bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choice Reaction Time as a Function of Frequency Differences
Authors: Weiner Frederick F.
Published: September 2011

Sixteen Ss made same-different choice reactions (CRT) to 10 pairs of pure tones differing from 10 to 100 Hz (different) and 6 pairs of zero frequency difference (same). Results indicated that, based on the number of errors, the stimuli represented three different perceptual levels. The first level was assumed to represent items below S's level of discrimination, the second an interaction of discriminability and dissimilarity and the third dissimilarity only. The CRTs for the items below S's discrimination level were lower than items representing an interaction between dissimilarity and discriminability. Thus, items missed most often were reacted to with CRTs less than what would be expected. Rate of information transmission in bits/seconds provided a single positive function of the logarithm of stimulus dissimilarity over the entire range of frequency difference values.
Short-Term Intake Functions for Sucrose in Developmentally Retarded Children
Authors: Switzky Harvey N.
Published: September 2011

Short-term (5 min.) intake functions for sucrose were determined for 11 brain-damaged, developmentally retarded children using the single-stimulus-presentation method. Sucrose intake was a decreasing function of concentration. Water intake was equal to or greater than the greatest intake of any concentration of sucrose. These intake functions lacked the ascending limb of intake functions for water and weak concentrations of sucrose which are found in other animal species and in human adults. Evidence supports the notion that severely developmencally retarded children are not ageusic but can discriminate between various concentrations of sucrose and water.
Free Word Association and Form-Class in Middle-Class and Socially Disadvantaged Children
Authors: Kumin Libby
Published: September 2011

Free word association responses of 200 Ss, 100 lower- and 100 middle-class children, to audiory and visual stimuli were sampled. Middle-class Ss gave more paradigmatic responses than lower-class Ss. Visual presentation method yielded higher mean number of paradigmatic responses for both kindergarten Ss, and lower-class Ss. Auditory presentation yielded higher mean for fifth-grade Ss.
Animistic Thought in Children: Effects of Two Response Modes
Authors: Looft William R.
Published: September 2011

To ascertain the possible effects of testing variations on children's demonstration of their understanding of the concept of life, first-grade children (26 boys, 32 girls) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: a verbal condition in which children were asked questions about 16 objects (8 living, 8 nonliving) in the usual Piagetian interview format and a nonverbal condition in which Ss were asked to sort a series of pictures of the same 16 objects into categories of living things and nonliving things. Ss in general were quite nonanimistic, and there was no difference in performance between the two conditions. It was suggested that the objects used in the study were all quite familiar to the children's experience, and thus, consistent with findings from other research, they responded to them naturalistically.
Interobserver Reliability of Direct Magnitude Estimations of Articulatory Defectiveness
Authors: Schliesser Herbert F. , Stevens Christine A. , Bruce Clifford E.
Published: September 2011

This study concerned scaling articulatory defectiveness by the method of direct magnitude estimations. The effects of mild, moderate, and severe standards on interobserver reliability for “controlled” speech samples were examined. It was concluded that, while a moderate standard may be preferred, the influence of altering the standard is slight and “controlled” samples of speech are equally acceptable to spontaneous samples.
Comparison of the WPPSI, Stanford-Binet, and McCarthy Scales as Predictors of First-Grade Achievement
Authors: Kaufman Alan S.
Published: September 2011

35 white, middle-class children, aged 6 to 6½ yr., were tested on the WPPSI, Stanford-Binet, and the new McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA). Of these children 31 were tested 4 mo. later on the Metropolitan Achievement Tests (1970 Edition) at the end of first grade. The Stanford-Binet IQ and MSCA General Cognitive Index (GCI) correlated significantly with overall first-grade achievement ( p = .01) as did the MSCA Quantitative and Perceptual-Performance Scale Indexes. The WPPSI Full Scale IQ correlated with achievement ( p = .05). The mean Stanford-Binet IQ was discrepant with the children's average scores on the WPPSI, MSCA, and Metropolitan; the implications of this finding were discussed. The fact that the new scales correlated at least as well as the two more established tests, for the present group, suggests that the new battery may be useful as a predictor of school success.
Effects of Stimulus Complexity and Dimensionality on Children's Discrimination of Forms
Authors: Etaugh Claire F. , Graffam Kathleen A. , Turton William J.
Published: September 2011

In each of 2 experiments, kindergarten children were presented with either simple stimuli (e.g., square, triangle, regular trapezoid) or complex stimuli (irregular pentagons) in a form-discrimination task. Half the Ss in each experiment were trained on 2-dimensional stimuli and half on 3-dimensional stimuli. Simple forms were significantly easier to discriminate than complex forms. Neither stimulus dimensionality nor the interaction between dimensionality and complexity was significant.
Sleep and Awake Behavior during Gradual Sleep Reduction
Authors: Johnson Laverne C. , MacLeod William L.
Published: September 2011

