bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harnessing co‐operative immune augmentation by contact allergens to enhance the efficacy of viral vaccines
Authors: Cunningham Louise S. , McFadden John P. , Basketter David A. , Ferguson Felicity J. , White Ian R. , Kimber Ian
Published: August 2020

Although the development of successful vaccines against coronaviruses may be achieved, for some individuals the immune response that they stimulate may prove to be insufficient for effective host defence. The principle that a relatively strong contact allergen will have an enhancing effect on sensitization compared with a less potent contact allergen if they are co‐administered, may not, at first, appear relevant to this issue. However, this augmentation effect is thought to be due to the sharing of common or complementary pathways. Here, we briefly consider aspects of the shared and complementary pathways between skin sensitization induced by exposure to a contact allergen and the immune response to viruses, with particular reference to COVID‐19. The relationship leads us to explore whether this principle, which we name here as “co‐operative immune augmentation” may be extended to include viral vaccination. We consider evidence that even relatively weak contact allergens, used in vaccines for other purposes, can show enhanced sensitization, which is in keeping with a co‐operative augmentation principle. Finally, we consider how the potent contact allergen diphenylcyclopropenone could be employed safely as an enhancer of vaccine responses.
Cognitive dysfunction among patients in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Effects of exacerbation and long‐term oxygen therapy
Authors: Mermit Çilingir Buket , Günbatar Hülya , Çilingir Vedat
Published: August 2020

Background

We investigated the association between cognitive dysfunction (CD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) during exacerbation and compare with stable COPD patients and control subjects. Also, we compared the cognitive function of long‐term oxygen therapy (LTOT) dependent patients and not receiving LTOT.

Methods

The 121 people included in the study. They were divided into three groups: exacerbation of COPD (COPD‐E), stable COPD (COPD‐S) and control groups. Also, COPD patients were divided into two groups, non‐user LTOTD‐COPD and regular‐user LTOTD‐COPD. The patients were asked in their native language by exact conversion of the questions of MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination).

Results

The mean age of patients was 67 and ratio of patients with MMSE results below 24 was 41.6%. MMSE score was 18.9 in patient with exacerbation and 25.7 in stable COPD. Age average was higher and MMSE was lower in COPD‐E group. Low educational degree was predicting factor for CD in COPD‐E group. Low MMSE was related with decreased FEV1%, pO2 and sO2 values, increased pCO2 values, low educational level and increased comorbidity. MMSE score was 18.8 in reguler‐user LTOTD COPD and 24.9 in nonuser LTOTD‐COPD. Regular‐user LTOTD‐COPD groups exacerbation rate was higher than nonuser LTOTD‐COPD group.

Conclusion

MMSE scores was low in COPD‐E group and regular‐user LTOTD‐COPD group. This is important because MMSE identifies clinically significant CD. This suggests that the CD may be linked to the causes of severe exacerbations. Clinicians need to look for CD, because cognitive function needs to be taken into account in their management of the patient.
Visual input to the left versus right eye yields differences in face preferences in 3‐month‐old infants
Authors: Dalrymple Kirsten A. , Khan Afshan F. , Duchaine Brad , Elison Jed T.
Published: August 2020

From birth, infants prefer looking at faces over scrambled faces. This face input is important for the development of face processing: individuals who experienced early visual deprivation due to congenital cataracts have long‐lasting face processing deficits. Interestingly, the deficits are eye‐specific such that left eye cataracts disrupt the development of face processing, whereas right eye cataracts do not. This raises the question of whether infant face preferences are driven primarily by faces observed through the left eye. To investigate this, we presented 3‐month‐old infants with intact faces paired with scrambled faces. Infants viewed the moving stimuli binocularly, only with their left eye, or only with their right eye. Infants viewing stimuli binocularly or with only the left eye spent significantly more time looking at intact faces than scrambled faces, but this effect was equivocal in infants viewing stimuli through only their right eye. Infants in the binocular group had the greatest preference for faces, and this preference was greater than the right eye group's preference for faces. The left eye group's preference for faces was not statistically different from the other two groups’ preference for faces, but additional analyses revealed a correlation between preference for faces and age for the right eye group only, indicating that preference for faces seen with the right eye increase from 3 to 4 months of age. These results indicate that the left eye plays a special role in face processing at, or before 3 months of age, but a preference for faces through the right eye emerges soon after.
Diagnosis and prevalence of diabetic polyneuropathy: a cross‐sectional study of Danish patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Gylfadottir S. S. , Itani M. , Krøigård T. , Kristensen A. G. , Christensen D. H. , Nicolaisen S. K. , Karlsson P. , Callaghan B. C. , Bennett D. L. , Andersen H. , Tankisi H. , Nielsen J. S. , Andersen N. T. , Jensen T. S. , Thomsen R. W. , Sindrup S. H. , Finnerup N. B.
Published: August 2020

Background and purpose

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes. Using the Toronto criteria for diabetic polyneuropathy and the grading system for neuropathic pain, the performance of neuropathy scales and questionnaires were assessed by comparing them to a clinical gold standard diagnosis of DPN and painful DPN in a cohort of patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A questionnaire on neuropathy and pain was sent to a cohort of 5514 Danish type 2 diabetes patients. A sample of 389 patients underwent a detailed clinical examination and completed neuropathy questionnaires and scales.

