bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequential Venoplasty for Treatment of Inferior Vena Cava Stenosis Following Liver Transplant
Authors: Parvinian Ahmad , Gaba Ron Charles
Published: September 2014

Obstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a rare complication of liver transplantation with significant consequences including intractable ascites and hepatic dysfunction. Although venoplasty and stenting are effective in many cases, patients who fail first-line treatment may require surgical intervention or re-transplantation. Scheduled sequential balloon dilation, an approach frequently used to treat fibrotic, benign biliary strictures, but less commonly vascular lesions, may avert the need for such high-risk alternatives while achieving favorable clinical and angiographic response. Herein, we report the case of a 36-year-old woman with transplant-related, initially angioplasty-resistant IVC stenosis that was successfully treated with sequential balloon dilation.
Efficacy of Artemisinin-Based Combination Treatments of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Under-Five-Year-Old Nigerian Children
Authors: Oguche Stephen , Okafor Henrietta U. , Watila Ismaila , Meremikwu Martin , Agomo Philip , Ogala William , Agomo Chimere , Ntadom Godwin , Banjo Olajide , Okuboyejo Titilope , Ogunrinde Gboye , Odey Friday , Aina Olugbemiga , Sofola Tolulope , Sowunmi Akintunde
Published: September 2014

The efficacy of 3-day regimens of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine were evaluated in 747 children < 5 years of age with uncomplicated malaria from six geographical areas of Nigeria. Fever clearance was significantly faster (P = 0.006) and the proportion of children with parasitemia 1 day after treatment began was significantly lower (P = 0.016) in artesunate-amodiaquine—compared with artemether-lumefantrine-treated children. Parasite clearance times were similar with both treatments. Overall efficacy was 96.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 94.5–97.6%), and was similar for both regimens. Polymerase chain reaction-corrected parasitologic cure rates on Day 28 were 96.9% (95% CI 93.9–98.2%) and 98.3% (95% CI 96.1–99.3%) for artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine, respectively. Gametocyte carriage post treatment was significantly lower than pretreatment (P < 0.0001). In anemic children, mean time to recovery from anemia was 10 days (95% CI 9.04–10.9) and was similar for both regimens. Both treatments were well tolerated and are safe and efficacious treatments of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in young Nigerian children.
High Schistosoma mansoni Disease Burden in a Rural District of Western Zambia
Authors: Mutengo Mable M. , Mwansa James C. L. , Mduluza Takafira , Sianongo Sandie , Chipeta James
Published: September 2014

Schistosoma mansoni disease is endemic in most parts of rural Zambia, and associated complications are common. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 754 people in rural communities of Kaoma District, western Zambia to determine the burden of S. mansoni infection and associated morbidity. Parasitology and ultrasonography assessments were conducted on consenting participants. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection and geometric mean egg count (GMEC) were 42.4% (304) and 86.6 eggs per gram (95% confidence interval = 75.6–99.6), respectively. Prevalence was highest in the age group of 15–19 years old (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.70, P = 0.017). S. mansoni-related portal fibrosis was detected in 26% of the participants screened. Participants above 39 years old were 2.93 times more likely to have fibrosis than the 7–9 years old age group (P = 0.004). The study highlights the high burden of S. mansoni disease in this area and calls for immediate interventions to avert complications associated with the disease.
Efficacy and Safety of Arachidonic Acid for Treatment of Schistosoma mansoni-Infected Children in Menoufiya, Egypt
Authors: Selim Sahar , El Sagheer Ola , El Amir Azza , Barakat Rashida , Hadley Kevin , Bruins Maaike J. , El Ridi Rashika
Published: September 2014

Arachidonic acid (ARA), an omega-6 fatty acid, kills juvenile and adult schistosomes in vitro and displays highly significant and safe therapeutic effects in mice and hamsters infected with Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium. This study aims to examine the efficacy and safety of ARA in treatment of school-age children infected with S. mansoni. In total, 66 S. mansoni-infected schoolchildren (20–23 children/study arm) received a single dose of 40 mg/kg praziquantel (PZQ), ARA (10 mg/kg per day for 15 days), or PZQ combined with ARA. The children were examined before and after treatment for worm egg counts in stool and blood biochemical and immunological parameters. ARA proved to be as efficacious as PZQ in treatment of schoolchildren with low infection intensity (78% and 85% cure rates, respectively). For moderate-intensity infection, the ARA and PZQ combination led to 100% cure rate. Biochemical, hematological, and immunological parameters were either unchanged or ameliorated after ARA therapy.
Predictors of Severe Disease in Melioidosis Patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Authors: Mohd Roslani Ardita Dewi Roslani , Tay Sun Tee , Puthucheary Savithri D. , Rukumani Devi V. , Sam I-Ching
Published: September 2014

