bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self‐Report Scale (ASRS) Screener in a representative sample of health plan members
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Adler Lenard A. , Gruber Michael J. , Sarawate Chaitanya A. , Spencer Thomas , Van Brunt David L.
Published: May 2007

The validity of the six‐question World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self‐Report Scale (ASRS) Screener was assessed in a sample of subscribers to a large health plan in the US. A convenience subsample of 668 subscribers was administered the ASRS Screener twice to assess test‐retest reliability and then a third time in conjunction with a clinical interviewer for DSM‐IV adult ADHD. The data were weighted to adjust for discrepancies between the sample and the population on socio‐demographics and past medical claims. Internal consistency reliability of the continuous ASRS Screener was in the range 0.63–0.72 and test‐retest reliability (Pearson correlations) in the range 0.58–0.77. A four‐category version The ASRS Screener had strong concordance with clinician diagnoses, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.90. The brevity and ability to discriminate DSM‐IV cases from non‐cases make the six‐question ASRS Screener attractive for use both in community epidemiological surveys and in clinical outreach and case‐finding initiatives. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rat α‐ and γ‐motoneuron soma size and succinate dehydrogenase activity are independent of neuromuscular activity level
Authors: Roy Roland R. , Matsumoto Akiko , Zhong Hui , Ishihara Akihiko , Edgerton V. Reggie
Published: May 2007

The chronic level of neuromuscular activity, that is, activation and loading, strongly influences the morphological, metabolic, phenotypic, and physiological properties of skeletal muscles. The effects on the innervating motoneurons, however, are less established. We determined and compared the effects of 30 days of decreased activity (induced by a complete mid‐thoracic spinal cord transection, ST) or near inactivity (induced by spinal cord isolation, SI) on the soma size and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of motoneurons innervating a predominantly slow ankle extensor (soleus) and a predominantly fast ankle flexor (tibialis anterior) muscle of adult rats. Soleus and tibialis anterior motoneuron pools were labeled retrogradely using nuclear yellow. The α‐ and γ‐motoneurons were classified based on soma size. Mean number of labeled motoneurons, and mean soma size and SDH activity for both α‐ and γ‐motoneurons were similar in control, ST, and SI rats. Compared to previous reports showing significant decreases in muscle fiber size and adaptations toward a “faster” metabolic profile following ST and SI, the results indicate that, unlike the muscles they innervate, the motoneurons are relatively unresponsive to chronic reductions in neuromuscular activity. The implication of these results is that mean size and SDH activity are independent of the number of action potentials generated by both α‐ and γ‐motoneurons and that even the absence of afferent input to the spinal cord has no influence on size and oxidative metabolic potential of the motoneuron soma. Muscle Nerve, 2007
What you should know about queueing models to set staffing requirements in service systems
Authors: Whitt Ward
Published: May 2007

One traditional application of queueing models is to help set staffing requirements in service systems, but the way to do so is not entirely straightforward, largely because demand in service systems typically varies greatly by the time of day. This article discusses ways—old and new—to cope with that time‐varying demand. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Overexpression and gene amplification of BAG‐1L in hormone‐refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Mäki HE , Saramäki OR , Shatkina L , Martikainen PM , Tammela TLJ , van Weerden WM , Vessella RL , Cato ACB , Visakorpi T
Published: May 2007

BAG‐1L (Bcl‐2‐associated anthanogene 1) has been found to interact with androgen receptor (AR), and has been suggested to be involved in the development of prostate cancer. In order to determine the presence of genetic and/or expression alterations of BAG‐1L in prostate cancer, we analysed human prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts as well as patient samples of untreated, hormone‐naïve, and hormone‐refractory prostate carcinomas for sequence variations using denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), for gene copy number using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and for expression using both quantitative RT‐PCR and immunostaining. Only one sequence variation was found in all 37 cell lines and xenografts analysed. BAG‐1 gene amplification was detected in two xenografts. In addition, gene amplification was found in 6 of 81 (7.4%) hormone‐refractory clinical tumours, whereas no amplification was found in any of the 130 untreated tumours analysed. Additionally, gain of the BAG‐1 gene was observed in 27.2% of the hormone‐refractory tumours and in 18.5% of the untreated carcinomas. In a set of 263 patient samples, BAG‐1L protein expression was significantly higher in hormone‐refractory tumours than in primary tumours (p = 0.002). Altogether, these data suggest that amplification and overexpression of BAG‐1L may be involved in the progression of prostate cancer. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular classification and genetic pathways in hyperplastic polyposis syndrome
Authors: Carvajal‐Carmona LG , Howarth KM , Lockett M , Polanco‐Echeverry GM , Volikos E , Gorman M , Barclay E , Martin L , Jones AM , Saunders B , Guenther T , Donaldson A , Paterson J , Frayling I , Novelli MR , Phillips R , Thomas HJW , Silver A , Atkin W , Tomlinson IPM
Published: May 2007

