bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influência da crosta superficial nas taxas de infiltração de água medidas com simulador de chuva e anéis concêntricos
Authors: Levien R. , van Lier Q. de Jong , Alves A. G. C.
Published: October 2014

A taxa de infiltração de água no solo, conjuntamente com a taxa de chuva, determina a taxa de enxurrada, constituindo medida importante para a previsão de erosão e estudos de conservação do solo. Pode-se medir a taxa de infiltração por meio de um infiltrômetro de cilindros concêntricos (CC) ou de um simulador de chuva (SC). A utilização do CC requer menos trabalho do que o SC, mas os resultados obtidos com o CC comumente estão em desacordo com as taxas de infiltração que ocorrem em situações de chuva natural, possivelmente por causa da formação de uma crosta superficial sob chuva. A formação dessa crosta procede tanto de fatores independentes do manejo do solo, como a intensidade da chuva e a textura do solo, quanto de fatores dependentes do manejo, principalmente a resistência ao cisalhamento e a cobertura vegetal. Em situações favoráveis à ocorrência de formação de crosta, espera-se que taxas de infiltração medidas com o CC superestimem as taxas reais durante uma chuva. Para verificar a correlação entre o manejo do solo e a razão das taxas de infiltração obtidas com CC e SC, essas taxas foram medidas por ambos os métodos em dois Podzólicos (Ultissolos) da região sul do Brasil. Os tratamentos diferiram com a cobertura vegetal e com a existência de crosta superficial. Medidas da taxa de infiltração com SC foram realizadas com um simulador de chuva com bicos aspersores Veejet 80100, em parcelas de 3,5 x 11,0 m, gerando chuva de intensidade de 64,2 mm h-1, durante 100 a 150 minutos. As parcelas foram delimitadas com chapas de metal e a enxurrada foi coletada no lado inferior por três segundos a cada três minutos. O CC consistiu de dois cilindros (diâmetros de 0,30 e 0,60 m), cravados no solo até 0,10 m pouco antes da determinação com o SC. A área dentro dos anéis foi inundada e as taxas de infiltração foram registradas dentro do anel interior, em intervalos de tempo regulares, com três repetições por parcela. Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de infiltração final, quando medida com o CC, foi de cinco a 10 vezes superior à medida com o SC. Medidas da taxa de infiltração com o CC diferiram menos das do SC, quando uma cobertura do solo estava presente. Taxas instantâneas de infiltração diferiram menos quando a crosta preexistente foi removida anterior aos testes. Esses resultados mostram que as taxas de infiltração determinadas pelo CC e SC não podem ser utilizadas em estudos de conservação do solo sem correção e que essa correção deve considerar as condições de manejo, especialmente aquelas relacionadas com a existência e formação de crosta superficial e com a presença de cobertura vegetal.
Efeito de concentrações de solução açucarada na aderência do inoculante turfoso às sementes, na nodulação e no rendimento da soja
Authors: Brandão Junior O. , Hungria M.
Published: October 2014

A associação simbiótica da soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] com bactérias do gênero Bradyrhizobium resulta no processo de fixação biológica do N2. A inoculação com estirpes selecionadas garante a maximização do processo biológico e, no Brasil, são comercializados, anualmente, quase 13 milhões de doses de inoculante, a maioria à base de turfa. A adesão da turfa às sementes, porém, é baixa, requerendo o uso de adesivos. A recomendação atual é de uso de solução açucarada (açúcar comercial) a 25%, mas essa concentração poderia reduzir o vigor e aumentar a incidência de doenças nas sementes. Neste estudo, foram testadas, então, doses inferiores a 25%. Confirmou-se que a solução açucarada favorece o processo de inoculação, incrementando em até 90% a aderência da turfa às sementes e, em casa de vegetação, aumenta a nodulação e as taxas de fixação do N2. Em quatro experimentos realizados em solos com população estabelecida de Bradyrhizobium, a reinoculação da soja com solução açucarada a 10% resultou em um incremento médio, estatisticamente significativo, de 237 kg ha-1 de grãos, ou 8,6%, em relação à reinoculação com água, e de 17,5%, em relação à população naturalizada do solo, indicando que a concentração de açúcar atualmente recomendada pode ser reduzida para 10%.
Influência da combinação de fósforo e calcário no rendimento de milho
Authors: Ernani P. R. , Nascimento J. A. L. , Campos M. L. , Camillo R. J.
Published: October 2014

