bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How many migrants are people willing to welcome into their country? The effect of numerical anchoring on migrants’ acceptance
Authors: Lalot Fanny , Quiamzade Alain , Falomir‐Pichastor Juan M.
Published: March 2019

How many migrants are people willing to welcome into their country? Relying on a classical anchoring paradigm, we investigated the effect of numerical anchors reported in communication media echoing political positions regarding how many migrants should be accepted in one country. Four studies (N = 601) tested the effect of a numerical anchor within a politician’s statement on the number of migrants that people think should be accepted in their home country. Across studies, we found a strong anchor effect (average Cohen’s d = 1.40, 95% CI [1.18, 1.63]): participants were willing to accept a higher (vs. lower) number of migrants following a high (vs. low) anchor. Importantly, the effect occurred among both left wing‐ and right wing‐oriented participants, although being slightly smaller among the latter (Study 3). Moreover, it was independent from the political party serving as the source for the anchors as well as participants’ attitude toward these political parties (Study 4). Relevance of the present findings for persuasion and political decision‐making literature is discussed.
Clinical utility of carotid ultrasonography: Application for the management of patients with diabetes
Authors: Katakami Naoto , Matsuoka Taka‐aki , Shimomura Iichiro
Published: March 2019

Carotid ultrasonography is a non‐invasive, simple and inexpensive modality to assess the severity of atherosclerosis. This article reviews related articles, summarizes the rationale for the application of carotid ultrasonography in clinical practice, and addresses the features and the limitations of carotid ultrasonography in cardiovascular risk prediction. Numerous large studies have confirmed that various carotid ultrasound measures, such as carotid intima‐media thickness, the presence or absence of carotid plaque, plaque number and plaque area, can be independent predictors of cardiovascular diseases in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, many studies showed that the use of carotid intima‐media thickness (especially maximum intima‐media thickness, including plaque thickness) and/or carotid plaque in addition to traditional risk factors significantly improved the prediction of the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, while controversy remains. Several studies showed that the progression of carotid intima‐media thickness also can be a surrogate end‐point of cardiovascular events. However, the accumulated evidence has not been sufficient. Further study with sufficient power should be carried out. As plaque disruption, which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular events, is dependent on the content of lipid in the atheroma and the thickness of the fibrous cap, tissue characterization of a plaque might be useful for determining its fragility. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that ultrasonic tissue characterization of carotid lesions could improve the prediction ability of future cardiovascular diseases. Thus, carotid ultrasonography is a useful modality for better clinical practice of atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes.
First record of recurring reproduction of captive tawny nurse sharks Nebrius ferrugineus
Authors: Cocks Lewis N. , Mee Jonathan K.L. , Shepherd Alex P.
Published: March 2019

Between 2008 and 2015, a group of tawny nurse sharks Nebrius ferrugineus reproduced successfully in a captive environment on the central Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Births occurred on an annual basis, except for 2013. Of 12 confirmed birthing events, the most recent (2015) was observed and recorded in detail, which further contributes to the limited reproductive knowledge of this monotypic species.
Size frequency, dispersal distances and variable growth rates of young sharks in a multi‐species aggregation
Authors: Weideli Ornella C. , Papastamatiou Yannis P. , Planes Serge
Published: March 2019

During a mark–recapture survey from November 2014 until April 2017, 333 neonatal and juvenile blacktip reef sharks Carcharhinus melanopterus and 302 neonatal and juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks Negaprion acutidens were tagged and measured at the uninhabited and isolated St. Joseph Atoll (Republic of Seychelles). Both species demonstrated seasonal reproductive synchronicity and relatively large sizes at birth. Despite the extended times at liberty > 2.5 years, the majority of recaptures were found in close proximity to the initial tagging location (< 500 m). Annual growth rates of C. melanopterus (n = 24) and N. acutidens (n = 62) ranged from 6.6 to 31.7 cm year−1 (mean ± SE; 16.2 ± 1.2 cm year−1) and 0.2 to 32.2 cm year−1 (11.8 ± 1 cm year−1), respectively and are to date the most variable ever recorded in wild juvenile sharks. High abundances of both species coupled with long‐term and repeated recaptures are indicative of a habitat where juveniles can reside for their first years of life. However, large variability in annual growth rates in both species may suggest high intra and interspecific competition induced by a possibly resource limited, isolated habitat.
Using systems thinking and open innovation to strengthen aquaculture policy for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Stead Selina Marguerite
Published: March 2019

In a world of 9 billion people and a widening income gap between the rich and poor, it is time to rethink how aquaculture can strengthen its contribution to the second UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of zero hunger in our generation. The disparity in the level of sustainable aquaculture development at present, between and within countries, especially regarding human access to farmed aquatic food remains highly variable across the globe. This paper offers a fresh look at the opportunities from using systems thinking and new open innovation measuring tools to grow sustainable aquaculture. Political will in many nations is the main constraint to aquaculture in realising its potential as an: accessible source of micronutrients and nutritious protein; aid to meeting conservation goals; economic prosperity generator where benefits extend to locals and provider of indirect social benefits such as access to education and well‐being, among others. Resources to enable strong partnerships (SDG 17) between academia, civic society, government and industry should be prioritised by governments to build a sustainable aquatic food system, accessible to all, forever.
Experimental investigation of the effects of temperature and feeding regime on scale growth in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post‐smolts
Authors: Thomas Katie , Hansen Tom , Brophy Deirdre , Ó Maoiléidigh Niall , Fjelldal Per Gunnar
Published: March 2019

