bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Re-Receiving Catholic Eucharistic Theology from the Hymns of John and Charles Wesley
Authors: Phillips Peter
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the rich parallels between the Catholic philosopher P.J. FitzPatrick’s In Breaking of Bread and the understanding of Eucharist to be found in the eucharistic hymns of John and Charles Wesley. Like FitzPatrick, the Wesleys had serious concerns about the language of transubstantiation but are no less firm in upholding a doctrine of ‘real presence’. FitzPatrick challenges the ‘dark distortion’ of the Catholic language and celebration of the eucharist as it has developed in the later scholasticism of the second millennium with a devastating criticism. He offers an alternative approach to the eucharist by way of ritual and suggesting an encounter with Christ’s presence not specifically in the eucharistic elements but in the whole liturgical action. The Wesley brothers’ remarkable and moving hymns allow us to go rather further than FitzPatrick’s study in exploring positively the layers of meaning and resonance acted out in the eucharistic celebration.
Receptive Ecumenism in African Perspective
Authors: Orobator SJ Agbonkhianmeghe E.
Published: June 2022

Missionary Christianity in Africa presented a formidable counter-witness to the gospel message of universal discipleship, communion, and reconciliation. Africans inherited the denominational complexities, intrigues, and antagonisms of missionaries. This historical fact poses ongoing challenges to the project of ecumenism. Notwithstanding the enduring legacy of competition and hostility, a close study of the contemporary context of Christianity in Africa yields evidence of creative perspectives based on communal ethics of hospitality and mutuality of listening and learning. The concept and practice of ‘indaba’ is relevant here. These point towards and promote forms of Receptive Ecumenism and help overcome the scandal of division and entrenched denominational and doctrinal prejudice.
A Total Ethic for a Broken Body
Authors: Ryan Gregory A.
Published: June 2022

The apparently simple principle of Receptive Ecumenism rests upon a richer set of methodological commitments. These are outlined in order to counter the risk of superficial adoption of the approach. In the first part of the chapter, Receptive Ecumenism is located in relation to Paul D. Murray’s wider theological methodology, using the key concepts of expansive catholicity, recursive fallibilism, and dynamic integrity. Resources from doctrinal hermeneutics are used to elaborate these concepts in relation to the task of ecclesial learning. The second part of the chapter offers a new perspective on these commitments using the notion of hermeneutical virtue developed by Andrew P. Rogers in his book Congregational Hermeneutics (2015). Suitably adapted, this notion is proposed as a useful tool for avoiding the reduction of Receptive Ecumenism to a matter of either method or affectivity alone.
What Is the Spirit Saying to the Churches through the Laments of the Faithful?
Authors: Hinze Bradford E.
Published: June 2022

Laments of the faithful people of God, whether active, marginal, or alienated, provide a medium for churches to heed, receive, and respond to the communication of the Holy Spirit discerned in the wounded and dysfunctional church. Such an approach to the Spirit’s communication in the laments of the faithful provides complementary and transverse theological contributions in relation to the approach developed by Ormond Rush in his work on the sense of the faithful in a synodal church. Paul Murray’s work on the agency of the Holy Spirit in the wounded and dysfunctional churches as developed in his work on Receptive Ecumenism is engaged. These various perspectives are set in the context of current movements in the Catholic Church towards a greater synodality. The Australian and German synodal processes illustrate the issues.
Learning to Be Church
Authors: Balabanski Vicky , Trainor Michael
Published: June 2022

Practices and commitments which lie at the heart of what has come to be referred to as Receptive Ecumenism can also be seen to lie at the foundations of the communities of Jesus followers in the first century CE. The desire for communion (koinonia) among Jesus followers finds its practical expression throughout the New Testament. This chapter explores two examples: (1) in the Letter to the Colossians, addressed to divided gatherings of Jesus households in Colossae and Laodicea, a particular avenue of ‘reception’ by which communion between these two communities is enhanced and division overcome is explored, highlighting essential qualities or virtues which Jesus followers are invited to emulate; (2) in Acts 6:1–7, two religiously divided Jerusalem groups overcome their divisions and experience communion (koinonia). In a discernment of how to address division and to receive the ‘other’, the leaders of Jerusalem’s Jesus followers return to a path of communion founded on discernment of God’s word. Both examples from these first-century communities of Jesus followers reveal concrete engagement, practical hospitality, and ecclesial growth which can speak into our own journey in Receptive Ecumenism.
Mature Ecumenism’s Daring Future
Authors: Ford David F.
Published: June 2022

