bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon nanofibre frameworks based on a π-extended oligo(perylene) diimide for high-rate lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Feng Ying , Wang Jiaxin , Yang Zehui , Cheng Ye , Tian Binbin , Ou Encai
Published: January 2025

Carbon nanofiber frameworks can be fabricated by the self-assembly of a π-extended oligo(perylene) diimide in the carbonization process. As an anode for lithium-ion batteries, it has excellent performance.
NBS-promoted regioselective thiocyanatothiolation of alkenes with free thiols and NH4SCN
Authors: Chen Wei , Wu Run , Wang Wanxiang , Zhou Haiping , Fu Mingyue
Published: January 2025

An efficient process has been developed for the NBS-promoted three-component thiocyanatothiolation of styrene with thiols and NH4SCN.
Synthesis of poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT) analogues via mechanochemical oxidative polymerization
Authors: Zubair Tanzida , Ramos Raul S. , Morales Ashley , Pankow Robert M.
Published: January 2025

PProDOT analogues are synthesized without solvents and at room temperature with comparative yields/Mn to solvent-based protocols.
Understanding the influence of metal centers on the mechanism and chemoselectivity of transition-metal-catalyzed cyclizations of dienyl aldehydes
Authors: Liu Jian-Biao , Wang Yan , Wang Hai-Yan , Liu Xiao-Jun
Published: January 2025

The contrasting effects of cobalt and rhodium on the reaction mechanisms and chemoselectivity of the cyclizations of dienyl aldehydes were investigated.
Divergent synthesis of functionalized indazole N-oxides with anticancer activity via the cascade reaction of N-nitrosoanilines with diazo compounds and HFIP
Authors: Sun Yuqian , Yan Shengnan , Wang Kelin , Li Bin , Ma Chunhua , Zhang Xinying , Fan Xuesen
Published: January 2025

Presented herein is a novel divergent synthesis of indazole N-oxides based on the one-pot cascade reaction of N-nitrosoanilines with diazo compounds and HFIP.
From flat to twisted – multifunctional phosphacyclic nanocarbons based on Vat Orange 3
Authors: Dadgaryeganeh Reza , LeBlanc Jesse , Pradhan Ekadashi , Miao Dandan , Hussein Amaar , Hunter Howard N. , Zeng Tao , Romero-Nieto Carlos , Baumgartner Thomas
Published: January 2025

Core-expansion of the commercial dye Vat Orange 3 with two P-containing fused rings unlocks a multitude of tunable properties that are not present in the original dye, paving the way for practical application of these value-added nanocarbons.
The main factor that determines the formation-efficiencies of photochemically derived one-electron-reduced species
Authors: Hosokawa Naoki , Ozawa Kyohei , Koike Kazuhide , Tamaki Yusuke , Ishitani Osamu
Published: January 2025

While the quantum yields of photosensitiser-derived one-electron-reduced species (OERS) significantly impact the overall efficiencies of various redox-photosensitised photocatalytic reactions, the primary factors that influence them remained unclear.
Afterglow quenching in plasma-based dry reforming of methane: a detailed analysis of the post-plasma chemistry via kinetic modelling
Authors: Slaets Joachim , Morais Eduardo , Bogaerts Annemie
Published: January 2025

Chemical kinetics modelling of the afterglow of a CO2–CH4 plasma reveals that cooling in excess CO2 alters the product distribution through the water gas shift reaction, while mixing of cold gas can improve the conversion by using the residual heat.
Exploration of vitamin D hydroxy metabolites C3 epimers in patients with cardiovascular disease: an observational study
Authors: Abouzid Mohamed , Kruszyna Łukasz , Kerner Julia , Kagan Leonid , Mikulska-Sauermann Aniceta , Filipowicz Dorota , Resztak Matylda , Główka Franciszek Krzysztof , Karaźniewicz-Łada Marta
Published: January 2025

Roughly 90% of the Polish population experiences vitamin D deficiency. The 3-epi-25(OH)D2 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 are stereoisomers of 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3, and they can inadvertently be included in measurements of 25(OH)D levels, potentially leading to its overestimating. We aimed to measure 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3, their epimers 3-epi-25(OH)D2 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3, and biologically active 1,25(OH)2D3 in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers. We enrolled 27 adult patients with cardiovascular disease (64 ± 15 years) and 35 healthy volunteers (36.37 ± 12.29 years). We used a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to measure 25(OH)D2/3 concentrations and their epimers. Plasma concentrations of 1α,25(OH)2D3 were determined by sensitive and quantitative enzyme immunoassay following intra- and inter-day validation. Vitamin D insufficiency was observed in approximately 52% of the patients and 37% of healthy volunteers. Comparable levels of 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D2 were seen in both groups. The observed levels of the epimeric form 3-epi-25(OH)D3 appeared approximately 1.7 times higher in healthy volunteers, accounting for 9% misclassified according to vitamin D status. Also, patients had lower concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3, and their 3-epi-25(OH)D2 levels were below the detection limit (2 ng/mL). In all studied subjects, 25(OH)D3 was negatively correlated with % 3-epi-25(OH)D3 (R=-0.758; P<0.001), and 3-epi-25(OH)D2 was negatively correlated with % 3-epi-25(OH)D2 (R = -0.842; P = 0.002). While the mechanism of how vitamin D epimeric forms influence diseases remains unclear, we recommend maintaining 25(OH)D3 levels above 20 ng/mL.
Gender-Stereotype Messaging Impacts Perceptions of the Field of Speech-Language Pathology
Authors: Broadfoot Courtney K. , Wu Jenni , Morello Samantha L. , Branchaw Janet L. , Brauer Markus , Schwakopf Jordan M. , Rogus-Pulia Nicole
Published: January 2025

