bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mainstream or Tributary? The Question of ‘Hibernian’ Fishes in William Thompson’s The Natural History of Ireland (1849–56)
Authors: Orr Mary
Published: May 2020

In providing the first evaluation of the contributions of William Thompson’s The Natural History of Ireland (1856) in the history of nineteenth-century ichthyology, this chapter concomitantly re-evaluates the status of ‘Ireland’ in the history of European natural history. By arguing that both Thompson and (nineteenth-century) Ireland merit a more centrally contributory rather than auxiliary positioning in knowledge of scientific endeavour, the chapter challenges the use by historians of allegedly a-temporal river metaphors: they are never culturally, scientifically or historically neutral. In demonstrating how Thompson’s work on Ireland re-centres nineteenth-century ichthyology – by comparison with the findings of Agassiz and the Histoire naturelle des poissons by Cuvier and Valenciennes – the chapter proposes that overly terrestrial and territorialized conceptions of natural history endeavour lose sight of more significantly fluid, and inter-connective, scientific and cultural understandings of the natural world.
We Dare Not Go A-Hunting
Authors: Fennell Jack
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines Irish fairy lore from the standpoint of ‘weird’ fiction. A subset of horror, fantasy and science fiction, weird fiction emphasises the chaotic nature of the universe and humanity’s precarious position within it, usually with reference to unfathomable scales of time and distance. The Book of Invasions, being the closest that Ireland has to a ‘creation’ myth, positions the Gaels as the last in a series of tribes to settle on the island, and the only fully human tribe in that series; the stories of the daoine sidhe, the original inhabitants of the country, complicate Ireland’s national history and imbue the very landscape with gruesome significance. The texts considered in this chapter all tap into this latent weirdness, whether by invoking the fairy-folk directly, through extrapolations of evolution, or via ruminations on antiquity and the Sublime.
Harbingers of Hunger
Authors: Fennell Jack
Published: May 2020

This chapter begins with a survey of literary depictions of the Great Famine of the late 1840’s, looking at the differences between what actually occurred and the recurring features of fictional Famine scenes: for example, there is often an assumption of cannibalism in Famine-set novels, though there is little historical data to support the idea that cannibalism actually occurred on an appreciable scale. Novelists of the time conceive of the desperation of the time as a ‘hunger demon,’ which possesses the deprived and drives them to monstrous acts; echoes of this concept can be seen in later Irish fiction, indicating the existence of a threshold beyond which the suffering victim of horror becomes its harbinger. The chapter proceeds from here to an analysis of Apocalyptic dread in Irish fiction.
From Lore to Law
Authors: Fennell Jack
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers the tension between magic and law: when legal structures are assumed (correctly or incorrectly) to safeguard the rights of individual citizens and punish transgressors against the common good, magic-users become ‘monsters’ for their ability to do harm at a distance, anonymously and without accountability. Beginning with an outline of the transitional moment in Irish history where scientific legal codes started to supplant the de facto belief in folk magic, this chapter looks at ‘spiritual warfare’ narratives and conspiracy tales alike to discuss how malevolent witches, wizards and sorcerers disrupt established norms of legitimacy and authority. The works considered here range from 19th-century depictions of witches as heroic figures standing up to bullying clerics, to 20th-century texts where the magically-inclined are ignorant throwbacks at best and sinister cultists at worst.
Just Sign Here
Authors: Fennell Jack
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at Irish works featuring deals with the Devil, as well as folktales and texts concerning encounters with demonic beings. Herein are considered multiple kinds of Devil (i.e. the ‘Adversary’ of religious orthodoxy, and the oddly personable hedonist of folklore) and different kinds of Faust (Marlowe’s irredeemable diabolist versus Goethe’s driven, Romantic genius), and it is shown that Irish texts tend to mix and match characteristics from the various iterations of each – Peadar Ua Laoghaire’s Séadna uses his demonic pact to enrich himself, as per Marlowe’s materialistic Faust, but he retains his conscience and retains the reader’s sympathy, much like Goethe’s protagonist; John Banville’s Mefisto, on the other hand, offers us two potential Satan figures – one of whom conforms to the archetype of the malevolent trickster, while the other’s single-minded pursuit of knowledge posits an existential threat to the universe. Overall, demons emerge from the analysis as agents of chaos, disrupting humanity’s attempts to understand the universe and dismantling the bonds of community.
The Author Function in Walter Besant’s Fiction
Authors: Gabriele Alberto
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the author’s function in Walter Besant’s Herr Paulus (1888) and Armorel of Lyonesse (1890). It places the representation of literary and artistic creation in Walter Besant’s novels within the transnational context of the debates on international copyright and the nationalist restructuring of the trade that followed copyright legislation. Both aspects were covered in the pages of the periodical The Author directed by Besant in the same period, thus making a transnational approach in the study of Victorian fiction all the more necessary. The novels provide a poignant critique of the misleading power of make-belief that sustained several forms of literary, economic and social fictions, thus redefining the notion of literary value against the rhetoric adopted by the proponents of the triumphant and often unfair practices of monopolistic liberalism. Walter Besant’s fiction takes aim at the remnants of the Romantic ideology that clouded a materialist assessment of the author’s value in the marketplace, problematizing the Platonist theory of creativity, that was rather counterproductive to the affirmation of the author’s advancement as independent force in the marketplace, the goal of Besant’s reformism.
A Mediterranean Bazaar
Authors: Winter Bronwyn
Published: May 2020

