bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forging the Missionary Ideal: Gender and the Family in the Church Missionary Society Gleaner
Authors: Manktelow Emily J.
Published: July 2019

The missionary press in Britain served not only to diffuse knowledge, but to create identity. For an emergent evangelical middle‐class, notions of masculinity, femininity, and family were negotiated and refined through the representations of missionaries and their lives in the field. Evangelical identity was configured through the ideologies and practices of gender and domesticity in the mission context. This article explores the representations of gender and the family in the philanthropic press in Britain through the case study of the Church Missionary Society Gleaner. For the missionary public at home, the pages of the missionary press contained the exemplary normativity of gender, culture, and family. In forging those ideals through the work and representation of mission endeavour, notions of gender and family became both implicitly and explicitly linked to Empire. By once again taking the colony and metropole into the same analytical space, we can consider the ways in which colonialism “out there” structured Britishness not only “at home.” but in the heart of the home as well.
Assessment and predictors of fatigue in men with prostate cancer receiving radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy
Authors: Bandara Vindya , Capp Anne , Ahmed Gias , Arm Jameen , Martin Jarad
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Fatigue is a commonly reported symptom in men receiving radiation therapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. Despite this, the complex mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate factors which correlate with development of fatigue.

Methods

Twenty‐seven men with high‐risk prostate cancer undergoing radiation therapy and 18 months of ADT were assessed for fatigue, haemoglobin (Hb), testosterone, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fat fraction (FF) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), at baseline and at intervals after radiotherapy. Changes from baseline were analysed using paired t‐tests. Linear time trends were assessed using linear mixed effect models.

Results

Overall, mean fatigue score increased from baseline to the 18‐month time interval (difference 4.5, P = 0.0114). The mean value for Hb significantly decreased (P < 0.001) from baseline to 18 months. The mean value for testosterone significantly decreased (P < 0.001) from baseline to 12 months, and remained low. Mean for MRI FF showed a significant increase (P < 0.001) from baseline to 6 months. MRI ADC showed a non‐significant decrease from baseline to 6 months (P = 0.4416).

Conclusion

Radiotherapy and ADT resulted in a significant increase in fatigue scores. Statistically significant changes were noted in Hb, testosterone and MRI FF and ADC, however, none were shown to have a strong association with worsening fatigue. Further investigation in a larger cohort is required to assess the interaction between fatigue and possible biological factors.
Strategic inventories under limited commitment
Authors: Antoniou Fabio , Fiocco Raffaele
Published: July 2019

In a dynamic storable good market where demand changes over time, we investigate the producer's strategic incentives to hold inventories in response to the possibility of buyer stockpiling. The literature on storable goods has demonstrated that buyer stockpiling in anticipation of higher future prices harms the producer's profitability, particularly when the producer cannot commit to future prices. We show that the producer's inventories act as a strategic device to mitigate the loss from the lack of commitment. Our results provide a rationale for the producer's inventory behavior that sheds new light on the well‐documented empirical evidence about inventories.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ coactivator 1α regulates mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, sarcoplasmic reticulum stress, and cell death to mitigate skeletal muscle aging
Authors: Gill Jonathan F. , Delezie Julien , Santos Gesa , McGuirk Shawn , Schnyder Svenia , Frank Stephan , Rausch Martin , St‐Pierre Julie , Handschin Christoph
Published: July 2019

Age‐related impairment of muscle function severely affects the health of an increasing elderly population. While causality and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, exercise is an efficient intervention to blunt these aging effects. We thus investigated the role of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α), a potent regulator of mitochondrial function and exercise adaptation, in skeletal muscle during aging. We demonstrate that PGC‐1α overexpression improves mitochondrial dynamics and calcium buffering in an estrogen‐related receptor α‐dependent manner. Moreover, we show that sarcoplasmic reticulum stress is attenuated by PGC‐1α. As a result, PGC‐1α prevents tubular aggregate formation and cell death pathway activation in old muscle. Similarly, the pro‐apoptotic effects of ceramide and thapsigargin were blunted by PGC‐1α in muscle cells. Accordingly, mice with muscle‐specific gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function of PGC‐1α exhibit a delayed and premature aging phenotype, respectively. Together, our data reveal a key protective effect of PGC‐1α on muscle function and overall health span in aging.
A Resilience‐Based Intervention Programme to Enhance Psychological Well‐Being and Protective Factors for Rural‐to‐Urban Migrant Children in China
Authors: Tam Cheuk Chi , Li Xiaoming , Benotsch Eric G. , Lin Danhua
Published: July 2019

Background

The current study evaluated the preliminary efficacy of a pilot trial of a resilience‐based intervention programme designed to decrease depression symptoms and improve protective factors (e.g. personal assets, social resources, cultural adaptation self‐efficacy, interpreting adversity, and self‐esteem) among rural‐to‐urban migrant children in China.

