bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ritornelo
Authors: Gomes Danilo
Published: September 2015

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Fauna
Authors: Alcântara Eurípedes
Published: September 2015

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O ponto final
Authors: Mendes Fausto Albuquerque
Published: September 2015

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Haroldo & Augusto
Authors: Ribeiro Neto Amador
Published: September 2015

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Da nossa parte
Authors: Medeiros Sérgio Coelho de
Published: September 2015

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Amar, amares
Authors: Branco Lúcia Castello
Published: September 2015

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Ubi sunt das rimas fáceis
Authors: Guimarães Valmiki Villela
Published: September 2015

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Difficulties in collecting fish tithe
Authors: Guttesen Rolf
Published: September 2015

This paper sheds light on the problems that emerged in the 19th century Faro- ese society when radical changes in population, production, trade as well as culture took place. The author follows the rising difficulties in collecting the fish tithe, as it is described in the biannual reports from the local sheriffs, legal disputes, correspondance with the governmental offices in Copenhagen as well as documents from the prolonged considerations in the local parliament, the Løgting. It becomes clear that not only changes in the ways the fishing was performed had an impact. The diverted changes in people´s culture and conception of law lead to a situation where old customs and moral altered. The old law on fish tithe had to be rescinded. It happened in 1892 after 17 years of debate in the local parliament.
Variation between i and u in weakly-stressed position in Faroese
Authors: Weyhe Eivind
Published: September 2015

In this article the author identifies the variation between i and u in weakly-stressed position in Faroese, and especially in morphological endings, as a result of specific changes which have taken place during the development from Old Norse to the modern language. An attempt is made to account for the changes, and it is conjectured that they are for the most part the result of a desire to make the grammatical system simpler and more transparent. Suggestions are also offered about when the changes took place, and where in the Faroes they originated. Attention is drawn to the fact that coalescence between i and u is not limited to a geographically continuous area, and that the innovation cannot therefore have begun in just one place and spread out from there, but must, as far as can be judged, have developed in both the southernmost and northernmost parts of the country. Particular emphasis is placed on showing that the changes occur in stages, and on the fact that the variation can be presented in the form of a scalogram, which indicates it is not arbitrary. Attention is finally directed at the influence the written language and school teaching have on the system which has developed in the language naturally.
Seven species of land­snails (Gastropoda) new to the Faroe Islands
Authors: Jensen Jens-Kjeld , Hansen Jógvan Fróði , Nolsø Ámundur
Published: September 2015

Since the investigation performed by Solhøy between 1977 and 1979 (Solhøy, 1981) no organized investigation has been performed on the distribution of land snails in the Faroes. Intense importation of building and gardening materials has since increased the risk of introducing new snail species to the islands. This article is based on material and observations from observers around the islands over several years, who have contacted the first author. This has resulted in the discovery of seven new species to the islands in addition to Solhøy’s twenty species. Four of the new species are snails, while two are slugs. An additional species was introduced for commercial purpose but does not seem to have survived well in the Faroese climate.It is difficult to predict the consequences of the settlement of these new Faroese gastropod species, but they may act as intermediate hosts for parasites, having cats and dogs as final hosts.
Faroese. A Language Course for Beginners
Authors: Thráinsson Höskuldur
Published: September 2015

Jonathan Adams and Hjalmar P. Petersen. 2009. Faroese. A Language Course for Beginners. Textbook. Stiðin, Tórshavn.. xiv + 400 pages. (A cd is included)Hjalmar P. Petersen and Jonathan Adams. Faroese. A Language course for Beginners. Grammar. Stiðin, Tórshavn. xiv + 303 pages
The Mountain Passes in Norðradalur
Authors: Weyhe Eivind
Published: September 2015

The article deals with the names of two mountain passes used by people travelling to or from Norðradalur. The passes exhibit a wide variety of names in written and oral sources. The more northerly one is called Norðaraskarð, Norðaraskarð í Norðradali, Norð­ara Norðradalsskarð, Neytaskarð, Norðradals­ skarð, Skarðið, while its neighbour to the south goes under the names Sunnaraskarð, Sunnara­ or Syðraskarð í Norðradali, Sunn­ ara Norðradalsskarð, Lýðarssonarskarð, Lýsna­ skarð, Lyderssens skahr, Fólkaskarð, Uppi á Skarði. An attempt is made to show what factors have determined this variety: time, place, circumstances or particular events. One of the passes was, for example, connected with the death of a priest in the Reformation period and named after him. It is also suggested that Fólkaskarð ‘people's pass' is unlikely to have been a name that was ever actually in use. More probably, it was proposed by place­name collectors as a contrast to Neytaskarð ‘cattle pass’. Finally an explanation is offered for why Norðradalsskarð is rapidly becoming the sole name of the more northerly pass.
Student Perceptions of Effectiveness of Case-Based Learning in Orthodontic Education
Authors: Yang Zhenhua , Ding Yin , Jin Zuolin , Jin Fang
Published: September 2015

Background :

Teacher-centered education dominates dental education in China. This report introduced the redesign of an orthodontic course previously delivered in a traditional lecture format into a case-based and student-centered learning format that focuses on improving students’ ability in clinical problem-solving and decision making skills.