Hyperplastic Polyposis (HPPS) is a poorly characterized syndrome that increases colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. We aimed to provide a molecular classification of HPPS. We obtained 282 tumours from 32 putative HPPS patients with ≥ 10 hyperplastic polyps (HPs); some patients also had adenomas and CRCs. We found no good evidence of microsatellite instability (MSI) in our samples. The epithelium of HPs was monoclonal. Somatic BRAF mutations occurred in two‐thirds of our patients' HPs, and KRAS2 mutations in 10%; both mutations were more common in younger cases. The respective mutation frequencies in a set of ‘sporadic’ HPs were 18% and 10%. Importantly, the putative HPPS patients generally fell into two readily defined groups, one set whose polyps had BRAF mutations, and another set whose polyps had KRAS2 mutations. The most plausible explanation for this observation is that there exist different forms of inherited predisposition to HPPS, and that these determine whether polyps follow a BRAF or KRAS2 pathway. Most adenomas and CRCs from our putative HPPS patients had ‘classical’ morphology and few of these lesions had BRAF or KRAS2 mutations. These findings suggest that tumourigenesis in HPPS does not necessarily follow the ‘serrated’ pathway. Although current definitions of HPPS are sub‐optimal, we suggest that diagnosis could benefit from molecular analysis. Specifically, testing BRAF and KRAS2 mutations, and perhaps MSI, in multiple polyps could help to distinguish HPPS from sporadic HPs. We propose a specific model which would have diagnosed five more of our cases as HPPS compared with the WHO clinical criteria. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New soluble azophenol polymers prepared by oxidative polycondensation
Authors: Çanakçı Dilek , Tunçel Mehmet , Mart Hasan , Serin Selahattin
Published: May 2007

New azophenol polymers (P1, P2 and P3) were synthesised by the oxidative polycondensation (OP) reaction of three different azophenol monomers in aqueous alkaline medium with NaOCl as the oxidant. The monomers and the polymers were characterised by elemental analyses, and UV‐visible, Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies, which revealed that the polymers synthesised by OP are composed of oxyphenylene (COC) and phenylene (CC) units. The polymers obtained are soluble in dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide. Average molecular weights of the polymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography. Additionally, P2 and P3 are soluble in water and methanol. On the basis of thermogravimetric analyses, 5 and 50% weight‐loss temperatures of the polymers were found to be 218, 700 (P1), 263, 609 (P2) and 100, 809 °C (P3), respectively, suggesting a high thermal stability. Thermal analyses using differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the azophenol polymers are highly amorphous, and melting peaks were not observed in the heating cycles. This suggests that all the polymers are highly amorphous. The azophenol polymers show a reversible trans–cis–trans isomerisation process. These properties of the polymer could be promising for their technological usage. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of conjugated triblock copolymers
Authors: Xiao Xing , Fu Yaqin , Sun Minghao , Li Lin , Bo Zhishan
Published: May 2007

A series of conjugated triblock copolymers containing hole‐transporting polycarbazole segments, electron‐transporting polyoxadiazole segments, and blue‐light‐emitting polyfluorene segments were prepared with a two‐step palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki polycondensation (SPC). First dibromo‐terminated polymer precursors (polyfluorenes and polyoxadiazoles) were synthesized as the central buildingblocks. Then, the dibromo‐terminated polymer precursors were further polymerized with AB‐type monomers [2‐bromo‐7‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)‐9‐octylcarbazole, 3‐bromo‐6‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)‐9‐octylcarbazole, and 2‐bromo‐7‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)‐9,9‐dioctylfluorene] to achieve the target triblock copolymers under SPC conditions. The formation of the triblock copolymers was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography and NMR spectroscopy. The triblock copolymers exhibited good thermal stability. An investigation of the photophysical properties indicated that efficient, photoinduced through‐bond energy transfer occurred in such triblock copolymer systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2410–2424, 2007
Initiation of radical polymerization by peroxyacetates: Polymer end‐group analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Buback Michael , Frauendorf Holm , Günzler Fabian , Vana Philipp
Published: May 2007

End‐groups of poly(methyl methacrylate) from radical solution polymerization of MMA using tert‐butyl peroxyacetate (TBPA), tert‐amyl peroxyacetate (TAPA), 1,1,2,2‐ tetramethylpropyl peroxyacetate (TMPPA), and 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylbutyl peroxyacetate (TMBPA) as the initiators were analyzed via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). The type and the relative concentration of the radical species, which actually initiate macromolecular growth, are determined. In the majority of cases, these species differ from the primary radicals from thermal decomposition of the peroxyacetates. Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS) was applied for unambiguous peak assignment. The methylcarbonyloxyl radical, which is formed by the decomposition of all peroxyacetates, was found to undergo decarboxylation yielding an initiating methyl radical. TAPA‐ and TMPPA‐derived alkoxyl radicals mainly show β‐scission, TMBPA‐derived alkoxyl radicals additionally undergo a 1,5‐hydrogen‐shift reaction. The tert‐butoxyl radicals produced from TBPA undergo pronounced chain‐transfer reaction prior to their decomposition into methyl radicals and acetone. In the case of using benzene as a relatively inert solvent, the tert‐butoxyl radicals exhibit transfer to monomer yielding polymer molecules, which do not carry any initiator‐derived end‐groups. By using mesitylene as a cosolvent, small amounts of star polymer were generated via multiple hydrogen abstraction by tert‐butoxyl radicals from the three individual methyl groups of mesitylene. This uncomplicated procedure of modification of end‐group and polymer topology may be attractive for facile adjustment of polymer viscosity in technical processes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2453–2467, 2007
Electric‐field‐controlled synthesis of HPMA hydrogels containing self‐organized arrays of micro‐channels
Authors: Campbell Tedric D. , Washington Randy P. , Steinbock Oliver
Published: May 2007

