bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of lagooned sewage sludge in situ using electrokinetic geosynthetics
Authors: Glendinning S. , Lamont-Black J. , Jones C. J. F. P. , Hall J.
Published: May 2008

The treatment and disposal of sewage sludge constitute one of the most problematical issues affecting wastewater treatment in the developed world. Water companies have in the past deposited large volumes of digested sewage sludge in lagoons adjacent to water treatment works, and continue to do so. A lagoon has a potential for causing smell nuisance, represents a major hazard, and frequently occupies a potentially valuable site. Currently no technology exists for treating these lagoons that will both reduce the volume of the problem and allow post-treatment redevelopment of the site. Electrokinetic geosynthetics (EKG), polymer-based materials containing conducting elements, formed as wick drains offer one novel solution. The paper describes a field trial on lagooned sewage sludge using EKG, and discusses the results in the context of a full-scale treatment, considering the power consumption, electrode design, electrode array configuration, length of required treatment time and economic implications.
Social Network, Cognitive Function, and Dementia Incidence Among Elderly Women
Authors: Crooks Valerie C. , Lubben James , Petitti Diana B. , Little Deborah , Chiu Vicki
Published: May 2008

Objectives. We examined whether social networks had a protective association with incidence of dementia among elderly women.

Methods. We prospectively studied 2249 members of a health maintenance organization who were 78 years or older, were classified as free of dementia in 2001, and had completed at least 1 follow-up interview in 2002 through 2005. We used the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status–modified, the Telephone Dementia Questionnaire, and medical record review to assess cognitive status. We used the Lubben Social Network Scale–6 to assess social network. We estimated hazard ratios for incident dementia with Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for age at entry, education, hormone use, cognitive status scores, and health conditions.

Results. We identified 268 incident cases of dementia during follow-up. Compared with women with smaller social networks, the adjusted hazard ratio for incident dementia in women with larger social networks was 0.74 (95% confidence interval=0.57, 0.97).

Conclusions. Our findings suggest that larger social networks have a protective influence on cognitive function among elderly women. Future studies should explore which aspects of social networks are associated with dementia risk and maintenance of cognitive health.
Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Kidney Disease in the United States, Australia, and Thailand
Authors: White Sarah L. , McGeechan Kevin , Jones Michael , Cass Alan , Chadban Steven J. , Polkinghorne Kevan R. , Perkovic Vlado , Roderick Paul J.
Published: May 2008

Objectives. We sought to determine whether an elevated burden of chronic kidney disease is found among disadvantaged groups living in the United States, Australia, and Thailand.

Methods. We used data on participants 35 years or older for whom a valid serum creatinine measurement was available from studies in the United States, Thailand, and Australia. We used logistic regression to analyze the association of income, education, and employment with the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate<60 mL/min/1.73 m2).

Results. Age- and gender-adjusted odds of having chronic kidney disease were increased 86% for US Whites in the lowest income quartile versus the highest quartile (odds ratio [OR] = 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27, 2.72). Odds were increased 2 times and 6 times, respectively, among unemployed (not retired) versus employed non-Hispanic Black and Mexican American participants (OR=2.89; 95% CI=1.53, 5.46; OR=6.62; 95% CI=1.94, 22.64. respectively). Similar associations were not evident for the Australian or Thai populations.

Conclusions. Higher kidney disease prevalence among financially disadvantaged groups in the United States should be considered when chronic kidney disease prevention and management strategies are created. This approach is less likely to be of benefit to the Australian and Thai populations.
Project VIVA: A Multilevel Community-Based Intervention to Increase Influenza Vaccination Rates Among Hard-to-Reach Populations in New York City
Authors: Coady Micaela H. , Galea Sandro , Blaney Shannon , Ompad Danielle C. , Sisco Sarah , Vlahov David
Published: May 2008

Objectives. We sought to determine whether the work of a community-based participatory research partnership increased interest in influenza vaccination among hard-to-reach individuals in urban settings.

Methods. A partnership of researchers and community members carried out interventions for increasing acceptance of influenza vaccination in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods, focusing on hard-to-reach populations (e.g., substance abusers, immigrants, elderly, sex workers, and homeless persons) in East Harlem and the Bronx in New York City. Activities targeted the individual, community organization, and neighborhood levels and included dissemination of information, presentations at meetings, and provision of street-based and door-to-door vaccination during 2 influenza vaccine seasons. Participants were recruited via multiple modalities. Multivariable analyses were performed to compare interest in receiving vaccination pre- and postintervention.

Results. There was increased interest in receiving the influenza vaccine postintervention (P<.01). Being a member of a hard-to-reach population (P=.03), having ever received an influenza vaccine (P<.01), and being in a priority group for vaccination (P<.01) were also associated with greater interest in receiving the vaccine.

Conclusions. Targeting underserved neighborhoods through a multilevel community-based participatory research intervention significantly increased interest in influenza vaccination, particularly among hard-to-reach populations. Such interventions hold promise for increasing vaccination rates annually and in pandemic situations.
Regular Vigorous Physical Activity and Disability Development in Healthy Overweight and Normal-Weight Seniors: A 13-Year Study
Authors: Bruce Bonnie , Fries James F. , Hubert Helen
Published: May 2008

Objectives. We examined the relationship of regular exercise and body weight to disability among healthy seniors.

