bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Child Eating Behaviour with Body Mass Index among Toddlers Aged Two to Four Years Old
Authors: Nor Eyzawiah Hassan  , Asmat Mat Arepen  , Faizul Helmi Addnan  , Nur Fariha Mohd Manzor  , Nizam Baharom  , Mohd Dzulkhairi Mohd Rani  , Norsham Juliana  , Nazefah Abdul Hamid
Published: October 2020

Children eating behaviour was hypothesised as one of the factors associated with growth development as well as malnutrition among toddlers. This study aimed to explore the relationship between child eating behaviour among toddlers aged two to four years old and their respective Body Mass Index (BMI) or BMI for Age Z (BAZ). A cross-sectional study was conducted among parents and caregivers with toddlers between two to four years old, in the Klang Valley. The validated Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) was used to measure their child eating habit and behaviours. A total of 96 parents or caregivers of toddlers participated. Girls had lower BAZ than boys (-1.20 vs -0.15, p=0.030), and significantly higher satiety responsiveness and food fussiness scores (3.14 vs 2.80, p=0.005 and 2.83 vs 2.44, p=0.005 respectively). Emotional overeating had opposite effects on BMI and BAZ between genders. In this study, girls aged two to four year old had lower BMI and BAZ than boys; and demonstrated higher food avoidance behaviour. Emotional overeating is associated with opposite effects on BMI and BAZ between boys and girls. Among all toddlers, satiety responsiveness and food fussiness were associated with lower BAZ.
Functional Outcome And Mortality Assessment Following Proximal Femoral Nailing In Inter Trochanteric Fracture
Authors: Prabhakaran A  , Selvakumar Pandiyan  , Pradeepkumar T  , Thayumana Sundaram G  , Dharav Parikh  , Agrawal Vishal Ravindra
Published: October 2020

Intertrochanteric fractures constitute one of the most typical fractures of the hip. The incidence of fractures in the trochanteric area has risen with an increase in numbers of the older person with osteoporosis. Mortality, morbidity ratios are increasing in patients with inter-trochanteric fractures. Advanced age and associated co-morbidities are two primary added source for high mortality in trochanteric fracture patients. We conducted this study to assess the mortality rate and the functional outcome in inter-trochanteric fractures after proximal femoral nailing. This is a prospective study, in which 60 Intertrochanteric fractures of femur patients who came to our hospital EMS. Inclusion and Exclusion criteria were included in this study and were done from a period from January 2014 to July 2017. They were evaluated on each follow-up clinically using Harris Hip score and radio-logically using RUST score. The overall mortality rate at the end of the 3-year follow-up in our study is 13.3%. The factor which significantly influenced the mortality rate was Coronary artery disease. Four patients had implant-related complications. One patient developed non-union, which was later revised with Bipolar Hemi-arthroplasty. One patient developed screw back out, and two patients developed screw breakage. Results of our study concluded that elderly patients of age group 75-89 years of age were at higher risk for intertrochanteric fractures. Associated comorbid condition plays a significant role in the mortality of this fractures. In our study, coronary artery disease had a significant influence on the mortality rate for intertrochanteric fractures with a 4.63 fold rise in the mortality rate for these patients.
Aromatic spice Nutmeg attenuates memory deficits in Rotenone model of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Muthuvel vijayan K  , Prabhu K  , Rajasankar S
Published: October 2020

PD is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder with features such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, and dementia. Neuropathologically, selective loss or death of dopaminergic neurons is the hallmark of PD. In PD, elevated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation were reported. Rotenone (an isoflavone obtained from Fabaceae associated vegetation such as the jicama vine plant) induces oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and apoptosis in cell line and animal models. It was useful in the evaluation of neuroprotective properties on cell line and animal models of PD. Drugs with anti-oxidant potential helped to control the cellular stress, free radical formation, neurotransmitter level in PD animal models. Nutmeg, an aromatic spice exhibited memory enhancing, anti-oxidant, anticonvulsant properties. It is an excellent body detoxifier and stimulator of the brain due to the presence of pharmacologically active compounds such as eugenol, isoelemicin, isoeugenol, methoxyeugenol, myristic acid, myristicin, saponins and lignin. Macelignan (a compound present in nutmeg) having the low molecular weight and hydrophobic nature could pass beyond the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we explored the cognitive profile of rotenone-induced model of PD treated with MFSE extract (MFSE) by behavioural tests (Morris water maze test, T-maze test and Elevated plus maze Test). Rotenone was injected to male Wistar albino rats by intra-peritoneal route (2.5mg/kg daily) for 30days. MFSE treated rats showed significant improvement in cognition in rotenone-induced PD model. It might be due to its neuroprotective and anti-cholinesterase properties.
A synthesis and review of medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Schef৒lera umbellifera (Sond.) Baill. (Ar aliaceae )
Authors: Alfred Maroyi
Published: October 2020

