bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by Field‐Alined Plasma Columns
Authors: Sato Tetsuya , Maeda Ken‐ichi
Published: November 2015

Radio wave scattering from field‐alined plasma columns is treated for application to the ionospheric irregularities with well‐defined structure. A scattering model is introduced in which a sufficient number of homogeneous (cylindrical) plasma columns of the same kind and shape are embedded along the magnetic field in an isotropic scattering medium. Scattering patterns of a cylindrical column of finite length are calculated for oblique incidence. It is shown that the polarization of scattered waves deviates appreciably from the incident one for sufficiently large obliquity, say larger than 30°.
Demodulation of Amplitude Modulated RF Waves in a Plasma at Resonance
Authors: Kawashima Nobuki
Published: November 2015

A laboratory simulation experiment was performed to study the mechanism of the detection of audio waves from nearby radio broadcasting stations by spacecraft‐borne audio detectors in the ionosphere, where the carrier frequencies of the detected radio stations seem to depend on the altitude of space probes within the ionosphere. Two electrodes were immersed in a low density plasma, and an RF wave amplitude modulated by an audio wave was fed to one of them while the other electrode was used to detect the audio wave. The detection of the audio wave is a result of the rectification and integration by the sheath around the electrode (antenna), which has a nonlinear voltage‐current characteristic. The dependence of the carrier frequency on the altitude is explained as a result of series resonance of an inductive plasma with the sheath capacitance. This is just the same as the ordinary resonance probe and the resonance frequency is slightly smaller than the plasma frequency. For a higher modulation frequency, the audio output has a phase lag caused by the integration by a high plasma and sheath impedance. The audio output has a strong dependence on the potential of the receiving electrode (antenna) with respect to the plasma, and it reverses the polarity at the potential where the second derivative with respect to the voltage of the voltage‐current characteristic of the receiving electrode in plasma, is equal to zero. For higher potentials, the amplitude of the audio output shows a large broad maximum, and more than an order of magnitude larger output can be obtained than with the ordinary resonance probe.
Electromagnetic Fields Within a Stratified Earth Produced by a Long Horizontal Line Source
Authors: Bannister Peter R.
Published: November 2015

Expressions for the electric and magnetic fields within the upper layer of a two‐layer conducting earth produced by a long horizontal line source located at the air‐earth interface have been derived for the quasi‐near range. Ionospheric effects have been neglected. It is assumed that the fields in the horizontal direction vary slowly in a distance of one skin depth in either layer. Under this assumption, the surface impedance concept permits the use of the transmission line analogy for the computation of the field‐component expressions. It is demonstrated that the conductivity of the sea bed may be determined by measuring only the horizontal magnetic field at the shallow sea‐sea bed interface produced by a long horizontal line source. Some numerical values for the field‐component expressions are also provided.
An Uncertainty‐Type Relation Between Aperture Size and Beam Width
Authors: Kurss Herbert
Published: November 2015

The product of aperture size and beam width for a continuous linear array of isotropic radiators is shown to be bounded below by a positive constant that depends upon the supergain ratio γ and the fraction of the radiated power contained in the main beam. The approach employed is patterned after the usual derivation of the uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics.
A Scattering Matrix Method for Solving Waveguide Array Impedance Problems
Authors: Dufort E. C.
Published: November 2015

A new method for solving rectangular waveguide array impedance problems is described in which the waveguide‐space junction is regarded as two junctions separated by a parallel plate region. The scattering matrices for each junction must first be determined by solving the scalar problems for the E and H modes. An equivalent circuit for the array consists of the interconnection of the ports of these two junctions using the parallel plate transmission line modes. The reflection coefficient for all scan angles can be found explicitly for arbitrary lengths of the plates. The method is particularly suitable for arrays where the parallel plate region is substantial in length, and where no other method of solution is available, but in any case valuable physical insight into the array impedance problem is gained by this formulation. Several types of arrays that can be analyzed using this method are described. An array of maximally spaced thin walled waveguides in a triangular lattice and with H plane baffles is analyzed numerically and shown to possess a fundamental surface wave effect mismatch. The same type of array with the elements more closely spaced is matched by a suitable choice of the baffle length to a VSWR of 1.58 or better within the scan range of 45° from broadside.
A Laboratory Model for Studying Transhorizon Radio Wave Propagation Phenomena
Authors: Post R. E. , Guidry M. R. , Rost D. F.
Published: November 2015

A laboratory model suitable for use in the investigation of transhorizon radio wave propagation phenomena to described. The model allows a scale factor of 1.16 × 10+6 to relate observations on the model to observations on a dielectric sphere the size of the earth. Measurements to show that the fields over the model agree with the classical “airless earth” solution are presented.
The Double‐Peak Distribution of the Amplitude of the Radio Wave Returned from the Sporadic E Layer
Authors: Khastgir S. R. , Ganguly S. , Samanta S.
Published: November 2015

An attempt has been made to account for the observed double‐peak amplitude distribution for the vertically directed radio pulses returned from the sporadic E region in terms of the double layer that is occasionally formed in that region.
Characteristics of Auroral Brightness Fluctuations
Authors: Shepherd G. G. , Pemberton E. V.
Published: November 2015

Auroral brightness fluctuations have been studied visually and photoelectrically for some time. In 1961, Campbell and Rees reviewed the information then available and drew attention to the distinct characteristics of the phenomenon. In this paper the work since that time is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the power spectral densities of the fluctuation records. The existence of distinct peaks in these spectra is noteworthy.

