bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Publikasiegereed? Oor die aanbiedingswyse, keuringsprosedure en teksversorging van navorsingsartikels
Authors: Venter M.
Published: June 2013

Ready to publish? On the presentation, refereeing process and text editing of scholarly articles This article is an attempt to present authors planning to write a scholarly article with practical guidelines for submitting the article to a specific journal. The following aspects are also discussed: typical points of criticism usually raised in referees’ reports, and the necessity for clarity of expression and lucid scholarly style. Specific examples of how to enhance the technical and language finish of an article are included. This article is the outcome of many years of practical work within the Bureau for Scholarly Journals; hence the publication of it in Literator, one of the journals processed by the Bureau.
Tropical deep convection and density current signature in surface pressure: comparison between WRF model simulations and infrasound measurements
Authors: Costantino L. , Heinrich P.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Deep convection is a major atmospheric transport process in the tropics, affecting the global weather and the climate system. In the framework of the ARISE (Atmospheric dynamics Research InfraStructure in Europe) project, we combine model simulations of tropical deep convection with in-situ ground measurements, from a IMS (International Monitoring System) infrasound station in Ivory Coast, to analyse the effects of density current propagation. The WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model is firstly run in a simplified (referred to as "idealized case") and highly resolved configuration, to explicitly account for convective dynamics. Then, a coarser threedimensional simulation (referred to as "real") is nudged towards meteorological re-analysis data, to compare the real case with the idealized model and in-situ observations. In the 2-D run, the evolution of a deep convective cloud generates a density current, that moves outward up to 30 km away from storm center. The increase in surface density (up to 18 g m−3 larger than surrounding air) is mostly due to the sudden temperature decrease (down to −2 °C, with respect to domain averaged value), from diabatic cooling by rain evaporation near ground level. It is accompanied by a dramatic decrease in relative humidity (down to −50%), buoyancy (down to −0.08 m s−2), equivalent potential temperature (25 °C lower than the PBL) and the rapid enhancement of horizontal wind speed (up to 15 m s−2). If temperature and density changes are strong enough, surface pressure gets largely affected and high frequency disturbances (up to several tens of Pa) can be detected, at the leading edges of density current. The moister and warmer air of subcloud layer is lifted up and replaced by a more stable flow. The resulting thermodynamical instabilities are shown to play a key role in triggering new convection. If the initial environment is sufficiently unstable, they can give rise to continuous updrafts that may lead to the transition from single-cell to multi-cell cloud systems, even without the presence of an initial wind shear. The overall consistence and similarity between idealized and real simulation, and the good agreement of real case with in-situ retrievals of temperature, pressure, wind speed and direction, seem to confirm the ability of 2-D and 3-D model to well reproduce convective dynamics. Surface pressure disturbances, simulated in both idealized and real cases as a consequence of cold pool propagation, are very similar to those recorded in Ivory Coast. Present results stress the direct link between mesoscale convective system activity and high-frequency surface pressure variations, suggesting the possibility of developing a new method for real-time rainstorm tracking, based on the ground-based infrasound monitoring of pressure field.
Rapid increasing trend of CO2 and ocean acidification in the surface water of the Ulleung Basin, East/Japan Sea inferred from the observations from 1995 to 2004
Authors: Kim J.-Y. , Kang D.-J. , Lee T. , Kim K.-R.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Anthropogenic carbon is responsible for both global warming and ocean acidification. Efforts are underway to understand the role of ocean in a high CO2 world on a global context. However, marginal seas received little attention despite their significant contribution to biogeochemical cycles. Here we report that the CO2 increase and ocean acidification in the surface waters of the Ulleung Basin (UB) of the East/Japan Sea are much faster than the global mean, and possible causes are discussed. Twelve observations of surface fCO2 were made in the period from 1995 to 2004. The decadal trend of fCO2 increment was estimated by harmonic analysis. The estimated rates of increase of fCO2 were 1.97 μatm yr−1 for the atmosphere and 3.36 μatm yr−1 for the surface ocean. The rates exceed the global mean of 1.5 μatm yr−1. The ocean acidification trend, calculated from total alkalinity and fCO2, was estimated to be 0.04 pH units decade−1. Surface seawater of the UB has been acidified more rapidly compared to the global mean (0.02 pH units decade−1). Results show that, if warming strengthens the currents or advection in the marginal seas, biological pump will be enhanced. This would lead to compensation for the presumed reduction in oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2 in the warmer world, which warrants quantification worldwide.
A wavelet melt detection algorithm applied to enhanced resolution scatterometer data over Antarctica (2000–2009)
Authors: Steiner N. , Tedesco M.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Melting is mapped over Antarctica at a high spatial resolution using a novel melt-detection algorithm based on wavelets and multi-scale analysis. The method is applied to Ku band (13.4 GHz) normalized backscattering measured by SeaWinds on QuikSCAT and spatially enhanced on a 5 km grid over the operational life of the sensor (1999–2009). Wavelet-based estimates of melt spatial extent and duration are compared with those obtained by means of threshold-based detection methods, where melting is detected when the measured backscattering is 3 dB below the preceding winter mean value. Results from both methods are assessed by means of Automatic Weather Station (AWS) air surface temperature records. The yearly melting index, the product of melted area and melting duration, found using a fixed threshold and wavelet-based melt algorithm are found to have a relative difference within 7% for all years. The majority of the difference between melting records determined from QuikSCAT are related to short-duration backscatter changes identified as melting using the threshold methodology but not the wavelet-based method. Compared with AWS records both methods show a relative accuracy to within 10% based on estimated melt conditions using air temperatures. Melting maps obtained with the wavelet-based approach are also compared with those obtained from spaceborne brightness temperatures recorded by the Special Sensor Microwave/Image (SSMI). With respect to passive microwave records, we find a higher degree of agreement (9% relative difference) for the melting index using the wavelet-based approach than threshold-based methods (11% relative difference). Additionally, linkages between melting variability and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), an important large-scale climate driver for Antarctica, are suggested by the results using wavelet based methods that are not found using threshold-based methods.
The Structure and Dimensional Design of a Reconfigurable PKM
Authors: Tang Xiaoqiang , Sun Dengfeng , Shao Zhufeng
Published: June 2013

