bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Living in two worlds" : optimizing our indigenous knowledge systems to address the modern pandemic, HIV and AIDS
Authors:   , Nyawose Theobald Zwelibanzi
Published: September 2021

This thesis focuses on the alarming situation of the rate of HIV infection which is escalating every day in South Africa, and what can be done to address the rate of HIV infection. Much has been tried to curb this escalation, but all efforts have had little effect. This concerns me deeply. So I have looked at the problem from the perspective of education. I have personally experienced how Zulu indigenous knowledge, in the form of traditional modes of Zulu sexuality education, was used in the past to address the problems of sexually transmitted diseases, and pregnancy before it was sanctioned. I have seen that the rituals performed as part of traditional Zulu sexuality education have been effective. I believe that indigenous knowledge systems in the South African context refer to a body of knowledge embedded in African philosophical thinking and social practices that have evolved over thousands years. Indigenous knowledge systems acknowledge the rich history and heritage of the people as important contributors to nurturing the values and norms in society, and so form the basis of education for the people. I believe that our indigenous knowledge systems according to the dictates of rites and rituals observed by our forefathers can play a major role in the (sexuality) education of our youth, and can optimise our efforts to fight against the HIV and AIDS pandemic. This study focuses on the adolescent stage. Adolescence is a phase of discovery and experimentation in which young people develop new feelings, which (coupled with physical maturing) lead to exploring new behaviors and relationships, including sexual behaviours and sexual relationships. Therefore, I believe that adolescents should be targeted because they are just beginning to face social situations in which their decisions and actions about their sexual behaviours and sexual relationships will determine their future. In addition, adolescents are – or should be – school going, so they can be influenced by what is in their school curriculum. I have made suggestions about how the Life Orientation Grades 10—12 curriculum can be used to include traditional sexuality education for this purpose. In doing so, I do not suggest that all South African school going teenagers should perform the traditional Zulu rituals, but I am suggesting that the revival and adaption of traditional modes of sexuality education in all cultures could be helpful in the fight against the HIV and AIDS pandemic. I use the Zulu traditions because they are the traditions with which I am familiar. I have carried out this study to promote the use of Zulu traditional sexuality education to curb the rate of HIV infection among young Zulu people. I believe that this traditional method, if it is used optimally, can reduce the rate of infection and the speed of mortality, as well as the problem of early pregnancy among our Zulu youth, in South Africa.
Creatividad en estudiantes ingresantes de la Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga de Ayacucho
Authors: Hurtado Ambrocio Olga
Published: September 2021

Se presenta la investigación referida a la variable creatividad. Es una investigación cuantitativa, descriptivo comparativo por género, en alumnos ingresantes a la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, en una muestra de 62 estudiantes, 31 varones y 31 mujeres. El muestreo fue no probabilístico e intencionado. Se aplicó una prueba sobre la creatividad para adultos, y se estudió a la muestra, encontrándose que no tenía una distribución normal. Se procesó la confiabilidad encontrándose una fiabilidad moderada y la validación considerando la propuesta de Artola T. (2012). Para la contrastación de la hipótesis se utilizó el paquete estadístico del SPSS- 23 y se procesó los datos con el estadístico de U de Mann- Whitney, encontrándose que existen diferencias significativas, entre varones y mujeres, en la creatividad gráfica y creatividad en general y no existen diferencias significativas entre varones y mujeres, en la variable creatividad narrativa.
Juegos verbales como estrategia para mejorar la expresión oral en el idioma inglés en estudiantes del primer año de educación secundaria
Authors: Rodríguez Yupanqui Yaneth
Published: September 2021

El artículo que se presenta se desarrolló teniendo como objetivo determinar el efecto que produce la aplicación de los juegos verbales como estrategia en el desarrollo de la expresión oral en el idioma inglés en estudiantes del primer año de educación secundaria en la Institución Educativa San Cristóbal de Socos –Ayacucho ,2020. Por ello  se concretó como  una  investigación  cuantitativa, explicativa  y de diseño cuasi experimental. La muestra es no probabilística y  estuvo conformada por 41 estudiantes  distribuidos  en dos grupos: experimental y control. Para la  recolección de datos, se utilizó la  ficha de observación. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó  la estadística descriptiva e inferencial  mediante la aplicación  de la prueba Wilcoxon, con un nivel de significancia de 0,05. Los resultados obtenidos en la presente investigación permiten concluir que, la aplicación  de los juegos verbales  tiene efecto significativo   en el incremento  del aprendizaje del idioma inglés  en estudiantes del primer  grado de educación secundaria  (Zc = 5,163; Zt= 1,64; p < 0,001)
IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI Salmonella sp. PADA PENDERITA DEMAM TIFOID ANAK USIA 5-14 TAHUN DENGAN METODE WIDAL TEST DI RUMAH SAKIT ADVENT MEDAN TAHUN 2018
Authors: Sundari Mulya , Rizqoh Debie , Bate'e Grace Junita
Published: September 2021

