bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteomics (SWATH-MS) informed by transcriptomics approach of tropical herbPersicaria minorleaves upon methyl jasmonate elicitation
Authors: Aizat Wan Mohd , Ibrahim Sarah , Rahnamaie-Tajadod Reyhaneh , Loke Kok-Keong , Goh Hoe-Han , Noor Normah Mohd
Published: August 2018

Background

Jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivative, methyl JA (MeJA) are hormonal cues released by plants that signal defense response to curb damages from biotic and abiotic stresses. To study such response, a tropical herbal plant,Persicaria minor, which possesses pungent smell and various bioactivities including antimicrobial and anticancer, was treated with MeJA. Such elicitation has been performed in hairy root cultures and plants such as Arabidopsis and rice, yet how MeJA influenced the proteome of an herbal species likeP. minoris unknown.

Method

In this study,P. minorplants were exogenously elicited with MeJA and leaf samples were subjected to SWATH-MS proteomics analysis. A previously published translated transcriptome database was used as a reference proteome database for a comprehensive protein sequence catalogue and to compare their differential expression.

Results

From this proteomics informed by transcriptomics approach, we have successfully profiled 751 proteins of which 40 proteins were significantly different between control and MeJA-treated samples. Furthermore, a correlation analysis between both proteome and the transcriptome data sets suggests that significantly upregulated proteins were positively correlated with their cognate transcripts (Pearson’sr = 0.677) while a weak correlation was observed for downregulated proteins (r = 0.147).

Discussion

MeJA treatment induced the upregulation of proteins involved in various biochemical pathways including stress response mechanism, lipid metabolism, secondary metabolite production, DNA degradation and cell wall degradation. Conversely, proteins involved in energy expensive reactions such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis and structure were significantly downregulated upon MeJA elicitation. Overall protein-transcript correlation was also weak (r = 0.341) suggesting the existence of post-transcriptional regulation during such stress. In conclusion, proteomics analysis using SWATH-MS analysis supplemented by the transcriptome database allows comprehensive protein profiling of this non-model herbal species upon MeJA treatment.
Differences between motor execution and motor imagery of grasping movements in the motor cortical excitatory circuit
Authors: Meng Hai-Jiang , Pi Yan-Ling , Liu Ke , Cao Na , Wang Yan-Qiu , Wu Yin , Zhang Jian
Published: August 2018

Background

Both motor imagery (MI) and motor execution (ME) can facilitate motor cortical excitability. Although cortical excitability is modulated by intracortical inhibitory and excitatory circuits in the human primary motor cortex, it is not clear which intracortical circuits determine the differences in corticospinal excitability between ME and MI.

Methods

We recruited 10 young healthy subjects aged 18−28 years (mean age: 22.1 ± 3.14 years; five women and five men) for this study. The experiment consisted of two sets of tasks involving grasp actions of the right hand: imagining and executing them. Corticospinal excitability and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) were measured before the interventional protocol using transcranial magnetic stimulation (baseline), as well as at 0, 20, and 40 min (T0, T20, and T40) thereafter.

Results

Facilitation of corticospinal excitability was significantly greater after ME than after MI in the right abductor pollicis brevis (APB) at T0 and T20 (p < 0.01 for T0, and p < 0.05 for T20), but not in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. On the other hand, no significant differences in SICI between ME and MI were found in the APB and FDI muscles. The facilitation of corticospinal excitability at T20 after MI correlated with the Movement Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ) scores for kinesthetic items (Rho = −0.646, p = 0.044) but did not correlate with the MIQ scores for visual items (Rho = −0.265, p = 0.458).

Discussion

The present results revealed significant differences between ME and MI on intracortical excitatory circuits of the human motor cortex, suggesting that cortical excitability differences between ME and MI may be attributed to the activation differences of the excitatory circuits in the primary motor cortex.
ГОЛОЦЕНОВАЯ ИСТОРИЯ ДЕЛЬТЫ Р. СЕВЕРНОЙ ДВИНЫ, "Геоморфология"
Authors: Зарецкая Н.Е.
Published: August 2018

Дельта р. Северной Двины в голоцене прошла три стадии развития. Эстуарная стадия (~11-7.7 кал. тыс. л. н.) совпадает со временем проникновения морских вод в Двинской залив (губу) Белого моря и завершается выработкой абразионного клифа в отложениях последнего оледенения. Лагунная стадия (~7.7-5.5 кал. тыс. л. н.) характеризуется более высоким, чем современный, длительным стоянием Белого моря, сопровождавшимся слабыми колебаниями его уровня и накоплением характерных органогенных отложений с остатками солоноватоводных микроорганизмов. Стадия дельты выполнения остаточного устьевого залива (~5.5 кал. тыс. л. н. - настоящее время) совпала с падением скоростей гляциоизостатического поднятия и началом активной аккумуляции во всем регионе Белого моря и продолжается до сих пор.
О ПРИЧИНАХ СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОКРАЩЕНИЯ ТЕМПОВ РОСТА ОВРАГОВ В УДМУРТИИ, "Геоморфология"
Authors: Рысин И.И. , Голосов В.Н. , Григорьев И.И. , ЗАЙЦЕВА М.Ю.
Published: August 2018

