bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smallholder land ownership in Kenya: distribution between households and through time
Authors: Burke William J. , Jayne T. S.
Published: June 2013

This study uses panel data to demonstrate two dimensions of land ownership: the distribution between households at a given time and changes within a household over time. We note that recognizing the latter dimension is only possible when analyzing rare long‐term panel data. We estimate a model for land ownership using a version of the correlated random effects estimator to uniquely identify the determinants of both dimensions amongst Kenyan smallholders. We find life cycle effects are a key determinant of both distributions, and identify important ways in which initial conditions such as inheritance and off‐farm income relate to the dynamics of ownership. We find that population density is a key determinant of differences between households, but also that a given household's land ownership is not affected in the short term as population density increases around them. Controlling for population density, households own more land when they are closer to road networks where the economic value of land is higher. We find important vulnerabilities for the land security of widows, but this vulnerability is geographically heterogeneous.
Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in two alpacas
Authors: O'Brien C , Kuseff G , McMillan E , McCowan C , Lavender C , Globan M , Jerrett I , Oppedisano F , Johnson P , Fyfe J
Published: June 2013

Background

An ulcerative dermopathy caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans is described in two alpacas (Vicugna pacos) domiciled in endemic areas of Victoria, Australia.

Results

The diagnosis was confirmed in both cases by PCR targeting the M. ulcerans‐specific insertion sequence, IS2404. Extensive wound debridement and bandaging was effective in controlling local disease in one alpaca, although the animal was eventually euthanased because of suspected disease recurrence at other anatomical sites. Treatment was not undertaken in the second animal, but the results of a complete necropsy are described. Investigation of the environs of the second animal yielded low levels of M. ulcerans DNA associated with a variety of samples. The potential use of adjunctive antibiotic therapies directed against M. ulcerans infection in this species is discussed.

Conclusion

Mycobacterium ulcerans infection should be suspected in alpacas domiciled in endemic areas and presented with ulcerative skin disease.
Manipulating the apoptotic pathway: potential therapeutics for cancer patients
Authors: Bates Darcy J. P. , Lewis Lionel D.
Published: June 2013

This review summarizes the current state of scientific understanding of the apoptosis pathway, with a focus on the proteins involved in the pathway, their interactions and functions. This forms the rationale for detailing the preclinical and clinical pharmacology of drugs that modulate the pivotal proteins in this pathway, with emphasis on drugs that are furthest advanced in clinical development as anticancer agents. There is a focus on describing drugs that modulate three of the most promising targets in the apoptosis pathway, namely antibodies that bind and activate the death receptors, small molecules that inhibit the anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family proteins, and small molecules and antisense oligonucleotides that inactivate the inhibitors of apoptosis, all of which drive the equilibrium of the apoptotic pathway towards apoptosis. These structurally different yet functionally related groups of drugs represent a promising novel approach to anticancer therapeutics whether used as monotherapy or in combination with either classical cytotoxic or other molecularly targeted anticancer agents.
Obstacles to intergroup contact: When outgroup partner's anxiety meets perceived ethnic discrimination
Authors: Andrighetto Luca , Durante Federica , Lugani Federica , Volpato Chiara , Mirisola Alberto
Published: June 2013

Emerging research suggests that outgroup partner's anxiety can disrupt intergroup rapport‐building. This study extends previous findings by investigating the interactive effects of anticipated outgroup partner's anxiety and perceived ethnic discrimination on self‐anxiety and intergroup contact avoidance. A sample of immigrant adolescents belonging to different ethnic minorities in Italy (N = 118) was considered. Results showed that when participants expected to interact with an anxious outgroup (Italian) versus in‐group partner, self‐anxiety increased and, as a consequence, their intentions to avoid future encounters. However, these effects were observed only for participants with higher (vs. lower) perceptions of being discriminated against. The implications of these results for interethnic communication and misunderstandings are discussed.
La Participation des Adhérents Dans Leurs Coopératives Agricoles: Une Étude Exploratoire du Secteur Céréalier Français
Authors: Barraud‐Didier Valérie , Henninger Marie‐Christine , Triboulet Pierre
Published: June 2013

En adhérent à une coopérative agricole, les agriculteurs s'engagent à participer économiquement à celle‐ci en tant que coopérateurs et également à participer à son gouvernement, en tant qu'associés. Or aujourd'hui, les chercheurs et directeurs de coopératives constatent une baisse de ces deux niveaux de participation. Ce papier a pour objectif de construire une typologie des adhérents de coopératives agricoles du secteur céréalier français au regard de leurs comportements de participation puis d'identifier les déterminants qui expliquent l'appartenance des adhérents à une des classes de la typologie à partir d'un modèle probit multinomial. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que les attitudes de confiance et d'implication organisationnelles manifestées par l'adhérent envers sa coopérative peuvent expliquer ces différences de comportements aux côtés de variables individuelles liées à l'adhérent et son exploitation agricole et de variables liées à la coopérative à laquelle il adhère.

