bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistant starch as a novel food ingredient in human nutrition
Authors: Gocmen Duygu , Dundar Ayse Neslihan
Published: June 2021

The increase in consumers demand for high‐quality food products has led to the growth in the use of new technologies and ingredients such as resistant starch (RS). RS includes the portion of starch that can resist digestion by human pancreatic amylase in the small intestine and thus, reach the colon. It is not absorbed in the small intestine; it provides the colonic microbiota with a fermentable carbohydrate substrate. In normally cooked starch is digested almost immediately but RS remains mostly undigested until it is partially fermented in the colon. There is considerable interest in the great nutritional implications of RS in foods, since its physiological effects are similar to those attributed to dietary fiber, such as increased laxation, reduced risk of get digestive tract cancers, lowering postprandial glucose response, and lowering blood lipid levels. It also shows promising physiological impact in the prevention of gall stone formation. For these reasons, RS popularity in human nutrition has greatly improved and its using in human foods has been recently increased all over the world. In this review, nutritional and functional properties and health benefits of resistant starch have been briefly discussed. In addition to this, manufacturing and food applications of RS have also been summarized.
Impact of Prompts with Diet Self‐Assessment Tools in Determining Calcium Intake in College‐aged Adults
Authors: Plawecki Karen , Kwan Chris Kayip , Chapman‐Novakofski Karen
Published: June 2021

Since calcium plays a large role in bone health, it's important to accurately evaluate calcium intake. Fortified foods are usually not included, allowing for vast under‐reporting. Limitations of recalls/records include not remembering foods or brands. The current 45‐item calcium‐focused food frequency questionnaire (CFFFQ) was developed to include foods with >; 50 mg/serving. However, the CFFFQ had only moderate correlation (r=0.53, P<.001) with food recalls previously. Therefore, the objective was to determine if adding prompts to elicit a focus on these foods would provide better correlation. With α 0.05, two‐tailed power of 80% would be achieved with 70 pairs of CFFFQ vs. 24‐hour recall. College students completed both tools either without prompts (n=300) or with prompts (n=134). Total calcium and calcium from food groups, with and without prompts, were compared. Bland‐ Altman plots illustrate agreement between CFFFQ and recalls. Total calcium differed between CFFFQ/24‐hour values for Non‐ Prompted Group (p<.002) but not Prompted Group. Calcium intakes from dairy were strongly correlated between CFFFQ/recalls in the Non‐Prompted Group vs. low correlation in the Prompted Group. The prompts did not substantially improve the agreement between food frequencies and recalls. Additional prompts for calcium intake assessment may distort recall or reporting.
Response of serum osteocalcin to caloric restriction with and without exercise in post menopausal women
Authors: Centi Amanda Jayne , Booth Sarah L , Gundberg Caren M , Nicklas Barbara , Shea M Kyla
Published: June 2021

Osteocalcin (OC) is a vitamin K‐dependent bone protein that has been linked to regulation of glucose metabolism and body weight in mice. We determined the association between OC, weight loss and insulin resistance in 74 post‐menopausal women replete in vitamins K, D and calcium, who were randomized to caloric restriction alone (CR) or caloric restriction + exercise (CR+Ex) (age 59±6yrs; BMI 33.0±3.7kg/m2). Serum total (tOC), carboxylated (cOC) and uncarboxylated OC (ucOC), fasting blood glucose and insulin were measured pre‐ and post‐intervention. HOMA‐IR was calculated. Multivariable linear regression determined if absolute changes in OC forms and HOMA‐IR were associated with weight loss. After 16 weeks, participants lost a similar amount of body fat (9.27±4.98%, p≥0.60). No changes in serum OC forms were observed post weight‐loss (all p≥0.21). There were no significant associations between change in OC forms and change in weight (all p ≥ 0.12) or between change in OC forms and change in HOMA‐IR in either group (all p≥0.17). Our findings do not support a regulatory role of OC in energy metabolism or insulin resistance in post‐menopausal women who are replete in nutrients implicated in bone health.
NAFLD (Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease) in non‐diabetic subjects: independent relationship of dietary profile and Bright Liver Score (BLS) with the severity of systolic heart function impairment
Authors: Trovato Guglielmo M. , Catalano Daniela , Martines G. Fabio , Carcò Francesco , Coco Davide , Brischetto Daniela , Abate Angela , Trovato Francesca M.
Published: June 2021

NAFLD is associated with unhealthy lifestyle and obesity, without alcohol habits. An association of NAFLD with coronary artery disease and with impaired heart function was reported, but without considering severity of NAFLD and with the bias of including diabetes.

Aim

to challenge if severity of liver steatosis assessed by UltraSound Bright Liver Score (BLS) can predict the impairment of systolic heart function, assessed by echocardiography(Ejection Fraction, EF). Age, obesity, dietary profile (assessed as Adherence to Mediterranean Diet Score, AMDS) and Insulin resistance (assessed by HOMA) were all taken into account for their confounding and synergic effect. 184 NAFLD (m 85, f 99; yrs 52.16±12.05) and 316 non‐NAFLD (m 104, f 212; yrs 48.27±16.32) non‐diabetic subjects were studied. By odds ratio NAFLD (OR 1.652, CI 95% 0.898–3.039), insulin resistance (OR 1.892, CI 95% 0.994–3.601) and overweight‐obesity (OR 2.137, CI 95% 1.137–4.016)were all associated with hazards of lower EF. A Multiple Linear Regression Model, age balanced for this confounding factor, confirms the predictivity (p<0.0001) of NAFLD severity, assessed by BLS, toward lower EF, along with BMI, AMDS and HOMA, with a variance of 8.5%.