Мониторинговые наблюдения за линейным приростом вершин оврагов, расположенных в различных частях Республики Удмуртия, охватывают практически весь период глобального потепления (1978-2014). Этот период делится на два примерно равных по продолжительности интервала (1978-1997 и 1998-2014 гг.), отличающиеся климатическими характеристиками, влияющими на сокращение темпов прироста вершин в различных регионах Удмуртии и в республике в целом. Среднегодовые темпы прироста сократились с 1.3 м/год до 0.3 м/год для периодов наблюдений 1978-1997 и 1998-2014 гг. соответственно. Наблюдения за приростом вершин, проводились дважды в год (после снеготаяния и осенью после завершения периода выпадения стокоформирующих дождей). На участках, расположенных на небольшом удалении от Ижевска, выявлены изменения в доли вклада талого и ливневого стока в прирост оврагов. До 1997 г. включительно 80% прироста вершин происходило в период снеготаяния. Доля вклада талого стока уменьшилась до 53% после 1997 г. Анализ собранных и обработанных данных по 6 метеорологическим станциям и 4 гидрологическим постам, расположенным вблизи ряда участков мониторинга, позволил выявить некоторые закономерности в изменении влияния различных гидроклиматических параметров на темпы прироста оврагов. Основной причиной сокращения темпов прироста вершин оврагов явилось снижение глубины промерзания почв, что привело к значительному уменьшению поверхностного стока. Возросшее влияние осадков ливневого характера более отчётливо проявилось на востоке и севере Вятско-Камского междуречья, тогда как на западе наблюдается более хорошая корреляционная связь темпов роста оврагов с глубиной промерзания почв. Наиболее значимый прирост оврагов в тёплое время года происходит при выпадении осадков с суточным слоем >40 мм.
О ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИИ ЧЕТКОВИДНОЙ ФОРМЫ РУСЕЛ МАЛЫХ РЕК КРИОЛИТОЗОНЫ, "Геоморфология"
Authors: Тарбеева А.М.
Published: August 2018

Четковидные русла, характеризующиеся закономерным чередованием озеровидных расширений и соединяющих их узких проток, распространены в криолитозоне и считаются типичным примером деградации полигонально-жильных структур и мерзлоты в целом. Другие мнения связывают генезис расширений с закреплением русловых форм в результате их промерзания. Однако специальные исследования, направленные на изучение механизма образования четковидной структуры русел малых рек криолитозоны, до сих пор не проводились. На основе сопоставления существующих гипотез происхождения с данными об их морфологии, распространении и характере залегания мерзлых пород в статье предложена наиболее вероятная схема формирования четковидных русел. В частности выявлено, что они не являются признаком деградации мерзлоты и полигонально-жильных структур, так как последние представляют собой вторичные формы на пойме по отношению к руслу. Четковидные русла - полигенетические образования, связанные с термокарстом, избирательной термоэрозией, русловыми и ледовыми процессами, роль каждого из которых зависит от локальных природных условий. Выделен особый тип - четковидные извилистые русла, которые представляют собой реликты свободно меандрирующих и являются признаком снижения руслоформирующей деятельности рек, причинами которой могли быть как изменения стока воды, так и агградация мерзлоты в долинах. Более детальный анализ причин и установление возраста трансформации извилистого русла в четковидное позволит использовать их для реконструкции палеоклиматических и палеоги-дрологических изменений в криолитозоне.
МЕХАНИЗМ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ, ВОЗРАСТ И ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ОЗЕРНЫХ КОТЛОВИН ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ЧАСТИ ПСКОВСКОЙ НИЗМЕННОСТИ, "Геоморфология"
Authors: Карпухина Н.В. , Константинов Е.А. , Курбанов Р.Н. , ДЕРКАЧ А.А. , МАТЛАХОВА Е.Ю.
Published: August 2018

Озера центральной части Псковской низменности (Белая Струга, Большое, Черное) рас- положены к северу и к югу от фронтальной зоны краевых образований лужской стадии поздневалдайского оледенения и приурочены к разным генетическим типам рельефа. Анализ литологического строения колонок озерных отложений и пространственного положения озер в рельефе позволил восстановить механизм образования их котловин и выделить основные этапы эволюции озер в позднеледниковье и голоцене. Формирование котловин в пределах лимногляциальных равнин связано с неравномерной ледниковой аккумуляцией в условиях таяния мертвого льда и деятельности приледниковых водоемов. В пределах района исследования обособление таких озер произошло в период с 14.4 по 13.8 тыс. кал. л.н. Образование котловин в пределах зандровых равнин обусловлено просадочно-гляциокарстовым механизмом. Озерный этап осадконакопления в котловинах этого типа озер сопоставляется с началом аллерёда (в озере Черное не позднее 13140±250 кал. л.н.). На основании данных радиоуглеродного датирования озерных отложений удалось выявить в осадках границу позднего плейстоцена и голоцена, оценить возраст озерных отложений на разных глубинах и темпы осадконакопления. Результаты определения потерь при прокаливании озерных отложений 550 и 1000 °C свидетельствуют о том, что минерагенный тип седиментации преобладал в позднеледниковье во всех водоемах, в голоцене в оз. Белая Струга, органогенный - в оз. Большое и оз. Черное. Максимальные скорости седиментации в озерах зафиксированы в атлантический период голоцена. Исходя из средних темпов седиментации за последние 5-7 тыс. лет (0.2 до 0.3 мм/год) выполнены приблизительные оценки предельного времени существования озерных водоемов (до заболачивания): оз. Черное - 5500 лет, оз. Белая Струга - 10800 лет, оз. Большое - 3500 лет.
СТРАТИГРАФИЯ ДОННЫХ ОСАДКОВ МАЛЫХ ОЗЕР И ПАЛЕОГЕОГРАФИЯ ЗАПАДНОГО БЕРЕГА ОНЕЖСКОГО ЗАЛИВА БЕЛОГО МОРЯ В ПОЗДНЕЛЕДНИКОВЬЕ И ГОЛОЦЕНЕ, "Геоморфология"
Authors: Колька В.В. , Корсакова О.П. , Лаврова Н.Б. , Шелехова Т.С. , Толстоброва А.Н. , Толстобров Д.С. , Зарецкая Н.Е.
Published: August 2018