Schefflera umbellifera (Sond.) Baill. is an evergreen tree widely used as traditional medicine throughout its distributional range in southern Africa. Schefflera umbellifera is indigenous to Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. This study was aimed at providing a critical review of medicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of S. umbellifera. Documented information on medicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of S. umbellifera was collected from several online sources such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Francis and Taylor and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles and scientific publications obtained from the University library. This study revealed that the bark, leaf and root decoction or infusion of S. umbellifera are mainly used as diuretic, laxative, colic and protective charm, and traditional medicine for stomach ulcers, weaning infants, insanity, inflammation, rheumatism and malaria. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include 3-hydroxy-20(29)-lupen-28-ol, 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin, betulin, ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and oleanolic acid. Pharmacological research revealed that S. umbellifera extracts and compounds isolated from the species have antibacterial, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiprotozoal, larvicidal and cytotoxicity activities. Schefflera umbellifera should be subjected to detailed phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluations aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with its phytochemistry and pharmacological activities.
Comparative study of maternal and fetal outcome in patients with Vaginal Birth after caesarean section and elective repeat caesarean section
Authors: Poonam Kalburgi  , Sanjaykumar Patil
Published: October 2020

Women after delivering her first baby by section have a choice about mode of delivery for her second baby. The study was planned to compare maternal and perinatal outcome between VBAC and repeat elective LSCS in patients with prior one LSCS and their complications. A prospective observational study was carried out in department of obstetrics and . Total 180 cases of previous LSCS who were eligible for vaginal delivery were recruited 90 in each group as per consent given by them. Group 1: Vaginal Birth after section Group 2: elective repeat section. It was observed that majority of the patients group 1(51.1%) and group 2 (47.8%) were in age group of 25 to 30 years. More than 25kg/m2 BMI was found in 18(20%) cases of VBAC group and 30(33.3%) cases of LSCS group pregnancy interval was significantly lower in LSCS group compared to VBAC group. Mean birth weight was 2.832 kg to 2.917kg in both group. with improved maternal care, close fetal monitoring and institutional delivery for a previous one section, VBAC is considered safer than repeat elective section in carefully selected patient.
Preparation, characterization and in vitro wound healing activity of collagen-chitosan film
Authors: Ragini B  , Shree Rama M  , Shaukat Ali S R  , Siva S
Published: October 2020

A rise in the incidence of skin burns and chronic wounds present a first health care problem. Hence collagen – chitosan-based wound dressing has been seen as a way to heal wounds without leaving a scar. Collagen is the most ubiquitous protein found in marine organisms. Here, chitosan plays a vital role in improving the stability of the collagen. The Collagen-chitosan films comprised of collagen derived from skins of Catla catla which were pretreated and lyophilized and confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Thus, in this new approach collagen has been hybridized with the naturally occurring bioactive material chitosan to improve the mechanical properties with enhanced stability, and it can be effectively utilized for the wound dressing in clinical application. Physico-chemical properties and surface morphology of the films were analyzed through SEM and FTIR. Mechanical stability of collagen – chitosan film showed increased tensile strength and elongation at break. The Anti-bacterial and Anti-inflammatory activity of collagen - chitosan films were performed. Also, the in vitro biocompatibility of collagen chitosan films was confirmed by wound scratch assay on fibroblast cells. It was concluded that this present study reveals that the preparation of collagen-chitosan films from a new source of natural collagen could be suitable for the application of wound dressings.
Anti-atherosclerotic and Anti-Biofilm properties of Pleurotus ostreatus Metabolites
Authors: Priya B  , Vijayachitra A
Published: October 2020

To investigate the anti-biofilm and anti-atherosclerotic properties of metabolites from a mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus was selected as the main objective of present study. The study involved the following series of steps to meet the objective. Coating the metal stents with fungal metabolites and vitamin-E, to study the anti-biofilm properties against biofilm producing bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), to determine the drug release behaviour from the coated stents, and to investigate the cytotoxic assay and biocompatibility of the coated stents using MTT assay method. Anti-biofilm activity of the developed Metabolite-Vitamin E (MVE) combinations showed significant activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis (0.5mg/ml) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.75mg/ml). Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus expressed respective anti-biofilm values of 0.5mg/ml, 0.25mg/ml and 0.5mg/ml. Drug release behaviour analysis revealed controlled and sustained release of fungal metabolites from the stents coated with Metabolite-Vitamin E mixture. In vitro MTT assay revealed that Metabolite-Vitamin E did not inhibit the growth of L929 fibroblast cells; indicating the biocompatibility of the coated stents. Mushrooms producing pharmacologically significant metabolites could be exploited in treating cardiovascular diseases in human beings to a greater extent. Future analysis could be useful in identifying the significant chemical compounds present in the metabolites.
Review of phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic potential of Cleistochlamys kirkii
Authors: Alfred Maroyi
Published: October 2020