Demam tifoid merupakan suatu penyakit sistemik akut yang disebabkan oleh Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella paratyphi B dan Salmonella paratyphi C. Penularan demam tifoid terjadi secara fekal-oral melalui makanan dan minuman yang terkontaminasi yang masuk kedalam tubuh.Pada anak-anak demam tifoid dapat terjadi akibat  kurang memperhatikan kebersihan diri dan kebiasaan jajan yang sembarangan sehingga dapat menyebabkan tertular penyakit demam tifoid.Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap 10 serum penderita demam tifoid anak usia 5-14 tahun di Rumah Sakit Advent Medan, dengan identifikasi bakteri Salmonellamelalui Uji Widal.Hasil yang telah di peroleh yaitu 1 orang pasien positif terhadap Salmonella typhii;1 orang pasien positif terhadap Salmonella typhii dan Salmonella paratyphii B; 3 orang pasien positif terhadap Salmonella typhii, Salmonella paratyphii B dan Salmonella paratyphii C; 2 orang pasien positif terhadap  Salmonella typhii, Salmonella paratyphii A dan Salmonella paratyphii C; 1 orang pasien positif terhadap Salmonella paratyphii A, Salmonella paratyphii B dan Salmonella paratyphii C dan2 orang  pasien yang positif terhadap  Salmonella typhii, Salmonella paratyphii A, Salmonella paratyphii B dan Salmonella paratyphii C. Dalam penelitian ini, sebagian besar pasien positif terhadap lebih dari 1 antigen Salmonella, hal ini dapat terjadi karena adanya reaksi silang sebelumnya dengan antigen antara spesies Salmonella yang sama yang memiliki antigen O faktor 12 atau pernah terinfeksi dahulu dengan salah satu spesies Salmonella.
An Effective Techniques Using Apriori and Logistic Methods in Cloud Computing
Authors: Selvam S.
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a creativity data prefetching scheme on the loading servers in distributed file systems for cloud computing. The server will get and piggybacked the frequent data from the client system, after analyzing the fetched data is forward to the client machine from the server. To place this technique to work, the data about client nodes is piggybacked onto the real client I/O requests, and then forwarded to the relevant storage server. Next, dual prediction algorithms have been proposed to calculation future block access operations for directing what data should be fetched on storage servers in advance. Finally, the prefetching data can be pressed to the relevant client device from the storage server. Over a series of evaluation experiments with a group of application benchmarks, we have demonstrated that our presented initiative prefetching technique can benefit distributed file systems for cloud environments to achieve better I/O performance. In particular, configuration-limited client machines in the cloud are not answerable for predicting I/O access operations, which can certainly contribute to preferable system performance on them.
IMPLEMENTATION EFFECTIVENESS OF HOSPITAL RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS MEDICAL DISPUTE PROCESS AT HOSPITAL X CIBINONG
Authors: Litan Adelin , Hutapea Fresley , Mutiara Rina
Published: September 2021

