flour was of good quality. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Evasive plankton: Size‐independent particle capture by ascidians
Authors: Jacobi Yuval , Shenkar Noa , Ward J. Evan , Rosa Maria , Ramon Guy Z. , Shavit Uri , Yahel Gitai
Published: January 2021

Direct measurements of the capture efficiency of planktonic cells by seven solitary ascidians were made in situ and in the laboratory and compared with the capture efficiency of polystyrene microspheres. The capture efficiency of the microspheres was significantly higher than that of planktonic cells over the entire tested size range (0.3–15 μm). Submicron polystyrene spheres with a surface modification consisting of an adsorbed layer of a nonionic, long‐chain surfactant were removed at lower efficiencies than uncoated particles whereas for larger microspheres (1–3 μm), the coating had no effect. Our findings strengthen the concept that some planktonic cells evade capture by mucus‐based suspension feeders, and that evasion happens throughout the pico‐ and nanoplankton size range. Thus, the common assumption that particles larger than ~ 1 μm are always captured at a 100% efficiency by ascidians should be reconsidered. Some large microalgae cells (> 3–12 μm) were captured at a lower efficiency than the largest microspheres used (3 μm) suggesting that other factors, such as surface interactions and particle shape, play an important role in capture throughout the tested size range. Furthermore, given the lack of a known active selection mechanism in ascidians, we propose that some plankton possess traits that allow them to evade predation by mucus‐based suspension feeders.
New insights into the biogeochemical cycling of copper in the subarctic Pacific: Distributions, size fractionation, and organic complexation
Authors: Wong Kuo Hong , Obata Hajime , Kim Taejin , Kondo Yoshiko , Nishioka Jun
Published: January 2021

The chemical speciation of Cu is dominated by complexation with organic ligands. However, the size fractionation of dissolved Cu and its organic ligands are not well understood. In this study, we revealed new insights into the biogeochemical cycling of Cu in the subarctic Pacific based on both chemical speciation and size fractionation analyses. Our data show that the surface waters of the subarctic Pacific contain a pool of colloidal Cu that was not observed in the subtropical South Pacific Ocean. Both soluble and colloidal Cu in the surface waters were strongly bound to organic ligands. In the intermediate waters, strong soluble Cu‐binding organic ligands were present, which could be related to the Cu uptake mechanism of methanotrophs under low oxygen environments. In deep waters, dissolved Cu concentrations increased but soluble Cu concentrations remained mostly constant, indicating that there are sources of colloidal non‐labile Cu in the benthic layer. Dissolved Cu exhibited a positive linear relationship with silicate in the upper 1500 m while soluble Cu displayed a linear relationship with silicate throughout the water column. The results of this study show that dissolved Cu is bound by organic ligands of various sizes and binding strengths throughout the water column of the subarctic Pacific, and that the characteristics of these ligands change with depth.
Isotopic reconstruction of diet at the Vandalic period (ca. 5th–6th centuries AD) Theodosian Wall cemetery at Carthage, Tunisia
Authors: Ma Ying , Bockmann Ralf , Stevens Susan T. , Roudesli‐Chebbi Sihem , Amaro Alessio , Brozou Anastasia , Fuller Benjamin T. , Mannino Marcello A.
Published: January 2021

Here we present the first isotopic investigation of a Vandalic period site (ca. 5th–6th centuries AD), the Theodosian Wall cemetery at Carthage, in modern day Tunis, Tunisia. The focus of this research is to determine the general diet and food consumption patterns of this population during this important and pivotal period of antiquity in North Africa. To this end, collagen stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N) are reported for a variety of fauna (n= 20) and humans (n= 70). The human mean±SD results (δ13C = −19.3 ± 0.4‰; δ15N = 10.7 ± 1.4‰) reflect a diet that was based predominantly on C3terrestrial plants with varying amounts of animal protein from domestic animals such as sheep/goats, cows, and pigs. No statistically significant isotopic differences between males and females, developmental age, or time period of burial were found. The isotopic results from the Theodosian Wall cemetery at Carthage are compared to eight previously published Roman and Early Byzantine sites from the Mediterranean region (Carrer Ample 1, Joan Planells, S'Hort des Llimoners (Spain); Isola Sacra, Velia, Herculaneum (Italy); Ephesus (Turkey); and Leptiminus (Tunisia)). The lack of significant amounts of marine foods in the diets of the Vandal era population at Carthage is in stark contrast to the Roman inhabitants of Leptiminus, where significant consumption of marine‐derived dietary resources was found. As Leptiminus is ~180 km southeast of Carthage, the work presented here shows that large dietary differences existed in North African populations during antiquity.
Itaconimide telechelics of polyethers, synthesis, and their impact on mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resins
Authors: Jeemol Poovathungal Abdulrahman , Mathew Suresh , Nair Chethrappilly Padmanabhan Reghunadhan
Published: January 2021