A presença de Al em níveis tóxicos no solo inibe o crescimento das raízes com reflexos negativos na absorção de água e de alguns nutrientes, especialmente do P. Sendo assim, a adição de grandes quantidades de fertilizantes fosfatados deverá tornar a absorção de P menos dependente da existência de um amplo sistema radicular e com isto diminuir a resposta das culturas à calagem. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o rendimento de milho de acordo com a aplicação de quantidades crescentes de P e de calcário. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Lages (SC), de 1994 a 1998, num Latossolo Bruno argiloso com pH 4,7, Al trocável = 39 mmol c kg-1, 1 mg kg-1 de P, que requeriam 9,0 t ha-1 de calcário para elevar o pH a 6,0. Combinaram-se três doses de calcário (0, 4,5 e 9,0 t ha-1) com quatro de P, no delineamento de parcelas subdivididas. As quantidades de P2O5 foram, respectivamente, de 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1, na primeira safra; de 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1, na segunda e na quarta, e de 30, 60, 90, e 120 kg ha-1, na terceira safra, perfazendo uma média de 42, 85, 127 e 170 kg ha-1 por cultivo, respectivamente. O efeito benéfico da calagem aumentou com o passar dos anos, de inexistente, no primeiro cultivo, para incrementos de até 39% no rendimento de milho. Na maioria das safras, a produtividade aumentou somente até pH 5,4, quando foi aplicada metade da dose de calcário recomendada pelo método SMP para elevar o pH até 6,0. Nos tratamentos que receberam as duas maiores doses de P2O5 (127 e 170 kg-1 ha-1 por cultivo), (média de 85 kg ha-1 por cultivo), a calagem não influiu no rendimento de milho. A adubação fosfatada aumentou a produtividade de milho em todas as safras, porém em magnitudes que decresceram com a elevação do pH. Os maiores rendimentos foram obtidos com a dose recomendada em duas delas, porém, em outras duas, a quantidade necessária foi 50% maior.
Tolerância de perda de solo por erosão para os principais solos do estado de Santa Catarina
Authors: Bertol I. , Almeida J. A.
Published: October 2014

A tolerância de perda de solo por erosão refere-se a um limite de perda que ainda mantenha alto nível de produtividade das culturas, econômica e indefinidamente, podendo ser utilizada na Equação Universal de Perda de Solo, além da forma usual, como um critério para definir a distância entre terraços numa lavoura. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias de Lages (SC), em 1998, com o objetivo de estabelecer a tolerância de perda de solo por erosão hídrica para 73 perfis de solo do estado de Santa Catarina, agrupados em 19 classes, utilizando três métodos. O Método I, baseado na profundidade efetiva do solo e na relação textural entre os horizontes B e A; o Método II, para o qual se incluiu no Método I o teor de argila no horizonte A, e o Método III, para o qual se incluiu no Método II o teor de matéria orgânica na camada de 0-20 cm e o grau de permeabilidade do solo. Os valores de tolerância de perda de solo variaram de 0,15 a 1,16 mm ano-1 (equivalente a 1,88 a 14,50 Mg ha ano-1, respectivamente) para os solos estudados, dependendo do tipo de solo e do método utilizado na estimativa. Os Latossolos (com exceção do Bruno/Roxo), Podzólicos, Terras Brunas Estruturadas, Cambissolos e Areias Quartzozas apresentaram menor tolerância de perda de solo pelo Método III, enquanto os Litólicos, Brunizém Avermelhado, Terras Vermelha/Brunada e Roxa Estruturadas e Latossolo Bruno/Roxo apresentaram a mesma tolerância de perda de solo em todos os métodos estudados, razão por que, para estes solos, pode ser usado qualquer um dos métodos para estimar sua tolerância.
C-orgânico, N-total e substâncias húmicas sob influência da introdução de pastagens (Brachiaria sp.) em áreas de cerrado e floresta amazônica
Authors: Longo R. M. , Espíndola C. R.
Published: October 2014

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da intervenção humana na remoção da cobertura original e seu posterior uso agrícola, pela introdução de pastagem (Brachiaria sp) na região do cerrado (Senador Canedo-GO), junto à Empresa Goiana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMGOPA), e da floresta amazônica (Porto Velho-RO), junto à Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), tendo como atributos principais de análises modificações nos teores de nitrogênio total, carbono orgânico, relação C/N e frações de ácidos fúlvicos, ácidos húmicos e humina. As amostras foram coletadas em setembro de 1995, em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo argiloso, ao longo de uma transeção que continha 24 pontos: 12 sob vegetação natural e 12 sob pastagem plantada, em duas profundidades, em ambos os ecossistemas. Os resultados permitiram observar uma diminuição nas concentrações de ácido fúlvico e humina e nos teores de N-total e C-orgânico na mudança da condição de vegetação natural para pastagem; os maiores valores foram encontrados no horizonte Ao, principalmente no solo sob floresta amazônica, revelando uma queda brusca deste para o subjacente, evidenciando o efeito do tipo da cobertura vegetal sobre o teor e sobre a distribuição dos componentes orgânicos em solos tropicais.
Fósforo adicionado e fungos micorrízicos arbusculares no crescimento e nutrição mineral de limoeiro-cravo [Citrus limonia (L.) OSBECK]
Authors: Melloni R. , Nogueira M. A. , Freire V. F. , Cardoso E. J. B. N.
Published: October 2014

