bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strain Demand in Areas of Mine Subsidence
Authors: Zhang Fan , Liu Ming , Wang Yong-Yi , Yu Zhifeng , Tong Lei
Published: July 2013

Mine subsidence is one of the major ground movement hazards for buried pipelines in regions of completed and ongoing mining activities. The strain demand under mine subsidence is evaluated for candidate pipes to be used in the construction of large-diameter and high-pressure long distance pipelines in China. Two typical subsidence forms were discussed.

1. One form is the sag/trough subsidence with large subsidence depth and area but continuous boundaries. The pipeline remains in the soil after the subsidence.

2. The other form is the pit subsidence with small subsidence depth and area but more severe discontinuous boundaries. The pipeline may be suspended above the ground surface in the subsidence hole after the subsidence.

For purposes of this research, the strain demand analysis was conducted with the commercial finite element analysis package ABAQUS®. The PIPE and ELBOW elements were selected to simulate the pipeline and the ASCE spring model was selected to determine the interaction between the pipeline and surrounding soil. The general consideration of the loads on pipeline in subsidence analysis is described. The results show that the pipeline experiences the most severe deformation during the discontinuous pit subsidence. The strain demands are compared with the pipe strain capacity in a companion paper to investigate the integrity of the pipeline.
Predicting the Decompression Characteristics of Carbon Dioxide Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Jie H. E. , Xu B. P. , Wen J. X. , Cooper R. , Barnett J.
Published: July 2013

In a previous paper, we reported the development of CFD-DECOM, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model based on the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) approach and the Homogeneous Equilibrium Method (HEM) for simulating multi-phase flows, to predict the transient flow following the rupture of pipelines conveying rich gas or pure carbon dioxide (CO2). The use of CFD allows the effect of pipe wall heat transfer and friction to be quantified. Here, the former is considered through the implementation of a conjugate heat transfer model while the two-phase pipe wall friction is computed using established correlations. The model was previously validated for rich gas and to a limited extent dense phase CO2 decompression against the available shock tube test data.

This paper describes the extension of the model to the decompression of both gaseous and dense phase CO2 with impurities. The Peng-Robinson-Stryjek-Vera Equation Of State (EOS), which is capable of predicting the real gas thermodynamic behaviour of CO2 with impurities, has been implemented in addition to the Peng-Robinson and Span and Wagner EOSs. The liquid-vapour phase equilibrium of a multi-component fluid is determined by flash calculations. The predictions are compared with the measurements of some of the recent gaseous and dense phase CO2 shock tube tests commissioned by National Grid. The detailed comparison is presented showing reasonably good agreement with the experimental data. Further numerical study has also been carried out to investigate the effects of wall friction and heat transfer, different EOSs and impurities on the decompression behaviour.
Review of R&D in Support of Mechanical Damage Threat Management in Onshore Transmission Pipeline Operations
Authors: Zarea Mures , Piazza Mark , Vignal Geoff , Jones Charley , Rau Jerry , Wang Rick
Published: July 2013

Onshore pipeline industry has deployed in the last decade comprehensive integrity management programs in a constrained environment. These programs address all types of threats and resulting defects, yet the most complex defects are those due to mechanical damage, as they can combine local pipe deformations (dents) with metal removal (gouges) or even cracks.

These programs are first placed in the broader risk management perspective that justify the whole approach and provide a view of the context. Then, operational threat management programs for mechanical damage as implemented by operators are briefly described here, and serve as a basis to identify the main gaps in terms of technology and knowledge. Finally, both incremental and more game-changing innovations as produced by R&D performed by PRCI and consultants, are described in subsequent sections as possible options to fill the identified gaps.

Examples of roadmaps are provided that explain the coverage in terms of existing and evolving knowledge and technology, as provided by these R&D programs, to fill these gaps.

These various levels of representations are complementary tools to communicate about links between operations, R&D, and their contributions to public safety.
Current Knowledge Concerning the Influence of Specimen Geometry on the Measured Fracture Toughness in the Transition Regime
Authors: Orth Fabian , Graham Stephen M.
Published: July 2013

The main issues that affect fracture toughness of carbon steel materials and welds are well understood. However, staff responsible for qualifying the material or weld procedures does not fully understand the more subtle factors. Materials and weld procedures were once qualified in a thinner material thickness are failing to pass qualification testing using the material thickness increases. Specimen parameters such as size, a/W ratio, and specimen aspect ratio can increase or reduce the measured fracture toughness of the material in the transition regime. This paper is an overview of the how these factors influence the measured fracture toughness.
Developing Cathodic Protection Based on Disbondment Geometry
Authors: Chevil Karina , Eslami Abdoulmajid , Chen Weixing , Eadie Reg , Kania Richard , Worthingham Robert , Van Boven Greg
Published: July 2013

