bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumer Preferences and Selected Socioeconomic Variables Related to Physical Adequacy of Housing
Authors: Zey‐Ferrell Mary , Kelley Eleanor A. , Bertrand Alvin L.
Published: March 2007

To a large extent, the adequacy of physical conditions of housing is considered to be associated with the consumer's preferences for alternative consumption items and various socioeconomic characteristics of that consumer. The relationships of housing adequacy to race, town, tenure, wife's education, occupational prestige of the head of household, family income, and preferences for long‐ and short‐range alternatives to housing were analyzed to determine which socioeconomic conditions and preferences were related to housing adequacy.

The sample consisted of 361 females in two culturally different, small Louisiana communities with less than 6,500 populations. Orthogonal factor analysis of the attitude items, followed by least squares analysis of variance or simple linear correlations, where statistically appropriate, was used to determine significant differences in the adequacy of housing factor scores.

Housing was significantly less adequate for blacks, for those living in the north Louisi ana community, and for those who lived in rented houses. The families of females who possessed lower levels of education and the families of males who worked at jobs with lower occupational prestige also lived in less adequate housing. The females who did not prefer to spend their resources on long‐range alternatives to housing lived in less adequate housing. Thus, both socioeconomic variables and consumer preferences were directly associated with housing adequacy. The theoretical proposition that consumer preferences serve as an attitudinal link between the socioeconomic variables and housing adequacy was not supported by our data. The socioeconomic variables were related to housing adequacy but not generally related to consumer preferences. Only the socioeconomic variable, town, was related to consumer preferences.
Morphological Comparison of Two Varieties of Carrots During Growth and Storage: Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Davis Eugenia A. , Gordon Joan
Published: March 2007

The morphological development and response to storage of two varieties of carrots, both healthy and aster yellows‐diseased, were evaluated using the scanning electron microscope. Instrumental textural profiles were evaluated for samples stored two weeks and then cooked by three different methods. Morphological and textural differences were found between the varieties of carrots, and these were attributed to differences in growth rates. Diseased carrots had unique cellular development but, except for the hardness parameter, showed few differences in textural properties when compared to healthy carrots.
Coping Behavior and Verbal Preparation of Black Children Under Stress
Authors: Kirkpatrick Sue W. , Millirons Dorothy T.
Published: March 2007

Forty‐eight 3‐ and 4‐year‐old black children were tested to determine the effect of verbal preparation upon their coping behavior in a stress situation. A Solomon four group design was used in order to assess effects of both prior knowledge of and experience with the situation upon coping time. The results of the analyses of data indicated that the interaction of verbal preparation and experience with the stress situation significantly affected coping behavior.
Calcium and Phosphorus Contents and Ratios in Tofu as Affected by the Coagulants Used
Authors: Tseng Rose Y. L. , Smith‐Nury Elveda , Chang Young Sook
Published: March 2007

Analyses of three commercial brands of tofu (soybean curd) were conducted to determine the calcium and phosphorus contents and the calcium/phosphorus ratios. The firm tofu, precipitated with calcium sulfate, contained over four times as much calcium and over twice as much phosphorus as the soft tofu precipitated with glucono delta lactone. The calcium/phosphorus ratios of the firm and soft tofu samples were 2.0–2.5/1 and 1/1, respectively.

Tofu, a high protein food, is a good source of dietary calcium. Since the average American diet has a high phosphorus content and a low calcium/phosphorus ratio, tofu, particularly the firmer kind, also would result in a better calcium/phosphorus ratio.
Consumer Perception and Acceptance of Color Change in Textiles
Authors: Crown E.M.
Published: March 2007

A major objective of this study was to determine male and female consumers' perception of color change in fabrics and to determine at what stage these consumers judge the fabrics to be unaccept able for intended use because of color change. Pairs of colored fabrics representing Gray Scale ratings of 5 to 2 were shown to two hundred consumers. The majority of consumers perceived a color change equal to step 4–5 for most samples. When both the original and faded samples were to be in one garment, little color change was accepted. Greater change was accepted when the complete garment was to have changed color.

