bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicians’ electronic health records use at home, job satisfaction, job stress and burnout
Authors: Privitera Michael R. , Atallah Fouad , Dowling Frank , Gomez-DiCesare Caroline , Hengerer Arthur , Arnhart Katie , Young Aaron , Staz Mark
Published: June 2018

Objective: To determine how electronic health record (EHR) use at home impacts physician job satisfaction, job stress and burnout.Methods: This study looks at survey responses from 1,048 physicians in New York in 2016 to see how time spent on EHRs at home affected physician’s job satisfaction, job stress and burnout.Results: Accounting for demographic and practice values, physicians’ moderately high to excessive time spent on EHRs at home did not significantly affect job satisfaction but did significantly increase their odds of experiencing job stress by 50% and burnout by 46%. However, length and degree of documentation requirements and extension of work life into home by means of e-mail, completion of records and phone calls significantly correlated to decreased job satisfaction and increased job stress and likelihood of burnout.Conclusions: Although technology allows for physicians to work on electronic devices in various locations, healthcare administrators, policy makers and physicians alike should be aware of negative implications of excessive EHR use, documentation completion, e-mails and phone calls at home. Greater attention is needed on the human factors in the delivery of care and the importance of joy in the practice of medicine. Suggestions for organizational interventions are discussed.
Measuring healthcare service quality in a private hospital in a developing country by tools of Victorian patient satisfaction monitor
Authors: Chu Si Dung , Khong Tan Sin
Published: June 2018

Objective: A survey was conducted for patient satisfaction (PS) in a private hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam using the Tools of Victorian Patient Satisfaction Monitor (VPSM) 2012.Methods: The study obtained feedbacks from patients from December 2013 to Jan 2014. After patients finished their outpatient care at the hospital, they were asked 25 questions following the VPSM. Each question can score from 1-5.Results: In total, 420 patients were interviewed and 396 patients completed the survey. Levels of customer satisfaction about service quality (SQ) were influenced by the VPSM with 6 items (25 score) and Cronbach alpha coefficient’s 0.938, including: (1) Access and Admission, (2) General Patient Information, (3) Treatment and Related Information, (4) Complaints Management, (5) Physical Environment, and (6) Discharge And Follow, with highly Corrected Item-Total Correlation of six constructs of PS (from 0.749 to 0.885). Overall, the level of highly PS in the hospital was explained almost 77.347% what could be achieved. There is no difference in the assessment of the SQ for medical examination under the “Gender” and the “level of education”, but there is a difference in the assessment of the SQ between the “monthly income level” with the model of research.Conclusions: Adjusted research model for the hospital has six constructs of levels of customer satisfaction about SQ is influenced by the VPSM with 6 items (25 score). The VPSM provides feedback on the SQ for medical examination of a private hospital experience from the adult outpatient’s perspective at the developing nation as Vietnam country.
Self-evaluation of lifestyle and assessment of health condition by clinical measurements – A call to the rural population
Authors: Kaakinen Pirjo , Železnik Uroš , Kyngäs Helvi , Železnik Danica
Published: June 2018

Background: Although many people know that a healthy lifestyle prevents chronic diseases and improves the quality of life, the best way to invite people from rural areas to take part in health check-ups is still unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the lifestyle and health condition of people from the Carinthia regions in Slovenia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 140 participants. Data were collected by questionnaire and clinical measurements and were analysed by descriptive statistical methods.Results: Most of the participants were ≥ 60 years old (62%) and 61% were women, 75% had a high BMI and 64% had elevated blood pressure. The older participants ate breakfast more often than younger participants (p = .010). There was a statistically significant connection between the number of daily hot meals and BMI (p = .026) and blood pressure (p = .049). Half of the participants (51%) drank a litre of water per day as recommended. Hiking was the most popular form of physical activity.Conclusions: The study findings recommended using a new way to call people in health check-ups in rural areas and provided information about the kind of lifestyle counselling rural people may need.
Graduate Students’ Proficiency Strategy Attitutes on Autonomous Learning in Foreign Language Learning
Authors: Küçükler Halil
Published: June 2018

The aim of the study is to investigate the strategy attitudes of graduate students’ proficiency attitudes on autonomous learning in foreign language learning. This survey was conducted in Balıkesir University in academic years of of 2014-2015. The survey analyses graduate (Master of Arts) students’ foreign language learning styles and strategies to find out to what extent they are autonomous. Two kinds of questionnaires were administered. The first one was learner autonomy survey questionnaire developed by Zhang and Li (2004), which was administered to investigate how autonomous the participants were in learning English as a foreign language. The second one was the perceptual learning style preference questionnaire (PLSPQ) developed by Reid (1987). The two questionnaires were administered to 600 graduate students enrolled in the Institutions of Social Sciences and the Institution of Health at Balıkesir University in the academic years of 2014-2015. Only 504 graduate students responded the questionnaires. Then it was announced that there would be two types of English YDS preparation courses for the participants enrolled at Balıkesir University, Institute of M.A programs. 30 participants applied to join the courses. The participants are assigned to two groups, as instructed and non-instructed on voluntary bases. The results of data analysis showed that most of the participants preferred to learn English in class. But few students believed that they would be successful by self-study. The learners did not use strategies in high level but they used them in medium level.
Perception of Farmers on Conservation Agriculture for Climate Change Adaptation in Namibia
Authors: Taapopi M. , Kamwi J. M. , Siyambango N.
Published: June 2018

