bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Thermodynamic Stability of Adamantylideneadamantane and Its Proton- and Electron-Exchanges. Comparison with Simple Alkenes
Authors: Abboud José-Luis M , Alkorta Ibon , Dávalos Juan Z , Koppel Ilmar A , Koppel Ivar , Lenoir Dieter , Martínez Sonia , Mishima Masaaki
Published: April 2016

We report herein the results of an experimental and computational study of adamantylideneadamantane (1) and a variety of substituted ethylenic hydrocarbons. The standard enthalpy of formation in the gas phase as well as the gas-phase basicity (GA) of 1 were experimentally determined for the first time, respectively by calorimetric techniques and FT-ICR spectrometry. In parallel, computational studies at the MP2/6-311+G(d,p), G3(MP2), and G3 levels were performed on the neutral (1) and protonated (1H+). The agreement with experimental results was very good. The structures of 1 and 1H+ were subject to treatment by “Atoms in Molecules” in order to assess the characteristics of the closest H⋯H interactions involving both adamantane moieties. Also, the second-order perturbation analysis within the Natural Bond Orbital Theory methodology shows four degenerate charge-transfer interactions between the σ C–H bond of one of the adamantyl subunits towards the σ* C–H of the other adamantyl subunit. The standard enthalpies of formation of new adamantyl compounds were obtained using our experimental data. The computational study of a variety of ethylenic compounds including cyclohexylidenecyclohexane and several alkyl-substituted ethylenes using isodesmic and homodesmotic reactions was carried out. This study was extended to their proton affinities and gas-phase basicities.
MANAGEMENT OF COMPETITIVENESS OF COMPANIES AS A CONDITION FOR ENSURING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THEIR BUSINESS ACTIVITIES
Authors: Сольская Ирина , Кузьмина Полина
Published: April 2016

The effectiveness of business activities of the organizations is determined by the achievement of the goals and the realization of the planned tasks. The main objective of the business activities of the organization is making a profit; as a consequence, the effectiveness of business activity of the organization is determined by the fact of making a profit. In turn profit organization is formed under the influence of many groups of factors, among which the competitiveness of products and organization takes an important place. In the article authors consider the organization as an open system in the framework of a systematic approach, review the factors of formation the profit of organization and determine the dependence of the business performance of the organization by a factor of competitiveness management.
FEATURES OF INTERACTION OF TECHNICAL RESERVES AND FACTORS OF GROWTH OF LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Хлынин Эдуард , Khlynin Eduard , Папян Гарник , Papyan Garnik
Published: April 2016

The basic technical reserves and factors of growth of labour productivity which are offered for subdividing on external and internal, intensive and extensive are considered. Features of interaction between technical reserves and factors of growth of labour productivity are established such as updating, automation and mechanization of manual skills, modernization, replacement, expansion, major overhaul, increase of efficiency of use. The system of interaction of technical reserves and factors of growth of labour productivity which is recommended to be used for management of process of increase in a labour productivity level at the industrial enterprise is developed. The analytical parities describing interrelation between various elements of system of interaction of technical reserves and factors of growth of labour productivity are offered. It is established, that technical factors of growth of labour productivity can be realized only at presence of corresponding reserves of growth, which size, in turn, in many respects depends on an opportunity of maintenance of the steady tendency of growth of labour productivity.
THE GENESIS OF CLUSTER THEORY
Authors: Гуськова Надежда , Guskova Nadezhda , Скворцов Евгений , Skvortsov Evgeniy
Published: April 2016

The article analyzes the genesis of cluster theory. Key

prerequisites for the development of the cluster theory in the historical

perspective of theories of productive forces are considered.

The key theory the basis of the cluster concept is described. A comparative

analysis of the characteristics of the various theories of

productive forces and cluster theory is made. The views of the scientific

community about the degree of novelty of the cluster theory

are summarized. Results of the analysis reveal the genesis of cluster

theory with the purpose of better understanding of the cluster concept

and long-term vision for the development of productive forces

and theories of cluster theory in particular.
REGIONAL ASPECTS OF PROBLEMS OF MODERN UNIVERSITY GRADUATES EMPLOYMENT IN NEW ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Маликова Дарья , Malikova Darya , Борисова Наталья , Borisova Natalya
Published: April 2016

The unemployment problem among youth is a consequence

of transition of Russia from state planned economy to the

market. University graduates face an array of problems by search of

a workplace as they are insufficiently demanded in the labour market.

Therefore it is necessary to take a number of measures for the

solution of this question, to give various help to graduates in job

search. This problem carries both social and economic nature, so

its decision will promote increase of level of living in the country

and will increase cost efficiency of Russia
WAYS OF IMPROVEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL&LEGAL STATUS OF THE CENTRES OF PATRIOTIC EDUCATION
Authors: Ибрагимова Айгуль , Ibragimova Aygul
Published: April 2016

In article contains the author’s conclusions from the analysis of regional legal acts on the Centers of Patriotic education. Three options for improving the organizational and legal positions of the centers of Patriotic education examined. Legal, institutional,

financial, and fiscal risks of proposed options assessed. Expected effects from adopting each option projected. Examples of each option are given.
Approximation of the Quadratic Knapsack Problem
Authors: Pferschy Ulrich , Schauer Joachim
Published: April 2016