Methods

Participants were 285 fourth and fifth graders from two migrant children schools in Beijing. One school was cluster‐randomly assigned as the intervention group (n = 127) and the other was assigned as the wait‐list control group (n = 158). Data were collected at baseline and post‐intervention with a follow‐up rate of 96.8 per cent.

Results

Multivariate analyses found significantly greater increases in social resources, cultural adaptation self‐efficacy, and making positive sense of adversity in the intervention group than in the control group. In the intervention group, migrant children who had moved more often reported a higher increase in personal assets than those who had fewer mobility experience.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that the resilience‐based intervention can be efficacious in improving resilience among migrant children in China.
Study on the lithology of stone chimes (stone musical instruments in ancient China) and Lingbi stone
Authors: Liuliu L. , Ying Q. , Mingyue Y. , Qiao H.
Published: July 2019

The oldest extant musical instruments in the world are stone chimes. This music was created by the ‘eight tones’ that could be produced by these ‘stone’ voices. Although many of these stone chimes have been unearthed from sites predating the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, their discussion in archaeological reports is usually not very thorough. In this paper, the ancient and modern samples are analysed from the point of view of lithology. The aim is to explore how the ancients chose to make these stones, and to check that the type of stone from which these ancient Chinese stone chimes are made is actually those recorded in previous studies. The results show that most of the ancient stone chimes in China are made of limestone. These chimes required a material with a single, homogeneous and compact mineral composition. Lingbi chimes (a kind of ‘lithophone’ produced in Lingbi county, China, are pure in composition and have a fine microcrystalline structure, which is the best choice for making stone chimes. This paper makes a systematic study of the lithology of Chinese stone chimes. The results supplement a significant lacuna in the study of ‘lithophone’ and ancient stone instruments both in China and on a more global scale.
Policy networks, performance metrics and platform markets: Charting the expanding data infrastructure of higher education
Authors: Williamson Ben
Published: July 2019

Digital data are transforming higher education (HE) to be more student‐focused and metrics‐centred. In the UK, capturing detailed data about students has become a government priority, with an emphasis on using student data to measure, compare and assess university performance. The purpose of this paper is to examine the governmental and commercial drivers of current large‐scale technological efforts to collect and analyse student data in UK HE. The result is an expanding data infrastructure which includes large‐scale and longitudinal datasets, learning analytics services, student apps, data dashboards and digital learning platforms powered by artificial intelligence (AI). Education data scientists have built positive pedagogic cases for student data analysis, learning analytics and AI. The politicization and commercialization of the wider HE data infrastructure is translating them into performance metrics in an increasingly market‐driven sector, raising the need for policy frameworks for ethical, pedagogically valuable uses of student data in HE.

Practitioner Notes

What is already known about this topic

Learning analytics, education data science and artificial intelligence are opening up new ways of collecting and analysing student data in higher education.

UK government policies emphasize the use of student data for improvements to teaching and learning.

What this paper adds

A conceptual framework from “infrastructure studies” demonstrates how political objectives and commercial aims are fused to HE data systems, with data infrastructure becoming a key tool of government reform.

A critical infrastructure analysis shows that student data processing technologies are being developed and deployed to measure university performance through student data.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Educators and managers in universities need to prepare robust institutional frameworks to govern their use of student data.

Learning analytics practitioners, data scientists, learning scientists and social science researchers need to collaborate with the policy community and education technology developers on new policy frameworks to challenge narrow uses of student data as performance metrics.
Mortality salience leads to greater consumption of an ostensibly alcoholic beverage on Friday versus other weekdays
Authors: McCabe Simon , Bartholow Bruce D.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

We build on findings from terror management theory to examine how non‐conscious mortality concerns may lead individuals to adhere to cultural meanings yoked to discrete time periods, in this case influencing consumption of an ostensibly alcoholic beverage.

Design

The study took the form of a 2 (death vs. uncertainty reminder) × 3 (Monday vs. Wednesday vs. Friday) between‐subjects laboratory‐based quasi‐experimental design.

Methods

A total of 210 participants (age: M = 21.92 years, SD = 5.33; 103 males and 107 females) recruited from a UK university answered either an open‐ended question to prime mortality or uncertainty cognition on either a Monday, Wednesday, or Friday. As part of an ostensible taste test, they then consumed as much or as little of a purportedly alcoholic drink as they desired.

Results

Death reminders (vs. control topic) were found to result in more consumption of the beverage on a Friday, less consumption on a Monday, and no difference in consumption on a Wednesday.

Conclusions

Findings point to the flexible, time‐contingent nature of culture‐oriented defences against mortality concerns with potential implications for the efficacy of alcohol health warnings featuring mortality‐related stimuli.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Death reminders can spur people to adhere to cultural scripts for behaviour in the service of maintaining existential security.

Death reminders can lead people to consume alcohol (particularly for those who are low in self‐esteem).

What does this study add?

Death reminders may lead people to adhere to temporally yoked scripts related to drinking behaviour.

