bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Método de Montecarlo como estrategia didáctica intercultural para la enseñanza universitaria de la física y matemática en el contexto de la educación no presencial
Authors: Estela Urbina Ronald Omar , Contreras Barsallo Elisa , Incio Flores Fernando Alain , Fernández Villarroel Roger Álvaro , Namuche Paiva José Orlando , Reyes Alva Edinson Enrique
Published: July 2021

La educación universitaria intercultural enfrenta actualmente desafíos en el sistema educativo debido a la pandemia del covid-19. El reto para el docente como “mediador” es innovar diversas estrategias para socializar los saberes comunes y el conocimiento ancestral entre los estudiantes originarios y mestizos en entornos no presenciales dentro de un clima de tolerancia, diálogo y respeto cultural. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo socializar de manera virtual las prácticas culturales y el conocimiento ancestral de los estudiantes Awajun y Wampis en la carrera de ingeniería civil. La propuesta consiste en actividades virtuales que son simulaciones numéricas aplicando el método Montecarlo, cuya finalidad es estimar numéricamente una variable, y de esa forma comprobar un principio físico-matemático empleando materiales de su comunidad. La presente innovación pedagógica responde a una investigación documental descriptiva, cuya metodología consistió en tomar como referencia trabajos de investigación realizados entre los años 2019, 2020 y 2021 referidos a la educación intercultural utilizando estrategias lúdicas en el aula; así mismo se desarrolló una actividad virtual que los estudiantes replicaron de forma contextualizada  evidenciando el saber sistematizado con enfoque intercultural.
La naturaleza de la influencia y el grado de confianza en la información sobre la pandemia entre los estudiantes de la generación Z
Authors: V. Vinichenko Mikhail , L. Сhulanova Oхana , V. Ljapunova Natalia , A. Makushkin Sergey , N. Amozova Larisa
Published: July 2021

El artículo examina la influencia y el grado de confianza en la información sobre la COVID 19 entre los estudiantes de la Generación Z en universidades rusas y eslovacas. Se utilizaron como métodos empíricos una encuesta sociológica con metodología Likert, una entrevista en profundidad y un grupo focal. El estudio se realizó de forma remota utilizando Google Form, el servicio VoIP Skype y una plataforma de conferencias en la nube: Zoom. El estudio reveló que los jóvenes rusos y eslovacos de la Generación Z son contradictorios con cualquier información: los estudiantes rusos encontraron una contradicción sobre la credibilidad de las estadísticas de pandemias y la utilidad de la información de COVID 19 en los medios; Los estudiantes eslovacos tienden a creer que la información al respecto es inverosímil, mientras que la mayoría de los encuestados eslovacos en este estudio expresaron confianza en la información sobre la pandemia. Al comparar los agregados, se revelaron ciertas similitudes: existe una significancia estadística entre las características factoriales y efectivas con una correlación positiva alta y muy alta. Los resultados obtenidos pueden ayudar a desarrollar opiniones sobre la naturaleza del impacto y el grado de confianza en la información sobre la pandemia de COVID 19 entre representantes de diferentes generaciones.
La formación de la capacidad matemática de los estudiantes a través de tareas orientadas a la competencia.
Authors: Vladimirovna Terekhova Natalya , Aleksandrovna Zubova Elena
Published: July 2021

El objetivo del presente artículo es revelar las posibilidades del contenido de la enseñanza del álgebra lineal en la formación de la competencia matemática de los futuros ingenieros mecánicos. La implementación de la investigación experimental involucró el uso de métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos: observaciones, conversaciones con profesores de disciplinas matemáticas, pruebas y procesamiento matemático de los resultados de la investigación. Se preparó el soporte metodológico del curso “Álgebra lineal”, que contiene un sistema de tareas orientadas a competencias. El estudio se realizó en la Universidad Industrial de Tyumen (Rusia). Se formaron grupos experimentales (86 alumnos) y de control (87 alumnos) a partir de estudiantes del primer y segundo año. En los grupos de control, el entrenamiento se llevó a cabo según el método tradicional. El análisis estadístico de los resultados obtenidos al comparar dos distribuciones empíricas se realizó mediante la prueba de la χ2 de Pearson. Como resultado del estudio, se identificaron las características de la disciplina académica “Álgebra lineal” en la formación de competencias matemáticas de estudiantes de universidades técnicas. Se desarrolló un enfoque para la formulación de un problema orientado a las competencias. La clasificación de tareas se realizó por tipos (algorítmica, de investigación, computacional, instrumental, modelado) y niveles (reproducción, establecimiento de conexiones, razonamiento). Los resultados del trabajo científico y experimental indican un aumento en el nivel de competencia matemática de los futuros ingenieros mecánicos y confirman completamente la efectividad del método propuesto para enseñar álgebra lineal.
Érzelmi kreativitás a zenei nevelés tükrében
Authors: Révészné Pálfi Krisztina , Révész József
Published: July 2021

