bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study Comparing the Aerosol Box and Mayo Containment setup During Intubation in COVID-negative Indian Patients as a Learning Curve
Authors: Jayakar Sheetal , Jayakar Sudhir , Brar Tavleen , Kabeer Waseema
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly contagious. The use of other barrier techniques, in addition to personal protective equipment (PPE), to limit aerosolization and protect against contamination may also be helpful.

Design:

This is a prospective, randomized, single-blind, comparative study to compare the efficacy of aerosol box with the Mayo trolley containment setup during intubation.

Materials and Methods:

The two setups were compared for ease and time taken for intubation, restriction of hand movement, difficulty in accessing equipment, difficulty in railroading of endotracheal tube (ETT) over a bougie, and general satisfaction of operator during intubation using the C-MAC video laryngoscope. The mean time taken for endotracheal intubation (ETI) was compared using the unpaired t-test, and the rest of the categorical variables were presented as proportions and percentages.

Results:

The mean time taken for ETI using the Mayo trolley was 42.6 seconds as compared to 54.5 seconds with an aerosol box. The operator was more satisfied with the Mayo trolley setup.

Conclusion:

The Mayo trolley containment setup is an inexpensive and readily available alternative to the aerosol box in any setting, with a lesser time taken to intubation and lesser restriction of hand movement, easy accessibility of equipment, and easy railroading of ETT over a bougie.
Depressive Symptoms among Children with Sickle Cell Anemia in a Tertiary Health Facility in North-western Nigeria
Authors: Jiya Fatima Bello , Jiya Nma Muhammed , Baba Jibrin , Bakare Abdulfatai Tomori , Ibitoye Paul Kehinde , Adamu Asma’u , Isezuo Khadijat Omeneke , Abba Mohammed Hassan
Published: February 2024

Context:

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) being a chronic debilitating condition places affected children at risk of depression.

Aims:

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in children with SCA, the perceived causes, intervention sought, and associated factors.

Settings and Design:

This was a cross-sectional survey involving children with SCA aged 7–15 years attending pediatric hematology clinic of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto.

Materials and Methods:

Information on depressive symptoms was obtained using the short mood and feelings questionnaire for children and adolescents.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS version 25.0.

Results:

Respondents consisted of 291 child–caregiver pair with M:F of the children 1.6:1 and mean age of 11.0 ± 2.7 years. Majority [239 (82.1%)] of the caregivers were females with mean age 38.4 ± 7.4 years. Most [217 (74.6%)] of the caregivers were Hausa by tribe, married (269, 92.5%), in a monogamous setting, 159 (58.5%) with 129 (44.3%) of them having low socioeconomic status. One hundred and forty-nine (51.2%) children had depressive symptoms. Requirement for daily drug intake (125, 83.9%), missed school days (119, 79.9%), recurrent illness (115, 77.2%), and stress (114, 76.5%) were the commonest perceived causes. Prayers (138, 94.5%) and use of distraction (100, 68.5%) were the commonest interventions adopted. Child age category (P = 0.002), caregiver’s gender (P < 0.001), family setting (P < 0.001), socioeconomic status (P = 0.008), comorbidity (P = 0.021), frequent painful crises (P = 0.001), and frequent hospital admission (P = 0.024) were associated with depressive symptoms and remained independent predictors of depressive symptoms on logistic regression.

Conclusions:

Depressive symptoms were common among the subjects and associated with some sociodemographic and medical factors.
Accuracy of Saliva as a Diagnostic Medium for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Quantitative ELISA Analysis
Authors: Onyia Nonso E. , Okoh Mercy , Omoregie Felix O. , Ugiagbe Rose A. , Ayinbuomwan Ekiye
Published: February 2024

Context:

Diagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) has been traditionally serum-based with its attendant risks and invasive procedure. Massive research interests are being directed to the use of saliva for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of several infectious diseases, including HBV. Various reports suggest that saliva contains biomarkers that are comparable with that of sera. It can also be obtained with minimal risk to the clinician and patient as well.

Aim:

To determine the diagnostic accuracy of saliva in quantitative detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Settings and Design:

This cross-sectional analytical study was performed on HBV seropositive patients at the Gastroenterology clinic of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Edo State.

Materials and Methods:

Under standardized conditions, equal amounts of blood and saliva samples of 43 HBsAg seropositive patients were analyzed using ELISA to quantitatively detect the concentration of HBsAg.

Statistical Analysis Used:

The analysis relied on Spearman’s correlation coefficient, linear regression analysis, and Bland–Altman plots to describe the correlational, predictive, and agreements between measurements of HBsAg in sera and saliva. The statistical significance was set at P < 0.05, while a 95% confidence level was used to construct intervals.

Results:

All participants had detectable levels of HBsAg in both saliva and serum with mean titers of 1.70 ± 0.35 ng/ml and 2.80 ± 0.77 ng/ml, respectively. Correlational and linear regression showed poor fit and predictive relationships of the HBsAg levels. Bland–Altman analysis showed good agreement and no significant bias in their diagnostic agreements.

Conclusion:

Saliva can be reliably used in screening and diagnosis of HBV infection. There was agreement in their levels independently and within their averages. It may be premature to rely on saliva for quantitative assay of HBsAg in treatment monitoring.
Comparative evaluation of traditional and molecular diagnostic methods for malaria: An analysis of performance
Authors: Chawla Kiran , Khanna Vinay , Ayer V Sukrita , Khanna Ruchee
Published: February 2024

Purpose:

As we edge closer to the eradication of malaria, several methods for detecting Plasmodium species have been developed, including peripheral blood smear examination (PBS), rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), serological evaluations, fluorescent microscopy, polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), fluorescent in situ hybridization, and flow cytometry. The suitability of these tools for routine diagnosis requires evaluation, considering both their diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness.

