bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What's in a number
Authors: Klassen R A
Published: March 2017

In risk assessment, environmental and human health protection is informed by scientific knowledge of hazard. For earth materials, including bedrock and its overlying mantle of unconsolidated mineral particulate, risk for geochemical hazard is based on element
concentrations - numbers, established in biological testing.
In showing that hazard potential varies with mineralogy, and that mineral composition varies among geological terranes, geoscience shows that no single element concentration can establish a universal measure of acceptable risk in earth materials.
Risk assessment requires knowledge of sample grain size and mineral partitioning among grain size fractions, as well as of the wet chemical digestion used for analyses. In showing how geology affects both the measure of risk and its interpretation, geoscience also shows that regulatory approaches
must evolve to accommodate the natural variability that is an inherent characteristic of earth materials.
As natural geochemical background variation - the reference level for industrial liabilities, originates in mineralogy, itsvariation may be simplified in terms of geological provenance, process, and past. For unweathered earth materials, geological maps and models establish a stable and
deterministic reference framework for ecological hazard potential. With increase in weathering and soil formation, however, there is increasing need incorporate other natural sciences, including pedology and biology, in risk assessment.
Geochemical landscapes
Authors: Grunsky E C , McNeil R J , Garrett R G
Published: March 2017

A geochemical landscape is the geochemical characterization of a given part of the earth based on the joint influence of climate, relief, geology and vegetation on the chemical processes over a region. The primary purposes for assessing geochemical landscapes are
for: agriculture, mineral exploration, environmental and human health studies and are carried out through geochemical surveys.
The scale of a geochemical survey determines the sampling density and is generally focused on the scale of the geochemical process that is being measured. A rule of thumb is that the sample density should be 1/2 the size of the geochemical target being sought. Sample density and the spatial extent
of a geochemical survey dictate the overall number of sites for the survey,
Influences on the geochemistry of soils in Canada are characterized by the ecozone classification, regional bedrock geology and soils. The North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project (NASGLP) was designed to capture the geochemical variability of the continent at the Ecoprovince level at a
spacing of one sample site per 40 km2. Sample design is an essential element of a geochemical survey. There are at least two ways to design a geochemical survey that is statistically defensible. The Generalized Random Tesselation Stratified Design (GRTS) is based on a spatially balanced selection of
points over an area. Alternatively, an unbalanced, nested random sample design based on a designated sample resolution permits the use of statistical techniques such as analysis of variance to test the representivity of the data.
Ecoregion designation is well established across Canada at the zone, region and district levels. Soil and bedrock geology maps have been compiled by various provincial territorial agencies but are not continuous across the country.
The vertical profile of soils varies widely across the country. Northern soils are dominantly cyrosols and brunosols. Both the west coast and eastern part of Canada are dominated by podzolic soils and the western interior plains are dominated by chernozemic and luvisolic soils. The nature of the
soil profile plays a role in the geochemical response that is observed from the base of the C horizon to the upper most layers.
Analytical methods used to characterize the solid-phase speciation of metal(loid)s
Authors: Parsons M B
Published: March 2017

The ecosystem and human health risks associated with metal(loid)s in soils, sediments and mine wastes are strongly influenced by their solid-phase speciation. This presentation will review a range of methods commonly used by geoscientists to measure the various
chemical (e.g. oxidation state) and physical (e.g. morphology, particle size) forms of an element which together make up the total concentration of that element in a sample. Traditional macroscopic techniques for determining solid-phase speciation include methods such as sequential chemical
extractions, which can be used for indirectly assessing the partitioning of metals in solid materials, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which can be used to identify crystalline phases. Microscopic methods range from optical techniques (e.g. transmitted and reflected light microscopy) to microbeam
methods that are used to determine near-surface compositions (e.g. electron microprobe, laser-ablation ICP-MS, proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE)). Over the last two decades, many environmental investigations have employed synchrotronbased microscopic methods that can be used to determine the in
situ speciation of metal(loid)s in solid materials. With careful sample collection and preparation, techniques such as X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) can provide information on metal(loid) oxidation states and coordination environments that are essential for assessing the
environmental risks associated with these elements. Recent studies demonstrate that determination of the total concentrations of metal(loid)s in soils, sediments and mine wastes does not give sufficient information on the environmental availability of these elements, or their potential risks to
human health. In the future, ecological and human health risk assessments should incorporate information on the solid-phase speciation of metal(loid)s to ensure that realistic management guidelines are established.
A universal percussion corer for sampling lake sediments
Authors: Bourgeois J C , Gajewski K , Demuth M N
Published: March 2017

