bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor β–Activated Kinase Activation by Epigallocatechin‐3‐Gallate in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts: Suppression of K63‐Linked Autoubiquitination of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor–Associated Factor 6
Authors: Singh Anil K. , Umar Sadiq , Riegsecker Sharayah , Chourasia Mukesh , Ahmed Salahuddin
Published: October 2015

Objective

Transforming growth factor β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a key MAPKKK family protein in interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and Toll‐like receptor signaling. This study was undertaken to examine the posttranslational modification of TAK1 and its therapeutic regulation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

The effect of TAK1, IL‐1 receptor–associated kinase 1 (IRAK‐1), and TNF receptor–associated factor 6 (TRAF6) inhibition was evaluated in IL‐1β–stimulated human RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and 20S proteasome assay were used to study the ubiquitination process in RASFs. The efficacy of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a potent antiinflammatory molecule, in regulating these processes in RASFs was evaluated. Molecular docking was performed to examine the interaction of EGCG with human TAK1, IRAK‐1, and TRAF6. These findings were confirmed using a rat model of adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AIA).

Results

Inhibition of TAK1, but not IRAK‐1 or TRAF6, completely abrogated IL‐1β–induced IL‐6 and IL‐8 synthesis in RASFs. EGCG inhibited TAK1 phosphorylation at Thr184/187 and occupied the C174 position, an ATP‐binding site, to inhibit its kinase activity. EGCG pretreatment also inhibited K63‐linked autoubiquitination of TRAF6, a posttranslational modification essential for TAK1 autophosphorylation, by forming a stable H bond at the K124 position on TRAF6. Furthermore, EGCG enhanced proteasome‐associated deubiquitinase expression to rescue proteins from proteasomal degradation. Western blot analyses of joint homogenates from rats with AIA showed a significant increase in K48‐linked polyubiquitination, TAK1 phosphorylation, and TRAF6 expression when compared to naive rats. Administration of EGCG (50 mg/kg/day) for 10 days ameliorated AIA in rats by reducing TAK1 phosphorylation and K48‐linked polyubiquitination.

Conclusion

Our findings provide a rationale for targeting TAK1 for the treatment of RA with EGCG.
Dynamic Contrast‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Initial Experience in Patients With Early Arthritis
Authors: Maijer Karen I. , van der Leij Christiaan , de Hair Maria J. H. , Tas Sander W. , Maas Mario , Gerlag Daniëlle M. , Tak Paul P. , Lavini Cristina
Published: October 2015

Objective

Analysis of dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) using pharmacokinetic modeling (PKM) provides quantitative measures that mirror microvessel integrity and can be used as an objective marker of the level of synovial inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the PKM parameters Ktrans, kep, and ve in a prospective cohort of disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)–naive patients with early arthritis, and to validate the results by assessing their correlation with the number of synovial endothelial cells (ECs).

Methods

Forty‐seven patients with early arthritis (arthritis duration <1 year, DMARD naive; comprising 14 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 22 with unclassified arthritis, 6 with spondyloarthritis [SpA], and 5 with other arthritides) were included. At baseline, DCE‐MRI was performed on an inflamed knee joint of each patient. These images were used to calculate the Ktrans (volume transfer constant between the plasma and extracellular extravascular space [EES]), the kep (transfer constant between the EES and plasma), and the ve (fractional volume of the EES). Second, markers of disease activity were collected. Finally, vascularity was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of synovial tissue samples obtained from the inflamed knee joints, using antibodies to detect von Willebrand factor (vWF), a marker of ECs.

Results

The 3 PKM parameters differed significantly between diagnostic groups at baseline, with the highest Ktrans value being observed in patients with SpA (median 0.050/minute, interquartile range [IQR] 0.041– 0.069). Furthermore, the Ktrans, kep, and ve values correlated significantly with markers of disease activity. Finally, the PKM parameters Ktrans and kep, but not ve, correlated significantly with synovial expression of vWF (r = 0.647, P = 0.004 for Ktrans; r = 0.614, P = 0.007 for kep; r = 0.398, P = 0.102 for ve).

Conclusion

These results suggest that the Ktrans, kep, and ve can be used to detect synovial inflammation in patients with early arthritis, and these PKM parameters may be helpful in differential diagnosis. This approach may also be useful in translational research analyzing tissue microcirculation and angiogenesis.
E‐learning, dual‐task, and cognitive load: The anatomy of a failed experiment
Authors: Van Nuland Sonya E. , Rogers Kem A.
Published: October 2015

