bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Safety of Early Compared to Late Enteral Nutrition in Canine Septic Peritonitis
Authors: Hoffberg Jamie Elizabeth , Koenigshof Amy
Published: March 2017

Septic peritonitis is a relatively common condition in the veterinary intensive care unit, with a classically high mortality rate. Early enteral nutrition (EEN) in critically ill humans can lead to improved outcome. This study was performed to determine the safety of early postoperative feeding in canine septic peritonitis. In this retrospective case series, 56 dogs were identified. Sixteen dogs received EEN, defined as nutrition within 24 hr of surgery; 27 received late enteral nutrition (LEN) defined as nutrition more than 24 hours following surgery; and 13 dogs had no enteral nutrition in hospital (NEN). Signalment, physical examination findings, and occurrence of pre-admission vomiting, regurgitation, and length of anorexia were the same amongst all groups. There was no significant difference in the number of gastrointestinal complications postoperatively between the EEN, LEN, and NEN groups or in the occurrence of vomiting/regurgitation postoperatively compared to preoperatively. There was no difference in the length of hospitalization between any group, although fewer dogs in the NEN group survived compared to the EEN/LEN combined group (46% [6/13] versus 81% [37/40]). This study indicates it is safe to initiate EEN without additional risk of gastrointestinal complications. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the potential benefits of EEN in dogs with septic peritonitis.
Nurses attitude and perceived factors that influence working in rural communities in Delta State, South-South Nigeria
Authors: IO Ehiemere , T Onorikpori , A Nwaneri , EC Ndie , A Emeh
Published: March 2017

The study was aimed at determining nurses’ attitude to and perceived factors that influence posting and working in rural communities in Delta State, Nigeria. Descriptive cross-sectional research design was used for the study. A total of 129 nurses covering the entire nursing staff working in these communities were studied. The instrument for data collection was questionnaire. The data obtained were subjected to simple descriptive statistics and t-test analysis. The results interestingly showed that nurses have positive attitude towards the acceptance of rural postings. This positive attitude not withstanding it was concluded that community Health nurses should be posted to rural areas since they are better prepared by training to work in rural communities.
Curriculum as a Discourse: Using Critical Discourse Analysis to Revive Curriculum Reconceptualists' Thought
Authors: Harb Majed
Published: March 2017

Curriculum reconceptualists seek to reshape the field of curriculum studies. Unlike traditional curricularists, theyreprobate the technical approach of curriculum development because of its pure functional and managerial tendency.Reconceptualists look at curriculum from various philosophy-saturated perspectives. One of their claims isconsidering curriculum as a discourse, and the main task curricularists have to cope with is to understand thisdiscourse.Unfortunately, reconceptualists penetrate deeply into philosophy without offering a clear practical vision that helpsthem transform their insights. In this paper, I argue that reconceptualists can bridge the gap through consideringCritical Discourse Analysis (CDA) assumptions. The idea of understanding curriculum as a discourse could betheoretically and practically detected when employing (CDA).
Implementing motivational interviewing training: Strengthening the role of the registered nurse
Authors: Maloney Alicia Russell , Ehrlich-Jones Linda
Published: March 2017

The current primary healthcare model is in need of urgent transformation, as it is vital to addressing health priorities at the systemic level. With over 3 million members, the nursing profession is the largest entity of the nation’s healthcare workforce, however they are underutilized in the primary care setting. As the pendulum swings back towards community based primary care, changes in nursing education are critical for support. Nursing curricula needs to be reexamined, updated, and adaptive enough to change with patients’ needs and improvements in both science and technology. The Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation has identified and responded to these needs with specific themes and recommendations on how best to prepare the registered nurse in the enhanced team member role. The purpose of this article, is to further explore the education of nursing students with a focus in primary care and consider the use of motivational interviewing, an evidenced-based intervention, to bridge a gap in nursing curricula. Faculty members are in a strategic position to educate and introduce the nursing future about the use of motivational interviewing, to help patients make healthier choices and impact future health outcomes.
The Impact of Neurofeedback on Clinical Signs of Children That Have Attention Deficit Disorder and Hyperactivity
Authors: Manesh Samaneh Hedayati , Alikhademi Azam
Published: March 2017

This study was an attempt to examine the impact of Neurofeedback on clinical signs of Children that have attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity. The participants of this study 24 boys (6-11) that afflicted to ADHD. The participants of the study randomly divided into two groups and were selected to participate in the study. The experimental group received the Neurofeedback treatment (8 weeks, three sessions in a week). The control group, on the other hand was placed in a wait list. After treatment, CBCL, IVA, QEEG were administered between two groups. The analysis of data revealed that Nero feedback has a significant impact on ADHD children. Moreover, Neurofeedback treatment leads to improve attention deficit disorder and decrease impulsivity in ADHD children.
Survey of Foliar Trichomes in Combretum Loelf. (Combretaceae) in Parts of West Africa
Authors: Ekeke Chimezie , Agbagwa Ikechukwu Ozoemena
Published: March 2017