Percussion coring systems rely on a moveable weight to push a core barrel into the sediment. The corer, attached to a cable, is lowered through the water column until it reaches the sediment. A second line is then used to raise then drop the weight on top of the
core barrel. Over the years, several types of lightweight, percussion coring systems have been developed for use in remote locations where the weight of the equipment is a major concern.
We used a Universal percussion corer to obtain sediment from lakes near the Jorge Montt Glacier in the Chilean Patagonia. Choosing a core sampling system was complicated by logistics: the remoteness of the field site and by the cumbersome nature of the equipment (including two small, inflatable
boats) which had to be carried, on foot, over difficult terrain. We chose this particular corer as it is relatively inexpensive, lightweight, and easily assembled. It consists of a Universal core head (69 mm diam.), gravity weights, clear polycarbonate core barrels (120 cm and 240 cm long) and a
slide hammer. We worked on shallow lakes (less than 5 m depth) from an unstable platform. However, this corer can be deployed in much deeper lakes. We could only recover short sediment cores because the lakes around Jorge Montt Glacier are very young. Nonetheless, we found this percussion core
sampling system to perform well in the field but its full potential could not be assessed due to various particulars of the expedition.
From atmosphere to basement: development of a framework for groundwater assessment in Canada
Authors: Russell H A J , Rivera A , Wang S , Sharpe D R
Published: March 2017

The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) is helping map and assess the availability of groundwater resources in Canada. This effort is set within complex jurisdictions of surface water and groundwater resources in Canada where there is often no clear division
between the federal and provincial governments. Responsibilities are often shared, with the federal government sharing responsibility on water issues for federal lands, territories (e.g. Nunavut), First Nation lands, boundary and transboundary waters (e.g. Great Lakes, Spiritwood aquifer), navigable
waterways and where fisheries resources are concerned. Consequently, much government work completed on groundwater in Canada is done by the provinces with collaborative support from the GSC, the oldest government research institution in the country.
To advance groundwater assessment in Canada, the National Ad Hoc Committee on Groundwater proposed a framework for a national co-operative program (Rivera et al., 2003). At the same time, the groundwater program of the GSC developed a strategy to map and assess 30 key aquifers across the country
(Figure 1), along with a plan to remove accessibility barriers to data discovery and retrieval (Boisvert and Broderic, 2011). The GSC is also developing a synoptic understanding of the groundwater resources in Canada by using the hydrogeological regions (Figure 1, Table 1). This paper provides an
overview of the conceptual framework and methods employed to achieve these objectives. The approach is founded on a traditional basin analysis methodology (i.e., geology) with an objective of understanding the geological history of the basin to inform future work and provide a predictive framework
in areas of sparse, inadequate data and hence basin knowledge. This approach is being extended from the traditional subsurface basin context to encompass the hydrological cycle and hence understanding from atmosphere to basement.
A revised look at Canada's landscape: glacial processes and dynamics
Authors: Paulen R C
Published: March 2017

Our understanding of the Laurentide Ice Sheet has been significantly improved by recent developments in theoretical models of ice sheets and ice dynamics, understanding of mechanisms of glacial erosion, transport and deposition, and mapping of glacial deposits
and drift composition. Theoretical models have increasingly accommodated diverse glaciological, physiographic and geological factors that can affect ice flow, and have been used to reinterpret the geological record in terms of glacial processes.
The glacial system of North America is described at scales from continental (thousands of square kilometres), to regional (hundreds of square kilometres), local (kilometres to tens of kilometres), and site-specific (hundreds of metres to kilometres). Drift prospecting is based on an understanding
that indicators of economic mineralization recovered from glacial deposits can be traced back to their original bedrock source. Geochemical, mineralogical and lithological methods employed in the exploration for mineral deposits in glaciated terrain requires knowledge of past glacial flow
direction(s), means of entrainment, and variations in the nature of glacial dispersal such as glacial sediment thickness, bedrock topography, bedrock erodibility, and basal glacial flow velocity gradient. Combined, this knowledge is used to determine the distance to the up-ice bedrock source from
the identified down-ice dispersal train location. Over the last two decades, drift prospecting in northern Canada has significantly improved through the continued development of ice sheets models, and the acquisition of empirical evidence for ice-flow patterns, drift composition and glacial history.
Increased attention to the dynamic nature of glacial dispersal centers and related ice-flow complexes has thus become increasingly important for mineral exploration in northern Canada.
Application of regional geochemical datasets to uranium exploration in the Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan
Authors: Wright D M , Potter E G
Published: March 2017

