bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards unraveling antimicrobial resistance dynamics: A longitudinal exploration of rectal swab metagenomes
Authors: Boutin Sébastien , Käding Nadja , Belheouane Meriem , Merker Matthias , Rupp Jan , Nurjadi Dennis
Published: July 2024

The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses significant challenges in clinical settings. In particular, early screening and detection of colonization by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in patients at admission is crucial. In this context, the clinical use of metagenomics (mNGS) holds promise for fast and untargeted diagnostic methods. Here, we aimed to evaluate the long-term stability of the rectal microbiome and the diagnostic accuracy of mNGS in comparison to culture and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of MDROs.
We analyzed rectal swabs from 26 patients with two consecutive admissions over a four-year period. The detected antimicrobial resistance genes and assembled metagenomes were compared to those obtained via classical culture-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing and WGS of isolated MDROs.
Our results showed that the rectal microbiome is variable during the two timepoints, with a β-diversity greater in magnitude than what is currently known for the gut microbiome, highlighting the variability in the niche. Nevertheless, we also observed strong co-occurrence of taxa, suggesting that the rectal swab microbiome is also a regulated niche with cooperative biotic interactions. In total, we isolated and sequenced 6 MDROs from 6 patients at individual timepoints. Almost all AMR genes from the genomes of the isolates (median: 100%, range: 84.6-100%) could be detected by mNGS of the rectal swabs. Thus, in patients with positive cultures, we could not detect the isolated MDRO species or associated AMR genes at all screening visits. In addition, we detected AMR genes and pathogenic species in patients with negative cultures.
In conclusion, our study showed that, in principle, mNGS of rectal swabs can detect clinically relevant AMR profiles. However, the cooccurrence of AMR genes and pathogenic species does not always correlate with culture-based diagnostic results but rather indicates a potential risk of horizontal AMR gene transfer. However, it is unclear whether the observed discrepancies are due to transient or locally confined colonization of MDROs, limits of detection, or variability of the sampling method and specimens.
Assessment of maternal body composition change and its relationship with heavy-for-date infants in pregnant women with diabetes
Authors: Eto Eriko , Kirino Satoe , Kato Masakazu , Kuriyama Chiaki , Sakata Syujiro , Oishi Keiichi , Suemori Ayano , Nakato Hikari , Oba Hikaru , Mitoma Tomohiro , Mishima Sakurako , Ohira Akiko , Maki Jota , Masuyama Hisashi
Published: July 2024

Maternal hyperglycemia is associated with heavy-for-date (HFD) infants. Considering the association between body composition and hyperglycemia, we examined the changes in maternal body composition and their relationship with HFD infants in pregnant women with diabetes. Body composition was measured during pregnancy and postpartum. 151 women participated in this retrospective study, including 8.6%, 45%, 29.1%, and 17.3% underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese individuals, respectively. 16.6%, 13.9%, 68.2%, and 1.3% had Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), Type 2 DM, gestational DM, and overt DM, respectively. Of these 26.5% gave birth to HFD infants. In underweight, normal weight, and overweight groups, maternal body weight gain (WG) increased during pregnancy and decreased to postpartum. However, the obese group showed no significant change during pregnancy. Maternal body weight decreased in initial pregnancy compared to that pre-pregnancy in all BMI groups, and decreased postpartum compared to pre-pregnancy in overweight and obese groups. Overall, fat mass (FM) did not increase during pregnancy in women with treated diabetes, and WG was mainly caused by FFM increase in both the obese and non-obese groups. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that WG and FFM in the third trimester can predict HFD infants in pregnant women with diabetes.
Antenatal Risk of Coarctation for newborns at Hartford Hospital (ARCH) Pathway: A Predictor of Postnatal Management Strategy
Authors: Wang Alicia , Cummins Matthew , Flerlage Elizabeth , Toro-Salazar Olga , Brimacombe Michael , Davey Brooke T.
Published: July 2024

Background:
The diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta (CoA) prior to birth can be challenging due to the physiologic changes during postnatal transition. Prenatal risk stratification can standarize postnatal management and improve outcome. CT Children’s Fetal Cardiology created the Antenatal Risk of CoA in Hartford (ARCH) clinical pathway defining four distinct postnatal order sets based on degree of suspicion for ductal dependency on fetal evaluation: low, low-moderate, moderate-high, and high risk. This study aims to evaluate safety and efficacy of the ARCH pathway in neonates with suspected CoA.
Study Design:
This study was a single-center, retrospective chart review evaluating maternal-infant dyads with findings concerning for CoA between July 2004 and July 2021, before and after ARCH pathway implementation. Neonates were evaluated for the presence or absence of critical CoA and postnatal clinical data were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using chi square and Fisher’s exact test.
Results:
There were 108 maternal-infant dyads studied, comprising 53 non-pathway patients and 55 ARCH-pathway participants. Thirty-three neonates had critical CoA, comprising 23 non-pathway and 10 ARCH-pathway subjects. Patients categorized in the high-risk group were highly associated with critical CoA (P= 0.003). Non-pathway neonates with CoA demonstrated higher likelihood of hospital transfer compared to ARCH-pathway neonates (56.5% vs 10.0%, P = 0.021). NICU admission, prostaglandin administration, and intubation were not significantly different between before and after ARCH implementation (P <0.05). More echocardiograms were performed in ARCH-pathway neonates without CoA than their non-pathway counterparts (1.586 vs 2.133, P = 0.049).
Conclusion:
The ARCH pathway is a safe, reliable prenatal risk stratification system to help guide management of patients with critical CoA. These results identify effective targets of modification to the pathway to reduce resource utilization without compromising safety.
Proteomic analysis of plasma exosomes in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhong Zhaoyue , Ji Jiayin , Li Hongxia , Kang Ling , Zhu Haipeng
Published: July 2024

