bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic matter removal during pilot-scale soil aquifer treatment for domestic wastewater in the tropics
Authors: Ascúntar-Ríos D. , Madera-Parra C. A. , Peña-Varón M. R. , Sharma S. K.
Published: August 2014

The potential of enhancing water uses using soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is an interesting alternative for tropical regions, limited only by lack of knowledge on its performance in local conditions and the feasibility of adapting this technology. A SAT pilot study was conducted to analyze the phenomena associated with the transformation of organic matter (OM) from domestic wastewater. Chemically enhanced primary effluent collected at the Cañaveralejo wastewater treatment plant (Cali, Colombia) was used to feed pilot-scale SAT units at a rate of 1.25 m.d−1. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal in a 5.0 m length and 0.1 m diameter column packed with sand was 64.4%, while a similar column packed with a Mollisol soil from Valle del Cauca region yielded 56.2%. Oxygen availability was an important factor in OM degradation, given that the sand column degraded OM aerobically and the soil column degraded OM under oxic as well as anoxic conditions. SAT acted as a reliable barrier for DOC in tropical conditions. Nevertheless, operational problems such as clogging indicated that probably Mollisol soil may not be the suitable for SAT or that this particular effluent requires further pre-treatment before SAT.
Particle size characterization of oak wood leachate: chemical oxygen demand and toxicity distribution within different fractions
Authors: Svensson Henric , Jani Yahya , Hogland William , Marques Marcia
Published: August 2014

Oak wood leachate obtained from two storage facilities (storage pound and ditch) in a wood-based industry, and leachate generated by a laboratory leaching test, were characterized in seven categories regarding particle size distribution (PSD) (raw leachate, ≤20 μm, ≤10 μm, ≤1.2 μm, ≤13 nm, ≤5 nm and ≤2 nm). The PSD followed a normal distribution model with a correlation coefficient (r) varying from 82 to 88. Each fraction was analysed regarding chemical oxygen demand, polyphenols and acute toxicity in toxicity assays with Artemia salina, Vibrio fischeri and Lactuca sativa. Fractions with particles >1.2 μm were more toxic to A. salina and V. fisheri than fractions with particles ≤1.2 μm. No toxic effect was observed for L. sativa. The results suggest that polyphenols are the main toxic compounds in oak wood leachate. A conspicuous difference was found between field and laboratory samples.
Impacts of urbanization on river system structure: a case study on Qinhuai River Basin, Yangtze River Delta
Authors: Ji Xiaomin , Xu Youpeng , Han Longfei , Yang Liu
Published: August 2014

Stream structure is usually dominated by various human activities over a short term. An analysis of variation in stream structure from 1979 to 2009 in the Qinhuai River Basin, China, was performed based on remote sensing images and topographic maps by using ArcGIS. A series of river parameters derived from river geomorphology are listed to describe the status of river structure in the past and present. Results showed that urbanization caused a huge increase in the impervious area. The number of rivers in the study area has decreased and length of rivers has shortened. Over the 30 years, there was a 41.03% decrease in river length. Complexity and stability of streams have also changed and consequently the storage capacities of river channels in intensively urbanized areas are much lower than in moderately urbanized areas, indicating a greater risk of floods. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the urban disturbance to rivers.
Investigation of initial pH effects on growth of an oleaginous microalgae Chlorella sp. HQ for lipid production and nutrient uptake
Authors: Zhang Qiao , Wang Ting , Hong Yu
Published: August 2014

Using microalgae for synchronous biodiesel production and wastewater treatment is a promising technology. The growth, lipid accumulation and nutrient uptake characteristics of an oleaginous microalga Chlorella sp. HQ were evaluated at different initial pH from 5.0 to 11.0. The pH values changed towards neutrality and ended in the range 6.0–9.0 without artificial control. The alkalinity change before 8 days was in accordance with pH changing. The alkalinity increase after 8 days might be due to the nitrate consumption, CO2 absorption and the algal release at stationary phases. The algal maximal cell density and population growth rate increased with initial pH values while the specific growth rate kept high without significant difference. After 30 days, the maximal algal lipid yield reaching 167.5 mg · L−1 occurred at initial pH of 7.0 and the triacylglycerols content was significantly enhanced to 63.0% at initial pH of 5.0 but with a peak of 54.4 mg · L−1 at initial pH of 9.0. Furthermore, nutrients were taken up by the alga obviously at all initial pH values. The total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) uptake efficiencies in neutral/alkalic circumstances were larger than that in acid circumstance. The TN and TP were removed by 87.77% and 92.05%, respectively, at initial pH of 7.0.
Diabetes Champions: Culture Change Through Education
Authors: Jornsay Donna L. , Garnett E. Dessa
Published: August 2014

In Brief

This article describes a diabetes champion program in its fifth year of operation. This educational intervention was designed to increase direct diabetes patient education and has grown into a vehicle for improving quality of care and patient safety and reducing gaps in the transitions of care.
Transitions in Care from the Hospital to Home for Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Hirschman Karen B. , Bixby M. Brian
Published: August 2014

