bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nature and Scope of Deafness
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

This chapter is intended as a general introduction to deafness, deaf people, and sign language. Understanding the development of deaf children requires some “feel” for the environments in which they grow up. Before considering the details of their early development within either hearing or deaf families, however, it is helpful to consider what the adult deaf community is like. Although most deaf children do not truly enter the deaf community until they are adolescents or adults, that description provides some idea of the “endpoint” of development for the average deaf child. The overview of deaf culture also is designed to give some feel for deaf children of deaf parents. Insofar as the context and rate of development in those children appear much the same as for hearing children of hearing parents, deaf children of deaf parents provide an important standard of comparison for deaf children of hearing parents-those who comprise fully 90% of all deaf children.
Social and Personality Development During the School Years
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

The beginnings of social development in deaf children were explored in Chapter 3. The primary focus in that context was on the early interactions and relationships between mothers and infants because of, first, their preeminence as the infant’s initial foray into the social world, and second, the role of mother-infant social interactions as the foundation for the child’s later interactions with others. The course of these earliest social interactions, however, was shown to depend on the reciprocal interchanges of deaf children with their mothers and with other significant individuals in the environment.
Intelligence and Cognitive Development
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

This chapter surveys several sources of evidence concerning the cognitive or intellectual abilities of deaf children. A variety of studies have explored the issues surrounding intelligence testing with deaf children-issues such as the confounding of intelligence and language ability, the culturejairness of intelligence tests, and the validity of nonverbal versus verbal measures of intelligence. Regrettably, asking these questions has not led to many answers, and all of the issues remain open to debate. Research conducted from both psychological and educational perspectives, however, has brought us a long way toward a better understanding of intellectual development in deaf children and its interaction with language and social development (Marschark, 1993).
Creativity and Flexibility: The Myth(?) of Concreteness
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most general and frequently invoked characterization of deaf children is that they are literal and concrete in both their language and cognitive functioning (Blackwell et al., 1978; Conrad, 1979; Furth, 1966, 1973; Heider & Heider, 1941; Liben, 1978; Myklebust, 1953; Oleron, 1953; Quigley & Paul, 1984; Watts, 1979). Historically, this conclusion has derived from numerous observations indicating that deaf children tend to be relatively limited in their abilities to grasp complex, abstract, or nonliteral concepts, even when those concepts involve nonverbal domains. Most frequently, however, both teaching and assessments of deaf children’s abilities were (and still are) conducted using printed materials. It therefore is unclear to what extent observed deficits in such abilities reflect language-specific deficits rather than more pervasive intellectual limitations-with or without linguistic origins or correlates.
Prologue
Authors: Schaller Michael
Published: November 2023

Alexander Portnoy, the narcissistic narrator of Philip Roth’s 1969 novel, Portnoy’s Complaint, reveled in telling the story of Miltie, stationed with American forces in Japan. “Mamma,” Miltie tells his mother excitedly in a phone call from Yokohama, “I have good news. I found a wonderful Japanese girl and we were married today. As soon as I get my discharge, I want to bring her home, Mamma, for you to meet each other.” “So,” Mamma replies, “bring her home.”
In The Shadow Of The Occupation: Japan And The United States, 1952-55
Authors: Schaller Michael
Published: November 2023

THE Occupation ended in April 1952, but Japan remained a client state for many years after. The presence of 200,000 American troops on hundreds of bases as well as foreign control over Okinawa and other outlying islands left Japan less than fully independent. Japan’s diplomacy, security, and trade remained tethered to priorities set by Washington. Subordination, however, did not require passivity. During the long twilight of the Yoshida era, political and business leaders man aged to steer many American initiatives in directions favorable to Japan.
Japanese-American Political Relations, 1954-58
Authors: Schaller Michael
Published: November 2023

IN the five years following Yoshida’s resignation, economic and security ties with the United States remained Japan’s magnetic north. At the same time, Tokyo’s more nationalistically inclined leaders struck out in directions that occasionally unnerved Washington. Aside from questions over China and Southeast Asia, disputes over the pace of rearmament, the terms of the security treaty, and Japan’s efforts to improve ties with its Communist neighbors aroused American fears of ideological adultery.
Prologue: Rewriting the Revolution
Authors: Gordon Joel
Published: November 2023

In December 1953, sixteen months after they had seized power, nearly a full year after they had outlawed all political parties, members of Egypt’s ruling junta marched in the funeral procession of one Hifni Mahmud. A former pasha-the officers had abolished the honorific title within days of their takeover-Mahmud had been a leader of the Liberal Constitutionalist party. A minority faction comprising primarily large landowners, it seemed an old regime party the officers would hardly care to honor. Hifni Mahmud, to his credit, had been a bit of a freethinker. The pasha had often played foil to leftist intellectuals at nightly gatherings in the office of the editor of Al-Misri, Egypt’s largest daily, that Carnal Abdel Nasser and other members of the military junta often attended. There they came to respect the “mocking philosopher’s” satirical wit.
“A Country of Failure”
Authors: Gordon Joel
Published: November 2023

