bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spinal Accessory Nerve Monitoring in Selective and Modified Neck Dissection
Authors: Witt Robert Lee , Rejto Lidia
Published: April 2007

Objectives: To determine whether a threshold increase in current is required to stimulate the spinal accessory nerve (SAN), comparing current on initial identification of the SAN and after completion of the dissection and before closure for selective neck dissection (SND), zones 1, 2, and 3, and modified radical neck dissection (MRND), zones 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and compare clinical outcome measures for “shoulder syndrome” for SND and MRND.

Study Design: Prospective study of 22 consecutive patients receiving SND or MRND by one surgeon at one institution.

Methods: Electrophysiologic recording of current on initial identification of the SAN was compared with the current recorded at the completion of the procedure and before closure for SND and MRND. Clinical correlation measured and compared parameters of “shoulder syndrome” (shrug, flexion, abduction, winging, and pain) for SND and MRND at 2 months.

Results: Zero of 11 (0%) patients with SND and 3 of 11 (27%) patients with MRND had significant threshold increases (>0.4 mAmp) on completion of the dissection. One of 11 (9%) patients with SND and 3 of 11 (27%) with MRND had less than 90 degrees of shoulder abduction, scapular winging, or significant pain.

Conclusions: Electrophysiologic integrity of the SAN does not completely correlate with clinical outcome measures for “shoulder syndrome.” It is significant that 17 of 19 (89%) patients without an electrophysiologic threshold increase did not develop “shoulder syndrome.” This study demonstrated less electrophysiologic threshold shift and “shoulder syndrome” with SND compared with MRND.
Laryngeal Sensation Recovery by Reinnervation in Rabbits
Authors: Bouchetemblé Pierre , Marcolla Aurore , Lacoume Yann , Verin Eric , Dehesdin Danièle , Marie Jean Paul
Published: April 2007

Objectives/Hypothesis: To assess the possibilities of restoring laryngeal sensation in an animal model by way of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (ibSLN) bilateral section and anastomosis to itself or to transposition nerves (i.e., lingual, glossopharyngeal, and great auricular nerves).

Study Design: Prospective study using New Zealand rabbits.

Methods: Six groups of rabbits were operated on and evaluated: healthy controls (n = 6); section without reinnervation (denervated group, n = 7); section and reinnervation with ibSLN (SLN‐SLN group, n = 9); and section and anastomosis with the lingual nerve (lingual group, n = 7), the glossopharyngeal nerve (glossopharyngeal group, n = 6), and the great auricular nerve (GA group, n = 7). After 9 months, recovery of a laryngeal closure reflex was assessed by stimulation of the epiglottis and nerve anastomosis.

Results: Laryngeal sensation was restored in 14.3% in the denervated group, 66.6% in the SLN‐SLN group, 71.4% in the lingual group, 100% in the GA group (P < .001), 50% in glossopharyngeal group. Some anastomoses were severed. When anastomosis was intact, a laryngeal closure reflex was observed in 91.7% of the rabbits of the SLN‐SLN group (P < .001), 80% in the lingual group (P < .001), 100% in the GA group (P < .05) and 100% of the glossopharyngeal group.

Conclusions: Rehabilitation of supraglottic laryngeal sensation is feasible by way of anastomosis of the ibSLN to itself, but also to the lingual, glossopharyngeal, and great auricular nerves. These results suggest that this type of procedure may be useful in humans to prevent aspiration and subsequent pneumonia as related to lesions of the laryngeal reflex pathway. It could also be considered one stage toward the functional rehabilitation of a transplanted larynx.
Technique of Optical Coherence Tomography of the Larynx During Microlaryngoscopy
Authors: Kraft Marcel , Lüeren Kathrin , Lubatschowski Holger , Glanz Hiltrud , Arens Christoph
Published: April 2007

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new, noninvasive imaging technology for the evaluation of superficial lesions. Because of a penetrating depth of a few millimeters and an ultrahigh tissue resolution, it qualifies for use in the larynx and might in the near future play an important role in the pre‐, intra‐, and postoperative investigation of early laryngeal cancer and its precursor lesions. Especially directed to otolaryngologists, this paper describes the technique of in vivo OCT imaging of the larynx in detail during microlaryngoscopy and supplies a number of personal hints.
Cranial Nerve Involvement in Malignant External Otitis: Implications for Clinical Outcome
Authors: Mani Navin , Sudhoff Holger , Rajagopal Sandeep , Moffat David , Axon Patrick R.
Published: April 2007

Background: Malignant external otitis is an uncommon, potentially lethal infection of the temporal bone primarily affecting elderly diabetic patients.

Objective: To determine whether cranial nerve involvement in malignant external otitis affects or predicts the clinical outcome in terms of morbidity and mortality.

Methods: Diagnosis of malignant external otitis was established in 23 patients (average age, 71 yr; range, 39–87) based on inclusion criteria of severe pain, otitis externa refractory to conventional treatments, diabetes mellitus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa detection. Computed tomography confirmed temporal bone involvement extending outside the external auditory canal.

Data Analysis: Retrospective analysis of hospital records.

