bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causality in Children’s Oral and Written Narrative Retelling
Authors: Bošnjak Botica Tomislava , Kuvač Kraljević Jelena
Published: August 2022

One of the main prerequisites for understanding and producing coherent oral discourse or written text is successful understanding and production of causal relations. During both production, children have at their disposal a wide range of linguistic modes to mark it, some of which are more explicit and others more implicit. In this study, retelling was used as a method to elicit narratives that served as a tool for analysing causal relations. Retelling enables exploring the linguistic reformulation of the syntactic structures of a previously stored story and the analysis of the overlap between the language content which child is exposed to (language input) and the language that child produces (language output). Two groups of children, aged 10 (N = 23) and 12 (N = 30), were exposed to the story at two time points; in the first they had to retell it orally and in the second they had to write it. The conducted analyses showed that 12-years old children produced in total more causal relations than 10-year-old in written modality only. This difference is explained by the greater writing competence of 12-year-old children in the production of more complex syntactic structures. Furthermore, both groups of children in both modalities dominantly used the same causal markers that are primarily grammatical. All these findings point to the children’s ability to reformulate causal relations regardless of the language content to which they were previously exposed.
Surgical Management among Patients with Spontaneous Supratentorial Intracerebral Haemorrhage Admitted in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Shrestha Dinuj , Sharma Upama , Shrestha Janam , Nepal Gopi , Shrestha Bishal , Shrestha Pranaya , Acharya Samir , Gurung Pritam , Shrestha Resha , Dhakal Sudan , Rajbhandhari Pravesh , Pant Basant
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage is the second most common form of stroke and the most deadly one. An understanding of changing trends in the epidemiology of intracerebral haemorrhage prevalence, its risk factors, current practice in management, case fatality, and long-term outcome is essential to measure the effectiveness of stroke prevention and various treatment efforts. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of surgical management among patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage in a tertiary centre.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery from January 2017 to December 2019. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 06/2020/IRC-ANIAS). A convenience sampling method was used. Data of the patients were retrieved from online medical records. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated.
Results: Among 221 patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage, 115 (52.04%) (45.45-58.63, 95% Confidence Interval) underwent surgical management. In-hospital mortality was seen in 23 (20%) and survivors at 3 months were 78 (67.82%) patients.
Conclusions: The prevalence of surgical management among spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhages was higher than in other studies done in a similar setting.
Severe Stress among Medical Students of Two Medical Colleges: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Khadka Janak , Bhattarai Pravesh , Chapagain Shikshya , Manandhar Naresh , Sharma Rachana
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Mental health problems are common in medical students and there is a high prevalence of psychological morbidity among them. The inability to use effective coping strategies affects the health and academic performance of students. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of severe stress among medical students of two medical colleges.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among medical undergraduates of two medical colleges from 14 September to 14 October 2021. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 0609202109). Three hundred fifteen students were selected for the study using the proportionate stratified random sampling technique. Perceived Stress Scale was used to assess the level of stress and the Brief Cope Inventory scale was used to assess the coping strategies employed by students during stress. Point estimate and 95% confidence interval was calculated.
Results: Among 315 medical students, severe stress was found in 39 (12.38%) (8.76-16.04, 95% Confidence Interval).
Conclusions: The prevalence of severe stress among medical students was higher when compared to similar studies done in similar settings.
Early CT Ameliorates the Diagnostic Dilemma of “Little Old Lady’s Hernia”: A Case Report
Authors: Ghimire Subodh , Sharma Dhakal Sunil Kumar , Rai Pranil , Rai Nirvan
Published: August 2022