When Egypt awoke on July 23, 1952, the country greeted news of a military coup with nervous anticipation. Politicians and their colleagues, those not vacationing abroad, scurried to contact one another, to share news and trade rumors. Many gathered at the San Stefano Hotel in Alexandria, summer haunt for the political establishment. As it became apparent over the course of the following week that the army would change little and little blood would be shed (only two soldiers died, as a result of scattered gunfire outside the Rasal-Tin Palace on July 26), Egyptians heaved a sigh of relief. Few rued the army’s action. Rather, a nation disillusioned by the instability and inefficacy of a parliamentary system gone wild considered the electric shock administered the body politic, as well as the deposition of a disgraced king, a blessing.
Physics, Biology, And Mathematics
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

This book is about the application of physics to the understanding of biological systems, so that it is appropriate to think briefly about the difference between the approaches usually adopted in the physical and the biological sciences. This will serve to explain the background to the approach adopted, which shows physics not as an end in itself but as a tool to be used by biologists.
Mechanically Excited Sound Generators
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. An active animal can typically produce a sustained mechanical power output of up to 10 watts per kilogram of body weight. or 10 mW/g, though humans can work at only about one tenth of this rate. Humans and other vertebrates can typically employ only a small fraction, 1 to 10%, of this power for sound production, but insects may be able to use as much as 50%. These figures serve as a guide to the available power input to the acoustic system but. as we see later, the efficiency with which it is converted to radiated sound is very small.
Joan of Arc and Richard III
Authors: Wood Charles T
Published: November 2023

Joan of Arc and Richard III loom large in the histories of their countries, but the myths surrounding them have always obscured just who they were and what they hoped to accomplish. In this book, medieval historian Charles Wood brings these fascinating figures to life through an original combination of traditional biography and wide-ranging discussion of the political and social world in which they lived. Wood draws on a range of unusual sources--from art and legal codes to chronicles and lives of saints--to present a new picture of medieval people and their concerns. Focusing on topics often neglected by other historians, he includes lively discussions of royal adultery scandals, child-kings and the problems they posed, and earlier people and crises that helped to shape the culture of sex and sainthood that was profoundly that of the Middle Ages. In so doing, he clarifies the historical contributions of Richard and Joan, and sheds new light on the political, social, and religious forces that shaped medieval government and made France and England such widely different countries.
Edward I and the Confirmation of the Charters
Authors: Wood Charles T
Published: November 2023

Among the familiar sights crowding the landscape of English history from the dooms of Ine to that crown plucked from a hawthorn bush at Bosworth, few are more deeply cherished than the crisis of 1297 and the so-called “Confirmation of the Charters” to which it gave rise.
Celestine V, Boniface VIII, and the Authority of Parliament
Authors: Wood Charles T
Published: November 2023

Pope Nicholas IV died on April 4, 1292, but the choice of a successor proved frustratingly difficult. The law of the conclave then in force required unanimity among the cardinals, and they were badly split by national rivalries, family antagonisms, and pure personal differences. Twenty-seven months had therefore passed without an election when, on July 4, 1294, the college received a letter from Peter of Morrone, a cave-dwelling hermit of almost eighty. Apocalyptic in tone, the letter foretold of coming doom if the cardinals did not rapidly move to heal the Church’s wounds by restoring its head. Response to Peter’s predictions was immediate: On the very next day, July 5, the college elected this hermit pope.
Joan of Arc
Authors: Wood Charles T
Published: November 2023

In 1415, when Joan of Arc turned three, she was far too young to understand the world into which she had been born. Nevertheless. events in that year did much to shape her role in history as well as the way in which her contemporaries would view her. First and foremost, 1415 saw Henry V’s stunning victory at Agincourt, that unexpected miracle of St. Crispin’s Day that made possible English reconquest of Normandy and, after Charles the dauphin’s murder of Duke John of Burgundy at Montereau, the Treaty of Troyes in 1420. In it, England’s king was given Charles Vi’s daughter Catherine of France in marriage, and all rights to the French throne were transferred from a discredited dauphin to Henry and the heirs of his body.
“He keeps Him Like a Woman”: Age and Gender in the Social Organization of Sodomy
Authors: Rocke Michael
Published: November 2023

This chapter takes up an exploration of the nature and significance of sodomy in male culture and sexual experience in late medieval Florence by beginning with the fundamental issues of how homoerotic interactions were typically organized and how they were perceived and represented. Recent studies in both anthropology and history have shown that the social forms in which homosexual behavior occurs, and the meanings attributed to it, vary considerably across time and culture. Many studies have stressed, moreover, that it is necessary to distinguish sexual behavior from sexual identity. Simply to project current Western conceptions of homosexuality—which are dominated by the notion of a permanently deviant and distinct minority—onto same-sex erotic relations in past or other societies inevitably tends to misrepresent their historical and cultural specificity.

