bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Owning worldwide principles: The case of American exceptionalism
Authors: Alasuutari Pertti , Vähä-Savo Valtteri
Published: December 2018

This article addresses the observation that, among 13 national legislatures compared, the proportion of floor debates containing a reference to the international community is lowest in the USA. Does the spirit of American exceptionalism make politicians particularly wary of being accused of cultural treason, so that they avoid references to exogenous models and international treaties or recommendations? Our analysis shows that, rather than alluding to the authority of the international community and to the principles it upholds, speakers refer to the self-image of the nation as a yardstick by which to assess whether a proposal aligns with esteemed values such as equality, freedom and democracy. In that way, rather than appealing to globally shared principles, the speakers claim ownership of them, constructing the USA as the self-evident origin of worldwide models. A comparison of the usage of the national self-image between the 13 countries studied here shows that it is most frequently used in the US Congress. Therefore, owning universal principles makes understandable the low frequency of international references in the US Congress.
Truth and reconciliation: Healthcare organizational leadership
Authors: McGibbon Elizabeth
Published: December 2018

Health leaders in organizational governance have a key role in enacting the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s Calls to Action. This discussion highlights historical and contemporary truths that can underpin action for addressing colonial impacts on Indigenous (First Nations, Metis, and Inuit) health outcomes and healthcare. Emphasis is on white settler roles and responsibilities, where health-related Calls provide a blueprint for health reconciliation leadership. There is broad agreement of the necessity to acknowledge and address key cornerstones of decolonization at individual, intermediary, and organizational stages: racism, white settler power and privilege, and cultural safety. Already existing leadership roles, responsibilities, and inter-organizational networks can form a solid foundation for health leaders to bring the Calls to the table—alongside First Nations, Metis, and Inuit peoples, in meetings, forums, and conferences and in lobbying efforts to influence the structural, systemic shape, and direction of healthcare in Canada.
mTOR Inhibitors as a New Therapeutic Strategy in Treatment Resistant Epilepsy in Hemimegalencephaly: A Case Report
Authors: Xu Qi , Uliel-Sibony Shimrit , Dunham Christopher , Sarnat Harvey , Flores-Sarnat Laura , Brunga Ledia , Davidson Scott , Lo Winnie , Shlien Adam , Connolly Mary , Boelman Cyrus , Datta Anita
Published: December 2018

Hemimegalencephaly is a hamartomatous malformation of one hemisphere. Functional hemispherectomy, the definitive treatment, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in early infancy. Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway can result in malformations of cortical development, and mTOR inhibitors can effectively reduce seizures in tuberous sclerosis complex. We report a 6-day-old female with hemimegalencephaly and frequent seizures despite 9 antiseizure medications. At 3 months of age, while awaiting hemispherectomy, an mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, was initiated by the neurologist. After 1 week of treatment, there was >50% reduction in seizures and total seizure burden, and after 2 weeks, development improved, resulting in deferral of surgery by 2.5 months with an increased body weight. Pathology demonstrated cortical dysplasia with upregulation of the mTOR pathway. Deep-sequencing of brain tissue demonstrated 16% mosaicism for a pathogenic de novo MTOR gene mutation. This case exemplifies how mTOR inhibitors could be considered for seizure reduction in patients with hemimegalencephaly while awaiting surgery.
Intensive Care Unit Capacity Strain and Outcomes of Critical Illness in a Resource-Limited Setting: A 2-Hospital Study in South Africa
Authors: Anesi George L. , Gabler Nicole B. , Allorto Nikki L. , Cairns Carel , Weissman Gary E. , Kohn Rachel , Halpern Scott D. , Wise Robert D.
Published: December 2018

Objective:

To measure the association of intensive care unit (ICU) capacity strain with processes of care and outcomes of critical illness in a resource-limited setting.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective cohort study of 5332 patients referred to the ICUs at 2 public hospitals in South Africa using the country’s first published multicenter electronic critical care database. We assessed the association between multiple ICU capacity strain metrics (ICU occupancy, turnover, census acuity, and referral burden) at different exposure time points (ICU referral, admission, and/or discharge) with clinical and process of care outcomes. The association of ICU capacity strain at the time of ICU admission with ICU length of stay (LOS), the primary outcome, was analyzed with a multivariable Cox proportional hazard model. Secondary outcomes of ICU triage decision (with strain at ICU referral), ICU mortality (with strain at ICU admission), and ICU LOS (with strain at ICU discharge), were analyzed with linear and logistic multivariable regression.

Results:

No measure of ICU capacity strain at the time of ICU admission was associated with ICU LOS, the primary outcome. The ICU occupancy at the time of ICU admission was associated with increased odds of ICU mortality (odds ratio = 1.07, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.11; P = .004), a secondary outcome, such that a 10% increase in ICU occupancy would be associated with a 7% increase in the odds of ICU mortality.

