bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of CD1d‐restricted NKT cells in the mouse thymus
Authors: Dao Tao , Guo Donglin , Ploss Alexander , Stolzer Amy , Saylor Carolyn , Boursalian Tamar. E. , Im Jin Seon , Sant'Angelo Derek B.
Published: November 2004

Using genetic and phenotypic analyses, we have analyzed the developmental pathway of mouse CD1d‐restricted invariant NKT cells. We provide strong evidence that similar to conventional T cells, positive selection of NKT cells occurs during a CD4+CD8+ stage. Later stages of NKT cell development involved the down‐regulation of both TCR and CD4 levels and therefore diverge from conventional T cell development pathways. A unique and complete dependency for development on Fyn, a Src family kinase member, also distinguishes the NKT cell and conventional T cell populations.
A pragmatic basis for mixed‐method designs
Authors: Datta Lois‐ellin
Published: November 2004

A pragmatic framework for making decisions about mixed‐method designs is proposed and then applied to illustrative evaluations to help identify the strengths and limitations of making practical, contextual, and consequential considerations a primary basis for evaluation design decisions.
Theory‐based evaluation: Past, present, and future
Authors: Weiss Carol H.
Published: November 2004

Theory‐based evaluation examines conditions of program implementation and mechanisms that mediate between processes and outcomes as a means to understand when and how programs work.
Case study evaluations: A decade of progress?
Authors: Yin Robert K.
Published: November 2004

Logic models are critical in helping evaluators understand the design and implementation of programs and advance the practice of case study approaches to evaluation.
Dating methods for sediments of caves and rockshelters with examples from the Mediterranean Region
Authors: Schwarcz H. P. , Rink W. J.
Published: November 2004

A wide range of potential dating methods may be applied to archaeological deposits found in caves and rockshelters, depending on the nature of the deposit and age range of the deposit. Organic sediments, including faunal and floral material, can be dated by radiocarbon (AMS and high‐sensitivity beta‐counting). Many karstic features contain speleothems which can be dated with high accuracy by U‐series. Wind‐blown detritus, where it is the dominant constituent of the cave deposits, can be dated by luminescence (TL, OSL, or IRSL), taking care to avoid material fallen into the deposits from the shelter/cave walls. Fireplaces contain burned rocks (including stone artifacts) which can be dated by TL. Enamel from the teeth of mammals is present in most sites, representing either animal residents of the shelter, or residues from food brought to the shelter by human residents. Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating of enamel is applicable over a wide time range, with high accuracy and reasonable precision where uranium accumulation in teeth is low, but with lower precision where uranium content in teeth is high. In general, multiple dating methods applied to a site may resolve ambiguities arising from uncertain model assumptions in some dating methods. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Esthesioneuroblastoma: The impact of treatment modality
Authors: Chao K. S. Clifford , Kaplan Carol , Simpson Joseph R. , Haughey Bruce , Spector Gershon J. , Sessions Donald G. , Arquette Matthew
Published: November 2004

Background

We evaluated the impact of treatment modality on esthesioneuroblastoma.

Methods

Between 1976 and 1996, 25 patients with esthesioneuroblastoma were treated at Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology. There were 11 male and 14 female patients; their ages ranged from 16 to 73 years (median, 57 years). The tumors were Kadish stage A in 3, Stage B in 13, C in 8, and modified D in 1 (cervical nodal metastasis). Seventeen patients were treated with surgery and radiation therapy, six were treated with irradiation alone, and two were treated with surgery only. Eight patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Median follow‐up was 8 years (range, 2–24 years).

Results

The 5‐year actuarial overall survival, disease‐free survival, and local tumor control rates were 66.3%, 56.3%, and 73.0%, respectively. Kadish stage was not a significant prognosticator for local control or disease‐free survival. Five‐year local control rates were 87.4% for the combination of surgery and radiation therapy and 51.2% for irradiation alone. Two patients with Kadish stage A and B disease underwent surgical resection alone; both failed locally. In contrast, 33.3% of patients (three of nine) with Kadish stage A or B disease who received adjuvant radiation therapy had a local recurrence develop. With adjuvant radiation therapy, the surgical margin status did not influence local tumor control. Among the eight patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, six patients showed no response, one had partial response, and one showed a complete response.

Conclusions

Surgical resection plus adjuvant radiation therapy yielded the best treatment outcome. More effective chemotherapy agents with a reproducible effectiveness are needed for patients with locally advanced esthesioneuroblastoma. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 749–757, 2001.
Prevention of isolation‐induced hypertension by intrahippocampal administration of a nonpeptide kappa‐opioid receptor agonist
Authors: Wright Rebecca C. , Ingenito Alphonse J.
Published: November 2004

Previous research in this laboratory showed that hypertension in the spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) appears to correlate to insufficient production of hippocampal dynorphins, and that blood pressure could be reduced by intrahippocampal administration of dynorphins and nonpeptide kappa agonists. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether kappa agonists could prevent the development of hypertension in a different hypertensive model, i.e., the isolated male rat model of hypertension (IHR).

