bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of harvesting intervals on herbage, oil yield and economics of different varieties of Japanese mint (Mentha awensis)
Authors: S.S. TUTEJA  , R. LAKPALE  , A.P. SlNGH  , R.S. TRIPATHI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of the lndira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, from mid-January to the last week of August during 2001 and 2002, to find out the effect of harvesting intervals on herbage and oil productivity of different varieties of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) under Chhattisgarh con- dition. 'Himalaya' variety gave significantly higher mean herbage, oil yield and net returns when it was harvested at 120 days after planting and 75 days after first harvest. In case of 'Koshi' variety, the maximum herbage and oil yields and net returns were obtained when it was harvested at 110 days after planting and 75 days after first har- vest.
Integrated weed management for sugarcance (Saccharum officinarum) plant- ratoon cropping system
Authors: ROSHAN LAL  , S.N.L. SRlVASTAVA  , MEHAR CHAND
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conduced during 2000-03 and 2001-04 to evolve suitable and economical integrated weed-management technologies for sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) plant and ratoon crops. The treatments comprised four different weed-management practices for plant (chemical, integrated, interculture and weedy check) and ratoon (integrated, trash mulching, interculture and weedy check). In plant crop the integrated method (one hoeing after first irrigation followed by spraying of atrazine 2 kglha after second irrigation in moist soil) and in ratoon crop the integrated method (one hoeing followed by spraying of atrazine 2 kglha in moist soil at ratoon-initiation stage) or trash mulching were observed to be better weed-management technologies for cane production, involving less costs. Rice-mustard-sugarcane (plant)-ratoon-wheat cropping system was found more economical than rice-wheat-sugarcane (plant)-ratoon-wheat cropping system.
i Impact of cropping system, fertility level and moisture-conservation practice on i productivity, nutrient uptake, water use and profitability of pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum) under rainfed conditions
Authors: J.P. TETARWAL AN  K.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during rainy (kharif) season of 2003 and 2004. The treatment combinations comprised two cropping systems [pearlmillet sole (50 cm row spacing) and pearlmillet paired row (30170 cm row spacing) + one row of mothbean] and three fertility levels (control, 40 kg N + 20 kg P20gha and 80 kg N + 40 kg P20,/ha) in main plots; and four moisture-conservation practices (no mulch, dust mulch + straw mulch, kaolin + straw mulch and farmyard ma- nure (FYM) Q 5 tlha + dust mulch + straw mulch) in subplots. Split-plot design was followed with three replica- tions. The planting of one row of mothbean between paired rows of pearlmillet proved superior to sole pearlmillet in respect of pearlmillet-equivalent.yield (29.60 qlha), water use and economics. Application of 80 kg N + 40 kg P,OJha as also FYM Q 5 tlha + dust mulch + straw mulch recorded significantly higher pearlmillet- equivalent yield, nutrient uptake, water use and economics compared with the rest of the treatments.
Effect of planting methods and intercrops on productivity and economics of castor (Ricinus communis)-based intercropping systems
Authors: M.K. PORWAL  , S.K. AGARWAL  , A.K. KHOKHAR
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2001 and 2002 at Udaipur, to evaluate productivity and economics from intercropping greengram (Vigna radiata L.), blackgram (Vigna mungo L.), clusterbean [Cymopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) with castor (Ricinus communis L.) in uniform and paired rows systems of planting. Paired row planting (601120 cm) gave the maximum seed yield (41.84 qlha), castor-equivalent yield (47.50 qlha), land-equivalent ratio (1.52) and monetary advantage, followed by paired row planting at 801160 cm and uniform row planting at 90 cm x 60 cm. Castor intercropped with greengram recorded higher values of yield attributes and yielded maximum castor-equivalent yield, land-equiva- lent ratio, net returns and benefit : cost ratio over sole castor, castor + sesame and castor + clusterbean intercrop- ping systems, but remained at par with castor + blackgram intercropping system.
Comparative study on efficacy of sulfonylurea herbicides and traditional recommended herbicides in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: SANJOY SAHA
Published: December 2023

The efficacy of some potent low-dose herbicides of sulfonylurea group in conjunction with other traditional recommended herbicides for control of wide-spectrum of weed flora in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) field was studied during the wet season of 2004 and 2005 at Cuttack, under rainfed shallow lowland. The major weeds found were Echinochloa spp., Cyperus iria, Fimbristylis miliacea, Sphenochlea zeylanica, Ludwigia parviflora and Aeschynomene indica. Triasulfuron + Pretilachlor (9 + 500 glha) applied 7 days after transplanting was found most effective in controlling weeds and maximizing rice-grain yield (59.3). This was at par with weed- free check. There was more than 44% reduction in the grain yield of rice due to competition with weeds in the weedy plots. All the new-generation herbicides showed better control of weeds (weed-control efficiency 79.9- 95.1%) in comparison with the traditional recommended rice herbicides (weed-control efficiency 73.3-78%) and gave higher yield of rice irrespective of their dose of application.
