bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Issues with Underbalanced Drilling In H2S Reservoirs
Authors: Chitty Greg H.
Published: December 2007

There have been documented and undocumented corrosion problems in Canada concerning the drilling of oil and gas reservoirs that have H2S content. In the realm of underbalanced drilling, liquid nitrogen has typically been used as the gaseous medium to reduce hydrostatics for underbalanced drilling fluids. Liquid nitrogen does an excellent job of inserting the drill fluid and reducing corrosion potential. Membrane gas, which is generated using membrane fiber technology and air compression/boosting equipment, is an effective means to reducing hydrostatics. This paper will discuss typical corrosion mechanisms and H2S corrosion mechanisms that are a concern in underbalanced drilling based on laboratory experiments. The goal of the paper being to explain trends in corrosion and show the effectiveness of membrane gas for underbalanced drilling applications, with coil tubing.

P. 155
Down Hole CT Tools, A Key to the Future
Authors: Norris Robert M.
Published: December 2007

This paper traces the development of downhole coiled tubing tools over the past few years and examines how the developments in coiled tubing down hole tools has directly influenced the acceptance and capability of the coiled tubing industry with the end users.

We trace how the coiled tubing tooling has developed from slick wireline tools and slim hole drilling tools into the present day flow activated coiled tubing tools.

The paper also discusses established and new techniques for using flow activated tools and how these techniques are improving the performance of the coiled tubing industry on a daily basis.

By removing the need to drop balls or darts to activate tools, and also the removal of shear pins in tools, the coiled tubing industry now has tooling specifically designed and available for the day-to-day well intervention work which historically was carried out with wireline.

The paper also presents how these developments in coiled tubing downhole tooling allows for access into highly deviated and horizontal wells and how equipment specially designed for these wells is being used to improve the overall performance that coiled tubing offers.

Included in the discussion are specific problems encountered in horizontal wells and how they can be resolved, for example the issue of well debris and manipulation of tools at extended reach.

The paper concludes by extrapolating the development timeline so we can glance into a future with multi function tooling systems where coil is only a carrier of equipment and manipulation is carried out with devices of the future.
Planning For Underbalanced Drilling With Coiled Tubing? The feasibility study and compter modeling.
Authors: Graham Robert A.
Published: December 2007

Coiled tubing drilling technology has advanced significantly over the last 2 - 3 years and while there are still questions, the technical feasibility of this technology is no longer questioned. Coiled tubing drilling technology may not be the technology of choice for drilling surface hole or for large diameter wellbores, except in exceptional cases, but may be the best technology for managing the drilling environment within the reservoir, especially in horizontal wells. The growing proliferation of "hybrid" drilling/coiled tubing rigs would tend to support this belief.

Since coiled tubing has typically been implemented as a live well intervention tool, this technology has always been linked with underbalanced drilling. However, crossroads have been reached and the process of implementing this technology in a commercially viable manner has begun. Of course, there is still a need for projects which push the envelope and help define the outer limits of the technology, but there is a growing need for the establishment of criteria to aid in the selection of the best technology to complete a given task.

One of the first steps to be completed is the technical feasibility study. This is the science of determining whether the underbalanced drilling objectives can be met within the framework of existing equipment.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the cause and effect relationships of the independent and dependent variables which must be considered when performing a technical feasibility study, particularly when multi-phase flow is involved. Topics such as hole cleaning, weight on bit profiles and wellbore geometry are studied for their effects on drilling performance. The use of computer modeling is highlighted as a powerful tool to complete this initial study phase.

P. 181
Coiled Tubing Drilling on the North Cormorant Platform
Authors: Lord D.J. , Brinkhorst J.G. , Robertson T.J. , Martin R.H.
Published: December 2007

In May 1997, a second well was drilled and completed on the North Cormorant platform using Coiled Tubing (CT). The project has marked a significant step towards introducing a comprehensive and independent Coiled Tubing Drilling (CTD) system for offshore platforms. All the operations carried out on the well CN3O were conducted concurrently with a CTD system, whilst the platform rig was drilling a conventional sidetrack on CN 18. Operations with CT included window milling, drilling a 3-7/8" hole, open hole logging and completion of the well with a 2-7/8" liner. The well has just been perforated with CT and is currently producing 13,000 barrels of dry oil per day.

P. 191
Applications Update - Advanced Composite Coiled Tubing
Authors: Fowler S.H. , Feechan M. , Berning S.A.
Published: December 2007

Composite Spoolable Pipe for use in the Oil and Gas Industry is a new emerging technology. Enabling benefits include increased corrosion resistance, major weight reduction over steel as well as increased fatigue resistance. One company is close to commercial introduction of composite spoolable pipe for both well servicing and well completion operations. This paper will detail the latest application developments achieved at the time of the conference. It will cover the advancements made since the last update, SPE paper No. 38414 "Update on Composite Spoolable Pipe Developments" presented at the 2nd North America Coiled Tubing roundtable in April 1997. The focus will be on the application of this technology in its first commercial operations.

