bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theory of semiconductor laser cooling at low temperatures
Authors: Rupper G. , Kwong N. H. , Binder R.
Published: July 2006

We present a microscopic many‐body theory of laser cooling of semiconductors. Using a standard diagrammatic Green's function approach, we calculate the absorption/luminescence spectra of a partially ionized electron‐hole plasma in quasi‐equilibrium at the self‐consistent T‐matrix level. This theory is applied to studying criteria of cooling threshold and efficiency in bulk GaAs, focusing mainly on the temperature range between 5 K and 100 K. In particular, we discuss the transition from the high temperature regime dominated by absorption in the e‐h continuum to the low temperature regime dominated by resonant exciton absorption. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multielectron processes in the optics of two‐dimensional excitons
Authors: Kochereshko V. , Andronikov D. , Crooker S. A. , Karczewski G. , Kossut J.
Published: July 2006

Modifications of photoluminescence (PL) and Reflectivity (Ref) spectra taken from modulation doped CdTe/CdMgTe quantum well (QW) structures have been studied in magnetic fields up to 45T as a function of 2D electron concentration. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamical effects and terahertz harmonic generation in low‐doped bulk semiconductors and submicron structures
Authors: Persano Adorno D. , Capizzo M. C. , Zarcone M.
Published: July 2006

We present results obtained using a three‐dimensional multivalleys Monte Carlo (MC) model to simulate the nonlinear carrier dynamics under the influence of an intense sub‐terahertz electric field in a doped bulk semiconductor. By self‐consistently coupling a one‐dimensional Poisson solver to the ensemble MC code we simulate also the nonlinear carrier dynamics in n+nn+ structures operating under large‐amplitude periodic signals and investigate the voltage‐current characteristic hysteresis cycle and the high‐order harmonic efficiency. For both cases we discuss the dependence of the nonlinearities and of the harmonic generation efficiency on the frequency and the intensity of the alternating signal. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nature and dynamics of carrier escape from InAs/GaAs quantum dots
Authors: Rubel O. , Dawson P. , Baranovskii S. D. , Pierz K. , Thomas P. , Göbel E. O.
Published: July 2006

In this paper we describe a theoretical model for the dynamics of electrons and holes in InAs/GaAs quantum dots. The key process governing the dynamics is the carrier exchange between quantum dots and the surrounding barriers. We report on two different models that differ in the nature of the carrier exchange mechanism. In the first model electrons and holes are treated as independent carriers, while in the alternative model the carriers are treated as excitons. We show that the two models predict distinctly different behavior of the thermal quenching of the photoluminescence intensity for different pump intensity. Experiments are carried out in order to verify the relevance of theoretical predictions. Comparison between the experimental data and theoretical results suggests that electrons and holes behave as independent species rather than as excitons. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Series damper actuator system based on MR fluid damper
Authors: Chew Chee-Meng , Hong Geok-Soon , Zhou Wei
Published: July 2006

In our recent work, we have proposed a novel force control actuator system called series damper actuator (SDA). We have since built an SDA system based on magneto-rheological fluid (MR) damper. In this paper, the dynamics property of SDA system based on the MR fluid damper (SMRDA) is investigated. The effect of the extra dynamics introduced by the MR fluid damper is revealed by comparing the SMRDA with the SDA system based on a linear Newtonian viscous damper (SNVDA). To linearize the constitutive property of the MR fluid damper, a modified Bingham model is proposed. A force feedback control loop is implemented after the linearization. An experimental SMRDA is built to illustrate the performance of the SDA system.
An Emerging Environmental Movement in China?
Authors: Stalley Phillip , Yang Dongning
Published: July 2006

In recent years scholars have grown increasingly interested in the potential for a contentious environmental movement in China. This article explores the beliefs of university students in Beijing and finds that there is little likelihood of environmentalism among students transforming into an independent grassroots movement or becoming a source of pressure for political change.
War or Stratagem? Reassessing China's Military Advance towards Tibet, 1942–1943
Authors: Hsiao-ting Lin
Published: July 2006

