bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What We Talk about When We Talk about Beloved
Authors: Franco Dean J.
Published: January 2007

A decade's worth of criticism lauds Beloved for mourning the trauma of American slavery. However, much of this criticism is limited by the boundaries of trauma-theory. Alternatively, an analysis of property-rights in Beloved, focusing on the legal problem of "claiming," demonstrates that claiming is an act of psychical self-possession as well as a formal demand for property rights. Claiming property presupposes but also produces the individual freedom of the one making the claim. We may therefore read Beloved as creating an imperative case for reparations for slavery and Jim Crow segregation, drawing on theories of liberal justice and reconciliation.
Anti-Exodus: Countermemory, Gender, Race, and Everyday Life in Toni Morrison's Paradise
Authors: Hilfrich Carola
Published: January 2007

This article examines the critique of communal politics of life in Paradise focusing upon the two tropes through which Morrison dramatizes the frictions of such politics. On the one hand, she re-invokes the Exodus-trope of African American national politics for her critique of Ruby's racist and patriarchal "covenant of life." On the other hand, she puts forward an Anti-Exodus trope through which, in her sections on the Convent women's practice of everyday life, Patricia Best's use of countermemory, and Piedade's songs, she explores some of the possibilities and risks of a cross-racial, women-centered, and transnational politics of life.
Jazz and the Future Blues: Toni Morrison's Urban Folk Zone
Authors: Scheiber Andrew Joseph
Published: January 2007

Toni Morrison's Jazz represents a significant intervention into an ongoing Black cultural discourse in which the terms blues and jazz are ideologically freighted. Morrison's novel evokes many of the controversies of the Black Aesthetic movement, in which blues was widely regarded as an artifact of an abjured Southern past, and jazz was viewed as an expression of urban-revolutionary modernism. Morrision revisits this argument by placing it in the context of the Black urban diaspora of the early 20th Century, troubling the boundaries between blues and jazz, cultural tradition and innovation, and vernacular and commodity culture.
History on Speed: Media and the Politics of Forgetting in Milan Kundera's Slowness
Authors: Kovacevic Natasa
Published: January 2007

Kundera's Slowness subjects to critique Western media's efforts to police Eastern Europe's communist histories into teleologies of democracy, capitalism, and universal human rights. Slowness highlights these histories' reification through reductive images as it rethinks the very notion of history. Arguing that no historical narrative can disclose past "truths," Slowness resorts to fragmented images of communism, employing the media logic against itself to expose its ideological role in the production of historical master-narratives marketed to vast audiences. While Slowness' communist remembrance cannot access past "truths," it can expose its own marginalization in the present, fruitfully haunting the teleology of globalization.
A Different Kind of Knowledge? Learning Anthropology in the Greek University System
Authors: Bakalaki Alexandra
Published: January 2007

Students drawn to anthropology value it more as a discourse providing a critical perspective on nationalist, ethnocentric representations of Greek society than as a source of knowledge about "others." They appreciate the highly-regarded theoretical discourse of modern anthropology that promises to enlighten them about their "own" society and enable them to assume a cosmopolitan perspective that validates their own modernity and objectifies their distance from underdevelopment and tradition. The teachers of anthropology need to transcend bureaucratic notions such as the cost-effectiveness and marketability of knowledge in order to reclaim teaching as a process that involves them and their students as ethical and political subjects. In addition to turning the attention of students to study other societies and to document diversity in Greece in an effort to redress the problematic conflation of anthropology in Greece with the anthropology of Greece, anthropologists should also combat a tendency among students to "essentialize" cultural differences, to "culturalize" social inequalities that result from exclusionary practices, and to assume that it is natural for anthropologists to seek "others" among the less powerful and privileged.
Post-Soviet Diaspora Politics: The Case of the Soviet Greeks
Authors: Voutira Eftihia A
Published: January 2007

This paper focuses on the emergence of a new, post-Soviet, diaspora: the Greeks of the former Soviet Union (FSU). Although Greeks belong to classical or historical diasporas, their Soviet presence has only recently been formally acknowledged and their diaspora status has of late been recognized by their historical homeland (Greece). The analysis focuses on the politicization of post-Soviet Greek identities after 1991, and on the diaspora's progressive mobilization into corporate groups. Like other former Soviet citizens with claims to an "ethnic European historical homeland," post-Soviet Greeks enter Greece with special rights and privileges concerning membership and belonging. Yet, acquisition of citizenship and acceptance by Greek society remain fraught with bureaucratic and intercultural problems that give rise to various causes of resentment. For some, the process entails mobilizing a culturally bounded "refugee discourse" drawn from experiences following the Lausanne Treaty. For others, it involves negotiating Greekness in the face of an antecedent Russophone identity. A third option is retreat to ethnic enclaves aiming to reconstruct life according to Soviet norms and values; thus, the post-Soviet Greek diaspora functions like a reverse diaspora.
Aesthetic Experience in Everyday Worlds: Reclaiming an Unredeemed Utopian Motif
Authors: Gumbrecht Hans Ulrich
Published: January 2007

