bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ECONOMIC LOSS DUE TO LARCENY IN SOME AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Folorunso L. A. , Yegosibe B. J.
Published: December 2024

When the challenges facing agricultural enterprises are being discussed, pilfering is hardly mentioned, or it is considered loss inconsequential. Unfortunately, pilfering cumulatively leads to heavy losses in agricultural enterprises. Thus, this study was aimed at highlighting the items being preferentially pilfered and assessing the value of losses incurred by agricultural enterprises. Structured and pretested questionnaire was administered to 150 agro-allied enterprises purposively selected from ten Local Government Areas (LGAs) out of the 23 LGAs of Kaduna State. Variables assessed include type of enterprise, items being pilfered, monetary values of items pilfered and presence of insignia on assets. A total of 105 questionnaires were retrieved and the resulting data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The enterprise sampled were aquaculture, apiculture, poultry, piggery, large ruminants and feed mill. This study showed that items being pilfered in order of preference were: cattle > poultry birds ≥ eggs > smoked fish > goats and other products. The value of products pilfered ranged from less than N1,000.00 to above N 100,000.00 and 66.70% of the enterprises do not have any form of insignia or logo on their physical properties. Pilfering constitutes a leaking bucket in farming enterprise and it is important to deploy several security measures such as marking, artificial intelligence and other state of the art facilities to guard the agro-allied investments.
EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR CLIMATE-RELATED ISSUES OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
Authors: Iyiola-Tunji A. O. , Adamu I. J.
Published: December 2024

This paper was aimed at reviewing the need for the development of an early warning system for climate-related issues in the livestock production sub-sector of the Nigerian economy. Nigerian Meteorological Agency is known to produce seasonal climate predictions which can be leveraged to provide information to livestock farmers to prevent climate-related disasters among their stocks. Early Warning System can provide useful information for livestock farmers to prevent economic losses. As it is for crop production in Nigeria, an early warning system needs to be developed for the livestock subsector of the economy.
EFFECT OF HOUSING SYSTEM ON BEHAVIOUR AND WELFARE STATUS OF COCKEREL CHICKENS
Authors: Sabo M. N. , Abubakar A. U. , Usman H. B. , Suleiman A.
Published: December 2024

A total of one hundred and eighty 8-week old cockerel chicks were used to evaluate the effect of different housing types on the performance of Isa brown cockerels. Sixty birds each were assigned to three housing types; deep litter (DL), deep litter with outdoor access (DLOA) and free range (FR) in a completely randomized design with each housing type serving as a treatment and having 4 replications of 15 cockerels each. Data were collected on behavioural and welfare parameters. All data generated were subjected to statistical analysis. The results showed that cockerels on the DL housing stood and drank more and sat less compared to the FR group. The DL group were more aggressive than the DLOA group. The DLOA group forage more than the DL group. Level of fear and stress were not influenced by housing as tonic immobility was similar amongst the housing types. It can be recommended that management systems that give outdoor access can be used to rear male layer type chicken to encourage positive behaviours and reduce the negative behaviours without adverse effect on their fear levels.
FECAL OOCSYT AND EGG COUNT OF BROILER BIRDS ADMINISTERED SPOTTED PUMPKIN (LAGENARIA BREVIFLORA) EXTRACTS
Authors: Adeyemo A. A. , Iyanda A. I. , Ibigbami D. J. , Adegoke A. V. , Idowu K. R.
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of spotted pumpkin (Lagenaria breviflora) extract on fecal oocyst and egg count of broiler chicken. A total of One hundred and sixty (160) day old broiler chicks were used for the experiment. The birds were randomly allotted to four (4) treatment (T) groups having 40 birds per treatment which was further sub-divided into -10birds per replicate. The control groups (T1) were administered antibiotics while other groups were administered aqueous extract of Lagenaria breviflora at a dosage of 250g/liter (T2), 500g/liter (T3) and 750g/liter (T4) respectively for 5days. At the end of the experiment fecal sample analysis of broiler chickens was carried out using standard procedures. All data generated were subjected to one way analysis of variance in a completely randomized design using (SAS 2009). Results obtained showed significantly highest oocyst (1000cfu/g) was observed from the control groups compared to other dietary treatment groups administered aqueous extract of Lagenaria breviflora which recorded lowest or no oocyst count. Significantly higher egg per gram (17epg) was noticeable in the control groups and birds administered 750g/litre of the test ingredient while no egg per gram was recorded for birds administered 250 and 500g/litre of the test ingredient. Therefore, it can be concluded that aqueous extract of Lagenaria breviflora at 250, 500 and 750g/litre respectively contains bioactive substances capable of eradicating and suppressing oocsyt count while, Lagenaria breviflora aqueous extract at 250g/l and 500g/l is capable of eradicating Egg per gram in broiler chickens.
EFFECT OF LOCALLY SOURCED ALGAE AS DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION ON BEHAVIOUR OF BROILER CHICKENS AT STARTER PHASE
Authors: Adeleye O. O. , Abatan M. O. , Opowoye I. O. , Tinuala D. A. , Egbeyale L. T.
Published: December 2024