Perception of color change was related to color discrimination score but was not affected by age, sex, social status, marital status, or clothing value orientation. Acceptance of color change was re lated to both perception of color change and color discrimination and was affected by the sex, age, and social status of consumers.
Evaluating Product Testing Methods: A Theoretical Framework
Authors: Cary Richard T. , Sproles George B.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a new theoretical framework for evaluating the utility of product testing methods. Use of the framework results in a systematic and comprehensive evaluation of four major factors which determine a method's utility, including its validity, reliability, manageability, and essentiality. Applications of the framework are shown for three contrasting situations, including comparative evaluation of test methods, comparative testing of products, and formulation of public policy.
Weight Loss and the Resulting Fit and Size Change of Ready‐ to‐Wear for American Women
Authors: Salusso‐Deonier Carol , DeLong Marilyn Revell , Martin Frank B.
Published: March 2007

The body dimensions of 85 female members of a weight loss salon who had lost 4‐20 pounds were compared to PS 42–70, Body Measurements for the Sizing of Women's Patterns and Apparel (U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1971) standard size dimensions before and after weight loss. The subjects were classified into fat pattern types to determine any differences occurring in patterns of dimensional change at specific body sites. A relation appeared to exist between a sub ject's fat pattern type and dimensional change at body sites. Weight loss does not guarantee im provement in the fit of ready‐to‐wear. The majority of women in this study would have difficulty finding a fit in ready‐to‐wear apparel sized with PS 42–70 either before or after weight loss.
Classroom Verbal Interaction and Self‐Actualization of Home Economics Teachers
Authors: Zimmerman Karen W. , Scruggs M. Marguerite
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze verbal interaction in class discussions in home economics in relation to self‐actualization of the teacher. Ten Iowa ninth grade teachers who scored high on the inner‐directed scale of Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) and 10 who scored low were selected. Two classroom discussions were video taped for each teacher. The Sequential Analysis of Verbal Interaction (SAVI) was used to analyze classroom verbal interaction with inter‐ observer and intraobserver reliabilities established at .85. Although no differences were found between the two groups of teachers on use of the SAVI areas, some significant differences were found within teacher groups using a nested analysis of variance. Self‐actualizing teachers tended to vary more in verbal patterns than did the less self‐actualizing group. It is recommended that some areas of the SAVI be omitted in studies of home economics classrooms and that the validity of the POI for use with home economics teachers be examined.
Individual Instruction Applied in a University Level Meal Management Course
Authors: Boren Angela R. , Faree Sherrell B.
Published: March 2007

An individualized instructional strategy was designed and evaluated as an alternative to the teacher‐directed strategy in a university level meal management course. Analysis of variance of scores on objective pretest, posttests, and rating scales indicate that students learn well by either approach. The results of this study show that a laboratory course such as meal management can be adapted to the individualized mode of instruction to the advantage of students with exceptionally high or low levels of previous experience as well as those who require flexibility of scheduling.
Current Trends in Food Habits and Dietary Intakes of Home Economics Students in Three Junior High Schools in Rhode Island
Authors: Brown Phyllis T. , Bergan James G. , Murgo Caroline F.
Published: March 2007

Ten‐day dietary records of 205 female and 73 male home economics students, 13 and 14 years of age, indicated that the males had a significantly higher intake of all nutrients except ascorbic acid. Snacks contributed more to the total daily intake of females than to that of males, and break fast contributed less than one‐quarter of the daily intake for a majority of the nutrients. The average intake of iron was low for both sexes. At the lower limits of adequacy (approximately 67 per cent of the 1974 RDA) were the average intakes of calcium and energy for the females, while the remain der of the nutrients were adequate for both males and females.
Westernized Home Life Style in Japan
Authors: Kikusawa Yasuko
Published: March 2007

The traditional way of living in Japan was sitting on “Tatami”—Japanese floor mat—not using chairs and sleeping on “Futon”—the Japanese bed mat spread directly on “Tatami.” The traditional living style was the predominant mode in the average Japanese household until the end of the Second World War. Before the end of the war, only a few upper‐class families used western‐ style beds and chairs, but after the war, the use of beds and chairs spread rapidly throughout the general public.

The objective of this study was to obtain information concerning the actual living conditions among Japanese people by determining the combination of Japanese and western life styles.

Information was collected by questionnaires in 1975 from 446 mothers whose children were junior high school students living in Fukuyama city. The data were compared with information previously obtained by the author in 1966.

The findings showed that more than half of the subjects used chairs in the dining room, guest room, and children's room. The tendency towards the use of chairs seems to be approaching its upper limit. The rate of adoption of the western style bed however has not yet reached 50 percent, but is expected to increase in the future.
Profiling Consumer Communication of Complaints About Clothing Performance
Authors: Wall Marjorie , Dickey Lois E. , Wayne Talarzyk W.
Published: March 2007

Consumer propensity to communicate complaints about clothing performance to the retailer was investigated in relation to a variety of consumer characteristics including demographics; activities, interests, and opinions (AIO's); textile product knowledge; and product experience. Data were obtained from questionnaires completed by 543 women over 18 years of age residing in the Colum bus, Ohio, area. Data were analyzed using factor analysis, stepwise multiple regression analysis, multiple discriminant analysis and correlations.

