bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lubricating Performance of Lanzhou Lily Crude Extract as Natural Additive
Authors: Xie Min , Lai Chenghua , Chen Juanjuan , Cao Feng , Ma Ying
Published: January 2025

Due to environmental concerns and multifunctional requirements, natural additives are a promising alternative to traditional enhancers like metal nanoparticles. Lanzhou lily crude extract (LLCE) was investigated as an additive in PEG400 base oil. Firstly, different contents of LLCE as an additive notably improved physiochemical properties, such as thermal stability, viscosity, and the viscosity index. With 5–10 wt.% of LLCE added in PEG400, the thermal degradation temperature increased by 37.3–49.5 °C. Secondly, the addition of LLCE significantly reduced the friction coefficient and wear rate of the steel disc at 50–150 N compared to pure PEG400 base oil with a reduction degree of up to 30% and 92%. The optimum additive content was 7 wt.%, and further increasing the content of the additive did not bring about obvious improvements, even worsening the product in some cases. Thirdly, the lower friction coefficient and wear rate achieved through the addition of LLCE may be due to the higher viscosity facilitating a thicker lubricating film and the higher polarity providing better chemical affinity with the metallic surface. In summary, LLCE is a promising additive that significantly improves the physicochemical properties and lubricating performance of PEG400 base oil.
Methodology for Hydrogen-Assisted Fatigue Testing Using In Situ Cathodic Charging
Authors: Donnerbauer Kai , Nickel Timo , von Pavel Matthias , Otto Johannes L. , Gerdes Lars , Vasquez Julian Rozo , Lingnau Lars A. , Koch Alexander , Walther Frank
Published: January 2025

With hydrogen being a promising candidate for many future and current energy applications, there is a need for material-testing solutions, which can represent hydrogen charging under superimposed mechanical loading. Usage of high purity gaseous hydrogen under high pressure in commercial solutions entails huge costs and also potential safety concerns. Therefore, a setup was developed utilizing a customized electrochemical charging cell built into a dynamic testing system. With this setup, two heat treatment states of AISI 4140 (DIN 1.7225, 42CrMo4) with varying yield and ultimate tensile strength were characterized in constant amplitude tests. S-N (Woehler) curves differ between heat-treated states, and when comparing testing in air with in situ cathodic hydrogen-charged specimens, hydrogen proves to be detrimental to the material properties. For both states considered, the presence of hydrogen leads to a reduction in fatigue life. Fractographic analyses by scanning electron microscopy reveals that for in situ cathodic hydrogen-charged specimens, the crack initiation mechanisms change for the higher strength heat treatment state.
Evaluation of Silver Recovery from High-Sulphur Mining Waste Using Thiourea–Oxalate System
Authors: Muñoz Hernández Erick Jesús , Toro Norman , Reyes Pérez Martín , Reyes Domínguez Iván Alejandro , Teja Ruiz Aislinn Michelle , Flores Guerrero Mizraim Uriel , Martínez Soto Jesús Iván , Flores Gabriel Cisneros , Juárez Tapia Julio Cesar
Published: January 2025

Mine tailings are a byproduct of mineral extraction and often pose an environmental challenge due to the contamination of soil and water bodies with dissolved metals. However, this type of waste offers the opportunity for the recovery of valuable metals such as silver (Ag). In the present investigation, an integral analysis of a sample of tailings was carried out, addressing granulometry, elemental composition, neutralization potential (NP), and acid potential (AP), as well as mineralogy, for the dissolution of silver from this type of waste. For this purpose, thiourea (CH4N2S) was used as a leaching agent due to its low toxicity, and potassium oxalate (K2C2O4) was used as an organic additive to improve the leaching of the silver phases (argentite and polybasite) present in the tailings. The effects of CH4N2S and K2C2O4 concentrations, temperature, and pH on the leaching efficiency of silver (Ag), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and arsenic (As) were systematically studied. The results revealed that the maximum silver dissolution rate reached 90.75% under optimal conditions: 0.2 M L−1 of thiourea and 0.2 M L−1 of potassium oxalate, at 35 °C and a pH of 2.
Strength Tests and Mechanism of Composite Stabilized Lightweight Soil Using Dredged Sludge
Authors: Hu Qizhi , Li Zitian , Ma Qiang , Li Junjie , Yao Wei
Published: January 2025