Studies on the use of algae in animal diets have explored commercially manufactured algae biomass. However, there is dearth of information on the use of algae population found in the Nigerian waterways. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of locally sourced and heat-processed freshwater algae (Enteromorpha sp.) on the behaviour of broiler chickens at the starter phase. A total of 150 Arbor Acres strain of broiler chickens were used for this study. Birds were assigned to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The treatments were replicated three times to contain 10 birds each. The treatments were T1- Control without algae biomass, T2 and T3- dehydrated algae biomass at 60°and 80°C, respectively, T4 and T5- oven dried algae biomass at 600 and 800 C, respectively. The algae biomass was incorporated into the diet at 0.5% inclusion rate. Feeding of birds with algae-supplemented diet began during brooding and continued throughout the starter phase. During the 2nd, 3rd and 4th week of age, the behaviour of the chickens was observed and recorded via CCTV cameras, after which the frequency of occurrence of the feeding, drinking, walking, dustbathing and wing flapping behaviour were extracted. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using Tukey’s test. Among the behaviours observed, only the dustbathing behaviour was significantly (p<0.05) affected by algae supplementation. The behaviour was highest in broilers offered dehydrated algae biomass at 60°C. It was concluded from this study that heat-processing and supplementation of algae from Nigeria freshwater in broiler chickens’ diet did not have a negative impact on their behaviours.
PREVALENCE OF SAVANNAH-TYPE TRYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE IN CATTLE IN SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA
Authors: Okwelum N. , Onagbesan O. M. , Shittu O. O. , Famakinde S. A. , Bemji M. N. , Osinowo O. A.
Published: December 2024

In Nigeria, cattle have remained a major source of meat, milk, hide and cash income. However, trypanosomosis is one of the factors militating against cattle productivity causing severe losses. Trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse flies and the southwest is tsetse infested zone and so, endemic for trypanosomosis. This study therefore, was carried out to investigate prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense “savannah-type” infection and the effect of the infection on haematological parameters. Blood sample was collected from 180 cattle, DNA was extracted and PCR technique was used for prevalence study. Haematological analysis was carried out using Auto-haemo-analyser. Data generated were analysed in a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) using SAS statistical package. The results revealed a prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense “savannah-type” species as 93.89%. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between haematological parameters of infected and un-infected cattle as evident in muscle wastage and leukocytosis. The study concluded that the prevalence of trypanosome infection has both epidemiological and economic importance.
EFFECT OF XYLAZINE - MIDAZOLAM COMBINATION WITH ASCORBIC ACID AS ANAESTHESIA ON HEALTH STATUS OF WEST AFRICA DWARF GOATS
Authors: Koleosho S. A. , Adeoye A. T. , Agbato O. A. , Akinyera A. O. , Saka A. A.
Published: December 2024

The use of a safer technique of achieving anaesthesia is a unique procedure to be explored, Thus this study was aimed to evaluate the effect of xylazine – midazolam combination with ascorbic acid on the haematological indices of West African dwarf (WAD) goats. A total number of ten (10) WAD goats were randomly allotted into two groups; Group 1: Xylazine + Midazolam (XM) and Group II: Xylazine + Midazolam + Ascorbic acid (XMA300). Blood samples were collected from all goats in each treatment via jugular vein before the medicines were administered (0 minutes), and during drug administration at 60 and 90 minutes for haematological examination. Results revealed significant (P<0.05) effect on the haematological indices of the WAD goats except the packed cell volume, red blood cell, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular haemoglobin. Goat administered XMA300 had higher (P<0.05) haemoglobin values (10.60 ± 1.74g/dL) at 90 min under anaesthesia. Goats administered XM recorded higher (P<0.05) WBC at 0 (52.50 ± 1.58 × 105/µL) and 60 (71.00 ± 1.58 × 105/µL) min while at 90 min, goats administered XMA300 had higher value (60.00 ± 1.58× 105 /µL). The platelets values observed at 0 (11.60 ± 0.25 × 107/µL), 60 (10.90 ± 0.16× 107/µL) and 90 (12.80 ± 0.16 × 107/µL) min of anaesthesia in this study were higher in group administered XM. Goats administered XMA300 had higher (P<0.05) lymphocytes values at 0, 60 and 90 mins of anaesthesia. The mean corpuscular volume observed in this study was higher in goats administered XM (29.00 ± 1.58 fl) at 60 min but was higher in goats administered XMA (24.40±1.74 fl) at 90 min. It can be concluded that addition of ascorbic acids with the drugs improved the heamatological indices of WAD goats.
WEEKLY SEMEN PRODUCTION OF MARSHALL BROILER BREEDER COCKS FED DIETARY SALT INCLUSIONS AND SUPPLEMENTAL ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID
Authors: Olofin A. A. , Aro S. O. , Abdulkadir M. T. , Aliu F. A.
Published: December 2024

