bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-Fire Susceptibility to Brittle Fracture of Selected Steel Grades Used in Construction Industry – Assessment Based on the Instrumented Impact Test
Authors: Maslak Mariusz , Pazdanowski Michal , Stankiewicz Marek , Zajdel Paulina
Published: May 2021

The change in the value of the breaking energy is discussed here for selected steel grades used in building structures after subjecting the samples made of them to episodes of heating in the steady-state heating regime and then cooling in a simulated fire conditions. These changes were recorded based on the instrumented Charpy impact tests, in relation to the material initial state. The S355J2+N, 1H18N9T steels and also X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 duplex steel were selected for detailed analysis. The fire conditions were modelled experimentally by heating the samples and then keeping them for a specified time at a constant temperature of: 600°C (first series) and 800°C (second series), respectively. Two alternative cooling variants were investigated in the experiment: slow cooling of the samples in the furnace, simulating the natural fire progress, without any external extinguishing action, and cooling them in water mist simulating an extinguishing action by a fire brigade. The temperature of the tested samples was set at the level -20oC and alternatively at the level + 20oC. The conducted analysis is aimed at assessing the risk of sudden, catastrophic fracture of load-bearing structure made of steel degraded as a result of a fire previously occurred with different development scenarios.
Estimating the Two Graph Dextran-Stearic Acid-Spermine Polymers Based on Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Carrier for Gene Delivery
Authors: Kazemi Ashtiyani Mehrnoosh , Hajipour-Verdom Behnam , Satari Mohammad , Abdolmaleki Parviz , Hosseinkhani Saman
Published: May 2021

Non-viral gene carriers because of their limited side effects, biocompatibility, simplicity and taking the advantages of electrostatic interactions have shown noticeable potential in gene delivery. The low transfection rate of non-viral vectors under physiological conditions is a significant issue. Here, the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups on gene carriers such as two synthesized amphiphilic polymer of dextran-stearic acid-spermine (DSASP) with verified lipid and amine conjugations that associated with Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles to promote the target delivery and decrease the transfection time using static magnetic field. Our findings illustrate that magnetic nanoparticles are spherical with positive surface charges and superparamagnetic behaviors. The DSASP–pDNA/MNPs offered a strong pDNA condensation, protection against DNase degradation, significant cell viability in HEK 293T cells and. Although conjugations of spermine play a critical role in transfection efficiency, amphiphilic polymer with more derivatives of stearic acid showed better transfection yields. Therefore, DSASP amphiphilic magnetic carriers offer new insights for gene delivery due to the amine contents and ameliorate the uptake of complexes via cell membrane based on its hydrophilic surface.
Gut Microbiota Influences Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria Susceptibility
Authors: Kodio Aly , Coulibaly Drissa , Doumbo Safiatou , Konaté Salimata , Koné Abdoulaye Kassoum , Tall Lamine , Konaté Ahmed , Guindo Boureima , L’ollivier Coralie , Levasseur Anthony , Bittar Fadi , Doumbo Ogobara K. , Didier Raoult , Thera Mahamadou A. , Ranque Stéphane
Published: May 2021

The gut microbiota has recently been associated with susceptibility/resistance to malaria in animal models and humans, yet the impact of the gut microbiota on the risk of a malaria attack remains to be assessed. This study aims at assessing the influence of the gut microbiota on malaria attacks and Plasmodium parasitæmia in children living in a malaria-endemic area in Mali. Three hundred healthy children were included in a 16-months cohort study in Bandiagara. Their gut bacteria and fungi community structures were characterised via 16S and ITS metabarcoding from stool samples collected at inclusion. Clinician team monitored the occurrence of malaria attacks. Asymptomatic carriage of Plasmodium was assessed by qPCR. Over the 16-month period, 107 (36%) children experienced at least one occurrence of malaria attacks, and 82 (27%) at least one asymptomatic Plasmodium parasitæmia episode. A higher gut bacteria richness was independently associated with susceptibility to asymptomatic parasitæmia episodes and malaria attacks; while the Shannon H diversity and Chao-1 richness index of gut fungi community structure was relatively homogeneous in children who were and were not infected with P. falciparum. Using a linear discriminant effect size analysis of operational taxonomic units assigned to the species level, 17 bacteria, including Clostridiaceae, Eubacteriaceae, Senegalimassilia sp., Atopobiaceae and Lachnosipraceae, and seven fungi, including Dioszegia fristigensis, Ogataea polymorpha and Cutaneotrichosporon cyanovorans, were associated with susceptibility; whereas eight bacteria, including, Bifidobacterium spp., Weissela confusa and Peptostreptococcacea, and 3 fungi, Malassezia sp., Niesslia exosporoides, and Didymocrea leucaenae, were associated with resistance to malaria. Moreover, 15 bacteria, including Coproccus eutactus, Terrisporobacter petrolearius, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Ruminococcaceae, and 13 fungi, including Wallemia mellicola, were associated with susceptibility, whereas 19 bacteria, including Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcacea, and Lactobacillus ruminis, and three fungi, including Cryptococcus neoformans, were associated with resistance to asymptomatic Plasmodium parasitæmia episodes. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings that point the way towards strategies aiming to reduce the risk of malaria by modulating gut microbiota components in at-risk populations.
Raman and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study of Aqueous Thiol-Capped Ag-Zn-Sn-S Nanocrystals
Authors: Dzhagan Volodymyr , Selyshchev Oleksandr , Havriliuk Yevhenii , Mazur Nazar , Raievska Oleksandra , Stroyuk Oleksandr , Kondratenko Serhiy , Litvinchuk Alexander , Valakh Mikhailo , Zahn Dietrich R.T.
Published: May 2021

