bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing Survey Responses Using the Total Design Method
Authors: Anema Marion G , Brown Barbara E
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Surveys are a method commonly used by nurses to gather information about populations. This method is especially useful when planning educational programs for nurses, health professionals, and the general public. Nurses who plan educational programs for a variety of groups require adequate responses to plan programs effectively. A major weakness of the survey approach is low response rates. Dillman (1978) developed a total design method (TDM) that can maximize return rates. Twenty-eight studies that used Dillman's method produced an average response rate of 77% (McLaughlin & Marascuilo, 1990). This article describes Dillman's TDM and its application to planning continuing education and other programs.
The Impact of a Family Systems Nursing Approach: Nurses' Perceptions
Authors: Leahey Maureen , Harper-Jaques Sandy , Stout Loree , Levac Anne Marie
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Relationships between nurses and families form the foundation of effective nursing practice. This article describes a study of medical-surgical nurses' perceptions of the impact of a Family Systems Nursing Continuing Education Project (FSNP) Four major themes emerged from the study: 1) reduction in family crises during acute hospitalizations; 2) increased efficiency and productivity of discharge planning; 3) increased family involvement in multidisciplinary conferences with nurse-family interactions described as collaborative; and 4) improvement in nursing competence and confidence while caring for families. Implications for clinical practice, continuing education, and research are presented.
Student-Oriented Learning Outlines: A Valuable Supplement to Traditional Instruction
Authors: VanArsdale Stephanie K , Hammons James O
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

In a time of changing health care and funding restraints in institutions, continuing education and staff development departments are being challenged to produce better prepared nurses at reduced costs per employee. Improvements in how nurses are prepared are needed to ensure higher levels of competence without increasing the cost. This article describes the development and use of a practical strategy for mastery learning known as Student-Oriented Learning Outlines or SOLOs. This approach has been found to be effective in producing improvements in learning and ultimately patient care while reducing cost to the institution.
Immediate and Enduring Changes in Knowledge and Self-Efficacy in APNs Following Computer-Assisted Home Study of The Pharmacology of Alcohol
Authors: Neafsey Patricia J
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Background: 18 advanced practice nurses (APNs) evaluated a two contact hour home-study computer-assisted instructional (CAI) program on the pharmacology of alcohol developed by the author. Changes in knowledge and self-efficacy were measured immediately following program use and 5 months later.

Method: The APNs were recruited from two seminar sections of a traditional lecture-based continuing education course for nurses enrolled in a primary care nurse practitioner program. Participants completed cognitive and self-efficacy instruments in class pre-program use and 5 months post-program use. The APNs completed immediate post-program evaluation instruments at home and returned them by mail.

Results: Significant gains in knowledge and self-efficacy with large effect sizes were achieved immediately following program use. Cognitive and self-efficacy scores decayed significantly 5 months post-program use but were still significantly greater than pre-program scores.

Conclusion: These findings indicate that continuing education in substance misuse or other pharmacology content may be effectively implemented at home via CAI.
A Framework for Developing Holistic Leaders
Authors: Bowles John , Bleich Michael R.
Published: April 2021

Advocating for holistic leaders' development, holistic leadership is defined and contrasted with other developmental approaches. A model that frames four dimensions of development is presented. These dimensions include self-awareness and values identification, relational capacity, problem solving and action orientation, and other orientation.

[
J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2021;52(5):211–213.]
VERTEBRAL OSTEOMYELITIS CAUSED BY FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Freedman Harold L , Cashman William F
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT: A 58-year-old man with a history of chronic alcohol abuse presented with vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum. This case demonstrated the foul smelling abscess characteristic of anaerobic infection. Deep anaerobic infections are well known to be resistant to closed treatment, and the computerized tomographic scan confirmed the diagnosis of a paravertebral abscess in this case. An increased awareness among clinicians that anaerobic bacilli can cause oteomyelitis, together with more sophisticated culture techniques, will greatly aid the management of this virulent form of osteomyelitis.
Calf Muscle Atrophy and Muscle Function After Non-Operative vs Operative Treatment of Achilles Tendon Ruptures
Authors: Häggmark Tom , Liedberg Hans , Eriksson Ejnar , Wredmark Torsten
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT: Fifteen operatively and eight non-operatively treated subcutaneous achules tendon ruptures were randomly selected from 120 surgically and 35 non-surgically treated patients. Their calf muscle function was studied three to five years after treatment. Non-operatively treated patients were found to have a significantly impaired dynamic muscle function of the calf muscles when tested in a specially constructed heel-raise test device. Operatively treated patients did not show any significant impairment of their muscle function. Measurement of muscle area with CT-scanning showed a significant reduction of the calf muscle in the non-operatively treated patient while no such difference could be found in the operatively treated patients. Isokinetic muscle torque did not differ in the two groups of patients, thus Cybexmeasurements do not seem to be a discriminating method in studying muscle function after achules ruptures. On the basis of our findings we recommend that all athletes with achules tendon ruptures be treated surgically. In non-athletes and older patients non-operative treatment might be considered.
Comparison of Closed-Suction Drainage and No Drainage After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Holt Benjamin T , Parks Nancy L , Engh Gerard A , Lawrence Jeffrey M
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