Background: The diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer has been a research priority and challenge, especially metastatic colorectal cancer. Here we screened for the expression differences of plasma exosomal proteome among patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), and healthy controls (HC) in order to enhance the understanding of metastatic disease and provide insights for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer.
Methods: Plasma samples from 5 patients with mCRC, 5 patients with CRC, and 5 healthy subjects were collected and processed to isolate exosomes by ultracentrifugation. Then, the protein concentration was determined with the BCA kit. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was utilized to identify and analyze the proteins within the plasma exosomes.
Results: We isolated exosomes from plasma samples.A total of 994 quantifiable proteins were detected, including 287 differentially expressed proteins were identified by quantitative proteomics analyses. Among them, 965, 963 and 968 proteins were identified in mCRC patients, CRC patients and HC, respectively. The study identified 83 proteins with differential expression in the plasma exosomes of mCRC patients. The top ten up-regulated proteins in the mCRC group and CRC group included ITGA4, GNAI1, SFTPA2, UGGT, GRN, LBP, SMIM1, BMP1, HMGN5, and MFAP4, while the top ten down-regulated proteins were PSMB8, LCK, RAB35, PSMB4, CD81, CD63, GLIPR2, RAP1B, RAB30, and CES1. Western Blot Analysis validation data confirmed that ITGA4 and GNAI1 were unequivocally enriched in plasma-derived exosomes from mCRC patients.
Conclusions: The differentially expressed proteins in the metastatic colorectal cancer group and colorectal cancer group may play a crucial role in colorectal cancer metastasis. These differential proteins offering potential new candidate molecules for further research on the pathogenesis of mCRC and the identification of therapeutic targets. This study sheds light on the potential significance of plasma exosome proteomics in understanding and treating metastatic colorectal cancer.
Assessing the intracranial metabolic score as a novel prognostic tool in immunocompetent primary CNS lymphoma patients with end-of-treatment 18F-FDG PET/CT and PET/MR
Authors: Mo Yi Wen , Li Yong Jiang , Huang Yu Qian , Chen Ming Shi , Zhou Chao , Li Xin Ling , Wei Yuan , Li Ru Ping , Fan Wei , Zhang Xu
Published: July 2024

Background
The metabolic response of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) patients has yet to be evaluated, and Deauville scoring (DS) is not suitable for brain PET/MR. This study aimed to assess the prognostic value of a novel scoring scale, the intracranial metabolic score (IMS), in PCNSL patients receiving end-of-treatment 18F-FDG PET/CT (EOT-PCT) and PET/MR (EOT-PMR).
Methods
The IMS was determined based on the metabolism of normal intracranial structures, including gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. The EOT-PCT cohort was evaluated using the IMS and DS. Another cohort of patients who underwent surgery via the EOT-PMR was used to validate the accuracy of the IMS.
Results
In total, 38 patients were enrolled in the PET/CT cohort, while 45 patients were enrolled in the PET/MR cohort. The area under the curve (AUC) values of the IMS for predicting 3-year PFS and 3-year OS were superior to those of the DS. When patients in the PET/CT cohort were stratified into five groups (respectively labeled IMS 1–5), three groups (IMS1-2, IMS 3–4, and IMS 5), or two groups (IMS1-3 and IMS4-5; IMS 1–4 and IMS 5), a higher IMS score was significantly correlated with poorer PFS and OS (p < 0.001). Similar results were observed for PFS in the PET/MR cohort (p < 0.001). The IMS and DS scale were found to be independent prognostic indicators for PFS and OS in the PET/CT cohort, and the IMS was identified as the sole independent prognostic indicator for PFS in the PET/MR cohort.
Conclusion
The IMS as a novel and effective prognostic tool for PCNSL patients, showing superior predictive value for patient outcomes compared to the DS when assessed with EOT-PET scans.
Realistic subject-specific simulation of resting state scalp EEG based on physiological model
Authors: Bénard Adrien , Maliia Dragos-Mihai , Yochum Maxime , Ersöz Elif Köksal , Houvenaghel Jean-François , Wendling Fabrice , Sauleau Paul , Benquet Pascal
Published: July 2024

Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings are widely used in neuroscience to identify individual-specific signatures. Understanding the cellular origins of scalp EEG signals and their spatiotemporal changes during resting state (RS) in humans is challenging. The objective of this study was to simulate individual-specific spatiotemporal features of RS EEG and measure the degree of similarity between real and simulated EEG. Using a physiologically grounded whole-brain computational model that simulates interregional cortical circuitry, realistic individual EEG recordings during RS of three healthy subjects were created. The model included interconnected neural mass modules simulating activities of different neuronal subtypes, including pyramidal cells and four types of GABAergic interneurons. High-definition EEG and source localization were used to delineate the cortical extent of alpha and beta-gamma rhythms. To assess the realism of the simulated EEG, we developed a similarity index based on cross-correlation analysis in the frequency domain across different bipolar derivations. Alpha oscillations were produced by strengthening the somatostatin-pyramidal loop in posterior regions, while beta-gamma oscillations were generated by increasing the excitability of parvalbumin-interneurons on pyramidal neurons in anterior regions. The generation of realistic individual RS EEG rhythms represents a significant advance for research fields requiring data augmentation, including brain-computer interfaces and artificial intelligence training.
Higher hair cortisol levels associated with previous cardiovascular events and cardiovascular risks in a large cross-sectional population study
Authors: Faresjö Åshild , Theodorsson Elvar , Stomby Andreas , Quist Helena , Jones Mike , Östgren Carl Johan , Dahlqvist Per , Faresjö Tomas
Published: July 2024

Background
. Stress is today a common feature of patients seeking medical care and a growing public health issue in society. A method has been developed to measure biological chronic stress, by Hair Cortisol Concentrations (HCC). This biomarker for chronic stress, capture information about cumulative cortisol levels over a course of several months. Long-term stress might be one of the factors contributing to the onset of cardiovascular conditions and also affecting different risk factors. The aim of this study was to analyse the association between Hair Cortisol Concentrations and previous cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular risk factors.
Methods
The method of measuring chronic stress by Hair Cortisol Concentration was applied in a large Swedish national observational cross-sectional study. A population-based random sample of N = 4,821 Swedish middle-aged men and women was analysed for hair cortisol levels in relation to diagnosed previous cardiovascular diseases and biologically measured cardiovascular risk factors.
Results
Long-term stress, measured by hair cortisol, was significantly associated with the classical cardiovascular risk factors hypertension and high cholesterol, but not smoking. Those with elevated HCC levels also had a significantly increased pre-history of myocardial infarction, type 2 diabetes, atrial fibrillation and by-pass surgery, but not regarding stroke, angina pectoris or sleep apnoea. Higher HCC was significantly associated (p < 0.001) with Body mass index and waist circumference, but only for females. HCC was also associated with the risk markers leukocytes, and high-sensitivity CRP, indicating a possible linkage between HCC and inflammation and hypothetically also the bodily immune defense. No association was found between perceived stress and HCC.
Conclusions
Altogether, these analyses of Hair cortisol levels in a large middle-aged population show that chronically elevated cortisol levels represent a relevant and significant factor associated with cardiovascular diseases and classical cardiovascular risk factors. These findings further indicate a linkage between chronic stress and inflammation and hypothetically also the bodily immune defense.
Assessment of delamination occurrence in the drilling process of the carbon fiber/PEI composite
Authors: Silva Carolina , Silva Thiago , Guimaraes Alessandro , Kondo Marcel , Alves Manoel , Rezende Mirabel
Published: July 2024

Among the types of composite materials, those with thermoplastic matrices have gained importance due to their potential for recycling, lower manufacturing costs, and exceptional impact resistance. However, the machining process of composite materials differs significantly from that used for metals due to their non-homogeneous and anisotropic nature, making the process much more complex and challenging. Moreover, in many cases, the fibers used as reinforcement are highly abrasive, which significantly affects the machining process. Among structural thermoplastic composites, those based on polyetherimide (PEI) matrix show excellent potential for applications in structures with high-performance requirements. This study aims to determine the best drilling parameters to introduce open-hole in specimens of PEI reinforced with continuous carbon fibers (CF) with a minimum delamination. To achieve this, four different cutting tools with different materials and geometries (carbide tool 118°, carbide tool 140°, diamond tool 90°, and carbide tool with two-point angles 90° and 118°) were tested, along with three rotational speeds (4000, 6000, and 8000 rpm) combined with three distinct feed rates (0.025, 0.038, and 0.050 mm/rev) using a full factorial experimental design. A statistical analysis of variance and Tukey’s test were applied to determine the influence of the parameters and to identify the best machining parameters as well as those most suitable for minimizing delamination. The obtained results showed that the damage in the entrance of the hole is influenced by the rotation and geometry of tools, which are bigger for higher rotation, and also by the point angle of the tool, with the 140°-point angle showing less damage than the 118°-point angle. For the exit of the hole, the only variable that directly influenced the outcome was the tool type. The results show that the diamond tool for hole entry/exit has superior finishing. The delamination results at the entrance and exit of the hole indicate that the best drilling parameters are rotation of 4000 rpm, diamond cutting tool with a point angle of 90°, in any of the conditions tested.
Knowledge, attitude, and factors associated with household chemical safety practices among caregivers of children in Kampala; a mixed methods study
Authors: Akello Trophy , Nakalembe Doreen , Galiwango Jovan , Nalugya Aisha , Wejuli Junior Mike , Tamale Bridget Nagawa , Kansiime Winnie K. , Nakiggala Joana , Mugambe Richard K. , Isunju John Bosco , Ssekamatte Tonny
Published: July 2024