In Brief

Diabetes is a common coexisting chronic condition among older adults that can complicate a hospitalization and transition back to the community. The Transitional Care Model, which offers a set of time-limited, hospital-to-home services coordinated by a master's-prepared advanced practice nurse, is one option that could improve outcomes for patients with diabetes. A descriptive case study is presented.
Awake endotracheal intubation in patients with severely restricted mouth opening- alternative devices to fiberscope: series of cases and literature review
Authors: Gaszynska Ewelina , Wieczorek Andrzej , Gaszynski Tomasz
Published: August 2014

Awake Fiberoptic Intubation (AFI) is a standard method of airway management in the case of anticipated difficult intubation. It is usually performed with the use of flexible fiberscopes. In this report we have described two methods in which alternative devices to the fiberscope were utilized for awake intubation in patients with severely restricted mouth opening scheduled for craniomaxillofacial surgery: TruView PCD and Levitan FPS. Information about the use of these devices in such conditions has not been previously published in the literature. Some of the possible advantages of these alternative methods for AFI result from the fact that they are easy to use, especially for anesthesiologists who are relatively inexperienced with fiberscope intubation procedures. Additionally, these alternatives are cheaper than fiberscopes and can be used for many AFI procedures.
Best vitelliform macular dystrophy: literature review
Authors: Budiene Brigita , Liutkeviciene Rasa , Zaliuniene Dalia
Published: August 2014

Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVD) is a slowly progressive form of macular dystrophy. In most cases this disease begins in childhood although sometimes it can develop in later age. The diagnosis of BVD is based on family history, clinical and electrophysiological findings. Clinical signs are variable, yet the majority of patients have a typical yellow yolk-like macular lesion in the eye fundus. Lesions are usually bilateral, but in rare cases can be unilateral. Atrophy of the macula may develop after many years. The mutations responsible for Best vitelliform macular dystrophy are found in a gene called VMD2, which encodes a transmembrane protein named bestrophin-1 (hBest1) that is a Ca2+-sensitive chloride channel. Most reported cases causing the disease are in exons 2, 4, 6 and 8 in patients with BVD. In this article we discuss the etiology of Best’s vitelliform macular dystrophy, clinical presentation, diagnostics, genetic and current treatment possibilities.
Maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene A1298C polymorphism and risk of nonsyndromic Cleft lip and/or Palate (NSCL/P) in offspring: A meta-analysis
Authors: Rai Vandana
Published: August 2014

Objective: Methyleneterahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) A1298C polymorphism has been reported a risk factor for nonsyndromic cleft/palate (NSCL/P) in several published articles but results were inconclusive. To confirm the association between maternal MTHFR A1298C polymorphism and NSCL/P risk, a meta-analysis was conducted. Method: Case control articles for maternal MTHFR A1298C polymorphism and NSCL/P risk were identified by search of databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier and Springer Link for the period up to December, 2013. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to assess the association. Results: Meta-analysis of ten included studies showed that there was no significant association between maternal MTHFR A1298C polymorphism and risk of NSCL/P under five genetic models (for C versus A, OR= 1.007, 95 % CI= 0.89-1.13, P=0.90; for CC versus AA, OR=0.851, 95 % CI = 0.63-1.15, P=0.30.; for AC versus AA, OR= 1.033, 95 % CI= 0.88-1.21, P= 0.69; for CC+AC versus AA, OR= 1.005, 95 % CI= 0.86-1.17, P=0.94; for CC versus AC+AA, OR= 0.86, 95 % CI= 0.64-1.15, P= 0.32). Conclusion: In conclusion, results of present meta-analysis demonstrate that maternal MTHFR A1298C polymorphism may not be a risk factor for developing NSCL/P in offspring. Further studies with large sample sizes are needed to evaluate the association of maternal MTHFR A1298C polymorphism with NSCL/P in more detail. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i1.10281 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(1) 2015 16-21
Nepal Medical Council and continuous professional development
Authors: Adhikari Ramesh Kant
Published: August 2014

Not available.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v3i1.10915Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 3, No. 1, Issue 7, Jan.-Mar., 2014
Difficulty index in extraction of impacted mandibular third molars and their post-operative complications
Authors: Khanal Pranaya , Dixit S , Singh R , Dixit Punam
Published: August 2014