Two young adults, 1 male and 1 female, reduced their total sleep time by 30 min. every 2 wk. from an initial 7.5 hr. to 4 hr. The 4-hr. regimen was maintained for 3 wk. and then ad lib. sleep was permitted. A third S withdrew from the study at the 4.5-hr. period. Daily sleep and nap logs reflected the difficulty in maintaining the restricted sleep schedule after the 6-hr. period. EEG sleep records indicated earlier onset of REM sleep at 5.5 hr. but there were no changes in other measures. At 4 hr., a marked increase in stages 3 and 4 was present with a decrease in REM and stage 2 sleep. Mood and performance measures showed changes beginning at the 5.5-hr. sleep regimen. Follow-up reports indicate both Ss have maintained a sleep schedule 1 to 2 hr. below their baselines.
Prediction of Locus of Control from Performance on a Perceptual Recognition Task
Authors: Jones Gwenyth
Published: September 2011

In a study by Lawlor (1970) an attempt was made to reduce the perceptual defense or vigilance effect of process, non-paranoid schizophrenics through alterations in the pace at which the stimuli were presented. The present study predicted that those Ss who did show a decrease in effect as a result of optimal pacing and self-pacing without awareness would more likely be those more “external” in locus of control. It was found that “external” Ss were more likely to have shown an initial defense effect and that this was indeed reduced in the two experimental conditions. Also, “internal” Ss were more likely to have shown an initial vigilance effect which was not then reduced by the same experimental procedures.
Non-Verbal Rigidity and its Relationship to Dogmatism and Machiavellianism
Authors: Primavera Louis H. , Higgins Margaret
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to delineate the concept of nonverbal rigidity by assessing its relationship to the major personality variables of Machiavellianism and Dogmatism. It was also of interest to gather data on the relationship of these two major variables. The results indicate that non-verbal rigidity is not related to Dogmatism and Machiavellianism and that Dogmatism shows a low positive relationship ( p < .05) to Machiavellianism.
Reactions to a Speedometer under Two Driving Conditions
Authors: Nagel R. J. , Diespecker D. D.
Published: September 2011

10 Ss drove in traffic over a test course having 3 different speed zones. In one driving condition the speedometer was obscured; in the second condition all instruments were visible. There was a significant difference between driving conditions as measured by eye glances; more anxious drivers tended to glance at the obscured speedometer with greater frequency than drivers with a low anxiety level.
Relationship between Immobilization and Autokinetic Movement
Authors: Aranoff Daniel
Published: September 2011

12 males and 12 females were strapped into chairs in a completely darkened room for either 2, 15, 30, or 45 min. After this period measurements were taken of the cumulative amount of time autokinetic motion was perceived. More autokinetic motion was seen the longer the immobilization period, except for the 45-min. condition. This finding was interpreted as non-supportive of sensory-tonic field theory.
Forced Guidance and Distribution of Practice in Sequential Information Processing
Authors: Decker Larry R. , Rogers Cecil A.
Published: September 2011

Distribution of practice and forced guidance were used in a sequential information-processing task in an attempt to increase the capacity of human information-processing mechanisms. A reaction time index of the psychological refractory period was used as the response measure. Massing of practice lengthened response times while forced guidance shortened them. Interpretation was in terms of load reduction upon the response-selection stage of the information-processing system.
Target-Detection Performance as a Function of Noise Intensity and Task Difficulty
Authors: Warner Harold D. , Heimstra Norman W.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of intermittent white noise with a 30% on-off ratio on target-detection performance under 4 levels of noise intensity and 3 levels of task difficulty. The 2 measures of performance were response latency and detection errors. The results showed that intensity interacts with task difficulty to determine the effect of intermittent noise on target-detection performance with both performance facilitation and decrement obtained.
Item Analysis for Parental Behaviors Rated by Stutterers and Nonstutterers
Authors: Yairi Ehud
Published: September 2011

The Children's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory was administered to 34 school age stutterers and 34 nonstutterers. Item analyses indicated the distributions of responses by the two groups were significantly different on 23 (Mother form) and 15 (Father form) of 192 items.
Embedded-Figures Test Scores among Five Samples of Aged Persons
Authors: Markus Elliot J. , Nielsen Margaret
Published: September 2011

Children's EFT scores for 604 aged persons in five samples—two homes for the aged, dischargees from a rehabilitation hospital, members of dischargees' households, and members of a senior center—were analyzed by age and sex. Older age groups had lower embedded-figures scores than younger; institutionalized persons had lower scores than non-institutionalized; scores of women were as high or higher than those of men.
Concurrent Validity of Hidden Figures Test (Cf-1)
Authors: Weissenberg Peter
Published: September 2011