We studied the foliar trichome types, density and distribution among the genus Combretum Loelf. in parts of West Africa. Fresh and herbarium specimens were used. These specimens were fixed, peeled, trichome types identified and micro-photographed using a Leica WILD MPS 52 microscope camera on a Leitz Diaplan microscope. Generally, two major trichome groups were identified among these species studied. These include glandular trichomes: multicellular gland head with uniseriate stalk (MGU), cylindrical uniseriate clavate trichome (CUCT), unicellular gland with unisariate stalk (UGHU), cylindrical uniseriate trichome (CUT), paltate gland head (PGH) and combretaceous eglandular (non-glandular) conical trichome (long and short types). The eglandular trichome types were the most widely distributed trichome found in the species and could be used to distinguish the genus. They occurred in all the species studied except C. glutinosum and C. micranthum. Among the glandular trichomes, cylindrical uniseriate trichome was the most dominant occurring in 11 species namely; C. aculeatum, C. bracteatum, C. collinum subsp. binderianum, C. collinum subsp. hypopilinum, C. constrictum, C. capitatum, C. hispidum, C. nigricans, C. panuculatum, C. platypterum and C. zenkeri. This is followed by multicellular gland head with uniseriate stalk (MGU) trichome type which occurred in 9 species (C. bracteatum, C. collinum subsp. binderianum, C. collinum subsp. hypopilinum, C. constrictum, C. excelsum, C. hispidum, C. mooreanum, C. platypterum and C. racemosum). The trichome density varied from 1.25±0.44 trichomes per 100 cells to 600 trichomes per 100 cells. The distribution/occurrence, density and type of these trichomes formed dependable character for delimitating Combretum species. The findings of this study showed that trichomes provide good taxonomic characters useful for in differentiating the genus Combretum in West Africa.
Comparison of in Vitro Young and Old Lumbar Vertebrae of Ewes Related to Bone Density and Compression Strength
Authors: Abdalbary Sahar Ahmed , Amr Sherif Mamdouh
Published: March 2017

An animal model (the ewe) was used to study the mechanical properties of lumbar vertebrae and to compare these properties with the bone mineral density. We measured the bone mineral density for lumbar vertebrae of 10 ewes for L2 & L5 for5 young ewes mean age 2 years and 5 old ewes mean age 8 years old. Compression test was conducted on ewes lumbar vertebrae L2 & l5 for young ewes and old ewes.There was significance differences between both group related to bone mineral density , compressive force , and young’s modulus. There was strong correlation between the mechanical properties and bone mineral density.Bone mineral density correlated with the mechanical properties and it is not surprising that an orthopedic device used with poorly mineralized bone can have lower mechanical fixation strength than the same device with well-mineralized bone.
Investigation of PTMD System Affected by Parkfield Near-Field Earthquake
Authors: Vatanshenas Ali
Published: March 2017

Earthquake is considered as the main destructive and collapsing factor of structures in near-fault zones, so design new structures and retrofitting existing structures in order to decrease structural responses is an unavoidable matter. One of the structural response reduction methods is using of TMDs. In this paper, a two-dimensional 10-storey steel structure as three structural models without PTMD, with a PTMD at the highest level and ten PTMDs with different characteristics at all levels with the Modal-FNA time-history analysis method under acceleration records with directivity and without directivity of Parkfield 2004 earthquake at the angle of the maximum acceleration response in the first mode period of structure after rotating the acceleration records at the station with directivity and its corresponding angle at the station without directivity were compared to each other in terms of the roof displacement, the input energy and the base shear. It was observed that the structure behavior in the case of using only one PTMD is better, but in the case where ten PTMDs with relative smaller masses were used compared to the case where only one PTMD was used is also with roof displacement reduction.
Patterns of Urban Heat Island Effect in Adelaide: A Mobile Traverse Experiment
Authors: Sharifi Ehsan , Soltani Ali
Published: March 2017

Urban structure, hard surfaces and shortage of vegetation cause an artificial temperature increase in cities, known as the urban heat island effect. This paper determines the daily patterns of urban heat in Adelaide, Australia. The near-surface temperature profile of Adelaide was mapped in 60 journeys alongside a straight cross route connecting Adelaide Hills to the West Beach between 26 July and 15 August 2013. Results indicate that the most intense urban-rural temperature differences occurred during midnight in Adelaide. However, the afternoon urban heat had more temperature variation in the urban area. In the late afternoon, the near-surface urban heat fluctuates by 2°C within three kilometres and by 1.2°C in just one kilometer. Afternoon heat stress can vary based on space configurations and urban surface covers. Afternoon heat stress causes the highest heat load on urban dwellers. A better understanding of daily urban heat variations in cities assists urban policy making and public life management in the context of climate change.
Managing Energy Price Risk using Futures Contracts: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Hanly Jim
Published: March 2017

This paper carries out a comparative analysis of managing energy risk through futures hedging, for energy market participants across a broad dataset that encompasses the largest and most actively traded energy products. Uniquely, we carry out a hedge comparison using a variety of risk measures including Variance, Value at risk (VaR), and Expected Shortfall as well as a utility based performance metric for two different investor horizons; weekly and monthly. We find that hedging is effective across the spectrum of risk measures we employ. We also find significant differences in both the hedging strategies and the hedging effectiveness of different energy assets. Better performance is found for West Texas Intermediate Oil and Heating Oil while the poorest performer in hedging terms is Natural Gas.
AWBZ: nieuwe wijn in oude zakken of oude wijn in nieuwe zakken?
Authors: Hoens F.M.H.
Published: March 2017