Methods. We assessed body mass index (BMI) and vigorous exercise yearly (1989–2002) in 805 participants aged 50 to 72 years at enrollment. We studied 4 groups: normal-weight active (BMI< 25 kg/m2; exercise> 60 min/wk); normal-weight inactive (exercise≤ 60 min/wk); overweight active (BMI≥ 25 kg/m2); and overweight inactive. Disability was measured with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (0–3; 0= no difficulty, 3= unable to do). We used multivariable analysis of covariance to determine group differences in disability scores after adjustment for determinants of disability.

Results. The cohort was 72% men and 96% White, with a mean age of 65.2 years. After 13 years, overweight active participants had significantly less disability than did overweight inactive (0.14 vs 0.19; P= .001) and normal-weight inactive (0.22; P= .03) participants. Similar differences were found between normal-weight active (0.11) and normal-weight inactive participants (P< .001).

Conclusions. Being physically active mitigated development of disability in these seniors, largely independent of BMI. Public health efforts that promote physically active lifestyles among seniors may be more successful than those that emphasize body weight in the prevention of functional decline.
Multivitamin–Mineral Supplements in the Older Americans Act Nutrition Program: Not a One-Size-Fits-All Quick Fix
Authors: Marra Melissa Ventura , Wellman Nancy S.
Published: May 2008

We challenge the suggestion of Congress that the Older Americans Act (OAA) Nutrition Program should provide multivitamin–mineral supplements (MVMs) in addition to meals. MVMs are not a quick fix for poor diets. They do not contain calories, protein, essential fatty acids, or fiber, nor do they adequately address nutritional gaps of some vitamins and minerals.

Older adults with chronic health conditions who take multiple medications are at greater risk than the general healthy population for nutrient–drug interactions and toxicity. The OAA Nutrition Program is not an appropriate venue to indiscriminately distribute MVMs, because there is insufficient evidence of their benefits and safety.

The program’s limited funds and efforts should instead be directed to nutrient-dense healthy meals, quality food service, and greater accessibility to individualized nutrition services.
Influence of Musculoskeletal Conditions on Oral Health Among Older Adults
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L. , Lamster Ira B.
Published: May 2008

Both musculoskeletal disorders and diseases of the oral cavity are common and potentially serious problems among older persons, yet little attention has been given to the links between them. Several musculoskeletal diseases, including osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, and arthritic disorders, may directly involve the oral cavity and contiguous structures.

Drugs used to treat musculoskeletal diseases, including corticosteroids and bisphosphonates, increase the risk of suppression of the immune system and osteonecrosis of the jaw, respectively.

Many people with disabling osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other conditions have difficulty practicing good oral hygiene and traveling to dental offices for professional help. Various inexpensive measures can help such individuals, including education of their caregivers and provision of antimicrobial mouthwashes and special toothbrushes.
Chronic Conditions and Mortality Among the Oldest Old
Authors: Lee Sei J. , Go Alan S. , Lindquist Karla , Bertenthal Daniel , Covinsky Kenneth E.
Published: May 2008

Objectives. We sought to determine whether chronic conditions and functional limitations are equally predictive of mortality among older adults.

Methods. Participants in the 1998 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (N=19430) were divided into groups by decades of age, and their vital status in 2004 was determined. We used multivariate Cox regression to determine the ability of chronic conditions and functional limitations to predict mortality.

Results. As age increased, the ability of chronic conditions to predict mortality declined rapidly, whereas the ability of functional limitations to predict mortality declined more slowly. In younger participants (aged 50–59 years), chronic conditions were stronger predictors of death than were functional limitations (Harrell C statistic 0.78 vs. 0.73; P=.001). In older participants (aged 90–99 years), functional limitations were stronger predictors of death than were chronic conditions (Harrell C statistic 0.67 vs. 0.61; P=.004).

Conclusions. The importance of chronic conditions as a predictor of death declined rapidly with increasing age. Therefore, risk-adjustment models that only consider comorbidities when comparing mortality rates across providers may be inadequate for adults older than 80 years.
Subdividing the Age Group of 85 Years and Older to Improve US Disease Reporting
Authors: Boscoe Francis P.
Published: May 2008

The standard terminal age category in disease reporting in the United States has been 85 years and older since the 1940s, but the dramatically increasing share of the US population reaching this age has rendered the single category inadequate for surveillance, research, and analysis. Important age-specific variations in mortality among the oldest old are masked by the continued use of this category.