Parallel Kinematic Machines (PKMs) have many advantages and have been widely used in the machine industry. Benefitting from its modular structure, a PKM is more reconfigurable than traditional serial machines. In this paper, a new type of driving strut module and innovative joints are designed for the Reconfigurable Parallel Kinematic Machine (RPKM). The new driving strut module can be changed from linear drive mode to telescopic drive mode easily, and the new spherical joint and universal joint are designed to achieve a large rotation angle. The inverse kinematics problems in relation to the 6-DOF RPKM are analysed, and the Workspace Volume Index (WVI) and the Global ConditionIndex (GCI) are adopted to design the RPKM. According to the WVI and GCI analysis of the selected parameters for two types of 6-DOF PKM, the dimensional parameters of the RPKM are designed. In the end, the new type of RPKM prototype is built, with which a wax pattern is machined.
Orthophoto Classification for UGV Path Planning using Heterogeneous Computing
Authors: Hudjakov Robert , Tamre Mart
Published: June 2013

We have developed a system that uses aerial imagery for improving unmanned ground vehicle navigation capabilities. The current article focuses on the viability of using heterogeneous computing architecture for improving system performance in terms of energy consumption and area analysed per second.
Design, Synthesis, and Application of the Trimethoprim‐Based Chemical Tag for Live‐Cell Imaging
Authors: Jing Chaoran , Cornish Virginia W.
Published: June 2013

Over the past decade, chemical tags have been developed to complement the use of fluorescent proteins in live‐cell imaging. Chemical tags retain the specificity of protein labeling achieved with fluorescent proteins through genetic encoding, but provide smaller, more robust tags and modular use of organic fluorophores with high photon output and tailored functionalities. The trimethoprim‐based chemical tag (TMP‐tag) was initially developed based on the high affinity interaction between E. coli dihydrofolate reductase and the antibiotic trimethoprim and was subsequently rendered covalent and fluorogenic via proximity‐induced protein labeling reactions. To date, the TMP‐tag is one of the few chemical tags that enable intracellular protein labeling and high‐resolution live‐cell imaging. Here we describe the general design, chemical synthesis, and application of TMP‐tag for live‐cell imaging. Alternate protocols for synthesizing and using the covalent and the fluorogenic TMP‐tags are also included. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 5:131‐155 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
And Yet it Moves! Microfluidics Without Channels and Troughs
Authors: Lugli Francesca , Fioravanti Giulia , Pattini Denise , Pasquali Luca , Montecchi Monica , Gentili Denis , Murgia Mauro , Hemmatian Zahra , Cavallini Massimiliano , Zerbetto Francesco
Published: June 2013

A simple, versatile, rapid, and inexpensive procedure based on the immersion method is developed to fabricate chemical gradients on chemically activated Si/SiO2 surfaces by a trichloro (1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorooctyl) silane self‐assembly monolayer (SAM). Contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data based on the intensity of the signals of C1s and F1s, which progressively increase, indicate that the surface is characterized by the presence of increasing amounts of the SAM along the gradient direction. Experimental conditions are optimized by maximizing the variation of the contact angle of water drops at the starting and the ending points of the gradient. The application of the chemical gradient to droplet motion is demonstrated. The results are rationalized by dissipative particle dynamics simulations that well match the observed contact angles and the velocities of the drops. The simulations also show that the intrinsic nature of the gradient affects the velocity of the motion.
Extremely Low Operating Voltage Green Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Sasabe Hisahiro , Nakanishi Hiromi , Watanabe Yuichiro , Yano Shogo , Hirasawa Masakatsu , Pu Yong‐Jin , Kido Junji
Published: June 2013

Organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) are expected to be adopted as the next generation of general lighting because they are more efficient than fluorescent tubes and are mercury‐free. The theoretical limit of operating voltage is generally believed to be equal to the energy gap, which corresponds to the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) for the emitter molecule divided by the electron charge (e). Here, green OLEDs operating below a theoretical limit of the energy gap (Eg) voltage with high external quantum efficiency over 20% are demonstrated using fac‐tris(2‐phenylpyridine)iridium(III) with a peak emission wavelength of 523 nm, which is equivalent to a photon energy of 2.38 eV. An optimized OLED operates clearly below the theoretical limit of the Eg voltage at 2.38 V showing 100 cd m−2 at 2.25 V and 5000 cd m−2 at 2.95 V without any light outcoupling enhancement techniques.
Enhanced microbial oil production by activated sludge microorganisms via co‐fermentation of glucose and xylose
Authors: Mondala Andro , Hernandez Rafael , Holmes William , French Todd , McFarland Linda , Sparks Darrell , Haque Monica
Published: June 2013

