bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constants of Communication. Quantity in Language System and Semantics of Change in Speech Structure
Authors: Шапошников  , Shaposhnikov Vladimir
Published: October 2014

Alongside the category of multitude within the expression of definite quantity

presentation as a set of properties, defining the quantity of a phenomenon

there is the reflection of quantity change. The multitude in its change is

designated and the count as the object determination reflected. It is phenomenon

of the quantity increase and decrease. The numerical change takes

place in the reality and it occurrence objective definition; its singleness and

articulation are in language mind made. Some correlations between dynamic

spheres are formed up.

The basic idea of this system exists. Its intrinsic constituents are in the correlation

with its statement noted. The quantitative changing as the semantic

problem is in the working described. The logical scheme of quantitative

changing, its language structures, the semantic series quantitative changing

correlation, is noted. The quantitative expression means and modes

aggregate, their organization in the Russian language system is described

and analyzed. The changes in the expression means of quantity amount in

the contemporary Russian language, their cognitive motivation are fixed;

their information range and system role and the statement are revealed.
Russian and Chinese Communicative Tradition in the Language of Legal Documents: Lexical Aspect
Authors: Никифорова  , Nikiforova Kh. , Маслов  , Maslov A. , Просвиркина  , Prosvirkina Irina , Самелик  , Samelik M.
Published: October 2014

This article focuses on communicative language tradition in the language of

legal documents. Authors dwell on the analysis of the «verbal communication

» term and its understanding in modern science.

As evidence, the analysis of this definition in various Russian and Chinese

dictionaries is given. In addition, the article mentions the fact that the modern

business communication (both Russian and Chinese), on the one hand,

is under the influence of western business culture, and on the other hand,

preserves communicative traditions of business letter.

The authors note that the Chinese communicative tradition is more stable,

which is observed in the lexical legislative «word creation». This phenomenon

is due to the special way of «borrowing» of new words in Chinese.

In addition, the article draws attention to the particular cultural meaning of

lexical units of Chinese business documents.
Technology of Express-Assessment Centre and Order of Carrying It Out
Authors: Никитина  , Nikitina M.
Published: October 2014

Technology of assessment centers has been showing a good performance as a method of recruitment since the early stages of implementation in large foreign

companies. However in Russian experience of recruitment traditional methods still prevail. Assessment-center is a time-consuming and therefore quite expensive

method, which is an obstacle for being carried out by domestic organizations.

This article proposes an alternative to carrying out technology of assessment-center – an express-assessment-center. Unlike the traditional assessment-center,

the express method allows assessing candidates within a few hours without reducing the quality of an original method.

The paper describes the order of carrying out the express-assessment-center, proposes competency profi les and methods of assessing its demonstration as

exemplifi ed in company’s line manager position, provides examples of simulation exercise to discover announced competencies.
„Zdobywanie serc i umysłów” od kuchni. Amerykańskie doświadczenia w operacjonalizacji kultury dla potrzeb wojskowych
Authors: Trochowska Kamila
Published: October 2014

“Winning hearts and minds” – behind the scenes. American experiences in operationalization of culture
The following article is a summary of research performed by the Author in American military institutions (among others Command and General Staff School, U.S. Army War College, U.S. CENTCOM in the years 2010‑2013), which aim was to create a comprehensive training and deployment model of operationalization of culture for military operations for the Polish Armed Forces. In this part of research results, American solutions in the field of training, doctrines and operational activity were analyzed, all those that aim at improving operational effectiveness through the integration of socio‑cultural knowledge of the AOO and non‑kinetic military activities.
Polityka konkordatowa Stolicy Apostolskiej
Authors: Lajolo Giovanni
Published: October 2014

Concordat policy of the Holy See

The article focuses on the most significant stages in the historical evolution of the concordats. The historical approach enhances the understanding of the development of the relations between state and the Church. The author briefly analyses the development of the institution stretching back to the twelfth century (Concordat of Worms) and then concentrates on the twentieth century, especially from the pontificate of Benedict XV through the Second Vatican Council to the present day.
Konkordat polski z 1925. Geneza – postanowienia – wykonanie
Authors: Krasowski Krzysztof
Published: October 2014

Concordat of Poland of 1925

The author reconstructs the historical events and circumstances that had eventually led to the establishment of the Polish concordat of 1925. The article presents the outline of the situation of the Polish Catholic Church after Poland’s reappearance among the independent European nations against the backdrop of the most pressing political and social issues, such as the controversy surrounding the projected land reform. One can also find the analysis of the major political, ecclesiastical and scholarly figures involved in drafting and enacting into law of the concordat, as well as its fate until its abolishment by the communist government in 1945.
Droga do pełnej normalizacji stosunków między państwem i Kościołem oraz między PRL a Stolicą Apostolską
Authors: Orszulik Alojzy
Published: October 2014