The variation of the cationic composition in I2-II-IV-VI4 semiconductor compounds is an effective tool for altering their properties in a controlled manner. In particular, a partial substitution of Cu for Ag in kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 was proposed to suppress Cu-Zn antisite defects and the improve photovoltaic performance. However, the efficiency of this approach may substantially depend on the fabrication route. Here, we report on the synthesis of (Cu,Ag)-Zn-Sn-S (CAZTS) and Ag-Zn-Sn-S (AZTS) nanocrystals (NCs) by means of "green" chemistry in aqueous solution and their detailed characterization by Raman spectroscopy and by several complementary techniques. Through a systematic variation of the nominal composition and quantification of the constituent elements in CAZTS and AZTS NCs by XPS, we identified the vibrational Raman and IR fingerprints of both the main AZTS phase and secondary phases of Ag-Zn-S and Ag-Sn-S compounds (for the first time). The formation of the secondary phases of Ag-S and Ag-Zn-S cannot be avoided entirely for this type of synthesis. The Ag-Zn-S phase, having its bandgap in near infrared range, is the reason of the non-monotonous dependence of the absorption edge of CAZTS NCs on the Ag content, with a trend to redshift even below the bandgaps of bulk AZTS and CZTS.
Investigation of Backfilling Step Effects on Stope Stability
Authors: Xu Huawei , Apel Derek B. , Wang Jun , Wei Chong , Pourrahimian Yashar
Published: May 2021

Cemented rock fill (CRF) is commonly used in cut-and-fill stoping operation in underground mining. This allows for the maximum recovery of ore. Backfilling can improve stope stability in underground workings, and then improve ground stability of the whole mine site. Backfilling step scenarios vary from site to site. This paper presents the investigation of five different backfilling step scenarios and their impacts on the stability of stopes at four different mining levels. A comprehensive comparison of displacements, major principal stress and stress concentration factor (SCF) was conducted. The results show that different backfilling step scenarios have little influence on the final displacement for displacement in the stopes. Among the five backfilling scenarios, the major principal stress and stress concentration factor (SCF) have almost the same final results. The backfilling scenario SCN-1 is the optimum option among these five backfilling scenarios. It can immediately prevent the increase of the displacement and reduce the sidewall stress concentration, thereby preventing possible failures. Using the same strength of CRF can achieve same effects among the four mining levels. Applying backfilling CRF of the same strength at different mining depths is acceptable and feasible to improve the stability of the stopes.
Численное моделирование периодического процесса, сохраняющего видовую структуру биосообщества
Authors: Иванова Александра Сергеевна , Ivanova Alexandra , Кириллов Александр Николаевич , Kirillov Aleksandr Nickolaevich
Published: May 2021

Рассматривается модель, описывающая взаимодействие хищников и жертв на некотором участке. Причем популяция жертв не покидает участок, а популяция хищников мигрирует с участка при недостаточном количестве пищевого ресурса. Присутствие или отсутствие популяции хищников на участке определяется значением
функции, имеющей смысл пищевой привлекательности участка для популяции хищников. Исследуемая модель представляет собой систему трех дифференциальных
уравнений, два из которых описывают динамику численностей хищников и жертв,
одно - динамику пищевой привлекательности участка. Решается задача сохранения
видовой структуры биосообщества участка за счет изъятия особей. Под видовой
структурой биосообщества понимается совокупность видов и типов взаимодействий между ними. Представлена модель периодического процесса внешнего воздействия, сохраняющего видовую структуру биосообщества. Разработан численный метод и создана программа, реализующие построенную модель. Приведены
результаты тестирования программы.
Motivasi Petani dalam Mengikuti Program Penanaman Refugia di Kecamatan Mojolaban, Kabupaten Sukoharjo
Authors: Salamah Umi , Anantanyu Sapja , Wijianto Arip
Published: May 2021

The motivation of farmer is a farmers is a farmer’s encouragement to achieve the desired goals. This study aims to analyze : (1) the motivation of farmers in participating in the refugia planting program in Mojolaban District, Sukoharjo regency (2) factors that influence the motivation of farmers in participating in the refugia planting program Mojolaban Sukoharjo regency (3) the relationship between the factors that influence the motivation of farmers with the motivation of farmers in participating in the refugia planting program in Mojolaban District, Sukoharjo Regency. The basic method of research is quantitative with survey techniques. Determination of the location is deliberately determined, namely the region that runs a refugia planting program in eight villages including Sapen villagr, Joho village dan Palur village. Data analysis using Spearman Rank Correlation Test with the IBM SPSS 23 Program. The result showed that : (1) farmers had high motivation in participating in the refugia planting program (2) the majority of farmers are lowly educated and have a low amount of dependence, the old work of farmers including high, farmers have a social environment and a high economic environment (3) There is a very significant relationship between education, income, and dependents with the motivation of farmers, but there is no significant relationship between work, social environtmen with the motivation of farmers in participating in the refugia planting program in Mojolaban District, Sukoharjo Regency.
Peran Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) dalam Pengembangan Desa Wisata di Desa Ponggok Kecamatan Polanharjo Kabupaten Klaten
Authors: Hastutik Dwi , Padmaningrum Dwiningtyas , Wibowo Agung
Published: May 2021

Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDes) is pillars of village economic activities that function is as social institutions and commercial institutions. An understanding of the role of BUMDes is useful for analyzing the role of BUMDes in the development of tourist villages. The role studied is in the form, the role of awareness (conscientization), the role of community organizing, and the role of delivery of human resources (resource delivery). The objective of the study is to analyze: (1) the process of forming a tourism village (2) the role of the BUMDes in the development of a tourism village. The basic method of research is descriptive qualitative. The research location was determined intentionally, Ponggok Village, Polanharjo District, Klaten Regency. Data analysis used data reduction, data display (data display), and drawing conclusions or verification. Data validity was done by source triangulation and technique triangulation. The results of the study showed that: (1) the process of the formation of the Ponggok Tourism Village began with a pennant in Ponggok Village which was previously only used for daily needs. Over time the village government of Ponggok was aware of the tourism potential in the area. To support the development of a tourism village, the Ponggok Village government collaborated with the academy, SAR (search and rescue) team, and diving team to explore tourism potential. (2) the role of BUMDes in the development of Tourism Village seen by three things, they were the conscientization role, which was carried out with socialization activities and proof of work, the role of community organizing, channeling aspirations and the division of labor into business units, and the role of delivery of human resources (resource delivery), which was training activities carried out together with other parties such as banking and other academics.
Peningkatan Kapasitas dan Inovasi Koperasi Pangan Boga Makmur Menghadapi Era Industri 4.0
Authors: Irianto Heru , Handayani Sugiharti Mulya , Rahayu Endang Siti , Setyowati Setyowati , Sundari Mei Tri
Published: May 2021

Revolusi Industri 4.0 memberikan peluang kepada UKM untuk lebih berkembang. Dalam kenyataannya banyak permasalahan internal yang menghambat perkembangan UKM. Permasalahan internal yang sering menjadi penghambat adalah kemampuan pengelolaan keuangan yang rendah dan daya saing produk yang belum maksimal. Kegiatan pengabdian bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kapasitas UKM pangan di era industri 4.0 terutama dalam pengelolaan keuangan dan inovasi kemasan. Kegiatan pengabdian ini dilaksanakan dengan mitra Koperasi Pangan Boga Makmur di Kabupaten Sukoharjo melalui FGD terbatas, pelatihan dan pendampingan. Metode Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) digunakan untuk menjamin kegiatan memberikan hasil maksimal. Dengan metode ini peserta diharapkan terlibat penuh dalam kegiatan. Kegiatan pengabdian dilaksanakan dengan memberikan pelatihan dan pendampingan tentang pembukuan keuangan dan pembuatan kemasan yang marketable dan dapat meningkatkan daya saing produk. Pelatihan memberikan banyak manfaat bagi peserta, namun adanya pandemi membuat usaha terhenti, sehingga baru sekitar 10% peserta pelatihan yang sudah mempunyai pembukuan keuangan dan 30% yang sudah mempunyai kemasan marketable.
The Helical Anchor Type with Application as a Horizontal Drainage Equipment for Slope Protection
Authors: Chi Nguyen Mai , Hung Hoang Viet , Wakai Akihiko , Sato Go , Phuong Nguyen Ha ,   Thuyloi University  175 Tayson Street, Dongda District, Hanoi, Vietnam,   Gunma University, Gunma, Japan,   Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
Published: May 2021

Helical anchors, sometimes referred to as screw anchors, screw piles, and helical piles, are a steel screw-in piling and ground anchoring system used for building deep foundations. Screw piles are manufactured using varying sizes of tubular hollow sections for the pile or anchor shaft. This paper presents an innovation of the helical anchor for horizontal drains, a form of subsurface drainage systems for slope protection. To address the adverse effect of groundwater, an expansion of the application of the helical anchor structure in civil engineering is needed, and new drainage solutions are being considered. The features of the helical anchor type for horizontal drainage equipment, analyses of some of its advantages, and conditions of application are presented. Generally, a helical anchor for horizontal drainage is convenient for installation, maintenance, or removal, and is effective for both horizontal drainage and for anchoring the revetment. It is also a typical construction in drainage works, generally performed by a cranking handle or a rotary-percussion-type drilling machine. The helical anchor pipe for horizontal drainage has many segments with joints using a cranking hand for installation and is quite effective where the installation space is narrow or there is no machine. In particular, the installation of this equipment differs significantly from other drilling methods because it can be driven into a sand layer without a hole wall.
Identification, Monitoring, and Assessment of an Active Landslide in Tavan-Hauthao, Sapa, Laocai, Vietnam – A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Nguyen Manh Duc , Thang Nguyen Van , Wakai Akihiko , Sato Go , Karnjana Jessada , Hung Hoang Viet , Ho Lanh Si , Prakash Indra , Quang Hoc Tran , Pham Binh Thai ,   University of Transport and Communications No.3 Cau Giay Street, Lang Thuong Ward, Dong Da District, Hanoi, Vietnam,   Gunma University, Gunma, Japan,   Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan,   National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Pathum Thani, Thailand,   Thuyloi University, Hanoi, Vietnam,   University of Transport Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam,   Civil and Environmental Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering,  Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan,   Geological Survey of India, Gandhinagar, India,   University of Transport and Communications, Hanoi, Vietnam
Published: May 2021