Conclusion

lower systolic efficiency of heart assessed by echocardiography is strongly associated with the severity of NAFLD and unhealthy dietary profile in non‐diabetic subjects.
High rate of overweight and obesity in post‐combat Military Service Members (MSM) and Veterans exposed to blast and/or blunt head trauma
Authors: Starr Kathryn N , Hammond Carol A Smith , Candice Scharver H , Markley Lisa , Sisk Rebecca , Brown Courtney , Bales Connie W
Published: June 2021

The obesity epidemic affects all populations but is of particular concern when risk is high due to multiple co‐morbidities. We noted unexpectedly high rates of overweight (BMI >;25 <30 kg/m2; OW) and obesity (BMI >;30 kg/m2; OB) in post‐combat MSM and Veterans who self‐reported exposure to blast and/or blunt head trauma. A consecutive cohort of MSM and Veterans participating in a second level screening for traumatic brain injury (TBI) (n=301; mean age 34.5 ± 9.4 years, 94% male, 56% Caucasian) was assessed for BMI, upper/lower body disability, PTSD, and self‐reported Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) via medical record review. Rates of OW/OB were 34 and 50%, respectively; only 17% were of normal weight. Those OW/OB were older (28.3 vs 34.8 yrs; p<0.0001), more likely (p<0.05) to have upper and/or lower body disability, and had higher NSI scores, indicating more severe symptoms (38.8 vs 43.9; p<0.05). Rates of PTSD and depression for normal and OW/OB were 88 and 62% and 90 and 66% respectively. Our findings reveal the challenges faced by these MSM and Veterans, with the combination of mental health problems, orthopedic injury, and possible exposure to TBI (all likely barriers to weight loss interventions) and highlight the need for innovative interventions to prevent and manage OW/OB in this high risk population. Supported in part by NIA AG000029.
Feasibility of current physical activity recommendations for school age children
Authors: Perez‐Rodriguez Marcela , Gamez Eli , Talavera Juan , Vega Norma , Barrera Daniela , Pfeffer Frania , Tejero Elizabeth , Melendez Guillermo
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Physical activity (PA) recommendation for school children includes performing 60 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) daily of which 30 min should be achieved in 2 bouts of 15 min. Few children achieve such recommendation; therefore, studying natural patterns of children's PA is important to propose feasible PA recommendations.

Objective

Describe the frequency of different bout lengths across all BMI range in school children.

Methods

602 Mexican 8 to 10 year old children were recruited. Weight and height were collected. PA was measured by accelerometry for 7 days. MVPA bouts were identified using Meterplus® software. Valid accelerometer wearing time was at least 3 weekdays and 1 weekday during 10 hours each day. MVPA cut point was ≥2296 counts per minute (Evenson).

Results

441 children had valid accelerometer data. Proportion of low, normal, overweight and obese were 1%, 64.1%, 12.2% and 22.7% respectively. Median daily MPVA for girls was 27.5 min and 37.3 min for boys, 5.4% of girls and 20% of boys achieved 60 min of MVPA. One min bouts were the most frequent (median=8.3) while median frequency of bouts of ≥10 min was 0.4. Bouts of ≥ 5 min were not frequent (median <1).

Conclusion

Children's PA patterns does not support feasibility of current recommendations. Further research is needed to determine efficacy of short bouts to promote health and prevent overweight.

Grant Funding Source: Mexican Health Foundation
The relationship between body roundness, exercise dose, and exercise type
Authors: Lee Maeda Yuna , Tibbi Mahzabin , Scott Mariah Jacqueline , Islam Syeda
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The body roundness index is a newly developed geometrically induced body shape index. This study determined changes to BRI in response to exercise administrated in varying doses, and types (aerobic versus resistance).

Methods

Data was pooled from three exercise interventions (N=600) that included measurements which allowed for BRI calculation. The exercise interventions ranged in prescribed exercise dose and type (aerobic versus resistance). Changes in BRI were calculated and compared to changes in body weight, fat mass, insulin levels, and BRI predicted visceral adipose tissue.

Results

Although many subjects experienced little or no weight change, the majority of subjects lost body roundness. Although changed BRI was only weakly correlated to changed body fat in women and men, we found a stronger correlation in BRI predicted baseline visceral adipose tissue and exercise induced changed insulin levels

Conclusions

Although changes in BMI and weight are often the gold standard of providing patients with information in response to exercise, many patients fail to see any change. Changes in BRI reflect an increased improved health and indicate a positive change in body shape, which can motivate patients for continued application of exercise despite no observed weight loss.
The relationship between inherited blood disorders and iron biomarkers among young children in Kenya
Authors: Derby Kiersten Smith , Sullivan Kevin M , Ruth Laird J , Williams Thomas N , Suchdev Parminder S
Published: June 2021

To determine if inherited blood disorders are independent predictors of iron biomarkers, we conducted a population‐based, cross‐sectional survey of 854 children aged 6–35 months in western Kenya. Participants were tested for sickle cell, alphathalassemia and G6PD deficiency. Ferritin, transferrin receptor (TfR), and zinc protoporphyrin (ZP) were measured.

Inherited blood disorders were common; 19% had sickle cell, 48% had abnormal alpha‐thalassemia genotype, and 7% had G6PD deficiency. Mean unadjusted TfR was highest among children with HbSS genotype compared to HbAS and HbAA (ANOVA p<0.0001), and mean unadjusted ZP was higher among boys with normal genotype compared to those with G6PD deficiency (p=0.02). In multivariate analysis adjusting for sociodemographics, G6PD deficiency was an independent predictor of ZP among boys (beta‐coefficient = −0.17, p=0.04). There was interaction between sickle cell and malaria (p=0.01); malaria was a predictor of ZP among children without sickle cell, but not a predictor of ZP among those with sickle cell.