L'analyse des comportements de participation permet de regrouper les 290 adhérents de l'échantillon en trois classes distinctes: « les individualistes », « les bons soldats » et « les engagés ». Les résultats du probit multinomial sur ces 3 classes montrent notamment un effet significatif de l'attitude d'implication organisationnelle, de la présence de stockage à la ferme et de la taille de la coopérative sur la probabilité d'être individualiste par rapport aux deux autres classes.
Initiation of the transcriptional response to hyperosmotic shock correlates with the potential for volume recovery
Authors: Geijer Cecilia , Medrala‐Klein Dagmara , Petelenz‐Kurdziel Elzbieta , Ericsson Abraham , Smedh Maria , Andersson Mikael , Goksör Mattias , Nadal‐Ribelles Mariona , Posas Francesc , Krantz Marcus , Nordlander Bodil , Hohmann Stefan
Published: June 2013

The control of activity and localization of transcription factors is critical for appropriate transcriptional responses. In eukaryotes, signal transduction components such as mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) shuttle into the nucleus to activate transcription. It is not known in detail how different amounts of nuclear MAPK over time affect the transcriptional response. In the present study, we aimed to address this issue by studying the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We employed a conditional osmotic system, which changes the period of the MAPK Hog1 signal independent of the initial stress level. We determined the dynamics of the Hog1 nuclear localization and cell volume by single‐cell analysis in well‐controlled microfluidics systems and compared the responses with the global transcriptional output of cell populations. We discovered that the onset of the initial transcriptional response correlates with the potential of cells for rapid adaptation; cells that are capable of recovering quickly initiate the transcriptional responses immediately, whereas cells that require longer time to adapt also respond later. This is reflected by Hog1 nuclear localization, Hog1 promoter association and the transcriptional response, but not Hog1 phosphorylation, suggesting that a presently uncharacterized rapid adaptive mechanism precedes the Hog1 nuclear response. Furthermore, we found that the period of Hog1 nuclear residence affects the amplitude of the transcriptional response rather than the spectrum of responsive genes.
A 50‐year retrospective review of three‐dimensional effects at cracks and sharp notches
Authors: Pook L. P.
Published: June 2013

This review is a brief survey of three‐dimensional effects at cracks and sharp notches. The overall aim is to review developments over the past 50 years leading up to the current state of the art. The review is restricted to linear elastic, homogeneous, isotropic materials, with any yielding confined to a small region at a crack or notch tip. It is also restricted to static loading and to constant amplitude fatigue loading. An enormous amount of theoretical and experimental information relevant to three‐dimensional effects has been published in the past five decades, so the review is, of necessity, highly selective. Theoretical topics covered are linear elastic fracture mechanics, including Volterra distorsioni, stress intensity factors, corner point singularities, crack front line tension, displacement analysis of cracks and notches, and through thickness distributions of stresses and stress intensity factors. Crack path topics covered are fatigue crack path constraints, determination of fatigue crack paths, oscillating crack fronts in thin sheets and the transition to slant crack propagation in thin sheets. Plane strain fracture toughness testing, including standards, is covered. Overall, it can be concluded that the existence of three‐dimensional effects at cracks and sharp notches has been known for many years, but understanding has been limited, and for some situations still is. Understanding improved when the existence of corner point singularities and their implications became known. Increasingly powerful computers made it possible to investigate three‐dimensional effects numerically in detail. Despite increased understanding, three‐dimensional effects are sometimes ignored in situations where they may be important.
Infection with influenza A viruses causes changes in promoter DNA methylation of inflammatory genes
Authors: Mukherjee Sanjay , Vipat Veena C. , Chakrabarti Alok K.
Published: June 2013

Background

Replication of influenza virus in the host cells results in production of immune mediators like cytokines. Excessive secretion of cytokines (hypercytokinemia) has been observed during highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI‐H5N1) infections resulting in high fatality rates.

Objective

The exact mechanism of hypercytokinemia during influenza virus infection is still not known completely. As promoter DNA methylation changes are linked with expression changes in genes, we intend to identify whether changes in promoter DNA methylation have any role in expression of cytokines during influenza A virus infection.

Methods

A panel of 24 cytokine genes and genes known to be involved in inflammatory response were analyzed for their promoter DNA methylation changes during influenza A virus infections. Four different strains of influenza A viruses, viz. H5N1, H1N1, pandemic (2009) H1N1, and a vaccine strain of H5N1, were used for the study.

Results

We found seven of the total 24 inflammatory genes studied, showing significant changes in their promoter methylation levels in response to virus infection. These genes included proinflammatory cytokines CXCL14, CCL25, CXCL6, and interleukines IL13, IL17C, IL4R. The changes in DNA methylation levels varied across different strains of influenza viruses depending upon their virulence. Significant promoter hypomethylation in IL17C and IL13 genes was observed in cells infected with HPAI‐H5N1 virus compared with other influenza viruses. This decrease in methylation was found to be positively correlating with the increased expression of these genes. Analysis of IL17C promoter region using bisulfite sequencing resulted in identification of a CpG site within Retinoid X receptor‐alpha (RXR‐α) transcription factor binding site undergoing demethylation specifically in H5N1‐infected cells but not in other influenza‐infected cells.