AWBZ: nieuwe wijn in oude zakken of oude wijn in nieuwe zakken? HR 1 februari 1991, NJ 1992, 259 vrijwillig uitbetalen revisited

Op 1 januari 2013 is een vermogensinkomensbijtelling ingevoerd in de AWBZ. Hoens gaat in op de vraag of dit gevolgen heeft voor het antwoord op de vraag of (testamentaire) opeisbaarheid van de erfdelen gewenst of nodig is, zodra er sprake is van een (dreiging van een) door de vermogensinkomensbijtelling veroorzaakte vermogensintering. Bij de beantwoording staat de verzorging van de langstlevende voorop. Dat bij dit alles eenvoud het kenmerk van het ware ís, en kán zijn, volgt uit een arrest van de Hoge Raad van 1 februari 1991, NJ 1992, 259.
Nuclear export receptor CRM1 recognizes diverse conformations in nuclear export signals
Authors: Fung Ho Yee Joyce , Fu Szu-Chin , Chook Yuh Min
Published: March 2017

Nuclear export receptor CRM1 binds highly variable nuclear export signals (NESs) in hundreds of different cargoes. Previously we have shown that CRM1 binds NESs in both polypeptide orientations (Fung et al., 2015). Here, we show crystal structures of CRM1 bound to eight additional NESs which reveal diverse conformations that range from loop-like to all-helix, which occupy different extents of the invariant NES-binding groove. Analysis of all NES structures show 5-6 distinct backbone conformations where the only conserved secondary structural element is one turn of helix that binds the central portion of the CRM1 groove. All NESs also participate in main chain hydrogen bonding with human CRM1 Lys568 side chain, which acts as a specificity filter that prevents binding of non-NES peptides. The large conformational range of NES backbones explains the lack of a fixed pattern for its 3-5 hydrophobic anchor residues, which in turn explains the large array of peptide sequences that can function as NESs.
The production of the academicwritingmachine
Authors: Henderson Linda , Honan Eileen , Loch Sarah
Published: March 2017

The organisational territory of academia has become heavily gridded by consuming requirements to produce publications that ‘count’. To survive, the scholar must plug herself into this machine – a heaving, monstrous academicwritingmachine. She must invest libidinal energy into the process of counting if she desires to be counted. This troubles us, who write for both ‘work’ and ‘pleasure’, who write to seek connections with one another, with our sense of unknowns, and with ways people learn in communities.Taking as a starting point the concept of the academicwritingmachine, in this paper we attempt to collectively explore and interrogate our own investment, our own repression, and our own desire to be produced within this machine. We seek to explore how this well-oiled machine captures flows of desire and how the vulnerability and sensuality of writing risks being flattened out to achieve ‘results’ that can be measured as ‘research outputs’. In a production of synergetic collaborative writing, we explore the innards of the academicwritingmachine, following the tubes, cogs, and wheels, the pulleys and levers, to examine the series of machinic arrangements that construct and constrict those moments of presenting, rewriting, reviewing, rejecting, resubmitting. We see this as a process that propels us out and away from our individual scholarly commitments to the machine, and into a myriad of imaginative, creative and joyous collective experiences. We take back the joy of writing, and make visible our shared attempt to open/break the machine through writing which experiments with ‘the openness required for the condition of constant becomings and the value of uncertainty and questioning’.
Po/etisk pedagogisk ledelse for kvalitet gjennom skriving mot immanente vurderingspraksiser og tvilens og kroppens vitenskap og metoder
Authors: Reinertsen Anne , Rossholt Nina
Published: March 2017

Artikkelen handler om po/etisk pedagogisk ledelse og kvalitet i et posthumant perspektiv. Den handler om kroppslig kunnskap og viten. Ledelse mellom og omvendt. Sentralt står et ønske om å utvide vår forståelse av kritikk, øke dybden i- og styrking av våre analytiske blikk. Det innebærer en bevegelse fra hermeneutikk til immanente teorier for ledelse og kvalitetsvurdering. Det er en vitenskapeliggjøring og diffraksjon av pedagogikken hvor naturvitenskapelige, human, - og samfunnsvitenskapelige aspekter sidestilles i prosess ontologisk samtidighet.
Face me I face you
Authors: Koro-Ljungberg Mirka , Hendricks Justin J , McTier Jr. Terrence S , Gaxiola Enrique Bojórquez
Published: March 2017

This iterative and a-signifying sound experimentation project started from simple wonderings that emerged from undocumented college students’ interview data. As the researchers began to reflect on the data provided by these students, conversations around noise and gossip began to emerge. Over time, the conversations about noise and gossip transmogrified into various soundscapes and audio recordings that extended also beyond noise and gossip. "Let’s work more with the sound and try to extend effects and create affects. Maybe produce another extension of that video in such a way that we would still be working with the thing, whatever the thing was" stated Mirka and Justin. Justin would go on to say, "It's less and less representational and signifying. Our sound encounters produce something different than what we originally intended them to be. Or they work, or function as whatever."
Multiculturalism in American Public Opinion
Authors: CITRIN JACK , SEARS DAVID O. , MUSTE CHRISTOPHER , WONG CARA
Published: July 2002

