bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The system Ag–Pd–Te: phase relations and mineral assemblages
Authors: Vymazalová Anna , Laufek František , Kristavchuk Alexandr V. , Chareev Dmitriy A. , Drábek Milan
Published: February 2016

The phase equilibria in the system Ag–Pd–Te were studied by the technique of using an evacuated silica glass tube at 350° and 450°C. Five ternary phases were synthesized: sopcheite (Pd3Ag4Te4), lukkulaisvaaraite (Pd14Ag2Te9),telargpalite (Pd2–xAg1+xTe) and the previously unknown phases Pd7.5–xAg0.5+xTe3and Pd2+xAg2–xTe.The synthetic telargpalite has a compositional range from 26 to 29 wt.% Ag, with the formula Pd2–xAg1+xTe, where x varies from 0.09 to 0.22. The phase Pd2+xAg2–xTe has a compositional range from 34 to 35 wt.% Ag, where x varies from 0.18 to 0.24. The phase Pd7.5–xAg0.5+xTe3forms a solid solution from 4 to 11 wt.% Ag, wherexvaries from 0.02 to 0.83. Phases Pd20Te7and Pd13Te3dissolve up to 3.5 and 2 wt.% Ag, respectively. Other binary palladium tellurides do not dissolve Ag. The phase Pd3Ag4Te4, an analogue of the mineral sopcheite, forms a stable association with hessite and kotulskite it also coexists with lukkulaisvaaraite. Sopcheite is stable up to 383°C. Natural occurrences of hessite, kotulskite and lukkulaisvaaraite together in equilibrium indicate formation above this temperature. Phase relations defined the mineral assemblages that can be expected to occur in nature.The phase Pd7.5–xAg0.5+xTe3potentially represents a new mineral; it will probably be found in association with lukkulaisvaaraite and telargpalite or telluropalladinite, among other platinum-group minerals. The phasePd2+xAg2–xTe can be found in association with telargpalite. Mineral assemblages defined in this study can be expected in Cu-Ni-PGE mineral deposits, associated with mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks, particularly in mineralized zones with known silver-palladium tellurides.
Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive subscale variants in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer’s disease: change over time and the effect of enrichment strategies
Authors: Podhorna Jana , Krahnke Tillmann , Shear Michael , E Harrison John ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: February 2016

Background

Development of new treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has broadened into early interventions in individuals with modest cognitive impairment and a slow decline. The 11-item version of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) was originally developed to measure cognition in patients with mild to moderate AD. Attempts to improve its properties for early AD by removing items prone to ceiling and/or by adding cognitive measures known to be impaired early have yielded a number of ADAS-Cog variants. Using Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data, we compared the performance of the 3-, 5-, 11- and 13-item ADAS-Cog variants in subjects with early AD. Given the interest in enrichment strategies, we also examined this aspect with a focus on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers.

Methods

Subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild AD with available ADAS-Cog 13 and CSF data were analysed. The decline over time was defined by change from baseline. Direct cross-comparison of the ADAS-Cog variants was performed using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), with higher values reflecting increased sensitivity to detect change over time.

Results

The decline over time on any of the ADAS-Cog variants was minimal in subjects with MCI. Approximately half of subjects with MCI fulfilled enrichment criteria for positive AD pathology. The impact of enrichment was detectable but subtle in MCI. The annual decline in mild AD was more pronounced but still modest. More than 90 % of subjects with mild AD had positive AD pathology. SNRs were low in MCI but greater in mild AD. The numerically largest SNRs were seen for the ADAS-Cog 5 in MCI and for both the 5- and 13-item ADAS-Cog variants in mild AD, although associated confidence intervals were large.

Conclusions

The possible value of ADAS-Cog expansion or reduction is less than compelling, particularly in MCI. In mild AD, adding items known to be impaired at early stages seems to provide more benefit than removing items on which subjects score close to ceiling.
Mini Mental State Examination and Logical Memory scores for entry into Alzheimer’s disease trials
Authors: Chapman Kimberly R. , Bing-Canar Hanaan , Alosco Michael L. , Steinberg Eric G. , Martin Brett , Chaisson Christine , Kowall Neil , Tripodis Yorghos , Stern Robert A.
Published: February 2016

Background

Specific cutoff scores on the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Logical Memory (LM) test are used to determine inclusion in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) clinical trials and diagnostic studies. These screening measures have known psychometric limitations, but no study has examined the diagnostic accuracy of the cutoff scores used to determine entry into AD clinical trials and diagnostic studies.

Methods

ClinicalTrials.gov entries were reviewed for phases II and III active and recruiting AD studies using the MMSE and LM for inclusion. The diagnostic accuracy of MMSE and LM-II cutoffs used in AD trials and diagnostic studies was examined using 23,438 subjects with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD dementia derived from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center database.

Results

MMSE and LM cutoffs used in current AD clinical trials and diagnostic studies had limited diagnostic accuracy, particularly for distinguishing between normal cognition and MCI, and MCI from AD dementia. The MMSE poorly discriminated dementia stage.

