bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Replication of Nosema algerae (Microsporidia), a Parasite of Anopheline Mosquitoes, in Human Cells above 36° C
Authors: TRAMMER THOMAS , CHIORALIA GABRIELA , MAIER WALTER A. , SEITZ HANNS M.
Published: May 2007

Microsporidia form a large and ubiquitous group of obligately intracellular parasitic eukaryotes, increasingly recognized as pathogens in humans. Transmission of invertebrate microsporidia to mammals has been considered impossible because temperature seemed to be a limiting factor for development. Nosema algerae, a microsporidian of anopheline mosquitoes, was cultured in human muscle fibroblasts at temperatures of 31° C and 38° C. This is the first record of an invertebrate microsporidian developing in human cells at a temperature above 36° C. The ultrastructure of N. algerue growing in human muscle fibroblasts is similar to that of Bruchiola vesicularum, a microsporidian species previously described in the muscle of an AIDS patient.
Factors fromTrypanosoma cruziInteracting with AP‐1 Sequences
Authors: ESPINOSA JOAQUÍN , MARTINETTO HORACIO , PORTAL DANIEL , D'ANGELO MAXIMILIANO , TORRES HECTOR N. , FLAWIÁ MIRTHA M.
Published: May 2007

Interaction between factors fromTrypanosoma cruziextracts and AP‐1 sequences was studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Using a double‐stranded probe carrying the AP‐1 sequence from the SV40 promoter, three specific complexes designated A, B, and C were detected. Complexes A and C were formed when using single‐stranded probes. The relative amount of complex B, specific for double‐stranded DNA, increased as a function of probe length. Complexes were stabilized by cross‐linking with UVC irradiation and resolved on denaturing SDS‐PAGE. Complex A generated bands of 60‐ and 39 kDa; complex B produced two bands of 46‐ and 43 kDa; and complex C generated one band of 43 kDa. The AP‐I binding activity was much higher in purified nuclear preparations than in soluble fractions, and was detected in crude extracts from the three forms of the parasite. The binding signal, however, was much stronger in amastigote and trypomastigote than in the epimastigote forms. Specific binding was increased by oxidative stress. Antibodies raised against peptides corresponding to conserved domains of mammalian c‐Jun and c‐Fos detected bands of 40‐ and 60 kDa, respectively, in a nuclear epimastigote preparation.
Machiavellianism and Economic Opportunism
Authors: Sakalaki Maria , Richardson Clive , Thépaut Yves
Published: May 2007

This study explores the relationship between 2 defecting strategies based on the manipulation of information; namely, Machiavellianism and economic opportunism. There are 3 main hypotheses that were confirmed in questionnaire investigations among samples of 191 and 113 university students in Athens. Machiavellianism was positively correlated with economic opportunism, shown by a statistically highly significant positive correlation between scores on scales measuring these 2 concepts. In situations of asymmetric information where they held the advantage, high Machs adopted more opportunistic strategies, showing the greatest inclination to maximize their own profit. High Machs showed less trust in potential economic partners, whom they regarded as untrustworthy maximizers.
Self, Identity, and the Natural Environment: Exploring Implicit Connections With Nature1
Authors: Schultz P. Wesley , Tabanico Jennifer
Published: May 2007

Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), we examined the tendency for people to associate self with natural or built environments, the malleability of these scores across context, and the relationship between these implicit associations and explicit attitudes about environmental issues. Five studies are reported using a handheld IAT administration in a variety of field contexts. The psychometric properties of the handheld administration were comparable to those obtained with laboratory administration. The cumulative results across the 5 studies suggest that implicit self–nature associations are malleable, but that change requires long‐term or repeated experiences. Findings are interpreted within a model of environmental identity.
Detecting Deceit in Pairs of Children1
Authors: Strömwall Leif A. , Granhag Pär Anders
Published: May 2007

This study examined adults’ ability to distinguish between truthful and deceptive pairs of children. Adult observers (N = 88) judged the veracity of one of 22 truthful or deceptive pairs of children (12–13 years). The children were interviewed separately about their real or imagined encounters with an unknown man. Analyses showed that the overall accuracy was 62.5%; significantly better than chance level of 50%. Deception detection accuracy was higher when watching both pair members than when watching one child. The analysis of self‐reported cues to deception given by observers showed that the consistency between the children's statements was the most frequent cue. An analysis of the actual consistency of children's statements showed significantly more contradictions in the deceptive statements.
“On the Move” or “Staying Put”: Locomotion, Need for Closure, and Reactions to Organizational Change1
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Pierro Antonio , Higgins E. Tory , Capozza Dora
Published: May 2007

Four studies conducted in various organizations in Italy, employing contemporaneous and longitudinal designs, tested hypotheses relating 2 personality constructs—need for cognitive closure (Kruglanski & Webster, 1996) and locomotion tendency (Higgins, Kruglanski, & Pierro, 2003; Kruglanski et al., 2000)—to individuals’ ability to successfully cope with organizational change. Across diverse organizational settings, populations studied, types of organizational change implemented, and measures of coping with change, we found that need for closure was negatively related, and locomotion tendency was positively related, to coping with change. We also found that the negative relation between need for closure and coping was attenuated where organizational climate is supportive of change, and that degree of successful coping with change determines post‐change work attitudes.
Autogenous onlay bone grafts vs. alveolar distraction osteogenesis for the correction of vertically deficient edentulous ridges: a 2–4‐year prospective study on humans
Authors: Chiapasco Matteo , Zaniboni Marco , Rimondini Lia
Published: May 2007

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to compare: (a) autogenous bone grafts (ABG) and distraction osteogenesis (DO) for their ability in correcting vertically deficient mandibular ridges and their capability in maintaining over time the vertical bone gain obtained before and after implant placement; and (b) the survival and success rates of implants placed in the reconstructed or distracted areas.

