bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of expert system for bus services in Klang valley
Authors: Norhisham S , Bakar M F A , Syamsir A , Zaini N , Baharin N L , Shkuri N S M , Saad N M
Published: April 2021

Growing population could be one of the main factors which affect the daily increase in road movement . A developing country like Malaysia still requires transport system planning and development. In 2012, nearly 1.5 million daily and public transport trips in Klang Valley represented almost 30% of the daily main public transportation. Development of an expert system could identify problems on bus services and assist to encounter problems raised based on the expert system. Therefore, this study was aimed to develop an expert system for bus service in Klang Valley. In this study five major cities in west Klang Valley were selected, including Puchong, Petaling Jaya, Subang Jaya, Shah Alam and Klang. The Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (TRCPM) was referred as studyguidelines . Three mainphases were involved in the expert system development by using MATLAB, which include analyzing job scope, management of information knowledge and development of prototype. System was named as BUS-QOS and could be used to identify the bus service quality level in specific locations and obtain suggestions from experts to improve the bus service quality of in that area. At the end of the study, validation, verification and evaluation processes should be done to check the output of system in terms of its operation and result. The result of BUS-QOS was verified based on system analysis and manual calculation. It showed that all designated attributes were almost 100% accurate. The output of the system was based on transportation engineering knowledge which could be easily used by users.
The study of split mastic asphalt pavement with latex addition for flooded road
Authors: Putri E E , Sari R R
Published: April 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of latex addition to the durability of the Split Mastic Asphalt (SMA) pavement mixture in order to increase its durability when the road is flooded. Durability test conducted where the sample was immersed in water for 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours, with latex variations of 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%. From the results of the study it was found that the durability of asphalt mixture without latex was higher than that of SMA with latex. The durability indexes were 6.740%, 10.648, 11.717, 13.884, 14.766 and 9.991 for 0%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5% latex in the mixture respectively. The higher the index the lower the strength. In addition, the longer the soaking time the lower the strength. However, as the latex in the mixture increases, the stability was also increase achieved at 3% latex. The SMA pavement mixture with the addition of latex does not increase its durability but can increase its stability value. So, it is recommended that SMA pavement mixture with latex is only for pavement where the water level is not high.
Delineation of flash flood hazard zones based on morphometric parameters using GIS technique in upper Lematang sub-watershed
Authors: Dinata A , Dhiniati F , Diansari L E
Published: April 2021

The hilly and mountainous topography with high annual rainfall triggered a flash flood in the upper Lematang sub-watershed. The impact caused not only damaged infrastructure, agriculture land, and even fatalities. This research aimed to conduct flash flood hazard zoning based on morphometric parameters using the GIS technique. By extracting the DEM data, it is generated to a slope map, flow direction, flow accumulation, stream order, and watershed boundary. The data were then evaluated to obtain the morphometric parameters. Parameters analyzed using the PCA approach to get the correlation between parameters related to flash flood hazards. Of the 12 parameters, the KMO value is 0.66, and a significant level is 0.001 <0.05 with a sufficient level of intercorrelation. The result of PCA analysis, two factors were obtained with an eigenvalue > 1, and the cumulative percentage of the two factors was able to explain data variations of 87.49%. Finally, using 12 parameters, the upper Lematang sub-watershed area had 48.79% very-high hazard zones of a flash flood, 16.48% high zones, 20.28% moderate zones, and 0.97% low zones, and 13.48% very-low zones. The results of this study can be used in mitigation activities as well as for integrated watershed management.
Disaster resilience measurement in Padang’s hotel sector
Authors: Fithriand P , Ulfa Z A
Published: April 2021

Padang city is the administrative center of West Sumatra Province, which is located in a zone of high-level danger from the earthquake and tsunami. It has many tourist destinations. To support the growth of the tourism sector, lodgings like hotels are needed. Besides, hotels are also used for Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Events (MICE) by private groups and government. Currently, the disaster resilience program is being promoted both for community, agencies, and the private sector. Disaster Resilience Framework for Hotels (DFRH) is a concept of measuring disaster resilience based on six categories of predictor capital groups, namely: social, economic, human, physical, natural, and cultural. The measurements were made by distributing questionnaires to staff and managers at three large hotels in the city of Padang. The data obtained were processed using (DFRH). For the level of hotel disaster resilience measurement from the staff side, the average agreement is 82%. Then from the manager’s point of view, the measure of total agreement obtained by 86%.
Local risk managers’ and disaster volunteers’ awareness of, attitudes toward, and intention to use a local government-developed disaster information system: A Case study of SIKK Magelang
Authors: Sari K P , Kanegae H , Roychani M
Published: April 2021

