bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecclésiologie et sociologie
Authors: Hamer Jérôme
Published: March 2007

A theologian is proposing a collaboration between sociology and ecclesiology of the same kind as already exists between philosophy and theology. Sociology would elaborate concepts useful in ecclesiology, to the extent that theology was in contact with the latter discipline. Sociology in this view, would pose precise questions to theology, and would draw forth data from the theologian the implications of which he could not refuse to consider. From an example taken from the sociology of G. Gurvitch, the author shows to what extent such a proceeding is capable of being realised successfully.
Max Scheler's Sociology of Knowledge and his position in relation to Theology
Authors: Holl Adolf
Published: March 2007

Les travaux de Max Scheler (1874-1929) dans le domaine de la sociologie de la connaissance contiennent certains élé ments pour une sociologie critique de la théologie chrétienne. Si dans son ouvrage Vom Ewigen im Menschen (1921) Scheler présente une analyse phénoménologique de l'essence des contenus religieux - tout en faisant abstraction, dans le sens de Husserl, de leur réalité —, il examine dans Die Wis sensformen und die Gesellschaft (1926) les conditions sociales sous lesquelles la connaissance religieuse peut se développer.

Il existe pour Scheler trois formes de connaissance mu tuellement indépendantes et fondamentales pour l'esprit hu main : la connaissance religieuse, la connaissance métaphy sique et la connaissance scientifique. Lorsqu'on analyse ces formes de connaissance dans leur essence, elles ne se contre disent pas ; les contrastes n'apparaissent que lorsqu'on les considère de l'arrière-plan historique et sociologique de leurs formes concrètes. Une de ces formes concrètes est constituée par les différentes Eglises ; celles-ci découlent d'un processus que Scheler appelle la « divinisation du fondateur », et qu'il découvre dans toutes les grandes religions de l'humanité.

Seule la formation historique des grandes Eglises, que Scheler appelle également « institutions de salut pour les masses » (Heilsmassenanstalten), rend possible la construc tion de théologies. La condition immédiate de ces théologies est, par contre, la dogmatisation des doctrines religieuses.

Scheler affirme que, en général, le « style » de la connais sance se caractérise en Occident par la lutte entre la théologie et la science positive d'une part, et la métaphysique d'autre part; par comparaison à ceci, les échauffourées entre les théologiens et les hommes de la science positive n'ont guère d'importance.

Au départ de cette thèse, la sociologie de la théologie chré tienne accède à une place fort importante dans le schéma de la sociologie. de la connaissance de Max Scheler, dont l'in tention de critique sociale est par ailleurs incontestable.

L'œuvre globale de Max Scheler est sans doute déterminée par des intérêts d'ordre philosophique ; mais ses thèses con . cernant la théologie dans le domaine de la sociologie de la connaissance sont vérifiables empiriquement. Il n'y a presque pas eu jusqu'à présent de recherches menées dans ce sens ; et pourtant elles pourraient bien s'avérer d'un grand intérêt, non seulement pour les Eglises, mais encore pour la société elle- même:
Attitude Measurement Some Methodological Problems
Authors: Salomonsen Per
Published: March 2007

Cet article traite de différents problèmes méthodologiques rencontrés lors de la «mesure» des attitudes religieuses. A partir d'un projet de recherche sur la religiosité populaire dans l'agglomération de Copenhague, l'auteur a choisi deux pro blèmes : l'instruction religieuse à l'école et la préparation à la confirmation. Les réponses récoltées à partir des deux pro blèmes ont été traitées à partir d'une échelle semblable à celle de Guttman. Après avoir construit cette échelle avec succès, l'auteur suggère une interprétation du contenu des attitudes mesurées. Ensuite, il utilise le modèle de mesure de Rasch. A ce propos, il en explicite les conditions d'application et en élabore et discute les paramètres d'application. Il est très dif ficile d'interpréter les résultats en raison d'une perte d'infor mation importante. Il est également difficile de comparer les deux méthodes, car elles perdent chacune des, parties diffé rentes de l'information disponible. Finalement, l'auteur pré sente des recommandations pour une future utilisation du mo dèle de Rasch.
Linguistique, Analyse du discours, Théories des signes
Authors: Doneux Jean Léonce
Published: March 2007

Linguistics is currently placed in an uncomfortable position between its colleagues in the social sciences who continue to think of linguistics as a model discipline and those who, in the process of separation, return linguistics to the criticism of its own ideology.

The use of linguistic models and concepts in sociology poses problems on several levels : that of the origin of the Linguistic School of terms used, that of the degree of acceptability of a term taken as analogy, that of the pertinence of the concept for the sociologist. Two illustrations from recent sociological works show the difficulty for the linguist to recognize the use of linguistic concepts by the sociologist and make him some times doubt their proper application. But criticism of the separatist sociologists and semioticians sometimes shows a mistrust, both of the whole of the linguistic drift, and the conditions in which these concepts have been elucidated in this discipline.

