bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Media Violence: Scholarship Versus Salesmanship
Authors: Dill Karen E
Published: November 2023

The Grand Theft Auto games such as Grand Theft Auto III, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City are perhaps the most widely known video games, making their mark in pop culture due to record-setting sales, critical acclaim in the gaming community, and controversial content. On April 29, 2008, Rockstar games released the much- anticipated sequel Grand Theft Auto IV to unparalleled critical acclaim as well as to controversy over violent and sexual content, now de rigeur for a title in the series. That week I got an e-mail from Nicole, a former student of mine.
Advertising, Consumerism, And Health
Authors: Dill Karen E
Published: November 2023

One of the most influential psychologists in history, John B. Watson, was a radical behaviorist. Behaviorism holds that people and animals learn through basic, observable principles such as by associating one experience with another or by learning through the consequences of actions. For example, Pavlov trained his dog to drool when hearing the sound of a bell because a dinner bell always sounded when dinner was served. B. F. Skinner trained animals to play the piano and to play ping pong—even to guide missiles for the U.S. military—by manipulating the consequences of their behavior. Famously, J. B. Watson taught “little Albert”—a toddler—to fear white, fluffy things. How? He gave Albert a white, fluffy toy or animal and then made a scary sound, which caused Albert to cry. After that treatment, just seeing the toy or animal would make little Albert cry.
Hope in the Age of Anxiety
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

Economic collapse, poverty, disease, natural disasters, the constant threat of community unrest and international terrorism--a quick look at any newspaper is enough to cause almost anyone to feel trapped and desparate. Yet the recent election also revealed a growing search for hope spreading through society. In the timely Hope in the Age of Anxiety, Anthony Scioli and Henry Biller illuminate the nature of hope and offer a multitude of techniques designed to improve the lives of individuals, and bring more light into the world. In this fascinating and humane book, Scioli and Biller reveal the ways in which human beings acquire and make use of hope. Hope in the Age of Anxiety is meant to be a definitive guide. The evolutionary, biological, and cultural roots of hope are covered along with the seven kinds of hope found in the world’s religions. Just as vital, the book provides many personal tools for addressing the major challenges of the human condition: fear, loss, illness, and death. Some of the key areas illuminated in Hope in the Age of Anxiety: How do you build and sustain hope in trying times? How can hope help you to achieve your life goals? How can hope improve your relationships with others? How can hope aid your recovery from trauma or illness? How does hope relate to spirituality? Hope in the Age of Anxiety identifies the skills needed to cultivate hope, and offers suggestions for using these capacities to realize your life goals, support health and healing, strengthen relationships, enhance spirituality, and inoculate yourself against the despair that engulfs many individuals.
Latin Siege Warf are in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Rogers R
Published: November 2023

This is a carefully researched and illuminating study of siege warfare in the twelfth century. The siege was an integral part of medieval military experience, and was particularly significant in the Mediterranean region. R. Rogers explores siege warfare and the role it played in the First Crusade and the establishment of the Crusader States, in Italy, Spain, and Portugal, and in the seaborne expeditions of the Italian maritime states. Dr Rogers sets out to discover how it was that crusading forces handicapped by rudimentary organization and logistical support were able to conduct some of the most dramatic siege operations of the pre-gunpowder period. He traces the development and diffusion of techniques; and analyses the experience of siege warfare in every aspect, from the question of supplies of component parts for siege engines to the often complex political situations of besieger and besieged. This is a book which contributes not only to the military history of the twelfth century but also to its political and cultural history.
Old Age
Authors: Thane Pat
Published: November 2023

At the end of the twentieth century more people are living into their seventies, eighties, nineties and beyond, a process expected to continue well into the next millennium. The twentieth century has achieved what people in other centuries only dreamed of: many can now expect to survive to old age in reasonably good health and can remain active and independent to the end, in contrast to the high death rate, ill health and destitution which affected all ages in the past. Yet this change is generally greeted not with triumph but with alarm. It is assumed that the longer people live, the longer they are ill and dependent, thus burdening a shrinking younger generation with the cost of pensions and health care. It is also widely believed that 'the past' saw few survivors into old age and these could be supported by their families without involving the taxpayer. In this first survey of old age throughout English history, these assumptions are challenged. Vivid pictures are given of the ways in which very large numbers of older people lived often vigorous and independent lives over many centuries. The book argues that old people have always been highly visible in English communities, and concludes that as people live longer due to the benefits of the rise in living standards, far from being 'burdens' they can be valuable contributors to their family and friends.
Marpingen
Authors: Blackbourn David
Published: November 2023