Results

Of the 389 patients with a median diabetes duration of 5.9 years, 126 had definite DPN (including 53 with painful DPN), 88 had probable DPN and 53 had possible DPN. There were 49 patients with other causes of polyneuropathy, neuropathy symptoms or pain, 10 with subclinical DPN and 63 without DPN. The sensitivity of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument questionnaire to detect DPN was 25.7% and the specificity 84.6%. The sensitivity of the Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Scoring System, including questionnaire and clinical examination, was 62.9% and the specificity was 74.6%.

Conclusions

Diabetic polyneuropathy affects approximately one in five Danish patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes but neuropathic pain is not as common as previously reported. Neuropathy scales with clinical examination perform better compared with questionnaires alone, but better scales are needed for future epidemiological studies.
Cutaneous adverse events in patients receiving anticancer therapy in a tertiary hospital setting: the old and the new
Authors: Suh Hae‐Jin , Flórez Ángeles , Sacristán Víctor , Rodríguez Martinez Ángeles , Fernández Francisca , Vilanova‐Trillo Lucía , Constenla Manuel , Pereiro Manuel
Published: August 2020

Background

Targeted therapies and immunotherapies are increasingly prescribed, but classic chemotherapy agents are still highly used in cancer treatment. Both therapies, the old and the new, are associated with cutaneous adverse events (CAEs) that can cause treatment interruptions or reduce the quality of life of patients.

Methods

An observational, cross‐sectional, single‐center study that included consecutive cancer patients presenting CAEs. The main objective was to describe CAEs derived from antineoplastic drugs. Secondary objectives were to determine the number and severity of CAEs and if there were differences regarding CAEs between conventional chemotherapeutics and targeted therapies.

Results

A total of 114 patients were included with a total number of 177 CAEs. Of the 114 patients, 64 presented a single CAE, 37 patients had two CAEs, and 13 patients presented three CAEs. The most frequent CAEs were pruritus, xerosis, palmar‐plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE), and alopecia. The majority of CAEs were mild (63.2%), followed by moderate (29.9%) and severe (6.7%) CAEs. Of the 114 patients, 103 (90.3%) received topical agents and 11 (9.7%) required systemic treatment for the management of CAEs. Prophylactic treatment for CAE was delivered to only 4/114 (3.5%) patients. No significant differences were found in the number or severity of CAEs between conventional chemotherapy and targeted therapy.

Conclusions

Close collaboration between oncologists and dermatologists is essential to start preventive measures on time, enhance patient education, and avoid unnecessary dose reductions or treatment interruptions. The multidisciplinary approach can offer better management of skin toxicities.
In vitro cytomodulatory and immunomodulatory effects of bovine colostrum whey protein hydrolysates
Authors: Fajardo‐Espinoza Fernanda S. , Ordaz‐Pichardo Cynthia , Sankar Uma , Romero‐Rojas Andrés , Moreno‐Eutimio Mario A. , Hernández‐Sánchez Humberto
Published: August 2020

Bovine colostrum possesses biological compounds involved in the development of the newborn. Among them, the proteins have drawn attention as a source of bioactive peptides. This study shows the in vitro cytotoxic and immunostimulatory potential of two colostrum whey protein (CWP) hydrolysates obtained by in vitro digestion with pepsin and pancreatin. MTT cell viability, apoptosis induction, polymorphonuclear proliferation and phagocytic activity assays were performed. Treatment with the hydrolysates induced a significant decrease in the viability of MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines due to apoptosis and also a significant increase in the proliferation of blood mononuclear cells. It could also be observed that for the RM‐1 and PC‐3 prostate cancer cell lines and for the two times of exposure (24 and 48 h), the hydrolysate H1 is significantly more cytotoxic than CWP. These results showed the potential of bovine CWP and its hydrolysates for the treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer.
Correlation of cooking time with water absorption and changes in relative density during boiling of cassava roots
Authors: Tran Thierry , Zhang Xiaofei , Ceballos Hernan , Moreno Jhon L. , Luna Jorge , Escobar Andrés , Morante Nelson , Belalcazar John , Becerra Luis A. , Dufour Dominique
Published: August 2020

