bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stable carbon isotope ratios of ambient aromatic volatile organic compounds
Authors: Kornilova Anna , Huang Lin , Saccon Marina , Rudolph Jochen
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Measurements of mixing ratios and stable carbon isotope ratios of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the atmosphere were made in Toronto (Canada) in 2009 and 2010. Consistent with the kinetic isotope effect for reactions of aromatic VOC with the OH radical the observed stable carbon isotope ratios are on average significantly heavier than the isotope ratios of their emissions. The change of carbon isotope ratio between emission and observation is used to determine the extent of photochemical processing (photochemical age,  ∫ [OH]dt) of the different VOC. It is found that  ∫ [OH]dt of different VOC depends strongly on the VOC reactivity. This demonstrates that for this set of observations the assumption of a uniform  ∫ [OH]dt for VOC with different reactivity is not justified and that the observed values for  ∫ [OH]dt are the result of mixing of VOC from air masses with different values for  ∫ [OH]dt. Based on comparison between carbon isotope ratios and VOC concentration ratios it is also found that the varying influence of sources with different VOC emission ratios has a larger impact on VOC concentration ratios than photochemical processing. It is concluded that for this data set the use of VOC concentration ratios to determine  ∫ [OH]dt would result in values for  ∫ [OH]dt inconsistent with carbon isotope ratios and that the concept of a uniform  ∫ [OH]dt for an air mass has to be replaced by the concept of individual values of an average  ∫ [OH]dt for VOC with different reactivity.
Microphysical Properties of Frozen Particles Inferred from Global
Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI)
Polarimetric Measurements
Authors: Gong Jie , Wu Dong L.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Scattering differences induced by frozen particle microphysical properties are investigated, using the vertically (V) and horizontally (H) polarized radiances from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) 89 and 166 GHz channels. It is the first study on global frozen particle microphysical properties that uses the dual-frequency microwave polarimetric signals. From the ice cloud scenes identified by the 183.3 ± 3 GHz channel brightness temperature (TB), we find that the scatterings of frozen particles are highly polarized with V-H polarimetric differences (PD) being positive throughout the tropics and the winter hemisphere mid-latitude jet regions, including PDs from the GMI 89 and 166 GHz TBs, as well as the PD at 640 GHz from the ER-2 Compact Scanning Submillimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer (CoSSIR) during the TC4 campaign. Large polarization dominantly occurs mostly near convective outflow region (i.e., anvils or stratiform precipitation), while the polarization signal is small inside deep convective cores as well as at the remote cirrus region. Neglecting the polarimetric signal would result in as large as 30 % error in ice water path retrievals. There is a universal "bell-curve" in the PD – TB relationship, where the PD amplitude peaks at ~ 10 K for all three channels in the tropics and increases slightly with latitude. Moreover, the 166 GHz PD tends to increase in the case where a melting layer is beneath the frozen particles aloft in the atmosphere, while 89 GHz PD is less sensitive than 166 GHz to the melting layer. This property creates a unique PD feature for the identification of the melting layer and stratiform rain with passive sensors. Horizontally oriented non-spherical frozen particles are thought to produce the observed PD because of different ice scattering properties in the V and H polarizations. On the other hand, changes in the ice microphysical habitats or orientation due to turbulence mixing can also lead to a reduced PD in the deep convective cores. The current GMI polarimetric measurements themselves cannot fully disentangle the possible mechanisms.
Attributions of meteorological and emission factors to the 2015 winter severe haze pollution episodes in Northern China
Authors: Liu Tingting , Gong Sunling , Yu Meng , Zhao Qichao , Li Huairui , He Jianjun , Zhang Jie , Li Lei , Wang Xuguan , Li Shuli , Lu Yanli , Du Haitao , Wang Yaqiang , Zhou Chunhong , Liu Hongli
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Northern China in the 2015 winter months of November and December has witnessed the most severe air pollution phenomena since the 2013 winter haze events occurred, which triggered the first ever Red Alert in the air pollution control history of Beijing, with an instantaneous PM2.5 concentration over 1 mg m−3. Analysis and modeling results show that the worsening meteorology conditions are the main reason behind this unusual increase of air pollutant concentrations and the emission control measures taken during this period of time have contributed to mitigate the air pollution in the region. This work provides a scientific insight of the emission control measures vs. meteorology impacts for the period.
Contribution of feldspar and marine organic aerosols to global ice nucleating particle concentrations
Authors: Vergara-Temprado Jesús , Wilson Theodore W. , O'Sullivan Daniel , Browse Jo , Pringle Kirsty J. , Ardon-Dryer Karin , Bertram Allan K. , Burrows Susannah M. , Ceburnis Darius , DeMott Paul J. , Mason Ryan H. , O'Dowd Colin D. , Rinaldi Matteo , Murray Benjamin J. , Carslaw Ken S.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Ice nucleating particles (INP) are known to affect the amount of ice in mixed-phase clouds, thereby influencing many of their properties. The atmospheric INP concentration changes by orders of magnitude from terrestrial to marine environments, which typically contain much lower concentrations. Many modelling studies use parameterizations for heterogeneous ice nucleation and cloud ice processes that do not account for this difference because they were developed based on measurements predominantly from terrestrial environments. Errors in the assumed INP concentration will influence the simulated amount of ice in mixed-phase clouds, leading to errors in top-of-atmosphere radiative flux and ultimately the climate sensitivity of climate models. Here we develop a global model of INP concentrations relevant for mixed-phase clouds based on laboratory and field measurements of ice nucleation by K-feldspar (an ice-active component of desert dust) and marine organic aerosols (from sea spray). The simulated global distribution of INP concentrations based on these two-species agrees much better with currently available ambient measurements than when INP concentrations are assumed to depend only on temperature or particle size. Underestimation of INP concentrations in some terrestrial locations may be due to neglect of INP from other terrestrial sources. Our model indicates that, on a monthly or yearly average basis, desert dusts dominate the contribution to the INP population over much of the world, but marine organics become increasingly important in the world's remote oceans and can dominate in the Southern Ocean at some time of the year. Furthermore, we show that day-to-day variability is important and since desert dust aerosol tends to be sporadic, marine organics dominate the INP population on many days per month in much of the mid and high latitude northern hemisphere. This study advances our understanding of which aerosol species need to be included in order to adequately describe the global and regional distribution of INP in models, which will guide ice nucleation researchers on where to focus future laboratory and field work.
