bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Academic-Industry Collaboration
Authors: Bagchi-Sen S. , Lee Changho , Poon Jessie
Published: June 2015

The collaborative networks between university, industry, and government are key sources of innovation, entrepreneurship, and regional economic development. Specifically, studies have focused on how to transfer university expertise to commercially applicable innovation through academic and industry networking. This chapter provides new insight into university and industry collaboration practices from a case study of the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus (BNMC) and the University at Buffalo-State University of New York in the U.S. The sample of scientists surveyed shows that collaboration is actively pursued by scientists at the consortium. The collaborative networks of scientists, access to federal funding, and infrastructural support through institutional coordination locally contribute to innovative translational research. Joint research, contract research, and consulting agreement are major forms of university-industry collaborative practices. In addition, the collaboration with industry correlates with scientists' academic productivity as well as entrepreneurial outcomes.
The Effect of R&D Cooperation on Organizational Innovation
Authors: Simao Lurdes , Franco Mário
Published: June 2015

The literature on innovation suggests that cooperation in R&D has a very positive effect on the performance of firms' technological innovation, but little is known about its impact on organizational innovation. Thus, this chapter aims to analyze the effect of R&D cooperation on firms' abilities to introduce organizational innovation. A quantitative study was made based on a sample of 5,079 Portuguese firms from the CIS 2010-Community Innovation Survey 2010. The results showed R&D cooperation with clients to be predominant in organizational innovation performance. Cooperation with competitors, universities, and state laboratories has no significant effect. R&D cooperation with other firms within the same group and with suppliers has a significant positive impact on organizational innovation in the workplace. In addition, cooperation with consultants is significant in business practices and external relations. This study contributes to the development of theory on organizational innovation, examining the relationship between R&D cooperation and organizational innovation.
Clustering Global Entrepreneurship through Data Mining Technique
Authors: Fernandes Paula Odete , Lopes Rui Pedro
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this chapter is to contribute for the identification of groups of countries that share similar patterns regarding the characteristics of Global Entrepreneurship and capturing features of entrepreneurship by focusing on entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial activity. For this purpose, 67 countries from 2013 GEM survey were selected, and Data Mining Methodology was used. In particular, evolutionary computation is used to determine a finite set of categories to describe the data set according to multi-dimensional similarities among its objects. In other words, several clustering algorithms where used, to get the best categories possible. The results show four clusters with different entrepreneurial attitudes among the countries - very high, medium and low entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial activities.
Strategic Planning in Entrepreneurial Companies
Authors: Suklev Bobek George , Fidanoski Filip , Simeonovski Kiril , Mateska Vesna , Zlatanoska Aleksandra
Published: June 2015

Innovation is wheel of change and development. Moreover, strategic planning is wheel and new mode of innovation and entrepreneurship. A growing body of literature, under the title of strategy planning and entrepreneurship, addresses the question of how strategic planning impacts on company's performance, competitive advantages, growth and market share. Therefore, almost every section in the chapter contains reports from empirical research conducted to investigate the different aspects of strategic planning in entrepreneurial companies worldwide. The research includes the most interesting parts of planning and entrepreneurship such as: environment, innovation, planning outcomes, benefits, limitations, etc. We find that surveyed companies introduce planning mostly because of their desire for growth, most of them use the entrepreneurial strategic mode, and their average time horizon for planning is less than three years. Importantly, this chapter opens the scientific door and avenue for new soundly empirical/theoretical studies and creative insights about strategic planning and entrepreneurship.
Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Abreu Rute , David Fátima , Segura Liliane , Formigoni Henrique
Published: June 2015

This chapter focuses on the social entrepreneurship, in general, and the social entities, in particular, to promote a detailed accounting analysis for understanding the decision value of the investment, due to the economic impact generated by these entities on the economy. The methodology presents a literature review that will outline the contribution of accounting for Non-For-Profit entities (NFP). Within the main results of the chapter, the demonstrations of the potential benefits of accounting for NFP raise the awareness of the social answers. In addition, the higher level of competition between the private versus public sector and NFP originate important economic distortions that lead to inequitable results. Then, the best assessment, within market dynamics, makes more pressure to the appraisal of the investment decision. Finally, it is necessary to consider that the integration of accounting for NFs implies that society must use entrepreneurship as a resource to regenerate the economy itself.
How Social Commerce Emerged
Authors: Hajli Nick
Published: June 2015

Individuals perform social interaction with others through online communities, which support their decision behaviour on the Internet. These abilities are mostly due to the rise of social networking sites through the recent development in Web 2.0 technologies such as social media. The increasing popularity of social media and social networking sites has developed e-commerce to social commerce. Social commerce is a new stream in e-commerce, in which consumers use social media in their purchasing journey. In this social climate, the social commerce era, consumers provide social support for the network by not only persuading consumers to have more interconnectivity with their peers, but also by giving a number of unique opportunities to firms. In this chapter, the author discusses the way social commerce has been emerged. As social word of mouth is one of the key constructs of social commerce, social word of mouth as well as the applications of social commerce and social support theory in business context have been explained in detail in chapter.
Value Co-Creation, Social Media, and Marketing 3.0
Authors: Garcia-Haro Maria Angeles , Martinez-Ruiz Maria Pilar , Canas Ricardo Martinez
Published: June 2015

