bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward Engineered Biosynthesis of Drugs in Human Cells
Authors: Matsuda Shinya , Tsunematsu Yuta , Matsushita Takuma , Ogata Yuji , Hachiya Shihomi , Kishimoto Shinji , Miyoshi Noriyuki , Watanabe Kenji
Published: December 2021

Biosynthetic genes are not only responsible for the formation of bioactive substances but also suited for other applications including gene therapy. To test the feasibility of human cells producing antibiotics in situ when provided with a heterologous biosynthetic gene, we focused on cytochrome P450, the class of enzymes important in conferring bioactivity to natural product precursors. We selected Fma‐P450 that plays a central role in the fumagillin antimicrobial biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus to examine fungal metabolite production by HeLa cells that express fma‐P450 heterologously. Here we show that HeLa cells harboring fma‐P450 can biosynthesize 5‐hydroxyl‐β‐trans‐bergamoten and cytotoxic 5‐epi‐demethoxyfumagillol when supplemented with the nontoxic precursor β‐trans‐bergamotene. While the production level was insufficient to effect cell death, we demonstrate that programming human cells to autogenerate antibiotics by introducing a heterologous biosynthetic gene is feasible.
Coexistence of Tellurium Cations and Anions in Phosphonium‐Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Grasser Matthias A. , Pietsch Tobias , Blasius Jan , Hollóczki Oldamur , Brunner Eike , Doert Thomas , Ruck Michael
Published: December 2021

Elemental tellurium readily dissolves in ionic liquids (ILs) based on tetraalkylphosphonium cations even at temperatures below 100 °C. In the case of ILs with acetate, decanoate, or dicyanamide anions, dark red to purple colored solutions form. A study combining NMR, UV‐Vis and Raman spectroscopy revealed the formation of tellurium anions (Ten)2− with chain lengths up to at least n=5, which are in dynamic equilibrium with each other. Since external influences could be excluded and no evidence of an ionic liquid reaction was found, disproportionation of the tellurium is the only possible dissolution mechanism. Although the spectroscopic detection of tellurium cations in these solutions is difficult, the coexistence of tellurium cations, such as (Te4)2+ and (Te6)4+, and tellurium anions could be proven by cyclic voltammetry and electrodeposition experiments. DFT calculations indicate that electrostatic interactions with the ions of the ILs are sufficient to stabilize both types of tellurium ions in solution.
Knowledge and distress in complex cancer care
Authors: Stadler Walter M. , Hlubocky Fay J. , Hathaway Feighanne
Published: December 2021

Web‐based education enhances understanding of complex tumor genomic information, but this does not decrease distress in general. Intriguing potential differences in distress amelioration between men and women and in individuals with limited health literacy should be explored.
Color mapping of the building façades in the historical urban fabric: The Ayazini village civil architectural examples
Authors: Süvari Anıl , Okuyucu Şerife Ebru , Çoban Gamze
Published: December 2021

Color, which extends from the urban scale to the space scale, is important design elements expressing the unique visual and psychological identity of a settlement in the architecture. Every settlement has original color schemes formed with natural and human construction elements. The tinctorial designs in urban settlements in the present day have become gradually distant from natural and cultural elements because of the developing construction techniques after the industrial revolution. However, the vernacular architecture was able to preserve its color identity from the landscape, building façades, and interior space colors. In this study the environmental color mapping method is used for the determination of the prevalent colors. The environmental color mapping studies are made with an on‐site examination, the photographing in an unfiltered manner of the colors or with the specimen‐taking techniques. Subsequently, the averages are determined connected to the densities of the colors with the help of computer technologies. In this study, the Ayazini settlement sampling area was chosen, which was registered as a cultural heritage value connected to Afyonkarahisar Province. Ayazini, which is an extension of the Phrygian Valley, and that has a 6000‐year‐old past, is in a region where volcanic tufa rocks are found. The architectural fabric, the rock carvings, and the tufa building stone were formed with the shaping technique with the design of the inner spaces and the structural surfaces. The tufa rocks are the most important natural environmental elements, which determine the landscape, structure, and inner space character of Ayazini village. In this study, by taking the color change specimens occurring in the natural and artificial process of tufa rocks with the aim of producing the environmental color mapping of the Ayazini tufa, the averages connected to the densities of colors were determined. According to the data obtained at the end of the study, ıt was concluded that the dominant colors observed in the Ayazini tufa were khaki, pastel gray, ash gray, platinum, cadet gray, and armor gray. It is thought that these colors could be a reference for new designs with the landscape and architectural preservation activities that would be made at the settlement place. In this context, it is proposed for the colors obtained at the conclusion of the environmental color mapping to be used in the traditional house façades within the scope of the façade strengthening activities, which are continuing in the Ayazini region.
Binge drinking going up, especially in women, despite declines in teen years
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2021

Dangerous binge drinking is going down in 18‐year‐olds, but don't be fooled. By the time they are adults, binge drinking is going up among this same cohort, researchers have found.
An efficient functional magnetic resonance imaging data reduction strategy using neighborhood preserving embedding algorithm
Authors: Zhao Wei , Li Huanjie , Hao Yuxing , Hu Guoqiang , Zhang Yunge , Frederick Blaise de B. , Cong Fengyu
Published: December 2021

