bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Irreversibility Analysis of 3D Magnetohydrodynamic Casson Nanofluid Flow Past Through Two Bi-Directional Stretching Surfaces with Nonlinear Radiation
Authors: Mahanta G. , Das M. , Nayak M. K. , Shaw S.
Published: November 2021

Application of the nanoparticles with different non-Newtonian base fluid has huge application in the industries where the heat generation or energy transform takes place and many such applications are designing the advanced energy system at high temperature, aerodynamics, energy extraction etc. In the present study, we have analyzed irreversibility for a 3-dimensional MHD, incompressible, electrically conducting Casson nanofluid flow through the two horizontal stretching surfaces. To make it more practical and broad, the flow field has been incorporated with porosity, suction/injection, non-linear radiation with fall velocity with convective heating conditions at the boundaries and entropy generation which is an important physical phenomenon in thermodynamics. Influence of imperative parameters of the flow field and physical parameters have discussed with the entropy generation. In a limiting case, a comparison made. It is observed that the suction phenomena boost up the local Nusselt and Sherwood number at the surface while restricted the skin friction. The non-Newtonian rheology (as Casson number) restricted the skin friction and the same phenomena observed for the local heat and mass transfer. The entropy boosts up with the enhancement of the magnetic parameter, temperature ratio and Brinkman number. Further nanoparticle concentration improve the thermal conductivity leads an improvement in the efficiency of the heat transfer takes place. With the augment in thermal radiation, magnetic parameter and Brinkman number, the entropy generation of the systems gets accelerated.
Understanding the anatomy of a malpractice suit. In the United States this is a doctor’s best defence
Authors: Smith Howard
Published: November 2021

In the United States, the majority of physicians have been sued and those who have not, will be. Defendants share the notion that the lawsuit is totally fallacious. To be fallacious, the outcome of a medical intervention must be an unpreventable random maloccurrence. This is the only alternative to a medical error. The conflict over outcomes that are random and outcomes that are medical errors results in 46,000 malpractice suits every year in the USA. The burden of proof is a preponderance of evidence, but this is insufficient to do more than just infer, not prove, a relationship between the medical intervention and the outcome. Plaintiffs, generally, prove a malpractice case using inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning leaves much to intuition. They use inductive reasoning because, by definition, preponderance of evidence, also, leaves much to intuition. Deductive reasoning is objective and there is no place for intuition. With deductive reasoning, the burden of proof is now sufficient to distinguish whether or not the cause relates to the effect with 95% confidence. A model for deductive reasoning in malpractice which is completely consistent with the scientific method is presented. This should and would derail frivolous lawsuits.
Gifted for whom? Individualism, dyadism, and collectivism in the definition of giftedness
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. , Karami Sareh
Published: November 2021

Gifts can be individually, dyadically, or collectively chosen and oriented. Society, in its identification of the gifted, has chosen to focus on individual and sometimes dyadic goods. This practice represents a culture of individualism, but it has become solipsistic. We argue that identification instead should focus on those most likely to help to achieve a collective common good—who will bestow on others, gifts that are broadly beneficial especially to those most in need of help.
An Integrative Conceptual Framework of Food Certifications: Systematic Review, Research Agenda, and Macromarketing Implications
Authors: Latino Maria Elena , Corallo Angelo , Menegoli Marta , Nuzzo Biagio
Published: November 2021

Food certifications guarantee food quality and reduce information asymmetry regarding food between consumers and producers. There are numerous certifications that facilitate global food systems. While scholars have addressed this issue from several viewpoints, a systematic synchronization of the research in international food certification studies is lacking. The purpose of this study is to explore the field of food certifications. This includes identifying certification definitions, related categories, the main purposes and topics of existing studies in this field. This study uses a systematic literature review. It proposes an integrative conceptual framework, that summarizes the main findings of the study. Additionally, new research routes, as well as both theoretical and macromarketing implications are discussed. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the international field of food certification, giving researchers, consumers, and food companies a guide to understand the complexity of the global food certification and the related macromarketing effects.
Surface roughness study of polyamide in nano-metric polishing using low-frequency acoustic energy
Authors: Beigmoradi Sajjad , Vahdati Mehrdad
Published: November 2021