Consumers prefer cassava roots that cook quickly during boiling. Current methods to evaluate cooking time (CT) are slow and labour‐intensive. This article describes improved protocols for assessing CT in roots. We evaluated CT in 36 genotypes monthly at 8–11 months after planting. CT showed differences for plant age at harvest and among genotypes. During boiling, roots absorbed water (WAB) and thus reduced their relative density (DEN). We classified three groups of genotypes with increasing CT (≤25 min, 25–40 min and >40 min), associated with decreasing WAB, respectively, 15.3 ± 3.1, 10.7 ± 1.7 and 4.9 ± 3.8% of initial root weight. A similar trend was observed for changes in DEN (46.3 ± 9.8, 54.5 ± 11.1 and 75.9 ± 6.9% of initial DEN, respectively). The highest correlations between WAB and DEN with CT (r2 > 0.6) were found at 30‐min boiling. These alternative protocols facilitate screening large numbers of cassava genotypes for CT.
Cross‐continental comparison of safety and protection measures amongst urologists during COVID‐19
Authors: de la Rosette Jean , Laguna Pilar , Álvarez‐Maestro Mario , Eto Masatoshi , Mochtar Chaidir Arif , Albayrak Selami , Mendoza‐Valdes Arturo , Ong Teng Aik , Khadgi Sanjay , Al‐Terki Abdullatif , Bolton Damien , Gomez Reynaldo , Klotz Laurence , Kulkarni Sanjay , Tanguay Simon , Gravas Stavros ,   the Société Internationale d’Urologie Board of Directors
Published: August 2020

Objectives

To determine the well‐being of urologists worldwide during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, and whether they have adequate personal protective equipment knowledge and supplies appropriate to their clinical setting.

Methods

Urologists worldwide completed a Société Internationale d’Urologie online survey from 16 April 2020 until 1 May 2020. Analysis was carried out to evaluate their knowledge about protecting themselves and others in the workplace, including their confidence in their ability to remain safe at work, and any regional differences.

Results

There were 3488 respondents from 109 countries. Urologists who stated they were moderately comfortable that their work environment offers good protection against coronavirus disease 2019 showed a total mean satisfaction level of 5.99 (on a “0 = not at all” to “10 = very” scale). A large majority (86.33%) were confident about protecting themselves from coronavirus disease 2019 at work. However, only about one‐third reported their institution provided the required personal protective equipment (35.78%), and nearly half indicated their hospital has or had limited personal protective equipment availability (48.08%). Worldwide, a large majority of respondents answered affirmatively for testing the healthcare team (83.09%). Approximately half of the respondents (52.85%) across all regions indicated that all surgical team members face an equal risk of contracting coronavirus disease 2019 (52.85%). Nearly one‐third of respondents reported that they had experienced social avoidance (28.97%).

Conclusions

Our results show that urologists lack up‐to‐date knowledge of preferred protocols for personal protective equipment selection and use, social distancing, and coronavirus disease 2019 testing. These data can provide insights into functional domains from which other specialties could also benefit.
Conversion kinetics of container glass batch melting
Authors: Ueda Nanako , Vernerová Miroslava , Kloužek Jaroslav , Ferkl Pavel , Hrma Pavel , Yano Tetsuji , Pokorný Richard
Published: August 2020

Understanding the batch‐to‐glass conversion process is fundamental to optimizing the performance of glass‐melting furnaces and ensuring that furnace modeling can correctly predict the observed outcome when batch materials or furnace conditions change. To investigate the kinetics of silica dissolution, gas evolution, and primary foam formation and collapse, we performed X‐ray diffraction, thermal gravimetry, feed expansion tests, and evolved gas analysis of batch samples heated at several constant heating rates. We found that gas evolving reactions, foaming, and silica dissolution depend on the thermal history of the batch in a similar manner: the kinetic parameters of each process were linear functions of the square root of the heating rate. This kinetic similarity reflects the stronger‐than‐expected interdependence of these processes. On the basis of our results, we suggest that changes in furnace operating conditions, such as firing or boosting, influence the melting rate less than what one would expect without consideration of batch conversion kinetics.
Nonstationarity in the relationship between corporate governance and accounting conservatism
Authors: Kieschnick Robert , Shi Wenyun
Published: August 2020

Noe and Rebello (2012) argue that a firm's environment is not stationary and, as a result, the relationships between corporate governance and firm behavior change to adapt to changes in its environment. We provide evidence that a legal shock (Sarbanes–Oxley Act) and an economic shock (2007/2008 financial crisis) induced changes in the relationships between different corporate governance features and a firm's tendency to report conservatively. Additionally, we provide evidence on the weakness of fixed effects panel regressions to fully understand the effects of various corporate governance features on a firm's tendency to report conservatively.
The monitoring role of the media: Evidence from earnings management
Authors: Chen Yangyang , Cheng C. S. Agnes , Li Shuo , Zhao Jingran
Published: August 2020

In response to the recent debate on the media, this paper examines the effect of media coverage on firm earnings management. Even if prior studies (Dyck et al., 2010; Miller, 2006) have documented the media's role in detecting and deterring accounting fraud (or extreme earnings management), it is unclear ex ante whether the media amplifies or curbs less egregious earnings management. Our results show that media coverage is negatively associated with both accrual‐based and real earnings management, suggesting that the media serves as an external monitor that curbs managers’ opportunistic earnings management behaviors. Further analyses show that the effect of media coverage on earnings management is more pronounced when monitoring from auditors is weak and when the other information intermediaries are active. Overall, the findings suggest a monitoring role of the media in firm financial reporting practices.
Inter‐arm difference in blood pressure in patients referred to tertiary hypertension center: Prevalence, risk factors, and relevance to physicians
Authors: Jegatheswaran Januvi , Hiremath Swapnil , Edwards Cedric , Ruzicka Marcel
Published: August 2020

