bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypoxic-response elements in the oncolytic parvovirus Minute virus of mice do not allow for increased vector production at low oxygen concentration
Authors: Servais Charlotte , Caillet-Fauquet Perrine , Draps Marie-Louise , Velu Thierry , de Launoit Yvan , Brandenburger Annick
Published: April 2006

Vectors derived from the autonomous parvovirusMinute virus of mice, MVM(p), are promising tools for the gene therapy of cancer. The validation of theirin vivoanti-tumour effect is, however, hampered by the difficulty to produce high-titre stocks. In an attempt to increase vector titres, host cells were subjected to low oxygen tension (hypoxia). It has been shown that a number of viruses are produced at higher titres under these conditions. This is the case, among others, for another member of the familyParvoviridae, the erythrovirusB19 virus. Hypoxia stabilizes a hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF-1α) that interacts with a ‘hypoxia-responsive element’ (HRE), the consensus sequence of which (A/GCGTG) is present in the B19 and MVM promoters. Whilst the native P4 promoter was induced weakly in hypoxia, vector production was reduced dramatically, and adding HRE elements to the P4 promoter of the vector did not alleviate this reduction. Hypoxia has many effects on cell metabolism. Therefore, even if the P4 promoter is activated, the cellular factors that are required for the completion of the parvoviral life cycle may not be expressed.
The Automaticity of Social Life
Authors: Bargh John A. , Williams Erin L.
Published: April 2006

Much of social life is experienced through mental processes that are not intended and about which one is fairly oblivious. These processes are automatically triggered by features of the immediate social environment, such as the group memberships of other people, the qualities of their behavior, and features of social situations (e.g., norms, one's relative power). Recent research has shown these nonconscious influences to extend beyond the perception and interpretation of the social world to the actual guidance, over extended time periods, of one's important goal pursuits and social interactions.
Memory Maintenance
Authors: Abraham Wickliffe C.
Published: April 2006

Change in the synaptic communication between neurons—known as synaptic plasticity—plays a key role in learning and memory. It is not yet clear, however, whether the properties of synaptic plasticity are sufficient to account for long-term-memory maintenance. Recent studies have revealed that synaptic plasticity can indeed persist for weeks or months, as might be expected of a long-term-memory mechanism. However, memories encoded by neural systems are not static; they continue to evolve as new learning occurs. Furthermore, neural-network modeling has shown that synapses must be able to reconfigure their connection strengths during new learning if old information is to be preserved. Recent tests confirm that synapses, once modified, retain their capacity for further modification, indicating that they can indeed operate in the manner predicted to be necessary for memory maintenance in a dynamic learning network.
What Studies of Actors and Acting Can Tell Us About Memory and Cognitive Functioning
Authors: Noice Helga , Noice Tony
Published: April 2006

The art of acting has been defined as the ability to live truthfully under imaginary circumstances. Our many years of researching theatrical expertise have produced findings relevant to text comprehension, learning theory, cognitive aging, and expert memory. In this article, we first discuss how large amounts of dialogue, learned in a very short period, can be reproduced in real time with complete spontaneity. We then turn to abstracting the essence of acting and applying it to diverse undertakings, from discovering optimal learning strategies to promoting healthy cognitive aging. Finally, we address the implications of acting expertise on current theories of embodied cognition.
Talking and Thinking With Our Hands
Authors: Goldin-Meadow Susan
Published: April 2006

When people talk, they gesture. Typically, gesture is produced along with speech and forms a fully integrated system with that speech. However, under unusual circumstances, gesture can be produced on its own, without speech. In these instances, gesture must take over the full burden of communication usually shared by the two modalities. What happens to gesture in this very different context? One possibility is that there are no differences in the forms gesture takes with speech and without it—that gesture is gesture no matter what its function. But that is not what we find. When gesture is produced on its own and assumes the full burden of communication, it takes on a language-like form. In contrast, when gesture is produced in conjunction with speech and shares the burden of communication with that speech, it takes on an unsegmented, imagistic form, often conveying information not found in speech. As such, gesture sheds light on how people think and can even play a role in changing those thoughts. Gesture can thus be part of language or it can itself be language, altering its form to fit its function.
Terrorism Between “Syndrome” and “Tool”
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Fishman Shira
Published: April 2006

Two psychological views of terrorism are described, approaching it as a “syndrome” and as a “tool” respectively. Research thus far found little support for the syndrome view. The heterogeneity of terrorism's users is consistent with the tool view, affording an analysis of terrorism in terms of goal–means psychology.
Small intestinal cancer in England & Wales and Scotland: time trends in incidence, mortality and survival
Authors: SHACK L. G. , WOOD H. E. , KANG J. Y. , BREWSTER D. H. , QUINN M. J. , MAXWELL J. D. , MAJEED A.
Published: April 2006

Background

Time trends in mortality from small intestinal cancer have not been studied for the 1990s.

Objective

To examine secular trends in incidence of, mortality from, and survival from, small intestinal cancer in England & Wales and Scotland from 1975 to 2002, considering also histological type (incidence), subsite (incidence) and indices of social deprivation (incidence and survival).