Methods :

Thirty five dental students at the fourth year of a five-year B.D.S. program met in a ten-period series of seminars. Case details with relevant diagnostic records were provided to each student ahead of time. A diagnostic worksheet was used to guide students through the analytical process to develop the diagnosis and treatment plan. Students took turns leading the discussion at each seminar. Instructors served as facilitators and evaluators. Following the last session, a questionnaire was distributed to each student to evaluate the case-based learning program.

Results :

Responses from students revealed that the case-based orthodontic course was well received. Students commented favorably upon improvement in the aspects of problem lists, diagnosis and treatment planning.

Conclusion :

It was our initial attempt of using case-based learning format often used in postdoctoral dental education as a curriculum innovation in undergraduate orthodontic education. Our pilot investigation indicated that CBL is worthy of wide use and could be applied in multilevel dental education to develop the dental student's knowledge and skill in comprehensive patient evaluation and diagnosis in preparation for treatment planning.
Association of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection with Female Infer-tility, Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India
Authors: Ghosh Mallika , Choudhuri Subhadip , Ray Reena Ghosh , Bhattacharya Basudev , Bhattacharya Sujata
Published: September 2015

Background:Chlamydia trachomatisis recognized as one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogen in the world. 50-80% of infected females are asymptomatic. These untreated women are at risk of developing chronic sequelae leading to tubal pathology causing infertility. Infertility is defined as 1 year of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy. It may be primary or secondary.Aim:To find out the association of genitalChlamydia trachomatisinfection with female infertility.Materials and Methodology:This case control study has been carried out in collaboration with R. G. Kar Medical College and Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, India, between July 2012 and June 2013. 40 infertile and 40 pregnant women were enrolled by purposive sampling as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. ELISA test was performed to detect serum IgG and IgA antibody against recombinant analogs of MOMP and 3 different PCR assays were done targeting MOMP and rRNA DNA from DNA extracted from first void urine.Results:IgG seropositivity was significantly higher (15%vs0%,P=.0255) in cases than controls, though there was no significant difference in the proportion of IgA seropositivity among 2 groups (12.5%vs2.5%,P=0.2007). Out of 80 samples 2 samples showed the production of amplicons with R1 – R2 primers. Only 1 sample gave positive result with production of amplicons with all the 3 primers used (R1 – R2, CT0005 – CT06 and JM15 – JM16).Conclusion:PersistentC. trachomatisinfection must be recognized as a risk factor of infertility in this region of India. The low PCR positivity in FVU sample helps to conclude the diagnostic utility of serological tests in screening of infertile women.
Plasma Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Patients
Authors: Abdel-Latif Mohamed S
Published: September 2015

Background:

In chronic HCV infection, pathological accumulation of the extracellular matrix is the main feature of liver fibrosis; that indicates the imbalanced rate of increased matrix synthesis to decreased breakdown of connective tissue proteins. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role in remodeling of extracellular matrix. It is known that expression of MMPs is regulated by Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Also, levels of TNF-α in liver and serum are increased in chronic HCV patient. Accordingly, this study aimed to correlate the plasma levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TNF-α in chronic HCV patients with the pathogenesis of the liver.

Methods:

The current study was conducted on 15 ﬁbrotic liver cases with detectable HCV RNA, 10 HCV cirrhotic liver cases, and 15 control subjects of matched age and sex. Plasma MMP-2, MMP-9 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA.

Results:

Data revealed that the MMP2, MMP9 and TNF-α levels showed a significant elevation in chronic HCV patients compared to control group (p= 0.001). But, no significant correlation was observed in levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TNF-α between fibrotic and cirrhotic cases.

Conclusions:

MMP-2, MMP-9 and TNF-α showed high reproducibility to differentiate chronic HCV patients from control group. On the contrary, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TNF-α were not able to differentiate fibrotic from cirrhotic liver cases. Thus, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TNF-α could not be correlated with the progression of liver disease. Rather they could be used as prognostic markers of liver fibrosis.
Infections After Kidney Transplantation: The Bug Bear Of Kidney Transplantation In Tropics
Authors: Basu Gopal
Published: September 2015

Infections are the bugbear of kidney transplantation in the tropics, being responsible for majority of the deaths. Despite the several challenges posed by infections in kidney transplant recipient in the tropics, various developments have resulted in a decline in the rate of infections as well as their consequences. This review aims to be a basic overview of the common infections in KTR with an attempt to provide a unique tropical country perspective.
Osteoarthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal and First Carpometacarpal Joints is Associated with High Bone Mass in Women and Small Bone Size and Low Lean Mass in Men
Authors: Schewelov Thord von , Magnusson Håkan , Cöster Maria , Karlsson Caroline , Rosengren Björn E
Published: September 2015

Objective:

To determine if primary hand osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with abnormal bone and anthropometric traits.