Visando estudar a influência de fósforo adicionado e fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) no crescimento e nutrição mineral de limoeiro-cravo, instalou-se um experimento em casa de vegetação, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 3, sendo os fatores: (a) seis doses de P (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 e 250 mg kg-1 de substrato) e (b) duas espécies de FMAs (Glomus etunicatum e G. intraradices) e um controle sem FMA, com três repetições, em vasos de 1,7 dm³ de substrato. Após cinco meses do transplantio das mudas de limoeiro-cravo, avaliaram-se a altura, diâmetro do caule, matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas, nutrientes acumulados na parte aérea e percentagem de colonização radicular. No substrato, avaliaram-se o comprimento de micélio extra-radicular ativo (MEA) e total (MET) de FMAs. O porta-enxerto limoeiro-cravo apresentou alta dependência micorrízica na absorção dos nutrientes, quando inoculado com G. intraradices, o que resultou em maior altura, diâmetro de caule e matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas. Apenas essa espécie de FMA formou micorriza com o hospedeiro, com valores de colonização radicular inversamente proporcionais às doses de P adicionado. Houve aumento de MEA e MET com o aumento das doses de P, com alta correlação entre o primeiro e a absorção de nutrientes. Apesar de não colonizar o hospedeiro, a infestação com G. etunicatum resultou em valores de MEA e MET superiores aos do controle, indicando, talvez, capacidade saprofítica desse fungo para sobreviver no substrato.
Translocação de zinco e crescimento radicular em milho
Authors: Rosolem C. A. , Franco G. R.
Published: October 2014

Alguns problemas de crescimento radicular de plantas de milho têm sido atribuídos a deficiência de Zn, em virtude de sua pouca mobilidade na planta. Foi realizado um experimento em casa de vegetação em 1997/98, em Botucatu (SP), para avaliar a translocação de zinco para as raízes do milho (Zea mays ), quando aplicado via radicular e foliar, assim como o efeito do Zn no crescimento das raízes. Foram utilizados vasos de 2,5 L, com solução nutritiva que continha de 0,0 a 2,0 µmol L-1 de Zn, com e sem aplicação semanal via foliar. O experimento foi colhido 40 dias após a emergência. A produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes, bem como o comprimento, o diâmetro e a superfície radiculares, não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. A translocação do nutriente aplicado às folhas para as raízes ocorreu em maior intensidade quando os teores foliares estavam na faixa de suficiência do nutriente. O sistema radicular do milho mostrou-se pouco sensível à deficiência de Zn, uma vez que o crescimento foi normal, mesmo quando as raízes apresentavam teores de Zn da ordem de 7 mg kg-1.
Para pensar o campo científico e educacional: mulheres, educação e letras no século XIX
Authors: Santos Vívian Matias dos
Published: October 2014

Este artigo propõe uma contribuição para a abordagem de gênero das ciências por meio de "fragmentos historiográficos" sobre a participação de mulheres nos campos educacional, literário e científico. Trata-se de um estudo relativo a sujeitos, tempo e espaço específicos: mulheres que, durante os séculos XVIII e XIX, inseriram-se em espaços pensados por e para "homens de ciências e de letras" no estado do Ceará, Região Nordeste do Brasil. A maior contribuição desta discussão situa-se na tarefa de conhecer os discursos e práticas que envolveram as mulheres no campo científico antes da criação das primeiras universidades.
As diretrizes curriculares nacionais para o ensino médio e as proposições sobre trabalho, ciência, tecnologia e cultura: reflexões necessárias
Authors: Silva Monica Ribeiro da , Colontonio Eloise Médice
Published: October 2014

O estudo analisa os sentidos que adquirem o trabalho, a ciência, a cultura e a tecnologia na sociedade atual e, com base nos referenciais da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, problematiza a proposição desses elementos nos textos que definem as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio (DCNEM). A indagação que motivou esta análise diz respeito à possibilidade de concretização das intenções enunciadas nas diretrizes: de uma educação que visa à produção da autonomia intelectual e moral nos indivíduos. O caminho para a discussão anunciada se fez ao tomar obras de Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer e Hebert Marcuse, nas quais se fazem presentes reflexões sobre a tecnologia, a ciência, a cultura e o trabalho e as interfaces possíveis entre esses elementos e os processos formativos. As conclusões sinalizam na direção de que essas propostas não devem ser tomadas de forma instrumental, sob pena de sofrerem um esvaziamento de sentido e, com isso, perderem sua potencialidade.
O movimento de formação docente no ensino de Geometria nos anos iniciais
Authors: Lopes Anemari Roesler Luersen Vieira , Vaz Halana Garcez Borowsky
Published: October 2014

Neste artigo, discorremos sobre a organização de um grupo do qual participavam quatro professoras que planejaram, desenvolveram e avaliaram uma proposta de ensino. Nosso intuito foi discutir sobre a formação de professores que ensinam matemática nos anos iniciais, tendo em vista os desafios de organizar uma Atividade Orientadora de Ensino de Geometria. Para isso, pautamo-nos nos pressupostos da Teoria Histórico-Cultural, e, especificamente da Teoria da Atividade (Leontiev, 1983; 1988) e da Atividade Orientadora de Ensino (Moura, 1996; 2010). Foi possível evidenciar que o conhecimento matemático das docentes atuou como norteador das ações e que o compartilhamento destas mostrou-se como preponderante para que se constituíssem como formadoras.
Aciepe histórias infantis e Matemática: uma instância formativa
Authors: Souza Ana Paula Gestoso de , Oliveira Rosa Maria Moraes Anunciato de
Published: October 2014