Cleistochlamys kirkii (Benth.) Oliv is a shrub or small tree widely used as a traditional medicine in the east and central Africa. Cleistochlamys kirkii is indigenous to Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. This study is aimed at evaluating the phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic potential of C. kirkii. Results of the current study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. This study revealed that the leaf and root infusion, maceration and decoction of C. kirkii are mainly used as traditional medicines for haemorrhoid wounds, rheumatism and tuberculosis. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include α,β-unsaturated lactone, acetogenin, benzyl benzoate derivatives, c-benzylated flavanone, heptanolide, an indole alkaloid, phenolics, polyoxygenated cyclohexene and derivatives, sesquiterpene and tetracyclic triterpenes. In vitro studies have confirmed the biological activities of C. kirkii crude extracts and compounds isolated from the species which include antibacterial, antifungal, antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity. Documentation of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of C. kirkii is essential as this information provides baseline data required for future research and development of health-promoting and pharmaceutical products. Cleistochlamys kirkii should be subjected to detailed ethnopharmacological and toxicological evaluations aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties.
Studying the antihyperlipidaemic basis of ayurvedic formulations –Avipattikara churna and triphala churna
Authors: Dixit Praveen K  , Nagarajan K  , Kumar Sokindra
Published: October 2020

Increased blood lipid profile (hyperlipidaemia) has been described as a significant risk factor, which is majorly responsible for making the coronary heart diseases more severe. Coronary heart disease, stroke, atherosclerosis and hyperlipidaemia are the primary cause of death. The increase in total cholesterol and total low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is described for its main risk factor, which is responsible for cardiovascular disease. The anti-hyperlipidemic drugs are used frequently for its lipids lowering potential to protect disorders which are induced by a condition like atherosclerosis. Still, these hypolipidemic agents also have various sorts of adverse events. Many plants and their derivatives and have been tested successfully for their anti-hyperlipidemic role. Almost 70 medicinal plants and more than this have been successfully screened for their significant anti-hyperlipidemic role. The significant increase observed in the use of medicinal plants in metropolitan regions of developed countries in the last decades. There are so many medicinal plants play a crucial role in lowering the blood lipid level. The most important advantage and popularity of traditional medicine system are because of effectiveness, safety, affordability and acceptability. This review focus on the anti-hyperlipidemic role of Avipattikar Churna and Triphala Churna used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.
Inspiratory muscle training versus Aerobic training: Improvement on pulmonary function, exercise capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness in females with hypothyroidism
Authors: Apoorva Bhatnagar  , Sonia Pawaria  , Sheetal Kalra
Published: October 2020

The effect of hypothyroidism on the respiratory system is proven in various studies. The study is aimed to compare Inspiratory muscle training and Aerobic training on lung functions, exercise capacity & cardiorespiratory fitness in females having hypothyroidism. This comparative study was executed on 66 subjects based on the criteria of the study, which were randomly divided into Group A & B. Subjects in Group A received Inspiratory Muscle Training. Still, subjects in Group B received Aerobic Training for four weeks. Spirometry assessed pulmonary functions, exercise capacity was evaluated by the 6-Minute Walk Test, and cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by Step Harvard test. All measurements were taken at the baseline, on the last day of 2nd week and final day of 4th week. Independent t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data. More significant improvement in terms of pulmonary functions, exercise capacity and Cardiorespiratory fitness was observed, in group B who received Aerobic training in contrast to group A that received Inspiratory muscle training. Results of this study showed Aerobic training to be more effective and beneficial in improving pulmonary functions, exercise capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness than Inspiratory Muscle Training.
Correlation between selected anthropometry parameters among female adolescent nursing students -Indicators of health
Authors: Silambuselvi K  , Abirami P  , Jayabharathi B
Published: October 2020

Anthropometric measures are important indicators of health status. The present research was conducted among selected female nursing college students to analyse the correlation between body mass index and body fat percentage. This Quantitative Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 203 female nursing students at SRM College of Nursing, Kattankulathur, Chennai, using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Body mass index was analysed using the formula, and Omron body fat analyser (HBF-306) was used to observe body fat percentage. Body mass index(BMI) results showed that the majority of samples 115 were found to have healthy BMI, 62 students were underweight, 24 samples were overweight. Body fat percentage results showed that 126 samples had healthy body fat percentage,29 samples had too high body fat percentage,38 study samples had too low body fat %, and 10 students had obese body fat %. The correlation was observed to be positive and significant among body mass index and body fat percentage in total. Correlation among body mass index and per cent body fat based on BMI Classification also showed a significant positive correlation among underweight, normal and overweight individuals. Still, a negative correlation was found in obese samples. Since the number of obese samples was less, a similar correlation study among large samples was recommended.
Effectiveness of amikacin administered by autoinjector compared to manual injection on infected excision wound model of Wistar rats
Authors: Anitha Roy  , Geetha R V  , Anitha Magesh  , Senthilkumar Sivanesan  , Vijayaraghavan R
Published: October 2020