To date, there is widespread use of household chemical products. However, more about caregiver knowledge, attitudes, and chemical safety practices needs to be known, as they are primarily responsible for children's safety, health, and well-being. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach embedded in a mixed-methods sequential explanatory study design to explore knowledge, attitude, and chemical safety practices among caregivers of children. Over 67.8% (261/385) of caregivers exhibited poor chemical safety practices. Poor chemical safety practices were associated with being aged 25–35 years (APR: 1.22, 95% CI: (1.00-1.50), p = 0.048), awareness of the practices that increase the risk of exposure to HCPs (APR: 0.83, 95%CI: (0.71–0.96), p = 0.017), knowing whether chemical poisoning could be prevented or not (APR: 0.81, 95%CI: (0.67–0.97), p = 0.027), agreeing to usually checking product labels for warnings and instructions before using HCPs (APR: 0.83, 95% CI: (0.73–0.95), p = 0.009), agreeing that proper ventilation was necessary when using household chemicals (APR: 0.83, 95% CI: (0.73–0.95), p = 0.009), and feeling confident that one can respond effectively in case of a chemical poisoning emergency (APR: 0.82, 95%CI: (0.72–0.93), p = 0.003). Overall, caregivers of children exhibited poor chemical safety practices. There is a need for enhanced investment in health education training programs on chemical safety.
Impact of lipodystrophy syndrome on the quality of life of patients receiving antiretroviral treatment: a cross-sectional, observational study
Authors: Oliveira Jair Caetano , Mayitondelua Nzuzi , Buccio Isabela Pietra , Kruppa Mariele , Ignácio Sérgio Aparecido , Camargo Elisa Souza , Schaia Juliana , Souza Paulo Henrique Couto , Azevedo-Alanis Luciana Reis , Macedo Nayara Flores
Published: July 2024

To evaluate the impact of lipodystrophy syndrome on the quality of life (QoL) of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The Sociodemographic and Clinical Health Characterization Form for PLWHA, Quality of Life Assessment Scale, and Self-Perceived Body Changes Questionnaire were administered to subjects with a confirmed diagnosis of HIV infection, receiving antiretroviral therapy for ≥ 6 months. Facial examination was performed to obtain Facial Lipoatrophy Index (FLI). The Student's t-test and chi-squared test were applied using a significance level of 5%. Of the 95 subjects, 77.89% were male, 62.11% identified as homosexual, and 52.63% were < 40 years. Seventy-three (76.84%) subjects reported having noticed body changes, mainly in the abdominal region (71.23%), and waist (54.79%). FLI revealed a mild degree of facial lipoatrophy in 91.58% of subjects, moderate in 7.37%, and severe in 1.05%. The mean QoL was 72.01. The domains of life satisfaction, medication concerns, and acceptance of HIV revealed lower scores in subjects who self-perceived body changes (p < 0.05) than in those who did not. The objectively assessed degree of loss in facial volume did not significantly affect QoL. PLWHA exhibited low QoL, which was even more significant among those who presented with lipodystrophy associated with the use of antiretrovirals.
PIWIL1 is recruited to Centrosomes during Mitosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells and is linked to cell cycle progression
Authors: Garcia-Silva Maria Rosa , Montenegro Sofía , Dacosta Sofía , Tosar Juan Pablo , Cayota Alfonso
Published: July 2024

Background PIWI proteins, traditionally associated with germline development, have recently gained attention for their expression in various cancers, including colorectal cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their reactivation and impact on cancer initiation and progression remain elusive.Results Here, we found that PIWIL1 is expressed at relatively high levels in CRC-derived samples and cell lines, where it undergoes a dynamic re-localization to the centrosome during mitosis. Knockdown of PIWIL1 induces G2/M arrest associated to disruption of mitotic spindle and aberrant metaphase events, highlighting its role in cell cycle progression. We have also found that expression of PIWIL1 is lost during differentiation of Caco-2 cells into enterocytes and that PIWIL1 is expressed in cells at the base of intestinal crypts in normal human colon tissue, where intestinal stem cells are known to reside. Thus, it is possible that the presence of PIWIL1 in cancer cells reflects a physiological role of this protein in stem cell maintenance, what would argue in favor of the proposed stem cell origin of CRC. Supporting this view, dedifferentiation of human fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) implies reactivation of PIWIL2 expression, another member of the PIWI protein family.Conclusions Overall, our findings suggest a role of PIWIL1 in mediating cell cycle dynamics, both in colorectal cancer cells and possibly also in intestinal stem cells. In a broader aspect, we provide support for an involvement of PIWI proteins in somatic stem cell maintenance, expanding non-gonadal functions for this protein family.
High data rate 4x2 photonic crystal encoder using irregular hexagon ring resonator
Authors: Mehrez Wafa , Najjar Monia
Published: July 2024