Greater specificity in age-specific data for the oldest old would aid in disease surveillance and etiologic research and broaden awareness and understanding of human longevity.
Incorporation of Nitrogen‐15‐Labeled Amendments into Physically Separated Soil Organic Matter Fractions
Authors: Bosshard C. , Frossard E. , Dubois D. , Mäder P. , Manolov I. , Oberson A.
Published: May 2008

Physically separated soil organic matter (SOM) fractions may take different functions in soil N dynamics. We studied the effect of long‐term organic matter (OM) management and different soil biological activity on the incorporation of N added with organic and mineral amendments into aggregate fractions and size density fractions. We applied 15N‐labeled sheep feces, urine, and mineral fertilizer to microplots installed in plots of conventional (CONMIN) and bio‐organic (BIOORG) cropping systems. Soil sampled 112 d after amendment was separated into macro‐, microaggregates, and microstructures. Aggregates were then fractionated into free light fraction (LF), intra‐aggregate particulate organic matter (iPOM), and the mineral‐associated organic matter fraction (MF). Of total soil N, 67% was contained in macroaggregates. Size density fractionation of aggregates revealed that about 60% of soil N was stored in MF while LF and iPOM contained together <3% of soil N. Despite long‐term OM input and higher soil biological activity in BIOORG than CONMIN the two soils did not differ in the distribution and content of N in aggregate and size density fractions. Recovery of 15N in nonfractionated soil ranged from 20% (SlurryF) to 25% (SlurryU) of originally applied 15N. The small macroaggregates were for each amendment the major sink (7–12% of applied 15N). In all aggregates and for all amendments, MF was the most important 15N sink, totally containing between 6.6% (SlurryF) to 11.6% (SlurryU) of applied 15N. Less than 1% of applied 15N was recovered in LF, and even less (<0.5%) in iPOM. The proportion of amendment‐derived N in aggregate fractions and in several size density fractions (LF, fine iPOM, MF) was higher for urine than for feces and mineral fertilizer. Recovery of urine‐derived 15N was greater in aggregate fractions of BIOORG than CONMIN soil. During dispersion of aggregates to obtain iPOM and MF, about 27% of total soil N and between 37 and 55% of 15N contained in non‐fractionated soil was lost, showing the importance of aggregation to protect N.
Grazing Impacts on Soil Carbon and Microbial Communities in a Mixed‐Grass Ecosystem
Authors: Ingram L. J. , Stahl P. D. , Schuman G. E. , Buyer J. S. , Vance G. F. , Ganjegunte G. K. , Welker J. M. , Derner J. D.
Published: May 2008

Good management of rangelands promotes C sequestration and reduces the likelihood of these ecosystems becoming net sources of CO2 As part of an ongoing study, soil was sampled in 2003 to investigate the long‐term effects of different livestock grazing treatments on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and microbial communities. The three treatments studied (no grazing, EX; continuously, lightly grazed [10% utilization], CL; and continuously, heavily grazed [50% utilization], CH) have been imposed on a northern mixed‐grass prairie near Cheyenne, WY, for 21 yr. In the 10 yr since treatments were last sampled in 1993, the study area has been subject to several years of drought. In the 0 to 60 cm depth there was little change in SOC in the EX or CL treatments between 1993 and 2003, whereas there was a 30% loss of SOC in the CH treatment. This loss is attributed to plant community changes (from a cool‐season [C3] to a warm‐season [C4] plant dominated community) resulting in organic C accumulating nearer the soil surface, making it more vulnerable to loss. Soil TN increased in the EX and CL treatments between 1993 and 2003, but declined in the CH treatment. Differences in plant community composition and subsequent changes in SOC and TN may have contributed to microbial biomass, respiration, and N‐mineralization rates generally being greatest in CL and least in the CH treatment. Although no significant differences were observed in any specific microbial group based on concentrations of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers, multivariate analysis of PLFA data revealed that microbial community structure differed among treatments. The CH grazing rate during a drought period altered plant community and microbial composition which subsequently impacted biogeochemical C and N cycles.
Three‐Dimensional Quantification of Intra‐Aggregate Pore‐Space Features using Synchrotron‐Radiation‐Based Microtomography
Authors: Peth S. , Horn R. , Beckmann F. , Donath T. , Fischer J. , Smucker A. J. M.
Published: May 2008

Pore network geometries of intra‐aggregate pore spaces are of great importance for water and ion flux rates controlling C sequestration and bioremediation. Advances in non‐invasive three‐dimensional imaging techniques such as synchrotron‐radiation‐based x‐ray microtomography (SR‐μCT), offer excellent opportunities to study the interrelationships between pore network geometry and physical processes at spatial resolutions of a few micrometers. In this paper we present quantitative three‐dimensional pore‐space geometry analyses of small scale (∼5 mm across) soil aggregates from different soil management systems (conventionally tilled vs. grassland). Reconstructed three‐dimensional microtomography images at approximate isotropic voxel resolutions between 3.2 and 5.4 μm were analyzed for pore‐space morphologies using a suite of image processing algorithms associated with the software published by Lindquist et al. Among the features quantified were pore‐size distributions (PSDs), throat‐area distributions, effective throat/pore radii ratios as well as frequency distributions of pore channel lengths, widths, and flow path tortuosities. We observed differences in storage and transport relevant pore‐space morphological features between the two aggregates. Nodal pore volumes and throat surface areas were significantly smaller for the conventionally tilled (Conv.T.) aggregate (mode ≈ 7.9 × 10−7mm3/≈ 63 μm2) than for thegrasslandaggregate (mode ≈ 5.0 × 10−6mm3/≈ 400 μm2), respectively. Path lengths were shorter for theConv.T.aggregate (maximum lengths < 200 μm) compared with thegrasslandaggregate (maximum lengths > 600 μm). In summary, the soil aggregate from theConv.Tsite showed more gas and water transport limiting micromorphological features compared with the aggregate from thegrasslandmanagement system.
Calibrating Access‐tube Time Domain Reflectometry Soil Water Measurements in Deep Heterogeneous Soils
Authors: Schwartz Benjamin F. , Schreiber Madeline E. , Pooler Penelope S. , Rimstidt J. Donald
Published: May 2008