We study the approximability of the classical quadratic knapsack problem (QKP) on special graph classes. In this case the quadratic terms of the objective function are not given for each pair of knapsack items. Instead, an edge weighted graph, whose vertices represent the knapsack items, induces a quadratic profit for every pair of items, which is adjacent in the graph. We show that the problem permits an FPTAS on graphs of bounded treewidth and a PTAS on planar graphs and more generally on H-minor free graphs. We also show strong 𝒩𝒫-hardness of QKP on graphs that are 3-book embeddable, a natural graph class that is related to planar graphs. In addition, we will argue that the problem is likely to have bad approximability behaviour on all graph classes that include the complete graph or contain large cliques. These hardness of approximation results under certain complexity assumptions carry over from the densest k-subgraph problem.
Submodular Stochastic Probing on Matroids
Authors: Adamczyk Marek , Sviridenko Maxim , Ward Justin
Published: April 2016

In a stochastic probing problem we are given a universe E, and a probability that each element e in E is active. We determine if an element is active by probing it, and whenever a probed element is active, we must permanently include it in our solution. Moreover, throughout the process we need to obey inner constraints on the set of elements taken into the solution, and outer constraints on the set of all probed elements. All previous algorithmic results in this framework have considered only the problem of maximizing a linear function of the active elements. Here, we consider submodular objectives.

We provide new, constant-factor approximations for maximizing a monotone submodular function subject to multiple matroid constraints on both the elements that may be taken and the elements that may be probed. We also obtain an improved approximation for linear objective functions, and show how our approach may be generalized to handle k-matchoid constraints.
HPLC Analysis and Determination of Carotenoid Pigments in Commercially Available Plant Extracts
Authors: Varzakas T , Kiokias S
Published: April 2016

Carotenoids are a class of natural pigments, familiar to all through the orange-red colours, which are added to many manufactured foods in the forms of natural extracts or as pure chmically syntesided compounds in order to give the desired colouring properties. Recent evidence has correlated a diet rich in certain carotenoids with an increased protection against cardiovascular diseases or even certain types of cancer. In addition, on going research examines potential protective effects of these natural compounds in food systems e.g. oils and food emulsions.
In order to understand and optimise the activity of the natural extracts when used in vitro or in vivo , it is really important first to to identify those active coumpounds that account for any any dietary and functional role. This paper focuses on the HPLC analysis of certain plant extracts aiming at the quantification and identification of the present natural carotenoid pigments. Saponification prior to HPLC Analysis was found to be successful in order to remove unwanted lipids and esters and thereby facilitate the idientification of main carotenoid pigments in the natural extracts.
By use of UV spectroscopy, the total carotenoid content of each natural extract was also roughly estimated based on their extinction coefficient at the λmax of the main carotenoid pigment following dilution at the appropriate solvent. The identification and quantification of carotenoids in plant extract is considerd as essential in the further developmnt and optimisation of their functional uses as additives and dietary supplements.
Exploring the quality of life of depressed and nondepressed, home-dwelling, Norwegian adults
Authors: Halvorsrud Liv , Kalfoss Mary
Published: April 2016

Aim:

This study aims to explore how intimacy, physical and psychological health, loneliness, and attitudes to ageing at a time of loss affect the overall quality of life (QoL) of nondepressed and depressed older adults.

Method:

This was a randomised, stratified, cross-sectional study with two subsamples: depressed (n=74; mean: 77.9 years; 65% female) and nondepressed (n=356; mean: 75.0 years; 55% female), and based on the Geriatric Depression Scale-15.

Results:

Physical health accounted for the greatest variance in overall QoL in the nondepressed group; psychological health, losses, and feelings of intimacy also made significant contributions. In the depressed group, intimacy made the strongest contribution, while psychological health came a close second.

Conclusions:

Physical health, psychological health, and loss were important to the QoL of nondepressed older adults, while intimacy was important for QoL in both depressed and nondepressed older adults. For those who are depressed, feelings of intimacy, in the form of having opportunities to express and receive love, are especially relevant and should be assessed by health professionals when planning interventions.
Caring for carers: how community nurses can support carers of people with cancer
Authors: Argyle Charlotte
Published: April 2016

There are more than 1 million people in the UK looking after a family member or friend with cancer, but half the number of these carers do not receive support to care. Providing this care significantly affects cancer carers emotionally, physically, and financially. Community and district nurses have a vital role to play in reaching out to these hidden carers and signposting them to the correct support. This article provides tips on identifying carers, including who they are, the challenges they face, and how health professionals can approach and speak to them. It also provides guidance on signposting carers to national and local sources of support in the UK.
Death and the body as property
Authors: Griffith Richard
Published: April 2016

Unlike houses or other buildings that can handed down in a will, our bodies do not have the status of property and cannot be passed on by way of gift. It is essential therefore that a testator appoints an executor who they trust to carry out the wishes of the deceased even in the face of family objection. District nurses are well placed to ensure that patients and their relatives are properly informed on how to ensure that arrangements for the disposal of the patient's body after death comply with the wishes of the patient. In this article, Richard Griffith considers the legal definition of death and the law relating to the disposal of a body after death.
New beginnings
Authors: Bissett Julie
Published: April 2016

Spring often heralds a fresh start – and, here at Dental Nursing, we've undergone a bit of a rebirth, too…
‘A natural oral health champion’
Authors: Hurley Sara
Published: April 2016