Purpose:

The field of speech-language pathology has been and remains predominantly female, despite efforts aimed at increasing gender diversity. This study sought to determine if gender-based stereotype messaging influences students' perceptions of the field of speech-language pathology and if exposure to messaging with a short video would change student impressions of the speech-language pathology profession.

Method:

A total of 472 undergraduate students were recruited to participate in this study and were randomly assigned to three exposure conditions: (a) male-stereotype video, (b) female-stereotype video, and (c) no video. Student perceptions were evaluated with a survey, and participants' demographic data were collected including age, race/ethnicity, academic standing, and self-reported gender identity.

Results:

Overall, female participants expressed higher interest in the speech-language pathology profession, felt they would be more successful in an speech-language pathology career, perceived the field of speech-language pathology to have a higher social status, and were more likely to express interest in an speech-language pathology career than male participants. However, participants who viewed the male-stereotype video, regardless of gender, perceived the field of speech-language pathology as more scientific and reported that speech-language pathologists had greater autonomy in the field and had achieved a higher social status. Additionally, participants perceived the field of speech-language pathology as more masculine if they viewed the male-stereotype video and as more feminine if they viewed the female-stereotype video.

Conclusion:

The results of this work demonstrate that gender-stereotype career messaging is highly influential in student perceptions of the field and should be considered when motivating students to pursue speech-language pathology as a profession.
Empowering the adoption of blockchain‐based cryptocurrency as a payment method: A user‐friendly educational approach
Authors: Alrehaili Ahmed , White Martin , Beloff Natalia
Published: January 2025

Organizations are adopting technological innovations to transform payment systems due to challenges with traditional methods, such as slow speed and high fees. These challenges have prompted a shift towards blockchain‐based cryptocurrencies. However, cryptocurrency adoption for payments remains limited, especially in Saudi Arabia. This study adapts the technology acceptance model to explore cryptocurrency adoption through the blockchain‐based cryptocurrency as a payment method in Saudi Arabia (BCAP‐SA) model. Factors within the model are assessed using an experimental vignette‐task methodology and surveys. A key component is an educational package, offering comprehensive materials to explain blockchain technology. The findings confirm the reliability of surveys. Most model factors are statistically significant in influencing users’ intention to use cryptocurrency. The study finds that perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and perceived trust significantly impact participants’ intentions. Additionally, low transaction fees and age are the most influential factors on the technology acceptance model's core constructs. Statistical analysis indicates that decentralization and anonymity were insignificant and thus excluded from the revised BCAP‐SA model. These findings highlight the potential to enhance cryptocurrency adoption in Saudi Arabia. The study's insights can guide strategies to promote wider cryptocurrency usage in the region.
A comprehensive survey of crowd density estimation and counting
Authors: Wang Mingtao , Zhou Xin , Chen Yuanyuan
Published: January 2025

Crowd counting is one of the important and challenging research topics in computer vision. In recent years, with the rapid development of deep learning, the model architectures, learning paradigms, and counting accuracy have undergone significant changes. To help researchers quickly understand the research progress in this area, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of crowd density estimation and counting approaches. Initially, the technical challenges and commonly used datasets are intoroduced for crowd counting. Crowd counting approaches is them categorized into two groups based on the feature extraction methods employed: traditional approaches and deep learning‐based approaches. A systematic and focused analysis of deep learning‐based approaches is proposed. Subsequently, some training and evaluation details are introduced, including labels generation, loss functions, supervised training methods, and evaluation metrics. The accuracy and robustness of selected classical models are further compared. Finally, future prospects, strategies, and challenges are discussed for crowd counting. This review is comprehensive and timely, stemming from the selection of prominent and unique works.
Global maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic systems under partial and complex shading conditions using a PID based search algorithm (PSA)
Authors: Azad Md Adil , Sarwar Adil , Tariq Mohd , Bakhsh Farhad Ilahi , Ahmad Shafiq , Mohamed Adamali Shah Noor , Islam Md Rasidul
Published: January 2025

