bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GROWTH OF VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT PRETERM UNTIL 12 MONTHS OF CORRECTED AGE
Authors: Rover Milene De Moraes Sedrez , Viera Cláudia Silveira , Toso Beatriz Rosana G. de Oliveira , Grassiolli Sabrina , Bugs Bruna Maria
Published: October 2015

Introduction: facing the progressive increase in the survival of premature ta infants, a concern for health professionals would be related to the possible consequences arising from prematurity, among them the growth changes. Objectives: to describe the anthropometric variables of newborns Premature Very Low Birth Weight in the follow-up monitoring. Methods: observational, longitudinal and retrospective study, involving 71 children who left Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), with a weight lower than 1500 g who were treated between 2006 and 2013. They should have at least three outpatient visits within twelve months of corrected age after NCAU discharge, in the following periods: period I up to 3 months of corrected age; period II between 4-6 months of corrected age and period III between 7-12 months of corrected age. Results: the mean Gestational Age (GA) was 29.4 weeks, 51% male, birth weight 1073.2 g, 70% with appropriate GA. The hospitalization stay was 68.73 days. Weight Z score at birth -0.95; at discharge -3.05; in period I -2.4; period II -1.8; period III -1.2. Height at birth -1.21, at discharge -2.23; -2.5; -1.8 and -1.1 for the periods I, II and III , respectively. Regarding the PT Z score at birth -0.71; at discharge -1.5; and monitoring -1.1; - 0.8 and -0.5 respectively in the periods I, II and III. Conclusions: despite of the great Z score reduction in NICU, there was a progressive improvement during follow-up in the Z score in the three anthropometric variables.
VALIDATION OF THE SCALE OF PERCEIVED SELF-EFFICACY OF MATERNAL PARENTING IN BRAZILIAN SAMPLE
Authors: Tristão Rosana Maria , Neiva Elaine Rabelo , Barnes Christopher R , Adamson-Macedo Elvidina
Published: October 2015

Introduction: self-efficacy matches the belief that a person has that she is able to produce the results she wants to achieve. The beliefs of self-efficacy that parents have about the baby emerge as a powerful predictor of positive parenting. Objective: this study aimed to evaluate the maternal self-efficacy behavior in hospitalized mothers and validate an instrument for measuring this concept developed and validated in England by Barnes and Adamson-Macedo, in 2007. Method: this crosssectional exploratory study convenience cohort comprised 87 mothers of newborn babies, 26 premature and 61 full-term infants. The scale Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy (PMP S-E), which consists of 20 items that represent four subscales was tested for reliability and validity. Results: the internal consistency of the scale PAEPM reached a value of .86, the internal consistency and reliability estimates for each of the subscales also reached acceptable values. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) confirmed the validity of the construct and the scores of self-efficacy were normally distributed for both subgroups and total sample. Conclusions: PMP S-E scale proved to be an easy application tool and psychometrically robust, reliable and valid for use with mothers of hospitalized new-borns both premature as the term clinically stable. It is a reliable method of identifying mothers of babies who need more support from the hospital staff.
Genetic and epigenetic variation in the lineage specification of regulatory T cells
Authors: Arvey Aaron , van der Veeken Joris , Plitas George , Rich Stephen S , Concannon Patrick , Rudensky Alexander Y
Published: October 2015

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which suppress autoimmunity and other inflammatory states, are characterized by a distinct set of genetic elements controlling their gene expression. However, the extent of genetic and associated epigenetic variation in the Treg cell lineage and its possible relation to disease states in humans remain unknown. We explored evolutionary conservation of regulatory elements and natural human inter-individual epigenetic variation in Treg cells to identify the core transcriptional control program of lineage specification. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in core lineage-specific enhancers revealed disease associations, which were further corroborated by high-resolution genotyping to fine map causal polymorphisms in lineage-specific enhancers. Our findings suggest that a small set of regulatory elements specify the Treg lineage and that genetic variation in Treg cell-specific enhancers may alter Treg cell function contributing to polygenic disease.
Parts, Axial Parts, and Next Parts in Kannada
Authors: Amritavalli R.
Published: October 2015

Nouns meaning ‘place, region’ and ‘part’ are compounded in Kannada with a `bleached’ noun (a putative postposition) to form AxPart and Part readings. As in other languages, the AxPart or ‘region’ reading does not pluralize, does not permit adjectival modification, and allows for MeasureP modification (unlike the part reading). AxParts may also be formed out of nouns by the fusion of a dative marker or a genitive marker with the N; these case markers introduce the Place element. The dative case may be optionally overt (e.g. pakka-kke ‘side-dative,’ ‘to a side’), or covert (in AxParts like munde ‘front’). The genitive marker gives a sense of immediate adjacency that we designate the NextPart reading. Interestingly, the dative and genitive cases in Kannada also allow nouns to assume the function of predicative and attributive adjectives.
When is a Verb not a Verb?
Authors: Schütze Carson
Published: October 2015

