bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HELMINTHS OF MICROTINAE IN WESTERN MONTANA
Authors: Kinsella John M.
Published: August 2008

Seventeen species of helminths were found in 134 voles of 5 species (Phenacomys intermedius, Clethrionomys gapperi, Microtus longicaudus, Microtus montanus, Microtus pennsylvanicus) collected in 1964 and 1965 in western Montana. Ten new records for North America and 26 new records for Montana were recorded. Seasonal patterns of infection were noted in Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis and Paranoplocephala infrequens. The taxonomy of the nematode Heligmosomum dubius (Baylis, 1926) Tenora, 1958 was discussed. The first record of Aspiculuris tetraptera in. microitne rodents and the second record of Pelodera sp. in the orbits of North American rodents were reported. A high frequency of mixed infections of the digestive tract was found, usually accompanied by a pronounced stratification of the helminths within the tract.
AN ELECTRONIC METHOD FOR COUNTING LOBSTER (HOMARUS AMERICANUS MILNE EDWARDS) HEMOCYTES AND THE INFLUENCE OF DIET ON HEMOCYTE NUMBERS AND HEMOLYMPH PROTEINS
Authors: Stewart James E. , Cornick John W. , Dingle J. R.
Published: August 2008

A salt solution plus Tween 80 maintained at pH 7.6 was shown to be capable of preserving lobster hemolymph cells (hemocytes) and plasma and to have a conductivity suitable for the application of an electronic particle counter to the counting of hemocytes. A comparison of the visual and electronic counting methods showed excellent agreement. The correlation coefficient between hemocyte counts obtained by the two methods was 0.985. The electronic counting method was found to be more precise, accurate, and rapid than the visual method. Application of the counting method to lobsters held captive showed that the hemocyte levels as well as the hemolymph protein levels were intimately related to diet and, to a lesser degree, temperature. The use of these measurements as indices of the nutritional adequacy of a diet appears to be warranted. Quantitative electrophoretic measurements showed that the percentage reduction in plasma proteins was approximately equal for the three major components which together represent approximately 98% of the total hemolymph proteins.
ADAPTATION OF WHITE MICE (MUS MUSCULUS) TO REPEATED COOLING
Authors: Ogilvie David M.
Published: August 2008

The effects, on the body temperature of white mice, of repeated short exposures to cold were investigated using two methods of restraint. Animals held in a flattened posture became hypothermic at room temperature, cooled more than five times as fast at −10 °C as mice that could adopt a heat-conserving posture, and continued to cool for some time after they were removed from the cold. With repeated tests, cooling at room temperature decreased, and an improvement in re warming ability was observed. In addition, with lightly restrained mice, the fall in rectal temperature during cold exposure showed a progressive decrease, a phenomenon not observed with severely restrained animals.
HERPYLLOBIUS ELONGATA N.SP. AND OTHER HERPYLLOBIIDS (PARASITIC COPEPODS) FROM THE COASTAL WATERS OF SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA AND NORTHERN WASHINGTON
Authors: Lützen J.
Published: August 2008

A new species, Herpyllobius elongata (Family Herpyllobiidae, parasitic cope-pods on polynoid worms), is described. Three females were found on Hololepidella tuta (Grube) from Fulford Harbour, Saltspring Island, British Columbia. The species seems most closely related to H. polynoes (Krøyer), but deviates from all other herpyllobiids by having the stalk in continuation of the body axis, and not perpendicular to the horizontal plane through the ectosoma. The male is unknown. Descriptions and records from the waters of southern British Columbia – northern Washington are also given for two other species, H. haddoni Lützen and H. polynoes (Krøyer).
SEASONAL EFFECTS OF PROLACTIN ON FRESHWATER OSMOREGULATION OF THE MARINE FORM (TRACHURUS) OF THE STICKLEBACK GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS
Authors: Lam T. J. , Hoar W. S.
Published: August 2008

Effects of prolactin on plasma and urine osmolalities of winter and late-spring sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) were studied at intervals following transfer from seawater to fresh water. Winter fish injected with the solvent of prolactin (control), when transferred into fresh water, showed a significant drop in plasma osmolality and excreted only slightly hypoosmotic urine. Prolactin injections reduced significantly the drop in plasma osmolality and enabled the fish to excrete highly hypoosmotic urine. Late-spring fish injected with the solvent of prolactin (control) showed, when transferred into fresh water, patterns of changes of plasma and urine osmolalities not significantly different from those of prolactin-injected winter fish. Prolactin injections in this case did not produce significant effects. The data suggest a seasonal variation in prolactin secretion associated with migration from salt to fresh water.
AN ANALYSIS OF BLACKBIRD FLOCK FEEDING BEHAVIOR
Authors: Dyer M. I.
Published: August 2008

Field and sweet corn crop sites were examined for damage caused by red-winged blackbirds in southwestern Ontario during the summer of 1964 and the results have been interpreted in view of bird activity. Three transects were made to assess field corn damage and these data showed high corn damage near marsh roosts with sporadic damage and reduced levels away from the roosts. Information from two sweet corn fields indicated that birds did not feed randomly within each field. Data from the field corn samples supported this observation and a logarithmic relationship between the number of ears damaged and the amount of food consumed was established. Thus it is suggested that once a flock of birds established a feeding site there was a tendency toward faithfulness to this feeding area as long as the flock remained in the locality.
EARLY MORTALITY AND THE REGULATION OF NUMBERS IN BLUE GROUSE
Authors: Zwickel Fred C. , Bendell James F.
Published: August 2008