Specifically, death reminders led to more positive drinking attitudes and more alcohol consumed on Friday compared to Monday or Wednesday.

Cultural script following may be specifically tied to non‐conscious mortality awareness.
Multiple Views: different meanings and collocated words
Authors: Roberts J. C. , Al‐maneea H. , Butcher P. W. S. , Lew R. , Rees G. , Sharma N. , Frankenberg‐Garcia A.
Published: July 2019

We report on an in‐depth corpus linguistic study on ‘multiple views’ terminology and word collocation. We take a broad interpretation of these terms, and explore the meaning and diversity of their use in visualisation literature. First we explore senses of the term ‘multiple views’ (e.g., ‘multiple views’ can mean juxtaposition, many viewport projections or several alternative opinions). Second, we investigate term popularity and frequency of occurrences, investigating usage of ‘multiple’ and ‘view’ (e.g., multiple views, multiple visualisations, multiple sets). Third, we investigate word collocations and terms that have a similar sense (e.g., multiple views, side‐by‐side, small multiples). We built and used several corpora, including a 6‐million‐word corpus of all IEEE Visualisation conference articles published in IEEE Transactions on Visualisation and Computer Graphics 2012 to 2017. We draw on our substantial experience from early work in coordinated and multiple views, and with collocation analysis develop several lists of terms. This research provides insight into term use, a reference for novice and expert authors in visualisation, and contributes a taxonomy of ‘multiple view’ terms.
VIAN: A Visual Annotation Tool for Film Analysis
Authors: Halter Gaudenz , Ballester‐Ripoll Rafael , Flueckiger Barbara , Pajarola Renato
Published: July 2019

While color plays a fundamental role in film design and production, existing solutions for film analysis in the digital humanities address perceptual and spatial color information only tangentially. We introduce VIAN, a visual film annotation system centered on the semantic aspects of film color analysis. The tool enables expert‐assessed labeling, curation, visualization and Classification of color features based on their perceived context and aesthetic quality. It is the first of its kind that incorporates foreground‐background information made possible by modern deep learning segmentation methods. The proposed tool seamlessly integrates a multimedia data management system, so that films can undergo a full color‐oriented analysis pipeline.
Investigating Effects of Visual Anchors on Decision‐Making about Misinformation
Authors: Wesslen R. , Santhanam S. , Karduni A. , Cho I. , Shaikh S. , Dou W.
Published: July 2019

Cognitive biases are systematic errors in judgment due to an over‐reliance on rule‐of‐thumb heuristics. Recent research suggests that cognitive biases, like numerical anchoring, transfers to visual analytics in the form of visual anchoring. However, it is unclear how visualization users can be visually anchored and how the anchors affect decision‐making. To investigate, we performed a between‐subjects laboratory experiment with 94 participants to analyze the effects of visual anchors and strategy cues using a visual analytics system. The decision‐making task was to identify misinformation from Twitter news accounts. Participants were randomly assigned to conditions that modified the scenario video (visual anchor) and/or strategy cues provided. Our findings suggest that such interventions affect user activity, speed, confidence, and, under certain circumstances, accuracy. We discuss implications of our results on the forking paths problem and raise concerns on how visualization researchers train users to avoid unintentionally anchoring users and affecting the end result.
Oui! Outlier Interpretation on Multi‐dimensional Data via Visual Analytics
Authors: Zhao Xun , Cui Weiwei , Wu Yanhong , Zhang Haidong , Qu Huamin , Zhang Dongmei
Published: July 2019

Outliers, the data instances that do not conform with normal patterns in a dataset, are widely studied in various domains, such as cybersecurity, social analysis, and public health. By detecting and analyzing outliers, users can either gain insights into abnormal patterns or purge the data of errors. However, different domains usually have different considerations with respect to outliers. Understanding the defining characteristics of outliers is essential for users to select and filter appropriate outliers based on their domain requirements. Unfortunately, most existing work focuses on the efficiency and accuracy of outlier detection, neglecting the importance of outlier interpretation. To address these issues, we propose Oui, a visual analytic system that helps users understand, interpret, and select the outliers detected by various algorithms. We also present a usage scenario on a real dataset and a qualitative user study to demonstrate the effectiveness and usefulness of our system.
SurgeryCuts: Embedding Additional Information in Maps without Occluding Features
Authors: Angelini M. , Buchmüller Juri , Keim Daniel A. , Meschenmoser Philipp , Santucci G.
Published: July 2019