Suggestions are made for introducing new concepts when it is a question of analysing speech, a task for which linguists as well as sociologists are invited to participate.
La paix selon la foi et selon l'Eglise
Authors: Freund Julien
Published: March 2007

Scientifically there is a fundamental difference between peace according to faith and peace according to the Church, not only because of the distinction that must be made between religion and hierocracy but also because faith is a socio- logically amorphous notion and because the Church is an institution. In these conditions peace cannot be spoken of with out determining the frame of reference, that of faith, of religion or of the Church. It must also be recognized that if conflicts can arise between faith and religion as well as between religion and the Church or between faith and the Church, the Church, because it is an institution, comprises a political dimension. The same is not true of faith. Without conceptual rigor a valid reflection on peace is not possible. Since faith is not political, it is clear that the notion of peace that it proposes is different from that of the Church. Peace, according to faith, concerns private persons or be lievers. Peace, according to the Church, concerns collectivities. One cannot, then, take the Sermon on the Mountain as a base for political peace. Peace, according to the Church, is of another order since it has an institution as a foundation. As a result propositions included in certain papal encyclicals or in the document, Church and Powers, of the Protestant Federation of France contain numerous ambiguities which hardly encourage peace.
Work Individuation among Women Machine Operators
Authors: Mulcahy Susan DiGiacomo , Faulkner Robert R.
Published: March 2007

To account for the pattern of processes through which interaction becomes an alien force between machine operatives, and to suggest the conditions under which conflict enters work relations, a close, firsthand study of "work individuation " is developed. The dimensions of concern are illustrated in the present paper. They are part of a case study of women machine operatives in a New England mill. Task structure, aural, spatial, and interactional features combine to produce a way of doing work: low nontask related interactions of people on the shop floor, routine technology, and machine/worker intensive, unit production. The mill organization also produces an orientation and ethos toward coworkers: the experience of not belonging to effective social ties or bonds. These women are simultaneously deprived of the means for controlling the work process while being held to account as causal agents of their production outcomes.
Enzymatic Treatment of Lyocell—Clarification of Depilling Mechanisms
Authors: Morgado Jose , Cavaco-Paulo Artur , Rousselle Marie-Alice
Published: March 2007

We have characterized cellulose from the original structure of a lyocell fabric, from pills mechanically removed from the surface with a razor blade and from cellulose microfibrils removed from the surface and dispersed in the liquor during a cellulase depilling process. We find that cellulases first attack the cellulose from the microfibrils on the surface of the fabric because they are more externally exposed than the cellulose of the original fabric structure and have the same characteristics in terms of molecular weight, polydispersity, and crystallinity index as the base fabric. Cellulose from the microfibrils removed from the base fabric by the cellulase and recovered from the liquor shows significantly increased polydispersity, therefore indicating that the microfibrils have been widely attacked by the enzymes. Cellulases prove to be thorough surface finishing agents, since they change only the fiber surface, not the crystallinity.
A Twisted Filament and Its Helix Structure Formation
Authors: Ougizawa Michiko , Ikeda Hiroko , Hasebe Yae , Nakanishi Tadashi , Ogawa Shojirou , Aikawa Yoshihiro
Published: March 2007

The relation is investigated between the wave number k0 of a twisted polypropylene filament and the wave number k1 of the double helix composed of the filaments. The sum of the wave numbers is zero, illustrating the rule of wave number conservation unless the product t = ka of the wave number k and radius a of the filament is large. The deviation from the rule Δ t is proportional to t03 ≡ k03 a3, and the proportionality constant y is equal to the elasticity/rigidity ratio E/G.
Absorption Spectra in the Detection of Chemical Changes in Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
Authors: Rowen J.W. , Hunt C.M. , Plyler E.K.
Published: March 2007

The spectral absorption of thin films of cellulose acetate, regenerated cellulose, the acetate and regenerated cellulose after oxidation with nitrogen dioxide gas, and the regener ated cellulose after oxidation with periodic acid followed by chlorous acid are recorded for the infrared from 2 to 15 microns and the ultraviolet from 215 to 400 millimicrons. The regenerated cellulose absorbed ultraviolet radiant energy only at the short-wave-length end of the region studied, and there the transmittance of a film 2.8 microns thick was only slightly reduced. The acetate and oxidized celluloses ab sorbed in this region to a greater extent but gave no narrow absorption bands. Marked changes were observed in some of the absorption bands in the infrared region in going from cellulose acetate to regenerated cellulose and to their oxida tion products. These changes were correlated with changes in the OH, CO, and COOH groups. The results indicate the possibility of estimating the amount of these groups present by spectral absorption measurements.
The Stabilizer in Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching
Authors: Cates David M. , Cranor Winnifred H.
Published: March 2007

Stabilize drogen peroxide decomposed at a slower rate than unstabilized peroxide and, for a given amount of decomposition in the presence of cellulose fabric, was more effective in raising reflectance and causing chemical damage. The ratio of reflectance to reduction of viscosity, however, was the same, suggesting that damage to cellulose is unavoidable and related to the amount of colored impurities destroyed. This ratio is dependent on the history of the fiber.
The Removal of Oils from Textile Materials
Authors: Stewart J.C. , Whewell C.S.
Published: March 2007

