bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Energy Efficiency in Community Land-Use—Transportation Systems
Authors: Sharpe R
Published: October 2006

The form of our cities is a major determinant of energy consumption, especially that related to the oil-consuming transport sector. This is particularly so in Australia, which is one of the most highly urbanized nations in the world with a high degree of dependence on automotive transport. The paper discusses planning changes to cope with future oil shortages in terms of modifying urban form, community hardware (buildings, infrastructure, and rolling stock), and community software (life-styles, rules and regulations, fuel economics, etc). Energy savings of at least 40% are possible in the larger cities through changes such as increasing vehicle operating costs, increasing vehicle occupancy, higher-density development, and shorter-trip behaviour. Subcentre development within the urban area is found to be less energy expensive than fringe or satellite development.
District Size and Party Electoral Strength: A Comparison of Sixteen Democracies
Authors: O'Loughlin J
Published: October 2006

Electoral bias is significantly greater in single-member district (Anglo-Saxon) parliamentary systems than in proportional-representation systems. Party advantage related to malapportionment is evident in the United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, West Germany, and Ireland, caused by smaller districts in the advantaged party's cores of strength. Regional and rural–urban differences are relatively insignificant.
The Tipping-Point Model: Prediction of Change in the Racial Composition of Cleveland, Ohio, Neighborhoods, 1940–1970
Authors: Schwab W A , Marsh E
Published: October 2006

The tipping-point model of neighborhood change is tested for the years 1940–1970. The model posits that once a white area reaches a certain percentage of Negro residents the area will become completely Negro. Recent work by Steinnes (1977), who used a regression analysis of a sample of Chicago census tracts, supports the tipping-point concept. The present replication with Cleveland, Ohio, data differs from the earlier work in three ways: (1) control for sectoral growth patterns; (2) use of the entire population of Cleveland's tracts, rather than a sample of tracts, to determine whether the model is generalizable to the entire city; and (3) an expansion of the time frame of the study. The tipping-point model does not appear to be generalizable to the entire city of Cleveland. The findings suggest that social, economic, and historical factors need to be included in the model.
A Comment on the Papers from the BSRSA Workshop on Regional Science Methods in Structure Planning
Authors: Simmonds D C
Published: October 2006

This paper comments on some aspects of the papers from the BSRSA Workshop on Regional Science Methods in Structure Planning published in the August 1979 issue of this journal. It suggests that some of the contradictions and paradoxes apparent in those papers may be resolved if a distinction is made between those urban modelling activities carried out with and those carried out without a realistic concern to improve actual planning processes, whether immediately or otherwise. The alternative attitudes, entitled ‘urgent’ and ‘nonurgent’ respectively, and some of the implications of the distinction are discussed.
Introduction to Multistate Mathematical Demography
Authors: Rogers A
Published: October 2006

The study of the transitions that individuals experience over time, in the course of passing from one state of existence to another, is a fundamental dimension in much of mathematical demography. Recent work in multistate demographic analysis has led to a generalization of traditional demographic techniques for analyzing such problems. The papers in this issue are representative examples of work currently being carried out on this subject. A unifying thread is the use of matrix algebra to express multidimensional demographic processes in a compact and notationally elegant form which often leads to analytical insights that otherwise may be hidden in the more complicated nonmatrix formulations.
Multistate Life Tables: Movement versus Transition Perspectives
Authors: Ledent J
Published: October 2006

This paper attempts to present a comprehensive view of the methodological and empirical aspects involved in the construction of increment–decrement life tables, that is life tables which allow entries into (increments) as well as withdrawals from (decrements) alternative states. The first principal part of the paper, section 2, presents a theoretical exposition of such tables, paralleling that of the ordinary life table, and discusses various issues raised by the conceptualization of multistate life-table functions. The second principal part, section 3, contrasts the two alternative approaches to the applied calculation of such tables. On the one hand, the movement approach, which views interstate transfers as events (such as deaths or births), requires data in the form of occurrence/exposure rates; on the other hand, the transition approach, which regards such transfers as the results of a change in an individual's state of presence between two points in time, uses data in the form of survivorship proportions.
Multistate Analysis: Tables of Working Life
Authors: Willekens F J
Published: October 2006

