bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Image Segmentation for Traumatic Brain Haemorrhage
Authors: Yahya Dawod Ahmad , Phaphuangwittayakul Aniwat
Published: August 2021

It is challenging to establish a significant solution with computer techniques to improve the speed and efficiency of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) diagnosis. Several segmentation methods involving diverse precision and a degree of effort have been proposed and detailed within the related literature. Segmentation of Brain image is one of the significant clinical diagnostics implements. This paper proposes a modified (MDRLSE) calculation for haemorrhage segmentation on Computed Tomography (CT) images. The image noise that abdicates the obscured edges is utilized to portray the precise boundary of the haemorrhage region. The proposed segmentation technique achieved an accuracy rate of 97.16%. The technique is implemented using an edge-based involved contour model for image segmentation, providing a simple narrowband to significantly reduce computational costs. The performance results show that it is effective for TBI image segmentation in brain images with various characteristics.
Participants’ perceptions of a residency teaching certificate program: the quality, impact and benefits
Authors: Peters Lindsey , Long Brittany , Eddy Emily , Kuhn Kayli , Huppert Chelsea
Published: August 2021

Background: Currently, there are no accreditation requirements for pharmacy resident teaching certificate programs (RTCPs) but rather suggested guidelines and documents for individual programs to follow. RTCP curriculums are often “handed-down” from past personnel and vary based on individual interpretation. Quality improvement may be overlooked when programs do not report to governing bodies.

Objective: The primary objective of this quality improvement project was threefold: 1) to identify past RTCP participants’ perceptions regarding program seminars, activities, and requirements; 2) to determine the short-term and long-term impact on participant careers and interaction with learners; and 3) to improve the program to meet participants' needs.

Methods: A 25 item Qualtrics survey was sent to 93 past pharmacy residents who completed the RTCP. Delivery of the survey was confirmed to 89 previous residents. Participants provided consent and were given 12 days to complete the survey. Data was collected and coded by the research team independently.

Results: The participants hold positions in a variety of roles, with 68.3% of participants currently holding a non-academia position. The top five most beneficial activities during the RTCP were: giving a large room lecture, facilitating small group learning, developing test questions, delivering professional CE, and meeting with their teaching mentor. Most seminar topics were beneficial to residents during the RTCP, with over two-thirds of the topics (n=23) found beneficial by at least 90% of the participants. A total of 92.9% of respondents said that the most beneficial aspect of having an assigned mentor was the teaching advice and feedback provided.

Conclusions: The perceptions and beliefs of past RTCP participants were obtained regarding how beneficial the programming, activities, and mentorship offered were during and after RTCP completion. Quality improvement ideas from this work include redistribution of time in seminars compared to hands-on activities, the adoption of tracks or concentrations within the RTCP, and the creation of mentor training and development.
Study on scope and existing cropping pattern at south-western saline region of Bangladesh​
Authors: Hajong P. , Rahman M. H. , Rahman M. S. , Ahammad K. U. , Islam M. I.​
Published: August 2021

One of the major restrictions influencing crop production in Bangladesh's coastal districts is salinity. In order to better understand the specific conditions in the south-western region of Bangladesh, where significant salinity and problems in crop production prevail, this study took place in two districts, namely Satkhira and Khulna. Six upazila were selected for the current study: Satkhira Sadar, Kaligonj, and Dumuria in Satkhira, and Batiaghata and Dacope in Khulna. Among the selected farmers, about sixty six percent of farmers were small farmers. The average farm size was 0.83 ha. Most of the land of the saline area was covered by a single crop with T. Aman. Ninety percent of the farmer of Satkhira Sadar upazila cover T. Aman-mustard-boro, which was the main cropping pattern. T. Aman-mustard, T. Aman-wheat, T. Aman-grasspea etc., were the major existing cropping pattern. Different vegetables and other field crops such as bottle gourd, bitter gourd, ladies finger, garden pea, potato, sweet potato, maize, chili etc., were cultivated in the study area sporadically. Most of the cost involved for labor cost in T. Aman rice cultivation. If the farmer cultivates the land by sharecropping from the owner, then farmer gives half of the crop to his landowner. The highest total rice equivalent yield (TREY) was T. Aman-mustard-boro cropping pattern and it was 13.23 t ha-1. Most of the farmers eager to cultivate more new crops. Saline water, water stagnant, insufficient irrigation water, late harvest of T. Aman rice, late ‘joe’ condition etc., were the main constraints to develop a new cropping pattern.
​Effect of Chemically Amended Litter and Supplementing Low Protein Diet with Amino Acids on Immune Status, Carcass Characteristics, Biochemical Parameters and Broiler Chicken Behavior during Summer
Authors: Sandhu Kulvinder Singh , Malik D.S. , Proch Ankush , Singh Yashpal , Sharma Amit , Sethi A.P.S.
Published: August 2021