The rising popularity of commercial anatomy e‐learning tools has been sustained, in part, due to increased annual enrollment and a reduction in laboratory hours across educational institutions. While e‐learning tools continue to gain popularity, the research methodologies used to investigate their impact on learning remain imprecise. As new user interfaces are introduced, it is critical to understand how functionality can influence the load placed on a student's memory resources, also known as cognitive load. To study cognitive load, a dual‐task paradigm wherein a learner performs two tasks simultaneously is often used, however, its application within educational research remains uncommon. Using previous paradigms as a guide, a dual‐task methodology was developed to assess the cognitive load imposed by two commercial anatomical e‐learning tools. Results indicate that the standard dual‐task paradigm, as described in the literature, is insensitive to the cognitive load disparities across e‐learning tool interfaces. Confounding variables included automation of responses, task performance tradeoff, and poor understanding of primary task cognitive load requirements, leading to unreliable quantitative results. By modifying the secondary task from a basic visual response to a more cognitively demanding task, such as a modified Stroop test, the automation of secondary task responses can be reduced. Furthermore, by recording baseline measures for the primary task as well as the secondary task, it is possible for task performance tradeoff to be detected. Lastly, it is imperative that the cognitive load of the primary task be designed such that it does not overwhelm the individual's ability to learn new material. Anat Sci Educ 9: 186–196. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
The feasibility of short‐term production strategies for renewable jet fuels – a comprehensive techno‐economic comparison
Authors: de Jong Sierk , Hoefnagels Ric , Faaij André , Slade Raphael , Mawhood Rebecca , Junginger Martin
Published: October 2015

This study compares the short‐term economic feasibility of six conversion pathways for renewable jet fuel (RJF) production. The assessment combines (i) a harmonized techno‐economic analysis of conversion pathways expected to be certified for use in commercial aviation by 2020, (ii) a pioneer plant analysis taking into account technological immaturity, and (iii) a quantified assessment of the merits of co‐producing RJF alongside existing European supply chains in the pulp, wheat ethanol, and beet sugar industries. None of the pathways assessed are able to reach price parity with petroleum‐derived jet fuel in the short term. The pioneer plant analysis suggests that the hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) pathway is currently the best option; the technology achieves the lowest minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of 29.3 € GJ−1 (1289 € t−1) and the technology is deployed on commercial scale already. In the short term, nth plant analysis shows hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and pyrolysis emerging as promising alternatives, yielding MFSPs of 21.4 € GJ−1 (939 € t−1) and 30.2 € GJ−1 (1326 € t−1), respectively. The pioneer plant analysis shows considerable MFSP increases for producing drop‐in fuels using HTL and pyrolysis as both technologies are relatively immature. Hence, further RD&D efforts into these pathways are recommended. Co‐production strategies decrease the MFSP by 4–8% compared to greenfield production. Integration of process units and material and energy flows is expected to lead to further cost reductions. As such, co‐production can be a particularly useful strategy to progress emerging technologies to commercial scale. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Student conceptions about the DNA structure within a hierarchical organizational level: Improvement by experiment‐ and computer‐based outreach learning
Authors: Langheinrich Jessica , Bogner Franz X.
Published: October 2015

As non‐scientific conceptions interfere with learning processes, teachers need both, to know about them and to address them in their classrooms. For our study, based on 182 eleventh graders, we analyzed the level of conceptual understanding by implementing the “draw and write” technique during a computer‐supported gene technology module. To give participants the hierarchical organizational level which they have to draw, was a specific feature of our study. We introduced two objective category systems for analyzing drawings and inscriptions. Our results indicated a long‐ as well as a short‐term increase in the level of conceptual understanding and in the number of drawn elements and their grades concerning the DNA structure. Consequently, we regard the “draw and write” technique as a tool for a teacher to get to know students' alternative conceptions. Furthermore, our study points the modification potential of hands‐on and computer‐supported learning modules. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43:393–402, 2015.
Prestenting for prevention of melody valve stent fractures: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cardoso Rhanderson , Ansari Mohammad , Garcia Daniel , Sandhu Satinder , Brinster Derek , Piazza Nicolo
Published: October 2015

Introduction

The role of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) prestenting in the prevention of Melody valve stent fractures (SFs) is not well defined. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis comparing the incidence of SF in Melody valve transcatheter pulmonary implants with and without prestenting.

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central were searched for studies that reported the incidence of SF in Melody valve transcatheter pulmonary implants stratified by the presence or absence of RVOT prestenting. Subgroup analyses were performed for (1) SF associated with a loss of stent integrity and (2) SF requiring reintervention.

Results

Five studies and 360 patients were included, of whom 207 (57.5%) received prestenting. Follow‐up ranged from 15 to 30 months. SF were significantly reduced in the prestenting group (16.7%) when compared to no prestenting (33.5%) (odds‐ratio [OR] 0.39; 95%CI 0.22–0.69). Patients who received prestenting also had a lower incidence of (1) SF associated with loss of stent integrity (OR 0.16; 95%CI 0.05–0.48) and (2) SF requiring reintervention (OR 0.15; 95%CI 0.02–0.91).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that stenting of the RVOT prior to Melody valve implantation is associated with a reduction in the incidence of SF and fracture‐related reinterventions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Embolic protection device use and its association with procedural safety and long‐term outcomes following saphenous vein graft intervention: An analysis from the British Columbia Cardiac registry
Authors: Iqbal M. Bilal , Nadra Imad J. , Ding Lillian , Fung Anthony , Aymong Eve , Chan Albert W. , Hodge Steven , Della Siega Anthony , Robinson Simon D. ,   on behalf of the British Columbia Cardiac Registry Investigators
Published: October 2015

Background

Embolic protection devices (EPDs) have been designed and introduced to reduce distal embolization and peri‐procedural myocardial infarction during saphenous vein graft (SVG) intervention. Current guidelines give a class I recommendation to EPD use during SVG intervention when technically feasible. However, the routine use of these devices has recently been debated.