Представлены новые данные по литологии, микропалеонтологии и геохронологии донных осадков малых озер, расположенных на западном берегу Онежского залива Белого моря. На основе полученных данных для указанного района реконструирована палеогеографическая обстановка позднеледниковья и голоцена. Установлено, что здесь в позднем дриасе в условиях краевой зоны деградирующего ледника образовывались приледниковые озера. Их осадки в виде палеонтологически немых разнозернистых песков с гравием отмечены в некоторых котловинах побережья до высоты около 140 м над у.м. Спуск этих озер в конце позднего дриаса способствовал формированию единого обширного пресноводного водоема в котловине современного Онежского залива. В начале пребореала при таянии погребенного льда на прилегающей суше происходило заболачивание локальных депрессий и образование низинных болот и торфяников. В конце пребореала - начале бореала при замедлении гляциоизостатического поднятия земной коры, после разрушения ледяной преграды в районе Соловецких островов и притока морской воды в котловину Онежского залива произошло затопление прилегающей к нему территории. Сначала в этом обширном водоеме, а позже в отделившихся от него малых озерах накапливались слоистые алевриты и алевритистые сапропели, перекрывающие торф в разрезах донных отложений. Котловины малых озер отчленялись от основного водоема Онежского залива в разное время на протяжении голоцена по причине гляциоизостатического поднятия и восходящих блоковых движений земной коры.
ДВИНСКИЙ ЗАЛИВ БЕЛОГО МОРЯ В ПОЗДНЕЛЕДНИКОВЬЕ?- РАННЕМ ГОЛОЦЕНЕ, "Геоморфология"
Authors: РЕПКИНА Т.Ю. , Зарецкая Н.Е. , ШИЛОВА О. С.
Published: August 2018

На основе новых оригинальных данных о строении рельефа и отложений побережья Зимнего берега Белого моря от м. Керецкий до р. Куя, полученных методами геоморфологического профилирования, литостратиграфических описаний, радиоуглеродного датирования и диатомового анализа, а также анализа опубликованных геолого-геоморфологических материалов, восстановлены детали истории развития рельефа дна и побережья Двинского залива в поздне- ледниковье и раннем голоцене. Дана оценка хода изменений относительного уровня моря и скорости относительных вертикальных движений побережья. Установлено, что на северо-восточном берегу Двинского залива террасы высотой 5-20 м сформировались в ходе позднеледниковой трансгрессии - ранее, чем 9030±80-8410±40 14С (~10.2-9.4 тыс.) кал.л.н. Амплитуда трансгрессии, по ориентировочным оценкам, не превышала 15-16 м относительно современного уровня моря. Северо-восточное побережье залива (Зимний берег) испытывало относительное поднятие со скоростью около 0.2-0.5 мм/год, меньшее, чем Летний берег, что не может быть объяснено исключительно гляциоизостазией. Дельта р. Северной Двины была относительно стабильна. В конце пребореала - начале бореала на берегах залива фиксируется регрессия, протекавшая на фоне резкого увеличения притока в акваторию баренцевоморских вод.
МОРФОДИНАМИКА РУСЕЛ БОЛЬШИХ РЕК СЕВЕРА ЕТР И ПРОГНОЗНЫЕ ОЦЕНКИ ЕЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ, "Геоморфология"
Authors: Львовская Е.А. , Чалов Р.С.
Published: August 2018

Дана оценка переформирований русел рек Северной Двины, Вычегды, Мезени и Печоры в их нижнем течении в прошлом, настоящем и будущем вследствие саморазвития русловых форм, периодических многолетних колебаний водности и возможных изменений при различных сценариях изменений водности рек в XXI в. (повышение/понижение). Русла рек Севера слабоустойчивые и преимущественно разветвленные, причем преобладают наиболее сложные их морфодинамические типы (параллельно-рукавные, пойменно-русловые разветвления). Роль антропогенного фактора в целом незначительна, особенно на Печоре и Мезени: дноуглубление и выправление русел для обеспечения водного пути приводит к их стабилизации, сопровож­даемой упрощением морфологии. Полученные гидролого-морфологические зависимости для разветвлений позволили дать прогнозные оценки русловых переформирований при изменении водности рек в целом для их русел и основных рукавов в разветвлениях. При этом увеличение разветвленности русла может происходить как при увеличении водности рек благодаря активизации и развитию пойменных проток, так и при уменьшении водности рек вследствие активизации зарастания осередков и их превращения в острова. При повышении водности ожидается возникновение новых пойменно-русловых разветвлений и разветвленно-извилистого русла с последующим перераспределением расходов воды по основным рукавам. В одиночных, сопряженных, параллельно-рукавных и пойменно-русловых разветвлениях в многоводные годы основной поток сосредоточится в относительно более прямолинейных или расположенных вдоль коренного берега рукавах. На участках относительно прямолинейного неразветвленного русла ожидается спрямление динамической оси потока за счет формирования побочневых проток в тыловых частях побочней. Переформирования излучин Вычегды проявятся в активизации их продольного смещения за счет размыва вогнутых берегов в их нижних крыльях. Уменьшение стока выразится в сокращении водности вплоть до полного обмеления пойменных проток и одного из рукавов пойменно-русловых разветвлений, объединения небольших островов и их присоединения к пойменным массивам, сведет к минимуму число случаев спрямления излучин. На излучинах русла и в рукавах пойменно-русловых разветвлений Вычегды следует ожидать распространения фронта размыва вогнутых берегов на всю привершинную их часть, а также образования извилин динамической оси потока или даже вторичных излучин на их крыльях. То же произойдет на участках относительно прямолинейного русла Мезени и нижней Вычегды из-за зарастания побочней. Значительное изменение ширины произойдет в главных рукавах всех типов разветвлений, причем сокращение водности приведет к большему изменению ширины рукавов, чем ее увеличение. Наименьшее изменение ширины рукавов ожидается в параллельно-рукавных разветвлениях. При увеличении их водности произойдет примерно одинаковое увеличение ширины основных рукавов, при уменьшении - ­ширина судоходных рукавов сократится сильнее.
МНОГОЛЕТНЯЯ ДИНАМИКА ПРОФИЛЯ ПОДВОДНОГО БЕРЕГОВОГО СКЛОНА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПЕСЧАНЫХ БЕРЕГОВ ЧЕРНОГО МОРЯ), "Геоморфология"
Authors: Корзинин Д.В.
Published: August 2018

