bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma: Pediatric case series demonstrating heterogeneous presentation and option for watchful waiting
Authors: Johnston Emily E. , LeBlanc Robert E. , Kim Jinah , Chung Jong , Balagtas Jay , Kim Youn H. , Link Michael P.
Published: July 2015

Subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma (SPTCL) and primary cutaneous gamma delta T‐cell lymphoma (PCGD‐TCL) were initially both classified as subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma. In 2008, SPTCL with alpha‐beta T‐cell receptor subtype was separated from primary cutaneous gamma delta T‐cell lymphomas (PCGD‐TCL). We report four pediatric cases that demonstrate the heterogeneity of each disease and show that PCGD‐TCL in children can have an indolent course, whereas SPTCL can behave aggressively. Three patients had spontaneous, durable remissions without treatment, whereas the one patient with disease progression was treated successfully. Watchful waiting may thus be appropriate for initial management of children. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Migration and Social Cohesion: Appraising the Resilience of Place in London
Authors: Hickman Mary J , Mai Nicola
Published: July 2015

This paper is based on research designed to understand how previous immigrations are perceived/experienced and how this informs the contemporary moment of immigration. We explored the actual lived lives and practices of both new immigrants and long‐term settled populations in six places across the UK. We were particularly interested in layered histories of migration, and historically constituted diaspora spaces, that is, the spaces of multiculture encounter in all their specificities and the relevance of this for social intervention policies in the UK.

We emphasize the importance of understanding social cohesion and the nation through the formation and (re)formulation of prevailing narratives of belonging, obligation, and identity. These narratives inform the way that social heterogeneity, resulting from social and geographical mobility and the porousness of multiculture spaces of encounter, is managed in different places and at different levels, encompassing the global, the national, and the local dimensions.

This paper considers material drawn from in‐depth life narrative interviews in the two sites that we researched in London: Kilburn in the north‐west of the city and Downham in the south‐east. The research aimed to engage with Downham and Kilburn in an exploration of the complexity of ‘cosmopolitan’ London by exploring the way in which the historical experience of migrancy and hybridity (or its lack) can be a factor sustaining (or hindering) social cohesion. Both places are socially and economically deprived areas, but they constitute examples of contrasting responses to contemporary immigration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Mixture Dose–Response Model for Identifying High‐Dimensional Drug Interaction Effects on Myopathy Using Electronic Medical Record Databases
Authors: Zhang P , Du L , Wang L , Liu M , Cheng L , Chiang C‐W , Wu H‐Y , Quinney SK , Shen L , Li L
Published: July 2015

Interactions between multiple drugs may yield excessive risk of adverse effects. This increased risk is not uniform for all combinations, although some combinations may have constant adverse effect risks. We developed a statistical model using medical record data to identify drug combinations that induce myopathy risk. Such combinations are revealed using a novel mixture model, comprised of a constant risk model and a dose–response risk model. The dose represents the number of drug combinations. Using an empirical Bayes estimation method, we successfully identified high‐dimensional (two to six) drug combinations that are associated with excessive myopathy risk at significantly low local false‐discovery rates. From the curve of a dose–response model and high‐dimensional drug interaction data, we observed that myopathy risk increases as the drug interaction dimension increases. This is the first time that such a dose–response relationship for high‐dimensional drug interactions was observed and extracted from the medical record database.
Graphic Mining of High‐Order Drug Interactions and Their Directional Effects on Myopathy Using Electronic Medical Records
Authors: Du L , Chakraborty A , Chiang C‐W , Cheng L , Quinney SK , Wu H , Zhang P , Li L , Shen L
Published: July 2015

We propose to study a novel pharmacovigilance problem for mining directional effects of high‐order drug interactions on an adverse drug event (ADE). Our goal is to estimate each individual risk of adding a new drug to an existing drug combination. In this proof‐of‐concept study, we analyzed a large electronic medical records database and extracted myopathy‐relevant case control drug co‐occurrence data. We applied frequent itemset mining to discover frequent drug combinations within the extracted data, evaluated directional drug interactions related to these combinations, and identified directional drug interactions with large effect sizes. Furthermore, we developed a novel visualization method to organize multiple directional drug interaction effects depicted as a tree, to generate an intuitive graphical and visual representation of our data‐mining results. This translational bioinformatics approach yields promising results, adds valuable and complementary information to the existing pharmacovigilance literature, and has the potential to impact clinical practice.
A study of structural and wear properties of PACVD deposited a‐C:H thin films for application as protective layers on Al alloys
Authors: Kottfer Daniel , Marton Marian , Ferdinandy Milan , Trebuňa Peter , Kaczmarek Lukasz
Published: July 2015