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the level of summer mortality in young blue grouse is determined by the condition of the hen, as a reflection of her summer range, and that this mortality, in turn, determines the level of subsequent autumn and spring densities.Early mortality was studied in a series of field and aviary comparisons of chicks on, or from, two areas of Vancouver Island that were in different stages of vegetative succession following logging and burning. No differences were found in the survival of young between areas, but differences were found between years. There were always sufficient young produced into autumn to replace annual losses in the breeding population.The major conclusions are: (1) early mortality varied between years but not between different habitat types or areas with different breeding densities, (2) variations in early mortality between years appeared to be a result of undetermined parental influences which acted before laying, and (3) this mortality did influence autumn numbers, but was not involved in the regulation of spring numbers.
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR AND BIOLOGY OF THE GALL-FORMER ACIURINA FERRUGINEA (DOANE) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A.
Published: August 2008

Eggs of Aciurina ferruginea are laid in the sticky exudate covering the axillary buds of Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. After the egg overwinters, the larva enters the axillary bud ultimately forming a smooth pear-shaped gall. Thus, gall formation is initiated and apparently is sustained by larval activity. Pupation takes place within the gall and the adult emerges during the summer.A. ferruginea adults appear to communicate by means of visual signals. Two of the five other tephritid species which simultaneously share the host plant were observed; both are characterized by a unique wing waving display. All six have distinct wing patterns. It is likely that wing waving is important in species recognition as well as in courtship. As such it may function as a reproductive isolating mechanism between the species.The occurrence of homosexual activity suggests that both sexes offer similar stimuli to the courting male. These stimuli appear to be visual.Prior to oviposition, the female appears to examine the axillary bud closely; however, not all buds visited receive an egg. Only one egg is laid per bud.The egg is characterized by a long, slender, micropyle-bearing stalk which contains a well defined channel. This stalk is approximately one-half the length of the egg.
HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF THE ENDOPARASITOID APHAERETA PALLIPES (SAY) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: August 2008

Microscopic and histochemical examination of the excretory system of larvae, pupae, and early adults of an endoparasitic braconid revealed at least two "storage" excretion mechanisms; one involves the fatbody which stores urates, the other involves the midgut cells which store insoluble metallic salts. The sequence of events that occur in the various excretory organs during metamorphosis is described.
ANGUINA CALAMAGROSTIS, A NEW SPECIES FROM GRASS, WITH AN EMENDATION OF THE GENERIC CHARACTERS FOR THE GENERA ANGUINA SCOPOLI, 1777 AND DITYLENCHUS FILIPJEV, 1936 (TYLENCHIDAE:NEMATODA)
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

Anguina calamagrostis n. sp., found infesting bluejoint grass, Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Nutt., from Canada is described. The name "crustaformeria" is proposed for the region of the reproductive system immediately behind the spermatheca and where the egg shell is formed. The generic characters for the genera Anguina and Ditylenchus are emended, based on the difference in the morphology of the crustaformeria.
DIAPTOMID COPEPODS FROM TWO MOUNTAIN PONDS IN ALBERTA
Authors: Anderson R. Stewart
Published: August 2008

Two occurrences of coexisting populations of diaptomid copepods were investigated in two mountain ponds in Alberta. Diaptomus shoshone was found to be predaceous on smaller diaptomid species. Structural differences and their relationships to differences in feeding habits were examined. Certain anomalous structures were noted and some possible explanations regarding these anomalies are offered.
THE CYTOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENCAPSULATION OF MEGALOSCHIZONTS OF LEUCOCYTOZOON SIMONDI
Authors: Desser S. S. , Fallis A. M.
Published: August 2008

HCl hydrolysis of tissue sections before staining facilitated a detailed study of the cytological development of megaloschizonts of Leucocytozoon simondi in ducks. Schizogony is initiated when a fragment ("island") of a ruptured hepatic schizont is phagocytized. The "island" grows within the rapidly hypertrophying host cell and soon divides into smaller units, the cytomeres. These expand and subsequently infoldings or clefts subdivide each cytomere into smaller subunits. This partition continues and ultimately mature schizonts are filled with uninucleate merozoites.Evidence from study of the encapsulation of megaloschizonts suggests that capsule formation may be a passive as well as an active phenomenon, and is more pronounced in tissues with a dense reticulum.
PARASITE FAUNA OF THE SEA LAMPREY (PETROMYZON MARINUS VON LINNÉ) IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION
Authors: Wilson K. A. , Ronald K.
Published: August 2008

