bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and performance of small-scale reverse osmosis desalination for brackish water powered by photovoltaic units: a review
Authors: Que Vo Nguyen Xuan , Tuan Doan Van , Huy Nguyen Nhat , Phu Vo Le
Published: March 2021

The reverse osmosis (RO) water desalination system powered by the photovoltaic (PV) unit is commonly used to produce drinking water due to their reasonable price. This review focused to display different designs of small-scale PV powered brackish water RO (PV-BWRO) systems that were installed to improve the water productivity at remote areas. The configuration of BWRO units, which determined the operating cost, permeate flow and amount of rejected water, is of great concerns in this work. The specific energy consumption (SEC), total capital cost and water production cost are also analysed to display the feasibility of application of PV unit for small-scale BWRO desalination system. The single-stage configuration was suitable for most of small-scale BWRO systems owning high recovery rates (i.e., higher than 50%). The PV solar system pairing with batteries was not recommended at production capacities below 5 m3 for their high cost and short lifetime. Independently operated PV-BWRO systems required the highest capital cost while produced the lowest operating and overall production costs compared to hybrid systems.
Photochemical modeling of PM2.5 and design measures for PM2.5 reduction: A case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors: Ho Bang Quoc , Vu Hoang Ngoc Khue , Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy , Nguyen Thoai Tam , Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang , Khoa Nguyen Thi Dang , Phu Vo Le
Published: March 2021

Vietnam’s urban areas have faced with serious environmental pollution issues, including: water pollution, municipal waste and air pollution. Air in Ho Chi Minh city is polluted by PM2.5 (particle matter with the diameter is less than 2.5 μm, so-called PM2.5), O3, CO, NO2 and TSP which greatly affects public health. In 2017, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) had 8,640,000 inhabitants with a total of 7,339,552 motorcycles and 637,323 automobiles. There are about 2,500 factories, 2,061,957 household and 5,096 restaurants in the city. The aim of this study is to (i) conduct a detailed air pollution emission inventory for PM2.5; (ii) stimulate PM2.5’s dispersion in HCMC and (iii) propose mitigation measures for PM2.5 in the city. Simulations of air pollution were conducted in HCMC by using TAPM-CTM system model. The model performance was evaluated using observed meteorological data at Tan Son Hoa station and air quality data at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Science. The result states that the sum of air pollutants from main sources of disposal in HCMC is 3,978.32 ton of PM2.5 in 2017. Average maximum 1 hours, 24 hours and annual of PM2.5 concentration in 2017 does not exceed QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT, but it is 1.3 to 2.3 times higher than the WHO’s guideline. Therefore, the PM2.5 in HCMC impacts on public health of HCMC. To control and manage the air’s quality and minimize the generation of PM2.5 in HCMC there are possible solutions such as the control of air pollutants from the main source, the creation of encouraging policy, the regulation of air pollutants in HCMC and the raising people’s awareness of environmental protection.
Effect of fertilizer formulas on some soil agrochemical indicators, growth and productivity
Authors: Tran Q P , Khanh B X , Huong L T T
Published: March 2021

The experiment aimed at identifying and selecting primer fertilizer formulas included 1 control formula: 40 kg N + 90 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K20 + 500 kg of powdered lime, 4 formulas of manure + control and 4 formulas of microbiological organic phosphate + The control was arranged in full randomized blocks and 3 repetitions, monitoring soil chemistry, growth and yield of peanut variety MD7. The results showed that the fertilizer formula influenced plant height from flowering to harvest, the number of leaves on the main stem, number and weight of nodules over time, the number of green leaves remaining when harvested, productivity, economic efficiency and indicators of soil agrochemical. The most suitable fertilizer formula is 1.4 tons of microbiological organic phosphate + control for 1 ha. However, the study recommends that the formula for fertilizing 1.1 tons of microbiological organic phosphate + control will yield the highest VCR ratio of 5.17 times. Adding microbiological organic phosphorus was more effective than equivalent formulas with manure.
Merino sheep nitrogen balance with the addition of mahogany leaves (Swietenia mahagoni) as tannins source in feed
Authors: Azizah E R , Hanim C , Yusiati L M , Kurniawati A
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to compare nitrogen consumption, nitrogen excretion, digested nitrogen, and nitrogen balance in Merino sheep which were given different level of tannins in the feed rations, namely 0%, 1.5%, and 3%. Twelve male Merino sheep aged 15-24 months with the average body weight of 30-35 kg were used in this experiment. There were 14 days of the adaptation period, and 7 days of the collection period. The sheep were confined to individual cages, and a nylon nets were fitted bellow the cages to separate urine and feces. The samples of feed, refusal feed, feces, and urine were analyzed for dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) content, and then were used to measure nitrogen consumption, fecal nitrogen, digested nitrogen, urinary nitrogen, and nitrogen balance. The result showed a significant difference (P <0.05) on nitrogen consumption, nitrogen excretion, digested nitrogen, and nitrogen balance. There was a decrease value in the level of tannin addition 1.5%, but increased at the 3% level. It can be concluded that different level of additional tannins up to 3% in Merino sheep feed showed positive nitrogen balance value. Therefore, the protein requirement of Merino sheep could be achieved.
Effect of betel type (Piper sp) and concentration of betel leaf extract on quality and antibacterial activities of glycerine bar soap
Authors: Hafizah I , Aisyah Y , Hasni D
Published: March 2021