Conclusions

The MMSE and LM may result in inappropriate subject enrollment in large-scale, multicenter studies designed to develop therapeutics and diagnostic methods for AD.
Genome sequence of Shinella sp. strain DD12, isolated from homogenized guts of starved Daphnia magna
Authors: Poehlein Anja , Freese Heike , Daniel Rolf , Simeonova Diliana D.
Published: February 2016

Shinella sp. strain DD12, a novel phosphite assimilating bacterium, has been isolated from homogenized guts of 4 days starved zooplankton Daphnia magna. Here we report the draft genome of this bacterium, which comprises 7,677,812 bp and 7505 predicted protein-coding genes.
Secondary allergic T cell responses are regulated by dendritic cell-derived thrombospondin-1 in the setting of allergic eye disease
Authors: Smith R E , Reyes N J , Khandelwal P , Schlereth S L , Lee H S , Masli S , Saban D R
Published: February 2016

Allergic eye disease, as in most forms of atopy, ranges in severity among individuals from immediate hypersensitivity to a severe and debilitating chronic disease. Dendritic cells play a key role in stimulating pathogenic T cells in allergen re-exposure, or secondary responses. However, molecular cues by dendritic cells underpinning allergic T cell response levels and the impact that this control has on consequent severity of allergic disease are poorly understood. Here, we show that a deficiency in thrombospondin-1, a matricellular protein known to affect immune function, has subsequent effects on downstream T cell responses during allergy, as revealed in an established mouse model of allergic eye disease. More specifically, we demonstrate that a thrombospondin-1 deficiency specific to dendritic cells leads to heightened secondary T cell responses and consequent clinical disease. Interestingly, whereas thrombospondin-1-deficient dendritic cells augmented activity of allergen-primed T cells, this increase was not recapitulated with naïve T cells in vitro. The role of dendritic cell-derived thrombospondin-1 in regulating secondary allergic T cell responses was confirmed in vivo, as local transfer of thrombospondin-1-sufficient dendritic cells to the ocular mucosa of thrombospondin-1 null hosts prevented the development of augmented secondary T cell responses and heightened allergic eye disease clinical responses. Finally, we demonstrate that topical instillation of thrombospondin-1-derived peptide reduces T cell activity and clinical progression of allergic eye disease. Taken together, this study reveals an important modulatory role of dendritic cell-derived thrombospondin-1 on secondary allergic T cell responses and suggests the possible dysregulation of dendritic cell-derived thrombospondin-1 expression as a factor in allergic eye disease severity.
Adipocyte Versus Somatotrope Leptin: Regulation of Metabolic Functions in the Mouse
Authors: Odle Angela Katherine , Allensworth-James Melody , Haney Anessa , Akhter Noor , Syed Mohsin , Childs Gwen V.
Published: February 2016

Leptin regulates food intake and energy expenditure (EE) and is produced in adipocytes, the pituitary, and several other tissues. Animals that are leptin or leptin receptor deficient have major metabolic complications, including obesity. This study tests the hypothesis that the pituitary somatotrope may contribute a source of leptin that maintains some of these metabolic functions. We created 2 different tissue-specific leptin knockout animals: a Somatotrope-Lep-null model and an Adipocyte-Lep-null model. Metabolic analysis of both models, along with a global deletion model, was performed. The Somatotrope-Lep-null animals had fewer somatotropes, and females had a 76% decrease in serum prolactin. During the dark (feeding) phase, females had a 35% increase in ambulation coupled with a 4% increase in EE. Mutants showed no change in food intake or weight gain and EE was unchanged in males. During the light (sleep) phase, Somatotrope-Lep-null mutant males had lower EE and females continued to have higher EE. The respiratory quotients (RQs) of mutants and littermate controls were decreased in males and increased in females; all were within the range that indicates predominant carbohydrate burning. The massively obese Adipocyte-Lep-null animals, however, had significant increases in food intake, sleep, and increased EE, with decreased activity. Changes in RQ were sexually dimorphic, with female mutants having higher RQ and males having decreased RQ. We conclude that both adipocyte and somatotrope leptin contribute to the metabolic homeostasis of the mouse, and that extraadipocyte sources of leptin cannot overcome the major metabolic challenges seen in these animals.
Differential Effects of Teriparatide and Denosumab on Intact PTH and Bone Formation Indices: AVA Osteoporosis Study
Authors: Dempster David W. , Zhou Hua , Recker Robert R. , Brown Jacques P. , Recknor Christopher P. , Lewiecki E. Michael , Miller Paul D. , Rao Sudhaker D. , Kendler David L. , Lindsay Robert , Krege John H. , Alam Jahangir , Taylor Kathleen A. , Janos Boris , Ruff Valerie A.
Published: February 2016

Context:

Denosumab-induced PTH elevation may stimulate early bone formation.

Objective:

Our objective was to evaluate whether denosumab-induced changes of intact PTH (iPTH) result in early anabolic effects according to histomorphometry and bone turnover markers (BTMs) compared with teriparatide, an established anabolic agent.

Design:

This open-label, randomized study used quadruple labeling to label bone before/after treatment, with a transiliac bone biopsy at 3 months.

Setting:

This study took both in both US and Canadian sites.

Participants:

Sixty-nine postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were included.

Interventions:

Teriparatide (20 μg/day) for 6 months and denosumab (60 mg once) were used in this study.