Material and methods: In a 2‐year period (2001–2002), 17 patients presenting with vertically atrophied partially edentulous mandibles requiring implant‐supported prosthetic rehabilitation, were included in this study. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups. Eight patients (group 1) were treated with ABG harvested from the mandibular ramus, while nine patients (group 2) were treated by means of DO. In group 1, patients received implants 4–5 months after the reconstructive procedure, while in group 2 implants were placed at the time of distraction device removal (approximately 3 months after the completion of distraction). A total of 19 endosseous implants were placed in group 1, and 21 implants were placed in group 2 patients. For both groups, after an additional 3–5‐month period, prosthetic rehabilitation was started.

Results: Bone resorption before implant placement was significantly higher in group 1 (P=0.01), while no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups as far as survival and success rates of implants and peri‐implant bone resorption after the start of prosthetic loading were concerned.

Conclusion: The results suggested that: (a) both techniques may effectively improve the deficit of vertically resorbed edentulous ridges; (b) survival and success rates of implants placed in the reconstructed/distracted areas are consistent with those of implants placed in native bone.
Genetic variation in COMT and PRODH is associated with brain anatomy in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Zinkstok J. , Schmitz N. , Van Amelsvoort T. , Moeton M. , Baas F. , Linszen D.
Published: May 2007

Haploinsufficiency of 22q11 genes including catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) and proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) may result in structural and functional brain abnormalities and increased vulnerability to schizophrenia as observed in patients with microdeletions of 22q11. Thus, COMT and PRODH could be modifier genes for schizophrenia. We examined association of polymorphisms in COMT and PRODH with brain anatomy in young patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. We acquired structural magnetic resonance imaging data from 51 male patients and genotyped two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the COMT gene and three in the PRODH gene. Statistical Parametric Mapping software and optimized voxel‐based morphometry were used to determine regional gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) density differences, and total GM and WM volume differences between genotype groups. Two nonsynonymous SNPs in the PRODH gene were associated with bilateral frontal WM density reductions and an SNP in the P2 promoter region of COMT (rs2097603) was associated with GM increase in the right superior temporal gyrus. Furthermore, we found evidence for COMT and PRODH epistasis: in patients with a COMT Val allele (rs4680) and with one or two mutated PRODH alleles, we observed increased WM density in the left inferior frontal lobe. Our results suggest that genetic variation in COMT and PRODH has significant effects on brain regions known to be affected in schizophrenia. Further research is needed to investigate the role of 22q11 genes on brain structure and function and their role in vulnerability for schizophrenia.
Electronic injury surveillance in Perth emergency departments: Validity of the data
Authors: Gillam Chris , Meuleners Lynn , Versluis Liz , Hendrie Delia , Sprivulis Peter
Published: May 2007

Objective:  To assess the validity of data collected by a new injury surveillance system in metropolitan public hospital ED in Western Australia.

Methods:  A reference group of four experts used text descriptions recorded in the injury surveillance system to independently assign codes for intent and cause of injury for each case in the sample. These codes were then compared with the intent and cause codes which triage nurses had assigned to these cases. The level of agreement between these codes were assessed by means of descriptive statistics. Systematic coding errors were also identified and analysed.

Results:  Of the 419 cases with adequate text descriptions, triage nurses agreed with the reference group of experts in 91.9% (intent) and 79.2% (cause) of cases. Falls accounted for 28.6% (n = 120) of cases and falls code agreement was 86.7%. Self‐harm accounted for 5.3% (n = 22) of cases and self‐harm code agreement was 77.3%. Systematic errors were detected in the coding of agent of injury, the underlying mechanism of injury and falls involving a mode of transport.

Conclusions:  The new injury surveillance system can be successfully used in ED and provides a valid mechanism for monitoring injuries. Refinements to reduce systematic coding errors might improve the validity and quality of the data. A larger sample is needed to assess the validity of the self‐harm code.
Laboratory investigation into optimal temperature for plaster of Paris application
Authors: Conroy Sheree M , Ward David , Fraser John
Published: May 2007

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the relationship between heat generated and time taken to reach maximum temperature when creating plaster of Paris casts, in relation to dipping water temperature and plaster slab thickness.

Methods: The study was conducted in a laboratory setting. A standard procedure for dipping, draining, layering and covering plaster slabs was developed. A standard temperature measurement and data‐recording method was applied. Variables tested were dipping water temperature (25, 30, 40, 50°C) and plaster slab thickness (10‐ply and 15‐ply).

Results: Mean maximum temperature varied between 31.9 and 41.7°C, and was proportional to dipping water temperature and plaster slab thickness. Mean time to maximum temperature varied between 1216 and 728 s, and was inversely proportional to dipping water temperature and directly proportional to plaster slab thickness. All means were significantly different (P = 0.01).

