bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of exertional oscillatory ventilation in continuous-flow left ventricular assist device recipients
Authors: Pistono Massimo , Gnemmi Marco , Imparato Alessandro , Komici Klara , Corrà Ugo
Published: September 2018

Background

Exercise oscillatory ventilation is an ominous outcome sign in heart failure due to reduced left ventricular ejection fraction; currently, the prevalence of exercise oscillatory ventilation is unknown in left ventricular assist device recipients.

Methods

We studied cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart failure due to reduced left ventricular ejection fraction or left ventricular assist device patients and exercise oscillatory ventilation was defined according to Kremser's criteria.

Results

The occurrence of exercise oscillatory ventilation was similar in either heart failure due to reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (192 patients, 8%) or left ventricular assist device patients (85 recipients, 10%), even though the mean peak oxygen consumption and elevated ventilatory response to exercise slope was lower and higher in left ventricular assist device recipients, respectively, but the occurrence of exercise oscillatory ventilation was comparable among heart failure patients due to reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular assist device, if those with impaired exercise capacity were considered. Of note, left ventricular assist device recipients with exercise oscillatory ventilation had a higher end-diastolic left ventricular volume and systolic pulmonary artery pressure at rest.

Conclusions

Using the largest cohort of left ventricular assist device patients performing cardiopulmonary exercise testing, we demonstrated that the occurrence of exercise oscillatory ventilation is similar in heart failure due to reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular assist device patients. Recipients with exercise oscillatory ventilation might have haemodynamic and ventilatory dysfunction during exercise, but other factors could play a role, i.e. the duration and severity of heart failure before left ventricular assist device implantation together with the coexistence of morbidity.
Local and systemic humoral response to ovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: Queiroga Maria Cristina
Published: September 2018

Objectives:

Mastitis is responsible for a decrease in milk yield and quality. Disease control is vital for producers’ profit and for consumer’s welfare. This study aimed at investigating the immune response to Staphylococcus epidermidis intramammary infection.

Methods:

A total of 14 S. epidermidis isolates from milk collected from ewes with subclinical mastitis were used. Protein extracts were prepared and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunoblotting assay was performed for the detection of specific IgG and IgA in blood and milk from S. epidermidis mastitic ewes and from healthy animals.

Results:

The presence of pathogen-specific IgG was detected in blood of both infected and healthy animals. However, in milk, pathogen-specific IgG was only identified in infected animals, while IgA was found in both groups. Proteins with 59 and 43 kDa were recognized by all immunoglobulins screened in blood and milk provided by both healthy and mastitic ewes. In addition, in milk, IgG and IgA for proteins with 35 kDa were also detected.

Conclusion:

The results have lead to propose a theory for immunoglobulin dynamics in mammary gland’s defence: blood IgG1, specifically targeting intestinal antigens, is transported to the mammary gland with the main purpose of protecting the newborn, while IgG2 is specific for mammary pathogens and is transported to the mammary gland exclusively during inflammation. This study suggests that only local immunization should trigger IgG-producing cells in the mammary gland as a response to mastitis antigens. Moreover, IgA seems to be of crucial value for the defence of the ewe mammary gland, and stimulation strategies towards an increase in IgA should be addressed for mastitis prevention.
BMS – Consensus statement
Authors: Pitkin Joan ,   on behalf of the British Menopause Society medical advisory council
Published: September 2018

Urogenital atrophy is more common than it would first appear and women do not always seek advice and guidance. Confusion still exists between systemic hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and local estrogen preparations but new treatment modalities have emerged that extend the range of options beyond lubricants, moisturisers and vaginal estrogen preparations.
Perceived loneliness among home-dwelling older adults with and without memory disorder: A population-based study
Authors: Ollanketo Minnaleena , Korpelainen Raija , Jämsä Timo J , Kangas Maarit , Koivumaa-Honkanen Heli , Immonen Milla S , Enwald Heidi , Elo Satu
Published: September 2018

The aim of this population-based cross-sectional study was to describe and compare the prevalence and features of perceived loneliness among home-dwelling older adults with ( n = 129) and without ( n = 244) memory disorder. The latter group was randomly resampled from 789 respondents stratified by age to obtain a standardized control group. Loneliness was assessed using the six-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, and perceived stress using Cohen, Kamarck and Mermelstein’s 10-item Perceived Stress Scale. Results show that severe loneliness was common among the home-dwelling older adults, especially those with memory disorder, who also perceived stress more frequently than those without memory disorder. Both groups, but again more frequently those with memory disorder, were more likely to be emotionally than socially lonely. Thus, when planning social and healthcare services and interventions to mitigate loneliness among older adults living at home, memory problems and emotional loneliness require particular consideration.
New perspectives on China’s foreign and trade policy
Authors: Murugesan Sendil
Published: September 2018