Neste artigo, analisa-se a dinâmica da Atividade Curricular de Integração Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão (Aciepe) Histórias Infantis e Matemática nas séries iniciais, a partir da trajetória de cinco egressas do curso de Pedagogia, participantes da atividade. Optou-se pelo estudo de caso da Aciepe e tomaram-se como dados os depoimentos das cinco participantes, utilizando-se múltiplas fontes de coleta de dados: registros escritos produzidos ao longo da Aciepe, entrevista e questionário respondidos após o término da atividade. A análise dos dados mostra a constituição da Aciepe como uma instância formativa, respaldada pela instituição, que impulsiona o desenvolvimento profissional e a aprendizagem da docência.
O professor que ensina Matemática e a sua formação: uma experiência em Portugal
Authors: Serrazina Maria de Lurdes
Published: October 2014

Este artigo discute características da formação continuada de professores polivalentes em Matemática, que podem conduzir a alterações na sua relação com a Matemática e nas suas práticas de sala de aula. Para isso retoma o Programa de Formação Contínua em Matemática (PFCM), desenvolvido em Portugal. Discute o conhecimento do professor para ensinar Matemática, tipos de conhecimento necessários para um ensino proficiente e relaciona-os com o desenvolvimento de uma atitude de confiança do professor como professor que ensina Matemática. Apresenta, o caso de uma professora, formanda do PFCM durante dois anos, evidenciando o contributo do Programa para o desenvolvimento do seu conhecimento e da sua postura como professora que ensina Matemática.
Fazer da matemática problema a ser inventado inventando formação
Authors: Rotondo Margareth Aparecida Sacramento
Published: October 2014

Este artigo traz um evento que se deu em salas de aulas da formação de professores e professoras que ensinarão matemática nas séries iniciais. Na tensão de um vivido e com a atenção num vivido põe a pensar a formação de professores e professoras como inquietude e processualidade na experiência. Aproximando-se das filosofias da diferença, principalmente em Foucault e Deleuze, faz ação da teoria e ação da prática, no revezamento teoria-prática, dando a pensar a formação ao fazer da matemática problema a ser inventado. A produção matemática dá condições da invenção na formação de professores e professoras.
O Banco Mundial e as Políticas Educacionais Brasileiras
Authors: Mota Junior William Pessoa da , Maués Olgaíses Cabral
Published: October 2014

O artigo analisa o documento elaborado pelo Banco Mundial Atingindo uma educação de nível mundial no Brasil: Próximos Passos, o qual realiza um balanço dos últimos vinte anos das políticas educacionais implementadas no Brasil e traça perspectivas para os próximos anos, segundo a concepção de educação e sociedade do Banco. Este organismo internacional avalia positivamente o caráter das políticas educacionais implementadas e os resultados atingidos no período assinalado. Questiona-se e problematiza-se os critérios da avaliação, o balanço e as perspectivas traçados pelo Banco Mundial sobre a educação brasileira.
Aprender na atualidade e tecnologias: implicações para os estudos no ensino médio
Authors: Reis Rosemeire
Published: October 2014

Análise sobre o aprender, de sua relação com as tecnologias atuais e com o trabalho escolar no Ensino Médio, realizada, a partir do recorte de uma pesquisa mais ampla, desenvolvida por dois anos com estudantes de Ensino Médio em uma escola pública em Maceió. Privilegiaram-se resultados obtidos nos questionários e nos grupos de discussão. Identifica-se que o aprender na escola pode ter um papel diferenciado para garantir a mediação e a desnaturalização das informações veiculadas nesses artefatos culturais, desde que as condições objetivas sejam asseguradas e que tais informações sejam questionadas, investigadas, o que pode contribuir para que os jovens e adultos tenham acesso a processos significativos de apropriação de conhecimentos.
Use of a Learning Collaborative to Support Implementation of Integrated Care for Smoking Cessation for Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Ebert Lori , Malte Carol , Hamlett-Berry Kim , Beckham Jean , McFall Miles , Saxon Andrew
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We evaluated the feasibility of incorporating integrated care (IC) for smoking cessation into routine treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers and the utility of the Learning Collaborative (LC) model in facilitating implementation.

Methods. We conducted 2 LCs aimed at implementing IC for smoking cessation using multidisciplinary teams comprising 70 staff members from 12 VA PTSD clinics. Using questionnaires, we evaluated providers’ perceptions of the LC methodology and the effectiveness and feasibility of routine IC delivery. We assessed number of providers delivering and patients receiving IC using medical record data.

Results. More than 85% of participating VA staff considered the LC to be an effective training and implementation platform. The majority thought IC effectively addressed an important need and could be delivered in routine PTSD care. All LC participants who planned to deliver IC did so (n = 52). Within 12 months of initial training, an additional 46 locally trained providers delivered IC and 395 veterans received IC.

Conclusions. The LC model effectively facilitated rapid and broad implementation of IC. Facilitators and barriers to sustained use of IC are unknown and should be identified to understand how best to promote ongoing access to evidence-based treatment for smoking cessation in mental health populations.
Relative and Absolute Availability of Healthier Food and Beverage Alternatives Across Communities in the United States
Authors: Zenk Shannon N. , Powell Lisa M. , Rimkus Leah , Isgor Zeynep , Barker Dianne C. , Ohri-Vachaspati Punam , Chaloupka Frank
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We examined associations between the relative and absolute availability of healthier food and beverage alternatives at food stores and community racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and urban–rural characteristics.