Materials and Methods:

Our study compared four diagnostic techniques for malaria: PBS, quantitative buffy coat (QBC), RDT, and PCR. We used PCR as the benchmark standard and statistically assessed the performance of PBS, QBC, and RDT against PCR in detecting malaria. Adopting a prospective observational approach, we collected blood samples from 117 patients exhibiting the symptoms suggestive of malaria.

Results:

The findings from our study showed that PBS had a positivity rate of 93.4%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.881–0.987, indicating reliable results for a similar population. The QBC assay demonstrated an elevated positivity rate of 96.7% with a solid 95% CI of 0.930–1.000. Although the RDT had a slightly lower rate of 92.4%, it still delivered dependable results, presenting a significant 95% CI of 0.868–0.980, ensuring a robust diagnostic performance compared to PCR.

Conclusion:

PCR is a reliable test when the identification of the specific species is inconclusive. Conversely, the commonly used PBS occasionally overlooks positive malaria cases due to the specialized skills needed for accurate reading. The cost-effective RDT is feasible for field operations without the need for expert knowledge. However, it fails to differentiate between old and new infections. Meanwhile, the QBC test, known for its sensitivity and speed, can be consistently employed for malaria diagnosis in a tertiary care settings.
Recurrent rhinosporidiosis in a young male: A case report and its taxonomical journey
Authors: Rawat Garima , Aiyer Hema Malini , Shukla Aditi
Published: February 2024

Rhinosporidiosis is a rarely encountered granulomatous infection caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi affecting both humans and animals. Although the disease has been reported worldwide, it is mainly endemic in tropical and subtropical countries. In the Indian subcontinent, it is endemic in some parts like Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, eastern Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. It is a chronic granulomatous disease with varied controversial taxonomical history, but recently based on genetic sequencing and the nature of aquatics, it was later identified as an aquatic eukaryote. The mucous membranes are frequently impacted in humans, with a typical manifestation being the presence of a polypoidal mass. The occurrence of Rhinosporidiosis in nonendemic regions is uncommon. We report one such case of a young male with recurrent Rhinosporidiosis from India.
Implementation of BRCA Test among Young Breast Cancer Patients in South Korea: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Hwang Yung-Huyn , Yoo Tae-Kyung , Lee Sae Byul , Kim Jisun , Ko Beom Seok , Kim Hee Jeong , Lee Jong Won , Son Byung Ho , Chung Il Yong
Published: February 2024

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the frequency of BRCA testing and related factors among young breast cancer patients (age < 40 years) in South Korea.Materials and Methods We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study using data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment claims. Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients younger than 40 were included. Annual BRCA testing ratios (number of BRCA test recipients/the number of patients undergoing breast cancer surgery in each year) were analyzed by region and health care delivery system. We investigated the location of breast cancer diagnosis and BRCA testing.Results From January 2010 to December 2020, there were 25,665 newly diagnosed young breast cancer patients, of whom 12,186 (47.5%) underwent BRCA testing. The BRCA testing ratios increased gradually from 0.084 (154/1,842) in 2010 to 0.961 (1,975/2,055) in 2020. Medical aid (vs. health insurance) and undergoing surgery in metropolitan cities or others (vs. Seoul), general hospitals, and clinics (vs. tertiary hospitals) were associated with a lower likelihood of BRCA testing. While 97.8% of the patients diagnosed in Seoul underwent BRCA testing in Seoul, 22.9% and 29.2% of patients who were diagnosed in metropolitan areas and other regions moved to Seoul and underwent BRCA testing, respectively.Conclusion The frequency of BRCA testing has increased over time in South Korea, with Seoul showing a particularly high rate of testing. About one-quarter of patients diagnosed with breast cancer outside of Seoul moved to Seoul and underwent BRCA testing.
Spike Glycoprotein 1 Partial Gene Analysis of GI-19 (QX-like) Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolated and Propagated from Breeder, Broiler, and Layer Chickens in Java Region
Authors: Santoso Ferdinand Prayogo Cahyo , Widayanti Rini , Widyarini Sitarina , Wibowo Michael Haryadi
Published: February 2024

This study aims to identify and characterize receptor binding sites (RBS) and antigenic sites (HVR-I and II) of the S1 gene fragment of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolated and propagated from commercial chickens in Java Region to monitor recent circulating virus. The samples in this study were the organs which indicated infectious bronchitis infection. The stages of this research consisted of making virus suspensions, isolation, and propagation, as well as molecular detection and characterization of viruses. Virus isolation and propagation were carried out on chicken embryonated eggs aged 11 days via the allantoic route. Culture confirmation was performed by RT-PCR of the S1 gene fragment, followed by sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The 168-hour propagation was observed in both dwarfed and curled embryos of two isolates from 11 isolates detected as IBV-positive. Phylogenetic tree construction resulted in all isolates being grouped as GI-19 genotype (QX-like). Amino acid identity among QX-like strains was calculated at 87–100%. A total of 210 predicted amino acid residues were observed, including 31 substitutions and 2 deletions. Conclusions of this study were identified and characterized as GI-19 genotype (QX-like) IBV with amino acid changes on S1 fragment from breeder, broiler, and layer chickens in Java Region.
Prostovoljna požarna straža
Authors: Smolej Mojca
Published: February 2024