Polymers have gained the attention of manufacturers due to their significant advantages such as low density, high corrosion resistance, and high humidity resistance. Producing high-precision polymeric components is one the most challenging issues especially in fabricating complex or micro-scale systems. Some of the machining techniques such as electro discharge machining (EDM) and electrochemical machining (ECM) cannot be employed for machining the non-conductive parts. Using abrasive particles is one of the best options for machining these types of materials. In this work, the capability of the acoustic energy for machining polyamide (PA) workpieces is studied. To this end, an experimental setup is installed and design of experiment (DoE) algorithm is employed to survey the effect of process parameters on surface roughness. Three parameters at three levels are considered as the effective factors of the process and the sensitivity of the surface roughness on the process factors is investigated. In the next step, a hybrid finite element/boundary element approach was used to discuss the relation of process parameters to the vibrational characteristics of the container, then the mechanism of the process was investigated employing the discrete element method. Finally, the surface topology of the optimal workpiece before and after the process was presented and compared. It was observed that acoustic energy can be considered as a vibration source of the container’s floor to provide kinetic energy for machining PA parts on the nano-metric scale. Moreover, it was found that the initial roughness of the workpiece and the chosen parameters play a crucial role in the machining process. Experimental results show that in this technique by selecting appropriate process factors the surface roughness can be reduced up to 50%.
Bleeding Women in Sacred Spaces: Negotiating Theological Belonging in the ‘Pathway’ to Priesthood
Authors: Parker Eve
Published: November 2021

This article focuses on the theological journeying of women ordinands in the Church of England, who have had to negotiate their belonging in the ‘pathway’ to Priesthood in ordination training. Attention is given to the extent to which the personhood of women is enabled to truly flourish in a theological education system that is dominated by men and predominantly patriarchal and Western theologising. It suggests that a gendered politics of belonging has been used and maintained through the socio-religious construct of ‘shame’ in order to maintain the boundaries of belonging within the formation process, and therefore calls for an en-gendered ‘pathway to the priesthood’. This is exemplified in a re-reading of the bleeding woman who dares to challenge the hegemonies of patriarchy and purity by touching the cloak of Christ in Luke 8:40-48. This research is part of an ongoing project with Common Awards at Durham University that explores barriers to belonging in theological education for those in training for ordination. It has therefore received ethical approval for interviews and participant observations.
Racial militarism and civilizational anxiety at the imperial encounter: From metropole to the postcolonial state
Authors: Gani Jasmine K
Published: November 2021

In this article, I ask three key questions: First, what is the relationship between militarism and race? Second, how does colonialism shape that relationship to produce racial militarism on both sides of the imperial encounter? And, third, what is the function of racial militarism? I build on Fanon’s psychoanalytic work on the production of racial hierarchies and internalization of stigma to argue that militarism became a means through which the European imperial nation-state sought to mitigate its civilizational anxiety and assert itself at the top of a constructed hierarchy. In particular, I argue that European militarism is constituted by its colonization and historical constructions of the so-called Muslim Orient, stigmatized as a rival, a threat and an inferior neighbour. However, this racial militarism and civilizational anxiety is not only a feature of the colonial metropole, but also transferred onto colonized and postcolonial states. Drawing on examples of racial militarism practised by the Syrian regime, I argue Europe’s racial-militarist stigmas are also internalized and instrumentalized by postcolonial states via fleeing and transferral. Throughout the article, I demonstrate that racial militarism has three main functions in both metropole and postcolony: the performance of racial chauvinism and superiority; demarcation of boundaries of exclusion; and dehumanization of racialized dissent in order to legitimate violence.
The effect of metalation processes on polymer morphology and conductivity properties
Authors: Sarıbıyık Oğuz Yunus , Gönül İlyas , Ay Burak , Karaca Serkan
Published: November 2021

In this work, an insoluble three dimensional (3D) porous polymeric structure and their metal complexes were synthesised by the condensation reactions of meta(m)-phenylenediamine, para(p)-phenylenediamine and glutaraldehyde. The morphological and spectral features of the porous polymeric structures were determined using different analytical and spectroscopic methods, including field emission scanning electron microscopy, four-point probe electrical conductivity, photoluminescence spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, surface area Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and magnetic and thermal behaviours. According to the obtained data, the shape, size and photoluminescence properties of the compounds, especially the conductivity, were clearly changed after the metalation processes.
Association between diabetes and keratoconus—a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Akowuah Prince K , Arthur Christabel , Otabil Fredrick A , Ofori Collins A , Osei-Poku Kofi , Fummey Jeremiah , Boadi Prince , Dadzie Emmanuella E
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To assess the association between diabetes mellitus and keratoconus.

Methods

PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for literature on the association between diabetes and keratoconus. The last literature search was conducted on April 4, 2021. A secondary form of the literature search was conducted by manually scanning the reference list of retrieved eligible articles. Included studies were cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional study design that used odds ratio or risk ratio to evaluate the relationship between keratoconus and diabetes. Egger's test was used to assess the presence of publication bias. The quality of eligible studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

Results

Nine studies (six case-control and three cohort studies) published between 2000 and 2021 were included. The total number of keratoconus patients and controls were 27,311 and 53,732. respectively. Meta-analysis revealed no significant association between diabetes mellitus and keratoconus; the pooled odds ratio was 0.87 (95% confidence interval: 0.66–1.14; p = 0.314). There was significant heterogeneity ( Q (df = 7) = 33.36, p < 0.001; I 2  = 79.01, p < 0.001). Age of participants ( p < 0.0001), study design ( p < 0.001), and sample size ( p = 0.024) were significant sources of heterogeneity. There was no evidence of publication bias.