Methods

We analyzed 1,359 patients undergoing isolated SVG intervention between 2008 and 2013 in the British Columbia Cardiac Registry. We analyzed (a) post‐procedural TIMI flow; and (b) target vessel revascularization (TVR) and mortality at 1 and 2 years.

Results

EPD use was an independent predictor of post‐procedural TIMI 2/3 flow (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.51–3.74, P < 0.001). At 1 year, EPD use was an independent predictor for lower TVR (HR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.14–0.85, P = 0.021) and a trend towards lower mortality (HR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.18–1.10, P = 0.082). These associations were lost at 2 years where EPD use was not predictive of mortality (HR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.33–1.17, P = 0.144) or TVR (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.41–1.17, P = 0.176). These findings were confirmed in propensity‐matched and inverse probability treatment weighted analyses.

Conclusions

In this analysis of patients undergoing SVG intervention, EPD use was a strong predictor for improved post‐procedural TIMI flow. Whilst EPD use was associated with lower TVR and a trend for lower mortality at 1 year, these associations were lost at 2 years. These findings would appear to support the use of EPD for SVG intervention. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arylation of Amines in Alkane Solvents by using Well‐Defined Palladium–N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes
Authors: Marelli Enrico , Chartoire Anthony , Le Duc Gaetan , Nolan Steven P.
Published: October 2015

The use of the ITent‐based series of Pd‐N‐heterocyclic carbenes precatalysts (Tent= Tentacular) enables the Buchwald–Hartwig amine arylation reaction in apolar alkane solvents. The use of such solvents is rare because of their poor solvation properties. Nonetheless, they could be of interest for industrial applications, as they can be disposed of in an energetically favorable manner and may potentially simplify product isolation. The excellent solubility of the precatalysts permitted the desired products to be obtained in yields ranging from 75 to 96 %, even with deactivated and functionalized coupling partners.
Pd‐Ag/α‐Al2O3 Catalyst Deactivation in Acetylene Selective Hydrogenation Process
Authors: Ravanchi Maryam Takht , Sahebdelfar Saeed , Fard Maryam Rahimi , Fadaeerayeni Siavash , Bigdeli Peyman
Published: October 2015

The selective hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene over Pd‐Ag/α‐Al2O3 catalysts prepared by different impregnation/reduction methods was studied. The best catalytic performance was achieved with the sample prepared by sequential impregnation. A kinetic model based on first order in acetylene and 0.5th order in hydrogen for the main reaction and second‐order independent decay law for catalyst deactivation was used to fit the conversion time data and to obtain quantitative assessment of catalyst performances. Fair fits were observed from which the reaction and deactivation rate constants were evaluated. Coke deposition amounts showed a good correlation with catalyst deactivation rate constants, indicating that coke formation should be the main cause of catalyst deactivation.
Revamping an Existing Aromatics Complex with Simulated Moving‐Bed Reactor for p‐Xylene Production
Authors: Gonçalves Jonathan C. , Rodrigues Alírio E.
Published: October 2015

A simulated moving‐bed reactor (SMBR) for the production of p‐xylene is studied as part of a proposal to modify an existing aromatics complex in order to increase the production of benzene and p‐xylene. The proposed complex includes a single‐stage crystallization unit to further purify high p‐xylene streams from a selective toluene disproportionation and said SMBR units. Mass balances for two cases are estimated, namely, the current flow of reformate fed to the complex and a twofold flow. Results show significant increases of benzene and p‐xylene for both cases compared to the current production of the complex.
Diastereomer Interconversion via Enolization: A Case Study
Authors: Renzetti Andrea , Di Crescenzo Antonello , Nie Feilin , Bond Andrew D. , Gérard Stéphane , Sapi Janos , Fontana Antonella , Villani Claudio
Published: October 2015

The three‐component reaction of indole, isobutyraldehyde, and methyl acetoacetate affords methyl 2‐(acetyl)‐3‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐4‐methylpentanoate as a single diastereomer. To investigate the origin of the observed diastereoselectivity, the thermodynamics and kinetics of interconversion of diastereomers 1 and 2 in solution were studied by a combination of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry, and deuteration experiments. The results indicate that interconversion is both acid‐ and base‐catalyzed, and that the alpha carbon is the only stereolabile center in the molecule. The evidence points to an enolization mechanism for the interconversion process. The selective precipitation of 1 in the presence of the equilibrium 1⇆2 eventually results in the exclusive formation of 1 (crystallization‐induced asymmetric transformation). Chirality 27:779–783, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The mesencephalic locomotor region sends a bilateral glutamatergic drive to hindbrain reticulospinal neurons in a tetrapod
Authors: Ryczko Dimitri , Auclair Francois , Cabelguen Jean‐Marie , Dubuc Réjean
Published: October 2015