This article re-evaluates an important yet usually ignored episode in modern Chinese ethnopolitical history. It seeks to argue that, in the midst of the Second World War, Chiang Kai-shek manoeuvred towards a possible war with Tibet in order to serve other military, strategic and political purposes, namely, to insert his direct control into China's south-western border provinces that were still in the firm grip of obstinate warlords. Chiang Kai-shek's careful manipulation of the Sino-Tibetan border crisis in 1942–43 also reveals how he and his top military advisors perceived wartime China's territoriality and border defence in south-west China. With considerations of regime security and national survival foremost in their minds, top KMT leaders took a pragmatic stance towards the intractable issue of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet. In addition, at the diplomatic level, the Sino-Tibetan border crisis brought discord among the Allied Nations. The Chinese regarded Tibet as part of China whereas the British had long considered it within their sphere of influence. Eventually the Chinese won the sympathy of the US government. Facing Sino-British disagreement over Tibet's political status, the State Department continued to recognize Nationalist Chinese authority in Tibet, however fictitious that authority was. In retrospect, this episode, along with the US government's official stance towards China's sovereignty over Tibet, although a only a minor disagreement between the Allied Nations during the war, led to the problematic Tibetan issue that still haunts the international community today.
Nanophase iron oxides as a key ultraviolet sunscreen for ancient photosynthetic microbes
Authors: Bishop Janice L. , Louris Stephanie K. , Rogoff Dana A. , Rothschild Lynn J.
Published: July 2006

We propose that nanophase iron-oxide-bearing materials provided important niches for ancient photosynthetic microbes on the Earth that ultimately led to the oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere and the formation of iron-oxide deposits. Atmospheric oxygen and ozone attenuate ultraviolet radiation on the Earth today providing substantial protection for photosynthetic organisms. With ultraviolet radiation fluxes likely to have been even higher on the early Earth than today, accessing solar radiation was particularly risky for early organisms. Yet, we know that photosynthesis arose early and played a critical role in subsequent evolution. Of primary importance was protection below 290 nm, where peak nucleic acid (~260 nm) and protein (~280 nm) absorptions occur. Nanophase ferric oxide/oxyhydroxide minerals absorb, and thus block, the lethal ultraviolet radiation, while transmitting light through much of the visible and near-infrared regions of interest to photosynthesis (400 to 1100 nm). Furthermore, they were available in early environments, and are synthesized by many organisms. Based on experiments using nanophase ferric oxide/oxyhydroxide minerals as a sunscreen for photosynthetic microbes, we suggest that iron, an abundant element widely used in biological mechanisms, may have provided the protection that early organisms needed in order to be able to use photosynthetically active radiation while being protected from ultraviolet-induced damage. The results of this study are broadly applicable to astrobiology because of the abundance of iron in other potentially habitable bodies and the evolutionary pressure to utilize solar radiation when available as an energy source. This model could apply to a potential life form on Mars or other bodies where liquid water and ultraviolet radiation could have been present at significant levels. Based on ferric oxide/oxyhydroxide spectral properties, likely geologic processes, and the results of experiments with the photosynthetic organisms, Euglena sp. and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we propose a scenario where photosynthesis, and ultimately the oxygenation of the atmosphere, depended on the protection of early microbes by nanophase ferric oxides/oxyhydroxides.
Chemical and Mechanical Changes during Leaf Expansion of Four Woody Species of a Dry Restinga Woodland
Authors: Schlindwein C. C. D. , Fett‐Neto A. G. , Dillenburg L. R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract: Young leaves are preferential targets for herbivores, and plants have developed different strategies to protect them. This study aimed to evaluate different leaf attributes of presumed relevance in protection against herbivory in four woody species (Erythroxylum argentinum, Lithrea brasiliensis, Myrciaria cuspidata, and Myrsine umbellata), growing in a dry restinga woodland in southern Brazil. Evaluation of leaf parameters was made through single‐point sampling of leaves (leaf mass per area and leaf contents of nitrogen, carbon, and pigments) at three developmental stages and through time‐course sampling of expanding leaves (area and strength). Leaves of M. umbellata showed the highest leaf mass per area (LMA), the largest area, and the longest expansion period. On the other extreme, Myrc. cuspidata had the smallest LMA and leaf size, and the shortest expansion period. Similarly to L. brasiliensis, it displayed red young leaves. None of the species showed delayed‐greening, which might be related to the high‐irradiance growth conditions. Nitrogen contents reduced with leaf maturity and reached the highest values in the young leaves of E. argentinum and Myrc. cuspidata and the lowest in M. umbellata. Each species seems to present a different set of protective attributes during leaf expansion. Myrciaria cuspidata appears to rely mostly on chemical defences to protect its soft leaves, and anthocyanins might play this role at leaf youth, while M. umbellata seems to invest more on mechanical defences, even at early stages of leaf growth, as well as on a low allocation of nitrogen to the leaves. The other species display intermediate characteristics.
Using a Stereo Panoramic Interactive Navigation System to Measure Pedestrian Activity Scheduling Behaviour: A Test of Validity
Authors: Tan Amy A W , de Vries Bauke , Timmermans Harry J P
Published: July 2006