Conclusion: Increasing dipping water temperature and number of layers of plaster when making plaster slabs significantly increases temperature of plaster setting. These data are important for an understanding of optimum conditions for safer cast application. The present study highlights the need for further research in this area.
Tryptophan Modulates Cell Viability, Phagocytosis and Oxidative Metabolism in Old Ringdoves
Authors: Paredes Sergio D. , Terrón María Pilar , Marchena Ana María , Barriga Carmen , Pariente José A. , Reiter Russel J. , Rodríguez Ana B.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:   The decrease of melatonin with age contributes to immunosenescence. Its restoration via tryptophan may have immuno‐enhancing effects. Therefore, we determined the effect of tryptophan administration on circulating serotonin, melatonin, cell viability, phagocytic function and levels of free radical generation of blood heterophils from old ringdoves (Streptopelia risoria), aged 11–13 years. The animals received a single oral capsule of l‐tryptophan 1 hr after the onset of the light period. The tryptophan treatment significantly increased serum melatonin and serotonin levels, cell viability, phagocytosis index and phagocytosis percentage. Superoxide anion levels decreased significantly with respect to vehicle values, with the nocturnal reduction being greater than that which occurred during the light period. This suggests that orally administered tryptophan at the beginning of the day enhanced heterophil viability, phagocytic response and detoxification of superoxide anion radicals deriving from this immune function, as a result of the immunoregulatory action of melatonin and serotonin.
Association of Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism with Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Nacak Muradiye , Erbagci Zulal , Buyukafsar Kansu , Yurtsever Ahmet Sencer , Tiftik Rukiye Nalan
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) plays an important role in the physiological control of blood pressure and inflammation. Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the gene for ACE was investigated in relation to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible association between allergic contact dermatitis and insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene. A total of 90 patients with allergic contact dermatitis and 160 control persons were enrolled in the present study. ACE I/D genotypes were determined by the polymerase chain reaction. Allelic frequencies and genotype distribution of the ACE I/D polymorphism in the patient group were significantly different from control group (ACE II genotype 30.0% versus 17.5%, P = 0.022; ACE I allele 51.7% versus 39.4%, P = 0.008). Our data suggest that the ACE polymorphism could be a risk factor for patients with allergic contact dermatitis.
SELECTIVE DEPOSITION OF α‐TOCOPHEROL IN LIPIDS OF FARMED BLUE MUSSELS (MYTILUS EDULIS)
Authors: SIGURGISLADOTTIR SJÖFN. , ACKMAN ROBERT G. , O'KEEFE SEAN F.
Published: May 2007

Alpha‐tocopherol was the only one among the four (alpha, beta, gamma and delta) tocopherols which could be detected in farmedMytilus edulis(blue mussels) sampled from Ship Harbour, Nova Scotia, in the summers of 1989 and 1990. The α‐tocopherol when determined as the content of mussel meat was found to vary somewhat with sampling time but was typically between 4 and 12 μg/g mussel meat. It was observed, on a meat basis, to decrease during the midsummer spawning period as triacylglycerol‐rich gametes were released. Thus for most of the year it was presumably at a higher level in the gonads than in the rest of the body, and higher in females than males. Lipid was in the range of 1–2% of mussel meat and α‐tocopherol proportion relative to lipid and highly unsaturated fatty acids is comparable to other fishery products and favourable in terms of current health concepts of benefits from highly unsaturated fatty acids of marine origin.
VOLATILE ANALYSIS OF OXIDIZED OILS BY A DIRECT SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION METHOD1
Authors: SNYDER JANET M.
Published: May 2007

Analytical supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been utilized to characterize the volatile content of oxidized vegetable oils. A major advantage of SFE is that the temperatures employed in the extraction reduce the probability of hydroperoxide decomposition. To test the SFE‐based method, canola, corn, soybean and sunflower oils were stored at 60C for 16 days in loosely capped bottles. The volatiles content of each oil was then desorbed by using supercritical CO2 for extraction directly onto a gas chromatographic column where they were subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Extraction conditions of 50C and 1500 psi were utilized for both the zero‐time oils and the oxidized oils to determine the change in concentration of the individual volatile compounds. Peroxide values (PV) were also determined for each oil and these ranged from 0.4 to 1.1 meq/kg for the zero‐time oils and from 52 to 82 meq/kg for the samples aged 16 days. These PV values all correlated well with the increase in concentration of several volatile compounds. Hexanal, the largest volatile peak found in the zero‐time oils, measured 0.4–0.6 ppm but increased to 52–366 ppm in the highly oxidized oils. Corn oil was the only oil that had measurable amounts of 2,4‐decadienal isomers at the initial sampling time. However, after storage, the decadienal isomers were found to be major volatile components in the total volatiles profile for all of the oils. The described SFE method proved to be a rapid and benign technique and very effective for determining the extent of oxidation in vegetable oils.
STORAGE STABILITY OF MICROENCAPSULATED SEAL BLUBBER OIL
Authors: WANASUNDARA UDAYA N. , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON
Published: May 2007

The oxidative stability of microencapsulated seal blubber oil (SBO) was compared with that of its unencapsulated counterpart. Wall materials tested were β‐cyclodextrin, maltodextrin and corn‐syrup solids. Aqueous dispersions containing the wall material, Tween‐80 as an emulsifier, and SBO were thoroughly mixed and then spray‐dried. The storage stability of the spray‐dried products at room temperature was determined by monitoring changes in their fatty acid composition, peroxide, conjugated diene and 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Among the wall materials tested, β‐cyclodextrin and to a lesser extent corn‐syrup solids were found to be suitable encapsulating agents for SBO, but maltodextrin was inadequate. The encapsulated oils may be easily handled and incorporated into food formulations.
REVIVAL OF INHIBITED IN VITRO LIPOLYSIS
Authors: ABDUL‐HAMID A. , FENNEMA O.
Published: May 2007