Marseille, France’s second largest city, was one of the two European ‘capitals of culture’ in 2013. The MuCEM, a museum dedicated to the idea of ‘The Mediterranean’ and its diverse cultures, opened on 7 June 2013 as one of the centrepiece’s of Marseille’s capital of culture stint. One of the MuCEM’s two inaugural temporary exhibitions was “Au Bazar du Genre” (at the Gender Bazaar). It was dedicated to exploring the recent history of feminist—and LGBT—challenges to the order of male domination in the twenty-one countries that surround the Mediterranean Sea. The expression ‘bazar’ is ambiguous in French. It calls up a mythified popular culture of the Mediterranean at the same time as it refers, in familiar parlance, to a mess or an assemblage of paraphernalia. This double entendre is surely deliberate, as ‘messing with gender’ is an explicit brief of the exhibition. At the same time, the choice of title leaves the curators of the exhibition open to the critique of bittiness. This chapter discusses these various facets of the exhibition and reactions to it in France, as an example of a certain institutionalisation of feminist memory that has both salutary and problematic aspects.
Conclusion
Authors: Atack Margaret , Fell Alison S. , Holmes Diana , Long Imogen
Published: May 2020

Successive waves of feminism have produced significant gains for women, in France as elsewhere. Even though progress stalls and is reversed, even though the same battles have to be fought over and over again, it would be unduly pessimistic to deny that the daughters and granddaughters of mid-1970s activists live in a society that offers more life chances to women. The metaphor of waves is a rich one: waves gather, crash and fall, are sucked back into the ocean by the gravitational pull of moon and sun, but they are also powerful in their effects, their swash...
Jamel Comedy Club: stand-up comedy à la française?
Authors: Ervine Jonathan
Published: May 2020

This chapter will begin by arguing that the Jamel Comedy Club has played a significant role in boosting the visibility of up-and-coming young comedians from France’s banlieues (run-down suburbs) and/or ethnic minority backgrounds in the aftermath of the suburban unrest of autumn 2005. In effect, it created a space for identity negotiation that assessed what it meant to be French and from the banlieues and/or an ethnic minority. This chapter will argue that the way that many of the performers in the Jamel Comedy Club position themselves by using their ethnic or racial origins as the basis for their material is a relatively new development in French humour. Furthermore, it is an approach that becomes problematic when it comes to jokes about racial/ethnic groups that are not represented by performer within the Jamel Comedy Club.
Dungeons and Dragons’ Multiverse
Authors: Carbonell Curtis D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyses Dungeons and Dragons (D&D) as a case study for the investigation into how a seminal fantasy imaginary world has been represented through 40 years of gametexts. It does so by focusing on the grand metaverse within which players play this game. It sees in the construction of this metaverse critical elements that facilitate the harmonization of the different settings. For example, the different ‘planes’ of existence, as well as a godswar demonstrate how the designers have consistently crafted these imaginary worlds with both an ability to embrace highly textured and disparate details, as well as a sense of continuity and cohesion. This chapter addresses several of the most popular settings, such as Mystara, Greyhawk, Ravenloft, Krynn, Spelljammer, and Planescape. It focuses on the Forgotten Realms as a stellar example of how a fantasy gameworld develops as a shared universe into a realized world.
Criminal Moves Towards a Theory of Crime Fiction Mobility
Authors: Gulddal Jesper , King Stewart , Rolls Alistair
Published: May 2020

This chapter presents the book’s theoretical framework, which consists in an understanding of crime fiction as an inherently mobile genre. Where crime fiction has traditionally, which typically means since the first texts of Edgar Allan Poe, been seen as static and staid, it is argued that it is in fact defined by three forms of mobility: 1) the mobility of meaning (the textual fluidity that characterizes crime fiction irrespective of the detective’s authoritative solution); 2) the mobility of genre (resulting from the interplay of affirming and violating genre rules and boundaries); and 3) transnational mobility (crime fiction as a transnational practice characterized by the multidirectional transmission and adaptation of styles, structures and themes across national borders). This theory of crime fiction mobility enables a comprehensive reinterpretation of the history of the genre that also has profound ramifications for our reading of individual crime fiction texts.
Foggy Muddle
Authors: Gulddal Jesper
Published: May 2020