Methods

Data were extracted from the Scottish Cancer Registry database and the General Register Office for Scotland, and from the National Cancer Intelligence Centre at the Office for National Statistics for England & Wales.

Results

Incidence rates for small intestinal cancer increased for both England & Wales and Scotland over the study period. They were highest among older individuals and generally greater for males than for females. Despite the increase in incidence rates, mortality rates from small intestinal tumours tended to remain stable over the study period, and the general trend was towards increasing survival. Indices of social deprivation were not obviously related to the incidence of small intestinal cancer and did not influence survival.

Conclusions

Incidence rates for small intestinal cancer for both England & Wales and Scotland increased in the last quarter of the 20th century, but survival rates improved and mortality rates declined.
Long‐term study of re‐infection following successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: CAMERON E. A. B. , BELL G. D. , BALDWIN L. , POWELL K. U. , WILLIAMS S. G. J.
Published: April 2006

Background

‘Re‐infection’ with Helicobacter pylori after eradication has been estimated to occur in 0–14% of patients, although most so‐called ‘re‐infections’ occur within the first year following ‘eradication’ and many may actually be due to recrudescence of a temporarily suppressed infection.

Aim

To study the true re‐infection rate, we have studied re‐infection rates after eradication therapy by excluding the first year's data, minimizing the possible confounding effect of recrudescence.

Methods

All patients tested for H. pylori infection following eradication therapy between 1987 and 2004 were evaluated. Testing was carried out by urea breath test and gastric biopsy. Patients were included if they were found to be negative for H. pylori infection by testing at least 1 year following eradication and underwent at least one further test for H. pylori.

Results

1162 patients met the inclusion criteria with median post‐eradication follow‐up of 3 years (1.5–14) including 4668 tests; 3319 years of follow‐up were analysed. Thirteen cases of re‐infection occurred (re‐infection rate 0.4% per year).

Conclusions

This large study of H. pylori re‐infection avoided cases of recrudescence by excluding the first post‐eradication year. True re‐infection is probably less common than previously thought.
Review article: the modern diagnosis and therapy of cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: MALHI H. , GORES G. J.
Published: April 2006

Cholangiocarcinomas are epithelial neoplasms that originate from cholangiocytes and can occur at any level of the biliary tree. They are broadly classified into intrahepatic tumours, (extrahepatic) hilar tumours and (extrahepatic) distal bile duct tumours. In spite of well‐understood predispositions, most cholangiocarcinomas arise in the absence of risk factors. In suspected cases, the diagnosis can be established with non‐invasive imaging studies.

Biliary invasion should be reserved for patients with obstruction. In high‐risk patients, advanced cytological tests of aneuploidy (digital image analysis and fluorescent in situ hybridization) aid early diagnosis. In the absence of primary sclerosing cholangitis, curative surgical resection has 5‐year survival rates of 2–43%, higher survival observed in patients with clear surgical margins and concomitant hepatic resection for hilar tumours.

Patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma or pre‐existing primary sclerosing cholangitis should be considered for liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoirradiation, in specialized centres.
Survival of patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma treated by percutaneous alcohol injection
Authors: ANDRIULLI A. , DE SIO I. , BRUNELLO F. , SALMI A. , SOLMI L. , FACCIORUSSO D. , CATURELLI E. , PERRI F.
Published: April 2006

Background

Once small (<10 mm) nodules, suspicious for hepatocellular carcinoma, are detected in cirrhotics, the European Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines recommend to delay histological confirmation and treatment until they increase in size.

Aim

To validate this policy by evaluating survival of 450 cirrhotics in Child‐Pugh class A or B with unifocal ‘early’ hepatocellular carcinoma treated by percutaneous alcohol injection.

Methods

Patients were sorted by nodular size into three groups: ≤10 mm (n = 36, group A), >10 to ≤20 mm (n = 142, group B) and >20 to ≤30 mm (n = 272, group C). Overall and tumour‐free survivals were estimated by Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