Results: Ten of 23 (43.5%) patients showed cranial nerve involvement. The following cranial nerves were affected: facial nerve (6/10), lower cranial nerves (combination of IX, X, XI, XII) (3/10), and extended nerve palsy (VI, VII, IX, X, XI) (1/10). Thirteen of 23 (56.5%) patients displayed no cranial nerve involvement. All patients were treated with long‐term, high‐dose antibiotic treatment dependent on the microbiological findings.

Conclusions: All patients with lower cranial nerve palsy recovered normal function; however, the facial nerve palsy was significantly less likely to improve by medical treatment. Cranial nerve involvement did not affect the patient survival rate under an optimized medical treatment in our series.
Surgical Outcomes of Drillout Procedures for Complex Frontal Sinus Pathology
Authors: Batra Pete S. , Cannady Steven B. , Lanza Donald C.
Published: April 2007

Objectives: The purpose of this report is two‐fold: 1) to determine the incidence and 2) to determine the efficacy of drillout procedures in the management of frontal sinus disease in a tertiary rhinology practice.

Study Design: Retrospective data analysis.

Methods: Chart review was performed for all patients undergoing frontal sinus surgery from May 1999 to April 2004. The incidence of drillout surgery was determined. Demographic data, symptomatology, type of drillout procedure, and primary pathology were determined. Postoperative outcome was assessed based on subjective symptomatology and objective endoscopic patency.

Results: A total of 186 patients underwent 207 frontal sinus procedures during this time period; 25 patients (13.4%) required a total of 30 (14.5%) drillout procedures. The patient population had previously undergone an average of 3.2 procedures; four cases were primary and 26 were revision procedures. The breakdown of the procedures was as follows: Draf III, 17; Draf IIB, 7; and transseptal frontal sinusotomy, 6. The major indications included mucoceles (11 cases), chronic frontal sinusitis (6 cases), and tumors (5 cases). Postoperatively, presenting symptomatology resolved in 32%, improved in 56%, and remained unchanged in 12% of the patients. Endoscopic patency of the neo‐ostium was noted in 23 cases (92%). Average follow‐up was 16.3 months.

Conclusions: In this series, drillout procedures were successfully used in 25 patients as an important adjunct to the standard endoscopic techniques for management of complex frontal sinus disease. Because the procedure was used only 30 times during a 5‐year period, it was reserved for specific circumstances in carefully selected patients.
Validation of the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire
Authors: Mehta Ritvik P. , WernickRobinson Mara , Hadlock Tessa A.
Published: April 2007

Objective: To validate the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ), a newly developed patient‐graded instrument to evaluate facial synkinesis.

Study Design: This was a prospective clinical questionnaire validation study.

Methods: A total of 65 patients with facial nerve disorders were recruited from the Facial Nerve Center. In 28 patients (group I), the SAQ, a preliminary 10‐item instrument, was administered at the initial visit and repeated within 3 weeks without any medical or surgical intervention. In 37 patients (group II), the SAQ was administered before botulinum toxin therapy for facial synkinesis and again 2 weeks after Botox therapy. In addition, the instrument was administered to 20 healthy subjects without facial nerve dysfunction (group III). The reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the SAQ were assessed.

Results: Test‐retest reliability for the SAQ was high (Spearman's rank correlation r = 0.876, P < .0001). Internal consistency of the instrument was assessed by calculating the Cronbach α value. This analysis supported the deletion of one item from the final SAQ. The Cronbach α for the final SAQ was 0.859. Construct validity analysis showed a statistically significant improvement in SAQ scores (P < .001) after successful administration of botulinum toxin for treatment of facial synkinesis. There was a highly statistically significant difference (P < .0001) in SAQ scores between normal subjects (group III) and patients with facial synkinesis (group II).

Conclusions: The SAQ is a simple, patient‐graded instrument designed to assess facial synkinesis. Instrument analysis suggests that it is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of facial synkinesis. The validated SAQ is the first dedicated instrument designed to assess facial synkinesis.
The benefits of bathing buds: water calyces protect flowers from a microlepidopteran herbivore
Authors: Carlson Jane E , Harms Kyle E
Published: April 2007

Protective floral structures may evolve in response to the negative effects of floral herbivores. For example, water calyces—liquid-filled, cup-like structures resulting from the fusion of sepals—may reduce floral herbivory by submerging buds during their development. Our observations of a water-calyx plant,
Chrysothemis friedrichsthaliana
(Gesneriaceae), revealed that buds were frequently attacked by ovipositing moths (Alucitidae), whose larvae consumed anthers and stigmas before corollas opened. Almost 25% of per-plant flower production was destroyed by alucitid larvae over two seasons, far exceeding the losses to all other floral herbivores combined. Experimental manipulation of water levels in calyces showed that a liquid barrier over buds halved per-flower alucitid egg deposition and subsequent herbivory, relative to buds in calyces without water. Thus,
C. friedrichsthaliana
's water calyx helps protect buds from a highly detrimental floral herbivore. Our findings support claims that sepal morphology is largely influenced by selection to reduce floral herbivory, and that these pressures can result in novel morphological adaptations.
Primates follow the ‘island rule’: implications for interpreting
Homo floresiensis
Authors: Bromham Lindell , Cardillo Marcel
Published: April 2007