Regional examination and integration of geochemical data with other components of the uranium exploration model can influence mineral exploration. This approach was applied to regional geochemical data for the Athabasca Basin, northern Saskatchewan, which is host
to some of the world's most significant high-grade unconformity-associated uranium deposits. Composite geochemical features based on components of four lithogeochemical signatures highlight specific chemical- spatial relationships important to ongoing exploration for unconformity-associated uranium
in the Athabasca Basin. Geospatial integration of these geochemical signatures with regional lineaments and the exploration model highlights that they: 1) correspond with known uranium occurrences and deposits; 2) occur in the exposed and near-surface rocks, including locations overlying ore at
significant depths; and 3) correspond with lineament traces and highlight lineament intersections that are fertile for uranium enrichment. Geochemical Signature 1 illustrates uranium enrichment relative to thorium, emphasizing two distinct types of uranium anomalism. Geochemical Signature 2
illustrates yttrium enrichment relative to phosphorous, which reflects chemo-stratigraphic signatures in the upper Athabasca Group and also displays a spatial (and perhaps temporal) association with known zones of uranium mineralization. Geochemical Signatures 3 and 4, represented by magnesium
behaviour relative to lithium, and copper behaviour relative to cobalt, respectively, provide further refinement of the proximal to distal alteration signatures around known deposits.
Geometric and hydrodynamic modelling and fluid-structural relationships in the southeastern Athabasca Basin and significance for uranium mineralization
Authors: Li Z , Chi G , Bethune K M , Bosman S A , Card C D
Published: March 2017

Unconformity-type uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin are spatially associated with reactivated basement faults intersecting the unconformity surface. However, questions such as what special factors focused fluid flow along and within fault zones, and why
some faults are more fertile than others, are still unclear. This study aims to tackle these questions through examination of the southeastern Athabasca Basin. First, a basement structural map was compiled based on basement geophysical signatures, which shows three dominant sets of faults trending
NE, NW, and NNW. A 3D model of the sub-Athabasca unconformity was constructed with GoCADR using publicly available geological and drill-hole data, revealing a number of dominantly NE-trending ridges and valleys. These unconformity topographic features are interpreted to be the products of the
combined action of three main factors: 1) pre-Athabasca group ductile faulting and alteration; 2) differential weathering and erosion; and 3) post-Athabasca reactivation of pre-existing, graphite-rich ductile shear zones. The basin-scale numerical modelling of hydrodynamics indicates that fluid
pressures in the Athabasca Basin were close to hydrostatic throughout its sedimentary history, and that thermal convection cells may have been well developed in the lower part of the basin, particularly below the Wolverine Point Formation aquitard. The modeling results also show that individual
convection cells are less than 2 km, implying that individual mineralization centres, if controlled by thermal convection, may be spaced at just a few kilometers. Local-scale numerical modelling of fluid flow indicates that the location and spacing of basement faults influence thermally-driven fluid
convection. In a model with an isolated fault, the fault coincides with an upwelling plume. In the case of two faults, the faults may coincide with upwelling flow or alternatively be centrally located below convection cells, depending on fault spacing. In the latter case, fluid may flow into and out
of individual fault zones. Modelling of fluid-flow in response to mechanical compression suggests that fluid migrates up the fault during compression, and that the models with the most shallowly dipping fault and those with offset on the fault have slightly greater flow rates than the other models.
The various relationships between fluid-flow and faults can explain why some faults are more favourable for fluid flow than others, which may be potentially used to evaluate whether a given structure has the potential to host mineralization.
Overview of VMS exploration in glaciated terrain using indicator minerals, till geochemistry, and boulder tracing: a Canadian perspective
Authors: McClenaghan M B , Peter J M , Layton-Matthews D
Published: March 2017

During the Quaternary, most of Canada's landmass was covered by ice sheets that eroded and dispersed metal-rich debris from volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits across the landscape together with a blanket of unconsolidated debris. Therefore, boulder
tracing, till geochemistry, and indicator minerals are important exploration methods for VMS deposits in Canada. This paper provides an overview of the development and application of these methods, including till sampling, appropriate size fractions of till to analyze, sample processing, and
analytical techniques. Selected case histories from different regions across Canada are also presented.
Copper, Pb, and Zn are indicator elements of VMS deposits, and pathfinder elements include As, Ag, Au, Ba, Bi, Cd, Hg, In, Sb, Se, Sn, and Tl. Abundances of these elements are most commonly determined in the <0.063 mm (silt + clay) fraction of till. Indicator minerals of VMS deposits are
recovered from the >3.2 specific gravity heavy mineral concentrate of till and include the main ore minerals (galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite), accessory minerals (native gold, electrum, cassiterite, cinnabar, and barite), and, in metamorphic terrain,
metamorphosed minerals of mineralization, alteration, or exhalites, including sillimanite, andalusite, gahnite, staurolite, and spessartine. Magnetite and its chemical composition may also be a useful VMS exploration tool. Ongoing and future research of drift exploration methods for VMS deposits
will focus on reducing sample size, lowering analytical costs, and identifying new indicator minerals and chemical discrimination criteria.
HALIP volcanic-intrusive complexes, Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut
Authors: Williamson M -C , Saumur B -M , Evenchick C A
Published: March 2017