Traditional cultivation methods in Namibia are characterised by cultivating the same type of crops persistently on the same piece of land, using a disc or mouldboard plough with minimal to no fertilizer application. This study assessed the knowledge level of farmers' on conservation agriculture and the household factors,which influence farmers to take up conservation agriculture in the Omusati Region of Namibia. Both socioeconomic and biophysical data were collected through household face-to-face interviews from 40 households located in seven constituencies of the Omusati Region. The results showed that technological know-how, limited agricultural inputs and implements for conservation agriculture hindered the uptake of conservation agriculture. In addition, lack of crop residues for mulching purposes and little understanding of the importance of crop rotation were identified as barriers to practice conservation agriculture. Logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, marital status, education level, crop field size and farming period did not significantly influence the adoption of conservation agriculture. The study indicates that there is a need to encourage the use of climate smart agriculture technologies such as conservation agriculture, which minimizes the negative impacts of dry spells in order to maximize crop production and increase farmers'  understanding on the principles of conservation agriculture. Thus, strategies and policies to reduce poverty need to consider local contexts, social norms and values. In this regard, engagement of local farmers and demonstration of the short and long-term benefits of conservation agricultural practices offer promising entry points.
Experiencias de retroacción para mejorar la evaluación continuada: el uso de Twitter como tecnología emergente
Authors: Fernández-Ferrer Maite , Cano Elena
Published: June 2018

En el marco del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) resulta necesario insistir en la evaluación para el aprendizaje y trabajar en propuestas de mejora de la retroacción que se proporciona al estudiante. Con la intención de que esta no sea finalista, es interesante articular mecanismos para comprobar que la que se proporciona resulta útil para el aprendizaje y se emplea en las futuras producciones del alumnado. El objetivo de este trabajo es diseñar experiencias de aprendizaje y actividades de evaluación continuada que proporcionen retroacción a los alumnos para que puedan aplicarla en sus futuras tareas académicas. En este artículo se presenta la experiencia llevada a cabo en una de las asignaturas obligatorias del grado de Pedagogía, en la que se ha planteado el uso de Twitter como actividad de aprendizaje mediada por la evaluación entre iguales y en la que los universitarios han tenido que proporcionar una retroacción constante a sus compañeros sobre la calidad de sus tuits. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran las diferencias significativas entre la percepción de los estudiantes sobre la retroacción recibida por parte de sus pares y la que ellos mismos les han proporcionado. Una retroacción, según ellos, con mucha más intencionalidad de mejorar el aprendizaje.
Análisis videográfico para la evaluación de los aprendizajes en las prácticas externas de la formación inicial de docentes de secundaria
Authors: Martínez Romera Daniel David , Cebrián Robles Daniel
Published: June 2018

Las tecnologías emergentes del vídeo digital (ontologías, reconocimiento de voz e imagen, anotaciones, etc.) permiten establecer nuevas interacciones entre usuarios y otorgan posibilidades innovadoras a las ya conocidas ventajas en la enseñanza universitaria, como la documentación de evidencias multimedia en los portafolios electrónicos del estudiante de prácticas externas. El presente trabajo muestra el modelo de uso, al tiempo que señala líneas de investigación para mejorar la docencia, con ejemplos de análisis de contenidos y reflexiones pedagógicas vertidas en las anotaciones de un grupo de 21 estudiantes del máster de secundaria en el momento de diseñar sus unidades didácticas en las prácticas. Entre las conclusiones, destaca que la utilización del vídeo se ha mostrado útil especialmente para aquellos estudiantes que no provienen de una formación de grado en educación, porque la teorización pedagógica mediante el análisis de imágenes y de evidencias visuales facilita las ejemplificaciones metodológicas, la discusión, la argumentación y la interiorización de modelos teóricos y prácticos. Por tanto, se demuestra cómo documentar los portafolios electrónicos y analizar las prácticas con evidencias de vídeo es una metodología, una línea de investigación innovadora y una competencia profesional en la formación del docente de secundaria.
¿Tecnologías emergentes o tecnologías emergiendo?: Un estudio contextualizado en la práctica preprofesional
Authors: Raposo-Rivas Manuela , Martínez-Figueira Esther
Published: June 2018

Es habitual afirmar que la tecnología está por todas partes, pero ¿ha llegado y se ha instalado en el prácticum y en las prácticas externas, en general, y, particularmente, en su evaluación? Esta es la cuestión que planteamos aquí con la finalidad de constatar la presencia y el uso que la tecnología emergente está teniendo en la práctica preprofesional. Para ello hemos realizado una investigación bibliométrica sobre las producciones generadas en los simposios internacionales sobre el prácticum y las bases de datos Scielo y Dialnet de los últimos veinte años. Respondiendo a los criterios establecidos, se analizan 84 aportaciones. Los resultados muestran que, aunque la productividad sobre el prácticum y las prácticas externas es abundante, en este contexto de formación práctica más que hablar de «tecnología emergente» debemos referirnos a que «la tecnología está emergiendo», ya que ha sido un tópico en evolución creciente a lo largo de los años. Se concluye con una reflexión sobre la necesidad y la pertinencia de dichos recursos en este momento formativo.
Fernando Quesada Castro (ed.), Paz para la paz y Mujeres y guerra
Authors: Lavernia Biescas Kilian
Published: June 2018

.
La buena vida cartesiana: Descartes sobre los bienes terrenales
Authors: García Rodríguez Sergio
Published: June 2018