The demographer's approach to the study of the labor force includes the calculation of life tables for the active population. Although this tool is extensively used and many countries publish working-life tables, and although they rely on very restrictive assumptions, the technique for constructing such tables has not improved since its development about thirty years ago. This paper reviews the conventional method for the construction of working-life tables and proposes a multistate approach which does not rely on restrictive assumptions such as the unimodality of the labor-force participation curve. Instead of focusing on changes in stocks, the actual flows of people between active and inactive life are considered. The technique is compared with a similar procedure recently developed by Hoem and Fong. The increment–decrement table of working life serves as a basis for a multistate model for labor-force projection. The proposed model is compared with conventional approaches. The methods presented in this paper are illustrated using Danish data.
Multistate Dynamics: The Convergence of an Age-by-Region Population System
Authors: Liaw K-L
Published: October 2006

This paper uses Rogers's (1975) discrete model of multiregional demographic growth to study the convergence properties of a fourteen-age-group, eight-region, female Canadian population system, which is subject to the 1966–1971 age-specific rates of births, deaths, and interregional migration. The focus is on (1) the changes in the age-by-region population distribution and (2) the evolution of regional growth and component rates.

For the youngest age group, the fluctuations in regional population size are almost entirely determined by a small number of low-frequency and long-durability cyclical components. As age increases, the high-frequency and short-durability cyclical components tend to play a more important role. The half-lives of major cyclical components are related to the shapes of regional fertility schedules. The legacy of the postwar baby boom is nationwide, so that the population waves in different regions tend to have similar phases and periodicities. The slow and persistent spatial convergence is noncyclical, but one region overshoots and two others undershoot their respective long-run regional shares. Over a hundred years the convergence toward the long-run regional age profiles is practically completed, while the spatial convergence has gone only halfway.

The difference in sensitivity among regional birth, death, in-migration, and out-migration rates to moving population waves and changing slopes of regional age profiles depends on the characteristics of regional schedules of fertility, mortality, and interregional migration. The persistent interregional contrast in growth rates is mainly determined by the relative competitiveness in the interregional migration transaction. The fluctuations of regional growth rates are dominated by the cyclical pattern of regional birth rates in early stages and by the fluctuations of regional death rates in later stages. The interpretation of long-run (intrinsic) regional in-migration or net migration rates as indices of regional attractiveness or competitiveness can be more misleading than the interpretation of long-run regional death rates as indices of regional mortality.
Some Aspects of the Geography of Political Participation in Western Australia
Authors: Rumley D
Published: October 2006

The paper discusses three aspects of the geography of political participation—enrolment, turnout, and informal voting—for the compulsory electoral system of Western Australia. The considerable variation in percentage enrolment by electorate is explained in terms of an underprivileged and a privileged model, with the former being the more relevant. Spatial variations in turnout are explained in terms of an alienation and a duty model, with the former being the more important from a politicogeographical perspective. Attempts to explain spatial variations in informal voting in terms of either a political illiteracy or a political literacy model are found to be inadequate.
An Exploration of the Nature and Rationale of a Systemic Model
Authors: Hua Chang-I
Published: October 2006

A somewhat abstruse model recently formulated by Alonso is introduced and analyzed. The nature and certain structural properties of the model are examined and its general form is identified. The salient feature of the model is its simultaneous and consistent determination of the totals of the endogenous variables and of their constituent parts. The model can be viewed as an integration of substantive (producing–causal) submodels with a structural–formal (distributive) submodel. The integration is based on the dual roles of two endogenous variables both as normalizing factors and as explanatory factors. The last role is justified by the factors' representation of relative (inverse) mean cost of interaction. A statistical-independence postulation is also identified as an underlying statement of the model.
Comments on Alonso's ‘Theory of Movement’
Authors: Wilson A G
Published: October 2006

The equation system which constitutes Alonso's ‘theory of movement’ is compared with that of a standard family of spatial interaction models. It is argued that they are essentially equivalent.
Solar Energy and Access to Sunlight: An Optimization Model of Energy Supply and Land-Use Design
Authors: Guldmann J-M
Published: October 2006

This paper analyzes the interactions between land-use configurations and on-site solar-energy devices used for heating and cooling. A mathematical programming model is developed to determine the optimal trade-off between the benefits of land-use development and those of solar-energy utilization. The measure of this trade-off is the extent to which access to sunlight should be guaranteed to prospective solar-energy users. The methodology is illustrated by numerical applications of a simplified model.
Additive Measures of Perceived Accessibility
Authors: Smith T E
Published: October 2006