Conclusion

The current meta-analysis revealed no significant association between diabetes mellitus and keratoconus. Well-designed longitudinal prospective studies are, however, needed to investigate any association between diabetes mellitus and keratoconus.
Conjunctivitis as a sign of persistent SARS-COV-2 infection? An observational study and report of late symptoms
Authors: Vallejo-Garcia Jose Luis , Balia L , Raimondi R , Rustioni G , Camesasca FI , Borgia A , Fossati G , Confalonieri F , Legrottaglie EF , Casari E , Sandri MT , Vinciguerra P
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To investigate if symptomatic conjunctivitis during the recovery phase of the disease could be associated to a persistent presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract. Secondary end points were to analyze the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the conjunctiva of ocular symptomatic patients and to record the presence of ocular disturbances at this point of the disease.

Methods

An observational study including consecutive COVID19 patients treated at Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital who were attending for nasopharyngeal swab to confirm the resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection and end of isolation. We examined 129 consecutive patients from May to June 2020. The primary end point was to determine if symptomatic conjunctivitis at this point of the disease could be associated to a persistent presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract. Secondary end points were to analyze the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the conjunctiva of ocular symptomatic patients and to record the presence of ocular disturbances at this point of the disease.

Results

One hundred twenty eight patients were included, 9.38% had conjunctivitis, none resulted positive to conjunctival PCR swab test, while two of them had positive nasopharyngeal result. Mean time elapsed since the first COVID-19 positive swab to the time of examination was 6 weeks (  ± 3). The only significant association was the presence of conjunctivitis with older age (65.3  ±  12.7 vs 56.7  +  13.5. p  =  0.046). Nasopharyngeal swab resulted positive in 22 patients (17.19%). While 88 patients (68.2%) did not have any ocular complain during their COVID19 disease. The 40 patients (31.8%) reporting ocular disturbances complained about: redness (25.43%), tearing (19.53%), burning (18.35%), foreign body sensation (17.18%), itching (15.62%), and discharge (12.5%).

Conclusion

This study showed that late conjunctivitis cannot be considered as a marker of persistent infection when patients are sent to confirm the resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Salvage of a megafistula causing high-output cardiac failure in a young adult with aneurysmorrhaphy and banding
Authors: Goldschmidt Eric , Schafer Kristin , Hariri Nizar , Seiwert Andrew , Lurie Fedor
Published: November 2021

We present the case of a 21-year-old male with significant lengthening and aneurysmal degeneration of his brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula resulting in a megafistula and high-output cardiac failure. A computed tomography angiogram showed narrowing at the cephalic arch. Further evaluation during the operation revealed kinking and elongation of the fistula in addition to compression of the cephalic arch in the deltopectoral groove leading to outflow obstruction. The aneurysmal fistula was treated successfully with aneurysmorrhaphy of the remaining conduit and banding of the inflow. This case demonstrates a unique etiology of venous outflow obstruction for a fistula and describes the surgical approach to its treatment in a young patient suffering from cardiac failure.
Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis, Dermatophytes, and Syphilis by Indigenous Peoples Prior to 1850
Authors: Perlmutter Jonah , Cogan Rachel , Wiseman Marni C.
Published: November 2021

The Iroquoian and Algonquian-speaking Peoples of North America discovered numerous natural treatments to dermatological conditions long prior to European settlement. Anthropological evidence suggests that treatments for atopic dermatitis, dermatophyte infections, and syphilitic lesions were derived from Sassafras albidum, genus Salix trees, and S assafras officinale. Literature suggests these medicinal properties are attributed to the naturally abundant safrole, salicylic acid, and ascorbic acid in these flora. Numerous instances of these natural medicinal discoveries later being implemented into European literature reaffirms the impact of Indigenous medicine on contemporary dermatology.
Settled knowledge practices, truncated imaginations
Authors: Vijay Devi
Published: November 2021

Martin Parker recently auto-critiqued his book Against Management. Parker reflected on the book’s circulation, responded to some criticisms, and proposed a manifesto for a School of Organizing that must emphasize alternative organizational forms. I highlight the Eurocentric frame that permeates the book and the auto-critique. This Eurocentrism manifests as settled geographies, histories, and epistemic practices. Such knowledge practices truncate the possibilities of radically imagining alternatives to the contemporary crises of capitalism. I borrow Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing’s metaphor of foraging to briefly consider how subterranean struggles and solidaristic transgressions offer possibilities for alternative world-making.
Social change and masculinities: Exploring favourable spaces?
Authors: Papadelos Pam , Beasley Chris , Treagus Mandy
Published: November 2021