Fieldwork in the summer of 2015 was carried out at various localities in the southern half of Axel Heiberg Island, and focused on volcanic successsions and sub-volcanic intrusive complexes of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP). The ~ 950 m thick
sequence of basalts of the Strand Fiord Formation occurring east of Plateau Lake represents a world-class exposure of continental flood basalts consisting of thick units of basalt flows that display well-developed colonnades and entablatures. The intrusive complex at Middle Fiord exhibits intrusions
with complex geometries, cross-cutting relationships and lithological variability rarely exposed in Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) of Mesozoic age. Highlights of fieldwork also include field observations and sampling of the Surprise Fiord dyke swarm and the documentation of showings of massive
sulphide mineralization in the Expedition Fiord area. Follow-up mapping, geochemistry, mineralogy and U-Pb geochronology will fill critical knowledge gaps on the magmatic history and Ni-Cu-PGE prospectivity of the Canadian portion of the HALIP. Intrusive complexes in the Middle Fiord area, in
particular, will provide a unique opportunity to elucidate the architecture and chemical variability of rarely-exposed volcanic feeder systems associated with LIPs.
Studies on potential links between deep shale formations and shallow aquifers in Quebec and New Brunswick
Authors: Rivard C
Published: March 2017

The Geological Survey of Canada is carrying out two projects to assess potential fluid migration pathways from deep (~2 km) shale or tight sand units to shallow aquifers in southern Quebec (St-Édouard area, St. Lawrence Lowlands) and in southern New
Brunswick (Sussex area, McCully gas field). The geological and hydrogeological contexts of these study areas are very different. One of the main differences is the aquifer types, which are mainly composed of organic-rich black shales in St-Édouard and dominated by sandstone in the Sussex area.
Also, while no shale gas well is in production in the St. Lawrence Lowlands, the McCully gas field has been in production since 2001. Because the intermediate zone, located between aquifers and reservoirs, is poorly known, these projects are using multi-source direct and indirect data including
field geology, geophysics, geomechanics, hydrogeology and water and rock geochemistry to evaluate aquifer vulnerability.
Ottawa harvested hydrogeological information geodatabase
Authors: Below M , Michel C , Kearney M , Milloy C
Published: March 2017

Several of the conservation authorities (CA) in eastern Ontario are partnered with the City of Ottawa to provide technical advice about hydrogeological studies that are submitted to the City in support of development applications and about related policy and
guidance development. These CA's also facilitate Source Protection initiatives for the local Source Protection Regions and maintain an ongoing partnership with the Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change (MOECC) to collect data from local Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network (PGMN)
wells. In addition, the City also owns information from municipal wells and data from numerous land use monitoring programs.
As a result of the above responsibilities, the CAs and City house a tremendous amount of hydrogeological information in separate paper, pdf, tabular, and various old database formats; all of which has never been catalogued. Moreover, this data cannot currently be accessed, summarized, mapped or
analysed together. However, there are on-going demands for the presentation and use of this information during the course of regular municipal and conservation authority business.
To address the above hydrogeological data management gap, in 2016, the City of Ottawa in partnership with the Rideau Valley Conservation Authority implemented a project to develop a hydrogeological geodatabase and data harvesting plan. This presentation will provide an overview of the project
context, outcomes and anticipated next-steps.
Recharge offsetting - maintaining recharge in an urban environment
Authors: Cuddy S
Published: March 2017

Through the updated Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe (2016), the Lake Simcoe Watershed can expect growth of an estimated 9,000 hectares of new development over the next 25 years. The Province of Ontario has increased development density targets which
will accordingly increase impervious areas in an already urban environment; making it more difficult to maintain predevelopment recharge rates. Typically, maintaining recharge has focused on the sustainability of natural features such as wetlands and cold water streams; however more recently, it has
led to better management of municipal drinking water supplies and stormwater management throughout the Lake Simcoe Watershed. Due to the significant advancement of recharge-based policies within the Lake Simcoe Protection Plan (LSPP) and the South Georgian Bay Lake Simcoe Source Protection Plan, new
and innovative development strategies are being implemented within the Lake Simcoe Watershed.
Since 2009, the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority has implemented the LSPP recharge policies on behalf of member municipalities to ensure pre-development water balance targets can be achieved through the development plan. The LSPP requires any major development within the Lake Simcoe
Watershed to submit a water balance which demonstrates changes to the pre-development water balance will be minimized. Development within a Significant Groundwater Recharge Area also requires a hydrogeological assessment and water balance demonstrating that the quality and quantity of groundwater in
these areas and the function of the recharge areas will be protected, improved or restored.
More recently, the Approved South Georgian Bay Lake Simcoe Source Protection Plan came into effect July 1, 2015, which requires development proponents to complete water balance and hydrogeological assessments for future development activities proposed under the Planning Act or Condominium Act where
applications are within the wellhead protection quantity area. The Source Protection Plan also requires that proponents demonstrate that their projects will maintain the pre-development groundwater recharge rates. The Policy is similar to the Lake Simcoe Protection Plan recharge policies, however it
goes one step further and requires recharge offsetting should site conditions not allow for the implementation of on-site Low Impact Development measures to promote recharge. As a result, the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority has developed a recharge offsetting program where all new
development or redevelopment greater than 0.50 hectares requires recharge to be maintained after development so that there is no net reduction in water supplied to the groundwater system. Any loss in recharge after implementation of on-site measures will be offset through agreement with the Lake
Simcoe Region Conservation Authority under the Conservation Authority's Urban Stormwater Retrofits Projects Program.
The ER(z)-cohomology of Bℤ/(2q) and ℂℙn
Authors: Kitchloo Nitu , Lorman Vitaly , Stephen Wilson W.
Published: March 2017

