bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE POLITICAL ECONOMIES OF SECESSION
Authors: Schoen Brian
Published: June 2015

Economic analyses of American Civil War causation typically focus onlongue duréestructural arguments neglecting specific context and contemporary observers’ predictions about disunion’s effects. This article suggests secession heightened concern about government solvency and intensified a conversation about the nature of American inter- and intra-national trade, one hinging on ideas about relative dependence and positioning within the world economy. Deep South secessionists rested their claims on a cotton-centric economic worldview, trusting that their coveted commodity could finance independence and attract foreign partners. Pro-compromise northerners greatly feared that possibility. Less compromising Republican political economists countered that secession would reveal northern economic superiority and the South’s underlying weakness, eventually leading to voluntary reunion. Though competing sides envisioned peaceful pathways towards their ends, the actions of insolvent central governments—who feared that any compromise on contested forts and revenue ports would undermine the confidence of underwriters—militated against these imagined peaceful ends.
HENRY C. CAREY’S “ZONE THEORY” AND AMERICAN SECTIONAL CONFLICT
Authors: Meardon Stephen
Published: June 2015

In the spring of 1860, Henry C. Carey, the Philadelphia political economist and apostle of protectionism, offered a revision of his doctrine in hope of saving the Union. For several years, in such writings as The Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign (1853) and The North and the South (1854), he had argued that reimposition of high protective tariffs promised material prosperity for the free population and gradual emancipation of the slaves. With secession looming he enlarged the argument. In a series of letters to the Memphis Daily Enquirer, he explained how the original error of liberal trade beginning in 1833 had interacted with climate and migration to produce economic crises and sectional conflict. Political economy not only pointed to the right course, it showed why the course was blocked from view. Prosperity, gradual emancipation, and preservation of the union all depended on the inhabitants of the central "Mineral Zone," from Pennsylvania to Tennessee, first seeing the blockage and then uniting to correct the combined policy errors of the northern "Trading Zone" and the southern "Planting Zone." Carey's neglected "zone theory" shows the direction and ambitions of an important strain of American political economy in the immediate antebellum period. It also merits attention as an early example of economic theories of geography and institutions akin to those claiming attention today.
REMARKS OF THE GENERAL DISCUSSANT: A DISTINCTIVELY AMERICAN ECONOMICS? WHAT WE KNOW, WHAT WE DON’T KNOW, AND WHY IT MATTERS
Authors: Medema Steven G.
Published: June 2015

The history of economics in the US prior to the twentieth century remains a distinctly under-explored subject—a lacuna that the present symposium seeks to fill, if only in part. Building on the articles that appear in the symposium, this essay takes up a small set of thematic issues related to the developments in American economics in the nineteenth century and points to the issues and challenges in writing the history of this important period.
THE AMERICAN SYSTEM AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF BLACK COLONIZATION
Authors: Magness Phillip W.
Published: June 2015

From 1816 through to the end of the Civil War, the colonization of emancipated slaves in Africa and the American tropics occupied a prominent place in federal policy discussions. Although colonization has traditionally been interpreted as an aberration in anti-slavery thought on account of its dubious racial legacy and discounted for its impracticality, its political persistence remains a challenge for historians of the antebellum era. This article offers an explanation by identifying a distinctive economic strain of colonization in the moderate anti-slavery advocacy of Mathew Carey, Henry Clay, and Abraham Lincoln. From the nullification crisis until the Civil War, adherents of this strain effectively integrated colonization into the American System of political economy. Their efforts were undertaken to both reconcile their respective anti-slavery views with a raw-material-dependent domestic industrialization program, and to adapt American System insights to an intended program of gradual, compensated emancipation.
Comparing the Neuropsychological Test Performance of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans with and without Blast Exposure, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms
Authors: Storzbach Daniel , O’Neil Maya Elin , Roost Saw-Myo , Kowalski Halina , Iverson Grant L. , Binder Laurence M. , Fann Jesse R. , Huckans Marilyn
Published: June 2015

To compare neuropsychological test performance of Veterans with and without mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), blast exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. We compared the neuropsychological test performance of 49 Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans diagnosed with MTBI resulting from combat blast-exposure to that of 20 blast-exposed OEF/OIF Veterans without history of MTBI, 23 OEF/OIF Veterans with no blast exposure or MTBI history, and 40 matched civilian controls. Comparison of neuropsychological test performance across all four participant groups showed a complex pattern of mixed significant and mostly nonsignificant results, with omnibus tests significant for measures of attention, spatial abilities, and executive function. The most consistent pattern was the absence of significant differences between blast-exposed Veterans with MTBI history and blast-exposed Veterans without MTBI history. When blast-exposed Veteran groups with and without MTBI history were aggregated and compared to non–blast-exposed Veterans, there were significant differences for some measures of learning and memory, spatial abilities, and executive function. However, covariation for severity of PTSD symptoms eliminated all significant omnibus neuropsychological differences between Veteran groups. Our results suggest that, although some mild neurocognitive effects were associated with blast exposure, these neurocognitive effects might be better explained by PTSD symptom severity rather than blast exposure or MTBI history alone. (JINS, 2015, 21, 353–363)
Working Memory and Cognitive Flexibility Mediates Visuoconstructional Abilities in Older Adults with Heterogeneous Cognitive Ability
Authors: Ávila Rafaela T. , de Paula Jonas J. , Bicalho Maria A. , Moraes Edgar N. , Nicolato Rodrigo , Malloy-Diniz Leandro F. , Diniz Breno S.
Published: June 2015