One hundred thirty-six primary total knee arthroplasty patients were randomized for the use of closed-suction, nonreinfusable wound drains. Blood loss was identical in the drained and undrained groups. Forty percent of undrained wounds compared with 0% of drained wounds required dressing reinforcement. Sixty-nine percent of undrained wounds compared with 39% of drained wounds developed ecchymosis, measuring 92 cm
p 2
in the undrained group and 28 cm
p 2
in the drained group. This study concludes that a simple wound drain effectively minimizes the undesirable accumulation of blood in the surrounding soft tissues and the postoperative wound dressing after total knee arthroplasty.
Supplementation of Autogenous Bone Graft With Coralline Hydroxyapatite in Posterior Spine Fusion for Idiopathic Adolescent Scoliosis
Authors: Mashoof A Allen , Siddiqui Saqib A , Otero Marilyn , Tucci James J
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Twenty-seven consecutive patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis underwent posterior spinal fusion with pediatric Texas Scottish Rite Hospital instrumentation. Coralline hydroxyapatite (Interpore, Irvine, Calif) was mixed with limited autograft from posterior iliac crest (an approximate 70/30 ratio of coralline hydroxyapatite to autograft). Patient evaluation was based on clinical and radiographic findings. On initial radiographic evaluation, a "snowstorm" appearance consistent with the exoskeleton of the coralline hydroxyapatite was observed. After two years, the fusion mass had a "marble-like" appearance with distinct decreased visibility of the disk spaces in the fusion mass. This latter stage of "marbilization" correlated with solid fusion clinically. All patients achieved solid fusion at an average follow-up of 27 months.

Coralline hydroxyapatite is safe, biocompatible, and effective in augmenting autogenous bone graft in the treatment of idiopathic adolescent scoliosis with posterior spinal fusion. In addition to decreased donor site morbidity, this may be invaluable in cases where there is insufficient autograft available.
Pregnancy Outcomes Following Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Preliminary Study and Review of the Literature
Authors: Yazici Yusuf , Erkan Doruk , Zuniga Ricardo , Bateman Helen , Salvati Eduardo A , Magid Steven K
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Pregnancy outcomes among patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) during their reproductive years were retrospectively evaluated. Twenty-one patients reported pregnancies after THA and 20 had live births. No prosthesis-related problems were reported. This is the first study that provides a patient-based assessment of pregnancy outcomes and delivery in women who underwent THA. The preliminary data suggest THA had no adverse effect on subsequent childbearing.
The Role of Measured Resistance Exercises in Adolescent Scoliosis
Authors: Mooney Vert , Brigham Allison
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Twenty adolescent patients (18 girls and 2 boys) with scoliosis ranging from 15°-41° in their major curve were treated with a progressive resistive training program for torso rotation. All patients demonstrated an asymmetry of rotation strength measured on specialized equipment, and surface electrode electromyograms showed inhibition of lumbar paraspinal muscles. Sixteen of 20 patients demonstrated curve reduction, and no patient showed an increase in curve.
Mentoring and Junior Faculty Productivity
Authors: Williams Regina , Blackburn Robert T
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Senior and junior mentor/mentee nursing school faculty were studied with respect to their research output, and compared to other senior and junior faculty not having a mentor relationship. Mentoring turns out to be multidimensional. Being a mentee's advocate, socializing her to the organization, and encouraging her dream have little effect on output. Working directly with the junior faculty member on projects significantly increases the research activity of both and separates them from faculty not in a mentor/mentee relationship.
Knowledge and Attitudes About AIDS Among Canadian Nursing Students: Educational Implications
Authors: Oermann Marilyn H , Gignac Debra
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Research was conducted to examine the level of knowledge and attitudes about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among Canadian nursing students and faculty and the relationships among knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to care for AIDS patients. The study was an extension of earlier research by Lawrence and Lawrence (1989). A descriptive-correlational design was used in which four levels of nursing students and faculty (N =166) completed the AIDS Assess Test. Knowledge scores increased as students progressed through the program; faculty had the highest scores. Attitude scores were relatively low, indicating areas in which further education and values clarification are essential. Pearson's r revealed significant positive relationships between subjects' knowledge of AIDS and attitude scores for the sample as a whole and two levels of students in the nursing program. Other variables relating to subjects' attitudes toward AIDS patients and willingness to care for and have contact with them were identified in the research. Findings suggest additional learning experiences for assisting students in developing the knowledge needed for care of the patient with AIDS and clarifying values and beliefs which might influence that care.
A Comparison of Selected Demographic Characteristics and Academic Performance of On-Campus and Satellite-Center RNs: Implications for the Curriculum
Authors: McClelland Eleanor , Daly Jeanette
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

This study compared two groups of RN students and noted that there is a difference between the profile of the on-campus student and the student in satellite areas. The demographic profile differences revealed that the RN students in satellite centers were slightly older, were employed, and worked more hours each week. They tended to work full-time, traveled farther to attend classes, had more children, and projected a longer time necessary to complete the SCN than their campus counterparts.

