bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Theorie der Reflektivitätsänderungen von Elektroden durch Adsorptionsprozesse
Authors: Plieth W. J.
Published: August 2023

Die Abhängigkeit der Reflektivität R und der Reflektivitätsänderungen Δ R einer Elektrode von den optischen Parametern einer Adsorptionsschicht, der Schichtdicke δ2. dem Brechungsindex n2 und dem Absorptionskoeffizienten k2 and von den Änderungen dieser Parameter mit dem Potential dem Bedeckungsgrad θ und dem Oxydationsgrad k = θox/θ wird diskutiert. Für die Abhängigkeit der optischen Parameter von den elektrochemischen Variablen wird der folgende Ansatz gemacht: δ2 = const; n2(ε,θ,K) = k2,ε und k2,0 sind näherungsweise von ε, θ und k unabhängige Referenzwerte.

Die Beziehungen zwischen Δ R und Δ n2, Δ k2 sind im allgemeinen nicht linear. Für Δn2,Δk2 εn2,0 lassen sich die Gleichungen linearisieren. Die Gleichungen zwischen ΔR und θ sind ebenfalls im allgemeinen nicht linear und lassen sich wieder nur näherungsweise linearisieren, wenn Δn2 Δn2,Δk2 εn2,0. Außer dem Bedeckungsgrad kann sich der Oxydationsgrad k einer Adsorptionsschicht ändern. Solange der Oxydationsgrad unabhängig von θ ist, bleiben die Gleichungen zwischen Δ R und θ unverändert. Mit geeigneten Adsorptionsisothermen θ =f(c) können aus den Beziehungen zwischen ΔR und θ auch Gleichungen zwischen ΔR und den Elektrolytkonzentrationen c abgeleitet werden. Neben den Funktionen zwischen R bzw. ΔR und ε, θ, k und c werden die entsprechenden Gleichungen für den Differentialquotienten dR/d diskutiert. Diese Beziehungen sind für die Modulations‐Reflexions‐Spektroskopie von Bedeutung.
Spectroelectrochemical Studies of the Oxidation of Dimethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine by Reflection‐Spectroscopy at SnO2‐Electrodes
Authors: Möllers F. , Memming R.
Published: August 2023

The two step oxidation of dimethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine was studied by attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (ATR) at transparent SnO2‐electrodes. The equilibrium constant for the formation of the semiquinone diimine (Wurster's Red) could be determined from the potential dependence of the ATR‐absorption as well as from differential absorption measurements (K = 13 at 3.5 < pH < 6 and K = 18 at pH < 2.5). The formation of the semioxidized species from the diamine and the diimine, which was formed by short oxidation pulses, was observed. From the time dependence of the ATR‐absorption (after 0.2 ms pulse) we obtained a rate constant of 5.2 . 105 IM−1 cm−1 at pH = 3.
Über die Beeinflussung der Sensibilisierung des Photostroms von Zinkoxidanoden durch Zusätze anorganischer Salze
Authors: Bode U. , Hauffe K. , Pusch H.
Published: August 2023

Geeignete Farbstoffe, wie z. B. Rhodamin B, Erythrosin und Bromphenolblau, haben sich als gute Sensibilisatoren für den gehemmten Ladungsdurchtritt durch die Phasengrenze ZnO/Elektrolyt bewahrt, wobei die ZnO‐Elektrode als Anode operiert. Es wurde nun gefunden. daß Brom‐ und Jodionen die sensibilisierende Wirkung des Rhodamin B deutlich erhöhen. Diese Erscheinung hängt mit der Fluoreszenzlöschung dieser Ionen zusammen. Ferner wurde beobachtet, daß mit steigender Viskosität die Sensibilisierung des Photostroms kleiner wird, was mit einem Rückgang der Fluoreszenzlöschung im Zusammenhang steht. Durch eine geeignete Anordnung konnte ferner nach‐gewiesen werden, daß das während der Belichtung entstehende Jod mit Rhodamin B reagiert und die anfänglich hohe cosensibilisierende Wirkung schwächt.
Elektrophoretische Untersuchungen an in Toluol dispergierten Photohalbleiter‐Teilchen
Authors: Hauffe Karl , Volz Hartwig
Published: August 2023

Mit Hilfe der mikroelektrophoretischen Meßmethode wurden Zetapotential‐Änderungen von in einer organischen Flüssigkeit dispergierten Photohalbleiter‐Teilchen bei Einstrahlung im Eigenabsorptionsbereich gemessen.

Die Teilchen konnten mit einem Stabilisator durch spezifische Ionenadsorption an der Oberfläche positiv oder negativ aufgeladen werden, wodurch zwischen der Oberfläche und dem Dispersionsmittel ein elektrisches Raumladungsfeld entsteht. Die Zetapotential‐Änderung bei Belichtung kann auf photokatalytische Reaktionen an der Halbleiteroberfläche zurückgeführt werden. Im Falle von n‐Typ‐Halbleitern wie TiO2, ZnO und CdS reagiert ein durch Licht erzeugtes Defektelektron mit einem an der Oberfläche adsorbierten Stoff geeigneten Um‐ladungsniveaus, z. B. im Falle von CdS mit Isopropylalkohol, im Falle von TiO2 und ZnO mit einem Kohlenwasserstoff (z. B. Toluol), wobei das entstehende Kation bei vorheriger positiver Aufladung des Partikels in das Dispersionsmittel desorbiert und damit eine Verringerung der Aufladung oder sogar eine Ladungsumkehr des Partikels bewirkt.