Due to the high strength‐to‐weight ratio, aluminum alloys are commonly used materials in aircraft and automotive industries. However, the low hardness and wear resistance and high friction coefficient limit their applications. In this study, we deposited a‐C:H thin films on 7075 Al alloy substrates without an interlayer by direct current PACVD method. Negative substrate bias was varied to improve the surface mechanical properties. We obtained smooth, homogenous, and well adhered up to 28 μm thick a‐C:H layers on the Al alloy substrates. The structural and mechanical properties were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy, SEM, nanoindentation and Pin‐on‐disc test. Raman spectroscopy showed a higher content of trans(CH)x within the films deposited with low bias and increased sp2 bonding for higher bias depositions. Adhesion test has shown the adhesion grade HF1 to HF4. Coefficient of friction was measured in the range 0.05–0.15 and wear rates of a‐C:H covered samples were significantly reduced in comparison to uncovered substrates. The obtained results show a promising potential of the a‐C:H as wear resistant coatings for the 7075 Al alloy.
Vegetation–Hydrogeomorphology Interactions in a Low‐Energy, Human‐Impacted River
Authors: Gurnell A. M. , Grabowski R. C.
Published: July 2015

The geomorphological dynamics of rivers have been traditionally explained largely by the physical processes of water flow, and sediment erosion and deposition, but the significant role of a third element, vegetation, in driving geomorphological changes has been increasingly highlighted recently. However, few studies have documented how both aquatic and woody riparian plants interact with fluvial processes to induce landform development and initiate channel adjustment. This paper presents analyses of historical maps, recent aerial images and field observations from the River Frome (Dorset, UK), which, as a result of human pressures, has been subject to an increased supply of sand and finer sediment, particularly over the last 50–60 years. Analysis of these information sources indicates that this low‐energy river has adjusted to this delivery of finer sediment by narrowing and increasing its sinuosity. The analysis also indicates that this has been achieved through interactions amongst vegetation, water flow and sediment. Emergent aquatic macrophytes were observed to retain sediment, which leads to the development of submerged shelves that aggrade and become colonized by other plant species to form bars, berms and benches, eventually leading to the extension of river banks into the channel and also the formation of islands. Where woody riparian vegetation is well developed, complex geomorphic changes were observed, with fine sediment being absorbed into a diverse mosaic of geomorphic features initiated by living trees and large wood. These observations underline the importance of vegetation for the geomorphic dynamics and adjustment of lowland, low‐energy rivers and its potential for inclusion in the development of sustainable, process‐based river management and restoration strategies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
γ Grain Memory in X12CrMoWVNbN10‐1‐1 Steel
Authors: Tao Xingang , Han Lizhan , Gu Jianfeng
Published: July 2015

γ grain memory of X12CrMoWVNbN10‐1‐1 steel is investigated in order to clarify its mechanism from the viewpoint of the roles of retained γ. “isothermal transformation” is proposed to suppress the γ grain memory. The microstructure characterization during the isothermal transformation is carried out. By in situ optical microscopy observation, the acicular γ grains and globular γ grains nucleated in the interior of prior γ grains and along the prior γ grain boundaries or packet boundaries, respectively, when the sample with martensite matrix is reheated. The coarse γ grains are formed by the growth, impingement and coalescence of acicular γ grains with retained γ between martensite lath. The mechanism of suppressing γ grain memory by isothermal transformation is also discussed. It is demonstrated that the γ grain memory could be suppressed by decreasing the volume fraction (fγ) of retained γ before reheating. The critical upper limit fγ to suppress γ grain memory effectively is approximately 3.2%.
Production and characterization of thermostable α‐amylase from thermophilic Anoxybacillus flavithermus sp. nov. SO‐19
Authors: Özdemir Sadin , Okumus Veysi , Ulutas Mehmet Sefa , Dundar Abdurrahman , Akarsubasic Alper Tunga , Dumontet Stefano
Published: July 2015

This study was concerned with isolation and identification of thermophilic bacteria from hot spring in Afyonkarahisar (Gecek) and optimization of α‐amylase production, partial purification of α‐amylase, and characterization of extracellular enzyme from isolated thermophilic strain 19. To characterize and identify the thermophilic isolated bacteria, morphological analysis and biochemistry tests were studied. Besides, for classification 16S rRNA gene, G–C content and DNA–DNA hybridization analysis were performed. These results indicated that strain 19 is a novel species, Anoxybacillus flavithermus sp. nov. The effects of different fermentation conditions, such as incubation time, temperature, and pH, different carbon and nitrogen sources, and surfactants on α‐amylase production were investigated. Various parameters such as temperature and temperature stability, pH and pH stability, detergents and surfactants, different starches, and metal ions on influence of enzyme characterization were assayed. About 93, 87, and 81% of the activities were retained after heating the partially purified enzyme solution at 50, 60, and 70 for 240 min, respectively. Enzyme was excessively inhibited by Hg2+ (6%). The enzyme was activated by Co2+ (212%) and Mg2+ (142%). Enzyme degradated 82% of starch content in apple juice at 70°C in 30 min. The molecular weight of enzyme was estimated as 96 kDa.
Structure and selected functional properties of gamma‐irradiated potato starch
Authors: Sujka Monika , Cieśla Krystyna , Jamroz Jerzy
Published: July 2015