We report the synthesis of poly N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide ordered arrays of fluid filled channels. The polymerization and crosslinking reactions are carried out under the influence of a constant electric field (60 V/cm). A charged comonomer, immobiline (pK 3.6), and porogen, polyethylene glycol (PEG) are added to the pregel solutions. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the channels have a typical diameter of 2–25 μm and are oriented parallel to the electric field employed during synthesis. The self‐organization of channels occurs around an optimal PEG concentration of 8.6 wt/vol %, whereas significantly higher or lower concentrations yield random, isotropic pore structures. Moreover, tensile strength measurements show that the mechanical stability increases with decreasing concentration of PEG. Rheology experiments reveal that the swelling degree of these superabsorbant hydrogels increases with increasing PEG. Possible applications of these microstructured hydrogels as bidirectional scaffolds for regenerating neurons in the injured spinal cord are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2593–2600, 2007
ℒ︁2‐Gain analysis and control of uncertain nonlinear systems with bounded disturbance inputs
Authors: Coutinho D.F. , Fu M. , Trofino A. , Danès P.
Published: May 2007

This paper proposes a convex approach to regional stability and ℒ︁2‐gain analysis and control synthesis for a class of nonlinear systems subject to bounded disturbance signals, where the system matrices are allowed to be rational functions of the state and uncertain parameters. To derive sufficient conditions for analysing input‐to‐output properties, we consider polynomial Lyapunov functions of the state and uncertain parameters (assumed to be bounded) and a differential‐algebraic representation of the nonlinear system. The analysis conditions are written in terms of linear matrix inequalities determining a bound on the ℒ︁2‐gain of the input‐to‐output operator for a class of (bounded) admissible disturbance signals. Through a suitable parametrization involving the Lyapunov and control matrices, we also propose a linear (full‐order) output feedback controller with a guaranteed bound on the ℒ︁2‐gain. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the proposed approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pelvic floor function in elite nulliparous athletes
Authors: Kruger J. A. , Dietz H. P. , Murphy B. A.
Published: May 2007

Objective

There is preliminary evidence linking long‐term participation in high‐impact exercise with poor performance in labor and increased incidence of stress urinary incontinence, which may be due to altered pelvic floor function. Recent work has shown that HIFIT (high‐impact, frequent intense training) athletes have an increased cross‐sectional area of the levator ani muscle group as visualized using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aim of this study was to further characterize pelvic floor muscle function and pelvic organ descent in a nulliparous athletic population and compare it with non‐athletic controls matched for age and body mass index, using three‐dimensional/four‐dimensional (3D/4D) pelvic floor ultrasound imaging.

Methods

In this prospective comparative study translabial ultrasound imaging was used to assess pelvic floor anatomy and function in 46 nulliparous female volunteers (aged 19–39 years), 24 HIFIT and 22 controls. Two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D translabial ultrasonography was performed on all subjects, after voiding and in the supine position. Descent of the pelvic organs was assessed on maximum Valsalva maneuver, whilst volume datasets were acquired at rest, during pelvic floor muscle contraction and during a Valsalva maneuver. Participants performed each maneuver at least three times and the most effective was used for evaluation.

Results

HIFIT athletes showed a higher mean diameter of the pubovisceral muscle (0.96 cm vs. 0.70 cm, P < 0.01), greater bladder neck descent (22.7 mm vs. 15.1 mm, P = 0.03) and a larger hiatal area on Valsalva maneuver (21.53 vs. 14.91 cm2, P = 0.013) compared with the control group. There were no significant differences in hiatal area at rest or on maximal voluntary contraction between the two groups.

Conclusion

HIFIT athletes show significant differences in several of the measured parameters for both function and anatomy of the pelvic floor. Further research into the impact of this altered function on childbirth and continence mechanisms is needed. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled Moves East on 42nd Street 1912 to 1925
Authors: Levine D. B.
Published: May 2007

In 1912, the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled (R & C) moved to its third location since its founding in 1863. It was a newly constructed six-story building on 42nd Street between Second Avenue and First Avenue. At the time Dr. Virgil Gibney, the second Surgeon-in-Chief, was 65 years of age and had already served 25 years in that position. The building housed a New York City public school since the length of stay of the children, many afflicted with tuberculosis and poliomyelitis, might be over 1–2 years. The large number of immigrants in the city led to very challenging social conditions that saw changes made in the first two decades of the twentieth century. When this country entered World War I in 1917, the physician staff was significantly affected as many volunteered for military service. Soldiers, sailors, and marines were treated at R & C, and military physicians were educated in orthopedics and hernia care on the wards and in the outpatient department. Because of declining health in 1924, Dr. Gibney retired and was replaced as Surgeon-in-Chief by his long-term friend and colleague, Dr. William B. Coley in January 1925.
John Fleming and the geological deluge
Authors: BURNS JAMES
Published: May 2007