In groups A, B and C, mean follow‐up was 33 ± 26, 34 ± 22 and 35 ± 25 months (P = 0.89), mean survival time was 63 ± 54, 57 ± 48 and 62 ± 66 months (P = 0.69) and mean tumour‐free survival was 44 ± 47, 46 ± 58 and 41 ± 68 months (P = 0.51), respectively. When patients were sorted by Child status, mean survival time was 76 ± 82 and 38 ± 29 months in Child A and B (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The comparable survival of percutaneous alcohol injection‐treated patients with single, early hepatocellular carcinoma sorted by nodular size supports the European Association for the Study of the Liver ‘wait‐and‐see’ policy for patients with lesions <10 mm, and suggests that allowing the nodules to grow prior to taking further diagnostic or therapeutic actions would not harm these patients.
Saprolegnias of salmonid fish in Windermere: a critical analysis
Authors: WILLOUGHBY L. G.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Fungal cultures attributed to the Saprolegnia parasitica‐diclina complex isolated from diseased salmonids, diseased coarse fish and natural water samples, are compared critically. The two species concept is not sustained and only S. diclina Humphrey is conserved. This results in a more flexible framework for comparing isolates within this species and three groups are distinguished here, based on growth characteristics and length/breadth (L/B) ratio of the oogonium. Oospore size is also considered in this connection. In Windermere (English Lake District) only Saprolegnia diclina Type 1 (L/B ratio ≥2≥13%) occurs as a parasite on salmonid fish. Only S. diclina Type 2 (L/B ratio ≥2 ≤12%) occurs as a parasite on perch Perca fluviatilis L. Saprolegnia diclina Type 3 (L/B ratio ≥2≤10%) is purely saprophytic. An attempt is made to fit S. parasitica‐diclina isolates from natural water samples into this scheme so that the potential infectivity for a particular kind of fish could be assessed.
Proliferative kidney disease in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson
Authors: FERGUSON H. W. , NEEDHAM E. A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Two entirely separate outbreaks of PKD are described in an attempt to properly define the condition and enable it to be differentiated from other diseases of a similar nature. Losses of up to 75% of fingerling rainbow trout were recorded in one outbreak, illustrating the potentially serious nature of the disease. Although the kidneys showed the most obvious pathological changes, other organs were also affected. The host response was granulomatous in type, the foci of each cellular reaction being 5‐20 μm eosinophilic cells considered to be parasitic. The cytoplasm of these cells contained numerous electron dense bodies some with a tail, but each with an electron lucent bar always orientated at right angles to the plasmalemma whenever they were near it. The most obvious cytoplasmic inclusion of these ‘parasites’ were other cells numbering up to five or six, each with its own nucleus and nucleolus, but devoid of any of the small electron dense bodies. The significance of either of these inclusions is unknown.

A limited differential diagnosis is given, and the argument presented that the condition PKD is the result of infection by a parasite, possibly an amoeba, in combination with poor quality water.
Nifurpirinol (Furanace; P‐7138) related lesions on channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)
Authors: MITCHELL A. J. , GRIZZLE J. M. , PLUMB J. A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Skin lesions developed on channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, exposed to 0‐5 mg/1 Furanace for 4 or 14 days. Lesions developed 3 days after the 4‐day exposure and on the eleventh day of the 14‐day exposure. The lesions continued to develop after the fish were moved to untreated water. The lesions which began as dull areas of skin, sometimes resulted in erosion of skin and muscle which exposed the vertebrae. Bacteria were not isolated from the lesions except those with severely eroded muscle. The gills possessed lesions characteristic of a response to a toxic chemical agent.
Intestinal lesions in grasscarpCtenopharyngodon idella(Valenciennes) infected withBalantidium ctenopharyngodonisChen.
Authors: MOLNÁR KÁLMÁN , REINHARDT MIKLÓS
Published: April 2006

Abstract.The protozoanBalantidium ctenopharyngodonisis a: common intestinal commensal of two‐summer and older grasscarp, hut it may occasionally become pathogenic under the influence of certain predisposing factors. Outbreaks of enteritis complicated by excess multiplication of balantidia occurred among the two‐summer and three‐summer grasscarp stock in two pond farms during the autumn and winter. Fishes in the terminal stage of disease showed hyperaemia and inflammation of the mucosa over the entire gut. In the posterior 10–12 cm of the gut a dense creamy exudate coated the mucosa. Large numbers of balantidia were found in the exudate and between the mucosal folds there were excoriations, the size of a pin‐head, obviously caused by the parasites. Histological examination revealed a loss of superficial epithelium and ulcerations in the grooves between folds.
Histopathology of furunculosis in brown trout Salmo trutta L.
Authors: FERGUSON H. W. , McCARTHY D. H.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A histopathological description is given of 2 naturally‐occurring outbreaks of furunculosis in brown trout, one sub‐acute, the other chronic. The splenic ellipsoids were destroyed to a greater or lesser extent thereby leading to a collapse of vascular integrity of the organ. In chronically affected fish however, a proliferation of stromal cells including reticular sheath cells was additionally noted. Cardiac involvement was the most prominent feature of the chronically affected fish. The marked degree of destruction left little doubt that cardiac efficiency was very severely impaired.
Changes in the spleen of the channel catfish Ictalurus punetatus Rafinesque indueed by infection with Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: BACH R. , CHEN P. K. , CHAPMAN G. B.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A virulent, 2,3‐butanediol positive culture of Aeromonas hydrophila, subspecies hydrophila, was fed or injected intraperitoneally into channel catfish. The positive infection and tissue involvement were monitored by the 2,3‐butanediol test with tissue homogenate enriched with a buffered nutrient broth containing dextrose. The results revealed that the fish infected orally showed very little or no spleen involvement. Fish infected intraperitoneally, however, showed spleen involvement in a very short time, accompanied by the rapid onset of an acute systemic infection.