Hydrologic characterization of the vadose zone requires accurate measurements of soil water in a variety of soil textures. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) instruments are commonly used to obtain soil moisture. Although there are advantages to using TDR, certain types of instruments pose challenges, including proper installation and calibration, which must be overcome. The principal objective of this study was to develop a new method for obtaining and calibrating access‐tube TDR measurements in deep heterogeneous soils. Using two regression techniques, physical and chemical property‐based calibrations were developed to predict soil water and explain large differences between TDR and gravimetric soil water values. Differences between TDR soil water and gravimetric soil water were almost entirely controlled by physical and chemical soil properties; indicating that our access‐tube TDR probe likely produced an accurate measurement of ‘free’ but not bound water content. The bound fraction is controlled by physical and chemical properties and is a nearly static parameter at the depths and time scales considered in this study. Changes in TDR measurements after the initial calibration represent changes in the ‘free’ water content. Our calibration equations used easily obtained parameters to predict accurate soil water values in a wide range of soil textures. Approximately 95% of the soil water values predicted using our calibration equations had residuals of less than ± 10% soil water. We also developed a cost‐effective method for installing access tubes which minimized problems related to air gaps and soil structure disturbances in deep soil profiles.
Technology and Higher Education: The Impact of E-Learning Approaches on Student Academic Achievement, Perceptions and Persistence
Authors: Nora Amaury , Snyder Blanca Plazas
Published: May 2008

While e-learning, Web-enhanced instruction, and other forms of instructional technology have been touted as an effective way of addressing student withdrawal and academic performance, there are those (Carr, 2000) that report both program and end-of-semester course completion rates in distance education courses as merely acceptable compared to more traditional courses. This disagreement, coupled with the need to establish empirically-based instructional techniques, drives the desire to fully grasp the true impact of different forms of technology on retention and graduation rates among students. The purpose of this article is to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the literature concerning technology at the postsecondary level. We discuss studies that have examined the various uses of technology in the classroom, student perceptions of technology, student usage of technology, student attitudes toward technology, and the direction in which technology is heading. Specifically, the main objective was to highlight the findings with regard to the connection between technology and student learning, and between technology and student persistence.
Best Practices in Supporting Persistence of Distant Education Students through Integrated Web-Based Systems
Authors: McCracken Holly
Published: May 2008

The importance of the interconnectedness of academic, student, and technical support processes intrinsic to the provision of on-line instruction has been frequently depicted as a “service Web,” with students at the center of the infrastructure. However, as programming to support distance learning continues to develop, such service Webs have grown complex; it is increasingly probable that students are becoming “caught in the Web,” unable to navigate an intricate virtual systems of resources, services, and programming. In the absence of clarity, coordination, planning, and ongoing evaluation, institutional resources may evolve to become inaccessible to students. Without the requisite infrastructure the best attempts to retain distant students can actually have the unintended consequence of further isolating them in vast institutional cyber-mazes. The focus of this article includes a discussion of best practices to support persistence of distant students, using Web-based systems as the primary mechanism to promote cohesiveness, consistency, and affiliation.
Improving Undergraduate Online Retention through Gated Advisement and Redundant Communication
Authors: Clay Melanie N. , Rowland Stacey , Packard Abbot
Published: May 2008

The University of West Georgia implemented a successful research-based initiative, Project DEW (Developing eCore Winners) to improve retention in its eCore courses. eCore courses are those offered through a collaborative University System of Georgia program, and includes courses required to complete the first two years of an undergraduate degree. eCore courses are taught entirely online, except for the required proctored exam. This article highlights the results of a telephone survey conducted to determine the causes of eCore attrition, and the retention improvement data following the implementation of a comprehensive orientation and advisement program and redundant communications to students.
“Doing the Heavy Lifting: Health Care Workers Take Back Their Backs”
Authors: Morse Tim , Fekieta Renee , Rubenstein Harriet , Warren Nick , Alexander Darryl , Wawzyniecki Patricia
Published: May 2008