Stereo panoramic virtual reality (VR) may represent another new technology with which to collect travel diaries. The potential value of VR-based systems is that respondents may reexperience and reenact their behaviour. The actual experience and visual trigger may lead to more valid data. To test this hypothesis the validity of a paper-and-pencil diary was compared with a stereo panoramic navigation application against actual observations of activity-travel sequences of pedestrians who were traced by observers. The results of this validation study support the hypothesis for most facets of activity-travel diaries, except for the aspect of duration, which generated more mixed results.
Accumulation of Mad2–Cdc20 complex during spindle checkpoint activation requires binding of open and closed conformers of Mad2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Nezi Luigi , Rancati Giulia , De Antoni Anna , Pasqualato Sebastiano , Piatti Simonetta , Musacchio Andrea
Published: July 2006

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) coordinates mitotic progression with sister chromatid alignment. In mitosis, the checkpoint machinery accumulates at kinetochores, which are scaffolds devoted to microtubule capture. The checkpoint protein Mad2 (mitotic arrest deficient 2) adopts two conformations: open (O-Mad2) and closed (C-Mad2). C-Mad2 forms when Mad2 binds its checkpoint target Cdc20 or its kinetochore receptor Mad1. When unbound to these ligands, Mad2 folds as O-Mad2. In HeLa cells, an essential interaction between C- and O-Mad2 conformers allows Mad1-bound C-Mad2 to recruit cytosolic O-Mad2 to kinetochores. In this study, we show that the interaction of the O and C conformers of Mad2 is conserved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MAD2 mutant alleles impaired in this interaction fail to restore the SAC in a mad2 deletion strain. The corresponding mutant proteins bind Mad1 normally, but their ability to bind Cdc20 is dramatically impaired in vivo. Our biochemical and genetic evidence shows that the interaction of O- and C-Mad2 is essential for the SAC and is conserved in evolution.
Con-nectin axons and dendrites
Authors: Beaudoin Gerard M.J.
Published: July 2006

Unlike adherens junctions, synapses are asymmetric connections, usually between axons and dendrites, that rely on various cell adhesion molecules for structural stability and function. Two cell types of adhesion molecules found at adherens junctions, cadherins and nectins, are thought to mediate homophilic interaction between neighboring cells. In this issue, Togashi et al. (see p. 141) demonstrate that the differential localization of two heterophilic interacting nectins mediates the selective attraction of axons and dendrites in cooperation with cadherins.
Outcomes After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Bucuvalas John C. , Campbell Kathleen M. , Cole Conrad R. , Guthery Stephen L.
Published: July 2006

Since the advent of transplantation as a life‐saving procedure for patients with end‐stage liver disease, more than 15,000 children and adolescents have received liver transplants. With the improvements in long‐term posttransplant survival offered by advances in medical and surgical therapy, the concept of transplantation outcome has expanded beyond simple patient and graft survival rates. The quality of the life years restored, the long‐term complications of transplant immunosuppression, and the overall cost of care have been increasingly recognized as important components of liver transplantation outcome. This review focuses on the efforts of a single pediatric transplant center to examine the incidence of, and risk factors for, common posttransplantation complications, to characterize posttransplantation health‐related quality of life, to describe the cost of posttransplant care, and to implement novel programs to improve health care delivery. Together, these projects set the future course for research and care improvement initiatives in this population and encourage us to “keep the end in mind” when considering pediatric liver transplantation.
Critical Roles for EGF Receptor Signaling During Resection‐Induced Intestinal Adaptation
Authors: Warner Brad W. , Erwin Christopher R.
Published: July 2006

The adaptation response of the remnant gut to massive intestinal resection represents a mitogenic signal involving all bowel wall layers. In the mucosa, this response results in taller villi, deeper crypts, and enhanced enterocyte turnover as gauged by greater rates of both proliferation and apoptosis. Although the exact mechanisms and mediators of this important compensatory response remain incompletely understood, work from this laboratory over the past decade has illuminated a crucial role for intact receptor signaling for a robust response. Using a murine model for intestinal resection, transgenic, null and mutant mouse strains have provided unique experimental paradigms to dissect molecular mechanisms for epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor‐directed influence on adaptation. Stimulation of this receptor is linked with a magnified adaptation response, whereas attenuation of the activity of this receptor is associated with impaired adaptation. EGF receptor activation and expression are both elevated in enterocytes after resection, and salivary levels of EGF‐the major ligand for the EGF receptor‐are increased. In addition to stimulation of enterocyte proliferation, EGF receptor signaling prevents the typical increase in rates of enterocyte apoptosis, probably by affecting the ratio of expression of both pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family members. The key to optimizing care for patients with short gut syndrome will necessarily follow a thorough understanding of intestinal adaptation responses.
Vitiligo and ocular findings: a study on possible associations
Authors: Bulbul Baskan E , Baykara M , Ercan İ , Tunali S , Yucel A
Published: July 2006

Objective  In this study, we aimed to evaluate the ocular findings in vitiligo patients and reveal any clinical feature that might suggest an association or a risk factor.