Light and electron microscope studies of the spleen revealed that the pathogenic bacteria were mainly located within the reticular sheath of the ellipsoids and only sparsely in the surrounding regions, and that intense phagocytic activity of macro‐phages had taken place in the ellipsoids. It was also observed that the phagocytized bacteria divide extracellularly, and probably intracellularly, resulting in the destruction of the endothelial and reticular cells of the ellipsoids. This finding substantiates the cytolytic and fibrolytic capacities of A. hydrophila for destroying host defence systems and may contribute to its invasive powers. Other cytological changes in cells in spleen after infection are described, and the resistance of A. hydrophila to intracellular enzymatic digestion by the macrophages is discussed.
Mass mortality among minnows Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) in Lake Tveitevatn, Norway, due to an aberrant strain of Aeromonas salmonicida
Authors: HÅSTEIN T. , SALTVEIT S. JAKOB , ROBERTS R. J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Mass morality in minnows Phoxinus phoxinus (L) was investigated in the Vinje water system, southern‐central Norway. The main clinical feature was the development of extensive haemorrhagic skin lesions from which was isolated a non‐pigmented, fish‐pathogenic strain of Aeromonas salmonicida.
Studies on Herpesvirus scophthalmi infection of turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.): Histopathological observations
Authors: Richards R. H. , Buchanan J. S.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The histological features of the disease caused by infection of turbot by Herpesvirus scophthalmi are described. Infection of epidermal cells of skin and gill resulted in the formation of giant cells showing a variety of nuclear and cytoplasmic changes associated with the replication of the virus. The effects of the condition together with possible control measures are discussed.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus of salmonids: biological and antigenic features of a pathogenic strain and of a non‐pathogenic variant selected in RTG‐2 cells
Authors: DORSON M. , CASTRIC J. , TORCHY C.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A non‐pathogenic cell culture adapted variant was obtained from a normally pathogenic strain of IPN virus (Sp type) after several passages in RTG‐2 cells. This cell culture modified (CCA) strain was compared with the original wild (W) strain in various tests. Cross neutralization tests showed no obvious antigenic difference between the two. However the CCA strain was neutralized by a 1:5000 dilution of normal trout serum whereas the W strain was not. In RTG‐2 cells, CCA strain gave both large and small plaques, whereas the W strain gave only small ones. Both virus strains were heat sensitive and labile to cyclic freezing and thawing. The CCA virus was more stable in storage at 4°C under different pH conditions and its growth in RTG‐2 cells was more rapid. The rt (supraoptimal temperature at which viral yield is depressed by 90%) appeared to be 19‐20°C for the CCA strain and 18‐19°C for the W strain. Pre‐treatment of RTG‐2 cells with ultraviolet inactivated CCA virus could inhibit growth of W virus, but had no effect on replication of homologous virus.
Haemogregavina sachai n.sp. from cultured turbot Scophthabnus maximus (L.) in Scotland
Authors: KIRMSE P. D.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A new species of pathogenic haemogregarine is described from farmed turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) as Hamogregarina sachai and its life cycle is demonstrated in its final host. An intralexicocytic schizogony followed by an intraerythrocytic schizogony was observed. This appears to be only the second time that a complete life cycle in the vertebrate host has been described for a marine fish haemogregarine.
Enteric redmouth bacterium: comparison of isolates from different geographic areas
Authors: BULLOCK G. L. , STUCKEY H. M. , SHOTTS E. B.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Characteristics of 18 strains of Yersinia ruckeri the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease, from a variety of hosts and a wide geographic range were compared. Except for variations in colonial morphology and in citrate, sorbitol, and trehalose reactions, the strains were morphologically and biochemically homogeneous. Sixteen strains reacted with antiserum against the first serotype reported, and one strain reacted with antiserum against a more recently reported serotype. One strain represented a third serotype. Evidence presented indicated that extension of the geographic range may not be entirely a result of the transport of carrier fish.
Scanning and transmission electron microscopical observations on Hexamita salmonis (Moore, 1922) related to mortalities in rainbow trout fry Salmo gairdneri Richardson
Authors: FERGUSON H. W.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Examination of the digestive tract of rainbow trout fry infected with Hexamita salmonis revealed no pathological changes in the epithelial cells of the pyloric caeca or upper intestine even where the parasites were closely apposed to the brush border of these cells. No invasion of the epithelium by the parasites was observed, although examples of shrinkage necrosis (apoptotic bodies) of epithelial cells were often found. The ultrastructure of the parasite resembled that of the closely related Giardia lamblia. Despite the lack of pathological changes to the intestinal epithelium, treatment of the fish to remove the parasites greatly reduced mortalities.
Changes in serum parameters of Saprolegnia‐infected brown trout, Salmo trutta L.