La interpretación de la moral cartesiana ha tendido a centrarse en la noción de beatitud, consecuencia del correcto ejercicio de la virtud. En este sentido, los bienes espirituales han suprimido la función que los bienes terrenales poseen en la propuesta de Descartes. El presente artículo cuestiona esa lectura, destacando el importante papel que los bienes terrenales juegan en la consecución de una buena vida, mostrando la dimensión activa del sujeto cartesiano.
El pensamiento musical pitagórico, platónico y aristoxénico de Arístides Quintiliano. Parte II: Fundamentos aristoxénicos. Conciliación de los fundamentos pitagórico-platónicos
Authors: Diago Jiménez José María
Published: June 2018

Este artículo constituye la segunda parte de un estudio formado por dos artículos en el que se desglosa y analiza pormenorizadamente el pensamiento musical de Arístides Quintiliano, autor de uno de los principales tratados musicales de la Antigüedad. A través de dicho estudio se analizan cuáles son las influencias y orientaciones filosóficas en cada uno de los puntos clave de su obra, demostrando cómo su estética se articula principalmente sobre las influencias pitagóricas, platónicas y aristoxénicas, corrientes aparentemente contradictorias.
El problema de las distinciones en Spinoza. Una subversión crítica de Descartes
Authors: De Gainza Mariana
Published: June 2018

En este trabajo analizamos la operación de deconstrucción y reelaboración crítica que Spinoza realiza de las distinciones metafísicas heredadas. En particular, acompañando a Deleuze, nos concentramos en la reconceptualización, a la vez sutil y profunda, que la Ética presenta de las tres distinciones que Descartes considera fundamentales para concebir la constitución diversificada del ser: la distinción real, la distinción numérica y la distinción de razón. En la manera en que Spinoza se distancia de Descartes, valiéndose de conceptos cartesianos resignificados, se juega la radicalidad subversiva de su ontología.
Diderot, apologista de Séneca: ¿un proyecto fallido?
Authors: Ratto Gustavo Adrián
Published: June 2018

El objetivo del artículo es demostrar que la ambivalente interpretación que Diderot realiza de la figura de Séneca pone en peligro el propósito que persigue en uno de sus últimos trabajos, el Essai sur Sénèque le philosophe, sur ses écrits et sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron, publicado en 1778 y reeditado en 1782. En las primeras páginas del texto el filósofo francés se propone defender la imagen de Séneca frente a sus críticos antiguos y modernos. Diderot, sin embargo, se encuentra a lo largo del texto con una serie de obstáculos que parecen poner en riesgo su empresa. El escrito, por otra parte, arroja algunas luces sobre el vínculo entre historia y filosofía en la obra del editor de la Encyclopédie.
The Gauß Sum and its Applications to Number Theory
Authors: Nadia Khan  , Shin-Ichi Katayama  , Toru Nakahara  , Hiroshi Sekiguchi
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this article is to determine the monogenity of families of certain biquadratic fields K and cyclic bicubic fields L obtained by composition of the quadratic field of conductor 5 and the simplest cubic fields over the field Q of rational numbers applying cubic Gauß sums. The monogenic biquartic fields K are constructed without using the integral bases. It is found that all the bicubic fields L over the simplest cubic fields are non-monogenic except for the conductors 7 and 9. Each of the proof is obtained by the evaluation of the partial differents !"!# of the different !F/Q(") with F=K or L of a candidate number !, which will or would generate a power integral basis of the fields F.Here ! denotes a suitable Galois action of the abelian extensions F/Q and !F/Q(") is defined by !"G\{#}$(%&%!),where G and ! denote respectively the Galois group of F/Q and the identity embedding of F.
An intermediate state of bacterial ribosome dissociation is fixed by yeast mitochondrial initiation factor 3
Authors: Levitskii Sergey , Derbikova Ksenia , Golovin Andrey V , Kuzmenko Anton , Baleva Maria V , Chicherin Ivan , Krasheninnikov Igor A , Kamenski Piotr
Published: June 2018

The processes of association and dissociation of ribosomal subunits are of great importance for the protein biosynthesis. The mechanistic details of these processes, however, are not well known. In bacteria, upon translation termination, ribosome dissociates into subunits which is necessary for its further involvement into new initiation step. The dissociated state of ribosome is maintained by initiation factor 3 (IF3) which binds to free small subunits and prevents their premature association with the large subunits. In this work, we have exchanged IF3 in E.coli cells by its ortholog from Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria (Aim23p) and showed that yeast protein cannot functionally substitute the bacterial one and is even slightly toxic for bacterial cells. Our in vitro experiments have demonstrated that Aim23p does not split E.coli ribosomes into subunits. Instead, it fixes an intermediate state of ribosomes dissociation characterized by sedimentation coefficient about 60S. Using molecular modeling, we show that such fixation is due to mitochondria-specific terminal extensions of Aim23p that stabilize the position of the protein on the bacterial ribosome.
Independent evolution of functionally exchangeable mitochondrial outer membrane import complexes
Authors: Vitali Daniela G , Käser Sandro , Kolb Antonia , Dimmer Kai S , Schneider Andre , Rapaport Doron
Published: June 2018