The aim of this chapter is to analyze a new concept value co-creation-that has emerged in the context of marketing and business management research. In today's market environment, companies are continually pressured to innovate in order to attract and maintain consumer loyalty and gain and sustain competitive advantage in the market. First, this chapter identifies factors and variables that are leveraged to determine value co-creation in firms. Second, this chapter examines how the development of information and communication technologies-in particular, the Internet and social media networks-has become the main engine of the co-creation activity in a Marketing 3.0 context. Third, this chapter discusses the consequences and benefits of implementing such concepts on the achievement of competitive advantages for firms.
On the Relationship between Online Social Support and Users' ontinuance Intention
Authors: Lin Xiaolin , Zhang Dawei , Li Yibai
Published: June 2015

This chapter discusses the online social support in the context of social networking sites (SNSs). The pervasive adoption of social networking sites has profound influence on society and enables a new way to provide social support. Social support has been considered a key social value that online users can obtain from social networking sites. Research has shown that social support may reduce stress and promote well-being among diverse populations. Despite its significance to society, the online social support in the context of SNSs has been surprisingly under-investigated. Some fundamental questions—such as (1) What are the dimensions of online social support on SNSs? and (2) How does online social support influence other factors such as the users' satisfaction and continuance intention to SNSs?—have not been answered. This chapter attempts to answer those questions. Specifically, this chapter aims to first identify the definitional dimensions of online social support on SNSs through an extensive review of the literature. Second, this chapter uses these dimensions to model online social support and test its effects on other SNS factors: user satisfaction and continuance intention. Eventually, the results support all proposed hypotheses. The theoretical contributions and managerial implications of the results are discussed at the end of this chapter. 1
Social Networking Sites and Marketing Strategies
Authors: Wu Ying , Stewart Malcolm , Liu Rebecca
Published: June 2015

This chapter begins with an introduction to social networking. The opportunities and challenges of social network sites regarding marketing strategies are discussed and these provide a foundation for exploring viral marketing with regard to the development of online word-of-mouth activities on social networking sites. This chapter explores strategies for successful viral marketing and investigates strategic perspectives of social networking. We look into several types of social networking sites available for consumers to share and access information and experience such as Facebook and Twitter in the context of marketing strategy decision-making. The chapter concludes with an examination of the online marketing mix regarding social network marketing strategy development and a case study (Fiesta Movement Campaign) and methodology is also included to ‘bridge the gap' between the academic theory in this chapter and an example showing how marketers in the industry have taken advantage of social networking sites to promote their business.
Ethics in Research with Teen Mothers
Authors: Akella Devi
Published: June 2015

United States has the highest level of teenage pregnancy amongst industrialized nations. However, research on teenage pregnancy involves research participants who are young girls undergoing the life-altering process of motherhood. Given the topic of research, where the girls themselves would need to shed light on factors responsible for early pregnancy, qualitative methodology would be an appropriate choice. It would allow the participants to voice their own stories to bring alive their experiences, lifestyles, and problems. Further, all participants, being minors, would be emotionally and psychologically stressed out and in a highly vulnerable condition. This raises numerous ethical issues when examining teenage mothers before, during, and after the fieldwork. This chapter provides insights on ethical issues involving human subjects' research in the context of teenage pregnancies.
Conducting Ethical Research
Authors: Lobo Sunila
Published: June 2015

Since the 1960s, social scientists have explored the ethics of conducting research. However, there is little guidance in conducting ethical research in the more conservative societies of the Middle East. The rapid progress of technology has meant that these societies have been become increasingly networked, even the most restrictive ones, with a growing use of mobile devices. The purpose of the chapter is to describe the reflection on the research conducted on mobile consumption practices of female Saudi youth. The conduct of the research is based on both the researcher's formal training and also, intuitively negotiated, in practice, as she navigated this particularly sensitive context. The influence of the interplay between culture and gender emerges as the researcher reflects on the research conducted. The consideration of the ethics of the research continues post research completion.
A Fuzzy Ontology-Based Platform for Flexible Querying
Authors: Aloui Amira , Touzi Amel Grissa
Published: June 2015