Salmo salar post‐smolts were reared in seawater under controlled laboratory conditions for 12 weeks. The fish were exposed to three constant temperature treatments (15, 10.5 and 6°C) and four feeding treatments (constant feeding, food withheld for 7 days, food withheld for 14 days and food withheld intermittently for four periods of 7 days). Scale growth was proportional to fish growth across all treatments, justifying the use of scale measurements as a proxy for growth during the early marine phase. The rate of circuli deposition was dependant on temperature and feeding regime and was generally proportional to fish growth but with some decoupling of the relationship at 15°C. Deposition rates varied from 4.8 days per circulus at 15°C (constant feeding) to 15.1 days per circulus at 6°C (interrupted feeding). Cumulative degree day (°D) was a better predictor of circuli number than age, although the rate of circuli deposition °D−1 was significantly lower at 6°C compared with 15 and 10.5°C. Inter‐circuli distances were highly variable and did not reflect growth rate; tightly packed circuli occurred during periods without food when growth was depressed, but also during periods of rapid growth at 15°C. The results further current understanding of scale growth properties and can inform investigations of declining marine growth in S. salar based on interpretations of scale growth patterns.
Juvenile Justice in Oregon: Balanced and Restorative Justice in Action
Authors: McMahan Christina L.
Published: March 2019

The goals of Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ) are to hold juvenile offenders meaningfully accountable, hear and empower crime victims and engage communities both as stakeholders who have been negatively impacted and as advocates to make things right for the crime victim, offender, and community. This article examines how several Oregon juvenile justice agencies have put BARJ into action over the last 25 years, highlighting specific examples of how several agencies have made this the philosophical underpinning of their work. An overview of the philosophical principles, values, and goals that drive this approach is also discussed.
Optimization of ultrasonic‐assisted enzymatic extraction of β‐carotene from orange processing waste
Authors: Shahram Homa , Dinani Somayeh Taghian
Published: March 2019

In this research, extraction of β‐carotene pigment from orange processing waste was investigated by combining ultrasonic and enzymatic processes using ethanol solvent. In order to optimize the extraction conditions, the effect of pectinase enzyme concentration [0–5% (w/w)], ultrasonic time (10–120 min), and pH of solution (3.5–6) on dependent variables of β‐carotene content, antioxidant activity, color parameters of L*, a*, and b*, and browning index (BI) of extracts was investigated using response surface methodology. Optimal condition of ultrasonic‐assisted enzymatic extraction treatment using ethanol solvent was estimated as pectinase concentration of 0.40% (w/w), ultrasonic time of 115.55 min, and pH of 5.11 to achieve the highest amounts of β‐carotene content, antioxidant activity, color parameters of L*, a*, and b*, and the lowest amount of BI parameter. The results of scanning electron microscopy images showed that using ultrasound waves and the pectinase enzyme, in particular in the case of using ethanol solvent, disrupted the sample tissue. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the functional groups of the extracts were not degraded during the ultrasonic and enzymatic processes.

Practical applications

The increasing awareness and demand of consumers for enriched functional foods with bioactive compounds such as β‐carotene pigment is promising. It has resulted in an improved interest in extracting β‐carotene pigment from food processing waste sources. In addition, it has led to application of novel extraction methods such as ultrasonic‐assisted enzymatic extraction. The results of this study showed that optimal treatment of ultrasonic‐enzymatic treatment using ethanol solvent compared to maceration treatment using ethanol solvent resulted in a higher β‐carotene content.
Vibrio spp. from Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) demonstrating virulence properties and antimicrobial resistance
Authors: De Silva B. C. J. , Hossain Sabrina , Dahanayake P. S. , Kang Tae‐Myung , Heo Gang‐Joon
Published: March 2019

We report the prevalence and characterization of Vibrio spp. isolated from marketed Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) in Korea. A total of 30 isolates including, V. parahaemolyticus (n = 2), V. alginolyticus (n = 9), V. fluvialis (n = 7), V. diabolicus (n = 7), V. anguillarum (n = 4) and V. aestuarianus (n = 1) were isolated and identified. The phenotypic pathogenicity tests demonstrated that, 18 (60%), 21 (70%), 18 (60%), 7 (23%), 22 (73%), 21 (70%), 9 (30%), and 11 (33%) of the isolates were positive for DNase, protease, gelatinase, lipase, phospho‐lipase, amylase, slime production, and haemolysis, respectively. PCR assays revealed the prevalence of toxR, tlh, VAC, vfh, hupO, and VPI genes among the isolates with varying combinations. A close genetic affinity among V. alginolyticus and V. diabolicus strains was observed. Also the virulence genes specific to one Vibrio species were detected among other species as well. In addition, 29/30 (97%) isolates were multidrug resistant, while higher resistance rates were shown for ampicillin, colistin, vancomycin, and cephalothin. The results imply that the scallops in Korean markets harbor Vibrio spp., which are potentially virulent and multidrug resistant, thus their public health implications should not be underrated.

