bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing the species limits of the tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) endemic to California's Southern Coast Ranges, USA
Authors: Wilson Joseph S. , Gunnell Clayton F. , Wahl David B. , Pitts James P.
Published: October 2012

The California floristic province is home to several threatened or endangered species and has been the focus of numerous conservation efforts. These conservation efforts have largely ignored the diverse and distinctive arthropod fauna found in this region.

We investigate the species boundaries of the four tarantula (Araneae: Theraphosidae) species endemic to California's Southern Coast Ranges through molecular phylogenetic analysis using a 680 bp region of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 from 51 individuals.

Our analysis resulted in a well‐supported phylogeny showing three distinct clades. As a result, we recognise only one species in the Southern Coast Ranges (Aphonopelma brunnius, with A. chamberlini and A. smithi treated as junior synonyms; if the holotype of A. rileyi is located it will likely be a synonym as well). Two additional species were found in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada.

Although the tarantulas in California's Southern Coast Ranges are not as endemic as was previously thought, their position as top arthropod predators make them ideal sentinel species, suggesting they should be targeted by conservationists. Furthermore, our analyses illustrate the importance in using molecular tools to investigate biodiversity.
Genetic diversity, endemism and phylogeny of lampreys within the genus Lampetra sensu stricto (Petromyzontiformes: Petromyzontidae) in western North America
Authors: Boguski D. A. , Reid S. B. , Goodman D. H. , Docker M. F.
Published: October 2012

Phylogenetic structure of four Lampetra species from the Pacific drainage of North America (western brook lamprey Lampetra richardsoni, Pacific brook lamprey Lampetra pacifica, river lamprey Lampetra ayresii and Kern brook lamprey Lampetra hubbsi) and unidentified Lampetra specimens (referred to as Lampetra sp.) from 36 locations was estimated using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian inferences did not correspond with any taxonomic scheme proposed to date. Rather, although L. richardsoni (from Alaska to California) and L. ayresii (from British Columbia to California) together constituted a well‐supported clade distinct from several genetically divergent Lampetra populations in Oregon and California, these two species were not reciprocally monophyletic. The genetically divergent populations included L. pacifica (from the Columbia River basin) and L. hubbsi (from the Kern River basin) and four Lampetra sp. populations in Oregon (Siuslaw River and Fourmile Creek) and California (Kelsey and Mark West Creeks). These four Lampetra sp. populations showed genetic divergence between 2·3 and 5·7% from any known species (and up to 8·0% from each other), and may represent morphologically cryptic and thus previously undescribed species. A fifth population (from Paynes Creek, California) may represent a range extension of L. hubbsi into the Upper Sacramento River.
Liposomes encapsulating beta‐carotene produced by the proliposomes method: characterisation and shelf life of powders and phospholipid vesicles
Authors: Moraes Marília , Carvalho José Mário P. , Silva Cíntia R. , Cho Stefany , Sola Mirella R. , Pinho Samantha C.
Published: October 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of producing proliposomes incorporating beta‐carotene by spray drying and to assess the capacity of the liposomes produced by the hydration of the dry phospholipid particles to preserve the encapsulated carotenoid. Powders containing beta‐carotene, hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine and sucrose were obtained and characterised in terms of crystallinity, morphology, thermal behaviour, density, solubility and hygroscopicity. The preservation of beta‐carotene in the powder was evaluated for two storage conditions under normal atmosphere and vacuum. The proliposome was highly soluble, with all components embedded in the matrix and capable of preserving more than 90% of the incorporated beta‐carotene for 60 days of refrigerated storage under vacuum. The liposome dispersions maintained their average size, polydispersity index and zeta potential for 100 days of storage. After 60 days, the degradation of encapsulated beta‐carotene was minimal, and the colour of the dispersions was preserved.
From non‐tidal shelf to tide‐dominated strait: The Miocene Bonifacio Basin, Southern Corsica
Authors: REYNAUD JEAN‐YVES , FERRANDINI MICHELLE , FERRANDINI JEAN , SANTIAGO MIGUEL , THINON ISABELLE , ANDRÉ JEAN‐PIERRE , BARTHET YVES , GUENNOC POL , TESSIER BERNADETTE
Published: October 2012

This study documents a change from a non‐tidal to tide‐dominated shelf system that occurred between Corsica and Sardinia (the Bonifacio Basin, Western Mediterranean) during the early to middle Miocene. The non‐tidal deposits formed on a low‐energy siliciclastic shelf surrounded by progradational coralline algal ramps at full highstand. The tidal deposits consist of an up to 200 m thick succession of siliciclastic to coralline‐rich cross‐beds formed by large sub‐tidal dunes. Based on outcrop and sub‐surface data, it is possible to conclude that the tidal currents were amplified as a consequence of the rapid subsidence of the basin centre due to tectonic activity. It is suggested that this tectonic event initiated the strait between Corsica and Sardinia. The strait was deep enough to allow the tidal flux to be significantly increased, generating a localized strong tidal current at the junction between the Western Mediterranean and the East Corsica Basin.
Gibberellin indirectly promotes chloroplast biogenesis as a means to maintain the chloroplast population of expanded cells
Authors: Jiang Xingshan , Li Heying , Wang Ting , Peng Changlian , Wang Haiyang , Wu Hong , Wang Xiaojing
Published: October 2012

