bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning Single-Image 3D Reconstruction by Generative Modelling of Shape, Pose and Shading
Authors: Henderson Paul , Ferrari Vittorio
Published: October 2019

We present a unified framework tackling two problems: class-specific 3D reconstruction from a single image, and generation of new 3D shape samples. These tasks have received considerable attention recently; however, most existing approaches rely on 3D supervision, annotation of 2D images with keypoints or poses, and/or training with multiple views of each object instance. Our framework is very general: it can be trained in similar settings to existing approaches, while also supporting weaker supervision. Importantly, it can be trained purely from 2D images, without pose annotations, and with only a single view per instance. We employ meshes as an output representation, instead of voxels used in most prior work. This allows us to reason over lighting parameters and exploit shading information during training, which previous 2D-supervised methods cannot. Thus, our method can learn to generate and reconstruct concave object classes. We evaluate our approach in various settings, showing that: (i) it learns to disentangle shape from pose and lighting; (ii) using shading in the loss improves performance compared to just silhouettes; (iii) when using a standard single white light, our model outperforms state-of-the-art 2D-supervised methods, both with and without pose supervision, thanks to exploiting shading cues; (iv) performance improves further when using multiple coloured lights, even approaching that of state-of-the-art 3D-supervised methods; (v) shapes produced by our model capture smooth surfaces and fine details better than voxel-based approaches; and (vi) our approach supports concave classes such as bathtubs and sofas, which methods based on silhouettes cannot learn.
Sedimentological analyses of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Eocene carbonate successions in the Mateur–Beja area (NW of Tunisia): effects of tectonic regime on sedimentation
Authors: Belghouthi Fehmy , Zouari Achref , Zouari Hedi
Published: October 2019

The northwestern Tunisian Mateur–Beja domain comprises a thick succession of carbonate units belonging to the Late Cretaceous (Abiod Formation) and the Early Eocene times (Bou Dabbous Formation and its lateral equivalent). Sedimentological analyses were carried out on these sedimentary units with regard to their paleogeographic reconstructions. Three sections from the Upper Cretaceous and ten sections from the Lower Eocene successions were selected and correlated through the study area. The Upper Cretaceous Abiod Formation is composed of foraminiferal biomicrite limestones and marls deposited in outer platform to basin environments located slightly below storm wave base. The Lower Eocene carbonate successions are characterized by various storm-induced coarse- and fine-grained facies deposited in inner platform to basinal environments. Both carbonate units are characterized by significant lateral variations in thickness and facies. Close inspections show that thickness and facies variations were especially caused by synsedimentary major fault activity and locally by halokinetic movements. Comparison between the two studied units suggests that the changes of tectonic regime would have had significant impacts on thickness and facies distribution. Thus, the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Eocene carbonate deposits are interpreted in tectonically controlled basins.
Hydrogeochemistry as a Tool for Platinum Group Element (PGE) Exploration – A Case Study from Sittampundi Anorthosite Complex, Southern India
Authors: Balaram Vysetti , Satyanarayanan Manavalan , Anabarasu Kuppan , Rao Denduluri Venkata Subba , Ali Mohammed Dar , Kamala Chigullarevu Tirumala , Charan Subramaniam Nirmal
Published: October 2019

The use of surface and ground water for exploration of platinum group elements (PGE) has been studied in the Sittampundi anorthosite complex, Tamil Nadu, south India, where PGE mineralization is known to occur in basic and ultrabasic rocks. Groundwater interacting with mineralized rocks creates a geochemical signature which can be linked to the occurrence and distribution of PGE, especially Pd because of its leachability and relatively high mobility in aqueous environment. Forty surface and ground water samples collected from the area were analyzed for PGE and several other major, minor and trace elements using high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (HR-ICP-MS) to investigate the distribution patterns of individual PGE and other elements for the purpose of evaluating the utility of hydrogeochemistry as a tool for PGE exploration studies. Ground and surface water chemistry reflected the chemical composition of host lithology, particularly the basic-ultrabasic rocks of the region, with the dispersion of PGE and high anomalous concentrations of Pd, Ru and Rh along with several other metals such as Zn, V, Cr and Ni indicating PGE mineralization. The results of this study suggest that groundwater chemistry has significant potential as a PGE exploration tool with advantages such as rapid and low-cost sampling, high contrast anomalies and a uniform sampling medium.
Mapping of Structural Lineaments and Fracture Zones around the Central Indian Ridge (10°S - 21°S) using EIGEN 6C4 Bouguer Gravity Data
Authors: Sahoo Soumyashree Debasis , Pal S. K.
Published: October 2019