Visualizing contextual information to a map often comes at the expense of overplotting issues. Especially for use cases with relevant map features in the immediate vicinity of an information to add, occlusion of the relevant map context should be avoided. We present SurgeryCuts, a map manipulation technique for the creation of additional canvas area for contextual visualizations on maps. SurgeryCuts is occlusion‐free and does not shift, zoom or alter the map viewport. Instead, relevant parts of the map can be cut apart. The affected area is controlledly distorted using a parameterizable warping function fading out the map distortion depending on the distance to the cut. We define extended metrics for our approach and compare to related approaches. As well, we demonstrate the applicability of our approach at the example of tangible use cases and a comparative user study.
Visualization of Equivalence in 2D Bivariate Fields
Authors: Zheng Boyan , Rieck Bastian , Leitte Heike , Sadlo Filip
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we show how the equivalence property leads to the novel concept of equivalent regions in mappings from ℝn to ℝn. We present a technique for obtaining these regions both in the domain and the codomain of such a mapping, and determine their correspondence. This enables effective investigation of variation equivalence within mappings, and between mappings in terms of comparative visualization. We implement our approach for n = 2, and demonstrate its utility using different examples.
ChronoCorrelator: Enriching Events with Time Series
Authors: van Dortmont M.A.M.M. , van den Elzen S. , van Wijk J.J.
Published: July 2019

Event sequences and time series are widely recorded in many application domains; examples are stock market prices, electronic health records, server operation and performance logs. Common goals for recording are monitoring, root cause analysis and predictive analytics. Current analysis methods generally focus on the exploration of either event sequences or time series. However, deeper insights are gained by combining both. We present a visual analytics approach where users can explore both time series and event data simultaneously, combining visualization, automated methods and human interaction. We enable users to iteratively refine the visualization. Correlations between event sequences and time series can be found by means of an interactive algorithm, which also computes the presence of monotonic effects. We illustrate the effectiveness of our method by applying it to real world and synthetic data sets.
Scalable Ray Tracing Using the Distributed FrameBuffer
Authors: Usher Will , Wald Ingo , Amstutz Jefferson , Günther Johannes , Brownlee Carson , Pascucci Valerio
Published: July 2019

Image‐ and data‐parallel rendering across multiple nodes on high‐performance computing systems is widely used in visualization to provide higher frame rates, support large data sets, and render data in situ. Specifically for in situ visualization, reducing bottlenecks incurred by the visualization and compositing is of key concern to reduce the overall simulation runtime. Moreover, prior algorithms have been designed to support either image‐ or data‐parallel rendering and impose restrictions on the data distribution, requiring different implementations for each configuration. In this paper, we introduce the Distributed FrameBuffer, an asynchronous image‐processing framework for multi‐node rendering. We demonstrate that our approach achieves performance superior to the state of the art for common use cases, while providing the flexibility to support a wide range of parallel rendering algorithms and data distributions. By building on this framework, we extend the open‐source ray tracing library OSPRay with a data‐distributed API, enabling its use in data‐distributed and in situ visualization applications.
Analysis of Decadal Climate Predictions with User‐guided Hierarchical Ensemble Clustering
Authors: Kappe C.P. , Böttinger M. , Leitte H.
Published: July 2019

In order to gain probabilistic results, ensemble simulation techniques are increasingly applied in the weather and climate sciences (as well as in various other scientific disciplines). In many cases, however, only mean results or other abstracted quantities such as percentiles are used for further analyses and dissemination of the data. In this work, we aim at a more detailed visualization of the temporal development of the whole ensemble that takes the variability of all single members into account. We propose a visual analytics tool that allows an effective analysis process based on a hierarchical clustering of the time‐dependent scalar fields. The system includes a flow chart that shows the ensemble members' cluster affiliation over time, reflecting the whole cluster hierarchy. The latter one can be dynamically explored using a visualization derived from a dendrogram. As an aid in linking the different views, we have developed an adaptive coloring scheme that takes into account cluster similarity and the containment relationships. Finally, standard visualizations of the involved field data (cluster means, ground truth data, etc.) are also incorporated. We include results of our work on real‐world datasets to showcase the utility of our approach.
Segmentifier: Interactive Refinement of Clickstream Data
Authors: Dextras‐Romagnino K. , Munzner T.
Published: July 2019

Clickstream data has the potential to provide insights into e‐commerce consumer behavior, but previous techniques fall short of handling the scale and complexity of real‐world datasets because they require relatively clean and small input. We present Segmentifier, a novel visual analytics interface that supports an iterative process of refining collections of action sequences into meaningful segments. We present task and data abstractions for clickstream data analysis, leading to a high‐level model built around an iterative view‐refine‐record loop with outcomes of conclude with an answer, export segment for further analysis in downstream tools, or abandon the question for a more fruitful analysis path. Segmentifier supports fast and fluid refinement of segments through tightly coupled visual encoding and interaction with a rich set of views that show evocative derived attributes for segments, sequences, and actions in addition to underlying raw sequences. These views support fast and fluid refinement of segments through filtering and partitioning attribute ranges. Interactive visual queries on custom action sequences are aggregated according to a three‐level hierarchy. Segmentifier features a detailed glyph‐based visual history of the automatically recorded analysis process showing the provenance of each segment as an analysis path of attribute constraints. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through a usage scenario with real‐world data and a case study documenting the insights gained by a corporate e‐commerce analyst.
Capture & Analysis of Active Reading Behaviors for Interactive Articles on the Web
Authors: Conlen Matthew , Kale Alex , Heer Jeffrey
Published: July 2019