In vertebrates, stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) on one side evokes symmetrical locomotor movements on both sides. How this occurs was previously examined in detail in a swimmer using body undulations (lamprey), but in tetrapods the downstream projections from the MLR to brainstem neurons are not fully understood. Here we examined the brainstem circuits from the MLR to identified reticulospinal neurons in the salamander Notophthalmus viridescens. Using neural tracing, we show that the MLR sends bilateral projections to the middle reticular nucleus (mRN, rostral hindbrain) and the inferior reticular nucleus (iRN, caudal hindbrain). Ca2+ imaging coupled to electrophysiology in in vitro isolated brains revealed very similar responses in reticulospinal neurons on both sides to a unilateral MLR stimulation. As the strength of MLR stimulation was increased, the responses increased in size in reticulospinal neurons of the mRN and iRN, but the responses in the iRN were smaller. Bath‐application or local microinjections of glutamatergic antagonists markedly reduced reticulospinal neuron responses, indicating that the MLR sends glutamatergic inputs to reticulospinal neurons. In addition, reticulospinal cells responded to glutamate microinjections and the size of the responses paralleled the amount of glutamate microinjected. Immunofluorescence coupled with anatomical tracing confirmed the presence of glutamatergic projections from the MLR to reticulospinal neurons. Overall, we show that the brainstem circuits activated by the MLR in the salamander are organized similarly to those previously described in lampreys, indicating that the anatomo‐physiological features of the locomotor drive are well conserved in vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1361–1383, 2016. © 2015 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacotherapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Are We Approaching the Tipping Point?
Authors: Honig PK
Published: October 2015

Neurodegenerative diseases continue to represent major unmet medical and public health needs and will increasingly strain the healthcare system as people live longer due to medical advances in other diseases. Hopefully the emergence of increased understanding of the biology of these conditions coupled with novel clinical pharmacology tools, clinical trial designs, and regulatory innovation will allow the emergence of highly effective symptomatic and disease modifying pharmacotherapies.
High‐performance Polymer Membranes with Multi‐functional Amphiphilic Micelles for CO2 Capture
Authors: Kim Sang Jin , Jeon Harim , Kim Dong Jun , Kim Jong Hak
Published: October 2015

Herein, we report a high performance polymer membrane with simultaneously large improvements in the CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity. These improvements are obtained by incorporation of a multi‐functional amphiphilic comb copolymer micelle, that is, poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐g‐poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) (PDMS‐g‐POEM), into a poly(amide‐b‐ethylene oxide) (Pebax) matrix. Both CO2 and N2 permeabilities continuously increased with PDMS‐g‐POEM content, whereas the CO2/N2 selectivity increased up to 40 wt % of PDMS‐g‐POEM, which enabled the maximum performance to approach the upper bound limit (2008). The membranes with PDMS‐g‐POEM exhibited greater CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity than those with a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐8), a well‐known expensive inorganic filler, indicating the effectiveness of PDMS‐g‐POEM micelles for CO2 capture.
Double resonant tank LLC‐DCX based two‐stage power supply for magnetic levitation control system applications
Authors: Ma Hongbo , Liu Wenjun , Yang Jie , Qiu Zhongcai
Published: October 2015

Magnetic levitation train power supply systems, or Maglev, are most commonly powered by 330‐V high‐voltage direct current power systems. The power supply for maglev control system is used to provide a stable voltage to the suspension control circuit, which is the key part of Maglev trains. The suspension control power supply is typically a DC–DC converter with a high voltage input and multiple low voltage outputs. The traditional solutions typically lead to the following issues, such as uncontrolled duty ratio, poor cross‐regulation capability, and low reliability. In order to solve these problems, a novel two‐stage solution employing a double resonant tank LLC DC transformer (LLC‐DCX) is proposed and developed in this paper. The proposed solution not only increases the overall conversion efficiency significantly because of the achieved soft‐switching over the entire operation range, but also realizes the low input current ripple and high reliability owing to a uniform thermal distribution. A 210‐W, 220–380‐V input laboratory prototype with four outputs is fabricated and tested, and the experimental results are presented in this paper. The declared features of the proposed solution are well demonstrated by the experimental results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Build a better team by engaging creative strengths
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: October 2015

CHICAGO — As a disability services provider, you constantly work on projects with teams. Without the proper understanding of the different creative styles your team members possess, you cannot tap the full potential of your team or manage the complicated dynamics that come from many different types of creative styles. In a session led by June Hanley during the annual convention for the Society for College and University Planning, participants were led through an exercise based on The Five Faces of Genius by Annette Moser‐Wellman and given instructions on how to create a well‐rounded team that takes advantage of different creative styles. Hanley outlined the following five types of creativity.
Ester‐Substituted Electron‐Poor Alkenes for Cycloaddition–Retroelectrocyclization (CA–RE) and Related Reactions
Authors: Reekie Tristan A. , Donckele Etienne J. , Ruhlmann Laurent , Boudon Corinne , Trapp Nils , Diederich François
Published: October 2015