Medical disputes that are rife in the medical world in Indonesia are a separate burden for medical personnel in carrying out daily practices, where the hospital as a place for medical personnel to work, should be responsible for medical personnel involved in medical disputes. The absence of sufficiently clear regulations governing the responsibility of hospitals in resolving medical disputes, makes medical personnel, in this case, the most disadvantaged part. The purpose of this study is to empirically determine the applicable laws and regulations regarding the responsibility of hospitals in the process of resolving medical disputes and the effectiveness of their implementation. The research method used is qualitative research with case study approach. Data sources are primary and secondary data. The data analysis subjects were informants, namely the director of medical services, the legal department officer and the public relations officer. The analysis tool uses interactive analysis. There were at least 4 laws and regulations related to hospital responsibility for medical personnel and implementation of regulations regarding hospital responsibility towards medical dispute process is 88%. The research found no guidelines for handling medical disputes. This study shows that the laws and regulations related to hospital responsibility and their implementation in the medical dispute resolution process have been implemented. The recommendation to Hospital X Cibinong is to make guidelines on the flow of medical dispute handling and provide education about health law to all hospital staff, especially medical personnel as parties most vulnerable to malpractice suits.
A climatology of open and closed mesoscale cellular convection over the Southern Ocean derived from Himawari-8 observations
Authors: Lang Francisco , Ackermann Luis , Huang Yi , Truong Son C. H. , Siems Steven T. , Manton Michael J.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Marine atmospheric boundary layer clouds cover vast areas of the Southern Ocean (SO), where they are commonly organized into mesoscale cellular convection (MCC). Using three years of Himawari-8 geostationary satellite observations, open and closed MCC structures are identified using a hybrid convolutional neural network. The results of the climatology show that open MCC clouds are roughly uniformly distributed over the SO storm track across mid-latitudes, while closed MCC clouds are most predominant in the southeast Indian Ocean with a second maximum along the storm track. The ocean polar front, derived from ECMWF-ERA5 sea surface temperature gradients, is found to be aligned with the southern boundaries for both MCC types. Along the storm track, both closed and open MCCs are commonly located in post-frontal, cold air masses. The hourly classification of closed MCC reveals a pronounced daily cycle, with a peak occurring late night/early morning. Seasonally, the diurnal cycle of closed MCC is most intense during the summer months (DJF). Conversely, almost no diurnal cycle is evident for open MCC.
Modelling spatiotemporal variations of the canopy layer urban heat island in Beijing at the neighbourhood scale
Authors: Biggart Michael , Stocker Jenny , Doherty Ruth M. , Wild Oliver , Carruthers David , Grimmond Sue , Han Yiqun , Fu Pingqing , Kotthaus Simone
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Information on the spatiotemporal characteristics of Beijing's
urban–rural near-surface air temperature difference, known as the canopy
layer urban heat island (UHI), is important for future urban climate
management strategies. This paper investigates the variation of near-surface
air temperatures within Beijing at a neighbourhood-scale resolution
(∼ 100 m) during winter 2016 and summer 2017. We perform
simulations using the urban climate component of the ADMS-Urban model with
land surface parameters derived from both local climate zone classifications
and OpenStreetMap land use information. Through sensitivity simulations, the
relative impacts of surface properties and anthropogenic heat emissions on
the temporal variation of Beijing's UHI are quantified. Measured UHI
intensities between central Beijing (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) and a
rural site (Pinggu) during the Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in a
Chinese Megacity (APHH-China) campaigns, peak during the evening at
∼ 4.5 ∘C in both seasons. In winter, the nocturnal
UHI is dominated by anthropogenic heat emissions but is underestimated by
the model. Higher-resolution anthropogenic heat emissions may capture the
effects of local sources (e.g. residential buildings and adjacent major
roads). In summer, evening UHI intensities are underestimated, especially
during heatwaves. The inability to fully replicate the prolonged release of
heat stored in the urban fabric may explain this. Observed negative daytime
UHI intensities in summer are more successfully captured when surface
moisture levels in central Beijing are increased. However, the spatial
correlation between simulated air temperatures and satellite-derived land
surface temperatures is stronger with a lower urban moisture scenario. This
result suggests that near-surface air temperatures at the urban
meteorological site are likely influenced by fine-scale green spaces that
are unresolved by the available land cover data and demonstrates the
expected differences between surface and air temperatures related to canopy
layer advection. This study lays the foundations for future studies of
heat-related health risks and UHI mitigation strategies across Beijing and
other megacities.
A spectral library for laser-induced fluorescence analysis as a tool for rare earth element identification
Authors: Fuchs Margret C. , Beyer Jan , Lorenz Sandra , Sharma Suchinder , Renno Axel D. , Heitmann Johannes , Gloaguen Richard
Published: September 2021

Abstract. With the recurring interest in rare earth elements (REEs), laser-induced fluorescence (LiF) may provide a powerful tool for their rapid and accurate identification at different stages along their value chain. Applications to natural materials such as minerals and rocks could complement the spectroscopy-based toolkit for innovative, non-invasive exploration technologies. However, the diagnostic assignment of detected emission lines to individual REEs remains challenging because of the complex composition of natural rocks in which they can be found. The resulting mixed spectra and the large amount of data generated demand automated approaches of data evaluation, especially in mapping applications such as drill core scanning. LiF reference data provide the solution for robust REE identification, yet they usually remain in the form of tables of published emission lines. We show that a complete reference spectra library could open manifold options for innovative automated analysis. We present a library of high-resolution
LiF reference spectra using the Smithsonian rare earth phosphate standards for electron microprobe analysis. We employ three standard laser wavelengths (325, 442, 532 nm)
to record representative spectra in the UV-visible to near-infrared spectral range (340–1080 nm). Excitation at all three laser wavelengths yielded characteristic spectra with distinct REE-related emission lines for EuPO4, TbPO4, DyPO4 and YbPO4. In the other samples, the high-energy excitation at 325 nm caused unspecific, broad-band defect emissions. Here, lower-energy laser excitation is shown to be successful for suppressing non-REE-related emission. At 442 nm excitation, REE reference spectra depict the diagnostic emission lines of PrPO4, SmPO4 and ErPO4. For NdPO4 and HoPO4 the most efficient excitation was achieved with 532 nm.
Our results emphasise the possibility of selective REE excitation by changing the excitation wavelength according to the suitable conditions for individual REEs. Our reference spectra provide a database for the transparent and reproducible evaluation of REE-bearing rocks.
The LiF spectral library is available at zenodo.org and the registered DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4054606 (Fuchs et al., 2020).
Primarily addressing the raw material exploration sector, it aids particularly the development of advanced data processing routines for LiF analysis but can also support further research on the REE luminescence in natural rocks or artificial compounds. It gives access to traceable data for the comparison of emission line positions, emission line intensity ratios and splitting into emission line sub-levels or can be used as reference or training data for automated approaches of component assignment.
Towards a new research model in legal translation: future perspectives in the era of asymmetry
Authors: Vidal Claramonte Maria Carmen África
Published: September 2021