Die Ladungsumkehr ist dann besonders groß, wenn ein Elektronenakzeptor wie Sauerstoff zugegen ist, der schon im Dunkeln mit den verfügbaren freien Elektronen der Halbleiterteilchen reagiert. Dann entsteht im Halbleiterinnern eine elektrische Raumladungsrandschicht. so daß bei Belichtung eine hohe Konzentration von Defektelektronen an der Halbleiteroberfläche zur Verfügung steht. wodurch die oben skizzierte photokatalytische Reaktion in besonders starkem Maße abläuft.

Der diskutierte Mechanismus wird mit aus der Literatur bekannten photokatalytischen Reaktionen verglichen. Mit der hier verwandten Meßmethodik können Ladungsübertragungsreaktionen bei heterogenen katalytischen Reaktionen empfindlich nachgewiesen werden.
Elektrochemisches Verhalten von MeMn24‐Mischoxiden in neutralem und alkalischem Elektrolyt
Authors: Beley M. , Brenet J. , Chartier P.
Published: August 2023

In Folge einer vorangegangenen Untersuchung von Mischoxyden MeMn2O4 (mit Me = Ni, Al, Co, Cu, etc. …) in normaler Schwefelsäure [1], wird das Verhalten einiger dieser Oxide in neutralem und alkalischem Elektrolyt untersucht.

Die Stromstärke‐Potentialkurven erweisen ein Stabilitätsgebiet dieser Oxide in einem Potentialbereich von mehreren hundert mV. Dieses Betragen ist infolgedessen sehr verschieden mit demjenigen in sauerer Lösung. Dieser Stabilitätsbereich könnte erlauben, die Verwendung dieser Oxide als Elektroden für die Verwirklichung von Reduktions‐ oder Oxydationsreaktionen in Betracht zu ziehen.
Spider diagram with greenness evaluation metrics for assessing the new synchronous spectrofluorimetric determination of bicalutamide and resveratrol in human plasma
Authors: El‐Deen Asmaa Kamal , Radwan Aya Saad , Belal Fathalla , Magdy Galal
Published: August 2023

A simple, selective, and eco‐friendly synchronous fluorescence approach was introduced for the first time for the concurrent estimation of the anticancer combination therapy of bicalutamide and resveratrol. The method relies on measuring the synchronous fluorescence spectra of bicalutamide and resveratrol at 269 and 320 nm, respectively, using Δλ of 60 nm with ethanol as a green diluting solvent. The procedure was optimized, and the method was then fully validated. Excellent linearity (R2 > 0.999) with very low detection limits (0.044 and 2.001 ng/ml) were obtained for both drugs, allowing for their analysis in human plasma. The green profile of the suggested approach was evaluated using the green solvents selecting tool (GSST), spider diagram for greenness index assessment, green analytical process index (GAPI), and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) metric tools. These assessment metrics confirmed that the developed approach met the maximum number of green requirements, recommending its application as a green substitute for the regular analysis of the concerned drugs in human plasma. The simplicity of sample measurement enables and substantially accelerates the analysis, resulting in lower costs, enhanced procedure accuracy, and lower environmental effect.
Identification and structural characterization of major stress degradation products of halcinonide by liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Giri Shivraj , Badgujar Devendra , Paritala Sree Teja , Sharma Nitish
Published: August 2023

Halcinonide is a topical corticosteroid approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), known for its anti‐inflammatory and antipruritic properties. The therapeutic benefits of halcinonide have rendered it an effective treatment regimen for various dermatological conditions such as psoriasis, dermatitis, and eczema. However, stability of the drug substance is a prerequisite in determining the therapeutic efficacy and plays a crucial role during formulation development and long‐term storage. As corticosteroids are highly susceptible to degradation, the current study aims to expose halcinonide to different stress conditions and understand its stability behavior. An HPLC method was developed for the separation of halcinonide and its degradation products. Separation was accomplished in gradient mode using an Eclipse Plus C18 column (250 × 4.5 mm, 5 μm) with ammonium formate (10 mM, pH 6.5) and acetonitrile as the mobile phases. LC–Q‐TOF/MS/MS studies were conducted on halcinonide, which led to the identification of degraded products using optimized mass parameters. A potential mechanistic degradation pathway for halcinonide, along with the major identified degradation products has been established. The chromatographic method that was developed has been validated in compliance with the Q2(R1) guideline of the International Council for Harmonization. ProTox‐II was used to perform in silico toxicity studies in order to evaluate the toxicity potential of both halcinonide and the identified degradation products.
Predicting the onset of preeclampsia by longitudinal monitoring of metabolic changes throughout pregnancy with Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Ghazvini Saman , Uthaman Saji , Synan Lilly , Lin Eugene C. , Sarkar Soumik , Santillan Mark K. , Santillan Donna A. , Bardhan Rizia
Published: August 2023