The source of discrepancies in aerosol–cloud–precipitation
interactions between GCM and A-Train retrievals
Authors: Michibata Takuro , Suzuki Kentaroh , Sato Yousuke , Takemura Toshihiko
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Aerosol–cloud interactions are one of the most uncertain processes in climate models due to their nonlinear complexity. A key complexity arises from the possibility that clouds can respond to perturbed aerosols in two opposite ways, as characterized by the traditional "cloud lifetime" hypothesis and more recent "buffered system" hypothesis. Their importance in climate simulations remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the response of the liquid water path (LWP) to aerosol perturbations for warm clouds from the perspective of general circulation model (GCM) and A-Train remote sensing, through process-oriented model evaluations. A systematic difference is found in the LWP response between the model results and observations. The model results indicate a near-global uniform increase of LWP with increasing aerosol loading, while the sign of the response of the LWP from the A-Train varies from region to region. The satellite-observed response of the LWP is closely related to meteorological/macrophysical factors, in addition to the microphysics. The model does not reproduce this variability of cloud susceptibility (i.e., sensitivity of LWP to perturbed aerosols) because the parameterization of the autoconversion process assumes only suppression of rain formation in response to increased cloud droplet number, and does not consider macrophysical aspects that serve as a mechanism for the negative responses of the LWP via enhancements of evaporation and precipitation. Model biases are also found in the precipitation microphysics, which suggests that the model generates rainwater readily even when little cloud water is present. This essentially causes projections of unrealistically frequent and light rain, with high cloud susceptibilities to aerosol perturbations.
Validation of MOPITT carbon monoxide using ground-based
Fourier transform infrared spectrometer data from NDACC
Authors: Buchholz Rebecca R. , Deeter Merritt N. , Worden Helen M. , Gille John , Edwards David P. , Hannigan James W. , Jones Nicholas B. , Paton-Walsh Clare , Griffith David W. T. , Smale Dan , Robinson John , Strong Kimberly , Conway Stephanie , Sussmann Ralf , Hase Frank , Blumenstock Thomas , Mahieu Emmanuel , Langerock Bavo
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite instrument provides the longest continuous dataset of carbon monoxide (CO) from space. We perform the first validation of MOPITT version 6 retrievals using total column CO measurements from ground-based remote sensing Fourier transform infrared spectrometers (FTSs). Validation uses data recorded at 14 stations, that span a wide range of latitudes (80º N to 78º S), in the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). MOPITT measurements are spatially co-located with each station and different vertical sensitivities between instruments are accounted for by using MOPITT averaging kernels. All three MOPITT retrieval types are analyzed: thermal infrared (TIR-only), joint thermal and near infrared (TIR-NIR), and near infrared (NIR-only). Generally, MOPITT measurements overestimate CO relative to FTS measurements, but the bias is typically less than 10 %. Mean bias is 2.8 % for TIR-only, 5.4 % for TIR-NIR and 7.0 % for NIR-only. The TIR-NIR and NIR-only products consistently produce greater bias and lower correlation than the TIR-only. Validation performance of MOPITT for TIR-only and TIR-NIR retrievals over land or water scenes is equivalent. The four MOPITT detector element pixels are validated separately to account for their different uncertainty characteristics. Pixel 1 produces the highest standard deviation and lowest correlation, for all three MOPITT products. However, for TIR only and TIR-NIR, the error-weighted average that includes all four pixels often provides the best correlation, indicating compensating pixel biases and well captured error characteristics. We find that MOPITT bias does not depend on latitude, and rather is influenced by the proximity to rapidly changing atmospheric CO. MOPITT bias drift has been bound geographically to within ±0.5 % yr− or lower at almost all locations.
Determination of errors in derived magnetic field directions in
geosynchronous orbit: results from a statistical approach
Authors: Chen Yue , Cunningham Gregory , Henderson Michael
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This study aims to statistically estimate the errors in local magnetic field directions that are derived from electron directional distributions measured by Los Alamos National Laboratory geosynchronous (LANL GEO) satellites. First, by comparing derived and measured magnetic field directions along the GEO orbit to those calculated from three selected empirical global magnetic field models (including a static Olson and Pfitzer 1977 quiet magnetic field model, a simple dynamic Tsyganenko 1989 model, and a sophisticated dynamic Tsyganenko 2001 storm model), it is shown that the errors in both derived and modeled directions are at least comparable. Second, using a newly developed proxy method as well as comparing results from empirical models, we are able to provide for the first time circumstantial evidence showing that derived magnetic field directions should statistically match the real magnetic directions better, with averaged errors  < ∼ 2°, than those from the three empirical models with averaged errors  > ∼ 5°. In addition, our results suggest that the errors in derived magnetic field directions do not depend much on magnetospheric activity, in contrast to the empirical field models. Finally, as applications of the above conclusions, we show examples of electron pitch angle distributions observed by LANL GEO and also take the derived magnetic field directions as the real ones so as to test the performance of empirical field models along the GEO orbits, with results suggesting dependence on solar cycles as well as satellite locations. This study demonstrates the validity and value of the method that infers local magnetic field directions from particle spin-resolved distributions.
BUMPER v1.0: A Bayesian User-friendly Model for
Palaeo-Environmental Reconstruction
Authors: Holden Philip B. , Birks H. John B. , Brooks Stephen J. , Bush Mark B. , Hwang Grace M. , Matthews-Bird Frazer , Valencia Bryan G. , van Woesik Robert
Published: September 2016