The aim of this study is to investigate the weekly semen production of Marshall Broiler breeder cocks fed supplemental acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and dietary salt (NaCl) inclusion. The experiment was conducted at the Poultry Unit of the Livestock Section of the Teaching and Research Farm, and Diagnostic Laboratory of the Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure between November 2021 and March 2022. Semen collection, through the abdominal massage method commenced at the 30th to 35th week of age and was carried out once weekly between 6.00 hours and 8.00 hours. A six-week data on total ejaculate volume (TEV), seminal plasma (SP), spermatocrit (ST), sperm motility (MT), dead sperm cells (DSC), abnormal sperm cells (ASC) and sperm concentration (SC) were collected and subjected to Microsoft excel using scatter with smooth lines and markers chart. Diet T3 showed increase in total ejaculate volume from 30 to 35 weeks of age with peak at 33 weeks of age (0.6ml), highest in sperm motility between the ranges of (98-100%), lowest in abnormal sperm cells (12-17%) and DSC (20-23%) while other treatment diets were lower. Diet T4 was lowest in Seminal plasma which ranged from 87-90%, highest in spermatocrit (11- 13.67%) and SC (1.40×109 mL-1-2.27×109 mL-1 ) were lowest in the same treatment throughout the six-week study. In conclusion, 0.750% NaCl worked synergistically with 0.050% ASA to improve the ejaculate characteristics of this particular breeder cocks from 30 to 35 weeks of age.
SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY AND HORMONAL INDICES OF KALAWAD BUCKS FED BRACHIARIA RUZIZIENSIS AND PANICUM MAXIMUM
Authors: Olalere J. O. , Toviesi D. P. , Oderinwale O. A. , Akinneye K. A. , Oluwatosin B. O. , Shittu O. O. , Sanusi G. O. , Taiwo S. F.
Published: December 2024

Rising interest in livestock development because of the demand for animal products, has led to research into identifying drought tolerant, more productive and persistent forages to support livestock productivity, among which are Guinea grass and Ruzi grass. Thus, a study was carried out to evaluate serum biochemistry and hormonal indices of Kalawad bucks fed Brachiaria ruziziensis and Panicum maximum. Twelve KALAWAD bucks were subjected to a completely randomized design for an 84 day study to evaluate the blood profiles of the goats fed two different grass forages in the wilted forms. The two forages were fed on experimental basis as the sole Panicum maximum (PM), the sole Brachiaria ruziziensis (BR) and ratio 1:1 mixture of Panicum maximum and Brachiaria ruziziensis (PMBR) and blood samples were collected for serum biochemical parameters. Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, Malondialdehyde, Superoxidedismutase, Total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, Glutathione, Cortisol, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Potassium, Sodium and Magnesium. The results obtained revealed that haematology parameters of the goats fed with PM, BR and PMBR were within the standard values with no significant difference. Total bilirubin, Zinc and Sodium were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the diets with bucks fed with PM having highest values of 0.22±0.02mg/dl, 0.46±0.04mg/L and 119.61±3.11mg/L respectively while Selenium was highest in bucks fed BR (1.06±0.12mg/L). The study concluded that the experimental diets did not adversely affect the growth and health of the animals.
PRODUCTION STATUS OF LAYING HENS FED DIET CONTAINING DIFFERENT SPECIES OF FIG MEAL AND VITAMIN C SUPPLEMENTATION
Authors: Atoyebi G. O. , Onibi G. E. , Adu A. O. , Osowe C. O. , Olofin A. A.
Published: December 2024

The demand for poultry products is on higher level due to increase in population.This study was carried out to evaluate the production status of laying hens fed diets containing different species of fig meal and vitamin C supplementation. Eight experimental diets were prepared with different inclusions of Ficus species leaf powder while the vitamin C supplement used was procured from pharmaceutical shop. Folliculogenesis and cholesterol of egg were calculated. Birds on diet 5 had deeper yolk colouration (13.29 ± 0.18), while those on diet 8 (9.70 g) recorded significantly (p = 0.013) had lower abdominal fat than the control (31.30 g). Significantly abdominal fat was observed in birds fed Diet 7 (68.35 g). The yolk cholesterol of egg fed Diet 2 had significantly (80.59mg/100g) lower value, while the treatment group fed control diet was significantly higher (143.83mg/100g). Birds fed diet 8 recorded the lowest abdominal fat while significantly higher abdominal fat was observed in those fed diet 7 (68.35 g) . The yolk cholesterol of egg fed diet 2 had significantly (80.59mg/100g) lower value, while the treatment group fed control diet was significantly higher (143.83mg/100g). It can be concluded that Ficus species can be used to improve egg yolk colour while vitamin E and Figus species can be used to reduce abdominal fat.
DIRECT AND RESIDUAL EFFECT OF AZANZA GARCKEANA (GORON TULA) FRUIT MEAL ON LIPID PROFILES OF NEW ZEALAND WHITE RABBITS IN THE HUMID TROPICS
Authors: Amaduruonye W. , Ikwunze K. , Charles P. C. , Egbo A. B.
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to examine the direct and residual effects of Azanza garckeana fruit on the serum lipid profile of New Zealand white rabbit bucks. Sixty (60) New Zealand white rabbit bucks, aged 2-3 months were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) of 15 bucks, with 3 replicates of 5 rabbits per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Experiment. The experimental diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirement of rabbit bucks and supplemented with Azanza garckeana fruit meal at 0, 100, 200 and 300g/kg respectively, representing T1, T2, T3 and T4. The study was conducted in two experimental phases of 8 weeks each, which were- the direct and the residual phases. At the end of each experimental phase, blood samples were collected, the sera extracted and analyzed for the various lipid profile parameters. The data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (SPSS 23). Results showed that the different supplementations of Azanza garckeana fruit meal up to 300g/kg in the diets significantly reduced the serum total cholesterol, triglycerol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol at the direct and residual phase. It was concluded that Azanza garckeana fruit meal at 100g/kg, 200g/kg and 300g/kg significantly reduced the serum total cholesterol, triglycerol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol at the direct and residual phase without detrimentally affecting the physiology of the New Zealand White rabbit bucks in the humid tropics.
EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS PLANT EXTRACTS ON THE HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF PURE AND CROSSBRED CHICKENS
Authors: ANIZOBA N. W. , IKEH N. E. , AMAEFULE B. C. , EZENWOSU C. M. , UGWU R. U. , OZOKE P. C. , CHIDIEBERE S. O. , UGWU S. O. C. , MACHEBE N. S.
Published: December 2024