Methods:

We used DXA to measure total body bone mineral density (BMD), femoral neck width (bone size) and total body lean and fat mass in 39 subjects with hand OA (primary DIP and/or CMC I) and 164 controls. Data are presented as mean Z-scores or Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals.

Results:

Women with hand OA had (compared to controls) higher BMD (0.5(0.1,0.9)) but similar bone size (-0.3(-0.8,0.2)), lean mass (0.3(-0.3,0.9)), fat mass (-0.1(-0.6,0.5)) and BMI (0.0(-0.6,0.6)). Men with hand OA had (compared to controls) similar BMD (-0.1(-0.7,0.6)), smaller bone size (-0.5(-1.1,-0.01)), lower lean mass (-0.6(-1.1,-0.04)), and similar fat mass (-0.2(-0.7,0.4)) and BMI -0.1(-0.6,0.6). In women, each SD higher BMD was associated with an OR of 1.8 (1.03, 3.3) for having hand OA. In men each SD smaller bone size was associated with an OR of 1.8 (1.02, 3.1) and each SD lower proportion of lean body mass with an OR of 1.9 (1.1, 3.3) for having hand OA.

Conclusion:

Women with primary DIP finger joint and/or CMC I joint OA have a phenotype with higher BMD while men with the disease have a smaller bone size and lower lean body mass.
Micro RNA-21 expression levels in invasive breast carcinoma with a non-invasive component
Authors: Petrovic Nina , Jovanovic-Cupic Snezana , Brajuskovic Goran , Lukic Silvana , Roganovic Jelena , Krajnovic Milena , Mandusic Vesna
Published: September 2015

Invasive ductal carcinomas with a non-invasive component (IDC-DCIS) are
classified as a group of invasive breast carcinomas, together with pure
invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast (IDC). MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) has been
characterized as a factor of breast cancer invasiveness, however the
difference in miR-21 expression levels between IDC-DCIS and pure IDC tumors
and the correlations with standard diagnostic and prognostic parameters
inside the IDC-DCIS group are unknown. Our aim was to determine if miR-21 had
the ability to distinguish these two invasive breast cancer groups. Levels of
miR-21 expression were measured by a stem-loop quantitative Real-Time PCR
(RT-qPCR) method. Expression levels of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone
receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2) and
proliferative index Ki-67 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. IDC-DCIS
tumors had significantly lower levels of miR-21 expression in grade 2
(P=0.003, Mann-Whitney U test), ER positive (P=0.025, Mann-Whitney U test)
and PR positive tumors (P=0.024, Mann-Whitney U test) than pure IDCs. miR-21
levels showed a different pattern of expression in IDC-DCIS compared to IDC
tumors, which is based on the difference in miR-21 expression between Her-2
negative and Her-2 positive IDC-DCIS tumors (P=0.030, Mann-Whitney U test)
and high negative correlation of miR-21 levels with PR levels (?=-0.886,
P=0.006, Spearman correlation). According to our results, IDC-DCIS breast
carcinomas act in a different manner in pure IDC tumors with regard to the
relations between miR-21 expression levels and the standard diagnostic and
prognostic parameters, such as Her-2 status, ER and PR status and protein
levels.
Le Beau Footwear: A Business Valuation Case for a Privately Held Firm
Authors: Jalilvand Abol , Kostolansky John W.
Published: September 2015

The case for Le Beau Footwear, which is based on actual events, examines the financial and legal decisions concerning a privately held Canadian retailer whose leased premises and entire inventory were destroyed by a suspicious fire in 1990. The focus of the case is on determining the monetary value of the lost profits that resulted from the insurer's delays in paying the indemnified amount. Within this context, this case provides a rich and comprehensive example of the application of the accounting return on investment (ROI) and the market-based opportunity cost of capital (OCC) techniques for valuation of a privately held firm. Further, the case demonstrates a sharp example of applying the results from previous studies of initial public offering (IPO) and small firm effect to make valuation adjustments that reflect the retailer's private ownership status and its small size. This case is intended for use in advanced accounting and finance courses in M.B.A., M.S. in Accountancy, and M.S. in Finance programs.
Implementing a “Real-World” Fraud Investigation Class: The Justice for Fraud Victims Project
Authors: Kern Sara M. , Weber Gary J
Published: September 2015

