bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Humility and the Community of the Sacraments
Authors: Macaskill Grant
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers the role that the sacraments of baptism and Eucharist play in fostering a proper attitude of intellectual humility within Christian community. The sacraments dramatically enact the union with Christ that we have argued in previous chapters to define Christian intellectual humility, embodying the truth that our intellectual identities are not autonomous, but are dependent upon the constitutive identity of Jesus Christ and are located within the community of the church. Both baptism and Eucharist are understood within the New Testament to communicate the eschatological identity of the church, and therefore the distinctive character of our relationship to the reality of evil. The chapter will pay particular attention to the way that Paul directs his readers to think differently in response to the significance of the sacraments. It will also consider the close connection of the command to ‘love one another’ to the sacraments.
Gender and Labor Markets in Tunisia’s Lagging Regions
Authors: Hanmer Lucia , Tebaldi Edinaldo , Verner Dorte
Published: November 2018

There are significant differences in labor market outcomes by gender in Tunisia. These gender differences differ substantially in the richer coastal and eastern regions and the poorer southern and western regions. This chapter uses the 2014 Tunisia Labor Market Panel Survey (TLMPS) to examine the characteristics of male and female labor market participants in the lagging southern, western, and central regions, and in the leading regions. The chapter also discusses results from an econometric analysis of the factors that influence monthly wages and the probability of employment for men and women respectively. Our results show that gender plays a huge role in labor market outcomes: women are less likely to participate in the labor force, are more likely to be unemployed, and receive lower wages. In addition, youth and educated women in lagging regions are particularly disadvantaged because they are less likely to find a job and may not have the option of moving to places where employment prospects are better. Moreover, our results suggest that wage discrimination against women is prevalent outside the leading region in Tunisia.
Education, Earnings, and Returns to Schooling in Tunisia
Authors: Limam Imed , Hafaiedh Abdelwahab Ben
Published: November 2018

This chapter aims at identifying the main determinants of earnings and at estimating the private returns to education in Tunisia. The private rate of return to schooling is relatively low by international standards, especially for basic education. It is argued that in addition to the limited capacity of the economy to create high-productivity jobs, institutional factors may explain the low and heterogeneous returns to education in Tunisia. The returns to schooling are found to increase with the level of education. Regional disparities in earnings and returns to higher education may be explained by the lack of economic opportunities and low exposure to market forces in many inland regions, and also by differentiated early-life conditions as well as inequality of opportunity in access to quality education. These results are used to suggest directions to strengthen the role of public policies in reducing inequality of opportunities in both schooling and earnings.
Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise Insolvency
Authors: Mokal Riz , Davis Ronald , Mazzoni Alberto , Mevorach Irit , Romaine Madam Justice Barbara , Sarra Janis , Tirado Ignacio , Madaus Stephan
Published: November 2018

This volume examines the current resolution process for distressed micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), and proposes a different, more appropriate, ‘modular’ approach to the treatment of such entities when faced with insolvency proceedings. MSMEs play a vital role in virtually all global economies. They are a primary means of employment and the vehicle by which entrepreneurs bring new business propositions to the market and deliver a range of products and services to local economies. MSMEs tend to be more reliant than larger businesses on favourable legal and regulatory climates in order to survive and thrive. Yet in assuming an extensive insolvency estate of significant worth, the presence of creditors and other concerned stakeholders to participate in and oversee the process, and the extensive involvement of courts and insolvency and legal professionals, insolvency regimes are often more tailored to the circumstances of larger businesses. These assumptions and features generally sit incongruously with the reality of MSMEs, whose estates characteristically have modest value and many of whose stakeholders tend to be disinterested in the MSME’s insolvency process. The Modular Approach developed in this text addresses the imbalances, inconsistencies, and lack of supervision which are often apparent in the treatment of insolvent MSMEs. The volume provides an overview of existing approaches to MSME insolvency, the place of MSMEs in the global economy, and the particular needs of MSMEs in financial distress. It then sets out the procedural framework, policy objectives, and key components of the Modular Approach, detailing how a choice of modules enables national policymakers a more flexible process for resolution. The volume outlines the roles, positions, and obligations of key stakeholder groups, and explains the managerial, administrative, and judicial functions of this approach. Finally, it explains how elements of the broader legal system should be aligned with, and supportive of, the optimal functioning of the Modular Approach.
Procedure under the Modular Approach
Authors: et Mokal
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the core aspects of the default procedural framework of the Modular Approach and then describes the modules by which the default framework may be adapted. The core elements of the Modular Approach provide a simple, cost-effective framework to liquidate or continue an MSME, recognizing the diversity in size and nature of MSMEs. The two basic options—automatic liquidation, and continuation proceedings—meet multiple objectives. The former facilitates efficient liquidation of MSME assets while allowing entrepreneurs a fresh start, and the latter enables the entrepreneur to continue the business while addressing the factors that caused its financial and economic distress. The core elements are complemented by additional modules that allow policymakers in each jurisdiction, and the entrepreneurs, creditors, and other stakeholders in each such jurisdiction, to identify and deploy the tools suited to the nature and type of debtor and its assets, the causes of its distress, and the prospects for its viability and rehabilitation.
Conclusion
Authors: et Mokal
Published: November 2018