The ongoing doctoral research at Benedek Elek Faculty of Pedagogy, Sopron University as well as the interactive preschool concerts held for 11 years by Camerata ART’issima (members: Krisztina Revesz Palfi, violin; Joseph Revesz, cello; Peter Kuzsner, piano), affecting about 120-130 kindergartens in the country, highlighted a very interesting area of the phenomenon of creativity, which has been identified and described as emotional creativity. The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between creativity and music and to illuminate the connections. Although the research is not yet complete and thus can be considered only as a kind of pilot program, it can be said that the results so far can form the basis of a new kind of music education concept that puts more emphasis on individual creativity, which, at the same time, considers the currently applied Kodály principles to a great extent as a base.
Pályaorientációs szolgáltatások és a pályaválasztási bizonytalanság kapcsolata a gimnáziumban
Authors: Tudlik Csilla
Published: July 2021

Numerous researches highlighted (Mahasneh és Farajat, 2015, Török, 2016, Antonellou és Kounenou, 2016, Maree, 2019) that special career education and/or interventions make positive effect on students’ career decision and commitment. In our research we have explored the relationship among career education services and career uncertainty. We have found no correlations between the level of uncertainty and the number of services. Rather, there is a difference among grades and gender in terms of self-knowledge and only between gender in terms of anxiety and uncertainty factors as well. The highlighted phenomena are in significant relation with the factor of career information. In our interpretation it is important for students to get information about each profession in order to increase their self-knowledge and soothe the negative effect of uncertainty, but according to our sample school career education does not satisfy this need.
Pedagógus értékelés és önértékelés napjainkban – egy kutatás tükrében
Authors: Csiha Tünde Noémi
Published: July 2021

A szerző, Zagyváné Szűcs Ida több évtizedes közoktatási tapasztalattal rendelkezik. Az oktatás mellett kutatással foglalkozik. Az Eszterházy Károly Egyetem Neveléstudományi Doktori Iskolájában szerzett fokozatot, jelen könyve a doktori során végzett kutatásokat, azok eredményeit, az eredményekből származó következtetéseket és a hozzájuk fűződő javaslatokat mutatja be.
Single-step generation of genetic reporter lines using CRISPR/Cas9 and transient antibiotic selection v1
Authors: Calatayud Carles , Serkin William , Verstreken Patrik
Published: July 2021

The following protocol describes the generation of genetic reporters in human iPSC using in vitro synthesized Cas9 mRNA and guideRNA, a reporter plasmid for homologous recombination, and a homology-directed repair plasmid. The major advantage of this procedure compared to other gene editing schemes is the introduction of a system for the selection of homology-directed repair competent cells in trans (not physically linked to the genomic gene edition of interest). While this system was initially described in Flemr M. et al. (2015) Cell Reports in murine ESC, we introduced here some modifications that enable its efficient application in human PSC and with longer knock-ins.
Human Pancreas Processing for Multiple Applications v1
Authors: Saunders Diane , Bottino Rita , Brissova Marcela , Kruse Angela , Allen Jamie , Romer Carrie , Gutierrez Danielle , Spraggins Jeff , Powers Alvin
Published: July 2021

Procuring and preparing human pancreas for paraffin-embedding, fixed cryosections, flash frozen sections, and RNA isolation. This protocol was developed in collaboration with Dr. Rita Bottino of Imagine Pharma and Allegheny Health Network and is based on protocols developed by Dr. Marcela Brissova of Vanderbilt University.
Data update v1
Authors: J J. Ponsero Alise
Published: July 2021

This protocols aims to details the steps necessary to update previously collected data points for the "Database Justice League" project.
Expression of MicroRNA-34c in different grades of Oral squamous cell carcinoma versus normal oral mucosa (Ex-Vivo Study) v1
Authors: Refaat Mahmoud Marwa
Published: July 2021

The relevance of miRNAs in cancer was related to the changes in expression patterns and recurrent amplification as well as deletion of miRNA genes in cancers. miR-34c is an important tumor suppressor gene seen to be downregulated in various cancer types, such as neuroblastoma breast cancer, lung cancer and in laryngeal SCC. Previous studies investigating the expression of miR-34c in plasma and tumor tissue in patients, revealed that the high expression of miR-34c was associated with prolonged overall survival and disease-free survival compared with low expression, and it showed the possibility of regarding miR-34c as potential prognostic markers in several cancers. But to date little is known about the dysregulation of miR-34c in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma .The aim of our study is to evaluate the change of expression level of MicroRNA- 34c in different grades of OSCC versus normal oral mucosal tissues.
A Pilot Study on the Performance and Acceptability of a Novel Adhesive Female Condom (Wondaleaf) in Malaysia. v1
Authors: Sing-Kiat Ting Rachel , Lynn Wong Ee
Published: July 2021