Your role as a dental nurse has never been so important in the delivery of dentistry. Here, Dental Nursing catches up with Sara Hurley, Chief Dental Officer for England, to hear why she believes it's all about ‘communication, communication, communication’
A perfect toe dip
Authors: Whitley Nyree
Published: April 2016

According to research, you have just seven seconds to make a lasting first impression; thankfully, they weren't referring to dental impressions! Dentist and tutor Nyree Whitley looks at an extended duty…
Expanding your horizons
Authors: Hancock Dave
Published: April 2016

What sort of additional roles can you take on within a practice – and where will they take you?
Does this patient have the capacity?
Authors: Talati Shilla
Published: April 2016

The Mental Capacity Act – Shilla Talati considers what you need to know
Education is key
Authors: Williams Steve
Published: April 2016

Steve Williams discusses the role dental teams have in battling oral cancer.
No boundaries
Authors: Toibin Ian
Published: April 2016

From dental nurse to dentist, Ian Toibin powers through his career to date – smashing stereotypes in his path
Bullying in the workplace
Authors: Kingsley Joan , Paterson Sue
Published: April 2016

Joan Kingsley and Dr Sue Paterson investigate bullying and fear in healthcare.
The gender divide
Authors: Baker Peter
Published: April 2016

Just what are the differences between men and women who present in the dental chair – and what do they mean for you? Peter Baker investigates
The elephant in the room?
Authors: Beckwith Mark
Published: April 2016

As a dental professional, you need to walk a safe path, juggling patient safety with practice efficiency. Mark Beckwith discusses the need to be compliant with today's infection control
At a crossroads?
Authors: Buxton Sarah
Published: April 2016

If you're having a hard time at work, you need to know the right avenues to pursue. Here, Sarah Buxton points you in the right direction
Is full pre-hospital spinal immobilisation best for the patient? A review of current controversies
Authors: Mays Ben
Published: April 2016

Spinal immobilisation has long been an accepted part of pre-hospital care. There is, however, a lack of evidence that spinal immobilisation is effective in reducing spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this article is to review a broad range of literature in relation to spinal immobilisation and consider some of the current controversies.

Despite a lack of high-quality research, following a comprehensive literature search, 13 pieces of primary research and 4 pieces of secondary research were identified. The literature identified a number of potential controversies relating to the principal effectiveness of immobilisation, side effects of immobilisation and patient outcome in comparison to non-immobilised patients. Given these areas of controversy, many of which are of fundamental importance, it seems logical that further high-quality research is required to establish whether spinal immobilisation is effective or otherwise.
Effect of Elective Bentall Procedure on Left Ventricular Systolic Function and Functional Status: Long-Term Follow-Up in 90 patients
Authors: Djokic Olivera , Otasevic Petar , Micovic Slobodan , Tomic Slobodan , Milojevic Predrag , Boskovic Srdjan , Djukanovic Bosko
Published: April 2016

Because there are so few data on the long-term effects on left ventricular systolic function and functional status in patients who electively undergo Bentall procedures, we established a retrospective study group of 90 consecutive patients. This group consisted of 71 male and 19 female patients (mean age, 54 ± 10 yr) who had undergone the Bentall procedure to correct aortic valve disease and aneurysm of the ascending aorta, from 1997 through 2003 in a single tertiary-care center. We monitored these patients for a mean period of 117 ± 41 months for death, left ventricular ejection fraction and volume indices, and functional capacity as determined by New York Heart Association (NYHA) class.

There were no operative deaths. The survival rate was 73.3% during follow-up. There were 10 cardiac and 13 noncardiac deaths, and 1 death of unknown cause. Echocardiography was performed before the index procedure and again after 117 ± 41 months. In surviving patients, statistically significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction, in comparison with preoperative values (0.49 ± 0.11 vs 0.41 ± 0.11; P <0.0001), was noted at follow-up. Similarly, we observed statistically significant reductions in left ventricular end-systolic (39.24 ± 28.7 vs 48.77 ± 28.62 mL/m2) and end-diastolic volumes (54.63 ± 6.97 vs 59.17 ± 8.92 mL/m2; both P <0.0001). Most patients (53/66 [80.3%]) progressed from a higher to a lower NYHA class during the follow-up period.

The Bentall procedure significantly improved long-term left ventricular systolic function and functional status in surviving patients who underwent operation on a nonemergency basis.
Biventricular Myocardial Performance Is Impaired in Proportion to Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Akyol Selahattin , Cortuk Mustafa , Baykan Ahmet Oytun , Kiraz Kemal , Borekci Abdurrezzak , Seker Taner , Gur Mustafa , Cayli Murat
Published: April 2016

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and death. Little information is available regarding the relationship between the severity of OSA and myocardial performance in OSA patients who have normal ejection fractions. We prospectively investigated this relationship, using the tissue-Doppler myocardial performance index (TD-MPI).

We conducted overnight, full-laboratory polysomnographic examinations of 116 patients, and calculated the left and right ventricular TD-MPIs. Patients were classified into 3 groups in accordance with their apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) levels: AHImild (≥5 to <15), AHImoderate (≥15 to <30), and AHIsevere (≥30).

Left and right ventricular TD-MPI values were higher in the AHIsevere group than in the AHImild and AHImoderate groups (all P <0.05). In addition, right ventricular TD-MPI values in the AHImoderate group were higher than those in the AHImild group (P <0.05). Right ventricular TD-MPI was significantly associated with AHI (β=0.468, P <0.001), left ventricular TD-MPI, and right ventricular early-to-late filling velocities (E/A ratio) in multiple linear regression analysis. On the other hand, left ventricular TD-MPI was significantly associated with right ventricular TD-MPI and left ventricular E/A ratio (both P <0.05).

