bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein Kinase Cδ Mediates Histamine-Evoked Itch and Responses in Pruriceptors
Authors: Valtcheva Manouela V , Davidson Steve , Zhao Chengshui , Leitges Michael , Gereau Robert W
Published: June 2015

Background

Itch-producing compounds stimulate receptors expressed on small diameter fibers that innervate the skin. Many of the currently known pruritogen receptors are Gq Protein-Coupled Receptors (GqPCR), which activate Protein Kinase C (PKC). Specific isoforms of PKC have been previously shown to perform selective functions; however, the roles of PKC isoforms in regulating itch remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the novel PKC isoform PKCδ as an intracellular modulator of itch signaling in response to histamine and the non-histaminergic pruritogens chloroquine and β-alanine.

Results

Behavioral experiments indicate that PKCδ knock-out (KO) mice have a 40% reduction in histamine-induced scratching when compared to their wild type littermates. On the other hand, there were no differences between the two groups in scratching induced by the MRGPR agonists chloroquine or β-alanine. PKCδ was present in small diameter dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Of PKCδ-expressing neurons, 55% also stained for the non-peptidergic marker IB4, while a smaller percentage (15%) expressed the peptidergic marker CGRP. Twenty-nine percent of PKCδ-expressing neurons also expressed TRPV1. Calcium imaging studies of acutely dissociated DRG neurons from PKCδ-KO mice show a 40% reduction in the total number of neurons responsive to histamine. In contrast, there was no difference in the number of capsaicin-responsive neurons between KO and WT animals. Acute pharmacological inhibition of PKCδ with an isoform-specific peptide inhibitor (δV1-1) also significantly reduced the number of histamine-responsive sensory neurons.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that PKCδ plays a role in mediating histamine-induced itch, but may be dispensable for chloroquine- and β-alanine-induced itch.
What are the local impacts of energy systems on marine ecosystem services: a systematic map protocol
Authors: Papathanasopoulou Eleni , Queirós Ana M , Beaumont Nicola , Hooper Tara , Nunes Joana
Published: June 2015

Background

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG) and its impact on the climate has resulted in many international governments committing to reduce their GHG emissions. The UK, for example, has committed to reducing its carbon emissions by 80% by 2050. Suggested ways of reaching such a target are to increase dependency on offshore wind, offshore gas and nuclear. It is not clear, however, how the construction, operation and decommissioning of these energy systems will impact marine ecosystem services, i.e. the services obtained by people from the natural environment such as food provisioning, climate regulation and cultural inspiration.

Research on ecosystem service impacts associated with offshore energy technologies is still in its infancy. The objective of this review is to bolster the evidence base by firstly, recording and describing the impacts of energy technologies at the marine ecosystems and human level in a consistent and transparent way; secondly, to translate these ecosystem and human impacts into ecosystem service impacts by using a framework to ensure consistency and comparability. The output of this process will be an objective synthesis of ecosystem service impacts comprehensive enough to cover different types of energy under the same analysis and to assist in informing how the provision of ecosystem services will change under different energy provisioning scenarios.

Methods

Relevant studies will be sourced using publication databases and selected using a set of selection criteria including the identification of: (i) relevant subject populations such as marine and coastal species, marine habitat types and the general public; (ii) relevant exposure types including offshore wind farms, offshore oil and gas platforms and offshore structures connected with nuclear; (iii) relevant outcomes including changes in species structure and diversity; changes in benthic, demersal and pelagic habitats; and changes in cultural services. The impacts will be synthesised and described using a systematic map. To translate these findings into ecosystem service impacts, the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) frameworks are used and a detailed description of the steps taken provided to ensure transparency and replicability.
Effect on β-galactosidase synthesis and burden on growth of osmotic stress in Escherichia coli
Authors: Malakar Pushkar , Singh Vivek K , Karmakar Richa , Venkatesh Kareenhalli V
Published: June 2015

Osmotic Shock is known to negatively affect growth rate along with an extended lag phase. The reduction in growth rate can be characterized as burden due to the osmotic stress. Studies have shown that production of unnecessary protein also burdens cellular growth. This has been demonstrated by growing Escherichia coli on glycerol in the presence of Isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) to induce β-galactosidase synthesis which does not offer any benefit towards growth. The trade off between osmotic stress and burden on growth due to unnecessary gene expression has not been enumerated. The influence of osmotic stress on β-galactosidase synthesis and activity is not clearly understood. Here, we study the effect of salt concentration on β-galactosidase activity and burden on growth due to unnecessary gene expression in E.coli. We characterize the burden on growth in presence of varying concentrations of salt in the presence of IPTG using three strains, namely wild type, ∆lacI and ∆lacIlacZ mutant strains. We demonstrate that the salt concentrations, sensitively inhibits enzyme synthesis thereby influencing the burden on growth. In a wild type strain, addition of lactose into the medium demonstrated growth benefit at low salt concentration but not at higher concentrations. The extent of burden due to osmotic shock was higher in a lactose M9 medium than in a glycerol M9 medium. A linear relationship was observed between enzyme activity and burden on growth in various media types studied.
Incidence of and risk factors for severe cardiovascular collapse after endotracheal intubation in the ICU: a multicenter observational study
Authors: Perbet Sebastien , De Jong Audrey , Delmas Julie , Futier Emmanuel , Pereira Bruno , Jaber Samir , Constantin Jean-Michel
Published: June 2015