The prevalence of inter‐arm BP difference is high in hypertension and is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. We performed a retrospective chart review of prevalent patients in the Ottawa Hospital Hypertension Center to assess for prevalence, risk factors, and whether finding of inter‐arm BP difference >10 mmHg leads to investigations of the aorta and aortic arch. Inter‐arm BP difference among 493 patients was present in 16.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]13.3‐19.9%), and it was associated with presence of peripheral arterial disease. Physicians did not investigate ascending aorta and aortic arch for causes of the clinically significant inter‐arm BP difference.
Relationship between high‐normal albuminuria and arterial stiffness in Chinese population
Authors: Ye Chaoyi , Gong Jin , Wang Tingjun , Luo Li , Lian Guili , Wang Huajun , Chen Weixiao , Xie Liangdi
Published: August 2020

High‐normal albuminuria is related to the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease. Arterial stiffness has been regarded as a predictor of cardiovascular disease. However, the relationship between high‐normal albuminuria and arterial stiffness is uncertain in Chinese population. A total of 1343 Chinese participants (aged 58.9 ± 12.1 years, 63.53% male) were included in this study. High‐normal albuminuria was defined as urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) above the median within normal albuminuria. Based on the level of UACR, all participants were divided into low‐normal albuminuria group (UACR < 6.36 mg/g, n = 580), high‐normal albuminuria group (6.36 mg/g ≤ UACR < 30 mg/g, n = 581), microalbuminuria (30 mg/g ≤ UACR < 300 mg/g, n = 162), and macroalbuminuria (UACR ≥ 300 mg/g, n = 20). Arterial stiffness was assessed by measuring carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). With the increment of UACR, the level of cfPWV was increased gradually (P < .001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure, age, serum creatinine, heart rate, logarithmic (LG)‐transformed UACR, and fasting plasma glucose were independently associated with cfPWV in all subjects (P < .001). LG‐UACR was found to be related to cfPWV in high‐normal albuminuria and macroalbuminuria subjects. After further stratification in the high‐normal albuminuria subjects, their relation remained in male, elderly over 65 years old, or normotensives. In summary, UACR is associated with arterial stiffness in subjects with proteinuria excretion in high normal level. High‐normal albuminuria might be an early indicator of arterial stiffness, especially in male, elderly, or normotensives in Chinese population. Furthermore, age and blood pressure are still observed to be the most important risk factor of arterial stiffness.
Hypertension prevalence and control among community‐dwelling lebanese older adults
Authors: Fakhri Ghina , Assaad Sarah , Chaaya Monique
Published: August 2020

There is a high prevalence of hypertension among Lebanese adults, but no evidence is available on its prevalence and control exclusively among older adults (65 + years). This study provides the first evidence on a representative sample of 502 community elderly and presents the basis for future research and policy implications. Results show an overall prevalence of 52% with a significantly higher female‐to‐male ratio. Factors independently associated with hypertension were older age, body mass index, and dementia. More than a third of those with a positive history of hypertension had uncontrolled blood levels. Uncontrolled hypertension was higher among women. Increasing awareness about medication adherence and controlling multi‐morbidities constitute promising measures to lowering the burden of hypertension among Lebanese older adults, especially women.
TLR9 deficiency alleviates doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity via the regulation of autophagy
Authors: Guo Zhen , Tang Nan , Liu Fang‐Yuan , Yang Zheng , Ma Shu‐Qing , An Peng , Wu Hai‐Ming , Fan Di , Tang Qi‐Zhu
Published: August 2020

Doxorubicin is a commonly used anthracycline chemotherapeutic drug. Its application for treatment has been impeded by its cardiotoxicity as it is detrimental and fatal. DNA damage, cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress and cell death are the critical links in DOX‐induced myocardial injury. Previous studies found that TLR9‐related signalling pathways are associated with the inflammatory response of cardiac myocytes, mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiomyocyte death, but it remains unclear whether TLR9 could influence DOX‐induced heart injury. Our current data imply that DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity is ameliorated by TLR9 deficiency both in vivo and in vitro, manifested as improved cardiac function and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the deletion of TLR9 rescued DOX‐induced abnormal autophagy flux in vivo and in vitro. However, the inhibition of autophagy by 3‐MA abolished the protective effects of TLR9 deletion on DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity. Moreover, TLR9 ablation suppressed the activation of p38 MAPK during DOX administration and may promote autophagy via the TLR9‐p38 MAPK signalling pathway. Our study suggests that the deletion of TLR9 exhibits a protective effect on doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity by enhancing p38‐dependent autophagy. This finding could be used as a basis for the development of a prospective therapy against DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity.
East Asian diet‐mimicking diet plan based on the Mediterranean diet and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jin Sang‐Man , Ahn Jiyeon , Park Jiyun , Hur Kyu Yeon , Kim Jae Hyeon , Lee Moon‐Kyu
Published: August 2020

Aims/Introduction

Using an investigational diet plan based on the Mediterranean diet and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet comprised of substitute ingredients that mimic the average East Asian diet, this study assessed the glycemic benefits in comparison with a food exchange system‐based diet in established type 2 diabetes patients.