This chapter on Dashiell Hammett’s The Dain Curse takes a narratively unmotivated car accident as the starting point for a discussion of genre negation as a force of innovation in Hammett’s writing. As a violent interruption of preestablished modes of operation, the accident embodies the way in which the novel relates to the conventions of popular fiction only to wreck and overturn them. Thus, the linearity of the investigative process is replaced with a circular structure; the purity of genre is replaced with references to a catalogue of popular fiction templates, none of which are fully executed; narrative closure is replaced with ambiguity and contingency; and the classic figure of the ‘sidekick’ is literarily blown to pieces in what Gulddal reads as another emblematic representation of the principle of genre mobility.
Brain Attics and Mind Weapons
Authors: Harris-Peyton Michael B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter on the crime fiction of Arthur Conan Doyle, Satyajit Ray and Cheng Xiaoqing examines the central role of adaptation in the international development of the crime fiction genre in order to present a more complex understanding of the genre’s international connections and mobility. The chapter questions the distinction between original and reproduction that has typically informed critical studies on the genre’s international spread through an analysis of the works of these three writers from Britain, India (Bengal) and China. In demonstrating the ways in which Ray and Cheng adapt what is typically considered an archetypically British genre to their local settings, the chapter deconstructs the preeminent position granted to Holmes as the originator and, instead, draws attention to how Doyle himself adapted the genre in a transnational dialogue with his literary forebears.
The Reader and World Crime Fiction
Authors: King Stewart
Published: May 2020

This chapter reflects on the tension between national-focused and more worldly readings of crime fiction. It treats crime fiction as a form of world literature and examines new ways of conceiving relationships between crime writers, readers and texts that eschew the common categorization of a universal British-American tradition, on the one hand, and, on the other, localized national traditions. Following Jorge Luis Borges, the chapter argues that the transnationality of the crime genre does not reside exclusively within the text, but rather emerges through the interaction of the reader and the text. What emerges is a transnational and trans-historical reading practice that respects the local but also allows for innovative connections and new paradigms to be forged when texts are read beyond the national context.
Left-Wing Republicans Align with Moscow
Authors: Mulqueen John
Published: May 2020

In 1974 the Russian embassy opened in Dublin and the Irish foreign minister visited the Soviet Union in 1976. The American ambassador to Ireland used a Cold War prism when he expressed concerns that the Soviets in Dublin might pose an espionage threat to NATO. This chapter focuses on the increasingly pro-Soviet Official republican movement and its relationship with the Russian embassy in Dublin. Northern Ireland’s Troubles in the mid-1970s constituted the most pressing security issue for those concerned with Irish affairs, and inter-republican violence, involving the Official IRA, contributed to the crisis. The Northern Ireland Office (NIO) perceived the left-wing republican movement as being linked with Moscow-backed ‘terrorist organisations’ worldwide. The northern secretary, Merlyn Rees, described the increasingly peripheral Official movement as posing the most serious subversive threat because it had a ‘coherent philosophy’, unlike the Provisional IRA.
Officers’ commitment to the anti-slavery cause
Authors: Wills Mary
Published: May 2020

The chapter examines how naval officers engaged with the cornerstones of the British abolitionist agenda: religion, humanitarianism, morality and concepts of national identity. As most nineteenth-century naval officers came from the middle or upper-middle classes, they were exposed to a culture of anti-slavery sentiment in popular politics, literature and the press. These ideas had a significant impact on how they conceived the nature of their duty as naval personnel and their identity as Britons. Many testimonies of naval suppression offer emotion, insight and conviction regarding the anti-slavery cause, often driven by religious belief, and particularly the rise of evangelicalism in the navy. Yet there was no obligation for naval officers serving on the West Africa squadron to be committed abolitionists. Others held more ambiguous views, particularly as attitudes regarding slavery and race evolved and hardened as the century progressed.
Jimmy Reid
Authors: Knox W.W.J. , McKinlay Alan
Published: May 2020

Jimmy Reid was probably the greatest political orator of late twentieth-century Britain. He was at the forefront of the major turning points in the history of industrial relations and politics in Britain. His story is an epic one; from a poverty-stricken background in Govan, Glasgow, he became a communist at a young age, leading a national strike of engineering apprentices while only twenty, before being pitch into the national limelight as the leading spokesperson for the Upper Clyde Shipbuilders Work-In in 1971-2. Disillusioned with communism he left the Party for Labour and the centre-left before leaving them disenchanted with New Labour to join the Scottish National Party. His political journey from Communism, to Labourism, and ultimately to Nationalism (a political life in three acts) not only speaks of the complexities of left politics after 1945, but also illuminates and facilitates our understanding of institutions and social change in post-war Britain by showing how they were understood and negotiated by a particular individual.
UCS Work-in
Authors: Knox W.W.J. , McKinlay A.
Published: May 2020

Chapter four deals with the UCS work-in: an event to which Jimmy Reid owes his fame and his place in the pantheon of Scottish radicalism. Although he was not the only leader of the workforce, it was his powers of communication and leadership which became the symbol of the coalition of resistance that developed on the Clyde in response to the Tory government's attempt to close the down the yards and throw the men on the industrial scrapheap. The decision by the leadership to stage a work-in rather than go on strike or stage a sit-in caught the imagination of constituencies of people way beyond the geographical parameters of the upper reaches of the River Clyde. The chapter challenges the received triumphal narrative in several ways: firstly, by stressing the role of the forgotten liquidator, Robert Smith, in keeping the yards open and the men working; and, secondly, by examining the legacy, arguing that although the work-in undoubtedly constituted a victory of sorts for the UCS workers the road ahead proved a rocky one. The analysis differs from previously published material on the event in as much as it is the only study to utilise the transcripts of meetings and interviews with the UCS shop steward’s committee and the only one to establish the chain of relationships between the CPGB leadership, the local cadres and the work-in.
Strike
Authors: Knox W.W.J. , McKinlay A.
Published: May 2020