Regarding the traditional societies of medieval and early modern Europe, the most persuasive view now holds that homosexual behavior usually occurred between an “active” adult and a “passive” adolescent, and that most males who engaged in sex with other males probably also had sexual relations with females. Only in the eighteenth century, and then, it seems, above all in northwestern Europe (England, the Netherlands, and France), did this pattern gradually begin to be replaced by a new model.
Politics and Sodomy in the Late Fifteenth Century: The Medici, Savonarola, and the Abolition of the Night Officers
Authors: Rocke Michael
Published: November 2023

At no time in the history of the Florentine Republic were the social, political, and moral divergences over sodomy in this community more strident, or disputed more publicly, than during the last decade of the fifteenth century. The epigraphs to this chapter give some sense of the terms in which this controversy was played out. For Girolamo Savonarola, the charismatic Dominican friar who exerted a powerful, yet divisive, influence on the city, the repression of sodomy and other “vices” formed a key part of his efforts to reform public morality. After the Medici fell in 1494, his program for moral renewal became tightly wedded to the political rebirth of the Republic, and was pursued not only through harsh new laws sponsored by his supporters, but also through a massive mobilization of reformed boys and adolescents to serve as examples of purity and to police activities deemed “immoral.”

Yet however wide-ranging and spectacular these efforts to suppress sodomy were, they met with only brief or partial success. Popular opposition frustrated the adoption of the friar’s most rabid demands; lax enforcement limited the effects of the laws; and, remarkably, for the first time in Florence—perhaps the first time in Christian Europe—groups of men, mainly youths, are found defiantly challenging attempts to repress sodomy.
Opening Statement of the Prosecution December 9, 1946
Authors: Taylor Telford
Published: November 2023

The defendants in this case are charged with murders, tortures, and other atrocities committed in the name of medical science. The victims of these crimes are numbered in the hundreds of thousands. A handful only are still alive; a few of the survivors will appear in this courtroom. But most of these miserable victims were slaughtered outright or died in the course of the tortures to which they were subjected.
Historical Origins of the Nuremberg Code
Authors: Grodin Michael A
Published: November 2023

The Nuremberg Code consists of 10 principles enumerated in the final judgment of the Doctors’ Trial or Medical Case. These principles were formulated in an attempt to establish the substantive standards and procedural guidelines for permissible medical experimentation with humans. They were not identified as a code of medical ethics but rather appear as part of the final legal judgment, where it is claimed that they are derived from the “natural law” of all people. (George Annas discusses the legal standing of the Nuremberg Code in U.S. law in Chapter 11.)
Eunuchs And Sacred Boundaries In Islamic Society
Authors: Marmon Shaun
Published: November 2023

In this thought-provoking interdisciplinary work, Shaun Marmon describes how eunuchs, as a category of people who embodied ambiguity, both defined and mediated critical thresholds of moral and physical space in the household, in the palace and in the tomb of pre-modern Islamic society. The author's central focus is on the sacred society of eunuchs who guarded the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad in Medina for over six centuries and whose last representatives still perform many of their time honored rituals to this day. Through Marmon's account, the "sacred" eunuchs of Medina become historical guides into uncharted dimensions of Islamic ritual, political symbolism, social order, gender and time.
Chorion Protein Genes: Cp36, Cp38, Cpl5, Cpl6, Cpl8, Cpl9
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

CP36 and CP38 (chorion proteins of 36 kD and 38 kD) are two of the six major protein components of the egg chorion; the other four are the product of genes on chromosome 3 (Petri et al. 1976). CP36 and CP38 are probably the main components of the innermost chorionic layer and the internal region of the thick endochorion (Parks and Spradling 1987; Orr-Weaver 1991). An Nterminal segment of approximately 20 amino acids is probably a signal peptide that is cleaved upon protein secretion (Waring and Mahowald 1979). As is true for all major chorion proteins, CP36 and CP38 are rich in Gly, Ala, Pro and Ser (in CP36, these amino acids constitute 40% of the residues and in CP38, 50%) and in Tyr, an amino acid that is extensively cross-linked in the mature chorion (Petri et al. 1976). Both proteins have runs of Ala and Gly-His, but overall sequence similarity is not striking.
The Cytochrome c Gene Cluster: Cytc1, Cyic2
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