Main Outcome Measure:

Between-treatment comparison of change from baseline to month 3 in cancellous mineralizing surface/bone surface, histomorphometric indices in four bone envelopes, and BTM and iPTH at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months was undertaken.

Results:

After denosumab, iPTH peaked at month 1 (P < .001), then declined, remaining above baseline through month 6 (P ≤ .01); after teriparatide, iPTH declined at all time points (P < .001). From baseline to month 3, cancellous mineralizing surface/bone surface increased with teriparatide and decreased with denosumab and at month 3, was higher with teriparatide. Similar results were observed in other bone envelopes. BTMs increased from baseline in teriparatide-treated subjects (procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide at month 1 and carboxyterminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen at month 3); procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide and carboxyterminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen decreased from baseline at all time points in denosumab-treated subjects.

Conclusions:

Denosumab treatment increased iPTH but inhibited bone formation indices. In contrast, teriparatide treatment decreased iPTH but stimulated bone formation indices. These findings are not consistent with the hypothesis of early indirect anabolic effect with denosumab.
Fos-Zippered GH Receptor Cytosolic Tails Act as Jak2 Substrates and Signal Transducers
Authors: Nespital Tobias , van der Velden Lieke M. , Mensinga Anneloes , van der Vaart Elisabeth D. , Strous Ger J.
Published: February 2016

Members of the Janus kinase (Jak) family initiate the majority of downstream signaling events of the cytokine receptor family. The prevailing principle is that the receptors act in dimers: 2 Jak2 molecules bind to the cytosolic tails of a cytokine receptor family member and initiate Jak-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling upon a conformational change in the receptor complex, induced by the cognate cytokine. Due to the complexity of signaling complexes, there is a strong need for in vitro model systems. To investigate the molecular details of the Jak2 interaction with the GH receptor (GHR), we used cytosolic tails provided with leucine zippers derived from c-Fos to mimic the dimerized state of GHR. Expressed together with Jak2, fos-zippered tails, but not unzippered tails, were stabilized. In addition, the Jak-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway was activated by the fos-zippered tails. The stabilization depended also on α-helix rotation of the zippers. Fos-zippered GHR tails and Jak2, both purified from baculovirus-infected insect cells, interacted via box1 with a binding affinity of approximately 40nM. As expected, the Jak kinase inhibitor Ruxolitinib inhibited the stabilization but did not affect the c-Fos-zippered GHR tail-Jak2 interaction. Analysis by blue-native gel electrophoresis revealed high molecular-weight complexes containing both Jak2 and nonphosphorylated GHR tails, whereas Jak2-dissociated tails were highly phosphorylated and monomeric, implying that Jak2 detaches from its substrate upon phosphorylation.
A new role for cofilin in retinal neovascularization
Authors: Kumar Raj , Janjanam Jagadeesh , Singh Nikhlesh K. , Rao Gadiparthi N.
Published: February 2016

Pak1 plays an important role in several cellular processes, including cell migration, but its role in pathological angiogenesis is not known. Here, we have determined its role in pathological retinal angiogenesis using an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. VEGFA induced phosphorylation of Pak1 and its effector cofilin in a manner that was dependent on time as well as p38MAPKβ (also known as MAPK11) in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMVECs). Depletion of the levels of any of these molecules inhibited VEGFA-induced HRMVEC F-actin stress fiber formation, migration, proliferation, sprouting and tube formation. In accordance with these observations, hypoxia induced Pak1 and cofilin phosphorylation with p38MAPKβ being downstream to Pak1 and upstream to cofilin in mouse retina. Furthermore, Pak1 deficiency abolished hypoxia-induced p38MAPKβ and cofilin phosphorylation and abrogated retinal endothelial cell proliferation, tip cell formation and neovascularization. In addition, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated downregulation of p38MAPKβ or cofilin levels in the wild-type mouse retina also diminished endothelial cell proliferation, tip cell formation and neovascularization. Taken together, these observations suggest that, although the p38MAPKβ–Pak1–cofilin axis is required for HRMVEC migration, proliferation, sprouting and tubulogenesis, Pak1–p38MAPKβ–cofilin signaling is also essential for hypoxia-induced mouse retinal endothelial cell proliferation, tip cell formation and neovascularization.
The integrin–collagen connection – a glue for tissue repair?
Authors: Zeltz Cédric , Gullberg Donald
Published: February 2016

The α1β1, α2β1, α10β1 and α11β1 integrins constitute a subset of the integrin family with affinity for GFOGER-like sequences in collagens. Integrins α1β1 and α2β1 were originally identified on a subset of activated T-cells, and have since been found to be expressed on a number of cell types including platelets (α2β1), vascular cells (α1β1, α2β1), epithelial cells (α1β1, α2β1) and fibroblasts (α1β1, α2β1). Integrin α10β1 shows a distribution that is restricted to mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes, whereas integrin α11β1 appears restricted to mesenchymal stem cells and subsets of fibroblasts. The bulk of the current literature suggests that collagen-binding integrins only have a limited role in adult connective tissue homeostasis, partly due to a limited availability of cell-binding sites in the mature fibrillar collagen matrices. However, some recent data suggest that, instead, they are more crucial for dynamic connective tissue remodeling events – such as wound healing – where they might act specifically to remodel and restore the tissue architecture. This Commentary discusses the recent development in the field of collagen-binding integrins, their roles in physiological and pathological settings with special emphasis on wound healing, fibrosis and tumor–stroma interactions, and include a discussion of the most recently identified newcomers to this subfamily – integrins α10β1 and α11β1.
Lack of tRNA-i6A modification causes mitochondrial-like metabolic deficiency in S. pombe by limiting activity of cytosolic tRNATyr, not mito-tRNA
Authors: Lamichhane Tek N. , Arimbasseri Aneeshkumar G. , Rijal Keshab , Iben James R. , Wei Fan Yan , Tomizawa Kazuhito , Maraia Richard J.
Published: February 2016