Context:Despite female condom (FC) being introduced worldwide for over 30 years, it still lacks wide acceptability as compared to the available male condom (MC). A novel adhesive FC (Wondaleaf) invented in Malaysia, aims to address the issues of slippage and invagination occurring in the existing non-adhesive FC.This is a pioneering study to assess its acceptability and functional performance among Malaysian women. Method:A mixed method survey conducted in 3 cities of Malaysia, recruited heterosexual female aged 18–50 years who were sexually active, via snow-balling method. Participants were provided with Wondaleaf (WL) and an initial survey to rate its performance across 5 usages during coital activities within 2 months. Upon completion of the initial survey, participants were given a second survey to rate their satisfaction and acceptability towards WL. Descriptive statistics on clinical failures rates were tabulated and correlational analysis were performed to identify major variables contributing to WL’s acceptability. Results:Thirty-one women completed the required surveys. WL's total clinical failure rate (2.60%) was relatively lower than previous FCs, with above average ratings of basic functions. The ease of use significantly correlated with ratings of no slippage and no misdirection. The confidence in WL’s safety features significantly correlated with a sense of empowerment and protection. Conclusion:WL has a relatively low risk of clinical failures due to its adhesive shield. Its future utilization among Malaysian women would depend on the negotiation with their male partners and its sensation. Future study is needed for global acceptance. Keywords: Female Condom, Wondaleaf, Functionality Testing, Acceptability
Practice of Ritual Sacrifice and the Role of Religion in Development
Authors: Wepener Cas
Published: July 2021

The practice of ritual sacrifice within the South African context is explored in the light of the emerging global discussion regarding religion and development. Firstly, some aspects of the theory of René Girard on sacrifice is discussed, as well as African theories pertaining to sacrifice and modern ways in which sacrifice/offering enters language. The following section presents three case studies pertaining to sacrifice from South Africa: one from fiction, one from fieldwork done in an African Independent church and a description of a recent sacrifice conducted on a beach in Cape Town. In a succeeding section, the data presented in the empirical part is interpreted in the light of the preceding theories. In the concluding section a thesis is advanced regarding the possible meaning and significance of sacrifice for an African understanding of development.
The role of social inclusion in restoring macroeconomic stability
Authors: Krasota O.
Published: July 2021

The article examines the economic and social consequences of macroeconomic instability due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the new crisis. The further economic development of national economies is considered on the basis of four probable macroeconomic scenarios: V, U, W and L scenarios of post-crisis recovery. It is assumed that Ukraine and most other countries have a W recovery scenario. National governments are trying to find effective recipes for overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic and a new crisis.However, different public policy options give only a partial result. Therefore, reducing GDP fall may be conducted in a way other than through lockdowns and quarantine measures. The article substantiates the need to change the approach to restoring macroeconomic stability. The author considers social inclusion to become an effective instrument of restoring stability and raising living standards. Social inclusion involves ensuring equal access of all citizens to economic resources and services of the social sphere, the inclusion of all members of society in various spheres of public life. It includes giving all the society members equal rights regarding access to all resources and goods and involving people in economic, social, and political changes. This lays the groundwork not only for overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic and the new crisis but also for significantly reducing inequality and differentiating society, improving the welfare of the population, restoring macroeconomic stability.
Standadization and harmonization of management accounting and economic analysis in a transition economy
Authors: Shvetz’ V. , Mykhalska E.
Published: July 2021

Globalization and integration processes require further improvement of accounting and analysis of each country in order to form common standards and principles of accounting and financial reporting. Avoidance of discrepancies and inconsistencies can be achieved through the transition and implementation of common accounting principles and interpretation of information for users to make effective management decisions.

Standardization and harmonization of management accounting and economic analysis is a prerequisite for reforming the economy and governance system. In the context of the transition of economic entities to international principles and standards of accounting and financial reporting, it is necessary to create their own national culture and accounting traditions through a system of accounting and analytical knowledge of all professionals who manage businesses. Is it possible to deny the fact that the head of the business entity signs the quarterly and annual financial statements, thereby confirming its reliability and completeness? Unfortunately, experience shows that not every manager is particularly immersed in the content of the financial statements he signs. It is known that reporting accounting and analytical information is an important investment and innovation resource that can create the most significant competitive advantages in terms of dynamism, variability, and uncertainty, both internal and external. As world practice shows, the reform of accounting and financial reporting systems of economic entities in countries with economies in transition and / or crisis should delay three important areas: a) revision of relevant regulations (adoption of new and / or improvement of existing ones, filling gaps, conflict resolution, etc.); b) creation and development of professional organizations of accountants and auditors; c) improvement of their vocational education systems. In the long run, the state has all the necessary prerequisites to use accounting as a means of regulating the economy. However, this requires ensuring that the primary purpose of accounting is to provide reliable information to users, which in turn will ensure the comparability of the information contained in the financial statements.
CONTEMPOPARY MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: THE PROBLEM OF THE THEMATIC CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Zalipska Iryna
Published: July 2021

The article analyzes an overview of the scientific literature devoted to the study of the current state of medical terminology research in linguistics. The urgency of studying particular aspects of this problem, their perspective and significance are presented. It emphasizes on the monosemantic basis of the term. Medical terminology is a system which is used to preserve the general lexical features of natural language units in a medical terminology database, which is a set of collective knowledge of conventional and complementary medicine.

