bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Fast Results on Astrometric Positions
Authors: Walter H.G. , Bernstein H.-H. , Hering R. , Lenhardt H. , Wielen R.
Published: June 2019

For a test under real conditions the Hipparcos-measured star abscissae on 60 reference great circles have been processed covering partly the period from December 1989 to February 1991. After adapting the abscissae to a provisional instrumental system the determination of positions of some 4000 programme stars has been attempted in the course of the operational qualification of the data reduction procedures of the Consortium FAST. – Following the FAST Consortium’s decision to work exclusively in the ecliptic frame of reference the results are given in ecliptic longitude (λ) and latitude (β).
The Deuterium Abundance in the Local Interstellar Medium
Authors: Linsky Jeffrey L.
Published: June 2019

Accurate measurements of the interstellar deuterium/hydrogen ratio along different lines of sight are needed to test predictions of contemporary cosmologies. I describe our GHRS observations of the Lyman-α, 2600 Å and 2800 Å spectral regions for the spectroscopic binary system Capella, obtained with 3.57 km s resolution and high signal/noise. We are now analyzing these data to infer the column densities of H I, D I, Mg II, and Fe II along this 13 pc line of sight.
The Science Program of the Hubble Space Telescope
Authors: Walborn Nolan R.
Published: June 2019

The HST science program is comprised of two principal components: the General Observer (GO) and the Guaranteed Time Observer (GTO) programs. A third component, the Archival Research (AR) program, will become increasingly important as time goes by. The GOs are selected by peer review of competitive proposals from the worldwide astronomical community, in a process managed by the STScI. The initial GO proposal deadline was October 1, 1988 and the corresponding review meetings took place during April 1989. The GTOs are members of the Investigation Definition and Observatory Scientist Teams who were competitively selected by NASA following an Announcement of Opportunity in 1977, to design and build the HST Science Instruments and participate in the project development, and who were awarded a decreasing fraction of the observing time during the initial two to three years of operations to conduct scientific observations with their instruments. The detailed GTO observing programs were received by the STScI on April 1, 1985, and had been revised a number of times since then.
Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopic Data for Space Astronomy: Needs and Availability
Authors: Smith Peter L.
Published: June 2019

Most of our information about the Universe comes to us in the form of photons. In order to understand the messages they carry with them, we must study the origins of the photons and work out their histories as they journeyed through space. By analysis of the events in which the photons participated, we can construct pictures of the diverse physical and chemical environments and processess occurring in the Universe and we can learn about the nature of the astrophysical entities in which the photons were created.

Because many of the astronomical photons are absorbed or redirected by the Earth’s atmosphere, space-based observing techniques have been developed and refined over the past several decades. The 1990’s will see the see the launch of a number of important new space astronomy missions that will produce vast amounts of high-resolution spectral data.
Planetary Nebula Formation
Authors: Kwok Sun
Published: June 2019

The idea that planetary nebulae (PN) originate from the outer atmospheres of red giant was first proposed by Shkloskii (1956). In the early 1970’s, it was generally believed that PN were created by a sudden envelope ejection; however, the exact nature of the instability responsible for the ejection was not understood. Furthermore, it was not clear how the observed masses of PN are related to the amount of mass ejected, and there was no explanation of how the observed shell morphologies of PN could be created by such instabilities. From the observed sizes and expansion velocities of PN, we know that the dynamical lifetime of a PN is ~104yr. During this period, the star has to evolve from the red side of the H-R diagram, where the envelope is ejected, to the blue side of the H-R diagram, where the stellar temperature is high enough to photoionize the ejecta. If the star evolves too slowly, the nebula will have dispersed into the interstellar medium before it is ionized. If the star evolves too fast, then the nebula will only be illuminated for a short time before the stellar luminosity drops on the white dwarf cooling track (Renzini 1982). It is therefore surprising that PN is such a common phenomenon, with ~30000 PN estimated to be in the Galaxy now.
Coronal Emission and Stellar Evolution
Authors: Vaiana G. S.
Published: June 2019

Ideally one would like to understand the origin of coronal emission in the perspective of stellar evolution, including the role of convection, magnetic field, and angular momentum. Everyone agrees that all this has something to do with coronal emission, but to prove what mechanisms are operating in detail is a different matter.

The study of stellar X-ray coronae started a dozen years ago with the launch of the Einstein Observatory (Vaiana et al. 1981). From the beginning it emerged a richness of data, not anticipated in the original mission plans, involving the majority of stars and ages. Since then, the major developments of stellar coronal physics based on data from Einstein and EXOSAT have been reviewed (cf. for example Rosner, Golub & Vaiana 1985; Pallavicini 1989 and reference therein). ROSAT will certainly enrich the present scenario: the improvement in coverage will eliminate some of the present biases, and the improvement in spectral resolution will contribute to a better classification of X-ray emission. Presumably, only the substantial increment in sensitivity attainable with the AXAF and XMM missions will allow other major surprises.
Magnetic Activity of T Tauri Stars
Authors: Montmerle T.
Published: June 2019

