bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resonance failure sensitivity analysis of straight-tapered assembled pipes conveying nonuniform axial fluid by active learning Kriging method
Authors: Zhao Yuzhen , Liu Wei , Guo Qing , Zhang Zijun
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the resonance failure sensitivity analysis of straight-tapered assembled pipe conveying nonuniform axial fluid by an active learning Kriging (ALK) method.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, first, the motion equation of straight-tapered assembled pipe conveying nonuniform fluid is built. Second, the Galerkin method is used for calculating the natural frequency of assembled pipe conveying nonuniform fluid. Third, the ALK method based on expected risk function (ERF) is used to calculate the resonance failure probability and moment independent global sensitivity analysis.

Findings

The findings of this paper highlight that the eigenfrequency and critical velocity of uniform fluid-conveying pipe are less than the reality and the error is biggest in first-order natural frequency. The importance ranking of input variables affecting the resonance failure can be obtained. The importance ranking is different for a different velocity and mode number. By reducing the uncertainty of variables with a high index, the resonance failure probability can be reduced maximally.

Research limitations/implications

There are no experiments on the eigenfrequency and critical velocity. There is no experiments about natural frequency and critical velocity of straight tapered assembled pipe to verify the theory in this paper.

Originality/value

The originality of this paper lies as follows: the motion equation of straight-tapered pipe conveying nonuniform fluid is first obtained. The eigenfrequency of nonuniform fluid and uniform fluid inside the assembled pipe are compared. The resonance reliability analysis of straight-tapered assembled pipe is first proposed. From the results, it is observed that the resonance failure probability can be reduced efficiently.
Predicting crack in a beam-like structure through an over fitting verified regression model
Authors: Choudhury Sasanka , Thatoi Dhirendra Nath , Hota Jhalak , Sau Suman , Rao Mohan D.
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the crack in beam-like structures before the complete failure or damage occurs to the structure. The beam-like structure plays an important role in modern architecture; hence, the safety of this structure is much dependent on the safety of the beam. Hence, predicting the cracks is much more important for the safety of the overall structure.

Design/methodology/approach

In the present work, the regression analysis has been carried out through LASSO and Ridge regression models. Both the statistical models have been well implemented in the detection of crack depth and crack location. A cantilever beam-like structure has been taken for the analysis in which the first three natural frequencies have been considered as the independent variable and crack location and depth is used as the dependent variable. The first three natural frequencies, f1, f2 and f3 are used as an independent variable. The crack location and crack depth are estimated though the regressor models and the accuracy are compared, to verify the correctness of the estimation.

Findings

As stated in the purpose of work, the main aim of the present work is to identify the crack parameters using an inverse technique, which will be more effective and will provide the results with less time. The data used for regression analysis are obtained from theoretical analysis and later the theoretical results are also verified through experimental analysis. The regression model developed is tested for its Bias Variance Trade-off (“Bias” – Overfitting, “variance” – generalization). The regression results have been compared with the theoretical results to check the robustness in the subsequent result section.

Originality/value

The idea is an amalgamation of existing and well-established technologies, that is aimed to achieve better performance for the given task. A regressor is trained from the data obtained through numerical simulation. The model is developed taking bias variance trade-off into consideration. This generalized model gives us very much acceptable performance.
Stories told and performed: a methodology for researching drama assessment in schools
Authors: Jacobs Rachael
Published: July 2019

Purpose

A methodology that combined ethnographies, including the ethnography of performance with narrative inquiry was used in a research project investigating the assessment of senior secondary Drama performance in Australia. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

After a temporal change in the research approach, it was decided that the research method needed to capture the Drama performance assessment phenomenon as it was lived and experienced.

Findings

As a result, methodological choices shifted from procedural documentation and document analysis to ethnographic observations that were able to capture the more nuanced aspects of the relationship between Drama performance and assessment, embracing tacit learning, agendas, cultures, experiences and understandings.

Originality/value

This paper reflects on the methodological dilemmas and choices made when studying artistic and aesthetic texts in the classroom, and poses considerations for future researchers conducting inquiries in aesthetically rich learning environments.
A real-time adaptive look-ahead speed control algorithm for FDM-based additive manufacturing technology with Hbot kinematic system
Authors: Qin Qin , Huang Jigang , Yao Jin
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to enhance the accuracy as well as efficiency of high-speed machining, avoid the speed fluctuation caused by acceleration/deceleration (ACC/DEC) and increase the smoothness of feedrate in continuous corners or curves machining. The Hbot kinematic system was analyzed and combined with fused deposition modeling-based (FDM) additive manufacturing (AM) technology. Then a real-time adaptive look-ahead speed control algorithm was proposed.

Design/methodology/approach

To validate the performance of Hbot kinematic system and the proposed speed control algorithm, the positioning accuracy of Hbot and cross structure was compared. Also, the experimental verification was conducted among FDM based 3-D printer with cross structure as well as open source speed control algorithm (FDM with cross-OS), cross structure and the proposed speed control algorithm (FDM with cross-PS) and Hbot structure, as well as the proposed speed control algorithm (FDM with Hbot-PS), respectively.