Understanding social change remains a challenge in the social sciences. This has resonance when considering the continuing significance of gender inequality in Australian society despite decades of political and social reform. Our aim is to elaborate a framework regarding social change which engages with major debates in masculinity studies, with applications beyond gender and masculinity. The potential of favourable spaces for social innovation is explored by outlining a dynamic taxonomy of masculinity and change. This framing of social change is located in a material social context involving specific actors. While popular media accounts of boys’ schooling and the specific instance of private boys’ schools indicate the maintenance of hegemonic norms upholding masculine dominance, we investigate illustrative instances of Catholic boys’ schools committed to gender equality. Yet, constructions of masculinity shift between and/or incorporate hegemonic styles and gender equitable styles, even in situations where gender equality is publicly promoted.
Two and a Half Crises: Serbian Institutional Design as the Cause of Democratic Declines
Authors: Spasojević Dušan
Published: November 2021

This article investigates the effects of Serbian semi-presidentialism and the proportional representation electoral system on democratic performances. Both electoral and political systems provide incentives for power-sharing mechanisms and the pluralistic character of the party system. However, in situations when one party becomes much stronger and predominant, there is a growing probability for the presidentialization of politics and excessive centralization of power that might lead to competitive authoritarianism. I am analysing three such cases from different periods – Milošević regime (1990–2000), the first transitional decade (2000–2012) and the return of the old regime (2012–2020) in order to identify causes of democratic crises that are embedded in institutional design.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 12-Month Patency After Intervention for Iliofemoral Obstruction Using Dedicated or Non-Dedicated Venous Stents
Authors: Majeed Ghulam M. , Lodhia Krishan , Carter Jemima , Kingdon Jack , Morris Rachael I. , Gwozdz Adam , Saratzis Athanasios , Saha Prakash
Published: November 2021

Background:

Endovascular stenting of the deep venous system has been proposed as a method to treat patients with symptomatic iliofemoral outflow obstruction. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the effectiveness of this treatment at 1-year following the development of dedicated venous stents.

Method and results:

We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies evaluating the effectiveness of venous stent placement. Data were extracted by disease pathogenesis: non-thrombotic iliac vein lesions (NIVL), acute thrombotic (DVT), or post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Main outcomes included technical success, stent patency at 1 year and symptom relief. A total of 49 studies reporting outcomes in 5154 patients (NIVL, 1431; DVT, 950; PTS, 2773) were included in the meta-analysis. Technical success rates were comparable among groups (97%-100%). There were no periprocedural deaths. Minor bleeding was reported in up to 5% of patients and major bleeding in 0.5% upon intervention. Transient back pain was noted in 55% of PTS patients following intervention. There was significant heterogeneity between studies reporting outcomes in PTS patients. Primary and cumulative patency at 1 year was: NIVL—96% and 100%; DVT—91% and 97%; PTS (stents above the ligament)—77% and 94%, and; PTS (stents across the ligament)—78% and 94%. There were insufficient data to compare patency outcomes of dedicated and nondedicated venous stents in patients with acute DVT. In NIVL and PTS patients, stent patency was comparable at 1 year. There was inconsistency in the use of validated tools for the measurement of symptoms before and after intervention. When reported, venous claudication, improved in 83% of PTS patients and 90% of NIVL patients, and ulcer healing occurred in 80% of PTS patients and 32% of NIVL patients.

Conclusions:

The first generation of dedicated venous stents perform comparably in terms of patency and clinical outcomes to non-dedicated technologies at 1 year for the treatment of patients with NIVL and PTS. However, significant heterogeneity exists between studies and standardized criteria are urgently needed to report outcomes in patients undergoing deep venous stenting.
Design of a powered full-body exoskeleton for physical assistance of elderly people
Authors: Christensen Simon , Rafique Sajid , Bai Shaoping
Published: November 2021