The article discusses the major steps on the long road to the establishment of full diplomatic relations between Polish People’s Republic and the Holy See, as well as efforts to ease the strained internal relations between the government and the Church. The political changes in the 70s led to renewal of the activity of the Common Commission consisting of the Church’s and government’s representatives. The article outlines the most important achievements of that commission and presents the drafts of legislation. It also presents the events that had finally led to the renewal of diplomatic relations in 1989.
Miejsce Stolicy Apostolskiej w polskiej polityce zagranicznej w latach 1989-1993
Authors: Skubiszewski Krzysztof
Published: October 2014

The article discusses the principles of the Polish foreign policy and tries to identify the shared principles with the diplomacy of the Holy See. Author concentrates on the three major issues. The first one is devoted to the recognition of the role of morality in international relations which should be clearly distinguished from being confused with any ideology. The second one deals with the human rights and basic liberties in the light of the results of the Second Vatican Council which identified the notion of human dignity as their basis. The third one shared principle is the strong support for the idea of European integration and unity.
Ojczyzna w homiliach i przemówieniach Jana Pawła II wygłoszonych podczas pielgrzymek do Polski w latach 1979-1987
Authors: Gaszyńska-Magiera Małgorzata
Published: October 2014

Homeland in John Paul II’s homilies and speeches given during the pilgrimages to Poland (1979‑ 1987)

Although the place of the notion of homeland in John Paul II’s teaching has been studied in numerous publications, most of them adopted a theological perspective. However, it seems worthy to refer it also to reflections of lay researchers. The present analysis concentrates on Pope’s homilies and speeches given during three pilgrimages to Poland between 1979 and 1987. Thirty texts in which the word homeland appears have been taken into account. It turns out that John Paul II often alluded to visions of homeland fixed in the Polish culture. However, he did not share with his contemporaries the image of homeland with ethnicity, history and tradition in its centre. Homeland, in his vision, should not separate inhabitants of a country, but rather unite them. It should not induce to contemplate national triumphs and failures, but incite to look towards the future.
A Catholic Perspective on Capitalism and Economic Democracy: Edward M. Marciniak’s Advocacy for Justice
Authors: Shanabruch Charles
Published: October 2014

Edward M. Marciniak (1917-2004) was a labor activist and crusader for justice who left his mark on Catholic social action in his native Chicago and beyond. What began as a personal response to depression-era problems evolved into a vocation to challenge the systemic causes of social and economic injustice. He built on his experiences as a Catholic Worker to found the Catholic Labor Alliance in Chicago and dedicated himself to educating workers, employers, and public officials to undertake economic reforms. While he recognized the failures of communism, he did not substitute anti-communism for patriotism. Rather he called for an economic justice that recognized the rights of workers and those of management as an alternative to the unrestricted individualism of American capitalism. His solution was to support economic democracy, often known as the Industrial Council Plan, wherein the interests of workers, management, and government were balanced in a partnership aimed at the common good. As leader of Catholic Labor Alliance and editor of its paper, Work , he was not unique in Catholic social action. However, his blend of idealism and realism, grounded by life in the labor movement trenches and daily rubbing shoulders with the victims of injustice was uncommon. This realism with his constancy and drive made him a voice to be reckoned with in Catholic social action.
Defeating “Death with Dignity”: Morality and Message in a Massachusetts Referendum
Authors: Cunningham Maurice T.
Published: October 2014

In November 2012, a ballot measure entitled “Death with Dignity” that would legalize physician-assisted suicide was placed before the voters of Massachusetts. The Catholic Church, which had exerted substantial policy influence in the commonwealth but had recently seen its authority falter, faced a popular proposal that the bishops considered morally objectionable. No longer able to intercede effectively with elected officials, mobilize the laity in large numbers, or win solely by stressing church teachings, the church pursued coalition politics and funded a television and Internet campaign that emphasized secular and cultural arguments grounded in the church’s moral understanding of life rather than religious legitimizations. The initiative, which held a commanding lead in mid-September, was narrowly defeated. The case shows how the Catholic Church in Massachusetts, even in a weakened state, has learned to adapt politically and gain support for its position on an important moral policy concern.
The Last Generation of Sister Administrators: Insights about the Transition of Catholic Hospital Leadership
Authors: Kelly Mary , Anthony Maureen
Published: October 2014

Personal interviews with seventy women religious, who were the last Sister Administrators in the hospitals where they served, provide perspective on the pathway to lay leadership in Catholic health care. In this qualitative research study, Sisters, now age sixty-four to ninety-four, share the stories of their own initiation into health care management and their eventual recognition of the need for change in leadership of the ministry. These former Sister Administrators describe how the first lay leaders were identified and the emergence of the conviction that grounding the Catholic health ministry in formal systems would stabilize its future. Their ministries bear witness to their administrative talent and their unswerving commitment to Catholic health care.
Trusteeism Revived: The Federation of Polish Catholic Laymen
Authors: Galush William J.
Published: October 2014