The active landslide located in the Tavan-Hauthao, Sapa district, Laocai province, Vietnam was investigated using geophysical methods (2D Electrical Resistivity and Tomography), geotechnical investigations, and a ground survey to assess the geologic condition of the sliding block and surrounding ground. Landslide displacement was measured using 15 surface monitoring points. Numerical modeling was done to assess the behavior of an active landslide. This multi-disciplinary approach helped in interpreting landslide stratigraphy, geotechnical characteristics of the sliding groundmass, depth, and nature of the sliding plane. The surface area of the slide is approximately 1200 m2. Studying this active landslide is important as it affects the road No. 152, which is an important road connecting the Sapa Ancient Rock Field. This study involved surface topographical survey, surface and sub-surface geological, and geotechnical investigations including Standard Penetration Test and Electrical Resistivity Tomography. Geologic and geotechnical data were used to characterize an active landslide block, which is composed of different soil layers underlaid by granitic rock. The surface electrical-resistivity measurements across the Sapa landslide resulted in inverted-resistivity sections with distinct resistivity contrasts that correlated well with the geology and geo-hydrology observed in boreholes.
New Approach for the Extraction Method of Landslide-Prone Slopes Using Geomorphological Analysis: Feasibility Study in the Shikoku Mountains, Japan
Authors: Sato Go , Ozaki Takatsugu , Yokoyama Osamu , Wakai Akihiko , Hayashi Kazunori , Yamasaki Takanari , Tosa Shinichi , Mayumi Takayuki , Kimura Takashi ,   Graduate School of Environmental Informations, Teikyo Heisei University 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8530, Japan,   Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan,   Japan Conservation Engineers & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan,   Okuyama Boring Co., Ltd., Miyagi, Japan,   Japan Conservation Engineers & Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan,   Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
Published: May 2021

In recent years, airborne laser scanning has been used for terrain surveys of broad areas in Japan. This study attempted to extract the landslide-prone slope based on geomorphological and slope stability analyses using Digital Elevation Model obtained by airborne laser scanning. The study site is located in the mountainous region of the Shikoku Mountains, where landslides occur on the gentle slope deformed by mass rock creeps. Implementing slope stability analysis to incorporate “potential to increase pore water pressure” found that landslides occur in areas with low factor of safety. In the future, it is expected that the method developed in this study could contribute to the planning of basin-based disaster management.
Geometry and the Mechanism of Landslide Occurrence in a Limestone Area – Case Examples of Landslides in Vietnam and from Europe, China, and Japan –
Authors: Tung Bui Duc , Do Ngoc Ha , Thanh Nguyen Kim , Luong Le Hong , Watanabe Osamu , Hayashi Kazunori , Wakai Akihiko , Abe Shinro ,   GEOS Construction Technology Consulting JSC 141 Duong Van Be Street, Vinh Tuy Ward, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi, Vietnam,   University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan,   Institute of Transport Science and Technology (ITST), Ministry of Transport of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam,   Suimonkikaku LLC, Miyagi, Japan,   Okuyama Boring Co., Ltd., Akita, Japan,   Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
Published: May 2021

Landslide damage has been reported in many limestone areas in Europe, where the population lives close to limestone areas, and in Guilin in southern China and Ha Long in Vietnam, which are known for their unique limestone landscapes. There are few studies on the mechanism and type of landslide motion in and around such limestone areas. The lack of basic data is a problem for risk assessment and countermeasures in limestone areas. In this study, we summarized the causes and mechanisms of landslide occurrence, including geology and groundwater, focusing on six landslides that occurred in limestone areas in northern Vietnam, and classified them into six types of landslide movement. In the case of Japan, the occurrence of landslides in limestone areas is rare despite the wide distribution of limestone, and it is difficult to classify the type of movement. Differences in the landslide mechanisms are caused by the difference between limestones generated in the pelagic environment of Japan and limestones developed along the Tethys Sea coast, which are mixed with pelitic rocks as shallow-water sediments in Europe, China, and Vietnam. It is necessary to elucidate the relationship between landslides and the formation environment and sedimentary characteristics of limestone as an accretionary prism based on comparisons of a wide range of cases in future studies.
3D Total Lightning Observation Network in Tokyo Metropolitan Area (Tokyo LMA)
Authors: Sakurai Namiko , Iwanami Koyuru , Shimizu Shingo , Uji Yasushi , Suzuki Shin-ichi , Maesaka Takeshi , Shimose Ken-ichi , Krehbiel Paul R. , Rison William , Rodeheffer Daniel ,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan,   New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, New Mexico, USA,   LMA Technologies, LLC, New Mexico, USA
Published: May 2021