Background: Ammonia gas present in poultry shed critically affects the health and welfare condition of bird and the labourer which are working at the poultry farm. Good litter management and low protein diet minimize the ammonia concentration resulting in overall improvement of the bird’s welfare. The current study was aimed to estimate the effect of alum sulphate in litter and addition of essential amino acids in a low protein diet on immunity status, serum biochemical parameters, carcass parameters and behavior welfare of broiler chicks. Methods: A total of 240 (day old) Vencobb broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four treatment groups, having 3 replicates of 20 chicks each. Control group (Tc) had no dietary and litter amendments, whereas, experiment groups include litter amendment with alum sulphate @ 90 gm/sq.ft. (TL) dietary amendment with low protein supplemented with essential amino acids like lysine, methionine, threonine (TD) and both dietary and litter amendment (TLD). Result: The results showed that immune status was better in the litter treated groups as compare to control and TD group. The overall hygiene of the birds was better in treatment groups. It can be concluded that treatment of litter with alum sulphate improved protein metabolism and carcass quality and also help in providing a comfortable environment to the broiler birds.
​Differential Perception and Logit Analysis of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies among Dairy Farmers in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of Haryana
Authors: Kumar R. Senthil , Meena B.S. , Chakravarty Ritu , Kadian K.S. , Mooventhan P.
Published: August 2021

Background: The present research study was undertaken to study the dairy farmer’s perception and adaptation practices against impending climate change in the arid and semi-arid climate regions of Haryana. Methods: The study area Hisar and Karnal Districts had been purposively selected based on rainfall pattern and milk production potential in the state. In this study, interview schedule had been constructed to reveal the dairy farmers perception and adaptation practices against climate change were studied through Environmental, biological and socio-economic indicators. Result: It was found that, last 10 years majority of the farmers perceived significant increase in environmental changes, biological indicators and socio-economic indicators in their dairy farming practices respectively. Due to these perceived changes, the logit analysis had been applied to assess their adaptation practices in the breeding, feeding, healthcare, management and crop production aspects of the various significant levels.
AN ALGORITHM TO COMPUTE THE DEGREE OF A DICKSON POLYNOMIAL
Authors: İMAMOĞLU Erdal
Published: August 2021

In this study, we describe an algorithm that computes the degree of a Dickson Polynomial of the First Kind from its known value at a point. Our algorithm is based on a mathematical relation between Dickson Polynomials of the First Kind and Chebyshev Polynomials of the First Kind.
THEORETICAL EXPLANATION FOR CATALYTIC HYDROSILYLATION OF SOME ORGANIC MOLECULES MEDIATED BY A PHOSPHORUS DICATION COMPOUND
Authors: YILDIZ Cem Burak
Published: August 2021

Catalysis reactions under metal-free and ambient conditions have received great interest in terms of economic and environmental issues. Especially, the applications of Lewis acids for the processes are having special interest due to their unique roles in a huge number of organic reactions. In this sense, a recent compound PIII dication has played an important role in the catalytic hydrosilylation of carbonyls and olefins. Herein theoretical calculations were carried out to elucidate the mechanisms of the experimentally reported and unknown reactions. The proposed mechanisms show that the reactions of a-d can occur spontaneously, whereas the formation of pyridine has endergonic nature.
Construction of an Algorithm for use of Information and Computer Technologies in Research Work of the Psychological Service of the University
Authors:   Rostov Institute of Improving Qualification and Retraining of Personnel of Education, Legkonogikh A.N. , Popova S.L. ,   Don State Technical University, Legkonogikh N.I. ,   South Federal University
Published: August 2021

Presented is developing of an algorithm for using information and computer technologies in the research work of the psychological service of universities in order to quickly respond and resolve the occurrence of conflict, psychological and other unstable situations between interacting internal and external audiences of the university. The relevance of the issue is emphasized by the author's research and the low efficiency of the psychological service with students and teachers of the university, which was revealed on the basis of numerous surveys of all test groups during 2020–2021. The study was conducted using a Google questionnaire, a representative sample — general contacts in social networks and messengers, as well as direct mail. The Google-form automatically summarized and structured the survey results after receiving the responses. The results are used to identify the key vector of constructing the algorithm of the psychological service of the Don State Technical University with the intensification of the use and deep penetration of information and computer technologies in this process. It is confirmed that the surveys of students and teachers of the university with the help of internal network resources or printed questionnaires, currently conducted by universities — are not the whole algorithm of those technologies that are available and acceptable for providing timely and professional psychological support to all representatives of the university conglomerate. The results of the study were discussed collectively at the Don State University and other universities in Rostov-on-Don online, on the platform “Boiling Point” in May 2021.
Assessing Competencies of Academic Staff in University from Point of View of Students: Local Aspect
Authors:   Rostov State University of Economics (RINH), Bezpalova A.G.
Published: August 2021

