bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Susceptibility of Two House Fly Strains to Malathion, 1991
Authors: Kumar R. , Bomar C. , Copeland C. L. , Inayatullah M. , Nally S. J. , Kaltenbach J. E. , Lloyd J. E.
Published: March 2022

Musca domestica was obtained from the Midwest Livestock Insect Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS,in Lincoln, NE, and the Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University. The Nebraska colony was established from house flies collected from cattle feedlots during the summer of 1989. These feedlots were frequently sprayed with a variety of insecticides for fly control. The house flies from Texas A & M University were from an insecticide-susceptible colony. Both strains were reared through several generations at our laboratory prior to the present study. Serial dilutions of analytical standard (94.8%) malathion were prepared in reagent grade acetone. Acetone solutions were applied topically using an ISCO® Model M Microapplicator equipped with a 250 μl Hamilton® microsyringe and a 30 gauge needle. One μl of insecticide solution was placed on the pronotum of each 3 d old adult female fly, which was selected at random. Control flies were treated with acetone only. After treatment, a maximum of 20 treated flies was placed in a 4 oz paper cup covered with cheese cloth. Cotton soaked in 10% sucrose solution was placed on the top of the cheese cloth. Flies were held at room temperature, 25°C, and observed 24 h later for mortality. Flies incapable of walking were considered dead. Data were analyzed by probit analysis using POLO-PC (LeOra Software, Berkeley, CA).
Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using Insecticide Combinations, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied on 10 and 31 Jul on ‘DPL 50’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR using a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 60 psi through TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 10, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insect counts were made at 2-3 DAT. Counts were made by whole plant examinations of 14 row ft in each plot counting larvae and larval damage.
Control of Spider Mites in Cotton, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 1 Aug to ‘Stoneville 453’ cotton in Phillips County, AR, using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 50 psi through TX-4 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 2, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Evaluations were made 2 DAT using a hand-lens to count the number of spider mites on a total of 3.6-inches2 of leaf area on the upper portion of the cotton plants in the center 2 rows of each plot.
Evaluation of Ovasyn Mixtures Against Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm, 1991
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Burris E. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 12 Jun with plots consisting of 5 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 56.2 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 3.02 kg/cm2. Insecticide treatments were applied on 12, 23, 30 Aug and on 5, 20 Sep. Methyl parathion 4 EC (0.37 kg [AI]/ha) was applied on an “as needed” basis for boll weevil control. Efficacy was determined by examining 25 squares/plot for evidence of damage and the presence of larvae. In addition, the number of harvestable and larval damaged bolls/3.3 m section of row was recorded on 17 Oct. High numbers of soybean looper larvae were observed in the plots during Sep and visual defoliation ratings were estimated to evaluate differences among treatments. Each plot was scored as follows: 0 (no feeding damage), 1 (feeding damage within the lower 1/3 of the plant), 2 (feeding damage in the lower 1/3 and middle 1/3 of the plant) or 3 (feeding damage throughout the plant). The plots were mechanically harvested on 17 and 24 Oct to estimate seed cotton yields. The test area received 1.5 cm rainfall on 29 Aug, 2.8 cm rainfall on 30 Aug, 2.0 cm rainfall on 1-3 Sep, and 4.7 cm rainfall on 5 Sep. Additional moisture was provided by sprinkler irrigation “as needed” during the season but not within 48 h of treatment applications.
Evaluation of Insecticide Mixtures Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1992
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Graves J. B. , White C. A.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 9 Jun into plots consisting of 5 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m. at the Macon Ridge Branch, NE Research Station at Winnsboro, LA. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer and compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 56.2 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 2.11 kg/cm2. Insecticide treatments were applied on 7, 12, 17, 20, and 26 Aug. Methyl parathion 4 EC (0.37 kg [AI]/ha) was applied on an “as needed” basis for boll weevil control. Treatment efficacy was determined by examining 25 squares/plot for evidence of damage. In addition, the number of larval damaged bolls/3.3 m section of row was recorded on 9 Oct. The center 2 rows of each plot were mechanically harvested on 12 Oct to estimate seed cotton yields. The test area received 1.2 cm rainfall on 9 Aug, 0.6 cm rainfall on 11 Aug, a trace of rainfall on 12 and 24 Aug, 11.5 cm rainfall on 26 Aug and 1.3 cm rainfall on 27 Aug. Supplemental irrigation was provided by an overhead system sprinkler “as needed” during the season, but not within 48 h of treatment applications.
Bollworm-Tobacco Budworm Control, 1992
Authors: Micinski S. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

Eleven insecticides were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy against the bollworm-tobacco budworm complex on cotton. Cotton was planted 6 May. Experimental plots were 4 rows on 102 cm centers x 30.5 m, arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 56.1 liters of finished spray solution/ha at 4.22 kg/cm2 with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart (2 nozzles/ row). Treatments were applied on 13, 20, and 27 Jul; and 3, 10, and 17 Aug. Square damage was monitored 3 days following each application by examining 25 squares/plot. A standard cotton insecticide program was followed for the entire test area after the last observation on 20 Aug. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 8 and 21 Oct.
Grasshopper Control on Jojoba with Capture 2 Ec, 1992:
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , Peralta Manuel , Moody Mark
Published: March 2022