T Tauri stars (TTS) are low-mass (M ≲ 1M⊙) pre-main sequence (PMS) stars (for a general review, see Bertout 1989). They have long been known to be variable from near-TIV to near-IR wavelengths, on timescales ranging from a few minutes to a few decades. They are observed to flare in many wavenlength rages, from X-rays to the radio, and all the existing evidence is consistent with a very strong magnetic activity, in many ways analogous to solar activity (for a review, see, e.g., Montmerle et al. 1991).
Ultraviolet Observations of Stellar Coronae: Early Results from HST
Authors: Linsky J.L.
Published: June 2019

Although coronae for stars other than the Sun have previously been detected only in the X-ray and radio portions of the spectrum, the HST and future spacecraft sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) and extreme ultraviolet (ETIV) light will have the spectral resolution to study the dynamics and spectroscopic diagnostics of hot coronal plasmas. In the UV region accessible to HST, forbidden lines of FeXII at 1242 and 1349Å, of FeXXI at 1354Å, and other species seen in solar flares, are predicted to be present in the spectra of active stars. Upcoming observations with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) by S. Maran will search for these lines in the dM2e star AU Mic and other stars.
Modelling of Solar Coronal Loops
Authors: Jordan C.
Published: June 2019

Modelling of coronal active regions in terms of loop structures began around 1974 (see Jordan 1975) and was stimulated by images of the corona in X-rays and the uv, obtained from rocket flights. Vaiana was a pioneer in this field (see Vaiana et al. 1973). The Skylab missions provided a fuller range of imaging and spectroscopic observations, and much of the available information is still based on these data (see Orrall 1981). Since 1975 a very large number of papers have been published on the various aspects of loop structure, heating and stability (see review by Mewe 1991). Here I can mention only a few points concerning the relation between observable parameters and the energy balance and heating requirements of active region loops.
Streaming Motions in the Local Universe
Authors: Lahav Ofer
Published: June 2019

Deviations from the Hubble flow directly probe of the underlying total mass distribution, assuming the gravitational instability picture. We discuss the origin of motion of the Local Group with respect to the Cosmic Background Radiation and review the peculiar velocity field deduced from distances to hundreds of elliptical and spiral galaxies, including new results for the Shapley Supercluster. Bulk-flow solutions which are free of Malmquistbias are presented, indicating coherence length larger than that expected from the optical and IRAS dipoles or from Cold Dark Matter models.
Archiving of Data in Positional Astronomy
Authors: Westerhout Gart
Published: June 2019

Astrometry is the oldest of the astronomical endeavors. Indeed, we still have the observing journals of Galileo, the journals of Flamsteed, and those of most of the other old transit-circle astronomers. We have most of the early photographic plates taken for the astrographic catalog project, and almost all the parallax plates. However, as technology progressed, we have become somewhat less precise in recording what we did. It is for this reason that this joint meeting was called: to impress on the modern astronomer that, in general, he only extracts a fraction of the information from his observations, and that these observational data may, in the future, provide an invaluable source needed for the progress of the science.
The Nasa Planetary Data System
Authors: Rahe Jurgen
Published: June 2019

The “Planetary Data System” (PDS) was developed and supported by the Solar System Exploration Division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and has now successfully operated for a few years. Its primary objectives are to preserve data obtained from previous, current and future space missions; to help individual scientists in the analysis of planetary data by preparing them in a usable form and making them easily accessible to the community; and to assist the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) managing, archiving and distributing data obtained by NASA missions. The principal goals and general structure of the PDS have been summarized in several brochures issued by the PDS and articles such as e.g., “The Planetary Data System” by S.W. Lee, published in the IUGG U.S. National Report on Planetology 1987-1990 or by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Additional information can be obtained e.g., by the current author; the PDS Project Manager, S. McMahon at JPL; the PDS Project Scientist, S. Lee at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado or from any of the seven Discipline Nodes listed below.
Italian observatory in Antarctica
Authors: Dall’Oglio G
Published: June 2019

The Infrared and Submillimetric OASI Observatory is the first permanent telescope installed in Antarctica. The installation was completed in 1989 at Terra Nova Bay. The diameter of the primary mirror is 2.6 m and the receiver is a cryogenic multichannel bolometric photometer. The OASI Observatory takes advantage of the privileged position in Antarctica, where the atmosphere is very clear and the transmission is very high (≥ 90% at 2 mm wavelength). It has been designed mainly to investigate the small scale anisotropics of the Cosmic Background Radiation and Galactic and extragalactic diffuse emission.
Using a Feminist Paradigm (Intersectionality) to Study Conservative Women: The Case of Pro-life Activists in Italy
Authors: Avanza Martina
Published: June 2019