In the second half of the 19th century, slavisation and archaisation dominated the linguistic planning for Slovene. Both took place at almost all linguistic levels: vocabulary, word formation, syntax, etc. This paper will present a letter written by Karel Štrekl in 1890 to Fran Levec. Levec had previously asked Štrekl to find out from his “Slavic brothers” what they called Feuewehr or freiwillige Feuerwehr. Štrekelj, who was then stationed in Graz, consulted his Czech and Polish colleagues to find the appropriate vocabulary.
Preliminarna raziskava izgovarjave slovenskih jezičnih nezvočnikov z ultrazvočno napravo
Authors: Horjak Luka
Published: February 2024

The paper begins with an introduction to the development of articulatory phonetics and its me­thods. It covers ultrasound research conducted for the Slovenian language or by Slovenian researchers. Following this is a presentation of the ultrasound method for studying articulation, with an emphasis on its advantages and disadvantages. The core of the contribution is the presentation of a preliminary study on the pronunciation of Slovenian lingual obstruents (/s z ʃ ʒ x ʦ ʧ ʤ k ɡ/) by a speaker, which was conducted in May 2022 using an ultrasound device. The lingual obstruents were observed in the articulatory position before stressed vowels in disyllabic words placed within short sentences. The studied lingual obstruents were manually annotated on the audio signal, and the position of the tongue surface was also manually annotated on sagittal ultrasound images. The results of the paper include the average tongue positions for each lingual obstruent, which are graphically represented with boxplots, showing stable and variable points in the tongue position. It is found that the most stable postalveolar fricatives are /ʃ ʒ/. The latter do not differ in the average tongue position, and the same applies to other voiced pairs: /s – z, ʧ– ʤ, k – ɡ/. For the voiceless velar fricative /x/, the influence of coarticulation on the average tongue position is also demonstrated.
Kontrastivna analiza stališč glede spolno vključujoče rabe jezika v časopisih Delo in Die Welt
Authors: Agović Haris
Published: February 2024

The discussion about gender-inclusive language has created two camps – those who advocate for gender-inclusive language use, and those who see it primarily as language ideologization and do not find the current language usage exclusive. In Slovenia, the debate was liveliest in 2018 after the adoption of the resolution by the Senate of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Ljubljana, which mandates the use of the feminine generic gender in the faculty’s legal documents for any gender. In Germany, the debate is still lively and takes place in various media (on television, radio, in newspapers); in Slovenia, it has somewhat quietened down. The article analyses attitudes regarding gender-inclusive language usage in the German and Slovenian daily newspapers Delo and Die Welt with the aim of identifying similarities and differences between the viewpoints. The analysis of attitudes is conducted on a sample of 29 articles, first categorized into two groups based on the predominant stance in the article – negative and positive attitudes. Furthermore, negative and positive attitudes are divided into argumentative clusters, into which attitudes from the analysed articles can be classified based on content analysis.
Jezikovna krajina zavarovanih območij
Authors: Pisanski Peterlin Agnes , Schlamberger Brezar Mojca , Mikolič Južnič Tamara
Published: February 2024

Studies of linguistic landscapes offer new insights into the interplay between multilingual and monolingual practices, as well as insights into the role of translation, often focusing on signs in urban public space. The present study examines the relationship between monolingual discourse and multilingual, translated discourse in the linguistic landscape of Slovenia, shifting the focus to conservation areas, i.e., spaces dedicated to nature conservation, the protection of ecosystems and preservation of cultural heritage. We present an analysis of signage in two conservation areas, the University of Ljubljana Botanical Garden, which has the status of a natural monument and is an educational institution located in the capital of Slovenia, and Sečovlje Salina Nature Park, which has the status of a nature park and is located in an officially bilingual area (Slovene and Italian). In both locations, nature conservation and education are priorities; however, both are also tourist sites and, as as a result, different types of discourse can be identified in their signage. The aim of the paper is to explore the interplay of different factors contributing to monolingual or bilingual signage in both conservation areas, as well as to shed light on the choice of languages displayed on the signs, and to analyse the translation strategies used and their impact on the discourse displayed.
A generalization of a fourth irreducibility theorem of I. Schur
Authors: Filaseta Michael , Allen Martha
Published: February 2024

In 1929, Issai Schur investigated the irreducibility over the rationals of a few different polynomials. Generalizations of all but one were previously given in the literature, and this paper establishes a more general result of the last one.
Agency, functionalism, and all that. A Sraffian view
Authors: Cesaratto Sergio
Published: February 2024

Former contributions examined the approach to institutions and economic history that can be derived from the classical and Marxian 'surplus approach' as particularly recovered by Piero Sraffa (1951) and Pierangelo Garegnani (1960). The present paper deals with the allegation levelled against historical materialism-and consequently against the surplus approach to institutions-of organicism or functionalism. Organicism is said to look at individuals as passive vectors functionally serving in various capabilities the reproduction and destiny of society as a whole. In this way human agency in the operation and change of society is excluded or at least restrained. Methodological individualism is the traditional alternative supported both by neoclassical and by (some) Marxist schools. The literature over the 'agency versus structure' determination of human behaviour in social and human sciences is immense. I will therefore limit myself to some episodes that may however provide enough food for thought on this field. I shall defend a functionalist view of society while giving space to individual intentional action and aspirations, albeit informed by historical conditioning circumstances. Historical reconstruction of the objective and subjective features of the economic formations under examination, rather than the empty and a-historical study of individual choices, unrelated to the social context, looks like the way to go. Agency must be historically contextualised.
MOBILE MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) RESPONSIVE TO EXCESS NICKEL IN PUMPKIN (CUCURBITA MAXIMA L.)
Authors: Tombuloglu Guzin
Published: February 2024

