bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problems and prospects of development of meat processing manufacturings in Ukraine
Authors: Ishchuk Svitlana
Published: April 2020

Production of meat and meat products is one of the key segments of domestic processing industry. In 2018, its share in total food production in Ukraine reached 17.78% (vs. 15.93% in 2013). At the same time, the main problem holding back the development of this segment is the reduction of the raw material base for the industrial processing of meat due to the crisis in animal husbandry, especially in pig and cattle breeding. The purpose of the article is to define the problems and to outline the prospects for the development of meat processing manufacturing in Ukraine, given the current state of the domestic and foreign markets of meat raw materials (chicken, pork, beef, etc.). The meat and meat product manufacturing in Ukraine is dominated by poultry meat, which share has increased by 7.22 pp. in the last six years. Instead, the share of meat products decreased by 6.54 pp. These trends indicate the reduction of advanced processing of meat raw materials. This is largely due to the low level of operating profitability of meat product manufacturing in Ukraine – 2.6% in 2018 vs. 3.7% in 2013, while the profitability of poultry meat manufacturing reached 11.3% (vs. 9.1%). Given the latest global trends in changing consumer preferences in favor of dietary types of meat, this poultry development trend in Ukraine has great prospects, especially in regions where there are no large agricultural companies. In contrast to poultry farming, the trends in domestic pig breeding are mostly negative, due to the decrease in the number of pigs caused by outbreaks of African swine fever. An even more critical situation in Ukraine is with the production of beef and veal, which is a direct result of the cattle livestock population reduction by more than 6 times in the last 25 years, as well as of the high cost of meat procurement. The latter is caused by poor livestock feed base. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to increase the volume of domestic production of compound feeds and their components. In particular, a promising area for the development of meat processing in Ukraine is the production of animal origin feeds, the raw material for which is food waste. Integrated use of meat raw materials will ultimately increase the level of profitability of this segment of the processing industry.
Strategic determinants for introduction of innovation to the market
Authors: Petrenko Lyudmyla
Published: April 2020

All innovative products implemented by enterprises can be classified into two categories: radical innovation or improvements. If the first category is almost exclusively the result of breakthrough scientific research, then the second is a consequence of management actions to further improve previous innovative products. Improvements, in contrast to radical innovations, are a relatively less studied direction. In most cases, the moment the radical innovations enter the market is difficult to predict. However, the introduction of improvements to the market is determined by management. At the same time, management, making a decision on introducing an innovative product to the market, focuses on internal and external factors. Internal factors are organizational readiness to introduce an innovative product, and external factors are market necessity. The latter implies, if possible, a reaction to the actions of competitors, who also introduce innovations. The problematic question remains relevant: how do various external and internal factors determine the choice of the moment the innovation is brought to the market. What has a decisive influence on such a strategic choice? The purpose of this study was to investigate how competing and complementary technological events in the environment affect an enterprise’s launch of innovative products on the market. The study was carried out based on the analysis of scientific publications on the economics of innovation and publications on competitive rivalry. The main conclusion: strategies for improvements, as a rule, become less focused on the internal determinants of bringing innovations to the market as market concentration increases, and at the same time, they are increasingly reacting both to competitors’ innovations and innovations in additional technologies. Thus competitive pressure in the industry is an important determinant of the strategic choice to bring innovation to the market.
KETIDAKADILAN GENDER DALAM NOVEL PEREMPUAN DI TITIK NOL KARYA NAWAL EL-SAADAWI
Authors: Suparman NFN
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan ketidakadilan gender dalam bidang sosial, politik dan ekonomi serta bentuk perlawanan tokoh utama dalam Perempuan di Titik Nol, novel Karya Nawal el-Saadawi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan bersifat deskriptif  kualitatif. Sumber data adalah novel Perempuan di Titik Nol Karya Nawal el-Saadawi yang diterbitkan oleh Yayasan Obor Indonesia 2006. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa kutipan kata, frasa, klausa, kalimat dan paragraf dari novel. Dari hasil penelitian ini, ditemukan dua hal yakni, 1) ketidakadilan gender dalam bidang sosial pada novel Perempuan di Titik Nol berupa tindakan kekerasan, penghinaan dan pelecehan terhadap tokoh utama serta cacian dari kaum laki-laki. Ketidakadilan gender dalam bidang politik berupa batasan untuk memperoleh pendidikan dan dibatasinya ruang bagi kaum perempuan untuk terlibat dalam ranha politik. Ketidakadilan gender dalam bidang ekonomi pada novel Perempuan di Titik Nol berupa beban kerja yang dialami oleh tokoh Firdaus yang sangat padat sehingga dia harus bekerja keras untuk bertahan hidup. Bentuk perlawanan tokoh utama dalam Novel Perempuan di Titik Nol berupa perlawanan tokoh utama terhadap proses stereotip, subordinasi marginal dan kekerasan terhadap perempuan.Kata kunci: novel, ketidakadilan gender, feminisme  This research aimed to reveal and describe gender inequity in Perempuan di Titik Nol novel by Nawal el-Saadawi in social, political, and economic sectors and the main character’s resistance. This is a library research using descriptive qualitative method. Data source of this study is Perempuan di Titik Nol novel by Nawal el-Saadawi, published by Yayasan Obor Indonesia in 2006. Data of the research are quoted words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs from the novel Perempuan di Titik Nol by Nawal el-Saadawi. The results of this study discovered 3 issues, i.e. 1) gender inequities in social sector in the novel Perempuan di Titik Nol are the main character experienced many acts of violence, humiliation, and harassment against her as well as insult from men, 2) gender inequities in politic sphere are a limitation to obtain education and space for women to be involved in politic field, and 3) gender inequities in economic sector are the workload experienced by Firdaus is extremely heavy so he must work hard to be able to survive. The main character’s resistance in the novel Perempuan di Titik Nol is the resistance to the stereotyping, marginal subordination, or violence against women.Keywords: novel, gender inequity, feminism
PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURALISME DALAM PUISI DIGITAL GORONTALO TANAH BERDAULAT KARYA JAMAL RAHMAN IROTH: KAJIAN MOZAIC ANALOGY BERKSON
Authors: Vidiyanti M. Oktavia , Yulianto Bambang
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui bagaimana keragaman budaya yang terdapat dalam puisi digital dan melihat bagaimana masyarakat mengekspresikan hak identitas budaya mereka dalam puisi digital. Hasil penelitian dari analisis yang sudah dilakukan adalah bahwa dalam puisi digital terdapat konten multikulturalisme. Multikulturalisme tersebut terutama menyangkut persoalan budaya praandroid dan pascaandroid, tradisional dan modern, bahkan pascamodern. Kesimpulan hasil penelitian menyimpulkan potensi strategi puisi digital dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sarana untuk Pendidikan multikulturalisme.Kata kata Kunci: puisi digital, pendidikan, multikulturalisme Multiculturalism Education in Digital Poetry of Gorontalo Tanah Berdaulat in the Work of Jahal Rahman Iroth: Berskon Mozaic Analogy  AbstractThis study aims to find out how the diversity of cultures contained in digital poetry and see how people express their cultural identity rights in digital poetry. The results of the analysis that have been carried out are that in digital poetry there is multiculturalism content. Multiculturalism is mainly concerned with pre-thyroid and post-thyroid cultural issues, traditional and modern, even postmodern. The conclusion of the research concludes that the potential of digital poetry strategies can be used as a means for multiculturalism education.Keywords: digital poetry, education, multiculturalism
Sistem Pakar Diagnosa Sikap dan Gaya Belajar untuk Menerapkan Akhlakul Karimah pada Siswa
Authors: Kadrahman Kadrahman , Sumijan Sumijan , Yunus Yuhandri
Published: April 2020