Abstract. We describe the Bayesian User-friendly Model for Palaeo-Environmental Reconstruction (BUMPER), a Bayesian transfer function for inferring past climate from microfossil assemblages. BUMPER is fully self-calibrating, straightforward to apply, and computationally fast, requiring ~ 2 seconds to build a 100-species model from a 100-site training-set on a standard personal computer. We apply the model's probabilistic framework to generate thousands of artificial training-sets under ideal assumptions. We then use these data to demonstrate the sensitivity of reconstructions to the characteristics of the training-set, considering assemblage richness, species tolerances, and the number of training sites. We find that a useful guideline for the size of a training-set is to provide, on average, at least ten samples of each species. We demonstrate general applicability to real data, considering three different organism types (chironomids, diatoms, pollen) and different reconstructed variables. An identically configured model is used in each application, the only change being the input files that provide the training-set environment and species-count data. The performance of BUMPER is shown to be comparable with Weighted Average Partial Least Squares (WAPLS) in each case. Additional artificial datasets are constructed with similar characteristics to the real data, and these are used to explore the reasons for the differing performances of the different training-sets.
Could promontories have restricted sea-glacier penetration into marine embayments during Snow ball Earth events?
Authors: Campbell Adam J. , Massarano Betzalel , Waddington Edwin D. , Warren Stephen G.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. During the Neoproterozoic, Earth experienced several climate excursions of extreme cold, often referred to as the Snowball Earth events. During these periods, thick flowing ice, referred to as sea glaciers, covered the entire planet’s oceans. In addition, there is evidence that photosynthetic eukaryotic algae survived during these periods. With thick sea glaciers covering the oceans, it is uncertain where these organisms survived. One hypothesis is that these algae survived in marine embayments hydrologically connected to the global ocean, where the flow of sea glacier could be resisted. In order for an embayment to act as a refugium, the invading sea glacier must not completely penetrate the embayment. Recent studies have shown that straight-sided, marine embayments could have prevented full sea-glacier penetration under a narrow range of climate conditions suitable for the Snowball Earth events. Here we test whether promontories, i.e. headlands emerging from a side shoreline, could further restrict sea-glacier flow. We use an ice-flow model, suitable for floating ice, to determine the flow of an invading sea glacier. We show that promontories can expand the range of climate conditions allowing refugia by resisting the flow of invading sea glaciers.
Japanese internally headed relatives: A hybrid analysis with Kuroda functions
Authors: Landman Fred
Published: September 2016