Identified are criteria for assessing the competence level of the academic staff of the local university, formulated by students of the Rostov State University of Economics. It is argued that university students are endowed with a certain experience of interaction with the teaching staff and the relative objectivity of the assessment of both the experience itself and those components of the educational process that must correspond to the professional competencies of each lectures. The relevance of the issue is justified by the author’s research conducted in the social network “VK”, where group conversations were created with the deep involvement of students of the participating groups. During the 2020–2021 academic year, students were asked to evaluate the professional competencies of the teacher (the author of the article) according to certain criteria, but without categorical reference to the specified ones, i.e. students could independently formulate assessment criteria and the level of competence within a separate discipline, knowledge of teaching techniques, information and computer technologies, software products, podcasts, tools of social networks and messengers, etc. The key focus was on information and computer technologies and their implementation in the educational process. The study involved 107 students of different groups, bachelor’s and master’s degrees. The results were summarized and discussed among university colleagues and 4th-year graduates of the Rostov State University of Economics, Rostov-on-Don.
Key Characteristics of the Current Image of a Law Enforcement Officer: Problems of Formation and Perception
Authors:   Academy of Marketing and Social and Information Technologies — IMSIT, Petrakova A.S.
Published: August 2021

Defined are the critical competence characteristics of the current image of a police officer, the main trends in its change and to determine the problems of forming a whole positive image of a law enforcement officer in the conditions of modern Russia. The article shows the relevance and necessity of a positive image of a police officer in the mass consciousness. The author has carried out an empirical study that made it possible to determine the main parameters of the image of a modern police officer. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that in the course of a comparative analysis of the perceptions of a police officer by the internal and external segments of the target image audience, it was possible to establish not only the key image parameters of the police officer that are relevant at the moment, but also to determine the main contradictions in the image of a law enforcement officer and determine their main the reasons. As a result, it is shown that the current image of a police officer, on the one hand, is influenced by the stereotypes that were formed during the perestroika period, on the other, the images and ideas broadcast by the mass media, and on the third, the activities of the police themselves, perceived directly through personal contact. In addition, it was found that the main problem on the way of forming an integral favorable image of a law enforcement officer is the lack of a unified information policy in this area of activity, as well as the unregulated nature of multiple information flows by state structures, one way or another, affecting the perception of the activities of the internal affairs bodies of the mass audience, which ultimately gives rise to a contradictory and largely eclectic image.
Transport Accessibility of University in a Large City: Students’ Opinions
Authors:   Volgograd State Technical University, Petruneva R.M.
Published: August 2021

Examined is the importance of transport accessibility of universities when choosing their Alma Mater by applicants. The analysis of the use of passenger transport by students in the city of Volgograd — the largest city in the Russian Federation with a population of more than 1 million people; the data of a questionnaire survey of university students of the city, most of whom live in the most remote areas from the center, are presented. It describes the types of public transport that students use to get to their place of study, the content characteristics of the route structure, including transfers, fare, reliability and comfort of transport, stability of the schedule, travel time, waiting for public transport, etc. The shortcomings of the most popular student routes and the city’s transport system, which is a complex and extensive network, are identified; conclusions are drawn about the transport accessibility of universities and recommendations for improving transport transportation along popular student routes.
Knowledge and Patterns of Use of Emergency Oral Contraception among Portuguese Female Users of Healthcare Services
Authors: Rodrigues Ângela , Valentim Bruno , Tavares Daniel , Augusto Maria João , Campelo Jorge , Loureiro Mariana , Raposo Ana , Alves Isabel , Almeida Maria Céu , Santos Silva Isabel
Published: August 2021