Communicators and noncommunicators of complaints about clothing performance differed in their personal characteristics. Noncommunicators disliked taking complaint action, were shy and lacking self confidence, lacked knowledge of textile selection and care, and were willing to overlook defects. In addition, communicators had higher incomes than noncommunicators. Thus the research gave additional support to the premise that many consumers do not complain to the retailer when products fail to perform satisfactorily.
Energy In the Farm Home
Authors: Doss Ruffin Marilyn , Weinstein Mills B.
Published: March 2007

Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify, on the basis of data from a 1973 nation wide survey, several factors that contribute to variation in annual and seasonal expenditure and consumption of energy by U.S. farm households. A cross validation procedure was used to ascertain the amount of variation that could be explained in several models that included those factors. The factors (usual level of expenditure, energy usage pattern, farm‐business share of energy expendi ture, ownership of equipment, electric rate, age of household head, size of household, number of full‐time earners) generally explained between 30 and 40 percent of the variation in expenditure and consumption of energy by the farm households. Most of the explained variation was associated with the first two factors.
Changing Function of Symbolism in Design of Korean Silk Textiles
Authors: Kwon Yoon‐Hee
Published: March 2007

The focus of this research was to investigate the changing function of symbolism in design of Korean silk fabrics for dress which were woven between 1875 and 1975. Photographs of silk samples were collected according to motif categories from Korean University museums, a private collection, and silk manufacturing companies. These were examined with regard to design changes in the areas of (1) types of motifs, (2) combinations of motifs, (3) configurations of motifs, (4) organization of motifs, and (5) visual importance of motifs, with regard to symbolism.

The major findings of the study were as follows:

Types and combinations of motifs used in Korean silk fabrics during the 1875–1975 period underwent change from symbolic to non‐symbolic in nature. Naturalistic and stylized configura tions of motifs dominate the Korean silk designs. Motif‐oriented pattern arrangement dominates the organization of motif due to the emphasis placed on the symbolic character of individual motifs, although the number of pattern‐oriented arrangements has increased in recent years. The findings indicate that the concept of design has changed from symbolic to decorative type.
Competency‐ Based Inservice Instruction for Home Economics Teachers
Authors: Meszaros Peggy S. , Baird Joan
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this quasi‐experimental study was to investigate the effectiveness of two compe tency‐based inservice workshops for home economics teachers in Maryland. Teachers enrolled in a family relations workshop served as the control group. Forty‐six teachers and 839 of their students participated in the study.

The competency‐based inservice workshops were effective in increasing knowledge, making atti tudes more positive, and increasing time spent individualizing instruction. The 3‐week workshop was more effective than the 1‐week workshop, and teachers who spent more time individualizing instruction were perceived by their students as more concerned. Teachers in the experimental and control groups showed similar mean levels of commitment, and commitment did not change significantly over the time of the study.
Differentiation of Classroom Climate Among Home Economics Teachers
Authors: Zimmerman Karen W. , Fanslow Alyce M.
Published: March 2007

The Student Estimate of Teacher Concern (SETC) has been used to describe an individual student's perception of the classroom climate as well as the overall classroom environment. This research determines the appropriateness of the SETC in both contexts. Analysis of variance based on student responses to 48 teachers, in 1 to 6 of their classrooms at grade levels 7 to 12, resulted in 22 items differentiating among teachers. Classroom climate scales were established by examina tion of both the between‐teachers and pooled within‐teacher correlation matrices.

Two scales resulted from the between‐teachers matrix and four from the pooled within‐teacher matrix. Comparison of these results showed the two between‐teachers scales essentially duplicated two of the four scales from the within‐teacher analyses. These findings suggest that none of the scales of the SETC measure classroom dimensions that are a function of the teacher and that the scales are more appropriately used for assessing an individual's perception of climate. The study also provides a workable methodology by which an inventory to measure classroom climate dimen sions attributable to teachers could be developed.
Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Educational Characteristics of Pregnant Adolescents
Authors: Briley Margaret E. , Taylor Elizabeth , Collins Linda
Published: March 2007

The socioeconomic, demographic, and educational characteristics of 24 pregnant and 24 non‐pregnant adolescents, 17 years and under, living in Travis County, Texas, were deter mined. The objectives of phase 1 of an ongoing longitudinal study were to initiate the study, to obtain base line data, and to define the descriptive data. Findings in the population studied in cluded the following: 38 percent of the pregnant adolescents were Mexican‐American; 38 per cent of the pregnant adolescents had a gynecologic age of 3 or less; the grade level discrepancy ranged from 1 to 3 years for all subjects, both controls and pregnant adolescents; and 63 per cent of the students planned to place their child in the school nursery while completing their education. Socioeconomic and demographic data included age, age at menarche, home environment, parents' occupation and educational level, number of children living at home, and percentage of students working while they are pregnant.
Diet Quality of Selected Samples of Women and Socio‐Demographic and Social‐Psychological Correlates
Authors: Schafer Robert B. , Reger Richard A. , Gillespie Ardyth H. , Roderuck Charlotte E.
Published: March 2007