The co‐fermentation of glucose and xylose by activated sludge microorganisms for the production of microbial oils for use as biodiesel feedstock was investigated. Various carbon sources at initial concentration of 60 g/L and C:N ratio 70:1 were investigated: xylose, glucose, and 2:1 and 1:2 (by mass) glucose/xylose mixtures. Oil accumulation ranged between 12 to 22% CDW, the highest of which was obtained when xylose was the sole substrate used. Kinetic modeling of the fermentation data showed that specific growth and oil accumulation rates were similar in all substrate types and the lipid coefficient ranged from 0.02 to 0.06 g/g of sugar consumed. The fatty acid methyl ester yield and composition of the lipids showed their suitability for conversion to biodiesel. Based on the results, lignocellulose sugars could be used as fermentation substrates by activated sludge microorganisms for enhancing the oil content of sewage sludge for its use as a sustainable biofuel feedstock source. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4036–4044, 2013
Modeling studies of low‐temperature aerobic NOx reduction by a sequence of LNT‐SCR catalysts
Authors: Kota Arun S , Luss Dan , Balakotaiah Vemuri
Published: June 2013

The relationship between fuel penalty and precious metal loading in coupled LNTSCR systems for NOx reduction at low temperatures is determined. Simulations of adiabatic, aerobic NOx reduction determine the impact of catalyst architecture, precious metal loading, cycle time, catalyst length and the support material. These revealed that (a) high NOx conversion can be achieved for a given precious metal loading at low temperatures (510 K) with about 0.3% fuel penalty, (b) shortened cycle time and increased pulse duty reduce the overall NOx slip from the coupled catalyst and lead to significant improvement in the NOx conversion, (c) alternate arrangement of the LNT/SCR catalysts increases the NOx conversion, (d) a monotonic decreasing PGM loading in LNT leads to higher NOx conversion compared to uniform loading, (e) for a fixed catalyst volume, there is an optimal aspect ratio that maximizes the nonisothermal effect, and (f) metal based monolith supports improve NOx conversion. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3421–3431, 2013
Dibromohydantoin: A Convenient Brominating Reagent for 1,4,5,8‐Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Dianhydride
Authors: Sasikumar M. , Suseela Y. V. , Govindaraju T.
Published: June 2013

An efficient and economical reagent for the bromination of 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride under mild reaction conditions is reported. 1,4,5,8‐Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride was smoothly brominated by treatment with 5,5‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dibromohydantoin (DBH) in concentrated H2SO4 as a solvent under ambient conditions. Mono‐, di‐, and tetrabrominated products were obtained in good‐to‐excellent yield by varying the equivalents of brominating reagent used, and the products were purified by crystallization. The mild reaction conditions and simple workup procedure make this method a practical and commercially viable route for the synthesis of pure mono‐, di‐, and tetrabrominated 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydrides. Condensation of these dianhydrides with n‐octylamine gives the corresponding imide (N,N′) substituted mono‐, di‐, and tetrabromonaphthalene diimides, which are versatile precursors for the synthesis of core‐functionalized naphthalene diimides. Toluene as a solvent significantly improves the efficiency of nucleophilic core substitution of these bromonaphthalene diimides with n‐octylamine to afford core‐substituted mono‐, di‐, and tetra‐(n‐octylamino)‐naphthalene diimides. The core substitution reactions are clean, without any side products, and give excellent yields. The UV/vis absorbance and fluorescence properties of the core functionalized naphthalene diimides were studied and found to be dependent on the number of core substituents.
Optimierte Nanopartikel‐Katalyse für die Sauerstoffreduktionsreaktion
Authors: Guo Shaojun , Zhang Sen , Sun Shouheng
Published: June 2013

Fortschritte in der chemischen Synthese führen zu einer immer besseren Kontrolle der Größe, Form, Zusammensetzung, Struktur und Katalyseeigenschaften von Nanopartikeln (NPs). Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über Platin‐ und andere Nanopartikel für den Einsatz als Nanokatalysatoren in der Sauerstoffreduktionsreaktion (ORR) unter den Reaktionsbedingungen einer Brennstoffzelle. Zunächst werden die formkontrollierte Synthese von Pt‐NPs und der Einfluss der Partikelform auf die katalytischen Eigenschaften in der ORR diskutiert. Anschließend werden NP‐Legierungen und Kern‐Schale‐NPs mit optimierten elektronischen und geometrischen Effekten sowie Pt‐NPs auf Graphenträgern oder mit einer Hülle aus einer ionischen Flüssigkeit betrachtet. Schließlich werden einige andere Metall‐NPs diskutiert, die eine neue Generation von Katalysatoren für die ORR darstellen. Die vorgestellten Synthesewege ermöglichen eine zielgerichtete Steuerung der Eigenschaften der NPs und bilden eine gute Ausgangsbasis für die Entwicklung hochwirksamer Katalysatoren für Brennstoffzellen, Metall‐Luft‐Batterien und andere wichtige chemische Reaktionen.
Predictions of young's modulus of inorganic fibrous particulate‐reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Liang Ji‐Zhao
Published: June 2013