Seven hundred and fifteen adult sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus von Linné) from four streams tributary to Lake Huron and five offshore samples from the Manitoulin Island – Bruce Peninsula area, were examined for parasites.Dissection and microscopic examination revealed the presence of eight parasite species. Cucullanus stelmioides Vessichelli, 1910 is recorded for the first time both as a parasite of P. marinus and from North American waters. Ergasilus caeruleus Wilson, 1911, Anodontoides ferussacianus Lea. 1834, Diplostomum huronense (La Rue 1927), Plagioporus lepomis Dobrovolny, 1939 are all recorded for the first time as parasites of P. marinus. Echinorhynchus salmonis Müller, 1784, Triaenophorus crassus Forel, 1868, and Proteocephalus sp. are redescribed as parasites of the sea lamprey.
BIONOMICS OF BLATTISOCIUS KEEGANI (FOX) (ACARINA: ASCIDAE), A PREDATOR ON EGGS OF PESTS OF STORED GRAINS
Authors: Barker Philip S.
Published: August 2008

The life history of Blattisocius keegani (Fox) was studied at 60, 72, and 80 °F, and at relative humidities (r.h.) of 70 to 75% and 95 to 100%. A life cycle of 6 to 7 days was found at 80 °F. Oviposition was studied at 80 °F and 70 to 75% r.h.; the finite rate of increase (λ) was 3.33 female offspring per female per week. Approximately three Cryptolestes turcicus (Grouvelle) eggs were required to rear one B. keegani to adulthood at 80 °F and 70 to 75% r.h. Female B. keegani that consumed one C. turcicus egg per day were able to oviposit. The hosts investigated included eggs of six species of beetles, and two species of mites that infest stored grains.
FORMULES CHROMOSOMIQUES ET POLYMORPHISME ROBERTSONIEN CHEZ BLARINA BREVICAUDA (SAY) (MAMMALIA: INSECTIVORA)
Authors: Meylan André
Published: August 2008

A sample of 21 Blarina brevicauda, (Say) from seven localities in the Province of Ontario shows an intraspecific chromosomal polymorphism according to the rule of Robertson; 16 specimens have a homozygous karyotype, 2N = 50, composed of 48 acrocentric autosomes of regularly decreasing lengths and metacentric sex chromosomes, a large X. and a very small Y. Five specimens have a heterozygous karyotype, 2N = 49, showing one large submetacentric autosome arisen by centric fusion of two acrocentrics. The homozygous chromosomal complement, 2N = 48, has so far not been observed, but must exist in the population. It is impossible to determine exactly which are the chromosomes corresponding to the new submetacentric. The fundamental number, which is not affected by robertsonian mechanisms, is 52. The simplicity of the chromosomal set of B. brevicauda is discussed.The acrocentric nature of the autosomes allows for the possibility of a more extensive polymorphism, but this requires an analysis of numerous animals from several points of the distribution area of B. brevicauda. The exploration of intra-specific variation in number or morphology of chromosomes will require the analysis of considerably larger samples than has been customary in the study of mammalian karyotypes.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE MARINE AMPHIPOD STEGOCEPHALUS INFLATUS KRØYER
Authors: Steele D. H.
Published: August 2008

Changes in morphology with size are described. Young specimens of Stegocephalus inflatus are shown to resemble Phippsiella minima in the structure of the epimeral plates of their third metasome segment, and the second segments of peraeopods 6 and 7. Nevertheless, Phippsiella minima appears to be a distinct valid species.
THE SWIMBLADDER NEMATODES (CYSTIDICOLINAE) OF PACIFIC SALMONS (GENUS ONCORHYNCHUS)
Authors: Margolis L.
Published: August 2008

Nematodes from the swimbladder of Oncorhynchus species are assigned to two genera: Cystidicola Fischer, 1798, and Salvelinema Trofimenko, 1962 (syn. Pseudometabronema Bogdanova, 1963). Cystidicola is represented in Asia by C. farionis Fischer, 1798 (syn. C. impar (Schneider, 1866)); specimens of this genus from Alaska could not be specifically identified because of immaturity. Cystidicola sligmatura (Leidy, 1886} occurs in North America within the range of Oncorhynchus but has not been found in this genus of fishes. Two species of Salvelinema are recognized: S. salmonicola (Ishii, 1916) Margolis, 1966, from Asia and North America, and S. walkeri (Ekbaum, 1935) n. comb, from North America. These two Salvelinema species and the immature Cystidicola sp. are described. Synonyms of S. salmonicola are Oxyuris sp. Koshida, 1905; Ancyracanthus s. Ishii, 1916; Cystidicola s. (Ishii, 1916) Fujita, 1927; Cystidicola chitosensis Fujita, 1940; "C. farionis" of Zhukov, 1960; S. cristata Trofimenko, 1962; and Pseudometabronema sachalinense Bogdanova, 1963. Synonyms of S. walkeri are Cystidicola walkeri Ekbaum, 1935, and "C. stigmatura" of Haderlie, 1953. Host and geographical distribution of the swimbladder nematodes of Oncorhynchus are reviewed.
HEMAGGLUTININS FROM OYSTER HEMOLYMPH
Authors: Li M. F. , Flemming Carol
Published: August 2008