Conclusion

Thus, the study could demonstrate that changes in promoter methylation in certain specific cytokine genes actually have a possible role in their expression changes during influenza A virus infection.
Newer Variants and Simulants of Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: LOWE LORI , RAPINI RONALD P.
Published: June 2013

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) has characteristic clinical and histopathologic findings that facilitate accurate diagnosis. There are, however, many variants and simulants of BCC that may cause clinical and/or histopathologic confusion. These entities often have features in common with BCC, with nodular or sclerosing basaloid islands, peripheral palisading, stromal retraction, (pseudo)‐glandular formation, and/or prominent mucin. Recently described BCC variants, including signet‐ring BCC and granular cell BCC, are discussed. Less commonly appreciated basaloid simulants, including ameloblastoma, cloacogenic carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma, are described. Distinguishing among these variants and simulants of BCC is important because treatment and prognosis of each may vary.
Scalp Flaps
Authors: FIELD LAWRENCE M.
Published: June 2013

The particular anatomy of the scalp largely dictates utilization of its parts and adjacent attached integument for reconstructive purposes. Unusually large movements of scalp skin are generally required with a variety of basic techniques and ancillary procedures. Rotation flaps are considered the prime “work‐horses” for scalp flap reconstructions. Anatomic factors will be interspersed with clinical applications, and a series of photographs and commentary will highlight these considerations.
A 5‐Year Safety and Efficacy Evaluation with Fibrel in the Correction of Cutaneous Scars Following One or Two Treatments
Authors: MILLIKAN LARRY , BANKS KATHLEEN , PURKAIT BOBBY , CHUNGI VINOD
Published: June 2013

In a multicenter clinical trial 300 patients were treated with Fibrel, 4 weeks following a negative skin test, for the correction of cutaneous scars. Fibrel treatment was restricted to one or two implants in a maximum of four scars. The scar corrections were evaluated by the physician, the patient, and also via an objective photogrammetric method. At the end of 1 year the percentage of scars with moderate, marked, or complete correction were 65, 63.3, and 85.8% according to physician, patient, and photogrammetric evaluations, respectively. A cohort of 111 patients were followed for up to 2 years and 87 patients were followed up to 5 years postimplantation. The physician and patient evaluations showed 55.1 and 50.6%, respectively, of the scars in the moderate, marked, or complete correction category at the end of 5 years with only one or two treatments. Safety evaluations included tests for antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, and presence of antibodies to Fibrel and their crossreactivity to human collagen I and III. These tests did not show any causal relationship to Fibrel treatments and the patients did not have any untoward immunologic symptoms. The data from these patients demonstrate that one or two Fibrel treatments are effective in maintaining greater than 50% correction of depressed cutaneous scars up to 5 years with negligible adverse sequelae and no untoward immunologic symptoms.
Disposable Attachments in Cryosurgery: A Useful Adjunct in the Treatment of HIV‐Associated Neoplasms
Authors: BOULIER IRMINA C. , MYSKOWSKI PATRICIA L. , TORRE DOUGLAS P.
Published: June 2013

During cryosurgery of different types of lesions in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, it is crucial that the possibility of secondary bacterial infection be reduced. The use of disposable attachments during cryosurgery can reduce this risk of transmission of infectious agents. These attachments are discussed.
The Prevention and Management of Postdermabrasion Complications
Authors: FULTON JAMES E.
Published: June 2013

The complications of keloids, pigment changes, loss of skin texture, and enlarged facial pores remain a problem with dermabrasion patients. Their occurrence can be reduced by proper patient selection, proper dermabrasion technique, proper wound management, and prompt treatment. Keloids are rapidly resolved with the use of flurandrenolide tape covered with positive‐pressure chin‐strap dressings. Streaks of hyperpigmentation are lightened with a combination of sunscreen, opaque makeup, tretinoin, and hydroquinone lotions. The loss of skin texture can be prevented by not abrading too deeply and avoiding subsequent bacterial contamination during wound healing. However, enlarged skin pores in the central portion of the face and hypopigmentation can be permanent complications.
Basic Nail Plate Avulsion
Authors: III DANIEL C. RALPH
Published: June 2013

Correct partial or total nail plate avulsion may be performed in the physician's office. The author recommends certain preoperative, operative, and postoperative procedures that may help assure a more successful outcome.
Laser Surgery of the Nail Unit
Authors: GERONEMUS ROY G.
Published: June 2013

The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in the use of lasers for the treatment of dermatologic disorders. A variety of laser systems has been found to be useful in the treatment of numerous conditions found in the nail unit. The vascular lesions of the nail unit have been treated with the pulsed dye, tunable dye, copper vapor, argon, and carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers. Pigmented lesions noted in the nail unit have been effectively treated with the Q‐switched ruby, copper vapor, argon, and pulsed dye lasers. The CO2 laser has been widely used for the treatment of benign and premalignant neoplasms of the nail unit as well as inflammatory processes. Investigational lasers, such as the gold vapor and excimer lasers, may provide clinical benefits for diseases of the nail unit in the near future. The potential advantages of laser surgery of the nail unit include the selective destruction of vascular and pigmented tissue as well as precise tissue destruction.
Innovations in Dermatology
Authors: DZUBOW LEONARD M.
Published: June 2013