Controversy over polity, particularly on the parish level, agitated the American Catholic church in the antebellum period. Condemned as “trusteeism,” demands for a strong lay role in parochial government seemed settled in the bishops’ favor by the Civil War. But in the early twentieth century, a prominent Polish American editor reopened the issue. Michael Kruszka, an ethnic nationalist and anti-clericalist, established the Federation of Polish Catholic Laymen in 1911, providing institutional form to demands for parish democracy, the appointment of ethnic bishops, and other goals. He utilized the common Polonian structure of a fraternal benefit society to undergird his ideological appeal. Dozens of lodges appeared in Polish parishes, mostly in the Midwest. The Federation quickly aroused opposition from bishops and loyalist Polish priests, igniting quarrels, and dividing many parishes. Since promotion of the Federation was conducted in a foreign language and Kruszka made no effort to seek non-Polish allies, the episcopate was able to confine the controversy to one ethnic group. The outbreak of World War I in 1914, which offered new prospects for independence of the homeland, drew Kruszka’s attention to matters of nationalism and his interest in the Federation waned. His death in 1918 removed the main promoter of polity change. By the end of the war, the Federation had shifted its focus to fraternalism and the movement for change in governance receded into history.
“Socializing Democracy”: The Community Literacy Pedagogy of Jane Addams
Authors: Wendler Rachael
Published: October 2014

This article reclaims Jane Addams as a community literacy pedagogue and explicates her pedagogical theory through an analysis of her social thought. Addams’ goal of “socializing democracy” through education led her to both encourage immigrant students to associate across difference and to assimilate into dominant literacies—tensions present in today’s community literacy contexts. The article includes suggestions for rhetorically redeploying Addams’ pedagogy in contemporary writing instruction.
Investigating Adult Literacy Programs through Community Engagement Research: A Case Study
Authors: Wells Jaclyn M.
Published: October 2014

This article presents findings from a case study of an adult literacy program. The author conducted this IRB-approved study as part of a three-year, research-based, community-engagement project that partnered the literacy program with a writing center at a large public research university. The author argues that the participatory methods afforded by community-engagement research can allow researchers to achieve insight into particular programs while contributing to local literacy. The author also argues that understanding the characteristics of particular programs can contribute to knowledge of the field of adult literacy education and help collaborators develop engagement projects that support adult literacy.
Reading Under Cover of the Veil: Oral and Textual Literacies in Antebellum America
Authors: Jones Sandra Elaine
Published: October 2014

This article examines the relationship between oral- and textual-literacy systems that existed during the antebellum period of United States history. I argue that African-American intellectual processes are more accurately understood as existing on a literacy continuum that reflects equality between oral literacy and textual literacy. A literacy continuum deconstructs the notion of the textual supremacy and assumes a mutually dependent relationship between the oral and the textual. Ultimately, it enables a reevaluation of oral practices as intellectual processes and systems of knowledge production.
“To Learn About Science”: Real Life Scientific Literacy Across Multicultural Communities
Authors: Briseño-Garzón Adriana , Perry Kristen H. , Purcell-Gates Victoria
Published: October 2014

Much of the current research on scientific literacy focuses on particular text genres read by students within the classroom context. We offer a cross-case analysis of literacy as social practice in multicultural communities around the world, through which we reveal that individuals with no formal education, as well as people with varied levels of schooling completed, customarily and actively engage in literacy events with the goal of learning about science as part of their everyday lives. We argue that these outcomes substantiate the notion that multiple ways of being scientifically literate actually exist and that scientific literacy in its most fundamental sense is crucial in science education, despite the fact that the most common definitions and notions of scientific literacy have predominantly considered its derived sense (Norris and Phillips 224).
Re-Framing the Argument: Critical Service-Learning and Community-Centered Food Literacy
Authors: House Veronica
Published: October 2014

As a WPA and a service-learning director and practitioner, the author suggests connections between food studies, rhetoric and composition studies, and critical service-learning theory that involve mobilizing students to join in or help lead community efforts surrounding the local, organic food movement, food justice, and food literacy. The study is framed by questions of how composition instructors can create courses around issues related to the global food crisis to embed students in community-centered food literacy initiatives, and, more generally, how practitioners and WPAs can effectively promote and explain community-engaged pedagogies to higher-level administrators who question the value of the practice.
Assembling for Agency: Prisoners and College Students in a Life Writing Workshop
Authors: Coogan David
Published: October 2014

Rhetorical theorists have argued that agency is a communal experience, but material conditions in jail and society often prevent prisoners and college students from experiencing it in meaningful ways that embrace difference. Challenging those conditions by bringing both groups together in a writing workshop enables everyone to resist discourses that would name them and to inquire, collaboratively, about pressing social problems like gun violence. This essay shows how a prisoner and a college student sustained that inquiry in writing, moving from metanoia or regret into kairos —the seizing of their day and the experience of agency. The ultimate value of that experience transcends the here and now of the workshop to become the building block of a better public sphere.
Afro-Caribbean International Students’ Ethnic Identity Development: Fluidity, Intersectionality, Agency, and Performativity
Authors: Malcolm Zaria T. , Mendoza Pilar
Published: October 2014

