bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of rotifer trophic state indices to show the effect of hydrobionts and nutrients on water trophic status in mesocosms
Authors: Ejsmont-Karabin Jolanta , Feniova Irina , Kostrzewska-Szlakowska Iwona , Rzepecki Marek , Petrosyan Varos G. , Dzialowski Andrew R.
Published: July 2020

We have determined how Crustacea, zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), fish and nutrients affect the trophic state in mesocosms filled with water collected from the pelagic zone of a eutrophic lake. We hypothesized that the pool of nutrients would increase both directly due to the input of phosphorus and nitrogen and/or indirectly due to the introduction of animal biomass. We used trophic state indices based on the abundance and species structure of rotifers to assess changes in the trophic state in mesocosms. The role of small detritophages in rotifer communities increased as a result of treatments. Our results clearly demonstrated that D. polymorpha was able to reduce the trophic status of mesocosm waters as indicated by reduced rotifer trophic state indices regardless of interactions with other treatment factors. Contrary to our expectations, neither the nutrients added at the beginning of the experiment nor the introduction of crustaceans or fish affected the rotifer trophic indices.
Combination of nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes for organic hybrid thermoelectrics
Authors: Toshima Naoki , Shiraishi Yukihide
Published: July 2020

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are usually very expensive, but inexpensive CNTs have been mass-produced by a super-growth (SG) method. The SG-CNTs, however, have many defects resulting in a low conductivity, which is a disadvantage of the SG-CNTs. We discovered that even the defective SG-CNTs can provide a good thermoelectric performance by forming ternary hybrid films made of the SG-CNTs, nanoparticles (NPs) of a conducting polymer complex, poly(nickel 1,1,2,2-ethenetetrathiolate) (PETT) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The good thermoelectric performance of the ternary film (PETT-NP/SG-CNT/PVC) was possibly attributed to the defect repair effect in addition to the bridging effect of the PETT-NPs among the CNTs. In order to confirm this new concept, we attempted the deposition of metal NPs at the defects of the SG-CNTs. We initially made a physical mixture of palladium (Pd) NPs and the SG-CNTs in dispersions to cover the SG-CNT defects with the Pd-NPs. The obtained films showed only a slight improvement in electrical conductivity. Chemical reduction of the Pd ions in the dispersion of the SG-CNTs, on the other hand, provided hybrids with an enhanced electrical conductivity, thus, use as thermoelectric materials. The thermoelectric figure-of-merit was estimated to be ∼0.3, which is a relatively high value for organic hybrid materials.
Particular kinetic patterns of heavy oil feedstock hydroconversion in the presence of dispersed nanosize MoS2
Authors: Maximov Anton L. , Kadiev Khusain M. , Zekel Leonid A. , Gyul’maliev Agadjan M. , Kadieva Malkan Kh.
Published: July 2020

A kinetic model of the heavy oil feedstock hydroconversion performed in continuous flow reactor in the presence of in-situ synthesized dispersed nanosize catalyst Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been proposed. The kinetic parameters of heavy oil feedstock with different properties have been determined for the two process versions: with coke formation and without appreciable coke formation. It has been stated that hydroconversion in the presence of in-situ synthesized dispersed MoS2 (C(Mo) = 0.05% wt. (per feed)) corresponds to a first-order reaction for all studied feedstock samples. The rate and activation energy constants have been determined. It has been shown that the conditions of polycondensation products (coke) formation result in increasing process rate and decreasing activation energy.
Swelling behavior and mechanical properties of Chitosan-Poly(N-vinyl-pyrrolidone) hydrogels
Authors: Budianto Emil , Amalia Annissa
Published: July 2020

In this research, three modified chitosan-based hydrogels are synthesized, i.e., a crosslinked chitosan hydrogel and semi- and fully-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) chitosan hydrogels fabricated using poly(N-vinyl-pyrrolidone). A non-modified chitosan hydrogel was also synthesized as a control. These samples were compared regarding their swelling behavior and mechanical properties. The hydrogels were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis and microscopy observations. The effect of crosslinking on the swelling capacity and on the swelling kinetics were evaluated in distilled water, simulated gastric fluid (SGF), and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) at 37 °C, and the data were interpreted using various kinetic models. Finally, the mechanical properties were evaluated based on the tensile strength using a universal tensile testing machine. The results revealed that the swelling process conformed to the Schott model (pseudo-second-order kinetics), with Fickian diffusion as the diffusion mechanism type. The hydrogels all showed similar trends in their swelling kinetics. However, the full-IPN hydrogel exhibited the lowest equilibrium swelling capacity and the highest swelling rate. The mechanical test results indicate that the crosslinking model affects the resulting tensile strength.
Colorants in building materials
Authors: Pfaff Gerhard
Published: July 2020

This review article is a summary of the current knowledge on colorants in building materials, respectively, construction materials. Building materials belong as well as paints, coatings, plastics, printing inks, and cosmetic formulations to the most important application systems for colorants. The only relevant colorants used in building materials are inorganic pigments. These have to meet high demands with regard to color and stability in the application system, especially in concretes. Different processing methods are used for coloring of cement, respectively, concrete. The coloring processes need to be coordinated in accordance with the steps of the processing leading to the final building materials.
Effect of PM characterization on PM oxidative potential by acellular assays: a review
Authors: Guo Huibin , Jin Lei , Huang Sijing
Published: July 2020