Two Cys residues near the N-terminus bind the heme group. Another region near the N-terminus has a primary role in the import of cytochromes c into mitochondria in vitro; other portions of the molecule are also necessary for this transport (Sprinkle et al. 1990). These proteins are ubiquitous among eukaryotes and, judging from comparisons made among cytochromes c from 30 species, they are highly conserved. The CYTC1 sequence is very similar to the consensus sequence for other eukaryotic cytochromes c: at every position, the residue present in CYTC1 is found also in some other eukaryotic cytochrome c. CYTC2, on the other hand, is more divergent and has some unique characteristics: at 12 positions, the residues found in CYTC2 are not represented in any other eukaryotic cytochrome c (Fig. 10.1) (Limbach and Wu 1985). It is not known whether the two Drosophila proteins have specialized functions.
The Heat-Shock Gene Cluster at 67B: Hsp22, Hsp23, Hsp26, Hsp27, HspGl, HspG2, HspG3
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The small HSPs of Drosophila are thought to be homologous to those of many other species, from bacteria to mammals and higher plants. Although diverse in sequence, they all share the following features: (1) heat-inducibility; (2) some structural characteristics; and (3) the ability to form polymeric aggregates. In some species, Drosophila included, these proteins are phosphorylated and associated with RNA (see Lindquist and Craig (1988) for a review).
Paired: Prd
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

A DNA-binding regulatory protein of the homeodomain type important in establishing the segmentation pattern in early embryos. The following potentially important sequence features occur. The segment between residues 27 and 154 has great similarity to regions in both gooseberry genes and has been designated the “paired domain” (Bopp et al. 1986). This is a DNA-binding region (Treisman et al. 1991).
The Yolk Protein Gene Family: Yp1, Yp2, Yp3
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

Yolk proteins 1, 2 and 3 (YP1, YP2, YP3) of 46, 45 and 44 kD, respectively; also known as vitellogenins, when circulating in the hemolymph, and vitellins, when deposited in the oocyte. YP precursors contain signal peptides that are cleaved before secretion (Warren et al. 1979). Other post-translational modifications include the sulfation of Tyrresidues (Tyr-172 in YP2) (Baeuerle and Huttner 1985; Baeuerle et al. 1988), glycosylation and phosphorylation (Minoo and Postlethwait 1985; Brennan and Mahowald 1982).
Translation Start Sites and mRNA Leaders
Authors: Cavener Douglas R , Cavener Beth A
Published: November 2023

A prototypical eukaryotic mRNA is often described as having a short (less than 100 nt) 5’ untranslated leader sequence upstream of start codon containing a good consensus sequence (Lewin 1990). Translation initiation from such a mRNA follows the scanning model whereby: (1) a complex of proteins including the cap-binding protein (eIF-4E) associates with the 5’ cap of the mRNA; (2) this complex in turn facilitates binding of the preinitiation complex (40S ribosomal subunits + eIF-2-GTP-tRNAmet); (3) the preinitiation complex scans the mRNA searching for the start codon (the first AUG encountered in the prototypical mRNA); (4) the large ribosomal subunit (60S) joins the 40S subunit beginning translation (Kozak 1989).
Last of the Beaten Track
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

If 1955 was a turning point in the history of the Middle East, 1954 set the stage for this drama. At the periphery, Turkey and Pakistan concluded a defense treaty that aimed at bridging the North Atlantic Trea y Organization (NATO) and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), a move inspired by Great Power politics and as yet of no direct interest to the Arab world. But in August 1954, Nuri al-Said resumed power at Baghdad and at once set out to engineer Iraq’s inclusion in the treaty, and in doing so turned the alliance into a lever to achieve Iraq’s dominance in the Arab world.
Glubb’s Ouster and Its Aftermath’
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

On 1 March 1956, King Hussein dismissed Lieutenant General John Bagot Glubb, chief of the general staff of the Arab Legion.1 With him were dismissed Glubb’s closest assistants, Colonel W. M. Hutton, his chief of staff, and Colonel Sir Patrick Coghill, director of General Intelligence. Also, eight British commanding officers were suspended, apparently those who had been most active in suppressing the riots in January. The British government ordered all the remaining British officers in executive positions to relinquish their commands immediately.
The Crisis of April 1957
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

On the evening of 8 April 1957, the First Armored Car Regiment of the First-Amira ‘Aliya-Brigade Group left its camp at Zerqa and took up positions that controlled access to Amman.2 The commanding officer of the regiment, Captain Nadhir Rashid, with his aide the only hadari in a beduin unit, told his men that they were to check the serviceability of their vehicles. Hussein, on finding Basman Palace under something close to siege, heard from Abu Nuwar that he had ordered a security check on traffic from and to the capital. Hussein angrily ordered the regiment back to base and was obeyed.
The Crisis of July 1958
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

The crisis through which Hussein, and the Entity with him, passed in July 1958 lacks the public drama of that of April 1957 or, for that matter, of Black September 1970. However, it was unique in two respects: it was the one emergency in Hussein’s perilous career in whose timing he had no part, and as far as we know, it was the one that brought him to the brink of giving up. As far as Hussein was concerned, the crisis did not begin with the coup in Baghdad on 14 July. Rather, it had begun almost two weeks earlier, on the receipt of urgent information from the U.S.
Relaxation
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