Encountering an obturator hernia itself is a rare entity for practicing surgeons globally. Synonymously known as the “old lady’s hernia” is usually seen in fragile geriatric multiparous female patients. We share our experience of this rare entity where the patient presented with features of small bowel obstruction. Her diagnosis was delayed in the previously attended other centre as the possibility of an obturator hernia was overlooked. A timely clinical examination of the patient complemented by a computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis helped us to obtain a diagnosis and proceed with immediate surgery. Intraoperatively the rarity was present bilaterally although the obstruction was on one side only. Prompt diagnosis and treatment benefits patients in this potentially lethal condition.
Collateral Development in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Gautam Ajeevan , Dhital Bishnu Mani , Pokhrel Manas , Kafle Amrit
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Coronary artery disease is one of the major cardiovascular diseases affecting the global human population. When the primary stenotic or blocked channel fails to deliver enough blood to the myocardium, the coronary collateral circulation serves as a backup source of blood supply. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of collateral development in patients undergoing coronary angiography in a tertiary care centre.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with peripheral vascular injuries that underwent operative management in a tertiary care centre from November 2021 to April 2022. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (Registration number: CMC-IRC/078/079-027). Convenience sampling technique was used. Data for the study was retrieved from operation records of the patients along with their treatment summaries. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated.
Results: Among 170 patients undergoing coronary angiography, 84 (49.41%) (41.6-56.6, 95% Confidence Interval) had developed collateral circulation. The mean age was 62.8±11.7 years.
Conclusions: The prevalence of collateral development in the coronary artery was similar to other published literature.
Increased Great Saphenous Vein Diameter at the Level of Knee among Patients with Varicose Veins in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Tuladhar Abhushan Siddhi , Pradhan Sunil , Shrestha Amit , Shah Simant , Shrestha Rahul
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Colour Doppler ultrasonography plays an important role in determining the morphological and hemodynamic information of the venous system. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of increased great saphenous vein diameter at the level of the knee among patients with varicose veins in a tertiary care centre.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Radiology at a tertiary care centre from 30 October 2021 to 31 March 2022 after taking ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 028-077/078). A convenience sampling technique was used for the study. The study group consisted of patients over 18 years, coming for ultrasonography examination of the lower limb with the clinical symptoms and signs of varicose veins. The great saphenous vein diameter was measured at the level of the medial femoral condyle of the knee using the software in the ultrasonography unit. B mode, colour Doppler and spectral analysis were done. A cut-off value of 5 mm for the diameter of the great saphenous vein was taken to indicate the presence or absence of varicosity and saphenofemoral reflux. Point estimate and 90% Confidence Interval were calculated.
Results: Among 72 patients with varicose veins, the diameter of the great saphenous vein was increased in 59 (81.94%) (74.50-89.38, 90% Confidence Interval) patients.
Conclusions: The mean diameter of the great saphenous vein in our study was similar when compared to other studies conducted in similar settings.
Plasma Cell Vulvitis Treated with Platelet-rich Plasma: A Case Report
Authors: Oli Paras , Adhikari Harihar , Pathak Thapa Deeptara
Published: August 2022

Plasma cell vulvitis is a rare inflammatory disorder of the vulva with an unknown aetiology, characterised by mucosal inflammation. It commonly manifests as pain, itching, dyspareunia, and dysuria and clinically presents as erythematous plaque and macules on the vulva. This condition is refractory to available treatment modalities in the literature. We present a case of a 70-year-old female with histopathologically proven plasma cell vulvitis treated by platelet-rich plasma therapy after multiple failed treatment attempts with topical steroids and immunomodulators. The patient improved both symptomatically and clinically on follow-up with platelet-rich plasma therapy. Platelet-rich plasma which is a new novel treatment can be a therapeutic option for recalcitrant cases of plasma cell vulvitis.
Role of the basic soil tillage in the culture of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the dry steppe zone of the Lower Volga region of Russia
Authors: SHEVYAKHOVA E. A. , SEMINCHENKO E. V. , BELYA-KOV A. M.
Published: August 2022

When growing crops in the Lower Volga region, where the main factors limiting yields are soil moisture and air drought, it is important to select the optimal method of tillage in order to maximize moisture conservation and increase the productivity of cultivated crops. Therefore, in the conditions of the dry-steppe zone of the Right Bank of the Volga in 2018-2020, we on light chestnut soils in the crop rotation black fallow - winter wheat - spring wheat, studies were carried out to identify the optimal method of basic tillage (FNC Agroecology RAS, Russia, Volgograd). The water regime of the soil, the structural elements of the crop, the level of productivity were analyzed. A statistical analysis of the obtained data was carried out. It has been established that the use of a chisel tillage tool contributes to a better preservation of productive moisture by the end of the spring wheat growing season (4.4-5.5 mm), greater payback of precipitation (5.5 kg/mm), the maximum number of productive stems (247 pieces/m2), the number of grains in ear (26 pcs.), weight of 1000 grains (26.7 g) and obtaining the maximum grain yield (1.34 t/ha) compared with the control (without the main treatment) and moldboard plowing.
Dearth of Distinct Exam Centres in Bangladesh: Teaching and learning Disruptions for Closures during Public Examinations
Authors: Qader Md. Abdul
Published: August 2022