In scenarios of partial shading, the effectiveness of power transmission within a photovoltaic system experiences a notable decline, potentially leading to hotspots within the photovoltaic array. While incorporating bypass diodes can mitigate this challenge, it may lead to numerous power peaks along the power–voltage (P–V) characteristics, thus complicating the task of maximum power tracking. Addressing this issue, using metaheuristic algorithms for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) offers promising outcomes by circumventing convergence towards local power peaks and easing the computational strain on the microcontroller. This study presents a fresh approach to MPPT technique utilizing the proportional–integral–derivative‐based search algorithm to effectively identify the MPP under varying partial shading conditions. Compared to existing methods, the proposed algorithm demonstrates superior performance in power tracking efficiency, tracking time, stability with fewer fluctuations, and achieving higher maximum power output. Evaluation against state‐of‐the‐art algorithms like particle swarm optimization and JAYA confirms the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT technique. MATLAB/Simulink software‐based analysis and its validation using real‐time analysis from the typhoon based hardware‐in‐the‐loop (HIL‐402) emulator support its efficacy.
Extended drag-based model for better predicting the evolution of coronal mass ejections
Authors: Rossi M. , Guastavino S. , Piana M. , Massone A. M.
Published: January 2025

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are one of the primary drivers of space weather disturbances, affecting both space-based and terrestrial technologies. The accurate prediction of CME trajectories and their arrival times at Earth is crucial for mitigating potential impacts. In this work, we introduce an extended drag-based model (EDBM) that incorporates an additional acceleration term to better capture the complex dynamics of CMEs as they propagate through the heliosphere. Preliminary results suggest that the EDBM can improve upon the classical drag-based model by providing more reliable estimates of CME travel times, particularly in cases where the CME experiences residual acceleration. However, further validation is required to fully assess the operational potential of the model for space weather forecasting. This study lays the groundwork for future investigations and applications, with the aim of enhancing the accuracy of CME prediction models.
Impact of nutrition education on nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and practices among adolescent girls in Bogor, Indonesia
Authors: Widya Azhari Salma , Tande Ribka , Azmi Zaqia Zulfani Zahida , Ramadani Elvy , Rahmah Dinitya Khalishah , Fauziah Toruntju Ainun , Kustiyah Lilik , Anna Marliyati Sri , Hardinsyah  , Cahya Alam Duta
Published: January 2025

Nutrition education is a potentially effective intervention for improving adolescent’s nutritional status. This study aims to analyze the effects of nutrition education on the scores of nutrition knowledge, attitude, and practice of adolescent girls at SMAN 1 Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia in 2024. This study employed a quasi-experimental research with purposive sampling on 41 adolescent girls. The intervention consisted of seven one- hour education sessions. The educational materials and methods were different in each meeting. A paired sample t-test indicates a significant difference in both knowledge and practice scores before and after the education intervention (p < 0.001), although no significant difference was found in attitude scores (p=0.513). These findings suggest that the existing nutrition education model could improve the nutrition knowledge and practices among adolescent girls.
Differences of type of foods consumed by households in urban and rural West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Annisa Nurhidayati Vieta , Riyadi Hadi
Published: January 2025

Dietary diversity is a critical indicator of food and nutrition security, with a minimum consumption of four food groups shown to lower the risk of malnutrition and related health issues. This study aims to assess household dietary diversity scores and examine differences in food consumption patterns between urban and rural households in West Java. The study involved 300 households in Sukabumi City and Cianjur District in June 2022. While urban households have a higher prevalence of dietary diversity (78%) compared to rural areas (68%), these differences are not statistically significant. Food insecurity and stunting remain high across both settings, with rural households experiencing higher rates of both. The study also notes that while higher dietary diversity includes diverse food groups in both urban and rural areas, disparities in access remain, especially in rural areas where diets are more limited. Households in low and medium dietary diversity only consumed eggs as primary protein sources. Programs promoting diverse protein source consumption could help reduce the incidence of food insecurity and stunting, especially in rural settings.
The coverage of school-based iron supplementation among adolescent girls in various regions in Indonesia
Authors: Pratiwi Efrisna , Idris Haerawati
Published: January 2025

Background: Anemia represents a significant global public health concern, particularly impacting adolescent girls. Objective: This study aims to examine the coverage of school-based iron supplementation programs across different regions in Indonesia. Methods: We analyzed secondary data from the Basic Health Research 2018 using a cross-sectional design. Results: The highest coverage was observed in Sulawesi (83.6%), whereas Papua reported the lowest coverage (64.4%). Disparities in providing school-based iron supplementation among adolescent girls across Indonesian regions are evident. Conclusion: Highlighting regional differences in the provision of iron supplementation underscores the need for tailored strategies to address disparities in healthcare access and outcomes across Indonesia.
Factors associated with central obesity among university workers in Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta
Authors: Yustiyani Yustiyani , Iqbal Nurmansyah Mochamad , Febrianti Febrianti
Published: January 2025