High dimensionality data have become common in neuroimaging fields, especially group‐level functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets. fMRI connectivity analysis is a widely used, powerful technique for studying functional brain networks to probe underlying mechanisms of brain function and neuropsychological disorders. However, data‐driven technique like independent components analysis (ICA), can yield unstable and inconsistent results, confounding the true effects of interest and hindering the understanding of brain functionality and connectivity. A key contributing factor to this instability is the information loss that occurs during fMRI data reduction. Data reduction of high dimensionality fMRI data in the temporal domain to identify the important information within group datasets is necessary for such analyses and is crucial to ensure the accuracy and stability of the outputs. In this study, we describe an fMRI data reduction strategy based on an adapted neighborhood preserving embedding (NPE) algorithm. Both simulated and real data results indicate that, compared with the widely used data reduction method, principal component analysis, the NPE‐based data reduction method (a) shows superior performance on efficient data reduction, while enhancing group‐level information, (b) develops a unique stratagem for selecting components based on an adjacency graph of eigenvectors, (c) generates more reliable and reproducible brain networks under different model orders when the outputs of NPE are used for ICA, (d) is more sensitive to revealing task‐evoked activation for task fMRI, and (e) is extremely attractive and powerful for the increasingly popular fast fMRI and very large datasets.
Measuring and valuing broader impacts in public health: Development of a sanitation‐related quality of life instrument in Maputo, Mozambique
Authors: Ross Ian , Greco Giulia , Opondo Charles , Adriano Zaida , Nala Rassul , Brown Joe , Dreibelbis Robert , Cumming Oliver
Published: December 2021

Two billion people globally lack access to a basic toilet. While improving sanitation reduces infectious disease, toilet users often identify privacy, safety and dignity as more important. However, these outcomes have not been incorporated in sanitation‐related economic evaluations. This illustrates the general challenge of outcome measurement and valuation in the economic evaluation of public health interventions, and risks misallocating the US$ 20 billion invested in sanitation in low‐ and middle‐income countries every year. In this study in urban Mozambique, we develop an instrument to measure sanitation‐related quality of life (SanQoL). Applying methods from health economics and the capability approach, we develop a descriptive system to measure five attributes identified in prior qualitative research: disgust, health, shame, safety and privacy. Sampling individuals from the intervention and control groups of a sanitation intervention trial, we elicit attribute ranks to value a SanQoL index and assess its validity and reliability. In combination with a measure of time using a sanitation service, SanQoL can quantify incremental benefits in a sanitation‐focused cost‐effectiveness analysis. After monetary valuation based on willingness to pay, QoL benefits could be summed with health gains in cost‐benefit analysis, the most common method in sanitation economic evaluations.
The relationship between insecurity and the quality of hospital care provided to women with abortion‐related complications in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A cross‐sectional analysis
Authors: Wolomby‐Molondo Jean‐José , Calvert Clara , Seguin Rachelle , Qureshi Zahida , Tunçalp Özge , Filippi Véronique
Published: December 2021

Objective

To examine the relationship between insecurity and quality of care provided for abortion complications in high‐volume hospitals in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

Methods

Using the WHO Multi‐Country Survey on Abortion complications, we analyzed data for 1007 women who received care in 24 facilities in DRC. For inputs of care, we calculated the percentage of facilities in secure and insecure areas meeting 12 readiness criteria for infrastructure and capability. For process and outcomes of care, we estimated the association between security and eight indicators using generalized estimating equation models.

Results

Facilities in secure areas were more likely to report functioning electricity (93.3% vs 66.7%), availability of an obstetrician 24/7 (42.9% vs 28.6%), and the ability to offer several short‐acting contraceptives (83.3% vs 57.1%). However, a higher percentage of facilities in insecure areas reported the availability of a telephone or radio (100% vs 80.0%). Women in insecure areas appeared more likely to experience poor quality clinical care overall than women in secure areas (aOR 2.56; 95% CI, 1.13–5.82, P = 0.03). However, there was no association between security and incomplete medical records (P = 0.20), use of dilatation and curettage (D&C) (P = 0.84), women reporting poor experience of care (P = 0.22), satisfaction with care (P = 0.25), and severe maternal outcomes (P = 0.56). There was weak evidence of an association between security and nonreceipt of contraceptives (P = 0.07), with women in insecure areas 70% less likely to report no contraception (aOR 0.31, 95% CI, 0.09–1.09). Use of D&C was high in secure (43.7%) and insecure (60.4%) areas.

Conclusion

Quality of care did not seem to be very different in secure and insecure areas in DRC, except for some key infrastructure, supply, and human resources elements. The frequent use of D&C for uterine evacuation, the lack of good record keeping, and the lack of contraceptives should be urgently addressed.
Is pregnancy a risk factor for in‐hospital mortality in reproductive‐aged women with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection? A nationwide retrospective observational cohort study
Authors: Leung Char , de Paiva Karina Mary
Published: December 2021

Objective

To examine the effect of pregnancy on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) ‐related in‐hospital mortality in women of reproductive age (between 15 and 45 years), with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection confirmed with polymerase chain reaction tests, adjusted for factors such as co‐infection and intervention that were not considered in existing literature.