Changes are proposed to the categorial status traditionally accorded to Aux-related and verbal elements in the clause, and the new taxonomy is applied in implementing the old insight that be should be analyzed as the default, semantically empty verb. The central issue is when a verb-like element does (not) count as categorially a V for distributional purposes. The major proposals are: 1) to remove be and have from the category Aux and treat them as Vs; 2) to separate out participles from genuine tensed and bare verbs; 3) to group do with modals, rather than with have and be, into a category Mood that also includes a null indicative morpheme. This scheme is used to account for the entire distribution of the forms of be just by treating it as V with no properties. Be fulfills two requirements that cannot always be met by contentful verbs: first, it satisfies the syntactico-semantic need for Tense to c-command a clause-mate V (the “V Requirement”); second, it satisfies the morphosyntactic need for participial affixes ( -ing, -en) to have hosts. It is shown how the former requirement derives the exceptionally high position of finite be by base-generating it above negation etc., rather than raising it across. VP-ellipsis data provide independent support for this treatment. Finally, some tentative suggestions are offered for how the V Requirement might be derived from deeper principles, while still allowing for the fact that it is apparently not fully enforced in languages with null copulas.
How do general psychological processes inform FLL pedagogy? Presenting a new instructional framework
Authors: Paradowski Michał B.
Published: October 2015

Learning invariably proceeds by relating new facts to the already familiar and present in the conceptual structure. In the context of FL study the familiar is, of course, the student’s mother tongue. Drawing on the learner’s L1 (or another mastered tongue) and showing comparisons and contrasts between the languages mirrors, facilitates and accelerates the processes which occur independently in his/her mind. At the same time, when in a new situation, we look for familiar orientation points and similarities owing to our instinctive need for safety. This is also why the target language should literally be taught in the framework of the learner’s L1. Instruction in the Language Interface Model (LIM; Gozdawa-Gołębiowski 2003a,b, 2004a,b, 2005) proceeds from an explication of how relevant rules operate in the students’ L1 through an explanation of corresponding L2 rules and subsequent interface formation, modifying the L1 rule to accommodate L2 data, with practice first expecting the learner to apply the FL rules to L1 examples before moving to more traditional exercises, to finally end with competence expansion – integrating the two competences, leading to the development of multicompetence and allowing for the obliteration of the rules governing the structure of the utterance from the learner’s conscious mind.
Children's ambiguous understanding of weak and strong quantifiers
Authors: Smits Erik-Jan , Roeper Tom , Hollebrandse Bart
Published: October 2015

Despite suggestions in the literature that the semantics of many might be the key for understanding children’s non-adult-like interpretations of quantified sentences (cf. Drozd 2001, Geurts 2003), experimental data on the acquisition of weak quantifiers like many is rare. This paper investigates children’s comprehension of weak (many) versus strong (many of, all) quantifiers in English. In particular, by means of a truth-value judgment task, taking the semantic and syntactic characteristics of many into account, we tested whether 28 children aged between four and seven understand the ambiguous nature of many as described in the literature (Partee, 1988) and whether they transfer this ambiguity to many of and all. The results show that children have an ambiguous quantifier system for both strong and weak quantifiers. This runs counter the idea that the child always prefers a reading of many in which the arguments seem to ‘switch’ (as for adults in Many French have won the Tour de France, resulting in the interpretation Many Tour de France winners are French), as predicted by Drozd and Van Loosbroek’s (1999) Weak Quantification Hypothesis. On the basis of our experimental results on children’s understanding of both weak and strong quantifiers, we conclude that children’s non-adult interpretations of quantified sentences are due to the ambiguous nature of (weak) quantifiers. This presents the language learner with the difficult, but necessary, task to distinguish between those different kinds of readings and understand their different semantic and syntactic representations in order to converge with the target language.
Resultatives in Korean Revisited: Complementation versus Adjunction
Authors: Son Minjeong
Published: October 2015

Korean resultatives are divided into two types depending on whether the subject of a resultative secondary predicate is assigned accusative case or nominative case. The former is comparable to selected object resultatives (e.g., Mary wipe the table clean), and the latter to unselected object resultatives (e.g., John screamed himself hoarse) in English. Korean resultatives have received a great deal of attention in the literature due to different case markings on the subject of a secondary predicate. However, there has been no agreement regarding whether Korean resultatives should be analyzed as small clause complements, similar to English, or adjunct phrases. Some argue that both resultative types are small clause complements (e.g., Kim 1999, Chang and Kim 2001), but some argue that only the selected object resultatives are true small clause type resultatives while the unselected object resultatives are VP adjuncts (e.g., Song 2005, Yeo 2006). A recent proposal by Shim and den Dikken (2007), however, suggests that both types should be analyzed as TP adjuncts. This paper defends the second position, a split analysis for the two types of resultatives: a complementation analysis for selected object resultatives, and an adjunction analysis for unselected object resultatives. Supporting evidence for the split analysis is provided by a few syntactic and semantic facts that lead to the conclusion that the two resultatives must be structurally distinguished from one another in terms of their complementhood/adjuncthood.
Creating Surprise in Complex Predication
Authors: Wiklund Anna-Lena
Published: October 2015

