bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contestability, Complementary Inputs and Contracting: The Case of Harbour Towage
Authors: Gans Joshua S. , King Stephen P.
Published: November 2003

It has been argued that competitive tendering for contracts can be used to overcome problems of natural monopoly and to make markets ‘contestable’. The recent Productivity Commission (2002) report into harbour towage in Australia noted the potential benefits of competition for contracts. Using the example of harbour towage, we investigate these claims when competitive tendering involves one segment of a vertical production chain. We show that direct customer contracting will not result in a perfectly contestable outcome if there is a complementary input provider with market power. We consider whether this situation improves when customers delegate the contracting process. Delegation only improves the outcome from the customers' perspective if the authority is able to receive side payments from the towage operators. Such side payments a priori would appear to be against the interests of the customers. We show, however, that side payments help the port authority to overcome the problems of market power, benefiting both the port authority and the customers. Further, these contracting outcomes are socially preferred to the unregulated outcome where port authorities and towage operators set prices and quality independently. This analysis sheds light and generally supports the Productivity Commission's recommendations.
Shaping Local Councillor Preferences: Party Politics, Committee Structure and Social Background1
Authors: Serritzlew Søren
Published: November 2003

The preferences of politicians are crucial in a representative democracy. In order to change policy, voters must elect politicians who prefer to do so. Party affiliation may signal preferences to voters, but preferences are also shaped by institutional factors, such as committee membership and social background. This article assesses whether political, institutional or social background explanations best explain spending preferences, based on a survey of 1,200 Danish municipal councillors. Simulations of the relative effect of such variables show that party membership is the most important explanation of spending preferences. Social background, including age, gender, occupation and education, has limited impact, but female, young and better‐educated politicians are likely to prefer higher spending. The committee structure is more important. Standing committee membership and seniority have a substantial positive effect on preferences. Although spending advocacy does exist, guardians are harder to find. Even though the members of the economic committee are responsible for the overall economic situation, spending preferences among these politicians are not systematically different.
Public Spheres on the Internet: Anarchic or Government‐Sponsored – A Comparison
Authors: Jensen Jakob Linaa
Published: November 2003

This article discusses whether the internet can contribute to strengthening democracy by creating new public spheres online. The focus is whether government‐sponsored initiatives are more successful than private ‘anarchic’ ones in shaping conditions for democratic dialogue. Two cases are examined and it is concluded that the government‐sponsored case in general is most successful in achieving democratic ideals of openness, respect, argumentation, enlightenment and deliberation. Three factors are crucial for the success of the former case: rules and moderation, a geographical affiliation and the presence of politicians. On the other hand, it is clear that political debate online is still an exclusive activity reserved mainly for the well educated and politically active. The internet's often‐claimed potential for mobilising new groups cannot be confirmed. Rather, the chosen few have got yet another opportunity to discuss and influence the political process.
Quadruple Trigonometrical Series Equations and Their Application to an Inclusion Problem in the Theory of Elasticity
Authors: Singh B. M. , Rokne J. , Dhaliwal R. S.
Published: November 2003

Closed form solution of quadruple series equations involving cosine kernels has been obtained by reducing the series equations into triple Abel's type integral equations which in turn are reduced to a single integral equation. Making use of finite Hilbert transforms the solution of the single integral equation is obtained in closed form. This solution is used to solve an electrostatic problem. The results of this paper have also been used in a two‐dimensional elastostatic problem under anti‐plane shear and the effect of rigid line inclusions with thickness on the Griffith cracks has been examined. The expressions for shear stress and stress intensity factor at the tip of the crack are obtained. Finally, some numerical results for the stress intensity factor and shear stress distribution are obtained.
The Motion of Internal Layers in Singularly Perturbed Advection‐Diffusion‐Reaction Equations*
Authors: Knaub Karl R. , O'Malley Robert E.
Published: November 2003

This paper asymptotically solves singularly perturbed partial differential equations of the form
image

as ε→ 0+, on a finite spatial domain, in the case where the solution exhibits a single extremely slowly moving internal layer. Conditions under which such solutions occur are discussed. Equations of motion for the layer are derived, and careful consideration is given to both exponential asymptotics and the previously little‐studied case of algebraic asymptotics.
Wave–Mean‐Flow Interactions in a Forced Rossby Wave Packet Critical Layer
Authors: Campbell L. J.
Published: November 2003

This paper describes the nonlinear critical layer evolution of a zonally localized Rossby wave packet forced in mid‐latitudes and propagating horizontally on a beta plane in a zonal shear flow. The wave packet has an amplitude that varies slowly in the zonal direction. Numerical solutions of the governing nonlinear equations show that the wave–mean‐flow interactions differ from those that would result with a monochromatic forcing. With the localized forcing, the net absorption of the disturbance at the critical layer continues for large time, because there is an outward flux of momentum in the zonal direction. Further insight into the mechanism for this and other aspects of the evolution of the critical layer is obtained through an approximate asymptotic analysis which is valid for large time.
The asymptotic variance of the estimated roots in a cointegrated vector autoregressive model
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: November 2003