P. 215
A Case History: Completion and Stimulation of Horizontal Wells with Multiple Transverse Hydraulic Fractures in the Lost Hills Diatomite
Authors: Emanuele M.A. , Minner W.A. , Weijers L. , Broussard E.J. , Blevens D.M. , Taylor B.T.
Published: December 2007

The Lost Hills Field Diatomite has traditionally been developed using vertical wells completed with multiple propped hydraulic fracture treatment stages. As the main portion of the field is nearing fall development at 2 1/2 acres per producer, the search for additional reserves has moved out to the flanks of the field's anticlinal structure. Due to limited pay thickness, these flank portions of the field will not support economic vertical well development. The use of horizontal wells was determined to have the best chance to economically develop these areas of the field. To evaluate this development concept, three horizontal wells were drilled and completed over the time period from November 1996 to December 1997.

To assist with the horizontal well design and evaluation, several vertical data wells were drilled offset and parallel to the intended well path of each horizontal well. Additionally, two vertical core wells were drilled in line with the toe and heel of the horizontal well paths. These data wells were utilized to estimate properties such as in-situ stress profiles, pore pressure gradients, rock properties and fluid saturations, and to determine horizontal well vertical depth placement. The horizontal wells were then drilled in the direction of minimum horizontal stress (transverse to the preferred hydraulic fracture orientation) and completed with multiple- staged propped hydraulic fracture treatments.

During the completion of the three horizontal wells, hydraulic fracture growth behavior was characterized using surface tiltmeter fracture mapping and real-time fracture pressure analysis. In the third horizontal well, downhole tiltmeter fracture mapping was also used. This combination of fracture diagnostics provided significant insights into hydraulic fracture behavior, allowing diagnosis of anomalous fracture growth behavior and evaluation of remediation measures. Fracture diagnostics during the first horizontal well revealed an unexpectedly complex near-wellbore fracture geometry, a result of fracture initiation problems. These problems slowed the completion process and severely harmed the effectiveness of the fracture-to-wellbore connection. In the subsequent horizontal wells, a number of design and execution changes were made which resulted in simpler near-wellbore fracture geometry and a greatly improved production response.

The paper provides an overview of the completion and stimulation of all three horizontal wells, describes the lessons learned along the way, and discusses the implications for future Lost Hills horizontal well development.
Injection Profile Control Using Dual String with a Downhole Flow Splitter
Authors: Juprasert Max S. , Muscha Craig D.
Published: December 2007

Steam injection is the most common thermal oil recovery process. It has been used extensively in California heavy oil fields. Uniform steam distribution in multiple-zone, long completion interval, injection wells is extremely difficult to achieve. Consequently, many sands are not effectively heated and produced. Mechanical means for controlling injected fluid are often needed when using a single wellbore. Several techniques have been developed to deal with the steam distribution problem, e.g., concentric injection, limited-entry perforations, dual string injection, and slim-hole injection wells. These techniques have had varying degrees of success.

Dual string injection normally separates injected steam into individual zones by using tandem isolation packers. A modification of this design, utilizing a downhole flow splitter, eliminates the need for packers and maintains effective vertical coverage. This paper emphasizes the present design which can provide an economically attractive alternative to the traditional dual string injection and open-ended tubing in cyclic steam stimulation. In addition, the role of foamy oil expansion drive, an important recovery mechanism in the steam injection process, on profile controlling optimization will be discussed.
An Experimental Study of Single-Phase and Two-Phase Fluid Flow in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Ouyang Liang-Biao , Petalas Nicholas , Arbabi Sepehr , Schroeder Donald E. , Aziz Khalid
Published: December 2007

A brief overview of the 5-year Stanford horizontal wellbore experimental program is presented. Different existing mechanistic flow models, simplified flow models as well as empirical correlations are applied to analyze the 1995, 1996 and 1997 Stanford horizontal wellbore experiments. Comparisons between measurement and prediction are performed, which lead to the conclusion that none of the existing models can predict, with sufficient accuracy, pressure drops for gas-liquid wellbore flow with radial influx.
Improved Production Log Interpretation in Horizontal Wells Using a Combination of Pulsed Neutron Logs, Quantitative Temperature Log Analysis, Time Lapse LWD Resistivity Logs and Borehole Gravity
Authors: Brady J.L. , Watson B.A. , Warner D.W. , North R.J. , Sommer D.M. , Colson J.L. , Kleinberg R.L. , Sezginer A.
Published: December 2007

A novel combination of logs and their unique interpretations are used to improve the understanding of production in horizontal wells on the North Slope of Alaska. Two techniques using Pulse Neutron Capture (PNC) logs to identify and quantify liquid productive intervals were previously presented in a paper by Brady et. al. These techniques are compared and combined with two additional techniques:the use of time lapse LWD resistivity to determine productive intervals and liquid flow profiles while drilling, anda non trial-and-error method to determine quantitative gas production using temperature logs in a two-phase flow.