Chapter seven commences with Reid’s post-1979 defeat and his new career in journalism against the backdrop of a decade of Thatcherism, apartheid in South Africa, the troubles in Northern Ireland and the Falklands war. This is the political preface to the miners’ strike which undoubtedly dominated mid-1980s British politics and so naturally it dominated this chapter of Reid’s public life. During his time as a columnist for the Glasgow Herald, Reid became at odds with the Labour party over his criticism of Arthur Scargill’s leadership of the miners’ strike and of how the strike might impact Labour’s potential for victory in future elections. Objectively looking back at this pivotal time in British history, we analyse Reid’s interpretations of the strike, Scargill and Labour’s losses as well as evaluating how far Reid’s political background, experience and principles influenced his attitudes towards them.
Soldiers as Citizens
Authors: Mansfield Nick
Published: May 2020

Rank and file soldiers were not ‘the scum of the earth’. They included a cross section of working-class men who retained their former civilian culture. While they often exhibited pride in regiment and nation, soldiers could also demonstrate a growing class consciousness and support for political radicalism.
The book challenges assumptions that the British army was politically neutral, if privately conservative, by uncovering a rich vein of liberal and radical political thinking among some soldiers, officers and political commentators. This ranges from the Whig ‘militia’ tradition, through radical theories on tactics and army reform, to attempted ultra-radical subversion amongst troops and the involvement of soldiers in riots and risings. Case studies are given of individual 'military radicals', soldiers or ex-soldiers who were reforming and later socialist activists.
Popular anti-French feeling of the Napoleonic Wars is examined, alongside examples of rank and file bravery which fostered widespread loyalty and patriotism. This contributed to soldiers being used successfully in strike breaking, and deployed against rioters or Chartist revolts. By the late Victorian period, popular imperialism was an important part of working-class support for Conservatism. The book explores what impact this had on rank and file soldiers, whilst outlining minority support for socialism.
Protest and Subversion, 1790–1850
Authors: Mansfield Nick
Published: May 2020

This chapter outlines government concerns about the danger of insurrection in the early nineteenth century and fear of soldiers’ subversion and involvement on the side of radical revolution. It reviews the reality of these claims, analysing soldiers’ involvement in key events and incidents.
These range through riots and protests in the 1790s, the distribution of radical handbills subverting troops, the Despard Conspiracy, Luddism, the Post War discontent of 1815-6, working-class drilling and the use of government spies, Peterloo, the Scottish revolt of 1820, the Cato Street Conspiracy, the Queen Caroline agitation, the Reform Crisis of 1831-2, and Chartism.
The chapter concludes that whilst some threats were serious, British rank and file soldiers always obeyed officers and did their duty to Crown and country, so revolution was unlikely.
Popular Imperialism, Democracy, Conservatism and Socialism, 1850–1900
Authors: Mansfield Nick
Published: May 2020

This chapter reviews the political sympathies of soldiers – both officers and rank and file - in the age of high Victorian imperialism and emerging British democracy. It examines the role of the army in growing working class support for popular imperialism, often fuelled by racism.
Whilst it acknowledges the overall tendency for officers to support Conservatism, it uncovers tenacious support for Liberalism on the part of some of the officer corps. This extended to many of the rank and file in the post-Chartist period, with post discharge soldiers actively supporting all types of reform movements and taking an active part in the mass democracy brought about by the 1867 and 1884 Reform Acts. With the development of socialism from the 1880s this even extended to a significant number of ‘soldier socialists’, surveyed here for the first time.
Translation
Authors: Shipley Graham
Published: May 2020

This section of the book contains the English translation of the text. It contains the following sections: Introduction; Europe: Antion to Iapygia; the Adriatic; Epeiros; continuous Hellas; Peloponnese with Crete and southern Cyclades; Macedonia to the Tanaïs; the Black Sea; length of Europe; Asia: Tanaïs to Propontis; Mysia to Kilikia; Cyprus; Syria-Phoenicia to Egypt; length of Asia; Libyē: Non-Carthaginian Libyē; Carthaginian territory; length of Libyē; Beyond the Pillars of Hercules; end matter.
Commentary
Authors: Shipley Graham
Published: May 2020

This section (which constitutes over half the book), contains a detailed commentary on the text. It includes 20 maps showing ancient and modern place names. Points of linguistic, literary, geographical and cultural interest are discussed are explained and modern contemporary scholarship on the text examined.
Revisiting Milton’s (Logical) God: Empson 2018
Authors: Wilson Emma Annette
Published: May 2020

Draws on Milton’s Artis Plenior Logicae (1672) to read the logic of his God, arguing “that the poem is good not primarily because it makes God either good or bad,” pace Empson, “but because it lays bare the cosmic structure to which we are all subject.” In this structure “God will be justified, because [the cosmic structure] is his own creation; yet that justification does not have to make him good or kind within human definitions of those terms.” Ultimately “Paradise Lost is good because God is bad and justified at the same time.”
Integrative taxonomy reveals three new taxa within the Tylototriton asperrimus complex (Caudata, Salamandridae) from Vietnam
Authors: Bernardes Marta , Le Minh Duc , Nguyen Truong Quang , Pham Cuong The , Pham Anh Van , Nguyen Tao Thien , Rödder Dennis , Bonkowski Michael , Ziegler Thomas
Published: May 2020