Abstract.  We show that the asymptotic distribution of the estimated stationary roots in a vector autoregressive model is Gaussian. A simple expression for the asymptotic variance in terms of the roots and the eigenvectors of the companion matrix is derived. The results are extended to the cointegrated vector autoregressive model and we discuss the implementation of the results for complex roots.
A Time‐Domain Semi‐parametric Estimate for Strongly Dependent Continuous‐Time Stationary Processes
Authors: Kato Takeshi , Masry Elias
Published: November 2003

Abstract.  A covariance‐based estimator of the memory parameter of strongly dependent continuous‐time stationary processes is proposed. The consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimator are established. All assumptions, the form of the estimator, and the proofs are made in time‐domain only.
Distribution of the estimated lyapunov exponents from noisy chaotic time series
Authors: Lai Dejian , Chen Guanrong
Published: November 2003

Abstract. In this paper, we give statistical analyses and simulation studies on the Lyapunov exponents estimated from noisy chaotic time series. Through the Jacobian estimation approach, the asymptotic distribution of the estimated Lyapunov exponents are studied and characterized from the observed noisy chaotic time series. Theoretical results are visualized and verified by numerical simulations.
Non‐Gaussian Filter and Smoother Based on the Pearson Distribution System
Authors: Nagahara Yuichi
Published: November 2003

The Pearson distribution system can represent wide class of distributions with various skewness and kurtosis. We develop a practical approach of using all types of its distribution system including the type‐IV distribution which was difficult to implement.

We propose an easily implemented algorithm which uses less‐memory and performs at a higher speed than other typical methods: using analytic approximation of successive conditional probability density functions for prediction and filtering by the Pearson distribution system in the case of both the system and observation noise being one‐dimensional. By using the approximated probability density function and the numerical integration, we obtain mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis of the next distribution. We decide the next approximated distribution from the Pearson distribution system. We adopt these steps for the prediction, filtering and smoothing recursively. Our framework makes it possible to construct time series models with various noise distributions.

We apply our non‐Gaussian filter to the estimation of non‐Gaussian stochastic volatility models of the stock returns. We compare our method with the typical method.
Multi‐variatetAutoregressions: Innovations, Prediction Variances and Exact Likelihood Equations
Authors: Tarami B. , Pourahmadi M.
Published: November 2003

Abstract. The multi‐variatetdistribution provides a viable framework for modelling volatile time‐series data; it includes the multi‐variate Cauchy and normal distributions as special cases. For multi‐variatetautoregressive models, we study the nature of the innovation distribution and the prediction error variance; the latter is nonconstant and satisfies a kind of generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic model. We derive the exact likelihood equations for the model parameters, they are related to the Yule–Walker equations and involve simple functions of the data, the model parameters and the autocovariances up to the order of the model. The maximum likelihood estimators are obtained by alternately solving two linear systems and illustrated using the lynx data. The simplicity of these equations contributes greatly to our theoretical understanding of the likelihood function and the ensuing estimators. Their range of applications are not limited to the parameters of autoregressive models; in fact, they are applicable to the parameters of ARMA models and covariance matrices of stochastic processes whose finite‐dimensional distributions are multi‐variatet.
The Gender Structure of the Nursing Hierarchy: The Role of Human Capital
Authors: Brown Claire , Jones Liz
Published: November 2003

This study investigated the factors contributing to the over‐representation of men in senior positions in nursing. A questionnaire was distributed to a stratified random sample of 1536 registered nurses in New South Wales, Australia. The data were analysed using multiple logistic regression and showed that women's greater likelihood of taking breaks from full‐time employment was the major variable contributing to the gender segmentation of the nursing workforce. This has implications for those working towards ‘family friendly’ workplaces.
Inclusion or Exploitation? Irish Women Enter the Labour Force
Authors: Collins Grainne , Wickham James
Published: November 2003

This article seeks to examine the division of women into committed and uncommitted workers by gender theorists. The article uses interview data from a study of women in service sector employment in Ireland to ask how (or even if) women actually make the decision to enter the workforce and why they stay there. Moreover, we explore how some Irish women themselves experience these changes.
Frontier Masculinity in the Oil Industry: The Experience of Women Engineers
Authors: Miller Gloria E.
Published: November 2003

This study contributes to the empirical evidence in the area of gendered organizations (Martin and Collinson, 2002) and their effects on the women who work in them through an interpretive, ethnographic analysis of the oil industry in Canada, specifically Alberta. The study combines data from interviews with women professionals who have extensive employment experience in the industry, a historical analysis of the industry's development in the area and the personal contextual experience of the author. It is suggested that there are three primary processes which structure the masculinity of the industry: everyday interactions which exclude women; values and beliefs specific to the dominant occupation of engineering which reinforce gender divisions; and a consciousness derived from the powerful symbols of the frontier myth and the romanticized cowboy hero. In this dense cultural web of masculinities, the strategies that the women developed to survive, and, up to a point, to thrive, are double‐edged in that they also reinforced the masculine system, resulting in short‐term individual gains and an apparently long‐term failure to change the masculine values of the industry.
Perceptions of the authority of health information. Case study: digital interactive television and the Internet
Authors: Nicholas David , Huntington Paul , Williams Peter , Gunter Barrie
Published: November 2003