In the political history of Jordan, the period between the crisis of summer 1958 and the call for the first Arab summit in December 1963 lacks the dramatic unity that characterized the preceding three years. There are common denominators: qawmiyya was still the dominant ideology of the Arab world, and it still considered the Jordanian Entity to lack legitimacy. Abdel Nasser remained the embodiment of qawmiyya, and thus Hussein continued to regard him as the major threat to his existence. But the drama had been diminished in the denouement of 1958.
Fresh Storms and Tense Interludes
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

The end of 1959 saw the beginning of two processes that, in retrospect, were milestones on the road to the Six-Day War. On 18 November 1959, the Israeli government announced that it would give top priority to the diversion of Jordan water from Lake Tiberias to the Negev-that is, the National Water Carrier project, on which Israel’s development was to depend in decades to come, with all that this implied for the absorption of mass immigration, advance toward economic independence, and pride in the Zionist achievement. Because the carrier project was to originate in Lake Tiberias, Syrian (and Lebanese) water reserves would not be affected.
The Breakup of the UAR and After
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

The Syrian army coup of 28 September 1961 and the breakup of the union between Egypt and Syria in its wake took Hussein as unawares as it took anybody outside the circle of conspirators immediately involved. Hussein’s fear of this spectacular enhancement of Abdel Nasser’s power had been known from the first. Hussein had never bothered to disguise it, and whenever his relations with Abdel Nasser reached yet another low, he and the Jordanian official media called on the Syrian people to rise up against its alien oppressors.
Introduction
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

By the early twentieth century, the appeal of schooling was already irresistible in the United States. Philosophers proclaimed its unparalleled importance, sociologists integrated it into the basic institutions of their analysis, reformers called upon its aspirations for improvement, and politicians were becoming adept at invoking its name as part of the rhetoric of democratic promise. In fact, schooling was then only marginally a factor in social life, more an incanted ideal than a strategic part of national experience. Since then, schooling has become a familiar part of the American dialogue about the meaning and fate of democratic society. Indeed, our attention to schooling, our discussions, and our dissatisfactions have helped to define us as a people in the twentieth century. Today, schooling does matter, and education as a massive enterprise has become an integral component of the economy, culture, and state. While Americans in high places still incant schooling as part of the liturgy of American ideology, the experience of almost all Americans has made the school part of their own intimate past and vital to their children’s future. The domestication of schooling, from the realm of inspiration to the ghettos of daily life, has been part of the social transformation of the twentieth century.
“Americanizing” the High Schools: New York in the 1930s and ‘40s
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

By the 1930s the children and grandchildren of the progressive-era migrations were filling the classrooms of American cities. This was not unprecedented; drawn or driven, the children of the masses had been attending school in America since the nineteenth century. New, however, was the degree to which the children of immigrants were moving into the higher educational reaches, attending high schools and even colleges. In the nineteenth century, high schools had occupied an ambiguous place in American education-sometimes merely feeders for colleges and universities, sometimes academies in their own right, often no more than stopping places
Worldviews of Regret: A Literary Framework
Authors: Landman Janet
Published: November 2023

How we experience regret has, I believe, much to do with personal and cultural values that are deep and fundamental, though often tacit and unexamined. Just as the text of life cannot be reduced to a single universally agreed-upon text, but supports multiple possible meanings, interpretations, or constructions, regret cannot be reduced to a single unitary concept or phenomenon but requires a many-dimensioned analytic framework. In this chapter I begin an exploration of regret within the framework of the literary categories of romance, comedy, tragedy, and irony-as illustrated in Dickens’s Great Expectations, James’s The Ambassadors, Dostoev­ sky’s Notes from Underground, and Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, re­ spectively. In addition, I examine a more modern exemplar of regret in a mixed mode (romantic and ironic) as found in Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler.1,2 Finally, I take a look at literary metaphors for regret emerging from within each of these worldviews. I shall be returning to these novels and their corresponding modes of regret in later chapters, combing through them for whatever they can contribute to an understanding of the substance, antecedents, occasions, sequelae, and transformation of regret.
Regrets I’ve Had a Few: What We Regret Most
Authors: Landman Janet
Published: November 2023

Okay. So you overslept this morning. You had no time for break­ fast. You missed one bus by seconds and had to wait a half hour for the next in a driving rain. Your work bores you to tears. Your kids are sassy and your spouse preoccupied. If only aging didn’t mean creeping weight gain and physical afflictions. You should have gotten that degree. In other words, you’ve had a few regrets.
Personal Roots of Regret
Authors: Landman Janet
Published: November 2023