In this study, the factors affecting the Young's modulus of inorganic fibrous particulate‐reinforced polymer composites were analyzed, and a new expression of the Young's modulus was derived and was based on a simplified mechanical model. This equation was used to estimate the composite Young's modulus. The estimated relative Young's modulus increased nonlinearly with increasing filler volume fraction. Finally, we verified the equation preliminarily by quoting the measured Young's modulus values of poly(butylene terephthalate)/wollastonite, polypropylene/wollastonite, and nylon 6/wollastonite composites reported in the literature. Good agreement was shown between the predictions and the experimental data of the relative Young's modulus values for these three composite systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2957–2961, 2013
Polylactides with “green” plasticizers: Influence of isomer composition
Authors: Arias Veluska , Höglund Anders , Odelius Karin , Albertsson Ann‐Christine
Published: June 2013

Synthesized polylactides (PLA) with different D‐isomer contents in the polymer chain were melt‐blended with a series of “green” plasticizers by extrusion. Mechanical and thermal properties as well as the morphology of the plasticized materials were characterized to demonstrate how the combination of PLA with different D‐contents and plasticizer controls the material properties. After addition of acetyl tributyl citrate (ATC), the elongation at break for PLA with a low D‐isomer content was twice as high as that for PLAs with high D‐isomer contents. Similar variations in the plasticization effect on the PLAs were also observed with the other plasticizers used, glyceryl triacetate (GTA), glycerol trihexanoate (GTH) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). In order to continue with the development of renewable polymers in packaging applications, the interrelation between a plasticizer and a specific polymer needs to be understood. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2962–2970, 2013
Innovative films with tunable permeability for fresh vegetable packaging applications
Authors: Scafati Santolo Taglialatela , Boragno Luca , Losio Simona , Conzatti Lucia , Lanati Simonetta , Sacchi Maria Carmela , Stagnaro Paola
Published: June 2013

Blends of a commercial polypropylene (PP), typically used as food contact material, with increasing amounts of poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) (PMP) are prepared in a twin‐screw extruder to obtain thin films with improved gas permeation for fresh vegetable packaging. Permeability, haze, and transparency of monolayer films produced by casting are investigated under conditions mimicking the industrial ones. O2 and CO2 permeability can be tuned by increasing PMP content in the blends from 5 to 20 wt %. Transparency and haze are practically unchanged in the presence of low content of PMP. Moreover, tensile and rheological tests show that PMP does not significantly affect the related properties of blends compared to the neat PP matrix, thus allowing for the industrial applicability of these new formulations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39503.
Effective thermal conductivity of 3,5‐diaminobenzoyl‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes/epoxy composites
Authors: Pongsa Uraiwan , Somwangthanaroj Anongnat
Published: June 2013

To obtain homogeneous dispersion and good interfacial interaction between MWCNT and polymer matrix, the functionalization of MWCNTs with 3,5‐diaminobenzoic acid (DAB) via a direct Friedel‐Crafts acylation was accomplished. FTIR, XPS, and FT‐Raman analysis was performed to confirm that diaminobenzoyl moieties were successfully grafted onto MWCNT surface with less structural damage. The incorporation of diaminobenzoyl‐functionalized MWCNTs (DAB‐MWCNTs) into epoxy matrix can substantially enhance storage modulus (E′) as well as glass transition temperature (Tg) and reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion. The thermal conductivity enhancement can be observed with DAB‐MWCNTs probably due to good dispersion and decreased interfacial thermal resistance between MWCNT and polymer matrix. The Maxwell‐Eucken, Lewis‐Nielsen, and MG‐EMA models were used to evaluate theoretical thermal conductivity. Moreover, epoxy resin incorporated with hybrid fillers, which consisted of DAB‐MWCNTs and silicon nitride exhibit higher thermal conductivity than those with single filler, thereby forming perfectly heat conductive pathways. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3184–3196, 2013
Effect of formulation and processing conditions on light shielding efficiency of thermotropic systems with fixed domains based on UV curing acrylate resins
Authors: Weber Andreas , Schlögl Sandra , Resch Katharina
Published: June 2013

Within this study relationships between material formulation and processing parameters and the morphology (vacuole formation) of thermotropic systems with fixed domains (TSFD) for overheating protection purposes were investigated. Main aim was on improving light shielding efficiency of TSFD based on UV curable acrylate resins by optimization of selected key parameters including photo‐initiator type and content, type of reactive diluent, radiation intensity/dose, and thermal treatment of layers during manufacturing. Variations of type of reactive diluent and thermal treatment had a minor effect on overheating protection performance. Utilization of photo‐bleaching photo‐initiator of acylphospine oxide type instead of a blend of conventional Type I (α‐hydroxy ketone type) and Type II (benzophenone) photo‐initiators enabled reduction of radiation dose to achieve properly cured layers. The results revealed that a significant reduction of radiation intensity/dose prevented formation of vacuoles. Consequently, light shielding efficiency of TSFD was enhanced significantly. Nevertheless, obtained scattering domain size was inappropriate for optimum light shielding efficiency and requires further optimization strategies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3299–3310, 2013
Lignin liquefaction under microwave heating
Authors: Sequeiros Ane , Serrano Luis , Briones Rodrigo , Labidi Jalel
Published: June 2013