This article builds on ethnographic research concerning the Italian pro-life movement and argues for the use of intersectionality theory in studying conservative women. The article suggests, first, that understanding conservative movements necessitates linking their political claims to the social identities of their activists, as would be the case for any other social movement (e.g., feminism). These social identities are as complex and intersectional as any other: a white, upper-class pro-life activist is no less intersectional than a black feminist from a poor background. Concomitantly, there is no unique feminism, but rather a plurality of feminisms, a diversity that intersectionality facilitates the identification of. The same is true for pro-life movements, but scholars tend to use the singular form to talk about conservatism; in this article, I explore the use of the plural to show that pro-life women do not constitute a monolithic group. On the contrary, these women are diverse in terms of their reproductive stories, their working status, and their class, race, and sexual practices, and this diversity translates into different ways of being pro-life. Second, recognizing this complexity does not suggest a natural link between feminism and conservatism. Alternatively, I suggest that a better understanding of conservative women can only be reached if they are studied on their own terms.
Validation of models commonly used to predict feed intake of lactating dairy cattle
Authors: Keady T.W.J. , Mayne C.S. , Kilpatrick D.J.
Published: June 2019

Accurate prediction of daily food intake is a fundamental prerequisite of any nutritional model designed to provide feeding recommendations for lactating dairy cattle. Consequently, much research effort has been expended over the last twenty years in developing food intake prediction models. These range from relatively simple multiple regression models to much more complex theoretical models embracing animal and food characteristics and environmental influences. However, given the major changes in the types of diet now offered to dairy cows, coupled with changes in genetic merit/milk production potential, it is important to examine if the food intake prediction models currently used within the British Isles are appropriate for to-day’s dairy cow. This paper examines the accuracy of prediction of a range of intake models for diets based on grass silage, concentrates and brewers grains.
Methionine supplementation of whey globulin concentrate diets negatively affects weaner performance
Authors: Slade R. D. , Miller H. M.
Published: June 2019

In a previous study (Slade and Miller, unpublished), weaners fed a protein source high in porcine immunoglobulin (Ig) outperformed contemporaries fed an isonutritious and amino acid balanced diet containing an Ig rich bovine protein source (WGC). Diet analysis indicated differences between the protein source contributions to total dietary methionine (Met); 21.5% and 12.5% of 5.2 g/kg total Met respectively for bovine and porcine materials. Hydrolysis of bovine IgG in the proximal and medial thirds of the weaner small intestine is limited (Morel et al. 1995) and Met absorption from the piglet large intestine is insignificant (Darragh et al., 1991). Small intestine failure to degrade bovine Ig would therefore limit dietary Met availability. This limitation may be further confounded by retention of dietary Cys within the disulphide bridges of non-degraded Ig thereby increasing metabolic demand for Met. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the effect of Met supplementation on the performance of weaners fed an isonutritious diets containing the same level WGC.
Effect of protein nutrition on bone strength and incidence of osteochondrosis in gilts
Authors: Slevin J. , Wiseman J. , Parry M. , Walker R.M.
Published: June 2019

Leg-weakness in female breeding pigs has serious implications both in terms of economics and welfare, accounting for up to 0.2 of first litter gilt cullings at an estimated cost to the UK pig industry of up to £3.0 million (Douglas, 1992), with the principal predisposing cause in the growing pig being osteochondrosis. It has been reported that selection for increased lean tissue growth rate and increased growth rate accompanied by ad libitum feeding of diets with high energy and nutrient concentration may increase the incidence of osteochondrosis and leg- weakness (Jorgensen and Sorensen, 1998), although evidence is largely equivocal. The effect of protein level in the diet is uncertain. Although both high and low levels of dietary protein lead to bone growth failure and fracture in human studies ( Reid and New, 1997), protein level has not been found to affect osteochondrosis in pigs (Jorgensen, 1995), thus the aim of the current study was to assess further the effect of protein nutrition on leg weakness in gilts.
Testing two theories of food intake using growing pigs: the effect of a period of feeding on a high bulk food on the subsequent intake of foods of different bulk content
Authors: Whittemore E.C. , Kyriazakis I. , Emmans G.C. , Tolkamp B.J. , Knap P.W. , Simmins P.H. , Jagger S.
Published: June 2019

The objective of this experiment was to provide a severe test of the two frameworks currently available for understanding and predicting voluntary food intake. Framework 1 predicts that an animal will eat at a level that will allow potential performance to be achieved subject to its capacity to deal with a constraint, such as the bulk content of the food, not being exceeded. In framework 2 intake is seen as that which will allow some biological efficiency, such as the ratio of net energy intake per litre of oxygen consumed, to be maximised (Tolkamp and Ketelaars, 1992). The frameworks differ in their prediction of the effect that a period of prior feeding on a high bulk food (severely limiting) will have upon the subsequent intake of foods of differing bulk content. Framework 1 predicts that the intake of a low bulk food, that is non limiting, but not that of a moderate bulk food, that is limiting, will be increased under such circumstances. Framework 2 predicts that intake will be increased regardless of the type of food being fed as long as the Metabolisable Energy of that food is utilised more efficiently.
Vitamin E supplementation and meat quality in lambs
Authors: Kasapidou E. , Wood J.D. , Sinclair L.A. , Wilkinson R.G. , Enser M.
Published: June 2019