Анализ динамики рельефа подводного берегового склона в течение длительного периода необходим для выявления различий и общих тенденций эволюции берегов разных типов, а также для осуществления долгосрочного морфодинамического прогноза. На основе картографических данных и отдельных промеров по профилям исследуется морфодинамика берегового профиля на примере песчаных берегов трех разных типов, расположенных в северной части Черного моря. Выявленные трансформации берегового профиля, связаны с разным бюджетом прибрежно-морских осадков за исследуемый период времени, с действием штормов разной структуры и интенсивности, а также c изменением относительного уровня водоема в связи с тектоническими условиями. Признаков смещения внешней границы динамической зоны, определяемой волнением, за исследуемый временной период не обнаружено.
Nickel Chelate Derived NiS2 Decorated with Bifunctional Carbon: An Efficient Strategy to Promote Sodium Storage Performance
Authors: Zhao Ganggang , Zhang Yang , Yang Li , Jiang Yunling , Zhang Yu , Hong Wanwan , Tian Ye , Zhao Hongbo , Hu Jiugang , Zhou Liang , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo , Mai Liqiang
Published: August 2018

The sodium storage performance of NiS2 suffer from low initial coulombic efficiency and poor cycling stability which are ascribed to the volume expansion and collapse of the structure during the charge/discharge transformation process. Compared with composites, encapsulating NiS2 in carbon framework is more effective in buffering for the volume expansion and enhancing the electronic conductivity of sodium‐ion batteries. In this work, NiS2 decorated with bifunctional carbon (NiS2@C@C), where nickel dimethylglyoxime and polyaniline are employed as the precursor and carbon source, respectively, are obtained. Since the introduced carbon layer suppresses the volume expansion and enhances both the electronic conductivity and charge transfer of Na+, the attained NiS2@C@C displays outstanding sodium storage performance. At a current density of 0.1 A g−1, a high reversible specific capacity of 580.8 mAh g−1 remains even after 100 cycles. The first coulombic efficiency (79.65%) and rate performance (448 mAh g−1 at 1.6 A g−1) of NiS2@C@C are also remarkable. Extraordinarily, the excogitation of NiS2 decorated with bifunctional carbon is also significant for the preparation of similar materials.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐Guided Drug Delivery to Breast Cancer Stem‐Like Cells
Authors: Sun Yujin , Kim Hoe Suk , Kang Sukmo , Piao Yin Ji , Jon Sangyong , Moon Woo Kyung
Published: August 2018

The feasibility of detecting breast cancer stem‐like cells (BCSCs) with magnetic resonance imaging using extradomain‐B of fibronectin (EDB‐FN)‐specific peptide (APTEDB)‐conjugated thermally cross‐linked superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (APTEDB‐TCL‐SPIONs) is previously demonstrated. Here, doxorubicin (Dox)‐loaded APTEDB‐TCL‐SPIONs (Dox@APTEDB‐TCL‐SPIONs) are generated and their theranostic ability in a BCSC xenograft mouse model is assessed. The Dox@APTEDB‐TCL‐SPIONs enable more efficient delivery of Dox to tumors than nontargeted Dox@TCL‐SPIONs. Much greater inhibition of BCSC tumor growth is observed after treatment with the Dox@APTEDB‐TCL‐SPIONs than with either Dox@TCL‐SPIONs or free Dox. Hypointense signals are observed in the majority of the mice in postcontrast but not precontrast T2*‐weighted MR images of tumors 7 days after treatment with Dox@APTEDB‐TCL‐SPIONs. An inverse correlation is observed between signal intensity and both EDB‐FN expression and response to chemotherapy. The data indicate Dox@APTEDB‐TCL‐SPIONs can detect BCSCs within tumors by targeting EDB‐FN‐expressing cells. These nanoparticles thus have theranostic potential in breast cancer.
Chemically Reactive Polyurethane–Carbon Nanotube Fiber with Aerogel‐Microsphere‐Thin‐Film Selective Filter
Authors: Jeong Sang‐Mi , Kang Youngsoo , Lim Taekyung , Ju Sanghyun
Published: August 2018