Expert system is one of the use of technology in supporting every human activity. One of the uses of the expert system is for education. The expert system will help teachers to analyze the attitudes displayed by students. The purpose of this study is to analyze the attitudes and learning styles of students, apply good moral methods to students and determine the type of good approach to students using the Forward chaining method. The data needed for this research is student attitude data, data on learning style types, and moral data of morality and data on solutions to the application of morality and character. This research resulted in a solution in the form of the method of moral lighting according to the learning style with data accuracy of 86.2%. The conclusion of this study is that the design of an expert system for diagnosing student attitudes makes it easier for teachers to approach students.
SCALE OF POLLUTIONS WITH HEAVY METALS IN WATER AND SEDIMENT OF RIVER IBËR FROM LANDFILL IN KELMEND, KOSOVO
Authors: Kadriu Sadija Sada
Published: April 2020

Pollution with heavy metals and waters in Mitrovica with surroundings, both in the past and in present days, is a preoccupation for the citizens of Mirtovica, as well as for the other inhabitants living around it. Such a problem has been a concern which still continues for a number of researchers who have been dealing with this issue, and wo still continue to be preoccupied with the issue of heavy metal (habitat) pollution in this part of Kosovo. Heavy metal’s contamination of the environment’s main components, dates back to the 1970s / 90s to this date. This pollution, especially of the rivers, is due to the industrial activity taking place in the Trepça Combine and the presence of industrial landfill sites of this Combine near the flow of two main rivers: the Sitnica and Ibër River waters, in the city of Mitrovica. The focus of our study, this time consists solely in the research and illumination of pollution with these heavy metals and waterworks of the Ibër River, as a result of the pollution caused by the industrial waste landfill located in Kelmend village. In the paper, we have attempted to show the concentration of heavy metals in sediment and water, by pointing at four sample sites of the Ibër river: in the Bosniak U1 neighborhood, then in the flow in front the U2 landfill, discharge flows from landfill U3 and a certain distance from the U4 landfill.
SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION – THE COMPARISON OF BELT CONVEYORS
Authors: Suchorab Natalia
Published: April 2020