Authors: RICHARDS R. H. , PICKERING A. D.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Fungal infection of both wild and hatchery‐reared sexually mature brown trout, Salmo trutta L., was caused by Saprolegnia diclina Humphrey Type 1. The major ions in the serum of infected fish were all significantly reduced in concentration and it is suggested that the primary cause of death was osmoregulatory breakdown resulting in a lethal haemodilution. Severe hypoproteinaemia and a significant reduction in the albumin/globulin ratio were reflected in the electro‐phoretogram of the serum proteins from infected fish.
Histopathology of red‐sore disease (Aeromonas hydrophila) in naturally and experimentally infected largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede)
Authors: HUIZINGA H. W. , ESCH G.W. , HAZEN T. C.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The histopathology of red‐sore disease, caused by the gram‐negative bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila, is described for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Externally, lesions range from those affecting a few scales (pin‐point), to those associated with extensive chronic ulcerations; there is focal haemorrhage, oedema and dermal necrosis which exposes underlying muscles producing infiltration of mononuclear and granulocytic inflammatory cells. Internally, the liver and kidneys are foci for toxic products produced by A. hydrophila with, in the most severe cases, complete destruction of the structural integrity of both organs. Pathological changes were not serious in either the spleen or heart, even in cases with massive damage in the liver and kidney. Internal and external lesions were similar in both natural and experimentally induced infections. The pathobiology of red‐sore disease in bass is postulated to be linked to elevated water temperature stimulating increased metabolism, decreased body condition and stress, leading to the increased production of corticosteroids and the concomitant rise in susceptibility to infection.
Further studies of an epizootic of perch Perca fluviatilis L., of uncertain aetiology
Authors: BUCKE D. , CAWLEY G. D. , CRAIG J. F. , PICKERING A. D. , WILLOUGHBY L. G.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The geographical distribution of an epizootic of perch Perca fluviatilis L., characterized by severe epidermal lesions and marked fish kills, is described. A wide variety of fungal and bacterial infections were found in diseased fish but the evidence suggests that they were not the primary cause of this condition. The primary pathogenic agent (assuming that it exists) or predisposing environmental factor has yet to be discovered. The severity of this disease is illustrated by monitoring the course of the epizootic in the perch population in Windermere. All age groups of fish were affected during the course of one year although the fish at spawning time appeared to be particularly vulnerable. There was a dramatic increase in the perch mortality in Windermere in 1976 and it is estimated that over 98% of the adult population (over 1 million fish) died in that year.
Histopathological changes in Trypanosoma danilewskyi Laveran & Mesnil, 1904 and Trypanoplasma borelli Laveran & Mesnil, 1902 infections of goldfish, Carassiw auratus (L.)
Authors: DYKOVÁ IVA , LOM J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Syringe passaged stocks of Trypanosoma danilewskyi and Trypanoplasma borelli derived from carp were used for experimental infections of goldfish. Infections of T. danilewskyi and T. borelli produced a heavy parasitaemia in the peripheral blood of goldfish and extensive tissue damage, mainly in haemopoietic organs. There was no inflammatory reaction or haemorrhage in trypanosome infected goldfish. Infection with trypanoplasms provoked more varied changes including vascular lesions and inflammatory changes. The extent of pathological changes occurring at rising and peak levels of parasitaemia could account for the high mortality (up to 100%) of the infected fish.
Haematozoa of marine fishes from the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: BECKER C. D. , OVERSTREET R. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Blood samples from 961 estuarine and marine fish comprising 44 species from the northern Gulf of Mexico were examined for haematozoa. Trypanosoma mugilicola n. sp., characterized by an anteriorly situated nucleus (NI = 3.8), is described from the striped mullet (Mugil cephalus); it was also found in the hog‐choker (Trinectes maculatus). Unidentified trypanosomes occurred in the hogchoker and bay whiff (Citharichthys spilopterus). Trypanoplasma bullocki is recorded for the first time from both the Gulf of Mexico, and from the southern flounder (Para‐lichthys lethostigma) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). Three species of haemogregarines are identified for the first time from the Gulf of Mexico, Haemo‐gregarina platessae in the southern flounder, hogchoker, lined sole (Achirus lineatus) and blackcheek tonguefish (Symphurus plagiusa); H. mugili in the striped mullet; and H. delagei in the clearnose skate (Raja eglantera). A few piscivorous leeches from the region are evaluated as potential vectors.
Host‐parasite interactions between Ichtyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883) and farmed salmonids
Authors: ROBERTSON D. A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The prevalence and intensity of Ichtyobodo necator infestations on farmed salmonids was investigated over a 7‐month period. The infestations were found to be markedly age dependent. Ichtyobodo infestations peaked at 4 weeks after commencement of first feeding and mortalities peaked at 4 6% per week at 8 weeks in the 0+ fish. Both infestations and mortalities showed a marked decline to zero shortly after these periods with no chemotherapy. No Ichtyobodo were seen on the 1+ fish until late in the study after a drop in temperature to below 10°C, when they reappeared on the 0+fish also. Ichtyobodo were found at temperatures between 3–5°C and 16°C and in the 0+fish appeared irrespective of the condition of the fish.

