bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure and Optical Property of Polymer‐Derived Amorphous Silicon Oxycarbides Obtained at Different Temperatures
Authors: Wang Yiguang , Wang Kewei , Zhang Ligong , An Linan
Published: June 2011

Amorphous silicon carbides are prepared by pyrolysis of a polycarbosilane precursor at different temperatures between 1000° and 1400°C. The structures of the resultant materials are analyzed using X‐ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance, and Raman spectroscopy. The optical properties of the SiC ceramics are investigated by measuring their absorption spectra. It is found that there is a critical temperature range, at which the structural and optical behavior varied in different ways as a function of pyrolysis temperature. The evolution in structures is discussed and the optical behavior is explained in terms of the structural evolution during pyrolysis at different temperatures.
Phase Evaluation in Al2O3 Fiber‐Reinforced Ti2AlC During Sintering in the 1300°C–1500°C Temperature Range
Authors: Spencer C. B. , Córdoba J. M. , Obando N. , Sakulich A. , Radovic M. , Odén M. , Hultman L. , Barsoum M. W.
Published: June 2011

In this article, the reactivity of Ti2AlC powders, with 3 and 10 μm alumina, Al2O3, fibers during pressure‐assisted sintering is explored. Samples were fabricated by hot‐isostatic‐pressing (HIPed) or hot‐pressing (HPed), and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and electron microscopy—both scanning and transmission—equipped with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopes. Samples prepared at 1300°C were fully dense, with no apparent reaction between fiber and matrix. In samples HPed to 1500°C, even pure Ti2AlC powders dissociated to Ti3AlC2 according to: 2 Ti2AlC = Ti3AlC2 + TiAlx (l) + (1‐x) Al (l/v), with x < 1. More severe Al loss results in the formation of TiCy. The presence of the Al2O3 fibers delayed densification enough to allow most of the Al and some of the Ti to escape into the vacuum of the hot press or react with the encapsulating glass during HIPing a resulting in a more intensive dissociation of the Ti2AlC. Although, in principle Ti2AlC can be reinforced with Al2O3 fibers, the processing/use temperature will have to be kept below 1500°C, as, at that temperature the fibers, used here, sinter together.
Energy Transfer Mechanism and Luminescence of Ce0.67Tb0.33Mg1‐xMnxAl11O19 Wide‐Color‐Gamut CCFL Green Phosphor
Authors: Fang Ying‐Chien , Huang Xiao‐Rong , Lin Han‐Yu , Chu Sheng‐Yuan
Published: June 2011

Using a convenient solid‐state reaction Ce0.67Tb0.33Mg1‐xMnxAl11O19 green phosphors were prepared. The effect of Mn2+ doping on the luminescence properties, energy transfer mechanism, and color gamut under 254 nm excitation were investigated. The energy transfer from (Ce,Tb)3+ to Mn2+ was found to be due to multipolar interactions of the dipole–quadrupole mechanism from theoretical fitting results. The critical distance was calculated to be 0.797 nm. When the Mn2+ doping content was increased from 0 to 0.12, the energy transfer efficiency (Ce3+,Tb3+ → Mn2+) gradually increased from 0% to 58%. The Ce0.67Tb0.33Mg0.88Mn0.12Al11O19 sample exhibits 105% of the standard NTSC color gamut. Results indicate that Ce0.67Tb0.33Mg0.88Mn0.12Al11O19 green phosphors can be applied to illumination devices and displays.
Adsorption of Polyelectrolytes on Calcium Carbonate – Which Thermodynamic Parameters are Driving This Process?
Authors: de Reese Johanna , Plank Johann
Published: June 2011

Polyelectrolytes such as dispersants are frequently used to modify the properties of wet preparations applied in the ceramic industry. The working mechanism of those admixtures relies on adsorption on mineral surfaces. Here, an analysis of the thermodynamic parameters which influence adsorption and effectiveness of two cement and clay dispersants was performed. As polyelectrolytes, linear ß‐naphthalenesulfonate formaldehyde (BNS) polycondensate, and comb‐shaped α‐allyl‐ω‐methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐maleic anhydride polycarboxylate copolymer (PC) were selected. The standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of adsorption on CaCO3 as model substrate were determined at pH 9 and in alkaline CaCl2 solution (pH 12.6 plus 1 g/L Ca2+). From temperature dependent adsorption isotherms the thermodynamic parameters ΔH0 and ΔS0 were established. Additionally, the Gibbs free energy of adsorption was calculated. For PC, the gain in entropy resulting from adsorption is consistently higher than for BNS which exhibits a higher release of enthalpy. Thus, adsorption of comb‐shaped PC occurs as a result of entropy gain owed to the release of counterions and water molecules whereas linear BNS adsorbs because of strong electrostatic attraction to the CaCO3 surface. Obviously, the specific molecular architecture and anionic charge amount of the polyelectrolytes strongly impact the portion of enthalpic and entropic contribution to adsorption.
Differences in Early Dynamic Connectivity between Visual Expansion and Contraction Stimulations Revealed by an fMRI‐Directed MEG Approach
Authors: Yang Chia‐Yen , Chao Yi‐Ping , Lin Ching‐Po
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The human visual system responds asymmetrically to visual motion stimuli in opposite directions due to the involvement of the same brain areas but different operating processes. The expansion mode is thought to invoke a vigilance mechanism, whereas the contraction mode does not.