Methods

Data gathered from a nationwide database in Brazil were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression and multivariate Cox regression. Adjusted odds ratios and hazard ratios of independent factors associated with in‐hospital death were calculated.

Results

A total of 97 712 women were included in the study. After the adjustment for sociodemographic factors, epidemiologic characteristics, pre‐existing medical conditions, and intervention, pregnant women were found to be associated with lower risk for in‐hospital mortality as well as longer survival time compared with non‐pregnant women. When covariates of intervention were omitted from the analysis, pregnancy did not appear to be a significant factor associated with mortality.

Conclusion

With the adjustment for intervention that was shown to be an independent factor associated with mortality, pregnancy appeared to have a favorable effect on SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Given the immunosuppressed state of pregnancy, this finding is in line with the hypothetical protective role of a weaker immune response that inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokine.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐Based Radiomics Features Associated with Depth of Invasion Predicted Lymph Node Metastasis and Prognosis in Tongue Cancer
Authors: Wang Fei , Tan Rukeng , Feng Kun , Hu Jing , Zhuang Zehang , Wang Cheng , Hou Jinsong , Liu Xiqiang
Published: December 2021

Background

Adequate safe margin in tongue cancer radical surgery is one of the most important prognostic factors. However, the role of peritumoral tissues in predicting lymph node metastasis (LNM) and prognosis using radiomics analysis remains unclear.

Purpose

To investigate whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based radiomics analysis with peritumoral extensions contributes toward the prediction of LNM and prognosis in tongue cancer.

Study type

Retrospective.

Population

Two hundred and thirty‐six patients (38.56% female) with tongue cancer (training set, N = 157; testing set, N = 79; 37.58% and 40.51% female for each).

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5 T; T2‐weighted turbo spin‐echo images.

Assessment

Radiomics models (Rprim, Rprim+3, Rprim+5, Rprim+10, Rprim+15) were developed with features extracted from the primary tumor without or with peritumoral extensions (3, 5, 10, and 15 mm, respectively). Clinicopathological characteristics selected from univariate analysis, including MRI‐reported LN status, radiological extrinsic lingual muscle invasion, and pathological depth of invasion (DOI) were further incorporated into radiomics models to develop combined radiomics models (CRprim, CRprim+3, CRprim+5, CRprim+10, CRprim+15). Finally, the model performance was validated in the testing set. DOI was measured from the adjacent normal mucosa to the deepest point of tumor invasion.

Statistical Tests

Chi‐square test, regression analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, decision analysis, spearman correlation analysis. The Delong test was used to compare area under the ROC (AUC). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Of all the models, the CRprim+10 reached the highest AUC of 0.995 in the training set and 0.872 in the testing set. Radiomics features were significantly correlated with pathological DOI (correlation coefficients, −0.157 to −0.336). The CRprim+10 was an independent indicator for poor disease‐free survival (hazard ratio, 5.250) and overall survival (hazard ratio, 17.464) in the testing set.

Data Conclusion

Radiomics analysis with a 10‐mm peritumoral extension had excellent power to predict LNM and prognosis in tongue cancer.
An Exploration of Online Support Community Participation Among Patients With Vestibular Disorders
Authors: Vanstrum Erik B. , Doherty Joni K. , Sinha Uttam K. , Voelker Courtney C. J. , Bassett Alaina M.
Published: December 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

To formally document online support community (OSC) use among patients with vestibular symptoms and gain an appreciation for the perceived influence of participation on psychosocial outcomes and the impact on medical decision‐making.

Study Design

Self reported internet‐based questionnaire.

Methods

The Facebook search function was paired with a comprehensive list of vestibular diagnoses to systematically collect publicly available information on vestibular OSCs. Next, a survey was designed to gather clinicodemographic information, OSC characteristics, participation measures, perceived outcomes, and influence on medical decision‐making. The anonymous instrument was posted to two OSCs that provide support for patients with general vestibular symptoms.

Results

Seventy‐three OSCs were identified with >250,000 cumulative members and >10,000 posts per month. The survey was completed by 549 participants, a cohort of primarily educated middle‐aged (median = 50, interquartile range 40–60), non‐Hispanic white (84%), and female (89%) participants. The participants' most cited initial motivation and achieved goal of participants was to hear from others with the same diagnosis (89% and 88%, respectively). Daily users and those who reported seeing ≥5 providers before receiving a diagnosis indicated that OSC utilization significantly influenced their requested medical treatments (72% daily vs. 61% nondaily, P = .012; 61% <5 providers vs. 71% ≥5 providers P = .019, respectively). Most participants agreed that OSC engagement provides emotional support (74%) and helps to develop coping strategies (68%). Membership of ≥1 year was associated with a higher rate of learned coping skills (61% membership <1‐year vs. 71% ≥1‐year P = .016).