Previous studies suggest that executive functions influence the performance on visuoconstructional tasks. This study aims to investigate whether the relationship between planning ability and the copy of complex figures is mediated by distinct components of executive functions (i.e., working memory, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility). We included a 129 older adults with Alzheimer’s disease (n=36, AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n=67), and with no evidence of cognitive impairment (controls, n=26). We evaluated the mediation effect of planning abilities, working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control on visuoconstructional tasks using a multiple mediation models. We found a significant direct effect of planning on visuoconstructional abilities and a partial mediation effect of working memory and cognitive flexibility on visuoconstructional abilities. The present results indicate that the performance on visuoconstructional task is mediated by multiple interrelated executive functions components, in particular working memory and cognitive flexibility. (JINS, 2015, 21, 392–398)
Demographically Corrected Normative Standards for the English Version of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery
Authors: Casaletto Kaitlin B. , Umlauf Anya , Beaumont Jennifer , Gershon Richard , Slotkin Jerry , Akshoomoff Natacha , Heaton Robert K.
Published: June 2015

Demographic factors impact neuropsychological test performances and accounting for them may help to better elucidate current brain functioning. The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) is a novel neuropsychological tool, yet the original norms developed for the battery did not adequately account for important demographic/cultural factors known to impact test performances. We developed norms fully adjusting for all demographic variables within each language group (English and Spanish) separately. The current study describes the standards for individuals tested in English. Neurologically healthy adults (n=1038) and children (n=2917) who completed the NIH Toolbox norming project in English were included. We created uncorrected scores weighted to the 2010 Census demographics, and applied polynomial regression models to develop age-corrected and fully demographically adjusted (age, education, sex, race/ethnicity) scores for each NIHTB-CB test and composite (i.e., Fluid, Crystallized, and Total Composites). On uncorrected NIHTB-CB scores, age and education demonstrated significant, medium-to-large associations, while sex showed smaller, but statistically significant effects. In terms of race/ethnicity, a significant stair-step effect on uncorrected NIHTB-CB scores was observed (African American<Hispanic<White). After applying normative corrections, NIHTB-CB no longer demonstrated any significant associations with demographic factors. The previously developed norms still maintained significant associations with demographic factors, and demonstrated more variable impairment rates in segments of the healthy normative sample. Similar to other neuropsychological tests, demographic factors demonstrated significant associations with unadjusted NIHTB-CB scores. Application of fully corrected scores will help account for unwanted variance that is associated with non-clinical factors to more accurately reflect effects of disease-related changes in brain function. (JINS, 2015,21, 378–391)
Application of the Nutrition Functional Diversity indicator to assess food system contributions to dietary diversity and sustainable diets of Malawian households
Authors: Luckett Brian G , DeClerck Fabrice AJ , Fanzo Jessica , Mundorf Adrienne R , Rose Donald
Published: June 2015

Objective

Dietary diversity is associated with nutrient adequacy and positive health outcomes but indicators to measure diversity have focused primarily on consumption, rather than sustainable provisioning of food. The Nutritional Functional Diversity score was developed by ecologists to describe the contribution of biodiversity to sustainable diets. We have employed this tool to estimate the relative contribution of home production and market purchases in providing nutritional diversity to agricultural households in Malawi and examine how food system provisioning varies by time, space and socio-economic conditions.

Design

A secondary analysis of nationally representative household consumption data to test the applicability of the Nutritional Functional Diversity score.

Setting

The data were collected between 2010 and 2011 across the country of Malawi.

Subjects

Households (n11 814) from predominantly rural areas of Malawi.

Results

Nutritional Functional Diversity varied demographically, geographically and temporally. Nationally, purchased foods contributed more to household nutritional diversity than home produced foods (mean score=17·5 and 7·8, respectively). Households further from roads and population centres had lower overall diversity (P<0·01) and accessed relatively more of their diversity from home production than households closer to market centres (P<0·01). Nutritional diversity was lowest during the growing season when farmers plant and tend crops (P<0·01).

Conclusions

The present analysis demonstrates that the Nutritional Functional Diversity score is an effective indicator for identifying populations with low nutritional diversity and the relative roles that markets, agricultural extension and home production play in achieving nutritional diversity. This information may be used by policy makers to plan agricultural and market-based interventions that support sustainable diets and local food systems.
Recurrent malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumour of the scalp: a case report
Authors: Reddy Lohith G. , Jayakumar Vijetha , Rajan Sudhan , Bilimagga Ramesh S. , Priyadarshini V. , Anbumani Surega
Published: June 2015

Introduction

Proliferating trichilemmal tumour (PTT) is a benign tumour originating from the outer root sheath of a hair follicle. In rare instances, malignant transformation has been reported, evidenced by regional or distant metastases. Malignant transformation of PTT is often confused with squamous cell carcinoma. PTT usually occur as a solitary lesion on the scalp. It was first described as a proliferating epidermoid cyst by Wilson-Jones in 1966.

Case description

A female patient presented with a growing lesion on scalp in the right parietal region. She had already undergone excision for the same 8 months ago. The cyst was surgically removed and scalp was treated with electron therapy using a field dimension of 8×8 cm in 2011. Now, the patient is disease free with good quality of life.