Background  Very few reports in the literature are available about the ocular findings in vitiligo and the possible associations of the ocular findings in vitiligo patients have not been studied so far.

Methods  A total of 45 patients with previously documented cutaneous vitiligo were examined for ocular findings. Demographic features including age, gender, duration of vitiligo, presence of associated autoimmune diseases, type of vitiligo and the anatomical distributions of vitiligo were recorded to evaluate a possible relationship with the ocular findings. Univariate and multivariate analyses as well as cluster analysis were performed. After description of the clusters, the Mann–Whitney U‐test and Fisher's exact test were used to determine the variables. Concordance among the variables in each group was evaluated with the McNemar test.

Results  Ten patients had ocular findings that included anterior segment (iris) involvement, ring‐like peripapillary atrophy around the optic nerve, atrophy of pigment epithelium, focal hypopigmented spots and diffuse hypopigmentation. The presence of periorbital vitiligo was significantly related to the ocular findings. Cluster analysis revealed concordances between periorbital and genitalial localizations of vitiligo and ocular findings.

Conclusion  The number of patients and the range of ocular findings in our study are insufficient to make definite conclusions but anatomical localizations, primarily periorbital and to a lesser extent genitalial vitiligo, seem to be the most probably alerting features for ocular findings.
Problems Produced by the Growth Pattern of Botswana's Mineral‐based Economy
Authors: Curry Robert L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Botswana's record of economic development and social stability is challenged by a set of socioeconomic problems, which threaten the country's progress. They are: (a) inequities in income distribution and asset ownership rooted in agricultural underdevelopment; (b) rapidly expanding demands for water, the supply of which is virtually always uncertain; (c) endemic declines in cereal crop production leading to food insecurity; and (d) progressively more profound dependence upon the Republic of South Africa. These lead to conflict among classes. Botswana's history and aid donors' recent emphasis on basic human needs have led to three initiatives: the Arable Land Development Program, the Tribal Grazing Land Policy and the Financial Assistance Program. But problems remain which must be dealt with.
Lessons of Enduring Value: Henry George a Century Later
Authors: Harriss C. Lowell
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George, in the judgment of Joseph Schumpeter, was an economist, self taught but, for his time, a century ago, well taught. George's writings can serve mankind constructively today. He wrote brilliantly in showing the destructiveness for human well‐being of tariffs which obstruct international trade. His language shows clearly why such impediments to trade wastefully depress levels of living and opportunity. George foresaw some of the more sophisticated reasons why socialism could not be economically successful and also why it would threaten human freedom. Regarding the possibilities of reducing poverty, however, George has not been fully confirmed by a century's experience. But the reasoning that underlies his case for relying on land taxation for government revenue deserves serious attention today.
The Effects of Criminal Experience on the Incidence of Crime
Authors: Deutsch Joseph , Hakim Simon , Spiegel Uriel
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A hypothesis has been analyzed that criminals learn by doing, that with experience criminals increase their activity so that with level outlays on police the incidence of crime may be increasing. This hypothesis is tested by statistical analysis of time series cross sectional data on crime levels, police outlays and various socioeconomic variables. The results confirm that “learning by doing”—accumulating criminal experience—increases criminal activity, that police outlays have a negative and significant effect on crime and that certain socioeconomic characteristics have a significant effect on crime.
Economic Development and the Income of the Poor
Authors: Tsakloglou Panos
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In their 1988 study of poverty Branco and Williamson suggested that the mean income of the poorest 40% of the population declines during the early stages of economic development. This result is, probably, due to the unusual indicator of economic development used by them (per capita energy consumption). It is shown that if per capita income in “Real Purchasing Power Dollars” is used as a proxy for a country's level of development, the mean income of the poorest 40% is a monotonically increasing function of the level of economic development (although the mean income of particular socioeconomic groups may decline).
The Walters‐Lawson Affair and the Two Worlds of Communication
Authors: Szenberg Michael
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The editor of The American Economist reflects on the difference between the nature of the communication carried on within scholarly journals and that which is carried on in the mass media. The occasion for the discussion was provided by the resignations from the British cabinet and from an inner circle of advisors, respectively of Nagl Lawson and Sir Alan Walters. This serious result followed the publication in the mass media of information intended for the scholarly journal.
Sadat's Negotiations with the United States and Israel: From Sinai to Camp David
Authors: Safty Adel
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Anwar Sadat was generally praised by Western leaders and scholars for his vision, courage, and negotiating skills. A critical examination of the documentary record shows that at least as far as negotiations and decision‐making, the dominant Western view is self‐serving. The two Egyptian‐Israeli disengagement agreements of 1974 and 1975 started Sadat on the road to the American‐sponsored peace, the price of which Sadat must have known to be the establishment of an Egypto‐American‐Israeli strategic alliance at the expense of Egypt's traditional role in the Arab world. Having accepted this outcome Sadat allowed his alternatives to narrow and bargaining power to diminish until they almost exclusively and entirely rested on what the United States and Israel were prepared to offer. To the extent that the overall strategic goal of Henry Kissinger was to separate Egypt from Arab and Palestinian aspirations, and further isolate the “radical” forces in the region, thus weakening Soviet influence and paving the way for a settlement acceptable to Israel, the American negotiator achieved his goal, with hardly any opposition from Sadat. In fact, in his eagerness to accelerate his admission into the American camp, Sadat adopted a negotiating style and made concessions which surprised the Americans themselves.
The Incidence of Taxes on Casino Gambling: Exploiting the Tired and Poor
Authors: Borg Mary O. , Mason Paul M. , Shapiro Stephen I.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The equity of taxes on casino gambling in Las Vegas and Atlantic City using recent survey data is examined. Daniel B. Suits (1977) study of the tax on casino gambling concluded that the tax was progressive when he used a national sample to estimate tax incidence. This result is challenged. Tax incidence is estimated using survey data obtained from people who either live in or have traveled to Las Vegas or Atlantic City. On the basis of the sample of people who have given themselves access to casino gambling, the tax is regressive; in fact, it is extremely regressive in Las Vegas. Therefore, in this time of easier access to casino gambling, policy‐makers should be aware that the taxes on casino gambling place a proportionately heavier burden on low income groups.
“Proxy Power” and Corporate Democracy:
Authors: Zampa Frederick P. , McCormick Albert E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Separation of corporate ownership from control has permitted the rise of a self perpetuating managerial elite, which operates businesses in its own self interest. The attempt of the corporate democracy and corporate responsibility movements to curb unbridled management power through stockholder proxy proposals has been highly publicized. Analysis of stockholder initiated resolutions contained in the proxy statements of 626 corporations indicates that relatively few companies receive even one resolution, that proposers are usually small shareholders operating independently or in loose coalitions with limited resources and divergent interests, that managements use massive resources to oppose virtually all proposals and defeat most overwhelmingly, and that the handful of management concessions to stockholder activists is actually cosmetic mollification. We conclude the proxy power is structurally weak and is not a realistic agent of corporate change, in that management structure and policy‐making power remain intact.
Understanding Group Life:
Authors: Bouma Donald H
Published: July 2006