Materials and Methods

This was a 12‐week, open‐label randomized clinical trial carried out among 60 Korean adults with type 2 diabetes having a median body mass index of 23.5 kg/m2. Glycemic benefits in the investigational diet (group A) were compared with those obtained with a food exchange system‐based diet, either in the form of ready meals provided to participants (group B) or not (group C). The primary end‐point was changes in glycated hemoglobin from baseline to week 12.

Results

Changes in glycated hemoglobin (%) from baseline to week 12 were −0.97 ± 0.97 in group A (vs group B, P = 0.085 in the full analysis set, and P = 0.028 in the per‐protocol set; vs group C, P = 0.030 in the full analysis set and P = 0.020 in the per‐protocol set), −0.51 ± 0.65 in group B (vs group C, P > 0.05 in the full analysis set and the per‐protocol set), and −0.36 ± 0.74 in group C. Decreases from baseline in body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure were greater in group A than in group C.

Conclusion

With the provision of ready meals, the glycemic benefits of the investigational diet plan were demonstrable over a self‐prepared food exchange system‐based diet in Korean adults with established type 2 diabetes.
Fractional CO2 laser versus trichloroacetic acid 50% for xanthelasma palpebrarum therapy
Authors: Al‐Kady Nissreen Al‐Sayed , Hamdino Mervat , Abdel Kawy Faten Abdel wadoud
Published: August 2020

Background

Although being a benign lesion, xanthelasma palpebrarum (XP) causes cosmetic concerns. There are numerous therapeutic methods for XP with adverse events for each method.

Aims

Evaluate the safety, efficacy, and downtime of fractional CO2 laser (10 600 nm) versus 50% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in XP therapy.

Patients/Methods

Comparative interventional prospective study involved 20 adult patients with XP. Each patient received a split‐face therapy where xanthelasma lesions treated with fractional CO2 laser on the one side and TCA 50% on the other side for maximum 5 sessions with 2‐week intervals in between.

Results

Statistically significant improvement in lesion color, thickness, and size by both fractional CO2 and TCA 50%, with nonstatistically significant difference between both therapeutic modalities after treatment, although downtime, number of sessions, and patient's satisfaction were significantly better for fractional CO2 laser.

Conclusion

Fractional CO2 laser (10 600 nm) is ideal for treatment of xanthelasma because it is safe and effective with short downtime, more patient satisfaction, less sessions, and less complications compared with chemical peeling using TCA (50%).
Cost‐effectiveness of three different concepts for the rehabilitation of edentulous mandibles: Overdentures with 1 or 2 implant attachments and hybrid prosthesis on four implants
Authors: Hartmann Roberto , de Menezes Bandeira Ana Clara Freitas , de Araújo Sara Cristina , McKenna Gerald , Brägger Urs , Schimmel Martin , Leles Cláudio R.
Published: August 2020

Background

There are scarce data regarding the combined assessment of the costs and effects of implant treatments for edentulous patients when multiple options are available.

Aim

This randomised clinical trial aimed to assess the cost‐effectiveness of three different concepts for treatment: mandibular overdenture retained by a single (Group I; n = 11) or two implants (Group II; n = 13) and fixed hybrid prosthesis on four implants (Group III; n = 13).

Methods

Treatment effectiveness was measured as the 1‐year before‐after changes in patient satisfaction with the mandibular prosthesis. Costs were prospectively quantified from the perspective of the health provider, including all direct cost items attributed to the delivery of treatments and up to the 1‐year follow‐up, using a “bottom‐up” costing estimation method.

Results

Patient satisfaction after treatment improved significantly for the three groups. The overall costs were R$ 2370.66, R$ 3185.21 and R$ 5739.52 for Groups I, II and III, respectively (P < .001). Analysis of incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios suggested that the overdentures retained by one or two implants were more cost‐effective than the fixed implant treatment, considering the mean cost and effectiveness values and the ±20% one‐way sensitivity analysis.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the incremental costs for the fixed hybrid prosthesis, compared to the overdenture treatments, is not proportional to the respective gain in effectiveness. Therefore, although all treatment options had satisfactory outcomes, the use of implants to retain a mandibular overdenture, irrespective of the use of one or two implants, is more cost‐effective than the fixed implant treatment for the edentulous mandible.
When guiding principles do not guide: The moderating effects of cultural tightness on value‐behavior links
Authors: Elster Andrey , Gelfand Michele J.
Published: August 2020

Objective

Ample research documented the effects of guiding principles in people's lives, as reflected in personal values, on a variety of behaviors. But do these principles universally guide behaviors across all cultural contexts? To address this question, we investigated the effect of cross‐cultural differences in the strength of social norms (i.e., tightness‐looseness) on value‐behavior relationships.

Method

Using the archival data from the World Value Survey for 24 nations (N = 38,924; 51.40% female; Mage = 44.98, SD = 16.87), a multi‐level analysis revealed that cultural tightness moderated the effects of individual differences in personal values on behaviors from different life‐domains.

