bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Side‐effects after inhalational anaesthesia for paediatric cerebral magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: SANDNER‐KIESLING ANDREAS , SCHWARZ GERHARD , VICENZI MARTIN , FALL ASTRID , JAMES ROBERT L. , EBNER FRANZ , LIST WERNER F.
Published: March 2003

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the type, incidence and duration of postprocedure side‐effects in 168 children within the first 72 h after inhalational anaesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods: Premedication and induction followed standardized routines. Maintenance of anaesthesia was performed with inhalational anaesthetics solely: isoflurane (n=60 of 112; 53%), sevoflurane (n=32 of 112; 29%), desflurane (n=12 of 112; 11%) or halothane (n= 8 of 112; 7%) using a strapped on face mask (FiO2=0.4; flow 5 l·min–1). When indicated, gadolinium was administered (n=45; OF 112; 40%).

Results: One hundred and twelve of 168 parents (67%) responded to questionnaires. In these 112 children, pathological MR findings were found supratentorially (n=31; 28%), infratentorially (n=9; 8%), extracerebrally (n=12; 11%) or combined (n=9; 8%). In 56 of these 112 children (50%), 14 different side‐effects were reported. One hour after anaesthesia, 55 children suffered between one and four side‐effects. Neurological side‐effects were associated with age ≥ 5 years (P < 0.01) or infratentorial pathophysiology (P < 0.01) and abdominal side‐effects (P < 0.02), especially nausea (P < 0.001) with age ≥ 5 years.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate the need to inform parents of the incidence and variability of side‐effects after inhalational anaesthesia for minimally invasive, diagnostic procedures, such as MRI.
Unconscious sedation in children: a prospective multi‐arm clinical trial
Authors: Bauman Loren A. , Cannon Michael L. , McCloskey John , Allen Sharon , James Robert L. , Tobin Joseph R. , Politis George D.
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: We report the evaluation of six sedative‐hypnotic and analgesic combinations administered to children undergoing brief periods of unconscious (or deep) sedation for painful procedures.

Methods: In a prospective, open‐label, randomized, controlled study of six groups of 27–30 children each, patients were randomly assigned to receive propofol or methohexital for sedation‐hypnosis, and one of three incremental doses of fentanyl or remifentanil, respectively.

Results: An infusion of methohexital (10 mg·ml−1) combined with remifentanil (6.67 µg·ml−1) provided significantly shorter geometric mean times to initial emergence, to eye‐opening and to discharge, and required airway interventions that were not significantly more frequent than all groups sedated with propofol and fentanyl.

Conclusions: The combination of methohexital and remifentanil appears to be a satisfactory method for unconcious sedation for short painful procedures in children.
Retinopathy of Great Pyrenees dogs: fluorescein angiography, light microscopy and transmitting and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Grahn Bruce H. , Cullen Cheryl L.
Published: March 2003

Objective

Investigation of the pathogenesis of Great Pyrenees retinopathy.

Animals

One male and two female puppies of parents who were affected with Great Pyrenees retinopathy and one 4‐year‐old affected adult male Great Pyrenees dog.

Procedure

The puppies were examined daily from 7 weeks of age by indirect ophthalmoscopy and their fundi were photographed until the lesions were static. Fluorescein angiography was completed at 7 weeks of age, within 24 h of detection of ophthalmoscopic lesions, and then weekly. The eyes of a 4‐year‐old and two 20‐week‐old puppies were examined with light microscopy, and transmitting and scanning electron microscopy.

Results

Blocked choroidal fluorescence was detected at 7 weeks of age. The blocked fluorescence enlarged, when the characteristic serous retinal detachments developed at 11 weeks of age. The detachments enlarged in size and number until the puppies were approximately 20 weeks old. Fluorescein pooling confirmed the presence of transient retinal pigment epithelial detachments. Leakage of dye into serous retinal detachments was not detected in this study. Light microscopy and transmitting and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the presence of multifocal serous retinal detachments with focal retinal degeneration that extended to the inner nuclear layer in a 4‐year‐old dog. The retinal detachments were accompanied by hypertrophy, hyperplasia, increased pigmentation, and vacuolation of the retinal pigment epithelium.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Great Pyrenees retinopathy is manifested by multifocal serous retinal and retinal pigment epithelial detachments. These detachments are similar to those noted with central serous retinopathy of humans. The sudden development of multifocal retinal and retinal pigment epithelial detachments, and the serous nature of these detachments, supports a theory that they develop secondary to focal secretion and absorption defects in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Given the age of the puppies when the blocked choroidal fluorescence was noted and maturation of the dog retina at 8 weeks postpartum, this retinopathy is considered to be a retinal pigment epithelial dysplasia. This unique inherited retinopathy offers an opportunity to study retinal pigment epithelial secretion.
A histopathological study of iridociliary cysts and glaucoma in Golden Retrievers
Authors: Deehr A.J. , Dubielzig R.R.
Published: March 2003