The predictors of severe disease or death were determined for 85 melioidosis patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Most of the patients were male, > 40 years old, and diabetic. Severe disease or death occurred in 28 (32.9%) cases. Lower lymphocyte counts and positive blood cultures were significant independent predictors of severe disease, but age, presentations with pneumonia, inappropriate empirical antibiotics, or flagellin types of the infecting isolates were not. Knowledge of local predictors of severe disease is useful for clinical management.
Comparison of ice cloud properties simulated by the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5) with in-situ observations
Authors: Eidhammer T. , Morrison H. , Bansemer A. , Gettelman A. , Heymsfield A. J.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Detailed measurements of ice crystals in cirrus clouds were used to compare with results from the Community Atmospheric Model Version 5 (CAM5) global climate model. The observations are from two different field campaigns with contrasting conditions: Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Spring Cloud Intensive Operational Period in 2000 (ARM-IOP), which was characterized primarily by midlatitude frontal clouds and cirrus, and Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4), which was dominated by anvil cirrus. Results show that the model typically overestimates the slope parameter of the exponential size distributions of cloud ice and snow, while the variation with temperature (height) is comparable. The model also overestimates the ice/snow number concentration (0th moment of the size distribution) and underestimates higher moments (2nd through 5th), but compares well with observations for the 1st moment. Overall the model shows better agreement with observations for TC4 than for ARM-IOP in regards to the moments. The mass-weighted terminal fall speed is lower in the model compared to observations for both ARM-IOP and TC4, which is partly due to the overestimation of the size distribution slope parameter. Sensitivity tests with modification of the threshold size for cloud ice to snow autoconversion (Dcs) do not show noticeable improvement in modeled moments, slope parameter and mass weighed fall speed compared to observations. Further, there is considerable sensitivity of the cloud radiative forcing to Dcs, consistent with previous studies, but no value of Dcs improves modeled cloud radiative forcing compared to measurements. Since the autoconversion of cloud ice to snow using the threshold size Dcs has little physical basis, future improvement to combine cloud ice and snow into a single category, eliminating the need for autoconversion, is suggested.
Chemical mass balance of 300 °C non-volatile particles at the tropospheric research site Melpitz, Germany
Authors: Poulain L. , Birmili W. , Canonaco F. , Crippa M. , Wu Z. J. , Nordmann S. , Spindler G. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Wiedensohler A. , Herrmann H.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. In the fine-particle mode (aerodynamic diameter < 1 μm) non-volatile material has been associated with black carbon (BC) and low-volatile organics and, to a lesser extent, with sea salt and mineral dust. This work analyzes non-volatile particles at the tropospheric research station Melpitz (Germany), combining experimental methods such as a mobility particle-size spectrometer (3–800 nm), a thermodenuder operating at 300 °C, a multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP), and an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). The data were collected during two atmospheric field experiments in May–June 2008 as well as February–March 2009. As a basic result, we detected average non-volatile particle–volume fractions of 11 ± 3% (2008) and 17 ± 8% (2009). In both periods, BC was in close linear correlation with the non-volatile fraction, but not sufficient to quantitatively explain the non-volatile particle mass concentration. Based on the assumption that BC is not altered by the heating process, the non-volatile particle mass fraction could be explained by the sum of black carbon (47% in summer, 59% in winter) and a non-volatile organic contribution estimated as part of the low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol (LV-OOA) (53% in summer, 41% in winter); the latter was identified from AMS data by factor analysis. Our results suggest that LV-OOA was more volatile in summer (May–June 2008) than in winter (February–March 2009) which was linked to a difference in oxidation levels (lower in summer). Although carbonaceous compounds dominated the sub-μm non-volatile particle mass fraction most of the time, a cross-sensitivity to partially volatile aerosol particles of maritime origin could be seen. These marine particles could be distinguished, however from the carbonaceous particles by a characteristic particle volume–size distribution. The paper discusses the uncertainty of the volatility measurements and outlines the possible merits of volatility analysis as part of continuous atmospheric aerosol measurements.
Influence of satellite-derived photolysis rates and NOx emissions on Texas ozone modeling
Authors: Tang W. , Cohan D. S. , Pour-Biazar A. , Lamsal L. N. , White A. , Xiao X. , Zhou W. , Henderson B. H. , Lash B.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Uncertain photolysis rates and emission inventory impair the accuracy of state-level ozone (O3) regulatory modeling. Past studies have separately used satellite-observed clouds to correct the model-predicted photolysis rates, or satellite-constrained top-down NOx emissions to identify and reduce uncertainties in bottom-up NOx emissions. However, the joint application of multiple satellite-derived model inputs to improve O3 State Implementation Plan (SIP) modeling has rarely been explored. In this study, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) observations of clouds are applied to derive the photolysis rates, replacing those used in Texas SIP modeling. This changes modeled O3 concentrations by up to 80 ppb and improves O3 simulations by reducing modeled normalized mean bias (NMB) and normalized mean error (NME) by up to 0.1. A sector-based discrete Kalman filter (DKF) inversion approach is incorporated with the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx)-Decoupled Direct Method (DDM) model to adjust Texas NOx emissions using a high resolution Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 product. The discrepancy between OMI and CAMx NO2 vertical column densities (VCD) is further reduced by increasing modeled NOx lifetime and adding an artificial amount of NO2 in the upper troposphere. The sector-based DKF inversion tends to scale down area and non-road NOx emissions by 50%, leading to a 2–5 ppb decrease in ground 8 h O3 predictions. Model performance in simulating ground NO2 and O3 are improved using inverted NOx emissions, with 0.25 and 0.04 reductions in NMBs and 0.13 and 0.04 reductions in NMEs, respectively. Using both GOES-derived photolysis rates and OMI-constrained NOx emissions together reduces modeled NMB and NME by 0.05 and increases the model correlation with ground measurement in O3 simulations and makes O3 more sensitive to NOx emissions in the O3 non-attainment areas.
Retrieval of aerosol absorption properties using the AATSR satellite instrument: a case study of wildfires over Russia 2010
Authors: Rodríguez E. , Kolmonen P. , Virtanen T. H. , Sogacheva L. , Sundström A.-M. , de Leeuw G.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The retrieval of aerosol properties from satellite data is based on the optimized fit of simulated and measured radiances at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). The simulations are made using a radiative transfer model with a variety of representative aerosol properties.The optimum fit is obtained for a certain combination of aerosol components, which are externally mixed to provide the aerosol model which in turn is used to calculate the aerosol optical depth (AOD). However, other aerosol properties could be provided. In the aerosol retrieval algorithm (ADV) applied to data from the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR), four aerosol components are used, each of which is defined by their (lognormal) size distribution and a complex refractive index. The fine mode fraction is a continuous mixture of weakly and strongly absorbing components which allows for the definition of any absorbing aerosol model within the specified limits. Hence, assuming that the correct aerosol model is selected during the retrieval process, also the single scattering albedo (SSA) should correctly be retrieved. In this paper we present the SSA retrieval using the ADV algorithm by application to wildfires over Russia in the summer of 2010. Together with the AOD, the SSA provides the aerosol absorbing optical depth (AAOD). The results are compared with AERONET data, i.e. AOD level 2.0 and SSA and AAOD inversion products. The RMSE is 0.03 for SSA and 0.02 for AAOD. The SSA is further evaluated by comparison with the SSA retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The SSA retrieved from both instruments show similar features, but the AATSR-retrieved SSA values over areas affected by wildfires are lower.
Spatial variability and the fate of cesium in coastal sediments near Fukushima, Japan