Introduction: The lack of knowledge about the existence, effectiveness, and supply of emergency contraception as well as access to it, its effective duration and the lack of recognition of the need for its use can prevent women from using it. The aim of this study was to ascertain the attitudes, experience, level of knowledge and information sources about emergency contraception of Portuguese female users of healthcare services.Material and Methods: We conducted a multicentre, cross-sectional, observational study among 280 Portuguese women users of health care services through an original and anonymous questionnaire composed of 30 questions.Results: The mean age of the women who replied to the questionnaire was 33.83 ± 8.76 years. Of the observed sample, 27.7% used EC, 50% of whom with no counselling. Despite 92.1% of women claiming knowledge about emergency contraception, only 31.2% of these answered 8 - 10 questions correctly (14 in total). The media were the most frequent source of information (63.4%). Most participants (67.5%) considered that emergency contraception is associated with severe adverse reactions. Furthermore, 76% did not know the time range of effectiveness after unprotected sexual intercourse. Youngest age (p = 0.038), higher education level (p < 0.001), increasing parity (p = 0.051) and previous use of emergency contraception (p = 0.011) were identified as the determinant sociodemographic factors for a higher level of knowledge about emergency contraception.Discussion: The use of emergency contraception after counselling by healthcare professionals was lower than reported in the literature.Conclusion: This study showed that female users of healthcare services were aware of the existence of emergency contraception, but they demonstrated a low level of knowledge about it, especially regarding the correct period of use, place of acquisition and safety issues.
Exploring students’ algebraic thinking in generational activities and their difficulties
Authors: Permatasari Dian , Azka Raekha , Fikriya Haya
Published: August 2021

[English]: Generational, transformational, and global meta-level are three typical activities of algebraic thinking students engage in school. Several studies show that students involve more in the generational activity than the other activities. However, some students still have difficulties solving problems in the generational activity. Therefore, this study focused on the generational activity, aiming to analyze student's algebraic thinking and difficulties in the generational activity. It involved ninety-five 7th-grade students given an initial test to measure their abilities in the generational activity. The analysis of students’ answers and interviews follow three steps; data condensation, data display, and drawing and verifying conclusions. This study indicates that, in the generational activity, the students can generalize statements from patterns better than forming statements and equations containing an unknown quantity. Students’ difficulties in the generational activities, including (1) understand the problems and turn them into mathematical forms and (2) generalize the patterns to the nth term. These are due to the students’ incomprehension of the relationships of some conditions in the given problems and understanding of the meaning of variables.   
[Bahasa]: Kegiatan generasional, transformasional, dan meta-level global adalah tiga kegiatan berpikir aljabar yang dilakukan siswa di sekolah. Beberapa penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa siswa lebih banyak terlibat dalam kegiatan generasional dibandingkan kegiatan berpikir aljabar lainnya. Namun, terdapat beberapa siswa yang mengalami kesulitan dalam menyelesaikan masalah pada kegiatan generasional. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan difokuskan pada kegiatan generasional, dengan tujuan menganalisis pemikiran aljabar siswa dalam aktivitas generasional dan kesulitan yang dialami siswa. Penelitian ini melibatkan 95 siswa kelas 7 yang mengikuti tes awal untuk mengukur kemampuan dalam kegiatan generasional. Jawaban siswa dan hasil wawancara dianalisis melalui tiga tahap, yaitu kondensasi data, penyajian data, serta penarikan dan verifikasi kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam kegiatan generasional, siswa dapat mengeneralisasi pernyataan dari pola lebih baik daripada membuat pernyataan dan persamaan yang mengandung variabel. Siswa menunjukkan berbagai kesulitan dalam kegiatan generasional, diantaranya (1) memahami masalah dan mengubahnya menjadi bentuk matematis dan (2) menggeneralisasikan pola suku ke-n. Hal ini disebabkan siswa tidak memahami hubungan beberapa kondisi dalam masalah yang diberikan dan arti variabel.
Collaborative Writing in EFL Classroom: Comparison on Group, Pair, and Individual Writing Activities in Argumentative Tasks
Authors: Moonma Jitlada , Kaweera Chittima
Published: August 2021

This study focused on comparing the effects on 32 students’ argumentative writing qualities when they worked alone or collaborated in pairs and groups and explored the students’ opinions towards critical thinking across different writing activities. The 32 students were divided into groups of four (n=8), pairs (n=16) and individuals (n=32). Their papers were rated in terms of content, language use, and organization by three raters. The research employed argumentative writing rubrics, semi-structured interview, and observation. From the total of 15 points, the novice learners gained the highest scores when writing in groups (X ̅ = 11.22), followed by pairs (X ̅ = 10.19) and individuals (X ̅ = 8.98). The intermediate learners also gained the highest scores in group work (X ̅ = 11.50), followed by pairs (X ̅ = 10.32), and individual work (X ̅ = 9.04), respectively. Similar to the advanced level, they had the highest scores when working in groups (X ̅ = 11.95), followed by pairs (X ̅ = 10.45), and individuals (X ̅ = 9.45). The findings indicated that group work led to the highest scores in all proficiency levels and in groups, the students’ critical thinking improved regarding analyzing, evaluating and creating information when they brainstormed, shared and discussed all information. In pairs, the students also demonstrated that their critical thinking developed but only in analyzing from sharing information with a partner. In individuals, all proficiency levels reported that critical thinking was not developed as no interaction with peers.
The Effect of Leisure Benefits on Loneliness of University Students
Authors: ERTEKIN Alpaslan Baki
Published: August 2021