When the diminutive skeleton of
Homo floresiensis
was found on the Indonesian island of Flores, it was interpreted as an island dwarf, conforming to the ‘island rule’ that large animals evolve smaller size on islands, but small animals tend to get larger. However, previous studies of the island rule have not included primates, so the extent to which insular primate populations undergo size change was unknown. We use a comparative database of 39 independently derived island endemic primate species and subspecies to demonstrate that primates do conform to the island rule: small-bodied primates tend to get larger on islands, and large-bodied primates get smaller. Furthermore, larger species undergo a proportionally greater reduction in size on islands.
Elevated frequency of abnormalities in barn swallows from Chernobyl
Authors: Møller A.P , Mousseau T.A , de Lope F , Saino N
Published: April 2007

Ever since the Chernobyl accident in 1986, that contaminated vast areas in surrounding countries with radiation, abnormalities and birth defects have been reported in human populations. Recently, several studies suggested that the elevated frequency of such abnormalities can be attributed to poverty and stress in affected human populations. Here, we present long-term results for a free-living population of barn swallows,
Hirundo rustica
, demonstrating the presence of 11 morphological abnormalities in populations around Chernobyl, but much less frequently in an uncontaminated Ukrainian control population and three more distant control populations. The presence of these abnormalities in barn swallows is associated with reduced viability. These findings demonstrate a link between morphological abnormalities and radiation in an animal population that cannot be attributed to poverty and stress. The most parsimonious hypothesis for abnormalities in animal and human populations alike is that the effects are caused by the same underlying cause, viz. radiation derived from the Chernobyl accident.
Infection dynamics: from organ to host population
Authors: McKinley T.J , Wood James
Published: April 2007

A symposium discussing collaborative research work on infectious diseases dynamics was held at Queens' College, University of Cambridge on 25 October 2006.
Wave dislocation lines threading interferometers
Authors: Berry M.V
Published: April 2007

In interferometers where a wave is divided into two beams that propagate along separate branches before being recombined, the closed circuit formed by the two branches must be threaded by wave dislocation lines. For a large class of interferometers, it is shown that the (signed) dislocation number, defined in a suitable asymptotic sense, jumps by +1 as the phase difference between the beams increases by 2π. The argument is based on the single-valuedness of the wave function in the branches and leaking between them. In some cases, the jumps occur when the phase difference is an odd multiple ofπ. The same result holds for the Aharonov–Bohm wave function, where the waves passing above and below a flux line experience different phase shifts; in this case, where the wave is not concentrated onto branches, the threading dislocations coincide with the flux line.
Carotenoids, oxidative stress and female mating preference for longer lived males
Authors: Pike Thomas W , Blount Jonathan D , Bjerkeng Bjørn , Lindström Jan , Metcalfe Neil B
Published: April 2007

Some of the most spectacular exaggerated sexual ornaments are carotenoid dependent. It has been suggested that such ornaments have evolved because carotenoid pigments are limiting for both signal expression and in their role as antioxidants and immunostimulants. An implicit assumption of this hypothesis is that males which can afford to produce more elaborate carotenoid-dependent displays are signalling their enhanced ability to resist parasites, disease or oxidative stress and hence would be predicted to live longer. Therefore, in species with carotenoid-dependent ornaments where a parent's future longevity is crucial for determining offspring survival, there should be a mating preference for partners that present the lowest risk of mortality during the breeding attempt, as signalled by the ability to allocate carotenoids to sexual displays. In an experimental study using three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), we show that when dietary carotenoid intake is limited, males attempt to maintain their sexual ornament at the expense of body carotenoids and hence suffer from reduced reproductive investment and a shorter lifespan. These males also suffer from an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, suggesting that this may constitute the mechanism underlying the increased rate of ageing. Furthermore, in pairwise mate-choice trials, females preferred males that had a greater access to carotenoids and chance of surviving the breeding season, suggesting that females can make adaptive mate choice decisions based on a male's carotenoid status and potential future longevity.
Mitigation of indirect environmental effects of GM crops
Authors: Pidgeon J.D , May M.J , Perry J.N , Poppy G.M
Published: April 2007

Currently, the UK has no procedure for the approval of novel agricultural practices that is based on environmental risk management principles. Here, we make a first application of the ‘bow-tie’ risk management approach in agriculture, for assessment of land use changes, in a case study of the introduction of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) sugar beet. There are agronomic and economic benefits, but indirect environmental harm from increased weed control is a hazard. The Farm Scale Evaluation (FSE) trials demonstrated reduced broad-leaved weed biomass and seed production at the field scale. The simplest mitigation measure is to leave a proportion of rows unsprayed in each GMHT crop field. Our calculations, based on FSE data, show that a maximum of 2% of field area left unsprayed is required to mitigate weed seed production and 4% to mitigate weed biomass production. Tilled margin effects could simply be mitigated by increasing the margin width from 0.5 to 1.5 m. Such changes are cheap and simple to implement in farming practices. This case study demonstrates the usefulness of the bow-tie risk management approach and the transparency with which hazards can be addressed. If adopted generally, it would help to enable agriculture to adopt new practices with due environmental precaution.
Comparison of the Levitan FPS Scope™ and the single‐use bougie for simulated difficult intubation in anaesthetised patients
Authors: Greenland K. B. , Liu G. , Tan H. , Edwards M. , Irwin M. G.
Published: April 2007