Background: Although the removal of impacted mandibular third molars is a common minor oral surgical procedure, the extraction of these teeth can present with certain post–operative complications. Koerner KR proposed a Difficulty Index Scale for removal of these teeth on the basis of local anatomy and radiographs, which were helpful in predicting the difficulty that would be encountered intra-operatively, as well as the post-operative complications. Objective: To study the different post-operative complications in the removal of impacted mandibular third molars calculating their difficulty index value. Method: A total of 119 patients, 79 females and 40 males who underwent extraction of their impacted third molars were selected over a one year period. Data were collected prospectively, according to the angulation, depth and position of the impacted mandibular third molars and their difficulty index calculated. This was further correlated with the postoperative complications encountered. Results: Mesio-angular impaction (43.7%), with level A (66.4%) and Class I (70.6%) impaction were the major type of impaction seen. The difficulty index showed that majority were in the moderately difficult category (51.2%), with swelling and trismus seen to increase as the difficulty index value increased. Females were affected more than males, with swelling (Odds ratio 2.206) and trismus (Odds ratio 2.570) seen to be significantly more. Conclusion: Surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars causes post-operative complications and special care is required in their removal, especially in females. The Difficulty Index, as described by Koerner KR can be used as a tool for predicting the frequency of the post-operative complications, especially swelling and trismus. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v3i1.10918  Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 3, No. 1, Issue 7, Jan.-Mar., 2014, Page: 14-20
The value of ultra sonogram in the diagnosis of ovarian dermoid cysts
Authors: Pradhan Sujan
Published: August 2014

Mature cystic teratoma often referred to as dermoid cysts have been diagnosed using all imaging modalities. Dermoid cysts present various and complex ultrasonographic aspects. At times diagnosis may be difficult and lead to confusion due to its complex solid and cystic nature. The specificity for diagnosis of fat and calcification makes computed tomography (CT) scan the modality of choice. But CT scan is high technique equipment, expensive and may not be affordable or available at all places. Advances in the quality of USG machines, better experiences of ultrasound operators and thorough analysis of all ultrasound features that characterise dermoid cysts have resulted in an increased accuracy of exact ultrasonographic diagnosis of dermoid cysts in the vast majority of the cases and now used as the first preoperative work-up method of choice for the assessment of adnexal masses in clinical practices. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v3i1.10920Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 3, No. 1, Issue 7, Jan.-Mar., 2014, Page: 26-31
Delayed onset isolated post-traumatic sixth nerve palsy due to trendelenburg position: an unusual cause
Authors: Thapa Anil , Shrestha Dibesh , Giri Sandarva
Published: August 2014

We report here an unusual case of post-traumatic isolated sixth nerve palsy occurring while nursing the patient in trendelenburg position. This is the first case to be reported in the available literature of posture induced delayed onset isolated post-traumatic sixth nerve palsy and highlights importance of avoiding head down position while nursing patients with head injury.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v3i1.10921Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 3, No. 1, Issue 7, Jan.-Mar., 2014, Page: 32-33
Acceptability and Identification of Scooped Versus Molded Puréed Foods
Authors: Lepore Jamila R. , Sims Charles A. , Gal Nancy J. , Dahl Wendy J.
Published: August 2014

Purpose: Although puréed foods are commonly recommended for individuals with dysphagia and the acceptability of these foods is often a concern, few sensory studies on puréed foods have been carried out. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of serving style (i.e., scooped vs molded), on identification and acceptability of puréed foods in younger and older adults.

Methods: Acceptability of scooped versus molded puréed meats and vegetables was evaluated using the hedonic general Labeled Magnitude Scale. The younger adult panelists (n = 97; 55 F, 42 M) were recruited from the University of Florida staff and students, and the older adult panelists (n = 70; 59 F, 11 M) were recruited from the community.

Results: The younger panelists correctly identified a higher percentage of puréed foods than did the older panelists. Scooped puréed foods were more acceptable than molded.

Conclusions: The results suggest that puréed foods may be more acceptable and identifiable when served without molding for both younger and older adults.
Outcome in adult patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease after combined extracranial-intracranial bypass
Authors: Jiang Hanqiang , Ni Wei , Xu Bin , Lei Yu , Tian Yanlong , Xu Feng , Gu Yuxiang , Mao Ying
Published: August 2014

Object

The outcome of patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease (MMD) after cerebral revascularization is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to delineate the efficacy of this surgical method in the treatment of hemorrhagic MMD.

Methods

Between January 2007 and August 2011, a consecutive cohort of 113 patients with hemorrhagic MMD was enrolled into this prospective single-center cohort study. The surgical method was combined direct and indirect bypass. The cumulative probability of the primary end point (all stroke and deaths from surgery through 30 days after surgery and ipsilateral recurrent hemorrhage afterward) was analyzed. The angiographic outcome was measured by the following parameters: bypass patency, reduction of basal MMD vessels, improved degree of dilation, and branch extension of the anterior choroidal and posterior communicating arteries (AChA-PCoA).

Results

Of the 113 enrolled cases, CT scans revealed pure intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in 63 cases (55.7%), pure intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in 14 cases (12.4%), and ICH with IVH in 36 cases (31.9%). In 74 of 113 hemorrhagic hemispheres (65.5%), the AChA-PCoA was extremely dilated with extensive branches beyond the choroidal fissure. A total of 114 surgeries were performed. No patient suffered ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke through 30 days after surgery. Ipsilateral rebleeding occurred in 5 patients, 4 of whom died of the rebleeding event. The cumulative probability of the primary end point was 0% at 1 year and 1.9% at 2 years. The annual rebleeding rate was 1.87%/person/year. The improvement in AChA-PCoA extension was observed in 75 of 107 operated hemispheres (70.1%), which was higher than that in 7 of 105 unoperated hemispheres (35.2%).