Findings

The results indicate that the Hbot kinematic system leads to the high stability of positioning accuracy due to the small motion inertia. Furthermore, the experimental verification shows that the efficiency, printing precision and surface finish of models for FDM with Hbot-PS are obviously higher than that for FDM with cross-PS as well as FDM with cross-OS, while FDM with cross-OS shows the worst performance. The contribution of Hbot kinematic system and the proposed speed control algorithm to FDM based AM technology was validated by this work.

Practical implications

The Hbot kinematic system and proposed speed control algorithm have the important implication of improving the accuracy of FDM machines, especially in the low-price range segment. Also, this work can help future system developers show a possible way of tackling the motion inertia problem.

Originality/value

The study of Hbot kinematic system and proposed algorithm are expected to advise the current research for improving the accuracy as well as the efficiency of FDM-based AM technology.
Protective effects of Gαq‐RGS2 signalling inhibitor in aminophylline induced cardiac arrhythmia
Authors: Beladiya Jayesh V. , Chaudagar Kiranj K. , Mehta Anita A.
Published: July 2019

An over activation of GPCR mediated Gαq dependent signalling pathway is widely associated with the development of cardiovascular abnormalities. The objective of study was to evaluate the effects of (1‐(5‐chloro‐2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐3‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5(4H)‐one) Gαq‐RGS2 signalling inhibitor on aminophylline induced cardiac arrhythmia in rats. Rats were divided into four groups; normal rats, disease control (DC, aminophylline treated 100 mg/kg/d, i.p., 7 days), Gαq‐RGS2 signalling inhibitor (1 and 10 mg/kg/d, p.o., 7 days) treated arrhythmic rats. Gαq‐RGS2 signalling inhibitor was administered 1 hour prior to the administration of aminophylline from 1st day. At the end of study, heart rate (HR), QRS complex, QT and RR interval were measured by electrocardiogram (ECG) of anesthetized rats. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) by invasive method, cardiac damage markers (CK‐MB, LDH) in the serum, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, glutathione) and cAMP level were measured. The treatment of Gαq‐RGS2 signalling inhibitor (10 mg/kg) significantly abolished the aminophylline induced increase of heart rate, prolongation of RR and QT interval as compared to DC rats. Gαq‐RGS2 signalling inhibitor (1 and 10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the prolongation in QRS complex, increase of SBP, DBP and cardiac damage markers as compared to DC. Gαq‐RGS2 signalling inhibitor treatment (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the cAMP level and increased the antioxidant enzyme level as compared to DC. Gαq‐RGS2 signalling inhibitor (10 mg/kg) showed the protective effect against the aminophylline induced cardiac arrhythmia and it might be due to improvement in cAMP level and antioxidant enzymes.
Potential roles of chromium on inflammatory biomarkers in diabetes: A Systematic
Authors: Moradi Fardin , Maleki Vahid , Saleh‐Ghadimi Sevda , Kooshki Fatemeh , Pourghassem Gargari Bahram
Published: July 2019

Diabetes, as a low‐grade chronic inflammatory disease, causes disruption in proper function of immune and metabolic system. Chromium is an important element required for normal lipid and glucose metabolism. Chromium deficiency is correlated with elevation in cardiometabolic risk, which results from increased inflammation. This systematic review was conducted to discover the potential roles of chromium on inflammatory biomarkers. Eligible studies were all in vitro, animal and human studies published in English‐language journals from inception until October 2018. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest and Google Scholar databases were searched to fined interventional studies from the effects of chromium on inflammatory biomarkers such as tumour necrosis factor a (TNF‐a), C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukins, monocyte chemoattractant protein–1 (MCP‐1), intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and adipocytokines in hyperglycaemia and diabetes. Out of 647 articles found in the search, only 14 articles were eligible for analysis, three in vitro studies, eight animal studies and three human studies. Twelve of the 14 studies included in this review, chromium significantly decreased inflammatory factors. The findings of this review indicate, based on in vitro and in vivo studies, that chromium might have potential anti‐inflammatory properties, but some of the studies did not show anti‐inflammatory effects for chromium (two studies). There are only three studies in humans with controversial results. Therefore, more consistent randomized double‐blind controlled trials are needed to reach relevant clinical recommendations, as well as to determine the precise mechanism, of chromium on inflammation in diabetes.
Depth distributions of nitrite reductase (nirK) gene variants reveal spatial dynamics of thaumarchaeal ecotype populations in coastal Monterey Bay
Authors: Reji Linta , Tolar Bradley B. , Smith Jason M. , Chavez Francisco P. , Francis Christopher A.
Published: July 2019

Ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are key players in nutrient cycling, yet large gaps remain in our understanding of their ecology and metabolism. Despite multiple lines of evidence pointing to a central role for copper‐containing nitrite reductase (NirK) in AOA metabolism, the thaumarchaeal nirK gene is rarely studied in the environment. In this study, we examine the diversity of nirK in the marine pelagic environment, in light of previously described ecological patterns of pelagic thaumarchaeal populations. Phylogenetic analyses show that nirK better resolves diversification patterns of marine Thaumarchaeota, compared to the conventionally used marker gene amoA. Specifically, we demonstrate that the three major phylogenetic clusters of marine nirK correspond to the three ‘ecotype’ populations of pelagic Thaumarchaeota. In this context, we further examine the relative distributions of the three variant groups in metagenomes and metatranscriptomes representing two depth profiles in coastal Monterey Bay. Our results reveal that nirK effectively tracks the dynamics of thaumarchaeal ecotype populations, particularly finer‐scale diversification patterns within major lineages. We also find evidence for multiple copies of nirK per genome in a fraction of thaumarchaeal cells in the water column, which must be taken into account when using it as a molecular marker.
The Restoration and Renewal of the Palace of Westminster: Avoiding the Trap and Realising the Promise
Authors: Flinders Matthew , Meakin Alexandra , Anderson Alexandra
Published: July 2019

By failing to acknowledge the link between the design of our political institutions and growing levels of anti‐political sentiment, the restoration and renewal programme risks falling into a trap of its own making. Involving the public from the outset in an open review of the (re)design options for Westminster—in a positive and confident conversation—ensures the best opportunity for meaningful engagement between the public and the future of their democracy.
Late Cretaceous Adakitic Granites of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Garnet Fractional Crystallization of Arc‐Like Magmas at the Thickened Neo‐Tethyan Continental Margin
Authors: XIANG Kun , XUE Chuandong , YANG Tiannan , XIE Zhipeng , XIN Di , JIANG Lili , LAI Ruijuan
Published: July 2019

The tectonic setting of Cretaceous granitoids in the southeastern Tibet Plateau, east of the Eastern Himalaya Syntax, is debated. Exploration and mining of the Laba Mo–Cu porphyry‐type deposit in the area has revealed Late Cretaceous granites. New and previously published zircon U–Pb dating indicate that the Laba granite crystallized at 89–85 Ma. Bulk‐rock geochemistry, Sr–Nd isotopic data andin situzircon Hf isotopic data indicate that the granite is adakitic and was formed by partial melting of thickened lower crust. The Ca, Fe, and Al contents decrease with increasing SiO2content.These and other geochemical characteristics indicate that fractional crystallization of garnet under high‐pressure conditions resulted in the adakitic nature of the Laba granite. Cretaceous granitoids are widespread throughout the Tibetan Plateau including its southeastern area, forming an intact curved belt along the southern margin of Eurasia. This belt is curved due to indenting by the Indian continent during Cenozoic, but strikes parallel to both the Indus–Yarlung suture zone and the Main Frontal Thrust belt. It is therefore likely that Cretaceous granitoids in both the Gangdese and southeastern Tibetan Plateau areas resulted from subduction of Neo‐Tethyan lithosphere.
Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusion and H‐O‐C‐S Stable Isotopes of Mengqiguer Uranium Deposit in the Southern Yili Basin, Xinjiang: Implication for Ore Formation
Authors: DING Bo , LIU Hongxu , ZHANG Chuang , LIU Hongjun , LI Ping , ZHANG Bin
Published: July 2019

The Mengqiguer deposit in the southern Yili basin Ili Basin is a large interlayer‐oxidation‐zone type uranium deposit. In this paper, we applied multiple methods including microscopic observation, scanning electron microscope and electronic probe, to analyze the systematical alteration characteristics of the ore‐bearing sandstone layer. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies on the ore‐bearing sandstone have also been carried out to discuss the internal relations between fluid activities, epigenetic alteration and the uranium mineralization. Major epigenetic alteration include clay alteration, carbonatization and pyritization, of which biogenetic pyritization is most closely related to the uranium mineralization. This suggests the existence of microorganism during the uranium mineralization process. The mineralization fluids of low temperature, medium density but varied salinities are suggested to be derived from multi‐source, including the meteoric water and organic acidic vapor components from coal‐bearing strata. Uranium mineralization, grain‐dispersed kaolinite, limonite, colloidal pyrite, and the carbonate cements associated with sulfate‐reducing bacteria were formed by meteoric water and vermicular‐shaped kaolinite, autologous pyrite, and the carbonate cementation associated with the dehydroxylation of organic matter was formed by organic acidic. Based on these results, we consider that the uranium mineralization and epigenetic alteration both resulted from the reciprocity of organic–inorganic fluid and fluid–rock during the formation of the interlayer oxidation zone.
Genesis for Rare Earth Elements Enrichment in the Permian Manganese Deposits in Zunyi, Guizhou Province, SW China
Authors: XU Hai , GAO Junbo , YANG Ruidong , DU Lijuan , LIU Zhichen , CHEN Jun , FENG Kangning , YANG Guanghai
Published: July 2019