Nickel (Ni) is a toxic heavy metal that inhibits plant growth, development, and reproduction. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) travel from cell to cell or organ to carry messages to regulate gene expression. This study aims to find mobile miRNAs that are Ni-responsive and are present in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) phloem sap. For this purpose, pumpkin seedlings were exposed to Ni (100 μM, NiCl2), and root, shoot, and phloem-sap specimens were collected at 0 (control), 24, and 48 hours of the treatment. The stem-loop RT-qPCR and stem-loop semi-quantitative RT-PCR methods were used to determine the abundance of 14 miRNAs in the phloem sap. Compared to the control, the abundance of miR160, miR167, miR393, miR397, and miR398 was suppressed in Ni-treated seedlings. The reduction was verified by grafting experiments, revealing that miR167 and miR393 are Ni-responsive and move/travel from the leaf-to-root direction. Those phloem-residential miRNAs potentially play a role in the Ni-response mechanism. This study can help to understand the early response mechanism of plants against excess Ni and lead to identifying miRNA-mediated long-distance communication of plants.
On the multiplicity order of spinnable star-like transformation semigroup Tw*n
Authors: Akinwunmi Sulaiman Awwal , Ibrahim Garba Risqot , Adeniji Adenike Olusola , Oyewola David Opeoluwa
Published: February 2024

The application of graph theory has gained significant traction within the realm of the algebraic theory of semigroups. This study delves into exploring the geometric properties of the star-like transformation semigroup \alpha\omega_n^*, a distinctive category of transformation, and delineates a tropical graph (curve) by elucidating its algebraic and tropical structure. Through this investigation, various tropical properties are established, offering insights into the graph theory aspects of star-like spinnable T\omega_n^* transformation semigroups. Consequently, the objective of this research is to delineate and characterize several tropical and combinatorial functions applicable to T\omega_n^*.
MARITIME MUSEUMS VS SEAPORT MUSEUMS NAVIGATING THE EVOLUTION FROM MARITIME PORT BUSINESS TO THE MARITIME TOURISM INDUSTRY
Authors: Selvaduray Mahendrran , Bandara Yapa Mahinda , Yunus Norhaslinda
Published: February 2024

Ocean-based countries has more advantages compare to a landlock regions where there face challenges on the access to the oceanography activities. Beyond major maritime trading and transportation business, maritime tourism business is one of the economically contributing sectors for coastal region nations. The main aim of this paper is to (a) identify the role of seaport museum and maritime museum, (b) to explore the benefits of seaport museum and maritime museum towards seaport industry, (c) proposing a framework for the future research direction on seaport tourism as a complementary business opportunity for seaport industry. Bibliometric analysis technique was adopted with VoS viewer, and a content analysis on 30 research articles were performed to derive the results and then coded with NVivo 12 software. The result shows that, there are nine key measurement factors needed to be considered to archive the objectives. Seaport museum and maritime museum are not the same, whereas maritime museum only focuses on all the sea-based artifacts while seaport museum focuses on the specific sea-based artifacts which are in the port limits. Moreover, both the museums encourage the port city development and have a high impact to the seaport revenue generation.
The Pursuit of Longevitiy and Continuity
Authors: Ojeda Cherry
Published: February 2024

Colonial American historians have analyzed the migration and settlement of the colonies in a multifaceted aspect. Historians of colonial America continue to analyze how the migration and settlement of the settlers shaped the colonies they inhabited. Furthermore, historians have also considered the colonies to be interconnected with the greater Atlantic world and strive to make connections not only between the first English thirteen colonies but also have begun to consider how Canadian and Spanish colonies have been shaped by their settlers in the Atlantic world. Through this thought, Historians may begin to compare the colonies to each other and find that their migration and settlement patterns share similar goals and values that they may not have considered before. This paper will compare Colonial NEw England and New Mexico and analyze the goals and values that shape each of these colonies.
American Martial Culture and Revolutionary Success
Authors: Rabas Nicholas
Published: February 2024

The purpose of this research paper is to examine how martial culture impacted every aspect of Colonial American society. Through the use of data and examining military historians such as John Shy and Don Higginbotham, it will show that conflict played an integral part in the development of early American and how it eventually led to a cultural rift between the colonists and England. The colonists were in a constant struggle for survival in the frontier, physically, mentally and ideologically. When their greatest adversaries were no longer in the picture, their own government became a blockade in this pursuit to maintain their way of life. 