The daily nutrient intakes of 473 women from seven states were examined and evaluated on the basis of the percentage of women below 66.9 percent of the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances. Also the association between the diet quality of the women (based on their nutrient intakes) and several socio‐demographic and social‐psychological variables was ex amined. Analysis of the data reveals the following results: 1) Twenty‐one percent of the respondents were below 66.9 percent RDA for calcium and 37 percent were below 66.9 percent RDA for iron. These were the only serious nutrition deficiences found. 2) Age of the main food preparer, total family income, education of the women, occupation of the head of the household, value orientations, and family goal orientations resulted in correlations with dietary adequacy that distinguished older and younger respondents from middle‐aged respondents.
Electric Energy Used by Major Cooking Appliances
Authors: Lovingood Rebecca P. , Goss Rosemary C.
Published: March 2007

Energy consumption and time were compared for cooking one week's meals for a four‐ member family with a conventional range, a smooth‐top range with thermostatically con trolled surface units (Smooth‐top T), a smooth‐top range with nonthermostatically controlled surface units (Smooth‐top N), and a countertop microwave oven in conjunction with each range. Procedures were developed within parameters of the Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers Standard Menu for Range Energy Testing.

The microwave oven in conjunction with the conventional range used the least energy and time. Of the ranges, the conventional and Smooth‐top T were similar in energy consumption. Although cooking on Smooth‐top T was slower than the microwave or the conventional, cook ing on Smooth‐top N was the most energy—and time—consuming.
Teaching Nutrition with Films
Authors: Williams Virginia H. , Aleong John , Merrow Susan B. , Morse Ellen H.
Published: March 2007

One pretest and two posttests were administered to 427 students to determine if the “Mulligan Stew” film series was effective with grades 2–3 as well as grades 4–6 from a rural population and how well the knowledge gained was retained. And, pre‐ and posttests were given to 290 children to establish the grade level of teaching effectiveness of a new film on nutrition and gardening. The appropriateness of the conventional least squares analysis of variance to determine significance of differences among grades and sexes and the McNemar's test to determine significance of differences between these tests is discussed. Subsequently, a new method of evaluating the effectiveness of teaching tools is presented.

The “Mulligan Stew” film series resulted in a significant increase in the nutrition knowledge of both sexes in grades 2–3 as well as grades 4–6 from a rural population, and the information learned was retained for 6 months. For maximum learning the film “How Does Your Garden Grow?” is recommended for grades 3–6. The “LE” (learning effectiveness) statistic provides a new means of comparing teaching effectiveness of teaching tools.
Young Children's Perceptions of Old People
Authors: Chitwood Donna G. , Bigner Jerry J.
Published: March 2007

Thirty‐five preschool‐age children were asked to order drawings of young, middle, and old‐ aged people from oldest to youngest. Subjects were asked to assign adjective descriptions to the pictures representing each age. Significant associations were found between the type of response given by subjects and the age of the male and female figure drawings (p < .001). The number of positive adjectives assigned to old figures was correlated with the time subjects spent with people over the age of sixty‐five. There was a significant association between the number of positive adjective assignments and the amount of time spent with an elderly babysitter (p < .001) and an elderly neighbor (p < .02). Results are discussed in relation to changes in family life, and suggestions are made for improving young children's impressions of elderly individuals.
Research News
Authors: Ritchey S.J. , Lovingood Rebecca P.
Published: March 2007

The Home Economics Research Journal Policy Board is very pleased to announce that Drs. S. J. Ritchey and Rebecca P. Lovingood began their terms as Associate Editors of the Home Economics Research Journal on November 1, 1979. When Dr. Joan Gordon completes her term as Editor on June 30, 1980, Dr. Ritchey will become Editor and Dr. Lovingood, Associate Editor, for a three‐year term, 1980–1983. Dr. Ritchey is Associate Dean and will become Dean, effective September 1, 1980, College of Home Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Dr. Lovingood is an Associate Professor, College of Home Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

All manuscripts should continue to be sent to Dr. Gordon at the University of Minnesota un til June 30, 1980. After that time, they should be submitted to Dr. Ritchey at Virginia Tech. Drs. Ritchey and Lovingood have been participating in the manuscript review, selection, and editing process on all manuscripts received since November, 1979 in order that the editorial transition could take place smoothly.
Loglinear Models for Analyzing Housing Sentiments of Family Members in a Metropolitan and a Non‐Metropolitan Community
Authors: Stoeckeler Hazel S.
Published: March 2007