Evaluation of castor (Ricinus communis) genotypes for productivity, economics, litter fall and changes in soil properties under different levels of inter-row spacing and nitrogen
Authors: D.S. RANA  , G. GlRl  , D.K. PACHAUR
Published: December 2023

A fixed plot field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2002 and 2003 at New Delhi, to find out the effect of 3 inter-row spacings (60, 75 and 90 cm) and 3 levels of N (0, 60 and 120 kg Nlha) on per- formance of 2 genotypes ('DCH 177' and 'DCS 9') of castor (Ricinus communis L.) and physico-chemical proper- ties of soil. The mean performance indicated significant superiority of 'DCH 177' to 'DCS 9' in terms of yield at- tributes, seed yield (27.7 and 23.9 qlha), harvest index (9.59 and 8.92%) and net return (Rs 24,072 and 20,6561 ha). The optimum N dose was worked out to be 121.6 and 108.9 kg Nlha for 'DCH 177' and 'DCS 9' respectively. Castor genotypes responded to inter-row spacing significantly. The maximum seed yield (26.5 qlha), harvest in- dex (9.72%) and net return (Rs 23,420lha) were recorded with 98 cm inter-row spacing. Low temperature during December to February induced considerable fruits drop. The treatments under test also caused perceptible variation in fruits drop. Mean litter fall of 9 to 10 tonneslha per season was recorded. Litter fall exhibited marked increase due to decrease in inter-row spacing and increase in N levels. At the end of 2 years experimentation on the same site, physico-chemical properties like bulk density and pH recorded perceptible decrease from initial values, while soil organic carbon content and available N exhibited marked improvement over initial values.
Integrated nutrient management in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
Authors: N.L. JAT  , N. K. JAIN  , G.R. CHOUDHARY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on loamy sand soils of Jobner (Jaipur) during winter (rabd seasons of 2000-01 to 2003-04, to study integrated nutrient management in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Plant height, brancheslplant, podslplant and seedslpod were higher in the plots receiving 100% inorganic N + Rhizobium Q 1.5 kglha + 5 tonnes FYMIha. The highest seed yield, net returns, benefit : cost ratio and N and P uptake by seed were recorded in 100% inorganic N alone, followed by 100% inorganic N + Rhizobium Q 1.5 kg1 ha + 5 tonnes FYMIha, while the highest straw yield, N and P uptake by straw were recorded in 100% inorganic N + Rhizobium Q 1.5 kglha + 5 tonnes FYMIha.
Response of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) to inorganic nitrogen, farmyard manure and biofertilizer
Authors: G.R. CHOUDHARY  , N.K. JAINZ  , N.L.JAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on loamy sand soils of Jobner (Jaipur) during winter (rabi) seasons of 2000-01 to 2003-04, to study response of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) to inorganic N, FYM and biofertilizer. Maximum number of brancheslplant (5.92), umbelslplant (21.28), umbellets/umbel (5.28), seedslumbel (32.8) and test weight of seeds (4.50 g) were recorded with he application of inorganic N (100%) + Azospirillum @ 1.5 kglha + 5 tonnes FYMIha, followed by 100h N through inorganic source alone and inorganic N (75%) + Azospirillum @ 1.5 kglha + 5 tonnes FYMIha. Combined application of 100% inorganic N + Azospirillum @ 1.5 kglha + 5 tonnes FYMIha also recorded significantly higher seed and straw yields, being 80.4 and 42.8% higher over the control and the highest net returns of Rs 6,357lha and benefit : cost ratio of 1.39 : 1. The highest uptake of N, P and K was also recorded under 100% inorganic N + Azospirillum @ 1.5 kglha + 5 tonnes FYMIha.
Influence of diversification on productivity, profitability and efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems under irrigated condition
Authors: A.K. PATRA  , L.M. GARNAYAK  , K.N. MISHRA  , A.K. MOHANTY
Published: December 2023

A long-term field experiment was conducted during 200607 to 201213 at Bhubaneswar, Odisha under irri- gated medium land condition, to evaluate the production potential and economics of 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.)- based cropping systems. Ricetomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and ricemaize (Zea mays L.)okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] cropping systems recorded significantly higher rice-equivalent yield (24.24 and 22.75 t/ha respectively) than other systems evaluated, the relative produc- tion efficiency being 140 and 122% over the existing ricegroundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) system. The rice groundnut system recorded the least rice-equivalent yield (9.75 t/ha). Land-use efficiency (LUE) of ricetomato cowpea system was the highest (85.8%), followed by that of ricegroundnutcucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) (83.8%) and riceFrench bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) (81.9%). Ricetomato cowpea gave the highest gross and net returns of 277,276 and 166,776/ha respectively, followed by rice maizeokra system with gross and net returns of 256,210 and 150,210/ha respectively. These two systems also recorded higher benefit: cost ratio (2.51 and 2.42) with 257 and 222% relative economic efficiency over the rice groundnut system. The cropping systems which included the legumes like groundnut, cowpea and French bean improved soil organic carbon content by 15.9 to 21.7% over the initial value of 0.69%. The cropping systems hav- ing cowpea as a summer crop increased the available N content by 8.5 to 13.8%; however, the available P and K content in soil decreased in all the systems after completion of 7 cropping cycles, though the depletion in K was more pronounced than that of P.
Effect of irrigation scheduling and fertigation on nutrient and water-use efficiency in drip-irrigated direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: JAGADISH  , B.M. CHITTAPUR  , M.R. UMESH  , B.G. MASTHAN REDDY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2016 and 2017 at Gangavathi, Raichur, Karnataka, to study the effect of irrigation scheduling and fertigation on nitrogen and water-use efficiency of drip-ir- rigated direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in clay soil. The experiment laid out in split-plot design with 4 irrigation scheduling based on irrigation water : cumulative pan evaporation (IW : CPE) ratios assigned to main plots and 4 drip fertigation levels were allocated in subplots and replicated thrice. Irrigation scheduling at an IW : CPE ratio of 1.50 recorded significantly higher nutrient-use efficiency, viz. nitrogen (35.2 kg/kg), phosphorus (85.4 kg/kg) and potassium (102.5 kg/kg) and but lower water-use efficiency (7.69 kg/ha-mm) and water productivity (0.61 kg/m3). Among the drip fertigation levels, drip fertigation at 75% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) recorded higher ni- trogen-use efficiency (41.5 kg/kg). Treatment of 125% RDN resulted in higher phosphorus-use efficiency and po- tassium-use efficiency (84.1 and 101.0%, respectively) and water-use efficiency and water productivity (7.22 kg/ ha-mm and 0.59 kg/m3 respectively).