In the setting of education, examinations are generally well-thought-out of the method of assessment. These are not only the powerful ways of improving learning but also assessing whatever learners have learned. But when these examinations are disturbing to teaching and learning, what circumstance will be emerged in this educational setting? In Bangladesh, some schools and colleges are governmentally selected as the centres of various public examinations. During these examinations, teaching and learning activities of those educational institutions were closed down for imposing section 144 in 400 yards around the centres. For this reason, it is difficult to complete the syllabus of all subjects and the teaching and learning process of those institutions are hampered. The manuscript intended to focus on the degree of level of the problem created by interrupted teaching and learning of those center schools and colleges during public examinations in Bangladesh. It also aimed at finding out the actual solution of the problem. The research was conducted in mixed method prioritizing quantitative method. Three instruments of data collection were used: Questionnaire-survey among 157 participants concerned in teaching and learning directly and indirectly, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) among 8 educational administrators, and Content Analysis (CA) of existing knowledge or remaining relevant data from various local newspapers: daily star, daily observer, daily Prothom Alo, etc. The manuscript also recommend a solution that government should construct distinct exam-complex (multi-storied building) in each sub-district in the countries like Bangladesh. Finally, the research work is significant for examination management of Bangladesh and that of other countries like Bangladesh.
Further insight into Student Learning Outcomes of Derivative Materials: Numbered Head Together and Expository Learning Model
Authors: Lumbantoruan Jitu Halomoan
Published: August 2022

This study aims to determine the effect of the Numbered Head Together (NHT) and Expository Learning Model (ELM) learning models on student learning outcomes in derived mathematics. The method used in this research is a quasi-experimental method, namely the Nonequaivalent Control Group Design. The experimental class was given a Numbered Head Together (NHT) The NHT model for class XI SMA IPA 5 and XI SMA IPA 1 as conventional classes is given in the form of the ELM model. Data analysis used the t test, where the results showed: 1) there was a significant increase in student learning outcomes in derived material using the Learning Numbered Head Together (NHT) model, 2) student learning outcomes in mathematics were higher using the Learning Numbered Head Together model. (NHT) than the learning outcomes obtained with the Expository Learning Model (ELM) model. This can be seen from the test results with the t. Test, mark Tcount = 89,12 And value ofT’ table = 1,67 so that TCount>T’table = 89,2>1,67, so rejected and accepted. In conclusion, students who are taught mathematics using the NHT model understand much more and have very good results compared to the ELM model. Suggestions, in implementing mathematics material, it is expected that educators use the NTH learning model to improve learning outcomes and produce good thinking concepts in mathematics.
SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN PENERIMA BANTUAN LANGSUNG TUNAI (BLT) MENGGUNAKAN METODE TOPSIS DAN SAW (STUDI KASUS DI KANTOR LURAH LIMBUNGAN)
Authors: Rendi Haryono Septy  , Devega Mariza
Published: August 2022

Cash Direct Assistance is a government assistance program in the form of providing cash or various other assistance for the poor. The Limbungan sub-district has an important role in the proverty management program and has a role in the selection of BLT recipient candidates. However, in its implementation, there is still a form ofsubjectivity in the determination of prospective BLT recipients because the data for prospective recipients is a recommendation of the local household that is reported to the Limbungan sub-district and selected based on considerations without an accurate assessment. Likewise, the quota for BLT recipients from the government is not comparable to the list of BLT recipients submitted by the local RT. In this case, there is a need for a decision support system to find out who really deserves to receive BLT so that the allocation of BLT funds is right on target in accordance with predetemined criteria. The criteria used in this study are income, expenses, number of dependents, number of family members of productive age, residence status, house area, and land area. The sample used is 5 people who recommend direct cash assistance is more targeted because it is based on the weight of the criteria that have been determined, so that accurate result will be obtained.
МЕТОДИ ПОБУДОВИ ВИСОКОПРОДУКТИВНИХ АЦП ІЗ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯМ СТРУКТУРНОЇ ТА ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ НАДЛИШКОВОСТІ
Authors: Стахов Олексій
Published: August 2022

У роботі наведено результати досліджень методів побудови високопродуктивних багаторозрядних (n≥12 біт) АЦП із застосуванням структурної та інформаційної надлишковості на базі надлишкових позиційних систем числення (НПСЧ). Розглянуто застосування структурної надлишковості на прикладі двоступінчастого паралельно-послідовного АЦП та наведено його структурну схему, проаналізовано принцип його дії, а також метод формування результату перетворення. Показано можливість збільшення розрядності таких АЦП шляхом нарощування числа ступенів пристрою.
English Digital Literacy Practices Inside and Outside Class to Develop Students’ Speaking Skills
Authors: Khairunnisa Nor Amalia , Rahman M Arinal , Handrianto Ciptro
Published: August 2022

