bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEASURING THE CONTRIBUTION OF LAND AND WATER TO AGRICULTURE1
Authors: Long Roger B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Irrigated land outproduces dryland agriculture, especially in the western United States. Many valuable crops could not be grown without irrigation. A paucity of yield data does not allow direct measurement of the contribution from irrigated crop agriculture, nor does it allow evaluation of the contributions from livestock which are dependent upon irrigated feed. Regression results indicate that 80 percent of Idaho farm income is associated with irrigation, and that 75 percent of the farm income in the 17 western states is associated with irrigation. For the United States as a whole, results indicate that 13.7 percent of the total cropland (irrigated land) produced 41.3 percent of all cash receipts from farming in 1978. If 14 percent of the land can produce 40 percent of the value of production, can 35 percent of our land produce all our food and fiber needs? Such an allegation has several implications in terms of the adequacy of our land and water resources. It also emphasizes the role of technology in future resource use and production.
CALIBRATION OF SNYDER COEFFICIENTS FOR PENNSYLVANIA1
Authors: Miller Arthur C. , Kerr Sonja N. , Spaeder Donald J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Unit hydrograph theory is one of the most widely used techniques to predict surface runoff. The present study is concerned with the Snyder unit hydrograph and the calibration of the Snyder coefficients for Pennsylvania.

Twenty‐seven study basins were selected, located randomly across the state. With the rainfall and runoff recorded for several events for each basin (more than 500 events were analyzed) unit hydrographs were calculated and the Snyder coefficients determined. A map of the coefficients was drawn to illustrate the variability in the coefficients and two equations using multiple regression theory were developed. The unexplained variability of the coefficients suggests that upper and lower bounds on the peak flow might be placed on storm hydrographs developed for ungaged watersheds.
STREAMFLOW OF THE OCCOQUAN RIVER IN VIRGINIA AS RECONSTRUCTED FROM TREE‐RING SERIES1
Authors: Phipps Richard L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Tree‐ring indices representing seven sites were used to reconstruct monthly summer streamflow in the Occoquan River basin of northern Virginia from 1841 to 1975. Attempts were made to reconstruct flow for each of the months, April through August. Reconstructions for June, July, and August were judged most reliable. Major mid‐summer flow minima persisting for more than one year were reconstructed as having occurred in the early 1870's, the early 1930's, and the mid‐1960's. Aside from these major dry periods, a greater frequency of extreme low flow during individual years is indicated for the entire record than for the most recent 50 years.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF SALTWATER INTRUSION IN THE NORTHERN GUAM LENS1
Authors: Contractor Dinshaw N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT This paper deals with the application of a two‐dimensional, saltwater intrusion model to the aquifer in Northern Guam. The model used finite element theory and the Galerkin, weighted‐residual technique as its basis. The Northern Guam lens was discretized into 299 linear, triangular elements and 189 nodes. The model was calibrated using 1978 hydrologic data. The output of the model was compared with measured water levels in six observation wells. The calibrated values of permeability and porosity were then used to verify the model using 1979 data. A calibrated and verified model can be used to make an infinite variety of management and planning studies. In this study, three applications are provided that would be considered typical management runs. Steady state runs were made to compare the four conditions of no pumping, 1978 pumping levels, twice 1978 pumping levels, and five times 1978 pumping levels. The water levels due to these conditions are shown in plan and in cross sections of the aquifer. The effect of zero recharge to the aquifer is next demonstrated for the pumping levels existing during 1978. The final run shows how long the aquifer takes to reach steady state when the pumping rate is increased from the 1978 pumping level to twice that value. The program can be used for numerous other studies for management and planning purposes.
CONTROLLING GROUND WATER DEGRADATION IN THE TULARE LAKE BASIN1
Authors: Helweg Otto , Arora Sushil
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT This study examined the feasibility of extending the Accelerated Salt Transport (ASTRAN) method of groud water quality control to a complex, closed basin which is experiencing ground water quality degradation from irrigated agriculture (e.g., the Tulare Lake Basin in the Southern portion of the California Central Valley). A linear programming model was constructed and parametric analysis conducted which produced results with a “general appraisal” (or “level B”) degree of accuracy. The study concluded that a drainage water export drain is required in order to implement a long‐term solution but that ground water degradation can be mitigated by a combination of the ASTRAN method and other measures even with existing entitlements and legal constraints.
THE CONTINUING EVOLUTION OF AN AUSTRALIAN WATER RESOURCES POLICY1
Authors: Crabb Peter
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Australia's extremely limited water resources highlight the need for policy guidelines for management. During the 1970s, there was the gradual evolution of a national water resources policy, facilitated by a nationally agreed statement of objectives and culminating in a federal policy statement presented in 1979. However, the Australian constitution gives major responsibility for water resources to the states. Further, the federal policy statement seems to assume that each state has a water resources policy and that it accords with the nationally agreed objectives. This is not the case, and the practical management of Australia's water resources falls short of the principles set out in the policy document. The River Murray, the nation's major water resource, provides ample evidence of this fact. With very limited water resources, Australia urgently needs to reduce the disparity between principle and practice in their management.
ASPEN CLEARCUTTING INCREASES SNOWMELT AND STORM FLOW PEAKS IN NORTH CENTRAL MINNESOTA1
Authors: Verry Elon S. , Lewis Jeffrey R. , Brooks Kenneth N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Clearcutting aspen from the upland portion of an upland peatland watershed in north central Minnesota caused snowmelt peak discharge to increase 11 to 143 percent. Rainfall peak discharge size increased as much as 250 percent during the first two years after clearcutting, then decreased toward precutting levels in subsequent years. Storm flow volumes from rain during the first two years increased as much as 170 percent but declined to preharvest volumes in the third year. Snowmelt volumes did not significantly change. Snowmelt peak discharge occurred about four to five days earlier after clearcutting, but the timing of storm flow from rainfall was not changed.