The academic profile differences revealed that the satellite center RN students had higher ACT-PEP mean scores and transfer GPAs than their on-campus peers. On-campus RN students had higher University of Iowa GPAs and higher grades in the Pathology course and Foundations of Nursing Practice course than satellite center RN students.
Defining Collegiality within the Academic Setting
Authors: Balsmeyer Barbara , Haubrich Kathleen , Quinn Carroll
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Faculty development and performance are important issues within colleges of nursing. Collegiality is a performance requirement for promotion and tenure, but the behaviors synonymous with collegiality are frequently unwritten within the academic community as well as being poorly defined in the literature. The ambiguity that this situation produces is often experienced by faculty seeking tenure and promotion. Faculty at a mid western university used the Delphi technique to determine behaviors synonymous with collegiality. Results of the Delphi rounds yielded specific behavioral indicators for the four broad statements that describe collegiality in the governance document of the university. Those statements include willingness to serve on committees and perform work necessary to departmental operations, willingness to provide guidance and help colleagues in their professional duties, respect for the ideas of others, and conduct of one's professional life without prejudice toward others. Findings revealed that while the area of collegiality is ambiguous, indicators of collégial behavior can be identified. Limitations and benefits of using the Delphi technique are discussed.
Epibulbar Osseous Choristoma and Ectopic Lacrimal Gland Underlying a Dermolipoma
Authors: Hered Robert W , Hiles David A
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

A 6-month-old girl underwent surgical excision of an epibulbar mass which had the clinical appearance of a dermolipoma. Intraoperatively, a separate underlying mass was uncovered which was firmly adherent to the sclera. Histopathologic examination confirmed the superficial lesion to be a typical dermolipoma, and the underlying lesion to be an epibulbar osseous chroistoma with associated adherent ectopic lacrimal gland tissue. The clinical features, management, and histopathology of this new association are reviewed.
Acquired Divergent Strabismus: Presumed Metastatic Gastric Carcinoma to the Medial Rectus Muscle
Authors: Arnold Robert W , Adams Bart A , Camoriano John K , Dyer John A
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

A patient with rapidly progressive metastatic gastric carcinoma developed diplopia and diminished adduction of the right eye. The right medial rectus muscle belly was enlarged, as shown by computed tomography. This case is unusual, because gastric carcinoma comprises only 1% of orbital metastases and less than 5% of all orbital metastases localize to extraocular muscle.
Assessment of Vision and Amblyopia by Preferential Looking Tests After Early Surgery for Unilateral Congenital Cataracts
Authors: Mayer D Luisa , Moore Bruce , Robb Richard M
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Preferential looking tests obtained over the first 3 years were used to evaluate the development of visual acuity of 21 patients who underwent surgery for unilateral congenital cataracts and fitting of contact lenses before age 6 months. Mean acuity of the aphakic eyes improved rapidly in the first year; however, between the end of the first year and the end of the third year there was no Improvement in mean aphakic acuity. Consistent with this, the percentage of patients who were amblyopic by the criterion interocular difference in acuity (IOD) of 0.5 octaves (oct) or greater was 94% at the first test age near the onset of occlusion therapy, decreased to 72% at the end of year 1, and increased to 89% by the end of year 3. Variations in occlusion therapy appear to account for these results: mean hours of occlusion per day were 6.2 in year 1, 4.4 in year 2, and 2.7 hours in year 3. Furthermore, the IOD at age 1 year was negatively correlated with hours of occlusion in the first year and the IOD at age 3 years was negatively correlated with cumulated hours of occlusion over all 3 years. That Is, the less the amount of occlusion therapy, the greater the IOD. The patients' ages at time of surgery did not account for any further variance in these results than that accounted for by occlusion therapy. This study demonstrates that PL acuity measurement can aid in monitoring the response to occlusion therapy of infants with deprivation amblyopia due to unilateral congenital cataracts.
Hypertensive Retinopathy: A Cause of Decreased Visual Acuity in Children
Authors: Logan Patricia , Eustace Peter , Robinson Rosemary
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Hypertensive retinopathy may present atypical Iy in children. Delays in diagnosis may result in permanent visual loss, as demonstrated in three cases we saw.
Pattern of Childhood Blindness and Partial Sight Among Jordanians in Two Generations
Authors: Al-Salem Mahmoud , Rawashdeh Nayel
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

A study of 260 Jordanians who became blind or visually impaired (according to World Health Organization standards) before the age of 15 years showed the dominant effects of genetically determined causes in two generations. Genetic causes were responsible for the visual impairment in 122 (77.7%) of 157 subjects in the group born after 1970 and for 69 (67%) of 103 in the group born before 1970. There was a statistically significant change in the overall pattern (genetic and acquired causes) of blindness between the two generations, and there was also a significant change in the pattern of acquired blindness alone. A decrease in corneal infections leading to blindness or visual disability in the younger generation was accompanied by an increase of trauma in the same age group. Parental consanguinity in tione with genetically determined causes of visual impairment was high compared with those with nongenetic causes (79% vs 33.3%, P < .05). The autosomal recessive mode of inheritance was the most common pattern encountered (53.9%).
THE Use of Art Therapy With Post-Traumatic Stress Disordered Veteran Clients
Authors: Hines-Martin Vicki P , Ising Marty
Published: April 2021