Authors: Black E. E. , Buesseler K. O.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Quantifying the amount of cesium incorporated into marine sediments as a result of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident has proven challenging due to the limited multi-core sampling from within the 30 km zone around the facility; the inherent spatial heterogeneities in ocean sediments; and the potential for inventory fluctuations due to physical, biological, and chemical processes. Using 210Pb, 234Th, 137Cs, and 134Cs profiles from 20 sediment cores, coastal sediment inventories were reevaluated. A 137Cs sediment inventory of 100 ± 50 TBq was found for an area of 55 000 km2 using cores from this study and a total of 130 ± 60 TBq using an additional 181 samples. These inventories represent less than 1% of the estimated 15–30 PBq of cesium released during the FDNPP disaster. The time needed for surface sediment activities (0 to 3 cm) at the 20 locations to be reduced by 50% via sediment mixing was estimated to range from 0.4 to 26 yr. Due to the observed variability in mixing rates, grain size, and inventories, additional cores are needed to improve these estimates and capture the full extent of cesium penetration into the shallow coastal sediments, which was deeper than 14 cm for all cores retrieved from water depths less than 150 m.
Emissions from prescribed fire in temperate forest in south-east Australia: implications for carbon accounting
Authors: Possell M. , Jenkins M. , Bell T. L. , Adams M. A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. We estimated of emissions of carbon, as CO2-equivalents, from planned fire in four sites in a south-eastern Australian forest. Emission estimates were calculated using measurements of fuel load and carbon content of different fuel types, before and after burning, and determination of fuel-specific emission factors. Median estimates of emissions for the four sites ranged from 20 to 139 T CO2–e ha−1. Variability in estimates was a consequence of different burning efficiencies of each fuel type from the four sites. Higher emissions resulted from more fine fuel (twigs, decomposing matter, near-surface live and leaf litter) or coarse woody debris (CWD; > 25 mm diameter) being consumed. In order to assess the effect of estimating emissions when only a few fuel variables are known, Monte-Carlo simulations were used to create seven scenarios where input parameters values were replaced by probability density functions. Calculation methods were: (1) all measured data were constrained between measured maximum and minimum values for each variable, (2) as for (1) except the proportion of carbon within a fuel type was constrained between 0 and 1, (3) as for (2) but losses of mass caused by fire were replaced with burning efficiency factors constrained between 0 and 1; and (4) emissions were calculated using default values in the Australian National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA), National Inventory Report 2011, as appropriate for our sites. Effects of including CWD in calculations were assessed for calculation Method 1, 2 and 3 but not for Method 4 as the NGA does not consider this fuel type. Simulations demonstrate that the probability of estimating true median emissions declines strongly as the amount of information available declines. Including CWD in scenarios increased uncertainty in calculations because CWD is the most variable contributor to fuel load. Inclusion of CWD in scenarios generally increased the amount of carbon lost. We discuss implications of these simulations and how emissions from prescribed burns in temperate Australian forests could be improved.
Corrigendum to "Analysis of the French insurance market exposure to floods: a stochastic model combining river overflow and surface runoff" published in Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2469–2485, 2014
Authors: Moncoulon D. , Labat D. , Ardon J. , Leblois E. , Onfroy T. , Poulard C. , Aji S. , Rémy A. , Quantin A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. No abstrace available.
Representing model error in ensemble data assimilation
Authors: Cardinali C. , Žagar N. , Radnoti G. , Buizza R.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The paper investigates a method to represent model error in the ensemble data assimilation (EDA) system. The ECMWF operational EDA simulates the effect of both observations and model uncertainties. Observation errors are represented by perturbations with statistics characterized by the observation error covariance matrix whilst the model uncertainties are represented by stochastic perturbations added to the physical tendencies to simulate the effect of random errors in the physical parameterizations (ST-method). In this work an alternative method (XB-method) is proposed to simulate model uncertainties by adding perturbations to the model background field. In this way the error represented is not just restricted to model error in the usual sense but potentially extends to any form of background error. The perturbations have the same correlation as the background error covariance matrix and their magnitude is computed from comparing the high-resolution operational innovation variances with the ensemble variances when the ensemble is obtained by perturbing only the observations (OBS-method). The XB-method has been designed to represent the short range model error relevant for the data assimilation window. Spread diagnostic shows that the XB-method generates a larger spread than the ST-method that is operationally used at ECMWF, in particular in the extratropics. Three-dimensional normal-mode diagnostics indicate that XB-EDA spread projects more than the spread from the other EDAs onto the easterly inertia-gravity modes associated with equatorial Kelvin waves, tropical dynamics and, in general, model error sources. The background error statistics from the above described EDAs have been employed in the assimilation system. The assimilation system performance showed that the XB-method background error statistics increase the observation influence in the analysis process. The other EDA background error statistics, when inflated by a global factor, generate analyses with 30–50% smaller degree of freedom of signal. XB-EDA background error variances have not been inflated. The presented EDAs have been used to generate the initial perturbations of the ECMWF ensemble prediction system (EPS) of which the XB-EDA induces the largest EPS spread, also in the medium range, leading to a more reliable ensemble. Compared to ST-EDA, XB-EDA leads to a small improvement of the EPS ignorance skill score at day 3 and 7.
Circulation, eddies, oxygen and nutrient changes in the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Czeschel R. , Stramma L. , Weller R. A. , Fischer T.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. A large, subsurface oxygen deficiency zone is located in the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean (ETSP). The large-scale circulation in the eastern equatorial Pacific and off Peru in November/December 2012 shows the influence of the equatorial current system, the eastern boundary currents, and the northern reaches of the subtropical gyre. In November 2012 the Equatorial Undercurrent is centered at 250 m depth, deeper than in earlier observations. In December 2012 the equatorial water is transported southeastward near the shelf in the Peru-Chile Undercurrent with a mean transport of 1.6 Sv. In the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) the flow is overlaid with strong eddy activity on the poleward side of the OMZ. Floats with parking depth at 400 m show fast westward flow in the mid-depth equatorial channel and sluggish flow in the OMZ. Floats with oxygen sensors clearly show the passage of eddies with oxygen anomalies. The long-term float observations in the upper ocean lead to a net community production estimate at about 18° S of up to 16.7 mmol C m−3 yr1 extrapolated to an annual rate and 7.7 mmol C m−3 yr−1 for the time period below the mixed layer. Oxygen differences between repeated ship sections are influenced by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, by the phase of El Niño, by seasonal changes, and by eddies and hence have to be interpreted with care. At and south of the equator the decrease in oxygen in the upper ocean since 1976 is related to an increase in nitrate, phosphate, and in part in silicate.
Editorial "The Interdisciplinary Nature of SOIL"
Authors: Brevik E. C. , Cerdá A. , Mataix-Solera J. , Pereg L. , Quinton J. N. , Six J. , Van Oost K.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The holistic study of soils requires an interdisciplinary approach involving biologists, chemists, geologists, and physicists amongst others, something that has been true from the earliest days of the field. This approach has been strengthened and reinforced as current research continues to use experts trained in both soil science and related fields and by the wide array of issues impacting the world's biosphere that require an in-depth understanding of soils. Of fundamental importance amongst these issues are biodiversity, biofuels/energy security, climate change, ecosystem services, food security, human health, land degradation, and water security, each representing a critical challenge for research. In order to establish a benchmark for the type of research we seek to highlight in each issue of SOIL, here in this editorial, we outline the interdisciplinary nature of soil science research that we are seeking for in SOIL, with a focus on the myriad ways soil science can be used to expand investigation into a more holistic and therefore richer approach to soil research. In addition, we provide a selection of invited review papers in the first issue of SOIL that address the study of soils and the ways in which soil investigations are essential to other related fields. We hope that both this editorial and the first issue will serve as examples of the kinds of topics we would like to see published in SOIL and will stimulate excitement among our readers and authors to participate in this new venture.
Marcelo Rioseco sobre Rubí Carreño, Eltit: redes locales, redes globales
Authors: Rioseco Marcelo
Published: September 2014

