bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental and theoretical study of the rubbing process of epoxy composites against steel
Authors: Ozsoy Iskender , Mimaroglu Abdullah , Unal Huseyin
Published: June 2017

In this study, the tribological behavior of epoxy composites was experimentally studied and analytically modeled using finite element techniques. Wear test and modeling were carried out for pin-on-disk configuration and under identical boundary and test conditions. The tribological elements consisted of Al2O3 filled epoxy composite pin and a steel disk. The tribological system was modeled two-dimensionally and a quasi-static analysis was performed. The wear amount and the developed stresses during the rubbing process were predicted and compared with the experimentally determined results. A good correlation between the experimental and analytical results were observed.
Sizing Combined Heat and Power Units and Domestic Building Energy Cost Optimisation
Authors: Yu Dongmin , Meng Yuanzhu , Yan Gangui , Mu Gang , Li Dezhi , Blond Simon Le
Published: June 2017

Many combined heat and power (CHP) units have been installed in domestic buildings to increase energy efficiency and reduce energy costs. However, inappropriate sizing of a CHP may actually increase energy costs and reduce energy efficiency. Moreover, the high manufacturing cost of batteries makes batteries less affordable. Therefore, this paper will attempt to size the capacity of CHP and optimise daily energy costs for a domestic building with only CHP installed. In this paper, electricity and heat loads are firstly used as sizing criteria in finding the best capacities of different types of CHP with the help of the maximum rectangle (MR) method. Subsequently, the genetic algorithm (GA) will be used to optimise the daily energy costs of the different cases. Then, heat and electricity loads are jointly considered for sizing different types of CHP and for optimising the daily energy costs through the GA method. The optimisation results show that the GA sizing method gives a higher average daily energy cost saving, which is 13% reduction compared to a building without installing CHP. However, to achieve this, there will be about 3% energy efficiency reduction and 7% input power to rated power ratio reduction compared to using the MR method and heat demand in sizing CHP.
Crisis, Change, and the Humanities: Parameters of Discussion
Authors: Martín Annabel , Aguado Txetxu
Published: June 2017

Dynamic metacritical, systemic, paradigmatic thinking about our times is a direct outcome of the work of the humanistic disciplines, for they provide us with the language to understand the operative and abusive functioning of power and inequality. The humanities also teach us that we internalize these systemic operations as new contradictory “locations”, as new experiences of space and identity, that destabilize and make more difficult our need to feel anchored in our social realities. This prefatory essay outlines a pertinent paradigmatic framing of our neoliberal context and reclaims higher education’s key role in the development of democratic traditions of civic engagement. It offers a hopeful regeneration of our times of crisis through the work of the humanities and highlights the long tradition of cultural critique already in place in gender-sensitive disciplines that opt for a reimagining of the future grounded on social change and justice.
L’influence française dans les Pays-Bas autrichiens : le cas de la représentation des étrangers au Théâtre de la Monnaie au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Parmentier Audrey
Published: June 2017

De Franse invloed in de Oostenrijkse Nederlanden : het geval van de voorstelling van de vreemdelingen in de Muntschouwburg in de achttiende eeuw

Dit artikel analyseert het beeld van de niet-Europese vreemdeling in de stukken van de achttiende eeuw in de Muntschouwburg te Brussel. Het betreft de Ottomaanse, Perzische, Chinese, Indische, Indiaanse en de «Zwarte » vreemdeling. De Muntschouwburg is sterk beïnvloed door het Franse theater. Deze studie is gebaseerd op de visie van de vreemdeling voorgesteld in de Franse literatuur om de overdracht van deze debatten in Brussel te observeren, door middel van theater. De studie analyseert vooroordelen over buitenlanders in de theaterstukken, en de gelijkenissen en de verschillen met de Franse filosofische debatten. Het Ottomaanse Rijk en Perzië zijn voorbeelden tegen de Europese manier van leven, een model meestal niet te imiteren. Behalve voor de islamitische religie, is de vergelijking tussen de Ottomaanse en de Europese zeden in het voordeel van de laatste. China, India, Amerika en de «Zwarten » zijn op hun beurt geplaatst op een ontwikkelingsschaal gaande van de natuur naar de beschaving. Het doel is de voordelen van de Europese plaats te tonen, tussen de «overbeschaving” van China en de «barbaarsheid » van de Indiërs, de Indianen en de «Zwarten » . In het algemeen zien we dat de verschillende vreemdelingen, voorgesteld in de Muntschouwburg zich integreren in de Franse debatten en filosofische vragen (despotisme, de voordelen of nadelen van de beschaving en de natuur, of verschillende religies) en dat vreemdelingen in werkelijkheid gebruikt zijn om de Europeaan in twijfel te trekken. We kunnen echter enkele verschillen merken met de Franse filosofische literatuur. Het eerste verschil is het komisch aspect dat vaak toegewezen wordt aan de vreemde. Ten tweede, de voorstelling van de buitenlanders in de Muntschouwburg is over het algemeen zeer positief. Tenslotte geeft de levendigheid van de debatten in de Franse filosofie niet noodzakelijk hun kracht weer in het theater.
Development and Reliability of a Preliminary Foot Osteoarthritis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score
Authors: Halstead Jill , Martín-Hervás Carmen , Hensor Elizabeth M.A. , McGonagle Dennis , Keenan Anne-Maree , Redmond Anthony C. , Conaghan Philip G.
Published: June 2017

Objective.

