bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Traditional Meat Processing Knowledge among the Borana Pastoralist of Northern Kenya
Authors: Dabasso Buke , Roba Hassan , Makokha Anselimo , Onyango Arnold , Maina Julius
Published: May 2018

Indigenous knowledge on food preparation is an activity practised in almost all agricultural production system. Amongst the Borana pastoralist of Northern Kenya, milk and meat production are the cornerstone of livelihood, and more often abundance occurs without possibility of immediate consumption, triggering the need to preserve surplus for future consumption. The objective of this paper is to document and understand traditional meat preparation knowledge amongst Borana pastoralist’s women of Northern Kenya.The method of collecting information included in-depth interviews and participant observations to document meat preparation skills and knowledge of Borana people as appertains to traditional food ways. It was observed that methods of traditional meat processing and preparation included different forms of drying, use of heat and storage in fat. Fourteen traditional meat products and seven preservation techniques were documented. Drying and deep frying were the major form of meat preservation. Women skillfully put a lot of effort in all stages of meat preparation to produce an end product that is not only shelf stable but traditional products that are appreciated and nutritious. It was observed that only four of the products are currently in use, an indication of steady decline in meat handling knowledge and preparation.
Farm Behaviour and Incentives for Animal Welfare: On Stimulating Interest in Cow Life Expectancy by Industry Attentiveness
Authors: Nuppenau E. A.
Published: May 2018

This contribution deals primarily with a new concept derived from institutional eco­nomi­cs, to improve animal health (eventually welfare, depending on the use of synonyms and actually measu­red as cow life expectancy, i.e. in figures: number of lactations). Based on consumer willingness to pay, it investigates a potential collaboration between a dairy industry whose aim is to diversify products and some farmers whose intention is to request compensation for a change of practices. For fin­ding practical attributes for health, we have a focus on practices promoting numbers of lacta­tions, currently at a low level in conventional farming. We distinguish farm types by str­ategies ask­ing why most farms are primarily aiming at maximal efficiency (feeding concentrates for high milk yields and having no grazing). Vice versa: this has raised public concern because (with big herds, high milk yields and minimal lactations) farmers seem to stress ani­mal welfare. We assume WTP exists for an improvement in animal health (though diffuse so far). I.e. on the one hand as a symptom of crisis, successes for gestation are low (almost half compared to those of farms “caring” for animals). On the other hand better practice can be financed if targeted by WTP. Further assumptions are: even the industry may admit problems with animal health, and within consumers’ and citizens’ circles, there is an increasing awareness and that WTP (finance) may enable private solutions. WTP could be used for those farmers doing better on animal welfare; but so far, markets have failed. We are confronted with different strategic behaviour of farmers (by sectors) whose commencing points (as ob­servation and deliberation) must be a willingness to change practices. A starting point should be insight into beha­viour(al) change and willingness to increase animal health (gestation), yet based on compen­sation. Compensation can be used to get more farmers interested in animal health, but it must be differentiated according to actions for improvement. In an institutional economics analysis of animal welfare, we will work out a concept of optimal compensation, preferably achieving cooperation between a dairy industry and willing farmers to lodge payments received from consumers. It means working on participation of actors in product diversi­fica­tion (milk identified by different sources) and transfer of money to those farmers who are ac­tu­ally working for animal health concerns. The paper further addresses selection of far­ms which manage to achieve set health goals and assure confirmation of achievements in increa­sing health. The goal is to increase the number of lactations. By utilizing contracted numbers of lactations as the basis for modelling a qua­n­­titative criterion which adequately shall reflect aspects of working for animal health (such as feeding practices, grazing, better husbandry (space and straw), caring (stress recovery), etc., is worked out and animal welfare shall improve.
Tegenstrijdig belang bij intragroepsfinanciering; foutje, bedankt!
Authors: Devilee J.E. , Nijland J.
Published: May 2018

Tegenstrijdig belang bij intragroepsfinanciering; foutje, bedankt! Hoe een juridische imperfectie standhield bij de Hoge Raad

In dit artikel wordt de zaak Ubbens q.q./X besproken, waarin de oude tegenstrijdigbelangregeling werd toegepast. Aangezien deze uitspraak ook voor de invulling van de huidige tegenstrijdigbelangregeling betekenis heeft bij het beoordelen van de positie van natuurlijke personen die een vennootschap in groepsverband vertegenwoordigen, onderzoeken de auteurs de discrepantie tussen de conclusie van de A-G en de motivering van de Hoge Raad, en zetten zij de uitspraak nader uiteen.
Uwikłania, limity i dylematy odpowiedzialności w perspektywie globalnej
Authors: Zacher Lech
Published: May 2018

The involvement of responsibility is multifaceted and interdisciplinary. Despite a certain universalization and uniformity visible in global interpersonal communication, several current processes of involvement stimulate and intensify it. Societies, nations, social interests, reason of state, culture and worldviews are subject to dispersion, which is why the hybridity of the world and its dwellers that reproduce are also responsible for the “privatization” of the futures (plural form), thus causing its dispersion. Will global responsibility be seen as an expression of global rationality that guarantees survival? It is important that the public sphere does not become, in times when commercialism prevails, privatized and “consumed” and that it would “pay off” to fight for that which can be called the global public good. Paradoxically, the ethics of responsibility can pay off, although not equally for all. Nevertheless, it remains a response to the challenges of the future, threats and risk.
Uma proposta de modelagem para o cálculo de reservas de contingência e gerencial em projetos de software usando programação linear inteira estocástica DOI 10.5752/P.2316-9451.2012v1n1p50
Authors: Pinto Filho Karline de Valésio , Bocanegra Silvana , Albuquerque Jones
Published: May 2018

