bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Live weights at slaughter significantly affect the meat quality and flavor components of pork meat
Authors: Ba Hoa V. , Seo Hyun‐Woo , Seong Pil‐Nam , Cho Soo‐Hyun , Kang Sun‐Moon , Kim Yun‐Seok , Moon Sung‐Sil , Choi Yong‐Min , Kim Jin‐Hyoung
Published: February 2019

One‐hundred‐twenty crossbred pigs finished at 175–185 days of age were used to investigate the effects of live weights at slaughter on the meat quality, volatile flavor compounds, and sensory attributes of pork meat. Based on the live weights at slaughter, three weight groups (n = 36 per group) were classified as follows: light weight (LW: 100 kg), medium weight (MW: 110 kg), and heavy weight (HW: 120 kg). After slaughter, longissimus dorsi muscle samples were taken and used for the analyses of aforementioned parameters. The HW group had higher fat content and water holding capacity compared to the LW or MW group (p < 0.05). The HW group also showed higher levels for majority of unsaturated fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids than the LW group (p < 0.05). The slaughter weight significantly affected the amounts of 11 among the 47 flavor compounds identified. Significantly higher amounts of fatty acids oxidation‐derived flavor compounds (aldehydes) were found in the HW group than in the other groups. Noticeably, increasing slaughter weight was associated with higher sensorial scores for flavor, juiciness, and acceptance scores (p < 0.05). Based on the obtained results, 120 kg body weight is recommended as the market weight for this commercial breed without compromising the meat quality.
Activity and mRNA expression levels of selected cytochromes P450 in various sections of the human small intestine
Authors: Clermont Valérie , Grangeon Alexia , Barama Azemi , Turgeon Jacques , Lallier Michel , Malaise Jacques , Michaud Veronique
Published: February 2019

Aims

To characterize mRNA expression levels (17 cytochromes P450) and activity (9 isoforms) of major cytochromes P450 expressed throughout the human small intestine.

Methods

Tissue samples were obtained from 9 deceased subjects and intestinal sections (n = 10) were isolated for each subject. Relative mRNA expression levels were determined using quantitative real‐time PCR. Intestinal microsomes were prepared from 5 subsections: duodenum, jejunum (proximal and mid‐jejunum) and ileum (proximal and mid‐ileum) regions. In vitro incubations were performed with various cytochrome P450 probe substrates: bupropion (CYP2B6), repaglinide (CYP2C8), tolbutamide (CYP2C9), S‐mephenytoin (CYP2C19), bufuralol (CYP2D6), chlorzoxazone (CYP2E1), ebastine (CYP2J2), midazolam (CYP3A4/5) and lauric acid (CYP4A11). Metabolite formation was assessed using validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assays.

Results

Cytochrome P450 mRNA levels ranked as follows: CYP3A4 > CYP2C9 > CYP2C19 > CYP2J2 > CYP4F2. Cytochrome P450 mRNA transcripts showed different patterns in their relative expression from 1 region to the other but CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2J2 displayed the highest levels of mRNA expression (>5%) in all intestinal sections. Cytochrome P450 activities were greater in proximal part of the small intestine with the jejunum showing the greatest drug‐metabolism activity. Spearman's correlation analyses indicated that cytochrome P450 mRNA expressions and corresponding cytochrome P450 activities in the human intestine were moderately associated for CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP4A11 (rs = 0.44–0.56).

Conclusions

Our study provides new and additional information on the expression and activities of selected cytochromes P450 in various sections of the human small intestine.
Post‐orogenic thermal history and exhumation of the northern Appalachian Basin: Low‐temperature thermochronologic constraints
Authors: Shorten Chilisa M. , Fitzgerald Paul G.
Published: February 2019

Apatite fission‐track (AFT) thermochronology and (U‐Th)/He (AHe) dating, combined with paleothermometers and independent geologic constraints, are used to model the thermal history of Devonian Catskill delta wedge strata. The timing and rates of cooling determines the likely post‐orogenic exhumation history of the northern Appalachian Foreland Basin (NAB) in New York and Pennsylvania. AFT ages generally young from west to east, decreasing from ~185 to 120 Ma. AHe single‐grain ages range from ~188 to 116 Ma. Models show that this part of the Appalachian foreland basin experienced a non‐uniform, multi‐stage cooling history. Cooling rates vary over time, ~1–2 °C/Myr in the Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, ~0.15–0.25 °C/Myr from the Early Cretaceous to Late Cenozoic, and ~1–2 °C/Myr beginning in the Miocene. Our results from the Mesozoic are broadly consistent with earlier studies, but with the integration of multiple thermochronometers and multi‐kinetic annealing algorithms in newer inverse thermal modeling programs, we constrain a Late Cenozoic increase in cooling which had been previously enigmatic in eastern U.S. low‐temperature thermochronology datasets. Multi‐stage cooling and exhumation of the NAB is driven by post‐orogenic basin inversion and catchment drainage reorganization, in response to changes in base level due to rifting, plus isostatic and dynamic topographic processes modified by flexure over the long (~200 Myr) post‐orogenic period. This study compliments other regional exhumation data‐sets, while constraining the timing of post‐orogenic cooling and exhumation in the NAB and contributing important insights on the post‐orogenic development and inversion of foreland basins along passive margins.
Cats under cover: Habitat models indicate a high dependency on woodlands by Atlantic Forest felids
Authors: Cruz Paula , De Angelo Carlos , Martínez Pardo Julia , Iezzi María Eugenia , Varela Diego , Di Bitetti Mario S. , Paviolo Agustín
Published: February 2019