The Hidden-figures Test (Cf-1) has been used to measure psychological differentiation among groups of Ss. This paper presents concurrent validity information derived from 12 studies which shows the existence of a median correlation of .51 between the Hidden-figures and either the Individual Embedded-figures Test, the Rod-and-frame Test or Witkin's Figure-drawing Scale. It is concluded that given the need to test large numbers of subjects at one time, the Hidden-figures Test appears to be a reasonably efficient and effective instrument.
Serial Recognition Memory by Retardates of Half or Whole Faces in Two Orientations
Authors: Harris Gilbert J. , Fleer Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Sequences of whole faces and half faces, either upright or inverted, were shown to 24 educable retardates in a paced recognition memory procedure. Inverted faces were harder to recognize than upright faces and half faces were harder to recognize than whole faces. An interaction trend showed that the half-whole effect was more marked for the upright faces. The results, combined with earlier data, suggest that some factor in the upright whole face is crucial to the half-whole difference found with retarded Ss.
Perception of Relative Size of Maternal Figure and Subject's Figure by Schizophrenics and Normals
Authors: Hamersma Richard J. , Papson Bonnie
Published: September 2011

Body-height perception was related to Lidz' theory of dominance by the mother during the development of the schizophrenic male. The possible relationship of 20 chronic undifferentiated schizophrenic males' self-perceptions and perceptions of a maternal figure was compared with those of 20 normal males. Data supported Lidz' postulations concerning dominance by the maternal figure. The schizophrenics underestimated their own body size more than normals and overestimated the size of a maternal figure more than normals. Finally, simultaneous presentation of a maternal figure and S's own figure influenced the schizophrenic Ss to underestimate their own perceived body-heights more than normals.
Possible Stimulus Hypothesis and Visual Space Perception
Authors: Britten Roger
Published: September 2011

For any given retinal projection there is a family of stimuli whose members could each give rise to that projection when appropriately positioned with respect to the eye. Perception theorists often imply that this family of stimuli (and related stimulus positions) specifies the possibilities for perception but have not stated this explicitly. The hypothesis is referred to here as the possible stimulus hypothesis. More specific hypotheses are derived from it. They include Koffka's size-distance and shape-slant invariance hypotheses. It is shown that Koffka's hypotheses are only special cases of more general hypotheses named the size-distance-slant and shape-slant-tilt invariance hypotheses. Implications for perceptual constancy and for tests of invariance hypotheses are indicated. Explanations for the perception of objects in space should be more complex than Helmholtz and Koffka have indicated and Gibson's theory would be more precise and broader in scope if the possible stimulus hypothesis were recognized as an essential part of the theory.
Hereditary Components of Response to the Double Trapezium Illusion
Authors: Matheny Adam P.
Published: September 2011

The double trapezium illusion was studied in 68 pairs of same-sex twins ranging in age from 9 to 11 yr. Serological tests indicated that there were 39 identical and 29 fraternal twin pairs. Intrapair differences in the magnitude of the illusion were significantly less for identical pairs, indicating an hereditary component in the illusion.
Line-Gap Discrimination of the Skin
Authors: Jones Marshall B. , Vierck Charles J. , Graham Robert B.
Published: September 2011

In three experiments, different influences on the ability to separate stimuli on the skin or detect gaps between them were investigated. The first study presented a new method of studying gap detection which eliminates methodological difficulties inherent in the classical two-point method, and it was shown that thresholds decrease with extended practice on a given skin area. The second study investigated the ability to detect point stimuli inserted within gaps and demonstrated that the perception of such stimuli is suppressed when they are centered in gaps that are discriminable. Also, it was shown that the two-gap threshold is nearly twice the single-gap threshold, and therefore distance between edges is more important than amount of unstimulated skin for gap discrimination. In the third study, the amount of stimulation on each side of tactile gaps was varied, and it was determined that this does not significantly affect gap detection.
Assessing Children's Racial Attitudes via a Signal Detection Model
Authors: Williams Kathryn H. , Williams John E. , Beck Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Previous research indicated that, in relative choice situations, both Caucasian and Negro preschool children tend to associate positive evaluative adjectives with light-skinned human figures and negative evaluative adjectives with dark-skinned ones. The present study utilized a signal-detection model with figures presented singly so that response bias, as well as sensitivity to the color-signal, could be evaluated. 30 Caucasian and 30 Negro preschool children were given 48 trials on which either a dark-skinned or light-skinned figure was accompanied by a story containing a positive or a negative adjective and were asked if the story described the figure. Dark-skinned figures carried a negative “signal” for Ss of both races. While the light-skinned figure carried a positive signal for the Caucasian Ss, the evidence for Negro Ss was unclear. The data also showed strong acquiescent (“yea-saying”) response biases, i.e., the children tended to respond “yes” much more frequently than “no,” regardless of the type of adjective employed or the skin-color of the presented figure. It was concluded that the basic phenomena previously shown with the relative choice methodology can also be shown with the absolute judgment methodology of the signal-detection model.
Continuous-Discontinuous Concept Attainment as a Function of Individual Differences in Cognitive Style
Authors: Nebelkopf Edwin B. , Dreyer Albert S.
Published: September 2011