Finally, modeling shows borehole gravity logs can be used to track the vertical movement of gas or water tens of feet above or below horizontal wells.

Integrating the time lapse differences between the shallow LWD resistivity logs run while drilling and logs run several hours after drilling shows a strong correlation with PNC liquid flow profiles for wells producing at solution GOR. Additionally, combining a quantitative gas flow rate analysis from the temperature log with the liquid profiles provides a complete analysis of the production profile for two-phase flow in horizontal wells. Finally by combining the production profile analysis from a horizontal well with the modeled time- lapse borehole gravity data, a complete understanding of the fluid movements in the well borehole as well as tens to two hundred feet into the formation can be obtained.

These techniques can be applied to both horizontal and vertical wells with both slotted liner and cemented perforated completions to obtain a quantitative production profile. The LWD resistivity data is collected while drilling to better understand the productive reservoir rock before the well is completed. Time lapse borehole gravity provides an understanding of the reservoir fluid movements affecting the wellbore flow profiles after the well has been put on production.
Hydraulic Release J-tool Developed for Horizontal Well Remediation
Authors: Koehler K. D. , Bowyer R. K. , Dover C. M.
Published: December 2007

A new J-tool has been built that enhances an operator's ability to deliver an inner liner into the lateral of a horizontal well. A hydraulic release built into the J-tool allows the work string to be pulled straight out of the inner liner should un-jaying become difficult or uncertain. The J-tool can be re-used with minimal redress.
An Integrated Team Approach Improves Productivity: Case History of the Antelope Shale, Cymric East Welport Field
Authors: Mueller Fred , Richter Pete , Livingston Neal , Craley Greg , Pickens Dave
Published: December 2007

This paper summarizes an integrated team approach used to develop the Antelope Shale in the Cymric - East Welport field. The Cymric - East Welport field was obtained by Nuevo Energy in their acquisition of Unocal's California properties. Production from this field has increased from 300 BOPD in January 1997 to 2150 BOPD in December 1997. A team of engineers and geo-scientist representing the operator and service company worked together to maximize the productivity of this field. An improved stimulation process was realized through a synergistic approach between the different disciplines of each company.

The importance of each individual discipline such as geologic interpretation, electrical log interpretation, and the fracturing process cannot be dismissed. By looking beyond the standard boundaries of each discipline, the contribution of the whole can be greater than the sum of the individual parts.
Diagnostic Application of Reservoir Simulation to 31S Structure Stevens Reservoirs-Elk Hills Oil Field, California.
Authors: Ezekwe Nnaemeka , Echols Don , Hudgens Paul
Published: December 2007

A full field reservoir simulation model was constructed for the 31S Structure Stevens reservoirs. The size of the model is 29,070 grid cells with 26,889 active cells. Results from history matching the model show that all the Stevens reservoirs on the 31S Structure are in communication. This paper illustrates the use of reservoir simulation technology as a tool to diagnose the performance of a system of complex, multiple and conjugate reservoirs and quantify the extent of fluid migration that may have occurred among them.
Application of Geostatistical Methods Improves Results of Reservoir Engineering Study for Northwest Feature, Hemlock Reservoir, McArthur River Field, Alaska
Authors: Wang Shie-Way , Bailey L.E. , Smetanka J.W.
Published: December 2007

Previously published engineering studies especially have not been successful in predicting water production at the individual well level, due to geological complexity in the Hemlock Conglomerate at McArthur River Field, Cook Inlet, Alaska. Newly developed geostatistical methods were used to determine the 3D structure of the reservoir, distributions of lithofacies, porosity, and permeability in the Northwest Feature of the Hemlock reservoir. Only one set of relative permeability curves of each lithofacies was used in simulation. The results of this study show improvement in matching oil and water production of individual wells over a history match of 28 years. Presence of a flow barrier can also be inferred from this study. This study also includes a comparison of this geostatistical model to a previous full field model, and details factors contributing to the success of the current model.
Accurate Oil Saturation Determination and Monitoring in a Heavy Oil Reservoir
Authors: Harness Paul , Shotts Noel , Hemingway Jim , Rose David , van der Sluis Roy
Published: December 2007

The ability to determine oil saturation changes through time in the Kern River field is critical to heat management and optimization of reserves depletion. The Kern River reservoir is a complex multi-layered fresh water braided river deposit undergoing varying stages of thermal recovery. In the past, the practice had been to selectively core when new well locations were identified. An alternative to open hole core saturation measurements is the Carbon Oxygen Ratio (COR) log, which yields accurate and repeatable data that can be used to identify and monitor reserves depletion.