Chloroplast biogenesis needs to be well coordinated with cell division and cell expansion during plant growth and development to achieve optimal photosynthesis rates. Previous studies showed that gibberellins (GAs) regulate many important plant developmental processes, including cell division and cell expansion. However, the relationship between chloroplast biogenesis with cell division and cell expansion, and how GA coordinately regulates these processes, remains poorly understood. In this study, we showed that chloroplast division was significantly reduced in the GA‐deficient mutants of Arabidopsis (ga1‐3) and Oryza sativa (d18‐AD), accompanied by the reduced expression of several chloroplast division‐related genes. However, the chloroplasts of both mutants exhibited increased grana stacking compared with their respective wild‐type plants, suggesting that there might be a compensation mechanism linking chloroplast division and grana stacking. A time‐course analysis showed that cell expansion‐related genes tended to be upregulated earlier and more significantly than the genes related to chloroplast division and cell division in GA‐treated ga1‐3 leaves, suggesting the possibility that GA may promote chloroplast division indirectly through impacting leaf mesophyll cell expansion. Furthermore, our cellular and molecular analysis of the GA‐response signaling mutants suggest that RGA and GAI are the major repressors regulating GA‐induced chloroplast division, but other DELLA proteins (RGL1, RGL2 and RGL3) also play a role in repressing chloroplast division in Arabidopsis. Taken together, our data show that GA plays a critical role in controlling and coordinating cell division, cell expansion and chloroplast biogenesis through influencing the DELLA protein family in both dicot and monocot plant species.
Bacterial contamination of blood products at the Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine: results of eleven‐year monitoring
Authors: Vuk T. , Barišić M. , Hećimović A. , Rukavina L. , Batarilo I. , Šarlija D. , Jukić I.
Published: October 2012

Objectives

The aim of this study is to present the results and experiences of the Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine (CITM) in blood product testing for the presence of bacterial contamination. This is the first study analysing the results of bacterial testing of blood products in Croatia.

Methods

Results of monitoring blood products for the presence of bacterial contamination during an 11‐year period (2000–2010) were retrospectively analysed. As universal screening of platelet concentrates for bacterial contamination is not mandatory in Croatia, the results presented refer to the products tested within the frame of statistical process control.

Results

A total of 23 130 blood products were tested during the study period. There were 122 (0·53%) initially positive and 41 (0·18%) confirmed positive blood products, whereas suspicion of bacterial contamination could be neither confirmed nor ruled out in 8 (0·03%) blood products. While the frequency of bacterial contamination of plasma products was very low (0·03%), there was no statistically significant difference between bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates (0·26%) and RBC concentrates (0·20%). There were 73 (0·32%) false‐positive blood products, with nearly equal proportion of causes related to laboratory contamination (n = 34; 0·15%) and those related to the testing system (n = 39; 0·17%).

Conclusion

The results obtained in the study did not differ significantly from literature data. A number of measures to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination of blood products have been implemented at CITM. The introduction of universal screening of platelet concentrates for the presence of bacterial contamination should be taken into consideration.
Linking field and farmer surveys to determine the most important changes to weed incidence
Authors: BORGER C P D , MICHAEL P J , MANDEL R , HASHEM A , BOWRAN D , RENTON M
Published: October 2012

Borger CPD, Michael PJ, Mandel R, Hashem A, Bowran D & Renton M (2012). Linking field and farmer surveys to determine the most important changes to weed incidence. Weed Research52, 564–574.

An understanding of weed species incidence and patterns of change in incidence is vital in developing weed management strategies and directing future research endeavours. Weed incidence in fields in the south‐west of Western Australia was surveyed in 1997 and repeated in 2008 to determine any changes. In 2008, farmers were also surveyed to determine their perception of changes to weed incidence and severity. The field survey identified a total of 194 weed species (or groups of species within a genus) in the combined survey data set (i.e. 956 sites from both field surveys). The majority of survey sites were utilised for cropping, and 152 weed species were identified within cropped fields. Between 1997 and 2008, noticeable decreases in incidence (in cropped fields) were observed for Vulpia spp. (−25%), Aira caryophyllea (−21%), Bromus diandrus (−20%), Avena fatua (−18%) and Austrostipa spp. (−13%), with only Raphanus raphanistrum (11%) and Arctotheca calendula (7%) significantly increasing in frequency. Farmer perception of the most severe weed problems did not always coincide with survey results of weed incidence. For example, an exceptionally common weed like A. calendula (with increasing incidence) was of less concern to farmers than the extremely rare Conyza spp. The main conclusion of this research is that the prevalence of a weed species is not always an indication of whether the species is of economic concern to industry. Therefore, it is vital to link field survey results to industry perception of weed species severity, when directing future research efforts into weed management.
MAIGO2 is involved in abscisic acid‐mediated response to abiotic stresses and Golgi‐to‐ER retrograde transport
Authors: Zhao Pengshan , Liu Fei , Zhang Bo , Liu Xin , Wang Bing , Gong Jiao , Yu Guanzhong , Ma Miao , Lu Yujian , Sun Jing , Wang Zhenyu , Jia Pengfei , Liu Heng
Published: October 2012