Assembly and/or insertion of a subset of mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) proteins, including subunits of the main MOM translocase, require the fungi-specific Mim1/Mim2 complex. So far it was unclear which proteins accomplish this task in other eukaryotes. Here, we show by reciprocal complementation that the MOM protein pATOM36 of trypanosomes is a functional analogue of yeast Mim1/Mim2 complex, even though these proteins show neither sequence nor topological similarity. Expression of pATOM36 rescues almost all growth, mitochondrial biogenesis, and morphology defects in yeast cells lacking Mim1 and/or Mim2. Conversely, co-expression of Mim1 and Mim2 restores the assembly and/or insertion defects of MOM proteins in trypanosomes ablated for pATOM36. Mim1/Mim2 and pATOM36 form native-like complexes when heterologously expressed, indicating that additional proteins are not part of these structures. Our findings indicate that Mim1/Mim2 and pATOM36 are the products of convergent evolution and arose only after the ancestors of fungi and trypanosomatids diverged.
Visualizing conformational dynamics of proteins in solution and at the cell membrane
Authors: Gordon Sharona E , Munari Mika , Zagotta William N
Published: June 2018

Conformational dynamics underlie enzyme function, yet are generally inaccessible via traditional structural approaches. FRET has the potential to measure conformational dynamics in vitro and in intact cells, but technical barriers have thus far limited its accuracy, particularly in membrane proteins. Here, we combine amber codon suppression to introduce a donor fluorescent noncanonical amino acid with a new, biocompatible approach for labeling proteins with acceptor transition metals in a method called ACCuRET (Anap Cyclen-Cu2+ resonance energy transfer). We show that ACCuRET measures absolute distances and distance changes with high precision and accuracy using maltose binding protein as a benchmark. Using cell unroofing, we show that ACCuRET can accurately measure rearrangements of proteins in native membranes. Finally, we implement a computational method for correcting the measured distances for the distance distributions observed in proteins. ACCuRET thus provides a flexible, powerful method for measuring conformational dynamics in both soluble proteins and membrane proteins.
Feeding ecology and sexual dimorphism in a speciose flower beetle clade (Hopliini: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Colville Jonathan F. , Picker Mike D. , Cowling Richard M.
Published: June 2018

The relationship between feeding ecology and sexual dimorphism is examined in a speciose South African monkey beetle clade. We test whether feeding and mating at a fixed site (embedding guild) is associated with greater levels of sexual dimorphism and possibly sexual selection than species using unpredictable feeding resources (non-embedding guild). Sexual dimorphism was measured using a point scoring system for hind leg and colour across the two feeding guilds for >50% of the regional fauna. Quantification of hind leg dimorphism using a scoring system and allometric scaling were used to identify traits subject to sexual selection. Feeding guild had a significant effect on hind leg dimorphism, with embedders having high and non-embedders low scores. The sessile and defendable distribution of females on stable platform flowers may favour contests and associated hind leg weaponry. In contrast, degree of colour dimorphism between the sexes was not associated with any particular feeding guild, and may serve to reduce male conflict and combat. Embedder males had high proportions (∼76%) of species with positive allometric slopes for almost all hind leg traits. For male non-embedders, only ∼37% of species showed positive scaling relationships. Phylogenetic data, in conjunction with behavioural data on the function of leg weaponry and visual signalling among males is needed to better understand the link between sexual dimorphism and sexual selection in the radiation of the monkey beetles.
How many fish? Comparison of two underwater visual sampling methods for monitoring fish communities
Authors: Thanopoulou Zoi , Sini Maria , Vatikiotis Konstantinos , Katsoupis Christos , Dimitrakopoulos Panayiotis G. , Katsanevakis Stelios
Published: June 2018

Background

Underwater visual surveys (UVSs) for monitoring fish communities are preferred over fishing surveys in certain habitats, such as rocky or coral reefs and seagrass beds and are the standard monitoring tool in many cases, especially in protected areas. However, despite their wide application there are potential biases, mainly due to imperfect detectability and the behavioral responses of fish to the observers.

Methods

The performance of two methods of UVSs were compared to test whether they give similar results in terms of fish population density, occupancy, species richness, and community composition. Distance sampling (line transects) and plot sampling (strip transects) were conducted at 31 rocky reef sites in the Aegean Sea (Greece) using SCUBA diving.

Results

Line transects generated significantly higher values of occupancy, species richness, and total fish density compared to strip transects. For most species, density estimates differed significantly between the two sampling methods. For secretive species and species avoiding the observers, the line transect method yielded higher estimates, as it accounted for imperfect detectability and utilized a larger survey area compared to the strip transect method. On the other hand, large-scale spatial patterns of species composition were similar for both methods.

Discussion

Overall, both methods presented a number of advantages and limitations, which should be considered in survey design. Line transects appear to be more suitable for surveying secretive species, while strip transects should be preferred at high fish densities and for species of high mobility.
Plant-insect interactions patterns in three European paleoforests of the late-Neogene—early-Quaternary
Authors: Adroit Benjamin , Girard Vincent , Kunzmann Lutz , Terral Jean-Frédéric , Wappler Torsten
Published: June 2018