In July 1876 three eight-year-old girls from Marpingen, a village in the west German border region of Saarland, claimed to have seen an apparition of the Virgin Mary. Their visions attracted tens of thousands of pilgrims and prompted numerous claims of miraculous cures. They also led to military intervention, the dispatching of an undercover detective, parliamentary debate, and a dramatic trial. This book examines an episode that contemporaries dubbed the `German Lourdes', its background and its repercussions. David Blackbourn sets out to recreate the Catholic world of Bismarckian Germany through a detailed analysis of the changing social, economic, and community structures in which it was embedded, and a sensitive account of popular religious beliefs. He powerfully evokes the crisis-laden atmosphere of the 1870s, and offers a subtle interpretation of the interplay between politics and religion in newly unified Germany. The book ranges boldly across the fields of social, cultural and political history, in an engrossing story with many contemporary resonances.
Beach Sediment: Sources, Characteristics, and Transport
Authors: Trenhaile A S
Published: November 2023

Although beaches can consist of any available material of suitable size, ranging from microscopic particles up to boulders, this chapter is primarily concerned with sandy sediments. The transport of silts and clays is discussed in Chapters 7 and 8, and coarse elastic material in Chapter 4.
Sand Dunes
Authors: Trenhaile A S
Published: November 2023

Coastal sand dunes protect the land from extreme waves and tides, and they store sediment used to replenish beaches during and after storms. Large prograding dunefields develop on straight, sandy coasts exposed to prevailing and dominant onshore winds, while smaller, crescentic fields form at the-back of bays enclosed by rocky headlands. Dunes can develop on prograding coasts with a positive net sediment budget (Bird and Jones 1988), and on retrograding coasts with a negative budget (Psuty 1990). They play an enormous role in the coastal sediment budget. About 40 per cent of the sand brought to a beach by longshore drift is blown into a dunefield in South Africa, and between about 20 and 30 per cent in Israel (Illenberger and Rust 1988; Goldsmith et al. 1990).
Tide-Dominated Environments
Authors: Trenhaile A S
Published: November 2023

Tidal currents transport large amounts of sediment within the shallow water regions of the world. Ebb and flood currents move in opposing directions, but they often travel along different paths, and because shallow water tides are asymmetrical, there are marked differences in their duration and in the magnitude and occurrence of their peak flows (Chapter 7). Net sediment transport also occurs when tidal currents combine with local, wind-driven currents, flow from rivers, and normal oceanic circulation. In some areas, rotation of the tides adds a longshore component to the simple onshore-offshore movement of sediment.
Modernism, Development, and the Transformation of Seoul: A Study of the Development of Sae’oon Sang’ga and Yoido
Authors: Pai Hyungmin
Published: November 2023

‘Modernization of the Fatherland.’ Though this translation of a key phrase in Korea’s political jargon of the late 1960s conjures up unwarranted connotations, it none the less belies the aspirations and contradictions of the country’s economic, political, and cultural policy of the period and beyond. Coinciding with the rapid industrialization and modernization of the 1960s, issues of a national cultural identity began to take on urgency.
Environments Within: An Ethnographic Commentary on Scale
Authors: Strathern Marilyn
Published: November 2023

Social Anthropology bases its practice on what we might call the unpredictability of initial conditions, unpredictable, that is, from the viewpoint of the observer. Ethnography, the kind of comprehensive account which gathers everything in, encourages the thought that one cannot predict at the outset of an enquiry where it will lead or what will turn out to be relevant to exposition. It also encourages the observer not to specify completely in advance where to look for the correlates and conditions of the outcomes he or she observes, and thus to confront un predictabilities in social life.
GDI architectures
Authors: Bishr Yaser , Radwan Mostafa
Published: November 2023

Recent developments in information technology (IT) are difficult to keep up with. From a general perspective, however, current IT developments are mainly centred around enabling communications between existing (legacy) and newly developed information systems. This is having a profound impact on the GDI industry, including vendors, users, producers, and other service providers. The pressing challenge is not how to collect and store data, nor how to write the most efficient mathematical algorithms, rather it is how to make information known, easily accessible, and understandable to the largest possible groups of stakeholders. The availability of information on the Internet makes it accessible to people well beyond the expert community. This shift is forcing the industry to provide network-enabled software and user-oriented geospatial data services rather than just maps. The availability of information to the general public does not necessarily imply that it should be free of charge. This is a policy issue that differs from country to country, and depends on the local institutional arrangements and limitations, as discussed elsewhere in this book.
Spatial referencing
Authors: Hofman Marco , Min Erik de , Dood Ruben
Published: November 2023