Afro-Caribbean international students (ACIS) often become engrossed in a complex racial and ethnic dialogue wherein they are thrust into homogenous categorizations forcing them to negotiate their Afro-Caribbean self with other identities perceived by others such as African American, first- and second-generation Caribbean immigrant, African, and Latin American. This tendency to homogenize ACIS overlooks their experiences and development, and so their issues become essentially invisible for administrations and in the literature on student identity development. Therefore, higher education stakeholders are unaware of the needs unique to these students (Lacina, 2002; Szelényi & Chang, 2002). This is particularly problematic given that ACIS students are less likely to have high-quality educational and social experiences impacting their development (Anderson, Carmichael, Harper, & Huang, 2009). The purpose of this study is to investigate the ethnic identity development of ACIS at a public research-intensive university in the US Southeast with particular attention on how these students negotiate their identities given the current homogenized discourse on ACIS.
The Impact of Cultural Validation on the College Experiences of Southeast Asian American Students
Authors: Maramba Dina C. , Palmer Robert T.
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study is to explore the critical role of culture on the success of Southeast Asian American (SEAA) college students. Specifically, we examined the saliency of cultural validation and how it shaped the educational trajectories of SEAAs. A national sample of 34 participants was analyzed across 5 public, 4-year colleges and universities. Findings suggest the need for (a) cultural knowledge, (b) cultural familiarity, (c) cultural expression, and (d) cultural advocacy. In addition, the low number of SEAA students on their respective campuses heavily influenced their college experience. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Indigenous Women College Students’ Perspectives on College, Work, and Family
Authors: Bingham Jennie L. , Adolpho Quintina Bearchief , Jackson Aaron P. , Alexitch Louise R.
Published: October 2014

Native American and First Nations (herein collectively referred to as Indigenous) women college students are faced with the challenge of balancing their cultural imperatives and the demands of the dominant Western culture in family, school, and work/employment roles. In order to explore these women’s experiences and perspectives, this study analyzed unstructured qualitative interviews of 11 Native American and 9 First Nations female college students. The themes that resulted from the hermeneutic analysis were (a) honoring Indigenous culture and community, (b) living in two worlds, (c) pursuing individual fulfillment and goals, and (d) acknowledging the importance and influence of family.
“The Land of Opportunity Doesn’t Apply to Everyone”: The Immigrant Experience, Race, and Asian American Career Choices
Authors: Poon OiYan
Published: October 2014

Despite their popular portrayal as high achieving and structurally incorporated, race continues to shape the career choices of Asian American college students. As second-generation Americans, Asian Americans negotiate a constellation of factors when deciding their career choices, most notably, pressures from immigrant parents, awareness of labor market discrimination, fear of being tokenized in particular occupational fields, and influences from peer networks. These findings help elucidate how race and the social context of immigrant adaptation can affect the occupational trajectories of Asian Americans and other children of immigrants in the United States, regardless of their educational achievement and socioeconomic status.
Mentor Service Themes Emergent in a Holistic, Undergraduate Peer-Mentoring Experience
Authors: Ward Elijah G. , Thomas Earl E. , Disch William B.
Published: October 2014

Little research has focused carefully on the means by which peer mentors foster development in undergraduate protégés. Two faculty members developed a holistic, peer-mentoring project in which 26 upperclassmen mentored 74 underclassmen at a midsize, 4-year institution. Mentor journal notes, open-ended protégé responses, and participant observations were analyzed using a grounded theory approach, resulting in the emergence of 7 themes of mentor service activity. Findings expand our understanding of the mechanics through which peer mentors successfully serve and foster the development of early undergraduates in making the transition to college. Results can be used to facilitate the transition of academically underprepared undergraduates, who have the lowest retention rates.
Keeping It Frat: Exploring the Interaction Among Fraternity Membership, Disinhibition, and Hypermasculinity on Sexually Aggressive Attitudes in College-Aged Males
Authors: Corprew Charles S. , Mitchell Avery D.
Published: October 2014

This study examines correlates that contribute to sexually aggressive attitudes toward women. Using a sample that includes 217 college males from 3 southern universities, the study evaluates the relationship between college men’s hypermasculine and sexually aggressive attitudes, as well as how fraternity membership and disinhibition moderate this relationship. We hypothesized that sexually aggressive attitudes would be associated with a 3-way interaction among disinhibition, fraternity membership, and hypermasculine attitudes; this hypothesis was not supported. In addition, we hypothesized a similar 3-way interaction with hostility toward women as the dependent variable, as research suggests this is a precursor to sexually aggressive attitudes. Although this hypothesis was not supported, this study did reveal significant 2-way interactions: Fraternity Membership × Hypermasculinity and Fraternity Membership × Disinhibition. These results are further explained, and future directions are explored.
Assessing the Relationships Between Perceived Support From Close Others, Goal Commitment, and Persistence Decisions at the College Level
Authors: Strom Renee E. , Savage Matthew W.
Published: October 2014