Betel is an Asian medical plant that has antibacterial properties. Addition of betel extract to soap during its production steps may affects the quality characteristics, organoleptic and antibacterial activity of glycerine bar soap. This research aims to identify the effect of red and green betel by applying its ethanol extract on soap. This study used a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) using the factor of betel types, red betel (S1) and green betel (S2) and concentrations of betel extract, which are 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The collected data were analysed using the Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA) and continued with the Duncan test Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Test results showed that the soap has moisture contents between 1.24%–5.64%, free alkalis between 0.03%–0.44%, and pH with range 10.72–11.31. Red betel soap has a higher moisture content and free alkali levels as the added betel concentration increases. For its aroma, colours, and transparency, panellists hedonically tended to like the red betel soap more than the green. The transparent soap with addition 2.5% red betel extract has the best quality, as well as organoleptic and antibacterial activity characteristics when compared to other glycerine bar soaps.
Second regrowth phase generative characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with addition of lighting duration and dolomites
Authors: Suwignyo B , Adnan F , Umami N , Pawening G , Suseno N , Suhartanto B
Published: March 2021

This study determines generative growth characteristics of alfalfa in second regrowth with the addition of dolomite and extended photoperiod. This study used a completely randomized design tested via Least Significant Difference. Dolomite was added at 0, 6 and 12 ton/ha. Photoperiod was varied at 12, 14 and 16 hours. The results conclude that extended photoperiod promoted alfalfa growth. Lengthier exposure to lighting promoted faster flowering and greater proportions of pod emergence and pod ripening. The addition of dolomite levels did not affect generative growth, except in the percentage of pods per plants. The addition of 16-hour lighting duration improved the second regrowth stage of alfalfa as compared to 14 and 12-hour photoperiods. The result yielded 61.63% seed purity and 13.33% seed viability.
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as an integrated approach for rapid classification and bioactive quality evaluation of intact Feronia limoni
Authors: Yusnaini R , Ikhsan I , Idroes R , Munawar A A , Arabia T , Saidi N , Nasution R
Published: March 2021

Feronia limoni (Wood-apple) is one of the most researched plants containing bioactive compounds that have biological activity. So far, research on chemical compounds and fruit activity of F. limoni is often carried out using laboratory analysis, such as chromatographic analysis. This study aimed to assess the ability of NIRS to predict organic compounds contained in F. limoni based on its spectrum. Intact F. limoni samples were obtained from five different geographical origins in Aceh Province. Spectra data in form of absorbance spectrum were acquired using a portable sensing device NIRS instrument PSD FTNIRS i16 in wavenumbers 4000-10000 cm-1 or in the wavelength range from 1000 to 2500 nm with resolution windows of 0.02 nm and optical gain 4x. The results showed that NIRS was able to classify F. limoni samples based on geographical origins with the maximum explained variance of two PCs is 93%. Moreover, the respective wavelength related to this classification is 1090, 1270,1390, 1459, 1602,1713, 1912, and 2211 nm which corresponds to C-H, O-H, C-H-O, N-H stretching. It is related to acids, carbohydrates, and the fibre content of F. limoni samples from bent and stretched along the near-infrared region.
Preliminary study of land cover/land use and geomorphic change of the near shoreline of Aceh Jaya Regency: a multi-temporal and multi-image approach
Authors: Sugianto S , Rusdi M , Syahputri Y , Fazlina Y D
Published: March 2021

Land cover/land-use change in Aceh Jaya Regency is greatly affected by the community and local government's increasing activities on land. The continuing development may create a problem due to progressing land use and geomorphic changes along the coastal area since the 2004 tsunami. To examine the land cover/land use and the extent of the geomorphic change to the coastline of Aceh Jaya Regency, a detailed study on the historical shoreline positions and land cover/land-use change was carried out. This preliminary study tried to analyze land use/land cover and geomorphic change from 2004 until 2019 along the coastal area of Aceh Jaya in Aceh, Indonesia, by utilizing multi-temporal and multi-image data. Results show that land use/land cover has considerably changed, primarily to vegetation, open land, and a water body that varied in total area during the year of observation. Coastline changed markedly since 2004 with abrasion reaching up to 436.38 meters from the original coastline, and the loss of land area up to 457.90 hectares, and 5.78 hectares of accretion was added. The longest distance of land that has disappeared from the original shoreline was recorded 436.38 meters from the mainland.
Transparency and thickness of jackfruit and durian seed starch edible film
Authors: Wahidin M , Srimarlita A , Sulaiman I , Indarti E
Published: March 2021