A consistent definition of the position of different geospatial data sets is a necessary condition for their geospatial integration. For a variety of reasons, different data sets may have been spatially referenced using different techniques. For example, in projects crossing international boundaries, the positions of data sets on roads or vegetation cover, etc., are usually related to reference systems which pertain to each country. In a geographic area, different data sets may have to be drawn from maps with different map projections. Data sets referenced by GPS, which works on an international reference system, may have to be merged with data collected on a local reference system.
Access to GDI and the function of visualization tools
Authors: Kraak Menno-Jan
Published: November 2023

‘Geospatial data’ immediately makes us think of maps. Only maps provide an instantaneous overview of the relations among geographic objects. They help users to gain a better understanding of geospatial patterns. Maps can show the distribution of a country’s population, of environmentally sensitive areas, or any other phenomena that can be physically located. In the framework of GDI, maps have different, but important roles to play. They can also act in their traditional function of presenting geospatial data; land use maps, geological maps, and traffic maps are examples, and as such they represent the information held by an organization. They can be part of a geospatial search engine to find and access geospatial data. Here the map functions as a user interface for locating data sets on a particular region. They can also act as an index to other data available on a particular topic.
A History Of Private Law In Europe
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

In this book Franz Wieacker tells how legal thinking, writing and teaching started in Europe and how it developed. He begins in the High Middle Ages and describes how the Glossators laid down the foundations by applying methodical criticism and exegesis to the Digest of Justinian. As Reinhard Zimmermann's foreword shows, Wieacker's way of telling the history of European legal thought from its origins in medieval Bologna down to the present day and of elucidating the intellectual conditions for its development is a stunning achievement. One of the great strengths of the book lies in its demonstration of the constant interaction between the thinking of lawyers and the general philosophical ideas of their time: between Scholasticism and medieval legal science, between the enlightenment and the Law of Reason, between Classicism (and Romanticism) and Savigny's Historical School of Law. It is hardly surprising that so ambitious and erudite a work should have become a classic since 1952, when it was first published in German. Now Tony Weir's brilliant translation makes the seond and final edition accessible to English-speaking scholars the world over.
Secular Lawyers in Germany
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

Although it happened a little later in Germany than in lands to the west and south, learned jurists were increasingly active in the late Middle Ages, as recent intensive research into the Pre-reception has shown: not only were they busy in ecclesiastical courts, they were also drawing up documents, managing large estates, and reworking native law in a scholarly manner (pp. 85 ff.). This was the stage at which the very concept and title of ‘jurist’ appears in Germany (p. 86). At the outset these jurists were very largely clerics, trained in both systems of law, as they needed to be if they were to be involved in litigation, drafting documents, and running episcopal courts and offices. These clerics were also involved in the management of secular estates and cities,2 where they were increasingly joined by ‘secular’ jurists, graduates in iuscivile who had not proceeded to ordination (p. 87).
The Usus Modernus
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

By the end of the sixteenth century Germany had adopted and learned to apply the European ius commune, mainly of Italian and French origin. Germany did have legal scholarship of its own by now, even if it was not up to the inter national standard set by these other countries but, with a few important exceptions, mainly of humanist origin, teaching methods in Germany, the lecturing material and the legal literature, even the way cases were decided, were those of pan European Romanism. Only in major legislative enterprises, such as the City Law of Freiburg, the Carolina, and the Saxon Constitutions do we find specifically German problems confronted in a distinctive manner. Between scholarship and actual practice, however, the gulf was generally considerable, as we saw in our recent discussion of the Land and Police Ordinances.
Pandectism and Positive Legal Science
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

Despite what was suggested in the programme of the historical school, and notwithstanding the many individual contributions its members made to legal history, most of its intellectual effort was devoted to the construction of a sci ence of private law. It mutated into Pandectism, so called after the title of its typical textbooks.1 In doing this it was following the formalist path indicated by Anselm Feuerbach and by the young Savigny in his Methodenlehre; it ap plied to the substantive ius commune the Law of Reason’s method of constructing systems and concepts. The programmatic justification for this was provided by Puchta when, echoing Savigny’s Beruf, he called his age that of the ‘scientification’ of legal study, and accorded to lawyers scientifically trained the exclusive right to apply and develop the law. It was Puchta too who was to elicit new rules of law by means of ‘developing’ logical concepts and thus to legitimize the ‘in ventive jurisprudence of constructs’. Thereafter Jhering, Gerber, and Laband were in the forefront of developing the constructive method of Pandectism and applying it to other disciplines as well, notably public law.
The German Civil Code (BGB)
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