As part of a Department of Health funded project nearly 2000 people were surveyed as to their use of two digital health information services, one on the Web and the other on digital interactive television (DiTV). The website was of a commercial company—Surgerydoor—and the DiTV service NHS based. This paper concentrates on the issue of trust in digital health information. Two of the main findings were that advertising was found to have an effect on trust, though the quality and type of advertising will impact in different ways on trustworthiness. DiTV subscribers who had either used the Living Health channel which carried NHS branded health information or had heard of the service, were more likely to say that the NHS was a symbol of trust for them compared with DiTV subscribers who had not used the service.
Persistent post‐sclerotherapy pigmentation due to minocycline. Three cases and a review of post‐sclerotherapy pigmentation
Authors: Green D
Published: November 2003

Summary  Background  Post‐sclerotherapy pigmentation, usually overlying the treated veins and independent of any drug ingestion, is common. This pigmentation is brown and represents haemosiderin and sometimes melanin as well. It usually slowly fades over a period of months, only uncommonly persisting for years.

Cutaneous pigmentation due to minocycline ingestion is a known but rare adverse effect. It usually appears as a round or irregular shaped patch that is dark blue to black, representing minocycline moieties and iron complexes. Its persistence for years is common.

Clinically and histopathologically, these two causes of pigmentation are quite distinct. In the absence of ulceration, minocycline pigmentation koebnerised by sclerotherapy has not previously been reported.

Aims  To determine the nature of the pigmentation appearing in three patients who had been taking minocycline at the time, or shortly after, they had received sclerotherapy. Clinically, although this pigmentation had the usual distribution observed after sclerotherapy, it was persistent and appeared dark blue to black.

Results  The persistent post‐sclerotherapy linear pigmentation observed in all three patients had the characteistics of minocycline pigmentation.

Conclusions  This is the first report of such minocycline‐aggravated post‐sclerotherapy pigmentation. Persistent post‐sclerotherapy pigmentation caused by minocycline is a risk associated with ingestion of this drug. Patients need to be warned of this risk because, unlike post‐sclerotherapy pigmentation that develops in the absence of drug ingestion, minocycline‐aggravated post‐sclerotherapy pigmentation may persist for years.
Cosmetic and medical causes of hair weathering
Authors: Dawber Rodney
Published: November 2003

Summary  To experts in any aesthetic field, scalp hair has ‘life’. But in any scientific sense it is a dead structure made up of highly organized and orientated keratinized fibres and fibrils; and these can be modified by cosmetic procedures to give a seemingly infinite variety of beautiful and exciting styles. As the hair grows away from the scalp it degenerates or ‘weathers’ to some degree and this can be exaggerated by physical and chemical procedures such as overzealous brushing, bleaching, permanent waving and tricotillomania.
Damage limitation in cosmetic dermatology
Authors: Cotterill J A
Published: November 2003

Summary  Good communication is the key to damage limitation.

A complaint by a patient should be treated as a medical emergency as early effective communication will almost always neutralise patient anger. Legible and appropriate clinical notes are also important. Patients with depression and dysmorphophobia are potentially litigious, underlying the importance of patient selection.
Laser treatment of rosacea
Authors: Laube S. , Lanigan S. W.
Published: November 2003

Summary  Rosacea is a common condition often resulting in persistent erythema and telangiectasia as well as rhinophyma in a number of patients. Over the last two decades lasers have been increasingly used in the treatment of these permanent changes. The literature is reviewed in terms of the different laser systems, side‐effects and comparison with other surgical techniques.

Laser studies on rosacea‐associated telangiectasia and erythema are limited. Copper‐bromide, krypton and KTP lasers have been used with good to excellent results. However, the most commonly applied system is the flash lamp‐pumped pulsed dye laser.

Rhinophyma can be treated with a variety of different surgical methods, including laser resurfacing. CO2 lasers are the most widely used lasers, others are the Er:YAG and Nd:YAG lasers. Cosmetic end results are comparable to partial excision with a scalpel or electrosurgery. There does not appear to be an increased risk of infection or scarring, but the conventional surgical methods are quicker to perform and more cost effective.
Business Cycle Properties of the Legitimate and Underground Economy in Australia
Authors: Bajada Christopher
Published: November 2003

The business cycle characteristics of the legitimate economy have been examined quite extensively. In this paper we extend the standard business cycle analysis to the underground economy and compare it to the legitimate economy. Using National Bureau of Economic Research dating methodologies we find that classical cycles exhibit strong incidence of asymmetry while growth cycles appear relatively symmetric. We find that changes in legitimate activity lead to changes in underground activity but that the underground economy responds more to negative shocks in legitimate activity than to positive shocks. This implies that the underground economy is deepening economic downturns and increasing the volatility of the business cycle in general.
Statistical Inference and Changes in Income Inequality in Australia
Authors: Athanasopoulos George , Vahid Farshid
Published: November 2003