The present work focuses on the evolution in the mechanical properties of an unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) on blending with itaconimide‐end terminated polyethers, namely, polypropylene glycol (I‐PPG), polyethylene glycol (I‐PEG), and polytetra methylene oxide (I‐PTMO). Blends of an unsaturated polyester (UPR, based on propylene glycol, terephthalic, and maleic acids) resin with different loading of itaconimide end‐capped telechelics were investigated for their mechanical and thermal properties. Blending with these additives enhanced the mechanical and thermal properties of the crosslinked UPR. The impact strength and fracture toughness values were improved by more than 100% by small quantities of the additives. The improvement in fracture properties was correlatable primarily to a decrease in overall crosslink density. The distribution of the polyether chains in the cured matrix as dictated by the reactivity ratios of styrene and polyether macromer was found to have a role in deciding the properties. The properties were found to be the best for the blend toughened with I‐PPG with a molecular weight 2000 g/mole at a loading of 2.5 parts per hundred parts. On comparison with the resin blended with a maleimide‐encapped polyether of same molecular weight, the itaconimide end‐capped polyether was found to provide a better toughening of the UPR matrix. This could a priori be explained based on a difference in distribution of the end‐capped polyether as a consequence of the difference in the copolymerization behavior of itaconimide and maleimide functionalized telechelics toward UPR. The itaconimide enters into a random copolymerization with styrene and the probability for formation of the continuous sequences of the itaconic group is about 60%. This will permit polyether segments to come close enough to form micro or even sub‐micron clusters of the polyether which eventually forms the micro crystallites of poly ether that act as a crack stopper. This possibility cannot be envisaged in maleimides which forms invariably an alternating sequence with styrene. The morphological features as reflected in scanning electron microscopic analyses tallied with these observations. This work could help identify the ways for obviating the inherent brittleness of the UPR systems.
Effect of polypropylene and polyvinyl alcohol fibers on characteristics and microstructure of polymer composite
Authors: Sanaei Ataabadi Hossein , Mirzaei Emad , Sedaghatdoost Arash
Published: January 2021

This study aims to assess the mechanical properties of polymer composite (PC) reinforced by introducing two types of synthetic fibers including polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The optimum amount of resin was evaluated through mechanical tests. Then, selected fibers were added to the optimum mix in three fractions (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) by the weight of the binder. Various properties of PC which are density, compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elastic, and water absorption were appraised for all mix combinations after different curing times (1, 3, 7, and 28 days) beside scanning electron microscopy analysis for microstructure observation. Experimental outcomes revealed that by rising the PP fiber content, the mechanical strengths of fiber‐reinforced polymer composite (FRPC) were ameliorated, where compressive and flexural strength grew 58.14% and 78.31%, respectively, at the highest fiber ratio (1.5%) compared with the plain PC. On the other hand, PC reinforced by PVA fibers represented an inverse behavior that by ascending the fiber fraction, reduction in the properties of FRPC observed. Therefore, the fiber content obtained better performance was 1.5% and 0.5% for PP and PVA mixtures in PC, respectively.
Cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity in an outpatient setting
Authors: Burns Carly V. , Edwin Stephanie B. , Szpunar Susan , Forman Jennifer
Published: January 2021

Background

The use of cisplatin is limited by the development of nephrotoxicity, with an incidence approaching 30%. It is unclear if a risk prediction score can effectively predict the development of nephrotoxicity throughout all cycles of cisplatin therapy among outpatients.