The effect of neem and ginger extracts on the haematological indices of Noiler, Heavy Ecotype chicken and their crossbred was investigated. A total of 360 one-day-old chicks from 3 genetic groups consisting; 120 chicks from a cross between Noiler cocks × Noiler (NN) hens, 120 chicks from a cross between Heavy Ecotype cocks × Heavy Ecotype (HH) hens and 120 chicks from a cross between Noiler cocks × Heavy Ecotype (NH) hen were used for the study. The chicks from each genetic group were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 30 birds per treatment as follows: T1: No plant extracts, T2: 200 ml neem, T3: 200 ml ginger and T4: 100 ml neem + 100 ml ginger. The result indicated that haemoglobin (HB), packed cell volume (PCV), Platelets, white blood cells (WBC) and its differential showed significant treatment effect (P<0.05) except red blood cell (RBC), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). From the result, it was concluded that 200 ml of ginger extract and the combined effect of neem and ginger extracts can be used to improve the blood parameters and general health of the birds.
THE POTENCY OF INORGANIC SELENIUM SUPPLEMENTATION ON SERUM, ANTIOXIDANT AND MINERAL INDICES OF HEAT STRESSED BROILER CHICKS
Authors: Ndubuisi D. I.
Published: December 2024

A research was conducted to investigate the potency of inorganic selenium supplementation on serum, antioxidant and mineral indices of broiler chicks during heat stress. Two hundred and fifty six, 1-day old chicks were randomly allotted to four experimental treatments (0, 0.1 0.2 and 0.3 mg of Se/kg), with four replicates each in a Completely Randomized Design. Results indicated a similarity (P>0.05) among all treatment groups. In conclusion, during period of heat stress, selenium can be supplemented in the diet of broilers at levels ranging between 0.1-0.3mg/kg diet.
EFFECT OF FEEDING DIFFERENTLY PROCESSED KIDNEY BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) SEED MEAL ON THE VISCERAL ORGANS OF GROWER RABBITS
Authors: Gulukun E. Z. , Ari M. M. , Alu S. E. , Yakubu R. N. , Dastu A. J.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of rabbits fed differently processed kidney bean (phaseolus vulgaris) seed meal for 42 days for grower rabbits. The kidney bean seeds were subjected to various processing methods. The different processed kidney bean seeds were analyzed for their proximate composition, amino acid profile and antinutritional factors. Five diets were compounded to contain 15% crude protein and 2300kcal/kg of metabolizable energy for the grower rabbits. 30 mixed breed rabbits of 5 and 6 weeks old were obtained from National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria. The rabbits were allocated to 6 dietary treatments; T (0% as control diet), T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 of raw, cooked, soaked, fermented and sprouted kidney bean seeds of five replicates with one rabbit per replicate in a completely randomized design. Feeds and water were given ad-libitum. The study was to determine the effect of differently processed kidney bean seed meal on the visceral organs of grower rabbits. Results showed that intestine weight, caecum length and kidney weight did not show any significant (p>0.05) difference. But significant (P<0.05) differences existed in the small intestine length, large intestine length, stomach weight, liver weight and heart weight of the animals, but all were similar to those fed the control diet. The result showed that the different processing methods of the kidney bean seed meal does not affect the visceral organs of the animals so far they were similar to those fed the control diet.
DIETARY EFFECT OF COPPER SULPHATE ON BLOOD AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF GROWING GOATS
Authors: Omotoso O. B. , Ale O. M. , Fajemisin A. N. , Alokan J. A.
Published: December 2024

An in-depth analysis of blood gives a reflection of animal’s responsiveness to their internal and external environment. Hence, a 56-day study was carried out using fifteen West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks of about 12-18months, with an average body weight of 6.09±0.58kg, to evaluate their nutrient intake, haematological and serum biochemical indices when fed copper sulphate (CuSO4) supplemented diets. A concentrate diet was formulated and divided into five equal portions and CuSO4 was added to the diets at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg diets representing treatments T-control), T2, T3, T4) and T5, respectively and fed to the goats in a Completely Randomized Design experiment. Nutrient composition and nutrient intake were determined. Blood was collected from each goat and sera were harvested from each blood sample collected. The blood samples were analyzed for whole blood count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, while sera for total protein (TP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase. Data generated were subjected to statistical analysis. From the results, supplementation of CuSO4 did not significantly (P>0.05) influence DMI by the goats, while goats fed T5 (20 mg/kg CuSO4) had the highest CPI (61.00g/day). Goats fed T4 and T5 had statistical similar values for PCV. Goats fed T5 had the highest value of RBC (15.70x106/µL), WBC (11.33x103/µL), Hb (12.70g/100mL), MCHC (33.13g/dL), TP (6.82g/dL) and AST (63.83IU/L). Conclusively, the study revealed that copper sulphate supplementation in growing goats’ diet has potentials to improve blood components without deleterious effects on their health status, and could be supplemented even up to 20mg/kg.
EFFECT OF PLANTAIN LEAF (MUSA PARADISIACA) ETHANOLIC EXTRACT ON SERUM METABOLITES AND HAEMATOLOGY OF STRESSED RABBIT
Authors: Oyebanji B. O. , Oludo O. D.
Published: December 2024