Conclusions

The use of OSCs is widespread among vestibular diagnoses. A survey of two OSCs suggests these groups provide a significant source of peer support and can influence users' ability to interface with the medical system.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 132:1835–1842, 2022
Fast multi‐parametric imaging in abdomen by corrected dual‐flip angle sequence with interleaved echo acquisition
Authors: Peng Hao , Cheng Chuanli , Wan Qian , Jia Sen , Wang Shuai , Lv Jianxun , Liang Dong , Liu Wenzhong , Liu Xin , Zheng Hairong , Zou Chao
Published: December 2021

Purpose

To achieve simultaneous T1,w/proton density fat fraction (PDFF)/ mapping in abdomen within a single breadth‐hold, and validate the accuracy using state‐of‐art measurement.

Theory and Methods

An optimized multiple echo gradient echo (GRE) sequence with dual flip‐angle acquisition was used to realize simultaneous water T1 (T1,w)/PDFF/ quantification. A new method, referred to as “solving the fat‐water ambiguity based on their T1 difference” (SORT), was proposed to address the fat‐water separation problem. This method was based on the finding that compared to the true solution, the wrong (or aliased) solution to fat‐water separation problem showed extra dependency on the applied flip angle due to the T1 difference between fat and water. The measurement sequence was applied to correct the inhomogeneity for T1,w relaxometry. The 2D parallel imaging was incorporated to enable the acquisition within a single breath‐hold in abdomen.

Results

The multi‐parametric quantification results of the proposed method were consistent with the results of reference methods in phantom experiments (PDFF quantification: R2 = 0.993, mean error 0.73%; T1,w quantification: R2 = 0.999, mean error 4.3%; quantification: R2 = 0.949, mean error 4.07 s−1). For volunteer studies, robust fat‐water separation was achieved without evident fat‐water swaps. Based on the accurate fat‐water separation, simultaneous T1,w/PDFF/ quantification was realized for whole liver within a single breath‐hold.

Conclusion

The proposed method accurately quantified T1,w/PDFF/ for the whole liver within a single breath‐hold. This technique serves as a quantitative tool for disease management in patients with hepatic steatosis.
Comparison of diet, muscle strength, steps per day and symptoms in people with HIV and HIV‐negative peers
Authors: Davey Christine Horvat , Trinh Vinh , Schexnayder Julie , Longenecker Chris T. , Webel Allison
Published: December 2021

People with HIV (PWH) experience a high frequency of symptoms that are associated with poor clinical outcomes. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from an observational study to examine whether diet, muscle strength, or physical activity were associated with symptoms among PWH and their HIV‐uninfected peers. One‐hundred ninety‐one individuals (105 PWH and 86 HIV uninfected) with similar age and race were included. Symptoms were examined using the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS‐29) questionnaire, for which lower scores indicate higher function or fewer symptoms. The total healthy eating index score and carbohydrates, sugar sweet beverages, alcohol, and fiber consumption per day were obtained through 24‐hour dietary recalls. A dynamometer was used to determine muscle strength. Steps per day were examined through 7 days of actigraphy. Linear regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between symptoms and diet, muscle strength, and steps per day. Participants were, on average, 54 years, 83% were African American, and 58% were male. In PWH, less healthy eating, fiber intake, and muscle strength were associated with poorer physical function; more steps per day were associated with fatigue; less daily carbohydrate consumption was associated with more pain. HIV‐uninfected individuals demonstrated an association between fewer steps per day and poorer physical function and more pain, and less carbohydrate intake and more sleep disturbance. The relationships between diet, muscle strength, steps per day and PROMIS‐29 health domains differed by HIV status.
Acute bronchiolitis in Switzerland – Current management and comparison over the last two decades
Authors: Hartog Katharina , Ardura‐Garcia Cristina , Hammer Jürg , Kuehni Claudia E. , Barben Jürg
Published: December 2021

Background

Although international guidelines and Cochrane reviews emphasize that therapies do not alter the natural course of acute viral bronchiolitis (AVB), they are still prescribed frequently. This survey evaluated self‐reported management of AVB by Swiss pediatricians in 2019 and compared it with previous surveys.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional online survey of all board‐certified pediatricians in Switzerland in November 2019 and compared the reported use of therapies with that reported in the 2001 and 2006 surveys. We used multivariable ordered logistic regression to assess factors associated with reported prescription of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics, and physiotherapy.

Results

Among 1618 contacted board‐certified pediatricians, 884 returned the questionnaires (55% response rate). After exclusions were applied, 679 were included in the final analysis. Pediatricians working in primary care reported using therapeutics more frequently than those working in a hospital setting, either always or sometimes: bronchodilators 53% versus 38%, corticosteroids 37% versus 23%, and antibiotics 39% versus 22%. The opposite occurred with physiotherapy: 53% reported prescribing it in hospital and 44% in primary care. There was an overall decrease in the prescription of therapeutics and interventions for AVB from 2001 to 2019. The proportion who reported “always” prescribing corticosteroids decreased from 71% to 2% in primary care, and of those “always” prescribing bronchodilators from 55% to 1% in hospitals.