The purpose of the present study is to map the structural lineaments and fracture zone around the Central Indian Ridge (10°S - 21°S) using EIGEN 6C4 Bouguer gravity data. This would help to better understand the evolution of the Indian Ocean Triple Junction (IOTJ), Central Indian Ridge (CIR) and the Ocean floor in the vicinity. In this study, a comparison of three different edge detection techniques have been made to validate the TAHG (tilt angle of total horizontal gradient) and the THVH (Tilt angle of vertical derivative of total horizontal gradient) edge detection techniques over the rudimentary total horizontal derivative (THD) technique. Synthetic model study was performed considering the major problems of the standard edge detection process. Results of the three edge detection techniques were compared critically and validated with the satellite-derived EIGEN 6C4 Bouguer gravity data. The lineaments exhibit NE-SW and NNW-SSE trends over the ocean. The NE-SW trend represents the current spreading direction of the CIR (Central Indian Ridge), whereas NNW-SSE trend representing the lineaments formed due to ridge jump during magnetic anomaly 20 and 18.
Reappraisal on Depositional Environments of Glaciogenic Talchir Sediments around Savarla Village from Bandar Basin, Chandrapur District, Central India
Authors: Murkute Y.A.
Published: October 2019

The present study brings out the reappraisal of mode of depositional conditions of the Talchir sediments from Savarla village of Bandar Basin, Chandrapur district of Maharashtra. These sediments correspond to four lithofacies namely, (i) basal massive diamictite (bmd), (ii) stratified diamictite and sandstones (sds), (iii) medium- to fine-grained sandstones (mfs) and (iv) siltstones-shale. The bmd facies characterizing laterally discontinuous, unstratified and matrix- to clast-supported sediments represent the continental tills. The sds facies corresponding to melting of glaciers at outwash plains reveal the decrease in the boulder and cobble clasts and increase in pebble clasts. The mfs facies associated with the very thin, fine-grained sand and varves represent glacio-lacustrine depositional conditions with suitably developed still water bodies and even ice-dammed lakes. The petrographic characteristics of these sediments, which bring out textural immaturity and depiction of QFR triangular diagram, divulge interior type of continental block provenance with cold-arid palaeoclimate. The microtextures like high relief, conchoidal breakage pattern, arc shaped steps, semi parallel steps, globular protuberances as well as striations along with ‘v’ shaped indentations noted from SEM photomicrograph clearly point out towards the glaciogenetic influence.
Glossopteris Flora from Barren Measures, Pranhita–Godavari Basin, India
Authors: Chopparapu Chinnappa , Annamraju Rajanikanth , Pillai S. Suresh Kumar , Kavali Pauline Sabina
Published: October 2019

The present study is on a well preserved leafy impression of Glossopteris flora which includes Glossopteris communis, G. indica, G. intermedia, G. intermittens, G. longicaulis, G. stenoneura, G. tenufolia, Glossopteris sp., Gangamopteris cyclopteris and Noeggerathiopsis hislopii from Barren Measures of Pranhita–Godavari basin, east coast of India. The present report is a maiden attempt to record Glossopteris floral elements from Ankusapur otherwise known for ‘Upper Gondwanan’ Early Cretaceous plant fossil records. The present study and previous studies suggests that Glossopteris leaves in upper Barakar Formation maintained the Glossopteris flora in the sediments of Barren Measures. The flora is similar to that of the upper Permian of the Raniganj Formation of Damodar basin and the Kamthi of Mahanadi basin. The sedimentological and low plant fossil assemblages are in congruence with drier and more arid climates prevailed during the late Permian. The presence of red beds and absence of coal in the Barren Measures of India, is probably linked to the drier and arid climate.
Stochastic modelling of spatial variability of petrophysical properties in parts of the Niger Delta Basin, southern Nigeria
Authors: Ebong Ebong D. , Akpan Anthony E. , Ekwok Stephen E.
Published: October 2019

Three-dimensional models of petrophysical properties were constructed using stochastic methods to reduce ambiguities associated with estimates for which data is limited to well locations alone. The aim of this study is to define accurate and efficient petrophysical property models that best characterize reservoirs in the Niger Delta Basin at well locations and predicting their spatial continuities elsewhere within the field. Seismic data and well log data were employed in this study. Petrophysical properties estimated for both reservoirs range between 0.15 and 0.35 for porosity, 0.27 and 0.30 for water saturation, and 0.10 and 0.25 for shale volume. Variogram modelling and calculations were performed to guide the distribution of petrophysical properties outside wells, hence, extending their spatial variability in all directions. Transformation of pillar grids of reservoir properties using sequential Gaussian simulation with collocated cokriging algorithm yielded equiprobable petrophysical models. Uncertainties in petrophysical property predictions were performed and visualized based on three realizations generated for each property. The results obtained show reliable approximations of the geological continuity of petrophysical property estimates over the entire geospace.
Numeralität – eine unterschätzte Domäne der Grundbildung?
Authors: Grotlüschen Anke , Buddeberg Klaus , Kaiser Gabriele
Published: October 2019