This paper studies the changes in income inequality in Australia between 1986 and 1999, using the Gini coefficient and Theil's inequality measure. Individuals are divided into various subgroups along several dimensions, namely region of residence, employment status, occupation and age. The change in inequality over time, between and within these subgroups is studied, and the bootstrap method is used to establish whether these changes are statistically significant.
Intra‐Household Resource Allocation, Consumer Preferences and Commodity Tax Reforms: Australian Evidence
Authors: Blacklow Paul , Ray Ranjan
Published: November 2003

Empirical analysis of household expenditure behaviour has traditionally ignored the issue of resource allocation between household members, assuming that they have identical or unitary preferences. This paper relaxes that assumption, develops a household sharing rule and proposes intra‐household demand systems that are able to identify differences in the preferences of members from conventional data. The resulting price and expenditure elasticities are used to demonstrate that collective demand models suggest different directions for commodity tax reforms to those implied by the traditional unitary model.
A Theoretical Analysis of Credit Card Reform in Australia
Authors: Gans Joshua S. , King Stephen P.
Published: November 2003

The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) moved to reform credit card associations by increasing entry, allowing merchants to surcharge for card payments and regulating the interchange fee. We develop a simple model of payment systems designed to analyse the impact of these reforms. We build on the RBA's main assumptions and provide a justification for some of their concerns about excessive card use. Allowing merchants to surcharge may eliminate much of the concern over the interchange fee. On the other hand, the RBA's proposed interchange fee, based entirely on issuer costs, is unlikely to be socially optimal.
Econometrics for Evaluations: An Introduction to Recent Developments
Authors: Cobb‐Clark Deborah A. , Crossley Thomas
Published: November 2003

There has recently been a rapid expansion of interest in the econometrics of program evaluation, both within Australia and around the world. We provide a review of the key issues and recent developments in this field. A central feature of recent developments is the attempt to allow for program impacts that vary across individuals. This contrasts with earlier econometric approaches that implicitly assumed a homogeneous treatment effect. We survey alternative nonexperimental estimation strategies and note that they can be characterised by (1) an assumption about how untreated outcomes vary across individuals: this assumption in turn suggests how the counter‐factual untreated outcomes of program participants should be estimated, and (2) the way in which the estimator aggregates or weights the program impacts of different individuals in the treatment group. We also emphasise the importance of good data.
Telomerase activity and related properties of normal canine lymph node and canine lymphoma*
Authors: Hipple A. K. , Colitz C. M. H. , Mauldin G. N. , Mauldin G. E. , Cho D. Y.
Published: November 2003

Telomerase activity (TA) and the expression of p16INK4, telomerase reverse‐transcriptase catalytic subunit (TERT) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were analysed in lymph nodes from clinically normal dogs and from dogs with lymphoma. Telomere lengths were measured in 12 histologically normal lymph nodes. These data were related to the overall survival time of the lymphoma patients given chemotherapy, in an effort to identify prognostic significance of the measured variables. There was no significant difference between TA of normal lymph nodes (n = 16) and lymphoma lymph nodes (n = 6). PCNA expression was significantly higher in lymphoma (n = 30) than in normal lymph nodes (n = 10), but TERT expression was not. Expression of p16INK4was not significantly different between normal and lymphoma lymph nodes. TA and p16INK4expression were inversely correlated within the normal lymph nodes studied. Telomere lengths in normal lymph nodes were consistent with previous studies. No variables examined had any correlation with survival of the lymphoma patients given chemotherapy. The role of p16INK4in the regulation of TA warrants further investigation.
A review of Doppler sonography for the assessment of tumour vascularity
Authors: Ohlerth S. , Kaser‐Hotz B.
Published: November 2003

During the past decade, the vascular biology of cancer has become a highly interesting research field. To assess tumour vascularity and perfusion, various strategies such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have been investigated. Over the last years, important advances have taken place in the Doppler technology which dramatically improved its ability to evaluate the vascular system, even small and deep vessels. Doppler sonography provides a non‐invasive means to assess the extent and morphology of tumour vascularity. This information is clinically important regarding diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment, particularly in connection with the development of novel angiogenesis inhibitors. This article describes the different Doppler technologies most commonly used in human and experimental animal oncology. Based on in vivo tumour models and extensive clinical experience in humans, their significance and potential clinical applications are illustrated. First clinical reports in veterinary medicine are also reviewed.
Nuclear scanning with99mTc‐HDP for the initial evaluation of osseous metastasis in canine osteosarcoma
Authors: Jankowski M. K. , Steyn P. F. , Lana S. E. , Dernell W. S. , Blom C. M. , Uhrig J. L. , Lafferty M. , Withrow S. J.
Published: November 2003