This paper argues that the analysis of Japanese internally headed relatives must steer a course between the Scylla and Charybdis of reduction to externally headed relatives and reduction to discourse anaphora. The analysis given here is based on that of Grosu & Landman (2012), but the present paper reconsiders some of the central data in Grosu & Landman (2012) in the light of the diagnostic tests given in Grosu & Hoshi (2016), and argues for a simplification of the basic analysis, which actually strengthens the theory considerably. The paper then extends the analysis given with an analytic tool – a Lombardian presupposition mechanism for Kuroda functions – which allows the implementation of the Kuroda relevancy condition (Kuroda 1976–77). It is further shown how the improved analysis can provide a semantics for so-called change relatives, which were mentioned but not analyzed in Hoshi (1995) and Kim (2007). An appendix recapitulates and refines the discussion of scope phenomena in internally headed relatives from Grosu & Landman (2012).This article is part of the special collection: Internally-headed Relative Clauses
Quintais produtivos: para além do acesso à alimentação saudável, um espaço de resgate do ser
Authors: Furtado da Silva Adriella Camila Gabriela , Dos Anjos Mônica De Caldas Rosa , Anjos Adilson Dos
Published: September 2016

Esta pesquisa traz à discussão algumas das possíveis contribuições dos quintais produtivos, na melhoria da situação de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN). Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, exploratória, de abordagem quantiqualitativa. Foram entrevistados 18 participantes e/ou famílias, por meio de entrevistas estruturadas, semiestruturadas e visitas domiciliares. Evidenciou-se que a manutenção do quintal produtivo, proporciona às famílias condições para construção de sua própria capacidade, mesmo que em parte, de alimentar-se, conduzindo a melhores hábitos alimentares, sobretudo por conta da relação que fazem entre alimentação e saúde. Para além da produção de alimentos, salientam-se outras motivações para manutenção dos quintais produtivos, como: a questão cultural; econômica; o gostar e o prazer em plantar; a importância dada a valores, costumes e hábitos rurais, o cultivo como ocupação e terapia. No entendimento de que a situação de SAN depende da garantia de outros direitos para sua consolidação e, na compreensão de que os quintais produtivos podem ser uma via para construção de um espaço dialógico, de socialização e de resgate da autonomia e da autoestima, ressalta-se a necessidade de ações, projetos, programas e políticas que viabilizem e fortaleçam a existência desta estratégia, visando o empoderamento, a formação cidadã e política e a garantia do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e Saudável, como consequência.
Soberania alimentar, desenvolvimento territorial e sustentabilidade: olhares e contextos
Authors: Brandemburg Alfio , Bezerra Islandia , Giordani Rubia Carla Formiguieri
Published: September 2016

Apresentação do Dossiê Temático Soberania alimentar, desenvolvimento territorial e sustentabilidade: olhares e contextos
Sensitive Determination of Sertraline in Commercial Drugs and Its Stability Check in Simulated Gastric Juice
Authors: Koçoğlu Elif Seda , Bakırdere Sezgin , Keyf Seyfullah
Published: September 2016

A sensitive analytical method was developed for the determination of sertraline in commercial drug samples by using GC–MS. The selected-ion monitoring mode was used at the most sensitive m/z 274 to obtain a lower detection limit. LOD/LOQ values were obtained as 1.6/5.4 ng/mL for sertraline under the optimum conditions. The calibration plot was linear between 5.0 and 2000 ng/mL with the correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The validated method was successfully applied to three different brands of drug samples for both qualitative and quantitative measurement of sertraline. In this experiment, four replicate extractions were performed for each brand, and the results were compared to the values written on the labels of the drug brands. Spiking experiments were also performed to check the effect of the matrixes on the determination, and it was observed that there was no shift in the retention time of the analyte. In addition, simulated gastric juice experiments were performed to check the stability of sertraline in the stomach for 240 min, and it was observed that there was no change in the structure of the analyte.
Clinical-Grade Isolated Human Kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells as an Organotypic Cell Source for Kidney Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Leuning Daniëlle G. , Reinders Marlies E.J. , Li Joan , Peired Anna J. , Lievers Ellen , de Boer Hetty C. , Fibbe Willem E. , Romagnani Paola , van Kooten Cees , Little Melissa H. , Engelse Marten A. , Rabelink Ton J.
Published: September 2016

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are immunomodulatory and tissue homeostatic cells that have shown beneficial effects in kidney diseases and transplantation. Perivascular stromal cells (PSCs) identified within several different organs share characteristics of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). These PSCs may also possess tissue-specific properties and play a role in local tissue homeostasis. We hypothesized that human kidney-derived PSCs (hkPSCs) would elicit improved kidney repair in comparison with BM-MSCs. Here we introduce a novel, clinical-grade isolation method of hkPSCs from cadaveric kidneys by enriching for the perivascular marker, NG2. hkPSCs show strong transcriptional similarities to BM-MSCs but also show organotypic expression signatures, including the HoxD10 and HoxD11 nephrogenic transcription factors. Comparable to BM-MSCs, hkPSCs showed immunosuppressive potential and, when cocultured with endothelial cells, vascular plexus formation was supported, which was specifically in the hkPSCs accompanied by an increased NG2 expression. hkPSCs did not undergo myofibroblast transformation after exposure to transforming growth factor-β, further corroborating their potential regulatory role in tissue homeostasis. This was further supported by the observation that hkPSCs induced accelerated repair in a tubular epithelial wound scratch assay, which was mediated through hepatocyte growth factor release. In vivo, in a neonatal kidney injection model, hkPSCs reintegrated and survived in the interstitial compartment, whereas BM-MSCs did not show this potential. Moreover, hkPSCs gave protection against the development of acute kidney injury in vivo in a model of rhabdomyolysis-mediated nephrotoxicity. Overall, this suggests a superior therapeutic potential for the use of hkPSCs and their secretome in the treatment of kidney diseases.
Case Report: Two Cases of Nicolau Syndrome Associated with Glatiramer Acetate
Authors: Kimbrough Dorlan J. , Newsome Scott D.
Published: September 2016