Ultra-fast and highly compact optoelectronic devices are highly needed for optical communication systems. One of the primary devices used in such systems is the optical encoder. In this paper, we present a 4x2 encoder realized using a new photonic crystal (PhC) ring resonator design. The proposed encoder consists of four inputs, two outputs, and two irregular hexagonal-shaped ring resonators. The structure is formed by silicon rods surrounded by air with square lattice pho-tonic crystal structure. The photonic band gap and performance parameters are analyzed using plane wave expansion (PWE) and Finite Difference Time (FDTD) methods. Our simulation results demonstrate that the normalized transmission values less than 25% and more significant than 50% are supposed to be logic states 0 and 1, respectively. The encoder’s maximum response time, contrast ratio, and footprint are 161fs, 13, 7dB, and 204.8µm2, respectively. Furthermore , the encoder can be used in optical systems with a bit rate of around 6.2Tbps, which is a very suitable device for high-speed networks.
Deploying Human Activity Recognition in Embedded RISC-V Processors
Authors: Nunes Willian Analdo , Reusch Rafael Schild , Luza Lucas , Zotto Angelo Elias Dal , Juracy Leonardo Rezende , Moraes Fernando Gehm
Published: July 2024

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is an important area of research due to its applications in health monitoring, elderly care, and personal fitness tracking. The challenge is deploying efficient and accurate HAR systems on resource-constrained embedded devices, which require low power consumption and processing efficiency. This work optimizes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model for HAR, targeting resource-constrained processors. The goal is to balance accuracy, performance, and power consumption for real-world deployment in wearable devices. Key contributions include introducing an Extended 1D CNN model that enhances temporal awareness and accuracy without the overhead of floating-point computations, evaluating and applying quantization methods to minimize model size with minimal accuracy loss, and assessing the model's performance on a RISC-V processor. Results show an accuracy increase from 74% to 87.2%. Memory optimization using Lookup Table (LUT) quantization reduces the memory required for model parameters by 57%. This research underscores the potential for advanced neural network models on low-power RISC-V processors in real-time HAR, with significant implications for health monitoring and smart environments.
Microstructural characterization martensitic stainless-steel coatings deposited by laser metal deposition
Authors: Rodriguez Johnnatan , Silva Gleryston , Torres Edwar Andres , Santos Tiago Felipe
Published: July 2024

Additive manufacturing (AM) technology, characterized by layer-by-layer deposition, is emerging as an alternative to produce parts, typically with complex geometries, and has recently become an option for mass production. This technology has been adopted by several industries due to its ability to save material resources and processing time. In addition, it could lead to component weight reduction, design optimization and the development of new materials. Among the AM processes, laser metal deposition (LMD) offers a high build rate and allows for larger deposition volumes compared to powder bed-based technology, resulting in lower manufacturing costs. Several industries, such as aerospace and defense, have focused on the use of LMD due to the opportunities for cost savings, increased productivity, and repair of large mechanical components. In particular, LMD could be used in the aerospace industry for the manufacture and repair of engines, turbines and propulsion systems, space shuttles, communications satellites. Currently, several types of metals, including important engineering materials such as steel, aluminum, and titanium, can be used to produce parts with high levels of precision and excellent properties. The use of martensitic stainless steels has increased in the automotive, aerospace and defense industries, mainly due to their mechanical properties such as high flow resistance and reasonable ductility. However, the deposition of martensitic stainless steels using LMD presents challenges in the selection of parameters, morphology configurations and phase evolutions to ensure the required mechanical properties. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the deposition parameters for laser cladding using LMD with martensitic stainless steel AISI 431 powder. In addition, morphological aspects were analyzed. The microstructural evolution was assessed using optical and electron microscopy. The results show dilution values between 10 and 27% were found for power values between 1400 and 1600 W and laser beam velocities of 9, 14 and 16 mm/s. Microstructural characterization revealed martensite and ferrite phases in the depositions. Several factors influence the geometric and microstructural characteristics of the laser cladded deposits, such as the morphology and size distribution of the filler particles, the chemical composition of the materials, the flow rate and deposition method of the filler, and the power and beam speed of the laser.
Interpersonal Adaptation and Psychological Adjustment of Rural Left-behind Children--A Qualitative Study Based on the Perspectives of Supporting Teachers
Authors: Zhu Wenjie , Tao Chunhua , Wang Sican , Yuan Yuan , Liang Jingyan
Published: July 2024

Introduction:
This study shall incorporate individual interviews to thoroughly explore the feasibility of constructing channels to care for left-behind children, in order to better understand the impact of changes in family structure on left-behind children's interpersonal adaptation and psychological adjustment.
Methods
Semi-structured individual interviews were performed to gather data from the interviewees. Finally, Nvivo12 software was adopted to organize and analyze the study data.
Results
The major study results can be summed up as follows: (1) the interpersonal adaptation of rural left-behind children is characterized by both generally pro-social tendencies and routinely perceived interpersonal alienation tendencies. (2) For left-behind children with interpersonal alienation tendencies, bullying by peers may be closely associated with the loss of parental reliance due to changes in family structure. (3) In rural areas, most of the left-behind children demonstrate a transition from loss to habit to comprehending their parents' work outside the home; further, the companionship of their peers is a critical factor in this transition.
Conclusions
In terms of the left-behind children with interpersonal maladaptation, interaction and communication with peers should be strengthened, and such children should be supported to actively participate in school practices and integrate into different groups. Similarly, schools and societies need to maximize their efforts to educate rural left-behind children regarding their mental health.
The relationship between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability in Chinese college students: A moderated mediation model
Authors: Fu Yangyang , Song Yaoyao , Guo Jiayan , Wu Jiwen , Yang Ruikun , Yan Yingchun , Li Qing , Li Na
Published: July 2024