The preview this month focuses on surgical refinements and evolutionary concepts introduced by surgical dermatologists. Our field is fortunately blessed with creative and imaginative individuals who are capable of reworking traditional ideas based on their unique understanding of skin physiology and biology. These changes not only advance the procedures in question but firmly establish the role of the dermatologist in the developmental as well as the technical aspects of cutaneous surgery.
Treatment of a Port‐Wine Stain in a Black Patient with the Pulsed Dye Laser
Authors: ASHINOFF ROBIN , GERONEMUS ROY G.
Published: June 2013

A black man presenting with a port‐wine stain was spot‐treated with a flashlamp‐pumped pulsed dye laser. The 1 cm2 area was treated with the flashlamp‐pumped pulsed dye laser using rhodamine in methanol as the dye, a wavelength of 585 nm, a pulse duration of 450 μseconds, and a circular spot size of 5 mm. Energy density was 7.75 J/cm2. Superficial sloughing of the skin was noted immediately posttreatment. Persistent hyperpigmentation, textural changes to the skin, and no improvement in the port‐wine stain were noted at follow‐ups 2‐, 4‐, and 8‐months posttreatment.
The Paramedian Scalp Reduction with Posterior Z‐Plasty
Authors: NELSON BRUCE R. , STOUGH DOWLING B. , GILLARD MONTGOMERY , STOUGH D. BLUFORD , JOHNSON TIMOTHY M.
Published: June 2013

background
: One consistent and undesired sequela resulting from scalp reductions has been the “slot” or “trough” defect, referring to the scar following the final reduction. Attempts to correct this have not been entirely satisfactory.

objective
: To present an approach to minimize the “slot” defect that consists of staged modified paramedian scalp reductions combined with a large posterior Z‐plasty during the final reduction.

methods
: A paramedian crescent‐shaped ellipse was marked onto the patient's scalp parallel and adjacent to the existing fringe hair. Subsequent reductions were performed in a similar manner approximately 2 months apart. The final reduction consisted of mobilization and transposition of the large flaps used in the posterior Z‐plasty.

results
: Patients who underwent the staged modified paramedian reductions combined with a posterior Z‐plasty had significant minimization and adequate camouflage of the undesirable “slot.”

conclusion
: Combining a large posterior Z‐plasty with a paramedian reduction minimizes the slot defect. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:996–998.
Soft Tissue Augmentation of Periorbital Fine Lines and the Orbital Groove with Zyderm‐I and Fine‐Gauge Needles
Authors: ELSON MELVIN L.
Published: June 2013

A new procedure utilizing Zyderm‐I (Collagen Biomedical, Palo Alto, CA) and a 32‐gauge needle for augmentation of the periorbital fine lines and the orbital groove is described. This advanced soft tissue augmentation technique is described in detail in 30 patients with before, after, and 1‐week post‐augmentation photographs presented by the author. This technique requires familiarity with soft tissue augmentation and the use of collagen injectable materials as well as specific training on a one‐to‐one basis with someone experienced with this particular technique. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:779–782.
Patient Selection, Hair Transplant Design, and Hairstyle
Authors: NORWOOD O'TAR T.
Published: June 2013

This article re‐evaluates the parameters for selecting patients for hair transplant surgery and re‐examines the design for the procedure. It also coordinates the hair transplant designs with hairstyles. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:386–394.
Postsclerotherapy Hyperpigmentation: Treatment with a Flashlamp‐Excited Pulsed Dye Laser
Authors: GOLDMAN MITCHEL P.
Published: June 2013

Seventeen patients with 22 areas of postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation lasting from 1 to 7 years were treated with a flashlamp‐excited pulsed dye laser at 510 nm with a pulse duration of 300 nanoseconds between 2 to 3 J/cm2. Depth of hemosiderin pigmentation ranged from 0.2 to 2.8 mm. Forty‐five percent of lesions lightened after treatment with significant lightening occurring in 27% of lesions. Four lesions in two patients developed postinflammatory hyperpigmentation after treatment. There was no significant difference in treatment response to pigment location or laser energy. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:417–422.
Essentials of Pressure Ulcer Treatment
Authors: MILLER O. FRED
Published: June 2013

background. Diabetes accounts for over half of the lower extremity amputations in the United States. However, ulcers of the diabetic foot can often be treated successfully and amputations avoided.

objective. To review treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.

results. Physicians must recognize the critical clinical and diagnostic features of ischemic and neuropathic ulcers. Therapy is directed towards vascular repair in the ischemic ulcer and relief of weight bearing through casting and shoes with molded insoles in the neuropathic ulcer. Sound principles of wound care apply to all ulcers.

conclusion. For successful preventive foot care patients and physicians need to understand how and why ulcers form and the rationale for the types of footwear and care necessary to prevent ulcers.
Primary Subcutaneous Leiomyosarcoma Exhibiting the Characteristic Immunophenotype Positive for Vimentin and Desmin
Authors: Boehncke Wolf‐Henning , Schwenck Kirsten , Sterry Wolfram , Kaufmann Roland
Published: June 2013

background. Primary subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma is a rare neoplasm composed of plump, elongated spindle cells arranged in interweaving fascicles.