New data are presented that show the importance of the coherency spectrum and the large spatial extent of the fluctuations. No systematic motions of the fluctuating region are found.

Evidence that the fluctuation peaks result from an increased energy per particle, rather than an increased particle flux, is reviewed and discussed.

Possible types of mechanisms are summarized briefly.
Ionospheric F2 Behavior at Coniugate Places in Low Latitudes
Authors: Matsushita S.
Published: November 2015

After a brief review of the current knowledge of ionospheric F2 conjugate behavior in low latitudes, temporal variations of foF2 at several low‐latitude conjugate pairs are examined for the period from IGY through IQSY. Although the monthly median values of foF2 at conjugate stations showed poor correlations, deviations from the median values, ΔfoF2, on individual days exhibited positive conjugate correlations in all seasons for both geomagnetically quiet and disturbed periods. Furthermore, a negatively correlated temporal variation of ΔfoF2 was discovered between the equatorial zone (L < 1.09) and the low‐latitude zone (1.1 < L < 1.3). All of these results indicate a strong diffusion effect along field lines.
Correlation of Auroral Radio Absorption Between Conjugate Points
Authors: Hargreaves J. K. , Ecklund W. L.
Published: November 2015

Observations with riometers at four pairs of conjugate, or nearly conjugate, stations have been studied to determine how closely auroral radio absorption is correlated at magnetically conjugate points. The available evidence suggests that, if the loss of correlation due to imperfect siting of the stations and to the movement of conjugate points is taken into account, the conjugate correlation remains suprisingly good to high latitudes and perhaps throughout the auroral region. It is suggested that conjugate points move seasonally and irregularly by 100 to 200 km at the earth's surface.
Diffusion Processes Influenced by Conjugate‐Point Wave Phenomena
Authors: Cornwall John M.
Published: November 2015

Radial diffusion coefficients for low‐energy protons in the magnetosphere are estimated for processes involving Pc 1, 2, and 3 hydromagnetic waves. These diffusion coefficients are compared to rough estimates of diffusion due to magnetic impulses and bays, to arrive at an overall diffusion rate. An effective loss rate for ptich‐angle diffusion (caused by Pc 1) is developed, and combined with radial diffusion to yield a nonlinear differential equation. Some estimates of expected proton flux levels are made on the basis of this equation.
A General Analytic Solution for Reflection From a Sharply Bounded Anisotropic Ionosphere
Authors: Sheddy C. H.
Published: November 2015

A closed, general solution for the reflection coefficient matrix of a sharply bounded, anisotropic, homogeneous ionosphere is presented. A coordinate system used by Budden is introduced that leads to simplified boundary condition equations. In this system the solution for the general case reduces to one similar to that obtained by Crombie for the special case of propagation from east to west, or west to east. A solution to the quartic equation is given which simplifies the computation.
On Waves Circulating Around a Rigid Cylindrical Obstacle in a Compressible Plasma
Authors: Labianca Frank M.
Published: November 2015

This paper is concerned with the excitation of electromagnetic (optical) and pressure (acoustical) creeping waves on an infinite perfectly conducting circular cylinder immersed in a compressible plasma. The problem is virtually the same as that treated by Wait (1965). However, the formulation is different from Wait's and lends itself more readily to a ray‐optical interpretation (via asymptotic analysis), thereby emphasizing the coupling mechanism between the optical and acoustic fields.
Application of a New Method for Approximate Solutions and Error Estimates to Waveguide Discontinuity and Phased Array Problems
Authors: Amitay N. , Galindo V.
Published: November 2015

Many electromagnetic boundary value problems can be put in the form y=Kx, where K is a scattering operator, y is a vector or function proportional to the incident field, and x represents the scattered field. A useful and common solution to these problems is obtained by approximating K by an Nth order degenerate operator so that y = KNxN.

A number of authors formulated upper bounds to the error ∥x − xN∥ that are essentially equivalent, but which we found to be unnecessarily restrictive. A reformulation of the problem leads to a solution in terms of a Neumann series involving the difference operator K − KN with the range of KN properly extended to the range of K. This approach is found to yield, with much less restrictive conditions, close error estimates as opposed to bounds. In fact, for some otherwise intractable scattering problems, this formulation converges so rapidly for N = 1 that an essentially closed form approximate solution may be written. Other salient features are also discussed together with examples and new physical results for a diverse class of boundary value problems including analysis of coaxial TE11 discontinuities and dielectric covered phased arrays.
Scattering By an Arbitrarily Shaped Conductor in Uniform Motion Relative to the Source of an Incident Spherical Wave
Authors: Ott R. H. , Hufford George
Published: November 2015

We propose a method for analyzing the scattering of spherical waves by an arbitrarily shaped, perfectly conducting scatterer in relative motion with respect to the source and observation points. To treat this problem more rigorously, we use relativistic notation.