The central role of multisubunit tethering complexes in intracellular trafficking has been established in yeast and mammalian systems. However, little is known about their roles in the stress responses and the early secretory pathway in Arabidopsis. In this study, Maigo2 (MAG2), which is equivalent to the yeast Tip20p and mammalian Rad50‐interacting protein, is found to be required for the responses to salt stress, osmotic stress and abscisic acid in seed germination and vegetative growth, and MAG2‐like (MAG2L) is partially redundant with MAG2 in response to environmental stresses. MAG2 strongly interacts with the central region of ZW10, and both proteins are important as plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐stress regulators. ER morphology and vacuolar protein trafficking are unaffected in the mag2, mag2l and zw10 mutants, and the secretory marker to the apoplast is correctly transported in mag2 plants, which indicate that MAG2 functions as a complex with ZW10, and is potentially involved in Golgi‐to‐ER retrograde trafficking. Therefore, a new role for ER–Golgi membrane trafficking in abiotic‐stress and ER‐stress responses is discovered.
‘Things you can't learn from books’: Teaching recovery from a lived experience perspective
Authors: Byrne Louise , Happell Brenda , Welch Tony , Moxham Lorna Jane
Published: October 2012

Mental health policy in Australia is committed to the development of recovery‐focused services and facilitating consumer participation in all aspects of mental health service delivery. Negative attitudes of mental health professionals have been identified as a major barrier to achieving these goals. Although the education of health professionals has been identified as a major strategy, there is limited evidence to suggest that consumers are actively involved in this education process. The aim of this qualitative study was to evaluate students’ views and opinions at having been taught ‘recovery in mental health nursing’ by a person with a lived experience of significant mental health challenges. In‐depth interviews were held with 12 students. Two main themes were identified: (i) ‘looking through fresh eyes’ – what it means to have a mental illness; and (ii) ‘it's all about the teaching’. The experience was perceived positively; students referred to the impact made on their attitudes and self‐awareness, and their ability to appreciate the impact of mental illness on the individual person. Being taught by a person with lived experience was considered integral to the process. This innovative approach could enhance consumer participation and recovery‐focused care.
Mental health nurses working in primary care: Perceptions of general practitioners
Authors: Meehan Tom , Robertson Samantha
Published: October 2012

The Mental Health Nurse Incentive Program (MHNIP) was established across Australia during 2007. Under the guidelines for the program, mental health nurses work in partnership with general practitioners (GPs) to assist in the assessment and treatment of those with more severe mental health problems. This paper provides insights, from the perspective of GPs, on the qualities required of mental health nurses seeking employment in the primary care setting. A descriptive, exploratory approach was employed to isolate relevant themes. Discussion groups were conducted with 25 GPs involved with the Mental Health Nurse Incentive Program. These discussion groups were audio‐taped, transcribed, and analyzed using content analysis. Five overarching thematic clusters emerged from the data: (i) ‘fitting in’; (ii) knowledge; (iii) skills; (iv) supporting GPs; and (v) educating GPs. While GPs recognize the valuable contribution that mental health nurses can make in the treatment of those with mental health problems, this appears to be dependant on the knowledge and skills of the nurses involved and their ability to engage with GPs. Ongoing education and other practical interventions are required to ensure that GPs are better informed about the initiative.
Two Claims about Desert
Authors: Hanna Nathan
Published: October 2012

Many philosophers claim that it is always intrinsically good when people get what they deserve and that there is always at least some reason to give people what they deserve. I highlight problems with this view and defend an alternative. I have two aims. First, I want to expose a gap in certain desert‐based justifications of punishment. Second, I want to show that those of us who have intuitions at odds with these justifications have an alternative account of desert at our disposal – one that may lend our intuitions more credibility.
Broad‐spectrum resistance of Arabidopsis C24 to downy mildew is mediated by different combinations of isolate‐specific loci
Authors: Lapin Dmitry , Meyer Rhonda C. , Takahashi Hideki , Bechtold Ulrike , Van den Ackerveken Guido
Published: October 2012

Most natural Arabidopsis thaliana accessions are susceptible to one or more isolates of the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). However, Arabidopsis C24 has proved resistant to all Hpa isolates tested so far. Here we describe the complex genetic basis of broad‐spectrum resistance in C24.

The genetics of C24 resistance to three Hpa isolates was analyzed by segregation analysis and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping on recombinant inbred and introgression lines.

Resistance of C24 to downy mildew was found to be a multigenic trait with complex inheritance. Many identified resistance loci were isolate‐specific and located on different chromosomes. Among the C24 resistance QTLs, we found dominant, codominant and recessive loci. Interestingly, none of the identified loci significantly contributed to resistance against all three tested Hpa isolates.