Preeclampsia is a life‐threatening pregnancy disorder. Current clinical assays cannot predict the onset of preeclampsia until the late 2nd trimester, which often leads to poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. Here we show that Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning in pregnant patient plasma enables rapid, highly sensitive maternal metabolome screening that predicts preeclampsia as early as the 1st trimester with >82% accuracy. We identified 12, 15 and 17 statistically significant metabolites in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters, respectively. Metabolic pathway analysis shows multiple pathways corresponding to amino acids, fatty acids, retinol, and sugars are enriched in the preeclamptic cohort relative to a healthy pregnancy. Leveraging Pearson's correlation analysis, we show for the first time with Raman Spectroscopy that metabolites are associated with several clinical factors, including patients' body mass index, gestational age at delivery, history of preeclampsia, and severity of preeclampsia. We also show that protein quantification alone of proinflammatory cytokines and clinically relevant angiogenic markers are inadequate in identifying at‐risk patients. Our findings demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool that may complement current clinical assays in early diagnosis and in the prognosis of the severity of preeclampsia to ultimately enable comprehensive prenatal care for all patients.
Cost‐effectiveness of preventive aspirin use and intensive downstaging polypectomy in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis: A microsimulation modeling study
Authors: Saito Eiko , Mutoh Michihiro , Ishikawa Hideki , Kamo Kenichi , Fukui Keisuke , Hori Megumi , Ito Yuri , Chen Yichi , Sigel Byron , Sekiguchi Masau , Hemmi Osamu , Katanoda Kota
Published: August 2023

Objective

Although there is increasing evidence to suggest the cost‐effectiveness of aspirin use to prevent colorectal cancer (CRC) in the general population, no study has assessed cost‐effectiveness in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), who are at high risk of developing CRC. We examined the cost‐effectiveness of preventive use of low‐dose aspirin in FAP patients who had undergone polypectomy in comparison with current treatment practice.

Design

We developed a microsimulation model that simulates a hypothetical cohort of the Japanese population with FAP for 40 years. Three scenarios were created based on three intervention strategies for comparison with no intervention, namely intensive downstaging polypectomy (IDP) of colorectal polyps at least 5.0 mm in diameter, IDP combined with low‐dose aspirin, and total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis (IPAA). Cost‐effective strategies were identified using a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of USD 50,000 per QALY gained.

Results

Compared with no intervention, all strategies resulted in extended QALYs (21.01–21.43 QALYs per individual) and showed considerably reduced colorectal cancer mortality (23.35–53.62 CRC deaths per 1000 individuals). Based on the willingness‐to‐pay threshold, IDP with low‐dose aspirin was more cost‐effective than the other strategies, with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $57 compared with no preventive intervention. These findings were confirmed in both one‐way sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the strategy of low‐dose aspirin with IDP may be cost‐effective compared with IDP‐only or IPAA under the national fee schedule of Japan.
Ninety psychotherapy training programmes across the globe: Variations and commonalities in an international context
Authors: Orlinsky David E. , Messina Irene , Hartmann Armin , Willutzki Ulrike , Heinonen Erkki , Rønnestad Michael Helge , Löffler‐Stastka Henriette , Schröder Thomas
Published: August 2023

Objective

Psychotherapist training programmes have arguably a most impactful intervention on the field of psychotherapy, shaping the kinds of therapists their graduates become. Yet, little is known about the structural and organisational similarities and differences of these key learning environments in an international context.

Method

Ninety psychotherapy training programmes in 16 different countries comprised data for a study initiated by members of the SPR Interest Section on Therapist Training and Development (SPRISTAD). Training directors or senior faculty completed the Training Program Description Form (TPDF), surveying, for example, organisational setting and size, educational/occupational prerequisites, trainee funding and schedules, educational methods and graduation criteria.

Results

Among otherwise highly diverse programmes, the most consistent finding was commitment to relationship‐based experiential learning, including direct supervision of trainees' treatment cases and case discussions with experts and peers. Criteria for selecting applicants focussed mainly on their personal qualities (empathy, self‐awareness and good mental health), supplemented by evaluations of relevant intellectual qualities (psychological‐mindedness, theoretical interest and intelligence). Training consistently focussed on individual psychotherapy as the dominant treatment modality.

Conclusion

Across countries, essential commonalities among psychotherapy training programmes emerged. Findings suggest there may be common ground for developing therapist training, as knowledge increases on beneficial therapist characteristics and their formation.
Effects of growth conditions on the physicochemical, mineral, and amino acid profile of polyembryonic maize
Authors: Gontes‐Pérez Ixtaccihuatl C. , Garcia‐Ortiz Jesus D. , Espinoza‐Velázquez José , Lopez‐Badillo Claudia M. , Martínez‐Ávila Guillermo C. G. , Rodríguez‐Herrera Raul
Published: August 2023

Background and Objective

Among the methods to improve the quality of maize (Zea mays L.) kernels is crossing with better‐quality genotypes and agronomic management. In this study, the quality (lipids, proteins, crude fiber, carbohydrates, ashes, minerals, and amino acids) of polyembryonic (PEm) and nonpolyembryonic (NPEm) maize was evaluated in individual plants (IND) as polyembryonic (PE). Three different genotypes (AE = high polyembryony hybrid maize, NAP = normal‐height high polyembryony maize, and CAI = NPEm hybrid) were selected; in addition, maize kernels were obtained under different growth conditions of population density (HD = high density and LD = low density) and fertilization rates (LF = low fertilization [120 N, 60 P, 0 K], and HF = high fertilization [40 N, 90 P, 0 K]).