Foot osteoarthritis (OA) is very common but underinvestigated musculoskeletal condition and there is little consensus as to common magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features. The aim of this study was to develop a preliminary foot OA MRI score (FOAMRIS) and evaluate its reliability.

Methods.

This preliminary semiquantitative score included the hindfoot, midfoot, and metatarsophalangeal joints. Joints were scored for joint space narrowing (JSN; 0–3), osteophytes (0–3), joint effusion/synovitis, and bone cysts (present/absent). Erosions and bone marrow lesions (BML) were scored (0–3) and BML were evaluated adjacent to entheses and at sub-tendon sites (present/absent). Additionally, tenosynovitis (0–3) and midfoot ligament pathology (present/absent) were scored. Reliability was evaluated in 15 people with foot pain and MRI-detected OA using 3.0T MRI multi-sequence protocols, and assessed using ICC as an overall score and per anatomical site.

Results.

Intrareader agreement (ICC) was generally good to excellent across the foot in joint features (JSN 0.90, osteophytes 0.90, effusion/synovitis 0.46, cysts 0.87), bone features (BML 0.83, erosion 0.66, BML entheses 0.66, BML sub-tendon 0.60) and soft tissue features (tenosynovitis 0.83, ligaments 0.77). Interreader agreement was lower for joint features (JSN 0.43, osteophytes 0.27, effusion/synovitis 0.02, cysts 0.48), bone features (BML 0.68, erosion 0.00, BML entheses 0.34, BML sub-tendon 0.13), and soft tissue features (tenosynovitis 0.35, ligaments 0.33).

Conclusion.

This preliminary FOAMRIS demonstrated good intrareader reliability and fair interreader reliability when assessing the total feature scores. Further development is required in cohorts with a range of pathologies and to assess the psychometric measurement properties.
An Improved Ant Colony Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network Routing
Authors: LV Liping
Published: June 2017

In order to make the energy consumption of network nodes relatively balanced, we apply ant colony optimization algorithm to wireless sensor network routing and improve it. In this paper, we propose a multi-path wireless sensor network routing algorithm based on energy equalization. The algorithm uses forward ants to find the path from the source node to the destination node, and uses backward ants to update the pheromone on the path. In the route selection, we use the energy of the neighboring nodes as the parameter of the heuristic function. At the same time, we construct the fitness function, and take the path length and the node residual energy as its parameters. The simulation results show that the algorithm can not only avoid the problem of local optimal solution, but also prolong the life cycle of the network effectively.
Standards for nursing documentation in general hospitals in South Africa
Authors: Uys LR. , Booyens S.W.
Published: June 2017

In this project standards for nursing records in general hospitals were formulated and then validated by a group o f nurses. An instrument was then designed to evaluate to what extent the standards are reached in a particular hospital. The instrument was then tested in a sample o f nine hospitals. The reliability and validity o f the instrument is discussed.
A retrospective study: osteoporosis and hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Kuczynski H. June , Rogers Mary L.
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this stud y was to determine i f women who undergo hormone replacement therapy postmenopausally, will demonstrate less osteoporosis than women who do not undergo H R T. The osteoporosis subjects were 195 women who volunteered to participate in an NIHsponsored double-blind clinical trial entitled Safely and Efficacy of Fluoride Therapy in Osteoporosis. A convenience sample of 78 controls was obtained by inviting women seeking regular medical attention to join an epidemiological investigation of osteoporosis. The data were analyzed using Chisquare and Student’s t-ratio. The study concludes that future retrospective and prospective analyses appreciate the com plexity of the problem in terms of individual risk for osteoporosis.
’n Ondersoek na die gehalte van interhospitaalvervoer van siek neonate deur geselekteerde ambulanse aan die Witwatersrand
Authors: Roux J.C. , Nolte A.G.W. , Muller M.E.
Published: June 2017

The quality o f the inter hospital transport o f ill neonates, by selected ambulances in the Witwatersrand area, was investigated by means o f the case study method. O f the fifteen case studies investigated, eleven neonates were transported by a private ambulance and four by provincial ambulances. Data regarding the maternal- and neonatal history, the optimal maintenance o f the neonate's condition, the communication system, as well as aspects relating to the transport personnel, were collected by means o f a structured instrument. Retrospective auditing o f records, structured interviewing and direct observation/inspection were utilised as the research techniques. The quality o f the inter hospital transport o f ill neonates, especially by the private ambulance, is not up to standard. Deterioration o f the neonate’s body temperature, heart and respiration rates, as well as the serum glucose values after transport, were o f the more important findings. The lack o f equipment, especially in the private ambulance, increases the risk o f transport. Staff development and form al control by a local committee, as well as a national control body, are recommended.
The term preceptor: its interpretation in South African nursing colleges and international nursing literature
Authors: Brink H.I.L.
Published: June 2017