The rise of the Asian giants has shifted the economic focus away from Europe. Superficially there seems to be a developing cooperation between them leading to increased globalization. China’s ability to exercise power by economic means is now visible to all. Huge infrastructure projects, funded by soft loans is a characteristic feature of Chinese diplomacy. The consolidation of strength in the South China Sea is seen by its neighbours as evidence of China’s aggressive territorial ambitions. The Trump Administration’s plan to play safe with China by avoiding ratcheting up tensions will cede great freedom to the latter in its pursuit of its goals. The US has shown little interest in prolonging the Asia strategy formulated by Barrack Obama. It remains to be seen how well China can perform the balancing act: maintaining cordial relations with both Europe and the US.
Delay-Based Service Differentiation with Many Servers and Time-Varying Arrival Rates
Authors: Sun Xu , Whitt Ward
Published: September 2018

We study the problem of staffing (specifying a time-varying number of servers) and scheduling (assigning newly idle servers to a waiting customer from one of [Formula: see text] classes) in the many-server V model with class-dependent time-varying arrival rates. In order to stabilize performance at class-dependent delay targets, we propose the blind (model-free) head-of-line delay-ratio (HLDR) scheduling rule, which extends an earlier dynamic-priority rule that exploits the head-of-line delay information. We study the HLDR rule in the quality-and-efficiency-driven many-server heavy-traffic (MSHT) regime. We staff to the MSHT fluid limit plus a control function in the diffusion scale. We establish a MSHT limit for the Markov model, which has dramatic state-space collapse, showing that the targeted ratios are attained asymptotically. In the MSHT limit, meeting staffing goals reduces to a one-dimensional control problem for the aggregate queue content, which may be approximated by recently developed staffing algorithms for time-varying single-class models. Simulation experiments confirm that the overall procedure can be effective, even for non-Markov models.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/stsy.2018.0015 .
Heroes, Martyrs, and Political Messiahs in Revolutionary Cuba, 1946-1958
Authors: Guerra Lillian
Published: September 2018

This book sheds light on the experiences of ordinary Cubans in the unseating of the dictator Fulgencio Batista. This book fills a significant gap in historical and political literature, illuminating how Cuba's electoral democracy underwent a tumultuous transformation into a military dictatorship. The book draws on years of research in newly opened archives and on personal interviews to shed light on the men and women of Cuba who participated in mass mobilization and civic activism to establish social movements in their quest for social and racial justice and for more accountable leadership. Driven by a sense of duty toward la patria (the fatherland) and their dedication to heroism and martyrdom, these citizens built a powerful underground revolutionary culture that shaped and witnessed the overthrow of Batista in the late 1950s.
Almost Home
Authors: Chopra Ruma
Published: September 2018

In spring 1796, after eight months of war in the mountainous terrain of Jamaica, most of the village of Trelawney Town—a community of about 550 runaway slaves and their descendants—surrendered. They had resisted black militia and British regulars but they were frightened by the savagery of the bloodhounds imported from Cuba to defeat them. They could not have imagined the outcome that followed. The Jamaican government, fearing that the Maroon War would trigger a second Haitian Revolution, deported the Maroon families to a remote location from whence they could never return home – Nova Scotia. After four years of enduring Halifax, the Maroons were sent to the West African colony in Sierra Leone. Remarkably, some returned home in the 1840s after the British Empire abolished slavery. The insurrection in Jamaica, the deportation it triggered, and the far-reaching impact of a small group of refugees together comprise one of the earliest instances of community displacement. Yet, remarkably, although the Maroons did not choose their initial place of exile, they actively determined the next one. The Maroon rebels of Jamaica transformed into protected refugees in Nova Scotia and empire builders in Africa. During an era of British abolitionism and global expansion, a small group of black insurrectionists maneuvered on a world stage. In each British zone, the Maroons brought to bear the full range of their cultural and military experience. Their remarkable adaptations form the crux of this book.
Introduction
Authors: Chopra Ruma
Published: September 2018

This chapter sets the context for the Maroon relocations to Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone. It describes the reconfiguration of the British Empire in the aftermath of the American Revolution, and the importance the British placed on colonizing under-populated zones with loyal subjects. It explores the importance of laborers and settlers—voluntary and involuntary, white and black—for the security of faraway settlements. Second, it examines how the growing abolition movement in England affected the West Indies and shaped utopian visions for Sierra Leone. Last, it explores how the Maroons survived slavery, and benefited from abolitionism and an expanding British Empire. Three successive ex-slave migrations – of the London poor in 1787, of the Nova Scotian loyalists in 1792, and of the Jamaican Maroons in 1800 –established British claims in West Africa. This work describes the circuitous route taken by the last group of free blacks who entered West Africa before the end of the slave trade in 1807.
Conversion
Authors: Chopra Ruma
Published: September 2018