Although work on the civil code started immediately after the German Confederation had finished legislating, planning was hampered by the fact that the only field in which the Empire had legislative competence under the Con stitution of the North German Federation and that of the Bismarckian Empire as originally drafted was the law of obligations. It was the national liberals, the dominant party in the Reichstag of 1871, who with their drive for unification procured that the Empire acquired power to legislate in the fields of land law, family law, and the law of associations. This notable victory of the progressive liberals over the reservations of the conservatives determined the thrust of codification, but it took four attempts before Lasker and Miquel, the principal pro ponents, managed to overcome the votes of the conservatives and the centrist party (which rightly feared a conflict with the Church over marriage), and obtained an amendment to art. 4 no. 13 which extended legislative competence to the whole of private law. This law of 20 December 1873 made a national civil code possible. Behind the decision lay political considerations: the state was interested in law which liberated associations and corporations, the liberals wanted civil marriage outside the Church, a matter which was already threatening to be conflictual (the Kulturkampf), and the economic liberals wanted a generally applicable law which increased the mobility of land and facilitated mortgages. Only now did the liberals gain the upper hand in the areas of land law, family property, and succession, so crucial for the whole social order. The North Ger man (now Imperial) Trade Ordinance of 1869 had opted for freedom of trade and profession, so the decision was now really inevitable.
The Search for Justice
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

At the turn of the century both scholarship and practice were dominated by textual positivism, while public opinion was beginning to be affected by purposive naturalist thinking. Both of them were opposed by neo-Kantianism, a renewal of Kantian philosophy. At the same time a revival of Hegel’s objective idealism found an echo in legal philosophy, and then phenomenology and existentialism destroyed the very questions addressed by both positivism and neo-Kantianism. These academic trends did not, however, have much effect on public attitudes to law. Much more important was the resurgence of natural law, especially in what Protestantism and Catholicism had to say about law and society.
Introduction
Authors: Lawson Stephanie
Published: November 2023

This book is based on the premiss that constitutional opposition is one of the most important distinguishing characteristics of modern democratic politics and that the failure of democratic politics in Fiji can be attributed, in large part, to the failure of the notions associated with constitutional opposition to gain sufficient standing or respect amongst some significant elements within Fiji’s polity.
The Early Colonial Basis of Politics in Fiji
Authors: Lawson Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Fiji consists of 520 islands scattered over 650,000 square kilometres of the south-west Pacific Ocean with a total land area of just over 18,000 square kilometres. Occupation by the predominantly Melanesian people of Fiji dates from over three thousand years ago, as evidenced by fragments of pottery found in several areas which have been dated to 1500 bc.1 The people of this time had a culture which was much the same as those who migrated to Tonga and Samoa and became the ancestral Polynesians.2 The people of the latter islands developed in isolation from the west but in Fiji, later migration produced the mixed physical type of the present population3 which corresponds with the cultural variety found by archaeologists and linguists.4
The Third World
Authors: Miller J D B
Published: November 2023

Hedley Bull was concerned about the appearance on the international scene of so many new states after World War IL His sense of order was aroused by the thought of what these states might do. Moreover, his experience in India, and his contact with stimulating people like Ali Mazrui, caused him to ask questions about the direction in which the Third World might be heading, and what were the responsibilities of the West towards it. Two matters specifically aroused his interest. One was the effect of the new states upon international society: he could estimate, without too much trouble, their effect upon the international system, but his queries were essentially about the relatively fragile society which he and Martin Wight believed to exist, and which, I shall suggest, may not be able to bear all the weight he gave it. The other was how persuasive and how effective were their demands for international justice in such matters as anti-colonialism, anti-racism, and the New International Economic Order; here I shall argue that ‘justice’ is more of a political than a legal or ethical concept in the world of states.
On Human Conduct
Authors: Oakeshott Michael
Published: November 2023

On Human Conduct is composed of three connected essays. Each has its own concern: the first with theoretical understanding, and with human conduct in general; the second with an ideal mode of human relationship which the author has called civil association; and the third with that ambiguous, historic association commonly called a modern European state. Running through the work is Professor Oakshott’s belief in philosophical reflection as an adventure: the adventure of one who seeks to understand in other terms what he already understands, and where the understanding is sought is a disclosure of the conditions of the understanding enjoyed and not a substitute for it. Its most appropriate expression is an essay, which, he writes, ‘does not dissemble the conditionality of the conclusions it throws up and although it may enlighten it does not instruct.’
Coal, Politics, and Industrial Continuity
Authors: Parnell Martin F
Published: November 2023

Part II of this work will indicate that, in the period following the Second World War, the basic pattern of a distinctively German political economy re-emerged in West Germany, almost regardless of the so-called social market economy. This not so new system was characterized by three cardinal elements: a dominant state role; a high level of private industry wide concertation and co-ordination; and a close co-operation between state and industry. The much-remarked and historically novel phenomenon of a relatively strong and stable trade union movement, fully integrated into the Federal German political economy, will be granted full consideration, but an equal, if not more important, role will be seen to be played by the state.