Research on supportive communication was examined in relation to students’ goals of earning a college degree and their intent to persist. Theories of student departure (Bean, 1985; Tinto, 1993) informed research questions assessing the impact of how social support from family members and friends affected commitment to the goal of graduation and how commitment to the goal of graduation influenced intent to persist. First-year college students completed a questionnaire at 2 time points during their first year of college. Results revealed that initial support from family and friends positively impacted initial commitment to the goal of graduation. Subsequent support from family impacted subsequent commitment to the goal of graduating, and subsequent commitment to graduating impacted intention to persist.
“Learning How to Be the Boy or Girl You Are”: Me Tarzan, You Jane , the Crusade to “Cure” Pre-homosexual Children, and the New Face of the Ex-Gay Movement in the United States
Authors: Abate Michelle A.
Published: October 2014

This essay examines Janice Barrett Graham’s Me Tarzan, You Jane (2011) as a new form of narrative for children offering a negative viewpoint about homosexuality. While young people have long been the target of anti-LGBTQ efforts, Graham’s text signals the expansion of interventionist strategies even further into the realm of childhood. The confidence with which Graham’s narrative claims that behaviors predictive of homosexuality can be both easily identified and quickly eliminated re-energizes longstanding efforts by the ex-gay movement to medicalize homosexuality while they also serve to pathologize nonconformist children and unconventional childhoods. Finally, the book’s use of characters from Edgar Rice Burroughs’s problematic novel reveals how the anti-gay rhetoric is heavily imbricated with other discourses of intolerance, namely racism, Western imperialism, and xenophobia.
“Only Send Boys of the Good Type”: Child Migration and the Boy Scout Movement, 1921-1959
Authors: Johnston Scott
Published: October 2014

Between 1921 and 1959, nearly five thousand British youths were sent abroad, mainly to the dominions of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, under the auspices of the Boy Scout movement. This article argues that the imperial ideal which underpinned the migration program consisted of three main tenets: first, that the empire was a mutually beneficial partnership; second, that the future success of the empire depended on the leadership of the white dominions; and third, that the imperial vision relied on the myth of the frontier, which inspired thousands of youths to migrate even in the face of harsh economic realities. This vision was a powerful motivator which informed the actions of both the youths and the administrators of the movement for four decades.
Compounded Anxieties: Adoptive Family Building and the Role of Disability in Adoption IQ Studies
Authors: Sufian Sandy
Published: October 2014

This article highlights and historically situates three seminal studies on the IQ of adopted children from the 1920s to the late 1940s. It suggests that both researchers’ analysis of IQ in adoption research and agency use of IQ testing were intertwined with intense anxieties about intellectual disability and what it meant for adoptive family building. Agencies utilized mental testing in order to manage the risk of disability in placement and to reassure applicants that their constructed families would be on par with presumed able-bodied, natural ones. Looking at disability in adoption IQ studies and practice provides insight into the shifting notions of disability and family, their constructed and contingent nature, and the practical consequences of their conceptualization.
Safe Seizures, Schoolyard Stoics, and the Making of Contained Citizens at Detroit’s School for Epileptic Children, 1935-1956
Authors: Elder Rachel
Published: October 2014

This article examines standards of safety and protection for seizure-prone children at a Detroit public school before and after WWII. In contrast to prewar narratives of epileptic insulation, it argues that medical and cultural shifts after the war helped dismiss earlier physical safeguards and protective technologies. The medical advances credited with these changes, however, neither eliminated seizures nor made them inherently safe; rather, they obscured a transition in both the meaning of seizures and the role of seizure-prone individuals in the public sphere. The article thus reveals the centrality of children’s bodies to post-war notions of safety and citizenship, while complicating perceptions of the era as one of increased protectionism and child containment.
Gifts and Commodities: Second-Hand Toys, Marginal Consumers, and the Marketization of Philanthropy in Interwar and Early Postwar Canada
Authors: Hutchinson Braden
Published: October 2014

This paper examines the connection between marginal consumers, middle-class philanthropy, and the expansion of consumer society among working-class children in Canada. By studying secondhand toy distribution in the interwar and early postwar period, it becomes clear that secondhand toy distribution was wrapped up in efforts to reform working-class families and further integrate those on the margins into the capitalist market. However, by the early postwar period, important changes in the manufacture of toys and the organization of philanthropy led to a decline in the distribution of secondhand toys and their replacement with donations of cash and new toys.
In the Shadow of the Asia-Pacific War: Rewriting the History of Education and Childhood in Modern Japan
Authors: Lincicome Mark
Published: October 2014

