bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long War and a Policy Vacuum
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall
Published: April 2021

The ‘Long War’ in Northern Ireland that stretched from the end of the 1975 ceasefire to the mid-1990s is conventionally understood as a battle for victory that finally ended with mutual recognition that neither side could either achieve a military victory or be defeated. Chapter Six offers a very different account. It analyses this phase of conflict not as a struggle for victory but as a phase in the process of bargaining both within and between the key parties. It provides a new interpretation of the policies of normalization, criminalization, and Ulsterization that the British government adopted, arguing they were not a well thought out strategy but were instead the outcome of political drift that contributed to renewed escalation.
The European Court of Human Rights and Removal of Long-term Migrants
Authors: Çalı Başak , Cunningham Stewart
Published: April 2021

This chapter analyses the general interpretative outlook of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) on the rights of long-term migrants facing deportation. It shows that this outlook is strongly marked by recognising the primacy of state discretion in the field of migration policy, while at the same time ensuring that long-term migrants are given access to the protection of the Convention. The chapter then surveys the case law of the ECtHR related to the deportation of long-term migrants, identifying the factors that the Court employs in balancing its dual commitment to states and long-term migrants. The central argument of the chapter is that the Court’s approach to the right to stay of long-term migrants falls short of adequately recognising the unique position of long-term migrants and is unable to differentiate between those who have lived for lengthy periods in host states and any other category of alien in those states. The Court’s recent emphasis on principled deference to domestic courts in balancing the rights of long-term migrants and host states further undercuts any future progressive developments in the field of right to stay for long-term migrants.
Memory as Public Identity
Authors: Bachleitner Kathrin
Published: April 2021

This chapter places collective memory at the basis of a country’s identity and posits that memory returns from the international sphere to the domestic environment. In the course of this process, memory moves from being an official strategy to becoming part of the wider public identity. Memory’s impact thus transforms from a direct, active opportunity to an indirect, passive constraint for policymakers. Notably, as identity, collective memory is unexamined, and assumed to underwrite the mindset of a country’s public and its representatives. To illustrate this transformation, this chapter looks to the cases of West Germany and Austria in the second post-war decade. The ‘critical situation’ for analysis arrived in 1961 in the form of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann’s trial in Jerusalem. The West German and Austrian reactions to the trial demonstrate that by the early 1960s these countries had come to view their role in World War II through the lens of a pre-existing national narrative in almost entirely unexamined ways.
Assessments of Societal Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Tay Louis , Jebb Andrew T. , Scotney Victoria S.
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines 10 methodological issues when assessing and analyzing societal well-being using self-reports. First, there are unit-of-analysis issues: deciding the appropriate level of analysis, accounting for individual-level score variability in societal-level scores, testing isomorphism across levels, and finding ways of aggregating and accounting for score variability. Second, there are comparability issues: researchers have sought to homogenize well-being scales with different response scales or use translated measures to compare across nations. Furthermore, there is the concern of whether well-being measures can capture the full range of well-being (both positive and negative aspects). The final set of issues are prediction issues: well-being measures may be more sensitive to negative than positive events/experiences, societal well-being may not always be linearly related to variables of interest, and domain-specific measures may be more sensitive than general measures of well-being, especially when tracking specific changes in well-being or comparing subgroups.
Defending a Hybrid of Objective List and Desire Theories of Well-Being
Authors: Lauinger William A.
Published: April 2021

This chapter extends previous work by the author on a view of human well-being that is a hybrid of objective list theories and desire theories. Though some of the chapter’s content traverses old ground, much is new—not in terms of ultimate conclusions, but rather in terms of routes toward these ultimate conclusions and certain implications of these ultimate conclusions (e.g., implications concerning the measurement of well-being). There are two different visions of what human beings are that the author privileges and attempts to synthesize: first, a broadly Aristotelian vision that pushes us toward an objective list theory and, second, a vision of humans as unique individuals with different sets of intrinsic desires, where this desire-focused vision is itself informed by Jacques Lacan and his view that each human self is constituted by a particular and dynamic chains-of-signifiers-plus-desire-flow structure.
Response to “Advancing the Science of Well-Being: A Dissenting View on Measurement Recommendations”
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J. , Trudel-Fitzgerald Claudia , Kubzansky Laura D.
Published: April 2021