METHODS

To investigate discrepancies between these modes, we produced dynamic connectivity maps based on mutual information between visual‐evoked dipole sources of magnetoencephalography, which were steered by visual activity patterns in functional magnetic resonance imaging under two motion‐stimulus modes.

RESULTS

In the expansion mode, information was conveyed from V1 at 50‐75 ms after motion onset, fed forward to V3A and then V5. Top‐down connectivity paths were evident after a latency of 100 ms. Many of these interactions occurred within 200 ms. However, in the contraction mode, information was conveyed from V3A to V5, followed by feedback, but regained from V1 after a latency of 250 ms. Although these interactions were delayed by about 250 ms, they were completed within 500 ms.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings show that detect spatiotemporal differences between expansion and contraction modes can be readily detected using time‐flow charts. Moreover, delay interactions could be insensitive to object motion away from the observer.
Enhanced mobilization of the bone marrow–derived circulating progenitor cells by intracoronary freshly isolated bone marrow cells transplantation in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Turan R. G. , Bozdag‐T I. , Turan C. H. , Ortak J. , Akin I. , Kische S. , Schneider H. , Rauchhaus M. , Rehders T. C. , Kleinfeldt T. , Belu C. , Amen S. , Hermann T. , Yokus S. , Brehm M. , Steiner S. , Chatterjee T. , Sahin K. , Nienaber C. A. , Ince H.
Published: June 2011

Autologous bone marrow cell transplantation (BMCs‐Tx) is a promising novel option for treatment of cardiovascular disease. We analysed in a randomized controlled study the influence of the intracoronary autologous freshly isolated BMCs‐Tx on the mobilization of bone marrow–derived circulating progenitor cells (BM‐CPCs) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Sixty‐two patients with AMI were randomized to either freshly isolated BMCs‐Tx or to a control group without cell therapy. Peripheral blood (PB) concentrations of CD34/45+‐ and CD133/45+‐circulating progenitor cells were measured by flow cytometry in 42 AMI patients with cell therapy as well as in 20 AMI patients without cell therapy as a control group on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 3, 6 as well as 12 months after AMI. Global ejection fraction (EF) and the size of infarct area were determined by left ventriculography. We observed in patients with freshly isolated BMCs‐Tx at 3 and 12 months follow up a significant reduction of infarct size and increase of global EF as well as infarct wall movement velocity. The mobilization of CD34/45+ and CD133/45+ BM‐CPCs significantly increased with a peak on day 7 as compared to baseline after AMI in both groups (CD34/45+: P < 0.001, CD133/45+: P < 0.001). Moreover, this significant mobilization of BM‐CPCs existed 3, 6 and 12 months after cell therapy compared to day 1 after AMI. In control group, there were no significant differences of CD34/45+ and CD133/45+ BM‐CPCs mobilization between day 1 and 3, 6 and 12 months after AMI. Intracoronary transplantation of autologous freshly isolated BMCs by use of point of care system in patients with AMI may enhance and prolong the mobilization of CD34/45+ and CD133/45+ BM‐CPCs in PB and this might increase the regenerative potency after AMI.
Caveolin induces cardioprotection through epigenetic regulation
Authors: Das Manika , Das Somak , Lekli Istvan , Das Dipak K.
Published: June 2011

Lipid rafts represent a sub‐compartment of the plasma membrane that co‐ordinate and regulate varieties of signalling processes, whereas caveolins are the integral membrane protein of the lipid raft. Recent evidence demonstrated the pivotal role of caveolins in cardioprotection against ischaemic injury, although their mechanism of action is not clear. However, new understanding of epigenetic modification during ischaemia reperfusion suggests additional targeted approaches that have not been explored before. To study the role of caveolin on epigenetic regulation, isolated mouse heart was prepared from wild‐type (WT) and caveolin‐1 knockout (Cav‐1 KO) mouse and preconditioned them with four cyclic episodes of ischaemia/reperfusion followed by 30 min. global ischaemia and 120 min. reperfusion. We found that Cav‐1 KO mouse abolished the acetylation of histone (H3 and H4) and increased the methylation of histone in the preconditioned heart. The increased histone methylation was significantly correlated with an increased level of histone methyltranferase G9a protein and increased the level of histone decaetylase (HDAC) activity. Cav‐1 KO mouse also decreased the translocation of forkhead transcription factor (FOXO3a) to the nucleus and reduced the induction of the expression of SIRT‐1 in the preconditioned heart. Cardioprotective property of Cav‐1 was further confirmed by reduced ventricular function, increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, increased expression of junas kinase (JNK) and Bax and decreased expression of phospho‐adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), phospho‐AKT and B cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2) in Cav‐1 KO preconditioned heart. The results clearly indicate that Cav‐1 induces cardioprotection through epigenetic regulation.
Learning curve and pitfalls of a laparoscopic score to describe peritoneal carcinosis in advanced ovarian cancer
Authors: FAGOTTI ANNA , VIZZIELLI GIUSEPPE , COSTANTINI BARBARA , LECCA ANTONELLA , GALLOTTA VALERIO , GAGLIARDI MARIA LUCIA , SCAMBIA GIOVANNI , FANFANI FRANCESCO
Published: June 2011