objective. Differential diagnosis might be facilitated by the use of immunohistochemistry.

methods. A case of subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma was investigated histologically on paraffin‐embedded tissue and immunohistochemistry was performed following standard procedures.

results. The case reported exhibited light microscopic features and an immunophenotype characteristic of leiomyosarcoma. However, the intermediate filament desmin could only be found on a small number of tumor cells.

conclusion. Expression of these markers might vary considerably and immunoperoxidase stainings need to be carefully evaluated. Utilization of several antibodies directed against different desmin epitopes might be advantageous.
Traumatic Neuroma
Authors: DE ROOS KEES‐PETER , NEUMANN H.A. MARTINO
Published: June 2013

background. Complications following ambulatory surgical phlebectomy are rare, and to our knowledge, traumatic neuromas have never been reported.

objective. To present a case of traumatic neuroma in a 48‐year‐old woman after ambulatory minisurgical phlebectomy.

methods. The ambulatory minisurgical phlebectomy as described by Muller.

results. In a 48‐year‐old woman who developed persisting nodules after phlebectomy, histopathology confirmed the clinical diagnosis of traumatic neuroma.
Combining Flaps
Authors: FIELD LAWRENCE M. , DACHOW‐SIWIEC ELZBIETA , SZYMANCZYK JACEK
Published: June 2013

An increased use of multiple flaps applied to single reconstructive problems is encouraged. Removal of a basal cell carcinoma involving the medial canthus and adjacent lateral nasal root skin resulted in significant defect. When a glabellar “fan” flap failed to provide adequate tissue for canthal reconstruction without undue distortion, a preplanned medial cheek rotation flap followed sequentially in the repair process. The basic principles of an O‐to‐Z flap reconstruction were therefore fulfilled by conjoining two different flap design applications.
Endothelial function in patients with metabolic syndrome and erectile dysfunction: a question of Angiopoietin imbalance?
Authors: Tomada N. , Tomada I. , Botelho F. , Pacheco‐Figueiredo L. , Lopes T. , Negrão R. , Pestana M. , Cruz F.
Published: June 2013

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a highly prevalent disease whose aetiology is mostly vasculogenic. It is nowadays considered a marker of future cardiovascular events reflecting the underlying endothelial dysfunction, the common link with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The recent association between MetS, endothelial dysfunction and peripheral artery disease, but not with coronary artery disease (CAD), suggests that the pathophysiologies of CAD and peripheral artery disease may be distinct. Moreover, several recent studies support an emerging role for an imbalance of angiogenic growth factor levels like Angiopoietin 1 and 2 in cardiovascular disease, considering its intimate association with chronic low‐grade inflammation. We aim to find a correlation between Angiopoietins levels and systemic and local endothelial function in MetS and ED patients. Forty‐five MetS patients with ED were enrolled. ED severity was assessed by International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire (IIEF5) and penile duplex Doppler ultrasound (PDDU). Endothelial function was assessed by Peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT), and serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), Ang1 and Ang2 levels. Obesity and hypertension were the most frequent MetS parameters (91.1 and 88.9% respectively). Severe ED was present in 35.6% of patients. Penile haemodynamic was impaired in 77.5%. Endothelial dysfunction (PAT criteria) was present in 40.9% of patients. Ang2 levels were significantly higher in men with abdominal obesity. We observed an inverse correlation between Ang1 and peak systolic velocity, and in patients with penile arterial dysfunction, Ang1 levels were significantly higher and Ang2/Ang1 ratio significantly lower, than patients with normal arterial function. Neither ADMA nor PAT parameters were correlated with ED severity evaluated by IIEF5 or PDDU exam. In conclusion, there is an imbalance of angiopoietins in MetS and ED patients. The absence of correlation with PAT or ADMA levels suggests that angiopoietins may be early markers of endothelial dysfunction in this population of higher cardiovascular risk.
Online communication and social well‐being: how playing World of Warcraft affects players' social competence and loneliness
Authors: Visser Mandy , Antheunis Marjolijn L. , Schouten Alexander P.
Published: June 2013

This study was designed to examine the effects of playing the online game World of Warcraft (WoW) on adolescents' social competence and loneliness, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the Internet‐affected social compensation hypothesis. The hypothesis states that being online affects adolescents' social competence as a result of a variety of communication partners and identity experiments online. A survey was conducted among 790 high school students. There appeared to be no direct effect between playing WoW and adolescents' social competence and loneliness. We did find an indirect effect via variety of communication partners. Adolescents who play WoW vary more in their communication partners, leading to an increase of social competence and a decrease of loneliness.
Identification of Pathotypes in the Daylily Rust Pathogen Puccinia hemerocallidis
Authors: Buck James W.
Published: June 2013