In this field, time-lapse 4D oil saturation images are being generated from a grid of several hundred observation wells. Over 360,000 feet of COR data have been acquired. The project is realizing accuracies comparable to core data — bore out from a database containing 36,000 feet of core. In 1993, nine observation wells were drilled and cored. After casing was cemented in place, the wells were logged immediately to reduce uncertainties associated with subsequent production. Full field monitor logging was implemented in 1996 and again in 1997. Small changes in the COR oil saturation measurement over time are being monitored with a measurement precision of +/- 3.2 saturation units (su) with a confidence level of 95%. The highly accurate and precise data were made possible in part by reservoir conditions, well bore conditions, and a process improvement program incorporating all major steps from acquisition to data processing. A shared database tracked progress and monitored quality throughout the project. The project deliverables were in digital form only.

Log-to-core data comparisons, steps to determine precision and accuracy, as well as time-lapse 4D images showing reservoir dynamics, will be discussed.
Coiled Tubing Fatigue Damage on Floating Vessels
Authors: Yang Y.S. , Avakov V.A. , Smith D.E. , Martin J.R. , Wu J.
Published: December 2007

A PC computer model has been developed that accurately predicts the effect of floating vessel heave on coiled tubing fatigue life. This model shows that CT fatigue failures can occur in innutes or hours due to vessel heave if not correctly planned for and considered during operations.

P. 223
Cost Effective Measures to Reduce VOC on an Industry Level
Authors: Tvedt Arne Moe , Furuholt Edgar , Pettersen Geir
Published: December 2007

VOC, the volatile hydrocarbons, tend to evaporate in the whole product chain from the oil production facility to the end user of the products. Loading operations, from offshore loading to gasoline filling on the car, are often the largest contributors. In Norway, the offshore loading of crude oil causes more than 50 % of the total VOC emissions. Norway's goal is to reduce VOC emissions with 30 % in 1999 compared to 1989. According to present prognoses, the emissions will instead increase 10–20 %. The offshore industry is therefore under strong pressure to reduce its VOC emissions.

Statoil, as the world's leading operator of offshore loading tankers, has therefore pioneered development of two technologies/concepts for reducing the VOC emissions from offshore loading. Equipment manufacturers and 16 other oil companies cooperate in the effort. One technology/concept is based on recovery of the VOC in an absorption tower with subsequent routing back to the oil cargo. A cargo loss of 0.2–0.6 % is therefore eliminated with a potential to lift the market value of the cargo accordingly. For this technology to really result in reduced total VOC emissions, the onshore oil terminals must be able to utilize the actual content of light fractions in the crude oil. The other concept is based on condensation and storage of the VOC onboard the tanker for use as fuel in the ship main machinery instead of heavy fuel oil and/or diesel, reducing emissions and fuel costs. The reduction potential for the two concepts is estimated to 70–80 %.

Full-scale pilot equipment will be tested onboard two tankers in the next 2–3 years. If these pilots are successful, equipment will be installed on the offshore loading ships in the first few years of the next century. The offshore industry will thereby make its contribution in Norway's effort in reaching its goals for reduction in VOC emissions.
Introduction of New Environmental Technologies as a Result of MILJØSOK
Authors: Furuholt Edgar
Published: December 2007

Norwegian oil production will increase from the current 3.2 Mbbl/day to some 4 Mbbl/day within the next five years and the gas production will more than double to about 80 billion Sm3 per year. Due to this increased production level, the emissions to air and discharges to sea will increase if the relative emissions, i.e. emissions pr ton oil equivalent (toe), are unaltered.

MILJØSOK was established in early 1995 as a cooperative forum on environmental issues between the authorities and the industry. The aim was that Norway should continue to be a leading nation regarding environmentally benign production, transport and distribution of oil and gas. MILJØSOK proposed ambitious goals for reduction of emissions and discharges.

Statoil is currently evaluating how the MILJØSOK ambitions can be met on Statoil operated fields and has identified a number of emission reducing projects. Several projects have already been implemented both on existing platforms and on new field developments.

From our experience, we feel that technology will be available to reach the ambitious goals. The challenge will be to reach them at an acceptable cost.
Low Temperature Distillation Technology
Authors: Delgado Antonio J. , Sørensen Per
Published: December 2007

The uncontrolled discharge of Oil Based Muds (OBMs) and oily drilled cuttings has become an unacceptable practice in most drilling operations due to growing environmental concerns and the release of new environmental legislation.