The influence of the textile substrate on the detergency process is investigated by straightforward oil removal evaluation in conjunction with contact angle measurements Difficulty of oil removal is associated with matching of the polarities of oil and fiber which, since oils are at least moderately nonpolar, means that, in general, the more hydrophobic the fiber, the more difficult is oil removal. A general correlation found between detergency and contact angle measurements for liquid paraffin and olive oil implies the adequacy of the "rolling up" mechanism as a description of the detergency process for these oils on assemblies of loose fibers. Discrepancies in the case of two fibers are attributed to the effect of a "capillary displacement" mechanism.
Response of Cottons to Chemical Treatments
Authors: Rebenfeld L.
Published: March 2007

Eleven experimental cottons were subjected to identical yarn mercerization in an attempt to determine whether differences in response to the treatment could be observed. The response was measured in terms of changes in yarn resilience, elastic modulus, and toughness. Changes in yarn elastic modulus and resilience were found to be dependent upon X-ray angle, although the dependence on X-ray angle was found to be the reverse of that for fiber elastic modulus [6].
Fluorescent Brightening Agents: Their Photode composition in Aqueous Solution and on Substrate and Phototendering Activity for Cellulose
Authors: Daruwalla E.H. , Peter C.I.
Published: March 2007

Absorption characteristics and fluorescent decay of fluorescent brightening agents derived from 4:4'-diarninostilhene-2:2'-disulfonic acid and of a thiazole derivative when present in aqueous solution and on cellulosic substrate after exposure to sunlight and Fade-Ometer irradiations have been studied. Simultaneous with the decomposition of the brighteners, the bursting strength of the treated fabric decreases after exposure, cuprammonium fluidity increases, and there is a rise in the reducing power of the treated cellulose fiber substance. The extent of degradation of the cellulose depends on the amount of brightener present on the substrate, the type and duration of irradiation and the chemical constitution of 'the brightener. A correlation has been found to exist between the rate of decomposition of the brightener and the extent of tendering; those compounds which decompose more readily also bring about enhanced tendering. Re sults also indicate that not only are the parent brightening agents effective for photo tendering of cellulose but their photodecomposition products are also responsible for the breakdown of cellulose chain molecules.
Microscopical Observations of Abrasion Phenomena in Cotton
Authors: deGruy Ines V. , Carra Jarrell H. , Tripp Verne W. , Rollins Mary L.
Published: March 2007

Native and chemically treated cotton fibers abraded hy laboratory instruments and other means were examined by light and electron microscopy. Characteristic patterns of abrasion damage for a variety of experimental conditions have been estahtished. and reasons are suggested for the abrasion response of the fibers. Marked differences were noted in the abrasion behavior of most cottons when tested in the dry and wet states, but these differences are minimized by resin treatments that cross-link the cellulose.
Temperature Dependence of Shear Modulus, Density, and Crystallinity of Isotactic Poly Polypropylene
Authors: Shibukawa T. , Gupta V.D. , Turner R. , Dillon J.H. , Tobolsky A.V.
Published: March 2007

Experiments were undertaken to determine the dependence of the shear modulus upon the density and degree of crystallinity of two samples of isotactic polypropylene over a range of temperatures. Annealing the polypropylene samples was found to increase both the shear modulus and the density. Both quantities appeared to be inversely related to the molecular weight of the two polypropylene samples investigated. These phenomena are similar to those observed for polyethylene in our earlier studies. On the other hand, the variation of crystallinity with temperature, as measured by changes in density and by x-ray diffraction, was not the same in polypropylene as in linear polyethylene.
Temperature Dependence of Shear Modulus and Density of Nylon-6
Authors: Shibukawa T. , Gupta V.D. , Turner R. , Dillon J.H. , Tobolsky A.V.
Published: March 2007

Results of measurements of the shear modulus and density of a sample of nylon-6 in the temperature range -50° to 250° C are discussed. The modulus-temperature curve obtained indicated several distinct types of viscoelastic behavior. As in the case of poly ethylenes and polypropylenes studied earlier, annealing increased the modulus and density. Vacuum drying the nylon-6 samples was found to increase the shear modulus.
The Influence of Stress and Deformation on the Structure of the Cotton Fiber
Authors: Isings J.
Published: March 2007

The influence of torsion and stiess on the structural elements of Bobshaw and Delta- pine cotton was investigated. Slip phenomena between growth layers were noted; in particular, that between the winding layer and the outer secondary growth layers seems to be important. Changes in the fiber due to torsion and longitudmal stress are dis cussed. Treatment of the fibers with dimethylol ethylene urea or melamme formaldehyde was found to have a distinet influence on the torsion behavfor of the fiber. The useful ness of special optical techniques. particularly near-dark field, fluorescence dichroism, and ton etelung is discussed. The ton etching method can be successfully used to locate resmior cross-links in the cotton fiber.
Studies in the Mechanism of Dyeing of Polyamide Fibers with Acid Dyes
Authors: Bhatt N.J. , Daruwalla E.H.
Published: March 2007