Sir John Wentworth, Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, welcomed the Maroons for his own ends. He compared them to the Mi’kmaq (First Nations people) and became personally involved in their welfare and their Christian education. He wanted to end their polygamous practices, their consumption of rum, and their enjoyment in cockfighting. He hoped to make them industrious laborers, to substitute them for the black Loyalists who had left for Sierra Leone in 1792. Fearing a potential French invasion, he also saw potential in using them – like the Native Americans - as military backup.
Winter
Authors: Chopra Ruma
Published: September 2018

The Maroons evaded blaming Jamaica or Nova Scotia for their perilous situation. Strategically, they focused on the inappropriateness of the severe climate in Nova Scotia: they, as black people, could not live, they wrote, where there are no yams, pineapples or cayenne pepper. The Maroons found a sympathetic audience in abolition advocates who worried that blacks were constitutionally unfit to survive the winters of Canada. A people born in the tropics, they believed, could survive best in another tropical region. Reports on black Americans who had migrated and perished in Sierra Leone in 1787 and 1792 were ignored.
The Elusive Brain
Authors: Tougaw Jason , LeDoux Joseph
Published: September 2018

The Elusive Brain is the first comprehensive survey of contemporary literature’s engagement with neuroscience. Jason Tougaw analyzes the works of contemporary writers—including Oliver Sacks, Temple Grandin, Richard Powers, Maud Casey, Jonathan Lethem, Tito Rajarshi Mukhopadhyay, and Siri Hustvedt, Ellen Forney, and David B.—arguing that their experiments with literary form offer a necessary counterbalance to a wider cultural neuromania that seeks out purely neural explanations for human behaviors as varied as reading, economics, empathy, and racism. Tougaw surveys memoirs about life with autism, epilepsy manic depression, or brain injury; revisionist mystery novels; and graphic narratives that engage neuroscience. The book argues that these works offer insight about how it feels and what it means to live with a brain whose role in the making of self or consciousness is far from fully understood. Brain memoirs and neuronovels revel in the mysteries of the explanatory gap between brain physiology and mental experience. In the process, these literary works offer an antidote to polarizing and outmoded debates about the “cerebral subject,” whether we are our brains (or not our brains). Rather than engaging in abstract philosophical debate, these literary works explore questions about neurodiversity politics and the stakes of rapidly advancing brain research for people whose experience represent what critic Ralph Savarese calls “all manner of neurologies.”
White Fox: From the Trapper to the Retail Customer
Authors: Bockstoce John R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes the practical techniques, skills, and business realities involved in the capture, manufacture, and marketing of white fox pelts, all of which affected the lives of northern trapping families.
Materialisms
Authors: Stern Eliyahu
Published: September 2018

It provides an overview of modern Jewish history in relation to the question of Jews’ and Judaism’s relationship to materialism. It explores the way in which Russian Jews in the late nineteenth century mobilized an imagined concept of land, labor, and body for various national and religious projects. Abstract conceptions of God, dogma, or ritual were not the primary elements that connected modern Jews to one another. Instead, it was a new conception of the physical world.
Scientific Materialism
Authors: Stern Eliyahu
Published: September 2018

The chapter analyzes the rise of Jewish scientific materialism in the 1870s. Inspired by both the revolutionary politics of the Russian intelligentsia and the German popular science movement, scientific materialists educated Jews about the laws of nature, technological inventions, and, most important, how God and the Jewish people could be understood through biological and chemical processes. Though often overlooked by historians, their views prefigured the major debates in the twentieth century over the scientific and biological basis of Jewish nationalist and cosmopolitan politics.
Practical Materialism
Authors: Stern Eliyahu
Published: September 2018

The discovery of Karl Marx’s writings by Russian Jews in the mid-1870s changed the way they viewed their situation and provided a framework for them to become political actors. The chapter provides a careful reading of Jewish philosophical texts and propaganda literature from the late 1870s. It suggests that Jews who were drawn to Marx viewed Marx in conjunction with, not in opposition to, the Hebrew Bible and the Kabbalah. The early Jewish Marxists’ primary target was the Russian state, not their Jewish parents. The Jewish materialists teased out the messianic universal aspirations and nationalist assumptions that they saw behind Marx’s theories of revolution.
The Names of Local Heroes
Authors: Grillot Thomas
Published: September 2018