Thermal treatment (Low Temperature Distillation) techniques, especially developed for the treatment of E&P drilling muds, have proven to be unique in the efficient recovery of mineral oil from the drilling muds, and in the area of compliance with local, national, and international environmental law.
Contract Plan - Adapting the Safety Case to Land Based Geophysical Operations
Authors: Châtenay Allan R.
Published: December 2007

On July 6, 1988, the Piper Alpha disaster in the North Sea resulted in the deaths of 165 workers. The Public Inquiry into the Piper Alpha Disaster1 lead by the Hon Lord Cullen recommended that offshore operators in controlled waters be required by regulation to submit a Safety Case outlining the application of the company's Safety Management System (SMS) in respect of each of their installations.

Lord Cullen also recommended that "the principal regulations in regard to offshore safety should take the form of requiring that the stated objectives are met rather than prescribing that detailed measures are to be taken."

Initial attempts at implementing Safety Cases on land based geophysical operations resulted in bulky, complex documents that were difficult for field based managers to use. Simplifying and shrinking the size of the early Safety Cases and expanding their scope to include all aspects of the business has resulted in a greater level of acceptance and success at implementation of the Safety Case for land based geophysical operations.
A New Method for Well Specific Risk Analysis in Drilling Operations
Authors: Andersen Lasse Berg , Veire Gunnar , Røkke Borgar
Published: December 2007

This paper presents the development and the application of a new method for well specific risk analysis. The methodology development is a part of an overall company strategy that aims to optimise the risk management process in order to strengthen the basis for decision making and promote the application of the ALARP principle in the planning phase of drilling projects.

The first step in the methodology development process consisted of decomposing a set of predefined hazards on the basis of a thorough understanding of the phenomenon physics. The second step was to systematise all influencing parameters and establish a quantitative system that provides an overall numerical risk factor related to the hazards. Finally, a user friendly computer program was developed and the new methodology tested and calibrated.

The critical factors of the drilling operation are systematically reviewed and evaluated quantitatively by an expert panel consisting of drilling engineers, contractor representatives, and risk analysts. Instant visualisation of critical factors in response to the expert panel's risk evaluations contributes to promote discussions on risk reducing measures and alternative solutions. Over a period of time the operating companies that apply this tool will build up a database of risk evaluated drilling operations that will form the basis for in situ comparison of the risk level associated with new drilling projects. Moreover, the database records will strengthen the basis for formal development and re-evaluation of the risk acceptance criteria in order to help reaching the overall company safety goals. Experiences with this new method shows that it is easy to understand and apply, pinpoints critical factors and parameters, secures the transfer of experience, creates a well structured analysis process that is suitable for direct decision making, and it promotes efficient communication between drilling engineers and risk analysts.
Deep Sea Subsea Wells: DHSCSSV or Not
Authors: Chamoux Patrick
Published: December 2007

This paper presents a review of the various hazards threatening production subsea wellheads in deep seas (typically 1000m or more) as well as an attempt at assessing the resulting risks (consequences and expected frequency of hazardous events occurring). Relevant hazards may be external (dragging anchors or dropped objects, etc.) or directly linked to well reentry activities. A method aiming at evaluating the benefit possibly offered by the installation of a Down Hole Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve (DHSCSSV or SCSSV) was devised. This risk assessment method allows for the sub-sea configuration of the development and intervention philosophy, and offers guidance for the decision whether or not to install SCSSV in the wells. As there is no one single answer to this question, typical applications will be presented.
Evolutionary Environmental Management of Drilling Discharges: Results Without Cost Penalty
Authors: Hanni G. , Hartley J. , Munro R. , Skullerud A.
Published: December 2007

Drilling with invert emulsion drilling fluids in most areas of the North Sea has dramatically improved drilling efficiency. Unfortunately, the discharge of drilled cuttings coated with invert fluids has also resulted in detrimental environmental effects at the seabed. Over the last 20 years in the North Sea the use of invert drilling fluids has evolved from diesel based through low toxicity mineral oils to synthetic fluids. The evolution of these fluids has been driven by technical, environmental and occupational health considerations, and by governing regulations.

This paper describes how, through environmental management, a North Sea operator has dramatically reduced the discharge of cuttings associated fluids and the relative environmental effects, while still retaining the drilling and cost efficiencies of invert drilling fluids.

The various techniques & technologies used to achieve sustained, progressive reductions in discharges are described and field evidence is presented to document the improvement in relative environmental effects from these changes.

The case is made for a proactive approach to drilling environmental issues, and for an evolutionary environmental management system which produces the desired environmental results in a cost effective manner.
Guidance for Air Operations Supervisors
Authors: Richard D. M. , Celin R.
Published: December 2007

The E&P Forum has issued an Aircraft Management Guide to provide guidance on the management of aviation support to Petroleum Industry operations. A Questionnaire/Checklist has also been issued to aid the audit of aircraft contractors.