tRNA-isopentenyl transferases (IPTases) are highly conserved enzymes that form isopentenyl-N6-A37 (i6A37) on subsets of tRNAs, enhancing their translation activity. Nuclear-encoded IPTases modify select cytosolic (cy-) and mitochondrial (mt-) tRNAs. Mutation in human IPTase, TRIT1, causes disease phenotypes characteristic of mitochondrial translation deficiency due to mt-tRNA dysfunction. Deletion of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe IPTase (tit1-Δ) causes slow growth in glycerol, as well as in rapamycin, an inhibitor of TOR kinase that maintains metabolic homeostasis. Schizosaccharomyces pombe IPTase modifies three different cy-tRNAsSer as well as cy-tRNATyr, cy-tRNATrp, and mt-tRNATrp. We show that lower ATP levels in tit1-Δ relative to tit1+ cells are also more decreased by an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we asked if the tit1-Δ phenotypes are due to hypomodification of cy-tRNA or mt-tRNA. A cytosol-specific IPTase that modifies cy-tRNA, but not mt-tRNA, fully rescues the tit1-Δ phenotypes. Moreover, overexpression of cy-tRNAs also rescues the phenotypes, and cy-tRNATyr alone substantially does so. Bioinformatics indicate that cy-tRNATyr is most limiting for codon demand in tit1-Δ cells and that the cytosolic mRNAs most loaded with Tyr codons encode carbon metabolilizing enzymes, many of which are known to localize to mitochondria. Thus, S. pombe i6A37 hypomodification-associated metabolic deficiency results from hypoactivity of cy-tRNA, mostly tRNATyr, and unlike human TRIT1-deficiency does not impair mitochondrial translation due to mt-tRNA hypomodification. We discuss species-specific aspects of i6A37. Specifically relevant to mitochondria, we show that its hypermodified version, ms2i6A37 (2-methylthiolated), which occurs on certain mammalian mt-tRNAs (but not cy-tRNAs), is not found in yeast.
Analysis of the Situation with Carriers of Ryazan’ Urban Public Transport and Selection Substantiation of the Investments Addressee for the Engineering Development According to Criterion of Managing Dynamic Optimization
Authors: Меркулов  , Merkulov Yu. , Смирнов  , Smirnov E. , Беев  , Beev A.
Published: February 2016

The article analyzes the state of the carriers of Ryazan’ urban public transport. The choice of the type of carrier and investments addressee for the development of engineering is justified. As s criteria for evaluation is proposed to use the economic indicator of the level of technology. An assessment of the received effect in physical terms is given, as well as indicators of dynamic optimization.
Features of Competitiveness Calculation of Services Drawing on the Example of "Aeroflot"
Authors: Моргунова  , Morgunova Yelyena
Published: February 2016

In the article there are results of research of modern problems, which are

devoted to an assessment and ways of increasing of competitiveness of

services of air carriers, for instance, - the leader of the branch - JSC «Aeroflot».

The author found out effective ways for competitiveness improvement aimed

to increase demand for this type of service in the conditions of modern Russian

economy. The complex and complete mechanism of understanding of problems

is created. These problems are closely connected with the analysis of

competitiveness which use allows the enterprise to reach effective results in

realization of goods/services. It also gives the enterprise an opportunity to

use effective methods in practice.
Care of dying adults in the last days of life: NICE clinical guideline
Authors: Brady Mike
Published: February 2016

Following the recent publication of guidance on end-of-life care by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Mike Brady considers their applicability for paramedic practice.
A critical appraisal of the assessment and management of psoriasis
Authors: Phillips Alyesha
Published: February 2016

Psoriasis affects a substantial number of the UK population. The chronic inflammatory skin disease that typically follows a relapsing and remitting course, resulting from the abnormal activation of T cells and associated increase in cytokines in affected tissues, can transpire at any age ( Gould and Dyer, 2011 ). Plaque psoriasis is by far the most common type of the disease making up 90% of all cases and can result in all of functional, psychological and social morbidity ( Basavaraj et al, 2011 ). Moreover, psoriasis has been linked with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. There are a considerable amount of treatment options available for psoriasis, resulting in variance in practice within primary care, particularly concerning when to refer, drug monitoring and psychological support ( Murphy and Reich, 2011 ). This is important to recognise within the paramedic profession as there is now an increased responsibility for paramedics to discharge patients within their own home and/or refer when necessary and safe to do so. Moreover, there is minimal knowledge on dermatology in the paramedic profession, further fortifying the importance of learning about the best treatment option for psoriasis. A stepwise approach to treatment is recommended, dependent on the severity of the disease ( National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2012 ).
Successful Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing and Culturally and/or Linguistically Diverse in Inclusive Settings
Authors: Ayantoye Catherine Adekemi , Luckner John L.
Published: February 2016