Conclusions

Revascularization may provide a benefit over conservative therapy for hemorrhagic MMD patients. The improvement of dilation and branch extension of AChA-PCoA might be correlated with the low rebleeding rate.
PM00104 (Zalypsis®): A Marine Derived Alkylating Agent
Authors: Petek Bradley , Jones Robin
Published: August 2014

PM00104 (Zalypsis®) is a synthethic tetrahydroisoquinolone alkaloid, which is structurally similar to many marine organisms. The compound has been proposed as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of solid human tumors and hematological malignancies. PM00104 is a DNA binding agent, causing inhibition of the cell cycle and transcription, which can lead to double stranded DNA breaks. After rigorous pre-clinical testing, the drug has been evaluated in a number of phase II clinical trials. This manuscript provides a review of current trials and appraises the efficacy of PM00104 as a future cancer treatment.
MicroRNA Profiling in Chinese Patients with Primary Sjögren Syndrome Reveals Elevated miRNA-181a in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Peng Linyi , Ma Weizhi , Yi Fan , Yang Yun-Jiao , Lin Wei , Chen Hua , Zhang Xuan , Zhang Li-He , Zhang Fengchun , Du Quan
Published: August 2014

Objective.

Characterized by chronic inflammation, dysfunction of exocrine glands, and systemic autoimmunity, primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) is a common autoimmune disease in elderly women. Our study was performed to explore the potential involvement of microRNA (miRNA) in Chinese patients with pSS.

Methods.

Using microarrays, miRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was profiled in 4 female patients with pSS and 3 healthy participants, followed by a large-scale study of 33 patients and 10 healthy individuals. Compared to the healthy participants, 202 miRNA were upregulated and 180 were downregulated in the patients with pSS. To confirm this finding, a set of regulated miRNA was further examined in a large patient group, using quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR assays.

Results.

MiR-181a was the miRNA that most profoundly differed between patients with pSS and healthy individuals; however, similar miRNA-181a expression profiles were found in groups with different disease phenotypes. Together, these observations suggested that an elevated miRNA-181a level is a general phenomenon in Chinese patients with pSS.

Conclusion.

In addition to the elevated miR-181a levels, our study led to the speculation that elevated miR-181a levels in the PBMC of these patients compromise the maturation of B cells, enabling them to recognize and attack autoantigens and resulting in disease phenotypes. In addition to the regulation of human miRNA, many virus-derived miRNA were unexpectedly upregulated in the patients with pSS, suggesting that viral infection of PBMC plays a role in this disease.
Intraprofessional Collaboration Through an Unfolding Case and the Just Culture Model
Authors: West Edie , Holmes Janice , Zidek Cindy , Edwards Taylor
Published: August 2014

The National League for Nursing (NLN) developed four unfolding cases. A demonstration project was created by junior- and senior-level faculty with the simulation specialist by modifying an NLN unfolding case to include advanced practice nurses. Educators desire their students to think critically but often do not realize that students must pass through five stages of development in critical thinking. The critical thinking stage theory was used by faculty to guide students through the unfolding case and to provide a framework for improvement of their critical thinking skills. Faculty also used the just culture model as a framework for the debriefing process. The student evaluation findings for all three simulations were positive. Faculty and students supported the use of intraprofessional teams, critical thinking theory, and the just culture debriefing model as effective teaching–learning strategies. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2013;52(8):470–474.]
Employees’ work engagement and job commitment: The moderating role of career anchors
Authors: Coetzee Melinde , Schreuder Dries , Tladinyane Rebecca
Published: August 2014

Orientation: Organisations continue to focus on human resource initiatives for enhancingemployee commitment, satisfaction and engagement in order to gain a competitive edge in adynamic and fast-changing marketplace.Research purpose: The objective of the present study was to assess whether individuals’career anchors (measured by the career orientations inventory) significantly moderate therelationship between their work engagement (measured by the Utrecht work engagementscale) and job commitment (measured by the organisation-related commitment scale).Motivation for the study: Although the literature review suggests that people’s workengagement and job commitment may be influenced by their career anchors, there seems to bea paucity of research examining the interaction effects between these three variables.Research approach, design and method: A cross-sectional quantitative survey approach wasused. A non-probability purposive sample of adults (N = 318) employed in a human resourcecapacity in the South African service industry participated in the study. Stepwise hierarchicalmoderated regression analysis was performed to achieve the objective of the study.Main findings: The results showed that the work engagement-job commitment relationshipwas generally stronger for high career anchor preferences than for low career anchorpreferences.Practical/managerial implications: The results of the study can be useful when human resourceinterventions for enhancing employees’ engagement and commitment are developed.Contribution: The results of the study add new insights to the career literature by showing thatpeople’s career self-concepts (as reflected by their career anchors) are important to consider inenhancing their work engagement and job commitment.
The Bible for children in a postmodern context: How do children form explanatory concepts?
Authors: Evans Annette H.
Published: August 2014