Isolation of young male rats for 5–7 days in standard rat cages caused an increase in systolic blood pressure from a mean of 132 to 184 mmHg. The blood pressures of rats grouped 3 per cage remained stable. Rats received the nonpeptide kappa agonist U62, 066E, (Spiradoline, Upjohn), 10 nmoles/0.2 μl or drug vehicle bilaterally into the the hippocampus for 3 days prior to and during isolation or grouping. Animals treated with U62, 066E did not develop hypertension as compared to isolated animals treated with vehicle. The isolation procedure used in these studies appears to induce anxietal stress, as indicated by reduced time spent by the rats in the open arms of the elevated‐plus maze. This time is increased by U62, 066E, suggesting that the drug possesses anxiolytic properties and may reduce hypertension in part, by blocking an anxiety/stress component.

These data strengthen our previous findings that opioids in the hippocampus may be important in restraining increased blood pressure provoked by environmental stimuli such as isolation. Hippocampus 2001;11:445–451. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropathological studies of synaptic connectivity in the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia
Authors: Harrison Paul J. , Eastwood Sharon L.
Published: November 2004

Cytoarchitectural changes in the hippocampal formation have been prominent among the various neuropathological abnormalities reported in schizophrenia. Replicated positive findings include decreased neuronal size and alterations in presynaptic and dendritic markers. These findings, in the absence of neurodegenerative changes, suggest that there are alterations in the neural circuitry in schizophrenia. These may represent the anatomical correlate of the aberrant functional connectivity described in neuroimaging studies, which in turn contributes to the psychotic and cognitive symptomatology of the disorder. The identity of the affected hippocampal circuits remains unclear; there is evidence for both glutamatergic and GABAergic involvement, and perhaps for a gradient of pathology in which changes are most apparent in CA4 and the subiculum, and least in CA1. The data, their interpretation, and their limitations are discussed, with particular emphasis upon molecular and immunological studies of synaptic protein gene expression. Hippocampus 2001;11:508–519. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Closing science‐practice knowledge gaps: Contributions of psychological research to human resource management
Authors: Burke Michael J. , Drasgow Fritz , Edwards Jack E.
Published: November 2004

Evidence of science‐practice knowledge gaps among managers (Rynes, Colbert, & Brown, 2002), coupled with major changes occurring in the workplace over the last ten years, suggest the need for human resources practitioners to become as current as possible on how research findings can assist in improving the management of HR. Nine articles in this special issue provide rich information for understanding the contributions of psychological theories and research findings to HR management and, consequently, for closing science‐practice knowledge gaps. More specifically, the articles bring together pairs of scientists and practitioners to address science‐practice knowledge gaps in the areas of recruiting and selecting workers, managing performance, training and developing individuals, managing groups and teams, compensating employees, leading others, assessing employee attitudes, managing diversity, and managing downsizing. We hope these articles will stimulate and promote a broader perspective concerning the relevance and value of psychological research for improving HR practices and organizational functioning. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Employee attitudes and job satisfaction
Authors: Saari Lise M. , Judge Timothy A.
Published: November 2004

This article identifies three major gaps between HR practice and the scientific research in the area of employee attitudes in general and the most focal employee attitude in particular—job satisfaction: (1) the causes of employee attitudes, (2) the results of positive or negative job satisfaction, and (3) how to measure and influence employee attitudes. Suggestions for practitioners are provided on how to close the gaps in knowledge and for evaluating implemented practices. Future research will likely focus on greater understanding of personal characteristics, such as emotion, in defining job satisfaction and how employee attitudes influence organizational performance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatotoxicity and cholestasis in rats induced by the sesquiterpene, 9‐oxo‐10,11‐dehydroageraphorone, isolated from Eupatorium adenophorum
Authors: Bhardwaj Renu , Singh Ajay , Sharma Om P. , Dawra Rajinder K. , Kurade Nitin P. , Mahato Shashi B.
Published: November 2004

Eupatorium adenophorum leaves cause hepatotoxicity and cholestasis in rats. The hepatotoxicant has been characterized as 9‐oxo‐10,11‐dehydroageraphorone (ODA), a cadinene sesquiterpene. Oral administration of ODA, mixed in feed to rats, caused jaundice in 24 h. The liver of the intoxicated animals had focal areas of hepatocellular necrosis, proliferation, and dilation of bile ducts with degenerative changes in the lining epithelium. There was marked increase in the conjugated form of plasma bilirubin and in the activities of the enzymes glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and 5′‐nucleotidase. The histopathological lesions in liver and biochemical profile of marker enzymes show that ODA induced hepatotoxicity and cholestasis in rats. This is the first report on the toxicity of a cadinene sesquiterpene in rats. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:279–286, 2001
Mercury stimulates rat liver glucocorticoid receptor association with Hsp90 and Hsp70
Authors: Brkljačić Jelena , Milutinović Danijela Vojnović , Dundjerski Jadranka , Matić Gordana
Published: November 2004