Belt conveyors (BCs), because of their high efficiency, are widely used for bulk material handling in the mining industry. However, due to the high level of conveyors’ energy consumption, the belt conveyor systems generate a large part of mining costs. Therefore, the current solutions mostly focus on implementing new management strategies, which find energy consumption as a key indicator in designing belt conveyor systems. Belt conveyor equipment selection, conveying systems, operation, applied mining technology are considered to be areas where improvement of belt conveyors’ energy efficiency may be achieved. Moreover, they can be used to implement novel standards for BC equipment and the proposal of defining new quality standards and creating BCs’ classification has been already outlined. The main idea of the paper is to compare the values of specific energy consumption (SEC) of BCs with regard to the inclination angle of a conveyor route which results from technological needs. The multiple regression is used to find a relationship between two basic independent variables – the volume of transported material and conveyor’s inclination angle – and a dependent variable (SEC). The procedure enables to determine the value of SEC which is required for lifting the material. Presented results prove that the value of SEC required for lifting the material is crucial for the interpretation of the SEC value when it comes to energy efficiency comparison.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SELECTED AIRLINES IN NIGERIA AVIATION INDUSTRY
Authors: Mohammed Sani Abdullahi  , Ummi Rahma Shehu  , Bashir Mikail Usman  , Alhassan Musa Gumawa
Published: April 2020

Total Quality Management (TQM) is perceived to be a very important factor for an organization's long-term success and its implementation is an important aspect of increasing operational efficiency. Previous studies of the relationship between TQM and organizational performance (OP) showed inconsistent and contradictory findings. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between TQM and OP: Empirical Evidence from Selected Airlines in Nigeria Aviation Industry. In this study, descriptive research design was utilized and stratified and simple random sampling methods have been used. A close-ended questionnaire was used as the information collection tool on a 5-Likert scale, descriptive statistics were used to analyze the profile of the study participants while Pearson's Correlation was the statistical technique used to evaluate the research hypotheses through the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21. The results indicate that Customer Satisfaction (CS) and Employee satisfaction (ES) that serve as the dimensions of TQM have a favourable connection with OP. Therefore, to make use of these outcomes, it merely implies that organizations need to pay more attention to achieving TQM in terms of products or services by efficiently fulfilling their customers and staff need, as they serve as criteria for OP which ultimately leads to organizational diversification..Keywords: Customer satisfaction, Employee satisfaction, Total Quality Management, Organizational Performance
PAX-NIGERIANA AND NIGERIA’S CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
Authors: Omotuyi Sunday
Published: April 2020

Nigeria’s advocacy for the ‘African solutions to African problems’ has been a critical component of its African diplomacy since its independence in 1960. This advocacy finds its loudest expression in the leadership roles it played in peacekeeping and peace-building efforts in the continent in tandem with what has been dubbed Pax-Nigeriana. However, less than a decade since returning to democratic governance in 1999, Nigeria’s commitment to the peacekeeping efforts has been waning. In spite of its globally acknowledged regional security provider, Nigeria’s interventions in a number of regional countries leave much to be desired. This study, therefore, argues that the plethora of domestic security challenges in Nigeria has had dire implications for conflict management in Africa. The study, which relies on personal observation and secondary sources, contends that Nigeria’s declining commitment to its self-assigned ‘responsibility to protect’ in Africa as vividly demonstrated in Mali’s operation and other contexts portend bleak future for the effective peacekeeping operations in the continent. The paper concludes by recommending that domestic issues such as terrorism and inequality in the polity among others must be addressed if Nigeria wants to continue playing its traditional leadership role in West Africa especially in the security sector.

Keywords: African security, African solutions to African problems, conflict management, Pax-Nigeriana, responsibility to protect
Educational poverty in Italy: concepts, measures and policies
Authors: Battilocchi Gian Luca
Published: April 2020

In recent years in Italy, as a result of the initiative by the NGO Save the Children Italia and of the government action, we have witnessed the success of the notion of “povertà educativa”, as an effective way to indicate severe inequalities in education across the country. Firstly, the aim of this paper is to shed light on the different concepts and measures of educational poverty in socio-economic literature, in order to highlight specific and innovative aspects of this idea. Moreover, the paper intends to scrutinize Save the Children’s proposal in order to monitor and tackle educational poverty as well as to show how the action of the NGO has influenced the development of Italian recent government policies against child and educational poverty.
Labour Market Characteristics of Helping Professionals
Authors: Csók Cintia
Published: April 2020

In Hungary, considerable efforts have been made in recent years to analyse the career paths of higher educational graduates, which have highlighted the need for field-specific and training-specific analysis. In this context, our research concentrates on a special training segment, focusing on the position of young professionals working in occupations helping the function of the society. Previous research focused only on the professionalization of the different occupations and the recruitment was examined from institutional and regional aspects. However, during the statistical analysis we examined the social recruitment base and the labour market situation of social pedagogy graduates in the Graduates 2012 (Frissdiplomások 2012) national database. The novelty of our work lies in the comparison of those who graduated in social work, pedagogy and andragogy in full-time programs. The most important result of our quantitative analysis is the statement that the differences in the composition of the group are strongly explained by the regional location of the institutions providing the training. In terms of horizontal and vertical congruence, the values of the humanities group are the most unfavourable.
Variants applied to the Control Scheme in Mining Companies in Ínquira – Huila
Authors: Tafur Charry Magda Paola , Gaviria Angy , Ortigoza Marilyn , Losada Lina , Vargas Karen Lorena
Published: April 2020