Findings

The results indicate that PEm has higher protein (10.3%) and fat (7.5%) content and lower carbohydrate content (2.0%) than CAI. The highest concentration minerals were P, S, Cl, K, Ca, and Fe in all maize genotypes. In addition, NAP of IND plants had a higher content of serine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, glutamine, and alanine. On the other hand, in the experiments where the effect of population density and fertilization level was evaluated, it was observed that PEm produced with LD showed higher ash, fiber, and carbohydrate content (1.1%, 1.4%, and 2.7%, respectively) and lower fat content (6.0%). In addition, PEm produced in HD showed higher values of fat, protein, fiber, K, P, and S than the control group (CAI). Finally, PEm produced with LF showed higher proportions of fat, protein, fiber, K, and P (5.7%, 8.2%, 1.1%, 5.8 mg/100 g, and 1.6 mg/100 g, respectively) compared to the control group (CAI). In addition, fertilization was observed to influence carbohydrate content, showing an increase of up to 24% in HF and up to 10% in LF.

Conclusion

The combined use of corn of polyembryonic genotypes with different agronomic managements such as stocking density (LD and HD) and fertilization rate (LF/HF) during grain production can generate significant changes in grain quality.

Significance and Novelty

The use of polyembryonic maize genotypes is an option to improve grain quality. In addition, the results of this study allowed us to observe the effect of agronomic practices such as planting population density and fertilization rate on different variables of interest for grain quality.
In‐situ Construction of CNTs Decorated Titanium Carbide on Ti Mesh Towards the Synergetic Improvement of Energy Storage Properties for Aqueous Zinc Ion Capacitors
Authors: Wang Hai , Huang Jinxia , Wang Xiaobo , Guo Zhiguang , Liu Weimin
Published: August 2023

The development of aqueous zinc‐ion capacitors (ZICs) is an effective approach to improve the safety and environmental friendliness of energy storage devices. In this paper, TiC/CNTs core‐shell array structures (TCT) were synthesized on titanium substrate through in‐situ simple chemical vapor deposition and carbon reduction and used as self‐supporting cathodes for aqueous ZICs. As expected, as‐prepared TCT electrode exhibited excellent electrochemical performance in aqueous electrolytes, demonstrating a high specific capacitance of 275.13 F g−1 at a current density of 1.0 A g−1 and maintaining 90.5 % of its initial capacity after 10000 charge‐discharge cycles. The assembled Zn//TCT ZIC displays excellent rate capability, delivering an excellent specific capacitance of 298.2 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and 193.5 F g−1 at a high current density of 10 A g−1. Zn//TCT device can provide an ultra‐high energy density of 24.8 Wh kg−1 at a power of 6984.1 W kg−1. DFT calculations further demonstrate that a large number of electrons are transferred at the TiC/CNT interface and stable TIC−C bonds can be formed. This work provides a new strategy for rationally designing transition metal carbide electrodes and constructing ZICs with high energy and power densities.
Simulating the displacement of a heavy oil by a lighter oil in an offshore production line
Authors: Favero Jovani L. , da Cunha Lage Paulo Laranjeira , da Silva Francisco Flávio , Machado Tatiane F. , Silva Luiz Fernando L. R. , Santos Fábio P.
Published: August 2023

An analysis was conducted on the displacement of a heavy fluid by a miscible light fluid in the flow assurance operation of injecting diesel oil to displace heavy oil in an insulated offshore production line. A three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics model was developed and implemented in OpenFOAM®. It stimulates the production stages, no‐touch time, and oil displacement, considering heat transfer through natural convection and conjugated heat transfer through the solid layers of the pipeline. The specific test case focused on the first 180 m of an existing offshore production line. The simulations revealed two primary mechanisms of mixing: turbulence and secondary flows generated by the pipeline curves. Remarkably, the results demonstrate that by injecting a volume of lighter oil 1.3 times the pipeline volume, approximately 90%–95% of the heavy oil can be effectively removed.
Training cancer workforce to be fit‐for‐purpose and practice in 2024 and beyond
Authors: Ilbawi André , Casolino Raffaella
Published: August 2023

To achieve an oncology workforce that is fit for purpose and sufficient in number, more holistic workforce planning is needed, focusing on educational sector and labor market dynamics. Oncology professionals must be trained and enabled to influence factors affecting their clinical practice including by developing competencies to redesign clinical practice, reduce burnout, and improve productivity and care.
Modular Synthesis of Phosphino Hydrazones and Their Use as Ligands in a Palladium‐Catalysed Cu‐Free Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reaction
Authors: Baweja Saral , Kazimir Aleksandr , Lönnecke Peter , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: August 2023

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Evamarie Hey‐Hawkins at Leipzig University. The cover picture shows the three different bonding modes (mono‐, bi‐ and tridentate) of the modular ligand towards palladium(II) or platinum(II), illustrated with Winston who kindly served as the model. The cat has three binding sites (mouth, front paws and hind paws = P, N and pyridine) to bind the metal dichloride fragment. When all three are used in a tridentate bonding mode, one chlorido ligand is cleaved off. Cover design by Dr. Christoph Selg. More information can be found in the Research Article by Evamarie Hey‐Hawkins and co‐workers.
A new single modulating and single carrier‐based predictive current control technique for single‐phase quadruple boost multilevel inverter topology
Authors: Bhanuchandar Aratipamula , Murthy Bhagwan K.
Published: August 2023