The subject of the present study is the influence of mercury on association of rat liver glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with heat shock proteins Hsp90 and Hsp70. The glucocorticoid receptor heterocomplexes with Hsp90 and Hsp70 were immunopurified from the liver cytosol of rats administered with different doses of mercury. The amounts of co‐immunopurified apo‐receptor, Hsp90 and Hsp70 were then determined by quantitative Western blotting. The ratio between the amount of heat shock protein Hsp90 or Hsp70 and the amount of apo‐receptor within immunopurified heterocomplexes was found to increase in response to mercury administration. On the other hand, the levels of Hsp90 and Hsp70 in hepatic cytosol remained unaltered. The finding that mercury stimulates association of the two heat shock proteins with the glucocorticoid receptor, rendering the cytosolic heat shock protein levels unchanged, suggests that mercury affects the mechanisms controlling the assembly of the receptor heterocomplexes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:257–260, 2004 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20032
Scoparia dulcis, a traditional antidiabetic plant, protects against streptozotocin induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Latha Muniappan , Pari Leelavinothan , Sitasawad Sandhya , Bhonde Ramesh
Published: November 2004

Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. The experiments were performed on normal and experimental male Wistar rats treated with Scoparia dulcis plant extract (SPEt). The effect of SPEt was tested on streptozotocin (STZ) treated Rat insulinoma cell lines (RINm5F cells) and isolated islets in vitro. Administration of an aqueous extract of Scoparia dulcis by intragastric intubation (po) at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight significantly decreased the blood glucose and lipid peroxidative marker thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) with significant increase in the activities of plasma insulin, pancreatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) in streptozotocin diabetic rats at the end of 15 days treatment. Streptozotocin at a dose of 10 μg/mL evoked 6‐fold stimulation of insulin secretion from isolated islets indicating its insulin secretagogue activity. The extract markedly reduced the STZ‐induced lipidperoxidation in RINm5F cells. Further, SPEt protected STZ‐mediated cytotoxicity and nitric oxide (NO) production in RINm5F cells. Treatment of RINm5F cells with 5 mM STZ and 10 μg of SPEt completely abrogated apoptosis induced by STZ, suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress. Flow cytometric assessment on the level of intracellular peroxides using fluorescent probe 2′7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF‐DA) confirmed that STZ (46%) induced an intracellular oxidative stress in RINm5F cells, which was suppressed by SPEt (21%). In addition, SPEt also reduced (33%) the STZ‐induced apoptosis (72%) in RINm5F cells indicating the mode of protection of SPEt on RIN m5Fcells, islets, and pancreatic β‐cell mass (histopathological observations). Present study thus confirms antihyperglycemic effect of SPEt and also demonstrated the consistently strong antioxidant properties of Scoparia dulcis used in the traditional medicine. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:261–272, 2004 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20035
Possible neuroprotective effects of lecithin and α‐tocopherol alone or in combination against ischemia/reperfusion insult in rat brain
Authors: Aabdallah Dalaal M. , Eid Nihad I.
Published: November 2004

A close correlation exists between ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)‐induced insult and the release of free radicals. Lecithin is a polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine that corresponds to the phosphatidylcholine molecule. Phosphatidylcholines are high‐energy functional and structural elements of all biologic membranes. α‐Tocopherol is the major lipid‐soluble chain‐breaking antioxidant in the body tissues and effectively protects against neuronal damage. Therefore, we studied the effect of lecithin (300 mg/kg, p.o., 14 days) and α‐tocopherol (200 mg/kg, p.o., 14 days), alone or in combination, on the brain redox state during I/R. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to global ischemia by the occlusion of the two carotid arteries 24 h after the last dose of drug administration. Reperfusion was carried out 1 h after induction of ischemia and lasted for another hour. Brain lipid peroxides (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) contents, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were assessed. The results showed that I/R elevated brain lipid peroxides content which was accompanied by a reduction in both antioxidant enzyme activities, however, brain GSH level remained unaltered. Lecithin, α‐tocopherol and their combination restored MDA content, as well as CAT activity with a slight tendency to normalize SOD activity. We conclude that lecithin has a possible neuroprotective effect partly through its antioxidant action which is comparable to that of α‐tocopherol. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:273–278, 2004 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20037
Safety and efficacy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis in patients with active ulcerative colitis: A multicenter study
Authors: Shimoyama Takashi , Sawada Koji , Hiwatashi Nobuo , Sawada Toshio , Matsueda Kei , Munakata Akihiro , Asakura Hitoshi , Tanaka Takao , Kasukawa Reiji , Kimura Ken , Suzuki Yasuo , Nagamachi Yukio , Muto Tetsuichiro , Nagawa Hirokazu , Iizuka Bun‐ei , Baba Shozo , Nasu Masaru , Kataoka Tatsuji , Kashiwagi Nobuhito , Saniabadi Abby R.
Published: November 2004