Our study demonstrates that broad‐spectrum resistance of Arabidopsis C24 to Hpa is based on different combinations of multiple isolate‐specific loci. The identified quantitative resistance loci are particularly promising as they provide an important basis for the cloning of susceptibility‐ and immunity‐related genes.
The Effects of Guidance Frequency and Guidance Goal on Managerial Decisions
Authors: YING WANG ELAINE , TAN HUN‐TONG
Published: October 2012

We conduct an experiment to examine the effects of guidance frequency (frequent vs. infrequent) and guidance goal (accuracy vs. meet/beat vs. truthful) on managers’ operating decisions. We find that frequent guiders sacrifice total earnings for quarterly earnings predictability irrespective of their guidance goals. Furthermore, when guidance is infrequent, guiders with accuracy goals opt for quarterly earnings predictability over total earnings more often than do guiders with either meet/beat goals or truthful goals. These findings have implications for regulators and investors in terms of the unintended consequences of requesting frequent earnings guidance. Further, while managers may perceive that accuracy goals can help their firms establish forecasting and reporting reputations, we show that accuracy goals may result in dysfunctional internal managerial decisions, particularly when guidance is issued infrequently.
Critical Place Studies and Middle East Histories: Power, Politics, and Social Change
Authors: Mills Amy
Published: October 2012

This essay brings some theoretical ideas surrounding the concept of place to examples of recent research in historical studies of the Middle East. Foregrounding place as a framework for research and teaching makes it possible to answer larger questions regarding power, politics, and social change from the perspective of complex local life. Place, as a concept, offers a conceptual strategy for thinking about the relationships between space and time and thus, for studying history. As a location imbued with cultural meaning, place is produced, in part, through the ways in which people interpret the past. Place can also be understood as the lived, local human experience of dynamically intersecting processes occurring at multiple scales. Global, national, and urban phenomena convene in particular localities to shape environments and social relationships; place is the location of these lived encounters. Critical place studies provide a robust analytical approach for understanding and teaching the complexity of some of the most pressing historical and contemporary social issues of the former Ottoman Empire, including the relationships between colonial power, nationalism, and religious‐ethnic identity; experiences of citizenship in everyday life; and the interplay between notions of tradition and modernity.
History of Historiography and National Memory in Portugal
Authors: Campos Matos Sérgio
Published: October 2012

This article aims to make a critical assessment and periodization of the studies undertaken in the field of the history of historiography in Portugal, taking into account the aims and concepts used by historians since the 19th century, and to suggest new lines of research. Up to the middle of the 20th century this was a quite marginal area of historical studies in Portugal. However, accounts of historians, and of their work, have always aroused interest. What guiding principles can we find in their self‐reflexive exercises? What concepts do they employ? Work within the field has been constantly evolving (often under French influence), from fragmentary interpretations of historical thought to more recent prosopographical research and perspectives on national memory, not forgetting the institutions to which these historians were attached. But in contrast to other areas of historical studies, there were no great debates. While there were Portuguese historians gifted with a sharp critical sense, they rarely entered into polemics with their colleagues. How can we explain this absence of public debate? It can be argued that it is due to the small number of ‘institutional’ historians, and their connections with institutions and networks that were more or less closed.
Centralism and Local Government in Medieval England: Constitutional History and Assembly Politics, 950–1300
Authors: Karn Nicholas
Published: October 2012

There is an extensive literature on English government in the middle ages, but its usefulness is limited by the terms in which it has been written, and its very partial coverage of the ways in which England was governed; these shortcomings are largely due to the origins of this historiography in the constitutional history written in the 19th century. As such, much of the historiography is overly concerned with the central institutions which directly served the kings, and tends to conceive of government in terms of institutions and bureaucratic relationships. The latter does not much correspond to the shakier realities of medieval government. The assumptions of constitutional history have been questioned in recent debate by those who suggest that assembly politics may be a better means of describing the working of medieval government.
Global Effects of Local Human Population Density and Distance to Markets on the Condition of Coral Reef Fisheries
Authors: CINNER JOSHUA E. , GRAHAM NICHOLAS A. J. , HUCHERY CINDY , MACNEIL M. AARON
Published: October 2012

Coral reef fisheries support the livelihoods of millions of people but have been severely and negatively affected by anthropogenic activities. We conducted a systematic review of published data on the biomass of coral reef fishes to explore how the condition of reef fisheries is related to the density of local human populations, proximity of the reef to markets, and key environmental variables (including broad geomorphologic reef type, reef area, and net productivity). When only population density and environmental covariates were considered, high variability in fisheries conditions at low human population densities resulted in relatively weak explanatory models. The presence or absence of human settlements, habitat type, and distance to fish markets provided a much stronger explanatory model for the condition of reef fisheries. Fish biomass remained relatively low within 14 km of markets, then biomass increased exponentially as distance from reefs to markets increased. Our results suggest the need for an increased science and policy focus on markets as both a key driver of the condition of reef fisheries and a potential source of solutions.