Powerful and influential voices in the early 20th century, mainly from the European and American Left, were criticizing the institutional status of "aesthetic autonomy" as a pathological situation and proposing, as a utopian horizon, a fusion between the everyday and aesthetics. Today, in contrast, we are more impressed by the idea of a profound incompatibility between aesthetic experience, on the one side, and everyday life, on the other. This conviction, according to which a difficult-to-achieve exception brings together aesthetic experience and everyday life, is the starting-point for a threefold distinction that this essay will develop. This distinction enumerates three different types of situations in which aesthetic experience can occur under everyday conditions: there are, in the first place, those cases where aesthetic experience seems to impose itself, interrupting the undramatic flow of the everyday; there are, at the opposite end of a range of possibilities, situations where a longstanding familiarity with an object ends up turning into an aesthetic experience; finally, there are those cases where a change of the situational framework under which we experience the everyday seems to occur "behind our back," thus opening up the possibility of aesthetic experience.
Toward a Benjaminian Theory of Dialectial Allegory
Authors: Wilkens Matthew
Published: January 2007

Despite Benjamin's importance to contemporary allegory studies, his understanding of allegory has been widely misconstrued in ways that diminish its applicability to current problems in the field. I attribute this in large part to a failure to integrate his early writings on the subject in The Origin of German Tragic Drama with his later views, expressed in both his writings on Baudelaire and the recently-translated Arcades Project. An examination of this last text in light of the others yields a theory of allegory as a dialectical mode that responds to the destabilization of, or contradiction within, the historically-specific situation from which it emerges. This in turn accounts for the apparent contradictions between Benjamin's several treatments of the topic, each of which considers a unique moment of cultural production.
Retained and Introduced Final Consonants in Vitu
Authors: Berg RenÃ© van den , Bachet Peter
Published: January 2007

In this article we present data on final consonants in Vitu, a Western Oceanic language spoken in West New Britain (PNG). Although Vitu has as a rule lost Proto-Oceanic final consonants, we show that such consonants still emerge in nouns that are inalienably possessed. Surprisingly, a number of nouns that ended in a vowel in Proto-Oceanic also show a final consonant in Vitu. The reason for the introduction of these consonants is unclear.
Is There Pasif Semu in Jakarta Indonesian?
Authors: Cole Peter , Hermon Gabriella , Tjung Yassir
Published: January 2007

This paper examines whether pasif semu (P2), one of two passives in Standard Indonesian, exists in Jakarta Indonesian. In P2 in Standard Indonesian the verb appears in bare stem form, the theme has been promoted to surface subject, but—unlike European-style passives—the actor has not been demoted to adjunct. This is to be contrasted with the di-passive (P1), in which di- is prefixed to the verb, the theme is promoted to surface subject, and the agent is demoted to adjunct. Standard Indonesian is to a large extent an artificial language, the creation of language planners rather than of its speakers. In contrast, Jakarta Indonesian is the native language of the natives of Jakarta, and, through the influence of TV, movies, and radio, is heard with ever greater frequency throughout Indonesia. In our study (drawn from a variety of corpora), a clear contrast is seen between child and child directed speech, on the one hand, and adult to adult speech, on the other. P2 is essentially nonexistent in the former but exists robustly in the latter. We argue that child speech and child directed adult speech represent basilectal Jakarta Indonesian, in which P2 has been lost, and that the adult to adult corpora represent a mesolectal variety of Jakarta Indonesian that shows a number of influences from Standard Indonesian not found in the child and child directed corpora.
On the Edge of Grammar: Discourse Particles in Niuean
Authors: Massam Diane , Starks Donna , Ikiua Ofania
Published: January 2007

This paper provides a first examination of discourse particles in Niuean, a Polynesian language of the Tongic subgroup, using data from interviews from the Pasifika Languages of Manukau project. Although there has been some research on grammatical particles in Niuean, there has been little or no reference to the structure and function of discourse particles. We provide an initial framework for categorizing the various types of discourse particles in the language, and give a preliminary account of the function of two affirmative discourse particles, haia and mitaki.
Reference Point Constructions, the Underspecification of Meaning, and the Conceptual Structure of Palauan er
Authors: Smith Michael B.
Published: January 2007