To supplement these publications, a Guidance for Air Operations Supervisors has also been produced. Its purpose is to provide additional guidance to local management staff who may be called upon to supervise aircraft operations but who, themselves, are unlikely to be technically qualified in the Air Transport Field.

This Guide provides information on the scope of the task, duties and responsibilities, together with the training and competencies required. It also provides advice on the monitoring of aviation contracts including the use of Performance Indicators. It emphasises the link with the nominated Aviation Adviser, to maximise the value of his visit and to facilitate continuous liaison. Equally importantly, it provides advice and checklists to enable local oversight, including the audit of contractors and facilities, to cover the sometimes lengthy periods between visits by the Aviation Adviser.

Although there is no substitute for professional advice and audit by a qualified Aviation Adviser, the Aircraft Management Guide together with the Guidance for Air Operations Supervisors provides an excellent basis for the Management of Aircraft Operations in the Oil Industry. This paper underlines the Role of the Air Operations Supervisor.
Operational Safety Case for an FPSO Based Production Facility in Egypt
Authors: Ibrahim M. , Thompson I.
Published: December 2007

Zaafarana Oil Company (Zafco) operate the Zaafarana Oil Field, located in the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. It consists of a not normally manned wellhead platform tied into a floating production, storage and offloading facility (FPSO), which is permanently located in the field. Cargo offloading to an export tanker takes place about every 4 weeks.

In addition to the normal risk of fire and explosion there were perceived high risks with respect to the close proximity of the busy shipping lane, regular cargo offloadings and marine/production interfaces.

The company therefore completed a ‘Safety Case’ for the operation, similar in principle to that of a Safety Case for a North Sea operation. This included covering hardware and management systems, the principles of a temporary refuge (TR) and risks being ALARP (as low as reasonably practical) - this was the first of its type undertaken in Egypt.

The paper outlines the methodology and results of the Safety Case. The significant major hazards of the FPSO operation are listed and examples of their estimated likelihood and potential effects are shown. The criteria applied in assessing the risks are same as would be applied in the U.K.

Some very effective hardware and management risk reduction measures were implemented that enabled risks to be reduced to ALARP levels, these are be explained.

The paper summarizes how the ‘Safety Case’ demonstrated that the risks to various groups working on the facilities were at a level which are acceptable and comparable to international standards. Thus providing a final justification for continual safe operations.

Finally, introducing the concept and result of the Safety Case to the multi cultured workforce, comprising marine background and production personnel, was a crucial requirement for Zafco. This was necessary to ensure that the assumption made in HSE management were a reality. Examples of how this was achieved are given.
An Engineering Project's Guide to Risk Based Design
Authors: Moorfield Derek
Published: December 2007

This paper presents an approach to facility design for "offshore fast track" development projects and demonstrates how risk and safety issues are dealt with at the onset of the development where little time and detail are available. The objective of this risk based approach is to be pro-active in providing input to the design team such that the design naturally develops to prevent, mitigate and control major hazards. Reactive risk assessments tend to provide "surprises" which lead to costly redesign modifications which impact project budgets and schedules.
Experience with Tripod BETA Incident Analysis
Authors: Gower-Jones A. D. , van der Graaf G. C.
Published: December 2007

Tripod-BETA is an approach to the analysis of incidents using the Tripod Theory of Accident Causation and the Hazard and Effect Management Process. It has been in operational use for two years and the advantages of the structured approach can be seen.

The practical use of the application has demonstrated that by conducting the investigation in three phases, analytical techniques can be applied at an early stage. Feedback from analysis provides the investigators with the means to validate findings, confirm the relevance of hazard management measures and identify new investigation possibilities.

The Tripod-BETA method promotes thorough incident investigation with clear, concise and consistent reporting.
Wellness Programmes in Petrotrin: The EAP Perspective
Authors: Remy Lionel
Published: December 2007

This paper presents the findings of a wellness programme implemented by Petrotrin's Employee Assistance Programme department as part of the corporate Health, Safety and Enviroment (HSE) strategy. The author defines wellness as "any programme which stimulates and encourages employees to take personal responsibility for improving their psycho-bio-socio-cultural functioning thus improving their general competence in work and non-work areas."

The paper also reviews the relationship between Petrotrin's Employee Assistance Programme and organizational goals. Based on quantitative and qualitative methodologies, research data is presented on the factors which militate against wellness in Petrotrin. The findings from six major interventions are also presented and analyzed.