The Zunyi manganese deposits, which formed during the Middle to Late Permian period and are located in northern Guizhou and adjacent areas, are the core area of a series of large‐medium scale manganese enrichment minerogenesis in the southern margin and interior of the Yangtze platform, Southern China. This study reports the universal enrichment of rare earth elements (REEs) in Zunyi manganese deposits and examines the enrichment characteristics, metallogenic environment and genesis of REEs. The manganese ore bodies present stratiform or stratoid in shape, hosted in the silicon–mud–limestones of the Late Permian Maokou Formation. The manganese ores generally present lamellar, massive, banded and brecciated structures, and mainly consist of rhodochrosite, ropperite, tetalite, capillitite, as well as contains paragenetic gangue minerals including pyrite, chalcopyrite, rutile, barite, tuffaceous clay rock, etc. The manganese ores have higher ΣREE contents range from 158 to 1138.9 ppm (average 509.54 ppm). In addition, the ΣREE contents of tuffaceous clay rock in ore beds vary from 1032.2 to 1824.5 ppm (average 1396.42 ppm). The REEs from manganese deposits are characterized by La, Ce, Nd and Y enriched, and existing in the form of independent minerals (e.g., monazite and xenotime), indicating Zunyi manganese deposits enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE). The Ceanom ratios (average –0.13) and lithofacies and paleogeography characteristics indicate that Zunyi manganese deposits were formed in a weak oxidation‐reduction environment. The (La/Yb)ch, Y/Ho, (La/Nd)N, (Dy/Yb)N, Ce/Ce* and Eu/Eu* values of samples from the Zunyi manganese deposits are 5.53–56.92, 18–39, 1.42–3.15, 0.55–2.20, 0.21–1.76 and 0.48–0.86, respectively, indicating a hydrothermal origin for the manganese mineralization and REEs enrichment. The (δ13CV‐PDB (−0.54 to −18.1%) and (δ18OSMOW (21.6 to 26.0%) characteristics of manganese ores reveal a mixed source of magmatic and organic matter. Moreover, the manganese ore, tuffaceous clay rock and Emeishan basalt have extremely similar REE fractionation characteristic, suggesting REEs enrichment and manganese mineralization have been mainly origin from hydrothermal fluids.
Clinical features and outcome of acute exacerbation in connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease: A single‐center study from India
Authors: Singh Pratima , Thakur Bhaskar , Mohapatra Amrut Kumar , Padhan Prasanta
Published: July 2019

Background

Acute exacerbation (AE) of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is associated with high mortality, but there is limited clinical data on AE of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in connective tissue disease‐associated ILD (CTD ILD). The present study was conducted to provide prevalence and clinical features of AE, as well as various risk factors associated with mortality among AE CTD ILD patients.

Methods

Between May 2013 and April 2018, 15 patients who developed AE among 105 consecutive patients with CTD with chronic ILD were included. AE was defined using the criteria recently proposed by the IPF net, with slight modification for adaptation to CVD‐IP6 (collagen vascular disease‐associated interstitial pneumonia), and patients having CTD with AE met all the criteria.

Results

Fifteen patients with mean age of 45.8 ± 13.9 years developed AE; the most common subgroup (n = 5, 33%) was systemic sclerosis. The mean duration (months) between diagnosis of ILD and AE was 56.5 ± 38.0 with mean follow‐up duration of 24 ± 18.1 months. The baseline arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) was 81.7 ± 8.1 mm Hg and mean forced vital capacity (%) was 57.9 ± 8.9. Five patients requiring mechanical ventilation died. Patients with shorter duration (months) of disease between onset of ILD to AE had higher mortality, 40.4 ± 45.1 vs 64.6 ± 33.6. Those who had significantly lower baseline PaO2 (mean ± SD), 72.6 ± 3.4 vs 86.2 ± 5.3 mm Hg (P = .002) had higher mortality.

Conclusions

In our study, the majority of patients with AE CTD ILD had systemic sclerosis. Patients with lower baseline PaO2 and those requiring mechanical ventilation had higher mortality.
Persistent Changes in Stress‐Regulatory Genes in Pregnant Women or Children Exposed Prenatally to Alcohol
Authors: Sarkar Dipak K. , Gangisetty Omkaram , Wozniak Jeffrey R. , Eckerle Judith K. , Georgieff Michael K. , Foroud Tatiana M. , Wetherill Leah , Wertelecki Wladimir , Chambers Christina D. , Riley Edward , Zymak‐Zakutnya Natalya , Yevtushok Lyubov
Published: July 2019

Background

We have recently shown that binge or heavy levels of alcohol drinking increase deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation and reduce gene expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and period 2 (PER2) in adult human subjects (Gangisetty et al., Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 43, 2019, 212). One hypothesis would be that methylation of these 2 genes is consistently associated with alcohol exposure and could be used as biomarkers to predict risk of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Results of the present study provided some support for this hypothesis.

Methods

We conducted a series of studies to determine DNA methylation changes in stress regulatory genes proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and period 2 (PER2) using biological samples from 3 separate cohorts of patients: (i) pregnant women who consumed moderate‐to‐high levels of alcohol or low/unexposed controls, (ii) children with PAE and non–alcohol‐exposed controls, and (iii) children with PAE treated with or without choline.