Oyster hemolymph hemagglutinin agglutinated fish, rabbit, and human, red blood cells, was active over a wide pH range (optimum pH 7.5), and was heat-labile. Dialysis caused a greater reduction in the activity in the aged hemolymph than it did in the fresh hemolymph. Ultracentrifugation removed 90% of the protein; the remaining 11% retained all the activity. Gel filtration revealed two distinct hemagglutinins associated with two main protein peaks. Fractionation according to solubility gave seven different protein fractions, but only the salt-soluble and a very minor water-soluble Fraction possessed hemagglutinating activity. Agar-gel diffusion tests on the protein fractions showed a complexity of patterns which was partially resolved by immunoelectrophoretic techniques.
THE OCCURRENCE OF CONGENERIC TREMATODE SPECIES IN LYMNAEA EMARGINATA FROM LAKE AINSLIE, CAPE BRETON
Authors: Farley J.
Published: August 2008

A survey of larval trematodes in Lymnaea emarginata from Lake Ainslie, Cape Breton Island, showed the presence of 10 species. The two most abundant species were congeneric, with very similar life cycles: Plagiorchis muris and P. proximus. These two species never occurred together in large numbers at the same time, but showed both temporal succession and spatial isolation.The general level of parasitism was found to increase with increased size of adult snails, but juvenile snails were never found infected during the summer months.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE FIRST AND SECOND MAXILLAE OF INSECTS
Authors: DuPorte E. Melville
Published: August 2008

A brief review of the various interpretations of the maxillae and labium is given. The interpretation of the cardo and postlabium as subcoxal segments is questioned because of insufficient evidence for the presence of such a segment in insects. The contention that the cardo and stipes represent the coxopodite and basipodite of the appendage is rejected as is also the presence of sternal elements in the postlabium.The maxillae of some immature Coleoptera are used in an attempt to trace the probable course of development of the adult maxilla and labium.The provisional conclusion reached is that the cardo and stipes and the postlabium and prementum are secondary subdivisions of the coxa.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PARASITES OF CERTAIN CATOSTOMID FISHES OF THE BOW RIVER, ALBERTA
Authors: Arai Hisao , Kussat Rick H.
Published: August 2008

A survey of the helminth parasites of Catostomus commersoni (Lacépède), C. catostomus (Forster), and Pantosteus platyrhynchus (Cope) of the Bow River, Alberta, was carried out in 1965. The results obtained suggest that effluents discharged into the river at Calgary affect the distributional patterns of Octospinifer macilentus Van Cleave, 1919 and of Neoechinorhynchus cristatus Lynch, 1936 by exclusion of their intermediate hosts in the immediate vicinity of the city. From the present data, however, we cannot completely eliminate the possibility that the size factor of fishes in the respective samples is not responsible for differences noted in the degree of parasitism in hosts from various localities along the course of the river.
Serial transferability of acephalic cysts of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuck., 1863
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

In cysts transplanted intraperitoneally from cotton rats to LDF1 mice, scoleces do not develop until the fourth month of growth. Yet young acephalic cysts of LDF1 mice are serially transferable. A strain of such cysts was established in 1965 and is now in its 16th transfer. At present the cyst clusters in LDF1 females attain an average weight of about 10 g after 40 days of growth, and must be transferred every 30–40 days. The mouse-to-mouse transfers exclude the introduction of heterologous mammalian tissue into the recipient mice.
A further instance of fetal atrophy in white-tailed deer
Authors: Mansell W. Dan , Cringan A. T.
Published: August 2008

A 14-year-old female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis) collected at latitude 45° 00′ N., longitude 81° 15′ W., in Ontario on 13 April, 1967, was carrying one live female fetus between 125 and 134 days old, and two atrophic feti estimated to have died at 88 to 104 days. The doe showed gross indications of malnutrition, and had a fat content of the bone marrow of 15.10% wet weight, the lowest among 22 does collected between 20 January and 20 April 1967.
Change in the photic reaction due to DDT in the grain weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Barlow C. A.
Published: August 2008

Exposure of Sitophilus granarius (L.) to lethal doses of DDT produced a change in photic orientation from the normal photonegative toward photopositive. The extent and time of occurrence of this change after exposure depended somewhat on the dosage. The change was reversible in survivors and is shown to be due to an actively maintained orientation. As long as efficient locomotion was possible DDT did not adversely affect the ability to discriminate and orient to light. The survival value of the change in photic reaction is discussed.
A numerical study of the growth and development of Trichodorus christiei
Authors: Bird G. W. , Mai W. F.
Published: August 2008

An analysis of morphometric and allometric characters was used to study the growth and development of Trichodorus christiei Allen, 1957. The magnitude, location, and time of morphometric growth was determined for 14 characters. With the exception of the stylet length, body width, and characters pertaining to the reproductive system, morphometric characters increased in size more in the second and fourth than in the third developmental time interval. An analysis of 45 pairs of characters was used to study the allometric growth of nematodes belonging to four stages of the life cycle. The reproductive system was found to be relatively stable and numerous pairs of characters exhibited significant allometric growth. Because of the lack of significant allometric growth between the pairs of characters used to form the a and c ratios, these ratios are not suitable for taxonomic purposes pertaining to this species. The lack of significant allometric growth between the stylet and esophagus lengths indicated that these characters should not be combined as neck length for use in the b ratio. Because of the variability of the esophagus as a morphometric character, the excretory pore position defined in terms of distance from the lip region is more suitable for Trichodorus spp. than the excretory pore position defined in relation to its distance from the base of the esophagus.
Studies of the differentiating plerocercoid cuticle of Schistocephalus solidus. I. The histochemical analysis of cuticle development
Authors: Morris Gerald P. , Finnegan Cyril V.
Published: August 2008