The health risks brought by particles cannot be present via a sole parameter. Instead, the particulate matter oxidative potential (PM OP), which expresses combined redox properties of particles, is used as an integrated metric to assess associated hazards and particle-induced health effects. OP definition provides the capacity of PM toward target oxidation. The latest technologies of a cellular OP measurement has been growing in relevant studies. In this review, OP measurement techniques are focused on discussing along with PM characterization because of many related studies via OP measurements investigating relationship with human health. Many OP measurement methods, such as dithiothreitol (DTT), ascorbic acid (AA), glutathione (GSH) assay and other a cellular assays, are used to study the association between PM toxicity and PM characterization that make different responses, including PM components, size and sources. Briefly, AA and DTT assays are sensitive to metals (such as copper, manganese and iron etc.) and organics (quinones, VOCs and PAH). Measured OP have significant association with certain PM-related end points, for example, lung cancer, COPD and asthma. Literature has found that exposure to measured OP has higher risk ratios than sole PM mass, which may be containing the PM health-relevant fraction. PM characterization effect on health via OP measurement display a promising method.
Chemical mixtures and neurobehavior: a review of epidemiologic findings and future directions
Authors: Vuong Ann M. , Yolton Kimberly , Braun Joseph M. , Lanphear Bruce P. , Chen Aimin
Published: July 2020

Background

Epidemiological studies have historically focused on single toxicants, or toxic chemicals, and neurodevelopment, even though the interactions of chemicals and nutrients may result in additive, synergistic, antagonistic, or potentiating effects on neurological endpoints. Investigating the impact of environmentally-relevant chemical mixtures, including heavy metals and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), is more reflective of human exposures and may result in more refined environmental policies to protect the public.

Objective

In this review, we provide a summary of epidemiological studies that have analyzed chemical mixtures of heavy metals and EDCs and neurobehavior utilizing multi-chemical models, including frequentist and Bayesian methods.

Content

Studies investigating chemicals and neurobehavior have the opportunity to not only examine the impact of chemical mixtures, but they can also identify chemicals from a mixture that may play a key role in neurotoxicity, investigate interactive effects, estimate non-linear dose response, and identify potential windows of susceptibility. The examination of neurobehavioral domains is particularly challenging given that traits emerge and change over time and subclinical nuances of neurobehavior are often unrecognized. To date, only a handful of epidemiological studies examining neurodevelopment have utilized multi-pollutant models in the investigation of heavy metals and EDCs. However, these studies were successful in identifying contaminants of importance from the exposure mixtures.

Summary and Outlook

Investigators are encouraged to broaden their focus to include more environmentally relevant mixtures of chemicals using advanced statistical approaches, particularly to aid in identifying potential mechanisms underlying associations.
GABAergic and glutamatergic effects on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine release in the rat
Authors: Nikolaus Susanne , Beu Markus , Wittsack Hans-Jörg , Müller-Lutz Anja , Antke Christina , Hautzel Hubertus , Mori Yuriko , Mamlins Eduards , Antoch Gerald , Müller Hans-Wilhelm
Published: July 2020

In this review, a series of experiments is presented, in which γ-amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamatergic effects on dopamine function in the rat nigrostriatal and mesolimbic system was systematically assessed after pharmacological challenge with GABAA receptor (R) and and N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA)R agonists and antagonists. In these studies, [123I]iodobenzamide binding to the D2/3R was mesured in nucleus accumbens (NAC), caudateputamen (CP), substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA), frontal (FC), motor (MC) and parietal cortex (PC) as well as anterior (aHIPP) and posterior hippocampus (pHIPP) with small animal SPECT in baseline and after injection of either the GABAAR agonist muscimol (1 mg/kg), the GABAAR antagonist bicuculline (1 mg/kg), the NMDAR agonist d-cycloserine (20 mg/kg) or the NMDAR antagonist amantadine (40 mg/kg). Muscimol reduced D2/3R binding in NAC, CP, SN/VTA, THAL and pHIPP, while, after amantadine, decreases were confined to NAC, CP and THAL. In contrast, d-cycloserine elevated D2/3R binding in NAC, SN/VTA, THAL, frontal cortex, motor cortex, PC, aHIPP and pHIPP, while, after bicuculline, increases were confined to CP and THAL. Taken together, similar actions on regional dopamine levels were exterted by the GABAAR agonist and the NMDAR antagonist on the one side and by the GABAAR antagonist and the NMDAR agonist on the other, with agonistic action, however, affecting more brain regions. Thereby, network analysis suggests different roles of GABAARs and NMDARs in the mediation of nigrostriatal, nigrothalamocortical and mesolimbocortical dopamine function.
Can insights from placebo and nocebo mechanisms studies improve the randomized controlled trial?
Authors: Vase Lene
Published: July 2020

Background and aims

The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is currently facing several challenges, one of these being that the placebo response appears to be increasing in RCTs, thereby making it difficult to demonstrate an effect of potentially new treatments over placebo. This problem has primarily been approached by predicting the magnitude of the placebo response via stable factors, such as demographic variables, and/or by developing complex designs aimed at reducing the placebo response in the hope that it will improve the test of the active treatment. Yet, the success of this approach has so far been limited.

Methods

A new approach toward improving the RCT is put forward based on placebo and nocebo mechanism studies, i.e. studies that investigate the mechanisms underlying placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia. In a series of meta-analyses the magnitude of placebo and nocebo effects were determined. Experimental studies across nociplastic and neuropathic pain conditions and across pharmacological and acupuncture treatments investigated psychological and neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects. The obtained results were used to make approximations of expectations to see if that could predict the placebo response in RCTs and function as a new way of tapping into the placebo component of treatment effects.