Objective. To prospectively estimate the agreement between a fellow in training in gynecologic oncology and a senior surgeon performing a laparoscopic score to describe peritoneal carcinosis diffusion in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Design: Single‐institutional non‐inferiority trial. Setting. University hospital tertiary care center. Population. Ninety consecutive patients with primary advanced ovarian cancer. Methods. The patients underwent staging‐laparoscopy by a fellow in gynecologic oncology and a senior surgeon, sequentially and blindly. Single laparoscopic parameters (omental cake, peritoneal and diaphragmatic carcinosis, mesenteric retraction, bowel stomach infiltration, superficial liver metastasis) and a comprehensive laparoscopic score (PIV) were assessed in each procedure and registered. Main outcome measures. No differences in the score discriminating performance for predicting optimal cytoreduction were observed between fellows’ and seniors’ evaluations. Results. The median number of staging laparoscopies performed by each fellow was 30 (range 28–32). The median score was 6 (0–10) for the fellows and 6 (0–14) for senior surgeons (p=ns). Results were superimposable in 57 of 90 patients (63.3%). Dividing the study period into two blocks, cases 1–45 and cases 46–90, differences were equally distributed over time (16.6 vs. 20%; p=0.9). The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the score of fellows and seniors was 0.86 and 0.89, respectively (p=ns). Conclusions. The laparoscopic assessment of peritoneal cancer diffusion according to a laparoscopic score can reliably be carried out by a fellow in gynecologic oncology after 12 months’ experience without significant differences from a senior surgeon's assessment.
A pilot study to evaluate the success and survival rate of titanium–zirconium implants in partially edentulous patients: results after 24 months of follow‐up
Authors: Barter Stephen , Stone Paul , Brägger Urs
Published: June 2011

Objectives: Implants made from a new titanium–zirconium (TiZr) alloy (Roxolid) have shown good osseointegration with no adverse effects in animal studies. This single‐cohort pilot study was performed to evaluate the performance and safe use of reduced‐diameter implants made from this new TiZr alloy for the first time in human subjects, in a prospective case‐controlled series.

Methods: In two private specialist clinics, each of 22 patients received one 3.3 mm TiZr test implant with a Regular Neck Standard Plus design. The use of the new implant was restricted to the indications and protocol for the use of the existing 3.3 mm diameter regular‐neck implant made from Grade IV titanium. The test implants were splinted to a standard Grade IV titanium Regular Neck implant with a fixed dental prosthesis.

Results: Twenty of 22 patients had a successful and surviving implant at the 2‐year follow‐up; one study implant was lost 80 days after placement due to infection spreading from an adjacent tooth and one patient did not complete the 2‐year assessment. The mean change in the functional bone level 2 years after loading was −0.33±0.54 mm (−0.32±0.61 mm and −0.34±0.63 mm mesial and distal, respectively). Patients had healthy peri‐implant soft tissues, as indicated by mean probing pocket depths ranging from 2.21 to 2.89 mm after 2 years.

Conclusions: Within the limits of this pilot study, the performance of the new implant material was safe and reliable. The new implants meet established success and survival criteria after 2 years.

To cite this article: Barter S, Stone P, Brägger U. A pilot study to evaluate the success and survival rate of titanium–zirconium implants in partially edentulous patients: results after 24 months of follow‐up. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 873–881. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02231.x
The ‘rotiferologist’ effect and other global correlates of species richness in monogonont rotifers
Authors: Fontaneto Diego , Barbosa A. Márcia , Segers Hendrik , Pautasso Marco
Published: June 2011

Global biodiversity patterns are often driven by different environmental variables at different scales. However, it is still controversial whether there are general trends, whether similar processes are responsible for similar patterns, and/or whether confounding effects such as sampling bias can produce misleading results. Our aim is twofold: 1) assessing the global correlates of diversity in a group of microscopic animals little analysed so far, and 2) inferring the influence of sampling intensity on biodiversity analyses. As a case study, we choose rotifers, because of their high potential for dispersal across the globe. We assembled and analysed a new worldwide dataset of records of monogonont rotifers, a group of microscopic aquatic animals, from 1960 to 1992. Using spatially explicit models, we assessed whether the diversity patterns conformed to those commonly obtained for larger organisms, and whether they still held true after controlling for sampling intensity, variations in area, and spatial structure in the data. Our results are in part analogous to those commonly obtained for macroorganisms (habitat heterogeneity and precipitation emerge as the main global correlates), but show some divergence (potential absence of a latitudinal gradient and of a large‐scale correlation with human population). Moreover, the effect of sampling effort is remarkable, accounting for >50% of the variability; this strong effect may mask other patterns such as latitudinal gradients. Our study points out that sampling bias should be carefully considered when drawing conclusions from large‐scale analyses, and calls for further faunistic work on microorganisms in all regions of the world to better understand the generality of the processes driving global patterns in biodiversity.
The c.273+11dup genetic change in the WAS gene is a functionally neutral polymorphism
Authors: Jeanson‐Leh Laurence , Charrier Sabine , Proust Alexis , Bilhou‐Nabéra Chrystele , Favier Rémi , Deswarte Caroline , Bordigoni Pierre , Galy Anne , Delaunay Jean
Published: June 2011