These studies were designed to obtain information on the histochemical development of the plerocercoid cuticle as observed in the pseudophyllidean cestode Schistocephalus solidus (Müller, 1776). It is probable that plerocercoid development is accompanied by a change in cuticular composition from a more proteinaceous condition to a largely mucopolysaccharide condition. At the surface of the cuticle a sulfomucin–basic protein complex is present. The possible significance of demonstrated material (alkaline and acid phosphatases, hyaluronic acid, ribonucleic acid, non-acid mucopolysaccharides, and lipids) in cuticular synthetic activities is considered.
The crayfish Orconectes virilis: survival in a region with severe winter conditions
Authors: Aiken D. E.
Published: August 2008

An attempt was made to determine whether Orconectes virilis from a shallow river system in eastcentral Alberta has evolved a behavioral or physiological response which allows it to survive under the severe winter conditions of this region. From observations and experiments in the field and laboratory it was concluded that O. virilis cannot withstand even a small degree of freezing, and does not actively burrow into mud to escape the danger of freezing. The only observed behavior contributing to winter survival is a seasonal movement of mature animals to deeper water, and this is apparently associated more with gonadal maturation than with winter survival. The results from these experiments indicate that immature animals suffer a higher winter kill than do mature animals, and that winter survival of the species in any region is dependent upon the presence of habitat in which there is some water which does not freeze to the substratum at any time during the year.
Northeast Pacific stranding distribution and seasonality of Cuvier's beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris
Authors: Mitchell Edward
Published: August 2008

Previously known and new strandings of Ziphius cavirostris are tabulated for the coast of western North America and found to range between Alaska and the tip of Baja California. Strandings are most numerous between February and September, and whales less than about 18 ft long have not usually stranded north of 42 °N. Adults and juveniles strand singly, not in mass, but there is evidence for recurrent, single strandings near the same spot at different times.
Termination of diapause in the larva of Lucilia caesar L. (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Ring Richard A.
Published: August 2008

The sheep blowfly, Lucilia caesar L., enters a facultative diapause at the end of the third larval instar immediately before puparium formation. The termination of diapause in this species, although occurring regularly over a period from 3 to 22 weeks at a constant temperature of 22 °C, was found to be accelerated significantly by exposing the diapause larvae to optimal periods of chilling at 5 °C. Suboptimal chilling periods, on the other hand, tended to prolong diapause development. The optimal requirements for diapause development were shown to be an initial chilling period of approximately 12 weeks followed by a short interval of 1–3 weeks at a temperature of 22 °C at which morphogenesis could proceed. Diapause development in L. caesar is discussed in the light of the present status of our knowledge concerning the physiological processes prerequisite to diapause termination.It has been found that the duration of diapause varies to a great extent among individual larvae, even though they are of the same parentage and subjected to the same environmental conditions. Differences also occur in the mean duration of diapause in groups of larvae from different females. It appears that these differences in diapause intensity are genetically determined.
Report on the larva, eggs, and egg mass of Rossia sp. (Decapoda, Cephalopoda) from Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland
Authors: Aldrich Frederick A. , Lu C. C.
Published: August 2008

For the first time, larvae and egg masses of decapod cephalopods are here reported from the waters of Newfoundland and Labrador. The specimens in question are from a depth of 180 fathoms in Bonavista Bay in the north of insular Newfoundland. One larva and eight eggs of extremely large size were found in a mass composed of fibrous and spongy components. The decapod is assigned to the genus Rossia. The egg mass was found to incorporate living tissue of the demospongid Isodictya palmata (Lamarck).
The nasal anatomy of Kinosternon and Sternotherus (Testudines: Kinosternidae)
Authors: Parsons Thomas S. , Stephens Sharon M.
Published: August 2008

The gross nasal anatomy of Kinosternon and Sternotherus is described. There is a short vestibulum, large cavum nasi proprium, well-developed nasopharyngeal duct, and large external nasal gland. The medial nasal gland is not present. Thus the nose of kinosternids resembles that of other testudinoid turtles far more closely than would be expected from the only earlier description (Hoffmann 1890). Nasal anatomy does not appear to be a useful character for phylogenetic speculation about the testudinoids.
Aggressive behavior and the dispersion of female blue grouse
Authors: Stirling Ian
Published: August 2008

In the field, nesting hen blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus, Ridgway) show fidelity to home ranges and these are evenly spaced. Explanation of this is difficult. Hen blue grouse in an aviary were tested for aggressive behavior that might function to space them in the field. Reaction of hens to their mirror image was recorded and this was greatest during the period hens squatted and laid eggs, and decreased through incubation. The difference was statistically significant. Of the five acts which determined the index of activity, three were apparently aggressive, one was apparently investigative, and one was apparently conflict and fear. The results support the idea that dispersion of hens during the breeding season is caused by aggressive behavior.
Urine composition and kidney tubular function in southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in sea water
Authors: Hickman Jr. Cleveland P.
Published: August 2008