Methods. We analyzed pooled, annual cross-sectional data collected in 2010 to 2012 from 8462 food stores in 468 communities spanning 46 US states. Relative availability was the ratio of 7 healthier products (e.g., whole-wheat bread) to less healthy counterparts (e.g., white bread); we based absolute availability on the 7 healthier products.

Results. The mean healthier food and beverage ratio was 0.71, indicating that stores averaged 29% fewer healthier than less healthy products. Lower relative availability of healthier alternatives was associated with low-income, Black, and Hispanic communities. Small stores had the largest differences: relative availability of healthier alternatives was 0.61 and 0.60, respectively, for very low-income Black and very low-income Hispanic communities, and 0.74 for very high-income White communities. We found fewer associations between absolute availability of healthier products and community characteristics.

Conclusions. Policies to improve the relative availability of healthier alternatives may be needed to improve population health and reduce disparities.
Step On It! Impact of a Workplace New York City Taxi Driver Health Intervention to Increase Necessary Health Care Access
Authors: Gany Francesca , Bari Sehrish , Gill Pavan , Loeb Rebecca , Leng Jennifer
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We describe the impact of the Step On It! intervention to link taxi drivers, particularly South Asians, to health insurance enrollment and navigate them into care when necessary.

Methods. Step On It! was a worksite initiative held for 5 consecutive days from September 28 to October 2, 2011, at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City. Data collected included sociodemographics, employment, health care access and use, height, weight, blood pressure, and random plasma glucose. Participants were given their results, counseled by a medical professional, and invited to participate in free workshops provided by partner organizations.

Results. Of the 466 drivers participated, 52% were uninsured, and 49% did not have a primary care provider. Of 384 drivers who had blood pressure, glucose, or both measured, 242 (63%) required urgent or regular follow-up. Of the 77 (32%) requiring urgent follow-up, 50 (65%) sought medical care at least once, of whom 13 (26%) received a new diagnosis. Of the 165 (68%) requiring regular follow-up, 68 (41%) sought medical care at least once, of whom 5 (7%) received a new diagnosis.

Conclusions. This study provides encouraging results about the potential impact of an easy-to-deliver, easily scalable workplace intervention with a large, vulnerable population.
Politics, Profit, and Psychiatric Diagnosis: A Case Study of Tobacco Use Disorder
Authors: Hirshbein Laura D.
Published: October 2014

The idea of tobacco or nicotine dependence as a specific psychiatric diagnosis appeared in 1980 and has evolved through successive editions of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Not surprisingly, the tobacco industry attempted to challenge this diagnosis through behind-the-scenes influence. But another entity put corporate muscle into supporting the diagnosis—the pharmaceutical industry. Psychiatry’s ongoing professional challenges have left it vulnerable to multiple professional, social, and commercial forces. The example of tobacco use disorder illustrates that mental health concepts used to develop public health goals and policy need to be critically assessed. I review the conflicting commercial, professional, and political aims that helped to construct psychiatric diagnoses relating to smoking. This history suggests that a diagnosis regarding tobacco has as much to do with social and cultural circumstances as it does with science.
HIV Prevention for Adults With Criminal Justice Involvement: A Systematic Review of HIV Risk-Reduction Interventions in Incarceration and Community Settings
Authors: Underhill Kristen , Dumont Dora , Operario Don
Published: October 2014

We summarized and appraised evidence regarding HIV prevention interventions for adults with criminal justice involvement.

We included randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials that evaluated an HIV prevention intervention, enrolled participants with histories of criminal justice involvement, and reported biological or behavioral outcomes. We used Cochrane methods to screen 32 271 citations from 16 databases and gray literature. We included 37 trials enrolling n = 12 629 participants. Interventions were 27 psychosocial, 7 opioid substitution therapy, and 3 HIV-testing programs. Eleven programs significantly reduced sexual risk taking, 4 reduced injection drug risks, and 4 increased testing.

Numerous interventions may reduce HIV-related risks among adults with criminal justice involvement. Future research should consider process evaluations, programs involving partners or families, and interventions integrating biomedical, psychosocial, and structural approaches.
The Influence of Race and Comorbidity on the Timely Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Among Older Persons Living With HIV/AIDS
Authors: Abara Winston E. , Smith Lerissa , Zhang Shun , Fairchild Amanda J. , Heiman Harry J. , Rust George
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We examined whether the timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) differed by race and comorbidity among older (≥ 50 years) people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).

Methods. We conducted frequency and descriptive statistics analysis to characterize our sample, which we drew from 2005–2007 Medicaid claims data from 14 states. We employed univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses to evaluate the relationship between race, comorbidity, and timely ART initiation (≤ 90 days post-HIV/AIDS diagnosis).

Results. Approximately half of the participants did not commence ART promptly. After we adjusted for covariates, we found that older PLWHA who reported a comorbidity were 40% (95% confidence interval = 0.26, 0.61) as likely to commence ART promptly. We found no racial differences in the timely initiation of ART among older PLWHA.