The Palauan grammatical morpheme er is a preposition-like word whose wide variety of uses seem unrelated to each other and whose semantic function (if any) is obscure. Reminiscent of English of in signifying an intrinsic relation between two entities, the meaning of er appears to be even more schematic and context dependent. It is argued that er's basic conceptual structure, and therefore its meaning, resides in its designation of an abstract reference point construction in which its object serves as a reference point with respect to which other entities (either things or relations) are construed to be located in some kind of physical or abstract domain. Consequently, the meaning of er is highly schematic and underspecified. Its apparently unrelated senses are related to each other in reflecting instantiations of this construction when construed against different backgrounds in particular contexts.
Medical Electricity and Madness in the 18th Century: the legacies of Benjamin Franklin and Jan Ingenhousz
Authors: Beaudreau Sherry Ann , Finger Stanley
Published: January 2007

Benjamin Franklin had at least two accidents that resulted in electricity passing through his brain. In addition, he witnessed a patient's similar accident and performed an experiment that showed how humans could endure shocks to the head without serious ill effects, other than amnesia. Jan Ingenhousz, Franklin's Dutch-born medical correspondent better known for his discovery of photosynthesis, also had a serious accident that sent electricity though his head and, in a letter to Franklin, he described how he felt unusually elated the next day. During the 1780s, Franklin and Ingenhousz encouraged leading French and English electrical "operators" to try shocking the heads of melancholic and other deranged patients in their wards. Although they did not state that they were responding to Ingenhousz's and Franklin's suggestions, Birch, Aldini, and Gale soon did precisely what Ingenhousz and Franklin had suggested. These practitioners did not appear to induce convulsions in their mentally ill patients, but they still reported notable successes.
The Rise and Demise of a Collection of Human Fetuses at Mount Holyoke College
Authors: Morgan Lynn Marie
Published: January 2007

When I found myself at the center of a controversy over the disposition of an old collection of human fetal specimens at Mount Holyoke College, I was motivated to explore the historical transformation that turned embryo collecting for research and pedagogical purposes from a noble to a disparaged practice, and dead fetuses from prized anatomical specimens to ugly, anomalous entities. Using Linda Layne's analysis of the literal and symbolic erasure of dead fetuses from American cultural discourse, this article examines the shifting circumstances that once encouraged the collection of fetal specimens but that now mandate their disappearance. Using Mount Holyoke as a case study, it describes the scientific logic and specific social exchange networks that led to the acquisition of hundreds of fetal specimens in the first half of the 20th century. It also examines the factors—including changes in biology education, concerns about handling hazardous fixatives, and especially the prominence of beautified and lifelike fetal images consistent with the so-called "culture of life"—that prompt the dissolution and demise of human embryo and fetal collections.
Cosmetic Psychopharmacology and the President's Council on Bioethics
Authors: Cerullo Michael A
Published: January 2007

Advances in neuroscience and biotechnology have heightened the urgency of the debate over "cosmetic psychopharmacology," the use of drugs to enhance mood and temperament in the absence of illness. Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness (2003), the report of the President's Council on Bioethics, has criticized the use of cosmetic psychopharmacology. The Council claimed that cosmetic psychopharmacology will necessarily lead to "severing the link between feelings of happiness and our actions and experiences in the world," but it provided no satisfactory arguments to support this claim and ignored the possibility that cosmetic psychopharmacology might actually enhance the link between happiness and experience. The Council's arguments against cosmetic psychopharmacology depend heavily on the mistaken belief that Prozac and similar antidepressants are mood brighteners in healthy subjects. The empirical evidence, however, clearly indicates that these drugs are not forms of cosmetic psychopharmacology, thus negating much of the Council's arguments. The use of pharmaceutical agents to enhance mood or personality in normal individuals should not be rejected a priori. Instead, the effects of each agent on the individual and on society must be weighed using sound ethical reasoning and the best evidence available.
The Politics of Pathology: How Obesity Became an Epidemic Disease
Authors: Oliver J. Eric
Published: January 2007

Americans' recent weight gains have been widely described as an "obesity epidemic." Such a characterization, however, has many problems: the average American weight gain has been relatively low (eight to 12 pounds over the last 20 years), and the causal linkages between adiposity, morbidity, and mortality are unclear. Nevertheless, the media and numerous health officials continue to sound dire warnings that obesity has become an epidemic disease. In this article, I examine how and why America's growing weight became an "obesity epidemic." I find the disease characterization has less to do with the health consequences of excess weight and more with the various financial and political incentives of the weight loss industry, medical profession, and public health bureaucracy. This epidemic image was also assisted by the method of displaying information about weight gain with maps in PowerPoint slides. Such characterizations, I argue, are problematic. Given the inconclusive scientific evidence and the absence of a safe and effective weight loss regimen, calling America's growing weight an epidemic disease is likely to cause more harm than good.
The Tiantai Roots of DÅgen's Philosophy of Language and Thought
Authors: Spackman John
Published: January 2007

Many recent studies of DÅgen have rightly emphasized that for DÅgen language and thought are capable of expressing the buddha dharma. But they have not recognized that this positive assessment of language rests on an underlying critique of the prevalent commonsense view that language functions by representing an independent reality. Focusing on DÅgen's use of apparently paradoxical language, it is suggested that in order to understand this critique we need to trace it back to its roots in the interpretation of Madhyamaka given by the Tiantai thinker Zhiyi.
Fair Use or Exploitation? The Google Book Search Controversy
Authors: Baksik Corinna
Published: January 2007