Active ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by activation and infiltration of granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages into the colonic mucosa. The infiltrated leukocytes can cause mucosal damage by releasing degradative proteases, reactive oxygen derivatives, and proinflammatory cytokines. The aim of this trial (conducted in 14 specialist centers) was to assess safety and efficacy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis in patients with active UC most of whom were refractory to conventional drug therapy. We used a new adsorptive type extracorporeal column (G‐1 Adacolumn) filled with cellulose acetate beads (carriers) of 2 mm in diameter, which selectively adsorb granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Patients (n = 53) received five apheresis sessions, each of 60 minutes duration, flow rate 30 ml per minute for 5 consecutive weeks in combination with 24.4 ± 3.60 mg prednisolone (mean ± SE per patient per day, baseline dose). During 60 minutes apheresis, 26% of granulocytes, 19.5% of monocytes and 2% of lymphocytes adsorbed to the carriers. At week 7, 58.5% of patients had remission or improved, the dose of prednisolone was reduced to 14.2 ± 2.25 mg (n = 37). The apheresis treatment was fairly safe, only eight non‐severe side effects (in 5 patients) were reported. Based on our results, we believe that in patients with active severe UC, patients who are refractory to conventional drugs, granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis is a useful adjunct to conventional therapy. This procedure should have the potential to allow tapering the dose of corticosteroids, shorten the time to remission and delay relapse. J. Clin. Apheresis. 16:1‐9, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cryoprecipitate poor plasma does not improve early response in primary adult thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
Authors: Zeigler Z.R. , Shadduck R.K. , Gryn Jeffrey F. , Rintels Peter B. , George James N. , Besa Emmanuel C. , Bodensteiner David , Silver Bernard , Kramer Robert E
Published: November 2004

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a potentially fatal disease that is treated with plasma exchange and typically with replacement with fresh frozen plasma (FFP). This approach results in an approximate 50% response rate following 1 week of therapy and 80% survival. Cryoprecipitate poor plasma (CPP) is plasma from which the cryoprecipitate fraction is removed. CPP has been reported to be successful as salvage therapy in refractory TTP and has been suggested to be superior to FFP in retrospective studies. The present report compares initial therapy of TTP with exchange using replacement with either FFP or CPP in a multi‐institutional prospective randomized study performed by the North American TTP Group (NATG Group) from 1993 to 1995. Initial therapy also included corticosteroids. Antiplatelet drugs or vinca alkaloids were not employed. A severity score index, response score, and individual clinical parameters (platelet count, LDH × upper limit of normal, hemoglobin level, and creatinine) were compared at their nadir or peak values, baseline, and days +6 and +13 of therapy. Thirteen patients were randomized to FFP exchange and 14 to CPP exchange. Results were equivalent for all parameters. Survival was equal with three deaths in each group. These data indicate that the efficacy of FFP and CPP are the same in the initial treatment of TTP in adults. J. Clin. Apheresis. 16:19–22, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD41+ and CD42+ hematopoietic progenitor cells may predict platelet engraftment after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
Authors: Demirer T. , Ilhan O. , Arat M. , Genç Y. , Özcan M. , Dalva K. , Çelebi H. , Beksaç M. , Akan H. , Gürman G. , Konuk N. , Uysal A. , Arslan Ö. , Koç H.
Published: November 2004

The objective of this study was to quantify subpopulations of CD34+ cells such as CD41+ and CD42+ cells that might represent megakaryocyte (MK) precursors in peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collections of normal, recombinant human granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (rhG‐CSF) primed donors and to determine whether there is a statistical association between the dose infused megakaryocytic precursors and the time course of the platelet recovery following an allogeneic PBSC transplantation. Twenty‐six patients with various hematologic malignancies transplanted from their HLA identical siblings between July 1997 and December 1999 were used. All patients except one with severe aplastic anemia who had cyclophosphamide (CY) alone received busulfan‐CY as preparative regimen and cyclosporine‐methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis. Normal healthy donors were given rhG‐CSF 10 μg/kg/day subcutaneously twice daily and PBSCs were collected on days 5 and 6. The median number of infused CD34+, CD41+ and CD42+ cells were 6.61 × 106/kg (range 1.47–21.41), 54.85 × 104/kg (5.38–204.19), and 49.86 × 104/kg (6.82–430.10), respectively. Median days of ANC 0.5 × 109/L and platelet 20 × 109/L were 11.5 (range 9–15) and 13 (8–33), respectively. In this study, the number of CD41+ and CD42+ cells infused much better correlated than the number of CD34+ cells infused with the time to platelet recovery of 20 × 109/L in 26 patients receiving an allogeneic match sibling PBSC transplantation (r = −0.727 and P < 0.001 for CD41+ cells, r = −0.806 and P < 0.001 for CD42+ cells, r = −0.336 and P > 0.05 for CD34+ cells). There was an inverse correlation between the number of infused CD41+ and CD42+ cells and duration of platelet engraftment. Therefore, as the number of CD41+ and CD42+ cells increased, duration of platelet engraftment (time to reach platelet count of ≥ 20 × 109/L) shortened significantly. Based on this data we may conclude that flow cytometric measurement of CD41+ and CD42+ progenitor cells may provide an accurate indication of platelet reconstitutive capacity of the allogeneic PBSC transplant. J. Clin. Apheresis. 16:67–73, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic studies during peripheral blood stem cell collection show CD34+ cell recruitment intra‐apheresis
Authors: Meldgaard Knudsen Lene , Nikolaisen Kirsten , Gaarsdal Eva , Johnsen Hans E.
Published: November 2004