Daylily rust, caused by Puccinia hemerocallidis, has been present in the United States since 2000. In 2003, inoculations with a single isolate of P. hemerocallidis identified daylily cultivars with high levels of resistance to the fungus. The present study was carried out to determine if pathotypes of P. hemerocallidis are present in the south eastern United States. Sixteen isolates of P. hemerocallidis were each inoculated onto leaf segments from 19 daylily cultivars and the resulting disease phenotype assessed. A significant effect of rust isolate on host reaction phenotype was observed for nine of the 19 daylily cultivars. Five of the nine cultivars displayed reaction phenotypes with different isolates of P. hemerocallidis that included at least one susceptible or moderately susceptible and also resistant phenotypes. These results indicate that different pathotypes of the fungus are present in the south east United States. Daylily hybridizers interested in screening for host resistance to P. hemerocallidis will need to include multiple isolates of the fungus to allow for this host specialization.
Queer challenges to evidence‐based practice
Authors: Zeeman Laetitia , Aranda Kay , Grant Alec
Published: June 2013

This paper aims to queer evidence‐based practice by troubling the concepts of evidence, knowledge and mental illness. The evidence‐based narrative that emerged within biomedicine has dominated health care. The biomedical notion of ‘evidence’ has been critiqued extensively and is seen as exclusive and limiting, and even though the social constructionist paradigm attempts to challenge the authority of biomedicine to legitimate what constitutes acceptable evidence or knowledge for those experiencing mental illness, biomedical notions of evidence appear to remain relatively intact. Queer theory offers theoretical tools to disrupt biomedical norms and challenges biomedical normativity to indicate how marginalisation occurs when normative truths about mental health classify those who differ from the norm as ‘ill’ or ‘disordered’. Queer theory's emphasis on normativity serves the political aim to subvert marginalisation and bring about radical social and material change. Reference will be made to mental health subjects within each discourse by indicating how the body acts as a vehicle for knowing. Deleuzian notions of the rhizome are used as metaphor to suggest a relational approach to knowledge that does away with either/or positions in either biomedical, or queer knowledge to arrive at a both/and position where the biomedical, constructionist and queer are interrelated and entangled in needing the other for their own evolution. However, queer does not ask for assimilation but celebrates difference by remaining outside to disrupt that which is easily overlooked, assumed to be natural or represented as the norm. The task of queer knowledge is to do justice to the lives lived in the name of evidence‐based practice and demands that we consider the relations of power where knowledge is produced. This pursuit creates different knowledge spaces where we identify new intersections that allow for socially just understandings of knowing or evidence to emerge.
Presbyopia, spectacles use and spectacle correction coverage for near vision among cloth weaving communities in Prakasam district in South India
Authors: Marmamula Srinivas , Narsaiah Saggam , Shekhar Konegari , Khanna Rohit C
Published: June 2013

Purpose

To assess the prevalence of presbyopia, spectacles use and spectacle correction coverage for near vision among weaving communities in Prakasam district in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

Methods

A population based cross sectional study was conducted among a population aged ≥40 years. Distance visual acuity was assessed at 6 m. Near vision was assessed using N notation charts at a fixed distance of 40 cm. Presbyopia was defined as binocular unaided near vision <N8 and improving to ≥N8 with near addition lenses. Functional presbyopia was defined as presenting near vision <N8 and improving to ≥N8 with near addition lenses. A questionnaire was used to collect information on spectacles use. In order to calculate spectacle correction coverage for presbyopia, met presbyopia need was defined as the percentage of people who presented with presbyopia correction and achieved binocular N8 using it. Unmet presbyopia need was defined as the percentage of people who had either under corrected or uncorrected binocular near vision worse than N8 that would improve with correction to at least N8.

Results

Of 2848/3000 enumerated subjects (94.0%) participated. Four hundred individuals with distance visual impairment were excluded from the analysis. Among the remaining 2448 individuals, 46% were male and 49.1% had no formal education. The mean age among males was higher compared to females (p < 0.01). Based on unaided near vision, the prevalence of presbyopia was 61.8% (95% CI: 59.9–63.7) and the prevalence of functional presbyopia was 35.1% (95% CI: 33.2–37.0). Using multivariable analysis, it was found that functional presbyopia was significantly associated with female gender, no education and lack of spectacle use. Spectacle correction coverage was 43.2%. Among the 781 individuals who had no correction at the time of examination, 122 (15.6%) subjects reported having used spectacles previously. The reasons for discontinuation of spectacles were discomfort with spectacles (n = 57; 46.7%), damaged or lost spectacles (n = 45; 36.9%), ability to see clearly even without spectacles (n = 12; 9.8%) and other reasons (n = 8; 6.6%).

