bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Scope of the Heck Reaction in the Synthesis of a New Family of Anthracene Diacrylamide G‐Quadruplex Ligands.
Authors: Le Gresley Adam , Abdullah Ammara , Desai Pratchi , Ghosh Uttam , Gollapalli Uma , Kiran Munazza , Lafon Shehri
Published: June 2012

Heck reactions are used for the synthesis of a variety of anthracene‐9‐monoacrylamide and bisacrylamide derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of [60]Fullerene‐Fused Thiolactams and Thiaimidates.
Authors: Li Jia‐Xing , Wang Guan‐Wu
Published: June 2012

C60‐Fullerene reacts with diester (II) and CS2 to yield the thiolactam (IV) which is easily hydrolyzed to the corresponding lactam.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Spiro[cyclohexanone‐oxindoles] and Spiro[cyclohexanone‐pyrazolones] by Asymmetric Cascade [5 + 1] Double Michael Reactions.
Authors: Wu Bin , Chen Jian , Li Mei‐Qiu , Zhang Jin‐Xin , Xu Xiao‐Ping , Ji Shun‐Jun , Wang Xing‐Wang
Published: June 2012

Double Michael addition reaction of divinyl ketones (II) and (IV) with N‐unprotected oxindoles (I) and N‐phenyl pyrazolones (VI) is efficiently catalyzed by an N‐Boc‐D‐phenylglycine—epiquinine‐derived amine organocatalyst system.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel N‐Aryl‐2,5‐dihydro‐2‐iminofuran‐3‐carboxamides and Their Chemical Transformations.
Authors: Karapetyan Lusine
Published: June 2012

Condensation of tertiary α‐hydroxyketones (I) with (N‐aryl)cyanoacetamides (II) containing active methylene groups proceeds under mild and basic conditions to afford title compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiinflammatory Activity of Some Benzofuran and Benzopyran‐4‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Ragab Fatma Abd El‐Fattah , Eid Nahed Mahmoud , Hassan Ghaneya Sayed , Nissan Yassin Mohammed
Published: June 2012

Various furosalicylic acid (I), furosalicylanilide (III), furobenzoxazine (VI), benzofuran (X), and chromen‐4‐one derivatives (XIII) and (XV) are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Two‐Step Synthesis of Thiophene End‐Capped Aromatic Systems.
Authors: Rungtaweevoranit Bunyarat , Butsuri Akkarapol , Wongma Krittaphat , Sadorn Karoon , Neranon Kitjanit , Nerungsi Chakkrapan , Thongpanchang Tienthong
Published: June 2012

The synthesis of the title compounds involves acid‐mediated nucleophilic aromatic substitution of hydroxyarenes with 2‐mercaptoethanol followed by cyclization and oxidation of the resulting arene‐fused dihydrothiophenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,3,4‐Trisubstituted Pyrroles via a Facile Reaction of Vinyl Azides and Tosylmethyl Isocyanide.
Authors: Chen Wenteng , Shao Jiaan , Li Zhi , Giulianotti Marc A. , Yu Yongping
Published: June 2012

An efficient, mild, and facile method for the synthesis of the title compounds is presented from vinyl azides, e.g. (I), or carboxaldehydes such as (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfonated Organic Heteropolyacid Salts: Recyclable Green Solid Catalysts for the Highly Efficient and Green Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes in Water.
Authors: Vahdat Seyed M. , Khaksar Samad , Baghery Saeed
Published: June 2012

The two new heteropolyacid salts (I) effectively catalyze the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes in short reaction times (3—30 min) in aqueous solution.
ChemInform Abstract: First Synthesis of 1‐(Indol‐2‐yl)azulenes by the Vilsmeier—Haack‐type Arylation with Triflic Anhydride as an Activating Reagent.
Authors: Shoji Taku , Inoue Yuta , Ito Shunji
Published: June 2012

Optimized conditions are elaborated for the synthesis of the title compounds which are generally available in moderate to good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Friedel—Crafts Alkylation of Indoles by tert‐Enamides in Acetic Acid.
Authors: Zhang Ying , Jiang Jing , Chu Xue‐Qiang , Jiang Ran , Xu Xiao‐Ping , Li Dan‐Hua , Ji Shun‐Jun
Published: June 2012

Treatment of various indoles with enamide (II) or (IX) provides pharmaceutically interesting derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh(I)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Isoindolinones Through CO Gas‐Free Aminocarbonylation.
Authors: Fujioka Masahiko , Morimoto Tsumoru , Tsumagari Takayuki , Tanimoto Hiroki , Nishiyama Yasuhiro , Kakiuchi Kiyomi
Published: June 2012

The new, efficient, and stereoselective method to prepare biologically important 3‐arylated isoindolinones can also be applied to synthesize enantioenriched 3‐arylphthalides.
ChemInform Abstract: A Multimetallic Piano—Stool Ir—Sn3 Catalyst for Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction of γ‐Hydroxy Lactams Through N‐Acyliminium Ions.
Authors: Maity Arnab Kumar , Roy Sujit
Published: June 2012

ISC efficiently promotes the coupling of phthalimidals with diverse nucleophiles to produce isoindolinones of type (III)/(VI)/(XI).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Amidation by Chemoselective C(sp3)—H Activation: Concise Route to Oxindoles Using a Carbamoyl Chloride Precursor.
Authors: Tsukano Chihiro , Okuno Masataka , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: June 2012

The carbamoyl precursors are prepared according to the examples (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Generation of Indeno[1,2‐c]pyrroles via a Pd‐Catalyzed Reaction of 2‐Alkynylbromobenzene with Propargylic Sulfonamide.
Authors: Luo Yong , Wu Jie
Published: June 2012