A sufficient number of CD34+ cells in the peripheral blood stem cell product is important to achieve a rapid and sustained engraftment. The purpose of the present work was to study CD34+ cell kinetics during leukapheresis. Blood samples before and after leukapheresis were analysed for CD34+ cells in 205 procedures. The number of CD34+ cells after plus the number of CD34+ cells harvested was 1.5‐fold greater than the number available at the beginning of the procedure, indicating recruitment of CD34+ cells during leukapheresis. In a subgroup of 66 procedures, granulocytes and platelets were measured. In contrast to CD34+ cells, these cell fractions were not recruited to the blood stream during leukapheresis. An additional nine patients were studied with serial blood measurements during leukapheresis, showing an initial decline that was followed by an increase in CD34+ cells during leukapheresis. In conclusion, CD34+ cells are recruited to the blood during the leukapheresis procedure in contrast to granulocytes and platelets. J. Clin. Apheresis. 16:114–119, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light emission induced by tunneling electrons from surface nanostructures observed by novel conductive and transparent probes
Authors: Fujita Daisuke , Onishi Keiko , Niori Noriko
Published: November 2004

We have developed an ultrahigh‐vacuum low‐temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM) equipped with a near‐field optical detection system using novel conductive and optically transparent probes. Tunneling‐electron induced photons generated in a nanometer‐scale area just under the STM probe can be collected directly into the core of the optical fiber probe within the optical near‐field region. Firstly, optical fiber probes coated with indium‐tin‐oxide thin film are applied to quantitative analysis of p‐type GaAs(110) surface, where a decrease of light emission in photon mapping clearly extracts the existence of Zn accepter atoms located at the sub‐surface layers. Secondly, in order to enhance the efficiency for inelastic tunneling excitation of a tip‐induced plasmon mode, a STM probe coated with an Ag/ITO dual‐layer film has been developed and applied to an Ag(111) surface, where photon mapping with a step resolution has been achieved by near‐filed detection. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:403–414, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of a near‐field optical probe to locally launch surface plasmon polaritons on plasmonic waveguides: A study by the finite difference time domain method
Authors: Hwang B.S. , Kwon M.H. , Kim Jeongyong
Published: November 2004

We used the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to study the use of scanning near field optical microscopy (SNOM) to locally excite the nanometric plasmonic waveguides. In our calculation, the light is funneled through a SNOM probe with a sub‐wavelength optical aperture and is irradiated on one end of two types of plasmonic waveguides made of 50 nm Au sphere arrays and Au nanowires. The incident light was well localized at one end of the waveguides and consequently propagated toward the other end, due to the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons. We found that the propagation length of the nanosphere array type waveguide varies from 100 to 130 nm depending on the light wavelength, the size of the probe aperture, and the launching heights. Our result shows that reducing the aperture size and using the light of the plasmon resonance wavelength of the nanosphere array could increase the propagation length and, thus, the efficiency of electromagnetic energy transportation through nanosphere arrays. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:453–458, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the efficiency of microparticulate and monolithic capillary columns
Authors: Eeltink Sebastiaan , Decrop Wim M.C. , Rozing Gerard P. , Schoenmakers Peter J. , Kok Wim Th.
Published: November 2004

A comparison is made between the efficiency of microparticulate capillary columns and silica and polymer‐based monolithic capillary columns in the pressure‐driven (high‐performance liquid chromatography) and electro‐driven (capillary electrochromatography) modes. With packed capillary columns similar plate heights are possible as with conventional packed columns. However, a large variation is observed in the plate heights for individual columns. This can only be explained by differences in the quality of the packed bed. The minimum plate height obtained with silica monolithic capillary columns in the HPLC mode is approximately 10 μm, which is comparable to that of columns packed with 5‐μm particles. The permeability of wide‐pore silica monoliths was found to be much higher than that of comparable microparticulate columns, which leads to much lower pressure drops for the same eluent at the same linear mobile phase velocity. For polymer‐based monolithic columns (acrylamide, styrene/divinyl benzene, methacrylate, acrylate) high efficiencies have been found in the CEC mode with minimum plate heights between 2 and 10 μm. However, in the HPLC mode minimum plate heights in the range of 10 to 25 μm have been reported.
Prediction of occurrences of diverse chemical classes in the Asteraceae through artiﬁcial neural networks
Authors: Ferreira Marcelo J. P. , Brant Antônio J. C. , Ruﬁno Alessandra R. , Alvarenga Sandra A. V. , Magri Fátima M. M. , Emerenciano Vicente P.
Published: November 2004