Since the scatterer is arbitrarily shaped (the surface is assumed convex and closed), physical‐optics currents are assumed. These currents are found by transforming the incident field to the moving frame of the scatterer using the Lorentz transformation. The scattered field is derived in the scatterer's frame using the method of stationary phase. The scattered field is then transformed to the frame containing the source of the incident field.

A method for finding the geometrical optics scattered field is derived. By‐products of the approach yield: (1) the angular frequency of the incident wave in the scatterer's frame, (2) a technique for finding the stationary phase points, and (3) a formula for calculating the frequency of the scattered field in the observer's frame.
Quasi‐Monochromatic Scattering and Some Possible Radar Applications
Authors: Poirier J. L.
Published: November 2015

The power spectrum of the reflection of quasi‐monochromatic radiation from an array of discontinuities in a long transmission line is analyzed using the theory of partial coherence. Under certain conditions this spectrum is modulated and analysis of the modulation can yield information on the range and magnitude of a distant reflector. Because of this, the use of power spectrum analysis as a radar technique is proposed and expressions for range resolution and useful range are obtained. The results of some preliminary experimental measurements are also presented.
Electromagnetic Diffraction by a Moving Wedge
Authors: Tsandoulas G. N.
Published: November 2015

This study is the examination of the diffracted field produced by an H‐type plane wave striking a moving conducting wedge. This is the first attempt to examine diffraction by a moving body possessing an edge. The procedure consists of applying the Lorentz transformation to the stationary wedge problem, solving for the diffracted cylindrical field in a Sommerfeld integral formulation, and transforming the solution to the frame of the incident wave. It is shown that there is a shift in the apparent direction of incidence. Graphical results showing the modification of the far‐field amplitude for the case of a half‐plane are also presented.
The Finite Tubular Antenna in a Warm Plasma
Authors: David Wunsch A.
Published: November 2015

A cylindrical dipole antenna, immersed in a warm homogeneous and isotropic plasma and driven at the center by a delta‐function voltage generator, is treated as a boundary value problem. The current on the antenna is determined and found to consist of two parts: a slowly varying component that varies like the current on an antenna in a cold medium, and an oscillating component. The spatial periodicity of the oscillatory component is of the same order as that of the surface waves launched on an infinite tube containing and surrounded by warm plasma. If the antenna is driven well above the plasma frequency, the oscillatory portion of the current is negligible, while if it is driven at slightly above the plasma frequency, the oscillatory portion of current is dominant.

It is found that a radiation resistance calculation made by using a current distribution valid only for an antenna in a cold environment can be incorrect when applied to an antenna in a warm plasma.
Comparison of Methods for Calculating LF and VLF Reflection Coefficients
Authors: Gambill Burt
Published: November 2015

This paper compares methods for computing reflection coefficients for LF and VLF radio waves that are obliquely incident on a horizontally stratified medium. A recursive technique requiring a digital computer is used for reference calculations. This method is compared with two approximate methods that are suitable for use with hand or graphical calculations. Ionospheric profiles that result in reflection from very diffuse and depressed regions are considered. It is shown that for a great variety of disturbed conditions, the approximate techniques are adequate for predicting reflection coefficient magnitude.
Fault detection and isolation for uncertain closed‐loop systems based on adaptive and switching approaches
Authors: Li Xiao‐Jian , Yang Guang‐Hong
Published: November 2015

This paper deals with the fault detection and isolation (FDI) problem for uncertain closed‐loop systems with external disturbances and nonlinear perturbations. To address the system uncertainties and the nonlinear perturbations in different faulty models, adaptive and switching techniques are introduced to construct a bank of FDI observers, such that one of them can match the current system, and the corresponding observer estimate errors can converge asymptotically to zero. An effective FDI scheme is then presented by introducing some model‐matching indexes. Moreover, the introduced switching laws liberate the equality constraints often used in the existing FDI approaches, which are hard to satisfy if the system matrices include uncertainties. Finally, a simulation example of F/A‐18A automatic carrier landing system is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equivalence of binormal likelihood‐ratio and bi‐chi‐squared ROC curve models
Authors: Hillis Stephen L.
Published: November 2015

A basic assumption for a meaningful diagnostic decision variable is that there is a monotone relationship between it and its likelihood ratio. This relationship, however, generally does not hold for a decision variable that results in a binormal receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. As a result, ROC curve estimation based on the assumption of a binormal ROC‐curve model produces improper ROC curves, which have ‘hooks’, are not concave over the entire domain and cross the chance line. Although in practice this ‘improperness’ is usually not noticeable, sometimes it is evident and problematic. To avoid this problem, Metz and Pan proposed basing ROC‐curve estimation on the assumption of a binormal likelihood‐ratio (binormal‐LR) model, which states that the decision variable is an increasing transformation of the likelihood‐ratio function of a random variable having normal conditional diseased and nondiseased distributions. However, their development is not easy to follow. I show that the binormal‐LR model is equivalent to a bi‐chi‐squared model in the sense that the families of corresponding ROC curves are the same. The bi‐chi‐squared formulation provides an easier‐to‐follow development of the binormal‐LR ROC curve and its properties in terms of well‐known distributions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When to automate software testing? A decision‐support approach based on process simulation
Authors: Garousi Vahid , Pfahl Dietmar
Published: November 2015