The study aimed to determine the differences between loneliness levels and leisure benefits according to the variables of university students and the effect of leisure benefits on loneliness. In the research, scanning model, which is one of the quantitative research methods, was used. The study group of the research consisted of 255 students, 148 males (58.0%) and 107 females (42.0%), studying at the School of Physical Education and Sports of Istanbul Gelişim University, and formed by voluntary participation. In addition to the personal information form, the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS) developed by Russell, Peplau, and Ferguson (1978) and adapted to Turkish by Demir (1989), and Leisure Benefit Scale (LBS) developed by Ho (2008) and adapted to Turkish by Akgül, Ertüzün, and Karakucuk (2018), were used. After the data showed normal distribution, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Test were used in the analysis. According to the research results, a difference was found between the individuals' loneliness according to the age groups and the leisure benefits according to their gender. As a result of the research, it was concluded that as the leisure benefits of the individuals increased, their loneliness decreased.
Homoeopathic medical education in Maharashtra: growth and challenges
Authors: Bansode Milind
Published: August 2021

The growth of homoeopathy medical colleges in Maharashtra state has been very rapid post-1985. This has resulted in the state’s having the largest number of homoeopathy colleges in the country. However, not even a single government college of homoeopathy exists in the state, creating a significant gap in the health services system. It is in this context that the pattern and growth of homoeopathy medical education in the state and the contribution of government policies towards their growth is examined in this article. Government policies have facilitated the growth of homoeopathy colleges exclusively in the private sector. This growth is rapid, driven by commercial interest and does not match professional opportunities. The article raises some of the key problems of homoeopathy medical education in the state and calls for efforts towards the improvement of the medical system.
Kantiana of “Voprosy filosofii”
Authors:   University of Presov, Marchevsky Ondrej
Published: August 2021

The paper can be seen as a response to the 1994 challenge formulated by A.I. Abramov in his work Kant in Russian Spiritual-Academic Philosophy, where he emphasizes the need to examine reflections on Immanuel Kant’s legacy in var­ious Russian academic and intellectual environments. This study thus joins the existing ones that have covered the dominant tendencies of Russian Kantian studies in such important environments as, for example, academies or journals as Kant Studien, Problems of Philosophy and Psychology and their editorial boards. The paper focuses on one of the journal environments – Problems of Phi­losophy – and it responds to the status quo, i.e., to the fact that this important and still living creative environment has not been the subject of a systematic review in the context of the study of Kant’s creative legacy. The paper is not an overview or chronological summary of works but it uses the approach of subject-thematic analysis to reveal the main pillars of the interest in Kant. The author identifies thematic units, areas, and contexts that become the subject matter of critical and creative interest of the authors in this philosophical journal and within them he tries to bring a closer look at particular works that deserve further evaluation.
The Concept of Nazi Ethic: Challenge to Moral Philosophy
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zubets Olga P.
Published: August 2021

Thinking about Auschwitz is bound to being moral, but Auschwitz turned into a challenge to the very idea of morality, the collapse of its entire conceptual con­tent. One of the main challenges lies in the concept of Nazi ethic: the prevailing understanding of morality in everyday consciousness and moral rhetory does not allow us to consider it as an oxymoron. This is indicated by abundant moral rhetoric, preoccupation with moral problems, the presence of everything which the idea of ​​morality is connected with – norms, values, the dominance of duty over inclination, appeal to moral imperativeness and conscience, ideas of good and evil, images and lists of virtues, moral evaluation of yourself and others, ideas of duty, dignity, responsibility, the primacy of morality over law. The idea of fighting evil, the image of which is set by the ideology of Nazism, became the moral basis of Auschwitz, reproducing the logic of a “just war”. At the heart of Nazi morality there is the gap between a virtuous person and his deed, which allows that killing does not makes someone a murderer. Killing is also seen divid­edly: the most important are its motives and how it is done, which should be “hu­mane”, clement both for the murderers and for the victims, and therefore morally sanctioned. The author shows that morality is an important part of Auschwitz me­chanics. Nazi morality is not opposed by any other expanded morality, but only by individual actions of rescue, not mediated by moral ideology. Disallowance of the concept of Nazi morality closes the idea of morality to non-killing as a pre-non-moral beginning that is not a norm or a prohibition mediated by moral ideas.
Régis Debray – the Last Oracle of the French Republic
Authors:   Politique Internationale, Rutkevich Natalia A.
Published: August 2021