The author concludes that there is economic value to be derived as a result of implementing wellness programmes. Specifically, wellness programmes are proposed as an effective strategy to contain health care and failure costs which are related to the frequency and severity of illnesses both on and off the job. The project described in this paper has made a significant contribution to the integrated HSE programme which began in 1995.
Maintenance of Quality Assurance and Management in an Expanding Healthcare Unit of a West African Oil Company
Authors: Kpiasi O. , Bode-Law F. , Faweya T.
Published: December 2007

Good-quality healthcare may take place in a variety of settings, be provided by a variety of agents and its management usually requires a complex pattern of coordination, training, evaluation, and sustenance. Expansion of healthcare services could task providers causing "quality spillage" if the processes of change are not critically managed. The effects of this spillage become more detrimental when the healthcare system is in the more highly competitive and quality-sensitive Oil and Gas sector of a developing country.

The Medical Department of Chevron Nigeria Limited is one of the essential supporting units of Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL), a part of Chevron Corporation -an International Oil Company based in San Francisco. In order to maintain a healthy, stable and committed workforce, the company provides a qualitative comprehensive healthcare for her employees and dependants (totalling 15,000) at various locations. In the recent past, due to unavailability, poor access, questionable quality of medical care and uncontrollable medical bills, the company resorted largely to an in-house healthcare service. The recruitment of highly trained specialists that primarily function as General Practitioners and also double as Consultants in their various specialties provides both preventive and curative healthcare services. This is complemented by highflyers in Nursing, Laboratory Science, Imaging and Medical records. The resultant advantages and measurable processes were found to be beneficial to both the customer (employee), and the purchaser (employer) of these services. A tremendous increase in patient load and high demand for this qualitative service led to initiation of SINGLE CLINIC VISIT for patients from long distance, SUPERVISED DRUG REFILL for some controlled medical conditions, HEALTH PROMOTION AND AWARENESS PROGRAM to reduce disease incidence. More unique modifications in the provision of quality services such as medical records computerization are in the pipeline as the two new hospitals come on board in the new year.

The focus of this paper is on the initiation of quality healthcare services in CNL Medical; how we hope and plan to sustain this in the face of expansion, transition and change; to explore and assess the existing unique quality initiatives in our medical unit, using this to determine the way forward.
AIDS Amplification and World Bank Projects in Developing Countries
Authors: Krieger Gary R. , Balge Marci Z.
Published: December 2007

The potential impacts of a major infrastructure project to public health in a developing country can be substantial due to the rapid infusion of men, money and material. This problem can be particularly severe for HIV / AIDS transmission and amplification. Historically, there has not been a set of generally accepted standard guidelines or checklists to direct the public health impacts evaluation of large infrastructure projects, in developing countries. Both the impacts and potential remediation measures have generally been viewed through a health sector or disease specific perspective and have not necessarily considered the overall potential available to the infrastructure sector to positively impact and improve the quality of life and affect disease rates.

In The World Bank s recent guidelines for large-scale infrastructure projects, "Bridging Environmental Health Gaps" (BEHG), there is an attempt to develop a new approach between the traditional definition of "public health," with its disease specific focus, and "environmental health", which implies a broader context that encompasses non-disease issues. This approach emphasizes the potential linkages between infrastructure-related activities and overall environmental health in specific sectors, e.g., housing, sanitation, urban development, water and transportation. Transportation issues are an area of specific concern and scrutiny, since long-haul truckers in Sub-Saharan Africa are a known vector for HIV/AIDS transmission and amplification. Based upon the new World Bank guidelines, this paper describes the evaluation, analysis and proposed interventions for this problem within the context of a proposed, multilaterally funded, transnational pipeline project in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Challenges of Managing in a Multicultural Environment: Impact on Health and Productivity
Authors: Wilson Dixie B. , Ibarra Victor
Published: December 2007

One of the greatest challenges for global managers in the 21st century will be how to develop multinational workforces with employees from cultures with different values, business practices, negotiating styles, concepts of time and methods of communication. Good multinational workforces don't just happen, they have to be developed. When teams do not have a system for working out their cultural differences, tensions will escalate in the workplace and members can be expected to be more stressed, less productive and more vulnerable to health and family problems.

In this paper, we are recommending a comprehensive model for building multinational teams. Through this model, team members gain an understanding and respect for each others values, intentions and percep-tions. They create ways of working together which value those differences and incorporate the best of each culture. Cultural conflicts are usually seen as "the problem" and the obstacle to effective teams. This model makes cultural differences the foundation for a solution.

There are 3 phases in this model: 1) Education: Before two or more cultures begin working with each other, they start learning about one another. Expatriates and the local employees have opportunities for cross-cultural information and education prior to the assignment or start up of the operation. 2) Team Building: Teams have a process for resolving cultural issues and conflicts as they arise. In developing an acceptable work plan, they create a "third culture" which is a blend of their cultures. 3) Family Support: There are support systems for expatriate families to help them integrate into the local community. Counselors provide cross-cultural educational groups and mentor the families with skills to successfully adapt to their new environment.