Software test processes are complex and costly. To reduce testing effort without compromising effectiveness and product quality, automation of test activities has been adopted as a popular approach in software industry. However, because test automation usually requires substantial upfront investments, automation is not always more cost‐effective than manual testing. To support decision‐makers in finding the optimal degree of test automation in a given project, we recently proposed a process simulation model using the System Dynamics modeling technique and used the simulation model in the context of a case study with a software company in Calgary, Canada. With the help of the simulation model, we were able to evaluate the performance of test processes with varying degrees of automation of test activities and help testers choose the most optimal cases. The goal of the earlier study was to investigate how the simulation model can help decision‐makers decide whether and to what degree the company should automate their test processes. In this article, we present further details of the System Dynamics model, its usage scenarios and examples of simulation experiments independent from a specific company context. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of Top Gas Recycle Blast Furnace Emissions with Implications of Downstream Energy
Authors: Kumar Sahu Rajeev , Halder Chandan , Sen Prodip Kumar
Published: November 2015

A number of studies have recently been reported on the potential of the top gas recycle blast furnace to reduce carbon emission. Different modeling approaches have been suggested for predictive modeling of the furnace behavior. The present paper is an extension of the stoichiometric modeling approach adopted by the authors wherein process optimization has been attempted in the context of integration of the top gas recycle blast furnace within an integrated steel plant. The considerations of downstream energy available from this process become important for retrofitting the furnace in an existing steel plant. The optimization approach includes use of non‐linear Artificial Neural Network as well as linear regression applied to the outputs of the furnace model for a set of input variables. Both the approaches successfully predicted the outputs of the furnace model. Optimization of the output from non‐linear and linear regression for different values of downstream energy is performed, leading to optimal values of CO2 emission, carbon rates, and productivity for different downstream energy values. The results may be utilized for choice of appropriate input parameters to attain a specified downstream energy value.
Using Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology to Generate CRX-Reporter Human Embryonic Stem Cells as a Tool to Identify and Study the Emergence of Photoreceptors Precursors During Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation
Authors: Collin Joseph , Mellough Carla B , Dorgau Birthe , Przyborski Stefan , Moreno-Gimeno Inmaculada , Lako Majlinda
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this study was to generate human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines harboring the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter at the endogenous loci of the Cone-Rod Homeobox (CRX) gene, a key transcription factor in retinal development. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) designed to cleave in the 3′ UTR of CRX were transfected into hESCs along with a donor construct containing homology to the target region, eGFP reporter, and a puromycin selection cassette. Following selection, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing analysis of antibiotic resistant clones indicated targeted integration of the reporter cassette at the 3′ of the CRX gene, generating a CRX-GFP fusion. Further analysis of a clone exhibiting homozygote integration of the GFP reporter was conducted suggesting genomic stability was preserved and no other copies of the targeting cassette were inserted elsewhere within the genome. This clone was selected for differentiation towards the retinal lineage. Immunocytochemistry of sections obtained from embryoid bodies and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR of GFP positive and negative subpopulations purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting during the differentiation indicated a significant correlation between GFP and endogenous CRX expression. Furthermore, GFP expression was found in photoreceptor precursors emerging during hESC differentiation, but not in the retinal pigmented epithelium, retinal ganglion cells, or neurons of the developing inner nuclear layer. Together our data demonstrate the successful application of ZFN technology to generate CRX-GFP labeled hESC lines, which can be used to study and isolate photoreceptor precursors during hESC differentiation.
Unified analysis of transmit, receive and hybrid diversity techniques over generalized‐K channels
Authors: Yılmaz Ahmet , Kucur Oğuz
Published: November 2015

In this work, unified performance analysis of various transmit, receive and hybrid diversity techniques are studied over generalised‐K composite fading channels. Of transmit diversity techniques, orthogonal space‐time block coding, maximal‐ratio transmission and transmit antenna selection techniques are investigated. On the other hand, maximal‐ratio combining and selection combining are examined as receive antenna diversity techniques. In this paper, 10 different multi‐antenna techniques have been analyzed. Exact outage probability, symbol error probability, moment generating function, moments and ergodic capacity expressions are derived in closed‐form. Asymptotic expressions are also derived in order to provide deeper insight by obtaining array and diversity gains of the studied multi‐antenna scenarios. Simulations verify theoretical results. We show that the diversity orders of the investigated scenarios are the minimum of the diversity orders of the system for only small‐scale fading channel case and the shadowing parameter, and limited by the shadowing effect especially in heavy shadowing case. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lanthanum (Oxo)nitridosilicates: From Ordered to Disordered Crystal Structures
Authors: Durach Dajana , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: November 2015