Conclusion

Although the prevalence of presbyopia (61.8%) was comparable with other studies, the prevalence of functional presbyopia (35.1%) was lower and linked with higher spectacle correction coverage (43.2%) in this weaving community. However, it still highlights a large unmet need and spectacle correction coverage that could be improved by the provision of good quality, affordable spectacles, which may also improve spectacles use.
A case of topical opioid‐induced delirium mistaken as behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in demented state
Authors: Ito Go , Kanemoto Kousuke
Published: June 2013

In Japan, indications for opioid analgesics, once exclusively used as pain killers for patients suffering from malignant cancer, have been expanded for a wide range of pain. Herein we report a patient with opioid‐induced delirium associated with the administration of buprenorphine patches that was well below the indicated therapeutic range limit. An 82‐year‐old woman was referred to us from an orthopaedic practitioner for uncontrollable behavioural problems apparently caused by the beginning of dementia; the patient had gradually developed disorientation, visual hallucinations, and delusions. Laboratory and imaging findings excluded common causes of delirium including Alzheimer's disease and diffuse Lewy body disease. Detailed questioning revealed that the patient's confused state appeared following a buprenorphine patch dose increase and subsequently disappeared after administration was stopped. Delirium has not been reported as a side‐effect in clinical trials of buprenorphine patches. However, our findings in this case show that even topical opioids can precipitate the development of a delirious state in elderly patients.
The Lingering Effect of Scandals in Congressional Elections: Incumbents, Challengers, and Voters
Authors: Praino Rodrigo , Stockemer Daniel , Moscardelli Vincent G.
Published: June 2013

Objective

We have two goals. First, we investigate both the short‐ and long‐term electoral impact of involvement in scandals on reelection margins of incumbents in U.S. congressional elections. Second, we evaluate the impact of scandals on district‐level turnout.

Methods

We model the impact of involvement in a political scandal on incumbents’ electoral margins in the election cycle in which the scandal comes to light, as well as in future election cycles. We also model the impact of scandal on district‐level turnout.

Results

Involvement in a scandal exerts not only an immediate, negative effect on incumbents’ margins, but one that also lingers beyond the initial reelection cycle. Elections involving incumbents embroiled in scandals experience a small boost in turnout.

Conclusion

In tandem, these results implicate the mobilization of previous nonvoters intent on “throwing the bum out” as one mechanism through which incumbent vote share is depressed in scandal elections.
The Andrea Wave Characteristics of a Measured North Sea Rogue Wave
Authors: Karin Magnusson Anne , Donelan Mark A.
Published: June 2013

Wave profiles have been measured with a system of four Optech lasers mounted on a bridge at the oil production site Ekofisk in the central North Sea since 2003, operated by ConocoPhillips. A double rogue wave was measured on Nov. 9, 2007 in a storm crossing the North Sea and named Andrea following a forecasting procedure between the Norwegian Meteorological Institute and ConocoPhillips. This wave, named here the “Andrea wave,” is comparable in height and characteristics to the well known Newyear wave (or Draupner wave) measured in 1995 by Statoil. Front steepness is higher. That the same profile is measured by all four lasers is a good indication that the shape of the wave has been captured correctly, but one may still ask if this crest is that of blue, green, or white water. That is, how much of the height is related to presence of foam or sea spray? We attempt to answer this using the information of intensity of the return signals, which has been related to wave breaking and sea spray in recent studies by Toffoli et al. (2011, “Estimating Sea Spray with a Laser Altimeter,” J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 28(9), pp. 1177–1183). Measurements of the average intensity of the return signal do not indicate presence of sea spray in the incoming part of the wave, but high intensity of return after the passage of the crest indicates presence of sea spray or foam on the parts of the waves exposed to winds. Cameras following the sea surface at measuring position with information on the return signal as given here would most probably increase our understanding of what is measured. Exceedance probability of crests and heights show a deviation from the second order distribution as given by Forristall (2000, “Wave Crests Distributions: Observations and Second-Order Theory,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30(8), pp. 1931–1943) for the one percent highest waves in an apparently stable 3 h period including the Andrea wave. The deviation already starts at crest/Hs factors around 1.0.
Electron-stimulated surface chemical reactions on phosphors
Authors: Holloway Paul H. , Swart Hendrik C. , Martin Ntwaeaborwa O.
Published: June 2013

The range of phenomena occurring on the surface of phosphors during cathodoluminescence(CL) has been reviewed. In particular, the consequences of beam-stimulated dissociation, absorption, desorption, and reactions on the lifetime and maintenance of CLphosphors were illustrated by several case studies. The understanding of the atomistic mechanisms that lead to changes in the CL intensity, efficiency,and lifetime provide a basis for understanding the phenomenological law (Pfahnl's Law) used previously to predict lifetime of the phosphors. In particular, the electron-stimulated surface chemical reaction model describes many of the surface processes and allows quantitation of their rates based on parameters such as gas pressure, primary beam energy, temperature, and absorption energy.
Supreme Court Rules Out Patents on 'Natural' Genes
Authors: Marshall Eliot
Published: June 2013

Genes are a product of nature and not an invention, the Supreme Court said in invalidating Myriad Genetics' patents on two breast cancer genes.
Therapeutic Targeting of a Robust Non-Oncogene Addiction to
PRKDC
in
ATM
-Defective Tumors
Authors: Riabinska Arina , Daheim Mathias , Herter-Sprie Grit S. , Winkler Johannes , Fritz Christian , Hallek Michael , Thomas Roman K. , Kreuzer Karl-Anton , Frenzel Lukas P. , Monfared Parisa , Martins-Boucas Jorge , Chen Shuhua , Reinhardt Hans Christian
Published: June 2013