This is a retrospective histopathological study of archive slides from the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin from 1981 to 1997. Reports on eyes or ocular contents from 2176 dogs were reviewed. Five‐hundred and thirty out of 2176 (24%) of the cases had a clinical or histologic diagnosis of glaucoma. Twenty‐five out of 530 (5%) of the canine cases of glaucoma were in Golden Retrievers. Thirteen out of 25 (52%) of the Golden Retriever cases of glaucoma had iridociliary cysts. Iridociliary cysts in Golden Retrievers may lead to the development of glaucoma. Histologically all 13 of the cases of glaucoma and iridociliary cysts had large thin‐walled cysts lined with attenuated cuboidal epithelium filling most of the posterior chamber. The following histologic features were also present: thick walled cysts containing hyaluronic acid (8/13; 62%), a solid cellular proliferation (2/13; 15%), a retrocorneal membrane associated with a defect in Descemet's membrane (7/13; 54%), iris bombé (5/13; 38%), a preiridal fibrovascular membrane (4/13; 31%), hemorrhage (4/13; 31%), a cellular membrane on the anterior lens surface (6/13; 46%), retinal detachment (5/13; 38%), peripheral anterior synechia (5/13; 38%), and posterior synechia (6/13; 46%). Complete follow up was obtained on 11/13 (85%) of the Golden Retrievers with glaucoma and iridociliary cysts. Two/11 (18%) of the dogs were euthanized due to intractable glaucoma. Eight/13 (62%) of the dogs had problems in the other eye. The other eye was diagnosed with uveitis 5/11 (45%), glaucoma 2/11(18%), pigment in the anterior chamber 3/11 (27%), and iridociliary cysts 4/11 (36%).
Primary lens luxation in the Chinese Shar Pei: clinical and hereditary characteristics
Authors: Lazarus J.A. , Pickett J.P. , Champagne E.S.
Published: March 2003

A pedigree analysis of a family of 15 related Chinese Shar Peis was conducted. This pedigree analysis, including affected and nonaffected dams, sires and offspring, was compiled to document and characterize the occurrence, common clinical signs, and age of onset of primary lens luxation while suggesting a possible mode of inheritance in this breed. Of the five offspring from the mating of an affected dam to two unrelated affected males, 100% of offspring were affected with bilateral primary lens luxations. Of the four viable offspring from the mating of the same affected dam to an unrelated, unaffected male, two dogs (50%) were affected. The average age of onset of affected animals (seven) in this first generation was 4.9 years (range 3–6 years). The six dogs in the second generation of the same pedigree line were 2‐years‐old at examination with none of these animals affected at the time of this study. The most common presenting complaints were a unilateral change in ocular appearance (5 of 7 dogs) and subjective vision impairment (4 of 7 dogs). The most common clinical sign upon ophthalmic examination was iridodonesis (unilateral 4 of 7 dogs; bilateral 3 of 7 dogs) and the presence of an aphakic crescent (3 of 7 dogs). Gonioscopy and tonometry of severely affected eyes revealed a narrow or closed iridocorneal angle and ocular hypertension. This study suggests that primary lens luxation does occur in the Chinese Shar Pei, resembling the clinical condition (age of onset, clinical signs) previously described in the terrier breeds, the Border Collie, and the Tibetan Terrier. Application of the phenotypic findings in this study to a Mendelian genetic model of inheritance suggests that primary lens luxation in the Chinese Shar Pei is inherited as a simple autosomal recessive trait.
Histomorphometry of the porcine scleral lamina cribrosa surface
Authors: Brooks D.E. , Arellano E. , Kubilis P.S. , Komaromy A.M.
Published: March 2003

The lamina cribrosa surface of the pig was examined using trypsin digestion, scanning electron microscopy, and computerized image analysis. Six normal eyes from healthy pigs were studied. The total intralaminar scan area, total number of laminar pores, median individual laminar pore areas, median individual pore form factors, and mean pore density were determined for the dorsal, ventral, nasal and temporal hemicircles, the dorsal–nasal, dorsal–temporal, ventral–nasal, and ventral–temporal quadrants, and their central and peripheral subdivisions. The mean (± SD) total intralaminar scan area was 8.29 ± 1.54 mm2. The mean (± SD) total laminar pore count was 517 ± 73 pores. The mean pore count was significantly larger in the ventral than the dorsal hemicircle (292 ± 39 vs. 225 ± 38 pores, respectively; P = 0.001), and significantly greater in the periphery compared to the center (388 ± 58 vs. 129 ± 27 pores, respectively; P = 0.0001). The overall mean (± SD) pore density was 67 ± 7 pores mm−2. Mean pore density was significantly greater in the ventral than the dorsal hemicircle (70 ± 8 vs. 64 ± 6 pores mm−2, respectively; P = 0.019), and significantly greater in the center compared to the periphery (75 ± 9 vs. 60 ± 8 pores mm−2, respectively; P = 0.020). The mean (± SD) median individual pore area was 3752 ± 572 μm2. The mean (± SD) median pore form factor was 0.680 ± 0.035. No significant regional differences were found in mean median pore form factor or mean median individual pore areas. The intralaminar optic nerve of pigs is 55.1% non‐neural connective and vascular tissue. A pigmented ventral fascial groove in the scleral lamina cribrosa appears unique to the porcine lamina cribrosa, and may be a vestige of the embryonic optic fissure.
The use of preserved equine renal capsule to repair lamellar corneal lesions in normal dogs
Authors: Andrade  , Laus  , Figueiredo  , Batista
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of equine renal capsule preserved in 98% glycerine to repair lamellar corneal lesions in normal dogs. For this purpose, 12 dogs, divided into six groups (n = 2), were used to evaluate the 1st to 7th day, 15th day and 30th to 60th postoperative day. In order to perform the histologic study, the clinical procedures were analyzed, while the recipient’s corneas were collected. The photophobia and blepharospasm also were more intense in the 1st to 7th postoperative day, and regressed in the 15th postoperative day. Therefore, the edema and the vascular events were both more frequent in the intermediary phases and regressed in the late periods. On the other hand, the morphological evaluation demonstrated an inflamatory exudate, also in the intermediary and late periods. These results suggested that the equine renal preserved capsule could be a useful alternative tissue to repair lamellar corneal lesions in dogs.
A retrospective‐cohort study on the development of cataracts in dogs with diabetes mellitus: 200 cases
Authors: Beam  , Correa  , Davidson
Published: March 2003