Introduction

Severe cardiovascular collapse (CVC) is a life-threatening complication after emergency endotracheal intubation (ETI) in the ICU. Many factors may interact with hemodynamic conditions during ETI, but no study to date has focused on factors associated with severe CVC occurrence. This study assessed the incidence of severe CVC after ETI in the ICU and analyzed the factors predictive of severe CVC.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter study of 1,400 consecutive intubations at 42 ICUs. The incidence of severe CVC was assessed in patients who were hemodynamically stable (mean arterial blood pressure >65 mmHg without vasoactive drugs) before intubation, and the factors predictive of severe CVC were determined by multivariate analysis based on patient and procedure characteristics.

Results

Severe CVC occurred following 264 of 885 (29.8 %) intubation procedures. A two-step multivariate analysis showed that independent risk factors for CVC included simple acute physiologic score II regardless of age (odds ratio (OR) 1.02, p < 0.001), age 60–75 years (OR 1.96, p < 0.002 versus <60 years) and >75 years (OR 2.81, p < 0.001 versus <60 years), acute respiratory failure as a reason for intubation (OR 1.51, p = 0.04), first intubation in the ICU (OR 1.61, p = 0.02), noninvasive ventilation as a preoxygenation method (OR 1.54, p = 0.03) and inspired oxygen concentration >70 % after intubation (OR 1.91, p = 0.001). Comatose patients who required ETI were less likely to develop CVC during intubation (OR 0.48, p = 0.004).

Conclusions

CVC is a frequent complication, especially in old and severely ill patients intubated for acute respiratory failure in the ICU. Specific bundles to prevent CVC may reduce morbidity and mortality related to intubation of these high-risk, critically ill patients.

Trial registration

clinicaltrials.gov NCT01532063; registered 8 February 2012.
PTK6 inhibition promotes apoptosis of Lapatinib-resistant Her2+ breast cancer cells by inducing Bim
Authors: Park Sun Hee , Ito Koichi , Olcott William , Katsyv Igor , Halstead-Nussloch Gwyneth , Irie Hanna Y.
Published: June 2015

Introduction

Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is highly expressed in Human Epidermal Growth Factor 2+ (Her2+) breast cancers. Overexpression of PTK6 enhances anchorage-independent survival, proliferation, and migration of breast cancer cells. We hypothesized that PTK6 inhibition is an effective strategy to inhibit growth and survival of Her2+ breast cancer cells, including those that are relatively resistant to Lapatinib, a targeted therapy for Her2+ breast cancer, either intrinsically or acquired after continuous drug exposure.

Methods

To determine the effects of PTK6 inhibition on Lapatinib-resistant Her2+ breast cancer cell lines (UACC893R1 and MDA-MB-453), we used short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) vectors to downregulate PTK6 expression. We determined the effects of PTK6 downregulation on growth and survival in vitro and in vivo, as well as the mechanisms responsible for these effects.

Results

Lapatinib treatment of “sensitive” Her2+ cells induces apoptotic cell death and enhances transcript and protein levels of Bim, a pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family member. In contrast, treatment of relatively “resistant” Her2+ cells fails to induce Bim or enhance levels of cleaved, poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Downregulation of PTK6 expression in these “resistant” cells enhances Bim expression, resulting in apoptotic cell death. PTK6 downregulation impairs growth of these cells in in vitro 3-D MatrigelTM cultures, and also inhibits growth of Her2+ primary tumor xenografts. Bim expression is critical for apoptosis induced by PTK6 downregulation, as co-expression of Bim shRNA rescued these cells from PTK6 shRNA-induced death. The regulation of Bim by PTK6 is not via changes in Erk/MAPK or Akt signaling, two pathways known to regulate Bim expression. Rather, PTK6 downregulation activates p38, and pharmacological inhibition of p38 activity prevents PTK6 shRNA-induced Bim expression and partially rescues cells from apoptosis.

Conclusions

PTK6 downregulation induces apoptosis of Lapatinib-resistant Her2+ breast cancer cells by enhancing Bim expression via p38 activation. As Bim expression is a critical biomarker for response to many targeted therapies, PTK6 inhibition may offer a therapeutic approach to treating patients with Her2 targeted therapy-resistant breast cancers.
Behaviors of stem cells on carbon nanotube
Authors: Lee Ju-Ro , Ryu Seungmi , Kim Soojin , Kim Byung-Soo
Published: June 2015

Regulating stem cell microenvironment is one of the essential elements in stem cell culture. Recently, carbon nanotube (CNT) has come into the spotlight as a biomaterial that retains unique properties. Based on its high chemical stability, elasticity, mechanical strength, and electrical conductivity, CNT shows great potential as an application for biomedical substrate. Also, properties of CNT could be further regulated by appropriate chemical modifications of CNT. Recent studies reported that modulating the cellular microenvironment through the use of CNT and chemically modified CNT as cell culture substrates can affect proliferation and differentiation of various types of stem cells. This review summarizes the unique biological effects of CNT on stem cells.
Increased autophagy and apoptosis contribute to muscle atrophy in a myotonic dystrophy type 1 Drosophila model
Authors: Bargiela Ariadna , Cerro-Herreros Estefanía , Fernandez-Costa Juan M. , Vilchez Juan J. , Llamusi Beatriz , Artero Ruben
Published: June 2015