Results

The magnitude of placebo and nocebo effects is large and highly variable. Placebo effects exist across chronic pain conditions with varying degrees of known etiology as well as across pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. Patients’ perception of the treatment, the verbal suggestions given for pain relief, and the patients’ expectations toward pain relief contribute to the magnitude of the placebo effect and to pain relief following placebo interventions. Also, unintentional unblinding and patients’ perception of a treatment markedly influence the treatment outcome. By making approximations of expectations toward treatment effects it was possible to predict the magnitude of the placebo response in RCTs.

Conclusions and implications

The new approach of tapping into or directly asking patients about their perception and expectations toward a treatment, along with the account of the natural history of pain, has the potential to improve the information that can be obtained from RCTs. Thus, by interfacing insights from placebo and nocebo mechanism studies, it may be possible to enhance the information that can be obtained from RCTs and to account for a large part of the variability in the placebo component of the overall treatment effect. This approach has the potential to improve the scientific evaluation of treatments, as well as to illustrate how the effect of treatments can be optimized in clinical practice, which is the crux of evidence-based medicine.
Reue als nützliche Selbstentmächtigung
Authors: Boothe Brigitte
Published: July 2020

Opfer von Traumatisierungen sind der Fremdbemächtigung preisgegeben und massiven Beeinträchtigungen ihrer körperlichen, seelischen und sozialen Integrität ausgesetzt. Langfristig gehört zur – häufig nur partiell erfolgreichen – Bewältigung auch die Exploration und Einschätzung des destruktiven Geschehens aus neuer Perspektive im Hier und Jetzt. Personen, die als schädigende oder maligne Akteure wirksam geworden sind, vergewissern sich einer Position der Stärke und immunisieren sich häufig gegen eine nachträgliche Infragestellung eigenen Handelns oder Unterlassens, allerdings auf Kosten der Realitätsprüfung, der Empathie, der Beziehungsintelligenz und Beziehungssensibilität. Wird dennoch eine nachträgliche Auseinandersetzung mit negativen Aspekten des eigenen Handelns möglich, entsteht in der Reue zunächst eine radikale Suspension der Position der Stärke, die als existenziell krisenhaft und verstörend erfahrbar wird, die aber zu einer tiefgehenden Umgestaltung des Selbst- und Weltverhältnisses führen kann.
From Choral to Monodic Hymns: Some Evidence from theHomeric Hymns
Authors: Strolonga Polyxeni
Published: July 2020

This paper investigates internal evidence from the Homeric Hymns in order to trace the development from choral to monodic hymns. A study of the words humneo and humnos and the analysis of the embedded choral theogonic songs in the corpus of the Homeric Hymns show that women’s choral songs about gods are always identified as hymns, while the monodic theogonies, which are described in this corpus, are not identified as such. This division between choral and monodic hymns, reflected to some extent in the diction, is reconciled in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, in which the poet, representing a different genre, addresses and praises the Delian Maidens – the choral singers par excellence. As the Homeric Hymns evolve from cultic, choral hymns, they turn the local praise of gods into panhellenic encomia. Such transition is also alluded to in other sources, in which hymns are disseminated and adapted by male performers, as a result of a female chorus’ instruction.
Space and Text Worlds in Apollonius
Authors: Hutchinson Gregory
Published: July 2020

The paper looks not so much at geographical space or at the standard antithesis of “space” and “place,” but at the fluctuating relationships of space and mind. Various contrasts of inside and outside are considered (bodies, ships, houses), in connection with characters’ experience of space and its meaning. Werth’s idea of text worlds is then considered: the shifting worlds presented in a text, often as perceived or constructed by characters. This approach is given more substance by thinking about space; spatial approaches are given more finesse by thinking about text worlds. The marriage of approaches works happily for similes, for characters’ imaginings, for the physical spaces they structure and manage. It suits the ever-shifting Argonautica well.
An anxiolytic drug buspirone ameliorates hyperglycemia and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic rat model
Authors: Çavuşoğlu Tugba Gurpinar , Darıverenli Ertan , Vural Kamil , Ekerbicer Nuran , Ulman Cevval , Ölmez Ercüment , Uysal Nazan
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Type 2 diabetes is a common metabolic disease and anxiety disorders are very common among diabetics. Buspirone is used in the treatment of anxiety, also having blood glucose-lowering effects. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of buspirone on the glucose and lipid metabolism as well as vascular function in type 2 diabetic rats.

Methods

A type 2-diabetic model was induced through a high-fat diet for eight weeks followed by the administration of low-dose streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) in rats. Buspirone was given at two different doses (1.5 mg/kg/d and 5 mg/kg/d) and combined with metformin (300 mg/kg/d). The fasting glucose and insulin levels, lipid profile were analyzed, and vascular response measured from the thoracic aorta was also evaluated.

Results

Both doses of buspirone caused a significant improvement in fasting blood glucose levels. In particular, the buspirone treatment, combined with metformin, improved endothelial dysfunction and was found to be correlated with decreased nitrate/nitrite levels.

Conclusions

Buspirone may be effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, either alone or in combination with other treatments, particularly in terms of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and impaired blood glucose, and insulin levels.
Evaluation of thiol disulphide levels in patients with pulmonary embolism
Authors: Yücel Kamile , Erdem Said Sami , Kurtipek Ercan , Bekci Taha Tahir , Neşelioğlu Salim , Erel Özcan
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Maintaining the thiol-disulphide balance is essential for antioxidant defense and apoptosis. The study aimed to evaluate of thiol-disulphide levels in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE).

Methods

The study included a total of 97 participants: 48 patients and 49 healthy individuals. Serum native thiol (NT), total thiol (TT) and disulphide (DS) levels (µmol/L) were measured using the novel spectrophotometric method.