Potato starch was modified with γ‐rays applying doses of 5, 10, 20 and 30 kGy. The effect of irradiation on starch structure was assessed on the basis of blue value (BV), A680/A545 ratio, apparent amylose content and λmax. The results showed that modification of starch led to the reduction of all parameters connected with the starch‐iodine complex. The main effects of γ‐irradiation on starch granules revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopies were cracks on the surface. Low‐temperature nitrogen adsorption data showed that modification with γ‐rays increased specific surface area and volume of mesopores and decreased their average diameter. DSC data indicated decreased crystallinity of starch and facilitated retrogradation taking place after irradiation in the 20% starch gels. Treatment with γ‐rays influenced also functional properties of potato starch increasing water absorption, least gelling concentration, solubility, paste clarity and susceptibility to α‐amylolysis, and decreasing fat absorption and viscosity.
Awakening a dialogue: A critical race theory analysis of U. S. nature of science research from 1967 to 2013
Authors: Walls Leon
Published: July 2015

As the nation's K‐12 classrooms become increasingly more racially, culturally, and linguistically diverse, it is incumbent upon the science community to seize opportunities to attend to the rhetoric of reform, namely to enhance scientific literacy for all students. Using Critical Race Theory (CRT) as a framework, this study examined 112 nature of science (NOS) research peer‐reviewed studies conducted in the U. S. from (1967 to 2013). Results suggests that while White participants are being represented in the NOS research, Black, Latino, Native American and other people of color, were found to be disproportionally excluded as participants. Implications of excluding these individuals are explored and suggestions for making NOS research more equitable are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53: 1546–1570, 2016
Bayesian co‐clustering
Authors: Domeniconi Carlotta , Laskey Kathryn
Published: July 2015

Co‐clustering means simultaneously identifying natural clusters in different kinds of objects. Examples include simultaneously clustering customers and products for a recommender application; simultaneously clustering proteins and molecules in microbiology; or simultaneously clustering documents and words in a text mining application. Important insights into a problem can be gained by understanding the interactions between clusters for the different kinds of objects. This paper considers Bayesian models for co‐clustering. The Bayesian approach begins by developing a model for the data generating process, and inverting that model through Bayesian inference to infer cluster membership, learn characteristics of the clusters, and fill in missing observations. We consider a basic Bayesian clustering model and several extensions to the model. Experimental evaluations and comparisons among the clustering methods are presented. WIREs Comput Stat 2015, 7:347–356. doi: 10.1002/wics.1359

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bayesian Methods and Theory

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Clustering and Classification

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric Methods
Identifying Perceived Neighborhood Stressors Across Diverse Communities in New York City
Authors: Shmool Jessie L. C. , Yonas Michael A. , Newman Ogonnaya Dotson , Kubzansky Laura D. , Joseph Evelyn , Parks Ana , Callaway Charles , Chubb Lauren G. , Shepard Peggy , Clougherty Jane E.
Published: July 2015

There is growing interest in the role of psychosocial stress in health disparities. Identifying which social stressors are most important to community residents is critical for accurately incorporating stressor exposures into health research. Using a community‐academic partnered approach, we designed a multi‐community study across the five boroughs of New York City to characterize resident perceptions of key neighborhood stressors. We conducted 14 community focus groups; two to three in each borough, with one adolescent group and one Spanish‐speaking group per borough. We then used systematic content analysis and participant ranking data to describe prominent neighborhood stressors and identify dominant themes. Three inter‐related themes regarding the social and structural sources of stressful experiences were most commonly identified across neighborhoods: (1) physical disorder and perceived neglect, (2) harassment by police and perceived safety and (3) gentrification and racial discrimination. Our findings suggest that multiple sources of distress, including social, political, physical and economic factors, should be considered when investigating health effects of community stressor exposures and psychological distress. Community expertise is essential for comprehensively characterizing the range of neighborhood stressors that may be implicated in psychosocial exposure pathways.
Mitochondrial SSRs and their utility in distinguishing wild species, CMS lines and maintainer lines in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)
Authors: Khera Pawan , Saxena Rachit , Sameerkumar C. V. , Saxena Kulbhushan , Varshney Rajeev K.
Published: July 2015

Analysis of the pigeonpea mitochondrial genome sequence identified 25 SSRs. Mononucleotide SSR motifs were the most abundant repeats followed by dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats. Primer pairs could be designed for 24 SSRs, 23 of which were polymorphic amongst the 22 genotypes consisting of cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS or A) line, maintainer or B line and wild Cajanus species representing six different CMS systems viz., A1, A2, A4, A5, A6 and A8. These markers amplified a total of 107 alleles ranging from 2 to 10 with an average of 4.65 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content for these markers ranged from 0.09 to 0.84 with an average of 0.52 per marker. Hence, the present study adds a novel set of 24 mitochondrial SSR markers to the markers repository in pigeonpea, which would be useful to distinguish the genotypes based on mitochondrial genome types in evolutionary and phylogenetic studies.
Biodiesel Production from Mustard Emulsion by a Combined Destabilization/Adsorption Process
Authors: Tabtabaei Solmaz , Boocock David G. B. , Diosady Levente L.
Published: July 2015