The objective of the study was to determine the incidence and estimated median time to cataract formation in dogs with diabetes mellitus. The animals studied were 200 dogs with diabetes mellitus which were referred to a university teaching hospital between 1985 and 1995. Medical records from dogs with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus were reviewed and, where necessary, further follow‐up information was gathered from the referring veterinarian. Incidence rate and median time to diabetic cataract formation was calculated using survival‐analysis techniques in a retrospective cohort study design. Among the 200 dogs in the study population, 23 had cataracts at the time of diabetes diagnosis that were presumed to be related to other disease processes. Of the remaining 177 dogs, 132 had documented cataract development with features suggestive as being secondary to diabetes. Twenty‐three dogs did not have obvious cataracts at the time of their last examination while 22 dogs did not have cataracts at the time they were lost to follow‐up. These 55 cases contributed to the statistical models as noncases of cataracts until the last date for which an examination was available. Half of the population had developed cataracts by the 170th day postdiagnosis of diabetes mellitus, while 75% and 80% of the population developed cataracts by 370 days and 470 days, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the majority of dogs with diabetes will develop cataracts within 5–6 months from the time of diagnosis of the disease, and that approximately 80% of dogs will develop cataracts within 16 months of diagnosis.
p53 protein expression in conjunctival squamous cell carcinomas of domestic animals
Authors: Sironi Giuseppe , Riccaboni Pietro , Mertel Luca , Cammarata Giorgio , Brooks Dennis E.
Published: March 2003

The expression of p53 protein was investigated in eight formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded conjunctival squamous cell carcinomas of five horses and one cow, dog and cat each by an immunohistochemical procedure in order to evaluate protein overexpression. Anti‐human p53 protein mouse monoclonal antibodies known to be cross‐reactive with p53 protein of the animal species examined were used. Positive p53 nuclear immunostaining was detected in five equine, one bovine and one feline cases. Conversely, no p53 immunostaining was found in the only canine case examined. These results demonstrate a frequent p53 overexpression in conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma that could be related to UV‐induced mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene.
Suspected latent vertebral metastasis of uveal melanoma in a dog: a case report
Authors: Rovesti Gian Luca , Guandalini Adolfo , Peiffer Robert
Published: March 2003

A six‐year‐old intact male Pomeranian was examined because of right eye discomfort. An iris neoplasm was suspected and the eye was enucleated. A uveal melanoma with malignant features was diagnosed. The dog recovered uneventfully from surgery. A general physical examination was performed at 3‐month intervals afterwards without any detectable problem, but 18 months after the first presentation the dog suffered a rapid, progressive paraplegia. Radiographic examination and myelography revealed a spinal cord compression at the level of the 8th thoracic (T8) vertebral body. Surgical exploration of the area revealed a potential vertebral neoplasm: histopathology confirmed a melanoma which was suspected to have resulted from metastasis from the previously diagnosed uveal melanoma.
Veterinary ophthalmology in laboratory animal studies
Authors: Munger Robert J.
Published: March 2003

In this overview the current status of the role of veterinary ophthalmology in laboratory animal studies is discussed. Attention is devoted to current regulatory requirements and study construction, examination techniques commonly used in studies, and a consideration of species characteristics that may be important to investigators. Methods for recording data are discussed with examples of recording systems.
Towards simultaneous analysis of morphological and molecular data in Hymenoptera
Authors: Carpenter James M.
Published: March 2003

Principles and methods of simultaneous analysis in cladistics are reviewed, and the first, preliminary, analysis of combined molecular and morphological data on higher level relationships in Hymenoptera is presented to exemplify these principles. The morphological data fromRonquistet al. (1999)matrix, derived from the character diagnoses of the phylogenetic tree ofRasnitsyn (1988), are combined with new molecular data for representatives of 10 superfamilies of Hymenoptera by means of optimization alignment. The resulting cladogram supports Apocrita and Aculeata as groups, and the superfamly Chrysidoidea, but not Chalcidoidea, Evanioidea, Vespoidea and Apoidea.
ARDRA and RAPD‐fingerprinting reject the sibling species concept for the ciliate Paramecium caudatum (Ciliophora, Protoctista)
Authors: Stoeck Thorsten , Welter Harald , Seitz‐Bender Dagmar , Kusch Jürgen , Schmidt Helmut J.
Published: March 2003