It is suggested that some form of host defence mechanism is operating which limits the Ichtyobodo infestations in farmed salmonids.
Direct electron microscopical visualization of the presumptive virus of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) in the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson and additional histopathological and haematological observations
Authors: AMLACHER E. , UDE J. , RUDOLPH CHRISTIANE , ERNST G.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Electron microscopical and histopathological investigations were carried out on the anterior kidney often 1‐year‐old farmed rainbow trout naturally infected with the external signs of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS). The histopathology of the liver and the haematology of peripheral blood were also examined. The presumptive virus of VHS was directly demonstrated for the first time in the anterior kidney.

All diseased fishes showed necrotic changes in the kidney and the liver. The melano‐macrophage centres of the anterior kidney showed a partial destruction accompanied with a loss of melanin. A progressive destruction of the erythrocytes was observed. The liver exhibited moderate to extensive necrosis (karyorrhexis and karyolysis with lymphocytic invasion in the necrotic areas). Neither intranuclear nor intracytoplasmatic inclusions were observed. In the peripheral blood diverse stages of erythrocytic degeneration, amitoses of the erythrocytes and a five‐fold increase in lymphocyte numbers were observed.
Histopathology of abnormal livers and other organs of starry flounder Platichthys stellatus (Pallas) from the estuary of the Duwamish River, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.
Authors: PIERCE K. V. , McCAIN B. B. , WELLINGS S. R.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Starry flounder Platichthys stellatus (Pallas) from the Duwamish River estuary, which has received large volumes of pollutants in the past, and starry flounder from two relatively unpolluted reference areas were examined for pathological conditions. Gross and microscopic examination of starry flounders from the Duwamish River estuary revealed one or more of the following unusual liver characteristics in 92% (monthly range 85–100%) of the fish: liver discolouration, liver enlargement, severe fatty vacuolation of the hepatocytes, centrolobular cellular degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, megalocytic hepatocytes, proliferating perivascular fibroblasts displacing adjacent liver parenchyma, hepatic structural disarray and increased basophilia of hepatocytes in localized areas. Livers of starry flounders, usually spent spawners, from one of the reference areas also had one or more of these characteristics, although at a much lower frequency (<13%), and these included liver discolouration, increased fatty vacuolation of the hepatocytes and hepatic structural disarray.
Toxicity and efficacy of Furanace on channel catfish Ictalurus punctatm (Rafinesque) infected experimentally with Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: MITCHELL A. J. , PLUMB J. A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The 96‐h medium tolerance limit of Furanace (nifurpirinol: P‐7138) for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus at 21°C was 0‐94 mg/1. The most effective treatment level for channel catfish, experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila, was 2mg/1 for 6.5 h. Furanace at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/1 in brain heart infusion agar reduced in vitro growth of A. hydrophila and at 2.0 mg/1 growth was completely
Aetiology of an ulcerative disease in goldfish Carassius auratus (L.): microbiological examination of diseased fish from seven locations
Authors: ELLIOTT DIANE G. , SHOTTS E. B.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A comparative diagnostic study was conducted on goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), with a cutaneous ulcerative disease from five locations in the United States and one each in England and Japan. Fish were examined for parasites, viruses and bacteria. Fish from all locations examine d were infested by ectoparasites; no single parasite species was common to all locations. No virus‐associated cytopathology was observed in fathead minnow (FHM) or adult goldfish (CAR) monolayer cell cultures inoculated with homogenates of cutaneous lesions, kidneys and livers from diseased fish. The only bacterium cultured from fish from all locations was an atypical, often late‐pigmenting strain of Aeromonas salmonicida. This organism was isolated from 64 of 83 (77%) of the total lesions cultured and was most prevalent in early lesions. A second commonly isolated organism was Aeromonas hydrophila, which was cultured from fish at four of the seven locations and from 28 (34%) of the total lesions cultured. A. hydrophila was most prevalent in terminal lesions. From these studies it was concluded that A. salmonicida was the probable cause of ulcers noted In the cases examined an d that A. hydrophila was a secondary invader.
Tanner crab Chionocetes bairdi Rathbun haemocyte classification and an evaluation of using differential counts to measure infection with a fungal disease
Authors: MIX M. C. , SPARKS A. K.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The circulating haemocytes of the tanner crab, Chionocetes bairdi, were studied and classified as hyalinocytes, intermediate granulocytes and eosinophilic granulocytes. Differential haemocyte counts of normal crabs and crabs infected with an apparently pathogenic unnamed ascomycete fungus revealed a shift in the hyalinocyte‐granulocyte ratio in infected crabs. There was a highly significant increase in the percentage of granulocytes and a corresponding decrease in hyalinocytes in infected crabs. This shift was thought to be caused by a marked increase in the relative number of eosinophilic gianulocytes. There was also a highly significant statistical relationship between the severity of the internal fungus infection, established by histopathological analysis of the major organ systems, and the increased number of circulating eosinophilic granulocytes. The results of the study indicate that differential haemocyte counts may be a valuable tool in monitoring the health of C. bairdi populations.