Conclusions. Comorbidities affect timely ART initiation in older PLWHA. Older PLWHA may benefit from integrating and coordinating HIV care with care for other comorbidities and the development of ART treatment guidelines specific to older PLWHA. Consistent Medicaid coverage helps ensure consistent access to HIV treatment and care and may eliminate racial disparities in timely ART initiation among older PLWHA.
Real Time Kick Detection and Also Increasing Ultrasonic Caliper Accuracy by Measuring Speed of Sound within Drilling Fluid in the Downhole Condition
Authors: Elahifar Behzad , Fasch Franz , Thonhauser Gerhard
Published: October 2014

To be alerted in determining early warning signs in well control is one of the most important to wellbore safety. Careful observance and positive reaction to these signs will keep the well under control and prevent the occurrence of a well flow situation.

Developing an accurate ultrasonic caliper with a special design helps the drilling engineer not only to detect a kick in real time drilling but also monitor the wellbore shape and profile.

4D image of the borehole is the result of ultrasonic calipers measurement, which helps the driller to make proper decisions such as reaming a critical zone, changing the flow rate to reduce erosion or modifying the string rotation speed to reduce vibrations and also detecting a kick when an influx enter to the borehole while drilling.

This paper reviews tests and experiments which have been performed by using an accurate ultrasonic caliper sensor in different drilling fluids (Water based mud) and wellbore conditions. Results show that the new design of the caliper tool increases the accuracy of the measurement by recording the sound velocity under downhole condition.

To simulate the kick condition, pressured air was injected while measuring borehole profile to simulate a kick situation. According to the results, with the special design of the tool it is possible to detect the kick while drilling as well as during wellbore diameter measurement procedure under downhole condition.
How Acid Gas Affects Asphaltene Precipitation Behavior
Authors: Yonebayashi Hideharu , Takabayashi Katsumo , Iizuka Ryo , Tosic Slavko
Published: October 2014

In a carbonate field, a gas injection scheme has been assessed to improve oil recovery through pressure maintenance and miscible displacement. The potential study assumed sequential application of several gas injection concepts: Raw Gas Injection (RGI) and Acid Gas Injection (AGI). Flow simulation studies of these concepts revealed a variety of compositional changes to the in-situ fluid depending on the injection scheme and composition of the injected gases. Compositional change is a common trigger of asphaltene instability; therefore, to ensure a robust gas injection development, it is important to evaluate the risk of asphaltene deposition. Due to high H2S concentrations in potential developments, it is difficult to take an experimental approach for evaluating gas-mixed asphaltene flow assurance. Hence, this paper will focus on one AGI scenario, and present how AGI impacts asphaltene precipitation behavior through numerical modeling analysis. Based on the asphaltene model established by applying Cubic Plus Association (CPA) equation of state (EoS), which was calibrated with the experimental measured asphaltene onset pressure (AOP), a new Binary Interaction Parameters (BIP) correlation between H2S and hydrocarbons was incorporated to evaluate variation of asphaltene precipitation envelope (APE) with periodical compositional change observed from the AGI flow simulation. Acid Gas (AG) was assumed to be 90mol% H2S and 10mol% CO2. The produced fluid H2S concentration used in this study was assumed to be ~15mol%. During this study, H2S concentration was observed to increase up to 76mol% at a well located near AG injectors after long term flow simulation. In the APE sensitivity analysis that was independently conducted for each composition of H2S and CO2, the asphaltene model revealed the base APE shrunk as the H2S concentration increased while it expanded as the CO2 concentration increased. As a result for the mixed compositions, the opposing effects on the APE offset each other; the AG addition produced a subsequent shrinking of the APE. In summary, this work supported acid gas injection from a thermodynamically asphaltene flow assurance point of view.
Advanced Sand Control Chemistry to Increase Maximum Sand Free Rate with Improved Placement Technique - A Case Study
Authors: Mason David , Shamma Hesham , Van Petegem Ron , Naguib Mahmoud , Mousa Hisham , Bentham Peter , Aytkhozhina Dana , Singh Pratyush , Wan Razali Wan Norafli
Published: October 2014

The reliability of the production is essential in offshore operations. Producing a well at its maximum rate is important everywhere. This is often compromised by having sand and fines production which not only plugs the wells and reduce production rate but also erode the equipment and settle in surface vessels. This paper describes a case history where an operator was faced with a well that was rate limited because of fines and sand production. An advanced sand control chemistry system was proposed and a treatment was designed. In April 2013, the treatment was performed by bullheading down the production tubing using rate diversion. Extensive engineering was involved in the candidate selection and planning the operational aspects of the treatment. The execution of the treatment was divided into stages – sand clean out, performing step rate test, pre-job modeling and pumping the treatment as per the design. After the treatment, the well was flowed and tested at almost three times the original maximum sand-free rate (MSFR) at an increased choke without sand production. The well has now been flowing for more than a year, at significantly higher rate than the previous MSFR sand free. This paper describes the chemistry of the sand conglomeration, design consideration, execution and the effect on well performance.
High-Temperature Fracturing Fluids Prepared with Extremely High-TDS and Hard Produced Water
Authors: Li Leiming , Sun Hong , Qu Qi , Le Hoang V. , Ault Marshall G. , Zhou Jia , Guerin Michael , Legemah Magnus , Smith David D.
Published: October 2014

Oilfield produced water often contains high levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) in addition to precipitates, suspended particles, and hydrocarbons. The main components of the dissolved solids include sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts. The combination of the high salinity and high hardness in produced water can be very damaging to many types of fracturing fluids that are commonly formulated with fresh and clean water. It is usually costly to treat high-TDS produced water to such an extent that it can be safely and stably used to formulate fracturing fluids. Meanwhile, it is also expensive to dispose of produced water by underground deep well injection or to transport produced water for disposal at a commercial oilfield wastewater disposal facility. On the other hand, fresh water for formulating fracturing fluids is becoming more costly and more difficult to obtain in many oil/gas production areas. Fluid systems have therefore been highly desirable and sought after that can be formulated directly with high-TDS water and perform well at high temperature of 275 °F or above.