Continuities and discontinuities in concept learning were studied in 30 white, male, middle socio-economic level, kindergarten children differentiated with respect to field independent-field dependent cognitive style. The children, homogeneous as to age and Verbal IQ, were presented with a two-choice simultaneous discrimination problem. Backward learning curves from the last error before criterion were constructed. As predicted, the learning curve for the field-independent group was characterized by discontinuity over precriterion trials, with no statistical dependence from one trial to the next. The curve for field-dependent Ss exhibited marked continuity, with significant departures from stationarity, and significant dependence in learning from one trial to the next. The results were interpreted in light of the incremental and mediational models of concept learning, and highlights the use of perceptual orientations in the formation of mediators as a developmental function.
A Multi-Disciplinary Catalogue of Uric Acid Literature of Interest to Behavioural Scientists
Authors: Stevens Henry A.
Published: September 2011

The research on uric acid encompasses a large number of disciplines and their respective journals. This bibliography (1948 to 1972) was assembled to provide a co-ordinated reference to this source material for behavioural scientists.
Retention of Shape Information under Haptic or Visual Acquisition
Authors: Abravanel Eugene
Published: September 2011

Memory for information on shape perceived haptically was compared with memory for the same shapes perceived visually, and under conditions where acquisition occurred through one system and matching through another. Significantly better matching was found for the visual groups at each of 3 retention intervals: 5, 15, and 30 sec. Accuracy of intramodal visual matching showed no decline with increasing retention intervals. Haptic memory was poorer and declined only slightly with the longer retention intervals. Data for the intermodal groups indicated that, where acquisition was accomplished visually, retention was higher. The importance of 2 sets of factors is considered, modality of acquisition and direction of intermodal matching between visual and haptic systems. Implications of these findings for some recent models of information translation across modalities are discussed.
Individual Differences and Field Dependence in the Pulfrich Effect, a Re-Examination
Authors: Greenberger Morton D.
Published: September 2011

Many explanations and conflicting data characterize search for understanding the Pulfrich effect. The conventional filter and the episcotister were each used to create the Pulfrich effect. Individual differences in observations by 9 field-dependent and 9 field-independent Ss were measured. Field-independent Ss see a longer minor diameter of the ellipse in the Pulfrich effect than field-dependent Ss. These data support a differential latency in perceptual response.
Watts Articulation Test for Screening: Evaluation of a Screening Test
Authors: Paynter Earlene Tash , Watts Shirley A.
Published: September 2011

Of 90 children tested in Grades 1 to 3, 10 were identified by the Templin-Darley and 20 by the Watts Articulation for Screening (WATS) as having articulation defects. Compared to the Revised Hemplin-Darley Screening Test, the WATS (1) was administered in less time, (2) used words more familiar to school-aged children, (3) was preferred by at least 90% of the children tested, (4) identified more children for diagnostic evaluation, (5) selected children in a similar manner for diagnostic testing. The WATS Record chart appeared time saving, easy to score, and informative.
Observations on Development of Person Constancy
Authors: Schiff William
Published: September 2011

Differences in a child's recognition of his father under conditions of extreme alteration of facial stimuli (shaved beard and mustache) suggest loss of recognition at 7 mo. but rather complete person constancy by 18 mo.
Achievement in Grade 3 by Children Who Participated in Perceptual Training during Kindergarten
Authors: Slater Barbara R.
Published: September 2011

Reading, arithmetic, and composite achievement scores of 55 Grade 3 children, who had been involved in a perceptual training program at the kindergarten level, were examined to determine effects of that training upon later achievement. The Participants performed at a higher level than the Non-participants in all three areas. Control children performed at a slightly higher level than Participants in all three areas; however, these differences were significant only for arithmetic achievement. The differences between Participant and Non-participant achievement in arithmetic and composite scores were significant.
Factor Analysis of the Motor Steadiness Battery
Authors: Meikle Stewart , Lonsbury Brenda , Gerritse Richard
Published: September 2011

50 elementary school children between the ages of 8 and 12 yr. were tested on the Motor Steadiness Battery. The 20 derived raw scores were intercorrelated and factored by the principal components technique. Seven of the 10 resulting factors were interpreted as supporting the view that attempts to shorten the battery could only be undertaken at the expense of some loss of information.
Reactions to Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards in Protein-Malnourished Monkeys
Authors: Aakre Beatrice , Strobel David A. , Zimmermann R. R. , Geist C. R.
Published: September 2011

10 rhesus monkeys were tested on a 12-part puzzle manipulation apparatus. 6 of 10 Ss were maintained on a protein-deficient diet containing 3.5% casein by weight, while the remaining 4 Ss received a high-protein diet containing 25% casein by weight. The high-protein animals had an elevated manipulation rate as compared with low-protein fed Ss when the only source of reinforcement was the manipulation of the puzzles (intrinsic reward). However, when food (extrinsic reward) was introduced the low-protein fed Ss manipulated at a level equal to or greater than the high-protein fed animals. Introduction of 100% and partial reinforcement conditions showed manipulation rates to be relatively consistent between the two groups. Extinction conditions, however, showed a significant difference between the high- and low-protein fed animals after partial reinforcement. With the removal of the food reward the low-protein fed animals exhibited a much more rapid reduction of manipulatory activity than the high-protein fed Ss. The more rapid extinction of the manipulation response by low-protein fed monkeys suggests that extrinsic reward is a much more salient variable for these Ss than intrinsic reward.
Relationship between Achievement Imagery Index, Perceptual Coding Task and Intelligence
Authors: Malatesha R. N. , Fakouri M. E.
Published: September 2011