Organosolv lignin from olive tree pruning was subjected to liquefaction under microwave heating and modifying the experimental conditions (time, temperature, and concentration of catalyst) according to an experimental design. The organosolv lignin and obtained polyols were characterized using attenuated‐total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gel permeation chromatography, and another parameter such as the hydroxyl number (IOH). The ATR‐IR and the TGA results showed that the solvents (polyethylene glycol #400 and glycerol) reacted with the lignin being present in the final product. The optimal polyol showed a liquefaction yield of 99.07% that was obtained in 5 min of reaction at 155°C with 1% of sulphuric acid. The liquefaction product showed a hydroxyl number of 811.8 mg KOH/g, suitable to be used as a precursor in polyurethane foam synthesis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3292–3298, 2013
High resolution modelling of valley cold pools
Authors: Vosper Simon , Carter Emilie , Lean Humphrey , Lock Adrian , Clark Peter , Webster Stuart
Published: June 2013

The Met Office Unified Model has been adapted to run with a 100 m horizontal grid length for a region of complex terrain whose valleys are too narrow to be represented in the operational forecast (1.5 km grid length) model. Forecasts of temperatures are compared with observations from the COLd air Pooling EXperiment. The model provides a realistic representation of valley cold pools which form during stable nights, although the predictions are shown to be sensitive to vertical resolution. Reducing the vertical grid spacing near the surface results in lower night‐time temperatures and larger, more realistic, valley–hill temperature contrasts.
Interaction of Lactobacillus vini with the ethanol‐producing yeasts Dekkera bruxellensis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Tiukova Ievgeniia , Eberhard Thomas , Passoth Volkmar
Published: June 2013

Lactobacillus vini was recently described as a contaminant in industrial ethanol fermentations and its co‐occurrence with Dekkera bruxellensis was noted. We investigated the growth characteristics of L. vini in cocultivation together with either Saccharomyces cerevisiae or D. bruxellensis. Lower cell numbers of both the yeasts and L. vini as well as a decrease in ethanol and lactate formation in mixed batch cultures compared with pure cultures were noted. L. vini formed cell aggregates (flocs) in all cultivation media with different shapes in Man–Rogosa–Sharpe and yeast extract–peptone–dextrose media. Flocs’ size and proportion of cells bound to flocs increased with increasing ethanol concentration. In coculture, formation of lactic acid bacteria–yeast cell aggregates consisting of a bacterial core with an outer layer of yeast cells was observed. L. vini–D. bruxellensis flocs had a bigger surface, due to cells protruding from the pseudomycelium. The involvement of mannose residues in the flocculation between L. vini and yeasts was tested. The presence of mannose induced deflocculation in a concentration‐dependent manner. Less mannose was required for the deflocculation of D. bruxellensis as compared with S. cerevisiae.
Absent/weak CD44 intensity and positive human papillomavirus (HPV) status in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma indicates a very high survival
Authors: Näsman Anders , Nordfors Cecilia , Grün Nathalie , Munck‐Wikland Eva , Ramqvist Torbjörn , Marklund Linda , Lindquist David , Dalianis Tina
Published: June 2013

Patients with human papillomavirus DNA positive (HPVDNA+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have better clinical outcome than those with HPV DNA negative (HPVDNA−) OSCC upon intensive oncological treatment. All HPVDNA+ OSCC patients may not require intensive treatment, however, but before potentially deintensifying treatment, additional predictive markers are needed. Here, we examined HPV, p16INK4a, and CD44 in OSCC in correlation to clinical outcome. Pretreatment tumors from 290 OSCC patients, the majority not receiving chemotherapy, were analyzed for HPV DNA by Luminex and for p16INK4a and CD44 by immunohistochemistry. 225/290 (78%) tumors were HPVDNA+ and 211/290 (73%) overexpressed p16INK4a, which correlated to presence of HPV (P < 0.0001). Presence of HPV DNA, absent/weak CD44 intensity staining correlated to favorable 3‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) by univariate and multivariate analysis, and likewise for p16INK4a by univariate analysis. Upon stratification for HPV, HPVDNA+ OSCC with absent/weak CD44 intensity presented the significantly best 3‐year DFS and OS, with >95% 3‐year DFS and OS. Furthermore, in HPVDNA+ OSCC, p16INK4a+ overexpression correlated to a favorable 3‐year OS. In conclusion, patients with HPVDNA+ and absent/weak CD44 intensity OSCC presented the best survival and this marker combination could possibly be used for selecting patients for tailored deintensified treatment in prospective clinical trials.
Leaflet length and left main coronary artery occlusion following transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Okuyama Kazuaki , Jilaihawi Hasan , Makkar Raj R.
Published: June 2013