Multiculturalism has emerged to challenge liberalism as an ideological solution in coping with ethnic diversity in the United States. This article develops a definition of political multiculturalism which refers to conceptions of identity, community and public policy. It then analyses the 1994 General Social Survey and a 1994 survey of Los Angeles County to assess the contours of mass support and opposition to multiculturalism, testing hypotheses concerning the role of social background, liberalism–conservatism and racial hostility. The main conclusions are that ‘hard’ versions of multiculturalism are rejected in all ethnic groups, that a liberal political self-identification boosts support for multiculturalism, and that racial hostility is a consistent source of antagonism to the new ethnic agenda of multiculturalism. There is strong similarity in the results in both the national and Los Angeles samples.
Review Article: Lewis Fry Richardson and the Study of the Causes of War
Authors: NICHOLSON MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Lewis Fry Richardson (1881–1953) was one of the most original thinkers ever to apply their minds to the study of war and its causes. In a strict sense he was an amateur in that he held no position of profit dedicated to the pursuit of these researches. He was always employed to do something else and did the research at week-ends and in his retirement. He never taught in the field or anything close to it. Nevertheless he was a prolific publisher on a very wide range of topics, as the two volumes of his collected papers published by Cambridge University Press testify, though his work rarely reached the international relations or political science community at the time. It was after his death that his work had its impact.
MULTIPLE CONDENSATIONS FOR A NONLINEAR ELLIPTIC EQUATION WITH SUB-CRITICAL GROWTH AND CRITICAL BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Wei Juncheng
Published: July 2002

We consider the following nonlinear elliptic equations

\begin{gather*} \begin{cases} \Delta u+u_{+}^{N/(N-2)}=0\amp\quad\text{in }\sOm, \\ u=\mu\amp\quad\text{on }\partial\sOm\quad(\mu\text{ is an unknown constant}), \\ \dsty\int_{\partial\sOm}\biggl(-\dsty\frac{\partial u}{\partial n}\biggr)=M, \end{cases} \end{gather*}

where $u_{+}=\max(u,0)$, $M$ is a prescribed constant, and $\sOm$ is a bounded and smooth domain in $R^N$, $N\geq3$. It is known that for $M=M_{*}^{(N)}$, $\sOm=B_R(0)$, the above problem has a continuum of solutions. The case when $M>M_{*}^{(N)}$ is referred to as supercritical in the literature. We show that for $M$ near $KM_{*}^{(N)}$, $K>1$, there exist solutions with multiple condensations in $\sOm$. These concentration points are non-degenerate critical points of a function related to the Green's function.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 35B40; 35B45. Secondary 35J40
COTTON RESPONSES TO SHADE AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES: GROWTH, LINT YIELD AND FIBRE QUALITY
Authors: ZHAO D. , OOSTERHUIS D. M.
Published: July 2002

Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) has variable effects on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plant growth, development and lint yield, but little is known about the responses of yield, yield components and fibre quality to low PPFD at different developmental stages. Field studies were conducted in 1993–95 to determine the effects of an 8-d period of shade (63% reduction in PPFD) imposed at different developmental stages (pinhead square (PHS), first flower (FF), peak flower (PF) and boll development (BD)) on cotton growth, lint yield, yield components and fibre quality. Shade for 8 d at the early square stage did not affect cotton growth and yield. Shade during FF, PF and BD increased fruit abscission, and decreased specific leaf weight, dry matter accumulation, lint yield, fibre micronaire, and fibre strength compared with the unshaded control. The detrimental effect of shade on yield increased with later growth stages. Shade at the FF, PF and BD stages decreased lint yield by 18, 34 and 52% in 1993, and by 18, 21 and 29% in 1994 respectively compared with the unshaded control. Shade caused the greatest decrease in the dry weight (DW) of fruits (squares + flowers + bolls) and the smallest decrease in leaf DW among leaves, stems and fruits. Of the three yield components (boll number, boll weight and lint percentage), boll number was the most sensitive to shade. Shade during squaring and early flowering had little effect on average boll weight, and did not affect lint percentage. Decreased yield of cotton shaded during FF and PF appeared to be related to decreased boll retention. Shade during BD decreased both boll retention and average boll weight. Under shade conditions, fibre micronaire and fibre strength were decreased, while other fibre properties were unaffected. These results help explain the yield response of field-grown cotton to low PPFD stress.
DIVERSIFICATION OF TREE CROPS: DOMESTICATION OF COMPANION CROPS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
Authors: Leakey R. R. B. , Tchoundjeu Z.
Published: July 2002