Four Neotropical small and medium felids—the ocelot, jaguarundi, margay, and southern tiger cat—have overlapping geographic distributions in the endangered Atlantic Forest. Local studies show that these felids avoid areas with high human impact, but the three smaller ones use human‐modified areas more frequently than do ocelots. To understand how landscape changes affect the habitat distribution of these four felids in the Atlantic Forest of Argentina, we used maximum entropy models to analyze the effect of environmental and anthropogenic factors. We estimated niche breadth and overlap among these felids. The conversion of the native forest to land uses without trees was the most important variable that determined the habitat distribution of the four species. For all four species, the optimal habitat covered about 1/3 of the study area and corresponds mainly to the native forest areas. Nearly 50% of these areas had some level of protection. The niche width was higher for the small felids than for ocelots. Niche overlap was high for all species pairs, but higher among the small felids and lower for each of these with the ocelot. The four felids were negatively affected by native forest loss, with ocelots being more sensitive than the smaller felids. The conversion of unprotected forest areas to other types of land uses would imply a greater habitat loss for these felids. The protection of current remnants of Atlantic Forest in Argentina is important for the long‐term conservation of the four felids.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Review: The association between anxiety and poor attendance at school – a systematic review
Authors: Finning Katie , Ukoumunne Obioha C. , Ford Tamsin , Danielson‐Waters Emilia , Shaw Liz , Romero De Jager Ingrid , Stentiford Lauren , Moore Darren A.
Published: February 2019

Background

Anxiety may be associated with poor attendance at school, which can lead to a range of adverse outcomes. We systematically reviewed the evidence for an association between anxiety and poor school attendance.

Methods

Seven electronic databases were searched for quantitative studies that reported an estimate of association between anxiety and school attendance. Anxiety had to be assessed via standardised diagnostic measure or validated scale. Articles were screened independently by two reviewers. Meta‐analyses were performed where possible, otherwise results were synthesised narratively.

Results

A total of 4930 articles were screened. Eleven studies from six countries across North America, Europe and Asia, were included. School attendance was categorised into: (a) absenteeism (i.e. total absences), (b) excused/medical absences, (c) unexcused absences/truancy and (d) school refusal. Findings from eight studies suggested associations between truancy and any anxiety disorder, as well as social and generalised anxiety. Results also suggested cross‐sectional associations between school refusal and separation, generalised and social anxiety disorders, as well as simple phobia. Few studies investigated associations with absenteeism or excused/medical absences.

Conclusions

Findings suggest associations between anxiety and unexcused absences/truancy, and school refusal. Clinicians should consider the possibility of anxiety in children and adolescents with poor attendance. However, there is a lack of high quality evidence, little longitudinal research and limited evidence relating to overall absenteeism or excused/medical absences, despite the latter being the most common type of absence. These gaps should be a key priority for future research.
Testis‐specific protein, Y‐linked 1 activates PI3K/AKT and RAS signaling pathways through suppressing IGFBP3 expression during tumor progression
Authors: Tu Wenling , Yang Bo , Leng Xiangyou , Pei Xue , Xu Jinyan , Liu Mohan , Dong Qiang , Tao Dachang , Lu Yongjie , Liu Yunqiang , Yang Yuan
Published: February 2019

The testis‐specific protein, Y‐linked 1 (TSPY1), a newly recognized cancer/testis antigen, has been suggested to accelerate tumor progression. However, the mechanisms underlying TSPY1 cancer‐related function remain limited. By mining the RNA sequencing data of lung and liver tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we found frequent ectopic expression of TSPY1 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), and the male‐specific protein was associated with higher mortality rate and worse overall survival in patients with LUAD and LIHC. Overexpression of TSPY1 promotes cell proliferation, invasiveness, and cycle transition and inhibits apoptosis, whereas TSPY1 knockdown has the opposite effects on these cancer cell phenotypes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the involvement of TSPY1 in PI3K/AKT and RAS signaling pathways in both LUAD and LIHC cells, which was further confirmed by the increase in the levels of phosphorylated proteins in the PI3K‐AKT and RAS signaling pathways in TSPY1‐overexpressing cancer cells, and by the suppression on the activity of these two pathways in TSPY1‐knockdown cells. Further investigation identified that TSPY1 could directly bind to the promoter of insulin growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) to inhibit IGFBP3 expression and that downregulation of IGFBP3 increased the activity of PI3K/AKT/mTOR/BCL2 and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK/JUN signaling in LUAD and LIHC cells. Taken together, the observations reveal a novel mechanism by which TSPY1 could contribute to the progression of LUAD and LIHC. Our finding is of importance for evaluating the potential of TSPY1 in immunotherapy of male tumor patients with TSPY1 expression.
A disintegrin and metalloprotease 23 hypermethylation predicts decreased disease‐free survival in low‐risk breast cancer patients
Authors: Zmetakova Iveta , Kalinkova Lenka , Smolkova Bozena , Horvathova Kajabova Viera , Cierna Zuzana , Danihel Ludovit , Bohac Martin , Sedlackova Tatiana , Minarik Gabriel , Karaba Marian , Benca Juraj , Cihova Marina , Buocikova Verona , Miklikova Svetlana , Mego Michal , Fridrichova Ivana
Published: February 2019