Em orçamentos de projetos de software são calculados dois tipos de reservas, de contingência e gerencial, para mitigar riscos previstos e imprevistos, respectivamente. Contudo, a literatura mostra que estes valores são estimados apenas baseados na experiência do gerente em projetos anteriores; assim, com pouco rigor formal e reais perspectivas de acerto quanto a estimativas em projetos que possuem domínios de aplicação distintos dos anteriores executados pela equipe. Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo utilizar um modelo de programação linear inteira estocástica para gerar formalmente cenários de projeto que possibilitem ao gerente estimar tais reservas de forma numérica e mais rigorosa. Como estudo de caso, foram utilizados dados reais de uma fábrica de software do Porto Digital situado na região metropolitana de Recife-PE em cenários de projetos. O modelo matemático foi implementado e solucionado com o auxílio da ferramenta AIMMS (Advanced Interactive Multidimensional Modeling System). Foram utilizados dados de um projeto que já havia sido executado. Os cenários gerados permitiriam não só uma melhor alocação dos recursos reduzindo os custos ﬁnais do projeto como possibilitariam calcular estimativas para as reservas de contingência e gerencial de forma mais precisa.
Física para a mente DOI 10.5752/P.2316-9451.2012v1n1p75
Authors: Vertchenko Lev
Published: May 2018

Propõe-se que uma discussão atualizada da relação entre o cérebro e a mente necessita incorporar uma quantidade substancial de elementos da Física. Dentro desta perspectiva, é apresentada uma seleção comentada de tópicos que constitui a disciplina “Física para a mente” do curso de licenciatura em Física da PUC Minas. Neles são discutidos os 4 pontos de vista de Johnson-Laird para a mente, o suporte energético da informação, a sinalização neuronal, as técnicas de imageamento e a fisiologia cerebral, a forma como o cérebro lida com o tempo, a relação entre a Mecânica Quântica e mente e a questão do cérebro ser ou não um computador. Pode-se constatar que esta seleção releva o possível papel da Física Quântica para o entendimento dos fenômenos mentais.
Desenvolvimento e Avaliação de um Perfil UML para Modelagem de Jogos Educacionais Digitais
Authors: De Oliveira Lucas Rodrigues , Inocêncio Ana Carolina Gondim , Costa Heitor Augustus Xavier , Parreira Júnior Paulo Afonso
Published: May 2018

UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a general purpose language for software modeling, moreover, is the language most known and used for graphical representation of models. Just the elements preexisting in the UML (Unified Modeling Language) may not be sufficient to facilitate understanding of specific domain models. An example of specific problem domain is the Digital Educational Games (DEGs). In this paper, we describe the UP4EG, a UML profile for DEGs modeling, using UML class diagrams. The UP4EG gathers many stereotypes and tagged values divided into six packages that represent the main elements that a DEG should present. From an experimental study on the proposed profile with computer science students, it was realized that number of errors and the time spent for the identification of the main elements of a DEG can be improved when this profile is used in the modeling of this type of software.
VIDA ODONTO: Ambiente de Realidade Virtual para Treinamento Odontológico
Authors: Tori Romero , Wang Gustavo Ziyu , Sallaberry Lucas Henna , Tori Allan Amaral , Oliveira Elen Collaço de , Machado Maria Aparecida de A. M.
Published: May 2018

Training invasive medical procedures at the pre-clinical development is a considerable educational challenge. The traditional approach, with animals and corpses, presents both ethical and practical issues. So, the use of virtual reality (VR), which enables low-cost realistic simulations, repeatability and real time feedback, is a promising solution. Such ascertainment motivated the development of the virtual environment VIDA Odonto, which resorts to VR technologies, realistic modeling of patient and tridimensional immersive interaction. The developed prototype of the virtual environment of such system was tested and evaluated by professionals with clinical experience and beginners, demonstrating its viability to be a relevant educational resource in dentistry courses.
The Moral Problem of Other Minds
Authors: Sebo Jeff ,   The Harvard Review of Philosophy
Published: May 2018

In this paper I ask how we should treat other beings in cases of uncertainty about sentience. I evaluate three options: (1) an incautionary principle that permits us to treat other beings as non-sentient, (2) a precautionary principle that requires us to treat other beings as sentient, and (3) an expected value principle that requires us to multiply our subjective probability that other beings are sentient by the amount of moral value they would have if they were. I then draw three conclusions. First, the precautionary and expected value principles are more plausible than the incautionary principle. Second, if we accept a precautionary or expected value principle, then we morally ought to treat many beings as having at least partial moral status. Third, if we morally ought to treat many beings as having at least partial moral status, then morality involves more cluelessness and demandingness than we might have thought.
The Impact of Disruption of the Care Delivery System by Commercial Laboratory Testing in a Children's Health Care System
Authors: Rogers Beverly B. , Adams James L. , Carter Alexis B. , Uwindatwa Francine , Brawley Cynthia B. , Cochran; Charles G. , Bryan Leah N. , Weinzierl Elizabeth P. , Prahalad Sampath
Published: May 2018

Context.—

Disruption of outpatient laboratory services by routing the samples to commercial reference laboratories may seem like a cost-saving measure by the payers, but results in hidden costs in quality and resources to support this paradigm.