Morphologically indistinguishable sibling species also known as syngens are a characteristic taxonomic feature of the ciliate genus Paramecium. This has been convincingly demonstrated for the P. aurelia species complex. For a long time this feature has also been assumed for P. caudatum. Classical morphology based techniques of taxonomic analysis are often inefficient to study sibling specie. We therefore investigated 14 P. caudatum strains of seven supposedly different syngens using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)‐fingerprinting and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analyses (ARDRA, Riboprinting). The RAPD patterns revealed by five different random primers were similar between the different strains of the same syngen (similarity index ranging from 73 to 91%) and also between strains of supposedly different syngens (similarity index ranging from 67 to 91%). The amplified 18S rRNA‐fragments of supposedly different syngens, as well as the restriction patterns of these fragments digested by five different endonucleases, were identical for all investigated P. caudatum stains. Consequently we reject the sibling species hypothesis for P. caudatum. According to our molecular analysis, P. caudatum is not a species complex, but just one single species.
Phylogenetic analysis of the Enenterinae (Digenea, Lepocreadiidae) and discussion of the evolution of the digenean fauna of kyphosid fishes
Authors: Brooks Daniel R. , De León Gerardo Pérez‐Ponce , León‐Régàgnon Virginia
Published: March 2003

Species allocated to the digenean generaEnenterumLinton, 1910;JeancadenatiaDollfus, 1946;CadenatellaDollfus, 1946; andKoseiriaform a clade within the Lepocreadiidae whose sister group is a clade comprisingNeoallolepidapedonYamaguti, 1965,Callogonotrema, Oshmarin, 1965,AllolepidapedonYamaguti, 1940, andBulbocirrusOshmarin, 1965. Phylogenetic analysis of the Enenterinae based on comparative morphology, produced one most parsimonious tree with a consistency index of 0.72.Cadenatellais paraphyletic. Only 15.3% of character changes are evolutionary losses, supporting earlier reports that parasitic platyhelminths have experienced little secondary simplification during their evolutionary history. The Enenterinae appears to have originated in the Pacific Ocean, becoming associated with kyphosid fishes as a result of an ancient host switch. Subsequent evolutionary diversification reflects widespread geographical dispersal, consistent with the natural history of kyphosids.
Clypeatula cooperensis gen. n., sp. n., a new freshwater sponge (Porifera, Spongillidae) from the Rocky Mountains of Montana, USA
Authors: Peterson Kevin J. , Addis John S.
Published: March 2003

A new genus and species of freshwater sponge, Clypeatula cooperensis, collected from three lakes in the Northern Rocky Mountains of Montana, USA, are described. The sponge grows as a hard, disc‐shaped encrustation on the undersides of rocks and logs. It lacks microscleres and has amphioxeal megascleres that often show a slight midregion bulb and are usually covered with short, conical spines except at their tips. The sponge is also non‐gemmulating, overwintering in a regressed state in which choanocyte chambers are reduced in number. Phylogenetic analyses of complete 18S rDNA sequences of C. cooperensis, Ephydatia muelleri, Spongilla lacustris and Eunapius fragilis suggest that C. cooperensis is more closely related to Ephydatia muelleri than to Spongilla lacustris or Eunapius fragilis. Our data, nonetheless, do not rule out the possibility that C. cooperensis is more closely related to the non‐gemmulating sponges of Lake Baikal (Russia) than it is to Ephydatia muelleri. These phylogenetic analyses support the erection of a new genus, the monophyly of freshwater sponges belonging to the families Spongillidae and Lubomirskiidae, and the monophyly of demosponges.
Are the genera of Nematomorpha monophyletic taxa?
Authors: Schmidt‐Rhaesa Andreas
Published: March 2003

Twenty‐two genera of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) have been described to date, one (Nectonema) from the marine environment and the remaining ones (taxon Gordiida) from freshwater. The aim of this investigation was to test whether the genera represent monophyletic taxa or are likely to be paraphyletic assemblages. The recognition and delimitation of monophyletic taxa are prerequisites for further systematic analyses. From the 15 nematomorph genera containing more than one species, autapomorphies can be found for five genera (Chordodes, Nectonema, Beatogordius, Acutogordius, Noteochordodes). In three further genera (Paragordius, Parachordodes, Gordionus), the evaluation of characters as autapomorphies is likely, but relies on further investigations. For seven genera (‘Gordius’, ‘Paragordionus’, ‘Euchordodes’, ‘Neochordodes’, ‘Pseudochordodes’, ‘Spinochordodes’, ‘Digordius’), no autapomorphy could be found. Five genera (‘Digordius’, Lanochordodes, Progordius, Pantachordodes, Pseudogordius) are likely to be synonymous with other genera, and one genus (Chordodiolus) has been synonymized with Beatogordius recently. The importance of high quality documentation of characters in investigations of nematomorph species is stressed.
Phylogenetic systematic assessment of the Aspidobothrea (Platyhelminthes, Neodermata, Trematoda)
Authors: Zamparo David , Brooks Daniel R.
Published: March 2003

