bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Successful Therapy of Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis with Astrakurkurone, a Triterpene Isolated from the Mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus, Involves the Induction of Protective Cell-Mediated Immunity and TLR9
Authors: Mallick Suvadip , Dutta Aritri , Chaudhuri Ankur , Mukherjee Debasri , Dey Somaditya , Halder Subhadra , Ghosh Joydip , Mukherjee Debarati , Sultana Sirin Salma , Biswas Gunjan , Lai Tapan Kumar , Patra Pradyumna , Sarkar Indranil , Chakraborty Sibani , Saha Bhaskar , Acharya Krishnendu , Pal Chiranjib
Published: February 2016

In our previous report, we showed that astrakurkurone, a triterpene isolated from the Indian mushroomAstraeus hygrometricus(Pers.) Morgan, induced reactive oxygen species, leading to apoptosis inLeishmania donovanipromastigotes, and also was effective in inhibiting intracellular amastigotes at the 50% inhibitory concentration of 2.5 μg/ml. The aim of the present study is to characterize the associated immunomodulatory potentials and cellular activation provided by astrakurkurone, leading to effective antileishmanial activityin vitroandin vivo. Astrakurkurone-mediated antileishmanial activity was evaluated by real-time PCR and flow cytometry. The involvement of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) was studied byin vitroassay in the presence of a TLR9 agonist and antagonist and byin silicomodeling of a three-dimensional structure of the ectodomain of TLR9 and its interaction with astrakurkurone. Astrakurkurone caused a significant increase in TLR9 expression ofL. donovani-infected macrophages along with the activation of proinflammatory responses. The involvement of TLR9 in astrakurkurone-mediated amastigote killing has been evidenced from the fact that a TLR9 agonist (CpG, ODN 1826) in combination with astrakurkurone enhanced the amastigote killing, while a TLR9 antagonist (bafilomycin A1) alone or in combination with astrakurkurone curbed the amastigote killing, which could be further justified byin silicoevidence of docking between mouse TLR9 and astrakurkurone. Astrakurkurone was found to reduce the parasite burdenin vivoby inducing protective cytokines, gamma interferon and interleukin 17. Moreover, astrakurkurone was nontoxic toward peripheral blood mononuclear cells of immunocompromised patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Astrakurkurone, a nontoxic antileishmanial, enhances the immune efficiency of host cells, leading to parasite clearancein vitroandin vivo.
Effects of B Cell Depletion on Early Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Phuah Jiayao , Wong Eileen A. , Gideon Hannah P. , Maiello Pauline , Coleman M. Teresa , Hendricks Matthew R. , Ruden Rachel , Cirrincione Lauren R. , Chan John , Lin Philana Ling , Flynn JoAnne L.
Published: February 2016

Although recent studies in mice have shown that components of B cell and humoral immunity can modulate the immune responses againstMycobacterium tuberculosis, the roles of these components in human and nonhuman primate infections are unknown. The cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) model ofM. tuberculosisinfection closely mirrors the infection outcomes and pathology in human tuberculosis (TB). The present study used rituximab, an anti-CD20 antibody, to deplete B cells inM. tuberculosis-infected macaques to examine the contribution of B cells and humoral immunity to the control of TB in nonhuman primates during the acute phase of infection. While there was no difference in the overall pathology, disease profession, and clinical outcome between the rituximab-treated and untreated macaques in acute infection, analyzing individual granulomas revealed that B cell depletion resulted in altered local T cell and cytokine responses, increased bacterial burden, and lower levels of inflammation. There were elevated frequencies of T cells producing interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-10, and IL-17 and decreased IL-6 and IL-10 levels within granulomas from B cell-depleted animals. The effects of B cell depletion varied among granulomas in an individual animal, as well as among animals, underscoring the previously reported heterogeneity of local immunologic characteristics of tuberculous granulomas in nonhuman primates. Taken together, our data clearly showed that B cells can modulate the local granulomatous response inM. tuberculosis-infected macaques during acute infection. The impact of these alterations on disease progression and outcome in the chronic phase remains to be determined.
Identification of Antigenic Glycans from Schistosoma mansoni by Using a Shotgun Egg Glycan Microarray
Authors: Mickum Megan L. , Prasanphanich Nina Salinger , Song Xuezheng , Dorabawila Nelum , Mandalasi Msano , Lasanajak Yi , Luyai Anthony , Secor W. Evan , Wilkins Patricia P. , Van Die Irma , Smith David F. , Nyame A. Kwame , Cummings Richard D. , Rivera-Marrero Carlos A.
Published: February 2016