A viral aetiology for the annual spring epizootics of Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe) in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: STEPHENS E. B. , NEWMAN M. W. , ZACHARY A. L. , HETRICK F. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Virus was isolated from the brain and pancreatic tissues of Atlantic menhaden with ‘spinning’ disease. The biological, physical and chemical properties of the isolate were similar to those of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. Inoculation of the virus into healthy menhaden resulted in the characteristic signs and mortality associated with the natural disease.
The histopathology of acute and chronic infections of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson with eye flukes, Diplostomum spp.
Authors: SHARIFF M. , RICHARDS R. H. , SOMMERVILLE CHRISTINA
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A histopathological study was carried out on rainbow trout suffering from acute and chronic diplostomiasis. Clinical signs were few in acutely infected fish but in chronic cases fish were blind, exophthalmic and emaciated. Acute infections resulted in subcapsular cataract formation with varying capsular change. Chronically infected fish frequently showed lens dislocation, capsular rupture or duplication and the formation of Elschnig's pearls and Wedl cells. Phacogenic uveitis was seen in many fish with capsular rupture and retinal detachment frequently occurred as a sequal to vitreous detachment.
Electron microscopical study of a new genus and new species of microsporida in the gills of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L.*
Authors: MORRISON CAROL M. , SPRAGUE V.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A microsporidium, forming xenoparasitic complexes (xencmas) of the cell‐hypertrophy tumour type, was found in the gills of the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. and studied with the electron microscope. It seemed to be similar to Nosema branchiate Nemeczek, 1911, in the haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus (L.) except in size of spore. The xenoma (cyst) was basically like the Glugea cyst and the parasite had some other characters in common with Glugea; it was apansporoblastic, unikaryotic, disporoblastic and underwent partial development in parasitophorous vacuoles. It differed from Glugea in lacking plasmodial stages, producing usually 1 or 2 spores (rather than 16) in a vacuole, showing no distinct tendency for different stages to occur in different zones of the cyst and having tubules in the parasitophorous vacuoles. The name Loma morhua n. g., n. sp. (type) was proposed and the genus assigned to the family Glugeidae Thélohan, 1892. The parasite of haddock gill was transferred to the new genus, becoming L. branchialis (Nemeczek, 1911) n. comb.
The immune response of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, Renibacterium salmoninarum
Authors: PATERSON W. D. , DESAUTELS D. , WEBER J. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Both under‐yearling and post‐yearling Atlantic salmon parr produced high agglutinating antibody titres in response to a single intraperitoneal injection of killed bacterial kidney disease (BKD) cells emulsified in. Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), Low or no response was observed in animals injected with BKD cells in saline or in animals vaccinated by hyperosmotic immersion. Immunological duration was insufficient in fish vaccinated as under‐yearling parr to provide protective immunity 2 years later when the fish had become smolts. Atlantic salmon post‐yearling parr injected with BKD cells in FCA demonstrated a reduced prevalence of BKD lesions compared to control animals when both were observed as smolts 1 year after vaccination.
Salmonid macrophages: separation, in vitro culture and characterization
Authors: BRAUN‐NESJE ROSEMARIE , BERTHEUSSEN KJELL , KAPLAN GILLA , SELJELID ROLF
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A method is described for the separation of fish leucocytes and the establishment of pure monolayers of fish macrophages in vitro. The method makes it possible to study the important role of cellular immunity in fish. Fish leucocytes were obtained from the pronephros of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, and compared to those obtained from the pronephros of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Single cell suspensions were separated by density gradient centrifugation and seeded on glass cover slips for maintenance in culture. After 20 h in culture a subpopulation of the cells had adhered and spread out on the cover slips and were macrophage‐like by morphological criteria. About 90–99% of these cells had the ability to phagocytose a variety of particles, including fixed sheep erythrocytes, latex, carbon particles, yeast and Vibrio anguillarum. Opsonization of particles with mammalian immunoglobulins and mammalian complement did not enhance the phagocytic activity.
Multiple cutaneous fibromas in a mullet, Mugil cephalus cephalus L.
Authors: LOPEZ A. , RAIBAUT A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A gross and histological description of benign dermal fibromatosis of a striped mullet, Mugil cephalus cephalus L., from Tunisia, is given. Four distinct tumours were found; two typical fibromas, one myxoma and one osteofibroma with epidermal hyperplasia.
Histopathology of black gill disease caused by Fusarium solani (Martius) infection in the Kuruma prawn, Penaeus japonicus Bate
Authors: BIAN B. Z. , EGUSA S.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A histopathological description is given of the black gill disease in Kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus. The inflammatory responses of P. japonicus against Fusarium solani are haemocytic infiltration, haemocytic encapsulation, melanization and collagen‐like fibre deposition. These responses are more pronounced in lesions in the exoskeleton than in the gill lamellae.
Microbiology and histopathology of ‘saddleback’ disease of underyearling Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: MORRISON CAROL , CORNICK J. , SHUM G. , ZWICKER B.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Heavy mortalities of underyearling Atlantic salmon parr have occurred at the Mactaquac Fish Culture Station in New Brunswick as the result of ‘saddleback’ disease. The organism causing this lesion was isolated and identified as Flexibacter columnaris. This bacterium was transmitted to other salmon parr, where it produced the typical saddle lesion from which it was re‐isolated. The condition was more readily transmitted at 20°C than at 15°C. Transmission required entrance to the dermis through a break in the epidermal surface and was unsuccessful in intact fish. The morphology of the saddleback isolate and its histopathological effect on the fish tissues is described. F. columnaris appeared to be restricted to the dermis and underlying muscle of the saddle area when histological techniques were used, although it was also isolated from the kidneys of some affected fish. The gills, kidney and other organs of the fish did not seem to be affected by the presence of F. columnaris.