Reseñas
Nível de desenvolvimento sócio econômico dos municípios paranaenses
Authors: Paz Douglas , Maia Katy , Melo Carmen Ozana de , Ferreira Carlos Roberto
Published: September 2014

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o nível de desenvolvimento dos municípios do estado do Paraná, por meio de análise fatorial. Para tanto, foi calculado um índice de desenvolvimento para os 399 municípios do estado; foram selecionadas 21 variáveis, as quais, após serem rodadas convergiram para quatro fatores de análise, que em conjunto explicaram 84,70% da variância total destas variáveis. Os resultados mostram que, destacaram-se positivamente, nas primeiras posições, os municípios de Curitiba, Araucária, São José dos Pinhais e Carambeí. Por outro lado, nas últimas posições ficaram os municípios de Nova Tebas, Mato Rico, Laranjal e Altamira do Paraná, dentre outros pequenos municípios. Nas primeiras posições do ranking, observou-se uma distribuição espacial relativamente uniforme pelas diversas áreas do estado, enquanto que nas últimas colocações, houve uma tendência de concentração ao redor do centro do estado. Também foi possível detectar uma tendência no sentido de as maiores cidades ocuparem as primeiras posições, como cidades mais desenvolvidas do estado do Paraná.
Le métissage brésilien
Authors: Gutel Cécilia , Le Guirriec Patrick
Published: September 2014