To evaluate the effectiveness of amikacin administered by autoinjector compared to manual injection on infected excision wound model of Wistar rats. Randomly bred 14 Wistar rats of either sex weighing 180 to 230 g were used for the present study. The study has the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used for infecting the wounds.1 mL of blood was withdrawn aseptically from the orbital sinus under isoflurane anaesthesia, and the biochemical parameters were carried out. All results were expressed as mean ± SEM, and the results were compared statistically by one-way ANOVA using Sigma Plot 13. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The biochemical parameters in the study was more or less similar. The infected rats treated with amikacin showed faster wound contraction compared to control. This study concludes the effectiveness of amikacin administered through autoinjectors and manual injection in infected excision wound model as similar. Therefore, amikacin autoinjector is a better choice to manual injection to overcome from wound infections if it is administered at the right time in case of emergency or whenever required. Injury and wound infection are common in natural and manmade disasters. Serious bacterial wound infections are a potential threat to open injuries. As accessibility to the primary health centre or hospital may not be easy or possible during disasters and to overcome such a situation, an antibacterial autoinjector would be useful.
A Review on Microsphere Based Topical Drug Delivery
Authors: Mohanta Tanmay  , Sujit Das
Published: October 2020

The word "Microsphere" denotes that micrometer in size but the main motto is to deliver the drug and it depends on the routes of administration. Topical delivery of microsphere is one of the most important to deliver the drug into the body. This method has a significant effect on its efficacy. Microsphere can work as a transporter for the drugs in a sustained control release manner. Whereas the topical gel can be used in any part of our body like eyes, vagina, rectum, etc. Microspheres are using as a coating material where the polymeric compounds are incorporate and after that, it is using as a gel for topical administration. Here we can tell the microsphere as a vehicle where it transports the polymers, drugs as well as especially it is transferring the surfactant, co-surfactants, etc as a result it can easy to penetrate our skin and give the proper therapeutic activity. As a result, the slow result in the proper therapeutic efficacy of various diseases can give the suggested a blooming need for a multidisciplinary proposal for the delivery to the target place. As a result, it clears the potential of the effectiveness of active pharmaceutical ingredients through the barrier of skin by the help of penetration property and vehicle technology of microsphere. In this review, some basic and primitive features of microspheres in the form of topical delivery has been discussed.
A Clinicopathological study of uterine cervical lesions in a Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Sujata Kumbhar  , Sujata Kanetkar  , Avinash Mane  , Akanksha Gore
Published: October 2020

Pap test is a simple yet effective screening method to detect cervical cancer in its early stage, and thus it helps to reduce morbidity and mortality from cancer. A total of 430 cases were studied after taking ethical clearance. The cytological diagnoses were made by Cytopathologist using Bethesda 2014 system for categorization of cervical smears. Cytological results were correlated with clinical features and histopathological results wherever biopsy was available. The total of the 430 cases studied 24 (5.58%) were inadequate to report, excluding these, of the total 406 cases 260 (64.04%) cases were symptomatic, and 146 (35.96%) were asymptomatic. Cytologic diagnoses were NILM –normal- 140 (55.23%)with a mean age of 38.48 years, NILM- inflammatory 128 (47.76%) with a mean age of 35.96 years, ASC-US 36 (8.86%) with a mean age of 36.69 years, ASC-H 18 (4.43%) with a mean age of 45 years, LSIL 42 (10.34%) with a mean age of 41.90, HSIL 22 (5.42%) with a mean age of 51.22 years, and invasive cancer 20 (4.92%) with a mean age of 61.8 years. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of Pap test were 89.79%, 95.34%, and 95.65%, 89.13% and 83.33% respectively. Pap smear test is a simple, rapid, economical, still practical screening test to detect cervical intraepithelial lesions and cancer.
Gardenia ternifolia Schum. & Thonn. (Rubiaceae): Review of medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities
Authors: Alfred Maroyi
Published: October 2020