When used as therapy, art provides an avenue of communication, healing, and growth.
USE OF THERAPEUTIC MILIEU in a Community Setting
Authors: Murray Ruth Beckmann , Baier Marjorie
Published: April 2021

Milieu therapy is successfully used in many inpatient psychiatric settings. Many of the same components that contribute to the success of milieu therapy in inpatient facilities also promote treatment success for clients living in the community. This article reviews the development of milieu therapy and describes the application of milieu therapy to a transitional residential facility for chronically mentally ill homeless persons.

The study facility served 228 persons during a 5 1/2-year period. Nearly half of those persons were discharged having fully met the objectives of the transitional program. The client's number of prior hospitalizations and number of activities in which the client participated during the program were statistically related to the client's being discharged according to treatment plan.
Complications of Penetrating Keratoplasty: Graft Infections
Authors: Varley Gary A , Meisler David M
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT: Microbial infection of a corneal transplant is a complication that is a bane to all corneal surgeons, the sequelae of which can be devastating. Identified risk factors include exposed, loose, or broken sutures; persistent epithelial defects or severe punctate keratopathy; soft contact lens wear including therapeutic lenses; graft hypoesthesia; keratoconjunctivitis sicca; previous herpetic eye disease; graft failure; ocular adnexa and lid abnormalities; and ongoing external and corneal infections. Management includes preventive measures, microbiologic diagnostic procedures, and antibiotic therapy.

Infectious crystalline keratopathy is a unique corneal infection that predominantly occurs in corneal transplants. It is characterized by the slowly progressive development of needle-like opacities in the corneal stroma and is most commonly caused by streptococcal species.

Another group of infections that occur in grafts is recurrence of an infectious process for which the patient was originally grafted. Two notable pathogens in this group include Acanthamoeba and herpes simplex. [Refractive and Corneal Surgery 1991;7:62-66.]
Laser in situ Keratomileusis Retreatment for Residual Myopia and Astigmatism
Authors: Rashad Khaled M
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual and refractive results of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) retreatment on eyes with residual myopia with or without astigmatism.

METHODS: LASIK retreatment was performed on 35 eyes of 23 patients for correction of residual myopia, with or without astigmatism, with a mean manifest spherical equivalent refraction of -2.17 ± 0.82 D (range, -1.00 to -3.87 D) and mean refractive astigmatism of -0.55 ± 0.61 D (range, 0 to -1.75 D). Retreatment was performed 3 to 18 months after primary LASDX (mean, 5.1 ± 2.6 mo). The corneal flap of the previous LASIK was lifted and laser ablation was performed using the ChironTechnolas Keracor 116 excimer laser. Follow-up was 12 months for all eyes.

RESULTS: At 1 year after retreatment, manifest spherical equivalent refraction was reduced to a mean -0.23 ± 0.28 D (range, 0 to -0.87 D), and refractive astigmatism was reduced to a mean -0.16 ± 0.25 D (range, 0 to -0.75 D). Thirty-two eyes (91.5%) had a manifest spherical equivalent refraction within ±0.50 D of emmetropia, and 33 eyes (94.3%) had 0 to 0.50 D of refractive astigmatism. Uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 11 eyes (31.4%). Spectacle-corrected visual acuity was not reduced in any eye after retreatment. There were no significant complications.

CONCLUSION: LASEK retreatment was effective for correction of residual myopia or astigmatism after primary LASDX. Refractive results were predictable with good stability after 3 months. Lifting the flap during LASDX retreatment was relatively easy to perform and did not result in visual morbidity in eyes treated from 3 up to 18 months after primary LASIK. [J Refract Surg 2000;16:170-176]
Dark-adapted Pupil Sizes in a Prospective Evaluation of Laser in situ Keratomileusis Patients
Authors: Schumer D James , Bains Harkaran S , Brown Kevin L
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This study presents the results of scotopic pupil size measurement in a group of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) patients and the implications this value has for night vision symptoms and treatment zones.

METHODS: This was a prospective study measuring the dark-adapted pupil of 218 patients using a handheld pupillometer.

RESULTS: The mean scotopic pupil size was 5.66 mm with a standard deviation of 1.04 mm. Pupils ranged in size from 3.00 mm to 9.00 mm.

CONCLUSION: Results suggest that a number of patients may have seotopic pupil size well beyond the treatment zones commonly used or available in refractive laser systems. Treating with an ablation zone that is smaller than the mesopic pupil will often result in night vision disturbances. Next generation technology such as the Nidek EC-5000 excimer laser can incorporate larger treatment diameters in order to reduce the incidence of halos and glare at night. [J Refract Surg 2000; 16(suppl):S239-S241]
Photoastigmatic Refractive Keratectomy or Laser in situ Keratomileusis for Moderate and High Myopic Astigmatism
Authors: Yan Wang , Kanxing Zhao , Tong Zuo , Weili Geng
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy (PARK) to treat moderate and higher myopic astigmatism.