This study focused on the ability of supplemental reactants [emulsion (Em), bile salts (BS), calcium (Ca), lipase‐colipase (LC)] to increase (revive) the rate of lipolysis in samples that had been reacted to the point of significant inhibition. An in vitro method was used to monitor the rate of lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of olive oil. Inhibited control samples and samples containing chitosan were successfully revived only by the addition of Em. Inhibited samples containing red wheat bran were revived only by the addition of Em or BS and these reactants were equally effective. Inhibited samples containing extracts of either chitin or oat bran, were revived to the greatest extent by Em and moderately by BS. For all samples, it was concluded that interfacial congestion was an important cause of lipolysis inhibition.
ENZYMATIC MODIFICATION OF BORAGE OIL: INCORPORATION OF EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID
Authors: AKOH CASIMIR C. , SISTA RAMANI V.
Published: May 2007

Borage oil (Borago officinalis L.) fatty acid composition was modified to incorporate eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), with an immobilized nonspecific SP435 lipase from Candida antarctica as biocatalyst. Transesterification, between borage oil and EPA ethyl ester (EEPA) was carried out in hexane. Incorporation increased with increasing concentration of EEPA. An enzyme concentration of 20% gave 31% EPA incorporation into borage oil. As the incubation time increased, EPA incorporation was also increased up to 36 h.
PHENOL COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN SELECTED LIQUID SMOKES
Authors: SCHWANKE SUEANN K. , IKINS WILLIAM G. , BREWER M. SUSAN
Published: May 2007

Liquid smokes including mesquite, hardwood blend, hickory (aqueous), and hickory‐oil (oil‐based) were subjected to direct ether extraction; phenolic components were separated and identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A solution containing 1,250 μg/ml each of phenol, isoeugenol, o‐cresol, m‐cresol, 4‐allylsyringol, catechol, 4‐methylcatechol, 2,6‐dimethoxy‐phenol, 2‐methoxyphenol, 4‐ethylphenol, and 2,3‐dimethylphenol was injected directly or ether extracted prior to GC/MS separation for quantification of phenols in smokes and for recovery calculations. Phenol, guaiacol, syringol, and catechol in ether and ether extracted from oil were used as standards for oil‐based smoke. The total amount of phenols in the smokes was similar but the proportions of individual phenols differed. Hickory smoke contained more syringol and its derivatives (4‐allysyringol and 4‐methylsyringol) than mesquite; mesquite contained more phenol, o‐cresol, catechol and 4‐methylcatechol than hickory.
OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF FRESH AND HEAT‐PROCESSED DARK AND LIGHT MUSCLES OF MACKEREL (Scomber scombrus)
Authors: SHAHIDI FEREIDOON , SPURVEY SHARON A.
Published: May 2007

Oxidative stability of light and dark comminuted muscle of raw and thermally processed mackerel stored at 4C was studied over a 21 day period by monitoring changes in conjugated dienes (CD) and 2‐thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values. The quantity of headspace (HS) volatiles, propanal, and hexanal as well as the ratio of aliphatic to olefinic (Rao) or diallylmethylene (Rad) protons in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 NMR) spectra of oils were determined. The content of CD of light and dark ground mackerel muscle samples exhibited a consistent increase over the entire storage period. Furthermore, secondary oxidation products as reflected in the TBA values and content of propanal, hexanal and HS gases, generally, showed a gradual increase in their level. The concentration of propanal, the dominant volatile of the HS gases, increased markedly up to day 6 of storage, but afterwards began to decline continuously. A similar trend was noted for hexanal, but at a lesser extent. The Rao and Rad values in the 1H NMR spectra of lipids from all stored samples increased constantly during storage. In all samples, the dark ground muscle exhibited a higher degree of oxidation than its light counterpart. Furthermore, heat‐processed dark comminuted muscle oxidized faster than its raw counterpart while generally an opposite trend was observed for the light ground muscle.
POTENTIAL FOR EXAGGERATION OF PCB CONTENTS OF PACKAGED FISH BY PHTHALATES FROM THE WRAPPING MATERIAL OR SOLVENTS
Authors: ACKMAN R. G. , MACPHERSON E. J.
Published: May 2007

A convenient method for recovering PCBsfrom lipids is to digest the matrix in concentrated H2SO4 and recover the unaffected PCBs into hexane for determination by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. In a recent fish analysis case the peaks for these PCBs were accompanied by a large component identified as di‐ (2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, shown to have migrated into fish lipidfrom a heavy plastic wrap, and only partly destroyed by the H2SO4. The di‐n‐butyl and di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalates bracket the major Aroclor peak region of chromatograms on a methyl silicone GC column and possibly a di‐n‐hexyl phthalate ester would very likely be superimposed directly on the PCBs. In the course of this work it was found that commercially available hexanes of presumed high quality contained the same di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate plasticizer in proportions high enough to be of concern in such analyses.
FATE OF THE SYNERGISTIC ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM ASCORBIC ACID, LECITHIN, AND TOCOPHEROL IN MAYONNAISE: PARTITION OF ASCORBIC ACID
Authors: MEYER ANNE S. , JACOBSEN CHARLOTTE
Published: May 2007