Conclusion

Although we observed a significant decrease since 2001, more effort is required to reduce the use of unnecessary therapies in children with AVB.
The reaction path of cyclooctatetraene dimerization revisited
Authors: Castanedo Lázaro A. M. , Matta Chérif F. , Ylijoki Kai E. O.
Published: December 2021

The electron density and the electron localization‐delocalization matrices (LDMs) are used to revisit the cyclooctetraene (COT) dimerization mechanism. The global minimum of a COT monomer (the tub geometry) exhibits a rare topological feature, giving rise, not to one, but totworing critical points and a cage critical point necessary to satisfy the Poincaré‐Hopf relation. The energy profiles were used to identify the rate‐limiting step of the reaction: the penultimate transition state of a series of five transition states in total. While the monomers themselves have zero dipolar polarization, the dimer has a nonnegligible total dipole moment reaching almost 1 debye with fluctuations in strength and orientation along the reaction path. The reaction can hence, possibly, be manipulated with intense laser fields. This classic reaction has been used to elucidate whether the electron LDMs reflect structural or energetic similarity. It is found that LDMs are excellent monitors of structural/electronic similarity between different species on the reaction coordinate. A reaction can be characterized by a three‐dimensional hypermatrix whereby the matrix elements change as a function of the reaction coordinate, which can be represented as a parallelepiped of matrix elements. A study of the electron density of the system as the reaction progresses identifies and characterizes the bond paths that drive the reaction. It is hoped that this dynamic picture of the evolution of the electron density complements the usual arrow pushing reaction mechanisms used by organic chemists.
‐stability of hybrid neutral stochastic differential equations with infinite delay
Authors: Caraballo Tomás , Mchiri Lassaad , Mohsen Belfeki
Published: December 2021

In this article, we study the ‐stability in qth moment (.s.q.m) of hybrid neutral stochastic differential equations with infinite delay (HNSDEID) using the Lyapunov techniques and the method of M‐matrix. Finally, we apply the main result to some examples.
Vereinfachte Bemessung von ermüdungsbeanspruchten Stahlgussbauteilen
Authors: Nagel Sven , Ummenhofer Thomas
Published: December 2021

Der Werkstoff Stahlguss ist aufgrund seiner hohen mechanischen Beanspruchbarkeit und der nahezu freien Formgebung theoretisch ideal für den Einsatz in ermüdungsbeanspruchten Konstruktionen geeignet. Allerdings wird der Bauteilwiderstand durch herstellungsbedingte Ungänzen beeinflusst. Aufgrund bislang fehlender Kenntnisse und in Ermangelung einfach anwendbarer Bemessungsansätze wird in der Praxis der Einsatz von Stahlguss meist vermieden oder aber durch häufig vermeidbare höchste Qualitätsanforderungen unnötig verteuert. Die pauschale Wahl der höchsten Qualitätsstufe ist wegen des hohen Herstellungsaufwands unwirtschaftlich und unter technischen Gesichtspunkten nicht im gesamten Bauteil erforderlich, da selbst größere Gussfehler die statische und zyklische Leistungsfähigkeit eines Bauteils nicht zwangsläufig reduzieren. In diesem Beitrag wird ein einfach handhabbarer Bemessungsansatz vorgestellt, der eine auf lokalen Beanspruchungen basierende Festlegung der erforderlichen Herstellqualität ermöglicht. Die Verknüpfung zwischen Beanspruchbarkeit und zulässigen Fehlergrößen erfolgt mit neu definierten Widerstandskategorien. Diese neu entwickelte Bemessungsmethode basiert auf der Begrenzung der maximal aufnehmbaren Spannungsschwingbreiten, orientiert sich an etablierten Nachweiskonzepten und ist somit direkt auf eine verhältnismäßig einfache baupraktische Anwendbarkeit ausgerichtet. Einflüsse wie Mittelspannung, Formtoleranzen oder Spannungsgradienten werden berücksichtigt.
Thermoelastic vibrations in initially stressed rotating microbeams caused by laser irradiation
Authors: Abouelregal Ahmed E. , Mondal Sudip
Published: December 2021

The current paper has been presented to illustrate the thermoelastic vibration of a rotating microbeam based on generalized thermoelasticity theory, taking into account Euler–Bernoulli's assumptions. Using Hamilton's principle, the equation of motion of the initially stressed rotating microbeams has been derived. The microbeam is exposed to femtosecond laser pulses and sinusoidal varying heat. The Laplace transform technique is applied to obtain an analytical solution to the field variables. The influence of properties of various parameters, such as axial load, laser pulse duration, angular velocity, and material variation on the thermal and elastic waves of the rotating microbeam has been displayed graphically and discussed in detail.
Island for gravitationally prepared state and pseudo entanglement wedge
Authors: Miyaji Masamichi
Published: December 2021