The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the use of nuclear scintigraphy in determining the rate of secondary sites of osseous malignancy at initial presentation in dogs with osteosarcoma. Radiographs of suspicious secondary lesions were reviewed and placed into four separate categories: benign lesions; no lesion seen on radiographs; subtle radiographic changes suggestive of, but not conclusive for, metastasis; and metastatic lesions highly suspected on radiographs. Three hundred and ninety‐nine dogs were evaluated by technetium nuclear scanning for suspected osteosarcoma. Three hundred and twenty‐six of 399 dogs (82%) had only one apparent site on the nuclear scan, whereas 72 dogs (18%) had more than one suspicious site on the nuclear scans. Highly suspected secondary metastatic lesions were detected by nuclear scans in 7.8% of cases. Although interpretation of nuclear scans is subjective, this study showed a 7.8% chance of detecting unsuspected osseous metastasis with nuclear scans in canine osteosarcoma patients on initial presentation.
Hydrogen control during steel making for medium carbon wheels
Authors: Jha K. N. , Sardar M. K. , Jha N. N. , Chakraborty S.
Published: November 2003

The control of hydrogen is essential to avoid flakes, internal microcracks and other types of steel defects. Vacuum degassing, introduced in late 1950s for bringing down the hydrogen of liquid steel, continues to be an important refining operation today to meet stringent requirement of hydrogen, which is sometimes as low as 1 ppm or lower. The net hydrogen level in steel depends on the extent of its pick up and removal during various stages of steel making. The measures to control pick up mainly include the use of inputs with low moisture or hydrogen content and those for removal are efficient degassing in VAD, control of ladle slag basicity etc. The hydrogen level in medium carbon wheel steel at Durgapur Steel Plant is controlled by utilising a number of measures in BOF and ladle treatment practices. These include avoidance of late addition of lime in converter, minimisation of carry over slag, delayed and just adequate deoxidation in ladle, recarburisation with low hydrogen pet coke, efficient degassing in VAD at deep vacuum and intense purging, restricting ladle slag basicity to less than 1.2 etc. The measures developed and implemented during the investigation resulted in hydrogen level of 1.2–1.8 ppm consistently.
The effects of the additives, calcination and leach conditions for alumina production from red mud
Authors: Alp Ahmet , Selim Goral Mehmet
Published: November 2003

The main target of this study was to explore the leach provisions of red mud from Seydisehir Aluminium Factory for alumina recovery. The chemical composition was 20.24% Al2O3, 37.84% Fe2O3, 15.27% SiO2, 9.43% Na2O, 6.15% TiO2, 1.8% CaO, 1.92% CO2, 8.79% LOI and 0.48% other. The effects of Na2CO3 additive and calcination temperature, CaO and Na2CO3 additive, particle size, calcination time and leaching time on the efficiency of alumina extraction were investigated. Studies showed that it was possible to extract alumina from the red mud with approximately 90% of alumina efficiency.
Experimental study of the nucleation of alumina inclusions in liquid steel
Authors: Beskow Kristina , Sichen Du
Published: November 2003

An experimental setup was constructed to study the nucleation and growth of non‐metallic inclusions in liquid steel. The setup allows easy control of the atmosphere in the reaction chamber as well as fast and smooth movement of the sample. A liquid steel sample can be moved smoothly from the reaction chamber to the quenching zone of room temperature in 2 s. The rapid freezing of the sample enables the study of the formation, growth and distribution of the inclusions. A preliminary study on the homogeneous nucleation of alumina was carried out. Experimental evidence of homogeneous nucleation in the region of aluminium supersaturation was found in the sample quenched 5 s after aluminium addition. Fast agglomeration was also observed. In all the samples quenched 15 s or longer after the aluminium addition, agglomerated alumina clusters were found.
Activities of phosphorus in copper–cobalt liquid alloys saturated with solid copper–cobalt solid solutions at 1573 K
Authors: Hasegawa M. , Kikuchi Yoshiteru , Iwase M.
Published: November 2003

In order to elucidate the thermodynamic properties of phosphorous in liquid {Cu–Co–P} alloys, 2‐phase coexistence of {Cu–Co–P} liquid alloys and 〈Cu–Co–P〉 solid solutions were brought into equilibrium with a mixture of Al2O3 and AlPO4 at 1573 K. The equilibrium reaction underlying the experiments can be expressed by the formula
image

The equilibrium oxygen partial pressures were determined via electrochemical measurements involving stabilized zirconia as a solid electrolyte and a mixture of Mo and MoO2 as a reference electrode. The activities of phosphorus were then determined along liquidus line of the ternary system of Cu–Co–P.
Strip casting of magnesium with the single‐belt process
Authors: Ditze André , Schwerdtfeger Klaus
Published: November 2003

Results on the casting of 10 mm thick strip of magnesium with the single‐belt process are reported. The alloy used was AZ91. The main difficulties in the casting of magnesium strip are in the uniform distribution of the melt on the belt of the caster. But finally strands could be cast which had good cross sectional shape over several meters. Casting defects are described. Data are given on the as‐cast microstructure of the strip.
SINGLE CRYSTAL ALIGNMENT METHOD FOR LEED EXPERIMENTS WITH UNGRADED TILT SAMPLE-HOLDERS
Authors: BLUM B.
Published: November 2003