Objective.—

To identify differences when outpatient tests are performed at the Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (Children's) Hospital lab compared to a commercial reference lab, and the financial costs to support the reference laboratory testing.

Design.—

Outpatient testing was sent to 3 different laboratories specified by the payer. Orders were placed in the Children's electronic health record, blood samples were drawn by the Children's phlebotomists, samples were sent to the testing laboratory, and results appeared in the electronic health record. Data comparing the time to result, cancelled samples, and cost to sustain the system of ordering and reporting were drawn from multiple sources, both electronic and manual.

Results.—

The median time from phlebotomy to result was 0.7 hours for testing at the Children's lab and 20.72 hours for the commercial lab. The median time from result posting to caregiver acknowledgment was 5.4 hours for the Children's lab and 18 hours for the commercial lab. The commercial lab cancelled 2.7% of the tests; the Children's lab cancelled 0.8%. The financial cost to support online ordering and reporting for testing performed at commercial labs was approximately $640,000 per year.

Conclusions.—

Tangible monetary costs, plus intangible costs related to delayed results, occur when the laboratory testing system is disrupted.
Análisis descriptivo de la práctica físico-deportiva e intereses de práctica en escolares de 5º y 6º de primaria
Authors: Borrego Balsalobre F. J. , Carrillo García A. B. , Díaz Suárez A.
Published: May 2018

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el pensamiento que los alumnos tienen hacia la Educación Física, así como sus intereses de práctica. Para ello, se utilizó el Inventario de Actividad Física Habitual para Escolares (IAFHE) a un total de 35 alumnos pertenecientes a dos centros educativos de la Región de Murcia. Se intentó que la muestra fuese lo más la gran mayoría de ellos practicaban ejercicio fuera del entorno escolar pero en tiempos insuficientes según lo establecido por las recomendaciones de instituciones internacionales.
Estrategias de afrontamiento y personalidad en la adaptación de jóvenes a su práctica deportiva. Diferencias de género
Authors: González J. , Martínez Sandoval J.
Published: May 2018

El propósito de este estudio transversal, es el de establecer indicadores de las estrategias de afrontamiento en una muestra de jóvenes, estableciendo diferencias por género, relacionadas tanto por curso escolar como por práctica de actividad física de forma regular. La muestra está compuesta por jóvenes (N=119) con edades comprendidas entre 11 y 19 años, administrando cuestionarios de medida de la personalidad (NEO-FFI) y estrategias de afrontamiento (CSI). Los resultados muestran que los chicos presentan una media superior tanto en el manejo adecuado como en el manejo inadecuado de estrategias de afrontamiento, que las chicas. Además, puntúan más alto en las estrategias de afrontamiento de autocrítica; apoyo social, reestructuración cognitiva, evitación de problemas y retirada social, mientras que las chicas puntúan más alto en resolución de problemas, pensamiento desiderativo y expresión emocional.
Percepción de esfuerzo, diversión y aprendizaje en alumnos de educación secundaria en las clases de Educación Física durante una Unidad Didáctica de CrossFit
Authors: Sánchez-Alcaraz Martínez B. J. , Gómez-Mármol A.
Published: May 2018

Esta investigación pretende conocer la percepción de diversión, aprendizaje y nivel de intensidad de las clases de Educación Física durante una Unidad Didáctica de CrossFit y su relación con el género y el nivel educativo. Para ello, un total de 104 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria de entre 12 y 16 años completaron dos cuestionarios de percepción de diversión, aprendizaje y esfuerzo. Los resultados obtenidos han mostrado unos valores altos de percepción de diversión, esfuerzo y aprendizaje en los estudiantes a través de la práctica de CrossFit. Por otro lado, los chicos perciben una mayor diversión e intensidad que las chicas, y se ha encontrando que los alumnos de segundo ciclo de secundaria perciben las clases de Educación Física como más intensas y menos divertidas.
Análisis de la producción científica sobre los efectos cognitivos de la actividad física en la enfermedad de Alzheimer
Authors: Hernández-Díaz S. , Garcés de los Fayos E. J.
Published: May 2018

Este estudio pretende analizar la literatura científica publicada referente a los efectos cognitivos de la actividad física en personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA).

Se buscaron artículos que trataran principalmente los efectos cognitivos de la actividad física en personas con EA, encontrando finalmente 35 artículos. En cuanto a la evolución temporal, se observa una tendencia creciente de publicaciones con el paso de los años. Cabe destacar la gran variedad y heterogeneidad de autores principales y revistas. Geográficamente, los países con mayor número de publicaciones son Estados Unidos y Brasil, destacando sobre el resto.

Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados, podemos concluir que el estudio de los efectos en aspectos cognitivos y propios de la enfermedad propiciados por la actividad física es un campo de estudio relativamente nuevo en el que debemos profundizar.
Uncomfortable Comparisons: The Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission in International Context
Authors: James Matt
Published: May 2018

The Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission on Indian Residential Schools is a novel foray into a genre previously associated with so-called “transitional” democracies from the post-Communist world and the global South. This basic fact notwithstanding, a systematic comparison with the broader universe of truth commission-hosting countries reveals that the circumstances surrounding the Canadian TRC are not entirely novel. This article develops this argument by distilling from the transitional justice literature several bases of comparison designed to explain how a truth commission’s capacity to promote new cultures of justice and accountability in the wake of massive violations of human rights is affected by the socio-political context in which the commission occurs; the injustices it is asked to investigate; and the nature of its mandate. It concludes that these factors, compounded by considerations unique to the Canadian context, all militate against success. If Canadian citizens and policymakers fail to meet this profound ethical challenge, they will find themselves occupying the transition-wrecking role played more familiarly by the recalcitrant and unreformed military and security forces in the world’s more evidently authoritarian states.
The Ethics of Reconciling: Learning from Canada’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Authors: Snyder Emily
Published: May 2018

In 2008, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) was initiated to address the historical and contemporary injustices and impacts of Indian Residential Schools. Of the many goals of the TRC, I focus on reconciliation and how the TRC aims to promote this through public education and engagement. To explore this, I consider two questions:

Ethical queries arise which speak to broader concerns about the TRC’s capability to fulfill its public education goals. I raise several concerns about whether the TRC’s plan to convoke the collective will result in over-simplifying the process by relying on blunt, poorly defined identity categories that erase the heterogeneity of those residing in Canada, as well as the complexity of the conflict among us. I attempt to situate myself in-between proclamations of “success” or “failure” of the TRC, to better understand what can be learned from contested truths and experiences of uncertainty.
Consommation responsable et perception de produits : au-delà de l’environnement
Authors: Marchand Anne
Published: May 2018

Cet article présente et discute certains résultats spécifiques provenant d’une étude plus large qui visait à explorer le rapport qu’entretiennent les consommateurs responsables aux biens de consommation. Sur la base de données empiriques collectées auprès de citoyens qui se sont tournés vers des modes de consommation à moindres impacts écologiques, il a été remarqué que l’adoption d’habitudes de « consommation durable » n’est pas seulement motivée par des considérations altruistes et environnementales, mais également par des bénéfices personnels et/ou familiaux perçus, incluant une augmentation attendue du bien-être. Ces dernières motivations, ainsi que la manière avec laquelle elles s’expriment à travers des préférences pour certaines caractéristiques que présentent des produits de consommation, sont exposées. Tout en reconnaissant les dangers que peuvent représenter la définition et la valorisation d’une approche de la consommation responsable qui se limite aux profits et intérêts individuels, l’article suggère que la compréhension de tels motifs, et leurs implications pour la manière dont les produits et services sont conçus et positionnés, demande à être davantage explorés et compris en vue de, potentiellement, supporter un avenir davantage durable.
Imagining Others
Authors: Maibom Heidi L.
Published: May 2018

It is often argued that the ability to imagine what others think and feel is central to moral functioning. In this paper, I consider to what extent this is true. I argue that neither the ability to think of others as having representational mental states, nor the ability to imagine being in their position, is necessary for moral understanding or moral motivation. I go on to argue that the area in which thinking about others’ thoughts and feelings appears to play the largest role is that of supererogatory actions. Being able to get on well with others seems to be importantly predicated on our ability to think about their thoughts and feelings and being able to take up their perspective. However, when it comes to grosser moral norms and restrictions, such as harm norms, there is little reason to think that thinking about others’ thoughts and feelings plays a central role in understanding such norms or being motivated by them.
Préférences décisives et précarité
Authors: Bourdeau Vincent
Published: May 2018

Cet article se penche sur le rapport de la conception républicaine de la liberté comme non-domination défendue par P. Pettit avec la conception de la liberté comme capabilité proposée par A. Sen. L’usage que fait Pettit de la conception défendue par Sen lui permet d’avancer une conception plus réaliste des préférences des individus en contexte social. Cette définition des « préférences décisives » guide toute sa démonstration de la compatibilité de la liberté comme capabilité avec la théorie néorépublicaine. Elle lui permet en outre de donner une valeur particulière à l’objectif social de lutte contre la précarité, précarité comprise comme situation dans laquelle un individu est placé sous la dépendance arbitraire d’un autre en l’empêchant de se mouvoir à sa guise dans le jeu social. Nous examinons les enjeux de cette articulation à la lumière de la réponse critique qui a été formulée par Sen à l’effet que la conception néorépublicaine limitait trop la pluralité sociale de la liberté. Enfin, nous esquissons une manière de réconcilier l’approche par les capabilités avec la conception républicaine.
Évaluation des écosystèmes en début de millénaire : conclusions et retombées
Authors: Mulongoy Kalemani Jo , Cung Annie
Published: May 2018