This chapter emphasizes the significance of the war in rearranging relations between races at the local level. In a colonial spirit of “closing the frontier,” settlers living on or near Indian reservations appropriated Indian military participation. When raising funds for monuments or creating local heroes, whites invoked a brotherhood-in-arms and celebrated the true end of the Indian wars. Indians took advantage of their neighbors' willingness to include them in their celebrations and reactivated memories and heroes of the pre-reservation era. However, the war monuments that memorialized the dead Indian heroes on several reservations often did little else but list their names and dates of service. But their very existence resulted from a complex struggle in which tribes, bands, chiefs and chiefs' descendants, town notables, and white and Indian elites tried to appropriate for themselves the national legitimacy that military sacrifice carried.
Patriotic Gifts
Authors: Grillot Thomas
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at these interracial interactions from the point of view of Indians in an effort at writing a historical anthropology of Indian patriotism. At the core of Indians' military participation and commemoration of the Great War, the practice of giving, to non-Indians or to Indians, to outsiders or to insiders, to family members or to complete strangers, structured the expression of patriotism in Indian communities. Examining Memorial and Armistice Days, in particular, this chapter looks at the role these holidays played in allowing Indians to maintain boundaries with their white neighbors and develop a series of adaptations of patriotic symbols and ceremonies that acclimatized patriotism for reservation life on an unprecedented scale.
Bad Boys, Forgotten Heroes
Authors: Grillot Thomas
Published: September 2018

This chapter switches perspective again and takes as its object the veterans themselves. When looked at through an ethnographical lens, World War I veterans appear to have been ambiguous heroes on reservations. They were honored but at the same time elicited mistrust, jealousy, and attempts on the part of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as well as on the part of their own communities, to control and direct their behavior. Honoring veterans was an opportunity to reaffirm community bonds and bolster Indians' status vis-à-vis whites. But celebrations could also be rituals to manage fears and distrust toward the veterans themselves. Thus, their identity as a group developed as much from local cultural traditions as from this ambivalent position on reservations, alternately central and marginal.
Conclusion
Authors: Grillot Thomas
Published: September 2018

This concluding chapter considers the results of the changes that took place between 1917 and the onset of the termination movement. During this time, World War I had made it possible to claim U.S. patriotism on an unprecedented scale. Whether one looks at the number of Indian veterans, their level of political organization, or the sustained mobilization of patriotic arguments on the local and national scene by Indians on or off reservations, there can be no doubt that something changed in 1917. Change, however, needed people to happen. It was not enough that Indians joined the armed forces without a major rebellion and demonstrated their loyalty on the battlefields of France. Their loyalty had to be noted, publicized, celebrated, and memorialized by them and by others. It had to be interpreted.
Introduction
Authors: Kselman Thomas
Published: September 2018

The Introduction reviews the scholarly literature on religious liberty and conversion, and proposes that the stories of French converts in the aftermath of the French Revolution provide a unique perspective for studying these issues. It introduces the major characters in the book, figures whose dramatic religious choices drew a large audience. This public fascination with converts and conversions attests to the interest and anxiety that accompanied the establishment of religious liberty as a constitutional right. The Introduction closes with a summary of the chapters that follow.
Philology and Freedom
Authors: Kselman Thomas
Published: September 2018

This chapter draws on Ernest Renan’s memoirs and correspondence to examine his decision to abandon a promising clerical career as a young man in 1845. Renan’s religious choice involved personal struggle and family tension, as with the other converts in this book. This chapter emphasizes as well how the scrutiny of the Bible based on a rational and critical historical method eroded Renan’s faith. Although Renan was unable to resist the findings of philology and the voice of his conscience in rejecting Catholic dogma, he retained a deep respect for the priests who encouraged his intellectual development, and a nostalgia for the faith of his childhood.
A Note on Sources
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: September 2018

Beyond the basic farm idea, we can catch a glimpse of the farm mentality by looking closely at the documentary sources farming created: court records, tax lists, account books, and so on. Each one formed a particular world in which farmers led part of their lives. The deed created a space formed of artificial lines imposed on the natural world. The purpose of the deed was to move these chunks of space between the largely male owners, the only significant actors in this world. The promissory note created a period of obligation. During the specified time, the borrower was tied to the lender in a relationship of mutual trust. All farmers were festooned with obligations linking him to other lenders and borrowers. The estate auction revealed the farmer amidst his small possession, forever changing his assemblage of tools, furniture, animals, and land. The will exhibits the farmer ordering the future, willing what the small society of his family will look like after he is gone. Tax lists can be interpreted, after Foucault, as the state exercising discipline by naming every person and exacting a tax. They also reveal the eminence of the male head of the household and the obscurity of women, children, and servants. Finally, the lists ranked farmers by their productivity and ownership, a ranking every farmer could see by glancing at his neighbors’ properties compared to his own.
Generation of Violence
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: September 2018