Good visual alignment of single crystal Cu(100)-p(1× 1) and c(2×2)-Bi surfaces was obtained, with an ungraded tilt sample-holder, by iteratively varying (i) the current in three sets of orthogonal Helmholtz coils around the LEED chamber, and (ii) the sample tilt, at low and high electron energies, respectively, until the observed diffraction patterns were symmetric at all energies. LEED I–V profiles of beams nominally equivalent by symmetry are shown for a total of 16 nonequivalent beams, between the two surfaces investigated. For Cu(100)-c(2×2)Bi, where magnetic field elimination was more accurate than for clean Cu, comparison of integral order beams with their average resulted in R2 factors of 0.02 or better.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THIOL FILMS ON C(0001) AND Au(111) SURFACES BY SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY
Authors: TERÁN ARCE F. , VELA M. E. , SALVAREZZA R. C. , ARVIA A. J.
Published: November 2003

The structures resulting from 1-dodecanethiol, 1-butanethiol and 1,9-nonanedithiol films produced on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and gold(111) have been comparatively studied by scanning probe microscopies. Molecular resolution images resulting from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of different thiol films show the formation of arrays of molecules parallel to the HOPG surface. The electrochemical response of the ferro-ferricyanide reaction was used to test the characteristics of electron transfer processes in thiol-covered HOPG as compared to the bare substrate. The decrease in the heterogeneous rate constant for the test reaction appears to be directly related to the degree of film thickness uniformity. For comparison, films with the same kind of thiols were produced on Au(111). Although the electrochemical characteristics of these films appear to be the same irrespective of the substrate nature, the structure of the films on Au(111) is different from that produced on HOPG.
OXIDATION OF Nb(001) STUDIED BY HIGH-RESOLUTION CORE-LEVEL PHOTOEMISSION
Authors: LO W.-S. , CHEN H.-H. , CHIEN T.-S. , TSAN C.-C. , FANG B.-S.
Published: November 2003

Using high-resolution core-level photoemission with synchrotron radiation, we observed two suboxide states on the Nb(001) surface, which was heated in 1×10-6 Torr O 2 for several hours and then annealed several times at high temperatures in an ultrahigh-vacuum condition. These suboxide states were identified as Nb2O and NbO from the Nb3d5/2 core-level photoemission spectra. The relative amounts of these suboxide states varied with the annealing temperature, showing that at progressively higher temperatures more oxygen-deficient oxides were produced. Meanwhile, LEED patterns of the complex superstructures of the oxidized surfaces also changed. Many of these findings are analogous with other oxidized refractory metals.
REFLECTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY METHODOLOGY FOR QUANTIFICATION OF CLUSTER GROWTH: INDIUM CLUSTERS ON THE InP(110) SURFACE
Authors: GAJDARDZISKA-JOSIFOVSKA M. , MALAY M. H. , SMITH DAVID J.
Published: November 2003

Dynamical reflection electron microscopy (REM) can provide a wealth of time-resolved data pertinent to the initial and intermediate stages of cluster growth. REM allows one to follow and quantify the size and shape evolution of individual clusters. Average cluster size and cluster density data can be obtained as a function of time due to the large field of view produced by REM image foreshortening. We describe here a methodology for extracting these data from dynamical REM experiments, based on a geometrical model for the interpretation of REM images from two- and three-dimensional clusters. This methodology has been applied to studies of In cluster growth on InP (110) surfaces at 650°C. The average In cluster height and length initially increased as a fourth root of time, with a constant contact angle with the surface, consistent with surface-diffusion-limited growth of 3D clusters. The same behavior was found in the later stage of cluster growth, but the intermediate stage showed anomalous power laws for the cluster height and base length, accompanied by a decrease in the contact angle between the In clusters and the InP (110) surface. This anomalous regime can be explained by growth of In clusters into the InP substrate, when the true contact angle is no longer defined with respect to the InP(110) surface.
FORMATION AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF (105)-ORIENTED EPITAXIAL THIN FILMS OF YBa2Cu3O7-δ
Authors: YANG Y. , GAO J. , CHUI T. C.
Published: November 2003

The formation and microstructure of the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ thin films grown on (305) SrTiO 3 substrates have been studied by means of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ was epitaxially grown on the stepped surface of such tilted substrates with an angle of 31° between its c axis and the substrate surface normal, forming the (105)-oriented films. A common feature of this kind of films is that small antidomains are nucleated in the initial growing stage. However, the further growth of these antidomains is depressed by the growth of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ with the desired orientation, leading to the formation of a single domain film. The surface of the (105) YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ films is significantly rougher than that of c axis films but smoother than that of some other tilted films. Strong anisotropy of the transport properties has also been found in the [010] and [Formula: see text] directions of the (105) YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ films.
ISLAND AND MULTILAYER GROWTH OF METALS ON METALS: EXPERIMENTS AND COMPUTER SIMULATIONS
Authors: VIDALI GIANFRANCO
Published: November 2003

