bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Near‐Field Nanospectroscopy and Mode Mapping of Lead Telluride Hoppercubes
Authors: Nandi Sukanta , Shimoni Tamir , Yitzchaik Eyal , Lewi Tomer
Published: July 2024

Lead chalcogenides are compelling materials for nanophotonics and optoelectronics due to their high refractive indices, extreme thermo‐optic coefficients, and high transparency in the mid‐infrared (MIR). In this study, PbTe hoppercubes (HC, face‐open box cubes) are synthesized and explored for their MIR resonant characteristics. Single‐particle microspectroscopy uncovered deep‐subwavelength light localization, with a spectral response dominated by both fundamental and multiple high‐order Mie‐resonant modes. Nanoimaging mapping using scattering‐type scanning near‐field optical microscopy (s‐SNOM) reveals that the scattering at the center of the HC is reduced by more than five times compared to the edges. 2D‐Hyperspectral scans conducted using a low‐power broadband MIR source and nanometer spatial resolutions provided information on the local amplitude and phase‐resolved near‐fields, including amplitude and phase mapping of higher order modes with measured Q‐factors of close to 100. Employing s‐SNOM to characterize complex resonant nanophotonic structures holds implications for quantum sensing, IR photodetection, non‐linear generation, and ultra‐compact high‐Q metaphotonics.
Material‐Constrained Optimization of Liquid Crystal‐Based Holograms
Authors: Ropač Peter , Hsiao Yu‐Tung , Berteloot Brecht , Ravnik Miha , Beeckman Jeroen
Published: July 2024

A novel material‐constrained method for the design of liquid crystal optical devices – computer‐generated liquid crystal‐based holograms – and their manufacture using photo‐patterning is demonstrated. The developed topology optimization method is compared to the Gerchberg‐Saxton algorithm, and key advantages and disadvantages are outlined. The key novelties and advantages of the method are that it accounts for the natural relaxation and material properties of the liquid crystal and that it can account for different material or manufacturing constraints, such as maximum optical axis gradients. The viability of the method is applied for different binary and greyscale target images of varying complexity, target image sizes, and algorithms that account for the material properties of the liquid crystal. Finally, with the topology optimization design approach and photo‐patterning, it is possible to produce high‐accuracy and high‐contrast liquid crystal‐based computer‐generated holograms.
Brillouin Zone Folding Metasurface for Near Perfect Circular Dichroism
Authors: Yan Xiao‐Fei , Xie Yong‐Jun , Chen Sai , Wu Pei‐Yu
Published: July 2024

Planar chiral metasurfaces have demonstrated their proficiency in manipulating chiral light‐matter interactions for diverse applications. Nevertheless, it proves arduous to simultaneously attain elevated quality factors and potent chirality response. In this work, a planar chiral metasurface is proposed, that supports Brillouin zone folding‐induced bound states in the continuum (BZF‐BICs) featuring a high‐Q factor resonance and near‐perfect circular dichroism response. By introducing periodic perturbation and breaking symmetry, the BZF‐BICs exhibit a folded band structure and decreased radiative channels, leading to a superior quality factor relative to unfolded quasi‐BICs. Exploiting the topological nature of BZF‐BICs, the polarization singularity is eradicated, resulting in the appearance of two elliptical eigenstate polarizations. Consequently, an almost perfect circular dichroism response is demonstrated due to the selective coupling between the eigenstate and the incident light. Furthermore, it is revealed that the symmetry of the distribution of eigenstates in the BZF‐BICs lattice is determined by the perturbed cell, and the more intricate orthogonal polarization states can be distinguished through the Brillouin zone design, enabling the splitting of complex polarization state beams. This study presents an innovative method for creating easily fabricated chiral metasurfaces and holds promise for applications in biochemical sensing, emission, lasing, quantum optics, and nonlinear optics.
Hierarchical Assembly of 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks into Janus Optical Devices
Authors: Chen Di , Jiang Yanqiu , Tu Yinuo , Mao Linjie , Yao Min , Zheng Zhenqian , Li Wei , Ma Yuting , Du Jigang , Zhang Cailiang , Yang Xuan , Wang Wen‐Jun , Liu Pingwei
Published: July 2024

Assembly of 2D molecules into hierarchical structures opens new avenues for creating multifunctional materials, yet fabricating the optical materials with multiscale structural features, and extending functions in a controllable way remains a challenge. Here, an asynchronous liquid depositing strategy is introduced that enables the asymmetrical growth of 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) on a graphene substrate. This results in Janus composite (JC) materials with independently controlled mesoscopic features, such as the COF layer thickness (100–300 nm), and its nanoflake length (0–200 nm), and thickness (0–30 nm). The JCs exhibit impressive light coupling capabilities and display a wide range of angle‐independent structural colors. These colors can be dynamically and reversibly changed in 10 ms when exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). They also demonstrate remarkable tailorability to form both random and ordered patterns which shows excellent information processing potential. These unique properties make JCs highly suitable as novel responsive optical devices for collecting and processing information about their surroundings, as demonstrated by visual and real‐time VOC monitoring and localization in both open and confined spaces. It is believed that the controlled assembly of 2D components into composites with well‐organized hierarchical structures will facilitate the future development of extraordinary materials with extensive applications.
Building New Structural Distortion Descriptors through Pressure Engineering toward Enhanced Violet Emission in 2D Hybrid Perovskite
Authors: Zhao Wenya , Fu Ruijing , Yang Jiayi , Xiao Guanjun , Zou Bo
Published: July 2024