The ER(2)-cohomology of Bℤ/(2q) and ℂℙn are computed along with the Atiyah–Hirzebruch spectral sequence for ER(2)*(ℂℙ∞). This, along with other papers in this series, gives us the ER(2)-cohomology of all Eilenberg–MacLane spaces.
A Note on a Unicity Theorem for the Gauss Maps of Complete Minimal Surfaces in Euclidean Four-space
Authors: Ha Pham Hoang , Kawakami Yu
Published: March 2017

The classical result of Nevanlinna states that two nonconstantmeromorphic functions on the complex plane having the same images for five distinct values must be identically equal to each other. In this paper, we give a similar uniqueness theorem for the Gauss maps of complete minimal surfaces in Euclidean four-space.
An Atlantic streamer in stratospheric ozone observations and SD-WACCM simulation data
Authors: Hocke Klemens , Schranz Franziska , Maillard Barras Eliane , Moreira Lorena , Kämpfer Niklaus
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Observation and simulation of individual ozone streamers are important for the description and understanding of non-linear transport processes in the middle atmosphere. A sudden increase in mid-stratospheric ozone occurred above central Europe on 4 December 2015. The GROund-based Millimeter-wave Ozone Spectrometer (GROMOS) and the Stratospheric Ozone MOnitoring RAdiometer (SOMORA) in Switzerland measured an ozone enhancement of about 30 % at 34 km altitude (8.3 hPa) from 1 to 4 December. A similar ozone increase is simulated by the Specified Dynamics Whole Atmosphere Community Climate (SD-WACCM) model. Further, the global ozone fields at 34 km altitude (8.3 hPa) from SD-WACCM and the satellite experiment Aura/MLS show a remarkable agreement for the location and timing of an ozone streamer (large-scale tongue-like structure) extending from the subtropics in northern America over the Atlantic to central Europe. This agreement indicates that SD-WACCM can inform us about the wind inside the Atlantic ozone streamer. SD-WACCM shows an eastward wind of about 100 m s−1 inside the Atlantic streamer in the mid-stratosphere. SD-WACCM shows that the Atlantic streamer flows along the edge of the polar vortex. The Atlantic streamer turns southward at an erosion region of the polar vortex located above the Caspian Sea. The spatial distribution of stratospheric water vapour indicates a filament outgoing from this erosion region. The Atlantic streamer, the polar vortex erosion region and the water vapour filament belong to the process of planetary wave breaking in the so-called surf zone of the northern midlatitude winter stratosphere.
Formation of highly oxygenated low-volatility products from cresol oxidation
Authors: Schwantes Rebecca H. , Schilling Katherine A. , McVay Renee C. , Lignell Hanna , Coggon Matthew M. , Zhang Xuan , Wennberg Paul O. , Seinfeld John H.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Hydroxyl radical (OH) oxidation of toluene produces ring-retaining products: cresol and benzaldehyde, and ring-opening products: bicyclic intermediate compounds and epoxides. Here, first- and later-generation OH oxidation products from cresol and benzaldehyde are identified in laboratory chamber experiments. For benzaldehyde, first-generation ring-retaining products are identified, but later-generation products are not detected. For cresol, low-volatility (saturation mass concentration, C* ∼ 3.5  ×  104 − 7.7  ×  10−3 µg m−3), first- and later-generation ring-retaining products are identified. Subsequent OH addition to the aromatic ring of o-cresol leads to compounds such as hydroxy, dihydroxy, and trihydroxy methyl benzoquinones and dihydroxy, trihydroxy, tetrahydroxy, and pentahydroxy toluenes. These products are detected in the gas phase by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) and in the particle phase using offline direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). Our data suggest that the yield of trihydroxy toluene from dihydroxy toluene is substantial. While an exact yield cannot be reported as authentic standards are unavailable, we find that a yield for trihydroxy toluene from dihydroxy toluene of ∼ 0.7 (equal to the reported yield of dihydroxy toluene from o-cresol; Olariu et al., 2002) is consistent with experimental results for o-cresol oxidation under low-NO conditions. These results suggest that even though the cresol pathway accounts for only ∼ 20 % of the oxidation products of toluene, it is the source of a significant fraction (∼ 20–40 %) of toluene secondary organic aerosol (SOA) due to the formation of low-volatility products.
Evaluation of the impact of wood combustion on benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentrations; ambient measurements and dispersion modeling in Helsinki, Finland
Authors: Hellén Heidi , Kangas Leena , Kousa Anu , Vestenius Mika , Teinilä Kimmo , Karppinen Ari , Kukkonen Jaakko , Niemi Jarkko V.