The purpose o f this study was two-fold, namely: I) to obtain clarity on the meaning o f the term preceptor, and 2) to establish how the term preceptor is interpreted in the nursing colleges o f the RSA and to ascertain whether this interpretation is consistent with the general connotation o f the term in contemporary nursing literature. Dictionaries and relevant contemporary nursing literature formed the unit o f analysis fo r obtaining clarity on the meaning o f the term preceptor, while the unit o f analysis fo r the second section o f the study comprised responses o f nursing college principals to a questionnaire. The data obtained in the investigation indicate that the term has acquired a specific connotation within the international nursing context and that specific defined attributes distinguishes it from the broad and general definition found in standard dictionaries. Within the South African nursing context the term preceptor has not yet acquired a specific connotation, but appears to mean different things to different people.
The implications of change in South African society for the health professions
Authors: Boshoff Hentie
Published: June 2017

To address this problem, one has to look at (i) societal changes and future developments, (ii) changes in health care as such and (iii) the linkage between these two. In this respect we must realize that we are living in an era where economic, technological, demographic, social and political changes are accelerating. The interface between these changes results in the age of discontinuities as far as individual trends are concerned. To work therefore with projected futures amounts to brain gymnastics. A more realistic approach is to define the key drivers or trends and structures shaping the future of society and health care, and from this deduct the possible implications for health professions.  Societal key drivers affecting change The process of societal change evolves around economic, technological, demographic, political and societal change.
Pasiëntonderrigstandaarde vir verpleegpraktyk in algemene hospitale
Authors: Uys L.R. , Viljoen M.J. , Vermaak M.V. , Muller M. , Coetzee L
Published: June 2017

A lack o f patient education standards was identified and the researchers attempted in this study to develop standards for patient education. An instrument fo r the evaluation o f patient knowledge was also developed.
Een stem uit de Kaapstad door den Advokaat Brand, weerlonken in Mooirivier
Authors: Van der Hoff D.
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Open brief aan Ds J.P. Jooste in antwoord op den zyne van Mei 1871
Authors: Van der Hoff D.
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Die Historiese Agtergrond van die Kerkwet van 1862 van die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk in de Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek
Authors: Botha S. J.
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Die Voorleser in die Nederduitch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika
Authors: Müller J. J. P.
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Die Apostoliese tradisie in die Vroeë Kerk se verstaan van Skrif en geloof – ŉ Kort hermeneutiese oorsig
Authors: Labuschagne J.P.
Published: June 2017

The Apostolic tradition in the Early Church’s understanding of Scripture and faith – A brief hermeneutical overview. This study is a concise hermeneutical overview of faith’s various ways of understanding and of the different approaches towards Scripture interpretation in the history of the Early Church. The research manifests that historically the Apostolic Tradition of the Early Church, with its ecumenically accepted expression of faith in the Nicene Confession (originating from the Ecumenical Councils of Nicaea 325 and Constantinople 381), offers a foundation towards Church unity and at the same time provides us with a vital hermeneutical key for the Church’s understanding of the scriptures and of her faith.
Nature conservation at the provincial level in the republic of South Africa
Authors: Du Plessis S.S.
Published: June 2017

Before considering the role of the provinces in nature conservation in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) it is necessary to briefly review the responsibilities of other government agencies in this field:(i) the Department of Planning and the Environment has a co-ordinating function with regard to environmental conservation and land-use planning;(ii) the National Parks Board of Trustees is responsible for the estab-lishment and management of national parks;(iii) the Department of Forestry controls vast natural areas in mountain catchments and also has a system of nature reserves and wilderness areas;(iv) the Sea Fisheries Division of the Department of Commerce and Industries is responsible for the conservation of marine resources including mammals and birds. The two maritime provinces, how-ever, have jurisdiction over estuaries, while Natal also controls inshore fisheries;(v) the Weather Bureau of the Department of Transport is responsible for conservation of oceanic islands used as weather stations;(vi) soil conservation is the responsibility of the Department of Agricul-tural Technical Services.
Die Nasionale Pparke van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika die verlede en die hede
Authors: Brynard A.M.
Published: June 2017