To achieve resourceful utilization of dredged sludge, lightweight treatment was performed on sludge from Xunsi River in Wuhan using fly ash, cement, and expanded polystyrene (EPS) particles. Density tests and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted on the composite stabilized sludge lightweight soil to determine the optimal mix ratio for high-quality roadbed fill material with low self-weight and high strength. Subsequently, microstructural tests, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were conducted. The Particle (Pore) and Crack Analysis System (PCAS) was used to analyze the SEM images, investigating the cement–fly ash composite stabilization mechanism. The experimental results showed that the optimal lightweight treatment was achieved with an EPS content of 80% (by volume ratio to dry soil), cement content of 7.5% (by mass ratio to dry soil), and fly ash content of 5% (by mass ratio to dry soil). The density of the optimized lightweight soil was 1.04 g/cm3, a reduction of 28.27% compared to the density of raw sludge soil (1.45 g/cm3). The UCS increased significantly from 110 kPa for raw sludge soil to 551 kPa. The addition of fly ash enhanced the hydration and secondary hydration reactions between cement and sludge, generating more calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, which filled the larger pores between the EPS particles and soil particles, as well as those between the soil particles themselves, making the structure denser. Compared to single cement stabilization, composite stabilization resulted in a lower content of expansive ettringite crystals, a more uniform pore distribution, fewer pores, and a lower surface porosity ratio. These research findings can provide theoretical support and practical references for the lightweight treatment of dredged sludge in the Yangtze River Basin of Central China.
Modification of Ti13Nb13Zr Alloy Surface via Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation and Silver Nanoparticles Decorating
Authors: Gołasz Przemysław , Płoska Agnieszka , Korniienko Viktoriia , Diedkova Kateryna , Varava Yuliia , Zieliński Rafał , Pogorielov Maksym , Simka Wojciech
Published: January 2025

The dynamically developing field of implantology requires researchers to search for new materials and solutions. In this study, TiNbZr samples were investigated as an alternative for popular, but potentially hazardous TiAl6V4. Samples were etched, sandblasted, subjected to PEO, and covered in AgNP suspension. Simultaneously, SEM images were taken, and the wettability and roughness of the surface were measured. Samples covered in AgNPs were subjected to biological trials. A six-day measurement of human fibroblast proliferation was conducted to assess biocompatibility, and the population of E. coli and S. aureus was measured over eight hours. Results showed that the TiNbZr PEO surface is biocompatible with human fibroblast cells and promotes growth. However, deposited AgNPs exhibited only slight effectiveness in decreasing bacterial growth over the first two hours. The results suggest that the method of surface preparation is sufficient and might promote osseointegration. On the other hand, more efficient and reliable methods of application of AgNPs should be researched
Current Characteristics of REBCO Tapes in 6-Slot TSTC-CICC Under Bending Conditions
Authors: Li Li , Yang Mingzhen , Yuan Songzhen , Dai Shaotao , Ma Tao
Published: January 2025

Embedding stacked HTS tapes into twisted slots is one design approach for constructing fusion conductors. This paper adopts a Cable-in-Conduit Conductor (CICC) structure, utilizing commercially REBCO coated conductors. The cable framework is made of copper and features six helically twisted slots filled with 2G HTS tapes. Two 1 m long samples with twist pitches of 200 mm and 300 mm, respectively, were fabricated. In one slot, copper and superconducting tapes were alternated, while the remaining grooves were filled with copper tapes. The 90 µm thick copper-plated bare tapes provided by Shanghai Superconductor were used for testing. By measuring the critical current of tapes positioned at different locations within the grooves at 77 K, the characteristics of each tape in the stacked arrangement were individually characterized. The study obtained the current degradation patterns of tapes located at different positions within the grooves under various bending radii. This paper will present and discuss the preliminary results of the bending measurements conducted at 77 K under a self-field.
Conventional Thermoset Composites and Their Sustainable Alternatives with Vitrimer Matrix—Waste Management/Recycling Options with Focus on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites
Authors: Markouti Paraskevi , Tzouma Evanthia , Paipetis Alkiviadis S. , Barkoula Nektaria-Marianthi
Published: January 2025

Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) with epoxy matrices are widely applied in high-performance structural applications and represent one of the biggest classes of materials with urgent need for end-of-life management. Available waste management methodologies for conventional thermoset composites with a focus on CFRPs are briefly reviewed and their limitations are highlighted. In the quest to obtain materials with mechanical performance, thermal stability, and sustainability, the research community has turned its interest to develop polymer composites with adaptable and dynamic networks in their matrix, and lately also at an interface/interphase level. The current review focuses on the life extension/waste management options that are opened through the introduction of covalent adaptable networks in the epoxy matrix of CFRPs. The processing conditions that are applied for the healing/repairing, welding/reshaping, and/or recycling of CFRPs are presented in detail, and compared based on the most common dynamic exchange reactions.
Exploitation of Perennial Plant Biomass for Particleboards Designed for Insulation Applications
Authors: Martyniak Danuta , Pędzik Marta , Żurek Grzegorz , Tomczak Karol , Gąsiorowski Ryszard , Komorowicz Magdalena , Janiszewska-Latterini Dominika
Published: January 2025