The historiography of childhood, youth, and education in modern Japan bears the imprint of one particular generation of Japanese scholars for whom teaching and writing about these topics is not merely a professional vocation, but also a personal calling and even a political act. Their work is informed by memories of the Asia-Pacific War (1931-1945) and the Allied Occupation (1945-1952). Drawing upon the academic and autobiographical writings of historian Nakano Akira, this essay examines the relationship between personal memory, autobiography, and historical scholarship, and how the shadow of war has influenced the historiography of education and childhood produced in Japan since its defeat in 1945.
Making Room(s) for Teenagers: Space and Place at Early Postwar Maternity Homes in Ontario and British Columbia
Authors: Wall Sharon
Published: October 2014

This article analyzes maternity homes in post-WWII Ontario and British Columbia in terms of age, space, and place. The majority of residents during this period were teenage girls, a shift that reflected the growing number of unmarried pregnancies among teens, but also the preference of homes themselves. Maternity homes tried to adapt to their new clientele, but their goal of providing a real “home away from home” for teenage girls was difficult to achieve. Finally, during this time from 1945-1960, homes which had long promised “seclusion” became less isolationist, a trend which reflected changing thinking about the treatment of unmarried motherhood. The same trend would ultimately bring about the demise of the maternity home as a solution to the challenges of unmarried pregnancy.
“Capture the children”: Writing Children into the South African War, 1899-1902
Authors: Duff SE
Published: October 2014

Little has been written on children during the South African War (1899-1902), despite the fact that children, and particularly Boer children incarcerated in the concentration camps, have been central to the ways in which the war has been remembered. This article focuses mainly on children’s lives in the concentration camps. This is partly as a result of the sources available on the camps, but also because it is these children who remain so important to efforts to commemorate the conflict. The article argues that the emphasis on children’s suffering—best exemplified by the use of the photograph of emaciated Lizzie van Zyl to illustrate histories of the South African War—provides only a partial understanding of children’s lives of the camps. Children worked, played, and were educated in the camps.
Ecuador’s National Interpretation of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO): Green-Grabbing through Green Certification?
Authors: Johnson Adrienne
Published: October 2014

Este estudio analiza un nuevo acuerdo de gobernanza colaborativa ‘verde” conocido como la Mesa Redonda sobre Aceite de Palma Sostenible (RSPO) en Ecuador y cómo este espacio puede ser un nuevo sitio para la institucionalización de las políticas ambientales que sancionan los casos de despojo de tierras y facilitar incentivos para las nuevas formas de recintos de la tierra. En Ecuador, la RSPO se ha convertido en una institución de gobierno de colaboración que tiene como objetivo hacer frente a los efectos sociales y ambientales adversos que pueden acompañar a la adquisición de tierras legales e ilegales para el cultivo de palma. La iniciativa consiste en una variedad de ‘partes interesadas’ y llama a los actores para dar prioridad a la ‘sostenibilidad’ como una condición no-negociable para el desarrollo del aceite de palma. Cada vez más, sin embargo, la evidencia sugiere que en lugar de mejorar las desigualdades en la industria del aceite de palma, la RSPO es meramente un negocio que siempre ha estado en la sombra, pero ya es ‘verde’. Además, muchos apuntan a la RSPO como el establecimiento de un terreno para prácticas de ‘acaparamiento verde’. Este estudio sostiene que ciertos procesos de disciplina que el régimen RSPO promueve, como los planes para la titulación de tierras, la participación excluyente y la cultura capitalista de reunión, pueden exacerbar los conflictos sociales y ambientales mediante la estructuración del debate de colaboración al tiempo que establece los criterios de calificación que limitará ciertas oportunidades futuras. Estos procesos pueden, cada vez más, estructurar las políticas y en última instancia fomentar y legitimar la práctica material de la adquisición de tierras verdes en Ecuador.
¿Del mar quién es dueño?: Artisanal Fisheries, Tourism Development and the Struggles over Access to Marine Resources in Gigante, Nicaragua
Authors: Alvarado Nikolai A. , Taylor Matthew J.
Published: October 2014

Desde mediados de los 90s Nicaragua ha apostado por las playas vírgenes del Pacífico para atraer capital extranjero. Estas zonas vírgenes, sin embargo, no estaban despobladas. Por el contrario, cientos de familias pesqueras dependían de la productividad del oceano para vender pescados para consumo internacional y alimentar a sus familias. El crecimiento del turismo representa una amenaza para este modo de vida. Concretamente, la creación de un Area Marina Protegida (AMP), promovida por grandes proyectos turísticos en la zona, puede excluir a los pescadores de sus áreas más productivas de pesca. Este trabajo entrega detalles acerca del uso actual del mar por parte de los pescadores locales y cómo ese uso podría verse afectado por la implementación del AMP.
Global Integration and Local Connectivity: Trans-boundary Highway Paving and Rural-Urban Ties in the Southwestern Amazon
Authors: Perz Stephen G. , Xia Yibin , Shenkin Alexander
Published: October 2014