A new floor function single carrier‐based modulated model predictive current control (F2‐SCM2PC2) technique has been proposed in this paper by considering traditional single‐phase quadruple boost switched capacitor‐based multilevel inverter (QB‐SCMLI) topology. Conventionally, the implementation process of single modulating and single carrier‐based pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques are very much complex and finite control set‐based model predictive control (FCS‐MPC) technique inherently operates with variable switching frequency (VSF) operation, which is not suitable for industrial applications. To alleviate the aforementioned issues, a new generalized closed‐loop F2‐SCM2PC2 technique has been proposed. It consists of a simple PWM implementation process and can easily be integrated with a predictive algorithm, thereby providing a constant switching frequency (CSF) of operation. The particular single modulating and single carrier‐based PWM technique with floor function is also suitable for low and high switching frequency (LSF‐HSF) operations. The validation of floor function‐based PWM technique in open‐loop and closed‐loop F2‐SCM2PC2 techniques has been effectively verified through experimentation on QB‐SCMLI topology with consideration of resistive–inductive load.
Two common, often coexisting grassland plant species differ in their evolutionary potential in response to experimental drought
Authors: Madaj Anna‐Maria , Durka Walter , Michalski Stefan G.
Published: August 2023

For terrestrial plant communities, the increase in frequency and intensity of drought events is considered as one of the most severe consequences of climate change. While single‐species studies demonstrate that drought can lead to relatively rapid adaptive genetic changes, the evolutionary potential and constraints to selection need to be assessed in comparative approaches to draw more general conclusions. In a greenhouse experiment, we compare the phenotypic response and evolutionary potential of two co‐occurring grassland plant species, Bromus erectus and Trifolium pratense, in two environments differing in water availability. We quantified variation in functional traits and reproductive fitness in response to drought and compared multivariate genetic variance–covariance matrices and predicted evolutionary responses between species. Species showed different drought adaptation strategies, reflected in both their species‐specific phenotypic plasticity and predicted responses to selection indicating contrasting evolutionary potential under drought. In T. pratense we found evidence for stronger genetic constraints under drought compared to more favourable conditions, and for some traits plastic and predicted evolutionary responses to drought had opposing directions, likely limiting the potential for adaptive change. Our study contributes to a more detailed understanding of the evolutionary potential of species with different adaptive strategies in response to climate change and may help to inform future scenarios for semi‐natural grassland ecosystems.
Shedding light on trophic interactions: A field experiment on the effect of human population between latitudes on herbivory and predation patterns
Authors: Alonso‐Crespo Inés María , Hernández‐Agüero Juan Antonio
Published: August 2023

Interactions between species within an ecosystem (e.g. predation and herbivory) play a vital role in sustaining the ecosystem functionality, which includes aspects like pest control and nutrient cycling. Unfortunately, human activities are progressively disrupting these trophic relationships, thereby contributing to the ongoing biodiversity decline. Additionally, certain human activities like urbanization may further impact the intensity of these trophic interactions, which are already known to be influenced by latitudinal gradients. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis of whether the impact of human population, used as a proxy for human pressure, differs between latitudes. To test it, we selected 18 study sites at two latitudes (i.e. ~53°N and ~50°N) with varying human population density (HPD). We used artificial caterpillars placed on European beech branches to assess bird predation and took standardized pictures of the leaves to estimate insect herbivory. Remote sensing techniques were used to estimate human pressure. We found that the intensity of bird predation varied in response to HPD, with opposite trends observed depending on the latitude. At our upper latitude, bird predation increased with HPD, while the opposite was observed at the lower latitude. Herbivory was not affected by urbanization and we found higher levels of herbivory in the lower compared to the higher latitude. At the lower latitude, certain species may experience a disadvantage attributed to the urban heat island effect due to their sensitivity to temperature fluctuations. Conversely, at the higher latitude, where minimum temperatures can be a limitation, certain species may benefit from milder winters. Overall, this study highlights the complex and dynamic nature of trophic relationships in the face of human‐driven changes to ecosystems. It also emphasizes the importance of considering both human pressure and latitudinal gradients when assessing the ecological consequences of future climate change scenarios, especially in urban environments.
The cycle of seagrass life: From flowers to new meadows
Authors: Kendrick Gary A. , Cambridge Marion L. , Orth Robert J. , Fraser Matthew W. , Hovey Renae K. , Statton John , Pattiaratchi Charitha B. , Sinclair Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2023

Understanding sexual reproduction and recruitment in seagrasses is crucial to their conservation and restoration. Flowering, seed production, seed recruitment, and seedling establishment data for the seagrass Posidonia australis was collected annually between 2013 and 2018 in meadows at six locations around Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Variable annual rates of flowering and seed production were observed among meadows between northern and southern sides of the island and among years. Meadows on the northern shore consistently flowered more intensely and produced more seeds across the years of the survey. Inter‐site variation in clonal diversity and size of clones, seed production, wind and surface currents during pollen and seed release, and the large, but variable, impact of seed predation are likely the principal drivers of successful recruitment into established meadows and in colonizing unvegetated sands. The prolific but variable annual reproductive investment increases the probability of low levels of continuous recruitment from seed in this seagrass, despite high rates of abiotic and biotic disturbance at seedling, shoot, and patch scales. This strategy also imparts a level of ecological resilience to this long‐lived and persistent species.
Phenotypic response to different predator strategies can be mediated by temperature
Authors: Cerini Francesco , O'Brien Duncan , Wolfe Ellie , Besson Marc , Clements Christopher F.
Published: August 2023