A group of fracturing fluids was successfully identified recently that performed very well at high temperatures when formulated with untreated high-TDS produced water. The produced water tested had TDS up to about 330k mg/L and hardness (calcium carbonate equivalent) up to about 64k mg/L. The fracturing fluids comprised of organometallic-crosslinked derivatized polysaccharides. In one typical example, the viscosity stayed above 100 cP (at 100/s shear rate) for about 80 minutes at 275 °F recorded for a fracturing fluid prepared with untreated produced water with TDS of about 300k mg/L and hardness of about 50k mg/L. The magnitude and lifetime of the fluid viscosity were dependent on a number of factors such as the produced water TDS and hardness, test temperature, polymer loading, fluid pH, etc. The fracturing fluids also showed minimum damage to the formation or proppant pack tested. In a typical proppant pack conductivity test at 250°F, the retained conductivity was about 90% for the fracturing fluid mixed with appropriate amount of oxidative breaker.

The outstanding performances and the underlying mechanisms of the high-temperature fracturing fluids prepared with untreated extremely high-TDS and hard produced water will be discussed, and the field-related laboratory test results will be presented.
Inversion-Based Method Integrating Sonic and Resistivity Logging Data for Estimation of Radial Water Saturation and Porosity Near the Wellbore
Authors: Shetty S. , Liang L. , Habashy T. M. , Simoes V. , Boyd A. J. , Sinha B. K. , Zeroug S. , Sirju C. , Pritchard T. N. , Glassborow B.
Published: October 2014

We present an inversion-based method for petrophysical interpretation in a vertical or slightly deviated well that integrates flexural wave dispersion data from a sonic dipole tool, and resisitivity data from a tri-axial array-induction tool. At each logging depth, the inversion solves for radial profiles of water saturation and porosity extending several feet from the wellbore. Radial changes in water saturation represent the effect of mud-filtrate invasion, while radial changes in porosity represent the effect of mud-fines migration or mechanical breakdown of rocks. Petrophysical transforms specific to the formation lithology are used to map water saturation and porosity to elastic velocities and resistivity, which constitute the input to electromagnetic and sonic tool response simulators. Radial profiles of formation properties are estimated by minimizing the mismatch between the measured and simulated data using an inversion workflow. The workflow is designed taking into account complementary sensitivities of the flexural and induction measurements to improve inversion robustness.

We benchmark the inversion workflow for two fluid-lithology configurations relevant to deepwater offshore environments. The first configuration corresponds to gas-bearing sandstone drilled with oil-base mud, where the effective elastic properties are governed by the Gassmann fluid substitution petroelastic transform. The second configuration corresponds to oil-bearing carbonate drilled with oil-base mud, governed by the Self-Consistent Effective Medium (SCEM) petroelastic transform. For various near-wellbore invasion and mechanical alteration scenarios, the inversion reconstructs the radial formation properties extending up to five feet from the wellbore. The results demonstrate the efficiency, robustness, and accuracy of the inversion for application to challenging formation evaluation scenarios.
Drilling Optimization Approach Improves Drilling Efficiencies in the Bakken Field
Authors: Isbell Matthew , Ndong Ramiro , Miller Ryan , Fonseca Isaac , Carrico John , Flash Major , Tinsley Doug
Published: October 2014

Operators in the oil and gas industry are leading the way in the development and application of drilling optimization systems, allowing them to collaborate more effectively with service companies and improve drilling economics. They have combined their efforts with those of large equipment manufacturers that have extensive knowledge of solutions provided by advanced technology. Together, these entities can address the drilling challenges of each application, and establish new key performance indicator's that push the current boundaries.

Hess's optimization program is a drilling specific approach to the continuous improvement cycle. It adopts key elements from rate of penetration (ROP) management programs, lean manufacturing concepts and the drilling needs and practices of the operator. The program uses the Plan, Do, Check, Adjust (PDCA) as the four basic phases, with additional drilling specific activities covered in each step. Multiple downhole dynamics recorders validated the improvement process by monitoring bottomhole assembly (BHA) characteristics and operating practice effectiveness. Key performance indicators (KPIs) were established based on vibration levels from the downhole dynamics recorders, drilling hours, and interval hours.

A five well test program demonstrated the importance of program tools such as a driller's roadmap. A benchmark well was drilled and refined with regular drilloff tests. The BHA characteristics, operating practices, and drill bits were identified as the ROP limiters after analyzing the KPIs. This resulted in inconsistent runs and vibration damage to the drill-bit cutting structures. A working "driller's roadmap" was refined from the benchmark well to encourage a consistent approach to operating practices. Tests with three basic BHA configurations identified drilling system vibration characteristics and were then optimized to yield the best results.