In areas with high burden of inherited blood disorders, genotypic differences may independently affect iron biomarkers, particularly TfR and ZP.

Grant Funding Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Wellcome Trust
Human Milk Fat Globule Proteinogenic mRNA Reveal Existence of Alternative Transcripts
Authors: Kothapalli Kumar SD , Zou James S , Hyon Stephanie S , Ojukwu Kinsley E , Bugbee Garrett L , Alluri Rajeev , Park Hi Kyu , Zhang Jiyao , Ran‐Ressler Rinat R , Brenna James Thomas
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Human breast milk is a complex oil‐in‐water emulsion, where lipid is primarily carried in milk fat globules (MFG). MFG are the exclusive lipid delivery vehicles to the gastrointestinal tract of breast fed infants. Our main objective was to investigate the appearance of proteinogenic mRNA relevant to lactation and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthesis in MFG.

Methods

Frozen, pooled human breastmilk was thawed, centrifuged, and the least dense (top) fraction was collected. RNA was isolated and mRNA of selected genes was evaluated by semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR. A total of 40 gene products, including alternative transcripts (ATs) of recently discovered fatty acid desaturases (FADS2 and FADS3) were studied.

Results

Among the genes investigated, MFGE8, FTH1 and LTF mRNA were the most abundant. FADS2, SCD, FASN, FABP3, ACOX1, SCPX, CSN2, TLR4, LXRA, VDR and PPARD were detected. Five out of seven known FADS3AT were detected. In contrast, no mRNA for FADS1, FADS2AT1, ELOVL2, ELOVL3, ELOVL6, PPARA and PPARG were detected.

Conclusions

Our results show that proteinogenic mRNA are very selectively present in MFG. To our knowledge this is the first report to show existence of evolutionarily conserved AT in MFG. The MFG may be a unique mRNA vector for the breast fed infant.
Supplementation with omega 3 fatty acids, vitamins and minerals may moderate disruptive behavior of typically developing adolescent schoolchildren in the UK: a double blind placebo controlled trial
Authors: Tammam Jonathan , Steinsaltz David , Bester DW , Semb Turid , Stein John
Published: June 2021

Omega 3 fatty acid deficiency is implicated in antisocial behavior; hence correcting deficiencies may improve behavior. The effect of nutrient supplementation was tested in typically developing school children. Pupils (n=196) consumed randomly assigned placebo or active supplements containing omega 3s, vitamins and minerals over 12 week terms. Behavior was measured using Conners teacher's scales and school disciplinary records. T‐tests with ANCOVA were used for Conners and erythrocyte PUFA analysis. Bayesian analysis was used for disciplinary data. All PUFA indices improved in the treated group (p=0.0005). A significant difference (F=5.56, p=0.02) between groups was seen in the disruptive behavior scale of the Conner's teacher assessment, as a result of a worsening behavior score in the placebo group. After Bonferroni correction and MANCOVA, this outcome was reduced to a trend (p=0.1 and p=0.23, respectively). There was an overall increase in school disciplinary infringements (25%; Bayes factor 115). Supplementation appeared to have little effect on the frequency of these; active treatment was associated with a further 8.5% increase in disciplinary events; with a 95% probability that the effect could be anywhere from a 23% decrease to a 43% increase. In conclusion, supplementary nutrition may protect against worsening behavior in adolescent schoolchildren. Supported by Esmée Fairbairn Foundation.
Acute human consumption of crystalline short‐chain amylose
Authors: Shi Yong‐Cheng , Brewer Lauren Renee , Weber Casey , Cai Liming , Haub Mark David
Published: June 2021

The glycemic index (GI) is used to rank foods based on postprandial blood glucose response. Physiologically, starch escaping small intestinal digestion is termed resistant starch (RS). Available carbohydrate for the GI test is often calculated as total carbohydrate minus dietary fiber; yet, AOAC fiber methods do not always include RS. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a starch product with high RS content but no total dietary fiber (TDF) content on glycemic response, GI, and fermentation. Using standard GI methods, 50 g available carbohydrate was compared in 10 adults to waxy maize starch (TDF: 0%; RS: 1.6%) and crystalline short‐chain amylose (CSCA) (TDF 0%; 75% RS); alone and in mixed formulation. All volunteers had low postprandial glucose curves after CSCA consumption. The rise in mmol/L glucose for CSCA in mixed formulation was similar to the rise observed with glucose, yet the mixed formulation had reduced (P < 0.05) extension, and 100% of subjects returned to basal blood glucose levels at 2 h. CSCA was considered available carbohydrate in the GI test, but was not fully available in vivo. Breath hydrogen testing showed CSCA did not elevate H2 production more than other trial samples and all 0% TDF samples were as likely to ferment. This study shows that RS content affects glycemic response and GI values and addresses functions of RS in the colon with noninvasive measures for carbohydrate metabolism.
Effects of whey protein supplementation on dietary compensation and muscle energetics in elderly adults
Authors: Clark Kristen L , Sands Kathryn A , McKenzie Steven P , Haddad Jeffrey M , Rietdyk Shirley , Campbell Wayne W
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This study assessed the effects of whey protein (WPro) supplementation on dietary compensation (DC) and skeletal muscle gross mechanical efficiency (GME), an index of muscle energetics, in elderly people.