Our results show that OSA severity, determined by means of AHI, is independently associated with impaired right and left ventricular function as indicated by TD-MPI in patients who have OSA and normal ejection fractions.
Valve Replacement with a Sutureless Aortic Prosthesis in a Patient with Concomitant Mitral Valve Disease and Severe Aortic Root Calcification
Authors: Lio Antonio , Scafuri Antonio , Nicolò Francesca , Chiariello Luigi
Published: April 2016

Aortic valve replacement with concomitant mitral valve surgery in the presence of severe aortic root calcification is technically difficult, with long cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times.

We performed sutureless aortic valve replacement and mitral valve annuloplasty in a 68-year-old man who had severe aortic stenosis and moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation. Intraoperatively, we found severe calcification of the aortic root. We approached the aortic valve through a transverse aortotomy, performed in a higher position than usual, and we replaced the valve with a Sorin Perceval S sutureless prosthesis. In addition, we performed mitral annuloplasty with use of an open rigid ring.

The aortic cross-clamp time was 63 minutes, and the cardiopulmonary bypass time was 83 minutes. No paravalvular leakage of the aortic prosthesis was detected 30 days postoperatively.

Our case shows that the Perceval S sutureless bioprosthesis can be safely implanted in patients with aortic root calcification, even when mitral valve disease needs surgical correction.
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI TAHU UNTUK PRODUKSI BIOMASSA MIKROALGA Nannochloropsis Sp SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU BIODIESEL
Authors: Widayat Widayat , Hadiyanto H
Published: April 2016

Indonesia is one of one of productive tofu producer both for industry or home made scale. Tofu industries contribute wastewater up to 20 millions cubic meter (m3) per year. Currently, tofu waste water was treated by anaerobic and aerobic methods which reveal some disadvantages. To overcome the disadvantages of both methods, wastewater of tofu industry was used as a medium for the cultivation of microalgae. Nannochloropsis sp is one of microalgae species which has high content of lipid and thus can be converted to biodiesel. This study examined the growth rate, biomass productivity, reduced organic levels of COD and BOD, and total lipid of microalgae Nannochloropsis sp which cultivated in tofu wastewater medium. The optimum growth of Nannochloropsis sp was found at 20% vol of liquid waste water which produce lipids of 34.25 % and also can reduce COD up to 77.40 %. The optimum nutrients of NaHCO3 was showed at the composition of 70 mg / L which decrease COD up to 78.81 % and produce lipids 16.841 %. The addition of nutrition every 4 days was able to reduce the COD up to 81.835 % and produce 14.195 % yield of lipids.  Keywords: tofu wastewater, Nannochloropsis sp., biodiesel, COD & BODAbstrak Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penghasil tahu yang cukup produktif baik skala industri maupun rumahan. Industri tahu menyumbang limbah cair mencapai 20 juta meter kubik (m3) per tahun. Pada saat ini pengolahan limbah tahu cair dilakukan dengan metode anaerobik maupun aerobik. Akan tetapi kedua metode tersebut memiliki beberapa kelemahan. Untuk mengatasi kelemahan kedua metode tersebut, limbah tahu cair dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai media kultivasi mikroalga. Nannochloropsis sp merupakan  mikroalga yang mampu menghasilkan lipid  yang besar tersebut dapat dikonversi menjadi salah satu energi alternative biodiesel. Dalam penelitian ini dikaji laju pertumbuhan, produktivitas biomassa, penurunan kadar organik COD dan BOD, dan total lipid mikroalga jenis Nannochloropsis sp yang dikultivasi pada medium limbah tahu cair. Pertumbuhan Nannochloropsis sp. optimum pada medium 20% volume limbah tahu cair yang menghasilkan lipid sebanyak 34,25% dan dapat menurunkan COD hingga 77,40%.  Penambahan nutrisi NaHCO3optimum pada komposisi 70 mg/l yang mampu menurunkan COD sebesar 78,81% dan menghasilkan lipid sebanyak 16,841%. Waktu penambahan nutrisi setiap 4 hari sekali mampu menurunkan COD sebesar 81,835% dan menghasilkan lipid sebesar 14,195%. Keywords: limbah tahu, Nannochloropsis sp., biodiesel, COD & BOD
PENGARUH JALAN LINGKUNGAN SEBAGAI RUANG INTERAKSI SOSIAL TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN PERMUKIMAN BUNGUR, JAKARTA PUSAT
Authors: Yuliastuti Nany , Tanjung Adinda Sekar
Published: April 2016

Streets are one of important network that will connect between area. Streets are the stage for commerce and exchange of goods, even for doing work, especially in eastern countries (Jacobs in Kiang et al, 2010:160). Street of Asia have been and continue to evolve as distinct from those of the west, reflecting the unique Asian cultures (Dayaratne in Kiang et al, 2010:63). The unique can be looked from street that used for held community festival, held funeral, street market, and social activity space, etc.Residential street became public space that very useful for social interaction space (visible in daily activity and community festival). Activities that happen on the street eventually will add other functions on the street as a space of social interaction. Residential streets in the Bungur Sub District, Central Jakarta used by the public as a space for exchanging ideas, buying and selling, children's playground, and an annual festival.The aim of this research is to analyze influence residential street and alley function as social interaction space on neighborhood environment. However, research method that used in this final project is quantitative with survey research strategy and statistic descriptive as analysis method. The results showed that the residential streets in Bungur Sub District has become a public space that allows people to interact with each other (shown by a variety of activities). Social interaction has strengthened the social ties and realized a strong kinship in these neighborhood. 
Performance Effects of Global Account Coordination Mechanisms: An Integrative Study of Boundary Conditions
Authors: Shi Linda Hui , Gao Tao (Tony)
Published: April 2016