The development of full-body exoskeletons has been limited due to design complexities, mechanical integration intricacies, and heavier weight, among others. Consequently, very few full-body powered exoskeletons were developed to address these challenges, in spite of increasing demand for physical assistance at full-body level. This article presents an overall design and development of a powered full-body exoskeleton called “FB-AXO.” Primarily, FB-AXO consists of two main subsystems, a lower-body and an upper-body subsystem connected together through waist and spine modules. FB-AXO is developed for the support of weaker ageing adults so that they can continue functioning their daily activities. At the onset of the project, a set of functional and design requirements has been formulated with an extensive end-user involvement and then used in realizing the FB-AXO. The final FB-AXO design comprises of 27 degrees of freedom, of which 10 are active and 17 are passive, having a total system weight of 25 kg. Overall, the article elaborates comprehensively the design, construction, and preliminary testing of FB-AXO. The work effectively addresses design challenges including kinematic compatibility and modularity with innovative solutions. The details of the mechanics, sensors, and electronics of the two subsystems along with specifics of human-exoskeleton interfaces and ranges of motion are also provided. The FB-AXO exoskeleton effectively demonstrated to assist full-body motions such as normal walking, standing, bending as well as executing lifting and carrying tasks to meet the daily living demands of older users.
Reintegration experiences in a sample of Israeli parolees on completion of their term of supervision: A qualitative study
Authors: Peled-Laskov Ronit , Timor Uri , Gideon Lior
Published: November 2021

For many released prisoners, the period following release is characterized by extreme challenges. The ability to overcome such challenges depends on the services, level of supervision, and type of support available. One type of support offered by the Israeli Prisoners’ Rehabilitation Authority provides a supervisory and rehabilitative framework for reintegration after release from imprisonment, with an emphasis on employment. The present study examines the subjective experiences of ex-prisoners on their journey from incarceration through reentry and reintegration while participating in supervision, treatment, and employment intervention operated by the Israeli Prisoners’ Rehabilitation Authority. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of released prisoners who successfully completed Israeli Prisoners’ Rehabilitation Authority supervision between 2014 and 2019. The interviews reveal four main themes that in turn identify pathways to “better lives” through the reintegration process.
Effect of jump heights, landing techniques, and participants on vertical ground reaction force and loading rate during landing on three different Korean teeterboards
Authors: Cossin Marion , Ross Annie , Prince François
Published: November 2021

Korean teeterboard is one of the most physically and technically demanding circus disciplines. Two performers take turns jumping vertically and land with high impact. The aims of this study were to (1) compare the stiffness across three different teeterboards, and (2) compare Peak Landing Force (PLF) and Maximal Loading Rate (MLR) of four acrobats performing jumps from three teeterboards using four landing techniques (normal, smooth, straight legs, and empty board). Pressure sensors were used to determine recorded forces under the feet, while Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) was used to analyze factors contributing to PLF and MLR. Standard static loading protocol was used to estimate teeterboard stiffness. PLF and MLR increased with jump height. PLF and MLR were reached when landing on the teeterboard with the highest stiffness. The “normal” and “straight legs” landing techniques were associated with higher PLF and MLR. The BRT model was able to associate both PLF and MLR with jump height, participant, teeterboard, and landing technique factors. PLF reached 13.5 times the body weight when landing on the stiffer teeterboard using the straight legs technique. Trainers should be aware of the injury risk to teeterboard acrobats during landing.
The New Triangular Relationship between the US, China, and Latin America: The Case of Trade in the Autoparts-Automobile Global Value Chain (2000–2019)
Authors: Dussel Peters Enrique
Published: November 2021

During 2000–2019, the autoparts-automobile global value chain (AAGVC) underwent significant structural changes from a number of perspectives: micro, meso, or inter-firm relations, macroeconomic, and territorial shifts. This document will focus on recent trade debates on the “new triangular relationship” between the US–China and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and Mexico, and specifically on trade in the AAGVC during 2000–2019. In addition to the discussion on global value chains (GVCs) and its implications, the document analyses in detail qualitative and quantitative global changes in the AAGVC and specifically in US imports during 2000–2019, highlighting the performance of Mexico and China in trade, tariffs, and transportation costs. Conclusions include a set of future research topics.
Four New Acyclic Diterpenes From Siegesbeckia orientalis
Authors: Trang Do Thi , Huong Phan Thi Thanh , Cuc Nguyen Thi , Dung Duong Thi , Trang Bui Thi Thu , Nhiem Nguyen Xuan , Huu Tai Bui , Van Kiem Phan
Published: November 2021

Four new acyclic diterpenes, siegetalises A-D (1-4), were isolated from the aerial parts of Siegesbeckia orientalis. Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. The effects of the isolated compounds on the activity of xanthine oxidase were evaluated by the oxidative reaction with xanthine as a substrate. At a concentration of 50 µM, compounds 1-4 exhibited xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity at levels of 13.59% ± 0.51%, 19.64% ± 1.54%, 17.45% ± 1.26%, and 21.36% ± 1.40%, respectively.
Clinical Indoor Running Gait Analysis May Not Approximate Outdoor Running Gait Based on Novel Drone Technology
Authors: Lafferty Lindsay , Wawrzyniak John , Chambers Morgan , Pagliarulo Todd , Berg Arthur , Hawila Nour , Silvis Matthew
Published: November 2021

Background:

Traditional running gait analysis is limited to artificial environments, but whether treadmill running approximates overground running is debated. This study aimed to compare treadmill gait analysis using fixed video with outdoor gait analysis using drone video capture.