The dyeing of nylon 66 with five acid dyes of differing chemical constitution and affinities has been studied under dyebath conditions of pH 1 and 2 and at 60°. 68°, and 75° C. With all the dyes studied and under different conditions of application. the rate-of- dyeing curves can be resolved into three distinct portions: rapid dye uptake during the mitial stages, constant rate of uptake during the mtermediate stages, and very little further increase during the final stages of dyeing. The higher the temperature of dyeing. the lower the pH of the dye liquor. and the higher the affinity of the dye for nylon, the greater is the uptake of dye at each stage of dyeing. Simultaneous with dye adsorption. depolymerization of nylon takes place, as indicated by the fact that end amino and end carboxyl groups increase and the intrimsic viscosity of formic acid solutions containing dyed samples decreases. In the absence of acid dye, depolymerization of nylon is limited, but the presence of acid dyes catalyzes the depolymerization to an extent depending on the affinity of the dye for the fiber stibstance. In the case of mixture dyeing of nylon with Solway Green G and Lissamine Fast Yellow 2G, at each stage of dyeing the uptake of each dye from a mixed dyebath is always less than is obtamed in the absence of the other dye, and the number of end groups formed as a result of dyeing from a mixed dyebath is always less than the total number of end groups formed when the t\\o dye components are used singly. A probable mechanism mvolving dye combination at positively charged amino groups in nylon, dye uptake at charged amide groups, and adsorption through secondary valency forces of non-ionic type has been suggested to explain the dyeing behavior of acid dyes when apphed from dyebaths at low pH.
Dielectric Constant and Conductance Changes in Wool Fibers Produced by Step Changes in the Relative Humidity
Authors: Algie J.E.
Published: March 2007

The dielectric constant of single wool fibers has been measured at a frequency of 1592 cycles, sec and a temperature of 35° C for a range of relative humidities. Also the changes in dielectric constant that occur when the relative humidity surrounding single fibers is suddenly increased from zero have been examined as a function of time. The conductance of similar fibers has been measured under the same experimental conditions.

There was an initial rise in the dielectric constant and conductance, followed by a , decrease to an equilibrium value. Both the dielectric constant and the conductance continued to change after an equilibrium water content had been reached. The impli cations of the results upon theories of the polarization and conductance of keratin are discussed, and the relationships between the electrical results and the shape of the absorption/time curves for the keratin-water system are examined.

A practical consideration arising from the study is that transient effects (due to changes in the relative humidity) may cause inaccuracies when electrical methods are used for determining water content.
Studies in the Reaction of Formaldehyde with Unmodified, Modified, and Dyed Celluloses
Authors: Datye Keshav V.
Published: March 2007

The reaction of formaldehyde with five cellulosic fiber substances has been studied at 30° C. The combined formaldehyde values (CF) at any given time are in the following proportion:

Cotton cellulose (native): 1.00

Cotton cellulose (mercerized under tension): 1.31

Cotton cellulose (mercerized without tension): 1.49

Viscose rayon : 1.97

Cuprammonium rayon: 2.31

Values of fiber crystallinity, moisture regain, oxidative susceptibility, and equilibrium uptake of direct dye for these fiber substances have been related with their CF values at given times of reaction.

A mechanism has been put forward to explain the anomalous behavior of viscose rayon towards formaldehyde. A method has been suggested for determining the relative accessibility of these fiber substances to formaldehyde.
Light Microscopy of Polymer-Treated Wool
Authors: Hine R.J. , McPhee J.R.
Published: March 2007

l'hotomicrographs are shown which confirm previous deductions that the effective ness of polymer treatments in reducing felting shrinkage of wool is rdated to the spreading of polymer over the surface of fibers. Chemical pretreatments which increase the critical surface tension of wool allow better spreading so that polymers are then deposited as thin surface films instead of in relatively large lumps as on normal wool. Only small amounts (1-2%; on the weight of wool) of polymer are therefore required when conditions for good spreading of polymer on wool are realized.

Shrinkage-time curves of polymer-treated wool have the same shape as those of untreated wool and of wool made shrink-resistant by oxidative treatments. Polymer is not removed during the shrinkage tests. so that the actual mechanism of felting is probably the same in all cases.
Some Effects of Cross-Linking and Carboxymethylation on Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Bullock Austin L. , Guthrie John D. , Mack Charles H.
Published: March 2007

Samples of partially carboxymethlyated cotton print cloth were cross-linked by treat ment with vapors from a mixture containing hydrochloric acid and paraformaldehyde. Selected properties of these samples were compared with those of samples given the cross-linking treatment first and the carboxymethylation treatment last.