This paper deals mainly with the past and present status of nature conservation in the Republic of South Africa. It is pointed out that the nature conservation history of the Republic of South Africa commenced as early as 1656. In 1897 the first areas for the conservation of wild animals were set aside. These were the Hluhluwe and Umfolozi Game Reserves. Shortly after- wards, in 1898, the Sabi Game Reserve was established mainly through the efforts of President Paul Kruger. Col James Stevenson-Hamilton was appointed the first Warden of the Sabi Game Reserve and through his continued endeavours and perse-verance this game reserve, with certain additions, was eventually proclaimed as the first national park in the RSA in 1926. The first National Parks Board of Trustees, instituted according to the National Parks Act of 1926 commenced with its duties on the 16th September, 1926. The National Parks Act made provision for the establishment of other National Parks. Since 1931 eight National Parks were estab- lished. A short description of the history and most important features of each of these is given.
The status of wildlife conservation in Botswana
Authors: Von Richter W.
Published: June 2017

The sparse human population and the general lack of surface water over most parts of the Republic of Botswana, which has hampered rapid expansion of agricultural activities into the less suitable areas in the past, have contributed to the fact that Botswana still supports a varied and rich wildlife population. The long history of hunting by the local populae makes them understand and appreciate the concept of wildlife conservation and utilization and has assisted in general to implement a policy for rational conservation and utilization. The next decade will be decisive whether this laudable state of affairs will continue or whether the wildlife resource will be depleted and finally restricted only to formal conservation areas as it has happened in many other countries on the African continent. The government is fully aware of the significance of wildlife conservation and utilization and the necessity to integrate it into overall landuse planning.
Benutting en bewaring van die landboupotensiaal in die republiek van Suid-Afrika
Authors: Immelman D.W.
Published: June 2017

The important role played by organized agriculture in modern society is emphasized and discussed against the current population explosion of mankind. Attention is focussed on the natural resources available to agriculture which include topography, climate, the soil, a diversity of vegetation types and water. The resources are subject to processes of erosion, bush encroachment, unfavourable ecological plant succession as well as other examples of misuse and mismanagement, all resulting in a lowering of the agricultural output and turnover. These detrimental processes cannot be tolerated and agricultural production therefore has to be in harmony with the environment and its natural resources in order to be economically viable. By implication this means an efficient classification of the agricultural resources incorporating the concept of nature conservation.
Achieving form in autobiography
Authors: Meihuizen Nicholas
Published: June 2017

This article argues that, unlike biographies which tend to follow patterns based on conventional expectations, salient autobiographies achieve forms unique to themselves. The article draws on ideas from contemporary formalists such as Peter McDonald and Angela Leighton but also considers ideas on significant form stemming from earlier writers and critics such as P.N. Furbank and Willa Cather. In extracting from these writers the elements of what they consider comprise achieved form, the article does not seek to provide a rigid means of objectively testing the formal attributes of a piece of writing. It rather offers qualitative reminders of the need to be alert to the importance of form, even if the precise nature of this importance is not possible to define. Form is involved in meaning, and this continuously opens up possibilities regarding the reader’s relationship with the work in question. French genetic critic Debray Genette distinguishes between ‘semantic effect’ (the direct telling involved in writing) and ‘semiological effect’ (the indirect signification involved). It is the latter, the article argues in summation, which gives a work its singular nature, producing a form that is not predictable but suggestive, imaginative.
Addresssing mental health in routine HIV care and treatment
Authors: Myer Landon , Joska John
Published: June 2017

N/A
Call To action - Prevention of mother To child transmission of HIV
Authors: Coovadia Ashraf Hassen , Goga Ameena Ebrahim , Schowalter Laurie
Published: June 2017

The Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT)programme is a critical intervention to reduce the incidence of paediatric HIV infections . It is also a key intervention to decrease infant, child and maternal mortality. The optimal implementation of a sound, evidence-based PMTCT programme is essential to meet both the HIV reduction targets in the National Strategic Plan1 and to achieve Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) 4 (reducing infant and child mortality) and 5 (reducing maternal mortalty).2 Since 2001, South Africa has been implementing a programme to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Since 2007, national PMTCT policy has evolved into a strong, enabling framework that should reduce vertical transmission significantly. This paper reviews the milestone studies that have contributed to our knowledge about drug regimens to reduce MTCT (mother-to-child transmission of HIV), reviews the latest South African PMTCT guidelines and the possible future changes. Strengthened / revised drug regimens for PMTCT are, essential but insufficient for measureable decreases in HIV transmission and improvements in maternal and childl health. The main challenge is implementation. Until the enhanced PMTCT policy is effectively operationalised, measureable achievements will remain elusive.
Paediatric overview, IAS 2009
Authors: Clayden Polly
Published: June 2017

No Abstract available
Management of HIV-hepatitis B co-infection
Authors: Mendelson Marc
Published: June 2017

HIV-hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infected patients are at risk of increased morbidity and mortality. Early recognition of dual infection is a critical factor in directing appropriate therapy, and HBV screening should therefore be undertaken at the time of HIV diagnosis. Vaccination against HBV should be considered for all HIV patients who are not yet infected with HBV. Antiretroviral therapy containing two antiretrovirals active against HBV should be started if the patient either has symptomatic liver disease or is asymptomatic with a CD4 count of
When to start ART in adults? The results of HPTN 052 move us closer to a test-and-treat policy
Authors: Geffen Nathan
Published: June 2017