Abstract From the wide‐ranging body of material included in the introductory course in Sociology a list of 10 major understanding is nominated which contributed to the comprehension of group‐individual relationships Drawn from over 40 years of teaching Sociology courses at all levels in several university settings, the suggested list is advanced as a challenge to others for additions and deletions in an attempt to filter out the significant from the peripheral, the sinews from the adornments statistical manipulation of data and attempts at esoteric theorizing, valid as they may be may obscure the “liberal arts” contributions (philosophy, history and the arts) which for the vast majority of Basic Sociology students, are the important residue
Task and Job: The Promise of Transactional Analysis
Authors: Papathanasis Anastasios , Vasiliopuios Chrisiopher
Published: July 2006

Abstract

TO gain analytical precision and simplicity, proponents of scientific management have ignored the distinction between the concepts of task and job This effort is analogous to the attachment, despite its artificiality, to the concept of discrete exchange In economic and marketing theory the concept of relational transaction has helped to inform economic analysis with phenomenal reality Considering job in the light of relational transactions promises to improve management theory in regard to employer‐employee relations The power vectors inherent in all human relations thus become explicit variables, not exogenous or irrational factors Any loss in analytical precision is offset by a greater comprehension of the reality of employee‐manager interactions
Legislation and the American Dialysis Industry:
Authors: Daniels Rudolph
Published: July 2006