Temperature change affects biological systems in multifaceted ways, including the alteration of species interaction strengths, with implications for the stability of populations and communities. Temperature‐dependent changes to antipredatory responses are an emerging mechanism of destabilization and thus there is a need to understand how prey species respond to predation pressures in the face of changing temperatures. Here, using ciliate protozoans, we assess whether temperature can alter the strength of phenotypic antipredator responses in a prey species and whether this relationship depends on the predator's hunting behavior. We exposed populations of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum to either (i) a sit‐and‐wait generalist predator (Homalozoon vermiculare) or (ii) a specialized active swimmer predator (Didinium nasutum) across two different temperature regimes (15 and 25°C) to quantify the temperature dependence of antipredator responses over a 24‐h period. We utilized a novel high‐throughput automated robotic monitoring system to track changes in the behavior (swimming speed) and morphology (cell size) of P. caudatum at frequencies and resolutions previously unachievable by manual sampling. The change in swimming speed through the 24 h differed between the two temperatures but was not altered by the presence of the predators. In contrast, P. caudatum showed a substantial temperature‐dependent morphological response to the presence of D. nasutum (but not H. vermiculare), changing cell shape toward a more elongated morph at 15°C (but not at 25°C). Our findings suggest that temperature can have strong effects on prey morphological responses to predator presence, but that this response is potentially dependent on the predator's feeding strategy. This suggests that greater consideration of synergistic antipredator behavioral and physiological responses is required in species and communities subject to environmental changes.
Golf course living leads to a diet shift for American alligators
Authors: Rosenblatt Adam E. , Greco Robert , Beal Eli , Colbert Joseph , Moore Yank , Baglin Victoria , Nifong James C.
Published: August 2023

Human‐driven land use change can fundamentally alter ecological communities, especially the diversity and abundance of large‐bodied predators. Yet, despite the important roles large‐bodied predators play in structuring communities through feeding, there have been only a few investigations of how the feeding patterns of large‐bodied predators change in human‐dominated landscapes. One group of large‐bodied predators that has been largely overlooked in the context of land use change is the crocodilians. To help fill these gaps, we studied the feeding patterns of juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) on neighboring barrier islands on the southeast coast of Georgia, USA. Jekyll Island has multiple golf courses and substantial amounts of human activity, while Sapelo Island does not have any golf courses and a much smaller amount of human activity. We found that juvenile alligator populations on both islands ate the same types of prey but in vastly different quantities. Sapelo Island alligators primarily consumed crustaceans while alligators that lived on Jekyll Island's golf courses ate mostly insects/arachnids. Furthermore, the Jekyll Island alligators exhibited a much more generalist feeding pattern (individuals mostly ate the same types of prey in the same quantities) than the more specialized Sapelo Island alligators (diets were more varied across individuals). The most likely explanation for our results is that alligators living on golf courses have different habitat use patterns and have access to different prey communities relative to alligators in more natural habitats. Thus, land use change can strongly alter the feeding patterns of large‐bodied predators and, as a result, may affect their body condition, exposure to human‐made chemicals, and role within ecological communities.
Measurement of acetylcholinesterase using a two‐dimensional electrochemical sensor LAAS
Authors: Miyairi Akitsugu , Hasegawa Yuki , Uchida Hidekazu
Published: August 2023

In this study, we measured the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) using the Light Addressable Amperometric Sensor (LAAS), an electrochemical sensor that can easily measure redox current values of multiple samples. Acetylthiocholine (ATCh) was used as a substrate. ATCh is hydrolyzed by AChE and releases electrons, making it possible to measure current values in accordance with the amount of substrate using LAAS. When KCl solution was used as the supporting electrolyte and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode as the counter electrode, a correlation between substrate concentration and reaction was confirmed in the range of 1 μM–10 mM. Malathion was then used as an inhibitor of AChE. Malathion phosphorylates and inactivates AChE, which prevents substrate hydrolysis and is expected to decrease the current value. Experimental results showed a decrease in sensor response correlated with inhibitor concentration.
Light‐Induced Domino and Multicomponent Reactions: How to Reach Molecular Complexity without a Catalyst
Authors: Renzi Polyssena , Scarfiello Jacopo , Lanfranco Alberto , Deagostino Annamaria
Published: August 2023

Achieving high molecular complexity can be not trivial, but the exploitation of domino reactions provides an atom‐ and step‐economical method to reach this target. Over the past decades, a lot of efforts have been put on the development of photocatalytic cascades employing both metal‐based and purely organic catalysts. Despite the effectiveness of these protocols, catalyst‐ and additive‐free light‐induced domino reactions are gaining momentum thank to their efficiency, operational simplicity and sustainability. The increasing number of papers published on this field in the last years is a proof of the appeal of these transformations. In this Review, we discuss domino and multicomponent reactions mediated by light with a focus on photocatalyst‐ and additive‐free processes. The most recent advances in the synthesis of complex nitrogen‐, oxygen‐, sulphur‐ and selenium‐heterocycles together with multicomponent cascades are analysed with an emphasis on both experimental and mechanistic studies.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Iminosugar‐C‐Glycosides through Addition of Organometallic Reagents to N‐tert‐Butanesulfinyl Glycosylamines: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Kamzol Daniel , Neuville Maxime , Cocaud Chloé , Tiger Killian , Taffoureau Baptiste , Lewiński Krzysztof , Jaszczyk Justyna , Martin Olivier R. , Baś Sebastian , Routier Sylvain , Gillaizeau Isabelle , Buron Frédéric , Nicolas Cyril
Published: August 2023