Au Brésil le métissage s’enracine dans l’histoire longue du peuplement du pays. La nation brésilienne s’est constituée sur la base d’unions mixtes entre les trois « matrices initiales » amérindienne, européenne et africaine, formant un métissage tel que les différences ethniques semblent avoir été gommées, comme l’affirme le concept de « démocratie raciale ». Transformé en mythe d’origine de la nation brésilienne au début du XXe siècle, il laisse supposer la parfaite égalité de tous les citoyens. Pourtant, les inégalités socioéconomiques reposant sur les différences raciales dans l’accès aux richesses et aux pouvoirs n’ont pu échapper longtemps aux observateurs. En 2001, la société brésilienne idéalisée qui se pense et se déclare comme profondément métisse voit la mise en place de mesures de discrimination positive au bénéfice des plus pauvres, mais aussi des Noirs et des Indiens dans l’attribution de quotas dans les institutions publiques et universités. Il s’agit alors de la reconnaissance officielle de l’existence des inégalités et d’une remise en cause de l’homogénéité de la nation si longtemps affirmée. Le présent article se propose d’examiner le paradoxe sur lequel repose la représentation du métissage dans une société qui veut idéalement gommer les différences, mais dont les membres sont différenciés selon leur origine tant dans la construction des politiques publiques que dans la hiérarchisation des groupes.
Colonisation, acculturation et métissage
Authors: Bashkirov Mikhail
Published: September 2014

Cet article présente l’histoire et l’émergence des communautés métissées de la Iakoutie du XVIIe au XIXe siècle. Dès l’époque des premiers contacts au XVIIe, les Iakoutes, une population autochtone de la Sibérie, ont subi l’influence économique, sociale et politique des colonisateurs russes. Le métissage entre les Russes et les populations locales a permis l’émergence de communautés métissées dont la culture est distincte de leurs ascendants russes et autochtones. Le processus d’adaptation aux différentes conditions géographiques et naturelles des groupes d’immigrants russes a défini la ligne de développement de ces communautés en Iakoutie. Chaque communauté avait un caractère unique et une identité locale. L’histoire des villages de Amga-Sloboda, Russkoye Ustye et Pokhodsk peut illustrer cette tendance. En général, la population de ces villages porte le nom de russkie starozhilu (« vieux colons russes »), mais en même temps chacune de ces communautés a transformé des éléments de sa culture russe et iakoute et se distingue fortement des autres communautés voisines.
Les hommes qui partent et ceux qui restent
Authors: Fresnoza-Flot Asuncion , Perraudin Anna
Published: September 2014

La migration rurale-urbaine au Mexique et la migration internationale féminisée depuis les Philippines suscitent une reconfiguration des rôles genrés dans la famille : dans les deux cas, les femmes acquièrent une autonomie financière qui accentue la déstabilisation des rôles masculins auxquels se référaient leurs conjoints. En croisant les données de deux études portant sur les mouvements migratoires au Mexique et aux Philippines, cette note de recherche montre que les hommes mexicains et philippins adoptent des stratégies similaires afin de revaloriser leur place dans leur famille et dans leur société : gagner de l’argent en travaillant (en émigrant aux États-Unis ou en restant aux Philippines, respectivement), obtenir le soutien de leur épouse, et remplir leur rôle de père. Examiner cet effet sous-étudié de la migration des femmes sur l’identité masculine est important pour une compréhension globale des conséquences de la migration sur la famille.
Survivre dans un camp de réfugiés
Authors: Caron Roxane , Damant Dominique
Published: September 2014

S’appuyant sur les résultats d’une recherche qualitative portant sur l’expérience d’exil de Palestiniennes vivant dans un camp de réfugiés au Liban, cette note de recherche propose une réflexion sur le sens que donnent ces femmes à leur vie en camp, et ce, malgré les guerres et l’exil prolongé. À travers les récits de vie de 42 Palestiniennes, on observe que les femmes et leur famille vivent dans un « camp réel », un espace qu’elles décrivent comme insalubre, instable et non sécuritaire. Or, la vie dans ce camp est tellement précaire et difficile que, pour « tenir bon », les femmes s’accrochent à un « camp symbolique », un camp porteur de mémoire, de souvenirs, de relations, de liens et de rêves. On verra que c’est d’ailleurs parce qu’il y a ce camp symbolique que le camp prend un sens, que la vie dans le camp peut être tolérée.
Peroxisomal lactate dehydrogenase is generated by translational readthrough in mammals
Authors: Schueren Fabian , Lingner Thomas , George Rosemol , Hofhuis Julia , Dickel Corinna , Gärtner Jutta , Thoms Sven
Published: September 2014