This study identifies sentiments about housing in general and residential exterior with the objective of contributing to empirical information about housing satisfaction indicators for families. A method of discrete multivariate analysis is demonstrated to show relationships of satisfactions and values. The data are from a cluster sample of husband‐wife families with one or more children under 18, living in a metropolitan and a non‐metropolitan community. The largest proportion of respondents‐regardless of sex, husband's age, housing type, and place of residence‐is satisfied with its housing in general, feels housing is important, and views a satisfying residential exterior as important. Levels of overall housing satisfaction and satisfac tion with residential exterior are related. This relationship appears to exist irrespective of a family's type of dwelling or tenure status. The independence of satisfaction and importance ratings of residential exterior from opposite overall housing ratings show variability in the sam ple. Income appears to be a constraint to achieving a satisfying outside of home or overall housing satisfaction. Renter status only partially explains exterior and overall housing satisfac tion levels. People in families of lower social class and in small families (three‐ or four‐person households) give higher ratings of importance to overall housing; those from small families also regard a satisfying residential exterior at higher levels of importance. Findings suggest that design, policy, and planning for rehabilitation, multifamily dwellings, and new housing forms in response to environmental concerns should give attention to users' perceptions of exterior qualities in order to foster residential satisfaction. The data from this research provide a baseline for monitoring some norms of perceived housing needs of a significant segment of the general population.
Preschool Children's Consumer Learning
Authors: Moschis George P. , Lawton Joseph T. , Stampfl Ronald W.
Published: March 2007

Children's learning of consumer economic concepts in two types of preschool teaching con ditions was contrasted. Children in the Ausubelian program (high proportion of teacher‐ directed learning activity) achieved a significantly higher level of performance on a test mea suring learning of consumer economic concepts than did children in the Piagetian program (high proportion of child‐directed activities). Children in the Ausubelian program were also more competent in applying such concepts to a shopping procedure.
Influential Factors on Choice of Home Economics as a Major for Black and White Women Attending Land‐Grant Colleges in the Southern Region
Authors: Stout Betty L. , Huber Anne L. , Babcock Treva M. , Lyson Thomas A. , LeNoir Victoria R. , Adams Leola
Published: March 2007

The relative importance of selected significant other, social origin, and curricular‐related educational and work experience variables on choice of major was determined. A stepwise form of discriminant analysis was used to distinguish black women (N= 1198) majoring in home economics at predominantly black land‐grant colleges from white women (N= 1005) majoring in home economics at predominantly white institutions in the Southern region. The most important discriminating social origin variables were parents' income, father's occupa tion, and father's political preference. Mothers were the most important significant other variable to differentiate the two groups. For the curriculum‐related variables, prior home economics experience, high school course, and participation in Future Homemakers of America manifested some discriminating power between the two groups. The results of the combined discriminant analysis for all variables indicated that social origin variables, i.e., father's education and parents' income, were the most important variables separating the two populations. The most important curriculum‐related experience and significant other factors to differentiate the two groups were high school home economics course and high school counselor, respectively. Each of the variables was more important for black home economics students' choices of a major than for their white counterparts.
Determinants of Family Size for Low‐Income Families: Sex Role Orientation and Value of Children
Authors: Heltsley Mary E. , Warren Richard D. , Lu Helen Hong‐Min
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to examine the determinants of family size in a sample of low‐ income married couples. The model used in the study views the relationship between sociodemographic variables, sex role orientation, value of children, and family size as a developmental sequence. The data for the study were gathered by interviewing 120 midwestern low‐income married couples (n = 240). Path regression analysis was used to test the model for the husbands and wives separately.

Since the husbands and wives in the study are couples, a one‐fold nested‐error design was used to assess the difference in path regression coefficients for the husbands and wives. The results show that a pooled coefficient (common) can be used for length of marriage and sex role orientation, length of marriage and family size, age of marriage and family size, and education and value of children. According to this study, separate coefficients for wives and husbands are needed for the influence of sex role on value of children.
User Effort Related to Apartment Design
Authors: Steidl Rose E.
Published: March 2007