John Fleming (1785–1857), later professor in Aberdeen and Edinburgh, made his combative contribution to natural history between 1812 and 1832. As an Edinburgh student he had followed Robert Jameson's ‘Wernerian’ lead. His earliest publications, from 1813, expressed what was to be a lifelong hostility to the work of James Hutton. Yet his own thinking moved increasingly towards a ‘uniformitarian’ as opposed to a ‘catastrophist’ view of earth history. His Philosophy of Zoology (1822) embodied criticism of Cuvier. More dramatically, he became embroiled in controversy with Buckland and later with Conybeare. By then the ‘uniformitarian’ hypothesis had been adopted by Lyell, with whom Fleming was in close touch from the mid-1820s. Fleming may have had some grounds for feeling that his priority in advocating uniformitarianism was later overlooked. His History of British Animals (1828) included a preface in which he elaborated his earlier hypothesis as to ‘revolutions … in the animal kingdom’ correlated with six geological epochs. Tension had then developed in Fleming's relationship with Jameson, and the early 1830s found him in a mood of increasing frustration. Reconciliation with Buckland and approval by Sedgwick still left ‘the Zoological Ishmael’ feeling that his advancement in the scientific world was blocked, perhaps permanently. In historical perspective Fleming may be seen as a minor but not insubstantial figure in the scientific landscape of the early nineteenth century.
‘A devotion to the experimental sciences and arts’: the subscription to the great battery at the Royal Institution 1808–9
Authors: UNWIN PATRICK , UNWIN ROBERT
Published: May 2007

A significant but neglected theme in the history of British science in the nineteenth century is the funding of institutional research. The subscription to the ‘great battery’ at the Royal Institution in 1808 and 1809 provides the first instance of named individuals prepared to commit themselves to the provision of apparatus to be used for research in the new field of electrochemistry. This paper analyses the subscribers who were deemed to be ‘enlightened’ and whom Humphry Davy subsequently described as ‘a few zealous cultivators and patrons of science’. Using information from the subscription list, a distinction is made between the individual subscriptions pledged and the sums actually paid. In contextualizing the subscription, insights are provided into the Royal Society, the contemporary scientific community and the politics of metropolitan science. The voltaic subscription represents an early example of the repercussions of the nature of research funding for institutional finances and governance.
Allelic imbalance on chromosomes 3p, 9p and 17p in malignant progression of laryngeal mucosa
Authors: Guo T , Sun J W , Lv Q P , Li X G
Published: May 2007

Objectives/hypothesis:

To evaluate the character and significance of microsatellite deoxyribonucleic acid allelic imbalance in laryngeal squamous cell carcinogenesis.

Methods:

We investigated the frequency of expression and clinical relationships of loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability in 49 laryngeal premalignant and malignant lesions. Allelic imbalance was analysed using six polymorphic markers (D3S1234, D9S171, D9S1748, D9S162, D9SINFA and D17S796), via polymerase chain reaction – single sequence length polymorphism – silver staining.

Results:

Allelic loss was seen in 3.7 per cent of the six markers in hyperplastic lesions, 10.81 per cent in mild dysplasia, 26.03 per cent in moderate to severe dysplasia, and 38.67 per cent in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Significant associations were found between allelic loss and clinical pathological grades (χ2 = 17.686, p = 0.000). No statistically significant difference was found in the frequency of microsatellite instability (χ2 = 0.314, p > 0.05). In the early stages of neoplastic change, the incidence of microsatellite instability was higher than that of loss of heterozygosity.

Conclusions:

Allelic imbalance was associated with the carcinogenesis and progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Microsatellite analysis might provide new approaches to early genetic detection for patients with premalignant laryngeal lesions.
Cochlear implantation in children with Jervell, Lange-Nielsen syndrome
Authors: Daneshi A , Ghassemi M M , Talee M , Hassanzadeh S
Published: May 2007

Jervell, Lange-Nielsen syndrome is a condition that causes profound hearing loss and disruption of the normal cardiac rhythm. This disorder is a form of long QT syndrome, a cardiac disorder that causes the cardiac muscle to take longer than usual to recharge between beats. A retrospective case study was performed to document cochlear implantation in three profoundly deaf children (two of them siblings) with Jervell, Lange-Nielsen syndrome. We discuss diagnosis and management of this syndrome and also the long-term performance of cochlear implantation in these Iranian patients, referring especially to the role of the ENT specialist in diagnosis and treatment. The collected data show that cochlear implantation can be relatively safely performed in patients with Jervell, Lange-Nielsen syndrome and that these children received significant benefit from cochlear implantation.
Stapediovestibular dislocation with pneumolabyrinth
Authors: Nishiike S , Hyo Y , Fukushima H
Published: May 2007

Traumatic luxation of the stapes into the vestibule is a rare entity, and the disease complicated with pneumolabyrinth is extremely rare. We report the case of a 72-year-old woman with pneumolabyrinth associated with a stapediovestibular dislocation. The patient presented with vertigo and nystagmus following penetrating trauma to the middle ear. High resolution computed tomography scans demonstrated air in the vestibule and dislocation of the stapes. Exploratory tympanotomy demonstrated oozing of the perilymph from the oval window and depression of the stapes into the vestibule. Pneumolabyrinth and stapes luxation detected by high resolution computed tomography should be predictive of a perilymphatic fistula.
Parapharyngeal abscess complicated by endophthalmitis: a rare presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Tan V E S , Jeevanan J , Lee B R
Published: May 2007

Objective:

We report an extremely rare case of nasopharyngeal carcinoma presenting as a lateral neck abscess complicated by endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis complicating a neck abscess has not been reported in the recent English literature. We discuss the possible pathophysiology of neck abscess as a presenting feature of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and the relationship between the parapharyngeal abscess and endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis.

