bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASCENDING URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN RATS INDUCED BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTICUS AND PROTEUS MIRABILIS
Authors: Hjelm E. , Lundell‐Etherden I. , MÅRdh P.‐A.
Published: August 2010

Ascending pyelonephritis was induced by Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Proteus mirabilis both by inoculating the organisms separately and in combination into rat bladders. Bacterial cultures of tissue homogenates showed that pyelonephritis by both bacteria occurred significantly more often in rats where the two organisms were instilled concomitantly, suggesting a synergistic virulence between the two species. The antibody response to the different organisms was the same either the bacteria were instilled separately or in combination.
THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL AGENT CLOPENTHIXOL AND ITS TWO MAIN METABOLITES
Authors: Mortensen IDA , Kristiansen JETTE E.
Published: August 2010

The antibacterial effect of the stereo‐isomeric compounds cis(Z)‐ and trans(E)‐clopenthixol and the two main metabolites of clopenthixol in man, N‐dealkyl‐clopenthixol and clopenthixol sulfoxide, was examined in 24 Gram‐positive and 37 Gram‐negative bacterial strainsin vitro.The antibacterial potency of the drugs towards the Gram‐positive strains, measured as IC50, was: N‐dealkyl‐clopenthixol, 6.2 μM (3.7 μg/ml), trans(E)‐clopenthixol, 16 μM (7.6 μg/ml) and cis(Z)‐clopenthixol, 37 μM (17.5 μg/ml), and clopenthixol sulfoxide was inactive in the investigated area. Against the Gram‐negative strains the drugs are less potent. A therapeutic application of these results, especially in the case of trans(E)‐clopenthixol, which possesses no neuroleptic activity, requiresin vivotesting in an animal modèl. However, thein vitromodel employed might also be useful in the study of such agents and other membrane‐active compounds with regard to their interaction with biological membranes.
AVAILABILITY OF REACTION WITH ANTIBODIES OF THE PNEUMOCOCCAL C‐POLYSACCHARIDE ON THE SURFACE OF CAPSULATED PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: SjÖGren ANNMARGRET , Lindholm BERIT , Holme TORD
Published: August 2010

Antigen detection for diagnosis of pneumococcal infections has earlier been based on the use of antibodies against capsular antigens. Methods based on the demonstration of C‐polysaccharide (PnC) have the advantage of using antibodies against one single species‐specific antigen instead of applying a polyvalent mixture of antisera against 83 different capsular antigens. Very little has been done earlier to evaluate the accessibility of the PnC on the surface of pneumococcal cells, particularly cells carrying capsules, and the release of PnC to the environment. We have used a monoclonal anti‐PnC antibody in an ELISA inhibition test to demonstrate PnC during growth from four different Streptococcus pneumoniae strains (capsular types 1, 3 and 19F) and a C‐mutant strain, reported to carry PnC as a small capsule. Heavily‐capsulated types 3 and 19F exposed more PnC on their surface than the type 1 strain, and considerable amounts of PnC were released to the culture medium during growth. The C‐mutant strain differed from the other strains in that it exposed less PnC on its surface. The type 1 strain and the C‐mutant released approximately the same amount of PnC to the culture medium. Treatment with antibiotics during growth caused a decrease in surface‐located PnC but did not significantly affect the amount released. The total accessible PnC in these cultures was quite significant and well above the limit of detection in an ELISA earlier described for the detection of PnC in clinical samples. The results presented here give support to the notion that the demonstration of PnC in clinical samples should provide a good basis for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia.
Culture and the Assessment of Creativity
Authors: Hempel Paul S. , Sue-Chan Christina
Published: August 2010

Laboratory studies of culture and creativity typically rely upon measures of divergent thinking while studies of creativity in organizational settings explicitly define creativity and use subject matter experts as assessors to account for the influence of culture on the assessment of creativity. Yet, little is known about what specific characteristics of a creative idea are considered when creativity is assessed by communities of experts (the field) in different spheres of creative activities (domain). In this article, we review, conceptually analyse, and illustrate using original interview data the influence of culture on the assessment of two commonly examined dimensions of overall creativity, novelty, and usefulness. Using the context of expatriates, we propose a framework, along with propositions, that integrates cultural experience, creativity criteria, and assessor perspectives on creativity assessment. Finally, we discuss ways in which a focus upon the processes underlying creativity assessments could help advance research on culture and creativity.
Human Creativity: Reflections on the Role of Culture
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W.
Published: August 2010