Infra-estrutura transfronteiriça é construído para a integração regional nos circuitos globais de commodities. Essa infra-estrutura levanta numerosas questões, uma vez que os projectos vem avançando em regiões ricas em recursos, catalizando dinâmicas complicadas nas economias espaciais nas fronteiras nacionais, inclusive a integração em vários níveis de escala, do local para o global. Focalizamos nessas questões por adoptar o caso de uma fronteira trinacional na Amazônia suloccidental, onde Bolívia, Brasil e Peru se encontram e onde a Estrada Interoceânica recentemente foi pavimentada. Nós nos concentramos na relação entre a conectividade de acesso (em termos de pavimentação de estradas e o tempo de viagem) e a conectividade de interação (em termos de vinculos sociais e econômicos) entre as famílias rurais que dependem dos recursos naturais e mercados urbanos locais e regionais. Contamos com uma pesquisa tri-nacional para avaliar a relação da acessibilidade em termos de pavimentação e a conectividade interação em função do desenvolvimento como a integração via diversificação ou especialização, e em termos de desequilíbrios nas economias espaciais. Consideramos vários tipos de vínculos com diferentes tipos de centros urbanos como indicadores da estrutura das economias espaciais regionais, incluindo os vinculos que cruzam as fronteiras nacionais como indicadores de integração transfronteiriça. Os resultados são mistos, tanto no que diz respeito à diversificação e especialização dos vinculos e em termos de equilíbrios desequilíbrios espaciais.
Collaborating with a Muddy Road and an Ailing Forest: The Construction of Ecological Citizenship in San Francisco Libre, Nicaragua
Authors: Sinreich Lauren , Cupples Julie
Published: October 2014

Este artículo explora la aparición de una ciudadanía ecológica en la municipalidad nicaragüense de San Francisco Libre. Después de unas décadas en las cuales los habitantes de las comunidades de la municipalidad se enfrentaban a riesgos de índole económica, social y ambiental, empezaron a crear una forma de ciudadanía más potenciadora mediante la inscripción de los seres no humanos tales como los árboles y los textos legales en las luchas por el desarrollo y la justicia. Aunque esta lucha está marcada por retrocesos y complejidades, está claro que los involucrados empiezan a superar las binarías de la naturaleza y la cultura, reconociendo que los derechos políticos y los derechos ecológicos pueden y deben ser asegurados simultáneamente. Basado en el trabajo de campo en la comunidad y en un análisis de documentos claves, esbozamos las respuestas políticas y procesos participativos generados por el riesgo económico y ambiental que han ocurrido en San Francisco Libre en la década y media pasada para enmarcar los contornos de una silvicultura comunitaria relacional que permite la aparición de una forma democratizadora de la ciudadanía ecológica.
Spatial Segregation in a Tourist City: The Case of Puerto Vallarta, Mexico
Authors: Campuzano Enrique Pérez , Tello Carlos Alberto , Everitt John C.
Published: October 2014

Aunque la diferenciación socio-espacial es una característica de las ciudades turísticas, la segregación socio-espacial ha recibido poca atención en la literatura. Para remediar esta situación, este artículo exploratorio analiza la segregación socio-espacial en Puerto-Vallarta, México. Puerto-Vallarta fue seleccionado como un estudio de caso representativo de ciudades con crecimiento rápido debido a su notable desarrollo socioeconómico 1990-2005. Lo que una vez fue una pequeña ciudad Mexicana con algunos turistas, se ha convertido en un área metropolitana económicamente dependiente del turismo. Paralelo a este cambio, la infraestructura ha sufrido un desarrollo diferencial, complementado con movimientos internos de población que han segregado instalaciones y actividades como nunca antes. Cinco índices analizan la segregación espacial. Los resultados estadísticos confirman la existencia de un importante grado de segregación en la ciudad.
The End of Migration from Atotonilco El Bajo to Milwaukee: Breakdown of a Transnational Labor Market
Authors: Burkham Jonathan Mann
Published: October 2014

Este estudio analiza la disminución rápida de la migración México-EE.UU. mediante investigar el argumento que cambios educativos y económicos en México son factores importantes. Basado en la investigación etnográfica de un mercado laboral transnacional entre Milwaukee, EE.UU. y Atotonilco el Bajo, México, este artículo ilustra que el crecimiento del nivel de educación y la diversificación del mercado laboral en Atotonilco El Bajo están contribuyendo a la disminución de migración. Sin embargo, no es evidente que los logros educativos son el resultado de oportunidades económicas en la economía Mexicana; más bien, una variedad de factores nacionales y transnacionales están contribuyendo a una cultura local de educación.
‘Everybody Wants to Avoid Mexico’: NGOs and Border Geographies
Authors: Walker Margath A.
Published: October 2014

El aumento de la titulización y la regulación derivada de la violencia relacionada con las drogas, amenazas terroristas, y la percepción de estas amenazas, han impactado las ONGs en la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México. Basándose en la investigación de seis sitios establecidos de alto perfil binacional, este artículo examina cómo las cambiantes relaciones geopolíticas norteamericanas transforman las organizaciones sin fines de lucro en medio de una atmósfera de hiper-militarización. Los lugares descritos aquí-- lo que yo llamo ‘los nodos pasados por alto’--son una dimensión olvidada de la guerra contra la droga y el terror ya que, a menudo, quedan fuera de las interpretaciones convencionales de la geopolítica. Sin embargo, estos sitios son parte integral de la evolución de las definiciones y el cambio de significado de las fronteras
Impacts of the Cattle Industry and Road Development in the Rupununi, Guyana
Authors: MacDonald Katherine
Published: October 2014