Although many multinational companies have instituted global account management (GAM) programs to coordinate selling activities to better serve and retain their key global customers, evidence of the effectiveness of their GAM coordination efforts is elusive. Viewing GAM coordination as an organizational design issue in managing vertical procurement relationships, the authors draw on global marketing strategy, organizational design, and relationship marketing theories to study how the performances of GAM coordination mechanisms vary with a host of strategic, relational, and environmental conditions. The conceptual model is tested using data collected from a cross-national sample of more than 200 global account managers. The results show that although GAM relational coordination and GAM operational coordination both have positive effects on GAM performance, they do not perform uniformly well under various boundary conditions. In other words, the performance of a GAM coordination mechanism depends on its fit with the operating context.
Diagnostic Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Evaluation of Malignant and Benign Solitary Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Priedītis Pēteris , Radziņa Maija , Štrumfa Ilze , Narbuts Zenons , Ozoliņs Arturs , Vanags Andrejs , Gardovskis Jānis
Published: April 2016

The aim of the study was to investigate the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Thirty-five patients with morphologically proved thyroid nodules (17 malignant; 18 benign), underwent CEUS examination. Five enhancement patterns were evaluated: vascularisation, homogeneity, presence of peripheral rim type enhancement, wash-out rate of the contrast medium, and enhancement using microvascular imaging application. Time-intensity curves (TIC) were analysed in post-processing and defined as three types: slow versus rapid and stable versus rapid biphasic wash-out. Diagnostic value of the listed CEUS parameters was calculated. The results showed medium strength correlation between morphology (benign versus malignant nodule) and type of TIC curve r
s
= 0.38 (p = 0.021), as well as between mode of contrast enhancement r
s
= 0.39 (p = 0.022) and wash-out pattern r
s
=0.39 (p = 0.024). The overall pooled sensitivity of selected diagnostic parameters was 82%, specificity 57%, and accuracy 70%. Malignant nodules were characterised by iso- or hypovascular contrast enhancement and slow wash-out, while benign nodules showed hypervascular enhancement with rapid wash-out TIC curve and rim-like pattern. The CEUS patterns significantly differed between malignant and benign thyroid nodules with high diagnostic accuracy. Thus, CEUS has important clinical value as an additional tool to ultrasound and fine needle biopsy.
Spruce Needle Polyprenols Protect Against Atorvastatin-Induced Muscle Weakness and do not Influence Central Nervous System Functions in Rats
Authors: Jansone Baiba , Dzirkale Zane , Jekabsons Kaspars , Pilipenko Vladimirs , Beitnere Ulrika , Māgure Ingrīda , Skumbiņš Raimonds , Klētnieks Uģis , Vanaga Ilona , Muceniece Ruta , Kluša Vija
Published: April 2016

Polyprenols (PPs) have been identified in almost all living organisms. The richest source of PPs is the needles of conifer trees. Endogenously, PPs, similarly to cholesterol, are synthesised in human and animal cells via the mevalonate pathway. Previous studies have demonstrated the anti-oxidant properties of PPs. To our knowledge, no studies have been published on the influence of PPs on muscle strength. We hypothesised that administration of PPs could prevent changes in muscle functioning caused by statins (weakness, etc.). In the present study, atorvastatin (80 mg/kg) was used as a model compound. PPs at doses 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg were administered. Both drugs were given per os for 16 days. The influence of atorvastatin, PPs and their combination on behaviour, muscle strength, plasma cholesterol and creatine kinase activity was assessed in female Wistar rats. Our data demonstrated that atorvastatin considerably impaired muscle strength, whereas PPs protected that effect. Neither PPs, nor atorvastatin influenced plasma cholesterol levels, whereas PPs at dose 20 mg/kg elevated creatine kinase activity by about 25%. PPs at the tested doses did not alter behaviour, indicating safety of central nervous system functions. The obtained data suggest usefulness of PPs as a complement in statin therapy to reduce muscle-related side effects.
Observations on the perspectives and limits of the evidence-based approach in the evaluation of gamification processes
Authors: Bruni Filippo
Published: April 2016

As continually greater attention is given to the processes of gamification, the dimension pertaining to evaluation must also be focussed on the purpose of avoiding ineffective forms of banalisation. In reference to the evidence-based approach proposed by Mayer and in highlighting its possibilities and limits, an experiment is herein presented related to teacher training, in which we attempt to unite some traits of the processes of gamification to a first evaluation screen. The data obtained, if they seem on the one hand, indicate an overall positive perception on the part of the attendees, on the other though, they indicate forms of resistance and of saturation with respect to both the excessively competitive mechanisms and the peer evaluation procedures.
Rechtsdogmatik als Gegenstand der Rechtssoziologie
Authors: Schulz-Schaeffer Ingo
Published: April 2016