This concluding chapter argues that an effective framework will encompass the full range of the Modular Approach’s tools, and that modules should only rarely be eliminated by lawmakers, and then only after careful consideration. However, lawmakers may decide that local conditions justify particular adaptations. Countries considering reform should design their MSME regime in a way that respects their constitutional requirements, and with full consideration of the policy choices involved and their respective costs and benefits. Legal systems should provide a regime capable of being unpacked, and should allow the flexible distribution of not only insolvency tools but also process functions. Specifically, countries should identify the main category of function for each step in the insolvency process. Countries should then make critical policy choices as to who is allowed or required to perform these various functions, including a consideration of the necessary level of involvement of insolvency practitioners, government agencies, court officials, and judges.
Rationalism, Christianity, and Ambiguity
Authors: Collini Stefan
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the work of William Empson, the critic normally assumed to be the least historical in his approach, especially his close attention to ‘the words on the page’. It shows how even his earliest work, such as Seven Types of Ambiguity and Some Versions of Pastoral, is shot through with historical assumptions—indeed, the latter book contains a short history of class relations in England. It moves on to a full-scale discussion of his most daunting work, The Structure of Complex Words, showing the ways in which it is structured by an interpretation of history between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, revealing Empson to be a significant historian of English ethical life, who did not share the prevailing declinist or anti-Whig perspective.
From Microscopic to Macroscopic Descriptions
Authors: Henriksen Niels Engholm , Hansen Flemming Yssing
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses bimolecular reactions from both a microscopic and macroscopic point of view. The outcome of an isolated reactive scattering event can be specified in terms of an intrinsic fundamental quantity, the reaction cross-section that can be measured in a molecular beam experiment. It depends on the quantum states of the molecules as well as the relative velocity of reactants and products. The relation between the cross-section and the macroscopic rate constant is derived. The rate constant is a weighted average of the product between the relative speed of the reactants and the reaction cross-section. The chapter concludes with the special case of thermal equilibrium, where the velocity distributions for the molecules are the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. The expression for the rate constant at temperature T is reduced to a one-dimensional integral over the relative speed of the reactants.
The Fight against Idleness
Authors: Heath Anthony F. , Garratt Elisabeth , Kashyap Ridhi , Li Yaojun , Richards Lindsay
Published: November 2018

Unemployment has a wide range of adverse consequences over and above the effects of the low income which people out of work receive. In the first decades after the war Britain tended to have a lower unemployment rate than most peer countries but this changed in the 1980s and 1990s, when Britain’s unemployment rate surged during the two recessions—possibly as a result of policies designed to tackle inflation. The young, those with less education, and ethnic minorities have higher risks of unemployment and these risks are cumulative. The evidence suggests that the problems facing young men with only low qualifications became relatively worse in the 1990s and 2000s. This perhaps reflects the dark side of educational expansion, young people with low qualifications being left behind and exposed in the labour market.
Assessing Well-Being
Authors: Tiberius Valerie
Published: November 2018

This chapter returns to the practical question of how to help friends attain greater well-being. It starts with a summary of the questions we can ask to ascertain how a friend is doing, and then proceeds to consider some obstacles to helping. There are many challenges to helping well: we don’t know enough, we aren’t skilled enough, our friends aren’t open to the kind of help we can provide, or our friend’s values conflict with our own. Acknowledging these challenges allows us to identify guidance about how to be a more helpful friend, including the norms for when it is permissible to discount your friend’s value in case of value conflict. The end of the chapter turns to the question of how the value fulfillment theory can be applied beyond friendship to strangers, children, and animals.
Being a Good Friend
Authors: Tiberius Valerie
Published: November 2018