Several pediatric patients showing symptoms consistent with the Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) were referred to us and turned out to display the c.273+11dup change in the WAS gene. It consisted of the insertion of one C in an unusual tract of 7C near the intron 2 donor splicing site of the WAS gene. In the patients, non‐synonymous WAS mutations were found twice only and one mutation was elucidated in RUNX1. In the absence of a non‐synonymous mutation in the WAS gene, the c.273+11dup change affected neither the levels nor the sequence of WAS mRNA. In the presence of a non‐synonymous WAS mutation, the c.273+11dup alteration failed to worsen the expected phenotype. Minor splicing abnormalities concerning exon 10 were observed both in WAS patients, and in healthy individuals carrying or not carrying the c.273+11dup. The c.273+11dup change was encountered four times in 107 normal male and female controls (172 alleles tested: 2.3%), and eight times in a series of 248 male patients (248 alleles tested: 3.2%). We conclude that the presence of the additional C in the WAS gene is a functionally neutral polymorphism.
Development of a 3D pigmented skin model to evaluate RNAi‐induced depigmentation
Authors: Van Gele Mireille , Geusens Barbara , Speeckaert Reinhart , Dynoodt Peter , Vanhoecke Barbara , Van Den Bossche Karolien , Lambert Jo
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Because current skin whitening agents often have insufficient efficacy and side effects, we aim to develop effective and safe therapeutics using RNA interference (RNAi). We established a pigmented human‐reconstructed skin model as a first step in the development of novel siRNA‐based depigmenting agents. Histological characterization revealed that our model had a similar morphology as normal human skin, expressed keratinocyte differentiation as well as basement membrane markers, and showed a high degree of pigmentation. The utility of the model to study RNAi‐induced depigmentation was validated by incorporation of melanocytes transfected with siRNA against tyrosinase, a key enzyme in skin pigmentation. This resulted in a strong reduction in pigmentation and inhibition of melanin transfer proving that siRNA‐mediated gene silencing in melanocytes worked successfully in our model. Therefore, this self‐made 3D skin model will be a useful and easy tool to validate the whitening potential of candidate genes with a presumed function in melanin synthesis or transfer.
The interfollicular epidermal stem cell saga: sensationalism versus reality check
Authors: Kaur Pritinder , Potten Christopher S.
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Adult stem cells in rapidly renewing tissues have been classically defined as rare, relatively quiescent cells with the unique capacity to constantly self‐renew and regenerate tissues during homeostasis. Although this view remains firmly embedded in the skin field, particularly in the area of hair follicle stem cell biology, it has been challenged by a number of notable publications in 2007. These papers leave an uncomfortable feeling with the reader if one believes that stem cells and transit amplifying cells are two polar opposites and ‘never the twain shall meet.’ Even if you do not subscribe to this extreme view, the implications appear to be far‐reaching given that the majority of techniques devised for stem cell identification have used the fundamental tenet that the proliferating compartment is comprised of two distinct, mutually exclusive compartments, i.e. a minor proportion of long‐lived quiescent stem cells with unlimited self‐renewal and a large pool of rapidly cycling, short‐lived transient amplifying cells with limited or no self‐renewal capacity in normal steady‐state conditions. However, these recent findings have resulted in papers that could be described as sensationalistic because they make little or no attempt to reconcile their observations with the large bulk of historical data with direct bearing on the interpretation of stem cell activity in normal steady‐state conditions. Here, we offer some explanations that may help to integrate all of the data while presenting a case that both quiescent stem cells and cycling ‘transit amplifying’ cells contribute to epidermal replacement.
Diel distribution, behaviour and consumption of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in a Wilderness stream
Authors: Cromwell Kara J. , Kennedy Brian P.
Published: June 2011

Abstract –  Understanding population regulation in juvenile salmonids requires distinguishing the effects of intrinsic (size, behaviour) and extrinsic (food, competition) factors. To examine the relative influence of these variables on juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Salmon River drainage (ID, USA), we examined diel differences in foraging microhabitats, behaviour and consumption in two areas with consistent differences in parr‐to‐smolt survival. In lower Big Creek (LBC, high‐survival area) and upper Big Creek (UBC, low‐survival area), we observed fish by snorkelling, recording length, behaviour (foraging rate and aggression) and physical (depth, velocity, cover, temperature) and biotic (density, size and species of neighbouring fish) microhabitat features. Stomach contents were extracted to estimate consumption. Depth and temperature were greater in LBC, where Chinook salmon were significantly larger and present at lower densities. Fish in LBC exhibited higher foraging activity during the day than night, but there were no size differences between day and night foragers. In UBC, a higher density area, foraging behaviour did not change between day and night, although the smallest size classes did not forage nocturnally. Regression models that integrated physical and biotic variables suggested that physical factors influenced foraging in both areas, but competition also affected foraging in UBC. Our results demonstrate that fish from low‐ and high‐survival populations in Big Creek are exposed to different physical and biological influences during their first growth season, which are reflected in different diel foraging behaviours.
Away‐field advantage: mangrove seedlings grow best in litter from other mangrove species
Authors: Chapman Samantha K. , Feller Ilka C.
Published: June 2011