Infection of mammals by the parasitic helminth
Schistosoma mansoni
induces antibodies to glycan antigens in worms and eggs, but the differential nature of the immune response among infected mammals is poorly understood. To better define these responses, we used a shotgun glycomics approach in which N-glycans from schistosome egg glycoproteins were prepared, derivatized, separated, and used to generate an egg shotgun glycan microarray. This array was interrogated with sera from infected mice, rhesus monkeys, and humans and with glycan-binding proteins and antibodies to gather information about the structures of antigenic glycans, which also were analyzed by mass spectrometry. A major glycan antigen targeted by IgG from different infected species is the FLDNF epitope [Fucα3GalNAcβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAc-R], which is also recognized by the IgG monoclonal antibody F2D2. The FLDNF antigen is expressed by all life stages of the parasite in mammalian hosts, and F2D2 can kill schistosomula
in vitro
in a complement-dependent manner. Different antisera also recognized other glycan determinants, including core β-xylose and highly fucosylated glycans. Thus, the natural shotgun glycan microarray of schistosome eggs is useful in identifying antigenic glycans and in developing new anti-glycan reagents that may have diagnostic applications and contribute to developing new vaccines against schistosomiasis.
Reinterpreting Long-Term Evolution Experiments: Is Delayed Adaptation an Example of Historical Contingency or a Consequence of Intermittent Selection?
Authors: Roth John R. , Maisnier-Patin Sophie
Published: February 2016

Van Hofwegen et al. demonstrated that
Escherichia coli
rapidly evolves the ability to use citrate when long selective periods are provided (D. J. Van Hofwegen, C. J. Hovde, and S. A. Minnich, J Bacteriol 198:1022–1034, 2016,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00831-15
). This contrasts with the extreme delay (15 years of daily transfers) seen in the long-term evolution experiments of Lenski and coworkers. Their idea of “historical contingency” may require reinterpretation. Rapid evolution seems to involve selection for duplications of the whole
cit
locus that are too unstable to contribute when selection is provided in short pulses.
Dynamic Remodeling of the Magnetosome Membrane Is Triggered by the Initiation of Biomineralization
Authors: Cornejo Elias , Subramanian Poorna , Li Zhuo , Jensen Grant J. , Komeili Arash
Published: February 2016

Magnetotactic bacteria produce chains of membrane-bound organelles that direct the biomineralization of magnetic nanoparticles. These magnetosome compartments are a model for studying the biogenesis and subcellular organization of bacterial organelles. Previous studies have suggested that discrete gene products build and assemble magnetosomes in a stepwise fashion. Here, using an inducible system, we show that the stages of magnetosome formation are highly dynamic and interconnected. During
de novo
formation, magnetosomes first organize into discontinuous chain fragments that are subsequently connected by the bacterial actin-like protein MamK. We also find that magnetosome membranes are not uniform in size and can grow in a biomineralization-dependent manner. In the absence of biomineralization, magnetosome membranes stall at a diameter of ~50 nm. Those that have initiated biomineralization then expand to significantly larger sizes and accommodate mature magnetic particles. We speculate that such a biomineralization-dependent checkpoint for membrane growth establishes the appropriate conditions within the magnetosome to ensure successful nucleation and growth of magnetic particles.

IMPORTANCE
Magnetotactic bacteria make magnetic nanoparticles inside membrane-bound organelles called magnetosomes; however, it is unclear how the magnetosome membrane controls the biomineralization that occurs within this bacterial organelle. We placed magnetosome formation under inducible control in
Magnetospirillum magneticum
AMB-1 and used electron cryo-tomography to capture magnetosomes in their near-native state as they form
de novo
. An inducible system provided the key evidence that magnetosome membranes grow continuously unless they have not properly initiated biomineralization. Our finding that the size of a bacterial organelle impacts its biochemical function is a fundamental advance that impacts our perception of organelle formation and can inform future attempts aimed at creating designer magnetic particles.
Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy among inpatients with diabetes: the diabetic retinopathy inpatient study (DRIPS)
Authors: Kovarik Jessica J , Eller Andrew W , Willard Lauren A , Ding Jiaxi , Johnston Jann M , Waxman Evan L
Published: February 2016

Objective

To determine the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in the inpatient diabetic population in the USA and to determine the barriers to ophthalmic examinations and treatment among this population.

Research design and methods

A cross-sectional analysis of 113 inpatients with diabetes mellitus admitted to an inner city community teaching hospital in Pittsburgh. Digital fundus photographs of the posterior pole were taken of each eye after pharmacological dilation. Presence, absence and severity of diabetic retinopathy and macular edema were graded on the basis of internationally accepted criteria. An investigator-administered questionnaire and review of the medical record were used to obtain data about patient demographics, clinical characteristics and barriers to ophthalmic care. The association between these data and the presence of diabetic retinopathy was tested.

Results

The estimated prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the inpatient population was 44% (95% CI 34% to 53%). The prevalence of previously undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy and sight-threatening retinopathy was 25% (95% CI 17% to 33%) and 19% (95% CI 11% to 26%), respectively. Renal disease was independently associated with the presence of diabetic retinopathy (OR, 3.86; 95% CI 1.22 to 12.27), as well as a longer duration of diabetes (OR, 1.08 per year; 95% CI 1.014 to 1.147). Diabetic retinopathy was seen in 15 of 17 patients admitted with diabetic foot ulcers or osteomyelitis. Frequently reported barriers to ophthalmic examinations included lack of transportation and physical disability.

Conclusions

The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in the inpatient population is likely significantly higher than in the general diabetic population in the USA. These patients have barriers to care that need to be addressed to make standard of care ophthalmic examinations and treatment possible in this population.
Population-level trends in the distribution of body mass index in England, 1992–2013
Authors: Green M A , Subramanian S V , Razak F
Published: February 2016

Background

Changes over time of mean body weight or prevalence of overweight and obesity have been well documented. Less consideration has been given to describing the distribution to these changes particularly by socioeconomic status and sex.