According to the value fulfillment theory, when we want to help others we should attend to their point of view. This is easier said than done, because we tend to make mistakes about what people really care about, how they understand or conceptualize what they care about, how they understand their options, what counts as success for them, which things matter more in life than others, and how they understand the facts about risk, rewards, and opportunities. This chapter makes the argument that cultivating habits that make us less self-centered and more aware of our limitations is a good way to try to overcome some of the biggest barriers we face as friends who want to help.
Parental Incarceration and Family Inequality in the United States
Authors: Arditti Joyce A.
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues that mass incarceration is an insidious mechanism to limit equal opportunity to freely and optimally ‘do family’. Indeed, research documents a host of negative family outcomes associated with parental incarceration and children seem to be particularly vulnerable. This chapter introduces a ‘Family Inequality Framework’ (FIF), which builds on research and theory that conceptualizes parental incarceration as an ongoing family stressor that influences critical parenting processes and indices of family functioning. Based on family stress theory and ecological frameworks, the FIF points to material hardship as the main conduit through which parental incarceration contributes to and reproduces family inequality. Moreover, an FIF represents a shift in emphasis from how mass imprisonment contributes to inequality among incarcerated adults, to how parental incarceration contributes to inequality among children.
Time, the Pains of Imprisonment, and ‘Coping’
Authors: Kotova Anna
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores how a sample of women experienced, and was transformed by, a husband’s or boyfriend’s long-term imprisonment. It draws on theoretical tools provided by research on long-term imprisonment specifically, including emerging work on how long-term prisoners experience the pains of imprisonment over a long sentence. A previous chapter has suggested that some pains of imprisonment may be ‘acute’ for families outside — that is, these pains could persist throughout the sentence. This chapter explores how these acute pains are experienced over a long sentence by partners. As it has already been shown that sociological work on imprisonment provides excellent theoretical tools for examining the experiences of families, research on long-term imprisonment specifically was chosen as it, too, can help one to understand the experiences of partners outside.
Epic and the Lexicon of Violence
Authors: Rupp Stephen
Published: November 2018

This chapter’s discussion of Hernández de Velasco’s Eneyda de Virgilio traducida en verso castellano provides an understanding of the role translations of ancient epics played in the Renaissance. Writing poetry about war raised ethical questions about the justification of wars of conquest and expansion, as weighed against individual emotions. In that context the translation of Virgil acquires a subtext that moves beyond literary relevance and into the realm of philosophical inquiry. Rupp argues that, for Velasco, the translation of the Aeneid serves as a means of moral instruction because he casts Aeneas as an exemplar of Stoic virtue and examines the importance of control over intense emotional states.
Virgil in Chinese
Authors: Liu Jinyu
Published: November 2018

This chapter, which deals with the reception of Virgil in the Chinese world, takes us into the realm of ‘other Virgils’. This is a very different universe, neither conditioned nor influenced by the typically European concerns that animate most other renditions of Virgil’s Latin text. While the Chinese engagement with this poet is limited, it is nonetheless a remarkable phenomenon—and one well worth knowing about, insofar as it sheds light on how a non-European culture might engage with Virgil. This kind of poetry was foreign to the Chinese literary culture in every single aspect, from genre and metre to plot, representation, and aesthetics. Liu tries to answer the important question of Virgil’s ‘translatability’ and significance in non-Western contexts.
Aesthetic and Political Concerns in Dryden’s Æneis
Authors: Scully Stephen
Published: November 2018

This chapter is devoted to what is perhaps the most influential translation of the Aeneid into English. Scully proposes that Dryden viewed Virgil’s ‘quiet and sedate’ style as ideally suited both to the political necessities of Augustan Rome and to post-Glorious Revolution England. Although by his own testimony Dryden felt that his poetic temperament was at odds with Virgil’s and he claimed that he translated Homer and Lucretius more happily, he restrained his own poetic sensibilities, and indeed Virgil’s lexical range and multifaceted fabric, when giving England the ancient poem that he felt best suited the needs of his own time.
Epic Failures
Authors: Torlone Zara Martirosova
Published: November 2018

This chapter addresses the lack of canonical translations of the Aeneid into Russian. While Homer found his widely accepted rendition in Nikolai Gnedich’s and Vasilii Zhukovskii’s translations of the two main poems of the epic cycle, Virgil has had no such luck. But Zhukovskii also attempted a translation of the second book of the Aeneid under a title of its own, ‘The Destruction of Troy’. Torlone argues that Zhukovskii, in his rendition of the Aeneid, succeeded where other translators failed: it achieved the goal of ‘demystifying’ the foreign text and of conveying in its own language the foreignness of the foreign text without alienating the reader.
Come tradurre?
Authors: Eigler Ulrich
Published: November 2018