A set of necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of additive accessibility measures is presented, which essentially refines the conditions developed by Weibull (1980). In particular, the central axiom in his paper is shown to be equivalent to a pair of independent axioms, designated as the ‘cumulative dominance’ and ‘cumulative separation’ properties of perceived-accessibility behavior. In addition, it is shown that the degree of perceived substitutability among spatial alternatives plays an important role in distinguishing the behavior implicit in each of these properties. Finally, it is shown that this axiom system together with that in Weibull's paper offers certain analytical advantages over more classical characterizations of additive accessibility measures.
Spatial Aspects of Epidemiological Phenomena and of the Provision and Utilization of Health Care Services in Australia: A Review of Methodological Problems and Empirical Analyses
Authors: Stimson R J
Published: October 2006

This paper reviews data source problems faced by researchers in Australia in investigating a variety of aspects of medical geography. It describes the nature of health care services organization in Australia, and reports on the recent contributions geographers have made to investigating the spatial characteristics of epidemiological phenomena, questions of equity in the provision of and access to health care services, and behavioural analyses of consumer use of health care resources.
Revealed-Preference Theory and Spatial Choices: Some Limitations
Authors: Maclennan D , Williams N J
Published: October 2006

The various attempts that have been made to analyse and develop a theory of spatial choice are reviewed and the weaknesses of these attempts highlighted. In particular the use of revealed-preference theory is criticised on the grounds that mere modification of aspatial economic theories to take account of the spatial dimension may reduce the original aspatial economic theory to an inconsistent and nonoperational set of ideas. Neoclassical economic theory and behavioural notions are seen not as mutually exclusive but as points on a spectrum of possible choice models, and a general framework for the analysis of spatial choices is suggested which attempts to marry these approaches together in a logical, integrated way.
Spatial Dynamics: Some Conceptual and Mathematical Issues
Authors: Liossatos P
Published: October 2006

Spatial dynamics—the study of the spatiotemporal dimension of socioeconomic activities—is grounded on highly questionable premises. These are implicit or explicit philosophical theses regarding knowledge (empiricism) and society (methodological individualism). As a consequence of these premises—it is argued—the scientific knowledge of social phenomena becomes problematic if not impossible.

It is further demonstrated that the dominant paradigm in the social sciences (based on empiricism and individualism) is not the only possible one. A fairly comprehensive overview of an alternative is presented, which draws upon recent advances in Marxian theory. In this perspective, the constitution and transformation of spatial configurations cannot be understood in terms of observable spatial relations; as social forms, spatial patterns must be explained in terms of the dynamics of the underlying social structure. Accordingly, ‘spatial dynamics’ must be reconstructed as the dynamics of spatial forms: the study of the formation and transformation of spatial configurations as expressions of the expanded reproduction of the capitalist mode of production in capitalist social formations.

It is further argued—from the very nature of the capitalist process—that the transformation of spatial forms should be viewed as a process of evolution through instabilities and fluctuations. Accordingly, there is a sound theoretical motivation for experimenting with ‘dissipative structures’ and catastrophe theory.

The basic ideas of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and dissipative structures are presented via two simple mathematical models. The latter do not intend to formalize Marx's or Schumpeter's theory. Their only function in the discourse of this paper is to illustrate how the ideas of structural determination, crises, and qualitative change can be captured in rigorous mathematical terms.
Literature for Teaching Quantitative Geography: Technique by, for, but Not of Geographers
Authors: Webber M J
Published: October 2006

This paper develops some criteria by which the teaching of quantitative geography to undergraduate students may be judged. The criteria are used to evaluate two series of booklets which are intended for use in quantitative geography.
Reformulation of the Family Life-Cycle Concept: Implications for Residential Mobility
Authors: Stapleton Clare M
Published: October 2006

The conventional concept of linear progression through a traditional life cycle underlies much of social science theory. The utility of retaining the traditional life-cycle framework has declined rapidly as patterns of family and nonfamily structure and behavior have become more diversified. A more comprehensive framework which encompasses these new household types is suggested. The utility of this expanded life-cycle model is explored, with particular reference to single-headed family households and primary households.
Speculation and Inflation in the Market for House-Building Land in England and Wales
Authors: Hyman G , Markowski S
Published: October 2006

This paper reports the results of an investigation into the behaviour of the market for private house-building land in England and Wales in the 1960s and 1970s. After Zeeman (1974), a distinction is drawn between the speculative and fundamental market operators, and econometric tests were carried out to identify their impact on land price changes. The property boom 1971–1973 and its collapse are discussed in the context of Zeeman's cusp catastrophe theory. Results of econometric experiments show that the interpretation of these events in terms of catastrophic switches is not entirely satisfactory, but that changes in money supply and credit availability may be more likely causes of the boom.
Intransitivity, the Spatial Interaction Model, and US Migration Streams
Authors: Goodchild M F , Smith T R
Published: October 2006