Conclusions:

In a resource-limited setting in South Africa, ICU capacity strain at the time of ICU admission was not associated with ICU LOS. In secondary analyses, higher ICU occupancy at the time of ICU admission, but not other measures of capacity strain, was associated with increased odds of ICU mortality.
Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Sexual Harassment of Health Care Employees: A Turkish Case Study
Authors: Kara Derya , Toygar Sukru Anil
Published: December 2018

The purpose of the study was to examine differences in sexual harassment attitudes between male and female labor force in health care organizations. A total of 571 employees working in various health care organizations in Turkey participated in the study. Sexual harassment was measured using 22 items and three-factor structure with constructs “Provocative Behavior,” “Normal Flirtations,” and “Trivial Matter” developed by Turgut. The data were collected using percentage, frequency, mean, standard deviation, independent sample t tests, and multivariate analysis of variance and covariance (MANOVA and MANCOVA). The results of the study revealed that a significant gender difference exists in sexual harassment attitudes with respect to “Provocative Behavior” and “Normal Flirtations” factors, while “Trivial Matter” factor was not statistically significant at the probability level of .05 as part of the sexual harassment scale. After controlling for variables such as age, marital status, monthly income level, education level, profession, institution, length of working time in the organization, and length of time in the health care sector; it was seen that most gender differences remained significant.
“Leaving Was a Process, Not an Event”: The Lived Experience of Dating and Domestic Violence in 140 Characters
Authors: Storer Heather L. , Rodriguez Maria , Franklin Roxanne
Published: December 2018

One of the most frequent refrains heard in the public discourse on intimate partner violence (IPV) is why do they stay? The literature has demonstrated that IPV victims face multiple barriers to safely exiting their relationships. Currently, there has been a limited examination of the role social media can play in elucidating the lived experience of IPV. With 25% of the population using Twitter, there are opportunities to examine its utility for deepening understandings of IPV. Using data generated from the #WhyIStayed Twitter campaign, the purpose of this study is to examine Twitter users’ reasons for staying in their abusive relationships. The study sample ( n = 3,086) is composed of a random sample of 61,725 English speaking tweets globally that employed the #WhyIStayed and #WhyILeft hashtags. We analyzed all tweets using thematic content analysis methods. This process involved multiple rounds of coding. In response to #WhyIStayed, Tweeters worldwide shared the barriers they faced that made leaving their abusive partners difficult. Seven primary themes emerged that influenced their decision-making processes: (a) impact of IPV on personal well-being, (b) lack of awareness regarding the dynamics of abusive relationships, (c) not identifying as a stereotypical IPV victim, (d) fear of reinforcing racial stereotypes, (e) internalizing social scripts regarding relationships, (f) structural barriers, and (g) leaving takes time. Twitter messages have the capacity to function as micronarratives that recount the complex barriers IPV victims confront when negotiating their relationships. This analysis provides a multifaceted description of the challenges associated with leaving abusive relationships that can augment existing theoretical frameworks on victim readiness. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate the myriad ways that societal representations of domestic violence (DV) serve as impediments for victims leaving their abusive relationships. Therefore, social media has the potential to provide a platform for capturing the lived experience of IPV.
Strategizing in the micro firm: A ‘strategy as practice’ framework
Authors: Kearney Arthur , Harrington Denis , Kelliher Felicity
Published: December 2018

It is argued that strategizing provides firms with deep and sustainable sources of competitive advantage. Despite an emerging literature base on the strategic management of the micro firm, there is limited research into strategizing in context. This article investigates the nature of strategizing in the micro firm. A critical review of the literature is conducted, focused on strategy as practice theory. Emerging from this review, the study presents a framework of strategizing in context. Three pillars of strategy as practice theory – practitioners, practices and praxis – are posited as influences on strategizing, with the micro firm environment providing a powerful external influence. Premised on the contextual nature of strategizing, entrepreneurship educators are advised to develop more ‘personalized’ pedagogy. The article contributes to management practice by providing the owner/manager with a framework for the development of strategizing unique to the micro firm. Future research is recommended to empirically evaluate the framework. Theoretically, this article relies on the strategy as practice perspective, and alternative perspectives such as the resource-based view may provide new insights.
An assessment of a proposed arrival route model in terminal airspace
Authors: Usanmaz Oznur , Sınar Gurcan , Sahin Ozlem
Published: December 2018

An arrival route model based on the point merge system is proposed for Ankara Esenboga International Airport. Real traffic handled by vectoring and a simulation analysis of the proposed point merge system model are compared in terms of the number of instructions and frequency occupancy time. The total average number of instructions is around 49% fewer and the frequency occupancy is about 37.4% less for the point merge system as opposed to vectoring. Moreover, feedback received from air traffic controllers is consistent with the obtained results in favor of the point merge system.
Experimental investigation on multi-cycle two-phase spiral pulse detonation tube of two configurations
Authors: Qiu Hua , Su Zheng , Xiong Cha
Published: December 2018