Conclusion

Oncologists can consider electron therapy in management of PTT. This can improve cosmesis and quality of life of these patients.
‘Treatment No Less Favorable’ and the Future of National Treatment Obligation in GATT Article III:4 afterEC–Seal Products
Authors: DU MING
Published: June 2015

The national treatment (NT) obligation embodied in Article III:4 of the GATT 1994 has been long marked by legal indeterminacy. Recently, the WTO Appellate Body has shed some fresh light on how the NT obligation should be interpreted inEC–Seal Products. The Appellate Body's report onEC–Seal Productsand other recent developments in WTO case law have fundamentally reshaped our collective understanding of the NT obligation. The purpose of this article is to take stock of what we have known about the NT obligation in GATT Article III:4 afterEC–Seal Products, as well as identifying some lingering uncertainties. This paper argues that the boundary of the NT obligation in GATT Article III:4 will be largely determined by how the Appellate Body deals with three big issues identified in this article in future disputes.
THE EVANGELICAL MIND IN A SECULAR AGE
Authors: HEDSTROM MATTHEW S.
Published: June 2015

“Secular intellectuals have not been kind to the evangelical mind,” writes historian Molly Worthen in the opening sentence of Apostles of Reason: The Crisis of Authority in American Evangelicalism. Her history of evangelical thought after World War II is an extended effort to understand why. The answers, it turns out, entail not only specific and important critiques of evangelical theology, but also much larger trajectories in the modern intellectual history of the United States. Theology, after all, was once “the queen of the sciences,” the very foundation of all other intellectual labor, and remained central to American academic and intellectual culture well into the nineteenth century. Beginning at least with Thomas Jefferson in the United States, however, main currents in Protestant theology and elite intellectual life began their slow and steady divergence, a process that reached critical mass early in the twentieth century. Nowhere has this divergence been more evident, or created more crisis and drama, than among evangelicals.
A palynological study from Sweden reveals stable terrestrial environments during Late Silurian extreme marine conditions
Authors: Mehlqvist Kristina , Wigforss-Lange Jane , Vajda Vivi
Published: June 2015

A palynological study of the upper Silurian Öved–Ramsåsa Group in Skåne, Sweden yields a well preserved spore assemblage with low relative abundances of marine microfossils. In total, 26 spore taxa represented by 15 genera were identified. The spore assemblage is dominated by long-ranging cryptospore taxa,and the trilete sporeAmbitisporites avitus-dilutus. However, key-species identified includeArtemopyra radiata,Hispanaediscus lamontii,H. major,H. verrucatus,Scylaspora scriptaandSynorisporitescf.libycus. Importantly,Scylaspora klintaensiswas identified, allowing correlation with the Klinta 1 drillcore (Skåne). A Ludlow age is inferred for the exposed succession, which agrees well with previous conodont stratigraphy. The organic residue is dominated by phytodebris and spores, but with high relative abundances of acritarchs at two levels, possibly related to flooding surfaces.

Based on the palynofacies analysis, a near-shore marine environment is proposed. The close proximity to land is inferred by the high proportions of spores, and the dispersed assemblage most likely represents the local flora growing on delta plains. The palynological signal also infers a stable terrestrial environment and vegetation, in contrast to unstable conditions in the marine environment characterised by ooid formation in an evaporitic environment. Comparisons with coeval spore assemblages from Gotland, Avalonia and Laurentia show relatively close similarities in taxonomic composition at the generic level.
Spore assemblages from the Lower Devonian ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ deposits of the Northern Highlands of Scotland: the Berriedale Outlier
Authors: Wellman Charles H.
Published: June 2015

Assemblages of well-preserved dispersed spores have been recovered from the ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ deposits of the Berriedale Outlier in the Northern Highlands of Scotland. They belong to the annulatus–sextantii Spore Assemblage Biozone (AS SAB), in the spore zonation of Richardson & McGregor (1986), indicating an Early Devonian Emsian (but not earliest Emsian or latest Emsian) age. Comparison with the spore zonation of Streel et al. (1987) suggests they may be confined to the annulatus–bellatulus Oppel Zone (AB OZ), further constraining the age to early Emsian. This new biostratigraphical datum provides an age constraint for the onset of ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ sedimentation in the Orcadian Basin and, in particular, northwest of the Great Glen Fault System on the Northern Highlands. In the Orcadian Basin, there is a gap between ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ and ‘Middle Old Red Sandstone’ sedimentation, represented by either unconformity or disconformity, which appears to be variable in duration. In the Berriedale Outlier, it is estimated to represent up to 16 million years, but with an unknown thickness of ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ sequence removed at the unconformity. However, this basin-wide unconformity/disconformity is likely due to minor, local rather than large-scale, regional tectonism, and the evidence suggests little, if any, syn-depositional strike-slip movement along the Great Glen Fault System during Devonian ‘Old Red Sandstone’ deposition. The described spore assemblage is the most diverse AS SAB/AB OZ assemblage described from the British Isles. However, compared to contemporary spore assemblages from elsewhere on the Old Red Sandstone continent, the Scottish material is rather depauperate, with certain key taxa absent. This probably reflects subtle ecological effects, with the Scottish material representing restricted floras of the inland intermontaine basins.
Late Ordovician and early Silurian brachiopods from the Zagros Ranges, Iran
Authors: Ghavidel-Syooki Mohammad , Popov Leonid E. , Pour Mansoureh Ghobadi , Álvaro J. Javier , Ehsani Mohammad H.
Published: June 2015