The Justice for Fraud Victims Project class is an innovative program developed at Gonzaga University as a partnership between the university, local law enforcement, local and federal prosecutors, and the local chapter of the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE). The class provides an opportunity for students to utilize their accounting expertise for the benefit of the community while developing an understanding of forensic accounting. At the same time, the course addresses, in some small measure, the injustice arising from the inability of victims to pursue fraudsters due to lack of resources to pay for an examination. We describe the structure and organization of the course, provide statistics from investigated cases (both at Gonzaga and at other universities that have adopted the approach), and share results of participant surveys regarding their experiences. We also describe the many benefits of the class, such as student learning through hands-on experience, positive publicity for the school, and the potential for justice and possible restitution for victims of fraud who cannot afford to pay for a forensic accounting examination. Last, we share advice on how to implement the class, including suggesting potential solutions for some of the unique challenges that may arise.
Clinical profile and outcome of neonates admitted to the Neonatal Care Unit at a teaching hospital in Lalitpur, Nepal
Authors: Shakya Arati , Shrestha Devendra , Shakya Henish , Shah Subhash Chandra , Dhakal Ajaya Kumar
Published: September 2015

Background: Neonatal period is a vulnerable time in which the newborn has to adapt to a totally new environment and is susceptible to many problems, which may even be life threatening. It is found that neonatal mortality rate is decreasing in Nepal but at a slower pace than infant and child mortality. In order to improve neonatal outcome, it is crucial to identify the areas where health care can be improved.Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the spectrum of diseases and outcomes at a level two NICU at a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: A descriptive observational study conducted at the neonatal care unit in the Department of Paediatrics at KIST Medical College, Lalitpur, Nepal over one year from 14th of April 2013 to 13th April 2014. Data on age at admission, gender, gestational age, birth weight, initial presenting symptoms at admission, fi nal diagnosis and outcome were collected from in patient records at the hospital record section and analyzed using SPSS 17.0.Results: A total of 279 neonates were studied. The commonest causes of admission were infection (45.9%), followed by respiratory conditions (14.7%), neonatal jaundice (12.5%), perinatal asphyxia (9.3%) and prematurity/ small for gestational age (SGA) (6.5 %). Most of the admissions (62%) were during the fi rst 24 hours of life. The majorities, 89.2%, were term gestation and 10.8% were preterm. Most of the preterm babies were late preterms with gestational ages between 35- 36 weeks (73% of preterms were late preterms). Total of four mortalities (1.4%) occurred, three of which were due to perinatal asphyxia and one was a Down’s syndrome with overwhelming sepsis.Conclusion: In this study, infections followed by respiratory conditions were the leading causes of admission. Most of the admissions occurred during the fi rst 24 hours of life. This emphasizes the fact that attentiveness during the fi rst day of life, simple measure to prevent infection and early detection and treatment may go a long way in improving neonatal outcome.Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 3, No. 4, 2014Page: 144-148
Allergic conjunctivitis in a tertiary eye hospital, Nigeria
Authors: Fasasi Monsudi Kehinde , Abdul Kabir Ayanniyi Ayansiji , Hamza Balarabe Aliyu , Richard Azonobi Ifeanyi , Sadiat Saka Eletu , Abdulfattah Isa
Published: September 2015

Background: Worldwide, approximately 1/3 of the populations are affected by allergic diseases. Ocular allergy symptoms presented in 40-80% of the affected individuals. Allergic eye disease is a localized allergic condition that is frequently associated with rhinitis and occasionally with asthma. The symptoms and signs can manifest as conjunctivitis, blepharitis, blepharoconjunctivitis, or keratoconjunctivitis.Objective: To determine the pattern of presentation of ocular allergy in the study population and to create awareness among health professional and the public.Methods: A four months hospital based cross sectional study involving administration of self explained structured questionnaires to all consented patients that presented at our eye care facility on accounts of ocular itching during the study period was conducted. All the patients had comprehensive eye assessment by consultant ophthalmologist. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 18Results: Of 200 patients that presented with conjunctivitis during the study period 163 (82%) patients were due to allergic conjunctivitis. There were 80 males and 83 females. Majority (43.6%) of the patients were within the age groups of 17 years-33 years, followed by 0-16 years (42.3%). Majority of the patients 102 (62.3%) presented with symptoms of ocular itching and redness. Only 18 (11%) of the patients were a known asthmatic. However, 73 (44.8%), 87 (53.4%) and 79 (48.5%) of these patients have family history of asthma, atopy and ocular allergy respectively. Most of the patients 161 (98.8%) were treated with medication, while only two patients had surgical intervention (cornea ulcer debridement).Conclusion: Allergic conjunctivitis is the commonest reasons why patients present with conjunctivitis at our eye clinic and it is commonest in the active age group. Eye health education about ocular allergy is underscored.Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 3, No. 4, 2014Page: 149-152
Nitrogen mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil
Authors: Haque M Asadul , Jahiruddin M , Rahman M Mazibur , Saleque M Abu
Published: September 2015