Coating disbondment on pipelines is a common phenomenon that leads to exposure of the pipeline metal to ground water solutions, promoting a corrosive environment which is associated with stress corrosion cracking (SCC). This investigation tracks the corrosion behavior of X-65 steel at different coating disbondments at Open Circuit Potential (OCP) conditions through weight loss tests, as well as SEM analysis. For the weight loss test, X-65 coupons were placed into a vertical coupon holder with varying gap sizes between the coupons and the shielding (2 mm 5 mm, and 10 mm) simulating the coating disbondment. The results of the tests suggest that the corrosion rate inside the gap is dependent on the mass transfer rate of CO2. For larger gaps, the corrosion rate inside the gap decreases almost linearly with position (highest at the top of the disbondment) and is dependent on the iron carbonate film deposition. For smaller gaps (≤5 mm) a galvanic effect was observed between the coupons at the top of the disbondment (anodic) which showed a high degree of general corrosion, and the coupons at the bottom of the disbondment (cathodic) which had very low corrosion rates. The experimental observations were related to the corrosion scenarios found in the field. Cathodic protection strategies with respect to the geometry of disbondment are also discussed.
Multi-Tier Tensile Strain Models for Strain-Based Design: Part 1 — Fundamental Basis
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi , Liu Ming , Zhang Fan , Horsley David , Nanney Steve
Published: July 2013

This is the first paper in a three-paper series on the tensile strain design of pipelines. The formulation of the multi-tier models [1] and evaluation of the models against experiment data [2] are presented in two companion papers. This paper starts with an introduction of general concept of strain-based design. The central part of the paper is then devoted to the tensile strain capacity, including (1) physical process of tensile strain failure, (2) limit states of tensile strain failure and associated toughness representation, and (3) fundamental basis of tensile strain models. The most significant part of the fundamental basis, the limit state of tensile failure and associated representation of the material’s toughness, is given the greatest amount of attention.
Modeling the Static Cooling of Wax–Solvent Mixtures in a Cylindrical Vessel
Authors: Arumugam Sridhar , Kasumu Adebola S. , Mehrotra Anil K.
Published: July 2013

Under subsea conditions, the transportation of ‘waxy’ crude oil through pipelines is accompanied by the precipitation and deposition of higher paraffinic compounds as solids (waxes) onto the cooler surfaces of the pipeline. Wax deposition is more pronounced during shut down of a pipeline since the fluid is held at static conditions. In this study, the static cooling of wax–solvent mixtures in a cylindrical vessel was modeled as a moving boundary formulation involving liquid–solid phase transformation. The deposition process during the transient cooling was treated as a partial freezing/solidification process. Also, the effect of the mixture composition and the cooling rate on the Wax Precipitation Temperature (WPT) or the solubility curve of the wax–solvent mixture was taken into consideration when the bulk liquid phase temperature was lowered below the WAT of the initial mixture composition. The predictions for the transient temperature profiles in the liquid and the deposit region, and the location of the liquid–deposit interface were validated with recently reported experimental results [19]. The predictions were also compared with the predictions for the gelling behavior of wax–solvent mixtures under static cooling reported by Bidmus [19]. The predictions for the temperature profile at seven thermocouple locations and the location of the liquid–deposit interface were in agreement with the experimental results and signified the important role of the solubility curve. The mathematical model presented was based on heat transfer considerations and regarded the deposition process to be thermally driven.
Hybrid Technology Networking: A Novel Wireless Networking Approach for Real-Time Railcar Status Monitoring
Authors: Rakshit Sushanta Mohan , Hempel Michael , Sharif Hamid , Punwani John , Stewart Monique
Published: July 2013

The North American freight railroad industry continuously strives towards improvements in the safety and security of freight transportation. One key effort focuses on the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technologies to monitor and report mechanical and electrical component status for each railcar in real-time, as well as the status of the transported goods themselves. This allows real-time monitoring of railcar components such as air pressure, wheel bearing temperature, brake failure, wiring integrity, refrigeration unit failure, boxcar door opening, the detection of radioactive materials, dangerous substance leaks, and much more. The aggregated sensor data is transmitted to the locomotive, dispatch centers or regional offices for early fault detection and accident prevention.

Our previous work [1] has shown that ZigBee technology based on the IEEE 802.15.4 faces numerous obstacles when applied to freight railcar monitoring. To address these problems our team proposed an alternate approach called Hybrid Technology Networking (HTN), which combines the benefits of ZigBee for low-power short-range communication and WiFi for high-performance long-distance communication between HTN sensor clusters.

In this paper, we present our simulation results using our HTN protocol. We compare and discuss the performance of the ZigBee-only network environment with the proposed HTN and demonstrate the advantages offered by HTN. We also discuss our prototype sensor hardware platform using the HTN protocol and provide an outlook of the future work planned for HTN.
Wheel-Rail Contact Characteristics on a Tangent Track Vs a Roller Rig
Authors: Keylin Alexander , Ahmadian Mehdi , Taheri Mehdi , Tajaddini Ali
Published: July 2013

This study derives explicit analytical expressions for comparing contact patch dimensions and Kalker’s coefficients for a wheel moving on a roller and compares the results with a tangent track arrangement. The expressions suggest that full size roller rig will underpredict Kalker’s traction coefficients (creepage forces per unit creepage) by a factor that depends on the roller radius.