What really plays the dickens with us is something in ourselves. Something that makes us go on doing the same sort of fool things, however many chances we get. The tragic and ironic worldviews have in common the assumption that most human conflict and misery are due to personal or internal failings and ambivalences or to uncontrollable external forces. The tragic flaw in the character of the literary hero, which brings about the downfall of the hero, exemplifies this assumption. The romantic and comic worldviews share the assumption that external and controllable forces are what get in the way of human happiness and stability. Likewise, whenever we are called upon to con­ sider the question “What caused X to do Y?” our answers fall for the most part into the same two categories: internal (personal) and external (situational) reasons.i Accordingly, I have divided the question of what “causes” regret into two chapters, first exploring some of the personal characteristics of individuals and then some of the characteristics of circumstances that help explain when and why we regret.
Occasions of Regret
Authors: Landman Janet
Published: November 2023

Although we commonly think of emotion as bubbling up from the most private wellsprings of the individual, external circumstances significantly shape emotion as well. External, or situational, factors influence the quality of regret, how intensely it is experienced, and when it is experienced and expressed. Moreover, because emotion consists of a transaction between a person and his or her circumstances, it does not really make sense to try to separate them. In the interests of analytic clarity, in this chapter I am treating external circumstances as separable, but I do so in an “as-if” manner. The comic and romantic constructions of regret view controllable, external factors as primarily responsible for frustrating human happiness, and the exercise of reason and action as the primary antidotes. Among the external, situational factors shaping regret are the large influences of culture and the more minute influences having to do with the context of decisions, the antecedents of decisions, and the regretted outcomes themselves.
Transformation of Regret
Authors: Landman Janet
Published: November 2023

How is regret transformed over time?As mentioned earlier, empirical research on regret has only recently made its debut. Investigations of regret as a historical, dynamic process-investigations capable of answering the vital question of how it is transformed-are nonexistent. Although in principle autobiographies might serve as valuable sources of such material, with the exception of T. E. Lawrence’s Seven Pillars of Wisdom (with its equal parts of regret and guilt), I am unfamiliar with autobiographies that illuminate regret as temporal process.
Introduction
Authors: McFadden David W
Published: November 2023

The origins of the complex and multifaceted relationship between Soviet Russia and the United States of America long predate the nuclear age and the conventional beginnings of the Cold War. The diverse dimensions of conflict, and efforts to resolve differences, date from the very beginnings of Bolshevik power: November 7, 1917. Far from there being a clear and unambiguous policy on either side, the first years of the relationship comprised a series of experimental attempts to come to terms with each other. These efforts occurred at a time of enormous pressure and change for both societies. Woodrow Wilson had only recently reversed course and committed the United States to the defeat of Germany in World War I, the first-ever commitment of American ground troops to a European war. Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks looked into a totally unknown future, heading a government that they firmly believed could not survive without the assistance of revolutionary uprisings in Germany and elsewhere in Central Europe. In the course of the ensuing three years, the two leaders and their societies faced war, revolution, economic chaos, Red Terror, and Red Scare. And, in the process, a wide variety of people in both countries groped for means and ways to work out some relationship with each other, exploring opportunities in a bewildering array of on-the-spot diplomatic encounters, in Petrograd, Moscow, Stockholm, Paris, and New York.
Lenin’s American Policy
Authors: McFadden David W
Published: November 2023

V.I. Lenin and the Bolshevik Party’s policy toward the United States in the three years following the October Revolution remained remarkably consis tent, yet reflected a maturing recognition of the realities of denied Bolshevik hopes for world revolution coupled with the continued survival and strength ened position of Soviet Russia. In its broad outlines, it meshed perfectly with the evolving policy of the Soviets toward the West in general and toward Britain and France in particular. But in some important respects, it diverged from this more general strategy by treating the United States as a special, and often favored, case.
Judson, Trotsky, and Bolshevik-American Military Collaboration, 191 7-1918
Authors: McFadden David W
Published: November 2023

On December 1, 1917, less than a month after the Bolshevik seizure of power in Petrograd, Brigadier General William V. Judson, chief of the American Military Mission in Russia, met with Soviet Foreign Commissar Lev Trotsky in an effort to influence the terms of the Soviet armistice with Germany. This meeting marked the first substantive political or military contact between any United States official representative and responsible authorities of the new Soviet government.2
The Vietminh, the French, and the Americans: 1946-1950
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D
Published: November 2023

Relations between France and the Vietminh deteriorated in 1946, and full-scale war broke out between them in December of that year. In the beginning the United States looked on as a spectator. Washington followed its practice of considering Indochina a distinctly secondary region. Europe took first place in the estimate of U.S. planners; in Asia, Americans looked first to China and then Japan to fulfill their national ambitions. Officially the United States argued that the issue of the future of Indochina concerned France, but later, high-level American officials began to take a more active interest in the future of Southeast Asia. The growing American concern for France’s success in its war against the Vietminh coincided with, and represented a part of, the development of the Cold War.