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The European Communities Committee
Authors: Shell* Donald
Published: November 2023

The Select Committee on the European Communities has become a major element in the work of the House of Lords. Every session since its establishment in 1974 between eighty and one hundred peers have been involved in the work of this Committee, producing some twenty to thirty reports annually. While the House of Commons has invested heavily since 1979 in departmental select committees, the House of Lords has directed much of its available capacity into the European Communities Committee and its several subject-based subcommittees. The Committee has gained a high reputation outside the House, based largely it would seem on the thoroughness and the competence of its reports. Almost wherever the role of the House is spoken of, the work of this Committee is emphasized.
Select Committees
Authors: Grantham* Cliff
Published: November 2023

The House of Lords has the power to appoint select committees to ‘examine any matter which, in the opinion of the House, requires investigation’.1 In the period from 1945 to 1970, it was a power employed essentially for the purposes of internal organization and for fulfilling the judicial functions of the House. By 1970, the House had several ‘domestic’ committees, for such matters as administration and privilege; four committees for the purposes of exercising its judicial function; a special orders committee; and it participated in a joint committee on Consolidation Bills. What it did not have was any committee for scrutinizing particular sectors of public policy or the merits of bills. One such committee (a joint committee on censorship of the theatre) had been appointed in the 1966-7 session, but that was exceptional.
Services and Facilities
Authors: Rush Michael , Jones David
Published: November 2023

The House of Lords shares the Palace of Westminster with the House of Commons, but for the most part the two Houses operate quite separately within the building. This is most importantly the case procedurally, as is evident from other chapters, but it is also true of the provision of services and facilities. There are a few services common to both Houses, such as the telephone system, the post office, and many aspects of security, but in the provision of procedural advice, library and information services, accommodation, and refreshment facilities, there are separate arrangements. Similarly, there are also separate arrangements for the preparation of each House’s Official Report (Hansard) and other publications.
The Case against Welfare Rights
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A
Published: November 2023

§1. Welfare rights can, for our purposes, be understood as rights to particular things or services. They can be distinguished from both liberty rights which are rights to do certain things and property rights which are ownership rights in things. Redistributive measures by the state are sometimes held to be justified because individuals are said to have fundamental moral rights to welfare, not derived from other more fundamental moral rights or principles. This type of argument depends on the proposition that the statement of a particular welfare right is an intelligible way to begin a rights-based justification for state action. The purpose of this chapter is to cast some doubt on this proposition.
Distributional Equality and Rights
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A
Published: November 2023

§1. So far, I have assumed that if there is a rights-based argument capable of justifying redistributive action by the state, the relevant abstract right must be either a welfare right or a liberty right. This assumption may surprise some since it appears to overlook rights to equality which are perhaps the most familiar rights appealed to in arguments for redistribution. The point of this chapter is to explain the differenGe between justifications for redistribution based on equality (which I shall refer to as equality-based justifications) and rights-based justifications for redistribution. The focus is on the recent work of Ronald Dworkin who has argued that the principle most basic to political morality is not any sort of general right to liberty but rather the right to equal respect and concern. That right requires in terms of distribution what Dworkin calls ‘equality of resources’. Without yet elaborating more fully on what Dworkin means by equality of resources, it is enough to say that it would entail a redistribution of wealth more extensive than that now undertaken by the modern welfare state.
Introduction
Authors: Moynihan Daniel Patrick
Published: November 2023

The will of Cyril Foster asks that Oxford University arrange for a “sincere speaker to deliver once every year a lecture ... dealing with the elimination of war and the better understanding of the nations of the world.” On being invited to give the 1991 lecture, I sought to take advantage of a certain ambiguity in that devise. “[T]he better understanding of the nations of the world.” Ought that refer to better understanding between the nations of the world? Or to a better understanding of them? Obviously either. I chose the latter as my subject and was forthwith engaged with a further ambiguity. What exactly is a nation?
On the ‘Self Determination of Peoples’
Authors: Moynihan Daniel Patrick
Published: November 2023