A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 23 (ADAM23), a member of the ADAM family, is involved in neuronal differentiation and cancer. ADAM23 is considered a possible tumor suppressor gene and is frequently downregulated in various types of malignancies. Its epigenetic silencing through promoter hypermethylation was observed in breast cancer (BC). In the present study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of ADAM23 promoter methylation for hematogenous spread and disease‐free survival (DFS). Pyrosequencing was used to quantify ADAM23 methylation in tumors of 203 BC patients. Presence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in their peripheral blood was detected by quantitative RT‐PCR. Expression of epithelial (KRT19) or mesenchymal (epithelial‐mesenchymal transition [EMT]‐inducing transcription factors TWIST1, SNAI1, SLUG and ZEB1) mRNA transcripts was examined in CD45‐depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells. ADAM23 methylation was significantly lower in tumors of patients with the mesenchymal CTC (P = .006). It positively correlated with Ki‐67 proliferation, especially in mesenchymal CTC‐negative patients (P = .001). In low‐risk patients, characterized by low Ki‐67 and mesenchymal CTC absence, ADAM23 hypermethylation was an independent predictor of DFS (P = .006). Our results indicate that ADAM23 is likely involved in BC progression and dissemination of mesenchymal CTC. ADAM23 methylation has the potential to function as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target.
Bone mineral density and estimated hip strength in men with anorexia nervosa, atypical anorexia nervosa and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
Authors: Schorr Melanie , Drabkin Anne , Rothman Micol S. , Meenaghan Erinne , Lashen Gillian T. , Mascolo Margherita , Watters Ashlie , Holmes Tara M. , Santoso Kate , Yu Elaine W. , Misra Madhusmita , Eddy Kamryn T. , Klibanski Anne , Mehler Philip , Miller Karen K.
Published: February 2019

Objective

Few bone mineral density (BMD) data are available in men with anorexia nervosa (AN), and none in those with atypical AN (ATYP) (AN psychological symptoms without low weight) or avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) (restrictive eating without AN psychological symptoms). We investigated the prevalence and determinants of low BMD and estimated hip strength in men with these disorders.

Design

Cross‐sectional: two centres.

Patients

A total of 103 men, 18‐63 years: AN (n = 26), ARFID (n = 11), ATYP (n = 18), healthy controls (HC) (n = 48).

Measurements

Body composition, BMD and estimated hip strength (section modulus and buckling ratio) by DXA (Hologic). Serum 25OH vitamin D was quantified, as was daily calcium intake in a subset of subjects.

Results

Mean BMI was lowest in AN and ARFID, higher in ATYP and highest in HC (AN 14.7 ± 1.8, ARFID 15.3 ± 1.5, ATYP 20.6 ± 2.0, HC 23.7 ± 3.3 kg/m2) (P < 0.0005). Mean BMD Z‐scores at spine and hip were lower in AN and ARFID, but not ATYP, than HC (postero‐anterior (PA) spine AN −2.05 ± 1.58, ARFID −1.33 ± 1.21, ATYP −0.59 ± 1.77, HC −0.12 ± 1.17) (P < 0.05). 65% AN, 18% ARFID, 33% ATYP and 6% HC had BMD Z‐scores <−2 at ≥1 site (AN and ATYP vs HC, P < 0.01). Mean section modulus Z‐scores were lower in AN than HC (P < 0.01). Lower BMI, muscle mass and vitamin D levels (R = 0.33‐0.64), as well as longer disease duration (R = −0.51 to −0.58), were associated with lower BMD (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Men with AN, ARFID and ATYP are at risk for low BMD. Men with these eating disorders who are low weight, or who have low muscle mass, long illness duration and/or vitamin D deficiency, may be at particularly high risk.
Mechanical stretch upregulates connexin43 in human trabecular meshwork cells
Authors: Tellios Nikoleta , Feng Mary , Chen Nancy , Liu Hong , Tellios Vasiliki , Wang Mary , Li Xiangji , Chang Caitlin A. , Hutnik Cindy
Published: February 2019

Background

Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients have hallmark increases in intraocular pressure (IOP) and noted dysfunction of the trabecular meshwork (TM). Connexin43 (Cx43) is a gap junction widely expressed on the TM that is important for intercellular communication. The human gene is known as gap junction alpha‐1 (GJA1). Since the role of Cx43 in the TM is not fully understood, we set out to determine the effect of excess mechanical stretch on cultured human trabecular meshwork cells (hTMCs) and to specifically investigate the effect of stretch on Cx43 expression and function.

Methods

Primary hTMCs were cultured and subjected to 48 hours of 15% cyclic mechanical stretch at a frequency of 1 Hz. Levels of apoptosis and necrosis secondary to stretch were investigated using colorimetric assays. The effect of stretch on gap junction Cx43 and GJA1 was investigated by RT‐PCR, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. The migration of Lucifer Yellow dye was used to assess intercellular communication.