The Iowa Picture Interpretation Test and a perceptual-coding test using wooden blocks with numbers were administered to 99 students in Grades 8 and 9. IQs from the students' files in the school were obtained. Pearson product-moment correlations of three variables showed that perceptual-coding scores were related to intelligence and achievement imagery index of Iowa Picture Interpretation Test. Intelligence and the achievement imagery index of the IPIT were not correlated significantly. Further, multiple correlation showed that achievement imagery index of IPIT and IQ taken together were significantly related to perceptual-coding scores.
Stereotyping and Personality: I. Sex Differences in Perception of Female Physiques
Authors: Stewart Robert A. , Tutton S. Jane , Steele Richard E.
Published: September 2011

50 university students (25 men) ranked 6 somatotyped female physiques for 15 concepts and demonstrated significant social stereotyping in 14 of the 15 concepts. Regarding sex differences, men were significantly more consistent in stereotyping on 6 concepts (Like Least, Like Best, Wife, Old, Homosexual, and Alcoholic), while the female Ss were more consistent on the concept Self. These findings suggest that sex differences in stereotyping are specific to certain concepts and do not reflect a general sex difference.
Perceived Intimacy, Physical Distance and Eye Contact
Authors: Scherer Shawn E. , Schiff Myra R.
Published: September 2011

30 male Ss rated photographic slides on the degree of intimacy of 2 males shown seated at a cafeteria table. Another 10 Ss rated the slides on both intimacy and eye contact. 54 different seating arrangements were used. Side and corner arrangements were varied by body and head position through 5 angles (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°) and 3 distances (3, 4.5, 6 ft.). Results supported the main hypotheses that intimacy varies inversely with distance, that intimacy ratings are directly related to ratings of eye contact. Corner seating was judged more intimate than side seating. Findings were interpreted in the light of prior research. Implications of the data were discussed in relation to applied situations.
Lateral Asymmetry in Judgments of Click Location: Not an Artifact of Reporting Mode
Authors: Bertelson Paul , Tisseyre Francoise
Published: September 2011

32 Ss estimated the position where clicks had been superimposed in spoken sentences. The sentence was heard either in the left or in the right ear, and the click always in the contralateral ear. Ss reported their judgments either graphically or orally. The previously observed effect of presentation side on mean error is not significantly affected by the type of response.
Extent of Illusory Effects for 32 Illusions
Authors: Lindauer Martin S.
Published: September 2011

The presence of 32 familiar illusions among 39 Ss, about equally divided by sex, was moderate. Although several well-known illusions were found among a significantly high proportion of Ss (e.g., Mueller-Lyer), at least half of the illusions showed unexpected results: they varied widely in the number of Ss who reported them (e.g., Hering); and variations of the same basic type of illusion were as often effective as ineffective (e.g., Poggendorff). In most cases of divergent results among similar illusions, the stimulus differences were small. The findings did not vary between the sexes or between illusions of extent and duration. The diversity of the illusory response means that any one theory of illusions is not sufficient. Further research, rather than more theory, is required on the stimulus parameters of illusions.
Sex Differences in Open-Ended Responses to Dogmatism Scale Items
Authors: Steininger Marion
Published: September 2011

The open-ended responses of male and female college students to 11 items of the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale were content analyzed. Three statistically reliable sex differences were found. Since these could have occurred by chance, the Dogmatism Scale is hypothesized to measure the same factors in both sexes.
Effects of a Shaped Pattern Preference on Depth Avoidance by Human Infants in the Visual Cliff Situation
Authors: Warnberg Larry , Somervill John W.
Published: September 2011

19 crawling infants were presented on the visual cliff. Subsequently, a preference for a smaller checked pattern was successfully established for 10 infants in a non-depth situation where both patterns were placed directly beneath the glass. Although no infants descended to the deep side when patterned surfaces were displayed in the pretest, 5 of 10 infants who reached criterion for the shaping procedure descended to the deep side and 5 to the shallow in a posttest. Under nonpatterned conditions, a consistent preference for shallow or deep sides was not evidenced in either pretest or posttest conditions.
Physique and Personality: Somatotype and the 16 PF
Authors: Deabler Herdis L. , Hartl Emil M. , Willis Constance A.
Published: September 2011

300 male Ss were somatotyped and then given Cattell's 16 Personality Factor test. Somatotype and 16 PF scores were then correlated. Coefficients were low and tended to be non-significant.
Differential Velocity and Time Prediction of Motion
Authors: Kimball Kent A. , Hofmann Mark A. , Nossaman Richard O.
Published: September 2011

