bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Hell There Will Be Lawyers Without Clients or Law
Authors: Koniak Susan P , Cohen George M
Published: November 2023

More than twenty years ago, moral philosopher Richard Wasserstrom framed the debate in legal ethics by asking two questions:1 Does the lawyer’s duty to represent the client zealously, constrained only by the bounds of the law, render the lawyer “at best systematically amoral and at worst more than occasionally immoral in … her dealings with the rest of the world [?]”2 And is the lawyer’s relationship with the client likewise morally tainted in that it generally entails domination by the lawyer over the client rather than mutual respect?3 Wasserstrom answered both questions affirmatively. Though these questions have preoccupied legal ethics scholars ever since,4 they are the wrong questions. They were off-base when posed and, if anything, are even more off-base today. The problem with Wasserstrom’s questions is that they presuppose individual clients and settled law. The truly troubling questions in legal ethics arise, however, when clients are entities and the law governing these clients and the lawyer’s relationship to them is contested. Class actions, the subject of this essay, raise perhaps the most troubling questions of all.
Beyond “Bleached out” Professionalism: Defining Professional Responsibility for Real Professionals
Authors: Wilkens David B
Published: November 2023

1. Anthony Griffin, a black lawyer affiliated with the ACLU, agrees to defend the Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan. The case involves the state of Texas’s attempt to subpoena the Klan’s membership list in order to assist a probe into Klan violence against black residents in a newly integrated housing project. The African American head of the Port Arthur branch of the NAACP subsequently fires Griffin from his position as the unpaid general counsel for that organization when Griffin refuses to withdraw from representing the Klan.1
Contested Identities: Task Forces on Gender, Race, and Ethnic Bias and the Obligations of the Legal Profession
Authors: Hensaler Deborah R , Reskin Judith
Published: November 2023

During the past few decades, questions of identity have become central in legal discourse. We use the word “identity” here in reference to two sets of issues. First, we are interested in the relevance of “identity politics” to lawyering. Animated by concerns that individuals who share certain characteristics (“women,” “women of color,” “people of color,” “Latinos,” “gays”) are not sufficiently represented or do not fully participate in economic, social, and political processes, identity politics incorporate efforts to increase recognition, inclusion, status, and authority of members of such groups.
Why They Went Bad
Authors: Rafter Nicole
Published: November 2023

Crime films serve as a cultural resource, creating a reservoir of images and stories on which viewers draw when they think about the causes of crime. Many crime films also endorse a particular explanation of crime. Whether they merely hint at a criminological theory or beat us over the head with one, crime films expose viewers to national (and even international) debates about the causes of crime. Films draw on popular criminological explanations and in turn embody these explanations, feeding them back to mass audiences.
The Gazelle
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P
Published: November 2023

From the tenth century to the thirteenth, the Jews of Spain belonged to a vibrant and relatively tolerant Arabic-speaking society, a sophisticated culture that had a marked effect on Jewish life, thought, artistic tastes, and literary expression. In this companion volume to Wine, Women, and Death, we see how the surrounding Arabic culture influenced the new poetry that was being written for the synagogue service. The Hebrew poems here, accompanied by elegant English translations and explanatory essays, are short lyrics of the highest literary quality.
Israelite Traditions
Authors: Edward Wright J
Published: November 2023

Ancient Israelite ideas about the heavenly realms developed within the context of other ancient Near Eastern cultures. Thus, ancient Israel’s notions about the sky and the realm of the gods have many parallels among Israel’s neighbors. This chapter examines the Israelite materials to determine how the ancient Israelites imagined the heavenly realms. I use the term Israelite to identify both peoples of ancient Israel—the Northern Kingdom of Israel and the Southern Kingdom of Judah. The religious ideology promoted in a majority of the texts that now form the Hebrew Bible represent the beliefs of only a small portion of the ancient Israelite community; the late Judean individuals who collected, edited, and transmitted the biblical materials were, for the most part, members of a religious tradition centered in Jerusalem that worshipped the god Yahweh exclusively.1 The Bible is thus a curated artifact—it contains a selective account of history and a biased religious perspective. Here we will look at the biblical materials afresh in order to portray ancient Israelite views of the heavenly realm. In addition to the Bible itself, there are numerous extrabiblical texts, inscriptions and archaeological artifacts that will contribute to a more complete perspective on these beliefs. Since this evidence does not come to us through the hands of the biblical editors, it sheds additional, and in some ways undistorted, light on what the ancient Israelites actually believed. The goal here is more than simply recreating the “biblical” depiction of the heavenly realms; rather, I hope to represent the ideas of a larger segment of Israelite society in what may be termed the Israelite depictions of the heavenly realms.
Introduction
Authors: Esposito John L
Published: November 2023