The distribution of ascorbic acid between the lipid and aqueous phase was investigated in mayonnaises enriched with fish oil containing a synergistic antioxidant mixture of ascorbic acid, lecithin and γ‐tocopherol, i.e., the A/L/T system (Löliger and Saucy 1989). The ascorbic acid was found to be located in the aqueous phase indicating that the A/L/T system broke down in mayonnaises. Based on the hypothesis that synergistic antioxidant action between ascorbic acid, lecithin and tocopherol requires that the three components are in close assembly, the results offer an explanation as to why the A/L/T system does not function antioxidatively in mayonnaises.
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND TOCOPHEROL CONTENT OF AMAZONIAN PALM OILS
Authors: SHUKLA VIJAI K.S. , JENSEN OLE HOLM
Published: May 2007

The characteristics of oils recovered from seeds of Astrocaryum chambira and A. urostachys have been evaluated. The gas chromatographic analyses showed that lauric and myristic acids are predominant fatty acids accounting for 50.8–52.3 and 26.2–28.1% of the total, respectively; thus, resembling closely to palm kernel stearines. Tocotrienols were the major antioxidants present in both Astrocaryum chambira and A. urostachys Kernel oils. Application of these oils in the confectionery industry without use of any fractionation techniques is recommended.
MICROALGAE AS A SOURCE OF FATTY ACIDS
Authors: BEHRENS PAUL W. , KYLE DAVID J.
Published: May 2007

Microalgae are a very diverse group of organisms that consist of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic forms. Although most microalgae are phototrophic, some species are also capable of heterotrophic growth. Some species of microalgae can be induced to overproduce particular fatty acids through simple manipulations of the physical and chemical properties of the culture medium. As a result of the profound differences in cellular organization and growth modes and the ability to manipulate their fatty acid content, microalgae represent a significant source of unusual and valuable lipids and fatty acids.

The utilization of microalgal lipids and fatty acids as food components requires that these organisms be grown at large scale under controlled conditions. Several growth systems have been developed for large scale growth of phototrophic microalgae using either natural sunlight or artificial light, but their lack of control of culturing parameters or their high cost of operation have limited their utility for the production of food products. Instead, large scale cultivation of heterotrophic microalgae using classical fermentation systems provides consistent biomass produced under highly controlled conditions at low cost.

Microalgae contain many of the major lipid classes and fatty acids found in other organisms. However, they are also the principal producers in the biosphere of some polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The high DHA content found in some algae is currently being utilized to supplement infant formula to enable it to more closely resemble human breast milk. Thus, the commercialization of DHA from microalgae demonstrates the value of these organisms as a source of useful fatty acids.
SEA‐BUCKTHORN LIPIDS
Authors: ZADERNOWSKI R. , NOWAK‐POLAKOWSKA H. , LOSSOW B. , NESTEROWICZ J.
Published: May 2007

In contrast to other berry fruits in which lipids occur only in seeds, lipids in sea‐buckthorn berries were distributed in the rind, flesh, and seeds. Over 70% lipids occurred in the free form while the rest occurred in the bound form. There were substantial differences in the amount of lipids in the particular morphological parts of the fruit. The flesh contained the highest amount of lipids and the seeds had the lowest. Over 97% of flesh lipids, 92% of seed lipids, and 91% of rind lipids were in the neutral form, with the remainder being polar lipids. The fatty acid compositions of flesh and rind lipids were predominated by the C16:0, C16:1, and C18:2 fatty acids. Predominant fatty acids in the seed lipids were C18:1 and C18:2.
CHANGES IN EDIBLE FATS AND OILS DURING PROCESSING
Authors: SHAHIDI F. , WANASUNDARA P.K.J.P.D. , WANASUNDARA U.N.
Published: May 2007

Fats and oils are essential nutrients for humans and animals. They are the most concentrated source of energy by contributing 9 kcal/g lipid, serve as carrier of fatsoluble vitamins and provide essential fatty acids. Fats and oils give flavor and taste to the foods, and also serve as a heat transfer medium. The lipid molecules undergo different chemical reactions during processing starting from separation from their raw sources to the storage. Chemical changes of lipids occurring during processing are numerous and can be desirable, undesirable, of questionable consequence, or a combination thereof. This review discusses the chemical changes of lipids that occur during various types of processing. Specific changes in the minor constituents of lipids are also included.
HAS EVOLUTION AND LONG‐TERM COEXISTENCE ADAPTED US TO COPE WITHTRANSFATTY ACIDS?
Authors: ACKMAN R.G.
Published: May 2007

Dietitians, nutritionists, and the fats and oils industry have all apparently succumbed to the near‐panic generated by reports that hydrogenated fats containingtransacids will alter the HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio in human blood lipids in a way presumed to create a greater risk of heart attacks. The fact that bacterial and planttransfatty acids have always been a part of the diets and biochemistry of the lower animals that evolved over billions of years into humans, at least several million years ago, is ignored. In terms of evolution we actually followed the same diets until very recently, with ruminant fats regularly contributing up to 5%transacids in the fats eaten by hunters and later in foods for most agriculturists. The Canadian beaver living on a diet rich in cellulose, has recently been discovered to deposittransacids in its depot fats. The proposed increase in fiber in our diets may similarly change our intestinal microflora and create moretransacids. Are they absorbed? Are they really hazardous? Are all these sudden changes in dietary recommendations really necessary when the lifespan of the well‐fed western peoples steadily increases?
EFFECT OF PROCESSING ON CONSTITUENTS AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF MARINE OILS
Authors: WANASUNDARA U. N. , SHAHIDI F. , AMAROWICZ R.
Published: May 2007