Tetrahydrofuran, added to the oil‐in‐water emulsions formed by the aqueous processing of yellow mustard flour, produced oil/water/THF miscellas containing 1–2 % water. The high water content prevented the direct conversion of the system to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through a single‐phase base‐catalyzed transmethylation process. Dehydration of these miscellas by adsorption on 4A molecular sieves at room temperature using either batch or continuous fixed‐bed systems successfully reduced the water content to the quality standards needed for biodiesel feedstock (0.3 %). Equilibrium adsorption studies for the uptake of water from oil/THF/water miscella phases at room temperature allowed quantitative comparison of the water adsorption capacity based on the oil and THF concentrations of the miscellas. Batch contact was used to investigate the dominant parameters affecting the uptake of water including miscella composition, adsorbent dose and contact time. The adsorption of the water was strongly dependent on adsorbent dose and miscella oil concentrations. The regeneration of molecular sieves by heating under nitrogen at reduced pressure for 6 h at 275 °C resulted in incomplete desorption of miscella components. The adsorption breakthrough curves in terms of flow rates, initial water and oil miscella concentrations were determined. The dehydrated miscella phases were reacted with methanol in a single‐phase base‐catalyzed transmethylation process with high yields (99.3 wt%) to FAME. The resulting FAME met the ASTM international standard in terms of total glycerol content and acid number.
The Business of Daguerreotypy: Strategies for a New Medium
Authors: VERPLANCK ANNE
Published: July 2015

Daguerreotypes (cased photographic images), introduced in 1839, required different strategies for marketing, pricing, and securing patronage than other media did. The Philadelphia firm of T.P. and D.C. Collins incorporated knowledge from past pursuits, modeled some of their practices on those of other studios, and employed novel strategies to appeal to clients. To meet and create demand for a novel product, the Collinses depended in part on the introduction and timing of innovative methods and materials and corresponding capital expenditures. An analysis of their entrepreneurial and marketing strategies between 1845 and 1855 allows us to better understand how a small, urban businesses that employed limited technical improvements operated in an environment in which consumers increasingly prized innovation.
Turbulent diapycnal mixing in stratified shear flows: the influence of Prandtl number on mixing efficiency and transition at high Reynolds number
Authors: Salehipour H. , Peltier W. R. , Mashayek A.
Published: July 2015

Motivated by the importance of small-scale turbulent diapycnal mixing to the closure of the large-scale meridional overturning circulation (MOC) of the oceans, we focus on a model problem which allows us to address the fundamental fluid mechanics that is expected to be characteristic of the oceanographic regime. Our model problem is one in which the initial conditions consist of a stably stratified parallel shear flow which evolves into the turbulent regime through the growth of a Kelvin–Helmholtz wave to finite amplitude followed by transition to turbulence. Through both linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulations (DNS), we investigate the secondary instabilities and the turbulent mixing at a fixed high Reynolds number and for a range of Prandtl numbers. We demonstrate that the oceanographically expected high value of the Prandtl number has a profound influence on the nature of the secondary instabilities that govern the transition process. Specifically through non-separable linear stability analysis, we discover new characteristics for the shear-aligned convective instability such that it is modified into a mixed mode that is driven both by static instability and by shear. The growth rate and ultimate strength of this mode are both strongly enhanced at higher $\mathit{Pr}$ while the growth rate and ultimate strength of the stagnation point instability (SPI), which may compete for control of the transition process, are simultaneously impeded. Of equal importance is the fact that, for higher $\mathit{Pr}$, the characteristic length scales associated with the dominant mixed mode of instability decrease and therefore there ceases to be a strong scale selectivity. In the limit of much higher $\mathit{Pr}$, we conjecture that a wide range of spatial scales become equally unstable so as to support an ‘ultraviolet catastrophe’, in which a direct injection of energy occurs into a broad range of scales simultaneously. We further establish the validity of these analytical results through a series of computationally challenging DNS analyses, and provide a detailed analysis of the efficiency of the turbulent mixing of the density field that occurs subsequent to transition and of the entrainment of fluid into the mixing layer from the high-speed flanks of the shear flow. We show that the mixing efficiency decreases monotonically with increase of the molecular value of the Prandtl number and the expansion of the shear layer is reduced as such entrainment diminishes.
The Taylor–Melcher leaky dielectric model as a macroscale electrokinetic description
Authors: Schnitzer Ory , Yariv Ehud
Published: July 2015