The flows predicted by a large class of spatial interaction models are transitive, yet US migration tables have been shown to contain large numbers of intransitivities. This paper investigates a number of possible conditions under which flows regulated by the spatial interaction model might be observed to be intransitive. A singly constrained gravity model is calibrated for a number of flow tables, and distorted by sampling error, by aggregation over strata, and by an independently distributed error term. Only the last distortion gives the correct bias in the relative abundance of intransitivities in numerical flows and flow probabilities. This conclusion is supported by further simulations using random spatial interaction models. The results of the calibrations of the spatial interaction model using US interstate migration flows, 1935–1970, are given and compared with others previously published.
Resolution and Resolvability in Resource Use Conflicts: The National Park Example
Authors: Price C
Published: October 2006

Conflict between development and conservation interests in national parks is real, yet intractable to market resolution. Aggregate willingness to pay for recreation and landscape indicates growing value being given to conservation. However, resource shortages have recently increased emphasis on material production. Land-use policy represents a combination of objectives concerning quality of life, population level, and resource conservation. The extent of conflict between these objectives is contentious, and existing techniques of evaluating their achievement are barely defensible. Even individual land-use decisions significantly influence attainment of all three objectives. To treat them properly requires an evaluation radically different from existing techniques.
A Dynamic Accounting Model of Intrametropolitan Household Relocation
Authors: Varaprasad N
Published: October 2006

This paper demonstrates the use of a dynamic accounting framework of the kinetic type for modelling the intrametropolitan relocation of households. Households are classified into five different categories, and each is subject to a transition matrix, the elements of which are functions of the changing availability of housing stock and job supply, and the different preferences for these of the different households categories.

A three-zone concentric configuration was used, and the model was calibrated for the South-East standard region with the use of data for 1961, 1966, 1971, and 1976. The model was then run until 1991 with alternative combinations of projections of strategic exogenous variables such as transport costs, job supply, and housing stock availability. Although the model appears oversensitive to the changes in the number of households in each zone and arrives at an equilibrium distribution quickly, it suggests a research strategy to determine the nature of the elements of the transition matrices. The model also illustrates that it is possible to use the dynamic accounting framework of kinetic theory to embody any given hypothesis of movement.
Capital Accumulation and Regional Crisis in Western Europe
Authors: Peet R
Published: October 2006

Regions in Crisis represents a mature marxist understanding of the relations between the process of capital accumulation, the structuring of space, the creation of regional crisis tendencies, and the response of the state. Perhaps for the first time, the book enables the dynamics of spatial specificities to be interlinked with the movement of the totality of the West European social formation; and as such the book has importance which transcends its particular political orientation.
Algorithm 10: Inverting a Symmetrical Matrix in Place
Authors: Harris B , Burdett J
Published: October 2006

Language Subroutine SYM is written in ANSI Fortran.
Residential Housing Abandonment in the United States: The Effects on Those Who Remain
Authors: Morgan D J
Published: October 2006

The presence of abandoned housing reduces the quality of life of residents who remain in an area. Respondents in a national survey of the United States who report abandoned housing problems in their neighbourhood also report lower levels of neighbourhood satisfaction. In areas where abandoned housing is found, community services and neighbourhood conditions also tend to be rated low. The effects of abandonment, which is found in bigger cities and in areas of lower social standing, do not carry through to cause individuals to say they desire to move out of the neighbourhood. The idea of demolishing abandoned housing to reduce the problem is ratified, but abandonment is only one problem which must be addressed to improve the quality of life.
Functional Regionalisation of Spatial Interaction Data. An Evaluation of Some Suggested Strategies
Authors: Masser I , Scheurwater J
Published: October 2006

Three alternative approaches (the functional distance approach, the iterative proportional fitting based procedure and the intramax procedure) to the functional regionalisation of spatial interaction data are compared and evaluated in this paper. After a general discussion of the basic properties of each approach, the detailed processes that are involved in each case are illustrated by reference to a worked example. The last section of the paper presents the findings obtained by each of these approaches as a result of empirical studies of Greater London, Merseyside, and the Netherlands. The study as a whole identifies a number of ambiguities in the existing literature which point to the need for a more rigorous examination of current methodology. They also suggest that more attention needs to be given to the role that is played by aggregation procedures as against data transformation procedures in the evaluation process. Although each user must decide which of the three methods best suits his particular purposes, the results obtained by means of the intramax procedure seem generally more readily interpretable than those obtained by either of the other two methods.
Models of Movement: A Review of Alternative Methods
Authors: Pickles A
Published: October 2006