Bis heute bringt die Rechtssoziologie für die Rechtsdogmatik, also für die Tätigkeit und die Erzeugnisse der methodisch kontrollierten Auslegung des kodifizierten Rechts, wenig Interesse auf. Ihren Gegenstand sieht die Rechtssoziologie in der Erforschung der empirischen sozialen Rechtswirklichkeit. Die gültigen Regeln der Auslegung des geltenden Rechts sind, sofern sie in der Rechtspraxis Beachtung finden, Bestandteil der Konstitution dieser Rechtswirklichkeit. Dem rechtssoziologischen Desinteresse an der Rechtsdogmatik liegt mithin explizit oder implizit die Annahme zu Grunde, dass die Rechtsdogmatik keinen beachtenswerten Beitrag dieser Art zur Konstitution der Rechtswirklichkeit leistet. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht einige Entwicklungslinien der Rechtssoziologie, die dieser Annahme Vorschub geleistet haben. In der Auseinandersetzung mit ihnen wird argumentiert, dass Anlass zu einer veränderten Bewertung der soziologischen Relevanz der dogmatischen Jurisprudenz besteht.
Die Anforderungen mediatorischer Konfliktbearbeitung
Authors: Maiwald Kai-Olaf
Published: April 2016

Für die gegenwärtige Entwicklung der Mediation in Deutschland ist eine sukzessive Ausweitung ihrer Anwendungsgebiete kennzeichnend. Dabei wird der Frage, ob diese Art der Konfliktbearbeitung auch für die jeweiligen Konfliktlagen geeignet ist, kaum Beachtung geschenkt. Um diese Frage soziologisch zu bearbeiten, benötigt man einen Begriffsrahmen, der klärt, welche Anforderungen Mediation an die zu bearbeitenden Konflikte und das mediatorische Handeln stellt. Der Artikel schlägt in dieser Hinsicht eine typologische Bestimmung vor, die sich auf die je spezifische Pragmatik von Formen der Konfliktvermittlung konzentriert. Im Vergleich mit „Friedensstiftung“, Rechtsprechung und Schlichtung wird unter anderem herausgearbeitet, dass eine zentrale Anforderung der Mediation in dem Vorliegen einer umfassenden vermittelten Kooperationsorientierung besteht. Eine der zentralen Aufgaben des Mediators besteht in der stellvertretenden Sicherung der jeweiligen Kooperationsbasis.
Besprechungsessay. An ethology of judgment?
Authors: Pottage Alain
Published: April 2016

Bruno Latour’s La fabrique du droit offers an ethological account of law as a specific regime of véridiction (truth-enunciation). Although Latour focuses on France’s Conseil d’Etat, which is by any standard a quite peculiar institution, his intensive exploration of the practices, routines and dispositions which condition the making of legal judgment in that setting looks beyond the particular institution to the broader dimension of law’s implication in society. More specifically, the Conseil d’Etat serves as a foil for a comparison between the court and the laboratory as a site of scientific véridiction. This article reflects on some aspects of this comparative ethology, focusing, first, on the question whether law as a technologically impoverished set of practices might indeed be illuminated by a comparison with the technologically-mediated practices that animate the laboratory, and, second, on the possibility of productive engagement between Latour’s ethological approach and alternative ways of illuminating law’s native paradoxes.
Billigkeit und effektiver Rechtsschutz
Authors: Calliess Gralf-Peter
Published: April 2016

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den Forschungsstand der Systemtheorie zur Frage nach der Entstehung eines Weltrechts. Besonderes Augenmerk richtet sich dabei auf die Voraussetzungen von Rechtsevolution als Anpassung des Rechtssystems an die Globalisierung seiner innergesellschaftlichen Umwelt. Am Beispiel der römischen Aequitas und der englischen Equity wird herausgearbeitet, dass (1) auf der prozessualen Ebene effektiver Rechtsschutz und auf der materiellen Ebene Entscheidungen nach Billigkeit entscheidende rechtssystemendogene Faktoren der erfolgreichen Ko-Evolution von Recht und Gesellschaft sind, und dass (2) sich im Falle diesbezüglicher Evolutionsblockaden Innovationen häufig außerhalb des etablierten Rechtssystems in alternativen Streitschlichtungssystemen ergeben. Aus demselben Grunde vollziehen sich Innovationen, die zur Anpassung des Rechts an die Globalisierung führen, vorwiegend außerhalb des etablierten nationalen und internationalen Rechts in funktionalen (issue-specific) und autonomen (self-contained) Regimes, die aufgrund ihres im Hinblick auf die Unterscheidung öffentlich/privat hybriden Charakters als globale Zivilregimes bezeichnet werden.
Hypertext und Recht
Authors: Boehme-Neßler Volker
Published: April 2016

Sprache ist eine soziale Institution. Neue Entwicklungen und Formen der Sprache sind kein ausschließlich grammatisches, linguistisches oder literarisches Phänomen. Wenn sich Sprache ändert, ändert sich auch das Denken, das Rechtsdenken und schließlich das Recht selbst. Ohne weiteres einsichtig ist, dass auch das Rechtssystem von den Kommunikationsmedien geprägt wird. Deshalb ist zu erwarten, dass das Internet tief greifende Auswirkungen auf das derzeit existierende Rechtssystem haben wird. Wie diese Auswirkungen aussehen können, soll an einem konkreten und typischen Aspekt des Internets untersucht werden: Wie ändern Hypertexte das Denken und das Recht? Der Beitrag kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass das Recht durch die Einwirkungen des Internet und der Hypertextkultur synästhetischer, subjektiver, privater und flüchtiger wird. Innerhalb des Rechts wird eine Akzentverschiebung stattfinden. Der Stellenwert des Rechts insgesamt wird sich ändern. Das Recht muss deshalb eine neue Rolle finden. Wenn es sich dieser Herausforderung nicht stellt, läuft es Gefahr, irrelevant zu werden.
Die Einführung von Verfahrenspflegschaft
Authors: Schulze Heike
Published: April 2016

Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem familiengerichtlichen Verfahren zur Regelung des Umgangs nach Trennung und Scheidung. Zunächst möchte ich zeigen, dass diese Verfahren kaum Merkmale eines Rechtsverfahrens aufweisen, sondern dem Vermittlungstyp ‚Friedensstiftung‘ zugeordnet werden müssen. Dies hat Konsequenzen für das professionelle Handeln der Verfahrensbeteiligten; insbesondere mediative Elemente sind unverzichtbar. Anhand der ‚Verfahrenspflegschaft nach § 50 FGG‘ lässt sich zeigen, dass erhebliche strukturelle Diskrepanzen zwischen dem lebenspraktischen Problem ‚familialer Umgangskonflikt‘ und der juristischen Bearbeitungsbzw. Institutionslogik bestehen. Abschließend werde ich mich der Frage zuwenden, ob und unter welchen Umständen die Einführung der Verfahrenspflegschaft eine Chance für die professionelle Bearbeitung im Familiengericht darstellt.
Law-in-action versus Science-in-action
Authors: Scheffer Thomas
Published: April 2016

How do law-in-action and science-in-action approaches differ and how can they learn from these differences? In order to answer this question, the author compares two exemplary empirical studies: a study by Paul Drew on cross-examination in court and one reconstruction of a soil science research project by Bruno Latour. As a first step, the article identifies strengths, foci, and framing devices for each study. In a second step, the author contrasts these characteristics. He identifies similarities in terms of the sequential order of legal and scientific activities and differences in terms of the spatiotemporal framings of these activities. In a third part, the author defines a shared problem: the fabrication of lasting and translocal statements. In light of the problem of discoursivation, the two studies appear as complementary. The event-bias of the courtroom study and the process-bias of the laboratory study read as (partial) contributions to the study of discoursivation. The potentials to learn from each other derive from exactly these diverse emphases. By combining staging and mobilisation, the article concludes, law-in-action as well as science-in-action research can draw a denser picture on how ephemerals such as observations or utterances are turned into discursive facts.
Kindesschutz- und Jugendstrafverfahren als Schauplätze geschlechtlicher Subjektivierungsprozesse
Authors: Cottier Michelle
Published: April 2016

Der Beitrag erweitert die Diskussion um die Partizipationsrechte von Kindern um die Dimension „Geschlecht“ und verwendet eine Sichtweise auf das Verfahren als Schauplatz geschlechtlicher Subjektivierungsprozesse. Anhand ausgewählter Ergebnisse einer in der Schweiz durchgeführten vergleichenden Untersuchung von Jugendstraf- und Kindesschutzverfahren, die beide die außerfamiliäre Platzierung von Kindern und Jugendlichen zum Gegenstand haben, wird aufgezeigt, wie die beiden Verfahrenstypen am gesamtgesellschaftlichen Projekt der geschlechtsspezifischen Sozialisation von Kindern mitwirken. Das Jugendstrafverfahren wird in Bezug auf die von Behördenseite im Lauf des Verfahrens geführte Anzahl von Gesprächen mit Kind und/oder Eltern als kindzentriert charakterisiert. Seine diskursive Fokussierung auf die Überwindung von Delinquenz und die Einübung von Selbstkontrolle wird als Ausrichtung an männlichen Sozialisationsformen verstanden. Das Kindesschutzverfahren auf der anderen Seite berücksichtigt rein quantitativ Kinder und Eltern durchschnittlich etwa in gleichem Maß, ist also familienzentriert. Auf der diskursiven Ebene unterstützt es durch sein Bild des abhängigen und schutzbedürftigen Kindes ein Ideal weiblicher Sozialisation, das Mädchen und Frauen in erster Linie in Beziehung zu anderen Menschen definiert.
Für ein instrumentelles Verständnis rechtlicher Reaktionen auf Völkerrechtsverbrechen
Authors: Nimaga Salif
Published: April 2016

Ein instrumentelles Verständnis rechtlicher Reaktionen auf Völkerrechtsverbrechen hat sich bisher in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion nicht etabliert. Ursache hierfür ist nicht zuletzt, dass die Auswirkungen des Einsatzes dieser Sanktionen weithin im Dunkeln liegen. Der folgende Beitrag skizziert deshalb im ersten Teil Elemente einer systematischen Wirkungsforschung exemplarisch im Hinblick auf das Völkerstrafrecht. Im zweiten Teil werden die Konsequenzen aus einem instrumentellen Rechtsverständnis dargestellt und anhand der Reaktionen auf die Verbrechen, die während der argentinischen Militärdiktatur (1976-83) und innerhalb des südafrikanischen Apartheid-Regimes begangen wurden, erläutert.
Zur Bedeutung individueller Wahrnehmungs- und Handlungsmuster in der Rechtsanwendung – Das Beispiel der Verwaltung von Prostitution
Authors: Vorheyer Claudia
Published: April 2016