Results

We found pregnant women who consumed moderate‐to‐high levels of alcohol and gave birth to PAE children had higher DNA methylation of POMC and PER2. PAE children also had increased methylation of POMC and PER2. The differences in the gene methylation of PER2 and POMC between PAE and controls did not differ by maternal smoking status. PAE children had increased levels of stress hormone cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Choline supplementation reduced DNA hypermethylation and increased expression of POMC and PER2 in children with PAE.

Conclusions

These data suggest that PAE significantly elevates DNA methylation of POMC and PER2 and increases levels of stress hormones. Furthermore, these results suggest the possibility that measuring DNA methylation levels of PER2 and POMC in biological samples from pregnant women or from children may be useful for identification of a woman or a child with PAE.
Disrupted Fear and Sadness Recognition in Binge Drinking: A Combined Group and Individual Analysis
Authors: Lannoy Séverine , Benzerouk Farid , Maurage Pierre , Barrière Sarah , Billieux Joël , Naassila Mickaël , Kaladjian Arthur , Gierski Fabien
Published: July 2019

Background

Binge drinking is a harmful pattern of alcohol consumption, associated with cognitive and cerebral impairments. Indeed, various cognitive processes have been identified as disrupted in binge drinking, ranging from perceptive to executive functions, but emotional processes have conversely been little investigated. Particularly, it is unclear to what extent binge drinkers (BD) present difficulties to recognize and categorize the emotions expressed by other individuals. Such an exploration would, however, offer a more comprehensive view of the deficits associated with alcohol‐related disorders and potentially involved in the maintenance of this harmful habit.

Methods

Fifty‐two BD and 42 control participants performed an emotional task assessing the ability to recognize 6 basic emotions (i.e., anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness). Accuracy score and detection threshold were collected for each emotion. To explore the extent of emotion recognition difficulties, 2 analyses were conducted: (i) classical repeated measures analyses of variance, to compare groups’ performance, and (ii) multiple single‐case analyses (i.e., Crawford's t‐tests), to determine the percentage of BD presenting genuine emotion recognition deficits. Correlations were also performed between alcohol consumption characteristics and emotional recognition scores.

Results

BD presented reduced performance for the recognition of fear and sadness. Multiple single cases highlighted that these deficits respectively concerned 21.15 and 15.38% of the binge drinking sample, and the relation between binge drinking and reduced sadness detection was supported by correlational analyses.

Conclusions

These findings show that binge drinking is associated with a disrupted processing of emotional stimuli. By identifying heterogeneity in the impairments presented by BD, the present results also underline the usefulness of a combined group and individual Analysis.
Value‐based decision‐making of cigarette and nondrug rewards in dependent and occasional cigarette smokers: An FMRI study
Authors: Lawn Will , Mitchener Ludovico , Freeman Tom P. , Benattayallah Abdelmalek , Bisby James A. , Wall Matt B. , Dodds Chris M. , Curran Helen V. , Morgan Celia J.A.
Published: July 2019

Little is known about the neural functioning that underpins drug valuation and choice in addiction, including nicotine dependence. Following ad libitum smoking, 19 dependent smokers (smoked≥10/day) and 19 occasional smokers (smoked 0.5‐5/week) completed a decision‐making task. First, participants stated how much they were willing‐to‐pay for various amounts of cigarettes and shop vouchers. Second, during functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants decided if they wanted to buy these cigarettes and vouchers for a set amount of money. We examined decision‐making behaviour and brain activity when faced with cigarette and voucher decisions, purchasing (vs not purchasing) cigarettes and vouchers, and “value signals” where brain activity correlated with cigarette and voucher value. Dependent smokers had a higher willingness‐to‐pay for cigarettes and greater activity in the bilateral middle temporal gyrus when faced with cigarette decisions than occasional smokers. Across both groups, the decision to buy cigarettes was associated with activity in the left paracingulate gyrus, right nucleus accumbens, and left amygdala. The decision to buy vouchers was associated with activity in the left superior frontal gyrus, but dependent smokers showed weaker activity in the left posterior cingulate gyrus than occasional smokers. Across both groups, cigarette value signals were observed in the left striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. To summarise, nicotine dependence was associated with greater behavioural valuation of cigarettes and brain activity during cigarette decisions. When purchasing cigarettes and vouchers, reward and decision‐related brain regions were activated in both groups. For the first time, we identified value signals for cigarettes in the brain.
Comparison of microRNAs in adipose and muscle tissue from seven indigenous Chinese breeds and Yorkshire pigs
Authors: Liang Y. , Wang Y. , Ma L. , Zhong Z. , Yang X. , Tao X. , Chen X. , He Z. , Yang Y. , Zeng K. , Kang R. , Gong J. , Ying S. , Lei Y. , Pang J. , Lv X. , Gu Y.
Published: July 2019