The prayer of Jesus in John chapter 17, at the climax of his Farewell Discourses, expresses a radical and comprehensive desire for unity. It has rightly long been a key text for the Christian ecumenical movement, and it deserves to be taken even more seriously in the twenty-first century. But this horizon also stretches beyond the community of those who believe in Jesus Christ, and has broad implications both for interfaith relations and for the environmental crisis. Reflecting on Receptive Ecumenism in the light of fresh readings of the fourth gospel illuminates numerous dimensions of this mature ecumenism. The practice of reading and re-reading the Gospel of John, alone and with others, and letting that help shape ecumenical living in the church and world could inspire Receptive Ecumenism to become ever more daring.
A Discipline for Living According to the Spirit
Authors: Slipper Callan
Published: June 2022

This chapter begins by showing the deep resonance between Receptive Ecumenism and Chiara Lubich’s spirituality of unity. It explores how the discipline of dialogue, central to both, depends upon conversion and opens the partners in dialogue to the presence of Christ, which, in turn, facilitates deeper dialogue. It then looks briefly at the ‘ecumenism of life’ which comes from the spirituality of unity, considering one of its practical applications, the project ‘Together for Europe’. This shows how spirituality has effects beyond the sphere of religion. The chapter then considers how the spirituality of unity can enhance Receptive Ecumenism in four areas, grouping together its strategic values: the eschatological dimension, our self-emptying love patterned on Christ’s dereliction on the cross, the Trinitarian life, and an ecumenism of the people. The chapter concludes with a challenge: given that Christian unity is brought about by persons, we need to engage as persons; essential to this is the discipline of dialogue.
Receptive Ecumenism and the Virtues
Authors: Pizzey Antonia
Published: June 2022

Receptive Ecumenism has been described as ‘a virtuous virus’, intentionally designed to be adaptable to the needs of specific contexts. Therefore, a standardized approach is neither possible nor desirable. Yet, all applications of Receptive Ecumenism require engaging with processes of discernment. The development of pathways or guidelines for exploring receptive ecumenical discernment is, therefore, an important issue. This chapter explores Receptive Ecumenism’s distinctive emphasis on the virtues as a pathway for its process of discernment directed towards ecclesial reform. It is argued that the virtues of love, hospitality, humility, and hope, in particular, can act as guidelines for approaching receptive ecumenical discernment.
Integration with Complex Numbers
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling
Published: June 2022

This introductory text on complex analysis focuses on how to evaluate challenging improper (real) integrals, or their Cauchy principal values if need be, by associating them with (complex) contour integrals. On the way to this goal it explains in detail the basic arithmetic, algebra and analysis of complex numbers and functions: particularly the Cauchy–Riemann equations, Cauchy’s theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula, Taylor’s theorem, Laurent’s theorem and Cauchy’s residue theorem. Recognising that many non-specialist cohorts need to acquire skill and confidence in these techniques, great care is taken to allow time for consolidation of fundamental ideas before proceeding to more sophisticated ones, and stress is laid on worked examples to explain ideas and applications, informal diagrams to build insight, roughwork initial explorations to help seek out solution strategies and—above all—suites of exercises in which the learner can develop and reinforce competence: learning through doing being the hallmark of the working textbook. Substantial revision sections on real analysis and calculus are built into the text for learners who may require additional preparation. An appended final chapter addresses some more advanced topics, such as uniform convergence, that are relevant to why certain key theorems work. Specimen solutions for many exercises will be made available to instructors upon application to the publishers.
What are complex numbers?
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling
Published: June 2022

Complex numbers are presented—equivalently—as symbols of the form x+iy and as points (x,y) in the coordinate plane, with appropriate operations. We set out their elementary algebra/geometry—real part, imaginary part, modulus, argument, conjugate, polar coordinates, triangle inequality and reverse triangle inequality, de Moivre’s theorem. Complex sequences and complex series are discussed, as are powers and nth roots.
Background part C
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling
Published: June 2022

After revising elementary integration concepts from school calculus including the fundamental connection between indefinite integration and definite integration, and techniques such as integration by parts and integration by substitution (change of variable), this chapter concentrates on developing an understanding of improper integrals. Building insight through examples, we explore important classes of improper integrals, explore how they may be classified as convergent or divergent and discuss the idea of the Cauchy principal value of a divergent improper integral.
Measuring Political Settlements
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Schulz Nicolai , Ferguson William D. , vom Hau Matthias , Hickey Sam , Levy Brian
Published: June 2022

Chapter 4 moves to measurement and testing. A lack of clear guidelines for measurement has bedevilled political settlements analysis (PSA) and limited its acceptance by the social scientific mainstream. Here, the authors discuss how to identify evolutions or changes in political settlements, how to measure and code in a rigorous way some of their key dimensions, and how to construct their new ‘social foundation’ and ‘power concentration’ typological variables. This is illustrated with a mapping based on an expert survey of political settlements in forty-two countries since 1960 or since independence, along with brief descriptions of archetypal settlements in Kenya, Sudan, South Africa, and Malaysia.
Statistical Tools for Model Validation and Back Testing
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Arindam
Published: June 2022