Case report:

A middle-aged Chinese man presented with a left neck abscess associated with progressive vision deterioration and proptosis of the left eye. Incidentally, his random blood glucose was found to be elevated. Nasal endoscopy also revealed bilateral bogginess in the fossa of Rosenmuller. A diagnosis of left neck abscess with endogenous endophthalmitis associated with underlying diabetes mellitus was made. A computed tomography scan of the neck showed a left parapharyngeal abscess. Incision and drainage of the abscess together with biopsy of the nasopharynx was performed. Due to the non-salvageable condition of the left eye, evisceration was also performed. Pus culture studies from the neck abscess grew Klebsiella pneumoniae, and nasopharyngeal biopsy revealed undifferentiated carcinoma.

Conclusion:

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is endemic in South East Asia and can have multiple, varied presentations. Therefore, in this setting, the clinician should have a high index of suspicion, especially in a patient from the Chinese ethnic group.
Gemstone mining in Madagascar: transnational networks, criminalisation and global integration
Authors: Duffy Rosaleen
Published: May 2007

This article examines the ways in which illicit gem mining in Madagascar indicates the highly variable impacts of globalisation in sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that distinct categories such as global/local, legal/illegal and traditional/modern have lost much of their explanatory power. Far from being distinct categories, they are indivisible and constitute a single, complex whole which produces enormous wealth, coupled with high degrees of poverty and marginalisation in precisely the same locations. It is clear that Africa's participation in globalisation has not been just about ‘joining’ the world economy; instead it has been characterised by highly selective forms of global connection which have been combined with highly visible and very real forms of disconnection.
RIGHTS, DUTIES, LIABILITIES, AND HOHFELD
Authors: Halpin Andrew
Published: May 2007

This article engages with Jaffey's recent contribution on the nature of no-prior-duty remedial obligations. Jaffey's use of a right-liability relation and his challenge to Hohfeld's analytical scheme are rejected as unsound. An alternative model distinguishing three pathways to account for remedial obligations and other legal consequences is proposed. This draws on the Hohfeldian scheme but extends it to permit the full expression of reflexive liabilities, mutually correlative liabilities, and the operation of nonhuman conditions. The proposed approach also recognizes a weaker form of a Hohfeldian power, which is required in considering the way that the law deals with the allocation and realization of risk.
Attitudes Towards Computerized CBT for Depression Amongst a Student Population
Authors: Mitchell Nicky , Gordon P. Kenneth
Published: May 2007

Some studies of computerized cognitive behaviour therapy (CCBT) have found evidence of its effectiveness, yet a number have reported low uptake and/or completion rates. This study investigated attitudes towards CCBT for depression amongst 122 university students. The credibility of CCBT, expectancy-for-improvement and perceived likelihood of using it were all poor, although a minority (9.8%) stated a preference for CCBT over other interventions. When 20 of the original sample received a demonstration of a CCBT programme for depression, significant increases in credibility, expectancy-for-improvement and in perceived likelihood of using CCBT were found. Numbers stating a preference for CCBT increased to 30%. At both stages, most students stated a preference for CCBT to be accompanied by counselling. Qualitative analysis provided information about factors that might influence these attitudes. Implications for service delivery are discussed.
Coil embolisation of an internal iliac artery aneurysm after surgical repair of an infrarenal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Sixt  , Rastan  , Schwarzwälder  , Schwarz  , Frank  , Gremmelmaier  , Noory  , Bürgelin  , Zeller
Published: May 2007

We report a case of an 86-year-old asymptomatic patient, who underwent a repair of the infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm 13 years ago. He presented with a left internal iliac artery (IIA) aneurysm with a short neck of 3 mm, and a partially thrombosed lumen with a cross sectional diameter of 5.6 cm and a length of 8.9 cm. With respect to the high morbidity and mortality and awareness of the recommendation to treat aneurysms larger than 3 cm in diameter, we discussed the optimal treatment options. As endoprosthesis implantation was not feasible we performed a selective coil embolisation of the distal branches of the left internal artery, which successively lead to a complete thrombosis of the aneurysm. Although coiling additive to other procedures is applied frequently, only few cases of internal iliac aneurysm were treated with coil embolisation alone. During a first outpatient visit 2 months following the procedure the aneurysm was still completely thrombosed.
Concentrations and size distributions of fine aerosol particles measured at roof level in urban zone
Authors: Despiau S. , Croci D.
Published: May 2007