SIKK (Sistem Informasi Kebencanaan Kabupaten or Regency Disaster Information System) Magelang is a disaster information system developed by local government in Magelang Regency to support disaster management. Despite having useful features, as with many e-government services, it shows a low adoption rate. This paper aims to explore the barriers impeding the adoption of SIKK Magelang from the perspective of local risk managers and disaster volunteers. Preliminary data were gathered by scrutinizing related disaster management documents and SIKK Magelang reports and interviewing the information system’s operators. Next, a half-day workshop was conducted with the help of BPBD (Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah) of Magelang Regency to assess local risk managers’ and disaster volunteers’ awareness of, intention to use, and attitudes toward SIKK Magelang. Of the 150 people invited, 112 attended the workshop; however, 107 participants could be analyzed. We found that participants had a low awareness of SIKK Magelang and were unfamiliar with the disaster information system. After the trial session, however, they had positive attitudes toward the information system and were willing to use it in the future, especially in the context of supporting their disaster-related tasks. Our findings indicate that SIKK Magelang has the potential to be more widely used by local risk managers and disaster volunteers. More effort should be put into promoting SIKK Magelang, such as producing a clear tutorial.
Decision support system in determining the priority of disaster mitigation infrastructure development in villages level using the Simple Additive Weight (SAW) method
Authors: Rasadi A , Hidayat B , Ophiyandri T
Published: April 2021

Disasters are a global problem now. Particularly in Indonesia, disaster management has entered a new paradigm, from previously only focusing on emergency response activities and using mitigation and preparedness approaches. Mitigation and preparedness are carried out when a disaster does not occur. Disaster mitigation or mitigation needs to be integrated with disaster risk reduction efforts into development for the sake of sustainability and mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into village program and activity planning. In other words, a disaster risk analysis must be one of the bases in planning sustainable development. The construction of facilities and infrastructure for disaster management is also one of the priorities in village development. However, village infrastructure development planning that has been implemented has not yet considered the disaster management aspects. In this study, a decision support system model (simple additive weight, SAW) was designed, which considers aspects of disaster management that are integrated into the village development planning process.
Sustainability of the climate village program to prevent the impact of climate change on water supply and sanitation: a perspective from the PESTLE analysis
Authors: Sari P N , Gusti A , Nofriya  , Suci I , Pratama M
Published: April 2021

The issue of water sustainability and sanitation has developed in recent years, and it is predicted that by 2030 there will be increasing crises. In accordance with the six SDGs goals, it needs some efforts to ensure the sustainability of clean water and sanitation. The climate village program is one way to increase public awareness of the environment, especially providing clean water and proper sanitation and avoiding uncertain climate threats. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach using political (P), economic (E), social (S), technological (T), legal (L), and environmental (E) analysis in a village that was officially declared as a ‘climate village.’ Data collected by observation and conducting in-depth interviews with five informants who know deeply about this program. The result shows that the spirit of community cooperation is good enough to prevent environmental problems due to climate change. Every aspect of PESTLE shows a promising development, especially in Social and Environment. Still, it needs improvement for every indicator, especially financial assistance, to provide clean water and sanitation technology resistant to climate disruption.
Geographical information system for disaster relief distribution on natural disaster response
Authors: Meilani D , Hadiguna R A , Pradipta C A
Published: April 2021

The geographic information system that was designed was a geographic information system as a tool for the distribution process of earthquake and tsunami disasters in Padang City. This design is based on the problems that occur on the process of distributing the disaster relief such as obstruction of the distribution process of disaster relief due to abnormal road conditions, lack of information about the data of disaster relief needs at the evacuation posts so that the disaster relief provided does not match with the disaster relief needed on the evacuation post. Based on these problems, the system designed aims to provide information on optimal disaster relief distribution routes, as well as providing information about the disaster relief needs data so that the process of exchanging information about disaster relief needs data can be done more effectively. The determination of the disaster relief distribution network is using the Dijkstra Algorithm. That the shortest distribution path is obtained using the Dijkstra Algorithm with assuming that the path is traversed only to the main lane and the bridge that can be traversed is only the bridge in the Tsunami green zone. The system design is done using the waterfall method. The results obtained are that the system has four main functions. The first is to provide the optimal distribution routes, providing information about the shelter location data, providing information about disaster relief needs data, and providing information about disaster relief needs stock data. The distribution channel in the system consists of 5 safe routes to pass with the starting point is the Management Operation Center of Regional Disaster Management Authority. This research was conducted to simplify the process of distributing disaster relief because at this time officers who carry out the evacuation process are still doing data recap manually.
Responding to uncertainty caused by Covid -19
Authors: Sarry S M , Anggreiny N , Mafaza
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic that has spread to almost all countries in the world, including Indonesia, has caused a multitude of socioeconomic uncertainties in various aspects of life. The present study aims to describe responses to coronavirus-related uncertainties, particularly responses from people in early adulthood. The sample consisted of 166 individuals (38 males and 128 females), aged 20-40years, from 12 provinces in Indonesia including West Sumatra, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, West Java, West Nusa Tenggara, and South Sulawesi among others. Participants completed the uncertainty response scale via Google form. The results showed that participants perceived that COVID-19 has caused uncertainties mainly in the education and economy sectors. The cognitive uncertainty of all participants was found to be at a high level. Almost all participants also reported a high desire for change, and the results vary on emotional uncertainty. In addition, job status underlies differences in emotional uncertainty and desire for change, but not for cognitive uncertainty. Conclusions are discussed with highlights on methodological limitations and the need for further research related to psychological outcomes of uncertainty.
Assessment of adaptive capacity to sea level rise using open-loop system, case study: Cirebon and Pangandaran
Authors: Fauzi I , Radjawane I M , Latief H , Ritonga Randy F , Faizin H Y
Published: April 2021