Plant community composition can impact ecosystem processes via litter feedbacks. Species variation in litter quality may generate different patterns of nutrient supply for plants that are dependent on litter inputs. However, it is not known whether plants grow faster in their own litter, litter from other species, or in litter mixtures from multiple species. To test whether litter identity and mixture status influenced mangrove seedling growth, biomass allocation, and stoichiometry, we performed mesocosm experiments. Two species of mangrove seedlings, Avicennia germinans, black mangrove and Rhizophora mangle, red mangrove, were exposed to all possible combinations of three mangrove litter types and were isolated from all other nutrient inputs. Litter treatments significantly altered seedling growth. Seedlings from both mangrove species grew most rapidly in litter from a different species rather than their own, irrespective of litter chemical quality, decomposition rate, and nitrogen release. Litter mixtures from white and black mangroves caused black mangroves to grow 65% more than expected. Litter treatments did not impact seedling root:shoot ratios or tissue C:N. Our finding that seedlings grow best in litter from other species may indicate a mechanism that helps sustain the coexistence of dominant species.
Melatonin attenuates decrease of protein phosphatase 2A subunit B in ischemic brain injury
Authors: Koh Phil‐Ok
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Melatonin is an antioxidant that has neuroprotective functions in ischemic brain injury. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine and threonine phosphatase that modulates cell metabolism and cell survival. This study investigated whether melatonin modulates PP2A subunit B in focal cerebral ischemia and glutamate toxicity‐induced neuronal cell death in a rat model. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed to induce permanent cerebral ischemic injury. Adult male rats were treated with vehicle or melatonin (5 mg/kg) prior to MCAO, and cerebral cortex tissues were collected 24 hr after MCAO. A proteomic approach elucidated the decrease in PP2A subunit B in MCAO‐operated animals. Melatonin treatment attenuated injury‐induced reductions in PP2A subunit B levels. Western blot analyses indicated that melatonin prevents injury‐induced decrease in PP2A subunit B levels. In neuronal cells, glutamate toxicity induced a lowering of PP2A subunit B, while melatonin treatment attenuated the glutamate exposure‐induced decreases in PP2A subunit B. These results suggest that the maintenance of PP2A subunit B by melatonin in ischemic injury is critical to the neuroprotective function of melatonin during neuronal cell damage.
Melatonin restores muscle regeneration and enhances muscle function after crush injury in rats
Authors: Stratos Ioannis , Richter Nils , Rotter Robert , Li Zhengdong , Zechner Dietmar , Mittlmeier Thomas , Vollmar Brigitte
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  The goal of this study was to provide evidence that melatonin improves muscle healing following blunt skeletal muscle injury. For this purpose, we used 56 rats and induced an open muscle injury. After injury, all animals received either daily melatonin or vehicle solution intraperitoneally. Subsequent observations were performed at day 1, 4, 7, and 14 after injury. After assessment of fast twitch and tetanic muscle force, we analyzed leukocyte infiltration, satellite cell number, and cell apoptosis. We further quantified the expression of the melatonin receptor and the activation of extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK). Chronic treatment with melatonin significantly increased the twitch and tetanic force of the injured muscle at day 4, 7, and 14. At day 1, melatonin significantly reduced the leukocyte infiltration and significantly increased the number of satellite cells when compared to the control group. Consistent with this observation, melatonin significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells at day 4. Furthermore, phosphorylation of ERK reached maximal values in the melatonin group at day 1 after injury. Additionally, we detected the MT1a receptor in the injured muscle and showed a significant up‐regulation of the MT1a mRNA in the melatonin group at day 4. These data support the hypothesis that melatonin supports muscle restoration after muscle injury, inhibits apoptosis via modulation of apoptosis‐associated signaling pathways, increases the number of satellite cells, and reduces inflammation.
Exploring the role of a nonablative laser (1320 nm cooltouch laser) in skin photorejuvenation
Authors: Zhenxiao Zheng , Aie Xu , Yuzhi Jiang , Xiaodong Wei , Xianqiang Jin , Jing Shen , Han Zheng , Junhui Zheng , Xiaojun Zhang , Yanjun Zeng
Published: June 2011

Background: Nonablative laser has been used for the treatment and prevention of skin aging for many years. Although the mechanism has not been elucidated, histological evaluation showed that the dermal fibroblasts and its collagen production should be the main target for this rejuvenation. In order to determine the effects of a 1320 nm nonablative laser on the human dermal fibroblasts, the two main secretion factors, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor β1(TGF‐β1), in vitro were detected.

Methods: The human dermal fibroblasts were cultured and irradiated with a 1320 nm laser at the dose of 15, 20, and 24 J/cm2 respectively. The number of fibroblasts was counted and the levels of bFGF and TGF‐β1 were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay at the time points of 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after irradiation.

Results: The results showed that both the number of fibroblasts and the secretion of bFGF increased after the irradiation at the dose of 20 and 24 J/cm2 (P<0.05) compared with that of the control cells. The bFGF secretion in the group exposed to 20 J/cm2 was more significant than that of 24 J/cm2, and the peak level was 24 h after irradiation. The level of TGF‐β1 secretion decreased after irradiation in a dose‐dependent manner (15 and 20 J/cm2, both P<0.05; 24 J/cm2, P<0.01), and reached a nadir at 24 h.