While the Taylor–Melcher electrohydrodynamic model entails ionic charge carriers, it addresses neither ionic transport within the liquids nor the formation of diffuse space-charge layers about their common interface. Moreover, as this model is hinged upon the presence of non-zero interfacial-charge density, it appears to be in contradiction with the aggregate electro-neutrality implied by ionic screening. Following a brief synopsis published by Baygents & Saville (Third International Colloquium on Drops and Bubbles, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 7, 1989, American Institute of Physics, pp. 7–17) we systematically derive here the macroscale description appropriate for leaky dielectric liquids, starting from the primitive electrokinetic equations and addressing the double limit of thin space-charge layers and strong fields. This derivation is accomplished through the use of matched asymptotic expansions between the narrow space-charge layers adjacent to the interface and the electro-neutral bulk domains, which are homogenized by the strong ionic advection. Electrokinetic transport within the electrical ‘triple layer’ comprising the genuine interface and the adjacent space-charge layers is embodied in effective boundary conditions; these conditions, together with the simplified transport within the bulk domains, constitute the requisite macroscale description. This description essentially coincides with the familiar equations of Melcher & Taylor (Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., vol. 1, 1969, pp. 111–146). A key quantity in our macroscale description is the ‘apparent’ surface-charge density, provided by the transversely integrated triple-layer microscale charge. At leading order, this density vanishes due to the expected Debye-layer screening; its asymptotic correction provides the ‘interfacial’ surface-charge density appearing in the Taylor–Melcher model. Our unified electrohydrodynamic treatment provides a reinterpretation of both the Taylor–Melcher conductivity-ratio parameter and the electrical Reynolds number. The latter, expressed in terms of fundamental electrokinetic properties, becomes $O(1)$ only for intense applied fields, comparable with the transverse field within the space-charge layers; at this limit the asymptotic scheme collapses. Surface-charge advection is accordingly absent in the macroscale description. Owing to the inevitable presence of (screened) net charge on the genuine interface, the drop also undergoes electrophoretic motion. The associated flow, however, is asymptotically smaller than that corresponding to the Taylor–Melcher circulation. Our successful matching procedure contrasts the analysis of Baygents & Saville, who considered more general electrolytes and were unable to directly match the inner and outer regions. We discuss this difference in detail.
Buoyancy-induced turbulent mixing in a narrow tilted tank
Authors: Lin Tiras Y. , Caulfield C. P. , Woods Andrew W.
Published: July 2015

We describe a series of experiments in which a constant buoyancy flux $B_{s}$ of salty dyed water of density ${\it\rho}_{s}$ is introduced at the top of a long narrow tank of square cross-section tilted at an angle ${\it\theta}$ to the vertical. The tank is initially filled with fresh clear water of density ${\it\rho}_{0}<{\it\rho}_{s}$, and we investigate the resulting buoyancy-driven turbulent mixing at various tilt angles ${\it\theta}$. Using a light-attenuation image analysis method, we determine the evolution of the reduced gravity $g^{\prime }=g({\it\rho}-{\it\rho}_{0})/{\it\rho}_{0}$ of the mixed fluid in time and space as it propagates towards the bottom of the tank. For all tilt angles tested (${\it\theta}=0^{\circ }$ to ${\it\theta}=45^{\circ }$), we focus exclusively on high-Reynolds-number experiments, where the flow remains turbulent both along the length and across the width of the tank. We find that when ${\it\theta}>0^{\circ }$, the cross-tank component of gravity acts to segregate the dense fluid from the relatively lighter fluid, and a statically stable gradient of $g^{\prime }$ across the width of the tank occurs more frequently than a statically unstable gradient, i.e. $(\partial g^{\prime }/\partial x)<0$ occurs more frequently than $(\partial g^{\prime }/\partial x)>0$. This is in contrast to the case when ${\it\theta}=0^{\circ }$, where instantaneous cross-tank gradients of reduced gravity may be positive or negative, but are equal to zero in an ensemble average. We observe that when ${\it\theta}>0^{\circ }$, the cross-tank gradient of reduced gravity induces a turbulent counterflow where dense fluid flows down the upward-facing surface of the tank and lighter fluid flows in the opposing direction above. We model the evolution of the cross-tank averaged, ensemble averaged reduced gravity $\langle \overline{g^{\prime }}\rangle _{e}$ as a diffusive process using Prandtl’s mixing length theory, building on the model of van Sommeren et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 701, 2012, pp. 278–303) who considered purely vertical tanks. We model the fluctuations (from the cross-tank averaged quantity) of reduced gravity $\langle {\hat{g}}^{\prime }\rangle _{e}$ and counterflow velocity $\langle {\hat{w}}\rangle _{e}$ by characterising the mixing across the width of the tank with a cross-tank turbulent diffusivity ${\it\kappa}_{T,x}$, which we assume is constant in the cross-tank coordinate $x$. We show that the counterflow that exists when ${\it\theta}>0^{\circ }$ acts directly to enhance the effective along-tank turbulent diffusivity ${\it\kappa}_{T,z}$, and from experiments, we find that the mixing length increases approximately linearly with ${\it\theta}$, and that both ${\it\kappa}_{T,x}$ and ${\it\kappa}_{T,z}$ are proportional to $(\partial \langle \overline{g^{\prime }}\rangle _{e}/\partial z)^{1/2}$.
Large eddy simulations of stratified turbulence: the dynamic Smagorinsky model
Authors: Khani Sina , Waite Michael L.
Published: July 2015