This research aims to assess the adaptive capacity of three adaptive strategies applied in Cirebon and Pangandaran by estimating community assets under threat of Sea-Level Rise (SLR) through open-loop system. Firstly, SLR in Cirebon and Pangandaran each month from 2006 to 2100 is simulated using ocean heat flux and ice melting model data by Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5, Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change Assessment Report (IPCC AR) 5. This simulation result is then added with ocean phenomena such as tide, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), storm surge, and Kelvin wave along with their frequencies. By the year 2100, the sea level in Cirebon will reach 115.65 cm and 148.09 cm in Pangandaran. Secondly, the SLR and applied strategies are converted to be inundation maps of community assets. Overall, the result shows the best policy for both regencies is protect which has an adaptive capacity value of 96.30% and 76.65% respectively. But deeper, the adaptive strategy for each district in both regencies differs one to another.
Full-scale static compression pile load test in sand with post installation pre-stressing to engage toe resistance
Authors: Iversen K M , Roesen B S
Published: April 2021

A full-scale static compression pile load test was conducted in connection with construction of a new road bridge in Silkeborg, Denmark. The new road bridge crosses a river between two existing bridges, one for pedestrians and one for an existing rail way. An existing pedestrian bridge was moved five meters to the north to give space for the new road bridge. The western part of the existing bridge was therefore to be founded partly on the existing footing of the pedestrian bridge and partly on a new pile-based footing. Bored cast-in-place piles were chosen to minimize vibrations during construction. The pile load test was necessary to document the bearing capacity of the bored piles because the Danish National Annex to the Eurocode 7, part 1 (2015), Annex L (DS/EN 1997-1 DK:NA) obligates the designer only to regard 30 % of the shaft resistance determined by geostatic calculation for the corresponding driven pile. Furthermore, it is a common design practise to disregard the toe resistance, as mobilization only occurs after deformations larger than normally acceptable for the superstructure. To overcome the latter, the test pile was constructed with a flat-jack device to allow post installation prestressing by grouting underneath the pile toe. Hence, it was possible to include toe resistance with only minimal displacements of the pile toe, as the grouting was conducted successfully, and post installation pre-stressing was obtained. The results of the pile load test show a bearing capacity up to 50% larger than estimated by geostatic calculation, even when including toe resistance and disregarding the 70 % shaft reduction in the geostatic calculation for the corresponding driven pile. An estimate of the displacement of the new pile-based footing was made based on load-displacement curves for the test pile, and the subsequent production piles were installed using the same principles due to the flat-jack device’s effective post installation pre-stressing.
The effect of input ground motion location on design spectrum in a seismic ground response analysis performed for an alluvial site
Authors: Aytekin B , Haşal M E , Özaslan B , İyisan R
Published: April 2021

Site response analyses are performed to estimate the change in the characteristics of the input rock motion occurred during the vertical propagation of seismic waves and to obtain the local variation in intensity and spectral characteristics of surface ground motion. The rock outcrop motions which are selected by considering the source mechanism, fault distance and earthquake characteristics that are compatible with the standard design ground motion level. It is generally agreed that time domain simulated or spectral matched ground motions may be applied as input ground motions at seismic bedrock in the dynamic response analysis of soil layers under earthquake excitation and thus shear stresses and deformations, acceleration-time histories and site-specific design spectrum can be obtained for surface layers. In “Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC), 2018” it is being stated that the input ground motion can be exerted at the base of a soil layer lying at a shallower depth in comparison with seismic bedrock depth by using the method of spectral matching the accelerograms to the target spectrum of corresponding soil layer where the input motion is applied. In this study, by evaluating and combining the findings of the geotechnical borings and microtremor array measurements, the shear wave velocity profiles extending to seismic bedrock (VS≥760 m/s) were obtained for the investigation sites. The results of the site response analyses that were conducted by using the two different methods proposed in TBEC (2018) were interpreted. At the first method, in deeper 1D dynamic analyses, the input ground motions were applied at seismic bedrock defined as site class ZB where the shear wave velocity (VS30) is higher than 760 m/s2. Whilst at the second method, the inputs were applied at the base of the shallower 1D soil column having site class either ZC or ZD where VS30is in the range of 360 m/s2< VS30< 760 m/s2and 180 m/s2< VS30< 360 m/s2respectively. As a result, the acceleration spectra obtained on the surface of deep and shallow models were compared for 31 strong ground motion records, selected in accordance with the design spectra corresponding to seismic code depending on the location of the investigation area and local site classes.
Investigations into stabilized structures with the use of waste foundry sand
Authors: Zhang Y , Sappinen T , Vilenius M , Korkiala-Tanttu L
Published: April 2021