The development of technology has initiated new teaching systems. In teaching speaking, there are issues about whether the students should learn in the class or outside of the class using technology. This article describes the practice of students' digital English literacy practice at SMAN Kapuas to study this digital practice's pedagogical potential when students interact directly or through social networks such as live streaming on YouTube or Instagram, video calls, or chatting with friends. A mixed-method study using questionnaires and interviews analyzed deeper and richer data. The results show that many sentences were still wrong when spoken in class. However, they can understand speaking lessons based on digital literacy, which they play or watch outside of the class. This implied that students should be instructed in alternative speaking methods. They may enhance their speaking abilities more purposefully, carefully, and often by using suitable language acquisition tools outside of the class.
Students’ Autonomous Learning Activities outside the Classroom to Master English as a Foreign Language
Authors: Nurchalis Nur Fadillah , Nurhamdah Nurhamdah , Bakoko Rahmah , Afdaliah Nihla
Published: August 2022

The complexity of foreign language learning and its restricted time to learn in the classroom need proactive efforts from the English students outside the classroom with full initiative and effort. This study tended to investigate to what extent students’ autonomous learning activities outside the classroom to master English (four English skills). This study applied a descriptive quantitative design. It was conducted at a state university in Majene, West Sulawesi, Indonesia in the academic year 2021/2022. The population was English education students in the second and third years. There were 62 students who participated in this research. They were selected by using a convenience sampling technique. To gain the data, this research employed a questionnaire as a research instrument which consists of 16 items of statements. The data, then, were analyzed by employing descriptive statistics. Based on the data analysis, it was found that students’ autonomous learning activities outside the classroom are still limited to activities that are entertaining for them.  Apart from that, it has not been found that their extra efforts are done independently to become more proficient in every English skill. This indicates that students are still passive learners. By knowing the independent learning efforts carried out by students out of the classroom, English lecturers are expected to be able to design policies or teaching strategies to guide students so that they can increase their efforts by optimizing the wealth of available independent learning resources.
Photonics-based modular multistate digital coherent system
Authors: Unchenko I. V. , Emelyanov A. A.
Published: August 2022

Objectives. The study aimed to develop interspecies and interclass methods for constructing coherent radio engineering systems based on a modular complementary structure.

Methods. A set of modules and submodules having no narrow specialization and together constituting a flexible broadband hardware-reconfigurable software-defined radio engineering structure is considered as the basic set for constructing a digital radio photonic system path. Due to their broadbandness and complementary structure, modules and submodules have many applications both as self-sustained devices and as part of more complex systems.

Results. Functional diagrams of modern digital receiver-shapers, as well as modules for amplifying radio frequency signals and converting radio frequency signals into an optical signal are presented along with a radio photonic synchronization network for generating clock signals. Calculations of the introduced phase error of a quartz singlemode fiber and graphs of the dependence of the change in the signal phase on external influencing factors are given. A concept for integrating the presented modules into the construction of a modular transceiver multiposition wideband coherent digital radio photonic system is proposed. The results of calculating radiation patterns and mathematical modeling the beam deflection of a broadband antenna array are presented along with antenna systems based thereon.

Conclusions. The proposed circuit design solutions allow the time required for developing new types of systems to be significantly reduced due to the range of ready-made technical solutions. Not only are the parameters of the developed devices comparable to the best world analogues, but they also surpass existing solutions in terms of system integration. The developments have been tested under R&D project at the Kaluga Scientific Research Institute of Radio Technology and Hardware Solution Technologies (TAR). The proposed solutions are integrated at the subsystem level into advanced developments of products for civil and special purpose. Further development of the concept of building ultra-wideband devices allows reaching a new level in the technology of constructing modular multiposition coherent digital radio photonic systems.
Parameterization of user functions in digital signal processing for obtaining angular superresolution
Authors: Shchukin A. A. , Pavlov A. E.
Published: August 2022

Objectives. One of the most important tasks in the development of goniometric systems is improving resolution in terms of angular coordinates. This can be achieved in two ways: firstly, by increasing the aperture, which is very expensive and often technically challenging to implement; secondly, with the help of digital signal processing methods. If the recorded signal sources are located close to each other and not resolved by the Rayleigh criterion, it can be impossible to determine their number, location and reflection characteristics. The aim of the present work is to develop a digital signal processing algorithm for obtaining angular superresolution.

Methods. Mathematical methods for solving inverse problems are used to overcome the Rayleigh criterion, i.e., obtain angular superresolution. These problems are unstable, since there is an infinite number of approximate solutions and false targets may occur. The search for the optimal solution is carried out by minimizing the standard deviation.