Four rates of Capture 2 EC were applied in jojoba located near Tacna, AZ, on 6 May. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Each plot was a 50 ft length of 1 row. Plants were six ft wide and about 5 ft tall. Rows were 14 ft apart. Treatments were applied with a backpack CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.75 gal/acre at 15 psi with a boom which had 4 sets of T-Jet 23 disc cones and D2 orifice discs. Water was buffered with 0.25% Buffer PS (Helena Co.). The lower 2 rates of Capture has 4 oz/acre of 4440 surfactant (Western Farm Service) while the higher 2 had 3.32 oz/acre of the 4440 surfactant added. Grasshopper development at time of application ranged from a few individuals which had recently become adults to a few late 2nd instars, with most being 3rd or 4th instars. Grasshoppers were counted the morning after treatment (7 May) from 3 consecutive plants per plot. Dead grasshoppers were counted in all plots. Live grasshoppers were counted in the Capture plots but were not always counted in the check plots due to sheer numbers and mobility.
Thrips Control with Temik in Seedling Peanuts, Experiment 1, 1992
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Brown A. L.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Jackson County, FL, planted 5 May. Plot size was 2 rows X 20 ft, with a 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Granule treatments in-furrow were released between the seed-furrow openers and the press wheels. Banded treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted Gandy applicator. The density of thrips in terminal buds was estimated in each plot on 19 May, 2 Jun, 2 Jul, and 9 Jul. Each thrips sample consisted of 8 randomly selected terminal buds. A terminal bud consisted of all unexpanded leaves on the end of a stem. Each sample was placed in a labeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents under a 7 to 15 x dissecting microscope.
Thrips Control with Temik in Seedling Peanuts, Experiment 2, 1992:
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Brown A. L.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Jackson County, FL, planted 12 May. Plot size was 2 rows X 20 ft, with a 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Granule treatments in-furrow were released between the seed-furrow openers and the press wheels. Banded treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted Gandy applicator. The density of thrips in terminal buds was estimated in each plot on 26 May, 9 Jun, 9 Jul, and 16 Jul. Each thrips sample consisted of 8 randomly selected terminal buds. A terminal bud consisted of all unexpanded leaves on the end of a stem. Each sample was placed in a labeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents under a 7 to 15 X dissecting microscope.
Selected Insecticide Evaluations for Control of Fall Armyworm in Peanut, 1992:
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Harrison-Bryan W. W.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides were evaluated against FAW in Virginia-type peanut in Greensville County, VA. Peanuts were planted 15 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Test treatments were applied on 24 Aug using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal/acre at 50 psi through 3, D2-13 disc-core hollow cone spray nozzles per row, 1 over the top and 1 on each side. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Treatments were evaluated before and 1 and 4 DAT by comparing numbers of small, medium, and large-sized FAW larvae per 3 row ft, corresponding to lst-2nd, 3rd-4th, and 5th-6th instar groupings, respectively. A standard or rigid beat cloth was used in each plot to determine number of worms per 3 row ft. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of the Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper on Peanuts, 1992:
Authors: Wolf S. P. , DeLamar Z. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled peanuts in a light loamy sand soil at the Wiregrass Agricultural Substation at Headland, AL. Nine treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Each plot was 6 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. Insecticides were applied in water on 15 Sep using a CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 2, TX-2 hollow cone nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 10 gal/acre. Threecornered alfalfa hopper populations were sampled by using a standard canvas sweep net and taking two 10 sweep samples/plot. Sampling took place 18 h before treatment and at 2 and 7 DAT.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Sorghum Midge on Sorghum, 1991:
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L.
Published: March 2022