With rising demand for wood products and reduced wood harvesting due to the European Green Deal, alternative lignocellulosic materials for insulation are necessary. In this work, we manufactured reference particleboard from industrial particles and fifteen different board variants from alternative lignocellulosic plants material, i.e., five types of perennial plant biomass in three substitutions: 30, 50 and 75% of their share in the board with a nominal density of 250 kg/m3. Within the analysis of manufactured boards, the mechanical, chemical and thermal properties were investigated—internal bond, formaldehyde emissions, thermal insulation, heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity. In the case of thermal conductivity, the most promising results from a practical point of view (W/mK < 0.07) were obtained with Sida hermaphrodita and Miscanthus, achieving the best results at 50% substitution. The lowest formaldehyde emissions were recorded for boards with Panicum virgatum and Miscanthus, highlighting their positive environmental performance. In terms of mechanical properties, the highest internal bond was noticed in particleboards with a 30% substitution of Spartina pectinata and Miscanthus. Research findings confirm the potential of perennial plants as a sustainable source of raw materials for insulation panel manufacturing. Despite needing improvements in mechanical properties, most notably internal bond strength, these plants offer an ecologically responsible solution aligned with global construction trends, thus lessening reliance on traditional wood products. Thus, long-term benefits may be realized through the strategic combination of diverse raw materials within a single particleboard.
Large Deflection Analysis of Bimodular Functionally Graded Truncated Thin Conical Shells Under Mechanical and Thermal Loads
Authors: He Xiao-Ting , Luo Ming-Wei , Feng He-Hao , Sun Jun-Yi
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this study is to analyze the large deflection problem of bimodular functionally graded truncated thin conical shells under the transverse mechanical load and non-uniform thermal load, in which two different boundary constraints of the truncated shell with two ends simply supported and fully fixed are considered. It is assumed that the temperature distribution along the thickness direction satisfies the Fourier law of heat transfer, and the material properties change exponentially along the thickness direction while different properties in tension and compression are considered. The geometric equation of the conical shell is established based on the equivalent method of curvature correction of von-Kármán deformation theory, and the analytical solution of the problem is obtained by Ritz method. Numerical simulation of bimodular functionally graded conical shells under the thermal and mechanical loads is carried out by Abaqus, and the numerical solution agrees with the theoretical solution. The results show that the introduction of bimodular functionally graded material will affect the maximum displacement and this effect has different rules under the mechanical load and thermal load. In addition, factors such as the cone apex angle and the truncated distance have a great influence on the maximum displacement and its location of the conical shell.
Multiplanar Semicircular New-Generation Implant System Developed for Proximal Femur Periprosthetic Fractures: A Biomechanical Study
Authors: Satılmış Ahmet Burak , Ülker Ahmet , Uzunay Zafer , Cengiz Tolgahan , Temiz Abdurrahim , Yaşar Mustafa , Mutlu Tansel , Daşar Uygar
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate a newly designed semicircular implant for the fixation of Vancouver Type B1 periprosthetic femoral fractures (PFFs) in total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients. To determine its strength and clinical applicability, the new implant was compared biomechanically with conventional fixation methods, such as lateral locking plate fixation and a plate combined with cerclage wires. Materials and Methods: Fifteen synthetic femur models were used in this biomechanical study. A Vancouver Type B1 periprosthetic fracture was simulated by osteotomy 5 mm distal to the femoral stem. The models were divided into three groups: Group I (lateral locking plate fixation), Group II (lateral locking plate with cerclage wires), and Group III (new semicircular implant system). All fixation methods were subjected to axial loading, lateral bending, and torsional force testing using an MTS biomechanical testing device. Failure load and displacement were measured to assess stability. Results: The semicircular implant (Group III) demonstrated a significantly higher failure load (778.8 ± 74.089 N) compared to the lateral plate (Group I: 467 ± 68.165 N) and plate with cerclage wires (Group II: 652.4 ± 65.474 N; p < 0.001). The new implant also exhibited superior stability under axial, lateral bending, and torsional forces. The failure load for Group III was more robust, with fractures occurring at the screw level rather than plate or screw detachment. Conclusions: Compared to traditional fixation methods, the newly designed semicircular implant demonstrated superior biomechanical performance in stabilizing Vancouver Type B1 periprosthetic femoral fractures. It withstood higher physiological loads, offered better structural stability, and could be an alternative to existing fixation systems in clinical practice. Further studies, including cadaveric and in vivo trials, are recommended to confirm these results and assess the long-term clinical outcomes.
Risk Factor Analysis of Ski and Snowboard Injuries During the 2023/2024 Winter Season: A Single, High-Volume Trauma Center Database Analysis
Authors: Festini Capello Michele Paolo , Valpiana Pieralberto , Aloisi Giuseppe , Cristofolini Giovanni , Misselwitz Svea Caren , Petralia Giuseppe , Muselli Mario , Gioitta Iachino Salvatore , Schaller Christian , Indelli Pier Francesco
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the epidemiology of slope-related accidents in a high-volume trauma center during the winter season. In addition, this study aims to analyze patient-related, equipment-related, and environment-related characteristics. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire containing 22 items was distributed to all adult patients admitted to the emergency department of the Brixen Hospital (Italy) during the 2023/24 winter season because of a ski/snowboard-related injury. Results: The final database included 579 questionnaires from 579 patients who ultimately entered the study: 285 were females and 294 were males. The analysis of risk factors for fractures revealed that patients with fractures were generally older (50.7 ± 16.0 years) compared to those without fractures (45.4 ± 17.2 years, p = 0.0021). Thirty-six percent of injuries were considered as joint sprain/ligament strain: patients in this group were younger (45.5 ± 16.2 years) compared to all patients (48.3 ± 17.3 years, p = 0.0151). Conclusions: In conclusion, this study identified significant risk factors associated with skiing and snowboarding injuries. Fractures were more common among older and more experienced skiers, particularly those who described themselves as experts. Ligamentous distortions were more common among younger and less experienced skiers. Fatigue is generally underestimated, and the general physical preparation is often lacking for sports like skiing and snowboarding. Additionally, the absence of significant correlations between weather conditions, snow quality, equipment type, and the difficulty of the slope with injury risk suggests that individual factors such as age and skill level are more critical determinants of injury risk than environmental or equipment-related factors.
Exploring the Potential of AI-Assisted Technology in Joint Range-of-Motion Measurements: A Reliability Study
Authors: Lee Gisoo , Tan Eric W.
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives: Measuring joint range of motion (ROM) is essential for diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal diseases. However, most clinical measurements are conducted using conventional devices, and their reliability may significantly depend on the tester. This study implemented an RGB-D (red/green/blue-depth) sensor-based artificial intelligence (AI) device to measure joint ROM and compared its reliability with that of a universal goniometer (UG). Materials and Methods: A single-center study was conducted from January 2022 to December 2022 on participants visiting the Chung-nam National University Hospital to compare the reliability of the RGB-D sensor-based AI device with that of the UG for measuring ROM. The ROM of the shoulder, hip, and lumbar spine joints was measured in 35 healthy participants in our hospital. The ROM was measured during active motion by the participants in the standing position. The ROM was measured twice consecutively using the RGB-D sensor-based AI device, and the mean values were obtained along with other values. A clinician also measured the ROM twice using a UG. Bland–Altman analysis was performed to evaluate the reliability of the measurements, which was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). An ICC value greater than 0.90 indicates excellent reliability. Results: Both methods achieved good-to-excellent intra-test reliability results (ICC > 0.75) for all the joints, with the reliability being slightly higher for the RGB-D sensor-based AI method than for the UG measurements. Moreover, for both methods, the inter-test reliability was higher than good (ICC > 0.75) for shoulder and lumbar joint ROM measurements but lower than good (ICC < 0.75) for hip ROM measurements. Conclusions: This study compared the efficacies of the RGB-D sensor-based AI method and UG in measuring ROM. In the future, this RGB-D sensor-based AI method should be technologically improved, and the measurement methods and protocols should be standardized.
Correction: Robertson et al. Al3+ Modification of Graphene Oxide Membranes: Effect of Al Source. Membranes 2022, 12, 1237
Authors: Robertson Ellen J. , Stehle Yijing Y. , Hu Xiaoyu , Kilby Luke , Olsson Katelyn , Nguyen Minh , Cortez Rebecca
Published: January 2025