Colour deterioration and lipid oxidation are major factors limiting the shelf life and acceptability of meat. Vitamin E slows down these processes and meat from animals fed supranutritional amounts of vitamin E has an increased shelf life. However, vitamin E supplementation in sheep has produced variable results (Enser et al. , 1999). This work shows the effects of supplementing vitamin E on the concentration in plasma over a 63 day feeding period and on meat quality.
Effects of diet and time on feed on phospholipid fatty acid composition and beef meat flavour
Authors: Campo M.M. , Enser M. , Gondou A. , Elmore J.S. , Mottram D.S. , Nute G.R. , Scollan N.D. , Wood J.D.
Published: June 2019

The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the intramuscular phospholipids are the most significant lipids in the development of cooked beef flavour (Mottram and Edwards, 1983). In lamb, differences in n-6 and n-3 fatty acid composition have been shown to be a major factor influencing consumer perception and acceptability (Sañudo et al, 2000). Altering meat PUFA, especially n-3 fatty acids, to improve its value in human nutrition (COMA, 1994) may have effects on flavour and acceptability. The aim of this work was to evaluate differences in flavour perception when intramuscular fatty acid composition is changed in beef meat.
Changes in carcass composition with age in 16-26 month old Red Deer
Authors: Fisher A. V. , Davies M. H. , Deakin D. W. , Bayntun J. A.
Published: June 2019

Modern retailing of venison through supermarkets requires that the product be on the shelf for an extended period compared with the traditional short season in autumn/early winter. However, deer are highly seasonal animals and a range of strategies is needed to increase marketing opportunities for venison. One strategy utilizes extended winter daylength and high levels of nutrition to advance the slaughter season (Davies, 1995; Fisher et al., 1995). Another strategy is to adopt more natural, low input systems with reduced production costs, in which deer reach slaughter condition during their third summer at 22-26 months of age, but this needs full investigation. This study involved sequential slaughtering of deer to ascertain how rapidly carcass composition and meat quality changes over this period.
Time course of incorporation of n-3 PUFA from linseed in pigs and effects on D9-desaturase activity and pork odours
Authors: Kouba M. , Enser M. , Nute G.R. , Whittington F.M. , Wood J.D. , Hall A.D.
Published: June 2019

The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are healthy nutrients which can be increased in pork by feeding sources such as linseed to the growing animal. The levels achieved depend on many factors such as the concentrations of lipid classes in tissues (eg phospholipids containing high PUFA levels are more abundant in muscle than adipose tissue) competition for incorporation with n-6 PUFA and possible inhibitory effects of PUFA on synthesis of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. This study examined the time course of the incorporation of n-3 PUFA into tissue lipids and the effects on the major synthetic enzyme D9-desaturase. The effects on pork odour were also studied.
Effects of substitution of a carbohydrate source by highly polyunsaturated or partially saturated oil on the fatty acid composition of backfat tissues, marbling fat and vitamin E content of meat in growing-fattening pigs
Authors: Ocampo A , Dodds P F , Lean I J
Published: June 2019

The fatty acid and vitamin E concentration in the diets of growing pigs are known to affect backfat and meat quality. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of substitution of a carbohydrate dietary source (maize) by a series of oils on the fatty acid (FA) composition of backfat and marbling fat at slaughter. Vitamin E concentration in muscle (longissimus dorsi ) was also determined.
The in vitro digestion of mature grass hay in the presence or absence of added nitrogen and sugar beet pulp by an equine faecal inoculum using the pressure transducer technique
Authors: Moore-Colyer M.J.S. , Longland A.C.
Published: June 2019

Traditionally, grass hay fed to horses is low in crude protein (CP) and is unable to meet the animal’s nitrogen requirements. This necessitates the provision of a supplemental source of additional nitrogen (N). Sugar beet pulp (SB), which contains ca. 100g CP/kg DM and has the potential to fulfil this role. Previous work has indicated that SB CP is poorly digested in the small intestine of the horse, with the majority reaching the hindgut, where it is readily degraded by the microflora (Moore-Colyer, 2000). This experiment sought to determine the effect of added SB and or additional N on the in vitro fermentation of hay by a faecal inoculum obtained from a pony fed commercially available chopped hay.
The effect of sodium supplementation of pregnant cows on the preference of their calves for concentrate with added sodium
Authors: Mohammed M.O. , Phillips C. J. C.
Published: June 2019

The sodium appetite of cattle can be increased by feeding supplementary sodium in the first six weeks of life (Phillips et al., 1999). It has also been observed that the offspring of rats given supplementary sodium during pregnancy have an enhanced sodium appetite (Contreras and Kosten (1983), which may be due placental transmission of aldosterone and angiotensin, the regulators of sodium appetite. An experiment was conducted to determine whether the sodium intake of pregnant cows affected the sodium appetite of their calves.
Characterisation of proteolytic activity of rumen microbes and commercial proteases
Authors: Gizzi Gisele , Broderick Glen A.
Published: June 2019