Methods

Retrospective, observational study evaluating adult patients receiving cisplatin in outpatient infusion centers from January 2009 to November 2019 (n = 186). A risk prediction score consisting of patient age, cisplatin dose, hypertension, and serum albumin was calculated to predict the risk of cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity.

Results

The incidence of nephrotoxicity was 23.7% overall, with 8.1% of patients developing cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity after the first dose. Patients who developed nephrotoxicity had a higher mean risk prediction score compared to patients who did not have nephrotoxicity (4.0 ± 2.0 versus 2.9 ± 2.1, p = 0.004, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated each 1‐point increase in the risk prediction score increased the odds of nephrotoxicity by 26.5% (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.02–1.57, p = 0.034). Presence of diabetes mellitus increased the odds of cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity (OR 3.66; 95% CI: 1.43–9.33, p = 0.007), whereas receipt of greater than or equal to 1 liter of 0.9% sodium chloride was protective, decreasing the odds of developing nephrotoxicity by 25%.

Conclusion

By identifying patients at the highest risk of cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity, providers can individualize risk reduction strategies. The use of a risk prediction model successfully predicted the risk of nephrotoxicity throughout all cycles of cisplatin in an outpatient setting.
Restoration of susceptibility following removal of selection for Cry34/35Ab1 resistance documents fitness costs in resistant population of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
Authors: Paddock Kyle J , Hibbard Bruce E , Barry Julie , Sethi Amit , Mueller Ashley L , Shelby Kent S , Pereira Adriano E
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

Management of the corn pest, western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), relies heavily on the planting of transgenic corn expressing toxins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This has resulted in the evolution of resistance to all of the four commercially available Bt toxins targeting coleopteran insects. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of a Cry34/35Ab1‐resistant WCR colony in seedling and diet toxicity assays after removal from selection for six and nine generations. In addition, female fecundity, egg fertility, adult lifespan, larval development, and adult emergence were evaluated in two Cry34/35Ab1‐resistant and two susceptible WCR colonies to assess fitness costs.

RESULTS

Susceptibility to Cry34/35Ab1 was restored in a colony removed from selection after six and nine generations based on diet toxicity assays and comparisons of relative survival, head capsule width, and dry weight in plant assays. Thus, pronounced fitness costs associated with resistance to Cry34/35Ab1 were documented by susceptibility being restored within six generations. In separate studies evaluating specific fitness costs, larval fitness when reared on isoline corn did not differ between resistant and susceptible colonies. However, beetles from susceptible colonies lived longer than resistant beetles which resulted in females from susceptible colonies producing significantly more eggs than resistant colonies, with no differences in egg fertility.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of a fitness cost that may contribute to the restoration of susceptibility to Bt has not been documented in other Cry3‐resistant WCR populations and could have significant impact on the deployment of resistance management practices. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Prescription drug monitoring programs, opioid abuse, and crime
Authors: Dave Dhaval , Deza Monica , Horn Brady
Published: January 2021

We study the effects of prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) on crime, and inform how policies that restrict access to Rx opioids per se within the healthcare system would impact broader non‐health domains. In response to the substantial increase in opioid use and misuse in the United States, PDMPs have been implemented in virtually all states to collect, monitor, and analyze prescription opioid data with the goal of preventing its misuse and diversion. Using a differences‐in‐differences approach and data on offenses known to law enforcement from the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), we find that mandatory access PDMPs reduced overall crime by 5%, particularly driven by assault, burglary and motor vehicle theft. Overall, these results provide evidence that appropriately designed PDMPs are an effective social policy tool to mitigate some of the negative consequences of opioid misuse, and more broadly indicate that opioid policies can have important spillover effects into crime.
Inverse analysis of metamaterials and parameter determination by means of an automatized optimization problem
Authors: Shekarchizadeh Navid , Abali Bilen Emek , Barchiesi Emilio , Bersani Alberto Maria
Published: January 2021