Changes in the contents of neutral and polar lipids, α‐tocopherol, free fatty acids and color of seal blubber oil (SBO) and cod liver oil (CLO) during different processing steps of alkali‐refining, bleaching, and deodorization were monitored. Refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) SBO and CLO contained approximately 39 and 71% less polar lipids than their crude counterparts, respectively. There was also a reduction of 98.5 and 97.4% in the corresponding free fatty acids content of RBD‐SBO and RBD‐CLO. The content of α‐tocopherol in both oils decreased during processing, especially at the bleaching and deodorization steps. The oxidative stability of SBO and CLO following each processing step was determined by measuring peroxide and 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values. Results so obtained indicated that crude oils were most stable while their refined‐bleached counterparts were least stable, perhaps due to the removal of endogenous natural antioxidants such as α‐tocopherol during processing of oils.
RANDOMNESS TEST OF FATTY ACIDS DISTRIBUTION IN TRIACYLGLYCEROL MOLECULES OF PALM OIL
Authors: MAN Y. B. CHE , HARYATI T. , GHAZALI H. M. , BUANA L.
Published: May 2007

For food purposes, the palm oil is generally fractionated to solid (stearin) and liquid (olein) fractions. Distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols of palm oil determines the fate of fractionation in terms of yield and quality of the products, specifically the liquid fraction or olein. The more trisaturated and triunsaturated and the less mono‐ and disaturated will yield higher and better quality olein. There are six types of fatty acids found in the palm oil, but only 14 combinations are found in the triacylglycerols. In this study, such combinations were statistically tested to determine whether or not the fatty acids are randomly distributed, and if it was not, toward which direction the regulatory agent works. The distribution of fatty acids in the palm oil triacylglycerols was found to be nonrandomly distributed. Unfortunately, the palm tended to form 11.98% higher disaturated triacylglycerols, −7.4% less triunsaturated, and −4.25% less trisaturated compared to when the arrangement was random. If manipulation could be induced in such a way that the synthesis of triacylglycerols becomes random, the triunsaturated and trisaturated triacylglycerol proportion expectedly would increased to 12.57% and 12.43%, respectively. Such manipulation can be done in the plant through genetic engineering, or in the harvestedpuit through application of stimulant, or in the oil through chemical or enzymatic transesterification.
FUNCTIONALITY OF PALM OIL IN FOODS
Authors: de MAN J. M.
Published: May 2007

The functional properties of commercial solid fats such as shortening and margarine are closely related to their fatty acid and triacylglycerol compositions. Plastic fats produced from hydrogenated seed oils may suffer from undesirable crystal structure changes during handling and storage. It has been demonstrated that this problem increases with increasing chain length uniformity of the component fatty acids. This is also evidenced by the carbon number composition of the high melting triacylglycerols of the plastic fats. Triacylglycerols with carbon numbers 48 and 54 promote β crystallization, those with carbon numbers 50 and 52 promote β′ crystallization. Since palm oil and its products contain high levels of C50 and C52 triacylglycerols they are useful for improving the functional properties of plastic fats.
COMPARISON OF THE FRYING PERFORMANCE OF REFINED, BLEACHED AND DEODORIZED PALM OLEIN AND COCONUT OIL
Authors: MAN Y. B. CHE , HUSSIN W. R. WAN
Published: May 2007

The frying performance of refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBDPO) and refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil (RBDCO) was compared in this study. The oils were studied during intermittent frying of potato chips at 180C for 5 h/day for 5 consecutive days. The indices used for assessment of frying performance of the oils were fatty acid composition (FAC), peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AnV), % free fatty acid (FFA), iodine value (IV), % polar component, polymer content, color, viscosity, smoke point and foaming tendency. The results showed that RBDPO was superior to RBDCO in frying performance in terms of % FFA, iodine value, foaming tendency and smoke point. However, RBDCO performed better than RBDPO with respect to % polar component, polymer content, resistance to oxidation, color and viscosity. Flavor evaluation showed that potato chips fried in RBDPO were preferred by the panelists.
ASSESSMENT OF OXIDATION IN HEATED SAFFLOWER OIL BY PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS
Authors: KHATOON SAKINA , KRISHNA A. G. G.
Published: May 2007

Safflower oil was heated at 180C by static heating in an open pan or in an oven, or by heating through intermittent heating‐cooling cycles (as in frying) over a period of 8 h. The extent of deterioration of the oil was followed by measurement of physical characteristics such as color and viscosity and the chemical indices such as free fatty acid, peroxide, iodine, conjugated diene and triene values, unsaponifiable matter and oxidized fatty acids. The extent of oxidation was also assessed by infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques through analysis of oxidized fatty acids. The results indicated that heating in open pan caused deterioration in oil faster than in other treatments. Furthermore, the IR, and NMR studies of the oil heated in an open pan indicated cross polymerization while during oven heating and frying cross polymerization was not observed.
MONITORING LIPID OXIDATION AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS BY HEADSPACE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF RANCIMAT TRAPPED VOLATILES
Authors: BOYD L. C. , NWOSU V. C. , YOUNG C. L. , MacMILLIAN L.
Published: May 2007