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Even though emission inventories indicate that wood combustion is a major source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), estimating its impacts on PAH concentration in ambient air remains challenging. In this study the effect of local small-scale wood combustion on the benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentrations in ambient air in the Helsinki metropolitan area in Finland is evaluated, using ambient air measurements, emission estimates, and dispersion modeling. The measurements were conducted at 12 different locations during the period from 2007 to 2015. The spatial distributions of annual average BaP concentrations originating from wood combustion were predicted for four of those years: 2008, 2011, 2013, and 2014. According to both the measurements and the dispersion modeling, the European Union target value for the annual average BaP concentrations (1 ng m−3) was clearly exceeded in certain suburban detached-house areas. However, in most of the other urban areas, including the center of Helsinki, the concentrations were below the target value. The measured BaP concentrations highly correlated with the measured levoglucosan concentrations in the suburban detached-house areas. In street canyons, the measured concentrations of BaP were at the same level as those in the urban background, clearly lower than those in suburban detached-house areas. The predicted annual average concentrations matched with the measured concentrations fairly well. Both the measurements and the modeling clearly indicated that wood combustion was the main local source of ambient air BaP in the Helsinki metropolitan area.
Multi-century cool and warm season rainfall reconstructions for
Australia's major climatic regions
Authors: Freund Mandy , Henley Benjamin J. , Karoly David J. , Allen Kathryn J. , Baker Patrick J.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Australian seasonal rainfall is strongly influenced by large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate influences. In this study, we exploit the links between these large-scale precipitation influences, regional rainfall variations, and palaeoclimate proxies in the region to reconstruct Australian regional rainfall between four and eight centuries into the past. We use an extensive network of palaeoclimate records from the Southern Hemisphere to reconstruct cool (Apr–Sep) and warm (Oct–Mar) season rainfall in eight natural resource management (NRM) regions spanning the Australian continent. Our sub-annual rainfall reconstruction aligns well with independent early documentary sources and existing reconstructions. Critically, this reconstruction allows us, for the first time, to place recent observations at a sub-annual temporal resolution into a pre-instrumental context, across the entire continent of Australia. We find that recent 30-year and 50-year trends towards wetter conditions in tropical northern Australia are highly unusual in the multi-century context of our reconstruction. Recent cool season drying trends in parts of southern Australia are also very unusual, although not unprecedented, across the multi-century context. We also use our reconstruction to investigate the spatial and temporal extent of historical drought events. Our reconstruction reveals that the spatial extent and duration of the Millennium drought (1997–2009) appears either very much below average or unprecedented in southern Australia over at least the last 400 years. Our reconstruction identifies a number of severe droughts over the past several centuries that vary widely in their spatial footprint, highlighting the high degree of diversity in historical droughts across the Australian continent. We document distinct characteristics of major droughts in terms of their spatial extent, duration, intensity, and seasonality. Compared to the three largest droughts in the instrumental period (Federation drought [1895–1903], World War II drought [1939–1945], and the Millennium drought [1997–2005]), we find that the historically documented Settlement drought [1790–1793], Sturt drought [1809–1830] and the Goyder Line drought [1861–1866] actually had more regionalised patterns and reduced spatial extents. This seasonal rainfall reconstruction provides a new opportunity to understand Australian rainfall variability, by contextualising severe droughts and recent trends in Australia.
Assimilation of MODIS Dark Target and Deep Blue observations in the dust aerosol component of NMMB-MONARCH version 1.0
Authors: Di Tomaso Enza , Schutgens Nick A. J. , Jorba Oriol , Pérez García-Pando Carlos
Published: March 2017

Abstract. A data assimilation capability has been built for the NMMB-MONARCH chemical weather prediction system, with a focus on mineral dust, a prominent type of aerosol. An ensemble-based Kalman filter technique (namely the local ensemble transform Kalman filter – LETKF) has been utilized to optimally combine model background and satellite retrievals. Our implementation of the ensemble is based on known uncertainties in the physical parametrizations of the dust emission scheme. Experiments showed that MODIS AOD retrievals using the Dark Target algorithm can help NMMB-MONARCH to better characterize atmospheric dust. This is particularly true for the analysis of the dust outflow in the Sahel region and over the African Atlantic coast. The assimilation of MODIS AOD retrievals based on the Deep Blue algorithm has a further positive impact in the analysis downwind from the strongest dust sources of the Sahara and in the Arabian Peninsula. An analysis-initialized forecast performs better (lower forecast error and higher correlation with observations) than a standard forecast, with the exception of underestimating dust in the long-range Atlantic transport and degradation of the temporal evolution of dust in some regions after day 1. Particularly relevant is the improved forecast over the Sahara throughout the forecast range thanks to the assimilation of Deep Blue retrievals over areas not easily covered by other observational datasets. The present study on mineral dust is a first step towards data assimilation with a complete aerosol prediction system that includes multiple aerosol species.
Numerical modeling and sensitivity analysis of seawater
intrusion in a dual-permeability coastal karst aquifer with
conduit networks
Authors: Xu Zexuan , Hu Bill X. , Ye Ming
Published: March 2017