In the light of carbon-neutral society and circular economy, attempts were made in this study to utilize the waste foundry sand (WFS) in high volume as a pavement construction material. A series of laboratory tests, including but not limited to particle size distribution, Proctor, pH values, shear box and compressive strength test were performed to investigate the technical soundness of the material. Insufficient strength of the stabilized WFS has promoted the utilization of a mixture containing not only WFS but also quarry fines. The compressive strength test results show high potentials of such stabilized mixtures for pavement constructions. Yet further research is still needed to consider the durability and environmental aspects in the future.
Eurocode 7 – an updated framework to ensure reliable geotechnical solutions
Authors: Franzén G. , Garin H.
Published: April 2021

In a few years’ time, the 2nd generation of Eurocode will be published. The aim of the revision of Eurocode 7 is to meet new demands in geotechnical engineering looking at the coming 20 years, e.g. assessment of ground properties, design in rock, dynamics, numerical methods, probability. Users’ need with the main goals of ease-of-use and harmonisation, is the key-target for the revision. This paper presents the background to the development of the second generation of Eurocode, our common European set of technical rules for structural and geotechnical design. The paper will include an overview of some of the major changes compared to the first generation of Eurocode, that will affect the practising geotechnical engineer. In addition, some more details will be given on management measures for geotechnical reliability, assessment of ground properties and execution.
Frost monitoring of the Finnish road network
Authors: Dettenborn T , Hartikainen A , Koivisto K , Nykänen H , Ylönen S
Published: April 2021

At present, maintenance of road networks is one of the main functions of the Nordic road administrations and also the budget area where the largest expenditures exist. Managing and predicting maintenance needs makes it possible to focus the scarce resources available to where they are most needed. The better and more accurately we can assess road deterioration, the easier it becomes to plan long-term and cost-effective maintenance processes. The risks posed by e.g. climate change require more comprehensive tools with interactive data managing than what is currently available. In the spring, the road structures are most vulnerable when the frost thaws and the water remaining in the structures begins to dissolve. Unabsorbed water decreases road load capacity. Frost data monitoring is important information for predicting the behavior of the road network. It is important to know when the melted water has evaporated and drained off to be sure that it is safe for heavy vehicles to use the road again. The data also helps to work systematically. For example, it can be used to plan schedules for routing fitness measurements and paving and road repairs. The data is also helpful in frost damage surveys. This paper examines the frost penetration based on real-time in-situ monitoring. The study includes the construction of the in-situ monitoring network and calculational analysis of the frost penetration and thaw. The research presents results for frost penetration cycles in different parts of Finland and also presents the change of the cyclic patterns.
Quick-clay landslide mitigation using potassium-chloride wells: Installation procedures and effects
Authors: Helle T E , Kvennås M , Kirkevollen O V , Hamel B , Bache B K F , Strand S A , Svanø G , Gylland A , Haugen E , Wiig T , Horn A
Published: April 2021

Mitigation actions related to quick-clay slopes often induce undesirable changes to the terrain that may have negative impact on developed areas and local biodiversity. Soil improvement may prevent this. Lime-cement piling causes temporarily reduced slope stability and substantial climate-gas emissions. Less climate-gas emissions are associated to the production of potassium chloride (KCl). KCl improves the post-failure properties of quick clay so it renders not quick and may serve as an alternative to current landslide-mitigation. The mechanisms in this chemical process is well documented, but there exist no installation procedures for KCl wells, nor knowledge on cost/benefit or climate-gas emissions. This paper presents two installation procedures of KCl wells, and studies showing that the climate-gas emissions are far less than installing lime-cement piles. Further development of cost-effective installation procedures is needed to justify application of KCl wells in quick-clay areas.
Influence factors for using hydraulic binders for soil stabilisation of fine-grained soils in cold environment
Authors: Rothhämel Mirja , Al-Jabban Wathiq Jasim , Laue Jan
Published: April 2021

The stabilization of soft soils with hydraulic binder is a common technique all over the world. By means of stabilization the engineering properties of fine-grained soils can be improved, where settlements or stability problems have to be handled. Lime and cement are usual binders. The use of industrial by-products as binders has been investigated and some are already established on the market in combination with cement, as e.g. fly ash or slag. Nowadays the reduction of CO2
is in focus, leading to a search for more by-products from the industry that are suitable to use as hydraulic binder. One of these is cement kiln dust (CKD) that is started to be used commercially as a binder in combination with cement.