During the experimental Field Experiments to Constrain Models of Atmospheric Pollution and Transport of Emissions (ESCOMPTE) campaign in June–July 2001, concentrations and size distributions of fine particles (14–722 nm) were measured at roof level in downtown Marseille (France). Part of the campaign was dedicated to the study of aerosol behavior in relation to strong photochemical events (which were identified as “IOP” days) and their regional modeling. The analysis of the concentration variations and the evolution of average diurnal size distribution showed that an “IOP day” is not characterized by a specific concentration or its variation, nor by a specific evolution of the average size distribution. The morning traffic rush is detected at roof level by a net increase in particle concentration over the whole size range measured, indicating a production of ultrafine particles by the traffic but also the raising to roof level of particles of the accumulation mode. The increase is observed about 1 hour after the traffic peak at street level, which is characterized by strong increases in NOx and CO concentrations. The corresponding flux of particles at roof level has been estimated around 3 × 104 cm−2 s−1. A specific signature characterized by a strong and rapid burst of concentration (factor 2 to 4 in 15 min) of particles between 25 and 50 nm, independent of the traffic source, has been detected on six occasions during the campaign. These events occur systematically around noon, in cases of strong radiation, low relative humidity, and common wind direction. Despite the high‐diameter value of these particles, it is suggested that they could result from a specific “secondary aerosol process” event involving ozone, biogenic, and/or anthropogenic gas precursors like iodine and VOCs.
Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) 2004: 1. Summertime upper troposphere/lower stratosphere ozone over northeastern North America
Authors: Thompson Anne M. , Stone Jesse B. , Witte Jacquelyn C. , Miller Sonya K. , Pierce R. Bradley , Chatfield Robert B. , Oltmans Samuel J. , Cooper Owen R. , Loucks Amber L. , Taubman Brett F. , Johnson Bryan J. , Joseph Everette , Kucsera Tom L. , Merrill John T. , Morris Gary A. , Hersey Scott , Forbes Gerry , Newchurch Michael J. , Schmidlin F. J. , Tarasick David W. , Thouret Valérie , Cammas Jean‐Pierre
Published: May 2007

Coordinated ozonesonde launches from the Intercontinental Transport Experiment (INTEX) Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) (http://croc.gsfc.nasa.gov/intex/ions.html) in July‐August 2004 provided nearly 300 O3 profiles from eleven North American sites and the R/V Ronald H. Brown in the Gulf of Maine. With the IONS period dominated by low‐pressure conditions over northeastern North America (NENA), the free troposphere in that region was frequently enriched by stratospheric O3. Stratospheric O3 contributions to the NENA tropospheric O3 budget are computed through analyses of O3 laminae (Pierce and Grant, 1998; Teitelbaum et al., 1996), tracers (potential vorticity, water vapor), and trajectories. The lasting influence of stratospheric incursions into the troposphere is demonstrated, and the computed stratospheric contribution to tropospheric column O3 over the R/V Ronald H. Brown and six sites in Michigan, Virginia, Maryland, Rhode Island, and Nova Scotia, 23% ± 3%, is similar to summertime budgets derived from European O3 profiles (Collette and Ancellet, 2005). Analysis of potential vorticity, Wallops ozonesondes (37.9°N, 75.5°W), and Measurements of Ozone by Airbus In‐service Aircraft (MOZAIC) O3 profiles for NENA airports in June‐July‐August 1996–2004 shows that the stratospheric fraction in 2004 may be typical. Boundary layer O3 at Wallops and northeast U.S. sites during IONS also resembled O3 climatology (June‐July‐August 1996–2003). However, statistical classification of Wallops O3 profiles shows the frequency of profiles with background, nonpolluted boundary layer O3 was greater than normal during IONS.
Effects of resolution and model physics on tracer transports in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation models
Authors: Rind D. , Lerner J. , Jonas J. , McLinden C.
Published: May 2007

We explore the dependency of general circulation model tracer transports on model physics and horizontal and vertical resolution. We use NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) Model E at 4° × 5° with 20 and 23 layers and the GISS Global Climate Middle Atmosphere Model 3 at 4° × 5° with 23 and 53 layers and at 2° × 2.5° with 53 and 102 layers. The online tracers employed are CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC‐11, SF6, 222Rn, bomb 14C, and O3. Model experiments are done two ways: with specified stratospheric ozone or with the stratospheric ozone tracer used for atmospheric radiation calculations. The results show that when model physics produces greater precipitation over land in the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon region, as occurs in Model 3, the associated dynamics (stronger Hadley cell) and subgrid‐scale transports lead to faster and more realistic interhemispheric transport. Increased vertical resolution results in some increase in vertical mixing between the boundary layer and upper troposphere, due to both convective and synoptic‐scale influences. A better resolved boundary layer does not result in higher surface concentrations, as the influence of various processes (convection, turbulence, rainfall) contribute in different ways. Transport into, within, and out of the stratosphere is faster (less realistic) with the coarser resolution models as wave forcing generates a stronger residual circulation. It is also faster in Model E as a result of its larger parameterized orographic gravity wave drag; the latter also results in a more “leaky” stratospheric tropical pipe. Horizontal resolution in this range by itself has minimal impact on most transports (although for active chemical tracers, photochemistry has been shown to be resolution‐dependent). In contrast, finer vertical resolution leads to faster interhemispheric transport, slower mixing into and out of the stratosphere, and greater age of stratospheric air. When both resolutions are increased, the largest changes are seen. The interactive stratospheric ozone tracer, without an ozone hole parameterization, produced (as expected) greater ozone values than observations in the lower stratosphere. The associated temperature warming of a few degrees Celsius increased atmospheric stability and altered the tropospheric wave forcing of the Brewer Dobson circulation such that the stratospheric age of air increased by some 30%. This large sensitivity has implications for past and future stratospheric circulations and for the ability of climate perturbations to affect the stratosphere.
Delineation of probable asperities on the Atotsugawa fault, central Japan, using a dense temporary seismic network
Authors: Kato Aitaro , Iidaka Takashi , Kurashimo Eiji , Nakagawa Shigeki , Hirata Naoshi , Iwasaki Takaya
Published: May 2007