Muscle mass wasting is one of the most debilitating symptoms of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) disease, ultimately leading to immobility, respiratory defects, dysarthria, dysphagia and death in advanced stages of the disease. In order to study the molecular mechanisms leading to the degenerative loss of adult muscle tissue in DM1, we generated an inducible Drosophila model of expanded CTG trinucleotide repeat toxicity that resembles an adult-onset form of the disease. Heat-shock induced expression of 480 CUG repeats in adult flies resulted in a reduction in the area of the indirect flight muscles. In these model flies, reduction of muscle area was concomitant with increased apoptosis and autophagy. Inhibition of apoptosis or autophagy mediated by the overexpression of DIAP1, mTOR (also known as Tor) or muscleblind, or by RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of autophagy regulatory genes, achieved a rescue of the muscle-loss phenotype. In fact, mTOR overexpression rescued muscle size to a size comparable to that in control flies. These results were validated in skeletal muscle biopsies from DM1 patients in which we found downregulated autophagy and apoptosis repressor genes, and also in DM1 myoblasts where we found increased autophagy. These findings provide new insights into the signaling pathways involved in DM1 disease pathogenesis.
Prediction of Starch Content and Ethanol Yields of Sorghum Grain Using near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Li Junhui , Danao Mary-Grace C. , Chen Shih-Fang , Li Song , Singh Vijay , Brown Patrick J.
Published: June 2015

A rapid quantification method was developed and validated for non-destructive measurement of starch content, theoretical ethanol yield and actual ethanol yield of 48 cultivars of sorghum grain using Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy in diffuse reflectance mode. Multiplicative scatter correction, Savitzky–Golay derivative smoothing and mean centring were used for processing the spectra of ground sorghum grain. The processed spectra were correlated with starch content, theoretical ethanol yield and ethanol produced through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using partial least-squares regression (PLSR). The spectral range and number of factors were optimised for the low number of factors, high coefficients of determination for calibration ( R2) and validation ( r2), low root mean square error of prediction ( RMSEP), high ratio of performance to deviation ( RPD) and high ratio of the standard error of prediction to the range ( RER). The best PLSR model for starch content utilised the 4000–6000 cm−1 wavebands and had the following values: R2 = r2 = 0.97, RMSEP = 5.5 g kg−1 grain, RPD = 5.9 and RER = 15. Likewise, the model for theoretical ethanol yield utilised the 4000–8000 cm−1 wavebands and had R2 and r2 values of >0.90, RMSEP = 4.9 g kg−1 grain, RPD = 4.47 and RER = 12.8. It was more difficult to predict actual ethanol yield using FT-NIR spectroscopy given the small data set, and spectra were collected prior to the fermentation step. Resulting PLSR models had R2 and r2 values of <0.60, RMSEP = 11.2–21.4 g kg−1, RPD < 3 and RER < 6. These results demonstrated that FT-NIR spectroscopy may be a practical method for rough screening of sorghum cultivars for desirable starch content and theoretical ethanol yield. The models may be improved by including more cultivars in the model and additional compositional information, such as tannin and free amino nitrogen contents, in the chemometric analysis and using FT-NIR scans of the fermentation products to predict actual ethanol yields.
An Optimised Six-Wavelength Model for Predicting Kiwifruit Dry Matter
Authors: Shafie Khairul Anuar , Künnemeyer Rainer , McGlone Andrew , Talele Sadhana , Vetrova Varvara
Published: June 2015

Optimised wavelength selection is important to the development of new types of inexpensive and portable near infrared instruments that might be used on fruit in orchards. The use of discrete bandwidth devices, such as light-emitting diodes, requires preselection of a small number of discrete wavelengths. In this work, a kiwifruit data set consisting of 834 absorbance spectra and corresponding fruit dry-matter measurements, an important maturity indicator for kiwifruit, has been subjected to an exhaustive wavelength search to build optimal multiple linear regression models of up to seven wavelengths. Using a standard partial least-squares model as a benchmark, a six-wavelength model has been identified as an optimum, predicting kiwifruit dry matter with r2 of 0.88 and root mean square error of prediction ( RMSEP) of 1.22%. The sensitivity of the model to shifts in the key wavelengths was also evaluated, revealing that a 1 nm offset or a 0.25 nm random noise component would be enough to increase the RMSEP by around 0.04% in actual dry matter value or 3% in relative percentage terms.
Non-Destructive Prediction of the Properties of Forest Biomass for Chemical and Bioenergy Applications Using near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Acquah Gifty E. , Via Brian K. , Fasina Oladiran O. , Eckhardt Lori G.
Published: June 2015