In response to Chapter 18, the authors of this chapter agree with the points made by Ryff et al. on the importance of nomenclature, the multidimensional nature of well-being, and the importance of context while holding that none of this contradicts their own recommendations. The authors revisit the rationale provided for their specific recommendations, which they believe Ryff et al. chose to ignore. They defend the view, contrary to Ryff et al., that if it is possible to include only a single well-being item on a survey then it is best to include one, rather than nothing at all. The authors note that several single-item well-being indicators strongly predict numerous relevant outcomes in longitudinal studies. They reiterate that the present recommendations are provisional and observe that Ryff et al. offer no alternative set of recommendations. The authors state their belief that a set of provisional recommendations, drawing on current evidence, will help promote the monitoring and study of well-being and is better than none at all.
God’s Marshall Plan
Authors: Strasburg James D.
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines how ecumenical American Protestants sought to come to Europe’s “spiritual aid” through carrying out a “Marshall Plan for the Churches.” By the summer of 1947, these Protestant ecumenists were preparing to rebuild European churches, distribute material aid across the continent, and promote theological exchange across the Atlantic. All the while, they also sought to strengthen the standing of democracy and capitalism in Europe and, in particular, to bolster European spiritual defenses against communism. While German and European Protestants welcomed ecumenical aid, they also protested the Cold War interests of the United States. In particular, they challenged American ecumenists for contributing to the spread of what they deemed a new kind of American imperial order in the world. In response, a growing number of Europeans called on ecumenical Protestants across the North Atlantic to become a “third way” spiritual force between American democracy and Soviet communism.
A Sound Economy
Authors: Titon Jeff Todd
Published: April 2021

A sound community announces the presence and potential of an ecological rationality. In a sound community, music is communicative, as natural as breathing, participatory and exchanged freely, strengthening and sustaining individuals and communities. A sound community exhibits a sound economy, just, participatory, and egalitarian. Wealth and power are widely distributed and shared, and maintained through the visible hand of democratic management. A sound economy is based in a sound ecology where exchanges are based in honest signals that invite reciprocity and trust. In a sound ecology, sound being and sound knowing lead to sound action, which is cooperative, mutually beneficial, and just.
Performing Transitional Justice
Authors: Impey Angela
Published: April 2021

This chapter invites critical scrutiny of the role of performance ethnography in development praxis, focusing specifically on the place of ethnomusicology in current discourses about alternative frameworks for transitional justice in post-conflict and fragile states. The paper responds to the increasing appeal in transitional justice literature for legal pluralism and reflects on the challenges and opportunities that traditional justice strategies pose for many of the fundamental assumptions that currently underlie post-conflict rule-of-law work. Taking direction from Brown et al. (2011) and Mignolo (2013), who call for imaginative “delinking” from current epistemic hegemonies in seeking solutions to pressing societal problems, the chapter argues for greater consideration of culture in responding to the multidimensional legacies of protracted conflict (Rush & Simić 2014). Drawing on research on Dinka ox-songs in South Sudan—a country that emerged from half a century of civil war with Sudan, but remains profoundly destabilized by internecine violence—the paper argues that in their capacity as public hearings, ox-songs offer locally embedded judicial instruments or “justice rituals” (Rossner 2013) of narration, listening, and understanding, opening discursive spaces for the expression of multiple public positions and forms of agency. While songs recount individual, clan, or community memories within the context of culturally legitimate expressive spaces, they equally reveal potentially incompatible rejoinders to social justice, forgiveness, and inclusivity, thus supporting new pathways for hybrid or plural frameworks for truth-telling, justice, and reparative outcomes.
Queen of Heartaches
Authors: Golia Julie
Published: April 2021

This chapter profiles three pioneering advice columnists, Elizabeth Gilmer (writing as Dorothy Dix), Marie Manning (writing as Beatrice Fairfax), and Annie Brown Leslie (writing as Nancy Brown), who carved out a distinctly, even proudly feminine niche of interpersonal reportage. Advice columnists emphasized rather than downplayed their femaleness, arguing that their gender bestowed upon them unique skills that made them advice experts. These journalists played a key role in the development of the celebrity reporter, proving willing to publicize their personal life narratives in their columns and in the mainstream press—but with careful editorial control. Drawing on precedents set by Progressive Era journalists, advice columnists envisioned themselves as mediators of information and counsel in an increasingly complex, subjective, and bureaucratic world. Reaching audiences of millions, they served as influential advisors and disseminators of information about social services in modern America.
John Calvin
Authors: Chung-Kim Esther
Published: April 2021