Fine-grained soils are often frost susceptible i. e. they show frost heave and/or thaw weakening. These typical problems are handled by improvement with hydraulic binder in countries with moderate climate [33]. In countries with cold climate, near surface soil stabilization with hydraulic binder is less used. One reason for this reduced usage are uncertainties about the influence of low temperature on the expected stabilizing effects of the hydraulic binder. Previous research has shown that the strength of the stabilized material is decreased by frost impact, when compared to without frost. New research results have shown a recovering of the strength after a reduction due to frost [1; 2].

In the present contribution, a multiple linear regression analysis is presented for identifying significant influencing factors for soil stabilization of fine-grained subgrade with hydraulic binders in cold environment. The regression analysis is based on the results from three earlier published laboratory studies [3-5], where the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) was used as a measure of strength. The laboratory studies involved different soil types, different binders (mainly by-products), and varying binder contents.

The results from the laboratory studies show that the strength increases during curing in cold environment. After twelve freeze-thaw-cycles the strength is reduced for several samples, compared to without freeze-thaw-cycles, but it is higher than without stabilization. A recovering of strength after a subsequent curing time after the freeze-thaw-cycles is visible in some cases for the stabilized samples. The multiple linear regression analysis presented here shows the influence of the binder content, as well as the freeze-thaw-cycles and the curing time, on the strength.
Experience from short-and long-term performance of deep excavations in soft sensitive clays
Authors: Tornborg Johannes , Karlsson Mats , Kullingsjö Anders , Karstunen Minna
Published: April 2021

Design of excavations and permanent underground structures requires accurate predictions of e.g. deformations and earth pressures for both the short-and long-term. As excavation depths increase and/or the proximity to adjacent infrastructure decreases, there is a need to improve and develop existing design methods and validate numerical models. The first part of this paper revisits the measurement data from a previous excavation, the Göta Tunnel in Gothenburg, Sweden, in order to benchmark a contemporary constitutive soil model, called Creep-SCLAY1S. This study looks into time series including e.g. final dewatering of the excavation, followed by the development of pore water pressures, earth pressures and deformations over time (until 2 years after excavation). The model predictions are in general in good agreement with the measurement data up to final dewatering. However, installation effects due to drilling are believed to have caused continued deformations which are difficult to capture in the numerical model. Part two of the paper presents details of a recently instrumented excavation in soft clay in Central Gothenburg. The measurement data comprises e.g. pore water pressures, deformations as well as vertical and horizontal earth pressures at three locations under the permanent structure. Continued long-term measurements are planned and the existing and future data are believed to provide valuable insights on the development of the stress state and earth pressures under permanent structures in soft clay.
Developments in the field of removable anchors
Authors: Rebhan M. J. , Marte R. , Tschuchnigg F. , Eder A. S. , Fuschelberger H. , Meyerhans B.
Published: April 2021

The design of inner-city building pits is a challenging task in geotechnical engineering. Due to rising property prices and the limited vacant plots in urban areas, the installation of building pit support measures is often constrained. Besides rigid systems, struts or anchors are often used to support such building pits. On the one hand, this support is required to come up with an economical design and on the other hand, it is necessary to keep the deformations of adjacent structures within certain limits. In this paper a new approach for the design and the (de-)installation process of removeable anchors is presented. By using a non-explosive cracking agent, a fully removeable anchor has been developed. Laboratory test results have shown, that by filling a pre-installed injection tube with the non-explosive cracking agent, a partial destruction of the grout body and consequently a reduction of the bond along the cement body and the steel tendon can be achieved. As a result, an extraction of the steel tendon is possible.
Back-calculation of pillar foundation for Skjeggestad Bridge
Authors: Bendzovski R , Hetland R , Chen Y , Giese S , Åkershult A Rosenquist af , Lacasse S , Johansen T , Aabøe R , Degago S A
Published: April 2021