Forest biomass will play a key role as a feedstock for bioproducts as the bioeconomy develops. Rapid assessment of this heterogeneous resource will help determine its suitability as feedstock for specific applications, aid in feedstock improvement programmes and enable better process control that will optimise the biorefinery process. In this study, near infrared spectroscopy coupled with partial least-squares regression was used to predict important chemical and thermal reactivity properties of biomass made up of needles, twigs, branches, bark and wood of Pinus taeda (loblolly pine). Models developed with the raw spectra for property prediction used between three and eight factors to yield R2 values ranging from a low of 0.34 for higher heat values to a high of 0.92 for volatile matter. Pretreating the raw spectra with first derivatives improved the fit statistics for all properties (i.e. min 0.57, max 0.92; with two or three factors). The best-performing models were for extractives, lignin, glucose, cellulose, volatile matter and fixed carbon ( R2 ≥ 0.80, residual predictive deviation/ratio of performance to deviation ≥1.5). This study provided the capacity to predict multiple chemical and thermal/energy traits from a single spectrum across an array of materials that differ considerably in chemistry type and distribution. Models developed should be able to rapidly predict the studied properties of similar biomass types. This will be useful in rapidly allocating feedstocks that optimise biomass conversion technologies.
The Particle Swarm Shooting Method for Solving the Bratu's Problem
Authors: Xu Yinghong , Li Xiangjie , Zhang Lipu
Published: June 2015

We transform the Bratu's problem directly into an unconstrained optimization problem, and then solve it by a simple algorithm, which combining the particle swarm optimization algorithm with Runge-kutta method together. We compare the numerical performance of the proposed optimization algorithm with the existing methods, and the numerical results show that the proposed new method is quite promising.
Numerical Analysis of Convective Transport of Fly Ash-Water Slurry through a Horizontal Pipe
Authors: Nayak Bibhuti Bhusan , Gupta Satish Kumar , Chatterjee Dipankar , Mullick Amar Nath
Published: June 2015

The thermal transport of solid-liquid suspension under turbulent flow condition is not well understood because of the complex interaction between the solid particles and the turbulent carrier fluid. The solid particles may enhance or suppress the rate of heat transfer and turbulence depending on their size and concentration. In the present paper, a three-dimensional numerical simulation is carried out in order to study the pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of a liquid-solid slurry flow in a horizontal pipe. The simulation is performed by using the algebraic slip mixture (ASM) model which is a part of the finite-volume based CFD software Ansys Fluent. The turbulence is handled by the RNG k – ε model. A hexagonal shape and cooper type non-uniform three-dimensional grid is created to discretize the computational domain. Spherical fly ash particles, with mass median diameter of 13mm for an average flow velocity ranging from 1–5 m/s and particle concentrations within 0–40% by volume for each velocity, are considered as the dispersed phase. The results illustrate that higher particle concentration in the flow causes an increase in the heat transfer and pressure drop. Moreover, both heat transfer and pressure drop are seen to show a positive dependence on the mean velocity of the flow.
O relatório que não chega: o que fazer?
Authors: Nogueira Fernando , Morais Silvia
Published: June 2015

Projeto social financiado por um banco passa por situação delicada. Em crise, a Associação teve que usar parte do dinheiro para outros fins. Como o banco deve reagir?
Provision of state and municipal services in Russia: the current state and main directions for improving
Authors: Гаврилова Людмила , Gavrilova Lyudmila
Published: June 2015

In today´s world there is urgency to improving the scope of government (municipal) services, updating their delivery mechanisms by bringing them in line with modern requirements of society, under the influence of the rapidly developing information technology. State policy in Russia in the sphere of state (municipal) services includes a range of activities, the implementation of which aimed at improving the legal regulation of this sector, the introduction of new forms of state (municipal) services, streamlining the organization of supply and improving the quality of the services. These activities are implemented in stages within the framework of state reforms that are going on in Russia for more than a decade. The article analyzes a specific budget measures and administrative reforms in state (municipal) services. The analysis of the concepts "public service" and "public function" within the legal format allowed the author to distinguish between measures to improve the organization of state (municipal) social services provided by the state (municipal) institutions and public services provided directly by state executive bodies ( "administrative " services). For example, in the area of social services the ratio of the planned amount of state (municipal) services and their financial security remain key issues. In order to improve "administrative" services innovation in recentyears are rapidly introduced new forms of delivery of these services, which are key objectives of the possibility of application for state (municipal) services in electronic form, as well as creating a network of institutions authorized for the provision of public ( municipal) "administrative" services — multipurpose centers. However, the general unsolved problem within the scope of public administration (municipal) services is improving their quality and accessibility.
Sensory and aesthetic mechanisms of construction of an advertising and marketing image
Authors: Ефимова Людмила , Efimova Lyudmila
Published: June 2015

In today´s world, the basic needs of people are met. But there are a few ways to attract potential customers to products. One of them is a minor satisfaction of aesthetic needs. An important factor in the purchase decision is aesthetic preference. When properly developed firm style is guaranteed to receive regular customers, therefore, it occupies a niche in the market. It is therefore important for the company to develop its corporate identity and continue stimulating potential customers to buy and hold them near. Through style consumer awareness about a particular brand is achieved, formed are emotional and intellectual associations. Style is the hallmark of goods and services, it helps the consumer to classify products to specific categories. It also allows categorizing items within the product line and brings the elements of the marketing mix to the needs of the target market. The article proves that the basis of the commercial chain "form - product - the company" is repeatable. It is with the help of the form it becomes an attribute of corporate identity. Therefore, the aesthetic element should always be used to improve the system through corporate communications. As practice shows, sometimes even a little functional form of an object can be invaluable in terms of aesthetics, becoming part of the brand image.
Geocultural branding of cities and areas: from Genius loci to image resources
Authors: Замятин Дмитрий , Zamyatin Dmitriy
Published: June 2015

Geo-cultural regional policy is associated with the actualization of the real identity of communities, people and events that can convert and transform the real image of the city. It should be focused on people and not on tangible or intangible objects. This is its essential difference from traditional regional policy.