This paper reviews methods available to analyse movement and in particular migration. Stochastic process models seem able to provide a framework for microanalysis which can incorporate much of the complexity of such processes. However, a consideration of the effect of macro-constraints, in the form of limited opportunities for movement and of interhousehold competition, leads to a distinction between fixed transition rate and fixed state occupancy models. Alternative approaches to fixed state occupancy models are considered, and some of their potential strengths and weaknesses are discussed.
An Extended Programming Experience
Authors: Harris B
Published: October 2006

The paper summarizes a twenty-year experience with the computational aspects of the transportation problem of linear programming. The problem is completely described and standard solution methods are summarized. The order bounds for these computations are examined. Attention then turns to some sample research problems, including shortening the search for a move, solving a condensed problem, choosing a starting basis, and several recently developed dual methods. Brief reference is made to the difficulties which arise in publishing unorthodox approaches such as those discussed in the paper.
A Contribution to the Study of Industrial Location Decisions
Authors: Czamanski D Z
Published: October 2006

The paper reports results of an effort to replace the simple notions of transportation and labor costs with other measures of friction of distance and place specific factors in industrial location theory. Friction of distance variables are defined in relation to (1) transport of goods, (2) movement of persons, and (3) transfer of ideas. Transport of goods, even when redefined so as to conform better to the concerns of modern industrial management, does not appear to play the overwhelming role assigned to it by classical location theory.
Multiattribute Shopping Models and Ridge Regression Analysis
Authors: Timmermans H J P
Published: October 2006

Policy decisions regarding retailing facilities essentially involve multiple attributes of shopping centres. If mathematical shopping models are to contribute to these decision processes, their structure should reflect the multiattribute character of retailing planning. Examination of existing models shows that most operational shopping models include only two policy variables. A serious problem in the calibration of the existing multiattribute shopping models is that of multicollinearity arising from the fact that strong linear relationships among policy variables frequently occur in real world situations. This paper points at the technique of ridge regression analysis to overcome the problem of multicollinearity in the development of multiattribute shopping models. The use of ridge regression analysis is illustrated in an application of the multiplicative competitive interaction model to spatial shopping behaviour.
Spatial Variations in Australian Enterprise: The Case of Large Firms Headquartered in Melbourne and Sydney
Authors: Taylor M J , Thrift N J
Published: October 2006

This paper explores the changing spatial concentration of the headquarters of large companies in Australia by means of indices extracted from lists of the top one hundred public companies in 1953, 1963, 1973, and 1978. Evidence of variations in company performance between Melbourne and Sydney is presented.
Towards a Fuller Understanding of Residential Mobility: A Case Study in Northampton, England
Authors: Coupe R T , Morgan B S
Published: October 2006

The results of two questionnaire surveys of migrant owner-occupiers in Northampton, England, are reported. The major focus of interest is the importance of changes in the family life cycle in promoting mobility as a consequence of changing housing needs. It is demonstrated that demographic changes did not necessarily predispose households to move to acquire more space. Households which moved because of increased pressure on their housing space were significantly less well provided with space, but they had not experienced greater demographic change. They had always been relatively less well provided. It is suggested that this is because they opted to substitute either a newer or a more detached house for more space when they purchased the property. The behavioural model of residential mobility is reassessed in the light of these findings.
Urban Population Density: A Comment
Authors: Andrulis J
Published: October 2006

The poor results obtained with certain members of the quadratic gamma family is shown to be due to a specification error in most of the members of that family. By choosing a more admissible travel-cost function, the displaced quadratic gamma function is derived, which does not contain this specification error.
Recent Migration Patterns in the Developed World: A Clarification of Some Differences between our and NASA's Findings
Authors: Vining D , Pallone R , Plane D
Published: October 2006

This paper is a reply to two recently published critiques of our finding of a discontinuity in the recent internal migration patterns of Europe, Japan, and North America. Using data from the HAS A Human Settlements Systems Task, Hall–Hay and Gordon both fail to detect any significant narrowing in the differential between the growth rates of metropolitan areas and the growth rates of rural areas in Europe and Japan over the period 1950–1970 (they concede that this difference has disappeared, and has even been reversed in the United States). Our rejoinder here consists simply of a clarification of our own independent research on regional population change in these same countries. Unlike the IIASA project, this research has been confined, in the case of Europe and Japan, to a study of the trends in net internal migration to their politically and economically dominant core regions, for which data are available for the post-1970 period as well. Most of the disagreement over the presence or absence of a discontinuity in the regional population trends in the countries of western Europe and Japan can be explained by this simple difference in the principal orientations of the two studies, the first towards all metropolitan areas in these countries for the period 1950–1970, and emphasizing the total population growth of these areas, the other towards their densest, richest, and generally most important regions for the longer period 1950–1980, and emphasizing net internal migration to these regions rather than their overall population growth. For there is little doubt, as we demonstrate here, that there has been an abrupt and precipitous reduction in net internal migration towards the core regions of many countries in the developed world in the 1970s, though a comparable reduction may not have taken place to all metropolitan areas in the aggregate. Gordon's and Hall–Hay's claim to have rebutted our thesis is thus seen to be based on a misconception of the subject of our study.
A Spatial Equilibrium Analysis of Flexible Zoning and the Demand for Development Rights
Authors: Carpenter B E , Heffley D R
Published: October 2006