The tandem reaction involves a double insertion of triple bonds and is not sensitive to the nature of substituents on both reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Metathesis of Azomethine Imines in the Reaction of 6‐Aryl‐1,5‐diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes with Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Petukhova Vera Yu. , Pleshchev Mikhail I. , Fershtat Leonid L. , Kuznetsov Vladimir V. , Kachala Vadim V. , Makhova Nina N.
Published: June 2012

The interaction of carbonyl compounds (II) or (VII) with azomethine imines generated by diaziridine ring opening in (I) in the presence of catalytic amounts of BF3·OEt2 induces a metathesis to other azomethine imines with the elimination of aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Quinoxaline with 3‐Methyl‐1‐phenylpyrazol‐5‐one.
Authors: Azev Yurii A. , Oparina Elena D. , Kovalev Igor S. , Slepukhin Pavel A. , Novikova Rashida K.
Published: June 2012

Quinoxaline (I) acts as a glyoxale equivalent in the reaction with the pyrazolone derivative (II) to give mixtures of (III), (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Pyrazol‐3‐one Addition to Maleimides: Reactivity and Stereochemical Course.
Authors: Mazzanti Andrea , Calbet Teresa , Font‐Bardia Merce , Moyano Albert , Rios Ramon
Published: June 2012

The title reaction is catalyzed by a chiral bifunctional thiourea catalyst and affords the addition products in a diastereo‐ and enantioselective manner with up to <82% d.e.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Domino Cyclization of Propargylic Alcohols and Benzoyl Isocyanates.
Authors: Jo Kyoung A. , Maheswara Muchchintala , Yoon Eunyoung , Lee Yun Yeong , Yun Hoseop , Kang Eun Joo
Published: June 2012

The carbene generated from 1,3‐diisopropylimidazolium chloride efficiently promotes the reaction of a wide range of propargylic alcohols with Bz‐NCO to produce oxazolidinones of type (III)/(V).
ChemInform Abstract: Study of the Regio‐ and Stereoselectivity of [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Nitrile Oxides to Various Racemic 3‐Acyloxy and 3‐Hydroxybut‐1‐enes.
Authors: Abda Heithem , Aouadi Kaiss , Gueyrard David , Praly Jean‐Pierre , Msaddek Moncef
Published: June 2012

The [3 + 2] cycloaddition of in situ generated nitrile oxides to various racemic 3‐acyloxy and 3‐hydroxybut‐1‐enes proceeds with complete regioselectivity but only moderate diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery and Structural Insight of a Highly Selective Protein Kinase Inhibitor Hit Through Click Chemistry.
Authors: Wang Peng George , et al. et al.
Published: June 2012

Novel bisaryl maleimide derivatives (IV) to mimic natural kinase inhibitors are prepared through click chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Prins and Prins/Friedel—Crafts Cyclizations for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Dioxabicycles and Hexahydro‐1H‐benzo[f]isochromenes via the Benzylic C—H Activation.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Borkar Prashant , Yadav J. S. , Reddy P. Purushotham , Kunwar A. C. , Sridhar B. , Gree Rene
Published: June 2012

A versatile approach for the stereoselective synthesis of a novel class of dioxa‐bicycles and oxa‐tricycles in a single step is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,6‐cis‐Substituted Tetrahydropyrans: Broensted Acid‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxa‐Conjugate Cyclization of α,β‐Unsaturated Ester Surrogates.
Authors: Fuwa Haruhiko , Ichinokawa Naoki , Noto Kenkichi , Sasaki Makoto
Published: June 2012

Treatment of α,β‐unsaturated thioesters, oxazolidinone imides, and pyrrole amides with CSA allows a mild, effective, and stereoselective access to biologically important 2,6‐cis‐substituted tetrahydropyrans.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Organocatalytic Michael Addition—Cyclization Cascade Reaction of Nitroalkanes with o‐Hydroxycinnamaldehydes.
Authors: Choi Kwang‐Su , Kim Sung‐Gon
Published: June 2012

The chroman‐2‐ols are obtained in high yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Relay Catalysis Using a Rhodium Complex/Chiral Broensted Acid Binary System: Enantioselective Reduction of a Carbonyl Ylide as the Reactive Intermediate.
Authors: Terada Masahiro , Toda Yasunori
Published: June 2012

A one‐pot method for the unprecedented reaction is demonstrated with the synthesis of the compounds (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of New Pyrano[2,3‐h]coumarin Derivatives.
Authors: Karami Bahador , Khodabakhshi Saeed , Eskandari Khalil
Published: June 2012

5,7‐Dihydroxycoumarins undergo a simple base‐promoted coupling with aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile to afford the biologically important skeleton in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Multicyclic Spirooxindoles via a Cascade Michael/Michael/Oxa‐Michael Reaction of Curcumins and Isatylidene Malononitriles.
Authors: Yin Xiao‐Gang , Liu Xin‐Yun , Hu Zhi‐Peng , Yan Ming
Published: June 2012

The title reaction affords a series of spiro[chromene‐5,3′‐indoline] derivatives with up to 90% diastereoselectivity by use of DMAP as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: A Diels—Alder Approach to Anthrapyran Antibiotics
Authors: Foulgoc Laura , Sissouma Drissa , Evain Michel , Collet Sylvain , Guingant Andre
Published: June 2012