The source base of the study is Ukrainian and English medical terms. The thematic groups are represented: anatomical medical terms, clinical medical terms, medical terms of diseases’ names, dental terms and pharmaceutical terms. The anatomic medical terms are divided into thematic groups: parts of body and viscera, human body tissues, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, endocrine system, central nervous system, senses system, urinary system, reproductive system. The clinical medical terms include the names of medical institutions and departments, methods of patient diagnosis, medical processes, surgical instruments and equipment, oncological, traumatology, obstetrics terms, terms of dietary and nanotechnology. The nomenclature of medical terms of diseases names, dental terms and pharmaceutical terms are systematized. The importance of the researched theme in mastering professional terminology is confirmed.
Vladimir Karlov and the Research Center of Neurology: 70 years together
Authors: Piradov M. A. , Klyushnikov S. A. , Illarioshkin S. N.
Published: July 2021

Multiple aspects covering multiannual close cooperation between Dr. V.A. Karlov and prominent scientists from the Research Center of Neurology have been illuminated in the report. It was shown how an extended study was performed at the joint between two medical disciplines and what importance for the staff had Professor Karlov pedagogical activity.
Treatment priorities for idiopathic generalized epilepsy
Authors: Mukhin K. Yu.
Published: July 2021

The report presents the current principles of treatment of various types of epileptic seizures and forms of epilepsy. High efficacy and good tolerability in mono- and combination therapy with lamotrigine are shown, including its beneficial effects on cognitive function, behavior, and mood in children.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of psychosis in a patient with epilepsy. Clinical case
Authors: Dokukina T. V. , Khlebokazov F. P. , Khvostova I. I. , Misyuk N. N. , Bondar K. A. , Korolevich P. P. , Slobina E. L. , Glavinskiy I. S.
Published: July 2021

The results of successful treatment of schizophrenic psychosis with persistent catatonic symptoms, refusal to eat in a patient with epilepsy are presented. In view of the progressive course of the disease, the lack of dynamics from the ongoing drug treatment, the method of electroconvulsive therapy was applied. Epileptic seizures and visual signs of brain epileptization were absent with the development of psychosis. As a result of the course of electroconvulsive therapy (9 procedures), the patient's clinical condition improved significantly. This observation illustrates the possibility of using electroconvulsive therapy in combination with antipsychotics and antiepileptic drugs as an alternative method for treating drug-resistant epilepsy.
GLOBAL ALTIN ARZ-TALEBİ VE ALTIN PİYASALARI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: Başar Remzi , Saraç Mehmet
Published: July 2021

İnsanlık tarihi boyunca zenginliğin sembolü olan altın binlerce yıldır değerini koruyan ve kıymetini de sürekli olarak arttıran en önemli kıymetli metaldir. Eski çağlarda genellikle para yapımında ve ödeme aracı olarak kullanılsa da günümüzde mücevher olarak ve endüstriyel alanda kullanılmasına ilaveten aynı zamanda bir yatırım aracı olarak önemini her geçen gün arttırmaktadır.
Son yıllarda sıklıkla yaşanan ekonomik dalgalanmalar, bireyler ve finansal kurumlar için çeşitli yatırım araçlarına duyulan güveni azaltarak, kriz zamanlarında altının daha fazla tercih edilen bir yatırım aracı ve cazibesi sürekli artan bir güvenli liman olmasını sağlamaktadır. Merkez Bankaları ve devletler ölçeğinde bakıldığında da altın ülke para birimleri ile varlıklarının değerini korumada vazgeçilmez bir yere ve öneme sahiptir.
Literatür incelemesi şeklindeki çalışma ile son yıllarda ülke merkez bankalarının aşırı para arzı ve yaşanan finansal krizlerin de etkisiyle yüksek oranda artış gösteren bu değerli metalin küresel arz ve talebi ile dünya çapındaki altın piyasalarının incelenmesi üzerine bir değerlendirme yapılması amaçlanmaktadır.
Genesis of Theoretical Concepts and Legal Foundations of the Economic Freedom of an Individual
Authors: Plotnikova I. N.
Published: July 2021