The training and the application of a neural network system for the prediction of occurrences of secondary metabolites belonging to diverse chemical classes in the Asteraceae is described. From a database containing about 604 genera and 28,000 occurrences of secondary metabolites in the plant family, information was collected encompassing nine chemical classes and their respective occurrences for training of a multi‐layer net using the back‐propagation algorithm. The net supplied as output the presence or absence of the chemical classes as well as the number of compounds isolated from each taxon. The results provided by the net from the presence or absence of a chemical class showed a 89% hit rate; by excluding triterpenes from the analysis, only 5% of the genera studied exhibited errors greater than 10%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on characterization of nano CaCO3 prepared by the in situ deposition technique and its application in PP‐nano CaCO3 composites
Authors: Mishra S. , Sonawane S. H. , Singh R. P.
Published: November 2004

The elegant approach of in situ deposition technique was used for the synthesis of nano CaCO3. the nanosize of particles was confirmed by the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used for determination of the enthalpy. The nano CaCO3 polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared by taking 2 and 10 wt % of different nanosizes (21–39 nm) of CaCO3. Conversion of the α phase to β was observed in the case of 2 wt % of a 30‐nm sized amount of CaCO3 in a PP composite. The decrement in ΔH and percent crystallinity, as well as the increment in melt temperature were recorded for 6 wt % nano CaCO3 with a decrease in nanosize from 39 to 21 nm. The increment in tensile strength with an increase in the amount of nano CaCO3 was observed, and the lower particle size showed greater improvement. The improvement in thermal and mechanical properties is because of the formation of a greater number of small spherulites uniformly present in the PP matrix. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 107–113, 2004
The description of size effects in films of order–disorder ferroelectrics on the basis of the renormalized free energy
Authors: Eliseev E. A. , Glinchuk M. D.
Published: November 2004

Films of order–disorder‐type ferroelectrics were considered in the mean‐field approximation of the Ising model taking into account the depolarization field and four‐dipole interactions. It was shown that this system could be described on the basis of the renormalized bulk system free energy with two‐dipole interaction constant dependent on the film thickness, surface and depolarization field characteristics. This led to the size‐driven phase transition between paraelectric and ferroelectric phases with transition temperature dependent on the film thickness. For small values of the four‐dipole interaction constant, the size‐driven crossover from the first‐order phase transition to the second‐order one with film‐thickness change was forecasted. An analytical expression for the tricritical point temperature and thickness was obtained. The increase of the four‐dipole interaction constant led to the first‐order phase‐transition existence independently of the film thickness, with the temperature region of the phases' coexistence widening with thickness decrease. The phase diagram in coordinates temperature–film thickness and the order parameter were calculated with the help of the derived free energy. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The electron‐gas pair density and its geminal representation I. The geminal weight and its singularities
Authors: Ziesche P.
Published: November 2004

It is shown how the momentum distribution n(k) of the homogeneous electron gas determines its geminal weight μ(k), which appears in the Kimball–Overhauser representation of the pair density g(r) and in the cumulant partitioning of the static structure factor S(q). The singularities of μ(k) at the k‐space origin k = 0 and at the Fermi surface k = 1 originate from the singularities of n(k) at k = 1. They cause the non‐oscillatory and oscillatory long‐range asymptotics of the Fock part in the cumulant partitioning of g(r), respectively, which are also contributed to by the cumulant pair density h(r). (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quasi‐localized low‐frequency vibrational modes of disordered solids II. Study by single‐molecule spectroscopy
Authors: Naumov A. V. , Vainer Yu. G. , Bauer M. , Kador L.
Published: November 2004

By means of single molecule (SM) spectroscopy we investigated elementary matrix excitations in a disordered solid, i.e., quasi‐localized low‐frequency vibrational modes (LFMs). To this end we recorded the spectra of single tetra‐tert‐butylterrylene molecules embedded in an amorphous polyisobutylene matrix in a temperature region, where the LFM contribution to line broadening dominates. The individual param‐ eters of LFMs in a polymer glass can be determined from the temperature‐dependent linewidths of single molecules. The magnitude of the LFM contribution to SM spectra was obtained by the statistical analysis of the distribution of linewidths of SMs. Pronounced distributions of LFM frequencies and SM‐LFM coupling constants were found. This result can be regarded as the first direct experimental proof of the localized nature of LFMs. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phononic crystals
Authors: Page J. H. , Sukhovich Alexey , Yang Suxia , Cowan M. L. , Van Der Biest François , Tourin Arnaud , Fink Mathias , Liu Zhengyou , Chan C. T. , Sheng Ping
Published: November 2004

Phononic crystals are periodic composite materials with lattice spacings comparable to the acoustic wavelength. They are of interest not only because of the profound effects of their periodic structure on wave propagation (e.g., the existence of acoustic band gaps), but also because of potential applications (e.g., their possible role in sound filters, transducer design and acoustic mirrors). In this paper, we summarize recent progress using ultrasonic experiments to investigate both two‐ and three‐dimensional phononic crystals. By measuring the ultrasonic wave field transmitted through slab‐shaped samples of different thicknesses, both the dispersion curves and amplitude transmission coefficient can be determined. Because the field is pulsed, the dynamics of the wave fields can also be investigated; this has allowed us to make a systematic study of ultrasonic wave tunneling in phononic crystals. New results on resonant tunneling, focussing and negative refraction phenomena in phononic crystals are also presented. Our data are well explained using Multiple Scattering Theory, giving additional insight into the physical properties and potential applications of these novel materials. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Continuum model for acoustic phonons in nanotubes: phonon bottleneck
Authors: Raichura Amit , Dutta Mitra , Stroscio Michael A.
Published: November 2004