We report two cases of Nicolau syndrome (embolia cutis medicamentosa), a rare complication of injectable medications, both associated with the administration of 20 mg of subcutaneous glatiramer acetate. Both patients required surgical debridement and were subsequently treated conservatively without additional complications. Patient 1 opted to discontinue disease-modifying therapy. Patient 2 continued glatiramer acetate therapy without complications by using other injection sites. These cases highlight the need for prompt investigation of new unusual skin lesions in patients receiving injectable multiple sclerosis treatments (regardless of length of treatment and previous minor cosmetic concerns) and illustrate the clinical distinction between Nicolau syndrome and drug-induced skin necrosis.
A randomized safety and pharmacokinetic trial of daily tenofovir 1% gel in term and near‐term pregnancy
Authors: Beigi Richard H , Noguchi Lisa M , Montgomery Elizabeth , Biggio Joseph , Hendrix Craig W , Marzinke Mark A , Dai James Y , Pan Jason , Na Ayudhya Ratiya Kunjara , Schwartz Jill L , Isaacs Karen , Piper Jeanna M , Watts D Heather
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Vaginal tenofovir (TFV) 1% gel may reduce incident HIV‐1 and herpes simplex virus 2 infection. Pregnancy may increase risk of HIV acquisition, and incident HIV in pregnancy potentiates perinatal HIV transmission. Our objective was to investigate the safety and pharmacokinetics of seven days of TFV 1% vaginal gel in term and near‐term pregnancy.

Methods

Ninety‐eight healthy pregnant women, stratified to a term cohort followed by a near‐term cohort, were enrolled into a 2:1 randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial. Women received TFV or placebo gel for seven consecutive days with pharmacokinetic sampling on days 0 and 6. Maternal and cord blood were collected at delivery. Primary end points included laboratory and genital adverse events, adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, and maternal TFV levels.

Results

Most adverse events were grade 1 and none of the grade 3 or 4 adverse events were related to study product. There was no significant difference in safety end points between the two pregnancy cohorts (p=0.18); therefore, their data were combined. Primary safety end point rates were similar for mothers randomized to the TFV gel vs placebo arm (72.7 and 68.8%, p=0.81). The same was true for newborns in the TFV gel vs placebo arms (4.5% vs 6.3%, p=0.66). All women randomized to TFV had quantifiable serum levels within eight hours of dosing, with low overall median (interquartile range) day 0 and day 6 peak values (3.8 (2.0 to 7.0) and 5.8 (2.6 to 9.4) ng/mL, respectively).

Conclusions

Daily TFV 1% vaginal gel use in term and near‐term pregnancy appears to be safe and produces low serum drug levels.
Quenching effects for piezoelectric properties on lead-free (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3ceramics
Authors: Muramatsu Hiroki , Nagata Hajime , Takenaka Tadashi
Published: September 2016

Lead-free ferroelectric and piezoelectric ceramics, (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3(BNT), were fabricated by a quenching procedure after sintering, and then their electrical properties were investigated with the aim to increase their depolarization temperatureTd. From the measurement of the temperature dependence of dielectric properties,Tdincreased with increasing quench temperature. TheTdof a BNT sample quenched from 1100 °C was 223 °C, which was almost 50 °C higher than that prepared by the ordinary cooling process. From the measurement ofP–Ehysteresis loops, both the remanent polarizationPrand the coercive fieldEcof BNT samples prepared by ordinary firing were almost the same as those quenched from 1100 °C. Additionally, from the measurements by a resonance–antiresonance method, the electromechanical coupling factork33of ordinarily fired BNT was 0.45, and that of the quenched BNT was 0.46. From these results, it is clarified that the quenching procedure is an effective way to increase theTdof BNT ceramics without deteriorating ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties.
Nanoarchitectonics
Authors: Ariga Katsuhiko , Aono Masakazu
Published: September 2016

The construction of functional systems with nanosized parts would not possible by simple technology (nanotechnology). It can be handled by certain kinds of more sophisticated carpenter work or artistic architectonics (nanoarchitectonics). However, architecting materials in the nanoscale is not very simple because of various unexpected and uncontrollable thermal/statistical fluctuations and mutual interactions. The latter factors inevitably disturb the interactions between component building blocks. Therefore, several techniques and actions, including the regulation of atomic/molecular manipulation, molecular modification by organic chemistry, control of physicochemical interactions, self-assembly/organization, and application of external physical stimuli, must be well combined. This short review describes the historical backgrounds and essences of nanoarchitectonics, followed by a brief introduction of recent examples related to nanoarchitectonics. These examples are categorized in accordance with their physical usages: (i) atom/molecule control; (ii) devices and sensors; (iii) the other applications based on interfacial nanoarchitectonics.
A comparison between traditional and measurement-error growth models for weakfishCynoscion regalis
Authors: Hatch Joshua , Jiao Yan
Published: September 2016