Certain contemporary land-use controls permit zoning violations in return for various forms of payment. These ‘flexible zoning’ schemes are examined within the context of a spatial equilibrium model of residential location. Behavioral constraints are altered in such a way that households may ‘buy their way out’ of normal zoning restrictions under terms specified by a regional zoning authority. Simulations are used to analyze the demand for constraint violations (‘development rights’) and to illustrate the effects of such programs upon the spatial structure of the economy and upon the fiscal position of the metropolitan government.
Performance Regulation and Industrial Location: A Case Study
Authors: Storper M , Walker R , Widess E
Published: October 2006

The impact of performance regulations on industrial location in the USA or elsewhere has been little researched. This case study shows conventional assumptions to be questionable on two counts. First, industry appears not to consider local regulations until after selecting a site on more basic economic reasons. It assumes that regulations are not a significant barrier, owing to local eagerness to attract new growth. Second, the letter of the law is not the effect of the law, given the role of politics. In the case study described, opposition led to strict enforcement and the company's withdrawal, but a business backlash restored a more normal degree of governmental accommodation to industrial growth.
Women in Nonmetropolitan Areas: A Time-Budget Survey
Authors: Palm Risa
Published: October 2006

Space–time budgets for women in two isolated nonmetropolitan towns in western Colorado were compiled in order to develop a basis for analyzing the effects of these environments on activity patterns. Compared with the time budgets of women in urban US areas, these responses showed large surpluses in the categories of leisure, free time, and leisure travel, and few hours spent in full-time employment, even by those who claim a full-time job outside the home. A time-geographic interpretation of these findings suggests possible explanations for the observed time allocations.
The Effect of Temporal Constraints on Household Travel Behavior
Authors: Landau U , Prashker J N , Hirsh M
Published: October 2006

Recent theoretical works dealing with space–time modeling of individuals' behavior indicate that temporal constraints are extremely important in the proper representation of this behavior. In this paper, we define and test empirically a framework for trip-generation models which is sensitive to temporal constraints. A sequential choice process is assumed where at the first stage the household decides whether or not to perform a trip for a specific purpose during the day, and in the second stage a decision is taken as to which period. These types of models are sensitive to important policy issues such as evaluating the changes in activity patterns of individuals that result from changes in working hours, the opening and closing times of stores and businesses, and changes in the number of working days in a week.
Analytical Problems in Linking an Activity Model with a Transportation Network Model
Authors: Berechman J
Published: October 2006

Various approaches are considered for linking an activity model with a transportation network model. To explore the underlying analytical properties of the linking mechanisms, a prototype model is considered that has a simplified iterative generation–allocation model of the Garin–Lowry type for the activity component, and a trip assignment model for the transportation component. It is seen that there is an inconsistency with regard to activity behaviour under varying travel conditions, that there is no unique steady-state solution, and that the structural parameters are endogenous rather than exogenous to the model.
The Appropriateness of Using Various Minkowskian Metrics for Representing Cognitive Configurations
Authors: Richardson G D
Published: October 2006

Cognitive mapping has been a rapidly growing area of research concerned with how cognitive information about environments is represented, interpreted, and used. One area of research has been concerned with what geometry best represents cognitive spatial information. This paper further pursues this topic by examining which of three Minkowskian metrics (city-block, Euclidean, dominance) is most appropriate for representing cognitive configurations.
A Comparison of Input—Output Structures and Multipliers: MRIO and Survey Models for West Virginia and Kansas
Authors: Socher C F
Published: October 2006

Input–output tables have been used extensively in regional analysis. The cost of constructing survey-based models, however, often forces the practitioner to use models based upon secondary information. This paper attempts to determine the seriousness of using a state table from the multiregional input–output (MRIO) model for the USA in lieu of a survey-based model. By means of data for West Virginia and Kansas, input and supply coefficients and output and supply multipliers are examined. The comparisons indicate that the structures embodied within the MRIO models differ significantly from those within the survey-based models.
Combined Heat and Power Generation Schemes: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Beaumont J R , Keys P
Published: October 2006