Plants and insects are constantly interacting in complex ways through forest communities since hundreds of millions of years. Those interactions are often related to variations in the climate. Climate change, due to human activities, may have disturbed these relationships in modern ecosystems. Fossil leaf assemblages are thus good opportunities to survey responses of plant–insect interactions to climate variations over the time. The goal of this study is to discuss the possible causes of the differences of plant–insect interactions’ patterns in European paleoforests from the Neogene–Quaternary transition. This was accomplished through three fossil leaf assemblages: Willershausen, Berga (both from the late Neogene of Germany) and Bernasso (from the early Quaternary of France). In Willershausen it has been measured that half of the leaves presented insect interactions, 35% of the fossil leaves were impacted by insects in Bernasso and only 25% in Berga. The largest proportion of these interactions in Bernasso were categorized as specialist (mainly due to galling) while in Willershausen and Berga those ones were significantly more generalist. Contrary to previous studies, this study did not support the hypothesis that the mean annual precipitation and temperature were the main factors that impacted the different plant–insect interactions’ patterns. However, for the first time, our results tend to support that the hydric seasonality and the mean temperature of the coolest months could be potential factors influencing fossil plant–insect interactions.
Alcohol consumption, mental health status, and treatment in Nigeria and Uganda
Authors: Thylstrup Birgitte , Bloomfield Kim , Seid Abdu K
Published: June 2018

Background: The current level of alcohol consumption has placed Nigeria and Uganda in the group of high consumption countries, however little is known about how people with problematic alcohol use and related problems utilize treatment services. Aims: This study examined the relationship between alcohol consumption and mental health status in Nigeria and Uganda, and the relationship between heavy episodic drinking and treatment-seeking and treatment-receiving behavior. Data and methods: Analyses were based on cross-sectional survey data from Nigeria (N= 2018) and Uganda (N=1478) aged > 18 years from the 2003 Gender, Alcohol, and Culture: An International Study (GENACIS). Results: In both countries, the level of alcohol consumption was comparatively high, however, associations between drinking status and mental health problems were found only in Nigeria. Heavy episodic drinkers were more likely to report having sought help in both countries, only in Nigeria was it also related to ever receiving help. Conclusion: National strategies in both countries must continue allocation of resources to treatment services, supporting treatment availability and early identification of alcohol and related mental health problems. Implementation of national alcohol policies should be followed up with assessment and adjustments.
Preparation of Aryl Alkyl Ketenes
Authors: Staudaher Nicholas D. , Lovelace Joseph , Johnson Michael P. , Louie* Janis
Published: June 2018

Three procedures yielding4‐methyl‐2‐(p‐tolyl)pentanoic acidas a white solid,4‐methyl‐2‐(p‐tolyl)pentanoyl chlorideas a colorlesss liquid, and4‐methyl‐2‐(p‐tolyl)pent‐1‐en‐1‐oneas a yellow liquid are presented. Following are notes on instruments and chemicals used and required in each procedure. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the general concepts regarding preparation of ketenes.
Palladium‐Catalyzed External‐CO‐Free Reductive Carbonylation of Bromoarenes
Authors: Konishi Hideyuki , Fukuda Masataka , Ueda Tsuyoshi , Manabe* Kei
Published: June 2018

A procedure that yields4‐phenylbenzaldehydeas a white solid is presented. Column chromatography is performed to purify the obtained residue. Following the procedure are notes on the instruments and chemicals used and required. The chapter concludes with a discussion on formylation using carbon monoxide (CO).
Synthesis of Allenyl Mesylate by a
J
ohnson‐
C
laisen Rearrangement. Preparation of 3‐(((
tert
‐Butyldiphenyl‐silyl)oxy)methyl)penta‐3,4‐dien‐1‐yl Methanesulfonate
Authors: Burchick Joseph E. , Wells Sarah M. , Brummond* Kay M.
Published: June 2018

Procedures yielding
4‐((tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)but‐2‐yn‐1‐ol
(
1
) as a clear, pale yellow oil, e
thyl 3‐(((tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)methyl)penta‐3,4‐dienoate
(
2
) as a pale yellow oil, and
3‐(((tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)methyl)penta‐3,4‐dien‐1‐yl methanesulf‐onate
(
3
) as a clear yellow oil are presented. The chapter concludes with a discussion on allenes, allenyl precursors in intramolecular cycloaddition reactions, and Johnson–Claisen rearrangement, reduction, and functional group transformation.
Dirhodium (II) Tetrakis[N‐4‐Bromo‐1,8‐Naphthoyl‐(S)‐tert‐Leucinate]
Authors: Lebel* Hélène , Piras Henri , Bartholoméüs Johan
Published: June 2018

Procedures yieldingN‐4‐bromo‐1,8‐naphtaloyl‐(S)‐tert‐leucine, [(S)‐4‐Br‐nttl] (1)as a pale yellow solid anddirhodium (II) tetrakis[N‐4‐bromo‐1,8‐naphthoyl‐(S)‐tert‐leucinate] [Rh2{(S)‐4‐Br‐nttl}4] (2)as a pale green powder are presented. Following the procedure are notes on the instruments and chemicals used and required. The chapter concludes with a discussion on rhodium(II) carboxylate dimers as catalysts.
N

‐Methoxy‐

N

‐Methylcyanoformamide
Authors: Nugent Jeremy , Schwartz* Brett D.
Published: June 2018

Procedures yielding
N
‐methoxy‐
N
‐methyl‐1
H
‐imidazole‐1‐carboxamide (
1
) as a lemon‐gold‐colored oil and
N
‐methoxy‐
N
‐methylcyanoformamide
2
as a pale‐yellow, clear, free‐flowing oil are presented. Both can be used without further purification. Following the procedures are notes on the instruments and chemicals used and required. The chapter concludes with a discussion on cyanoformate as a preferred reagent.
Asymmetric
M
ichael Reaction of Aldehydes and Nitroalkenes
Authors: Hayashi* Yujiro , Ogasawara Shin , Ueda Yasuyuki , Suzuki Keisuke
Published: June 2018