Seeding rate and herbicides suppress weeds and affect the relative performance of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties in dry direct-sown conditions in eastern India
Authors: SUSHMITA MUNDA  , SANJOY SAHA  , TOTAN ADAK
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during dry seasons of 2014 and 2015 at Cuttack, Odisha to investigate the effect of seeding rates and weed-control treatments on performance of rice varieties in dry direct-sown rice (Oryza sativa L.). Rice varieties CR Dhan 304 and Naveen were grown with 4 seeding rates, viz. 20, 30, 40, 50 kg/ha, and herbicide treatments, viz. single application of bispyribac-sodium and combined application of bispyribac-so- dium and azimsulfuron along with 2 controls (weed-free and weedy check). The experiment was laid in a split-split plot design. Significantly lower weed density (20 plants/m2) and dry weight (5.33 g/m2) were recorded under CR Dhan 304 than Naveen (21.06 plants/m2 and 5.61 g/m2). Seeding rate of 50 kg/ha resulted in the highest weed suppression in terms of weed density (4.63 plants/m2) and dry weight (2.82 g/m2). Among the herbicide treat- ments, the maximum grain yield was recorded with combined application of herbicides (5.8 t/ha), which was at par with weed-free treatment (5.9 t/ha) and significantly higher than the single application of bispyribac-sodium (5.4 t/ ha). CR Dhan 304 and Naveen varieties recorded net benefit: cost (B:C) ratio of 1.25 and 0.75 respectively. Among the weed-management practices, combined application of herbicides recorded the highest B : C ratio (1.52). Based on our findings, rice variety CR Dhan 304 suppressed weeds, and high seeding rate (50 kg/ha) combined with application of herbicides (bispyribac-sodium and azimsulfuron) may be recommended in dry direct- sown rice in coastal plain areas of eastern India.
Effect of tillage, nitrogen and zinc management on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in North Eastern Plains Zone of India
Authors: MANOJ KUMAR  , THOMAS ABRAHAM  , NIKAM KUMARI  , JOY DAWSON  , J.J. PATEL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201415 and 201516 at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate the effect of tillage practices, nitrogen and zinc management on productivity and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the North Eastern Plains Zone (NEPZ) of India. Treatments consisted of combina- tions of 2 tillage practices mainplots, viz. Conventional tillage (T ) and minimum tillage (T ) with different sources 1 2 of organic manure and nitrogen management, viz. N (control); N , [50% recommended dose of N (RDN) through 0 1 (urea + diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer] + 50% RDN through FYM; N , (25% RDN through (urea + DAP 2 fertilizer] + 75% RDN through FYM; N , 50% RDN through (urea + DAP fertilizer) + 50% RDN through 3 vermicompost; N , 25% RDN through (urea + DAP fertilizer) + 75% RDN through vermicompost; and N , 100% 4 5 RDN through (urea + DAP fertilizer), in subplots and 0.5% zinc foliar spray (Z ) along with the control (no foliar 1 spray, Z ) were taken in sub-subplots in a split-split plot design with 3 replications. Pooled data indicated that, crop 0 cultivated by conventional tillage resulted in significantly the highest grain yield (3.89 t/ha) and gross returns ( 93,507/ha). However, significantly the highest benefit: cost ratio (1.407) was evident in conservation tillage- based minimum tillage. In balanced nitrogen-fertilization treatment N significant and maximum grain yield (4.14 t/ 3 ha), straw yield (8.39 t/ha) and gross returns ( 10,025/ha) were obtained. Significant and maximum soil-fertility status was recorded for available N, P, K and B contents in treatment N . Significantly the highest net returns 4 ( 62,285/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.944) were noted in the treatment N . In zinc foliar spray, significantly higher 5 grain (3.86 t/ha) and straw yields (7.86 t/ha), gross returns ( 93,312/ha), net returns ( 53,251/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.372) with soil fertility N (245.54 ppm) were recorded in treatment Z . Interaction of T N Z treatment 1 1 3 1 resulted significantly higher grain yield. However, significantly higher net returns were recorded in T N Z . The 1 5 1 benefit: cost ratio was maximum in interaction of T N Z . 2 5 1
Productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays) as influenced by tillage practices and green manuring under Eastern Uttar Pradesh conditions
Authors: SUNIL KUMAR  , R.N. MEENA  , R.K. SINGH  , V.K. SRIVASTAVA  , VIKRAM KUMAR  , K. HEMALATHA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 201617 and 201718 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to study the effect of different tillage practices and green manuring on productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.)wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, consisting of 20 treatments. Four different tillage practices, viz. T , conventional tillage maize 1 conventional tillage wheat; T , minimum tillage maizeminimum tillage wheat; T , minimum tillage maize-zero till- 2 3 age wheat; and T , zero tillage maizezero tillage wheat, were assigned to main plot and 5 summer green-manur- 4 ing treatments, viz. M , summer fallowing; M , dhaincha [Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight)]; M , sunnhemp 1 2 3 (Crotalaria juncea L.); M , clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) Taub.]; and M , cowpea [Vigna unguiculata 4 5 (L.) Walp.], were kept in subplots. The treatment T and T remaining at par with each other, registered higher 4 1 yield-attributing characters, grain and stover yields, quality and benefit: cost (B:C) ratio. In case of summer green manuring, M recorded higher yield-attributing characters, grain (5.59 t/ha) and stover (6.61 t/ha) yields, quality, 2 gross returns, net returns and B : C ratio over other treatments, but it was at par with M . Thus, ZT maize and sum- 3 mer green manure dhaincha residue mulching may be followed to achieve higher yield and profitability in Uttar Pradesh conditions.