It is now officially recognised that the provision of combined heat and electrical-power generation plants in urban areas can improve the efficiency with which primary energy is consumed. An approach to assess the feasibility of such projects is exemplified by a case study of Leeds. Particular attention is given to the possible social and economic impacts, and it is argued that there is a need to go beyond a conventional financial accounting approach.
Functional Regionalization of Spatial Interaction Data: A Comment
Authors: Findlay A , Slater P B
Published: October 2006

A recent paper by Masser and Scheurwater (1980) favoured the adoption of the intramax procedure for functional regionalization, without satisfactorily investigating the independent effects of the approach of the procedure to standardization and to clustering. From an examination of these phases of the intramax procedure it is shown that the superiority of Masser and Scheurwater's approach is based on doubtful criteria.
A Tight Bound Drop Exchange Algorithm for Solving the p Median Problem
Authors: Whitaker R A
Published: October 2006

A drop algorithm is proposed for solving the p median problem. In solving for a fixed value of p, tight bounds on all other median solutions in the range m − 1 to p + 1 are generated where m is the number of possible location sites and p is the number of medians. A step by step numerical example is described, and extensive computational experience is reported for some standard sets of tests problems in the literature. Comparisons with the well-known greedy interchange heuristic confirm the effectiveness of this drop approach in solving a significant number of difficult median problems.
Generalized Information Measures
Authors: O'Kelly M E
Published: October 2006

This paper suggests a general framework for several frequently used information statistics. The basis for the analysis is a set of regions each of which contains a number of cells. The objective is to evaluate the number of microstates associated with a distribution of distinguishable individuals amongst these cells. Several existing measures are derived, and a more general measure is suggested which incorporates knowledge about the sizes of the regions and the types of individuals. In each case an example is given of the application of the measure that uses Jaynes's principle of maximum entropy.
The Time Stability of a Modal-Split Model for Tel-Aviv
Authors: Silman L A
Published: October 2006

In the application of travel-demand models for forecasting, it is assumed that the model form and coefficients are stable in time. This study analyzes the time stability of a three-mode disaggregate modal-split model for trips to work over two points in time. Data were used from the 1972 Travel Habits Survey and from the 1976 Survey of Patterns of Travel to Work. All the trips used were made within the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area. The main method used in judging the transferability of the model was to apply the 1972 model to the 1976 trips thus giving for each trip the predicted probability of choosing the modes. The trips were split up into classes by various criteria, and for each criterion the probabilities of choosing a mode were summed over all trips in each class. This sum is the predicted number of trips in the class that uses the mode, and this was compared with the number actually observed. Another method for examining transferability is to recalibrate the model on the 1976 data, and to compare the coefficients obtained with the 1972 coefficients. It appears that the model calibrated on the 1972 data predicts the 1976 modal split satisfactorily in spite of the major structural changes which took place between 1972 and 1976 which resulted in a considerable change in the modal split itself. There is a problem with the prediction of use of the car-passenger mode, but this arises because of differences in survey techniques that were used for collecting the 1972 and the 1976 data. The model coefficients are stable in time except the coefficient for the number of vehicles. These results add confidence to the use of these models for forecasting.
Testing for a Common Factor in a Spatial Autoregression Model
Authors: Burridge P
Published: October 2006

Three asymptotically equivalent tests for the presence of a common factor in a spatial autoregression model are presented. When such a common factor exists, the model reduces to the simple regression with spatially correlated disturbances. The tests can thus be used to examine the appropriateness of the latter specification. The procedure is illustrated by application to a model of Irish agricultural consumption discussed by O'Sullivan (1968), and Cliff and Ord (1973).
Fast and Slow Equations: The Development Patterns of Urban Settings
Authors: Dendrinos D S , Mullally H
Published: October 2006

The qualitative dynamics of city size is considered, and for this purpose the topics of slow and fast variables, equations, and equilibria are introduced, all within the framework of the theory of structural stability. The nature of urban development is discussed in general terms, and two specific models of city-size behavior are examined. In both models the key variables are the social costs associated with development and the degree of comparative advantage. The dynamic behavior of each type is derived, and an interpretation of their qualitative features is suggested. Finally, further extensions of this work and new directions for research are indicated.
Production, Reproduction, and Underdevelopment: Petty Commodity Producers in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia
Authors: Forbes D K
Published: October 2006