In diesem Beitrag werden Begriffe und Forschungsstand zur Numeralität Erwachsener systematisierend zusammengestellt. Die Befunde und Theorien sind nach ihrem Bezug zum deutschsprachigen Diskurs der Erwachsenenbildung ausgewählt und zugleich in einen historischen Kontext, aber auch in den internationalen Diskurs eingebettet. Viele jüngere Befunde erweitern den Ansatz von Jean Lave dahingehend, dass sich Numeralität durch eine hohe Relevanz von Faustregeln und Schätzungen sowie durch weniger formale Vorgehensweisen von der Schulmathematik unterscheidet. Numeralität wird deshalb oft nicht als Mathematik verstanden und bleibt eher unsichtbar. Hinter numeralen Praktiken stehen zudem gesellschaftliche Machtverhältnisse. Auch die Durchsetzung eigener Interessen basiert auf Numeralität – etwa bei finanzieller Grundbildung, im Gesundheitssystem oder bei der Nutzung statistischer Daten. Nicht zuletzt gehen numerale Kompetenzen und Praktiken mit besseren Lebensumständen einher.
Secret Key Rate Adaption for Multicarrier Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution
Authors: Gyongyosi Laszlo , Imre Sandor
Published: October 2019

A multicarrier continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) protocol uses Gaussian subcarrier quantum continuous variables (CVs) for the transmission. Here, we define an iterative error-minimizing secret key adaption method for multicarrier CVQKD. The proposed method allows for the parties to reach a given target secret key rate with minimized error rate through the Gaussian sub-channels by a sub-channel adaption procedure. The adaption algorithm iteratively determines the optimal transmit conditions to achieve the target secret key rate and the minimal error rate over the sub-channels. The solution requires no complex calculations or computational tools, allowing for easy implementation for experimental scenarios.
Protecting Industry 4.0: challenges and solutions as IT, OT and IP converge
Authors: Heritage Ian
Published: October 2019

Britain may not be the manufacturing powerhouse it once was. But the industry still contributes a healthy £275bn annually to the national economy, represents 69% of R&D and employs over 2.7 million people. 1 As in other leading manufacturing nations, technology systems are a key enabler of growth. Yet the convergence of IT and operational technology (OT), especially via the Internet of Things (IoT), presents new risks as well as potential gains.

The convergence of IT and operational technology (OT), especially via the Internet of Things (IoT), presents new risks as well as potential gains.

The advent of the smart factory and Industry 4.0 represents a new front in the war on cyberthreats. In this hi-tech manufacturing environment, attackers have many opportunities to sabotage and hijack processes as well as steal lucrative data. It's a unique challenge that will demand a response combining best practice security controls, end user education and compliance with industry standards, explains Ian Heritage of Trend Micro UK.
Cyber security attacks on robotic platforms
Authors: Bhardwaj Akashdeep , Avasthi Vinay , Goundar Sam
Published: October 2019

Robotic technology has been rapidly transforming world economies in terms of business productivity and profitability. The market is shifting towards optimisation and automation – not just for the warehousing and manufacturing sectors, but even non-industrial areas such as defence, farming, hospitals, offices and even schools. The availability of open source platforms, falling hardware and electronics prices, prompt prototyping and convergence of technologies are some of the major reasons for this new revolution. However, cyber security and physical threats are high-priority areas when critical applications and missions are involved.

Robotic technology has been rapidly transforming world economies in terms of business productivity and profitability. However, security threats are not always top of mind.

Open source platforms, falling hardware and electronics prices and fast prototyping are some of the reasons for this new revolution. Cyber security and physical threats are high-priority areas when critical applications and missions are involved. Dr Akashdeep Bhardwaj, Dr Vinay Avasthi and Dr Sam Goundar analyse the threats to robotic systems and map the CIA model to boost security resilience.
LARGE DEVIATIONS FOR THE LONGEST GAP IN POISSON PROCESSES
Authors: OMWONYLEE JOSEPH OKELLO
Published: October 2019

The longest gap $L(t)$ up to time $t$ in a homogeneous Poisson process is the maximal time subinterval between epochs of arrival times up to time $t$; it has applications in the theory of reliability. We study the Laplace transform asymptotics for $L(t)$ as $t\rightarrow \infty$ and derive two natural and different large-deviation principles for $L(t)$ with two distinct rate functions and speeds.
Transatlantic Discontinuity? The Clapham Sect's Influence in the United States
Authors: Butler Ryan J.
Published: October 2019