Snowmelt peaks remained above precut size for nine years after clearcutting on an area undergoing natural regeneration to aspen saplings. Partial cutting ‐ up to approximately one‐half of the watershed ‐ reduced peak snowmelt discharge because melt was desynchronized in cleared and forested parts. Clearing more than 2/3 of the watershed caused snowmelt flood peak size to double during years with snow packs in excess of seven inches of water that remained until a day when maximum air temperatures exceeded 60d̀F.
POTENTIAL FOR AUGMENTING WATER YIELD THROUGH FOREST PRACTICES IN WESTERN WASHINGTON AND WESTERN OREGON1
Authors: Harr R. Dennis
Published: June 2007

Western Washington and western Oregon comprise a water‐rich region that has a very uneven annual distribution of both precipitation and streamflow. Highest demand for water coincides with lowest streamflow levels between July 1 and September 30 when less than 5 percent of annual water yield occurs. Increases in annual water yield in small, experimental watersheds in the region have ranged up to 600 mm after entire watersheds were logged and up to 300 mm in watersheds that were 25 to 30 percent logged. Most of the increase has occurred during the fall‐winter rainy season, and yield increases have been largest during the wettest years. Estimated sustained increases in water yield from most large watersheds subject to sustained yield forest management are at best only 3‐6 percent of unaugmented flows. Realistically, watersheds in this region will not be managed to produce more water. Water yield augmentation will continue to be only a small and variable by‐product of logging. The utility of water yield augmentation is limited by its size and by its occurrence relative to the time of water demand. In some local areas, reduction of fog interception and drip or establishment of riparian phreatophytic hardwoods may reduce summer flows.
STREAM WASTE ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY ANALYSIS USING REAERATION COEFFICIENTS MEASURED BY TRACER TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Liu Clark C. K. , Fok Yu‐Si
Published: June 2007

Atmospheric reaeration is a natural mechanism of oxygen transfer from the atmosphere to a water body. In practice, stream water quality models are developed with reaeration coefficients (K2) estimated by predictive equations. This leads to uncertainties in modeling analysis because these equations are empirical in nature and may yield greatly different K2 values for the same stream. Values of K2 may be adjusted in model calibration, but unfortunately, values of other model parameters are no less easy to identify and require adjustment in model calibration as well. Therefore, validity of a stream model would be enhanced significantly if K2 could be determined directly and reliably. In this research, values of K2 in the Canandaiqua Outlet in Central New York have been measured by using a gas tracer method. A successful modeling analysis was conducted using these K2 values. As a result, effluent limitations of several waste water discharges into the Outlet were established. It was concluded that field measurements of reaeration rate would improve modeling results significantly, and that the gas tracer method can be easily incorporated into intensive water quality surveys normally required for stream modeling.
VIEWS OF WESTERN WHITEWATER FLOATERS TOWARD POSSIBLE SAFETY MEASURES1
Authors: Schomaker John H.
Published: June 2007

For a risk recreation activity like whitewater boating, a manager's goal of providing for the health and safety of the visitor may conflict with the goal of providing the opportunity for a satisfying recreation experience. As whitewater river managers face the problem of safety and risks, they should consider what users think about safetyprograms. The views of whitewater boaters toward (1) first aid equipment requirements, (2) signs warning of hazards, (3) aggressive enforcement of the rules, and (4) patrols to assist and regulate users were determined on 13 river segments in the western United States. A test was made of the relation between views toward safety measures and the level of risk and thrills sought by floaters. Conclusions of the study are: (1) river floaters' views toward possible management safety measures are not related to the amount of risk they desire; and (2) floaters, in general, prefer some safety measures to others. If safety measures mean that managers will be more visible on the river, floaters tend to dislike them. Therefore, a manager's approach to safety management should parallel the approach to recreation management in general, and regulation of use should be the minimum necessary to achieve safety objectives.
RELIABILITY OF THE DESIGN STORM CONCEPT IN EVALUATING RUNOFF PEAK FLOW1
Authors: Beaudoin Pierre , Rousselle Jean , Marchi Gilles
Published: June 2007