The global society we live in leads to clashes and asymmetry between cultures. In this context, translation and legal studies play a fundamental but also very sensitive role. The old concepts of the Enlightenment, Reason, universalism, objectivity or the universal no longer serve any purpose either in the field of translation or in that of law. This paper proposes a research model based on post-structuralist concepts such as those of “differend”, “representation” or “aporia”. This model can help us conceive new ways of translating legal texts in the future that are more in line with the asymmetrical problems of our contemporary society.
Fine tuning style and precision: Adapting directive citations to Finnish statutes
Authors: Piehl Aino
Published: September 2021

When transposing EU directives into national laws, Finnish drafters usually alter the wording of the directive. This paper describes these modifications and offers some insights into the reasons behind them. The study is based on a corpus of Finnish versions of EU directives and of Finnish laws that transpose those directives.
Ethics, identity and ideology: A study of the interpreters in the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (1937–1945)
Authors: Li Ping , Tian Chuanmao , Huang Zhonglian
Published: September 2021

In this article we explore interpreter ethics in China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (1937–1945). Interpreter ethics in conflict zones may be divided into professional and situation ethics, and situation ethics is the focus of this study. Apart from professional identity and ideology, interpreters have other identities and ideologies such as national identity and political ideology, especially when they belong to either of the conflicting parties. The concepts of ethics, identity and ideology remain unchanged when they are related to interpreting as a profession. However, they have different connotations when they are associated with a nation, a group or a community. As mediators across languages and cultures, interpreters are more likely to face moral crises in wartime than in peacetime. Therefore, in many cases, they have to violate professional ethics in order to follow situation ethics, and situation ethics varies with their identities and ideologies. The research findings show that during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, interpreters’ national identity remained the same but their moral attitude changed.
Have faith in your vocabulary. The role of the interpreter in the conquest of power, language and ideology in the New Spain
Authors: D'Amore Anna Maria , Murillo Gallegos Verónica del Carmen , Zimányi Krisztina
Published: September 2021

Crucial in the moments of initial contact and military conflict during the conquest, translation and interpreting continued to play a fundamental role throughout the 16th and 17th centuries in the New Spain. With evangelization both the means and end to control and conquest, the ideological conflict required the active participation of both translators and interpreters. Community interpreting in the context of conflict, colonization and evangelization in the region saw the collaboration of various actors/agents, and there is much speculation, if little reliable documentation, regarding their participation. This paper aims to analyse the role of interpreters and translators in the indoctrination of the local populations through a study of the document known as Los Coloquios de 1524, a text compiled fifty years after the actual conquest, that aspired to reconstruct the first contact with, and attempts at evangelization of, the indigenous population by Spanish Franciscan friars. Apparently under the supervision of the Franciscans, the role of indigenous Nahuatl speaking interpreters was paramount in the conceptualization -via Nahuatl- of Christianity in the New Spain, first interpreting indigenous religious and cultural practice and then adapting and reconstructing notions of Christianity for local consumption. Through the translation and interpretation of conflict between languages, religions and worldviews, changes in ideas, language and culture, and thus power, took place in the interstices and metaphorical spaces of negotiation.
Declining the interpreter’s role in World War I
Authors: Cowley Peter James
Published: September 2021

In this article I will examine autobiographical and fictionalised accounts of World War One by three French interpreters: the writer André Maurois, the painter Paul Maze, and the cartoonist Hansi. All three worked as officiers de liaison with the British Expeditionary Force, discharging their duties in remarkably divergent ways and accounting for them equally differently. My focus will be on how their accounts can be read as representations of the role of the interpreter, and at the same time how the figure of the interpreter, underpinned by the assumption of neutrality, is deployed to represent other activities in conflict zones.
Interpreting conflicts and conflicts in interpreting: A micro-historical account of the interpreting activity in the Korean Armistice Negotiations
Authors: Wang Binhua , Xu Minhui
Published: September 2021

The Korean Armistice Negotiations are among the major historical events shaping geopolitical situations in East Asia after World War II. While previous studies of the negotiations followed mainly the approach of traditional historical research, the present study offers a new perspective of the ‘neglected’ participants – the interpreters who worked for the series of negotiations. An analysis of “post-hoc accounts” of interpreters, using a micro-historical approach, demonstrates complexity of interpreting for wartime negotiations and reveals various conflicts in the interpreting of armistice negotiations as perceived by the interpreters. Intense conflicts were found in the interpreting activity, including: conflicts between the interpreters on both sides of the negotiations, hidden conflicts between the interpreters and their principals, conflicts between different interpreter roles, conflicts over language use between the two sides of the negotiations, and conflicts arising from misconceptions of the interpreting activity. It was also discovered that the interpreters in the armistice negotiations were generally loyal as the army soldiers instead of maintaining a neutral stance, such as is expected from professional interpreters nowadays. The micro-historical study of the interpreters’ accounts of the major historical events can be useful in exploring and explaining what is hidden behind the complexity of conflicts, thus offering a new approach to interpreting studies as well as to historical studies.
Hanna, S. (2016). Bourdieu in translation studies: The socio-cultural dynamics of Shakespeare translation in Egypt. New York, NY: Routledge. 231p.
Authors: Lisheng Liu
Published: September 2021