Elucidation of the pig microRNAome is essential for interpreting functional elements of the genome and understanding the genetic architecture of complex traits. Here, we extracted small RNAs from skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and we compared their expression levels between one Western breed (Yorkshire) and seven indigenous Chinese breeds. We detected the expression of 172 known porcine microRNAs (miRNAs) and 181 novel miRNAs. Differential expression analysis found 92 and 12 differentially expressed miRNAs in adipose and muscle tissue respectively. We found that different Chinese breeds shared common directional miRNA expression changes compared to Yorkshire pigs. Some miRNAs differentially expressed across multiple Chinese breeds, including ssc‐miR‐129‐5p, ssc‐miR‐30 and ssc‐miR‐150, are involved in adipose tissue function. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs are associated mainly with signaling pathways rather than metabolic and biosynthetic processes. The miRNA–target gene and miRNA–phenotypic traits networks identified many hub miRNAs that regulate a large number of target genes or phenotypic traits. Specifically, we found that intramuscular fat content is regulated by the greatest number of miRNAs in muscle tissue. This study provides valuable new candidate miRNAs that will aid in the improvement of meat quality and production.
Perceptions of anthrax in livestock from Victorian dairy farmers in the Goulburn‐Murray region of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Brownlie TS , Holmes I , Delahunty H , Salmon S , Hunnam JC
Published: July 2019

To inform future anthrax surveillance and response activities and to revitalise the communication strategy for producers and their communities, seven dairy farmers in the Goulburn‐Murray region of Victoria participated in a Design Thinking process to create a better method to share information about the annual probability of anthrax in their region.

Design Thinking is a structured, user‐centric design process that begins with intentionally un‐structured interviews. Following each interview, transcripts are disassembled into common themes identified by clustering similar statements from these interviews. This short contribution presents these themes re‐framed into eight core statements.

These statements provide a framework for the remainder of the Design Thinking process but in isolation provide a reference for stake‐holding agencies seeking to maximise farmer participation in surveillance programs for early anthrax detection, to encourage active farmer participation during a response and to minimise any anthrax‐associated stigma by affected farmers post‐response.
Salmonella monitoring programs in Australian feed mills: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Parker EM , Edwards LJ , Mollenkopf DF , Ballash GA , Wittum TE , Parker AJ
Published: July 2019

The availability of safe, commercially prepared stock feed for production animals is an important step in ensuring animal health and welfare and the safety of food animal products for human consumption. Animal feed quality assurance programs include microbiological monitoring of raw materials, mill equipment and finished feed. Over a period of 16 years, 23,963 samples for Salmonella culture and serotyping were collected from 22 stock feed mills. A multivariable generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to identify mill and sample type factors that increase the odds of detecting Salmonella. The odds of detecting a Salmonella positive sample was greatest in samples from raw materials and in mills that processed restricted animal material (RAM). The percentage of positive samples ranged from 7.2% in 2003 to 2.8% in 2017. Of the 1,069 positive samples, 976 were serotyped with 61 different Salmonella serotypes isolated. The serotype most frequently isolated from raw materials was S. Agona, (n = 108) whilst S. Anatum was the serotype most frequently isolated from equipment and finished feed (n = 156). The diversity of Salmonella serotypes differed between mills and different stages of the production line. Microbiological monitoring in the commercial preparation of animal feed in Australian stock feed mills guides the implementation of quality control measures and risk mitigation strategies thereby reducing the prevalence and diversity of potentially zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella, enhancing food safety for both animal and consumer.
Population profiles of child‐reported psychotic‐like experiences and their differential association with other psychopathologies
Authors: Laurens Kristin R. , Tzoumakis Stacy , Dean Kimberlie , Harris Felicity , Carr Vaughan J. , Green Melissa J.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

Childhood psychotic‐like experiences (PLEs) increase risk for concurrent and future psychiatric disorders but are common in the population. Strategies are needed to identify vulnerable individuals who may benefit from monitoring or targeted intervention. This study aimed to delineate profiles of childhood PLEs that might be differentially associated with other psychopathologies, and multiple psychopathology.

Design

Cross‐sectional, online self‐report survey.

Methods

Participants were 27,000 Australian children from a population cohort (13,416 girls; mean age 11.91 years) who completed an online self‐report questionnaire assessing PLEs (hallucinations and delusions) and Emotional, Peer Relationship, Conduct, and Hyperactivity–Inattention psychopathology. Latent class analysis differentiated classes of children showing different patterns of PLE responses, and multinomial logistic regression determined the association between the PLE classes and the various psychopathologies, adjusted for demographic covariates and the other psychopathologies.

Results

Five latent profiles of PLE responses were characterized as follows: None (27.4% of children), Minor (29.7%), Moderate (11.8%), Hallucinatory (21.0%), and Strong (10.2%). These classes showed distinct associations with other psychopathologies (odds ratios between 1.27 and 4.58), and dose–response relationships indicated increasing likelihood of multiple psychopathology for the Hallucinatory and Strong classes (odds ratio = 21.87 for ≥3 psychopathologies in the Strong class).

Conclusions

Tailored interventions that address the particular needs of these different classes of individuals may be warranted.

Practitioner points

Children aged 11–12 years who report psychotic‐like experiences (PLEs) can be classified into five different PLE profiles based on self‐reported questionnaire responses, which may reflect different pathological processes.

These PLE profiles show different patterns and magnitudes of increased risk for other types of psychopathology, and multiple psychopathology, suggesting that they present different treatment needs.