T he population of students who are deaf or hard of hearing is becoming more culturally and/or linguistically diverse. However, there is a paucity of practitioner literature and research available to professionals and families to guide decision making about daily practices with these students and their families. The study identified factors that contribute to the success of students who are deaf or hard of hearing and from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds who receive the majority of their education in inclusive settings. Students were recruited from two schools in two school districts in a western state. Students, educators, interpreters, and parents participated in individual in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Observations of the students were also done. Analysis of the data included coding the transcribed interviews and the field notes to identify common themes. Seven themes emerged and are reported. Recommendations for future research are provided.
The Effects of Using Collaborative Assessment With Students Going Abroad: Intercultural Competence Development, Self-Understanding, Self-Confidence, and Stages of Change
Authors: Schnabel Deborah B. L. , Kelava Augustin , van de Vijver Fons J. R.
Published: February 2016

For this study we examined collaborative assessment in counseling 820 German students who were going abroad and who were exposed to the Test to Measure Intercultural Competence (TMIC). A randomized pretest–posttest control group design was used. The control group did not get any test feedback. The remaining groups received written feedback or written plus oral collaborative test feedback. Repeated measures linear mixed effects modeling showed that collaborative test feedback positively influenced students’ self-appraisal of their intercultural competence (TMIC-SA); their values on three stages of change; as well as their self-understanding, self-confidence, and perceived benefit from test participation. It is concluded that collaborative assessment and feedback can enhance self-appraised intercultural competence, thereby showing its potential in intercultural training.
Drinking and Dating: Examining the Link Among Relationship Satisfaction, Hazardous Drinking, and Readiness-to-Change in College Dating Relationships
Authors: Khaddouma Alexander , Shorey Ryan C. , Brasfield Hope , Febres Jeniimarie , Zapor Heather , Elmquist Joanna , Stuart Gregory L.
Published: February 2016

For this study we examined the association between relationship satisfaction and readiness-to-change alcohol use, as well as the associations between hazardous drinking and readiness-to-change relationship issues in college dating relationships. A sample of 219 college students in a current dating relationship (aged 18–25) completed self-report measures of dating relationship satisfaction, alcohol use, readiness-to-change alcohol use, and readiness-to-change relationship issues via an online survey from August to December 2011. Participants were grouped on the basis of their scores on measures of alcohol use (hazardous drinkers vs. nonhazardous drinkers) and relationship satisfaction (high vs. low). Results indicated that alcohol use was negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, hazardous drinkers with high relationship satisfaction indicated more readiness-to-change alcohol use than hazardous drinkers with low relationship satisfaction. Alcohol problems were not related to readiness-to-change relationship issues. These findings indicate that highly satisfied dating relationships during college may positively influence readiness-to-change heavy drinking habits among college students.
Study Drugs and Academic Integrity: The Role of Beliefs About an Academic Honor Code in the Prediction of Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use for Academic Enhancement
Authors: Reisinger Kelsy B. , Rutledge Patricia C. , Conklin Sarah M.
Published: February 2016

The role of beliefs about academic integrity in college students’ decisions to use nonmedical prescription drugs (NMPDs) in academic settings was examined. In Spring 2012 the authors obtained survey data from 645 participants at a small, undergraduate, private liberal arts institution in the Northeastern United States. A broadcast e-mail message was sent to 1,982 students, and data were collected via an anonymous online survey. Of the participants, 19% reported using medication prescribed for ADHD for academic enhancement: Adderall® was the primary medication used. Academic use of NMPDs was higher among participants who had lower levels of belief that such use violated standards of an academic honor code. Furthermore, NMPD use was higher among students for whom the perception of peer use was higher. There is potential to reduce NMPD use on college campuses through implementation of honor codes and campus-wide campaigns related to academic integrity.
The Fiftieth Anniversary of Nostra Aetate
Authors: Baum Gregory
Published: February 2016

After the Holocaust, Christian scholars, challenged by Jules Isaac, became aware of the anti-Jewish bias of Christian preaching. They met at Seelisberg, Switzerland, in 1947, to offer a more faithful reading of the New Testament. More than a decade later, the Second Vatican Council produced the Declaration Nostra aetate, which redefined the Church’s relation to the Jews, recognized their religion as source of grace, and expressed its respect for all the world religions
Satire and Civil Governance in A General History of the Pyrates (1724, 1726)
Authors: Frohock Richard
Published: February 2016

In spite of its prominent role in producing lasting images of the pirate, scholars have rarely considered Captain Charles Johnson’s A General History of the Pyrates (1724) as a literary work in its own right. More often, scholars have extracted single chapters from the whole or have drawn on the work as a source of information about the historical practices of pirates, particularly in support the thesis that early pirates formed rogue commonwealths on egalitarian principles. This article raises questions about the use of the General History as a reliable historical source and shifts the terms of inquiry to focus instead on how the General History imaginatively constructs piracy in an examination of the problems of constituting and maintaining new forms of civil government. It argues that the figure of the pirate in the General History serves less to exemplify progressive brotherhood than to expose the vices and predatory desires that threaten all social organization, from the center to the periphery of empire.
A Reappraisal of the Quakers and the Development of Antislavery Thought
Authors: Beach Adam R.
Published: February 2016