Gardenia ternifolia Schum. & Thonn. is a shrub or small tree widely used as a traditional medicine throughout its distributional range in tropical Africa. Gardenia ternifolia is widespread in tropical Africa, extending from Senegal eastwards to Ethiopia and Kenya, through the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) southwards to Namibia, South Africa and Mozambique. This study was aimed at providing a critical review of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of G. ternifolia. Documented information on the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of G. ternifolia was collected from several online sources which included Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct. Additional information was gathered from pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles and scientific publications obtained from the university library. This study showed that the species is widely used as an aphrodisiac and protective charm, and traditional medicine for headache, migraine, respiratory infections, sore eyes, hypertension, diabetes, gastro-intestinal problems, erectile dysfunction, malaria, convulsions and epilepsy. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include alkaloids, anthocyanins, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, stereoisomeric neolignans, tannins and terpenoids. Pharmacological research revealed that G. ternifolia extracts and compounds isolated from the species have antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antileishmanial, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, antisickling, antitheilerial, hepatotoxicity, larvicidal and cytotoxicity activities. Future research on G. ternifolia should focus on detailed phytochemical evaluations, including toxicological, in vivo and clinical studies to corroborate the traditional medical applications of the species.
Phytophotodermatitis: A Case Report
Authors: Asish Kumar Saha  , Asem Veeves Singh  , Anand Vijaya kumar  , Shekhar Sanjayrao Deshpande
Published: October 2020

A rare phototoxic dermatological reaction seen in Indian Sub-continent, known as Phytophotodermatitis, occurs with exposure to ultraviolet light after contact with certain plant chemicals. Phytophotodermatitis named from the terms ‘phyto’ means plant, ‘photo’ means light, and ‘dermatitis’ means skin inflammation. The signs and symptoms of Phytophotodermatitis typically initiated 24 hours after comes in contact with skin, and the peak is reached between 48 to 72 hours. The indications may be from mild or severe. The signs are redness, tenderness, burning sensation, pain, inflammation, itching, blistering, thickened layer of skin after blisters rupture. The area of blisters is usually asymmetrical in shape. These are seen in the areas of the skin, that were exposed to the chemical. For example, the drip form of blister seen in the skin if it is exposed to fruit juice. If the skin were brushed against a plant, it would show streaks like pattern. Though the early symptoms subside, within 7-14 days, signs of blackening of the skin may show hyperpigmentation. This stage of Phytophotodermatitis is known as post-inflammatory pigmentation and might last for many months. In some cases, the affected person will have a very mild inflammatory reaction, if they are exposed to sunlight, while some may not even know that they experienced a reaction. The hyperpigmentation is the initial sign to know that they have got Phytophotodermatitis. Initial symptoms get aggravated because of wet skin, sweat and heat. Darkening of skin-colour is observed in the persons while they are exposed to sunlight. In this case, we are reporting about a patient having this condition and the cause for the occurrence.
Experimental evaluation of Streblus asper hydroalcoholic extract for antistress activity
Authors: Sachin Neekhra  , Himani Awasthi  , Dharm Chand Prasad Singh
Published: October 2020

Stress is the causative factor for various diseases and disorders faced by the majority of the diseased population. The leaves of (S. ) are attributed to properties as per literature. The S. extract as tested for activity in animals. The study deals with the evaluation of S. extract for activity using cold immobilization stress. The S. extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) was administered to treatment groups 1 hour before stress methods for ten consecutive days. Induction of the stress procedure was repeated for ten days. Rats fasted overnight on 10th days, On 11th days the blood was collected from the retro-orbital vein for biochemical estimation under . Liver function profiles (SGOT, SGPT, and ALP), lipid profiles (TC, TG, HDL, LDL, and VLDL), differential leukocyte count (, eosinophils, lymphocyte, and ), and organs weight (adrenal gland, spleen, liver, and kidney) were evaluation parameters of activity in thecold immobilization stress. The dose group 400 mg/kg p.o.of S. extract for activity in cold immobilization showed significant variation (P< 0.1) when is compared with the stress control group. Therefore, it was revealed that S. extract showed potential activity.
A new drug delivery strategy targeting mass population in combating epidemic crisis
Authors: Aparna Mohan  , Arathy Menon  , James Chacko  , Preethi Mohan
Published: October 2020

Ultrasound as an alternative model for mass prophylaxis to check outbreaks in epidemics is being proposed in this paper. The outbreak of communicable diseases and mass gathering are certainly related through the obvious risk of transmission of infectious agents. Either as the source or being susceptible, the gathering makes the disease spread rapidly challenging the medical community. To combat the steady rise in the incidence of disease, appropriate control measures need to be adopted. An alternative drug delivery model utilizing the potential of ultrasound through percussion – as medicated drumming is hence presented here taking the reference from Indian traditional system of medicine. In this model the herbal or herbo-mineral drugs applied over drum surface followed by drumming releases biochemicals of high bioavailability. Studies have shown the simultaneous production of ultrasound with audible frequency while playing musical instruments and the high affinity of herbal and herbo-mineral drugs towards it. The particle reduction technology through Bhasmikarana (producing herbo-mineral-metallic compounds in nano dimensions) and Bhavana (liquid-assisted trituration of drug powders) incorporates nanotechnology for better stability, bioavailability and targeted delivery. Sonication as such enables production of herbal drugs in sub-micron and nano-sized dimensions. Hence, this novel approach of medicated drumming integrating nanotechnology along with ultrasonic sound (corresponding to the nanotechnology coupled sonodynamic therapy with improved pharmacokinetics) could function as an efficient drug delivery strategy to check outbreaks.
Medline diastema of orthodontic patients - Prevalence and Etiology in Erbil Population - A cross-sectional study
Authors: Ayshan Kolemen  , Hasan Sabah Hasan  , Arkan Muslim Al Azzawi
Published: October 2020