This paper will also examine how this martial culture influenced the leadership of Revolution in their struggle for independence. Using memoirs and letters, as well as biographies to see how these leaders were shaped and how it impacted their strategic planning when facing the greatest military force of their time. It will also examine the lasting influences of these leader’s martial culture on the whole of the new American martial culture. As well as taking a brief look at their post-revolutionary experiences.
Guatemalan Migration to Los Angeles:
Authors: Solares Jonathan
Published: February 2024

The Guatemalan migration to Los Angeles hides behind a violent thirty-year Civil War that lasted from 1960 to 1996; the violent events started after the USA supported a coup against the Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz. The coup marked the beginning of political instability in Guatemala. The instability led to the formation of guerrilla groups seeking to overthrow the military regime; the confrontation by both groups occurred in the highlands of Guatemala, where many of the indigenous villages were decimated, and its populations almost eradicated. As a result, an increased number of indigenous populations started escaping the political violence they faced by guerrilla and military groups and began migrating to Los Angeles.  The number of indigenous people arriving in Los Angeles increased dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s; however, these communities continued to face adversities upon arrival in Los Angeles. The indigenous communities had to find ways to maintain their culture alive and settle in Los Angeles. This paper will seek to explore how the civil war in Guatemala led to an increased number of Guatemalans arriving in Los Angeles, focusing on the Mayan Kanjobal community. The paper will also focus on the settlement of the Kanjobales in the West-Lake and Pico-Union region of Southern Los Angeles and the ways their culture was challenged upon arriving at Los Angeles.
Black Queer Activism During the Aids Epidemic
Authors: Donovan Wright
Published: February 2024

The history of LGBTQ Americans has frequently been told through the lens of White Queer individuals , and most Black American historiography fails to acknowledge the contributions that Black Queer Americans have made to end racial discrimination. Several publications throughout the 1980s demonstrate the efforts that Black Queer Americans have made in the fight against racism and homophobia that plagued the United States.
The XVII Amendment’s impact to Economy, Politics, and European Immigration during Prohibition in the United States
Authors: Enriquez Daniella J
Published: February 2024

Prohibition occurred between the years 1920 to 1933. The United States Congress ratified the XVII amendment prohibiting the sale, manufacture, and transport of intoxicating liquors. During these years United States emerged from its involvement in World War I, experienced the Roaring Twenties, and felt the impact of the Great Depression. The era historically transformed the United States during the period of thirteen years. Upon the ratification of XVIII amendment, the Volstead Act became the enforcing mechanism of the law, Prohibition took effect within the United States on January 17, 1920. The economy, law enforcement and European immigration were all sectors uniquely affected during the Prohibition era in the United States. The United States government political fallout occurred because they believed the ratification would positively impact the country’s economy, however; the government lost tax revenues immediately after the tax on liquor sales halted. The law’s goal was to eliminate all liquor within the United States. The government did not expect illegal smuggling nor the establishment of a bootlegging industry. The closure of saloons led to an illegal development of underground speakeasies. Alcohol smugglers thrived, while the National Anti-Saloon League influenced distinguished members of Congress and the government with their use of “pressure politics.” The Treasury Department assigned a Prohibition Unit agency known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation to follow paper tracks and anonymous tips about speakeasies and illegal smuggling. The United States endowed Border Patrol with law enforcement authority allowing them to make arrests without warrants on any violation of immigration laws. Immigrants found opportunities sidestepping the law and built speakeasies to supplement their incomes. Germans, Italians, and Irish Americans were all targeted because of citizens preconceived prejudices against immigrants in the United States.
One Man, Two Stories: The Differing Legacies of Rikidozan
Authors: Sanchez Francisco
Published: February 2024

Kim Sin-rak(November 14th, 1924- October 28th, 1963), better known as Rikidozan, is one of the most decorated professional wrestlers of all time. Born in the Northern part of Korea, he immigrated to Japan to become a sumo wrestler. Though he had some success in the world of sumo wrestling, his dispute with his stable master would lead to Rikidozan retiring from the sport to become a black marketeer and construction worker. His life would change after being recruited by American professional wrestler and promoter Bobby Bruns to come along on a wrestling tour of Japan. After this first tour was done, he left for the United States where his fame and popularity steadily grew. He was soon established as Japan's biggest professional wrestling star, defeating the imposing American wrestlers through sheer strength, tenacity, and sumo-based chops. At the time of Rikidozan's rise to superstardom, Japan was left reeling after surrendering to the United States in 1945. The Japanese people needed a hero, and Rikidozan became that hero. Millions of Japanese citizens crowded television screens in order to watch Rikidozan fight off American wrestlers, giving hope to a downtrodden nation. Rikidozan's storied career would leave behind a major impact on Japan, becoming the first postwar hero who embraced Japanese ideals. His foundation of the Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance in 1953 was the starting point for the establishment of puroresu, or Japanese pro wrestling. His JWA paved the way for companies like New Japan Pro Wrestling to become both a domestic and worldwide phenomenon. Japan was not the only country to have idolized Rikidozan as a national hero, however. Years after Rikidozan's death, North Korea claimed Rikidozan as their own national hero. Though Rikidozan lived life as a Japanese star, he was born as Kim Sin-rak, an ethnic North Korean. North Korea published multiple pieces of state propaganda re-writing the narrative of Rikidozan's career to fit the views of North Korea, to inspire their citizens to follow state teachings. Rikidozan was repackaged into a North Korean patriot who hated Japan and loved his home country, and had fought and dedicated his matches to the Supreme Leader Kim Il-sung. He did not simply defeat wrestlers, he had fought off almost mythical beings in American and Japanese wrestlers and became the symbol of strength and resillience in North Korea.This essay seeks to examine both of the differing stories told about Rikidozan's career, and contextualize them with their respective time period. Rikidozan's career in the Japanese telling is post-World War 2, while the North Korean telling lines up more accurately with the later half of the Cold War. Rikidozan's career is examined with an understanding of the ins and outs of professional wrestling and historical context behind the concurrent events during Rikidozan's career and the North Korean re-telling of that career.
Political Resistance Against Brown V. The Board of Education of Topeka 1954-1960
Authors: Rojo Anthony
Published: February 2024