Journalists, educators, and technical writers are increasingly publishing interactive content on the web. However, popular analytics tools provide only coarse information about how readers interact with individual pages, and laboratory studies often fail to capture the variability of a real‐world audience. We contribute extensions to the Idyll markup language to automate the detailed instrumentation of interactive articles and corresponding visual analysis tools for inspecting reader behavior at both micro‐ and macro‐levels. We present three case studies of interactive articles that were instrumented, posted online, and promoted via social media to reach broad audiences, and share data from over 50,000 reader sessions. We demonstrate the use of our tools to characterize article‐specific interaction patterns, compare behavior across desktop and mobile devices, and reveal reading patterns common across articles. Our contributed findings, tools, and corpus of behavioral data can help advance and inform more comprehensive studies of narrative visualization.
Clinical features, culprit drugs, and allergology workup in 41 cases of fixed drug eruption
Authors: Ben Fadhel Najah , Chaabane Amel , Ammar Helmi , Ben Romdhane Haifa , Soua Yosra , Chadli Zohra , Zili Jameleddine , Boughattas Naceur A. , Ben Fredj Nadia , Aouam Karim
Published: July 2019

Background

Fixed drug eruption (FDE) represents a drug‐related cutaneous reaction. Many drugs been associated with this clinical entity, with continually evolving documentation of implicated agents and clinical presentations. A bullous form can occur although it is rare.

Objectives

To assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of FDE.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed all FDE cases who presented to the Clinical Pharmacology Department at the University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia, for allergy workup.

Results

The mean age of the 41 confirmed FDE cases was 43.8 ± 15.5 years. The time between first lesion onset and FDE diagnosis was less than 1 month for 13 patients (31.7%). Fifteen patients had bullous lesions. The upper limbs were the most common location (65.9% of cases). The patch tests were positive in 27 cases; a provocation test yielded a positive response in the four cases tested. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were involved in 51.2%, antibiotics in 24.4%, and other analgesics in 19.5%. The most common offending drug was mefenamic acid in 24.4% of cases. Bullous lesions were significantly associated with paracetamol intake (P = .014; odds ratio 16.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.76‐158).

Conclusions

NSAIDs and antibiotics were the most implicated in inducing FDE; paracetamol was associated with bullous lesions.
Fish farmers highlight opportunities and warnings for urban carnivore conservation
Authors: McMillan Sharne E. , Wong Tsz‐Chun , Hau Billy C. H. , Bonebrake Timothy C.
Published: July 2019

As urbanization globally drives mammals and carnivores into compact spaces, they will increasingly come into conflict with development and natural resource extraction pressures. The management of these populations is further complicated by difficulties in monitoring what are often rare and elusive species. We used local ecological knowledge (LEK) to collect data on the historical and current status of Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in Hong Kong as well as determine how local fish farmers and residents perceived management and conservation issues surrounding the species. We found evidence for small population size and decline in numbers and distribution over recent decades for L. lutra. Fish farmers had extensive and familiar experience with otters and expressed largely negative opinions about otter impacts on fish stocks but positive attitudes towards their conservation. However, if otters were to have real or perceived effects on livelihood, then opinions about their conservation were mixed and cautious. In the context of the Pearl River Delta megacity, biodiversity is under high threat from development and urbanization. We here show the value of LEK and human dimensions of conservation in balancing the complex challenges of managing land for both local livelihoods and environmental stewardship.
Estimating densities and spatial distribution of a commensal primate species, the long‐tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Hansen Malene F. , Nawangsari Ventie A. , van Beest Floris M. , Schmidt Niels M. , Fuentes Agustin , Traeholt Carl , Stelvig Mikkel , Dabelsteen Torben
Published: July 2019

Knowledge about distribution of primate species and their densities is crucial for conservation and management. However, such information is often lacking or anecdotal, even for seemingly abundant species. Long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are distributed across southeast Asia and recognized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group (IUCN SSC PSG) as both widespread and rapidly declining. Precise local density and abundance data are scarce across their range. To provide density and abundance estimates for a long‐tailed macaque population we conducted line transect distance sampling throughout Baluran National Park (250 km2), East Java, Indonesia covering all habitats. Long‐tailed macaque density was 41.4 ind/km2(95% confidence interval, CI: 23.04–74.39), with an estimated abundance of 10,350 individuals (95% CI: 5,760–18,598). A density of 41.4 ind/km2is lower than previous estimates for other sites in Java. Species distribution and habitat suitability analysis revealed a macaque preference for areas close to or on roads and trails, invasive acacia and/or native savannah. Long‐tailed macaques were provisioned with human food by commuters and tourists along roads and trails, probably structuring their distribution/habitat use. To evaluate if long‐tailed‐macaques have been overestimated for years, we also conducted a nonrandom point distance sampling survey according to macaque presence restricted to roads and trails. This survey provided density and abundance results much higher than the line transect distance sampling survey. Our study provides much needed baseline data for this species. Baluran National Park management and management in other areas can use these results to create informed management decisions regarding long‐tailed macaques. We recommend conducting systematic surveys of long‐tailed macaques throughout their range, and possibly reassessing conservation status, and conservation and management measures for long‐tailed macaques.
Creative Leadership: Transforming Individuals and Organizations
Authors: Gheerawo Rama
Published: July 2019

Creative leadership is not just a phrase—it’s a way of living, and a way to develop other leaders. A growing base of evidence lends credence to these ideas.