Brachiopods are among the most common components of the Late Ordovician benthic faunal assemblages recorded in the Faraghan Mountains, Zagros Ranges, Iran. A total of 19 species referable to 16 genera are identified, including seven new species; namely Drabovia elegans, Hibernodonta bonehensis, Hedstroemina zakeenensis, Jezercia faraghani, Protomendacella multicostata, Tafilaltia dargazensis and Tafilaltia seyahouensis. Reported brachiopod assemblages are oligotaxic (2–3 species per assemblage) to monotaxic. The only exception is the medium diversity Aegiromena-Hedstroemina Association, with up to ten species, which occurs at the lower part of the A. nigerica Zone. Low diversity patterns were probably controlled by the palaeogeographical position of the region in high southern latitudes throughout the Ordovician. Paterula sp. and Iranospirifer sp. are the only brachiopods documented from the Silurian (Llandovery) Sarchahan Formation. This paper gives the first detailed report of shelly fossils from the Llandovery ‘hot shale’ of the Arabian margin of Gondwana. Most of the Katian genera, and many of their species, are shared with neighbouring high- to mid-latitude peri-Gondwanan margins, including Morocco, Spain, France, Sardinia and Bohemia.
Radar micro-Doppler of wind turbines: simulation and analysis using rotating linear wire structures
Authors: Krasnov Oleg A. , Yarovoy Alexander G.
Published: June 2015

A simple electromagnetic model of wind-turbine's main structural elements as the linear wired structures is developed to simulate the temporal patterns of observed radar return Doppler spectra (micro-Doppler). Using the model, the micro-Doppler for different combinations of the turbines rotation frequency, radar pulse repetition frequency, and duration of the Doppler measurement interval are analyzed. The model is validated using the PARSAX radar experimental data. The model ability to reproduce the observed Doppler spectra main features can be used for development of signal-processing algorithms to suppress the wind-turbines clutter in modern Doppler radars.
Impact of time misalignment and input signal statistics in dynamically load-modulated amplifiers
Authors: Mimis Konstantinos , Watkins Gavin Tomas
Published: June 2015

The effect of time misalignment between the radiofrequency (RF) input and tunable matching network control signal in dynamically load-modulated power amplifiers (Pas) is investigated in theory and practice. Moreover, the impact of different input signal statistics is considered. A simple amplifier model is used for the study, based on which the impact on output power, efficiency, and linearity is explored with various generic multi-tone signals. Furthermore, to experimentally verify the results, a 10 W dynamically load-modulated RF PA is measured. As expected, proper synchronization of the signals is crucial, especially as channel bandwidth increases. Additionally, it is shown that the input signal characteristics, such as the amplitude distribution, are important. Moreover, the prototype RF PA is measured with a 1.4 MHz long-term evolution (LTE) signal delivering an average output power of 33.9 dBm with 46% efficiency. Finally, high efficiency and linearity is maintained over output power by scaling the drain supply voltage.
A CPW-fed stepped slot UWB antenna for MIMO/diversity applications
Authors: Kumar Raj , Pazare Neha
Published: June 2015

An ultra-wideband (UWB) slot antenna for diversity applications is introduced. The overall structure of the antenna consists of two similar coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed stepped rectangular slots placed in an orthogonal position. The slots are asymmetric with respect to their placement in the ground plane. The CPW feeds are double stepped and terminated on hexagonal patches for better impedance matching. A wide impedance bandwidth (measured) from 3 to 12 GHz with an isolation better than 15 dB is obtained with this antenna. To improve the isolation, the design is modified and an I-shaped slot strip is introduced between the two slot antennas. With this, the isolation is brought about 25 dB of most of the band, while the impedance bandwidth remains the same (2.8–12 GHz for port 1, measured and 2.9–12 GHz for port 2, measured). The far-field radiation patterns are also measured and a peak gain of about 5 dBi is obtained. Finally, the diversity parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient and capacity loss are calculated and found to have low values. The antenna is expected to be useful for UWB diversity applications with good isolation.
A multi-mode resonator-based UWB bandpass filter with wide stopband
Authors: Zhang Ting , Xiao Fei , Tang Xiaohong , Guo Lei
Published: June 2015

In this paper, a novel multi-mode resonator is presented, which is formed by cascading several open-circuited transmission line sections with a coupled-line section. Owing to its symmetry, even- and odd-mode analysis methods are applied to analyze its resonance characteristic. Based on this resonator, a microstrip ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) bandpass filter is designed, fabricated, and measured. The simulated and measured results show that its bandwidth can cover the desired UWB. Return loss in passband is better than −14 dB. This filter is featured by good selectivity and wide stopband. Stopband suppression as low as −40 dB can be achieved within frequency range from 12 to 16 GHz.
Global Mental Health: concepts, conflicts and controversies
Authors: Whitley Rob
Published: June 2015

This paper introduces, describes and analyses the emerging concept of Global Mental Health (GMH). The birth of GMH can be traced to London, 2007, with the publication of a series of high-profile papers inThe Lancet. Since then, GMH has developed into a movement with proponents, adherents, opponents, an ideology and core activities. The stated aims of the Movement for GMH are ‘to improve services for people living with mental health problems and psychosocial disabilities worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries where effective services are often scarce’. GMH could be considered an attempt to right a historic wrong. During the colonial and post-colonial eras, the mental health of subject populations was accorded a very low priority. This was fuelled by scientific racism, which alleged that mental illness was uncommon in places such as Africa. As developing nations have made the epidemiological transition, the burden of mental illness has proportionately increased, with research suggesting a massive ‘treatment gap’ between those in need and those actually receiving formal mental health care. As such, much GMH research and action has been devoted to: (i) the identification and scale-up of cost-effective evidence-supported interventions that could be made more widely available; (ii) task-shifting of such intervention delivery to mental-health trained non-specialist Lay Health Workers. GMH has come under sustained critique. Critics suggest that GMH is colonial medicine come full circle, involving the top-down imposition of Western psychiatric models and solutions by Western-educated elites. These critiques suggest that GMH ignores the various indigenous modalities of healing present in non-Western cultures, which may be psychologically adaptive and curative. Relatedly, critics argue that GMH could be an unwitting Trojan horse for the mass medicalisation of people in developing countries, paving the way for exploitation by Big Pharma, while ignoring social determinants of health.
Mental disorder and long-term risk of mortality: 41 years of follow-up of a population sample in Stockholm, Sweden
Authors: Lundin A. , Modig K. , Halldin J. , Carlsson A. C. , Wändell P. , Theobald H.
Published: June 2015

Background.