Geo-cultural branding of an area is not a traditional branding area that exists in western branding and marketing formats and is now developing on Russian soil. This activity is related to the cultivation areas of images, which are important for the cohesion of territorial communities. It can be a non-profit or commercial, but, anyway, the main purpose of geo-cultural branding cannot be initially commercial, it is focused not on profit but on the development of the identity of the city (and wider - regional) communities and the events that actualize the image of the city.

At the end of XX- the beginning XXI centuries the concept of genius loci has become part of popular culture, one of the tools for development of tourism and marketing of areas, used in the protection and promotion of cultural heritage. As part of humanitarian geography the concept of "genius loci" is semantically correlated with the notions of cultural landscape as an object of heritage, local (spatial) myth, symbolic topography, geographical image. Particularly productive this notion in research on literature, geography, geography and the geography of aesthetic art, landscape architecture and garden art.

Characteristics of image resources of cities and territories in the context of geo-cultural branding should include an analysis of the possibilities of using space imagery of geniuses and specific representations of these images within geocultural regional policy.
Life and existence of estate «Mouranovo»
Authors: Потапова Екатерина , Potapova Ekaterina
Published: June 2015

The article covers the history of a unique «nest of the gentry» of the 19"1 century, located in Moscow region. This country estate is connected to the two outstanding Russian classical poets - E. Boratynsky and F. Tyutchev. For over a hundred years Mouranovo belonged to members of four famous families, who contributed greatly to the treasury of Russian culture and particularly to Russian literature. The author dwells on the life of the Engelgardts, the Boratynskys, the Putyatas and the Tyutchevs in Mouranovo from 1816 till 1920. Special emphasis is made on the everlasting significance of keeping family and cultural traditions from generation to generation, so typical of the mode of life in patrimonies. The contents of the article offers to the reader another opportunity to appreciate the cultural stratum lost forever together with the phenomenon of the noble estates. The author also gives credit to Tyutchev´s grandson and great grandson for the restoration of the original image of the estate house in Mouranovo and quotes some comments of distinguished contemporaries on the museum founded by these two persons.
Coordination mechanism as a factor for improving the socio-economic efficiency of tourist activities
Authors: Рубцова Наталья , Rubtsova Natalya
Published: June 2015

The article discusses the role of coordination in the development of tourism and in increasing social and economic benefits of tourism activities. Defined is the concept of "coordination" with regard to tourism activities. The article examines levels of coordination in tourism: global (international), national, regional (local). The author suggests the definition of the concept of "coordination mechanism improving the socio-economic benefits of tourism activities." The article considers its practical manifestation in the regions of the Baikal area (Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia), demonstrating that, despite the presence in these tourist destinations of public and private institutions that are able to coordinate the sphere of recreation and tourism, the effects of coordination mechanisms in these regions are different. That is, the effective coordination of tourist activity presupposes not only forms of coordination, but also some attributes to characterize an effective coordination mechanism. Defined are the attributes of effective coordination mechanism, which include: the ability of the central coordinating unit to coordinate goals, business processes and actions of actors in sphere of recreation and tourism; the presence of a single information system, which determines the method for producing and distributing information among actors in the sphere of recreation and tourism; adequate organizational structure of the central coordinating unit; the overall strategy of forming relationships between actors in the sphere of recreation and tourism; a system for monitoring coordination; informal relations. The author conducts an analysis of the relevant coordination mechanisms to improve the socio-economic benefits of tourism activities in the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. It is concluded that to improve the socio-economic benefits of tourism activities there is a need for not only a coordinating mechanism per se, but also its corresponding efficient attribute.
Finitely Additive Dynamic Programming
Authors: Sudderth William D.
Published: June 2015

The theory of dynamic programming is formulated using finitely additive probability measures defined on sets of arbitrary cardinality. Many results from the conventional countably additive theory generalize, and the proofs are simpler.
Dysphagia: its nature, assessment and management
Authors: Lancaster John
Published: June 2015

Dysphagia impacts on the health and quality of life of individuals and contributes to the cost of health care. This paper summarises current literature regarding the nature, assessment and management of acquired oro-pharyngeal dysphagia in older adults. It examines the aetiology, prevalence and consequences of dysphagia, as well as issues regarding medication administration. Assessment of dysphagia is explored in terms of multidisciplinary screening, speech and language therapist clinical swallowing evaluation and instrumental assessment.
Caesar and his love of greens
Authors: Francis-Pester Dawn
Published: June 2015

Fresh picked lettuce has many advantages over the shop-bought mass-produced alternative; here, we offer tips for planting, growing, harvesting and cooking this well loved vegetable.
Searching for sparrowhawks
Authors: Garner Lynne
Published: June 2015