Methods

We use data from the Health Survey for England for the years 1992–2013 to calculate the median, 5th and 95th centiles, and SD of body mass index (BMI). We tested differences using analysis of variance and quantile regression. Analyses were stratified by sex and level of education.

Results

There have been increases in the SD of BMI values over the period. While median BMI has increased, there has been a larger increase of the 95th centile. These trends were consistent by sex and level of education, although significant differences were observed in values.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that changes in median BMI over time do not reflect changes in the distribution of BMI. Failing to understand the distribution of body weight in the population will hamper our projections of future patterns, as well as our ability to design effective public health strategies.
Effects of a worksite tobacco control intervention in India: the Mumbai worksite tobacco control study, a cluster-randomised trial
Authors: Sorensen Glorian , Pednekar Mangesh , Cordeira Laura Shulman , Pawar Pratibha , Nagler Eve M , Stoddard Anne M , Kim Hae-Young , Gupta Prakash C
Published: February 2016

Objectives

We assessed a worksite intervention designed to promote tobacco control among workers in the manufacturing sector in Greater Mumbai, India.

Methods

We used a cluster-randomised design to test an integrated health promotion/health protection intervention, the Healthy, Safe, and Tobacco-free Worksites programme. Between July 2012 and July 2013, we recruited 20 worksites on a rolling basis and randomly assigned them to intervention or delayed-intervention control conditions. The follow-up survey was conducted between December 2013 and November 2014.

Results

The difference in 30-day quit rates between intervention and control conditions was statistically significant for production workers (OR=2.25, p=0.03), although not for the overall sample (OR=1.70; p=0.12). The intervention resulted in a doubling of the 6-month cessation rates among workers in the intervention worksites compared to those in the control, for production workers (OR=2.29; p=0.07) and for the overall sample (OR=1.81; p=0.13), but the difference did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate the potential impact of a tobacco control intervention that combined tobacco control and health protection programming within Indian manufacturing worksites.

Trial registration number

NCT01841879.
Overview of Accelerator Applications for Security and Defense
Authors: Antolak Arlyn J.
Published: February 2016

Particle accelerators play a key role in a broad set of defense and security applications, including war-fighter and asset protection, cargo inspection, nonproliferation, materials characterization, and stockpile stewardship. Accelerators can replace the high activity radioactive sources that pose a security threat to developing a radiological dispersal device, and, can be used to produce isotopes for medical, industrial, and research purposes. An overview of current and emerging accelerator technologies relevant to addressing the needs of defense and security is presented.
Hand Injury in Rock Climbing: Literature Review
Authors: Pozzi A. , Pivato G. , Pegoli L.
Published: February 2016

With the amazing increasing in number of participants, rock climbing has become a popular sport in the last decade. A growing number of participants, with different skill level, inevitably leads to an increased number of injuries related to this practice. The kind of lesions that can be observed in rock-climbers is very specific and often involves the hand. For this reason is very important for any hand surgeon that is exposed to sport injuries to know which and the most common injuries related to this sport and which are the basic principles for the treatment of those. The aim of this article is to review the literature that has been published in the last ten year in this topic. On the NCBI database 22 articles where found that where related to rock climbing lesion affecting the hand or the whole body. Differences where found according to kind of rock climbing activity that was analyzed, alpine climb leads to more serious injuries, often affecting the lower limb, while in sport and recreational rock climbing the upper limb and the hand are definitely the most affected parts. Flexor pulley lesions, followed by fractures and strains are the most common lesions affecting the hand that are related to this practice.
Intramedullary Nail Fixation for Displaced and Unstable Distal Radial Fractures in Patients Aged 65 Years or Older
Authors: Wakasugi Takuma , Shirasaka Ritsuro
Published: February 2016

Background: Distal radius fractures in elderly patients are now commonly treated with a volar locking plate, but flexor pollicis longus dysfunction caused by stripping of the muscle and tendon irritation and rupture caused by prominence of the implant have been reported. Intramedullary implants can stabilize distal radius fractures while minimally affecting the flexor and extensor tendons and muscles around the site, but osteoporosis in elderly patients might affect the radiographic and functional results of distal radius fractures treated by intramedullary implants. We investigated the radiographic and functional results of intramedullary implants for distal radius fractures in patients ≥65 years of age.

Methods: We reviewed medical records of 40 patients with extra-articular or simple intra-articular fractures with the sagittal fracture line treated by an intramedullary implant.

Results: All fractures achieved bony union, with an average radial inclination of 24.9 degrees, volar tilt of 9.2 degrees, and ulnar variance of 0.7 mm. We encountered one case of postoperative volar displacement of the distal fragment due to the small size of the intramedullary implant. The average range of motion was 69.8 and 59.9 degrees for dorsal and palmar wrist flexion, respectively. Average percentile grip strength of the uninjured side was 97%. The average Mayo modified wrist score at final follow-up was 91.9 points, with 20 patients graded as excellent, 16 as good, and 4 as fair.

Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that intramedullary implants for dorsally displaced extra-articular or simple intraarticular distal radius fractures may offer good radiological and functional outcomes without hardware irritation in elderly patients. Distal radius fractures with an osteoporotic, large medullary canal should be stabilized by implants of an appropriate size.
The Anatomical Relationship Between the Dorsal Cutaneous Branch of the Ulnar Nerve and the Ulnar Styloid Process with Variations in Forearm Position
Authors: Jung Hyung Suk , Lee Yong Beom , Lee Jae Sung
Published: February 2016

Background: There are significant variations in the anatomy of the dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve (DCBUN). The DCBUN is at risk for iatrogenic injury during surgeries around the ulnar side of the wrist. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the relationship between the ulnar styloid process and the DCBUN and to confirm the DCBUN's change in location with different forearm positions.

Methods: We examined 9 fresh frozen cadaveric limbs to establish the course of this nerve. The DCBUN was dissected and traced around the ulnar border of the wrist. The distance from the tip of the ulnar styloid process to the origin of the DCBUN was measured. The distances from the ulnar styloid process to the DCBUN were measured in supination, pronation, and in a neutral position of the forearm.

Results: The DCBUN originated on average 4.92 cm proximal to the ulnar styloid process. In all cases, the DCBUN crossed the ulnar distal to ulnar styloid process and it moved more closely to the ulnar styloid process with a forearm position change from supination to pronation.

Conclusions: We recommend making a skin incision on the ulnar side around the styloid process with the forearm in supination or neutral position was another method to avoid injury of DCBUN.
Intraosseous Ganglion Cyst of Scaphoid: An Uncommon Cause of Radial Wrist Pain
Authors: Salunke Abhijeet Ashok , Singh Saranjeet , Kanani Himanshu , Chokshi Jimmy , Nambi G.I. , Raval Pradyumna , Vala Pathik , Jain Shantanu , Chaudhari Sanjay , Patel Amit , Panchal Ramesh
Published: February 2016

Intraosseous ganglion cyst is a rare bone tumor and the lesion could often be missed. The diagnosis could be delayed so proper radiologic investigation and index of suspicion is necessary .Differential diagnoses of painful cystic radiolucent carpal lesion are osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma and intraosseous ganglion. Curettage of the scaphoid lesion and filling of void with bone graft provides good functional outcomes. The cyst contains mucoid viscous material without epithelial or synovial lining. We present a case of 30 years old male with intraosseous ganglion cyst of scaphoid which was treated with curettage and bone grafting. Rarely ganglion cyst is found in small bones of hand and should be considered as differential diagnosis of chronic radial wrist pain.
Innovations in Canine and Feline Nutrition: Technologies for Food and Nutrition Assessment
Authors: de Godoy Maria R.C. , Hervera Marta , Swanson Kelly S. , Fahey George C.
Published: February 2016

Pet owners have increasing concerns about the nutrition of their pets, and they desire foods and treats that are safe, traceable, and of high nutritive value. To meet these high expectations, detailed chemical composition characterization of ingredients well beyond that provided by proximate analysis will be required, as will information about host physiology and metabolism. Use of faster and more precise analytical methodology and novel technologies that have the potential to improve pet food safety and quality will be implemented. In vitro and in vivo assays will continue to be used as screening tools to evaluate nutrient quality and adequacy in novel ingredients prior to their use in animal diets. The use of molecular and high-throughput technologies allows implementation of noninvasive studies in dogs and cats to investigate the impact of dietary interventions by using systems biology approaches. These approaches may further improve the health and longevity of pets.
T Cell Response in Patients with Implanted Biological and Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valves
Authors: Barbarash L. , Kudryavtsev I. , Rutkovskaya N. , Golovkin A.
Published: February 2016

The study was aimed at assessing T cell subsets of peripheral blood from recipients of long-term functioning (more than 60 months) biological and mechanical heart valve prostheses. The absolute and relative number of CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets was analyzed: naïve (N, CD45RA+CD62L+), central memory (CM, CD45RA−CD62L+), effector memory (EM, CD45RA−CD62L−), and terminally differentiated CD45RA-positive effector memory (TEMRA, CD45RA+CD62L−) in 25 persons with biological and 7 with mechanical prosthesis compared with 48 apparently healthy volunteers. The relative and absolute number of central memory and naïve CD3+CD8+in patients with biological prosthesis was decreased (p<0.001). Meanwhile the number of CD45RA+CD62L−CD3+CD8+and CD3+CD4+was increased (p<0.001). Patients with mechanical prosthesis had increased absolute and relative number of CD45RA+CD62L−CD3+CD8+cells (p=0.006). Also the relative number of CD3+CD4+cells was reduced (p=0.04). We assume that altered composition of T cell subsets points at development of xenograft rejection reaction against both mechanical and biological heart valve prostheses.
Characteristics of Silicon Dioxide Particles in PCVD Synthesizing Silica Glass Process
Authors: Sun Yuancheng , Song Xuefu , Du Xiurong , Zhang Xiaoqiang , Wang Hui
Published: February 2016

SiO2nanoparticles in PCVD process were investigated by SEM, TEM, and optical emission spectra (OES). There are large spherical SiO2particles with diameter of 50–200 nm and more small particles about 10–50 nm in PCVD process. Size of SiO2particles is influenced by distance and feeding speed but not electron temperature. The amount of large spherical SiO2particles decreases with the increase of distance and decrease of feeding speed due to lower concentration. In addition, the evolution of SiO2particles was inferred from the experimental results.
Immunologic Changes Implicated in the Pathogenesis of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Kronbichler Andreas , Leierer Johannes , Oh Jun , Meijers Björn , Shin Jae Il
Published: February 2016