Abstract

We consider spacetime initiated by a finite-sized initial boundary as a generalization of the Hartle-Hawking no-boundary state. We study entanglement entropy of matter state prepared by such spacetime. We find that the entanglement entropy for large subregion is given either by the initial state entanglement or the entanglement island, preventing the entropy to grow arbitrarily large. Consequently, the entanglement entropy is always bounded from above by the boundary area of the island, leading to an entropy bound in terms of the island. The island I is located in the analytically continued spacetime, either at the bra or the ket part of the spacetime in Schwinger-Keldysh formalism. The entanglement entropy is given by an average of complex pseudo generalized entropy for each entanglement island. We find a necessary condition of the initial state to be consistent with the strong sub-additivity, which requires that any probe degrees of freedom are thermally entangled with the rest of the system. We then find a large parameter region where the spacetime with finite-sized initial boundary, which does not have the factorization puzzle at leading order, dominates over the Hartle-Hawking no-boundary state or the bra-ket wormhole. Due to the absence of a moment of time reflection symmetry, the island in our setup is a generalization of the entanglement wedge, called pseudo entanglement wedge. In pseudo entanglement wedge reconstruction, we consider reconstructing the bulk matter transition matrix on A ∪ I, from a fine-grained state on A. The bulk transition matrix is given by a thermofield double state with a projection by the initial state. We also provide an AdS/BCFT model by considering EOW branes with corners. We also find the exponential hardness of such reconstruction task using a generalization of Python’s lunch conjecture to pseudo generalized entropy.
Kernel-independent adaptive construction of $$\mathcal {H}^2$$-matrix approximations
Authors: Bauer M. , Bebendorf M. , Feist B.
Published: December 2021

A method for the kernel-independent construction of$$\mathcal {H}^2$$H2-matrix approximations to non-local operators is proposed. Special attention is paid to the adaptive construction of nested bases. As a side result, new error estimates for adaptive cross approximation (ACA) are presented which have implications on the pivoting strategy of ACA.
Multiple sclerosis and myelin basic protein: insights into protein disorder and disease
Authors: Martinsen Vebjørn , Kursula Petri
Published: December 2021

Myelin basic protein (MBP) is an abundant protein in central nervous system (CNS) myelin. MBP has long been studied as a factor in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune neurodegenerative disease multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is characterized by CNS inflammation, demyelination, and axonal loss. One of the main theories on the pathogenesis of MS suggests that exposure to foreign antigens causes the activation of cross-reactive T cells in genetically susceptible individuals, with MBP being a possible autoantigen. While a direct role for MBP as a primary antigen in human MS is unclear, it is clear that MBP and its functions in myelin formation and long-term maintenance are linked to MS. This review looks at some key molecular characteristics of MBP and its relevance to MS, as well as the mechanisms of possible molecular mimicry between MBP and some viral antigens. We also discuss the use of serum anti-myelin antibodies as biomarkers for disease. MBP is a prime example of an apparently simple, but in fact biochemically and structurally complex molecule, which is closely linked to both normal nervous system development and neurodegenerative disease.
Effectiveness of different fiber post removal techniques and their influence on dentinal microcrack formation
Authors: Haupt Franziska , Riggers Insa , Konietschke Frank , Rödig Tina
Published: December 2021

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different fiber post removal techniques and to correlate dentinal loss with microcrack formation.

Materials and methods

Forty-five extracted single-rooted teeth were root canal treated and fiber posts were adhesively luted. Specimens were divided into three groups (n = 15) according to the removal technique: long-shaft round bur (EndoTracer #08, Komet, Lemgo, Germany), SonicFlex Endo (KaVo, Biberach, Germany), DT Post Removal Kit (VDW, Munich, Germany). Roots were scanned before post cementation and after post removal using micro-computed tomography. Dentin loss, residual luting material, working time, and the induction of microcracks were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed by using multiple contrast tests (max-t tests, α = 0.05). Correlations between parameters dentin loss/new microcracks and dentin loss/residual material were calculated using Kendall’s tau.

Results

Post removal with SonicFlex Endo resulted in the highest amount of removed dentin with significant differences to the round bur and the DT Post Removal Kit. No technique was found to completely remove the post and luting material. All techniques induced microcracks with the DT Post Removal Kit presenting the highest number of new defects. No correlation between dentin loss and new microcracks was observed. Deviations from the original root canal occurred in all groups, but no perforation was observed.

Conclusions

All techniques resulted in dentin loss, residual luting material, and the formation of microcracks. However, no correlation between dentin loss and the induction of microcracks was observed.

Clinical relevance

As all techniques resulted in microcrack formation and dentin loss, this study emphasizes the risk of iatrogenic damage due to post removal procedures.
Neuropathological interpretation of stimulated Raman histology images of brain and spine tumors: part B
Authors: Straehle Jakob , Erny Daniel , Neidert Nicolas , Heiland Dieter Henrik , El Rahal Amir , Sacalean Vlad , Steybe David , Schmelzeisen Rainer , Vlachos Andreas , Mizaikoff Boris , Reinacher Peter Christoph , Coenen Volker Arnd , Prinz Marco , Beck Jürgen , Schnell Oliver
Published: December 2021