Flexible queries have recently received increasing attention to better characterize the data retrieval. In this paper, a new flexible querying approach using ontological knowledge is proposed. This approach presents an FCA based methodology for building ontologies from scratch then interrogating them intelligently through the fusion of conceptual clustering, fuzzy logic, and FCA. The main contribution is the definition of the ontology rom classes resulting from a preliminary classification of the data and not the initial data. The data cleansing provides a simple ontology and an optimal research of relevant data taking into account the preferences cited by the user in his initial interrogation. To realize this approach, a new platform called “FO-FQ Tab plug-in” is implemented. This plug-in is integrated within the ontology editor Protégé to allow building fuzzy ontologies from large databases and querying them intelligently
Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Waste Frying Oil by Cupriavidus necator
Authors: Ren Lian Hai , Liu Hui , Wang Pan
Published: June 2015

Waste frying oil is abundant and can be used as a cheaper carbon source in PHA production. The utilization of waste frying oil for production of PHA not only enhances the economics of such products,but also provides with a strategy to overcome disposal problems. In this study, the waste frying oil is used as the carbon source for the synthesis of PHA by Cupriavidus necator (formerly known as Ralstonia eutropha) to find out the best growth conditions in order to provides the basis for producing PHA in industry. The results showed that the optimal conditions for production of PHA was at the temperature of 25°C, pH 7, C/N ratio (w/w) 20:0.75 and incubation time 72h. The maximum concentration of PHA was obtained as 7.04g/L.
Stabilization of As in Soil Using Two Kinds of Fe(III) Salts
Authors: Liu Lin , Yang Zhi Hui , Chai Li Yuan , Liao Ying Ping , Yao Wen Bin , Zhang Zhi , Liu Yi
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this study reports chemical immobilization of As in contaminated soil, using ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3) and ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) as stabilizing agents. The optimum treatment solutions were identified based on the immobilizing efficiency of water-soluble and NaHCO3-extractable arsenic. The results showed significant decreases of water and NaHCO3-extractable arsenic in soil. Optimization of technological parameters: dosage, treatment time and soil moisture, on arsenic remediation were studied. The immobilization efficiency of NaHCO3-extractable As attained 83.64% with using 5.5% Fe2(SO4)3, meanwhile that of As could reach 74.50% with adding the same ratio of FeCl3·6H2O. The relationship between As immobilization effects and reaction time indicated that arsenic mobility obtained stability after 7 days treatment. Simultaneously, moisture had slightly influence on chemical stabilization, while the immobilization efficiency of ferric chloride hexahydrate was relatively higher under less moisture content. However, soil pH value decreased with the amount of stabilizing agents increasing, which limited the mass ratio of fixative/soil cannot to be much high during treating process.
Characterizing the Photodegradation Ability of Pentachlorophenol in β-Cyclodextrin Soil Washing Solution
Authors: Zhou Ze Yu , Wang Hong Tao , Lu Wen Jing
Published: June 2015

The objective of this study was to characterize the photodegradation ability of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) soil washing solution. After contaminated soil remediation by β-CD soil washing method, solution contained target contaminant was further treated with photodegradation technique. Degradation processes with Xe lamp to simulate natural sun light was investigated under different temperature, and various aeration rate. TiO2employed as photocatalyst was also tested in the soil washing system. The result demonstrated that photodegradation rate of PCP in soil washing solution was related to the aeration rate. The reaction could be slightly accelerated by increasing the temperature. TiO2adding will decrease the degradation speed, while using it together with H2O2will extremely increase the degradation rate of the target contaminant in this condition.
Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Soil Lead at a Children’s Blood Lead Exceeding Area in Fujian
Authors: Sun Rui Rui , Chen Hua Qing , Li Du Kang , Yang Dong Dong
Published: June 2015

Taking Pingzhai Village in Sanming City of Fujian Provice as the researching area, the village has already outbroken Children’s blood lead exceeding and cause a lot of damage to local children. In order to reveal the reason for this serious consequence and assess the environmental risk of Pb, 24 soil samples including 12 from parent material layer and 12 from the corresponding surface layer and 4 groundwater samples are collected. The Tessier sequential extraction method is applied to analyze different speciation of Pb in soil, and Risk Assessment Code (RAC) and Ratio of Secondary Phase and Primary Phase (RSP) are both applied to evaluate Pb contamination degree and ecological risks. The results show that: the concentration of Pb in soil samples exceeds the soil Pb background values of Fujian Province, and the overall concentration of Pb shows a rising trend from the surface to parent material layer, then their accumulated pollution index range from 5.4 to 54.9 in surface layer and 4.7 to 68.1 in parent material layer. Coefficients of variation of Pb in surface and parent material layer are 79% and 86%, respectively. The lead in soil can be divided into 3 chemical speciation containing T1 (exchangeable speciation and carbonate bounded form), T2 (potential ecological risk form) and T3 (residual speciation) and Pb in soil mainly exists in T2 and T3. There shows a significant positive correlation between T2 or T3 and the total amount of Pb in soil. Pb concentration in groundwater has exceeded limited value of Standards for Drinking Water Quality. RAC and RSP ecological risk assessment results indicate that: environmental risk level of RSP is higher than it of RAC, and the contamination degree and potential environmental risk level of parent material soil are higher than them of surface soil applied by the two assessment methods.
Analysis of Particular Pollutants in Waste Transformer Oil
Authors: Liu Song Tao , Liu Jia , Zhu Li Na , Cao Hong Wei , Chen Chuan Min
Published: June 2015