Building an explicit structure‐property relationship for two‐dimensional (2D) hybrid perovskites is critical to guide the synthesis of highly luminescent materials. However, traditional studies are limited to the deviation of individual intra‐octahedron, which fails to well reflect collective lattice distortion. Here, a set of new structural distortion descriptors associated with inter‐octahedra is introduced for 2D perovskite (C7H10N)2PbBr4, that is,(PMA)2PbBr4 through pressure engineering. An experimental conclusion is reached that adjacent Pb displacement, as the inter‐octahedron distortion, is an effective parameter in determining the structural distortion and emission behavior of (PMA)2PbBr4 under high pressure. Under high pressure, 2D perovskite (PMA)2PbBr4 exhibits two emission behaviors, free excitons (FEs) emission and self‐trapped excitons (STEs) emission. Different types of four‐Pb‐shaped quadrilateral correspond to different emissions: square‐type (only FEs emission), parallelogram‐type (coexistence of FEs emission and STEs emission), kite‐type (only STEs emission). Moreover, an enhanced violet emission at ≈431 nm is achieved under a mild pressure of 1.0 GPa, which is a crucial light source of medical sterilization. The underlying structure‐property relationship is clarified fundamentally deepens the photophysical mechanism of (PMA)2PbBr4, thus facilitating the design of high‐efficiency perovskite luminophores.
Personalized PLGA/BCL Scaffold with Hierarchical Porous Structure Resembling Periosteum‐Bone Complex Enables Efficient Repair of Bone Defect
Authors: Zhang Mengqi , Huang Zhike , Wang Xun , Liu Xinyu , He Wenyi , Li Yan , Wu Dingcai , Wu Shuyi
Published: July 2024

Using bone regeneration scaffolds to repair craniomaxillofacial bone defects is a promising strategy. However, most bone regeneration scaffolds still exist some issues such as a lack of barrier structure, inability to precisely match bone defects, and necessity to incorporate biological components to enhance efficacy. Herein, inspired by a periosteum‐bone complex, a class of multifunctional hierarchical porous poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)/baicalein scaffolds is facilely prepared by the union of personalized negative mold technique and phase separation strategy and demonstrated to precisely fit intricate bone defect cavity. The dense up‐surface of the scaffold can prevent soft tissue cell penetration, while the loose bottom‐surface can promote protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and cell infiltration. The interior macropores of the scaffold and the loaded baicalein can synergistically promote cell differentiation, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis. These findings can open an appealing avenue for the development of personalized multifunctional hierarchical materials for bone repair.
Creating a bio‐based circular economy from Louisiana sugarcane byproducts
Authors: Aita G. , Bhatnagar D. , Bruni G. O. , Deliberto M. , Eggleston G. , Finger A. , Gravois K. , Isied M. , Judice W. , Klasson K. T. , Lima I. M. , Purswell J. L. , Souliman M. , Terrell E. , Tubaña B. S. , Waguespack H. L. , Wang J. J. , White P. M.
Published: July 2024

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is Louisiana's number one row crop. Growing and processing sugarcane produces significant amounts of byproducts, including bagasse, crop residue, molasses, filter‐press mud, and boiler fly ash. These products represent an important opportunity to generate value‐added and specialty products and enhance sugarcane's sustainability by facilitating a circular economy, where agricultural by‐products are reused instead of disposing them (linear economy), in order to reduce resource use and energy demand. Examples of value‐added products range from biochar, construction materials, animal feed, biofuels, nanoparticles, and fertilizer. Paramount to the success of the bio‐based circular economy is creating useful products that are sustainable, economically, and environmentally acceptable. Some potential roadblocks to creating a successful bio‐based circular economy from Louisiana's sugarcane by‐products are highlighted.

Core Ideas

The Louisiana sugar industry produces large amounts of biomass‐derived byproducts each year.

Byproducts could be reused, recycled, or reformed instead of being discarded.

Creating industries around these products boosts the circular economy.
Toward Ultralow Temperature Lithium Metal Batteries: Advancing the Feasibility of 1,3‐Dioxolane Based Localized High‐Concentration Electrolytes via Lithium Nitrate
Authors: Fu Han , Ye Xue , Zhang Yixiao , Zhong Yu , Wang Xiuli , Gu Changdong , Tu Jiangping
Published: July 2024

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) suffer severe capacity deterioration due to sluggish ionic transport kinetics at extremely low temperatures, which limits their practical operation. Selecting solvents with low desolvation energy, and promoting interfacial Li+ transport in solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) are regarded as effective methods to improve electrochemical performances. Herein, 1,3‐dioxolane (DOL) with weak solvating power is adopted for designing a DOL‐based localized high concentration electrolyte (DLHCE) with LiNO3 as a multifunctional additive. The strong coordination between NO3− and DOL molecules not only inhibits the polymerization of DOL at high lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) concentration, but also reduces the solvent‐diluent miscibility and extends the salt‐solvent solubility. As a result, an anion‐dominated solvation structure is obtained that derives an inorganic‐rich SEI composed of LiF and Li3N, guiding the uniform deposition of Li at low temperature. Remarkably, the Li||LiFePO4 cells retain 53.6% of room temperature capacity at −40 °C, and also present potential application of Li||NCM811 cells under cryogenic environments.
Screening of Ultra‐Efficient Visible Light Catalysts via Material Modification to Activate Electron Polarization Inside the Material
Authors: Tu Hong , Xu Ying , Chen Shun‐shun , Wang Ya , Guo Sheng‐xin , Wu Jian
Published: July 2024

The high catalytic activity of photocatalysts is greatly influenced by the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers. In this study, six g‐C3N4‐based COFs are designed and synthesized, and CN‐203 is identified as the most efficient photocatalyst through experimental screening. Quantitative measurements reveal that singlet oxygen production is ≈100 times that of ·O2− and 5000 times that of ·OH. When combined with PMS, CN‐203 exhibits degradation rates for RhB and TC that are ≈30 (k = 0.0293 s−1) and 10 (k = 0.2940 min−1) times faster than those of CN550(RhB, k = 0.0531 min−1; TC, k = 0.0301 min−1), respectively. Structural simulations and calculations show that the modified CN‐203 have better electron–hole separation in the excited state, and the energy gap between HOMO and LUMO is significantly reduced after modification. The study also revealed the structure–function relationship between the modification of the same site with different functional groups and its effect on photocatalysis. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the relationship between surface structure and photocatalytic applications.
Associations between urine specific gravity and race/ethnicity at the population level: Implications for hydration status categorization
Authors: Winter Ian P. , Ferguson Brian K. , Wilson Patrick B.
Published: July 2024

Objective

We aimed to evaluate how urine specific gravity (USG) and rates of supposed hypohydration vary by race/ethnicity, and to examine how adjustment for several important factors impacts estimated USG.

Methods

Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, this cross‐sectional study evaluated a total of 4195 (2098 female, 2097 male) Americans and categorized them as supposedly hypohydrated (USG≥1.020) or not using spot urine samples. USG and prevalence of supposed hypohydration were compared across racial/ethnic groups, separately by gender. The analyses considered the impact of urine creatinine, body composition, age, dietary nutrients, and physical activity.

Results

Differences in supposed hypohydration prevalence were observed by race/ethnicity in men (p = .030) and women (p < .001). In unadjusted models, Black women's USG (1.0189) was higher (p < .05) than all the other race/ethnicity groups' USG (1.0142–1.0171). In men, Blacks' USG (1.0197) was higher (p < .05) than the USG of Whites (1.0177) and other/multi‐racial (1.0176) but not Mexican Americans (1.0196) or other Hispanics (1.0192). Adjustments for age, arm circumference, nutrients (protein, sodium, potassium, and moisture), and physical activity minimally influenced USG estimates. Further adjustment for urine creatinine lowered USG for Black women and men by 0.003 and 0.0023, respectively, with no notable lowering of USG in the other races/ethnicities. Supplemental analyses matching Whites and Blacks on age, moisture intake, and poverty‐to‐income ratio confirmed racial differences in urine creatinine and USG, though the effects were most pronounced in women.

Conclusions

Using a USG≥1.020 to identify hypohydration in all races/ethnicities may be inappropriate due to, among other factors, differences in urinary creatinine.
Covalent Triazine Based Frameworks with Donor‐Donor‐π‐Acceptor Structures for Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Lu Xiao‐Meng , Wang Haichao , Sun Yiwen , Xu Yi , Sun Weiwei , Wu Yang , Zhang Yifan , Yang Chao , Wang Yong
Published: July 2024

The appearance of disordered lithium dendrites and fragile solid electrolyte interfaces (SEI) significantly hinder the serviceability of lithium metal batteries. Herein, guided by theoretical predictions, a multi‐component covalent triazine framework with partially electronegative channels (4C‐TA0.5TF0.5‐CTF) is incorporated as a protective layer to modulate the interface stability of the lithium metal batteries. Notably, the 4C‐TA0.5TF0.5‐CTF with optimized electronic structure at the molecular level by fine‐tuning the local acceptor‐donor functionalities not only enhances the intermolecular interaction thereby providing larger dipole moment and improved crystallinity and mechanical stress, but also facilitates the beneficial effect of lithiophilic sites (C−F bonds, triazine cores, C=N linkages and aromatic rings) to further regulate the migration of Li+ and achieve a uniform lithium deposition behavior as determined by various in‐depth in/ex situ characterizations. Due to the synergistic effect of multi‐component organic functionalities, the 4C‐TA0.5TF0.5‐CTF modified full cells perform significantly better than the common two/three‐component 2C‐TA‐CTF and 3C‐TF‐CTF electrodes, delivering an excellent capacity of 116.3 mAh g−1 (capacity retention ratio: 86.8 %) after 1000 cycles at 5 C and improved rate capability. This work lays a platform for the prospective molecular design of improved organic framework relative artificial SEI for highly stable lithium metal batteries.
Atroposelective Synthesis of Axial Biaryls by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Using Engineered Imine Reductases
Authors: Hao Xinyue , Tian Zhuangfei , Yao Zhouchang , Zang Tienan , Song Shucheng , Lin Liang , Qiao Tianzhang , Huang Ling , Fu Haigen
Published: July 2024

Axially chiral biaryl compounds are ubiquitous scaffolds in natural products, bioactive molecules, chiral ligands and catalysts, but biocatalytic methods for their asymmetric synthesis are limited. Herein, we report a highly efficient biocatalytic route for the atroposelective synthesis of biaryls by dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR). This DKR approach features a transient six‐membered aza‐acetal‐bridge‐promoted racemization followed by an imine reductase (IRED)‐catalyzed stereoselective reduction to construct the axial chirality under ambient conditions. Directed evolution of an IRED from Streptomyces sp. GF3546 provided a variant (S‐IRED‐Ss‐M11) capable of catalyzing the DKR process to access a variety of biaryl aminoalcohols in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98 % yield and >99 : 1 enantiomeric ratio). Molecular dynamics simulation studies on the S‐IRED‐Ss‐M11 variant revealed the origin of its improved activity and atroposelectivity. By exploiting the substrate promiscuity of IREDs and the power of directed evolution, our work further extends the biocatalysts’ toolbox to construct challenging axially chiral molecules.
Customized Photoelectrochemical C−N and C−P Bond Formation Enabled by Tailored Deposition on Photoanodes
Authors: Wang Jinghao , Yang Caoyu , Gao Huiwen , Zuo Lulu , Guo Zhiyu , Yang Pengqi , Li Siyang , Tang Zhiyong
Published: July 2024

Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) is burgeoning as an innovative solution to organic synthesis. However, the current PEC systems suffer from limited reaction types and unsatisfactory performances. Herein, we employ efficient BiVO4 photoanodes with tailored deposition layers for customizing two PEC approaches toward C−N and C−P bond formation. Our process proceeds under mild reaction conditions, deploying easily available substrates and ultra‐low potentials. Beyond photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, customized PEC offers high efficiency, good functional group tolerance, and substantial applicability for decorating drug molecules, highlighting its promising potential to enrich the synthetic toolbox for broader organic chemistry of practical applications.
Highly Tough Slide‐Crosslinked Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Deng Xuetian , Chen Jing , Jia Xin , Da Xinyu , Zhao Yuanjun , Gao Yiyang , Gao Yang , Kong Xiangpeng , Ding Shujiang , Gao Guoxin
Published: July 2024

Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) hold great promise for the practical application of lithium metal batteries. However, conventional GPEs hardly resists lithium dendrites growth and maintains long‐term cycling stability of the battery due to its poor mechanical performance. Inspired by the slide‐ring structure of polyrotaxanes (PRs), herein we developed a dynamic slide‐crosslinked gel polymer electrolyte (SCGPE) with extraordinary stretchability of 970.93 % and mechanical strength of 1.15 MPa, which is helpful to buffer the volume change of electrodes and maintain mechanical integrity of the battery structure during cycling. Notably, the PRs structures can provide fast ion transport channels to obtain high ionic conductivity of 1.73×10−3 S cm−1 at 30 °C. Additionally, the strong polar groups in SCGPE restrict the free movement of anions to achieve high lithium‐ion transference number of 0.71, which is favorable to enhance Li+ transport dynamics and induce uniform Li+ deposition. Benefiting from these features, the constructed Li|SCGPE‐3|LFP cells exhibit ultra‐long and stable cycle life over 1000 cycles and high‐capacity retention (89.6 % after 1000 cycles). Even at a high rate of 16 C, the cells deliver a high capacity of 79.2 mAh g−1. The slide‐crosslinking strategy in this work provides a new perspective on the design of advanced GPEs for LMBs.
Iron(II)‐Catalyzed 1,2‐Diamination of Styrenes Installing a Terminal NH2 Group Alongside Unprotected Amines
Authors: Pozhydaiev Valentyn , Paparesta Antonio , Moran Joseph , Lebœuf David
Published: July 2024

1,2‐Diamination of alkenes represents an attractive way to generate differentiated vicinal diamines, which are prevalent motifs in biologically active compounds and catalysts. However, existing methods are usually limited in scope and produce diamines where one or both nitrogens are protected, adding synthetic steps for deprotection and further N‐functionalization to reach a desired target. Furthermore, the range of amino groups that can be introduced at the internal position is fairly limited. Here we describe a 1,2‐diamination of styrenes that directly installs a free amino group at the terminal position and a wide variety of unprotected nitrogen nucleophiles (primary or secondary alkyl or aromatic amines, sulfoximines, N‐heterocycles, and ammonia surrogate) at the internal position. Two complementary sets of conditions encompass electronically activated and deactivated styrenes with diverse substitution patterns and functional groups. Moreover, this strategy can be extended to the 1,2‐aminothiolation of styrenes.
Metal‐free nucleophilic substitution of α‐ferrocenyl alcohols
Authors: Shen Chuanqi , Liu Jin , Zhuo Zhu , Liu Luyao , Huang You‐Gui
Published: July 2024

Ferrocene‐based derivatives play significant roles in biomedicine and catalytic reactions. This article demonstrates the C–O/N/S formation reactions of α‐ferrocenyl alcohols under mild conditions using the organic compound NTBC (2,2′,2″‐(nitrilotris (methylene))tris(1H‐benzo[d]imidazole‐5‐carboxylic acid)) as the catalyst. The catalyst is utilized in amounts of 5 mol% or less, and the majority of substrates yield derivatized products in good to excellent yields. This metal‐free catalytic method shows promising applications in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates for its no metal pollution.
Polyploidy and the evolution of phenotypic integration: Network analysis reveals relationships among anatomy, morphology, and physiology
Authors: Baker Robert L. , Brock Grace L. , Newsome Eastyn L. , Zhao Meixia
Published: July 2024