The authors wish to make a correction to the published paper [...]
Formability Assessment Based on Q-Value for Optimizing the Deep Drawing Process of Automotive Parts Made from Aluminum Alloys Sheet
Authors: Leelaseat Jidapa , Sunanta Aekkapon , Suranuntchai Surasak
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a novel Q-value-based formability assessment for optimizing deep drawing processes. The Q-value, derived from thinning limit diagrams (TLDs), uses offset thinning and wrinkling limit curves to define severity levels. It is calculated by summing the product of Pascal’s triangle weighting factors and normalized element counts within each severity level. The effectiveness of this Q-value assessment was demonstrated using experimentally validated finite element analysis (FEA) to optimize blank size, tool geometry, and drawbead design (male bead height and contra-bead radius) for a deep-drawn AA5754-O automotive fuel tank. Validation of FEA results with experimental thickness measurements showed that the Barlat and Lian 1989 yield criterion provided higher accuracy than Hill’s 1948 model. An optimal condition, determined using the Q-value, consists of a 430 mm × 525 mm blank formed by a redesigned tool cooperated with optimized semi-circular drawbead geometries, achieving experimental significant formability improvements by minimizing wrinkling and thinning. During optimization, this study revealed a significant interaction between blank width and length, which influenced formability. Side-wall wrinkles were attributed to insufficient tool support for the blank during forming and were relieved through tool redesign. Furthermore, increasing the male drawbead height effectively reduced wrinkling but led to increased thinning, whereas increasing the contra-bead radius had the opposite effect.
The Current Applications of Metabolomics in Understanding Endometriosis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Collie Blake , Troisi Jacopo , Lombardi Martina , Symes Steven , Richards Sean
Published: January 2025