To be successful in the global market, technical expertise is no longer enough. Those companies which are successful in developing trust and strong working relationships with their partners will have the competitive edge. A relatively small investment in education, team building and family support has the potential for a high return on investment.
Health Risks on the Horizon: Food for Thought
Authors: Shaw Robert
Published: December 2007

Overview

Foodborne illness resulting from improper or unsafe food handling practices can pose substantial health risks to oil and gas exploration and production operations around the world. While such health risks may be inherent in many food service activities, the risks are greater in catering programs supporting oil and gas activities at remote sites of developing nations. Assuring a safe and healthful food service operation becomes an essential responsibility of health and safety personnel.

Although the term "food poisoning" has been used for many years to refer to any illness caused by food, the problem is better described as "foodborne illness", which may be caused by many agents.1 These include poisonous substances which may develop from bacteria in food (Staphylococcal Aureus toxin or Botulinum toxin), foodborne infections resulting from bacteria (Salmonella or Shigella organisms), viruses (Hepatitis A), and parasites, (Trichinosis) as well as several other toxic substances within foods which may derive from animal, plant, or chemical origin. (Table 1).

TABLE 1 TYPES OF FOODBORNE ILLNESSES Bacterial Poisons-- Staphylococcal-- Botulinus Bacterial Infections-- E. Coli-- Salmonella Viral Infections-- Hepatitis-- Rotavirus Parasitic Infections-- TrichinosisPlant Poisons-- Mushroom-- Jimson WeedAnimal and Seafood Poisons-- Scombroid-- Ciguatera Chemical Poisons--Lead-- Arsenic

Foodborne illnesses, once viewed as being largely discomforting and transient, have not only developed the ability to cause incapacitating illnesses and even death but now also have the potential to cause outbreaks on a massive as well as international scope. One reason for this is the increasing use of large-scale food production and processing facilities that are integrated with highly efficient distribution systems. Thus, any contamination entering this food production process has the potential to be rapidly spread throughout the distribution system. In addition, recent episodes of foodborne illness have readily crossed international boundaries, highlighting the vulnerability of current food growing, manufacturing, and distribution processes. These outbreaks have involved contamination of ground beef (and even fresh apple juice) with E. Coli type 0157:H7 in the United States, raspberries containing Cyclospora from Central America, alfalfa sprouts with Salmonella from Pakistan, and seafood contaminated with cholera from South America. The increasingly global aspects of world food sources present a significant risk to health and emphasize the need for effective food service management practices.2
HSE Management - Health Risk Assessment and Health Performance Monitoring
Authors: de Jong Geert
Published: December 2007

The Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies issued a revised HSE Commitment and Policy Statement in March 1997 requiring every Shell Company to have ‘a systematic approach to HSE management designed to ensure compliance with the law and to achieve continuous performance improvement’. Occupational Health is an integral part of this new policy. A key requirement is Health Risk Assessment that should address physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychological health hazards associated with the work. Health Risk Assessment is the ‘Health’ component of the Hazards and Effects Management Process as part of the companies’ HSE Management System (HSE-MS). Companies are encouraged to extend the health risk assessment process, where appropriate, to evaluate the possible health impact of company operations on local communities. Other requirements of the new policy are that Health performance targets need to be set and that all incidents, including ‘health’ incidents, with significant actual or potential consequences, need to be investigated and reported.

The paper provides a description of the key components of the H(SE) Management System with emphasis on Health Risk Assessment and Health Performance Monitoring. The new policy requirements and implementation strategy is illustrated by providing some results of the implementation of Health Risk Assessment and Health Performance Monitoring in Shell Companies worldwide.
Social Responsibility and Community Programmes
Authors: Santa Ramiro
Published: December 2007

A view of the world's energy map allows to see with greater clarity how the concentration of oil resources mainly lies in remote areas of developing countries often depopulated and under conditions of poverty. In these countries, social conditions are commonly marked by inequalities and vicissitudes arising from the consolidation of their political processes, and where hydrocarbon exploration/production activities also create an infrastructure that opens the zone to an unplanned development often associated with large human migrations.

It is in such scenarios where foreign investment for the hydrocarbon sector mainly carries out its operations often being the greatest generator of employment and income in the area and changing the pre-existing socioeconomic patterns. Therefore, it is vital to understand the participation of exploration and production companies in these consolidation processes of development.

Business sectors had usually focused their actions on matters referring to their industrial roles, in factors such as economic growth, the promotion of markets and technological advances. Not too long ago, the concern for the responsibility of companies in the preservation of the environment, care for natural resources and sustained development was an item of lesser importance within their agenda of work.

Although some companies would pay heed to these matters, they were not part of the demands for a competitive operation.