Results. A description of a mathematical model for a goniometric system is presented. A signal processing algorithm is developed based on existing methods according to the principle of parameterization of user functions. Results of numerical experiments for achieving superresolution by algebraic methods are given along with an estimation of solution stability. The accuracy and correspondence of the amplitude of the obtained objects to the initial parameters are measured. The degree of excess of the Rayleigh criterion by the obtained solution is estimated.

Conclusions. Algebraic methods can be used to obtain stable solutions with angular superresolution. The results obtained correctly reflect the location of objects with a minor error. Errors in the distribution of the signal amplitude are small, appearing false targets have negligible amplitude.
Comparative analysis of compression algorithms for four-dimensional light fields
Authors: Bolbakov R. G. , Mordvinov V. A. , Makarevich A. D.
Published: August 2022

Objectives. The widespread use of systems for capturing light fields is due to the high quality of the reproduced image. This type of capture, although qualitatively superior to traditional methods to capturing volumetric images, generates a huge amount of data needed to reconstruct the original captured 4D light field. The purpose of the work is to consider traditional and extended to four-dimensional image compression algorithms, to perform a comparative analysis and determine the most suitable.

Methods. Mathematical methods of signal processing and methods of statistical analysis are used.

Results. Algorithms are compared and analyzed in relation to the compression of four-dimensional light fields using the PSNR metric. The selected evaluation criterion is affected not only by the dimension of the compression algorithm, but also by the distance of the baseline of the capture setting, since the difference between images increases with the distance between the optical centers of each camera matrix. Thus, for installations consisting of an array of machine vision cameras located on racks and placed in a room, the obvious choice would be to use conventional image compression methods. Furthermore, based on the assessment of the arbitrariness of video compression methods, it should be noted that the XVC algorithm remains undervalued, although its results are higher. Algorithm AV1 can be considered the next in order of importance. It has been established that the latest compression algorithms show higher performance if compared to their predecessors. It has also been shown that with a small distance between the optical centers of the captured images, the use of video compression algorithms is preferable to the use of image compression algorithms, since they show better results in both three-dimensional and four-dimensional versions.

Conclusions. A comparison of the results obtained shows the need to use algorithms from the video compression family (XVC, AV1) on installations with a long baseline (mounted on camera stands). When working with integrated light field cameras (Lytro) and setting the capture with a short baseline, it is recommended to use image compression algorithms (JPEG). In general, video compression algorithms are recommended, in particular XVC, since on average it shows an acceptable level of PSNR in both the case of a short and long installation baseline.
Nanoelectronics and nanotechnology: promising approaches in the educational process
Authors: Sigov A. S. , Gladyshev I. V. , Yurasov A. N.
Published: August 2022

Objectives. Nanoelectronics is concerned with the development of physical and technological foundations for the creation of integrated circuits comprised of elements whose topological dimensions do not exceed 100 nm. Nanotechnology includes the creation and use of materials, devices and technical systems whose functioning is determined by their nanostructure, i.e., comprising ordered fragments ranging from 1 to 100 nm in size. The present research is aimed at developing a concept for training highly qualified specialists in the field of nanoelectronics and nanotechnologies on the example of the Department of Nanoelectronics of the Institute of Advanced Technologies and Industrial Programming at the MIREA - Russian Technological University.

Methods. Promising approaches for supporting the educational process within the nanoindustry are analyzed and compared.

Results. Three fundamental components of education in the field of nanoindustry can be distinguished: physical (the study and search for new promising physical effects); materials science, related to the study, search, and synthesis of new advanced materials; informatics (including mastering of modern software packages and programming languages for modeling a wide range of nanoindustry elements and materials).

Conclusions. All three fundamental components of education within nanoindustry have been effectively implemented by combining scientific laboratories and centers at the Department of Nanoelectronics. After graduating from the Department of Nanoelectronics, graduates can work for leading scientific institutes and technical organizations in Russia, intern at specialized organizations in neighboring and other countries, teach at leading universities, and start their own knowledge-intensive business.
Method and Information Technology to Support Decision-Making on Assessment of Reliability and Fault Tolerance for Information Systems
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Boranbayev S. , Boranbayev A. ,   Nazarbayev University, Sissenov N. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Goranin N. ,   Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Tulebaev Y. ,   Astana IT University
Published: August 2022

This article is devoted to assessing the reliability and fault tolerance of information and automated systems. A method is proposed that allows one to determine the level of fault tolerance of components of information and automated systems, to take into account several criteria with different directions of optimization, to evaluate and rank alternative solutions. Based on the proposed method, corresponding information technology has been developed, which makes it possible to determine the reliability of the operation of information and automated systems. The proposed method and approach were applied in practice to assess the reliability and fault tolerance of information system components according to various criteria. The levels of fault tolerance of each of the components of the information system were identified. Practical application of the method has shown that it can be used to calculate the level of reliability and fault tolerance of information and automated systems.
ODA Decision Makings by Local Government in Korea: Focused on Models of Central-Local Governments Relations
Authors:   Korea Association of International Development and Cooperation, Park Jiyoun
Published: August 2022