A comparative study was undertaken to evaluate peak runoff flow rates using (1) a continuous series of actual rainfall events and (2) design storms. The ILLUDAS computer model was used to simulate runoff over a catchment within the city of Montreal, Canada. A ten‐year period, five‐minute increment rainfall data base was used to derive peak flow frequency curves. Two types of design storms were analyzed: one derived from intensity duration frequency curves (Chicago type), the other from averaging actual rainfall patterns (Huff type). Antecedent soil moisture conditions were considered in the analyses. It was found that the probability distribution of runoff peak flow was sensitive to the choice of design storm pattern and to the antecedent soil moisture condition. A symmetrical, Chicago‐type design storm with antecedent dry soil moisture produced a flow frequency curve similar to the one obtained from a series of historical rainfall events.
THE NATURE OF LONG RUN COST SAVINGS DUE TO WATER CONSERVATION1
Authors: Walski Thomas M.
Published: June 2007

Savings in capital, operation, and maintenance costs of new water supply facilities are referred to as “long run foregone costs.” Any conservation measure leads to reduction of water use or loss, however, significant long run foregone costs are realized only when reductions in size or delays in construction of facilities result. In order to accurately evaluate these costs it is necessary to know which facilities are affected and how they are affected (i.e., eliminated, downsized, or delayed). The effects of several levels of conservation on long run fore gone costs for an actual study are presented and some easy to use equations that may be used to calculate such savings are then derived. Some rules are presented to determine if it is more economical to delay construction or downsize facilities.
SIMPLE MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL SURFACE MICRORELIEF CHARACTERISTICS1
Authors: White Everett M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Soil surface roughness and the topographic orientation of microrelief influence runoff and water storage. Distances measured following the surface of the microrelief and horizontally across the area with the microrelief can be used with the number of microridges or microhills to estimate the average cross‐sectional areas of the depression, the microslope angles, and crest heights. Microridge sideslope angles which effect the rate of runoff were estimated reasonably well in field plots by the method.
WATER AND WASTE WATER IN IMPERIAL ROME1
Authors: Hansen Roger D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Rome is noted for its water and waste water systems which were constructed during ancient times. This paper is a discussion of the impact these systems had on living conditions in the imperial city. Rome's water system provided a constant supply to centrally located areas in contrast to modern systems which deliver water on demand to individual connections. For both water and waste water systems, access points were generally outside the household. Because of this lack of individual connections, Romans were forced to spend much of their time outside their tenements in the baths, latrines, arenas, streets, and shops of the imperial city.
MISSOURI RIVER ‐ THE NEW COMPACTING GAME1
Authors: Harris Mary Ellen
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper addresses the recent interest in management of the Missouri River. Interstate issues in the river basin include interbasin water diversions, riverbed and shoreline degradation, loss of recreational and natural areas, reduction in navigation capacity, the status of the Pick‐Sloan Missouri Basin Program in terms of general river development, and the elimination of river basin commissions, An attempt to develop a comprehensive interstate water compact failed in the 1950s. The new efforts towards establishing a compact are discussed, as well as other available mechanisms for resolution of the current political and legal differences among the ten river basin states.
RELATIONSHIP OF NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS TO DISTANCE OF WELL SCREEN OPENINGS BELOW CASING WATER LEVELS1
Authors: Spruill Timothy B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Data from 54 well in central and eastern Kansas developed in unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age indicate that nitrate concentrations are inversely related to the depth of the well screen opening below the water level in the well casing because this relationship was found to exist in an area of Nebraska and in a large area of Kansas, the relationship is generally valid over a wide geo‐ graphical area. In addition, the data indicate that the incidence of nitrate concentrations exceeding 45 milligrams per liter and nitrate concentrations, in general, are significantly lower in water from wells with screens deeper than 25 feet below the water table in unconfined aquifers or where screens are placed in deep confined aquifers. No concentrations of nitrate greater than 45 milligrams per liter were in obseved wells where screens were deeper than 60 feet below the casing water level. These findings suggest that general placement of well screens as far below the water table as possible in unconfined unconsolidated aquifers in Kansas. and possibly other areas of the Midwest, may be an effective measure in preventing undesirable nitrate concentrations in ground water supplies. particularly in areas where nitrate is a problem.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS RELATED TO LAKE ACIDIFICATION IN QUEBEC1
Authors: Bobee Bernard , Lachance Marius
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Physico‐chemical data from 234 lakes were collected during the spring and summer of 1980 by the Quebec Ministry of the Environment, the Quebec Ministry of Recreation, Hunting and Fishing and the Canadian Wildlife Service. A statistical method, based on the joint use of factorial correspondence analysis and cluster analysis, was applied to these data to obtain a general picture of the spatial variability of a number of physico‐chemical parameters related to the sensitivity or acidification of lakewaters. This method was first applied to the entire Quebec territory, and showed that the part of Quebec lying on the Canadian shield is especially vulnerable to acidification. The method also showed that the southwestern portion of this area of Quebec was more substantially affected by acid fallout. A detailed study of spatial variability over the shield area revealed the existence of greater spatial heterogeneity. More precisely, it was possible to pinpoint zones which are highly vulnerable to acid precipitation and zones whose lakes show clear signs of acidification resulting from such precipitation. These two statistical analyses led to a first general diagnosis on lake acidification in Quebec. They contributed to the rationalization of data acquisition in Quebec by delimitating zones where network density needs to be increased.
WATER‐ENERGY LINKAGES IN NEBRASKA1
Authors: Gilliland Martha W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Nebraska is well endowed with water, particularly groundwater, but has few fossil fuel reserves. However, it is located adjacent to states which have almost no water but have enormous quantities of coal and oil shale. Recent court cases facilitate the movement of water from water‐rich states such as Nebraska to water‐short states, such as Colorado and Wyoming. The possibility of an energy‐water partnership exists and raise numerous policy questions.