The experiment was conducted to examine the nitrogen (N) mineralization pattern of bioslurry and other manures under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurries (cowdung and poultry manure) and their original manures (cowdung and poultry manure) @ 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively, were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks and available N (both NH4+-N and NO3--N) was measured by steam distillation method. NO3--N was the dominant form of inorganic N in aerobic soil, whereas, NH4+-N dominated under anaerobic soil condition. When highest cumulative total available N mineralization among the manures at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1 rate was considered after 12 weeks of incubation, the N mineralization was 5.0, 5.5, 6.8 and 4.3 times higher, respectively, in aerobic condition over anaerobic condition. Under aerobic condition cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry had very closer percentage of N mineralization and was much higher compared to their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure, respectively). With the increase of the rate of manure application, total available N release was increased but percent N release was rather decreased irrespective of the types of manure and soil moisture contents. Application of bioslurries in parallel with their original manures (cowdung and poultry manure) in soils are, therefore, should be considered and recommended to increase N fertility in soil.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(2): 221-228, August 2015
Pre-harvest factors affecting yield, quality and shelf life of mango cv. Amropali
Authors: Monira Sherajum , Rahim M Abdur , Islam M Ashraful
Published: September 2015

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of six pre-harvest treatments on yield, quality and shelf life of a particular Mango cv. Amropali under field condition. The experimental factors were Control, Decis and Savin @ 2 ml L-1, Pheromone trap, Boron 2 mg L-1 and Magic growth @ 2 ml L-1. The plants were of age about 15 years at BAU Germplasm Centre- FTIP, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during January to July 2013. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Amropali produced higher number of fruits plant-1 when treated with Boron @ 2 ml L-1 followed by Magic growth 2mlL-1.Maximum number of fruits plant-1, higher yield plant-1 and higher TSS% were recorded in the treatment Boron 2mlL-1. Boron treatment also extended the shelf life of mango as well. The maximum shelf life was found from large sized fruits. Similar performance on yield, quality and shelf life were obtained from Magic growth treatment @ 2 ml L-1 followed by pheromone trap treatment. Control treated fruits exhibited the minimum number of fruits per plant with lower quality but better TSS%. Smaller fruits were obtained from untreated control plants.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(2): 279-286, August 2015
Assessment of poultry waste management in Trishal upazila, Mymensingh
Authors: Hossen Md Shahadat , Hoque Ziaul , Nahar Begum Samsun
Published: September 2015

A study was conducted to assess the present status of poultry waste management by poultry farmers in Trishalupazila of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh during July to November 2013. A structured, pre-tested questionnaire was used for collecting data. The highest 52% respondents were involved in layer farming and majority of the respondents did not use any litter materials where 36% and 12% used rice husk and sawdust respectively as litter. The availability of storage and treatment facilities was in 24% farms but their storage system was uncovered. Fifty per cent of the farmers sold their litter while some other used as fish feed, soil amendment and for biogas production. Only 16% farmers faced diseases related to poultry waste and the rest (84%) never faced any disease. It was noticed that 54% farmers faced environmental problems and 46% were unconcerned about environmental problem. They considered odor, flies and mosquitoes and leaching as environmental problem. Only 24% farmer mentioned financial problem as barrier of poultry waste management and majority claimed about unconsciousness. It is concluded that poultry waste management by farmers in the study area is inefficient, implying inadequate awareness of the potential negative impact of poor handling of poultry wastes. More extensive work is required to trainup the poultry farmer for proper handling and utilization of poultry wastes.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(2): 293-300, August 2015
Comparative taste analysis of smoked hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) treated with different spices
Authors: Saha Soma , Moushomi Rashnat , Bhowmik Balai Chandra
Published: September 2015

The present study was conducted to examine the taste of smoked hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) treated with different spices (salt, garlic, onion, ginger and green chilly). Fresh hilsa fish were collected from different markets of Noakhali. The study was conducted for a period of five months from April to August 2013. Hilsa were smoked with different combinations of salt, garlic, onion, ginger and green chilli. At first the fish were grouped into four segments. One segment composed of salt, garlic (50g/kg), onion (250g/kg), ginger (50g/kg) and green chilli (50g/kg) was treated as treatment 1 (T1). Treatment 2 (T2) composed of salt, onion (250g/kg), garlic (50g/kg) and ginger (65g/kg). Other part composed of salt, ginger (120g/kg) and garlic (90g/kg) treated as Treatment 3 (T3). The treatment 4 (T4) consist of salt, garlic (90g/kg) and onion (350g/kg). Brine concentration for each treatment was about 70ppt that produce good test and flavor. 30 panelists check four treatments. Among the four treatments T1 showed better results. About 80% panelists replied that treatment 1 (T1) smoked hilsa was excellent and 20% said that it was very good. Peppery taste was found highest as 65% in the T1. Salty taste was strong about 12% in T2 and neutral is about 85% in T1.Odour in T4 was found highest (52%) among the four treatment due to its low spicy & smoky flavor. Color and external appearances of smoked hilsa was overall good. Texture of T1, T2, T3 were soft and oily but in T4 there were found slightly rubbery skin. Smoking is a popular method of fish preservation in many countries of the world. Smoked hilsa may be a commercialized food item if fish smoked with different spices. It can be said that T1 was the best among the four treatments. So smoking hilsa fish with salt, garlic, onion, ginger and green chilli may be the potential food item in national and international market due to its spicy, good taste and flavor.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(2): 307-312, August 2015
Impact of stocking density on growth and production performance of Vietnamese koi (Anabas testudineus) in semi-intensive culture system at Muktaghasa region of Mymensingh district
Authors: Ahmed Gias Uddin , Rahman Md Mamunur , Alam Mohammad Nurul , Alam Md Badrul , Sarker Baadruzzoha
Published: September 2015