Waste pollutions and disposal problems of transformer substation in electric power industry were paid more and more attention by people. Waste transformer oil contained many kinds of toxic substances. Transformer oil belongs to hazardous waste according to the definition of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the National Hazardous Waste Inventory in China. The related research on environmental pollutants in waste transformer oil was less. The composition and content of particular pollutants which is harmful to human health and ecological environment in waste transformer oil was studied in this paper. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was chosen to detect the organic pollution composition and content of particular pollutants in transformer oil, based on investigation and analysis. Transformer oil samples running different time under 10KV voltage level were detected. The test results showed that with turbidity of oil rising, the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waste transformer oil increased, while benzene content changed in the opposite trend. Complex composition, different origin and different operating conditions were the reasons of difficulty to separate organic components in transformer oil during detection. This study is helpful for safe disposal of waste transformer oil. And it also can provide some theoretical support to eliminate the harm of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene series.
A Study of Mercury Determination in the Waste Storage Area of Health Care Organizations in Ulaanbaatar City
Authors: Baatartsol D. , Suvd D. , Ser-Od H. , Battuvshin B. , Oyu Ts. , Och G. , Yunden S. , Unursaikhan S.
Published: June 2015

The health care organization and hospital are the major sources that release mercury into the environment. In 2009, in our previous study, we observed that 38% and 24% of the total 797 numbers of mercury containing devices used at the health care organizations were thermometers and sphygmomanometers, respectively. Therefore, it is found based on our calculation that about 13 pieces of thermometers have been broken per day in the center clinics and resulting release in 0.4-1.2 kg/year mercury intothe environmental air. We also measured the potential quantity of released mercury from 2 ng/m3 mercury vapor using a portable atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Each measurement in total 16 health care organizations, which we involved in the present study, was done at the following three points: the background levels, the waste storage area of clinic, the storage area for mercury device and fluorescent lamps. As a result, the average concentration of indoor mercury vapor is measured to be 213 ng/m3. However, we found that the highest concentration (2682 ng/m3) of indoor mercury vapor at the waste storage area of health care organizations. As this data compared to that of the USA ATSDR minimal risk level (MRL, 0.2 μg/m3), no significant differences (p>0.05) is observed. This observation indicates that the health care organizations are considered as the main sources of mercury indoor environmental air. Therefore, further research investigations should be focused on the improvement of mercury containing waste management at the clinics.
Effects of Incinerator Exhaust Gas Treatment Agents and Fly Ash Processing Chelates on MSW Landfill Management
Authors: Song Yu Lin , Uchida Masanobu , Higuchi Sotaro
Published: June 2015

Lime used to treat flue gas from incinerators and organic chelating agents used to remove heavy metals from fly ash create a highly saline and alkaline environment at landfill sites, causing nitrification inhibition that hampers nitrogen treatment and generating refractory COD in the processes of organic stabilization by microbes and leachate treatment. The authors analyzed organic chelating agents and fly ash treated with the chelating agents, and monitored leachate from lysimeters, or simulated landfills. The results showed that organic chelating agents acted as nitrification inhibitors, and that higher water levels in landfill layers resulted in higher concentrations of thiourea and refractory COD, which are chelating compounds, hindering leachate treatment.
Anaerobic Leaching-Bed Reactor Treating Food Waste for Organic Acid Production: Effect of Bulking Agent
Authors: Han Yong , Hao Yong Jun , Zhang Lei , Zhang Zhi Kun , Li Ai Min
Published: June 2015

Food waste was a troublesome organic waste stream, but a highly desirable substrate for anaerobic digestion to recover energy. Among the diverse reactor configurations, the leaching-bed reactor was reported to be best choice to treating the particular organic waste for platform compounds (volatile fatty acid). In this study, we carried out a series of experiments to investigate the bulking agent and pH control on process performance, and special focus was put on the biodegradability of bulking agent. The supplement of bulking agent greatly improved the leaching rate by 3.6 folds. Although the hydrolytic and acidogenic bacteria were resistant to low pH, the pH control (neutralization) caused a significantly increased volatile fatty acid (VFA) productions from 39.1 g COD/kg VSaddedto 183.4 g VFA/kg VSadded. Comparing with the undegradable bulking agent, the case with supplementing corncob as a bulking agent showed superior VFA yields (225 g COD/kg VSadded) which could be ascribed to the good adhesive properties for microorganisms and biodegradability. The ultimate analysis of the substrate (excluding the bulking agent) also showed that most of food waste was degraded with relative short reaction time. In addition, the TG/DTA and FTIR of residual corncob results indicated some components (cellulose, hemi-cellulose) were degraded, which could contribute to the additional VFA production (14 g COD/kg VSadded). This study suggested that the corncob could be considered as a good bio-compatible bulking agent for leaching-bed reactor, which not only increased the VFA productivity, but provided additional VFA production.
Transformation of Dioctyl Phthalate in Bioreactor Landfill
Authors: Fang Cheng Ran , Liu Hong Yuan
Published: June 2015