A procedure yielding alcohol
2
as a yellow oil is presented. The main paraphernalia used is a three‐necked round‐bottomed flask equipped with an egg‐shaped, Teflon‐coated, magnetic stir bar, an internal thermometer, a two‐way stopcock with a hose, and a three‐way stopcock connected to a nitrogen inlet hose. A brief summary of asymmetric Michael reaction of aldehydes and nitroalkenes concludes the chapter.
Preparation of

anti

‐1,3‐Amino Alcohol Derivatives through an Asymmetric Aldol‐Tishchenko Reaction of Sulfinimines
Authors: Mackey Pamela , Cano Rafael , Foley Vera M. , McGlacken* Gerard P.
Published: June 2018

Procedures yielding (
S
)‐2‐Methyl‐
N
‐(1‐phenylethylidene)propane‐2‐sulfinamide
3
as two fractions of a yellow solid and (1
S
,3
S
)‐1‐(((
S
)‐
tert
‐butylsulfinyl)amino)‐4‐methyl‐1‐phenylpentan‐3‐yl isobutyrate as a pale yellow oil are presented. A discussion on 1,3‐aminoalcohols as useful synthetic intermediates and building blocks concludes the chapter.
Preparation of Sodium Heptadecyl Sulfate(Tergitol‐7i)
Authors: Banasik* Brent A. , Samadpour Mansour
Published: June 2018

A procedure yielding sodium heptadecyl sulfate (Tergitol‐7i) (2) as a pure, fine, off‐white powder upon pulverization is presented. Notes on instruments and chemicals required are provided. The chapter concludes with a discussion on sodium heptadecyl sulfate as an important surfactant for selective inhibition of Gram‐positive bacteria and enumeration of coliforms in food and water samples.
Catalytic Enantioselective Addition of Diethyl Phosphite to
N
‐Thiophosphinoyl Ketimines: Preparation of (
R
)‐Diethyl (1‐Amino‐1‐phenylethyl)phosphonate
Authors: Lin Shaoquan , Otsuka Yasunari , Yin Liang , Kumagai* Naoya , Shibasaki* Masakatsu
Published: June 2018

Procedures yielding phosphinothioic amide
2
and ketimine
4
as colorless crystals and phosphonate
6
as a brown viscous oil are presented. Notes on instruments and chemicals required are provided.A brief discussion on construction of tetrasubstituted stereogenic centers in a catalytic and enantioselective manner as a significant progress in asymmetric catalysis.
Synthesis of Methyltrans‐Oxazolidine‐5‐Carboxylate, A Chiral Synthon forthreo‐β‐Amino‐α‐Hydroxy Acid
Authors: Seo Youngran , Yoo Jae Won , Lee Yoonjae , Lee Boram , Kim Bonghyun , Kim* Young Gyu
Published: June 2018

Procedures yieldingphenylsulfonylnitromethane as white powder and 3‐tert‐butyl 5‐methyl (4S,5R)‐4‐benzyloxazolidine‐3,5‐dicarboxylateas pure product are presented. A single‐necked, round‐bottomed flask equipped with a Teflon‐coated, oval magnetic stir bar is primarily used. Notes on the paraphernalia and chemicals to be used during each procedures are provided. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on stereoselective syntheses of vicinal amino hydroxy acids.
The type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein B7‐H3 interacts with the glycolytic enzyme ENO1 to promote malignancy and glycolysis in HeLa cells
Authors: Zuo Jiahui , Wang Bowen , Long Min , Gao Zhaowei , Zhang Zhe , Wang Huiping , Wang Xi , Li Ruicheng , Dong Ke , Zhang Huizhong
Published: June 2018

The role of the type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein B7‐H3 is controversial in tumorigenesis; thus, a better clarification of its involvement in cancer is crucial. In the present study, 79.3% of cervical cancer samples were found to be B7‐H3 positive and the expression of B7‐H3 was positively correlated with the clinical features of the samples. Silencing B7‐H3 using small interfering RNA or blocking it with intracellular ScFv attenuated the malignancy of HeLa cells. By pull‐down assay and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry in HeLa cells, the glycolytic enzyme ENO1 was found to interact with B7‐H3. Subsequently, the involvement of B7‐H3 in glycolysis was investigated. We observed decreases in the levels of ATP and lactate, as well as c‐Myc and lactate dehydrogenase A, upon B7‐H3 downregulation in HeLa cells. The results of the present study provide evidence for B7‐H3 mediating tumor glycolysis.
Structure‐activity relationship of heme and its analogues in membrane damage and inhibition of fusion
Authors: Das Debashree , Tarafdar Pradip K. , Chakrabarti Abhijit
Published: June 2018

Under pathological conditions, such as sickle cell disease and malaria, heme concentration increases considerably, and it induces membrane damage. As sickled and normal erythrocytes contain high cholesterol: phospholipid ratio, we investigated the role of lipid composition, chain length, and unsaturation on the partitioning and leakage of hemin in phospholipid vesicles. To establish structure‐activity relationship in membrane damage, experiments with two other analogues, protoporphyrin‐IX and hematoporphyrin (HP) were also carried out. Hemin and its analogues localize differently in membranes and exhibit distinct roles in partitioning, leakage and fusion. Hemin and HP trigger more leakage in the presence of aminophospholipids, whereas cholesterol buffers the destabilizing effect remarkably. Inhibition of fusion by hemin further suggests its unexplored and important role in membrane trafficking, particularly under diseased conditions.
Hansenula polymorphaAat2p is targeted to peroxisomes via a novel Pex20p‐dependent pathway
Authors: Thomas Ann S. , Krikken Arjen M. , de Boer Rinse , Williams Chris
Published: June 2018