L’évaluation des écosystèmes est l’un des pivots essentiels pour l’élaboration de moyens adaptés permettant de lutter contre la diminution massive de la biodiversité. Pour la première fois, elle a fait l’objet d’une analyse à l’échelle mondiale dans le cadre de l’Evaluation des écosystèmes en début de millénaire (EM). Le rassemblement de plus d’un millier de chercheurs et de plusieurs organismes internationaux durant quatre années ont permis de dessiner la carte nécessaire à toute action efficace. L’article expose les éléments principaux de l’EM : l’évaluation des écosystèmes en tant que tels, mais surtout des services écosystémiques, dans toutes leurs dimensions, en ce que leur évolution affecte le bien-être humain. Il analyse ensuite les quatre points principaux de l’apport de l’EM, des avantages de l’utilisation croissante des services écologiques à sa non viabilité. Des scénarios, modèles et outils sont proposés pour inverser la courbe négative d’appauvrissement de la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques dans un premier bilan des retombées de l’EM.
Sollicitude, dépendance et lien social
Authors: Lanoix Monique
Published: May 2018

La croissance de la population vieillissante en Amérique du Nord a un impact significatif sur nos politiques sociales. Ainsi, l’État québécois met à la disposition des personnes âgées une aide afin de faciliter le maintien à domicile. Qui a maintenant la responsabilité de répondre aux besoins des personnes âgées; est-ce la famille ou l’État? Si la réponse peut nous aider à formuler des politiques sociales équitables, elle nous pousse aussi à repenser le lien social à la lumière de la dépendance. Dans un premier temps nous nous pencherons sur l’évolution de l’éthique de la sollicitude pour ensuite analyser les apports des études sur la production du handicap. Puisque la problématique de la dépendance s’avère cruciale dans ce débat, les écrits de deux théoriciens français, Albert Memmi et Bernard Ennuyer, nous aideront à élucider la question de la dépendance. Nous verrons par la suite comment ces divers apports peuvent nous amener à reconceptualiser le lien social.
Does Friendship Give Us Non-Derivative Partial Reasons?
Authors: Reisner Andrew
Published: May 2018

One way to approach the question of whether there are non-derivative partial reasons of any kind is to give an account of what partial reasons are, and then to consider whether there are such reasons. If there are, then it is at least possible that there are partial reasons of friendship. It is this approach that will be taken here, and it produces several interesting results. The first is a point about the structure of partial reasons. It is at least a necessary condition of a reason’s being partial that it has an explicit relational component. This component, technically, is a relatum in the reason relation that itself is a relation between the person to whom the reason applies and the person whom the action for which there is a reason concerns. The second conclusion of the paper is that this relational component is also required for a number of types of putatively impartial reasons. In order to avoid trivialising the distinction between partial and impartial reasons, some further sufficient condition must be applied. Finally, there is some prospect for a way of distinguishing between impartial reasons that contain a relational component and partial reasons, but that this approach suggests that the question of whether ethics is partial or impartial will be settled at the level of normative ethical discourse, or at least not at the level of discourse about the nature of reasons for action.
Quelle régulation pour l’arrêt d’un protocole de recherche clinique de thérapie génique somatique ?
Authors: Sergent J-A. , Moutel G. , Feingold J. , de Milleville H. , Racine E. , Doucet H. , Hervé C.
Published: May 2018

Depuis 2002, le débat sur les risques associés à la thérapie génique est initié suite à l’annonce que deux enfants inclus dans un essai thérapeutique impliquant une thérapie génique ont développé des effets indésirables important. En Janvier 2005, le débat sur les risques reprit suite à l’interruption du protocole sur les enfants bulle du Pr Fischer à l’hôpital Necker de Paris. Nous avons donc étudié le processus impliqué ainsi que la réflexion éthique associée aux décisions d’arrêt de protocole de recherche. Notre travail a été mené par une équipe pluridisciplinaire combinant chercheurs en santé, généticiens et éthiciens. Nous avons étudié la participation des chercheurs, des patients, des institutions officielles, des comités d’éthique ainsi que des associations de patients dans le processus de décision d’interruption d’un protocole de recherche. Nous avons également analysé les critères jugés les plus pertinents dans l’arrêt d’un protocole de recherche. Enfin nous avons analysé le point de vue des personnes directement impliquées dans la thérapie génique au moyen d’un questionnaire. Toutes les personnes contactées ont présenté un poster de recherche au congrès de la Société Européenne de Thérapie Génique. 62 personnes d’autant d’équipes de recherche différentes, de 17 pays, sur les 350 contactés ont répondu. Selon eux, la décision d’arrêt d’un protocole de recherche doit être prise suite à une consultation des chercheurs, des patients, du ministère de tutelle, d’une agence nationale de régulation ou d’un comité d’éthique ; la légitimité étant accordée à des décisions prises en commun par les chercheurs, les patients et les comités d’éthique. Les incidents sérieux et de façon plus surprenante, les incidents moins graves sont jugés comme étant des critères suffisants pour interrompre un essai. Nous avons fini par analyser les conséquences éthiques, telles que balance bénéfice/risque, processus de régulation ou responsabilité, de ces critères sur l’arrêt d’un protocole de recherche.
Les recherches cliniques Nord/Sud : des recherches équitables?
Authors: Saoud Fahimy
Published: May 2018

Le but de cet article est de revoir les principaux règlements, scandales et questions posés par les recherches cliniques Nord/Sud à la lumière de 2 principes fondamentaux d’éthique de la recherche : ceux de l’autonomie et de la justice.