Objective
To investigate the relationship between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability and the role of psychological resilience and gender in the relationship.
Methods
The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) and Innovation and Entrepreneurship Capacity Scale (IECS) were used to measure the psychological resilience and innovation and entrepreneurship ability of 1,007 subjects.
Results
The study found a significant positive relationship between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability, with psychological resilience partially mediating this relationship. Furthermore, gender was found to moderate the role of psychological resilience in mediating the relationship between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability, as indicated by the moderation of the posterior path in the mediation model.
Conclusion
There is a moderated mediation model between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability.
Risk of Pneumonia Among Children with Cleft Palate Before and After Palatoplasty
Authors: Eyni Yotam , Kerman Tomer , Danino Dana , Goldbart Aviv , Silberstein Eldad
Published: July 2024

Purpose
Pneumonia remains the primary cause of mortality among children under age 5. Cleft Palate (CP) poses various challenges including velopharyngeal dysfunction, potentially increasing rates of pneumonia. However, clinical evidence linking pneumonia to defect is lacking. This study aims to assess the prevalence of pneumonia and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI) among CP patients through a population-based approach.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records from Clalit Health Services in Israel, 2013–2022, encompassing population of 138,261 infants, including 166 with CP. We investigated the prevalence of pneumonia and other infectious diseases before and after palatoplasty, employing Poisson regression models adjusted for multiple demographic and clinical variables. A sibling comparison study was also conducted, analyzing 129 preoperative and 55 postoperative pairs.
Results
The preoperative analysis revealed an increased risk of pneumonia (relative risk [RR]: 5.8, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3.93–8.19), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) (RR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.12–2.06), and urinary tract infections (UTI) (RR: 5.27, 95% CI: 3.23–8.03) in children with CP compared to controls. Following surgical repair, a statistically significant but reduced risk for pneumonia persisted up to 5 years (RR: 2.92, 95% CI: 1.94–4.17). Sibling comparison analyses underscored an elevated pneumonia risk compared to CP siblings preoperatively (RR: 7.07, 95% CI: 2.48–29.8). Postoperatively, the RR decreased and was no longer statistically significant (RR: 1.96, 95% CI: 0.72–6.26).
Conclusion
Patients with CP are at higher risk for pneumonia and the magnitude of risk may be reduced after palatoplasty.
Maternal Anxiety During Solid Food Introduction: Insights from a Comparative Feeding Practices Study
Authors: Tabangi Myriam , Abdo Rachelle , Karaman Mehmet Akif , Barake Roula , Nakhl Sahar
Published: July 2024

Background
The introduction of solid foods to infants involves various feeding techniques. While these methods are often studied for their nutritional implications, their impact on maternal mental health, particularly on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), remains understudied.
Research aim
: This study aimed to explore the association between feeding practices and maternal GAD levels during the initial stages of solid food introduction.
Design:
This study recruited mothers and their infants, categorizing them into three groups based on feeding practices: BLW, TW, and CW. Maternal GAD levels were assessed at regular intervals over a six-month period, allowing for the examination of any changes in anxiety levels associated with different feeding techniques. Statistical analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between feeding practices and maternal GAD scores, controlling for relevant covariates.
Results
Our results consistently indicate that mothers practicing BLW experienced significantly greater levels of anxiety across all six months, as well as cumulatively, than mothers using both TW and CW. Compared with mothers in the TW (8.1 ± 3.3) and CW (8.3 ± 2.0) groups, mothers in the BLW group had the highest cumulative anxiety score (15.3 ± 1.7).
Conclusions
The results of our study revealed a persistent presence of GAD throughout the 6-month duration of the study. Notably, GAD levels consistently remained higher among mothers who opted for BLW than among those who followed other feeding methods.
Influence of Printing Orientation on Mechanical Characteristics of NextDent Biocompatible Resin in SLA 3D Printing
Authors: Bisaria Himanshu , Jibhakate Rahul , Singh Sushil Kumar , Singh Samarjit
Published: July 2024