Central obesity poses a greater risk than general obesity. The global prevalence of obesity is increasing, including in Indonesia. The incidence of central obesity is associated with several factors, including sociodemographic status and physical activity levels. This study aims to investigate the association between sociodemographic status and physical activity level with central obesity. This study employed a cross-sectional study involving 111 adults aged 18-59 in South Tangerang City, Indonesia. Sociodemographic factors included age, sex, educational level, family size, and marital status. Physical activity levels were assessed using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Both sociodemographic status and physical activity data were collected through interviews. The waist circumference was measured using inelastic tape. More than half of the respondents (57.63%) were centrally obese. Sex, marital status, educational level, and physical activity were significantly associated with central obesity (p-value < 0.05). Female (OR 3.639), married (OR 3.381), and less active (OR 2.746) respondents were more likely to have central obesity. A low educational level was found to be protective against central obesity (OR 0.285). Females, individuals with high education level, and married individuals are advised to be physically active to prevent the central obesity.
The effectiveness of DASH diet nutrition education in improving adherence among hypertension patients through the use of leaflet media
Authors: Firdaus Al-Ghifari Atmadja Taufiq , Betaditya Dika , Desi Puspareni Luh , Yulmiftiyanto Nurhamzah Lutfi , Fikrinnisa Rizka , Neni  , Nuraelah Almira , Eka Yunianto Andi , Arifah Qurota A'yunin Nur , Eka Fitriany Sabrina
Published: January 2025

Background: Chronic hypertension significantly contributes to cardiovascular diseases, a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The DASH diet has proven effective in lowering blood pressure among individuals with hypertension. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of DASH diet education, delivered through lectures and leaflets, on dietary compliance among hypertensive patients at Puspaindah Posbindu, Tasikmalaya City, in 2023. Methods: This quasi-experimental study employed a one-group pretest posttest design. Result: The findings revealed a significant effect (p<0.001) of DASH diet education on dietary compliance among hypertensive patients. It was concluded that DASH diet education delivered through lectures and leaflets positively influenced dietary adherence in this population.
Restaurant food waste management strategy in Asia using the Restaurant Food Waste Map (RFWM) approach
Authors: Fajriah Elsa , Martianto Drajat , Hustina Rachman Purnawati
Published: January 2025

Background: Food waste is a global issue due to its serious environmental, economic, and social impacts. Objective: This research aimed to collect information regarding restaurant food waste management using the Restaurant Food Waste Map (RFWM) approach. Method: This research is a narrative review. Results: The main contributors to food waste at each phase are managers, chefs, kitchen staff, waiters, and customers. Most types of food waste produced are avoidable. Factors that influence food waste include management of food supplies, serving styles, and customer behaviors. Conclusion: Management strategies that can be implemented include improving food supply management, using smaller plates, and various interventions to increase customer awareness of food waste.
Diversity of jewel orchids (Goodyerinae, Orchidaceae) in Mount Rinjani National Park, Lombok
Authors: Sukiman  , Hakim Luchman , Batoro Jati , Mulyaningsih Tri
Published: January 2025

Orchids are one of the largest families of flowering plants, and one of the taxons is Goodyerinae or jewel orchids. The diversity of jewel orchids on Lombok Island is very little known so it needs to be studied and described. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify and describe species, habitat and distribution of jewel orchids (Goodyerinae) in Mount Rinjani National Park. Sampling and data collection were carried out using the cruising method along the tourist routes and hiking trails on the southern slope of Mount Rinjani. Nine species of five genera of jewel orchids (Goodyerinae) were found in Mount Rinjani National Park, namely Anoectochilus setaceus, Myrmechis sp., Goodyera colorata, Goodyera reticulata, Goodyera velutina, Goodyera sp., Vrydagzynea nuda, Vrydagzynea viridiflora and Macodes petola. Goodyera is a genus of jewel orchids with the largest number of species found. Most of the species are distributed in the montane zone. Joben Resort is the Mount Rinjani National Park subarea with the highest number of jewel orchid species. The results of this study add new orchid species records in the Mount Rinjani National Park flora database and checklist flora of Lombok Island.
Multifaceted roles of melatonin: Investigating coffee leaf melatonin concentration as a potential indicator of vegetative growth
Authors: Siswanto Dian , Nanda Aldian Dwi , Muwahida Imroatin , Istiqomah Nurul , Munawarti Aminatun , Mastuti Retno
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the melatonin profile in the leaves of Liberica (Coffea liberica) and Robusta (Coffea canephora) coffee plants, assessing its potential as a growth indicator during the vegetative phase. Our research posits that melatonin concentrations vary with leaf age and can be effectively detected through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Results showed that all leaf samples—young, middle-aged, and old—from both species exhibited melatonin, confirming its role in various physiological processes. LC-MS analysis revealed melatonin concentrations of 0.72% and 0.58% in young and middle-aged Liberica leaves, respectively. In contrast, Robusta leaves showed slightly higher levels in young leaves (0.73%) and lower in middle-aged leaves (0.51%). These findings suggest that melatonin is crucial in promoting growth and stress tolerance, particularly in young leaves. Furthermore, the variations in melatonin concentrations between the two species indicate potential species-specific adaptations related to photosynthesis and environmental resilience. The results underscore the pivotal role of melatonin in the developmental stages of coffee plants and propose its potential as a growth indicator. This finding paves the way for future research to refine and optimize the analytical methods for detection of melatonin, sparking further interest and exploration in this area.
A novel thioesters synthesis by palladium-catalyzed carbonylative coupling reactions of amides with disulfides
Authors: Zhao Yu , Xiao Yongmei , Mai Wenpeng , Zhang Wanru , Yuan Jinwei , Yang Liangru
Published: January 2025