The Google Book Search Library Project, in which millions of books from libraries will be scanned and made searchable on the Web, has led to controversy and legal action. Publishers are suing Google for copyright infringement, while Google claims their use falls under the fair use privilege of the Copyright Act. An overview of the library project is followed by an examination of the controversy and a look at the beta program in practice.
Migration and Violent Conflict in Mindanao
Authors: Tigno Jorge V
Published: January 2007

The contemporary conflict situation embedded in the social fabric of Mindanao in the southern part of the Philippines is rooted in the historical, systematic, and collective marginalisation and minoritisation of the indigenous Filipino Muslims or Moros and native Lumad peoples. This paper argues that the minoritisation of the erstwhile indigenous and majority Moros as well as the non-Christian and non-Muslim Lumads of Mindanao was the result of a series of deliberate programs to voluntarily resettle or repopulate the area with predominantly Christian migrants from Luzon and the Visayas (i.e., the northern and central parts of the country, respectively). This numerical domination of the indigenous Moro (and Lumad) minorities by nonindigenous (and predominantly Christian) settlers was exacerbated by (and may have in fact produced the conditions for) economic deprivation of the indigenous Moro and Lumad peoples.

The paper also argues that the armed and violent conflict in Mindanao has led to large-scale and involuntary out-migration (particularly from the areas of direct and heavy conflict) mainly in the form of human displacements and movements (primarily involving Moros and Lumads who are non-combatants) out of the conflict zones. This paper illustrates the dynamics of how conflict situations interface with human migratory flows. More specifically, it makes the observation that the conflict in Mindanao is rooted in the voluntary inmigration to the area which eventually led to the minoritisation of the indigenous Moro and Lumad peoples. Moreover, as a consequence of the conflict, there has been a large-scale and involuntary movement outward or away from the conflict areas.
"Modern Slaves": The Liberian Labor Crisis and the Politics of Race and Class
Authors: Putnam Aric
Published: January 2007

During the 1920s the government of Liberia sanctioned labor practices that many people considered similar to slavery. Black journalist and novelist George S. Schuyler visited Liberia to explore the Liberian labor situation, and his experiences there inspired him to write a novel, Slaves Today: A Story of Liberia. In this essay I argue that this novel provides a literary window into the politics of black identity in the early years of the Great Depression. Slaves Today illustrates how black workers around the globe endure the dehumanizing bureaucracies of the bourgeoisie and the imposition of racial thinking into their daily lives, both of which create static cultural spaces that deny the progressive potential of modernity. The novel's protagonist, Zo, embodies the ability to navigate the constraints of class and race and personifies the agency of an empowered African Diaspora. I conclude that the novel's construction of a pan-African hero evinces an evolving black voice in the politics of white supremacy and the administration of U.S. foreign policy.
Poetry and Metamorphosis in the OF Piramus et Tisbe
Authors: Murray Kathleen Sarah-Jane
Published: January 2007

This article examines the processes underlying the translation of Ovid by the author of the Old French Piramus et Tisbé poem (ca. 1150). In particular, I show through a close examination of the poem that Piramus et Tisbé is a carefully and artfully crafted piece, whose author explored and applied the rhetorico-poetic techniques he had learned in school to shed light upon his ancient source. As such, the Old French Piramus et Tisbé constitutes not only a translation, but also a sort of poetic commentary (or gloss) on Ovid, and provides us with a valuable insight into the process of vernacular reading and rewriting that Marie de France, in the Prologue to the Lais (ca. 1165), will refer to as "gloser la lettre."
Feminizing National Memory: Mossadegh, Milani and The Hidden Half
Authors: Scullion Rosemarie
Published: January 2007

This essay calls attention to the historical critique formulated by Iranian feminist filmmaker Tamineh Milani in her 2001 film The Hidden Half. The film calls attention to the interplay of history and national memory in its recall of the repression to which secular forces were subjected as they attempted to assert themselves in the earlier period of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979. In evoking this now forgotten moment in the revolution that deposed the Pahlavi dynasty, Milani illuminates a dimension of national political life that is now largely hidden from historical sight, one in which women and other progressive-minded sectors of Iranian society struggled for a different future than that envisioned by their theocratic foes. Milani further conjures the memory of the 1953 coup that deposed Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh, an earlier moment of upheaval that Milani evokes in her effort to accord a central symbolic place to women in her cinematic recall of two decisive moments in Iran's fraught national past.
Re-Configuring Early Modern Friendship: Katherine Philips and Homoerotic Desire
Authors: Andreadis Harriette
Published: January 2007