Edible films are plastics that can be degraded by microorganismnisms and are made from renewable materials. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of jackfruit and durian seed starches, improve the physical and mechanical properties of edible film from starch to characteristics physical properties edible film. The concentration of jackfruit and durian seed starches are 3%, 4%, and 5% with an addition of glycerol as a plasticizer. The durian seed starch edible films were 0.032–0.041 mm thinner than the edible film from jackfruit seed starch (0.035–0.043 mm) and the thickness increased as the starch concentration in the film making solution increased. At the same concentration level, jjackfruit seed starch resulted in a thicker film compared to film from the durian seed starch. Transparency of film was detected using UV-VIS and showed that the transparency of film decreased when the concentration of starch increased. Durian seed starch edible film showed that jackfruit seed starch edible film has a higher transmittance value compared to durian seed starch film. All films show a very low transmittance (below 23% at 550 nm); this opaque film can be applied for uses in food packaging for which transparency is not required.
Identification of β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Aceh patchouli essential oil (PEO) using gas chromatography-mass pectrophotometry (GC-MS)
Authors: Sufriadi E , Meilina H , Munawar A A , Muhammad S , Idroes R
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to determine the composition of β-Caryophyllene (BCP) content in patchouli oil from various regions in Aceh. The data from GC-MS analysis can also describe the type of BCP isomer most commonly found in Aceh patchouli. This research used Aceh Pogostemon cablin Benth patchouli oil from 17 different locations. Samples were analyzed using TSQ™ 9000 Triple Quadrupole GC-MS/MS (Thermo Scientific) with TraceGOLD TG-1MS GC Columns. The mean BCP retention time was 14.64 minutes, with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.16. Only one type of BCP compound isomer appeared, namely Bicyclo [7.2.0] undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-, [1R- (1R*, 4Z, 9S*)]. The results also showed that the average BCP level was 5.51%. Aceh patchouli contains a much higher BCP level than the minimum commercial target (3.4-3.5%). The MS spectrum data also showed a high similarity between the patchouli oil sample fragmentation and the compound library.
Study on sustainable agriculture and dimension of needs: a case study patchouli farming in Aceh Jaya
Authors: Zikri I , Agussabti  , Indra  , Kamaruzzaman S , Susanti E , Mujiburrahmad
Published: March 2021

Aceh patchouli is a global market-leading commodity that has a high economic value regarding the most superior quality characteristics compared to other varieties. However, this condition has not been able to make a real contribution to regional economic growth and to overcome poverty problems in Aceh. This study aims to examine the dimensions of sustainable patchouli farming and its implications for poverty alleviation. This study employed a descriptive explorative method by a case study approach, which focuses on patchouli farmers who engage in a small-scale plantation business in Aceh Jaya, Aceh Province by field observation, in-depth interviews focused group discussions. This study found that the economic condition of the community has stagnated to grow well, even though the performance of patchouli productivity is relatively good. Several crucial issues in patchouli farming practices show a pattern that illustrates the weak support for strengthening the community's economy. This study emphasizes the urgency of strengthening the supporting elements of the integrated Aceh patchouli upstream-downstream business. Therefore, the goal is increasing welfare and growth must be based on changes in behavior to enhance productivity and value chain through the development and strengthening of an innovation system.
Effect of drying temperature on the moisture loss, acidity and characteristics of Amla fruit
Authors: Raaf A , Suriaini N , Djafar F , Syamsuddin Y , Supardan MD
Published: March 2021

This study investigated the effect of drying conditions on the Amla fruit. Experiment is conducted using a lab-scale oven dryer at temperature 40 °C and 50 °C. Amla slices were dried with a thickness of 0.5 cm and length 0.1 cm. The dried products were evaluated with moisture loss and acidity. The results showed that the temperature greatly influences the moisture content, acidity, and the dried product's microscopic. The moisture loss at the drying temperature of 50 °C was higher than 40 °C. Meanwhile, the acidity of dried Amla powder produced at a drying temperature of 40 °C was higher than 50 °C. Based on X-ray diffractometer analysis, the microstructure of Amla was crystalline-amorphous. Results of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis showed O-H, C-O, and C=O forms that indicated polyphenols, pectin, and ascorbic acid compounds in Amla fruit. Oven dryer temperatures had significant effects on the microstructure based on scanning electron microscope analysis.
Aceh farmer’s acceptance of agricultural technology
Authors: Agussabti  , Rahmaddiansyah  , Romano  , Zahara I
Published: March 2021

The use of technology in rice farming is urgently needed by farmers to increase productivity and increase business efficiency. The characteristics of technological innovation consisting of relative advantages, compatibility, compatibility, trialability, and observation can influence farmers' attitudes to adopt technology. Some technological innovations used by farmers using a machine combining harvesters, tractors, Ciherang-type superior seeds, and planting. The purpose of this research is to conduct a consistent constitutional trial of various technological innovation variables and public acceptance of the technology being introduced. This research was conducted in Aceh Besar and Pidie Jaya districts using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) analysis model and descriptive analysis. The final results of this study are expected so that the government can adopt policies that are appropriate to the needs of technology in agriculture that can be accepted by the community.
Diversity of Hymenoptera parasitoid in organic and conventional arabica coffee plantations in Aceh Tengah District, Aceh Province, Indonesia
Authors: Saifullah  , Husni H , Jauharlina J , Hamdi S
Published: March 2021