Coronary artery occlusion during transcatheter aortic valve replacement is a rare complication. However, it is a very severe and life‐threatening event. Although there are some possible causes of this phenomenon, definite etiologies and predictors are unknown because of the small number. We describe one case of left main coronary artery occlusion immediately after deployment of a prosthetic valve. The patient became hypotensive and developed cardiopulmonary arrest. However, the coronary artery was successfully stented with a help of cardiopulmonary bypass and he recovered well. In this case, pre‐procedural computed tomography (CT) showed the adequately high coronary height and no other significant conventional predictor for coronary occlusion. The examinations were retrospectively reviewed and the CT showed a long leaflet compared to the coronary sinus complex. The fluoroscopy appeared to show the long leaflet covering the left main coronary artery ostium immediately after the valve deployment. The height of the coronary artery ostium from the aortic annulus appeared sufficiently high in this case and did not explain the coronary compromise; leaflet length in relation to the coronary sinus dimension seemed more relevant. The ratio between leaflet length and curved coronary sinus height (L/C) may be one novel predictor for coronary artery occlusion. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anticoagulation in transradial percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Appleton Darryn L. , Cooke Richard H. , Rao Sunil V. , Jovin Ion S.
Published: June 2013

Transradial percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with significant reductions in access site complications and major bleeding as compared with the transfemoral approach. Bivalirudin is now the most commonly used anticoagulant for transradial PCI in the United States, while weight adjusted unfractionated heparin remains the most common choice outside the United States. A growing number of reports suggest that transradial intervention may offer improved outcomes across a variety of clinical situations, including those at the highest risk of bleeding complications, such as those with acute myocardial infarction. The following review provides an overview of the studies evaluating anticoagulation in transradial PCI and a rationale for the combination of the transradial approach to coronary interventions with an optimal anticoagulant strategy to reduce both access site and nonaccess site‐related bleeding. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heteropoly Acid Catalysts for the Synthesis of Fragrance Compounds from Biorenewables: Cycloaddition of Crotonaldehyde to Limonene, α‐Pinene, and β‐Pinene
Authors: Costa Vinícius V. , da Silva Rocha Kelly A. , Mesquita Rafaela A. , Kozhevnikova Elena F. , Kozhevnikov Ivan V. , Gusevskaya Elena V.
Published: June 2013

The interaction of widespread monoterpenes limonene, α‐pinene, and β‐pinene with crotonaldehyde using silica‐supported tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid H3PW12O40 and its acidic cesium salt Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 as solid acid catalysts in dichloroethane solutions results in cycloaddition, which gives the same fragrant oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonene product in a high yield. The product is likely to be formed through an α‐terpenyl carbenium ion intermediate, which is generated from monoterpene protonation and undergoes nucleophilic attack by crotonaldehyde. Both H3PW12O40 and Cs0.5H0.5PW12O40 are efficient and truly heterogeneous cycloaddition catalysts.
The Effect of Noncatalytic Cations on the Activity and Selectivity of Nickel‐Exchanged X Zeolites for Propene Oligomerization
Authors: Mlinar Anton N. , Ho Otto C. , Bong Gerry G. , Bell Alexis T.
Published: June 2013

A series of alkali metal or alkaline earth‐exchanged NiX (X=faujasite zeolite, Si/Al=1.2) zeolites containing approximately 0.6 wt % Ni as Ni2+ cations were examined as catalysts for propene oligomerization at 453 K and 5 bar (500 kPa). In the presence of propene, the activity of alkali metal‐exchanged zeolites (NiLiX, NiNaX, and NiKX) increased with time on stream, reached a maximum, then decreased, and finally reached steady state. In contrast, the activity of alkaline earth‐exchanged zeolites (NiMgX, NiCaX, and NiSrX) was high initially and then decreased until steady‐state activity was achieved. The primary product formed in all cases was hexene (90 %), and nonene was the only other product observed (10 %). Both the rate of propene dimerization and the ratio of branched to linear hexene isomers were determined to depend on the identity of the charge‐compensating cation, with the dimerization rate and degree of dimer branching increasing with increasing free volume in the zeolite supercages. The apparent activation energy for trimer formation was greater than that for dimer formation, which suggests that steric constraints imposed by the zeolite may inhibit the growth of larger oligomers.
Plasmon‐Enhanced Photocatalysis on Anisotropic Gold Nanorod Arrays
Authors: Kubus Levent , Erdogan Hakan , Cetin S. Sebnem , Biskin Erhan , Demirel Gokhan
Published: June 2013

The field of photocatalysis is an active area owing to the possible contributions to solve some challenging problems such as sustainable energy production, environmental pollution control, and even global warming. Unfortunately, traditional photocatalysts, especially semiconductors, suffer from inherent deficiencies, which include high activation barriers, the low mobility of charge carriers, and poor long‐term stabilities. Herein, we demonstrate a plasmonic photocatalyst based on unidirectional gold nanorod arrays fabricated by using the oblique‐angle deposition (OAD) technique. The fabricated gold nanorod arrays exhibit a remarkable plasmonic anisotropy, which depends on the direction of the incoming light. By employing these arrays as a plasmonic catalyst, a clear improvement and control in the catalytic reduction of o‐nitroaniline to 1,2‐benzenediamine, depending on the directionalities and anisotropic plasmonic properties of the gold nanorods, was obtained. These results suggest that such unique characteristics of directional gold nanorod arrays could greatly impact several technological areas, not only in plasmon‐enhanced photocatalysis but in biosensing and optofluidic applications.
Beckmann Rearrangement of Cyclohexanone Oxime in a Microreactor Setup with Internal Recirculation
Authors: Zuidhof N. T. , de Croon M. H. J. M. , Schouten J. C. , Tinge J. T.
Published: June 2013

Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime dissolved in cyclooctane with oleum to ϵ‐caprolactam was demonstrated in a microreactor setup with internal recirculation operated in continuous mode. The core of the setup comprised a 316 stainless‐steel micromixer consisting of 17 split‐and‐recombine units connected to a delay loop, a 316 stainless‐steel microchannel reactor with an internal diameter of 0.250 mm and a length of 0.50 m. At 100 °C, the conversion of cyclohexanone oxime was complete and the selectivity towards ϵ‐caprolactam was approximately 99 %. The solvent cyclooctane reduces the observed purity of the produced oleum/ϵ‐caprolactam. This reduction in purity might be a severe hurdle for usage of a solvent on the industrial scale in the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in oleum to ϵ‐caprolactam.
Molecular Thermal Hysteresis in Helix‐Dimer Formation of Sulfonamidohelicene Oligomers in Solution
Authors: Shigeno Masanori , Kushida Yo , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: June 2013

Sulfonamidohelicene oligomers up to the nonamer level were synthesized by the repeated coupling reactions of a building block. A tetramer formed a helix dimer in 1,3‐difluorobenzene, which unfolded to a random coil with heating. This structural change exhibited thermal hysteresis in which different thermal responses were observed in the course of temperature increase and decrease. The feature of the hysteresis was examined under different heating/cooling modes, and the mechanisms are discussed on the basis of the population change and the presence of an induction period. A proposal regarding the use of thermal hysteresis for sensing a temperature increase/decrease is also given.
Small D–π–A Systems with o‐Phenylene‐Bridged Accepting Units as Active Materials for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Leliège Antoine , Grolleau Jérémie , Allain Magali , Blanchard Philippe , Demeter Dora , Rousseau Théodulf , Roncali Jean
Published: June 2013

Donor–acceptor (D–π–A) systems that combine triarylamine donor blocks and dicyanovinyl (DCV) acceptor groups have been synthesized. Starting from the triphenylamine (TPA)thiopheneDCV compound (1) as a reference system, various synthetic approaches have been developed for controlling the light‐harvesting properties and energy levels of the frontier orbitals in this molecule. Thus, the introduction of methoxy groups onto TPA, the replacement of one phenyl ring of TPA by a thiophene ring, or the extension of the π‐conjugating spacer group lead to the modulation of the HOMO level. On the other hand, the fusion of the DCV group onto the vicinal thiophene ring by an ortho‐phenylene bridge allows for a specific fine‐tuning of the LUMO level. The electronic properties of the molecules were analyzed by using UV/Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry and the compounds were evaluated as donor materials in basic bilayer planar heterojunction solar cells by using C60 as acceptor material. The relationships between the electronic properties of the donors and the performance of the corresponding photovoltaic devices are discussed. Bilayer planar heterojunction solar cells that used reference compound 1 and C70 afforded power‐conversion efficiencies of up to 3.7 %.
Synthesis and Transformations of Novel L‐Phenylalanine Derived Pyrazolidin‐3‐ones
Authors: Grošelj Uroš , Golobič Amalija , Svete Jurij , Stanovnik Branko
Published: June 2013

A simple and straightforward four‐step synthesis of novel diastereomeric L‐phenylalanine‐derived pyrazolidin‐3‐ones is described. The absolute configuration of the novel C(5) stereogenic centre has been unambiguously determined by single crystal X‐ray analysis and via chemical interconversions. A series of novel thiourea derived pyrazolidinones have been prepared and tested as potential organocatalysts. N(1) un‐substituted pyrazolidinones can be used for the construction of a novel type of bicyclic heterocycles and other selective derivatizations. Chirality 25:541–555, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of the Liquid Viscosity on the Rheological Behavior of Foams
Authors: Lexis Meike , Willenbacher Norbert
Published: June 2013

Die rheologischen Eigenschaften von Schäumen sind für die Qualität vieler Produkte von entscheidender Bedeutung. Um die charakteristischen Parameter scheinbare Fließgrenze und Speichermodul bei Kenntnis der physikalischen Eigenschaften Blasengröße, Oberflächenspannung und Gasvolumenanteil voraussagen zu können, existieren bereits Modellgleichungen. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass diese nicht alle Einflussgrößen berücksichtigen. Präsentiert wird eine empirische Modellgleichung, die den Einfluss der Viskosität der kontinuierlichen Phase berücksichtigt und die Verteilung der Blasengrößen auf physikalisch sinnvolle Weise einbezieht. Darüber hinaus wird verdeutlicht, dass Grenzflächeneigenschaften eine entscheidende Rolle für die Schaumrheologie spielen.
Membrane Supported Virus Separation from Biological Solutions
Authors: Grein Tanja A. , Kovacs Zoltan , Ebrahimi Mehrdad , Michalsky Ronald , Czermak Peter
Published: June 2013