Results

Stretch significantly increased the rates of apoptosis and necrosis in hTMCs. The increased rate of injury in stretched hTMCs was further associated with significant upregulation of GJA1 mRNA and Cx43 protein. Upregulation of Cx43 protein was concomitant to increased intercellular communication.

Conclusions

We have shown stretch to increase GJA1 gene and Cx43 protein expression, as well as intercellular communication. We have further shown stretch to be injurious to hTMCs. Upregulation of Cx43 in the hTM subsequent to stretch is a novel finding, which may be useful in elucidating the mechanism of TM injury in POAG patients.
Gangstering Grants: Bringing Power to Collective Efficacy Theory
Authors: Vargas Robert
Published: February 2019

How do nonprofit organizations attempt to facilitate collective efficacy? Through an inductive ethnographic case study of efforts to reduce gang violence in the Little Village neighborhood of Chicago, this study shows the importance of power and funding competition. Specifically, nonprofits’ efforts to facilitate collective efficacy depended on (1) strategic actions to manage competitors, and (2) their position in the city political field. Based on these findings, this article refines collective efficacy theory by integrating power relations and governance as forces that fundamentally shape neighborhood crime control efforts. The article concludes by discussing the implications for efforts to better integrate nonprofits, race, and the state into studies of collective efficacy and neighborhood crime control.
DIY Urbanism and the Lens of the Commons: Observations from Spain
Authors: Volont Louis
Published: February 2019

A growing body of literature has been explicitly concerned with a range of microspatial practices that are currently reshaping urban spaces under the valuable denominator of “DIY urbanism.” However, there is still much work to be done if we are to take into consideration DIY urbanism's primary source and output: the commons. As such, Spanish DIY collectives have taken an explicit interest in building and reclaiming the urban commonwealth through participatory DIY interventionism. Therefore, this article assesses Spanish DIY urbanism through the lens of the commons and asks how the vocabulary of the latter might help us to further understand the DIY practice. In so doing, DIY urbanism will be put forward as “a field of possibilities” through three key features that inform commons theorizing: threshold spatiality, value, and legitimacy.
TGF‐β activity in acid bone lysate adsorbs to titanium surface
Authors: Strauss Franz Josef , Di Summa Francesca , Stähli Alexandra , Matos Luiza , Vaca Fabiola , Schuldt Guenther , Gruber Reinhard
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Osteoblasts lay down new bone on implant surfaces. The underlying cellular mechanism and the spatio‐temporal mode of action, however, remain unclear. It can be proposed that growth factors released upon acidification by osteoclasts adsorb to the implant surface and control the early stages of osseointegration.

Methods

To simulate bone lysis by osteoclasts, titanium discs were exposed to acid bone lysate (ABL) followed by vigorous washing and seeding of oral fibroblasts. The expression of TGF‐β target genes interleukin 11 (IL11) and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) was evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and IL11 ELISA. TGF‐β signaling activation was assessed via Smad2/3 immunofluorescence. The impact of ABL on osteogenic differentiation was determined with murine ST2 mesenchymal stromal cells.

Results

We report here that ABL‐conditioned titanium discs, independent of turned or rough surface, increased the expression of IL11 and NOX4. This increase was blocked by the TGF‐β receptor 1 antagonist SB431542. Further support for the TGF‐β signaling activation came from the translocation of Smad2/3 into the nucleus of oral fibroblasts. Moreover, titanium discs exposed to ABL decreased alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin in ST2 cells.

Conclusions

These in vitro findings suggest that titanium can adsorb TGF‐β from ABLs. The data provide a strong impetus for studies on the protein adsorption on implant surfaces in vitro and in vivo, specifically for growth factors including bone‐derived TGF‐β during successful and failed osseointegration.
Quantitative in vitro comparison of the thrombogenicity of commercial dental implants
Authors: Milleret Vincent , Lienemann Philipp S. , Bauer Sebastian , Ehrbar Martin
Published: February 2019

Background

Dental implants often have surface modifications that alter surface topography and chemistry to improve osseointegration and thereby increase treatment predictability. Surface contact‐induced blood coagulation is associated with the onset of osseointegration.

Purpose

To quantitatively evaluate the thrombogenicity of two commercially available dental implants that have similar surface roughness but different surface chemistry.

Material and Methods

Two commercially available dental implants with anodized or sandblasted acid‐etched surfaces were evaluated for thrombogenic properties. Thrombogenicity was assessed by incubating implants for 1 hour in fresh, partially heparinized blood followed by hemocyte quantification, microscopic evaluation, and quantification of thrombogenic biomarkers.