The haematological and biochemical evaluations serve as markers of the impact of nutrition or dietary components on the performance of the animal in terms of anti-stress. The search for non-pharmaceutical methods to reduce stress in animals, including rabbits, as opposed to utilizing pharmaceutical medications is the purpose of this study, hence to determine the impact of plantain leaves (Musa paradisiaca) ethanol extract on some serum metabolites and haematology of stressed rabbits. A total of 48 mixed breed weaner rabbits of average weight of 0.5 ± 0.1kg were randomly assigned into six treatments in a completely randomized design. T1, T2 and T3 were subjected to both social and physical stressors, after which plantain leaf ethanolic extract at dosages 500, 750 and 1000mg/kg, respectively, were administered. T4 and T5 were also subjected to same type of stressors. T4 was given 2mL of water and T5 was given vitamin C at the dosage of 500mg/kg. T6 was the control group for the experiment. Hematological and some serum parameters were measured. The result of the study revealed that the treatment was able to ameliorate the stress, such that the haematology of the stressed animal was the same as the control. The result also revealed that the treatment exerted various effect on the serum biochemical parameters studied. It was concluded that the treatment used in the experiment did not adversely affect the haematology, but ameliorated the effect of the stress, and had some impact on the serum parameters of the stressed animals.
CINNAMON-ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION EFFECT ON VISCERAL ORGANS OF BROILER CHICKENS REARED IN NIGERIA
Authors: Olayinka A. O. , Atolagbe R. A. , Kehinde K. L. , Atteh M.
Published: December 2024

Broiler production has been challenged by excessive heat production due to climatic change. This has resulted into oxidative stress , depressed weight gain and growth performance. Phytogenic supplements have been reported to enhance antioxidant enzymes which improves the ability of broilers to cope with stress conditions. Therefore this study was designed to evaluate the visceral organ weights of broiler chicks given cinnamon-zinc supplementation in Nigeria. Two hundred and forty (240) arbor acre broiler chickens with an average initial weight of 40g +_2 were grouped into five treatments (48 chicks/treatment) and randomly replicated thrice with 16 chicks per replicate. Experimental design included T1 (modified cooler environment), T2 no administration (Control), T3-800 mg of Cinnamon powder/kg basal diet, T4-800 mg of Cinnamon powder+40mg Zinc/kg basal diet and T5-1000 mg Cinnamon powder+40mg Zinc/kg basal diet. This study was carried out for 10 weeks with environmental temperature and relative humidity of 30OC and 70% respectively. Parameters measured include; live, liver, lungs, spleen, kidney, gizzard, heart, and small intestine weights. Result revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in relative organ weights of the lung and liver in birds given 1000 mg/kg of Cinnamon powder + 40mg of Zinc per kg basal diet, compared to values across other treatments, while the observed abdominal fat weights reduced in birds given 800 mg/kg basal diet. This revealed that cinnamon-zinc supplementation could be safely used to improve the performance of birds during environmental stress.
OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS IN WESTAFRICAN DWARF AND KALAWAD GOATS AS AFFECTED BY THE EARLY RAINY SEASON
Authors: Shittu O. O. , Odeyemi A. J. , Toviesi D. P. , Adekunle E. O. , Majekodunmi B. C. , Kolade-Ojo K. P. , Akinola V. J. , Oketayo Y. R.
Published: December 2024

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) are vital oxidative stress markers involved in regulating metabolism, immunity and homeostasis in animals to maintain health and productivity across changing environment. Thus, this study was undertaken to evaluate oxidative stress markers in westafrican dwarf and kalawad goats as affected by the early rainy season. The SOD and MDA levels of 16 non-gravid does consisting of eight West African Dwarf and eight KALAWAD goats managed intensively for a period of three months (May, June, and July), during the early rainy (hot-wet) season was investigated. Animals were fed Pennisetum purpureum and supplemented with concentrate at 2% body weight dry matter basis. Blood samples were collected twice a month for serum hormonal assay using ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using method of least square analysis of variance in a 2×3 factorial arrangement with the effects of breed and month of sampling as the independent variables while the SOD and MDA levels are the dependent variables. Results showed that breed had no significant effects (P>0.05) on both SOD and MDA levels. Superoxide dismutase level decreases as the month of sampling progressed with May having the highest mean value followed by June and July with the lowest mean values respectively (2.41±0.58 vs 0.62±0.12 vs 0.60±0.16 U/L). The study concluded that SOD was higher in the two breeds in the month of May but the highest value was recorded in the KALAWAD goats which indicate that both breeds have high antioxidant levels with the KALAWAD tending to have the highest.
IMPACT OF SELECTED PLANT LEAF EXTRACTS ON HAEMATOLOGY OF BROILER CHICKS
Authors: Okiri A. L. , Ingweye J. N. , Kalio G. A.
Published: December 2024