Abstract. In a coastal karst aquifer, seawater intrudes significantly landward through the highly permeable subsurface conduit system, and contaminates the groundwater resources in the porous medium. In this study, a two-dimensional coupled density-dependent flow and transport SEAWAT model is developed to study seawater intrusion in the dual-permeability karst aquifer. To provide guideline for modeling seawater intrusion in such an aquifer, local and global sensitivity analysis are conducted to evaluate the parameters of boundary conditions and hydrological characteristics, including hydraulic conductivity, effective porosity, specific storage and dispersivity of the conduit and the porous medium. In the local sensitivity analysis, simulations are more sensitive to all parameters at the seawater and freshwater mixing zone than elsewhere. The most important parameter for simulations in both domains is salinity at the submarine spring, which is also the boundary condition of the conduit. The hydrological characteristics of the conduit network are not only important to the simulations in the conduit, but also significantly affect the simulations in the porous medium, due to the interactions between the two systems. Therefore, salinity and head observations in the conduits and karst features have more values for calibrating the models and understanding seawater intrusion in a coastal karst aquifer. Compared to the local sensitivity analysis, the global sensitivity results are different in several parameters (hydraulic conductivity, porosity and the boundary conditions at the submarine spring), mainly due to the non-linear relationship of the parameters with respect to the simulations. The results of global sensitivity analysis also indicate that the Darcy's equation does not accurately calculate the conduit flow rate with hydraulic conductivity in the continuum SEAWAT model. Dispersivity is no longer an important parameter in the advection-dominated transport aquifer system with conduit, compared to the sensitivity results in a homogeneous porous medium. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the extents of seawater intrusion are quantitatively evaluated with the identified important parameters, including salinity at the submarine spring with rainfall recharge, sea level rise and longer simulation time under an extended low rainfall period.
An integrated probabilistic assessment to analyse stochasticity of soil erosion in different restoration vegetation types
Authors: Zhou Ji , Fu Bojie , Gao Guangyao , Lü Yihe , Wang Shuai
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The stochasticity of soil erosion reflects the variability of soil hydrological response to precipitation in a complex environment. Assessing this stochasticity is important for the conservation of soil and water resources; however, the stochasticity of erosion event in restoration vegetation types in water-limited environment has been little investigated. In this study, we constructed an event-driven framework to quantify the stochasticity of runoff and sediment generation in three typical restoration vegetation types (Armeniaca sibirica (T1), Spiraea pubescens (T2) and Artemisia copria (T3)) in closed runoff plots over five rainy seasons in the Loess Plateau of China. The results indicate that, under the same rainfall condition, the average probabilities of runoff and sediment in T1 (3.8 and 1.6 %) and T3 (5.6 and 4.4 %) were lowest and highest, respectively. The binomial and Poisson probabilistic model are two effective ways to simulate the frequency distributions of times of erosion events occurring in all restoration vegetation types. The Bayes model indicated that relatively longer-duration and stronger-intensity rainfall events respectively become the main probabilistic contributors to the stochasticity of an erosion event occurring in T1 and T3. Logistic regression modelling highlighted that the higher-grade rainfall intensity and canopy structure were the two most important factors to respectively improve and restrain the probability of stochastic erosion generation in all restoration vegetation types. The Bayes, binomial, Poisson and logistic regression models constituted an integrated probabilistic assessment to systematically simulate and evaluate soil erosion stochasticity. This should prove to be an innovative and important complement in understanding soil erosion from the stochasticity viewpoint, and also provide an alternative to assess the efficacy of ecological restoration in conserving soil and water resources in a semi-arid environment.
Simulating Carbon Sequestration using Cellular Automata and land use assessment; Case of: Karaj City, Iran
Authors: Khatibi Ali , Pourebrahim Sharareh , Mokhtar Mazlin
Published: March 2017

