bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Tan Bee K. , Hallschmid Manfred , Adya Raghu , Kern Werner , Lehnert Hendrik , Randeva Harpal S.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

Reports of increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels in obesity indicate that FGF21 may be implicated in body weight homeostasis. We sought to investigate the existence of FGF21 in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and, if present, the relationship between CSF FGF21 with body adiposity and metabolic parameters.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

CSF and corresponding plasma FGF21 were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (18 men and 20 women, aged 19–80 years, and BMI 16.2–38.1 kg/m2) and correlated to body adiposity and metabolic parameters.

RESULTS

CSF and plasma FGF21 increased in particular with rising BMI and fat mass. In CSF, FGF21 was detectable at concentrations ~40% that of plasma levels. CSF and plasma FGF21 levels were significantly positively correlated with BMI and fat mass, body weight, plasma insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Plasma FGF21 levels were significantly negatively correlated with plasma adiponectin. When subjected to multiple regression analysis, only fat mass was predictive of plasma FGF21 (β = 0.758; P = 0.004) and CSF FGF21 (β = 0.767; P = 0.007). The CSF-to-plasma FGF21 ratio was significantly negatively correlated with BMI, fat mass, and plasma FGF21. Subjects in the highest plasma FGF21 quintile had a lower CSF-to-plasma FGF21 ratio (12.7% [9.7–14.9%]) compared with those in the lowest plasma FGF21 quintile (94.7% [37.3–99.8%]) (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Our observations have important implications with respect to the potential central actions of FGF21. Future research should seek to clarify whether FGF21 would be beneficial in the management of obesity and its metabolic complications.
Associations Between Paternally Transmitted Fetal IGF2 Variants and Maternal Circulating Glucose Concentrations in Pregnancy
Authors: Petry Clive J. , Seear Rachel V. , Wingate Dianne L. , Manico Lucy , Acerini Carlo L. , Ong Ken K. , Hughes Ieuan A. , Dunger David B.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To test the hypothesis that polymorphic variation in the paternally transmitted fetal IGF2 gene is associated with maternal glucose concentrations in the third trimester of pregnancy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 17 haplotype tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IGF2 gene region were genotyped in 1,160 mother/partner/offspring trios from the prospective Cambridge Baby Growth Study (n = 845 trios) and the retrospective Cambridge Wellbeing Study (n = 315 trios) (3,480 samples in total). Associations were tested between inferred parent-of-origin fetal alleles, z scores of maternal glucose concentrations 60 min. after an oral glucose load performed at week 28 of pregnancy, and offspring birth weights.

RESULTS

Using the minimum P value test, paternally transmitted fetal IGF2 polymorphisms were associated with maternal glucose concentrations; specifically, paternally transmitted fetal rs6578987 (P = 0.006), rs680 (P = 0.01), rs10770125 (P = 0.0002), and rs7924316 (P = 0.01) alleles were associated with increased maternal glucose concentrations in the third trimester of pregnancy and placental IGF-II contents at birth (P = 0.03). In contrast, there were no associations between maternal glucose concentrations and maternal or maternally transmitted fetal IGF2 genotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

Polymorphic variation in paternally transmitted fetal IGF2 is associated with increased maternal glucose concentrations in pregnancy and could potentially alter the risk of gestational diabetes in the mother. The association may be at least partially mediated by changes in placental IGF2 expression.
Loss of Intra-Islet CD20 Expression May Complicate Efficacy of B-Cell–Directed Type 1 Diabetes Therapies
Authors: Serreze David V. , Chapman Harold D. , Niens Marijke , Dunn Robert , Kehry Marilyn R. , Driver John P. , Haller Michael , Wasserfall Clive , Atkinson Mark A.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

Consistent with studies in NOD mice, early clinical trials addressing whether depletion of B cells by the Rituximab CD20-specific antibody provides an effective means for type 1 diabetes reversal have produced promising results. However, to improve therapeutic efficacy, additional B-cell–depleting agents, as well as attempts seeking diabetes prevention, are being considered.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Autoantibodies, including those against insulin (IAAs), are used to identify at-risk subjects for inclusion in diabetes prevention trials. Therefore, we tested the ability of anti-CD20 to prevent diabetes in NOD mice when administered either before or after IAA onset.

RESULTS

The murine CD20-specific 18B12 antibody that like Rituximab, depletes the follicular (FO) but not marginal zone subset of B cells, efficiently inhibited diabetes development in NOD mice in a likely regulatory T-cell–dependent manner only when treatment was initiated before IAA detection. One implication of these results is that the FO subset of B cells preferentially contributes to early diabetes initiation events. However, most important, the inefficient ability of anti-CD20 treatment to exert late-stage diabetes prevention was found to be attributable to downregulation of CD20 expression upon B cell entry into pancreatic islets.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings provide important guidance for designing strategies targeting B cells as a potential means of diabetes intervention.
High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantitatively Detects Individual Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Lamprianou Smaragda , Immonen Riikka , Nabuurs Christine , Gjinovci Asllan , Vinet Laurent , Montet Xavier C.R. , