bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schrödinger‐Katzen mit 111 Photonen
Authors: Kirchmair Gerhard
Published: March 2014

Die Kopplung von Quibits an Mikrowellenresonatoren ermöglicht eine hervorragende Kontrolle von Quantenzuständen. In Experimenten an der Universität Yale ist es jetzt gelungen, die Quanteninformation eines einzelnen supraleitenden Quantenbits auf ein Ensemble von Mikrowellenphotonen, die sich in einem Schrödinger‐Katzen‐Zustand befinden, zu übertragen. Dies ist der erste Schritt in Richtung eines neuartigen, fehlertoleranten Quantenspeichers, in dem die Information in Schrödinger‐Katzen‐Zuständen kodiert ist.
Das farbenprächtige Glitzern frischen Schnees
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Shaw Joseph A.
Published: March 2014

Regenbögen, Halos, Koronen, Himmelsfarben – es gibt eine Vielzahl farbenprächtiger Phänomene in der Natur, verursacht durch Reflexion, Brechung oder allgemein gesprochen durch Streuung des Lichts an Wassertropfen, Eiskristallen oder Aerosolen. Das farbige Glitzern einer Schneeschicht scheint zunächst anderer Natur zu sein, lässt sich aber auf analoge Weise erklären.
Proteomic and genomic analyses suggest the association of apolipoprotein C1 with abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Moxon Joseph V. , Liu Dawei , Moran Corey S. , Crossman David J. , Krishna Smriti M. , Yonglitthipagon Ponlapat , Emeto Theophilus I. , Morris Dylan R. , Padula Matthew P. , Mulvenna Jason P. , Rush Catherine M. , Golledge Jonathan
Published: March 2014

Purpose

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an important cause of mortality in the elderly. Mouse models are widely used to investigate AAA pathogenesis but their suitability for biomarker discovery is unexplored.

Experimental design

We conducted a three‐phase study. Phase 1: Aortas from angiotensin‐II‐infused apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE−/−) mice with and without AAA were assessed via iTRAQ and analyzed in silico to identify potential circulating markers. Microarray data from ApoE−/− mice and human patients were analyzed in parallel. Phase 2: Putative markers were compared between datasets to shortlist common candidates. Phase 3: The relationship of two shortlisted markers and AAA presence was assessed.

Results

iTRAQ identified eight proteins with biomarker potential. Microarray data identified 72 and 96 potential biomarkers from ApoE−/− mice and human patients, respectively. All three datasets suggested apolipoprotein C1 (ApoC1) as a marker for AAA; microarray data identified matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) as a second potential marker. Plasma ApoC1 and MMP9 concentrations positively correlated with AAA diameter in ApoE−/− mice.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

ApoC1 may be a novel biomarker for AAA.
Giant dielectric tunability properties of Sr and Sb co‐doped La2NiMnO6 ceramics induced by extrinsic contribution
Authors: Cao Zhenzhu , Li Zhi , Gao Yanfang , Liu Jinrong , Ruan Xuezheng , Fang Minghao
Published: March 2014

La2–xSrxNiMn1–xSbxO6 (x = 0, 0.08, 0.3) ceramics were prepared by a gel combustion method. Structural, dielectric, and dielectric tunable properties were systematically investigated. A phase transition from mixed monoclinic and rhombohedral phases to monoclinic phase occurs as Sr and Sb contents increase. Impedance and frequency dependence of dielectric constant have been employed to examine the extrinsic contribution to the dielectric properties. Results reveal that the electrode effect has an important influence on the giant dielectric permittivity and dielectric tunability around room temperature.
Vacancy defect formation in PA‐MBE grown C‐doped InN
Authors: Prozheeva Vera , Tuomisto Filip , Koblmüller Gregor , Speck James S. , Knübel Andreas , Aidam Rolf
Published: March 2014

Positron annihilation spectroscopy has been used to study vacancy defects formed in PA‐MBE grown carbondoped indium nitride. The carbon concentration of doped samples varied in the range from 1.5 × 1017 cm–3 to 2.5 × 1018 cm–3. The experimental data indicates the existence of vacancy complexes containing both In and N vacancies, with the VIn component dominant from the positron annihilation point of view. The vacancy content increases along with increasing carbon content from less than 1 × 1016 cm–3 in the undoped sample up to at least 4 × 1016 cm–3 in the doped samples. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical degradation and defect activation in MOVPE grown near surface InGaN quantum wells under low energy electron beam irradiation
Authors: Riuttanen Lauri , Nykänen Henri , Suihkonen Sami , Sopanen Markku
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we present out studies on low energy electron beam induced optical degradation and defect activation of indium gallium nitride quantum wells. A clear reduction in band‐to‐band photoluminescence of metal organic vapor phase epitaxy grown III‐nitride films and quantum well structures treated with low energy electron beam has been found before. It has been proposed that the photoluminescence degradation is caused by activation of in‐grown gallium vacancies and hydrogen complexes.

The electron beam dissipation profiles are studied in order to obtain more information on the possible vacancy activation mechanism. Monte‐Carlo simulations and cubic polynomial approximation of the Bethe‐Bloch formula are compared with measured photoluminescence degradation. Our experiments suggests that the reason for photoluminescence decrease is not only dependent on the total energy dissipation density of the electron beam, but on the momentary dissipation density in the irradiated area. Thus, it seems that the degradation probably results from multicollision events. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal oxidation and facet‐formation mechanisms of Si nanowires
Authors: Kioseoglou J. , Komninou Ph. , Zervos M.
Published: March 2014

Silicon nanowires were grown along the [111] direction on Si(001) by the vapor–liquid–solid mechanism using 1 nm Au as a catalyst. They were subsequently oxidized at 900 °C for 60 min, 120 min and 180 min, which lead to the formation of a circular shell of amorphous SiO2 surrounding the Si core defined by primary (202), (220) (022) and secondary (422) crystal facets that form a polygon with nine sides having a lower symmetry compared to the hexagonal shape of the Si nanowires before oxidation. We explain the facet‐formation mechanism by the oxidation of alternate vertices of the original hexagon, which leads to the appearance of higher index crystallographic planes tangential to a circle corresponding to the energetically favorable core geometry. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
User terminal antennas for S‐band mobile satellite communication systems
Authors: Tiezzi Ferdinando , Dominguez César , Padilla Jose , Ortiz Noelia , Viganó Carolina , Vaccaro Stefano
Published: March 2014

This paper presents the design of two types of S‐band antennas suitable for mobile satellite communication applications. One design is based on omnidirectional radiating elements and targets consumer systems installed on cars. The other uses an array of four elements with electronic switching, controlled by embedded sensors, to generate directive beams with gain higher than the one that could be provided by an omnidirectional antenna. This latter design targets primarily applications for professional vehicles requiring higher data rates, but it also enables the use of S‐band in a wider satellite footprint. The main aspects of antenna design and of validation results are described. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A histogram‐based method for efficient detection of rewriting attacks in simple object access protocol messages
Authors: Nasridinov Aziz , Jeong Young‐Sik , Byun Jeong‐Yong , Park Young‐Ho
Published: March 2014

In order to secure the content of simple object access protocol (SOAP) messages in Web services, several security standards of Web service security, such as XML digital signature, are used. However, the content of a SOAP message, protected with XML digital signature, can be altered without invalidating the signature. Existing methods for detecting XML rewriting attacks are inefficient because the cost of performing detection operation is linear to the height of the SOAP message tree. Thus, each element of SOAP message needs to be accessed and checked. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for detecting XML rewriting attacks on SOAP messages using a histogram. With our method, once the source of attacks is identified, we save it in the form of a histogram, which enables us to maintain a statistical information about the location of the attack in the SOAP message. We can use this information to detect attacks in the future and thus avoid unnecessary check of all elements in the SOAP message. Experiments show that our methods outperform existing methods by several times in many cases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A flexible hierarchical access control mechanism enforcing extension policies
Authors: Chang Ya‐Fen
Published: March 2014

Some specific information or resources only can be accessed by authorized users. Discretionary access control (DAC), mandatory access control (MAC), and role‐based access control (RBAC) are three main classes of access control policies. MAC and RBAC are more secure than discretionary access control because a system instead of an object's owner determines the policy. MAC is appropriate for multilevel applications with high security requirements such as military ones, while RBAC provides security and business benefits. Most institutions, companies, and governments are multilevel, so relationships between roles or security levels tend to be hierarchical. In this work, an access control mechanism, providing explicit transitive exception and antisymmetric arrangement, is proposed to provide flexible and appropriate solutions to hierarchical relationships. For practicability, no access control policy is strictly constrained in the proposed mechanism such that security classes can be determined according to specific requirements. The proposed mechanism employs an elliptic curve cryptosystem and a two‐layer hash approach to ensure security and computation efficiency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Vibrational Spectra of the Anhydrous Lithium Dicyanamide Li[N(CN)2]
Authors: Reckeweg Olaf , DiSalvo Francis J. , Schulz Armin , Blaschkowski Björn , Jagiella Stefan , Schleid Thomas
Published: March 2014

Crystals of Li[N(CN)2] were synthesized from a metathesis reaction of stoichiometric amounts of aqueous solutions of Na[N(CN)2] and Li2[SO4] followed by subsequent treatment with ethanol and evaporation of the filtered‐off solution at 80 °C under normal atmospheric conditions. The single crystals of the title compound are transparent, colorless, and extremly hygroscopic. X‐ray structure analysis showed that Li[N(CN)2] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2/c with the cell parameters a = 530.79(8) pm, b = 524.89(9) pm, c = 1149.77(17) pm, β = 101.551(7)°, and Z = 4. The crystal structure contains Li+ cations in both tetrahedral and octahedral nitrogen coordination of the boomerang‐shaped [N≡C–N–C≡N]– anions. The vibrational spectra of Li[N(CN)2] are reported as well, together with ab initio calculations for geometry and harmonic frequencies of the free dicyanamide anion.
Highlights from the 7th Cachexia Conference: muscle wasting pathophysiological detection and novel treatment strategies
Authors: Ebner Nicole , Steinbeck Lisa , Doehner Wolfram , Anker Stefan D. , von Haehling Stephan
Published: March 2014

This article highlights preclinical and clinical studies in the field of wasting disorders that were presented at the 7th Cachexia Conference held in Kobe, Japan, in December 2013. This year, the main topics were the development of new methods and new biomarkers in the field of cachexia and wasting disorders with particular focus on inflammatory pathways, growth differentiation factor‐15, myostatin, the ubiquitin proteasome‐dependent pathway, valosin and the regulation of ubiquitin‐specific protease 19 that is involved in the differentiation of myogenin and myosin heavy chain. This article presents highlights from the development of drugs that have shown potential in the treatment of wasting disorders, particularly the ghrelin receptor agonist anamorelin, the myostatin antagonist REGN1033, the selective androgen receptor modulators enobosarm and TEI‐E0001, and the anabolic catabolic transforming agent espindolol. In addition, novel data on the prevalence and detection methods of muscle wasting/sarcopenia are presented, including the D3‐creatine dilution method and several new biomarkers.
Damping of inertial motions by parametric subharmonic instability in baroclinic currents
Authors: Thomas Leif N. , Taylor John R.
Published: March 2014

A new damping mechanism for vertically-sheared inertial motions is described involving an inertia–gravity wave that oscillates at half the inertial frequency, $f$, and that grows at the expense of inertial shear. This parametric subharmonic instability forms in baroclinic, geostrophic currents where thermal wind shear, by reducing the potential vorticity of the fluid, allows inertia–gravity waves with frequencies less than $f$. A stability analysis and numerical simulations are used to study the instability criterion, energetics, and finite-amplitude behaviour of the instability. For a flow with uniform shear and stratification, parametric subharmonic instability develops when the Richardson number of the geostrophic current nears $Ri_{PSI}=4/3+\gamma \cos \phi $, where $\gamma $ is the ratio of the inertial to thermal wind shear magnitude and $\phi $ is the angle between the inertial and thermal wind shears at the initial time. Inertial shear enters the instability criterion because it can also modify the potential vorticity and hence the minimum frequency of inertia–gravity waves. When this criterion is met, inertia–gravity waves with a frequency $f/2$ and with flow parallel to isopycnals amplify, extracting kinetic energy from the inertial shear through shear production. The solutions of the numerical simulations are consistent with these predictions and additionally show that finite-amplitude parametric subharmonic instability both damps inertial shear and is itself damped by secondary shear instabilities. In this way, parametric subharmonic instability opens a pathway to turbulence where kinetic energy in inertial shear is transferred to small scales and dissipated.
On Langmuir circulation in shallow waters
Authors: Phillips W. R. C. , Dai A.
Published: March 2014

The instability of shallow-water waves on a moderate shear to Langmuir circulation is considered. In such instances, specifically at the shallow end of the inner coastal region, the shear can significantly affect the drift giving rise to profiles markedly different from the simple Stokes drift. Since drift and shear are instrumental in the instability to Langmuir circulation, of key interest is how that variation in turn affects onset to Langmuir circulation. Also of interest is the effect on onset of various boundary conditions. To that end the initial value problem describing the wave–mean flow interaction which accounts for the multiple time scales of the surface waves, evolving shear and evolving Langmuir circulation is crafted from scratch, and includes the wave-induced drift and a consistent set of free-surface boundary conditions. The problem necessitates that Navier–Stokes be employed side by side with a set of mean-field equations. Specifically, the former is used to evaluate events with the shortest time scale, that is the wave field, while the mean field set is averaged over that time scale. This averaged set, the CLg equations, follow from the generalized Lagrangian mean equations and for the case at hand take the same form as the well-known CL equations, albeit with different time and velocity scales. Results based upon the Stokes drift are used as a reference to which those based upon drift profiles corrected for shear are compared, noting that the latter are asymptotic to the former as the waves transition from shallow to deep. Two typical temporal flow fields are considered: shear-driven flow and pressure-driven flow. Relative to the reference case, shear-driven flow is found to be destabilizing while pressure driven are stabilizing to Langmuir circulation. In pressure-driven flows it is further found that multiple layers, as opposed to a single layer, of Langmuir circulation can form, with the most intense circulations at the ocean floor. Moreover, the layers can extend into a region of flow beyond that in which the instability applies, suggesting that Langmuir circulation excited by the instability can in turn drive, as a dynamic consequence, contiguous albeit less intense Langmuir circulation. Pressure-driven flows also admit two preferred spacings, one closely in accord with observation for small-aspect-ratio Langmuir circulation, the other well in excess of observed large-aspect-ratio Langmuir circulation.
Discussion of ‘Metamorphic P–T and retrograde path of high-pressure Barrovian metamorphic zones near Cairn Leuchan, Caledonian orogen, Scotland’
Authors: Aoki K. , Windley B. F. , Maruyama S. , Omori S.
Published: March 2014

K. Aoki, B. F. Windley, S. Maruyama & S. Omori reply: First, we thank Viete, Oliver & Wilde for their interesting and thought-provoking comments on the timing of the high-pressure granulite facies (HGR) metamorphism recorded in metamorphic rocks at Cairn Leuchan, Scotland, published by Aoki et al. (2013). Based on new metamorphic data of garnetites and garnet-amphibolites at Cairn Leuchan and new zircon U–Pb ages of amphibolitized eclogite at Tomatin, we suggested in our publication that the HGR metamorphism was retrograde after eclogite facies before the c. 470 Ma ‘Barrovian metamorphism’. Viete, Oliver & Wilde however speculate that the HGR metamorphism at Cairn Leuchan may have occurred at c. 1000 Ma, as a result of their new U–Pb zircon age of the Cowhythe Gneiss at Portsoy and from previous studies of the geological structure and geochronology. We are grateful for this opportunity to describe, albeit in a preliminary manner, our new understanding and tectonic model of the Caledonian orogen in Scotland and western Ireland of which the Barrovian metamorphism is a key component. A reply to a comment is not the correct place to propose an entirely new paradigm for such a classic orogen, but we will present our model more fully in a future publication.
ALCIBIADES VERSUS PERICLES: APOLOGETIC STRATEGIES IN XENOPHON'S MEMORABILIA
Authors: Danzig Gabriel
Published: March 2014

One of Xenophon's chief aims in Memorabilia is to defend his beloved teacher from charges raised both during and after his trial. Some readers have thought that he has gone so far in whitewashing Socrates that the resulting portrait makes it impossible to explain the hostility he aroused: Socrates appears here merely as an innocuous friend offering good advice on all sorts of mundane subjects. But the apologetic strategies employed by Xenophon are more complex and subtle than that. The widespread view of him as a simple-minded defender of conventional attitudes blinds us to the places where he speaks with a different, more radical voice. We should not be surprised to find that the enthusiastic student of Socrates, one of the most radical and unconventional thinkers of ancient Greece, has some radical thoughts of his own.
Greek Literature
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: March 2014

‘Who, pray, had previously collected literary references to cucumbers?’ Martin West once again hits highly quotable form in his commentary on the Trojan poems of the Epic Cycle (50). (The answer, of course, is no-one – so Athenaeus’ evidence is unlikely to be derived from a secondary source.) A characteristic boldness of hypothesizing is also on display. For example, West puts a name (Phayllus) to the (pre-Aristotelian) compiler who assembled and summarized the epics of the cycle. Since he credits Phayllus with conjectures about the names of the poets (27), one might expect a certain fellow-feeling on the part of West. But the naming of the poets, ‘not based on any established consensus or firm tradition’ and drawn from sources that ‘cannot have been unanimous or decisive’, is described in terms that sound reproachful: ‘bluff assertiveness…bold constructionism’. καὶ κεραμεὺς κεραμεῖ κοτέει καὶ τέκτονι τέκτων, / καὶ πτωχὸς πτωχῷ ϕθονέει καὶ ἀοιδὸς ἀοιδῷ (‘So potter is piqued with potter, joiner with joiner, / beggar begrudges beggar, and singer singer’). Which of Hesiod's rivalrous professions (Op. 24–5) has most affinity to scholars engaged in conjecture is, perhaps, open to debate; but the ἀοιδός (‘singer’) peeks out from West's own exercises in creative writing. Admittedly, he provides only one extended piece of Greek verse composition (201–11), but prose summaries are supplied on at least ten occasions (e.g. 183: ‘It is possible to imagine a defiant speech on these lines: “Leaders of the Achaeans…”.’). Acknowledging that his ‘imaginative reconstructions’ are ‘highly speculative, a flight of fancy’ (281), West pleads that they ‘serve to illustrate how the thing could have been done’. But since it could have been done otherwise, these reconstructions also serve to plant in readers’ minds an insidiously vivid but possibly misleading image. As West observes in another context, ‘the reconstruction of Wilamowitz…goes too far beyond the evidence’ (94). The same could be said, for example, of West's identification of passages in theIliadandAethiopisthat are ‘variants on theIliadpoet's original, unwritten account of Achilles’ death’ (149): West's own confidence in this hypothesis fluctuated inThe Making of the Iliad(G&R59 [2012], 245–6) between confidence (‘doubtless’, 346) and caution (‘may have’, 390). On a point of detail: Aristotle does not describe theCypriaandLittle Iliadas ‘episodic’ inPoet. 1459a37 (60): he explicitly says that they are about ‘a single action’, a judgement which excludes ‘concatenation…without organic connection’ (166). Yet, whatever one's reservations, West's scholarship is, as always, profound, original, and indispensably provocative. Moreover, this book provides an added bonus in the form of an exercise in another of West's areas of expertise: readers must become textual critics, transposing a misplaced line of text (308) and emending the puzzling reference to an ‘undermined species of stingray’ (309).
Roman History
Authors: Levick B. M.
Published: March 2014

A quality not much considered here in the past, how often a work is likely be taken from the shelf, prompts me to put Saskia's Hin'sThe Demography of Roman Italyin first position. For that depends in turn on how reliable, clear, and broad of outlook the chapters are, and where they lead the reader. Though dry and plain it might seem (for all the developing technologies), the subject moves directly towards a hot, polarized topic – ‘the Roman economy’ and its development – with oscillation between extreme positions. It is a particular merit, then, to put forward a fresh view (though previously adumbrated elsewhere) that is not extreme and must be taken seriously. That is where Hin will take historians. But the book is structured in three sections: economic and ecological parameters, demographic parameters (morality, fertility, and migration), and population size. The separate chapters are well supported from a variety of evidence, judiciously treated and well written up. That on climate, with a mildly positive conclusion, needed no apology. If I have a complaint is it about the index: dive into a passage involving ‘Brass modelling’ and you will have to rummage back in the text (111) for hope of identifying it.
Existentialism and Intellectual Culture in South Vietnam
Authors: Gadkar-Wilcox Wynn
Published: March 2014

Among the eclecticism and diversity of the intellectual marketplace in 1960s Saigon, frequent discussions of existentialism stand out. In popular scholarly journals and literary reviews, such as Bách khoa and Đại học, intellectuals, such as Nguyễn Văn Trung and Trần Thái Đỉnh, analyzed the relevance of the works of Malraux, Camus, and Sartre to Buddhism and to the situation of war-torn Vietnam. This article considers two possible reasons why existentialism appealed to intellectuals in South Du's Vietnam. First, it examines whether Vietnamese existentialists were searching for equivalency with Western nations. Second, it discusses how these authors saw existentialism as a useful way to refuse both capitalist and communist political positions.
New marine amphipod records on the Algerian coast
Authors: Bakalem Ali , Dauvin Jean-Claude , Grimes Samir
Published: March 2014

Recent sampling surveys (2011–2012) of the shallow (0–50 m) hard-bottom communities and re-examination of some soft-bottom communities (5–143 m) along the Algerian coast have allowed the collection of 33 species (five Caprelloidea, 27 Gammaridea and one Hyperiidea), which were not recorded before in the inventory of the marine amphipod fauna of Algeria (Bakalem & Dauvin, 1995; Grimes et al., 2009). This paper reports the number of specimens sampled for each of these 33 species and provides data on their geographical distribution and habitats. Fourteen of the species (43%) are considered to be endemic to the Mediterranean Sea; 15 others are north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean species, and the four last are cosmopolitan species. Twenty-nine of the new records are known for Italian waters and 19 in Greek waters where there is intensive amphipod inventory. The total number of marine amphipod fauna in Algeria is now 332.
Robust ground plane region detection using multiple visual cues for obstacle avoidance of a mobile robot
Authors: Lin Chia-How , Song Kai-Tai
Published: March 2014

This paper presents a vision-based obstacle avoidance design using a monocular camera onboard a mobile robot. A novel image processing procedure is developed to estimate the distance between the robot and obstacles based-on inverse perspective transformation (IPT) in an image plane. A robust image processing solution is proposed to detect and segment a drivable ground area within the camera view. The proposed method integrates robust feature matching with adaptive color segmentation for plane estimation and tracking to cope with variations in illumination and camera view. After IPT and ground region segmentation, distance measurement results are obtained similar to those of a laser range finder for mobile robot obstacle avoidance and navigation. The merit of this algorithm is that the mobile robot can have the capacity of path finding and obstacle avoidance by using a single monocular camera. Practical experimental results on a wheeled mobile robot show that the proposed imaging system successfully obtains distances of surrounding objects for reactive navigation in an indoor environment.
JUSTICE AND IDENTITY
Authors: Sen Amartya
Published: March 2014

This paper discusses the relationship between justice and identity. While it is widely agreed that justice requires us to go beyond loyalty to our simplest identity – being just oneself – there is less common ground on how far we must go beyond self-centredness. How relevant are group identities to the requirements of justice, or must we transcend those too? The author draws attention to the trap of confinement to nationality and citizenship in determining the requirements of justice, particularly under the social-contract approach, and also to the danger of exclusive concentration on some other identity such as religion and race. He concludes that it is critically important to pay attention to every human being's multiple identities related to the different groups to which a person belongs; the priorities have to be chosen by reason, rather than any single identity being imposed on a person on grounds of some extrinsic precedence. Justice is closely linked with the pursuit of impartiality, but that pursuit has to be open rather than closed, resisting closure through nationality or ethnicity or any other allegedly all-conquering single identity. Christian List
The tidal circulation and flushing capability of the outer Tay Estuary
Authors: Charlton J. A.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Measurements of tidal currents in the outer Tay Estuary, and from the hydraulic model of the estuary, are used to present a tidal atlas of the area and to deduce residual tidal circulation. Additional tests on the model show that the volumetric exchange rate with the sea of the outer estuary can be as high as 58 per cent per tide, but may be lowered to about 35 per cent if multiple tide recirculation is considered. Fresh water discharge into the estuary does not materially affect this exchange rate.
The physiology of nitrate dissimilatory bacteria from the Tay Estuary
Authors: Herbert R. A. , Dunn G. M. , Brown C. M.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The physiology of three nitrate respiring bacteria, identified asKlebsiellastrain K312,Pseudomonasstrain P388 andVibriostrain V25, obtained from Kingoodie Bay sediments in the River Tay by enrichment techniques, have been studied in continuous culture. In glycerol limited anaerobic culturesKlebsiellaK312 produced NO2as the primary product of nitrate reduction whereas under N-limited conditions NH4+was excreted into the culture medium. Nitrate reduction in this organism was accompanied by the synthesis of a paniculate nitrate reductase (NR) whilst under N-limitation a soluble nitrite reductase (NiR) was also produced. In contrast,PseudomonasP388 dissimilates NO3directly to gaseous products under anaerobic conditions and was associated with the synthesis of a particulate NR and under N-limited conditions a NiR. Nitrite never accumulated as an intermediate.VibrioV25 would only reduce NO3as far as NO2and was therefore restricted in its use of NO3under anaerobic conditions.KlebsiellaK312 was the most versatile of the three organisms studied and sinceKlebsiellaspp were found in significant numbers in the Kingoodie sediments they may account in part for the high interstitial NH4+levels found there.
The ecology of Bathyporeia pilosa (Amphipoda: Haustoriidae) in the Tay Estuary. II. Factors affecting the micro-distribution
Authors: Khayrallah N. H. , Jones A. M.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The distribution of Bathyporeia pilosa within a 30 m × 30 m grid was studied and related to the three major types of habitats constituting the grid. These were defined as Trough, Mound and Pool. B. pilosa was found to colonise the Trough sediments in significantly higher densities than the Mound or Pool sediments. The Pool deposits were found to be similar for 10 out of the 12 physical and chemical characteristics studied, differing only in permeability and penetrability. The coefficient of permeability of the Trough sediments was found to be five times that of the Mound sediments, and the penetrability was found to markedly higher in the permeable area than in that of low permeability: densities of B. pilosa were positively related, therefore, to permeability and penetrability. The causes of the variation between the habitats are considered and the importance of permeability and penetrability in the ecology of B. pilosa is discussed.
Sediments of the Tay Estuary. VI. Sediments of the lower and outer reaches
Authors: McManus J. , Buller A. T. , Green C. D.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The main channels converge at Dundee and form a single outlet passing seawards of the Broughty Ferry-Tayport constriction. The coarsest sediments, often of gravels and shell debris, line the floor of the channel, which is locally cut into late-glacial marine clays. Extensive sandy tidal flats seaward of the constriction pass eastwards into dune-covered sand spits pointing into the North Sea. The entrance bar has a delta-like form which is slowly overriding the fine sands of the North Sea floor.

The median, sorting, and skewness of the sediments, and the covariation of several parameters follow patterns readily related to the physiographic features of the estuary.

Many of the beach and tidal flat areas are in a constant state of change, and repeated topographic surveying reveals the magnitude of these changes on a short time scale. The changes in sediment characteristics demonstrated by repeated sampling and analysis of material from one stretch of Broughty Ferry beach are substantial. Size-frequency distribution plots indicate that up to four sub-populations of grains are present. Natural combinations of these in different proportions produce systematic variations in values of the normally used sediment characterising statistics.
Introduction
Authors: Blaxter Kenneth
Published: March 2014

Bracken(Pteridium aquilinum), is one of the most successful plants in the world. It has the ability, by virtue of its underground rhizomes, to spread considerably. One plant alone can occupy a large area and fragment into separate plants which themselves have similar capacity. During the last fanning depression, in the late 1920s to 1930s, when marginal land was abandoned from cultivation and adequate stocking, bracken crept down the hill to invade what had previously been reasonable upland pasture. At that time, the late Professor Stapledon estimated that well in excess of a fifth of the upland of Wales and Scotland was rendered agriculturally of poor value because of bracken encroachment. No-one knows the total area in the world which this plant occupies; it must be many many millions of hectares, much of which could provide a more useful grazing. It is certainly a successful plant.
Forestry and bracken
Authors: Biggin P.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Bracken grows on sites very suitable for forest tree growth allowing a wide choice of tree species. However, the trend in afforestation is towards poorer soils and the area of bracken land being planted is declining. Bracken will damage young trees and methods of its control are reviewed. Hand weeding still has a part to play, but most weeding of heavy bracken growth is by herbicides. Experiments using dicamba, chlorthiamid, picloram and more recently asulam and glyphosate demonstrate a gradual improvement in the selectivity and cost effectiveness of herbicides. Dicamba can only be used before planting and its use is limited to sites where control over three years is assured. Picloram and chlorthiamid at the rates necessary to control bracken are damaging to conifers. Asulam is selective and can be applied after planting giving good control of the bracken. Glyphosate is more damaging to trees than asulam but its use may be justified where a wider spectrum of weed control is required.
Fundamental studies in bracken control—the use of additives to enhance herbicide uptake and translocation
Authors: Cook G. T. , Stephen N. H. , Duncan H. J.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Work done by the authors in relation to bracken control is reviewed. These studies are largely concerned with the use of additives to enhance both the uptake and translocation of aminotriazole and asulam using a number of approaches: (a) estimating uptake by applying known herbicide concentrations in the presence of additives followed by washing off and residue determination after set times; (b) bioassay studies for selecting additives which can reduce herbicide scorching and therefore possibly enhance translocation; (c) field trials with selected formulations.
Field trials in south-west Scotland
Authors: Martin D. J. , Sparke Carole J.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