Are Islamic fundamentalists medieval fanatics? Are Islam and democracy incompatible? Is Islamic fundamentalism a threat to stability in the Muslim world and to American interests in the region? These are critical questions for our times that come from a history too often marked by mutual distrust and conflict.
literary culture and Us. Imperialism
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: November 2023

John Carlos Rowe, considered one of the most eminent and progressive critics of American literature, has in recent years become instrumental in shaping the path of American studies. His latest book examines literary responses to U.S. imperialism from the late eighteenth century to the 1940s. Interpreting texts by Charles Brockden Brown, Poe, Melville, John Rollin Ridge, Twain, Henry Adams, Stephen Crane, W. E. B Du Bois, John Neihardt, Nick Black Elk, and Zora Neale Hurston, Rowe argues that U.S. literature has a long tradition of responding critically or contributing to our imperialist ventures. Following in the critical footsteps of Richard Slotkin and Edward Said, Literary Culture and U.S. Imperialism is particularly innovative in taking account of the public and cultural response to imperialism. In this sense it could not be more relevant to what is happening in the scholarship, and should be vital reading for scholars and students of American literature and culture.
The Education of Henry Adams and the American Empire
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: November 2023

The imperial power of the United States has traditionally relied on its invisibility or what today might be termed its “deniability.” In “King Leopold’s Soliloquy,” Mark Twain claims that the invention of the Kodak may well be the means of exposing at long last the violence and cruelty of Imperialism in the Belgian Congo.
The Idolatrous Eye
Authors: O’connell Michael
Published: November 2023

This study argues that the century after the Reformation saw a crisis in the way that Europeans expressed their religious experience. Focusing specifically on how this crisis affected the drama of England, O’Connell shows that Reformation culture was preoccupied with idolatry and that the theatre was frequently attacked as idolatrous. This anti-theatricalism notably targeted the traditional cycles of mystery plays--a type of vernacular, popular biblical theatre that from a modern perspective would seem ideally suited to advance the Reformation project. The Idolatrous Eye provides a wide perspective on iconoclasm in the sixteenth century, and in so doing, helps us to understand why this biblical theatre was found transgressive and what this meant for the secular theatre that followed.
Introduction
Authors: O’connell Michael
Published: November 2023

The personal origin of my interest in the issues explored in this book goes back about a decade and a half to a moment of wonder that the sculpture lining the walls of the fourteenth-century Lady Chapel of Ely Cathedral had been systematically defaced by iconoclastic hammers. While enough of the intricate foliage decoration and the undulating pattern of nodding ogee arches is left to suggest something of the magnificence the chapel once possessed, the heads and faces of the figures in sculpted scenes of the life and miracles of the Virgin are mutilated. The grace of what remains of the figures and their drapery indicates a high level of sculptural accomplishment, but among the hundreds of figures, not one now remains whole and undamaged (facing page, top).1 The stained glass of the chapel is gone as well, and the overall impression is a vast, almost bare interior space—the forty-six-foot span is one of the widest stone vaults in England—that has been drained of the warmth and color it once possessed (facing page, bottom).

I had, of course, seen other evidence of iconoclasm dating from the reign of Edward VI, but the stark nature of the damage to this chapel struck me forcibly. What, I wondered, made the representational sculpture and glass adorning the chapel so abhorrent in the late 1540s that it had to be defaced? I had around the same time been fascinated by what seemed to me the curious use of the term “idolatry” in tracts attacking theater in the late 1570s and, early 1580s.
“Let the Audience Look to Their Eyes”
Authors: O’connell Michael
Published: November 2023

In itself the attack of the antitheatrical writers described in chapter I would not necessarily have influenced the self-understanding of the Elizabethan public theater. There is little evidence that the playwrights or theater entrepreneurs took direct notice of the tracts when they first appeared in the late 1570s and early 1580s. But these tracts were the tip of the iceberg of social discourse about the nature and place of the stage, something that is evident in the mechanism of licensing and control that developed from the 1570s onward, in the jurisdictional contention, until the reign of James, between civic authority in London and the crown, and in sermon literature. Opposition to the stage was not merely a response to the novelty of the public theaters at their inception; it clearly persisted through the first four decades of the seventeenth century. Thomas Heywood responded to the antitheatrical discourse with An Apology for Actors in 1612, and in 1614 Ben Jonson caricatured the continuing Puritan opposition in Zeal-of-the-land Busy, who attacks the puppet theater in Bartholomew Fair.
A Coordinator’s View of the Impact of Policy on the Financing and the Managing of Library Automation
Authors: Czermiński Jurand B
Published: November 2023