In 2015, a landslide incapacitated the expressway E18 in southern Norway because one of the large foundation pillars of the southern lane of Skjeggestad Bridge near Mofjellbekken failed. This accident immobilised throughway traffic between Oslo and southern Norway for 17 months until the bridge became fully operational again. This paper focuses on the adjacent bridge pillar of the northern lane which experienced substantial displacements during the landslide. The paper presents the back-calculated reserve capacity of the pile foundation immediately after the landslide occurred. This was essential to establish the impact of the slide on the foundation capacity and evaluate the safety of the northern lane for traffic. The paper is a companion of the paper presenting the two-and three-dimensional analyses of the landslide that occurred in Mofjellbekken. The software Trimble NovaPoint Geosuite was used for an integrated design approach examining the soil layering, selecting the soil parameters and doing capacity calculations on the pile foundation (and calculating the stability analyses in the companion paper). The soil parameters were selected based on a statistical analysis of the key parameters and for cases with insufficient information correlations on similar soils are used. Two modelling approached were investigated to simulate the slide impact on the piles. The sensitivity of the lateral performance of the piles to soil stiffness was investigated based on recommendations from different guidelines. The implication of these analyses on pile cross-sectional utilization is discussed.
Recycling of concrete from demolished bridges and other engineered structures
Authors: Dettenborn T , Harju I , Forsman J , Lehtonen K , Ahlqvist E , Kurki T
Published: April 2021

The Environmental Policy (2014) of the Finnish Transport Agency (now the Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency) identifies reducing the volume of waste and conserving renewable and non-renewable natural resources as one of the Agency’s environmental goals. The Agency has decided to pursue this goal by various means, including promoting the use of recycled materials, revising legislation and permit and notification procedures, and improving its purchasing practices and guidance. At the beginning of 2018, the Finnish Transport Agency was responsible for 15013 road bridges and 2516 railway bridges. Two thirds of the road bridges are made of concrete, and their total area accounts for approximately 80% of the total area of all road bridges in Finland. The Finnish Transport Agency currently has limited official guidance and few other established procedures for sorting and recycling concrete waste generated from the demolition of engineered structures in connection with road and rail projects. According to circular economy principles, demolition waste should be reused in a manner that adds the most value to the project and is utilized as close to its source as possible. Concrete waste from demolitions often ends up in secondary use such as embankment fills or noise barriers, which is not, from the perspective of the environment or the economy, the most optimal way to use the material. Concrete waste crushed down to the correct size, the resulting crushed pieces make a high-quality construction material. High quality crushed concrete can be used in accordance with the registration procedure set out in the Government Decree on the Recovery of Certain Wastes in Earth Construction or, if the project and/or the material do not satisfy the requirements of the Government Decree, in accordance with the environmental permit procedure. Bridge demolition concrete waste should ideally be treated and processed to add as much value to projects as possible. Pulverisation is relatively expensive and the end product has a relatively low value, which is why, in practice, it almost always makes sense to reduce concrete waste down to, for example, a size that satisfies the quality requirements for the sub-base set out in the Government Decree on the Recovery of Certain Wastes in Earth Construction in a crushing plant or using a crusher bucket.
Anchoring of a retaining structure with glass fibre strand anchors
Authors: Iversen K M , Christensen S J , Møller O
Published: April 2021

In Copenhagen, Denmark, a large construction pit has been designed to facilitate the excavation for the basement of a new district in the city called “Postgrunden”. The retaining wall is constructed by sheet piles installed into the Copenhagen Limestone with the use of pre-drilling and with ground anchors in two levels. The construction pit as well as the anchors are temporary, however, both parts are left in the ground after construction of the basement has been concluded. Most of the anchors were constructed as normal steel strand anchors, however, at one location glass fibre anchors were found to be the best solution due to restrictions concerning installation under third party property. Therefore 82 ground anchors with glass fibre strands were installed. These anchors were the first of their type used in production in Denmark. However, in Denmark there is no Eurocode or National Annex on composite materials at the time of the design and therefore the designers had no direct standard to design by. The design of the glass fibre anchors was therefore based on the index of safety method from Eurocode 0 along with a set of fracture tests made in a laboratory. The tests were used for a statistical analysis that along with a required index of safety gave the characteristic ultimate resistance of the strands and the elastic modulus. During installation the contractor had to consider the different material behaviour of the glass fibre strands compared to the traditional steel strands, e.g. the brittle shear tolerance, that dictates the assembly of the glass fibre strands to steel strand couplers to allow for testing and prestressing of the anchors. Further, the glass fibre anchors are not as heavy and stiff as the traditional steel anchors, which added an extra challenge during installation below the ground water table. Anchor testing was performed using traditional anchor testing equipment. The hollow plunger jacks were chosen in respect to the long piston stroke required for the extra elongation of glass fibre strands due to a low modulus of elasticity. All anchors were tested with either suitability or acceptance test to a factor of 1.43 or 1.30 above the design load, respectively.
The needs and availability analysis of irrigation water of Way Wayah Irrigation Area
Authors: Kusumastuti D I , Jokowinarno D , Putri R , Khadijah L
Published: April 2021