An increased mortality risk associated with mental disorder has been reported for patients, but there are few studies are based on random samples with interview-based psychiatric diagnoses. Part of the increased mortality for those with mental disorder may be attributable to worse somatic health or hazardous health behaviour – consequences of the disorder – but somatic health information is commonly lacking in psychiatric samples. This study aims to examine long-term mortality risk for psychiatric diagnoses in a general population sample and to assess mediation by somatic ill health and hazardous health behaviour.

Method.

We used a double-phase stratified random sample of individuals aged 18–65 in Stockholm County 1970–1971 linked to vital records. First phase sample was 32 186 individuals screened with postal questionnaire and second phase was 1896 individuals (920 men and 976 women) that participated in a full-day examination (participation rate 88%). Baseline examination included both a semi-structured interview with a psychiatrist, with mental disorders set according to the 8th version of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-8), and clinical somatic examination, including measures of body composition (BMI), hypertension, fasting blood glucose, pulmonary function and self-reported tobacco smoking. Information on vital status was obtained from the Total Population Register for the years 1970–2011. Associations with mortality were studied with Cox proportional hazard analyses.

Results.

A total of 883 deaths occurred among the participants during the 41-year follow-up. Increased mortality rates were found for ICD-8 functional psychoses (hazard ratio, HR = 2.22, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.15–4.30); psycho-organic symptoms (HR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.31–2.87); depressive neuroses (HR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.23–2.39); alcohol use disorder (HR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.40–2.61); drug dependence (HR = 3.71, 95% CI: 1.80–7.65) and psychopathy (HR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.02–8.16). Non-participants (n= 349) had mortality rates similar to participants (HR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.81–1.18). In subgroup analyses of those with psychoses, depression or alcohol use disorder, adjusting for the potential mediators smoking and pulmonary function, showed only slight changes in the HRs.

Conclusions.

This study confirms the increased risk of mortality for several psychiatric diagnoses in follow-up studies on American, Finnish and Swedish population-based samples. Only a small part of the increased mortality hazard was attributable to differences in somatic health or hazardous health behaviour measured at baseline.
Neuropsychology in the Real World
Authors: Peper Martin , Loeffler Simone N.
Published: June 2015

Current ambulatory technologies are highly relevant for neuropsychological assessment and treatment as they provide a gateway to real life data. Ambulatory assessment of cognitive complaints, skills and emotional states in natural contexts provides information that has a greater ecological validity than traditional assessment approaches. This issue presents an overview of current technological and methodological innovations, opportunities, problems and limitations of these methods designed for the context-sensitive measurement of cognitive, emotional and behavioral function. The usefulness of selected ambulatory approaches is demonstrated and their relevance for an ecologically valid neuropsychology is highlighted.
Ambulatory Assessment in Neuropsychology
Authors: Schlotz Wolff , Powell Daniel J. H.
Published: June 2015

Neuropsychological disorders involve a variety of symptoms that often lead to substantial functional impairments in daily life. Research, assessment, and treatment should include a reference to daily life, considering symptoms, personality, and life circumstances of the individual patient. Ambulatory assessment methodology provides progress by avoiding retrospective memory-based bias, increasing ecological validity, and by generating individual time series that permit idiographic analysis. Using multiple sclerosis as an example, we illustrate new findings generated by ambulatory assessment studies in the areas of fatigue, stress and cognitive functions, and we demonstrate future opportunities presented by ambulatory assessment methodology to research and clinical practice with multiple sclerosis patients.
Recent Developments of Ambulatory Assessment Methods
Authors: Hey Stefan , Anastasopoulou Panagiota , Bideaux André , Stork Wilhelm
Published: June 2015