Commercial proteases yield more reproducible estimates of extent of rumen protein degradation than either in situ or rumen in vitro methods. Although extents of protein digestion determined using commercial proteases have been positively correlated to extents of in situ protein degradation, these values have not proven reliable predictors of rates of rumen protein degradation. This is because no protease-based assay has yet been developed that successfully mimics the specificities of the organisms involved in protein degradation in the rumen. If the proteolytic activity of rumen microbes and commercial proteases can be correctly characterised, then it would be possible to elaborate protease blends that match the protein degradative activity of mixed rumen microbes. The research reported here is an extension of earlier work as a prelude to preparing enzyme mixes with “protease fingerprints” similar to rumen microbes.
Enzyme linked immuno-absorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the effectiveness of anti-adhesive factors in blocking the binding of F4(K88)ac E coli to pig intestine
Authors: Miller B.G. , Jones P.H. , Rizvi S. , Gibson J , Patel D
Published: June 2019

Concern over the use of prophylactic antibiotics and the potential of them being banned has increased interest in other methods of controlling disease. Specifically postweaning diarrhoea in the pig, often associated with E Coli (F4 K88ac) is a candidate for an alternative strategy. If in-feed additives can be demonstrated which effectively block the binding of the F4 (K88)ac pilli to the surface of the pig enterocytes then the severe form of the disease could be controlled without the use of antibiotics. The work reported here provides a screening method to determine whether potential in-feed additives can block the binding of purified F4(K88)ac to isolated brush border membranes taken from neonatal F4(K88)ac positive pigs.
The effect of pellet size on the voluntary food intake and performance of young pigs
Authors: Edge H.L. , Dalby J.A. , Rowlinson P. , Varley M.A.
Published: June 2019

Immediately following weaning, voluntary food intake in the young pig is low and very variable. This can lead to reduced digestive efficiency and poor physical performance. One approach to try to stimulate intake is to manipulate the physical form of the diet. Previously it has been shown that, contrary to popular belief, young pigs are very adaptable with regards to diet presentation and in particular with respect to pellet size(Edge et al., 2000). Pigs from 10 to 56 days of age would consume a 5.0mm pellet as readily as a 1.8mm pellet with no adverse effects on production variables.
Food intake and performance of newly-weaned pigs: effect of pairing with an experienced pig
Authors: Morgan C. A. , Lawrence A. B. , Chirnside J. , Deans L. A.
Published: June 2019

In intensive pig production systems piglets are weaned at between 21 and 28 days of age and it is common for piglets to take a few days to discover and accept solid food as a source of nutrients and this results in a loss of weight (the weaning growth lag). Therefore, if a means could be found to encourage the acceptance of solid food by piglets, benefits in terms of their growth and welfare would ensue. The transmission of information about foods from one animal to another has been demonstrated in the rat (Galef, 1993) and ruminants (Provenza and Balph, 1987) but there have been no studies with pigs at the time of weaning. Therefore, piglets were tested in pairs of experienced and inexperienced animals, with varying degrees of contact, with constant access to food over a period of seven days after weaning of the inexperienced animals.
Lactational performance and body weight change in cows fed the fungal treated wheat straw
Authors: Fazaeli H. , Jelan Z. A. M. , Rouzbehan Y. , Mahmodzadeh H. , Liang B.J. , Azizi A. , Awang Osman
Published: June 2019

In Iran, the availability of high quality forages is restricted. The use of wheat straw, which is accessible in a huge amount, is limited due to its low nutritional value. Recently, biological method using white-rot fungi to improve the nutritional value of straw have been reported (Zadrazil 1997). However, the data available have been obtained from in vitro works. Additionally, little information is available on the utilization of fungal treated straw fed to dairy cow. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to assess the effect of fungal treated wheat straw on the performance of lactating cows.
Close-up dry period protein supplementation influences milk, fat and protein yields of multiparous Holstein dairy cows in the first half of their next lactation
Authors: Robinson P. H. , Moorby J. M.
Published: June 2019

Considerable effort has recently been directed to better defining protein requirements of dry dairy cows. Early efforts (Moorby et al., 1996) suggested substantial increases in milk and milk protein yield of multiparous cows to a small amount of a high undegradable dietary protein (UDP) supplement in the late dry period. Recent studies have not consistently supported these findings. The objective of this experiment was to define the impact of supplementation of a high UDP supplement in the late dry period of multiparous dairy cows on production of milk and its components.
The relationship between milk composition and volatile fatty acids in the rumen in cattle
Authors: Yan T. , Agnew R. E.
Published: June 2019

It is well recognised that the fat and protein concentration in the milk of dairy cows is influenced by volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced in the rumen. There has however been little information available on models to predict milk composition from rumen VFAs in the literature. The objective of the present study was to develop empirical relationships to predict milk fat and protein concentration using rumen VFA data.
Effect of barley variety, year and location of production on overall and ileal digestibility in growing pigs
Authors: McCann M.E.E. , McEvoy J.D.G. , McCracken K.J.
Published: June 2019