What makes for a great leader?

Empathy, clarity, and creativity—and don’t forget joy.
Overcoming the Barriers to Creative Leadership
Authors: Munro‐Smith Nigel
Published: July 2019

Is your organization only paying lip service to the idea of creative leadership? How can you help make it a reality? Here are some thoughts about how to build a creative culture that works.

Creative leadership sounds like an idea nobody could object to—until you try to embed it into a typical risk‐averse organization.
The Design Insiders: Profiling in‐house design within Scotland’s top companies
Authors: Aitchison Iain , Dunne Sam , Steiner Esther
Published: July 2019

Scotland boasts a range of global players in financial services, energy, and engineering sectors with multi‐billion‐dollar revenue and tens of thousands of staff. These researchers decided to investigate the extent to which these companies use in‐house designers, and what roles they play.

A look at the microcosm of in‐house designers and what their corporate roles are in one first‐world, successful country.
Independent lineages in a common environment: the roles of determinism and contingency in shaping the migration timing of even‐ versus odd‐year pink salmon over broad spatial and temporal scales
Authors: Oke Krista B. , Cunningham Curry J. , Quinn Thomas P. , Hendry Andrew P.
Published: July 2019

Studies of parallel evolution are seldom able to disentangle the influence of cryptic environmental variation from that of evolutionary history; whereas the unique life history of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) presents an opportunity to do so. All pink salmon mature at age two and die after breeding. Hence, pink salmon bred in even years are completely reproductively isolated from those bred in odd years, even if the two lineages bred in same location. We used time series (mean = 7 years, maximum = 74 years) of paired even‐ and odd‐year populations from 36 rivers spanning over 2000 km to explore parallelism in migration timing, a trait with a strong genetic basis. Migration timing was highly parallel, being determined almost entirely by local environmental differences among rivers. Interestingly, interannual changes in migration timing different somewhat between lineages. Overall, our findings indicate very strong determinism, with only a minor contribution of contingency.
Early changes in tests of peripheral nerve function during oxaliplatin treatment and their correlation with chemotherapy‐induced polyneuropathy symptoms and signs
Authors: Krøigård T. , Svendsen T. K. , Wirenfeldt M. , Schrøder H. D. , Qvortrup C. , Pfeiffer P. , Gaist D. , Sindrup S. H.
Published: July 2019

Background and purpose

Assessment of the severity of chronic peripheral neuropathy during oxaliplatin treatment is based on symptoms. Efforts to adjust the total dose of oxaliplatin to prevent severe neuropathy can be complicated by the worsening of neuropathy symptoms following treatment. Objective measures of the structure and function of peripheral nerves during early phases of treatment may aid in determining the optimal oxaliplatin dose in individual patients. Intraepidermal nerve fibre density (IENFD) has been suggested as an early marker of peripheral neuropathy.

Methods

Sixty patients were examined before treatment and following 25% and 50% of the total planned oxaliplatin dose. Fifty‐five of them were also examined at completion of chemotherapy and 6 months later. IENFD in skin biopsies from the distal leg, nerve conduction studies and quantitative sensory testing at the dorsum of the foot were performed. Forty‐six healthy subjects were examined at baseline and after 6 and 52 weeks for comparison.

Results

Intraepidermal nerve fibre density was not reduced during treatment. Sural nerve amplitude and conduction velocity, vibration detection thresholds, mechanical detection threshold and cold detection threshold were significantly reduced during treatment. Compared to reference values and spontaneous changes in healthy subjects, the largest proportions of patients with deterioration were found for vibration detection thresholds followed by nerve conduction studies, mechanical detection threshold, cold detection threshold and IENFD.