Studying rail-wheel contact mechanics and dynamics in the field conditions can prove to be challenging due to the difficulties in adequately controlling the test conditions that can significantly affect the results, such as track irregularities, rail surface condition, etc. Roller rigs can prove to be a useful tool for such studies. One, however, must be careful when interpreting roller rig test results because of the differences in wheel-rail contact mechanics and dynamics between the track and the roller. The findings of this study, which are consistent with other studies’ conclusions, will allow researchers to relate results with field testing.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a Freight Railroad Fuel: Perspective From a Western U.S. Railroad
Authors: Iden Michael E.
Published: July 2013

The use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a line-haul locomotive fuel is not a new idea, despite recent publicity, with previous work stretching back into the 1980s. Intense publicity has been given to recent announcements about developing dual-fuel locomotive engines which can burn natural gas as the primary fuel, using diesel fuel only as a pilot fuel for gas ignition. However, developing a locomotive engine capable of using gaseous fuel may prove to be only one of five major challenges to widespread adoption of LNG as a freight railroad fuel:

1. Dual-fuel line-haul locomotives with engines which can use natural gas fuel must be developed and made available for use.

2. Natural gas fuel must be made available to dual-fuel locomotives, either onboard the locomotive itself or by using LNG tenders coupled to the locomotives.

3. LNG must be stored and available for refueling dual-fuel locomotives or their tenders at logical locations along railroad corridors where such locomotives are to be used.

4. Natural gas (from gas fields or pipelines) must be available along with liquefaction plants to convert the gas into cryogenic LNG fuel.

5. The safe operation of trains and locomotives, and safe maintenance of rolling stock, is paramount and cannot be compromised (nor should the efficiency of the rail system) should dual-fuel locomotives and LNG tenders supplant or replace conventional diesel-fueled locomotives.

For LNG to become an effective large-scale freight railroad fuel, all five factors must be managed jointly and treated as a 5-legged technology system. If any one of the five “technology legs” is weak or improperly developed, the entire LNG-based system may be unsuitable in the freight railroad environment.
Train Energy and Dynamics Simulator (TEDS): A State-of-the-Art Longitudinal Train Dynamics Simulator
Authors: Andersen David R. , Booth Graydon F. , Vithani Anand R. , Singh Som P. , Prabhakaran Anand , Stewart Monique F. , Punwani S. K. (John)
Published: July 2013

Train safety and operational efficiency are enhanced by the ability to understand the behavior of trains under varying conditions. Under the direction of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), a longitudinal train dynamics and operation simulation software — Train Energy and Dynamics Simulator (TEDS) — has been developed. TEDS is capable of modeling modern train operations and equipment, and is an effective tool for studying train operations safety and performance as affected by equipment, train makeup, train handling, track conditions, operating practices and environmental conditions.

TEDS simulates the dynamics of longitudinal train action and incorporates the dynamic effects of various different types of draft gears and end-of-car cushioning units including mismatched devices coupled together, the transient response of locomotive tractive and dynamic braking effort, as well as a fluid dynamic representation of the air brake system with the capability to model conventional pneumatic and ECP brake systems.

The capabilities of TEDS are described and demonstrated with several examples. The validation effort undertaken is described at both the component and system level. Comparisons of TEDS simulations of impact tests with the test results are shown to verify the draft gear and end-of-car cushioning unit models. The air brake model predictions are verified by comparing brake rack test results to TEDS simulations of braking behavior.
Near-Race Ultrasonic Inspection of Tapered Roller Bearing Components for Non-Metallic Defects
Authors: Koester Lucas , Turner Joseph A. , Zuhlke Craig , Alexander Dennis , Wilson Brent , Tarawneh Constantine , Fuller Allen J.
Published: July 2013

Bearing steel cleanliness is directly linked to failures caused by the interaction of subsurface defects and rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Optical analysis of as-received steel coupled with ultrasonic inspection on finished components minimizes the occurrence of defects in the near race. While useful as a preventative measure, these methods do not ensure that critical areas of components subjected to RCF are free of defects that act as stress concentrators and contribute to premature failure. This presentation provides a brief summary of the current technology and standards utilized in the industry. The deficiencies of the current methods for the particular case at hand are identified and a surface wave scanning method is introduced. The development and production of reference parts for this type of scanning are then discussed. The production method entails both traditional electro-discharge machining (EDM) and femtosecond laser machining (FLM) on finished bearing components such that the reference part microstructure resembles that of a finished part. Experimental results utilizing surface wave scanning are given for two types of assembly-ready bearing components that are then subjected to realistic service loads and mileage to the point of failure. The results of the service life simulations are then correlated with surface wave scanning results and are shown to be in good agreement. This work is anticipated to impact any field in which components are subjected to RCF.
I-Love-Q: Unexpected Universal Relations for Neutron Stars and Quark Stars
Authors: Yagi Kent , Yunes Nicolás
Published: July 2013

Neutron Star Measurements

Neutron stars are one of the densest manifestations of matter in the universe.
Yagi and Yunes
(p.
365
) examined the moment of inertia of neutron stars, which determines how fast they can spin, and the quadrupole moment and tidal Love number, which determine how much they can be deformed. The findings suggest that these three quantities obey universal relationships that are independent of the internal structure of the stars, implying that measurements of one of the three could accurately predict the other two.
Where Is PTEN?
Authors: Leslie Nicholas R. , Brunton Valerie G.
Published: July 2013

A tumor suppressor protein may function in multiple locations inside and outside the originating cell.

[Also see Reports by

Bassi
et al.

and

Hopkins
et al.