An organophosphate and a pyrethroid were evaluated for sorghum midge control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Grain sorghum was planted 28 May on rows spaced 30 inches apart. Insecticide treatments were compared in plots, 6 rows X 35 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied using a hand-held backpack sprayer in the inner 2 sorghum rows through TX-3 hollow case nozzles at 36 psi with a spray volume of 6.4 gal/acre. Applications began when 25-30% of the panicles were flowering; treatments were applied on 24, 27, and 30 July. Data on kernel loss and grain yield were collected from one of the 2 inner rows. Adult sorghum midge abundance was determined just prior to each application by counting midges on 10 individual sorghum panicles enclosed with clear plastic bags. The panicles were cut from the plant and returned to the laboratory for examination and midge counts. Visual estimates of midge damage were made by rating damage to 10 panicles/plot, on a 1-9 scale where 1 = 0-10% and 9 = 81-90% kernel loss. Panicles were hand-harvested from selected 8.75 ft sections of row/plot and mechanically threshed. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and REGWMRT.
Control of Soybean Loopers and Velvetbean Caterpillars on Georgia Soybean, 1992:
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Perry Charles E. , McNeill Robert D.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of selected insecticides for control of soybean loopers, velvetbean caterpillars and southern green stink bugs was evaluated at the Southeast Georgia Experiment Station, Midville, GA. Eleven insecticides were foliar-applied on 10 Sep in Test I on ‘Colquitt’ soybeans that were planted in mid-May, and an additional eleven insecticides were applied on 14 Sep in Test II in the same field. Individual plots were 4 rows wide by 15 m long with 2 m alleys on each end and 2 border rows on each side. The 22 insecticides plus 2 untreated checks were arranged in 2 separate randomized complete block designs (Test I and Test II) with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-9 nozzles on a 2 m boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 176 liters per hectare. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on either 3 or 4, 7 and 14 d after treatment (DAT), by taking a 25 sweep sample (0.4 diam net) from a single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage during this test.
Soybean Looper Control with Dipel Es, 1992:
Authors: White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of Dipel ES at selected rates was compared to a recommended rate of Larvin and an untreated control for soybean looper control at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. The test consisted of a randomized block design with 4 replications. Plots were 5 rows (1.02 m centers) by 9.0 m of soybeans in the R5 growth stage planted 18 Jun. Treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2 through 2 TX-8 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row. Insecticides were applied on 1 Sep and treatments were evaluated at 2 and 7 DAT using 2 samples of 20 sweeps with a standard 38.2 cm diam sweep net. The plots received 3.0 cm rainfall on 2 Sep and a trace amount of rainfall on 3 Sep.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Soybean Loopers and Threecornered Alfalfa Hoppers on Soy-Beans, 1992:
Authors: Wolf S. P. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled soybeans at the Plant Breeding Unit of the E. V. Smith Agricultural Experiment Station near Tallassee, AL. Twelve treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 6 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft. long. Replicates were separated by a 25 ft alley. Insecticides were applied in water on 4 Sep using a CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 2, TX-3 hollow cone nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 10 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3 ft beat sheet between the rows and beating both rows. Two samples were taken from each plot 18 h before treatment and at 4 and 7 DAT.
Insect Control on Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco, 1992:
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate tobacco aphid and tobacco flea beetle control on dark fire-cured tobacco with various insecticides applied as foliar, transplant water (TPW), and soil treatments. Tobacco was transplanted into plots, 4 (1 row) x 40 ft, on 22 May. Twelve treatments were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were separated by single untreated guard rows and blocks were separated by vacant 5 ft alleys. Temik was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 21 May. TPW treatments of Orthene and NTN 33893 were applied to the base of the newly transplanted plants with a measuring cup that delivered 8 fl oz/plant (314 gal/ acre). Foliar applications were applied on 9 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3, TX-IO nozzles/row. Tobacco aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot every 1 to 2 wk from 25 Jun to 10 Aug. Tobacco flea beetles on 10 plants/ plot and flea beetle feeding holes on the most damaged leaf of 10 plants/plot were counted at 2-4 wk after transplanting. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K = 100). Aphid counts were transformed to Logio (x + 1) before analysis.
Aphid Control in Headed Spring Wheat, Angus, Mn, 1992:
Authors: Noetzel David , Holen Carlyle , Holder Bobby
Published: March 2022

The highest aphid populations in more than a decade stimulated this trial on headed spring wheat. Plots 7.6m x 7.6m were established in a commercial wheat field. Four treatments were arranged in a RCB design. Pretreatment aphid counts averaged 39.0/head, with a 5.5:1 BCOA:EGA ratio. The wheat berries were slightly over 3/4 filled (Feekes stage 11.1) on this date. Treatments were applied in 86 liter water/ha on 11 Jul. Posttreatment counts of aphids were taken on 20 heads per plot on 18 Jul. Yields were obtained by combining a 1.5m x 7.6m strip through the best portion of each plot. Yield, moisture, test weight and protein were taken. Yields were adjusted on the basis of a standard moisture.
Efficacy of Insecticides on Black Cutworm in Bentgrass, 1992:
Authors: Buhler W. G. , Gibb T. J.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at the Purdue University Agronomy Research Center, W. Lafayette, IN. All treatments were applied to a 4 ft2 area, replicated five times in RCB design. Dispersible form were applied through a sprinkling can in one gal of water. Granular form were applied using a homemade sale shaker and watered in with one gal of water. Galvanized steel circular barriers (60 inch circumference) were buried 1 inch into the soil and projected 2 inches above the soil in the center of each plot. Five fourth-instar black cutworms were infested within each barrier 2 d prior to treatment, 23 Jun. Netting material was clipped to the top of each barrier to prevent bird predation. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temp, 32°C; soil temp at 1 inch, 20°C; thatch depth (natural), 0.25-0.38 inches; soil texture, silt loam; soil moisture 43%; wind speed 0-3 mph. Efficacy was evaluated 6 DAT by applying 1 T of Joy dishwashing liquid/gal of water in each arena and recording the number of cutworms that emerged from the turf.
Control of Cutworms in a Golf Green with Entomopathogenic Nematodes, 1992:
Authors: Potter D. A. , Spicer P. G. , Kreuger B. , Terry L. , Redmond C. T.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted on a creeping bentgrass golf green at the Campbell House Golf Club, Lexington, KY. The green had been topdressed with sand over native soil. Plots (10 X 10 ft) were established in a RCB design with 5 replicates. The target population consisted of mixed instars of both black and bronzed cutworms. Treatments were applied as surface sprays (5 gal/1000 ft2) using pump-type, backpack sprayers equipped with a fan-type nozzle. Plots were treated on 13 Aug. Dursban plots were treated at 11 AM with the spray allowed to dry on the turf surface. Nematode plots were treated 2 h later, followed immediately by irrigation with 0.25 inch of water to all plots. Temperature at the time of the nematode treatment was 74°F, with 76% relative humidity and 4 mph winds. Cutworms were sampled 7 DAT. A frame (6.6 x 6.6 ft) made from PVC pipe was first placed in the center of each plot. Four gallons of an irritant drench (1 oz of Joy liquid detergent/ gal water) were applied to the area defined by the frame using a sprinkling can, and the number of cutworms that surfaced within 10 min was recorded.
Evaluation of Very Low Rate Aerial Application of Dimilin for Rangeland Grasshopper Control, 1992:
Authors: Schell Scott P. , Lockwood Jeffrey A., , DeBrey Larry D. , Bomar Charles R.
Published: March 2022