This is the third article in a series exploring the world of apex animals, their lifestyles, and their place in storytelling, helping to bring these animals a little bit closer to our children.
Balancing the risks and benefits of sun exposure for infants: Skin protection and vitamin D uptake
Authors: Geraghty Sadie , Godwin Helen , Oliver Kim
Published: June 2015

Sunlight is fundamental in synthesising vitamin D in humans. However, the sun is also responsible for negative short- and long-term health effects on the population. Babies and young children who are subjected to unprotected sun exposure are at an increased risk of skin cancer later in life, and therefore they should be considered as a particular target population. Prevention is an important aspect of parental education in the protection of babies' and children's skin, in order to avoid and reduce the consequences of exposure to the sun. Increased awareness of skin cancer has led to individuals using chemical protection and physical barriers to protect their skin from the harmful rays of the sun. However, this protection can lead to a reduced level of absorption and uptake by the body of the natural vitamin D. Health visitors are in a position to advise and support parents in protecting their babies from sun damage, and should actively encourage uptake of vitamin D.
A model of community partnership
Authors: Oldman Crystal
Published: June 2015

East London's Bromley-by-Bow Centre is a vibrant example of how joined-up working can improve wellbeing outcomes for the whole community, says Crystal Oldman.
ANÁLISE DA PRODUÇÃO CIENTÍFICA REFERENTE À TEMÁTICA DE SUSTENTABILIDADE EM PESQUISAS DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO
Authors: De Luca Márcia Martins Mendes , Cardoso Vanessa Ingrid da Costa , Vasconcelos Alessandra Carvalho de , Pontes Ayrton Bezerra
Published: June 2015

A cada dia o tema sustentabilidade se mostra mais recorrente nas pesquisas na área de Administração, sendo inúmeros os pesquisadores que procuram compreender a sustentabilidade e associá-la ao mundo corporativo. O objetivo geral do presente estudo consiste em investigar as perspectivas teóricas da produção científica em Administração direcionada para o tema nos anais do Encontro da Anpad e na Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, em um período de oito anos. A pesquisa abrange a análise das características de autoria, dos procedimentos metodológicos e das bases teóricas, além de características qualitativas dos artigos selecionados. Trata-se de estudo qualiquantitativo, caracterizado como pesquisa descritiva, com aplicação da bibliometria e da Análise de Conteúdo. Foram analisados 103 artigos publicados no Encontro da Anpad (edições anuais de 2003 a 2010) e na Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental (edições quadrimestrais de 2007 a 2010). Os resultados mostraram um aumento da produção científica sobre sustentabilidade, o que evidencia o amadurecimento da área nessa temática. De forma mais pontual, verificou-se uma tendência para as coautorias; uma diversidade metodológica, não se limitando a teorias ou modelos predefinidos; e uma elevada incidência de propostas de modelos relacionados à sustentabilidade.
Análisis de la relación entre capacidad de carga física y capacidad de carga perceptual en playas naturales de la Isla de Menorca
Authors: Roig i Munar Francesc Xavier
Published: June 2015

Los espacios litorales situados en Áreas Naturales de Especial Interés (ANEI) de la Isla de Menorca sufren una enorme presión turística y recreativa. El conocimiento de las pautas de uso sobre estos espacios, y la percepción de los usuarios, son aspectos primordiales para gestionar satisfactoriamente la demanda social a la que están sometidos, y para evitar o aliviar, en la medida de lo posible, impactos ambientales y sociales.
Modelos urbanos y consumo de agua. El riego de jardines privados en la región metropolitana de Barcelona
Authors: Domene Elena , Saurí Pujol David
Published: June 2015

La expansión del modelo de crecimiento urbano de baja densidad en la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona (RMB) puede conllevar un aumento del consumo doméstico de agua debido a la mayor presencia de usos exteriores en esta tipología territorial. Sin embargo, las características de estos usos exteriores se conocen relativamente poco. En este artículo y tomado como referencia una encuesta efectuada a 120 viviendas unifamiliares en seis municipios de la RMB, se estudia el riego de jardines privados, particularmente la relación entre la renta, las características de los jardines y la eficiencia del riego. Entre los resultados más significativos, cabe destacar el predominio de aportes de agua por debajo del requerimiento agronómico de las especies (en contra de la percepción de «sobrerriego») y la mayor eficiencia del riego en los municipios de rentas más elevadas. Esta eficiencia, sin embargo, queda contrarrestada por la presencia de especies altamente consumidoras de agua (césped, sobretodo), menos frecuentes en los municipios de rentas menores. Las preferencias sociales por jardines de tipo «atlántico», que tienden a materializarse a medida que aumenta el poder adquisitivo, repercuten de manera significativa en los elevados consumos hídricos observados en la periferia metropolitana de Barcelona.
Estructura y dinámica del comercio en Cuenca
Authors: López González Alejandro
Published: June 2015

En los últimos años del siglo XX Cuenca vivió decisivas transformaciones que aceleraron la modernización de la ciudad. La consolidación de su función turística y una superior integración en las coyunturas económicas españolas, repercutieron en importantes cambios en su comercio, tanto desde el punto de vista estructural como de su localización espacial. El resultado final es un mayor número de puntos de venta, más especializados y cada vez menos atados al centro tradicional de la ciudad.
La energía eólica en España
Authors: Espejo Marín Cayetano
Published: June 2015