This paper examines a group of petty commodity producers in the Indonesian city of Ujung Pandang. It is argued that in order to understand the reasons for the stagnation of petty production in the city, one must appreciate both the internal structure of petty production and also the relationship between petty production and the capitalist and peasant sectors of the economy. The transfer of economic surplus out of petty commodity production which characterises these relations is important to an understanding of the poverty of the petty producers in the city, whereas the class formation this fosters perpetuates the underdeveloped character of the economy. The same processes also mean that petty commodity production plays an important part in the reproduction of the dominant capitalist sector of production because of the support it unwittingly gives to the wage labour force.
The Negative Exponential Density Gradient and the Standard Radius: Mathematical and Empirical Relationships
Authors: Manson D M
Published: October 2006

This paper demonstrates for urban areas a direct relationship between the summary measures of centrography and the slope parameter of the negative exponential density gradient model. Starting with some basic assumptions about the form of urban population distributions, a mathematical relationship between the methods is derived by applying the centrographic technique to an exponentially distributed urban population. By use of data from a diverse sample of cities that vary in population, region, area, and time of data collection, the relationship is tested empirically. The results of the empirical analysis are compared with the predictions of the derived relationship, and the causes of differences between them are discussed.
Rente Foncière et Modèle de Production
Authors: Huriot J-M
Published: October 2006

This article examines the problems of location and land rent within the framework of a linear and multisector production model in a radioconcentric space. In the case of a single product, the order of the differential fertility and location rent is examined. This order is neither given nor natural, but depends especially on the distribution. Formulating a spatial equilibrium with n goods where several qualities of soil exist raises a number of difficulties. When several techniques are used to manufacture a product then it is shown how different techniques are located in relation to the centre according to prices and the distribution variables. The manner in which a new technique is introduced and spreads in space is also examined.
The Family of Goals-Achievement Matrix Methods: Respectable Enough for Citizen Participation in Planning?
Authors: Sager T
Published: October 2006

This article examines the problems of location and land rent within the framework of a linear and multisector production model in a radioconcentric space. In the case of a single product, the order of the differential fertility and location rent is examined. This order is neither given nor natural, but depends especially on the distribution. Formulating a spatial equilibrium with n goods where several qualities of soil exist raises a number of difficulties. When several techniques are used to manufacture a product then it is shown how different techniques are located in relation to the centre according to prices and the distribution variables. The manner in which a new technique is introduced and spreads in space is also examined.

The predominant method used for evaluation in British structure planning compares strategies in terms of their achievement of particular criteria derived from community objectives. A recent survey shows that of the traditional evaluation techniques only modified goals-achievement matrix (GAM) methods are widely used in structure planning. This approach is also applied to local and project oriented planning processes where citizen participation seems even more necessary. The goals-achievement matrix was not presented by its originator—M Hill—as an entirely unambiguous method. It can be interpreted as a set of significantly diverging variants which are used here for three purposes: to show that economists' critique of GAM is too general, to clarify the connections between GAM and other well-known evaluation methods, and to discuss how GAM could best be structured for use in local participatory planning.
Transportation Mode Choice
Authors: Kahn D , Deneubourg J L , de Palma A
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a dynamic model of transportation mode choice and evolution of public transportation service based on some simple assumptions of individual behavior and economic necessities for providing transportation service. Critical values are shown to exist for the fares charged, for the cost of providing service, for the demand and supply of transportation, and for other parameters at which the system will bifurcate to different possible states of the system; critical thresholds must be reached in the quality of the network to observe its growth. Also shown is the role of history and the role that fluctuations in individual behavior and mode strategy play in the way the system structures, that is, in the evolution of the relative number of users of each mode and in the level of service obtained.
The State: A Research Agenda
Authors: Dear M
Published: October 2006

This essay is intended as an informal introduction to the papers and commentaries on the state contained in this special issue of Environmental and Planning A. It is presented in the form of a research agenda, which itself may provoke further debate on the role of the state in sociospatial processes. Two main themes are identified. The first concerns the form of the capitalist state and its historical evolution. The second addresses the functions of the state apparatus.
Dimensions of Local State Autonomy
Authors: Dear M , Clark G L
Published: October 2006

A materialist theory of the capitalist state construes the local state as an apparatus of crisis-management and ideological hegemony over spatially extensive and heterogeneous jurisdictions. Evidence from the State of Massachusetts (as an example) confirms that local state autonomy is subordinate to central state authority. Legal and constitutional arrangements, categorical transfer payments, standardized transfer formulae and implementation standards are shown to be important control mechanisms of the central state.