The effect of some leaf extracts (Cortus afer, Jatropha curcas and Psidium guajava) delivered in drinking water on the haematology of broiler chickens was assessed using 120 broiler chicks randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups consisting of 30 birds per treatment, subdivided into 10 birds per replicate in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment. The treatments were T1 or control (water + proprietary organic tonic), T2 (water + Costus afer leaf extract), T3 (water + Jatropha curcas leaf extract) and T4 (water + Psidium guajava leaf extract). On the last day of the 5-week study, blood samples from the birds were analysed for PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, MCHC, MCH and MCV. Results revealed that PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, MCHC, MCH and MCV values ranged from 28.20–32.84%, 10.34–12.62g/dL, 2.62–3.76 (x106/mm3), 20.09–25.46(x103/mm3), 102.59–122.70fl, 31.86–34.62% and 40.06–44.04pg, respectively. There were significant (p<0.05) differences for all indices measured. The values were normal for all the groups. It can be recommended that poultry farmers use Jatropha curcas leaf extract in drinking water (T3) for broiler birds to improve their haematological markers.
FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES OF FIVE-CHICKEN GENOTYPES RAISED DURING DRY PERIOD IN HUMID TROPICAL CLIMATE
Authors: ATANSUYI A. J.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of genotype and sex on the physiological responses of 5-chicken genotypes raised during dry period of the year in humid tropical environment. Five hundred chicks comprising 5 genotypes at 100 each were raised for eight weeks. Each genotype was further divided into two, based on their sexes and replicated 5 times at 10 birds per replicate. Physiological data via ambient and rectal temperatures, heartbeat rate, relative humidity and temperature-humidity index were collected to determine the health performance of the birds using appropriate statistical software. Results showed that the average relative humidity, ambient temperature and temperature humidity index (THI) during the experimental period were 62.43%, 23.57°C and 25.05 respectively. The heartbeat rate and rectal temperature were significantly (p<0.05) different amongst genotypes in the morning and evening while these values were higher in males than females in the morning. However, there was no difference in the physiological responses between the sexes in the evening. The study concluded that Arbor-Acre chickens performed better and possessed better innate thermoregulatory mechanisms for adaptability in tropical environment than the other imported genotypes. The birds should be considered in areas with high temperature humidity index. The result of this study may be used to design breeding plans for better adaptability and improvement in the health performances of avian species, especially the exotic stocks, when an unexpected rise in environmental temperature occurred.
DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN TESTOSTERONE, PROLACTIN AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS COCK
Authors: Bolaji A. A. , Boladuro B. A. , Dunmade A. S. , Durotoye L. A.
Published: December 2024

Hormones, such as testosterone and prolactin, play essential roles in growth, reproductive and physiological functions of animals. This research focused on the diurnal variation in the concentrations of testosterone and prolactin in Nigerian indigenous cocks, exploring the impact of photoperiod on hormone secretion. Six (6) adult cocks of domestic chicken each from a group of four (4) birds weighing about 1.00 kg to 1.50 kg were used in this study. Blood samples were collected every two hours over a 24-hour period, with subsequent analysis for testosterone and prolactin concentrations. Blood parameters such as white blood cell count, red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration were also examined. Results indicated significant (P<0.05) diurnal variations in testosterone secretion peaking in the morning (1.27 ng/mL) and declining in the evening (0.79 ng/mL). Prolactin, while not significantly (P>0.05) different over the 24-hour period, exhibits diurnal variations. Red and white blood cell counts are higher during daylight hours, emphasizing the influence of activities and exposure to stress during the day. In Conclusion, this research showed that photoperiod have significant effects on the secretion of testosterone and considerable diurnal variations in the concentrations blood parameters examined. This highlights the importance of considering diurnal variations and photoperiod in hormone concentration studies, providing valuable insights into the reproductive and physiological dynamics of Nigerian indigenous cocks.
SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS OF RABBIT BUCKS FED COTTONSEED CAKE DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH SUSSAGE FRUITS (KIGELIA AFRICANA)
Authors: Akanbi O. J. , Ajayi B. A. , Osunkeye O. J.
Published: December 2024

A study was conducted to investigate the impact of feeding sausage fruits (Kigelia africana) on semen characteristics of rabbit bucks fed cottonseed cake (CSC)-based diets. Sixty rabbit bucks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: T1 (0% CSC), T2 (100% CSC), T3 (CSC + 100g/100kg Kigelia africana powder), T4 (CSC + 100mg/bodyweight Kigelia africana extract), and T5 (CSC + powder and extract). After 14 weeks of feeding, semen evaluation was conducted. T2 bucks showed significantly lower sperm count and volume but higher abnormalities. Supplemented groups exhibited improvements in semen parameters. Conclusion: CSC negatively affected semen characteristics, mitigated by Kigelia africana supplementation. Rabbits intended for breeding should avoid CSC unless supplemented with Kigelia africana fruits..
EFFECT OF SEMEN DILUTION RATIO AND INSEMINATION INTERVALS ON TURKEY HEN FERTILITY AND EMBRYO VIABILTY
Authors: Adebisi K. A. , Ewuola E. O.
Published: December 2024