The National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience deployed a lightning mapping array (LMA) in the Tokyo metropolitan area in March 2017. Called the “Tokyo LMA,” it obtains detailed three-dimensional observations of the total lightning activity (cloud-to-ground and intracloud flashes) in storms. The network initially consisted of 8 receiving stations, expanded to 12 stations in March 2018. Real-time total lightning images were first opened on the webpage in Japan. Real-time observations from the Tokyo LMA will be used in nowcasting lightning hazards and mitigating lightning disasters. Archived data will be used to develop lightning prediction techniques and a lightning climatology for the Tokyo metropolitan area.
A Comparison Between Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation Data and High-Resolution Radar Data – A Case Study of Localized Torrential Rainfall over Japan
Authors: Hayashi Yoshiaki , Tebakari Taichi , Hashimoto Akihiro ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Fukuoka University 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan,   Department of Environment and Civil Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan
Published: May 2021

This paper presents a case study comparing the latest algorithm version of Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) data with C-band and X-band Multi-Parameter (MP) radar as high-resolution rainfall data in terms of localized heavy rainfall events. The study also obliged us to clarify the spatial and temporal resolution of GSMaP data using high-accuracy ground-based radar, and evaluate the performance and reporting frequency of GSMaP satellites. The GSMaP_Gauge_RNL data with less than 70 mm/day of daily rainfall was similar to the data of both radars, but the GSMaP_Gauge_RNL data with over 70 mm/day of daily rainfall was not, and the calibration by rain-gauge data was poor. Furthermore, both direct/indirect observations by the Global Precipitation Measurement/Microwave Imager (GPM/GMI) and the frequency thereof (once or twice) significantly affected the difference between GPM/GMI data and C-band radar data when the daily rainfall was less than 70 mm/day and the hourly rainfall was less than 20 mm/h. Therefore, it is difficult for GSMaP_Gauge to accurately estimate localized heavy rainfall with high-density particle precipitation.
Jadeitite and Related Rocks in Serpentinite Mélanges from the Rio San Juan Complex, Dominican Republic: Evidence for Both Isochemical Replacement and Metasomatic Desilication of Igneous Protoliths with Fluid-Assisted Jadeite Growth
Authors: Hertwig A. , Maresch W.V. , Schertl H.-P.
Published: May 2021

—This study presents an overview of the systematic petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry of jadeitite and jadeite-rich rocks found as blocks in the serpentinite mélanges of the Rio San Juan Complex (RSJC) of the northern Dominican Republic. The RSJC is one of the remnants of the subduction/accretionary complex of the Great Caribbean Arc that once spanned the gap between North and South America, moved relatively eastward to its present position as the Lesser Antilles island arc, and left collisional fragments along the two continental margins. Our systematic collection of heterogeneous samples ranges from jadeitite s.str. (sensu stricto) with ≥90 vol.% jadeite to quartz-rich rocks with jadeite and lawsonite. Two suites of rock types can be recognized. In the matrix-quartz-free rock suite, albite is the principal vein-filling or interstitial phase. Quartz is present only as inclusions in the cores of some jadeite crystals. In the matrix-quartz-bearing rock suite, quartz is abundant and albite is relatively rare. The first-order question concerning jadeite-rich rocks is whether jadeite precipitated from a high-pressure aqueous fluid (“vein precipitation” or “P-type”) or whether the jadeite-rich rock formed through comprehensive metasomatic replacement of an igneous protolith (“R-type”). Some examples occur as discordant veins and are clearly P-type. For most, however, classification has been equivocal. The systematic data on the petrography and whole-rock chemistry of jadeite rocks from the RSJC presented in this paper leads to significant clarification. A major argument against R-type genesis is that the metasomatic mass transfer required to produce jadeitite and jadeite-rich rocks from any normal igneous protolith is prohibitively complex. Using whole-rock, major-element compositions, we show that many members of the matrix-quartz-bearing rock suite from the RSJC can be derived by isochemical HP/LT metamorphism of normal oceanic plagiogranites subducted together with oceanic crust. Isocon analysis shows, furthermore, that more jadeite-rich rock types and also members of the matrix-quartz-free suite can be derived from such plagiogranites primarily by straightforward desilication, a realistic scenario in a serpentine-rich environment. The quartz inclusions found in jadeite crystals of the matrix-quartz-free suite corroborate a genetic path in which the plagioclase in a plagiogranite protolith reacts to jadeite + quartz. Later desilication and the formation of albite in the Si-undersaturated rock matrix leave tell-tale quartz inclusions as relics in jadeite crystals.
Mesoarchean to Paleoproterozoic Crustal Evolution of the Belomorian Province, Fennoscandian Shield, and the Tectonic Setting of Eclogites
Authors: Slabunov A.I. , Balagansky V.V. , Shchipansky A.A.
Published: May 2021