Health care workers have the highest musculoskeletal disorder prevalence and incidence of any occupational/industry group, and patient handling tasks are so biomechanically demanding that they cannot be made safe through the commonly used, technique-oriented methods such as “back school” training programs. Although there is standard-setting activity for “no-lift” programs in some states, there is still no federal standard. Health care worker unions and nurses' associations have begun to take action through training members in equipment need, use, and acceptance in programs to encourage adoption of no-lifting programs. Acceptance of lifting equipment is increasing due to recognition of the high human and economic costs of MSD, consistent documentation of cost savings from no-lift programs, major improvements in lifting equipment, and shortages of health care staff. An action-oriented training program for health care workers is described that provides knowledge about the 1) Scope of the current problem of back injuries in health care, 2) Costs of injuries, both to workers and to the hospital, 3) Elements of a safe patient-handling program, and 4) Success stories. The program also builds skills through: 1) Hands-on experience with safe lifting equipment, and 2) Assessing organizational and union readiness and planning for action at the workplace.
Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) Deficiency Attenuates the Development of Atherosclerosis in Diabetes
Authors: Soro-Paavonen Aino , Watson Anna M.D. , Li Jiaze , Paavonen Karri , Koitka Audrey , Calkin Anna C. , Barit David , Coughlan Melinda T. , Drew Brian G. , Lancaster Graeme I. , Thomas Merlin , Forbes Josephine M. , Nawroth Peter P. , Bierhaus Angelika , Cooper Mark E. , Jandeleit-Dahm Karin A.
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE—Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in diabetic vasculature is considered to be a key mediator of atherogenesis. This study examines the effects of deletion of RAGE on the development of atherosclerosis in the diabetic apoE−/− model of accelerated atherosclerosis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—ApoE−/− and RAGE−/−/apoE−/− double knockout mice were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin and followed for 20 weeks, at which time plaque accumulation was assessed by en face analysis.

RESULTS—Although diabetic apoE−/− mice showed increased plaque accumulation (14.9 ± 1.7%), diabetic RAGE−/−/apoE−/− mice had significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque area (4.9 ± 0.4%) to levels not significantly different from control apoE−/− mice (4.3 ± 0.4%). These beneficial effects on the vasculature were associated with attenuation of leukocyte recruitment; decreased expression of proinflammatory mediators, including the nuclear factor-κB subunit p65, VCAM-1, and MCP-1; and reduced oxidative stress, as reflected by staining for nitrotyrosine and reduced expression of various NADPH oxidase subunits, gp91phox, p47phox, and rac-1. Both RAGE and RAGE ligands, including S100A8/A9, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and the advanced glycation end product (AGE) carboxymethyllysine were increased in plaques from diabetic apoE−/− mice. Furthermore, the accumulation of AGEs and other ligands to RAGE was reduced in diabetic RAGE−/−/apoE−/− mice.

CONCLUSIONS—This study provides evidence for RAGE playing a central role in the development of accelerated atherosclerosis associated with diabetes. These findings emphasize the potential utility of strategies targeting RAGE activation in the prevention and treatment of diabetic macrovascular complications.
A Convenient Synthesis of Amino Acid Methyl Esters
Authors: Li Jiabo , Sha Yaowu
Published: May 2008

A series of amino acid methyl ester hydrochlorides were prepared in good toexcellent yields by the room temperature reaction of amino acids with methanol in thepresence of trimethylchlorosilane. This method is not only compatible with natural aminoacids, but also with other aromatic and aliphatic amino acids.
Hormone and Microorganism Treatments in the Cultivation of Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) Plants
Authors: Aytekin Alper , Acikgoz Aynur Ozkul
Published: May 2008

The difficult cultivation of the saffron plant (Crocus Sativus L.) make the spice of the same name made from its dried stigmas very valuable. It is estimated that some 75,000 blossoms or 225,000 hand-picked stigmas are required to make a single pound of saffron, which explains why it is the world’s most expensive spice. The aim of this study was to identify ways of increasing the fertility and production of saffron. For this purpose, the treatment of saffron bulbs with a synthetic growth hormone – a mixture of Polystimulins A6 and K – and two different microorganism based materials – biohumus or vermicompost and Effective Microorganisms™ (EM) – in four different ways (hormone alone, biohumus alone, EM alone and EM+biohumus) was investigated to determine whether these treatments have any statistically meaningful effects on corms and stigmas. It has been shown that EM + biohumus was the most effective choice for improved saffron cultivation.
The Antioxidant Response Induced by Lonicera caerulaea Berry Extracts in Animals Bearing Experimental Solid Tumors
Authors: Gruia Maria Iuliana , Oprea Eliza , Gruia Ion , Negoita Valentina , Farcasanu Ileana Cornelia
Published: May 2008

Lonicera caerulea is a species of bush native to the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian Far East) whose berries have been extensively studied due to their potential high antioxidant activity. The aim of our work was to investigate the in vivo effects of the antioxidant action of Lonicera caerulea berry extracts on the dynamics of experimentallyinduced tumors. Our data showed that aqueous Lonicera caerulaea extracts reduced the tumor volume when administered continuously during the tumor growth and development stages, but augmented the tumor growth when the administration of extracts started three weeks before tumor grafting. Prolonged administration of Lonicera caerulaea berry extracts induced the antioxidant defense mechanism in the tumor tissues, while surprisingly amplifying the peripheral oxidative stress.
Multifeature quantitative motor assessment of upper limb ataxia including drawing and reaching
Authors: Hermle Dominik , Schubert Robin , Barallon Pascal , Ilg Winfried , Schüle Rebecca , Reilmann Ralf , Synofzik Matthis , Traschütz Andreas
Published: April 2024

Objective

Voluntary upper limb movements are an ecologically important yet insufficiently explored digital‐motor outcome domain for trials in degenerative ataxia. We extended and validated the trial‐ready quantitative motor assessment battery “Q‐Motor” for upper limb movements with clinician‐reported, patient‐focused, and performance outcomes of ataxia.