The spiral tube structure is an effective method to shorten the axial length of the pulse detonation chamber. In this article, spiral pulsed detonation tube with two kinds of spiral configuration was experimentally investigated. Liquid gasoline and air were used as fuel and oxidant, respectively, and equivalence ratios were controlled to about 1.0. Based on the transient pressure along the tube, the propagation characteristics of the pressure waves in the multi-cycle spiral pulsed detonation tubes, such as pressure peaks, wave velocities and propagation process, were analyzed. Results showed that propagation of double compression waves was the common feature during the process of deflagration to detonation transition in the presented spiral tubes, and the onset of detonation was initiated by a local explosion in the second compression wave. The deflagration to detonation transition characteristics with detonation initiation and combustion characteristics without initiation in the spiral sections were both related to the dimensionless distance. Propagation characteristics of the pressure waves were influenced by the use of different spiral configuration. And some interesting phenomena were also found.
Rethinking precariousness and its evolution: A four-country study of work in food retail
Authors: O’Brady Sean
Published: December 2018

This article analyses the expansion of precarious work in industrialized economies, integrating the welfare regime, risk shift and segmentation literatures. I examine trends in wages, working hours, pensions and healthcare in food retail in Canada, Germany, Sweden and the USA between 1980 and 2016. Precariousness increased in each country, but the form and degree of change differed markedly, reflecting the effects of product market competition, bargaining centralization and labour regulation.
Meta-analysis of non-statistically significant unreported effects
Authors: Albajes-Eizagirre Anton , Solanes Aleix , Radua Joaquim
Published: December 2018

Published studies in Medicine (and virtually any other discipline) sometimes report that a difference or correlation did not reach statistical significance but do not report its effect size or any statistic from which the latter may be derived. Unfortunately, meta-analysts should not exclude these studies because their exclusion would bias the meta-analytic outcome, but also they cannot be included as null effect sizes because this strategy is also associated to bias. To overcome this problem, we have developed MetaNSUE, a novel method based on multiple imputations of the censored information. We also provide an R package and an easy-to-use Graphical User Interface for non-R meta-analysts.
Early Weight Gain in Infants With Cleft Lip and Palate Treated With and Without Nasoalveolar Molding: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Woods Shannon M. , Garfinkle Judah S. , Covell David A. , Wang Mansen , Busch Lauren S. , Doyle Larry M.
Published: December 2018

Objective:

To assess weight gain of infants with cleft lip and/or palate (CL ± P) treated with nasoalveolar molding (NAM).

Design:

Retrospective, case–control chart review.

Setting:

Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.

Patients, Participants:

Infants with nonsyndromic CL ± P and noncleft controls.

Interventions:

Prior to primary lip surgery, NAM was either included (+NAM) or not included (−NAM) in the cleft treatment protocol.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Weight gain and percentage weight gain relative to initial weight were compared among +NAM, −NAM, and control groups from birth to 7 months and from birth to 36 months.

Results:

Comparing +NAM and −NAM groups, no significant difference in weight or percentage weight gain was found in either time window. Compared to controls, from birth to 7 months, both CL ± P groups weighed less ( P < .001), while percentage weight gain was greater for the +NAM ( P < .001) and did not differ for −NAM. From birth to 36 months relative to controls, weight for +NAM showed no significant difference and −NAM weighed less ( P < .01), while percentage weight gain was greater for both CL ± P groups ( P < .001).

Conclusions:

Comparisons of CL ± P infants treated with and without NAM showed that with the NAM appliance, despite its added complexity, there was no adverse impact on weight gain. Comparisons to noncleft, control infants suggests that NAM treatment may have a beneficial impact on weight gain.
Does Organizational Nonsense Make Sense? Laughing and Learning From French Corporate Cultures
Authors: Azevedo Guilherme
Published: December 2018

Organizational cultures can contain enduring traits that apparently make no sense. To shed some light on how and why organizational nonsense happens, I examine the case of some apparently nonsensical attributes often associated with French corporations. As nontraditional research, I propose a methodology combining cultural interpretation and production of fiction. I use humor to build ideal-typed representations through three satirical vignettes that depict elegant design generating widespread patching across organizations, working meetings becoming the ceremonial dumping of faits accomplis and absurdity being naturalized as normal organizational practice. These vignettes provide points-of-entry to examine some poorly understood aspects of French corporate cultures, interpreted with the support of arguments of historical, sociological, and institutional nature. The resulting interpretation depicts systems of groups that seek for a cordial cohabitation by continuously renegotiating their essentially ascribed positions.
Managing Diabetes and Preventing Heart Disease: Have We Found a Safe and Effective Agent?
Authors: Cheng Judy W. M. , Colucci Vincent J. , Kalus James S. , Spinler Sarah A.
Published: December 2018