Model validation and calibration chapter demonstrate key statistical tests that are useful to measure predictive power of risk models. It mainly assesses the critical steps, data input quality, and discriminatory power of the models in predicting default or loss. Model validation has been a key task for risk-focused management for internal management of risk across various business lines. Reliable rating systems require efficient validation strategies. This chapter explains power curve-fitting techniques to assess discriminatory power of predictive models, method for checking model errors, and estimation of model accuracy in great detail. The separation power check through information value and KS test and their utility in scorecard development has been elaborated. Steps in Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test pertaining to logistic model and other non-parametric validation checks like Akaike information criteria, Bayesian information criterion, Kendal’s tau are described in this chapter. An independent and objective validation of the predictive power and efficacy of valuation and risk models through statistical tests is an integral part of a robust risk management system.
Judicial Process and Proof
Authors: Reid J. Nicholas
Published: June 2022

Chapter 4 deals with key aspects of the judicial process in ancient Mesopotamia. Beyond the use of various forms of evidence in trials, ordeals are attested. These ordeals were intended to determine cases in reliance upon the gods, which also provided an element of religious coercion. In particular, the River Ordeal and the Oath Ordeal are discussed in relation to the prison goddess. The literary vision of the judicial process is situated in the context of the actual judicial process as attested in the documents of practice. The literary vision and awe of the judicial ordeal are also attested in other literary texts, which receive consideration in this chapter, as well. The awe-inspiring context of approaching the king and partaking in ordeals before the gods were intended to reveal the truth, induce honesty, and determine guilt. By considering the judicial process in connection with imprisonment, it is demonstrated that imprisonment in relation to “crime” largely functioned as a place of holding until trial and until punishment but not as punishment.
The Imprisoned Life
Authors: Reid J. Nicholas
Published: June 2022

Chapter 5 discusses what imprisoned life was like. After considering the descriptive account in the literary vision attested in the relevant portion of the “Hymn to Nungal,” life on the inside will be discussed through several documents of practice to answer questions about the provision of food, abuse, suffering, and time spent on the inside. It will become further evident that imprisonment was multifunctional, not just in relation to purpose but also its context. For example, the administrative approaches to imprisonment and spikes in lengths of stay in prison are two areas in which development can be observed, suggesting that imprisonment was available to be used but the approach was not standardized. Such observations fit with other known changes across locales and periods of time in early Mesopotamia. The concepts of suffering and misery introduce the topic of the resultant lament, which is discussed in its Mesopotamian context in Chapter 6.
Challenges in Policymaking
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the policymaking process and lists out some features of the process that leads to high quality decisions. It examines the trade-offs involved in making policies in the real world. It identifies and discusses some of the important weaknesses in India’s policymaking process. They include excessive fragmentation in thinking and action, excessive overlap between policy making and implementation, inadequate non-governmental inputs and informed debate, and lack of systematic analysis and integration prior to policy making. It talks about a widely discussed issue related to policymaking in the Indian context, the debate over generalists and specialists. The chapter examines the argument that policymaking requires specialist expertise and generalist bureaucrats are not well equipped in this endeavour.
Decision Paralysis
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines the issue of the perceived reluctance of officials to take decisions for fear of being at the receiving end of what is perceived by them as activism by oversight agencies. It examines the context for such decision paralysis and the underlying motivations and fears of officials. The chapter discusses the roles of the important agencies of the government—judiciary, the Information Commission, vigilance and investigative agencies, and the Comptroller and Auditor General—in contributing to the problem. It also provides several illustrative examples which highlight the problem. It also briefly examines the role of Finance Department in this context.
Addressing Execution Challenges—I
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar
Published: June 2022

This chapter offers some suggestions on improving policy and program execution. It includes ideas to strengthen supervision by improving on traditional methods of monitoring, the application of electronic monitoring systems, and the use of delivery units, through greater delegation, social media, and consultants and advisors. It has a detailed examination of the challenges and distortions associated with e-governance and digital monitoring systems. The chapter draws attention to the importance of the qualitative aspect of accountability, and how greater delegation and discretion can enhance ownership among stakeholders. It also discusses the challenge of designing enforcement regimes that limit the likelihood of harassment and of corruption.
Addressing Execution Challenges—III
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar
Published: June 2022