Stocking density is considered one of the important factors affecting fish growth. The study was aimed to compare the growth parameters of Vietnamese Koi (Anabas testudineus ) at various stocking densities. The experiment was carried out during the period from 01 September to 30 November 2014. Three stocking densities were used as 150, 250 and 350 fries/dec and designated as treatment T1, T2 and T3 respectively each having two replicates. The average size of each pond was 33 decimal with an average depth of 5 feet. Quality fish feed was used three times daily throughout the culture period. From this experiment, it was found that the highest net profit was BDT 32,690 in T1 followed by BDT 36,104 in T2 and BDT 38,450 in T3. That time the market price was BDT 130/kg fish. Culture of Vietnamese koi at stocking density (150 fish/dec) showed higher benefit in short period of time. The benefit cost ratio was 1.7, 1.63 and 1.56 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. From the present experiment, it was found that the total production was increased with the increase of stocking density. But the individual fish growth rate was decreased with the increase of stocking density.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(2): 335-341, August 2015
Early morphology in Berbice Dutch and source language access in creolisation
Authors: Kouwenberg Silvia
Published: September 2015

After sketching the historical background to the emergence of Berbice Dutch (BD) in the Dutch-owned Berbice colony, I consider the composition of the BD lexicon, showing that this creole language received input from three linguistic sources, one European (Dutch, mainly Southwestern varieties), one African (one or several Eastern Ijo lects), and one native American (Arawak). While the latter is essentially a source of culturally specific borrowings, Dutch and Eastern Ijo are both well represented in common semantic domains of the lexicon. The remainder of the paper focuses on BD bound morphemes in the nominal and verbal domains, all of which derive from forms in the substrate; the striking absence of Dutch-origin morphology is considered, as is the reanalysis of substrate-origin morphology and the general lack of comparability of the distinctions made in the BD and Eastern Ijo nominal and verbal domains. I argue that despite the presence of Dutch and Eastern Ijo speakers – and hence of unsimplified Dutch and Eastern Ijo in the context in which BD emerged – creolisation proceeded without full access to the source languages.
The role of substrate transfer in the development of grammatical morphology in language contact varieties
Authors: Siegel Jeff
Published: September 2015

This article shows how the psycholinguistic process of language transfer accounts for the many features of the grammatical morphology of language contact varieties that differ from those of their lexifiers. These include different grammatical categories, the use of contrasting morphological processes to express grammatical distinctions, lexifier grammatical morphemes with new functions, and new grammatical morphemes not found in the lexifier. After an introductory description of the general notion of language transfer, it presents five more specific types: transfer of morphological strategies, word order and grammatical categories, as well as direct morphological transfer and functional transfer. The article then gives some possible explanations for the distribution among different types of contact varieties of two kinds of functional transfer – functionalisation and refunctionalisation – and for the distribution of particular types of grammatical morphemes – i.e. free versus bound. The examples presented come from contact languages of the Australia-Pacific region: three creoles (Australian Kriol, Hawai‘i Creole and Tayo); an expanded pidgin (Melanesian Pidgin, exemplified by Vanuatu Bislama and Papua New Guinea Tok Pisin); a restricted pidgin (Nauru Pidgin); and an indigenised variety of English (Colloquial Singapore English).
Paradigmatic complexity in pidgins and creoles
Authors: Good Jeff
Published: September 2015

The last decade has seen increasing attention paid to questions of grammatical complexity, in particular regarding the extent to which some languages can be said to be more ‘complex’ than others, whether globally or with respect to particular subsystems. Creoles have featured prominently in these debates, with various authors arguing that they are particularly simple when set against non-creoles, with an apparent lack of overt morphology in creoles often cited as one of the ways in which their grammars are especially simplified. This paper makes two contributions to this discussion. First, it develops metrics of grammatical complexity that derive directly from a well-known model of creole development, thus providing an explicit link between the sociohistorical circumstances in which creoles formed and grammatical outcomes. Second, it applies these metrics to the newly published dataset from the Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Structures, setting this data against that from the well-known World Atlas of Language Structures, allowing for a more comprehensive and rigorous quantitative comparison of complexity in contact and non-contact languages than has previously been possible. It will be seen that there is good evidence that contact languages are simplified overall with respect to a class of complexities labelled paradigmatic here but that this general conclusion nevertheless masks significant underlying variation among them.
Quirky case in creoles: Or, creolization as a quirky case
Authors: McWhorter John H.
Published: September 2015