Methods

Using a randomized, crossover design, 12 adults (7 F, 5 M), aged 82 ± 7 y (mean ± SD) completed two 6‐day periods of consuming fruit‐smoothie beverages twice daily (with breakfast and lunch) containing 230 kcal and 25 g WPro or 25 g corn‐derived glucose polymer (CHO) (total 460 kcal/d and 50 g/day WPro or CHO). On day 7 of each period, GME was measured while the subjects were fasting and exercising on a stationary cycle at 1, 10, and 20 watts.

Results

Compared with baseline, total energy intake was ~286 kcal/d higher during WPro and CHO, consistent with incomplete DC to the supplements (~36–40% DC). Total protein intake was 46 ± 13 g/d higher with WPro vs. CHO. During exercise, GME was progressively higher from 1 to 10 to 20 watts. Compared to baseline, GME was not different for WPro or CHO. Among all subjects, the magnitude of DC did not influence the change in GME at 1, 10, or 20 watts.

Conclusion

For elderly adults, short‐term use of supplements with whey protein or glucose polymer effectively increase total energy intake due to incomplete dietary compensation. These dietary changes did not influence muscle energetics during low‐level physical activity.

Support: NIH CTSI Grant #TR000006
Detectable levels of unmetabolized folic acid in Canadian pregnant women
Authors: Plumptre Lesley , Masih Shannon , Ly Anna , Aufreiter Susanne , Croxford Ruth , Lausman Andrea Y , Berger Howard , O'Connor Deborah L , Kim Young‐In
Published: June 2021

Unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA) in the circulation has been purported to mediate some adverse health outcomes associated with high folic acid (FA) intake. FA supplementation and mandatory FA fortification have significantly increased folate intake and blood levels in Canada. Furthermore, women are advised to take FA supplements before and during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects. There is limited information regarding the prevalence and level of UMFA in pregnant women consuming FA containing supplements in the postfortification era. We determined the relationship between plasma UMFA and dietary folate intake, FA supplement use and folate blood measurements in 344 Canadian pregnant women participating in the prospective PREFORM Study at 11–16 wks gestation. 90% women reported FA supplement use (≥1mg FA/d) during the first trimester. UMFA determined by LC‐MS/MS was detected in 98% of participants, with a median(range) of 1.17(0.07–244.05nmol/L). UMFA represented 2.7% of total serum folate. Plasma UMFA was correlated with supplemental FA (rs=0.19, p=0.001), serum (rs=0.62, p<0.01) and RBC (rs=0.17, p=0.001) folate concentrations. Further studies are warranted to determine functional ramifications of detectable UMFA and their link to health outcomes of the mother and offspring.

Grant Funding Source: CIHR (MOP# 106446)
Effects of vitamin B6 on one‐carbon metabolism in oral contraceptive users
Authors: Rios‐Avila Luisa , Ralat Maria , Coats Bonnie , Stacpoole Peter W. , Gregory Jesse F.
Published: June 2021

Oral contraceptive (OC) usage is associated with low plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) indicating low vitamin B6 status. PLP serves as a coenzyme in several steps in 1C metabolism, including the entry of 1C units from serine via the glycine‐cleavage system and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), as well as the transsulfuration pathway in which cystathionine β‐synthase (CBS) catalyzes the condensation of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine, and cystathionine γ‐lyase (CTGL) catalyzes the cleavage of cystathionine to form cysteine. Whether vitamin B6 deficiency in OC users functionally affects 1C metabolism is uncertain. Therefore, we examined PLP‐related 1C metabolism in healthy OC users (20–40y, with plasma PLP < 30 nmol/L) before and after 4 wk of supplementation with pyridoxine (10 mg/d). We used an intravenous primed, constant infusion of stable isotopically‐labeled [13C5]methionine, [3‐13C]serine and [2H3]leucine to determine the effect of vitamin B6 supplementation on homocysteine remethylation from serine, methionine and serine fluxes, and fractional cystathionine synthesis. Preliminary data showed an expected increase in plasma PLP and changes in PLP‐dependent aspects of 1C metabolism due to supplementation. In conclusion, these findings imply a functional effect of vitamin B6 supplementation on 1C metabolism. Supported by NIH Grant DK072398 and NIH CTSA grant 1UL1RR029890.
Comparison study between RBC folate measured by microbiologic assay and Immulite 2000 immunoassay
Authors: Aufreiter Susanne , Colapinto Cynthia K , Tremblay Mark S , Bushnik Tracey , Pfeiffer Christine M , O'Connor Deborah L
Published: June 2021

Significant inter‐laboratory differences exist in values obtained for RBC folate (RBF). The objective of this methods comparison study was to generate a conversion equation that describes the relationship between RBF measured by the Immulite 2000 immunoassay and the microbiologic assay (MA). Blood was drawn from 152 healthy participants in Toronto, Canada. Folate concentrations were determined by MA (chloramphenicol‐resistant microorganism [L. Rhamnosus], calibrated with 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate) at The Hospital for Sick Children and by the Immulite 2000 immunoassay at the Health Canada Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) laboratory. A Pearson's coefficient, r, of 0.67 guided the decision to use weighted Deming regression, which accounts for random error of both X and Y and controls for proportional bias. The final weighted Deming regression model was as follows: Predicted microbiologic assay = −22.95 + 0.81*Immunoassay. For validation, the whole sample was randomly split into two groups: 1) estimation 2) validation. The same mean absolute percentage error was obtained in the validation group as in the entire sample set (23%), indicating robustness in the precision of the model's predicted values. This equation will be used to compare the RBF data from the CHMS to the US NHANES (measured by Immulite 2000 immunoassay and MA, respectively).