When is the best time to initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) in adults? This is a vital question in HIV treatment and prevention services. More specifically, is the 350 cells/µl CD4 count threshold recommended by current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines sufficient, or should we move to a ‘test-and-treat’ approach in which anyone who tests HIV-positive is offered ART, irrespective of their CD4 count? The recently announced results of the HPTN 052 trial take us closer, but not all the way, to a test-and-treat approach.
Misinterpretation of the 'safe sex/no sex' prevention strategy
Authors: Mutinta G , Whiteside A
Published: June 2017

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Lung fibrosis in deceased HIV-infected patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia
Authors: Shaddock Erica J , Richards Guy A , Murray Jill
Published: June 2017

Background. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) is one of the most common opportunistic infections found in patients with HIV. The prognosis if ventilation is required is poor, with mortality of 36 - 80%. Although more recent studies have shown improved survival, our experience has been that close to 100% of such patients die, and we therefore decided to investigate further.

Methods. All patients with confirmed or suspected PcP who died owing to respiratory failure were eligible for the study. Where consent was obtained, trucut lung biopsies were performed post mortem, stored in formalin and sent for histopathological assessment.

Results. Twelve adequate lung biopsies were obtained from 1 July 2008 to 28 February 2011 – 3 from men and 9 from women. The mean age was 34.7 years (range 24 - 46), and the mean admission CD4 count was 20.8 (range 1 - 68) cells/μl and median 18.5 cells/μl. All specimens demonstrated typical PcP histopathology; in addition, 9 showed significant interstitial fibrosis. Three had co-infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV), two of which had fibrosis present. There was no evidence of TB or other fungal infections.

Conclusion. The high mortality seen in this cohort of PcP patients was due to intractable respiratory failure from interstitial lung fibrosis. whereas the differential includes ventilator induced lung injury, drug resistance or co-infections, we suggest that this is part of the disease progression in certain individuals. Further studies are required to identify interventions that could modify this process and improve outcomes in patients with PcP who require mechanical ventilation.

S Afr J HIV Med 2012;13(2):64-67.
Is it lawful to offer HIV self-testing to children in South Africa?
Authors: Strode Ann Elaine , Van Rooyen H , Makusha T
Published: June 2017

Health-facility-based HIV counselling and testing does not capture all children and adolescents who are at risk of HIV infection. Self-testing involves conducting an HIV test at home or in any other convenient space without the involvement of a third party. It is increasingly being argued that it should be incorporated into national HIV-prevention programmes as one of a range of HIV counselling and testing approaches. Although this model of HIV testing is being seen as a new way of reaching under-tested populations, no studies have been conducted on offering it to children. HIV self-tests are now available in South Africa and are sold without the purchaser having to be a certain age. Nevertheless, all HIV testing in children must comply with the norms set out in the Children’s Act (2005). Here we explore whether offering self-testing to children would be lawful, by outlining the four legal norms that must be met and applying them to self-HIV testing. We conclude that, although children above the age of 12 years could consent to such a test, there would be two potential obstacles. Firstly, it would have to be shown that using the test is in their best interests. This may be difficult given the potential negative consequences that could flow from testing without support and the availability of other testing services. Secondly, there would need to be a way for children to access pre- and post-test counselling or they would have to be advised that they will have expressly to waive this right. The tests are more likely to be lawful for a small sub-set of older children if: (i) it assists them with HIV-prevention strategies; (ii) they will be able to access treatment, care and support, even though they have tested outside of a health facility; and (iii) psychosocial support services are made available to them via the internet or cell phones.
A nurse’s perspective on the ART rollout
Authors: Tito Mzi
Published: June 2017

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Providing high-quality HIV care in a deeply rural setting – the Zithulele experience
Authors: Young Catherine , Gaunt Benjamin
Published: June 2017

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What have we learnt from the last ten years of ART?
Authors: Venter W D Francois
Published: June 2017

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Needlestick injury in a pregnant inpatient in an overcrowded hospital
Authors: Ngene Nnabuike Chibuoke , Onyia Chioma Obiageli , Moodley Jagidesa , Titus Mokete Joseph
Published: June 2017

Needlestick injury (NSI) is commonly reported among healthcare workers, but is not well documented in patients. We report a case of an NSI in an HIV-negative, gestational hypertensive patient admitted to a hospital for induction of labour at term. Owing to an insufficient number of hospital beds, patients were seated in an overcrowded corridor of the antenatal ward where a patient stepped on the needle of an inadvertently disconnected intravenous infusion set of another pregnant patient, who was HIV-infected. The injury occurred prior to labour induction. Antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection was administered to the injured patient and her newborn. This report illustrates how hospital bed shortage may compromise patient safety and discusses measures to prevent NSI among patients and hospital overcrowding.
Closing the gaps: Steps towards elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
Authors: Ibeto Mary , Giddy Janet , Cox Vivian
Published: June 2017