Cross‐sectional investigation of the associations between PLE profiles and other psychopathologies limits any conclusions as to the causal direction of these relationships.

Multi‐informant reports of psychopathology were unavailable.
Indigenous peoples, local communities, and Payments for Ecosystem Services
Authors: Smith Tonya , Bulkan Janette , Zerriffi Hisham , Tansey James
Published: July 2019

Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs are reshaping the governance of ecosystems and natural resources around the world. These programs often occur in spaces that are unceded, contested, or otherwise not legally recognized as Indigenous homelands, customary areas, and territories. Building on the discourses of Indigenous self‐determination, nationhood, and cultural responsibilities, this paper examines how PES programs produce unique outcomes for Indigenous peoples as ecosystem services providers. Our findings demonstrate and substantiate three themes that impact Indigenous ecosystem services providers uniquely: (1) the internationally recognized right to Free, Prior and Informed Consent for Indigenous peoples; (2) the reinforcement of settler colonial jurisdiction; and (3) mismatches between Indigenous knowledges and PES‐type approaches. The ways that PES programs run the risk of reifying and reducing Indigenous knowledges have not yet been adequately considered within current PES approaches. Our findings enable a conceptualization of PES as a new conservation tool within ongoing histories of land management and dispossession by settler colonial governments. We assess the strengths and challenges of PES programs as a departure from previous conservation modalities.
How governance mechanisms in family firms impact open innovation choices: A fuzzy logic approach
Authors: Pellegrini Luisa , Lazzarotti Valentina
Published: July 2019

The inbound open innovation (OI) process consists of the opening of the innovation funnel to the contribution of external partners, with the aim of tapping into their knowledge. This opportunity is particularly valuable for family firms (FFs), which often have insufficient resources. However, the literature on the OI behaviour of family firms is not conclusive. Indeed, both the behavioural theory (BT) and the resource‐based view (RBV) posit negative and positive outcomes regarding openness choices in FFs. We claim that these contrasting results can be reconciled if, according to the literature, FFs are seen as a heterogeneous breed, whose differences are determined by different levels of participation of non‐family members in the governance mechanisms. Indeed, non‐family members can act in favour of OI. However, previous literature has failed to satisfactorily grasp the nuances of this heterogeneity. We suggest that it is necessary to adequately operationalize the heterogeneity concept by means of fuzzy logic. We conducted a survey on 178 Italian FFs. Results show that the involvement of non‐family members affects the extent to which firms draw on knowledge from external partners. Specifically, the higher the involvement of non‐family members, the more there is collaboration with vertical partners along the supply chain.
Dental caries experience in children of a remote Australian Indigenous community following passive and active preventive interventions
Authors: Kroon Jeroen , Lalloo Ratilal , Tadakamadla Santhosh K. , Johnson Newell W.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To report on changes in dental caries experience in children of a remote Indigenous community following 6 years of passive preventive intervention (PPI) and 2 years of active preventive intervention (API).

Methods

Five consecutive cross‐sectional surveys were conducted on 4‐ to 15‐year‐old school going children between 2004 and 2017 following phases of Community Water Fluoridation (CWF), post‐cessation of CWF and API. Following treatment of any cavities present, API included selective placement of fissure sealants (FS) and an annual application of povidone‐iodine (PI) and fluoride varnish (FV). The World Health Organization's (WHO) “Oral Health Surveys – Basic Methods (4th Edition)” methodology was used in the first two and the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS‐II) in the latter three surveys. ICDAS‐II codes of 3‐6, representing advanced caries, were combined to allow comparison to the decayed component of the DMF caries index.

Results

Age‐weighted mean dmft decreased by 37.7% in the deciduous (DD) and DMFT by 35% in the permanent (PD) dentitions between the pre‐ and post‐CWF surveys, followed by increases of 25% and 7.7%, respectively, between the 1‐year and 4‐year post‐CWF surveys. After 2 years of API, mean dmft decreased by 14.3% and DMFT by 7.1%. Untreated dental caries however remained a concern in the DD and PD during both phases of PPI and of API. The decline in caries experience for both dentitions following 2 years of API exceeded that for the 6‐year period of PPI.

Conclusions

The annual reductions in caries experience of 7.2% (DD) and 8% (PD) during the phase of API exceeded annual decreases of 4.7% (DD) and 4.6% (PD) during the phase of PPI. Due to remoteness, cost and logistics in ensuring long‐term viability of API programmes, CWF remains necessary in this type of community.
Children forever: The search for origins among Chilean adults who were adopted
Authors: Salvo Agoglia Irene , Marre Diana
Published: July 2019