We report the reactions of electron‐deficient alkenes, tetrasubstituted by carboxylic ester and cyano groups, with electron‐rich (dimethylamino)phenyl‐substituted alkynes. Mono‐ or diester‐substituted alkenes exclusively undergo the [2+2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization (CA–RE) reaction, well established for multicyanated ethenes, whereas tri‐ and tetraester‐substituted alkenes also undergo a [4+2] hetero‐Diels–Alder (HDA) reaction with a third product being formed, presumably by a [3+2] cycloaddition reaction followed by rearrangement. Electrochemical studies revealed cathodic shifts of the first reduction potential of the buta‐1,3‐dienes obtained from the CA–RE reaction as cyano groups are substituted for ester moieties. Post‐CA–RE functionalization of the ester‐substituted buta‐1,3‐dienes by transesterification, diazonium chemistry, and cross‐coupling is described. The formation of a pharmacologically interesting pyrazolopyran illustrates the synthetic utility of ester‐substituted CA–RE products.
Pectenotoxin's ABCDE Ring System: A Complex Target to Test the Potential of Singlet Oxygen Super Cascades as Tools for Synthesis
Authors: Kouridaki Antonia , Sofiadis Manolis , Montagnon Tamsyn , Vassilikogiannakis Georgios
Published: October 2015

A difuran substrate was synthesized that then participated in a singlet oxygen mediated super cascade reaction sequence to give the ABCDE ring skeleton of certain pectenotoxins. During this super cascade, two separate reaction sequences occurred in parallel to create both the [6,6]‐spiroketal and the 2,8‐dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane motifs in one synthetic operation.
Revealing the natural complexity of topographic change processes through repeat surveys and decision‐tree classification
Authors: Wyrick Joshua R. , Pasternack Gregory B.
Published: October 2015

Topographic change processes (TCPs) are the mechanisms by which a landscape is interpreted to be experiencing landform deformation, and are defined by the specific actions occurring within a contiguous, localized region that cause sediment to be either deposited or eroded. Past topographic change studies have mostly been focused at the site scale. The goal of this study was to identify and delineate spatially explicit TCP types across the valley width in a 34‐km long cobble‐gravel river at the scale of one‐tenth of the bankfull channel width over a period of seven to nine years. To accomplish this, a new procedure was developed that analyzes spatial patterns of topographic change evident from differencing two raster digital elevation models and accounting for sources of uncertainty, then identifying and classifying those changes using a decision tree framework that invokes the locations of those changes as they relate to the locations of specific geographic characteristics. Once mapped, TCP polygons were analyzed for areal patterns and volumetric rates of change. Results showed that 19 unique TCP types occurred and that they have organized but complex spatial patterns. Within this study segment, overbank storage processes occurred over the most area and displaced the most net volume of sediment, while cohesive bank retreat created the largest net change in topographic elevations. Analyses of the TCPs reveal that the regulated lower Yuba River (LYR) is not experiencing the expected combination of channel incision and floodplain deposition commonly reported below dams. Instead, the LYR is a dynamic valley that is still adjusting valley‐wide to the upstream dam with a diverse suite of processes that cause the channel and floodplains to scour and fill in concert. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decision‐Based Forecast Evaluation of UK Interest Rate Predictability
Authors: Sirichand Kavita , Hall Stephen G.
Published: October 2015

This paper illustrates the importance of density forecasting and forecast evaluation in portfolio decision making. The decision‐making environment is fully described for an investor seeking to optimally allocate her portfolio between long and short Treasury bills, over investment horizons of up to 2 years. We examine the impact of parameter uncertainty and predictability in bond returns on the investor's allocation and we describe how the forecasts are computed and used in this context. Both statistical and decision‐based criteria are used to assess the predictability of returns. Our results show sensitivity to the evaluation criterion used and, in the context of investment decision making under an economic value criterion, we find some potential gain for the investor from assuming predictability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of cognitive reserve on terminal decline: a cross‐cohort analysis from two European studies: OCTO‐Twin, Sweden, and Newcastle 85+, UK
Authors: Cadar Dorina , Stephan Blossom C. M. , Jagger Carol , Johansson Boo , Hofer Scott M. , Piccinin Andrea M. , Muniz‐Terrera Graciela
Published: October 2015

Objective

Cognitive performance shows a marked deterioration in close proximity to death, as postulated by the terminal decline hypothesis. The effect of education on the rate of terminal decline in the oldest people (i.e. persons 85+ years) has been controversial and not entirely understood. In the current study, we investigated the rate of decline prior to death with a special focus on the role of education and socioeconomic position, in two European longitudinal studies of ageing: the Origins of Variance in the Old‐Old: Octogenarian Twins (OCTO‐Twin) and the Newcastle 85+ study.

Methods

A process‐based approach was used in which individuals' cognitive scores were aligned according to distance to death. In a coordinated analysis, multilevel models were employed to examine associations between different markers of cognitive reserve (education and socioeconomic position) and terminal decline using the mini‐mental state examination (MMSE), controlling for age at baseline, sex, dementia incidence and time to death from the study entry to the time of death within each cohort.

Results

The current findings suggest that education was positively associated with higher MMSE scores prior to death in the OCTO‐Twin, but not in the Newcastle 85+ study, independent of socioeconomic position and other factors such as baseline age, sex and time to death from the study entry. However, education was not associated with the rate of terminal decline in both of these studies.