Background. With significant reductions in the rate of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) in South Africa, each case of failed prevention of MTCT (PMTCT) should be investigated. Objective. To establish the cause(s) of MTCT at Khayelitsha’s Community Health Centre (CHC) in order to identify obstacles to MTCT elimination.Methods. Routinely collected data were reviewed for all HIV-infected infants identified at Khayelitsha Site B CHC from January 2012 to April 2013.Results. A total of 926/1 158 (80%) of exposed infants had polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results, with 15/926 (1.6%) PCR-positive. Median (interquartile range (IQR)) values for the maternal indicators were as follows: maternal age, 27 (23 - 31) years; parity, 2 (1 - 3); gestational age at antenatal presentation, 21.5 (17.5 - 30.5) weeks; CD4+, 377(219 - 446) cells/µl. Of the 15 PCR-positive infants, five received ART, five received AZT and five received no prophylaxis. Viral loads were not monitored for any of the women receiving antenatal ART. Nine of the 15 (60%) delivered in hospital, with 6/9 requiring caesarean section. The median (IQR) infant birth weight was 3.0 (2.6 - 3.5) kg. All received prophylactic nevirapine post exposure. Two of the 15 were clinically unwell at birth, and 14 (86.7%) were breastfed, with 10 (66.7%) recorded as exclusively breastfed. Median (IQR) time between delivery and PCR results was 6.6 (6.1 - 7.3) weeks. Discussion. PMTCT programmes must consider each PCR-positive infant as a sentinel event that can provide valuable insight into correcting ongoing clinical and programmatic reasons for HIV transmission. The main risk factors for MTCT identified in this study were late presentation for antenatal care, inadequate antenatal PMTCT prophylaxis and a lack of viral load monitoring.
Recognising and managing increased HIV transmission risk in newborns
Authors: Kroon Max
Published: June 2017

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programmes have improved maternalhealth outcomes and reduced the incidence of paediatric HIV, resulting in improved childhealth and survival. Nevertheless, high-risk vertical exposures remain common and areresponsible for a high proportion of transmissions. In the absence of antiretrovirals (ARVs),an 8- to 12-hour labour has approximately the same 15% risk of transmission as 18 monthsof mixed feeding. The intensity of transmission risk is highest during labour and delivery;however, the brevity of this intra-partum period lends itself to post-exposure interventions toreduce such risk. There is good evidence that infant post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) reducesintra-partum transmission even in the absence of maternal prophylaxis. Recent reports suggestthat infant combination ARV prophylaxis (cARP) is more efficient at reducing intra-partumtransmission than a single agent in situations of minimal pre-labour prophylaxis. Guidelinesfrom the developed world have incorporated infant cARP for increased-risk scenarios. Incontrast, recent guidelines for low-resource settings have rightfully focused on reducingpostnatal transmission to preserve the benefits of breastfeeding, but have largely ignored thepotential of augmented infant PEP for reducing intra-partum transmissions. Minimal prelabourprophylaxis, poor adherence in the month prior to delivery, elevated maternal viralload at delivery, spontaneous preterm labour with prolonged rupture of membranes andchorioamnionitis are simple clinical criteria that identify increased intra-partum transmissionrisk. In these increased-risk scenarios, transmission frequency may be halved by combiningnevirapine and zidovudine as a form of boosted infant PEP. This strategy may be important toreduce intra-partum transmissions when PMTCT is suboptimal.
Paediatric antiretroviral therapy - Beyond the Guidelines
Authors: Levin Leon
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Free diflucan here!
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Informed consent and HIV
Authors: Andrews Steve
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
HIV education and health care students - where are we going?
Authors: Webber Lynne M. , Richards Penelope A. , Grey Somarie V.
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Employment-related HIV testing - some considerations
Authors: Klinck Elsabe
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Antiretroviral therapy for children in the public health care sector
Authors: Roux Paul
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
A novel approach to perinatal HIV/AIDS training for doctors and nurses in South Africa
Authors: Woods David L.
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Combination counselling
Authors: Martin Des
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
A crack in the dam wall
Authors: Bekker Linda-Gail
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
HIV/AIDS, law and ethics: A brief analysis of some pertinent issues
Authors: Klinck Elsabe
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Sexual violence - the neglected epidemic
Authors: Martin Des
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Updated guidelines for the use of rifamycins for the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients taking protease inhibitors or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
HIV/AIDS treatment funding - do we wait for government's provision of HIV/AIDS treatment?
Authors: McDonald Leighton
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Antiretroviral therapy in adults: March 2005
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: June 2017

No abstract available
How community rehabilitation workers see their work
Authors: Petrick M. , Sichangwa K. , Pickford K. , Collinson M.
Published: June 2017