New initiatives in agroforestry are seeking to integrate indigenous trees, whose products have traditionally been gathered from natural forests, into tropical farming systems such as cacao farms. This is being done to provide from farms, marketable timber and non-timber forest products that will enhance rural livelihoods by generating cash for resource-poor rural and peri-urban households. There are many potential candidate species for domestication that have commercial potential in local, regional or even international markets. Little or no formal research has been carried out on many of these hitherto wild species to assess potential for genetic improvement, reproductive biology or suitability for cultivation. With the participation of subsistence farmers a number of projects to bring candidate species into cultivation are in progress, however. This paper describes some tree domestication activities being carried out in southern Cameroon, especially with Irvingia gabonensis (bush mango; dika nut) and Dacryodes edulis (African plum; safoutier). As part of this, fruits and kernels from 300 D. edulis and 150 I. gabonensis trees in six villages of Cameroon and Nigeria have been quantitatively characterized for 11 traits to determine combinations defining multi-trait ideotypes for a genetic selection programme. I. gabonensis fruits are rich in vitamin A (67 mg 100 ml−1), while the kernels are rich in fat (51.3%) and contain a polysaccharide that is a food thickener. The fruits of D. edulis are also rich in oil (31.9%) and protein (25.9%). This poverty-reducing agroforestry strategy is at the same time linked to one in which perennial, biologically diverse and complex mature-stage agroecosystems are developed as sustainable alternatives to slash-and-burn agriculture. To meet the objective of poverty reduction, however, it is crucial that market expansion and creation are possible. Hence, for example, it is important to determine which marketable traits are amenable to genetic improvement. While some traits (such as fruit and kernel mass) that benefit the farmer are relatively easy to identify, there are undoubtedly others that are important to the food, pharmaceutical or other industries which require more sophisticated chemical evaluation. There is a need, therefore, for better linkages between agroforesters and the private sector. The domestication activities described are relevant to the enrichment of smallholder cacao farms and agroforests. This diversification is seen as being important for the support of the cacao industry.
SCREENING COMMON BEAN ACCESSIONS FOR RESISTANCE TO CHARCOAL ROT (MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA) IN EASTERN KENYA
Authors: SONGA W. , HILLOCKS R. J. , MWANGO'MBE A. W. , BURUCHARA R. , RONNO W. K.
Published: July 2002

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm was screened for resistance to charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) under field conditions at Kiboko and Katumani, eastern Kenya. Of the 313 bean accessions evaluated, 50 lines were resistant and six were tolerant to M. phaseolina, the charcoal rot incidence was less than 25% and between 25% and 50% for the resistant and tolerant lines respectively. Yields ranged from 135 to 1051 kg ha−1 compared with 55 kg for the susceptible control A464. Time to maturity did not seem to influence or affect the susceptibility or resistance to M. phaseolina of the various bean accessions.
RESPONSE OF WHEAT–RICE AND MAIZE/MILLET SYSTEMS TO FERTILIZER AND MANURE APPLICATIONS IN THE MID-HILLS OF NEPAL
Authors: Sherchan D. P. , Pilbeam C. J. , Gregory P. J.
Published: July 2002

Farmers in the mid-hills of Nepal have a mix of rainfed land on which millet is grown in relay after maize (maize/millet), and irrigated land on which wheat is grown sequentially after rice (wheat–rice). Double cropping is the norm but the diminishing quantities of organic materials, coupled with the trend towards increased use of inorganic fertilizers, have raised questions about the long-term productivity and sustainability of the cropping systems. The aim of this work was to examine the long-term effects (eight years) on grain yield of additions of manure and fertilizer either singly or in combination. Maize/millet and wheat–rice rotations were established on a Dystochrept at Pakhribas Agricultural Centre at about 1450 m altitude. Manure and fertilizer applications were applied to the maize (eight combinations in May) and the wheat (different rates in seven combinations in November) every year with the succeeding crops (millet and rice) utilizing residual nutrients. Yields of maize, millet and rice were greater when manure rather than fertilizer was applied but yields of wheat were less. The combined application of manure and fertilizer significantly increased yields of maize and wheat compared with applications of either manure or fertilizer alone. However, for the subsequent crops (millet and rice) there was either a small residual benefit of the combined application when compared with fertilizer alone, or no benefit when compared with manure alone. Overall, the combined application increased total grain yields by about 35% in the maize/millet rotation and by 16% in the wheat–rice rotation. There was no trend in yields in response to treatment with time.
Estimation of microsatellite mutation rates in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: VÁZQUEZ JOSÉ FERNANDO , PÉREZ TRINIDAD , ALBORNOZ JESÚS , DOMÍNGUEZ ANA
Published: July 2002

Microsatellite mutations were studied in a set of 175 mutation accumulation lines, all of them
independently derived from a completely homozygous population of Drosophila melanogaster and
maintained under strong inbreeding during 80 generations. We assayed 28 microsatellites and
detected two mutations. One mutation consisted of a single addition of a dinucleotide repeat and
the other was a deletion of five trinucleotide repeats. The average mutation rate was 5·1 × 10−6, in
full agreement with previous estimates from two different sets of mutation accumulation lines.
Targeted identification of markers linked to malaria and
filarioid nematode parasite resistance genes in the mosquito
Aedes aegypti
Authors: SEVERSON DAVID W. , ZAITLIN DAVID , KASSNER VICTORIA A.
Published: July 2002

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified for competence of the mosquito Aedes aegypti to
transmit the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum and the human filarial parasite Brugia
malayi. Efforts towards the map-based cloning of the associated genes are limited by the
availability of genetic markers for fine-scale mapping of the QTL positions. Two F2 mosquito
populations were subjected to bulked segregant analysis to identify random amplified polymorphic
DNA (RAPD)-PCR fragments linked with the major QTL determining susceptibility to both
parasites. Individual mosquitoes for the bulks were selected on the basis of their genotypes at
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci tightly linked with the QTL. Pool-positive
RAPD fragments were cloned and evaluated as RFLP markers. Of the 62 RAPD/RFLP fragments
examined, 10 represented low-copy number sequences. Five of these clones were linked with the
major QTL for P. gallinaceum susceptibility (pgs1), of which one clone mapped within the flanking
markers that define the QTL interval. The remaining five clones were linked with the major QTL
for B. malayi susceptibility (fsb1), and again one clone mapped within the flanking markers that
define the QTL interval. In addition, nine RAPD/RFLP fragments were isolated that seem to be
of non-mosquito origin.
Bacteriophage T4 resistance to lysis-inhibition collapse
Authors: ABEDON STEPHEN T.
Published: July 2002