Two of the most frequently used techniques to follow oxidation patterns of fats are headspace gas chromatography (HS‐GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The HS‐GC technique offers the advantages of rapidity and multiple sample analyses, whereas GC/MS offers the advantages of GC separation coupled with the ability of MS to identify volatile compounds separated via GC. No previous information exists in the literature on the use of the volatiles trapped in water contained in the measuring vessel of the Rancimat and HS‐GC to monitor lipid oxidation, as was the objective of this study. Oxidative secondary breakdown products of fish oil model systems trapped in water contained within the measuring vessel of the Rancimat were subjected to HS‐GC analyses for quantitation of individual volatiles. Results from this study showed that oxidation induction time and products of oxidation can be monitored by the combined use of the Rancimat and HS‐GC, and that trapped volatiles are representative of typical by‐products of lipid oxidation and of oil type being examined. Addition of phospholipids (PL) to salmon and menhaden oils significantly influenced the production of volatile compounds. The molecular weights of the volatiles identified ranged from 30 to 212 daltons. The reproducibility of the method (std. dev. ≈ 2.04) was good but can be greatly improved through the use of a capillary column. PL having antioxidant activity generated lower concentrations of total volatiles than those found to be prooxidants.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIOXIDATIVE FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES FROM THYME (THYMUS VULGARIS L.)
Authors: WANG M. , LI J. , HO G. S. , PENG X. , HO C.‐T.
Published: May 2007

Five flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the butanol‐soluble fraction of thyme extracts. Their structures were determined by spectral analyses (NMR, MS). Their antioxidant activity was evaluated in two models (DPPH radical scavenging and Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity). The most active compounds were found to be eriodictyol‐7‐rutinoside and luteolin‐7‐O‐β‐glucopyranoside.
CHANGES IN MOLECULAR SPECIES COMPOSITIONS OF GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS IN THE ADDUCTOR MUSCLE OF THE GIANT EZO SCALLOP PATINOPECTEN YESSOENSIS DURING FROZEN STORAGE
Authors: JEONG BO YOUNG , OHSHIMA TOSHIAKI , KOIZUMI CHIAKI
Published: May 2007

Changes in lipid components, particularly glycerophospholipids, in the adducto; muscle of giant ezo scallop during storage at −20C were investigated. During storage, the contents of total lipids (TL) and polar lipids (PL) decreased, but that of nonpolar lipids increased. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and peroxide values of the TL increased with duration of storage. Glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) and glycerylphosphrylethanolamine (GPE) decomposed considerably during storage, and decreased by 50% and 15% of the initial content, while lyso‐PC (LPC) and free fatty acids (FFA) increased, respectively. The percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 in the TL and PL during storage decreased, however, those of the PUPAs in the NL increased. Diacylglycerylphosphorylcholine (diacyl‐GPC) and diacylglycerylophosphorylethanolamine (diacyl‐GPE), major components in the GPC and GPE subclasses, showed a marked decrease with duration of storage. Particularly, diacyl‐GPC decreased by 68% of the initial contents of the PL. In the alkenylacyl‐GPE and diacyl‐GPC, the percentages of the molecular species having longer hydrocarbon chains on the sn‐l positions of glycerol moieties decreased at
FULLY HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL AS A STABILIZER FOR LOW FAT BUTTER SPREADS
Authors: REDDY S. YELLA , NALINAKSHI M , CHETANA R.
Published: May 2007

A blend containing hydrogenated fat and a liquid oil was used for preparation of low fat butter spreads. The effects of maltodextrin (MD), skim milk powder (SKMP), guar gum and fully hydrogenated (hardened) vegetable oil on spreadability and phase separation of low fat butter spreads with 30% water were studied. Oil separation in bulk storage and on centrifugation in spreads containing MD, SKMP and guar gum was observed. However, the products prepared by incorporation of 2% hardened oil did not show any oil separation at 25 or 36C. The fat content of the spreads was reduced to 57% by incorporating MD or SKMP along with hardened oil. The spreads showed better spreadability at refrigerated temperatures and better stand up properties at high storage temperatures compared to commercial butter.
SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITY OF CAPELIN PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES WITH SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANTS IN A MODEL SYSTEM
Authors: AMAROWICZ RYSZARD , KARAMAĆ MAGDALENA , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON
Published: May 2007

Capelin protein hydrolysates (CPHs) were examined in a β‐carotene‐linoleate model system together with synthetic antioxidants, namely butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and tert‐butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ). Addition of CPHs was at 0.25 and 1 mg per 5 mL in the above emulsion. BHA and BHT were added at levels of 2.5 and 5 μg and TBHQ at 5 and 10 μg. Absorbance of model emulsion system at 470 nm was recorded every 30 min for 2 h. CHPs and synthetic antioxidants inhibited oxidation of linoleic acid effectively. In the experiment with BHA, the influence of CPHs was significant (p<0.01) for the samples incubated for 60, 90, and 120 min; and in experiments with BHT and TBHQ during the entire incubation period. The influence of added BHA and BHT on inhibition of bleaching of β‐carotene in the emulsion system was significant (p <0.01) during the incubation period and after 60, 90 and 120 min when TBHQ was used. A synergistic effect was observed only for CPHs and TBHQ when incubation time was 60, 90, and 120 min.
ASCORBYL PALMITATE AS AN ANTIOXIDANT FOR DEEP FAT FRYING OF POTATO CHIPS IN PEANUT OIL
Authors: SATYANARAYANA A. , GIRIDHAR N. , JOSHI G.J. , RAO D.G.
Published: May 2007