Grant Funding Source: Canadian Institutes for Health Research Fellowship (180375) to C.K.C and Operating Grant (218776) to M.S.T, D.L.O and C.K.C
Hypocholesterolemic effect of hexacosanol in HepG2 cells and C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Lee Ji Hae , Kim Yeojin , Seo Woo‐Duck , Lee Sung‐Joon
Published: June 2021

AMPK is a cellular energy sensor that orchestrates energy metabolism primarily responding to the cellular AMP levels. The active AMPK has been reported to inhibit HMG‐CoA reductase (HMGCR) by phosphorylation thus reduces cholesterol concentrations. We report that hexacosanol, exhibits AMPK activation assessed with kinase activity assay. The activity was comparable to a known AMPK activator. HepG2 cells stimulated with hexacosanol reduced both cholesterol ester and free cholesterol concentrations by 55% and 34%, respectively. Gene expression analysis revealed that the reduction of cellular cholesterol concentrations was due to activation of AMPK, HMGCR phosphorylation and the reduction of HMGCR expressions. The genes in cholesterol efflux (+190% for CYP7A1) and cholesterol ester synthesis (−39% for ACAT2) were significantly altered in cells with hexacosanol stimulation. The C57BL/6 mice fed hexacosanol for 8 weeks. Plasma cholesterol concentration was reduced in hexacosanol group by 16%. In conclusion, hexacosanol has hypocholesterolemic effect by activating AMPK, HMGCR phosphorylation thus significantly reduces cellular and plasma cholesterol concentrations in both of hepatocytes and mice.
Isolation of anti‐obesity active compound orientin from Lythrum salicaria L.
Authors: Kim Hee yeon , Lee Ki yeon , Hong Su‐young , Lim Sang Hyun , Kim Kyung Hee , Kim Songmun
Published: June 2021

The objective of this experiment was to isolate anti‐obesity active compound from Lythrum salicaria L. and to identify its chemistry. The ethanol extract of Lythrum salicaria L. was sequentially fractionated with n‐hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol and H2O. Butanol fraction inhibited lipase activity. BD fractions from butanol were obtained by eluting butanol extracts with a mixture solution of water‐acetonitrile‐methanol in a ODS gel column chromatography. The BDC fraction showed strong inhibitory effect against lipase activity. The chemical structure of the BDC fraction was confirmed as orientin by analysis of MS, 13C‐NMR, 1H‐NMR. Overall results of this study indicated that the leaf extracts of Lythrum salicaria L. have anti‐obesity activity and such extracts could be used for the development of health functional foods.
Fatty acid and phytosterol profiles of commercial saw palmetto supplements
Authors: Penugonda Kavitha , Lindshield Brian L
Published: June 2021

Saw palmetto supplements are one of the most commonly consumed supplements by men with prostate cancer and/or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Some studies have found significant improvements in BPH and lower urinary tract symptoms with saw palmetto supplementation, while others found no benefits. The variation in the efficacy in these trials may be a result of differences in fatty acid and phytosterol composition of the saw palmetto supplements used, since these are the putative active components. To this end, we quantified the major fatty acids (lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic acids) and phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, β‐sitosterol) in 22 commercially available saw palmetto supplements using GC/FID & GC/MS, respectively. Samples were classified into liquids, powders, dried berries, and tinctures. Liquid saw palmetto supplements contained higher levels of individual fatty acids, total fatty acids, individual phytosterols, and total phytosterols than the other supplement classes. Powders contained higher levels of individual fatty acids, total fatty acids, individual phytosterols, and total phytosterols than tinctures, which contain negligible amounts of these nutrients. Our findings suggest that certain saw palmetto supplements may be better choices if fatty acid & phytosterol levels are important to their efficacy.
Seanol® and its major compound, dieckol suppress lipid accumulation during adipogenesis through inhibition of Mitotic Clonal Expansion (MCE) and cell cycle arrest.
Authors: Choi Hyeon‐Son , Jeon Hui‐Jeon , Lee Ok‐Hwan , Lee Boo‐Yong
Published: June 2021

Seanol® is a polyphenol extract derived from a brown alga, Ecklonia cava (EC), which is native to the sea off Korea and Japan. It consists of phlorotannins including eckol and dieckol. In this study, we investigated the effect of Seanol® and its major compounds, eckol and dieckol on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3‐ L1 cells. Our data showed that Seanol® and dieckol inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3‐L1 in a dose dependent manner, while eckol didn't have a significant inhibitory effect on lipid accumulation in Oil red O staining, suggesting that dieckol plays as a major inhibitory compound of Seanol® on lipid accumulation. The inhibition of dieckol was usually occurred in early stage of adipogenesis. Dieckol inhibited mRNA expression of early adipogenic genes such as CCAAT/ enhancer binding protein‐β (C/EBPβ), C/EBPδ, Krueppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4), and KLF5, whereas it enhanced mRNA expression of preadipocyte secreted factor (Pref‐1) in RT‐PCR. These results were reflected in downregulation of late adipogenic factors such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ), C/EBPα, and adipocyte protein 2 (ap2). Our cell cycle analysis showed that dieckol inhibited MCE stage through the arrest of G1/G0 phase, which is supported by suppression of adipocyte proliferation in trypan blue assay. Our study suggests that dieckol is a potential edible agent in controlling lipid accumulation in metabolic disorder.
Effects of phytosterols and fatty acids from lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera) seed on differentiation of human preadipocytes into adipocytes
Authors: Kim Sung Hoon , Zhao Xu , Shen Jian , Chang Kyung Ja
Published: June 2021