A review of Brycchan Carey, From Peace to Freedom: Quaker Rhetoric and the Birth of American Antislavery, 1657–1761, which reexamines the development of Quaker antislavery discourse from 1657–1761 and argues for its centrality in the abolitionist movement of the later eighteenth-century.
“To One Thing Constant”: The Passion of Pope’s Eloisa
Authors: Wallace Tara Ghoshal
Published: February 2016

This essay considers the ways in which Pope re-works the materials in John Hughes’s Letters of Abelard and Heloise (1713) to construct a heroine who uses her passionate voice, often characterized as one articulating overwhelming emotional conflict, to strategic ends. Pope’s Eloisa, I argue, deploys (rather than succumbs to) passionate language in order to recuperate Abelard’s reputation, deliberately deflecting on to herself the sexual desire and transgressions that have damaged Abelard’s fame. Pope’s poem demonstrates the rhetorical tactics Eloisa animates in order to re-constitute Abelard as a noble figure, whose serene faith contrasts with the tumultuous passions of his lover.
Racism and Oral Health Outcomes among Pregnant Canadian Aboriginal Women
Authors: Lawrence Herenia P , Cidro Jaime , Isaac-Mann Sonia , Peressini Sabrina , Maar Marion , Schroth Robert J , Gordon Janet N , Hoffman-Goetz Laurie , Broughton John R , Jamieson Lisa
Published: February 2016

This study assessed links between racism and oral health outcomes among pregnant Canadian Aboriginal women. Baseline data were analyzed for 541 First Nations (94.6%) and Métis (5.4%) women in an early childhood caries preventive trial conducted in urban and on-reserve communities in Ontario and Manitoba. One-third of participants experienced racism in the past year determined by the Measure of Indigenous Racism Experience. In logistic regressions, outcomes significantly associated with incidents of racism included: wearing dentures, off-reserve dental care, asked to pay for dental services, perceived need for preventive care, flossing more than once daily, having fewer than 21 natural teeth, fear of going to dentist, never received orthodontic treatment and perceived impact of oral conditions on quality of life. In the context of dental care, racism experienced by Aboriginal women can be a barrier to accessing services. Programs and policies should address racism’s insidious effects on both mothers’ and children’s oral health outcomes.
Nganampa Health Council Dental Program: Remote Dentistry in the Australian Desert—Partnership or Perish
Authors: Wooley Simon
Published: February 2016

The Nganampa Health Council (literally “Our Health Council”) is an Aboriginal community-controlled Primary Health Care service established in 1983. It was born out of the political struggle for Aboriginal Land Rights in South Australia which culminated in The Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Land Rights Act, 1981, a milestone in Indigenous Land Rights both in Australia and internationally.
Oral Health Status of the Veddas—Sri Lankan Indigenous People
Authors: Jayashantha Pradeep , Johnson Newell W
Published: February 2016

Sri Lanka’s Veddas/Vanniya-laeto , are a small Indigenous group today with little information on their oral health status. This report is to provide an overview on oral health status of Veddas. Oral health status was recorded by the principal investigator after obtaining consent, using World Health Organization criteria, at an initial screening point before sending the person for any necessary treatment. Total participants were 194: 78% were males>35 years. Mean decayed, missing, filled teeth was 0.9 and 3% had pockets <3.5mm. Three had oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), while three were treated for oral cancer. While the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal conditions was low, oral cancer and OPMDs is a serious concern. The Veddas have a culturally specific health system based on herbal medicinal knowledge. Thus, it is challenging to introduce and implement a preventive and curative oral health care system that would be culturally acceptable to this community.
Income as a Protective Factor for Dental Caries among Indigenous People from Central Brazil
Authors: Arantes Rui , Frazão Paulo
Published: February 2016

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the association between eligibility for a conditional cash transfer program, based on household income, and dental caries in 12-year-old children from three Indigenous ethnic groups living in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Central Brazil. A population-based cross-sectional study was performed in three ethnic groups: Kaiwoá, Guarani, and Terena. The study population was drawn by stratified sampling according to each ethnic group with a probability proportional to the village size. The number of untreated decayed permanent teeth as a count variable was the outcome measure. Ethnic group and eligibility for the conditional cash transfer program showed significant association with untreated caries. Children from Guarani and Terena presented respectively two-fold and 2.8-fold higher caries rate (p<.001) compared with Kaiwoá in the adjusted model, while children from no eligible cash transfer program households had a 40% lower caries rate (p=.034).
Historical Consequences of Colonialism, Disempowerment, and Reactionary Government Decisions in Relation to Imprisonment Rates in Australia’s Northern Territory: A Potential Solution
Authors: Kapellas Kostas , Jamieson Lisa M
Published: February 2016