Results

Fibrin coverage was significantly higher on the anodized surface compared with the sandblasted acid‐etched surface (P < 0.0001). Platelet and white blood cell attachment followed a similar pattern. The increased thrombogenicity was confirmed based on a significant increase in the levels of the coagulation cascade biomarkers, thrombin antithrombin complex, and β‐thromboglobulin (all P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Dental implants with comparable roughness but differing surface chemistry had differing extents of blood contact activation. These data suggest that surface chemistry from anodization augments implant thrombogenicity compared with that from sandblasting and acid‐etching, which could have implications for osseointegration.
Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients—Guidelines of the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Authors: Razonable Raymund R. , Humar Atul
Published: February 2019

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most common opportunistic infections that affect the outcome of solid organ transplantation. This updated guideline from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice provides evidence‐based and expert recommendations for screening, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CMV in solid organ transplant recipients. CMV serology to detect immunoglobulin G remains as the standard method for pretransplant screening of donors and transplant candidates. Antiviral prophylaxis and preemptive therapy are the mainstays of CMV prevention. The lack of a widely applicable viral load threshold for diagnosis and preemptive therapy is highlighted, as a result of variability of CMV nucleic acid testing, even in the contemporary era when calibrators are standardized. Valganciclovir and intravenous ganciclovir remain as drugs of choice for CMV management. Strategies for managing drug‐resistant CMV infection are presented. There is an increasing use of CMV‐specific cell‐mediated immune assays to stratify the risk of CMV infection after solid organ transplantation, but their role in optimizing CMV prevention and treatment efforts has yet to be demonstrated. Specific issues related to pediatric transplant recipients are discussed.
The microbiome of pest insects: it is not just bacteria
Authors: Gurung Kiran , Wertheim Bregje , Falcao Salles Joana
Published: February 2019

Insects are associated with multiple microbes that have been reported to influence various aspects of their biology. Most studies in insects, including pest species, focus on the bacterial communities of the microbiome even though the microbiome consists of members of many more kingdoms, which can also have large influence on the life history of insects. In this review, we present some key examples of how the different members of the microbiome, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa, affect the fitness and behavior of pest insects. Moreover, we argue that interactions within and among microbial groups are abundant and of great importance, necessitating the use of a community approach to study microbial–host interactions. We propose that the restricted focus on bacteria very likely hampers our understanding of the functioning and impact of the microbiome on the biology of pest insects. We close our review by highlighting a few open questions that can provide an in‐depth understanding of how other components of the microbiome, in addition to bacteria, might influence host performance, thus contributing to pest insect ecology.
Impacts of thermal mismatches on chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis prevalence are moderated by life stage, body size, elevation and latitude
Authors: Cohen Jeremy M. , McMahon Taegan A. , Ramsay Chloe , Roznik Elizabeth A. , Sauer Erin L. , Bessler Scott , Civitello David J. , Delius Bryan K. , Halstead Neal , Knutie Sarah A. , Nguyen Karena H. , Ortega Nicole , Sears Brittany , Venesky Matthew D. , Young Suzanne , Rohr Jason R.
Published: February 2019

Global climate change is increasing the frequency of unpredictable weather conditions; however, it remains unclear how species‐level and geographic factors, including body size and latitude, moderate impacts of unusually warm or cool temperatures on disease. Because larger and lower‐latitude hosts generally have slower acclimation times than smaller and higher‐latitude hosts, we hypothesised that their disease susceptibility increases under ‘thermal mismatches’ or differences between baseline climate and the temperature during surveying for disease. Here, we examined how thermal mismatches interact with body size, life stage, habitat, latitude, elevation, phylogeny and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) conservation status to predict infection prevalence of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in a global analysis of 32 291 amphibian hosts. As hypothesised, we found that the susceptibility of larger hosts and hosts from lower latitudes to Bd was influenced by thermal mismatches. Furthermore, hosts of conservation concern were more susceptible than others following thermal mismatches, suggesting that thermal mismatches might have contributed to recent amphibian declines.
Alcohol use and periodontal pocket development: findings from a 4‐yr longitudinal study
Authors: Sankaranarayanan Rajeswari , Saxlin Tuomas , Ylöstalo Pekka , Khan Sohaib , Knuuttila Matti , Suominen Anna L.
Published: February 2019

This study investigated whether alcohol use influences periodontal pocket development during a 4‐yr follow‐up period. The study included those participants who took part in both the Health 2000 Survey and the Follow‐up Study on Finnish Adults’ Oral Health. The participants at baseline were aged ≥30 yr, periodontally healthy, and did not have diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. The development of periodontal pockets at follow‐up was measured as the number of teeth with periodontal pockets and the presence of periodontal pockets. Alcohol use at baseline was measured as g/wk, frequency, and use over the risk limit. Incidence rate ratios with 95% CI were estimated using negative binomial regression models and Poisson regression models with a robust variance estimator. No consistent association was found between any of the alcohol variables and periodontal pocket development in the total population or among non‐smokers. Among smokers, a positive association was found with the frequency of alcohol use. In general, risk estimates were slightly higher for women than for men. In summary, light‐to‐moderate alcohol use appears not to be consistently associated with the development of periodontal pockets. The adverse effects on the periodontium seem, to some extent, to be dependent on gender and smoking.
The use of equine chondrogenic‐induced mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment for osteoarthritis: A randomised, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Broeckx S. Y. , Martens A. M. , Bertone A. L. , Van Brantegem L. , Duchateau L. , Van Hecke L. , Dumoulin M. , Oosterlinck M. , Chiers K. , Hussein H. , Pille F. , Spaas J. H.
Published: February 2019

Background

There is a need to improve therapies for osteoarthritis in horses.

Objectives

To assess the efficacy of equine allogeneic chondrogenic‐induced mesenchymal stem cells combined with equine allogeneic plasma as a novel therapy for osteoarthritis in horses.

Study design

Randomised, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled experiment.