This research is a descriptive exploratory study. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of parasitoids in coffee plantations that are managed organically and conventionally. Based on statistical analysis shows that the composition and diversity of the Hymenoptera parasitoid in Arabica coffee plantations in Aceh Tengah District is influenced by cultivation techniques (organic and conventional). Both the number of families and species of Hymenoptera parasitoid found in organic coffee plantations were higher than those found in conventional ones. In organic coffee plantations, 8 families and 15 species were found, while in conventional plantations there were only 4 families and 10 species. The parasitoid species diversity index value (H') in organic coffee plantations was better than conventional coffee plantations, while the evenness index value (E) on organic and conventional coffee plantations was relatively more likely (not statistically different) and to be classified as good categories. This indicates that there are several families of the Hymenoptera parasitoid that dominate both in organic and in conventional coffee plantations. The low diversity of the Hymenoptera parasitoid in conventional coffee plantations is thought to be a result of the continued application of synthetic pesticides, thus affecting the extinction of various parasitoid species.
The impact of the salt stress on the growth of floating rice lines on germination and seedling states
Authors: Quí T P
Published: March 2021

Selection of salt-tolerant rice varieties is necessary for climate changes in Mekong Delta. Twenty-eight floating rice lines collected from Cho Moi and Tri Ton districts, An Giang province were tested on salt concentrations at germination and seedling stage. Length of root and shoot, germination rate were estimated for the germination stage. Root length, plant height and survival rate were measured for the seedling stage. The rice lines were evaluated for salt tolerance in the hydroponic nutrient solution of 0, 1, 3, 5 %0 NaCl. Germination rate, shoot and root length of the most rice lines were reduced with the increase in salinity and strongly decreased at 5 %0 NaCl. However, lines TQS140, TQS142, TQS 145 and TDC were less affected with the increase of salt concentration. Increasing concentration of salinity led to reducing the height of plant and survival rate. Lines TQS 142 survived 85 % at 5 %0 NaCl. TQS142 may be potential for breeding material or seed resources in the salinity intrusion conditions.
Chemometric classification of geothermal and non-geothermal ethanol leaf extract of seurapoh (Chromolaena odorata Linn) using infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Abubakar A , Yusuf H , Syukri M , Nasution R , Karma T , Munawar A A , Idroes R
Published: March 2021

This work reports on the chemometric classification of ethanol leaf extract of seurapoh (Chromolaena odorata Linn) obtained from geothermal and non-geothermal area. This analysis aims to identify the correlation between the ethanol leaf extract of seurapoh (ELES) collected from three locations, one geothermal area (Ie Seuum) and two non-geothermal areas (Lhoknga Beach, Samahani), Aceh Besar Province, Indonesia. The extraction was made by ethanol 96% using maceration. After extraction, each sample's infrared spectrum was acquired using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy at a wavenumber range of 10,000 cm-1– 4,000 cm-1. The spectral data were preprocessed with the MSC method to remove the light scattering effect during spectral acquisition. The classification of ELES was conducted using Principle Component Analysis (PCA), yielding plot scores as follows, PC1 and PC2 were capable of explaining 97% of the total data (PC1 = 87%, PC2 = 10%). The results also revealed very well discrimination of the samples based on their respective sampling locations. It further implied that the ELES had significant different NIR spectral profiles, which were following their sampling locations. Hence, it can be concluded that there is a possibility of different compounds contained within the ELES, collected from the geothermal area and two other non-geothermal areas.
The performance of paddy farming in Aceh province
Authors: Baihaqi A , Hamid A H , Zikri I , Kurniawan D , Fazlina Y D , Wardhana M Y , Bahri T S
Published: March 2021

Aceh Province contributed three percent of Indonesia's paddy production in 2019. This study aims to analyze the farmer's performance and the correlation between income and paddy farmer’s performance. The samples were selected using purposive sampling and data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative and Rank Spearman. The results show the average age of farmers is 46 years old, with 20 years experience in average, and the majority are high school graduates. Meanwhile, the average income of the farmers is IDR 15,464,017/ha, with and the average land managed of 0.7 hectares, the average production of 6.5 ton/ha, the average labor use of 32 days. The farmers use the following fertilizers: 125.74 - 216.85 kg/ha urea, 33.71 - 161.61 kg/ha SP-36, 5.62 - 41.99 kg/ha KCl, 19.43 - 70.72 kg/ha ZA, 20.22 - 222.96 kg / ha NPK, 13.69 kg/ha TSP, 7.30 kg/ha NPK Mutiara and 0.82 - 667.57 kg/ha organic fertilizer. In the Central region, female labors strongly dominate the planting, weeding, and harvesting activities. In the north and west region, women are actively planting and harvesting using conventional systems. The Spearman rank analysis shows that the correlations between income and production of 0.930, land tenure of 0.840, the cost of using fertilizer of 0.283, and the cost of using labor of 0.197.
Growth of entomopathogenic fungi colonies Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin enriched with termite juice
Authors: Anggraini N , Suhartono S , Alfizar A , Husni H , Rusdiana S , Fauziah F , Syaukani S
Published: March 2021