The Tylototriton asperrimus complex from northern Vietnam is reviewed based on morphological comparisons and analysis of the mitochondrial marker NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2). Based on molecular divergences, which were revealed to be higher than in other congeners, in concert with morphological differences, two new species and one subspecies are described herein: Tylototriton pasmansisp. nov. differs from T. asperrimussensu stricto by 3.2 to 3.6 % genetic divergence and a combination of distinct morphological characters, such as head slightly longer than wide, distinct mid-dorsal ridge, relatively wide distance between the eyes, tips of fingers reaching the eye when foreleg is laid forward, labial and gular folds present, central belly skin with tubercles shaped like transverse wrinkles and distinct, pointy to round rib nodules. The population of T. pasmansisp. nov. consists of two subclades, the nominotypic one occurring on the eastern side of the Da River (or Black River, including Hoa Binh and Phu Tho provinces), and another occurring on the western side (including Son La and Thanh Hoa provinces). These two subclades differ by 2.5 to 3.1 % genetic divergence and distinct morphological characters. The western subclade is herein described as Tylototriton pasmansi obstissp. nov., which differs from the nominotypic form by a wider head, longer and narrower snout, shorter femur length, and an overall less granulose skin, without an increased concentration of warts on the body sides.

A second new species, Tylototriton sparreboomisp. nov. is described from Lai Chau Province. It differs from T. asperrimussensu stricto by 4.1 to 4.2 % and from Tylototriton pasmansisp. nov. by 3.6 to 4.5 % genetic divergences as well as by a combination of distinct morphological characters, such as head longer than wide, tips of fingers reaching nostril when foreleg adpressed along head, rib nodules distinct, round and relatively enlarged, and wide distance between the eyes.
Re-Defining Work-Life Boundaries
Authors: McCloskey Donna Weaver
Published: May 2020

Technology has radically changed the way we live and work. This chapter explores the boundaries that knowledge workers employ to delineate work and personal time and the resulting outcomes. Based on scholarly research, the author proposes redefining the work-life boundary into three dimensions: flexibility, work boundary permeability, and home boundary permeability. While no longer able to control the time and place factors that once defined our work and personal time, employees can use behavioral and communicative tactics to maintain balance. These individual policy decisions and potential work-life balance tools are discussed. Organizations can support new boundary controls through education, support, and training. Finally, technology has resulted in cultural and societal changes, which may continue to be supported through national policy.
Communication Matrices for Managing Dialogue Change to Teamwork Transformation
Authors: Calvin James
Published: May 2020

New technology platforms continue to be introduced inside organizations in this digital age. Technology and generational diversity will have sustained impact on how business organizations consider and adapt to meet a number of technology and people challenges. The case discusses why it is to promote and sustain crucial conversations dialogue among team members to both enhance and strengthen team and teamwork practices. In the case, the change management process was essential to being able to go deeper through matrixed crucial conversations to achieve a desired organization goal. This case study chapter offers insight and outcomes that were achieved by building a dialogic approach and model, so a vital unit of the organization could begin taking advantage of future technology enhancements.
Preparing Teachers to Foster Multilingual Literacy
Authors: Goltsev Evghenia , Bredthauer Stefanie
Published: May 2020

Having been overlooked for a long time, the importance of literacy competence for successful participation in education is currently gaining attention and practical implementation in many countries. However, despite the linguistic diversity of the classrooms and the so-called multilingual turn in research, the fostering of literacy skills often continues to focus on the monolingual perspective of the majority language, thus overlooking vast multilingual potential. This approach is rooted at different levels of the educational systems. For teachers, who play a key role in promoting literacy development, this is partially due to respective monolingual orientation in teacher education and a lack of (systematic) implementation of applicable methods and examples. This chapter addresses this issue by presenting a synopsis of possible approaches of preparing teachers to foster multilingual literacy. Although all this is done using Germany as an example, the elements can be transferred to other contexts and formats of teacher training courses.
Expression Efficiency of Multiple Il9 Reporter Alleles Is Determined by Cell Lineage
Authors: Kharwadkar Rakshin , Ulrich Benjamin J , Abdul Qayum Amina , Koh Byunghee , Licona-Limón Paula , Flavell Richard A , Kaplan Mark H
Published: May 2020