Methods

In 12 healthy horses, osteoarthritis was induced in the metacarpophalangeal joint using an osteochondral fragment‐groove model. Five weeks after surgery, horses were randomly assigned to either an intra‐articular injection with chondrogenic‐induced mesenchymal stem cells + equine allogeneic plasma (= intervention) or with 0.9% saline solution (= control). From surgery until the study end, horses underwent a weekly joint and lameness assessment. Synovial fluid was collected for cytology and biomarker analysis before surgery and at Weeks 5, 5 + 1d, 7, 9 and 11. At Week 11, horses were subjected to euthanasia, and the metacarpophalangeal joints were evaluated macroscopically and histologically.

Results

No serious adverse events or suspected adverse drug reactions occurred during the study. A significant improvement in visual and objective lameness was seen with the intervention compared with the control. Synovial fluid displayed a significantly higher viscosity and a significantly lower glycosaminoglycan concentration in the intervention group. Other biomarkers or cytology parameters were not significantly different between the treatment groups. Significantly less wear lines and synovial hyperaemia were present in the intervention group. The amount of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, collagen type II and glycosaminoglycans were significantly higher in the articular cartilage of the intervention group.

Main limitations

This study assessed the short‐term effect of the intervention on a limited number of horses, using an osteoarthritis model. This study also included multiple statistical tests, increasing the risk of type 1 error.

Conclusions

Equine allogeneic chondrogenic‐induced mesenchymal stem cells combined with equine allogeneic plasma may be a promising treatment for osteoarthritis in horses.

The Summary is available in Spanish – see Supporting Information
Metal binding to the dynamic cytoplasmic domain of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) protein MamM induces a ‘locked‐in’ configuration
Authors: Barber‐Zucker Shiran , Hall Jenny , Mangapuram Sivasubramanyan Venkata , Kass Itamar , Kolusheva Sofiya , MacMillan Fraser , Zarivach Raz , Henn Arnon
Published: February 2019

Cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) proteins are a conserved family of transmembrane transporters that ensure cellular homeostasis of divalent transition metal cations. Metal cations bind to CDF protein's cytoplasmic C‐terminal domain (CTD), leading to closure from its apo open V‐shaped dimer to a tighter packed structure, followed by a conformational change of the transmembrane domain, thus enabling transport of the metal cation. By implementing a comprehensive range of biochemical and biophysical methods, we studied the molecular mechanism of metal binding to the magnetotactic bacterial CDF protein MamM CTD. Our results reveal that the CTD is rather dynamic in its apo form, and that two dependent metal‐binding sites, a single central binding site and two symmetrical, peripheral sites, are available for metal binding. However, only cation binding to the peripheral sites leads to conformational changes that lock the protein in a compact state. Thus, this work reveals how metal binding is regulating the sequential uptakes of metal cations by MamM, and extends our understanding of the complex regulation mechanism of CDF proteins.

Database

Structural data are available in RCSB Protein Data Bank under the accession numbers: 6G64, 6G55, 6G5E and 6G6I (for CS, C267S, CS‐C267S and W247A, respectively).
Fatigue life prediction for butt‐welded joints considering weld‐induced residual stresses and initial damage, relaxation of residual stress, and elasto‐plastic fatigue damage
Authors: Wang Xiaojia , Meng Qingchun , Hu Weiping
Published: February 2019

Fatigue damage of butt‐welded joints is investigated by a damage mechanics method. First, the weld‐induced residual stresses are determined by using a sequentially coupled thermo‐mechanical finite element analysis. The plastic damage of material is then calculated with the use of Lemaitre's plastic damage model. Second, during the subsequent fatigue damage analysis, the residual stresses are superimposed on the fatigue loading, and the weld‐induced plastic damage is considered as the initial damage via an elasto‐plastic fatigue damage model. Finally, the fatigue damage evolution, the relaxation of residual stress, and the fatigue lives of the joints are evaluated using a numerical implementation. The predicted results agree well with the experimental data.
Design guidelines for load introduction points at the boundaries of sandwich panels
Authors: Richert Philip , Dafnis Athanasios , Schröder Kai‐Uwe
Published: February 2019

In order to use sandwich structures effectively, load introduction points are required. Standardized inserts have been developed for this purpose and investigated in many scientific studies. However, these inserts are unsuitable for use directly at the sandwich edge. The aim of this paper is to develop design guidelines for the construction process of special inserts for load introduction at the sandwich edge. These are based on the theoretical failure modes of standardized inserts. The paper also describes the design and manufacture of a boundary insert on the basis of these considerations. It is demonstrated experimentally that these inserts can withstand higher loads compared with the standardized inserts that are placed directly at the edge of sandwich panels.
The income elasticity of mortgage loan demand
Authors: Delis Manthos D. , Hasan Iftekhar , Tsoumas Chris
Published: February 2019

One explanation for the emergence of the housing market bubble and the subprime crisis is that increases in individuals’ income led to higher increases in the amount of mortgage loans demanded, especially for the middle class. This hypothesis translates to an increase in the income elasticity of mortgage loan demand before 2007. Using applicant‐level data, we test this hypothesis and find that the income elasticity of mortgage loan demand in fact declines in the years before 2007, especially for the mid‐ and lower‐middle income groups. Our finding implies that increases in house prices were not matched by increases in loan applicants’ income.
Scn4b regulates the hypnotic effects of ethanol and other sedative drugs
Authors: Blednov Yuri A. , Bajo Michal , Roberts Amanda J. , Da Costa Adriana J. , Black Mendy , Edmunds Stephanie , Mayfield Jody , Roberto Marisa , Homanics Gregg E. , Lasek Amy W. , Hitzemann Robert J. , Harris Robert A.
Published: February 2019