Aujourd’hui, le débat sur les standards de soins à appliquer dans le cadre des recherches cliniques exportées du Nord vers le Sud, alimente la discussion. Par ailleurs, le paragraphe 30 de la Déclaration d’Helsinki, version 2000, fait l’objet de différentes propositions d’amendement. Il stipule que « tous les patients ayant participé à une étude doivent être assurés de bénéficier à son terme des moyens diagnostiques, thérapeutiques et de prévention dont l’étude aura démontré la supériorité ». Une note explicative y a été ajoutée par l’Association Médicale Mondiale (AMM) en 2004 : les sujets d’étude bénéficieront dans la mesure du possible, des avantages qui en découleraient et qu’ils auraient accès à toute thérapie possible disponible. Pour certains, cela a affaibli le sens de justice que ce paragraphe amenait aux recherches. Plusieurs sont en quête d’un moyen pour établir plus d’équité dans les recherches médicales Nord/Sud. L’un des principes du Commerce équitable est de vendre les produits à un prix plus juste, fixé après dialogue et discussion avec les communautés régionales et locales. Peut-on trouver dans le modèle du commerce équitable des idées applicables aux recherches cliniques Nord/Sud ?
La circoncision des femmes en Afrique : repenser les politiques de santé
Authors: Rochon Christiane
Published: May 2018

Lors de son passage au Mali en novembre 2006, la Gouverneur Général du Canada, Mme Michaëlle Jean a déclaré qu’elle appuyait le Protocole de Maputo qui « stipule clairement que la pratique des mutilations génitales féminines est une violation des droits fondamentaux de la personne » et souhaitait que « plus une seule petite Malienne ne soit soumise à ce supplice ». La pratique de la circoncision féminine en Afrique est ainsi définie comme un acte de violence à l’égard de femmes et des filles et le signe d’inégalités sociales reliées au genre. Elle est associée au viol, au trafic humain, à l’avortement forcé et à l’infanticide des bébés filles. Cette approche féministe quant à la circoncision féminine ne tient pas compte de la complexité culturelle, émotionnelle et cognitive de la pratique. Les politiques de santé interdisent la pratique, la rendant même illégale, et s’opposent à toute médicalisation. Elles n’ont toutefois pas réussi à faire diminuer la pratique. Malgré cet échec, ces politiques demeurent incontestées. Nous croyons que ces politiques constituent une forme d’intolérance et même d’impérialisme culturel à l’égard des femmes africaines. En effet, alors qu’une forte mobilisation s’est crée autour de la circoncision féminine, un silence incompréhensible s’établit à l’égard d’autres pratiques traditionnelles qui affectent la santé et l’intégrité des enfants, ainsi qu’au sujet de pratiques similaires en Occident. Par compassion et par respect pour les filles africaines, il est temps de revoir les politiques pour obtenir de vrais changements à partir d’approche telles que la réduction du risque et les modèles de changement de comportement.
Quelles salles de cinéma en Afrique sud saharienne francophone ?
Authors: Forest Claude
Published: May 2018

L’auteur de cet article revient sur les causes ayant provoqué la disparition des salles de cinéma en Afrique sud saharienne, phénomène propre à cette étendue géographique vaste comme treize fois la France. Après l’immobilisme du duopole français COMACICO-SECMA qui a cumulé durant un demi-siècle les fonctions d’importation et de distribution de la quasi-totalité des films, d’exploitation directe de la majorité du parc et de programmation des autres salles de la zone, l’aveuglement idéologique et la défense à court terme des intérêts corporatifs des cinéastes africains durant les deux décennies suivant les indépendances ont signé la disparition de toute la filière cinéma dans les années 1980. La méconnaissance des marchés internationaux de la distribution, l’absence de formation des exploitants, l’atomisation des marchés qui se sont repliés sur le pré carré national, le refus d’une billetterie contrôlée par la puissance publique, auxquels s’ajoutent la corruption et le piratage : les bases minimales d’une régulation étatique des marchés manquent encore, empêchant toujours la reconstruction des salles comme de toute la filière cinématographique.
Les salles de cinéma en Inde, un territoire à conquérir : perspectives historiques
Authors: Srour Némésis
Published: May 2018

Les recherches sur l’histoire du cinéma en Inde, et en particulier celles sur le cinéma des premiers temps, attestent d’un manque cruel de sources, d’archives et de conservation des films. Comment documenter alors une histoire peu traitée, celle des salles de cinéma, sur un territoire aussi vaste ? Cet article, nullement exhaustif, cherche à mettre en évidence, de façon diachronique, les grands enjeux de l’exploitation en Inde. Des débuts du cinéma jusqu’à nos jours, une problématique de fond persiste : la conquête des zones rurales et de ses publics. À cette opposition entre territoires urbains et territoires ruraux se superpose, en ville, celle de la distinction entre différentes classes de cinémas. Variant dans la forme, ces analyses montrent toutefois une permanence de problèmes structurels, entre pénurie de salles et fortes disparités territoriales. Le déploiement des multiplexes, et de ses avatars en taille réduite, les miniplexes et les valueplexes, semble ouvrir la brèche des potentialités des marchés ruraux.
Multifunctional Halls and the Place of Cinema in the European Countryside, 1920-1970
Authors: Thissen Judith
Published: May 2018