Practical applications

For many decades, vibrios are known for its importance in seafoodborne illnesses. Yesso scallop is the most popular and extensively cultured scallop variety in Korea. Therefore, we sought to assess the marketed fresh Yesso scallops for the prevalence and molecular characterization of Vibrio species. A total of 30 strains were isolated and identified by a series of biochemical tests, subsequent gyrB gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Six Vibrio spp. were identified with V. alginolyticus as the most prevalent. Interestingly, V. alginolyticus was genetically similar to V. diabolicus. Besides, the virulence genes specific to V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus were observed in other species as well. It suggests that the detection of the species‐specific genes does not ensure the correct identification of pathogenic vibrios. Further, the occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus‐specific virulence genes in other Vibrio spp. potentially complicates the correct tracking of V. parahaemolyticus infections. In addition, 73% of these Vibrio spp. isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices higher than 0.2, which signifies their high risk of infection. Collectively, these results provide important evidence that not only the well‐known pathogenic vibrios like V. parahaemolyticus, but also other Vibrio spp. can act alike because of their similar characteristics.
Vonoprazan versus proton‐pump inhibitors for healing gastroesophageal reflux disease: A systematic review
Authors: Miyazaki Hirota , Igarashi Ataru , Takeuchi Toshihisa , Teng Lida , Uda Akihito , Deguchi Hisato , Higuchi Kazuhide , Tango Toshiro
Published: March 2019

Background and Aim

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease caused by reflux of gastric contents to the esophagus. Proton‐pump inhibitors (PPIs) are recommended as a first‐line therapy to treat GERD. Recently, a new potassium‐competitive acid blocker, vonoprazan, was launched in Japan. We aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of vonoprazan and other PPIs in healing GERD.

Methods

We used MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to search the literature. Double‐blind randomized controlled trials for PPIs and/or vonoprazan that were published in English or Japanese and assessed healing effects in adult GERD patients were included. To estimate the comparative efficacy of treatments, we performed a Bayesian network meta‐analysis to assess the consistency assumption.

Results

Of 4001 articles identified in the database, 42 studies were eligible. One study was hand‐searched and added to the analysis. For the main analysis of healing effects at 8 weeks, odds ratios (ORs) of vonoprazan (20 mg daily) to esomeprazole (20 mg), rabeprazole (20 mg), lansoprazole (30 mg), and omeprazole (20 mg) were 2.29 (95% credible interval, 0.79–7.06), 3.94 (1.15–14.03), 2.40 (0.90–6.77), and 2.71 (0.98–7.90), respectively. Subgroup analysis for patients with severe esophagitis at baseline showed significantly higher ORs for vonoprazan versus most of the comparator PPIs.

Conclusions

This analysis shows that the GERD healing effect of vonoprazan is higher than that of rabeprazole (20 mg) but not higher than other PPIs. Subgroup analysis indicated that vonoprazan is more effective than most PPIs for patients with severe erosive esophagitis.
Significant effects of late evening snack on liver functions in patients with liver cirrhosis: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Chen Chen‐Ju , Wang Liang‐Chao , Kuo Hsing‐Tao , Fang Yu‐Chiung , Lee Huan‐Fang
Published: March 2019

Background and Aim

Reducing post‐absorptive (fasting) phase by eating late evening snacks (LESs) is a potential intervention to improve substrate utilization and reverse sarcopenia. This study analyzed the results of published randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials to evaluate the effects of LES on liver function of patients with cirrhosis.

Methods

A meta‐analysis was conducted. The search strategy included electronic database searches, and 300 articles were searched. Eight of these articles provided qualified data for pooling and analysis. Outcomes assessments included serum albumin, total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, prothrombin time, and aspartate aminotransferase, complications of cirrhosis, severity of liver disease, and blood glucose levels.

Results

Our analysis included eight studies comprising 341 patients (167 in LES groups and 174 in control groups). The results showed that LES intervention helped to maintain liver reserves. These eight studies demonstrated that LES intervention had significant effects for liver biochemical parameters on albumin, ammonia, and prothrombin time, with respective effect sizes of 0.233, −0.425, and −0.589; liver enzymes include aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, with respective effect sizes of −0.320 and −0.284. Studies on clinical signs of liver dysfunction showed lower occurrence rates of ascites and hepatic encephalopathy than in the control group. LES had no significant effect on Child–Pugh score.