Phylogenetic systematic analysis of 20 aspidobothrean taxa using 33 transformation series based in comparative morphology yields three most parsimonious trees with a consistency index of 62%. The trees agree with familial‐level relationships of (Rugogastridae (Stichocotylidae (Multicalycidae + Aspidogastridae))) supported by previous phylogenetic systematic assessments, which were based on only 10 transformation series. The analysis does not support completely the current subfamilial classification of the Aspidogastridae: both the Aspidobothriinae [as (Aspidogaster+Lobatostoma)] and the Cotylaspinae [as Cotylogasteroides+Cotylogaster basiri ((Cotylaspis+Lissemysia) (Rohdella (Lophotaspis (Multicotyle+Sychnocotyle)))))] are supported as monophyletic groups. Recognizing Rohdellinae, however, would make the Cotylaspinae paraphyletic. The trees support a basal trichotomy of Cotylogaster michaelis+ Aspidobothriinae + Cotylaspinae. Within the Aspidogastrinae, Aspidogaster conchicola, type species of the genus, is the sister group of all other species currently placed in the genus +Lobatosoma spp., rendering Aspidogaster paraphyletic.
Molecular and morphological evidence of Alvinellidae relationships (Terebelliformia, Polychaeta, Annelida)
Authors: Rousset Vincent , Rouse Greg W. , Féral Jean‐Pierre , Desbruyères Daniel , Pleijel Fredrik
Published: March 2003

In this study we assessed the phylogenetic relationships of the hydrothermal vent polychaete group Alvinellidae, based on parsimony analyses of combined morphological and molecular data. Morphological data were obtained from newly examined specimens and literature information of 16 terminal taxa belonging to Alvinellidae, Ampharetidae, Pectinariidae, Terebellidae, Trichobranchidae, and the outgroups Oweniidae and Sabellidae. Molecular data were based on 28S rRNA from 13 of the 16 morphological terminals (10 previously published sequences plus three new ones). The combined analysis indicated the clades ((Alvinellidae, Trichobranchidae) Pectinariidae) and (Ampharetidae, Terebellidae). Alvinellidae, Ampharetidae and Terebellidae, as currently delineated, are monophyletic. The positions of Trichobranchidae and Pectinariidae contradicted traditional views, and they also had low Bremer support and merit further studies. Well‐supported clades included Alvinellidae and Terebellinae. Previous statements that Alvinellidae are either nested within Ampharetidae or the sister to this taxon were not supported. The traditional but here contradicted view that Terebellidae and Trichobranchidae are closely related may be based on plesiomorphic similarities between these two taxa.
The selection and evolution of viral quasispecies in HIV‐1 infected children
Authors: Nowak P , Karlsson AC , Naver L , Bohlin AB , Piasek A , Sönnerborg A
Published: March 2003

Objectives To analyse the diversity and divergence of the viral populations in three mother–child pairs in longitudinally obtained samples for up to 7 years.

Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from three mothers at delivery and three to four samples were obtained from each of their children from 1.5 months up to 78 months of age. The V3 region of HIV‐1 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned and sequenced. HIV‐1 DNA sequence comparisons were performed by phylogenetic analysis.

Results The viral population was initially homogenous in two children but highly heterogeneous in one child. Three patterns of vertical transmission seemed to have occurred: transmission of the most prevalent maternal strain, of a minor maternal strain and of multiple maternal strains. In one child, a possible reappearance of a maternal sequence was observed at 34 months of age.

Conclusions Children may become infected with the most prevalent maternal strain, a minor maternal variant or multiple maternal quasispecies. Maternal viral variants may reappear in children after several years of infection and could possibly be derived from a reservoir of founder quasispecies established during the children's primary HIV‐1 infection.
Comparison of endo‐polygalacturonase activities of citrus and non‐citrus races of Geotrichum candidum, and cloning and expression of the corresponding genes
Authors: Nakamura Masayuki , Suprapta Dewa N. , Iwai Hisashi , Arai Kei
Published: March 2003

summary

Geotrichum candidum citrus race, a fungus that causes a sour rot disease in citrus fruits, secretes an endo‐polygalacturonase (PG) that may facilitate the disease. There also exists a non‐citrus race that is non‐pathogenic to citrus fruits. In this research, we found that the PG activity of the citrus race isolates was much higher than that of the non‐citrus race isolates in culture medium and inoculated lemon peel, and that there was a significant correlation between the PG activity and pathogenicity.