—The Belomorian Province (BP) of the Fennoscandian Shield is a high-grade belt composed of Meso- to Neoarchean tonalite– trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses with subordinate supracrustal complexes. The Belomorian crust is underlined by a thick mantle keel, a structural element typical of Archean cratons. Belomorian rocks were metamorphosed under conditions of mainly high-pressure amphibolite to granulite facies in both Archean and Paleoproterozoic times. The TTG gneisses contain numerous blocks of almost completely retrogressed eclogite (eclogite-1). This paragenetic association of eclogite-1 and gneisses can be classified as an Archean eclogite–TTG gneiss mélange, a component of the Belomorian continental crust produced by subductional, accretionary, and collisional processes of the Belomorian collisional orogeny 2.9–2.66 Ga. The Paleoproterozoic history of the BP comprises of two prominent tectonic periods: (i) early Paleoproterozoic (~2.5–2.4 Ga), related to a superplume, and (ii) late Paleoproterozoic (2.0–1.85 Ga), resulted from crustal reworking during the Lapland–Kola collisional orogeny that produced strong penetrative metamorphic and local deformational overprint. The Paleoproterozoic highest-grade metamorphic overprint is represented by patches of eclogites (eclogite-2) in Paleoproterozoic mafic dikes and eclogite-1. Field relations between eclogite-1 and eclogite-2 are described in the Gridino area of the western coast of the White Sea. So, the BP is a high-grade polymetamorphic belt formed by a superposition of the Neoarchean Belomorian and Paleoproterozoic Lapland–Kola orogenies, whose characteristic features are eclogites produced by subduction and collision.
The Bystrinskoe Earthquake in the Southern Baikal Region (21 September 2020,Mw= 5.4): Main Parameters, Precursors, and Accompanying Effects
Authors: Seminsky K.Zh. , Bornyakov S.A. , Dobrynina A.A. , Radziminovich N.A. , Rasskazov S.V. , San’kov V.A. , Mialle P. , Bobrov A.A. , Il’yasova A.M. , Salko D.V. , San’kov A.V. , Seminsky A.K. , Chebykin E.P. , Shagun A.N. , German V.I. , Tubanov Ts.A. , Ulzibat M.
Published: May 2021

––We present the preliminary results of a study of the Bystrinskoe earthquake, which occurred in the southern Baikal region on 21 September 2020 and was accompanied by shaking with an intensity of VI–VII on the MSK-64 scale in the epicentral area and with an intensity of V in large cities of southern East Siberia (Irkutsk, Angarsk, Usolye-Sibirskoe, Zakamensk, etc.). A preliminary characteristic of the seismic event is given on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of seismological, structural-tectonic, strain, emanation, and hydrogeochemical data obtained during the monitoring of hazardous geologic processes in the Baikal natural territory. We have estimated the seismologic parameters of the Bystrinskoe earthquake, characterized the accompanying phenomena, and identified the effects that are of interest as probable precursors of future strong earthquakes in the Baikal region. The data obtained suggest that the earthquake occurred in the zone of the Main Sayan Fault as a result of strike-slip movement along the W–NW fault. The earthquake focus was apparently located at a shallow depth, as evidenced by the duration of the shocks, macroseismic manifestations, and the strong rumble heard at different directions from the epicenter.
Branding private higher education institutions in South Africa through the evaluation of current branding models
Authors: Bird Alan , Mugobo Virimai
Published: May 2021

The current Private Higher Education Institution (PHEI) landscape in South Africa is developing at a rapid rate, with over ninety private tertiary institutions, registered with the Council for Higher Education (CHE). However, stakeholder perceptions of these PHEIs are generally negative, largely as a result of the negative perceptions of the qualification, obtained from the private institutions by both parents and students, and questions around the sustainability of the institutions in the long run. Media reports, lack of Department of Education (DHET) support and funding, as well as minimum, if any, marketing and advertising from the PHEI are factors, cited for these firmly entrenched perceptions from the general public. The article was driven by both current and emerging branding models as a benchmark for value-added branding of PHEIs in South Africa. International markets, in countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, India and Brazil are included; not as a comparative study, but more as a review of literature on how tertiary education is branded in the private sector in these countries. In addition, developing countries and emerging markets needed to be taken into consideration in the light of their experience in sustaining private education entities. The subsequent investigation of these models proved invaluable in respect of providing similarities and, in some instances, huge differences, which contributed to the establishment of a generic value-added branding model critical for sustaining PHEIs in South Africa. The knowledge of which dimensions the branding of a PHEI should focus on to nullify the negative perceptions associated with a PHEI is paramount.
Human rights and the policing of disorder in South Africa: challenges and future directions
Authors: Yesufu Shaka
Published: May 2021

Unarguably, the South African Police during the apartheid era was characterised by brutality and state repression, including the political executions of several South African citizens who dared oppose the apartheid regime. The post-apartheid era has also witnessed deaths of citizens at the hands of the police during demonstrations, demanding better service delivery, higher wages, improved working conditions, and an end to marginalisation and poverty. The author presents some cases of police human rights violations concerning policing citizen’s protests. This is a qualitative study, relying on extensive literature review by previous researchers. The findings of this study are: The South Africa Police Service continues to violate citizen's right to protest, which is enshrined in the Republic of South Africa’s constitution under chapter 2 “Bill of Rights” and other international legal jurisprudence. The South African police have failed to perform their duties professionally and effectively when it comes to policing protests. Crown management remains an elusive issue both during the apartheid and post-apartheid eras. The author recommends a demilitarization of the police consistent with the South African government policy recommendation, found in the National Development Plan 2030.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to IgA class autoantibodies
Authors: Sokol R.J. , Booker DJ. , Stamps R. , Booth J.R.
Published: May 2021