It was found that samples cross-linked by this vapor treatment had low values for water of imbibition and that partially carboxymethylated samples had high values. When the samples were cross-linked by the vapor treatment and then carboxymethylated, values for water of imbibition approached those of samples carboxymethylated only. When the cross-linking treatment was last the values for water of imbibition were considerably reduced, although they were still higher than for samples cross-linked only. In general, the order of treatment affected values for wet crease recovery in a similar manner. It is suggested that the results obtained were caused by reaction at different sites in the cellulose chains of the treated samples.
Capacitive Measurement of the Count of Worsted Wool Strands with a Uster Evenness Tester
Authors: de Beer G.P.
Published: March 2007

A method is described by which the linear density of worsted strands. consisting of 100% wool, can be determined capacitively by using a Uster evenness tester. A statis tical comparison is given of the linear density of a few strands, as determnied by this method, with their actual weights per unit length. The method seems to provide results with an accuracy within the limits normally demanded by mdustry.
Wool Stabilization by Interfacial Polymerization
Authors: Whitfield R.E. , Miller L.A. , Wasley W.L.
Published: March 2007

Poly(hexamethylene sehacamide) formed on the surface of wool by interfacial poly condensation appears to be grafted to the wool. The ultra-thin film of the polymer is not extracted by good solvents. If the grafting sites on the wool are blocked by acetylation prior to the interfacial polymerization, the surface, film is easily extracted with good solvents and the treated wool has no shrink resistance. Application of pre formed poly (hexaniethyelne sebacamide) from solution, followed by evaporation of the solvent imparts little or no shrink resistance to the wool, and the surface film so formed is easily extracted with good solvents. About 1% to 2% polymer can be grafted to the wool surface by interfacial polycondensation ; polymer in excess of this amount is only partially grafted. With suitable enzymes to eat away the wool from a treated wool sample, the grafted coatings have been isolated and characterized. The grafting sites in the wool have been shown to be the free amino groups of N-terminal amino acids and amino and hydroxyl groups of side chains in the wool proteins.
Estimation of Single Yarn Twist and the Relation Between the Estimated and Mechanical Twists
Authors: Rao R.N.
Published: March 2007

The estimation of twist in a cotton yarn is not easy, as the test results are influenced by the techniques adopted. Various methods of test have been used for this purpose, hut there appears to he little correspondence between the results obtained by them and between the estimated values and the twist inserted in the yarn during spinning. There fore, there has often been a doubt about the twist of a particular yarn.

A study of this problem in some detail was; therefore, made and the results obtained are discussed in the present paper. The twist of several yarns, was assessed by the commonly used untwist methods, the untwist-retwist method, and the microscopic method. It was observed that the untwist and untwist-retwist methods would give nearly the same values for even yarns and that the observed twist might be higher than the mechanical twist by a maximum of about 8 percent.
Microbiological Protection of Cotton with Copper and Silver Fungicides
Authors: Conner C. James , Isaacson B.L. , Dana G.S. , Cooper A.S.
Published: March 2007

Recently developed zirconium based fungicides, obtained through the solubilization of metal salts with zirconyl acetate and zirconyl ammonium carbonate to form derivatives which revert to insoluble effective residuals on heat curing, have demonstrated improved fungicidal resistance through metal ion combinations. Derivatives of silver and copper with zirconium show a much greater protection for cotton than the protection afforded by either of the metal ions in separate treatments with the same metal content. This is effectively demonstrated through soil burial evaluations in which the combined silver and copper derivatives were buried with the separate treatments in varying concentrations and with an untreated control. The results demonstrate a definite additive effect.
The Mechanical Properties of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Grosberg P. , Park B.J.
Published: March 2007

Modes of deformation involved in shearing of plain weave fabrics are analyzed in terms of the mechanical properties of yarn and the geometrical parameters of the fabric. The effective contact lengths at the intersecting points in the fabric are determined from , the initial modulus of shearing. The hysteresis produced during shearing is determined by the proposed mechanisms of deformation and is found to correlate well with experiments.
A Study of Count Variation in Commercially Produced Single Yarns of All Types
Authors: Bornet G.M.
Published: March 2007

Three surveys have been made of the count variation of all types of single yarn. The sampling covered 291 mills in 26 countries; 1155 yarns were inctudcd in counts of 1.7 to 6400 tex, some. filament, the others spun on the worsted,. cotton, bast-fiber, woollen, and condenser systems. Because of the broad coverage, the survey yarns are believed to be representative of general production.

Different levels of count variation were observed for the various spinning systems. but, within each system, the prevailing count variation was found to be independent of yarn count and, in most cases, of the fiber used. The observed count variation was analyzed into components of variance, and the ways in which they can arise in a spin ning mill are discussed. A comparison is made of the count variation obtained with "whole" and with "half" (approximately 100-m and 50-m) skeins. Ratings of count variation are proposed.
Effect of Sodium Hydroxide Concentrations on Selected Cotton Fiber Properties
Authors: Lawson Reba , Hertel K.L.
Published: March 2007

Three samples of cotton fibers were treated slack with concentrations of sodium hydroxide from 4 to 28%. The Digital Fibrograph, Stelometer, and Arealometer were used to measure the effects of treatment concentrations on length, zero- and 1/8-in gauge tenacity, elongation, 'and fineness parameters. Density was measured with a density-gradient column. Fiber length, surface area, zero-gauge tenacity, stiffness, and bulk density decreased; and wall thickness; elongation, and toughness increased with increasing concentrations. One-eighth-in.-gauge fiber tenacity increased up to complete mercerization and then decreased with increased concentrations.
Dyebath Application of Flame Retardants for Flame-Resistant Wool1
Authors: Friedman Mendel , Ash John F. , Fong Willie
Published: March 2007