Abstract Monopoly power in the dialysis industry in the United States is linked to Public Lau’92‐603 (section 2991) of the Social Security Amendments of 1972 under which 90 percent of all patients with end‐stage renal disease became eligible for Medicare coverage In effect, Congress spawned a new government enterprise by removing the constraining factor of price to the consumer and legalizing government‐subsidized monopoltes in renal care which were empowered with the right to supply renal care services within designated areas without competition Those who suffer from renal insufficiency encounter monopoly on the supply side of the product (dialysis units) market, and the labor market (kidney specialists) since outside nephrologists are not permitted to treat patients‘assigned’ to “closed staff” units
Worker Cooperatives and the Business Cycle: Are Cooperatives the Answer to Unemployment?
Authors: Staber Udo
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The effects of the business cycle on organizational founding and failure rates In the complete population of worker cooperatives in Maritime Canada from 1900 to 1987 are examined. The empirical results, consistent with findings from previous research on worker cooperatives in the United States and Israel, indicate that cooperatives evolved independently of the business cycle. The findings, interpreted within a population ecology framework, challenge the popular argument that a growing cooperative sector is the answer to the problem of unemployment.
Religion and Economic Activity in India: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Dehejia Rajeev H. , Dehejia Vivek H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. It is suggested that there has been and continues to be, a deep interrelationship between religious thought and economic activity in India. This claim is evaluated, first in the context of ancient India (the Mauryan empire), where self‐reliance was stressed, both economically and religiously, In the context of medieval India, the ossification of the once flexible caste system had profound economic implications. Based on this historical perspective, it is contended any attempt to understand the economic realities of contemporary India must also take account of its religious realities.
New Organicism
Authors: Krabbe Jacob J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. This essay focuses on the “organismic” approach to the world of economic phenomena, as found in Carl Menger's work and, in a more mature form, in that of the present‐day author Nicholas Georgescu‐Roegen. The author calls this type of organicism New Organicism, considering it a modern version of the organicism of nineteenth‐century authors like Wilhelm Roscher.

This study presents Carl Menger as the main founder of the new way of economic thinking in organismic terms. It also shows that Menger did not fully integrate his organismic ideas into his economic philosophy. Furthermore, mention is made of Menger's antipode, Gustav Schmoller, as a fundamental thinker in this field. The author sees Schmoller as a predecessor of the systems theory variant of modern organismic economic thought. Next Krabbe looks at Nicholas Georgescu‐Roegen, whose organismic synthesis he reflects. Finally, mention is made of the organismic orientation of three authors; Anghel Rugina, Lazaros Houmanidis and John Sutherland.
Usufructuary Mortgages in Rural South Asian Economies
Authors: Shibli M. Abdullah
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A section of the informal credit market in an agrarian society is explored, namely the usufructuary land mortgage, a type of money‐lending contract that is common in rural economies of South Asia. In this type of transaction, the lender charges no explicit interest on the loan, but since the mortgagee is free to utilize the land for his own cultivation, net income from the land is, in effect, an implicit form of interest payment. Issues relating to the determination of the rate of interest and the oft‐found phenomenon of undervaluation of the collateral are discussed. A model is provided that shows the proper relationship between undervaluation of collaterals and the high implicit usufruct rates of interest. This relationship can only be understood by defining the opportunity cost of money in terms of purchasing new land. It is shown that, for any rate of default less than 100%, return from money lending is lower than return from land purchase under certain circumstances. It is then argued that undervaluation of collateral may be a mechanism to compensate the lender for the opportunity cost of his funds.
Institutional Investment Patterns in Troubled Corporations: A Sociological analysis
Authors: Eckstein Rick , Delaney Kevin
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Classical or neo‐classical economic theories do not adequately explain institutional investment patterns in troubled corporations. Macroeconomic perspectives contend that abstract market forces direct investment capital away from troubled companies, and that bankruptcy weeds weak firms out of the economy for the general good. Microeconomic perspectives focus on the seemingly autonomous decisions of firms and their managers, where bad management leads to troubled and bankrupt firms and a corresponding loss of investment in these companies. Neither perspective is useful for understanding recent patterns of institutional investment. A more critical, sociological perspective for understanding these investment patterns has two main threads. First, investment activity is embedded in more general social relationships and cannot be understood strictly on “economic” grounds and with “economic” ideas. Second, social power—rather than abstract market forces—is critical in fostering specific investment patterns. More specifically, the organizational power of large financial firms may be the pivotal factor shaping investment patterns in troubled companies. Recent case studies of troubled and bankrupt corporations demonstrate the usefulness of this more sociological perspective, and suggest areas for future research.
The London Monetary and Economic Conference of 1933: A Public Goods Analysis
Authors: Morrison Rodney J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Hegemony theorists attribute the duration and severity of the Great Depression to the fact that, in 1933, the United States refused to take the place of Great Britain as world economic leader. This argument is based on the proposition that a major power must coordinate the international monetary and trading systems if is to obtain in those sectors. This thesis is reappraised by applying the theories of public goods, clubs, and public choice to the London Monetary and Economic Conference of 1933, an occasion when the United States declined the role of world economic hegemon.

Dig deep tunnels, store grain everywhere, and never seek begemony.
Meta‐ethical Reasoning: Applied to Economics and Business Principles
Authors: Reilly Bernard J. , Kyj Myron J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Ethics and ethical thinking involve two primary and interdependent elements of analysis: the individual and the society. Economic thought dichotomized these two elements into the individual (competitive capitalism) or the society (Marxist socialism), with one element being the cause, and the other the effect. Views of economic reality were developed not on the basis of the interdependence of the individual and the society but their mutual antagonism.