A previous paper on methodological considerations in interpreting the Bible for childrenexplored the problem of the cognitive gap between biblical interpreter and child. Thisresearch is a follow-up as a result of recognition of necessary adjustments in the way that childevangelism is usually approached (via �original sin�). In our current context of postmodernism,the manner and consequences of biblical knowledge transfer between adult and child needto be explored. Recent research suggests that children are sensitive to the underlying causalstructure of the world and seek to form new causal representations at a much earlier age thanwe had previously supposed. �Intellectualists� in the anthropology of religion hold that religionis primarily concerned with providing explanatory theories, thus indicating that childrenneed help to achieve coherence between biblical and scientific views on creation. This articlepresents the rationale for an early intervention to avoid the cognitive dissonance that oftenarises as children grow up and find a lack of coherence between their early evangelisationand the latest scientific discoveries. To test this hypothesis a multilingual illustrated bookletin English, Afrikaans and isiXhosa was designed to be individually read by parents in eachlanguage group to their own 5�8-year-old children. Children�s Bible stories have alwaysbeen �pretexts for passing along values� and this booklet is no different. The purpose of thebooklet was to lay a foundation for children to find Christianity relevant even in the multiculturalcontext of vast scientific and technological advances. The subjects� responsivenesswas recorded by video camera, and afterwards the parents were individually interviewed andasked to assess the child�s level of interest and to comment on the booklet. Results of this pilotstudy indicated that the booklet was well received.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: In today�s postmodern, globalcultural context children need help to achieve coherence between biblical and scientificversions of creation. This pilot study tests an evangelical booklet designed to lay a foundation for children to find Christianity relevant even in the multi-cultural context of vast scientific and technological advances.
The impacts of precursor reduction and meteorology on ground-level ozone in the Greater Toronto Area
Authors: Pugliese S. C. , Murphy J. G. , Geddes J. A. , Wang J. M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a major component of photochemical smog and is a known human health hazard, as well as a damaging factor for vegetation. Its precursor compounds, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have a variety of anthropogenic and biogenic sources and exhibit non-linear effects on ozone production. As an update to previous studies on ground-level ozone in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), we present an analysis of NO2, VOC and O3 data from federal and provincial governmental monitoring sites in the GTA from 2000 to 2012. We show that, over the study period, summertime 24 h VOC reactivity and NO2 midday (11:00–15:00) concentrations at all sites decreased significantly; since 2000, all sites experienced a decrease in NO2 of 28–62% and in measured VOC reactivity of at least 53–71%. Comparing 2002–2003 to 2011–2012, the summed reactivity of OH towards NO2 and a suite of measured VOCs decreased from 8.6 to 4.6 s−1. Ratios of reactive VOC pairs indicate that the effective OH concentration experienced by primary pollutants in the GTA has increased significantly over the study period. Despite the continuous decrease in precursor levels, ozone concentrations are not following the same pattern at all stations; it was found that the Canada-wide Standard for ozone continues to be exceeded at all monitoring stations. Additionally, while the years 2008–2011 had consistently lower ozone levels than previous years, 2012 experienced one of the highest recorded summertime ozone concentrations and a large number of smog episodes. We demonstrate that these high ozone observations in 2012 may be a result of the number of days with high solar radiation, the number of stagnant periods and the transport of high ozone levels from upwind regions.
An estimation of the 18O / 16O ratio of UT/LMS ozone based on artefact CO in air sampled during CARIBIC flights
Authors: Gromov S. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. An issue of ozone-driven artefact production of CO in the UT/LMS air analysed in the CARIBIC-1 project is being discussed. By confronting the CO mixing / isotope ratios obtained from different analytical instrumentation, we (1) reject natural/artificial sampling and mixing effects as possible culprits of the problem, (2) ascertain the photochemical nature and quantify the strength of the effect in a general contamination kinetic framework and, (3) demonstrate the successful application of the isotope mass-balance calculations for inferring the isotope signature of the contamination source. The 18O / 16O ratios of the latter unambiguously indicate the oxygen being inherited from ozone. The 13C / 12C ratios hint at reactions of trace amounts of organics with ample stratospheric O3 that could have yielded the artificial CO. While the exact contamination mechanism is not known, it is clear that the issue pertains only to the earlier (first) phase of the CARIBIC project. Finally, estimated UT/LMS ozone 18O / 16O ratios are lower than those observed in the LMS within the same temperature range, suggesting that higher pressures (240–270 hPa) inhibit isotope fractionation controlling the local δ18O(O3) value.
Ocean acidification accelerates dissolution of experimental coral reef communities
Authors: Comeau S. , Carpenter R. C. , Lantz C. A. , Edmunds P. J.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Ocean acidification (OA) poses a severe threat to tropical coral reefs, yet much of what is know about these effects comes from individual corals and algae incubated in isolation under high pCO2. Studies of similar effects on coral reef communities are scarce. To investigate the response of coral reef communities to OA, we used large outdoor flumes in which communities composed of calcified algae, corals, and sediment were combined to match the percentage cover of benthic communities in the shallow back reef of Moorea, French Polynesia. Reef communities in the flumes were exposed to ambient (~400 μatm) and high pCO2 (~1300 μatm) for 8 weeks, and calcification rates measured for the constructed communities including the sediments. Community calcification was depressed 59% under high pCO2, with sediment dissolution explaining ~50% of this decrease; net calcification of corals and calcified algae remained positive, but was reduced 29% under elevated pCO2. These results show that despite the capacity of coral reef calcifiers to maintain positive net accretion of calcium carbonate under OA conditions, reef communities might switch to net dissolution as pCO2 increases, particularly at night, due to enhanced sediment dissolution.