This chapter should be understood as a record of the author’s reminiscences during his long term as Chair of the Coordinating Committee for VTLS implementation.1 It was originally planned as an analysis of Polish state policy, but as the writing of it progressed, greater attention was paid to other policies, as well as to their mutual relationship. Policy in Poland is widely known for its peculiar character. Inevitably, everyone wants someone else to disclose some policy to him/her, while at the same time attempting to hide his/her own policy. Therefore, any task that targets such a matter might be perceived as requiring a kind of mixed behavior: a spy’s and an engineer’s investigation of the contents or structure of a “black box” that has only input and output channels and no information about its type of, say, proprietary query language. By the nature of the matter discussed, the resulting opinions can be very subjective, incomplete, and often unjustified. Some of the problems we faced from 1993 to 1998 may look different today, especially those concerning the export of high-level technology.
In Search of an Optimum Model of Development
Authors: Gorny Miroslaw , Maruszewski Bogdan , Nikisch Jan Andezej
Published: November 2023

The situation of research libraries in Poland is a very complex one, due to rapid developments in information technology and to a substantial delay in the computerization process in the country. Consequently, three problems overlap. The first problem is related to the fact that Polish libraries are only in the initial stage of computerization; the delay has indeed been a very long one, having lasted for more than 20 years. The present process of computerization is not only incredibly slow but also costly, which disrupts the normal operations of libraries; and its effects have only marginally improved their operations.
Automation and Academic Libraries in Hungary
Authors: Mader Béla
Published: November 2023

Only a few people would dispute the idea that our beautiful new world has become the world of information. Indeed, in this information society more and more people produce and provide information of different kinds and value-both information of great value and information with no reasonable value. And more and more people are accustomed to regularly consuming information. But mass production and mass consumption are impossible to achieve through manual methods alone. They need automation. Neither the term “mass” nor the term “automation” is taken to be pejorative in this context. “Mass” symbolizes the spreading of democracy and the strengthening of the competitive market economy, while automation proved to be the only way to satisfy the ever-increasing demand for information.
Cooperation, Consortia, Compatibility, Connectivity
Authors: Svoboda Martin
Published: November 2023

In the early sixties, while the Czech and Slovak libraries were correctly perceived as a danger to the establishment, government and party officials developed and supported systems of scientific and technological information, according to the Soviet model, in a vain effort to slow down the increase of the technological lag behind the West. At that time central information offices the IINTE in Warsaw, the CINTI in Sofia, the OMIKK in Budapest, the UVTEI in Prague, and the MCNTI in Moscow were thriving, while the majority of libraries made no progress.1 After 1968, the isolation from developments abroad was almost impermeable.
The Retrospective Conversion in Czech Libraries
Authors: Stoklasová Bohdana
Published: November 2023

One of the basic conditions of “open” libraries is that they make their catalogs, the key to their collections (not only the new ones), widely and freely available. Today, the retrospective conversion of catalogs belongs to the highest priorities of the National Library (NL) of the Czech Republic. There are some five million catalog cards awaiting conversion, cards of various provenance and character, including hand-written cards from early nineteenth century. Considering the quantity that is to be converted and the special features of these cards, the retrospective conversion of the NL catalog is very costly and requires a substantial commitment of time on our part.
Cataloging Standards in Czech Libraries
Authors: Stoklasová Bohdana
Published: November 2023

When Frederick Kilgour, the founder of the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), visited the National Library in Prague in 1992, he was most favorably impressed with the results of our automation program at the library, the quality of our records, and especially by the attention we pay to adherence to international standards. At the end of his visit he expressed the hope that our records might enrich the OCLC database in the near future. I took these words more as an encouragement of our efforts than as an imminent reality. Yet, his words proved providential: the National Library in Prague became the first library in a post-Communist country whose records were accepted by OCLC; further, the library is now one of the most important foreign institutions cooperating with OCLC on the UNIMARC-to-USMARC and USMARC to UNIMARC conversion.
The Union Catalog
Authors: Feret Blażej
Published: November 2023

My interest in union catalogs (or, rather, “union OPACs”) began when nine academic libraries in Lodz Poland, started to implement a single, integrated library system. We were sure that after the successful implementation of the automation system at our libraries, we would provide users not only with nine separate OPACs but also with one access point that would serve all library catalogues. What is more, the question of how the union catalog would be created was one of the most important questions posed by our sponsor-The A. W. Mellon Foundation. What at first seemed to be an easy task became more complicated as time passed.
Knowledge and Information Processing
Authors: Csík Tibor , Varga Katalin
Published: November 2023

We live in an information era. Information is a most popular commodity, and its circulation, processing, and dissemination are economically important businesses. Storing and processing information and gaining access to it are diminishing problems, thanks to the new technologies (cheap devices with great storage capacities, and increasingly common information skills). However, there is a growing problem of obtaining the relevant information.
The Dissemination and Archival Storage of Old Materials as Electronic Documents
Authors: Knoll Adolf
Published: November 2023

The world is rich in culture and in various types of knowledge, substantial parts of which have been recorded. However, with the passage of time, some recorded knowledge becomes endangered, because it may no longer be possible to decode it. This pertains not only to modern electronic communications or to the preservation of the printed, mostly paper-based, heritage.
The Automation of Special Collections
Authors: Pasztaleniec-Jarzyńska Joanna
Published: November 2023