Pyran synthons (II) and (IV) are used in the cycloadditions of naphthoquinones (I) which afford the pluramycin framework in a completely diastereoselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Synthesis of Enantioenriched β‐Arylsplitomicins.
Authors: Wang Ji‐Yu , Zhang Hui , Liao Yu‐Hua , Yuan Wei‐Cheng , Feng Yu‐Jun , Zhang Xiao‐Mei
Published: June 2012

The domino‐Michael‐type Friedel—Crafts alkylation/cyclization of β‐naphthol (and its 6‐bromo derivative) with arylidene Meldrum′s acid derivatives is catalyzed by a bifunctional thiourea catalyst to give the title compounds in high yield but only moderate enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Chromene Acetals and Boronic Acids.
Authors: Graham Thomas J. A. , Doyle Abigail G.
Published: June 2012

The reaction proceeds under base‐free conditions and tolerates a wide range of aromatic and heteroaromatic boronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Bismuth Nitrate Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction for Efficient and One‐Pot Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Piperidine Scaffolds at Room Temperature.
Authors: Brahmachari Goutam , Das Suvankar
Published: June 2012

An optimized procedure allows the synthesis of highly functionalized piperidines, which are of pharmaceutical interest, in a diastereoselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Bismuth Triflate Catalyzed Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Triaryl Pyridines and an Unexpected Selective Acetalization of Tetrazolo[1‐5‐a]‐quinoline‐4‐carbaldehydes.
Authors: Shinde Pravin V. , Labade Vilas B. , Gujar Jitendra B. , Shingate Bapurao B. , Shingare Murlidhar S.
Published: June 2012

Bismuth triflate is an efficient catalyst for the reaction of acetophenone with aldehydes and ammonium acetate under neat conditions to give the desired 2,4,6‐triaryl pyridines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polysubstituted, Functionalized Quinolines Through a Metal‐Free Domino Process Involving a C4—C3 Functional Group Rearrangement.
Authors: Ribelles Pascual , Ramos M. Teresa , Menendez J. Carlos
Published: June 2012

Various tetrahydroquinoline precursors can be successfully transformed to the desired aromatized, rearranged systems.
ChemInform Abstract: C‐1 Alkynylation of N‐Methyltetrahydroisoquinolines Through CDC: A Direct Access to Phenethylisoquinoline Alkaloids.
Authors: Singh Kamal Nain , Singh Paramjit , Kaur Amarjit , Singh Pushpinder
Published: June 2012

Copper‐catalyzed direct cross‐coupling of isoquinolines (I) with alkynes gives the C‐1 alkynylation products selectively.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,3‐Unsubstituted Chromones and Their Enaminone Precursors as Versatile Reagents for the Synthesis of Fused Pyridines.
Authors: Iaroshenko Viktor O. , Mkrtchyan Satenik , Gevorgyan Ashot , Miliutina Mariia , Villinger Alexander , Volochnyuk Dmytro , Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Ya. , Langer Peter
Published: June 2012

A variety of fused pyridine derivatives is readily prepared by cyclocondensation of chromones (II) or enaminones (VII) with heterocyclic amines [51 examples].
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrido[1,2‐a]indole Malonates and Amines Through Aryne Annulation.
Authors: Rogness Donald C. , Markina Nataliya A. , Waldo Jesse P. , Larock Richard C.
Published: June 2012

An efficient and widely applicable method to prepare biologically important pyridoindole malonates and related compounds is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐substituted‐4‐chloroimidazo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines Catalyzed by PdCl2 in Water.
Authors: Bakherad Mohammad , Keivanloo Ali , Samangooei Shahrzad
Published: June 2012

Sonogashira coupling of substrate (I) with aryl halides is followed by intramolecular cyclization and base‐promoted aromatization.
ChemInform Abstract: A Two‐Step Synthesis of 1H‐Tetrazolyl‐1H‐1,4‐benzonitriles and 1H‐Tetrazolyl‐benzo[b][1,4]diazepines.
Authors: Shaabani Ahmad , Mofakham Hamid , Mousavifaraz Sajjad
Published: June 2012

The synthesis of the title compounds involves the condensation of diamines and ketones, intramolecular imine enamine cyclization to form a seven‐membered ring‐intermediate followed by reaction with isocyanide and finally cycloaddition with trimethylsilyl azide.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Silyl C(sp3)—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Liang Yun , Geng Weizhi , Wei Junnian , Ouyang Kunbing , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: June 2012

A variety of biphenyls, vinylbenzenes, or arylindoles substituted with methyl‐ or ethylsilyl groups undergo under optimized conditions (palladium source, ligand, base, solvent) an intramolecular coupling reaction, resulting in the formation of six‐membered silacycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dithieno[2,3‐b:4′,3′‐d]siloles and Their Selective Bromination.
Authors: Zhao Jincan , Qiu Dongfang , Shi Jianwu , Wang Hua
Published: June 2012

The electronically important title compounds can be selectively brominated to afford mono‐, di‐, and tribrominated derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Diamond‐Shaped [Ag4]4+ Cluster Encapsulated by Silicotungstate Ligands: Synthesis and Catalysis of Hydrolytic Oxidation of Silanes.
Authors: Kikukawa Yuji , Kuroda Yoshiyuki , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: June 2012

The synthesis of AGC is developed and the material is successfully tested as heterogeneous catalyst for the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Amino Methylene Bisphosphonates.
Authors: Kunda Uma Maheswara Rao , Balam Satheesh Krishna , Nemallapudi Bakthavatchala Reddy , Chereddy Syama Sundar , Nayak Sandip Kumar , Cirandur Suresh Reddy
Published: June 2012