Inferring growth for aquatic species is dependent upon accurate descriptions of age-length relationships, which may be degraded by measurement error in observed ages. Ageing error arises from biased and/or imprecise age determinations as a consequence of misinterpretation by readers or inability of ageing structures to accurately reflect true age. A Bayesian errors-in-variables (EIV) approach (i.e., measurement-error modeling) can account for ageing uncertainty during nonlinear growth curve estimation by allowing observed ages to be parametrically modeled as random deviates. Information on the latent age composition then comes from the specified prior distribution, which represents the true age structure of the sampled fish population. In this study, weakfish growth was modeled by means of traditional and measurement-error von Bertalanffy growth curves using otolith- or scale-estimated ages. Age determinations were assumed to be log-normally distributed, thereby incorporating multiplicative error with respect to ageing uncertainty. The prior distribution for true age was assumed to be uniformly distributed between ±4 of the observed age (yr) for each individual. Measurement-error growth models described weakfish that reached larger sizes but at slower rates, with median length-at-age being overestimated by traditional growth curves for the observed age range. In addition, measurement-error models produced slightly narrower credible intervals for parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth function, which may be an artifact of the specified prior distributions. Subjectivity is always apparent in the ageing of fishes and it is recommended that measurement-error growth models be used in conjunction with otolith-estimated ages to accurately capture the age-length relationship that is subsequently used in fisheries stock assessment and management.
Chromosomal rearrangements and protein globularity changes inMycobacterium tuberculosisisolates from cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Saw Seow Hoon , Tan Joon Liang , Chan Xin Yue , Chan Kok Gan , Ngeow Yun Fong
Published: September 2016

Background

Meningitis is a major cause of mortality in tuberculosis (TB). It is not clear what factors promote central nervous system invasion and pathology but it has been reported that certain strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) might have genetic traits associated with neurotropism.

Methods

In this study, we generated whole genome sequences of eight clinical strains ofMtbthat were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients presenting with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) in Malaysia, and compared them to the genomes of H37Rv and other respiratoryMtbgenomes either downloaded from public databases or extracted from local sputum isolates. We aimed to find genomic features that might be distinctly different between CSF-derived and respiratoryMtb.

Results

Genome-wide comparisons revealed rearrangements (translocations, inversions, insertions and deletions) and non-synonymous SNPs in our CSF-derived strains that were not observed in the respiratoryMtbgenomes used for comparison. These rearranged segments were rich in genes for PE (proline-glutamate)/PPE (proline-proline-glutamate), transcriptional and membrane proteins. Similarly, most of the ns SNPs common in CSF strains were noted in genes encoding PE/PPE proteins. Protein globularity differences were observed among mycobacteria from CSF and respiratory sources and in proteins previously reported to be associated with TB meningitis. Transcription factors and other transcription regulators featured prominently in these proteins. Homologs of proteins associated withStreptococcus pneumoniaemeningitis andNeisseria meningitidisvirulence were identified in neuropathogenic as well as respiratory mycobacterial spp. examined in this study.

Discussion

The occurrence of in silico genetic differences in CSF-derived but not respiratoryMtbsuggests their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of TBM. However, overall findings in this comparative analysis support the postulation that TB meningeal infection is more likely to be related to the expression of multiple virulence factors on interaction with host defences than to CNS tropism associated with specific genetic traits.
The Trend of Perioperative Care of Gastrectomy in Kanagawa, Japan
Authors: Yamada Takanobu , Shirai Junya , Yoneyama Katsuya , Kasahara Akio , Rino Yasushi , Masuda Munetaka , Endo Itaru , Ozawa Soji , Watanabe Masahiko , Yamamoto Yuji
Published: September 2016

Comprehensive surveys on perioperative care in Japan, including that in community or private hospitals, have not been reported, and current trends remain unclear. The present survey was designed to investigate current routines for perioperative care in patients who undergo surgery for gastric cancer in Kanagawa, Japan. A questionnaire was designed specifically to obtain information on perioperative routines in patients with gastric cancer throughout Kanagawa. A total of 55 hospitals in Kanagawa responded. Most hospitals perform antimicrobial prophylaxis every 3 hours intraoperatively, use a postoperative drainage tube, use a urinary catheter for only 2 days after surgery, administer epidural anesthesia, and encourage early mobilization. Liquid intake until 3 hours before surgery is not allowed in most hospitals. Most hospitals do not routinely provide preoperative nutrition support, perform bowel mechanical preparation, administer prophylaxis against thromboembolism, place a postoperative nasogastric tube, attempt to maintain normovolemia, or administer planned nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The day of restarting drinking or eating varies considerably. Many elements of perioperative management, especially postoperative oral nutrition, have yet to be standardized for patients with gastric cancer in Japan. There are great gaps between clinical practice and evidence-based practice in fluid management and drain usage.
Aerosol effects on summer monsoon over Asia during 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Tsai I‐Chun , Wang Wei‐Chyung , Hsu Huang‐Hsiung , Lee Wei‐Liang
Published: September 2016