The antioxidative properties of ascorbyl palmitate (AP) alone and in combination with other known antioxidants were investigated during deep fat frying of potato chips in peanut oil. Their effect on the quality of the frying oil and shelf‐life of the fried product were studied. The other antioxidants tested were butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and propyl gallate (PG). The characteristics evaluated for the frying oil were color development, viscosity, peroxide value (PV) and polymerization of the oil during deep fat frying; AP was found to reduce these values. It also helped to prevent the degradation of the oil by retaining the unaltered triacylglycerols during the frying period. Addition of AP to the frying oil reduced the PV of the extracted fat, doubled the shelf‐life of the fried product and improved the quality of frying oil with increase in frying time. However, AP did not show any synergistic effect with other antioxidants examined.
LIPASE‐CATALYZED MODIFICATION OF SESAME OIL TO INCORPORATE CAPRIC ACID
Authors: JENNINGS BRENDA H. , AKOH CASIMIR C. , EUN JONG‐BANG
Published: May 2007

Sesame oil was modified to incorporate capric acids (C10:0) with an immobilized lipase, IM60, from Rhizomucor miehei. Transesterification was performed with and without organic solvent. After 24 h incubation in hexane, there was an average of 28.3±3.5 mol% incorporation of C10:0 into sesame oil. The solvent‐free reaction produced an average of 25.7p±4.3 mol% capric acid. As enzyme load, substrate mole ratio, and incubation time increased, mol% capric acid incorporation also increased. For the time course reaction, incorporation of C10:0 increased up to 34.3 and 25.3 mol%, at 72 h and 8 h, for the hexane and solvent‐free reactions, respectively. The highest C10:0 incorporation (62.2 mol%) occurred at a mole ratio of 1:7 (sesame oil/C10:0) in hexane and for the solventfree reaction (35.7 mol%) was obtained at a mole ratio of 1:5 and 1:7. At a lipase load of 15%, incorporation of C10:0 reached optimal values of 30.0 and 25.2 mol% for the reactions with and without hexane, respectively. There was a decline in mol% incorporation of C10:0 into sesame oil in hexane with the addition of increasing amounts of water ranging from 0–12%. With no added water, C10:0
PROPERTIES OF REDUCED‐FAT COMPOSITES OF SUGAR ALCOHOLS, WHEY ISOLATES AND PECTIN1
Authors: ONWULATA C.I. , KONSTANCE R.P. , HOLSINGER V.H.
Published: May 2007

The effect of replacing 40% of the sugar with sugar alcohols, as well as replacing 50 to 75% of the fat with whey isolates and pectin in sugar/milk fat composites was investigated. Sucrose, sugar alcohols (either sorbitol or lactitol), butter oil, whey isolates and pectins formulated to mimic confectionary products, were converted into syrupy consistencies through an evaporative process. Selected components were mixed (30% solids) and evaporated under vacuum at 60C for 60 min, leading to the formation of syrup composites with ordered structures. Portions of the composites were cooked further for 60 s, in a microwave oven to <18% moisture, producing toffee‐like candies of varying consistency. The reduced fat composites after microwave cooking were significantly (P<0.05) softer than the other products. Sugar alcohol substituted syrups were similar to traditional sucrose syrups, but after microwave cooking, sugar alcohol products became significantly (P<0.05) darker.
A RESEARCH NOTE EVALUATION OF THE VERI‐FRY® PRO FFA‐75 QUICK TEST FOR MEASURING FREE FATTY ACIDS IN DEEP‐FRYING OILS
Authors: NORMAND L. , ESKIN N.A.M. , PRZYBYLSKI R.
Published: May 2007

The AOCS official method for the determination of free fatty acids (FFAs) is used for monitoring the extent of deterioration in deep‐frying oils. While it is accurate and reliable it is far too subjective and time‐consuming as it depends on the identification of a clear end point. The VERI‐FRI PRO FFA‐75 quick test proved to be a fast and reliable alternative procedure for measuring FFAs and, in addition, was far more environmentally friendly.
ADSORPTION ISOTHERM STUDIES OF PALM CAROTENE EXTRACTION BY SYNTHETIC POLYMER ADSORBENT
Authors: CHAN K.W. , BAHARIN B.S. , MAN Y.B. CHE , TAKAGI S.
Published: May 2007

The use of different synthetic polymer resin adsorbents, including HP 20, Exa 31, Exa 32 and Exa 50 for the removal of carotenes from crude palm oil was investigated. The adsorption of carotene was determined using several adsorption isotherm models such as Langmuir and Scatchard plots. The Langmuir adsorption model was found to be sufficient to describe the adsorption of carotenes by using these four types of resins, suggesting that the process was favorable, saturable and an equilibrated mechanism. A curve of Scatchard transformation plot showed that the adsorption involves multiple binding sites. The maximum uptake capacity of all resins used in isopropanol (IPA) was about 5 fold higher than the maximum uptake capacity obtained in n‐hexane. The adsorbent found to be most efficient for carotene was HP 20 for experiment carried out in IPA. The carotenes concentration obtained by HP 20 in IPA was 31.44 mg/L compared to 7.12 mg/L obtained in n‐hexane.