The voltage‐gated sodium channel subunit β4 (SCN4B) regulates neuronal activity by modulating channel gating and has been implicated in ethanol consumption in rodent models and human alcoholics. However, the functional role for Scn4b in ethanol‐mediated behaviors is unknown. We determined if genetic global knockout (KO) or targeted knockdown of Scn4b in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) altered ethanol drinking or related behaviors. We used four different ethanol consumption procedures (continuous and intermittent two‐bottle choice (2BC), drinking‐in‐the dark and chronic intermittent ethanol vapor) and found that male and female Scn4b KO mice did not differ from their wild‐type (WT) littermates in ethanol consumption in any of the tests. Knockdown of Scn4b mRNA in the CeA also did not alter 2BC ethanol drinking. However, Scn4b KO mice showed longer duration of the loss of righting reflex induced by ethanol, gaboxadol, pentobarbital and ketamine. KO mice showed slower recovery to basal levels of handling‐induced convulsions after ethanol injection, which is consistent with the increased sedative effects observed in these mice. However, Scn4b KO mice did not differ in the severity of acute ethanol withdrawal. Acoustic startle responses, ethanol‐induced hypothermia and clearance of blood ethanol also did not differ between the genotypes. There were also no functional differences in the membrane properties or excitability of CeA neurons from Scn4b KO and WT mice. Although we found no evidence that Scn4b regulates ethanol consumption in mice, it was involved in the acute hypnotic effects of ethanol and other sedatives.
Prevalence of incontinence among cognitively impaired older residents in long‐term care facilities in East Asia: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Higami Yoko , Yamakawa Miyae , Kang Younhee , Kobayashi Sayuri , Liao Xiao‐Yan , Sung Huei‐Chuan , Suzuki Mizue , Makimoto Kiyoko
Published: February 2019

Aim

The current study was an international cross‐sectional study comparing the prevalence of incontinence among cognitively impaired older residents in long‐term care facilities in East Asia, including Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan and Thailand between 2015 and 2016.

Methods

Participants were cognitively impaired older residents in long‐term care facilities. Demographic data were collected. The Clinical Dementia Rating scale was used to assess dementia severity, and the Barthel Index was used as a surrogate measure of incontinence and toilet use dependence. The prevalence of urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence were examined. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to predict incontinence and toilet use dependence.

Results

We analyzed data from 662 participants (age 82.6 ± 9.9 years, 57.6% women). The prevalence of urinary incontinence ranged from 10.1% in Taiwan to 71.0% in Korea. The prevalence of fecal incontinence varied from 4.0% in Taiwan to 57.0% in Korea. A higher Clinical Dementia Rating score was a significant predictor of urinary and fecal incontinence and toilet use dependence (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The current survey showed a high prevalence of incontinence in long‐term care residents in East Asia, and identified challenges for future studies. Development of clinical guidelines for incontinence care in cognitively impaired older persons is urgently required. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 444–450.
Meat protein based bioactive peptides and their potential functional activity: a review
Authors: Xing Lujuan , Liu Rui , Cao Songmin , Zhang Wangang , Guanghong Zhou
Published: February 2019

Bioactive peptides are the general name for the short amino acid sequences, which could be generated from the hydrolysis of parent proteins including beef, pork, mutton, chicken, duck and various species of marine organisms. Drying, curing, ripening and fermentation are particular procedures for meat flavour and also important for the releasing of bioactive peptides from parent proteins. Once being released, the peptides would play bioactive roles beyond their nutritional values. The physiological activities of meat‐derived peptides have been demonstrated to have antioxidative, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, opioid, antithrombotic and other bioactive effects. The regulation on immunological, gastrointestinal and neurological responses of those bioactive peptides supplies a vital base for the prevention of hypertension, obesity, diabetes and other metabolic disorders. In this review, we summarised the current studies on meat derived bioactive peptides along with their physiological functions to supply the overall understanding of the health benefit of bioactive peptides.
Stress and burden faced by family caregivers of people with schizophrenia and early psychosis in Hong Kong
Authors: Wan Kwok‐Fai , Wong Michael M.C.
Published: February 2019

Background/Aim

Families, especially in Chinese society, play a crucial role in care provision for relatives with schizophrenia, but the burden of caregiving has shown to cause significant distress among caregivers. The aim of the study is to assess the degree of stress and burden among caregivers of relatives with schizophrenia and early psychosis in Hong Kong.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in 454 caregivers recruited from two mental health non‐governmental organisations and the outpatient clinic of a psychiatric hospital. Data were collected through a questionnaire administered via face‐to‐face or telephone interview.