Hypothesis:

Measured kinematics would be similar between natural outdoor running and traditional treadmill gait analysis.

Study Design:

Crossover study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 2.

Methods:

The study population included cross-country, track and field, and recreational athletes with current running mileage of at least 15 km per week. Participants completed segments in indoor and outdoor environments. Indoor running was completed on a treadmill with static video capture, and outdoor segments were obtained via drone on an outdoor track. Three reviewers independently performed clinical gait analysis on footage for 32 runners using kinematic measurements with published acceptable intra- and interrater reliability.

Results:

Of the 8 kinematic variables measured, 2 were found to have moderate agreement indoor versus outdoor, while 6 had fair to poor agreement. Foot strike at initial contact and rearfoot position at midstance had moderate agreement indoor versus outdoor, with a kappa of 0.54 and 0.49, respectively. The remaining variables: tibial inclination at initial contact, knee flexion angle initial contact, forward trunk lean full gait cycle, knee center position midstance, knee separation midstance, and lateral pelvic drop at midstance were found to have fair to poor agreement, ranging from 0.21 to 0.36.

Conclusion:

This study suggests that kinematics may differ between natural outdoor running and traditional treadmill gait analysis.

Clinical Relevance:

Providing recommendations for altering gait based on treadmill gait analysis may prove to be harmful if treadmill analysis does not approximate natural running environments. Drone technology could provide advancement in clinical running recommendations by capturing runners in natural environments.
Youth Athlete Development Models: A Narrative Review
Authors: Varghese Mathew , Ruparell Sonia , LaBella Cynthia
Published: November 2021

Context:

Physical activity has shown to be beneficial for the overall physical and mental health of youth. There has been an increasing focus on youth sports moving from a recreational activity to becoming a launching pad for participation at elite levels. Several models of athlete development have emerged to guide specialized and nonspecialized athletes at an age-appropriate level, taking into consideration their physical and mental development. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence and theoretical models regarding youth athlete development and discuss broader initiatives for sports participation and future directions for the field.

Evidence Acquisition:

An electronic databases search, including PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, National Institutes of Health, UpToDate, and Springer was conducted. Articles from 1993 to 2021 were included. The search terms long term athlete development, LTAD model, youth physical development, youth athlete development, sports specialization, and pediatric athlete, among others, were used.

Study Design:

Narrative review.

Level of Evidence:

Levels 4 and 5.

Results:

Several models of youth athlete development are discussed in this article. More recent models have built on previous models to incorporate more age- and development-specific recommendations; however, no singular model could be identified as the gold standard for youth athlete development, especially given the lack of empirical data to support these models.

Conclusion:

Youth athlete development currently consists of several theoretical models, each with their own strengths and weaknesses, that can guide the training of young athletes to maximize their performance. Those involved in this process—physicians, athletic trainers, coaches, physical educators, and parents—should understand these various models and trial their various features to see what works best for their individual athlete with consideration given to factors such as their stage of development. Ultimately, more empirical data are required to definitively state which is the optimal approach.
Incidence Rates of Surgery After Knee MRI: Association According to Referring Physician Type and Patient’s Age and Sex
Authors: Naqvi Syed R. , Beavis R. Cole , Mondal Prosanta , Bryce Rhonda , Leswick David A.
Published: November 2021

Background:

The utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the primary care setting is uncertain, with a perception that there is less likelihood for surgery after MRI ordered by general practitioners (GPs) when compared with orthopaedic surgeons and sports medicine physicians. Additionally, the influence of patient age and sex on subsequent surgical intervention is currently unknown.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study was to compare surgical incidence after MRI referrals by orthopaedic surgeons, GPs, and sports medicine physicians, including a subset analysis for GP patients based on type of approval given by the radiologist. The authors also wanted to explore the association of age and sex on subsequent surgical intervention. They hypothesized that surgical incidence after MRI ordered by orthopaedic surgeons and sports medicine physicians would be higher than after MRI ordered by GPs.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Knee MRI referrals by the 3 physician cohorts during May to December 2017 were assessed. For GP patients, the types of approval or recommendation from a radiologist were categorized. Subsequent surgical intervention status was then compared among referral groups up to 2 years after MRI. Associations of age and sex with surgical occurrence were also assessed. Chi-square test, analysis of variance, and univariate/multivariable logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.