Within Nebraska, energy consumption patterns are similar to those of the nation's, with consumption of electricity in the agricultural sector growing fastest. Water consumption in the state is dominated by agriculture, and future development of groundwater for irrigation is expected to be intense.

Although water and energy are both factors of economic production, an equivalent amount of water consumption provides more jobs in the energy industries than in agriculture. Water and energy are also interdependent. Each is required to produce the other and conservation of one will cause conservation of the other. If both agriculture and electricity are involved, such as in irrigation, the conservation effects are synergistic.

Current water policy in Nebraska is biased toward agriculture relative to the energy industries and provides little incentive for water conservation. Given recent court cases and economic conditions, the advantages and disadvantages of the sale of water for export or the use of water with Wyoming coal for energy development need to be compared systematically with those of using water only for agriculture.
AN INEXPENSIVE WEIR AND PROPORTIONAL SAMPLER FOR MINIATURE WATERSHED ECOSYSTEMS1
Authors: Nabholz J.V. , Crossley D. A. , Best G. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A weir system with a proportional sampler for use on miniature watershed ecosystems is described. Eight weir collection systems were evaluated for their ability to measure and sample inputs and outputs of soil‐island ecosystems which occur on granite outcrops. The proportion of water actually collected by the weir systems was generally less than the proportion the systems were designed to sample, but adequate for supplying data needed for estimating elemental budgets. The weir systems were not able to account for 25 to 50 percent of the variation in total water passing over the cutoff wall. Several ways of improving overall performance of the weir systems are discussed.
TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE LOXAHATCHEE RIVER ESTUARY, SOUTHEASTERN FLORIDA, 1979–811
Authors: McPherson Benjamin F. , Sonntag Wayne H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon in the Loxahatchee River estuary decreased with increasing salinity in a manner indicating that mixing and dilution of freshwater by seawater was the primary process controlling the down‐stream concentrations of nutrients. Most of the nutrients in the surface freshwater inflows entered the estuary from five major tributaries; however, about 10 percent of the total nitrogen and 32 percent of the total phosphorus were from urban stormwater runoff. The input of nutrients was highly seasonal and storm related. During a 61‐day period of above average rainfall that included Tropical Storm Dennis, the major tributaries discharged 2.7 metric tons of total phosphorus, 75 metric tons of total nitrogen, and 1,000 metric tons of organic carbon to the estuary. This period accounted for more than half of the total nutrient load from the major tributaries during the 1981 water year (October 1, 1980, through September 30, 1981). Inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen increased relative to total phosphorus and nitrogen during storm runoff. Nutrient yield from the basin, expressed as grams per square meter of basin area, was relatively low. However, because the basin area (544 square kilometers) is large compared with the volume of the estuary, the basin might be expected to contribute significantly to estuarine enrichment were it not for tidal flushing. Approximately 60 percent of the total volume of the estuary is flushed on each tide. Because the estuary is well flushed, it probably has a large tolerance for nutrient loading.
A SURVEY OF STATE WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAMS IN THE U.S.1
Authors: Debo Thomas N. , Rogers Nancy
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Adequate water supplies are critical to the maintenance of a community's health and economic well‐being. Across the nation communities are struggling to meet an expanding demand for water from municipal, industrial, agricultural, recreation, water quality, and power generation users. As the demand grows and communities actively compete with one another for a limited water supply, states are being called upon to help solve the problem. One possible solution that is being used in many areas is the development and implementation of a water conservation program to stretch the limited supply as far as possible. using a mailed survey, state water conservation programs and some of the characteristics of the different programs were documented. Responses to the nationwide survey were obtained from all 50 states. The specific water conservation program elements on which information was received from the survey included laws and restricted use, community assistance, education, research, and other services. Recommendations for states developing or considering the development of a water conservation program are outlined.
THE EFFECTS OF A MOVING RAINSTORM ON DIRECT RUNOFF PROPERTIES1
Authors: Foroud N. , Broughton R. S. , Austin G. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The effects of a moving rainstorm on flood runoff characteristics were investigated. A flood hydrograph simulation model called “FH‐Model” and a natural watershed were used. A hypothetical rainstorm of 50 years recurrence interval, 75 mm depth, and 4 hours duration was used to show the effects of velocity and direction of the moving rainstorm on the runoff characteristics. Compared with an equivalent stationary rainstorm (ESRS), the peak flow caused by a rainstorm moving in a downstream direction with a speed equal to channel velocity, V, was 27.5 percent higher and the peak flow caused by the same rainstorm moving in an upstream direction was 21.7 percent smaller. These percentages reduced to 10.5 percent and 8.6 percent for storms moving downstream and upstream, respectively, at three times the channel velocity, 3V. There were negligible differences in the time of peak, Tp between runoff caused by storms moving downstream and runoff produced by ESRS. However, Tp for a storm moving upstream at V velocity was 82 percent higher than that produced by ESRS, but was reduced to 27 percent higher when the storm velocity was 3V.
UNIVARLATE LEAST SQUARES MUSKINGUM FLOOD ROUTING1
Authors: Heggen Richard J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Muskingum method of hydrologic flood routing is based on a graphical bivariate curve fitting procedure. The subjectivity of this procedure may lead to problems of reproducibility and provides no guarantee of model coefficients which minimize the error of estimation. A transformation is developed to express the Muskingum method as a univariate transcendental function suitable for numeric solution. Solution of this function minimizes the sum of the squared deviations between estimated and measured rates of discharge. Five textbook examples of the Muskingum method are evaluated by the univariate transformation. Error reductions range from negligible to tenfold. While the univariate transformation may not improve upon graphically‐based results in every case, in no instances are the univariate results inferior; in many cases they are superior.
WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING IN REAL‐TIME1
Authors: Huber A. Leon
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A strategy is developed for making seasonal water supply forecasts in real time. It links the traditional regression based forecasting techniques to real‐time data acquired by systems such as the Soil Conservation Service SNOTEL and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Hydromet networks. The concept is based on interpolating between the forecast values obtained by using real‐time data in the forecast equations that bracket the real time. Different interpolation procedures were examined and the procedure for calculating confidence intervals about the forecast estimates is developed. The entire conceptual procedure is demonstrated using data from the Reynolds Creek, Idaho, experimental watershed maintained by the USDA‐ARS Northwest Watershed Research Center in Boise, Idaho.
AN ANALYSIS OF RISING IRRIGATION COSTS IN THE GREAT PLAINS1
Authors: Sloggett Gordon R. , Mapp Harry P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Irrigation costs are rising rapidly on the 32 million acres irrigated with ground water. Ground water levels are declining under about 15 million of those acres adding to increased costs. However, from 1975 to 1982, 75 to 80 percent of increased ground water irrigation costs were due to higher nominal energy prices and interest rates. In real dollars, adjusted for inflation, these costs have risen faster than other irrigation costs and the real rise in commodity prices has been very small. A continuation of rapidly rising costs and slowly rising prices will shorten the economic life of those aquifers experiencing declining water levels. That same condition of prices and costs place all ground water irrigators in a disadvantaged position compared to nonirrigators and could cause a decline in ground water irrigation.
WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL PUMPAGE IN THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER, FLORIDA1
Authors: Belanger Thomas V. , Vonderen Scott D. Van
Published: June 2007