There has been a global increase in the number of adults who were adopted searching for their origins. This trend has promoted the interest of social sciences researchers, as well as carry out the obligations of states to provide specialized services. In this article, we present some results from the first qualitative study that explores the experiences of some Chilean adults who were adopted and searched for their origins in Chile through the National Service of Minor's Search for Origins Program. The narratives of the participants show that, in spite of legislative changes, a series of barriers and contradictions continue to exist, which make it difficult to guarantee the right to know one's origins. The legal and technical frameworks and practices analysed show how difficult it is to dismantle the “clean break” principle. They also highlight the persistence of the image of adoptees as “minors” who need the “protection” of their parents or professionals. We discuss the different challenges to be considered by researchers, practitioners, and policy‐makers involved in adoption policies and practices.
Genetic spectrum of renal disease for 1001 Chinese children based on a multicenter registration system
Authors: Rao Jia , Liu Xiaorong , Mao Jianhua , Tang Xiaoshan , Shen Qian , Li Guomin , Sun Li , Bi Yunli , Wang Xiang , Qian Yanyan , Wu Bingbing , Wang Huijun , Zhou Wenhao , Ma Duan , Zheng Bixia , Shen Ying , Chen Zhi , Luan Jiangwei , Wang Xiaowen , Wang Mo , Dang Xiqiang , Wang Ying , Wu Yubing , Hou Ling , Sun Shuzhen , Li Qian , Liu Xuemei , Bai Haitao , Yang Yang , Shao Xiaoshan , Li Yuhong , Zheng Shasha , Han Mei , Liu Cuihua , Cao Guanghai , Zhao Lijun , Qiu Sanling , Dong Yang , Zhu Ying , Wang Feiyan , Zhang Dongfeng , Li Yufeng , Zhao Liping , Yang Chunfang , Luo Xinhui , Chen Lizhi , Jiang Xiaoyun , Zhang Aihua , Xu Hong ,   for “Internet Plus” Nephrology Alliance of National Center for Children's Care
Published: July 2019

To explore the approaches and diagnostic yield of genetic testing for renal disease in children, we describe the genotype and phenotype of the national cohort of children with renal disease from 13 different regions of China recruited from 2014 to 2018 by building up the multicenter registration system (Chinese Children Genetic Kidney Disease Database, CCGKDD). Genetic diagnosis was confirmed in 42.1% of our cohort of 1001 pediatric patients with clinical suspicion of a genetic renal disease. Of the 106 distinct monogenetic disorders detected, 15 accounted for 60.7% of genetic diagnoses. The diagnostic yield was 29.1% in steroid resistant nephritic syndrome (SRNS), 61.4% in cystic renal disease, 17.0% in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), 62.3% in renal tubular disease/renal calcinosis, and 23.9% for chronic kidney disease (CKD) 3 to 5 stage with unknown origin. Genetic approaches of target gene sequence (TGS), singleton whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and trio‐WES were performed with diagnostic rates of 44.8%, 36.2%, and 42.6%, respectively. The early use of trio‐WES could improve the diagnostic rate especially in renal tubular disease and calcinosis. We report the genetic spectrum of Chinese children with renal disease. Establishment of the CCGKDD will improve the genetic work on renal disease.
Envisioning a New City Center: Time, Displacement, and Atlanta’s Suburban Futures
Authors: Lanari Elisa
Published: July 2019

In the fast‐growing, gentrifying metro Atlanta region, poor people and immigrants are simultaneously being priced out of inner city neighborhoods and displaced by suburban revitalization initiatives. Affordable housing activists struggle to adapt their strategies to the place and pace of redevelopment. In this context, focusing on time becomes increasingly crucial to understanding people’s varying experiences and responses to these phenomena. I develop this insight by attending to an often‐overlooked site of gentrification: a majority‐white, conservative, but rapidly diversifying suburb of Atlanta, Georgia. In 2012, this suburban municipality launched an ambitious plan to transform its sprawling, car‐centric landscape into a brand‐new “city center.” The project, inspired by the principles of new urbanism, was only the first step toward a broader redevelopment vision targeting the city’s most diverse neighborhoods. By analyzing planning documents alongside ethnographic data, I examine how affluent homeowners, renters, activists, and institutional actors differentially engaged with and endured the temporalities of redevelopment. I focus in particular on working poor Latinx families, who were first to be affected by these plans. Unlike nonresident activists, these people did not engage in overt forms of contestation, nor did they try to influence local planning decisions. Instead, they deployed various time‐tricking (Bear 2016) and place making tactics in an effort to build a life in the leftover spaces and “meantime” of redevelopment. Through creative uses of time and the re‐purposing of disinvested landscapes, Latinx residents endured the regime of temporal uncertainty and residential mobility (re)produced by redevelopment.
Nontariff measures and product differentiation: Hormone‐treated beef trade from the United States and Canada to the European Union
Authors: Soon Byung Min , Thompson Wyatt
Published: July 2019

We investigate how a combination of the sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measure and product differentiation affects beef trade and the consequences for the United States (US)–European Union (EU) hormone‐treated beef trade dispute. We develop a partial equilibrium model to represent the global beef markets and product differentiation between non‐hormone‐treated beef, hormone‐treated beef, and other beef. The results show that removing the SPS measure increases EU hormone‐treated beef imports from the US and Canada and decrease beef consumption. In addition, EU hormone‐treated beef consumption and imports can be related to a few key indicators of product differentiation. The framework we develop can estimate EU hormone‐treated beef consumption and imports based on a minimum of parameters relating to product differentiation, thereby providing useful applied economic analysis of a key trade measure.