Recently, as the frequency of use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in everyday life has increased, there is an increasing interest in chemical sensors that can easily confirm the degree of exposure to VOCs in the surrounding environment in real time. Among the various chemical sensors, the fiber‐type chemical sensor is flexible and lightweight and can be applied to various wearable electronics, such as clothing and ornaments. In this study, a chemically reactive polyurethane–carbon nanotube (PU–CNT) composite fiber coated with an aerogel‐microsphere‐thin‐film (AMTF) is fabricated by using the PU as an insulating body material and CNTs as a 1D conductive material, which provide excellent elasticity and flexibility. The AMTF, which can block liquid‐phase VOCs/water and allow only vapor‐state VOCs to permeate, is introduced to the surface of the sensing channel of the fiber‐type chemical sensor. The PU–CNT composite fiber with the AFMT is able to measure the concentration of various VOCs in water. Thus, it solves the problem that water in contrast to the VOCs to be sensed – cannot be reliably changed by absorption and expansion into the polymer chain when the fiber‐type chemical sensor based on polymer conductive composite materials comes into contact with liquid.
Extending the Spectral Responsivity of MoS2 Phototransistors by Incorporating Up‐Conversion Microcrystals
Authors: Zhang Youwei , Wang Jiao , Wang Bing , Shao Jinhai , Deng Jianan , Cong Chunxiao , Hu Laigui , Tian Pengfei , Liu Ran , Zhang Shi‐Li , Qiu Zhi‐Jun
Published: August 2018

Layered 2D semiconductors are characterized by unique photoelectric properties and, therefore, constitute a new class of basic building block for next‐generation optoelectronics. However, their wide bandgaps limit the spectral responsivity to a narrow range. Here, a facile approach is demonstrated by integrating β‐NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ up‐conversion microcrystals (UCMCs) with monolayer‐MoS2 phototransistors to break this bandgap‐imposed barrier and to drastically extend the responsivity range. In essence, the UCMCs up‐convert a near‐infrared excitation at 980 nm to visible light of photons with energy matching the large bandgap (i.e., 1.8 eV) of monolayer‐MoS2, thereby activating the phototransistor with remarkable photocurrent and minimum interference. This approach leads to preservation of the excellent electrical merits of monolayer‐MoS2 and simultaneous retention of its low dark current and high photoresponsivity to the above‐bandgap lights. Significantly, an enhancement by over 1000 times is achieved for both responsivity and specific detectivity at 980 nm excitation. Moreover, the rate of response is kept identical to that when the MoS2 phototransistor is excited by a visible light. Therefore, integrating with UCMCs can enable the emerging 2D semiconductors of wide bandgap to respond to infrared excitations with high efficacy and without sacrificing their performance in the visible region.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Annulations of 1,3‐Dienes and Salicylaldehydes/2‐Hydroxybenzyl Alcohols Promoted by 2‐Ethylacrolein
Authors: Li Hong‐Shuang , Xiong Yang , Zhang Guozhu
Published: August 2018

A rhodium‐catalyzed 2‐ethylacrolein‐promoted protocol enables the annulation reactions of 1,3‐dienes with either salicylaldehydes or 2‐hydroxybenzyl alcohols leading to 2‐alkylchroman‐4‐ones with high regioselectivity. This research highlights the use of 2‐ethylacrolein which probably serves as a tool of bidentate coordination to rhodium intermediates. Mechanistic studies reveal that the transformation proceeds through the 1,4‐hydroacylation pathway to access unsaturated linear ketones with subsequent oxo‐Michael addition.

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Multifunctional Nanotherapeutics for Photothermal Combination Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Tian Ye , Guo Ranran , Yang Wuli
Published: August 2018

Recently, photothermal therapy (PTT) has demonstrated excellent results in the treatment of preclinical cancer models and thus attracted intensive interests from the research fields of material science, biochemistry, oncology, and pharmacy. Also, its combination with other cancer therapies shows great promise for clinical application: PTT is able to make up for the drawbacks of others and improve the prognosis through various synergistic effects. In these combination therapies, design of nanoscale multifunctional therapeutics is key to achieve enhanced or even synergistic therapeutic effect. Herein, the recent progress is summarized in the development of strategies involving combination of PTT with other cancer therapies, conventional or emerging, with increased efficacy. The highlight lies in integrating various functional units to form multifunctional nanomaterials that play the role of photothermal agents as well as other therapeutics in a combination therapy and the design of an effective targeted delivery system for them. Smart combination of therapies will undoubtedly improve the therapeutic efficacy and make a contribution to the advancement in fighting cancer.
Development of body proportions in achondroplasia: Sitting height, leg length, arm span, and foot length
Authors: Merker Andrea , Neumeyer Luitgard , Hertel Niels Thomas , Grigelioniene Giedre , Mohnike Klaus , Hagenäs Lars
Published: August 2018

The aims of this study was to construct references for sitting height, leg length, arm span, relative sitting height (sitting height/height), and foot length and to discuss the development for these anthropometric variables in achondroplasia. Sex‐specific references covering ±2 SD are presented for ages 2–20 years. Legs and arms in achondroplasia are already at 2 years of age considerably shorter than in the general population and this deviation increases with age. At adult ages, legs are almost 50% shorter than in the general population and arm span roughly 35% shorter. As sitting height is only mildly affected, relative sitting height position develops far beyond normal ranges. Foot length is also not as affected as limbs.
Phenotypic diversity of patients diagnosed with VACTERL association
Authors: Husain Majid , Dutra‐Clarke Marina , Lemieux Bryan , Wencel Marie , Solomon Benjamin D. , Kimonis Virginia
Published: August 2018