Variety and location of production can affect the nutritive value of barley grain (Valaja et al 1997). Riviera and Dandy are the most commonly produced varieties of barley in Northern Ireland and it was an aim of this study to compare their nutritive value and to examine the effect of location of production. The growing and harvesting conditions have been shown to affect chemical and physical properties of cereal grain (Rogel et al 1987). A further aim was therefore to compare the nutritive value of Riviera and Dandy produced in 1998 (McCann et al 2000) and in 1999.
The Effect of Feeding Calcium Soaps of Fatty Acids on the Reproductive Physiology of Lactating Dairy Cows
Authors: Hicking L.M. , Flint A.P.F. , Garnsworthy P.C. , Mann G.E.
Published: June 2019

Although it is not a substantial constituent of dairy cattle feed, there has been much work on the effects of feeding supplemental fat on reproductive performance. Supplemental fat increases the energy concentration of the diet and may lessen the effects of the negative energy balance post calving. Adding fat has been reported to positively influence reproduction in a number of ways, for instance increasing plasma progesterone concentration and increasing the life span of the corpus luteum (for a review Staples et al., 1998). A number of studies have demonstrated the importance of progesterone in early pregnancy and in particular the timing and strength of the post ovulatory progesterone rise. The aim of this study was to establish the effect of a dietary supplement of fat, in the form of calcium soaps of fatty acids, on reproductive function and in particular on post ovulatory progesterone levels in lactating dairy cows.
In vitro differentiation of a cloned bovine mammary epithelial cell
Authors: Rose M.T. , Aso H. , Yonekura S. , Ozutsumi K. , Obara Y.
Published: June 2019

The accurate replication in vitro of bovine mammary gland function would be of enormous benefit to studies investigating the control of milk synthesis and secretion. However, progress towards this end has been slow, partially because of the biological variability in the cell preparations produced to date. In particular, the heterogeneous nature of primary cultures of mammary epithelial cells (MEC) makes them unstable for repeated experimentation over time, while for immortalised cell lines in vitro the level of milk protein production is either very low or non existent; if it does occur it has been independent of in vivo factors known to regulate mammary growth and milk secretion. The aim of this project was to establish a bovine MEC non-immortal clone, which is both responsive to mitogens and functionally responsive to lactogenic hormones and an appropriate extracellular matrix.
Nutrition and Production – the Scientist
Authors: Lewis M , Lowman B. G
Published: June 2019

Reducing costs for unit output, be it per kg liveweight gain, per kg carcass gain or per kg saleable meat yield will be essential for the future of the UK beef industry. Traditionally emphasis has been placed on reducing feed costs per unit output and data from MLC’s Beefplan shows that between 65 – 82% of the variable cost of UK beef systems are accounted for by feed costs. However, with fixed costs being similar to total variable costs, it is also important to reduce the major components of fixed costs specifically associated with the production of feed and feeding it which are labour and machinery. As far as nutrition/feeding of beef cattle is concerned, there are a number of areas where a reduction in costs can be achieved using existing knowledge but in other areas there are obvious gaps in knowledge which require further research. However, there appears to very little research into aspects of the nutrition/production of beef cattle going on, or being published, in the UK. (Only 4 out of a total of 113 papers presented at this conference are on nutrition/production of beef cattle.)
The chewing behaviour of growing pigs presented with tail models soaked in different fractions of blood, as a test for tail biting predisposition
Authors: McIntyre J. , Beattie V.E. , Breuer K. , Edwards S.A.
Published: June 2019

Tail biting is a widespread adverse behaviour that occurs in growing pigs but, as of yet, no one knows what initially encourages the development of this behavioural problem. It has been suggested that tail biting is linked to a behavioural predisposition, exacerbated by environmental inadequacy, or a nutritional deficiency such as inadequate protein or minerals. Using a model tail test, Fraser (1987, 1991) demonstrated an experimental link between mineral or protein dietary deficiencies and an increased attraction to blood. Using this test, Fraser demonstrated that large individual variation exists between pigs in the extent of their attraction to blood. The current experiment extended this tail test to investigate the nature of the attraction to blood, and to examine factors that may be related to tail biting predisposition.
The effect of salt deficiency on the behaviour of finishing pigs in a tail chew test
Authors: Beattie V.E. , Breuer K.B. , Dunne L.M. , Edwards S.A. , Mercer J.T. , O’Connell N.E. , Rance K.A. , Sneddon I.A. , Sutcliffe M.E.M.
Published: June 2019

Tail-biting is an adverse behaviour which can lead to injury in the recipient pig, reducing welfare and causing abscesses in the carcass. A survey in abattoirs in the UK found that 5 percent of pigs at slaughter have their tails bitten (Guise & Penny, 1998). Work by Fraser (1987) suggested that tail-biting is linked to a deficiency in dietary minerals. This study investigated whether finishing pigs were more attracted to salt after being offered a diet deficient in salt for two weeks.
Does aggressiveness of individuals affect the feeding behaviour of group-housed growing pigs?
Authors: Bornett H.L.I. , Morgan C.A. , Lawrence A.B.
Published: June 2019