Results

As hypothesized, the relationships between self‐transcendence values with civic involvement and pro‐environmental behaviors, and between conservation values with religious behavior were significantly stronger in loose cultures that have weak norms and were almost nonexistent in tight cultures that have strong norms, even when controlling for individualism‐collectivism or GDP.

Conclusions

Thus, despite the common belief that people behave in line with their guiding principles, our findings suggest this might not be the case in cultural contexts that put a strong emphasis on norms.
Increased fire severity triggers positive feedbacks of greater vegetation flammability and favors plant community‐type conversions
Authors: Landesmann Jennifer Brenda , Tiribelli Florencia , Paritsis Juan , Veblen Thomas Thorstein , Kitzberger Thomas
Published: August 2020

Questions

Increased wildfire activity is resulting in plant community‐type conversions worldwide. In some regions, fire‐sensitive forests are being replaced by flammable fire‐resilient communities, increasing the likelihood of reburning due to positive fire feedbacks. Here we evaluated whether fire severity affects post‐fire plant community flammability attributes that lead to community‐type conversions and changes in the likelihood of reburning. Specifically, we assessed how fire severity, the dominant pre‐fire vegetation, and distance to unburned remnant forest may shape post‐fire community properties and flammability trajectories in northwestern Patagonia.

Location

Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina.

Methods

We repeated sampling of Nothofagus pumilio, Nothofagus dombeyi, and Austrocedrus chilensis forests and native shrublands (composed of multiple shrub species) two and 18 years after fires that burned at low‐ to very high‐severity levels, and measured community structure and flammability attributes.

Results

Eighteen years after fire, forests that burned at moderate to very high severity were unable to recover and were replaced by more flammable shrublands and grasslands. Following low‐severity fire, fine‐fuel density was lower and forest recovery was enhanced by greater survival of remnant seed trees. Burnt shrublands increased in abundance across all severity classes but attained highest fine‐fuel production after moderate‐ to very high‐severity fire.

Conclusions

Low fire severity, by enabling regeneration of forests that are less flammable than shrublands, diminishes the likelihood of reburning, thus establishing a negative feedback favorable to forest perpetuation. Conversely, moderate to very high fire severity leads to a positive feedback by promoting conversion to shrublands and greater fine‐fuel accumulation. This increases the likelihood of reburning, reinforcing the persistence of pyrophytic communities and favoring landscape‐scale loss of fire‐sensitive forests. This fire severity‐mediated positive feedback may in many regions worldwide further amplify warming‐related wildfire activity increases, posing serious threats to the persistence of fire‐sensitive ecosystems.
The troublesome nature of intraprofessional collaboration: A threshold concept perspective
Authors: Bhat Chirag , Goldszmidt Mark
Published: August 2020

Bhat and Goldszmidt discuss how healthcare providers can struggle with enacting intraprofessional collaboration when faced with systemic barriers.
Water ‘on the rocks’: a summer drink for thirsty trees?
Authors: Nardini Andrea , Petruzzellis Francesco , Marusig Daniel , Tomasella Martina , Natale Sara , Altobelli Alfredo , Calligaris Chiara , Floriddia Gabriele , Cucchi Franco , Forte Emanuele , Zini Luca
Published: August 2020

Drought‐induced tree mortality frequently occurs in patches with different spatial and temporal distributions, which is only partly explained by inter‐ and intraspecific variation in drought tolerance. We investigated whether bedrock properties, with special reference to rock water storage capacity, affects tree water status and drought response in a rock‐dominated landscape.

We measured primary porosity and available water content of breccia (B) and dolostone (D) rocks. Saplings ofFraxinus ornuswere grown in pots filled with soil or soil mixed with B and D rocks, and subjected to an experimental drought. Finally, we measured seasonal changes in water status of trees in field sites overlying B or D bedrock.

B rocks were more porous and stored more available water than D rocks. Potted saplings grown with D rocks had less biomass and suffered more severe water stress than those with B rocks. Trees in sites with B bedrock had more favourable water status than those on D bedrock which also suffered drought‐induced canopy dieback.

Bedrock represents an important water source for plants under drought. Different bedrock features translate into contrasting below‐ground water availability, leading to landscape‐level heterogeneity of the impact of drought on tree water status and dieback.
Two metallothionein genes highly expressed in rice nodes are involved in distribution of Zn to the grain
Authors: Lei Gui Jie , Yamaji Naoki , Ma Jian Feng
Published: August 2020

A rice node is a hub for distribution of mineral elements; however, most genes highly expressed in the node have not been functionally characterized.

Transcriptomic analysis of a rice node revealed that two metallothionein genes, OsMT2b and OsMT2c, were highly expressed in the node I. We functionally characterized these genes in terms of gene expression pattern, cellular and subcellular localization, phenotypic analysis of the single and double knockout mutants and metal‐binding ability.