After the ruling of Brown V. The Board of Education that declared segregated public schools unconstitutional, the American South began to employ political means in order to maintain segregation. This fight to preserve segregation was seen throughout all levels of the American government, from the highest office of the presidency to local political organizations such as the White Citizens' Councils.
Editorial Team
Authors: Jeffers Joshua
Published: February 2024

The Toro Historical Review Volume 14, Issue 2

Editorial and Production Team

Christopher Garcia

Alexander Gonzalez

Shaleyah Haywood

Issac Rivera

Montse Romero

 

Dr. Joshua J. Jeffers, faculty mentor
The Berber Identity
Authors: Okoreeh Alvin
Published: February 2024

No abstract provided
Mozarab Perseverance of Identity and Faith amid Islam
Authors: Chappell Stephen
Published: February 2024

No abstract provided
The Sandinista Revolution as Ignition for Social Movements
Authors: Lara Aurora
Published: February 2024

No abstract provided.
The Los Angeles Freeway and the History of Community Displacement
Authors: Perez Jovanni
Published: February 2024

No abstract provided.
Chasing the Elephant's Tail
Authors: Okoreeh Alvin
Published: February 2024

No abstract provided.
Women Rising from the Depths of Congolese History
Authors: Nguyen Sarah
Published: February 2024

No abstract provided.
African Americans and Unions in Los Angeles
Authors: Marshall Taylor
Published: February 2024

This paper highlights the racism that permeated Labor Unions across Los Angeles while determining the methods that African American men and women employed in order to successfully lobby not only the unions themselves but the United States government in cases where the locals were unwilling to integrate. I came upon this topic after a story I had heard at family gatherings about an ancestor of mine, William Schneiderman, who was a union leader, outspoken communist, and whose similarities to Harry Bridges called my attention to Los Angeles unions in my new hometown of San Pedro. My focus on race relations within L.A. unions which eventually led me to focus on African Americans and Los Angeles organized labor given their more vocal activism in the city, more so than any other ethnic group. Black workers fought the unions they came to be a part of for their rights as union members and faced belligerent racism constantly. In the course of my research, I located archival records from numerous repositories across L.A., including the Los Angeles Times Historical Archive, the Long Beach Library Historical Archives, the Random Lengths News Archives, the National Archives and Records Administration’s ????les, and the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union’s Special Collections and Archives.
Homeland Comfort in an Alien Land: The Role of the Huiguan in Exclusion Era Los Angeles
Authors: Edwards Christopher
Published: February 2024

Chinese immigrants in the mid 1800’s faced legislative discrimination as well as a brutal race-riot to establish themselves in Los Angeles. The organizations called huiguans they had developed to support travelers in China played an important role in supporting them in America. These organizations helped Chinese immigrants face many obstacles in Los Angeles, including legal exclusion from emigrating to America.
The Mexican Revolution
Authors: Garcia Dante Alvin
Published: February 2024

This paper will look at the Mexican Revolution and analyze the relationship between the working class and the Revolutionary leaders in the Northern states. Generally, the working class resided in the northern states of Mexico due to the massive industrialization in those areas by the United States and other foreign entities. Emphasizing the importance of the working class and its relationship with the United States investors and Mexican Revolutionaries I argue that because of massive American influence in the Northern States the working class supported policies that benefited them such as labor reform, opposing any U.S. Involvement, and having quality accessible education. Thereby, motivating Revolutionary leaders to align their political views with those of the working class to build alliances and consolidate power.
Surviving the Colonial Experience
Authors: Ovando Cesar
Published: February 2024

During the colonial period in Guatemala, indigenous peoples' lives changed due to the development of an oppressing colonial system. However, scholarship focusing on this situation have argued that despite everything, these natives survived. Using native-language sources from several indigenous communities, specifically Mayan, these scholars are a part of a school-based research field known as the New Philology. Now, Guatemala had limitations when it came to encountering native-language based documents. So, these scholars also had to rely on various forms of archival sources in their research. From there, each scholar has displayed unique characteristics in their works, which will be explored and analyzed in this historiography.
The Institution of Slavery in British Colonial America
Authors: Garcia Delgado Ana Karen
Published: February 2024

In the mainland British American colonies, slavery as an institution evolved throughout the seventeenth to the eighteenth century. The colonies transformed from “societies with slaves” to “slave societies.” Along with the transformation to slave societies, the labor of slaves also changed. Analyzing Historical Statics to evaluate the demographics, the economy of the colonies, and the legal structure will aid in understanding the changes in the institution of slavery.
Religion in Colonial México
Authors: Abang Jasmine A.
Published: February 2024

The writing of colonial Mexican religious history starts with early 20th-century French historian Robert Ricard and his focus on missionary preaching and teaching endeavors. Ricard, whose historical writing reflects a pre-WWII Eurocentrism and Catholic victory mindset, relied heavily on Spanish and religious sources. In his work, he concludes that the missionary conversion process was successful spiritual conquest. Louise Burkhart's 1989 The Slippery Earth sets a new tone for colonial religious research, claiming that the process of conversion was not one-directional. Burkhart argues that the Nahua of central Mexico had more significance in the development of colonial Mexican Catholicism than Ricard imagined.  Burkhart's book becomes the foundation of modern research on the topic, as it is the first to incorporate native-language sources. She heavily utilizes the sixteenth-century Florentine Codex, the twelve-book encyclopedic style manuscript written by Nahua elites under the supervision of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún telling of the culture and the people of Central México. Through her findings, she argues that the Mexican colonial religion reflects a cross-cultural interaction, which ultimately gave birth to what she coins 'Nahuatized Christianity.'
Conversations with Another Woman
Authors: Jones Precious
Published: February 2024