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The pursuit of beauty by an aesthete: A study of Harold Acton's manuscripts of Popular Chinese Plays
Authors: Guan Xingzhong
Published: September 2021

This article examines Harold Acton’s translation of Popular Chinese Plays. It examines the modifications Acton made in the final polishing stage of his translation and explores possible linguistic, aesthetic and social considerations for such alterations. Four plays—Ch’un-hsiang Nao Hsueh ????, Yü Chou Fêng???, Lin Ch’ung Yeh Pên????, and Shih Hou Chi???—were selected for this research. Computerized data were analysed using Wordsmith 4.0. This article demonstrates that at this later stage of the translation’s genesis, Acton gives priority to the overall effectiveness and coherence of the translation while paying less attention to lexical and syntactical details. His corrections to the manuscript indicate that the translator departs from the source text, displaying more independence as a writer. The purpose of this analysis is to show how translators’ strategies can evolve during the genesis of a translation, thus complicating the common assumption that translators adopt a consistent “stance” when translating.
Exploring the Backstage of Translations: A study of translation-related manuscripts in the Anthony Burgess archives
Authors: Zanotti Serenella , Bollettieri Bosinelli Rosa Maria
Published: September 2021

This paper offers some preliminary considerations on the use of translators’ manuscripts in translation research. It will be argued that the importance of studying translators’ papers, aside from a philological interest, is crucial in reconstructing the prehistory and process of translations, and in analysing and evaluating the factors that influence translations, including the roles of the people involved in the translation process. More specifically, the application to translator’s manuscripts of methods of enquiry developed by genetic criticism will be illustrated in a study of the available manuscripts pertaining to the Italian translation of Anthony Burgess’s libretto Blooms of Dublin (1986). The aim of the study is to show the importance of developing a specific methodology for investigating the prehistory and process of translation. We will also argue that genetic criticism (Deppman, Ferrer, Groden 2004), while needing to be revised and adapted to the specificity of translated texts, offers a sound and effective methodology.
Using analytic rating scales to assess English/Chinese bi-directional interpretation: A longitudinal Rasch analysis of scale utility and rater behavior
Authors: Han Chao
Published: September 2021

Descriptor-based analytic rating scales have been increasingly used to assess interpretation quality. However, little empirical evidence is available to unequivocally support the effectiveness of rating scales and rater reliability. This longitudinal study thus attempts to shed insight into scale utility and rater behavior in English/Chinese interpretation performance assessment, using multifaceted Rasch measurement. Specifically, the study focuses on criterion/scale difficulty, scale effectiveness, rater severity/leniency and rater self-consistency between English/Chinese interpreting and over three time points. Research results are discussed, highlighting the utility of analytic rating scales and the variability of rater behavior in interpretation assessment. The results also have implications for developing reliable, valid, and practical instruments to assess interpretation quality.
Acceptability of machine-translated content: A multi-language evaluation by translators and end-users
Authors: Castilho Sheila , O'Brien Sharon
Published: September 2021

As machine translation (MT) continues to be used increasingly in the translation industry, there is a corresponding increase in the need to understand MT quality and, in particular, its impact on end-users. To date, little work has been carried out to investigate the acceptability of MT output among end-users and, ultimately, how acceptable they find it. This article reports on research conducted to address that gap. End-users of instructional content machine-translated from English into German, Simplified Chinese and Japanese were engaged in a usability experiment. Part of this experiment involved giving feedback on the acceptability of raw machine-translated content and lightly post-edited (PE) versions of the same content. In addition, a quality review was carried out in collaboration with an industry partner and experienced translation quality reviewers. The translation quality-assessment (TQA) results from translators reflect the usability and satisfaction results by end-users insofar as the implementation of light PE both increased the usability and acceptability of the PE instructions and led to satisfaction being reported. Nonetheless, the raw MT content also received good scores, especially for terminology, country standards and spelling.
Towards a Corpus-based, Statistical Approach to Translation Quality: Measuring and Visualizing Linguistic Deviance in Student Translations
Authors: De Sutter Gert , Cappelle Bert , De Clercq Orphée , Loock Rudy , Plevoets Koen
Published: September 2021