Lysis inhibition is a mechanism of latent-period extension and burst-size increase that is induced
by the T4 bacteriophage adsorption of T4-infected cells. Mutants of T4 genes imm, sp and 5
(specifically the ts1 mutant of 5) display some lysis inhibition. However, these mutants experience
lysis-inhibition collapse, the lysis of lysis-inhibited cells, earlier than wild-type-infected cells (i.e.
their collapse occurs prematurely). Lysis from without is a lysis induced by excessive T4
adsorption. Gp5 is an inducer of lysis from without while gpimm and gpsp effect resistance to lysis
from without. This paper shows that interfering with the adsorption of phages to imm-, sp- or
5ts1-mutant-infected cells, in a variety of contexts, inhibits premature lysis-inhibition collapse.
From these data it is inferred that wild-type T4-infected cells display resistance to lysis-inhibition
collapse by a mechanism resembling resistance to lysis from without.
Dynamics of transposable elements under the selection model
Authors: TSITRONE A. , CHARLES S. , BIÉMONT C.
Published: July 2002

We examine an analytical model of selection against the deleterious effects of transposable element
(TE) insertions in Drosophila, focusing attention on the asymptotic and dynamic characteristics.
With strong selection the only asymptotically stable equilibrium point corresponds to extinction of
the TEs. With very weak selection a stable and realistic equilibrium point can be obtained. The
dynamics of the system is fast for strong selection and slow, on the human time scale, for weak
selection. Hence weak selection acts as a force that contributes to the stabilization of mean TE
copy number. The consequence is that under weak selection, and ‘out-of-equilibrium’ situation can
be maintained for a long time in populations, with mean TE copy number appearing stabilized.
Unusual sedimentary geodes filled by gold-bearing hematite laths
Authors: BUSTILLO M. A. , GARCIA-GUINEA J. , MARTINEZ-FRIAS J. , DELGADO A.
Published: July 2002

Unusual mineralized and silicified carbonate-rich geodes were found hosted in Lower
Triassic red mudstones in Central Spain. From their borders to their centres, the geodes display (a) a
millimetric carbonate crust, (b) a quartz rim, (c) massive dolomite, (d) gold-bearing iron-rich infills
(hematite laths and goethite with up to 7000 ppm of gold) and (e) calcite cements that sometimes seal
the central hollow. Textural evidence indicates that the geodes were originally anhydrite, which was
subsequently replaced by quartz and dolomite. The resultant porosity from this replacement, or by
later dissolution, has been filled by epithermal gold-bearing iron-oxide hydroxides, romanechite and
calcite.

δ13C values indicate the participation of meteoric waters in an environment which was characterized
by both a sub-desert climate and a temperate–tropical climate. Oxygen signatures reflect very variable
temperatures for all minerals, with the exception of calcite, which appears to have precipitated at
<38°C. Iron-oxide temperature values can reach up to 85°C (epithermal stage). The mineralogical
assemblages of these unusual geodes denote early diagenetic replacement followed by the epithermal
activity. This mineralization is linked to the Late Hercynian, calc-alkaline volcanism of Central Spain
(the Hiendelaencina mining district).
TALKING ZIONISM, DOING ZIONISM, STUDYING ZIONISM
Authors: CAPLAN NEIL
Published: July 2002

Zionism and the creation of a new society. By Ben Halpern and Jehuda Reinharz. New York
and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. 293. ISBN 0-19-509209-0.

Land and power: the Zionist resort to force, 1881–1948. By Anita Shapira. Translated by
William Templer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Reissued Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1999. Pp. x+446. ISBN 0-8047-3776-2.

The founding myths of Israel: nationalism, socialism, and the making of the Jewish state. By Zeev
Sternhell. Translated by David Maisel. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
Pp. xv+419. ISBN 0-691-00967-8.
1 OCTOBER 1942: ADOLF HITLER, WEHRMACHT OFFICER POLICY, AND SOCIAL REVOLUTION
Authors: KNOX MACGREGOR
Published: July 2002

The origins of the process that transmuted Prussia–Germany's most hallowed social
institution and professional group, the officer corps, into a functional elite of ‘National Socialist
Führer-personalities’ remain obscure. Recent studies have argued that the ‘structural pressures of
modern war’ – the immense losses of summer 1942 – compelled the abolition of time-honoured
educational and social qualifications for officer candidacy and the basing of promotions almost solely
on battlefield prowess, and that ‘National Socialist elite manipulation’ was at best a secondary factor.
Yet archival evidence makes clear that the pressures of war took second place in the army's official mind
to the need to preserve order and tradition, and that it was above all Adolf Hitler who dictated the
timing, shape, and extent of changes that the bureaucrats were largely incapable of imagining.
‘Führer-selection through battle’ was simultaneously the most far-reaching and lasting element in the
social revolution that Hitler sought, and a decisive step in steeling the German armed forces for their
fight to the bitter end. In this as in other areas, it was National Socialism's very modernity that
endowed it with demonic force.
HISTORIES AND TEXTS: REFIGURING THE DIARY OF SAMUEL PEPYS
Authors: DAWSON MARK S.
Published: July 2002