Conclusions

Our results offer only partial support to the cognitive reserve hypothesis and cognitive performance prior to death. © 2015 The Authors International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Pulmonary toxicity of indium‐tin oxide production facility particles in rats
Authors: Badding Melissa A. , Fix Natalie R. , Orandle Marlene S. , Barger Mark W. , Dunnick Katherine M. , Cummings Kristin J. , Leonard Stephen S.
Published: October 2015

Indium‐tin oxide (ITO) is used to make transparent conductive coatings for touch‐screen and liquid crystal display electronics. Occupational exposures to potentially toxic particles generated during ITO production have increased in recent years as the demand for consumer electronics continues to rise. Previous studies have demonstrated cytotoxicity in vitro and animal models have shown pulmonary inflammation and injury in response to various indium‐containing particles. In humans, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and fibrotic interstitial lung disease have been observed in ITO facility workers. However, which indium materials or specific processes in the workplace may be the most toxic to workers is unknown. Here we examined the pulmonary toxicity of three different particle samples that represent real‐life worker exposures, as they were collected at various production stages throughout an ITO facility. Indium oxide (In2O3), sintered ITO (SITO) and ventilation dust (VD) particles each caused pulmonary inflammation and damage in rats over a time course (1, 7 and 90 days post‐intratracheal instillation), but SITO and VD appeared to induce greater toxicity in rat lungs than In2O3 at a dose of 1 mg per rat. Downstream pathological changes such as PAP and fibrosis were observed in response to all three particles 90 days after treatment, with a trend towards greatest severity in animals exposed to VD when comparing animals that received the same dose. These findings may inform workplace exposure reduction efforts and provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of an emerging occupational health issue. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Giant gain enhancement in surface‐confined resonant Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Authors: Dostart Nathan , Kim Seunghwi , Bahl Gaurav
Published: October 2015

The notion that Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is primarily defined by bulk material properties has been overturned by recent work on nanoscale waveguides. It is now understood that boundary forces of radiation pressure and electrostriction appearing in such highly confined waveguides can make a significant contribution to the Brillouin gain. Here, this concept is extended to show that gain enhancement does not require nanoscale or subwavelength features, but generally appears where optical and acoustic fields are simultaneously confined near a free surface or material interface. This situation routinely occurs in whispering gallery resonators (WGRs), making gain enhancements much more accessible than previously thought. To illustrate this concept, the first full‐vectorial analytic model for SBS in WGRs is developed, including optical boundary forces, and the SBS gain in common silica WGR geometries is computationally evaluated. These results predict that gains 104 times greater than the predictions of scalar theory may appear in WGRs even in the 100 μm size range. Further, trapezoidal cross‐section microdisks can exhibit very large SBS gains approaching 102 m−1W−1. With resonant amplification included, extreme gains on the order of 1012 m−1W−1 may be realized, which is 108 times greater than the highest predicted gains in linear waveguide systems.

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Autonomously Sensing Hydrogels for the Rapid and Selective Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Ebrahimi Mir‐Morteza Sadat , Laabei Maisem , Jenkins A. Tobias A. , Schönherr Holger
Published: October 2015

The development of a versatile approach for the rapid and sensitive detection of relevant pathogenic bacteria and autonomous signaling of the detection events in reporter hydrogel film coatings is reported. Exploiting chitosan hydrogel films equipped with chromogenic or fluorogenic reporter moieties, the presence of the Gram‐negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is sensed within 1 h by detecting the characteristic enzymes α‐glucosidase and elastase with limits of detection (LOD) <45 × 10−9m and <20 × 10−9m, respectively, for this observation time. The values for the LOD are two to three orders of magnitude smaller than the concentrations of the enzymes detected in the corresponding bacterial supernatants. The results show that the covalently conjugated reporter moieties are exclusively and efficiently reacted by the associated enzyme, allowing in principle for discrimination among different types of bacteria. Since high enzyme concentrations are a result of proliferating bacteria, e.g., in wounds or food, and since the selectivity of the reporting function is easily adapted to bacteria of choice, these reporter hydrogels comprise an interesting platform for the rapid detection of bacteria.

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Rapid simulation of multiple radially growing hydraulic fractures using an energy‐based approach
Authors: Cheng Cheng , Bunger Andrew P.
Published: October 2015

The goal of hydraulic fracturing stimulation of horizontal wells is typically to generate uniform, simultaneously growing hydraulic fractures from 3 to 6 initiation/entry sites that are spaced within a certain interval of the wellbore comprising a so‐called stage. Because of the stress interaction among growing hydraulic fractures, however, it is hard to attain simultaneous growth of all hydraulic fractures. While models have been proven useful for devising mitigation strategies of these so‐called stress‐shadow effects, the required simulations are so computationally expensive that optimization is possible only in the simplest cases. Here, we present an approximate (energy‐based) model capable of running an entire simulation in 1–2s, which is about one million times faster than the benchmark model. The approach is built on asymptotic solutions to approximate growth of radial hydraulic fractures, a far field approximation for the stress shadow interactions among growing hydraulic fractures, and coupling the effect of the stress shadow to fracture growth via a global energy balance equation. We show very close agreement in predictions of the lengths of each fracture in the array between the approximate model and the benchmark model, thus verifying that the new approximate model is useful for optimization of hydraulic fracture design. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and functionalization of dendron‐polymer conjugate based hydrogels via sequential thiol‐ene “click” reactions
Authors: Kaga Sadik , Gevrek Tugce N. , Sanyal Amitav , Sanyal Rana
Published: October 2015