Dimilin 2F and Sevin XLR were applied to a rangeland site in Platte County, Wyoming. Treatments were randomly assigned to 15, 48.3 acre (19.5 ha) plots, with three replicates. Treatments were aerially applied on 17 Jun. During application the temperature never exceeded 24° C and humidity was low. Grasshopper densities were estimated in each plot by using 27, visualized ft2 samples; species and age composition were determined by taking 50 sweeps with a 30.5 cm diam sweep net. These sampling procedures were conducted seven d prior to treatment and 7, 14, and 21 DAT. Fisher’s protected LSD post-ANOVA test was used to evaluate differences in grasshopper densities at each sampling time. One replicate of Dimilin (0.25 oz) was excluded from analysis due to application error. Cumulative mortality rates were calculated after correcting for mortality and development in the untreated control plots.
Liquid & Bran Baits for Grasshopper Control, 1991:
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Chambers W. W.
Published: March 2022

Freshly mown bluegrass (ca. 4 inch height) was treated with liquid or bran bait applications of insecticide on 9 Aug. Liquids were applied using a CO2 canister sprayer with a delivery of 10 gal/acre using 8002 nozzles. Due to the different modes of action of the pesticides involved, we sampled at 4 DAT for treatments which had acute toxic effects and 10 DAT for treatments (Dimilin) with anticipated delayed mortality. Field cages (1-m2) other than those receiving bran bait were reinfested to observe residual control. Data were subjected to the General Linear Models (SAS) procedure and means were compared with DMRT. Bran baits did not remain effective because of their rapid breakdown under environmental conditions, therefore, we did not reinfest bran bait cages.
Influence of Application Timing of Wrc928-12356 on Annual White Grub Control, 1992
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Gaussoin R. E.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a Kentucky bluegrass (50%) and perennial rye (50%) golf course rough. The turf was maintained at a mowing height of 3.8 cm and thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.64 to 1.3 cm. Field conditions at the time of application were; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0 to 7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 2.44 X 2.44 m and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Liquid formulations of WRC928-12356 were applied 10, 17, 24 and 31 Aug. Some plots treated 10 and 17 Aug received a second application on 24 Aug and 31 Aug, respectively. Triumph 4 E was applied 17 Aug at the time of estimated 99% SMC egg hatch (based on light trap monitoring of the SMC beetle flight). Subsequent light trap collections and projections of oviposition and egg development, indicated 99% egg hated occurred approximately 16 Aug at the study site. Insecticides were applied with a using a C02 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 165.5 KPa and 18.9 liter/93 m2. Product efficacy was evaluated 22 Sep (22 days following the last application) by removing six, 20.3 cm diam turf-soil cores (0.19 m2 total area) to a depth of 7.6 cm, from a 1.22 x 1.22 m section in the center of each plot. Numbers of surviving grubs were recorded.
Control of the Japanese Beetle Larvae on A Golf Course Fairway in Tuscarawas County, Oh, 1992
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: March 2022