Although population in North America grew at an astounding rate in the eighteenth century, Benjamin Franklin believed the vast open lands in North American could easily absorb the growth. He underestimated the tensions created by farm parents seeking land for their children in a time of rising prices. Through the seventeenth century, open lands along the coast and up the rivers provided adequate acreage for the rising generation. Land was distributed by headrights and grants in the South and Middle Colonies; in New England, it was given as townships to groups of settlers. These systems broke down as the population grew and land prices rose. Settlers in search of farms were forced on to lands that were in dispute. Adjoining colonies laid claim to the same areas, or the native people refused to acknowledge purchases by colonies or land companies. In these contested areas, violence broke out between the rival claimants. From the Carolinas to Vermont, farmers used force to defend their titles. They resisted law officers or fought with the Indians to protect the farms that supplied their families. After the Revolution, the new federal government developed systems for distributing land. Conflicts occurred occasionally and Indian wars lasted through the century, but the violence abated as institutions formed to help families acquire land for their children.
The Incompleteness of Liberal Democracy
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that liberal democracy presupposes, and to some extent nurtures, a distinctive outlook and political psychology. Many of its requirements are demanding and need a measure of self-restraint. This is a permanent source of vulnerability. Citizens often crave more unity and solidarity than liberal life typically offers, and community can be a satisfying alternative to the burdens of individual responsibility. Preferring those who are most like us goes with the grain of our sentiments more than does a wider, more abstract concept of equal citizenship or humanity. So does the tendency to impute good motives to our friends and malign intent to our foes. Antipathy has its satisfactions, and conflict, like love, can make us feel more fully alive. Populism's embrace of tribalism, its Manichean outlook, and the constant conflict it entails all draw strength from the enduring incompleteness of life in liberal societies.
Counting Extinction
Authors: Lewis Daniel
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at the Kauaʻi ʻŌʻō, Moho braccatus—a member of a small taxon of mostly yellow and black birds that all went extinct between the mid-nineteenth and late twentieth century. Long after birds went extinct in prehistoric times at the hands of Polynesian settlers who had no apparent understanding of their role in extinction, a dramatic new understanding emerged, as represented in this chapter by the Kauaʻi ʻŌʻō, through observation and documentation between 1966 and 1982. This period of observation also demonstrated the dramatic role the federal government could play in conservation matters in the islands. It was essential work, for it provided an enormous abundance of information previously unknown to science: the distribution, density, and presence or absence of birds in Hawaiʻi, especially forest birds; the identification of threats; and, possibly, clues to their future survival.
Overcoming Extinction
Authors: Lewis Daniel
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the Palila, Loxioides bailleui—a critically endangered honeycreeper on the Big Island whose survival is entangled with law, politics, culture, and biology. The bird historically inhabited Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, and the Big Island, but now is found only on the latter. A nexus of collectors and publications swirled around the first descriptions of the Palila's life history and, simultaneously, around the discovery of other new Hawaiian birds in the last decade of the nineteenth century. The Palila was first named as such in an 1890 publication, but it did not live in a vacuum—rather, it was part of an ecosystem of discoveries, birds, plants, and naturalists, whose work in the last decade of the nineteenth century created a constant buzz of interest and discovery for Western science.
Becoming Endemic
Authors: Lewis Daniel
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the Japanese White-eye, Zosterops japonicus, and the confounding nature of introduced species, some of which have been here long enough to have evolved into something unique to the islands. The White-eye, also known by its Japanese name Mejiro, has been a fixture in the islands since it was introduced on Oʻahu by the Hawaiʻi Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry (BCAF) in 1929, which was interested in birds primarily as a form of insect control. The White-eye's introduction was then continued by the Hui Manu, a private group founded in 1930 as an acclimatization society that introduced birds from around the world for aesthetic reasons.
Introduction: The Need for New Answers
Authors: Ferguson Robert A.
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter argues that legally sanctioned theories of retribution have allowed vindictiveness to flourish everywhere in sentencing and penal systems. The established forms of punishment are elemental in two senses of the word. First, they are near reflexes in thought. Second, in their intractability, they explain why a new approach must correct mistreatment in a broken system. Only transformation in the forms themselves, change from the inside out, can answer these problems. The chapter cites and agrees with the Roman poet Ovid's concept of metamorphosis for two reasons. It agrees that punishment must seek a more balanced transformation, and it argues that a better understanding of human nature in its active parts can adjust that balance toward healing instead of hurting.
Total hip arthroplasty outcomes in morbidly obese patients
Authors: Barrett Matthew , Prasad Anoop , Boyce Louis , Dawson-Bowling Sebastian , Achan Pramod , Millington Steven , Hanna Sammy A.
Published: September 2018