A novel and simple catalytic protocol for the synthesis of thioesters from pyridinamides and disulfides has been developed, where pyridinamide was used as a cheap, efficient and relatively safe carbonyl source. Diverse substituted pyridinamides are capable of coupling with diaryl disulfides via N-C/S-S cleavage to produce the desirable thioesters in moderate to good yields. This procedure employs convenient conditions and accommodates a wide range of amide substrates, offering a straightforward and novel pathway to prepare various thioesters without the use of toxic thiols or carbon monoxide gas, while also avoiding the need for costly solid carbon monoxide alternatives. Furthermore, the utilization of pyridinamide as a carbonyl source offers a valuable enhancement for the synthesis of thioesters from amides, which have been relatively rare until now.
Synthesis of chlorophyll–thiophene conjugates through Friedel–Crafts reaction
Authors: Kichishima Saki , Nishikawa Takeru , Tamiaki Hitoshi
Published: January 2025

Friedel–Crafts reactions of a chlorophyll-a derivative possessing a hydroxymethyl group at the 3-position with (benzo)thiophenes in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid gave 3-(benzo)thienylmethyl-chlorins regioselectively. The α-position of unsubstituted thiophene was more reactive toward the acid-assisted dehydration reaction than the β-position. Electron-donating substituents at the β-position in thiophene were acceptable for the production of the α-adducts, but electron-withdrawing substitution on the thiophene core proved ineffective. The electron-rich α,α′-dimethylthiophene could not be substituted at the β-position with the (chlorin-3-yl)methyl group. The reaction with benzothiophene exclusively afforded the β-substituted adduct. The reverse regioselectivity was consistent with the conventional electrophilic substitutions of (benzo)thiophenes. Under the aforementioned Friedel–Crafts reaction conditions, the α-methylation of benzothiophene led to the β-adduct as expected, whereas its β-methylation resulted in the successful preparation of the α-adduct. The fusion of a benzo moiety on thiophene largely affected the reactivity and regioselectivity toward the production of the chlorophyll–thiophene conjugates.
Feasibility of Self-Programming of the Speech Processor Via Remote Assistant Fitting in Experienced Cochlear Implant Users
Authors: Samuel-Sierra Paola Angelica , Goffi-Gomez Maria Valéria Schimidt , Magalhães Ana Tereza de Matos , Bento Ricardo Ferreira , Tsuji Robinson Koji
Published: January 2025

Introduction Adults with cochlear implants (CIs) need periodic programming of their speech processors to take advantage of alternative adjustments. However, this requires patients to attend the CI center in person.

Objectives To evaluate the feasibility of speech processor (SP) self-programming with remote assistance in CI users. To establish the characteristics of those who could benefit from self-programming.

Methods Adults with at least 1 year of experience with their CI, and whose SP was compatible with the use of the remote assistant fitting (RAF) were selected. Maps were created by the RAF from the neural response telemetry (NRT) results, evaluated in the same session with the audiologist. Patients were given 15-days to adjust to either the routine map or the NRT-based one. In the next session, the minimum and maximum stimulation levels (T- and C-levels) of all the maps were compared.

Results No statistical difference was found when comparing the T- and C-levels of the map in use, the map adjusted by RAF, and the NRT-based map created by the RAF and adjusted by the patient.

Conclusion Self-programming of the SP was safe and feasible in the studied sample of adults, since T- and C-levels were similar between the behavioral and RAF-adjusted maps. We consider it advisable to use the RAF for patients who have insertion of electrodes and at least one functioning; as well as those who do not have changes in anatomy, nor motor and cognitive conditions that prevent RAF usage.
Metamaterial-free hydrodynamic cloak design nearly eliminates drag in viscous flows
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: January 2025

Machine learning approach results in a metamaterial-free cloak that can travel through viscous flows at high speeds with minimal drag and lift.
Ironing out kinks in quantum computing
Authors: Ikenson Ben
Published: January 2025

Unique methods for measuring loss from superconducting resonators
Advanced measurement methods for high-power gallium nitride high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Wang Lu-Lu , Fang Wen-Rao , Huang Wen-Hua , Yang Zhi-Qiang , Deng Guang-Jian , Liu Chang-Kun , Zhao Juan
Published: January 2025