Intraoperative histopathological examinations are routinely performed to provide neurosurgeons with information about the entity of tumor tissue. Here, we quantified the neuropathological interpretability of stimulated Raman histology (SRH) acquired using a Raman laser imaging system in a routine clinical setting without any specialized training or prior experience. Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy was performed on 117 samples of pathological tissue from 73 cases of brain and spine tumor surgeries. A board-certified neuropathologist — novice in the interpretation of SRH — assessed image quality by scoring subjective tumor infiltration and stated a diagnosis based on the SRH images. The diagnostic accuracy was determined by comparison to frozen hematoxylin–eosin (H&E)-stained sections and the ground truth defined as the definitive neuropathological diagnosis. The overall SRH imaging quality was rated high with the detection of tumor cells classified as inconclusive in only 4.2% of all images. The accuracy of neuropathological diagnosis based on SRH images was 87.7% and was non-inferior to the current standard of fast frozen H&E-stained sections (87.3 vs. 88.9%, p = 0.783). We found a substantial diagnostic correlation between SRH-based neuropathological diagnosis and H&E-stained frozen sections (κ = 0.8). The interpretability of intraoperative SRH imaging was demonstrated to be equivalent to the current standard method of H&E-stained frozen sections. Further research using this label-free innovative alternative vs. conventional staining is required to determine to which extent SRH-based intraoperative decision-making can be streamlined in order to facilitate the advancement of surgical neurooncology.
Fatigue improvement of aluminium welds by means of deep rolling and diamond burnishing
Authors: Schubnell Jan , Farajian Majid
Published: December 2021

Deep rolling is an industrially widely established mechanical surface treatment process for the modification of roughness and fatigue resistance. However, the process has not been considered as a potential method for the mechanical post welded treatment of welded joints yet. Even, the potential of deep rolling for increasing the fatigue strength is comparably well-known in the case of non-welded components. Therefore, the effect of deep rolling (hydrostatic mounted tool) and diamond burnishing (mechanical mounted tool) to increase the fatigue strength of butt joints was approved in this work for aluminium alloy AlMg4,5Mn0,7 (EN AW 5083). For this purpose, fatigue tests under full tensile loading were performed in as-welded and deep rolled, burnished and ultrasonic impact treated conditions. Different residual stress states as well as work hardening states are determined in deep rolled and burnished condition. However, similar and significant fatigue life improvement was determined for both processes.
The Emergence of the “FlexTech” Orchestration of Inferential Reasoning on Pattern Generalization
Authors: Eckert Andreas , Nilsson Per
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study is to further our understanding of orchestrating math-talk with digital technology. The technology used is common in Swedish mathematics classrooms and involves personal computers, a projector directed towards a whiteboard at the front of the class and software programs for facilitating communication and collective exploration. We use the construct of instrumental orchestration to conceptualize a teacher’s intentional and systematic organization and use of digital technology to guide math-talk in terms of a collective instrumental genesis. We consider math-talk as a matter of inferential reasoning, taking place in the Game of Giving and Asking for Reasons (GoGAR).The combination of instrumental orchestration and inferential reasoning laid the foundation of a design experiment that addressed the research question: How can collective inferential reasoning be orchestrated in a technology-enhanced learning environment? The design experiment was conducted in lower-secondary school (students 14–16 years old) and consisted of three lessons on pattern generalization. Each lesson was tested and refined twice by the research team. The design experiment resulted in the emergence of the FlexTech orchestration, which provided teachers and students with opportunities to utilize the flexibility to construct, switch and mark in the orchestration of an instrumental math-GoGAR.
Governing Thirdness
Authors: Nisar Muhammad Azfar
Published: December 2021

Khawaja Sira of Pakistan are a heterogeneous group of marginalized gender nonconforming individuals who defy traditional notions of gender and sexuality. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Lahore, Pakistan, Governing Thirdness provides important insights about the identity, marginalization and governance of the Khawaja Sira as they try to live an unliveable life. Taking a broad view of governance, this book includes a comprehensive analysis of governance of the Khawaja Sira across legal, social and administrative institutions. It also argues that labels like third gender and transgender fails to account for the gender fluid lives and multiple types of individuals who identify as Khawaja Sira, yet these categories, largely imported from the west, are used without much thought to govern this heterogeneous group.
Advancing pediatric antimicrobial stewardship: Has pharmacodynamic dosing for gram-negative infections taken effect?
Authors: Puckett Lauren M. , Newland Jason G. , Girotto Jennifer E.
Published: December 2021

Objective:

To characterize pharmacodynamic dosing strategies used at children’s hospitals using a national survey.

Design:

Survey.

Setting:

Children’s hospitals.

Participants:

Volunteer sample of antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) respondents.

Methods:

A nationwide survey was conducted to gain greater insight into the current adoption of nontraditional dosing methods and monitoring of select β-lactam and fluoroquinolone antibiotics used to treat serious gram-negative infections in pediatric populations. The survey was performed through the Sharing Antimicrobial Reports for Pediatric Stewardship (SHARPS) Collaborative.

Results:

Of the 75 children’s hospitals that responded, 68% of programs reported adoption of pharmacodynamically optimized dosing using prolonged β-lactam infusions and 35% using continuous β-lactam infusions, although use was infrequent. Factors including routine MIC monitoring and formal postgraduate training and board certification of ASP pharmacists were associated with increased utilization of pharmacodynamic dosing. In addition, 60% of programs reported using pharmacodynamically optimized ciprofloxacin and 14% reported using pharmacodynamically optimized levofloxacin. Only 20% of programs monitored β-lactam levels; they commonly cited lack of published guidance, practitioner experience, and laboratomory support as reasons for lack of utilization. Less physician time dedicated to ASP programs was associated with lower adoption of optimized dosing.