William Wilberforce and his coterie of evangelical activists have regularly attracted research. Attention, however, has focused almost exclusively on the group's efforts in Britain, with little scholarly work to date on its connections and trajectories overseas. This article examines the influence of Clapham thought and activity in the early American republic. By tracing transatlantic correspondence and reconstructing international relationships, it unveils the direct influence of Clapham theological understandings, notably in their challenge to received interpretations of racial inequality and competing national virtues. Less directly, as Clapham principles shaped Britain's policing of the seas and became enacted in diplomatic decisions, British moralism created friction and resentment with the U.S. government. Although the threads of overt ideological influence by the Clapham Sect appear thin with respect to antislavery, more nuanced influences in terms of race, theology, and empire reveal profound contextual challenges. Yet, the factors limiting the Clapham Sect's impact are as instructive as the influences because they illuminate the contrasts across the Atlantic, which turn out in this case to be more important than the continuities. Transnational approaches to history have often erred by overlooking the transformation of religious and moral ideas across borders, leaving our understanding of transatlantic abolitionism theologically impoverished. By situating Britain's most famous abolitionist group in a wider context, this article exposes the neglected role of race and competing moralities in nineteenth-century international religious history, confounding notions of simple transference of ideas and intellectual continuity across the Atlantic.
Supremacy and the Origins of American Slavery
Authors: Guasco Michael
Published: October 2019

Katharine Gerbner has provided readers a much-needed treatment of the relationship between Protestant Christianity and the emergence of White Supremacist racial ideology in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Atlantic world. Scholars have long perceived the general outlines of the story that unfolds in Gerbner's book, but no one has highlighted the connective tissues with as much care and detail. With her book, it is now much easier to see what we once could only imagine to be there: Christians (Protestants in this telling) played a singular role in the articulation of a racial ideology that would eventually become a widespread rationale for slavery throughout much of the Atlantic world. There are surprises in this tale, such as the seemingly paradoxical role played by historical actors who scholars often credit with being on the right side of history—the Quakers and Moravians, for example, who are typically cast as characters intent on destabilizing slavery. Not so, according to Gerbner. In this way, she does marvelously well to show how Protestant Christianity was never really above the fray and that those we might like to imagine were the progenitors of an eventual antislavery critique were also critical conduits in the development of modern-day racism.
From Protestant Supremacy to Christian Supremacy
Authors: Goetz Rebecca Anne
Published: October 2019

Over the last generation, historians have begun to explain Christianity's impact on developing ideas of race and slavery in the early modern Atlantic. Jon Sensbach'sA Separate Canaan: The Making of an Afro-Moravian World in North Carolina, 1763–1840showed how Moravians struggled with both race and slavery, ultimately concluding that Moravians adopted the racist attitudes of their non-Pietist North Carolina neighbors. Travis Glasson'sMastering Christianity: Missionary Anglicanism and Slavery in the Atlantic Worldshowed how the Anglican church accustomed itself to slavery in New York and the Caribbean. Richard Bailey'sRace and Redemption in Puritan New Englandunraveled changing puritan ideas about race and belonging in New England. My own book,The Baptism of Early Virginia: How Christianity Created Race, argued that Protestant ideas about heathenism and conversion were instrumental to how English Virginians thought about the bodies and souls of enslaved Africans and Native people, and to how they developed a nascent idea of race in seventeenth-century Virginia. Heather Kopelson'sFaithful Bodies: Performing Religion and Race in the Puritan Atlantictraced puritan ideas about race, the soul, and the body in New England and Bermuda. From a different angle, Christopher Cameron'sTo Plead Our Own Cause: African Americans in Massachusetts and the Making of the Antislavery Movementoutlined the influence of puritan theologies on black abolitionism. Engaging all this scholarly ferment is Katharine Gerbner's new book,Christian Slavery: Conversion and Race in the Protestant Atlantic World. Gerbner's work both synthesizes and transforms this extended scholarly conversation with a broad and inclusive look at Protestants—broadly defined as Anglicans, Moravians, Quakers, Huguenots, and others—and race in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries over a geography stretching from New York to the Caribbean. The book is synthetic in that it builds on the regional and confessionally specific work of earlier scholars, but innovative in its argument that Protestants from a variety of European backgrounds and sometimes conflicting theologies all wrestled with questions of Christian conversion of enslaved peoples—could it be done? Should it be done? And, of overarching concern: how could Protestant Christians in good conscience hold fellow African and Native Christians as slaves?
Intra-Confessional Polemics in the Reformation
Authors: Keen Ralph
Published: October 2019

Although religious polemic is typically understood and studied as a phenomenon of mutual antagonism across the confessions—Protestant against Catholic and Catholic against Protestant—the growth of the early modern polemic traditions was the product of heated internal controversy. In a series of theses intended to point to rhetorical aspects of conflicts within the Lutheran and Catholic confessions, this paper brings forward features of polemical writings from the disputes between Gnesio-Lutherans and Philippists in the wake of the Augsburg Interim of 1548 and those between and among Jesuits and Jansenists in the seventeenth century. Early modern religious thought, I suggest, cannot be understood without attention to the fissures within the Lutheran and Roman Catholic traditions.
Dynamic Moral Hazard and Risk-Shifting Incentives in a Leveraged Firm
Authors: Rivera Alejandro
Published: October 2019