Economic thought is based on the scientific reasoning of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Its abstract definition of reality narrowed the significance of the concrete appearances of things in favor of the rules (science) that define things. Science requires both an objective causal order (independent of human definitions and beliefs) and the development of laws (independent of the human observer or participant) that explain the nature of the objective world. Ethical reasoning requires that economic causality be defined to include both the individual and the society. Ethical reasoning is needed to bring together both the scientific and the metaphysical for human meaning. The science of means must be joined to the human purposes of ends.
The Production of Homicide Solutions
Authors: Marché Gary E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A production function for the solution of homicides is estimated. Eight factors associated with the availability of evidence, community preferences, investigator experience, and investigator workload are indicated to be significant. An important finding is that offender rationality decreases homicide solutions significantly. This suggests the need to train police investigators in terms of economic reasoning.
The Development of Underdevelopment at Akwesasne
Authors: Goodman‐Draper Jacqueline
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The historical processes of Mohawk “underdevelopment” at Ak‐wesasne are chronicled and the subversion of Native values and subsistence, and the creation of Native dependence on non‐Native society examined. Mohawk involvement in this predicament is traced to several processes: participation in the 17th century European/wr trade, which contributed to the destruction of the tribe's traditional economy; coerced adherence to Christianity, which con‐tributed to the loss of traditional American Indian value systems; and associated loss of lands and resources due to broken treaties and unjust laws.
Race, Financial Aid Awards and college Attendance
Authors: Kane John , Spizman Lawrence M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The impact of race on college and university admission and award decisions is examined using data from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972. The effects of race and other factors on the choice of an individual's educational attainment are also studied. Financial aid award equations are estimated. The results indicate that college and university admissions departments have actively worked to encourage the enrollment of African‐American students. It appears that the lower average educational attainment of African‐Americans is the result of differences in parental income, education, and geographical location.
Boston Research Center for the 21st Century
Authors: Boulding Elise , Carnesale Albert , Clements Kevin , Montgomery John D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract.

The first annual Global Citizens Awards of the Boston Research Center for the 21st Century were presented to Elise Boulding and John D. Montgomery. The introductory remarks of Albert Carnesale and Kevin P. Clements are here reported with the acceptance speeches of the two honorees.
A Fraternity Of Danger
Authors: Simpson Charles R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Interviews and participation with members of rural volunteer fire departments (VFDs) in New York State, indicate that local communities in rural regions are structured around VFDs. Such “communities” involves both the fraternity of the fire house, resting on the teamwork essential to firefighting, and a wider locality, which the VFDs spatially define and symbolically integrate through a ritual of parades, fund raising efforts, and their example of community service. The working class, attached to the locality by stable residence and recruited intergenerationally into the fire service, supplies the majority of volunteers.

Neoliberal modernization threatens this recruitment pattern. Problems have developed because the “new middle class” rejects VFD participation, except as ambulance volunteers. As localities compete for outside investment through the reduced cost of their services, they have exploited volunteers to provide fire protection at less cost than that of paid departments. This commodification of the VFDs risks destroying their character as a system of moral obligation unifying a locality and is an inequitable, and unsustainable, “tax” on working class volunteers. But innovative systems of emergency and other services can be used to attract the new male and female middle class into volunteer local activities.
An Analysis of Arrests Regarding Illegal Drugs
Authors: Hsing Yu
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Based on the data for 48 states in 1991 and the weighted least squares method, arrests related to illegal drugs show a positive relation with the percentage of one parent families, the degree of urbanization, per capita disposable income, other crimes, and the states which have a border or a coast or which permit gambling, and a negative relation with the police force, the educational level, and the unemployment rate.
Income Inequality and Economic Progress
Authors: Park Kang H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The institutionalist approach to income distribution and economic progress is compared to the conventional approaches such as neo classical and neo‐Keynesian schools. A two step causal model reflecting the institutionalist view on the relationship of these two variables is constructed. The empirical results show that the greater the inequality in the distribution of personal incomes, the greater the level of socio‐political instability, and that the greater the level of socio‐political instability, the slower the economic progress.
SPECIAL INVITED SYMPOSIUM ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS Jevons and Menger Re‐homogenized?: Jaffé After 20 Years
Authors: Peart Sandra J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Following Jaffé's 1976 argument, the effort to de‐homogenize Jevons, Walras, and Menger may have obscured some key similarities between Jevons and Menger. The article argues that Jevons's view of human behavior is more complex than has been allowed, and has much in common with Menger's predisposition for process, uncertainty, mistakes, and the significance of time in decision making. Some of the key features of the Mengerian economic being, features that have often been used to portray him as the “odd man out” among the triumvirate, also characterize Jevons's decision makers. For both Menger and Jevons, the decision maker is plagued by error, indecision, and information gaps.
The Neglected Economics of Trust
Authors: Perelman Michael
Published: July 2006

Abstract Economists have little understanding of trust. As economists, we are trained to think of the economy as an amalgam of individual agents, although the social element is an indispensable part of the economy. This perspective has caused us to lose sight of the role of trust. As a result, not only does the quality of life suffer, but the economy becomes less efficient.