Conclusions

Significant changes were most pronounced for measures of large nerve fibre function, especially vibration sensation. Skin biopsies do not seem to provide a clinically relevant objective measure of peripheral nerve deterioration during oxaliplatin treatment.
Multiaxial fatigue of quenched and tempered U2 steel: Testing and fatigue life prediction
Authors: Castro Fábio C. , Mamiya Edgar N. , Malcher Lucival , Canut Felipe A. , Ferreira Guilherme V. , Neves Raniere S.
Published: July 2019

Tension‐compression, tension‐tension, torsional, and 90° out‐of‐phase axial‐torsional fatigue tests were performed on a quenched and tempered U2 steel. All tests were conducted under force/torque control because macroscopic plastic strains were insignificant in the life range of interest (from 104 to 2 × 106 loading cycles). Stress‐based versions of the Fatemi‐Socie critical plane parameter and of the Smith‐Watson‐Topper parameter with a critical plane interpretation were evaluated using the experimental data. The Smith‐Watson‐Topper parameter was not able to correlate the test data. The Fatemi‐Socie method correlated most of the test data within factor‐of‐three boundaries. A modified Crossland invariant‐based parameter made of two interaction rules between the shear stress amplitude and the maximum hydrostatic stress, and of a definition of shear stress amplitude based on the maximum prismatic hull method, yielded fatigue life estimates in reasonable agreement with the experimental observations.
Models for Small Area Estimation for Census Tracts
Authors: Logan John R. , Bauer Cici , Ke Jun , Xu Hongwei , Li Fan
Published: July 2019

This study examines issues of Small Area Estimation that are raised by reliance on the American Community Survey (ACS), which reports tract‐level data based on much smaller samples than the decennial census long‐form that it replaced. We demonstrate the problem using a 100% transcription of microdata from the 1940 census. By drawing many samples from two major cities, we confirm a known pattern: random samples yield unbiased point estimates of means or proportions, but estimates based on smaller samples have larger average errors in measurement and greater risk of large error. Sampling variability also inflates estimates of measures of variation across areas (reflecting segregation or spatial inequality). This variation is at the heart of much contemporary spatial analysis. We then evaluate possible solutions. For point estimates, we examine three Bayesian models, all of which reduce sampling variation, and we encourage use of such models to correct ACS small area estimates. However, the corrected estimates cannot be used to calculate estimates of variation, because smoothing toward local or grand means artificially reduces variation. We note that there are potential Bayesian approaches to this problem, and we demonstrate an efficacious alternative that uses the original sample data.
Associations of neighborhood walkability with intensity‐ and bout‐specific physical activity and sedentary behavior of older adults in Japan
Authors: Amagasa Shiho , Inoue Shigeru , Fukushima Noritoshi , Kikuchi Hiroyuki , Nakaya Tomoki , Hanibuchi Tomoya , Sallis James F , Owen Neville
Published: July 2019

Aim

We examined the relationships of objectively‐measured walkability with accelerometer‐measured activity patterns including bout‐specific moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light‐intensity physical activity (LPA) and sedentary behavior in older Japanese adults.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 450 men and women (mean age 74 years) who were randomly selected from a resident registry of each municipality (Bunkyo, Fuchu and Oyama city). Neighborhood walkability was assessed using geographic information system data and activity patterns by a validated accelerometer (Active style Pro HJA‐350IT). MVPA was assessed as overall (all minutes), short‐bout (<10 min) and long‐bout (≥10 min). We used analysis of covariance to examine environmental relationships with the three MVPA measures, LPA and sedentary behavior by quartiles of walkability, adjusting for accelerometer wear time and sociodemographic, behavioral and health‐related factors.

Results

In total, 27% of participants achieved ≥150 min/week of long‐bout MVPA. Walkability was not associated with overall MVPA (Q1 = 35.0, Q2 = 31.9, Q3 = 31.4, Q4 = 34.2 min/day) Older adults living in low‐walkability areas significantly accumulated more short‐bout MVPA (Q1 = 27.2, Q2 = 22.1, Q3 = 20.1, Q4 = 20.5 min/day) and LPA (Q1 = 346, Q2 = 311, Q3 = 289, Q4 = 284 min/day), but less sedentary behavior (Q1 = 479, Q2 = 520, Q3 = 544, Q4 = 544 min/day) than those living in high‐walkability areas.

Conclusions

Those living in low‐walkability areas accumulated more LPA and short‐bout MVPA. These activities might be helpful targets for initiatives to promote physical activity among older adult residents of low‐walkability areas. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 861–867.
Financial knowledge among Iranian investors
Authors: Cude Brenda J. , Chatterjee Swarn , Tavosi Jamal
Published: July 2019

This research is the first to describe financial knowledge in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Data were collected from a convenience sample of investors in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The data were used to examine objective and subjective knowledge as well as overconfidence in one's financial knowledge. The results indicated that compared with other populations, Iranians did not perform well on either basic or advanced financial knowledge questions, especially when the questions dealt with interest rates. This is likely related to the Islamic law ban on usury‐based investing. Regression analysis indicated that demographic charactristics related to basic financial knowledge were income, labour force status and being a student. Demographic characteristics related to advanced financial knowledge were education, labour force status and age. Higher income and education reduced the odds of being overconfident about one's financial knowledge, while being a student and male increased the odds. The article concludes with recommendations about future research as well as building a national financial education strategy.
The influence of preschoolers' emotional and behavioural problems on obesity treatment outcomes: Secondary findings from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Eiffener Elodie , Eli Karin , Ek Anna , Sandvik Pernilla , Somaraki Maria , Kremers Stef , Sleddens Ester , Nowicka Paulina
Published: July 2019

Background

Few studies have explored the influence of preschoolers' behavioural problems on obesity treatment.