We elucidate the velocity structure along the Atotsugawa fault by inverting arrival times from local earthquakes and explosive sources using double‐difference tomography. High P‐wave (Vp) and S‐wave (Vs) velocity bodies are located in the western and eastern sections with depths greater than 2 km. Most earthquake hypocenters are distributed at the periphery of the high‐velocity bodies. At the western section, high‐Vp body extends for 20 km along fault strike and 10 km perpendicular to strike. We suggest that the high‐velocity body imaged at the western section is an asperity that ruptured in the 1858 Hietsu Earthquake. In contrast, the central section of the Atotsugawa fault is characterized by low‐Vp and low‐Vp/Vs values. The extremely low seismicity and the creep‐like movements observed at the central section are attributed to this local crustal heterogeneity associated with crustal fluids.
The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a pharmacological target for inflammation
Authors: de Jonge W J , Ulloa L
Published: May 2007

The physiological regulation of the immune system encompasses comprehensive anti‐inflammatory mechanisms that can be harnessed for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory disorders. Recent studies indicate that the vagal nerve, involved in control of heart rate, hormone secretion and gastrointestinal motility, is also an immunomodulator. In experimental models of inflammatory diseases, vagal nerve stimulation attenuates the production of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibits the inflammatory process. Acetylcholine, the principal neurotransmitter of the vagal nerve, controls immune cell functions via the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAChR). From a pharmacological perspective, nicotinic agonists are more efficient than acetylcholine at inhibiting the inflammatory signaling and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. This ‘nicotinic anti‐inflammatory pathway’ may have clinical implications as treatment with nicotinic agonists can modulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines from immune cells. Nicotine has been tested in clinical trials as a treatment for inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis, but the therapeutic potential of this mechanism is limited by the collateral toxicity of nicotine. Here, we review the recent advances that support the design of more specific receptor‐selective nicotinic agonists that have anti‐inflammatory effects while eluding its collateral toxicity.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)151, 915–929; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707264
Potent and specific action of the mGlu1 antagonists YM‐298198 and JNJ16259685 on synaptic transmission in rat cerebellar slices
Authors: Fukunaga I , Yeo C H , Batchelor A M
Published: May 2007

Background and purpose:

Specific and selective inhibitors for mGlu1 receptors are presently inadequate. A new generation of non‐competitive mGlu1 antagonists with low nanomolar potencies is emerging. We evaluated two new compounds, YM‐298198 and JNJ16259685, for effectiveness, potency and specificity for the first time in a brain slice preparation.

Experimental approach:

Patch‐clamp recording of Purkinje neurones in cerebellar slices were obtained. The slow mGlu1‐mediated EPSP was used to establish a concentration‐response curve. Fast excitatory synaptic inputs were tested for non‐specific effects.

Key results:

YM‐298198 and JNJ16259685 inhibited the synaptic activation of mGlu1 in a concentration‐dependent manner (IC50 values of 24 nM and 19 nM, respectively). The antagonists were slow to inhibit and to reverse on washout, probably due to their lipophilic nature. There were no non‐specific effects on fast AMPA receptor‐mediated synaptic transmission in the cerebellum.

Conclusions and implications:

These compounds are more than a thousand‐fold more potent than previously available compounds. Their selectivity and specificity will be very useful for studying the role of mGlu1 receptors both in vitro and in vivo.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 870–876; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707286
Parametric instability in a collisional dusty plasma
Authors: Pandey B. P. , Vladimirov S. V.
Published: May 2007

The present work investigates the parametric instability of parallel propagating circularly polarized Alfvén (pump) waves in a collisional dusty plasma. It is demonstrated that the relative drift between the charged dust and the electrons and ions gives rise to the Hall effect resulting in the modified pump wave characteristics. Although the linearized fluid equations with periodic coefficients are difficult to solve analytically, it is shown that a linear transformation can remove the periodic dependence. The resulting linearized equations with constant coefficients are used to derive an algebraic dispersion relation. The growth rate of the parametric instability is a sensitive function of the amplitude of the pump wave as well as to the ratio of the pump and the dust-cyclotron frequencies. The instability is insensitive to the plasma-beta parameter. The possible application of the result in the astrophysical context is discussed.
Enveloping distribution sampling: A method to calculate free energy differences from a single simulation
Authors: Christ Clara D. , van Gunsteren Wilfred F.
Published: May 2007