To study the quality of the interior physical environment of apartment dwellings for the users and their activities, 115 residents in two‐bedroom apartments were interviewed using a structured schedule. To obtain an evaluation of the human costs of using the environment, respondents rated their effort for tasks in each room. The users' evaluations of specific design features helped interpret ratings. Of 5, 059 ratings of effort relative to effect of room design on 22 tasks, 50 percent were decreased effort, 23 percent little effect on effort, 27 percent in creased effort. Ratings of increased effort averaged 11.87 per respondent. Implicated espe cially were kitchen, entry, and bathroom designs. Negative evaluations of storage, space, floor and wall materials, and sound insulation were associated (χ2) with increased effort. As satisfac tion with apartment decreased, the average number of ratings of increased effort increased. User characteristics, including presence of a child, wife's employment, and the habit of sav ing/collecting things, were also examined. This research provides descriptive information about effects of some design decisions on user effort.
Liking and Disliking Household Objects: An Empirical Study of Value
Authors: Boyd Virginia T. , Allen Timothy F. H.
Published: March 2007

The judgment of like/dislike may be an initial judgment in a hierarchy of criteria used to assign value to everyday objects. The finding implies that this subjective judgment, in turn, constrains succeeding value judgments, such as the perception of an object's utility and stylish ness. Forty‐one subjects responded to two instruments: pair comparisons of 16 objects on a nine‐point scale of similarity of value, and judgment of like/dislike of the same objects. The matrix of similarities was subjected to cluster analysis, producing a dendrogram for each indi vidual. Each dendrogram was compared to all others using an objective criterion. The data matrix of comparisons which resulted was subjected to principal component analysis. Like/dislike decisions were compared with both the dendrograms of each individual and the scatter diagrams summarizing the group. The judgment of like/dislike is discussed in relation to a conceptual framework based on the concepts of inherent and instrumental value.
Perception of Parental Roles in Preschool Children
Authors: Franz Wanda K. , Mell Margaret Bailey
Published: March 2007

Socioeconomic class and sex differences in preschoolers' concepts of parental roles were investigated using 40 preschool children, 20 each from non‐professional and professional class families with 10 boys and 10 girls in each group. A Perception of Parents Pictorial Interview was administered and analyzed using 2‐way analyses of variance of (1) caretaking roles, (2) companionship roles, and (3) the total, reflecting both roles. Social class was significant in all three analyses and sex was significant for total scores and for companion ship. Professional class children, particularly boys, are more apt to perceive both parents fulfilling parental roles rather than either one alone.
Shoplifting Curriculum Development and Testing for Secondary School Students
Authors: Morrow Kathleen , Griffin Wilma Pitts
Published: March 2007

Shoplifting is one of the fastest growing crimes against property in the United States. This shoplifting curriculum unit was developed and tested in secondary schools. The study was performed to evaluate the effect on knowledge gain and attitude change of students who received in‐school instruction about shoplifting. The kits have been utilized in grade schools and sixth grade centers in the Austin Independent School District (Austin, Texas) to determine the effects of such valuing instruction on younger students.
Dietary Intake and Food Behavior Practices: Long‐Term Effects of the Georgia Expanded Food and Nutrition Program
Authors: Brown Amanda J. , Pestle Ruth E.
Published: March 2007

Homemakers' food behavior practices and diet scores were compared at entrance to the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, at graduation whenever their diets met the minimum daily nutritional requirements level, and one year following graduation. Program factors studied were type of teaching method and frequency of visits of teachers. Characteris tics of subjects studied were place of residence, educational level, age of homemaker, and age of children. The population included 225 homemakers. Food behavior practices and diet scores were maintained for all subjects after graduation. No differences occurred between entrance and graduation for subjects taught by the group method, for farm subjects, or for subjects having children in one particular age category.
Clothing Demand in the United States: A Cross‐Sectional Analysis
Authors: Dardis Rachel , Derrick Frederick , Lehfeld Alane
Published: March 2007

This paper examined factors influencing clothing expenditures by households in the United States. In particular, the impact of various household characteristics on clothing expenditures was investigated using data from the 1972–73 Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Ex penditure Survey. The results indicated that income plays a major role in concert with demographic characteristics in determining household expenditures on clothing and services.

Expenditures were positively related to income and education and negatively related to age of household head. Households headed by blacks with wives in the labor force spent more on clothing than other households. Location also proved to be a significant variable with urban households spending more on clothing expenditures than rural households.