Magnesium, sulfate, and chloride make up approximately 80% of the total millimolar concentration of major electrolytes in the urine of southern flounder in seawater, The remaining major electrolytes present are calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphate, and an unknown anion component. As a rule, more sodium was present when urine flow was very low: phosphate concentration was highly variable but its concentration was not associated with urine flow. Urine composition was independent of the glomerular filtration rate. With one exception, the urine osmolality was substantially less than the millimolar concentration, because of the low activities of the divalent ions present and because some of the urine calcium and phosphate precipitated out of solution. The urine was usually 5–15 mosmoles hypoosmotic to the blood; it occasionally became slightly hyperosmotic to the blood for a brief interval after operative procedures.The average percentage filterabilities of the plasma electrolytes, determined by centrifugal ultrafiltration, were Na, 78.4%; Cl 91.1%; K, 88.0%;Ca, 18.5%; Mg, 54.6%; PO4, 48.7%. Calculation of the quantities of electrolytes filtered, reabsorbed, secreted, and excreted showed that the urine is primarily a product of tubular secretory activity, but that at high filtration rates the absolute quantities of monovalent ions reabsorbed by the tubular epithelium may greatly exceed the quantities of divalent ions secreted. The divalent ion secretory mechanism was found to respond sensitively and specifically to ion loading produced by MgCl2 infusion or exposure to concentrated seawater. The possible location of specific ion reabsorptive and secretory activities and differences in tubular permeability to water is discussed in relation to the known morphology of the kidney.
Ingestion, intestinal absorption, and elimination of seawater and salts in the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma
Authors: Hickman Jr. Cleveland P.
Published: August 2008

Simultaneous measurements of flow rates and major electrolyte composition of urine and rectal fluid were made on five southern flounders, Paralichthys lethostigma, averaging 1,19 kg body weight. Rectal fluid is a residue of seawater swallowed by the fish, isosmotic to the blood plasma (336 mosmoles/l), and composed principally of magnesium (average 180 mmoles/l), sulfate (average 105 mmoles/l), and chloride (average 126 mmoles/l). Only 15.5% of the magnesium and 11.3% of the sulfate swallowed was absorbed from the intestine; all absorbed was probably excreted entirely by the kidney. The rate of seawater ingestion calculated from the total (renal + rectal) excretion of magnesium and sulfate yielded estimates averaging 4.6 ml/h × kg body weight. Of this volume, 24% (average 1.1 ml/h × kg) was eliminated as rectal fluid, 4% (average 0,18 ml/h × kg) was excreted as urine and 72% (average 3.3 ml/h × kg) was lost osmotically across the body surface. Nearly 99% of the sodium, 98% of the potassium, and 93% of the chloride swallowed was removed by an extrarenal route, presumably the gills. Of the calcium swallowed, 32% remained in the rectal fluid residue, 8% was excreted in the urine, and the rest (60%) was removed by unknown extrarenal pathways.
Morphological study of Anguina calamagrostis Wu, 1967 (Tylenchidae: Nematoda) with the electron microscope
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

Sections of Anguina calamagrostis, a grass nematode, were studied with an electron microscope. Cells of the crustaformeria were found to have a large nucleus and an extensive system of coated microtubules, which suggests a secretory activity. The intestine is not a simple, straight tube, but is provided with diverticula of various sizes and shapes. Internally, the intestine shows the presence of long microvilli. The excretory system consists of clusters of excretory tubules which are found to discharge into the main excretory ducts.
Quantitative dietary requirements of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) for phenylalanine and tyrosine
Authors: Davis G. R. F.
Published: August 2008

Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), reared on three holidic diets at 32 ± 2 °C and 75 ± 5% relative humidity, required a dietary source of phenylalanine, irreplaceable by dietary tyrosine. This insect also required a dietary source of tyrosine for normal rate of development. On diets containing 1.0 mg of phenylalanine per gram, it used supplementary glycine more effectively than supplementary tyrosine as a replacement for phenylalanine omitted from the diet. On diets containing 1.0 mg of tyrosine per gram, it used supplementary phenylalanine more effectively than glycine. Emergent adults weighed less with 1.0 mg of dietary phenylalanine per gram than with higher concentrations. Adult weight was unaffected by decreasing concentrations of dietary tyrosine.
A histochemical study of the development of the mantle-edge and shell in the freshwater gastropod, Helisoma duryi eudiscus (Pilsbry)
Authors: Kapur S. P. , Gibson M. A.
Published: August 2008

Glycogen and ribonucleic acid are present in the mantle-edge during the prehatching period and in the adult. The cubocolumnar epithelium contains the largest stores of glycogen. Ribonucleic acid is most abundant in the mantle-edge gland, and the mucous and mucoprotein cells. Mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins occur within the mantle-edge epithelium, excepting the mantle-edge gland, and within the shell ground substance. Mucous glands and the sheath surrounding the organic plates are rich in sulfated mucopolysaccharides. Alkaline phosphatase and calcium could not be demonstrated during the prehatching stages. In the adult, alkaline phosphatase reactions are intense along the distal border of the cubocolumnar epithelium, and the basal borders of the epithelia of the mantle-edge gland, median lobe, and ventral lobe. Calcium carbonate occurs as spherules in the connective tissue, in the extrapallial fluid, and within the organic plates and crystalline layers of the shell. In the adult, lipids are most plentiful in the dorsal lobe epithelium and yellow body cells. Vitamin A occurs only within the cubocolumnar and yellow body cells. Cytochrome oxidase is present within the mantle-edge epithelium and, in terms of relative amounts, reflects the activity of the various lobes. Similarly, the size of the Golgi element can be correlated with the activity of the mantle-edge epithelia.
The experimental transmission of Pneumostrongylus tenuis to caribou (Rangifer tarandus terraenovae)
Authors: Anderson Roy C. , Strelive Uta R.
Published: August 2008