This chapter investigates the extensive work of French refugee pastors for the Reformation of church and society in Geneva. John Calvin with other French Reformed pastors were able to help create a separate relief fund for religious refugees as a parallel organization to the general hospital through the financial support of wealthier refugees and transnational network of donors under the management of church leaders. The establishment of the French Fund provided a relief agency for refugees that did not rely on any state funding. As a model in Reformed religion, this institution in the church and the Consistory helped reinforce the Reformed religious identity among displaced French Protestants. As a spokesperson for the pastors, Calvin helped establish a safety net for poor foreigners by preaching on communal care and generosity, by reorganizing church leadership and discipline, and by supporting a special fund for refugees in response to the practical needs arising from migration.
The Compatibility of Constitutional Democracy and International Law
Authors: Pavel Carmen E.
Published: April 2021

The principle of national constitutional supremacy sits uneasily with the authority claimed by international law to constrain state action, even action arising in conformity with constitutional rules. The authority of various institutions in a constitutional democracy is democratically sanctioned, which comes with a special moral force and normative legitimacy. Therefore, one of the unappreciated features of constitutional supremacy is its democratically sanctioned potential to undermine international law and ultimately undermine the protection it affords to states and to the rights and interests of their citizens. This chapter argues that this incompatibility can be reduced or resolved by changes in rules at both the domestic and the international levels and suggests a certain way of resolving it that does the least possible damage to domestic constitutional supremacy while reconciling it with central demands of international law.
The Robot Dogs of War
Authors: Baker Deane-Peter
Published: April 2021

The prospect of robotic warriors striding the battlefield has, somewhat unsurprisingly, been shaped by perceptions drawn from science fiction. While illustrative, such comparisons are largely unhelpful for those considering potential ethical implications of autonomous weapons systems. In this chapter, I offer two alternative sources for ethical comparison. Drawing from military history and current practice for guidance, this chapter highlights the parallels that make mercenaries—the ‘dogs of war’—and military working dogs—the actual dogs of war—useful lenses through which to consider Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems—the robot dogs of war. Through these comparisons, I demonstrate that some of the most commonly raised ethical objections to autonomous weapon systems are overstated, misguided, or otherwise dependent on outside circumstance.
Empirical Data on Attitudes Toward Autonomous Systems
Authors: Galliott Jai , Baggiarini Bianca , Rupka Sean
Published: April 2021

Combat automation, enabled by rapid technological advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning, is a guiding principle in the conduct of war today. Yet, empirical data on the impact of algorithmic combat on military personnel remains limited. This chapter draws on data from a historically unprecedented survey of Australian Defence Force Academy cadets. Given that this generation of trainees will be the first to deploy autonomous systems (AS) in a systematic way, their views are especially important. This chapter focuses its analysis on five themes: the dynamics of human-machine teams; the perceived risks, benefits, and capabilities of AS; the changing nature of (and respect for) military labor and incentives; preferences to oversee a robot, versus carrying out a mission themselves; and the changing meaning of soldiering. We utilize the survey data to explore the interconnected consequences of neoliberal governing for cadets’ attitudes toward AS, and citizen-soldiering more broadly. Overall, this chapter argues that Australian cadets are open to working with and alongside AS, but under the right conditions. Armed forces, in an attempt to capitalize on these technologically savvy cadets, have shifted from institutional to occupational employers. However, in our concluding remarks, we caution against unchecked technological fetishism, highlighting the need to critically question the risks of AS on moral deskilling, and the application of market-based notions of freedom to the military domain.
After the Flood
Authors: Husain Faisal H.
Published: April 2021

This chapter documents the long-term consequences of the Euphrates’ channel shift that occurred in the late seventeenth century. The rural order established by the Ottoman administration from the sixteenth century unraveled. The herders’ associations sponsored by the state disintegrated and gave way to assertive tribal confederations that regularly clashed with Ottoman authorities. To restore order, Istanbul empowered the governor of Baghdad Hasan Pasha, who fulfilled his mandate while pursuing his own personal agenda. He established a household that transformed into a provincial dynasty called the Pashalik of Baghdad, in control of the most important positions in the Ottoman provincial government. By the end of the eighteenth century, this trend toward provincial autonomy would place the most critical stretches of the Tigris and Euphrates under the command of Baghdad, which made the most important decisions related to navigation and irrigation.
Performing Fragility
Authors: Droumeva Milena
Published: April 2021