Several large agricultural pumps, located in the upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, and representative of the numerous pumps operating in the basin, were monitored during the spring and summer of 1982. These pumps have rated capacities ranging from 36 to 334 ft3/s and drain various quantities of improved pasture, row crop, and citrus land uses. The combined total pumping capacity of the pumps in this study is approximately equal to the average flow at US 192, near Melbourne (691 cfs). Results indicate high nutrient and suspended solids loading to the river, but the relative magnitude of each parameter varies with pump site and date. The row crop/Mary A pump (267 ft3/s capacity) exhibited the poorest water quality of the sampled pumps and appeared to have the greatest pollutional potential. The average suspended solids loading rate from the Mary A pump was high (37,900 Kg/day). The average total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) discharge concentrations at this pump were also high, with values of 3.96 mg/L and 0.79 mg/L, respectively. As expected, nutrient loading rates reflected discharge rates, to a large degree. Average TN loading rates for the pumping stations varied from 86 to 1935 Kg/day while TP loading ranged from 7 to 390 Kg/day. Nutrients from pumping are contributing factors to the increasing aquatic plant growth and algal blooms in the area. Poor quality discharge water, as well as rapid rises in water level from the cumulative discharges resulting in dead marsh vegetation and accompanying oxygen sags, have been suggested as causative factors for fish kills in the area.
DIFFERENTIAL ACCUMULATION OF SELENIUM AMONG AXIAL MUSCLE, REPRODUCTIVE AND LIVER TISSUES OF FOUR WARMWATER FISH SPECIES1
Authors: Sager David R. , Cofield Clarence R.
Published: June 2007