An efficient and green method for the synthesis of the title bisphosphonates (IV) via a three‐component one‐pot reaction is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antidepressant‐Like Activity of Selenophenes Obtained via Iron(III)—PhSeSePh‐Mediated Cyclization of Z‐Selenoenynes.
Authors: Gai Bibiana M. , Stein Andre L. , Roehrs Juliano A. , Bilheri Filipe N. , Nogueira Cristina W. , Zeni Gilson
Published: June 2012

A variety of new 2,5‐disubstituted‐3‐seleno‐selenophenes and related tellurophenes is synthesized by FeCl3‐dichalcogenide mediated cyclization of (Z)‐enynes (I).
ChemInform Abstract: A Benzothiazole Alkyne Fluorescent Sensor for Cu Detection in Living Cell.
Authors: Qi Jianjun , Han Myung Shin , Tung Ching‐Hsuan
Published: June 2012

A new type of alkyne dye, namely 6‐(dimethylamino)‐2‐ethynylbenzothiazole (I), is developed for copper sensing in biological systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐8‐Deisopropyladunctin B (VI)
Authors: Yamashita Masayuki , et al. et al.
Published: June 2012

involving the stereoconvergent skeleton transformation from benzocyclobutapyranone (III) to dibenzofuran derivative (V) with dimethylsulfoxonium methylide as the key step
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibitory Activity of Eudesmane Sesquiterpenes from Alpinia oxyphylla on Production of Nitric Oxide
Authors: Xu Junju , Ji Changjiu , Zhang Yumei , Su Jia , Li Yan , Tan Ninghua
Published: June 2012

isolation and structure elucidation of seven new eudesmane‐type sesquiterpenes (I) ‐ (VI) isolated from the fruits of the Ginger family plant Alpinia oxyphylla
ChemInform Abstract: The Beckmann Rearrangement Applied to Ursolic Acid with Antimalarial Activity in Medicinal Chemistry Studies.
Authors: Dalla‐Vechia Luciana , Dassonville‐Klimpt Alexandra , Grellier Philippe , Sonnet Pascal , Gosmann Grace , Gnoatto Simone C. B.
Published: June 2012

A ring‐expanded derivative (II) of ursolic acid and the corresponding fragmentation product (III) are obtained by the Beckmann rearrangement of ursolic acid derivative (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Increased Dipeptoid Diversity Resulting from Post‐Condensational Manipulation of the Ugi Reaction Products.
Authors: Krasavin Mikhail , Nikulnikov Mikhail M.
Published: June 2012

Ring opening of 5,6‐dihydropyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrazines of type (I) with primary or secondary amines yields dipeptoid compounds of type (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Ullmann‐Type Reductive Homocoupling of Iodoaryl Glycosides.
Authors: Bergeron‐Brlek Milan , Giguere Denis , Shiao Tze Chieh , Saucier Catherine , Roy Rene
Published: June 2012

A new method to prepare biaryl‐linked divalent glycosides is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Chemistry and Properties of Mixed Ionic—Electronic Conductors
Authors: Manthiram Arumugam , Kim Jung‐Hyun , Kim Young Nam , Lee Ki‐Tae
Published: June 2012

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Al—Pt—Ti (Aluminum—Platinum—Titanium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: June 2012

Review: ternary phase diagram and structures; 9 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Al—Cr—Ti (Aluminum—Chromium—Titanium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: June 2012

Review: ternary phase diagram and structures;16 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Al—Nb—Ti (Aluminum—Niobium—Titanium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: June 2012

Review: ternary phase diagram and structures;12 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Al—Mn—Si (Aluminum—Manganese—Silicon)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: June 2012

Review: 10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Al—Pd—Ti (Aluminum—Palladium—Titanium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: June 2012

Review: ternary phase diagram and structures;10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Chain‐End Functionalized Glycopolymers
Authors: Narla Satya Nandana , Nie Huan , Li Yu , Sun Xue‐Long
Published: June 2012

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium Cyano(dimethylphenylsilyl)cuprate
Authors: Marino Joseph P. , Holub David P.
Published: June 2012

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium Bis[dimethyl(phenyl)silyl]cuprate
Authors: Fleming Ian
Published: June 2012

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis Welwitindolinone Is Well Worth It
Authors: Wood John L.
Published: June 2012

Review: 11 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of the Nicholas Reaction in the Synthesis of Natural Products
Authors: Kann Nina
Published: June 2012

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polynuclear Cyclophanes
Authors: Tobe Y. , Takeda T.
Published: June 2012

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Strategies
Authors: Bencini Andrea , Llinares Jose M.
Published: June 2012

Review: based on polyammonium and polyamide anion receptors; 126 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkenes by Peterson Alkenation
Authors: Ager D. J.
Published: June 2012

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkenes by Wittig and Related Phosphorus‐Based Alkenations
Authors: Schobert R. , Hoelzel C. , Barnickel B.
Published: June 2012

Review: 528 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Basic Principles of the Chemical Reactivity of Fullerenes
Authors: Caballero Ruben , De La Cruz Pilar , Langa Fernando
Published: June 2012

Review: 259 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Hydrophosphonylation/Mannich Reactions Using Thiourea, Cinchona and Broensted Acid Catalysts
Authors: Bhadury Pinaki S. , Li Hu
Published: June 2012

Review: 159 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: How Not to Discover a New Reagent. The Evolution and Chemistry of Woollins′ Reagent
Authors: Woollins J. Derek
Published: June 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Detour and Direct Induction of Methyl‐Containing Chiral Centers via Catalytic C—H or C—C Bond Formation
Authors: Endo Kohei , Shibata Takanori
Published: June 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis Using Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Murray Justin K. , Aral Jennifer , Miranda Les P.
Published: June 2012