Results:

Overall, 407 referrals were evaluated (GP, n = 173; orthopaedic, n = 176; sports medicine, n = 58). Surgical incidence was not significantly higher for orthopaedic and sports medicine than GP referrals at 3 months (10%, 3%, and 6%, respectively; P = .23), 6 months (20%, 17%, and 15%; P = .49), and 2 years (30%, 35%, and 24%; P = .25). Surgical incidence for GP patients was higher after discussion with a radiologist or when evaluating specific pathology on prior imaging versus less defined reasons (30.4% vs 15.7%, respectively; P = .03). Surgical incidence was lower for older patients (11% vs 31% for >60 years vs all other age groups combined; P = .002), and women were less likely to undergo surgery than men (22% vs 35%, respectively; P = .008).

Conclusion:

Surgical incidence after MRI was likely appropriately lower for older patients. Lower incidence for female patients is of uncertain cause and warrants further study.
Continuous-Loop Tape Technique Has Greater Stiffness and Less Elongation Compared With Tied-Suture Fixation of Full-Thickness All–Soft Tissue Quadriceps Tendon Autografts
Authors: Gibbs Christopher M. , Winkler Philipp W. , Tisherman Robert T. , Chan Calvin K. , Diermeier Theresa A. , Debski Richard E. , Musahl Volker
Published: November 2021

Background:

Many graft fixation techniques are utilized for full-thickness soft tissue quadriceps tendon autografts during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).

Purpose:

To determine the tensile properties of all–soft tissue quadriceps tendon graft fixation using a tied-suture versus continuous-loop tape technique. It was hypothesized that the continuous-loop tape technique would have less cyclic elongation and greater ultimate load to failure and stiffness compared with a commonly used tied-suture technique.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Sixteen fresh-frozen human knee specimens were used to harvest a full-thickness all–soft tissue quadriceps tendon graft; half were secured using a Krackow suture technique with 2 braided sutures, and half were secured using a continuous-loop tape suspensory fixation button with a rip-stop stitch. Cyclic and permanent elongation, toe- and linear-region stiffness, and ultimate load were determined. Statistical analysis was performed at P <.05.

Results:

The tied-suture fixation group demonstrated significantly higher permanent elongation (11.7 ± 3.6 vs 4.2 ± 1.0 mm, P < .001) and cyclic elongation (5.9 ± 1.3 vs 2.0 ± 0.4 mm, P < .001) compared with the continuous-loop tape fixation group. There was a significantly higher linear-region stiffness with continuous-loop tape fixation compared with tied-suture fixation (98.8 ± 12.7 vs 85.5 ± 7.5 N/mm, P = .022). No significant difference in ultimate load between groups (517.1 ± 149.2 vs 465.6 ± 64.6 N) was found. The mode of failure was tendon pull-through for the continuous-loop tape group and suture breakage in the tied-suture group ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

Continuous-loop tape fixation is superior to tied-suture fixation in regard to elongation and stiffness for all–soft tissue quadriceps tendon grafts, but there was no significant difference in ultimate load.

Clinical Relevance:

Continuous-loop tape fixation of all–soft tissue quadriceps tendon grafts for ACLR is a valid technique with superior tensile properties.
Ethics in Forced Migration Research: Taking Stock and Potential Ways Forward
Authors: Clark-Kazak Christina
Published: November 2021

Migration research poses particular ethical challenges because of legal precarity, the criminalization and politicization of migration, and power asymmetries. This paper analyzes these challenges in relation to the ethical principles of voluntary, informed consent; protection of personal information; and minimizing harm. It shows how migration researchers — including those outside of academia — have attempted to address these ethical issues in their work, including through the recent adoption of a Code of Ethics by the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration (IASFM). However, gaps remain, particularly in relation to the intersection of procedural and relational ethics; specific ethical considerations of big data and macrocomparative analyses; localized meanings of ethics; and oversight of researchers collecting information outside of institutional ethics boards.

The paper concludes with the following recommendations: Institutional Research Ethics Boards should familiarize themselves with the particular ethical challenges in migration research, as well as available resources, such as the IASFM Code of Ethics. Ethics boards should include researchers and community representatives who are familiar with migration in reviews of related projects. Academic and training programs in migration studies should include sessions and resources on migration-specific research ethics. Nonacademic organizations, including migrant-led organizations, should provide information resources and training to their staff and clients to ensure that they understand procedural ethics requirements, relational ethical principles, as well as the rights of those asked to participate in research. Organizations conducting their own research should establish ethics review processes and relational ethics norms. A leading migration studies center or institution should map existing ethical guidelines and processes in different countries and contexts to be better aware of overlap and gaps. This mapping should take the form of an open access, interactive database, so that information can be accessible and updated in real time. Researchers should engage in more dissemination of lessons learned on ethics in migration. While there is some emerging consensus on key ethical principles for migration research, it is in their application that researchers face dilemmas. Honest reflection and sharing of these experiences will help researchers to anticipate and manage similar dilemmas they encounter while undertaking research. Researchers at all stages of their careers should not undertake migration research without having first reviewed some of the literature on ethics and migration, which is partially cited in this paper. Research centers should facilitate dialogue on ethical issues in languages other than English, particularly languages most spoken by people in migration, and by people who are underrepresented in formal ethics processes and debates, especially those with direct experience of migration.
Applying Concepts and Tools in Demography for Estimating, Analyzing, and Forecasting Forced Migration
Authors: Muttarak Raya
Published: November 2021