The article examines the main themes of the work of Régis Debray, one of the most important French philosophers and writers of our time. Debray is familiar to Russian readers primarily as an associate of Che Guevara and a theorist of the Cuban revolutionary movement, as well as the author of works on mediology – a science he himself created on the study of the transmission of ideas and sym­bols. Central to his mature and late work are the ideas of sacred in human com­munities, the conditions of the emergence, transmission and disappearance of re­ligious, national and other forms of sacrality, and the related evolution of world civilizations. Debray is recognized by his peers as one of the most perceptive an­alysts of French political culture, and his article, Are you a Democrat or a Re­publican?, written in the year of the bicentennial of the French revolution in 1989, anticipates the processes that will unfold over the next thirty years. Debray describes these processes as a gradual desacralization of the Republic, the emas­culation of its basic principles and its transformation into “a common Anglo-Saxon democracy”. As a result, the “one and indivisible secular Republic” is falling apart into communities, each of which establishes its own shrines. The dissolution of France’s particular republican model is taking place in the background, and as part of a more global process of the decline of European civilisation and its dissolution into Western Atlantic civilisation.
Philosophical Practice in the Contemporary World
Authors:   London School of Economics, Konoplyanik Alexandra A. , Kondratyeva Taisiya R. ,   L’Institut de Pratiques Philosophiques (France),   West University of Timișoara (Romania)
Published: August 2021

In traditional academic sense practical philosophy is the combination of those philosophical disciplines which study the practical manifestations of human life, such as ethics and political philosophy. So “practice” in this context is not so much the way of doing philosophy, but rather its object of interest. Thus different subject-specific and applied philosophies are fre­quently referenced as areas of practical philosophy, though might as well develop in purely academic context. However, there exists another increasingly visible interpretation of practical philosophy, often also referred to as philosophical practice, which involves the use of philo­sophical tools and insights for philosophical work outside of academia. The best established forms of philosophical practice are individual philosophical counselling/consultancy, philoso­phy for children, community philosophy/philosophical cafe, philosophy for business. The core (but not strict) common denominator for all these formats is the joint philosophical work of a professional philosopher with non-philosophers. This work may be perceived of intrinsic value or goal-oriented, including making sense of oneself and the world, personal development, de­veloping thinking and metacognitive skills, solving particular conceptually rich problems, in­cluding ethical dilemmas. These formats have been developed and formalised to differing ex­tent in different countries and regions. The goal of the present paper is to introduce the Rus­sian-speaking reader to philosophical practice as a contemporary manifestation of practical philosophy and give a short analytical overview of its key formats in the contemporary world, incl. in Russia.
The Hypothesis of a Genuine Moral Dilemma and the Method of Thought Experiment in Ethics
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitskiy Konstantin E.
Published: August 2021

The article provides a critical overview of the hypothesis of a genuine moral dilemma and the method of thought experiment in ethics. The relevance of the research topic is due to a) the mess in academic publications on ethics created by the application of the expres­sions “moral dilemma” and “thought experiment” to the same imaginary situation without clarifying their meaning and relationship, and also b) the increase of justified doubts con­cerning the concepts which are hidden behind these expressions. Between the examples of moral dilemmas and thoughts experiments is close connection because all the examples that the advocates of the possibility of genuine moral dilemmas put forward are thought experiments, but not all thought experiments, even if we allow the possibility of genuine moral dilemmas, are such examples. Moreover, thought experiments are used both in at­tempts to prove the possibility of genuine moral dilemmas and to negate this possibility. To consider at the theoretical level issues related to the possibility of genuine moral dilemmas, the place of thought experiments in ethics and the connection between them, I think it necessary to investigate the hypothesis of a genuine moral dilemma, that is, a conceptually formulated assumption about the possibility of unsolvable conflicts be­tween moral obligations in life, and the method of thought experiment, that is, a set of cri­teria and rules for creating imaginary cases. The hypothesis of a genuine moral dilemmas is, in reality, an assumption about the manifestation of morality in life, and the active ap­plication of thought experiments to the field of ethics is a fact, any reflection on which raises the question of the possibility and validity of using the method of thought experi­ment regarding moral matters.
On Divergence of “Morality” and “Ethics”
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apressyan Ruben G.
Published: August 2021