Premise

Most traits are polygenic and most genes are pleiotropic, resulting in complex, integrated phenotypes. Polyploidy presents an excellent opportunity to explore the evolution of phenotypic integration as entire genomes are duplicated, allowing for new associations among traits and potentially leading to enhanced or reduced phenotypic integration. Despite the multivariate nature of phenotypic evolution, studies often rely on simplistic bivariate correlations that cannot accurately represent complex phenotypes or data reduction techniques that can obscure specific trait relationships.

Methods

We apply network modeling, a common gene co‐expression analysis, to the study of phenotypic integration to identify multivariate patterns of phenotypic evolution, including anatomy and morphology (structural) and physiology (functional) traits in response to whole genome duplication in the genus Brassica.

Results

We identify four key structural traits that are overrepresented in the evolution of phenotypic integration. Seeding networks with key traits allowed us to identify structure–function relationships not apparent from bivariate analyses. In general, allopolyploids exhibited larger, more robust networks indicative of increased phenotypic integration compared to diploids.

Discussion

Phenotypic network analysis may provide important insights into the effects of selection on non‐target traits, even when they lack direct correlations with the target traits. Network analysis may allow for more nuanced predictions of both natural and artificial selection.
Ultrastructure of the mesonephros of whitefishes from the Lake Baikal basin
Authors: Flerova Ekaterina A. , Sapozhnikova Yulia P. , Morozov Alexey A. , Yurchenko Victoria V.
Published: July 2024

The article presents a study of the mesonephros ultrastructure of Baikal omul Coregonus migratorius, Baikal whitefish Coregonus baicalensis, and a cross between Baikal whitefish and humpback whitefish (C. baicalensis × Coregonus pidschian). The mesonephros ultrastructure was studied using electron microscopy methods. The results of the study show that the number of mature granulocytes is a systematic feature and does not depend on the ecology of fish. The quantitative characteristics of blood cells and the ultrastructural features of leukocytes in the mesonephros are associated with the functioning of the nonspecific defence system in fish. Morphological diversity of epithelial cells in nephron tubules is the ancestral characteristic of the modern omul population, associated with geological and climatic events in the history of Lake Baikal. The development of haematopoietic tissue in the mesonephros, the ultrafine structure of ion‐transporting interstitial cells, as well as some ultrastructural features found in the nephron, reflect the adaptive capabilities of the species to live in the ultra‐deep Lake Baikal.
Shedding light on night‐time erections: Determining the feasibility of nocturnal erection detection with penile transdermal light reflection of haemoglobin
Authors: Trip Evelien J. , Torenvlied Hille J. , Elzevier Henk W. , Pelger Rob C. M. , Beck Jack J. H.
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Utilizing penile saturation and temperature measurements presents a promising avenue for the development of an innovative sensor system aimed at nocturnal erection detection. This study aims to determine the feasibility of erection detection with light reflection of haemoglobin (LRH), as a precursor for penile saturation measurements, as well as penile temperature by comparison with simultaneous overnight RigiScan measurements.

Materials and Methods

This is a proof‐of‐concept observational study on 10 healthy volunteers with a cross sectional design. A penile transdermal haemoglobin and temperature sensor was developed to measure penile LRH through real‐time monitoring with receiving photodiodes and emitting light‐emitting diode (LED). Besides statistical analysis on LRH, temperature and RigiScan data, a visual assessment was done to determine detectability of changes in the LRH and temperature course during the RigiScan‐annotated erections.

Results

A total of 40 nocturnal erections from 10 healthy volunteers were annotated with the RigiScan. The LRH values significantly increase during a nocturnal erection (p < 0.01) and penile temperature (p < 0.01). The largest elevation of temperature was seen in the last erection, with an increase of 0.94°C. The corrected temperature shows an increase of 1.29°C in the last erection. Furthermore, visual detectability was feasible for 80% of the erections with LRH values and 90% with the temperature output.

Conclusion

Penile LRH and temperature have the potential to serve as an alternative methodology for nocturnal erection detection compared with the currently applied circumference and rigidity measurements. This is an important step in the development of a patient‐friendly and modernized tool for erectile dysfunction diagnostics. An improved sensor should be developed to allow for calculation of saturation percentage from LRH values. In combination with penile temperature measurements, this allows for conduction of further validity studies to work towards translation into clinical practice for non‐invasive ED diagnostics.
Through virtual saturation mutagenesis and rational design for superior substrate conversion in engineered d‐amino acid oxidase
Authors: Tang Heng , Zhu Hong‐Li , Zhao Jin‐Qiao , Wang Liu‐Yu , Xue Ya‐Ping , Zheng Yu‐Guo
Published: July 2024