In many languages, the verbs take and go may combine with another predicate to yield an inceptive reading, where the onset of the event denoted by the main predicate is in some sense focalized. Some of these cases have a touch of surprise, unexpectedness, or suddenness to them. Using data mainly from Swedish, this paper seeks to identify the components that are responsible for this surprise reading. It is argued that surprise in the relevant constructions is derivable from a combination of three factors: (i) the particular event structure(s) associated with the predicates involved, (ii) choice of lexicalization of this structure, and (iii) pragmatic inferences about the particular event involved. The data presented in this paper offer support for Ramchand’s (2008) treatment of light verbs in terms of underassociation of lexical category features and constraints thereon.
Verb particles in Older Icelandic
Authors: Hróarsdóttir Thorbjörg
Published: October 2015

Older Icelandic had various word order patterns with verb particles, including both pre- and postverbal particles. The most frequent patterns in the attested corpus show a preverbal particle and a postverbal direct object, or a preverbal particle and a preverbal direct object. In the earliest texts, dating from the fourteenth century, preverbal particles are preferred over postverbal particles, although both pre- and postverbal particles co-exist in the corpus for several centuries. In this paper, we will shown how a small clause analysis of verb particles, together with a remnant VP movement framework (Hróarsdóttir 2000) can account for the attested orders of verb particles in the history of Icelandic.
Norwegian Retroflexion − Licensing by Cue or Prosody?
Authors: Hamann Silke
Published: October 2015

This article deals with the class of retroflex segments in Norwegian. The question is handled whether the phonotactic restrictions on retroflexes to occur mainly only in coda position cannot be better described in terms of the availability of the retroflex cues in post-vocalic position instead of refering to their syllable-position. The latter approach, the so-called prosodic licensing (Lombardi 1995), is shown to be insufficient in cases of retroflexion across word-boundaries, where retroflexes appear in onset-position. The so-called lincensing by cue-approach (Steriade 1995), on the other hand, is shown to be able to cover all the instances of retroflex occurrences: retroflexes in Norwegian occur only when a vowel precedes, which enhances their strong transitional cues from vowel to retroflex. In addition to this, licensing by cue can account for the progressive assimilation of retroflexion also found in Norwegian.
Subject Extraction out of Free Relatives in Norwegian
Authors: Hogoboom Anya
Published: October 2015

This article examines an anomalous construction in Norwegian that appears to be leftward extraction of a subject out of a wh island. This extraction seems to be allowed out of a free relative clause in adjunct position, under certain semantic conditions. The range of this construction is tested and reported on. It is found that this extraction is only allowed when the matrix verb and the free relative verb fall into certain categories. In addition, there are also restrictions on the extracted subject. An explanation as to why the components of the sentence in such extractions are restricted in the way they are is put forth.
Lexicalizing number and gender in Lunigiana
Authors: Taraldsen Knut Tarald
Published: October 2015

In this article, I present an analysis of gender and number marking on nouns in a group of Italian dialects. These dialects share the property that the plural morpheme is -i- in both the feminine and the masculine gender in both declension classes. But there is an asymmetry: in contexts where plurality is marked on a determiner, the plural marking -i- does not appear on nouns or adjectives in the feminine gender, but does appear on masculine nouns and adjectives. I argue that this asymmetry can be understood once it is recognized that a vocabulary item can lexicalize more than a single terminal, and that lexicalization is governed by the Superset Principle, i.e. if the lexicon associates a vocabulary item with a feature set F, it can lexicalize any constituent with the feature set F' provided F is a superset of F'.
Expletive dropping in Faroese: Two competing ways of expressing the world
Authors: Eriksen Pål Kristian
Published: October 2015

In some languages with expletive subjects, these subjects are either optionally or mandatorily left out of the sentence if they cannot occur in its initial position, a phenomenon which will here be referred to as expletive dropping. Expletive dropping in Faroese is traditionally described as optional, but the author’s fieldwork disclosed a number of conditions which either favour or disfavour expletive dropping. In this paper these fieldwork data, and the research results extracted from them, are outlined in detail, in light and support of the author’s theory that expletive subjects are referential items which refer to “the world”, i.e. the stage of the event.
Norwegian Object Shift as IP-internal topicalization
Authors: Anderssen Merete , Bentzen Kristine
Published: October 2015