Objective: While improving glycemic control with antihyperglycemics has been demonstrated to reduce microvascular complications, the benefits of reduction in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have not been demonstrated with older agents. This article reviews current evidence of the CV outcomes of newer antihyperglycemics approved since 2008. Data Sources: Peer-reviewed articles were identified from MEDLINE (1966 to October 31, 2018) using search terms exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, alogliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), and stroke. Study Selection and Data Extraction: A total of 12 pertinent double-blinded randomized controlled trials were included. Data Synthesis: Liraglutide, empagliflozin, and canagliflozin have been shown in patients with CV diseases and high risk of developing CV disease to be superior to placebo in improving CV outcomes. Saxagliptin and alogliptin have both been demonstrated to increase HF hospitalization, whereas sitagliptin has not. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: In contrast to older-generation antihyperglycemics, selected new antihyperglycemic agents have been shown to be superior to placebo in improving CV outcomes. Clinicians may now be able to provide high-risk patients agents that not only help in providing glycemic control, but also prevent both macrovascular and microvascular complications. Conclusion: Liraglutide, empagliflozin, and canagliflozin have been shown to be superior to placebo in improving CV outcomes. However, there are differences among agents in terms of HF and peripheral arterial disease outcomes. Future studies should focus on evaluating other clinical CV outcomes in patients without existing CVD and perhaps single drug regimens for diabetes.
Detection of Problematic Substance Use in the Child Welfare System: A Comparison of Self-Report and Caseworker Report
Authors: Seay Kristen D.
Published: December 2018

Using a national sample of American families investigated for child maltreatment, this article compares parental self-report on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and Drug Abuse Screening Test measures to caseworker report of problematic alcohol and drug use at investigation. Data in this article are from child welfare caseworkers and a subset of parents surveyed in the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being II—primary caregivers (most often the biological mother) whose child remained in the home following investigation ( n = 4,009). Caseworkers identified problematic alcohol use in only 17.7% of the parents who self-reported problematic alcohol use and problematic drug use in 37.6% of the parents who self-reported problematic drug use. Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of problematic alcohol use were 21.5% and 94.8%, respectively, and 65.3% and 83.7% for problematic drug use, respectively. After controlling for the other variables in the model, an allegation of substance use reduced the odds of caseworker detection of problematic alcohol use being consistent with parent self-report (odds ratio [ OR] = 0.45, p < .01) and the odds of caseworker detection of problematic drug use being consistent with parent self-report ( OR = 0.13, p < .001).
Surgical Techniques for Mitral Valve Repair: A Pathoanatomic Grading System
Authors: Alreshidan Mohammed , Herron Robert D. , Wei Lawrence M. , Cook Chris C. , Salman Muhammad , Roberts Harold G. , Badhwar Vinay
Published: December 2018

Mitral valve surgery has evolved over 4 decades from one based on the principles of prosthetic replacement to a subspecialty with a foundation based on the principles of repair. This review will attempt to enumerate the contemporary techniques of mitral valve repair and a pathoanatomically directed approach with which to apply them by focusing on degenerative disease and associated complexities.
Depressive Symptoms, Perceived Stress, and Cortisol in School-Age Children With Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Davis Sara L. , Kaulfers Anne-Marie , Lochman John E. , Morrison S. A. , Pryor Erica R. , Rice Marti
Published: December 2018

Despite adequate insulin regimens and concurrent treatments for Type 1 diabetes (T1D), many children have trouble achieving glycemic control, as evidenced by elevated HbA1c levels. Maternal and child depressive symptoms, as well as child perceived stress, are associated with less optimal glycemic control. Cortisol, a stress hormone, may mediate the relationships among depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and glycemic control. The purposes of this pilot study were to (1) examine the feasibility of collecting salivary samples to measure cortisol change in prepubertal school-age children diagnosed with T1D and (2) determine effect sizes for the relationships among maternal depressive symptoms and child depressive symptoms, perceived stress, cortisol levels, and glycemic control. Participants were recruited using convenience sampling from a pediatric endocrinology clinic in the southeastern United States. All data, including surveys, salivary samples, HbA1c, height, and weight, were collected the same day as a clinic visit. The study included 30 children, ages 6.9–12.2 years, and their mothers. Most children were female (70%) and Caucasian (76.7%), but the sample was socioeconomically diverse. HbA1c values ranged from 6.1% to 12.2%. Of the children, 18 showed normal declines in cortisol over 3 hr, while 12 had increases in cortisol. Results show recruitment, participation, and data collection are feasible in school-age children with T1D. Examination of relevancy thresholds for effect sizes between variables of interest supports the need for future research in a larger, more representative sample on research questions that include the role cortisol plays as a potential mediator among examined variables.
Clinical evaluation of the repeatability of ocular aberrometry obtained with a new pyramid wavefront sensor
Authors: Plaza-Puche Ana B , Salerno Liberdade C , Versaci Francesco , Romero Daniel , Alio Jorge L
Published: December 2018

Purpose:

To evaluate the intrasubject repeatability of the ocular aberrometry obtained with a new ocular pyramidal aberrometer technology in a sample of normal eyes.