In Italy, Virgil is connected with cultural and political developments, especially with the language policy of the bourgeois elite during the unification of the country and the striving of the fascist movement to bring about a standard language. So the question of translations cannot be considered without looking at the turbulent history of Italy. Therefore this chapter starts out with a quick look at the significance of Virgil as an ‘Italian’ poet between Risorgimento and fascism. Then the chapter considers more closely Pier Paolo Pasolini’s experimental translation in 1959 of the opening part of the Aeneid, in contrast with traditional translations and the modern Italian version of Virgil by Vittorio Sermonti. This makes it possible to evaluate the position of Pasolini’s experiment and to come to some cautious generalizing conclusions on the Italian tradition of translating Virgil.
Cultural Theology after Tillich
Authors: Marsh Clive
Published: November 2018

This chapter expounds the cultural-theological method being used in the book. The chapter begins by showing how and why theology has to see itself as a cultural activity which does not simply recreate internal religious discourse. In critical dialogue with the theology of Paul Tillich the chapter goes on to show how engagement with cultural products and practices of all kinds requires theology to look for the Gehalt (the theological import and trajectory) of whatever is being interpreted. The chapter concludes with a summary of five key points about what cultural theology is not, and seven key points outlining what it is.
The body as first prior: Interoceptive predictive processing and the primacy of self-models
Authors: Allen Micah , Tsakiris Manos
Published: November 2018

Embodied predictive processing accounts place the visceral milieu, its homeostatic functioning, and our interoceptive awareness thereof on the center stage of self-awareness. Starting from the privileged status that homeostatic priors have within the cortical hierarchy of an organism whose main imperative is to maintain homeostasis, we focus on the mechanisms that underlie interoceptive precision and its impact on embodiment and cognition. Beyond their privileged status for ensuring the stability of organism, this chapter considers the psychological importance that interoceptive priors and interoceptive precision have for self-awareness and the grounding of a coherent self-model. In a manner analogous to the role that interoception plays for homeostasis, interoception at the psychological level seems to contribute to the stability of self-awareness. This psychological role of interoception is illustrated by a growing body of research that considers the antagonism but also the integration between exteroceptive and interoceptive models of the self.
Interoception, categorization, and symptom perception
Authors: Van den Bergh Omer , Zacharioudakis Nadia , Petersen Sibylle
Published: November 2018

Medical practice and the disease model importantly rely on the accuracy assumption of symptom perception: patients’ symptom reports are a direct and accurate reflection of physiological dysfunction. This implies that symptoms can be used as a read-out of dysfunction and that remedying the dysfunction removes the symptoms. While this assumption is viable in many instances of disease, the relationship between symptoms and physiological dysfunction is highly variable and, in a substantial number of cases, completely absent. This chapter considers symptom perception as a form of unconscious inferential somatic decision-making that compellingly produces consciously experienced symptoms. At a mechanistic level, this perspective removes the categorical distinction between symptoms that are closely associated with physiological dysfunction and those that are not. In addition, it brings symptom perception in accordance with general theories of perception. Some clinical implications to understand and treat symptoms poorly related to physiological dysfunction are discussed.
Allostasis, interoception, and the free energy principle: Feeling our way forward
Authors: Corcoran Andrew W. , Hohwy Jakob
Published: November 2018

Interoceptive processing is commonly understood in terms of the monitoring and representation of the body’s current physiological (i.e. homeostatic) status, with aversive sensory experiences encoding some impending threat to tissue viability. However, claims that homeostasis fails to fully account for the sophisticated regulatory dynamics observed in complex organisms have led some theorists to incorporate predictive (i.e. allostatic) regulatory mechanisms within broader accounts of interoceptive processing. Critically, these frameworks invoke diverse—and potentially mutually inconsistent—interpretations of the role allostasis plays in the scheme of biological regulation. This chapter argues in favor of a moderate, reconciliatory position in which homeostasis and allostasis are conceived as equally vital (but functionally distinct) modes of physiological control. It explores the implications of this interpretation for free energy-based accounts of interoceptive inference, advocating a similarly complementary (and hierarchical) view of homeostatic and allostatic processing.
Noncompliers’ Duties
Authors: Karnein Anja
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines in what sorts of situation noncompliers, of which there are many in the climate justice context, can be thought to have duties—apart from the duty to comply—and how these duties ought best be described. It problematizes the unclear status of a duty that tells an agent what to do in cases where she is not doing what she ought to and reviews four possible ways to circumvent this “status problem” when explaining the presence of duties for noncompliers. Only one of these positions can show that noncompliers have duties because they failed to comply and not simply because they are moral agents. This position considers all duties to be accompanied by the imperfect duty of beneficence. When the former are not complied with, the latter remains but changes in significance. It is this position, or so this chapter maintains, that most plausibly captures our intuitions.
A Phenomenology of the Devout Life
Authors: Pattison George
Published: November 2018