This chapter deals with four ideas that have become popular as possible solutions to state capability problems in execution: outsourcing and privatization, audits and certification, electronic governance and digitization, and rigorous evaluation. It examines the experience of outsourcing and privatization from UK and offers some pointers to the conditions under which it should be adopted in the Indian context. It also discusses the challenges associated with audits and e-governance, and offers some suggestions. The chapter has a discussion on both the case for and against evaluations, the system for evaluations in India, limitations of randomized control trials, and provides some practical suggestions for ensuring rigour in evaluations.
Symbolic Constitutionalization
Authors: Neves Marcelo
Published: June 2022

The subject of this book is the social and political meaning of constitutional texts to the detriment of their legal concretization. In other words, it focuses on the discrepancy between the hypertrophically symbolic function of constitutions and their insufficient legal concretization. It offers a critical counterpoint to constitutional theory that treats constitutional texts as a panacea to solving political, legal, and social problems. The symbolic constitutionalization is approached in a comprehensive perspective and in contrast to certain premises of Niklas Luhmann’s systems theory in regard to law and constitution in the world society. Chapter 1 sets out the debate about symbolic legislation. Chapter 2 explains the notion of symbolic constitutionalization as a problem embracing the whole legal system. Chapter 3 approaches the issue in terms of allopoiesis of law, characterizing it primarily as a problem in peripheral modernity and referring to the Brazilian experience. The final chapter discusses the tendency to a symbolic constitutionalization of world society in the scope of a paradoxical peripheralization of the center.
Quantum Computing: From Alice to Bob
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Robert
Published: June 2022

Quantum Computing: From Alice to Bob provides a distinctive and accessible introduction to the rapidly growing fields of quantum information science (QIS) and quantum computing (QC). The book is designed for undergraduate students and upper-level secondary school students with little or no background in physics, computer science, or mathematics beyond secondary school algebra and trigonometry. While broadly accessible, the book provides a solid conceptual and formal understanding of quantum states and entanglement—the key ingredients in quantum computing. The authors give detailed treatments of many of the classic quantum algorithms that demonstrate how and when QC has an advantage over classical computers. The book provides a solid explanation of the physics of QC and QIS and then weds that knowledge to the mathematics of QC algorithms and how those algorithms deploy the principles of quantum physics to solve the problem. This book connects the physics concepts, the computer science vocabulary, and the mathematics, providing a complete picture of how QIS and QC work. The authors give multiple representations of the concept—textual, graphical, and symbolic (state vectors, matrices, and Dirac notation)—which are the lingua franca of QIS and QC. Those multiple representations allow the readers to develop a broader and deeper understanding of the fundamental concepts and their applications. In addition, the book provides examples of recent experimental demonstrations of quantum teleportation and the applications of quantum computational chemistry. The last chapter connects to the growing commercial world of QC and QIS and provides recommendations for further study.
Introduction
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob
Published: June 2022

We meet our hosts, Alice and Bob, and an undergraduate student, Cardy. Alice and Bob tell Cardy why QC is “the next big thing.” They give a brief introduction to quantum information science (QIS) and its relation to quantum computing (QC). They also provide an overview of the rest of the book and how the book should be used to come to grips with quantum ideas that allow QCs to do things unimaginable for traditional computers. Alice and Bob emphasize that with perseverance everyone can understand the fundamentals of QC and how quantum physics enables entirely new ways of thinking about computational algorithms. They explain the book’s overarching narrative: quantum states, quantum entanglement, and quantum measurements provide the essential resources for QC and QIS.
Quantum Computing Algorithms
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob
Published: June 2022

Alice and Bob introduce and explain in detail some of the algorithms that convinced physicists and computer scientists that there might be something to this crazy idea of quantum computing. Each algorithm provides a case study of how the properties of quantum states can be used to provide an advantage for using a quantum computer compared to a classical computer. Alice and Bob describe the Deutsch algorithm, designed to answer a simple question about the properties of functions of binary digits (0 and 1), and the Simon algorithm, which finds a “secret code.” The Simon algorithm, like many other quantum algorithms, is a mix of quantum state algorithms and classical computational methods. Alice and Bob also introduce Hadamard gates that act on multi-qubit systems. Those gates play an important role in many quantum algorithms.
Introduction
Authors: Copenhaver Brian P.
Published: June 2022