The combination of vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheo‐esophageal, renal and limb anomalies termed VACTERL association, also referred to as VATER, has been used as a clinical descriptor and more recently, a diagnosis of exclusion, for a specific group of phenotypic manifestations that have been observed to co‐occur non‐randomly. Though the causes remain elusive and poorly understood in most patients, VACTERL association is thought to be due to defects in early embryogenesis and is likely genetically heterogeneous. We present data on 36 patients diagnosed with VACTERL association in addition to describing the phenotypic diversity of each component feature. Unique cases in our cohort include a patient with a 498.59 kb microdeletion in the 16p11.2 region and another with a 215 kb duplication in the 3p25.2 region. Our findings expand upon the current understanding of VACTERL association and guide future research aimed at determining its etiology.
Variable Clinical Manifestations of Xia‐Gibbs syndrome: Findings of Consecutively Identified Cases at a Single Children's Hospital
Authors: Ritter Alyssa L. , McDougall Carey , Skraban Cara , Medne Livija , Bedoukian Emma C. , Asher Stephanie B. , Balciuniene Jorune , Campbell Colleen D. , Baker Samuel W. , Denenberg Elizabeth H. , Mazzola Sarah , Fiordaliso Sarah K. , Krantz Ian D. , Kaplan Paige , Ierardi‐Curto Lynne , Santani Avni B. , Zackai Elaine H. , Izumi Kosuke
Published: August 2018

Xia‐Gibbs syndrome (XGS) is a recently described neurodevelopmental disorder due to heterozygous loss‐of‐function AHDC1 mutations. XGS is characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, and sleep abnormalities. Here we report the clinical phenotype of five of six individuals with XGS identified prospectively at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, a tertiary children's hospital in the USA. Although all five patients demonstrated common clinical features characterized by developmental delay and characteristic facial features, each of our patients showed unique clinical manifestations. Patient one had craniosynostosis; patient two had sensorineural hearing loss and bicuspid aortic valve; patient three had cutis aplasia; patient four had soft, loose skin; and patient five had a lipoma. Differential diagnoses considered for each patient were quite broad, and included craniosynostosis syndromes, connective tissue disorders, and mitochondrial disorders. Exome sequencing identified a heterozygous, de novo AHDC1 loss‐of‐function mutation in four of five patients; the remaining patient has a 357kb interstitial deletion of 1p36.11p35.3 including AHDC1. Although it remains unknown whether these unique clinical manifestations are rare symptoms of XGS, our findings indicate that the diagnosis of XGS should be considered even in individuals with additional non‐neurological symptoms, as the clinical spectrum of XGS may involve such non‐neurological manifestations. Adding to the growing literature on XGS, continued cohort studies are warranted in order to both characterize the clinical spectrum of XGS as well as determine standard of care for patients with this diagnosis.
A comprehensive analysis of SNCA‐related genetic risk in sporadic parkinson disease
Authors: Pihlstrøm Lasse , Blauwendraat Cornelis , Cappelletti Chiara , Berge‐Seidl Victoria , Langmyhr Margrete , Henriksen Sandra Pilar , van de Berg Wilma D. J. , Gibbs J. Raphael , Cookson Mark R. ,   the International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium,   the North American Brain Expression Consortium, Singleton Andrew B. , Nalls Mike A. , Toft Mathias
Published: August 2018

Objective

The goal of this study was to refine our understanding of disease risk attributable to common genetic variation in SNCA, a major locus in Parkinson disease, with potential implications for clinical trials targeting α‐synuclein. We aimed to dissect the multiple independent association signals, stratify individuals by SNCA‐specific risk profiles, and explore expression quantitative trait loci.

Methods

We analyzed participant‐level data from 12,503 patients and 12,502 controls, optimizing a risk model and assessing SNCA‐specific risk scores and haplotypes as predictors of individual risk. We also explored hypotheses about functional mechanisms and correlated risk variants to gene expression in human brain and protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid.

Results

We report and replicate a novel, third independent association signal at genome‐wide significance level downstream of SNCA (rs2870004, p = 3.0*10−8, odds ratio [OR] = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.84–0.92). SNCA risk score stratification showed a 2‐fold difference in disease susceptibility between top and bottom quintiles (OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.78–2.23). Contrary to previous reports, we provide evidence supporting top variant rs356182 as functional in itself and associated with a specific SNCA 5′ untranslated region transcript isoform in frontal cortex.

Interpretation

The SNCA locus harbors a minimum of 3 independent association signals for Parkinson disease. We demonstrate a fine‐grained stratification of α‐synuclein–related genetic burden in individual patients of potential future clinical relevance. Further efforts to pinpoint the functional mechanisms are warranted, including studies of the likely causal top variant rs356182 and its role in regulating levels of specific SNCA mRNA transcript variants. Ann Neurol 2018;83:117–129
Metal‐Free and Redox‐Neutral Conversion of Organotrifluoroborates into Radicals Enabled by Visible Light
Authors: Liu Wenbo , Liu Peng , Lv Leiyang , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: August 2018

Converting organoboron compounds into the corresponding radicals has broad synthetic applications in organic chemistry. To achieve these transformations, various strong oxidants such as Mn(OAc)3, AgNO3/K2S2O8, and Cu(OAc)2, in stoichiometric amounts are required, proceeding by a single‐electron transfer mechanism. Established herein is a distinct strategy for generating both aryl and alkyl radicals from organotrifluoroborates through an SH2 process. This strategy is enabled by using water as the solvent, visible light as the energy input, and diacetyl as the promoter in the absence of any metal catalyst or redox reagent, thereby eliminating metal waste. To demonstrate its synthetic utility, an efficient acetylation to prepare valuable aryl (alkyl) methyl ketones is described and applications to construct C−C, C−I, C−Br, and C−S bonds are also feasible. Experimental evidence suggests that triplet diacetyl serves as the key intermediate in this process.
Adaptive Structured Pickering Emulsions and Porous Materials Based on Cellulose Nanocrystal Surfactants
Authors: Li Yanan , Liu Xubo , Zhang Zhen , Zhao Shaojie , Tian Guifang , Zheng Jinkai , Wang Dong , Shi Shaowei , Russell Thomas P.
Published: August 2018