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a histological pattern on renal biopsy caused by diverse mechanisms. In its primary form, a circulatory factor is implicated in disease onset and recurrence. The natural history of primary FSGS is unpredictable, since some patients are unresponsive towards immunosuppressive measures. Immunologic changes, leading to a proinflammatory or profibrotic milieu, have been implicated in disease progression, namely, glomerular scarring, eventually leading to end-stage renal disease. Among these, interleukin-1ß, tumor-necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) have emerged as important factors. Translating these findings into clinical practice dampened the enthusiasm, since both TNF-αand TGF-ß1 blockade failed to achieve significant control of the disease. More recently, a role of the complement system has been demonstrated which in fact may be another attractive target in clinical practice. Rituximab, blocking CD20-bearing cells, demonstrated conflicting data regarding efficacy in FSGS. Finally, the T-cell costimulating molecule B7-1 (CD80) is implicated in development of proteinuria in general. Blockade of this target demonstrated significant benefits in a small cohort of resistant patients. Taken together, this review focuses on immunology of FSGS, attributable to either the disease or progression, and discusses novel therapeutic approaches aiming at targeting immunologic factors.
Discovery of Naturally Etched Fission Tracks and Alpha-Recoil Tracks in Submarine Glasses: Reevaluation of a Putative Biosignature for Earth and Mars
Authors: French Jason E. , Blake David F.
Published: February 2016

Over the last two decades, conspicuously “biogenic-looking” corrosion microtextures have been found to occur globally within volcanic glass of thein situoceanic crust, ophiolites, and greenstone belts dating back to ~3.5 Ga. These so-called “tubular” and “granular” microtextures are widely interpreted to representbona fidemicrobial trace fossils; however, possible nonbiological origins for these complex alteration microtextures have yet to be explored. Here, we reevaluate the origin of these enigmatic microtextures from a strictly nonbiological standpoint, using a case study on submarine glasses from the western North Atlantic Ocean (DSDP 418A). By combining petrographic and SEM observations of corrosion microtextures at the glass-palagonite interface, considerations of the tectonic setting, measurement of U and Th concentrations of fresh basaltic glass by ICP-MS, and theoretical modelling of the present-day distribution of radiation damage in basaltic glass caused by radioactive decay of U and Th, we reinterpret these enigmatic microtextures as the end product of the preferential corrosion/dissolution of radiation damage (alpha-recoil tracks and fission tracks) in the glass by seawater, possibly combined with pressure solution etch-tunnelling. Our findings have important implications for geomicrobiology, astrobiological exploration of Mars, and understanding of the long-term breakdown of nuclear waste glass.
Imaging Findings of Duodenal Duplication Cyst Complicated with Duodenal Intussusception and Biliary Dilatation
Authors: Torres Diez Eduardo , Pellón Dabén Raúl , Crespo Del Pozo Juan , González Sánchez Francisco José
Published: February 2016

Duodenal duplication cyst is an extremely rare congenital anomaly usually diagnosed in childhood. However, it may remain asymptomatic for a long period. In adults it usually manifests with symptoms related to complications as pancreatitis, jaundice, or intussusception. We present the radiology findings of a patient with a duodenal intussusception secondary to a duplication cyst. The usefulness of the magnetic resonance (MR) in this case is highlighted.
Mathematical Models in Humanitarian Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Habib Muhammad Salman , Lee Young Hae , Memon Muhammad Saad
Published: February 2016

In the past decade the humanitarian supply chain (HSC) has attracted the attention of researchers due to the increasing frequency of disasters. The uncertainty in time, location, and severity of disaster during predisaster phase and poor conditions of available infrastructure during postdisaster phase make HSC operations difficult to handle. In order to overcome the difficulties during these phases, we need to assure that HSC operations are designed in an efficient manner to minimize human and economic losses. In the recent times, several mathematical optimization techniques and algorithms have been developed to increase the efficiency of HSC operations. These techniques and algorithms developed for the field of HSC motivate the need of a systematic literature review. Owing to the importance of mathematical modelling techniques, this paper presents the review of the mathematical contributions made in the last decade in the field of HSC. A systematic literature review methodology is used for this paper due to its transparent procedure. There are two objectives of this study: the first one is to conduct an up-to-date survey of mathematical models developed in HSC area and the second one is to highlight the potential research areas which require attention of the researchers.
Potential for Application of Retroreflective Materials instead of Highly Reflective Materials for Urban Heat Island Mitigation
Authors: Yuan Jihui , Emura Kazuo , Farnham Craig
Published: February 2016