In this paper we discuss the phenomenon of Object Shift in Norwegian, and we show that this operation is more complex and discourse related than what has traditionally been assumed. We argue that Object Shift cannot be accounted for in a purely prosodic approach. Rather, we demonstrate that a common denominator for all objects undergoing Object Shift is that they are topics. We thus propose that Object Shift should be analysed as (IP-internal) topicalization. Furthermore, we discuss in detail the peculiar behaviour of the topical pronominal object det ‘it’ in cases where its referent is not an individuated, gender-agreeing noun, but rather a non-individuated referent, like a full clause, a VP or a type DP. In such cases, this pronoun typically refrains from Object Shift. We discuss the contrast between these types of objects and shifting objects in light of the topic hierarchy presented in Frascarelli & Hinterhölzl (2007) and show that pronominal objects that undergo Object Shift have the characteristics of familiar topics, while det ‘it’ in the nonshifting contexts have the characteristics of aboutness topics. Consequently, we propose that Object Shift only applies to pronominal objects that constitute familiar topics.
Covert nominative and dative subjects in Faroese
Authors: Jónsson Jóhannes Gísli
Published: October 2015

This paper presents the results of a recent survey of dative subjects in Faroese, using a judgment task and data elicited from interviews with native speakers. The results indicate that dative subjects are in the process of being replaced by nominative subjects. Moreover, dative subjects behave like nominative subjects in that they may trigger number agreement with the finite verb. It is hypothesized that dative subjects in Faroese have an unrealized nominative case assigned by T(ense) and this makes number agreement possible. This hypothesis is argued to account for certain differences between Faroese and Icelandic, most notably the fact that verbs with dative subjects take accusative objects in Faroese but nominative objects in Icelandic.
Faroese wh-nominals
Authors: Vangsnes Øystein Alexander
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a survey of Faroese wh-nominals, in particular (i) the hvør N construction, (ii) the hvat fyri (ein) N construction, and (iii) the hvat slag av N.dat construction. The first construction involves a wh-item which is used both pronominally, corresponding to English who and what, and adnominally, corresponding to English which, what (N), and what kind of. The second construction is the Faroese version of the was für/what for construction, including versions with and without an indefinite article and with and without both the preposition (fyri) and the indefinite article (i.e. a “bare what” construction). The last construction involves an overt kind noun which must be followed by the preposition av ‘of’ which in turn assigns dative case to the main/head noun. The survey is based on data collected during the NORMS fieldwork in the Faroe Islands in August 2008, focusing on a number of morphosyntactic issues as well as the semantic distinction between kind and token interpretation. The various findings on Faroese are compared to data on other varieties of Germanic, in particular the North Germanic ones.
Towards an Etiology of Adjunct Islands
Authors: Johnson Kyle
Published: October 2015

This paper examines the connection between certain island phenomena for long distance movement, and matching island conditions on focus projection. Based on a description of focus projection that Lisa Selkirk and Michael Rochemont formulate, I take the basic pattern to be that pitch accent on a word may license focus marking on a phrase only if the pitch accented word is not separated from the focus marked phrase by a phrase in Specifier position or in adjunct position. Long distance movement operations are similarly incapable of moving a phrase out of a phrase in Specifier or adjunct position. Using Chomsky's notion of "phase," I argue that this is because Specifiers and adjuncts are phonological phases, and make proposals about what movement and focus projection is that thereby derives this effect. I then propose an interpretation of Chomsky's Bare Phrase Structure that derives the phaseness of these phrases.
Double Definiteness in Scandinavian
Authors: Julien Marit
Published: October 2015

In the so-called 'double definiteness' varieties of Scandinavian (Norwegian, Swedish, and Faroese), a definite nominal phrase that contains no adjective or numeral has a suffixed article but no prenominal determiner. But if there are adjectives or numerals in a definite nominal phrase, the suffixed article co-occurs with a prenominal determiner. In my analysis, this pattern is related to the requirement that the D-projection must be visible. Because of this requirement, nP, which is the projection of the suffixed definiteness marker, moves to Spec-DP when no prenominal modifiers are present. However, when adjectives or numerals intervene between D and nP, they block nP-raising to Spec-DP. D must then be spelled out, and the result is a preposed determiner.
Estonian Middle Semantics with Evidence from Discourse
Authors: Vihman Virve-Anneli
Published: October 2015

This paper presents arguments for recognizing a middle voice in Estonian. The claim that the semantics of middle-marked verbs differs in a substantial way from the semantics of other intransitive constructions leads to the examination of the discourse pragmatics of these constructions, and the relationship between discourse patterns and their valency and argument properties. Various topicality measures show that the argument participant in middle clauses lies between that of the sole participant (S) in intransitive clauses and the O of active transitive clauses. The results regarding the discourse behaviour of middle arguments constitute new evidence for the view that middle constructions differ from ordinary intransitive verbs, despite structural similarities, and mark a unique range on the scale of transitivity exhibited by verbs in Estonian.
The emergence of the phonetic and phonological features in sign language
Authors: Sandler Wendy
Published: October 2015