Conclusions:

Use of pharmacodynamic dosing through prolonged and continuous infusions of β-lactams have not yet been routinely adopted at children’s hospitals. Further guidance from trials and literature are needed to continue to guide pediatric pharmacodynamic dosing efforts. Children’s hospitals should utilize these data to compare practices and to prioritize further research and education efforts.
«On fait du travail social en fait» : Perceptions de leur rôle par les avocat‑e‑s dans le cadre du processus de détermination du statut de réfugié
Authors: Dahin Charlotte
Published: December 2021

The collaborative involvement of legal and healthcare professionals is often crucial when managing the consequences of the difficult experiences of those seeking asylum and the impact of these on the construction of the asylum application itself. While such collaboration is not always possible, this article focuses on the experiences of lawyers specialized in immigration law, who are often faced with challenges that do not fall strictly within the legal sphere but must be understood in order to support a successful asylum claim. This article examines the different perceptions among these lawyers as to the scope and limits of their role in this context. Some place greater emphasis on the distinction between professions and the limits of each person’s role. Others appear to express a more nuanced perspective, proposing specific strategies to better manage certain aspects related to mental health in particular.
Gender and Coloniality: From Low-Intensity Communal Patriarchy to High-Intensity Colonial-Modern Patriarchy
Authors: Segato Rita Laura , Monque Pedro
Published: December 2021

This essay collects four decades of my own reflections, as an anthropologist and feminist, on gender and coloniality across various contexts in Latin America. It also highlights the decolonial methodology and vocabulary that I have had to develop in my various roles as scholar, public intellectual, and expert witness over the years. Briefly, what I present here is a decolonial feminist perspective that argues for the existence of a patriarchal political order in communal societies before colonization. Yet, in my view, precolonial gender has a dual structure that is plural in essence and differs markedly from the binary gender structure of colonial-modern societies, which works in terms of a One and its marginalized others. As I argue, the capturing and transformation of precolonial dual gender structures by the modern gender system exacerbates inequality, increases violence against women, and disempowers them politically. For that reason, I speak of “low-intensity” and “high-intensity” patriarchal systems.
Case Sensitive: Lawyers and the Formation of Legal Arguments in Tanzania
Authors: Hickle Jessica E.
Published: December 2021

This article uses evidence from Tanzanian lawyers and legal experts to advance a novel lawyer-centered explanation for Tanzania’s low levels of rights litigation. Like in many countries, Tanzanian citizens who pursue litigation depend on the presence, ideas, and guidance of lawyers. To understand patterns of litigation in Tanzania, therefore, we need to understand how lawyers make choices about their cases. Such knowledge is crucial to understanding litigation in Tanzania and in many other countries where lawyers bear similar responsibility in determining patterns of litigation. Here, I argue that three factors—legal education, laws and institutions, and judicial receptivity—dissuade lawyers from making rights-based arguments in cases where they might be appropriate. Lawyers’ avoidance of rights-based arguments in turn leads to low levels of rights litigation in Tanzania.
Membership, Mobilization, and Policy Adoption in the Gilded Age: The Case of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN ADAM , YANUS ALIXANDRA B.
Published: December 2021

Relatively little is known about how late nineteenth-century associations worked to get their policy goals adopted by state governments. We study this question here, considering the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and three policies it supported: scientific temperance instruction, increasing the age of consent, and prohibiting tobacco sales to minors. Overall, WCTU-supported legislation was more likely to succeed in states with unified Republican state legislatures, aided by neighboring state adoptions (scientific temperance) and greater WCTU membership (increasing age of consent and prohibiting tobacco sales to minors). These findings are supported by historical evidence, which reveals how WCTU leadership targeted particular states when lobbying for scientific temperance instruction laws and utilized its broad membership base to pressure state legislatures on the other two issues. In total, these results show how one late nineteenth-century membership group was able to facilitate the successful spread of its policies throughout the nation.
Cubical methods in homotopy type theory and univalent foundations
Authors: Mörtberg Anders
Published: December 2021

Cubical methods have played an important role in the development of Homotopy Type Theory and Univalent Foundations (HoTT/UF) in recent years. The original motivation behind these developments was to give constructive meaning to Voevodsky’s univalence axiom, but they have since then led to a range of new results. Among the achievements of these methods is the design of new type theories and proof assistants with native support for notions from HoTT/UF, syntactic and semantic consistency results for HoTT/UF, as well as a variety of independence results and establishing that the univalence axiom does not increase the proof theoretic strength of type theory. This paper is based on lecture notes that were written for the 2019 Homotopy Type Theory Summer School at Carnegie Mellon University. The goal of these lectures was to give an introduction to cubical methods and provide sufficient background in order to make the current research in this very active area of HoTT/UF more accessible to newcomers. The focus of these notes is hence on both the syntactic and semantic aspects of these methods, in particular on cubical type theory and the various cubical set categories that give meaning to these theories.