The testing and modeling of semiconductor devices are the foundation of circuit design. The issue of high-power device testing urgently needs to be solved as the power level of the devices under test (DUTs) increases. This work proposes advanced measurement methods based on three aspects of “measuring capability, security, and stability” with a focus on the features of high output power, easy self-oscillation in mismatch tests, and safety risk in the measurement system of high-power transistors. In this paper, the wideband limiter and bias filter network are innovatively introduced to improve the stability and security of the measurement circuit. Meanwhile, the output signal of the DUT is suggested to be measured using a spectrum analyzer before the test to avoid damage to the circuit caused by the possible self-oscillation of the transistor. Moreover, an efficient test system of current parameters and S-parameters is developed, with coaxial fixtures offered to boost the test power capacity and cascade bridges adapted to satisfy the pulse operating conditions. Finally, based on the improved test methods, a gallium nitride high electron mobility transistor (GaN HEMT) with a gate width of 400 × 32 μm and a power density of roughly 10 W/mm was tested. A relatively complete I–V curve and a S-parameter curve were obtained, demonstrating the effectiveness and applicability of the improved methods.
Effect of injection conditions on the non-linear behavior of the ECDI and related turbulent transport
Authors: Bello-Benítez E. , Marín-Cebrián A. , Ahedo E.
Published: January 2025

The electron–cyclotron drift instability (ECDI) has been proposed as one of the main actors behind the anomalous transport of electrons in Hall plasmas. In this work, we revisit the classical theory of this instability [Forslund et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 1266 (1970)] and perform two-dimensional kinetic simulations under several conditions to analyze the non-linear behavior and the induced transport. Fully periodic simulations, with conditions faithful to the linear theory, are analyzed first. In agreement with existing literature, they show the growth of ECDI modes, ion-wave trapping vortexes, and an induced cross field electron current in early simulation times. However, in contrast with similar works, non-linear saturation is observed and the plasma tends, in the long term, to a new equilibrium with mild oscillations and mild anomalous current. This evolution is consistent with what can be expected from energy conservation. The quenching of the oscillations seems to be highly related to the distortion of ion vortexes in phase space after a long-term interaction with the electrostatic wave. This result suggests that sustained oscillations and turbulent current could thrive if ions are renewed by, e.g., removing and injecting particles through axial boundaries instead of applying periodicity. This second type of simulation shows that injection conditions highly impact the late simulation behavior of ECDI oscillations, where we identify several regimes depending on the value of the ion residence time compared to the characteristic saturation time in the fully periodic case. The intermediate regime, where these two times are close, is the only one providing sustained oscillations and electron transport.
Lowering the coercive field of van der Waals ferroelectric NbOI2 with photoexcitation
Authors: Liu Qinghang , Hu Deng , Gao Hang , Wang Zhiwei , Wang Qinsheng
Published: January 2025

Polarization switching in van der Waals ferroelectric materials driven by an electric field remains robust even at the atomic layer limit, paving the way for advances in the miniaturization and integration of ferroelectric devices. Thus, understanding the modulation of ferroelectric properties in two-dimensional ferroelectric materials is essential for their efficient nanoscale applications. NbOI2, a recently confirmed van der Waals ferroelectric, offers an ideal platform for investigating in-plane spontaneous polarization at the nanoscale. We explored the influence of laser excitation on the ferroelectric polarization properties of NbOI2. In multilayer NbOI2 devices with in-plane configurations, no significant current signals were detected along the c-axis or b-axis (the ferroelectric polarization axis) in the absence of illumination. However, under laser excitation, the material exhibited clear hysteresis loop behavior along both the c-axis and b-axis, indicating that laser excitation effectively reduces the coercive voltage. Furthermore, at the same excitation wavelength, the current peak along the c-axis was larger, with more pronounced hysteresis loops. Our experimental findings demonstrate that laser excitation can lower the coercive field in multilayer NbOI2 and induce different electrical hysteresis behavior along different crystallographic orientations, providing valuable insights for the development of NbOI2-based optoelectronic devices.
Hamiltonian structure of single-helicity, incompressible magnetohydrodynamics, and application to magnetorotational instability
Authors: Furukawa M. , Hirota M.
Published: January 2025

A four-field reduced model of single helicity, incompressible magnetohydrodynamic is derived in cylindrical geometry. An appropriate set of noncanonical variables is found, and the Hamiltonian, the Lie–Poisson bracket, and the Casimir invariants are clarified. Detailed proofs of properties of the Lie–Poisson bracket, (i) antisymmetry, (ii) Leibniz rule, and (iii) Jacobi identity are given. Two applications are presented: the first is that the local dispersion relation of axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamics (MRI) is properly reproduced and the second is that linear stability analyses of MRI including negative-energy modes were successfully performed.
Weak coupling of buckled germanene with high Fermi velocity on semiconducting Cu2Te
Authors: Li Bo , Jiao Zhen , Li Ping , Tao Yanlin , Liao Qin , Xu Shicheng , Tian Qiwei , Zhang Chen , Zhang Li , Tian Yuan , Yin Long-Jing , Zhang Lijie , Qin Zhihui
Published: January 2025