The d‐amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is pivotal in obtaining optically pure l‐glufosinate (l‐PPT) by converting d‐glufosinate (d‐PPT) to its deamination product. We screened and designed a Rasamsonia emersonii DAAO (ReDAAO), making it more suitable for oxidizing d‐PPT. Using Caver 3.0, we delineated three substrate binding pockets and, via alanine scanning, identified nearby key residues. Pinpointing key residues influencing activity, we applied virtual saturation mutagenesis (VSM), and experimentally validated mutants which reduced substrate binding energy. Analysis of positive mutants revealed elongated side‐chain prevalence in substrate binding pocket periphery. Although computer‐aided approaches can rapidly identify advantageous mutants and guide further design, the mutations obtained in the first round may not be suitable for combination with other advantageous mutations. Therefore, each round of combination requires reasonable iteration. Employing VSM‐assisted screening multiple times and after four rounds of combining mutations, we ultimately obtained a mutant, N53V/F57Q/V94R/V242R, resulting in a mutant with a 5097% increase in enzyme activity compared to the wild type. It provides valuable insights into the structural determinants of enzyme activity and introduces a novel rational design procedure.
Isolation and identification of primary cells: A comprehensive primary cell culture experiment for graduate students
Authors: Cao Jixiang , Chen Hao , Song Qing , Sun Hong , Yang Hua , Bai Yun
Published: July 2024

Experimental teaching is an important part of postgraduate training in basic and clinical medicine. While primary cell isolation and identification are among the most important research techniques for medical graduate students, most graduate students do not understand and master these techniques before starting their research experience. In particular, many students lack training in this field, and high‐quality teaching and learning materials are still very sparse. Here, we designed a practical experiment course for graduate students engaged in research. The target students usually have research projects involving primary cell culture in their future research, making the course highly applicable for the students. The lab exercise focused on the methods of primary cell isolation (including mechanical grinding method, explant culture method and enzymatic digestion method) and identification (including flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) staining). It aimed to help students master the conceptual, principle, technical, operation, and analytical skills related to primary cell culture and contributed to their foundation for future research. Students generally reflect that they have initially mastered the isolation and identification of primary cell culture as a result of the course. Student feedback also indicates significantly increased confidence in the practical application of primary cell culture in the future. Here, we provide our experience for others who may want to implement similar courses.
Proteomics‐based method to comprehensively model the removal of host cell protein impurities
Authors: Disela Roxana , Keulen Daphne , Fotou Eleni , Neijenhuis Tim , Le Bussy Olivier , Geldhof Geoffroy , Pabst Martin , Ottens Marcel
Published: July 2024

Mechanistic models mostly focus on the target protein and some selected process‐ or product‐related impurities. For a better process understanding, however, it is advantageous to describe also reoccurring host cell protein impurities. Within the purification of biopharmaceuticals, the binding of host cell proteins to a chromatographic resin is far from being described comprehensively. For a broader coverage of the binding characteristics, large‐scale proteomic data and systems level knowledge on protein interactions are key. However, a method for determining binding parameters of the entire host cell proteome to selected chromatography resins is still lacking. In this work, we have developed a method to determine binding parameters of all detected individual host cell proteins in an Escherichia coli harvest sample from large‐scale proteomics experiments. The developed method was demonstrated to model abundant and problematic proteins, which are crucial impurities to be removed. For these 15 proteins covering varying concentration ranges, the model predicts the independently measured retention time during the validation gradient well. Finally, we optimized the anion exchange chromatography capture step in silico using the determined isotherm parameters of the persistent host cell protein contaminants. From these results, strategies can be developed to separate abundant and problematic impurities from the target antigen.
Real‐world data on ALK rearrangement test in Chinese advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (RATICAL): a nationwide multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Li Lin , Li Wencai , Wu Chunyan , Xi Yanfeng , Guo Lei , Ji Yuan , Jiang Lili , Li Ji , Yun Jingping , Chen Gang , Li Yuan , Liu Yueping , Mu Dianbin , Han Yuchen , Sun Leina , Xia Qingxin , Teng Xiaodong , Che Nanying , Wu Wei , Qiu Xueshan , Liu Chao , Yan Xiaochu , Li Daiqiang , Zhang Zhihong , Wang Zhe , Li Yujun , Wang Zheng , Guo Lingchuan , Nie Xiu , Geng Jingshu , Zhou Jianhua , Ying Jianming
Published: July 2024

Background

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) test in advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can help physicians provide target therapies for patients harboring ALK gene rearrangement. This study aimed to investigate the real‐world test patterns and positive rates of ALK gene rearrangements in advanced NSCLC.

Methods

In this real‐world study (ChiCTR2000030266), patients with advanced NSCLC who underwent an ALK rearrangement test in 30 medical centers in China between October 1, 2018 and December 31, 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Interpretation training was conducted before the study was initiated. Quality controls were performed at participating centers using immunohistochemistry (IHC)‐VENTANA‐D5F3. The positive ALK gene rearrangement rate and consistency rate were calculated. The associated clinicopathological characteristics of ALK gene rearrangement were investigated as well.