Optimization of agricultural land is an effort to mprove and increase land support capacity, in such a way become more productive farmland. The Local Government of Pringsewu Regency planned to develop irrigation network by utilizing Way Wayah river. This study aims to design irrigation area in Way Wayah and to analyse water availability of Way Wayah river and water need of the planned irrigation area. Irrigation network design includes analysis of determining the location of the weir, so that it can be estimated the area of designed paddy field, the catchment area as well as the availability of water resources. Analysis includes spatial analysis using Geographical Information System, hydrologic analysis for water availability and Penman method for irrigation water need. The results show that (1) the planned weir will be located in Giri Tunggal with catchment area of 7,238.9 ha, the area of total paddy rice fields (existing and planned paddy rice fields) is 960.46 ha; (2) The need for water are 6196.88 m3 ha-1 season-1 and 6556.96 m3 ha-1 season-1 for planting seasons 1 and 2 respectively. Water availability is sufficient during preparation and planting periods
Analysis of production efficiency and income to support sustainability of cassava farming in Lampung Tengah District, Lampung Province
Authors: Murniati K , Zakaria W A , Endaryanto T , Indah L S M
Published: April 2021

This study aims to analyze the efficiency of production, income, and sustainability of cassava farmers revenue in Lampung Tengah Regency, Lampung Province. Lampung Tengah Regency was chosen as the research location with the consideration that the district is a center for cassava production in Lampung Province. The number of respondents was 60 respondents who were taken using simple random sampling. Data collection was carried out in July 2020. The data used in this study are primary and secondary data. Data analysis used the production function stochastic frontier with the Frontier 4.1 program, income analysis, and R/C ratio to know sustainability of cassava farming. The result showed that cassava farming in Lampung Tengah Regency on average, is not efficient both technically and economically but was profitable with R/C > 1 it means the cassava farming in Lampung Tengah district still sustain to cultivate.
New insights into Sumatran camphor (Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn) management and conservation in western coast Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Aswandi A , Kholibrina C R
Published: April 2021

Camphor resin has been harvested since the seventh century on western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Oils or crystals containing borneol collected from Sumatran camphor tree (Dryobalanops aromatica) for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and fragrances. However, illegal logging and land conversion put the vulnerable species threatened. Based on exploration, remaining camphor trees were found growing in small-inaccessible clusters on lowlands to hills in Aceh and North Sumatra. The population declining has a direct impact on camphor productivity. Camphor crystals have been harvested by cutting and splitting stems into logs and 1.5–2.5 kg of crystals were gathered, conventionally. Camphor extraction also conducted by applying a notch on trunk of standing trees and harvesting liquid resin that exudate from wounded resin channel. Branches and leaves biomass also contain camphor oil, especially young fresh leaves (25.6%). The volatile aromatic compound in this section reveals some opportunities for camphor provision through leaves distillation (yield 0.46-0.73%), a value-added from more sustainable scheme. High beneficial compound contained, 1.8 cineole reveals the opportunities for oil utilization as anti-viral, expectorant, and respiratory and blood vessels blockage treatments. Furthermore, tree improvement strategy initiated by collecting genetic material from various remaining provenances to support species conservation and breeding populations.
The abundance and diversity of Basidiomycetes fungi in sago bark waste
Authors: Kasi P D , Tenriawaru E P , Cambaba S , Triana B
Published: April 2021

This study was aimed to determine the abundance and diversity of Basidiomycetes fungi on sago bark waste. This research was conducted in January-February 2020 at Tondok Alla village, Telluwanua district, Palopo city (as location I) and Kalotok village, South Sabbang district, North Luwu regency (as location II). Climate data for the study period were obtained from the BMKG online website. The morphology of the fungi obtained from the sago bark waste was observed and identified morphologically for stalk color, cap structure and cap colour. The number of identified Basidiomycetes were analyzed to obtain relative abundance, species richness, evenness, Shannon Wiener diversity index, Simpson dominance index, and community similarity index. The climate observation results showed that, the average temperature was 27.74 (° C), 80.36% humidity, 12.37 mm of rainfall, and 4 hours / day of sun exposure. The fungi observation results showed that, several species of Basidiomycetes fungi was observed at both locations. Schizophyllum commune is the dominant species at both sites, and Ganoderma sp. the least. The species richness index, species evenness index, and diversity index at location I were higher than location II, while the Simpson dominance index was the highest in location II. Both locations have the same community structure based on the similarity index.
Growth performance and fruiting of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) clonal plantation at vertic soil area in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta for conservation strategy
Authors: Adinugraha H A , Setiadi D , Santoso H B , Kartikawati N K
Published: April 2021