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 27‐Hydroxycholesterol: Does It Exist? Nomenclature and Stereochemistry of 26‐Hydroxylated Sterols
Authors: Fakheri Robert J. , Javitt Norman B.
Published: June 2012

Review: 17 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclic Alkenes by Pericyclic Reactions: Diels—Alder Reactions
Authors: Fringuelli F. , Piermatti O. , Pizzo F. , Vaccaro L.
Published: June 2012

Review: 626 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Organocatalysis
Authors: Woods Philip A. , Smith Andrew D.
Published: June 2012

Review: 278 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Diversity of Vibsane‐type Diterpenoids
Authors: Fukuyama Yoshiyasu , Kubo Miwa
Published: June 2012

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Hydrogenation of Halonitrobenzenes
Authors: Xiao Chao , Wang Xiaodong , Lian Chao , Liu Hongquan , Liang Minghui , Wang Yuan
Published: June 2012

Review: 184 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multifunctionality and Multivalency Generation by Self‐assembly of Grid‐type Metallosupramolecular Architectures
Authors: Harrowfield Jack , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: June 2012

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peculiarity of Methoxy Group Substituted Phenylhydrazones in Fischer Indole Synthesis
Authors: Murakami Yasuoki
Published: June 2012

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Vanillin Derivatives Showing Various Biological Activities
Authors: Kumar Ravendra , Sharma P. K. , Mishra Prem Shanker
Published: June 2012

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in the Total Synthesis of Malyngamides
Authors: Zhang Juntao , Qi Xianliang , Cao Xiaoping
Published: June 2012

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Friedel—Crafts Reaction
Authors: Prajapati Sushma , Mishra Abhinav Prasoon , Srivastava Ashish
Published: June 2012

Review: 17 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oligothiophene‐Functionalized Naphthalimides and Perylene Imides: Design, Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Segura Jose L. , Herrera Helena , Baeuerle Peter
Published: June 2012

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Spin Ice, Fractionalization, and Topological Order
Authors: Castelnovo C. , Moessner R. , Sondhi S. L.
Published: June 2012

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Including Many‐Body Effects in Models for Ionic Liquids
Authors: Salanne Mathieu , Rotenberg Benjamin , Jahn Sandro , Vuilleumier Rodolphe , Simon Christian , Madden Paul A.
Published: June 2012

Review: 124 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthetic Overview of Radiolabeled Compounds for β‐Amyloid Targeting.
Authors: Ribeiro Morais Goreti , Paulo Antonio , Santos Isabel
Published: June 2012

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Class of Nonlinear Optical Materials Based on Host—Guest Composites: Zeolites as Inorganic Crystalline Hosts
Authors: Kim Hyun Sung , Pham Tung Cao Thanh , Yoon Kyung Byung
Published: June 2012

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Computing Free‐Energy Profiles Using Multidimensional Potentials of Mean Force and Polynomial Quadrature Methods
Authors: Vilseck Jonah Z. , Acevedo Orlando
Published: June 2012

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Pursuit of Atom Economy in Synthesis
Authors: Bartlett Mark
Published: June 2012

Review: 45 refs.
Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy of DNA: From Duplexes to Quadruplexes
Authors: Vorlíčková Michaela , Kejnovská Iva , Bednářová Klára , Renčiuk Daniel , Kypr Jaroslav
Published: June 2012

Nucleic acids bear the genetic information and participate in its expression and evolution during replication, repair, recombination, transcription, and translation. These phenomena are mostly based on recognition of nucleic acids by proteins. The major factor enabling the specific recognition is structure. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is very useful to study secondary structures of nucleic acids, in general, and DNA, in particular. CD sensitively reflects isomerizations among distinct conformational states. The isomerizations may operate as molecular switches regulating various physiological or pathological processes. Here, we review CD spectra of nucleic acids, beginning with early studies on natural DNA molecules through analyses of synthetic polynucleotides to study of selected genomic fragments. Chirality 24:691–698, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anthranilamide–Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine Conjugates as p53 Activators in Cervical Cancer Cells
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Tamboli Jaki R. , Ramaiah M. Janaki , Adil S. F. , Koteswara Rao G. , Viswanath A. , Mallareddy Adla , Pushpavalli S. N. C. V. L. , Pal‐Bhadra Manika
Published: June 2012

A library of new anthranilamide–pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine conjugates were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anticancer activity in cervical cancer cells such as HeLa and SiHa that possess low levels of p53. All 24 conjugates showed antiproliferative activity, while some of them exhibit significant cytotoxicity. In assays related to cell‐cycle distribution, these conjugates induced G2/M arrest in HeLa cells and G1 cell‐cycle arrest in SiHa cells. Immunocytochemistry assays revealed that these compounds cause nuclear translocation of p53, thereby indicating the activation of p53. In cervical cancer cells, the p53 protein is degraded by E6 oncoprotein. Immunoblot and RT‐PCR analyses proved the presence of mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis with involvement p53 target genes such as BAX, Bcl2, and p21 (CDKI). Moreover, these compounds increased the phosphorylated forms of p53 and provide signals for apoptosis induction. Interestingly, one of the conjugates, (2‐phenyl‐7‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐5‐yl)(4‐(2‐(thiophen‐2‐ylmethylamino)benzoyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)methanone, is the most promising candidate in this series and has the potential to be taken up for further detailed studies.
Large GABAergic neurons form a distinct subclass within the mouse dorsal cortex of the inferior colliculus with respect to intrinsic properties, synaptic inputs, sound responses, and projections
Authors: Geis H. Rüdiger A.P. , Borst J. Gerard G.
Published: June 2012

Neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) show a remarkable diversity in their responses to sound, but it has been difficult to relate these responses to their morphology. Large cells, which are found in all subdivisions of the IC, may form an exception. We found that large neurons of the mouse dorsal cortex of the IC were GABAergic and were contacted by vesicular glutamate transporter 2‐containing somatic terminals, as previously observed for the rat IC. Large cells, which were targeted under two‐photon guidance, typically had a low input resistance in comparison with the other cells in the dorsal cortex of the IC. Large cells received short‐latency excitatory inputs and had short first‐spike latencies. These excitatory inputs were often followed by long‐latency inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. In four cells, it was possible to reconstruct the ascending axon following labeling with biocytin. We found evidence that they projected to both the ventral and the dorsal divisions of the medial geniculate body of the thalamus, but they also branched off large collaterals while passing through the brachium of the IC. Our data indicate that, owing to their somatic glutamatergic inputs, large GABAergic tectothalamic projection neurons can generate short‐latency, well‐timed, feed‐forward inhibition, which affects not only the thalamus, but also other ascending nuclei. Their remarkably homogeneous properties, which generally differed from those of the other cells in the dorsal cortex of the IC, suggest that large neurons form a distinct subclass within the dorsal cortex of the IC. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:189–202, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurotropic virus tracing suggests a membranous‐coating‐mediated mechanism for transsynaptic communication
Authors: Li Yan‐Chao , Bai Wan‐Zhu , Hirano Norio , Hayashida Tsuyako , Taniguchi Takahide , Sugita Yoichi , Tohyama Koujiro , Hashikawa Tsutomu
Published: June 2012

Swine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) has been shown to have a capability to propagate via neural circuits to the central nervous system after peripheral inoculation, resulting in acute deadly encephalomyelitis in natural host piglets as well as in experimental younger rodents. This study has systematically examined the assembly and dissemination of HEV 67N in the primary motor cortex of infected rats and provides additional evidence indicating that membranous‐coating‐mediated endo‐/exocytosis can be used by HEV for its transsynaptic transfer. In addition, our results suggested that this transsynaptic pathway could adapted for larger granular materials, such as viruses. These findings should help in understanding the mechanisms underlying coronavirus infections as well as the intercellular exchanges occurring at the synaptic junctions. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:203–212, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolutionary design of bone scaffolds with reference to material selection
Authors: Heljak M. K. , Święszkowski W. , Lam C. X. F. , Hutmacher D. W. , Kurzydłowski K. J.
Published: June 2012

The favourable scaffold for bone tissue engineering should have desired characteristic features, such as adequate mechanical strength and three‐dimensional open porosity, which guarantee a suitable environment for tissue regeneration. In fact, the design of such complex structures like bone scaffolds is a challenge for investigators. One of the aims is to achieve the best possible mechanical strength–degradation rate ratio. In this paper we attempt to use numerical modelling to evaluate material properties for designing bone tissue engineering scaffold fabricated via the fused deposition modelling technique. For our studies the standard genetic algorithm was used, which is an efficient method of discrete optimization. For the fused deposition modelling scaffold, each individual strut is scrutinized for its role in the architecture and structural support it provides for the scaffold, and its contribution to the overall scaffold was studied. The goal of the study was to create a numerical tool that could help to acquire the desired behaviour of tissue engineered scaffolds and our results showed that this could be achieved efficiently by using different materials for individual struts. To represent a great number of ways in which scaffold mechanical function loss could proceed, the exemplary set of different desirable scaffold stiffness loss function was chosen. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Assembled Monolayers with Dynamicity Stemming from (Bio)Chemical Conversions: From Construction to Application
Authors: Choi Inseong , Yeo Woon‐Seok
Published: June 2012

Surfaces with “dynamicity” whereby surface properties can be modulated by an external stimulus on user demand have been actively exploited for the past decade. These switchable surfaces with dynamic properties are widely used for a number of applications such as micro/nanoarrays, biomolecule immobilization, basic cell studies, and tissue engineering on a variety of materials. This minireview highlights the dynamic control of surface properties on self‐assembled monolayers and focuses on dynamicity that stems from (bio)chemical conversions achieved by electrical potentials, photoillumination, chemical reagents, enzymes, and pH.
Circadian clock genes Bmal1 and Clock during early chick development
Authors: Gonçalves Lisa , Vinhas Maurícia , Pereira Rui , Pais De Azevedo Tomás , Bajanca Fernanda , Palmeirim Isabel
Published: June 2012

Background: The circadian clock is a well‐described temporal organizer in adult organisms. Despite the particularly evident need for temporal control during embryo development, the effect of environmental cues is still greatly neglected. Few studies have reported circadian clock gene expression in early embryonic stages. However, nothing is known about circadian clock gene expression and function in the first stages of avian embryogenesis. Results/Conclusions: In this work, the presence and spatial distribution of core circadian clock Bmal1 and Clock transcripts were thoroughly characterized during the first 50 hr of chick development using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), single and double whole‐mount in situ hybridization and subsequent cross‐section histology analysis. RT‐PCR detected both Bmal1 and Clock transcripts since the egg is laid and until the embryo reaches the 22‐somite stage. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization showed that Bmal1 and Clock are expressed in the Hensen's node and primitive streak at early gastrula stage. Later, both mRNAs are present in the developing nervous system, optic vesicle, notochord, foregut, and somites. Clock was further identified in the developing heart. Noticeably, Bmal1 and Clock are expressed with a “salt and pepper” pattern, suggesting the existence of nonentrained oscillatory transcription which could play a nondependent dark/light function during chick embryo development. Developmental Dynamics 241:1365–1373, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitochondrial lineages in Notochthamalus scabrosus as indicators of coastal recruitment and interactions
Authors: Laughlin Kelly M. , Ewers Christine , Wares John P.
Published: June 2012