The divergence of Russian concepts “moral'” and “nravstvennost'” (in German “Sittlichkeit”, in English “ethics”/“ethical life”, in French “éthique”) in various versions is quite common in literature and can be taken as a doubtless discursive fact. Usually such divergence is a re­sult of substantialization of some functional and normative features of morality/ethics distin­guished by philosophy. Internal heterogeneity is inherent in morality/ethics both at functional and normative levels. A special analysis of various attempts to discriminate “morality” and “ethics” is needed to clarify the theoretical and methodological prerequisites of such diver­gence, its principal expediency, probable rationale and possible ‘gaps’. For authors outside of philosophy, especially moral philosophy, the separation of “morality” and “ethics” often turns out to be the last stage in their contemplation of morality-ethics with an evident disregard of conceptual apparatus developed in moral philosophy to conceptualize the phenomenon of morality/ethics in its internal heterogeneity and polyvalence. It would be an oversimplifica­tion to think that attempts to diverge morality and ethics have been always a result of theoret­ical misunderstandings. On the contrary, the divergence may be motivated by convincing the­oretical reasons and authors who apply such approach commonly consider it as a fruitful way to enhance our understanding of normative culture and normative experience. The article attempts to analyze in the first approximation some projects in divergence of morality and ethics. The author of the article does not believe that the distinction of morality and ethics is truly sufficient, but does not exclude that such attempts being consistently implemented could have some positive theoretical effects, and should be evaluated in each individual case.
The Problem of Moral Progress and Stoic Cosmopolitanism
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of RAS, Sanzhenakov Alexander A.
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to showing the connection between the moral progress and the cos­mopolitanism of the Stoic. Since the early Stoics considered the right reason (ὀρθὸς λόγος) as one of the basic conditions for the unification of gods and humankind into a single com­munity (κοσμόπολις), anyone who intends to join to this community must develop his or her reason to the highest level. It means that the cosmopolitan must be morally perfect, which implies that he or she has successfully completed the process of moral progress. However, the concept of moral progress in Stoicism (especially in the early one) is prob­lematic because the Stoics denied a qualitative difference between vicious people and be­lieved that all bad deeds are equal. The author of the article tries to remove this contradic­tion by introducing a two-level structure of moral progress, in which the gradation of moral development and qualitative changes in the moral character of the subject are spaced. The cosmopolitanism of the Stoics and their ideas about moral progress are united not only by the concept of «right reason», but also by their doctrine of «oikeiôsis», which implies the development of natural inclinations to the highest principles of morality. Finally, the inter­dependence of moral progress and the cosmopolitanism is demonstrated by their evolution with the development of the Stoic school. This evolution is expressed in the fact that, on the one hand, the Stoics perfected the tools for moral development, which paved a clearer path to the cosmopolis, and on the other hand, they reduced the requirements for the citi­zens of the cosmopolis, which also led to the growth of the community of gods and people.
The Worldwide Famous and Unknown to Us Philosopher Dieter Henrich (a brief Overview of His Creative Path)
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Science, Sokolova Rimma I.
Published: August 2021

The review briefly examines the main milestones of the creative path of the outstanding German philosopher Dieter Henrich (b. 1927), who in Germany is considered the greatest thinker of the post-war period, along with H.G. Gadamer and Yu. Habermas. Henrich is not only a deep researcher of German classical philosophy, but also the creator of his own original theory on the problem of subjectivity. This review pays special attention to this problem. Henrich had a great influence on many fields of knowledge – sociology, psychology, literary studies, and others. His works have been translated into many languages around the world; in July 2020, an international colloquium dedicated specifically to his work was held in Bielefeld. However, in Russia, due to historical and socio-political reasons, Henrich was almost unknown to the Russian reader. Only in 2018, one of his books, “Thinking and Self-Existence”, was published in Russian. In addition to this book, the review also mentions major works of recent years – “Being and Nothing” (2016), “This is Me and this is all said. Reflections on Fichte’s Insight" (2019). They develop the ideas contained in many of his previous works, but also present a new argument that presents the problem under study from an unexpected, sometimes opposite side. The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to this philosopher and to arouse interest in further research of his work.
Philosopher in the Service of the Thermidorian Republic and Emperor: to the Political Biography of Maine de Biran
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Krotov Artem A.
Published: August 2021

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the political philosophy of the ancestor of French spiritualism based on documents published at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries. The specificity of his worldview in the early period of philosophical activity is considered, as well as the reasons that prompted him to turn to politics after the Thermidorian coup. Negative attitude towards the Jacobeans, regrets about the fall of the monarchy are very characteristic of his views during this period. He meets the Thermidorian republic and then the empire with hopes for close peace, social stability, based on strict observance of laws. At first, he praises Napoleon as a genius who “pacifies and comforts”. But then comes disappointment, a continuous sequence of wars leads him to condemn the Napoleonic policy as part of the “commission of five” of legislative corps in December 1813. The philosopher meets the restoration as an event consistent with the plans of Providence. Undoubtedly, the appeal to religious philosophy was largely motivated by Biran's political experience.
Meinong’s Theory of Assumptions
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Mironov Dmitry G.
Published: August 2021