Considering the refuse and leachate as one whole system, a conventional landfill (CL) was set as a control, transformation of dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in recirculated landfill (RL) and bioreactor landfill (BL) was studied. Results showed that DOP was detected in both leachate and refuse from CL, RL and BL. The initial DOP amount was 0.8 μg g-1 in the landfill refuse. At the day of 310, refuse sedimentation rates were 7.0%, 11.9% and 24.3% in CL, RL and BL, respectively. DOP removal rates were 17.4%, 30.8% and 31.7% in the refuse from CL, RL and BL, respectively. The residual amounts of DOP with significant differences well fitted exponential decay models in CL, RL and BL. DOP biodegradation was accelerated with the operation of leachate recirculation compared to the conventional operation, and it was further promoted with the introduction of methanogenic reactor.
Examination on Influence Caused by Air Injection Manners Changing in Aerobic-Anaerobic Landfill Method
Authors: Jiao Gang Zhen , Zhang Lei , Shi Xiong , Fu Gui
Published: June 2015

In this study, aerobic-anaerobic landfill method (AANM) is focused on as a new way to speed up landfill stabilization, inhibit landfill gas flux, and ameliorate on leachate quality. Numerical simulation model is developed to guide the air injection craftwork and study its effect on achieving above goals. On basis of work finished in last period (0~310 days), air was injected into Lysimeters A (Lys.A) at 0.5 m, and at 2.5 m in Lys.B with the same rate of 1 L/min. In Lys.C there is no air injected. In order to interview the influence by air injection manners changing, from 310 days till 360 days, air injection manners are changed from Mono-site into Double-site in Lys.A and in Lys. B it will be changed from bottom-site (2.5m) into middle-site (1.5m). In Lys.C there will be no changing. By interviewing the comparisons on simulated results in 50 days with and without air injection manners changing, it was found that air injection manners changing in Lys.A causes TOC discharging amount increase more than 6 times, but T-N and GHE resulted from landfill gas decrease 24.1% and 71 % respectively. Air injection manners changing in Lys.B resulted in discharged TOC and T-N increase 108.1 % and 53.5 % respectively, while T-N decreases 3.7 %.
On basis of mechanism assumption, mathematical model was developed and according to the simulated results for 5 years, air injected at 2.5 m achieved improvements on stabilization of solid phase organic carbon and nitrogen for 34 % and 13 %, amelioration on leachate quality for 35 % and 62 % of TOC and T-N, and the restraint of GHE for 14 times compared with no air injection case.
Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Mechanochemical Destruction of Halogenated Organic Wastes
Authors: Lin Yan Xia , Sheng Shou Xiang , Wu Chang Min
Published: June 2015

Mechanochemical destruction (MCD), a novel non-combustion technology based on the high energy ball milling, has proven to be promising in the destruction of these chemicals in various wastes, and cannot product secondary pollution such as dioxin. So far, the areas that MCD research carried on can be categorized in metal oxide/hydroxide and salt, and elemental metals and hydrogen donor. This paper reviews the effects of the reaction conditions on the destruction efficiency of MCD, such as dehalogenation, milling time, rotation speed, and charge ratio. Based on the requirements of industrial application for Halogenated Organic Wastes removal, the research trends of MCD for the future are brought up in order to further improve destruction efficiency and cost saving.
Utilization of Steel Slag as Aggregates for SMA-13
Authors: Li Can Hua , Xiang Xiao Dong , Qin Xian Xian
Published: June 2015

A new method to make SMA is developed by using SBS modified asphalt when the coarse aggregate steel slag and the fine basalt aggregate are selected respectively. The Mix Proportion is 1#(16-9.5mm, steel slag):2#(9.5-4.75mm, steel slag):3#(3-4.75mm, basalt):4#(3-0mm, basalt):5# (mineral powder)=38%:36%:8%:8%:10%.The optimal asphalt content (OAC) is 6.4%. The mass percentage of steel slag is reached 74%. The costs of this kind of high quality road material can be saved because the amount of asphalt is not increased. Based on Marshall Stability and Splitting Strength test, it is shown that the Marshall stability of SMA is 10.6 kN, dynamic stability is 7800, and tensile strength ratio is 89.2%. All above test values are superior to the standards in China's traffic regulations. The water permeability coefficient of SMA is 65, which means that SMA has an excellence Wear-Resistant performance. Therefore, SMA can increase the road useful life and reduce the road maintenance costs.
Analysis on Aging Characteristics of Composite Insulators
Authors: Liu Song Tao , Liu Yong Chao , Zhu Li Na , Cao Hong Wei , Chen Chuan Min
Published: June 2015