The increasing prevalence of obesity has resulted in a marked increase in the number of total hip arthroplasties (THAs) carried out in patients with a high body mass index (BMI). THA in morbidly obese patients is often technically challenging owing to the associated co-morbidities and anatomical factors. Furthermore, the long-term clinical and functional outcomes of the procedure in these patients are not clear. The aim of this systematic review was to compare the long-term failure rate and functional outcomes of THA in morbidly obese versus non-obese patients. A literature search of PubMed, EMBASE and PubMed Central was conducted to identify studies that compared the outcomes of THA in patients defined as morbidly obese (BMI ≥ 35) to a control group (BMI < 30). The primary and secondary outcome measures were rate of revision and functional outcome, respectively, in the long term. Eight studies were included in this review. There were 66,238 THAs in morbidly obese patients and 705,619 THAs in patients with a BMI < 30. The overall revision rate was 7.99% in the morbidly obese patients versus 2.75% in the non-obese controls. The functional outcome was at least comparable to non-obese patients. This review suggests that morbidly obese patients have a slightly increased revision rate following THA. Importantly, these patients have a functional recovery at least comparable to those with a BMI < 30. Morbidly obese patients should be fully informed of these issues prior to undergoing surgery.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:507-512. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.180011
Turf toe
Authors: Najefi Ali-Asgar , Jeyaseelan Luckshmana , Welck Matthew
Published: September 2018

Turf toe is a condition that describes injury to the plantar metatarsophalangeal-sesamoid complex of the great toe. It is a relatively rare and debilitating condition, particularly seen in American footballers after the introduction of harder, artificial ‘turf’ surfaces. Turf toe represents a significant injury to the hallux and requires a high index of suspicion. If unrecognized, it can lead to chronic problems including reduced push-off strength, persistent pain, progressive deformity and eventual joint degeneration. Patients with chronic injuries may have worse outcomes, and therefore early, accurate diagnosis and initiation of treatment play a vital role. A multidisciplinary team approach is key for successful return to sport.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:501-506. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.180012
Introduction
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the book by, first, providing an overview of the New Dynamics of Ageing Programme, which comprised a total of 35 projects covering most of the major issues of ageing from a multi-disciplinary perspective. Then the individual chapters are introduced by summarising their own subject matter and arguments. Finally all of the projects supported by the Programme are listed together with their Principal Investigators.
Design for ageing well
Authors: McCann Jane , Williamson Tracey
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the collaborative research project ‘Design for Ageing that brought together stakeholders from academia and industry, to engage with active ageing participants in the co-design of smart functional clothing, with wearable electronics. The prime objective was to develop a functional clothing ‘layering system’ for participation in walking comprising; close-fitting body layer garments, with vital signs and activity monitoring, moisture management base layer styles, mid layer insulating garments, with warming devices, and outer layer protection, providing multi-modal user interfaces to facilitate outdoor healthy exercise, social engagement and enhanced well-being. Co-design methodology, new to clothing design, was adopted to help to explain complex terminologies and practices between both academic and industry stakeholders, including technologists in electronics, clothing/textiles, and gerontology. This collaborative research has contributed to training a new breed of cross-disciplinary academic researchers, in tried and tested co-design process with industry practitioners and end-users.
Tackling ageing continence
Authors: van den Heuvel Eleanor
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses an interdisciplinary project that takes a multifaceted approach to reducing the impact of continence difficulties for older people. Environmental barriers to participation for people with continence or accessibility needs were addressed by investigating toilet provision outside the home. A variety of methods was used to investigate the concerns of both providers and users of publically accessible toilets and a technological solution was designed. NHS continence services were investigated from patient and professional perspective with the aim of understanding the particular needs of older patients. Two assistive devices that had been requested by continence pad users were developed to clinical prototype stage and tested for efficacy and user satisfaction.
Social Innovation and Social Policy
Authors: Baglioni Simone , Sinclair Stephen
Published: September 2018