-
Implementation of Risk Management in The Medical Records Work Unit Reviewed From National Standards For Hospital Accreditation Through A Systematic Literature Review Approach
Authors: Khairunnisa Khairunnisa , Rahmadiliyani Nina
Published: February 2024

The hospital, there is no denying the possibility of unwanted or unexpected negative impacts in work activities, one of which is in the medical records work unit. The aim of the research is to determine the implementation of risk management in the medical records work unit in terms of the National Hospital Accreditation Standards. The research method used was a Systematic Literature Review with a search strategy using Google Scholar results criteria with the keywords "Risk management of medical records work units OR Risk management of medical records work units based on SNARS". The research results were obtained from an in-depth analysis of 6 journal articles, there was a link between the journal articles reviewed and the implementation of risk management in the medical records work unit in terms of the National Hospital Accreditation Standards where the problems found on average occurred in MIRM 12 Standards related to the determination of diagnosis code standards , procedure/action codes, symbols, abbreviations and their meanings, MIRM Standard 13 relating to the provision of medical records for each patient in hospitals, MIRM Standard 13.2 relating to hospital regulations which identify those who have the right to fill in patient medical records and determine the contents of medical records and format medical records, MIRM Standard 13.3 relates to filling in medical records by Professional Care Providers (PPA) by writing identification after the recording is made and MIRM Standard 13.4 relates to performance improvement efforts and hospitals regularly evaluating or reviewing medical records. The risk levels in the medical records work unit from these articles show that the risk categories are "Acceptable" (the intensity of risk is reduced to a minimum) to "Substantial" (requires technical improvement).
Ảnh hưởng của việc bổ sung hỗn hợp chiết từ các loại thảo dược chứa 50% cỏ xước đến các chỉ tiêu sinh lý, sinh hóa máu, số lượng E. coli, Salmonella trong phân và tỷ lệ mắc bệnh, tiêu chảy hô hấp ở heo thịt
Authors: Thạo Lê Đức , Quân Nguyễn Hải , Hằng Phan Thị , Huế Nguyễn Văn , Chào Nguyễn Văn
Published: February 2024

Nghiên cứu nhằm đánh giá ảnh hưởng của hỗn hợp dược liệu chiết xuất từ Cỏ xước (50%), Dã quỳ (20%), Hoàn ngọc (20%), và Đinh lăng (10%) đến sinh lý, sinh hóa máu và sức kháng bệnh của heo thịt. Tống số 45 heo cai sữa đến xuất chuồng được phân bố ngẫu nhiên vào các nghiệm thức; bao gồm lô ăn thức ăn bổ sung chất chiết từ thảo dược ở các mức 0,5; 1,0; và 1,5 g trong 1,0 kg thức ăn, nghiệm thức đối chứng âm: sử dụng khẩu phần cơ sở và nghiệm thức đối chứng dương: khẩu phần cơ sở bổ sung kháng sinh colistin ở mức 1g/ kg thức ăn, mỗi ô chuồng có 3 con, và 3 lần lặp lại. Kết quả cho thấy, bilirubin trực tiếp ở nghiệm thức bổ sung 0,5 g (0,9 µmol/L); bilirubin gián tiếp ở nghiệm thức bổ sung 1,5 g (2,3 µmol/L) cao hơn đối chứng. Lượng cholesterol và LDL-C ở các nghiệm thức có bổ sung cao hơn đối chứng (p < 0,05). Chỉ số MCV và MCH ở nghiệm thức bổ sung 1,5 g cao hơn so với nghiệm thức bổ sung 1,0 g; nhưng thấp hơn lô đối chứng. Bổ sung hỗn hợp chiết từ thảo dược vào thức ăn không làm ảnh hưởng đến các chỉ tiêu sinh lý sinh hóa máu khác của heo. Số lượng E. coli, Salmonella trong phân không có sự sai khác giữa các nghiệm thức (p < 0,05). Tỷ lệ tiêu chảy có xu hướng giảm khi tăng lượng hỗn hợp dược liệu: đối chứng (7,35 % ngày con), nghiệm thức bổ sung 0,5 g (5,14 % ngày con), nghiệm thức bổ sung 1,0 g (4,96 % ngày con), và nghiệm thức bổ sung 1,5 g (4,31% ngày con). Như vậy, bổ sung hỗn hợp chất chiết từ thảo dược trong thức ăn cho heo có thể làm tăng lượng bạch cầu, lượng bilirubin trực tiếp và gián tiếp; cải thiện chỉ số MCV và MCH; và làm giảm tỷ lệ tiêu chảy ở heo thịt.
Đặc điểm hình thái và phân bố loài dó bà nà (Aquilaria banaensae phamh.) tại khu bảo tồn Sao La, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế
Authors: Yến Văn Thị , Tuấn Đoàn Quốc , Thủy Dương Thanh , Đức Trần Minh , Diễn Đinh , Hợi Nguyễn , Thắng Trần Nam
Published: February 2024

Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này nhằm khảo sát đặc điểm hình thái và phân bố sinh thái của loài dó bà nà (Aquilaria banaensae Phamh.), khu bảo tồn Sao La, Thừa Thiên Huế. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, lá dó bà nà mọc cách, lá nguyên, có hình mác ngược hoặc mác hẹp, mặt trên lá có màu xanh bóng đậm, mặt dưới màu xanh xám, diện tích lá trung bình là 57,0 ± 15,8 cm2, mật độ khí khổng bình quân là 144,5 ± 34,8 khí khổng/mm2. Dó bà nà phân bố chủ yếu ở độ cao 800 - 950 m, từ rừng trung bình đến rừng giàu, xuất hiện phổ biến ở vị trí sườn và đỉnh. Có 6/7 tuyến xuất hiện dó bà nà, tần suất xuất hiện cá thể trưởng thành khá thấp chiếm 28,8% (32/111 ô khảo sát). Loài này có dạng phân bố lan truyền và cho thấy môi trường sống của loài về cơ bản ổn định (A/F > 0,05). Mật độ loài trong các lâm phần khảo sát là 79,7 cây/ha. Những cá thể có D00 ≥ 1,8 cm (~D1.3 ≥ 1 cm) là đã bắt đầu ra hoa (chiếm 2,8% tổng số cây điều tra). Dó bà nà chủ yếu tái sinh từ hạt (chiếm 93,8%). Chỉ số giá trị quan trọng (IVI) ở vị trí thứ tám trong các loài cây gỗ được khảo sát.
Các điều kiện ảnh hưởng đến quá trình trích ly saponin từ sâm bố chính (Abelmoschus sagittifolius) được trồng tại huyện A Lưới, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế
Authors: Huế Nguyễn Văn
Published: February 2024

Cây sâm bố chính đã được trồng thử nghiệm tại xã Nhâm, huyện A Lưới, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế kể từ năm 2021. Với điều kiện thiên nhiên thuận lợi cho sự phát triển, diện tích trồng sâm trên địa bàn huyện A Lưới đã tăng lên gần 20 ha. Hiện tại, đã có sự quan tâm, nỗ lực nghiên cứu, đánh giá và khai thác tiềm năng giá trị từ cây sâm bố chính. Một số hợp chất có hoạt tính sinh học như polysaccarit, saponin và flavonoid đã được chứng minh tồn tại trong cây sâm bố chính. Với mục tiêu tìm hiểu ảnh hưởng của các yếu tố trong quá trình trích ly, nghiên cứu tập trung vào khảo sát khả năng thu hồi saponin từ rễ sâm bố chính dựa trên các thông số khác nhau như nồng độ dung môi, tỷ lệ nguyên liệu/dung môi, nhiệt độ và thời gian. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng các thông số công nghệ như sử dụng dung môi ethanol với nồng độ 60%, tỷ lệ nguyên liệu/dung môi là 1/16, trích ly ở nhiệt độ 70oC trong thời gian 3 giờ đạt hiệu suất thu hồi saponin tốt từ cây sâm bố chính (0,66 g/10 g nguyên liệu khô). Đây là những thông số phù hợp giúp tận dụng giá trị từ cây sâm bố chính. Ngoài ra, đã tiến hành thử nghiệm sản xuất một sản phẩm mới là cao sâm bố chính phối trộn với mật ong theo tỷ lệ 50/50%. Sản phẩm này có màu sắc đẹp, hương vị đặc trưng và phù hợp với sở thích của người tiêu dùng.
Đánh giá sinh trưởng và năng suất bốn giống cải kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) trồng bằng phương pháp thủy canh tĩnh
Authors: Nhân Đoàn Trọng , Trang Lý Thị Thu , Thắm Lê Thị Hồng , Nguyên Phùng Khắc , Kim Tô Lê Huỳnh , Nhí Phan Ngọc
Published: February 2024

Nghiên cứu được thực hiện tại Trường Đại học Cần Thơ nhằm đánh giá khả năng sinh trưởng và năng suất của 4 giống cải kale trồng bằng phương pháp thủy canh tĩnh trong điều kiện nhà màng. Thí nghiệm được bố trí hoàn toàn ngẫu nhiên, gồm 4 nghiệm thức và 10 lần lặp lại. Bốn nghiệm thức là 4 giống cải kale gồm: kale xoăn xanh, kale rong biển xanh, kale xoăn tím và kale thủy tinh. Các nghiệm thức được bố trí trong điều kiện nhà màng và thùng xốp được sử dụng để trồng thủy canh cải kale. Kết quả cho thấy có sự khác biệt về sinh trưởng và năng suất các 4 giống cải kale. Trong đó giống xoăn xanh cho kết quả chiều dài lá (28,4 cm), đường kính gốc (10,2 mm), khối lượng trung bình lá (13,9 g/lá), tổng khối lượng lá thu được trên cây (324 g/cây) và hàm lượng vitamin C trong lá (37,4 mg/100 g) cao nhất trong 4 giống cải kale trong thí nghiệm. Giống rong biển xanh cho số lá trên cây nhiều nhất 33,5 lá/cây, nhưng chiều dài lá (18,8 cm) và hàm lượng vitamin C (15,5 mg/100 g) lại thấp nhất. Giống xoăn tím có chiều rộng lá lớn nhất (12,8 cm) nhưng số lá trên cây (21,5 lá/cây) và tổng khối lượng lá thu hoạch trên cây (101 g/cây) thấp nhất.