A comprehensive study of the preparation and reactivity of N‐tert‐butanesulfinyl glycosylamines with simple Grignard and organo lithium reagents in batch vs. continuous flow chemistry is reported. As they readily react as latent imine equivalents with a variety of carbon nucleophiles, these carbohydrate derivatives constitute very useful precursors for the diastereoselective synthesis of bioactive compounds such as iminosugar‐C‐glycosides. A hybrid protocol, involving the addition of benzylmagnesium chloride to a (SR)‐arabinofuranosylamine substrate in flow, at room temperature, combined with a cyclization protocol in batch is also described for the first time. Of note, this semi‐continuous flow process shortens the synthesis of imino‐C‐glycoside scaffolds to a single workday.
Mechanisms and treatment of opioid‐induced pruritus: Peripheral and central pathways
Authors: Okutani Hiroai , Lo Vecchio Silvia , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars
Published: August 2023

Background and Objective

Pruritus (also known as itch) is defined as an unpleasant and irritating sensation of the skin that provokes an urge to scratch or rub. It is well known that opioid administration can cause pruritus, which is paradoxical as itch and pain share overlapping sensory pathways. Because opioids inhibit pain but can cause itching. Significant progress has been made to improve our understanding of the fundamental neurobiology of itch; however, much remains unknown about the mechanisms of opioid‐induced pruritus. The prevention and treatment of opioid‐induced pruritus remains a challenge in the field of pain management. The objective of this narrative review is to present and discuss the current body of literature and summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying opioid‐induced pruritus, and its relationship to analgesia, and possible treatment options.

Results

The incidence of opioid‐induced pruritus differs with different opioids and routes of administration, and the various mechanisms can be broadly divided into peripheral and central. Especially central mechanisms are intricate, even at the level of the spinal dorsal horn. There is evidence that opioid receptor antagonists and mixed agonist and antagonists, especially μ‐opioid antagonists and κ‐opioid agonists, are effective in relieving opioid‐induced pruritus. Various treatments have been used for opioid‐induced pruritus; however, most of them are controversial and have conflicting results.

Conclusion

The use of a multimodal analgesic treatment regimen combined with a mixed antagonist and κ agonists, especially μ‐opioid antagonists, and κ‐opioid agonists, seems to be the current best treatment modality for the management of opioid‐induced pruritus and pain.

Significance

Opioids remain the gold standard for the treatment of moderate to severe acute pain as well as cancer pain. It is well known that opioid‐induced pruritus often does not respond to regular antipruritic treatment, thereby posing a challenge to clinicians in the field of pain management. We believe that our review makes a significant contribution to the literature, as studies on the mechanisms of opioid‐induced pruritus and effective management strategies are crucial for the management of these patients.
Who feels good in solitude? A qualitative analysis of the personality and mindset factors relating to well‐being when alone
Authors: Weinstein Netta , Hansen Heather , Nguyen Thuy‐vy
Published: August 2023

What leads to peaceful and enjoyable solitude? Little is known about which personality and mindset qualities benefit individuals during time spent alone. The current study was designed to build a foundation for future quantitative and qualitative research making a priori predictions about well‐being (e.g., relaxation) or ill‐being (e.g., loneliness) when individuals are in solitude. Semi‐structured interviews of n = 60 participants, aged 19–80, were analyzed into themes. Exposure to the benefits of solitude early in life and personality characteristics that cross life's domains (capacity for introspection and self‐reflection and optimism) were associated with enjoying solitude. Mindsets recognizing that solitude benefits self‐connection, as well as in situ factors of creativity and curiosity, appeared to play important roles. In a final theme, self‐compassion, a present focus and perspective taking helped to alleviate discomfort during difficult moments of solitude. These findings deepen our understanding of which qualities individuals bring forward to enhance their moments of solitude.
Separation mixed semen of two individuals using magnetic beads coupled ABH blood group antibody
Authors: Yao Jun , Adnan Atif , Wang Hong‐bo
Published: August 2023

In sexual assault cases, one of the most common samples collected is a mixed semen stain, which is often found on the vagina, female underwear, or bed sheets. However, it is usually difficult to identify the perpetrator based on this sample alone. One technique that has been developed to address this issue is magnetic bead‐based separation. This method involves using modified magnetic microspheres to capture and enrich specific target cells, in this case, sperm cells. In this study, we utilized magnetic beads coupled with ABH blood group antibody to isolate sperm cells from an individual of a single ABO blood type. Subsequently, polymerase chain reaction amplification and capillary electrophoresis were employed to perform the genotyping the short tandem repeat (STR) loci. This approach allows for the identification of different individuals in a mixed seminal stain sample from two individuals, by first separating sperm cells based on ABH antigen differences and subsequently utilizing autosomal STR typing on the enriched single blood group cells.
Transient dynamic electrophoresis of a spherical colloidal particle
Authors: Ohshima Hiroyuki
Published: August 2023