Objectives

To assess emotional and behavioural problems before and after an obesity intervention and examine relationships between changes in child behaviour and changes in weight status.

Method

The study included 77 children (4‐6 years old, 53% girls, mean body mass index [BMI] z‐score of 3.0 [SD 0.6]) who participated in the More and Less Study, a randomized controlled trial. Families were randomized to a parenting program or to standard treatment. The children's heights and weights (BMI z‐score, primary outcome) were measured at baseline and 12 months post baseline. Parents rated their children's behaviours (secondary outcome) on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for ages 1.5 to 5 years, a questionnaire that measures psychosocial health and functioning, encompassing emotional and behavioural problems. Changes in child behaviour during treatment were examined through paired samples t tests; the influence of child behaviour on treatment effects was examined through linear regressions.

Results

Child emotional and behavioural problems significantly improved after obesity treatment. Lower scores were found for Emotional Reactivity, Sleep Problems, Affective Problems, Aggressive Behaviour, Externalizing Behaviours, Oppositional Defiant Problems, and Total Problems. Child behaviour significantly affected obesity treatment results: Attention Problems and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at baseline contributed to increasing BMI z‐scores, whereas Oppositional Defiant Problems, Externalizing Behaviours, and a higher number of behavioural problems predicted decreasing BMI z‐scores.

Conclusions

Child behaviours at baseline influenced treatment results. Child emotional and behavioural problems improved post treatment. The results suggest that obesity treatment may help in reducing emotional distress among preschoolers.
Scratch‐induced yielding and ductile fracture in silicate glasses probed by nanoindentation
Authors: Sawamura Shigeki , Limbach René , Wilhelmy Sönke , Koike Akio , Wondraczek Lothar
Published: July 2019

Lateral nanoindentation provides access to the scratch hardness of glass surfaces. The specific sensitivity of the scratching experiment to surface mechanical properties can be enhanced when the local load at the tip apex is reduced. Here, we report on ramp‐load scratch tests on a range of silicate glasses using a sphero‐conical tip shape. Similar as with regular scratching experiments using sharp indenters, such tests create a sequence of micro‐ductile, micro‐cracking, and micro‐abrasive regimes. Detailed investigation of the indenter displacement h and of the lateral force FL as recorded in situ, however, reveals pronounced deviations in comparison to Vickers or Berkovich scratching experiments. Most notably, this includes an abrupt increase in both h and FL at moderate normal load, marking the onset of ductile fracture, and a yield point at the transition from fully elastic deformation to the elastic‐plastic regime at low load. For the range of examined silicate glasses, we find that structural cohesion controls yielding, whereas scratch‐induced fracture and micro‐abrasion are dominated by the volume density of bond energy.
Better evaluating mechanisms in medicine. Book Review: Evaluating Evidence of Mechanisms in Medicine
Authors: La Caze Adam
Published: July 2019

Evidence of mechanisms plays an important role in medical decision‐making, but this role is less well articulated than that of clinical trial evidence. A new book, Evaluating Evidence of Mechanisms in Medicine: Principles and Procedures, provides a framework and resources for explicitly evaluating evidence of mechanisms when assessing claims of efficacy and external validity. This review outlines the overall approach of the book, the contribution it makes to evidence evaluation in medicine and makes some suggestions for further work that will aid implementation of the framework into clinical decision‐making.
Physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of probiotic yogurt enhanced with Anethum graveolens essential oil
Authors: Mehdizadeh Tooraj , Mojaddar Langroodi Ali , Shakouri Roghieh , Khorshidi Sonia
Published: July 2019

In the present work, physicochemical, sensory characteristics and viability of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus casei of probiotic yogurt using dill (Anethum graveolens) essential oil (DEO) (50 and 100 ppm) were investigated at 4°C for 21 days. Alterations in amount of fat and protein of yogurt treatments during storage time were not significant. The viability of B. bifidum and L. casei increased up to the 2nd week of storage and then decreased by the end of the storage period. Generally, samples with incorporated 100 ppm DEO had the highest number of probiotic bacteria on the last day of storage, 7.81 and 7.92 CFU/g for L. casei and B. bifidum, respectively. pH and titratable acidity values were decreased and increased, respectively, over the time for all samples. Yogurt with incorporated 100 ppm DEO achieved higher sensory scores compared to other yogurt samples. Therefore, the current results confirmed that the addition of probiotic and DEO improved the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of yogurt.

Practical Applications

Yogurt undergoes sensory, chemical changes and microbial growth during refrigerated storage. Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus casei are generally applied as probiotic species in milk products. Dill essential oil (DEO) is used in food industries to extend the shelf life of the foods with desired organoleptic properties. This work recommends that DEO can be successfully used as a safe and natural source in the production of probiotic yogurt.