In the 1990s, we have observed an unusual development in computer technologies: Relatively small processors used by libraries have been superseded by multimedia workstations with Pentium processors, offering previously unobtainable storage capacities and information-processing rates. Multimedia systems have developed rapidly since the mid-1980s. And a new type of document appeared on the book market, which has become generally accepted by readers, publishers, and libraries, and which combines text, graphics, sound, animation, and video; offers interactive access to information; and provides a totally new quality in teaching, education, research, and in ordinary communication and entertainment.
Staffing Patterns for Academic Libraries of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and the CIS Countries
Authors: Hayes Robert M
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents the background, methodology, and results of a research project that obtained data concerning staffing patterns for major academic libraries in Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and the countries that belong to the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS). The project analyzed those data for the purpose of establishing a set of benchmarks as a basis for assessing the effects of future changes, especially those resulting from library automation.
Interactions between Library Automation and Staff and Patron Training
Authors: Krysiak Ewa
Published: November 2023

With Internet access and information technology at hand, librarians and information providers have gained unpredicted vast possibilities for enriching and upgrading our services. Those who have spent hundreds of hours navigating the information superhighway are aware of how difficult it is to find exactly what is needed. But the deluge of data can be both a blessing and a curse.
The Human Aspects of Library Automation
Authors: Virágos Márta
Published: November 2023

We live in “the rapids of change:’ The white waters carry us quickly on; we cannot slow down the changes coming to our culture, our society, our families, ourselves. But we do have a choice: we can learn to enjoy turbulence rather than being overwhelmed by it.
The Contribution of Integrated Library Services to the Ensuring of Quality Services
Authors: Skaliczki Judit , Zalai-Kovács Éva
Published: November 2023

Even in the 1970s, Hungarian libraries had already been considering the questions and possibilities of automation. In the beginning, the libraries used mostly the Microisis based software that had been developed by their own computer specialists to automate different work processes. From the mid-1980s on, librarians at mainly the academic and specialized libraries drew encouragement-from articles in library journals and from personal experience gained abroad-for efforts to formulate their own plans and ideas regarding automation. The introduction of integrated library systems received a strong boost at the beginning of the 1990s.
Continuity and Change in the Thought of Rennyo
Authors: Weinstein Stanley
Published: November 2023

The two names that most likely co e to ind first when one thinks of the _great teachers and leaders of the Jodoshmshu 111 the premodern penod are Shmran and Rennyo. These names are known not only to students of Japanese religion or followers of the Shinshu school but also to most ordinary Japanese, since these names figure prominently in high school textbooks.
Rennyo and the Salvation of Women
Authors: Naoko Hara Matsumura
Published: November 2023

Rennyo is known to have actively preached on the salvation of women and their birth into the Pure Land. In looking at Rennyo’s eighty extant Letters (Tonai ofumi), twenty-eight refer to women. According to Minowa Shuho, four characteristics can be seen in the way Rennyo viewed women.
Rennyo Shonin, Manipulator of Icons
Authors: Blum Mark L
Published: November 2023

There can be no question that the role of icons in the history of Buddhism suggests a pantheistic system. At least this would be the view of Roy Rappaport, who, in Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity, understands this to be the case when religious images have different roles for different people within a given culture. This means, of course, that religious images in Buddhist cultures may take on an array of context-specific meanings, but also that ancient symbols with wellestablished pedigrees of meaning may, at some point, find those pedigrees torn up and thrown out. In Rennyo we find just such an example of pedigree burning. Rennyo is known for many accomplishments in his successful drive to reshape the landscape of the Jodoshin school of Japanese Buddhism into one wholly dominated by his Honganji line, but one of the least appreciated is his effective use of the visual symbols of his lineage. This essay is an exploration of how Rennyo understood and exploited the iconic power of images for his community and sought to redefine their sacrality. I hope to show that this process is best seen not as a secondary byproduct of Rennyo’s religious outlook but as something representative of his specific line of thought. In short, Buddhist art for Rennyo was deployed not only as a means to express bis personal concept of orthodoxy but also to expand Honganji’s religious, social, and political control under his leadership.
Shinran and Renny: Comparing Their Views of Birth in the Pure Land
Authors: Blum Terakawa Shunsho Translated By Mark L
Published: November 2023

If you ask people to suggest an example of the formation of a powerful tradition over generations in Japanese Pure Land Buddhism many might point to the lineage formed by the Honen-Shinran link and then add Rennyo. If one then added what sacred writings would represent this line, we would perceive a continuity of thought in the traditional line that runs through the Senchakushii of Honen (1133-1212), the Yuishinsha of Seikaku (1167-1235),2 the Tannisha of Yuien (d. 1289),’ and the Letters of Rennyo (1415-1499). This tradition is based on an understanding of the Buddhist path as a “path to Birth via nenbutsu,” an understanding that is certainly recognized by anyone today.
The Characteristic Structure of Rennyo’s Letters
Authors: Yūtai Ikeda
Published: November 2023