A Phenomenology of the Devout Life offers a phenomenological approach to the kind of Christian spirituality set out in François de Sales’s Introduction to the Devout Life but with parallels in other movements in both Protestant and Catholic spirituality. Situating the subject in relation to contemporary philosophical discussions of selfhood, the book arrives at a view of the devout self as essentially motivated by an affective orientation towards God that, via the experience of temptation and the practice of humility, subordinates reason to love and ends with self-annihilation. In this annihilated condition it becomes capable of a pure love of God, devoid of self-interest, willing only what God wills. These themes of pure love and nothingness are explored with particular reference to the writings of Archbishop Fénelon. Although this may suggest that the devout life is a kind of mysticism, it is argued that as a programme for practical life in the world it is distinct from experientially oriented kinds of mysticism, though sharing the ideal of union with God. As the first of a three-part Philosophy of Christian Life, the book ends by questioning what it could mean to insist that the source of the affective lure of devotion is God.
Electrons in Molecules
Authors: Launay Jean-Pierre , Verdaguer Michel
Published: November 2018

The book treats in a unified way electronic properties of molecules (magnetic, electrical, photophysical), culminating with the mastering of electrons, i.e. molecular electronics and spintronics and molecular machines. Chapter 1 recalls basic concepts. Chapter 2 describes the magnetic properties due to localized electrons. This includes phenomena such as spin cross-over, exchange interaction from dihydrogen to extended molecular magnetic systems, and magnetic anisotropy with single-molecule magnets. Chapter 3 is devoted to the electrical properties due to moving electrons. One considers first electron transfer in discrete molecular systems, in particular in mixed valence compounds. Then, extended molecular solids, in particular molecular conductors, are described by band theory. Special attention is paid to structural distortions (Peierls instability) and interelectronic repulsions in narrow-band systems. Chapter 4 treats photophysical properties, mainly electron transfer in the excited state and its applications to photodiodes, organic light emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells and water photolysis. Energy transfer is also treated. Photomagnetism (how a photonic excitation modifies magnetic properties) is introduced. Finally, Chapter 5 combines the previous knowledge for three advanced subjects: first molecular electronics in its hybrid form (molecules connected to electrodes acting as wires, diodes, memory elements, field-effect transistors) or in the quantum computation approach. Then, molecular spintronics, using, besides the charge, the spin of the electron. Finally the theme of molecular machines is presented, with the problem of the directionality control of their motion.
Governance Indicators
Authors: Anheier Helmut K.
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to the volume and an overview of the emergence of the field of governance indicators over more than two decades. It takes stock of the field’s advancement in terms of the breadth and depth of indicators and indices covering a range of governance-related topics from democracy to corruption to basic rights, as well as and in terms of data availability and quality, methods, and analytical tools. The outcome has been the establishment of a veritable indicators industry. At the same time, the chapter highlights some of the key challenges facing the field as it develops further, particularly with regard to the connections between indicators and theory and between producers and users.
Governance Indicators and the Broken Feedback Loop
Authors: Feigenblatt Hazel
Published: November 2018

This chapter presents an overview of the role of communications in governance indicators and discusses challenges to understanding whether, how, and why their intended audiences use or fail to use rankings, indices, and related data. These include long-standing challenges associated with ensuring that information meets the needs of different target audiences, engaging with traditional media, and using rankings to present indicators. As new technologies have changed information flows and dynamics, new challenges have emerged, including echo chambers and data graveyards. The chapter shows a broken feedback loop between governance indicator creators and their intended users that can be traced to the understanding of communications as an accessory activity, without integrating user research and frank self-assessments into the indicator creation cycle. More research should be conducted about the extent to which the current offer of indicators is meeting users’ needs and the extent to which underlying theories of change remain valid.
New Industrial Policy and the Extractive Industries
Authors: Dietsche Evelyn
Published: November 2018