In commenting on the articles in this Editors' Forum, three questions are addressed: (i) how should we operationalize and measure creative outputs to enable a sound analysis of cross-cultural differences in creativity; (ii) could it be that culture impacts not only the valuation of originality and usefulness but also the psychological processes through which original yet useful ideas and insights are achieved; and (iii) does culture impact the domains in which individuals are more or less motivated to perform creatively? Using recent work on creativity as a starting point, and the key findings reported in this Editors' Forum, I propose that new research on culture and creativity would benefit from separating creative products from creative processes, and would do justice to the nature and functionality of cultures by asking not only when and how individuals and groups achieve creativity, but also why they would bother to be creative in the first place.
Approving for a Community Aged Care Package: Experiences and perceptions of six metropolitan aged care assessment service teams
Authors: Stephens Delwyne , Wells Yvonne , Gardner Ian
Published: August 2010

Aim:  To establish whether the experiences and perceptions of different metropolitan Aged Care Assessment Service (ACAS) teams when approving people for Community Aged Care Packages (CACPs) were similar.

Methods:  Six semi‐structured 30‐minute group interviews were completed.

Results:  ACAS team approval processes for CACPs were similar. The primary criterion for approval was need for case management. Many factors, however, impinged on the approval process. Barriers to making approvals included long waiting times, a lack of confidence in the priority rating system, and consideration of whether a person was better off with Home and Community Care services because of the impact of the Australian Government's Cost Recovery policy.

Conclusion:  ACAS teams have competing considerations when approving a person for a CACP. In particular, structural barriers, such as cost recovery policies, can have a significant negative impact on approval decisions.
Form and functional morphology ofRaetellops pulchella(Bivalvia: Mactridae): an example of convergent evolution with anomalodesmatans
Authors: Morton Brian
Published: August 2010

Abstract.The bivalveRaetellops pulchellais a highly specialized, deposit‐feeding member of the Mactridae. Studies of its form and function provide an example of how the bivalve body plan can be modified to facilitate the exploitation of mud as a food resource, and help in understanding how this lifestyle has evolved. Adaptations to this lifestyle include an overall reduction in ctenidial size and loss of the descending lamellae of both outer demibranchs. This reduction is associated with the enlargement of the labial palps to process inhaled sediment. In the mantle cavity, a waste canal below the posterior mantle flaps facilitates pseudofeces removal. The midgut is long and capacious, presumably to cope with the large amounts of ingested organic material. In addition, individuals ofR. pulchellahave unusually thin, brittle, and rostrate shells, with narrow siphonal gapes. They possess a shell buttress in each valve extending from the hinge plate to above the posterior adductor muscle. This buttress functions to prevent the brittle shell valves from fracturing when adduction occurs. A buttress is also seen in some representatives of the Anomalodesmata; in particular, the situation inR. pulchellais most like that seen in individuals of the similarly deposit‐feeding speciesOffadesma angasi(Anomalodesmata: Periplomatidae). I interpret the similar shell form of these deposit‐feeding clams as an example of convergent evolution.
Mental health literacy among young people in a small US town: recognition of disorders and hypothetical helping responses
Authors: Olsson Dudley P. , Kennedy May G.
Published: August 2010

Aim: Mental health literacy may be a factor in early detection and prompt treatment for mental, emotional and behavioural disorders among young people. Building on previous research in Australia, this study assessed aspects of mental health literacy among adolescents in classrooms in a small town in the eastern USA.

Methods: The students were provided brief, hypothetical, gender‐matched scenarios about adolescents experiencing negative emotions and exhibiting related behaviours; some scenarios depicted diagnosable disorders. The respondents were asked to characterize each scenario as describing a mental health problem or other teen problem and indicate how they would respond to a peer who had such a problem.

Results: Overall levels of recognition of mental disorders were low (27.5% identified anxiety and 42.4% identified depression as ‘a mental health problem or illness’). However, the respondents who recognized a disorder were three to four times more likely than those who did not to say they would take some helping action, such as telling an adult about the problem (depression: odds ratio 3.27; CI 1.43–7.46, anxiety: OR 4.43; CI 2.23–8.79). Few students (27.7%) remembered in‐class discussions of mental health, a mandated health topic for schools in their area.

Conclusions: There appears to be substantial room for improvement in mental health literacy among young people, and the development of interventions to enhance mental health literacy among students may be justified.
Meaningful lives: supporting young people with psychosis in education, training and employment: an international consensus statement
Authors:   The International First Episode Vocational Recovery (iFEVR) Group
Published: August 2010

Aim: Unemployment is the major disability faced by people with psychotic illness. Unemployment rates of 75–95% are found among those with schizophrenia. Unemployment is associated with poorer social and economic inclusion, greater symptomatology, decreased autonomy and generally poorer life functioning. Unemployment also makes up over half of the total costs associated with psychotic illness.