The results should provide information concerning the demand for clothing under different economic and demographic conditions.
Imported Versus U.S.‐Produced Apparel: Consumer Views and Buying Patterns
Authors: Dickerson Kitty G.
Published: March 2007

In the current controversy over limitation of imported apparel products into the U.S., con sumers have had little opportunity to be heard. This study sought to determine consumers' views of imported versus U.S.‐produced apparel, to determine the product qualities which influence the consumer to buy one over the other and to examine consumer views toward imported apparel in relation to various purchasing practices and demographic variables. A structured telephone interview schedule was used by trained callers in a survey of 408 con sumers chosen randomly from telephone directories in 10 selected areas of the Eastern U.S. In general, consumers did not appear indifferent or apathetic to the issue of whether the apparel they buy has been produced in the U.S. or another country. A majority of the consumers took notice of whether clothing was imported and preferred to have domestically produced apparel, primarily because they perceived garments produced in other countries as being of poorer quality. A summary of the relationships between consumers' views toward imported apparel and some of the demographic variables and purchasing practices of the respondents indicated that in many ways concern over imported apparel appears to be a middle‐socioeconomic class phenomenon.
Evaluation Of Benefits From Research In Home Economics
Authors: Volker Carol B. , Deacon Ruth E.
Published: March 2007

This study was done in response to a need for the development of methodologies for evaluating benefits from home economics research. Benefit‐cost and cost‐effectiveness analyses are effective methods to use when possible. Their use, however, requires that costs be quantifiable in dollars and, for benefit‐cost analysis, that benefits, too, be expressed in monetary terms. By the use of benefit‐cost analysis, one child development research project was found to have a potential net savings of $1,468 over a five year period at just one institution. Application of cost‐effectiveness analysis to research to solve an environmental problem had research costs of $51,905 which may result in the elimination of more expensive solutions now costing more than $165,000 per year. Citation analysis may be used to identify the impact of information gained from research, but simple citation counts are not sufficient. To obtain optimum results from evaluation, methods must be selected and developed when the research is being planned. Evaluation analyses can be valuable tools for programming and for demonstrating that home economics research makes a difference.
Young Children's Conception of Physical Attractiveness as Evidenced in Human Figure Drawings
Authors: III Moran James D. , McCullers John C. , Banilivy Mansour
Published: March 2007

In an effort to assess young children's conceptions of “pretty” and “ugly,” 29 five‐ and six‐year‐old children (14 male and 15 female) were asked to draw a pretty person and an ugly person. These drawings were scored for developmental maturity according to the Goodenough Draw‐a‐Man Test and for emotionality by means of the Koppitz Scale of Emotional Indicators. The data confirmed that young children do make discriminations on the basis of physical attractiveness that affect their drawings. The children's drawings of an ugly person reflected a lower level of developmental maturity (p < 0.001) and greater emotionality (p < 0.001) than drawings of a pretty person. These differences between pretty‐person and ugly‐person drawings suggest that young children have a well‐developed concept of physical attractiveness that conforms to the cultural stereo type found in older children and adults, in which “ugly” produces more primitive and emotional responding than “pretty.” As a practical matter, the results underscore the need to be alert to the presence of transient emotional states in the testing of young children.
Household Production of Food: Expenditures, Norms, And Satisfaction
Authors: Volker Carol B. , Winter Mary , Beutler Ivan F.
Published: March 2007

Pearson product moment correlations and multiple regression were used in this study to analyze the relationship between household production of food and the level of food expenditures; a household's assessment of the quantity and variety of food consumed; and a household's satisfaction with the quantity and variety of food consumed. Households that did more household production of food tended to have lower expenditures for food and to report their food to be of higher quantity and variety, when compared to a norm. Food expenditures were positively related to the household's reported comparison of its food to a norm and satisfaction with its food. A household's comparison of the variety and quantity of its food to a norm was positively related to its satisfaction with its food.
Clothing Interest, Self‐Actualization, and Demographic Variables
Authors: Perry Marcia O'Reilly , Schutz Howard G. , Rucker Margaret H.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between two measures of clothing interest and selected independent variables consisting of 1. self‐actualization and 2. demographic characteristics of age, education, income, and occupation. Ninety randomly selected women provided demographic data and completed a battery of three tests: the Consumer Self‐Actualization Test (a measure of the degree of self‐actualization), the Perceptual Recall Measure of Clothing Interest (an instrument developed by the investigator to assess clothing interest based on the number of clothing items recalled from slide stimuli), and the Creekmore Clothing Interest Subscale (from the Creekmore Scales of Eight Clothing Variables). A significant negative correlation was found between clothing interest, as measured by the Creekmore instrument, and self‐actualization; and a significant positive correlation was found between Perceptual Recall Measure scores and the occupation “student.” Multiple regression analyses indicated that prediction of clothing interest was not improved by using a linear additive combination of the independent variables. The low negative correlation between Creekmore Subscale and Perceptual Recall Measure scores suggested that different types of clothing interest are assessed by each instrument.
Japanese Textiles As Described In The Literature of Japan 552 A.D. to 1185 A.D.
Authors: Richards Lynne
Published: March 2007