Summary A randomised cross‐over study was performed in 34 patients with no evidence of airway difficulties, following induction of general anaesthesia, to compare the efficacy of the Levitan FPS scope™ (LFPS) and the single‐use bougie for tracheal intubation during simulated grade IIIa laryngoscopy. Success rates for intratracheal placement of the device, and the time required for insertion and tracheal intubation were recorded. Both devices were equally successful (31/34 for the LFPS vs 29/34 for the bougie) for insertion into the glottis. The mean insertion time for the LFPS was statistically longer than that for the bougie (4.4–12.5 s) but this difference was not clinically relevant. Intubation times were similar between the two devices. Major problems hindering successful intubation using the LFPS were the presence of a narrow epiglottic‐pharyngeal wall space and copious secretions. An inability to maintain the desired shape was the principal cause of failure with the bougie.
Impact of Trendelenburg positioning on functional residual capacity and ventilation homogeneity in anaesthetised children
Authors: Regli A. , Habre W. , Saudan S. , Mamie C. , Erb T. O. , Von Ungern‐Sternberg B S. ,   on behalf of the Swiss Paediatric Respiratory Research Group
Published: April 2007

Trendelenburg positioning, a head‐down tilt, is routinely used in anaesthesia when inserting a central venous catheter to increase the calibre of the jugular or subclavian veins and to prevent an air embolism. We investigated the impact of Trendelenburg positioning on functional residual capacity and ventilation homogeneity as well as the potential reversibility of these changes by repositioning and/or a recruitment manoeuvre in children with congenital heart disease.

Functional residual capacity and ventilation homogeneity were assessed in 20 anaesthetised children between the ages of 3 months and 8 years who required central venous catheterisation before undergoing cardiac surgery. Functional residual capacity was measured (1) in the supine position, (2) in the Trendelenburg position, (3) after repositioning supine and (4) after a recruitment manoeuvre to total lung capacity which was performed by manually elevating the airway pressure to 40 cmH2O for ten consecutive breaths. Adopting the Trendelenburg position led to a significant decrease in functional residual capacity (median [range]− 12 (6–21)%) and increase in lung clearance index (12 (2–19)%). Baseline values were not reached after repositioning supine in any patient until after a standardised recruitment manoeuvre was performed.
The optimal dose of remifentanil for intubation during sevoflurane induction without neuromuscular blockade in children
Authors: Min S. K. , Kwak Y. L. , Park S. Y. , Kim J. S. , Kim J. Y.
Published: April 2007

The optimal dose of remifentanil needed to produce successful intubating conditions following inhalation induction of anaesthesia using 5% sevoflurane without the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs, was investigated in 25 children aged 3–10 years. Sixty seconds after inhalation induction of anaesthesia using sevoflurane 5% in 100% oxygen, a predetermined dose of remifentanil was injected over 30 s. The dose of remifentanil was determined using the modified Dixon's up‐and‐down method (0.2 μg.kg−1 as a step size). The first patient was tested at 1.0 μg.kg−1 remifentanil. Ninety seconds following the bolus administration of remifentanil, the child's trachea was intubated. The optimal bolus dose of remifentanil required for successful tracheal intubation was 0.56 (0.15) μg.kg−1 in 50% of children during inhalation induction using 5% sevoflurane in the absence of neuromuscular blocking drugs. Using probit analysis, the 95% effective dose (ED95) of remifentanil was 0.75 μg.kg−1 (95% confidence limits 0.63–1.38 μg.kg−1).
Takotsubo syndrome during induction of general anaesthesia
Authors: Jabaudon M. , Bonnin M. , Bolandard F. , Chanseaume S. , Dauphin C. , Bazin J. E.
Published: April 2007

Summary A 77‐year‐old female was admitted in our hospital for uterine prolapse surgery. She developed ventricular tachycardia during induction of general anaesthesia and after initial symptomatic measures, she was transferred to the coronary care unit. Heart failure persisted and electrocardiographic changes mimicking acute myocardial infarction appeared. Coronary angiography was normal and left ventriculography revealed akinesis of the apical region of the left ventricle and apical ballooning during systole, with relative sparing of the base of the heart. Complete recovery of left ventricular function occurred 8 days after the initial onset of symptoms. A diagnosis of Takotsubo syndrome was made on the basis of consistent clinical and laboratory findings, typical echocardiography and angiography findings, and reversible course. This case emphasises the importance of being aware of uncommon causes of cardiac dysfunction in stressful situations, especially during induction of general anaesthesia.
Levobupivacaine‐induced seizures and cardiovascular collapse treated with Intralipid®
Authors: Foxall G. , McCahon R. , Lamb J. , Hardman J. G. , Bedforth N. M.
Published: April 2007

Summary Lipid emulsion has been used in the successful treatment of local anaesthetic‐induced cardiovascular collapse in animals and in two cases of cardiac arrest in humans. Previous reports of levobupivacaine toxicity in humans have been characterised by neurological signs and symptoms, without serious cardiovascular events. We present a case in which presumed intravenous injection of levobupivacaine led to neurological and cardiovascular consequences. This was treated successfully by resuscitation that included intravenous Intralipid® infusion.
Repeated cycles of electrical stimulation decrease vasoconstriction and axon‐reflex vasodilation to noradrenaline in the human forearm
Authors: Drummond Peter D.
Published: April 2007

What is already known about this subject

• Repeated cycles of electrical stimulation inhibit cutaneous vasoconstriction to noradrenaline, but the mechanism is unknown.