Development of the Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) for cold climate cities
Authors: Järvi L. , Grimmond C. S. B. , Taka M. , Nordbo A. , Setälä H. , Strachan I. B.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) is developed to include snow. The processes addressed include accumulation of snow on the different urban surface types: snow albedo and density aging, snow melting and re-freezing of meltwater. Individual model parameters are assessed and independently evaluated using long-term observations in the two cold climate cities of Helsinki and Montreal. Eddy covariance sensible and latent heat fluxes and snow depth observations are available for two sites in Montreal and one in Helsinki. Surface runoff from two catchments (24 and 45 ha) in Helsinki and snow properties (albedo and density) from two sites in Montreal are also analysed. As multiple observation sites with different land-cover characteristics are available in both cities, model development is conducted independent of evaluation. The developed model simulates snowmelt related runoff well (within 19% and 3% for the two catchments in Helsinki when there is snow on the ground), with the springtime peak estimated correctly. However, the observed runoff peaks tend to be smoother than the simulated ones, likely due to the water holding capacity of the catchments and the missing time lag between the catchment and the observation point in the model. For all three sites the model simulates the timing of the snow accumulation and melt events well, but underestimates the total snow depth by 18–20% in Helsinki and 29–33% in Montreal. The model is able to reproduce the diurnal pattern of net radiation and turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat during cold snow, melting snow and snow-free periods. The largest model uncertainties are related to the timing of the melting period and the parameterization of the snowmelt. The results show that the enhanced model can simulate correctly the exchange of energy and water in cold climate cities at sites with varying surface cover.
IGCM4: a fast, parallel and flexible intermediate climate model
Authors: Joshi M. , Stringer M. , van der Wiel K. , O'Callaghan A. , Fueglistaler S.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The IGCM4 (Intermediate Global Circulation Model version 4) is a global spectral primitive equation climate model whose predecessors have extensively been used in fields such as climate dynamics, processes modelling, and atmospheric dynamics. The IGCM4's niche and utility lies in its parallel spectral dynamics and fast radiation scheme. Moist processes such as clouds, evaporation, and soil moisture are simulated in the model, though in a simplified manner compared to state-of-the-art GCMs. The latest version has been parallelised, which has led to massive speed-up and enabled much higher resolution runs than would be possible on one processor. It has also undergone changes such as alterations to the cloud and surface processes, and the addition of gravity wave drag. These changes have resulted in a significant improvement to the IGCM's representation of the mean climate as well as its representation of stratospheric processes such as sudden stratospheric warmings. The IGCM4's physical changes and climatology are described in this paper.
Large-scale suspended sediment transport and sediment deposition in the Mekong Delta
Authors: Manh N. V. , Dung N. V. , Hung N. N. , Merz B. , Apel H.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Sediment dynamics play a major role in the agricultural and fishery productivity of the Mekong Delta. However, the understanding of sediment dynamics in the delta, one of the most complex river deltas in the world, is very limited. This is a consequence of its large extent, the intricate system of rivers, channels and floodplains, and the scarcity of observations. This study quantifies, for the first time, the suspended sediment transport and sediment deposition in the whole Mekong Delta. To this end, a quasi-2D hydrodynamic model is combined with a cohesive sediment transport model. The combined model is calibrated using six objective functions to represent the different aspects of the hydraulic and sediment transport components. The model is calibrated for the extreme flood season in 2011 and shows good performance for 2 validation years with very different flood characteristics. It is shown how sediment transport and sediment deposition is differentiated from Kratie at the entrance of the delta on its way to the coast. The main factors influencing the spatial sediment dynamics are the river and channel system, dike rings, sluice gate operations, the magnitude of the floods, and tidal influences. The superposition of these factors leads to high spatial variability of sediment transport, in particular in the Vietnamese floodplains. Depending on the flood magnitude, annual sediment loads reaching the coast vary from 48 to 60% of the sediment load at Kratie. Deposited sediment varies from 19 to 23% of the annual load at Kratie in Cambodian floodplains, and from 1 to 6% in the compartmented and diked floodplains in Vietnam. Annual deposited nutrients (N, P, K), which are associated with the sediment deposition, provide on average more than 50% of mineral fertilizers typically applied for rice crops in non-flooded ring dike floodplains in Vietnam. Through the quantification of sediment and related nutrient input, the presented study provides a quantitative basis for estimating the benefits of annual Mekong floods for agriculture and fishery, and is an important piece of information with regard to the assessment of the impacts of deltaic subsidence and climate-change-related sea level rise on delta morphology.
Proteção jurídica do imigrante intrarregional no sistema jurídico brasileiro: a restrição “legalizada” de acesso ao espaço público
Authors: Redin Giuliana , Mezzaroba Orides
Published: August 2014