Methods:

A total of 53 healthy eyes of 53 subjects with ages ranging from 18 to 45 years were included in this study. In all cases, three consecutive acquisitions were obtained. Intrasubject repeatability of the measurements with a pyramidal aberrometer was calculated. Intrasubject repeatability for 4.0- and 6.0-mm pupils was evaluated within the subject standard deviation (Sw) and intraclass correlation coefficient.

Results:

Low values of the Sw and intraclass correlation coefficient outcomes close to 1 were observed for the sphere and cylinder at 3.0-mm pupil size. Most low Sw and intraclass correlation coefficient values close to 1 were observed for total, low-order aberrations and higher-order aberrations root mean square and for each Zernike coefficient analysis (intraclass correlation coefficient ⩾0.798) at 4.0-mm pupil size, with more limited outcomes for the aberrometric coefficient of Z(4, 4) with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.683. For a 6.0 mm pupil diameter, low Sw and intraclass correlation coefficient values close to 1 were observed for all aberrometric parameters or Zernike coefficients analyzed (intraclass correlation coefficient ⩾0.850).

Conclusion:

The new pyramidal aberrometer Osiris provides repeatable and consistent measurements of ocular aberrometry measurements in normal eyes.
Is the History Repeated? Can (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine be Another Antidepressant?
Authors: Chaki Shigeyuki , Yamaguchi Jun-ichi
Published: December 2018

Historically, identification of active metabolites has contributed to drug discovery for psychiatric disorders. It has led to the identification of new medications such as desipramine (a metabolite of imipramine) and paliperidone (a metabolite of risperidone). ( R,S)-Ketamine, which has been regarded as the greatest breakthrough in depression research, is rapidly and stereoselectively metabolized into a variety of metabolites. Therefore, identification of an active substance after administration of ( R,S)-ketamine is a critical issue, not only to delineate the underlying mechanisms but also to pave the way to develop a new antidepressant. Recently, one of the metabolites of ( R,S)-ketamine, namely, (2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) was proposed as an active metabolite formed after administration of ( R,S)-ketamine, and even as being essential for ( R,S)-ketamine to exert its antidepressant effects. However, this is still controversial. Indeed, we demonstrated that the antidepressant effect of (2 R,6 R)-HNK is not as potent as that of its parent compounds (( R)-ketamine and ( R,S)-ketamine), and that (2 R,6 R)-HNK is not essential for ( R)-ketamine to exert its antidepressant effects. From the historical point of view, however, there is potential to discover new medications by further investigations of (2 R,6 R)-HNK. Therefore, more careful and thorough investigation of (2 R,6 R)-HNK is needed for the discovery of more efficacious and safer antidepressants.
Fusidic Acid: A Neglected Risk Factor for Statin-Associated Myopathy
Authors: Rönnqvist Josefine , Hallberg Pär , Yue Qun-Ying , Wadelius Mia
Published: December 2018

Background:

Statins are widely used lipid-lowering drugs used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Statins are known to cause myopathy, an adverse drug reaction with various clinical features rhabdomyolysis.

Objective:

To describe clinical characteristics of statin-treated individuals who experienced myopathy and identify risk factors of statin-associated myopathy.

Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted on cases of statin-associated myopathy reported to the Swedish Medical Products Agency. Clinical factors were compared between cases and statin-treated controls not diagnosed with myopathy. Statistical methods were univariate and multivariate logistic regression and results were presented as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). To correct for multiple comparisons, the cutoff for statistical significance was set to P < .0017.

Results:

In total, 47 cases of statin-associated myopathy were compared with 3871 treated controls. Rhabdomyolysis was diagnosed in 51% of the cases. Markers for cardiovascular disease were more common in cases than controls. Statistical analysis revealed the following independent risk factors for myopathy: high statin dose (OR = 1.54, calculated using the standard deviation 19.82, 95% CI = 1.32-1.80, P < .0001), and concomitant treatment with fusidic acid (OR = 1002, 95% CI = 54.55-18 410, P < .0001), cyclosporine (OR = 34.10, 95% CI = 4.43-262.45, P = .0007), and gemfibrozil (OR = 12.35, 95% CI = 2.38-64.10, P = .0028).

Conclusions:

The risk of myopathy increases with statin dose and cotreatment with cyclosporine and gemfibrozil. Concomitant fusidic acid has previously only been noted in a few case reports. Considering that use of fusidic acid may become more frequent, it is important to remind of this risk factor for statin-associated myopathy.
Troublesome Objects: Unpacking Ocular-Centrism in Urban Environments by Studying Blind Navigation Using Video Ethnography and Ethnomethodology
Authors: Due Brian L , Lange Simon Bierring
Published: December 2018