Conclusions

The overall results of the meta‐analysis indicated that having LES can improve liver function reserve for patients with liver cirrhosis, with or without hepatocellular carcinoma. LES is a promising intervention for reversing anabolic resistance and the sarcopenia of cirrhosis, resulting in an improved quality of life for patients with cirrhosis.
Efficacy of articaine vs lignocaine in maxillary and mandibular infiltration and block anesthesia in the dental treatments of adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Soysa Niroshani S. , Soysa Ishani B. , Alles Neil
Published: March 2019

The aim of the present systematic review and meta‐analysis was to address the following Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome question: Is the efficacy of articaine better than lignocaine in adults requiring dental treatment? Four percent articaine was compared with 2% lignocaine for maxillary and mandibular infiltrations and block anesthesia, and with the principal outcome measures of anesthetic success. Using RevMan software, the weighted anesthesia success rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated and compared using a random‐effects model. For combined studies, articaine was more likely to achieve successful anesthesia than lignocaine (N = 18, odds ratio [OR]: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.45‐2.56, P < 0.00001, I2 = 32%). Maxillary and mandibular infiltration studies showed obvious superiority of articaine to lignocaine (N = 8, OR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.51‐4.15, P = 0.0004, I2 = 41%). Maxillary infiltration subgroup analysis showed no significant difference between articaine and lignocaine (N = 5, OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 0.88‐3.23, P = 0.11, I2 = 19%). For combined mandibular anesthesia studies, articaine was superior to lignocaine (N = 14, OR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.45‐2.72, P < 0.0001, I2 = 32%), with further subgroup analysis showing significant differences in both mandibular block anesthesia (N = 11, OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.19‐2.03, P = 0.001), I2 = 0%) and mandibular infiltration (N = 3, OR: 3.87, 95% CI: 2.62‐5.72, P < 0.00001, I2 = 0%), indicating that articaine is more effective than lignocaine in providing anesthetic success in routine dental procedures.
Client‐Centered Mobile Health Care Applications: Using the Mobile Application Rating Scale Instrument for Evidence‐Based Evaluation
Authors: Stec Melissa A. , Arbour Megan W. , Hines Heather Findletar
Published: March 2019

The use of mobile devices and applications (apps) to monitor or assist in health behaviors is rapidly expanding in many areas of society. Clinicians desire evidence‐based app recommendations for their clients to increase self‐care and wellness management in such areas as mindfulness, weight loss and activity tracking, glycemic control, and consumer medication information. Given the constant influx of new apps into the major app repositories, clinicians need to be able to ensure the quality of information and interaction that occurs within the mobile health (mHealth) marketplace. The Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) and the user version of the scale are valid and reliable instruments used to examine the engagement, functionality, aesthetics, and quality of information in mHealth apps. MARS‐rated apps can be readily available resources for busy clinicians to make app suggestions to assist clients on a variety of topics that promote improved outcomes. This article reviews the MARS instrument and utilization of the instrument by clinicians and summarizes several primary care and wellness apps that have been evaluated using this tool.
Price Discovery without Trading: Evidence from Limit Orders
Authors: BROGAARD JONATHAN , HENDERSHOTT TERRENCE , RIORDAN RYAN
Published: March 2019

We analyze
the contribution to price discovery of market and limit orders by high‐frequency traders (HFTs) and non‐HFTs. While market orders have a larger individual price impact, limit orders are far more numerous. This results in price discovery occurring predominantly through limit orders. HFTs submit the bulk of limit orders and these limit orders provide most of the price discovery. Submissions of limit orders and their contribution to price discovery fall with volatility due to changes in HFTs’ behavior. Consistent with adverse selection arising from faster reactions to public information, HFTs’ informational advantage is partially explained by public information.
CEO Horizon, Optimal Pay Duration, and the Escalation of Short‐Termism
Authors: MARINOVIC IVAN , VARAS FELIPE
Published: March 2019

This paper studies optimal contracts when managers manipulate their performance measure at the expense of firm value. Optimal contracts defer compensation. The manager's incentives vest over time at an increasing rate, and compensation becomes very sensitive to short‐term performance. This generates an endogenous horizon problem whereby managers intensify performance manipulation in their final years in office. Contracts are designed to encourage effort while minimizing the adverse effects of manipulation. We characterize the optimal mix of short‐ and long‐term compensation along the manager's tenure, the optimal vesting period of incentive pay, and the dynamics of short‐termism over the CEO's tenure.
Prospective study of bidet toilet use: Association of abnormal vaginal colonization and preterm birth in high‐risk pregnant women
Authors: Kim Yoo‐Min , Kim Ji Y. , Lee Mi‐Young , Choi Suk‐Joo , Oh Soo‐young , Shim Jae‐Yoon , Roh Cheong‐Rae
Published: March 2019

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the association of bidet toilet use with abnormal vaginal microbial colonization and preterm birth (PTB) in high‐risk pregnancies.

Methods

This is a prospective cohort study of 208 women, who were admitted to a high‐risk pregnancy unit, due to preterm labor, preterm premature rupture of the membrane, or short cervical length, in two tertiary hospitals from April 2015 to July 2017. Responses to a questionnaire about using bidet toilet and vaginal culture were obtained upon admission. Maternal baseline characteristics, vaginal culture results, and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were compared between bidet toilet users and nonusers.