Treating ATM-deficient cancers with an inhibitor of DNA-PKcs induces apoptosis due to inability to repair double-strand breaks in DNA.
Fracture penis: a case more heard about than seen in general surgical practice
Authors: Sahoo Manash Ranjan , Nayak Anil Kumar , Nayak Tapan Kumar , S Anand
Published: June 2013

A 36-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a history of trauma to genitalia during intercourse. The patient reported the forceful collision between his penis and the bed and audible clicking sound with swollen penis thereafter. On examination, the genitalia was swollen with an ‘S’ shaped deformity. The skin over the swelling was apparently normal, with no local rise of temperature. A provisional diagnosis was made after clinical evaluation. Scrotum and testes examination revealed no abnormality. A subcoronal circumferential incision with de-gloving of penile skin was used to access the tunica. A rent in tunica albuginea and corpora cavernosa identified and the defect repaired with absorbable suture material after removal of clot and properly maintaining haemostasis. The patient's postoperative recovery was uneventful. The following case report demonstrates a typical case of fracture penis.
Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma presenting as acute stroke
Authors: Abbasi Atif Saleem , Da Costa Mark , Hennessy Terry , Kiernan Thomas John
Published: June 2013

We present a case of a young woman who was initially diagnosed with acute stroke with no obvious risk factors. Preliminary investigation with transthoracic echocardiography and subsequent advanced imaging with transoesophageal echocardiography suggested the diagnosis of a benign cardiac tumour on the anterior leaflet of mitral valve. The patient underwent urgent surgical resection. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of cardiac papillary fibroelastoma. She made complete clinical recovery with no recurrence of symptoms.
Acute expansion of an asymptomatic posterior communicating artery aneurysm resulting in oculomotor nerve palsy
Authors: Etame Arnold B , Bentley J Nicole , Pandey Aditya S
Published: June 2013

Acute expansion of an intracranial aneurysm is an extremely rare event. In this report, we describe the unusual radiographic documentation of acute expansion of a posterior communicating artery (PCOM) aneurysm from 4 to 8 mm, resulting in complete oculomotor nerve palsy. A 40-year-old man was admitted to our institution with a 3-week history of persistent occipital headaches but was otherwise neurologically intact. CT angiography demonstrated a 4 mm left PCOM aneurysm. Digital subtraction angiography performed several hours following presentation demonstrated an expansion in aneurysm size to 8 mm with new-onset complete oculomotor nerve palsy. The aneurysm was successfully obliterated by clip ligation. Although growth in aneurysm size is often a progressive phenomenon, acute expansions of aneurysms can occur.
Cylindroma of the breast in a 72-year-old woman with fibrocystic disease first misdiagnosed as a malignant lesion in imaging studies
Authors: Taghipour Shokouh , Shiryazdi Seyed Mostafa , Sharahjin Naser Sefidrokh
Published: June 2013

Cylindroma is a benign skin adnexal tumour with apocrine and trichoepitheliomatous differentiation that is rarely seen in the breast. Here, we report a case of cylindroma in the subareolar region of the left breast in a 72-year-old woman who presented with a palpable mass .Ultrasound and mammographic reports of the lesion were considered probably malignant. An ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy was performed and the patient underwent wide local excision with axillary lymph nodes biopsy. Immunohistochemistry and histopathological studies confirmed cylindroma with fibrocystic changes in uninvolved parenchyma.
Large functional benign endometroid cystadenofibroma of the ovary leading to endometrial cystic glandular hyperplasia and postmenopausal bleeding
Authors: Singh Nilanchali , Tripathi Reva , Mala Yedla Manikya , Khurana Neeta , Khan Mumtaz
Published: June 2013

Benign endometroid cystadenofibroma of the ovary is a rare tumour with few reported cases. The association of endometroid cystadenofibroma with endometrial cystic glandular hyperplasia has not been previously reported to authors’ knowledge. We are reporting a 75-year-old postmenopausal woman who presented with a large abdominopelvic mass corresponding to 30 weeks size gravid uterus and postmenopausal bleeding. She has a well-oestrogenised vagina. Ultrasound pelvis revealed a large cystic mass extending from pelvis to epigastrium with no solid component and few incomplete septations and no internal echoes. MRI findings showed mainly cystic component with few moderately enhancing, fine, incomplete septa. Endometrial aspiration reported histopathology of cystic glandular hyperplasia without atypia. Serum oestrogen level reported to be high (210 pg/mL). Hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. Histopathology of the specimen revealed benign endometroid cystadenofibroma. She remained asymptomatic and disease free during her 6-month follow-up.
A knowledge transfer scheme to bridge the gap between science and practice: an integration of existing research frameworks into a tool for practice
Authors: Verhagen Evert , Voogt Nelly , Bruinsma Anja , Finch Caroline F
Published: June 2013

Evidence of effectiveness does not equal successful implementation. To progress the field, practical tools are needed to bridge the gap between research and practice and to truly unite effectiveness and implementation evidence. This paper describes the Knowledge Transfer Scheme integrating existing implementation research frameworks into a tool which has been developed specifically to bridge the gap between knowledge derived from research on the one side and evidence-based usable information and tools for practice on the other.