Results

Caregivers attributed most of their conflicts with the ill relative or other family members to their own lack of knowledge of patient symptoms (56.4%), other family members’ lack of knowledge of patient symptoms (46.9%) or the ill relative's refusal to take medications (43.0%). Most of the caregivers had corresponding stress scores of 5 (scale: 1–5; mean = 3.88, 3.85 and 4.19, respectively). Nearly, a third (30.2%) of the caregivers surveyed reported an overall stress score of 5 (mean = 3.56). Regarding psychosocial problems, 78.0%, 49.8% and 45.8% of caregivers experienced anxiety, reduced socialising and insomnia, respectively.

Conclusions

Caregivers of relatives with schizophrenia and early psychosis experience significant stress and psychosocial burden. To help them cope with distress, community support services should be strengthened. Moreover, long‐acting injectable antipsychotics are worth considering to alleviate caregiver burden due to ill relatives’ medication compliance issues.
Illicit drug use and acute kidney injury in patients admitted to hospital with rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Lau Hing Yim Corinne , Wong Elena W. W. , Jellie Lucy J. , Lim Andy K. H.
Published: February 2019

Background

Severe rhabdomyolysis is associated with acute kidney injury, but it is unclear if patients developing rhabdomyolysis after illicit drug use have a higher risk of acute kidney injury compared to other causes.

Aims

To provide a descriptive analysis of patients admitted with rhabdomyolysis, with a focus on illicit drug use, and to determine if illicit drug use was an independent predictor for acute kidney injury or renal replacement therapy.

Methods

We conducted a 5‐year cohort study of patients admitted to Monash Health, a tertiary referral hospital network. We identified adult patients with muscle injury from ICD‐10 AM codes, serum creatine kinase level greater than 1000 U/mL, and a clinical history consistent with rhabdomyolysis. We determined the prevalence and type of illicit drug involved and determined the association between illicit drug use and renal outcomes by logistic regression.

Results

Of 643 patients, illicit drug use was identified in 12%. Acute kidney injury developed in 51%, and 5% required renal replacement therapy. Compared to the rest of the cohort, patients who used illicit drugs were younger and had higher peak serum creatine kinase, and developed a higher severity of acute kidney injury. In multivariable analysis, the factors associated with acute kidney injury were illicit drug use, peak creatine kinase, cardiovascular disease, concurrent sepsis and a clinically‐evident pressure injury. Chronic kidney disease and need for fasciotomy were additional risk factors for renal replacement therapy.

Conclusions

Illicit drug use was associated with acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy independent of creatine kinase levels.
Characteristics, risk factors and management of venous thromboembolism in immune thrombocytopenia: a retrospective multicentre study
Authors: Le Guenno Guillaume , Guieze Romain , Audia Sylvain , Khellaf Mehdi , Michel Marc , Bonnotte Bernard , Ruivard Marc , Godeau Bertrand
Published: February 2019

Background

An increased risk of thrombosis has been reported in immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), but the characteristics, risk factors of occurrence, recurrence and management of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) have been poorly investigated.

Aims

To describe VTE and ITP characteristics, distribution of VTE risk factors and their impact on VTE features and recurrence.

Methods

A retrospective study of patients with ITP and VTE registered in databases of three reference French centres of ITP.

Results

Among 49 patients, 66 VTE were recorded. The platelet count at the time of the first VTE was <100 × 109/L for 28/43 (65%) patients. In total, 19/48 (40%) patients had at least one positive antiphospholipid test result. For the 10 VTE occurring in eight patients with platelet count <50 × 109/L, ITP treatment was efficient in 7. One haemorrhagic complication associated with anticoagulant (AC) therapy was recorded. For 31/49 (63%) patients, long‐term AC therapy could have been discussed after the first VTE, but only 13 received it. A second VTE occurred in 13 (27%) patients. The risk of recurrence was increased in patients with unprovoked VTE before ITP diagnosis or active cancer.

Conclusion

VTE in ITP mainly occurred in the presence of multiple risk factors of TE. A low platelet count does not protect against VTE. Management with AC therapy despite persistently low platelet count seems possible. Risk of VTE recurrence is high, particularly with a history of unprovoked VTE or active cancer. In this setting, indefinite AC therapy could be discussed.
Challenges of adopting the role of care manager when implementing the collaborative care model for people with common mental illnesses: A scoping review
Authors: Girard Ariane , Ellefsen Édith , Roberge Pasquale , Carrier Jean‐Daniel , Hudon Catherine
Published: February 2019

This review aimed to identify the main factors influencing the adoption of the role of care manager (CM) by nurses when implementing the collaborative care model (CCM) for common mental illnesses in primary care settings. A total of 19 studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting on 14 distinct interventions implemented between 2000 and 2017 in five countries. Two categories of factors were identified and described as follows: (i) strategies for the CCM implementation (e.g. initial care management training and supervision by a mental health specialist) and (ii) context‐specific factors (e.g. organizational factors, collaboration with team members, nurses’ care management competency). Identified implementation strategies were mainly aimed towards improving the nurse's care management competency, but their efficacy in developing the set of competencies needed to fulfil a CM role was not well demonstrated. There is a need to better understand the relationship between the nurses’ competencies, the care management activities, the strategies used to implement the CCM and the context‐specific factors. Strategies to optimize the adoption of the CM role should not be solely oriented towards the individual's competency in care management, but also consider other context‐specific factors. The CM also needs a favourable context in order to perform his or her activities with competency.