This book provides an introduction to the concept of Social Innovation for readers interested in social and public policy. It explains why social and public policy analysts, policy makers and practitioners should become familiar with this idea, and explores how social innovation relates to key debates and core issues in public welfare. The book explains how social innovation relates to more familiar concepts, such as entrepreneurship, technological and business innovation and social enterprise. It discusses the social and economic challenges behind the growing interest in social innovation across the world. It illustrates the distinctive characteristics of social innovations through case studies which demonstrate how they address such issues as social isolation and mental health, childcare, education, homelessness, integrating migrant communities and financial exclusion. The book discusses in detail how social innovations address social problems in three substantive areas: food poverty, care provision and employment. It draws upon comparative research evidence to outline and analyse how social innovations have developed inventive responses to these complex challenges, and assesses their respective impact on well being. The book concludes by discussing the implications of social innovation for existing social welfare systems and social citizenship rights. It highlights some of the questions raised by social innovation for social and public policy reform and identifies potential limitations and concerns. It argues that those with an interest in social welfare policy should critically engage with the arguments for and evidence relating to social innovation.
On the path to public policy analysis: an ‘administrative science’ between reform and academy
Authors: Payre Renaud , Pollet Gilles
Published: September 2018

The chapter focuses on the creation of public policy analysis research groups in France from the end of the 19th century until the 1950s. It first shows the importance of an “administrative science”, which was never really institutionalized from an academic point of view, then proceeds to analyzing what kind of public policy thought was shaped through the “technocratic movement” during the interwar period. The latter movement brought together State engineers, high-ranking civil servants, trade unionists, and entrepreneurs who all focused on the importance of State reform. Finally, the chapter develops a genealogy of the French approach to public policy based on social sciences and sociology from the end of World War II until the 1950s.
Trade union expertise in public policy
Authors: Béroud Sophie , Pernot Jean-Marie
Published: September 2018

French unions do not constitute places of a high expertise in public policies today despite the fact that they are members of a number of joint or tripartite institutions (such as economic, social and environmental national Council) responsible for producing diagnostics and recommendations in the social field. If, in the decades 1970-1980, proposals and diagnostics carried especially by the CFDT have influenced the definition of specific policies in the world of work (for example the Auroux laws, but also the Roudy law about wage equality) or social policies, the trade union’s ability to act like a critical actor appears now much reduced. The chapter first seeks to explain this relative weakness, in relationship with several factors (links with universities, research organizations, etc.). Second, it examines those specific areas in which trade union’s expertise exists and has some influence in the definition of public action (educational and industrial policies,). Drawing from an original dataset, this chapter reflects on the forms taken by the unions’ public policy expertise and the influence it can exert.
Neighbourhood change, social inequalities and age-friendly communities
Authors: Thomése Fleur , Buffel Tine , Phillipson Chris
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 places the debate about AFCCs within a sociological context and explore the links between ‘community’ on the one side, and the idea of ‘age-friendliness’ on the other. The chapter draws upon a range of theoretical perspectives in sociological and community studies to assess current pressures facing communities, especially those linked with neighbourhood inequalities and the impact of globalisation. It concludes by discussing strategies for strengthening the community dimension of AFCCs and develops key principles for a critical social policy strategy which promotes age-friendliness.
Transnational social work: opportunities and challenges of a global profession
Authors: Bartley Allen , Beddoe Liz
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter, written by the editors of the book, introduces the concept of ‘transnational social work’, explaining factors that have lead to social work becoming a transnational profession, and impacts on social workers. The chapter then sets out the aims of the book, and how it brings together leading researchers to compare social work labour markets in the UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. It explains the structure and content of the book, and summarises the sections and chapters.
Public opinion and public policy in the United States
Authors: Schneider Saundra K. , Jacoby William G.
Published: September 2018