Purpose: Recently, local governments in South Korea have emerged one of main actors for aid giving for international communities as South Korea’s Official Development Assistance(ODA) volume has been increased. Therefore, this paper explores aid determinants of local governments in South Korea.
Originality: Previous studies only have focused on ODA determinants of each donor country Previous studies only have focused on ODA determinants of each donor country. It could not explain what would be real ODA determinants of local governments. However, we need to consider that local governments could approve ODA by their own decision making. In this sense, we should discover local’s decision making itself.
Methodology: I conduct a quantitative analysis of 165 episodes for 15 local governments in South Korea. It would be applied based on following three frameworks; inclusive model, overlapping model, and separate model.
Result: This study reveals that ODA volume from a central government could not affect to ODA volume from a local government. In addition, local governments would increase ODA volume with a leader from a conservative party and more foreigners in their places.
Conclusions and Implication: Above results suggest that it is necessary to look at the ODA as an area where the meaning of self-governing activities can be actively utilized in a situation where Korean local governments have been criticized for their limitations on autonomy and independence. In addition, active and proactive contributions from local governments can be expected in the field of international development cooperation based on their own choice.
Legal Issues of Children’s Personal Data Protection
Authors: Smyr Daria , Ulianova Ekaterina
Published: August 2022

The article deals with the problems of protecting the information privacy of minors in the online gaming sector. The authors analyze core approaches and methods of collection and processing of minors’ personal data, special regulation of data processing of children’s audience in light of some private company’s experience, current liability practices, and also offers a set of legislative measures to improve the effectiveness of children’s data protection both at the international and national level, measures for implementation of data subject rights.
Coin Debasement and the “Great Divergence”: A Research Note
Authors: Horesh Niv
Published: August 2022

Coin debasement as an omnipresent premodern monetary phenomenon has long been recognized. Yet, until recently, debasement was dealt with on a national or at-best continental level. To be precise, it was not sufficiently understood what role seigniorage played in financing early modern polities in comparative terms across Eurasia. Centering on China, particularly at times of war, this research note is the first step toward such an endeavor. It finds that seigniorage was generally lower in China than in early-modern Europe. It also finds greater tolerance for the concurrent circulation of old and new coinage in China. In China, coinage was conceived of in imperial nomenclature as a “public good” of sorts; one that the central government must provide largely at its own expense and even at a net loss in order to facilitate commoners’ livelihood.
Comparing the Perception of Patterns of Aging in Adolescents and Young Adults Based on Grounded Theory
Authors:   Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran., Kalkhuran Alya Mohammad Kahrobaei , Changi Ashtiani Javad ,   Department of Counselling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran., Motamedi Abdollah ,   Department of General and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.
Published: August 2022

Objectives The current study was conducted to compare the perceptions of aging between young and adolescent individuals. The perception of aging is defined as the individual’s perception of one’s aging in their socio-cultural context. This concept subsumes all aspects of consciousness, perception, experience, assessment, interpretation, and cognition related to the process of aging. Methods & Materials This qualitative study was carried out according to the grounded theory methods in 2019 in Tehran, Iran. A total of 20 young (10 males) and 17 adolescent (8 females) participants were selected by purposive sampling, and the data were collected through semi-structured interviews until data saturation was reached. Results 121 concepts were selected, of which 83 were from interviews with adolescents and 37 from the young. After analysis and categorization of concepts, 32 subcategories were found, including 18 related to adolescents and 14 related to the young, and 5 main categories, with 3 and 2 categories related to adolescents and the young. Conclusion In comparing the pattern of perception of old age in adolescents and young people, although in terms of frequency and semantic diversity of categories, slight differences are observed in these two groups in terms of the process of formation and movement of the final pattern, no distinction is seen between the two groups.
Short-term Effects of Using Arch Supporting Insoles on Balance and Symptoms of Flexible Flat Foot in Children
Authors:   Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, East Tehran branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran., Heydari Mahsa , Mousavi Sadati Seyed Kazem ,   Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, East Tehran branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran., Daneshjoo Abdolrasoul ,   Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, East Tehran branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran.
Published: August 2022