The homeotypic compounds La16.32Ba1.82Sr7.86[Si60N92.32O3.68]O12 and La13.68Sr12.32[Si60N96]F6.32O5.68 were synthesized at high temperature (1600/1500 °C) in a radio‐frequency furnace. The crystal structures [I$\bar{4}$m (no. 217), Z = 1, a = 13.3360(10)/13.3258(10) Å and V = 2371.8(5)/2366.4(5) Å3] were solved and refined on basis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data and were corroborated by lattice‐energy calculations (Madelung part of lattice energy, MAPLE) powder X‐ray diffraction data and FTIR spectroscopy. They consist of a three‐dimensional network of allside corner sharing SiN4–xOx tetrahedra. The framework is characterized by double dreier rings. La16.32Ba1.82Sr7.86[Si60N92.32O3.68]O12 represents an oxonitridosilicate oxide and La13.68Sr12.32[Si60N96]F6.32O5.68 a nitridosilicate fluoride oxide, as the crystal structures contain non‐condensed (O[0]/O,F[0]) anions. The first compound is isotypic to Sr3Ln10Si18Al12O18N36 (Ln = Ce, Pr, Nd; Z = 2), whereas the latter describes a disordered model of the crystal structure, which is homeotypic to the mentioned SiAlONs.
Kopfumfang bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland
Authors: Schienkiewitz Anja , Schaffrath-Rosario Angelika , Neuhauser Hannelore K.
Published: November 2015

Der Kopfumfang zählt zu den wichtigsten anthropometrischen Messgrößen, die im Kindes- und Jugendalter untersucht werden, um frühzeitig Hinweise auf eine abweichende Entwicklung des Gehirns zu geben. Vom Robert Koch-Institut wurde von 2003 bis 2006 die „Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland (KiGGS)“ durchgeführt. Der Kopfumfang wurde bei über 17.000 Kindern und Jugendlichen standardisiert gemessen und geschlechtsspezifische Perzentilkurven, die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt werden, mit statistischen Analyseverfahren modelliert. Über den gesamten Altersbereich zeigt sich, dass Jungen einen größeren Kopfumfang haben als Mädchen. Das Kopfwachstum ist im ersten Lebensjahr am stärksten und nimmt dann deutlich ab. Erst vor der Pubertät nimmt das jährliche Wachstum wieder zu. Im Alter von 16 Jahren ist das Kopfwachstum bei Mädchen beendet, während es bei Jungen noch bis zum Ende des beobachteten Altersbereichs (18. Lebensjahr) zunimmt. Der mediane Kopfumfang beträgt zu diesem Zeitpunkt bei Mädchen 55 cm und bei Jungen 57 cm. Mit der KiGGS-Studie stehen valide Daten zur Bewertung des Kopfumfangs von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland zur Verfügung. Neben den tabellierten Perzentilen kann auch jedes weitere relevante Perzentil für den gesamten Bereich des Kindes- und Jugendalters berechnet werden.
Auswirkungen des demographischen Wandels auf die regionale Bevölkerungsdynamik in Deutschland
Authors: Swiaczny Swiaczny
Published: November 2015

Regional consequences of demographic change in Germany, the future ageing and the shrinking of the population, strongly depend on the development of internal migration. Based on current trends, it cannot be predicted how this will change under conditions of aging and population shrinking. Though they only reach until the 2030s, recent model calculations indicate that competition between places of residence will increase and that regional disparities of population development will further intensify in the future. Based on forward projections of previous trends, these model calculations tend to present the long-term population development in suburban and rural regions—which have in parts strongly benefited from internal migration—rather too positively.

The model calculation presented in this study is based on the assumption, that for differentiating population growth by internal migration, there have been other patterns in the past than this will be the case for the future, in which the population will decline in total. Based on a concentration of an expected long-term decline of the population in less attractive, structurally weak regions the model calculation shows, that beyond 2030 even such rural and suburban regions will experience a substantial population decline which still have, according to current trends, comparatively positive perspectives.
An overlap of Brugada syndrome and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia
Authors: Kataoka Shohei , Serizawa Naoki , Kitamura Kazutaka , Suzuki Atsushi , Suzuki Tsuyoshi , Shiga Tsuyoshi , Shoda Morio , Hagiwara Nobuhisa
Published: November 2015

Overlapping characteristics of Brugada syndrome (BrS) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) have been reported in recent studies, but little is known about the overlapping disease state of BrS and ARVC/D. A 36‐year‐old man, hospitalized at our institution for syncope, presented with this overlapping disease state. The electrocardiogram showed spontaneous coved‐type ST‐segment elevation, and ventricular fibrillation was induced by right ventricular outflow tract stimulation in an electrophysiological study. BrS was subsequently diagnosed; additionally, the presence of epsilon‐like waves and right ventricular structural abnormalities met with the 2010 revised task force criteria for ARVC/D. After careful investigation for both BrS and ARVC/D, an implantable cardioverter defibrillator was inserted in the patient. This case revealed 2 important clinical findings: (1) BrS and ARVC/D clinical features can coexist in a single patient, and EPS might be useful for determining the phenotype of overlapping disease (e.g., BrS‐like or ARVC/D‐like). (2) An overlapping disease state of BrS and ARVC/D can change phenotypically during its clinical course. Therefore, careful examination and attentive follow‐up are required for patients with BrS or ARVC/D.
Medical Evaluation for Exposure Extremes: Cold
Authors: Fudge Jessie R. , Bennett Brad L. , Simanis Juris P. , Roberts William O.
Published: November 2015