Elastic continuum model is used to model acoustic phonons in single wall nanotubes (SWNTs). Based on elastic continuum theory, acoustic vibrational modes are modeled for both zigzag and armchair nanotubes of finite length using a variational solution of Donnell's equation. The acoustic phonon modes in these calculations are determined for both even and odd modes of the acoustic displacement. The dispersion relations vary with the length of the tube, and the results indicate that phonon bottleneck effects occur in short SWNTs. The displacement field of the nanotube is used to calculate the deformation potential interaction Hamiltonian. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Density functional theory study of contribution of many‐body energies to binding energy for alanine‐(water)4 complex
Authors: Chaudhari Ajay , Lee Shyi‐Long
Published: November 2004

The lowest energy conformer of alanine‐(water)4 complex (Spectrochim. Acta A, 59, 2619, 2003) was studied in more detail using Density Functional Theory methods B3LYP/6‐31+G*. The total energy and binding energy for this complex is –629.514437 hartrees and –41.02 kcal/mol, respectively. Relaxation energy and many‐body energies, i.e., two‐, three‐, four‐, and five‐body energies, were obtained for this complex using many‐body analysis to elucidate their contribution to the binding energy of the complex. It was found that relaxation energy as well as all many‐body energies had significant contributions to the total binding energy. The highest contribution is from two‐body energies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Periodic DFT approach to benzotrifuroxan crystal
Authors: Ju Xue‐Hai , Xiao He‐Ming , Chen Li‐Tao
Published: November 2004

Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6‐21G* level were performed on crystalline benzotrifuroxan (BTF). The frontier bands are generally quite flat. The energy gap between the highest occupied crystal orbital (HOCO) and the lowest unoccupied crystal orbital (LUCO) is 3.89 eV, indicating that the crystal is an electrical insulator. All the atoms of BTF make up both the lower and the higher energy bands. The projection of density of state (DOS) indicates that there exists no region with much higher reactivity as other explosives, since the coplanar rings of BTF are conjugated. An anisotropic impact on the bulk makes the electron transfer from carbon atoms to nitrogen and oxygen atoms, which lowers the strength of the C–C bond. The crystal lattice energy is predicted to be –47.39 kJ/mol. The elastic constants C11, C22, and C33 are predicted to be 191.48 GPa, 94.39 GPa, and 347.42 GPa, respectively. The large differences of C11, C22, and C33 indicate the anisotropic properties of BTF upon impacting. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Density functional study of O2 adsorption on (100) surface of γ‐uranium
Authors: Huda M. N. , Ray A. K.
Published: November 2004

Chemisorption of the oxygen molecule on the (100) surface of γ‐uranium was investigated using the generalized gradient approximation to Density Functional Theory. Dissociative adsorptions of O2 are found to be significantly favored compared to molecular adsorptions. Interstitial adsorptions of molecular oxygen are less probable, as no bound states are found in this case. Only after dissociation of O2 is atomic oxygen diffusion through the surface possible. The O 2p orbitals are found to hybridize with U 5f bands, and some of the U 5f electrons become more localized. A significant charge transfer from the first layer of the uranium surface to the oxygen atoms is found to occur, making the bonding partly ionic. For the most favored site, the dissociative chemisorption energy is ∼9.5 eV, which indicates a strong reaction of uranium surface with oxygen. Spin polarization does not have a significant effect on the chemisorption process. For most of the sites and approaches, chemisorption configurations are almost same for both spin‐polarized and non‐spin‐polarized cases. For the most favored chemisorption sites of oxygen on uranium, paramagnetic adsorption is slightly stronger, by 0.304 eV, compared to magnetic adsorption. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Hydratases involved in nitrile conversion: Screening, characterization and application
Authors: Yamada Hideaki , Shimizu Sakayu , Kobayashi Michihiko
Published: November 2004

The discovery of new enzymes with greater activity and specificity opens new, simple routes for synthetic processes, and consequently, new methods to solve environmental problems. A number of nitrile‐related enzymes have been screened over the past few years for use in developing synthetic applications. Microbial nitrile hydratase (NHase) has great potential as a catalyst in organic chemical processing because the enzyme can convert nitriles to the corresponding higher value amides under mild conditions, and has now been applied to the industrial productions of acrylamide and nicotinamide. Particularly, the former production is the first successful example of a bioconversion process for the manufacture of a commodity chemical. The characterization of the enzyme at the molecular level has provided new insights into how the molecular structure determines the enzyme function, and how the regulatory system controls the expression of the enzyme genes to improve the enzyme and the NHase‐dependent process. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1: 152–161, 2001
Interactions of target population size, population parameters, and program management on viability of captive populations
Authors: Earnhardt Joanne M. , Thompson Steven D. , Marhevsky Emily A.
Published: November 2004