Translational readthrough gives rise to low abundance proteins with C-terminal extensions beyond the stop codon. To identify functional translational readthrough, we estimated the readthrough propensity (RTP) of all stop codon contexts of the human genome by a new regression model in silico, identified a nucleotide consensus motif for high RTP by using this model, and analyzed all readthrough extensions in silico with a new predictor for peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1). Lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) showed the highest combined RTP and PTS1 probability. Experimentally we show that at least 1.6% of the total cellular LDHB is targeted to the peroxisome by a conserved hidden PTS1. The readthrough-extended lactate dehydrogenase subunit LDHBx can also co-import LDHA, the other LDH subunit, into peroxisomes. Peroxisomal LDH is conserved in mammals and likely contributes to redox equivalent regeneration in peroxisomes.
Recurrent loss of CenH3 is associated with independent transitions to holocentricity in insects
Authors: Drinnenberg Ines A , deYoung Dakota , Henikoff Steven , Malik Harmit Singh
Published: September 2014

Faithful chromosome segregation in all eukaryotes relies on centromeres, the chromosomal sites that recruit kinetochore proteins and mediate spindle attachment during cell division. The centromeric histone H3 variant, CenH3, is the defining chromatin component of centromeres in most eukaryotes, including animals, fungi, plants, and protists. In this study, using detailed genomic and transcriptome analyses, we show that CenH3 was lost independently in at least four lineages of insects. Each of these lineages represents an independent transition from monocentricity (centromeric determinants localized to a single chromosomal region) to holocentricity (centromeric determinants extended over the entire chromosomal length) as ancient as 300 million years ago. Holocentric insects therefore contain a CenH3-independent centromere, different from almost all the other eukaryotes. We propose that ancient transitions to holocentricity in insects obviated the need to maintain CenH3, which is otherwise essential in most eukaryotes, including other holocentrics.
Instituciones mapuche en Chile: del derecho propio a la consulta indígena
Authors: Leiva Ronny Alejandro
Published: September 2014

La institucionalidad indígena chilena ha incorporado recientemente el Convenio 169 sobre pueblos indígenas y tribales de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) a sus instrumentos de gestión. Con anterioridad a este, la Ley Indígena 19.253 sobre protección, fomento y desarrollo de los indígenas creaba las organizaciones funcionales indígenas con el objetivo de canalizar la participación de estos pueblos.
El Convenio 169 y otros instrumentos internacionales de derechos indígenas consagran el derecho de los pueblos originarios a participar a través de sus propias instituciones representativas. El Estado chileno está obligado a considerar a estos pueblos como sujetos de derechos colectivos y a reconocer a sus agentes tradicionales como actores políticos válidos en la esfera pública.
Desde las ciencias sociales el análisis de la legislación indígena chilena ha evidenciado la forma en que las organizaciones creadas por la Ley 19.253 desplazan y niegan a los agentes tradicionales mapuche dejándolos marginados de la implementación de las políticas indígenas chilenas. El presente artículo analiza este problema, centrándose en la reciente formalización en la legislación ambiental chilena de la consulta especial a los pueblos indígenas, en los casos de implementación de proyectos de inversión en sus territorios. Comienza presentando el estándar internacional de derechos indígenas, para luego comentar las formas de reglamentación de la consulta indígena a nivel local considerando un análisis jurídico de sus alcances. A continuación, se analiza la complejidad del escenario institucional indígena en Chile, llegando principalmente a evidenciar la persistencia y vigencia de las propias instituciones mapuche en la actualidad, las que incluyen sus propias formas de organización tradicional y derecho propio, en un escenario de negación jurídica de su existencia. Finalmente, el análisis se centra en el primer proceso de consulta indígena, que involucra a las comunidades mapuche de la comuna de Curarrehue, en la región de La Araucanía, situación en la cual se puede apreciar el problema de la representatividad del pueblo mapuche en sus diversas aristas.
El documento concluye que el pueblo mapuche, más allá de reaccionar ante la intervención de los agentes externos, debe ejercer plenamente sus derechos políticos para lograr el control efectivo de su propio desarrollo. Debido a esto, aparece como una necesidad urgente que la población mapuche defina de forma autónoma cuáles son las instituciones y los agentes que representan a nivel local la determinación política del pueblo mapuche.
Editorial
Authors: Zavala Cepeda José Manuel
Published: September 2014

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Authors: . .
Published: September 2014

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All‐Aromatic Polymer‐Based Anion Conductive Ionomers with Different Ion Exchange Capacities for Water Electrolysis
Authors: Nara Yuri , Tomita Moe , Nagasawa Kensaku , Kuroda Yoshiyuki , Mitsushima Shigenori , Kawakami Hiroyoshi , Tanaka Manabu
Published: August 2024

Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) is vital for efficient, environmentally friendly, and cost‐effective hydrogen production. Herein, fluorene‐based polymers containing alkyl ammonium groups with different ion exchange capacities (IECs) for use in anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and anion exchange ionomers (AEIs) are investigated. Among the AEMs tested, the AEM with an IEC of 2.2 meq g−1 shows the highest anion conductivity because of its efficient water uptake characteristics. The anode catalyst layers utilize AEIs and iridium oxide catalyst particles. It is essential to select AEIs with appropriate IEC and suitable solvents for high‐performance anodes in water electrolyzers. Morphological and physical property evaluations reveal that moderate hydrophilicity and suppression of water swelling of AEIs improve water electrolysis performance. The optimized catalyst layer achieves better water electrolysis performance (2.64 V, 1.8 A cm−2 at 30 °C) than the conventional catalyst layer (3.83 V, 1.8 A cm−2 at 30 °C). Although the water electrolysis performance in this study falls short of the final targets, further research on anion conductive polymers and catalyst layers, based on this study's findings, is expected to promote practical applications of AEMWEs.
Achieving a High‐Strength Bonding between Aluminum Alloys and Polymer Composites via Self‐Riveting Welding
Authors: Jiang Chunyang , Wu Lihui , Liu Fengchao , Pei Xianjun , Xue Peng , Ni Dingrui , Xiao Bolv , Ma Zongyi
Published: August 2024

Great challenges exist in producing reliable welding between metals and polymer composites. In this study, self‐riveting welding (SRW) is employed to obtain metal–polymer hybrid joints with high load‐bearing capability. In this investigation, it is shown that the SRW joints with a prefabricated hole of 5.8 mm in diameter are characterized by fewer void defects with sufficient polymer filling, a tightly bonded joint interface, and a relatively uniform stress distribution along the joint interface during the tensile test, leading to the high load‐bearing capability of the SRW joints. The maximum average tensile force is 1.5 kN. The fracture occurs across the polymer composite rather than along the joint interface. In the results, it is shown that SRW has the potential to be developed into a method for fabricating reliable hybrid joints for the aerospace and automotive industries.
Ultralow‐Temperature Sintering of Titanium Powder by Spark Plasma Sintering Under Cyclic Pressure
Authors: Manabe Nao , Suzuki Ayako S. , Ninagawa Mei , Wakabayashi Hideki , Hirayama Naomi , Niinobe Kouichi , Tang Yuanbo T. , Utada Satoshi , McCartney David Graham , Reed Roger C. , Kitagawa Hiroyuki
Published: August 2024

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a promising method for producing titanium components from powder but a limitation is that high sintering temperatures (>900 °C) are normally required to eliminate porosity. Herein, the SPS of commercially pure titanium powder is reported using both cyclic and constant uniaxial pressure and compare densification, microstructure, and mechanical behavior. The following parameters are varied: sintering temperature, TS, 400 to 900 °C; cyclic and constant pressures, 100 to 500 MPa; with and without an isothermal dwell of 60 min at TS. The mechanical behavior is determined by bend and tensile testing. It is demonstrated that the application of cyclic pressure (cyclic‐SPS) gives superior densification over the range of parameters investigated compared with a constant pressure. Bend testing reveals improved ductility after cyclic‐SPS compared with a constant pressure. The dwell at TS further improves mechanical properties, giving excellent tensile ductility and strength. Consequently, at the ultralow temperature of 500 °C, nearly fully dense, ductile, titanium is achieved. It is shown that cyclic pressure enhances the degree of powder compaction at room temperature, and mechanisms are proposed to rationalize the effect of cyclic‐SPS on enhancing the rates of densification and sintering as the temperature increases during processing.
Additive Manufacturing of Interstitial Nitrogen‐Strengthened CoCrNi Medium Entropy Alloy
Authors: Malladi Sri Bala Aditya , Riabov Dmitri , Guo Sheng , Nyborg Lars
Published: August 2024

Equiatomic CoCrNi medium entropy alloy (MEA) is known for its excellent mechanical properties, oxidation resistance, and hydrogen embrittlement resistance. Interstitial elements like carbon and nitrogen further enhance these properties. However, there is limited research on interstitial solid solution‐strengthened alloys produced via powder bed fusion‐laser beam (PBF‐LB). This study investigates the role of nitrogen as an interstitial alloying element in CoCrNi MEA using PBF‐LB. Two alloy variants, one without nitrogen and one prealloyed with nitrogen, are analyzed through thermodynamic calculations and experimental validations. A minor nitrogen loss occurs in as‐printed samples compared to prealloyed powders, but the remaining nitrogen stays as an interstitial solid solution without forming detrimental secondary phases. This leads to improved mechanical properties, with yield and ultimate tensile strengths increasing from about 690 and 900 MPa in nitrogen‐free samples to over 750 and 1000 MPa in nitrogen‐containing samples while maintaining the high ductility of the nitrogen‐free counterpart in the as‐printed materials. Additionally, the nitrogen‐containing CoCrNi‐N MEA exhibits ≈35HV higher hardness than the nitrogen‐free variant in both as‐printed and heat‐treated states. These findings highlight the benefits of nitrogen addition in enhancing the mechanical properties of CoCrNi MEA produced by PBF‐LB.
Customized Flexible Osteoid Electrode for Traumatic Brain Injury Induced Posttraumatic Epilepsy Monitoring
Authors: Wang Junjie , Yu Jingwei , Wei Hongbo , Wang An , Hou Zishuo , Kumi Moses , Wang Xinge , Wang Tengjiao , Li Peng , Huang Wei
Published: August 2024

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)‐induced post‐traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a serious brain disease that causes the loss of motor functions, cognitive impairments, and even death. Real‐time and long‐term electrophysiological signal monitoring has significant implication for the treatment of patient with TBI. Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) utilizing flexible electrodes enable accurate epilepsy identification by electrocorticography (ECoG) signal monitoring. In this study, a customized flexible osteoid electrode is developed, which contributes to demands and personal differentiation among patients with TBI. The end product of osteoid electrode after full osseointegration will be a stable and firmly integrated structure within the bone tissue, providing a secure platform for continuous electrophysiological signal monitoring. The flexibility and conductivity of the osteoid electrode enables high‐quality and long‐term epilepsy monitoring. Biocompatibility of the osteoid electrode is also demonstrated by in vitro cell experiments. Simultaneously, the porous osteoid electrode also exhibits osseointegration ability based on potential long‐term ECoG signal monitoring, which suggests its potential for the comprehensive treatment of TBI patients. This work not only introduces a potential therapeutic scaffold for TBI‐related diseases, but also provides promising techniques for clinical ECoG monitoring in patients with TBI.
Advanced Computational Methods in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Chen Ruoxi , Zhou Yucheng , He Jiajun , Li Xiaodong
Published: August 2024

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, as one of the most promising “post‐Li‐ion” energy storage devices, encounter several intrinsic challenges: polysulfide dissolution and shuttle effect, poor sulfur utilization, lithiation‐induced sulfur expansion, and lithium dendritic growth. These challenges must be resolved, and the associated mechanisms must be completely understood before the practical applications of Li–S batteries. Despite significant progress in enhancing battery capacities, experimental studies on the working mechanisms of Li–S batteries remain challenging. Alternatively, computational methods are proven useful for understanding Li–S electrochemistry and designing high‐performance Li–S batteries. This review presents recent advances in computational methods (density functional theory, molecular dynamics simulations, and finite element analysis) for Li–S batteries, compares their advantages, and summarizes their favorable applications in addressing the challenges of Li–S batteries. Computational methods should find more applications in the development of Li–S batteries.
Base Metals Induced Oxygen Migration and Adjustable Performance in Multifunctional Oxide Heterojunction Devices
Authors: Yang Miaoqian , Liu Yukuai , Chen Guangzheng , Ou Jiahui , Peng Jiazhi , Huang Haoliang , Zeng Xierong , Leung Chi Wah , Huang Chuanwei
Published: August 2024

The chemical and electronic interactions at metal/oxide heterojunctions is pivotal in determining the electronic properties of oxide devices utilized in microelectronics, catalysis, and photovoltaic systems. In this study, interfacial oxidation migrations within a model heterostructure system, consisting of a La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 film overlaid by various metallic (Ti, Al, Cu, Ag, and Au) ultrathin layers are systematically investigated. It is experimentally demonstrated that at elevated deposition temperature, the oxygen‐active ultrathin overlayers of base metals such as Ti and Al significantly derive oxygen from the underlying La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 film, inducing a perovskite to brownmillerite phase transition in the underlying functional oxide film. Conversely, no structural transitions are observed for La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 film when it is capped by noble metals (Au, Ag), which possess relative high oxidation formation energy. These observations are crucial for the development of novel crystalline and electronic architectures in metal/oxide heterostructures, offering a refined approach to modulate interfacial reactivity without compromising the functionality of oxide‐based heterojunction devices.
Lithium Phosphorous Oxynitride as an Advanced Solid‐State Electrolyte to Boost High‐Energy Lithium Metal Battery
Authors: Zou Zewei , Xiao Zhexi , Lin Zhenkang , Zhang Bingchen , Zhang Chenxi , Wei Fei
Published: August 2024

Lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) as one of the most successful solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs), has attracted great interest both in academia and technology due to its exceptional interfacial compatibility, broad electrochemical stability window, and excellent thermal stability, which enables the realization of extremely stable electrolyte/electrode interphase toward high‐energy density solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries (SSLMBs). However, insufficiency in ionic diffusion, mechanical robustness, and interfacial stability hinder its commercialization process. Herein, the characteristics of amorphous structure LiPON, fundamental understanding on the bulk ionic diffusion and electrode/electrolyte interface are systematically discussed, and the improvement strategies to boost the electrochemical performance are highlighted. Then, innovative characterization and computational methods help to unravel the design principle of LiPON are summarized. Furthermore, the approaches to realize high‐efficient preparation of LiPON are analyzed, followed by the investigation of present application of LiPON in current batteries. Finally, remaining challenges associated with the fundamental understanding and rational prediction of structure and interface design, high efficient preparation, and potential opportunities for future application of LiPON are properly prospected.