Methods

Exploratory single‐center cross‐sectional assessment in 94 subjects (46 cross‐genotype ataxia patients; 48 matched controls), comprising five tasks measured by force transducer and/or position field: Finger Tapping, diadochokinesia, grip‐lift, and—as novel implementations—Spiral Drawing, and Target Reaching. Digital‐motor measures were selected if they discriminated from controls (AUC >0.7) and correlated—with at least one strong correlation (rho ≥0.6)—to the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), activities of daily living (FARS‐ADL), and the Nine‐Hole Peg Test (9HPT).

Results

Six movement features with 69 measures met selection criteria, including speed and variability in all tasks, stability in grip‐lift, and efficiency in Target Reaching. The novel drawing/reaching tasks best captured impairment in dexterity (|rho9HPT| ≤0.81) and FARS‐ADL upper limb items (|rhoADLul| ≤0.64), particularly by kinematic analysis of smoothness (SPARC). Target hit rate, a composite of speed and endpoint precision, almost perfectly discriminated ataxia and controls (AUC: 0.97). Selected measures in all tasks discriminated between mild, moderate, and severe impairment (SARA upper limb composite: 0–2/>2–4/>4–6) and correlated with severity in the trial‐relevant mild ataxia stage (SARA ≤10, n = 20).

Interpretation

Q‐Motor assessment captures multiple features of impaired upper limb movements in degenerative ataxia. Validation with key clinical outcome domains provides the basis for evaluation in longitudinal studies and clinical trial settings.
An Ultrathin Solid Electrolyte for High‐Energy Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Liu Lufan , Shi Yongzheng , Liu Mengyue , Zhong Qing , Chen Yuqi , Li Bingyang , Li Zhen , Zhang Tao , Su Hang , Peng Jiaying , Yang Na , Wang Pengfei , Fisher Adrian , Niu Jin , Wang Feng
Published: April 2024

Solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) are key to unlocking the potential of lithium metal batteries (LMBs), but their high thickness (>100 µm) due to poor mechanical properties limits energy density improvements. Herein, an ultrathin (≈5 µm) polymer SSE with a high Young's modulus (10.6 GPa), made from a polyvinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP) matrix and an ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) additive is proposed. By virtue of the electron‐donating property, EDTA induces the conformation transformation of PVDF‐HFP, enhancing the mechanical strength by a fine‐grain strengthening mechanism. In addition, PVDF‐HFP with cis‐conformation shortens the pathway for Li+, promotes the Li+ dissociation and immobilizes the anions of lithium salt, thus increasing the ionic conductivity (2.47 × 10−4 S cm−1) and transfer number (0.59) of the electrolyte. Moreover, the electrolyte also possesses a wide voltage window (4.7 V) and good heat/flame resistance. The half cells and full cells with the electrolytes show good cycling and rate performance. Notably, a pouch cell based on the electrolyte exhibits impressive energy densities of 516 Wh kg−1 and 1520 Wh L−1 (excluding packages), showing great potential for practical use in LMBs.
Intriguing Role of Weak Electron Donor in Dictating the Luminescent Characteristics of DS‐A‐DW Materials
Authors: Xu Jianbin , Chen Mei , Ganesan Paramaguru , Liu Xuejing , Zhang Zilong , Liu Yanrui , Zhang Baohua , Gao Peng
Published: April 2024

The short wavelength (SW) emission region of the materials employing strong donor (DS) phenothiazine (PTZ) is generally correlated to its quasi‐axial (QAPTZ) conformer arrangement. This propels to investigate the specific role of weak donors (DW) such as carbazole (CZ) in determining the emission characteristics of molecular heredity (MH) type structural design encompassing dual donors of varying strength. For this purpose, a common DS(PTZ)–Acceptor unit is linked to the DW(CZ) unit via different linkage positions to form M1, M2, and M3, which not only alters the absorption and dual emission characteristics but also influences the delayed fluorescence phenomenon. The SW emission originates by minimizing the aggregation factor rather than by literature envisaged QAPTZ conformer. Incorporating M1 as a single molecular white light emitter (SMWLE) in near UV light emitting diode (LED) devices results in cold white light emission with CRI of 68 and CIE of (0.24, 0.33), while its corresponding solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diode devices delivers warm white electroluminescence with an EQE of 5.8%. Overall, this work demonstrates the significant contribution of the DW in attaining the white light emission characteristics of MH molecular design not only at the molecular level but also in practical light‐emitting devices.
Tailoring Microenvironments and In Situ Transformations of Cu Catalysts for Selective and Stable Electrosynthesis of Multicarbon Products
Authors: Ding Pan , Kühne Julius , Santra Saswati , Zell Richard , Zellner Philipp , Rieth Tim , Gao Jianyong , Chen Jianian , Zhou Guanda , Dittloff Johannes , Müller‐Caspary Knut , Sharp Ian D.
Published: April 2024