The Spirit of “Lamenting Deviations” Rennyo’s composition of numerous letters is said to have greatly fascilitated the restoration of Shinshu which occurred tmder him. This chapter reconsiders the nature of these letters through an examination of their structure.
The Tale of the Flesh-Adhering Mask
Authors: Blum Mark L
Published: November 2023

present-day Fukui prefecture. He continued there until the seventh year of Bunmei, and his considerable success during this four-year period is well known. Concerning the impact of his presence, we have the following comment overheard in a conversation between two aristocratic-looking women:
Rennyo and Luther: Similarities in Their Faith and Community Building
Authors: Bragt Katō Chiken
Published: November 2023

What kind of religious community or congregation can one expect to see develop in the type of religion for which observances and rites are not important and faith alone is everything? This chapter investigates this question in connection with Rennyo, the eighth abbot of the Honganji branch of Jodoshinshii, who followed Shinran’s conviction that it is only faith (shiniin) that matters, and with Martin Luther (1483-1546), who came to his “salvation by faith only” (sofa fide) declaration in a frontal confrontation with the Roman Catholic Church. Of course it must be understood that the historical and religious backgrounds of these two personalities differ greatly.
The Bardo Of The Moments Of Death
Authors: Evans-Wentz Donald S , Lopez Donald S
Published: November 2023

The first, the setting-face-to-face with the Clear Light, during the Intermediate State of the Moments of Death, is: Here [some there may be] who have listened much [to religious instructions] yet not recognized ; and [some] who, though recognizing, are, nevertheless, weak in familiarity. But all classes of individuals who have received the practical teachings [called] GuidesI will, if this be applied to them, be set face to face with the fundamental Clear Light ; and, without any Intermediate State, they will obtain the Unborn Dharma-K aya, by the Great Perpendicular Path.
Original Intent As A Basis For Constitution Al Interpretation
Authors: Davis Derek H
Published: November 2023

To moceficmly establish the place of odginal intent in conslitutional adjudication, it is necessary in this opening chapter to consider, first, a number of important historical and contemporary perspectives on the debate over original intent and, second, how original intent serves as a guideline to interpretation of the Constitution and First Amendment’s provisions concerning religion. In this way, the relevance of examining the record of the Continental Congress on religion as an aid to recovering the framers’ original intent will become more apparent.
A national seal and a ( national?) Bible
Authors: Davis Derek H
Published: November 2023

Th, fast of two sections in this chapter considmth, religious overtones of the Continental Congress’s creation and adoption of he nation’s official seal. The design of the seal indicates again Congress’s irreluctance to assign religious meaning to the events surrounding the formation of the new nation. The second section examines Congress’s consideration of a proposal to pay for the publication of 20,000 copies of an American edition of the Bible needed to meet a severe shortage of Bibles in the colonies during the Revolutionary War.
The Continent Al Congress and Religious Liberty
Authors: Davis Derek H
Published: November 2023

Many of the colonial leaders who led the independence movement had in mind from the beginning both political and religious freedom. Two late colonial actions reflect this emphasis. First was the Massachusetts legislature’s call on 17 June 1774 for the convening of the First Continental Congress. Among the purposes stated in this appeal, as noted in chapter 4, was that the colonial representatives should devise measures “for the recovery and establishment of their just rights and liberties, civil and religious.”1 The second action occurred the following year, when the New York Provincial Congress resolved that “neither the Parliament of Great Britain, nor any other earthly legislature or tribunal, ought or can of right interfere or interpose in anywise howsoever in the religious and ecclesiastical concerns of the colonies.”2 These two actions reveal the early commitment of the colonial leaders to religious liberty, at least leaving to each colony its own independence from the king and Parliament in matters of religion.
Christmas Eve
Authors: Luján E
Published: November 2023

Lovely night of wonderful poetry that lets us trade our ills for the enjoyment of children’s glee, infecting both the youthful and the aged, men and women who, at the sound of guitars and tambourines sing earth’s tender refrains. The family is in want of nothing, as the home is full of joy and satisfaction.
A Story about Santa Claus
Authors: Huyke Juan B
Published: November 2023

“A story? But my soul is not up for stories, my children. Let me sleep, let me forget.” “But we want to hear one, and play.” “Come on, a story.” “Come on, a Christmas story. A pretty story like those you tell. Just imagine that Sarfn will be listening to you too.” My children have named my beloved departed child, who also would ask her father to tell a story.
Little Red Riding Hood
Authors: Murphy G Ronald
Published: November 2023