This research paper addresses the mining control regulatory scheme in Colombia, to set its implementation variants in order to conduct an analysis of its implementation in the companies that carry out mining activities in the municipality of Íquira (Huila), between 2008 and 2013. For its development, a mixed approach methodology was used, that is, qualitative tools as well as quantitative, using an applied research design, socio-legal and descriptive. It came to the conclusion that with further research a comparative between the before and after of the mining activity in the place of study and a possible Mining Observatory in Huila.
Kleine ungarische Globalgeschichte
Authors: Kerekes Amália
Published: April 2020

Die Geschichte der attributiven Konstruktion „ungarischer Globus“ ist in der Begriffsgeschichte ein besonderes Beispiel für die Kollision semantischer Ambitionen und traditioneller Pragmatik. Als Topos kondensiert er kartografische und imperiale Vorstellungen und wird immer wieder als moderner Anachronismus kontextualisiert, was die Frage aufwirft, inwiefern dieser Topos eine Neufokussierung oder zumindest Erweiterung der üblichen binären klassifikatorischen Logik in den Beschreibungen der Kräfteverhältnisse der Habsburgermonarchie ermöglicht.
Volkslied und Politik im deutsch-ungarischen Vergleich einst und heute
Authors: Tőkei Éva
Published: April 2020

Es gibt kaum eine andere Gattung, die, obwohl immer wieder benutzt, so wenig definierbar und zur gleichen Zeit dermaßen politisch beladen wäre wie das Volkslied. Das hat es den zahlreichen und vielfältigen historischen Bedeutungsvarianten des namensgebenden Wortes „Volk“ zu verdanken. Der Beitrag versucht, die dreifache Historizität der Entstehung, Aufzeichnung und Auslegung in beiden Traditionen darzustellen.
Caracterización del cáncer gástrico en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención
Authors: Díaz Lazo Aníbal Valentín , Mayhuasca-Quispe Rosana
Published: April 2020

Objetivo.Describir las características histopatológicas del cáncer gástrico en pacientes de un hospital de tercer nivel de atención. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal en 103 pacientes. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: poseer 18 o más años de edad, mujer o varón, tener estudio de endoscopia digestiva alta y estudio anatomo patológico con diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma. Los criterios de exclusión, por su parte: no tener examen endoscópico o resultado de biopsia gástrica, tener diagnostico compatible con otros tipos de neoplasias. Los datos fueron obtenidos en un cuestionario del registro de vigilancia epidemiológica del servicio oncología del hospital. Resultados. El promedio de edad fue de 67 años. El cáncer gástrico se presentó en un 83,5 % en mayores de 50 años de edad. El grupo etario más afectado estuvo entre la sexta y octava década (56,4 %), con similar frecuencia de presentación en hombres (50,5 %) y mujeres (49,5%). Los sitios de afectación gástrica fueron: antro corporales en 71 (68,9 %) casos; antro en 23 (22,3 %); píloro en 5 (4,9 %); cuerpo y fondo en 2 (1,9 %) y cardias en 2 (1,9 %). Solo en 50 (100 %) casos se realizó estudio histológico, de los cuales la variedad de cáncer gástrico más común encontrado fue el tipo difuso en 33 (66 %) casos y el intestinal en 17 (34 %). El adenocarcinoma pobremente diferenciado se presentó en 24 (48 %) casos; medianamente diferenciado en 15 (30 %) y carcinomas mixtos en 6 (12 %) casos. Conclusión. El adenocarcinoma gástrico difuso con compromiso de más de una región anatómica es el más frecuente y el tipo histológico pobremente diferenciado es el más común.
Concordancia diagnostica del síndrome metabólico según diferentes criterios en personas adultas que habitan en altura
Authors: Díaz Lazo Aníbal , Medrano-Porras Brian Kenny , Carlos-Haro Yuliana Guadalupe
Published: April 2020

Objetivo. Comparar la concordancia diagnostica del síndrome metabólico, según los criterios de diagnóstico de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes (FID) y del Programa Nacional de Educación sobre el Colesterol (PNEC-ATP III) en una población adulta que habita a 3,270 m s.n.m. Métodos. Se diseñó un estudio observacional, transversal y analítico. La muestra se determinó con criterios de inclusión y exclusión, de forma aleatoria simple. Se realizaron los análisis de laboratorio en ayunas. Se utilizó el coeficiente kappa (k) paradeterminar el grado de concordancia. Resultados. Se incluyeron 43 (100 %) personas. El 58,1 % era mayor de 60 años. La frecuencia del Síndrome Metabólico fue del 27,9 % (12), según los criterios de la FID y del 20,9 % (9),según los criterios del PNEC-ATP III. La frecuencia de síndrome metabólico se incrementa con el aumento de la edad, especialmente a partir de los 50 años y es más común en mujeres con sobrepeso. Entre ambos criterios de diagnóstico se encontró una valoración del coeficiente de kappa de 0,812. Conclusión. Existe una alta concordancia entre los criterios de diagnóstico que utilizan las guías de la FID y del PNEC-ATP III para realizar el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico en pobladores que viven en la altura.
KEBIASAAN SARAPAN DAN KONSENTRASI BELAJAR MAHASISWA
Authors: Purnawinadi I Gede , Lotulung Christa Vike
Published: April 2020