Two caribou calves (Rangifer tarandus terraenovae) were infected experimentally with Pneumostrongylus tenuis Dougherty from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis). The female calf showed slight neurologic signs from the 5th to the 14th day when she died from a mycotic infection. The male calf first showed neurologic signs on the seventh day. These signs became progressively more extreme and by the 29th day, when the animal was necropsied, it showed severe locomotory ataxia with knuckling and posterior weakness. Histological study of the spinal cord of the male revealed numerous worms in all regions of the spinal cord and in the brain stem and medulla oblongata. Traumatic lesions and worms were unusually numerous in lateral and dorsal funiculi. It is suggested that the more severe neurologic signs were caused by migration of worms into funiculi from dorsal horns of grey matter. The results are discussed in relation to the management of woodland caribou in eastern North America.
Electron microscopic studies of antennal sensilla in the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Scolytidae)
Authors: Moeck Henry A.
Published: August 2008

The antennae of the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) were examined with the light and electron microscopes to determine the types, distribution, and structure of sense organs found thereon. Six main types of sense organs are present, with an additional seventh cuticular structure, the hypodermal gland pore, which is thought to be non-sensory.Sensilla chaetica possess one bipolar neuron terminating in a scolopale at the base of the thick-walled articulated hair.Type I sensilla trichodea are short articulated hairs of unknown fine structure and innervation.Type II sensilla trichodea are sharp-pointed hairs of intermediate length, with thin, perforated hair walls, and two neurons with slightly branched dendrites in the hair lumen.Type III sensilla trichodea are blunt-tipped, reversely curved hairs possessing a double lumen and four to seven bipolar neurons, the unbranched dendrites of which extend to the hair tip.Sensilla basiconica are short thin-walled perforated hairs or pegs, possessing two neurons each, with many-branched dendrites. The relationship of dendrite branches to hair perforations is not clear.Sensilla campaniformia consist of a subsurface dome in the center of which lies the nerve ending of one neuron similar to that of the sensilla chaetica.Evidence is presented, indicating the probable absence of sensory axon fusion in the antennae.
A checklist of Polychaeta recorded from British Columbia since 1923, with references to name changes, descriptions, and synonymies. II. Sedentaria
Authors: Berkeley C.
Published: August 2008

This list completes that of the species of Polychaeta recorded from British Columbia since 1923. It comprises 187 species in 20 families of Sedentaria. Most of them were included in a contribution to the Canadian Pacific Fauna Series (No. 96(2)) published by my wife and self in 1952, but many have been recorded, and, in several cases, reclassifications and modifications have been suggested since that date. An effort is made to include all these in the present contribution.
The neurophysiology of respiration in decapod crustacea. I. The motor system
Authors: Pasztor Valerie M.
Published: August 2008

The pump responsible for gill ventilation in the crayfish is operated by 11 muscles of the second maxillae. These muscles arc described and named and their action analyzed by the recording of nerve and muscle potentials. During quiet breathing, the normal motor command to each muscle is a short, high-frequency burst of evenly spaced action potentials (7–25 spikes at average frequencies of 60–140/sec). Histological and physiological evidence shows that the muscles represent mixed populations of fiber types. Most fibers are of the "gradedly responding" phasic type. Although methylene blue staining reveals two axons to each muscle, the normal motor command arrives via one axon only. The second may be a "fast" axon operating only in exceptional circumstances. No evidence has been found of a peripheral inhibitory system.
The aligning effect of light flicker on phototaxis of the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier)
Authors: Graham K. , Moeck Isabelle A.
Published: August 2008

A light which was flickered at approximately 5 cycles per second provoked a more direct guided response in the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) than did a steady source of the same intensity. Among the principal implications are those which concern the use of the beetles in bioassay of chemical attractants in which light is used as an opposing stimulus. The light intensity should be at least stabilized, and preferably flickered at an appropriate frequency.
Histological observations on the gastrointestinal tract anatomy of pronghorn antelope, Antilocapra americana americana
Authors: Raney James A. , Thibodeau Gary A.
Published: August 2008

An attempt is made to establish a set of normal measurement identification criteria (histologic) for specific gastrointestinal areas in wild ruminants utilizing pronghorn antelope, Antilocapra americana americana, Eleven areas are selected for histologic study. Specific type of measurements obtained included thickness of various cellular layers, villi measurements, and total thickness of the gastrointestinal wall in each selected area. Duodenal glands are invariably larger and present in much larger numbers in domestic ruminants while submucosal fat is found in much larger amounts in the caecum of antelope. Where present shape and size of villi, as well as appearance of mucosal surfaces, provided excellent identification criteria for localizing tissue samples from the gastrointestinal tract of pronghorn antelope.
A technique for gonadectomy in the seaperch Cymatogaster aggregata
Authors: Wiebe John P.
Published: August 2008