The very brief commentary made on the story in the first edition is also significant: “Rather surprisingly, outside of our oral saga, we have come across this tale nowhere except in Perrault (chaperon rouge) from which comes Tieck’s version.” In the 2nd edition, 1822, the commentary is little changed and equally obscure: “From the region around the Main river. In Perrault, chaperon rouge, from which comes Tieck’s lively reworking of the tale.2” The sources of the story are therefore to be found in the oral versions told to the brothers, and in their knowledge of Perrault’s and Tieck’s versions of Red Riding Hood. Neither Perrault’s version nor Tieck’s can in any way be called religious poetry of the type that Wilhelm thought he found in the old tales.
A Final Act of Purification the Modern Scientific Attack on Prayer
Authors: Ostrander Rick
Published: November 2023

It was an unusually wet summer in Britain in 1860, so wet that the nation’s harvest was threatened. Church officials, responding in the customary way, had special prayers for fair weather read across the nation. However, an uncustomary thing happened. Some clergymen, most notably Charles Kingsley, the broad churchman, social reformer, and novelist, turned down requests to read such prayers. Praying for fair weather was presumptuous, Kingsley told his parishioners, for it supposed that we know what the order of nature should be better than God does. Praying for fair weather meant asking God “to alter the tides of the ocean, the form of the continents, the pace at which the earth spins round, the force, and light, and speed of sun and moon.” The weather was based on the regularity of laws that God has instituted for our benefit, Kingsley said, and prayer should be directed at more productive ends than asking God to abrogate his laws.
A Sane Mysticism The Christocentric Liberal Ethic of Prayer
Authors: Ostrander Rick
Published: November 2023

In light of the American liberal understanding of God and the world elucidated in the previous chapter, one might expect liberal Protestants, like the German idealists before them, to have abandoned traditional petitionary prayer altogether. In reality, however, the liberal expurgation of the super­ natural element in prayer occurred quite gradually. Before 1920, a significant segment of liberal Protestantism sought to retain the traditional confidence in petitionary prayer even while asserting a devotional ethic in harmony with modern nonsupernaturalistic thought. Not until the 1920s did a full-fledged ethic of prayer largely stripped of petition begin to become prominent within American liberalism.
The Religion of a Mature Mind Liberal Devotional Teachings in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Ostrander Rick
Published: November 2023

Liberal Protestant devotional writers of the early twentieth century not only attempted to justify petitionary prayer in a world of science; they also sought to encourage a life of prayer in the busy modern world. The daily devotional life, a staple of Protestant spirituality, had to be maintained in the twentieth century. However, while their conservative counterparts held fast to the historic Protestant norm, liberals, in keeping with their reinterpretation of Christianity for a modern age, departed significantly from traditional Protestant devotionalism.
Research Strategies and Methods
Authors: Chin Ko-lin
Published: November 2023

In order to examine as comprehensively as possible the many aspects of Chinese gangs, this study used multiple research methods to collect data from subjects with diverse backgrounds. Overall, five research strategies were involved, each designed to achieve one or more specific aims. Table 2.1 illustrates the subjects, the sample size, and the goals of the research components of the study reported here.

In the following sections, I describe the five components in detail. Specific methodological issues encountered—including sampling, questionnaire construction, pretesting, interviewer recruitment and training, securing support from the community, and building rapport with the subjects—are discussed in depth. Unique problems in doing field interviews in the Chinese community and ways of coping with these problems are also considered.

As discussed in the first chapter, the allegations of widespread and costly extortion by Chinese gangs have not been substantiated by research. No comprehensive data are available to validate claims about the process and scope of extortion by Chinese gangs.
Poe, Persons, And Property
Authors: Dayan Joan
Published: November 2023

In an u forgettable passage of Discourse on Colonialism (195 5), Aime Cesaire, obsessed by the fecal motives implicit in the rule of law, reflected on the colonies as a safety valve for modern civil society. But he warrted that, inevitably, the pristine locale purged of barbarism turns into “a receptacle into which there flow all the dirty waters of history” (45). Edgar Allan Poe’s preoccupation with what is pernicious, dark, and deadly might be qualified somewhat more cautiously as his attempt to make his tales those circumscribed places that would contain what his society deemed monstrous and unfit. Let us take Cesaire’s dirty flood and all-encroaching dunghill as an apt image for theorizing Poe’s recycling of persons and property, the way his characters portray again and again the waste products, the residue, the outcasts excluded from the privileges and immunities granted citizens in the nation’s legal order.
Introduction
Authors: Rummel Erika
Published: November 2023

The new edition of the Theologische Realenzyklopedie, the first to include an entry on confessionalism, defines it as the exclusive focusing on one’s own confession and its differentiation from other doctrinal formulations. The process of confessionalization is now recognized as a significant aspect of the Reformation and an incisive development in the history of early modern Europe. It has received considerable scholarly attention over the past twenty years. Heinz Schilling and Wolfgang Reinhard, who were in the vanguard of research into the phenomenon, have noted its political, social, and intellectual dimensions.
No Room for Skeptics
Authors: Rummel Erika
Published: November 2023