Saccharomyces cerevisiaeAat2p contains a peroxisomal targeting signal type‐1 and localizes to peroxisomes in oleate‐grown cells, but not in glucose‐grown cells. Here, we have investigated Aat2p from the yeastHansenula polymorpha, which lacks a recognizable peroxisomal targeting signal. Aat2p tagged withGFPat its C terminus displays a dual cytosol‐peroxisome localization in ethanol‐grown cells. The partial peroxisomal localization of Aat2p persisted in the absence of the classical cycling receptors Pex5p and Pex7p but Aat2p targeting to peroxisomes was reduced in cells deleted for the matrix protein import factorsPEX1,PEX2 andPEX13. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Aat2p targeting to peroxisomes requires Pex20p. Together, our data identify a Pex20p‐dependent pathway for targeting Aat2p to peroxisomes.
Own‐Language Use inELT
Authors: Hall Graham
Published: June 2018

Although overlooked or ignored in the professional literature of English language teaching (ELT) for much of the 20th century, own‐language use has recently re‐emerged as a focus of research and practice. After defining key terms and concepts, including the “monolingual assumption” that has underpinned much English‐only teaching in ELT, this entry outlines both the reasons for its initial “disappearance” from methodological debate and the recent resurgence of interest in its potential to support English language teaching and learning. Following a summary of commonly presented arguments against own‐language use, a range of perspectives in support of drawing on the learners' own language in class are reviewed. Subsequently, a range of own‐language use classroom functions and practices are discussed, while the continued variation in what teachers around the world actually believe and do regarding own‐language use is highlighted.
HongKong English Curriculum in the New Millennium
Authors: Hu Jingjing , Xuesong (Andy) Gao
Published: June 2018

This entry discusses current trends in English curriculum in the context of Hong Kong. The focus is on three innovative initiatives that are likely to change English language teaching profoundly in the region, including: (a) involvement of English teachers in the development of the situated pedagogy, (b) shifting attitudes toward the use of L1, and (c) promotion of the language across the curriculum (LAC) approach in education. It is believed that LAC, or other language‐content dual‐focused pedagogical approaches, will shape the future direction of English language education in Hong Kong, which requires fundamental shifts in language curriculum development and language teacher education.
Pre‐Sessional English for Academic Purposes in theAustralian Context
Authors: England Neil
Published: June 2018

This entry provides an overview of curriculum issues in pre‐sessional English for academic purposes (EAP) programs offered by Australian university language centers. It describes a continuum of broad approaches, from English for general academic purposes (EGAP) at one end and English for specific academic purposes (ESAP) at the other. Additionally, it describes the common approaches taken to the teaching of the four macro skills within an overall integrated skills approach. A number of recommendations are made for the focus of formal academic and action research in the Australian context, and for curriculum writers and teachers to extend the range of activities in the pre‐sessional EAP classroom.
Exploring Linguistic Motivation
Authors: Boers Frank
Published: June 2018

Although languages as symbolic systems are certainly characterized by arbitrariness, it is sometimes possible to propose explanations for the way a given language standardly packages content. When such explanations are available, this is referred to as linguistic motivation. The present entry describes the types of linguistic motivation recognized in recent decades and considers how language teachers can explore them for the benefit of their students. The proposals reviewed are supported by research findings which suggest that conscious engagement with non‐arbitrary (or motivated) facets of words, phrases, and patterns renders these more memorable. At the same time, it is acknowledged that more work is needed to determine how best to incorporate the approach in actual pedagogic practice.
Alzheimer's genetic risk is reduced in primary age‐related tauopathy: a potential model of resistance?
Authors: McMillan Corey T. , Lee Edward B. , Jefferson‐George Kyra , Naj Adam , Van Deerlin Vivianna M. , Trojanowski John Q. , Wolk David A.
Published: June 2018

Objective

Nearly all adults >50 years of age have evidence for neurofibrillary tau tangles (NFTs) and a significant proportion of individuals additionally develop amyloid plaques (Aβ) consistent with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In an effort to identify the independent genetic risk factors for NFTs and Aβ, we investigated genotypic frequencies of AD susceptibility loci between autopsy‐confirmed AD and primary age‐related tauopathy (PART), a neuropathological condition defined by characteristic neurofibrillary tau tangles (NFTs) with minimal or absent Aβ.

Methods

General linear models assessed the odds of AD (N = 1190) relative to PART (N = 376) neuropathologically confirmed cases from two independent series: the Penn Brain Bank (PENN; AD N = 312; PART N = 65) and National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC; AD N = 878; PART N = 311). We also evaluated the odds of Braak stage NFT burden.

Results

Three genotypes significantly associated with reduced AD risk relative to PART in the PENN (N = 377) and NACC (N = 1189) cohorts including APOE ε4, APOE ε2, and rs6656401 in the CR1 gene. The genotypes rs6733839 in the BIN1 gene and rs28834970 in the PTK2B gene approached significance in the PENN cohort and were significantly associated with reduced AD risk in the NACC cohort. In a combined cohort analysis (N = 1566), APOE ε4 dosage was highly associated with higher Braak stage of NFT burden in Probable PART and AD, but not Definite PART.