This article reports on research into the navigational practices of blind and visually impaired people in urban environments. The members of this community encounter many types of obstacles, but this article focuses on ‘unpredictable inanimate moveable objects’. The analyses are based on recorded video material from ‘naturally occurring’ walks in a Danish urban area and are informed by ethnomethodology, with a focus on how blind or visually impaired people navigate and deal with trouble sources. This research unpacks the detailed features of navigation and obstacle-detection in the urban environment and demonstrates the value of using ethnomethodology to analyze the skilled character of everyday navigation in spaces in which the walker-with-cane is a kind of assemblage in harmony or at odds with other surfaces and objects. The findings have implications for space design and technology developments which can assist blind people with obstacle detection. The article uses empirical cases to discuss an ocular-centric bias and suggests the need for a more granular understanding of physical objects and tactile experiences in future developments of a sociology of space.
Task space-based dynamic trajectory planning for digging process of a hydraulic excavator with the integration of soil–bucket interaction
Authors: Zou Zhihong , Chen Jin , Pang Xiaoping
Published: December 2018

In this paper, a task space-based methodology for dynamic trajectory planning for digging process of a hydraulic excavator is presented, with the integration of soil–bucket interaction. An extended soil–bucket interaction model, which adds the resistive moment compared to the previous models, is provided in this research. This improved model is validated by comparing with the measurement data taken from field experiments before integrating it into a dynamic model of an excavator. Further, Newton–Euler method is used for the derivation of the dynamics of each link of the excavator to determine the joint forces, which can cause the machine damage. The position and orientation trajectories of the bucket in the task space are parameterized by using the B-splines, so as to achieve the task-oriented operations and ensure the operation flexibility. The joint space motion characteristics are obtained by solving the inverse kinematics of the working mechanism of an excavator. Moreover, to avoid the operation uncertainty for a given bucket tip position trajectory and reduce the computational effort, the self-motion parameters are introduced when solving the inverse kinematics of the redundant working mechanism. All these self-motion parameters are taken as a set of design variables in the trajectory optimization problem. Also, the limits on the hydraulic driving forces, joint angles, angular velocities and accelerations, as well as bucket capacity are considered as the optimization constraints for the digging process. Finally, optimization examples of two typical digging categories (i.e. level digging work and slope digging work) are given to demonstrate and verify the capabilities of the new methodology proposed in this research. The results show that the proposed method can effectively generate the optimal trajectories satisfying the following criteria: time efficiency, energy efficiency, and least machine damage. This work lays a solid foundation for motion planning and autonomous control of an excavator.
Changing media representations of enemy leaders: A comparison between the Israeli–Palestinian and the Northern Ireland conflicts
Authors: Lowenstein-Barkai Hila
Published: December 2018

In times of conflict, the media tend to create a dichotomy between ‘us’ and ‘them’, which emphasizes the justice of ‘our’ side and the viciousness of ‘the enemy’. In this way, the media not only reflect an existing political reality but also contribute to its construction. But do the media also work in the opposite direction and may contribute to the advancement of peace processes through complex and multi-dimensional coverage of the enemy? The present study examines whether and how mass media change the images of enemy leaders during peace accords compared to violent pre-agreement periods. For this purpose, an analytical framework of seven parameters was developed, analyzing the media coverage of rival leaders in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict (Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat) and the conflict in Northern Ireland (David Trimble and Gerry Adams). The findings indicate that the media portrayal of the leaders has changed significantly on three out of four sides: the Irish-Unionist, the Irish-Nationalist, and the Palestinian. The conclusion is that positive change in media representations of enemy leaders may accelerate emerging peace processes and improve the social climate toward them.
Proteomic and lipidomic analysis of mammoth bone by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography
Authors: Kostyukevich Yury , Bugrova Anna , Chagovets Vitaly , Brzhozovskiy Alexander , Indeykina Maria , Vanyushkina Anna , Zherebker Alexander , Mitina Aleksandra , Kononikhin Alexey , Popov Igor , Khaitovich Philipp , Nikolaev Eugene
Published: December 2018

Investigation of archeological and paleontological artifacts at the molecular level has become a trend over the recent years. Paleogenomics provides information about the evolution of ancient species; paleoproteomics was recently established as branch of conventional proteomics dedicated to the study of proteomes of extinct organisms. At the same time paleolipidomics, which could focus on the investigation of lipids of ancient species, is not developed yet, though the investigation of fossil lipids may have potential to provide information about past diseases or diet. Here we present the investigation of an ancient fossil bone of a Siberian mammoth using combined proteomics and lipidomics approaches based on high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS). Using various experimental approaches, we have reliably identified 98 proteins and 73 lipids in three tissue regions of the mammoth bone. We have also compared the proteome profile of ancient mammoth bone with those of a modern elephant.
Patients’ Expectations for Longevity of Kidney Transplant
Authors: Gruttadauria Michelle , Dunn Colin , Lin Juan , Kaminetsky Joshua R. , Applebaum Kayla , Portal Daniella , Mohammed Omar , Rocca Juan , Greenstein Stuart
Published: December 2018

Introduction:

Prior to transplantation, the transplant team is responsible for transplant education and posttransplant expectations. The majority of outcomes research focuses on 1- and 3-year graft survival, with a lack of literature focused upon whether patients have a realistic understanding of how many years deceased donor kidneys can be expected to function after transplant.