Various biological and phamacological properties of lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera) have been studied in our laboratory. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of phytosterols and fatty acids isolated from lotus seed and their effects on differentiation of human preadipocytes into adipocytes. To isolate crude phytosterol and fatty acids, the lotus seeds were extracted with ethanol and then extracted with hexane. Hexane extract was hydrolyzed with KOH and the hydrolyzed extract was subjected to a column of anion exchange resin Amberlite I RA 410. Preadipocyte were cultured under differentiation conditions for 14 days with phytosterols and fatty acids and Oil Red O staining was performed to determine the lipid accumulation in human adipocytes. Lipid droplets produced during adipogenesis were significantly decreased by treatment of phytosterols and fatty acids. We found β‐sitosterol, campesterol, and β‐amyrin as main phytosterol. In addition, we found stigmasterol, isofucosterol and dehydrolanosterol as trace phytosterols. The main fatty acids were linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and linolenic acid. These data suggest that phytosterol and fatty acids from lotus seed could be used as effective ingredients in controlling obesity. This research was supported by the Globalization of Korean Foods R&D program, funded by MIFAFF, Republic of Korea
Differential Capability of Korean Soybean Varieties to Biosynthesize Glyceollins
Authors: Kim Jong‐Sang , Park In Sil , Kim Hyo Jung , Kang Hye Ryung , Seo Ji Yeon , Kim Seong Soon , Kim Bo Ram , Zakaroba Alexandra
Published: June 2021

Glyceollins synthesized in soybeans exposed to biotic or abiotic stress were reported to have several health benefits. Soybean accumulated glyceollins at widely different levels depending upon the varieties when elicitated with Asp. sojae. Contrary to our hypothesis that high‐isoflavone variety may accumulate glyceollins upon elicitation more efficiently, glyceollin accumulation mediated by fungal elicitation was not significantly affected by the concentration of either total isoflavones or daidzein in soybean. However the levels of glyceollins were also significantly affected by the elicitation methods, showing that fungal stress was most efficient in glyceollin production. Therefore, glyceollin accumulation in soybean seems to be affected by several factors such as the responsiveness of genes involved in glyceollin biosynthesis to elicitors as revealed by comparison of mRNA gene expression involved in glyceollin synthesis by RT‐PCR. This data suggest that glyceollin accumulation in soybean seems to be more affected by other factors such as the responsiveness of genes involved in glyceollin biosynthesis to the elicitors and types of elicitors than isoflavone content.

Grant Funding Source: National Research Foundation of Korea
Biological activities of water‐soluble sulfated polysaccharides from Ecklonia cava, Enteromorpha prolifera and Monostroma nitidum
Authors: Hien Hoang Minh , Kim Ji‐Young , Lee Sung‐Joon
Published: June 2021

Water‐soluble sulfated polysaccharide (WSSP) extracted from Ecklonia cava, Enteromorpha prolifera and Monostroma nitidum and fractionated using ion‐exchange chromatography (F0, F1, F2 and F3 fraction) were investigated for their antioxidant, hypolipidemic and anti‐inflammatory in vitro activities. We found that the WSSP fractions, especially the ECF1 and ECF2 in Ecklonia cava, EF1 in Enteromorpha prolifera and MF1 and MF3 in Monostroma nitidum, exhibited strong antioxidant activity as assessed by superoxide dismutase assay. The stimulation of lipid‐loaded HepG2 cells with the ECF1, ECF2, EF1, MF1, and MF3 significantly reduced cellular lipid concentrations as well. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the decrease in cellular lipid levels were due to reducing cholesterol synthesis gene expression and increasing mRNA levels in cholesterol degradation, LDL uptake, and peroxisomal β‐oxidation. In addition, expressions of genes related to inflammation including iNOS, TNF‐γ, IL‐6, IL‐ 8 and Visfatin were suppressed in lipid‐loading hepatocytes stimulated with the ECF 1, ECF2, EF1, MF1, and MF3 fractions. Together, these results suggest that the water‐soluble sulfated polysaccharides of Ecklonia cava, Enteromorpha prolifera and Monostroma nitidum could be considered as a potential antioxidant, hypolipidemic and anti‐inflammatory agent.
Therapeutic effect of daily vinegar ingestion for individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Johnston Carol S , Quagliano Samantha , Loeb Serena
Published: June 2021

Vinegar ingestion reduces postprandial glycemia and lowers hemoglobin A1c in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, the long‐term effect of vinegar in non‐T2D is not known. This 12‐week, randomized, parallel‐arm trial examined the impact of vinegar ingestion on fasting and postprandial glucose in high‐risk individuals (fasting glucose, 98.3±3.7 mg/dl; fasting insulin, 19.0±2.9 uU/ml). Of the 14 participants (13/1 F/M; 46.0±3.9 y; 28.5±1.4 kg/m2), 8 were diagnosed prediabetic but not prescribed hypoglycemic medications. Two daily treatments were followed: VIN [2 tablespoons vinegar or 1.5 g acetic acid] or CON [2 vinegar pills or 0.08 g acetic acid]. Treatments were taken as a divided dose immediately prior to the lunch and dinner meals daily. Fasting glucose and 2‐h postprandial glucose concentrations were recorded daily using a glucometer. Reductions in fasting glucose were immediate and sustained for VIN vs. CON (average 12 week reduction: −16.3±4.9 and −4.5±3.2 mg/dl respectively, p=0.05). Controlling for prediabetes diagnosis did not impact these results. Average 12 week reductions in 2‐h postprandial glucose did not vary significantly between groups (−7.7±6.9 vs. 3.3±5.4 mg/dl for VIN and CON respectively, p=0.259). These results support a therapeutic effect for vinegar in individuals at risk for T2D, including those diagnosed with prediabetes. Funded by graduate college student award.
Glucosamine sulfate attenuates dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in mice
Authors: Bak Youn‐Kyung , Lampe Johanna W. , Sung Mi‐Kyung
Published: June 2021