Generation of allelic gene reporter mice has provided a powerful tool to study gene function in vivo. In conjunction with imaging technologies, reporter mouse models facilitate studies of cell lineage tracing, live cell imaging, and gene expression in the context of diseases. Although there are several advantages to using reporter mice, caution is important to ensure the fidelity of the reporter protein representing the gene of interest. In this study, we compared the efficiency of two Il9 reporter strains Il9citrine and Il9GFP in representing IL-9-producing CD4+ TH9 cells. Although both alleles show high specificity in IL-9–expressing populations, we observed that the Il9GFP allele visualized a much larger proportion of the IL-9–producing cells in culture than the Il9citrine reporter allele. In defining the mechanistic basis for these differences, chromatin immunoprecipitation and chromatin accessibility assay showed that the Il9citrine allele was transcriptionally less active in TH9 cells compared with the wild-type allele. The Il9citrine allele also only captured a fraction of IL-9–expressing bone marrow–derived mast cells. In contrast, the Il9citrine reporter detected Il9 expression in type 2 innate lymphoid cells at a greater percentage than could be identified by IL-9 intracellular cytokine staining. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the accuracy of IL-9 reporter mouse models may vary with the cell type being examined. These studies demonstrate the importance of choosing appropriate reporter mouse models that are optimal for detecting the cell type of interest as well as the accuracy of conclusions.
Severity of COVID-19: The importance of being hypertensive
Authors: Angeli Fabio , Masnaghetti Sergio , Visca Dina , Rossoni Alessandra , Taddeo Sara , Biagini Filippo , Verdecchia Paolo
Published: May 2020

The novel respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a cluster of pneumonia cases in China at the end of 2019. After few months, it led to a pandemic that has spread throughout most countries of the world (https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html).
Stability of rotation relations in
-algebras
Authors: Hua Jiajie , Wang Qingyun
Published: May 2020

Let
$\Theta =(\theta _{j,k})_{3\times 3}$
be a nondegenerate real skew-symmetric

$3\times 3$
matrix, where

$\theta _{j,k}\in [0,1).$
For any

$\varepsilon>0$
, we prove that there exists

$\delta>0$
satisfying the following: if

$v_1,v_2,v_3$
are three unitaries in any unital simple separable

$C^*$
-algebra A with tracial rank at most one, such that

$$\begin{align*}\|v_kv_j-e^{2\pi i \theta_{j,k}}v_jv_k\|<\delta \,\,\,\, \mbox{and}\,\,\,\, \frac{1}{2\pi i}\tau(\log_{\theta}(v_kv_jv_k^*v_j^*))=\theta_{j,k}\end{align*}$$
for all

$\tau \in T(A)$
and

$j,k=1,2,3,$
where

$\log _{\theta }$
is a continuous branch of logarithm (see Definition 4.13) for some real number

$\theta \in [0, 1)$
, then there exists a triple of unitaries

$\tilde {v}_1,\tilde {v}_2,\tilde {v}_3\in A$
such that

$$\begin{align*}\tilde{v}_k\tilde{v}_j=e^{2\pi i\theta_{j,k} }\tilde{v}_j\tilde{v}_k\,\,\,\,\mbox{and}\,\,\,\,\|\tilde{v}_j-v_j\|<\varepsilon,\,\,j,k=1,2,3.\end{align*}$$

The same conclusion holds if

$\Theta $
is rational or nondegenerate and A is a nuclear purely infinite simple

$C^*$
-algebra (where the trace condition is vacuous).

If

$\Theta $
is degenerate and A has tracial rank at most one or is nuclear purely infinite simple, we provide some additional injectivity conditions to get the above conclusion.
From Confucianism to Nationalism
Authors: Tran Trong Duong
Published: May 2020

This paper examines how political discourses have changed as scholars seek answers regarding the origins of the Vietnamese people. The origin(s) of the Vietnamese people has long been a subject of debate. Confucian scholars from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries claimed themself to be descendants of Han people, the successors of the Han civilization. The colonial scholars (from 1860 to 1945), when using the theory of race, anthropology, and social evolution theory, thought that the Annam people were a hybrid breed, still in the process of evolution, and needed to be enlightened civilized. Indigenous scholars combined the Han ideology of Confucianism and the ideology of the French to claim that the Vietnamese were the descendants of the Hùng Vương. This ideological transformation was aimed at calling for patriotism, fighting against the French, and defending the nation from colonial domination. The results reveal that the process of changing paradigms in Confucian thought through colonialism led to the formation of fictive kinship and the spread of nationalism in Vietnam.
When the Sage Becomes a “God”
Authors: Nguyen Tho Ngoc
Published: May 2020

Southern Vietnam’s tradition has been mainly built on Confucian ideology, although it is a transformed one. There have been two types of Confucianism in the region: state-sponsored and mass Confucianism. During the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, under harsh colonial rule, a number of messianic religious movements emerged. The Minh Đức Nho giáo Đại đạo sect (MĐNGĐĐ, founded in 1932 in Trà Vinh province) is one such movement. The sect takes Confucian norms and values as its basic platform and further acculturates and transforms the philosophical values and rituals of Buddhism, Daoism, and Caodaism, as well as popular religions, to consolidate its settings.This article uses fieldwork––survey data and written documents––and applies historical particularism and acculturation theories, as well as the concepts of “standardization” and “de-standardization” by Watson (1985), to generalize the birth and features of MĐNGĐĐ in the local context. The study provides a comprehensive means to access the history of social thought in pre-modern Vietnam and possible principles of Confucian propagation and transformation in the country. The study finds that Confucianism may easily transform into a religious institution if the civilizing missions of local elites are missing.
Innovation and Education
Authors: Tarman Bulent
Published: May 2020