Taking advantage of the formation and assembly of cellulose nanocrystal surfactants (CNCSs) at the water–oil interface, where polar cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and end‐functionalized polymer chains interact, the preparation and stability of emulsions prepared with CNCSs were investigated. The packing density of CNCSs at the interface can be adjusted by tuning parameters such as pH, ionic strength, and concentration/molecular weight of the end‐functionalized polymer ligands. Stable non‐spherical emulsions are obtained during homogenization, as a result of the interfacial jamming of CNCSs, with pH‐triggered reconfigurability. Porous materials are prepared by freeze‐drying creamed, CNCS‐stabilized emulsions. The cells of the porous materials have a controlled pore size and shape that are commensurate with the droplets in the emulsion and are responsive to pH. The behavior of the adaptive, reconfigurable supracolloidal system is coupled to its internal and surrounding environment.
Long‐Term Clinical Outcomes in a Cohort of Adults With Childhood‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Groot N. , Shaikhani D. , Teng Y. K. O. , de Leeuw K. , Bijl M. , Dolhain R. J. E. M. , Zirkzee E. , Fritsch‐Stork R. , Bultink I. E. M. , Kamphuis S.
Published: August 2018

Objective

Childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe, lifelong, multisystem autoimmune disease. Long‐term outcome data are limited. This study was undertaken to identify clinical characteristics and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of adults with childhood‐onset SLE.

Methods

Patients participated in a single study visit comprising a structured history and physical examination. Disease activity (scored using the SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 [SLEDAI‐2K]), damage (scored using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index [SDI]), and HRQoL (scored using the Short Form 36 Health Survey) were assessed. Medical records were reviewed.

Results

In total, 111 childhood‐onset SLE patients were included; the median disease duration was 20 years, 91% of patients were female, and 72% were white. Disease activity was low (median SLEDAI‐2K score 4), and 71% of patients received prednisone, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and/or other disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs. The vast majority of new childhood‐onset SLE–related manifestations developed within 2 years of diagnosis. Damage such as myocardial infarctions began occurring after 5 years. Most patients (62%) experienced damage, predominantly in the musculoskeletal, neuropsychiatric, and renal systems. Cerebrovascular accidents, renal transplants, replacement arthroplasties, and myocardial infarctions typically occurred at a young age (median age 20 years, 24 years, 34 years, and 39 years, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that damage accrual was associated with disease duration (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, P < 0.001), antiphospholipid antibody positivity (OR 3.56, P = 0.026), and hypertension (OR 3.21, P = 0.043). Current HCQ monotherapy was associated with an SDI score of 0 (OR 0.16, P = 0.009). In this cohort, HRQoL was impaired compared to the overall Dutch population. The presence of damage reduced HRQoL scores in 1 domain. High disease activity (SLEDAI‐2K score ≥8) and changes in physical appearance strongly reduced HRQoL scores (in 4 of 8 domains and 7 of 8 domains, respectively).

Conclusion

The majority of adults with childhood‐onset SLE in this large cohort developed significant damage at a young age and had impaired HRQoL without achieving drug‐free remission, illustrating the substantial impact of childhood‐onset SLE on future life.
Structural Basis of Cross‐Reactivity of Anti–Citrullinated Protein Antibodies
Authors: Ge Changrong , Xu Bingze , Liang Bibo , Lönnblom Erik , Lundström Susanna L. , Zubarev Roman A. , Ayoglu Burcu , Nilsson Peter , Skogh Thomas , Kastbom Alf , Malmström Vivianne , Klareskog Lars , Toes René E. M. , Rispens Theo , Dobritzsch Doreen , Holmdahl Rikard
Published: August 2018

Objective

Anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) develop many years before the clinical onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to address the molecular basis of the specificity and cross‐reactivity of ACPAs from patients with RA.

Methods

Antibodies isolated from RA patients were expressed as monoclonal chimeric antibodies with mouse Fc. These antibodies were characterized for glycosylation using mass spectrometry, and their cross‐reactivity was assessed using Biacore and Luminex immunoassays. The crystal structures of the antigen‐binding fragment (Fab) of the monoclonal ACPA E4 in complex with 3 different citrullinated peptides were determined using x‐ray crystallography. The prevalence of autoantibodies reactive against 3 of the citrullinated peptides that also interacted with E4 was investigated by Luminex immunoassay in 2 Swedish cohorts of RA patients.

Results

Analysis of the crystal structures of a monoclonal ACPA from human RA serum in complex with citrullinated peptides revealed key residues of several complementarity‐determining regions that recognized the citrulline as well as the neighboring peptide backbone, but with limited contact with the side chains of the peptides. The same citrullinated peptides were recognized by high titers of serum autoantibodies in 2 large cohorts of RA patients.