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar o nível de proteção jurídica do imigrante intrarregional mercosulino, a partir do “estado da arte” referente às normativas do MERCOSUL, bem como do sistema jurídico interno brasileiro, e a partir da concepção arendtiana de espaço e esfera pública. Nesse sentido, com base no método de abordagem dialético e da técnica bibliográfica de pesquisa, foi possível concluir que o sistema jurídico brasileiro, tradutor da expectativa mercosulina sobre proteção do seu imigrante intrarregional, restringe o acesso do sujeito imigrante ao espaço público, oque contribui, inclusive, para a manutenção de um MERCOSUL restrito ao debate no nível da política externa. Essa realidade se afina ao modelo global de tratamento da pessoa do imigrante e tem revelado a falta de proteção jurídica da pessoa do imigrante que fica vulnerável e restrito ao confinamento dentro da esfera privada, que é uma real violência legitimada, porque legalizada, de direito humano básico: o direito de ação noespaço público.
O Município Ambientalmente Sustentável: Instrumentos Jurídicos para a Garantia e as Barreiras Políticas para a Efetividade
Authors: Vanin Fabio Scopel
Published: August 2014

O objetivo do artigo é apontar como barreiras políticas interferem na efetividade de instrumentos jurídicos, dificultando a garantia de um Município Ambientalmente Sustentável, para isto, o texto traz justificativas teóricas e fundamentos para o termo, aponta quais seriam os instrumentos jurídicos garantidores, e ao final, destaca as barreiras políticas que interferem na sua efetividade. A conclusão é de que a superação das barreiras políticas encontra-se em um redimensionamento do federalismo fiscal, assim como, na reestruturação das práticas de gestão pública, que devem ter como critérios básicos o dialogo e a transdisciplinaridade. Adotou-se o método de abordagem dialético, tendo em vista que o trabalho penetra o mundo dos fenômenos por meio de sua ação recíproca e o método procedimental estruturalista, vendo a realidade concreta do ponto de vista interno dos fenômenos.
Efetividade hegeliana na constituição: uma contribuição do pensamento dialético para a dogmática jurídica constitucional
Authors: Bavaresco Agemir , Sarlet Sarlet W. , Shirlene Velasco Marques
Published: August 2014

O artigo apresenta a efetividade hegeliana no Estado Constitucional contemporâneo. O movimento efetivo é analisado na Constituição entendida como contradição formal, contradição real e contradição absoluta. O objetivo é mostrar a suprassunção do dualismo (formal/material), que torna impossível a efetivação da Constituição. Para isso, a contradição é analisada nos três momentos da efetividade lógica e constitucional. Este movimento dialético que tende para a efetivação na Constituição é condição de possibilidade para a sua força normativa. Esta proposta para a análise da Constituição é apresentada como forma de suprassunção da matriz dualista, hegemônica no Direito Constitucional. É, portanto, uma contribuição do pensamento dialético para a dogmática jurídica e constitucional.
Alcances y limitaciones del discurso jurídico en la creación de la identidad intersexual: análisis de tres sentencias de la Corte Constitucional colombiana a la luz de algunos conceptos foucaultianos
Authors: Betancur Restrepo Laura
Published: August 2014

Desde la idea de Foucualt de que mediante distintas formas de discursividad se crean identidades, y que este acto es en sí una forma de ejercer el poder, se busca dar una lectura crítica a algunas sentencias de la Corte Constitucional de Colombia en las que se aborda el tema de la cirugía de asignación de sexo en menores intersexuales. La mirada foucaultiana (apoyada en diferentes teorías posteriores que la han retomado y aplicado particularmente al discurso jurídico) permite resaltar cómo los argumentos de la Corte, a pesar de la aparente neutralidad de su discurso, participan activamente en la construcción de una determinada identidad, sustentándose en dictámenes de expertos interdisciplinarios que le permiten encontrar “el verdadero sexo” de los menores implicados que sufren una “anomalía”.
Modeling the vehicle‐to‐vehicle propagation channel: A review
Authors: Matolak David W.
Published: August 2014