Composite insulator was widely used in the power grid because its excellent performance. Aging issue of composite insulators was appeared with the long-term operating. The internal structure of silicone rubber may be changed with the broken of macromolecular chains of silicone rubber, because long-term operating in the environments of surface discharge, ultraviolet, pollution and other harsh conditions. In order to study the aging characteristics of composite insulator at the different operating life, the components and thermal stability were analyzed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) respectively. The results of FTIR showed that silicon rubber composition in composite insulator changed slightly with different operating life, especially in the internal surface. However, the absorption peaks of Si-CH3 and Si-O-Si on external surface of the insulator were decreased obviously with operating life longer. The thermal gravimetric analysis results showed that the thermostability of composite insulator was almost not changed with different operating life. The temperature of 5% weightlessness was between 320°C to 335°C. It illustrated that the composite insulator had a good thermostability at room temperature and qualitative change wouldn't occur for a long time laying aside. The study of the aging characteristics of composite insulators will provided the reference for performance evaluation of running composite insulators.
The Feasibility Study on GRP Waste Used as Alternative Fuel for Cement Production
Authors: Jiang Yu Sheng , Liu Ke , Liu Jia
Published: June 2015

Polymer resin and glass fiber are the main wastes during the production process of glass-fiber reinforced plastics (GRP). With GRP products used widely in many fields, GRP wastes also got a large increase and the disposal of GRP wastes became a serious environmental problem. In this paper, the combustion characteristic of GRP wastes was tested by the thermal analysis and contrasted to that of powdered coal. In the full-scale test of GRP wastes co-processing in the cement kiln, the efficiency of coal-saving, the influence on chemical components of the product and the CO2 emission were investigated to evaluate the feasibility of this technology.
Impacts of Different Wetting Agents on the Density Separation of Waste Plastic Mixtures
Authors: Li Xiao , Guo Yu Wen , Ruan Jiu Li , Qiao Qi , Zhang Jian Qiang
Published: June 2015

As the effect of density separation for waste plastic mixtures was poor, this research studied the impacts of wetting agents on the sorting rates of waste plastic mixtures and the mechanisms of wetting agents in density separation. The results showed that the surface activity of plastics could be changed by wetting agents and thus the sorting rates of plastics under the density separation system could be improved. Impacts of wetting agents such as CaLS, NP-7 and MC on density separation of plastics are related not only to the molecular structure of plastic materials but also to the separating media. The density separation system in the presence of different wetting agents established in this research separated the target plastic with a rate of 100%, which applied to a mixture of 9 kinds of common plastics such as PVC, PC, PS and so on.
The Optimization of Thermal Pre-Treatment Time for Extracellular Polymeric Substances Extraction from Sewage Sludge
Authors: Zheng Yu Yi , Lin Hong , Lin Zhi Long , Zeng Yi Fang , Yu Yu Fang , Liu Chang Qing
Published: June 2015

This study aims to find out the optimum extraction time varied from 5 min to 60 min for extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from sewage sludge pretreated at 80 °C. The change of the contents of EPS and its components under different time limit were recorded and compared. The results showed: the contents of soluble protein, TOC, soluble sugar and DNA was increased by 579.17 mg/l, 514.25 mg/l, 132.79 mg/l, and 34.69 mg/l, respectively, with the increase of thermal pre-treatment time during the process, and the DNA content increased the least, which indicating that the effect of thermal pre-treatment at 80 °C on cell lysis of sewage sludge was small. The EPS content, as a whole, was increased with the increase of thermal pre-treatment time. By analyzing the experimental data with the Analytic Hierarchy Process Model, which was used to identify the optimum thermal pre-treatment time of extracting EPS, the results showed that the effectiveness of EPS extraction from sludges was 30 min>60 min>50 min>20 min>40 min>10 min>5 min. Therefore, the 30 min was choosed as the optimum thermal pre-treatment time.
Environmental Risk Assessment and Environmental Management of Waste Organic Solvents in Electronics Industry
Authors: Niu Ru Xuan , Ma Ying Qun , Wang Qun Hui , Yue Bo , Yang Yu Fei , Ma Hong Zhi
Published: June 2015

Waste organic solvents have been classified as hazardous waste in many countries because of their toxicity, high volatility and Ignitability. Waste organic solvents are produced in a lot of industries including of the electronics industry. In this industry, organic solvents are used as cleaning agent and developer, which would generate a lot of waste organic solvents. In China, in the management and re-use of waste organic solvents, the current management systems are not completely. So it is need to learn the laws and regulations, treatment and disposal technologies, control standards of waste organic solvents generated in electronics industry in the developed countries. In this paper, based on an organic solvent waste for feature analysis and risk assessment, which generated by the electronics industry, Therefore, the waste organic solvent has a more serious environmental risk and human health risk through the soil and underwater than the air. Forbid the waste organic solvents produced company casual dump, in order to avoid the waste pollution. The evaluation result of the waste organic solvents produced by China's electronics industry is the data basis to obtain relevant management regulations On this basis, put forward the suggestion and management specifications of waste organic solvents, provide strong supports for the revise of the " National Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes ".
A Novel Debromination of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) by Hydrothermal Treatment with Reactive Minerals
Authors: Yao Zhi Tong , Yuan Wen Yi , Xie Zheng Miao , Tang Jun Hong
Published: June 2015