Breakfast is useful to meet the energy needs of the body, especially the brain requires nutrition in improving the ability to concentrate in learning. This study aims to analyze the relationship between breakfast habits and the concentration of learning in students at Klabat University. This type of research is an analytic survey through a cross sectional approach which was conducted on 177 general English 1 class students who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The questionnaire was used to obtain data on breakfast habits and concentration of learning. Analysis of the relationship between variables using the Spearman Correlation test. The results showed that the dominant students rarely had breakfast (39%) and high learning concentration (56.5%). There was a very weak but significant relationship between breakfast habits with the level of student learning concentration (r = 0.162 and p = 0.031). Students awareness about the importance of breakfast needs to be increased through socialization in the classroom and outside the classroom.

Keywords: breakfast habit, learning concentration, students

Sarapan bermanfaat memenuhi kebutuhan energi tubuh terlebih otak memerlukan gizi dalam meningkatkan kemampuan konsentrasi dalam belajar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan kebiasaan sarapan dengan konsentrasi belajar pada mahasiswa di Universitas Klabat. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan survei analitik melalui pendekatan cross sectional yang dilakukan pada 177 mahasiswa kelas general english 1 yang dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Kuesioner digunakan untuk memperoleh data kebiasaan sarapan dan konsentrasi belajar. Analisis hubungan antar variabel menggunakan uji Korelasi Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dominan mahasiswa jarang sarapan (39%) dan konsentrasi belajar tinggi (56,5%). Terdapat hubungan yang sangat lemah namun bermakna antara kebiasaan sarapan dengan tingkat konsentrasi belajar mahasiswa (r = 0,162 dan p = 0,031). Kesadaran mahasiswa tentang pentingnya sarapan perlu ditingkatkan melalui sosialisasi di kelas maupun di luar kelas.

Kata kunci: kebiasaan sarapan, konsentrasi belajar, mahasiswa
New observations on the resistance of coconut cultivars to tropical cyclones in Vanuatu
Authors: Jean-Pierre LABOUISSE  , Tiata SILEYE  , Chantal HAMELIN
Published: April 2020

The resistance of coconut palms to violent winds was observed at the Saraoutou research station as cyclone Dani passed over the island of Santo in Vanuatu in January 1999. Mortality caused by felling or uprooting was recorded on 13 Dwarf varieties, 10 Tall varieties and 28 Dwarf x Tall hybrids. The Dwarf palms were generally more susceptible than the Tall palms and hybrids, but substantial differences were also found between varieties in the same group. At 15 years old, the Tacunan Green Dwarf originating from the Philippines proved to be the most resistant Dwarf with 0% of felled palms compared to 100% of felled palms for the most susceptible, the Malayan Yellow Dwarf. Of the Tall palms, the Vanuatu Tall proved to be the most resistant with 2% of felled palms. The varieties originating from the South Pacific or the Philippines also displayed good resistance compared to varieties from Papua New Guinea. Of the hybrids, the Malayan Red Dwarf x Rennell Tall displayed the least resistance. The effect of different factors (morphological characteristics, age) on susceptibility to violent winds is discussed.
Sustainable Development and Application of Bio – Energy in Coconut Plantations
Authors: H.A.J. Gunathilake
Published: April 2020

One hectare of coconut land (156 palms ha-1) planted with gliricidia (2250 trees ha-1 into double rows in avenues of coconut), available natural pasture and outside supplied paddy straw coupled with six buffaloes were mixed into a farming model to examine total productivity and potential of green energy production by wood and biogas.  Six buffaloes were maintained in a shed and the manure was collected for biogas generation. Biogas was purified from H2S and the bio fuel was used to run a 0.75 hp engine. Wood of gliricidia was used to energize a 3.5 kW gassifire-engine system for generating electricity.

Productivity of gliricidia in the 3rd year was 4.5 kg wood (at 20% moisture) and 3.5 kg of fresh foliage per tree/year.  Each buffalo produced an average of 622 liters of milk at the first lactation (for a period of 10 months) and value of a calf was Rs. 41244.00 at the age of 17 months.  

Soils of the model were enriched by adding the effluent of biogas digester. The soil fertility (N, P, K, Mg, moisture holding capacity) improved significantly over soils sampled outside the model. The effluent of biogas was more fertile than dried buffalo dung. As a result, nut yield of coconut palms increased from 30 to 60 nuts palm-1 year-1 over a period of two years.