In a properly-functioning democracy, public opinion should not only be correlated with, but also a major determinant of, public policy. Is that the case in the United States? In this chapter, we address that question by covering the major lines of empirical research on the relationship between American public opinion and public policy. We begin with early work that emphasized the limits of popular thinking about government, creating the apparent need for democratic elitism in governmental action. More recent literature includes perspectives from the public policy field, and research on democratic responsiveness at both the national and state levels. Major lines of work emphasize the existence of rational public opinion at the aggregate level which ‘smooths out’ the inconsistencies that may exist within individual policy attitudes. Seminal studies have considered both the degree of correspondence between opinion and policy (i.e., ‘the rational public’), and models that specify how policy responds to opinion (thermostatic responses and the macropolity). Recent methodological innovations have led to new insights about democratic responsiveness in the American states. Our general conclusion is cautiously optimistic: Policy generally does follow the contours of citizen preference, but elites also have opportunities to shape manifestations of public opinion.
Addiction, inequality and recovery
Authors: Svanberg Jenny
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the impact of health inequalities on addiction and how the recommendations of the Marmot Review could influence recovery from addiction. The Marmot Review was tasked with devising strategies to reduce health inequalities in England, and rightly recognised that health equality requires a debate about what kind of society we want to live in. When considering societies as a whole, there is a clearer relationship between poor health outcomes and societal inequality; rich countries with a steep social gradient do worse than poorer, but more equal, countries. The chapter first provides an overview of factors that cause substance use and addiction before discussing the role of early life adversity in addiction and the link between inequality and addiction. More specifically, it explains how unequal societies lead to addiction and goes on to consider how society can support recovery from addiction.
Looking through a realist lens: services provided by faith-based and third sector organisations
Authors: Hannah Jean
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the services provided by faith-based and third sector organisations (TSOs), with the aim of encouraging them to use realist evaluation in helping to identify and evidence what it is about their programmes that offer benefit. It first provides an overview of the contexts of faith-based organisations and TSOs and of people accessing their services, including those affected by multiple and deep exclusion. It then describes realist evaluation and a realist-inspired evaluation that examines what works, for whom, in what circumstances, how and why. This case draws on the real-life experiences of two men who successfully addressed problematic alcohol use and its ramifications when accessing Salvation Army community programmes. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the concept of added value in the context of the Salvation Army's provision of basic support for people with problematic alcohol use.
Towards an integrative theory of homelessness and rough sleeping
Authors: Maguire Nick
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers some of the main psychological factors theorised to cause and maintain homelessness, with an eye towards developing an integrative theory of homelessness and rough sleeping. It first describes what a good theory or model may do in terms of identifying the psychological factors and concomitant interventions that may be useful in helping people to break out of behavioural patterns that maintain a cycle of rough sleeping and homelessness. It then examines factors that affect the likelihood of people becoming and staying homeless on a number of levels by making use of a framework increasing in ‘reductionism’. It also discusses a psychological approach to homelessness, the psychology of environment–individual interaction, and the detrimental effects of attachment and interpersonal issues, cognitive functioning, and negative beliefs on homelessness. Finally, it introduces a model of repeat homelessness that takes into account the factors mentioned above, along with psychological interventions.
Mental health and multiple exclusions
Authors: Luscombe Claire
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the correlation between mental health and multiple exclusions. Health inequalities result from inequalities in the conditions of daily life and because of the fundamental drivers that give rise to them, that is, inequalities in power, money and resources. A key component of this process of exclusion is mental health. Poor mental health is both a contributor to and a consequence of exclusion. On the other hand, good mental health is a crucial aspect of facilitating inclusion. The chapter first defines multiple exclusions before discussing research about people experiencing homelessness, prevalence of mental health disorders within the population, and why understanding multiple exclusions is important. It also analyses the implications of the mental health-multiple exclusions nexus for service delivery.
The Care Act 2014
Authors: Burstow Paul
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the significance of Care Act 2014, a piece of legislation that modernises more than six decades of care and support law into a single, clear statute, which takes into account people's needs and what they want to achieve in their lives. Before discussing the main features of the Care Act, the chapter considers the Poor Law and how the Care Act breaks with the Poor Law principle of less eligibility, which persisted in National Assistance Act 1948. The National Assistance Act was the legal framework governing adult social care in England and Wales and replaced the Poor Law. The chapter also describes community-based approaches to social care, how well-being became the new organising principle for the Care Act, and the negative health and wealth impacts of caring. It concludes by analysing the debates about integrating health and social care in the UK.
Health and social care in an age of austerity
Authors: West Charles
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the impact of austerity policies on health, well-being and social care in the UK. In particular, it considers the health care provided by the National Health Service (NHS) and other health services, as well as the social care that is normally paid for, rather than the wider social support provided by family, friends, neighbours or colleagues. The discussion begins with an overview of the economic case for spending on health and social care, and more specifically the logic in pursuing spending policies that carry a high economic multiplier. The chapter then emphasises the duty of governments and those working in health care to achieve good value for the money spent, citing the case of the UK NHS. It also describes five principles underlying market competition in the context of health care before concluding with an analysis of social care services in the UK.
Ambivalent reflections on violence and peacebuilding: Activist research in Croatia and the wider post-Yugoslav space1
Authors: Stubbs Paul
Published: September 2018

The chapter explores theoretical, political and ethical challenges inherent in activist research in conflict and post-conflict environments, focusing on Croatia and the wider post-Yugoslav space. Framed in terms of ‘ambivalence’, ‘positionality’ and ‘reflexivity’, the chapter revisits themes which were especially important in the wars of the Yugoslav succession: the ‘projectisation’ of NGOs; the relationship between ‘the real’ and ‘the virtual’; the role of external actors within a ‘new humanitarianism’; the over-emphasis on medicalised understanding of ‘trauma’; and the limits and possibilities of anti-nationalist movements in times of nationalist mobilisation. The chapter emphasises the importance of multi-voiced ethnography, a conscious post-colonial positioning and a stance of deep humility as preconditions for activist research to open up new arenas of possibility, struggle and change.