This essay examines anew Katherine Philips's considerable debt to the discourse of male friendship so pervasive in early modern translations of the classics and in the English treatises derived from them. That debt is apparent in the ideology of the union of the souls of friends—in the notion of soul fusion—that animates her poetry and in the friendships memorialized in her letters to "Berenice" and Sir Charles Cotterell. The essay argues that Philips was committed to bringing the precepts of male friendship into her own eroticized friendships with women and that she sought to create among her own circle of friends the same kinds of networks of chosen kinship that were traditionally available to men.
The Castrato's Castration
Authors: King Thomas Alan
Published: January 2007

Arguments that English fascination with operatic castrati indicates a crisis in gender relations assume that masculinity rests on a foundation (the "sexed body") equally available to all male-born individuals prior to the particular situations in which they encounter each other. How the castrati sounded to their audiences cannot be considered independently of the relations (spatial, political, economic, erotic) his voice could signify. Contemporary satires of castrati remark a struggle between the public representativeness of the courtly aristocracy and the emergent publicness of propertied, private men. "Gender" performs men's membership in a public sphere enabled by opposition to operatic effeminacy.
"Dear Dicky," "Dear Dick," "Dear Friend," "Dear Shackleton": Edmund Burke's Love for Richard Shackleton
Authors: O'Donnell Katherine
Published: January 2007

This article shows how poetry and letters that Edmund Burke wrote to Richard Shackleton remain a testament to the young Burke's remarkably perverse reaction to heterosexual intercourse and marriage and give a moving record of his passion for Shackleton, a passion whose delight, intensity, heart-break, anxiety, jealousy, and masochism, exceeded the decorum of friendship as it was understood in eighteenth-century British culture. The article contextualizes Burke's passion for Dick in terms of the heritage of same-sex sworn friendships common in seventeenth-century English Catholic culture and proposes that this tradition is a useful context for understanding Burke given that he spent his boyhood among his mother's family, the Nagles of North Cork. We might read this up-bringing among the traditional society of the Catholic, Jacobite, crypto-aristocratic Nagles as resulting in the young Burke operating within a traditional understanding of same-sex sworn friendship that was out of step with the conception of what love meant and how it might be expressed between men in mid-eighteenth-century Britain. The shifting ground of male homosocial society of eighteenth-century Britain was increasingly more limited in expressions of love allowed between men.
Recent Studies in the Restoration and Eighteenth Century
Authors: Wall Cynthia
Published: January 2007

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of the Restoration and Eighteenth Century and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
Clough, Arnold, BÃ©ranger, and the Legacy of 1848
Authors: Phelan J. P. (Joseph P.)
Published: January 2007

Though almost completely forgotten now, the French songwriter and poet Pierre-Jean de Béranger enjoyed enormous popularity in both France and Britain for much of the nineteenth century. This study examines the divergent responses to Béranger in the work of Matthew Arnold and his friend and rival Arthur Hugh Clough. Arnold's initial enthusiasm for the French poet is followed by rejection of him and the ethos he represents in the wake of the revolution of 1848; Clough, in contrast, continues to see in Béranger's popular, radical, and "licentious" poetry a valuable alternative to the dominant values of Victorian Britain.
Speculations on Shakespearean Cinematic Liveness
Authors: Osborne Laurie E
Published: January 2007

In order to work with and critique the evolving relationship between films of staged Shakespeare and Shakespearean "feature" films, we must engage the issues raised by the intersection of performative "liveness" that depends upon the potential of reproducibility and the ephemeral present life often posited as the precondition of performance. The shift presently occurring between media forms brings this conflict into particularly sharp focus because such remediations call into question the reproduction of stage performance and register anew a history of encoding "liveness." This article examines four filmed stage productions in the Broadway Theatre Archive: ( Much Ado about Nothing (1972 -- New York Film Festival); King Lear (1974 - New York Shakespeare Festival/James Earl Jones); The Taming of the Shrew (1976 - San Francisco Repertory Theatre); and Hamlet (1990 - New York Shakespeare Festival/Kevin Kline). While the filmed productions of the 1970s should and do differ from the 1990 Hamlet and later television productions, the more intriguing discovery concerns how the weaknesses and strengths in the representation/invocation of "liveness" throughout these productions extend our understanding of how stage production might affect cinematic recording as significantly as cinema influences staging. Following William Uricchio's insistence that we should address pivotal issues in theorizing new "media historical practice", the article explores the filmed stage production in terms of what Uricchio calls "intermedial redefinition of media. As the techniques that register "liveness" evolve (or perhaps oscillate), so, too, it argues, does the viewer's contextual understanding of the many filmed Shakespeares, recreating as well as reproducing Shakespearean performance.
Staging the 'Lock-out' Scene in the Folio Comedy of Errors
Authors: Cartwright Kent
Published: January 2007