The dynamic Smagorinsky model for large eddy simulation (LES) of stratified turbulence is studied in this paper. A maximum grid spacing criterion of${\it\Delta}/L_{b}<0.24$is found in order to capture several of the key characteristics of stratified turbulence, where${\it\Delta}$is the filter scale and$L_{b}$is the buoyancy scale. These results show that the dynamic Smagorinsky model needs a grid spacing approximately twice as large as the regular Smagorinsky model to reproduce similar results. This improvement on the regular Smagorinsky eddy viscosity approach increases the accuracy of results at small resolved scales while decreasing the computational costs because it allows larger${\it\Delta}$. In addition, the eddy dissipation spectra in LES of stratified turbulence present anisotropic features, taking energy out of large horizontal but small vertical scales. This trend is not seen in the non-stratified cases, where the subgrid-scale energy transfer is isotropic. Statistics of the dynamic Smagorinsky coefficient$c_{s}$are investigated; its distribution is peaked around zero, and its standard deviations decrease slightly with increasing stratification. In line with previous findings for unstratified turbulence, regions of increased shear favour smaller$c_{s}$values; in stratified turbulence, the spatial distribution of the shear, and hence$c_{s}$, is dominated by a layerwise pancake structure. These results show that the dynamic Smagorinsky model presents a promising approach for LES when isotropic buoyancy-scale resolving grids are employed.
Motivational Crowding in Sustainable Development Interventions
Authors: AGRAWAL ARUN , CHHATRE ASHWINI , GERBER ELISABETH R.
Published: July 2015

We used a quasi-experimental research design to study the extent of motivational crowding in a recent sustainable development intervention in northern India. The project provided participants with both private and communal material benefits to enhance their incomes, and environmental and social information to inculcate pro-environmental motivations. We compared changes in reported motivations of participants for conserving forest resources, before and after project implementation, with changes in reported motivations of matched nonparticipants. We found that villagers who received private economic benefits were more likely to change from an environmental to an economic motivation for forest protection, whereas those who engaged in communal activities related to the project were less likely to change from an environmental to an economic motivation. These results, which indicate a substantial but conditional degree of motivational crowding, clarify the relationships between institutional change, incentives, and motivations and have important implications for the design of sustainable development interventions.
ON THE ESCAPING SET OF MEROMORPHIC FUNCTIONS WITH DIRECT TRACTS
Authors: XUAN ZUXING , ZHENG JIANHUA
Published: July 2015

Let $f$ be a transcendental meromorphic function with at least one direct tract. In this note, we investigate the structure of the escaping set which is in the same direct tract. We also give a theorem about the slow escaping set.
NONREGULAR GRAPHS WITH MINIMAL TOTAL IRREGULARITY
Authors: ABDO HOSAM , DIMITROV DARKO
Published: July 2015

Thetotal irregularityof a simple undirected graph$G$is defined as$\text{irr}_{t}(G)=\frac{1}{2}\sum _{u,v\in V(G)}|d_{G}(u)-d_{G}(v)|$, where$d_{G}(u)$denotes the degree of a vertex$u\in V(G)$. Obviously,$\text{irr}_{t}(G)=0$if and only if$G$is regular. Here, we characterise the nonregular graphs with minimal total irregularity and thereby resolve the recent conjecture by Zhuet al. [‘The minimal total irregularity of graphs’, Preprint, 2014, arXiv:1404.0931v1] about the lower bound on the minimal total irregularity of nonregular connected graphs. We show that the conjectured lower bound of$2n-4$is attained only if nonregular connected graphs of even order are considered, while the sharp lower bound of$n-1$is attained by graphs of odd order. We also characterise the nonregular graphs with the second and the third smallest total irregularity.
TOEPLITZ OPERATORS BETWEEN FOCK SPACES
Authors: LU JIN , LV XIAOFEN
Published: July 2015

Given a positive Borel measure ${\it\mu}$ on the $n$-dimensional Euclidean space $\mathbb{C}^{n}$, we characterise the boundedness (and compactness) of Toeplitz operators $T_{{\it\mu}}$ between Fock spaces $F^{\infty }({\it\varphi})$ and $F^{p}({\it\varphi})$ with $0<p\leq \infty$ in terms of $t$-Berezin transforms and averaging functions of ${\it\mu}$. Our result extends recent work of Mengestie [‘On Toeplitz operators between Fock spaces’, Integral Equations Operator Theory78 (2014), 213–224] and others.
ON THE CENTRE OF THE AUTOMORPHISM GROUP OF A GROUP
Authors: FARROKHI D. G. M. , MOGHADDAM MOHAMMAD REZA R.
Published: July 2015

If the centre of a group $G$ is trivial, then so is the centre of its automorphism group. We study the structure of the centre of the automorphism group of a group $G$ when the centre of $G$ is a cyclic group. In particular, it is shown that the exponent of $Z(\text{Aut}(G))$ is less than or equal to the exponent of $Z(G)$ in this case.
Influence of pasture-based feeding systems on fatty acids, organic acids and volatile organic flavour compounds in yoghurt
Authors: Akbaridoust Ghazal , Plozza Tim , Trenerry V Craige , Wales William J , Auldist Martin J. , Ajlouni Said
Published: July 2015

The influence of different pasture-based feeding systems on fatty acids, organic acids and volatile organic flavour compounds in yoghurt was studied. Pasture is the main source of nutrients for dairy cows in many parts of the world, including southeast Australia. Milk and milk products produced in these systems are known to contain a number of compounds with positive effects on human health. In the current study, 260 cows were fed supplementary grain and forage according to one of 3 different systems; Control (a traditional pasture based diet offered to the cows during milking and in paddock), PMR1 (a partial mixed ration which contained the same supplement as Control but was offered to the cows as a partial mixed ration on a feedpad), PMR 2 (a differently formulated partial mixed ration compared to Control and PMR1 which was offered to the cows on a feedpad). Most of the yoghurt fatty acids were influenced by feeding systems; however, those effects were minor on organic acids. The differences in feeding systems did not lead to the formation of different volatile organic flavour compounds in yoghurt. Yet, it did influence the relative abundance of these components.
A Hittite treaty tablet from Oylum Höyük in southeastern Turkey and the location of Ḫaššu(wa)
Authors: Ünal Ahmet
Published: July 2015