In this article, I want to call attention to the central importance of trust in a market economy. I will show that markets both require and destroy trust. As a result, measures that appear to promote the economy may actually threaten the long‐term health of the market by undermining trust.
Trust and Sociability
Authors: Seligman Adam B.
Published: July 2006

Abstract Trust is distinguished from confidence in that the latter rests on knowledge or predictability of the alter's actions, while trust is necessary to maintain interaction in the absence of such knowledge. While confidence may have many different bases, trust is a preeminently modern phenomenon, resting, ultimately on the self‐regulating, autonomous individual. It emerges concomitantly with the moral privileging of the private realm and of individual conscience. Contemporary developments associated with late or postmodern culture and society are however calling into question this model of the individual and with it the potential for trust to exist beyond the realm of regulations and constraints.

Vladimir Ilych Lenin is said to have remarked: “Vertraun ist gut, Kontrol noch besser”–trust is good, but control is much better. In this saying we find what I think is a distinction critical to any preliminary understanding of trust‐that is, the distinction between trust and confidence (control in Lenin's terms). Control or confidence is what you have when you know what to expect in a situation; trust is what you need to maintain interaction if you do not.1
Land Rents and Ecological Crisis:
Authors: Backhaus Jürgen G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In the summer of 1997, the Oder Valley experienced an almost unprecedented flood. By calling in the army, the German government prevented the dykes from bursting, yet massive floods occurred in neighboring Poland, as the River Oder is now the border between Germany and Poland. Similar floods occurred in the Czech Republic and Romania. In October of 1997, a seemingly unrelated event occurred: The Nobel Prize in economics was awarded to Myron S. Scholes and Robert C. Merton for their pioneering contributions to the theory of how options are priced in financial markets. Ironically, the options contract model provides a solution to the Oder Valley crisis. This article ties the two events together and also draws on insights from the radical reformer, Henry George.
Has Job Stability Declined?
Authors: Marcotte Dave E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract There has recently been a great deal of interest in the question of whether job stability has declined in the United States. However, a satisfactory answer to this question has not been agreed upon. In this article, data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) are examined to bring new evidence to bear on the subject of job stability trends. Using these data, job retention rates for various groups of workers between 1976 and 1992 are calculated. Then, a series of models that relate individual and economic factors to job retention over this period are estimated. These analyses suggest a general but mild decline in job stability during the period. However, trends in job stability vary dramatically across different groups of workers. Most clearly, job stability fell precipitously for black men and fell for men who were high‐school dropouts or who has completed some college.
Towards a Reinachian Ontology of Television
Authors: Johnson Lamont
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Any study in ontology is faced with the difficulty that, if the investigation is to be successful, the ontological status of the subject under investigation must be determined prior to selecting the method of analysis. This paper argues that Reinach's methodology, which depends upon insights into intelligible structures or essences, cannot be successfully applied to an investigation of television, because television lacks the essential unity necessary for even the possibility of such an insight.
An Ontology of Economic objects:
Authors: Zuniga Gloria L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract Economic reality is constituted by economic objects such as goods, commoditites, money, value, price, and exchange which together give rise to the complex entity known as the market. Each of these categories is governed by exact laws that provide the conditions for settling objectively whether individuals' views about an instance of any category indeed correspond to that category. This paper describes these laws as an ontological application of Carl Menger's 1871 contribution. This paper employs Carl Menger's framework from his 1871 contribution as the basis for advancing such conditions for each category of economic objects. The aim of this paper is to lay the groundwork for an ontological description of economic reality. This paper, then, can be conceived as a project in social ontology of the sort defended by John Searle.
Public Sympathy for O. J. Simpson
Authors: Enomoto Carl E.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This paper examines those factors affecting public attitudes about the O. J. Simpson trial and the American criminal justice system. The separate and combined effects of these factors–which include race, age, gender, income, and education–were estimated using a logit model. It was found that blacks were more likely than whites to be sympathetic to Simpson and to believe he was innocent of the crimes he was charged with. Older individuals, males, those with higher incomes, and those with more education were less likely to be sympathetic to Simpson and more likely to think he was guilty. Finally, it was found that blacks were more likely than whites to perceive that the criminal justice system is biased against blacks.