Tetrabromophthalic anhydride and tetrabromophthalic acid can effectively flameproof a wide range of wool textile materials, e.g., hand-knitting yarn, carpet yarn, and airplane upholstery, when applied during the dyeing step. In addition, the treatment can be utilized on wool-nylon blends as well as all-nylon fabrics. Fabrics treated with these reagents, when heated, do not turn brown so readily as fabrics treated with certain other flame-retarding agents. Treated fabrics retain normal softness, are not irritating to the skin, and retain flame resistance after dry cleaning and gentle washing.
Studies on Texturing of α and γ Forms of Nylon 6
Authors: Gulrajani M.L. , Sengupta A.K. , Subramaniam M. , Chaudhry A.K.
Published: March 2007

Properties of textured yarns of α and y forms of nylon 6 feeder yarns have been studied. It has been observed that with the y form the crimp-rigidity value is lower than that with the a form. However, at a texturing temperature of 200°C, γ-α transition takes place, and the crimp rigidity of the converted α-form yarns is found to be significantly higher than that of the original α-form yarns. The equilibrium dye uptake and diffusion coefficient for disperse dye are higher with the γ and converted α forms than with the original a form of textured yarn. With acid dye, also, similar trends are observed. The γ form of feeder yarn, when textured at a temperature where conversion to the a form takes place, produces a textured yarn superior in quality to the conventional α form of the feeder yam.
Experimentally-Determined vs. Theoretical Values of Roving Strength
Authors: Swiech Teresa
Published: March 2007

The aim of this investigation was to assess the agreement of roving strength values, as calculated from Zurck's and Braschler's theoretical formulae, with experimental results. The strength of a roving depends on the elementary ad hesion force of a fiber, the roving geometry parameter, and fiber characteristics. Tests were made on rov ings of cotton, viscose staple, and modified viscose staple. Physical quantities like fiber parameters, density in a rov ing, and an elemen tary adhesion force of the fiber, each of them needed to calculate roving strength on the basis of theoretical formulae, have been determined by experiments. As far as an elementary adhesion force of the fiber is concerned, it has been defined for the untwisted strands which reveal the density adequate to that of the roving.

Tenacity values obtained from the theoretical formulae were made the subject of comparisons with experiment results. The effect of the mentioned procedures was that the elementary adhesion force of the fiber depends on the de nsity of fibers in a strand; likewise, the elementary force is not to be taken into consideration as a constant quantity.

The strength calculated from Zurek's formula appears to be compatible w ith experimental results in the interv al of tw ists used in rovings that is, up to α m ~ 35. If higher twists of rovings are concerned, the theorotical values of strength become lower than the experimental ones and not consistent, in practice, with theoretical values.

When the elementary adhesion force is taken into account as a varying value in the function of density of a roving, values in Braschler's formula seem to be much higher and incompatible with the experimental results, in the w hole interv al of tw ists.
Lightweight, Durable-Press Cotton and Polyester/Cotton with Ignition Resistance
Authors: Reeves Wilson A. , Marquette Yvonne B.
Published: March 2007

A cotton broadcloth and a polyester/cotton broadcloth were successfully treated in the laboratory using a angle pad bath to impart fire resistance and durable press properties. A two catalyst system was used with rol 76, an oligomeric vinyl phosphonate, and either trimethylol acetylene diureine or dimethylol 4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea in a pad dry cure process. Ignition resistance was determined by exposing the surface of treated fabrics to a small flamc for up to 12 s. Conventional tests were used to determine durable press properties.
Effect of Yarn Density on Diffusion of p-Aminoazobenzene in Multiple Layers of Nylon Fabric
Authors: Sasaki Hiroaki , Araki Hiroshi
Published: March 2007

Diffusion of p-aminoazobenzene into multiple layers of nylon fabric has been in vestigated using four kinds of plain weave nylon fabrics whose yam density ischanged by varying the pick spacing. The apparent diffusion coefficient and the diffusional boundary layer parameter are estimated in such a way that the experimental data fit with the theoretical curves of concentration distribution based on the diffusional boundary layer model. Since the apparent diffusion coefficient increases with the de creasing pick density of the fabric, the diffusion behavior is explained based on a combined transport mechanism of pore and intrafilament diffusion. The plots of the apparent diffusion coefficient versus the product of the porosity and the specific pore volume show a linear relationship in the limited porosity range of about 0.68 to 0.73 at various temperatures.
Fiber Alignment and Straightening in Opening for Open-End Spinning
Authors: Ülkü S. , Acar M. , King T.G. , Özipek B.
Published: March 2007

Sliver separation is an essential operation in open-end spinning. Ideally, the sliver should be separated down to individual fibers, each of which is transported in a fully extended configuration. In reality, however, fiber behavior is far from ideal. Because yam properties are affected by the effective fiber length, alignment of fibers in the air flow should be achieved and maintained, and the fibers must be delivered onto the spinning surface of the spinner in a parallel, well oriented condition. To obtain straight fibers in the air flow to the twisting process, the fibers must be removed in a straightened form, or straightened during removal, from the pin-clothing of the opening roller.
Separating and Identifying the Active Ingredient of a Stain Resist Compound
Authors: Bauers Maureen , Keown Robert W. , Malone C. Paul
Published: March 2007