Both OsMT2b and OsMT2c were mainly and constitutively expressed in the phloem region of enlarged and diffuse vascular bundles in the nodes and of the anther. Knockout of either OsMT2b or OsMT2c increased zinc (Zn) accumulation in the nodes, but decreased Zn distribution to the panicle, resulting in decreased grain yield. A double mutant, osmt2bmt2c, showed further negative effects on the Zn distribution and grain yield. By contrast, knockout of OsMT2b had a small effect on copper (Cu) accumulation. Both OsMT2b and OsMT2c showed binding ability with Zn, whereas only OsMT2b showed binding ability with Cu in yeast.

Our results suggest that both OsMT2b and OsMT2c play an important role mainly in the distribution of Zn to grain through chelation and subsequent transport of Zn in the phloem in rice.
Bridging the genotype–phenotype gap for a Mediterranean pine by semi‐automatic crown identification and multispectral imagery
Authors: Santini Filippo , Kefauver Shawn Carlisle , Araus José Luis , Resco de Dios Víctor , Martín García Saray , Grivet Delphine , Voltas Jordi
Published: August 2020

Progress in high‐throughput phenotyping and genomics provides the potential to understand the genetic basis of plant functional differentiation. We developed a semi‐automatic methodology based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery for deriving tree‐level phenotypes followed by genome‐wide association study (GWAS).

An RGB‐based point cloud was used for tree crown identification in a common garden ofPinus halepensisin Spain. Crowns were combined with multispectral and thermal orthomosaics to retrieve growth traits, vegetation indices and canopy temperature. Thereafter, GWAS was performed to analyse the association between phenotypes and genomic variation at 235 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Growth traits were associated with 12 SNPs involved in cellulose and carbohydrate metabolism. Indices related to transpiration and leaf water content were associated with six SNPs involved in stomata dynamics. Indices related to leaf pigments and leaf area were associated with 11 SNPs involved in signalling and peroxisome metabolism. About 16–20% of trait variance was explained by combinations of several SNPs, indicating polygenic control of morpho‐physiological traits.

Despite a limited availability of markers and individuals, this study is provides a successful proof‐of‐concept for the combination of high‐throughput UAV‐based phenotyping with cost‐effective genotyping to disentangle the genetic architecture of phenotypic variation in a widespread conifer.
Mortality predispositions of conifers across western USA
Authors: Wang Wenzhi , English Nathan B. , Grossiord Charlotte , Gessler Arthur , Das Adrian J. , Stephenson Nathan L. , Baisan Christopher H. , Allen Craig D. , McDowell Nate G.
Published: August 2020

Conifer mortality rates are increasing in western North America, but the physiological mechanisms underlying this trend are not well understood.

We examined tree‐ring‐based radial growth along with stable carbon (C) and oxygen (O) isotope composition (δ13C and δ18O, respectively) of dying and surviving conifers at eight old‐growth forest sites across a strong moisture gradient in the western USA to retrospectively investigate mortality predispositions.

Compared with surviving trees, lower growth of dying trees was detected at least one decade before mortality at seven of the eight sites. Intrinsic water‐use efficiency increased over time in both dying and surviving trees, with a weaker increase in dying trees at five of the eight sites.

C starvation was a strong correlate of conifer mortality based on a conceptual model incorporating growth, δ13C, and δ18O. However, this approach does not capture processes that occur in the final months of survival. Ultimately, C starvation may lead to increased mortality vulnerability, but hydraulic failure or biotic attack may dominate the process during the end stages of mortality in these conifers.
Root exudation as a major competitive fine‐root functional trait of 18 coexisting species in a subtropical forest
Authors: Sun Lijuan , Ataka Mioko , Han Mengguang , Han Yunfeng , Gan Dayong , Xu Tianle , Guo Yanpei , Zhu Biao
Published: August 2020

Root exudation stimulates microbial decomposition and enhances nutrient availability to plants. It remains difficult to measure and predict this carbon flux in natural conditions, especially for mature woody plants. Based on a known conceptual framework of root functional traits coordination, we proposed that root functional traits may predict root exudation.

We measured root exudation and other seven root morphological/chemical/physiological traits for 18 coexisting woody species in a deciduous‐evergreen mixed forest in subtropical China.

Root exudation, respiration, diameter and nitrogen (N) concentration all exhibited significant phylogenetic signals. We found that root exudation positively correlated with competitive traits (root respiration, N concentration) and negatively with a conservative trait (root tissue density). Furthermore, these relationships were independent of phylogenetic signals. A principal component analysis showed that root exudation and morphological traits loaded on two perpendicular axes.

Root exudation is a competitive trait in a multidimensional fine‐root functional coordination. The metabolic dimension on which root exudation loaded was relatively independent of the morphological dimension, indicating that increasing nutrient availability by root exudation might be a complementary strategy for plant nutrient acquisition. The positive relationship between root exudation and root respiration and N concentration is a promising approach for the future prediction of root exudation.
Comparison of gingival crevicular fluid and serum human beta‐defensin‐2 levels between periodontal health and disease
Authors: Öztürk Ayla , Kurt‐Bayrakdar Sevda , Avci Bahattin
Published: August 2020

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) human beta‐defensin‐2 (hBD‐2), an antimicrobial peptide that takes roles in inflammatory diseases, in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP).