Conclusion: Our results suggested that the 1320 nm nonablative laser accelerates the vitality of fibroblasts, promotes the secretion of bFGF, and inhibits TGF‐β1 secretion by fibroblasts.
Mechanisms of Functional Specificity Among Plasma‐Membrane Syntaxins in Arabidopsis
Authors: Reichardt Ilka , Slane Daniel , El Kasmi Farid , Knöll Christian , Fuchs Rene , Mayer Ulrike , Lipka Volker , Jürgens Gerd
Published: June 2011

Syntaxins and interacting SNARE proteins enable membrane fusion in diverse trafficking pathways. The Arabidopsis SYP1 family of plasma membrane‐localized syntaxins comprises nine members, of which KNOLLE and PEN1 play specific roles in cytokinesis and innate immunity, respectively. To identify mechanisms conferring specificity of action, we examined one member of each subfamily—KNOLLE/SYP111, PEN1/SYP121 and SYP132—in regard to subcellular localization, dynamic behavior and complementation of knolle and pen1 mutants when expressed from the same promoters. Our results suggest that cytokinesis‐specific syntaxin requires high‐level accumulation during cell‐plate formation, which necessitates de novo synthesis rather than endocytosis of pre‐made protein from the plasma membrane. In contrast, syntaxin in innate immunity does not need upregulation of expression but instead requires pathogen‐induced and endocytosis‐dependent retargeting to the infection site. This feature of PEN1 is not afforded by SYP132. Additionally, PEN1 could not substitute for KNOLLE because of SNARE domain differences, as revealed by protein chimeras. In contrast, SYP132 was able to rescue knolle as did KNOLLE‐SYP132 chimeras. Unlike KNOLLE and PEN1, which appear to have evolved to perform specialized functions, SYP132 stably localized at the plasma membrane and thus might play a role in constitutive membrane fusion.
A Nonaggregating Surfactant Protein C Mutant Is Misdirected to Early Endosomes and Disrupts Phospholipid Recycling
Authors: Beers Michael F. , Hawkins Arie , Maguire Jean Ann , Kotorashvili Adam , Zhao Ming , Newitt Jennifer L. , Ding Wenge , Russo Scott , Guttentag Susan , Gonzales Linda , Mulugeta Surafel
Published: June 2011

Interstitial lung disease in both children and adults has been linked to mutations in the lung‐specific surfactant protein C (SFTPC) gene. Among these, the missense mutation [isoleucine to threonine at codon 73 = human surfactant protein C (hSP‐CI73T)] accounts for ∼30% of all described SFTPC mutations. We reported previously that unlike the BRICHOS misfolding SFTPC mutants, expression of hSP‐CI73T induces lung remodeling and alveolar lipoproteinosis without a substantial Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress response or ER‐mediated intrinsic apoptosis. We show here that, in contrast to its wild‐type counterpart that is directly routed to lysosomal‐like organelles for processing, SP‐CI73T is misdirected to the plasma membrane and subsequently internalized to the endocytic pathway via early endosomes, leading to the accumulation of abnormally processed proSP‐C isoforms. Functionally, cells expressing hSP‐CI73T demonstrated both impaired uptake and degradation of surfactant phospholipid, thus providing a molecular mechanism for the observed lipid accumulation in patients expressing hSP‐CI73T through the disruption of normal phospholipid recycling. Our data provide evidence for a novel cellular mechanism for conformational protein‐associated diseases and suggest a paradigm for mistargeted proteins involved in the disruption of the endosomal/lysosomal sorting machinery.
DNA methylation in oral squamous cell carcinoma: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications
Authors: González‐Ramírez I , García‐Cuellar C , Sánchez‐Pérez Y , Granados‐García M
Published: June 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 771–778

DNA methylation is an important regulator of gene transcription, and its role in carcinogenesis has been a topic of considerable interest in the last few years. Of the all epigenetic modifications, methylation, which represses transcription of the promoter region of tumor suppressor genes leading to gene silencing, has been most extensively studied. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has long been known to be the endpoint of many genetic changes, not only genomic mutations but also abnormal epigenetic modifications, as such, promoter methylation, contribute to development of this tumors. Recent studies have shown that promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes is an important factor in carcinogenesis of OSCC. Some of the main genes that frequently showed promoter methylation in OSCC are those that participate in diverse processes such as regulation of the cell cycle, DNA repair, proliferation, and apoptosis. The aim of this review is to assess the current state of knowledge regarding promoter methylation of diverse genes in OSCC.
Effects of HB‐EGF and epiregulin on wound healing of gingival cells in vitro
Authors: Kim JM , Bak EJ , Chang JY , Kim S‐T , Park W‐S , Yoo Y‐J , Cha J‐H
Published: June 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 785–793

Objective:  Gingival wound healing is important to periodontal disease and surgery. This in vitro study was conducted to assess the manner in which heparin‐binding epidermal growth factor‐like growth factor (HB‐EGF) and epiregulin cooperatively participate in the wound‐healing process in the gingival epithelial and fibroblast cells of the oral mucosa.

Material and Methods:  Gingival epithelium and fibroblast were separated from gingival tissue biopsies and prepared to primary cultures. The changes in the mRNA expression were evaluated via real‐time PCR. The effects on cell proliferation, migration, and repopulation were evaluated in vitro.

Results:  The different regulation of expressions of HB‐EGF, epiregulin, and epidermal growth factor receptors was observed over time and with different gingival cell types. HB‐EGF exerted a cell migration‐inducing effect on both epithelial and fibroblast cells, whereas epiregulin did not. Both growth factors functioned as mitogens for epithelial cell proliferation, but not for fibroblast proliferation. HB‐EGF strongly promoted epithelial cell repopulation and mildly promoted fibroblast repopulation, whereas epiregulin promoted only fibroblast repopulation.