Coptotermes curvignathusare termites classified as pest organisms or destructive organisms, because these termites are often found to attack homes, buildings, and plantations. Entomopathogenic fungi ofMetarhizium anisopliaeis an alternative way to control the termite in environmentally friendly approach. This study aimed to determine the combination media of termite juice concentration for the growth ofMetarhizium anisopliae. The fungi were inoculated on growth media (Potato Dextrose Agar) supplemented with termite juice using various concentration of 0% (control), 50%, 75% and 100%. This study showed that fungi grown on media supplemented with 50%, 75 of termite juice produced 2,9 × 107spore/mL density. This result was not significantly different from the media supplemented with 25% and 75% of termite juice yielding 2,4 × 107and 2,7 × 107spore/mL density, respectively. However, this result was significantly different compared to the control treatment and media supplemented with 100% of termite juice yielding spore density of 1,1 × 107and 1,4 × 107, respectively. The growth media supplemented with termite juice is considered to have more nutritional composition to stimulate spore formation promising its application for promoting media of entomopathogenic fungi.
System dynamics modeling of agricultural land conversion in Aceh Besar District
Authors: Hakim L , Utami S , Kasimin S , Irwan
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study is to design a sub-model as a policy strategy alternative in controlling agricultural land conversion. Method applied in this study is system dynamics, a modelling approach based on systems thinking which uses the perspectives of information feedback and delay to understand the complex behavior of physical, biological, and social systems in agricultural land conversion. The study utilized Vensim DSS software to perform the model formulation and the simulation. The computation obtained six main sub-models applicable in the design process of control models for the transfer of functions of agricultural land in Aceh Besar District. The sub-models concern population, settlements, industry, rice fields, forests and fields, and rice stock.
Inventory of fungi from termite nests at Gunung Leuser National Park, northern Sumatra
Authors: Hanum S , Fitri L , Lisa O , Samingan S , Alfizar A , Sutekad D , Novita N , Muarrif S , Syaukani S
Published: March 2021

Fungi and termite coexisted each other and have diverse symbiotic relationship in tropical forest. This research aims to determine the fungus found on termite nests in Suaq Balimbing Research Station so it can be used that as initial information in developing environmentally friendly termite control. The method used for collecting samples of fungus is a Standarized Sampling Protocol and for identification used slide culture method. The results showed that 5 of 12 termites nest are invaded by fungi. Based on macroscopic and microscopic observation, fungus species that obtained from termite nests are 2 species, namely: Penicillium sp.1, Trichoderma sp. 1
Natural spontaneous fermentation effects on the properties of sweet potato flour and the resulting wet noodles
Authors: Husna N E , Arpi N , Novita M , Safriani D
Published: March 2021

Sweet potato flour has several weaknesses that hinder its application in noodle making processes. The aim of this study was to improve sweet potato flour by using starch modification through fermentation and to find a wheat flour substitute when making wet noodles. The fermentation took place spontaneously naturally, and through the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum. The modification consisted of M1 = without modification, native; M2 = 4 days natural fermentation of 0.5 cm thickness sweet potato; M3 = 4 days natural fermentation of 1 cm thickness sweet potato; M4 = 2 days L. plantarum fermentation of 0.5 cm thickness sweet potato; and M5 = 2 days L. plantarum fermentation of 1 cm thickness sweet potato. The concentration of sweet potato flour (K) as wheat flour substitute for the noodle were K1 = 25%, K2 = 50%, and K3 = 75%. The flour of M2 natural spontaneous fermentation had the highest viscosity at 80°C and 26°C. Moreover, the noodle made from M2 flour at all the different concentrations possessed the highest elasticity. In addition, the M2 flour at 50% concentration resulted as the best interaction treatment for producing noodles with acceptable sensory descriptive values.
Factors determining farmers’ capacity in raising ‘KUB’ Superior Chicken
Authors: Sirnawati E , Humaedah U , Yusron M
Published: March 2021

Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (Balitbangtan) has produced various technological innovations, one of which is superior chicken called KUB. Massive dissemination on the KUB chicken has been carried out to through intensive assistance including caging and feeding management. This study aims to analyze the factors determining farmers’ capacity in raising the KUB chicken. The study used surveys and interviews to collect the data. Findings showed that not all technologies in raising the KUB chicken have been well understood and adopted by farmers. Several factors have affected its adoption process involving dissemination methods, media, materials, and channels.
Analyzing long run equilibrium of broiler egg prices between wholesalers and retailers in Banda Aceh City using cointegration and Error Correction Model (ECM) approaches
Authors: Novrizal  , Romano  , Nugroho A , Kasimin S
Published: March 2021