Agronomic management of saffron (Crocus sativus) A review
Authors: ASHAQ HUSSAIN  , BASHIR A. ILLAHI  , ASIF M. IQBAL  , I.A. JEHAANGIR  , S. TALIB HUSSAIN
Published: December 2023

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the costliest spice in the world, known for its colouring and aromatic and medici- nal properties. It is witnessing a declining trend in area and productivity in most of the saffron-producing countries. The decline is attributed to the degradation in soil fertility, changing climatic patterns, water stress, increasing labour cost and increasing biotic stress under the changing climate. Since the crop is propagated vegetatively, scope of genetic improvement through breeding techniques is very little. In order to reverse the declining trend in area and productivity, proper implementation of best agronomic practices assumes a very high importance in such a crop. Among the agronomic practices, the quality of corms, planting and establishment methods, balanced fer- tilization, water management, weed management and post-harvest handling have a profound effect on the pro- ductivity and quality of saffron. Mechanization in land preparation, planting, intercultural operations, harvesting and post-harvest processing can reduce the cost of production and increase the net profit. In this review, an at- tempt has been made to review the best agronomic practices evaluated across the saffron-growing regions of the world and their role in sustainable saffron production.
Effect of weed-management practices on yield and economics of sesame (Sesamum indicum)-based intercropping systems
Authors: GAUTAM VEER CHAUHAN  , RAM PYARE  , ARVIND KUMAR  , ASHOK KUMAR  , JAIBIR TOMAR  , RANBIR SINGH
Published: December 2023

The present investigation was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2015 and 2016 at Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to study the effect of weed management on yield and economics of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)- based intercropping system. The experiment comprising 12 treatments was laid out in a factorial randomized block design, replicated 4 times. Sesame + blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] intercropping system in 8 : 2 ra- tio (7.17) had the lowest weed population during both the years and on an average, recorded significantly lowest fresh (11.01) and dry weight (3.71) of weeds. The grain yield of sesame was found significantly in the sesame + blackgram (8 : 2) intercropping system during 2015 and 2016. The grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and blackgram was maximum in sesame + maize/blackgram under 8 : 2 row ratio and reduced drastically in intercrop- ping sesame + maize and blackgram under 4 : 1 ratio in the 2 years of study. The sesame-equivalent yield was significantly higher under intercropping of sesame + blackgram (8 : 2) over rest of the intercropping treatments. The sesame + blackgram (8 : 2) intercropping treatment was found significantly superior in terms of economics, viz. gross income ( 48.80 103/ha), net returns ( 26.82 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.22) on mean basis compared to the remaining intercropping systems, during both years. Among the weed-management practices, hand-weeding reduced the total weeds significantly compared to chemical weed-management practices, followed by alachlor (0.375 kg/ha) and pendimethalin (1.0 kg/ha) respectively. Significant reduction in fresh and dry weight of weeds/m2 was recorded with the hand-weeding. Among the chemical weed-management practices, alachlor treatment resulted in significantly lower fresh and dry-weight of weeds/m2 compared to pendimethalin treatment in both the years. The hand-weeding had a positive effect on grain of sesame with maize and blackgram, sesame equivalent yield, gross income, net income and B: C ratio, which was noted significant response over pendimethalin and alachlor weeding in both years of study. In chemical weed management, post-emergence appliciton of alachlor was found significantly superior over pre-emergence pendimethalin in the 2 years of study.
Indigenous soil nutrient supply and nutrient-use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa) in Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu
Authors: C. SHARMILA RAHALE  , K. SUBRAMANIYAN  , V. RAVI
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted in both kuruvai (June to September) and thaldi (October to January) seasons of 201417 at Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu, using omission-plot technique, to study the indigenous soil nutrient supply and nutrient-use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.) field. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 4 replications and 6 treatments, viz. T1, N PK; T , NP0K; T , NPK ; T , NPK; T , NPK + ZnSO ; T ,-F. The re- 0 2 3 0 4 5 4 6 sults showed that, indigenous soil nitrogen supply ranges from 51 to 55 kg/ha. The optimum values of recovery ef- ficiency, physiological efficiency, agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity and internal efficiency were ob- tained in both the seasons. To achieve the target yield of 7 t/ha in kuruvai, fertilizer rate was calculated as 118, 34.4 and 48 of N, P and K kg/ha and in thaladi it was 67, 23 and 30.9 of N, P and K kg/ha to attain the target of 5 t/ ha. The data also indicated that application of recommended dose of NPK along with ZnSO (T ) in both the sea- 4 5 sons recorded higher grain and straw yields and higher nutrient uptake (N, P and K).