 We isolated the two corresponding PG genes, S31pg1 and S63pg1, from citrus race S31 and non‐citrus race S63, respectively. S31PG1 and S63PG1 consisted of 368 and 369 amino acids, respectively. The two PG genes showed 68% identity at the amino acid level. In expression studies, S31pg1 transcript was detected in mycelia grown in liquid cultures of citrus race S31 containing either glucose, pectin or lemon peel broth. The transcript was also detected in lemon peel inoculated with the isolate. On the other hand, no transcript of S63pg1 was detected in mycelia grown on any liquid cultures of non‐citrus race S63 and lemon peel inoculated with the isolate. These results indicate that PG may play an important role in the development of the sour rot symptom and be involved in the difference of pathogenicity between the two races.
Preparation and sequencing of secreted proteins from the pharyngeal glands of the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii
Authors: De Meutter Jan , Vanholme Bartel , Bauw Gino , Tytgat Tom , Gheysen Greetje , Gheysen Godelieve
Published: March 2003

summary

In order to gain insight into the biology of the parasitic relationship between Heterodera schachtii and its host plant, it is important to understand the functional role of the nematode’s pharyngeal secretions. These secretions presumably play a key role in establishing and maintaining a feeding site for the nematode. An optimized method was used for the in vitro production of H. schachtii pharyngeal gland secretions. These pharyngeal secretions were mainly produced in an insoluble form and could be solubilized under denaturing conditions for further analysis. The soluble fraction was concentrated with StrataClean (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) or with a phenol/ether extraction. These methods made it possible for the first time to separate the secreted proteins on two‐dimensional gels. By combining a micropreparative sample preparation with mass spectrometry, two β‐1,4‐endoglucanases were identified. A third spot was identified as a novel protein by microsequencing. This is the first report on protein sequence information from pharyngeal secretions of a plant parasitic nematode.
Lessons learned from the core RNA promoters of Brome mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus
Authors: Kao C. Cheng
Published: March 2003

summary

RNA core promoters are nucleotide sequences needed to direct proper initiation of viral RNA synthesis by the viral replicase. Minimal length core promoter‐templates that can direct accurate initiation of the genomic plus‐, genomic minus‐, and subgenomic RNAs of Brome mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus were characterized in previous works. Several common themes and differences were observed in how each of the core promoters directed the initiation of viral RNA synthesis in vitro. These observations are summarized and compared in this short review.
Strategies used by hospital nurses to cope with a national crisis: a manager's perspective
Authors: Hendel T. , Fish M. , Aboudi S.
Published: March 2003

This article explores the anxiety level of, and coping strategies used by, hospital nurses, during a national state of emergency. The study was guided by a stress and coping framework, developed by Lazarus & Folkman, and was conducted at a large teaching hospital, located in the centre of Israel, during the Iraqi crisis in January and February, 1998. Data were collected from a sample of 100 female nurses, and a descriptive correlational design was used. The findings indicated that ≈ 33% of the nurses expressed feelings of stress, tension and a sense of discomfort. The dominant coping strategy used by the nurses was direct‐active, which was found to be the most effective strategy. As they were unable to remove or control the stressor, stress management intervention by nursing managers focused mainly on communicating with staff and providing social support – informational and emotional – to buffer the stressful experience. Providing support and help in finding practical solutions is important for maintaining emotional stability of staff, thereby helping them to improve their nursing interventions in assisting people to cope with stressful situations.
The renaissance of clinical leadership
Authors: Cook M. J.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this work was to explore clinical nursing leadership. The research was based on a critical examination of the leadership themes derived from the nursing literature of the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Australia, between 1992 and 1997. The work was also influenced by the findings from semistructured interviews undertaken with five clinical leaders in nursing from the United Kingdom, and study tours to both the United States of America and Australia. The findings support a proposed leadership model as a basis for further exploration and as a framework for contemplating clinical leadership and leadership preparation. A model is presented that identifies factors which influence leadership styles, such as external environment, internal environment, experience and understanding. Four leadership styles are outlined: transactional, transformational, connective and renaissance. These leadership styles are linked to nursing care approaches. A second model provides a basis for considering power and its impact in the workplace. Based on these findings, the contents of a leadership preparation course are outlined.
Kaleidoscope: a 5‐year action research project to develop nursing confidence in caring for patients with HIV disease in west India
Authors: Pratt R. J. , Pellowe C. M. , Juvekar S. K. , Potdar N. S. , Weston A. J. , Joykutty A. , Robinson N. , Loveday H. P.
Published: March 2003

As the national epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic rapidly unfolds in India, nurses have to acquire new competencies in order to provide appropriate care to an increasing number of affected persons. In response, an Indo–British action research collaboration was initiated to build clinical confidence and facilitate relevant changes in nursing practice. During a 10‐day educational programme, a change intervention was applied, culminating in the development of individual and partnership action plans focused on bringing about changes in nursing practice within well‐defined fields of action. Following implementation of their action plans, participants were reassembled 12 months later for a follow‐up workshop to discuss their progress and describe those factors that either helped or hindered them in achieving their objectives. They then developed new action plans for the next 12‐month period. This article reports on the results from six cohorts (n = 160) in India who participated in this project between 1995 and 1999. Action plans were frequently focused on infection control, primary prevention, curriculum development in preregistration nursing programmes and in‐service nursing education. The majority of participants reported significant achievements in realizing their action‐plan objectives. Data analysis revealed that the change intervention itself, together with multidisciplinary support from colleagues, the senior status of the participant, and anticipating and attending the follow‐up workshop, were all positively correlated with achievement. The lack of personal authority and resistance from managers were the two major factors negatively correlated with achievement. This method for facilitating changes in nursing practice has been successfully adapted and replicated by our group in other countries.
Culture, values and racism: application to nursing
Authors: Cortis J. D.
Published: March 2003