Sign languages offer a unique and informative perspective on the question of the origin of phonological and phonetic features. Here I review research showing that signs are comprised of distinctive features which can be discretely listed and which are organized hierarchically. In these ways sign language feature systems are comparable to those of spoken language. However, the inventory of features and aspects of their organization, while similar across sign languages, are completely unlike those of spoken languages, calling into question claims about innateness of features for either modality. Studies of a young village sign language, Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL), demonstrate that phonological structuring is not in evidence at the outset, but rather self-organizes gradually (Sandler et al 2011). However, our new research shows that signature phonetic

features of ABSL already can be detected when ABSL signers use signs from Israeli Sign Language. This ABSL ‘accent’ points to the existence of phonetic features that may not be distinctive in any sign language but can distinguish one sign language from another, even at an early stage in the history of a language. Taken together, the findings suggest that physiological, cognitive, and social factors are at play in the emergence of

phonetic and phonological features.
To Raise or Not to Raise: the Case of Finnish Restrictive Relative Clauses
Authors: Manninen Satu
Published: October 2015

Relative clause constructions have received very little attention in Finnish grammars. The purpose of this paper is to provide some tools for distinguishing between restrictive and appositive relatives in Finnish, and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the “standard” and raising analyses of restrictive relatives in that language. It shows that both lines of analysis are problematic for the analysis of a highly inflectional language like Finnish. The paper also contains a brief account of relative clause extraposition constructions: it points out problems in Kayne’s (1994) and Bianchi’s (1999) analysis of such data, and proposes instead that extraposition constructions, just like possessive constructions, contain a D head selecting another DP as its complement.
A Question of Case
Authors: Kaiser Elsi
Published: October 2015

In this paper I investigate a seemingly optional variation between accusative and partitive case in Finnish in yes/no questions and certain kinds of negative contexts. I discuss two possible approaches: (i) the focus/background approach, which argues that the presence or absence of a focus/background partition guides the case alternation, and (ii) the negative polarity item (NPI) approach, which argues that the ‘optional’ partitive case is NPI-like. This second approach is built on the observation that contexts in which the alternation is licensed are also contexts which license NPI ‘anyone’ in Finnish. In addition, in the second part of the paper, I discuss how these hypotheses fit in with the semantic consequences of accusative and partitive case interacting with two types of disjunction in yes/no and alternative questions.
Reductio ad discrimen: Where features come from
Authors: Cowper Elizabeth , Hall Daniel Currie
Published: October 2015

This paper addresses two fundamental questions about the nature of formal features in phonology and morphosyntax: what is their expressive power, and where do they come from? To answer these questions, we begin with the most restrictive possible hypothesis (all features are privative, and are wholly dictated by Universal Grammar, with no room for cross-linguistic variation), and examine the extent to which empirical evidence from a variety of languages compels a retreat from this position. We argue that there is little to be gained by positing a universal set of specific features, and propose instead that the crucial contribution of UG is the language learner's ability to construct features by identifying correlations between contrasts at different levels of linguistic structure. This view resonates with current research on how the interaction between UG and external 'third factors' shapes the structure of language, while at the same time harking back to the Saussurean notion that contrast is the central function of linguistic representations.
Bilingual Children’s Phonological Awareness: The Effect of Articulation Training
Authors: Chiang Pi-Yu
Published: October 2015

This study aims to investigate whether unbalanced Chinese-English bilingual children’s phonological awareness skills are limited to language experience, and whether these skills are improved after a short period of articulation training with L2 (English) tongue twisters. Sixty kindergarten children in Taipei whose English proficiency was lower than their mother tongue, Chinese, participated in a series of tests. They were divided into two age groups with an average age of 5;3 and 6;3 respectively. An English proficiency test was first administrated to understand these children’s command of English. Then, phonological awareness pre-tests in Chinese and English were used to tap these children’s phonological awareness in both languages. Tests include onset/ rhyme detection test, onset deletion test, and onset/ rhyme substitution tests. Based on the causal link between articulation and phonological awareness, an English articulation training was given to the experimental group of children after the pre-tests, to examine whether enhanced English phonological awareness skills transfer to Chinese. Results showed that phonological awareness acquired in L1 were also found in L2. A period of articulation training in English led to an improvement of these children’s performances in both English and Chinese, which implies a backward transfer from weaker L2 to stronger L1. Cross-language transfers in phonological awareness abilities also imply that an abstract underlying capacity facilitates language processing across languages.
Questions, Answers, Polarity and Head Movement in Germanic and Finnish
Authors: Holmberg Anders
Published: October 2015

The paper investigates the consequences of combining the following two assumptions: (a) The English negation n’t is an inflection, and (b) suffixed forms are derived in the syntax by head movement with left-adjunction. An immediate consequence is that Neg must c-command T. This entails that inversion in negative yes/no-questions (YNQs) is not T-to-C but Neg-to-C, or, if Neg is Pol(arity) with negative value, Pol-to-C. This in turn makes possible viewing inversion in YNQs as a special case of wh-movement. It also makes possible analyzing inversion in Germanic as essentially the same as in Finnish, where the negation overtly undergoes movement in negative YNQs. It also provides the basis for a theory of the syntax of replies toYNQs, including negative questions.
Generation of Complex Verbal Morphology in First and Second Language Acquisition: Evidence from Russian
Authors: Gor Kira , Chernigovskaya Tatiana
Published: October 2015