This paper investigates the fact that quirky case is rare in creole languages. It is more common in languages in general than the literature, focusing on its manifestations in a few Germanic languages, suggests. It is found even in analytic languages, as well, and therefore, analyticity cannot be the reason quirky case is rare in creoles. In creoles, when quirky case does appear, it is either 1) as an inheritance from the lexifier when lexifier influence is heavy or 2) from the substrate only with inherent rather than contextual inflection. Both observations are predictable of languages born recently from pidgins, in which the absence of case makes quirky case, of course, impossible, and inherent inflection is much more common than contextual.
A Joint Specification Test for Response Probabilities in Unordered Multinomial Choice Models
Authors: Iwasawa Masamune
Published: September 2015

Estimation results obtained by parametric models may be seriously misleading when the model is misspecified or poorly approximates the true model. This study proposes a test that jointly tests the specifications of multiple response probabilities in unordered multinomial choice models. The test statistic is asymptotically chi-square distributed, consistent against a fixed alternative and able to detect a local alternative approaching to the null at a rate slower than the parametric rate. We show that rejection regions can be calculated by a simple parametric bootstrap procedure, when the sample size is small. The size and power of the tests are investigated by Monte Carlo experiments.
Thermal Behaviour Investigation of a Large and High Power Lithium Iron Phosphate Cylindrical Cell
Authors: Capron Odile , Samba Ahmadou , Omar Noshin , Van Den Bossche Peter , Van Mierlo Joeri
Published: September 2015

This paper investigates the thermal behaviour of a large lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery cell based on its electrochemical-thermal modelling for the predictions of its temperature evolution and distribution during both charge and discharge processes. The electrochemical-thermal modelling of the cell is performed for two cell geometry approaches: homogeneous (the internal region is considered as a single region) and discrete (the internal region is split into smaller regions for each layer inside the cell). The experimental measurements and the predictions of the cell surface temperature achieved with the simulations for both approaches are in good agreement with 1.5 °C maximum root mean square error. From the results, the maximum cell surface temperature and temperature gradient between the internal and the surface regions are around 31.3 °C and 1.6 °C. The temperature gradient in the radial direction is observed to be greater about 1.1 °C compared to the longitudinal direction, which is caused by the lower thermal conductivity of the cell in the radial compared to the longitudinal direction. During its discharge, the reversible, the ohmic and the reaction heat generations inside the cell reach up to 2 W, 7 W and 17 W respectively. From the comparison of the two modelling approaches, this paper establishes that the homogeneous modelling of the cell internal region is suitable for the study of a single cylindrical cell and is appropriate for the two-dimensional thermal behaviour investigation of a battery module made of multiple cells.
Study on Thermal Degradation Characteristics and Regression Rate Measurement of Paraffin-Based Fuel
Authors: Hu Songqi , Wu Guanjie , Hua Yijin , Rashid Noor , Hu Hongyun
Published: September 2015

Paraffin fuel has been found to have a regression rate that is higher than conventional HTPB (hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) fuel and, thus, presents itself as an ideal energy source for a hybrid rocket engine. The energy characteristics of paraffin-based fuel and HTPB fuel have been calculated by the method of minimum free energy. The thermal degradation characteristics were measured for paraffin, pretreated paraffin, HTPB and paraffin-based fuel in different working conditions by the using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The regression rates of paraffin-based fuel and HTPB fuel were tested by a rectangular solid-gas hybrid engine. The research findings showed that: the specific impulse of paraffin-based fuel is almost the same as that of HTPB fuel; the decomposition temperature of pretreated paraffin is higher than that of the unprocessed paraffin, but lower than that of HTPB; with the increase of paraffin, the initial reaction exothermic peak of paraffin-based fuel is reached in advance, and the initial reaction heat release also increases; the regression rate of paraffin-based fuel is higher than the common HTPB fuel under the same conditions; with the increase of oxidizer mass flow rate, the regression rate of solid fuel increases accordingly for the same fuel formulation.
Integrated Electrical and Thermal Grid Facility - Testing of Future Microgrid Technologies
Authors: Thangavelu Sundar , Nutkani Inam , Hwee Chia , Myat Aung , Khambadkone Ashwin
Published: September 2015