Efectos Globales de la Densidad de Población Humana Local y la Distancia a los Mercados sobre la Condición de Pesquerías en Arrecifes de Coral
Enhancement of Hemocompatibility of the MERA Monopivot Centrifugal Pump: Toward Medium‐Term Use
Authors: Yamane Takashi , Kosaka Ryo , Nishida Masahiro , Maruyama Osamu , Yamamoto Yoshihiro , Kuwana Katsuyuki , Kawamura Hiroshi , Shiraishi Yasuyuki , Yambe Tomoyuki , Sankai Yoshiyuki , Tsutsui Tatsuo
Published: October 2012

The MERA monopivot centrifugal pump has been developed for use in open‐heart surgery, circulatory support, and bridge‐to‐decision for up to 4 weeks. The pump has a closed‐type, 50‐mm diameter impeller with four straight paths. The impeller is supported by a monopivot bearing and is driven by a radial‐flux magnet‐coupling motor. Because flow visualization experiments have clarified sufficient pivot wash and stagnation at the sharp corner of the pivot support was suggested, sharp corners were removed in the design stage. The index of hemolysis of the pump operating at more than 200 mm Hg was found to be lower than that of a commercial pump. Four‐week animal tests were then conducted two times; improvement of thrombus formation was seen in the female pivot through modification of female pivot geometry. Overall antithrombogenicity was also recorded. Finally, to assure mid‐term use, an additional 4‐week durability test revealed that the rate of the axial pivot wear was as small as 1.1 µm/day. The present in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that the MERA monopivot centrifugal pump has sufficient hemocompatibility and durability for up to 4 weeks.
A Decrease in the Percentage of CD3+ Cells Is Correlated With Clinical Improvement During Plasmapheresis in Patients With Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Chien Pei‐Ju , Yeh Jiann‐Horng , Shih Chwen‐Ming , Hsueh Yu‐Mei , Chen Mei‐Chieh , Chiu Hou‐Chang
Published: October 2012

Plasmapheresis not only removes circulating antibodies but also modulates cellular immunity, including lymphocyte subsets. To investigate the effect of double‐filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) on the ratio of lymphocyte subsets in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), we examined the percentages of B‐cells, T‐cells, T helper (Th) cells, T suppressor (Ts) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, and Th/Ts ratio before and after a single DFPP session and after a course of DFPP. A total of 26 patients were recruited; their peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were assayed using flow cytometry. After a single session of DFPP treatment, the percentages of T‐cells (P = 0.0200), Th cells (P = 0.0178), and the Th/Ts ratio (P = 0.0309) decreased significantly, whereas the percentage of NK cells (P = 0.0007) increased significantly. More importantly, after one course of DFPP treatment, the reduced clinical quantitative MG (QMG) score was correlated with the decrease of the percentage of T‐cells (r = 0.5005, P = 0.0092). Fourteen thymectomized MG patients had decreased percentages of T‐cells (P = 0.0304) and Th cells (P = 0.0444), whereas they had increased NK cells (P = 0.0197) after a single DFPP session. Here, transiently decreased percentages of T‐cells after the full DFPP course could enhance the effectiveness of plasmapheresis for MG patients.
Effect of Minimized Perfusion Circuit on Brain Injury Markers Carnosinase and Brain‐Type Fatty Binding Protein in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Patients
Authors: Pahari Dipak R. , Gu Y. John , van Oeveren Willem , El‐Essawi Aschraf , Harringer Wolfgang , Brouwer René M.H.
Published: October 2012

A minimized perfusion circuit (MPC) has proven to be superior to the conventional circulatory perfusion bypass (CCPB) as it reduces the blood–material interaction and hemodilution. Until now not much is known about impact these different perfusion systems have on the brain. The objective of this study is to determine carnosinase and brain‐type fatty binding protein (BFABP) activity as novel specific biomarkers for ischemic brain tissue damage and how their activity differs during and after MPC and CCPB as well as to compare the inflammatory response of both perfusion systems. In a prospective pilot study, 28 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly divided into an MPC group (n = 14) and a CCPB group (n = 14). Blood samples were taken before, during, and after operation until the fifth postoperative day. The brain biomarker carnosinase was determined by measuring the rate of histidine production from the substrate homocarnosine, whereas BFABP and interleukin‐6 were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). C‐reactive protein (CRP) and endothelin‐1 were determined by enzyme immunoassay. The mean serum carnosinase activity was significantly higher in MPC (0.57 ± 0.34 nM histidine/mL/min) as compared with the CCPB group (0.36 ± 0.13 nM histidine/mL/min) at the end of operation (P = 0.02). The BFABP did not show any difference between the two groups in the immediate postoperative period until the second postoperative day. From that time point onward, it showed a steep increase in the CCPB group (581.3 ± 157.11 pg/mL) as compared with the concentrations in the MPC group (384.6 ± 39 pg/mL) (P = 0.04). The inflammation markers interleukin‐6 and CRP showed a similar pattern in both groups without significant difference. In contrast, the leukocyte count on operation day and endothelin‐1 on the first postoperative day were significantly higher in the CCPB group (P = 0.01, P = 0.03, respectively). MPC showed a significant higher and stable serum carnosinase activity during extracorporeal circulation as compared with the CCPB due to less hemodilution and a better preserved oxygen capacity. As a consequence, the antioxidant stress during MPC is limited as compared with CCPB, which means less brain tissue damage reflected by a lower BFABP release. Except endothelin‐1 and leukocyte count, the inflammatory response of the MPC and CCPB was equal.
The Influence of Administrative Cost Ratios on State Government Grant Allocations to Nonprofits
Authors: Ashley Shena R. , Van Slyke David M.
Published: October 2012