Methods: A meeting was convened in London in June 2008. Invitees to this meeting included people from the USA, Canada and the UK interested in vocational intervention in early psychosis from either a research, clinical, economic or policy point of view. From this meeting a larger group – the International First Episode Vocational Recovery (iFEVR) group – has developed an international consensus statement about vocational recovery in first episode psychosis.

Results: The document is a basic statement of the rights of young people with psychosis to pursue employment, education and training; the evidence which exists to help them do this; and ways in which individuals, organizations and governments can assist the attainment of these ends.

Conclusion: It is hoped that the Meaningful Lives consensus statement will increase the focus on the area of functional recovery and lift it to be seen in parallel with symptomatic recovery in the approach to treating early psychosis.
Assessment of self‐report in HIV surveillance: a pilot study
Authors: McDonald Ann M. , Imrie Allison , Neilsen Graham , Downie Jean , Gertig Dorota M. , Robertson Peter , Guinan Julia , Mullins Sue , Kaldor John M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The basis of HIV exposure category classification was investigated among selected cases of newly diagnosed HIV infection. Questionnaires seeking specific information on patient‐reported exposure to HIV were forwarded to doctors who had requested the HIV antibody test for patients who met the study sample criteria. The cases of interest were those newly diagnosed between 1 January and 31 October 1991 and notified to state and territory health authorities as having been attributed to exposures to HIV other than male homosexual contact or receipt of blood, blood products or tissue. A total of 158 questionnaires was forwarded and 59 per cent were returned. Among the returned questionnaires included in the study sample, exposure to HIV on the original notification to the health authority was given as injecting drug use (8 per cent, 3 of 37), heterosexual contact (46 per cent, 17 of 37), or unavailable (46 per cent, 17 of 37). A clear basis for HIV exposure category classification was provided on the questionnaires for 70 per cent (7 of 10) of cases among women, whereas among men whose infection was attributed to heterosexual contact, a basis for exposure category classification was specified for only 43 per cent (10 of 23) of cases. Although the study was limited by the low response rate, use of the questionnaire provided a relatively simple means for assessing self‐reported HIV exposure history.
Serological Survey of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the Domestic Goose (Anser domestica) in Southern China
Authors: Yan C. , Yue C. L. , Zhang H. , Yin C. C. , He Y. , Yuan Z. G. , Lin R. Q. , Song H. Q. , Zhang K. X. , Zhu X. Q.
Published: August 2010

In the present study, the antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in 191 farm‐bred and 83 house‐bred geese (Anser domestica) were assessed for the prevalence of T. gondii infection in southern China with the modified agglutination test. Antibodies to T. gondii (MAT ≥ 1 : 5) were found in 27 (14.14%) of farm‐bred geese and 14 (16.87%) of house‐bred geese. Geese infected with T. gondii may be a source of T. gondii infection for humans and cats.
Cutting Against the Grain: A Case Study of MacMillan Bloedel's Japan Strategy*
Authors: Hayter Roger , Edgington David
Published: August 2010

Abstract: For many Western corporations, Japan poses formidable barriers to export and investment. Although trade policy confrontations with Japan have been scrutinized, the strategies pursued by Western corporations in attempting to penetrate the Japanese economy remain poorly understood. This paper addresses this lacuna via a corporate case study. Conceptually, we provide an alternative to the established theory of the international firm, outlining a model that integrates the related concepts of spatial entry advantages‐spatial entry barriers, learning‐bargaining processes, and control‐efficiency considerations. We explore the model empirically by examining MacMillan Bloedel's (MB's) strategy of export (and investment) diversification toward Japan. The data come mainly from unstructured interviews with representatives inside and outside the firm. The analysis documents the extensive marketing initiatives undertaken by MB in pursuit of Japanese markets and the substantial changes required in its British Columbia‐based production facilities. In the terms of the model presented, MB has invested to an unusual degree (among forest product corporations) in understanding Japanese markets and in gaining bargaining leverage in order to exploit its entry advantages effectively. More so than rival firms, which have relied on traditional ways of tapping into Japanese markets, MB has stressed the efficiency benefits of having greater control within the Japanese distribution system.
World‐Systems Theory: Toward a Heuristic and Pedagogic Conceptual Tool*
Authors: Straussfogel Debra
Published: August 2010