Effect of crop establishment methods and irrigation schedules on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: VIPIN KUMAR SAGAR  , R.K. NARESH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 201415 and 201516 at Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, to study the effect of irrigation and crop-establishemnt methods on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this experiment, 3 irrigation schedules (4 cm irrigation at IW: CPE of 0.8, 5 cm irrigation at IW: CPE of 1.0 and 6 cm irrigation at IW : CPE of 1.2) in 6 planting patterns including 5 bed configurations in furrow-irrigated bed planting systems and 1 flat planting with row-to-row distance of 22.5 cm. In furrow-irrigated bed planting systems, the crop was planted on the top of the 75 cm bed, 2 rows (B ); 75 cm bed, 3 rows (B ); 90 cm bed, 2 rows (B ); 90 cm bed, 3 rows 752 753 902 (B ) and 90 cm bed, 4 rows (B ). The results showed that by following furrow-irrigated bed planting systems, 903 904 on an average, 40% water was saved as compared to 1 flat planting with row spacing of 22.5 cm with significant increase in the productivity of water. Plant height, dry-matter accumulation, number of tillers, root length, root dry weight and crop growth rate displayed significantly higher with land configuration of 90 cm bed, 2 rows (B ). 902 Among the yield attributes, grains/spike, spike length (cm), spikelets/spike and test weight increased significantly in B and B , and 4 cm irrigation at 0.8 irrigation water : cumulative pan evaporation (IW: CPE) respectively. 752 902 The grain yield (4.65 and 4.76 t/ha), straw yield (6.05 and 6.15 t/ha); biological yield (10.71 and 10.94 t/ha) and harvest index (43.39 and 43.49) were significantly higher under B land configuration with 4 cm irrigation at an 904 0.8 IW: CPE in 201415 and 201516, respectively.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on productivity and economics of bajra napier hybrid grass (Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum glaucum)
Authors: C. VENNILA  , V.M. SANKARAN  , T. ANANTHI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 201415 and 201516 at Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India to evaluate the effect of organic nutrients, inorganic nutrients and combination at varying levels on growth, yield and economics of bajra napier hybrid grass (Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum glaucum). Combined use of organic and inor- ganic fertilizers at 100% recommended level had significantly increased growth and yield parameters of bajra napier hybrid grass. The increase in growth parameters reflected positively on the yield of bajra napier hybrid grass. The highest plant height, leaves/plant, tillers/plant and biomass were found higher with the application of 25 t/ha of farmyard manure (FYM) along with 100% recommended dose of fertilizers through drip. Application of 25 t/ha of FYM along with 100% recommended dose of fertilizers through drip had resulted in 36.2 and 44.3% in- crease in yield of bajra napier hybrid grass/year harvest during 1st and 2nd year, respectively, and significantly re- corded higher benefit: cost ratio of 1.64 (pooled mean).
Bio-efficacy of pre-and post-emergence herbicides for weed management in Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis)
Authors: A.K. SINGH  , JAIDEV SHARMA  , A.N. MISHRA  , R.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2014 and 2015 at Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate the effect of different herbicides on growth and yield of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) and associated weeds. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 3 replications. There were 10 treatments, comprising pendimethalin 1,000 g/ha, oxyfluorfen 200 g/ha, oxyfluorfen 250 g/ha, pendimethalin 1,000 g followed by (fb) clodinafop 60 g/ha, pendimethalin 1,000 g fb imazethapyr 50 g/ha, pendimethalin 1,000 g fb clodinafop 60 g fb imazethapyr 50 g/ha, metribuzin 490 g/ha, metribuzin 700 g/ha, weed- free, and weedy check. The soil was silt loam in texture with low organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and me- dium in potash. The Japanese mint variety Kashi was used @ 400 kg/ha in rows, 45 cm apart. Application of pre- emergence (PE) pendimethalin 1,000 g/ha and post-emergence (PoE) of clodinafop 60 g/ha followed by imazethapyr 50 g/ha resulted in the highest weed-control efficiency (83.69%) at harvesting stage. Post-emer- gence application of imazethapyr 50 g/ha resulted in 8090% control of broad-leaf weeds, but it produced toxic ef- fect on the crop. Among the weed-control treatments, pendimethalin 1,000 g/ha as a PE fb PoE of clodinafop 60 g/ ha, exhibited higher benefit: cost ratio 2.60 over the other treatments, which proved to be more remunerative and economical to the farmers.
Influence of phosphorus fertilization on input-cost relationship and crop efficiencies of soybean (Glycine max) in Kandahar, Afghanistan
Authors: M.K. WASIFHY  , O. RAIHAN  , V. POONIYA  , R.S. BANA  , J. AHMAD
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2017, at the Afghanistan National Agricultural Science and Technology University, Kandahar, Afghanistan, to evaluate the effects of phosphorus fertilization on yield parameters, input-cost relationships and use-efficiency in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Six phosphorus fertilization treatments, viz. control (no P), 15 kg P O /ha, 30 kg P O /ha, 45 kg P O /ha, 60 kg P O /ha and 75 kg 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 P O /ha, were applied in 4 replicates. The highest seed yield (2.47 t/ha) was recorded with the application of 75 kg 2 5 P O /ha, the increase being ~34.3% over the control (no phosphorus). Similarly, cost of cultivation increased with 2 5 increasing rate of phosphorus (P), 75 kg P O /ha was the costliest treatment among the treatments. Application of 2 5 75 kg P O /ha resulted in the highest gross (163.9 103 /ha) and net returns (84.90 103 /ha) followed by 60 kg 2 5 P O /ha, however, the maximum benefit: cost ratio was recorded with 60 kg P O /ha. Further, the highest produc- 2 5 2 5 tion (19.5 kg grain/ha/day) and monetary (763.8 /ha/day) efficiencies were recorded with the 75 kg P O /ha. Simi- 2 5 larly, application of 30 kg P O /ha showed the highest agronomic efficiency (15.4 kg grain increased/kg P O ap- 2 5 2 5 plied/ha). Overall, P fertilization had positive effect on nodulation which in turn reflected in yield and also influ- enced production efficiencies.