Results

The overall ALK gene rearrangement rate was 6.7% in 23,689 patients with advanced NSCLC and 8.2% in 17,436 patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. The quality control analysis of IHC‐VENTANA‐D5F3 revealed an intra‐hospital consistency rate of 98.2% (879/895) and an inter‐hospital consistency rate of 99.2% (646/651). IHC‐VENTANA‐D5F3 was used in 53.6%, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in 25.4%, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) in 18.3%, and fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) in 15.9% in the adenocarcinoma subgroup. For specimens tested with multiple methods, the consistency rates confirmed by IHC‐VENTANA‐D5F3 were 98.0% (822/839) for FISH, 98.7% (1,222/1,238) for NGS, and 91.3% (146/160) for RT‐PCR. The overall ALK gene rearrangement rates were higher in females, patients of ≤ 35 years old, never smokers, tumor cellularity of > 50, and metastatic specimens used for testing in the total NSCLC population and adenocarcinoma subgroup (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions

This study highlights the real‐world variability and challenges of ALK test in advanced NSCLC, demonstrating a predominant use of IHC‐VENTANA‐D5F3 with high consistency and distinct clinicopathological features in ALK‐positive patients. These findings underscore the need for a consensus on optimal test practices and support the development of refined ALK test strategies to enhance diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic decision‐making in NSCLC.
Cancer mortality by country of birth and cancer type in Sweden: A 25‐year registry‐based cohort study
Authors: Tollosa Daniel Nigusse , Zendehdel Kazem , Procopio Alessandro , Cederström Agneta , Boffetta Paolo , Pukkala Eero , Rostila Mikael
Published: July 2024

Numerous studies have reported lower overall cancer mortality rates among immigrants compared to native populations. However, limited information exists regarding cancer mortality among immigrants based on specific birth countries and cancer types. We used population‐based registries and followed 10 million individuals aged 20 years or older in Sweden between 1992 and 2016. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to explore the disparities in cancer mortality by country of birth and cancer type, stratified by gender. Age‐standardized mortality rates were also computed using the world standard population. Hazard ratio (HR) of all‐site cancer was slightly lower among immigrants (males: HRm = 0.97: 95% confidence interval: 0.95, 0.98; females: HRf = 0.93: 0.91, 0.94) than Swedish‐born population. However, the immigrants showed higher mortality for infection‐related cancers, including liver (HRf = 1.10: 1.01, 1.19; HRm = 1.10: 1.02, 1.17), stomach (HRf = 1.39: 1.31, 1.49; HRm = 1.33: 1.26, 1.41) cancers, and tobacco‐related cancers, including lung (HRm = 1.44: 1.40, 1.49), and laryngeal cancers (HRm = 1.47: 1.24, 1.75). The HR of mesothelioma was also significantly higher in immigrants (HRf = 1.44: 1.10, 1.90). Mortality from lung cancer was specifically higher in men from Nordic (HRm = 1.41: 1.27, 1.55) and non‐Nordic Europe (HRm = 1.49: 1.43, 1.55) countries and lower in Asian (HRm = 0.78: 0.66, 0.93) and South American men (HRm = 0.70: 0.57, 0.87). In conclusion, there are large variations in cancer mortality by country of birth, and cancer type and require regular surveillance. Our detailed analyses lead to some novel findings such as excess mortality rate of mesothelioma and laryngeal cancers in Immigrants in Sweden. A targeted cancer prevention program among immigrants in Sweden is needed.
Trace elements in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Yanjun Yao , Jing Zhuang , Yifei Song , Gangzhao Gu , Chenxin Yan , Qiang Wei , Qiang Yan , Shuwen Han
Published: July 2024

Background

Pancreatic cancer (PCA) is an extremely aggressive malignant cancer with an increasing incidence and a low five‐year survival rate. The main reason for this high mortality is that most patients are diagnosed with PCA at an advanced stage, missing early treatment options and opportunities. As important nutrients of the human body, trace elements play an important role in maintaining normal physiological functions. Moreover, trace elements are closely related to many diseases, including PCA.

Review

This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress on selenium, copper, arsenic, and manganese in PCA, elucidates their application in PCA, and provides a new reference for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of PCA.

Conclusion

Trace elements such as selenium, copper, arsenic and manganese are playing an important role in the risk, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of PCA. Meanwhile, they have a certain inhibitory effect on PCA, the mechanism mainly includes: promoting ferroptosis, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting metastasis, and inhibiting excessive proliferation.
Reliability, diagnostic value, and diagnostic yield of ultrasound‐guided percutaneous core needle biopsy for peritoneal lesions
Authors: Arslan Muhammet , Aslan Halil Serdar , Utebey Ayse Ruksan , Vurgun Sercan , Comut Erdem , Degirmencioglu Serkan , Kılıc Derya
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Peritoneal lesions cannot be definitively distinguished based on clinical and imaging characteristics alone. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability, diagnostic value, and diagnostic yield of ultrasound‐guided percutaneous core needle biopsy (PCNB) for peritoneal lesions.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 129 patients who underwent PCNB for peritoneal lesions was performed to assessed technical completion and diagnostic yield.