This chapter argues that the vocal performance of Lara Croft’s character in Tomb Raider 2013 manifests a particular type of media femininity requiring her fear and fragility and contrasts with similar games featuring male leads. Extending the discussion of the male gaze to sound brings new insight to the relationships between a character’s look, her movements and mechanics, and her vocalizations, to embody the character’s gender or act as gendered corporeality. The chapter argues that by virtue of being sound “effects,” women’s voices and feminized sounds in games draw on and solidify some of the most deeply entrenched gendered norms of sound design and voice-over work. Lara Croft’s excessive breathiness, as well as the overuse of environmental reverberation, codes her gendered sonic position as “feminized.” Players experience Lara Croft’s vocalizations as coded with abundant emotionality and fragility—sounds of strain, inner monologue, gasps, reactions, and battle cries—especially when compared with a similar narrative and game character, Nathan Drake, from the Uncharted series. By comparing the gendered sonic positioning of Lara and Nathan, the chapter shows her embodied vocal fragility by linking these characteristics to a transmedia historiography of feminized vocal typologies.
Passing the flame
Authors: Adelson Robert
Published: April 2021

For more than fifty years, the Erard firm had enjoyed relatively stable management in the hands of Sébastien and Jean-Baptiste. Sébastien’s death in 1831, however, ushered in a volatile period of just over twenty years during which the direction of the firm would change twice. At first, Pierre took control of the enterprise, doing his best to maintain the firm’s reputation for innovation. But Pierre’s unexpected cognitive decline and early death resulted in the transfer of the firm’s management to his wife Camille, thrusting the future of the Erard manufacture into unknown territory.
Refusing to Kiss the Slipper
Authors: Bruening Michael W.
Published: April 2021

Refusing to Kiss the Slipper re-examines the Reformation in francophone Europe, presenting for the first time the perspective of John Calvin’s evangelical enemies. This book brings together a cast of Calvin’s opponents from various French-speaking territories to show that opposition to Calvinism was stronger and better organized than has ever before been recognized. It examines individual opponents, such as Pierre Caroli, Jerome Bolsec, Sebastian Castellio, Charles Du Moulin, and Jean Morély, but more importantly, it explores the anti-Calvinist networks that developed around such individuals. Each group had its own origins and agenda, but all agreed that Calvin’s claim to absolute religious authority too closely echoed the religious sovereignty of the pope. These oft-neglected opponents refused to offer such obeisance—to kiss the papal slipper—arguing instead for open discussion of controversial doctrines. This book also shows that the challenge posed by these groups shaped the way the Calvinists themselves developed their reform strategies. The book demonstrates that the breadth and strength of the anti-Calvinist networks requires us to abandon the traditional assumption that Huguenots and other francophone Protestants were universally Calvinist.
Anti-Calvinists of Francophone Switzerland
Authors: Bruening Michael W.
Published: April 2021

Early conflicts between the Calvinists and Pierre Caroli, Antoine Marcourt, and their allies led to the development of local bastions of sustained opposition to Calvin and his disciples in francophone Switzerland, chiefly in the areas around Yverdon, Morges, and the Pays de Gex. Pierre Caroli fled to Switzerland after the Affair of the Placards. There, he became friends with Jean Lecomte, Thomas Malingre, and Antoine Marcourt. In the first major split among evangelicals in Switzerland, however, he became an enemy of Calvin, Farel, and Viret in a quarrel over prayers for the dead and the trinity. In 1538, the appointment of Marcourt and Jean Morand to replace the exiled Calvin and Farel in Geneva exacerbated the division between the two sides. By the mid-1540s, opposition to the Calvinists was well entrenched in the areas where these individual opponents were active.
Conclusion
Authors: Bruening Michael W.
Published: April 2021

The book’s conclusion demonstrates the extent to which the various anti-Calvinist networks overlapped, showing that there was a truly international web of opposition to Calvinism among francophone evangelicals. What chiefly bound them together was hatred of Calvin (and/or Beza), opposition to the execution of Servetus, and disgust at Calvin’s assumption of uncompromising religious authority. This section offers some preliminary explanations for the Calvinists’ ultimate victory, pointing to their dominance of major cities, printing presses, educational institutions, and synods, as well as to their concerted propaganda campaigns against their enemies and their insistence on unambiguous doctrinal statements. Those treated in this book, by contrast, challenged religious authority but mostly failed to establish religious communities. As such, they can be seen as the earliest practitioners of modern theologian Paul Tillich’s “Protestant Principle.”
The Struggle for Historical Justice
Authors: Sander Barrie
Published: April 2021