The use of 3D printing in dentistry has revolutionized the manufacturing of dental prosthetics and devices. This research focuses on examining the mechanical properties of NextDent dental resins when processed through 3D printing. A variety of mechanical tests, including tensile, fracture, flexural testing, and impact testing are performed on specimens printed using NextDent resins. The thermo-mechanical and thermal behavior of the resin was assessed using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Thermogravimetric Analysis testing respectively. The specimens are fabricated at different printing angles, including 0º (vertical), 30º, 60º, and 90º (horizontal), to assess the impact of printing orientation on the mechanical properties. The mechanical properties were found superior at 0º (vertical) followed by 30º 60º & 90º. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis revealed the resin's molecular composition, including C-H, C = C, O-H, N-H, C-N, and C = O stretching and bending vibrations, indicating functional groups, suggesting bromine-containing compounds. DMA test’s result showed a storage modulus of 1575 MPa at room temperature, with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 107°C, suggesting good damping properties.
The effect of reward expectancy on different types of exploration in human reinforcement learning
Authors: Shimomura Kanji , Morita Kenji
Published: July 2024

How humans resolve exploit-explore dilemma in complex environment is an important open question. Previous studies suggest that the level of reward expectancy affects the degree of exploration. However, it is still unclear (1) if the effect differs depending on the type of exploration (i.e., random or directed exploration) and (2) whether the effect can really be attributed to reward expectancy. In this preregistered study, we aimed to tackle these two challenges by extending a recently developed multi-armed bandit task that can dissociate uncertainty and novelty of stimuli. To extract the purified effect of reward expectancy, we manipulated reward by its magnitude, not by its probability, across blocks, because reward probability affects controllability of outcomes. Participants (n = 198) showed increased optimal choices when relative expectancy was high. Behavioral analysis with computational modeling revealed that higher reward expectancy reduced the degree of random exploration, while it had little effect on the degree of uncertainty- and novelty-based exploration. These results suggest that humans modulate the degree of random exploration depending on the relative level of reward expectancy of the environment, while, combined with findings in the previous studies, they indicate the possibility that controllability also influences exploration-exploitation balance in human reinforcement learning.
Experimental and statistical study of strength properties of FDM-printed specimens made from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics depending on the percentage and structure of filling
Authors: Grigoriev Sergey , Nikitin Nikita , Yanushevich Oleg , Krikheli Natella , Khmyrov Roman , Strunevich Daniil , Soloninkin Mihail , Pinargote Nestor Washington Solis , Smirnov Anton , Peretyagin Pavel
Published: July 2024

One of the key factors in the manufacturing of products using fused deposition method (FDM) or layer-by-layer printing technology is the material intensity of the product. The task of reducing the amount of material required to manufacture the product without significant loss in mechanical properties is one of the most practically important. In the presented work it is shown that using the Combs filling type and materials of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) plastics it is possible to achieve material savings up to 23% at 50% filling (for PLA) and 17% at 25% filling (for PETG) without significant loss in the strength of the product (except for samples made of PLA plastic with 100% filling and Lateral filling type). Application of Kruskell-Wallis test and Dunn's criterion with Bonferroni multiple comparison correction showed that there were no statistically significant differences within the strength limits of samples made by FDM printing technology from PLA and PETG plastics (p-value = 0.0514), as well as samples with Triangle and Grid filling type (p-value = 1). Based on this result, three groups of samples statistically significantly differing in ultimate strength were identified by methods of hierarchical cluster analysis; in each group (except for group 1, which included samples made of PLA plastic with Lateral filling type and 100% filling), correlation analysis was performed (Spearman correlation was used). The results of the correlation analysis showed a stable average correlation between the percentage of filling, modulus along the secant 0.05–0.2% strain, ultimate strength and strain corresponding to the yield strength. Analysis of the correlation graph showed that the main parameter correlating with all mechanical properties of the specimen is the 0.05–0.2% strain modulus. Based on this conclusion, robust regression equations predicting the 0.05–0.2% strain modulus as a function of the percentage of specimen filling were constructed for the two selected groups. Analysis of the equations showed that in the third group of specimens, the average modulus of 0.05–0.2% strain is more than twice the modulus of 0.05–0.2% strain in the second group. The detected statistical regularities can be explained by the mechanism of strain hardening, the actual value of which depends on the type of defect structure and properties of the material used in the manufacture of samples. It is necessary to distinguish between macro and micro defects present in the final product, the structure and distribution of which affects the strain hardening value.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi richness reduces soil N 2 O emissions while increasing maize grain nitrogen uptake
Authors: Zhang Chenxi , Feng Cheng , Wang Ruofei , Giri Bhoopander , Li Xing , Gilliam Frank S , Zhang Ziwei , Tian Minghui , Cheng Lei , Zhang Xuelin
Published: July 2024