]
Multiple Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes in Aural Discharge Samples from Children with Acute Otitis Media with Spontaneous Otorrhea
Authors: Rodrigues Fernanda , Morales-Aza Begonia , Turner Katy M. E. , Sikora Paulina , Gould Katherine , Hinds Jason , Gonçalves Guilherme , Januário Luís , Finn Adam
Published: July 2013

Among 55 children with cultures positive for acute otitis media with spontaneous otorrhea, 28 (51%) had cultures positive for aural
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, and in 10 of these, two distinct strains were detected, in which 5 had pairs of strains that were both capsule-bearing serotypes. Such cases were more likely to have cultures positive for other otopathogens than those with only one pneumococcus present.
Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131 as a Prominent Cause of Antibiotic Resistance among Urinary Escherichia coli Isolates from Reproductive-Age Women
Authors: Kudinha Timothy , Johnson James R. , Andrew Scott D. , Kong Fanrong , Anderson Peter , Gilbert Gwendolyn L.
Published: July 2013

The recent emergence of multidrug-resistant
Escherichia coli
sequence type 131 (ST131) has coincided with an increase in general antibiotic resistance of
E. coli
, suggesting that ST131 has a contributing role in resistance. However, there is little information about the contribution of ST131 to different clinical syndromes or the basis for its impressive emergence and epidemic spread. To investigate this, we studied 953
E. coli
isolates from women of reproductive age in the central west region of New South Wales, Australia, including 623 urinary isolates from patients with cystitis (cystitis isolates) (
n
= 322) or pyelonephritis (pyelonephritis isolates) (
n
= 301) and 330 fecal isolates from healthy controls. The characteristics studied included ST131 clonal group status, resistance to different antibiotics, presence of virulence factor (VF) genes, and biofilm production. As expected, fecal isolates differed significantly from urinary (cystitis and pyelonephritis) isolates in most of the studied characteristics. Antibiotic resistance was significantly more common in ST131 than in non-ST131 isolates. Both antibiotic resistance and ST131 were more common in pyelonephritis than cystitis isolates and least so among fecal isolates. Within each source group, individual VF genes were more prevalent and VF scores were higher for ST131 than for non-ST131 isolates. For ST131 only, the prevalences of most individual VF genes and VF scores were the lowest in the fecal isolates, higher in the cystitis isolates, and highest in the pyelonephritis isolates. Biofilm production was strongly associated with ST131 status and antibiotic resistance. These results clarify the distribution of the ST131 clonal group and its epidemiological associations in our region and suggest that it exhibits both enhanced virulence and increased antibiotic resistance compared with those of other urinary tract infection (UTI) and fecal
E. coli
isolates from women of reproductive age.
Gordonia Bacteremia
Authors: Ramanan Poornima , Deziel Paul J. , Wengenack Nancy L.
Published: July 2013

Gordonia
species are ubiquitous aerobic actinomycetes that rarely cause infection in humans. We report the second known case of
Gordonia otitidis
catheter-related bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient and review four additional cases of
Gordonia
bacteremia seen at our institution over the past 14 years. In addition, the existing literature on
Gordonia
infections is reviewed.
Neutralizing Polyclonal IgG Present during Acute Infection Prevents Rapid Disease Onset in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV
SF162P3
-Infected Infant Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Jaworski J. Pablo , Kobie James , Brower Zachary , Malherbe Delphine C. , Landucci Gary , Sutton William F. , Guo Biwei , Reed Jason S. , Leon Enrique J. , Engelmann Flora , Zheng Bo , Legasse Al , Park Byung , Dickerson Mary , Lewis Anne D. , Colgin Lois M. A. , Axthelm Michael , Messaoudi Ilhem , Sacha Jonah B. , Burton Dennis R. , Forthal Donald N. , Hessell Ann J. , Haigwood Nancy L.
Published: July 2013

Simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been widely used in passive studies with HIV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to test for protection against infection. However, because SHIV-infected adult macaques often rapidly control plasma viremia and any resulting pathogenesis is minor, the model has been unsuitable for studying the impact of antibodies on pathogenesis in infected animals. We found that SHIV
SF162P3
infection in 1-month-old rhesus macaques not only results in high persistent plasma viremia but also leads to very rapid disease progression within 12 to 16 weeks. In this model, passive transfer of high doses of neutralizing IgG (SHIVIG) prevents infection. Here, we show that at lower doses, SHIVIG reduces both plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-associated viremia and mitigates pathogenesis in infected animals. Moreover, production of endogenous NAbs correlated with lower set-point viremia and 100% survival of infected animals. New SHIV models are needed to investigate whether passively transferred antibodies or antibodies elicited by vaccination that fall short of providing sterilizing immunity impact disease progression or influence immune responses. The 1-month-old rhesus macaque SHIV model of infection provides a new tool to investigate the effects of antibodies on viral replication and clearance, mechanisms of B cell maintenance, and the induction of adaptive immunity in disease progression.
hsp70-Dependent Antiviral Immunity against Cytopathic Neuronal Infection by Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Kim Mi Young , Ma Yuanmei , Zhang Yu , Li Jianrong , Shu Yaoling , Oglesbee Michael
Published: July 2013