Risk of injury in cold environments is related to a combination of athlete preparedness, preexisting medical conditions, and the body’s physiologic response to environmental factors, including ambient temperature, windchill, and wetness. The goal of this section is to decrease the risk of hypothermia, frostbite, and nonfreezing cold injuries as well as to prevent worsening of preexisting conditions in cold environments using a preparticipation screening history, examination, and counseling. Cold weather exercise can be done safely with education, proper preparation, and appropriate response to changing weather conditions.
Treatment for Positive Urine Cultures in Hospitalized Adults: A Survey of Prevalence and Risk Factors in 3 Medical Centers
Authors: Grein Jonathan D. , Kahn Katherine L. , Eells Samantha J. , Choi Seong K. , Go-Wheeler Marianne , Hossain Tanzib , Riva Maya Y. , Nguyen Megan H. , Rekha Murthy A. , Miller Loren G.
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Antibiotic treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is prevalent but often contrary to published guidelines.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate risk factors for treatment of ASB.

DESIGN

Retrospective observational study.

SETTING

A tertiary academic hospital, county hospital, and community hospital.

PATIENTS

Hospitalized adults with bacteriuria.

METHODS

Patients without documented symptoms of urinary tract infection per Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) criteria were classified as ASB. We examined ASB treatment risk factors as well as broad-spectrum antibiotic usage and quantified diagnostic concordance between IDSA and National Healthcare Safety Network criteria.

RESULTS

Among 300 patients with bacteriuria, ASB was present in 71% by IDSA criteria. By National Healthcare Safety Network criteria, 71% of patients had ASB; within-patient diagnostic concordance with IDSA was moderate (kappa, 0.52). After excluding those given antibiotics for nonurinary indications, antibiotics were given to 38% (62/164) with ASB. Factors significantly associated with ASB treatment were elevated urine white cell count (65 vs 24 white blood cells per high-powered field, P<.01), hospital identity (hospital C vs A, odds ratio, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.14–0.80], P =.01), presence of leukocyte esterase (5.48 [2.35–12.79], P<.01), presence of nitrites (2.45 [1.11–5.41], P=.03), and Escherichia coli on culture (2.4 [1.2–4.7], P=.01). Of patients treated for ASB, broad-spectrum antibiotics were used in 84%.

CONCLUSIONS

ASB treatment was prevalent across settings and contributed to broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Associating abnormal urinalysis results with the need for antibiotic treatment regardless of symptoms may drive unnecessary antibiotic use.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(3):319–326
Streaming-potential phenomena in the thin-Debye-layer limit. Part 3. Shear-induced electroviscous repulsion
Authors: Schnitzer Ory , Yariv Ehud
Published: November 2015

We employ the moderate-Péclet-number macroscale model developed in part 2 of this sequence (Schnitzer et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 704, 2012, pp. 109–136) towards the calculation of electroviscous forces on charged solid particles engendered by an imposed relative motion between these particles and the electrolyte solution in which they are suspended. In particular, we are interested in the kinematic irreversibility of these forces, stemming from the diffusio-osmotic slip which accompanies the salt-concentration polarisation induced by that imposed motion. We illustrate the electroviscous irreversibility using two prototypic problems, one involving side-by-side sedimentation of two spherical particles, and the other involving a force-free spherical particle suspended in the vicinity of a planar wall and exposed to a simple shear flow. We focus on the pertinent limit of near-contact configurations, where use of lubrication approximations provides closed-form expressions for the leading-order lateral repulsion. In this approximation scheme, the need to solve the advection–diffusion equation governing the salt-concentration polarisation is circumvented.
St Kildas: stone tools, dolerite quarries and long-term survival
Authors: Fleming Andrew
Published: November 2015

St Kilda, the little group of islands far offshore from northwest Scotland, was known for its seabird subsistence in the period before its evacuation in 1930. Recent discoveries suggest that the importance of agriculture in the prehistoric period (before the 16th century AD) may have been underestimated.
Survival and detection of blood residues on stone tools
Authors: Eisele J. A. , Fowler D. D. , Haynes G. , Lewis R. A.
Published: November 2015

A new field is opening up in biological archaeology, as it is found that ancient DNA and other bio-molecules may–under the right conditions–survive over the long term. Is the same true of blood residues on stone tools?
Bronze-casting and organization of production at Kalnik-Igrišče (Croatia)
Authors: Vrdoljak Snježana , Forenbaher Stašo
Published: November 2015

Recent excavations at the Late Bronze Age settlement site of Kalnik-Igrišče, northwestern Croatia, have brought to light evidence of small-scale bronze-casting. From that evidence, and the pattern of similar evidence from other sites in the southwestern part of the Middle Danubian Basin, conclusions can be drawn about circulation of metal and its control by an élite.
Sites from the Thames estuary wetlands, England, and their Bronze Age use
Authors: Meddens F. M.
Published: November 2015