Abstract: While its proponents generally agree that a world‐system exists, with properties and dynamics that in the modern world function at a global scale, there is still a lack of consensus as to what those properties and dynamics are and as to what they mean in terms of an understanding of the past and an approach to the future. In this paper I seek to clarify some of the ambiguities in the definitions of world‐system concepts, particularly those surrounding the core‐periphery typology of structure. I then suggest a larger frame of reference for world‐systems theory derived from theoretical concepts in complex systems theory and augmenting Marxist conceptions of economic structure with the four‐capital model from ecological economics. I present a model for the structure of the modern world‐system that clarifies and builds on the core‐periphery structural definitions, along with an economic model by which “coreness” and “peripheryness” may be operationalized according to four sets of measures. Finally, I introduce a theory of the dynamic processes sustaining and effecting changes in this structure.
Virtual Departments, Power, and Location in Different Organizational Settings
Authors: Symons Frank
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Virtual departments are teams of employees drawn from multiple locations and divisions within an organization. The electronic space of the virtual department is where tasks related to the production function are integrated during reengineering processes, establishing new relationships among hierarchy, location, and power. This study assesses whether the virtual department breaks down or reinforces vertical chains and levels of command spanning many locations within an organizational hierarchy. Virtual departments in different organizational settings (different sectors, operational purposes, management styles) were tracked through their first ten years of growth. The research culminated in interviews with planners, departmental managers, and operatives to interpret virtual department–induced changes in hierarchy, location, and power. Contrary to claims in the literature, reengineering processes reinforce older hierarchical and spatial structures. They reproduce hierarchical human relations in electronic space, contributing to the formation of hierarchical levels of network access. Traditional locations of power are far from being erased or reduced even though an electronic geography remains superimposed on the physical one. The electronic spaces or virtual departments emerged as powerful technical and social “machines,” crucial to overcoming business problems, yet also spawning new social tensions in traditional hierarchical structures.
Neoclassical Practice and the Collapse of Industry in Zimbabwe: The Cases of Textiles, Clothing, and Footwear*
Authors: Carmody Pédraig
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The World Bank predicted that export‐oriented, labor‐intensive manufacturing industries, such as textiles, clothing, and footwear, would expand rapidly once Zimbabwe liberalized its economy under structural adjustment. In sharp contrast to these predictions, however, these subsectors have all but collapsed. A large part of the reason for this disjuncture between neoclassical theory and reality relates to a misunderstanding of the way in which markets, particularly those of trade and finance, interact with production in particular contexts. More appropriate alternative approaches to economic development in Africa must take account of how economic and political actions are embedded in a geographic and politico‐economic context.
Changing Production Systems: The Automobile Industry in Spain
Authors: Pallares‐Barbera Montserrat
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This paper examines the forces underlying the dramatic changes experienced by the Spanish automobile industry in the 1970s and 1980s. Over this period, Spanish automobile production expanded substantially and the industry became more export oriented. The main findings are the following: first, the takeoff of the industry was due to a combination of domestic factors (cheap labor, industrial policies, and increased demand) and international factors (changes in preferences and innovations in organizational systems). Second, the industry introduced flexible production systems and adopted flexible specialization. This process led to a decrease in the degree of vertical integration, introduced just‐in‐time strategies, and intensified outsourcing. The Spanish auto network was enlarged by the creation of a new type of node: the distribution warehouse. Third, the new strategies adopted by Spanish assemblers did not involve a substantial change in the regional distribution of firms; traditional auto regions essentially have maintained their share of firms. In emerging regions a distribution warehouse replaced the expected cluster of component firms.
Formation of Advanced Technology Districts: New England Textile Machinery and Firearms, 1790–1820*
Authors: Meyer David R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Alternative explanations for the formation of industrial districts stress, on the one hand, that the industrial growth process produces characteristics of the district (labor skills, interindustrial linkages) and, on the other hand, that characteristics of the regions influence the types of industries that emerge. The formation of the cotton textile machinery and firearms industrial districts in New England between 1790 and 1820 demonstrates the importance of initial conditions, including general education and skills levels, a growing economy, prosperous people, and social networks that communicate information and support cooperative ventures. The bridges across social networks of personnel and firms provide the means to acquire new technology. Internal social cohesion within a network supports exchanges, but even more critical to long‐term growth of an industrial district are the bridges across social networks that have minimal redundancy. Those types of contacts maximize the diversity of information and open new possibilities for contacts. The cotton textile machinery and firearms industries in New England emerged in a prosperous agricultural economy with a deep set of skills in metalworking. Those preexisting metalworking skills supported growth and technological change in the new industries. At the same time, the new industries added to the richness of metalworking skills and the social networks that tied personnel and firms.
Bread or Chainsaws? Paths to Mobilizing Household Labor for Cooperative Rural Development in a Oaxacan Village (Mexico)*
Authors: Mutersbaugh Tad
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This ethnographic case study of a rural production co‐op in the indigenous community of Santa Cruz (Oaxaca, Mexico) documents men's efforts to enlist women's participation in men's co‐op projects. Over an eight‐year period, men initiated a number of production projects, only to see them fail when women refused to participate. I use data from participant observation, surveys, and interviews to construct gendered time‐geographies of agricultural and co‐op project labor. These reveal the existence of labor crises, moments in the agricultural calendar when men's labor is insufficient to cover both household and co‐op tasks. Men's attempts to mobilize women's labor power were met with women's counterstrategies of resistance. Ultimately, women established their own co‐op production section (bakery) when men opted to incorporate them into the co‐op as decision makers. The analysis suggests, first, that development project dynamics are fluid and, within specific circumstances, can enhance women's social and economic position vis‐à‐vis men. Second, participation is always partial and contingent and best examined within a context of ongoing negotiations. Lastly, poststructuralist time‐geographies may contribute to development analysis when conceived as both material and discursive practices bound to geographic imaginaries.