In this paper, a novel parameter determination technique is developed for material models in continuum mechanics aimed at describing metamaterials. Owing to their peculiar mechanical properties and behaviors, such as extreme elasticity or high strength‐to‐weight ratio, metamaterials are of interest to be simulated by reduced‐order modeling by means of the generalized mechanics. Such models incorporate constitutive parameters to be determined; we develop an automatized optimization process specifically for obtaining metamaterials parameters. The process aims at minimizing a mechanically meaningful error function measuring the deviation of the continuum from a detailed description by using the Trust Region Reflective optimization method. The parameter identification procedure is tested for an exemplary extension experiment of a metamaterial, proving to be robust and reliable.
Counterexample- and Simulation-Guided Floating-Point Loop Invariant Synthesis
Authors: Izycheva Anastasiia , Darulova Eva , Seidl Helmut
Published: January 2021

We present an automated procedure for synthesizing sound inductive invariants for floating-point numerical loops. Our procedure generates invariants of the form of a convex polynomial inequality that tightly bounds the values of loop variables. Such invariants are a prerequisite for reasoning about the safety and roundoff errors of floating-point programs. Unlike previous approaches that rely on policy iteration, linear algebra or semi-definite programming, we propose a heuristic procedure based on simulation and counterexample-guided refinement. We observe that this combination is remarkably effective and general and can handle both linear and nonlinear loop bodies, nondeterministic values as well as conditional statements. Our evaluation shows that our approach can efficiently synthesize loop invariants for existing benchmarks from literature, but that it is also able to find invariants for nonlinear loops that today’s tools cannot handle.
Verbesserung der Atemmechanik durch Plattenosteosynthese der Rippen nach Herzdruckmassage
Authors: Abshagen Karl Friedrich , Stolberg-Stolberg Josef , Loyen Jan Philipp , Riesenbeck Oliver , Everding Jens , Freise Hendrik , Raschke Michael J.
Published: January 2021

Es wird der Fall eines 69-jährigen Patienten vorgestellt, welcher nach wiederholter Herzdruckmassage (CPR) multiple Rippenfrakturen und eine Sternumfraktur mit inverser Atmung zeigte. Aufgrund der insuffizienten Atemmechanik wurde am 10. Tag nach Reanimation die Indikation zur Plattenosteosynthese der Rippen gestellt. Der Patient konnte am 4. postoperativen Tag extubiert werden. Die Literatur zeigt 5 weitere Fälle. Während es über die Verletzungsmuster nach CPR zahlreiche internationale Arbeiten gibt, ist zur Behandlung des instabilen Thorax nach CPR keine Evidenz gegeben. Jedoch konnte die Osteosynthese von Rippenfrakturen bei traumatischer Genese Vorteile wie verringerte Intensivbehandlungszeit, geringere beatmungsassoziierte Pneumonien, weniger atemabhängige Schmerzen und geringere Kosten für das Gesundheitssystem zeigen. Bei der Behandlung von reanimierten Patienten sollte im interdisziplinären Konsens auch die Osteosynthese von Rippenfrakturen berücksichtigt werden.
The experimental methodology and comparators used for in vivo hernia mesh testing: a 10-year scoping review
Authors: Whitehead-Clarke T. , Karanjia R. , Banks J. , Beynon V. , Parker S. , Sanders D. , Mudera V. , Windsor A. , Kureshi A.
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Before being marketed, hernia mesh must undergo in vivo testing, which often includes biomechanical and histological assessment. Currently, there are no universal standards for this testing and methods vary greatly within the literature. A scoping review of relevant studies was undertaken to analyse the methodologies used for in vivo mesh testing.

Methods

Medline and Embase databases were searched for relevant studies. 513 articles were identified and 231 duplicates excluded. 126 papers were included after abstract and full text review. The data extraction was undertaken using standardised forms.

Results

Mesh is most commonly tested in rats (53%). 78% of studies involve the formation of a defect; in 52% of which the fascia is not opposed. The most common hernia models use mesh to bridge an acute defect (50%). Tensile strength testing is the commonest form of mechanical testing (63%). Testing strip widths and test speeds vary greatly (4–30 mm and 1.625–240 mm/min, respectively). There is little consensus on which units to use for tensile strength testing. Collagen is assessed for its abundance (54 studies) more than its alignment (18 studies). Alignment is not measured quantitatively. At least 21 histological scoring systems are used for in vivo mesh testing.