Results

We found significantly lower levels of NT (195.44±83.3 μmol/L), DS (20.42±9.20 μmol/L) and TT (236.26±90.66 μmol/L) in patients with PE compared with the healthy controls (304.42±62.13, 24.33±8.09 and 353.07±63.58 μmol/L respectively). Patients with PE had lower serum albumin levels (3.11±1.03 g/dL) and higher ischaemia modified albumin (IMA) levels (0.82±0.16 g/dL) compared with the controls (3.89±0.52 and 0.67±0.15 g/dL, respectively). Serum albumin levels in patients were strongly correlated with plasma IMA (r=−0.737; p<0.001), NT (r=0.786; p<0.001) and TT levels (r=0.841; p<0.001). Serum NT levels were strongly correlated with serum TT levels (r=0.981; p<0.001) in patients.

Conclusions

This study found lower TT, NT and DS levels in patients with PE than in the control group. Our study revealed that thiol-disulphide homeostasis could be altered during PE and further studies are needed to be used as prognostic markers for hospital mortality.
Studying the hydrogen atom position in the strong-short intermolecular hydrogen bond of pure and 5-substituted 9-hydroxyphenalenones by invariom refinement and ONIOM cluster computations
Authors: Gruber Irina , Bensch Lisa , Müller Thomas J. J. , Janiak Christoph , Dittrich Birger
Published: July 2020

The solid-state structures of three H-bonded enol forms of 5-substituted 9-hydroxyphenalenones were investigated to accurately determine the H atom positions of the intramolecular hydrogen bond. For this purpose, single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) data were evaluated by invariom-model refinement. In addition, QM/MM computations of central molecules in their crystal environment show that results of an earlier standard independent atom model refinement, which pointed to the presence of a resonance-assisted hydrogen bond in unsubstituted 9-hydroxyphenalone, are misleading: in all our three and the earlier solid-state structures the lowest energy form is that of an asymmetric hydrogen bond (CS form). Apparent differences of results from SC-XRD and other analytical methods are explained.
On the nature of the phase transitions of aluminosilicate perrhenate sodalite
Authors: Petersen Hilke , Robben Lars , Gesing Thorsten M.
Published: July 2020

The temperature-dependent structure-property relationships of the aluminosilicate perrhenate sodalite |Na8(ReO4)2|[AlSiO4]6 (ReO4-SOD) were analysed via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Raman spectroscopy and heat capacity measurements. ReO4-SOD shows two phase transitions in the investigated temperature range (13 K < T < 1480 K). The first one at 218.6(1) K is correlated to the transition of dynamically ordered

P

4
¯

3
n

$P\overline{4}3n$

(> 218.6(1 K) to a statically disordered (<218.6(1) K) SOD template in

P

4
¯

3
n

$P\overline{4}3n$

. The loss of the dynamics of the template anion during cooling causes an increase of disorder, indicated by an unusual intensity decrease of the 011-reflection and an increase of the Re-O2 bond length with decreasing temperature. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy shows a distortion of the ReO4 anion. Upon heating the thermal expansion of the sodalite cage originated in the tilt-mechanism causes the second phase transition at 442(1) K resulting in a symmetry-increase from

P

4
¯

3
n

$P\overline{4}3n$

to

P
m

3
¯

n

$Pm\overline{3}n$

, the structure with the sodalites full framework expansion. Noteworthy is the high decomposition temperature of 1320(10) K.
A new parallel version of a dichotomy based algorithm for indexing powder diffraction data
Authors: Šimeček Ivan , Zaloga Aleksandr , Trdlička Jan
Published: July 2020

One of the key parts of the crystal structure solution process from powder diffraction data is the determination of the lattice parameters from experimental data shortly called indexing. The successive dichotomy method is one of the most common ones for this process because it allows an exhaustive search. In this paper, we discuss several improvements for this indexing method that significantly reduces the search space and decrease the solution time. We also propose a combination of this method with other indexing methods: grid search and TREOR. The effectiveness and time-consumption of such algorithm were tested on several datasets, including orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic examples. Finally, we discuss the impacts of the proposed improvements.
Combined influence of axial electron temperature and exponential plasma density ramp on the self-focusing of a chirped laser in plasma
Authors: Kant Niti , Thakur Vishal
Published: July 2020

An analysis of the self-focusing of highly intense chirped pulse laser under exponential plasma density ramp with higher order value of axial electron temperature has been done. Beam width parameter is derived by using paraxial ray approximation and then solved numerically. It is seen that self-focusing of chirped pulse laser is intensely affected by the higher order values of axial electron temperature. Further, influence of exponential plasma density ramp is studied and it is concluded that self-focusing of laser enhances and occurs earlier. On the other hand defocusing of beam reduces to the great extent. It is noticed that the laser spot size reduces significantly under joint influence of the density ramp and the axial electron temperature. Present analysis may be useful for the analysis of quantum dots, the laser induced fusion and etc.
Microwave synthesis of a blue luminescent silver(I) coordination polymer with a rigid tris-triazole ligand
Authors: Shi Juan , Xia Zhen-Xiang , Chen Sheng-Chun , He Ming-Yang , Chen Qun
Published: July 2020