Abstract. In this study, in the city of Karaj five classes of land use-cover including residential, agriculture, rangeland, forest and barren areas were considered and randomly in each class a total of 20 points were selected and vegetation and soil samples were taken. In plant samples, the amount of carbon sequestration was determined by calculating the amount of organic carbon by dry weight and in soil samples, the amount of carbon sequestration was determined by using Walleky and Black method, too. For each area, the average value of carbon sequestration of samples was introduced as carbon sequestration index of that class. Average values for each category were determined as an indicator of carbon sequestration of that class and then by using the DINAMICA EGO software a simulation was conducted using cellular automata approach to simulate changes in the classes of land use-cover in the city of Karaj. Finally, by using carbon sequestration index and the results of the simulation, changes in carbon sequestration in each class were calculated. On this basis, it was found that in the 15-year period from 2014 to 2029, not considering the residential class as the effective use of carbon sequestration, the greatest amount of carbon sequestration was found in the agricultural class and the lowest carbon sequestration was found in barren area. Also, agriculture class will be faced with the huge reduction of carbon sequestration, because of expansion of the residential area.
Comparison of Morphine, Morphine-Lidocaine, and Morphine-Lidocaine-Ketamine Infusions in Dogs Using an Incision-Induced Pain Model
Authors: Chiavaccini Ludovica , Claude Andrew K. , Meyer Robert E.
Published: March 2017

We aimed to compare antinociceptive effects of IV infusions of morphine (M), morphine-lidocaine (ML), or morphine-lidocaine-ketamine (MLK) combined, in a mild-to-moderate pain model in dogs. Eighteen adult hounds were heavily sedated with IV morphine (0.2 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine to undergo thoracic skin incisions. After reversal, dogs were randomly assigned to receive loading doses of lidocaine and ketamine (MLK), lidocaine and saline (ML), or equivalent volume of saline (M), followed by 18 hr constant infusions of morphine (0.12 mg/kg/hr), lidocaine (3 mg/kg/hr) and ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/hr); morphine (0.12 mg/kg/hr) and lidocaine (3 mg/kg/hr); or morphine (0.12 mg/kg/hr), respectively. Pain was assessed with Short Form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale and mechanical nociception with von Frey filaments (VFFS). Data were analyzed with linear mixed model on ranks. Independently of treatment, Short Form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale was significantly higher than baseline for 24 hr (p < .0001), while VFFS was significantly lower than baseline for 48 hr post-recovery (p < .0001), with no difference between MLK and M groups. The ML group recorded significantly lower VFFS (p = .02) than the M group for the entire study. In conclusion, there was no significant analgesic difference between MLK and M alone.
Melanie’s Story: A Narrative Account of a Transgender Music Educator’s Journey
Authors: Bartolome Sarah J.
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this narrative study was to examine the experiences of Melanie, a music educator who identifies as transgender (MtF), as she navigated her preservice teacher preparation and entered the field. Ten 90-minute interviews were conducted over the course of 3 years spanning Melanie’s senior year of college and the 2 years following her graduation. Additional field texts included Melanie’s personal blog, reflective writings associated with music education courses, and observations of Melanie during practicum teaching, student teaching, and her first year of full-time teaching. A narrative account of Melanie’s experiences is presented, detailing her youth and adolescence as Matthew, a teenager struggling with gender identity, her first 3 years of college as she began transitioning to Melanie, her senior year of college negotiating her developing teacher and gender identities, and her eventual entry into the field as Miss Stanford, a confident young music educator. Melanie’s story highlights the particular challenges facing transgender music educators and illuminates considerations for music educators at all levels endeavoring to cultivate safe learning environments for students of diverse gender identities.
Critical Moments: Gay Male Choral Directors and the Taking Up of Gender Discourse
Authors: McBride Nicholas Ryan
Published: March 2017

The problem of “missing males” in school choral programs is an issue that has plagued music teachers for nearly a century. To remedy this problem, some choral directors employ traditional notions of masculinity as a way to attract more male singers. Such strategies align perceptions of vocal music with stereotypically masculine activities, such as school athletics. As a consequence, researchers have examined and made problematic the nature of these so-called solutions. But too little remains known about how gender-norming narratives influence gay male choral teachers. This study explores how 2 self-identified gay male choral directors—closeted at school, but “out” to friends at home—take up, perform, construct, and enact gender within the choral classroom. Through acts of both normative masculine fidelity and subversive expressions of gendering, the participants embody extreme variations of conflict and conformity, all of which play out in the sociocultural and political context of the public school.
“Therapy Was Writing Rhymes”: Hip-Hop as Resilient Space for a Queer Rapper of Color
Authors: Kruse Adam J.
Published: March 2017

This article shares a research study about JJ, an 18-year-old, Black, bisexual, genderqueer rapper who was born in Germany, spent most of childhood in England, and moved to the Southeastern United States as a teenager. While JJ faced challenges based on their many complex and intersecting identities, JJ’s story describes hip-hop as a space in which they experienced multiple elements of resilience, including expressing themselves, feeling protected, and experiencing persistence. JJ’s experiences and perceptions defy monolithic notions of identity and also confront limited conceptions of hip-hop’s relationship to gender and sexuality. Finally, JJ offers insights into their school music experiences focusing on issues of relevance and appropriation. Discussion and reflections offer considerations for music educators and scholars.