Der folgende Beitrag thematisiert die Umsetzung der gesetzlichen Grundlagen zur Reglementierung der Prostitution in der staatlichen Verwaltung. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Wahrnehmungs- und Handlungsmuster der Verwaltungsakteure, zu deren Erfassung qualitative Experteninterviews erhoben und ausgewertet wurden. An beispielhaften Fallrekonstruktionen werden die Deutungsmuster und beruflichen Orientierungen des Verwaltungspersonals, sowie deren Nutzung von Handlungs- und Ermessensspielräumen bei der Anwendung bzw. Nichtanwendung des Rechts skizziert. Im Ergebnis der Untersuchung lässt sich das lebende Recht als Resultat eines emergenten Prozesses beschreiben, welches maßgeblich von den individuellen Wahrnehmungs- und Handlungsmustern der sozialen Akteure mitbestimmt wird.
Den „Kinderschuhen“ entwachsen: Die (Wieder-) Entdeckung der rechtssoziologischen Perspektive in der Dogmatik der Völkerrechtssubjektivität
Authors: Nowrot Karsten
Published: April 2016

Der gegenwärtig sich vollziehende Strukturwandel im internationalen System findet seinen Ausdruck insbesondere in der wachsenden Einbindung nichtstaatlicher Akteure in die Rechtssetzungs- und Rechtsverwirklichungsprozesse. Vor diesem Hintergrund versucht der vorliegende Beitrag zu verdeutlichen, dass diese in ihrem Kern soziologische Entwicklung auch erhebliche Auswirkungen auf das Verständnis von Völkerrechtssubjektivität hat. Es wird dargelegt, dass die Bedeutung der völkerrechtssoziologischen Perspektive und der Erkenntnisse der Sozialwissenschaften für die Fortentwicklung der Völkerrechtsordnung zwar heute im Grundsatz anerkannt ist, gleichwohl aber in der gegenwärtig noch ganz überwiegend vertretenen Dogmatik der Völkerrechtssubjektivität keinen Niederschlag gefunden hat. Angesichts der aufzuzeigenden Inadäquanz der herrschenden Auffassung im Lichte des strukturellen Wandels im internationalen System ist jedoch eine (Wieder-) Entdeckung der rechtssoziologischen Perspektive für die erforderliche Neukonzeption des Rechts der Völkerrechtssubjektivität geboten, also die Notwendigkeit entstanden, dass die Völkerrechtssoziologie zur Bewältigung der sich aus der veränderten normativen Ordnungsstruktur des internationalen Systems ergebenden dogmatischen Herausforderungen den „Kinderschuhen“ entwächst.
The working of power in communicative regulation: The case of research with human embryos
Authors: Zeegers Nicolle
Published: April 2016

In the Embryo Law, the Dutch government tries to facilitate communication about the application of legislative rules for research with spare embryos between the different stakeholders. The Embryo Law can therefore be considered as a piece of regulation in which the ideas of the communicative approach to legislation are put into practice. The central claim of the communicative approach is that by according communication processes a central position in the application of general, legislative, rules, a plurality of perspectives will be integrated in these processes and the specified rules that result from them. This is seen to be desirable for reasons of the effectiveness of rules as well as for reasons of democracy, as I shall elaborate on later. In this paper I counter the central claim of the communicative approach by arguing that the integration of a plurality of perspectives will not take place unless attention is paid to the power mechanisms involved in communication about the application of rules. In addition I will address the question how to investigate the working of power in communication processes that are involved in the regulation of biotechnological issues. To do this I will use the information gathered from pioneering empirical research into case-to-case decision making on research with spare human embryos in the Netherlands. Building on the insights this effort produces I will elaborate on what would be included in a systematic investigation of the working of power in communication on the application of legal rules on the use of human embryos in research.
Understanding Law in Many Worlds: Socio- and Empirical Legal Research in the UK and Germany
Authors: Lange Bettina
Published: April 2016

This article discusses the Nuffield inquiry report ‘ Law in the Real World: Improving our Understanding of How Law Works’. It suggests that the report matters not just because of the many policy recommendations it puts forward for the development of empirical legal research. It makes also important reading because it constructs a particular account of socio-legal and in particular empirical legal research in the UK. The article highlights three issues which are central to the picture presented in the report. It suggests that further debate concerning theses issues - especially in a comparative context - can also help to move the socio-legal enterprise forward. These three issues are the relationship between theoretical and empirical research, a tension between openness and closure among the different disciplines involved in socio-legal research, and finally the relationship between institutions and individuals in advancing socio-legal studies.
Conducting Law Reform Research: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Melville Angela
Published: April 2016

Law Reform Commissions are permanent bodies which operate in common law countries, and are charged with the task of recommending law reform. The Commissions conduct research into the need for law reform, and it appears this research is guided by a common set of broad principles. A comparison of the ways in which the New Zealand Law Commission and the recently defunct Law Commission of Canada put these principles into practice reveals that different Commissions use different approaches when putting these principles into practice.

These different approaches reflect the ways in which the role of law within society and the role of the Law Commissions in shaping the law are conceived. For some Commissions, legal reform is a technical process driven by a desire for increased efficiency and effectiveness. For other Commissions, legal reform is seen as directing, rather than merely reflecting, social and legal norms, and is self-consciously aimed towards achieving the goals of social justice.