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve plant nutrient uptake, especially nitrogen, which may affect soil nitrogen cycling and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. However, little is known about how different AMF species or their richness may influence the production of N2O, a greenhouse gas. Three AMF species were selected in this study: Funneliformis mosseae, Acaulospora scrobiculata, and Gigaspora margarita, and eight treatments were used to determine the effect of each AMF species and combinations of AMF species on soil N2O emission. Maize (Zea mays L.) was used as a host plant. The results showed that AMF inoculants alone and in combination increased maize root length, root surface area, grain yield, and nitrogen uptake compared to the uninoculated control (without AMF), and simultaneously reducing soil N2O emission. Soil N2O emission declined with increasing AMF species richness, but there was no difference in maize nitrogen uptake between mixtures of two or three AMF species. The presence of multiple AMF species also reduced the relative abundance of Sphingomonadales, revealing that AMF species richness influences bacterial community composition. Taken together, soil N2O emission was negatively related to maize root surface area, root volume, root weight, and plant nitrogen uptake, but positively related to the abundance of Sphingomonadales. These results suggest that the presence of different AMF species could reduce N2O emission by regulating plant nitrogen uptake and soil bacteria composition, having vital implications in the field of restoration ecology and mycorrhizal technology.
Substances and substance combinations among accidental substance-related acute toxicity deaths (AATDs) in Canada from 2016 to 2017
Authors: Ahmad Raahyma , Kakkar Tanya , Rotondo Jenny , Hamilton Keltie , Bowes Matthew , Jones Graham , Soo Cindy Leung , VanSteelandt Amanda
Published: July 2024

Background
Canada has seen a rise in substance-related accidental acute toxicity deaths (AATDs) in recent years. Research indicates that fentanyl opioids, non-fentanyl opioids, and stimulants are classes of concern and that multidrug AATDs have increased. However, there is limited information regarding the specific substances involved. This study aims to identify the substances and substance combinations as well as substance classes and substance class combinations most often involved in AATDs across Canada between 2016 and 2017. It also examines variations in substances by year and across sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and geographic factors.
Methods
Data were abstracted from the coroner and medical examiner files of all AATDs that occurred across Canada between 2016 and 2017. Top substances and classes detected in or contributing to AATDs were identified based on toxicology reports and cause of death statements. AATDs were stratified by year of death, age, sex, residence community type, neighbourhood income quintile, and province/region to understand variations in the substances contributing to AATDs. Combinations of substances and classes contributing to death were examined with UpSet plots and trends of select substances were visualized over time with ribbon charts. An algorithm was developed to report the source and origin of the substances based on prescription history and scene evidence.
Results
Fentanyl, cocaine, alcohol, and methamphetamine were the top substances contributing to the 7,902 AATDs identified between 2016 and 2017 in Canada. While stimulants and opioids were the most common substance classes contributing to AATDs, other classes, including benzodiazepines and acetaminophen also emerged as classes among the top contributors. Between 2016 and 2017, the proportion of AATDs attributable to diacetylmorphine (heroin) per quarter decreased while the proportion of AATDs attributable to carfentanil per quarter increased. AATDs involving more than one substance occurred across all sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and geographic groups. Substances contributing to AATDs more commonly originated from non-pharmaceutical sources than from pharmaceutical sources.
Conclusions and impacts:
Specific substances and substance combinations contributing to deaths vary over time and geographic areas. Opioids and stimulants are both detected in and contribute to a majority of AATDs, but the substance-related acute toxicity death crisis is complex and attributable to many substance classes. Understanding these differences will allow for targeted substance-related policies, prevention, and harm reduction efforts.
Quality Assurance of Hyperspectral Imaging Systems for Neural Network supported Plant Phenotyping
Authors: Detring Justus , Barreto Abel , Mahlein Anne-Katrin , Paulus Stefan
Published: July 2024

Background:
This research proposes an easy to apply quality assurance pipeline for hyperspectral imaging (HSI) systems used for plant phenotyping. Furthermore, a concept for the analysis of quality assured hyperspectral images to investigate plant disease progress is proposed. The quality assurance was applied to a handheld line scanning HSI-system consisting of evaluating spatial and spectral quality parameters as well as the integrated illumination. To test the spatial accuracy at different working distances, the sine-wave-based spatial frequency response (s-SFR) was analysed. The spectral accuracy was assessed by calculating the correlation of calibration-material measurements between the HSI-system and a non-imaging spectrometer. Additionally, different illumination systems were evaluated by analysing the spectral response of sugar beet canopies. As an usecase, time series HSI measurements of sugar beet plants infested with Cercospora Leaf Spot (CLS) were performed to estimate the disease severity using convolutional neural network (CNN) supported data analysis.
Results:
The measurements of the calibration material were highly correlated with those of the non-imaging spectrometer (r \(>\) 0.99). The resolution limit was narrowly missed at each of the tested working distances. Slight sharpness differences within individual images could be detected. The use of the integrated LED illumination for HSI can causes a distortion of the spectral response at 677 \(nm\) and 752$nm$. The performance for CLS diseased pixel detection of the established CNN was sufficient to estimate a reliable disease severity progression from quality assured hyperspectral measurements with external illumination.
Conclusion:
The quality assurance pipeline was successfully applied to evaluate a handheld HSI-system. The s-SFR analysis is a valuable method for assessing the spatial accuracy of HSI-systems. Comparing measurements between HSI-systems and a non-imaging spectrometer can provide reliable results on the spectral accuracy of the tested system. This research emphasizes the importance of evenly distributed diffuse illumination for HSI. Although the tested system showed shortcomings in image resolution, sharpness, and illumination, the high spectral accuracy of the tested HSI-system, supported by external illumination, enabled the establishment of a neural network-based concept to determine the severity and progression of CLS. The data driven quality assurance pipeline can be easily applied to any other HSI-system to ensure high quality HSI.