In the summer of 2012 Oylum Höyük yielded its first Hittite cuneiform tablet and thus joined five other Hittite tabletyielding sites in southeastern Anatolia and northern Syria. The tablet was probably removed from a nearby Hittite imperial-period monumental building, which seems to have been the Hittites’ administrative centre at Oylum, and incorporated into Iron Age debris. The wording of the text, in its preserved parts, shares traits with Hittite state treaties. It also has striking similarities with Hittite instruction texts, due to the generic affinities between these two genres. However, on the basis of the overall structure of the Oylum tablet and, most significantly, the inclusion of a list of oath gods at the end of the text, it is proposed that we are dealing here with a treaty. This article clarifies the genre and comprehensible context of the tablet, provides a transliteration and, as far as it is possible, a translation of the text, provides some philological comments and ends with the suggestion that the ancient name of Oylum Höyük was Ḫaššu(wa).
A new statue-base for Constantius II and the fourth-century imperial cult at Oinoanda
Authors: Milner N.P.
Published: July 2015

A long-unpublished statue base for the emperor Constantius II was rediscovered at Oinoanda in 2010. It contains information that Oinoanda was a neokoros city, that is, having a special status in the imperial cult. The article attempts to trace the significance of neokoria and of images in the imperial cult in the fourth century AD, an era of rapid religious change when the Christianity of the emperors and many ordinary people co-existed with deep and widespread pagan traditions that flowed throughout Roman society.
The lowest common denominator between species for teaching behaviors
Authors: Badets Arnaud , Osiurak François
Published: July 2015

We propose that an underestimated albeit fundamental mechanism in teaching behavior is perceptual resonance. With this mechanism, many animals, including humans, are able to learn from each other by sharing and processing relevant events in the environment. For teaching, we suggest a triadic principle involving the teacher, the learner, and the events to be learned from the world.
Clarifying the range of social-cognitive processes subserving human teaching
Authors: Paulus Markus , Kim Sunae , Sodian Beate
Published: July 2015

An evolutionary framework on human teaching is not well equipped to explain the nature of human teaching unless it specifies the subserving cognitive and motivational mechanisms. Only a theory that speculates on the psychological processes provides testable predictions and stimulates further empirical research.
Variations in teaching bring variations in learning
Authors: Koenig Melissa
Published: July 2015

A unified account of teaching such as Kline's can and should accommodate facts about teaching in nonhuman animals and culturally diverse populations. But to benefit from Kline's insights, we need to understand how her taxonomy of teaching maps onto a taxonomy of learning. The crux of the problem for scientists studying humans and nonhumans is to determine not only how different models teach, but how individuals select models, and how they learn differently from different models.
The parental brain: A neural framework for study of teaching in humans and other animals
Authors: Kim Hesun Erin , Torres-Garcia Adrianna , Swain James E.
Published: July 2015

Parenting, conceptualized as a specific form of teaching, may inform mentalistic, culture-based, and functional definitions. Combined brain-imaging, hormone-measurement, and cognitive-behavioral analyses indicate the importance of mentalization circuits. These circuits appear to function according to culture, and cross animal species. Further, these approaches shed light on sex differences through work on fathers as well as mothers, are affected by psychopathology, and may be amenable to treatment in ways that may be applied to optimize teaching.
Models for cognition and emotion: Evolutionary and linguistic considerations
Authors: Montemayor Carlos
Published: July 2015

A central claim in Luiz Pessoa's (2013) book is that the terms “emotion” and “cognition” can be useful in characterizing behaviors but will not be cleanly mapped into brain regions. In order to be verified, this claim requires models for the integration and interfacing of emotion and cognition; yet, such models remain problematic.
The cognitive-emotional brain: Opportunitvnies and challenges for understanding neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Shackman Alexander J. , Fox Andrew S. , Seminowicz David A.
Published: July 2015

Many of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders are marked by prominent disturbances of cognition and emotion. Characterizing the complex neural circuitry underlying the interplay of cognition and emotion is critically important, not just for clarifying the nature of the mind, but also for discovering the root causes of a broad spectrum of debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, and chronic pain.
Strengthening emotion-cognition integration
Authors: Todd Rebecca , Thompson Evan
Published: July 2015

Pessoa's (2013) integrative model of emotion and cognition can be strengthened in two ways: first, by clarification and refinement of key concepts and terminology, and second by the incorporation of an additional key neural system into the model, the locus coeruleus/norepinephrine system.
Precision about the automatic emotional brain
Authors: Vuilleumier Patrik
Published: July 2015

The question of automaticity in emotion processing has been debated under different perspectives in recent years. Satisfying answers to this issue will require a better definition of automaticity in terms of relevant behavioral phenomena, ecological conditions of occurrence, and a more precise mechanistic account of the underlying neural circuits.
Monotonicity results in half-spaces for thep-Laplacian
Authors: Sciunzi Berardino
Published: July 2015