Results

Among the 204 subjects, 67 (32.8%) women were identified as bidet toilet users. Overall, bidet toilet use was associated with a higher rate of abnormal vaginal microbial colonization, compared to the nonusers (60.7% vs 44.2%, P = 0.036). Notably, Escherichia coli colonization rate was significantly higher in bidet toilet users than nonusers (13.1% vs 3.3%, P = 0.023). Bidet toilet users had a significantly higher rate of PTB before 37 weeks of gestation, compared to the nonusers (87.3% vs 73.0%, P = 0.040).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that chronic use of a bidet toilet is associated with a higher rate of abnormal vaginal colonization by Gram‐negative bacteria and PTB in high‐risk pregnancies.
Public Policy and Supply Chain Management: Using Shared Foundational Principles to Improve Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation
Authors: Tokar Travis , Swink Morgan
Published: March 2019

Public policy and associated governmental regulatory issues play critical roles in shaping the practice of supply chain management (SCM). To date, however, these issues remain largely unexplored by SCM researchers. This article makes the case that such issues are highly relevant to the field of SCM, and that SCM researchers are uniquely positioned to speak to the issues by virtue of the foundational principles and levels of analysis that define our discipline. The discussion provides suggestions and examples of how fruitful research might be conducted in this space.
Competition Policy and Antitrust Law: Implications of Developments in Supply Chain Management
Authors: Gundlach Gregory T. , Frankel Robert , Krotz Riley T.
Published: March 2019

Building on research in supply chain management (SCM) that aids in the workings of society, the authors illustrate how SCM research can advance public policy and law. Using competition policy and antitrust law as an example, they consider how developments in SCM thought and practice augment economic understanding of vertical restraints involving minimum resale price maintenance (RPM). Developments affecting the organization of supply chains, firm‐level strategies for the management of retail distribution, and the interactions of supply chain participants are investigated. The findings advance knowledge of the primary procompetitive and anticompetitive theories of RPM found in competition policy and antitrust law. They also illustrate the potential of SCM to expand its reach and impact through studies that address the interplay of SCM and public policy and law.
Properties of the Power Envelope for Tests Against Both Stationary and Explosive Alternatives: The Effect of Trends
Authors: Marsh Patrick
Published: March 2019

This article details a precise analytic effect that inclusion of a linear trend has on the power of Neyman–Pearson point optimal unit root tests and thence the power envelope. Both stationary and explosive alternatives are considered. The envelope can be characterized by probabilities for two, related, sums of Chi‐square random variables. A stochastic expansion, in powers of the local‐to‐unity parameter, of the difference between these loses its leading term when a linear trend is included. This implies that the power envelope converges to size at a faster rate, which can then be exploited to prove that the power envelope must necessarily be lower. This effect is shown to be, analytically, greater asymptotically than in small samples and numerically far greater for explosive than for stationary alternatives. Only a linear trend has a specific rate effect on the power envelope, however other deterministic variables will have some effect. The methods of the article lead to a simple direct measure of this effect which is then informative about power, in practice.
Sonography and sonoelastography in the detection of malignancy in superficial lymph nodes of dogs
Authors: Belotta Alexandra F. , Gomes Marcela C. , Rocha Noeme S. , Melchert Alessandra , Giuffrida Rogério , Silva Jeana P. , Mamprim Maria J.
Published: March 2019

Background

The clinical applicability of sonography and sonoelastography (SOE) in the detection of lymph node malignancy in dogs has not been established.

Objectives

To compare sonographic and sonoelastographic findings between malignant and benign superficial lymph nodes and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of those methods.

Animals

One‐hundred sixteen lymph nodes of 54 dogs.

Methods

A prospective observational study was used to investigate sonographic features and elasticity scores of malignant and benign superficial lymph nodes. Lymph nodes were categorized as malignant or benign according to cytology or histopathology. Quantitative variables were compared using Student's unpaired t test. Prevalence of categorical variables was compared using nonparametric Mann‐Whitney U test. Diagnostic performance was calculated by receiver‐operating characteristic analysis.

Results

Forty‐nine malignant and 67 benign lymph nodes were included. Malignant nodes had larger long axis (LA; P = .0002), short axis (SA; P < .0001) and short‐to‐long axis ratio (P < .0001) in comparison with benign nodes. Malignant nodes had a higher prevalence of mixed vascular distribution on Doppler color flow mapping (P < .005) and on power Doppler (P < .0001) and higher resistivity index (RI; P < .0001), pulsatility index (P < .0001), and elasticity score (P < .0001) in comparison with benign nodes. Short axis, elasticity score, and RI offered the best accuracies, 80.2%, 78.1%, and 77.7% (P < .05), respectively, for malignancy detection.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Results support the use of Doppler sonography and SOE as auxiliary methods to brightness mode sonography to detect nodal malignancy.
Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate treatment of copper‐associated hepatopathy in dogs
Authors: Langlois Daniel K. , Querubin Janice R. , Schall William D. , Nelson Nathan C. , Smedley Rebecca C.
Published: March 2019

Background

Copper‐associated hepatopathy (CAH) is a common cause of liver disease in dogs. Althoughd‐penicillamine can be an effective treatment, some dogs fail treatment or develop adverse effects. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) has been used to treat pathologic copper accumulation in other species, but its therapeutic potential for CAH is unknown.