Paul Oskar Kristeller has pointed out that humanism is “a cultural and educational program” rather than a philosophy. This is not to deny that humanists reshaped classical philosophy in their own image. Modern scholars studying the relationship between humanism and classical schools of thought have focused their attention on Aristotelianism (the humanist critique of) and Platonism (the humanist revival of), and have dealt less frequently with the relationship between humanism and skepticism in the early sixteenth century.
Humanists and Confessionalization: Fear, Equivocation, and Withdrawal
Authors: Rummel Erika
Published: November 2023

The confessionalization of humanism was not an abstract process. It involved the indoctrination of individuals and their compliance with the new norms. Once the reformers had established their doctrinal positions, they urged followers to make a clear commitment and break with the practices of the established church. Catholic authorities in turn demanded clear proof of loyalty from those who lived in their jurisdiction. Many, however, were unable to make such a commitment.
The Literal Sense of Tradition
Authors: Thiel John E
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins this study’s effort to sketch a hermeneutics of tradition. As we have seen, the four senses of scripture-the literal. the allegorical. the moral, and the anagogical-had a long history in medieval exegetical theory and practice. The senses of tradition expounded here and in the Following chapters are fourfold as well. That consistency in number with the medieval interpretive schema, however, should not suggest a parallel between the content of all four classical senses of scripture and that of the interpretive senses of tradition proposed herein. “Development-in-continuity,” “dramatic development,” and “incipient development,” the interpretive senses of tradition to be elucidated in the following chapters, do not correspond directly to the ancient interpretive senses of scripture: the allegorical, the tropological. and the anagogical. respectively. The first interpretive sense of tradition and the first interpretive sense of scripture do, nevertheless, resemble each other in their shared commitment to a stable meaning connected closely with the “letter” of tradition or the “letter” of scripture. To the degree that both scripture and tradition present their teaching in writing, they possess a literal sense that acts as a gravitational field for the other interpretive senses. Whether some of the other interpretive senses are attracted inexorably to the literal sense’s center of gravity or ardently resist its pull, they all nonetheless fall within the sphere of its influence. The literal sense of tradition is the concern of this chapter.
Incipient Development as a Sense of Tradition
Authors: Thiel John E
Published: November 2023

Dramatic development is a sense of tradition that anticipates a possible future in which tradition’s faithful configuration no longer includes a belief or practice previously moored, even for long periods of time, in the authoritative tradition. The criterion for discerning possible instances of dramatically developing tradition has ascribed great importance to the receptive power of the Church’s communal sense of the faith. More than the argumentative style of magisterial teaching and the lack of cogency of such teaching for theologians, the sense of the faith provides the most reliable evidence for beginning to judge the sense of dramatic development. The sense of dramatic development, like all four senses considered here, must be understood as an exercise of the sensus fidei, even if indirectly as an exercise of striking non reception. It proves itself to be the sensus fidei when its judgments are confirmed by the belief of the whole Church.
Tradition and Theology
Authors: Thiel John E
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter concluded by noting that comprehensive discernments, through which individuals and local communities configure the relationships among the four senses of tradition, encourage the Church to imagine a thicker unity to tradition-one that extends beyond tradition’s ac knowledged catholicity to its more questionable, though perhaps yet infallibly truthful, anticipation in local times and places, persons and events. Comprehensive discernments require no special qualifications or knowledge in order to be made. And they certainly require no study of the four senses of tradition presented here. Comprehensive discernments are as old as the tradition, and this study’s theoretical account of the four senses is a recent, and no doubt controversial, arrival in the long tradition of thinking about tradition.
Homo Anthologicus Micha Joseph Berdyczewski and the Anthological Genre
Authors: Kagan Zipora
Published: November 2023

No figure in modern Hebrew literature has been more closely identified with the anthological enterprise than Micha Joseph Berdyczewski, later known as Bin-Gorion (1865-1921). In the course of his life, Berdyczewski, in addition to being a writer of fiction, a folklorist, essayist, critic, and scholar, compiled five multivolume anthologies and seems to have discovered in the anthological form a fitting embodiment of what he considered the nature of modem Jewish existence. Indeed, so central and fundamental a role did the compilation of anthologies play in his life that it would be no exaggeration to call Berdyczewski homo anthologicus. Micha Joseph Berdyczewski was born on July 27, 1865, in the village of Medzibezh in Podolia, a district in the Ukraine (Little Russia). Most of his childhood and youth were spent in Dubova, where his father served as the community’s rabbi. His mother died when he was eleven, and this traumatic experience shadowed Berdyczewski all his life, serving as the subject of several of his stories. In 1882, at the age of seventeen, the young ‘iluy (prodigy) married a rich man’s daughter, but after he was discovered reading maskilic texts, his father-in-law forced him to divorce his wife (whom Berdyczewski had grown to love). The trauma of this episode walater given poignant esthetic expression in his story “Me’ever lanahar” (Across the River, 1899).
The lngathering of Traditions
Authors: Bartal Israel
Published: November 2023