METHODS: A retrospective nonrandomized study of 78 eyes with myopic astigmatism (range, 2.00 to 6.00 D) was undertaken. Thirty-eight eyes were treated with LASDK and 40 eyes were treated with PARK. Groups were similar in terms of baseline sphere and refraction. Photoablation for both LASDX and PARK was performed by single pass for correction of -6.00 D or less spherical equivalent refraction or multi-pass, multi-zone at 4, 5, and 6 mm for corrections greater than -6.00 D. Astigmatism was corrected using a single-pass ablation at 6.0 mm diameter. Visual acuity, manifest refraction, corneal topography, and patient satisfaction were measured preoperatively and postoperatively.

RESULTS: Six months postoperatively, uncorrected visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 100% of LASEK eyes and 90.0% of PARK eyes; 20/25 in 86.84% LASEK eyes and 47.5% of PARK eyes; 20/20 in 65.75% of LASEK eyes and 15% of PARK eyes. Postoperative residual cylinder was -0.54 ± 0.32 D in LASEK eyes and -1.28 ± 0.80 D in PARK eyes. Postoperative residual cylinder axis remained stable (within 15° at 1 month postoperatively) in 61.1% of LASEK eyes and 40% of PARK eyes. In 5.3% of the LASEK eyes, corneal haze developed; 95.5% of PARK eyes developed corneal haze. One LASIK eye lost best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and 3 eyes (7.89%) had a cap complication. Three eyes (7.5%) lost 2 lines of spectacle-corrected visual acuity due to severe corneal haze. Among LASEK patients, 92.1% were highly satisfied and 62.5% of PARK patients were highly satisfied.

CONCLUSION: For myopic astigmatism between 2.00 and 6.00 D, LASEK provided better accuracy, fewer complications, and higher patient satisfaction than PARK. PARK may achieve an incomplete cylindrical correction and may have a higher associated rist of loss of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity. [J Refract Surg 2000;16(suppl):S268-S271)
Corneal Morphology in vitro After Superficial Keratectomy With Q-switched Er:YSGG and Free-running Er:YAG Lasers
Authors: Kampmeier Juergen , Russ Detlef , Schäfer Sabine , Lang E , Lasser Theo , Steiner Rudolf , Lang Gerhard K
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Examination of morphology in corneal ablation induced by a q-switched ErrYSGG (2.79 µm) laser and a free-running Er:YAG laser (2.94 µm).

METHODS: Defined ablation of 6-mm diameter and 15, 30, 55, 90, and 120-µm depth was performed on freshly enucleated swine eyes. ErrYSGG laser parameters: fluence 1.6 J/cm2, frequency 6 Hz, spotsize 465 µm FWHM, scanning-mode, pulse number 1520 to 6210. Er:YAG laser parameters: fluence 3 J/cm2, frequency 1.5 Hz, spotsize 6 mm, wide area ablation, pulse number 2 to 13. Corneal morphology was analyzed by gross photography, histology, scanning electron microscopy, and scanning nearfield acoustic microscopy.

RESULTS: Histology showed thermal damage of 5 to 15 µm in depth caused by the ErrYSGG laser in comparison with 10 to 20 µm by the Er:YAG laser. Average roughness of the ablated surface measured with scanning nearfield acoustic microscopy was 20 to 40 µm for the Er: YSGG laser and 5 to 15 µm for the Er:YAG laser. These data confirm the subjective impression of images created by scanning electron microscopy and gross photography.

CONCLUSIONS: Although the Er:YAG laser system appeared to demonstrate a smoother corneal surface than the q-switched ErrYSGG laser, the thermal damage in either case poses a potential limitation for clinical use in lamellar refractive surgery. [J Refract Surg 2000;16r341-348]
Principles of Tscherning Aberrometry
Authors: Mrochen Michael , Kaemmerer Maik , Mierdel Peter , Krinke Hans-Eberhard , Seiler Theo
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Higher-order optical errors of the human eye are often responsible for reduced visual acuity in spite of an optimal spherical or cylindrical refraction. These optical aberrations are of natural origin or can result from operations on the eye involving optical structures. The presented wavefront analyzer is based on Tscherning's aberroscope. A collimated laser beam illuminates a mask with regular matrix pin holes which forms a bundle of thin parallel rays. These rays form a retinal spot pattern on the retina that is more or less distorted according to the optical errors of the eye. This retinal spot pattern is imaged onto the sensor of a low-light CCD camera by indirect ophthalmoscopy. The deviations of all spots from their ideal regular positions are measured by means of a personal computer, and from these values the optical aberrations are computed in the form of Zernike polynomials up to the 8th order. [J Refract Surg 2000;16:S570-S571]
Limbus-based Versus Fornix-based Conjunctival Flaps in Trabeculectomy
Authors: Reichert Richard , Stewart William , Shields M Bruce
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Forty consecutive trabeculectomies were performed by one surgeon, utilizing a limbus-based conjunctival flap in the first 20 eyes and a fornix-based flap in the remaining 20. A success rate of 90% was achieved in both groups, although eyes with limbus-based flaps had slightly better postoperative intraocular pressure control.
Effect of 0.2% Brimonidine in Preventing Intraocular Pressure Elevation after Nd:YAG Laser Posterior Capsulotomy
Authors: Seong Gong Je , Lee Young Ghee , Lee Jong Hyuk , Lim Seung Jeong , Lee Sung Chul , Hong Young Jae , Kwon Oh Woong , Kim Hong Bok
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To deter mine the prophylactic effect of 0.2% brimonidine in reducing the elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients undergoing Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: The 81 patients (81 eyes), who underwent Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy, were allocated to two treatment groups. One drop of 0.2% brimonidine or vehicle was instilled 1 hour preoperatively and one drop immediately after capsulotomy. IOPs were measured preoperatively and 1, 2, 3, and 24 hours postoperatively.