Industrial production of cell culture‐derived viruses or virus‐like particles for gene therapy or as expression systems for vaccine production is a complex multi‐step process. Unfortunately, process intensification and optimization efforts mostly focus on increased reactor yields, neglecting the potential for materials design and process development for downstream unit operations that often are the bottleneck of a biopharmaceutical manufacturing process. Membrane‐based virus filtration represents an economical trade‐off towards biotechnological downstream processing with moderate to high yields and purity on one hand and relative fast process kinetics, and thereby reduced equipment size and costs, on the other hand. This article provides a short review of recent development and applications of membrane materials and membrane‐based unit operations for virus separation in the manufacturing trains of vaccines or viral vectors for gene therapy.
Experimental heat transfer and friction factor studies through a square duct fitted with helical screw tapes
Authors: Patil Suhas , Vijay Babu P.
Published: June 2013

Experimental investigations of friction factor and heat transfer characteristics through a square duct fitted with helical screw tapes of various twist ratios have been studied under nearly uniform wall temperature conditions. The experimental results reveal that the use of helical screw tapes leads to a considerable increase in heat transfer and friction loss over those of a plain square duct. The Nusselt number increases with the rise of Reynolds number and the reduction of twist ratio. The Performance evaluation criteria have been presented and maximum performance ratio was observed for minimum twist ratio.
From On‐Target to Off‐Target Activity: Identification and Optimisation of Trypanosoma brucei GSK3 Inhibitors and Their Characterisation as Anti‐Trypanosoma brucei Drug Discovery Lead Molecules
Authors: Woodland Andrew , Grimaldi Raffaella , Luksch Torsten , Cleghorn Laura A. T. , Ojo Kayode K. , Van Voorhis Wesley C. , Brenk Ruth , Frearson Julie A. , Gilbert Ian H. , Wyatt Paul G.
Published: June 2013

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a life‐threatening disease with approximately 30 000–40 000 new cases each year. Trypanosoma brucei protein kinase GSK3 short (TbGSK3) is required for parasite growth and survival. Herein we report a screen of a focused kinase library against T. brucei GSK3. From this we identified a series of several highly ligand‐efficient TbGSK3 inhibitors. Following the hit validation process, we optimised a series of diaminothiazoles, identifying low‐nanomolar inhibitors of TbGSK3 that are potent in vitro inhibitors of T. brucei proliferation. We show that the TbGSK3 pharmacophore overlaps with that of one or more additional molecular targets.
Solid‐State NMR Correlation Experiments and Distance Measurements in Paramagnetic Metalorganics Exemplified by Cu‐Cyclam
Authors: Kumara Swamy Shashi K. , Karczmarska Agnieszka , Makowska‐Janusik Malgorzata , Kassiba Abdelhadi , Dittmer Jens
Published: June 2013

We show how to record and analyze solid‐state NMR spectra of organic paramagnetic complexes with moderate hyperfine interactions using the Cu‐cyclam complex as an example. Assignment of the 13C signals was performed with the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. An initial assignment of the 1H signals was done by means of 1H–13C correlation spectra. The possibility of recording a dipolar HSQC spectrum with the advantage of direct 1H acquisition is discussed. Owing to the paramagnetic shifting the resolution of such paramagnetic 1H spectra is generally better than for diamagnetic solid samples, and we exploit this advantage by recording 1H–1H correlation spectra with a simple and short pulse sequence. This experiment, along with a Karplus relation, allowed for the completion of the 1H signal assignment. On the basis of these data, we measured the distances of the carbon atoms to the copper center in Cu‐cyclam by means of 13C R2 relaxation experiments combined with the electronic relaxation determined by EPR.
Morphology and Electrochemical Properties of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomers for Vanadium Flow Battery Applications: Effect of Side‐Chain Length
Authors: Ding Cong , Zhang Huamin , Li Xianfeng , Zhang Hongzhang , Yao Chuan , Shi Dingqin
Published: June 2013

Perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers (PFSI) with different side‐chain lengths have been investigated with respect to their morphology and electrochemical properties in vanadium flow batteries (VFB). The results indicated that the membrane with the shortest side chains (SSC‐M2) displayed small ion clusters and a low degree of hydrophobic–hydrophilic separation, which is favourable to reduce the cross‐over of vanadium ions in the VFB. SSC‐M2 shows a similar proton conductivity to Nafion, which carries longer ionic side chains but with much lower ion permeability. As a result, the VFB assembled with SSC‐M2 exhibited a superior coulombic efficiency and a voltage efficiency close to that of Nafion115. In situ mass transfer revealed that SSC‐M2 had a remarkably low degree of vanadium and water transfer across the membrane, which resulted in lower capacity fading than in the case of Nafion115. These results indicate that a membrane with short side chains is an ideal option in the fabrication of high‐performance VFBs with low capacity loss.
Peak‐to‐average power ratio reduction in space frequency block coding multi‐input multi‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems by tone reservation
Authors: Deng X. , Jiang T. , Zhou Y. , Ye C. , Qi Q.
Published: June 2013

In this paper, a tone reservation (TR) method is employed to reduce the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) in multi‐input multi‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems with space frequency block coding (SFBC). The key idea of the employed TR method is taking signals on multiple transmit antennas into account to design appropriate peak reduction symbols, which can significantly reduce the PAPR of SFBC multi‐input multi‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals. With the employed TR scheme, the SFBC structure can be maintained, whereas the traditional TR method would destroy it, resulting in the degradation of bit error rate (BER) performance. Simulation results demonstrate that the employed TR scheme can provide significantly better BER performance than the traditional TR method with slight PAPR reduction degradation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.