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is widely used as a flame retardant and relatively persistent in the environment. There has been increasing interest in the developing alternative approach for its degradation and debromination. In this study, we explored the debromination of TBBPA by alkaline hydrothermal treatment with reactive minerals, namely iron powder, layered double hydroxide (LDH) and gibbsite. The effects of hydrothermal temperatures and time, the initial TBBPA concentrations, and additive amounts of reactive minerals on debromination were investigated. As a comparison, the conventional hydrothermal treatment with no additive as the control group was included. The UV-vis absorption spectra of TBBPA before and after debromination were studied as well. The results showed that increasing temperature was helpful for the improvement of debromination. It significantly increased by 223.5, 54.3 and 78.1% with increasing temperature from 140 to 160 °C for the control, iron power and LDH groups, respectively. When the hydrothermal time was shorter than a critical value, the debromination rate increased with time rising. A maximum rate of 79.9% was achieved for iron powder group after reaction for 8 h. The preferred initial TBBPA concentration was determined as 60 ppm for all groups. The optimum amounts of reactive minerals were not consistent and determined as 0.08 g for iron powder, 0.32 g for LDH and 0.16 g for gibbsite, respectively. The maximum absorption bands of TBBPA increased as the pH was raised. They were located at 209 and 308 nm for neutral TBBPA and increased to 211 and 311 nm for TBBPA-Na2CO3. New absorption bands in the wavelength region of 225-275 and 300-350 nm were observed, when TBBPA was subjected to hydrothermal treatment.
Keywords: Brominated flame retardants (BFRs); tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA); debromination; hydrothermal treatment; UV-vis absorption spectra
Stabilization of Heavy Metal Containing Smelting Ash through Mechano-Chemical Reaction
Authors: Wang Mi , Min Xiao Bo , Liang Yan Jie , Chai Li Yuan , Zhang Jian Qiang , Zhang Chun
Published: June 2015

The present study described the application of mechano-chemical reaction on stabilization of heavy metal containing smelting ash. Extraction procedure for leaching toxicity test showed that the leaching toxicity of cadmium and lead in smelting ash decreased very significantly after grinded. The optimal condition of the mechano-chemical stabilization process was established as follow. The ball milling medium was stainless steel, the additive was the mixture of elemental sulfur and iron powder, the dosage of additive was n(Cd):n(Fe):n(S)=1:3:3, and ball milling time was 3.5 hour. The results showed that the leaching toxicity of cadmium decreased from 2496 mg/L to 0.43 mg/L, compared to lead decreased from 7.30 mg/L to 0.12mg/L under the optimal condition.
Theoretical Study of Waste Containers Recycling Design Based on the Recycling
Authors: Chang Yu
Published: June 2015

Container houses have exhibited huge advantages in such aspects as building efficiency, environmental protection and sustainability. The theoretical basis of the recycling design of waste container is formed based on the idea of reuse design and the idea modular design and the idea of energy-saving design and the idea of improving design combination. This article also obtained the inventive principle of the reuse design of waste containers from the theory of TRIZ. This article will provides certain references for the future transformation design of the containers.
Co-Processing Hazardous Waste in the Chinese Cement Industry - Status 2014
Authors: Xu Juan , Sun Shao Feng , Karstensen Kårehelge , Yan Da Hai , Peng Zheng
Published: June 2015

As China develops its economy, hazardous waste generation is expected to increase rapidly. Recovery and recycling, i.e. co-processing of Alternative Fuels and Raw materials (AFRs) and treatment of hazardous waste in energy-and resource-intensive industries such as the cement industry seems to be an supplementary option to conventional technologies which can increase the overall waste management capacity in China significantly. With the largest cement production in the world, the industry can save significant amounts of non-renewable coal and raw materials by substitution with wastes which needs treatment. However, co-processing requires appropriate regulations and policies to support its development and safe and sound implementation.
Prediction of Urban Waste Disposal Based on ARIMA Model
Authors: Yu Yan , Huang Qiu Ping , Ma Xiao Yan , He Jian Hua
Published: June 2015