Act three, scene one of The Comedy of Errors presents a problem for directors: a considerable amount of dialogue must, it appears, be spoken through a locked door. This essay looks at the play's editorial history, as well as clues from contemporary stagecraft, to construct the most likely and most practical solution on the standard Elizabethan stage. Among the matters which must be considered are Dromio of Syracuse's "exit" at the end of the previous scene (when in fact he must remain present in some capacity); the nature of the door or "gate" through which characters must speak (simply the stage door or a more elaborate construction? Fitted with a grille or a hatch?); and the positioning of Syracusan Dromio, Luce the servant, and Adriana (all meant to be within the house) which best allows for clarity of space, efficiency of comic dialogue, and the continued near-misses of recognition that buoy the play along to its dénouement. The solutions arrived at here create a theatrical moment that is simultaneously paradoxical and triumphantly Shakespearean, imaginatively interpenetrating the outside and inside spaces, with the audience as co-creator of the illusion.
Third Time Lucky: Playing All the Suitors in The Merchant of Venice
Authors: Staines Christopher
Published: January 2007

This article offers an account of an actor's preparation to play multiple roles in a production of  The Merchant of Venice. Presented by Actors from the London Stage (AFTLS) in universities around the USA in 2006, the play was staged and performed by five actors. The article focuses on the challenge of playing all three of Portia's suitors: Bassanio, the Prince of Morocco, and the Prince of Arragon, and the insights the interplay of these roles affords. The need effectively to differentiate the characterization of the three suitors highlighted for the actor the ways in which the roles are defined against each other, and how the errors of the Princes of Morocco and Arragon frame the space that Bassanio must fill. Looking beyond the way in which the roles are balanced structurally, the actor describes in detail the process of exploding oversimplified notions of good winners and bad losers, grappling with the racially coded presentations of the Princes of Morocco and Arragon that the text prompts while mining the ambiguities and discrepancies in Bassanio's behaviour. Through an in-depth consideration of the use of physicality, costume, comedy and vocal delivery, the article ultimately seeks to demonstrate the inherent performative nature of Shakespeare's text, the challenges and benefits of performing the play through the prism of multiple roles, and specifically the rewards of exploring traditionally 'two-dimensional' characters and how the experience of playing the unfortunate suitors added deeper resonance to the unfolding of Bassanio's fortunes.
Teaching "the Stubborn and Rebellious Son": Orthophagy, Adolescence, and Jewish Education
Authors: Mendelsohn Aviv Dan
Published: January 2007

Through the examination of the "stubborn and rebellious son" (Deuteronomy 21) and later rabbinic understandings and resolution of this case, Mendelsohn Aviv expounds an alternative pedagogy that integrates classical perspectives with more recent research on adolescent behavior and embodied learning. Jewish tradition touts numerous examples of what Mendelsohn Aviv calls orthophagy or "right eating"-which not only reflects divine commandment (as in the case of dietary laws), but also attests to a person's wisdom and scholarly stature. Moreover, orthophagy lays the groundwork for orthopraxy, or "right doing." In other words, eating right is a lesson in and for doing right.
The Acoustic Culture of Yiddish
Authors: Kelman Ari
Published: January 2007

This essay examines the acoustics of Yiddish and the ways in which Yiddish signifies beyond the boundaries of formal Yiddish speech and language. Pursuing the extra-linguistic ways in which Yiddish circulates opens up new opportunities for engagement in Jewish culture. To be sure, listeners need speakers, but redirecting the focus of Yiddish culture from speakers and writers to listeners validates the importance of listening within a Jewish context and begins to explore the terrain of listening as a distinct and important cultural practice.
Why Don't You See What I Mean? Prospects and Limitations of Current Automatic Sign Recognition Research
Authors: Holt Gineke ten , Hendriks Petra , Andringa Tjeerd
Published: January 2007

This article presents an overview of current automatic sign recognition research. A review of recent studies, as well as on our own research, has identified several problem areas that hamper successful sign recognition by a computer. Some of these problems are shared with automatic speech recognition, whereas others seem to be unique to automatic sign recognition. These latter difficulties include context dependency, determination of the basic units of modeling, the ability to distinguish between signs and gestures, movement epenthesis, and repetition within signs. As a possible solution to these problems, bottom-up processing should perhaps be supplemented with top-down processing.
Bright Celestial: Progress in the Political Thought of Tan Teck Soon
Authors: Doran Christine
Published: January 2007

Tan Teck Soon was an influential Chinese scholar who contributed to the reformist impulse within the Chinese community in Singapore around the turn of the 20th century. This article calls attention to the importance of Tan's work, which has been comparatively neglected by historians. It examines the nature of Tan's political thought and provides a detailed analysis of two significant articles which were markers of his political development. The article emphasizes the salience of concepts of progress in Tan's thinking, and charts the radicalization of his political ideas during the first decade of the 20th century.
Culture and Technology in Spain: From Philosophical Analysis to STS
Authors: Mitcham Carl , Bautista Bengoetxea Juan
Published: January 2007