The North American Manufacturing Belt in 1880: A Cluster of Regional Industrial Systems or One Large Industrial District?*
Authors: Winder Gordon M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: As a supply region for manufacturers, the nineteenth‐century North American Manufacturing Belt can be conceived as a series of regional industrial systems, as one large industrial district, or as a chaotic conception, since industries built their own industrial networks without reference to the belt. Analysis of the supply linkages of two 1870s manufacturers reveals extensive disintegrated supply networks within the belt. The manufacturers functioned within the belt as a whole, and long‐distance linkages were central to their activities, even when they located their operation within an “industrial district.” By 1880, manufacturers' supply networks spilled over regional industrial system boundaries. Metropolitan centers did not dominate linkage behavior. These findings indicate that perhaps the belt as a whole functioned as an innovative milieu for manufacturers.
“Getting by” in Time and Space: Fragmented Work in Local Authorities*
Authors: Reimer Suzanne
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Manual work in British local authorities has been substantially restructured since the introduction of compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) in 1988. The central argument of the paper is that CCT has led to an increasing fragmentation of work, employment, and labor markets. Drawing primarily upon interviews with cleaning and catering employees in three case study councils, I demonstrate that labor forces are now highly diversified as wage and other divisions have emerged among groups of workers both between and within different local labor markets. The employment experiences of individual workers also have become fragmented. Not only is job tenure limited to the length of a contract, but also private contractors frequently seek to alter employees' terms and conditions of work during the life of the contract itself. Additionally, many cleaning and catering workers must now combine multiple part‐time, frequently insecure jobs in an attempt to obtain a living wage. Extending the work of Mingione, the paper stresses the complexity of restructuring within what have long been low‐wage, low‐status, and highly gender‐segregated sectors of employment.
Continuity and Change in the Restless Urban Landscape*
Authors: Wyly Elvin K.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Recent inquiry in urban studies highlights the dynamic restructuring of urban areas, with new elements of the landscape taken as reflections of sweeping economic and sociocultural change. American cities are portrayed as “galactic” and “restless” manifestations of global and national industrial restructuring, widening income inequality, demographic shifts, and the cultural sensibilities of new class formations. Yet the persistence of residential segregation and suburban development processes provide reminders of the historical continuity of American urban form. This paper critically evaluates continuity and change in the urban landscape, drawing on feminist urban research and theories of residential differentiation to analyze changes in spatial segregation among families and households. I apply the methods of the classical factorial ecology literature to a special census tabulation that controls for tract boundary changes between 1980 and 1990. The analysis focuses on Minneapolis–St. Paul, which exemplifies processes of industrial restructuring and suburban development and an unusually high rate of female labor force participation. Results indicate that urban demographic trends have inscribed increasingly complex patterns of neighborhood segregation. The delayed child‐bearing, increased employment, and high household incomes of married women of the baby boom generation have altered the 1960s “family status” construct. I offer a theory of the “public household” to illuminate this transformation, which entails an erosion of the boundaries between markets and family life as households confront the contradictions of suburban built environments. The foundations of residential differentiation display remarkable continuity, and the public household is rooted in long‐term demographic trends, widening inequality, and increasing consumption standards driven by postwar suburbanization and housing policy. Ultimately, restlessness in the urban landscape is a story of dynamic stability, as turbulent social and institutional change reflects the struggles of workers and families adjusting to the imperatives of life in a low‐density urban environment.
Privatizing Water, Producing Scarcity: The Yorkshire Drought of 1995*
Authors: Bakker Karen J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The Yorkshire drought of 1995 was the most extreme climate event faced by the English and Welsh water industry since its privatization in 1989. As an emblem of crisis in privatized water management, and as a potential signal of climate change, the 1995 drought has motivated change in water regulation and management. In this paper I challenge conventional interpretations of the 1995 water supply crisis as a natural hazard or as a result of managerial ineptitude. Drought is conceptualized as the production of scarcity, an outcome of three interrelated practices: meteorological modeling, demand forecasting, and corporate restructuring and the regulatory “game.” These practices are situated within an analysis of the context of the regulatory implications of the privatization of the water industry in 1989. I explore the simultaneously natural, social, and discursive elements of water scarcity and situate them within an analysis of privatization as reregulation, rather than deregulation. This analysis brings insights developed in debates over “real” regulation and regulation theory to bear on nature‐society analysis, while extending this debate through theorizing regulation as, in part, a discursive practice. The ensuing rereading of drought challenges conventional interpretations of environmental crisis, raises questions about the implications of water industry privatization, and emphasizes the need to account for the role of the state and the intricacies of “real” regulation in analyses of resource management.
The Political Economy of Local Labor Control in the Philippines*
Authors: Kelly Philip F.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Labor market processes in sites of peripheral capitalism are all too frequently represented as the straightforward exploitation of abundant, cheap, and place‐bound labor by space‐controlling international capital. Extensive literatures exist that deal with national regimes of labor regulation and the subjugated subjectivities of workers in locations of rapid industrialization in the developing world. The complex regulating institutions operating at a local scale in such sites have not, however, received the same sensitive attention as labor markets in the industrialized world, on which research has advanced considerably in recent years.