Conclusion

These data show, for the first time, how ACPAs derived from human RA serum recognize citrulline. The specific citrulline recognition and backbone‐mediated interactions provide a structural explanation for the promiscuous recognition of citrullinated peptides by RA‐specific ACPAs.
Superbenzene–Porphyrin Gas‐Phase Architectures Derived from Intermolecular Dispersion Interactions
Authors: Lungerich Dominik , Hitzenberger Jakob F. , Hampel Frank , Drewello Thomas , Jux Norbert
Published: August 2018

A systematic series of superbenzene–porphyrin conjugates was synthesized and characterized. All conjugates show a high degree of cluster formation that correlates to the amount of tert‐butylated hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronenes (tBuHBCs) attached to the porphyrin's periphery. Determined by mass spectrometry and X‐ray diffraction, van der Waals (vdW) interactions like London dispersions (LD), stemming from solubilizing tert‐butyl groups, were identified to be the major reason for the cluster formation. Cluster sizes comprised of more than twenty molecules with masses up to 70 000 Da were observed, which are rare examples of large architectures based on synthetic functional molecules, assembled by dispersion interactions. Novel strategies towards the design of solution processable functional materials, capable of dynamic transformations based on non‐covalent synthesis can be envisioned.
Cold Sintering of a Covalently Bonded MoS2/Graphite Composite as a High Capacity Li–Ion Electrode
Authors: Nayir Selda , Waryoba Daudi R. , Rajagopalan Ramakrishnan , Arslan Cüneyt , Randall Clive A.
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT. A cold sintering approach is demonstrated to fabricate highly dense electrochemically active MoS2/graphite (MG) composites with 88% relative density at an extremely low processing temperature of 140 °C. The process provides a pathway to sinter covalently bonded materials effectively to produce either dense or near dense pellets and/or thick films. Composites that include up to 20 wt% graphite, as well as a Li‐ionic solid electrolyte (lithium aluminum germanium phosphate) could be easily integrated and densified using this method. Cold sintering also offers an elegant approach to achieve very low interfacial electrode resistances (∼42 Ω cm2) through the densification process. The specific capacity of the fabricated composite electrode was ∼ 950 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g and also displayed good capacity retention at higher current densities.
Ethanol: A Promising Green Solvent for the Deconstruction of Lignocellulose
Authors: Tekin Kubilay , Hao Naijia , Karagoz Selhan , Ragauskas Arthur J.
Published: August 2018

Growing energy demand, environmental impact, energy security issues, and rural economic development have encouraged the development of sustainable renewable fuels. Nonfood lignocellulosic biomass is a suitable source for sustainable energy because the biomass feedstocks are low cost, abundant, and carbon neutral. Recent thermochemical conversion studies are frequently directed at converting biomass into high‐quality liquid fuel precursors or chemicals in a single step. Supercritical ethanol has been selected as a promising solvent medium to deconstruct lignocellulosic biomass because ethanol has extraordinary solubility towards lignocellulosic biomass and can be resourced from cellulosic ethanol facilities. This review provides a critical insight into both catalytic and noncatalytic strategies of lignocellulose deconstruction. In this context, the supercritical ethanol deconstruction pathways are thoroughly reviewed; GC‐MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis strategies towards liquid biomass deconstruction products are also critically presented. This review aims to provide readers a broad and accurate roadmap of novel biomass to biofuel conversion techniques.
Techno‐economic assessment of employing hybrid power system for residential, public, and commercial buildings in different climatic conditions of Iran
Authors: Farahi Sepideh , Fazelpour Farivar
Published: August 2018

As the world population grows rapidly, and the limited amount of fossil fuels begins to diminish along with their impact on the environment, countries have been taking action to promote a greater use of renewable energy resources. In this article, the feasibility of providing electricity from a hybrid power system (HPS) comprising diesel/wind/photovoltaic (PV), and battery considering residential, public, and commercial buildings, consuming the largest portion of energy in Iran is investigated. Tehran, Kish Island, and Binalood are the chosen cities in Iran with distinctive geographic and climatic conditions. In order to determine the optimal design and operational planning of the HPS, the hourly electricity demand data is required to be over 8760 hs during a 1‐yr study. The required hourly data was calculated by employing Carrier (HAP4.5) software. The economic analysis is performed based on net present cost (NPC), cost of energy (COE), diesel consumption, and renewable fraction for all cases by applying HOMER software. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses are carried out to specify the impact of fuel cost on the system by considering two different diesel fuel systems. The results of the economic analysis indicate that Kish Island with warm and temperate climatic conditions would be the optimum zone to install HPS for supplying the energy demand of projected buildings. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 614–623, 2019
Fañanas cells—the forgotten cerebellar glia cell type: Immunocytochemistry reveals two potassium channel‐related polypeptides, Kv2.2 and Calsenilin (KChIP3) as potential marker proteins
Authors: Goertzen Angelika , Veh Rüdiger W.
Published: August 2018

For long times astrocytes had been regarded as supporting cells, passively filling the spaces between neuronal cell bodies and their extensions. Now it is known that astrocytes are actively involved in a variety of important biological functions such as regulating cerebral blood flow, supporting neuronal metabolism, controlling the extracellular potassium concentration, and clearing neurotransmitters from the extracellular space. In line with this multitude of tasks astrocytes display conspicuous functional and regional heterogeneity. Using three complementary labeling methods nine classes of astrocytes have been differentiated, which were termed protoplasmic, fibrous, velate, radial, and perivascular astrocytes in addition to Bergmann, marginal, and ependymal glial cells. To complete this list retinal Müller cells and a largely forgotten astrocytic cell type, the “feathered cell” of Fañanas need to be added. So far, Fañanas cells could be only recognized with the tedious gold‐sublimate procedure. Consequently, data indicating a potential biological function are completely missing. In a parallel investigation we used a battery of antibodies against potassium channels and related proteins to identify potential marker proteins for the immunocytochemical visualization of distinct cell types in the cerebellar cortex. Here we present novel marker proteins, the Kv2.2 potassium channel and calsenilin, to visualize Fañanas cells in the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. Such markers will allow to identify Fañanas cell subsequent to patching and electrophysiological characterization. This may pave the path to obtain new functional data, which may be helpful to understand the role of these enigmatic cells in normal biological function and disease.