The study was located on a golf course fairway at Bolivar. Insecticides were applied 26 Aug to plots 2.4 X 31. m arranged in a RCB replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were applied using a drop spreader and liquids using a C02 sprayer with Teejet XR8006VS nozzles at 2.46 kg/cm2 pressure that delivered a volume of 407 liter/ha. The experimental area was irrigated with approximately 6.4 mm water after all treatments were applied but before sprays had dried on the grass blades. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were: JG:ca. 18/0.1m2, 55% 1st, 45% 2nd instars; turf: level, dry, 1.9 cm height, 50% Kentucky bluegrass, 30% perennial ryegrass, 20% annual bluegrass; thatch: dense, moist, 0.6-1.9 cm; soil: moist, 77°F at 2.54 cm and 75°F at 7.62 cm; weather: sunny, 79°F, 0-8 km/h; water: pH 6.35. Efficacy data taken 6 Oct (41 DAT) were based on the number of live JB larvae in six 17.8 X 17.8 cm diam samples from each plot.
Efficacy of Three Insecticides Against European Chafer Larvae, Home Lawn, 1992
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (30%), annual bluegrass (25%), perennial ryegrass (25%), and assorted broad-leaved weeds (20%), maintained at 3.5 to 4.5 cm. Treatment plots were 2.6 x 2.6 m, replicated 5 times, arranged in a RCB design. All applications were made 11 Aug. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with watering cans, 3 liters water per plot. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Conditions at the time of application were as follows–air temperature 28°C; high overcast with moderate humidity; soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.2; water pH, 5.6. All plots were watered in with ca. 0.6 cm irrigation immediately after application. There was an additional 0.6 cm of rainfall ca. 6 h after application. Product efficacy was evaluated 25 Sep (46 DAT) by cutting two 0.1 m2 samples out of each plot, dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 10 cm.
Fletcher Scale Control on Taxus, Michigan, 1992
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: March 2022

Precount samples were taken and treatments applied on Friday 1 May from 1-3 pm. The air temperature was about 70°F. The amount of Merit 2.5 G intended for each plant was divided in half before it was poured into holes bored on each side of the plant with a 3/4 inch pipe hammered into the ground to a depth of 6 inches. The drench treatment was applied by mixing the appropriate amount of Merit 240F in 1 liter of water and pouring the solution evenly around the base of each plant. The Merit 240F injection treatment was also dissolved 1 liter of water for injecting the solution to a depth of 6 inches through a modified Ross root feeder connected to a CO2 tank. The injection treatment was applied at 50 psi until the liter of solution was completely injected. Each treatment was replicated 6 times and each replicate consisted of 6 plants. Two replications were lost due to the stakes being removed during cultivation. The plants were sampled again on 20 Aug. For the precounts and postcounts, 4 twigs, 5 inches-long, were clipped from near the center of each plant. The twigs were observed for all life stages of scale insects. The plants were 15–18 inches tall and were grown in the nursery field for 5 yr before this test. The field was clean cultivated and depended on rain for water.
Carpenter Ant Control with Award Around Urban Buildings, New Mexico, 1992
Authors: Ward Charles R. , Blanco-Montero Carlos A.
Published: March 2022

Award (fenoxycarb) 1% bait formulation was evaluated for control of a species of carpenter ant around urban buildings in Albuquerque, NM. Colonies were located around foundations, fences, and street curbs and checked for activity, mapped for location, and counts made of active ants by removing the covering over the mound. Most colonies were found along foundations in areas where plastic sheeting was covered with rocks or crushed lava. Application was made on 11 Jun by applying 2 tablespoons of formulation to the colony locations. Award was applied to 7 colonies, and 4 colonies served as a check.
Fall Application of 2.5% Ectrin® Spray for Control of Sheep Ked, 1991
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R.
Published: March 2022

Experimental flocks were located on ranches in southeastern Wyoming. Animals were of mixed breeds and sex and were naturally infested with sheep ked. Prior to treatment, all animals were weighed and fleece length was recorded. Ectrin® WDL 2.5% low volume spray was applied once to each flock. The insecticide was applied with a C02 powered sheep sprayer with a single no. 8002 flat fan nozzle directed at the belly. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10 ml of insecticide solution per s or approximately 10 ml per animal. Ked density was determined by whole body counts the same 10 animals from each flock on d 0 and at 42 d posttreatment.
Field-Aged Residues of Bacillus Thuringiensis Against Leafrollers, 1992
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Different Bt products were evaluated for their effect on PLR larvae using a leaf-disk bioassay. Bt products were applied to Red Delicious apple trees at their recommended field rates as shown in the table using a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gallons per acre. Treated apple leaves were collected 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 d post-treatment. Two punches (2.3 cm diam) were taken from each of 20 leaves per treatment on each date. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 x 9 mm). Five one- to two-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks and the petri dish lid was put in place. Ten dishes were used for each Bt product and rate (50 larvae per treatment). Dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a wet paper towel to maintain a high humidity and kept at 75°F (± 2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Dishes were examined after 96 and 144 h to determine larval survival. Data were collected for untreated mortality using Abbott’s formula.
Ant Knockdown with Triumph Insecticide, New Mexico, 1992
Authors: Ward Charles R. , Gary Smith R. , Blanco-Montero Carlos A.
Published: March 2022