This chapter situates the book within existing scholarship concerning the historical function of international criminal courts and introduces the book’s analytical perspective, namely the characterisation of international criminal courts as confrontational terrains that are host to struggles for historical justice—intense contests in which a range of different actors vie for judicial acknowledgement of their preferred interpretations of the past. In order to facilitate a critical examination of these struggles, the chapter elaborates a framework for exploring how the situated choices of different actors have influenced the scope and content of judicially constructed historical narratives in different institutional contexts. The framework identifies the actors involved in struggles for historical justice, the questions around which such struggles tend to be structured, and the practices through which such struggles are conducted.
The Crime Question
Authors: Sander Barrie
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines the practices that have influenced the range and definition of crimes adjudicated within international criminal courts and the implications for the scope and content of the historical narratives constructed in their judgments. The chapter reveals how the range and definition of crimes have been shaped by different actors at particular junctures within international criminal justice processes, including the drafting of statutory frameworks, the selection of charges to include in indictments, and the interpretation of crime categories in judicial decisions and judgments. Crucially, the relative importance of these junctures and the relative influence of different actors have tended to vary depending on the institutional context in which struggles for control over the selection and meaning of categories of crime have been conducted. The chapter concludes by identifying forms of criminality that have consistently been marginalised within international criminal courts despite falling within their subject-matter jurisdiction.
Losing Knowledge by Thinking about Thinking
Authors: Nagel Jennifer
Published: April 2021

Defeat cases are often taken to show that even the most securely based judgment can be rationally undermined by misleading evidence. Starting with some best-case scenario for perceptual knowledge, for example, it is possible to undermine the subject’s confidence in her sensory faculties until it becomes unreasonable for her to persist in her belief. Some have taken such cases to indicate that any basis for knowledge is rationally defeasible; others have argued that there can be unreasonable knowledge. I argue that defeat cases really involve not an exposure of weakness in the basis of a judgment, but a shift in that basis. For example, when threatening doubts are raised about whether conditions are favorable for perception, one shifts from a basis of unreflective perceptual judgment to a basis of conscious inference. In these cases, the basis of one’s knowledge is lost, rather than rationally undermined. This approach to defeat clears the path for a new way to defend infallibilism in epistemology, and a new understanding of what can count as the basis of any instance of knowledge.
Diaspora Mobilization for Palestinian Statehood
Authors: Koinova Maria
Published: April 2021

This chapter and the previous Chapter 6 are interconnected as they both discuss Albanian diaspora mobilizations. This chapter unpacks the typological theory through four causal pathways in the Palestinian field, one of them discussed twice as diaspora entrepreneurs were exposed to different non-state actors. All pathways occurred under host-state foreign policy divergence from the diaspora goals for Palestinian statehood, including refugees’ return. A non-contentious pathway exists but was rare when diaspora entrepreneurs acted under limited global influences. When lacking support from politicized homeland-based actors, diaspora entrepreneurs were less eager to launch contentious mobilizations on their own. Dual-pronged contentious mobilizations occurred: (a) when the homeland government was transnationally involved, under the PNA leadership, acting carefully while seeking to maintain international standing in difficult political circumstances; (b) when transnational left-wing movements were at play; many more diaspora entrepreneurs were on this pathway, seeking to counteract Israeli policies, quite often engaged in the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) campaign; and (c) when diaspora entrepreneurs related to transnational Islamic networks. Issues related to humanitarian charities and refugees’ right of return have been emphasized, even if they also have concerned others in the diaspora. The most contentious pathway occurred in response to critical violent events in the original homeland or adjacent fragile states, most notably due to the recurring warfare in Gaza since 2008. This pathway engulfed all four types of diaspora entrepreneurs.
Insights from Data with R
Authors: Petchey Owen L. , Beckerman Andrew P. , Cooper Natalie , Childs Dylan Z.
Published: April 2021

Knowledge of how to get useful information from data is essential in the life and environmental sciences. This book provides learners with knowledge, experience, and confidence about how to efficiently and reliably discover useful information from data. The content is developed from first- and second-year undergraduate-level courses taught by the authors. It charts the journey from question, to raw data, to clean and tidy data, to visualizations that provide insights. This journey is presented as a repeatable workflow fit for use with many types of question, study, and data. Readers discover how to use R and RStudio, and learn key concepts for drawing appropriate conclusions from patterns in data. The book focuses on providing learners with a solid foundation of skills for working with data, and for getting useful information from data summaries and visualizations. It focuses on the strength of patterns (i.e. effect sizes) and their meaning (e.g. correlation or causation). It purposefully stays away from statistical tests and p-values. Concepts covered include distribution, sample, population, mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, correlation, interactions, and non-independence. The journey from data to insight is illustrated by one workflow demonstration in the book, and three online. Each involves data collected in a real study. Readers can follow along by downloading the data, and learning from the descriptions of each step in the journey from the raw data to visualizations that show the answers to the questions posed in the original studies.
Searching for Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Duff Antony
Published: April 2021