South-west and west Scotland contains a large proportion of the bracken-infested hill pasture in that country and considerable effort has been expended over the past five decades on a scientific approach to bracken control. The trials of various, more or less successful, herbicides culminated in the current work based on the use of asulam or glyphosate which will control, but only in rare cases eradicate, bracken. Current work is aimed at improving the control effect by investigating and refining timing, rate and method of application, additives and mixtures. Particular emphasis is placed on techniques of improving the underlying sward, where present, and of investigating the factors influencing its growth. Experimental work has not shown any degree of allelopathy towards sown-in grass and clover seed growth, but depth of bracken litter is shown to be important. Doubt is expressed regarding the requirement for a total programme of bracken control and follow-up fertiliser treatment in all cases before grant aid is approved
The bracken problem and its control in northern Scotland
Authors: Scragg E. B.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Bracken is not a major weed problem on hill land in the north of Scotland, being restricted by environmental factors to the lower slopes of sheltered glens. There is no evidence of widespread stock poisoning by bracken in the area.

Ploughing and reclamation, forestry planting and spraying with the selective herbicide asulam have considerably reduced infestations of bracken on land worthy of improvement. At the present time there is little scope for further economic control of bracken.

Field experiments have defined full frond emergence from mid July to mid August as the most effective time for application of asulam. Reinfestation in about five years has been shown to follow incomplete control on small plots but an area sprayed by helicopter in 1972, where a very high degree of initial control was achieved, remained almost free of bracken in 1980.

Easier handling of stock and increased availability of summer grazing are reported following bracken control. An increase in herbage production has been measured experimentally in the second year after removal of the bracken by spraying.
Some reflections and projections on bracken control
Authors: McCreath John B.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

‘Life can only be understood backwards but it must be lived forwards’.Thirty years of professional but spasmodic interest in the problem of bracken on the Scottish hills brings home the aptness of Kierkegaard's aphorism. Despite rapid technological change —from a man with a scythe to the pilot with a helicopter—the fact remains that control of this serious weed problem is currently running at only a fraction of the rate in the early fifties. Clearly, financial factors have played a major part in this situation but it is facile to lay the blame wholly at the door of economics. The objective of the paper is to summarise the dominant technical and economic aspects which have impinged upon the problem over three decades and to attempt to draw broad conclusions as to why we are in this situation and to outline more fruitful possibilities for the future.
Herpes-type virus diseases of marine organisms
Authors: Buchanan J. S. , Richards R. H.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Herpesviruses and viruses having the typical morphological and replicative characteristics of the genusHerpesvirusfrom marine animals have been reviewed. These animals include one teleost fish, two reptiles, one pelecypod mollusc and an arthropod. With the exception of the arthropod, all descriptions of virus-related diseases were from animals maintained under artificial culture conditions and a common theme relates temperature, stress and crowding to outbreaks of disease. The significance of these observations in relation to the possible evolution of the herpesvirus group is discussed.
Furunculosis—an old problem facing a new industry
Authors: Munro A. L. S.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Furunculosis has caused serious economic losses in some Atlantic salmon farms in Scotland. It is considered that the disease has the potential to be a significant economic problem to the whole industry unless control measures are adopted. When salmon in a farmed population carry the disease agent in non-clinical form the bacterium has low to intermediate virulence, but in stocks with recurring clinical disease, virulence is apparently increased. The significance of these observations is discussed in terms of the major methods of control, namely avoidance, husbandry procedures, chemotherapy, vaccines and statutory controls.
The pathological effects of ultraviolet radiation on the epidermis of teleost fish with reference to the solar radiation effect in higher animals
Authors: Bullock Alistair M.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The general epidermal morphology of teleost fish is described and comparison made in terms of its vulnerability to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) with that of the human. Whereas human skin has a natural pigmentary photoprotective (tanning) mechanism within its epidermis, in teleosts the protective pigment layer is located primarily within the upper dermis. The potential impact of solar UV on farmed fish is discussed both in relation to water penetration of UVR and the phenomenon of photosensitisation, a condition common in higher animals and which has now been shown to induce skin lesions in fish. The results of recent investigations into photosensitisation in fish are described.
The application of monoclonal antibodies to the typing and isolation of lymphoreticular cells
Authors: Beverley Peter C. L.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

We have analysed the specificity of monoclonal antibodies to human leucocyte subsets by three methods. The distribution of antigen bearing cells has been studied in frozen tissue sections of lymphoid and other tissues by immunofluorescence or immunoenzymatic methods. The cellular distribution of antigen has been compared with existing well established markers and the function of antigen bearing cells has been studied by separation and assay inin vitromodel systems. Antibodies characterised in this way may yield useful information when applied to clinical problems.
Monoclonal antibodies in bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Janossy G.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

When bone marrow (BM) is taken, cells in suspension are accessible to antibodies. BM transplantation is therefore an ideal situation for using monoclonal antibodies in therapy. These applications include prevention of graft versus host disease by eliminating T cells from allogeneic BM marrow, and the elimination of residual malignant cells from autologous bone marrow. Me Ab-s are currently tested for the removal of residual leukaemic cells in the common form of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and in thymic ALL. Encouraging experiments also indicate that the removal of B leukaemias/lymphomas from the BM will also be feasible.