Bluegill (Lepotmis macrochirus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), white catfish (Ictalurus catus), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), collected from an electric power plant cooling reservoir and a municipal water supply reservoir near Roxboro, North Carolina, were analyzed for selenium concentrations in axial muscle, reproductive and liver tissues. Fishes from the municipal water reservoir had lower selenium concentrations (≤0.2‐2.1 μg/g ‐ wet weight) than found in the cooling reservoir fishes (1.6‐70.0 μg/g ‐ wet weight) but similar distributions of concentrations among the tissues was evident. Selenium was differentially accumulated, with higher concentrations in liver tissues (0.7‐70.0 μg/g ‐ wet weight), followed by female reproductive tissues (0.7‐25.0 μg/g ‐ wet weight), axial muscle tissues (≤0.2‐23.0 μg/g ‐ wet weight) and male reproductive tissues (0.2‐7.2 μg/g ‐ wet weight).
THE TENDENCY OF A NEW WATER DISINFECTANT TO PRODUCE TOXIC TRIHALOMETHANES1
Authors: Worley S. D. , Burkett H. D. , Price J. F.
Published: June 2007

A new organic N‐chloramine disinfectant (3‐chloro‐4, 4‐dimethyl‐2‐oxazolidinone, agent I) has been compared with calcium hypochlorite as to its tendency to react with organic matter in water to produce toxic trihalomethanes. Agent I reacts much less readily with organic demand than does calcium hypochlorite. This study shows that agent I should be safe to use as a disinfectant for water containing appreciable organic load in either sunlight or darkness. On the other hand, calcium hypochlorite may not be a satisfactory disinfectant from the toxicity standpoint for water which contains organic load which must be stored for extended time periods in either sunlight or darkness.
PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD ESTIMATION‐EASTERN UNITED STATES1
Authors: Ely Paul B. , Peters John C.
Published: June 2007

In 1982, the National Weather Service (NWS) published criteria for developing the spatial and temporal precipitation distribution characteristics of Probable Maximum Storms. The criteria, which are intended for use in the United States east of the 105th meridian, involve four variables: (1) location of the storm center, (2) storm‐area size, (3) storm orientation, and (4) temporal arrangement of precipitation amounts. A computer program has been developed which applies the NWS criteria to produce hyetographs of spatially‐averaged precipitation for a basin, or for each subbasin if the basin is subdividided. The basis and operational characteristics of the program are described, and an application is illustrated in which the program is used in conjunction with a precipitation‐runoff simulation program (HEC‐1) to compute a Probable Maximum Flood.
EFFLUENT IRRIGATION OF PARA GRASS: WATER, NITROGEN, AND BIOMASS BUDGETS1
Authors: Handley Linda L. , Ekern Paul C.
Published: June 2007

Para grass, irrigated with secondary domestic sewage effluent, showed excellent response for disposal of large amounts of water, effective nitrogen removal, and high production of excellent fodder. This grass is found throughout the tropics and parts of the subtropics. It endures flooding and forms dense, easily maintained stands. This is the first time its use has been reported for effluent irrigation.

Water, nitrogen, and biomass budgets over a 17‐month period were measured in eight percolate style lysimeters.

Under irrigation rates as great as 98 mm/day, five days/week, evapo‐transpiration averaged 4.6 mm/day. With nitrogen applications of 130 to 2,600 kg/ha/yr, ≥ 79 percent of applied nitrogen was harvested in the grass; 3 percent percolated; and ≤ 28 percent was denitrified. With the highest effluent irrigation rates, nitrate‐nitrogen levels remained below the 10 mg/L maximum recommended for potable water.

Crop productivity for full effluent treatments averaged 110 t/ha/yr, dry weight. Maximum calculated crude protein content was 13 percent. No nitrate‐nitrogen level in the forage exceeded 0.1 percent.
LOCAL OPPOSITION TO THE TRANSFER OF WATER SUPPLIES:AN OKLAHOMA CASE STUDY1
Authors: Shelley Fred M. , Wijeyawickrema Chandrasiri
Published: June 2007

Interregional conflicts over the allocation and transfer of water supplies have occurred with increasing frequency in the contemporary United States. This paper presents the results of a case study of citizen opposition to a proposal to transfer water supplies within Oklahoma. Residents of the area adjacent to Lake Tenkiller in eastern Oklahoma were surveyed concerning their reactions to a proposal of the City of Tulsa to transfer large volumes of water from the reservoir to the city. Results of the survey indicated that a community based concern for preserving local water levels transcended individual self‐interests in maintaining Tenkiller's water levels. The results support the recently developed concept of “turf politics,” which suggests that regional and community based considerations tend to dominate interregional locational conflict resolution.
EFFECTS OF SALINITY ON PREFERRED AND LETHAL TEMPERATURES OF THE BLACKCHIN TILAPIA, SARATHERODON MELANOTHERON1
Authors: Stauffer Jay R. , Vann David K. , Hocutt Charles H.
Published: June 2007