We are living in a world that is changing rapidly and becoming more globalized. Especially the changes in the areas of science, technology and economy are becoming effective in the areas like education and health that are closely related to human life. We are experiencing a quick process named "globalization" that changes economic, social and political structures of the world and that no one can predict the outcome. These changes create new opportunities while opening new challenging areas. In order for countries to compete with each other, they need to be creative in all areas and they also need to be reformist to cope with domestic, national and global problems. In this study, the innovations in the area of education throughout the world will be examined and the place of Turkey compared to other countries in educational innovations will be analyzed. Also the concept of "˜Charter Schools" as acceleration in educational innovation in the United State of America, who is the leader in terms of innovation in the World, will be analyzed. This study will also analyze the Charter Schools in the USA and discuss whether the concept can be implemented in Turkey and bring dynamism to education or increase the quality of education. While looking for the answers of these questions, the researcher conducted a literature review and also used the data he gathered while staying in the USA for nine years for pursuing his MA and PhD degrees.
Value Priorities of Public and Private University Students
Authors: Yigit Mehmet Fatih
Published: May 2020

In this study, the aim of the study is to find out whether there is a statistically significant difference between value priorities of public and private universities in Turkey. This is a quantitative study using ANOVA for the analysis of the data. The results suggest that private university students show greater tendency towards universalism, power, tradition, conformity, and hedonism compared to the public university students, while the public university students showed greater sensitivity to benevolence compared to the private university students. The test results also showed that the education level of mothers do not have a significant effect on value priorities of both public and private university students, while father's education has significant effect on the perception of power.
McLuhanian Perspective of Facebook
Authors: Aldardasawi Areen Fawwaz
Published: May 2020

As we live in the epoch of popular culture, it is very important to understand it and study its dimensions as well as their influences upon society. Technology is a very salient manifestation of popular culture that has brought substantial changes to the world. Thus, we have to be aware of the effects and the potential effects that technology may have upon us. One type of technology is Facebook which is the most popular social network website in terms of the number of members and visitors. As a virtual society, Facebook is growing more and more popular day by day. In this article, Facebook, as a technological medium, is going to be measured and explained according to Marshall McLuhan's perspective of media and technology. Therefore, we will try to explain, in McLuhan's words, how Facebook is considered a "message" as well as a "cool" or "hot" medium. In addition, there will be an attempt to discerning the reasons why people are very attached to such a virtual social life
Reflexiones sobre el debido proceso en las Constituciones de América Latina
Authors: Sánchez García Edgar Germán
Published: May 2020

The research aims to analyze due process in the Constitutions of Latin America, specifically in Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia and Peru. Due process is a constant in the Constitutions of some countries because its importance breaks borders and is established as a necessity, the reflections contained in the manuscript about this institution were made with an analytical methodology, the main sources were the National Constitutions of the countries mentioned, in addition to jurisprudence and doctrinal opinions. The central conclusion is that there are international parameters about due process, and, it is assumed, as a fundamental human right that seeks the respect and dignity of people at each stage of legal situations that may arise, encloses rights, guarantees and principles with constitutional significance.
4. Las gemas de la organización innovadora: cómo manejar el conocimiento y el aprendizaje
Authors: Hamel de Rodríguez (UPEL-IPB) Yolinel , Pérez de Maldonado  (UPEL-IPB) Isabel
Published: May 2020

El presente artículo se inscribe en la modalidad documental y tiene como objetivo  de reconocer las potencialidades de la Teoría General del Conocimiento y la Teoría de la Acción para potenciar las organizaciones innovadoras, cuyas particularidades las obligan a ser vanguardistas en el uso de tecnologías y a reconocer que el capital humano le aporta valor agregado cuando se le permite participar del  entretejido organizacional. A partir de la revisión teórica referencial, se plantea la necesidad de generar una espiral del conocimiento, involucrando: al conocimiento tácito, que nace de lo aprendido en la cotidianidad y de las corazonadas; al conocimiento explícito, que se expresa a través del lenguaje formal en normas de procedimientos, manuales y reglamentos; a la teoría explícita, que se predica y a la teoría-en-uso, que se practica. Se concluye que las organizaciones deben habilitar espacios armónicos que faciliten la exteriorización tanto de las capacidades, habilidades y destrezas individuales como de los supuestos, las inquietudes, las incertidumbres y hasta los descontentos.
5. PLAN DE ACCIÓN PARA PROMOVER PARTICIPACIÓN DE DOCENTES EN REDES Y PUBLICACIONES EN REVISTAS EDUCATIVAS
Authors: Asencio Cabot Esperanza de la Caridad , Ibarra López Nilda
Published: May 2020

El trabajo describe la experiencia en la aplicación de un Proyecto Institucional de Desarrollo Profesional gestionado en la Sede Pedagógica de la Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Cuba, dirigido hacia la concepción de un plan de acción para promover la participación de los docentes en el trabajo en redes académicas y científicas y en la publicación de artículos en revistas educativas reconocidas internacionalmente. Se destaca la importancia actual del tema tratado y se precisa el problema a resolver. Se describe el diseño metodológico seguido, el cual se basa en el enfoque de la investigación-acción, como un proceso de mejoramiento continuo, organizado en una secuencia de fases que incluyen, las de: diagnóstico, planificación, implementación y evaluación. Por último, se analizan los resultados o hallazgos así como las perspectivas abiertas para la continuación del trabajo en próximas etapas.
Effectiveness of the Use of Indigenous Language in Disseminating Climate Change Information for Sustainable Environmental Development in Nigeria
Authors: Olatumile Adekunle , Tunde-Awe Bola
Published: May 2020