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease that affects approximately 10–15% of reproductive-aged women worldwide. This debilitating disease has a negative impact on the quality of life of those affected. Despite this condition being very common, the pathogenesis is not well understood. Metabolomics is the study of the array of low-weight metabolites in a given sample. This emerging field of omics-based science has proved to be effective at furthering the understanding of endometriosis. In this systematic review, we seek to provide an overview of the application of metabolomics in endometriosis. We highlight the use of metabolomics in locating biomarkers for identification, understanding treatment mechanisms and symptoms, and relating external factors to endometriosis. The literature search took place in the Web of Science, Pubmed, and Google Scholar based on the keywords “metabolomics” AND “endometriosis” or “metabolome” AND “endometriosis”. We found 58 articles from 2012 to 2024 that met our search criteria. Significant alterations of lipids, amino acids, as well as other compounds were present in human and animal models. Discrepancies among studies of significantly altered metabolites make it difficult to make general conclusions on the metabolic signature of endometriosis. However, several individual metabolites were elevated in multiple studies of women with endometriosis; these include 3-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, phosphatidic acids, succinate, pyruvate, tetradecenoylcarnitine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine. Accordingly, L-isoleucine and citrate were reduced in multiple studies of women with endometriosis. Including larger cohorts, standardizing testing methods, and studying the individual phenotypes of endometriosis may lead to more separable results.
Separation of Inorganic Forms of Tellurium Using On-Site SPE Followed by ICP-MS or ICP-OES—The Right Solution for Water Monitoring
Authors: Kińska Katarzyna , Żelazko Barbara , Gajewska Olga , Borowska Magdalena , Sadowska Monika , Krasnodębska-Ostręga Beata
Published: January 2025

Tellurium, recognized as one of the technology-critical elements, should be considered as a xenobiotic. Its application, i.a. in the growing photovoltaic industry, raises concerns about Te(IV) and Te(VI) release to the environment. As both forms differ in mobility and toxicity, Te speciation should be included in water monitoring, but problems with speciation changes occurring during sampling, transport, and sample storage require the use of on-site separation of Te forms. A simple procedure based on solid phase extraction (SPE) with the anionic exchange mechanism (SAX, involving commercially available columns), followed by their quantification with elemental techniques, has a high potential for implementation in routine analysis. The proposed SPE-ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) method allows direct analysis of Te(VI) and Te(IV), with Te(IV) determined after elution from the column. The detection limits obtained for the 5.0 mL sample are 0.02 ng mL−1 and 0.05 ng mL−1 for Te(VI) and Te(IV), respectively. Hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (HG-ICP-OES) was used to control possible changes in tellurium speciation occurring during species isolation using SPE. The simple and fast water pretreatment proposed here offers the possibility of separating Te(IV) and Te(VI) at the sampling site, and the elution of Te(IV) does not have to be conducted on-site. Application to the river water and seawater matrix proved the feasibility of incorporating Te speciation analysis into routine water analysis.
Isolation and Bioactivity of Natural Products from Streptomyces sp. MA37
Authors: Maglangit Fleurdeliz , Fang Qing , Tabudravu Jioji N. , Kyeremeh Kwaku , Jaspars Marcel , Deng Hai
Published: January 2025

The isolation and characterization of bioactive metabolites from Streptomyces species continue to represent a vital area of research, given their potential in natural product drug discovery. In this study, we characterize a new siderophore called legonoxamine I, together with a known compound, streptimidone, from the talented soil bacterium Streptomyces sp. MA37, using chromatographic techniques and spectroscopic analysis. Legonoxamine I is a new holo-siderophore, which is likely to be a derailed product from the biosynthetic pathway of legonoxamine A. We also demonstrate that legonoxamine A possesses potent anticancer activity (IC50 = 2.2 µM), exhibiting a remarkable ~30-fold increase in potency against MCF-7 ATCC HTB-22 breast cancer cells compared to desferrioxamine B, a structural analogue of legonoxamine A (IC50 = 61.1 µM). Comparing the structural difference between legonoxamine A and desferrioxamine B, it is deduced that the phenylacetyl moiety in legonoxamine A may have contributed significantly to its enhanced potency. Our findings contribute to the growing library of Streptomyces-derived metabolites and underscore the genus’ potential as a promising source of lead compounds.
Multimodal Interaction, Interfaces, and Communication: A Survey
Authors: Dritsas Elias , Trigka Maria , Troussas Christos , Mylonas Phivos
Published: January 2025

Multimodal interaction is a transformative human-computer interaction (HCI) approach that allows users to interact with systems through various communication channels such as speech, gesture, touch, and gaze. With advancements in sensor technology and machine learning (ML), multimodal systems are becoming increasingly important in various applications, including virtual assistants, intelligent environments, healthcare, and accessibility technologies. This survey concisely overviews recent advancements in multimodal interaction, interfaces, and communication. It delves into integrating different input and output modalities, focusing on critical technologies and essential considerations in multimodal fusion, including temporal synchronization and decision-level integration. Furthermore, the survey explores the challenges of developing context-aware, adaptive systems that provide seamless and intuitive user experiences. Lastly, by examining current methodologies and trends, this study underscores the potential of multimodal systems and sheds light on future research directions.
Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults
Authors: Calder Philip C. , Kreider Richard B. , McKay Diane L.
Published: January 2025