I develop an analytically tractable model that integrates the risk-shifting problem between bondholders and shareholders with the moral-hazard problem between shareholders and the manager. An optimal contract binds shareholders and the manager, and this contract’s flexibility allows shareholders to relax the manager’s incentive constraint following a “good” profitability shock. Thus, the optimal contract amplifies the upside and thereby increases shareholder appetite for risk shifting. Whereas some empirical studies find a positive relation between risk shifting and leverage, others find a negative relation. This model predicts a non-monotonic relation between risk shifting and leverage and can reconcile these contradictory empirical findings.
Feasibility of ovine and synthetic temporal bone models for simulation training in endoscopic ear surgery
Authors: Okhovat S , Milner T D , Iyer A
Published: October 2019

Objective

Comparing the feasibility of ovine and synthetic temporal bones for simulating endoscopic ear surgery against the ‘gold standard’ of human cadaveric tissue.

Methods

A total of 10 candidates (5 trainees and 5 experts) performed endoscopic tympanoplasty on 3 models: Pettigrew temporal bones, ovine temporal bones and cadaveric temporal bones. Candidates completed a questionnaire assessing the face validity, global content validity and task-specific content validity of each model.

Results

Regarding ovine temporal bone validity, the median values were 4 (interquartile range = 4–4) for face validity, 4 (interquartile range = 4–4) for global content validity and 4 (interquartile range = 4–4) for task-specific content validity. For the Pettigrew temporal bone, the median values were 3.5 (interquartile range = 2.25–4) for face validity, 3 (interquartile range = 2.75–3) for global content validity and 3 (interquartile range = 2.5–3) for task-specific content validity. The ovine temporal bone was considered significantly superior to the Pettigrew temporal bone for the majority of validity categories assessed.

Conclusion

Tympanoplasty is feasible in both the ovine temporal bone and the Pettigrew temporal bone. However, the ovine model was a significantly more realistic simulation tool.
Loneliness and depression dissociated on parietal-centered networks in cognitive and resting states
Authors: Shao Robin , Liu Ho-Ling , Huang Chih-Mao , Chen Yao-Liang , Gao Mengxia , Lee Shwu-Hua , Lin Chemin , Lee Tatia M. C.
Published: October 2019

Background

Perceived loneliness, an increasingly prevalent social issue, is closely associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the neural mechanisms previously implicated in key cognitive and affective processes in loneliness and MDD still remain unclear. Such understanding is critical for delineating the psychobiological basis of the relationship between loneliness and MDD.

Methods

We isolated the unique and interactive cognitive and neural substrates of loneliness and MDD among 27 MDD patients (mean age = 51.85 years, 20 females), and 25 matched healthy controls (HCs; mean age = 48.72 years, 19 females). We assessed participants' behavioral performance and neural regional and network functions on a Stroop color-word task, and their resting-state neural connectivity.

Results

Behaviorally, we found greater incongruence-related accuracy cost in MDD patients, but reduced incongruence effect on reaction time in lonelier individuals. When performing the Stroop task, loneliness positively predicted prefrontal-anterior cingulate-parietal connectivity across all participants, whereas MDD patients showed a decrease in connectivity compared to controls. Furthermore, loneliness negatively predicted parietal and cerebellar activities in MDD patients, but positively predicted the same activities in HCs. During resting state, MDD patients showed reduced parietal-anterior cingulate connectivity, which again positively correlated with loneliness in this group.

Conclusions

We speculate the distinct neurocognitive profile of loneliness might indicate increase in both bottom-up attention and top-down executive control functions. However, the upregulated cognitive control processes in lonely individuals may eventually become exhausted, which may in turn predispose to MDD onset.
Towards personalising treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of face-to-face efficacy moderators of cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for major depressive disorder
Authors: Whiston Aoife , Bockting Claudi L. H. , Semkovska Maria
Published: October 2019

Background

Consistent evidence suggests that face-to-face cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) may be equally effective depression treatments. Current clinical research focuses on detecting the best predictors-moderators of efficacy to guide treatment personalisation. However, individual moderator studies show inconsistent findings. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy of CBT and IPT, including combined treatment with antidepressants for depression, and evaluate the predictive power of demographic, clinical presentation and treatment characteristics moderators for both therapies.

Methods

PsycArticles, PsycINFO, PubMed and Cochrane Library were systematically searched through December 2017 for studies that have assessed individuals with major depression receiving either CBT or IPT in a face-to-face format both at pre- and post-treatment. Random-effects moderator meta-analyses were conducted.

Results

In total 168 samples from 137 studies including 11 374 participants qualified for the meta-analytic review. CBT and IPT were equally effective across all but one prespecified moderators. For psychotherapy delivered without concomitant antidepressant treatment [antidepressant medications (ADMs)], CBT was superior to IPT (g = 1.68, Qbetweenp = 0.037). Within-CBT moderator analyses showed that increased CBT efficacy was associated with lower age, high initial depression severity, individual format of administration and no adjunctive ADMs. Within-IPT analyses showed comparable efficacy across all moderators.