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia clue to warm-reacting autoantibod-ies solely of the IgA class is very rare, and only live cases were identified among 5,177 patients referred during 13.5 years. All were females Cages 21-69 years) and all presented with idiopathic “Coombs negative1' autoimmune hemolytic anemia, a. diagnosis that was confirmed using monospecific anti-human IgA reagents. Red cell-bound IgG was reduced, but in two patients IgM was initially increased, an occurrence that was thought to reflect the developing autoimmune response. The autoantibodies had high affinity for red cells with very little free antibody detectable in the serum; in two instances Rh specificity was evident. Hemolysis was severe in four patients. Two of them had intravascular hemolysis, one of whom also had marked dyserythropoiesis and a transiently positive Ham′s test. Although IgA autoantibodies caused hemolysis predominantly through immune adherence, on occasions they also seemed to be able to induce complement activation, possibly via the alternative pathway. Prednisolone was the mainstay of treatment, and was occasionally augmented with azathioprine and intravenous immunoglobulin. Blood transfusion was required in two patients, both of whom eventually required splenectomy that resulted in full remission. The one patient with mild hemolysis recovered without treatment.
Immunohematology
1996;12:14-19.
Dealing with brittleness in the design of expert systems for immunohematology
Authors: Guerlain S.A. , Smith P.J. , Obradovich J.H. , Rudmann S. , Strohm P. , Smith J.W. , Svirbely J.
Published: May 2021

In recent years, there has been increased discussion about the potential of expert systems to support medical decision-making tasks, including applications in clinical laboratory settings. This study provides data regarding the cognitive errors that technologists make on an important problem-solving task: the identification of antibodies in a patient’s blood. It explores alternative designs for expert systems developed to reduce such errors. It also evaluates the effects of these alternative designs on the ability of the users to effectively stay “in the loop,” applying their own expertise and judgment while using the computer as a tool to assist with their analyses. A pilot study was conducted involving 32 certified medical technologists, which compared two alternative roles for the computer: (1) use of the computer to automatically complete subtasks upon request, and (2) use of the computer as a monitoring device to critique technologists as they completed the analyses themselves. The system design that automatically completed subtasks for the technologist induced a 29 percent increase in errors relative to the design that critiqued technologists as they completed the analyses themselves.
ABO genotyping—identification of O1, O1*
, and O2
alleles using the polymerase chain reaction–sequence specific oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO) technique
Authors: Mifsud N.A. , Haddad A.P. , Condon J.A. , Sparrow R.L.
Published: May 2021

ABO polymorphism at the gene level has been investigated by molecular methods, predominantly sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). We describe the application of the polymerase chain reaction–sequence specific oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO) method, which is considered to be more versatile for large sample numbers, compared with conventional ABO genotyping by PCR-RFLP. PCR-SSO, while maintaining accurate and reliable results, reduces costs and labor. A population of 155 random individuals was investigated for the three O alleles, O1, O1*, and O2
. The allelic frequencies were 35 percent, 26 percent, and 5 percent, respectively. PCR-SSO results correlated completely with both serologic and PCR-RFLP results.
The r′ gene is overrepresented in hrB-negative individuals
Authors: Beal C.L. , Oliver C.K. , Mallory D.M. , Issitt P.D.
Published: May 2021

A screening program was implemented to identify hrB– donors. D– C+, D–C–, and D+C– samples from African-American donors were typed with multiple examples of anti-hrB and anti-hrB-like, and one example each of anti-V and anti-VS. Of 75 D–C+ donors, 4 (5%) typed as hrB–, and 14 others had weak or variable expression of hrB. Of these 18 individuals, 15 were V–VS+, and 3 were V+VS+. No hrB– sample was found in 90 C– donors, 26 of whom were V+VS+, and 1 was V–VS+. A review of our records of 44 hrB– patients and donors studied earlier revealed that at least 12, and possibly as many as 30, carried r′ or r′s
. All hrB– donors found in our screening program had D–C+VS+ RBCs, indicating an overrepresentation of r′. Our record review also showed that the presence of r′ and r′s
more often results in hrB– RBCs, and that the most effective way to screen for hrB– donors is to type African Americans who have D–C+ RBCs.
Immunohematology
1995;11:74–77.
Detection of Lewis, P1, and some MNS blood group system antibodies by a solid phase assay
Authors: Rolih S. , Thomas R. , Sinor L.
Published: May 2021

Some solid phase red cell adherence (SPRCA) assays arc designed to detect IgG antibodies to red blood cell (RBC) antigens. These assays use anti-IgG-coated red cells as the indicator. It is reported that most antibodies to Lea, Leb, P1, M, and N fail to react by solid phase (SP), presumably because they are IgM antibodies. Those detected are assumed to be IgG. In one year, during routine testing using SPRCA to screen patients for intended RBC transfusion, 28 of 59 such examples were found to react: anti-Lea(9), -Leb(1), -M(14), -N(1), and -P1(3). A study was undertaken to determine if reactivity was due to crosslinking by IgM antibodies of antigen-positive indicator RBCs to antigen-positive reagent RBC monolayers, or due to detection of IgG antibodies. Antibodies were tested according to standard SP protocols, except where IgG-neutralized indicator RBCs were substituted for anti-IgG-active indicator cells. The 59 samples were retested with antigen-positive and antigen-negative indicator RBCs. Only 5 of 59 reacted optimally when antigen-positive indicator cells were used: anti-Lea(2), -Leb(1), -M(1), and -N(1). The reactions of all antibodies were abolished when the anti-IgG component of the indicator was neutralized by soluble IgG. These findings show that detection of most Lewis, P1, M, and N antibodies by SPRCA is dependent on the presence of an IgG antibody in the serum.
Immunohematology
1995;11:78–80.
Correlation of monocyte monolayer assays and posttransfusion survival of Yt(a+) red cells in patients with anti-Yva
Authors: Eckrich R.J. , Mallory D.M. , Sandler S.G.
Published: May 2021