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–94) has been a beacon of progress in modern times, and the celebrated Oration on the Dignity of Man has been the engine of his fame. But he never wrote a speech about the dignity of man. The prince’s speech announced quite different projects: persuading Christians to become Kabbalists in order to annihilate themselves in God; and convincing philosophers that their path to saving wisdom was concord rather than disputation. This book about Heresy, Freedom, and Philosophy shows that Pico’s work, before and after he wrote the Oration, was in no way progressive—or ‘humanist’—in its ideas, and that his main authorities were medieval clerics and theologians, not secular Renaissance intellectuals. The evidence is Pico’s Apology, his self-defense against heresy charges: this public polemic reveals more about him than the famous speech that he never gave and that deliberately kept its message secret. The orator’s method in the Oration was esoteric, but the defendant in the Apology made his case openly in a voice that was academic and belligerent, not prophetic or poetic. Perhaps because of its size and presentation, the Apology has been read less than Pico’s other writings; as far as I know, the last book devoted entirely to it appeared more than five centuries ago.
Making Smart Contracts a Reality
Authors: Abdullah Justice Aedit , Yihan Goh
Published: June 2022

This chapter argues that promoting and facilitating the use of smart contracts will require us to confront some basic questions concerning definitions, enforceability, and regulation. First of all, is there agreement on what a ‘smart contract’ is? Secondly, assuming that there is a working definition of smart contracts, can traditional contract law adequately govern them? Finally, even if the traditional law can do so, would we require regulation to ensure that their proper use? Ultimately, for smart contracts to become a reality of legal practice, we will require a balanced legal environment that gives a sufficient level of certainty about legal rights under such contracts.
Petitionary Prayer and Pride
Authors: Davison Scott A.
Published: June 2022

The philosophical literature concerning petitionary prayer tends to focus on arguments designed to show why God might be justified in requiring petitionary prayers for certain things before providing them. One prominent kind of argument along these lines appeals to the idea that answering petitionary prayers provides an extension of human responsibility for the character of the world. The chapter starts with an analysis of pride proposed by Robert C. Roberts, and discusses divine reasons and the nature of answered prayer, in order to explore whether these justifications of the practice of petitionary prayer imply that it is appropriate to feel a certain kind of pride for the results of apparently answered prayer.
Testimony and Trauma
Authors: Simpson Hannah
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines how Samuel Beckett’s Not I (1972) and Marguerite Duras’s L’Amante anglaise (1968) meld elements of the popular postwar genre of testimony literature with the symptoms of fragmented trauma memory, in order to sceptically interrogate the possibility of any ‘successful’ intersubjective communication of pain. Both plays offer a radically reduced sense of how far one can bear witness to traumatic suffering. Resurgent anxieties about France’s role in the Second World War overtook the country’s cultural imagination during the late 1960s and early 1970s, and this chapter reads Beckett’s and Duras’s own distanced proximity to Holocaust suffering against the larger cultural backdrop of increasing Francophone scepticism as to the healing function of postwar testimony. It explores how both plays stage the impossibility of testifying comprehensively to traumatic suffering (whether inflicted or experienced) but also draw on the bodily proximity and specific sensory dimensions of the theatre medium to provoke a distressing corporeal response in their spectators. It examines how Beckett and Duras frame their respective ‘Auditor’ and ‘Interrogator’ listening figures as ‘failed witnesses’. It ends with a reading of how certain theatrical productions—Claude Régy’s 1968 Théâtre de Chaillot production of L’Amante anglaise, Beckett’s 1978 Théâtre d’Orsay production of Pas moi, and Jess Thom and Matthew Pountney’s 2018 Not I at Battersea Arts Centre—have re-embodied this failure of witnessing as a more optimistic speaker–witness relationship by remodelling the action of the listening figures’ hands.
‘A Register and a Bill’
Authors: Kaustubh Deka
Published: June 2022

The state of Assam underwent a spectacular phase of socio-political mobilization between the period of 2014 and 2019 around the vexed issue of defining the contours of India’s citizenship discourse. The process of the updation of the National Register of Citizens (NRC and the amendment of the citizenship laws of the state, the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) sharply polarized opinions in the region. Drawing from field insights as well as literature, an argument has been made that the reception and implications of exercises like NRC and CAA that lies at the interstices of the political, legal, and the social needs to be read as a complex ensemble of political and social practices anchored around contestations over belongingness and mediated through the parameters of the state and various social actors of the region. Out of this complex negotiation new political subjectivities of the region unfold, vernacular but precarious.
Higher education—triumph of the knowledge-intensive society?
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: June 2022

Education, says the marketing, paves the way for success in life. With the passing of time, this has become a well-established truth. There are no other options—unless you have exceptional talent in the arts, sports, or the entertainment context. The higher education sector has developed rapidly in recent decades and so have promises of a fantastic career resulting from a degree of the right kind, achieved at the right place. If an institution is not ‘world class’ it is often described in terms of ‘excellence’. Educational institutions perhaps support the lofty career aspirations of today’s students. If the department in question succeeds in recruiting a large number of students, it is perhaps the less realistic self-images that will be reinforced. At a more collective level, education is now also considered to pave the way for national greatness.
The triumph of imagology—a paradise for tricksters?
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: June 2022