Conclusions

The current practice of in vivo mesh testing lacks standardisation. There is significant inconsistency in every category of testing, both in methodology and comparators. We would call upon hernia organisations and materials testing institutions to discuss the need for a standardised approach to this field.
Accuracy of global and regional longitudinal strain at peak of dobutamine stress echocardiography to detect significant coronary artery disease
Authors: Ilardi Federica , Santoro Ciro , Maréchal Patrick , Dulgheru Raluca , Postolache Adriana , Esposito Roberta , Giugliano Giuseppe , Sannino Anna , Avvedimento Marisa , Leone Attilio , Cirillo Plinio , Stabile Eugenio , Lancellotti Patrizio , Esposito Giovanni
Published: January 2021

Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) is sensitive but subjective diagnostic tool to detect inducible ischemia. Nowadays, speckle tracking allows an objective quantification of regional wall function. We aimed to investigate the feasibility and accuracy of global (GLS) and regional longitudinal strain (RLS) during DSE to detect significant coronary stenosis (SCS). We conducted a prospective observational multicenter study including patients undergoing DSE for suspected SCS. 50 patients with positive DSE underwent coronary angiography. Besides visual regional wall motion score index (WMSI), GLS and RLS were determined at rest and at peak stress by Automated Function Imaging. DSE GLS feasibility was 96%. Among 35 patients with SCS, 12 patients were affected by multivessel disease, 18 had stenosis of left anterior descending artery (LAD), 18 of left circumflex (LCX) and 15 of right coronary artery (RCA). At peak stress, both GLS reduction (p = 0.037) and WMSI worsening (p = 0.04) showed significant agreement with coronary angiography for detecting SCS. When single lesion was considered, peak stress GLS and LAD RLS were lower in the obstructed LAD regions than in normo-perfused territories (17.4 ± 5.5 vs. 20.5 ± 4.4%, p = 0.03; 17.1 ± 7.6 vs. 21.6 ± 5.5%, p < 0.02, respectively). Furthermore, the addition of RLS to regional WMSI was able to improve accuracy in LAD SCS prediction (AUC 0.68, p = 0.037). Conversely, in presence of LCX or RCA SCS, LS was less accurate than WMSI at peak stress. In conclusion, DSE strain analysis is feasible and may improve prediction of LAD SCS, whereas regional WMSI assessment performs better in presence of SCS of LCX and RCA.
Hydrochemical, isotopic and microbiota characterization of telese mineral waters (Southern Italy)
Authors: Corniello Alfonso , Guida Marco , Stellato Luisa , Trifuoggi Marco , Carraturo Federica , Del Gaudio Elena , Del Giudice Carmela , Forte Giovanni , Giarra Antonella , Iorio Marina , Marzaioli Fabio , Toscanesi Maria
Published: January 2021

The study deals with the analyses of springs and wells at the base of Montepugliano Hill that represents the SE edge of the wide carbonate Matese massif (Campania, southern Italy). At the base of the hill, from west to east and for almost one kilometre, cold springs HCO3-Ca type (Grassano springs, ~ 4.5 m3/s; TDS: about 0.45 g/L) pass to hypothermal, HCO3-Ca type, sulphurous and CO2-rich springs (~ 1 m3/s with TDS > 1 g/L). Some of the latter are widely used inTelese SpaandCentro Relax Spa.Chemical and isotopic analyses carried out for this study support the hypothesis that all these waters (mineral and non-mineral) have the same catchment area, which is located in the Matese massif. As regards the sulphurous springs, they receive both meteoric waters infiltration and uprising of deeper waters rich in endogenous CO2and H2S gases through important faults systems. Far from these faults, the chemistry of groundwater is scarcely (or not at all) affected by these deep fluid enrichment processes. This scheme is very significant; in fact, when very important groundwater resources are present, it is possible to use both mineral waters in Spa and, in areas far from the faults, those not yet mineralized. Finally, at Montepugliano Hill, in the final stage of the flow path, groundwater is also affected by change in the microbiome: this could provide a basis for comparison between various mineral waters.