TZionism and Culture he intellectuals who enlisted in the Zionist movement’s Kulturkampf hoped to create a national culture for the Jewish society that was to grow on the soil of Palestine. This culture, like other national cultures in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, was based on a tension-ridden conglomeration of elements of cultural heritage from the period prior to the advent of modern nationalism, and materials adopted from the European cultural repertoire, with Central and Eastern Europe taking particularly central positions. One of the most important elements in the creation of the new national culture was the reimaging of the past. The Zionist movement’s past was designed out of materials taken from the traditional cultural heritage; these, however, were rearranged in a manner that did not accord with traditional Jewish society’s image of the past. Matters that had been central to the traditional Jewish consciousness were moved to the margins, while others, which had been minor and marginal, moved to center stage. Thus, thinkers and writers within the Zionist movement focused on periods of national independence such as the Hasmonean period and showed considerably less interest in periods of cultural prosperity outside of Palestine. Past materials were given new meanings and were transposed from their old religious context to social, economic, and intellectual contexts determined by modern nationalism.
Textualizing the Tales of the People of the Book: Folk Narrative Anthologies and National Identity in Modem Israel
Authors: Hasan-Rokem Galit
Published: November 2023

Whether it is the work of the Grimm bothers or the Finnish epic Kalevala, collecting oral folk creativity, writing it down, and publishing it in anthologies is one of the most noted components in the formation of national identity in modern times. These great anthologies all have their origins in a matrix of ideology and politics, and those matrices not only engendered them but also endowed them with their singular features. Certainly, this was the case with folk-narrative anthologies in Israel. The work of Dov Noy, the preeminent scholar of Jewish folklore and the founder of the Israel Folk Archives, produced and stimulated a vast and impressive retrieval of Jewish lore from the major Jewish communities of the world just at the moment when most of these communities had ceased to exist, whether by destruction, modernization, or removal to Israel. The shifting dialectic between this enormous anthological project and the emergence of the modern State of Israel is the subject of this essay. This inquiry is part of a larger effort by folklorists in many countries to deconstruct the functional connection between nation building and folklore studies and to understand the purposes the discipline has historically served.
The Holocaust According to Its Anthologists
Authors: Roskies David G
Published: November 2023

At the center of their single-minded effort to extirpate the Jews of Europe, the Germans turned the conquered territories into a dystopia. Within a few select ghettos-Warsaw, Lodz, Lublin, Cracow, Bialystok, Vilna, Terezfn-they concentrated Jewish populations from far and wide; villagers and city-folk, the pious and politically active, east and west, the law-abiding and the criminal class, the apostates and the atheists, a veritable babble of tongues. When ghettos proved insufficient to effectuate their master plan, the Germans built special camps, some primitive, some state-of-the-art, and from the south of France to the Pripet marshes, from Riga to Salonika, the surviving Jews were transported there to labor, to starve, and to be ground into ash. The apotheosis of the German dystopia was the lnstitutzur Erforschung der Judenfrage in Frankfurt, the final repository for the plundered Jewish books and cultural treasures, a diabolical caricature of a future encyclopedia on the vanished Jews of Europe.
Gender and Genre
Authors: Thysell Carol
Published: November 2023

One of the women about whom Bainton was particularly puzzled was Marguerite de Navarre (1492-1549), the highly educated and internationally respected sister of King Francois I. AB patron and advocate of many of France’s evangelistes (those who sought to reform the Church from within), Marguerite de Navarre provided refuge for many reformers, including John Calvin, at her court at Nerac during times of persecution.
Verse Forms: The Sonnet
Authors: Wolosky Shira
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter we discussed the sonnet in relation to metaphor, focusing on how metaphor can be used to build a sonnet structure. Now we will consider the sonnet more generally as a verse form. Besides allowing a fuller examination of the sonnet itself, it will help us to begin thinking about the importance of formal features—frameworks, rules, conventions—for poetry and for the way poetry works.
Poetic Conventions
Authors: Wolosky Shira
Published: November 2023

Poetry in its very name (poiein: to make) suggests original creativity. Yet poetry is highly conventional. Indeed, every element of poetry discussed so far can be considered in terms of poetic convention. Levels of diction, poetic syntax, the sonnet itself, and, as we shall see, verse forms in general are defined by established conventions. Even simile and metaphor, along with other figures of speech, are conventions we recognize, and indeed expect, from poetry.
Personification
Authors: Wolosky Shira
Published: November 2023

Poetic figures can be small or large, brief moments in a text or general organizing principles. Personification, like poetic conventions (topoi) or simile, can take either form and size. Yet even when appearing as a single or discrete image in a text, personification has wide implications for poetic language generally; and its historical course marks important developments in the history of poetry.