Fabrication and functionalization of hydrogels from well‐defined dendron‐polymer‐dendron conjugates is accomplished using sequential radical thiol‐ene “click” reactions. The dendron‐polymer conjugates were synthesized using an azide‐alkyne “click” reaction of alkene‐containing polyester dendrons bearing an alkyne group at their focal point with linear poly(ethylene glycol)‐bisazides. Thiol‐ene “click” reaction was used for crosslinking these alkene functionalized dendron‐polymer conjugates using a tetrathiol‐based crosslinker to provide clear and transparent hydrogels. Hydrogels with residual alkene groups at crosslinking sites were obtained by tuning the alkene‐thiol stoichiometry. The residual alkene groups allow efficient postfunctionalization of these hydrogel matrices with thiol‐containing molecules via a subsequent radical thiol‐ene reaction. The photochemical nature of radical thiol‐ene reaction was exploited to fabricate micropatterned hydrogels. Tunability of functionalization of these hydrogels, by varying dendron generation and polymer chain length was demonstrated by conjugation of a thiol‐containing fluorescent dye. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 926–934
Some of the most interesting CASP11 targets through the eyes of their authors
Authors: Kryshtafovych Andriy , Moult John , Baslé Arnaud , Burgin Alex , Craig Timothy K. , Edwards Robert A. , Fass Deborah , Hartmann Marcus D. , Korycinski Mateusz , Lewis Richard J. , Lorimer Donald , Lupas Andrei N. , Newman Janet , Peat Thomas S. , Piepenbrink Kurt H. , Prahlad Janani , van Raaij Mark J. , Rohwer Forest , Segall Anca M. , Seguritan Victor , Sundberg Eric J. , Singh Abhimanyu K. , Wilson Mark A. , Schwede Torsten
Published: October 2015

The Critical Assessment of protein Structure Prediction (CASP) experiment would not have been possible without the prediction targets provided by the experimental structural biology community. In this article, selected crystallographers providing targets for the CASP11 experiment discuss the functional and biological significance of the target proteins, highlight their most interesting structural features, and assess whether these features were correctly reproduced in the predictions submitted to CASP11. Proteins 2016; 84(Suppl 1):34–50. © 2015 The Authors. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microsegregation Model with Local Equilibrium Partition Coefficients During Solidification of Steels
Authors: You Dali , Bernhard Christian , Wieser Gerhard , Michelic Susanne
Published: October 2015

A microsegregation model with local partition coefficients and temperature‐dependent diffusion coefficients based on the model of Ohnaka (I. Ohnaka, Trans. Iron Steel Ins. Jpn. 1986, 26, 1045) is proposed. In this model, multicomponent alloy effects and precipitations are considered, and the peritectic reaction can be indicated using the thermodynamic library ChemApp. The proposed model is validated by comparing the results to other models from the literature and to measured data. Local partition coefficients are calculated, and their significant influence on microsegregation prediction is shown. The characteristic temperatures determined using the proposed model are in good agreement with measured values.
A New Model for Prediction of One Electron Reduction Potential of Nitroaryl Compounds
Authors: Fareghi‐Alamdari Reza , Zandi Farzad , Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein
Published: October 2015

This paper introduces a simple model for prediction of one electron reduction potential [E(RNO2/R•NO2–)] of various nitroaryl compounds. The new method uses energy difference between highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) in gas phase at the B3LYP/6‐311++G** level (ΔEHOMO‐LUMO) and some structural parameters. It was used for 35 nitroaryl compounds including nitrobenzenes, nitrofurans, 2‐nitroimidazoles, 4‐nitroimidazoles, 5‐ninuintidazoles, nitroazaindoles, nitroacridines, and miscellaneous nitroaryl compounds. The root mean square (rms) percent deviation and the average absolute error of predictions of E(RNO2/R•NO2–) relative to experiment were decreased from 12.4 % and 0.42 V to 3.5 % and 0.11 V, respectively, upon consideration of several structural parameters. Increment of the value of ΔEHOMO‐LUMO and inclusion of specific polar groups can increase thermodynamic stability of these compounds.
Evaluating Mind Fitness Training and Its Potential Effects on Surgical Residents’ Well‐Being: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study
Authors: Lases S. S. , Lombarts M. J. M. H. , Slootweg Irene A. , Arah Onyebuchi A. , Pierik E. G. J. M. , Heineman Erik
Published: October 2015

Background

Residents’ well‐being is essential for both the individual physician and the quality of patient care they deliver. Therefore, it is important to maintain or possibly enhance residents’ well‐being. We investigated (i) the influence of mind fitness training (MFT) on quality of care‐related well‐being characteristics: work engagement, empathy, work satisfaction and stress perception and explored (ii) residents’ perceptions of MFT.