Glucosamine is a widely used supplement among patients with osteoarthritis. Also, it has been shown that glucosamine exhibits anti‐inflammatory action through the suppression of neutrophil activation. In this study, efficacy of glucosamine supplementation to attenuates DSS‐induced colitis. C57BL/6 mice were separated into three groups (n=10/group). ND group was fed control diet. LGS and HGS groups were fed diet supplemented with either 0.05% (w/w) or 0.1% (w/w) glucosamine sulfate for 4 weeks, respectively. Two weeks after feeding experiment diet, colitis was induced by supplying two cycles (5 days per cycle) of 2% DSS drinking water. Two cycles were separated by 7 days. Study results indicated that HGS group showed improvement in clinical symptoms measured by disease activity index. The expression of tight junction proteins including ZO‐1 and occludin was significantly higher in HGS group compared to those of animals in other groups. ND group had significantly reduced colon length (p<0.05), while HGS group reversed DSS‐induced shortening of the colon (p<0.05). HGS group exhibited significantly decreased serum concentrations of both interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) by 52% and serum amyloid P component (SAP) by 55% (p<0.05). In addition, the colonic mucosa tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) mRNA expression was markedly reduced in HGS group compared with those of the ND group at p<.0001, and at p<0.05, respectively. Also, the colonic protein expression of lipocalin 2 and NF‐κB was significantly inhibited in HGS group compared with those of ND group at p<0.05. These results suggest that glucosamine attenuates disease activity of colitis by suppressing NF‐κB mediated inflammatory responses. Further efficacy studies in humans are warranted.
How is pregnancy‐related weight changes and breastfeeding related to long‐term maternal weight and waist circumference? A path analysis
Authors: Kirkegaard Helene , Stovring H , Rasmussen K.M. , Abrams B , Sorensen T.I.A. , Nohr E.A.
Published: June 2021

Pregnancy is a potential risk factor for excessive weight gain and may lead to long‐term maternal weight gain. This study examined how breastfeeding, gestational weight gain and postpartum weight changes were related to weight and waist circumference for given body mass index 7 y after birth. Also, we distinguish the direct effect from the one mediated through weight changes on the pathway. Women (n=23,701) from the Danish National Birth Cohort with singleton births and no birth during follow‐up were included. Information on anthropometry, breastfeeding, and covariates was obtained from interviews conducted at pregnancy wk 16, at mo 6 and 18 postpartum, and from a web‐based‐survey 7 y after birth. Using path analysis, we assessed the direct, indirect, and total effect. Gestational weight gain was positively associated with long‐term weight; 87 % of the effect was mediated through increased postpartum weight. Postpartum weight changes were highly associated with both outcomes and 1kg increase in weight retention at 6 mo corresponded to an increase of 0.5kg at 7 y. For both outcomes, breastfeeding duration showed an inverse association. It was strongest for waist circumference, where 97% of the effect was direct and not mediated through postpartum weight loss. These data suggest that breastfeeding has a beneficial effect on fat distribution. Weight changes in early motherhood are important for long‐term weight gain.
Dietary supplementation with a low dose of (−)‐ epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate reduces pro‐inflammatory response in peripheral leukocytes of non‐obese type 2 diabetic GK rat
Authors: Uchiyama Yumiko , Mochizuki kazuki
Published: June 2021

(−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), which is found largely in green tea, is known to eliminate reactive oxygen species and associated oxidant stress in vitro and in cells. However, in vivo mechanisms underlying the effects of EGCG on amelioration of metabolic disorders are not fully understood. In this study, we examined whether dietary supplementation of EGCG reduces inflammatory response in peripheral leukocytes of non‐obese type‐ 2 diabetes animal model, Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats. GK rats at nine weeks of age were fed a control high‐fat diet (45 energy% from lard and corn oil) or the high‐fat diet containing 0.1%, 0.2% or 0.5% EGCG (w/w) for 25 weeks. Significantly reduced mRNA level of genes related to inflammatory response (IFN‐ E, IL‐1 fÒ, IL‐18 and CD11s) were found in rats fed the diet containing 0.1% EGCG, but not in those fed diets containing 0.2% or more EGCG as compared with control. These results suggest that supplementation of a low dose of EGCG in GK rats reduces expression of genes involved in inflammation in peripheral leukocytes.
Dietary açai fruit improves cognition and mobility in aged rats.
Authors: Miller Marshall G. , Fisher Derek R. , Carey Amanda N. , Poulose Shibu M. , Shukitt‐Hale Barbara
Published: June 2021