The Cold War emerged in the six months after World War II as a combination of conscious planning and day-to-day interactions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both powers had expressed suspicions of the other’s motives during the Second World War, but the events of the period after August 1945 hardened these concerns into fear and mistrust. By 1947 little room for accommodation existed.
From Support to Intervention: 1961–1963
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D
Published: November 2023

The new administration of John F. Kennedy vastly expanded the U.S. commitment to support the Republic of South Vietnam in its war against the National Liberation Front. Kennedy, along with most foreign affairs experts of the late 1950s and early 1960s, believed that the Cold War was a global struggle: events were interconnected, and weakness in the face of communist adversaries’ moves encouraged aggression elsewhere. Furthermore, many of the more assertive American Cold Warriors believed that a languorous President Eisenhower had underestimated the growing threat to U.S. interests posed by revolutionaries supported by the Soviet Union and China. Soviet Communist Party General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev’s promise at the beginning of 1961 to offer material support for revolutionaries waging “wars of national liberation” reinforced these foreign affairs experts’ sense of peril to the United States.

President Kennedy and his principal foreign affairs advisers considered the communist-nationalist insurrection in South Vietnam part of this global competition. Himself an early member of the American Friends of Vietnam, the young President considered Vietnam and all of Southeast Asia a key arena in the contest between communism and the West. By themselves the National Liberation Front and North Vietnam posed no threat to the United States. But they challenged the legitimacy of the Republic of Vietnam, a friendly government created largely by American actions.
Crack-up: 1967-1968
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D
Published: November 2023

The war in Vietnam overwhelmed the United States in 1967 and 1968. When President Johnson escalated American involvement of ground personnel in 1965, General Westmoreland optimistically promised that the United States and its South Vietnamese ally would turn the tide of the war in 1966. Mopping up would occur in 1967 and the war would effectively be won in 1968. These estimates proved wildly out of line. The number of U.S. troops in Vietnam surpassed four hundred thousand in 1967 and the resistance of the nlf and the North Vietnamese remained intact and powerful. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara’s doubts about the effectiveness of bombing the North caused him finally to conclude that “the war in Vietnam is acquiring a momentum of its own that must be stopped.” Further escalation “could lead to a major national disaster.” The growth of anti-war sentiment had a vast impact on the thinking of top officials of the Johnson administration. The intellectual leadership of the country, supportive of presidential action in foreign affairs since the Second World War, turned against deeper U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
Anxiety and Remorse
Authors: Tanner John S
Published: November 2023

“O Conscience, into what Abyss of fears / And horrors hast thou driv’n me; out of which/ I find no way, from deep to deeper plung’d!” (10.842-44). These are the final cries from Adam’s remorseful lament that splits the “still Night” after the Fall. Similar words introduce Satan’s lament atop Mt. Niphates: “Now conscience wakes despair / That slumber’d, wakes the bitter memory / Of what he was, what is, and what must be / Worse” (4.23-26). Clearly, both Man and Devil have consciences; both experience the pangs of remorse. But within this similarity remains a crucial difference: Conscience plunges Adam and Eve deeper and deeper into regret for evil until remorse finally gives way to genuine self reproach and repentance. Satan, by contrast, attempts to turn his con science inside out. Thus his lament, which begins expressing anguish for evil, ends explicitly beyond remorse, embracing evil: “Farewell Remorse: all Good to me is lost; / Evil be thou my Good” (4.109-10). These contrasting existential positions may be summarized as follows: for Mil ton’s human sinners, evil always remains evil-that which they loathe; for Milton’s demonic sinners, evil becomes defined as good-that which they love, or at least attempt to love.
Anxiety and Salvation
Authors: Tanner John S
Published: November 2023

Upon returning a manuscript copy of Paradise Lost to Milton, the young Quaker Thomas Ellwood reportedly quipped: “Thou hast said much here of ‘Paradise Lost’; but what hast thou to say of ‘Paradise Found’?” Ellwood credits his pleasantry with having inspired Milton to write Paradise Regained.’ Be that as it may, his witticism suggests that Ellwood had either not read or not understood Paradise Lost-especially its conclusion, which explicitly moves the story from despair to hope, loss to salvation. Paradise Lost (never mind its sequel) coordinates Adam’s transgression with Christ’s triumph, developing the familiar Pauline parity between the first and second Adam. Also like Paul’s epistles, the poem’s conclusion stresses the need for a “better Cov’nant” of faith (12.302) owing to the insufficiency of both the Mosaic law and, more broadly, legalism. Kierkegaard’s treatise on the Fall observes similar dynamics in its conclusion. Its final chapter redirects the focus from sin to salvation, particularly salvation through faith. Like Paul and Milton, Kierkegaard lays special emphasis on the inadequacy of legalism as a means of redemption. In addition, however, Kierkegaard asserts that to be saved through faith is necessarily to be educated in anxiety. He calls his final chapter “Anxiety as Saving through Faith” (CA, 155). In my final chapter, I, too, turn from despair in order to explore the conjunction in Paradise Lost and The Concept of Anxiety between anxiety and salvation.
The Rise of the Know Nothings
Authors: Anbinder Tyler
Published: November 2023