A significant genetic cline has previously been identified along the Chilean coast in the barnacle Notochthamalus scabrosus. Samples from the previous study, spanning 800 km, were not able to show whether the southern lineage ultimately goes to fixation at higher latitudes. In addition to expanding the geographic sampling of this species, locations that were sampled approximately four to five generations ago were resampled for this study, enabling a temporal comparison of the location and strength of the observed cline. Here, we show that although the cline persists as expected, the tremendous changes in observed lineage frequencies near the clinal boundary are indicative of source‐sink dynamics that may be associated with a codistributed biogeographic transition zone. We also find that the southern lineage does not increase in frequency in more southern populations, suggesting that this lineage is maintained through a combination of density‐dependent interactions and a coastal fitness gradient.
Separation and characterization of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD‐1) from human erythrocytes by capillary electrophoresis time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Borges‐Alvarez Marta , Benavente Fernando , Barbosa José , Sanz‐Nebot Victoria
Published: June 2012

Cu, Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD‐1) is a homodimeric metalloenzyme that has been related to ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). The majority of ALS cases are sporadic while approximately 10% are inherited (familial ALS, FALS). Mutations in the amino acid sequence of human SOD‐1 cause only 25% of the FALS cases, while the explanation for the rest is not clear yet. In this way, several authors have suggested the importance of posttranslational modifications or dimer dissociation on formation of the characteristic fatal intraneuronal SOD‐1 aggregates. In this paper, we used capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray mass spectrometry with an accurate mass and high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (CE‐TOF‐MS) for separation and characterization of standard bovine SOD‐1 and human SOD‐1 purified from erythrocytes. Two background electrolytes (BGEs) were used for CE‐TOF‐MS experiments in positive ion mode. An acidic BGE allowed detection of apo‐monomer SOD‐1, because the metal ions were completely released during the electrophoretic separation. The better sensitivity at acidic pH was especially interesting to detect different isoforms of human SOD‐1. In contrast, a neutral BGE provided enhanced conditions for detection of the fully metalated dimeric and monomeric enzyme, but selecting an appropriate fragmentor voltage value in the TOF analyzer was critical to obtain reliable quantitative information. Anyway, only the metalated forms involving the main isoform of human SOD‐1 were detected due to the lower sensitivity. Hence, the combination of both methodologies resulted necessary to obtain detailed structural information from the enzyme.
Validated hemoglobin‐depletion approach for red blood cell lysate proteome analysis by means of 2D PAGE and Orbitrap MS
Authors: Walpurgis Katja , Kohler Maxie , Thomas Andreas , Wenzel Folker , Geyer Hans , Schänzer Wilhelm , Thevis Mario
Published: June 2012

The analysis of the cytosolic red blood cell (RBC) proteome is negatively affected by the high intracellular amount of hemoglobin complicating the detection of low‐abundant cytosolic proteins. In this study, an alternative approach for the preparation of hemoglobin‐depleted RBC lysates is presented, which was established in combination with downstream 2D PAGE analysis and Orbitrap MS. Hemoglobin removal was accomplished by using HemoVoidTM depletion reagent, which enabled a very efficient enrichment of low‐abundant proteins by simultaneously reducing the hemoglobin concentration of the sample. After defining selected sample preparation protocol characteristics including specificity/selectivity, precision and linearity, a 2D reference map (pH 4–7) of the cytosolic RBC proteome was generated and a total of 189 different proteins were identified. Thus, the presented approach proved to be highly suitable to prepare reproducible high‐resolution 2D protein maps of the RBC cytosol and provides a helpful tool for future studies investigating disease‐ or storage‐induced changes of the cytosolic RBC proteome.
Concentration and determination of cotinine in serum by cation‐selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Xu Xin , Fan Z. Hugh
Published: June 2012

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), combined with on‐line concentration techniques, cation‐selective exhaustive injection (CSEI) and sweeping, was developed for the analysis of cotinine, the primary biomarker for exposure to secondhand smoke. Experimental parameters including sample matrix, surfactant concentration, injection length and concentration of high‐conductivity buffer, and sample electrokinetic injection time were optimized for electrophoretic enrichment and separation processes. Under the optimal conditions, the detection sensitivity of cotinine was enhanced by about 5000‐fold using CSEI‐sweeping MEKC compared to normal MEKC. The limit of detection for cotinine was found to be 0.2 ng/mL using ultraviolet absorbance detection. Furthermore, the developed method was successfully applied to the detection of cotinine in mouse serum samples.
The reaction of 2‐bromopyridine with a PH3/H2 system in the KOH/DMSO suspension: A short route to tris(2‐pyridyl)phosphine
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Gusarova Nina K. , Artem'ev Alexander V. , Malysheva Svetlana F. , Belogorlova Nataliya A. , Korocheva Anastasiya O.
Published: June 2012