The feeding behaviour of group-housed pigs differs from that of pigs housed individually in that they make fewer visits to the feeder of a longer duration (Bornett et al., 2000). Possible reasons for this difference in feeding behaviour include competition and group cohesion and these may be influenced by group composition in terms of aggressiveness. Indeed, Erhard et al. (1997) found that groups comprising all low aggressive pigs integrated into a group quicker than groups of all high aggressive pigs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aggressiveness of individuals on the feeding behaviour of group-housed growing pigs.
A survey to investigate the level of commercial human-animal interaction during rearing and fear of humans in commercial dairy heifers
Authors: Bertenshaw C. , Rowlinson P. , Ness M.
Published: June 2019

Recent increases in mechanisation, larger dairy units and financial pressure on dairy farmers result in a reduction in labour and time available to spend with stock. Cattle are innately fearful of humans and this fear has been found to have a substantial impact on their productivity. This survey compliments experimental work conducted at Newcastle University on approach behaviour (see companion paper). The objective was to gather information from dairy farmers on commercial heifer rearing systems; establish the different levels of human interaction and familiarity with stockpersons, explore on-farm indicators of fear and solicit farmers’ views on the subject.
Does consistent choice of one side of a milking parlour by dairy cows relate to their behaviour in novel and competitive situations?
Authors: Prelle I. , Phillips C.J.C. , Broom D.M.
Published: June 2019

Cows can be classified by their consistency of entry to one side of the milking parlour, which follows a normal distribution in a large herd of cows, from consistent to random selection (da Costa and Broom, 2001). We investigated whether this characteristic relates to the coping strategies indicated by cows in a novel environment and a competitive one, where two cows have access to a bucket with food.
Tissue-specific differences in insulin receptor m-RNA isoform ratio in two dairy cow breeds
Authors: Wylie A.R.G. , Devlin D.J.
Published: June 2019

The insulin receptor (IR) is one participant in the partitioning of absorbed nutrients to, and between, the insulin-responsive tissues of animals. We previously reported the alternative splicing of a 36 base pair exon 11 segment of the sheep IR gene and found differences in the ratio of the resultant 11 m-RNA and 11+m-RNA isoforms between muscle and fat depots in crossbred, but not purebred, Texel lambs (McGrattan et al., 1998). Because the IR isoforms, when expressed in cultured cell lines, differ in affinity for insulin by two fold or more (McClain, 1991), variations in the ratio of IR isoform expression may have practical significance for the partitioning of nutrients between tissues and thus for differences in lean and fat gain between the purebred and crossbred lambs. Similarly, variation in IR m-RNA isoform ratios amongst the adipose depots in different breeds of dairy cow could have practical significance for differences in the ability of the breeds to store and mobilise energy and thus for differences in lactational performance between dairy breeds. This study is a preliminary investigation of this hypothesis.
Effect of endosperm texture and IBIR rye translocation on performance of piglets between 15-25kg live weight fed diets based on wheat with or without xylanase
Authors: Wiseman J. , Simmins P.H.
Published: June 2019

Variability in the nutritive value of wheat is established particularly with young poultry and pigs. However, underlying causes have yet to be established unequivocally. Numerous reports attempting to relate variability to varieties have not proved convincing due to interactions with environmental factors. Furthermore reliance on name alone is not appropriate in attempting to differentiate between varieties as it would give no indication of genetic relationships. One promising approach, is the use of near-isogenic lines, which differ in only one key characteristic whose nutritional significance can thus be examined. This was the basis for establishing the negative effects of the IBIR rye translocation and hard endosperm texture, together with interactions, with poultry (Short et al., 2000). Crucially it was confirmed that investigating the IBIR translocation should not proceed without knowledge of endosperm texture, a requirement overlooked by Lewis et al. (1999). The current programme sought to examine the IBIR translocation and endosperm texture in terms of performance of piglets from 15kg fed diets based on identical formulations but containing wheats of known background; presence of xylanase was the second variable.
Effects of habituation to the milking parlour on production, health and fertility of Norwegian and Holstein dairy herd replacements
Authors: Wicks H.C.F. , Carson A.F. , McCoy M.A.
Published: June 2019

During the transition period (defined as three weeks prior to calving to three weeks post-calving) heifers are exposed to physiological, nutritional, management, and social changes as they enter the dairy herd. One obvious change is the introduction of heifers to the milking parlour. Previous work has shown that when mature cows were milked in unfamiliar surroundings, milk yield, milk flow rate and milking duration were affected due to increased stress (Rushens, et al. 2001). The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of habituating heifers to the milking parlour pre-calving on the subsequent performance of Holstein-Friesian and Norwegian dairy herd replacements.
Effects of product type and fatty acid composition on shelf life of nutritionally modified beef
Authors: Richardson R.I. , Enser M. , Whittington F.W. , Hallet K.G. , Wood J.D. , Scollan N.D.
Published: June 2019

Ruminant meat products have a relatively saturated fatty acid profile so lipid oxidation during the postmortem period, which could lead to off-odours and flavours and trigger undesirable colour changes, is usually minor. However, attempts to increase levels of PUFA in meat for health reasons could be compromised by increased lipid oxidation. This paper is a summary of recently completed work between University of Bristol and IGER on the links between fatty acid composition and oxidative stability in beef and seeks to draw general conclusions.
Effect of breed and diet on total lipid and selected shelf-life parameters in beef muscle
Authors: Warren H.E. , Enser M. , Richardson I. , Wood J.D. , Scollan N.D.
Published: June 2019