In green energy production, the dung of six buffaloes passed through a 0.5 kW biogas-engine system generator produced 2 kwh of electricity per day which if generated by diesel driven generator would require 0.9 liters of diesel. The annual generation of electricity from the biogas amounted to 700 kwh. On the other hand, gliricidia wood of one hectare of coconut land was sufficient to energize 3.5 kW gassifire – engine – generator set for 1600 hours/year and this was equivalent to 5000 kwh of electricity (kWh). Thus, one hectare of coconut/gliricidia/natural pasture/paddy straw with six buffaloes was able to produce green energy equivalent to 5700 units of electricity (kWh) or 2,565 liters of diesel, in addition to farm income derived from coconut, buffalo milk and other benefits of buffalo farming. The total return (coconut, selling of calves, buffalo milk and bio fertilizer) added up to Rs. 704,070 ha-1 year-1.  The feasibility of this model for adoption by small farmers of the coconut triangle in Sri Lanka is presented on the basis of this study.
Rapid and Cost-effective Embryo Culture Technique for Commercial Production of Makapuno Seedlings
Authors: Osmundo D. Orense
Published: April 2020

An embryo cultured Makapuno (ECM) production scheme which is simpler, faster and more low-cost than the current protocol has been developed. With improvements in the ex vitro establishment environment, the cut-off age for in vitro stage of seedlings before they can be transferred to soil has been lowered from 7 to 4 months resulting in a  shorter ECM production cycle from 13 to 10 months.  The improvements simplified the current ECM production technique by doing away with several complicated in vitro cultural practices and ex vitro establishment steps.  Overall, the new ECM production scheme lowered the cost of production resulting in more affordable ECM seedlings for the farmers.

Financial analysis of a 10 year ECM seedling production venture projected much higher Internal Rate of Return, Benefit Cost Ratio and Net Present Value as well as shorter Payback Period with the use of the new ECM production scheme.  With the new scheme, the break-even prices using marginal and full-cost operations were approximately 4 to 8 times lower than the current selling price for ECM seedlings. With these results, it is expected that more entrepreneurs will take up the technology for commercial production with a consequent massive planting of ECM and greater production of Makapuno in the country.
Development of Low Cost Coconut Water Vinegar Making Process and Evaluation of “Generator Process” to Accelerate the Acetification
Authors: K.D.P.P. Gunathilake
Published: April 2020

Attempts were made to develop an appropriate low cost vinegar making technique and evaluate the physico-chemical, microbial and sensory qualities of the product. Coconut water was adjusted to four different levels of sugar levels (12%, 15%, 17%, and 20%) and pasteurized sweetened coconut water was allowed for alcoholic fermentation for one week by addition of baker’s yeast and then for acetic fermentation by addition of raw vinegar at 10%. Changes in alcohol %, titratable acidity, pH and yeast and mold count were determined periodically. Best treatment was selected for evaluation of the vinegar generator. Vinegar generator consists of a feeding device, an acetifier and a receiving trough. The acetifier was filled up with maize cobs soaked with mother vinegar. The maximum alcohol content was observed in 170 TSS coconut water sample on 5th day (9%) of alcohol fermentation and the same sample achieved the highest acetic acid level during acetic fermentation period. Results indicated that vinegar generator accelerates the conversion of alcohol to acetic acid within 5 cycles or runs. It takes about 32 hours to obtain the 4% acetic level. Sensory evaluation was done to determine the acceptability of product using 30 untrained panelists. Sensory evaluation revealed that coconut toddy vinegar and coconut water vinegar were highly acceptable for aroma, taste, color, appearance and overall acceptability. Mature coconut water can be used to produce vinegar with the aid of vinegar generator for accelerating the production process.
Study on Fatty Acid Composition and Amino Acid Content of Coconut Endosperm of Selected Coconut Cultivars in Thailand
Authors: Wilaiwan Twishsri
Published: April 2020

The nutritive values of tropical fruits like coconut are of interest to consumers and useful for the breeding program. The two experiments were carried out in Completely Randomized Design with 3 replications. The first experiment aimed to determine the essential and non-essential amino acid content of liquid and solid endosperm of potential market varieties of coconut such as young tender nut of Aromatic Green Dwarf (Nam Hom) and mature nut of hybrid Nam Hom x Kathi (NHK). Among the 18 kinds of amino acids, the significant differences were found on Aspatic acid, Cystine, Serine, Isoleucine, and Phenylalanine content while highly significant differences were found on Histidine and Methionine content. The second experiment aimed to determine the fatty acid composition of virgin coconut oil of 20 coconut accessions from the coconut field gene bank of Thailand at Chumphon Horticultural Research Centre. The result showed that there were significant differences on the eight fatty acid compositions. Among the eight fatty acids, lauric acid is the most noted one by consumers and it was found that lauric acid content in virgin coconut oil (VCO) was excellent  (lauric acid > 48.8%) and the mean of lauric aicd content among the eight varieties had no significant difference at 5% level by DMRT. These varieties include including Renell Tall,  Chumphon Hybrid No. 2, Malayan Yellow Dwarf, Sawi Hybrid No.1 (MAWA), Hybrid Chumphon 60, Thai Red Dwarf, Sri Lanka Tall, and Hybrid Nam Hom x Kathi (NHK) with the lauric acid content at  51.0, 50.1, 49.3, 49.0, 49.0, 49.0, 48.9, and 48.8%, respectively. These varieties, therefore, were suitable for VCO processing since they have high lauric content.
Stakeholders’ Perception of Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme: A Study on the Coastal States of India
Authors: D. Rajasenan  , Rajeev B.
Published: April 2020

The Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme (CPIS) is a mechanism, devised to endow effective risk management aid, to those coconut growers who are likely to be impacted by non-preventable natural factors as well as pests and diseases. This study analyses the perception of the stakeholders for drawing empirical validity, so as to appraise sustainability of CPIS as a measure towards financial inclusion. 528 samples, encompassing Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Maharashtra states, classified into three regions, were taken using multi-stage proportionate random sampling technique with a view to develop a recurrent scheme to assist the coconut growers. Analyses and inferences, based on Factor Analysis, point out that growers across the regions are convinced that the scheme is necessary for a crop like coconut and, accordingly, the scheme seems to have achieved its goal.
Thermal and Microstructure Analysis of Cocofoam Made from Blended Coconut Fiber with Latex Compound
Authors: I.D.K. Anom
Published: April 2020

Thermal and microstructure analysis of cocofoam made from vulcanized coconut fiber and latex compound were conducted. The cocofoam was produced by blending coconut fiber and latex compound with weight ratio of 10/25 (CF5-1) and 20/55 (CF5-2) at room temperature. The cocofoam characters were then analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DTA) instruments. The result showed that the increase of coconut fiber and latex compound ratio produced a higher density of cocofoam. The highest value density was 0.6920 g/cm3 with flexibility of 90% produced by the CF5-2 sample. The SEM analysis showed that both specimens surface of the CF5-1 and CF5-2 samples have different pores size and the latex compound is not distributed thoroughly in the cocofoam. The thermal analysis showed that the production of cocofoam was largely determined by latex compound that served as fiber binder matrix. Cocofoam started to degrade at the temperature of 90oC and was damaged when it was heated at the temperature of 115oC for 2.5 hours.
Australian Contributions to Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Research (A Review Article)
Authors: Mike Foale
Published: April 2020

Australia has been a significant supporter of research into coconut protection, improvement and biotechnology for three decades. Major achievements include a key role in identification of the Cadang Cadang Viroid in Philippines and the Foliar Decay virus in Vanuatu, surveys of coconut genetic diversity in the south Pacific, and the initiation of global collaboration leading to the formation of the Coconut Genetic Resources Network.

         Another major Australian contribution beginning in the 1980s, has been to the development and refinement of methods of collection and exchange around the world of diverse coconut genotypes under COGENT involving particularly the protocol for embryo transfer and culture. Most recently CO2 enrichment of the in vitro atmosphere has  raised cultured embryo growth to a new level at  the University of Queensland (UQ). Researchers at UQ have brought somatic embryogenesis, a critical process for multiplication of high-value individual palms, to the verge of commercial application, has and also greatly advanced the technique for preserving genetic material by cryopreservation of the embryo. The development of a healthy and high-value snack food from coconut kernel has also emerged at UQ.

         Modest additional funding would advance all of these recent projects to the stage of general application, thereby building on the strong record of Australia in helping to secure the future of coconut producers in the community and economy of Pacific nations, and beyond.
Improvement in Physical Properties of MMA Grafted Coir Fibres
Authors: Lakshmi N. S.  , Sarika Babu  , Sumy Sebastian  , P.K. Ravi
Published: April 2020

This work deals with the surface modification of Coir fibre through graft copolymerization process. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto coir fibre was carried out with Potassium per sulphate (PPS) as an initiator under the catalytic influence of Ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) in aqueous medium. Control and grafted coir fibres were subjected to evaluation of properties like tensile strength, flexural rigidity, density, water absorbance and light fastness studies. It was observed that MMA grafted coir fibre shows more resistance towards water and light fastness when compared with that of control coir fibre. Further morphological, structural changes and thermal stability of control and grafted coir fibre have also been studied by SEM and TGA techniques. For statistical significance the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were studied and the P values obtained were less than 0.05 which revealed that the value was highly significant for the improvement of physical properties on coir fibre by graft Co- polymerization.
Quality of Coconut Oil using Fruit of Dwarf Coconut
Authors: Steivie Karouw  , Chandra Indrawanto  , Hengky Novarianto
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this research was to study processing of coconut oil which focused on evaluation of the quality of oil by using fruit of several Dwarf coconut as raw materials. The varieties used were Salak Green Dwarf (SGD), Raja Brown Dwarf (RBD) and Bali Yellow Dwarf (BYD). The oil was extracted through the wet process by heating technique. The coconut oil volume was measured and evaluated for its fatty acids profile, free fatty acid contents, moisture content, color, smell and taste. The by-products such as coconut residue and blondo were measured, too. The results showed that processing of oil from 200 Dwarf nuts produced 7.1-8.4 L. The highest volume of oil (8.4 L) was resulted from SGD. The oil was generally having high medium chain fatty acid around 58.50-62.32% including lauric acid at 46.82-48.46%. The oil made from fruits of SGD contained the highest lauric acid around 48.46%, followed by RBD and BYD reaching 48.06%  and  46.82%, respectively. It had a good smell, and fatty acid and moisture content were in  accord with Indonesian National Standard. The coconut oil processed using the fruit of the SGD and RBD has a clear white color, while the BYD  having clear yellow in color, like corn oil.
Evaluation of Properties of Dikiri Pulp in the Formulation of Jam
Authors: K.D.P.P. Gunathilake
Published: April 2020