Despite its promise, growing a quasi-freestanding monolayer of germanene with Dirac cone signature remains a significant attention. Synthesizing germanene on semiconductor surfaces is highly desirable to preserve its linear energy dispersion near the K points, which has been experimentally challenging. Here, we report the molecular beam epitaxy of monolayer germanene on semiconducting Cu2Te supported by Cu(111). Scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM) revealed a low-buckled honeycomb lattice of germanene, exhibiting an intrinsic Dirac cone at the K point. By combining STM measurements with theoretical simulations, we confirm that germanene atoms occupy threefold hollow sites on Cu2Te via van der Waals interaction. Remarkably, by dI/dV spectra fitting, we find the prepared germanene owns the Fermi velocity of (6.9 ± 0.1) × 105 m/s, which is slightly higher than the density functional theory calculated 4.6 × 105 m/s with considering the dielectric constant of the underlying Cu2Te, implying the weak coupling of germanene with the substrate. This work provides a platform for further exploring the ballistic charge transport properties of germanene with a Dirac cone.
Experimental and numerical investigation on the seakeeping performance of a pentamaran with tilting aft side hulls
Authors: Li Yanan , Cui Ying , Cao Ying , Zhao Chenyu , Li Penghao , Wu Lupeng
Published: January 2025

Significant potential remains for investigating the seakeeping performance of pentamarans both experimentally and numerically. In this study, a numerical model is developed on STAR-CCM+® platform, utilizing the dynamic fluid body interaction module and overset mesh technology to integrate the vehicle model with the numerical wave tank. The numerical model is validated by experimental data for a pentamaran moving in regular head waves. Numerical simulations, as well as spectrum analysis-based short-term forecasts, are performed under various cases with different wavelengths, forward speeds, wave encounter angles, and the inclination angles of the aft side hulls. The results demonstrate that the increase in forward speed can lead to the enhancement of added resistance and motion responses and a leftward shift of the resonance range, especially in head waves. The pentamaran experiences extreme added resistance and roll when encountering beam waves and extreme pitch and heave in head waves. The optimal inclination angle of the aft side hulls is 105°. For pentamaran sailing in irregular waves, the Froude number of 0.5 and the wave encounter angle of 135 ° are advisable in order to achieve minimal heave and pitch responses and moderate roll responses.
Factors influencing participation in clinical supervision: a qualitative study reflecting physiotherapist and manager perspectives
Authors: Osiurak Sarah , Taylor Nicholas F. , Lawler Katherine , Williams Kimberley , Albiston Timothy , Snowdon David A.
Published: January 2025

Objective This study aimed to explore physiotherapist and manager perceptions of factors that influence physiotherapist participation in clinical supervision. Methods Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with physiotherapists (n = 15) and managers (n = 10) from a publicly funded health network. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative analysis of transcripts was completed using inductive thematic analysis. Results Three themes explained the factors perceived by participants to influence participation in clinical supervision: the value of clinical supervision; operationalisation of the organisational clinical supervision framework; and the clinical supervision culture. Identified factors influenced participation by either facilitating or discouraging access to supervision and prioritisation of supervision relative to competing professional demands. Conclusions Physiotherapist participation in clinical supervision is crucial for their professional development and to deliver high-quality care. Participation might be enhanced by initiatives that address factors identified in this study. These may include introducing processes that ensure supervisees and supervisors are accountable for their participation in supervision; providing alternative supervisory arrangements during leave, vacancies, or redeployment; allocating on-site supervisors to accommodate preferred supervision formats; and promoting a safe learning environment where physiotherapists can address knowledge or skill gaps without fear of judgement.
Unpacking gendered dynamics in livestock vaccination: Toward more inclusive health strategies
Authors: Byers Kaylee A. , Robinson Sarah J. , Hollmann Lara , Ezeocha B. Amarachi , Smith Julia H. , Bukachi Salome A.
Published: January 2025

Livestock are vital to the health and economic stability of communities worldwide. However, infectious diseases threaten both animal and human health due to losses in livestock, decreased production, and transmission of zoonotic diseases. To manage and mitigate these risks, access to livestock vaccines is critical. This is often gendered, with societal and cultural norms influencing barriers to access. Through a scoping review of 49 publications, we describe the gendered dynamics of livestock vaccination in relation to farmers’ perceptions and knowledge about vaccines, access to vaccines and vaccination programs, and the ways in which roles and responsibilities in relation to cultural norms shape and limit women’s decision making power and empowerment to participate in such initiatives. We find that across communities, women face similar barriers to engaging in livestock vaccination programs, but that local context is critical to understanding and addressing these barriers. Within a broader context of the gendered dynamics of vaccination for both human and animal health, we highlight the need for vaccination programs that identify and address inequitable access to vaccines to support community and animal wellbeing as well as resilience to emerging health threats.