In her latest book, In Search of Criminal Responsibility, Nicola Lacey distinguishes four ‘more or less discrete ideational frameworks for the understanding of criminal responsibility’, focusing respectively on capacity, on character, on outcomes, and on risk; she traces the rise and fall (and rise) of each of these conceptions, and the complicated and shifting relationships between them. These are, she thinks, ‘competing’, ‘philosophically inconsistent conceptions of responsibility’, although they can sometimes ‘coexist’ with each other in the historically messy and conflicted practices of criminal law. This chapter responds to Lacey’s claims about the changing conceptions of responsibility that she finds in English criminal law: not to deny those claims, but to argue that they need to be qualified in the light of a more complex conceptual schema than she provides. It discusses just what these changing ‘conceptions of responsibility’ are conceptions of, and just what it is that changes between them; and it argues that the final change, which Lacey describes as the development of a risk-based conception of responsibility and as marking a ‘resurgence of character-based mechanisms’, is best understood not as a change in the conception of responsibility, but rather as an abandonment of responsibility (answerability), in favour of kinds of liability that are detached from responsibility.
Why Blame?
Authors: Gardner John
Published: April 2021

Ever since her first book, State Punishment, a recurring theme of Nicola Lacey’s scholarship has been a hesitancy about blame—what it is for, how to assign it, and whether to let it take hold. In her later work, Lacey has disaggregated the problem of blame from the problem of responsibility, and explored ways in which responsibility could be assigned without blaming. Her suggestions have centred on the possibility of forgiveness. I admire Lacey’s humane instinct in urging us to do less blaming. However I do not think that this instinct is all that is at work in her recurring doubts about blame. For it is possible to embrace forgiveness while holding those one forgives to be blameworthy? Arguably, indeed, forgiveness presupposes blameworthiness. The deeper puzzle is about blameworthiness itself. What is it for? Why does it matter? What is its place in the architecture of the human condition? It is no answer to say that blameworthiness matters because responsibility matters. There is responsibility without blameworthiness, and responsibility matters for reasons that have nothing to do with blameworthiness. Nor is it an answer to say that blameworthiness matters because blaming matters. Only when one works out why it matters that someone is blameworthy does one begin to show why people should ever do any blaming. Or so I will argue. I will suggest that the importance of blameworthiness is genuinely mysterious. That position is associated with Bernard Williams. I think that some of Williams’ worries are shared by Lacey. However, I will suggest that, in light of my remarks, they are not exactly the right worries.
In Whose Interests?
Authors: Jackson Emily
Published: April 2021

This chapter will argue that the core justification for the United Kingdom’s ‘blanket ban’ on assisted suicide—namely that it is necessary in order to protect ‘the vulnerable’—has tended to obscure two other important sets of interests. First, it has served to marginalize the interests of patients who are not vulnerable, and who have been used to exercising considerable control over their lives. There is evidence from countries which have legalized assisted dying that it is this non-vulnerable group of patients who are its principal users. Second, the core justification for the ‘blanket ban’ has deflected attention away from the interests of the medical profession itself, which in the United Kingdom has a long tradition of organized and powerful opposition to assisted suicide.
Rebecca West’s The Return of the Soldier (1918)
Authors: Riley Kathleen
Published: April 2021

This is the first of four chapters that deal with the theme of impossible nostos in the context of war and its aftermath. Rebecca West’s Return of the Soldier was one of the first literary responses to the Great War and to the invisible wound of shell shock. The chapter argues that West also anticipated Joyce’s Ulysses by opening a dialogue between her own generation and Homer’s Odyssey. Less explicitly than Joyce, she has appropriated key elements of Odysseus’ nostos and either rearranged or inverted them. Although the novel announces itself in its title as a story of male nostos, what immediately strikes the reader is that it is told not from the perspective of the returning soldier, or Odysseus figure, but from that of a latter-day Penelope. The chapter also argues that West’s purpose is to highlight her society’s destabilized notions of home and homecoming, and challenge the prelapsarian reading of the last summer before the war and the Ithacan images of England used to recruit fighting men and mythologize the home front.
Seamus Heaney’s Seeing Things (1991), District and Circle (2006), and Human Chain (2010)
Authors: Riley Kathleen
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines Seamus Heaney’s abiding preoccupation with the idea of nostos, focusing on three volumes of his poetry, Seeing Things (1991), District and Circle (2006), and Human Chain (2010). Heaney consistently associated the act of returning home with that of katabasis, of descending into the dark to meet one’s familiar dead, not least one’s father and literary fathers. His late poetry in particular is permeated by the theme of nostalgic descent and expressive of a filial odyssey that has Aeneas rather than Telemachus as its direct paradigm. The chapter considers how, in his nostalgic katabases, Heaney performed the roles of both pius Aeneas and pius vates, and how these twin functions reached their apotheosis in his posthumously published translation of Aeneid 6, a book Heaney had ‘internalized and lived with long and dreamily’.
Imaging Wavefunctions
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: April 2021