The 1972 conference on ethnicity of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences brought together a considerable range of academicians who found much in common in what had previously seemed isolated study. Isaacs’s “Basic Group Identity: The Idols of the Tribe,” was touched with alarm, or at least urgency. Isaacs, then teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, fitted well into the company. Jewish, and it would appear a former Trotskyite, much a man of the world in the sense that he saw events in world terms. He did not deplore ethnicity. To the contrary, he saw it as primordial, building on the work of Erik Erikson, who,
J. A. Hobson and Economic Internationalism
Authors: Long David
Published: November 2023

Though he is deservedly famous for his theory of imperialism, J. A. Hobson’s writings on international relations range more broadly than this, from the activities of the League of Nations to world population control. In this chapter I explore the apparent contradiction in Hobson’s writings on economic internationalism between his deference of free trade and his advocacy of international economic government. The way in which Hobson did or did not face this apparent contradiction is important because Hobson’s arguments became the basis for the transformation of liberal internationalism that is reflected in the difference between the nineteenth-century radical Richard Cobden, on the one hand, and twentieth-century liberals, John Maynard Keynes and David Mitrany, on the other. Hobson himself did not consider his opinions on free trade and his advocacy of a redistributive international government to be in contradiction. On the face of it, though, his ideal vision of an international economic government directing capital, labour, and natural resources as well as his proposals to restore the European economies after the First World War through intergovernmental co-operation compromise the central tenets of free trade doctrine.
David Mitrany and International Functionalism
Authors: Navari Cornelia
Published: November 2023

OF all the ideas of the twenty years’ crisis, international functionalism must surely deserve special place. It was the one bit of ‘idealism’ that survived nationalism, totalitarianism, and appeasement relatively unscathed. It was an important conceptual component in the creation of the numerous international organizations established after the war, and it was one of few ‘idealist’ ideas that won explicit ‘realist’ approval. That it should have been developed by an anti-socialist, expatriate Romanian, with an interest in small states may, accordingly, reflect badly on the rest, British as they were, most socialistic if not socialist, and concerned with the large state in an imperial setting. But Mitrany’s Continentalism was schooled in English ways. The ideas he purveyed into the international arena were rooted in a thoroughly English political theory.
Interpreting Formal Coalition Theory
Authors: Dowding Keith
Published: November 2023

All too often analysts describe their methods as ‘heuristically useful’. What is this supposed to mean? How much should we expect from formal coalition theory? If we cannot test rival coalition theories against empirical evidence how are we to adjudicate between them? I hope to answer these questions in this chapter. I argue that to understand why actual coalitions have formed we need to examine the preferences of the actors and the negotiations which took place. Explanation comes close to description, and the possibility of some general theory of coalition-formation recedes. To defend the use of formalized theorizing about coalition-formation we need to understand that such general theories are not capable of producing causal explanations of each, or indeed any, actual coalition.
Legal Developments Regarding the Acquisition of Territory by Conquest
Authors: Korman Sharon
Published: November 2023

The most compelling argument for the claim that in our own times conquest no longer provides legal title to territory is the fact that the use of force as an instrument of state policy is today regarded as illegal. As Lauterpacht wrote in his 1955 edition of Oppenheim’s International Law:

The recognition of the title by conquest was, prior to the Covenant of the League, the Charter of the United Nations, and the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War, the necessary result of the admissibility of the right of war as an instrument both for enforcing the law and for changing existing rights.... The position has, it is submitted, under gone change as the result of the Covenant of the League of Nations, the Charter of the United Nations, and, in particular, of the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War.
International Reactions to the Acquisition of Territory by Force after 1945: Five Case-Studies
Authors: Korman Sharon
Published: November 2023

Since the founding of the United Nations there have been numerous instances in which states have sought to acquire territory by force. These episodes have posed a challenge both to the enforceability of the rule against such acquisitions and to the continuing vitality of the principles which underlie it. I propose in this chapter to investigate, through a number of case-studies, the extent to which the international community has reinforced the rule prohibiting the acquisition of territory by force in the face of contemporary challenges to it. In relation to the cases discussed below, three principal questions will be considered:
Public Attitudes to Unemployment in Different European Welfare Regimes
Authors: Fridberg Torben , Ploug Niels
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned to describe public attitudes towards unemployment in a number of European countries, and to examine the relationship between public attitudes and the different welfare regimes in Europe. Public attitudes concern the importance of unemployment as a political problem, welfare benefits, and finally possible solutions to unemployment. We will focus on two main dimensions: first, attitudes to unemployment as a political problem and what to do about it, and second, attitudes to the unemployed themselves, the benefits they are receiving and what they should be expected to do to find work.
New Institutions for a New Party
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony
Published: November 2023