Spain is becoming the source of a number of scholarly engagements between culture and technology that run the gamut from analytic philosophy to postmodernist activism. These appear in publications that rival those of almost any other country and reflect the great diversity of modern Spain. Unfortunately, these engagements are often underappreciated by English-speaking readers. The present essay uses both geography and methodology to describe this emerging body of work, while acknowledging the simplifications and overlaps inherent in any survey.
Still Visible
Authors: Usselman Steven W
Published: January 2007

Alfred D. Chandler's The Visible Hand remains a vibrant force in contemporary intellectual life. Born in the heady atmosphere of the so-called American Century, when faith in the powers of bureaucratic administration and large technical systems ran high, the work endures as a transcendent analysis of the nature of modern capitalism. Its provocative assertions regarding the signal importance of technological innovation in promoting organizational change and economic efficiency have stimulated productive controversy since the book's appearance in 1977. They acquire newfound significance in light of recent changes in telecommunications technologies and business organization.
Adolf Cluss, Architect: From Germany to America--Shaping a Capital City Worthy of a Republic
Authors: Wermiel Sara E
Published: January 2007

The exhibit, "Adolf Cluss, Architect: From Germany to America: Shaping a Capital City Worthy of a Republic," portrays the life and work of the German-American architect, Adolf Cluss (1825–1905). Cluss designed many important buildings in Washington, D.C. from the 1860s to the 1890s; they were functionally state-of-the-art and stylistically picturesque. He also worked as a civil engineer for the city. Most of his buildings, along with the red-brick city they helped to shape, have disappeared. Held in a beautifully renovated, former school that Cluss designed, the exhibit was attractive and informative. But to really learn about Cluss, his work, and Washington during his lifetime, one should read the excellent book of essays that accompanies the exhibit.
What Are We Doing Wrong?
Authors: Larson John Lauritz
Published: January 2007

Beginning as a review essay of Peter L. Bernstein's Wedding of the Waters, this brief piece asks why publishers continue to favor derivative books by journalists and popularizers while strangling the flow of capital into the genuine scholarship on which such glosses depend. In addition to Bernstein's account of the Erie Canal, Larson references various other works on American canals, steamboats, railroads, slavery, and Founding Fathers. At issue is the future of academic scholarship if the book publishers all abandon monographic studies and focus their energies and resources on the same narrow class of Barnes and Noble blockbusters. Where will original researchers find an outlet? Where will popularizers find grist for their mills?
"Like a chained man's bruise": The Mediated Body in Eight Songs for a Mad King and Anatomy Theater
Authors: Cesare T. Nikki
Published: January 2007

Through an analysis of two recent productions by the New York–based new-music group the International Contemporary Ensemble, this article considers the means by which the mediated body, technologically and otherwise, enables a reimagination of the relationships between traditional theatre, contemporary music, and music theatre. A new production of Sir Peter Maxwell Davies's 1969 Eight Songs for a Mad King, in which the King's image is projected onto a video screen in real-time, and a workshop of composer David Lang and artist Mark Dion's recent collaborative project, Anatomy Theater (2005), in which a hanged woman's body is publicly dissected in an eighteenth-century English dissection theatre, both move toward a means to consider the theatricalization of the musical body onstage and the blurring of genres within technologically mediated live performance.
Hyperread: Children's Literature, CD-ROMs, and the New Literacy
Authors: Clark Dorothy Goldbart
Published: January 2007

Clark addresses what happens to Children's Literature when selected texts are adapted to digital format. She provides an introduction to new media theory and its effect on the narrative experience, advances the elements of a theoretical framework for understanding the movement of Children's Literature texts to hypertext and hypermedia, and applies this to an analysis of children's print text adaptations. The analysis focuses on three new media texts, in CD-I and CD-ROM formats published by Philips Media, of three popular children's print texts: the first is Aesop's Fables and the subsequent two were created in conjunction with the series' authors of The Berenstain Bears and The Baby-sitters' Club. The examination integrates digital theory into a description of the technical and analytic processes that aided the transformation of these children's books.
Specifying seawall crest levels using a probabilistic method
Authors: Reis M. T. , Hedges T. S. , Williams A. , Keating K.
Published: January 2007

Probabilistic methods provide a powerful framework for the design of coastal defences. However, present knowledge of the behaviour of these structures is insufficient to permit a full assessment of their safety. It is possible to assess their safety against specific types of failure, such as excessive overtopping by wave action. However, the choice of overtopping model used to describe the failure is crucial to the outcome of the assessment. The paper illustrates the different results obtained from two models used to describe wave overtopping. The models are implemented in a software package known as PARASODE-BALI which employs the Level II First Order Reliability Method (FORM) for the design and safety assessment of coastal structures. For large overtopping discharges relevant to structural safety, the two overtopping models provide similar results. However, the differences are much greater for the small discharges commonly required to ensure the safety of people and property in urban areas.
Causes of beach lowering at Dunbar, Eastern Scotland, UK
Authors: Pontee N. I.
Published: January 2007