Industrial policy is back. Advocates for industrial policy argue that the important question is not whether such policies should be applied at all, but how to design and implement them. This chapter explores the new debate on industrial policy in relation to the extractive industries and the extractives-led development agenda. First, there is the argument that host countries should reduce their dependence on the extractive resources sector and diversify their economies. But there is little consensus over how countries should go about this. Second, the universal climate agreement reached at the Paris COP21 in November 2015 mandates that all economies have to move towards more sustainable and resource-efficient growth, with (green) industrial policy playing a critical part in achieving this structural transformation. Third, the liberal capitalist system underpinning the current global economy is under pressure with some political forces now making the case for more inward-looking economic policies and protectionism.
The Macroeconomic Management of Natural Resources
Authors: Henstridge Mark , Roe Alan
Published: November 2018

Managing natural resource wealth requires accommodating very large increases in investment, production, exports, and government revenues within the economy of the host country, and setting appropriate macroeconomic policies—especially fiscal, monetary, and exchange-rate policies—both to prevent resource wealth from destabilizing the economy and to ensure that its potential for economic development is maximized. This chapter focuses on the complexity of decision-making and policy on the unusual characteristics of the macroeconomic flows of the extractives sector: (i) foreign direct investment, production, exports, and revenues are often large; (ii) for each project there is a strong degree of uniformity in the sequence of activity from discovery through development to production; (iii) the non-renewable resource is finite, and so are the revenues; (iv) commodity prices are often volatile, hence public revenues can be also volatile.
Regulatory Structures and Challenges to Developmental Extractives
Authors: Aubynn Toni
Published: November 2018

Ghana’s large natural resource endowment of various minerals as well as oil is well known. The country has been mining gold for over a century, ranking second in production in Africa, and has also undergone regulatory transformations resulting in significant improvement in the mining sector. This chapter seeks to share the experience of a regulator and offers some perspectives on the purpose, content, and challenges of the practical regulation of an extractives sector in a lower-middle-income economy. The chapter looks at both the design and content of a regulatory system and throws light on the practical challenges (technical and political) of implementation. In light of the increasing allure of resource nationalism in recent times, the chapter also takes a brief navigation into the manner in which relationships are established and maintained by the regulatory bodies with both large multinational and small artisanal mining operations.
The Taxation of Extractive Industries
Authors: Otto James M.
Published: November 2018

The emphasis of this chapter is on how mines are taxed, not on how tax revenues should be used. However, it is noted that one of the influencing factors that drives fiscal system policy evolution is the issue of whether subnational governments should have additional taxing power or be given special revenue dispensation. It is the author’s experience that devolving additional tax power to subnational governments is often not possible because of constitutional constraints or because central authorities wish to maintain control. The chapter provides an introduction to the various taxation approaches applied to the mining sector and it includes a description of the principal tax types and investment tax incentives. The author concludes that when devising mineral sector fiscal systems governments should carefully assess their fiscal options using a holistic approach that anticipates commodity price cycles, and that mining companies should anticipate fiscal system changes.
Doubling Down
Authors: Heller Patrick R. P.
Published: November 2018

Many governments have successfully employed state-owned enterprises to exert state control over their oil and gas sectors and capture a larger share of rewards from the industry. However, relying heavily on a national oil company requires adapting to certain challenges for the management of the oil sector and governance of the broader economy. This chapter argues that governments should base decisions concerning the role of a national oil company on a careful assessment of the size of the potential rewards and the state’s tolerance for associated risks. It then examines the most important risk mitigation techniques that governments have used to increase the likelihood that their national oil companies will deliver strong economic returns and remain accountable to citizens.
The Role of Governance and International Norms in Managing Natural Resources
Authors: Cust James
Published: November 2018

The governance of natural resource wealth is considered to constitute a key determinant in whether the extraction of natural resources proves to be a blessing or a curse. In response to this challenge, a variety of international initiatives have emerged to codify successful policies pursued by countries, and promote global norms and best practices to guide decision-makers. These initiatives, such as the Extractives Industry Transparency Initiative, have seen success in spreading and embedding governance norms, ranging across revenue transparency, contract disclosure, and the creation of instruments such as resource funds and building institutions for checks and balances. However, evidence for causal impact remains weak and sometimes limited to anecdotal cases. The end of the super-cycle of commodity prices, and the prospect of permanently lower prices for fossil fuels, creates new challenges for resource-rich countries but may also allow space and time for reflection, lesson-learning and improvements in governance.
The Role of Gender in the Extractive Industries
Authors: Macdonald Catherine
Published: November 2018