To investigate the prevalence and etiological factors that contribute in midline diastema in Erbil population among different age groups and genders. A sample of (ex: 1021orthodontic patients (537 males and 484 females) were randomly selected from Erbil population attending to orthodontic department of khanzad polyclinic teaching center (General directorate of hawler / Ministry of health/ Kurdistan region- Iraq) during 2018-2019 period. Aged (13-35 years) with mean age ± SD was 19.6 ± 4.8 years, with a median of 19 years. The examination included patient history taking, intraoral examination, photograph, intraoral periapical radiography of incisors area and panoramic radiographic. Diastema consider positive when the space between central incisors is 0.5mm and more, width was measured clinically used digital Vernier calipers at one millimeter above the incisors edge. In this study the prevalence of midline diastema was 23.2%. location was in the maxilla (97%), in mandible (1.3%) and in both was (1.7%). The prevalence of midline diastema differs significantly between the age groups (p < 0.001). The highest prevalence (55.8%) was among patients aged ≥ 30 years, and it was also high (37.7%) among those aged < 15 years. The prevalence among females (26.4%) was significantly higher than the prevalence (20.3%) among males (P= 0.020). The main causes of midline diastema in females was thumb sucking and missing lateral incisors (14.1% and 12.5% respectively) and in males was high labial frenum and super numerally teeth (39.4% and 30.3% respectively). The prevalence of diastema in Erbil City (Kurdistan regional- Iraq) area was 23.2%, the location mostly in maxilla (97%). The prevalence of diastema in females more than males.
Study on Quality Indicators of Pharmacy in a tertiary Care teaching hospital, Kozhikode
Authors: Sujay Mugaloremutt Jayadeva  , Harshith N  , Nashid K P
Published: October 2020

Quality Indicators in pharmacy is essential to address the Prescription errors and other quality-related problems in the pharmacy. Quality indicators can be used, adopted in every aspect and even to the staff. An average of 5000 Prescriptions was analysed for four months in a tertiary care teaching hospital at Kozhikode. Total of 64 staff was chosen for the study which comprised of pharmacists, patients and other staff members. The analysis carried out on the dispensing errors and also the wastage of drugs happening in the pharmacy. There were significant dispensing errors and wastage of drugs happening in the pharmacy which can not only affect the patients but also could bring the financial loss for the pharmacies due to wastage of drugs. The study recommends for the enhancement in the quality of pharmacies as these quality indicators are required for the better public health care and also to avoid the wastage of the drugs causing financial loss to the Pharmacies
Screening of Propyl paraben (PP) for control in situ populations of Aspergillus flavus and AFB1 contamination on stored chilli powder
Authors: Diyaa Aljaza  , Basim Turki Alyousif
Published: October 2020

Food spoilage and their contamination with mycotoxins are a significant issue for the food industry, leading to economic losses and a negative impact on public health all over the world. The objective of this study was to examine the preventive effect of different concentrations of Propylparaben (PP) for control of fungal populations and aflatoxin b1 (AFB1) contamination of stored chilli powder in both artificially and naturally contaminations. These treatments were examined at two different water activity (aw) levels (0.90 and 0.95 aw) in stored chilli powder at 30oC for 20 days. The total populations of A. flavus isolated from both artificially and naturally contamination of stored chilli powder at 30oC were significantly reduced by using PP treatments especially, with 2000 ppm. In additions, the AFB1 production was reduced when increased PP concentration compared to the untreated control. In conclusion, the economic and health impacts related to Aspergillus and AFB1 contamination could be minimised by adding PP as a food-grade preservative to stored chilli powder, Results show From a human health perspective, the use of PP is allowed as a food preservative by the (IARC) and (WHO). It must use according to legislation doses (0.1%) introduced by the law of (GRAS) regulations.
Macroscopic-microscopic characteristics and AFLP fingerprint for identification of Erythroxylum novogranatense, E. cambodianum and E. cuneatum endemic to Thailand
Authors: Somdet Katib  , Kanchana Rungsihirunrat
Published: October 2020

Erythroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron, E. cambodianum  Pierre and E. cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz  in family Erythroxylaceae was traditionally used as an antipyretic, general stimulant and gastrointestinal diseases. Due to their morphological similarity, the correct identification was necessary for the quality control in herbal medicine. E. novogranatense  (Morris) Hieron, E. cambodianum  Pierre  and E. cuneatum (Miq.) Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics evaluated Kurz endemic to Thailand according to WHO standard guideline and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprint. Morphological characters of E. novogranatense, E. cambodianum and E. cuneatum  were similar in their flower, fruit and seed but different in stem and leaf. Microscopic characteristics from these three species, including constant leaf numbers, showed individual values. The stomata were classified as paracytic type.  The midrib transverse section showed distinct characters of the epidermis, palisade cell, stomata, spongy cell, parenchyma, xylem vessel, phloem tissue and collenchyma. AFLP fingerprint showed highly polymorphisms 97.42% with the number of bands (349 bands) ranging between 50-750 bands. Primer E+ACG/M+CTT had the highest number of AFLP band (91 bands). The dendrogram generated from UPGMA could separate these three species. In summary, the combination of morphological characteristics, microscopic investigation and AFLP fingerprinting can be used to identify plant species and determine the genetic relationship among three Erythroxylum species.
Evaluation of Ethnomedicine and Ethnobotany of Maerua triphylla A. Rich. (Capparidaceae)
Authors: Alfred Maroyi
Published: October 2020

Maerua triphylla A. Rich. is a shrub or small tree collected from the wild for its edible leaves and also used as traditional medicine. This study is aimed at evaluating the ethnomedicinal and ethnobotanical uses of M. triphylla. Results of the current study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. This study revealed that the fruit, leaf, root, stem bark and twig infusion and/or decoction of M. triphylla  are mainly used as ethnoveterinary medicine, aphrodisiac and antidote for poisoning, and traditional medicine for rheumatism, boils, cancer, respiratory problems, snakebite, headache, migraine and gastro-intestinal problems. Phytochemical compounds identified from dried aerial parts and branches of M. triphylla include betaines and quaternary ammonium compounds such as 3-hydroxyprolinebetaine, glycine betaine, proline betaine and 3-hydroxy-1,1-dimethyl pyridinium.  Preliminary ethnopharmacological research revealed that M. triphylla leaf extracts have acaricidal and cytotoxicity activities. Documentation of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of M. triphylla is important as this information provides baseline data required for future research focusing on ethnopharmacological properties of the species. Maerua triphylla should be subjected to detailed phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluations aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties"
Pharmacy students attitude towards academic research in south India
Authors: Abdulkadir Abdu  , Mohanraj Rathinavelu  , Gamma Birir Mohamed Musa  , Adam Abubaker Mohamed
Published: October 2020

The current cross-sectional survey of six months duration was performed to assess pharmacy student's attitude towards academic research in self-financing private pharmacy institutions in south India. The study included students of both genders of all pharmacy who showed their willingness by administering a standard validated questionnaire with a total of sixteen inventories. In our review of four hundred and thirty student responses, female (55.35%) students were female, and 90.93% student participants belong to the age group of 20-25 years. More than half of the students (53.49%) agreed. Research participation is a vital parameter in employment, research and pharmaceutical education. More than fifty per cent our study participants recommend proper financial and resource funding and timelines are the significant limitations in performing research activities. In our study, 62.32% of respondents recommended a fortified research establishment for academicians which could improve and integrate a sustained development in teaching-learning and practice of scientific research in graduating students for their education and career. conclusion, the perspective of pharmacy students towards research investigated in our study was found satisfactory; and recommended a significant focus on financial grant or support, fortified research environment, and dedicated research curriculum for the sustainable development of academic research.
The Effect of Hordeum Vulgare L. Extracts on Blood Cholesterol Level and Lipid Peroxidation Activity in a Hypercholesterolemia Rodent Model
Authors: Pang Jyh Chyang  , Mawaddah
Published: October 2020

Hordeum vulgare L. (Barley) is an ancient and essential cereal grain crop with the claim that it has the potential to reduce cholesterol level and to lower oxidation activity in the liver.However, it hasn’t been proven scientifically. Hence,this study was conducted to investigate the total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAC) and liver peroxidation activity of barley aqueous and ethanol extractas well as assess the effect of ethanol extract on cholesterol level of high-fat diet rats. TAC of barley extract was determined by using ABTS (2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) assay andDPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) assay. Meanwhile, Total Phenolic Content TPCwas determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Atotal of 15 Sprague Dawley rats were tested for the lowering cholesterol properties in barley and its association with lipid peroxidation product (Melondialdhyhe level) by adding the barley into their daily diet. The result indicated that TAC and TPC value of ethanol barley extract was high. Barley ethanol extracts effectively lowering cholesterol level in Sprague Dawley rats. Meanwhile, the malondialdehyde level in the liver tissue was a significant difference between the high-fat diet group of rats and the high-fat diet group of rats treated with ethanol barley extract. Conclusion, ethanol barley extract possess more phenolic content, antioxidant component and reducing cholesterol level of high-fat diet rats.
A Study to Access the Correlation between Serum Alpha Fetoprotein and Radiological Image Finding in Patients with Malignant Liver Mass
Authors: Annamalai T T  , Yuvaraj Muralidharan
Published: October 2020