Microwave-assisted hydrothermal reaction of 2-fluoro-3,5,6-tri(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1,4-benzenedicarbonitrile (L1) with silver(I) nitrate yields a coordination polymer [Ag3(L2)2(NO3)]
n
(1), in which the L2 ligand (HL2 = 2-hydroxy-3,5,6-tri(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)terephthalonitrile) is obtained by in situ ligand transformation from the L1 precursor. HL2 monohydrate has also been isolated by the microwave-mediated hydrolysis of L1 and structurally characterized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that HL2 monohydrate comprises a zwitterionic HL2 moiety, while complex 1 displays an infinite L2-bridged double-chain structure. Given that the HL2 molecule has a large conjugated π system, complex 1 exhibits strong blue luminescence in the solid state at room temperature.
High-pressure synthesis and crystal structure of the samarium meta-oxoborate γ-Sm(BO2)3
Authors: Fuchs Birgit , Kindler Robert O. , Heymann Gunter , Huppertz Hubert
Published: July 2020

γ-Sm(BO2)3 was obtained via a high-pressure/high-temperature approach in a multi-anvil apparatus at 10 GPa and 1673 K. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca21 (no. 29) with the lattice parameters a = 18.3088(8), b = 4.4181(2), and c = 4.2551(2) Å. The compound was analysed by means of X-ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy. The structure is isotypic to that of the already known meta-oxoborates γ-RE(BO2)3 (RE = La−Nd) and built up of a highly condensed borate framework containing three-, four-, six-, and ten-membered rings. Next to neodymium, samarium represents the second rare earth element that forms the α-, β-, and γ-modification of the four known rare earth meta-oxoborate structure types.
Al/N-based active Lewis pairs: isocyanate insertion products as efficient nucleophiles employed for the facile generation of highly functional molecules
Authors: Horstmann Julia Silissa , Hepp Alexander , Layh Marcus , Uhl Werner
Published: July 2020

The previously reported active Lewis pair (ALP)
i
Bu2Al–N(2-Ad)NC5H10 (1) (2-Ad = 2-adamantyl) is readily accessible by hydroalumination of the hydrazone H10C5N–N=(2-C10H14) with H–Al
i
Bu2. Treatment of 1 with two equivalents of isocyanates R-N=C=O yields six-membered AlC2N2O heterocycles 2 (2a, R = Ph; 2b, R = p-Tol) by dual insertion into the Al–N bonds. 2a reacts as a nucleophile with carboxylic acid chlorides R-C(O)–Cl [R = CH2

t
Bu, p-Tol, H2CCH(Me)C6H4(4-CH2CHMe2) (Ibu-profen acid chloride), 0.5 (1,4-C6H4)] to afford by elimination of
i
Bu2AlCl and hydrolysis new triuret derivatives R-C(O)[N(Ph)C(O)]2–N(2-Ad)NC5H10 (3a to 3d) as colourless, sparingly soluble solids in moderate (3c) to high (3b) yields. The analogous reaction of 2a with (p-Tol)–C(Cl)=N(p-Tol) leads to the imidoyl derivative (p-Tol)N=C(p-Tol)[N(Ph)C(O)]2–N(2-Ad)NC5H10 (4a), which showed a fast exchange of phenyl and tolyl groups to yield a mixture of isomers. The analogous reaction of 2b affords the corresponding compound 4b for which a single isomer is isolated despite the scrambling of substituents.
Mechanistic investigations on C–H activated dealkylating cyclo-amination reactions of substituted triazenes, formamidines and amidines
Authors: Preusser Silvio , Kalden Diana , Wendler Felix , Schönherr Paul R. W. , Görls Helmar , Westerhausen Matthias , Imhof Wolfgang
Published: July 2020

Catalytic dealkylating cycloamination reactions of N
1-methylated-N
1,N
3-diarylated triazenes proceed via two subsequent oxidative addition reactions, regioselectivity producing benzotriazoles by C–H and C–Br activation steps. Whereas palladium-based catalysis in the presence of dealkylating reagents and directing phosphane ligands leads to high yields, the homologous metals nickel and platinum as well as other 3d transition metals show only poor catalytic activity in similar procedures. Starting compounds have been widely varied to introduce potentially competing reaction sites and to investigate the reaction mechanism of the catalytic cyclization reactions. Yields of the benzotriazole synthesis strongly depend on the electronic and steric properties of the directing phosphane ligands, the nature of the dealkylating bases and the substitution pattern in 2- and 4-position of the aryl groups of the starting triazenes. In order to clarify the role of the catalyst, palladium-based intermediates were identified. Finally, formamidines and bulky amidines were tested in related C–H activated dealkylating cycloamination reactions.
High-pressure synthesis and characterization of the non-centrosymmetric scandium borate ScB6O9(OH)3
Authors: Fuchs Birgit , Huppertz Hubert
Published: July 2020

The non-centrosymmetric scandium borate ScB6O9(OH)3 was obtained through a high-pressure/high-temperature experiment at 6 GPa and 1473 K. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the structure is isotypic to InB6O9(OH)3 containing borate triple layers separated by scandium layers. The compound crystallizes in the space group Fdd2 with the lattice parameters a = 38.935(4), b = 4.4136(4), and c = 7.6342(6) Å. Powder X-ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy were used to further characterize the compound and verify the proposed structure solution.
Al5B12O25(OH) and Ga4InB12O25(OH) – two additional triel borates with the structure type M
5B12O25(OH) (M = Ga, In)
Authors: Vitzthum Daniela , Wimmer Daniel S. , Widmann Ingo , Huppertz Hubert
Published: July 2020

The isotypic triel borates Al5B12O25(OH) and Ga4InB12O25(OH) were synthesized in a Walker-type multianvil apparatus under high-pressure/high-temperature conditions of 12.0 GPa/1400 °C and 12.3 GPa/1200 °C, respectively. The crystal structures of both compounds, determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, constitute new representatives of the structure type M
5B12O25(OH) (M = Ga, In) crystallizing in the space group I41/acd. The presence of the hydroxyl groups was confirmed via single-crystal IR spectroscopy.
Bioactivity-guided isolation of aurone derivatives with hepatoprotective activities from the fruits of Cucumis bisexualis
Authors: Ma Qin-Ge , Wei Rong-Rui , Sang Zhi-Pei
Published: July 2020