The prevention and management of cancer have been identified as health priorities in most countries. In order to achieve this, many oncology nurses need to face the additional challenge of caring for patients from different cultures. This article progresses beyond previous literature, which generally adopts a solely multicultural approach, and explores the concepts of culture, values and racism with inter‐related concepts such as self‐awareness, cultural encounter, skills and cultural knowledge and their relationship to cancer nursing practice. The case is then argued for enhancing patient care through the application of these concepts to nursing practice.
Nursing Research in Europe
Authors: Tierney Alison J.
Published: March 2003

Nursing research has been developing in Europe for over 30 years. Yet it is still a relatively new activity in some countries and extremely variable in a region where countries vary greatly in size, language, culture, politics and socioeconomic status and in the role and status of nursing and healthcare systems. While such diversity limits a comprehensive account of nursing research throughout Europe in a short article, an overall view is given below, based on experience in the UK and participation in the Workgroup of European Nurse Researchers (WENR)*.
Organic reagent interaction with hair spatially characterized by infrared microspectroscopy using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Bantignies J‐L. , Fuchs G. , Carr G.L. , Williams G.P. , Lutz D. , Marull S.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

The penetration of chemical reagents through human hair after bleaching has been spatially characterized using infrared microspectroscopy (IMS) with a synchrotron source. Chemical imaging of hair cross sections before and after bleaching was achieved with high contrast, using the peptide and lipid mid‐infrared vibrational bands which are characteristic of hair. The ability to make images using functional groups as a contrast mechanism can be applied to studies of other chemical groups, if present, in the structure of the hair. As an example we show how the penetration of an organic active reagent in the hair structure can be quantified with a spatial resolution of few microns.

These results demonstrate that synchrotron IMS is a powerful tool for characterizing chemical interactions of hair samples with specific cosmetic materials.

La pénétration d'une molécule organique à l'intérieur de cheveux décolorés a été spatialement caractérisée par microspectroscopie infrarouge en utilisant une source de rayonnement synchrotron. Les images en contraste chimique de coupes microtomiques transversales de cheveux ont été obtenues avec un excellent contraste, en utilisant les bandes infrarouges des groupements peptides et lipidiques qui sont caractéristiques de sa structure. La possibilité d'obtenir des images en utilisant les différents groupements fonctionnels présents dans les spectres infrarouges permet d'étudier la répartition d'autres molécules chimiques si elles sont présentes en concentration suffisante dans la structure du cheveu. Cette caractéristique a été utilisée ici pour étudier la pénétration d'une molécule organique à travers la structure du cheveu avec une résolution latérale de quelques microns. Ces résultats démontrent la faisabilité de la microspectroscopie infrarouge par rayonnement synchrotron pour étudier spatialement les interactions entre le cheveu et des produits cosmétiques.
The Effect of Rheological Properties of Experimental Moisturizing Creams/Lotions on Their Efficacy and Perceptual Attributes
Authors: Wang S. , Kislalioglu M.S. , Breuer M.
Published: March 2003

Although anecdotal evidence suggests that the rheology of creams and lotions might affect their moisturizing efficacy and perceptual qualities, to date no systematic investigation of these effects has been carried out. We prepared 12 prototype moisturizing creams that had identical overall formulae but differed in as far as they contained three different polymers (Carbopol 981, Carbopol 5984 and Permulen TR.‐2) each at four concentration levels. Using these creams, we carried out two series of experiments. In the first series, we applied pre‐determined quantities of creams to defined areas of skin on the forearms of eight panelists and then measured the subsequent changes in Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) and Skin Capacitance (SC) values as a function of time. In the second series, the panelists were asked to spread and rub over their entire two hands as much of the creams as they deemed necessary for achieving satisfactory perceived moisturization. In this latter series, we also weighed the amounts of cream used and measured the TEWL and SC values at several skin sites as a function of time subsequent to the cream application. The panelists also scored 14 skin attributes for each of the 12 creams used. The same procedures were also carried out with a commercial skin moisturizing cream (Keri®) that was used as a control.

In separate laboratory experiments, the rheological properties (i.e. the elastic and viscous moduli) of the various creams at a number of frequencies were measured.

The analysis of the experimental results suggested that the overall rheology of creams had little direct effect on both, the moisturizing efficacy and the perceived perceptual attributes. Neither did the overall viscoelasticity or the esthetic attributes of the preparations seem to affect the amounts of creams/lotions that the panelists judged to be necessary for achieving satisfactory perceived hand moisturization.

Although all preparations contained the same occlusive material (oil) at identical concentration, nevertheless some of the preparations appeared to show different efficacies depending on the nature and the levels of the polymeric ingredient present.
The Outermost Stratum Corneum Layer is an Effective Barrier Against Dermal Uptake of Topically Applied Micronized Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Pflücker F. , Hohenberg H. , Hölzle E. , Will T. , Pfeiffer S. , Wepf R. , Diembeck W. , Wenck H. , Gers‐Barlag H.
Published: March 2003

In order to help clarify the controversially discussed dermal uptake properties of micronized titanium dioxide (TiO ), we conducted extensive in vitro dermal absorption studies with ’Franz‐type’ diffusion cells on excised porcine skin. After biopsies and chemical fixation, the overall localization of TiO
in the skin was analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The lateral and vertical distribution of TiO
within the stratum corneum (SC) was investigated by tape stripping and subsequent scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDXA).