Conclusions

Clinical guidance around combined treatment (psychotherapy plus ADMs) should be reconsidered. CBT alone is superior to IPT alone and to combined treatment, while IPT alone is non-inferior to combined treatment. More research is needed to assess the moderating effect of older age and number of previous episodes on IPT efficacy.
Testing explanatory models of the interplay between depression, neuroticism, and stressful life events: a dynamic trait-stress generation approach
Authors: Goldstein Brandon L. , Perlman Greg , Eaton Nicholas R. , Kotov Roman , Klein Daniel N.
Published: October 2019

Background

Classic conceptual frameworks explaining the relationship of personality traits to depression include the precursor and predisposition models. The former hypothesizes that depression is predicted by traits alone whereas the latter hypothesizes that stress, together with personality, predicts depression. Dynamic vulnerability models (DVM) expand on these perspectives by incorporating fluctuations in personality over time. The stress generation model provides an alternative view, positing that depression generates stress, creating a self-perpetuating cycle. However, these conceptual models are rarely directly compared.

Method

We tested these models, focusing on neuroticism and stressful life events that the participant may have contributed to, using path analysis in a sample of 550 never-depressed, adolescent females assessed five times over 3 years.

Results

A dynamic precursor model with stress generation was best supported. For the precursor component, neuroticism predicted subsequent depression across four assessment intervals. For the dynamic trait component, stressful life events predicted subsequent neuroticism at three of four intervals. Finally, in line with stress generation, depression consistently predicted subsequent stressful life events, and life events then predicted depression.

Conclusions

Finding support for the DVM is noteworthy, as this is the first comprehensive test of this model. Moreover, results supported integrating stress generation with trait vulnerability. Continued use of integrated approaches and refining the statistical implementation of these theories is necessary to advance understanding of the development of depression.
A representation of proper BC domains based on conjunctive sequent calculi
Authors: Wang Longchun , Li Qingguo
Published: October 2019

We build a logical system named a conjunctive sequent calculus which is a conjunctive fragment of the classical propositional sequent calculus in the sense of proof theory. We prove that a special class of formulae of a consistent conjunctive sequent calculus forms a bounded complete continuous domain without greatest element (for short, a proper BC domain), and each proper BC domain can be obtained in this way. More generally, we present conjunctive consequence relations as morphisms between consistent conjunctive sequent calculi and build a category which is equivalent to that of proper BC domains with Scott-continuous functions. A logical characterization of purely syntactic form for proper BC domains is obtained.
A Basic Course in Humanitarian Health Emergency and Relief: A Pilot Study from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Bajow Nidaa A. , Alawad Yousef I. , Aloraifi Samer M.
Published: October 2019

Background:

Political unrest in the Middle East heightens the possibility of catastrophe due to violent conflict and/or terrorist attacks. However, the disaster risk reduction strategy in the Saudi health care system appears to be a reactive approach focused more on flood hazards than other threats. Given the current unstable political situation in its neighboring countries and Saudi Arabia’s key role in providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to those affected by internal conflicts and wars, it is essential to develop a framework for training standards related to complex humanitarian disasters to provide the requisite skills and knowledge in a gradual manner, according to local context and international standards. This framework could also support the World Health Organization’s (WHO; Geneva, Switzerland) initiative for establishing a national disaster assistance team in Saudi Arabia.

Problem:

The main aim of this study is to provide Saudi health care providers with a competencies-based course in Basic Principles of Complex Humanitarian Emergency.

Methods:

The interactive, competencies-based course in Basic Principles of Complex Humanitarian Emergency was designed by five experts in disaster medicine and humanitarian relief in three stages, accordance to international standards and the local context. The course was piloted over five days at the Officers Club of the Ministry of Interior (MOI; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). The 33 participants were from different health disciplines of the government sectors in-country. The participants completed the pre- and post-tests and attended three pilot workshops for disaster community awareness.

Results:

The overall knowledge scores were significantly higher in the post-test (62.9%) than the pre-test (44.2%). There were no significant differences in the pre- and post-knowledge scores for health care providers from the different government health disciplines. A 10-month, post-event survey demonstrated that participants were satisfied with their knowledge retention. Importantly, three of them (16.6%) had the opportunity to put this knowledge into practice in relation to humanitarian aid response.