Bioactivity-guided phytochemical investigation of Cucumis bisexualis has led to the isolation of three new coumarin-aurone heterodimers (1-3), along with six aurone derivatives (4-9) were isolated from C. bisexualis for the first time. Their structures were determined by their extensive spectroscopic data and comparison with the values reported in the references. All isolated compounds (1-9) were evaluated for their hepatoprotective activities on human L-O2 cells, which compared with positive control of Bifendatatum. Among them, compounds 1, 2, and 7 exhibited moderate hepatoprotective activities to promote effects on the proliferation of L-O2 cells.
Overexpression of a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase gene from Coptis chinensis Franch enhances drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco
Authors: Chen Hanting , Li Junjun , He Yang
Published: July 2020

Drought stress has a significant effect on the growth, physiology and biochemistry of medicinal plants. SDIR1 (Salt- and Drought-Induced Ring Finger1), a C3H2C3-type RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase gene plays an important role in the stress response of various plants. However, the role of this gene is not clear in Coptis chinensis. In this study, the CcSDIR1 gene was cloned from C. chinensis using RACE and RT-PCR. Sequence analysis revealed that CcSDIR1 had an open reading frame of 840 bp that encodes 279 amino acids with a theoretical molecular weight about 31 kDa and pI value of 5.65 and shared conserved domains with other plants. On comparison with the wild-type plants, overexpression of CcSDIR1 in transgenic tobaccos increased drought tolerance and showed better growth performance. However, lower malondialdehyde contents and high antioxidant enzyme activities were observed in transgenic tobacco plants compared to wild-type plants. In addition, Evans blue staining showed high cell viability of transgenic lines under drought stress. These results suggest that CcSDIR1 regulates various responses to drought stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities and reducing oxidative damage. From the study results, the CcSDIR1 gene will be very useful for drought stress research in plants.
LA ENTREPRENEURIAL UNIVERSITY: TOOLS AND MODELS FOR INTEGRATING THE THIRD MISSION IN EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Shvedova Svetlana Viktorovna , Maevskaya Irina Mikhailovna
Published: July 2020

University spinoffs have remarkably strengthened the linkage between universities and industry. The number of technology patents and spinoffs coming out of university research has a significant impact on regional economic and social development. To further highlight the importance of university spinoffs, the article aims to review available literature on university spinoffs and present a comprehensive overview of what university spinoffs are, why they are important, what makes them significant, and how they are or can be created. In addition to reviewing existing models of University spinoff creation, the authors propose a new, multi-stage, holistic model.
The authors explore how universities can promote new research-based businesses by suggesting that the nature of the supplied support depends on demands of spin-off companies. Adopting a demand-side perspective, the authors seek to understand the challenges faced by new technology businesses and hence identify how universities can assist their start-up and development.
The paper nuances the common conception of a university as one uniform entity in relation
to spin-offs, and assesses the literature including all levels within the university. The analysis of EU spin-off models, activities, methodologies and policies is based on the outcomes of the ERASMUS+ project “University-Enterprise Cooperation via Spin-Off Companies Network (UNISON)”.
Manipuliacinės įtraukimo į komunikaciją strategijos periodinėje spaudoje
Authors: Juodytė Aurelija
Published: July 2020

Vienam populiariausių XX a. informacinės erdvės reiškinių – propagandai – ir dabar netrūksta tyrinėtojų dėmesio. Propaganda iš esmės susijusi su manipuliacija, per kurią yra realizuojama viešajame diskurse ir tampa kasdienio gyvenimo praktika. Todėl ši tematika įdomi ne vien akademinės bendruomenės nariams, bet ir plačiajai visuomenei – ypač viešųjų ryšių specialistams, politikams, politologams.Šio straipsnio tikslas – apibrėžti ir atskirti minėtus konceptus ir parodyti, kokiomis sąlygomis atsiranda manipuliacinė komunikacija, kaip ji susijusi su periodine (sovietine ir posovietine) spauda Lietuvoje, ir kaip individualus mąstymas tampa ne ideologijos, bet ideologijų sklaidos priemone.Esminiai žodžiai: propaganda, manipuliacija, komunikacija, iššūkis, subjektyvumas, programa, akseologija.
Suaugusiųjų kultūros multiplikacija vaikų ir paauglių žurnaluose
Authors: Staniulienė Regina
Published: July 2020

Nuo 2001 metų Lietuvoje sparčiai mažėjo laikraščių ir daugėjo žurnalų. Jau 2003 metais žurnalų skaičius viršijo laikraščių skaičių, o 2006 m. statistikos departamento duomenimis, žurnalų ir kitų periodinių leidinių skaičius buvo – 556, laikraščių 334. Ši tendencija ir toliau auga. Tokie rinkos pokyčiai rodo, kad vis labiau tampa paklausi žanrinė informacija, galinti patenkinti tikslinės auditorijos interesus ir pomėgius. Žurnalistų etikos inspektoriaus tarnyba atkreipė dėmesį į tai, kaip rinka paveikė spaudą, skirtą vaikams ir paaugliams. Buvo atliktas tyrimas2, kuris parodė, kad žiniasklaidos verslas atrado naują nišą, suaugusiųjų kultūros „implantai“ sėkmingai prigijo leidiniuose, skirtuose vaikams ir paaugliams. Tenka pastebėti, jog pramoginė, komercinė kultūra plečia informacinę erdvę, propaguoja tariamas vertybes ir formuoja jaunąjį skaitytoją. Problema jautapo ne tai, kad toks reiškinys egzistuoja, bet tai, jog visuomenė su šiais pokyčiais apsipranta, tarsi palikdama vaikus ir paauglius „gatvei“, neigiamo socialinio konteksto epicentre, todėl jų perėjimas į suaugusiųjų pasaulį tampa komplikuotas ir iškreiptas. Kaip veikia viešoji erdvė, viešos komunikacijos laukas?Esminiai žodžiai: jaunimo auditorija, žurnalai, socialinis kontekstas, kultūra, seksualizavimas, pramoga ir atsakomybė.
Straipsnių antraščių tekstų heterogeniškumas
Authors: Brasiūnaitė Jurgita
Published: July 2020