This investigation examined the effects of differential target velocity, horizontal or vertical plane conditions, and air traffic controller experience on the estimation accuracy of intersection time of two converging targets. Performance accuracy on this task was not significantly affected by horizontal or vertical conditions or by air traffic controllers' experience. However, accuracy in magnitude and direction varied significantly as a function of cursor speed, with slower speeds producing the poorer performance. A differential effect for various speed combinations was also noted. Estimation accuracy on the slowest cursor speed when paired with the two faster speeds was decreased while accuracy on the intermediate speed was degraded when combined with either slower or faster speeds. Estimations on the fastest speed were not affected by differential pairings.
Effects of Knowledge of Results on Dynamic Stereo Acuity in Males and Females
Authors: Weissman Seymour , Slonim Philip
Published: September 2011

One static and two speed stereo-acuity thresholds were obtained from 8 males and 8 females in both knowledge of results and no-knowledge conditions. There were progressively larger average displacement errors for both males and females as speed of rotation increased. At all speeds, males showed fewer discrimination errors in the knowledge than in no-knowledge conditions. Females showed no consistent differences between these two conditions.
Comparative Study of Temporal Characteristics of Picture-Elicited and Topic-Elicited Speech
Authors: Lass Norman J. , Clegg Julia D.
Published: September 2011

The temporal characteristics of picture-elicited and topic-elicited speech were compared in 25 adult Ss. No significant differences were noted in temporal measures between these two types of speeches. The speech-eliciting technique cannot be validly used to explain differences in prior research on speaking rate.
Motion Sickness, Field Dependence, and Levels of Development
Authors: Deich Ruth F. , Hodges Patricia M.
Published: September 2011

75 Ss from the fifth, seventh, and college grades rated themselves on a motion-sickness questionnaire and then took a modified, author-designed, group version of Witkin's Embedded-figures Test which measures field dependence. The main hypothesis of a positive relation of motion sickness to field dependence was not confirmed. Contrary to much of the literature, no sex/field dependence relations were obtained. However, IQ and developmental levels were significantly related to speed of problem solving.
Effect of Short-Term Fixation on Perceived Size of a Circle
Authors: Sjostrom Kristen P. , Pollack Robert H.
Published: September 2011

The apparent size of a circle was measured after it was fixated by 2 male college Ss for periods from 50 msec. to 10,000 msec. The circle shrank for practically all time periods. The amount of the shrinkage increased to 6,000 msec. for S2 and 8,000 msec. for S1. It is possible that fixation effects influence the apparent size of various visual phenomena.
Production of Stimulus-Independent and Stimulus-Dependent Thoughts as a Function of Word Imagery and Meaningfulness
Authors: Ritter Gerald W. , Weber Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The “flights” and “perchings” of consciousness were studied by examining the rate of production of stimulus-independent and stimulus-dependent thoughts. Number of thoughts produced increased across post-stimulus word-intervals of 5, 10, and 15 sec. Stimulus-dependent thoughts increased at the rate of about 1.0 per 10 sec., while stimulus-independent thoughts increased at the rate of about 0.6 per 10 sec. over the three intervals studied. Word meaningfulness m and imagery-provoking value I were also varied over high-low values. The hypothesis that m-varied words would result in more reported thoughts than comparable levels of I-varied words requires qualification.
Scaling Techniques in Analysis of Mode of Responding by Kindergarten Children
Authors: Hunt Dennis , Randhawa Bikkar S.
Published: September 2011

The effect of dimensional training on the mode of response of kindergarten children to 2-dimensional stimulus materials was investigated by Kruskal-Shepard scaling and Procrustes rotation procedures. 22 kindergarten children were Ss. The stimuli consisted of 5 cardboard rectangles varying on 2 dimensions of colour and size. From the 5 stimuli, 10 triads were formed and presented to the Ss for similarity judgments. After training, the procedure was repeated. In the pre-training stage Ss did not dimensionalize fully while in the post-training stage difficulties of interpretation resulted owing to what appeared to be individual styles.
Reinforcement Effects on Intersubject Communication: The Scuttlebutt Effect
Authors: Taub Susan I. , Farrow Bobby J.
Published: September 2011

Fifth and sixth grade children served as Ss to assess the effects of scuttlebutt, intersubject communication, on experimental research. The technique employed 2 test stimuli (LEFT and ETLF) which consisted of letters “embedded” between meaningless black shapes such that the letters were continuous with ground. On the first testing day half of the children were tested. Each S was shown the stimulus LEFT and asked to tell E what he saw. All Ss were told the correct answer and requested not to tell anyone about the experiment. On the second day the stimulus presented was ETLF. In the first study candy was used as a reward; in the second study no reward was used. Chi-square analyses showed a significant amount of intersubject communication was demonstrated in both studies although full communication, i.e., specification of the correct response, primarily occurred in the presence of reward.
Comparison of Discrimination and Reproduction Tests of Children's Perception
Authors: Cutler Charles M. , Cicirelli Victor G. , Hirshoren Alfred
Published: September 2011