One of the basic human values is freedom as the basis of human existence, the concept of which is one of the most complex and multifaceted. The concept of the general freedom of the individual includes economic freedom, which is an interdisciplinary category. Modern scientific thought is characterized by a significant variety of substantive explanations of different aspects of economic freedom, in connection with which issues related to understanding the essence of this category remain controversial. The paper attempts to comprehend the formation of theoretical ideas about the economic freedom of the individual with due regard to the historical aspect, ideological trends, economic theories, types of economic systems, positions of philosophy, economics, science of constitutional law, concepts of human rights. The analysis of the views of various authors on the concept of "economic freedom", its normative implementation in early constitutional acts is important for understanding evolution, further development of scientific ideas and ideas about this category, constitutionalization of the value of "economic freedom of the individual" in Russia.
Prospects for Improving Responsibility of the Government of the Russian Federation before the Parliament of the Russian Federation under Constitutional Law
Authors: Strelnikov A. O.
Published: July 2021

The paper is devoted to the study of the institution of constitutional and legal responsibility of the Government before the Parliament in Russia at the present time. In connection with the implementation of the Constitutional Reform in 2020, the author notes that the legislator has taken the path of strengthening the role and importance of the Parliament in terms of monitoring the activities of the Government. Nevertheless, the main drawback of the current legislation is still the lack of real sanctions that the Russian Parliament can apply independently in relation to the Russian Government or its individual members. Therefore, the author proposes a number of new sanctions, as well as a number of measures aimed at improving the existing mechanisms for applying sanctions of constitutional responsibility. In particular, it is proposed to introduce the right of the State Duma of the Russian Federation to present its own nominees for vacant positions in the Government, the approval of which is under the authority of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, to enable the State Duma to independently release individual members of the Government from positions approved by it. In addition, it is proposed to improve the procedure for expressing a vote of no confidence in the Government by the State Duma, namely, to introduce the obligation of the President of the Russian Federation to dismiss the Government of the Russian Federation in the event that the State Duma re-expresses no confidence in the Government within three months. It is also proposed to increase the role of the Council of Federation of the Russian Federation by introducing the power of this body not only to consult with the President of the Russian Federation, but to approve the corresponding candidacies of federal ministers proposed to this body by the President of the Russian Federation. The author notes that the proposed improvement measures will increase the effectiveness of the implementation of a number of federal laws regulating the parliamentary responsibility of the Government of the Russian Federation.
The Concept of Money in the Era of Digitalization
Authors: Turbanov A. V.
Published: July 2021

The paper examines issues related to the origin of money and the transformation of its forms, the economic and legal nature of money, provides characteristics of "cryptocurrency" and digital currencies of central banks, including the digital ruble. The author makes an attempt to define money based on its obligatory nature. As the author emphasizes, remaining in captivity of traditional approaches (money is a thing, there is full-fledged money and inferior ones, cash is money, but along with this there is “money” that is not money), we will not get an adequate reflection of the phenomenon “money” in national legislation, and we will not achieve effective regulation of money circulation in the country. It seems that the definition of money should be based on its obligatory nature. Money is a universal right of claim, expressing the value of any goods, works, services, recognized in thesociety, supported and provided by the state (central bank). The paper also emphasizes that the digital ruble will require a serious reform of both private law and public law legislation to properly reflect the existing and actually emerging system of monetary circulation. Changes in legislation cannot be limited to legal and technical amendments with the use of the term "digital ruble" and the establishment of some features of its circulation.
The Conflict between the Legal Form and the Economic Content of the Contract and Methods of its Resolution on the Example of a Buyout Lease Agreement
Authors: Fedotov D. V.
Published: July 2021

The paper substantiates that the reason for the collision between the legal form and the economic content of the contract is the discrepancy between the real economic goals of the parties to a particular contract and the goals that the legislator had in mind when constructing the legal structure of the corresponding contract, for example, a lease payment in a buyout lease agreement includes not only payment for the use of the property, as it should be for the lease, but also the redemption value of the property. The author identifies and analyzes three ways to resolve this conflict: re-qualification of the contract as a whole or its individual conditions according to the rules on sham transactions, direct application of the general legal principle of justice and the priority of revealing the actual common will of the parties over the literal interpretation of the contract. It is substantiated that the parties to the contract have the right to use certain contractual structures to achieve uncharacteristic economic goals, if such goals are not illegal.
Custom as a Source of Legal Regulation of Property Relations in the Russian Federation
Authors: Karavaeva Ya. N.
Published: July 2021

The paper discusses the issue of the use of custom in the regulation of property relations. The author analyzes the possibility of determining the content of subjective property rights by customary legal norms, namely, such powers as the use and disposal. Attention is focused on the influence of customs on the formation of the owner’s discretion in the exercise of his subjective rights, in particular, the following questions are investigated: on what or on whom does this “discretion” depend? Is it possible that customs influence the formation of the discretion of a particular owner? Special attention is paid to the establishment of limits for the exercise of property rights under customary legal norms. According to the author, applying custom in the regulation of public relations, the owner of a property right does not go beyond the legal field, since custom is a source of law, and in this case one should speak of “discretion within the current legislation” and “discretion beyond it.” The paper concludes that customs can determine the content of subjective property rights, methods of protecting property rights, in particular self-defense issues, and are more often used in the regulation of real legal relations based on private ownership, while customs cannot contradict the peremptory norms. It is emphasized that a special role in the regulation of property relations is assigned to local customs.
Initiation of a Criminal Case: Unconditionally Abolish or Try to Understand the True Reasons for its Occurrence?
Authors: Rossinskiy S. B.
Published: July 2021