Government has come to rely on nonprofit organizations to deliver publicly funded human and cultural services, and it has become a significant donor to the nonprofit sector. When government agencies make grants to nonprofit organizations, administrative cost ratios are often requested, but it is not clear whether or how these ratios influence allocation decisions. Theoretical perspectives alternatively frame the administrative cost ratio as an indicator of price, with negative effects on allocations, or as an indicator of quality, with positive effects on allocations. The authors test these hypotheses using original state‐level grants data from the state of Georgia. The results offer inconclusive evidence about whether the price or quality hypothesis explains government's use of administrative cost ratios in decisions regarding the amount of grant allocations. What drives government grant‐making decisions remains an open and more complex question that involves a range of other variables that are independent of price and quality. The authors address this question in terms of policy and management implications and a future research agenda.
Is There a Spirit of Governance?
Authors: Koppell Jonathan G. S. , Auer Jennifer Claire
Published: October 2012

In his classic work, H. George Frederickson offers a robust call to value anew the spirit of public administration. This was offered not as an abstract treatise but as a reaction to the evolution of the practice of public administration that included institutions and approaches that stretched previous understanding of the field. Much about the constitution of the “spirit of public administration” is left abstract by Frederickson. It is something of a placeholder for the norms, values, and principles that are threatened by the ascendance of “governance.” In this article, the threat of an undermined spirit of administration in a governance era is considered with an attempt at greater specificity and concreteness than previous discussions. To the end of opening a more empirical exploration of the spirit–governance nexus, this article moves away from an either/or position and attempts to distill the highest risks of deterioration of spirit in the provision of public goods.
Internal Reduction of Ni2+ in ZrO2 Stabilized with 10 mol% Y2O3 Examined with VSM and SQUID Magnetometry
Authors: White Joshua T. , Reimanis Ivar E. , Tong Jianhua , O'Brien James R. , Morrissey Amy
Published: October 2012

The internal reduction of Ni2+ ions dissolved in 10YSZ (10 percent by mole Y2O3‐ stabilized ZrO2) was studied using magnetometry. Chemical methods were used to produce specimens with varying amounts of NiO (0.01–11.8% by mol), below and above the solubility limit of NiO in 10YSZ. The solubility limit was determined using x‐ray diffraction measurements in which the change in lattice parameter was correlated to the amount of Ni2+ ions in solution. Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) was used to unequivocally establish that NiO does not exist as a second phase for specimen compositions less than or equal to 0.5 m/o NiO. Specimens with compositions 0.5, 0.1, and 0.01 m/o NiO in YSZ were then prepared and heat treated in Ar – 2% H2 at 1273 K for times ranging from 1 to 20 h. The ferromagnetic response of the reduced specimens was measured using SQUID magnetometry at 100 K to quantify the amount of Ni metal formed as a function of time. SQUID magnetometry measurements of the same specimens were performed at 5 K where the paramagnetic response may be used to quantify the decrease of Ni2+ ions during reduction. The two SQUID measurements agree well and revealed parabolic growth law kinetics. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that internal reduction in these specimens proceeds by the formation of Ni0 along the YSZ grain boundaries. The results indicate that there are two stages of internal reduction in polycrystalline NiO‐containing YSZ. For short times, precipitation of Ni occurs at grain‐boundary regions, and for longer times, it occurs inside the grains.
High Temperature Structural, Dielectric, and Ion Conduction Properties of Orthorhombic InVO4
Authors: Katari Vasundhara , Patwe Sadequa J. , Achary Srungarpu N. , Tyagi Avesh K.
Published: October 2012

Orthorhombic InVO4 was prepared by solid‐state reaction method and characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The frequency‐dependent dielectric and conductivity properties were studied from 300 to 973 K by impedance spectroscopy. A significantly enhanced conductivity was observed at higher temperature whereas almost no conduction was observed below 723 K. Appreciable grain boundary conductivity was observed at higher temperature. The activation energies for grain and grain boundary conductivities are 0.87 and 1.28 eV, respectively. The relative permittivity of ~35 was observed in a wider range of frequencies and temperatures. The frequency dispersion dielectric studies indicated thermally activated hopping conduction process. The high temperature structural studies revealed no significant change in structural parameters except a gradual increasing trend in the unit cell parameters and amplitude of isotropic thermal parameters with increasing temperature.
Porous Tungsten Carbide Nanoplates Derived from Tungsten Trioxide Nanoplates
Authors: Chen Deliang , Zhai Haitao , Chen Huimin , Zhang Yi , Fan Bingbing , Wang Hailong , Lu Hongxia , Li Zhengxin , Zhang Rui , Sun Jing , Gao Lian
Published: October 2012