Historical literature represents an invaluable source of information for the study of textiles in that it often provides interpretive data concerning the social context of textile production and end use. In the current investigation, descriptive textile information was collected from English translations of historical Japanese literature dating from 552 A.D. to 1185 A.D. The data suggested that, during the historical period under investigation, silk was the textile material most prevalent within the upper and middle class populations of Japan, regardless of season or activity, although it was not used to the exclusion of other fibers. These silks, either figured or plain, were frequently colored red, white or purple, but other hues were not uncommon. To some degree, silk was probably a prestigious fabric (especially if manufactured in China), in that it was usually associated with individuals having a higher social status. In general, the silk fabrics described as being worn by women were more decorative than those worn by men, and similarly, the silk fabrics described as being worn by young people were more decorative than those worn by their elders.
Teaching Communication Skills With Videomodeling And Videofeedback In The University Classroom
Authors: Scott Jean Pearson , Sollie Donna L. , Duffey Nelda
Published: March 2007

The objective of the study was to examine the use of videotape as a modeling and as a feedback device in skills‐based interpersonal communication courses. Videotapes were made of students as they demonstrated self‐disclosure and empathic listening skills at the begin ning and at the end of a university family relations course. Students in one section were videotaped during the course, allowed to view their own tapes, and received feedback on their use of the skills. Another section viewed videotapes of other students demonstrating the skills, but were not given an opportunity to view themselves on videotape. A third section served as the control group and did not receive any instruction with videotape. Significant increases in skills performance at post‐test were observed in all three groups. The treatment group that viewed modeling of communication skills via videotape had higher performance levels on both empathy and self‐disclosure than either the control or videofeed back sections. The findings of the study demonstrated the effectiveness of teaching com munication skills and the effectiveness of video modeling of skills as a teaching technique. Factors that might contribute to higher anxiety among students who receive videofeedback are discussed and future research needs are presented.
A pp earance Factors In Cooperative Teaching Relationships
Authors: Loker S.
Published: March 2007

The study focused on the initiation process involved in cooperative projects among teachers. Its importance lay in addressing teacher‐teacher interactions, a long neglected system in education. One hundred and five elementary and secondary teachers served as subjects and evaluated eight photographed persons according to their desirability as partners in a coop erative project. The ratings were analyzed with analysis of variance with repeated measures. Personal and professional characteristics of subjects were evaluated as covariates in the analysis. Results suggest that age, gender, and clothing fashionability affect one's desir ability as a partner on a cooperative project. Gender, socio‐economic background, number of teaching years, and desire to work with anyone on a cooperative project were found to be significant covariates of the rating.
The Value and Cost of Children: Cross‐ generational and Sex Differences In Perceptions Among Parents
Authors: Leavy Richard L. , Hough Olga B.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the nature and congruence of attitudes concerning the value of children using the Fawcett Value of Children questionnaire. Subjects were parents and grandparents of preschool children (N = 135). Analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson product‐moment correlations were performed to assess differences and congruences among subgroups studied. Generational differences tended to be stronger and more frequent than sex differences. Husbands and wives showed relatively little value agreement. There was no congruence among fathers and sons or mothers and daughters on any of the nine ques tionnaire scales. Results are discussed in relation to economic, social, and life‐cycle devel opmental issues.
Leisure Time of Husbands and Wives
Authors: Nickols Sharon Y. , Abdel‐Ghany Mohamed
Published: March 2007

Leisure time of husbands and wives in a sample of families in which both are employed is compared. Further, the relationships between leisure time of each spouse and selected socioeconomic measures and use of time in paid work and household work are examined. Husbands have significantly more leisure time than wives: husbands' mean minutes per day equal 255, while wives' mean min utes per day equal 220. Using multiple regression analysis, relatively high levels of explained variance in husband and wife leisure time are achieved with the set of 11 variables selected for this analysis. Time spent in paid work, time spent in household work, and leisure time of spouse are significantly related to the leisure time of both husband and wife. In addition, age of younger child in the family is significantly positively related to wife's leisure time. The importance of the findings for an understanding of family roles is discussed.
State of the Art: Food Research
Authors: Penfield Marjorie P. , Axelson Marta L.
Published: March 2007

Study of the physical and chemical properties of food and its response to treat ment, and the food‐related behavior of individuals is discussed in terms of three domains of the research process: methodological, substantive, and conceptual. Advances in the field are discussed in relationship to these domains and linkages among them. The discussion is illustrated with examples from the literature with emphasis on work by individuals in home economics units, or units with similar missions.
The Present State Of Family Relations Research
Authors: McKenry Patrick C. , Price Sharon
Published: March 2007

The development of family relations research within home economics in recent years is reviewed and assessed. Specific emphasis is on assumptions made, di rection taken, and important methodological and theoretical advances made during this period. Suggestions for future research are presented.