Broiler eggs are a strategic food commodity whose price stability needs to be maintained. During a period of 4 years, from 2016 to 2019, the City of Banda Aceh had no egg production, so eggs were supplied from outside the city, including North Sumatra, with the main distribution pattern involving wholesalers and retailers. This study aims to apply the cointegration test to figure out a long-term or stability relationship between the price of eggs at the wholesale trader level and the price of eggs at the retail trader level in Banda Aceh City. Monthly time series data were taken from January 2017 to December 2019. The analytical method used the Johansen Cointegration approach and the Error Correction Model (ECM), and data processing used Stata SE-64 software. The test results showed that there was a cointegration relationship between the price of eggs at the wholesaler level (HPG) and the price of eggs at the retailer level (HPE). This indicates that there is a long run equilibrium or price stability of eggs both at the wholesale trader level and at the retail trader level in Banda Aceh City.
Comparison between single and mixed-species NIRS databases’ accuracy of dairy fiber feed value detection
Authors: Agustiyani I , Despal  , Sari L A , Chandra R , Zahera R , Permana I G
Published: March 2021

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) accuracy is affected by its database. However, our previously developed database for dairy cattle dietary fiber feed (DFF) showed low accuracy for complex organic substance detection due to mixed-species used in the database. This paper aimed to compare single and mixed-species NIRS database accuracy in predicting DFF nutrient contents. In the mixed database, five feeds from three areas of dairy cattle farming were sampled. In the single database, thirty Napier grass from 30 areas were collected. Samples were analyzed chemo-metrically for their nutrient contents. Spectra of each sample were collected three times (two spectra for calibration and a spectrum for validation) using FT-NIRS Spectrometer Solid Cell. Calibration and validation models were carried out using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression. For external validation, seven independent Napier grass samples were tested. The result showed that the single species NIRS database developed using Napier grass was less accurate than mixed-species DFF due to huge nutrient content variations between varieties of Napier grass. It is concluded that database accuracy developed from mixed dietary fiber feed were more accurate in comparison to single species and suggested to used combination of mixed and single database for more accurate DFF prediction.
Sustainable Arabica coffee development strategies in Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Anhar A , Rasyid U H Ar , Muslih A M , Baihaqi A , Romano  , Abubakar Y
Published: March 2021

Arabica coffee is Aceh’s leading commodity, apart from being an export product, it also plays an important role in the income of coffee farmers. Besides known as specialty coffee, Arabica coffee of Aceh has received international acknowledgment through several certifications, such as Fair Trade, Organic, or both, and other certificates. This study was conducted to develop sustainable development strategies for Arabica coffee of Aceh in the two largest coffee-producing districts, namely Bener Meriah and Aceh Tengah. Field study had been conducted from 1 December 2019 to 15 March 2020. Data were analysed by following the basic structure of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis. Sustainable arabica coffee can be carried out through implementing, monitoring, and evaluating policies related to coffee sustainability, increasing coffee productivity through climate-smart coffee practices, such as shade of coffee plantation, soil and water conservation, pest and disease control, development of new clones adapting to climate change, maintaining consistency of farmer’s coffee quality, increasing coffee production by social forestry patterns mainly for coffee farmers who are currently in protected areas, and encouraging millennials to enter the coffee business (particularly in the upstream area).
Morpho-agronomic traits and balance of sink and source of rice planted on upland rainfed
Authors: Ichsan C N , Bakhtiar  , Sabaruddin  , Efendi
Published: March 2021

Rice morpho-agronomic traits determine the yield at different planting seasons due to the characters that are closely related to genetic characteristics and environmental factors. This study aims to observe morpho –agronomic traits of three varieties, namely Situ Patenggang (as the check variety that can be planted in rice fields and upland rainfed), Sipulo and Sanbei (both as the test varieties). The varieties planted in upland rainfed in order to observe the morpho-agronomic traits occur, as the rice planted in rainfed might be able to be planted elsewhere, due to its water stress tolerance. The result showed that the check variety have morpho-agronomic traits that show a balanced sink and source, while the two test varieties, Sipulo and Sanbei have a larger but imbalance source and sink capacity. The imbalance of source and sink was caused by the large amount of the last panicles that appeared from tertiary or quaternary tiller, in which increased the percentage of unfilled grains that later caused a low percentage of filled grain. However, the potential yield remains high compared to the check variety. Therefore, from the observation, it is clear that the morpho-agronomic traits of rice can be determinants in determining rice yield.
Preface
Authors: Tang Wenzhe , Ning Dezhi
Published: March 2021

EEEP (International Conference on Energy Engineering and Environmental Protection) is an annually held conference for all researchers home and abroad since 2016, aiming to provide a good platform for scholars and researchers in the field of energy and environmental protection to discuss the latest developments and achievements, work out good solutions, and make contributions.

The Fifth International Conference on Energy Engineering and Environmental Protection (EEEP2020) was planned to be held in Xiamen, China on November 17-19, 2020. Due to the epidemic of COVID-19, the meeting had to be changed from onsite to online during November 17-19, 2020 for academic exchanges & discussions. EEEP2020 online conference was divided into 2 sessions: Energy Session on Nov. 18 and Environment Session on Nov. 19, 2020.