ROP limiters identified by data analysis were addressed with significant adjustments to the BHA and operating parameters as the PDCA cycles progressed. A lessons learned catalog compiled during the optimization process documented key changes and performance impacts. The optimization cycle yielded an average 33 hour reduction in drilling time per well for the first pad in the process when compared to the rig's benchmark well. This resulted in a savings of about USD 88,335 per well, for a total savings of USD 353,340 for the first pad.

The optimization project is currently continuing in this field to fine tune the driller's roadmap. Improved performance and cost savings were sustained throughout the optimization process with larger gains to be realized in future drilling.
On the Use of a Full-Field Geomechanical Model to Influence and Optimize Field Development Decisions: Case Study from an HPHT Field in South China Sea
Authors: Rai Udai Bhan , Prasetyo Hendro , Tang Hooi Koon , Chua Choon Ling , Fokker Peter , Alfaro Marcela Cid , Kumar Rajan , Adwani Akash , Hansen Kirk S.
Published: October 2014

Drilling overpressured and deep reservoirs is a challenge in itself, but can be complicated by the need to drill through depleted (depressurized) shallower reservoirs. The field under study consists of multiple stacked clastic reservoirs bounded by steeply dipping sealing faults. The deeper reservoirs fall in the high pressure high temperature (HPHT) category and account for one third of the in-place volumes. Ideally, field development for such stacked reservoirs is recommended through the "bottom-up" strategy to prevent late-in-life drilling through depleted zones with reduced drilling window and increased risk of fluid losses and well failure. Here, this would imply drilling and developing the deeper HPHT reservoirs before the shallow, normally pressured reservoirs. From a technical and financial perspective, it is tempting to develop and produce the shallow, normally pressured reservoirs (that contain 70% of the volumes and also have better flow properties) first, and bring the deeper HPHT reservoirs on-stream later. But, is such phased development of the reservoirs possible? Or would producing from the shallower reservoirs first permanently damage our ability to drill and produce the deeper HPHT reservoirs at a later stage in field life? These were the questions we tried to answer in this work.

We built a full-field finite element model to simulate the geomechanical response of the reservoirs to pressure depletion i.e. quantify the displacement, strains and total stress changes in and around the reservoirs as a function of production. Such geomechanical models can serve as a predictive tool to help answer the questions above. In this paper, we show the construction and application of such a geomechanical model in field development planning. Our paper highlights how our geomechanical model results were applied, together with other work, to develop this field safely and efficiently, emphasizing field life cycle value.
Interpretation of Recent SEC Reserves Reporting Guidance
Authors: Morales Enrique , Lee W. John
Published: October 2014

Since the release of its modernized reserves reporting rules in late 2008 (NARA, 2009), the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) has issued little formal guidance on proper interpretation of the modernized rules. The SEC staff issued major guidance in October, 2009, and guidance on a single issue in May, 2013. To supplement the new rules, the Financial Accounting Standards Board has issued revised accounting guidelines (FASB ASC, 2010), which extends some reporting requirements. In addition, we have observed some consistent patterns and clarifications in comment letters which the SEC has made public for filings covering the 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 fiscal years. Finally, there have also been a limited number of public presentations by SEC staff (e.g., in November 2009, April 2010, April 2011, August 2013 and June 2014), where SEC staff has provided some clarification on certain positions.

This paper summarizes the more important aspects of the SEC guidance and clarification provided to date, and includes a discussion of issues such as clarification of separate products whose reserves are required to be disclosed, situations in which exemptions to the "five-year rule" are either likely or not likely to be allowed, a refined definition of "project", requirements for third-party reports in conjunction with 10-K or 20-F filings with the commission, status of resources that meet all requirements for proved undeveloped reserves except that they cannot be developed within five years, undeveloped locations more than one offset from existing wells and speed of converting proved undeveloped reserves into developed reserves.

An overview of other key issues raised by the SEC during the last four years is also provided. Potential differences between the SEC regulations and the SPE-PRMS (PRMS, 2007) are described.
Data as an Asset: What The Upstream Oil & Gas Industry Can Learn About "Big Data" from Companies like Social Media
Authors: Perrons Robert K. , Jensen Jesse W.
Published: October 2014

The upstream oil & gas industry has been contending with massive data sets and monolithic files for many years, but "Big Data"—that is, the ability to apply more sophisticated types of analytical tools to information in a way that extracts new insights or creates new forms of value—is a relatively new concept that has the potential to significantly re-shape the industry. Despite the impressive amount of value that is being realized by Big Data technologies in other parts of the marketplace, however, much of the data collected within the oil & gas sector tends to be discarded, ignored, or analyzed in a very cursory way. This paper examines existing data management practices in the upstream oil & gas industry, and compares them to practices and philosophies that have emerged in organizations that are leading the Big Data revolution. The comparison shows that, in companies that are leading the Big Data revolution, data is regarded as a valuable asset. The presented evidence also shows, however, that this is usually not true within the oil & gas industry insofar as data is frequently regarded there as descriptive information about a physical asset rather than something that is valuable in and of itself. The paper then discusses how upstream oil & gas companies could potentially extract more value from data, and concludes with a series of specific technical and management-related recommendations to this end.