In this paper I seek to address that discrepancy by focusing on the institutions and actors involved in creating a local labor control regime in a site of rapid industrialization in the Philippines. These include the national state, corporate investors, individual workers, industrial estate management companies, recruitment agencies, village and community leaders, municipal officials, provincial governments, and labor organizations. In exploring the relationship between these various players I develop two arguments. First, the relationship embodied in the labor process of newly industrializing spaces cannot be conceived simply as an antagonism between “global” capital and “local” labor. Instead, the wide range of local players described here act to mediate that relationship and to embed specific global capitals in a local political economy of power relations. Second, these localized relationships often exist outside of formal regulatory institutions, and indeed may directly contravene them. In this way the mechanisms employed in the local labor control regime are frequently more informal, more fluid, and more geographically variable than an analysis of formal regulatory institutions would reveal.
Petty Traders, Gender, and Development in a South Indian Fishery*
Authors: Hapke Holly M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In this paper I examine the impact of mechanization and commercialization on small‐scale fish traders in Kerala, India, with special emphasis on gender and the impact of economic transformation on women fish traders. I explore the relationship of women's work in distribution to production and how this has changed with capitalist development. I argue that because women's roles in the fish economy have been overlooked, they have experienced economic marginalization at the same time that their labor has become increasingly important for household survival. Such marginalization stems from a qualitative change that has taken place in their relationship to production and marketing as a result of capitalist development and the ecological crisis it has engendered.
Emergent Frameworks in Global Finance: Accounting Standards and German Supplementary Pensions*
Authors: Clark Gordon L. , Mansfield Daniel , Tickell Adam
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Adoption of international and U.S. financial accounting standards by leading German corporations presages a new era in European capital markets, with important implications for the design and management of German supplementary pensions. In this paper, we first introduce financial accounting standards boards, the evolution of U.S. pension accounting standards since ERISA (1974), and the introduction of FASB 87. We emphasize the quiet campaign by national and international accounting professionals to harmonize corporate accounting and the measurement of pension liabilities to accepted international standards. Using data collected from 1998 annual reports for German firms in the DAX 30 index, we report on and explain the adoption of international accounting standards by large German firms. This takes us to an analysis of the scope and significance of corporate pension liabilities. Noting the connection between accounting standards and global capital markets, we identify the implications of harmonization of German supplementary pension and retirement benefit systems for the mechanisms of financing benefits, the valuation of assets and liabilities, and the advantages and disadvantages of defined benefit as opposed to defined contribution plans. In combination, we show that historical differences between the Anglo‐American system of corporate governance and the German system of entrenched management within interlocking boards of supervision and the representation of stakeholders' interests are now less compelling than assumed.
Toward Adaptive Community Forest Management: Integrating Local Forest Knowledge with Scientific Forestry*
Authors: Klooster Daniel James
Published: August 2010