TiO was found exclusively on the outermost SC layer. The surface deposit, as displayed by TEM, featured clearly distinguishable agglomerates as well as single particles with a characteristic cubic shape and a primary particle size of about 20–50 nm. Concurrently, SEM/EDXA micrographs first showed an even distribution of TiO
on the skin surface. After 10‐fold stripping, however, TiO
was found to be localized only in the furrows and not on the partially removed ridges of the skin surface. SEM/EDXA micrographs of the adhesive tape strips revealed a characteristic pattern of stripped material and free regions. This pattern was an imprint of the skin’s topography. Hence, tape stripping initially removed TiO
and SC layers only from the ridges and not from the deeper furrows. Continued stripping increasingly yielded material from the deeper contours of the SC surface. TiO
was found only in traces in the upper part of the follicle without any evidence of uptake into the follicular epithelium. This indicates that there is not any relevant penetration via the follicular route.

We conclude that due to the microtopography of the skin, the strip number normally does not reflect the SC layer number. Accordingly, tape stripping results should always be interpreted with care, especially in the case of topically applied particles, as even higher numbers of subsequent strips may still sample material from the outermost SC layer of the deeper furrows, which could be interpreted falsely as penetrated material. Our results clearly demonstrate that TiO homogeneously and completely covers the outermost SC layer. It is neither delivered to the SC nor to the underlying skin layers when applied topically to porcine skin in vitro in the cosmetic vehicle used here. These findings underscore the safety of this micronized inorganic UV filter.
Identification de filtres solaires dérivés de l'acide para‐aminobenzoique par spectroscopie RMN et par CPG/SM
Authors: Masse M.‐O. , Delporte C. , Bervelt E.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and protonic nuclear magnetic resonance used directly or on fractions obtained by preparative thin layer chromatography, allow identification of the main molecule in commercial samples of PABA (Cas RN 150‐13‐0), PEG‐25 PABA (Cas RN 116242‐27‐4), glyceryl PABA (Cas RN136‐44‐7), ethyl dihydroxypropyl PABA (Cas RN 58882‐17‐0) or octyl dimethyl PABA (Cas RN 21245‐02‐3).
A new device for objective assessment of skin type in Caucasians by violet light reflectance
Authors: Rubegni P. , Cevenini G. , Stanghellini E. , Andreassi M. , Sbano P. , Fabiani P. , Andreassi L.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

In the present study, we tested a new device called skin phototype diagnosis (SPD) built for the purpose of objectively determining skin phototype. We compared its performance with that of phototype determinations according to Fitzpatrick method and on tristimulus colorimetry (Minolta CR‐200). Our population consisted of 100 subjects of Caucasian race (60 female, 40 male; mean age 33 years). Skin colour was measured with both devices (SPD and Minolta CR‐200) on the medial surface of the arm (constitutional skin colour). Our study showed that the SPD gave a better representation of Fitzpatrick phototype, showing 89% concordance (evaluated by classification matrix) as against the 71% concordance of the L*a*b* and Yxy colorimetric systems. The present results are important because evaluation of phototype with the SPD device is easy, fast, objective and reliable. Moreover, this instrument has potential applications in cosmetology and in photodermatology.
Integrating toxicology into cosmetic ingredient research and development
Authors: Salminen W. F.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

Toxicity assessment of new cosmetic ingredients is often relegated to the end of the research and development (R&D) cycle. This is an inefficient development scheme, since toxicity concerns often lead to restrictions on the type of cosmetic applications the ingredient can go into and can even lead to abandoning the ingredient. This paper presents a tiered approach for integrating toxicology into cosmetic ingredient R&D. The tiered approach is flexible allowing a company to make cost‐efficient use of readily available resources. Integrating toxicity assessment of new cosmetic ingredients early in the R&D cycle would help avoid developing ingredients with limited or no market potential due to toxicity concerns.
The nutrition label knowledge and usage behaviours of women in the US
Authors: Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol , Alfieri Lisa , Kiefer Laurie
Published: March 2003

Summary The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrition label‐reading skills of women to determine the impact of demographic and health factors on label‐usage behaviours and label‐reading knowledge. A sample of 453 women was surveyed to determine their label‐usage behaviours and label‐reading knowledge. 80% of all participants reported that they were ‘label readers’ (i.e. they always or sometimes read labels), however, only about one‐quarter indicated that they always read nutrition labels. Three out of four participants reported that labels always or sometimes affected their purchasing decisions. In general, participants had fairly well‐developed label‐reading knowledge. However, further analysis revealed that certain subgroups were the least proficient at using nutrition labelling (i.e. older women, women with no postsecondary education, and women who perceived their health to be fair to poor). We conclude that nutrition labelling education programmes can help consumers to use nutrition labels to improve the quality of their diets. While probably all consumer groups could benefit from labelling education, the least proficient groups deserve special attention. Labelling education efforts targeted to a subgroup's needs and interests and delivered in a manner that is readily accessible and acceptable to them is key to maximising the impact of nutrition labels.