Objective:

To determine whether potential kidney transplant patients’ expectations for how long a deceased donor kidney will function after transplantation differs from transplant surgeons, using quantitative analysis.

Design:

A cross-sectional survey was used with potential adult kidney transplant recipients and transplant surgeons. Patient surveys included demographics, quality-of-life questions, and questions of expectations of kidney function for deceased donor kidneys from the Kidney Donor Profile Index. The survey categorized donor organ risk as 0% to 20%, 21% to 85%, and 86% to 100%, and results were compared to responses from US Transplant Surgeons. Surgeons were contacted via e-mail using an online survey program.

Results:

Responses included 154 transplant surgeons and 172 patients. Surgeon and patient responses were compared using Fisher exact test, showing a significant difference in each of the donor organ categories. We found that 47% of patient respondents did not correctly interpret the Kidney Donor Profile Index continuum.

Conclusion:

In every organ donor category, patients had a significantly different expectation for how long a transplanted kidney will last after transplant when compared to transplant surgeons. More study is required to determine why 47% of patients did not correctly interpret the Kidney Donor Profile continuum.
Nurse Practitioner–Physician Comanagement of Patients in Primary Care
Authors: Norful Allison A. , Ye Siqin , Van der-Biezen Mieke , Poghosyan Lusine
Published: December 2018

Current demand for primary care services will soon exceed the primary care provider (PCP) workforce capacity. As patient panel sizes increase, it has become difficult for a single PCP to deliver all recommended care. As a result, provider comanagement of the same patient has emerged in practice. Provider comanagement is defined as two or more PCPs sharing care management responsibilities for the same patient. While physician–physician comanagement of patients has been widely investigated, there is little evidence about nurse practitioner (NP)–physician comanagement. Given the large number of NPs that are practicing in primary care, more evidence is warranted about the PCP perspectives of physicians and NPs comanaging patient care. The purpose of this study was to explore NP–physician comanagement in primary care from the perspectives of PCPs. We conducted in-person qualitative interviews of 26 PCPs, including NPs and physicians, that lasted 25 to 45 minutes, were audio recorded, and then professionally transcribed. Transcripts were deidentified and checked for accuracy prior to a deductive and inductive data analysis. Physicians and NPs reported that comanagement increases adherence to recommended care guidelines, improves quality of care, and increases patient access to care. Effective communication, mutual respect and trust, and a shared philosophy of care are essential attributes of NP–physician comanagement. Physicians and NPs are optimistic about comanagement care delivery and find it a promising approach to improve the quality of care and alleviate primary care delivery strain. Efforts to promote effective NP–physician comanagement should be supported in clinical practice.
Beneficial Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Brain Functions in Mice and Humans
Authors: Boerema Ate S. , Heesterbeek Marelle , Boersma Selma A. , Schoemaker Regien , de Vries Erik F. J. , van Heuvelen Marieke J. G. , Van der Zee Eddy A.
Published: December 2018

The biological consequences of mechanical whole body vibration (WBV) on the brain are not well documented. The aim of the current study was to further investigate the effects of a 5-week WBV intervention on brain functions. Mice (C57Bl/6J males, age 15 weeks) were exposed to 30 Hz WBV sessions (10 minutes per day, 5 days per week, for a period of 5 weeks; n = 10). Controls received the same intervention without the actual vibration (n = 10). Humans (both genders, age ranging from 44-99 years) were also exposed to daily sessions of 30 Hz WBV (4 minutes per day, 4 days per week, for a period of 5 weeks; n = 18). Controls received the same protocol using a 1 Hz protocol (n = 16). Positron emission tomography imaging was performed in the mice, and revealed that glucose uptake was not changed as a consequence of the 5-week WBV intervention. Whole body vibration did, however, improve motor performance and reduced arousal-induced home cage activity. Cognitive tests in humans revealed a selective improvement in the Stroop Color-Word test. Taken together, it is concluded that WBV is a safe intervention to improve brain functioning, although the subtle effects suggest that the protocol is as yet suboptimal.
Multiple Paths to Belonging That We Should Study Together
Authors: Hirsch Jennifer L. , Clark Margaret S.
Published: December 2018

We propose a broadened conceptualization of what it means to belong by reviewing evidence that there is more than one way to achieve a sense of belonging. We suggest four paths—a communal-relationship path, a general-approbation path, a group-membership path, and a minor-sociability path—and review some evidence for the existence of each. We call for researchers to recognize that multiple paths to belonging exist and to study whether and how the paths combine and interact to influence people’s sense of belonging. Choosing the communal-relationship path and the general-approbation path as an example, we highlight times when these paths may (a) mesh well and produce additive boosts to a person’s sense of belonging, (b) substitute for one another, and (c) conflict with one another and cause ambivalence. We further call for the development of refined measures of the need to belong and of having a sense of achieved belonging as well as new measures of striving to achieve belonging through specific paths. We suggest that broadening the conceptualization of belonging will help integrate existing literature and generate future research.
Implicit Memory, Constructive Memory, and Imagining the Future: A Career Perspective
Authors: Schacter Daniel L.
Published: December 2018