Conclusion:

Delivering a competencies-based course in Basic Principles of Complex Humanitarian Emergency for health care providers can help improve their knowledge and skills for humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, which is crucial for disaster preparedness augmentation in Saudi Arabia.
The Internet, political trust, and regime types: a cross-national and multilevel analysis
Authors: You Yu , Wang Zhengxu
Published: October 2019

The Internet has played important roles in driving political changes around the world. Why does it help to topple political regimes in some places but improve the quality of governance in others? We found Internet usage in general leads to citizens’ distrust in political institutions. Different political environments, however, can condition such trust-eroding impacts of the Internet in significantly different ways. A democracy enables citizens to connect their online behaviors and offline expression and organization, releasing political discontent while facilitating state–society communication. On the contrary, by restricting various forms of off-line expression, authoritarian regimes drive Internet-active citizens' discontent and distrust to higher levels. We use the World Values Survey data to establish these different mechanisms across democracies and authoritarian systems. Entropy balancing shows our findings to be highly robust.
‘Ourworld’: A feminist approach to global constitutionalism
Authors: HOUGHTON RUTH , O’DONOGHUE AOIFE
Published: October 2019

Global constitutionalism offers a utopian picture of the future of international law. Its advocates suggest a governance system is emergent that will fill the gaps in legitimacy, democracy and the rule of law present in international law. Speculation about the future of international law is shaped, partly at least, by global constitutionalism aspiring to create a better global legal order, by filling these legitimacy gaps with both normative and procedural constitutionalism. But this raises the question ‘better for whom’? Feminist theory has challenged the foundations of both international law and constitutionalism; demonstrating that the design of normative structures accommodates and sustains prevailing patriarchal forms that leave little room for alternative accounts or voices. Both international and constitutional law’s structures support the status quo and are resistant to critical and feminist voices. The question is whether it is possible for constitutionalism to change international law in ways that will open it up to alternate possibilities. Building on a seven-point manifesto of feminist constitutionalism, previously proffered by the authors, which inculcated feminist concerns into global constitutionalism, this article offers an alternative starting point: feminist science fiction. Feminist utopian tracts such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman’sHerlandand Ursula K Le Guin’sThe Left Hand of Darknessoffer valuable lessons for global constitutionalist discourses. The article uses feminist utopias in science fiction to better understand how to dismantle hierarchical structures, how to build feminist societies, and how to find approaches to governance not predicated on patriarchy. It does so by focusing on feminist alternatives for constructing communities, for understanding constituent power and constituent moments, and dismantling manifestations of the public/private divide. This article demonstrates that reading feminist utopian science fiction facilitates the reimagining of global constitutionalism.
Factors Driving Employeesʼ Intention to Stay
Authors: Bender Elena , Schaper Niclas , Schürmann Mirko
Published: October 2019

Abstract. This study investigates factors influencing employeesʼ intention to stay. Therefore, we developed and analyzed a retention model relating to the voluntary turnover model ( Allen et al., 2010 ). We assume that the decision processes for retention and turnover might be similar. Differences can be found in the initiating factors (the drivers for leaving and staying). We combine empirically evident retention drivers, which are weighted regarding their implementation in the organization, with process variables from the turnover model. The model is tested with a sample of 881 German employees using structural equation modeling. Results show a significant indirect effect of the retention drivers on the intention to stay. The influence is mediated by the key attitudes job satisfaction and affective commitment. A psychological contract breach influences the relationship between job satisfaction and intention to stay, but not between affective commitment and intention to stay. We integrated research from Human Resource Management (HRM) into the framework of voluntary turnover.
The Role of Peer Support and Its Contribution as an Effective Response to Addressing the Emotional Well-Being of Pilots
Authors: Santilhano Wendy , Bor Robert , Hewitt Lia M. M.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The provision of pilot peer support in commercial aviation is a recent recommendation following the Germanwings pilot suicide–murder crash in 2015. Conducted in a South African aviation context, this study explored the phenomenon of peer support and its role and contribution as an effective response to addressing the emotional well-being of pilots. A qualitative phenomenological research design was followed using Rubin and Rubin’s in-depth, semi-structured interview technique to understand lived experiences of peer support. Nine interviews were held, six with airline pilots – a combination of peers and flight operations managers – and three with mental health professionals (MHPs). Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis (TA) method elicited themes in relation to peer support and the mental health and well-being of pilots. Four themes emerged relating to (a) the conceptualization of peer support, the role of the peer, and the principles on which the process is founded; (b) pilots’ experience of their workplace as emotionally “unsafe” and deficient in acknowledging the nature of different emotional stressors; (c) the well-being of pilots and medical certification of fitness for duty; and (d) the multidimensional contribution of peer support and factors critical to integrating successful and sustainable peer support. This study underscores the importance of developing a more integrated definition of safety in aviation that incorporates supporting the mental health and well-being of pilots. This paper addresses the role and contribution of peer support and considers some of the challenges to its integration as a safety initiative.
Passenger Attitudes to Flying on a Single-Pilot Commercial	Aircraft
Authors: Stewart Nicole , Harris Don
Published: October 2019