A technique is described for successful gonadectomy of the seaperch, Cymatogaster aggregata. The operation requires only a very short abdominal incision and has permitted 100% survival of the specimens.
Phenology, behavior, and host-relations of Dermacentor andersoni Stiles in outdoor "rodentaria," and in nature
Authors: Wilkinson P. R.
Published: August 2008

Artificial tick foci or "rodentaria", infested with ovipositing females or larvae, have furnished new information on D. andersoni biology, and a means of mass production of adults for acaricide and other tests. Both a 1-year and a 2-year life cycle were observed, depending on the date the larvae emerged or were put out. Each year, adult ticks wandered near the soil surface in the fall but did not seek hosts or climb up to questing positions until spring. A tendency for the adult ticks to congregate southwards of the point of dropping of the engorged nymphs was discernible.In a large-scale rodentarium involving 24 runways, with four replicates of each of six species of rodents, by far the largest number of adult ticks was produced by Marmota flaviventris, but on a tick per unit weight of rodent basis, this species was low in the approximate order calculated.Adult ticks were ready to feed in mid-December in one trial, but they were inactive in the rodentarium because soil temperatures under the snow were usually about 0 °C, and activity does not begin until about 5 °C. The cycles observed in the rodentaria and the field indicate that both 1- and 2-year life cycles occur in southern British Columbia at an altitude of about 1000 ft. At higher altitudes and latitudes, a 3-year life cycle with overwintering larvae may occur. About 10% of the ticks marked in their first year of activity in 1964 were active the next spring.Female ticks from both 1-year and 2-year cycles were capable of paralyzing sheep.
Diel periodicity in spermatophore formation in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.)
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

Male house crickets reared individually at 28 °C developed a diel periodicity in spermatophore formation, which consisted in loss of the spermatophore during the dark period and secretion during the light period. The periodicity became established only after most of the insects had formed at least two spermatophores in a random way with respect to light conditions. When periodicity was established, rearing the insects in continuous light resulted in the retention of the spermatophore by nearly all insects. Stridulation began in all experiments at the time of first spermatophore formation.
Mosquitoes of Manitoba. I. Descriptions and a key to Aedes eggs (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Kalpage K. S. , Brust R. A.
Published: August 2008

The work consists of descriptions, photographs, and a key to 27 species of Aedes eggs from Manitoba. Egg size, shape, and chorionic pattern are used in the key. Photographs illustrate the whole egg at low magnification and the detail of the chorion at high magnification. From their eggs, A. communis, A. hexodontus, A. cinereus, and A. dorsalis are species complexes. Egg characters are used to indicate related species of the subgenus Ochlerotatus.
Effects of 2,4-D, maleic acid hydrazide, and 2,4,5-T on survival and growth of the prairie grain wireworm, Ctenicera destructor Brown (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Davis G. R. F.
Published: August 2008

Larvae of Ctenicera destructor Brown having an average initial weight of 47.3 mg were reared individually for 6 months at 68 ± 2 °F and 75 ± 5% relative humidity, with diets containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), maleic acid hydrazide (MH), or 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), at six concentrations. Although certain trends relating gains in weight of larvae to dietary concentrations of chemicals were observed, under normal agricultural practices these chemicals probably have little effect on field populations of the prairie grain wireworm.
A light and electron microscope study of the structure of Protopterus annectens epidermis. I. Mucus production
Authors: Kitzan Sonja M. , Sweeny Phillip R.
Published: August 2008

The structure of the epidermis of Protopterus annectens is described from light microscope and electron microscope observation with emphasis on mucus production. The epidermis contains a great number of goblet cells which are PAS-positive to varying degrees. Based on the difference in staining reaction the goblet cells are divided into three types (I, II, and III). Also PAS-positive is a narrow zone of cytoplasm below the plasma membrane of the surface epidermal cells. In the material prepared for the electron microscope the goblet cells are found to be of three types (A, B, and C) classified according to the size and electron opacity of the mucus droplets. Epidermal cells of the upper middle layer begin to show a division into two distinct cytoplasmic zones with the appearance of new organelles, particularly in the perinuclear zone. The cytoplasmic zonation is more pronounced in the surface cell layer and vesicles filled with amorphous material (first noticed in the upper middle layer) are concentrated below the surface plasma membrane. Light microscope and electron microscope results are correlated and it is concluded that all epidermally derived cells at some time become involved in mucus production.
Oxygen consumption of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in relation to activity and salinity
Authors: Rao G. Madan Mohan
Published: August 2008

The oxygen consumption of the rainbow trout ranging in size from 23 to 196 g was measured at 5 °C and 15 °C in fresh water and salinities of 7.5‰, 15‰, and 30‰. The standard rate of metabolism and metabolic rates at various levels of steady swimming were determined.The cost of swimming and the cost of osmoregulation in terms of oxygen consumption for a 100-g fish were calculated on the assumption that there was no cost of osmoregulation in a salinity of 7.5‰. In fresh water and in 15‰ salinity the cost of osmoregulation was 20% of total metabolism while in a salinity of 30‰ it was 27%. This 27% of the total metabolism attributed to cost of osmoregulation does not appear to be proportional to the increase in osmotic gradient in 30‰ salinity.