Ants collected by use of an aspirator (harvester and pyramid ants) or by hand (carpenter ants) from active colonies in the City of Albuquerque. The ants were collected on 17 Nov and kept overnight in plastic collection vials in the laboratory. Carpenter ants were collected the following morning. Ten each of the three species were placed in separate 10 cm plastic petri dishes and refrigerated. Each group of 10 ants was randomly assigned for treatment with Triumph 4 EC at 11.2 ml per 28.3 m2 or held as checks. Treatments were applied by placing the ants on a sheet of newsprint paper or directly on a cement surface and passing the boom of a CO2 sprayer approx. 60 cm above. The boom had 3 X-4 tips spaced 50.8 cm apart. Operated at a pressure of 350 kpc and a speed of 8 km/h, the sprayer delivered 47.1 liters per ha. Within 2 min after spraying, ants were picked up by hand or with a portable [Black and Decker™] hand vacuum and replaced into a petri dish. Knockdown was observed at 2 h and mortality (no movement when prodded with a pencil) observed at 7 h and daily for 6 d. Two to 3 drops of tap water were placed in all petri dishes on days 4-6. Normal day length (10 h) and temperature of 12.8-21.1°C were maintained after treatment.
Effect of Four Igr's Against the Potato Tuberworm, 1991
Authors: Sanchez-Valdes V. M. , Guerrero-Rodriguez E. , Lievano-Chirino M. A.
Published: March 2022

The response of potato tuberworm to ten doses of acyl-urea, diflubenzuron and triflumuron was evaluated in a series decreasing in halfs (e.g. 2,000, 1,000, 500 ppm, etc.). Potato tubers were submerged in the desired concentrations, put on paper to dry and then placed in one liter plastic containers. Over each tuber, 10 larvae were placed per replication, with four replicates/dose (40 larvae), and a total of 400 larvae per insecticide trial was used. A water-treated check was used. Larvae were obtained from Navidad, Nuevo Leon, Mexico and were maintained 30 d at 25 ± 2°C. Two samples at 10 and 15 d post-treatment were made to check mortality, and at 30 d for adult survival. The final analysis was based on adults because differences in mortality among stages was low. The mortality data were analyzed by probits to obtain LC50 and LC95 values for each insecticide.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Direct Seeded Tomatoes with Systemic Insecticides, 1977
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Chico III’ and ‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were direct seeded in alternating rows with a Planet Jr. Chico III tomatoes were planted on May 17 and Campbell 28 tomatoes were planted on May 20. The Chico III tomatoes served as buffer rows and were planted early so as to encourage an infestation of Colorado potato beetle. Plots consisted of a single row of tomatoes 45 ft long, buffered on each side by a guard row. Distance between rows was 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall, they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Band treatments were applied preplant in an 18-inch band using a small push-type Gandy applicator. They were incorporated into the top 3-5 inches of soil with a rototiller. A single-spout electric-drive Gandy applicator (Model 901-2) was used to apply the granular insecticide to those plots receiving furrow treatments at planting time. An adjustable furrow opener was attached to the front of the planter allowing all insecticides to be applied in a furrow 2 inches below the seed at planting time.
Tomato, Insect Control, 1976
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A.
Published: March 2022

’Stakeless’ tomatoes were transplanted into single-row block 20 ft long on 38-inch centers with 10-ft alleys between blocks in June at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, North Carolina. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied weekly beginning July 12 and ending September 2 for a total of 8 applications. All sprays were applied at the rate equivalent to 100 gallons per acre using a 2.5-gallon, CO2-pressurized hand sprayer equipped with a hollow-cone nozzle operated at 40 psi. Leafminer damage ratings were made on September 1, 1976. All ripe, red fruit were evaluated for fruitworm damage on September 13 and 22.
Insecticides as Seed Treatments for Seed Corn Maggot Control on Vegetables, 1976
Authors: Webb Ralph E. , Cawley Bryant M. , Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

Both species of seed maggots infest germinating seeds of large-seeded vegetable crops and corn in New York. While the seed corn maggot predominates, both species can severely injure germinating seeds particularly when soils are cool and wet. For this test conducted at Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, New York, seeds of ‘Provider Greenbush’ snap beans, large lima ‘Fordhook 242’ beans, field dry bean ‘Dark Seeded Red Kidney’ and field corn ‘Pioneer 3334S’ were treated with insecticide or insecticide, fungicide dust HB treatments with the exception of a slurry seed treatment with Dursban + captan. For small plot testing, 100 seeds per treatment were treated on June 17, 1976, using a randomized block design and 3 replications; plot size was 12 x 20 ft using 4 rows per plot, 1 row for each seed variety tested. In the field we use lima beans as the major test crop since they are severely damaged when ovipositional bait is used. Pioneer 3334S was selected as a test crop since this variety in previous studies appeared susceptible to maggot attack.
Alfalfa Weevil and Pea Aphid Control on Alfalfa in Washington, 1977
Authors: Pike Keith S.
Published: March 2022

Eight insecticides were evaluated at Badger Basin in Kittitas County. These materials were applied to 8 x 14 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with untreated checks in 3 replications. Sprays were applied on June 7, 3.5 weeks prior to harvest, with a compressed air plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle-wheeled carriage, using 40 psi pressure and applying 32.5 gal/acre. The plots were evaluated on June 16 by taking 25 individual stems of alfalfa from each plot and counting the weevils and aphids present. A 2nd evaluation was taken on June 29 using a sweep net. Pea aphid densities were categorized using a rating scale of 1 to 7 (1 = no aphids, 2 = 1-10, 3 = 10-30, 4 = 30-50, 5 = 50-100, 6 = 100-200, 7 =>200).
Alfalfa, Blue Alfalfa Aphid Control, 1977
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen insecticides were evaluated in Feb. Sprays were applied Feb. 7 with a “back-pack” CO2 pressurized sprayer. This system delivered 40 gap at 40 psi. Plots were 10 x 10 ft replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Alfalfa was mowed Feb 23 with a small self-propelled swather having a 3-ft cutter bar.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer and Nematode Control on Field Corn in Florida, 1975
Authors: Dickson D. W. , Waites R. E. , Cornell J. A.
Published: March 2022