A general theory is presented for the transient dynamic electrophoresis of a spherical colloidal particle in an electrolyte solution under a suddenly applied oscillating electric field. An approximate analytic expression is derived for the transient dynamic electrophoretic mobility, which is applicable for low particle zeta potentials and arbitrary Debye length. It is found that the electrophoretic mobility shows a damped oscillation, approaching its final value, unlike the case where a step electric field is applied.
Combining System Models and CAD for Change Scenario Management
Authors: Hick Hannes , Sanladerer Stefan , Trautner Jessica , Ryan Karen , Piguet Jean , Wilking Fabian , Horber Dennis , Faustmann Clemens , Kranabitl Philipp , Kollegger Stefan , Bajzek Matthias , Schleich Benjamin , Wartzack Sandro
Published: August 2023

In the development of complex mechatronic systems, interdisciplinary cooperation requires an exchange between stakeholders in order to ensure fulfillment of requirements and related functions. The cooperation of the stakeholders from different disciplines must be well coordinated to address systems changes. The system model as an essential aspect of model‐based systems engineering, has to be linked to specific models of involved disciplines (mechanical, electrical/electronical and software) to enable a basis for automatic identification e.g., of affected subsystems and functions. This contribution discusses the potential of model linking from the perspective of change scenarios by considering published approaches to link system models and computer‐aided design (CAD). A methodical approach on how descriptive system models can be used as base for computer‐aided design is presented. This approach is analyzed by reviewing a use case for a design change scenario of an automotive eAxle.
An Approach to Integrated Digital Requirements Engineering
Authors: Duprez Jean , Paper Pascal , Fraj Amine , Royer Laurent , Petteys Becky
Published: August 2023

Systems engineering activities in the concept and development phases have evolved continuously for decades. The deployment of digital thread, digital engineering, MBSE approaches, and modeling and simulation techniques have driven part of this evolution.

Despite this trend, requirements are still largely textual and expressed in natural language, and requirements engineering activities are still often document‐based. However, model‐based requirements‐engineering approaches have emerged in recent years and have demonstrated significant benefits, including improved requirements quality, less ambiguity, and early and efficient verification and validation.

The goal of this paper is to present the current outcomes and perspectives of setting up an Integrated Digital Requirements Engineering approach as developed within our company. This approach seeks to optimize usability and maximize benefits to support end‐to‐end V&V activities while fully integrating into MBSE workflows.
Orion SysML Model, Digital Twin, and Lessons Learned for Artemis I
Authors: Pierce Gregory J. , Heeren Joshua D. , Hill Terry R.
Published: August 2023

In 2015 it was recognized by NASA's Orion Chief Engineer that NASA's design insight into the Orion subsystems for Artemis I was not sufficient to provide standard engineering support to flight operations. To address these concerns, provide an opportunity to apply emerging model‐based systems engineering and digital twin methodologies, and provide opportunities for employees across NASA to get hands‐on training, an Orion Digital Twin pilot project was initiated in 2020 as part of the Agency's Digital Transformation initiative. With the increase in complexities of spacecraft, and decreased time to made decisions during missions in critical or emergency situations, digital modeling and integration of design can reduce the time to answer questions by days and the required human resources by an order of magnitude over conventional approaches and was identified to be a critical capability for NASA's future. This paper describes the genesis of the Orion Digital Twin pilot project, efforts undertaken, a reproducible methodology to take available system information from a mature program to create an executable SysML model that supports a link to the physical asset, and associated lessons learned and project deliverables.
Value‐driven Systems Engineering Approach addressing Manufacturing, Supply‐chain and Aircraft Design in the Decision‐Making Process
Authors: Donelli Giuseppa , Mello João M.G.D. , Odaguil Felipe I.K. , van der Laan Ton , Lefebvre Thierry , Bartoli Nathalie , Boggero Luca , Björn Nagel
Published: August 2023

In the last decades, some studies have highlighted that the integration of the product design and supply chain management leads to an increase of the profitability and efficiency of companies. However, considering manufacturing, supply chain and overall aircraft design variables in the early design phase increases the size of the solutions tradespace and thus the complexity in performing the decision‐making process. This paper, follow‐up of previous research activities addressed within the European project AGILE4.0, demonstrates how to leverage the value‐model theory to simplify the decision‐process when multiple criteria are accounted in the design phase.
Validation of Digital System Models: A Framework and SysML Profile for Model‐Based Systems Engineering
Authors: Winton James R. , Colombi John M. , Jacques David R. , Johnson Kip E.
Published: August 2023

Digital Engineering (DE) and Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) are transforming existing acquisition processes. Little extant research exists regarding validation of digital system models. In the traditional “design‐build‐test” method, stakeholder requirements validation occurs near the end of development. However, DE is described as a “model‐analyze‐build” approach where validation is required earlier in the lifecycle to refine and add digital elements to the authoritative source of truth. This paper describes a framework for model‐based design reviews (MBDR) and extends previous work by Hecht and Chen. Validation use case development is emphasized to capture both the intent, the “why,” and the evidence, the “what,” required to enter or exit a preliminary design review (PDR). Model requirements are derived from model use cases, and validation test cases enable automated and manual assessment of quality, completeness, and consistency. The framework is successfully prototyped on a small unmanned airborne system (sUAS) model created for a graduate course PDR. There appears to be wide interest across the U.S. Air Force for a similar framework.