Ambulatory assessment of emotional states as well as psychophysiological, cognitive and behavioral reactions constitutes an approach, which is increasingly being used in psychological research. Due to new developments in the field of information and communication technologies and an improved application of mobile physiological sensors, various new systems have been introduced. Methods of experience sampling allow to assess dynamic changes of subjective evaluations in real time and new sensor technologies permit a measurement of physiological responses. In addition, new technologies facilitate the interactive assessment of subjective, physiological, and behavioral data in real-time. Here, we describe these recent developments from the perspective of engineering science and discuss potential applications in the field of neuropsychology.
Psychotherapie unter gesundheitsökonomischem Aspekt
Authors: Baltensperger Claudia , Grawe Klaus
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung.Theoretischer Hintergrund: Patienten mit psychischen Störungen werden in unserem Gesundheitswesen häufig gar nicht oder zu lange inadäquat behandelt. Ein vermehrter Einsatz indizierter Psychotherapie könnte die unzureichende Versorgungslage im Bereich der psychischen Störungen erheblich verbessern, aber in Zeiten der Kostenexplosion im Gesundheitswesen wird kurzfristige Wirtschaftlichkeit höher gewertet als Wirksamkeit. Fragestellung: Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse des Einsatzes von Psychotherapie im Vergleich zu medizinischen Maßnahmen. Methode: Sekundäranalyse von 124 Kosten-Nutzen-Studien. Ergebnisse: Die Studien zeigen, dass Psychotherapie im Vergleich zu routinemäßig eingesetzten medizinischen Behandlungsmassnahmen nicht nur wirksamer, sondern auch kostengünstiger ist. Die zu erzielenden medizinischen und volkswirtschaftlichen Einsparungen übersteigen die Kosten für einen vermehrten Einsatz von Psychotherapie bei weitem. Schlußfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse werden bezüglich Fehlversorgung, Chronifizierung und Gesundheitsökonomie sowie der Diskrepanz zwischen dem potentiellen und dem bislang ausgeschöpften gesamtgesellschaftlichen Nutzen der Psychotherapie diskutiert.
Gibt es geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren in der Vorhersage depressiver Symptome im Jugendalter?
Authors: Seiffge-Krenke Inge , Klessinger Nicolai
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung.Theoretischer Hintergrund: Neuere Forschungsergebnisse belegen, dass weibliche Jugendliche in der frühen und mittleren Adoleszenz höhere Depressionsraten aufweisen als männliche. Dabei werden sowohl ähnliche als auch unterschiedliche Risikofaktoren für beide Geschlechter diskutiert. Fragestellung: Die vorliegende Längsschnittstudie untersucht die Spezifität von Risikofaktoren bzw. eine Zunahme spezifischer Risikofaktoren in Abhängigkeit vom Geschlecht der Jugendlichen. Methode: 107 Jugendliche und deren Mütter nahmen an vier jährlichen Erhebungen teil, in denen die Einflüsse von körperlicher Reife, negativem Körperbild, niedrigem Selbstwert, verschiedenen Arten von Stressoren, Beziehungskonflikten und vermeidendem Coping auf die Entwicklung depressiver Symptome analysiert wurden. Ergebnisse: Nach Kontrolle der Effekte depressiver Symptome früherer Messzeitpunkte und des Reifestatus zeigten die Ergebnisse multipler Regressionen mit Prädiktoren aus der frühen und mittleren Adoleszenz, dass bei beiden Geschlechtern vermeidendes Coping in der frühen und mittleren Adoleszenz substantiell zur Erklärung depressiver Symptome in der späten Adoleszenz beitrug; der Beitrag des negativen Körperkonzepts zur Vorhersage depressiver Symptome war gering. Schlußfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse sprechen eher für ähnliche Risikofaktoren bei beiden Geschlechtern; bei weiblichen Jugendlichen wurde allerdings ein stärkerer und langanhaltender Einfluß von schulspezifischen Stressoren aus der Frühadoleszenz auf depressive Symptome in der Spätadoleszenz gefunden.
Postnatale und später auftretende Depressionen bei Müttern: Prävalenz und Zusammenhänge mit obstetrischen, soziodemographischen sowie psychosozialen Faktoren
Authors: Kurstjens Sophie , Wolke Dieter
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung.Theoretischer Hintergrund: Es ist umstritten ob sich postnatale gegenüber zu anderen Zeiten auftretenden Depressionen bei Frauen hinsichtlich der Prävalenz und Bedingungsfaktoren unterscheiden. Fragestellung: Unterscheiden sich postnatale von später auftretenden Depressionen hinsichtlich Praevalenz und bedingenden Faktoren? Methode: Prospektive Langzeitstudie von 1329 Müttern und ihren Kindern von der Geburt bis zum 7. Lebensjahr. Ergebnisse: Nach DSM-IV-Kriterien entwickelten 3.3% der Mütter eine postnatale Depression und weitere 3.6% eine Depression zwischen dem 2. und 7. Lebensjahr des Kindes. Obstetrische Belastungen zeigten nur dann Zusammenhänge mit postnataler Depression wenn Frauen eine psychiatrische Vorgeschichte hatten und das Neugeborene neonataler Intensivversorgung bedurfte. Psychosoziale und familiäre Belastungen zeigten deutliche Zusammenhänge mit dem Auftreten von Depression. Postnatal und später auftretende Depression wurden am besten durch eine Vorgeschichte depressiver Erkrankung erklärt. Schlußfolgerungen: Postnatale und später auftretende Depression unterscheiden sich kaum hinsichtlich der Schwere oder der psychosozialen Bedingungsfaktoren.
Das Spektrum manisch-depressiver Störungen in den Zeitschriftenpublikationen der letzten 20 Jahre
Authors: Meyer Thomas D.