We review the current understanding of growth of metals on metal films prepared in far-from-equilibrium conditions. Recent experimental and computational studies of metal-on-metal growth are presented and physical/chemical factors controlling this type of growth are identified and discussed. The technique of atom beam scattering to probe thin film growth in situ and in real time is illustrated in detail with selected results of a study of metal-on-metal heteroepitaxial growth.
X-RAY SCATTERING FROM SURFACES OF ORGANIC CRYSTALS
Authors: GIDALEVITZ DAVID , FEIDENHANS'l ROBERT , SMILGIES DETLEF M. , LEISEROWITZ LESLIE
Published: November 2003

X-ray scattering experiments have been performed on the surfaces of organic crystals. The (010) cleavage planes of β-alanine and α-glycine were investigated, and both specular and off-specular crystal truncation rods were measured. This allowed a determination of the molecular layering at the cleavage planes. Furthermore, the surfaces were investigated during growth and dissolution. No change in surface structure was observed, suggesting that the growth and dissolution is performed via the step edges. Finally, experiments on stereospecific adsorption of methionine on α-glycine were performed, showing that the (S)-methionine molecules are orderly attached to the [Formula: see text] surface of α-glycine and also attached to the (010) surface, but not in registry with the substrate.
DYNAMIC ICE SURFACE IN THE POLAR STRATOSPHERE
Authors: GEORGE STEVEN M. , LIVINGSTON FRANK E.
Published: November 2003

Heterogeneous reactions on polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), such as ClONO2+HCl — Cl2+HNO3 , are important for an understanding of the production of active chlorine species (HOCl, Cl2 ) and Antarctic ozone depletion. H2O -ice forms the Type II PSCs and the nature of H2O -ice surfaces under stratospheric conditions may affect the heterogeneous chemistry. This review focuses on recent measurements of H2O adsorption kinetics on ice, H2O desorption kinetics from ice, H2O surface diffusion on ice and H2O diffusion into ice. These measurements reveal that the ice surface is extremely dynamic under polar stratospheric conditions. For example, the residence time for an H2O molecule on an ice surface at 188 K is only ~20 milliseconds before desorption and only ~0.4 milliseconds before diffusion into the ice bulk. The dynamic nature of the ice surface may significantly affect the adsorption, solvation, diffusion and reaction of the chlorine reservoir molecules ( ClONO2 , HCl). The dynamic ice surface may also serve as a model for the surfaces of other molecular solids.
MOLECULAR BEAM STUDIES OF KINETIC PROCESSES IN NANOSCALE WATER FILMS
Authors: SMITH R. SCOTT , KAY BRUCE D.
Published: November 2003

Studies of the properties of crystalline ice and amorphous solid water are the focus of considerable diverse and interdisciplinary research. The reasons include understanding heterogeneous atmospheric processes, interstellar and cometary astrophysics, cryobiology, and the physics and chemistry of liquids. In this review we summarize our recent work using nanoscale ice films to characterize the kinetic behavior of crystalline ice and amorphous solid water. The adsorption, desorption, crystallization and diffusion kinetics of the nanoscale films are studies using molecular beam and programmed desorption techniques. The results of these experiments and their implications for the physical properties of nanoscale ice films are presented.
Chemotherapy for Teratoma With Malignant Transformation
Authors: Donadio Alessia C. , Motzer Robert J. , Bajorin Dean F. , Kantoff Philip W. , Sheinfeld Joel , Houldsworth Jane , Chaganti Raju S.K. , Bosl George J.
Published: November 2003

Purpose: Teratoma with malignant transformation (MT) is a well-described entity that refers to the MT of a somatic teratomatous component in a germ cell tumor (GCT) to a histology that is identical to a somatic malignancy (eg, rhabdomyosarcoma [RMS]). Surgical resection has been the mainstay of therapy for localized transformed disease because these tumors are thought to be resistant to standard treatment. We report that chemotherapy has a role in selected patients with MT, determined by cell type.

Patients and Methods: Chemotherapy was administered to 12 patients with MT of GCT limited to a single cell type (two patients with primitive neuroectodermal tumors, five with undifferentiated RMS, one with anaplastic small-cell tumor, two with adenocarcinoma, and two with leukemia); 10 patients had measurable disease. GCT origin was confirmed by molecular cytogenetics in five patients. Each patient received chemotherapy regimens based on the specific malignant cell observed in the transformed histology.

Results: Seven patients with measurable disease achieved a partial response, with the duration of response ranging between 1 month and 7 years. Three of those patients are alive. Three patients did not respond to treatment, and all of those patients died as a result of their disease.

Conclusion: Chemotherapy for MT limited to a single cell type may result in major responses and long-term survival in selected patients. Local therapy after chemotherapy is an important component of treatment to achieve maximum response.
Tamoxifen As Chemoprevention in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers With Breast Cancer: A Pilot Survey of Physicians
Authors: Peshkin Beth N. , Isaacs Claudine , Finch Clinton , Kent Sheryl , Schwartz Marc D.
Published: November 2003

Purpose: To assess physician recommendations about the use of tamoxifen in premenopausal BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.