Beginning and ending with the question “what is a cinema?” and with a reconsideration of the notion of cinema’s second birth, this article examines the economic and socio-cultural dynamics of film exhibition and film-going in small-town and rural Western Europe, in particular in the Netherlands, Germany and France. Emphasis is placed on the history of itinerant film exhibition in multifunctional venues in the period after the era of the fairground shows—an important aspect of European film culture which has long been overlooked by cinema historians. Insights from these particular experiences of the cinema can help us to reconceptualize the place of cinema in both rural and urban contexts. A crucial aspect of film-going in multifunctional venues is the fact that it was located in spaces that were used for a wide range of commercial and community activities. The author thus advocates a new cinema historiography that breaks away from the fixation on the medium’s singularity to include its relation with the surrounding socio-cultural contexts in which cinema happened.
Vacances romaines. Sur La Sapienza d’Eugène Green
Authors: Dulong Guillaume
Published: May 2018

L’auteur de cet article interroge la place de Rome dans le film d’Eugène Green La Sapienza (2014), par une analyse des présupposés métaphysiques et sémiologiques de sa poétique du cinématographe. L’auteur explique en quoi Rome illustre l’acte cinématographique en tant que « ville cachée » et ce que nous apprend la comparaison des cinéastes et architectes quant à la définition de l’auteur d’une oeuvre. Pour ce faire, l’expression « présence réelle » appliquée à la ville est examinée dans le sillage d’une esthétique néoplatonicienne pour montrer que l’identité paradoxale de référence du toponyme polysémique de « Rome » suppose une situation de communication poétique. Elle renvoie à un vécu d’hospitalité et de retour sur soi, mis en perspective avec le Journal de voyage en Italie par la Suisse et l’Allemagne en 1580 et 1581 de Montaigne. Par la suite, espaces urbains et filmiques sont comparés afin d’exposer la part du vide comme élément de composition de ce dernier. Le vide se comprend alors comme réceptivité de la lumière, patience. S’ensuit enfin une étude des analogies entre architecte et cinéaste et de la théorie esthétique de l’auteur les sous-tendant.
30 anys de Serenates
Authors: Ramos Ahijado Sonsoles
Published: May 2018

Reseña publicación. Ana María Botella Nicolás (coord.).Valencia: Vicerrectorat de Cultura e Igualtat. 2017. 103 pp.ISBN 978-84-9133-090-5
Dialogando con ... Elena Castro Martínez: una científica apasionada con la innovación
Authors: Isusi-Fagoaga Rosa
Published: May 2018

Entrevista realizada en la Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Valencia (España), el 17de noviembre de 2017, a Elena Castro Martínez.
EVALUACIÓN PROSPECTIVA DE LA EFICIENCIA ECONÓMICA DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE FRIJOL EN LA PROVINCIA SANTIAGO DE CUBA
Authors: Pacheco Feria Ulises , Castellanos Dorado Rosa Marina , Morales Pérez Milagros
Published: May 2018

Resumen. El objetivo del artículo es evaluarla eficiencia económica de la producción de frijol, con un enfoque prospectivo en la provincia Santiago de Cuba. La evaluación se realizó mediante el Método de impactos cruzados y el Método multicriterio y política de Michel Godet (1994) y permitió diseñar siete escenarios (pesimista, optimista, apuesta y cuatro alternativos). Se demostró que en el escenario apuesta se cumplen cinco de las seis hipótesis por lo que se evalúan de bien la eficiencia productiva y la asignativa, y de regular la distributiva. Las políticas diseñadas contribuyen al logro del objetivo propuesto por el Programa de Desarrollo Integral de Granos en la provincia Santiago de Cuba, al incremento de los rendimientos y la producción de granos con una reducción significativa de los costos, logrando producciones sostenibles en rubros que constituyen sustitución de importaciones (maíz y frijol) para, finalmente, coadyuvar al incremento del consumo.
 
Palabras clave: eficiencia económica, eficiencia productiva, eficiencia asignativa, eficiencia distributiva, prospectiva, escenario apuesta.
 
Abstract. The objective of the article is to evaluate the economic efficiency of the bean production, with a prospective focus in Santiago de Cuba. The evaluation was carried out by means of the Method of crossed impacts and the Method multi-criterion and politics of Michel Godet (1994) and it allowed to design seven scenarios (pessimist, optimist, bet and four alternative). It was demonstrated the best scenario performs five of the six hypotheses therefore the productive and allocative efficiency gets a good evaluation and the distributive a regular evaluation. The designed policies contribute to the achievement of the objective proposed by the Program of Integral Development of Grains in Santiago de Cuba, to the increment of the yields and the production of grains with a significant reduction of the costs, achieving sustainable productions in items that constitute substitution of imports (corn and bean) in order to cooperate to the increment of the consumption.
 