Chapter 10 starts to connect the themes discussed in Chapters 2–9, to formulate additional ideas, insights, and results based on synthesis as well as summaries and conclusions. The chapter starts by addressing post-affluence and, in particular, how expectations of the good consumption and working life are gradually raised so that reality, when salient, may be a source of frustration and disappointment more often than delivering what it should. The chapter also addresses how the understanding of grandiosity and illusion can be further developed through the use of Kundera’s concept imagology, drawing, in particular, upon Kundera’s claim that people occupied by imagology constitute a broad, diverse, but rapidly expanding set of occupations leading to the road to grandiosity.
Twins
Authors: Iwanek Krzysztof
Published: June 2022

This chapter seeks to locate the historical roots of RSS schools by looking at how nationalism and education intertwine. It also ponders on the significance of education for Hindu nationalists. While it briefly refers to well-known works that reconstruct main elements of nationalism, the goal was not to focus on the theory of nationalism. Believing that nationalism is a modern, radical movement born in the post-Enlightenment era, the author argues that both nationalism and modern education evolved in the context of growing centralization of state power. In short: modern schools are utilized by governments to construct a common, homogenized national identity. The same by extension applies to Vidya Bharati schools which are a replication of this system in the private domain.
Many Pasts
Authors: Iwanek Krzysztof
Published: June 2022

This chapter places Vidya Bharati’s history teaching in a wider context. To achieve this, it presents a comparison of the organization’s social science textbooks, as described in the previous chapter, with Uttarakhand’s state board textbook and the textbooks published by the central government institution, National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT). The differences between the Vidya Bharati and NCERT textbooks turn out to be vast. The general conclusion is that the NCERT textbooks, while not free from omissions and from leaning towards one political direction, are more detailed and balanced in how they present Indian history, especially in comparison to Vidya Bharati textbooks.
Building bridges
Authors: Jayadeva Sazana , Thieme Susan
Published: June 2022

The capacities of aspirant student migrants to negotiate the process of going abroad is closely linked to their economic, social, and cultural resources. Based on fieldwork in India and Nepal, we explore the contested role of commercial education consultants in supporting aspirant student migrants to access study abroad. Drawing on interviews with international students and an analysis of the conversations about education consultants within online communities of aspirant student migrants, we highlight how consultants are discussed as being powerful agents that guarantee a safe path to studying abroad, while also, being decried as profit-driven actors. We then move to the perspectives of the consultants themselves, how they experience the application process and engage with their ambivalent reputation. In doing so, the chapter explores how access to study abroad is negotiated and how this often involves ‘co-learning’ and ‘co-work’ between aspirant student migrants and consultants.
Transnational political engagements and diasporic connections in Nepali education-related migration to Denmark
Authors: Valentin Karen
Published: June 2022

The Nepali diaspora in Denmark dates back to the early 2000s and has emerged in response to the expanding commercialized international education market and a demand for qualified labour. For this reason, the Nepalis in Denmark generally immigrated at relatively young ages as students, highly skilled professionals and accompanying spouses. However, they initially went to school and college in Nepal in the 1990s, a period of prolonged political upheaval due to civil war. Some grew up in families engaged in politics, others tried to keep formal politics at a distance, but all were in some way or another affected by the social and political tensions played out in the realm of higher education and the wider society. Now, years later, many are to varying degrees engaged in different types of diasporic political and civic activities, including projects of ‘social entrepreneurship’. Drawing on ethnographic data on education-related migration from Nepal to Denmark, this chapter focuses on higher education as a transnational socio-political field and thereby sheds light on the porous boundaries of educational institutions. The chapter analyses how previous experiences from growing up in a highly politicized education system and a general condition of political instability in Nepal factor into later transnational political engagements among Nepali migrants. It thereby feeds into the larger literature on mobility and transnationalism as well as debates on political action in South Asia, where institutions of higher education have historically been central in the political shaping of the youth.
Healthcare Delivery
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: June 2022

This chapter describes the healthcare delivery ecosystem in the U.S., including its structure and key stakeholders. Particular attention is paid to the highly fragmented U.S. ecosystem. Past innovations reviewed include the Flexner Report of 1910, the Social Security Act of 1935, the Medicare and Medicaid legislation of 1965, the Affordable Care Act of 2010, and the pandemic-induced widespread adoption of telemedicine. Contemporary innovations considered include scaling of successful trials, computational policy analysis, approaches to population health, and emerging assistive technologies. These innovations can be enabled by analytics and incentives that address the problems of fragmentation. This approach to transformation requires stakeholders to think differently and learn to collaborate and coordinate. The economic justifications of these investments can be facilitated by broadly-based accounting for revenues, costs, and savings.
Quantum Electrodynamic Theory of Light Radiation
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