This paper presents the recent discovery of extensive and intensive middle Bronze Age exploitation of the marshland along the northeastern bank of the River Thames and its tributaries within a wider regional context. It also develops a site location model, and explores reasons for the presence of these sites.
The late Quaternary landscape at Sehonghong in the Lesotho highlands, southern Africa
Authors: Mitchell Peter J.
Published: November 2015

In the rough and rugged country of the Lesotho highlands, rock-paintings and archaeological deposits in the rock-shelters record hunter-gatherer life-ways; at Sehonghong, a long sequence runs from recent times to and through the Last Glacial Maximum. Survey of the region's Middle and Later Stone Age sites shows a pattern of concentrations that likely applies to other parts of the Lesotho highlands.
Funeral practices and animal sacrifices in Mongolia at the Uigur period: archaeological and ethno-historical study of akurganin the Egyin Gol valley (Baikal region)
Authors: Crubézy E. , Martin H. , Giscard P.-H. , Batsaikhan Z. , Erdenebaatar S. , Verdier J. P. , Maureille B.
Published: November 2015

The nomadic peoples of central Eurasia are famous for their elaborate burial customs — both as those are known ethnohistorically and evident in the frozen tombs of Pazyryk. The Mongolian chambered grave reported here is of the 9th century AD. To that era the ethnohistorical record may have relevance in inferring its ceremony, alongside a considered knowledge in experimental spirit of just what must have taken place at the grave in order to create the certain pattern seen on excavation.
More dating evidence for human remains in British caves
Authors: Chamberlain Andrew T.
Published: November 2015

ANTIQUITY's recent report on direct radiocarbon dates for human bone from Welsh caves had them concentrated in two distinct Postglacial periods. The larger pattern for Britain as a whole is also striking.
Dorothy Garrod in words and pictures
Authors: Smith Pamela Jane , Callander Jane , Bahn Paul G. , Pinçlon Genevi
Published: November 2015

Since her death almost 30 years ago, researchers interested in the life and work of one of the greatest prehistorians of her generation have searched, largely in vain, for material additional to Dorothy Garrod's published work. It seems they need search no longer.
Pleistocene seed-grinding implements from the Australian arid zone
Authors: Fullagar Richard , Field Judith
Published: November 2015

Grinding-stones as a technology are seen as a key element in the artefactual transformations of the latest Pleistocene – both for themselves and the foods which were ground on them. In Australia, as in other regions, their age and status is also material to what (if any) kind of a broad-spectrum revolution in foraging accompanied them.
The discovery of Abbot Talaricus' (817–3 October 823) tomb at San Vincenzo al Volturno
Authors: Hodges Richard , Mitchell John , Watson Lucy
Published: November 2015

An abbot's tomb is a major find at San Vincenzo al Volturno, advancing our knowledge of a great Italian abbey-church of the 9th century described in ANTIQUITY 70 (1996).
New dates for the north China Mesolithic
Authors: Elston Robert G. , Cheng Xu , Madsen David B. , Kan Zhong , Bettinger Robert L. , Jingzen Li , Brantingham Paul J. , Huiming Wang , Jun Yu
Published: November 2015

The Mesolithic — as the ‘time in between’ — raises issues of definition, the more so as chronology is refined and the abruptness of environmental change at the end of the glaciation becomes clearer. This clarification of an unusual regional sequence is an instance.
Electronic archaeology
Authors: Champion Sara , Chippindale Christopher
Published: November 2015

For centuries, the right place to look, when in search of the best archaeological knowledge, has been in some kind of printed book. There will once have been a manuscript, and if the book never materialized, a manuscript may substitute, but what usually matters is the better truth that has the authority of print.

In a now-standard joke, a wizard of a yet-newer information display system is described: hugely flexible in size and in format and in what it can present, made of cheap and common materials, wholly recyclable, and — best of all — requiring no screen or display device of any kind whatsoever. At some point you realize the miracle being described is a book. But the book is for many purposes deservedly obsolescent, and archaeological research is in truth already in the age beyond the printed book. Specialist illustrated publications have high fixed costs in the print, and low circulations mean there are too few copies to spread the costs over. When the first new technology of cheap reprographics came in a generation ago, the ‘grey literature’ of field reports began to grow, soon reaching a point at which no library and no individual could be relied on to possess the ‘collected literature’ on any topic of large range. Now an increasing amount of archaeological knowledge is only or better made accessible electronically.
Managing ‘AegeaNet’
Authors: Younger John G.
Published: November 2015

I became acquainted with email discussion lists when I subscribed to my first one, ‘ANE’ (ancient Near East), in September 1993; the discussions were so lively and informative that my colleague Paul Rehak and I thought there should be an Aegean counterpart for the Minoan-Mycenaean world. ‘AegeaNet’ was thus born on 1 December 1993, ‘a discussion and news group on the pre-classical Aegean world from Palaeolithic to Homer and beyond’. Three and a half years later, it is still growing with over 780 subscribers, archives (as of November 1995), and plans for more sophisticated services like digest and moderated versions.
Electronic Egypt: the shape of archaeological knowledge on the Net
Authors: Meskell Lynn
Published: November 2015