A sulfonated aromatic stain resist chemical consisting of the condensation product of phenol sulfonic acid, dihydroxy diphenol sulfone, and formaldehyde was separated by semi-prep scale reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. Stain resistance activity was demonstrated in only two of the ten fractions that were isolated, with very slight activity in another two fractions. The active stain resist component is a low molecular weight condensation product of the sulfonic acid and sulfone with the phenolic groups converted to alkyl aryl ethers. The active component comprises only about 10% of the total weight of the stain resist chemical.
Categorization of the Quality Concept
Authors: Lennon Sharron J. , Fairhurst Ann E.
Published: March 2007

The authors used categorization theory to guide research on apparel quality. Respondents were females, 150 students and 55 nonstudent adults, who wrote at least three sentences about the quality of (a) apparel and (b) a blouse. Using content analysis, four classifications were formed to describe the criteria attributes: aesthetic (e.g., stylish), usefulness (e.g., versatile), performance (e.g., does not shrink), and extrinsic criteria (e.g., brand name). Aesthetic and performance criteria accounted for 81% to 83% of criteria mentioned. When the data were pooled, respondents generated more criteria to classify blouse quality than to classify apparel quality. Furthermore, criteria for blouse quality were mentioned more often than criteria for apparel quality suggesting that, at the aggregate level, respondents used blouse quality as a basic level category. However when data were analyzed separately by consumer experience (e.g., age), differences in categorization schemes were found. These results have implications for merchandising strategies that focus on quality.
The Political Economy of Soviet-Israeli Oil Relations, 1948 - 1967
Authors: Klinghoffer Arthur Jay
Published: March 2007

There have been several excellent studies of Soviet-Israeli relations but the role of oil has received almost no scholarly attention. This is due primarily to the paucity of published material on this topic as the Soviets have revealed very little about their oil ties with Israel other than the quantity of oil delivered to that state during the years 1953- 1956. Israeli sources are much more forthcoming in regard to certain details but the information provided is still rather sparse because of censorship guidelines. Ever since Israel's independence was announced in 1948, oil has been considered a matter of national security because it is essential to the military, and Israel's oil import routes suffer from strategic vulnerability. In addition, the Israeli government has feared that excessive publicity could lead her suppliers to cancel certain oil agree ments. Oil remains a touchy subject in Israel but, now that the Soviet- Israeli oil trade has been inoperative for over eight years, this clarifi cation of the historical record concerning past events should in no way jeopardize Israeli security interests. Nevertheless, it is preferable that the numerous Israelis who provided information and documentation for this study should remain anonymous.
A Conference Report ... 1990: A Year Of Transition
Authors: Goeldner C.R. , Frechtling Douglas
Published: March 2007

The Fifth Annual Travel Review Conference, sponsored by the Travel and Tourism Research Association, U.S. Travel and Tourism Administration, and the U.S. Travel Data Center, was held 4 February 1991, in Washington, DC. It was a particularly signifi cant conference as many speakers not only revieived the 1990 travel trends and statistics to assist planners and marketers in formulating future strategy but, in many cases, they covered future developments, the impact of the Middle East crisis, and the recession. Hot topics of ecotourism and traveler taxes were also covered. Proceedings will be published and can be ordered from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Director, TTRA, P.O. Box 58066, Salt Lake City, UT 84158-0066.
Forecastin Domestic Tourism Demand: Application to Las Vegas Arrivals Data
Authors: Witt Stephen F. , Newbould Gerald D. , Watkins Alan J.
Published: March 2007

Domestic tourism demand is less susceptible than international tourism demand to external factors such as exchange rate fluctuations and international political events, and therefore is likely to be less volatile. Hence, the accuracy rankings obtained for various forecasting techniques when applied to international tourism data may no longer hold when the techniques are applied to domestic tourism data. This study illustrates that the superior ity of the "no change" extrapolation model in the context of international tourism forecast ing does not carry over to the domestic tourism forecasting case. Using data on Las Vegas visitor arrivals, it is shown that exponential smoothing generates forecasts with lower error magnitudes than "no change."
Seasonal Variation of Coastal Resort Visitors: Hilton Head Island
Authors: Bonn Mark A. , Furr H. Leslie , Uysal Muzaffer
Published: March 2007

This study identified numerous significant differences in visitors to Hilton Head Island according to season. The most useful are length of stay according to accommodation type, attributes important in the decision to visit, and trip origin. The study suggests that approaching segmentation by seasonality is a useful practice.
jains, caste and hierarchy in north Gujarat
Authors: Cort John E.
Published: March 2007