In about 1850, Charles B. Allen of New York City founded a new secret society similar to the other nativist fraternal organizations already in existence. Yet this new group, the Order of the Star Spangled Banner (OSSB),1 differed from previous nativist groups in a number of ways. Organizations such as the Order of United Americans (OUA) and United Sons of America had been only “semi-secret.” Meetings were closed to the public, but adherents could admit to membership, which became public anyway because they participated in parades and organized public lectures. Members of the OSSB, on the other hand, could not reveal anything about their organization, not even the fact that it existed. While the older nativist groups charged significant dues and required members to purchase expensive uniforms, it cost nothing to join the new group. The goals of the OSSB, however, were nearly identical to those of the existing nativist organizations. OSSB members pledged to use their votes and personal influence to reduce the political power of both immigrants and the politicians who purportedly pandered to them.
The Know Nothings and Republican Ascendancy, 1857-1860
Authors: Anbinder Tyler
Published: November 2023

The American party continued to decline precipitously after the presidential canvass of 1856, contesting its final election in 1859. Under ordinary circumstances, the swift and predictable demise of a third political party would merit minimal attention. But because scholars agree that the flow of Fillmore voters into the Republican party carried Abraham Lincoln to victory in 1860 (and thus helped precipitate the Civil War), they have thoroughly scrutinized the dissolution of the American party. Two widely divergent interpretations have emerged concerning how the Republicans managed to convert the Americans. One emphasizes Republican endorsements of nativism. Historians espousing this view point to Republican enactment of voting restrictions and church property laws as the quid pro quo with which the Republicans attained the support of former Know Nothings.
Boundaries of Power
Authors: Mccurry Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Sometime in the fall of 1855 near Adams Run in Colleton District, Ralph Elliott, the son of a very wealthy planter, and a yeoman neighbor named Price came to blows over Price’s relationship to the slaves on Elliott’s PonPon plantation. Convinced that the “vulgar” Price had been engaged in illegal trading with the PonPon slaves, Elliott had “knocked him down,” an insult Price had answered with two pistol shots in Elliott’s face that were “so close as to burn him with the powder” but that missed their mark and “shot through his hat.”1 The yeoman Price had refused to play slave to Elliott’s master.
Unequal Masters
Authors: Mccurry Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Domestic dependencies had public meanings in the South Carolina Low Country. In the complex world outside the fence where masters met on no man’s particular land, yeomen’s masterly identity engendered quite contradictory meanings, committing them to independence and the public assertion of their social and political rights even as it wedded them to the relations of power and domestic dependency that supported it.1 The defense of their own independence implicated yeoman farmers in the political defense of the state’s “peculiar” domestic relations.
“Households of Faith”: Gender, Power, and Proslavery Christianity
Authors: Mccurry Stephanie
Published: November 2023

When Daniel Baker held out to tortured sinners a vision of deliverance and sanctuary, he used an image of love and intimacy very close to home. “We are all,” he would say of those who had found Jesus, “members of the same household of faith.” The perfected image of the family of household relations consecrated by love, piety, and fellowship-was his model of Christian community. But when he referred to “God the Householder,” head of the heavenly household as husbands and fathers were of earthly ones, that pristine image turned to show its fractured, inescapably secular, face.
“To Repel the Invaders at the Threshold”
Authors: Mccurry Stephanie
Published: November 2023

On December 17, 1860, the South Carolina secession convention assembled in the state capitol’s First Baptist Church to write the Ordinance of Secession that rent the Union asunder. In sheltering under the eaves of evangelicalism, delegates sought divine sanction for the revolutionary act they were about to commit, and they sought no less to unite the people of the state for the struggle that lay ahead.
Language,Thought,and the Linguistics Wars
Authors: Harris Randy Allen
Published: November 2023

“Never eat more than you can lift,” advises Miss Piggy; or, to quote the somewhat less voracious Ms. Anonymous, “Don’t bite off more than you can chew.” Putting aside the differences of scale which give these cautions their flavor, we get a very clear warning, one whose kernel is so apparent that paraphrase only mangles it. But it’s not an especially easy warning to follow, especially for juicy topics. And we are pulling up to a spread of the juiciest topics associated with the human mouth: the· commingle of meaning, noise, and power bundled into the word language. Every morsel on the table savours of faraway regions, deep, mysterious, compelling; even the gustatory metaphor we currently find closing in on us. Perhaps another paragraph will help.

Language is the subject and the object of this book. It is the method and the material, the product and the process, the chisel and the stone—points which, language being what it is, often slip noiselessly away while more immediate matters occupy us, but which, language being what it is, also lurch crashing from the shadows when we least expect it. Sometimes we seem to look right through language, hear right past it, and apprehend directly the ideas beneath the writing on the page, behind the words in the air; sometimes we can’t get it out of the way. Sometimes another paragraph helps.