The peculiar farm of coconut,” Dikiri” was studied for its kernel composition including pectin content with the objective of developing a jam out of Dikiri kernel. Three levels of Dikiri pulp, 20%, 30% and 40%, were evaluated to prepare Dikiri based jam. Two types of jam were prepared; Jam made with Dikiri only as the fruit pulp and the jam with Dikiri pulp together with 10% pineapple. They were tested for sensory attributes and were compared with pineapple jam prepared with added commercial high methoxyl pectin. The best jam was selected for shelf life study at room temperature. Results showed that Dikiri kernel differs from ordinary coconut for all the variables tested in proximate composition analysis. Dikiri kernel contained 16.6% of high methoxyl pectin on a dry weight basis. The jam with 30% Dikiri pulp was selected as the best total pulp ratio and the incorporation of 10% pineapple pulp into Dikiri gives better sensory properties compared with Dikiri only jam.  In conclusion, there is a possibility of formulation of jam without adding external pectin with considerable sensory acceptability and good keeping quality.
Liposomal Drug Delivery of a Major Component of Coconut Oil for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Dissaya Pornpattananangku
Published: April 2020

Abundantly found in coconut oil, lauric acid (LA), a 12-carbon atom chain free fatty acid, has shown its potent antimicrobial activity against the acne-causing bacteria, Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). To facilitate the administration of LA and improve its efficacy, nanoliposomes were used to encapsulate LA. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of LA was compared with other free fatty acids and benzoyl peroxide (BPO). Subsequently, LA was incorporated into nano-sized bilayer lipid vesicle (lauric acid liposome, LipoLA). It was demonstrated that the antimicrobial activity of LA in LipoLA was enhanced at low LA concentration. Interaction study also showed that the liposome aids in the fusion between LA and the bacterial membrane, leading to an effective delivery of LA molecules to the target site. More interestingly, in vivo study indicates that antimicrobial activity of LipoLA is well preserved and higher than BPO. Since LA is a natural compound from coconut oil and liposomes have been successfully and widely applied as a drug delivery vehicle in the clinic, the LipoLA developed in this work holds great potential of becoming a safe and effective therapeutic medication for acne vulgaris and other P. acnes associated infections.
Improving the Availability of Valuable Coconut Germplasm using Tissue Culture Techniques
Authors: Steve Adkins
Published: April 2020

Coconut cultivation faces a number of acute problems that reduce its productivity and competitiveness. These problems include various biotic and abiotic challenges as well as an unstable market for its traditional oil-based products. Around 10 million small-holder farmers cultivate coconut palms worldwide on c. 12 million hectares of land, and many more people own a few coconut palms that contribute to their livelihoods. Inefficiency in the production and supply of appropriate seedlings for replanting a generally ageing resource remains an issue, especially where there is uncertainty about the ability of local populations to resist potential disease threats. However, tissue culture in such cases is expected to provide pragmatic solutions. Over the past 60 years much research has been directed towards developing and improving protocols for (i) embryo culture; (ii) clonal propagation via somatic embryogenesis and (iii) germplasm conservation via cryopreservation. Recent advances have provided new ways to improve these protocols, especially cryopreservation. Although effective embryo culture and cryopreservation are now possible, the low efficiency of conversion of somatic embryos to ex vitro seedlings still restrains the large-scale clonal propagation of coconut. Although tissue culture in coconut has developed over the recent decades, further improvement of protocols and their application to a wider range of germplasm will boost their adoption for the breeding, conservation and propagation of coconut.
Effect of Vermicompost on Growth of Coconut Seedlings under Field Conditions in Sri Lanka
Authors: S.H.S. Senarathne
Published: April 2020

Organic matter contributes in maintaining soil fertility in agriculture.  Vermicompost is rich in plant nutrients and recognized as potential organic manure source for many crops.  In this experiment, different amount of vermicompost and inorganic fertilizers were tested. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of vermicompost on the growth of coconut seedling in the field conditions and to reduce the cost of production of coconut plantations.Treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The experiment consisted of three different fertilizer treatments with vermicompost (100%) + Dolomite 500g (T1), Inorganic fertilizer (Young Palm Mixture) + Dolomite (T2) and vermicompost + Inorganic fertilizer (Young Palm Mixture) + Dolomite (T3).  Growth measurements revealed A significantly higher seedling girth, leaf production rate and early highest coconut seedling flowering percentage in the vermicompost base integrated fertilizer applied treatment when compare with other two treatments. This experiment had brought out that application of vermicompost base integrated fertilizer application system is beneficial for coconut seedlings in the field for the better field establishment and vigorous seedling growth.