This study explores the structure of the mental lexicon and the processing of Russian verbal morphology by two groups of speakers, adult American learners of Russian and Russian children aged 4-6, and reports the results of two matching experiments conducted at the University of Maryland, USA and St. Petersburg State University, Russia. The theoretical framework for this study comes from research on the structure of the mental lexicon and modularity in morphological processing. So far, there are very few studies investigating the processing of complex verbal morphology, with most of the work done on Icelandic, Norwegian, Italian, and Russian. The current views are shaped predominantly by research on English regular and irregular past-tense inflection, which has been conducted within two competing approaches. This study investigates the processing of verbal morphology in Russian, a language with numerous verb classes differing in size and the number and complexity of conjugation rules. It assumes that instead of a sharp opposition of regular and irregular verb processing, a gradual parameter of regularity may be more appropriate for Russian. Therefore, the issue of symbolic rule application versus associative patterning can take on a new meaning for Russian, possibly, with the distinction between default and non-default processing replacing the regular-irregular distinction.
How Tense and Aspect are acquired: a cross-linguistic analysis of child Russian and English
Authors: Filiouchkina Maria
Published: October 2015

This study examines the production of verb morphology by children acquiring two typologically different languages – Russian and English. The focus of the study is on the correlation between aspect, tense and Aktionsart in child languages. In many languages, a strong correlation has been observed in the use of the resultative Aktionsart (telic types of verbs: achievements and accomplishments) and the perfective aspect in the past tense, on the one hand, and between the non-resultative Aktionsart (atelic verbs: activities, states and semelfactives) and the imperfective aspect in the present tense, on the other.
 To explain these similar acquisition processes across so many different languages, three main hypotheses about language acquisition have been proposed: the Cognition hypothesis (acquisition is based on cognitive constraints), the Semantic Predisposition hypothesis (children are sensitive to only the most frequent or salient associations (prototypes) in the input) and the Language Specificity hypothesis (acquisition is due to children´s productive analyses of the form-function patterns of the target language). This study shows that at the very earliest stage (under the age of two), i.e. when the first finite verbs begin to appear in a child´s production, the acquisition of temporal and aspectual markers is based on the specific morpho-syntactic properties of tense and aspect in Russian and English.
Slavic prefixes inside and outside VP
Authors: Svenonius Peter
Published: October 2015

Most Slavic prefixes can be assigned to one of two large cate- gories, lexical and superlexical. The lexical prefixes are like Germanic particles, in having resultative meanings, often spatial, but often id- iosyncratic. The superlexical prefixes are like adverbs or auxiliary verbs, having aspectual and quantificational meanings. I present a syntactic account of the two types of prefix, arguing that the lexical ones are to be analyzed essentially like the Germanic particles, and that their VP-internal position accounts for many of their properties, while the superlexical ones originate outside VP.
Superlexical versus lexical prefixes
Authors: Romanova Eugenia
Published: October 2015

This paper is intended to justify the classification of all the Rus- sian prefixes into lexical and superlexical. It gives semantic and syntactic criteria for distinguishing between the two groups, includ- ing: the idiosyncratic or spatial lexical meaning versus operator-like function; the (in)ability to measure over objects and events; the (in)ability to stack; the (in)ability of a host verb to form secondary imperfective; attaching to (a)telic stems; the (in)ability to change the argument structure of a host verb. Applying these criteria results in finer gradation within the group of superlexical prefixes. It is ac- counted for by their different syntactic positions with respect to vP. At the end of the paper I speculate about the effect this architecture can have on the prefixation of unaccusative and unergative verbs.
On multiple prefixation in Bulgarian
Authors: Istratkova Vyara
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I discuss instances of multiple prefixation in Bul- garian in the context of the aspectual properties of the Bulgarian verbal system. Up to seven prefixes can stack on a single verbal root in Bulgarian. All of them but the innermost one appear with a rel- atively stable meaning regardless of the meaning of the verbal stem they attach to. Importantly, prefixes will be shown to be able to at- tach to perfective as well as imperfective stems. The phenomenon is an argument against the common view that prefixes uniformly mark perfectivity in Bulgarian. On the bases of prefix co-occurrence and scope interaction, predictions will be made about the derivational hierarchy in case of stacking.
Time and the event: The semantics of Russian prefixes
Authors: Ramchand Gillian
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I draw on data from prefixation in Russian to argue for a basic distinction between event structure and temporal struc- ture. I present a linguistic semantics of verb and argument structure interpretation on the one hand, and a formal semantic implementa- tion of 'telicity' on the other, which makes sense of the generalisations apparently common to both domains. I will claim that the temporal domain embeds the event structure domain, and that the latter con- strains the former. At the same time, the different formal primitives that operate at the levels proposed form the basis for a principled linguistic distinction between the two tiers of composition: the event structure level encodes subevental relations and predicational rela- tions within those subevents; the temporal structure level introduces a t variable explicitly and relates it to the structure built up by the event level. Whether the event structure is homogenous or not will have an impact on whether the temporal variable chosen will be 'def- inite' or 'indefinite.' This latter claim then forms the basis for a new conception of the difference between perfective and imperfective verb forms in Russian.
Towards a typology of morphological case
Authors: Asbury Anna
Published: October 2015