In this article we present a corpus-based statistical approach to measuring translation quality, more particularly translation acceptability, by comparing the features of translated and original texts. We discuss initial findings that aim to support and objectify formative quality assessment. To that end, we extract a multitude of linguistic and textual features from both student and professional translation corpora that consist of many different translations by several translators in two different genres (fiction, news) and in two translation directions (English to French and French to Dutch). The numerical information gathered from these corpora is exploratively analysed with Principal Component Analysis, which enables us to identify stable, language-independent linguistic and textual indicators of student translations compared to translations produced by professionals. The differences between these types of translation are subsequently tested by means of ANOVA. The results clearly indicate that the proposed methodology is indeed capable of distinguishing between student and professional translations. It is claimed that this deviant behaviour indicates an overall lower translation quality in student translations: student translations tend to score lower at the acceptability level, that is, they deviate significantly from target-language norms and conventions. In addition, the proposed methodology is capable of assessing the acceptability of an individual student’s translation – a smaller linguistic distance between a given student translation and the norm set by the professional translations correlates with higher quality. The methodology is also able to provide objective and concrete feedback about the divergent linguistic dimensions in their text.
Testing the right skill: Evidence to support testing translation ability
Authors: Brooks Rachel Lunde , Brau Maria
Published: September 2021

In the United States Government (USG), language-test scores in the various skills are defined by reference to the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) Skill Level Descriptions (SLDs). The ILR SLDs for Translation Performance state that reading the source language (SL) and writing the target language (TL) are prerequisites for translating but add that there is a prerequisite third skill, termed “congruity judgement”. Since the Language Testing and Assessment Unit (LTAU) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses the ILR as the basis for its translation testing, it has conducted several studies on test results to discover the interconnection, if any, of these requisites.
Ferreira, A., & Schwieter, J. W. (Eds.). (2015). Psycholinguistic and cognitive inquiries into translation and interpreting. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Authors: Xiao Rui , Yu Huan
Published: September 2021

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Lafarga, F. & Pegenaute, L. (Eds.) (2016). Autores traductores en la España del siglo XIX. Kassel: Reichenberger.
Authors: Paz-Soldán Rosario Valdivia
Published: September 2021

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The relevance of redundancy in multimodal documents
Authors: Lautenbacher Olli Philippe
Published: September 2021

The aim of this article is to refine the role of redundancy in deferred multimodal communication, from the standpoint of both communicators and their audiences and, by extension, translators. What is advocated here is the idea of a recursive reading process consisting of three phases (perception, construction and integration) and that this process is based on the detection of a salient series of trigger stimuli that the communicator offers as incentives. The shared ground of significance of these trigger compounds actually reveals core meanings in the document, especially when there is exophoric reference. In the translation process, any change within this redundancy system, such as a modification in the balance between endophora and exophora, might alter the overall reception experience.
From paratext to polysemiotic network: A holistic approach to the study of subtitled films
Authors: Silvester Hannah
Published: September 2021

This article proposes a framework for the study of interlingually subtitled films which draws on aspects of existing linguistic– and multimodal–analytical approaches. The methodology comprises contextual analysis at three levels. It proposes an initial study of the subtitling situation and technical aspects of the film. It then recommends an analysis of the plot, director interviews and reviews or articles written upon release of the film in order to identify key themes and the skopos of the film. Finally, in the light of information revealed in these stages of analysis, it proposes a close examination of the subtitles in context, in relation to the skopos of the film, and taking into account the film’s key themes and the cultural context(s) of its release. This allows for an analysis of subtitles which incorporates a variety of factors affecting the context of reception, integrating the multimodal nature of subtitling and the significance of cultural context and readability. Illustrative examples are taken from a case study of an English subtitled version of the French film, “La Squale”.
Methodological contributions of Social Neuroscience for the study of multimodality in translation
Authors: Chica Núñez Antonio Javier
Published: September 2021

This study analyses the interplay of various communication modes that enables emotions to be transmitted efficiently from source (ST) to target text (TT) in audio description (AD) as a multimodal text. It draws on existing experimental designs, including neutral or emotional conditions based on the congruency of stimuli from various modes (images, dialogue semantic content or prosody in a film, together with the semantic content of AD). This article reviews the methodological contribution that Social Neuroscience could make to the study of multimodal translation. To this end, some neurobiological models and studies are quoted regarding multimodal emotional information processing (Brück, Kreifelts, & Wildgruber, 2011), the impact of multimodal emotional processing on subjects’ empathy (Regenbogen et al., 2012) and the dynamics of neural networks involved in human empathy and communication through the presentation of multimodal stimuli (Regenbogen, Habel, & Kellerman, 2013). Finally, an experimental design that focuses on the transfer of feelings and emotions in film AD, which would be suitable for a potential pilot study, is presented.
Skills and competences of audio describers in Spain
Authors: Mendoza Nuria , Matamala Anna
Published: September 2021