Effect of dates and methods of rice (Oryza sativa) transplantation on growth and yield, nutrient uptake and economics of ricelentil (Lens culinaris) system
Authors: ANJU MALA DEKA  , P.C. BORA  , H. KALITA  , B. GUHA  , K. THAKURIA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Shillongani, Nagaon, Assam dur- ing rainy (kharif)winter (rabi) seasons of 201415 and 201516 to study the effect of dates of transplanting under different methods of cultivation on productivity of winter rice (Oryza sativa L.) and their residual effect on lentil (Lens cultivaris Medikus) on ricelentil relay system. Rice transplanted on 20 June recorded significantly higher yield attributes and grain yield as compared to the later dates of transplanting. Transplanting on 20 June resulted in higher values in respect of yield attributes, yield of relayed lentil, rice equivalent yield (REY) of ricelentil relay system. NPK uptake by rice and lentil as well as soil fungal and bacterial population after harvest of rice and lentil were also higher when transplanted on 20 June. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) recorded significantly higher values of yield attributes and grain yield of rice as compared to conventional method. In case of relayed lentil, yield attributes, seed yield and REY were found higher under SRI method of rice cultivation. Under SRI method, higher uptake of NPK by rice and lentil and higher soil fungal and bacterial populations after harvest of rice and lentil were observed as compared to conventional method. However, conventional method of rice cultivation re- corded significantly higher values of soil available N, P O and K O content at the end of 2 year-crop cycle over 2 5 2 that of SRI.
Influence of phosphorus fertilization on productivity and biological sustainability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) + coriander (Coriandrum sativum) intercropping system
Authors: D.K. SHUKLA  , V.K. SINGH  , CHANDRA BHUSHAN  , AJAY KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 201213 and 201314 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, to assess the productivity and competing ability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) under different row ratios of intercropping and phos- phorus management. Both the component crops, gave significantly higher seed yield in sole cropping compared to intercropping systems. Chickpea + coriander (4 : 2) (3.71 t/ha), being at par with chickpea + coriander (3 : 1) (3.40 t/ha), recorded significantly higher chickpea-equivalent yield than that of sole cropping. Land-equivalent ratio (1.32) and production efficiency (27.49 kg/ha/day) were significantly higher in chickpea + coriander (4 : 2) than rest of the systems. Relative crowding coefficient (RCC) and agressivity (A) did not show influence of intercrop- ping systems. Competition ratio (CR) of chickpea reduced significantly in chickpea + coriander (4 : 2) than chickpea + coriander (3 : 1). Sole chickpea revealed significantly higher phosphorus uptake by grains over sole coriander but at par with rest of the systems. Higher net returns (120.59 103 /ha) was recorded in chickpea + coriander (4 : 2) over sole chickpea and sole coriander. Chickpea + coriander (4 : 2), being at par with sole corian- der, recorded significantly higher benefit: cost ratio (3.42). Phosphorus levels resulted in significantly higher chickpea-equivalent yields, LER, RCC, production efficiency and phosphorus uptake by grains than that of the control, but differences between the phosphorus levels were non-significant on these aspects. Competition ratio followed reverse trend and significantly lower competition ratio was observed at higher dose of phosphorus but dif- ference amongst the phosphorus levels was not significant. However, higher benefit: cost ratio was observed owing to 30 kg P O + phosphate-solubilizing bacteria/ha (2.65). 2 5
Effect of soil organic amendments and Basmati cultivars on productivity and grain quality of Basmati rice (Oryza sativa) in cultivated aerobic culture condition
Authors: I.A. SHAH  , B.C. SHARMA  , A. SAMANATA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted from the rainy (kharif) season of 2012 to the winter (rabi) season of 201314 at Research Farm, Main Campus, Chatha of the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technol- ogy of Jammu, to find out a suitable combination of soil organic amendments for Basmati rice. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with 3 replications. The main plot treatments comprised 4 Basmati cultivars, viz. Basmati 370, Basmati 564, Saanwal Basmati and Ranbir Basmati, and subplots consisted of 6 treatments of soil organic amendments, viz. T , control (recommended fertilizer dose); T , in-situ green manuring of dhaincha 1 2 [Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight] on N basis; T , in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed by application 3 of vermicompost on N basis (1 : 1); T , in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed by application of 4 vermicompost and mulching with dhaincha on N basis (1 : 1 : 1); T , in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed 5 by application of farmyard manure on N basis (1 : 1); and T , in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed by appli- 6 cation of farmyard manure and mulching with dhaincha on N basis (1 : 1 : 1), were applied on nitrogen basis @ 30 kg/ha. Among the Basmati cultivars, Basmati 564 and Saanwal Basmati were significantly superior to Basmati 370 and Ranbir Basmati. Application of recommended fertilizer dose (30 : 20 : 10 kg/ha) N : P O : K O resulted 2 5 2 in significantly highest yield attributes and yield of Basmati rice over organic-applied treatments. There was non- significant effect among the Basmati cultivars and soil organic applied treatments with respect to grain quality. However, organic applied treatments were found superior in improving the grain quality and thus, hold a great promise in organic-applied treatments on aerobically grown Basmati rice.