Desde mediados de los años noventa se ha producido en España una expansión extraordinaria del aprovechamiento de la energía eólica para la generación de electricidad. La disponibilidad de zonas con potencial eólico estimable junto con las políticas de apoyo a las energías renovables, sobre todo a la eólica, han contribuido a un enorme desarrollo industrial y tecnológico de este sector. España es líder mundial, tanto en potencia instalada, donde ocupa el tercer puesto detrás de Alemania y Estados Unidos, como en número y volumen de empresas que participan en los distintos ámbitos de la energía eólica. En este artículo se analizan las características del sector eólico español.
El lenguaje de la geografía y el lenguaje de los geógrafos
Authors: García Fernández Jesús
Published: June 2015

En los últimos años, menudean expresiones y términos en el lenguaje de los geógrafos que poco tienen que ver con la geografía. Por lo general se trata de términos aprehendidos de otras disciplinas, como la geología o la arquitectura, pero cuya aplicación en geografía resulta forzada, cuando no equívoca. Este artículo pretende exponer algunos de los casos más llamativos, y contribuir a una reflexión científica sobre la necesidad de cuidar el lenguaje que nos sirve para comunicar la geografía.
Análisis de la dinámica turística y su incidencia en el consumo de agua en los grupos de acción local de la Comunidad Valenciana
Authors: Hernández Hernández María
Published: June 2015

Se analizan las dinámicas territoriales que se han desarrollado en las comarcas valencianas beneficiadas con las políticas de desarrollo regional (iniciativa LEADER y programa PRODER) desde la década de los noventa del siglo XX. Éstas se relacionan con la nueva funcionalidad de los medios rurales y, concretamente, la importancia creciente que, desde el punto de vista económico, ha adquirido el turismo en estas comarcas interiores. Su análisis permite establecer, en una fase posterior, las repercusiones de estas políticas de diversificación económica en el consumo de agua. Determinada la situación actual de las actividades turístico-residenciales, se elaborarán hipótesis de crecimiento del sector. Ello permitirá proponer tendencias y estimaciones de consumo según horizontes y la incidencia de las nuevas demandas.
Reseñas bibliográficas
Authors: Feo Parrondo Francisco , Bolaños González José Iván
Published: June 2015

Contiene:GARCÍA BALLESTEROS, A. (dir) (2006): Inmigrantes emprendedores en la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Consejería de Economía e Innovación Tecnológica, 125 págs.Francisco Feo ParrondoMARZOL JAÉN, Mª. Vª. (2005): La captación del agua de la niebla en la isla de Tenerife. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Caja General de Ahorros de Canarias. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 220 pp.José Iván Bolaños González
Paisaje y políticas públicas
Authors: Serrano Giné David
Published: June 2015

Se conoce que, de un tiempo a esta parte, distintos planteamientos han tomado el paisaje como eje central de su discurso, canalizando parte de sus propuestas a través del amplio abanico de las políticas públicas. De esta guisa, el concepto «paisaje» ha pasado a formar parte de la esfera de lo público y lo legislativo, favoreciendo una nueva coyuntura de gran interés en Geografía. En las líneas que siguen se resumen las principales ideas e instrumentos derivados de este encuentro, proponiendo una síntesis que tiene por objetivo resumir la diversidad existente.
Depuración alternativa, con aporte térmico de energía solar
Authors: Martínez Taberner Antoni , Martínez Moll Víctor , Moyà Niell Gabriel , Moyà Salom Andreu , Amengual Morro Caterina
Published: June 2015

La situación del Campus de la UIB, aislado de la ciudad, ligado al tema de la escasez del agua ha permitido el desarrollo de un sistema de depuración in situ de las aguas residuales producidas en las propias instalaciones universitarias. El proceso se desarrolla íntegramente con sistemas de depuración natural en un diseño que combina 3 tecnologías existentes: el lagunaje, los humedales construidos y los filtros verdes arbolados. La innovación se produce en un sistema de regulación térmica del lagunaje para evitar la inversión térmica, que provoca situaciones puntuales de malos olores. Se trata de aprovechar el calor residual de una instalación de climatización solar en un edificio cercano a la laguna, de tal manera que la laguna ejerza de refrigerador del sistema y a la vez aproveche el calor para potenciar la estratificación térmica.
La reestructuración de los espacios rurales de La Gomera: ¿desarrollo rural o profundización de la dialéctica campo-ciudad?
Authors: Jerez Darias Luis Manuel
Published: June 2015

La isla de La Gomera es un territorio poco conocido desde el punto de vista científico, más aún, desde las ciencias sociales. Las mutaciones que ha sufrido a lo largo de la última centuria han tenido como telón de fondo la dialéctica entre el medio rural y el medio urbano, sobre todo, desde finales del mismo. En la etapa de economía agraria, que absorbía a la totalidad de la Isla, esta dialéctica se caracterizó por el papel que jugaba Canarias, y La Gomera en particular, en el circuito agro-exportador internacional. Con la caída de ese modelo económico, que abrigaba en su seno la contraposición agricultura de exportación – agricultura de subsistencia, se abre un nuevo período caracterizado por la economía terciaria que, por medio de la actividad turística, ha ido reconvirtiendo el territorio insular en paralelo a una profundización de la dialéctica entre ambos espacios geográficos.
Montes y bosques de Orihuela en los siglos XVI y XVII
Authors: Ojeda Nieto José
Published: June 2015