Research on urban heat island (UHI) mitigation has been carried out globally. Several strategies have been proposed or developed to mitigate UHI, including highly reflective (HR) envelopes of buildings, green roofs, urban vegetation, shading, heat sinks, and air-conditioning efficiency. Among these techniques, HR envelopes have been extensively studied as an effective method to mitigate the UHI effect by reducing energy consumption. However, because most of HR materials are diffusive, HR envelopes applied to vertical surfaces can reflect both onto roads and nearby buildings. Additionally, HR roofs cannot reflect all incoming solar radiation to the sky if there are high buildings around it. Thus, HR materials applied as building envelopes have a limited effect against the solar contribution to the UHI. In order to solve this problem, retroreflective (RR) materials, which reflect the solar radiation back towards the source, have been studied and developed to be applied as building envelopes instead of HR materials. This paper summarizes several previous researches on HR envelopes and cool roofs and summarizes several current researches on RR materials. The potential for application of RR envelopes in cities is proposed with consideration of economic and environmental factors.
Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in Gastrointestinal and Pancreatobiliary Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Fugazza Alessandro , Gaiani Federica , Carra Maria Clotilde , Brunetti Francesco , Lévy Michaël , Sobhani Iradj , Azoulay Daniel , Catena Fausto , de’Angelis Gian Luigi , de’Angelis Nicola
Published: February 2016

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an endoscopic-assisted technique developed to obtain histopathological diagnoses of gastrointestinal and pancreatobiliary diseases in real time. The objective of this systematic review is to analyze the current literature on CLE and to evaluate the applicability and diagnostic yield of CLE in patients with gastrointestinal and pancreatobiliary diseases. A literature search was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane Oral Health Group Specialized Register, using pertinent keywords without time limitations. Both prospective and retrospective clinical studies that evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, or accuracy of CLE were eligible for inclusion. Of 662 articles identified, 102 studies were included in the systematic review. The studies were conducted between 2004 and 2015 in 16 different countries. CLE demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus, gastric neoplasms and polyps, colorectal cancers in inflammatory bowel disease, malignant pancreatobiliary strictures, and pancreatic cysts. Although CLE has several promising applications, its use has been limited by its low availability, high cost, and need of specific operator training. Further clinical trials with a particular focus on cost-effectiveness and medicoeconomic analyses, as well as standardized institutional training, are advocated to implement CLE in routine clinical practice.
G-CSF Administration after the Intraosseous Infusion of Hypertonic Hydroxyethyl Starches Accelerating Wound Healing Combined with Hemorrhagic Shock
Authors: Huang Hong , Liu Jiejie , Hao Haojie , Tong Chuan , Ti Dongdong , Liu Huiling , Song Haijing , Jiang Chaoguang , Fu Xiaobing , Han Weidong
Published: February 2016

Objective.To evaluate the therapeutic effects of G-CSF administration after intraosseous (IO) resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock (HS) combined with cutaneous injury rats.Methods.The rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) HS with resuscitation (blank), (2) HS with resuscitation + G-CSF (G-CSF, 200 μg/kg body weight, subcutaneous injection), (3) HS with resuscitation + normal saline solution injection (normal saline), and (4) HS + G-CSF injection without resuscitation (Unres/G-CSF). To estimate the treatment effects, the vital signs of alteration were first evaluated, and then wound closure rates and homing of MSCs and EPCs to the wound skins and vasculogenesis were measured. Besides, inflammation and vasculogenesis related mRNA expressions were also examined.Results.IO infusion hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch (HHES) exhibited beneficial volume expansion roles and G-CSF administration accelerated wound healing 3 days ahead of other groups under hemorrhagic shock. Circulating and the homing of MSCs and EPCs at wound skins were significantly elevated at 6 h after G-CSF treatment. Inflammation was declined since 3 d while angiogenesis was more obvious in G-CSF treated group on day 9.Conclusions.These results suggested that the synergistical application of HHES and G-CSF has life-saving effects and is beneficial for improving wound healing in HS combined with cutaneous injury rats.
Morphology and Optical Investigations of InAs-QD/GaAs Heterostructures Obtained by Ion-Beam Sputtering
Authors: Chebotarev S. N. , Pashchenko A. S. , Irkha V. A. , Lunina M. L.
Published: February 2016

A new ion-beam sputtering technique for obtaining self-assembled InAs quantum dots on GaAs (001) substrates is proposed. The current paper demonstrates that a temperature increase in a range from 450 to 550°C at ion current of 120 μA and energy of 150 eV leads to an expansion of average sizes of InAshut-quantum dots. According to atomic force and electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and capacity-voltage measurements it was found that an increase of ion-beam current from 60 to 120 μA at a temperature of 500°C and energy of 150 eV slightly enlarges the average sizes of quantum dots from 15 nm to 18 nm while their dispersion is about 30%. At a current of 180 μA a surface density is1.3·1011 cm−2, but under these conditions there is a very high dispersion of quantum dots up to 50%.
In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation of Colon-Targeted Compression-Coated Tablets
Authors: Maity Siddhartha , Kundu Amit , Karmakar Sanmoy , Sa Biswanath
Published: February 2016