The following attempts a modest reconsideration of one of the most well-known early
modern Englishmen, Samuel Pepys. More precisely, the article suggests that much closer attention
needs to be paid to Pepys's textuality (not sexuality). In modern times, his diary has achieved canonical
status to the detriment of other texts scripted in unison with the famed Cambridge manuscript, now
meticulously transcribed. Tracing the multiple textual transactions elided by the final manuscript
allows for important insight into the diary's partiality. We need to resist, as much as possible, the
temptation of contextualizing the diary with biographical detail because that detail is so often derived
from the diary itself. We should reverse our interpretive strategy: begin with Pepys's texts (plural),
unravel their main interconnections, and only then reach tentative conclusions about the man.
Establishing motive is a risky business when there is no subject for interrogation. There is, however,
a text that wants a more rigorous contextualization.
JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH, The First Crusaders, 1095–1131 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). Pp. 310. $49.95.
Authors: Neville Leonora
Published: July 2002

The First Crusaders, 1095–1131 is a mature work of a leading scholar in the field of Crusade history that displays the results of years of detailed research and thought. The greatest strength of this work is that Riley-Smith draws extensively on documentary evidence from cartularies and archives surviving in European religious communities. Such thorough and extensive use of cartulary evidence is surprisingly rare. The result is a largely fresh view of the old topic of the Crusaders' motivation and a vastly more detailed portrayal of the mechanics and logistics behind the First Crusade. The author supports his views with the cumulative weight of scores of observations regarding the identification and origins of participants in the early Crusading movement. Riley-Smith has complied (and made available in an Appendix) detailed and judicious lists of all those who certainly, probably, and possibly participated in the Crusades between 1096 and 1129. Culled from all the narrative sources and many collections of documents, the lists provide a substantial body of evidence that many scholars will find useful.
A basis for predictive modelling of the relationship of

potato yields to population density of the potato cyst

nematode, Globodera pallida
Authors: PHILLIPS M. S. , TRUDGILL D. L. , HACKETT C. A. , HANCOCK M. , HOLLIDAY J. M. , SPAULL A. M.
Published: July 2002

The relationship between initial population density

of Globodera pallida and yield was examined for

five genotypes of potato at four different experimental sites;

two in Scotland and two in England. The

experiments at each site were conducted in two stages. The

experimental area was first manipulated

using resistant and susceptible potato cultivars to give

plots with different nematode population

densities to act as the initial populations

(Pi) for the second stage. The main

experiment was conducted using a range of host genotypes

that differed in their tolerance and susceptibility. The

utility of an inverse linear model relating yield to

initial population density was confirmed as were

differences in cultivar tolerance. Site differences in

yield loss were also observed. It was found that the

model could be modified to include the partitioning of

genotype and site effects. The implications of

this in terms of developing further models to predict

yield loss and nematode population dynamics are discussed.
Productivity and economic viability of a
palmarosa–pigeonpea intercropping system in the
subtropical climate of north India
Authors: SINGH A. , SINGH M. , SINGH K.
Published: July 2002

The poor viability of the perennial aromatic grass,
palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii Stapf. var.
motia), in the first year of planting, restricts its
popularity among farmers in India. Two pigeonpea
cultivars, Bahar (late maturing), and UPAS–120 (early
maturing) were intercropped at different row
spacings with palmarosa at a row spacing of 60 cm, in the
subtropical climate of Lucknow, north
India in 1988/89 and 1989/90. Intercropping with
the late maturing cv. Bahar at 300 cm row spacing
produced 1·26 t/ha grain (2-year mean) without
affecting the growth and yield of the palmarosa.
Intercropping improved land-use efficiency by 47%, relative
net return by 58% and net economic
return by Rs. 12500/ha over a sole palmarosa crop. The
grain, stalk and total dry matter yield per
plant of pigeonpea was considerably improved when grown at
the wider row spacing in the
intercropped system than when grown as a sole crop. This
indicates that the competition between
pigeonpea plants was not reduced when palmarosa was present.
Palmarosa tiller production and herb
and oil yield were significantly reduced when the distance
between rows of pigeonpea was narrowed,
demonstrating both the greater susceptibility of palmarosa to
lack of light, and also that in
palmarosa–pigeonpea intercropping systems, competition
exists mainly for light rather than for
nutrients and moisture, possibly because the two crop components
acquire their nutrients and
moisture from different soil layers.