Eight non-fumigant nematicides and one fumigant nematicide were evaluated for their effect on lesser cornstalk borer (LCB) and nematode control, grain yield and other agron-omic characteristics of field corn near Wilcox, Florida. Each treatment was replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of paired rows, a treated row and a neighboring untreated row, 40 feet long and 36 inches apart.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larvae Control, 1977
Authors: Mayo Z. B. , Peters L. L. , Campbell J. B. , Hagen A. F. , Witkowski J. F.
Published: March 2022

Soil insecticides to control larvae of the corn rootworm were evaluated at six locations in Nebraska in 1977. Corn plots were planted April 28, April 25, May 9, May 10, May 6, and A/lay 15 at Mead, Clay Center, North Platte, Scottsbluff, Concord, and Sandhills Agricultural Laboratory (SAL), respectively. With the exception of the Concord test, all experiments were conducted on irrigated land. Each insecticide was applied in a 7 inch band over the row (1.2 oz AI/1000 ft of row) at planting time and incorporated by a press wheel. Each treatment consisted of one row, 50 ft long. All experiments were arranged in randomized complete block designs with 4 replications/treatment. Insecticide treatments were evaluated for root damage in mid-July by digging 5 equally spaced plants from each row and rating the roots for rootworm feeding.damage using a 1-6 damage scale (1 - minor damage; 6 = three or more root nodes destroyed). Yield was obtained by harvesting the middle 30 ft of each row and converting to bu. of no. two corn/acre.
Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae, 1977
Authors: Sechriest Ralph E. , Roskamp G. K.
Published: March 2022

Experimental soil insecticides were evaluated at Urbana and Macomb, Illinois during 1977. XL-45A was planted at Urbana on May 11, 12, and 25, and VH272 was planted at Macomb on May 16 and 17. The experiments were randomized blocks with 3 replicates at Urbana and 4 replicates at Macomb. Individual plots were single rows approximately 90 ft long. Granular treatments were applied by use of a Gandy applicator on single International unit planters. Band applications were applied using a 7 in. Gandy RoBander and the bander was placed 1/2 the distance between planter shoe and press wheel. No insecticide was placed on the seed but the insecticide was incorporated into the upper inch of soil. Furrow applications were applied by placing the insecticide directly on the seed in the shoe. Basal applications were made on June 1 at Urbana and June 6 at Macomb. Two tubes from the applicator were used to deliver 1/2 of each granular treatment to each side of the row as a post-emergence treatment. All basals were hand incorporated. Sprays using emulsifiable formulations were applied by a closed air pressure system. A 6 in. band of spray placed in a similar location as the granules, delivered 13 gal/acre at 30 psi at approximately 3 mph with fan jet nozzle No. 9502E. The experiments were evaluated as plants/50 ft row, root damage (Iowa 1-6 scale), and percent lodged. Means were compared at 5% level.
Corn, Black Cutworm Control, 1977
Authors: Szatmari-Goodman Gary , Treece R. E. , Clement S. L.
Published: March 2022

Field corn was planted in 30 in. rows at Wooster (Wayne County) Ohio on the date given with each experiment. Experimental designs were randomized complete blocks with three replicates. Plots consisted of two rows each 5 ft long enclosed by aluminum barriers 6 inches in height. Each 4 x 5 ft plot contained 12 corn plants with 2 fully emerged leaves and was infested with 12 fifth stage A. ipsilon larvae (lab-reared on artificial diet from eggs collected from wild moths). The larvae were induced to burrow into the soil the morning of treatment and no cutting occurred before the insecticidal treatments were applied in late afternoon. Bait and granular treatments were applied by hand in a 6 in. band over the row. Liquid treatments were sprayed in ca. 18.5 gal /acre in a 6 in. band over the row with a CO2 powered constant pressure sprayer at 20 psi. Soil type was Wooster silt loam; pH 6.8; organic matter 2.1%. Plots were checked daily for 16 days for plants cut below the whorl or tunnelled. No cutting occurred the last 4 days of observation.
Mustard Aphid Control by Systemic Insecticides, 1972-73
Authors: Patil V. L. , Jotwani M. G.
Published: March 2022