Açai is a black‐purple fruit (genus Euterpe) cultivated in the Amazon delta and in Brazil (Euterpe oleracea Mart. ‐EO), as well as Bolivia (Euterpe precatoria Mart. ‐ EP), and it is known to be rich in polyphenolics that may affect cell‐to‐cell signaling, receptor sensitivity, inflammatory enzyme activity, oxidant/antioxidant balance, and gene regulation. In previous studies, we have shown the beneficial effects of various berry fruits (blueberries, strawberries, and blackberries) in reversing age‐related deficits in behavioral and neuronal function when fed to aged rats. Thus, the present study was carried out to determine if EO or EP, fed in the rat diet at 2% for 8 weeks, would be efficacious in reversing the deleterious effects of aging on motor and cognitive behavior in 19–21 mo old Fischer 344 rats. Results for the motor testing showed that the EO, but not EP, diet improved performance on wire suspension. Additionally, both the EO and EP diet improved working memory, relative to controls; however, only the EO diet improved reference memory. Ongoing analysis compares enhanced behavior with brain levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant status.
Evaluation of the HNF1a gene as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in the Saudi population
Authors: Bakheet Dana Mohammed , Al‐Najai Mohammad , Mazher Nejat , Elhawwari Samar , Andres Editha , Alshahid Mai , Muiya Paul , Meyer Brian B , Dzimiri Nduna
Published: June 2021

The hepatic nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1a) is found predominantly in the liver and pancreatic islet cells where it regulates tissue specific expression of several genes involved in metabolic syndrome pathways. While the HNF1a has been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and elevated susceptibility to coronary artery disease, its role in the onset and development of the latter is yet to be clearly explained. We selected 7 familial SNPs to evaluate the role of the HNF1a gene in metabolic risk factors, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, obesity and dyslipidaemia. The rs2259820 T [1.10(1.01–1.20); p=0.024] and its dominant mode of inheritance rs2259820 (CT+TT) [1.18(1.03–1.35); p=0.020] conferred risk for T2DM (2550 cases vs 2081 controls). The rs1169310 G [1.10(1.00–1.22); p=0.045] and rs1169313 T [1.11(11.01–1.22); p=0.038] conferred risk for hypertriglyceridaemia (hTG; 1160 vs 3156). On the other hand, rs2464196 T [0.92(0.84–1.00); p=0.039], and rs2464196 TT [0.86(0.75–0.99); p=0.030] were protective against acquiring the disease. Furthermore, the rs7310409 (AG+GG) (p=0.023) and rs2393791 (CT+TT) (p=0.041) were protective against acquiring hypercholesterolaemia, and rs1169310 G (p=0.045) against hTG. Our data suggests that NHF1a is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome.
Examining the Role of Cytoskeletal Signaling in Cardiac Preconditioning
Authors: Perricone Adam Joseph , Bivona Benjamin J. , Jackson Fannie R. , Vander Heide Richard S.
Published: June 2021

Our lab has shown the importance of a cytoskeletal‐based signaling pathway (C‐BSP) in cardiac injury. This study hypothesized that a C‐BSP is necessary for ischemic preconditioning‐(IP) induced cardioprotection (CP). To test this hypothesis, the proximal C‐BSP member focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was selectively knocked out in adult murine ventricular myocytes using an inducible, Cre‐lox system (Myh6‐MCM). All mice underwent 40 min ischemia/24 hr reperfusion (IR). IP was induced using a standard protocol (3×5′+5′ cycles of IR). Control groups included wild type control (C) and tamoxifen‐treated Myh6‐MCM+/−‐flox− (eC). Infarct size (IS) was expressed as a percentage of the LV risk region. IP significantly reduced IS in both C and eC mice (17% vs. 37%; n=8 both groups; P<0.001; 15% vs. 39%; n=7–8; P<0.001, respectively). In FAK KO mice, myocyte FAK levels by Western blot were reduced by 65% compared to C mice (n=3–4; P<0.001), and IS was significantly larger than in C and eC mice (KO 59% vs. 37/39%; n=2–8; P<0.01) indicating that loss of FAK adversely effects myocyte survival in IR. Furthermore, the CP effect of IP was abolished in FAK KO mice (43% vs. 39%; n=3–8; FAK KO vs.eC; P=NS). In summary, abrogation of a key proximal member of the C‐BSP (FAK) results in larger IS in C mice and abolishes IP‐induced CP. We conclude that the C‐BSP plays an important role in myocyte survival in IR injury. Supported by NIH RO1 HL‐084405 to RVH.
Plasma Hsp27 and phosphorylated Hsp27 levels as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Gerthoffer William T. , Muphy L. Tiara , Malozzi Christopher , Massey Clara V.
Published: June 2021

Numerous clinical studies have investigated blood‐borne “biomarkers” that could be used to predict the risk of an acute coronary event in patients with atherosclerosis. Published studies have shown plasma levels of the stress‐response protein, Hsp27, decreased with age and decreased when atherosclerotic plaques were most complex and presumed to be less stable. Hsp27 was proposed to be a “biomarker” of atherosclerotic plaque stability that might be used clinically to assess the risk of future cardiovascular events. However, a later study showed that during acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients had significantly increased levels of Hsp27 in the blood. These seemingly contradictory results could be reconciled if steady‐state blood levels of Hsp27 decrease due to plasma protease activity in complex plaques, but increases during an acute coronary event due to increased release from inflamed vessel walls. To begin to test this hypothesis we conducted a pilot study to determine the range of plasma levels of total and phosphorylated (Ser82) Hsp27 in 156 human subjects being treated for cardiovascular diseases at the University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL. ELISA assays revealed there is a steady decline in total plasma Hsp27 with age, and significantly higher levels of both total and phosphorylated Hsp27 in patients undergoing catheterization compared to control patients not being treated for cardiovascular disease. We also found African‐American subjects undergoing stress‐testing had significantly lower plasma Hsp27 levels than Caucasians. If low Hsp27 levels are due to greater plaque burden and complexity this suggests there was more advanced disease in the African‐American patients. Supported by grants 1P20MD0002314–05 from the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities and NIH training grant T32HL076125.