* RESULTS: Intraocular pressure decreased from the baseline in the brimonidine group by the third postoperative hour (P<0.05), while the vehicle group exhibited an increase. Intraocular pressure elevations of 5 mm Hg or greater occurred in 7.3% (3/41) in the brimonidine group compared to 20.0% (8/40) in the vehicle group. IOP elevations of 10 mm Hg or greater occurred in 2.4% (1/41) in the brimonidine group compared to 7.5% (3/40) in the vehicle group.

* CONCLUSIONS: One drop of 0.2% brimonidine instilled 1 hour preoperatively and immediately after capsulotomy was found to be efficacious and safe in preventing IOP elevations that frequently follow Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2000:31:308-314]
Entrepreneurship Game Apps to Enhancement Student Skill Thinking Analytic in Class Online
Authors: Pratikto Heri , Hanafiya Rizal , Ashar Muhammad , Akbar Muhammad Iqbal , Harsono Yudi Tri
Published: April 2021

The use of educational entrepreneurship game apps as a medium for an online class for students to improve analytical skills regarding business processes. Learning that is only through gamification in game learning. This learning is carried out on a number of students who have the ability to play games well. There is also a desire to study business without using entrepreneurship textbooks as the object of this study. Game-based mobile apps development using entrepreneurial learning materials such as laundry and beverage sales is designed using the Design Thinking Process method. With a game prototype made according to the real market location and market potential which is quite profitable. Determination of initial capital is very important in this educational game to successfully play the game until the final level. (there are 5 trial levels). The results obtained from this gameplay show an increase in entrepreneurial analysis in students with the ability to answer post-test questions well with an average of 88.2 percent with an average game time of 42.8 minutes per level
Is Blockchain Technology Secure to Work On?
Authors: Sharma Shagun , Kumar Ashok , Bhushan Megha , Goyal Nitin , Iyer Sailesh Suryanarayan
Published: April 2021

Technology is revolutionizing and making positive as well as negative impacts on social animals. The social animal's behavior gets affected due to instant change in their lives. A concept of blockchain technology or distributed ledger transforms the way of their living. This technology is well known for its immutable and distributed architecture. The government focuses on such technologies rather than centralized network so that they can avoid central server banking crimes. These technologies allow social animals to stay secured and updated in an online process of information transfer. These are very famous for bitcoin, ripple, and ether transactions; however, mentioned transactions are just applications of distributed ledger. This chapter discusses the features, pros, cons, challenges, and future scope of distributed ledger. Further, it discusses the applications of blockchain technology in different sectors like identity management, smart cities, privacy protection, travel industry, electronic voting, finance, health industry, smart contracts, and hospitality.
Recontextualization
Authors: Hawkins Linette Ann
Published: April 2021

The concept of recontextualization has received minimal attention in social work literature. Exploring the practical and political ways in which social work has been re-constructed in contexts different to mainstream human services is the focus of this chapter. By linking recontextualization with social work, the authors are extending its meaning beyond what it had come to mean to date. Reflecting upon the authors' lived praxis experience provides insights into how their wish to explore recontextualization in social work features at different stages in their own journeys. Contributions from social workers in Africa, Asia-Pacific, South America, and Australia provide a kaleidoscope of ways in which social work is being recontextualized. Some of the ways they achieve this is by reframing social work within the post-human space and integrating Ubuntu philosophy, which highlights Indigenous knowledge, wisdom, and relationships encompassing all people and their environments, enabling interconnectedness and community solidarity for collective power in professional practice and political activism.
Social Work in the Anthropocene
Authors: Ife Jim
Published: April 2021