Porous WC nanoplates (PWCPs) were synthesized by a nitridization‐carbonization process using WO3 nanoplates as the precursor for morphological control. The WO3 nanoplates were derived from tungstate‐based inorganic‐organic hybrid belts. The synthesis of PWCPs involved a nitridization reaction of WO3 nanoplates in NH3 at 650°C for 2 h, followed by a carbonization reaction in a CO/CO2 (10:1, v/v) mixture at 750°C for 10 h. The as‐obtained product is a pure hexagonal WC phase with a plate‐like and porous morphology. The aggregates of the PWCPs with dimensions of (100–300) × (10–30) nm form a house‐of‐card structure with open channels and high‐specific surface areas, and can act as potential supports of electrocatalysts for high‐performance fuel cells.
Effect of Hydrothermal Synthesis Conditions on the Morphology and Negative Thermal Expansivity of Zirconium Tungstate Nanoparticles
Authors: Wu Hongchao , Badrinarayanan Prashanth , Kessler Michael R.
Published: October 2012

Zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) is a unique ceramic material that exhibits isotropic negative thermal expansion behavior, which can be produced at relatively low temperatures using hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent heat treatment. In this work, the effect of reaction conditions on morphology and crystallite size of ZrW2O8 nanoparticles is characterized through careful selection of initial reactants, acid types and concentration, reaction time, and temperature. Three types of ZrW2O8 nanoparticles with distinct morphologies and crystallite size scales were chosen to characterize and compare thermal and physical properties. Nano‐sized ZrW2O8 particles for two of the morphologies exhibit a negative coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that is about 30% larger than the CTE of bulk ZrW2O8 in the α‐phase (ca. −11.4 vs.−8.8 ppm/°C). A dependence of CTE on crystallite size and crystalline structure is demonstrated. It is also found that the morphology of the zirconium tungstate has a significant effect on the pore structure and level of hydration in the nanoparticles.
Assessment of facial asymmetry in growing subjects with a three‐dimensional laser scanning system
Authors: Primozic J. , Perinetti G. , Zhurov A. , Richmond S. , Ovsenik M.
Published: October 2012

Primozic J., Perinetti G., Zhurov A., Richmond S., Ovsenik M.  Assessment of facial asymmetry in growing subjects with a three‐dimensional laser scanning system  Orthod Craniofac Res 2012;15:237–244. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Primozic J, Perinetti G, Zhurov A, Richmond S, Ovsenik M

Objectives –  To evaluate facial asymmetry in growing subjects with no malocclusion on three‐dimensional laser facial scans.

Setting and Sample Population –  Twenty‐seven healthy Caucasian children (15 boys and 12 girls, aged 5.4 ± 0.3 years) in the primary dentition without malocclusion were randomly selected from a local kindergarten in Slovenia.

Material and Methods –  Surface facial images were obtained using a three‐dimensional laser scanning system at baseline and at 18, 30, 42 and 54 months of follow‐up. Facial asymmetry was assessed quantitatively by measuring the average distance between facial image and mirrored image. Further, the percentage of asymmetry was calculated as the percentage of image to mirrored image not coinciding within 0.5 mm. Qualitative assessment was performed on colour deviation maps by recording the predominant side of the face for the upper, middle and lower parts of the face separately. Nonparametric tests were used for data analysis.

Results –  No face was perfectly symmetric. The average distance between the mirrored images for the whole face ranged 0.22–0.85 mm and the percentage of asymmetry 7.8–66.9. There were no significant gender differences (p > 0.05), and no significant change was found over the observed period. The upper part of the face was the least asymmetric, while the lower and middle parts showed similar degrees of asymmetry.

Conclusion –  Facial asymmetry is already present at an early developmental stage and does not show any tendency to increase or decrease with growth in the pre‐pubertal period.
Improving methods in gap ecology: revisiting size and shape distributions using a model selection approach
Authors: de Lima Renato Augusto F. , Prado Paulo Inácio , Martini Adriana Maria Z. , Fonseca Leandro J. , Gandolfi Sérgius , Rodrigues Ricardo R.
Published: October 2012

Questions

We assess gap size and shape distributions, two important descriptors of the forest disturbance regime, by asking: which statistical model best describes gap size distribution; can simple geometric forms adequately describe gap shape; does gap size or shape vary with forest type, gap age or the method used for gap delimitation; and how similar are the studied forests and other tropical and temperate forests?

Location

Southeastern Atlantic Forest, Brazil.

Methods

Analysing over 150 gaps in two distinct forest types (seasonal and rain forests), a model selection framework was used to select appropriate probability distributions and functions to describe gap size and gap shape. The first was described using univariate probability distributions, whereas the latter was assessed based on the gap area–perimeter relationship. Comparisons of gap size and shape between sites, as well as size and age classes were then made based on the likelihood of models having different assumptions for the values of their parameters.