Los montes y los bosques de la época Moderna son poco conocidos. Escasean los documentos, y cuando los hay se fijan en las talas y abusos cometidos por los vecinos o en las preocupaciones —normativas concejiles— de buena utilización de la leña y la madera. La Orihuela foral, siglos XVI y XVII, gozaba de una amplia extensión de terrenos comunales donde el pastoreo convivía con el aprovechamiento silvícola. El presente estudio marca los límites del monte, concretamente del arbolado, al tiempo que cuantifica, como propuesta, los distintos espacios que configuraban el paisaje del Bajo Segura: huerta, boalares, redondas y realengo. Normas y leyes que reglamentaban cortes y talas, así como los malos usos del bosque —carboneo e incendios—, son también analizados para entender el proceso de deforestación y su control a lo largo de las citadas centurias.
La geopolítica en Sudamérica: conflictos potenciales y efectos globales
Authors: Cadena Montenegro José Luis
Published: June 2015

La importancia geopolítica de Sudamérica frente a los planes de los Estados Unidos, para mantener la hegemonía global, está intrínsecamente vinculada a su dimensión económica y comercial. Recursos estratégicos como el agua y el petróleo escasean a nivel mundial y las principales reservas se ubican en Sudamérica; por esa razón es importante para los Estados Unidos, declarar estos sitios como propiedad de la humanidad, para administrarlos en el futuro con el pretexto de la «destrucción del medio ambiente por parte de sus pobladores». Los problemas que contribuyen a la destrucción del entorno son ante todo, acciones de índole antrópica y cultural, cuyas raíces se encuentran en el orden económico y social que determina las formas de vida de una sociedad estimulando el consumo mediante la aculturación. Paradójicamente, el subcontinente con mayor biodiversidad, afronta problemas de pobreza, hambre y violencia que lo mantienen en el grupo del Tercer Mundo. La dirigencia política sudamericana se ha enfrascado en discusiones ideológicas en desuso, olvidándose del desarrollo humano y condenando a sus países a la condición de proveedores de comoditis. No es descartable que en Sudamérica la guerra intente resolver problemas que la política ha dejado añejar.
Rebound Effects in Energy Efficiency — an Inefficient Debate?
Authors: Friedrichsmeier Thomas , Matthies Ellen
Published: June 2015

Reaction to Two Articles on Rebound Effects: T. Santarius. 2014. GAIA 23/2: 109‐117. B. Alcott. 2014. GAIA 23/4: 304‐305
Prawa pacjenta z perspektywy funkcjonalnej refleksji
Authors: Kmieciak Błażej
Published: June 2015

In 1991 was passed in Poland the Healthcare Institutions Act. In the cited act was for the first time used the phrase of „patient’s rights”. Currently in our country there are several other laws that directly relate to that issue. In recent years, there has also been set up new offices in the field of patients’ rights (Patient Ombudsman, Ombudsman for Psychiatric Patients and specialist for patient’s rights working in hospitals). Discussions concerning rights of the patient most often relate to matters of a formal nature. Specialist literature refers basically to: the issue of consent to treatment, the issue of medical confidentiality, the aspect of the dignity of the patient and the system of protection of patient rights using the services of the health care system. Rarely however – in this context – debates undertake a problem of the importance of interaction between a patient and a doctor. There is also no reflection on the position that physicians and patients occupy in the course of treating. The present text aims to depict the patient’s rights from the perspective of functional reflection. In the first place, it will be presented the context of treatment within which the sick and the doctors as well as nurses play their roles. In particular, it will be shown the commercial face of medical services. Based on the concept of ombudsman will be taken also an attempt to present medical staff as „the first ombudsmen of the rights and interests of the patient.”
New Test Facilities For GNSS Testing And Dynamic Calibration
Authors: Trzuskowsky Andreas , Abel Dirk , Pölöskey Martin , Hoelper Carsten
Published: June 2015

With Galileo, the European GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) starting early services in 2015, open-area-testing of applications which use the new positioning system gets more and more important. This contribution gives an overview on existing test sites like railGATE, automotiveGATE and seaGATE, it highlights the latest addition for dynamic calibration with geodetic precision and finally describes the testing regime of the BONUS project ANCHOR, where multiple test sites are used for maximum benefit in a maritime application.
Navigation Decision Supporting System (NAVDEC) — Testing In Real Condition
Authors: Wołejsza Piotr
Published: June 2015

The known navigational systems in use and methods of navigational decision support perform information functions and as such are helpful in the process of safe conduct of a vessel. However, none of these known systems provides a navigator with ready solutions of collision situations taking account of all the vessels in the proximity of own ship, where the Collision Regulations apply. This paper presents testing results of NAVDEC — new Navigational Decision Supporting System created by research team from Szczecin Maritime University both for ocean going ships and pleasure crafts Tests were carried out in real condition on board container vessel. Testing results were presented on example encounter situation between Hammonia Berolina (own ship) and FR8 Fortitude (target ship). Encounter parameters were compared with data received from Full mission simulator.