Objectives

To investigate short‐term safety and efficacy of TTM for treatment of CAH.

Animals

Ten dogs with CAH.

Methods

Prospective study. All dogs were treated with TTM PO for 6 weeks, and hepatic biopsies were performed after the treatment course. Dog experiencing initial decreases in hepatic copper concentrations ([Cu]H) received 6 additional weeks of TTM treatment and underwent 1 additional biopsy. Physical and laboratory examinations were performed every 2 weeks for study duration.

Results

Eight of 10 dogs had decreases in [Cu]H. Compared to baseline (median, 1606 μg/g; range, 572‐5158 μg/g), [Cu]Hwere decreased at 6 weeks (1033 μg/g, 450‐2975 μg/g;P = .04) and 12 weeks (931 μg/g, 218‐1677 μg/g;P = .02). Hepatic molybdenum concentrations increased >50‐fold (P < 0.001). Changes in histologic scores and hematologic and biochemical test results were variable and not significantly different from baseline. One dog developed presumed immune‐mediated anemia and thrombocytopenia, but it was unclear if this was related to TTM administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Results suggest that TTM can effectively decrease [Cu]Hin some dogs with CAH. Larger studies are needed to determine the overall safety and efficacy of TTM for treating CAH and how it compares with current treatments.
Regulatory costs on U.S. salmonid farms
Authors: Engle Carole R. , van Senten Jonathan , Fornshell Gary
Published: March 2019

The economic effects of the implementation of regulations on aquaculture farms in the United States, while of concern, are not well understood. A national survey was conducted of salmonid (trout and salmon) farms in 17 states of the United States to measure on‐farm regulatory costs and to identify which regulations were the most costly to this industry segment. The response rate was 63%, with a coverage rate of 94.5% of the U.S. production of salmonids. The regulatory system resulted in increased national on‐farm costs of $16.1 million/year, lost markets with a sales value of $7.1 million/year, lost production of $5.3 million/year, and thwarted expansion attempts estimated at $40.1 million/year. Mean farm regulatory costs were $150,506/farm annually, or $2.71/kg; lost markets with annual sales values of $66,274/farm; annual lost production of $49,064/farm; and an annual value of thwarted expansion attempts estimated at $375,459/farm. Smaller‐scale farms were affected to a disproportionately greater negative extent than larger‐scale farms. Per‐farm regulatory costs were, on average, greater for foodfish producers than for producers selling to recreational markets, but per‐kg regulatory costs were greater for those selling to recreational compared to foodfish markets. Regulatory costs constituted 12% of total production and marketing costs on U.S. salmonid farms. The greatest regulatory costs were found to be effluent discharge regulations. The majority of regulatory costs were fixed costs, but regulatory barriers to expansion precluded compensatory adjustments to the business in spite of growing demand for salmonid products. Results of this study show that the on‐farm regulatory cost burden is substantial and has negatively affected the U.S. salmonid industry's ability to respond to strong demand for U.S. farm‐raised salmonid products. Results also suggest that the regulatory system has contributed to the decline in the number of U.S. salmonid farms. While regulations will necessarily have some degree of cost to farms, the magnitude of the on‐farm regulatory cost burden on U.S. salmonid farms calls for concerted efforts to identify and implement innovative regulatory monitoring and compliance frameworks that reduce the on‐farm regulatory cost burden.
Marx‐biased technical change and income distribution: A panel data analysis
Authors: Campbell Travis , Tavani Daniele
Published: March 2019

This paper provides a further empirical evaluation of the Neoclassical theory of distribution as opposed to Marx‐biased technical change (MBTC) using a series of panel estimators. We argue that a panel data analysis is instrumental in increasing the efficiency and validity of the test. Our results generalize previous findings in providing support for MBTC and against the Neoclassical theory of income distribution.
Analysis of a flagellar filament cap mutant reveals that HtrA serine protease degrades unfolded flagellin protein in the periplasm of Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Zhang Kai , Qin Zhuan , Chang Yunjie , Liu Jun , Malkowski Michael G. , Shipa Saimtun , Li Li , Qiu Weigang , Zhang Jing‐Ren , Li Chunhao
Published: March 2019