The fertility and embryo mortality of indigenous turkeys in response to varied semen dilution ratios for weekly and fortnight inseminations were assessed. In a 2x4 factorial arrangement of a randomized complete block design, 64 local turkey hens were divided into eight groups of eight hens each. Each group of hens comprised four replicates of two hens each. Hens from two replicates were 9 months old while the other two were 16 months old. Semen was pooled from 10 turkey toms. Hens were inseminated with the pooled semen diluted with normal saline at a ratio of 1:0 (T1:0), 1:1 (T1:1), 1:2 (T1:2) and 1:3 (T1:3) containing approximately 90x106, 45x106, 30x106, 22.5x106 motile spermatozoa, respectively, weekly and fortnightly over a period of 12 weeks. Fertility, hatch parameters and embryo mortality were assessed. Data were analysed using ANOVA at α0.05. Fertility at weekly and fortnight inseminations were similar (80.8±1.6% and 81.8±1.6%, respectively), but was significantly (p˂0.05) lower in T1:3 (74.8±2.3%) than T1:0 (87.1±2.2%) and T1:2 (85.3±2.3%) among the dilution ratios. However, with the interaction of the two factors, the only significance observed was in fortnight insemination with T1:3 (72.8±3.1%), which was significantly (p˂0.05) lower than T1:0 (89.3±3.1%) and T1:2 (86.8±3.3%). Hatchability and embryo mortality was similar across all groups. The block effect was not significant across the parameters. Weekly or fortnight insemination intervals with semen diluted at 1:2 or containing approximately 30x106 motile spermatozoa was sufficient to give optimal fertility without compromising embryo viability in the indigenous turkey hens.
HAEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF NIGERIAN LOCALLY ADAPTED CHICKENS WITH DIFFERENT HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70 GENOTYPES TO ACUTE HEAT STRESS
Authors: Fatai R. B. , Akinyem M. O. , Osaiyuwu O. H. , Ewuola K. M. , Salako A. E.
Published: December 2024

Heat stress is among the most challenging environmental conditions affecting poultry growth and production, particularly in the tropical regions. Selective breeding of poultry for improved productivity and thermo-tolerance requires a deep understanding of heat-tolerance genes and their association with economic traits. Thus, this study aimed at assessing hematological responses of Nigerian locally adapted chickens with different HSP70 genotypes (AA, AB, BB) to acute heat stress. A total of thirty-six (36) 23-weeks-old FUNAAB Alpha Chicken (FAC) and Yoruba Ecotype Chickens (YEC) with known HSP 70 gene genotype were used for this study. Six chickens per identified HSP70 genotypes (AA, AB, BB) selected from each of FAC and YEC were exposed to heat stress (40±1°C) for one hour. Blood was sampled before and after the exposure. Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red Blood Cell (RBC), Lymphocytes, heterophil and heterophil/lymphocytes ratio were analysed using standard procedures. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. After acute heat-stress, the highest PCV value was obtained from birds with genotype BB (32.91±0.26%) while the homozygote AA birds had the least observed value (31.52±0.25). The HSP70 genotype had no significant effects on the RBC, Lymphocytes, heterophil and heterophil/lymphocytes ratio of the studied birds prior to acute heat stress exposure. However, the packed cell volume and haemoglobin values were significantly influenced by the HSP70 genotypes
EFFECT OF FICUS EXASPERATA AS FEED ON MEAT QUALITY OF RABBITS
Authors: Okon U. M. , Ekpo J. S. , Nuamah E.
Published: December 2024

Edge row plants are common trees used as wind breakers in homesteads and farms. In recent times, their uses have been reported as feed for ruminants. However, the use of these plants has not been properly reported for rabbits. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of Ficus exasperata as an additive on the quality of rabbits’ meats. All groups were fed on basal diet with T1, T2, T3, and T4 supplemented with 0, 3, 6, and 9 % levels of F. exasperata leaf meal respectively in a completely randomized design. A total of 36 rabbits (707.5±0.20 g) were used for the study which lasted 12 weeks. A total of 12 rabbits, one from each replicate was slaughtered and the biceps femoris muscle was excised for proximate and meat quality assessment. Results revealed a significant (P<0.05) influence of F. exasperata in the ash, fat, and crude protein contents of the meat. Mineral and protein was highest with supplementation of the leaf meal while a corresponding reduction in fat was observed across the treatments. Although meat pH was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by F. exasperata, water holding capacity as well as cooking loss in the meat were significantly (P<0.05) better in groups receiving different supplemental levels of F. exasperata. Juiciness and overall acceptability of the meat were influenced significantly (P<0.05) by the additive. It was concluded that up to 9 % of Ficus exasperata can be added to the diets of rabbits for improved meat quality.
CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NONO (LOCALLY FERMENTED MILK) SOLD AT BAYERO UNIVERSITY, KANO
Authors: Inusa S. K. , Hassan M.
Published: December 2024