When established conservation programs expand and evolve, management practices may become inconsistent with program goals. In the past decade, the American Zoo and Aquarium Association expanded species conservation programs by increasing the number of Species Survival Plans (SSP) and establishing more than 300 new Population Management Plan (PMP) programs. However, limited space in captive breeding facilities forces a competition among SSPs and less intensively managed PMPs. Regional Collection Plans establish priorities and allocate space accordingly by setting target population size for each species; species of high conservation priority (SSPs) are allocated space at the expense of lower priority species (PMPs). Because population size and genetic composition interact to impact population viability, target population size is a significant factor to a population’s prospects for long‐term survival. We examined four population parameters (current population size, target population size, current gene diversity, and mean generation time) for 46 mammalian SSPs and 17 PMPs. Relative to SSPs, PMPs combine smaller current and target population sizes, lower levels of current gene diversity, and shorter mean generation times than SSPs. Thus, the average PMP population can expect to lose gene diversity more rapidly than the average SSP population. PMPs are projected to lose 10% or more of their founding gene diversity, within only 2 years. In contrast, the average SSP population is projected to lose 10% in 40 years. Populations with small current or target population sizes require intensive management to avoid extinction. More intensive genetic management of populations typically designated as PMPs, through recruitment of potential founders and equalization of founder representation, could increase gene diversity and improve viability. Less rigorous population management should be reserved for populations whose long‐term survival is either secure or that can be readily replenished from the wild. Because PMP populations need intense genetic management similar to that currently in effect for SSPs, there should be neither a management‐level distinction between programs nor an arbitrary difference in space allocated to programs. Zoo Biol 20:169–183, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Natural language corpus semantics: the Free Choice controversy
Authors: Sæbø Kjell Johan
Published: November 2004

This paper addresses the methodological issue of what data can safely be disregarded in the quest for a good analysis of a given semantic phenomenon. I argue that as there is no objective measure for this, making the temptation to adjust the terrain to the map hard to resist, it is strongly advisable to make use of text corpora in formal semantic research. I illustrate this argument by considering in some detail the recent history of research on Free Choice items.
Introduction
Authors: Engdahl Elisabet , Cooper Robin
Published: November 2004

This special issue of the Nordic Journal of Linguistics is devoted to Comparative Nordic Semantics. Whereas much research has been carried out on comparative syntax, morphology and phonology in the Nordic languages, much less work has been done on the comparative semantics of these languages. But the fact that some of the Nordic languages, namely the Scandinavian ones, Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish, are historically, lexically and structurally very similar means that they provide an interesting target for semantic research. Are there systematic semantic differences between these languages? If so, are the formal semantic analytic tools that have been developed mainly for English and German sufficiently fine-grained to account for the differences among the Scandinavian languages? These were some of the questions asked in the research project Comparative Semantics for Nordic Languages (NORDSEM), which was funded by the Joint Committee of the Nordic Research Councils for the Humanities in 1998–2001 and which involved researchers at the Copenhagen Business School, Göteborg University and the University of Oslo. Two of the papers in this issue (by Carl Vikner and Kjell Johan Sæbø) derive directly from the NORDSEM project whereas the third paper, by Erich Round, pursues some issues investigated during the project by Joakim Nivre and published in Nordic Journal of Linguistics 25:1 (2002).
Transmission of potato virus diseases. VI. The distribution of the aphid vectors on sampled leaves and shoots
Authors: Bald JG , Norris DO , Helson GAH
Published: November 2004

Data on the distribution on potato plants of the two aphid vectors Macrosiphum gei Koch and Myzus persicae Sulz., were collected over the six seasons 1941-42 to 1946-47. In the early stages of infestation the counts of alate and adult apterous aphids approximated to a Poisson distribution, indicating random distribution in the crop. Moderate to high counts of nymphal aphids diverged widely from a Poisson distribution. In the later stages of infestation the total population showed an extremely non-random distribution, but examination revealed that this was due largely to the nymphal aphids, the adults both alate and apterous being distributed in a more nearly random way except when influenced by such events as heavy rainfall. A hypothetical example is given to show how part of the heterogeneous distribution of nymphs may be accounted for by multiple deposition, even if this should occur on randomly chosen leaves. Sampled leaves were assigned to ground cover, median or tip zones of the plant according to the known phyllotaxy of the potato plant. The ground cover was divided into basal leaves, close to or touching the ground, and ground canopy, shading the ground. It was shown that Myxus persicae deposits nymphs mainly on the ground canopy, Macrosiphum gei on the basal two or three leaves and the tip. Adults of both species wander over all portions of the foliage. The influences producing non-random distribution of aphid vectors are discussed. It is suggested that the procedure for sampling aphid populations on potato crops be modified to take account of the difference between basal leaves and ground canopy leaves.