This study was performed to assess and correlate in vitro drug release with in vivo absorption of prednisolone (PDL) from a colon-targeted tablet prepared by compression coating of core tablet. In vivo drug absorption study was conducted using a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method, which was developed and validated for the estimation of PDL in rabbit plasma. The calibration curve showed linearity in the concentration range of 0.05 to 50 μg/mL with the correlation coefficient (r) of 0.999. The method was specific and sensitive with the limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 31.89±1.10 ng/mL and 96.63±3.32 ng/mL, respectively. The extraction recovery (ER) of PDL from three different levels of quality control (QC) samples ranged from 98.18% to 103.54%. In vitro drug release study revealed that less than 10% drug was released in 6.34 h and almost complete (98.64%) drug release was achieved in the following 6 h. In vivo drug absorption study demonstrated lower values of Cmax, AUCtotal, and protracted Tmax from compression-coated tablet. The results confirmed the maximum release of drug in the colon while minimizing release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). An excellent in vitro and in vivo correlation (IVIVC) was also achieved after considering the lag time.
Performance Characterization of Polymer Modified Asphalt Binders and Mixes
Authors: Saboo Nikhil , Kumar Praveen
Published: February 2016

Fatigue sensitivity of four different asphalt binders and three different asphalt mixes was evaluated in the study. Binders were subjected to Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) test at three temperatures of 10, 20, and 30°C. Four-point beam bending test (4PBBT) was conducted on the asphalt mixes at a temperature of 20°C for strain amplitudes varying from 200 to 1000 microstrains. Tests like retained Marshall Stability and indirect tensile strength (ITS) were also carried out to judge the mix performance. Experimental studies demonstrated that elastomeric modified binder and mixes gave the best performance in fatigue. Plastomeric modification was found to be highly strain susceptible and resulted in poor fatigue performance. The fatigue life of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) was found to be almost five times higher than the dense graded mixes. For similar strain levels, the results of LAS test could be linearly correlated with the 4PBBT results.
Green’s Functions for Heat Conduction for Unbounded and Bounded Rectangular Spaces: Time and Frequency Domain Solutions
Authors: Simões Inês , Tadeu António , Simões Nuno
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a set of fully analytical solutions, together with explicit expressions, in the time and frequency domain for the heat conduction response of homogeneous unbounded and of bounded rectangular spaces (three-, two-, and one-dimensional spaces) subjected to point, line, and plane heat diffusion sources. Particular attention is given to the case of spatially sinusoidal, harmonic line sources. In the literature this problem is often referred to as the two-and-a-half-dimensionalfundamental solutionor 2.5D Green’s functions. These equations are very useful for formulating three-dimensional thermodynamic problems by means of integral transforms methods and/or boundary elements. The image source technique is used to build up different geometries such as half-spaces, corners, rectangular pipes, and parallelepiped boxes. The final expressions are verified here by applying the equations to problems for which the solution is known analytically in the time domain.
Successful Use of Plasma Exchange in the Treatment of Corticosteroid-Refractory Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Associated with Gastrointestinal Manifestations
Authors: Tsujimoto Kohei , Yagita Masato , Taniguchi Masashi , Fujita Masaaki
Published: February 2016

We describe the case of a 33-year-old woman having corticosteroid-refractory eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) who presented with abdominal pain and responded dramatically to plasma exchange. Eosinophilia, asthma history, neuropathy, pulmonary infiltrates, and paranasal sinus abnormalities confirmed the diagnosis of EGPA. Treatment was initiated with 1 g/day of methylprednisolone pulse therapy for 3 days followed by 60 mg/day of intravenous prednisolone without relieving abdominal pain. Then, plasma exchange was performed thrice. Abdominal pain disappeared after the first plasma exchange. Indication of plasma exchange for EGPA remains controversial; however, it may represent a valid option in cases with gastrointestinal involvement.
Impact of an Innovative Classroom-Based Lecture Series on Residents’ Evaluations of an Anesthesiology Rotation
Authors: Tanaka Pedro , Yanez David , Lemmens Hendrikus , Djurdjulov Adam , Scotto Lena , Borg Lindsay , Walker Kim , Bereknyei Merrell Sylvia , Macario Alex
Published: February 2016

Introduction. Millennial resident learners may benefit from innovative instructional methods. The goal of this study is to assess the impact of a new daily, 15 minutes on one anesthesia keyword, lecture series given by faculty member each weekday on resident postrotation evaluation scores.Methods. A quasi-experimental study design was implemented with the residents’ rotation evaluations for the 24-month period ending by 7/30/2013 before the new lecture series was implemented which was compared to the 14-month period after the lecture series began on 8/1/2013. The primary endpoint was “overall teaching quality of this rotation.” We also collected survey data from residents at clinical rotations at two other different institutions during the same two evaluation periods that did not have the education intervention.Results. One hundred and thirty-one residents were eligible to participate in the study. Completed surveys ranged from 77 to 87% for the eight-question evaluation instrument. On a 5-point Likert-type scale the mean score on “overall teaching quality of this rotation” increased significantly from 3.9 (SD 0.8) to 4.2 (SD 0.7) after addition of the lecture series, whereas the scores decreased slightly at the comparison sites.Conclusion. Rotation evaluation scores for overall teaching quality improved with implementation of a new structured slide daily lectures series.
Irradiance Scintillation Index for a Gaussian Beam Based on the Generalized Modified Atmospheric Spectrum with Aperture Averaged
Authors: Gao Chao , Li Yang , Li Yiming , Li Xiaofeng
Published: February 2016