Adposition phrases in morphologically impoverished languages have a function similar to nouns with morphological cases in morphologically rich languages, leading some researchers to argue that at least some cases belong to the category P. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether all cases can be analysed as Ps. The focus is on partitive case in Finnish. Whilst the ‘local’ cases in many languages appear to be strong candidates for analysis as members of the category P, it will be argued that partitive case (and genitive in languages where there is no distinct partitive) spells out a functional head between P and D, and that it properly belongs to the D-system (quantifiers or determiners), not the P-system. Thus morphological cases do not form a coherent category in syntax. Instead, morphological case paradigms relate to one of three different syntactic items: (i) uninterpretable features (structural cases), (ii) PP structures (cases expressing spatial or thematic relations), and (iii) determiner or quantifier projections (partitive, and partitive uses of genitive). Possible extensions of the analysis to other languages (German, Tongan and English) are explored.
Scandinavian Dialect Syntax (before and after) 2005
Authors: Vangsnes Øystein Alexander
Published: October 2015

This paper gives an outline of the goals of the pan-Nordic project umbrella Scandinavian Dialect Syntax and of how the research collaboration is organized and financed, and of how the collaboration has advanced during the last 4-5 years. Special attention is devoted to the NORMS Nordic Center of Excellence project which in effect constitutes a highly focused branch of the larger network. There are clear scientific advantages of initiating large scale cooperation of the sort represented by the ScanDiaSyn umbrella, but there are also several challenges and obstacles, especially when it comes to funding. The experiences from the ScanDiaSyn collaboration may therefore be useful from the perspective of the organization of research more generally.
The Icelandic (Pilot) Project in ScanDiaSyn
Authors: Thráinsson Höskuldur , Angantýsson Ásgrímur , Svavarsdóttir Ásta , Eythórsson Thórhallur , Jónsson Jóhannes Gísli
Published: October 2015

In this paper we outline the Icelandic research plans in the Scandinavian Dialect Syntax project and explain why we have made these plans the way we have. We begin by reporting on a pilot project that was conducted in Iceland 2004-2005, explain its nature and describe the resulting plans. As will be seen, our research project includes the collection and analysis of spoken language corpora (“spontaneous speech” of different kinds), collection of syntactic material by using different elicitation techniques (including written questionnaires and interviews), and the comparison of this material. The spoken language corpora are listed and described in the second section of the paper. In the third section we describe how our present (and future) work relates to some previous work done on syntactic variation in Icelandic (and Faroese) and offer some thoughts on the nature of syntactic variation in general.
On Double Clitics in Interrogatives in a Northern Italian Dialect
Authors: Penello Nicoletta
Published: October 2015

Following recent studies (see for instance Poletto 2000) on the higher functional field, in this paper I aim to give a contribution to the cartography of the CP projection, by examining the behaviour of subject and object clitics in the Northern Italian dialect of Carmignano di Brenta, in comparison with the nearby dialect spoken in Padua. I will examine the characteristics and restrictions of two particular patterns found in main interrogatives in Carmignano, more specifically the co-occurrence of proclitic and enclitic subject and object clitics in yes-no and wh-interrogatives: I will label these structures “Two-Subject-Clitics” (= 2-Scl) and “Two-Object-Clitics” (= 2-Ocl), respectively. I will also support a structural analysis of 2-Scl and 2-Ocl. The analysis of microvariation and the comparison with Paduan will permit us to refine the generalisations formulated on the observations of the data of Carmignano and to establish implicational scales. Moreover, once we deal with very subtle variation which brings forth new data and phenomena, we can further enrich theoretical proposals that are already very accurate.
Crisis of the Mythological? The Melting of the Polar Ice in Greenland in Alfred Döblin’s Berge Meere und Giganten
Authors: Hofmann Hanna Maria
Published: October 2015

The novel Berge Meere und Giganten was written in 1924. I would like to focus my attention on the 7th book in the novel, whose title is Die Enteisung Grönlands (The Melting of the Polar Ice in Greenland). To begin with, I will give a short summary of what the novel is about. The project to melt Greenland's polar ice forms the culmination of a history of the whole of humanity running from the 20th century all the way until the 27th century. Using all their military and technological might, the heat of the Icelandic volcanoes is captured in solid form and transported by ship to the Arctic. With the help of a gigantic net, this heat is then unloaded on to Greenland, thus melting its ice. Greenland ‘strikes back' however, firstly by casting a magical spell. My central thesis is that Döblin`s Greenland fiction is about the destruction of the myth of Greenland and that this ultimately documents a crisis of the mythological itself.
Changes in Film Representations of Sami Culture and Identity
Authors: Skardhamar Anne Kari
Published: October 2015