This article describes the skills and competences that professional audio describers should acquire, based on the results of a questionnaire and on interviews with lecturers of AD courses in the context of Spanish MAs. First, the input provided by audio describers and end-users for a questionnaire conducted under ADLAB PRO, an Erasmus+ project funded by the European Commission, is discussed; it focuses on data from Spanish participants. Secondly, the skills and competences identified through the questionnaire are compared to those included in specific courses on audio description within MA programmes offered at Spanish universities. The article begins with a brief discussion of terminology and ends with a discussion on how the results of our research could have an impact on training proposals for AD.
The LTA project: Bridging the gap between training and the profession in real-time intralingual subtitling
Authors: Eugeni Carlo , Bernabé Caro Rocío
Published: September 2021

Real-time intralingual subtitles enable access to live audiovisual products. However, the provision and the quality of such services across Europe is uneven and sometimes insufficient because live subtitlers are untrained or only partially trained and without recognized professional status. To bridge this gap, the EU-funded project Live Text Access (LTA) aims to create ad-hoc training materials and propose the recognition of certified professionals. This article first concentrates on the multifaceted and heterogeneous terminology adopted in the field. Then it provides an overview of the current situation in which live subtitlers are trained in Europe, focusing on the LTA rationale for creating open-source training materials based on certification, subtitling standards and a user-oriented approach. Finally, it reports on the progress the project has made in defining both the professional profile and the skills and competences of the intralingual real-time subtitler.
Training future describers: A practice report from an audio description classroom
Authors: Jankowska Anna Magdalena
Published: September 2021

Over the past few years, we have been observing an exponential growth in audio description (AD). This has resulted in a growing need for trained AD professionals and, consequently, for AD training. While the ADLAB PRO project helped define the professional profile of the audio describer and produced a range of training materials, there is still considerable room for other AD training approaches to be shared with a view to inspiring AD trainers when creating their courses. Thus, this practice report presents selected exercises that I have been developing since 2009, when I first started teaching AD both at university and outside academia (e.g., during dedicated courses for broadcasters, NGOs and cultural institutions), presenting their learning outcomes and framing them within the ADLAB PRO framework of competencies for professional audio describers. All the activities offered in this article are based on my professional experience as an academic teacher and researcher and also as a professional describer and accessibility manager who overlsees the entire AD production process: from negotiating with clients through production (scripting, proofs, recording, quality control) to product delivery and on-site assistance.
Towards a pedagogy of accessibility: The need for critical learning spaces in media accessibility education and training
Authors: Greco Gian Maria
Published: September 2021

Until now, the debate on education and training in accessibility has largely ignored the core competences of the accessibility expert, as it has tended to focus exclusively on context- and field-related skills. Looking at the case of media accessibility through the critical lens of accessibility studies, the article calls for the development of a theoretical reflection on education and training. Such reflection could then solidly support extensive investigation of the specific skills of accessibility researchers, professionals and policy-makers, frame analyses of current programmes, and strengthen proposals for new curricula and professional profiles. The article contributes to such a reflection by advancing and discussing the inclusion of critical learning spaces within vocation- and research-oriented courses. Using the critical lens of accessibility studies, the article also investigates whether education and training in audiovisual translation and media accessibility have been mostly dominated by some discriminatory normative frameworks, such as the medical model of disability, and how this is influenced by and in turn influences practices. The article suggests that this problem requires a (re)design of education (and practices) using the tools that constitute the critical apparatus of accessibility studies, such as the human variation paradigm, the social model of accessibility, the universalist account of access, the poietic model of agency, and proactive and user-centred approaches. Ultimately, the article outlines the very first traits of a pedagogy of accessibility, that is, a systematic approach to the practice(s) of teaching and learning accessibility.
Foreword in honour of Professor Aline Remael
Authors: Vercauteren Gert , Mazur Iwona
Published: September 2021

Foreword
Género, inclusión y narrativa visual en monstruo rosa
Authors: Díaz-Seoane Ángeles , Dacuña-Vázquez Inés , Ferreira Carmen , Mesías-Lema José María
Published: September 2021

En esta investigación se delimitan el concepto, características y clasificación del álbum ilustrado, como parte de la literatura infantil, y su contextualización histórica. Luego se profundiza en sus beneficios como herramienta comunicativa y educativa para la educación artística, analizando con datos cualitativos y cuantitativos la representación del género en ilustración y texto en la producción editorial nacional de álbum ilustrado. Se destaca la importancia del mediador en la selección y recomendación; y se reivindica una producción de calidad que trate esta temática y que rompa con los roles de género establecidos. Como ejemplo, se analiza la narrativa visual del álbum Monstruo Rosa, de Olga de Dios, un álbum no-sexista o álbum feminista que apuesta por la inclusión de la diversidad y que requiere de un lector activo para la decodificación.
El audio efímero como comunicación digital innovadora. El caso Clubhouse
Authors: Ortega Fernández Eglée , Padilla Castillo Graciela , Rodríguez Hernández Jonattan
Published: September 2021