This paper describes the Experimental Power Grid Centre (EPGC) microgrid test facility, which was developed to enable research, development and testing for a wide range of distributed generation and microgrid technologies. The EPGC microgrid facility comprises a integrated electrical and thermal grid with a flexible and configurable architecture, and includes various distributed energy resources and emulators, such as generators, renewable, energy storage technologies and programmable load banks. The integrated thermal grid provides an opportunity to harness waste heat produced by the generators for combined heat, power and cooling applications, and support research in optimization of combined electrical-thermal systems. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate the testing of different control and operation strategies for storage systems in grid-connected and islanded microgrids. One of the case studies also demonstrates an integrated thermal grid to convert waste heat to useful energy, which thus far resulted in a higher combined energy efficiency. Experiment results confirm that the facility enables testing and evaluation of grid technologies and practical problems that may not be apparent in a computer simulated environment.
Design Optimization and Analysis of a Dual-Permanent-Magnet-Excited Machine Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Jian Linni , Shi Yujun , Wei Jin , Zheng Yanchong , Deng Zhengxing
Published: September 2015

The dual-permanent-magnet-excited (DPME) machine employs permanent magnets (PMs) both on the stator and the rotor. It relies on the bi-directional field modulation effect (BFME) to achieve stable electromechanical energy conversion. Therefore, this new type of machine is capable of offering much higher torque capability than its traditional counterparts. This paper is devoted to investigating the optimum design method for improving the BFME of DPME machines, so as to further improve their produced electromagnetic torques. Response surface methodology is engaged to investigate the impacts of shape factors of the stator and rotor slots on the torque capability of the DPME machine, and the fitted models are built up by using both the finite element method (FEM) and the least-squares method. After that, the optimum shape factors are obtained from the fitted models. The results estimated by using both two-dimensional (2D)-FEM and three-dimensional (3D)-FEM demonstrate that the pull-out torque of the optimum case is 24.5% larger than that of the initial case, while the usage of PM material of the optimum case is 8.9% less than that of the initial case.
Accuracy of Kinematic Positioning Using Global Satellite Navigation Systems under Forest Canopies
Authors: Kaartinen Harri , Hyyppä Juha , Vastaranta Mikko , Kukko Antero , Jaakkola Anttoni , Yu Xiaowei , Pyörälä Jiri , Liang Xinlian , Liu Jingbin , Wang Yungshen , Kaijaluoto Risto , Melkas Timo , Holopainen Markus , Hyyppä Hannu
Published: September 2015

A harvester enables detailed roundwood data to be collected during harvesting operations by means of the measurement apparatus integrated into its felling head. These data can be used to improve the efficiency of wood procurement and also replace some of the field measurements, and thus provide both less costly and more detailed ground truth for remote sensing based forest inventories. However, the positional accuracy of harvester-collected tree data is not sufficient currently to match the accuracy per individual trees achieved with remote sensing data. The aim in the present study was to test the accuracy of various instruments utilizing global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in motion under forest canopies of varying densities to enable us to get an understanding of the current state-of-the-art in GNSS-based positioning under forest canopies. Tests were conducted using several different combinations of GNSS and inertial measurement unit (IMU) mounted on an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) “simulating” a moving harvester. The positions of 224 trees along the driving route were measured using a total-station and real-time kinematic GPS. These trees were used as reference items. The position of the ATV was obtained using GNSS and IMU with an accuracy of 0.7 m (root mean squared error (RMSE) for 2D positions). For the single-frequency GNSS receivers, the RMSE of real-time 2D GNSS positions was 4.2–9.3 m. Based on these results, it seems that the accuracy of novel single-frequency GNSS devices is not so dependent on forest conditions, whereas the performance of the tested geodetic dual-frequency receiver is very sensitive to the visibility of the satellites. When post-processing can be applied, especially when combined with IMU data, the improvement in the accuracy of the dual-frequency receiver was significant.
A Multiscale Mapping Assessment of Lake Champlain Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms
Authors: Torbick Nathan , Corbiere Megan
Published: September 2015

Lake Champlain has bays undergoing chronic cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms that pose a public health threat. Monitoring and assessment tools need to be developed to support risk decision making and to gain a thorough understanding of bloom scales and intensities. In this research application, Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), Rapid Eye, and Proba Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (CHRIS) images were obtained while a corresponding field campaign collected in situ measurements of water quality. Models including empirical band ratio regressions were applied to map chlorophylla and phycocyanin concentrations; all sensors performed well with R2 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.76 to 0.88 and 0.42 to 1.51, respectively. The outcomes showed spatial patterns across the lake with problematic bays having phycocyanin concentrations >25 μg/L. An alert status metric tuned to the current monitoring protocol was generated using modeled water quality to illustrate how the remote sensing tools can inform a public health monitoring system. Among the sensors utilized in this study, Landsat 8 OLI holds the most promise for providing exposure information across a wide area given the resolutions, systematic observation strategy and free cost.