Effect of plant spacing and weed-management practices on growth, biomass and steviol glycosides of candyleaf under western Himalayas
Authors: SWATI WALIA  , RAKESH KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2015 and 2016 to study the effect of plant spacing and weed-man- agement practices on development, yield and steviol glycosides of candyleaf [Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni] in the western Himalayas. Treatments included 2 plant spacings (45 cm 45 cm and 60 cm 45 cm) and 5 weed- management practices [weedy check, weed-free, hand-weeding, pendimethalin at 1.5 kg/ha followed by 1 hand- weeding (HW) at 40 days after spray (DAS) and oxyfluorfen at 0.25 kg/ha followed by 1 HW at 40 DAS]. Weed population and weed dry biomass under different plant spacing remained unaffected during both the years. Num- ber of leaves (1792.58), dry leaf biomass (1481.32 kg/ha) and total dry biomass (3914.65 kg/ha) were significantly high under narrow spacing. However, total steviol glycosides (%) were significantly high (11.05%) under wider row spacing. Weed population (9.39/m2) and dry biomass of weeds (11.53 g/m2) were significantly reduced by the ap- plication of oxyfluorfen. Significantly higher number of leaves (2010.83), dry leaf biomass (1498.90 kg/ha) and to- tal dry biomass (4256.45 kg/ha) were obtained with oxyfluorfen during both the years. Steviol glycoside content (12.05%) was significantly higher in hand-weeded plots. A spacing of 45 cm 45 cm with application of oxyfluorfen could manage weeds efficiently for the perennial crop of candyleaf a natural sweetner under western Himalayas.
Yield enhancement of rice (Oryza sativa) by remediation of sodic soil
Authors: K. PAVANI  , P.M. SHANMUGAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 201617 at Navalur Kuttapattu, Tamil Nadu to study the effect of sodic soil reclamation with the application of organic amendments on yield enhance- ment of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Application of gypsum @ 50% gypsum requirement (GR) + dhaincha [Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight] incorporation along with poultry manure @ 5 t/ha recorded higher grain yield (5.68 t/ ha) and registered yield increase ranging from 13.0 to 38.9% compared to other amendments. Application of gyp- sum @ 50% GR + dhaincha incorporation + poultry manure @ 5 t/ha lowered pH (8.37), electrical conductivity (EC 0.58 dS/m) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP 14.6) compared with the control (pH 9.08, EC 0.52dS/m and ESP 25.6). Post-harvest soil-available N, P and K were higher with the application of gypsum @ 50% GR + dhaincha + poultry manure @ 5 t/ha (N 271 kg/ha; P, 26.6 kg/ha; and K, 189 kg/ha).The higher net returns of 56,349/ha with benefit: cost (B: C) ratio of 2.41 was realized with gypsum @ 50% GR + dhaincha incorporation + poultry manure @ 5 t/ha. The combined application of gypsum @ 50% GR + dhaincha + poultry manure @ 5 t/ha was more effective in realizing higher yield, availability of nutrients and monetary benefits.
An overview on water management in coconut (Cocos nucifera)
Authors: H.P. MAHESWARAPPA  , V. KRISHNAKUMAR
Published: December 2023

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a small holders plantation crop cultivated predominantly in the humid tropics and tropical belts of India. Water is one of the critical inputs required in coconut production that plays important roles in growth, development and productivity. Though the coconut-growing regions in the coastal belt are en- dowed with high rainfall, the rainy period is confined to a few months (4 to 5) during the monsoon season and palm experiences moisture stress during remaining months. Water requirement of young and adult palms varies as per the soil type and agro-climatic regions. Lysimetric studies have indicated actual water use by the palms and crop- coefficient values for coconut. Among the irrigation methods, drip irrigation is the best system which ensures water saving to the extent of 33% of Eo and increase in the nut yield to the tune of 90100% compared to no irrigation. Further, the application of fertilizers through drip system (fertigation) increases water and fertilizer-use efficiency and results in 25 to 50% savings in fertilizer dose for the crop and increase in the productivity of palms to the tune of 5075% in various regions of the country.
Effect of potassium management on crop growth, yield and economics of spring maize (Zea mays) in western Uttar Pradesh
Authors: PREM SINGH  , U.P. SHAHI  , V.K. SINGH  , NEERAJ K. AWASTHI  , P.K. RAI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 20152016 on Typic Ustochrept soil of western Indo-Gangetic Plains to evaluate the effect of potassium management on crop growth, yield and economics of spring maize in western Uttar Pradesh. Twelve treatments comprising 100% NP, 100% NPK, 100% NP + 125% K, 100% NP + 150% K, 125% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NP + Crop residue, 100% NP + FYM, 100% NP + SPM, SSNM, SSNMK and SSNM+K were evaluated in a randomized block design with these replications. The data on growth, yield and its contributing traits recorded and expressed on plot area basis (15 m2), were maximum with the application of 150% NPK. The experimental results revealed that growth attributes (plant height, number of func- tional leaves, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index), yield attributing traits viz., number of cobs, cob length, number of grains, cob weight, grain weight, test weight, shelling (%), grain, stover and biological yield and uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in maize differ significantly among different treatments and were maximum with the application of 150% NPK. The response of SSNM was statistically similar with 150% NPK in most of the growth and yield parameters.