Vitamin C is an antioxidant and is essential for immune function and infection resistance. Supplementation is necessary when a sufficient amount of vitamin C is not obtained through the diet. Alternative formulations of vitamin C may enhance its bioavailability and retention over traditional ascorbic acid. This systematic review consolidates the evidence on this and the effects on immunity and infection. A systematic literature search was conducted in October 2024 in Embase and Medline, focused on healthy adults (Population); oral forms of liposomal-encapsulated ascorbic acid, liposomal-encapsulated lipid metabolite ascorbic acid, calcium ascorbate, slow-release ascorbic acid, or lipid metabolite ascorbic acid (Intervention); compared to placebo/others (Comparison); in terms of bioavailability, absorption, vitamin C concentration in plasma, serum, and leukocytes, and impacts on tolerability, immunity, and infection (Outcome); and included randomized or non-randomized controlled trials, single-arm trials, and observational studies (Study design). Thirteen studies were included, several evaluating calcium ascorbate in combination with vitamin C metabolites, including L-threonate, referred to here as Calcium ascorbate EC (Ester C®; n = 7). No safety or tolerability concerns were noted with Calcium ascorbate EC vs. placebo or ascorbic acid. Calcium ascorbate EC showed better tolerability and fewer epigastric adverse events, improved quality of life, and induced favorable oxalate changes vs. ascorbic acid. Four studies reported leukocyte vitamin C concentration, some showing higher concentrations with Calcium ascorbate EC vs. ascorbic acid; seven reported more favorable plasma concentrations with the alternative forms over ascorbic acid or placebo; one reported higher serum vitamin C levels with vitamin C lipid metabolites than with Calcium ascorbate EC, calcium ascorbate, and ascorbic acid. No study reported retention in tissues. One study reported a favorable impact of Calcium ascorbate EC on immune parameters, and one found an association of Calcium ascorbate EC with fewer colds and a shorter duration of severe symptoms vs. placebo. Findings suggest that alternative vitamin C forms can improve leukocyte vitamin C, sometimes without affecting plasma levels. Most studies (77%) had a low risk of bias. In conclusion, the type and delivery modality of vitamin C can impact its bioavailability and functionality. Studies highlight the advantages of Calcium ascorbate EC over traditional ascorbic acid in terms of its tolerability and its potential to increase leukocyte vitamin C concentrations, crucial for immune function and protection against infection. However, further research is required to conclusively establish its effects on immune health.
Sarcopenia and Cardiogeriatrics: The Links Between Skeletal Muscle Decline and Cardiovascular Aging
Authors: Anagnostou Dimitrios , Theodorakis Nikolaos , Hitas Christos , Kreouzi Magdalini , Pantos Ioannis , Vamvakou Georgia , Nikolaou Maria
Published: January 2025

Sarcopenia, an age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, is increasingly recognized as a significant condition in the aging population, particularly among those with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the interplay between sarcopenia and cardiogeriatrics, emphasizing shared mechanisms such as chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging), hormonal dysregulation, oxidative stress, and physical inactivity. Despite advancements in diagnostic frameworks, such as the EWGSOP2 and AWGS definitions, variability in criteria and assessment methods continues to challenge standardization. Key diagnostic tools include dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) for muscle mass, alongside functional measures such as grip strength and gait speed. The review highlights the bidirectional relationship between sarcopenia and cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure, aortic stenosis, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which exacerbate each other through complex pathophysiological mechanisms. Emerging therapeutic strategies targeting the mTOR pathway, NAD+ metabolism, and senescence-related processes offer promise in mitigating sarcopenia’s progression. Additionally, integrated interventions combining resistance training, nutritional optimization, and novel anti-aging therapies hold significant potential for improving outcomes. This paper underscores critical gaps in the evidence, including the need for longitudinal studies to establish causality and the validation of advanced therapeutic approaches in clinical settings. Future research should leverage multi-omics technologies and machine learning to identify biomarkers and personalize interventions. Addressing these challenges is essential to reducing sarcopenia’s burden and enhancing the quality of life for elderly individuals with comorbid cardiovascular conditions. This synthesis aims to guide future research and promote effective, individualized management strategies.
Efficacy of N-Acetylcysteine in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Viña Isabel , Viña Juan R. , Carranza Macarena , Mariscal Gonzalo
Published: January 2025

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age and requires better treatment. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is known to be beneficial under such conditions owing to its antioxidant potential and insulin-sensitizing properties. The effect of NAC on the reproductive outcomes of PCOS patients was examined in this meta-analysis. Methods: In accordance with PRISMA standards, this meta-analysis included studies that compared N-acetylcysteine, metformin, clomiphene citrate, and a placebo in patients with POCS. The main indicators were follicular growth, endometrial thickness, and hormone level. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane ROB2 tool. Results: Twenty-two studies (n = 2515) were included. NAC was associated with a statistically significant increase in progesterone (SMD 0.95, 95% CI: 0.13–1.77, p = 0.02) and endometrial thickness (SMD 0.58, 95% CI: 0.10–1.06, p = 0.02) compared to the placebo and other drugs (SMD 0.71, 95% CI: 0.48–0.94, p < 0.0001). LH levels were significantly increased by NAC compared to metformin (SMD 0.67, 95% CI: 0.23–1.12, p = 0.003). However, no significant differences were observed in the estradiol, SHBG, or FSH levels. Conclusions: NAC had a major effect on progesterone, endometrial thickness, and LH levels in women with PCOS. Therefore, it may be a potential treatment option.
Experience with a Self-Management Education Program for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Flora Marília Costa , Barros Luísa , Malheiro Maria Isabel Dias da Costa
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Adolescents with type 1 diabetes face complex challenges associated with the disease, underscoring the importance of developing self-management skills. This study examined participants’ perspectives on a type 1 diabetes self-management education program. Methods: Focus group interviews were conducted with 32 adolescents with type 1 diabetes who participated in the program and six expert patients. Both thematic analysis and content analysis were conducted using NVIVO software, version 1.6.1. Results: Two dimensions emerged: expert patient roles and program evaluation. Expert patient roles were viewed positively, with an emphasis on responsibility, sharing experiences, and being a role model. Program evaluation emphasized peer-to-peer sharing and educational sessions, with increased knowledge of the disease and management strategies. Expert patients also benefited from the program by developing a sense of responsibility, serving as role models for adolescents, and improving their disease self-management. Conclusions: The adolescents emphasized that the program was a learning tool and the expert patient’s view of their role emerges, highlighting modelling as a facilitator of learning and of the responsibility and commitment of the mentors. This study reinforces the benefits of peer-to-peer interaction in a camp setting, including rich experiences.
Molecular Markers for the Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Trypanosoma cruzi: A Quantitative Review
Authors: Ramírez-Delgado David , Flores-López Carlos Alberto
Published: January 2025