The review summarises the various ways Ab-s can damage coated ‘unwanted’ cells (opsonisation, complement mediated lysis, and Ab-s coupled to toxins), and the principles for selecting Me Ab-s for BM transplantation.
Monoclonal anti lymphocyte antibodies as immunosuppressive reagents for clinical practice
Authors: Fabre John W.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

By the late 1970s it had become clear that the immunosuppressive effects of conventional anti lymphocyte serum (ALS) were mediated by only a small component of the anti lymphocyte antibodies present. This fact meant that attempts to improve the safety, potency and standardisation of conventional ALS by raising xenosera to single, purified lymphocyte antigens were faced with considerable technical and theoretical problems. Coincidentally and very fortunately, it was at this time that the potential of monoclonal antibodies in the field of ALS were becoming obvious. Their advent has dramatically transformed the situation, from a bleak one with few prospects to one where the early promise of ALS is likely to be realised in the clinic within the next few years. This review looks at why it is that monoclonal antibodies have so changed the situation, and then discusses in detail the optimal properties, in terms of specificity and other characteristics, of immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies, and finally looks at precisely how they should be used in the clinic.
Taxonomy of infraspecific variation inBetula pubescensEhrh., with particular reference to the Scottish Highlands
Authors: Gardiner A. S.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The variability of the pubescent birch and the probable existence of hybrids between it and two other birches make it a difficult species to classify at an infraspecific level. To some extent, the variation is geographical and to cover its distribution, three subspecies are proposed by the authors ofFlora Europaea, sspp.pubescens, carpatica and tortuosa. Two subspecies are recognized in Britain, namely ssp.pubescensand ssp.odorata, but some confusion has arisen through the undetermined relationships between sspp.odorata, carpaticaandtortuosa. The rejection of ssp.odoratais proposed as its application, in this case, differs from that intended by J. M. Bechstein, the original authority. An examination of the literature indicates that ssp.tortuosaand ssp.carpaticaare probably indistinguishable (a conclusion supported by multivariate analysis) and that the epithettortuosacan be applied to both taxa. The pubescent birch in the Scottish Highlands may be referred to ssp.tortuosaand, in addition, the high frequency of small-leafed individuals in some populations in the northwest and at higher altitudes, justifies the further distinction of var.microphyllaHartman.
Birch regeneration in heath vegetation
Authors: Khoon Gong Wooi , Gimingham C. H.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The relationship between stand structure of Calluna vulgaris and the ability of Betula spp. to establish was examined at Dinnet Moor, Aberdeenshire. As a result of management by burning, a series of even-aged stands of Calluna is available including recently-burnt examples and stands with Calluna in the pioneer, building, mature and degenerate phases. Uneven-aged stands were included for comparison. The density of birch was found to be high very shortly after burning, much less in pioneer phase stands and minimal in the building and mature phases, indicating high mortality as the stand ages. Some indication of slightly higher densities in degenerate stands was obtained, suggesting some recruitment at this stage. Comparisons of the age of individual birches (seedlings or saplings) with that of the adjacent Calluna showed that, in general, birch is established very shortly after Calluna begins to regenerate, the surviving birch individuals being consistently one or two years younger than the Calluna. Again, results indicated little or no recruitment after the Calluna stands enter the building phase. Experimental introduction of birch seedlings to stands of various age since burning showed that survival and performance was best in the pioneer stands, and poorest in building stands.

It is concluded that birch is virtually excluded by dense Calluna stands in the building and mature phases, and that carefully controlled management involving regular burning may therefore prevent the entry of birch. However, occasional fires followed by slow or patchy Calluna regeneration may provide ideal conditions for birch establishment.
Viruses and virus-like diseases affecting Betula spp
Authors: Cooper J. I. , Massalski P. R.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Seven virus-like agents have been recognized naturally infecting birches in Europe or North America. Of these, only two have been studied in detail. Apple mosaic virus (AMV) infects Betula papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis in North America, and is associated with golden-white ring/line patterns in leaves. There is no evidence that AMV spreads between birches and no natural means of dissemination is known. In Europe, B. verrucosa and B. pubescens are naturally infected with cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) which causes foliar mottle, pale yellow spots and bright green vein banding. In the United Kingdom, the prevalence of CLRV in unmanaged birch populations is less than in street trees. The virus is spread via birch seed and pollen which it infects and also contaminates. Sparse data suggest that the following viruses infect birch but their effects are unknown: yellow birch latent, tobacco rattle, tobacco necrosis, prunus necrotic ringspot and prune dwarf. There is a similar paucity of information concerning the cause of wood abnormalities that enhance the veneer value of affected timber: agents transmitted in soil or by grafting have been associated.