The reality of the Anthropocene hangs over our heads as we enter the 2020s. Humanity is facing multiple crises, and it has become clear that political and government structures are incapable of dealing with them adequately and equitably. We are seeing the erosion of the liberal democratic state and its institutions, the appeal of populism, mistrust both of politicians and of political institutions, and powerful interests responding by increasing surveillance, secrecy, and control. The Anthropocene also challenges the anthropocentrism that has been taken for granted in the world view of Western modernity, but is proving to be unsustainable and indeed harmful to human and non-human flourishing. This presents a new set of challenges for social work, if it is to remain relevant to the needs of the society, and also to remain true to its value base. This chapter argues that social work needs to explore and adopt theory/practice that is community-based, political, anarchistic, decolonised, matriarchal, and grounded in an ecological epistemology that is both Indigenous and post-human.
From A to Zinn
Authors: Logan Stephanie R.
Published: April 2021

Scholars have presented a number of challenges to elementary pre-service teachers gaining content mastery specifically in social studies methods courses. One of those challenges relates to the selection of what social studies content should be mastered by pre-service teachers. Scholars encouraged elementary social studies teacher educators to engage their students in new, challenging, critical, and complex topics, rather than redundant, simple, and general content the students already agree with. In response, this endeavor presents an instructional framework rooted in social justice teaching designed to inspire elementary pre-service teachers with the necessity of teaching social studies for social justice and the content knowledge and skills to do so. The chapter author shares how she supported students in conducting macro-to-micro content analyses of critical and challenging sociological issues of race, economic status, and gender in the development of the United States while sharing the methods for teaching elementary social studies that represented diverse ideas and perspectives.
Teaching What We Don't Know
Authors: Whitaker Manya C. , Hines Dorothy E.
Published: April 2021

In this chapter, the authors analyze two community-based learning (CBL) courses designed to help preservice teachers understand how issues of race and power emerge in classrooms. Students enrolled in a reflection-oriented course demonstrated deep understanding of their white identities and developed a desire to enact social justice pedagogy; however, they also expressed anxiety about effectively teaching diverse students. Similarly, students enrolled in an action-oriented course were unable to engage in Critical Race Praxis in their community placements due to colorblind mindsets and feelings of white guilt. While some students understood white privilege to function through systems of oppression, many students adopted a white savior mentality. These outcomes suggest that white preservice teachers can imagine being change agents better than actually being change agents. Teacher educators should use CBL to help white preservice teachers develop the cognitive and emotional capacities for Critical Race Praxis prior to student teaching in diverse classrooms.
Human Rights Abuses Against Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Nigeria
Authors: Odebiyi Stephen Damilola , Elegbe Olugbenga
Published: April 2021

This chapter investigates media reportage of human right abuses and sexual violence against internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Nigeria. Using the social responsibility theory, it analyses how the media frames, prominence, slant and whether the Nigeria media employed investigative reports in its reportage of human rights abuses against IDPs. The chapter through a quantitative content analysis of 157 editions of two purposely selected newspapers (the Vanguard NG and the Daily Trust), found that the media failed to contextualise the stories in relation to its causes, solutions and in identifying perpetrators for justice to be served, similarly, the media took sides with victims of the violations. It also failed to accord the required prominence and necessary investigative touch to such stories. It is recommended that there should be frequent trainings for journalists so as to safeguard professionalism in the industry.
Measuring Teacher Creativity-Nurturing Behavior and Readiness for 21st Century Classroom Management
Authors: Apak Jaggil , Taat Muhamad Suhaimi , Suki Norazah Mohd
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic is drastically reshaping the 21st century classroom management to remote learning via various online teaching and learning platforms across the world. The aims of this study are threefold: to assess the level of creativity nurturing behavior and teacher readiness for 21st century classroom management, to test the differences of this relationships towards teaching experience, and to examine the relationship between teachers' creativity nurturing behavior and their readiness for 21st century classroom management. The ANOVA test revealed that teachers' creativity-nurturing behavior is significantly different according to teaching experience. What's more, regression analysis revealed that teachers' creativity-nurturing behavior affects their readiness for 21st century classroom management. Teachers should stimulate positive changes in pedagogical practice to transform the classroom into a more active learning community with greater potential for creativity. Direction for future research is also furnished.
The Copyright Risk of MOOC and the Countermeasures of University Libraries
Authors: Zhang Libin , Wang Guo , Li Yihang , Hao Qun , Chai Huiming , Wu Jiamin
Published: April 2021

With the rapid development of MOOCs, copyright risks related to the MOOC cannot be ignored. MOOCs rely on multimedia technology, and the fragmented characteristics of its sources and the profitability of the MOOC involve more complicated legal relationships. It has been proven that an effective way of dealing with copyright risk is through the participation of university libraries in MOOCs. The practical significance of this paper lies in how to exert a library's professional advantages and how to participate in MOOC production in order to solve the copyright risk of MOOC. Furthermore, the rapid development of MOOCs provides the realistic basis for speeding up the legislative process for the adjustment of copyright regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to perfect the copyright legislation related to MOOCs: let no masterworks get into the public domain but allow the orphan works to be used directly on the premise of paying an escrow fee.
Establishing ties: You are responsible for your rose
Authors: Duarte Maria E.
Published: April 2021

No abstract available.
Letter and category Fluency Test in Spanish-Speaking Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: Paz Esteban Vaucheret , Puga Celeste , Ekonen Christy , Pintos Paula , Trossero Isabel , Richards Ana , Lascombes Isabel , De Vita Soledad , Leist Mariana , Corleto Mariela , Basalo María José García
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

Verbal fluency test is a short psychometric test, which is sensitive to verbal ability and executive control impairment. We did not find studies that analyze verbal fluency in relation to the neurodevelopmental disorders in Spanish-speaking children with letters P-M. Our objective was to analyze the verbal fluency of Spanish-speaking children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Method:

We carried out a retrospective cross-sectional study to analyze the performance of children who had undergone a neuropsychological assessment.