In this paper we provide a review of the vehicle‐to‐vehicle (V2V) wireless propagation channel. This “car‐to‐car” application will be used to improve roadway efficiency, provide unique traveler services, and can also enable safety applications that can save lives. We briefly review some currently envisioned applications and the initial V2V radio technology, then address the V2V propagation channel. Propagation basics germane to the V2V setting are described, followed by a discussion of channel dispersion and time variation. The channel impulse response and its Fourier transform, the channel transfer function, are described in detail, and their common statistical characterizations are also reviewed. The most common models for the V2V channel—the tapped delay line and geometry‐based stochastic channel models—are covered in some detail. We highlight key differences between the V2V channel and the well‐known cellular radio channel. These differences are the more rapid time variation and the higher probability of obstruction of the direct line of sight component; modeling of these effects has required some novel approaches. The V2V channel's nonstationary statistical behavior is addressed, as is the use of multiple‐antenna systems. The remaining areas for future work are also described.
Engineering of Multifunctional Nano‐Micelles for Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy Under the Guidance of Multimodal Imaging
Authors: Gong Hua , Dong Ziliang , Liu Yumeng , Yin Shengnan , Cheng Liang , Xi Wenyao , Xiang Jian , Liu Kai , Li Yonggang , Liu Zhuang
Published: August 2014

The integration of diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities on a single theranostic nano‐system holds great promise to enhance the accuracy of diagnosis and improve the efficacy of therapy. Herein, a multifunctional polymeric nano‐micelle system that contains a photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) is successfully fabricated, at the same time serving as a chelating agent for Gd3+, together with a near‐infrared (NIR) dye, IR825. With a r1 relativity 7 times higher than that of the commercial agent Magnevist, strong fluorescence offered by Ce6, and high NIR absorbance attributed to IR825, these theranostic micelles can be utilized as a contrast agent for triple modal magnetic resonance (MR), fluorescence, and photoacoustic imaging of tumors in a mouse model. The combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy is then carried out, achieving a synergistic anti‐tumor effect both in vitro and in vivo. Different from single photo treatment modalities which only affect the superficial region of the tumor under mild doses, the combination therapy at the same dose using this agent is able to induce significant damage to both superficial and deep parts of the tumor. Therefore, this work presents a polymer based theranostic platform with great potential in multimodal imaging and combination therapy of cancer.
Effective stability in a moist baroclinic wave
Authors: Booth James F. , Polvani Lorenzo , O'Gorman Paul A. , Wang Shuguang
Published: August 2014

It has been proposed that the impact of moisture on atmospheric eddy circulations can be approximated using a reduced effective stratification defined in terms of a parameter λ, which quantifies the asymmetry between upward and downward motions. Here λ is analyzed for the midlatitude regime using baroclinic lifecycles computed with the Weather Research and Forecast model. Vertical velocities are compared for integrations with different moisture conditions, and the change in λ is quantified and interpreted. λ is shown to be largely insensitive to grid resolution, and the effective stratification captures the impact of moisture provided initial relative humidity is sufficiently high.
Defining the Structural Parameters of Triazole Ligands in the Templated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Kashmery Heba A. , Clark Alasdair W. , Dondi Ruggero , Fallows Andrew J. , Cullis Paul M. , Burley Glenn A.
Published: August 2014

This manuscript describes a one‐pot method for the synthesis of size‐ and shape‐selected silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Tollens' reagent [Ag(NH3)2OH] as the silver source. Sugar triazole ligands facilitate the formation of monodisperse AgNPs in which the size and shape can be controlled according to the reaction conditions. Increasing the size of the ligand reduces size tunability but enhances colloidal stability in high‐salt buffers. A key conclusion from this study is that the AgI‐binding affinity of these triazole ligands determines their capacity to tune the size of the resultant AgNPs formed. Weaker AgI‐binding ligands can be used to form monodisperse, angular AgNPs over a wider range of sizes [(12 ± 3) to (33 ± 7) nm], whereas triazole ligands that exhibit a higher AgI‐binding affinity produce monodisperse, spherical AgNPs of a single size [(18 ± 5) nm].
Smart Decoration of Mesoporous TiO2 Nanospheres with Noble Metal Alloy Nanoparticles into Core–Shell, Yolk–Core–Shell, and Surface‐Dispersion Morphologies
Authors: Wang Pengyu , Tooriyama Hiroko , Yokoyama Kazuya , Ohtani Masataka , Asahara Haruyasu , Konishi Tomoya , Nishiwaki Nagatoshi , Shimoda Masahiko , Yamashita Yoshiyuki , Yoshikawa Hideki , Kobiro Kazuya
Published: August 2014

Noble metal alloy‐decorated spherical mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by the one‐pot, single‐step reaction of Ti(OiPr)4, Au3+, Pt4+, and Pd2+ or by the one‐pot reaction of hollow mesoporous TiO2 nanospheres with Au3+, Pt4+, and Pd2+ by means of a solvothermal method in methanol. Au–Pt–Pd@TiO2, Au–Pt@TiO2, and Au@TiO2 mesoporous nanoparticles with core–shell, yolk–core–shell, and surface‐dispersion morphologies were easily constructed. The noble metal alloy cores of the Au–Pt–Pd@TiO2 and Au–Pt@TiO2 yolk–core–shell nanoparticles have Au@Pt–Pd and Au@Pt embedded sub‐core–shell structures, respectively.