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Obwohl die bipolare Störung etwa so häufig wie die Schizophrenie vorkommt, scheint sie weniger Beachtung zu finden. Fragestellung: Die Arbeit prüft, ob die bipolare Störung in Zeitschriftenbeiträgen der letzen 20 Jahre unterrepräsentiert ist. Methode: Die Jahrgänge von 1980 bis 1999 von drei Fachzeitschriften wurden im Hinblick auf die Häufigkeit von Beiträgen zur “unipolaren Depression“, “bipolaren Störung“ und “Schizophrenie“ ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Bipolare Störungen kommen in Zeitschriftenpublikationen mit einer Häufigkeit von 3.9% signifikant seltener vor als “unipolare Depressionen“ oder “Schizophrenie“. Außerdem zeigt sich ein differentielles Muster in Abhängigkeit davon, ob es sich um eine psychiatrische oder klinisch-psychologische Fachzeitschrift handelte. Schlußfolgerungen: Auch bei einer Auswahl an Fachzeitschriften zeigen die Ergebnisse dennoch, daß die Forschung sich bislang nur wenig um diese Patientengruppe gekümmert hat.
Zur Bedeutung von Gedächtnisprozessen für das Verständnis von Kontrollzwängen
Authors: Ecker Willi
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung.Theoretischer Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Menschen mit Kontrollzwängen berichten häufig, daß Gedächtnisbeeinträchtigungen zu ihrer Symptomatik beitragen. Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über neuere Studien zum verbalen, visuellen und Handlungsgedächtnis bei Menschen mit Zwangsstörungen und evaluiert sie im Hinblick auf ihre Bedeutung für das Verständnis von Kontrollzwängen. Methode: Es handelt sich um eine Übersichtsarbeit mit detaillierter Analyse und kritischer Diskussion dieser Studien. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt ist von wahrscheinlich intakten verbalen und relativ konsistent beeinträchtigten visuellen Gedächtnisleistungen auszugehen. Die Befundlage zum Handlungsgedächtnis (Free Recall, Rekognition, Reality Monitor-ing, Vertrauen ins eigene Gedächtnisurteil) ist uneinheitlich. Schlußfolgerungen: Die Wichtigkeit ökologischer Validität durch “Phänomennähe“ bei der Konstruktion experimenteller Aufgaben und theoretischer Ansätze zum besseren Verständnis der Unzufriedenheit von ZwangspatientInnen mit ihrem Erinnerungserleben wird hervorgehoben.
Seeliche Gesundheit junger Erwachsener in Mannheim und Rostock
Authors: Kruse Joachim , Meyer-Probst Bernhard , Reis Olaf , Esser Günter , Ihle Wolfgang
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung.Theoretischer Hintergrund: Seelische Gesundheit hat im Rahmen der Salutogenese eine zentrale Stellung. Es fehlen längsschnittliche Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung Seelischer Gesundheit (SG). Fragestellung: Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Selbst- und Fremdeinschätzung sowie auf Unterschiede zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland hinsichtlich Ausprägung und Genese Seelischer Gesundheit. Methode: Im Rahmen zweier prospektiver Längsschnittstudien in Rostock und Mannheim wurden 525 25jährige Probanden untersucht. SG wurde über Fragebögen und klinische Expertenurteile abgebildet. Ergebnisse: Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Selbst- und Fremdurteil sind substantiell. SG ist in Rostock höher als in Mannheim, die der Frauen größer als die der Männer. Bei der Vorhersage von SG waren kurzfristige Entwicklungseinflüsse bedeutender als langfristige. Schlußfolgerung: Geschlechts- und soziopolitische Unterschiede müssen berücksichtigt werden. Trotz größerer Bedeutung akuter Faktoren wirken manche Risiken über 25 Jahre.
Vergleichende Psychopathologie von stationär behandelten “Pathologischen Glücksspielern“
Authors: Petry Jörg
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung.Theoretischer Hintergrund: Nach einem psychopathologischen Vulnerabilitätsmodell sollten “Pathologische Glücksspieler“ eine schwere Selbstwertproblematik, eine Tendenz zu selbst- und fremdtäuschenden Abwehrmechanismen und eine verminderte Impulskontrolle aufweisen. Fragestellung: Welche Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede bestehen zwischen Untergruppen von “Pathologischen Glücksspielern“, Alkoholabhängigen und psychosomatisch Erkrankten. Methode: Zur Überprüfung dieser Annahmen wurde eine Stichprobe von 48 “Pathologischen Glücksspielern“ mit 48 Alkoholikern und 48 psychosomatischen Patienten, die hinsichtlich Alter, Geschlecht, Bildungsstand und Erwerbsstatus parallelisiert wurden, verglichen. Ergebnisse: Dabei zeigte sich, daß die “Pathologischen Glücksspieler“ sowohl ein zentrales Merkmal der psychosomatisch Erkrankten (Depressivität) als auch ein wesentliches Merkmal der Alkoholkranken (verminderte Impulskontrolle) aufweisen. Typologisch lassen sich die “Pathologischen Glücksspieler“ in einen narzißtisch-persönlichkeitsgestörten Typ und einen depressiv-neurotischen Typ unterteilen. Dabei ähnelt der narzißtisch-gestörte Typ einer Untergruppe von Alkoholikern mit selbstunsicherer Persönlichkeitsstörung und der neurotisch-depressive Typ einer Untergruppe depressiv-psychosomatischer Patienten. Schlußfolgerung: Bezogen auf den mehrheitlichen narzißtischen Typ konnte das Vulnerabilitätskonzept bestätigt werden. Pathologisches Glücksspielen scheint eine schwere und eigenständige Erkrankung zu sein.
Einfluß symptombezogener vs. ablenkender Aufmerksamkeit auf die Problemorientierung subklinisch Depressiver in interpersonalen Situationen
Authors: Schilling Lars , Spies Kordelia