Abstract:This case study of indigenous communities in highland Michoacán, Mexico, examines data on forest change, woodcutting practices, social history, and a recent forest inventory and management plan prepared by a professional forester. It assesses the social and environmental fit of both local knowledge and scientific forestry and considers their abilities to contribute to sustainable forest management. Both bodies of knowledge are limited in their ability to inform the social practice of environmental management. The local forest knowledge system is particularly hampered by a limited ability to monitor the forest's response to woodcutting, while scientific forestry lacks the institutional flexibility to ensure the just and effective implementation of restrictions and prescriptions. This article recommends cross‐learning between scientific resource managers and woodcutters, participatory environmental monitoring to assess the results of different cutting techniques, and explicit management experiments to facilitate institutional learning at the community level. This kind of adaptive management approach permits the flexible integration of local knowledge, scientific forestry, and appropriate institutional parameters to modulate human needs and goals with the discordant harmonies of inhabited and heavily used forests in a constant state of flux under processes of succession, disturbance, and spatial variation. Several barriers to this kind of institutional innovation exist, but outside intervention has the potential to change the dynamics of institutional evolution.
Jungle Law in the Orchard: Comparing Globalization in the New Zealand and Chilean Apple Industries
Authors: McKenna Megan K. L. , Murray Warwick E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Restructuring in the global apple market is leading to a pronounced tightening in the competitive spaces occupied by Southern Hemisphere producers. For New Zealand and Chile, the world's two most successful apple‐exporting countries, significant challenges are presented by projected industry trends, such as declining profitability in the global industry, increased world production, and the continued static demand in key markets. In particular, falling prices in Europe and North America for many key varieties and concomitant lower returns to growers are threatening serious and pervasive impacts. This article explores some of these challenges in the context of the significantly different positions occupied by New Zealand and Chile within the global fresh fruit and vegetable complex. An analysis of the two countries' industries, particularly comparing issues of regulation and innovative varietal development, shows that global food complexes have highly variable spatial expressions, given their process‐based nature and underlying dynamics of contestation. Focusing on the increased competition between the New Zealand and Chilean apple industries, the discussion sheds light on wider emerging competitive dynamics within the global fruit industry. The example of the recent Pacific Rose crisis, which involved Chilean “theft” of an exclusive New Zealand apple variety, is used to illustrate the emergence of “jungle law” in the Southern Hemisphere apple industries.
Spatializing Globalization: A “Geography of Quality” in the Seafood Industry
Authors: Mansfield Becky
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The sociospatial structure of global industries may be characterized by difference and plurality as much as by the coordination of practices over space. One important factor that shapes these dynamics in contemporary food industries is the quality of products. Challenging recent perspectives that define quality as an alternative to global, industrial forms of production, this analysis finds that quality is also important for industrial food production and for the global geography of the surimi seafood industry. Surimi, a fish paste used in a wide assortment of products, such as fish cakes and imitation crab, was once exclusively Japanese. Now, this industry is global in scope, with production and consumption encompassing sites across Asia, the Americas, and Europe. Interactions among types of products, market differences, processing strategies, and the characteristics of fish form fluid definitions of product quality that shape patterns of supply and demand within the global industry. Terming these spatial interactions a “geography of quality,” this article shows that differences in how quality is constructed influence the development of dynamic transnational trade patterns and new regional industries in each market. This changing geography of quality provides insight into the creation and maintenance of a geographically differentiated yet still global‐scale industry. The geography of quality in this industry is such that relative dis‐integration between different commodity chains characterizes the movement toward global‐scale production and consumption.
Natural Resources and Regional Development: An Assessment of Dependency and Comparative Advantage Paradigms
Authors: Gunton Thomas
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The role of natural resources in regional development is the subject of a debate between dependency theorists, who argue that natural resources impede development, and comparative‐advantage theorists, who argue that resources can expedite development. This debate is assessed by a case study analysis of the impact of resource development on a regional economy. The case study uses a model to estimate the comparative advantage of the resource sector. The results show that natural resources have the potential to provide a significant comparative advantage relative to other economic sectors by virtue of generating resource rent, which is a surplus above normal returns to other factors of production. The case study also shows that there are considerable risks in resource‐led growth, including the propensity to dissipate rent and increase community instability by building surplus capacity. These risks are amenable to mitigation because they are largely the result of poor management of resource development. The case study demonstrates that the most productive analytical approach for understanding the role of natural resources in the development process is a synthetic approach, which combines the insights of the dependency and comparative‐advantage paradigms into a unified framework. It also demonstrates that the concept of resource rent, which has frequently been ignored in development theory, must be reintegrated into the unified framework to improve the understanding of the role of natural resources in the regional development process.