The quantum electrodynamic theory, based on the quantization of the electromagnetic field, introduces the concept of photon and the related photon creation operator, photon annihilation operator, and photon number operator. It is used to describe stimulated Raman scattering, stimulated Kerr scattering, and various multiphoton excitation processes. Within this theoretical regime the light (as a photon field) and molecules are treated as a combined quantum mechanical system. The light emission or absorption is always accompanied by the quantum transition of the whole system from its initial eigenstate to the final eigenstate. The molecular emission or absorption probability rate is determined by the corresponding transition matrix elements of the interaction Hamiltonian operator.
Uncle Rudolf
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores how the narrative around murder evolved on the home front with the outbreak of war through the case of Rudolf Kremser, who in December 1914 murdered the daughter of his sister. Through the press coverage of the trial, we examine how the murder itself was reported in the different newspapers, which attached various narratives to why the act was committed. The media emphasized different motives, and turned these violent acts into popular culture. The role of the expert, such as criminologists, other forensic scientists, psychiatrists, and the role of the law also contributed to the interpretations of why accused committed murders.
Seeking the Truth
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

The investigation of murder underwent a significant shift from the beginning of the twentieth century, as this chapter highlights. Hans Gross founded the first criminology institute at the University of Graz in 1913 and suggested that criminal investigations needed to be rationalized and objectivized. He especially pointed to the unreliability of eyewitness accounts, arguing that the value of eyewitness testimony depended on social class and on the gender of the eyewitness. Franz von Liszt, professor of criminal law in Berlin, further confirmed the unreliability of eyewitness accounts. Thus, eyewitness accounts, which had a tenuous credibility, were replaced by objective methods in determining the facts of the crime, such as fingerprinting. The records were then kept in a system and the figure of the recidivist criminal as a permanent threat to society was recorded. Even so, the scientific method of catching and recording criminals did not occur at the same pace. These methods were used mostly in urban areas such as Vienna and Prague, whereas in rural areas the lack of police personnel and the lack of experts limited the application of “objective” truth-seeking.
Crime, or Politics?
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

In the postwar Austrian Republic, murder was reinterpreted as a symbol of declining society and as a tool to dehumanize political opponents. Following Austria’s defeat and the dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy, the most prominent form of individual violence came to represent the lack of a future direction of the republic and its complete material and moral breakdown, further adding to the feeling of a lack of personal safety in the dim streets of Vienna after sunset. Murder was also used in the young republic to dehumanize and discredit political opponents and to strengthen the internal solidarity of one’s own political camp. Thus, seemingly apolitical murders became instruments of bitter political struggle, or were interpreted as such. Whether it was a murder committed by a Catholic farmer or an urban proletarian laborer, newspapers assigned the perpetrators a social class, deepening divisions in society and complicating postwar renewal. Hence, the media’s construction of murder not only contributed to strengthening the overall sense of defeat, upheaval, and frustration, but also aggravated political polarization.
That the President May Long Govern
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

In Czechoslovakia, the media and commentators explained the sharp increase in the number of murder cases following the dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy and the establishment of the new state by the twisted morality inherited from the Habsburg period. The expectation was that these “teething” problems, murder, and its cause, poverty, would simply go away and would be dealt with by the state once transition was fully completed. However, in the immediate postwar period the local courts were inundated with criminal cases, which were at time eased by the main symbol of unity in Czechoslovakia, President Tomáš G. Masaryk, who enacted a large number of presidential pardons, including in the case of murder. Murder was, as this chapter shows, prominently reported in the press where it was constructed as one of the elements in the complex culture of victory, with the reporting emphasizing that the wartime sacrifices needed to be defended in the new republic. In victorious Czechoslovakia, the press and the political parties did not use murder to sow the seeds of political divisions, but rather stressed the need for unity.
Ominous Eagles
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

After the end of the First World War, the area of South Tyrol first came under Italian military occupation and, with the signing of the Treaty of Saint Germain, Italy formally annexed the region. Following the end of the war the local press indicated that the region’s geopolitical horizons remained within the orbit of the now defunct Habsburg Monarchy, with reports on murders outside South Tyrol covering its previous German-language world. The Italian authorities welcomed this focus on the Austrian lands, as it highlighted the instability of the new Austrian Republic. As for murders within the South Tyrol, the press used these crimes to escalate the tensions between Germans and Italians, in an attempt to try to hold on to the German character of the province in the face of the Italianization efforts of the Fascists. The growing tensions between the Germans and the Italian authorities (and the Fascists) came to a head in 1922 with the killing of the German teacher Franz Innerhofer by an unidentified Fascist. Innerhofer’s death became a symbol of postwar crisis and decline.
Youths Outside the House
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