Results

The log‐normal distribution was the best descriptor of gap size distribution, independently of the forest type or gap delimitation method. Because gaps became more irregular as they increased in size, all geometric forms (triangle, rectangle and ellipse) were poor descriptors of gap shape. Only when small and large gaps (> 100 or 400 m2depending on the delimitation method) were treated separately did the rectangle and isosceles triangle become accurate predictors of gap shape. Ellipsoidal shapes were poor descriptors. At both sites, gaps were at least 50% longer than they were wide, a finding with important implications for gap microclimate (e.g. light entrance regime) and, consequently, for gap regeneration.

Conclusions

In addition to more appropriate descriptions of gap size and shape, the model selection framework used here efficiently provided a means by which to compare the patterns of two different types of forest. With this framework we were able to recommend the log‐normal parameters μ and σ for future comparisons of gap size distribution, and to propose possible mechanisms related to random rates of gap expansion and closure. We also showed that gap shape varied highly and that no single geometric form was able to predict the shape of all gaps, the ellipse in particular should no longer be used as a standard gap shape.
Poor Whites in Recent Southern Fiction
Authors: Robertson Sarah
Published: October 2012

Poor white characters have appeared throughout southern fiction in a number of guises. This article examines the ways in which contemporary depictions of poor whites challenge earlier one‐dimensional accounts of this economically disenfranchised group. Central to the discussion is a consideration of the changing nature of southern studies to a reconsideration of poor whites.
Renaissance Humanism and the Future of the Humanities
Authors: Summit Jennifer
Published: October 2012

The academic humanities trace their origins to the Renaissance. Yet recent discussions of the humanities despite their profusion and visibility, have ignored recent scholarship on Renaissance humanism, which challenges long‐held ideas about the humanities’ historical origins and meanings. This essay surveys both bodies of work, asking what recent scholarship on Renaissance humanism can offer our current understanding of the humanities, their purposes and functions, and their future.
A budget impact analysis comparing a Hydrofiber®; dressing to an alginate dressing in managing exuding venous leg ulcers in France
Authors: Yan Songkai , Colin Xavier , Coudray‐Omnès Carole , Guido‐Morin Pascale , Kommala Dheerendra R
Published: October 2012

An Excel model was developed to compare total costs (including primary and secondary dressings only) of Hydrofiber®; dressing (2010 branded price) versus an alginate dressing (generic or branded price) in managing exuding venous leg ulcers considering mean wear time and mean duration of exudate management phase, from the French Social Security perspective over 5 years (2011–2015). Budget impact (based on prevalence of venous leg ulcers in France) was estimated as the difference between scenario 1 (Hydrofiber®; versus alginate dressing usage proportion increasing slightly per year) and Scenario2 (proportion remaining at 2010 levels). Annual costs and net savings per patient for the dressings were calculated in analyses 1 and 2. Analysis 1 (28‐day mean exudate management phase for both Hydrofiber®; and alginate dressing groups): total costs 66·82€ Hydrofiber®;, 70·08€ generic alginate, 77·0€ branded alginate; net savings 3·26€ and 10·18€ for Hydrofiber®; versus generic and branded alginate. Analysis 2 (mean exudate management phase of 22·2 versus 28 days for Hydrofiber®; versus alginate): total costs 52·92€, 70·08€ and 77·0€, and net savings 17·10€ and 24·02€, accordingly. Total cost savings (budget impact scenario 1 minus scenario 2): Analysis 1 – 223 107€ and 696 304€ for Hydrofiber®; versus generic and branded alginate dressings, respectively; Analysis 2 – 1 169 845€ and 1 643 042€ accordingly. Sensitivity analyses indicated that results are reliable. This conservative analysis shows that effective exudate management using Hydrofiber®; dressing can produce sizeable cost savings.
Divergent sympatric lineages of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean crinoid Tropiometra carinata
Authors: Torrence Kathleen G. , Correia Monica D. , Hoffman Eric A.
Published: October 2012

The shallow water comatulid crinoid Tropiometra carinata is native to both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, a distribution anomalous among shallow water crinoids and many other broadcast spawning species. Given this species' short pelagic larval duration, the findings of previous work that suggest that the Benguela upwelling is a significant barrier to gene flow in broadcast spawning species, and T. carinata's unexpected geographic distribution, we predicted that the crinoids presently recognized as T. carinata consisted of a species complex. To test this prediction, we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene from 30 individuals of T. carinata collected from Brazil, the Mozambique Channel, Madagascar, and Reunion Island. We found that nucleotide divergence ranged 0.02–3.10% among haplotypes. Moreover, while a Bayesian phylogenetic tree indicated that there were two substantially divergent genetic lineages, there was no evidence to support that T. carinata is comprised of a species complex due to isolation‐by‐distance. Surprisingly, both lineages were found in sympatry in both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Likewise, a 95% parsimony haplotype network revealed that identical haplotypes are found in both oceans, suggesting that a species complex may indeed exist, just not one caused by geographic isolation. We discuss possible explanations for this unexpected genetic structure, such as natural dispersal or human‐mediated movement, and how the genetic structure found here is relevant to other marine organisms and to cryptic speciation.