Electrochemical CO2 reduction is of tremendous interest for storing chemical energy from renewable sources while reducing CO2 emissions. While copper is one of the most effective catalysts, it suffers from low selectivity and limited long‐term durability. Here, these limitations are overcome by engineering Nafion coatings on CuO nanoparticle‐based catalysts supported on glassy carbon. By tuning the Nafion thickness and internal structure, it is shown that both the selectivity to multicarbon (C2+) products and long‐term stability can be dramatically enhanced. Optimized catalyst layers reach Faradaic efficiencies for C2+ products of 86% during long‐term testing for 200 h, with no evidence for performance degradation. Indeed, the C2+ Faradaic efficiency increases during testing, which is attributed to favorable in situ electrochemical fragmentation of catalytic nanoparticles. Finally, the optimized Nafion/Cu catalytic coatings are utilized to create scalable membrane electrode assemblies for CO2 electrolysis, yielding significantly enhanced C2H4 selectivity (≈58%) and activity at technologically‐relevant currents of 1–2 A. These results highlight the potential for creating multi‐functional Nafion coatings on CO2 reduction catalysts to favorably tune the reaction environment, while also promoting in situ transformations to active and selective nanoscale structures and morphologies, not just on model surfaces but also in state‐of‐the‐art gas diffusion electrodes.
A scenario of unhealthy life cycle: The role of circadian rhythms in health
Authors: Chandramouli Manasa , Basavanna Vrushabendra , Ningaiah Srikantamurthy
Published: April 2024

Circadian rhythms are oscillations in physiology and behavior caused by the circadian regulator. Cryptochromes, Periods, and Bmal1 are circadian clock genes that have been linked to aging and cancer. Human pathologies alter circadian clock gene expression, and transgenic rats with clock gene defects progress to cancer and age prematurely. In the growth of age‐linked pathologies and carcinogenesis, cell proliferation and genome integrity play critical roles. The relationship concerning the cell cycle regulation and circadian clock is discussed in this article. The circadian clock controls the behavior and countenance of many main cell cycle and cell cycle check‐point proteins, and cell cycle‐associated proteins, in turn, control the activity and expression of circadian clock proteins. The circadian clock can be reset by DNA disruption, providing a molecular mechanism for mutual control amid the cell cycle and the clock. This circadian clock‐dependent regulation of cell proliferation, composed with other circadian clock‐dependent physiological functions including metabolism control, genotoxic and oxidative stress response, and DNA repair, unlocks new avenues for studying the processes of aging and carcinogenesis.
Spatial management measures benefit the critically endangered flapper skate, Dipturus intermedius
Authors: Régnier Thomas , Dodd Jane , Benjamins Steven , Gibb Fiona M. , Wright Peter J.
Published: April 2024

While elasmobranchs are often a designated feature in Marine Protected Areas, there are few studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of spatial fishery restrictions on their recovery.

Here we examine the effectiveness of fishery restrictions on the critically endangered flapper skate, Dipturus intermedius, based on changes in their abundance, demography and survival rate.

Trends in local abundance at two sites within the Loch Sunart to the Sound of Jura Marine Protected Area (LStSJ MPA), were contrasted with that in surrounding waters off the west of Scotland where fishing remains unrestricted. Survival rate was estimated using a multi‐state model of capture mark recapture data, and spill‐over from the LStSJ MPA was considered from tag‐recapture rates between the two LStSJ MPA study areas and a further site south of the LStSJ MPA.

In contrast to the wider trend across adjacent waters, skate abundance increased, especially for young juveniles, following the introduction of fishing restrictions in the LStSJ MPA. This increase could be explained by a reduction in juvenile and adult mortality as population growth rates following fishing restrictions were markedly higher than estimated in a pre‐restriction study of one site.

Limited exchange of skate between the two study areas within the LStSJ MPA and a southern site beyond the LStSJ MPA indicated a low rate of spill‐over.

This study demonstrates that spatial fishery restrictions have the potential to benefit populations of elasmobranchs which have a high site‐fidelity, but their wider conservation benefit may be partly confounded by a high level of residency.
The latent structure of the Delis–Kaplan system for autism
Authors: MacDonald Reilly , Baker‐Ericzén Mary , Roesch Scott , Yeh May , Dickson Kelsey S. , Smith Jasmine
Published: April 2024

A core feature of autism is deficits in executive functioning (EF), including difficulty with planning, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. Despite a growing need for evidence‐based assessments of EF for autism populations, statistical models of many commonly used measures of EF, including the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D‐KEFS), have not been investigated for a sample of autistic participants. The purpose of this study was to address a gap in the literature regarding the latent structure of the D‐KEFS in a sample of autistic individuals. The D‐KEFS is one of the most widely used clinical assessments of executive function, but its factor structure has not been examined in a sample of autistic participants. Reliability analyses were performed for sample subgroups based on participants' clinical and demographic characteristics, including IQ, autism severity, age, and race/ethnicity. Verbal Fluency (VF) was found to consistently decrease or not affect the overall reliability score. Additionally, one‐ and two‐factor structure models were tested for the D‐KEFS with a sample of autistic participants. The one‐factor model was not found to be a good fit for the data. However, the two‐factor model, with Cognitive Flexibility and Abstraction latent factors, was found to fit the data relatively well. This two‐factor model was reexamined excluding the VF observed variable, resulting in a better overall model fit. Communication deficits are a common feature of autism, which explains why the VF task, that requires participants to produce novel words, may not be an adequate measure of executive function for autism populations.
Matricellular proteins: Potential biomarkers in head and neck cancer
Authors: Wang Yunsheng , Liu Xudong , Wang Xingyue , Lu Jiyong , Tian Youxin , Liu Qinjiang , Xue Jincai
Published: April 2024