Scholarship on caste has paid insufficient attention to alternative ideologies of caste, such as found in Jainism. and to understandings and practices of caste among the merchant castes that occupy a dominant position in the so-called middle ranges of caste hierarchies. This article looks at caste practice from the perspective of the Jain merchant castes of north Gujarat. Jain castes are excellent examples of the middle-range castes that have always created intractable problems for theories of caste. This article looks at understandings of inter-caste rankings between Jain merchants and non-Jain Brahmans, and shows how different religious understandings of purity combined with a merchant valorisation of mercantile activity results in the Jain merchants ranking themselves higher than Brahman non-merchants. It looks at intra-Jain and inter-caste interactions, and shows how merchant values of an urban and mercantile lifestyle are ranked higher than a rural and agricultural lifestyle. It then looks at intra-Jain. intra-merchant level practices, and shows how wealth and urban residence result in a superior ranking. In conclusion, the article argues for an understanding of caste that does not assume a single ideology and ranking system across the subcontinent. Instead the work of Charles Malamoud. T.N. Madan and Rodney Needham is used to advance an understanding of caste that starts with a sensitivity to contexts of time, place and person.
Sociological Theory and the Human Relations School
Authors: Ackroyd Stephen
Published: March 2007

There are three common and influential approaches to the work of the human relations school extant in the literature. These three approaches, though superficially plausible, actually give rise to serious misconceptions about the nature of the work of this school, as well as to faulty interpretations of its development and demise. After identifying and criticising these inadequate approaches, this paper proceeds to offer a new account of the work of this group of writers based on a more adequate methodology for assessing ideas. This approach sees ideas as being applied to a developing "problem context," itself changing in response to the process of research. Finally, it is argued that the results of this reassessment have implications not only for our understanding of the work of the human relations school, but also for the practice of industrial sociology today.
Women Doctors Win and Male Nurses Lose
Authors: Hesselbart Susan
Published: March 2007

Impressions of male and female medical and nursing students are compared in a sample of high-school students. There are few differences in the ratings of the male and female medical students and both are described as competent and attractive. However, male nursing students are rated as unattractive, unrealistic, and unambitious. The results suggest that men entering a predominantly female profession may be perceived as more deviant than women entering a predominantly male profession.
Career Anchorage
Authors: Goldman Daniel R.
Published: March 2007

A replication of the study of career-anchorage points among 493 middle managers in American industry reveals only one in seven motivated to reach higher positions. Measures correlated with career anchorage are examined. Age, education, level of labor force entry, and present position are analyzed as factors bearing upon career anchorage. The anchorage of career perspective is a mechanism common to both the unlimited and limited success orientations toward occupational mobility.
Downgrading Computer Workers
Authors: Sullivan Teresa A. , Cornfield Daniel B.
Published: March 2007

The growth of computers has led to contradictory expectations about the downgrading of the computer labor force. This article tests three implications of the downgrading argument using data from Public Use Samples: the changing mix of computer occupations between professional/technical and clerical jobs; the changing prestige distinctions among computer workers; and the mobility among higher and lower skilled categories. The findings show that industrial diffusion has substantial implications for the downgrading argument. Overall, the patterns of change over time are far more complex than a simple upgrading-downgrading dimension would suggest.
Paid Labor
Authors: Chappell Neena L.
Published: March 2007

This article elaborates a conceptual distinction between commitment to and identification with paid labor. The distinction is derived from the different definitions evident in the literature, the different indicators used to measure them, and the logical possibility of being committed to work but not identifying with the work. The results of a study designed to test this distinction empirically among a sample of working women are presented. They confirm the conceptual distinction.
Straightening Out Some of the Lumpen in the Development
Authors: Tenenbaum Barbara A.
Published: March 2007

Three different historical issues are raised and discussed in this section. Barbara A. Tenenbaum critiques André Gunder Frank's explanation of Latin American history using Mexico (1821-1856) as her example. The basic thesis of this paper is that the post-independ ent "bourgeoisies" in Latin America were not cohesive groups but reflected the overall weakness of their republics. Ms. Tenenbaum teaches history at Vassar College.

Mary Kay Vaughan, who teaches history at the University of Illinois, Chicago Circle, treats Mexican primary school policy between 1890 and 1930 and argues that in this period, school programs were designed primarily to mold a labor force equipped with skills and attitudes appropriate to the modernization process and values and beliefs that legitimized bourgeois rule.

Finally, we present a study by Juan Felipe Leal of the development of the state in Mexico between 1867 and 1914. This article is a convincing application of a whole proble matique first formulated by Antonio Gramsci: the notion of hegemony, class fractions, and hegemonic power blocs. Juan Felipe Leal is a member of the Facultad de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales of the Universidad Autónoma de México.
A Statistical Model for the Tensile Fracture of Parallel Fiber Composites
Authors: McKee R.B. , Sines George
Published: March 2007

A statistical model for the tensile fracture of parallel fiber composites is based on a stress criterion for crack propagation. The stresses in fiber which surround a crack nucleus are evaluated and the number and size of such nuclei are evaluated statistically. Failure is predicted when, statistically, a new break is expected at any crack nucleus. The predictions of this model are in good agreement with measured tensile strength, the variation of strength with size, the variability of tensile fracture srength, the very small creep strain, and the observed mechanism of fracture of fiberglass composites.