The concept of wavefunction was introduced in the first 1926 paper by Erwin Schrödinger as the central object of the atomic world and the cornerstone of quantum mechanics. It is a mathematical representation of de Broglie’s postulate that the electron is a material wave. It was defined as everywhere real, single-valued, finite, and continuously differentiable up to the second order. Nevertheless, for many decades, wavefunction has not been characterized as an observable. First, it is too small. The typical size is a small fraction of a nanometer. Second, it is too fragile. The typical bonding energy of a wavefunction is a few electron volts. The advancement of STM and AFM has made wavefunctions observable. The accuracy of position measurement is in picometers. Both STM and AFM measurements are non-destructive, which leaves the wavefunctions under observation undisturbed. Finally, the meaning of direct experimental7 observation and mapping of wavefunctions is discussed.
Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses various aspects of scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). It is an extension of the classical tunneling spectroscopy experiment to nanometer-scale or atomic-scale features on the sample surface. First, the electronics for STS is presented. The nature of STS as a convolution of tip DOS and sample DOS is discussed. Special tip treatment for the STS experiment, often different from the atomic-resolution STM, is described. The purpose is to produce tips with flat DOS, instead of special tip orbitals. Experimental methods to determine tip DOS is discussed. A detailed account of the inelastic scanning tunneling spectroscopy, or STM-IETS, is then discussed. It includes the principles, the electronics, and the instrumental broadening of the features. This chapter concludes with the STS study of superconductors, especially High-Tc supercondoctors.
Implied Licences on the Internet—Fundamentals
Authors: Mysoor Poorna
Published: April 2021

This chapter describes certain fundamental aspects of applying implied licences to the internet. It begins by dividing the content on the internet between, on the one hand, that which is placed by or with the consent of the copyright owner and, on the other hand, that which is placed on the internet without the copyright owner’s consent. In the former category, it also examines the consequences of placing terms of use in relation to the content on the internet. This facilitates an orderly analysis since the bases on which a licence may be implied will differ, as also the arguments presented in support of these two categories. This classification is essential also because it lays the common structure and foundation to address browsing, hyperlinking, and indexing in each of the successive chapters.
From Manufacturing-Led Export Growth to a Twenty-First Century Inclusive Growth Strategy
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E.
Published: April 2021

Success in economic development over the past half-century was based on manufacturing-led export growth. Because the share of global employment in manufacturing is set to continue to decline, manufacturing will not play the same role in the future. The author deconstructs what enabled manufacturing to generate growth and structural transformation. The strategy proposed is multi-pronged, addressing separately, in different sectors, the challenges of learning, foreign exchange, and employment. A carefully designed, coordinated multi-sector strategy, with sectoral policies in agriculture, natural resources, manufacturing, and especially services, has the prospect of attaining the same success as the old manufacturing-led export strategy. To implement it, countries will require active industrial policies based on a new understanding of dynamic comparative advantage. The creation of a global reserve system could help provide the finance required for success. New development strategies will require greater balance among the market, state, and community—a perspective articulated in the Stockholm Statement.
Moral Testimony and the Value of Moral Understanding
Authors: Wiland Eric
Published: April 2021

This chapter addresses a distinct worry about accepting moral testimony: if you cannot gain moral understanding by means of moral testimony, it is better to believe moral truths for nontestimonial reasons than for testimonial reasons. There are two distinct sorts of reasons trusting moral testimony might be unable to deliver moral understanding. The first turns on the thought that it is intrinsically bad to lack moral understanding, and so if moral testimony cannot deliver moral understanding, then forming one’s moral views on the basis of testimony is problematic. The second reason for concern relies on the thought that a lack of moral understanding is fundamentally a practical worry: those who lack moral understanding cannot act as well as those who do understand. This chapter addresses the worry about moral understanding on multiple fronts. It argues that one can indeed get moral understanding from moral testimony: when you are unsure whether some action would be wrong, but are aware of the relevant considerations, testimony whether the action would be wrong can fill this epistemic gap, putting you in a position to have quite a bit of moral understanding. Next, this chapter questions whether any residual unavailable moral understanding is as important as pessimists about moral testimony typically make it out to be. The partial understanding that moral testimony affords is nearly as valuable as complete understanding is. Moreover, even if there is something virtuous about understanding morality entirely on one’s own, there might also be something virtuous about being epistemically dependent upon the moral testimony of others, a topic explored in the next two chapters.
An Economy beyond Instrumental Rationality
Authors: Bonnedahl Karl Johan
Published: April 2021