Background and Aims One of the treatment methods for Pediatric Flexible Flat Foot (PFFF) is to use medical insoles. The current study aimed to investigate the Short-term effects of arch supporting insoles on balance and symptoms of flexible flat foot in children. Methods Twenty children aged 6-11 years with a flexible flatfoot complication were purposefully selected after applying Inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were randomly assigned to two intervention (n=10) and control groups (n=10). The intervention group used insoles supporting the longitudinal arch of the foot in their shoes for 12 weeks, but the control group did not use them. To measure the balance and symptoms of flexible flat foot in children, a sensory organization test of dynamic posturography apparatus, medial longitudinal arch height, and footprint were used in the pre-posttest. The intervention group used insoles supporting the longitudinal arch of the foot in their shoes for 12 weeks, but the control group did not. Data analysis was performed in two descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (covariance analysis) sections using SPSS software v. 25 at a significance level of α<0.05. Results The results showed that short-term use of medical insoles led to improved balance in conditions of normal vision and fixed support (P=0.047), absent vision and fixed support (P=0.1010), sway referenced vision and fixed support (P=0.004), normal vision and fixed support (P=0.004), absent vision and sway referenced support (P=0.001) and sway referenced vision and sway referenced support (P=0.001). The results also showed that medical insoles improved the medial longitudinal arch of the foot (P=0.001) and footprint (P=0.001). Conclusion According to the results of the present study, educators and parents of children with flexible flat foot are advised to use supportive medical insoles to improve children’s motor function, balance, and symptoms of flexible flat foot.
Effect of Fatigue on Some Kinematic Characteristics During Gait, Balance, and Accuracy of Football Shots in High School Boys of Kahnooj Nomads With a History of Coronavirus
Authors:   Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran., Rahimpour Moradi Reza , Amirseyfadini Mohammadreza ,   Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran., Amiri-Khorasani Mohammadtaghi ,   Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
Published: August 2022

Background and Aims Today, after a long period of school closures and sporting events, we will face the post-corona era and the reopening of schools. Because gait imbalance and general weakness are symptoms of corona disease, for people who have recovered, re-exercise, and basic skills such as walking, balance, and accuracy, especially after fatigue, compared to healthy individuals, can be a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue on kinematic characteristics during gait, balance, and accuracy of football shots in high school boys of Kahnooj nomads with a history of corona virus. Methods The present study, in terms of implementation, is in the category of quasi-experimental research, in terms of purpose is in the category of practical, and in terms of time is in the category of future research. A statistical sample was selected from the students of nomadic schools in Kahnooj City, of which 15 were in the healthy group, and 15 were in the group with coronary heart disease. First, the selected kinematic gait parameters, balance, and shot accuracy were measured by an iPhone cellphone camera. Then, the chosen parameters were immediately re-measured by applying fatigue by the non-functional fatigue protocol of the step. To calculate the balance and gait parameters, the rise and fall test, and the shot’s accuracy, the Moore-Christine test was used, and the Kinova program measured the data. Independent t-test, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney t-test were used to analyze the research data at a significant level (α=0.05) in SPSS v. 22 software. Results The results of the present study showed that fatigue had no significant effect on stride length, dynamic balance, and shooting accuracy of healthy students (P>0.05) and caused a decrease in maximal knee flexion in both groups (P=0.005), but fatigue has been able to significantly reduce, step length (P=0.001), dynamic balance (P=0.001) and football shot accuracy (P=0.001) in students with coronavirus compared to healthy students (P<0.05). Conclusion According to the results of the present study, fatigue after corona disease and its recovery can cause pronounced reduction changes in the length of step, dynamic balance, and especially the accuracy of football shots compared to healthy students and people who were recovering from corona disease when they return to training and competitions must take these changes into account.
Review of the Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Balance System Performance and Fear of Falling in the Elderly
Authors:   Students’ Research Commiittee, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Aslibeigi Farideh , Zarrinkoob Homa ,   Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: August 2022