The major inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) protects against measles virus (MeV) neurovirulence in the mouse that is caused by a cell-associated noncytolytic neuronal infection. Protection is type I interferon (IFN) dependent, and we have established a novel axis of antiviral immunity in which hsp70 is released from virus-infected neurons to induce IFN-β in macrophages. The present work used vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to establish the relevance of hsp70-dependent antiviral immunity to fulminant cytopathic neuronal infections.
In vitro
, hsp70 that was constitutively expressed in mouse neuronal cells caused a modest increase in VSV replication. Infection induced an early extracellular release of hsp70 from viable cells, and the release was progressive, increasing with virus-induced apoptosis and cell lysis. The impact of this VSV-hsp70 interaction on neurovirulence was established in weanling male hsp70 transgenic and nontransgenic mice. Constitutive expression of hsp70 in neurons of transgenic mice enhanced viral clearance from brain and reduced mortality, and it was correlated with enhanced expression of type I IFN mRNA. Nontransgenic mice were also protected against neurovirulence and expressed increased type I IFN mRNA in brain when hsp70 was expressed by a recombinant VSV (rVSV-hsp70), indicating that hsp70 in the virus-infected cell is sufficient for host protection.
In vitro
data confirmed extracellular release of hsp70 from cells infected with rVSV-hsp70 and also showed that viral replication is not enhanced when hsp70 is expressed in this manner, suggesting that hsp70-mediated protection
in vivo
is not dependent on stimulatory effects of hsp70 on virus gene expression.
Antiviral RNA Silencing Initiated in the Absence of RDE-4, a Double-Stranded RNA Binding Protein, in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Guo Xunyang , Zhang Rui , Wang Jeffrey , Lu Rui
Published: July 2013

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) processed from double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of virus origins mediate potent antiviral defense through a process referred to as RNA interference (RNAi) or RNA silencing in diverse organisms. In the simple invertebrate
Caenorhabditis elegans
, the RNAi process is initiated by a single Dicer, which partners with the dsRNA binding protein RDE-4 to process dsRNA into viral siRNAs (viRNAs). Notably, in
C. elegans
this RNA-directed viral immunity (RDVI) also requires a number of worm-specific genes for its full antiviral potential. One such gene is
rsd-2
(RNAi spreading defective 2), which was implicated in RDVI in our previous studies. In the current study, we first established an antiviral role by showing that
rsd-2
null mutants permitted higher levels of viral RNA accumulation, and that this enhanced viral susceptibility was reversed by ectopic expression of RSD-2. We then examined the relationship of
rsd-2
with other known components of RNAi pathways and established that
rsd-2
functions in a novel pathway that is independent of
rde-4
but likely requires the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RRF-1, suggesting a critical role for RSD-2 in secondary viRNA biogenesis, likely through coordinated action with RRF-1. Together, these results suggest that RDVI in the single-Dicer organism
C. elegans
depends on the collective actions of both RDE-4-dependent and RDE-4-independent mechanisms to produce RNAi-inducing viRNAs. Our study reveals, for the first time, a novel siRNA-producing mechanism in
C. elegans
that bypasses the need for a dsRNA-binding protein.
Intramucosal nevus of buccal mucosa in a male child
Authors: Pandey Pallavi , Chaudhary Chandra P , Ansari Afroz Alam , Singh Raghvendra
Published: July 2013

Nevus (mole or birthmark) is a benign tumour of skin and mucosa characterised by the presence of melanin-producing, neuroectodermally derived cells, which can be light to dark brown, reddish brown, blue or flesh coloured. It varies in shape from oval to round. Oral melanotic nevi are uncommon oral lesions causing focal pigmentation. They were found only in 0.1% of population in a large survey. Nevi can be acquired over time or congenital. Acquired nevi are considered benign neoplasms whereas congenital nevi are hamartomas. They are located usually on the palate but less commonly on buccal mucosa, gingiva and lips. This article presents a case report of an intramucosal nevus of buccal mucosa in a 5-year-old boy with its surgical removal.
The small eye phenotype in the EPIC-Norfolk eye study: prevalence and visual impairment in microphthalmos and nanophthalmos
Authors: Day Alexander C , Khawaja Anthony P , Peto Tunde , Hayat Shabina , Luben Robert , Broadway David C , Khaw Kay-Tee , Foster Paul J
Published: July 2013

Objective

To describe the prevalence and phenotypic characteristics of small eyes in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk Eye Study.

Design

Community cross-sectional study.

Setting

East England population (Norwich, Norfolk and surrounding area).

Participants

8033 participants aged 48–92 years old from the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study, Norfolk, UK with axial length measurements. Participants underwent a standardised ocular examination including visual acuity (LogMAR), ocular biometry, non-contact tonometry, autorefraction and fundal photography. A small eye phenotype was defined as a participant with one or both eyes with axial length of <21 mm.

Outcome measures

Prevalence of small eyes, proportion with visual impairment, demographic and biometric factors.

Results

Ninety-six participants (1.20%, 95% CI 0.98% to 1.46%) had an eye with axial length less than 21 mm, of which 74 (77%) were women. Prevalence values for shorter axial lengths were <20 mm: 0.27% (0.18% to 0.41%); <19 mm: 0.17% (0.11% to 0.29%); <18 mm: 0.14% (0.08% to 0.25%). Two participants (2.1%) had low vision (presenting visual acuity >0.48 LogMAR) and one participant was blind (>1.3 LogMAR). The prevalence of unilateral visual impairment was higher in participants with a small eye. Multiple logistic regression modelling showed presence of a small eye to be significantly associated with shorter height, lower body mass index, higher systolic blood pressure and lower intraocular pressure.