The Community Earth System Model is used to study the aerosol climate effects during the 1980s and 1990s in which the anthropogenic SO2 emissions decreased in North America and Western Europe and increased in East and South Asia. From the 100 year simulations, aerosol forcing results in cooler (−0.13 K) and drier (−0.01 mm/day) atmosphere with less shortwave radiation flux at the surface (−0.37 W/m2). The clear‐sky shortwave radiation flux decreased over East Asia (−0.81 W/m2) and South Asia (−1.09 W/m2), but increased over Western Europe (+1.16 W/m2) and North America (+0.39 W/m2), consistent with aerosol loading changes. While changes in spatial distributions of all‐sky shortwave radiation and surface temperature are closely related to cloud changes, the changes in wind and precipitation do not correspond to aerosol loading changes, indicating the complexity of aerosol‐cloud circulation interactions. The East and South Asia monsoons were generally weakened due mainly to southward shift of the 200 hPa East Asia Jet (EAJ) and decrease in 850 hPa winds; annual precipitation decreased by 2% in South Asia but increased by 2% in Yangtze‐Huai River Valley over East Asia. The uncertainties associated with aerosol climate effects are addressed within the context of model variability and the global warming effect. For the latter, while the aerosol effects decrease the greenhouse warming on the global mean, the regional responses are different. Nevertheless, the characteristics of aerosol climate effects, including the southward 200 hPa EAJ and weakened South Asia monsoon, still persist when the climate becomes warmer, although the strength and the geographical distribution are slightly modulated.
Measuring and modeling the impact of a severe drought on terrestrial ecosystem CO2 and water fluxes in a subtropical forest
Authors: Xie Zhenghui , Wang Linying , Jia Binghao , Yuan Xing
Published: September 2016

A severe drought occurred in central and southern China in the summer of 2013. The precipitation dropped to less than 25% of the long‐term average, and temperatures were abnormally high for more than 2 months with return periods of 125 years and 301 years, respectively, which induced significant changes in the terrestrial ecohydrological cycle. In this study, the impact of the severe drought on a subtropical forest ecosystem was investigated using measurements from a newly established flux tower and simulations performed by the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5). Based on in situ observations, we found that both gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration experienced strong reductions of 76% and 40%, respectively, during the prolonged dry and hot spell. There was an exponential relationship between ecosystem respiration (Reco) and temperatures when soil moisture was not too dry, but Reco decreased along with GPP when the temperature exceeded 32°C and soil moisture was below 0.14 m3 m−3. The ecosystem even switched to a net source of carbon in late August. The model captured the variations in water vapor fluxes well, with correlation coefficients r > 0.88, but overestimated net ecosystem CO2 exchange because it did not adequately represent carbon fluxes responses to water stress and failed to capture the nonlinear relationship between GPP and Reco during the drought period. The long‐term simulation suggested that water availability severely limited carbon sequestration, and both the underlying water use efficiency and inherent water use efficiency reached their maximum values.
Vertically resolved weak temperature gradient analysis of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation in SP‐CESM
Authors: Wolding Brandon O. , Maloney Eric D. , Branson Mark
Published: September 2016

The collective effects of convection can influence large‐scale circulations that, in turn, act to organize convective activity. Such scale interactions may play an important role in moisture‐convection feedbacks thought to be important to both convective aggregation and the Madden‐Julian Oscillation, yet such interactions are not fully understood. New diagnostics based on tropical weak temperature gradient (WTG) theory have begun to make this problem more tractable, and are leveraged in this study to analyze the relationship between various apparent heating processes and large‐scale vertical moisture advection in SP‐CESM. WTG theory provides a framework for accurately diagnosing intraseasonal variations in large‐scale vertical motion from apparent heating, allowing large‐scale vertical moisture advection to be decomposed into contributions from microphysical processes, subgrid scale eddy fluxes, and radiative heating. This approach is consistent with the column moist static energy (MSE) budget approach, and has the added benefit of allowing the vertical advection term of the column MSE budget to be quantitatively partitioned into contributions from the aforementioned apparent heating processes. This decomposition is used to show that the MJO is an instability strongly supported by radiative feedbacks and damped by horizontal advection, consistent with the findings of previous studies. Periods of low, moderate, and high MJO amplitude are compared, and it is shown that changes in the vertical structure of apparent heating do not play a dominant role in limiting the amplitude of the MJO in SP‐CESM. Finally, a diagnostic approach to scale analysis of tropical dynamics is used to investigate how the governing dynamics of various phenomena differ throughout wavenumber‐frequency space. Findings support previous studies that suggest the governing dynamics of the MJO differ from those of strongly divergent convectively coupled equatorial waves.
It Is Just Harder to Construct Memories for False Autobiographical Events
Authors: Pezdek Kathy , Blandon‐Gitlin Iris
Published: September 2016

Brewin and Andrews (2016) review studies using three research paradigms—imagination inflation, false feedback, and memory implantation—and the prevalence rate for false memories differs widely across paradigms. Vast differences also result depending on the scheme used to code the recall data. Framing memory as a constructive process reveals many of the similarities between cognitive processes involved in memory for true and false events, similarities that account for why memories are far less likely to result for false events than true events. Memories for false events are just not as easy to construct and plant as has been suggested elsewhere. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Unexpected Potassium Iodide‐Promoted Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction between 2‐Acyloxy‐2H‐azirines and Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Duan Xiyan , Yang Kun , Liu Jianwei , Kong Xianglei , Liang Ju , Zhou Dongju , Zhou Huiyun , Zhang Yanping , Liu Ning , Feng Shuxiao , Gu Guangna , Lu Jun , Song Nazi , Zhang Dongliang , Ma Junying
Published: September 2016

The acyloxy group of 2‐acyloxy‐2H‐azirines has been displaced by carboxylic acids to generate the corresponding 2‐acyloxy‐2H‐azirines by using potassium iodide as a promotor. This metal‐free method can be performed with a wide scope of substrates readily generating products in moderate to high yields. It also represents an example of nucleophilic substitution between esters and carboxylic acids under metal‐free reaction conditions for the first time.