Unlike external flagellated bacteria, spirochetes have periplasmic flagella (PF). Very little is known about how PF are assembled within the periplasm of spirochaetal cells. Herein, we report that FliD (BB0149), a flagellar cap protein (also named hook‐associated protein 2), controls flagellin stability and flagellar filament assembly in the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Deletion of fliD leads to non‐motile mutant cells that are unable to assemble flagellar filaments and pentagon‐shaped caps (10 nm in diameter, 12 nm in length). Interestingly, FlaB, a major flagellin protein of B. burgdorferi, is degraded in the fliD mutant but not in other flagella‐deficient mutants (i.e., in the hook, rod, or MS‐ring). Biochemical and genetic studies reveal that HtrA, a serine protease of B. burgdorferi, controls FlaB turnover. Specifically, HtrA degrades unfolded but not polymerized FlaB, and deletion of htrA increases the level of FlaB in the fliD mutant. Collectively, we propose that the flagellar cap protein FliD promotes flagellin polymerization and filament growth in the periplasm. Deletion of fliD abolishes this process, which leads to leakage of unfolded FlaB proteins into the periplasm where they are degraded by HtrA, a protease that prevents accumulation of toxic products in the periplasm.
Structural basis for interaction of DivIVA/GpsB proteins with their ligands
Authors: Halbedel Sven , Lewis Richard J.
Published: March 2019

DivIVA proteins and their GpsB homologues are late cell division proteins found in Gram‐positive bacteria. DivIVA/GpsB proteins associate with the inner leaflet of the cytosolic membrane and act as scaffolds for other proteins required for cell growth and division. DivIVA/GpsB proteins comprise an N‐terminal lipid‐binding domain for membrane association fused to C‐terminal domains supporting oligomerization. Despite sharing the same domain organization, DivIVA and GpsB serve different cellular functions: DivIVA plays diverse roles in division site selection, chromosome segregation and controlling peptidoglycan homeostasis, whereas GpsB contributes to the spatiotemporal control of penicillin‐binding protein activity. The crystal structures of the lipid‐binding domains of DivIVA from Bacillus subtilis and GpsB from several species share a fold unique to this group of proteins, whereas the C‐terminal domains of DivIVA and GpsB are radically different. A number of pivotal features identified from the crystal structures explain the functional differences between the proteins. Herein we discuss these structural and functional relationships and recent advances in our understanding of how DivIVA/GpsB proteins bind and recruit their interaction partners, knowledge that might be useful for future structure‐based DivIVA/GpsB inhibitor design.
Host identification in unfed ticks from stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ15N)
Authors: Heylen D. , Schmidt O. , Dautel H. , Gern L. , Kampen H. , Newton J. , Gray J.
Published: March 2019

Determination of the ratios of natural stable isotopes (13C/12C and 15N/14N) in unfed Ixodes ricinus nymphs and adults, which, in their previous stage, fed on captive wild rodents (Apodemus sylvaticus and Myodes glareolus), wild birds (Parus major and Cyanistes caeruleus) or domestic ruminants (Ovis aries and Bos taurus), demonstrated that it is possible to identify each host category with confidence. First, the tick–blood spacing, which is the difference between values obtained from ticks and the blood of hosts that they had fed on in the previous stage, was consistent (152 spacings investigated from 15 host individuals in total). Second, potential confounding factors (tick age and sex) did not affect the discriminatory power of the isotope patterns, nor did different rearing conditions (room temperature vs. 4 °C) or the duration of development (maximum of 430 days). The findings that the tick–blood isotope spacings, across a diverse range of hosts, were similar and predictable, and that confounders had little or no effect on this, strongly support the usage of the isotope approach. Because each of the host categories has a different role in the population dynamics of I. ricinus and in tick‐borne pathogen ecology, the method described here has great potential for the clarification of tick and tick‐borne pathogen ecology in the field.
Differential responses of ecotypes to climate in a ubiquitous Arctic sedge: implications for future ecosystem C cycling
Authors: Curasi Salvatore R. , Parker Thomas C. , Rocha Adrian V. , Moody Michael L. , Tang Jianwu , Fetcher Ned
Published: March 2019

The response of vegetation to climate change has implications for the carbon cycle and global climate. It is frequently assumed that a species responds uniformly across its range to climate change. However, ecotypes − locally adapted populations within a species − display differences in traits that may affect their gross primary productivity (GPP) and response to climate change.

To determine if ecotypes are important for understanding the response of ecosystem productivity to climate we measured and modeled growing season GPP in reciprocally transplanted and experimentally warmed ecotypes of the abundant Arctic sedge Eriophorum vaginatum.

Transplanted northern ecotypes displayed home‐site advantage in GPP that was associated with differences in leaf area index. Southern ecotypes exhibited a greater response in GPP when transplanted.