Straipsnyje apžvelgiama tekstų intertekstualumo ir heterogeniškumo tarpusavio sąsaja. Nagrinėjamos internetinio dienraščio lrytas.lt 2007–2008 metų straipsnių antraštės, jų sąsajos su pačiais straipsniais. Pateikiant po keletą iliustratyvių pavyzdžių, bandoma nusakyti, kokias funkcijas atlieka antraštėse esančios žymėtosios ir nežymėtosios tekstų heterogeniškumo formos.Esminiai žodžiai: antraštė, heterogeniškumas, intertekstualumas, žymėtasis heterogeniškumas, nežymėtasis heterogeniškumas, citatos, frazeologizmai, atnaujintieji frazeologizmai, patarlės, atnaujintosios patarlės, aliuzijos, šnekamosios kalbos elementai, žargonizmai.
The Internet as a “Public Sphere”
Authors: Matačinskaitė Jurgita
Published: July 2020

This paper considers the theory of the Internet becoming part of the “public sphere”. The first part of the paper looks at how the concept of the public sphere was used by different scholars and how they defined the theory of the “public sphere”. The second part of the paper analyses how the theory about the public sphere defined by different scholars works on the practical level.Keywords: internet, network society, newspaper, public sphere, New York Times, virtuality, website.
Atsakingos žiniasklaidos sistemos: teorinės prieigos ir situacija Lietuvos regionų spaudoje
Authors: Mažylė Jolanta
Published: July 2020

Straipsnyje teoriniu ir praktiniu aspektais nagrinėjamos atsakingos žiniasklaidos sistemos. Teorinės prieigos grindžiamos garsaus žiniasklaidos teoretiko, žurnalistikos etiko, atsakingos žiniasklaidos sistemų (toliau – AŽS) kūrėjo ir šios idėjos autoriaus bei skleidėjo prancūzų mokslininko profesoriaus Claude-Jeano Bertrando (1934–2007) įžvalgomis. Kokia šiuo metu atsakingos žiniasklaidos sistemų situacija Lietuvoje, mėginama atskleisti analizuojant Lietuvos regioninės periodikos redakcijų veiklą. Pasinaudodama pačios atliktu tripakopiu empiriniu tyrimu, straipsnio autorė kelia klausimus, ar mūsų šalyje yra galimybių veikti atsakingos žiniasklaidos sistemoms ir ar galima būtų teigti, kad Lietuvoje yra visos sąlygos tokiam modeliui veikti. Apibendrinusi atlikto empirinio tyrimo rezultatus straipsnio autorė pateikia išvadas apie situaciją XXI amžiaus pirmo dešimtmečio šalies regionų žiniasklaidoje AŽS aspektu.Esminiai žodžiai: atsakingos žiniasklaidos sistemos; žiniasklaidos funkcijos; žiniasklaidos dalyviai; rinka, teisė ir etika; savireguliacija; įstatymas; regionų periodika.
Paldies, Inta
Authors: Mažylė Jolanta
Published: July 2020

2014 m. lapkričio 1 dieną mirė profesorė dr. Inta Brikšė,Latvijos universiteto Socialinių mokslų fakulteto dekanė.†
The basic concepts of the Baltic States image in the Russian periodical press after the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991–2009)
Authors: Denisenko Viktor
Published: July 2020

The Russian Federation and the Baltic States region are neigh­bors belonging to different geopolitical paradigms. Since 2004, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are members of the European Union and NATO. Rus­sia after a short period of pseudo-democratization after the collapse of the Soviet Union came back to imperial discourse in so-called Putin’s era. The new imperial discourse is based on concepts of the “Russian world”, “compa­triots” as well as on the specific strategy in relations with states from “near abroad”. Periodical press and another media (especially, TV) are involved in political processes of the Russian Federation. Research of the Baltic States’ image in the Russian periodical press shows how this particular geopolitical region (of the Baltic States) is represented in the Russian media in different periods after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Tautinių mažumų vaizdavimas interneto dienraščiuose svarstant Tautinių mažumų įstatymą
Authors: Ilkevičiūtė Justinas
Published: July 2020