In this article I discuss some of the major questions, findings, and ideas that have driven my research program, which has examined various aspects of human memory using a combination of cognitive, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging approaches. I do so from a career perspective that describes important scientific influences that have shaped my approach to the study of memory and discusses considerations that led to choosing specific research paths. After acknowledging key early influences, I briefly summarize a few of the main takeaways from research on implicit memory during the 1980s and 1990s and then move on to consider more recent ideas and findings concerning constructive memory, future imagining, and mental simulation that have motivated my approach for the past 2 decades. A main unifying theme of this research is that memory can affect psychological functions in ways that go beyond the simple everyday understanding of memory as a means of revisiting past experiences.
Studies and simulations on the flight trajectories of spinning table tennis ball via high-speed camera vision tracking system
Authors: Wang Ping , Zhang Qian , Jin Yinli , Ru Feng
Published: December 2018

When a table tennis ball is hit by a racket, the ball spins and undergoes a complex trajectory in the air. In this article, a model of a spinning ball is proposed for simulating and predicting the ball flight trajectory including the topspin, backspin, rightward spin, leftward spin, and combined spin. The actual trajectory and rotational motion of a flying ball are captured by three high-speed cameras and then reconstructed using a modified vision tracking algorithm. For the purpose of model validation, the simulated trajectory is compared to the reconstructed trajectory, resulting in a deviation of only 2.42%. Such high modeling accuracy makes this proposed method an ideal tool for developing the virtual vision systems emulating the games that can be used to train table tennis players efficiently.
Culture jamming the ‘corporate assault’ on schools and children
Authors: Powell Darren
Published: December 2018

In contemporary times, organisations across all sectors of society have been encouraged to collaborate and be ‘part of the solution’ to childhood obesity. This has led to a proliferation of anti-obesity/healthy lifestyles programmes that are funded, devised and implemented by private sector players (e.g. McDonald’s, Nestlé) in schools across the globe. This corporate-friendly version of education attempts to erode the democratic purposes of public education, and at the same time, shape children as consumers. Drawing on the Foucauldian notion of the governmental assemblage, I argue that culture jamming techniques, such as pranking and détournement, may act as tactics within a broader critical pedagogy of consumption that both challenges and counter-exploits this new ‘brand’ of education and corporation. Culture jamming provides an opportunity to develop students and teachers as counter-political agents: those that contest anti-politics, create new truths, unmask corporate interests and ‘unsettle’ the corporatised education assemblage.
Refreshing critical pedagogy and citizenship education through the lens of justice and complexity pedagogy
Authors: Heggart Keith , Flowers Rick , Burridge Nina , Arvanitakis James
Published: December 2018

Maximal citizenship educators are committed to advancing an approach to citizenship learning with the following staple features: learner-centred; experiential; problem- and action-oriented; racialised, classed and gendered analysis of power; and strengthening the public sphere and democracy. This type of approach to education shares many similarities with the principles of critical pedagogy. However, there have been valid arguments that Frankfurt School Critical Theory inspired pedagogy still tends to focus on class, at the expense of gender and race, analyses. This article seeks ways to refresh and extend the language and theoretical frameworks used by critical pedagogues. To do so, it will deploy the terms justice pedagogy and complexity pedagogy. The adjective ‘justice’ does the same work as ‘critical’ in signalling the commitment to using education as a means to bring about a more socially just world. The recent rise in scholarship in complexity thinking lends itself to conceptualising critical pedagogy in necessarily fresh ways. This article draws attention to the kindred nature of guiding concepts in complexity thinking and critical pedagogy, including grassroots organising, distributed decision-making and emergent learning, before presenting a description of how such approaches might refresh critical pedagogy through a critical citizenship education programme using justice pedagogy. This example illustrates the way that justice pedagogy can inform decisions about appropriate teaching and learning strategies for children and young people today growing up in an increasingly globalised world.
Post-disaster memoryscapes: Communicating disaster risks and climate change after the Leh flash floods in 2010
Authors: Arora Shubhda
Published: December 2018

Drastic life events like that of a disaster are not easily forgotten. Various narratives emerge to keep alive the memory of a disaster, its precursors and its consequences in the minds of those who experience it. Therefore, disaster memories become an important source of information and learning, not only for the community but also for policy makers who can work towards identifying the precursors and reducing the consequences of a disaster. Discourses in Indian disaster studies have largely ignored the exploration and importance of memory and memorializing practices in communicating disaster risks and climate change. Ontologically speaking, most research in this area has continued to look at disaster as an external, materialistic and objective reality, which has resulted in the production of a large body of literature focused on different types of ‘assessment’ studies. However, disasters also have an ‘experiential’ reality, the memory of which results in the formation of memoryscapes with strong psychocultural consequences. Therefore, this article turns its attention to the experience of the disaster and uses the tool of ‘communicative memory’ to explore the ‘experiential’ world.