The straightforward reaction of 2‐bromopyridine with a PH3/H2 system (generated from phosphorus red and aqueous alkali) in the superbasic KOH/DMSO/(H2O) suspension under mild conditions (70°C, 1.5 h, atmospheric pressure) affords selectively and cleanly tris(2‐pyridyl)phosphine in 50% yield; no admixtures of the expected primary and secondary pyridylphosphines were observed in the crude product. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:411–414, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21030
AN INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLE APPROACH TO UNEMPLOYMENT, PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH AND SOCIAL NORM EFFECTS
Authors: Gathergood John
Published: June 2012

This empirical study presents estimates of the impact of unemployment on psychological health using UK household panel data. The causal impact of unemployment is established using instrumental variable methods. Psychological health is measured using both the General Household Questionnaire measure and also self‐reported data on individual occurrences of anxiety‐related conditions. We find evidence for positive selection into unemployment on the basis of poor psychological health. Nevertheless, panel instrumental variable estimates suggest a sizeable causal worsening of psychological health arising from unemployment. We also find evidence that the negative impact of unemployment can be largely mitigated by local labour market conditions: those entering unemployment in localities with higher unemployment rates suffer less deterioration in their psychological health. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous polysubstance use among Danish 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine and hallucinogen users: combination patterns and proposed biological bases
Authors: Licht Cecilie L. , Christoffersen Maria , Okholm Mads , Damgaard Lærke , Fink‐Jensen Anders , Knudsen Gitte M. , Erritzoe David
Published: June 2012

Objective

To describe patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) among Danish 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (“Ecstasy”) and hallucinogen users.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey of 98 active MDMA and/or hallucinogen users recruited through homepage advertisements, flyers, and word of mouth in Denmark. Lifetime and recent substance use and SPU at last recalled use was described by structured interviews. Hair samples from a subset of participants were analyzed for MDMA.

Results

The participants had used an average of 12.6 (95% confidence interval: 11.7–13.4) psychoactive substances during their lifetime. SPU was prevalent among MDMA, d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin users, in particular with alcohol and cannabis. Among MDMA users, 69% had combined MDMA with amphetamines, 56% with hallucinogens, and 47% with cocaine. At last recalled use, MDMA was taken with 2.1 ± 1.2 substances in 32 different combinations. The participants preferred specific drug combinations and named several, which in their experience enhanced or counteracted each other. Alcohol and cannabis were typically used before, during, and after MDMA, LSD, and psilocybin, whereas amphetamines were predominantly taken before these substances. When LSD was combined with MDMA, the majority took MDMA after LSD.

Conclusions

Simultaneous polysubstance use was common among Danish MDMA and hallucinogen users, and patterns of preferred substance combinations were evident. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ex vivo co‐culture model system to evaluate stromal–epithelial interactions in breast cancer
Authors: Salameh T.S. , Le T.T. , Nichols M.B. , Bauer E. , Cheng J. , Camarillo I.G.
Published: June 2012

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. High breast cancer incidence and mortality rates, especially in obese patients, emphasize the need for a better biological understanding of this disease. Previous studies provide substantial evidence for a vital role of the local extracellular environment in multiple steps of tumor progression, including proliferation and invasion. Current evidence supports the role of adipocytes as an endocrine organ, which produces steroid hormones, pro‐inflammatory cytokines and adipokines, such as leptin. To further define the role of the mammary microenvironment on tumorigenesis, we have developed an adipose‐tumor epithelial cell co‐culture system designed to reproduce the in vivo mammary environment. We validate this model through use of coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, a label‐free vibrational imaging technique. CARS analysis demonstrates the sustained viability of the adipocytes, and that mammary cancer cell morphology parallels that of tumors in vivo. Also, characterized was the influence of mammary adipose tissue on tumor cell growth and migration. Adipose tissue co‐cultured with mammary tumor epithelial cells, in the absence of any serum or supplemental growth factors, resulted in substantial increases in growth and migration of tumor cells. In conclusion, this novel co‐culture system provides an ideal model to study epithelial–stromal interactions in the mammary gland. Understanding the relationship between adipose tissue, the most abundant and least studied component of the breast stroma and tumor epithelial cells is critical to clarifying the influence of obesity on the development, progression and prognosis of breast cancer.
Time‐dependent biodistribution and excretion of silver nanoparticles in male Wistar rats
Authors: Dziendzikowska K. , Gromadzka‐Ostrowska J. , Lankoff A. , Oczkowski M. , Krawczyńska A. , Chwastowska J. , Sadowska‐Bratek M. , Chajduk E. , Wojewódzka M. , Dušinská M. , Kruszewski M.
Published: June 2012

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most commonly used nanoparticles owing to their antimicrobial properties. The motivation of the present study was (1) to analyze the effect of silver particle size on rat tissue distribution at different time points, (2) to determine the accumulation of AgNPs in potential rat target organs, (3) to analyze the intracellular distribution of AgNPs and (4) to examine the excretion of AgNPs by urine and feces. AgNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements, BET surface area measurements, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. AgNPs (20 and 200 nm) were administered intravenously (i.v.) to male Wistar rats at a dose of 5 mg kg–1 of body weight. Biological material was sampled 24 h, 7 and 28 days after injection. Using inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) it was observed that AgNPs translocated from the blood to the main organs and the concentration of silver in tissues was significantly higher in rats treated with 20 nm AgNPs as compared with 200 nm AgNPs. The highest concentration of silver was found in the liver after 24 h. After 7 days, a high level of silver was observed in the lungs and spleen. The silver concentration in the kidneys and brain increased during the experiment and reached the highest concentration after 28 days. Moreover, the highest concentration of AgNPs was observed in the urine 1 day after the injection, maintained high for 14 days and then decreased. The fecal level of silver in rats was the highest within 2 days after AgNPs administration and then decreased. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.