Interpretation

The presence of genotypic differences between PART and AD suggest that PART can provide a genetic model of NFT risk and potential Aβ resistance to inform disease‐modifying therapies.
Towards Cellular Sieving: Exploring the Limits of Scaffold Accessibility for Cell Type Specific Invasion
Authors: Ashworth Jennifer C. , Mehr Marco , Buxton Paul G. , Best Serena M. , Cameron Ruth E.
Published: June 2018

Coordinating the behavior of multiple cell types provides a challenge for the tissue engineer, since response to structure is highly cell type dependent. Here, human primary fibroblast invasion is compared with that of the MC3T3 and HT1080 cell lines to demonstrate proof‐of‐concept that controlled changes in 3D collagen scaffold architecture can modify the invasion response of one cell type, while keeping that of other cells constant. While complete invasion is seen for all three cell types where pore size and percolation diameter are sufficiently high, both primary fibroblasts and MC3T3 require a percolation diameter above roughly 40 µm to permit efficient invasion by day 3. Conversely, substantial HT1080 invasion is observed in all scaffold conditions. By day 7, MC3T3 and fibroblast invasion responses to structure are also distinct, with only MC3T3 inhibited by low percolation diameters. Collagen scaffolds can therefore act as cellular sieves, using structural control to promote the invasion of some cell types, while restricting the movement of others. As well as holding promise for the design of tissue engineering scaffolds for complex applications, this result is highly relevant for the development of in vitro systems for studying in vivo phenomena such as cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
Deformation Behavior of Ti2AlNb‐Based Alloy during Dynamic Compression
Authors: Jiang Haitao , Zhang Guihua , Guo Wenqi , Tian Shiwei , Lin Hongtao , Zeng Shangwu
Published: June 2018

The dynamic deformation behavior of the Ti–26Al–20Nb–0.5Mo (Ti2AlNb‐based) alloy is experimentally investigated from ambient temperature (AT) to 400 °C at a high strain rate of 2000 s−1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to characterize the microstructural evolution during the deformation process. The results show that the flow stress of the Ti2AlNb‐based alloy decreases as the deformation temperature increases. The deformation mainly occurs in the O lamellar structure, in which the B2 phase and the α2 phase play a coordinating role. Under dynamic loading, the lamellar phase break up and globularizes. Grain boundaries, dislocations, and phase interfaces act as dislocation sinks and sources during high strain rate deformation. The deformation mechanism is dominated by dislocation slip.
Influence of Processing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of HPT‐Deformed Nickel/Carbon Nanotube Composites
Authors: Katzensteiner Andreas , Müller Timo , Kormout Karoline , Aristizabal Katherine , Suarez Sebastián , Pippan Reinhard , Bachmaier Andrea
Published: June 2018

Nickel/carbon nanotube (Ni/CNT) composites with varying amounts of CNTs are deformed by high‐pressure torsion (HPT) at different deformation temperatures to high strains, where no further refinement of the Ni matrix microstructure is observed. Mean Ni grain sizes increase with increasing HPT deformation temperature, while the size of the CNT agglomerates is significantly reduced. Additionally, the distribution of the agglomerates in the metal matrix becomes more homogenous. To investigate the mechanical performance of the HPT‐deformed composites, uniaxial tensile and compression tests are conducted. Depending on the HPT deformation temperature and the resulting microstructure, either brittle or ductile fracture occurs, and the ultimate tensile strength varies between 900 and 2100 MPa. Increased HPT deformation temperatures induce a decrease in the anisotropy of the mechanical properties, mainly caused by a shrinking of the CNT agglomerates. It is shown, that tuning the HPT deformation temperature is the key for optimizing both the microstructure and the mechanical performance.
Polydopamine Encapsulation of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Jung Hak‐Sung , Cho Kyung‐Jin , Seol Yeonee , Takagi Yasuharu , Dittmore Andrew , Roche Paul A. , Neuman Keir C.
Published: June 2018

Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are promising bioimaging probes compared with other fluorescent nanomaterials such as quantum dots, dye‐doped nanoparticles, and metallic nanoclusters, due to their remarkable optical properties and excellent biocompatibility. Nevertheless, they are prone to aggregation in physiological salt solutions, and modifying their surface to conjugate biologically active agents remains challenging. Here, inspired by the adhesive protein of marine mussels, encapsulation of FNDs within a polydopamine (PDA) shell is demonstrated. These PDA surfaces are readily modified via Michael addition or Schiff base reactions with molecules presenting thiol or nitrogen derivatives. Modification of PDA shells by thiol terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG‐SH) molecules to enhance colloidal stability and biocompatibility of FNDs is described. Their use as fluorescent probes for cell imaging is demonstrated; it is found that PEGylated FNDs are taken up by HeLa cells and mouse bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells and exhibit reduced nonspecific membrane adhesion. Furthermore, functionalization with biotin‐PEG‐SH is demonstrated and long‐term high‐resolution single‐molecule fluorescence based tracking measurements of FNDs tethered via streptavidin to individual biotinylated DNA molecules are performed. This robust polydopamine encapsulation and functionalization strategy presents a facile route to develop FNDs as multifunctional labels, drug delivery vehicles, and targeting agents for biomedical applications.