• Investigating this is important because peripheral electrical stimulation is useful for pain modulation and appears to assist cutaneous wound healing.

What this study adds

• Intermittent, brief electrical stimulation of the forearm over a 10‐day period inhibited vasoconstriction and axon‐reflex vasodilation to noradrenaline, but did not affect vasoconstriction to vasopressin or axon‐reflex vasodilation to histamine.

• Thus, electrical stimulation may evoke a specific reduction in responsiveness to noradrenaline.

Aim

To investigate whether desensitization to the vasomotor effects of noradrenaline is a specific effect of electrical stimulation.

Methods

Three sites on the forearm of 10 healthy volunteers were stimulated with 0.2 mA direct current for 2 min twice daily for 10 days. Noradrenaline and histamine were then displaced from ring‐shaped iontophoresis chambers into two of the pretreated sites and two untreated sites on the contralateral forearm. Axon‐reflex vasodilation was measured from the centre of the ring described by the iontophoresis chamber with a laser Doppler flowmeter. One or two days later, noradrenaline and vasopressin were introduced into pretreated and untreated sites by iontophoresis, and vasoconstriction at sites of administration was measured in the heated forearm.

Results

The pretreatment blocked vasoconstriction to noradrenaline [median increase in flow 1%, interquartile range (IR) −41 to 52%; median decrease at the untreated site 53%, IR. −70 to −10%; P < 0.05], but did not block vasoconstriction to vasopressin (median decrease 42% at the untreated site and 45% at the pretreated site). Axon‐reflex vasodilation to noradrenaline was diminished at the pretreated site (median increase in flow 33%, IR 2–321%; untreated site 247%, IR 31–1087%; P < 0.05). However, axon‐reflex vasodilation to histamine did not differ significantly between the pretreated site (median increase 1085%) and the untreated site (median increase 1345%).

Conclusions

The conditioning pretreatment appears to evoke a specific decrease in responsiveness to noradrenaline. Repeated cycles of electrical stimulation may downregulate neural and vascular responses to noradrenaline by repetitively activating cutaneous sympathetic nerve fibres.
Absence of tolerance and toxicity to high‐dose continuous intravenous furosemide in haemodynamically unstable infants after cardiac surgery
Authors: Van Der Vorst Maria M. J. , Kist‐van Holthe Joana E. , Den Hartigh Jan , Van Der Heijden Albert J. , Cohen Adam F. , Burggraaf Jacobus
Published: April 2007

What is already known about this subject

• Continous i.v. infusion of furosemide is superior to intermittent administrations, especially in haemodynamically unstable infants, because it results in a more controlled diuresis (although doses are generally chosen rather low).

What this study adds

• High‐dose continuous furosemide infusion is an effective treatment for volume overload in haemodynamically unstable infants.

• Development of tolerance to furosemide was not observed despite high doses and prolonged exposure.

• Maximum serum furosemide concentrations remained well below the presumed toxic concentration.

Aim

To evaluate a high‐dose continuous furosemide regimen in infants after cardiac surgery.

Methods

Fifteen haemodynamically unstable infants with volume overload admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit were treated with an aggressive furosemide regimen consisting of a loading bolus (1–2 mg kg−1) followed by a continuous infusion at 0.2 mg kg−1 h−1 which was adjusted according to a target urine output of 4 ml kg−1 h−1. Frequent sampling for furosemide concentrations in blood and urine was done for 3 days with simultaneous assessment of sodium excretion and urine output.

Results

The mean furosemide dose was 0.22 (± 0.06), 0.25 (± 0.10) and 0.22 (± 0.11) mg kg−1 h−1 on the first, second and third day, respectively. Median urine production was 3.0 (0.6–5.3), 4.2 (1.7–6.6) and 3.9 (2.0–8.5) ml kg−1 h−1, respectively, on the first, second and third day of the study. The target urine production was reached at a median time of 24 (6–60) h and this was maintained during the study period. The regimen did not result in toxic serum concentrations and was haemodynamically well tolerated.

Conclusion

High‐dose continuous furosemide infusion for 72 h in haemodynamically unstable infants after cardiac surgery appears to be a safe and effective treatment for volume overload. Development of tolerance against the effects of furosemide and ototoxic furosemide concentrations were not observed.
Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus
Authors: Prasad Kameshwar , Krishnan Pudukode R. , Al‐Roomi Khaldoon , Sequeira Reginald
Published: April 2007

Aims

To determine whether a particular anticonvulsant is more effective or safer than another or placebo in patients with status epilepticus, and to summarize the available evidence from randomized controlled trials, and to highlight areas for future research in status epilepticus.

Methods

Randomized controlled trials of participants with premonitory, early, established or refractory status epilepticus using a truly random or quasi‐random allocation of treatments were included.