This paper investigates the aperture-averaged irradiance scintillation index of a Gaussian beam propagating through a horizontal path in weak non-Kolmogorov turbulence. Mathematical expressions are obtained based on the generalized modified atmospheric spectrum, which includes the spectral power law value of non-Kolmogorov turbulence, the finite inner and outer scales of turbulence, and other optical parameters of the Gaussian beam. The numerical results are conducted to analyze the influences of optical parameters on the aperture-averaged irradiance scintillation index for different Gaussian beams. This paper also examines the effects of the irradiance scintillation on the performance of the point-to-point optical wireless communication system with intensity modulation/direct detection scheme.
A Unified Algorithm for Virtual Desktops Placement in Distributed Cloud Computing
Authors: Zhang Jiangtao , Zhang Lingmin , Huang Hejiao , Wang Xuan , Gu Chonglin , He Zhixiang
Published: February 2016

Distributed cloud has been widely adopted to support service requests from dispersed regions, especially for large enterprise which requests virtual desktops for multiple geodistributed branch companies. The cloud service provider (CSP) aims to deliver satisfactory services at the least cost. CSP selects proper data centers (DCs) closer to the branch companies so as to shorten the response time to user request. At the same time, it also strives to cut cost considering both DC level and server level. At DC level, the expensive long distance inter-DC bandwidth consumption should be reduced and lower electricity price is sought. Inside each tree-like DC, servers are trying to be used as little as possible so as to save equipment cost and power. In nature, there is a noncooperative relation between the DC level and server level in the selection. To attain these objectives and capture the noncooperative relation, multiobjective bilevel programming is used to formulate the problem. Then a unified genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the problem which realizes the selection of DC and server simultaneously. The extensive simulation shows that the proposed algorithm outperforms baseline algorithm in both quality of service guaranteeing and cost saving.
Targeting Adenine Nucleotide Translocase-2 (ANT2) to Overcome Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Jang Ji-Young , Kim Yong-goo , Nam Soo Jeong , Keam Bhumsuk , Kim Tae Min , Jeon Yoon Kyung , Kim Chul Woo
Published: February 2016

EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) therapy has achieved favorable clinical outcomes in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR mutations. However, patients eventually develop resistance to EGFR-TKIs by several mechanisms. Adenine nucleotide translocase-2 (ANT2) is an oncogenic mitochondrial membrane–associated protein. We investigated the therapeutic potential of ANT2 inhibition to EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC using gefitinib-sensitive (PC9 and HCC827) and gefitinib-resistant (H1975 and HCC827/GR) NSCLC cell lines. ANT2 was inhibited by transfecting cells with an ANT2-specific shRNA. ANT2 expression was elevated in the H1975 and HCC827/GR cells compared with the PC9 and HCC827 cells. ANT2 upregulation in gefitinib-resistant cells was associated with increased SP1 binding to the ANT2 promoter. ANT2-specific shRNA decreased NSCLC cell viability. Moreover, ANT2-specific shRNA sensitized the H1975 and HCC827/GR cells to gefitinib, accompanied by HSP90 and EGFR downregulation. ANT2-specific shRNA also inactivated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the H1975 and HCC827/GR cells, which was mediated by the suppression of miR-221/222 levels and by the subsequent restoration of PTEN. In EGFR-TKI–treated NSCLC patients, ANT2 expression was higher in patients exhibiting poor responses compared with patients showing excellent responses. Furthermore, ANT2 expression increased in tumor tissues biopsied after acquiring gefitinib resistance compared with tissues before gefitinib treatment. These findings suggest that ANT2 overexpression contributes to EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC and that ANT2 targeting may be considered a novel strategy for overcoming this resistance. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(6); 1387–96. ©2016 AACR.
Severe Neonatal Anaemia, MRI Findings and Neurodevelopmental Outcome
Authors: Zonnenberg Inge A. , Vermeulen R. Jeroen , Rohaan Maartje W. , van Weissenbruch Mirjam M. , Groenendaal Floris , de Vries Linda S.
Published: February 2016

Background and Objective: Severe neonatal anaemia can impair cerebral oxygen supply. Data on long-term outcomes following severe neonatal anaemia are scarce. Methods: Clinical data and neurodevelopmental outcome of 49 (near) term infants with haemoglobin concentration after birth <6.0 mmol/l were retrospectively collected and analysed. In a subgroup of 28 patients, amplitude-integrated EEG was available and in 25 infants cerebral MRI was obtained. Infants were followed up at 14-35 months of age and assessed with the Griffiths Scale of Mental Development or Bayley Scale of Infant Development. Results: Eighteen patients (37%) died during the neonatal period. In 25 patients MRI was performed. A predominant pattern of injury on MRI was seen in the basal ganglia and thalami in 7 patients (28%), whereas some form of white matter injury was present in 16 (64%) and a combination in 3 (12%). Follow-up data were available for 26 patients (84% of survivors). Formal assessment of neurodevelopmental outcome was performed in 20 of 31 (65%) infants who survived (median age: 19 months, range: 14-35). Sixteen infants (80%) had a developmental quotient appropriate for age in the first 2 years after birth. On motor outcome, 1 patient (5%) scored below average (Z-score -1.10). One patient developed cerebral palsy. Conclusion: Early neurodevelopmental outcome in surviving patients with severe neonatal anaemia was within the normal range in the majority of the survivors. MRI showed mild-to-moderate white matter injury in two thirds of the infants. Prospectively collected data with a longer follow-up period are needed.