Acclimation to varying salinities did not affect the preferred temperature of Saratherodon melanotheron, which had a final preferred temperature of 33.5 C. However, fish acclimated to 25 C and 0, 15, and 30 o/oo salinities had lower lethal temperatures of 15, 13, and 15 C, respectively, and an upper lethal temperature of 37 C. The thermal zone of tolerance for fish acclimated in freshwater was 17‐35 C, and was not dependent upon acclimation temperatures. Data suggest this species could expand its range in North America.
FLOW‐THROUGH MICROCUVETTE FOR FLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CHLOROPHYLL1
Authors: Knowlton Matthew F.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes a flow‐through microcuvette for determination of chlorophyll with the Turner Designs model 10 fluorometer. The device approximately doubles the speed of repetitive chlorophyll determinations. With a single‐standard calibration procedure, chlorophyll concentrations in the approximate range of 0.01‐2.0 ug/mL (in solvent extracts) can be determined with a relative error of less than 3 percent.
ESTIMATION OF DRAINAGE AREAS IN A HOMOGENEOUS LANDSCAPE1
Authors: Phillips Jonathan D.
Published: June 2007

In areas where there is little or no topographic relief and where soils, vegetation, geologic structure and other factors are essentially uniform, identification of drainage basin boundaries is difficult or impossible. In such a homogeneous landscape, however, assumptions may be made that the hydrologic and geomorphic controls over drainage basin development are constant within the area. If this is true, it is suggested, the drainage area of a stream is related solely to the stream length and factors governing the length‐area relationship are also constant. A simple formula based on these assumptions and the gravity model is proposed which can be used to estimate drainage divides in a homogeneous landscape.
USE OF A DAM BREAK MODEL TO ASSESS FLOODING AT HADDAM NECK NUCLEAR POWER PLANT1
Authors: Scherrer James S. , Chery Donald L.
Published: June 2007

Because of their proximity to necessary supplies of cooling water, nuclear power plants are susceptible to riverine flooding. Greater flood hazards exist where plants are located downstream of large dams. The consequences of the Quabbin Reservoir dam failure on the Haddam Neck Nuclear Power Plant situated on the Connecticut River were investigated using a dam break flood routing model. Reasons for selecting a particular model are presented and the input assumptions for the modeling process are developed. Relevant information concerning the level of manpower involvement is presented. The findings of this analysis demonstrate that the plant is adequately protected from the consequences of the postulated flood event.
FARMERS' ATTITUDES TOWARD NONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL AND PARTICIPATION IN COST‐SHARE PROGRAMS1
Authors: Kerns Waldon R. , Kramer Randall A.
Published: June 2007

The success of government programs to control nonpoint source pollution depends upon attitudes toward those programs and the availability of technical and financial assistance. Applicants for the Rural Clean Water Program cost‐share funding in Virginia possess different personal and operational characteristics than do nonapplicants. Factors associated with participation in the Rural Clean Water Program differed from those associated with the more traditional soil conservation programs. Discriminant analysis was used to differentiate between other farmers who may become applicants and nonapplicants.

Farmers' attitudes toward various policy options for inducing implementation of nonpoint source management practices varied greatly. Farmers were most favorable to cost sharing, low‐interest loans and tax credits, and least favorable to a soil loss tax. They were either very favorably or very unfavorably inclined toward cross‐compliance between pollution control and other agricultural programs.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC DAMAGE CAUSED BY SEDIMENT FROM AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCES1
Authors: Duda Alfred M.
Published: June 2007

Environmental and economic damages caused by agricultural nonpoint source inputs of sediment and associated pollutants are examined. Widespread water quality problems are identified in lakes, rivers, and estuaries in agricultural areas, and billions of dollars of on‐site and offsite costs result from this eroded soil every year. Some water bodies have been irretrievably damaged, and expensive rehabilitation programs are needed to remedy in‐place water pollution problems if Clean Water Act goals are to be achieved. Unless effective abatement and rehabilitation programs are established, billions of dollars of benefits to future generations will not be realized as more waters become irretrievably damaged, and billions more will continue to be spent by government to treat symptoms of these sediment‐related problems.
SIMULATION AND DECISIONMAKING: THE PLATTE RIVER BASIN IN NEBRASKA1
Authors: Gilliland Martha W. , Becker Lee , Cady Ralph , Gabig Joe , Gilley James , Kern Richard A. , Larson Arley , Nguyen Quang M. , Powers William , Supalla Raymond
Published: June 2007

Substantial conflict exists over water management and allocation in the Platte River Basin of Nebraska. An interdisciplinary computer simulation model, representing the water quantity, water quality, environmental, and economic dimensions of the conflict, was developed in order to analyze the tradeoffs among allocation scenarios. Most importantly, decisionmakers and interest groups were involved in model development.

Simulation results for a base case and two scenarios are presented. One scenario favors protection of instream flow for wildlife; the other favors water diversions for agriculture. Impacts of the instream flow scenario, as measured by the amount of land irrigated, groundwater levels, the amount of wildlife habitat for cranes and catfish, and net agricultural benefits did not differ greatly from those of the base case. However, impacts of the diversion scenario were substantial. On the negative side, instream flows and wildlife habitat declined an average of 39 percent; while, on the positive side, groundwater levels and net agricultural benefits each increased 6 percent.