The authors present a method to calculate free energy differences between two states A and B “on the fly” from a single molecular dynamics simulation of a reference state R. No computer time has to be spent on the simulation of intermediate states. Only one state is sampled, i.e., the reference state R which is designed such that the subset of phase space important to it is the union of the parts of phase space important to A and B. Therefore, an accurate estimate of the relative free energy can be obtained by construction. The authors applied the method to four test systems (dipole inversion, van der Waals interaction perturbation, charge inversion, and water to methanol conversion) and compared the results to thermodynamic integration estimates. In two cases, the enveloping distribution sampling calculation was straightforward. However, in the charge inversion and the water to methanol conversion, Hamiltonian replica-exchange molecular dynamics of the reference state was necessary to observe transitions in the reference state simulation between the parts of phase space important to A and B, respectively. This can be explained by the total absence of phase space overlap of A and B in these two cases.
Ferroelectric and magnetic properties of CdMnS films prepared by coevaporation
Authors: Kim D. H. , Lee D. J. , Kim N. M. , Lee S. J. , Kang T. W. , Woo Y. D. , Fu D. J.
Published: May 2007

We report on impurity ferroelectricity and ferromagnetic properties in semiconductor-structured CdMnS films. We observed ferroelectric hysteresis in CdMnS. A remnant polarization of 1.72 μC/cm2 and a coercive field of 14.3 kV/cm were obtained in samples with Mn concentration below 2%. The coevaporated CdMnS samples become ferromagnetic when doped with Au, with a spontaneous magnetization of 1.39×10−6 emu and a coercive magnetic field of 75.4 gauss at 10 K, and the Curie point was found to be higher than room temperature. Through magnetic force microscopy, we observed clear magnetic clusters with sizes ranging from a few nanometers to 102 nm, and found the magnetization to be highly dependent on Au concentration. A combination of this ferroelectricity in CdMnS and ferromagnetism in Au-doped CdMnS may find use in ternary bit nonvolatile memory devices.
Laser triggered Coulomb explosion of nanoscale symmetric targets
Authors: Kovalev V. F. , Popov K. I. , Bychenkov V. Yu. , Rozmus W.
Published: May 2007

Approximate kinetic solutions are found for Coulomb explosions of nanostructures in plane (thin foils), cylindrical (nanowires/tubes) and spherical (nanospheres/shells) geometries. The distribution function, mean velocity, density distribution, as well as the energy spectra for accelerated ions are derived. The proposed kinetic model describes physics of multiple flows that occur during Coulomb explosion. Comparison with particle-in-cell numerical simulations shows good agreement with analytical results.
Cross sections and rate constants for the C(P3)+OH(XΠ2)→CO(XΣ+1)+H(S2) reaction using a quasiclassical trajectory method
Authors: Zanchet Alexandre , Halvick Philippe , Rayez Jean-Claude , Bussery-Honvault Béatrice , Honvault Pascal
Published: May 2007

First quasiclassical trajectory calculations have been carried out for the C(P3)+OH(XΠ2)→CO(XΣ+1)+H(S2) reaction using a recent ab initio potential energy surface for the ground electronic state, XA′2, of HCO∕COH. Total and state-specific integral cross sections have been determined for a wide range of collision energies (0.001–1eV). Then, thermal and state-specific rate constants have been calculated in the 1–500K temperature range. The thermal rate constant varies from 1.78×10−10cm3s−1 at 1K down to 5.96×10−11cm3s−1 at 500K with a maximum value of 3.39×10−10cm3s−1 obtained at 7K. Cross sections and rate constants are found to be almost independent of the rovibrational state of OH.
Generation mechanism for electron acoustic solitary waves
Authors: Kakad A. P. , Singh S. V. , Reddy R. V. , Lakhina G. S. , Tagare S. G. , Verheest F.
Published: May 2007

Nonlinear electron acoustic solitary waves (EASWs) are studied in a collisionless and unmagnetized plasma consisting of cold background electrons, cold beam electrons, and two different temperature ion species. Using pseudopotential analysis, the properties of arbitrary amplitude EASWs are investigated. The present model supports compressive as well as rarefactive electron acoustic solitary structures. Furthermore, there is an interesting possibility of the coexistence of compressive and rarefactive solitary structures in a specific plasma parameter range. The application of our results in interpreting the salient features of the broadband electrostatic noise in the plasma sheet boundary layer is discussed.
Compact variable-temperature scanning force microscope
Authors: Chuang Tien-Ming , de Lozanne Alex
Published: May 2007

A compact design for a cryogenic variable-temperature scanning force microscope using a fiber-optic interferometer to measure cantilever deflection is presented. The tip-sample coarse approach and the lateral tip positioning are performed by piezoelectric positioners in situ. The microscope has been operated at temperatures between 6 and 300K. It is designed to fit into an 8T superconducting magnet with the field applied in the out-of-plane direction. The results of scanning in various modes are demonstrated, showing contrast based on magnetic field gradients or surface potentials.