A test of visual form discrimination independent of motor ability was constructed and compared to a test of visual-motor reproduction (adapted from the Geometric Design subtest of the WPPSI) to determine if the two were measuring the same processes. A correlational analysis was made between the numbers and kinds of errors occurring on the two tests when administered to 42 normal 5-yr.-old nursery school children. While results indicated that children who did well on the reproduction task also tended to do well on the discrimination test ( r = −.55), there was little relationship between the kinds of mistakes made on the two tests, even though the same geometric figures were involved. Implications for the assessment of perceptual ability in young children are considered.
Correlating Visual Evoked Potentials with Psychometric Intelligence, Variation in Technique
Authors: Gucker Donald K.
Published: September 2011

Visual evoked potential measures are correlated with intelligence test scores of 17 Ss and yield a significant rho of −.75. Variations in technique include the utilization of a zero-crossing detector to control the delivery of the visual stimulus and an attempt to reduce S's level of arousal.
Increasing Verbalization of Chronic Mental Patients with Operant Techniques: Partial Replication
Authors: Pawlicki Robert E. , Miller Gary H. , Haley Graham A.
Published: September 2011

The present study replicated previous results showing the effectiveness of behavior-modification techniques in reinstating verbalization in mute psychotics. Those patients experiencing behavior-modification treatment increased their verbalization level significantly more than patients in either an attention-control or a no-treatment control group. Commencing behavior-modification at a simple motor level offers important practical advantages and deserves research attention.
Effect of Punishment of Autokinetic Movement on Thresholds of Apparent Movement
Authors: Borresen C. Robert
Published: September 2011

40 Ss were punished for reporting autokinetic movement in a certain direction. When tested on apparent movement thresholds the data indicated that the upper threshold for apparent movement was raised for the direction opposite of the autokinetic punished direction. This was true for all directions and for the majority of Ss (31 out of 40).
Effects of Birth Order and Sex on Field Independence-Dependence
Authors: Reighard Patton B. , Johnson Dale T.
Published: September 2011

Birth order and field-independence research has produced seemingly similar findings concerning social dependence. However, of the few empirical efforts examining such similarities, methodological differences have produced ambiguous findings. The effects of sex and three birth-order categories on Rod-and-frame scores were evaluated for 248 male and 389 female psychiatric inpatients. A 2 × 3 analysis of variance showed significant sex and birth-order effects, with males and firstborns less field-dependent than females and both later-borns and only children, respectively. The unpredicted birth-order results essentially contradicted previous findings and were discussed in terms of sample differences and the apparent need for improved social-dependency measures.
Information Load and Response Consistency in Sequential Short-Term Motor Memory
Authors: Wilberg Robert B. , Salmela John H.
Published: September 2011

The short-term retention of movement sequences of varying information loads was investigated to determine whether the recall accuracy was based upon central movement sources (motor plans) or upon peripheral sources (afferent input). A 2-dimensional joystick apparatus was used and the experimental variables were: information load (2, 4, and 8 movements), input control (S-controlled and E-controlled), and recall consistency (first and second recall). Measures of absolute, constant, and variable error were analyzed in a treatment by Ss design, using university Ss ( N = 12). Information load was inversely related to recall accuracy. S-controlled input was more accurate than E-controlled input at the highest load, and response consistency was high for all conditions. These results were discussed in the context of the utilization of motor plans rather than peripheral traces in this type of task.
Subliminal and Supraliminal Accessory Stimulation and Two Trapezoid Illusions
Authors: Zenhausern Robert , Ciaiola Michael , Pompo Claude
Published: September 2011

The effect of subliminal and supraliminal accessory stimulation (white noise) on 2 dynamic perceptual illusions was investigated. Only the most extreme subliminal stimulation (30 db below threshold) was effective, significantly increasing the number of illusory experiences. The effect was consistent across Ss and perceptual conditions. Both the magnitude and the direction of the effect could be supported by previous research.
Another Look at Reanalysis of the Multidimensional Scaling of Rorschach Percepts
Authors: Stone Le Roy A. , Gunn S. Richard , Lindem Alfred C.
Published: September 2011

Reanalysis of Ekehammar's judgmental data from Rorschach cards produced two judgmental dimensions.
Response Times in Adding and Multiplying Single-Digit Numbers
Authors: Aiken Lewis R. , Williams E. Newsom
Published: September 2011

2 experiments were conducted to test certain hypotheses concerning processes involved in mental addition and multiplication. Ss were required to make simultaneous manual and vocal responses to a series of simple arithmetic problems consisting of two single-digit numbers. The effects of practice, individual differences, and sex differences on response times were examined. In general, results indicated that Ss employ a variety of techniques in performing mental computations, depending on the type of arithmetic operation, amount of practice, and individual differences in computational ability. Results did not permit a clear choice among the random-access retrieval, analog-incrementing, and complete analog models. Both random and sequential (or hierarchical) access processes seem to be involved in performing mental arithmetic.
Suicide and Attempted Suicide: Study of Perceived Sex Differences
Authors: Linehan Marsha M.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated social evaluations of suicidal behavior as a function of sex. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design was used with the following factors: sex of S, sex of concept, suicidal behavior of concept (suicide, attempted suicide). 202 evening school college students rated the concepts on evaluative, potency, activity, and masculinity semantic differential scales. Results support the hypothesis that suicide is considered more masculine than attempted suicide and partially support the hypothesis that suicide is considered more potent than attempted suicide.
Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffects: Norms from Four Samples, and a Comparison of Methods for Classifying Augmenters, Moderates, and Reducers
Authors: Mishara Brian L. , Baker A. Harvey , Parker Laurence , Kostin Irene Wolk
Published: September 2011