The amount of municipal solid waste(MSW)transportation has become an important basis of handling urban domestic waste, at the same time, accurate predictions of time series data have motivated the researchers to develop innovative models for urban solid waste management.Therefore, predicting the MSW transportation amount in a scientific manner is one of the most essential parts of the urban waste management work. Based on the raw data of MSW transportation amount from 1993 to 2012 of Wuhan city, the capital of Hubei province, this paper chose Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model(also called ARIMA model), used Eviews software to process the data and test various effective inspection, then made a prediction of the amount of MSW transportation of Wuhan, and got access to the conclusions through comparing the original data and predicted one. The results showed that the predicted value of the amount of MSW transportation in 2013 was consistent with the original one, and would reach 214.82 wt in 2014. The results also demonstrated that, the MSW transportation amount prediction based on ARIMA model is practicable due to its high applicability and accuracy, offering decisive information for the urban environmental planning and urban domestic waste controlling.
Suggestion on the Leakage Pollution Control for the Historical Municipal Solid Waste Landfills in China
Authors: Liu Yu Qiang , Xu Ya , Huang Ai Jun , Liu Jing Cai , Xu Gui Lian
Published: June 2015

Artificial impermeable liner is the commonly used engineering technology method to prevent the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill leachate from polluting groundwater. The domestic and foreign researcher have discovered that the landfill impermeable liner was easy to have leaks during artificial liner laying down because of mechanical or the artificial mal-operation. The integrity test of impermeable liner for landfill began at the year of 2008. So a large number of historical landfill (construction completed before 2008) had become the pollution sources to local ecosystem because of the impermeable liner leakage. This article discussed the present situation of historical landfill leakage pollution, and propose technical and administrative measures to control those pollution in China.
Optimization Design of Construction Waste Reverse Logistics System
Authors: Ma Xiang Yu , Li Ru Yan , Sun Ke Wei
Published: June 2015

The paper analyses the theory and practice about the construction waste recycling in a meticulous and deep going way based on reverse logistics combining with present social development circulation economy current situation,then brings forward the operation pattern about the construction waste recycling based on reverse logistics,on the basis of household electrical appliances and electronic products recycling reverse logistics model, this paper put forward the system model of the disposal of construction waste based on the recovery of the third party reverse logistics service providers.Also,the paper makes an explanation about the problem and measure into practice,and provides theory and practice for the construction waste recycling.
Soil Nutrient Analysis of Different Utilization Types in Coal Mining Subsidence Area
Authors: Zhou Xiu Jie , Zhao Hong Bo , Liu Fei , Zhang Qiang , Shu Liang Zuo
Published: June 2015

Soil nutrient of different utilization types in coal mining subsidence area had been analyzed. Results showed that: In greenhouse reclamation area, the content of organic matter and elements was higher, the pH-value was slightly high, followed by was cropland reclamation area; but in forest reclamation area (Include new reclamation area and intercropping reclamation area), as the reclamation and cropping were prolonged, soil fertility was improved.
Plastic Debris Pollution on Recreational Beaches: A Malaysian Case Study
Authors: Fauziah Shahul Hamid , Nurul Atikah Afifah Ibrahim
Published: June 2015

The significance of marine debris presence particularly plastic in marine ecosystem calls for proper monitoring strategies to establish a solid foundation for mitigation measures. The objectives of this paper are to study plastic debris distribution while correlating it to the level of awareness on marine pollution among beach users. It is aimed to investigate the impacts of tourism activities and the abundance of plastic debris on the beach. To quantify plastic debris on the beach, five points with duplicates were taken for three consecutive months. These sand samples were sieved through 1.00mm, 2.80mm and 4.7mm apertures. On the other hand, questionnaires were distributed to 625 beach users to study the awareness on issues related to marine pollution. Results indicated that the most crowded site accumulated the highest number of plastic debris (59 items), ranging between 1.00mm to 2.8mm (48% of the total weight of plastic). Debris sizing 4.75mm and more only contributed 41% of the total weight. Questionnaires data revealed that 2.4% of the respondents admitted to leave waste on the beach particularly if no garbage bins are provided, while the majority (92%) collect and throw the waste elsewhere. As for the cause of polluted beaches, 56% believed it is due to the indifferent attitude of the beach users that 20% of the respondents felt that stricter law should be enforced. It can be concluded that the number of plastic debris is highly influenced by the number of beach users. On the other hand, though it is lower in weight, smaller debris makes the largest number of items on the beach. While public believe that more stringent enforcement should be in place, an efficient waste management is also vital to prevent further detrimental impacts of plastic debris to the marine ecosystem.
A Comparative Review on Chemical Registration Management Regulations
Authors: Wang Jie Cong , Zhao Na Na , Chen Yuan , Li Jin Hui
Published: June 2015

Inappropriate production, storage and use of chemical could cause chemical incident. Chemical registration will contribute to the safe management of chemical. Represented by U.S. TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) regulations and the European REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals), the awareness of building chemical registrations or chemical database is raising. By carrying out extensive research and comparing the chemical registration regulation status of eight selected countries/regions, the study is to compare the current management status of chemical registration in different developed and developing countries, which may provide information and overview for preventing, controlling and reducing chemical incident, improving safe management of chemical, and supporting the development of chemical registration database.