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung.Theoretischer Hintergrund: Aspekte der Problemorientierung depressiver Personen gegenüber interpersonalen Problemsituationen wurden vor dem Hintergrund des Prozeßmodells von Nezu, Nezu und Perri (1989) und unter Bezugnahme auf den Reaktionsstil-Ansatz von Nolen-Hoeksema (1991) untersucht. Fragestellung: Es wurde die Annahme überprüft, daß die bei depressiven Probanden zu erwartenden Defizite in der Problemorientierung insbesondere bei ruminierendem Aufmerksamkeitsfokus auftreten und durch einen ablenkenden Aufmerksamkeitsfokus abgemildert werden können. Methode: Bei jeweils der Hälfte der subklinisch depressiven (n = 30) bzw. nicht depressiven Probanden (n = 40) wurde ein ruminierender bzw. ablenkender Aufmerksamkeitsfokus induziert. Die Probanden wurden dann aufgefordert, sich in fünf aversive/mehrdeutige interpersonale Problemsituationen hineinzuversetzen. Für jede Problemsituation wurden verschiedene Aspekte der Problemorientierung anhand eines Fragebogens erfaßt. Ergebnisse: Für Problemattribution, Problembewertung, Kontrollerwartung und Annäherungstendenz, nicht aber für subjektive Wichtigkeit, Kontrollierbarkeitserwartung und Vermeidenstendenz zeigten sich die erwarteten Unterschiede zwischen subklinisch depressiven und nicht depressiven Probanden. Entgegen den Annahmen von Nolen-Hoeksema (1991) veränderten sich die Ergebnisse nicht in Abhängigkeit von der Art der Aufmerksamkeitsfokussierung. Schlußfolgerungen: Es zeigten sich die erwarteten Defizite in der Problemorientierung depressiver Probanden. Daß sich die Ergebnisse nicht in Abhängigkeit vom induzierten Aufmerksamkeitsfokus verändern, wird u.a. darauf zurückgeführt, daß es sich bei ruminierender vs. ablenkender Aufmerksamkeitsfokussierung möglicherweise eher um habituelle Reaktionsstile handelt, die nur schwer durch kurzfristige experimentelle Manipulationen zu verändern sind.
Erste Ergebnisse zur prädiktiven Validität der Skala Hypomane Persönlichkeit - 3 Jahre später
Authors: Meyer Thomas D. , Salkow Katja , Hautzinger Martin
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung.Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Skala Hypomane Persönlichkeit (Hyp) von Eckblad und Chapman wird als möglicher Risikofaktor für affektive Störungen diskutiert. Fragestellung: Ziel der Studie ist, erste Ergebnisse zur prädiktiven Validität der deutschen Fassung der Skala vorzustellen. Methode: In einer Gruppe junger Erwachsener wurde die deutsche Version 1994 erstmals evaluiert, und drei Jahre später wurde den Probanden ein Fragebogen zugeschickt, um zu prüfen, ob diese Skala spätere Depressivität, Ängstlichkeit und andere Faktoren (z.B. Streß) vorhersagt. 148 von 289 Personen (51,2 %) füllten den Katamnesefragebogen aus. Ergebnisse: Die per Mediansplitting gebildete “hypomane“ Risikogruppe berichtete drei Jahre später vermehrt depressive Symptome, aber dies galt nicht für Ängstlichkeit. Außerdem tendierten sie im Vergleich dazu, seltener in festen Partnerschaften zu leben und mehr Stressoren anzugeben. Schlußfolgerung: Zwar schränken einige methodische Punkte die Generalisierbarkeit der Ergebnisse ein, aber insgesamt sprechen die Befunde für die Validität der Skala Hyp.
Die deutsche Version der Modified PTSD Symptom Scale (MPSS): Erste psychometrische Befunde zu einem Screeningverfahren für posttraumatische Symptomatik
Authors: Spitzer Carsten , Abraham Gerit , Reschke Konrad , Freyberger Harald J.
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Bisherige Selbstbeurteilungsinstrumente zur Abbildung posttraumatischer Belastungsstörungen (PTSD) berücksichtigen häufig den Symptomschweregrad nicht; außerdem setzen sie voraus, daß das Trauma bekannt sein muß. Fragestellung: Wir untersuchten die psychometrischen Eigenschaften eines Screeningverfahrens, das unabhängig von einem bekannten Trauma auch die Symptomintensität erfaßt. Methode: Die Modified PTSD Symptom Scale (MPSS) wurde bei 103 stationär psychiatrischen Patienten eingesetzt, die auch mit einem standardisierten Interview (DIA-X) untersucht wurden. Ergebnisse: Die Werte für Cronbachs Alpha lagen zwischen .88 und .94. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen MPSS-Verdachts- und DIA-X-Diagnosen lag zwischen 65% und 82%. Die innere Konsistenz ähnelt denen anderer Verfahren. Schlußfolgerungen: Für den klinischen Kontext erweist sich die MPSS dadurch vorteilhaft, daß sie die PTSD-Symptomatologie unabhängig von einem bekannten Trauma in ihrer Häufigkeit und ihrem Schweregrad erfaßt.
Das State-Trait-Ärgerausdrucks-Inventar (STAXI) in der klinischen Anwendung: Reliabilität und faktorielle Validität
Authors: Müller Christian , Bongard Stephan , Heiligtag Ulrich , Hodapp Volker
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Ärger und Ärgerverarbeitungsprozesse werden häufig im Zusammenhang mit unterschiedlichen psychischen und psychosomatischen Störungsbildern diskutiert. Fragestellung: Es sollten die psychometrischen Eigenschaften des State-Trait-Ärgerausdrucks-Inventar (STAXI) an einer großen klinischen Stichprobe überprüft werden. Weiterhin sollte untersucht werden, inwiefern sich Patientengruppen unterschiedlicher Diagnosen hinsichtlich ihrer Ärgerneigung und ihres Ärgerausdrucksstils von der Normpopulation und untereinander unterscheiden. Methode: Das STAXI wurde von Patienten im Rahmen von routinemäßigen Untersuchungen zu Beginn eines Klinikaufenthaltes ausgefüllt. Für alle Patienten lagen Diagnosen nach ICD-9 vor. Die Patientendaten wurden einer Reliabilitätsanalyse sowie einer Konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalyse unterzogen. Ergebnisse: Die Analysen belegen die Zuverlässigkeit und Gültigkeit des STAXI auch für klinische Stichproben. Weiterhin zeigte sich, dass alle 13 untersuchten Störungsbilder in den Skalen Trait-Anger und Anger-in im Vergleich zu den Testnormen überdurchschnittliche Werte aufwiesen. Der Vergleich der Diagnosen untereinander ergab in allen untersuchten Variablen nur geringe Unterschiede zwischen den Störungsbildern. Schlußfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse deuten auf einen unspezifischen Zusammenhang zwischen hoher Ärgerdisposition, Ärgerunterdrückung und psychischen Störungen hin.