Anti-Yta is an antibody to a high-frequency (99.8%) antigen and has been reported to have variable clinical significance. A retrospective review of monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) results on sera from 79 patients with anti-Yta was conducted to determine the reliability of this assay to predict the clinical significance of anti-Yta. Results of the MMA, other serological tests, and patient transfusion histories were analyzed. The MMA was found to be a reliable predictor of the clinical significance of anti-Yta when samples for analysis were collected at least six weeks after initial detection of the antibody. Only 18.2 percent of those examples of anti-Yta tested appeared to be clinically significant.
Immunohematology
1995;11:81–84.
Review: platelet immunology—similarities and differences with red cell immunology
Authors: Garratty G.
Published: May 2021

In many ways platelet and red blood cell (RBC) immunology are similar, but there are important differences. At least 272 RBC antigens have been described. These have been placed into 22 systems (194 antigens), 7 collections (20 antigens), and 2 series (high-frequency antigens [12] and low-frequency antigens [46])1. Platelets express human leukocyte antigens (HLA) (class 1 only), ABH, P (not P1), Lewis, I, and platelet-specific antigens on their membranes. Platelet-specific antigens can be classified into five biallelic systems, originally called PlA1 (Zw), Ko(Sib), Bak, Yuk (Pen), and Br. Each system includes a high-frequency antigen occurring in 96 percent to >99 percent of the population, and homozygosity for a lower-frequency antigen, occurring in 4 percent to <1 percent of the population. In addition, a number of additional low-frequency (private) antigens (e.g., Moa, Caa, Sra, Vaa, Iya, Pea, Groa, Maxa) have been described.2−4 Like RBC antigens and antibodies, platelet-specific antigens and antibodies were first named using letters from the name of the propositus (e.g., Bak, Br, Yuk).
Application of the proteolytic enzyme papain in routine platelet serology
Authors: Lown J.A.G. , Dale B.J.
Published: May 2021

The use of proteolytic enzymes is well established in red cell serology. These enzymes modify some antigen structures and remove sialic acid from the red cell membrane. Enzyme-sensitive structures have also been identified on the platelet membrane. The effect of papain, a proteolytic enzyme used widely in red cell serology, on the detection of various platelet alloantibodies was examined to determine its usefulness in platelet serology. Antisera with the specificities anti-HPA-la, -2b, -3a, -4a, -5a, -5b, and -Naka were examined. HLA antibodies were also included. All sera were tested by a solid-phase red cell adherence technique in parallel with untreated platelets (UP) and platelets treated with papain (PP) for 15 minutes at 37°C. The reactivity of anti-HPA-2b was eliminated and that of anti-HPA-3a was either eliminated or almost eliminated with PP. Antisera specific for the other alloantigens tested reacted similarly or more strongly with PP compared with UP. These findings were confirmed by flow cytometry. The reactivity of HLA antibodies with PP was generally enhanced. Inactivation by papain of platelet alloantigens in the HPA-2 and HPA-3 systems, but not in other systems, may assist in resolving mixtures of platelet alloantibodies. Also, detection of weak antibodies of other specificities may be enhanced. The use of PP may be a simple and useful serologic tool for investigating platelet alloantibodies.
Immunohematology
1995;11:140–142.
Development of a flow cytometric test for the detection of D-positive fetal cells after fetomaternal hemorrhage and a survey of the prevalence in D-negative women
Authors: Nelson M. , Popp H. , Horky K. , Forsyth C. , Gibson J.
Published: May 2021

A sensitive test for the presence of D-positive fetal red blood cells (RBCs) in the maternal circulation of D-negative women has been developed. It was used to investigate the possibility that the occasional failure in preventing alloimmunization might be due to the administration of inadequate amounts of prophylactic anti-D Rh immune globulin. The standard dose in Australia contains 125μg of antibody, and can suppress immunization by an estimated 6 mL of packed D-positive RBCs. A fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) of this volume is detectable in the maternal circulation as approximately 0.25 percent of the total RBCs. Our test utilizes a commercially available human monoclonal IgG anti-D that has been biotinylated and used with a dye-conjugated streptavidin. Flow cytometry is used to quantitate fluorescing D-positive RBCs. To date, 2,288 tests have been performed on blood samples from D-negative women attending local antenatal clinics or at the time of delivery. Evidence for an FMH has been obtained in six cases (0.26%). In one case, the FMH was only 0.1 percent, and in another (confirmed by the Kleihauer-Betke method), fetal cells constituted only 0.2 percent. Additional Rh immune globulin was not given to these patients. In the other four cases, the D-positive fetal cells were estimated to be 0.7, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.4 percent, and additional prophylactic Rh immune globulin was administered. Although the prevalence of FMH is low, screening D-negative women at risk of alloimmunization has proved to be simple, fast, and inexpensive.