Recognizing that women’s participation is necessary for the achievement of sustainable development, extractives industry companies are increasingly committed to integrating gender equality and women’s economic empowerment into aspects of their operations. This chapter reviews recent literature on gender and the extractive industries and considers the following questions emerging from the scholarship. How is gender understood in the extractives sector and has this changed over time? What are the gendered impacts of the extractive industries? Are women passive victims of the sector rather than active participants or even resisters to industrial expansion? What is the nature of extractives-associated sex work and gender-based violence in various settings? In addition, the chapter evaluates industry efforts towards achieving improved gender balance in the sector.
Approaches to Supporting Local and Community Development
Authors: Mondoloka Angel
Published: November 2018

Mining is the largest sector of the Zambian economy but the relationship between mining companies and their host communities has been fractious, without a clear path towards sustainability. The severe social, economic, and environmental impacts of mining have been compounded by perceived shortcomings in corporate social and environmental responsibility programming by the industry, and by fragile regulatory capacity on the government’s part. This chapter examines the modalities and results of mining community development programmes in Zambia as part of the broader discussion on how large international mining companies can, and do, contribute to local and community development. It narrates the approaches adopted by five multinational mining corporates, two of which are Chinese-owned, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
Approaches to Supporting Local and Community Development
Authors: Filgueiras Liesel Mack , Rabetim Andreia , Pillar Isabel Aché
Published: November 2018

Reflection about the role of community engagement and corporate social investment in Brazil, associated with the presence of a large economic enterprise, is the major stimulus of this chapter. It seeks to present how cross-sector governance can contribute to the social development of a city and how this process can be led by a partnership comprising a corporate foundation, government, and civil society. The concept of the public–private social partnership (PPSP) is explored: a strategy for building a series of inter-sectoral alliances aimed at promoting the sustainable development of territories where the company has large-scale enterprises, through joint efforts towards integrated long-term strategic planning, around a common agenda. To this end, the case of Canaã dos Carajás is introduced, a municipality in the State of Pará, in the Amazon region, where large-scale mining investment is being carried out by the mining company Vale SA.
How Do We Legislate for Improved Community Development?
Authors: Otto James M.
Published: November 2018

An extractive mining minerals project has a finite lifespan—the project ceases once the minerals have been depleted. Governments have choices in what they want to achieve during a project’s life and have a variety of regulatory and other tools by which to achieve their objectives. Historically, the primary objective is to obtain fiscal revenues from an extractive project and to use larger projects as a means to build infrastructure to benefit society. More recently, governments are looking to achieve benefits for local communities not only in the near term while operations are ongoing, but also on a sustainable basis. Many large projects implement corporate social responsibility programmes, which often include benefits for nearby communities. Increasingly, governments are mandating in legislation that extractive industry projects must have programmes for community development rather than relying on voluntary efforts.
Introduction
Authors: Forlenza Rosario
Published: November 2018

The Introduction presents an outline of the book, its sources and empirical material, and its theoretical and methodological approach, which rests on the key concept of meaning formation in liminality. Following the social and cultural anthropology of Arnold van Gennep and Victor Turner, liminality refers to a period of transition during which the normal limits to thought, self-understanding, and behavior are relaxed, opening the way to novelty and imagination and generating new meanings, ideas, and consciousness. Lived experiences in liminal times generate horizons of expectations, beliefs, and attitudes that transform social and political identities and shape the emergence of a new political order. The anthropological approach advanced here suggests that the constitution of a political subjectivity, at the collective as well at the individual level, occurs mainly through experiences and results in fundamental changes in consciousness.
Scaling
Authors: Thurner Stefan , Hanel Rudolf , Klimekl Peter
Published: November 2018

Scaling appears practically everywhere in science; it basically quantifies how the properties or shapes of an object change with the scale of the object. Scaling laws are always associated with power laws. The scaling object can be a function, a structure, a physical law, or a distribution function that describes the statistics of a system or a temporal process. We focus on scaling laws that appear in the statistical description of stochastic complex systems, where scaling appears in the distribution functions of observable quantities of dynamical systems or processes. The distribution functions exhibit power laws, approximate power laws, or fat-tailed distributions. Understanding their origin and how power law exponents can be related to the particular nature of a system, is one of the aims of the book.We comment on fitting power laws.
Statistical Mechanics and Information Theory for Complex Systems
Authors: Thurner Stefan , Hanel Rudolf , Klimekl Peter
Published: November 2018