Conclusions

The prevalence of people with small eyes is higher than previously thought. While small eyes were more common in women, this appears to be related to shorter height and lower body mass index. Participants with small eyes were more likely to be blind or to have unilateral visual impairment.
Diseases in camelids 2. From birth to weaning
Authors: Whitehead Claire
Published: July 2013

With the number of South American camelids in the UK increasing, there is a need for veterinary surgeons to familiarise themselves with anatomy, physiology and common presentations of the different species. An article in the June issue of In Practice (vol 35, pp 317‐324) described diseases in adult camelids. This article discusses some of the more common disease presentations seen in young camelids in the UK.
Intraluminal hyperglycaemia causes conduit and resistance artery dilatation and inhibits vascular autoregulation in the anaesthetised pig
Authors: Ruane-O’Hora Therese , Shortt Christine M. , Edge Deirdre , Markos Farouk , Noble Mark I.M.
Published: July 2013

The effect of intraluminal hyperglycaemia was investigated in the iliac artery of 11 anaesthetised pigs. Following isolation of a test segment, hyperglycaemic blood (40 mmol·L–1) caused a significant dilatation of the artery of 167 ± 208 μm (mean ± SD; n = 6, P = 0.031). Dilatations were reduced by N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl esther (250 μg·mL–1) from 145 ± 199 to 38 ± 5 μm), but this was not statistically significant (n = 6, P = 0.18). Intra-arterial infusions of d-glucose (20–40 mmol·L–1·min–1), during graded constrictions, caused statistically significant increases in blood flow (n = 11, P = 0.0013). Vasodilatation was confirmed by measurements of the ratio of immediate pressure steps to flow steps (∂P/∂F) during the graded obstruction experiments, showing a decrease in instantaneous vascular resistance from a control of 0.62 ± 0.30 to 0.33 ± 0.34 mm Hg·mL–1·min–1 (n = 7, P = 0.016). Autoregulation was assessed from the slopes of the plots of steady-state flow versus pressure. There were significant increases in the slope from 2.32 ± 1.03 to 5.88 ± 5.60 mL·min–1·(mm Hg)–1 (n = 7, P = 0.0078), indicating significant impairment of autoregulation. In conclusion, luminal hyperglycaemia relaxes both arterial and resistance vessel smooth muscle.
CORROSION PROPERTIES OF ULTRASONIC ELECTRODEPOSITED NANOCRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS PATTERNED Ni–W ALLOY COATINGS
Authors: YANG YING , ZHANG YU , ZHANG YUHONG , YAN BIAO , MO FAN
Published: July 2013

Ni - W alloy coating is a kind of promising environmental friendly alloy to substitute for hard chrome plating, for its excellent functional properties. Their properties depend mainly on the structure and defect, such as cracks. The crack is catastrophe to both physical and chemical properties and crystalline state also affect their properties and application. In this work, nanocrystalline nickel tungsten alloy (nc Ni - W ) coating, amorphous nickel tungsten alloy (a Ni - W ) coating and crystalline nickel tungsten alloy (c Ni - W ) coating were prepared under ultrasonic direct current (UDC) electroplating. The aim of the present study is to achieve structure control and high surface quality of Ni - W alloy coatings, and investigate corrosion properties of these coatings to explain the contradiction of better corrosion resistance of nc Ni - W coating than a Ni - W coating in experiment and theory. Thus X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) were used to examine the composition, crystalline state, microstructures and defects of the samples. Moreover, potentiodynamic polarization test was used to study the corrosion behavior of electroplated nickel–tungsten alloys.
EFFECT OF SIZE REFINEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE LUBRICATING LEAD PHASES IN THE SPRAY FORMING HIGH-LEADED TIN BRONZE ON WEAR RATES
Authors: YAN PENGFEI , WANG DEPING , YAN BIAO , MO FAN
Published: July 2013

Recently, the wear properties of high-leaded tin bronze were greatly concerned. In this work, the effect of size refinement and distribution of the lubricating lead phases in the spray forming (SF) high-leaded tin bronze on wear rates was studied by using scanning electron microscopy and sliding adhesive wear tests. It was observed that compared to the conventional casting bronze, the SF bronze features finer and more dispersed lead phases that formed more lubricating films in microstructure, which leads to the less wear rates.
EFFECT OF Sn AND Pb ADDITIONS ON MICROSTRUCTURE OF Mg-6Al-1Zn AS-CAST MAGNESIUM ALLOYS
Authors: HOU HAIBO , ZHU TIANPING , WANG YUXIN , GAO WEI
Published: July 2013

Much attention has been paid to Mg alloys given that Mg alloys are the most promising lightweight metallic material. They have found applications in automobile and other fields where weight saving is of great significance. Mg – Al – Zn alloy system (AZ series), including AZ91 and AZ61 Mg alloys, is widely used in industry. We have studied the enhancement of mechanical properties by adding alloying elements Sn and Pb . This paper reports our study on the microstructure and element distribution of the alloys with small amounts of tin ( Sn ) and lead ( Pb ) additions.
BIO-CORROSION RESISTANCE AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF A ZrTi-BASED BMGMC AS POTENTIAL HARD TISSUE IMPLANTS
Authors: HUANG XIAOBO , ZOU JIAOJUAN , WANG CHAN , HANG RUIQIANG , QIAO JUNWEI , TANG BIN
Published: July 2013