The results demonstrate that ecotypic differentiation can impact the morphology and function of vegetation with implications for carbon cycling. Moreover they suggest that ecotypic control of GPP may limit the response of ecosystem productivity to climate change. This investigation shows that ecotypes play a substantial role in determining GPP and its response to climate. These results have implications for understanding annual to decadal carbon cycling where ecotypes could influence ecosystem function and vegetation feedbacks to climate change.
MADS‐box genes underground becoming mainstream: plant root developmental mechanisms
Authors: Alvarez‐Buylla Elena R. , García‐Ponce Berenice , Sánchez María de la Paz , Espinosa‐Soto Carlos , García‐Gómez Mónica L. , Piñeyro‐Nelson Alma , Garay‐Arroyo Adriana
Published: March 2019

Plant growth is largely post‐embryonic and depends on meristems that are active throughout the lifespan of an individual. Developmental patterns rely on the coordinated spatio‐temporal expression of different genes, and the activity of transcription factors is particularly important during most morphogenetic processes. MADS‐box genes constitute a transcription factor family in eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis, their proteins participate in all major aspects of shoot development, but their role in root development is still not well characterized. In this review we synthetize current knowledge pertaining to the function of MADS‐box genes highly expressed in roots: XAL1, XAL2, ANR1 and AGL21, as well as available data for other MADS‐box genes expressed in this organ. The role of Trithorax group and Polycomb group complexes on MADS‐box genes’ epigenetic regulation is also discussed. We argue that understanding the role of MADS‐box genes in root development of species with contrasting architectures is still a challenge. Finally, we propose that MADS‐box genes are key components of the gene regulatory networks that underlie various gene expression patterns, each one associated with the distinct developmental fates observed in the root. In the case of XAL1 and XAL2, their role within these networks could be mediated by regulatory feedbacks with auxin.
Recent evidence that attention is necessary, but not sufficient, for conscious perception
Authors: Noah Sean , Mangun George R.
Published: March 2019

Early descriptions of attention in the psychological literature highlighted its interdependence with conscious awareness. As the study of attention developed, consciousness and attention began to be considered separable phenomena, experimentally and theoretically. In recent years, an energetic debate has developed concerning the extent to which the two phenomena are related. One school of thought considers the two to be doubly dissociable, whereas the other considers them to be necessarily linked. In this review, we highlight experimental findings from the last 5 years that contribute to the leading consensus view: attention is necessary, but not sufficient, for conscious perception. We review studies that show attention operating in conjunction with unconscious information, and other evidence linking attention necessarily to conscious perception. By drawing upon evidence that attention comprises many cognitive and neural processes, we argue that by studying how different forms of attention are related to conscious perception, it is possible to gain new insights about the neural states or processes that are necessary for conscious perception to occur.
The continuums of impairment in vascular reactivity across the spectrum of cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Loader Jordan , Khouri Charles , Taylor Frances , Stewart Simon , Lorenzen Christian , Cracowski Jean‐Luc , Walther Guillaume , Roustit Matthieu
Published: March 2019

This study aimed to assess, for the first time, the change in vascular reactivity across the full spectrum of cardiometabolic health. Systematic searches were conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from their inception to March 13, 2017, including studies that assessed basal vascular reactivity in two or more of the following health groups (aged ≥18 years old): healthy, overweight, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes with or without complications. Direct and indirect comparisons of vascular reactivity were combined using a network meta‐analysis. Comparing data from 193 articles (7226 healthy subjects and 19344 patients), the network meta‐analyses revealed a progressive impairment in vascular reactivity (flow‐mediated dilation data) from the clinical onset of an overweight status (−0.41%, 95% CI, −0.98 to 0.15) through to the development of vascular complications in those with type 2 diabetes (−4.26%, 95% CI, −4.97 to −3.54). Meta‐regressions revealed that for every 1 mmol/l increase in fasting blood glucose concentration, flow‐mediated dilation decreased by 0.52%. Acknowledging that the time course of disease may vary between patients, this study demonstrates multiple continuums of vascular dysfunction where the severity of impairment in vascular reactivity progressively increases throughout the pathogenesis of obesity and/or insulin resistance, providing information that is important to enhancing the timing and effectiveness of strategies that aim to improve cardiovascular outcomes.
The role of telenursing in the management of diabetes：A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yang Sa , Jiang Qiuhuan , Li Hongfang
Published: March 2019

Background

Diabetes is a common chronic disease that requires a long‐term regimen. However, the management of diabetes by telenursing is limited and inconclusive.

Objectives

To determine the effectiveness of telenursing on control in diabetes. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. Studies comparing telenursing with usual care in diabetes patients were included.

Results

A total of 17 randomized controlled trials were identified. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) dates were pooled using a random effects meta‐analysis method, followed by subgroup analyses to examine heterogeneity. The meta‐analysis showed that the use of telenursing (vs. usual care) was associated with a significant reduction in HbA1c levels compared to usual care, with a pooled 0.68% (95% CI: 0.33–1.03, p = 0.0001; I2 = 95%). For the secondary outcome, the SMD of body mass index (BMI) was −0.25% (95% CI: −0.81 to 0.32%, p = 0.39), with no statistically significant change; the fasting blood sugar (FBS) SMD was −0.19% (95% CI: 0.20 to 1.01, p = 0.003), with a statistically significant change; the total cholesterol (TC) SMD was −0.09% (95% CI: −0.03 to 0.21, p = 0.12), with no statistically significant change.

Conclusions

Telenursing, as a useful tool for patient education and behavioral interventions, can help diabetes patients to improve their glycemic control. However, more studies on up‐to‐date and cost‐effective technologies are needed.