Climate change has undoubtedly brought with it many seemingly intractable challenges and is already having significant impacts in Nigeria, and these impacts are expected to increase in the future. Rural dwellers environmental behaviour is not all that positive, because the language used in disseminating environmental issues, is mostly English and not the indigenous language.  Information disseminated in English Language in most cases is not easily comprehended, because most of the rural dwellers are not literate in it. The instrument used is a self-constructed test.  The study adopted the quasi experimental method. Purposeful sample was used to select two groups, with twenty people in each group. The two groups were taught the causes and effects of climate change, one group was taught using English Language and the other group using Yoruba. A test was administered to each group to determine their level of comprehension. Data were analysed using mean and standard deviation. Yoruba group are more in-depth in their knowledge of climate change than English group. The use of mother tongue is germane in the dissemination of information regarding environmental sustainability, however climate change messages will be most effective if there is mix of English Language and Yoruba Language as there is no segment of the society that will be left out.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3376478
Oppfordringer til små barns lekende samspill i barnehagen: Personalets medvirkning og omgivelsenes muligheter
Authors: Wolf Kristin Danielsen
Published: May 2020

Formålet med mitt feltarbeid var å undersøke små barns lek i ulike pedagogiske miljøer, hvordan leken kom til uttrykk og hvilke oppfordringer til lek, som fantes i de ulike miljøene. Alle tretten barnegruppene (1–3 år) i feltarbeidet hadde gode vilkår for den sosialt kroppslige leken, med store lekeelementer tilgjengelig. Men kun to barnegrupper hadde lekemateriell som oppfordret til å kle seg ut og forestille seg i en annen rolle og identitet. Jeg vil argumentere for større oppmerksomhet på små barns spontane forestillinger og lek i barnehagen, med hovedvekt på lekens egenverdi. Videre diskuterer jeg på hvilke måter personalet, omgivelsene og organiseringen av hverdagslivet i barnehagen kan fremme eller hemme små barns lekende samspill.
English abstract
The aim with my fieldwork was to explore small children’s play in different pedagogical environments, how play came to expression and which solicitations for play existed. All thirteen groups of children (1–3 years old) had good conditions for social bodily play, with large play elements available. But only two of the groups had materials that encouraged dressing up and pretending another role or identity. I want to argue for more attention to small children’s spontaneous pretending and play in kindergarten, with emphasis on the value in play itselves. Further I will discuss in which ways the staff, the environment and organization of the daily life in kindergarten can promote or inhibit small children’s playful interactions.
På väg att (om)skapa fritidshemskulturer.: Om visioner, gränsdragningar och identitetsarbete
Authors: Närvänen Anna-Liisa , Elvstrand Helene
Published: May 2020

Studien bygger på ett aktionsforskningsprojekt där tre svenska skolor och sammanlagt åtta fritidshemsavdelningar deltog med syfte att lärare på fritidshem skulle initiera, genomföra och utvärdera utvecklingsarbete på det egna fritidshemmet. Det empiriska materialet i artikeln utgörs av de reflektionssamtal med pedagoger som skedde inom ramen för studien. Fokus i artikeln är på gränsdragningar som görs i relation till skola och lärare i skolan, och vad som beskrivs som fritidshemmens kärnverksamhet (aktiviteter), vilket relateras till skapande av fritidshemskulturer och identiteter. Studiens resultat visar att kultur- och identitetsskapande har blivit viktigt i fritidshem, vilket kan bero på omfattande reformer som ägt rum de senaste decennierna. En konsekvens av reformerna är nya krav men också otydlighet i lärarrollen i fritidshem. Lärare som deltog i projektet uttrycker ett starkt intresse att yrkesrollen och det pedagogiska uppdraget i fritidshem måste tydliggöras för att uppfylla läroplanens mål men också för att tillvarata lärares fritidspedagogiska kompetens både i skola och på fritidshem.
The impact of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment on economic growth of Peru
Authors: Osterloh Mejía María , Urriola Canchari Nadia , Deng Xiangzheng
Published: May 2020

Since 2000, the Peruvian economic policy presented a positive impact on the economic growth thanks to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) increase and the inclusion of foreign markets in the local economy. This study analyzes and quantifies the short and long-run impact of FDI and Foreign Direct Investment from China (FDICH) on economic growth in Peru, using annual time series data from 2001 to 2018 obtained from the Central Bank of Peru and the World Bank. Vector Autoregression (VAR) Model, Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, Johansen Co-integration test, and Granger Causality test were employed for data analysis through the production function. The findings revealed the impact and significance of FDI and FDICH in the short and long-run, which were positive and significant. Moreover, the Co-integration test (for long-run relationship) was positive, and the causality test in the relationship between all variables and the economic growth revealed the directionality of these links.