The Northern Territory (N.T.) of Australia has the highest imprisonment rate per capita in the country. The vast majority of prisoners (86%) are Indigenous Australian despite only 30% of the N.T. population identifying as Indigenous. This paper investigates factors influencing this over-representation. The most common reason for imprisonment concerns violence. Alcohol is consumed in high quantities, particularly in Central Australia and is thought to affect incarceration rates. Recent strategies to control alcohol abuse in the N.T. have been ineffective in comparison with other states of Australia. Notwithstanding that crimes committed are serious enough to warrant arrest, the cumulative effects of past and recent history have resulted in poor educational outcomes for Indigenous Australian children which influence employment opportunities. Solutions to reduce imprisonment must address the nexus between education, meaningful employment and community-led alcohol management strategies. Failure to adopt this approach may perpetuate ever-increasing imprisonment of Indigenous Australians.
Inequalities in Tooth Decay in Australian Children by Neighbourhood Characteristics and Indigenous Status
Authors: Lalloo Ratilal , Jamieson Lisa M , Ha Diep , Luzzi Liana
Published: February 2016

Objective . Tooth decay is related to poverty, measured at individual and neighbourhood levels. It is however uncertain if living in an advantaged neighbourhood reduces tooth decay similarly in Australian Indigenous and non-Indigenous children. Methods . This study describes tooth decay by neighbourhood characteristics and Indigenous status, and examines inequalities by Indigenous status. Results . In deciduous dentition the percentage of children with tooth decay and untreated decay decreased on average 26% and 20% respectively in the non-Indigenous sample from poor to affluent neighbourhoods. In Indigenous children tooth decay and untreated decay decreased on average 6% and 8%, respectively, from poor to affluent neighbourhoods. Conclusion . While all children from affluent areas had less tooth decay, the gap between non-Indigenous and Indigenous children remained significant across neighbourhood characteristics. This suggests that both universal and targeted prevention programs should be considered for all Indigenous children irrespective of where they live.
Neither Right nor Left: Interwar Internationalism between Justice and Order
Authors: Siegelberg Mira L.
Published: February 2016

This essay examines three recent monographs on the history of interwar humanitarianism and legal internationalism. Together, these three works consider how the shock of World War I accelerated prewar European trends in the fields of humanitarianism, international criminal law, and the institutionalization of international society. They indirectly point toward the surprising politics of interwar humanitarianism and legal internationalism, suggesting the exceptionality of the interwar era in the history of internationalism. The essay argues that more careful investigation of the particular motivations and ideologies of the internationalist actors and their projects would yield greater insight into the recasting of international order after the First World War and the legacies of the period for the moral history of the twentieth century.
“The Music of a well tun’d State”: “The Star Spangled Banner” and the Development of a Federalist Musical Tradition
Authors: Coleman William
Published: February 2016

The Star Spangled Banner is typically considered in relation to the immediate story of its composition – that during the War of 1812, while in full view of battle, Francis Scott Key found the inspiration to write a truly and enduringly patriotic anthem. However, it’s less well understood that Key’s moment of patriotic inspiration occurred within a particular political context and that its composition built on a long legacy of Federalist musical thought and action. This article connects Key and The Star Spangled Banner to an older Federalist conception of music in politics and in so doing contributes to an ‘elite turn’ in our understanding of early American political culture. Through a distinctively historical approach to the examination of music and politics it is found that Federalism may bear more responsibility for the rise of popular American political culture than commonly thought. Influenced by contemporaneous English debates, Federalists justified their own top-down approach to popular patriotic music by appealing to music’s capacity to moderate the temperament, to instill support in the nation’s leaders, and to soothe rather than inflame factional differences. The composition of The Star Spangled Banner, in effect, represented a culmination of Federalist efforts to use music as part of a political strategy to ensure their elite values were reflected in national culture.
Paris: Freud and Adler
Authors: Leibin Valery , Bluvshtein Marina
Published: February 2016

This article invites readers to the Paris of Sigmund Freud and the Paris of Alfred Adler. A Russian psychoanalyst (Leibin) and an American Individual Psychologist (Bluvshtein) join to share their observations of the city that once inspired the love letters of 29-year-old Dr. Freud to his fiancé Martha Bernays, and 50 years later comforted Raissa Adler, the widow of Dr. Adler, when she received news of his untimely death. The authors discuss Parisian life as reﬂected in Freud and Adler’s correspondence, the correspondence of those who knew them, and in remembrances of their colleagues and followers. Written as a set of two traveler’s journals, the article offers glimpses into French pages in the development of Freudian psychoanalysis and Freud’s personality; and it sheds light on French pages in the development of the theory and practice of Adler’s Individual Psychology and on some events in Adler’s life.
Friedrich Nietzsche and Alfred Adler
Authors: Stone Mark H.
Published: February 2016