Seasonal variation in the prevalence of ‘red spot’ disease in estuarine fish with particular reference to the sea mullet, Mugil cephalus L.
Authors: RODGERS L. J. , BURKE J. B.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. In March 1972 an epizootic of a non‐specific fish disease (red spot), was reported in estuarine fish stocks of the Burnett River in central Queensland, Australia. The disease, characterized by the presence of external lesions, infected a wide range offish species. Red spot has now reportedly spread to the river systems of New Guinea in the north and southwards to central New South Wales. The sea mullet, Mugil cephalus, was selected as a target species for the monitoring of epizootics within the Noosa River system of southern Queensland. Disease epizootics appeared to be related to the occurrence of certain environmental changes such as low or rapidly changing temperatures and rapid or prolonged depressions of salinity in the estuarine habitat. The effect of crowding, migration and spawning upon the transmission of this disease is also discussed. Simultaneously conducted microbiological investigations indicated that the bacterium, Vibrio anguillarum was the causative agent of red spot epizootics.
An indirect fluorescent antibody test for the rapid detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in tissues
Authors: SWANSON R. N. , GILLESPIE J. H.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test was developed to detect viral antigen in tissue sections prepared from rainbow trout experimentally inoculated with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Specific fluorescence was present in the pancreatic acinar tissue and occurred as brilliant fluorescence throughout the mesentery surrounding the pyloric caeca and intestines. In addition, multiple foci of fluorescent cells were seen occasionally in the kidneys and liver of infected fry. Fluorescence was not observed in tissues other than the pancreas, kidneys, and liver. The IFA test was found to be quite specific and offers a rapid means of diagnosing IPN during acute outbreaks.
Ultrastructure and prevalence of viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) virus in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., from the northern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: RENO P. W. , NICHOLSON B. L.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Blood samples were taken from Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., and several other marine teleost species in the northwest Atlantic Ocean to determine the prevalence of viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN). The infection was found in G, morhua at a level of approximately 1.5° in the samples collected from both Newfoundland and Greenland. The latter finding extends the geographic range of VEN infection in this species. Ultrastructural details of the virus in erythrocytes of G. morhua from Greenland differed in several morphologic features from those previously reported.
Ichthyophthiriasis of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., at the Montta Hatchery in northern Finland in 1978–1979
Authors: VALTONEN E. TELLERVO , KERÄNEN ANNA‐LIISA
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The occurrence of the ciliated protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis on Atlantic salmon yearlings at a hatchery in northern Finland is described. During August 1978 a severe epizootic occurred in two earth ponds resulting in mortality of over 50%. Water temperature at this time was about 15°C. Fish were treated with a 1:4000 formalin bath administered every 3 days. Parasites disappeared from the fish by October after which they were refractory to further infection. The parasite occurred in other stocks in 1979 but was successfully controlled with formalin. Some aspects of the ecology of I, multifiliis are discussed.
Ultrastructural studies in piscine epitheliocystis: evidence for a pleomorphic developmental cycle
Authors: PAPERNA I. , SABNAI I. , ZACHARY A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The existence of a pleomorphic development cycle is demonstrated in epitheliocystis organisms obtained from fish of the following families: Sparidae, Sparus aurata L.; Mugilidae, Liza ramada (Risso), Liza aurata (Risso) and Mugil cephalus L.; Cichlidae, Tilapia mossambica (Peters) and Tilapia aurea × nilotica; and Serranidae, Dicentrarchus labrax L. Ultrastructure of the successive developmental stages, primary long cells, intermediate long cells and small cells are described as well as the division process between stages. An additional stage, the round cell, was found in infected chloride cells. The affinities between epitheliocystis organisms and known chlamydial organisms of vertebrates and invertebrates are discussed.
An epizootic of lymphoma in northern pike, Esox lucius L., from the Åland Islands of Finland
Authors: THOMPSON J. S.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. An epizootic of lymphoma in northern pike, Esox lucius L., occurring in the Åland Islands in Finnish waters of the Baltic Sea is described. Macroscopic inspection of 19 tumorous pike, 17 males and two females, as well as tissue observations by light and electron microscopy showed that this lymphoma is similar to those previously reported in esocid fishes from North America, Ireland and Sweden. Haematoxylin and eosin‐stained light microscopic sections of tumour tissue suggested its classification as a lymphoblastic or stem cell lymphoma. Tumour cells cultured during several months at 4°C showed morphological features of differentiation and resembled plasma cells. No conclusive evidence of the presence of viruses in the lesion was obtained.
Henneguya shaharini sp. nov. (Protozoa: Myxozoa), a parasite of marble goby, Oxyeleotns marmoratus (Bleeker)
Authors: SHARIFF M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Henneguya shaharini sp. nov. is described from marble goby, Oxyeleotns marmoratus, collected in the State of Selangor, Malaysia. Cysts occurred in the gill filaments. The histopathological examination revealed intralamellar and inter‐lamellar forms of infection. A host tissue response against the parasite was seen in some fish.