The research was conducted both under the field and laboratory conditions during the rabi season (1972-73), at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. In the field, experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 14 treatments, and 4 replications. Plots consisted of 4 rows, each 3 m in length, spaced 45 cm apart from each other. Total experimental area was 0.302 ha. In half the number of treatments granules were applied once and in the other half treatments granules were applied twice, first at the time of sowing and the second as side dressing on 46th day after germination when aphid infestation was building up. The seeds were hand sown on the December 27, 1972. The thinning of excess plants was carried out twice, ie, 20 days and 40 days after germination, keeping plants 12 cm from each other. Plots were irrigated to maintain enough moisture. Granules were applied in furrows before sowing and seed treatment with carbofuran 50% WP was done just before sowing.
Control of the Corn Earworm and Velvetbean Caterpillar on Dryland Peanuts, 1977
Authors: Berberet Richard C.
Published: March 2022

Peanuts were planted on May 25 with 36 inch row spacing in light sandy soil. A preplant application of Balan was incorporated for weed control. Insecticides were applied on September 4 utilizing 2 nozzles over each row and a total volume of 20 gal/acre at 25 psi. Treatments were replicated 4 times on 4 row X 50 ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Bravo and Terraclor 10G were utilized to control foliar and soil fungi, respectively. Five sample/plot, each consisting of 2 row ft, were checked at weekly intervals after treatment. For each sample a square was placed over the row and plants were beaten to remove H. zea and A. gemmatilis larvae for counts.
Contact Toxicity Studies, IRRI Laboratory, 1976
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Valencia S. L.
Published: March 2022

Four replications of 25 adult insects each were treated in a Potter’s spray tower. All insecticides were applied as 0.04% sprays in a volume of 2 ml and at a vacuum pressure of 10 psi. After treatment insects were placed in a 500 ml beaker containing a 10-day old seedling and held at a temperature of 27 ± 1°C. Mortality was determined at 1, 4,24, and 48 hours after treatment (HT). Mortality values were adjusted using Abbott’s formula.
Apple, Insects, 1977
Authors: Fisher G. T.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were applied in a IX dilution (1 lb/100 gal H2O) at 300 psi so that foliage and fruit were treated to the “run-off”. All treatments of insecticides were made on a regular apple schedule allowing approximately a 10-day interval between cover sprays. Mature standard Delicious, Mcintosh and Cortland trees were randomized and replicated 4 times in a 112-tree block. Application dates were: Apr27-28 (Green tip); May5 (Tight-cluster); Mayl2 (Blossom-No insecticide applied); Mayl9-20 (Petal fall). Cover sprays were: May30, Junll-12, Jun27-29, Jull3-15, Jull7-28, Aug9-10 and Aug20-22. Evaluations were made as final harvest fruit scoring (Oct5-15). Disease control was accomplished by use of standard fungicide applications of Captan (2 lb 50WP/100) or Benomyl (6 oz 50WP/100) at each application.
Japanese Fatsia, Florida Wax Scale Control, 1977
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Self R. L.
Published: March 2022

Sixty 18-24” tall, container-grown Araliajaponica, heavily infested with Florida wax scale were selected for treatment. Test plants were growing in 3 gal cans. All stages of wax scale were present but the population was predominatly adult females and second insfar nymphs at the time of treatment. A single application of the test materials was made out-of-doors on October 20. The foliage of all plants was sprayed to runoff using compressed air sprayers. Treatments were replicated 3 times, one plant constituting a replication. Plants were allowed to dry and then were returned to a plastic greenhouse. Mortality counts were obtained on November 3 by counting 100 individuals per plant. Counts were made with the use of a stereo-microscope by turning over each wax scale counted and scoring it as living if it was red and full-bodied or dead if it was discolored and shriveled or dried.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Greenhouse Ornamentals, California, 1977
Authors: Oerting Ronald , Morishita Frank S.
Published: March 2022

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate twospotted spider mite control. In the first experiment 6 treatments were evaluated on a foliage plant red tea. Each treatment consisted of one plant and was replicated 5 times. Plants were maintained in 6 inch pots on raised benches. Counts were made immediately before and at 7 day intervals following treatment by counting the number of mites on one leaf from each plant. In the second experiment 6 treatments were evaluated on greenhouse roses in a commercial range of plastic covered houses. Each treatment area consisted of 6 feet of 42 inch rose bed and was replicated 5 times. Counts were made immediately before and at 7 day intervals following treatment by counting the number of mites on 5 leaves per treatment. In both experiments plants were sprayed to the point of runoff utilizing a 3 gpm power sprayer at 100 psi and a 6503 nozzle for red tea and a 5 gpm power sprayer at 125 psi and a 6506 nozzle for roses.
Siberian Elm, Elm Leaf Beetle Control, 1977
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , Bogel David , Ree Bill
Published: March 2022

A native planting of Siberian elms, approximately 15 ft in height located 8 miles east of Stillwater, Oklahoma, were selected for this test. Trees were treated on June 10 after a large egg hatch was observed. Larvae were 1/8 to 3/8 inch in length. Application equipment consisted of a John Bean 55 sprayer, series L-l565-2 and a 785 John Bean Spraymaster deluxe gun which delivered 3 gal/min of finish spray at 300 psi. Trees were sprayed till runoff. Treatments were randomized and replicated three times along with a check. Larval counts were made by examining 18 inch of a terminal branch.