Unlike many regional archaeologies the study of Egypt has always had widespread appeal, from archaeologists to Afrocentrists, orientalists to occultists. According to one web-site, ‘Egypt dominates the history of the world.’ This ever-popular fascination has spilled over into the electronic media since the inception of the Internet. Thus, Egypt proves to be a telling casestudyin net politics and potentialities. Simply typing the word ‘Egypt’ into a Web searcher elicits over 1 million sites, and the content of that material runs the gamut from scholarly resources closely matching those known in print to fringe sites and sci-fi web pages. This makes electronic Egypt an intellectual and ethical minefield for the uninitiated, especially as there proves often little to differentiate between this panoply of sites in terms of presentation and professionality. It palpably illustrates the homogenization of knowledge on the net and prompts us to consider the construction of archaeology and archaeological knowledges.
25-hydroxyvitamin D circulates in different fractions of calf plasma if the parent compound is vitamin D2or vitamin D3, respectively
Authors: Hymøller Lone , Jensen Søren K
Published: November 2015

Vitamin D has become one of the most discussed nutrients in human nutrition, which has led to an increased interest in milk as a vitamin D source. Problems related to fortifying milk with synthetic vitamin D can be avoided by securing a high content of natural vitamin D in the milk by supplying dairy cows with sufficient vitamin D. However, choosing the most efficient route and form of supplementation requires insight into how different vitamin D metabolites are transported in the body of cattle. There are two forms of vitamin D: vitamin D2(D2) and vitamin D3(D3). Vitamin D2originates from fungi on roughage. Vitamin D3originates either from endogenous synthesis in the skin or from feed supplements. Vitamin D2is chemically different from, and less physiologically active than, D3. Endogenous and dietary D3is chemically similar but dietary D3is toxic, whereas endogenous D3appears well regulated in the body.
Potential use ofscotta, the by-product of the ricotta cheese manufacturing process, for the production of fermented drinks
Authors: Maragkoudakis Petros , Vendramin Veronica , Bovo Barbara , Treu Laura , Corich Viviana , Giacomini Alessio
Published: November 2015

In the present work, the use of scotta as substrate for bacterial fermentation was studied with the objective of obtaining a drink from transformation of this by-product. Scotta retains most of the lactose of the milk and it is normally colonized by a natural microbiota. A treatment was devised to reduce the autochthonous microbial populations in order to reduce competition towards the inoculated bacterial strains. Nine lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were assessed for their capability to develop in scotta. They evidenced different behaviors regarding growth rate, acidification capability and nitrogen consumption. A co-inoculum of three LAB, namely aStreptococcus thermophilus, aLactobacillus delbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricusand aLb. acidophilusstrains, chosen among those giving the best performances in single-strain fermentation trials, gave abundant (close to 109cfu/ml) and balanced growth and lowered pH to 4·2, a value similar to that of yogurt. These results show that scotta may have potential as a substrate for bacterial growth for the production of a fermented drink. Further studies are needed to optimize the organoleptic aspects of the final product.
The social rhythm of the rock music festival
Authors: Tjora Aksel
Published: November 2015

On the basis of observational studies in a number of rock music festivals during the period 2004–2012, I ask the following question in this paper: how does the music festival community arise and how is it maintained? With the help of perspectives from interactionist sociology and organisational studies I develop an analysis of how rock music festival ‘skills’ are collectively produced. A communally acknowledged competence is negotiated and made explicit by means, among other things, of the synchronisation of a daily rhythm that becomes common to many festivals. The present analysis will employ a close description of this rhythm's phases, and how transitions between them are interactively negotiated. While rock music festivals certainly celebrate fandom, this paper draws attention to processes that build strong senses of community between participants while joining together in the camping site, outside stage areas. The social rhythm, as it is interactively and artfully produced between participants, makes the festival recognisableas a festival, and attractive as a social event. A profound sense of connectedness between participants is to be found between the tents in the festival camp.
METHODOLOGICAL CHOICES IN RATING SPEECH SAMPLES
Authors: O’Brien Mary Grantham
Published: November 2015

Much pronunciation research critically relies upon listeners’ judgments of speech samples, but researchers have rarely examined the impact of methodological choices. In the current study, 30 German native listeners and 42 German L2 learners (L1 English) rated speech samples produced by English-German L2 learners along three continua: accentedness, fluency, and comprehensibility. The goal was to determine whether rating condition, that is, (a) whether each speech sample is rated along all three continua after it is heard once or (b) whether all speech samples are rated along one continuum before being rated along the next continuum, and continuum order (e.g., whether participants rate speech samples for accentedness before comprehensibility or fluency) have an effect on listeners’ ratings. Results indicate no significant overall effects of rating condition or continuum order, but there is evidence of rating condition effects by listener group. The results have implications for laboratory and classroom assessments of L2 speech.