Results:

We included 164 patients. There were 55 (33.54%) patients with low intellectual performance (LIP), 19 (11.59%) patients with dyslexia, and 90 (54.88%) patients had an ADHD. Patients with LIP showed lower phonological fluency than patients with ADHD. As for semantic fluidity, differences were observed between patients with LIP and ADHD and also between LIP and dyslexia. The probability of having LIP was 9.6 times greater when somebody had a scale score lower than 7 in the PF task and it was 16.7 times greater when the scale score was lower than 7 in the SF task.

Conclusions:

There was a direct relationship between FSIQ and the performance in verbal fluency test, which is a brief and effective neuropsychological test in revealing deficits in executive functions, verbal abilities, and LIP.
Neurocognitive and Affective Sequelae Following Complicated Mild and Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Chaurasiya Akanksha , Pandey Nityanand , Ranjan Jay K , Asthana Hari S
Published: April 2021

Background:

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to various sequelae that affect the day-to-day functioning of patients. However, there is a dearth of studies investigating these sequelae in complicated mild TBI and moderate TBI patients.

Objective:

The prime objective of the present study was to present the neurocognitive and affective profile of complicated mild and moderate TBI patients along with to compare the neurocognitive and affective sequelae in patients with complicated mild and moderate TBI.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-two patients with complicated mild TBI and 17 patients with Moderate TBI, each with an intracranial lesion were recruited from level 1 trauma center in Varanasi. All patients were assessed with neurocognitive measures, Rivermead Post Concussive Symptoms Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The patients' profiles were presented as clinical series using descriptive analysis. Further, comparison was done by using the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test.

Results:

Findings revealed that complicated mild TBI patients reported significantly higher psychological distress and post head injury symptoms in comparison to patients with moderate TBI. Further, the complicated mild TBI and moderate TBI groups showed differences with respect to verbal fluency, mental speed, and flexibility tasks.

Conclusions:

Complicated mild TBI and moderate TBI groups have not differed significantly on most of the cognitive tasks. Furthermore, affective symptoms were found more prominent in complicated mild TBI group as compared to the moderate TBI group.
Post-stroke Movement Disorders
Authors: Tater Priyanka , Pandey Sanjay
Published: April 2021

Involuntary movements develop after 1–4% of strokes and they have been reported in patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes affecting the basal ganglia, thalamus, and/or their connections. Hemichorea-hemiballism is the most common movement disorder following a stroke in adults while dystonia is most common in children. Tremor, myoclonus, asterixis, stereotypies, and vascular parkinsonism are other movement disorders seen following stroke. Some of them occur immediately after acute stroke, some can develop later, and others may have delayed onset progressive course. Proposed pathophysiological mechanisms include neuronal plasticity, functional diaschisis, and age-related differences in brain metabolism. There are no guidelines regarding the management of post-stroke movement disorders, mainly because of their heterogeneity.
An investigation of the effects of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl as an adjuvant to ropivacaine on pain scores and hemodynamic changes following laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Modir Hesameddin , Yazdi Bijan , Piri Masha , Almasi-Hashiani Amir
Published: April 2021

Postoperative pain control is recognized as a challenging surgical issue receiving high priority in the healthcare system, and opioids are routinely prescribed for anesthesia and pain relief. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ropivacaine administered intraperitoneally alone or combined with dexmedetomidine or fentanyl on postoperative pain control following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This randomized double-blind clinical trial recruited three equal-size block-randomized groups of patients (n = 138) scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy at Valiasr Hospital, Arak, Iran, in 2019–2020 who received ropivacaine (40 mL/0.5%), ropivacaine (40 mL/0.5%) + dexmedetomidine (1 μg/kg), and ropivacaine (40 mL/0.5%) + fentanyl (1 μg/kg). No significant differences were observed among the three groups according to the vital signs (mean arterial pressure/heart-rate/oxygen saturation) in the study period and during surgery (P > 0.05). Lower pain was revealed in the ropivacaine + dexmedetomidine group (P = 0.001), with the lowest opioid dose in postoperative 24 hours (P = 0.001). Moreover, no clinically significant differences were observed in complications among the three groups (P = 0.483), and no patient developed ileus. Intraperitoneal ropivacaine administered with dexmedetomidine could relieve pain and reduce opioid use in postoperative 24 hours, without any complication and ileus. Therefore, intraperitoneal ropivacaine administered with dexmedetomidine is recommended for postoperative pain control in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (approval No. IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.267) on December 30, 2018 and was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (No. IRCT 20141209020258N117) on July 13, 2019.