List of Conference Schedule, Keynote Presentations, Special Session on Intelligent Integrated Energy Systems, Acknowledgements, Introduction to organizers are availble in this pdf.
Simulation implementation of air pollution traceability algorithm based on unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Zhang Shuyu , Liu Zhenguo , Liu Jinbao , Ding Tao , Wei Shuncheng
Published: March 2021

Air pollution has serious harm to the ecological environment and human health. However, current ground monitoring methods and mobile robot traceability methods are difficult to accurately and quickly trace air pollution sources after pollution events. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an air pollution traceability algorithm based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which combines the mobile and flexible UAV with the hill climb traceability algorithm to realize the monitoring and tracking of air pollution source in a large area. Gaussian concentration field and turbulent concentration field are built by MATLAB, and the simulation experiment is carried out in these two concentration fields. Experimental results show that the algorithm can trace air pollution sources quickly and accurately.
The development of port emissions inventory from decision-making perspective: case of the port of Los Angeles
Authors: Cai Ouchen , Peng Chuansheng , Yu Xiujuan
Published: March 2021

The article, based on the comprehensive review and the case study of Port of Los Angeles, investigates the driving force for the development of the port emissions inventory in numerous aspects including environment, public health, economy and society. It includes the summary of the typical methodology for establishing the port emissions inventory, thus allowing the policy makers from more ports including port authorities and operators with no such expertise or experience obtain the insights in terms of strategy, policy and technology which may inspire them to develop their own emission inventories which could be the foundation for decision making related to the emission control and reduction. In addition, the article analyzes the performance of the inventory in facilitating designing the air pollution management measures against various emission sources, especially the critical air emissions from the ocean-going vessels causing significant negative effects in port and coastal areas.
Effects of sediment content changes on the growth of phytoplankton in Dongting Lake
Authors: Wang Kai
Published: March 2021

After the construction of the Three Gorges Dam(TGD) on the Yangtze River, the reservoir’s regulation and storage for upstream flow and downstream river channel erosion (caused by the discharge of clear water) led to a significant reduction in the amount of sediment entering Dongting Lake from the Yangtze River. The decrease in sediment entering the lake led to a decrease in sediment content and an increase in lake transparency. These factors caused the growth of algae in Dongting Lake, and the level of lake eutrophication increased. Based on the AQUATOX aquatic ecology model, this study analyses the responses of phytoplankton and chlorophyll a in each area of Dongting Lake and the changes in the nutritional status of the water body under the scenario of the continuing decline in sediment content while other factors remain unchanged. The results show that as the sediment content decreases, the biomass of phytoplankton and the content of chlorophyll a will show increasing trends in each area of Dongting Lake. In this case, eutrophication will continue to develop in Dongting Lake.
Numerical simulation of liquid CO2 accidental release at atmospheric environment
Authors: Xiao Chenghuan , Lu Zhaijun , Yao Shujian , Yan Liguo , Wang Jiaqiang
Published: March 2021

Investigation of the transient behaviour of high-pressure CO2 sudden release is important for the pipeline transportation safety of carbon capture and storage technology. A CFD model based on the volume of fluid method and non-equilibrium phase transition is established to simulate the high-pressure liquid CO2 release at atmospheric environment, which considers the flow domain out of the opening. The pressure drop and decompression wave speed predicted by CFD are in good agreement with the “shock tube” test results, which verifies the established CFD model. On this basis, we further investigate the transient behaviour of liquid CO2 release. The results show that the liquid-gas two-phase flow continues expanding outward from the rupture opening and sucking up the surrounding air, forming a complex three-phase under-expanded jet. It is found that the distance from rupture opening to Mach disk increases with the increase of initial pressure. It is also found that the liquid-gas CO2 mixture spurted from the rupture opening is mainly composed of liquid CO2 and a small amount of gaseous CO2 by analyzing the mass flow composition. Moreover, The static pressure and the total mass flow at the rupture opening both increase with the increase of the initial pressure, while the mass flow of the gas CO2 decreases with the increase of the initial pressure.
Effects of sludge properties in a combined process of mesophilic anaerobic-aerobic digestion
Authors: Zhao Zehua , Xu Xiaowei , Xu Yuanshun , Wang Tianfeng , Zhang Houhu , Hua Jing
Published: March 2021

The combined medium-temperature anaerobic digestion and medium-temperature aerobic digestion (MAND/MAD) is a strategy that is suitable for the disposal of conventional activated sludge. The MAND/MAD sludge stabilization process was performed at three retention times (17, 24, and 38 days) of anaerobic digestion (AND-time) with further duration up to 22 days of the MAD process. The retention time of the MAND process had an important role in sludge stabilization. Its extension enhanced sludge stability in the aerobic digestion stage. During a MAD process, values of volatile/total solids ratio (VS/TS) presented the lowering course for the three investigated retention AND-times. The relatively long retention time of MAND leads to a higher level of soluble organic compounds (SCOD) and extracellular polymers (EPS) in the supernatant. Due to the shorter capillary uptake time at the end of digestion in the MAND/MAD system, the sludge with an AND-time of 38 days was extremely susceptible to dewatering compared to the sludge with an AND-time of 17 and 24 days.
A novel power system operation simulation method considering multi-state models of coal-fired power unit: a case study of coal-fired power transformation in a certain region of China
Authors: Yue Hao , Zheng Yanan , Han Xue , Li Shunxin , Guo Zheyu , Wang Huiji , Yang Jingang
Published: March 2021