The modeling process was successful insofar as it promoted an understanding among the highly diverse interest groups of the systems nature of the Basin. One agreement on a water diversion schedule among three of the parties has been reached, partly as a result of this process. More comprehensive compromises have not yet been forged. Our experience, however, indicates that modeling success at the policymaking level depends more on the extent to which the policymakers understand the model than it does on model sophistication.
FLOWING WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Keup Lowell E.
Published: June 2007

Using data related to stream order and the morphological characteristics associated with streams of different discharge rates, an estimate of the river resources of the United States is made. The national totals are: 3,200,000 miles total length of rivers; 15,000 square miles of river surface; and 29 cubic miles of water stored in river channels. Using the same techniques, more exact estimates may be made for individual river basins. Suggestions are given for application of the techniques and river data in the management of water resources.
ADDRESSING SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Viessman Warren
Published: June 2007

Understanding social goals and objectives and incorporating them in water resources planning, management, education and engineering processes is the key to solving many current and emerging water resources problems. Water resources professionals must turn more of their attention to this issue. Various avenues are open for their involvement. They include lobbying, participating in government, education and research, publishing, establishing institutions, interacting with the public and analyzing existing systems.
STORM CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVECTIVE‐SCALE PRECIPITATION1
Authors: Pani Eric A. , Haragan Donald R.
Published: June 2007

A classification scheme for convective precipitation, having applications in both analysis and modeling of meteorological and hydrological events, is presented. The method is based upon observations of rainfall at the ground, radar scans of storm events, and visible and infrared satellite imagery of larger storm systems. Empirical and theoretical frequency distributions are derived for total storm rainfall, rainfall duration and time between storms for each of the convective categories. This stratification is directly applicable to the experimental design and evaluation of weather modification projects and may be useful for the development and interpretation of meteorological and hydrological models. When atmospheric conditions limit storm development to cells, rainfall was seldom observed. Small clusters also produce small amounts of rainfall but have a longer lifetime than cells and are likely candidates for cloud seeding attempts to encourage their growth to large clusters. Large and nested clusters usually produce large amounts of natural precipitation. A few large storms account for most of a season's rainfall.
FOG DRIP, WATER YIELD, AND TIMBER HARVESTING IN THE BULL RUN MUNICIPAL WATERSHED, OREGON1
Authors: Ingwersen James B.
Published: June 2007

Analysis of recent streamflow data from the Fox Creek Experimental Watersheds in the Bull Run Municipal Watershed, Oregon, indicates a significant recovery from the impacts on summer water yield due to a loss of fog drip upon timber harvesting. Measurable impacts and their associated recovery are notable only during the months of June and July. Recovery begins about five or six years following harvest, possibly due to renewed fog drip from prolific revegetation. Watershed positioning with respect to prevailing weather systems and the extent of burning or removal of slash and residual vegetation during logging appear to be important factors in predicting the impact of fog drip reduction associated with planned harvest. Apparently, once the temporary reduction in summer yield is offset by renewed fog drip, the expected increase in yield due to decreased evapotranspiration can be observed. Redistribution of fog drip may be a major factor in the measurements of local interception and water yield.
BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE RESPONSE TO POLLUTION ABATEMENT: STRUCTURAL CHANGES AND FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS1
Authors: Rabeni Charles F. , Davies Susan P. , Gibbs K. Elizabeth
Published: June 2007

We examined changes in certain structural and functional aspects of the benthic invertebrate community in the Penobscot River, Maine, between 1974 and 1981. During this period, two pulp and paper manufacturers and three municipalities spent an estimated $33 million to reduce point source effluents harmful to aquatic life. We developed a biotic index based on objectively derived pollution tolerance values for resident taxa. Analysis of the benthic invertebrate community indicated that substantial improvement in water quality had resulted from pollution abatement. We established a four‐group water quality classification scheme based on biotic index ranges, and showed that every site that was not in the best water quality classification in 1974 improved its classification to a better water quality group in 1981, and that the sites in the best group did not change. Relative abundances of functional feeding groups also changed, as were predicted by the river continuum theory. The effluents had acted as a “reset mechanism” that shifted polluted areas from autotrophic to more heterotrophic conditions. The direction of the shift was reversed in response to abatement efforts. Functional analyses of energy dynamics could lead to a more ecologically sound classification of water quality.
A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING SCOUR AND FILL OF SALMON SPAWNING RIFFLES IN HEADWATER STREAMS1
Authors: Duncan S. H. , Ward J. W.
Published: June 2007

A 30 x 0.9 cm piece of steel rod bent in the shape of an “L” and attached by hose clamps to a 15 x 3.2 cm section of plastic pipe sliding on an 86 x 1.9 cm steel shaft was tested for use in measuring scour and fill of salmon spawning riffles. Installed along channel cross‐sections, results of tests at four sites on two hydraulically different streams showed the device to be useful in monitoring event specific scour and fill. Measurement error was estimated to be ± 10 mm.