The paper deals with the problems that are the subject of longstanding scientific discussion, conducted in relation to the prospects of the stage of initiation of a criminal case as an independent stage of criminal procedural activity. Being a supporter of the principled elimination of the stage of initiating a criminal case, the author nevertheless believes that such a decision cannot be made in isolation from understanding the real reasons that prompted Soviet scientists to develop these mechanisms, and the legislator — to introduce them into the system of criminal procedural regulation. Based on the results of his previous research on the problems of pre-trial proceedings, the author believes that the emergence of the stage of initiation of a criminal case is directly related to the one that has been formed since the 1920s. The original Russian system of pre-trial proceedings that has survived to this day, expressed in the integration of the functions of the "police" and "justice" and in the vesting of the "power" ministries and departments with procedural powers of a judicial and investigative nature. In this regard, the author concludes that the question of the further fate of the stage of initiation of a criminal case can be finally resolved only in the context of a clear understanding of the prospects for the development of the entire system of Russian pre-trial proceedings.
Features of Investigative Activities Results Application at the Stage of Execution of a Sentence (Case Study: Justifying the Need to Change Punishments and Measures of a Criminal‑Legal Nature, not related to Isolation from Society, towards Toughening)
Authors: Semenchuk V. V. , Karpenko N. A.
Published: July 2021

The paper is devoted to the problematic issues that arise when using the results of investigative activities (IA) at the stage of execution of the sentence. The authors draw attention to the importance of the procedure for proving the facts of concealment of a convicted person from control by the criminal executive inspectorate in cases of submission of submissions to the court on toughening punishments. The information obtained in the course of the IA has a greater informational value for substantiating decisions on issues to be considered by the courts during the execution of a sentence, and their application would make it possible to better motivate the representations of the relevant institutions in the process of proving the need to change penalties and measures of a criminal legal nature that are not related with isolation from society, towards tightening. The paper focuses on the need for an integrated approach to the development of the norms of the current legislation in order to regulate in detail the procedure for conducting IA in relation to persons evading criminal punishment, and measures of legal influence, as well as using the results obtained to substantiate the submissions submitted by criminal executive inspectorates to the court.
Trash Stream: Social Conditioning of Criminalization
Authors: Gracheva Yu. V. , Malikov S. V.
Published: July 2021

The social network as one of the digital technologies has not only creates a platform for communications, especially relevant during a pandemic, but also provokes the emergence of various types of deviant behavior, primarily due to the fact that many communicate on the Internet under fictitious names; it liberates a person, creates a feeling of impunity, control over the situation, etc. Recently, trash streams have become popular on the Web, but not funny and silly, but associated with violence, insult, humiliation of human dignity, causing a feeling of disgust and contrary to public morality. In December 2020, during such a live broadcast, another victim died, which launched a process in society to discuss the need to introduce criminal liability for such acts. The paper assesses the draft criminal law, as well as initiatives to supplement the list of aggravating circumstances and some corpus delicti with an appropriate qualifying feature, and formulates the author’s draft criminal law on responsibility for organizing, conducting, facilitating and participating in direct air in trash streams.
The azimuthal and polar radiation patterns obtained from a horizontal stress applied at the surface of an elastic half space
Authors: Cherry J. T.
Published: July 2021

The body waves and surface waves radiating from a horizontal stress applied at the free surface of an elastic half space are obtained. The SV wave suffers a phase shift of π at 45 degrees from the vertical. Also, a surface wave that is SH in character but travels with the Rayleigh velocity is shown to exist. This surface wave attenuates as r−3/2. For a value of Poisson's ratio of 0.25 or 0.33, the amplitude of the Rayleigh waves from a horizontal source should be smaller than the amplitude of the Rayleigh waves from a vertical source. The ratio of vertical to horizontal amplitude for the Rayleigh waves from the horizontal source is the same as the corresponding ratio for the vertical source for all values of Poisson's ratio.
Azimuthal asymmetry of a point source in a cylindrical low velocity medium
Authors: Meecham W. C. , DeNoyer John
Published: July 2021

The geometry of the medium in the vicinity of an otherwise symmetrical source is shown to produce a frequency dependent variation of amplitude with azimuth. The model considered is a cylindrical low velocity and low density fluid medium that is contained in a full space of a higher velocity and density fluid material. A simple harmonic point source is located on the axis of the cylinder. Amplitudes in the higher velocity medium at large distances from the source are found to be functions of the velocity ratio and the density ratio of the two media, the radius of the cylinder, the wavelength, and the angle between the axis of the cylinder and a line connecting the point of observation with the source.
Epicentral intensities and damage in the Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959
Authors: Steinbrugge Karl V. , Cloud William K.
Published: July 2021

An extensive fault scarp system was formed during the Hebgen Lake earthquake of August 17, 1959 (11:37:15 p.m., M.S.T., Gutenberg-Richter magnitude 7.1). Bedrock beneath Hebgen Lake warped, rotated, and caused a seiche in the lake. A major landslide dammed Madison Canyon, causing a lake to form above the slide. An estimated 19 persons were buried by the slide. Other slides and rock falls took out sections of the main highway north of Hebgen Lake and closed many roads in Yellowstone Park.