One Health impact statement

This article examines the gendered dynamics of livestock vaccination, emphasizing the need for a One Health approach to develop more equitable and effective vaccination strategies. By considering the intersection of human, animal, and environmental health, this review highlights structural inequities in vaccine distribution and access, the impact of gender roles on decision making and participation in vaccination programs, and the broader implications for animal health and community wellbeing. Drawing on insights from veterinary medicine, social sciences, and public health, we advocate for inclusive, gender-transformative programs that address the diverse needs of those involved in livestock care and community health.
Unveiling climate extremes: A bibliometric odyssey through resilience, adaptation, and sustainable development goal synergies
Authors: Das Bishal , Saikia Mrinal
Published: January 2025

In order to achieve sustainable development, it is critical to comprehend the intersectionality of severe events and the tactics used for their mitigation and adaptation as the effects of climate change become more widespread. This study explores the complex relationship between environmental challenges, climate change, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It highlights the significant threat posed by environmental degradation, driven by both natural and anthropogenic factors, and its impact on global climate patterns. The study emphasizes the role of greenhouse gases in altering climate systems and the disproportionate effects on developing countries. It underscores the importance of sustainable development, as outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the need for urgent action to combat climate change (SDG 13). The paper explores various theoretical perspectives on development, including the modernization theory and dependency theory, and their implications for environmental sustainability. It discusses the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, which suggests a relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation, and presents contrasting views from contemporary research. The study also examines the socio-economic impacts of extreme environmental conditions and the importance of disaster risk reduction frameworks like the Sendai Framework. It highlights the ongoing challenges of climate change, such as increased greenhouse gas emissions and their effects on human health, agriculture, and water resources. Furthermore, the paper delves into the concept of sustainability and sustainable development, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that integrates economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. It reviews the historical evolution of sustainable development goals and the critical role of international cooperation in achieving these objectives. The findings of this paper provide valuable insights for policy makers, researchers, and practitioners working towards a more sustainable and resilient future. By addressing the complex interplay between climate change and sustainable development, the study aims to contribute to the global discourse on environmental sustainability and the achievement of the SDGs by 2030.
Hippotherapy practice and safety patterns for adult clients in the United States
Authors: Hays Abby , Meera Benazir , Caitlin Peters B. , Erdman Ellen , Fields Beth
Published: January 2025

Objective:
Hippotherapy is a treatment strategy used by occupational therapy, speech-language, and physical therapy clinicians to influence client outcomes through the movement of a horse. While hippotherapy has been widely researched among pediatric populations with neuromuscular disorders, limited evidence exists regarding hippotherapy for adult populations. This study describes the practice patterns, safety patterns, and changes in these trends over time for clinicians who incorporate hippotherapy into treatment plans for adult populations in the United States (USA).
Design:
A survey was distributed via email listserv to American Hippotherapy Association, Inc. (AHA, Inc.) and Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship, International (PATH, Intl.) members for 5 consecutive years. Clinicians were included in the study if they worked with adults (ages 18–64), practiced in the USA and were licensed physical therapists, physical therapy assistants, occupational therapists, occupational therapy assistants, speech-language pathologists, and speech-language pathologist assistants. Descriptive analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel.
Results:
The majority of the clinicians were physical therapists (2019 n = 8; 2020 n = 21; 2021 n = 26; 2022 n = 20; 2023 n = 20) working with clients who had cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, or attention deficit disorder aged 18–26 and addressing neuromuscular client factors. Across the five years, <0.001–0.012 out of every one session included an emergency dismount, <0.001–0.003 out of every one session resulted in a safety occurrence that required on-site first aid, and <0.001–0.01 out of every one session resulted in an injury that required off-site first aid.
Conclusions:
The study findings describe consistent practice and safety patterns across time for adult clients with low numbers of adverse events. As the population ages, hippotherapy should be considered more often for adult clients. Clinicians can educate referring providers to advertise hippotherapy as adult-inclusive or age-friendly as appropriate. Researchers should examine the efficacy of hippotherapy for specific adult populations to guide the practice of clinicians incorporating hippotherapy into treatment plans for adult clients. Educators in accredited therapy programs and the AHA, Inc. should consider expanding their curriculum to include more adult-specific information for hippotherapy and draw attention to how and why the treatment strategy should be used with this population.
Simulated optical molasses cooling of trapped antihydrogen
Authors: Walsh Spencer J , Rasmussen C Ø , Robicheaux F
Published: January 2025

We theoretically and computationally investigate the cooling of antihydrogen,

H
¯

, using optical molasses cooling. This updates the results in Donnan et al (2013 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.
46 025302) to the current capabilities of the ALPHA experiment. Through Monte Carlo simulation, we show that

H
¯

s do not give the standard cooling even in an ideal optical molasses because of their small mass and large transition frequency. For optical molasses cooling in the ALPHA trap, the photons are constrained to travel in one direction only. It is only through the phase space mixing in the trap that cooling in all directions can be achieved. We explore the nontrivial role that laser intensity plays in the cooling. We also investigate the possibility for simultaneously cooling atoms in either of the trapped ground states.