In this study, we compared the bio-corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of a ZrTi -based BMGMC ( Zr 58.5 Ti 14.3 Ni 4.9 Cu 6.1 Nb 5.2 Be 11.0). The Ti - 6Al - 4V alloy was used as a reference material. By utilizing the electrochemical measurements and M3T3 cell culture, the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of this BMGMC were evaluated. The BMGMC displayed high positive corrosion potentials and low corrosion current densities, which indicated that this material exhibited a highly improved corrosion resistance than the Ti alloy. The cells could adhere on the surface of this BMGMC and exhibited improved cellular behaviors, such as cellular viability and cytoskeketal structure. In summary, the ZrTi -based BMGMC showed great potential for applications in the hard tissue implants.
OBSERVATION OF NANOSPHERICAL n-SnO2/p-Si HETEROJUNCTION FABRICATED BY ULTRASONIC SPRAY PYROLYSIS TECHNIQUE
Authors: HE BO , XU JING , XING HUAIZHONG , WANG CHUNRUI , GUO YING , LU HONGWEI
Published: July 2013

Thin film of tin oxide ( SnO 2) was prepared on p-type polished silicon wafer by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique using SnCl 4 precursor solution to fabricate nanospherical n - SnO 2/ p - Si heterojunction photoelectric device. Deposition of film was achieved at 400°C substrate temperature. The self-made ultrasonic spray pyrolysis system is very cheap and convenient. The microstructural, optical and electrical properties of the SnO 2 film were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, UV-VIS spectrophotometer, four point probe and Hall effect measurement, respectively. The SnO 2 film has the nanospherical particles. The electrical properties of heterojunction were investigated by I–V measurement, which reveals that the heterojunction shows strong rectifying behavior under a dark condition. The ideality factor and the saturation current density of this diode are 4.27 and 2.52 × 10-6 A/cm2, respectively. And the values of IF/IR (IF and IR stand for forward and reverse current, respectively) at 5 V is found to be as high as 248. The SnO 2/ p - Si heterojunction device exhibits obvious photovoltaic effect. Under an AM1.5 illumination condition, the open-circuit voltage (V oc ), short-circuit current density (J SC ), fill factor (FF) of the device are 150 mV, 3.9 × 10-3 mA/cm2 and 20.58%, respectively. High photocurrent is obtained under a reverse bias when the crystalline quality of SnO 2 film is good enough to transmit the light into p- Si . Under 6.3 mW/cm2 illumination, when the reverse bias is -5 V, the photocurrent gain is as high as 86.
AN APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF MOMENTS TO RANGE-BASED VOLATILITY ESTIMATION USING DAILY HIGH, LOW, OPENING, AND CLOSING (HLOC) PRICES
Authors: BUESCU CRISTIN , TAKSAR MICHAEL , KONÉ FATOUMATA J.
Published: July 2013

We use the expectation of the range of an arithmetic Brownian motion and the method of moments on the daily high, low, opening, and closing prices to estimate the volatility of the stock price. This novel theoretical approach results in an estimator that is genuinely range-based on daily opening, high, low and closing data, unlike current estimators in the literature. The daily price jump at the opening is considered to be the result of the unobserved evolution of an after-hours virtual trading day. In comparison to an existing drift-independent estimator, we find that our estimator is actually more efficient when using a smaller number of data points, while for a larger number of points the efficiency of our estimator stays above 99% of the existing one. A toy example that uses this method to take advantage of mispricing opportunities in the options market illustrates potential applications of this method to algorithmic trading.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION FOR THE NONLINEAR EMDEN–FOWLER TYPE EQUATIONS BY A FOURTH-ORDER ADAPTIVE METHOD
Authors: KHURI S. A. , SAYFY A.
Published: July 2013

A finite element collocation approach, based on cubic B-splines, is manipulated for obtaining numerical solutions of a generalized form of the Emden–Fowler type equations. The rate of convergence is discussed theoretically and verified numerically to be of fourth-order by using the double-mesh principle. The efficiency of the scheme is tested on a number of examples which represent special cases of the problem under consideration. The results are compared with analytical and other numerical solutions that are available in the literature. The proposed method reveals that the outcomes are reliable and very accurate when contrasted with other existing methods.
NUMERICAL METHODS OF NEW MIXED FINITE ELEMENT SCHEME FOR SINGLE-PHASE COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Authors: ZHAI SHUYING , FENG XINLONG , WENG ZHIFENG
Published: July 2013

In this paper, a new mixed finite element scheme is given based on the less regularity of velocity for the single phase compressible flow in practice. Based on the new mixed variational formulation, we give its stable conforming finite element approximation for the P0–P1 pair and its stabilized conforming finite element approximation for the P1–P1 pair. Moreover, optimal error estimates are derived in H1-norm and L2-norm for the approximation of pressure and error estimate in L2-norm for the approximation of velocity by using two methods. Finally, numerical tests confirm the theoretical results of our methods.
ARE FORMAL TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION PROCESSES NEEDED FOR SUCCESSFUL PRODUCT INNOVATIONS?
Authors: DAIM TUGRUL U
Published: July 2013