Methods

A multicenter study was conducted in eight Dutch teaching hospitals, from September 2012 to February 2014, using mixed methods—that is, quantitative and qualitative approaches to data collection and analysis. Eighty‐nine surgical residents were invited to participate in pre‐ and post‐intervention questionnaire surveys. Twenty‐two residents participated in MFT and were additionally invited to evaluate the training by post‐intervention interviews including open questions.

Results

At baseline 22 (100 %) residents in intervention group and 47 (70.2 %) residents in control group, and post‐intervention 20 (90.9 %) residents in intervention group and 41 (66.1 %) residents in control group completed the questionnaires. In intervention‐group, residents’ specialty satisfaction increased by 0.23 point on 5‐point Likert scale (95 % CI 0.23–0.24, P < 0.001) while stress scores decreased by −0.94 point on 10‐point scale (95 % CI −1.77 to −0.12, P = 0.026). No substantial changes were observed in control group. Participation in MFT was positively associated with residents’ empathy (b = 7.22; 95 % CI 4.33–10.11; P < 0.001) and specialty satisfaction scores (b = 0.42; 95 % CI 0.18–0.65; P = 0.001). Residents positively evaluated MFT with median scores of 6.80 for training design and 7.21 for outcome (10‐point scale). Residents perceived improvement in focusing skills and reported being more aware of their own state of mind and feeling calmer and more in control.

Conclusion

Mind fitness training could improve residents’ empathy, specialty satisfaction, stress perception, and focusing skills, and was positively received by surgical residents.
Out of Home Care in Australia: Looking Back and Looking Ahead
Authors: Bath Howard
Published: October 2015

Dr Howard Bath was most recently the Northern Territory Children's Commissioner, first appointed in 2008 and re-appointed in 2012. Trained as a Clinical Psychologist, Howard has studied and worked in both Australia and the USA. He has worked as a youth worker, manager, Agency Director and clinician and was the inaugural Chair of the Child and Family Welfare Association of Australia, the peak body for service providers representing all states and territories. Howard has presented widely at conferences and training seminars and has authored numerous research reports and articles on topics including family preservation services, out-of-home care, behaviour management and child protection. Howard joined the Anglicare NT Board in April 2015 and now provides consultancy services through Allambi Care in NSW. He has been a longstanding supporter of the Children Australia journal and his generosity over the years in helping with a range of journal-related tasks, including being a former Editorial Consultant is very much appreciated.
The effects of moderate energy restriction on apnoea severity and CVD risk factors in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Fernandes Julia Freitas Rodrigues , Araújo Luciene da Silva , Kaiser Sergio Emanuel , Sanjuliani Antonio Felipe , Klein Márcia Regina Simas Torres
Published: October 2015

Nutritional intervention for weight loss is one of the treatment options for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in patients with overweight or obesity. However, the effects of moderate energy restriction on OSA severity are not yet known. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of moderate energy restriction on OSA severity and CVD risk factors in obese patients with OSA. In this 16-week randomised clinical trial, twenty-one obese subjects aged 20–55 years and presenting an apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI)≥5 events/h were randomised into two groups: the energy restriction group (ERG) and the control group (CG). The ERG was instructed to follow an energy-restricted diet −3347·2 kJ/d (−800 kcal/d) and the CG was advised not to change their food intake. At the beginning and at the end of the study, participants underwent evaluation of the following: OSA (Watch-PAT200®), nutritional parameters, blood pressure, sympathetic activity, inflammatory biomarkers, metabolic profile and endothelial function. The ERG (n11), compared with the CG (n10), had a significantly greater reduction in body weight (Cohen’sd=−1·19;P<0·001), in AHI (Cohen’sd=−0·95;P=0·04) and in plasma concentrations of adrenaline (Cohen’sd=−1·02;P=0·04) as well as a significantly greater increase in minimum O2saturation (Cohen’sd=1·08;P=0·03). Although energy restriction was not associated with significant improvements in CVD risk factors, medium-to-large effect sizes were observed, suggesting that the statistically non-significant difference between groups may be due to the small sample size. This study suggests that in obese patients with OSA, moderate energy restriction is able to reduce the parameters of OSA severity and sympathetic activity.
A War Within a War: Mizo rebels and the Bangladesh liberation struggle
Authors: VAN SCHENDEL WILLEM
Published: October 2015

In 1971 a war led to the creation of Bangladesh. Instantly three narratives sprang up: the war as a national triumph, the war as betrayal and shame, and the war as a glorious campaign. Today more layered interpretations are superseding these ‘first-generation narratives’. Taking the case of insurgents from neighbouring India who, against their will, became embroiled in the war, this article seeks to contribute to ‘second-generation narratives’ that challenge the historiographical apportioning of blame and the national/ethnic framing of the conflict. The article uses hitherto-unpublished photographs from private collections to demonstrate how the war for the liberation of Mizoram (India) and that for the liberation of Bangladesh became entangled. Jointly they produced a ‘war within a war’ that unsettles common assumptions about both these struggles.