Alleviation of herbicide load in maize (Zea mays) through paddy straw mulching and herbicide use
Authors: RAMANDEEP KAUR  , CHARANJEET KAUR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at 2 locations, Ludhiana and Gurdaspur, Punjab, during kharif 2017, to deter- mine the effect of paddy straw mulching and herbicides on reduction of herbicide load in maize (Zea mays L.). Paddy straw mulch (PSM) at 9.0 t/ha resulted in highest weed-control efficiency, yield parameters, net returns, benefit : cost ratio and lowest weed index as compared to PSM 6.25 t/ha and no mulch treatments. Post-emer- gence application of tembotrione at 0.088 and 0.110 kg/ha resulted in highest WCE (96.3%) and was effective in lowering weed density and biomass as compared to atrazine at 0.8 and 1.0 kg/ha as pre-emergence. Tembotrione at 0.088 kg/ha in combination with paddy straw mulch (9.0 t/ha) recorded significantly lower weed density and dry- matter accumulation of all weed species and resulted in significantly higher grain yield, net returns and benefit : cost ratio which were statistically similar with tembotrione at 0.110 kg/ha in combination with paddy straw mulch 9.0 t/ha but significantly higher than all other combinations of straw mulch and herbicides. Therefore, for getting higher productivity and profitability from maize, apply tembotrione at 0.088 kg/ha as post-emergence in combina- tion with paddy straw mulch 9.0 t/ha, as this herbicide-mulch combination helped in reduction of 20% dose of her- bicide.
Influence of crop-establishment practices and microbial inoculants on growth and productivity of summer greengram (Vigna radiata)
Authors: RUXANABI NARAGUND  , Y.V. SINGH  , R.S. BANA  , A.K. CHOUDHARY  , PRANITA JAISWAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the summer season in 2018 at the ICARIndian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the effect of crop-establishment practices and microbial inoculation on crop growth and productivity of summer greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek]. The experiment was laid out in split-plot de- sign and treatments were replicated thrice. The experiment included 9 treatment combinations including 3 crop- establishment practices, viz. conventional tillage, zero tillage and zero tillage with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) residue @ 2.5 t/ha in main plots, and 3 microbial inoculation treatment, viz. control (no inoculation), dual inocula- tion of Rhizobium + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and combined inoculation of Rhizobium + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) + arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi in sub plots. Results showed that zero tillage with residue produced significantly higher growth parameters of greengram, viz. plant height, plants/m2, dry-matter ac- cumulation, leaf-area index, branches/plant, root nodules/plant and root nodule weight/plant at 45 days after sow- ing (DAS). The same treatment showed significantly superior yield attributes at maturity, viz. plants/m2, pods/plant, pod length, grains/pod and 1,000-grain weight, and yields over other 2 treatments. Seed inoculation with Rhizo- bium + PSB + AM fungi was significantly superior to other 2 treatments with regard to plant growth parameters, yield attributes and grain yield.
Effect of herbicides and their combinations on weeds and productivity of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: DIBYENDU MONDAL  , ANANNYA GHOSH  , SUMAN SEN  , DEBASHIS ROY  , SOUMEN BERA  , RATIKANTA GHOSH  , PINTOO BANDOPADHYAY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2014 and 2015 at the Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), West Bengal, to evaluate the effect of different herbicides and their combinations on growth of composite weed flora and productivity of direct-seeded rice (DSR) (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 3 replications. The experiment comprised 8 weed-control treat- ments, viz. T , pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 30 g/ha as post-emergence (PoE); T , pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg/ha as pre 1 2 emergence (PE); T , pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.75% + pretilachlor 30% WG (pre-mix) @ 1.50 kg/ha (commercial prod- 3 uct) as PoE; T , pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.75% + pretilachlor 30% WG (pre-mix) @ 1.75 kg/ha (commercial product) 4 as PoE; T , pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.75% + pretilachlor 30% WG (pre-mix) @ 3.50 kg/ha (commercial product) as 5 PoE; T , Almix @ 20 g/ha (commercial product) as PoE; T , bispyribac-sodium @ 25 g/ha as PoE + 1 hand weed- 6 7 ing (HW) at 40 days (farmers practice); and T , unweeded control (season-long weedy condition). All weed-control 8 options significantly influenced the weed growth and crop yield. Monocot weeds, particularly sedges, were the most dominant among all the species. Grain yield losses due to weeds would amount to 59.065.6%, if weed-con- trol measures were not undertaken. Combined applications of ready-mix herbicides provided better weed control with higher weed-control index (WCI) in DSR than those observed with sole application of herbicides. Post-emer- gence application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl + pretilachlor as ready-mix (3.5 kg/ha) resulted in significantly lower weed density and dry matter with higher WCI (77.25%) at 30 days after application (DAA) than the other sole and combined applications of herbicides. Application of herbicides initially reduced microbial activity slightly up to 3 DAA, but recovered well at subsequent stages owing to improved crop growth. A significant negative correlation was found between weed growth (density and biomass) and yield of rice. Ready-mix application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl + pretilachlor (3.50 kg/ha) being at par with pyrazosulfuron ethyl + pretilachlor @ 1.75 kg/ha (ready-mix) and bispyribac-sodium (25 g/ha) + 1 hand weeding (farmers practice) resulted in the highest grain (2.99 t/ha) and straw yield (4.29 t/ha) of rice. This weed-control treatment resulted in a mean grain yield increase of 190.3% com- pared to uncontrolled weed growth.