We prove monotonicity properties of positive weak solutions to – Δpu=f(u) in half-spaces for the case in which (2N+ 2)/(N+ 2)
m≥p− 1 and λ > 0.
Error bounds and exponential improvements for the asymptotic expansions of the gamma function and its reciprocal
Authors: Nemes Gergő
Published: July 2015

In 1994 Boyd derived a resurgence representation for the gamma function, exploiting the 1991 reformulation of the method of steepest descents by Berry and Howls. Using this representation, he was able to derive a number of properties of the asymptotic expansion for the gamma function, including explicit and realistic error bounds, the smooth transition of the Stokes discontinuities and asymptotics for the late coefficients. The main aim of this paper is to modify Boyd’s resurgence formula, making it suitable for deriving better error estimates for the asymptotic expansions of the gamma function and its reciprocal. We also prove the exponentially improved versions of these expansions complete with error terms. Finally, we provide new (formal) asymptotic expansions for the coefficients appearing in the asymptotic series and compare their numerical efficacy with the results of earlier authors.
Assessing the trend of HIV/AIDS mortality rate in Asia and North Africa: an application of latent growth models
Authors: ZAYERI F. , TALEBI GHANE E. , BORUMANDNIA N.
Published: July 2015

Over the last 30 years, HIV/AIDS has emerged as a major global health challenge. This study evaluates the change of HIV/AIDS mortality rates in Asian and North African countries from 1990 to 2010 using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. HIV/AIDS mortality rates were derived from the GBD database from 1990 to 2010, for 52 countries in Asia and North Africa. First, a Latent Growth Model was employed to assess the change in AIDS mortality rate over time in six different regions of Asia, and also the change in AIDS mortality rate over time for males and females in Asia and North Africa. Finally, Latent Growth Mixture Models (LGMMs) were applied to identify distinct groups in which countries within each group have similar trends over time. Our results showed that increase in mortality rate over time for males is about three times greater than for females. The highest and lowest trend of AIDS mortality rates were observed in South-East Asia and high-income Asia-Pacific regions, respectively. The LGMM allocated most countries in the South and South-East region into two classes with the highest trend of AIDS mortality rates. Although the HIV/AIDS mortality rates are decreasing in some countries and clusters, the general trend in the Asian continent is upwards. Therefore, it is necessary to provide programmes to achieve the goal of access to HIV prevention measures, treatment, care, and support for high-risk groups, especially in countries with a higher trend of AIDS mortality rates.
A comparison of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus WHO-defined severe pneumonia in Moroccan children
Authors: JROUNDI I. , MAHRAOUI C. , BENMESSAOUD R. , MORALEDA C. , TLIGUI H. , SEFFAR M. , KETTANI S. E. C. EL , BENJELLOUN B. S. , CHAACHO S. , MUÑOZ-ALMAGRO C. , RUIZ J. , ALONSO P. L. , BASSAT Q.
Published: July 2015

Acute respiratory infections remain the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in Moroccan children. Besides bacterial infections, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are prominent among other viruses due to their high prevalence and association with severe clinical episodes. We aimed to describe and compare RSV- and hMPV-associated cases of WHO-defined severe pneumonia in a paediatric population admitted to Morocco's reference hospital. Children aged 2–59 months admitted to the Hôpital d'Enfants de Rabat, Morocco meeting WHO-defined severe pneumonia criteria were recruited during 14 months and thoroughly investigated to ascertain a definitive diagnosis. Viral prevalence of RSV, hMPV and other viruses causing respiratory symptoms was investigated in nasopharyngeal aspirate samples through the use of molecular methods. Of the 683 children recruited and included in the final analysis, 61/683 (8·9%) and 124/683 (18·2%) were infected with hMPV and RSV, respectively. Besides a borderline significant tendency for higher age in hMPV cases, patients infected with either of the viruses behaved similarly in terms of demographics, patient history, past morbidity and comorbidity, vaccination history, socioeconomic background and family environment. Clinical presentation on arrival was also similar for both viruses, but hMPV cases were associated with more severity than RSV cases, had a higher risk of intensive care need, and received antibiotic treatment more frequently. RSV and hMPV are common and potentially life-threatening causes of WHO-defined pneumonia in Moroccan children. Both viruses show indistinctive clinical symptomatology, but in Moroccan children, hMPV was associated with a more severe evolution.
Focus marking asymmetries in Colloquial and Standard French: A stochastic optimality-theoretic account
Authors: DESTRUEL EMILIE
Published: July 2015

This article investigates the grammatical realization of the notion of focus in Colloquial French and Standard French. Based on two production experiments, the article reveals three findings: (i) focus marking is not as categorical as previously acknowledged, (ii) focus marking asymmetry for subjects vs. non-subjects is only supported in CoF and (iii) there is no strict relationship between focus realization and interpretation in either variety. I develop a stochastic optimality-theory analysis, which explains the canonical-cleft sentence alternation in terms of prosody and expands on past literature by accounting for the variation observed both within and across language variety.