Prior studies into the validity of Petrie's hypothesized augmentation-reduction dimension have apparently assumed that there is a linear relationship between scores from the Petrie variant of the kinesthetic figural aftereffects task and external validity variables. Empirical evidence for this assumption is either lacking or contradictory and it is here argued that the possibility of non-linear relationships should be explored systematically. Studies of this task typically involve small samples, however, making it difficult to ascertain whether both extremes of the augmentation-reduction dimension are adequately represented. Normative data are therefore presented from four samples, and the comparability of several methods which can be used to classify individuals as Augmenters, Moderates, and Reducers is explored.
Perceptual Defense or Response Suppression: Re-Examination
Authors: Plocher Thomas
Published: September 2011

In a test of perceptual defense, 45 Ss first learned taboo-neutral, neutral-taboo, and neutral-neutral word pairs. In the recognition stage, 1 group received positive information, 1 group negative information, and a control group neutral information. Ss reported the paired-associate word for each projected word. Visual duration thresholds were obtained for each word. Analysis of variance on paired-associate learning showed significant differences in number of errors due to word-pair type (taboo-neutral, neutral-taboo, neutral-neutral; p < .001). Recognition thresholds were lower for taboo words used either as the stimulus or as the response than for neutral words ( p < .05). Effects due to instructions were not significant. Thus, evidence for perceptual defense was not found.
Variables Influencing “Lining up the Shot” in Golf Putting
Authors: Sidowski Joseph B. , Carter Kenneth , O'Brien Timothy
Published: September 2011

A laboratory program for the study of golf-putting skills is described. A brief description of the method and apparatus is followed by a general presentation of experimental results which helped determine the technique now in use.
Selected Correlations between Reading Achievement and Various Visual Abilities of Children in Grades 2 and 4
Authors: Du Bois Nelson F.
Published: September 2011

No significant relationships between the selected visual perceptual, visual motor, and inter-sensory integration skills and reading achievement after controlling for the effects of performance on verbal-based tests of intellectual efficiency were expected for 30 boys and 30 girls, each randomly selected from Grades 2 and 4. 15 significant rs between performance on the Frostig Test of Visual Perception and reading achievement were obtained. Every r became nonsignificant after controlling for performance on the verbally based tests. The findings supported the hypotheses.
Sleep Learning and Progressive Blurring of Perception during Sleep
Authors: Lasaga Jose I. , Lasaga Agueda M.
Published: September 2011

8 Ss were presented verbal stimuli (numbers) during different stages of sleep. 15 sec. after each presentation they were awakened and asked if they had heard anything. If not, they were presented a multiple-choice test including the stimulus and another 3 numbers. It was concluded that: (1) even during stages 3 and 4 some perception of verbal stimuli is possible during sleep; (2) there is a progressive blurring of perception from stage 1 and REM to stages 3 and 4; (3) some forms of learning seem to be possible during sleep beyond a drowsy state, e.g., associations of words, but perceptual distortions make extremely unlikely the assimilation of complex verbal materials. It was also noticed that most verbal stimulations tended to produce a lightening of sleep as measured by the EEG. Based on the responses of some Ss the possibility of some form of subliminal perception during sleep was also raised.
Conservatism and Incidental Learning
Authors: Boshier Roger
Published: September 2011

To test the notion conservatism and “closed mindedness” are related, C—scale scores and object recall (in an incidental learning situation) scores were correlated. Analysis controlling for the effects of “object relevance,” “time” in the object room, and age gave generally insignificant results. Conservative Ss may have been more sensitized to perceptual cues than liberal Ss.
An Adaptation of a Piagetian Spatial Perception Study Applied Cross-Culturally
Authors: Mottram Sally , Faulds B. D.
Published: September 2011

African and white children were given photographs of a table-top scene and walked round the table locating the positions from which the photographs had been taken. The task appears to be easily conveyed and scored. African Ss must be much older to perform as well as white 7- to 8-yr.-old Ss; and reasons for this age discrepancy are discussed.
Distance and Location Cues in Short-Term Motor Memory
Authors: Stelmach George E. , Kelso J. A. Scott
Published: September 2011

Changes in direction and amplitude of starting position combinations were used to inspect whether reproduction errors of a positioning response were related to these displacements. Two groups of Ss who had different recall instructions for reproducing a terminal location or replicating a distance moved were tested. Analysis of combinations of starting positions indicated that only the distance condition yielded significant changes in recall error. Some evidence was presented that both distance and location cues were systematically related to starting positions.