Among demographic events (birth, death, and migration), migration is notably the most volatile component to forecast accurately. Accounting for forced migration is even more challenging given the difficulty in collecting forced migration data. Knowledge of trends and patterns of forced migration and its future trajectory is, however, highly relevant for policy planning for migrant sending and receiving areas. This paper aims to review existing methodological tools to estimate and forecast migration in demography and explore how they can be applied to the study of forced migration. It presents steps towards estimation of forced migration and future assessments, which comprise: (1) migration flows estimation methods using both traditional and nontraditional data; (2) empirical analysis of drivers of migration and migration patterns; and (3) forecasting migration based on multidimensional population projections and scenarios approach. The paper then discusses how these demographic methods and tools can be applied to estimate and forecast forced migration.
The Role of Migration Research in Promoting Refugee Well-Being in a Post-Pandemic Era
Authors: Kraly Ellen Percy , Reed Holly E. , Majmundar Malay K. , McGrath Susan , Orrenius Pia , Silva Romesh , Ford Sarah Staveteig
Published: November 2021

This paper summarizes the presentations and discussions of a virtual stakeholder meeting on Refugee Resettlement in the United States which built on the foundation of the May 2019 workshop represented in this special issue. With support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and hosted by the Committee on Population (CPOP) of the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on Dec 1–2, 2020, 1 the meeting convened migration researchers, representatives of US voluntary resettlement agencies, and other practitioners to consider the role of migration research in informing programs serving refugees and migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic, continuing an emphasis on bringing global learning to those on the ground working with refugees. The goal of CPOP's work in this area has always been to build bridges between communities of research and practice and to create a dialogue for a shared agenda.

We present the goals and framework for the 2020 meeting, followed by a summary of each of the four sessions and themes that emerged from these discussions. The paper ends by considering effective ways of amplifying the role of research in refugee policy and programs of refugee resettlement in the United States and how demographers and population researchers might contribute to this goal.
Symptom- and Prevention-Based Testing of COVID-19 in Nursing Home Residents: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Paap Kelly C. , van Loon Anouk M. , van Rijs Sarian M. , Helmich Esther , Buurman Bianca M. , Smalbrugge Martin , Hertogh Cees M. P. M.
Published: November 2021

Nursing homes (NH) residents with COVID-19 can either be tested because of presence of core symptoms (S-based) or because of transmission prevention (TP-based). The investigated study sample included all NH residents who underwent SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing between March 16, 2020 and May 31, 2020 ( n = 380). Clinical symptoms, temperature, and oxygen saturation were extracted from medical records, 7 days before to 14 days after testing. COVID-19 was confirmed in 81 (21%) residents; 36 (44%) S-based and 45 (56%) TP-based: 45. Cycle threshold (CT) values did not differ between the groups. In the 7 days prior to the test falling (32%), somnolence (25%) and fatigue (21%) occurred in both groups. Two days before the test, we observed a stronger decrease in oxygen saturation and an increase in temperature for the S-based group compared to the T-based group that remained up to 10 days after testing. Residents within the S-based group were 2.5 times more likely to increased mortality within 30 days than residents in the TP-based group (HR, 2.56; 95% 1.3–5.2). Although, 73% of the T-based group did eventually develop core symptoms. Thus, attention to falling and daily measures of temperature and oxygen saturation can contribute to earlier detection.
Rethinking the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty: Perceptions and Receptions Within Egyptian Society (1977–1982)
Authors: Ginat Rami , Mahajneh Marwan Abu-Ghazaleh
Published: November 2021

The Egyptian–Israeli peace treaty marked a new era in the history of the Arab–Israeli conflict. Relying methodologically on the history of ideas and diplomatic history, this article sheds light on the diversity of the perceptions and receptions of peace and relations with Israel as manifested by two influential Egyptian public opinion shapers who represented polar approaches—the mouthpiece of the Muslim Brothers—the journal Al-Da‘wa and Rūz al-Yūsuf, the semi-independent liberal weekly with a moderate left bias. The timeframe is 1977–1982—from Sadat’s historical visit to Jerusalem to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon and its impact on the budding Israeli–Egyptian relations.