Trypanosoma cruzi is the parasite responsible for Chagas disease, which has a significant amount of genetic diversification among the species complex. Many efforts are routinely made to characterize the genetic lineages of T. cruzi circulating in a particular geographic area. However, the genetic loci used to typify the genetic lineages of T. cruzi have not been consistent between studies. We report a quantitative analysis of the phylogenetic power that is acquired from the commonly used genetic loci that are employed for the typification of T. cruzi into its current taxonomic nomenclature. Based on three quantitative criteria (the number of phylogenetic informative characters, number of available reference sequences in public repositories, and accessibility to DNA sequences for their use as outgroup sequences), we examine and discuss the most appropriate genetic loci for the genetic typification of T. cruzi. Although the mini-exon gene is by far the locus that has been most widely used, it is not the most appropriate marker for the typification of T. cruzi based on the construction of a resolved phylogenetic tree. Overall, the mitochondrial COII-NDI locus stands out as the best molecular marker for this purpose, followed by the Cytochrome b and the Lathosterol oxidase genes.
Inferring Tripartite Associations of Vector-Borne Plant Pathogens Using a Next-Generation Sequencing Approach
Authors: Gabrys Ava M. , Dietrich Christopher H. , Trivellone Valeria
Published: January 2025

Phytoplasmas are a group of plant-pathogenic, cell-wall-less bacteria vectored primarily by leafhoppers (Hemiptera Cicadellidae), one of the most diverse families of insects. Despite the importance of documenting associations between phytoplasmas, their insect vectors, and plant hosts to prevent disease outbreaks, such knowledge is currently highly incomplete and largely neglects the diversity of the system in natural areas. Here, we used anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) to recover the DNA of five plant genes (rbcL, matK, ITS1, ITS2, and trnH-psbA) in 58 phloem-feeding leafhoppers from around the world that had previously tested positive for phytoplasma infection. Using BLASTn and a strict filtering approach, we assigned taxonomic classifications to the plant sequences and tested for cophylogenetic signals between potential Deltocephalinae leafhopper vectors and their associated plants. We observed incongruence between plant and insect phylogenies. Many leafhopper species, including presumed grass specialists, fed on distantly related plant lineages; 66% of sampled leafhoppers fed on plants from at least two different orders. By disentangling phytoplasma–leafhopper–plant interactions, we identify locations at risk of phytoplasma disease outbreaks. Furthermore, the observed wide diet breadth raises questions about how phytoplasma infection may manipulate the feeding preference of their insect host and helps fill the gaps in understanding the ecology and diversification of the tripartite association.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activity of RuCp(II) Complexes Bearing (Iso)nicotinic Acid Based Ligands
Authors: Marques Bárbara , Engrácia Diogo M. , Machado João Franco , Coelho Jaime A. S. , Mendes Filipa , Morais Tânia S.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Cancer remains one of the major challenges of our century. Organometallic ruthenium complexes are gaining recognition as a highly promising group of compounds in the development of cancer treatments. Methods: Building on the auspicious results obtained for [Ru(η5-C5H5)(PPh3)(bipy)][CF3SO3] (TM34), our focus has shifted to examining the effects of incorporating bioactive ligands into the TM34 framework, particularly within the cyclopentadienyl ring. Results: In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of two new ruthenium(II) complexes with the general formula [Ru(η5-C5H4CCH3=R)(PPh3)(bipy)][CF3SO3], where R represents a nicotinic acid derivative (NNHCO(py-3-yl)) (1) or an isoniazid derivative (NNHCO(py-4-yl)) (2). The complexes were fully characterized using a combination of spectroscopic techniques and computational analysis, revealing the presence of E/Z-hydrazone isomerism. Stability studies confirmed the robustness of both complexes in biological media, with compound 1 maintaining good stability in buffer solutions mimicking physiological (pH 7.4) and tumor-like (pH 6.8) environments. The cytotoxicity of the complexes was evaluated in vitro in several human cancer cell lines, namely melanoma (A375), alveolar adenocarcinoma (A549), epidermoid carcinoma (A431), and breast cancer (MDA-MB 231). Conclusions: Both compounds exhibited moderate to high cytotoxic activity, with complex 1 showing a greater propensity to induce cell death, particularly in the A431 and MDA-MB 231 cell lines.
Current Status of Gout Arthritis: Current Approaches to Gout Arthritis Treatment: Nanoparticles Delivery Systems Approach
Authors: Herdiana Yedi , Wardhana Yoga Windhu , Kurniawansyah Insan Sunan , Gozali Dolih , Wathoni Nasrul , Sofian Ferry Ferdiansyah
Published: January 2025

The deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals within joint spaces produces a painful inflammatory condition known as gout, a specific form of arthritis. The condition calls for a combined curative and preventive management model. A new development in the approach to gout is that of NLRP3-targeted biologic agents, such as monoclonal therapies, to provide more accurate treatment by blocking specific pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nanoparticle drug delivery enhances biological availability and delivery to targets, which may increase therapeutic efficacy and decrease general toxicity. The preventive approach again cannot be ignored, mainly keeping up certain modifications in diet and weight, along with pharmacological therapies to reduce uric acid (UA) levels and to decrease the frequency of acute attacks. The advancement of genetic profiling of patients and biomarker discoveries drives the trend towards building individualized medicine and care, quickly gaining ground as the most effective method of delivering treatments to individual patients, moving away from one-size-fits-all treatments. The following paper aims to provide an updated account of the management of gout with a focus on recent developments, in order to enhance these approaches, the quality of life for patients with gout, and the standard of gout treatment.
Coherent Optics for Passive Optical Networks: Flexible Access, Rapid Burst Detection, and Simplified Structure
Authors: Yang Guangying , Zhu Yixiao , Zhang Ziheng , Man Lina , Huang Xiatao , Huang Xingang , Hu Weisheng
Published: January 2025

With the development of the Internet of Things, cloud networking, and 4K/8K high-definition video, global internet traffic has seen a dramatic increase. This surge in traffic has placed higher demands on the performance of optical networks, featuring higher data rates, lower latency, and lower cost. The passive optical network (PON) is a representative scenario of optical access networks. Issues such as burst-mode detection in upstream PON scenarios, flexible rate allocation in downstream scenarios, and the simplification of hardware complexity at the optical network unit (ONU) side have attracted considerable attention. Compared to intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD), a recently proposed coherent PON incorporates a local oscillator laser at the receiver, enabling superior receiver sensitivity, spectrally efficient modulation, linear optical field recovery, and flexible channel selection. These features significantly enhance the flexibility and data rates of PON systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the development of coherent PONs, particularly in aspects of preamble design for burst-mode detection in upstream scenarios, the design of flexible rate PONs in downstream scenarios, and solutions for reducing hardware complexity at the ONU side.
Prohexadione Calcium Improves Rice Yield Under Salt Stress by Regulating Source–Sink Relationships During the Filling Period
Authors: Deng Rui , Zheng Dianfeng , Feng Naijie , Khan Aaqil , Zhang Jianqin , Sun Zhiyuan , Li Jiahuan , Xiong Jian , Ding Linchong , Yang Xiaohui , Huang Zihui , Liao Yuecen
Published: January 2025

Salt stress is an important factor affecting the growth and development of rice, and prohexadione calcium (Pro-Ca) plays an important role in alleviating rice salt stress and improving rice yield. However, there are few studies on how Pro-Ca improves rice yield under salt stress by regulating the source–sink metabolism. In this study, we used Guanghong 3 (salt-tolerant variety) and Huanghuazhan (salt-sensitive variety) as experimental materials to investigate the dynamic changes in the synthesis and partitioning of nonstructural carbohydrates among source–sink, the dynamic changes in related enzyme activities, the effects of the source–sink metabolism on yield in rice under salt stress and the effect of Pro-Ca during the filling period. The results of this study showed that Pro-Ca improved photosynthetic efficiency by increasing leaf photosynthetic gas exchange parameters and other stomatal factors on the one hand and, on the other hand, promoted sugar catabolism and reduced sugar synthesis by increasing leaf sucrose synthase activity and decreasing sucrose phosphate synthase activity, alleviating the inhibitory effect of high concentrations of sugars in the leaves on photosynthesis. Meanwhile, Pro-Ca promotes the transport of sugars from source (leaves) to sink (seeds), increases the sugar content in the seeds, and promotes starch synthesis in the seeds by increasing starch phosphorylase, which promotes seed filling, thus increasing the number of solid grains on the primary and secondary branches of the panicle in rice, increasing the 1000-grain weight, and ultimately increasing the seed setting rate and yield. These results indicated that Pro-Ca alleviated the inhibitory effect of salt stress on rice leaf photosynthesis through stomatal and non-stomatal factors. Meanwhile, Pro-Ca promotes the transport of rice sugars from source to sink under salt stress, regulates the source–sink relationship during the filling period of rice, promotes starch synthesis, and ultimately improves rice yield.