Collective violence was not a new phenomenon during the First World War, but as this chapter shows, this form of violence did transform during the war and in its aftermath. Before 1914, collective violence tended to focus on issues of politics and nationalism and it was largely led by men, although women also did take part in a smaller capacity. However, the departure of men to the front changed the gender of collective protest. Violence during these protests increased and it was no longer possible to keep it in check via institutional means. During the war issues that were previously thought of as apolitical, such as the issue of food supply, were politicized. Thus, by studying collective violence we can point to a spontaneously arising “politics from below” during the war. Our aim is to understand the genesis of collective violence in the Austrian lands, the Czech lands, and in South Tyrol, the ideas this form of violence sought to share, and the various paths that these lands took out of the apocalypse and toward a postwar renewal.
Conclusion
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

Focusing on murder and collective violence, we argue that these two forms of violence took on hitherto different meanings and importance for individuals and societies, shedding light on the mental horizons of societies that had been destabilized and then reconstructed in the postwar years. The concluding chapter provides readers with a summary of how the perception and narratives around murder developed from the periods before, during, and after the First World War. The public saw “bloody images” of murder through the narratives constructed by the press, but also through new scientific understandings in the courts. However, in Austria, in the Czech lands, and in South Tyrol local circumstances, the different views or lack of expert opinion, and in the postwar period their new situations following the dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy all influenced their understanding of murder differently. Collective violence, “bloody streets,” in many of its aspects was a new phenomenon in the last two years of the war and in the postwar period. The novelty was to be found in the growing number of collective excesses and in the composition of the crowds. Examining these two forms of violence helps us understand how societies that had been destabilized by the apocalypse of war and then embarked on different paths out of it, gave meaning to their unique, yet widely shared experiences.
Japanese Reactions to Christian ‘Reason of State’
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 10 looks at how the Japanese reacted to the missionaries following the unification of Japan and the establishment of the Edo shogunate. Tokugawa Ieyasu pressured Spain to begin trade with Japan via Mexico. But the Spaniards remained wary of the Japanese in the aftermath of the 1597 martyrdoms at Nagasaki and the shogunate’s refusal to accept missionaries on the grounds of ideological and religious incompatibility. Sebastian Vizcaino’s delegation from Mexico arrived in 1611. His request to survey the Japanese coast would be subsequently interpreted as a proof of hostile intent. A corruption scandal that led to the execution of the Christian daimyo Arima Harunobu, in 1612, together with a number of alleged conspiracies and plots to undermine the shogunate with the aid of foreign troops, seemed to confirm Japanese suspicions. These were seized upon by the English and the Dutch in Japan to accuse the Jesuits of treasonous intent.
Kink Subcultures and Community Membership
Authors: Wignall Liam
Published: June 2022

This chapter moves beyond individualistic perspectives on kink to highlight how kink can be understood through subcultural frameworks that contain multiple kink communities. Theoretical developments in subcultural research are described, highlighting how subcultures were framed through a lens of deviance, then toward one of resistance, and finally through one of distinction. To compliment these theoretical developments, the chapter provides a working definition of subculture. The chapter draws on some key examples of research into sexual subcultures before describing the rich history of work on kinky sexual subcultures. The chapter also provides a discussion of the function of kink subcultures for its members.
Words to Live By
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter shows how the traumas of Bubbles’s childhood may have predisposed him to a lifelong dependency on gambling and alcohol and inspired his personal motto, “Live it up, as tomorrow you may die.” As a child in Nashville, he grew up in a home ravaged by hunger, disease, and the premature deaths of five out of eight children. On multiple occasions he also had to witness his father beat and rape his beloved mother. His father’s five-year incarceration in the Tennessee State Penitentiary for the crime of flirting with a white girl as a teenager may have planted violent impulses in him long before he became a husband and father. According to one interview subject, years later those same impulses reared up in Bubbles himself, as he struggled to navigate his own romantic relationships as an adult.
Dancing in the Dark
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter covers the year 1927, when Buck and Bubbles broke away from Nat Nazarro and tried to make it on their own. Antagonized by Nazarro’s dictatorial and unethical behavior, they fled to Chicago under the auspices of another agent. Taking Chicago theaters by storm, they proved they could succeed equally well without Nazarro’s supervision. They also took a late-night job at the Sunset Café, a Black nightclub on the South Side, where they performed with the great jazz musicians Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines. There is evidence that during this period Bubbles and other tap dancers at the Sunset may have exerted a decisive rhythmic influence on Armstrong and, through him, on jazz itself. In the meantime, Nat Nazarro filed injunctions forbidding them from performing in any theater under their own name. By this means he was able, eventually, to compel them to come back to New York.