Treating technology in a broad sense, including elements of social organization, this chapter discusses the role of technology as part of the dominant economic discourse and the instrumental perspective which characterizes modern exploitative human–nature relations. A key point is that values and assumptions of the conventional economy are very influential in determining what development is and should be. As such, they also determine technology and drive unsustainability. Hence, the solutions proposed build on alternative values and assumptions which can lead to a new economy beyond instrumental rationality. Here, the role of technology as respectful and fair social organization increases. Artefacts that create distance between humans and nature are given much less room, while technology as expansionist and exploitative means is dismantled.
Statistical Mechanics: Entropy, Order Parameters, and Complexity
Authors: Sethna James P.
Published: April 2021

This text distills the core ideas of statistical mechanics to make room for new advances important to information theory, complexity, active matter, and dynamical systems. Chapters address random walks, equilibrium systems, entropy, free energies, quantum systems, calculation and computation, order parameters and topological defects, correlations and linear response theory, and abrupt and continuous phase transitions. Exercises explore the enormous range of phenomena where statistical mechanics provides essential insight — from card shuffling to how cells avoid errors when copying DNA, from the arrow of time to animal flocking behavior, from the onset of chaos to fingerprints. The text is aimed at graduates, undergraduates, and researchers in mathematics, computer science, engineering, biology, and the social sciences as well as to physicists, chemists, and astrophysicists. As such, it focuses on those issues common to all of these fields, background in quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and advanced physics should not be needed, although scientific sophistication and interest will be important.
Humanitarian Intervention: Justifying War for a New International Order
Authors: Jahn Beate
Published: April 2021

Beate Jahn follows on from Nina Wilén’s chapter: Contrary to the widely held belief that humanitarian intervention is the result of a gradual universalization of moral obligations, Jahn shows that classical authors—Francisco de Vitoria, Edmund Burke, Thomas Paine, and John Stuart Mill—as well as state practice regularly contemplated and often justified the use of force as measures to rescue citizens of other states from excessive violence. The authors dealt with, moreover, show that humanitarian action requires particular political arrangements—making regime change the direct aim of such wars. The meteoric rise of the concept of humanitarian intervention during the 1990s thus did not signify the advent of a new type of war. Instead, it functioned as a ‘doctrinal advance guard’ for a new international political order—which finds itself today in rapid decline.
In the Name of State Sovereignty? The Justification of War in Russian History and the Present
Authors: Robinson Paul , Antonov Mikhail
Published: April 2021

This chapter shows that the Russian philosophical and legal traditions regarding war have advanced along a number of different tracks. In Imperial Russia, some thinkers adopted pacifist positions; others regarded war as a necessary evil. A similar bifurcation of thought can be seen in the Soviet era. The Soviets expounded a belief in the principles of non-interference and peaceful coexistence. At the same time, they also sometimes portrayed war in a positive light. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian scholars and political leaders have generally supported state sovereignty and rejected attempts to justify humanitarian interventions, regime change, and preventive war (on these Western strategies, see Geis/Wagner, Stohl, and Jahn in this volume). Nevertheless, they have on occasion resorted to very similar language themselves. Russian narratives thus oscillate between favouring pacifism and sovereignty as means of preserving the status quo and, as an exception, supporting military interventions when these are required by the transient goals of Russian foreign policy.
Decolonization and Sovereign Debt
Authors: Waibel Michael
Published: April 2021

The complex state succession cases arising from decolonization generated intense debates within legal circles. This chapter examines the tension between two stylized schools on state succession into debt: the universal succession and clean slate theories. Universal succession refers to the automatic and complete assumption of the colonial power’s rights and obligations by the newly independent state as they relate to its territory. According to the competing clean slate theory, the former colonial power’s obligations (including debts) as they relate to the territory of the newly independent state are extinguished on independence. Because these obligations are personal to a state, they lapsed on independence. The successor state thus starts life with a clean slate. This chapter provides historical insights into this legal controversy by focusing on the two scholars and practitioners of international law who embodied these two schools of thought, Judge Mohamed Bedjaoui and Professor Daniel Patrick O’Connell. We show how the fundamental disagreements between the two schools (and their radically different implications for the conditions under which colonial entities can achieve independence) have left the law on state succession in flux. Ultimately, the solutions adopted in the decolonization context and in later succession disputes remained highly case-specific and typically involved an agreement between the states concerned.