Results

The results showed that ultrasound‐guided PCNB is a safe and reliable diagnostic tool with high diagnostic yield for peritoneal lesions. Technical feasibility and diagnostic yield rates were 100% and 89.9%, respectively. The diagnostic yield was lower for patients with a known history of cancer and a short anteroposterior diameter of the target lesion.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that ultrasound‐guided PCNB could be considered as a first‐line diagnostic tool for peritoneal lesions, as it offers a minimally invasive and accurate means of obtaining tissue samples for diagnosis.
Emerging roles of tripartite motif family proteins (TRIMs) in breast cancer
Authors: Cao Jianing , Yang Mengdi , Guo Duancheng , Tao Zhonghua , Hu Xichun
Published: July 2024

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor worldwide. Despite enormous progress made in the past decades, the underlying mechanisms of BC remain further illustrated. Recently, TRIM family proteins proved to be engaged in BC progression through regulating various aspects. Here we reviewed the structures and basic functions of TRIM family members and first classified them into three groups according to canonical polyubiquitination forms that they could mediate: K48‐ only, K63‐ only, and both K48‐ and K63‐linked ubiquitination. Afterwards, we focused on the specific biological functions and mechanisms of TRIMs in BCs, including tumorigenesis and invasiveness, drug sensitivity, tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), cell cycle, and metabolic reprogramming. We also explored the potential of TRIMs as novel biomarkers for predicting prognosis and future therapeutic targets in BC.
Heed guidance from student‐athlete's suit against school over NIL dispute
Authors: O’Brien Timothy
Published: July 2024

It was just a matter of time before a name, image, and likeness arrangement ended up in litigation, and now the first of these lawsuits is upon us. Specifically, Jaden Rashada, a highly sought after quarterback coming out of high school, filed a lawsuit against the University of Florida, the head football coach, a former football staff member who ran the team's NIL program, and a major Florida athletics booster, along with his company, over an NIL deal that went bad.
Are apps for urban food purchasing and consumption meeting Italian consumers' needs? A mixed‐methods analysis
Authors: Monticone Francesca , Samoggia Antonella , Viti Elena
Published: July 2024

The number of mobile phone apps downloads, especially those in the food and drink category, is growing worldwide. Such growth in digitalisation has brought the food industry and retailers to try and understand consumers new shopping needs and preferences to offer the best virtual experience to purchase food online. Past research rarely explore the features of the currently available apps for purchasing and consumption of agro‐food products compared with consumers' perception, barriers and drivers of online purchasing. The present research aims to fill this gap, in three steps. First, investigating consumers' perceptions of apps currently available for food purchasing and consumption, as well as drivers and barriers towards of online food purchasing and towards online food shopping from (peri)urban initiatives using the theory of consumer values as a theoretical framework (Study 1). Second, analysing the features of existent apps used at (peri)urban level and/or supporting (peri)urban food purchasing and consumption adopting the technology acceptance model as a theoretical framework (Study 2). Third, cross‐analysing consumer needs emerging from the survey with apps features. Quantitative data elaboration included a cluster analysis to group apps based on their features, and principal component analysis to identify consumers' key barriers and drivers. Results support how the desire to eat fresh and seasonal food is the main driver for buying from (peri)urban agriculture initiatives, whereas a more rational and aware food consumption are the drivers for choosing online over in person shopping. The most common type of apps are those aimed at food delivery, and those selling and buying food and providing food information. Restaurants and cafes are the main market channels for consumers' food online purchasing. When consumer needs (Study 1) and apps features (Study 2) are compared, a mismatch of the two emerges. Sustainability food profile and information on seasonal food are consumers' favourite features, but they are present in a limited number of apps. Results provide insights for marketing strategies and future research.
Does atrial fibrillation occur exclusively in the elderly?
Authors: Kamihara Takahiro , Omura Takuya
Published: July 2024

Key Clinical Message

Although atrial fibrillation is a prevalent condition, it is crucial to recognize that it can be effectively addressed by identifying the underlying disease and not merely assuming that it is caused by aging.
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor encephalitis in a 14‐year‐old female: A case report
Authors: Ali Masab , Naveed Haris , Sheikh Ateeq Ur Rehman , Ahmad Muhammad Husnain
Published: July 2024

Key Clinical Message

This case underscores the critical importance of timely recognition and management of NMDAR encephalitis in adolescents to mitigate potential long‐term sequelae. If a pediatric patient presents with suspected viral encephalitis, autoimmune etiology must be excluded via cerebrospinal fluid antibody assay to guide appropriate immunosuppressive therapy, and improve patient outcomes.

Autoimmune encephalitis particularly involving the n‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is recognized as a rare cause of acute encephalopathy in pediatric patients. The following case is of a 14‐year‐old female diagnosed with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis who initially presented with fever, episodic convulsions, and loss of consciousness. She subsequently developed right‐sided body weakness, expressive aphasia, and visual hallucinations. Clinical examination revealed prominent neuropsychiatric manifestations such as altered sensorium, motor deficits, hallucinations, and visual disturbances. Cerebello‐bulbar signs were not appreciable in this particular case. She was treated for viral encephalitis but showed no improvement. Laboratory investigations revealed the presence of NMDAR antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid confirming the diagnosis of autoimmune etiology. The patient demonstrated notable improvement following immunosuppressive treatment.
An unusual presentation of craniopharyngioma in an adult with nasal bloackade
Authors: Gohri Jay , Chaurasia Mayuri , Sheoran Varun , Kanwrani Vishal
Published: July 2024

Key Clinical Message

Early biopsy and multidisciplinary collaboration with imaging and physical examination are crucial for the diagnosis of such rare tumor presenations. Highlighting the importance of maintaining a broad differential for intra‐nasal lesions given the rare presentation of craniopharyngioma as nasal mass.