Key words: economic efficiency, productive efficiency, allocative efficiency, distributive, prospective efficiency, bet scenario.
The complete chloroplast genome ofColobanthus apetalus(Labill.) Druce: genome organization and comparison with related species
Authors: Androsiuk Piotr , Jastrzębski Jan Paweł , Paukszto Łukasz , Okorski Adam , Pszczółkowska Agnieszka , Chwedorzewska Katarzyna Joanna , Koc Justyna , Górecki Ryszard , Giełwanowska Irena
Published: May 2018

Colobanthus apetalusis a member of the genusColobanthus, one of the 86 genera of the large family Caryophyllaceae which groups annual and perennial herbs (rarely shrubs) that are widely distributed around the globe, mainly in the Holarctic. The genusColobanthusconsists of 25 species, includingColobanthus quitensis, an extremophile plant native to the maritime Antarctic. Complete chloroplast (cp) genomes are useful for phylogenetic studies and species identification. In this study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify the cp genome ofC. apetalus.The complete cp genome ofC. apetalushas the length of 151,228 bp, 36.65% GC content, and a quadripartite structure with a large single copy (LSC) of 83,380 bp and a small single copy (SSC) of 17,206 bp separated by inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,321 bp. The cp genome contains 131 genes, including 112 unique genes and 19 genes which are duplicated in the IRs. The group of 112 unique genes features 73 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, four rRNA genes and five conserved chloroplast open reading frames (ORFs). A total of 12 forward repeats, 10 palindromic repeats, five reverse repeats and three complementary repeats were detected. In addition, a simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis revealed 41 (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexanucleotide) SSRs, most of which were AT-rich. A detailed comparison ofC. apetalusandC. quitensiscp genomes revealed identical gene content and order. A phylogenetic tree was built based on the sequences of 76 protein-coding genes that are shared by the eleven sequenced representatives of Caryophyllaceae andC. apetalus,and it revealed thatC. apetalusandC. quitensisform a clade that is closely related toSilenespecies andAgrostemma githago. Moreover, the genusSileneappeared as a polymorphic taxon. The results of this study expand our knowledge about the evolution and molecular biology of Caryophyllaceae.
Finding novel relationships with integrated gene-gene association network analysis of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 using species-independent text-mining
Authors: Kreula Sanna M. , Kaewphan Suwisa , Ginter Filip , Jones Patrik R.
Published: May 2018

The increasing move towards open access full-text scientific literature enhances our ability to utilize advanced text-mining methods to construct information-rich networks that no human will be able to grasp simply from ‘reading the literature’. The utility of text-mining for well-studied species is obvious though the utility for less studied species, or those with no prior track-record at all, is not clear. Here we present a concept for how advanced text-mining can be used to create information-rich networks even for less well studied species and apply it to generate an open-access gene-gene association network resource for Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a representative model organism for cyanobacteria and first case-study for the methodology. By merging the text-mining network with networks generated from species-specific experimental data, network integration was used to enhance the accuracy of predicting novel interactions that are biologically relevant. A rule-based algorithm (filter) was constructed in order to automate the search for novel candidate genes with a high degree of likely association to known target genes by (1) ignoring established relationships from the existing literature, as they are already ‘known’, and (2) demanding multiple independent evidences for every novel and potentially relevant relationship. Using selected case studies, we demonstrate the utility of the network resource and filter to (i) discover novel candidate associations between different genes or proteins in the network, and (ii) rapidly evaluate the potential role of any one particular gene or protein. The full network is provided as an open-source resource.
Endozoochory by mallard in New Zealand: what seeds are dispersed and how far?
Authors: Bartel Riley D. , Sheppard Jennifer L. , Lovas-Kiss Ádám , Green Andy J.
Published: May 2018

In Europe and North America waterfowl are major dispersers of aquatic and terrestrial plants, but in New Zealand their role has yet to be investigated. Mallards were introduced to New Zealand in the late 1800s, and today they are the most abundant and widespread waterfowl in the country. To assess seed dispersal, we radiomarked 284 female mallards from two study sites during the pre-breeding (June–August) and breeding (August–December) periods in 2014–2015, and examined movements that occurred within 24, 48 or 72 h when seed dispersal by endozoochory is considered likely. During June and July 2015, we collected 29 faecal samples from individual female mallards during radiomarking and 24 samples from mallard flocks. We recovered 69 intact seeds from the faecal samples and identified 12 plant taxa. Of the plant seeds identified and dispersed by mallards in this study, 40% were members of the Asteraceae family, nine plant species were alien to New Zealand, and the indigenous-status of three unidentified taxa could not be determined. Two taxa (and 9% of seeds) were germinated following gut passage: an unidentified Asteraceae andSolanum nigrum. During the pre-breeding and breeding periods, movement of females within 24 h averaged 394 m (SD = 706 m) and 222 m (SD = 605 m) respectively, with maximum distances of 3,970 m and 8,028 m. Maxima extended to 19,230 m within 48 h. Most plant species recorded are generally assumed to be self-dispersed or dispersed by water; mechanisms that provide a much lower maximum dispersal distance than mallards. The ability of mallards to disperse viable seeds up to 19 km within 48 h suggests they have an important and previously overlooked role as vectors for a variety of wetland or grassland plant species in New Zealand.