The article clarifies the reasons why A. Meinong expands the classification of mental phenomena proposed by F. Brentano and places the class of assumptions between the classes of presentations and judgments. Meinong understands acts of assumption as propositional acts, the specificity of which is that they lack the affirmative force or the moment of seriousness characteristic for acts of judgment. Meinong demonstrates the impossibility of reducing the acts of assumption to the acts of presentation on the example of negative assumptions: the negative characteristics of objects grasped in such assumptions are not captured by the presentations. It is demonstrated that the theory of modes of presentation put forward by Brentano and Marty in response to this argument of Meinong does not allow us to defend the thesis of the reducibility of assumptions to presentations: even with the help of a new notion of presentation, it is not possible to explain such phenomena as play, pretense and lies without artificial complications. The article goes on to discuss some of the details of Meinong’s semantic theory that are in need for resolving the issue of the difference between assumptions and judgments. The author points out the peculiarity of Meinong's understanding of words and sentences meanings, and gives a brief description of the theory of objectives. After the explanations made, an argument is discussed that allows Meinong to justify the difference between acts of assumption and acts of judgment. The argument is constructed as a sequential analysis of sentences, the task is to show that sentences of different types, both simple, and loaded with subordinate clauses, and composite, in different circumstances express a propositional attitude devoid of affirmative force.
The Concept of Understanding and its Idealistic Interpretation in the Theoretical Philosophy of V.V. Rozanov
Authors:   National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Glebov Oleg A.
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the key provisions of Rozanov’s early theoretical treatise “On Understanding”, which is a model of Russian philosophical idealism. It shows that Rozanov’s work, which anticipated some ideas of hermeneutics and phenomenology in the 20th century, remained unnoticed within the Russian philosophical tradition. The purpose of this article is to reveal the basis of Rozanov’s thesis that the first idea of reason potentially contains all knowledge in unity. The author analyzes the following aspects of Rozanov’s work related to the problem of understanding: the motive and purpose of writing a treatise, the theme of innate ideas, the concept of vivacity of ideas, the theory of potential knowledge and its subject, the cyclical process of understanding, the difference between mind and reason, understanding from knowledge. Rozanov’s interpretation of the idea of reason, the scheme of reason, and the doctrine of number are also reconstructed. The paper concludes: the fundamental thesis of Rozanov about the embeddedness of all knowledge in the unity of the first idea of reason is justified by the primacy of the position of the idea in the taxonomy of cognitive acts. And also, by the fact that the purpose of the cognitive process pushes reason to itself.
The practice of applying the activity approach and implementing the methodology of interdisciplinarity in the 60‒70 years of the twentieth century
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Stepanova G.B.
Published: August 2021

Two tasks are posed in the article: first, to pay attention to the productivity of applying the activity approach in specific research and design practices of the 60‒70s of the XX cen­tury, and secondly, to analyze the possibilities of implementing the interdisciplinarity methodology in them. The sources and application of the activity approach developed in So­viet philosophy and psychology are examined, its modern criticism is given. The experience of developing interdisciplinarity is analyzed in projects implemented on the basis of the sys­tem-activity approach of E.G. Yudin for organizing ergonomic research and development, as well as formulated by E.V. Ilyenkov ideas about the activities and the emergence of con­sciousness on the example of the Zagorsky experiment. The fact that ergonomic studies of the second half of the last century became an experimental basis for both the study and design of activities, and the development of interdisciplinary practices is justified. The inter­disciplinary interaction between philosophers, psychologists and teachers in the process of the Zagorsky experiment influenced the refinement of philosophical concepts of the nature of the ideal, its subjective forms and, in general, human consciousness The productivity of organizing special interdisciplinary research, projects and developments based on the imple­mentation of an activity approach with the participation of specialists from different fields of knowledge studying a person is substantiated. The problem of interdisciplinarity, its origins, and modern ideas are discussed. The content of the concept of projectivity as an orientation towards the search for innovative solutions in uncertain situations, the ability to set goals, model and design a new reality is analyzed. It is concluded that interdisciplinarity and pro­jectivity can be realized both in a strictly organized project or study, and in a communicative space in which the goals and objectives for all participants in the dialogue are not clearly formulated.