Coal-fired power has played an important role in the power systems, but its operational characteristics, especially the flexibility characteristics is modelled relatively simple in the current operation simulations. Given the background of a rapid development of renewable energy and a sustainable transformation of power systems in China, it is essential to build a refined model of coal-fired power units that can be incorporated into an operation simulation method. First, this study provides an analysis on the flexibility characteristics of coal-fired power units, including the minimum stable output, ramp limit and minimum up/down time. Subsequently, a multi-state probabilistic model of coal-fired power units is proposed. This study also constructs a sequential operation simulation method based on the universal generation function (UGF) method that incorporates multiple states of coal-fired power units. Finally, this study provides a development and transformation pathway for coal-fired power plants in the North Hebei (NH) region and suggestions for promoting a sustainable development of the power system based on the proposed method and multi-state model.
Research on control characteristics of AC/DC hybrid microgrid based on droop control
Authors: Wang Jing , Yang Kehu , Zhao Guopeng
Published: March 2021

When the master-slave microgrid switches from the grid-connected operation mode to the island operation mode, the main converter and its control strategy are switched at this time. With the unintentional islanding of the microgrid, there is an uncontrollable voltage phenomenon during islanding detection, causing undervoltage or overvoltage, which endangers the overall microgrid stability and safety. Aiming at this problem, a microgrid control strategy is proposed in this paper: during grid-connected operation, both the grid-connected converter and the energy storage converter adopt droop control to jointly control the bus voltage stability, while also ensuring the power balance between the microgrid and the public grid. The grid-connected converter exits operation after islanding, and the energy storage converter becomes the main converter to stabilize the bus voltage while maintaining the power balance of the load. The output of the converter in this method has continuity, which can well realize the seamless switching of microgrid from grid-connected to island operation. A simulation model of the solar-storage microgrid was built in PSCAD. The simulation verifications of its grid-connected and island mode and seamless switching control prove the effectiveness of the control strategy proposed in this paper.
Research on energy management of vehicle-mounted PV / energy storage dc micro-grid
Authors: Zhang Wentao , Ye Shengyong , Wei Jun , Dai Chaohua , Lian Jingru
Published: March 2021

The application of multi-energy systems in urban rail vehicles have attracted increasing attention. However, the existing studies were mainly focused on high-voltage systems, but rarely on low-voltage multi-energy systems. Based on the world’s first hybrid fuel cell / supercapacitor 100%-low-floor tram, a model of vehicle-mounted PV / energy storage low-voltage DC micro-grid is proposed for the train’s 24V DC loads. Moreover, an energy management strategy based on Fuzzy control is proposed to achieve the sufficient consumption of PV power and the reasonable SOC distribution of the battery. The calculation results show that the proposed low-voltage multi-energy system can meet the load demand and the battery constraints, and the PV utilization rate is as high as 99.8%.
Research on fault ride-through control strategy for DC microgrid with high-proportion renewable generation
Authors: Ji Wanyu , Dong Wei , Zhang Junjun , Liu Meiyin
Published: March 2021

DC microgrids with high-proportion renewable generation have been popular in the new era of the energy revolution. To improve the fault ride-through capability of DC microgrid, a fault ride-through scheme based on battery storage is proposed. A feed-forward term based on a nonlinear disturbance observer is introduced, and a fault ride-through control strategy based on battery storage under the improved droop control is designed for DC microgrid, which can effectively suppress the DC voltage fluctuations, shorten the voltage recovery time, thereby realizing the fault ride-through of DC microgrid under short-circuit fault in the DC branch. Finally, a model of DC microgrid with high-proportion renewable generation is established in Simulink, and simulation results verify the proposed scheme and the designed fault ride-through control strategy.
Study on thermal load test of water wall of 350MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler
Authors: Wang Dehua , Miao Shanshan , Wang Junfeng , Wang Gang , Hu Xue , He Mingyue , Zhang Jun , Wang Ting , Guo Xin , Wang Chengqiang , Liu Wei
Published: March 2021

The thermal load distribution of water wall is the key parameter for the structural design of water walls in supercritical and ultra-supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFB). In this paper, the temperature distribution of the water wall of a 350MW supercritical CFB boiler under typical working conditions was measured by installing 118 temperature measuring points at the back-fire water wall tube and adjacent fins. The deviation in the heat load of water wall as a function of furnace height, width and depth was obtained as well. The experimental results show that temperature of the working medium in water-wall tube increases with increasing furnace height. The thermal deviation of the steam temperature in water wall tube in the direction of furnace width and depth is large at the initial boiler start-up period, the transition period from dry to wet state, and the low load condition. Despite these, the heat load distribution of water wall at the same furnace height remains the same. The results provide a reference for the structural design and operation optimization of supercritical and ultra-supercritical CFB boiler.