Results

Eleven studies with 2017 participants met the inclusion criteria. Lorazepam was better than diazepam for reducing risk of seizure continuation [relative risk (RR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45, 0.90] and of requirement of a different drug or general anaesthesia (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45, 0.88) with no statistically significant difference in the risk of adverse effects. Lorazepam was better than phenytoin for risk of seizure continuation (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.45, 0.86). Diazepam 30 mg intrarectal gel was better than 20 mg in premonitory status epilepticus for the risk of seizure continuation (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18, 0.86).

Conclusions

Lorazepam is better than diazepam or phenytoin alone for cessation of seizures and carries a lower risk of continuation of status epilepticus requiring a different drug or general anaesthesia. Both lorazepam and diazepam are better than placebo for the same outcomes. In the treatment of premonitory seizures, diazepam 30 mg intrarectal gel is better than 20 mg for cessation of seizures without a statistically significant increase in adverse effects. Universally accepted definitions of premonitory, early, established and refractory status epilepticus are required.
Detection of Apricot latent virus and Plum bark necrosis stem pitting‐associated virus by RT‐PCR in Eastern Anatolia (Turkey)
Authors: Usta M. , Sipahioglu H. M. , Ocak M. , Myrta A.
Published: April 2007

Field surveys were carried out to determine presence and incidence of Apricot latent virus (ApLV) and Plum bark necrosis stem pitting‐associated virus (PBNSPaV) in the main stone fruit growing areas of Eastern Anatolia. RT‐PCR and nested‐RT‐PCR techniques were used to detect ApLV and PBNSPaV, respectively. Three apricot samples out of 224 tested positive for ApLV, although infected trees showed no apparent disease symptoms. Of 45 sweet cherry and plum trees tested for PBNSPaV, 35 tested positive. Stem pitting symptoms were observed on the trunks of PBNSPaV‐infected sweet cherries. Trunk bark was spongy and thick; pits and grooves were observed on the woody cylinder. The overall incidence of ApLV was 1.3% and of PBNSPaV was 77%. This is the first report of ApLV and PBNSPaV in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey.
Invasive species in an international context: IPPC, CBD, European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species and other legal instruments*
Authors: Shine C.
Published: April 2007

The paper outlines the multiple impacts of invasive alien species and explains the rationale for coordinated international action to minimize their environmental as well as economic effects. It describes the different components and current state of development of the international regulatory framework relevant to invasive alien species, with reference to plant pests and animal disease, biodiversity conservation and maritime and aviation transport. The paper summarises recent developments at the Euro‐Mediterranean level with particular attention to the European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species adopted under the Bern Convention. It concludes by identifying some gaps and inconsistencies at global, regional and national levels, together with indicators for possible ways forward.
Maîtrise de la propagation de la morelle jaune (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) dans le gouvernorat de Kairouan (Tunisie)*
Authors: Chalghaf E. , Aissa M. , Mellassi H. , Mekki M.
Published: April 2007

La morelle jaune a été signalée pour la première fois en Tunisie en 1985, dans la délégation de Sbikha du gouvernorat de Kairouan, véritable carrefour qui relie plusieurs régions du pays. Nos prospections durant la campagne 2004/2005 nous ont permis de constater l’abondance de cette espèce dans cette délégation. Dans les délégations de Chébika, Kairouan Sud et Kairouan Nord elle n’est que localement abondante. Dans le reste du gouvernorat, elle est peu fréquente. Cette plante n’est plus confinée au seul gouvernorat de Kairouan et a été signalée dans d’autres gouvernorats (Sousse, Zaghouan, Sidi Bouzid, etc.). Les biotopes les plus infestés sont les bordures de routes, les terres incultes, les cultures d’été. Ces infestations engendrent des pertes considérables, pouvant amener les maraîchers à abandonner leurs cultures d’été. En 2005, nous avons estimé la superficie envahie par cette plante à 20 000 ha. Pour freiner son extension, nous avons engagé contre elle une action de lutte le long des bordures de routes et dans les décombres. Nous avons utilisé, durant l’été 2005, le glyphosate à la dose de 2000 g/ha au stade baie verte. Les résultats de cette action ont été plus ou moins satisfaisants selon les sites infestés rendent nécessaire la reconduction de cette expérience.
Etat actuel de l’infestation par la morelle jaune (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) au Maroc*
Authors: Taleb A. , Bouhache M. , Ameur A. , Baye Y.
Published: April 2007

Signalée pour la première fois au Maroc en 1949, la morelle jaune (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) est devenue à partir des années 80 une adventice préoccupante à l’échelle nationale. Dans un premier temps, l’infestation est restée limitée à la région du Tadla. Mais vingt ans ont suffi à la morelle jaune pour sortir de son berceau et se propager vers des régions éloignées. Des études et des enquêtes effectuées au Maroc ont permis de souligner la grande diversité et l’efficacité de facteurs de dissémination tels que: le fumier organique, les ovins, l’eau d’irrigation, les machines agricoles, les plants en motte et le vent. Toutefois, les trois premiers facteurs restent les plus importants. Suivant les conditions locales, certains de ces facteurs de dissémination deviennent prépondérants et peuvent être simultanés ou successifs.
The European Biological Control Laboratory: an existing infrastructure for biological control of weeds in Europe
Authors: Jones W. A. , Sforza R.
Published: April 2007

The Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture has maintained a continuous European effort in classical biological control of exotic pests in the USA. The European Parasite Laboratory was established in France in 1919, while the European Weed Laboratory began operations in Rome in 1958. The two laboratories were merged in Montpellier in 1991 as the European Biological Control Laboratory (EBCL), becoming the primary overseas biocontrol laboratory of the USDA. The management of weeds, insect pests, and pathogens is an important feature of agricultural research programmes worldwide. These invasive species can lead to vast financial losses for countries engaged in agriculture. The overall goal of research at EBCL is to develop biological control technologies to be used to suppress invading weeds and insect pests. This is done through expeditions to find natural enemies (insects, mites and pathogens), or phytophagous, parasitoid or predator species. These are characterized in careful experimentation in quarantine facilities and eventually developed as biological control agents. Current weed projects include studies on the Centaurea spp., Arundo donax, Vincetoxicum spp., Isatis tinctoria, Taeniatherum sp. and Dipsacus sp. Insect projects research Lygus bugs, the olive fruit fly, the vine mealybug, and the Asian long‐horned beetle. The EBCL team is international and interdisciplinary. Entomology, plant and insect pathology, molecular biology and ecology are the main approaches of our biocontrol research. The team cooperates with universities and agencies worldwide.
Native and introduced parasitoids attacking the invasive chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus
Authors: Aebi A. , Schönrogge K. , Melika G. , Quacchia A. , Alma A. , Stone G. N.
Published: April 2007

The globally invasive chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus was recently reported in Italy and threatens European chestnut orchards and native forests. Of Chinese origin, this species has invaded Japan, Korea, the USA, Nepal and Europe and in each region it has been attacked by parasitoids exploiting oak gall wasps. Classical biological control using the parasitoid Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) successfully reduced infestation in Japan. Subsequent work in Japan and Korea showed this parasitoid to represent a poorly understood and biologically diverse species complex. Following its success in Japan, T. sinensis was released in Italy in 2005. A growing appreciation of the taxonomic and ecological complexity of the T. sinensis complex in Japan and Korea has stimulated ongoing DNA‐based work on relationships and interbreeding of species in this group. Oak cynipid parasitoids provide potential for native augmentative or conservation biological control of D. kuriphilus in Europe. Exploitation of this potential requires improved understanding of the taxonomy of these parasitoids, particularly of morphologically highly conserved lineages such as Eurytoma and Eupelmus in which recognised species may contain many cryptic lineages. There is a growing need for a molecular survey of the communities centered on chestnut and oak gall wasps to: (1) ascertain the identity of T. sinensis lineages released in Italy (2) track the dispersal of T. sinensis in the native community, either in its original form or as hybrids with native species (3) identify possible biological control agents in the native parasitoid community.
Success of an exotic gallmaker, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, on chestnut in the USA: a historical account
Authors: Rieske L. K.
Published: April 2007

Dryocosmus kuriphilus, a cynipid gall wasp of Asian origin, was accidentally introduced into North America in 1974. The gall wasp attacks chestnut and causes rounded galls that reduce shoot elongation and fruit production, and cause twig dieback. Its geographic range in the eastern USA has expanded northward since its introduction, and now encompasses nearly 1.5 million square kilometres. Movement of infested plant material has allowed the establishment of separate satellite populations well removed from contiguous populations. The cryptic nature of the insect, lying within dormant buds for much of the year, makes the effectiveness of plant inspections questionable. An introduced parasite, Torymus sinensis, has successfully moved with expanding D. kuriphilus populations, and several native parasitoids are exploiting this exotic gallmaker.
Occurrence of Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) in Jordan
Authors: Anfoka G. H. , Abhary M. K.
Published: April 2007

A new disease on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) caused by Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) has been detected for the first time in Jordan. Disease symptoms consisted of interveinal yellowing areas in older leaves followed by generalized yellowing. Using specific primers, Tomato infectious chlorosis virus was detected in symptomatic plants by RT‐PCR. The amplified fragment (416 bp) was cloned and sequenced. Results of sequence analysis showed that the Jordanian isolate of TICV shared high nucleotide similarity (> 98%) with two other isolates from Japan and France. The distribution of TICV has been investigated in four regions in the Jordan Valley by non‐radioactive dot blot hybridization. Data from the study showed high incidence of the disease in all surveyed regions. In addition, the expected size of the coat protein gene of TICV could be amplified from two symptomatic weeds species, Chenopodium album and Chenopodium murale, indicating that these weeds are natural hosts for the virus.
Establishment of Maximum Residue Levels for minor uses
Authors: Muller E.
Published: April 2007

The availability of plant protection products that are authorized for minor uses in the European Community is becoming restricted due to the stringent EU review process. An associated problem is the lack of sufficient residues data for minor uses necessary for the establishment of MRLs (Maximum Residue Levels). The policy for MRL setting is focussed on a high protection level for the consumer. Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) forms the basis for MRL setting together with supervised residues trials according to GAP. The MRL can be set when risk assessment shows no risk for the consumer. Rules to extrapolate residues data from major crops to minor crops can sometimes be derived from, for example, morphological properties of the crop, provided the GAP is similar, but for many minor crops this is not possible. In these cases residues trials performed on the minor crop are required to set an MRL, however, performing residues trials is not profitable for the plant protection industry, because of their limited financial return. Activities to facilitate the setting of MRLs for minor crops have been initiated both within the EU and CODEX.
Developing efficacy and crop safety guidelines for minor uses: an update from Australia
Authors: Norden A.
Published: April 2007