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Radical Stability as a Guideline in C–H Amination Reactions
Authors: Šakić Davor , Zipse Hendrik
Published: September 2016

The stability of N‐centered radicals and radical cations of potential relevance in C–H amidation reactions has been quantified using highly accurate theoretical methods. Combination with available C–H bond energies for substrate fragments allows for the prediction of reaction enthalpies in 1,5‐hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) steps frequently encountered in reactions such as the Hofmann–Löffler–Freytag (HLF) reaction. Protonation of N‐radicals is found to be essential in classical HLF reactions for thermochemically feasible HAT steps. The stability of neutral N‐radicals depends strongly on the type ofN‐substituent. Among the electron‐withdrawing substituents, the trifluoroacetyl (TFA) group is the least and the toluenesulfonyl (tosyl) group the most stabilizing. This implies that TFA‐aminyl radicals have the broadest and tosyl‐aminyl radicals the smallest window of synthetic applicability. In how far the intramolecular C–H amidation reactions compete with hydrogen abstraction from common organic solvents can be judged based on a comparison of reaction thermodynamics.

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HF‐Free Boc Synthesis of Peptide Thioesters for Ligation and Cyclization
Authors: Raz Richard , Burlina Fabienne , Ismail Mohamed , Downward Julian , Li Jiejin , Smerdon Stephen J. , Quibell Martin , White Peter D. , Offer John
Published: September 2016

We have developed a convenient method for the direct synthesis of peptide thioesters, versatile intermediates for peptide ligation and cyclic peptide synthesis. The technology uses a modified Boc SPPS strategy that avoids the use of anhydrous HF. Boc in situ neutralization protocols are used in combination with Merrifield hydroxymethyl resin and TFA/TMSBr cleavage. Avoiding HF extends the scope of Boc SPPS to post‐translational modifications that are compatible with the milder cleavage conditions, demonstrated here with the synthesis of the phosphorylated protein CHK2. Peptide thioesters give easy, direct, access to cyclic peptides, illustrated by the synthesis of cyclorasin, a KRAS inhibitor.
Mixed Directing‐Group Strategy: Oxidative C−H/C−H Bond Arylation of Unactivated Arenes by Cobalt Catalysis
Authors: Du Cong , Li Peng‐Xiang , Zhu Xinju , Suo Jian‐Feng , Niu Jun‐Long , Song Mao‐Ping
Published: September 2016

A mixed directing‐group strategy for inexpensive [Co(acac)3]‐catalyzed oxidative C−H/C−H bond arylation of unactivated arenes has been disclosed. This strategy enables the arylation of a wide range of benzamide and arylpyridines effectively to afford novel bifunctionalized biaryls, which are difficult to achieve by common synthetic routes. Two different pathways, namely, a single‐electron‐transmetalation process (8‐aminoquinoline‐directed) and a concerted metalation–deprotonation process (pyridine‐directed), were involved to activate two different inert aromatic C−H bonds. Moreover, the aryl radicals have been trapped by 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol to form benzylated products. This unique strategy should be useful in the design of other arene C−H/C−H cross‐couplings as well.
A Conformationally Stable Contorted Hexabenzoovalene
Authors: Baumgärtner Kevin , Meza Chincha Ana Lucia , Dreuw Andreas , Rominger Frank , Mastalerz Michael
Published: September 2016

Contorted two‐dimensional aromatic molecules are fascinating synthetic targets because they are molecular “cutouts” of nonplanar graphene structures, fullerenes, or carbon nanotubes. In most cases, the curvature is introduced by the implementation of either five‐, seven‐, or eight‐membered rings into the fused aromatic plane. Curvature can also be generated for two‐dimensional systems consisting of six‐membered rings exclusively, by the introduction of cove or fjord regions. The synthesis of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that contains two peripheral triptycene units and six tert‐butyl substituents is described. As a result of steric repulsion, the structure is highly contorted with two phenylene blades of the peripheral triptycene units oriented almost coplanar with respect to each other at a distance of 16 Å, as has been verified by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The conformation is stable in solution even at a temperature of 150 °C. Additionally, internal tert‐butyl groups could be selectively removed, allowing a UV/Vis‐spectroscopic comparison of two structures with the same π‐system, but different degrees of contortion.
Asymmetric Organocatalysis: The Emerging Utility of α,β‐Unsaturated Acylammonium Salts
Authors: Vellalath Sreekumar , Romo Daniel
Published: September 2016

Although acylammonium salts are well‐studied, chiral α,β‐unsaturated acylammonium salts have received much less attention. While these intermediates are convenient synthons, which are readily available from several commodity unsaturated acids and acid chlorides, and possess three reactive sites, their application in organic synthesis has been limited because of the lack of appropriate chiral Lewis bases for their generation. In recent years, the utility of chiral, unsaturated acylammonium salts has expanded considerably, thus demonstrating the unique reactivity of this intermediate leading to the development of a diverse array of catalytic, asymmetric transformations including organocascade processes. This Minireview highlights the recent and growing interest in these intermediates which might spark further research into their untapped potential for asymmetric organocascade catalysis. A cursory comparison is made to related unsaturated iminium and acylazolium intermediates.