Small unit masonry structures as well as wooden buildings along the major fault scarps usually survived with little damage when subjected only to vibratory forces. The unit masonry buildings, in particular, had little or no earthquake bracing. Intensity at the major scarp has been given a Modified Mercalli Scale rating of X. However, the maximum intensity ratings based on vibratory motion even a few feet away from the scarps were VII or VIII. Within the limits of observation there was little or no reduction in vibratory intensity 5 to 10 miles away compared to that at the fault. This is not to say that the ground motions were similar. At the closest strong-motion seismograph station (Bozeman, 58 miles from the epicenter) maximum recorded acceleration was about 7 per cent gravity. The earthquake was generally felt in about a 600,000 square mile area, mostly north of the instrumental epicenter.

The earth-fill Hebgen Dam was within 1000 feet of a major scarp. The dam was significantly damaged, but it continued to be an effective structure.
Crustal structure of the Iceland region from dispersion of surface waves
Authors: Tryggvason Eysteinn
Published: July 2021

A number of Icelandic records of earthquakes originating in the Mid-Atlantic Seismic Belt between 52° and 70° N. lat. have been investigated. The surface waves on these records are chiefly in the period interval 3–10 sec, and are first mode Love-waves and Rayleigh-waves. The surface wave dispersion can be explained by a three-layered crustal structure as follows. A surface layer of S-wave velocity about 2.7 km/sec covering the whole region studied, a second layer of S-wave velocity about 3.6 km/sec covering Iceland and extending several hundred kilometers off the coasts and a third layer of S-wave velocity about 4.3 km/sec and P-wave velocity about 7.4 km/sec underlying the whole region. The thickness of the surface layer appears to be about 4 km on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge south of Iceland and in western Iceland, 3 km in central Iceland and 7 km northwest of Iceland. The second layer is apparently of similar thickness than the surface layer, while the third layer is thick; and the surface wave dispersion does not indicate any layer of higher wave velocity. This 7.4-layer is supposed to belong to the mantle, although its wave velocity is significantly lower than usually found in the upper mantle
The mechanism at the focus of an earthquake
Authors: Scholte J. G. J.
Published: July 2021

abstract

The displacement of a homogeneous medium has been calculated supposing the movement to be generated by a time-harmonic stress on a sphere. This primary stress is defined by the radial pressure on the focal sphere and by two functions describing the variation of the tangential stress along its surface. These functions are developed into series of spherical harmonics and the partial movement corresponding to each term of these series determined. The theory also treats stress systems exerting a moment on the focal region; such systems are not considered in previous investigations.
P and S amplitudes of two earthquakes of the single force couple type
Authors: Ritsema A. R.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Fault plane solutions of the Alaska earthquake of April 7, 1958 and of the Taiwan earthquake of April 26, 1959 are presented; the solutions are based on the initial motion directions of P and S waves at many stations all over the world. Qualitatively, the data concerning both shocks relate to a focal point-source of a single force couple with moment. The field data of Davis (1960) have been used to determine the position of the fault plane in the Alaska earthquake.

It is shown that the initial motions are not implicitly needed to determine the polarization angle of the S waves, and that if the initial motion is obscured, the maximum amplitudes of S in two horizontal components will suffice.

Incident amplitudes of P and S waves were determined and compared with theoretical amplitudes in the point-source model. For the individual shocks there is a consistent difference between the observed amplitude ratio ub/ua and the theoretical ratio. This is confirmed by a frequency analysis of some of the P and S wavelets. The difference is not the same for the two shocks investigated. It seems likely that the difference is related to the size of the seismic source.
Correction of seismograms for the transfer function of the seismometer
Authors: Bogert Bruce P.
Published: July 2021

abstract

If digitized seismic data is collected through a seismometer whose transfer function is known, it is not difficult to design a digital filter which will substitute a given band-pass transfer function for that of the seismometer. Various filters of this kind have been applied to digitized records of teleseisms registered on a Benioff short-period vertical seismometer at Chester, New Jersey. After digital filtering on a computer, the resulting data is converted to analog form and recorded on a seismograph drum for visual examination. These records indicate, (1) over the frequency range of interest for teleseismic registration, the seismograph may be regarded as a constant leading phase shift of 270 degrees, a 0.35 second time delay, and a phaseless amplitude function, (2) that it may not be easy to improve on the transfer function of the Benioff instrument for the detection of first motion, and (3) that some additional high-pass filtering might improve the signal-to-microseism ratio at times when the 2-4 second microseism level is high.
S-wave studies of earthquakes of the North Pacific, Part II: Aleutian Islands
Authors: Stauder William , Udias Agustin
Published: July 2021

The polarization of the S wave at stations distributed azimuthally about the source is examined for each of twenty-five Aleutian Island earthquakes. A combination of data from the first motion of P and from the polarization of S is then used to study the focal mechanisms of the earthquakes. This combination of P and S wave data is found to make possible a good determination of the focal mechanism in cases where data from the first motion of P alone do not suffice.