La red social Clubhouse es un fenómeno sin precedentes, por su rápido crecimiento en un único año de vida y por sus originales características. Aunque sólo puede ser descargada en un dispositivo con sistema iOS y previa invitación privada de un usuario registrado. Esta investigación ahonda en sus claves, usos y posibilidades a través de una metodología correlativa: 1) Investigación bibliográfica longitudinal sobre los conceptos de conectividad, fenómeno Clubhouse, y sus antecedentes, problemas o dilemas, tendencias y posibles cambios; 2) Análisis cuantitativo de los 50 primeros influencers de Clubhouse a partir de las categorías: Número de seguidores, Cargo/sector profesional, Nacionalidad, Generación, Sexo. Se concluye que Clubhouse tendrá que validar su espacio propio, más allá de la COVID-19 y sus limitaciones técnicas, remarcando sus fortalezas: no importan la imagen ni los likes, salas de debate íntimas, discusiones no medidas sobre temas de actualidad con líderes de opinión e influencers, y la voz como herramienta básica, accesible y universal contra la brecha digital.
Okul Çağı Çocuklarında Obezite, Hipertansiyon ve Anemi Sıklığı: Bir Aile Sağlığı Merkezinden Retrospektif Kesitsel Bir Çalışma
Authors: Ay Akdağ Selin , Mercan Başpınar Melike , Basat Okcan
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Bu araştırma 6-19 yaş arası okul çağı çocuk ve ergenlerin periyodik izlemlerinde obezite, hipertansiyon ve anemi sıklığının değerlendirilmesini amaçlamıştır.Yöntem: Retrospektif kesitsel tipte planlanan çalışmada Ocak 2018 ve Ağustos 2019 tarihleri arasında bir aile sağlığı merkezinde gerçekleştirilen çocuk ve ergen izlemlerindeki kilo, boy, beden kitle indeksi (BKİ), sistolik/diyastolik kan basıncı ölçümleri ve tam kan sayımı sonuçları derlenmiştir. Periyodik tarama amacıyla muayene olan ve ölçüm kayıtları tam olan okul çağı çocuk ve ergenler çalışmaya dahil edilmiş, kayıtları eksik olanlar çalışma harici bırakılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde IBM SPSS 22.0 programı kullanılmış ve istatiksel anlamlılık p
Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Sağlık Anksiyete Düzeyleri ve Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları
Authors: Orhan Özgül Özge , Saatci Esra
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Tıp fakültesi öğrencileri, geleceğin sağlık profesyonelleri oldukları için sağlık alanındaki tutum ve davranışları öncelikle kendilerini, ileriki yaşamlarında da ailelerini ve toplumu etkileyebilme potansiyeli açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi öğrencilerinin sağlık anksiyete düzeylerinin sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarıyla ilişkisini ve bunlara etki eden faktörleri değerlendirmektir.Yöntem: Araştırmanın evrenini; 2018-2019 eğitim öğretim yılında Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi’nde eğitim görmekte olan toplam 1886 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmaya 319 öğrenci dahil edilmiştir. Öğrenciler, 24 soruluk Sosyo-demografik Veri Formu, 18 sorudan oluşan Sağlık Anksiyetesi Envanteri (kısa versiyon) ve 48 sorudan oluşan Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Ölçeği’ni (SYBDÖ) doldurmuşlardır. Veriler SPSS 23.0 paket programı aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir.Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 319 öğrencinin %58,9’u kadın, %41,1’i erkek olup öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması 21,5±2,1 yıldır. Öğrencilerin Sağlık Anksiyetesi Envanteri (kısa versiyon) puan ortalaması 17,6±6,2 olarak bulunmuştur. Öğrencilerin, kendi sağlık durumlarını değerlendirmeleri ile sağlık anksiyetesi arasında anlamlı ilişki saptanmıştır (p=0,001). Öğrencilerin Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Ölçeği toplam puanı ise 192 puan üzerinden ortalama 120,1±18,1 olarak orta düzeyde bulunmuştur. Alt boyut puan ortalamaları, sırasıyla, kendini gerçekleştirme 35,9±5,9, sağlık sorumluluğu 21,7±4,9, fiziksel aktivite 9,7±3,6, beslenme 15,2±3,6, kişilerarası ilişkiler 20,3, stres yönetimi 17,3 olarak saptanmıştır. Erkek öğrencilerin SYBDÖ toplam puanları ve egzersiz ve stres yönetimi alt boyut puanları kadınlara göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Çalışmamıza katılan öğrencilerin sağlık anksiyetelerinin yüksek düzeyde olmadığı, orta düzeyde sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarında bulundukları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sağlık anksiyete düzeyi artan öğrencilerin, daha az sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışında bulunduğu gözlenmiştir. Öğrenciler, kendi sağlık sorunlarını yönetebilmeleri için sağlığın geliştirilmesi konusunda güçlenlendirilmelidir.