Some studies with beef cattle have shown that breed and diet affect tissue fatty acid composition and meat quality (Choi et al., 2000; Scollan et al., 2001). However, the effects of breed are often confounded with differences in growth rate and body composition. Diet also affects fatty acid composition, however, feed composition studies are often confounded by the use of mixed diets and few have compared all-forage with all-concentrate diets. This study, therefore, was designed to compare Aberdeen Angus and Holstein-Friesian breeds growing at similar rates and fed either all-forage or a high concentrate diet.
Changes in carcass composition with growth and the effect of feed type in lambs of two breeds and their cross
Authors: Macfarlane J.M. , Lewis R.M. , Emmans G.C. , Donbavand J.E. , Simm G.
Published: June 2019

To enable producers to meet market requirements for lamb carcasses from the resources available, it is important to know how breeds differ in growth and development over time and how this is affected by feeding regime. The aims of this study were to explore the effect of diverse breed and feed types on carcass composition, growth and feed intake and investigate how these change during growth.
Genetic parameters for locomotion and composite type traits for the Jersey and Guernsey dairy breeds in the United Kingdom (UK)
Authors: Paget M.F. , Swanson G.J.T. , Mrode R.A.
Published: June 2019

There is growing interest in the dairy industry to broaden breeding objectives by incorporating health and welfare traits into selection indices. Although these traits are difficult to measure directly, there is good evidence to show that some linear type traits are genetically correlated with certain health and welfare traits, e.g. udder-type with somatic cell count (Mrode, Swanson and Lindberg, 1999) and locomotion with lameness (Boelling, 1996). Linear and composite type traits, such as locomotion and the feet and legs and mammary system composites, have been proposed for inclusion in a future modification to the UK Profitable Life Index (PLI). The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of locomotion and composite traits for application in UK national dairy genetic evaluations for Jerseys and Guernseys.
Performance of grower/finisher pigs fed barley and wheat -based diets containing different levels of a β-glucanase and xylanase enzyme combination
Authors: Simmins P.H. , Wiseman J.
Published: June 2019

Exogenous enzymes have been used in pig feed to reduce the antinutritional factors in the cereal components of the diets and, as a consequence, improve energy and protein digestibility. The predominant fibre components in barley are soluble β-glucans and insoluble arabinoxylans, both of which are known to have anti-nutritional effects in the pig but through different mechanisms. In wheat both soluble and insoluble arabinoxylans are relevant, for the same reasons (Partridge, 2001). Consequently a product with a combination of β-glucanase and xylanase may be necessary to elicit a performance improvement in pigs fed diets containing both barley and wheat. Furthermore, much work in grower/finisher pigs has been undertaken at single inclusion levels of enzyme product. The object of the current study was to compare the response of growing and finishing pigs fed diets containing barley and wheat supplemented with a β-glucanase and xylanase product included at different levels in the diet.
The influence of GnRH treatment on the rate of reproductive development in bull calves
Authors: Madgwick S. , Bagu E.T. , Duggavathi R. , Bartlewski P.M. , Barrett D.M.W. , Huchkowsky S. , Cook S. , Beard A.P. , Rawlings N.C.
Published: June 2019

Bull calves have an increase in Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency early in life that is responsible for a short-lived rise in circulating levels of LH. It has been shown that bulls with a higher early rise in LH attain puberty at younger ages and have comparatively enhanced semen quality once they mature (Evans et al., 1995). Furthermore testicular growth has been enhanced in calves by artificially inducing a premature increase in LH through administering GnRH i.v. every 2 hours between 4 and 6 weeks of age (Chandolia et al., 1997).
Training influences problem-solving abilities in dogs (canis lupus familiaris)
Authors: Osthaus B. , Lea S. E. G. , Slater A. M.
Published: June 2019

One way of testing cognitive abilities (or intelligence”) is by using so-called “means-end” tests, where the desired outcome can only be achieved by utilising some means to that end. Pulling a piece of food that is out of reach into reach with the help of an attached string is one of these means-end tasks. The ability of dogs to solve this problem has so far been only tested in 4 studies, all from the 1930s and 40s, with a total of 11 dogs and varying success. Additionally to exploring this basic cognitive ability in pet dogs the study explored whether training, and in particular so-called Clicker training (operant conditioning with secondary reinforcer), had an influence on the performance in this task.
The effect of intravenous infusion of glucose on ethanol stability of milk in Holstein dairy cows
Authors: Sobhani S. S. , Valizadeh R. , Naserian A. A.
Published: June 2019

The alcohol test is used as the initial classification of milk in dairy farms. It’s used as a measure of the natural pH of milk, which is a critical factor for stabilizing casein micelles in milk serum phase during heating (Barros et al., 2000). In practical conditions the test could be also positive immediately after milking, and this type of milk is rejected by dairy processing industry. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of negative energy balance and low level of blood glucose on incidence of alcohol-positive milk in Holstein high milking cows (Sobhani et al., 2002).