This paper reports on research conducted by theWits/Tintswalo Community Rehabilitation, Research and Education(CORRE) Programme amongst qualified community rehabilitationworkers (CRWs). The aim was to understand how CRWs see  theirrole, successes, supervision support received, problems encounteredand possible solutions.Eighteen qualified CRWs completed a questionnaire, which contained a range of open-ended and semi-structured questions.The findings included their perceived role and successes in theirwork. They were satisfied with the supervision received from theirtherapy supervisors and support from their communities. TheDepartment of Health did not support them as much as did theircommunities. The lack of government assistance for transport wastheir biggest problem: They were not always able to reach  far awayclients and spent a lot of time travelling to and from clients everyday. They were also concerned that they were not registerable withthe South African Medical and Dental Council (SAMDC).   These findings provided the Northern Province and the CommunityBased Rehabilitation (CBR) manager with information to improveCBR service delivery. A two year diploma course in therapy assistance (community) for CRWs, occupational and physiotherapy assistants has been started.
Complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS) type 1 validating case histories
Authors: Berger P.
Published: June 2017

The treatment of patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type 1 is challenging and unpredictable as the condition presents with vascular and neuropathic symptoms after nil or even minor injury to a peripheral nerve. The condition is one of a pain and motor dysfunction. The pathophysiology is not well understood and the relief of symptoms may change from being sympathetically mediated to sympathetically independent during  the course of the disease. At any stage physiotherapy has been advocated as the corner stone and most important aspect of treatment in the rehabilitation of these individuals but unfortunately it has been difficult to execute when pain is exacerbated due to allodynia (unbearable to touch or move) and hyperalgesia. Best results have been obtained if the patients are recognised and treated in the early or acute phase and it has been found that through careful assessment and analysis these patients can be recognised by previous events that have occurred in their initial case history. The treatment in the acute stage with physiotherapy modalities such as electrical stimulation and acupuncture will produce an early cessation of the symptoms and prevention of the disease developing into the fully blown CRPS type 1 with irreversible and possibly atrophic consequences. Case histories have been presented that illustrate these important aspects and demonstrate  the value of early and the appropriate physiotherapy that may be more successful than other pharmacological and physical interventions in this disease.
Physiotherapy and low back pain - part iii: outcomes research utilising the biosychosocial model: psychosocial outcomes
Authors: Bardin L. D.
Published: June 2017

A comprehensive understanding of low back pain (LBP)has evolved that necessitates the use of a biopsychosocial model, focusing on illness rather than disease and incorporating the biological, psychological and social aspects that are important to understand and to study LBP in its chronic form. Traditional outcome measures that measure elements within the biological component are limited to assess the spectrum of impacts caused by chronic low back pain (CLBP) and the validity, reliability and sensitivity of some of these measures has been questioned.Few physiologic tests of spine function are clinically meaningful to patients, objective physical findings can be absent, and in CLBP disability and activity intolerance are often disproportional to the original injury. Biological outcomes should be complemented by outcomes of the psychosocial aspects of back pain that measure the considerable functional and emotional impact on the quality of life of patients experiencing low back dysfunction. Outcomes research is an analysis of clinical practice as it actually occurs and can  make a valuable contribution to understanding the multidimensional impact of LBP. Psychosocial aspects of the biopsychosocial model for outcomes research are discussed in part III: functional status/disability, psychological impairment, patient satisfaction, health related quality of life
Physiotherapy students’ assessment of psychosocial yellow flags in low back pain
Authors: Parker R.
Published: June 2017

Background: Low Back Pain (LBP) makes up a large proportion of referrals to physiotherapy worldwide. Thus training in its effective assessment and management is essential. With psychosocial yellow flags having been recognised as the strongest predictors of chronicity in LBP, guidelines on the management of LBP emphasise the importance of assessing and managing yellow flags. Aim: The aim of this research was to explore whether physiotherapy students were able to assess risk of chronicity based on the presence of yellow flags in descriptions of people with LBP.Method: A postal semi-structured questionnaire based on clinicalvignettes was sent to all the Level 3 physiotherapy students studying at Queen Margaret University College, Edinburgh.Results: The survey was responded to by 15 of the students (35%). The respondents overestimated risk of chronic LBP from the vignettes. Evaluation of risk for chronicity was based on few yellow flags i.e. the strongest predictors of chronicity were not effectively interpreted resulting in incorrect determination of risk for chronic LBP. All respondents included at least one risk factor not supported by the evidence. Conclusions: Physiotherapy students in this study did not appear to respond appropriately to the presence ofyellow flags in the presented vignettes.
Health risk behaviours of stroke patients in the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Biggs D. , Rhoda A.
Published: June 2017