Conclusion:  These results indicated that both growth factors might function importantly in the wound‐healing process of human gingival tissue via the different regulation of the expression, cell migration, proliferation, and repopulation.
Olanzapine plus fluoxetine treatment alters mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in the rat brain
Authors: Agostinho Fabiano R. , Réus Gislaine Z. , Stringari Roberto B. , Ribeiro Karine F. , Ferreira Gabriela K. , Jeremias Isabela C. , Scaini Giselli , Rezin Gislaine T. , Streck Emílio L. , Quevedo João
Published: June 2011

Agostinho FR, Réus GZ, Stringari RB, Ribeiro KF, Ferreira GK, Jeremias IC, Scaini G, Rezin GT, Streck EL, Quevedo J. Olanzapine plus fluoxetine treatment alters mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in the rat brain.

Background:Evidence is emerging for the role of dysfunctional mitochondria in pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. In this study, we evaluated the effects of acute and chronic administration of fluoxetine (FLX), olanzapine (OLZ) and the combination of FLX/OLZ on mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in the rat brain.

Methods:For acute treatment, Wistar rats received one single injection of OLZ (3 or 6 mg/kg) and/or FLX (12 or 25 mg/kg) and for chronic treatment, rats received daily injections of OLZ (3 or 6 mg/kg) and/or FLX (12 or 25 mg/kg) for 28 days and we evaluated the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II, II–III and IV in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum.

Results:Our results showed that both acute and chronic treatments with FLX and OLZ alone or in combination altered respiratory chain complexes activity in the rat brain, but in combination we observed larger alterations.

Conclusions:Finally, these findings further support the hypothesis that metabolism energy could be involved in the treatment with antipsychotics and antidepressants in combination to mood disorders.
Depression is associated with lower circulating endothelial progenitor cells and increased inflammatory markers
Authors: Yang Lu , Ruan Lie-Min , Ye Hong-Hua , Cui Han-Bin , Mu Qi-Tian , Lou Yan-Ru , Ji Yun-Xin , Li Wan-Zhen , Sun Ding-He , Chen Xiao-Bei
Published: June 2011

Yang L, Ruan L-M, Ye H-H, Cui H-B, Mu Q-T, Lou Y-R, Ji Y-X, Li W-Z, Sun D-H, Chen X-B. Depression is associated with lower circulating endothelial progenitor cells and increased inflammatory markers.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that depression status in subjects without cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or diabetes is associated with depletion of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and impaired endothelial function.

Method: Thirty depressive persons with the first episode of depression (case group) diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) and 30 healthy people (control group) were investigated. The depression status was estimated using Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression from which the criteria of depression are determined to be >21 score. EPCs labeled with CD34-ECD, CD133-phycoerythrin and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR)-fluorescein isothiocyanate antibodies were counted by flow cytometry in the peripheral blood of patients and control subjects. Mononuclear cells that were positive for CD34/KDR, CD133/KDR and CD34/CD133/KDR within the lymphocyte population were characterised as different phenotypes of EPCs.

Results: There were no significant differences in baseline clinical characteristics between patients and healthy individuals (all p > 0.05). However, patients with depression had significantly lower levels of circulating CD34+CD133+KDR+ EPCs (132.20 ± 17.27 vs. 225.93 ± 9.88, p = 0.000) and endothelial colony-forming units (26.40 ± 3.79 vs. 36.60 ± 2.88, p = 0.000) than that of healthy subjects. Furthermore, CD34+CD133+KDR+ EPCs had a negative correlation with tumour necrosis factor-α (Spearman's ρ = 0.433, p = 0.000) and interleukin-6 (Spearman's ρ = 0.441, p = 0.032).

Conclusion: Our result shows that depression was associated with lower levels of circulating EPCs, which may contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
Orthodontic and dentofacial orthopedic management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: von Bremen J , Ruf S
Published: June 2011

To cite this article:
 von Bremen J, Ruf S: Orthodontic and dentofacial orthopedic management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic review of the literature Orthod Craniofac Res 2011;14:107–115

Structured Abstract

Authors –  von Bremen J, Ruf S

To systematically review the literature published on orthodontic treatment principles in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Several electronic databases (PubMed, Medpilot, Web of Science, and DIMDI) and orthodontic and rheumatologic literature were systematically searched for studies published until May 2010. The articles were rated by two independent reviewers and included after three selection steps (title–abstract–full text). Articles had to be studies performed on ≥ 5 patients with a disease onset before the age of 16. The selection process resulted in the inclusion of three publications on dentofacial orthopedics and six on combined surgical orthodontic therapy. The three studies on dentofacial orthopedics aimed to improve the mandibular retrusion by means of removable functional appliances (activator). Whereas these orthodontic approaches comprised relatively large and homogeneous patient samples (14, 22, and 72 subjects, aged 6–16), the surgical studies were basically case series with a large age span of the patients (5–12 subjects, aged 10–44). In these surgical treatment approaches, orthodontics was limited to pre‐surgical leveling and post‐surgical finishing, while the skeletal discrepancy was treated surgically by a variety of techniques (costochondral grafts, bilateral sagittal spilt osteotomy, Le Fort I, and genioplasty). The treatment goals of both approaches were improvement of esthetics and function and/or pain reduction, and both approaches showed satisfactory results. Because of the heterogeneity of the subject material and the low level of evidence of the papers, it is difficult to draw any conclusions on the orthodontic/dentofacial orthopedic management of JIA. It appears as if removable functional appliances may be beneficial in adolescent patients with JIA.
Development of a condition‐specific measure to assess quality of life in patients with hypodontia
Authors: Akram AJ , Jerreat AS , Woodford J , Sandy JR , Ireland AJ
Published: June 2011

To cite this article:
 Akram AJ, Jerreat AS, Woodford J, Sandy JR, Ireland AJ: Development of a condition‐specific measure to assess quality of life in patients with hypodontia Orthod Craniofac Res 2011;14:160–167

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Akram AJ, Jerreat AS, Woodford J, Sandy JR, Ireland AJ

Objectives –  To develop a measure to assess quality of life in patients with hypodontia.