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of diverse multidomain macromolecules, including collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin, that significantly contribute to the mechanical properties of tissues. Matricellular proteins (MCPs), as a family of non‐structural proteins, play a crucial role in regulating various ECM functions. They exert their biological effects by interacting with matrix proteins, cell surface receptors, cytokines, and proteases. These interactions govern essential cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, adhesion, migration as well as multiple signal transduction pathways. Consequently, MCPs are pivotal in maintaining tissue homeostasis while orchestrating intricate molecular mechanisms within the ECM framework. The expression level of MCPs in adult steady‐state tissues is significantly low; however, under pathological conditions such as inflammation and cancer, there is a substantial increase in their expression. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on elucidating the role and significance of MCPs in the development and progression of head and neck cancer (HNC). During HNC progression, there is a remarkable upregulation in MCP expression. Through their distinctive structure and function, they actively promote tumor growth, invasion, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, and lymphatic metastasis of HNC cells. Moreover, by binding to integrins and modulating various signaling pathways, they effectively execute their biological functions. Furthermore, MCPs also hold potential as prognostic indicators. Although the star proteins of various MCPs have been extensively investigated, there remains a plethora of MCP family members that necessitate further scrutiny. This article comprehensively examines the functionalities of each MCP and highlights the research advancements in the context of HNC, with an aim to identify novel biomarkers for HNC and propose promising avenues for future investigations.
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in a patient with a brain‐responsive neurostimulation device
Authors: Wang Richard , McGoldrick Patricia E. , Subah Galadu , Muh Carrie R. , Wolf Steven M.
Published: April 2024

Background

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most common cause of epilepsy‐related mortality. Although most witnessed SUDEPs follow seizures, mechanisms are uncertain. Investigations into the pathophysiology of SUDEP have relied on models and rare recordings of brain function at the time of the event. The brain‐responsive neurostimulation (RNS) device from Neuropace offers a therapeutic option for drug‐refractory epilepsy (DRE), enabling the recording of brain activity and the preemptive termination of seizures. Therefore, patients who experience SUDEP while being treated with an RNS device can provide insights into neural activity at the moment of this event.

Objective

We report the history and electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings of a patient with DRE who experienced SUDEP years after RNS placement.

Patient History

A girl with Phelan–McDermid syndrome and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome had an RNS device implanted at the age of 14 to treat DRE. Initially, electrodes were positioned in the right orbitofrontal (OF) and right premotor frontal regions, with the OF lead later changed to the centromedian thalamic nucleus. At age 19, the patient was found unconscious and in cardiac arrest by her parents. Although spontaneous circulation returned en route to the hospital, the patient did not regain consciousness and died. Subsequent analysis of ECoGs from RNS recordings at the time of death indicated seizure onset in the right premotor frontal cortex, which persisted despite seizure termination attempts by the RNS.

Conclusions

We present a patient with SUDEP associated with the onset of RNS‐refractory seizures. The significance of this report is highlighted by the rarity of literature on neuronal function at the time of SUDEP. Moreover, it underscores the potential for devices capable of monitoring ECoG activity to shed light on the mechanisms underlying SUDEP and to inform interventions.
Influence of hot‐smoking on the stability of fresh and frozen–thawed deep‐skinned Atlantic mackerel fillets during cold storage
Authors: Fernandes Carina Mascarenhas , Sveinsdóttir Hildur Inga , Tómasson Tumi , Arason Sigurjón , Gudjónsdóttir María
Published: April 2024

Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) caught during the summer months in Icelandic waters after intensive feeding is rich in lipids and, thus, sensitive to lipid degradation. Recent studies have led to improved cooling and handling on board, ensuring high‐quality raw material. However, studies on the development of high‐quality products for human consumption are lacking. The study aimed to investigate the effects of hot‐smoking on the physicochemical, microbial, and sensory quality of deep‐skinned Atlantic mackerel fillets during chilled storage (1 ± 0.6°C). In addition, the quality of smoked mackerel from frozen–thawed fillets (9 months at −25 ± 1.8°C) was compared to that of fresh‐smoked fillets to evaluate the possibility of the industry being able to provide smoked fillets throughout the year, despite the short fishing season. Brining and hot‐smoking reduced total viable counts and inactivated Listeria monocytogenes. Hot‐smoking positively affected the sensory attributes of the fillets and sensory quality was largely maintained for at least 21 days of chilled storage. Although slightly lower sensory and texture scores were obtained for frozen–thawed smoked fillets, they remained within acceptable limits throughout the period of cold storage. The shelf‐life of smoked Atlantic mackerel deep‐skinned fillets stored at 1°C is, therefore, assessed to be at least 21 days. Well‐fed Atlantic mackerel is suitable for developing high‐quality and stable smoked fillet products from both fresh and frozen–thawed raw materials.