Those most active in setting up the SDP in 1981 included a number of MPs and supporters who were determined to create not merely a new party, but a new type of party. The SDP would be a party for the 1980s. It would offer a modern programme to a modern-minded electorate which had been alienated by the old politics of class. And it would be the very model of a modern party organization—democratic, efficient and, above all, professional. The individual donations and offers of help that poured into the Council for Social Democracy gave the party’s founders the support and resources to start from scratch. The founders had no obligations to any existing grass-roots movement or local associations that might wish to press their own ideas and demands. They were not saddled with the traditions and rituals that weighed down the other parties. They could be experimental and innovative, creating a new party in their own image. It was a rare opportunity.
Of Merger and a Dead Parrot
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony
Published: November 2023

The unexpected defection of Robert Maclennan from their ranks meant that the Owenites in parliament were now reduced to three members: Owen himself, John Cartwright and Rosie Barnes. The party’s autumn conference was due to begin in Portsmouth in less than a fortnight’s time and merger would be high on the agenda. For all practical purposes it would be the only item on the agenda. In the meantime, Maclennan’s defection had the effect of confronting the Owenites with a new problem and forcing them to give further thought to an old one.
Iran
Authors: Chubin Shahram
Published: November 2023

Iran was located at the very core of the Cold War in the Middle East. In 1945 it had to choose whether to seek the protection of a friendly distant state or risk annexation by a hostile neighbour. It chose an informal alignment with the West. This ensured its security against external aggression; but the corollary of this was the strengthening of the state under the Shah. Western support aided the centralization of power and reinforced the authoritarian inclinations of the monarch. As the acute threat to the country diminished, Iranians came to take its security for granted. However, increasingly, they viewed the political system under the Shah as repressive, arbitrary, and an affront as well as a source of personal insecurity.
The destruction of old chemical munitions in Belgium
Authors: Zanders Jean Pascal
Published: November 2023

During World War I the northernmost part of the front line cut through the Belgian province of West Vlaanderen, running roughly from the coastal town of Nieuwpoort on the Yzer estuary over Diksmuide and Ypres to the French border. I Both ends of the front line were alternately occupied by British and French troops, with Belgian forces holding the centre.
Investigation of the ships filled with chemical munitions which were sunk off the Norwegian coast after World War II
Authors: Fonnum Frode
Published: November 2023

The Potsdam Agreement, which was signed by the UK, the USA and the USSR on 2 August 1945, following the defeat of Germany in World War II, stated that Germany should be demilitarized and that all war materials should either be removed or destroyed. Implementation of the agreement led to the dumping of chemical weapons which took place after the war.
Rival Criteria
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

The optimistic conclusion of the last chapter seems too good to be true. Unhappily, it is too good to be true. Individual preferences must be transitive. By this technical term it is simply meant that if an individual voter prefers A to B and B to C, he must prefer A to C: it would be quite irrational of him to claim to prefer C to A. But the same does not hold for majority preferences.
Strategic Coercion
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

For three decades the analysis of strategic coercion has been dominated by two landmark books: Tom Schelling's Arms and Influence and Alex George's Strategic Diplomacy, both of which addressed the requirements of American foreign policy during the cold war. This book argues for a reappraisal of the role of strategic coercion - defined as the deliberate and purposive use of overt threats to influence another's strategic choices. It emphasizes the importance of drawing on the experiences of countries other than the United States, and of considering the new circumstances of the post cold war world. An international team of scholars, led by Lawrence Freedman, Professor of War Studies at King's College, London, provides critical commentaries on the work of Schelling and George and a series of fascinating case studies. These cover most regions of the world, a variety of different actors - including terrorist groups - and different forms of coercion - including the use of economic sanctions.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Mark , White Gordon
Published: November 2023

Much of the debate in recent years concerning the developmental significance of new democratic states is premissed on the assumption that democracy and socio-economic development are complementary. This is in marked contrast to the dominant consensus which endured from the late 1960s through to the mid-1980s which held that devel¬opmental progress in poor societies could best be assured by strong states under the tutelage of authoritarian regimes. The empirical justification for this view lay in the palpable success of some newly industrializing countries in Latin America and East Asia, most of which were governed by authoritarian regimes of various ideological hues.
Mass-Elite Issue Linkages and the Responsible Pa Model of Representation
Authors: Pierce Roy
Published: November 2023

The purposes of this chapter are twofold: to investigate to what extent the behaviour of the individual in the mass electorates of five political systems offers empirical support for the responsible party model of representation; and to determine how any such measurable support varies with regard to political system type, issue domain, and party type.
Collective Policy Congruence Compared
Authors: Holmberg Sören
Published: November 2023