Setting and Sample Population –  Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust.

Materials and Methods –  The study was divided into two parts. The first phase involved developing a patient‐specific questionnaire using 22 patients with hypodontia in five focus groups. The transcripts from these groups were analysed thematically, and emerging themes used to direct the remaining focus groups. When no new themes were identified, it was assumed that data saturation was reached and no further focus groups were organised. In the second phase of the study, a health‐related quality of life questionnaire was developed.

Results –  Analysis of transcripts revealed four themes: treatment, effect on daily activities, appearance and other peoples’ reactions. These themes were incorporated into a questionnaire. The readability, ease of administration, face and content validity of the questionnaire were tested.

Conclusions –  A new measure for assessment of quality of life in patients with hypodontia is presented.
Improved growth of preterm infants receiving mother’s own raw milk compared with pasteurized donor milk
Authors: Montjaux‐Régis N , Cristini C , Arnaud C , Glorieux I , Vanpee M , Casper C
Published: June 2011

Aim:  To determine whether growth, feeding tolerance and infectious events of preterm infants is related to the proportion of intake of mother’s own raw milk (maternal milk) versus pooled pasteurized banked breast milk (donor milk).

Methods:  This is a prospective observational study of 55 premature infants born less than 32 weeks of gestational age admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at the Children’s Hospital of Toulouse during two 6‐month periods from 2003 to 2005. Enrolled infants were exclusively on enteral feeds with maternal milk ± donor milk.

Results:  Mean gestational age was 28.6 weeks (SD 1.5) and mean birth weight 1105 grams (SD 282). During the time of exclusively breast milk feeds, weight gain (g/kg/day) was correlated to the proportion of maternal milk consumed (p = 0.0048, r = 0.4). Necrotizing enterocolitis was inversely correlated to the amount of maternal milk. The amount of maternal milk did not impact on infectious events.

Conclusion:  Mother’s own raw milk improves weight gain compared with donor milk in preterm infants. Lactation strategies should be sought that helps mothers to increase their milk production.
Continuous glucose monitoring system during physical exercise in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Adolfsson P , Nilsson S , Lindblad B
Published: June 2011

Aim:  Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) provides detailed information on glucose fluctuations. The aim was to establish whether CGMS could be used during physical exercise and whether it detects more episodes of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia than frequent blood glucose measurements.

Methods:  Adolescents with type 1 diabetes (12 girls and 47 boys) participated in three annual sports camps that lasted for 3–4 days and included different types of exercise: soccer, floorball + cross‐country skiing and golf. During the study, blood glucose values, mean 8.7 ± 3.3 per day, were obtained with Hemocue in parallel with the CGMS.

Results:  Ninety‐eight per cent of the participants used the sensor at all times during the camps. Eighty‐seven per cent of the sensors gave adequate signals for 24 h and 66% for 48 h. Median durations of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia were 1.7 h per day and 3.8 h per day, respectively. The CGMS identified significantly more episodes of hypoglycaemia (p < 0.005) and hyperglycaemia (p < 0.005) during the day and night than frequent blood glucose tests.

Conclusion:  We demonstrate that, even during days that included episodic strenuous physical exercise, CGMS could provide useful information on glucose fluctuations during day and night, albeit with significant failure rates.
Decadal‐scale aspen changes: evidence in remote sensing and tree ring data
Authors: Sankey Temuulen Tsagaan
Published: June 2011

Question: (1) Which remote sensing classification most successfully identify aspen using multitemporal Landsat 5 TM images and airborne lidar data? (2) How has aspen distribution changed in southwestern Idaho? (3) Are topographic variables and conifer encroachment correlated with aspen changes?

Location: Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwestern Idaho, USA.

Methods: Multi‐temporal Landsat 5 TM and lidar data were used individually and fused together. The best classification model was compared with a 1965 aspen map and tree ring data. Conifer encroachment was examined via image‐based change detection and field mapping. Lidar‐derived topographic variables were correlated with aspen change patterns using quantile regression models.

Results: The best Landsat 5 TM classification was a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)‐based approach with 92% overall accuracy. The lidar classification of tree presence/absence performed with 100% overall accuracy. Fusing the lidar classification with various Landsat 5 TM classifications improved overall accuracies 3 to 6%. Among the fusion models, the NDVI‐lidar fusion performed best with 96% overall accuracy. Change detection indicated 69% decline in aspen cover, but 179% increase in aspen cover in other areas of the watershed. Conifers have completely replaced 17% of the aspen, while 93% of the remaining aspen stands have young Douglas‐fir and western juniper trees underneath the aspen canopy. Aspen significantly decreased (P‐values <0.05) with increasing elevation (up to 2150 m) and decreasing slope.

Conclusions: Landsat 5 TM data used with a NDVI‐based approach provide an accurate method to classify aspen distribution. Landsat 5 TM classifications can be further improved via fusion with lidar data. Aspen change patterns are spatially variable: while aspen is drastically declining in some parts of this watershed, aspen is increasing in other areas.