Background and Aims Approximately 463 million people worldwide were diagnosed with diabetes in 2019, most of whom had type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases with age; on average, 27.8% of the elderly (≥65 years of age) have this disease. Since diabetes and its complications such as peripheral diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy can cause balance impairments and also falling is a relatively common problem in the elderly that often causes fear of falling and reduces the elderly’s quality of life; considering the effect of type 2 diabetes on the balance system performance, falling and fear of falling in the elderly who themselves are prone to fall, is very important that we will discuss in this review study. Methods Literature was searched for the studies investigating the impact of type 2 diabetes on balance disorders and fear of falling in the elderly in PubMed, Research Gate, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases from among the papers published between 1986-2020 using the keywords including “Type 2 diabetes Mellitus”, “Fear of Falling”, “Fall”, “Balance,” and “aging”. Results of 54 papers, 41 articles were selected based on inclusion criteria. Among those articles, 25 were explicitly related to the research subject and thus were further examined. The results reported in most studies indicated that the prevalence of fear of falling and balance disorders in the elderly with type 2 diabetes is significantly higher than in the elderly without diabetes. Conclusion Many factors associated with type 2 diabetes play a role in increasing the prevalence of balance disorders and fear of falling in the diabetic elderly, including peripheral diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, obesity, hyperglycemia, and inactivity. Although many pieces of evidence and studies confirm the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on increasing balance disorders and fear of falling, the mechanism and extent of this effect are not yet fully understood. Therefore, further studies in this area are needed to determine how type 2 diabetes mellitus affects balance system performance and fear of falling not only in the elderly but also in younger adults.
Perspective hybrid generation of chrysanthemum of the Stavropol Botanical Garden
Authors: Seliverstovа E. N. , Shchegrinets N. V.
Published: August 2022

Relevance. Chrysanthemum (dendrantema) (Chrisanthemum х hortorum Bailey) belongs to the family Asteraceae. The aim of the study is to create decorative varieties of small-flowered chrysanthemum for the steppe zone, resistant to adverse environmental conditions, pests and diseases, with early and long flowering periods. The task is to single out a hybrid generation of chrysanthemum that is promising forgardening in the region and use it as initial forms in further breeding work.Methods. Scientific work was carried out in the Stavropol Botanical Garden in 2020– 2021. A comparative assessment of the decorativeness of hybrid seedlings was developed taking into account the recommendations: Methodology of state variety testing of ornamental crops. The study of the phenological phases of development was carried out according to the Methodology of phenological observations in botanical gardens.Results. The objects of research are 9 promising hybrid samples obtained from free pollination of varieties, species and hybrid seedlings: Pugovka, Romashkovoe Pole, Evdokia, Svetlana, Koster, Utro, Nastena, Oktyabrina, Zvezda The hybrid generation differs from the original forms in the shape of the bush, the size and color of the inflorescences, and the timing of flowering. Most hybrids have white, purple and yellow inflorescences of simple non-double, double and anemone forms. The diameter ranges from 3,5 to 7,3 cm. Vegetation of plants in the conditions of the Stavropol Botanical Garden begins on March 10–25. Hybrid samples of Pugovka, Romashkovoe Pole,, Evdokia, Nastena, Zvezda, Oktyabrina are of the average flowering period, in the conditions of the botanical garden it is September, Koster, Svetlana and Utro — early flowering hybrids, flowering in August. In terms of height, Oktyabrina is tall, recommended for cutting, thanks to strong peduncles. Undersized are Svetlana, Evdokia, Koster, , Nastena, they are recommendedas a pot and flowerbed culture and as a decorative design for gardens and parks. The remaining samples — Utro, Pugovka, Romashkovoe Pole, Zvezda — have a wide range of uses. A promising hybrid generation was selected for further study as the initial forms in breeding work.
Ecological and energy assessment of the technology of processing chestnut soils of fallow lands in Central Siberia
Authors: Chebochakov E. Ya. , Murtaev V. N. , Chebochakov S. E.
Published: August 2022

Relevance. The disadvantages of steppe environmental management include soil degradation, high cost of grain, feed and other adverse phenomena. Similar processes are observed in Siberia. Currently, the re-development of fallow lands is starting and soil degradation is again manifesting itself in the steppe regions of Khakassia. For the efficient use of land resources, it is necessary to develop a resource-saving technology for tillage of fallow lands in the arid steppe zone of the south of Central Siberia.Methods. The study of the effectiveness of soil tillage technologies of the erosive agroecological group of fallow lands was carried out in the arid steppe agro-landscape region of the Republic of Khakassia, located in the south of Central Siberia. Research for four years was carried out in the feed crop rotation link: a long-term (20–25 years) grain– grass fallow land — oats (corn) for green mass, by the method of field experiment of B.A. Dospekhov. Mеthods of water-physical, agrochemical, economic and energy research were used in the performance of the work.Results. It has been established that on long-term fallow lands (20–25 years) soil compaction, low moisture content and mineral nutrition elements are noted. The influence of the complex application of continuous herbicides (Tornado 500, Sprut Extra) and tillage technology on environmental and energy indicators was revealed. During the summer tillage of the soil of a long-term fallowland, the introduction of a herbicide, an increase in the yield of agricultural crops is noted. In the arid steppe zone, with the technology with the processing of chestnut soilof the long-term fallow land net conversion efficiency was 2.10–2.84.