Nono is an African fermented beverage commonly prepared by the Fulani cattle herdsmen, sold by their maids and consumed particularly by the Hausa and Fulani tribes of Northern Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the physiochemical and microbiological quality of Nono on sale at Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. The chemical parameters (total solids (TS), Ash, moisture, solids-not-fat (SNF), fat, crude protein, and pH) were determined using Standard procedures. The microbiological analyses carried out were based on the enumeration of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliform count as well as detection of some pathogens using the methods of International Dairy Federation. The results obtained did not reveal significant differences among the three campuses of the university. However, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) recorded highest TS (56.00%) followed by New campus (41.67%). The New campus had the highest CP (86.96%), followed by Old campus, AKTH recorded highest SNF (53.13%) followed by New campus (38.70%), Old campus recorded highest Fat content (3.43%) followed by AKTH (2.83%), old campus recorded highest pH (6.97) followed by New Campus (6.27) and AKTH recorded highest Ash content (0.47%) followed by New campus (0.29%). The results of microbiological quality assessment did not reveal the presence of coliforms as well as the pathogens considered. From the findings of this study, it is concluded that Nono put on sale in the study area was not safe for public consumption and can be a source of milk-borne infections since some of the chemical and microbiological qualities evaluated were not within the recommended and acceptable standards. Further research should be carried out to confirm if the Nono sold at the campuses are truly from milk source or non-milk substances.
INFLUENCE OF GRADED LEVELS OF GUM ARABIC ON YOGHURT STABILITY UNDER STORAGE
Authors: Sanusi A. Z. , Garba M. G. , Salisu U. S. , Oshibanjo D. O. , Saidu S. S.
Published: December 2024

The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Arabic Gum (AG) on the physical properties of yoghurt made from powdered milk. Reconstituted powdered milk was pasteurized at 85oC for 30 minutes and then fast-cooled to 42oC. Starter culture MIX505LYODCU (Streptococcus thermophiles and Lactobacillus bulgaricus SSP.) was added at 3% inclusion level, and the mixtures were incubated at 42oC for four hours. Yoghurt samples were formulated with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% Arabic Gum in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). After setting, the yoghurt was kept refrigerated at 10oC for 24hrs. Standard analytical procedures were used to determine the physicochemical properties of the product. . Results showed that, powdered milk contained 3.5% moisture, 24.43% protein, 25.66% fat, 28.45% lactose, 3.65% ash, 6.57 pH and acidity of 0.14. Gum Arabic had moisture, protein, ash, and fibre contents of 7.00%, 2.55%, 1.38%, and 1.26% respectively. Increasing the gum level, led to a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the pH values of the yoghurt, while wheying-offWheyingwas significantly (P<0.05) affected by the gum arabic level. All treated samples were synerisis free. Viscosity increased as gum concentration increasedwith the control sample having the the lowest viscosity of 1213cp, and samples stabilized with 5%, 10% and 15% Gum Arabic (GA) had viscosities of 1260.42. 1326.25 and 1402.50cp respectively. Regarding storage period, the pH- value of yoghurt was significantly (P<0.05)as well as wheying-off of yoghurt and there was significant (P<0.05) reduction in viscosity during storage period.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PROTEIN SEED CAKES AS REPLACEMENT FOR FULL FAT SOYBEAN MEAL ON THE HAEMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF BROILER CHICKEN
Authors: Yusuf A. A. , Agyo B. , Isah A. , Diftuffe M.
Published: December 2024

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe to find out alternative non-conventional protein feed sources that could be used to replace full-fat soybean. Three hundread 1-day-old broiler (ROSS) chickens were fed commercial diets for seven days. The birds were afterwards randomly allotted to five dietary treatments with four replicates, 15 birds per replicate. The rations-based diets were full-fat Soybean meal, Soybean cake, Groundnut cake, Sesame seed meal, and Palm kernel cake designated as diets T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5. respectively. The results for blood haematological and serum parameters showed that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference among the treatment means for packed cell volume, red blood cells, white blood cell, haemoglobin, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils but there was a highly significant (P < 0.01) difference in basophils, and a significant (P < 0.05) difference was obtained in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV). The results for serum biochemical blood indices revealed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the treatment means for total protein, globulin, albumin, total calcium, and ionized calcium but a significant (P< 0.05) difference was obtained in the cholesterol where diets T1 and T5 were the highest. Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that, with the exception of diet T5 (Palm kernel seed cake), all the other seed cakes used can effectively replace full-fat soybean meal without negative effect on blood haematological and serum parameters in broiler chickens.
EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION TURMERIC RHIZOME POWDER (CURCUMA LONGA) AND CAYENNE PEPPER ON SERUM BIOCHEMICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: Mbakwe C. C. , Ojo S. T. , Idris S.
Published: December 2024

Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry farming has caused the emergence of new pathogenic strains and resistance to other strains. This situation warranted the development of safe and alternative growth promoters and immunity enhancers in livestock production. Phytogenic additives in animal and bird feeds are century-old practices. Thus, this study was aimed at investigating the efficacy of turmeric rhizome powder (TRP) (Curcuma longa), cayenne pepper and their combinations as a natural growth promoter (poultry feed additive).One hundred and twelve (112) one-day old chicks were assigned into four groups. Control group (T1) kept on basal diet only and groups T2, T3 and T4 fed with 1% turmeric powder, 0.5% cayenne pepper and 1% Turmeric powder combined with 0.5% cayenne pepper, respectively on top of the basal diet and then fed ad libitum for 42 days. Each dietary group consisted of four replicates of seven birds. Blood biochemical analysis status of serum were investigated. In summary, we conclude that Turmeric and cayenne pepper can be used as a natural feed additive to improve growth performance in poultry, probably due to the better antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effects contributed by the better bioavailability of curcuminoids and turmerones. Besides, curcuminoids and turmerones were also known to be gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory agents.