Stroke is a leading cause of death and a major cause of disability globally. Individuals with physical disabilities, including thosewho have suffered a stroke are at risk of secondary complications due to the impact of their disability, which may be exacerbated by their lifestylechoices. The aim of the present study was to determine the health riskbehaviours and factors that influence these behaviours of stroke patients inthe Metropole Region of the Western Cape, South Africa. A cross – sectionalsurvey, utilizing a self-administered questionnaire on a convenient sampleof 417 stroke patients, was used to collect data. A sub-sample of 10 parti-cipants was purposively selected for in-depth, face-to-face interviews.Approximately forty percent (40.3%) of the participants did not engage in physical exercise. While 30.2% smoked only9% abused alcohol. A significant association was found between age and smoking (p<0.002). Information gathered in the in-depth interviews revealed factors that influenced the behaviours of the participants. These factors includedlack of financial resources and lack of access to information. As participants were found to be at risk of secondarycomplications because of poor lifestyle choices, there is a clear need to implement health promotion programmes topromote well-ness enhancing behaviours in order to enhance the quality of health of patients who have suffered astroke in the Western Cape, South Africa.
The effects of isometric exercises and stretching on postural stability in Non–Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus patients with diffuse symmetrical sensory motor neuropathy
Authors: Nenkova S. , Stewart A. , Potterton J. , Becker P.
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of isometric exercises and stretching on postural stability in Non – Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) patients with diffuse symmetrical sensory motor neuropathy. Patients were assigned to an experimental group and amatched control group. The experimental group received isometric exer-cises and stretching three times weekly for 12 weeks in addition to routine medication and dietary advice. A t the end of this period, this group wascompared with the control group, which received routine medication anddietary advice only. Measurements of muscle strength of quadriceps, ham-strings, ankle plantar and dorsiﬂexors, and Romberg’s test for postural sta-bility were carried out before and after the 12 weeks intervention. The study showed that isometric exercises and stretching for the lower extremities improved postural stability (p = 0.00)and strength of the quadriceps (p = 0.001) hamstrings (p = 0.001) dorsiﬂexors (p = 0.001) plantarﬂexors (p = 0.001)in NIDDM patients with diffuse symmetrical sensory motor neuropathy. This exercise regimen also had a loweringeffect on blood glucose level (p = 0.00).  In conclusion it seems that the simple exercise intervention described in thisstudy may be of beneﬁt to these patients if incorporated into their management programmes.
Clinical effect of deep water running on non-specific low back pain: A randomised trial
Authors: Cuesta-Vargas A.I. , García-Romero J.C. , Dediego-Acosta Á.M. , González-Sánchez M. , Labajos-Manzanares M.T.
Published: June 2017

Objectives: To evaluate clinical effect of deep water running(DW R) on non-specific low back pain. Outcome measures were pain, disability,general health and physical fitness.  Materials and methods: Experimental, randomized,  controlled trial involving 46 persons with CLBP over 15 weekswith two experimental processes, each three times a week. Evidence-basedProgram (EBP, personalized physical exercise program, manual therapy andhealth educa tion) was the common process to which was added 20 minutes ofpersonalized intensity DW R at the aerobic threshold. Measurements were made at the beginning and end of the studyof pain, disability, general health and physical fitness.  R esults: The pain of CLBP were homogeneous at baseline.Significant changes between group were don’t found for pain in favour of the EBP+DW R group (p<0.3). The within-group differences were highly significant for all clinical and functional variables. The effect was clinically relevant forpain in the EBP+DW R group (0.70) and in the EBP group (0.58), and for disability degree it was also relevant in theEBP+DW R group (0.48) and relevant for the EBP group (0.36). Conclusion: Significant improvement was seen inCLBP when EBP was complemented with the high-intensity exercise of DW R.
The prevalence of co-morbidities in patients on HAART referred for physiotherapy in three public hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a short report
Authors: Mahraj S. S. , Ranjiah P.
Published: June 2017

Introduction: The roll-out of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) to patients infected with the Human Immuno-deficient Virus (HIV) is presenting with co-morbidities as a result of the side effects of the drugs or the prolonged lifespan of the HIV positive individual. This poses a challenge to physiotherapists for rehabilitation which has changed from prophylaxis and management of opportunistic infections to managing the co-morbidities. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the number of patients on HAART with co-morbidities admitted to three public hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal and referred for physiotherapy.Method: This descriptive epidemiological study used a cross-sectional design to determine the prevalence of co-morbidities associated with HAART. Baseline data of patients and their demographics, AIDS status and clinical co-morbidities were recorded. The sample consisted of 78 patients with an average CD4 count of 338 cells/mm³ and a viral load of 133 copies/mL. Patients were categorised according to their HIV stages: 13 (17%) asymptomatic, 44 (56%) ‘AIDS-related complex’ and 21 (27%) had full blown AIDS.Results: Patients referred for physiotherapy presented with peripheral neuropathy 36 (46%), pulmonary tuberculosis 29 (37%), musculo-skeletal pain 17(22%), myopathies 9 (12%), pneumonia 8 (10%), enthesopathies 4 (5%), cerebral vascular accidents 2 (3%) and abdominal pain 1(1%). Conclusion: To rehabilitate the HIV infected individual successfully physiotherapists should note the side effects and co-morbidities associated with HAART.