This paper reviews the causes for falling beach levels at Dunbar East Beach. Beach widths and levels at East Beach have decreased since at least 1960, coinciding with the deterioration of a groyne and the installation of sewerage pipes. However, in addition to the work carried out at East Beach there have been changes in the wind climate. First, there has been a general increase in wind speeds from 1957 to 1996. Second, from 1987 to 1996, there has been an increase in the frequency of the mean Beaufort class from north-north-west to north-east directions, coupled with a decrease in the frequency of winds from the north-east to east-south-east. If these changes in wind have caused similar changes in the wave climate, then they could have produced an increased south-easterly (and possibly offshore) movement of material on East Beach, coupled with a decreased north-westerly movement. This would have produced a net loss of material from East Beach. The dilapidated state of the groyne may have facilitated this loss. A rise in relative sea level may also have contributed to increased sediment loss, especially in conjunction with the presence of a sea wall at the back of the beach. The relevance of these findings for other areas suffering from erosion is discussed.
Meeting report: Emerging technologies for monitoring the coastal zone
Authors: Spratt A.
Published: January 2007

There is a growing recognition of the value of monitoring coastal processes for nature conservation and coastal defence management purposes, particularly in light of future climate change impacts. Allied to the need for effective coastal monitoring is a realisation that new technologies can make a significant contribution to monitoring programmes both in terms of accuracy and cost efficiency. ICE's ‘Emerging technologies for monitoring the coastal zone’ conference, as reported in this paper, reviewed a variety of innovative technologies to assess how they may best be used in future coastal monitoring programmes.
Field Testing, Refinement, and Psychometric Evaluation of a New Measure of Nursing Home Care Quality
Authors: Rantz Marilyn J. , Zwygart-Stauffacher Mary , Mehr David R. , Petroski Gregory F. , Owen Steven V. , Madsen Richard W. , Flesner Marcia , Conn Vicki , Bostick Jane , Smith Robyn , Maas Meridean
Published: January 2007

The primary aim of this NINR-NIH–funded field test in 407 nursing homes in 3 states was to complete the development of and conduct psychometric testing for theObservable Indicators of Nursing Home Care Quality Instrument (Observable Indicators, OIQ).The development of theOIQwas based on extensive qualitative and iterative quantitative work that described nursing home care quality and did initial validity and reliability field testing of the instrument in 123 nursing homes in 1 state. The scale is meant for researchers, consumers, and regulators interested in directly observing and quickly evaluating (within 30 minutes of observation) the multiple dimensions of care quality in nursing homes. After extensive testing in this study, theObservable Indicatorsinstrument has been reduced to 30 reliable and discriminating items that have a conceptually coherent hierarchical factor structure that describes nursing home care quality. Seven first-order factors group together into two second-order factors of Structure (includes Environment: Basics and Odors) and Process (includes Care Delivery, Grooming, Interpersonal Communication, Environment: Access, and Environment: Homelike) that are classic constructs of Quality, which was the third-order factor. Internal consistency reliability for the 7 first-order factors ranged from .77 to .93. Construct validity analyses revealed an association between survey citations and every subscale as well as the total score of theOIQinstrument. Known groups analysis revealed expected trends in theOIQscores. TheObservable Indicatorsinstrument as a whole shows acceptable interrater and test-retest reliabilities, and strong internal consistency. Scale subscales show acceptable reliability as well. Generalizability Theory analyses revealed that dependability of scores can be improved by including a second site observer, or by revisiting a site. There is a small additional benefit from increasing observers or visits beyond two.
Heterostructured Visible‐Light‐Active Photocatalyst of Chromia‐Nanoparticle‐Layered Titanate
Authors: Kim T. W. , Hur S. G. , Hwang S.‐J. , Park H. , Choi W. , Choy J.‐H.
Published: January 2007

An efficient visible‐light active photocatalyst of porous CrOx–Ti1.83O4 nanohybrid with a 1:1 type ordered heterostructure is synthesized through a hybridization between a chromia cluster and exfoliated titanate nanosheets. The present nanohybrids are found to have a large surface area (ca. 250–310 m2 g–1) and an intense absorption of visible light, ascribable, respectively, to the formation of a porous structure and the hybridization of titanate with narrow‐bandgap chromium oxide. After the calcination at 400 °C, the nanohybrid shows an enhanced photocatalytic activity to effectively decompose organic compounds under the irradiation of visible light (λ > 420 nm). The present study highlights the exfoliation–restacking route as a very powerful way to develop efficient visible‐light‐harvesting photocatalysts with excellent thermal stability.