The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) is in the early stages of developing efficacy and crop safety guidelines for minor uses. Depending upon the similarity or uniqueness of a minor use to existing registered uses the level and type of data required can vary and current considerations are to establish a four‐tier structure to reflect extrapolation, reduced and/or crop specific data. Lower tiers (Tiers I & II) are proposed for extrapolation and reduced data, whilst higher tiers (Tiers III & IV) encompass more novel uses where specific data relevant to the use pattern proposed would be required. The initial focus is on developing Tiers I & II that constitute the majority of minor use requests and includes a proposal to establish a Schedule of agreed extrapolations. Principles being considered in these tiers include, apart from similarity to registered use regimes, factors such as botanical and morphological relationships, pest biology and behaviour and cultural practices. Future development is required for minor uses involving more novel use patterns under Tiers III & IV.
Potential for classical biocontrol of silverleaf nightshade in the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Sforza R. , Jones W. A.
Published: April 2007

Unlike biocontrol of insect pests, biocontrol of invasive weeds is not largely studied in Eurasia, but remains an ecologically sound approach to invasive species management. The case study of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) is a good example of a New World weed which has been introduced and is spreading over the Mediterranean Basin. S. elaeagnifolium economically impacts agricultural areas by competing with cereal crops, damaging pastures, and infesting meadows and roadsides. This paper deals with classical biological control of S. elaeagnifolium in the Mediterranean basin with natural enemies from the region of origin of the target plant, using studies conducted on other continents. Natural enemies are listed and their capability to attack and control the target plant is discussed. Special attention is devoted to Leptinotarsa texana and L. deflecta, chrysomelid beetles already released with success against S. elaeagnifolium in South Africa, one of the five Mediterranean‐type regions of the world.
Barking up a new tree: ancient pupation behaviour suggests that Cerma Hübner is an acronictine noctuid (Lepidoptera)
Authors: WAGNER DAVID L.
Published: April 2007

Abstract Larval morphology and behaviour, thoracic and abdominal vestiture and patterning, and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) data support the placement of Cerma Hübner in the Acronictinae. Features of the prepupal coloration transformation, metathoracic ear, and male genitalia provide additional, somewhat weaker, evidence that Cerma is a Dagger Moth. Morphological and behavioural characters suggest a close phylogenetic relationship between Cerma and Harrisimemna Grote. Cerma and Harrisimemna (as well as Comachara Franclemont and Polygrammate Hübner) share a unique pupation habitat: all excavate a deep tunnel in bark or wood, intern themselves within the tunnel, and then conceal the entrance with a layer of silk into which wood shavings are woven. In addition, all four genera collect their frass or wood shavings, loosely bundle them with silk, and then push or toss the bundles away from the tunnel entrance; Comachara, Harrisimemna, and Polygrammate fastidiously gather and roll the shavings into small balls. Cerma’s membership has significant phylogenetic implications: (1) the evolution of the complex brush organ‐lever system of the second abdominal segment present in Cerma males will map more basally in the trifid noctuids than heretofore known, and, consequently (2) the establishment of higher‐level taxa (e.g. the Lophonyctinae and Sinocharinae) based on the presence of these brush organs will need to be re‐evaluated. Additionally, the inclusion of Cerma in the Acronictinae will negate two of the most widely employed characters for circumscription of the subfamily, i.e. the presence of secondary setae and the possession of more than one seta on the L3 pinaculum of the abdominal segments. Curiously, morphological and behavioural evidence assembled here is strongly contradicted by COI data with regard to the subfamilial placement of Harrisimemna Grote. Note is made of numerous characters shared by acronictine and arctiine larvae.
Successful prolonged rituximab treatment for post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following living donor liver transplantation in a child
Authors: Hayashida Makoto , Ogita Keiko , Matsuura Toshiharu , Takahashi Yukiko , Nishimoto Yuko , Ohga Shouichi , Hara Toshiro , Soejima Yuji , Taketomi Akinobu , Maehara Yoshihiko , Kohashi Kenichi , Tsuneyoshi Masazumi , Taguchi Tomoaki
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  PTLD is a serious complication of immunosuppression in solid organ transplant recipients. The incidence of PTLD is significantly higher in pediatric recipients than in adult because children are often EBV‐seronegative and they may develop primary EBV infection after transplantation. We herein describe a case of GI‐PTLD who achieved a complete remission by prolonged rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against CD20, mono‐therapy. A one‐yr‐old female underwent a LDLT for liver failure after having previously undergone the Kasai procedure for biliary atresia. At sixty days following the transplantation, GI‐PTLD developed. Withdrawal of immunosuppression and a surgical resection were thus performed. A histopathological examination of tumor revealed atypical medium to large cell lymphoid proliferation with strong CD20 immunopositivity indicating their B‐cell origin. Polymorphic PTLD was diagnosed. Rituximab was administered at a dose of 375 mg/m2 once a week, and the monotherapy resulted in a complete remission after 34 administrations. Based on this case, rituximab appears to be beneficial as a first‐line therapy for PTLD.