Parties not individual parliamentary members or voters, will constitute the principle actors in our analysis. Consequently, we will apply a collectivist model of representation when measuring policy congruence, which means we will study the degree of issue agreement between party voters and party representatives and between all eligible voters and all parliamentary members taken as wholes.
A Dictionary of Human Resource Management
Authors: Heery Edmund , Noon Mike
Published: November 2023

The Dictionary of Human Resource Management is an authoritative source of precise and easy to understand definitions of words, terms, and phrases that are encountered in the fields of human resource management, personnel, and industrial relations. It has been compiled to demystify and make accessible the vast specialist language that has developed within the human resource discipline. The dictionary includes over 1,400 entries, with 1,250 full definitions. These cover the latest contemporary terms and management buzzwords; key theoretical terms and concepts from academics and consultants; jargon from the present and the past; technical terms used by practicing personnel/HR managers and trade unionists; major policies, practices, and institutions; and legal terms. The authors also provide a full list of abbreviations and acronyms and a thematic categorization of the main concepts. In compiling the dictionary the authors were aware that often there is no one agreed definition of a term, but instead various competing ideas or interpretations. To take this into account, the entries differ in length, and the various theoretical, political, and other viewpoints are fully represented. There are also plenty of links to other terms, so that readers can explore related ideas and concepts. While aimed primarily at MBA, specialist Masters and undergraduate students who need a book of clear, concise definitions to complement their core course textbook, the dictionary is also ideal for anyone studying for professional qualificiations in human resources/personnel management; busy human resource pratitioners who need a quick reference source; trade unionists who need to cut through the management jargon; and students whose first language is not English.
Spain: Nation, Nationalities, and Regions
Authors: Aja Eliseo
Published: November 2023

In historical terms, Spain is a young democracy, coming into being with the 1978 Constitution. It lacks a liberal past worthy of the name: most of its nineteenth- and twentieth-century regimes were highly authoritarian and oligarchical, frequently relying on states of emergency and the army to maintain order. There are only a few exceptions. The 1868—73 period culminated in the First Republic, a general political crisis, and army intervention to restore the monarchy. The Second Republic (1931—6), came to a tragic end with a military rebellion and bloody civil war. This was followed by forty years of Franco’s authoritarian regime with no representative institutions or freedoms of any kind. As a result, the present-day democracy has adopted many of its institutions from other European constitutions. It represents a full-blown reaction against the past.
The Partitioned City in History
Authors: Marcuse Peter
Published: November 2023

‘Partitioned cities’ has recently become a fashionable topic in urban literature. Whether called divided, dua1 polarized, quartered, or fragmented, the discussion has often seen the phenomenon as something new historically, something specific to our own age, to the period of globalization, or to post-industrialism, or to post-Fordism. We have elsewhere argued that ‘dual’ is in any event too narrow a term; that the divisions are far more complex than simply two-part (Marcuse and Van Kempen 2001). This chapter raises a different question about the conception: whether it is historically ‘new’ or, since that term defies easy definition, what changes have taken place in the division of cities over the long durie. It is clearly not conventional history, and does not pretend to the rigour of good historical writing; it is instead intended to raise conceptual questions and perhaps contribute to clarity by putting the way cities are divided today into some historical perspective.
The Rise of Advanced Marginality: Notes on its Nature and Implications
Authors: Wacquant Loïc
Published: November 2023

Over the past two decades, the self-image of First World societies as increasingly pacified, homogeneous, cohesive, and egalitarian-’ democratic’ in de Tocqueville’s sense of the term, ‘civilized’ in No bert Elias’ lexicon-has been shattered by virulent outbreaks of public disorder, mounting ethnoracial tensions, and the palpable resurgence of inequality and marginality in the metropolis (Wacquant 19941’.1). As persistent joblessness, social deprivation, and ethnoracial conflict rose in unison in cities on both shores of the Atlantic, parallel debates developed in the United States and western Europe around the intersection of poverty, ‘race·(or immigration), and urban decline.
New International Regime for Orderly Movements of People: What will it Look Like?
Authors: Ghosh Bimal
Published: November 2023

It has been argued in Chapter 1 that in order to be politically acceptable and operationally viable, a new multilateral regime for movements of people must be based on the principle of regulated openness. The first section of this concluding chapter spells out the implications of this concept by discerning the general configuration and salient features of the regime. The next section takes up the question as to what exactly individual countries and the world society can gain from the adoption of such a regime.