Methods: We mailed surveys to a stratified random sample of 1,286 physicians selected from the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium mailing list. Eligible participants were physicians whose practice consisted of ≥ 10% breast cancer patients. Participants were asked to complete a three-part, 10-minute questionnaire. Demographics and responses to hypothetical patient vignettes were analyzed.

Results: Of potentially eligible participants, 27% responded to the survey, and 260 participants were included in the final analysis. Physicians did not distinguish between BRCA1 and BRCA2 status in making recommendations about tamoxifen to breast cancer patients; however, in an unaffected woman, they were more likely to recommend tamoxifen to a BRCA2 mutation carrier than to a BRCA1 mutation carrier (73% v 57%; P < .0001). In newly diagnosed breast cancer patients, physicians were much more likely to recommend tamoxifen to an estrogen receptor (ER)–positive mutation carrier versus an ER-negative carrier (94% v 27%; P < .0001). When the mutation carrier was diagnosed 10 years ago, physicians were still much more likely to recommend tamoxifen if the tumor was ER-positive versus ER-negative (79% v 35%; P < .0001).

Conclusion: Physicians’ recommendations about tamoxifen use in mutation carriers with a history of breast cancer seem to be heavily dependent on ER status. This finding suggests that among mutation carriers, physicians are influenced by adjuvant treatment guidelines more so than the potential role that tamoxifen might play in the reduction of risk for contralateral breast cancer.
Adjuvant Treatment for Early Ovarian Cancer: A Randomized Phase III Trial of Intraperitoneal 32P or Intravenous Cyclophosphamide and Cisplatin—A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study
Authors: Young Robert C. , Brady Mark F. , Nieberg Roberta K. , Long Harry J. , Mayer Allan R. , Lentz Samuel S. , Hurteau Jean , Alberts David S.
Published: November 2003

Purpose: To conduct a prospective study of intraperitoneal radioactive chromic phosphate (32P) versus cyclophosphamide-cisplatin (CP) in women with early ovarian cancer at high risk for recurrence (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage Ia or Ib grade 3 or Ic or stage II, no macroscopic residual disease) and to compare cumulative incidence of recurrence, overall survival, and relative toxicity.

Materials and Methods: A total of 251 patients were randomly assigned to treatment with 32P or CP. Twenty-two (8.7%) were ineligible following centralized pathology review. Of the 229 patients included in the analysis, 110 received 32P, and 119 received CP.

Results: The cumulative incidence of recurrence at 10 years was 35% (95% CI, 27% to 45%) for patients receiving 32P and 28% (95% CI, 21% to 38%) for those receiving CP. Patients receiving CP had a recurrence rate 29% lower than that of those receiving 32P (P = .15, two-tail test). The death rate for patients treated with CP was 17% lower than that for patients treated with 32P (difference not significant). Combining both arms, the 10-year cumulative incidence of recurrence for all stage I patients was 27% (95% CI, 20% to 34%) compared with 44% (95% CI, 32% to 56%) for stage II patients (P = .01). Both regimens were reasonably well tolerated, but problems with inadequate distribution (7%) and small-bowel perforation (3%) make the otherwise less toxic 32P less acceptable.

Conclusion: Although there are no statistically significant differences in survival, the lower cumulative recurrence seen with CP and complications of 32P administration make platinum-based combinations the preferred adjuvant therapy for early ovarian cancer patients at high-risk for recurrence.
Prognostic Value of Minimal Residual Disease Quantification by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction in Patients With Core Binding Factor Leukemias
Authors: Krauter Jürgen , Görlich Kerstin , Ottmann Oliver , Lübbert Michael , Döhner Hartmut , Heit Wolfgang , Kanz Lothar , Ganser Arnold , Heil Gerhard
Published: November 2003

Purpose: In patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia with t(8;21) or inv(16) aberrations (core binding factor [CBF] leukemias), minimal residual disease (MRD) can be sensitively detected during and after chemotherapy by use of molecular methods. However, the prognostic impact of qualitative MRD detection is still under debate. In this study, the prognostic value of MRD quantification in patients with CBF leukemias was assessed.

Patients and Methods: We quantified MRD at various time points during and after therapy by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for AML1/MTG8 and CBFB/MYH11 in 37 patients with CBF leukemias treated within a multicenter trial.

Results: At initial diagnosis, the patients showed a heterogenous fusion gene expression relative to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase with a variation of more than two log steps. According to MRD status during/after therapy, two groups of patients were separated. Of the 26 patients who had MRD levels of less than 1% in relation to initial diagnosis at all time points tested after induction chemotherapy, only two experienced relapse after a median follow-up of 19 months. Of the 11 patients who had a sample with an MRD level ≥ 1% at least at one time point after induction therapy, 10 experienced relapse, with a median remission duration of 10 months (P < .001). The median interval between the informative MRD sample and clinical relapse in these patients was 3 months.

Conclusion: MRD quantification by real-time RT-PCR allows the identification of patients with a high risk of relapse among the CBF leukemias.