The earthquakes are divided into three groups according to three basic patterns of S wave polarization. The first group (fourteen earthquakes) corresponds to a double couple. The second group (five earthquakes) and the third group (six earthquakes) are conformable to conjugate shears and may therefore be explained by single couple sources of opposite moment, respectively. It is shown that a uniform principal stress system predominates in the region and that the axis of greatest compressive stress is normal to the trend of the island arc.
Free spheroidal vibrations of the earth at very long periods, Part I— Calculation of periods for several earth models
Authors: Alsop Leonard E.
Published: July 2021

Periods of free vibrations of the spheroidal type have been calculated numerically on an IBM 7090 for the fundamental and first two shear modes for periods greater than about two hundred seconds. Calculations were made for four different earth models. Phase and group velocities were also computed and are tabulated herein for the first two shear modes. The behavior of particle motions for different modes is discussed. In particular, particle motions for the two shear modes indicate that they behave in some period ranges like Stoneley waves tied to the core-mantle interface. Calculations have been made also for a model which presumes a solid inner core and will be discussed in Part II. The two computer programs which were made for these calculations are described briefly.
Free spheroidal vibrations of the earth at very long periods, Part II— effect of rigidity of the inner core
Authors: Alsop Leonard E.
Published: July 2021

Numerical calculations have been made on an IBM 7090 of the periods and particle motion with depth of the lowest order free spheroidal vibrations of the fundamental and first two higher modes with inner core shear velocity as a parameter. All calculations were made for a model with velocities according to Jeffreys and with densities obeying Bullen's model B. These calculations show that the effect of the inner core shear velocity on these periods is slight, except for those velocities at which the modes have periods near to the periods of core modes. This means that observations of long period free vibrations will probably not give much information about rigidity of the inner core. A mode of vibration having many of the properties of the mode suggested by Slichter has been discovered. In addition, it appears that the presence of a solid inner core brings into existence many core type modes with periods both shorter and longer than the original core mode predicted by Alterman, Jarosch, and Pekeris.
The Buyin-Zara (Iran) earthquake of September, 1962 a field report
Authors: Ambraseys N. N.
Published: July 2021

The Buyin-Zara earthquake of 1 September 1962 originated on the Ipak fault and it was felt over most of Northern Iran. This newly named fault and its branches run for 64 miles, from Ipak, about W-05°-N, across the mountains south of Buyin, to Takhrijin, 4 miles west of Ab-i-Garm. During the earthquake of September 1, 1962 and its aftershocks, at least 64 miles of surface rupture occurred progressively along this line, and at leas two stages of progressive faulting were involved. Most probably, one from Rudak from where the fracture progressed east to Ipak, and a deeper fracture, with very weak surface evidence from Indrejin progressing east to Tofak.

The earthquake killed 12,225 and injured 2,776 persons. It damaged beyond repair 21,310 houses and killed 35% of the livestock in the area. The maximum intensity of the shock did not exceed IX MM. Small landslides and rock falls occurred on steep slopes and temporary springs were formed.
Velocities of mantle Love and Rayleigh waves over multiple paths
Authors: Toksöz M. Nafi , Ben-Menahem Ari
Published: July 2021

Phase velocities of Love waves from five major earthquakes are measured over six great circle paths in the period range of 50 to 400 seconds. For two of the great circle paths the phase velocities of Rayleigh waves are also obtained. The digitized seismograph traces are Fourier analyzed, and the phase spectra are used in determining the phase velocities. Where the great circle paths are close, the phase velocities over these paths are found to be in very good agreement with each other indicating that the measured velocities are accurate and reliable. Phase velocities of Love waves over paths that lie far from each other are different, and this difference is consistent and much greater than the experimental error. From this it is concluded that there are lateral variations in the structure of the earth's mantle. One interpretation of this variation is that the mantle under the continents is different from that under the oceans, since the path with the highest phase velocities is almost completely oceanic. This interpretation, however, is not unique and variations under the oceans and continents are also possible.

Group velocities are computed from the phase velocities and are also directly measured from the seismograms. The group-velocity curve of Love waves has a plateau between periods of 100 and 300 seconds with a shallow minimum at about 290 seconds. The sources of error in both Fourier analysis and direct time domain methods of phase velocity measurement are discussed.