Malignant liver mass remains a major health problem worldwide. Patients with chronic liver disease, the accuracy of ultrasound scan (US), spiral computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and malignant liver disease is assessed in this study. This study helps to find out the significance of serum alpha protein in patients with malignant liver mass. Retrospective cross-sectional study was done on patients with malignant liver mass. A total of 62 patients were diagnosed with malignant liver mass, out of which 44 are male, and 18 were female. They were grouped into three age groups 30-50 years, 51-70 years and above 70 years. In this study, out of the radiologically diagnosed malignant liver mass, HPE has proven hepatocellular carcinoma where 67.7% and liver secondaries where 29.03%. 55% of malignant liver mass has raised alpha feto proteins. 74% of HCC diagnosed and confirmed on biopsy have elevated alpha feto proteins. Only 11% of multiple malignant liver lesions have elevated alpha feto proteins.AFP receptors are expressed only in the AFP-positive HCC tissues. In the AFP-negative HCC, the rate of tumour growth would probably be expected to be relatively slow, and tumour staging might be lower than in AFP-positive. Based on this study, radiological imaging has been very useful in the diagnosis of various malignant liver masses in both elevated and normal AFP.
Evaluation of Multiple Interacting Factors Associated with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)
Authors: Ganapathy Sankar U  , Monisha R
Published: October 2020

Developmental coordination disorder is termed as a motor functioning disorder and it shows a major impact on motor learning and functioning. The aim of the current research is to have a critical analysis of the developmental coordination disorder using ICF model. However DCD is identified by functional limitations, there are associated factors which were left unattended. We discuss the participation restriction, body function and structural defects and other contextual factors associated with DCD. It has been highlighted that primary and secondary defects associated with developmental coordination disorder among children is due to the factors which depends on the cognitive and neurological structures. Personal and environmental factors associated play a major role in motor learning and acquisition. To design intervention for individual adult and children with developmental coordination disorder, there is need for consideration of the multiple interacting factors associated with developmental coordination disorder and understanding the primary and secondary factors that deteriorate the health of children with DCD needs attention. Psychological impairment is the factors which are identified at the front line. However while designing intervention sessions, there is a need to consider the psychosocial aspect of the individual with DCD.
Effects of calisthenics on exercise capacity, symptoms and quality of life in COPD
Authors: Ganapathy Sankar U  , Monisha R
Published: October 2020

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the leading cause of death and disability in India. The study aims to evaluate the effects of CSC- COPD Sitting Calisthenics on exercise capacity, symptoms and quality of life. Twenty-five patients with COPD admitted in SRM Medical college hospital, and research centre (Department of respiratory medicine) were included in the study. After calculating the samples of 25 with excluding one drop outpatient, randomly assigned 12 patients in each group, group A (n = 12), group B (n = 12) and the patients in two groups received five sessions of intervention (CSC and CET) in the hospital stay. The results indicate that there is a significant improvement in exercise capacity in callisthenics group on day 5 (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference found for modified Borg's scale on day 5 in callisthenics group. QOL showed a statistically significant difference in Group A, and the current study concludes that callisthenics is effective in improving exercise capacity and QOL in patients diagnosed with COPD.
Awareness of Medical Applications of Ozonated Water Therapy Among Dental Students
Authors: Nithyanandham Masilamani  , Dhanraj Ganapathy
Published: October 2020

Ozone (O3) happens to be a triple atomic particle that comprises three oxygen iotas with an atomic load of 47.98 g/mol. Ozone is a thermokinetic coseismal particle which, contingent upon framework conditions like temperature and weight, has a short half-life and breaks down into sub-atomic oxygen (O2). Ozone is utilized as medication in many conditions. The study aimed to assess the awareness of medical applications of ozonated water therapy among dental students. A cross sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire with 10 questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about ozone water therapy in medical applications, their medicinal uses, antiinflammatory activity, mechanism of action and side effects. The responses were recorded and analysed.87% of the respondents were not aware of medical uses of Ozone water therapy .73% were not aware of antiinflammatory activity of Ozone water therapy.83 % were not aware of the mechanism of action of Ozone water therapy .85% were not aware of side effects of Ozone water therapy. The awareness about the use of Ozone water therapy in medical applications is very less among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization and continuing dental education programs along with greater importance to the curricular modifications should be incorporated to improve the awareness levels.