Breadfruit is one of the tree species with a wide distribution in the Indonesian archipelago and shows variations in growth morphology, leave, and fruits. Therefore, the breadfruit clonal test plantation was carried out from several origin distributions at vertisol land in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, with a spacing of 5 x 5 m. This study aimed to identify the variation in growth and fruit production of 12 breadfruit cultivars at 10 years old. They were collected from Gunungkidul, Kediri, Banyuwangi, Sukabumi, Banten, Bali, Mataram, Lampung, Bone, Malino, Sorong, and Manokwari. The study was conducted by selecting 4 trees from each cultivar that have average growth and replicated five times. The growth characters of breadfruit trees were observed, namely height, stem diameter at breast height, canopy width, and a number of fruits. The observation results showed that there is a significant influence of origin distribution of breadfruit on growth and fruiting performance. The average tree height was 6.1-9.7 m, stem diameter 14.2-22.0 cm, canopy width 3.2-6.1 m, and the number of ripe fruit 3-21 fruit/tree. Breadfruit clones from South Sulawesi (Bone, Malino) and Papua (Sorong, Manokwari) were relatively stable, showing the best performance in all the characters observed. It is indicated that cultivars from South Sulawesi and Papua were adaptable in vertic soil.
The effect of storage time on the raw material of insecticide candidate from gamal leaves (Gliricidia maculata) on the toxicities stability to control mealybug
Authors: Murad K U F , Nukmal N , Setyaningrum E
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study to evaluate the effect of storage time on the persentage of yield extract and toxicity stability of Gamal leaves (Gliricidia maculata) powder to control mealybugs. The gamal leaves were colected form three different cultivars (North Lampung, West Lampung, and Pringsewu). The leaves powder was stored in the freezer (-4 ¼C) during 12 and 24 months. The powder storaged was macerated with methanol and aqudest, then concentrated by rotary vacuum evaporator to yield the crute exstract (paste), the paste was used for bioassay to mealybugs with residual effect methode. The result shows that the storage time of the powder raw material of insecticide candidate from G. maculata leaves for 12-24 months does not significantly affect to the stability of the toxicity and persentage paste yield. But the long time of storege culd be decrese the toxicyty effectiveness and persentage paste yield gained
The effect of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Rhizhobium sp bacteria on growth and yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L)
Authors: Birnadi S , Yusidah I , Priatna T , Qodim H , Solehudin
Published: April 2021

Peanut is one of the agribusiness commodities with high economic value, and is a source of protein for the population of Indonesia. National peanut production is still low, even from 2008 to 2012 it continued to decline. In 2008 peanut production. land was around 770 054 t, and in 2012 it was around 709 063 t. The average production capability is only about 1 t ha-1 dry beans. This decrease occurred by several factors, ranging from extreme climates, decreasing nutrient content, lower soil quality and pest attacks. Organic fertilizers can help improve soil quality and provide nutrients, while bacteria (Rhizobium sp) available nitrogen in the soil becomes available to plants. Purpose of the study to determine the interaction between fake water hyacinth fertilizer and rhizobium sp. Bacteria and its effect on the growth and yield of Kancil Peanut (Archis hypogea L) varieties. To determine the optimum dose of hyacinth organic fertilizer, rhizobium bacteria in each cultivar on growth and yield of peanut plants soil (Archis hypogea L) variety Kancil. The method used in this study was a randomized block design with 2 treatments and 3 replications. The first treatment is bohasi water hyacinth = dose 0 tonnes ha-1, 15 tonnes ha-1, 30 tonnes ha-1. The second treatment was rhizobium bacteria = dose 0 g 100 gr-1 seed, 5 g 100 gr-1 seed dose, 10 g 100 gr-1 seed dose, 15 g 100 gr-1 seed dose. The results showed that the independent treatment had a significant effect on bohasi water hyacinth treatment at plant height 42-49 days after planting, and rhizobium bacteria with a dose of 15 g 100 gr-1 seeds. Significantly affect plant height at 42-49 days after planting.
The effect of dung and local microorganism of banana corm application on the growth and the yield of mung beans (Vigna radiata L) Vima - 2 variety
Authors: Ginandjar S , Hakim L A , Subandi M , Rahmadi A , Hakim M T A
Published: April 2021

Mung beans are plants that have high economic value but the production of mung beans in Indonesia is still low. Dung serves to provide nutrients for plants, improve soil structure, and retain water in the soil. MOL (local microorganisms) banana corm has a number of microorganisms that can help plants absorb nutrients found in the soil. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the interaction between types of dung (dung) and banana corm local micro organization (MOL) on the growth and yield of mung beans Vima 2 and to determine the type of dung and the MOL dose of banana corm that was best for the growth and yield of mung bean plants. The method used in this study was a randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor is the type of dung = no dung (j0), chicken dung (dung) (jl), goat dung (j2) and cow dung (j3). The second factor was the MOL dose of banana weevil, 0 ml plant-1 (m0), 50 ml plant-1 (m1) and 100 ml plant-1 (m2). The results showed that the application of dung and the MOL dose of banana corm did not show any interaction, but there was an independent influence by the type of dung on the parameters of plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, weight of seeds planted, and harvest index, so that the type of dung that gives optimum results in mung bean cultivation is chicken dung.