No final do século XIX, o gado começou a chegar no Rupununi como uma extensão das atividades pecuárias brasileiras que atendiam ao mercado de Manaus oriundo da prosperidade da borracha. Os impactos iniciais da economia de pecuária sobre os povos indígenas do Rupununi mudou em muito o seu modo de vida tradicional, e em particular afetou seu acesso e controle de território. Isso foi agravado em 1920, quando a ‘trilha de gado’ foi aberta para levar carne bovina para o mercado da Guiana, ligando assim a região à capital do país e expondo o Rupununi a populações costeiras, política e pressões. Recentemente, o governo brasileiro tem defendido fortemente o desenvolvimento de uma estrada de asfaltada ligando Manaus a Georgetown através do Rupununi, conectando assim o interior brasileiro com a economia de exportação do Caribe, aumentando mais as ligações com o comércio global. Esta estrada ameaça aumentar as pressões sobre o território indígena dentro da Guiana, resultando em uma maior anexação de terras ancestrais e perda de práticas de subsistência e de modo de vida tradicionais. Com base em trabalho de campo recente, este artigo explora os impactos sociais e ambientais desta estrada sobre os povos do Rupununi, bem como as reações locais, e sugere que o Brasil pode ter uma presença crescente no Rupununi, possibilitada pela geopolítica do desenvolvimento rodoviário.
Waiting for the Wave: Assessing the Vulnerability of Tourism in San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, to Tsunamis
Authors: Fahrenbruch Matthew L. , Cochran David M.
Published: October 2014

A pesar del reciente crecimiento mundial del turismo, hay escasez de investigaciones sobre sus impactos en el desarrollo de comunidades ubicadas en regiones propensas a desastres. Este artículo utiliza el Marco de Sostenibilidad de la Vulnerabilidad (SVF) para examinar la vulnerabilidad de la comunidad turística de San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, que fue severamente dañada por un tsunami en 1992. A partir de la investigación de campo llevada a cabo en 2012, identificamos 19 factores que contribuyen a la vulnerabilidad de la comunidad y demostrar la aplicabilidad de la SVF como una forma de evaluar la vulnerabilidad e identificar las medidas de mitigación en otras comunidades turísticas.
Intellectual Freedom and the Agnostic–Postmodernist View of Reading Effects
Authors: Knox Emily
Published: October 2014

One of the more confusing aspects of contemporary librarianship is its support for collecting “all sides” in its institutions while, at the same time, arguing for the positive nature of reading for all. This article focuses two positions toward knowledge effects. One, the postmodernist view, is agnostic toward the effects of gaining new knowledge while the other, the traditional–modernist view, holds that the effects of new knowledge can be known and are inevitable. It is the postmodernist position that undergirds contemporary librarianship’s support for intellectual freedom.
From Inferno to Freedom: Censorship in the Chicago Public Library, 1910–1936
Authors: Novotny Eric
Published: October 2014

In the first decades of the twentieth century, the Chicago Public Library employed a brand of casual candid censorship embraced by its peers. In 1910 the Chicago Tribune favorably reported on a so-called “Book Inferno” in the library; a metaphorical pit where works of questionable merit were hidden from immature readers. Patrons, especially juveniles, needed to convince a librarian of their honorable intentions before being granted access to works in the Inferno. By 1936, the same institution issued a forceful Intellectual Freedom statement that affirmed the right, and the obligation, of the library to provide access to books on any subject of interest to its readers, including controversial works. An examination of the treatment accorded controversial works in the Chicago Public Library in the decades preceding the 1936 Intellectual Freedom statement reveals both continuity and change in attitudes towards censorship.
Reexamining the Origins of the Adoption of the ALA’s Library Bill of Rights
Authors: Campbell Douglas
Published: October 2014

This paper chronicles and examines the development of the idea of intellectual freedom within the context of the American Libraries Association (ALA), specifically how events and statements related to censorship and free access to books and library services helped originate the Library Bill of Rights (LBR) and influenced its adoption by the ALA in 1939 . These events are located broadly during the Great Depression, temporally framing the beginning and end points of the analysis between the response of the ALA to article 305 of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff in 1929 and the appointment of Forrest Spaulding to a special ALA committee on censorship by December 1939. This paper has a dual objective. It provides evidence that librarians and the ALA were concerned and alert to the importance of intellectual freedom in spite of the lack of articles about censorship indexed in Library Literature , and that the ALA’s adoption of the LBR was not in response to the pressures against The Grapes of Wrath as suggested in the ALA’s Intellectual Freedom Manual .