My intention is to analyse changes in ideas and discursivestrategies in selected films from 1929 to 2007 as regardsrepresentations of Sami culture and Sami identity in Finnmark. In different ways the films indicate a conflict of cultures and point to problems of exploitation of indigenous peoples, which may be regarded as part of Nordic colonialism.The emphasis will be on Lajla (1929) and the prize-winningVeiviseren (1987). The story of the young girl Lajla is told from a non-Sami point-of-view, and the mode of representation of otherness is of importance. In 1937 an abbreviated version of Lajla by the same director was presented, and a comparison of the two versions will show changes in the representation of ethnicity. Per Høst's narrative documentaries Same-Jakki (1957) and SamiÆllin (1972), seen from an ethnic Norwegian perspective, will briefly be discussed and compared to the ideas and discourse in Lajla.The action film Veiviseren (The Guide) (1987) by Nils Gauprepresents a totally different perspective by focusing on power relations, religious attitudes and ethical values. The language of the film is Sami. Finally, Gaup's most recent film, Kautokeinoopprøret (Kautokeino riot) (2007), a narrative based on historical events, will be briefly discussed.
Introduction: Cultural Production and Negotiation of Borders
Authors: Schimanski Johan , Wolfe Stephen Frank
Published: October 2015

The essays in this issue of Nordlit focus on how historical and contemporary border discourses, expressive and aesthetic representations, are generated, circulated, and interpreted in both local and global contexts.
fra Din Misbruger / from You/r Addict
Authors: Skinnbach Lars
Published: October 2015

An extract from You/r Addict (2006), discussed in the article "How often can you ask your reader to leave?" Text and Reader in Lars Skinnebach: Din misbruger (You/r addict). by Marianne Ølholm
Martin Puchner, Poetry of the Revolution. Marx, Manifestos, and the Avant-Gardes 2006.
Authors: Van den Berg Hubert
Published: October 2015

The genre of the manifesto belongs to the key elements of avant-garde textuality. As such, the manifesto has received considerable attention in recent avant-garde research. Many articles, chapters in general studies on the avant-garde, several collections of essays, monographs and annotated anthologies have been devoted to the manifesto in the past decades. Martin Puchner's book on the avant-garde manifesto is a latecomer in this context, published some ten years after a wave of Manifestantismus struck in particular continental European avant-garde research. As in the case of any late arrival, the main question is self-evidently: what adds Puchner to already existing literature? The answer must be rather ambivalent. Puchner's book definitely fills a lacuna in the Anglophone historiography of the avant-garde.
‘Falsche’ und ‘historische’ Wirklichkeit. Stephan Hermlins intertextueller Brückenschlag zu Paul Celan
Authors: Schlosser Jan
Published: October 2015

The article focuses on East German author Stephan Hermlin, his short story „Corneliusbrücke" (1968) and the intertextual references to Paul Celans poem „Du liegst" (1967). Hermlin is in moderate opposition to the socialist realism: He reflects the conflict between private and collective memory. Skepsis gegenüber dem sozialistischen Realismus, Gedächtnis als poetologischer Zentralbegriff, Verwebung von Zeit- und Wirklichkeitsebenen, Wahrnehmung von Wirklichkeit statt ihrer Darstellung, Erinnerung durch Sprache, Konflikt zwischen privater und kollektiver Erinnerung
Song, Poetry and Images in Writing: Sami Literature
Authors: Gaski Harald
Published: October 2015

The article is an overview of Sami literature, past and present, with a specific emphasis on the connection between tradition and innovation, in which literature is regarded in a broader sense than only limited to the written word. Thus the relationship between the traditional epic yoik songs and contemporary poetry is being dealt with, as is the multimedia approach that several Sami artists have chosen for their creative expression. It is almost more the rule than an exemption that Sami artists express themselves through the use of more than only one medium. Through the introduction to Sami literature, the reader also gets acquainted with the history and the culture of the Sami, who are the indigenous people of the northern regions of Scandinavia, Finland and the Kola peninsula in Russia.
Gunnar Opeide (1945-2005)
Authors: Egeberg Erik Haakon
Published: October 2015

En nekrolog for Gunnar Opeide
Translation
Authors: Castor Laura
Published: October 2015

"Translation" is a life narrative about the ways in which cultural histories shape personal stories, and the capacity of the imagination to develop alternative narratives about oneself and the world. It can also be read a way of addressing the effects of what Ato Quayson calls the global process of postcolonializing. Quaysons critical perspective might be used as an interpretive lens for seeing some of the ways in which  this autobiographical narrative complicates the jargon of race, class, gender," terminology which risks reducing the lived experiences of individuals to slogans and ideologies. The narrative considers, imaginatively, the difficulties of cultural translation, and especially some of the inadequacies of thinking in terms of narrow ideologies and national identities at the turn of the 21st century.