Subjects and Methods

A total of one hundred and one individuals, 59 controls and 42 patients with CP, participated in this study. Clinical index measurements were recorded during the periodontal examination, and radiographic evaluation was also performed. The serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were taken from all of the participants, and the hBD‐2 levels were determined biochemically by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

In our study, hBD‐2 GCF levels in CP (stages II‐IV periodontitis based on the new 2018 classification of periodontal diseases) group (2.77 ng/30 s) were higher than in the periodontally healthy (2.51 ng/30 s; p = .047) individuals. In contrast, serum hBD‐2 levels in CP (2.92 ng/ml) were lower compared with those in healthy controls (7.75 ng/ml, p < .001).

Conclusion

Interestingly, our results showed that while higher hBD‐2 GCF levels are associated with CP, lower serum hBD‐2 levels were detected in CP.
Why Should I Respect You? A Critique and a Suggestion for the Justification of Mutual Respect in Contractualism
Authors: Wong Baldwin
Published: August 2020

Contractualism is a normative theory which characterizes principles of right in terms of the idea of mutual respect. In this theory, mutual respect is regarded as having deliberative priority over other values. This essay aims to examine how contractualists can provide a satisfactory justification for prioritizing mutual respect. I will argue that the “value of mutual respect argument,” which is a justification commonly adopted by contractualists, is inadequate because an unconditional priority of mutual respect cannot be grounded on the desirability of a relationship of mutual respect. Then, I will suggest that a “consistency argument” can provide a better justification of why the idea of mutual respect should have priority. Mutual respect is of special importance, not because it is highly desirable, but rather because it is required by an a priori guiding principle of consistency. Individuals become inconsistent if they ask others to respect them as reason‐assessing individuals, while at the same time refusing to respect others in the same way.
DNA repair enzymes in sunscreens and their impact on photoageing—A systematic review
Authors: Luze Hanna , Nischwitz Sebastian Philipp , Zalaudek Iris , Müllegger Robert , Kamolz Lars Peter
Published: August 2020

Background

DNA damage is one of the main factors responsible for photoageing and is predominantly attributed to ultraviolet irradiation (UV‐R). Photoprotection by conventional sunscreens is exclusively prophylactic, and of no value, once DNA damage has occurred. As a result, the demand for DNA repair mechanisms inhibiting, reversing or delaying the pathologic events in UV‐exposed skin has sparked research on anti‐photoageing and strategies to improve the effect of conventional sunscreens. This review provides an overview of recent developments in DNA repair enzymes used in sunscreens and their impact on photoageing.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature, up to March 2019, was conducted using the electronic databases, PubMed and Web of Science. Quality assessment was carried out using the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale (NOS) to ensure inclusion of adequate quality studies only (NOS > 5).

Results

Out of the 352 publications, 52 were considered relevant to the key question and included in the present review. Two major enzymes were found to play a major role in DNA damage repair in sunscreens: photolyase and T4 endonuclease V. These enzymes are capable of identifying and removing UV‐R‐induced dimeric photoproducts. Clinical studies revealed that sunscreens with liposome‐encapsulated types of photolyase and/or T4 endonuclease V can enhance these repair mechanisms.

Conclusion

There is a lack of randomized controlled trials demonstrating the efficacy of DNA repair enzymes on photoageing, or a superiority of sunscreens with DNA repair enzymes compared to conventional sunscreens. Further studies are mandatory to further reveal pathogenic factors of photoageing and possible therapeutic strategies against it.
Development of evidence‐based consensus on critical issues in the management of patients with vitiligo: A modified Delphi study
Authors: Bae Jung Min , Jeong Ki‐Heon , Choi Chong Won , Park Ji Hun , Lee Hee Jung , Kim Hee Jung , Lee Sang Hoon , Oh Sang Ho , Shin Jeonghyun , Kang Hee Young , Lee Weon Ju , Ju Hyun Jeong , Kim Dong Hyun , Chang Sung Eun , Lee Dong Youn , Kim You Chan , Choi Gwang Seong , Kim Ki‐Ho , Kim Tae Heung , Lee Seung Chul , Lee Ai‐Young , Hann Seung‐Kyung , Lee Mu‐Hyoung , Park Chul Jong
Published: August 2020

Background/purpose

Vitiligo remains a major challenge in dermatology. However, much of the treatment remains unclear, because little evidence is available. We sought to answer some critical questions pertaining to management of vitiligo patients.

Methods

A modified Delphi process among 31 vitiligo experts was conducted. A total of 12 clinical vitiligo treatment questions without clear answers were collected via a vote. To address each question, two members performed systematic literature reviews and prepared draft statements along with the levels of evidence and strength of recommendation. After reviewing the draft, all expressed their extent of agreement from 1 (strong disagreement) to 9 (strong agreement) for each item. The drafts were revised to reflect suggested comments. Discussion continued until all members agreed with the ultimate decision.

Results

The consensus process was completed after five rounds. We identified the best answers to 12 key questions, including issues on long‐term phototherapy, systemic and topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, immunosuppressants, excimer laser treatment, and surgical interventions.

Conclusion

This consensus would complement current guidelines and aid both physician and patient decision‐making in the treatment of vitiligo.