It has been documented in the prior research that there is a gap between technology development and product development. We explore a set of propositions through review of previous research and a case study from the semiconductor industry. Although the literature suggests that for successful integration of technologies into products, formal technology integration process and technology portfolio management are highly recommended to prevent a misalignment between technology development and product development processes, our results are indicating that formality of these processes may not be necessary. However, recognition of the importance of the integration process and development of organisational capability to allow the process evolve with various statuses of technological readiness as well as organisational maturity, are critical to successful NPD.
PHOTOACOUSTIC VISCOELASTICITY IMAGING OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUES WITH INTENSITY-MODULATED CONTINUOUS-WAVE LASER
Authors: ZHAO YUE , YANG SIHUA
Published: July 2013

In this paper, a novel photoacoustic viscoelasticity imaging (PAVEI) technique that provides viscoelastic information of biological tissues is presented. We deduced the process of photoacoustic (PA) effect on the basis of thermal viscoelasticity theory and established the relationship between the PA phase delay and the viscoelasticity for soft solids. By detecting the phase delay of PA signal, the viscoelasticity distribution of absorbers can be mapped. Gelatin phantoms with different densities and different absorption coefficients were used to verify the dependence of PAVEI measurements. Moreover, tissue mimicking phantoms mixed with fat and collagen at different concentrations were used to testify the feasibility of this technique with reliable contrast. Finally, the PAVEI was successfully applied to discrimination between biological tissue constituents. Our experimental results demonstrate that this novel technique has the potential for visualizing the anatomical and biomechanical properties of biological tissues.
ON A SUM FORM FUNCTIONAL EQUATION RELATED TO ENTROPIES OF TYPE (α, β)
Authors: Nath Prem , Singh Dhiraj Kumar
Published: July 2013

The general solutions of a sum form functional equation have been obtained without imposing any regularity condition on any of the mappings appearing in it. Some of these solutions are related to entropies of type (α, β) proposed by Behara and Nath [Information and entropy of countable measurable partitions I, Kybernetika10 (1974) 491–503].
Sedimentary fill of the Chile Trench (32–46°S): volumetric distribution and causal factors
Authors: Völker David , Geersen Jacob , Contreras-Reyes Eduardo , Reichert Christian
Published: July 2013

The Chile Trench of the convergent continental margin of Central Chile is a sediment-filled basin that stretches over 1500 km in a north–south direction. The sediment fill reflects latitudinal variations in climate as well as in the morphology and geology of Chile, but also of sediment transport processes to the trench and within the trench. We try to untangle these signals by calculating the total volume and the latitudinal volume distribution of trench sediments and by relating this distribution to a number of factors that affect this pattern. The volume calculation is based on a model geometry of the top of the subducting oceanic plate that is buried beneath trench sediments and the sea floor as measured by swath bathymetry. We obtain the model geometry of the subducting plate by interpolating between depth-converted seismic reflection profiles that cross the trench. The total volume of the trench fill between 32 and 46°S is calculated to be 46000 ± 500 km
3
. The resulting latitudinal volume distribution is best explained by a sedimentation model that alternates between (1) glacial phases of high sediment flux from Southern Chile combined with active latitudinal sediment transport within the trench and (2) interglacial phases over which sediment input is dominated by local factors.

Supplementary material:

Top of the oceanic basement (TOB) grid is available as ascii raw data files (xyz) at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18664
.
Origin and evolution of Avalonia: evidence from U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopes in zircon from the Mira terrane, Canada, and the Stavelot–Venn Massif, Belgium
Authors: Willner A. P. , Barr S. M. , Gerdes A. , Massonne H.-J. , White C. E.
Published: July 2013

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope analyses of detrital zircon from Neoproterozoic–Cambrian clastic sedimentary rocks in the Mira terrane (Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada; West Avalonia) and the Stavelot–Venn Massif (East Belgium; East Avalonia) support deposition on an originally coherent microcontinent. Crustal evolution trends defined by ϵHf
(t)
values varying with age reflect juvenile magma production in the source continent at 1.2–2.2 and 2.4–3.1 Ga. Mixing of juvenile and recycled crust in continental magmatic arcs is recognized at 0.5–0.72, 1.4–1.7, 1.8–2.2 and 2.4–2.7 Ga. These results concur with the crustal evolution in Amazonia, the likely parent craton. Crustal evolution in Avalonia is recorded in detrital and magmatic zircon from Neoproterozoic arcs (680–550 Ma). Positive ϵHf
(t)
values suggest juvenile input and mixing with recycled crust. Most negative ϵHf
(t)
values represent recycling of predominantly Mesoproterozoic underlying crust. Avalonian arc magmatism was followed by late Neoproterozoic–early Cambrian sedimentation in various belts in West Avalonia. These belts were juxtaposed by strike-slip during late early Cambrian deposition in a rift basin. The youngest detrital zircon population (
c
. 517 Ma) probably represents synrift magmatism before break-up of Avalonia. Migmatization at 406 ± 2 Ma in a xenolith from the East Avalonian crust reflects post-collisional heating.

Supplementary materials:

Details of sample locations and analytical results are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18641
.