This paper investigates the inﬂuence of Friedrich Nietzsche’s thinking on Alfred Adler. The complete story can only be abstracted in this paper, and requires a capsule history of the period known as the fin de siècle. This period sets the stage for showing how Adler’s key ideas align themselves to those of Nietzsche. The story must also mention Lou Andreas-Salomé and Henrik Ibsen who inﬂuenced the Vienna milieu of Adler and Freud. The fin de siècle saw a vibrant exchange of intellectual thought, only to be changed by World War I, economic loss, and the rise of Nazi domination. Nietzsche died before the rise of Hitler, but this did not prevent his philosophy from being wrongly appropriated to serve Nazi interests. This misappropriation has greatly hindered Nietzsche’s acceptance, as did his provocative style of expression. While his ideas have great value, their inﬂuence upon Adler has not been adequately addressed.
“An’ it Harm None, Do What Ye Will”: A Historical Analysis of the Wiccan Rede
Authors: White Ethan Doyle
Published: February 2016

In the 1950s, the English occultist Gerald Gardner (1884–1964) began propagating a magico-religious tradition now known as Gardnerian Witchcraft whose adherents today number in the hundreds of thousands. A common element of Wiccan belief is an ethical commandment known as the “Wiccan Rede,” usually articulated in the form “an' it harm none, do what ye will.” This article traces the history of the Rede, beginning with an examination of Gardner's own early ethical statements. It traces Gardner's relationship with Doreen Valiente, his collaborator who came to proclaim the Rede at a prominent Pagan gathering in October 1964, noting the influence of Crowley's law of thelema, before moving on to discuss the wider reception of the Rede within the Wiccan movement and why practitioners of many rival traditions chose to reject it.
The Terror of Translation: Ruins of the Translatio in The Castle Of Otranto and Vathek
Authors: Rumore Micheal Angelo
Published: February 2016

This essay examines pseudo-translation in Walpole’s Castle of Otranto and Beckford’s Vathek as both a literary trope and a reflection of cultural anxieties regarding translatability and nationalism.
Rebooting the Damsel: The Transformation of the Damsel Archetype in Spider-Man, Superman, and Batman Films from 1978-2014
Authors: Walderzak Joseph
Published: February 2016

This essay explores the roles of women in superhero film franchises rebooted in the 21st century, namely Spider-Man, Superman, and Batman, through the lens of Susan Douglas’s concept of enlightened sexism.
Oralidad y escritura en la red: testimonios de (orto)grafía regiolectal en un corpus de Twitter
Authors: Fernández de Molina Ortés Elena
Published: February 2016

El uso de las nuevas tecnologías y la presencia cada vez más común de las redes sociales en la actividad diaria de la población mundial ha producido una modificación de la interacción comunicativa del siglo XXI. Los usuarios, mediante la escritura, comparten sus estados de ánimo, sus experiencias y sus preocupaciones con los demás miembros de su red social; en este tipo de comunicación, como se ha podido comprobar desde la aparición de los servicios de mensajería instantánea así como en la escritura en foros virtuales o en blogs, se representan rasgos de oralidad en los que, creemos, deben incluirse las variedades regionales como testigos directos de estas tendencias. Por ello, en esta investigación se realizará un estudio de un corpus de mensajes de una red social concreta, Twitter, para comprobar si los rasgos lingüísticos de ciertas zonas geográficas de España aparecen en los mensajes de los usuarios de esta plataforma de comunicación virtual.
Black women through Alice Walker’s poetry (A characterization of the valuating subjects of her poems)
Authors: Hechavarría Urquiaga Yeni , Garriga Cruz Yadelys
Published: February 2016

No doubt, literary discourse— particularly poetry— is a beautiful thing, pleasant for eyes and ears. We shouldn´t doubt either that it is a powerful means used to convey social, cultural and political ideas. This work is focused on Alice Walker’s poetry. It is aimed to find aspects of the ideology of the African-American women as a group in the poetry of this author. As members of the Group of Semantic, Ideographic and Discourse Studies of the School of Foreign Languages of the University of Havana (FLEX), the authors of this paper decided to make use of the dimensional discourse analysis to carry out their research. Thus, the work has followed the theory on the meaning dimensions and the modal semantic macrocategories introduced by Leandro Caballero Díaz, later on redefined by Ana María Galbán Pozo. Ours was the first approach to poetic discourse in our group, centering our analyses on the implicit valuating utterances with ideological content.
Enunciados figurados en textos turísticos del ámbito institucional: análisis semántico-pragmático en folletos y anuncios de la campaña Región de Murcia no-typical
Authors: Sánchez Manzanares Carmen
Published: February 2016

El propósito de este artículo es el análisis de la funcionalidad en textos turísticos de enunciados de sentido figurado. Para ello hemos seleccionado un conjunto de textos emitidos por la Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia en el marco de una campaña para la promoción de la Región como destino turístico. La marca del destino en dicha campaña es Región de Murcia no-typical y en torno a ella se articulan una serie de textos en los que se tienen enunciados que cumplen con la finalidad propia de un eslogan publicitario. Nos centramos principalmente en la función comunicativa de metáfora y metonimia para la construcción del sentido figurado, por lo cual realizamos un análisis tanto semántico como pragmático de estos enunciados. Nuestra hipótesis de partida es que mediante estos procedimientos se proyecta una imagen del destino turístico que implica para su interpretación la activación de procesos cognitivos y de valores afectivos del destinatario. Con ello se guía la elección del producto que se promociona, pues la imagen así creada conecta los llamados atractivos turísticos del lugar con las expectativas personales del turista potencial, tanto en lo cognitivo como en lo afectivo.