Tautinių mažumų vaizdavimas žiniasklaidoje – svarbus veiksnys anali­zuojant, kaip žiniasklaida prisideda prie Tautinių mažumų įstatymo svars­tymo. Ši visuomenės grupė dažnai jaučiasi diskriminuojama, su tautinėmis mažumomis susiję įvykiai yra daug dažniau pastebimi ir aptarinėjami visuomenės, dėl to neigiamas jų vaizdavimas gali didinti socialinę atskirtį bei dezintegraciją. Žiniasklaida gali kiek paaštrinti tokią situaciją, todėl jos daromam poveikiui išsiaiškinti buvo atliktas skaitomiausių interneto dien­raščių Delfi.lt, 15min.lt ir Lrytas.lt turinio tyrimas. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad tautinės mažumos vaizduojamos neigia­mai. Tautinių mažumų vaizdavimo turinio analizė atskleidė, kad daugiausia neigiamai vaizduojama lenkų tautinė mažuma, kuri tapatinama su Lietuvos lenkų rinkimų akcijos, siekiančios priimti įstatymą, vykdoma politika, konstruojamas lenkų mažumos kaip priešo įvaizdis. Jis kuriamas apibūdinant tautinę mažumą neigiamą konotaciją turinčiais posakiais, pri­statant kaip viešojoje politikoje kylančių problemų kaltininkę, kuriant stere­otipus. Tokie vaizdavimo ypatumai dažnai matomiausiose naujienų vietose gali sukurti negatyvų šios mažumos paveikslą ir turėti įtaką viešajai politi­kai bei tam, kad Tautinių mažumų įstatymo nepriimama penkerius metus. Žiniasklaida, neigiamai vaizduodama lenkų tautinę mažumą ir išskirdama ją iš kitų, taip pat gali lemti šios mažumos dezintegraciją.
Atmena autoriams
Authors: 11 tomas Žurnalistikos tyrimai
Published: July 2020

...
Capital social y vinculación sociolaboral en las unidades productivas de colombianos retornados a Norte de Santander (Colombia)
Authors: Botina Narváez Sandra Lorena
Published: July 2020

El presente artículo es una propuesta de análisis sobre cómo el capital social se encuentra presente en las iniciativas y estrategias colectivas de personas pertenecientes a las Unidades productivas del Área de Integración Local de la Corporación Servicio Jesuita para los Refugiados (sjr), en Norte de Santander (Colombia), con el propósito de vincularse a nivel social y laboral. Esta temática se estudió a partir del año 2015 en el marco de la emergencia humanitaria vivida en la frontera con Venezuela, momento en el que fueron acogidos por el sjr a través del programa Medios de vida, que busca el tránsito inicial de la emergencia humanitaria hacia la consolidación de un proceso de establecimiento territorial en San José de Cúcuta y municipios.Se busca comprender cómo el capital social se construye en las unidades productivas de siete personas retornadas vinculadas al programa Medios de vida durante el año 2017, las cuales representan canales de sostenimiento económico por medio de proyectos productivos, capacitación, dotación de capital semilla y asesoría al plan de negocio por parte de los profesionales del Área de Integración Local del sjr. Para acceder a las personas retornadas y a los profesionales se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, con un enfoque hermenéutico, usando como técnicas de recolección de información la observación participante, el taller participativo y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Las unidades productivas se convirtieron en el medio para poder conocer los recursos sociales con los que cuentan los retornados tales como la reciprocidad, la confianza y la cooperación; y cómo estos se visibilizan en las relaciones que establecen con sus redes como familia, amigos retornados, empleadores y funcionarios institucionales de manera fuerte o débil.Estas redes tienen un papel instrumental en la búsqueda de empleo, apoyo en situaciones de necesidad o acceso a proporcionar otro tipo de bienes o servicios. En la conformación y ejecución de las unidades productivas, las personas retornadas activaron la creatividad, innovación, actitud y motivación para el trabajo, habilidades sociales para interactuar y comunicarse con clientes y empleadores, así como estrategias para alcanzar metas establecidas en su plan de negocio, mejoramiento y oportunidades para su vinculación sociolaboral.
Encruzilhada das drogas: conflitos em sujeitos que vivem nas ruas de Belo Horizonte – MG, Brasil
Authors: Medeiros Regina Paula , Marques Maria Elizabeth , Ferreira Amauri
Published: July 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a construção de valores de orientação moral de sujeitos que são consumidores de drogas lícitas e ilícitas e que vivem nas ruas centrais da cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, no Brasil. Trata-se do resultado de uma pesquisa etnográfica, realizada entre 2013 e 2017, por uma equipe de pesquisadores das áreas de Antropologia, Filosofia e Ciências Políticas, estudantes dos cursos de graduação e pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais. Foram analisadas as trajetórias de vida das pessoas que vivem na rua e que consomem drogas. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados foram: técnicas de observação direta, entrevistas informais e formais, e registros em caderno de campo. O suporte teórico de análise do material se baseou em autores como Habermas, Krohlberg, Goulejac, Oliveira. Eles foram fundamentais para esta pesquisa. Para a leitura analítica da situação específica de rua e dos atores sociais privilegiados nessa investigação, foram considerados três aspectos determinantes na compreensão dos valores morais: a singularidade do fato moral nas ações do sujeito; o predomínio do uso pragmático e criativo de valores e contravalores nas ações cotidianas; e as questões éticas/morais em situações de risco. Esses aspectos são cruciais para entender a vida das pessoas que vivem na rua dos espaços urbanos, usam drogas e se encontram em situação de vulnerabilidade social. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, na percepção dos sujeitos, os valores éticos e morais são construídos com base em perspectivas universais e singulares, que estruturam o cotidiano em um cenário desenhado por situações dilemáticas, ambivalentes e conflitivas. Viver na rua e fazer uso de drogas para as pessoas que participaram dessa investigação e as questões éticas são expressas no ato de refletir sobre seu estilo e suas expectativas de vida. Já as questões morais são circunstanciadas entre o desafio de pensar a prática com base na universalização de valores e a aposta na superação do pensar orientado pelo egocentrismo. A experiência do uso de drogas e da vida nas ruas determina que as ações dos sujeitos sejam ancoradas no uso pragmático dos valores que têm como referência.