Abstract. There is little specific research on people’s opinions of single-pilot commercial airline operation and whether they are willing to fly by this means. This study examines passengers’ attitudes to help determine their willingness to fly on an aircraft of this type. Part 1 involved four focus groups providing their views on the matter. In Part 2, an online survey was developed from the output of the focus groups that gathered passenger perceptions of single-pilot operations. The feedback from the focus groups highlighted distrust in technology, concerns about pilot health and workload, and the need for more information on single-pilot operations but also that if there were substantial savings passengers may be willing to fly on such an aircraft. The results of the survey suggested three main dimensions to passenger opinion on the subject: state of the pilot; trust in the technology; ticket price and reputation. Responses on these scales could determine with some certainty passengers’ willingness to fly or not to fly on a single-pilot airliner.
Attitude Indicator Format
Authors: Müller Simon , Roche Fabienne , Manzey Dietrich
Published: October 2019

Abstract. A simulator study investigated the consequences of a transition between two alternative formats of the attitude indictor in aircraft cockpits, the moving-horizon and moving-aircraft format. Two groups of novices practiced performing two flight tasks (flight-path tracking and recovery from unusual attitudes) with one attitude-indicator format for six practice sessions, before transitioning to the other format. The results show that, after practice, participants were able to perform both tasks equally well with both attitude-indicator formats. However, the number of reversal errors in the recovery task increased considerably when transitioning from the moving-aircraft to moving-horizon format. No such effect emerged for the other direction. This suggests that the former transition is more difficult and represents a possible risk for flight safety.
Improved Aura/OMI Solar Spectral Irradiances: Comparisons With Independent Data Sets and Model Predictions
Authors: Marchenko S. V. , Woods T. N. , DeLand M. T. , Mauceri S. , Pilewskie P. , Haberreiter M.
Published: October 2019

The stability and longevity of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), flying on board the (active) Aura Earth‐observing satellite since July 2004, facilitates creation of accurate, long‐term record of relative (normalized to a solar minimum) solar spectral irradiances (SSIs). Here we discuss technical details of the most recent version (V3) of the SSI product that provides approximately daily measurements for the period July 2006 to April 2018 in the 265‐ to 500‐nm domain with average 0.5‐nm resolution. We compare OMI SSIs with concurrent independent observations and model estimates. The short‐term (solar rotational cycle) observations and model predictions mostly agree to ∼0.1–0.2% in the ultraviolet domain, with an excellent, down to ∼0.01% agreement in the visible range. The long‐term (solar cycle) comparisons pose more challenges in the ultraviolet domain, where the differences between observations and models frequently exceed the rather conservative ∼0.1% (both point‐to‐point and long‐term) OMI uncertainties. In the visible range, these differences gradually diminish to <0.05% yet again pointing to reliability and robustness of the amassed SSI data in this domain.
A Statistical Classifier for Historical Geomagnetic Storm Drivers Derived Solely From Ground‐Based Magnetic Field Measurements
Authors: Pick Leonie , Effenberger Frederic , Zhelavskaya Irina , Korte Monika
Published: October 2019

Solar wind observations show that geomagnetic storms are mainly driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and corotating or stream interaction regions (C/SIRs). We present a binary classifier that assigns one of these drivers to 7,546 storms between 1930 and 2015 using ground‐based geomagnetic field observations only. The input data consists of the long‐term stable Hourly Magnetospheric Currents index alongside the corresponding midlatitude geomagnetic observatory time series. This data set provides comprehensive information on the global storm time magnetic disturbance field, particularly its spatial variability, over eight solar cycles. For the first time, we use this information statistically with regard to an automated storm driver identification. Our supervised classification model significantly outperforms unskilled baseline models (78% accuracy with 26[19]% misidentified interplanetary coronal mass ejections [corotating or stream interaction regions]) and delivers plausible driver occurrences with regard to storm intensity and solar cycle phase. Our results can readily be used to advance related studies fundamental to space weather research, for example, studies connecting galactic cosmic ray modulation and geomagnetic disturbances. They are fully reproducible by means of the underlying open‐source software (Pick, 2019, http://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.3.2019.003)
How Forest Structure Influences the Water Cycle
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: October 2019

New research looks at how changes in the arrangement of trees and canopy thickness influence the transport of water from the land surface to the atmosphere.
Upstream and Downstream Boundary Conditions Control the Physical and Biological Development of River Deltas
Authors: Piliouras A. , Kim W.
Published: October 2019

Relative sea level rise is depleting coastal land. Success in coastal restoration depends on understanding interactions between physical and biological processes that influence landscape change. We present results from flume experiments examining the coevolution of vegetation and delta channel networks. We show that channel mobility—controlled by upstream and downstream boundary conditions and delta size—controls vegetation colonization. The spatial patterns of plants in turn control the stability and spatial distribution of channels. Experiments with low‐channel mobility develop large, dense plant patches that become denser over time and stabilize channels. Experiments with more mobile channels have sparse vegetation patterns that limit vegetation growth within existing patches, maintaining sparse, patchy vegetation. Thus, the ecogeomorphic development of deltas depends on the rate of channel lateral migration and avulsion, suggesting that upstream and downstream boundary conditions control both the physical and biological evolution of coastal landscapes.