New Geographies of Comic Book Production in North America: The New Artisan, Distancing, and the Periodic Social Economy
Authors: Norcliffe Glen , Rendace Olivero
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Current interpretations of North American cultural production stress the spatial concentration of these activities in metropolitan centers. There are, however, multiple geographies of cultural production, with other cultural activities deconcentrated and, in some cases, dispersed to distant locations. This situation poses an enigma, since these activities normally form part of a social economy in which networks of personal communication remain important. This paradox is explored using the case of the comic book industry, which has shifted from an in‐house Fordist‐like mode of organization to widespread distancing employing neoartisanal workers who are sometimes located close to the publishing houses, but in other instances are at considerable distances and hence require electronic communication and overnight courier services. Comic book artists often work in isolation but participate from time to time in social activities that are necessary to their creative work. Their work is seen as one of a number of cultural activities that form a periodic social economy with a distinctive time geography.
Industrial Agglomeration and Development: A Survey of Spatial Economic Issues in East Asia and a Statistical Analysis of Chinese Regions
Authors: Fan C. Cindy , Scott Allen J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:In this article, we explore the issue of industrial agglomeration and its relationship to economic development and growth in the less‐developed countries of East Asia. We present theoretical arguments and secondary empirical evidence as to why we should have strong expectations about finding a positive relationship between agglomeration and economic performance. We also review evidence from the literature on the roles of formal and informal institutions in East Asian regional economic systems. We then focus specifically on the case of China. We argue that regional development in China has much in common with regional development in other East Asian economies, although there are also important contrasts because of China's history of socialism and its recent trend toward economic liberalization. Through a variety of statistical investigations, we substantiate (in part) the expected positive relationship between agglomeration and economic performance in China. We show that many kinds of manufacturing sectors are characterized by a strong positive relationship between spatial agglomeration and productivity. This phenomenon is especially marked in sectors and regions where liberalization has proceeded rapidly. We consider the relevance of our comments about industrial clustering and economic performance for policy formulation in China and the less‐developed countries of East Asia.
Contesting the Boundaries of International Justice: State Countermapping and Offshore Resource Struggles Between East Timor and Australia
Authors: Nevins Joseph
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The ongoing struggle between East Timor and Australia over access to and control of the oil and natural gas resources contained within the seabed between the two countries is manifest in the form of contested boundaries. Each side attempts to buttress its claim through, among other means, competing cartographic representations. In examining this case study, this article asserts that what has come to be known as countermapping is not limited to the activities of nonstate actors and social movements that are struggling over resources and territory within a particular nation‐state. Relatively weak states also can and do engage in such activities in challenging other states. Given the nature of power relations within the realm of international affairs and the weakness of international judicial mechanisms, however, countermapping as a resource‐claiming device and tactic of relatively marginal states can be only one tool in a larger strategy that resists and/or challenges the status quo. The results of the strategy are thus contingent not merely on the authoritativeness of alternative maps and the rightness of the position on which these maps are based, but, what is more important, on the use of social power and the concomitant ability to determine the scope and scales of the conflict, as well as the larger context in which the struggle unfolds. By highlighting the importance of social power, scale, and scope, the case study presented here provides analytical, strategic, and tactical tools for those who are engaged in or are examining countermapping‐type struggles of both the social‐movement and state sorts.
How the West Has Won: Regional and Industrial Inversion in U.S. Patent Activity
Authors: Johnson Daniel K. N. , Brown Amy
Published: August 2010

Abstract: While it is clear that there has been a “regional inversion” in American patent activity over the past 25 years (i.e., relative rise of the Northwest and Southwest at the expense of the traditional invention hotbeds of the Northeast and Midwest), the reason is still open to speculation. Theory suggests that it can be explained by some combination of changing demographics and industrial composition. We introduce constant market share analysis, typically used only in international trade theory, offer a new extension to this tool, and conclude that industrial shifts have accounted for almost half the regional inversion among states. The results of the regression analysis show how the West capitalized upon the shift via demographics and policy variables, whose importance varies with the planning horizon.