Intercropping with the high yielding, late maturing
pigeonpea cultivar, Bahar, at 300 cm row
distance is recommended to make palmarosa cultivation
economically viable in the first year of
planting. The selection of high yielding, late maturing
pigeonpea cultivars with an upright growth
habit is suggested as a further way of improving the
economic benefits of a palmarosa–pigeonpea
intercropping system.
Impact of an insidious virus disease in the legume
component on the species balance within
self-regenerating annual pasture
Authors: JONES R. A. C. , NICHOLAS D. A.
Published: July 2002

The consequences of sowing seed of burr medic (Medicago
polymorpha) cultivars Circle Valley and
Serena that was either free of or infected to different extents with
alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was
studied in mixed species pasture swards that regenerated annually.
The swards were grazed by sheep
and the predominant plant species in them were burr medic and capeweed

(Arctotheca calendula).
Serena matured earlier and was more tolerant of AMV infection than
Circle Valley. Each year, seed-infected medic plants were the source
for virus spread by aphids to healthy medic plants. When the
extent of infection was determined in the fourth to sixth growing
seasons, the amount of virus spread
in the medic component of the swards varied between seasons. Final
infection in plots originally sown
with infected seed ranged from 47 to 93% for Serena and from 25 to 79%

for Circle Valley. Viral
seed transmission rates in medic seed produced each year by these
plots ranged from 19 to 31% with
Serena and from 3 to 7% with Circle Valley. Final percentage
infection within swards originally sown
with healthy seed (control plots) was smaller regardless of cultivar
(0·1–7%) as were transmission
rates in their harvested seed (0–0·6%).

AMV infection of the burr medic in regenerated plots originally
sown with Circle Valley seed
diminished medic seed yields, thereby decreasing the proportion of
medic in the seed bank. This
decreased germination of medic but increased germination of capeweed. In
control plots, plant
densities were up to 36% greater in the medic and 52% smaller
in the capeweed components than in
plots originally sown with infected Circle Valley seed. In plots
containing Serena there was a smaller
decrease in medic seed yields due to AMV infection, so the impact
on germination was less. In the
fourth to sixth years from sowing, when yields were determined at
different times after grazing ceased,
there was either a small decrease (up to 8%) or no significant
decrease in overall herbage yields due
to infection with AMV. However, in plots originally sown with infected
Circle Valley seed, the
balance of medic to capeweed was altered in favour of capeweed, sometimes
dramatically so (e.g.
capeweed content increased from 19 to 45% in the fourth year
from sowing). In contrast, by the end
of the growing season the balance of medic to capeweed was
little altered by the presence of the virus
in plots containing Serena. Thus, infection with this insidious
virus disease substantially diminished
the ability of Circle Valley but not Serena medic to compete
with other species such as capeweed in
self-regenerated, mixed species pasture swards. It did this both
directly by decreasing the competitive
ability of the medic plants that became infected during the
growing season, and indirectly via seed
production and the seed bank, by altering the proportions in which the
species germinated.
The effects of drought on sugar beet growth in
isolation and in combination with beet yellows virus
infection
Authors: CLOVER G. R. G. , SMITH H. G. , AZAM-ALI S. N. , JAGGARD K. W.
Published: July 2002

The effect of drought stress in isolation, or in combination with beet yellows virus infection, on sugar
beet growth was studied in the field and glasshouse. Drought reduced total plant weight by 26%, due
to 20 and 29% reductions in foliage and storage root yields respectively. Sugar extraction efficiency
was depressed by an increase in amino-nitrogen impurities. Drought did not limit water extraction
depth, despite decreasing lateral root growth in proportion to total weight. During the field
experiments, total crop cover was decreased in all the droughted treatments (halved in some cases)
for at least part of the season. Consequently, these treatments intercepted 12% less light, which in
combination with a 16% decrease in the dry matter/light conversion coefficient, led to the decrease
in growth. The decrease in conversion coefficient was due to temporary closure of the stomata rather
than a function of drought-induced damage to the photosynthetic mechanism. The absolute effect of
drought remained the same irrespective of whether the plants were infected with beet yellows virus, i.e.
there was no interaction between the two stresses. The reasons for this lack of interaction are
discussed but it is likely that the stress effects were mediated at different times of the day and season.
Population densities, spatial pattern and development
of the pea leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on
cucumber, swisschard and bean
Authors: ABOU-FAKHR HAMMAD E. M. , NEMER N. M.
Published: July 2002

Liriomyza huidobrensis, the pea leafminer, is a recently identified pest on vegetables in Lebanon. The
objectives of this study were to survey the leafminer infestation, to study its dispersion and its
development on cucumber, swisschard and bean. In general, the infestation level was found to be
higher in the middle coastal sites than in the other sites during the period of the study 1994–95. In
the former sites, the pest was found to thrive on swisschard in October and November, in presence
of cucumber under greenhouses, while it was encountered in significantly higher numbers on
cucumber during the spring season, in absence of swisschard. Pairwise comparisons of Taylor's and
Iwao's regression slope for L. huidobrensis larval mines indicated a contagious dispersion on leaves
of cucumber and bean, while the pattern was random to slightly aggregated on swisschard. There was
a significantly higher number of larval mines on the lower plant stratum compared to the middle and
upper strata of cucumber through the cropping season. There was a significant difference in the
overall development duration (19·6–22·3 days) of the insect among the three hosts. The larval
development duration was significantly shorter on bean compared to swisschard and cucumber
consecutively. However, there was no significant difference in egg or pupa duration among the three
hosts. Results of this study provide bases for appropriate management of the pest, taking into
consideration its infestation level, spatial pattern, and development duration on the mentioned hosts.