Most complex systems are statistical systems. Statsitical mechanics and information theory usually do not apply to complex systems because the latter break the assumptions of ergodicity, independence, and multinomial statistics. We show that it is possible to generalize the frameworks of statistical mechanics and information theory in a meaningful way, such that they become useful for understanding the statistics of complex systems.We clarify that the notion of entropy for complex systems is strongly dependent on the context where it is used, and differs if it is used as an extensive quantity, a measure of information, or as a tool for statistical inference. We show this explicitly for simple path-dependent complex processes such as Polya urn processes, and sample space reducing processes.We also show it is possible to generalize the maximum entropy principle to path-dependent processes and how this can be used to compute timedependent distribution functions of history dependent processes.
The Transformation of South Africa’s System of Basic Education
Authors: Crouch Luis , Hoadley Ursula
Published: November 2018

As background to the rest of the book, the chapter describes and analyses the main structural transformations that took place in post-apartheid education in South Africa. The chapter provides analytical context to the rest of the book. It focuses on three key transformations: governance, school funding, and curriculum. For each, the chapter provides historical background, describes the transformation in some depth, and attempts to answer whether the transformation ‘worked’, and in what sense. The chapter concludes that some of the transformations worked, in that they were actually implemented and had some of (in some cases, such as finance, most of) the immediate intended impact (e.g. increase in equity of resource allocation). In some cases, such as curricular change, the immediate impact was elusive. The chapter concludes that the transformations have not yet had the desired impact in terms of either average achievement or equality achievement, but there are hopeful signs.
Provincial Governance of Education—The Eastern Cape Experience
Authors: Kota Zukiswa , Hendricks Monica , Matambo Eric , Naidoo Vinothan
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the politics and governance of education policy and delivery in South Africa’s Eastern Cape province. The Eastern Cape experienced extensive governmental re-organization following the country’s 1994 democratic transition. Over the subsequent two decades, governance under the incumbency of the African National Congress has been fraught with clientelistic conflict amongst a factionalized coalition of interests, which has severely hampered the delivery of key public services such as education. In this chapter, we describe how the province’s general governance characteristics and those in the education sector have impeded the growth of a rule-compliant, insulated and performance-driven bureaucracy. We illustrate how chronic leadership instability, political interference, and financial mismanagement in the Eastern Cape Department of Education have severely undermined the resourcing and oversight of the province’s public schooling system.
‘All for Education’—Meeting the Governance Challenge
Authors: Levy Brian
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores some implications for education policy of the research laid out in this book. First, it reviews the empirical results on how context, the quality of hierarchical and horizontal governance, and educational outcomes interact. Both the interests of stakeholders and the ideas which they hold vis-à-vis the system’s functioning shape influence whether low-level equilibrium traps take hold, and how they can be overcome. Second, it lays out a two-part policy approach—practical initiatives for incrementally improving hierarchical and horizontal governance, plus a broader reframing of the ideas surrounding how education and other public services should be provided. The overall aim is to initiate a process which proceeds deliberately, and incrementally, while cumulatively building momentum for re-orienting the system as a whole towards learning.
Rural Communes and the Culture of Practices
Authors: Gamberini Andrea
Published: November 2018

The projection of city-state political culture on to the surrounding countryside did not only generate forms of resistance from and misunderstanding with local society. This chapter shows how certain social and political actors active in rural areas managed to exploit urban political and legal culture, bending it to their own interests. In other words, the advent of city domination created new possibilities, especially those linked to the activity of the communal courts, which could transform the claims of certain countryside figures into concrete rights. The chapter offers an analysis of several of these situations, in order to provide a clearer understanding of the relationship between city and countryside.
Art, History, and Postwar Fiction
Authors: Brazil Kevin
Published: November 2018

Art, History, and Postwar Fiction explores the ways in which novelists responded to the visual arts from the aftermath of the Second World War up to the present day. If art had long served as a foil to enable novelists to reflect on their craft, this book argues that in the postwar period, novelists turned to the visual arts to develop new ways of conceptualizing the relationship between literature and history. The sense that the novel was becalmed in the end of history was pervasive in the postwar decades. In seeming to bring modernism to a climax whilst repeating its foundational gestures, visual art also raised questions about the relationship between continuity and change in the development of art. In chapters on Samuel Beckett, William Gaddis, John Berger, and W. G. Sebald, and shorter discussions of writers like Doris Lessing, Kathy Acker, and Teju Cole, this book shows that writing about art was often a means of commenting on historical developments of the period: the Cold War, the New Left, the legacy of the Holocaust. Furthermore, it argues that forms of postwar visual art, from abstraction to the readymade, offered novelists ways of thinking about the relationship between form and history that went beyond models of reflection or determination. By doing so, this book also argues that attention to interactions between literature and art can provide critics with new ways to think about the relationship between literature and history beyond reductive oppositions between formalism and historicism, autonomy and context.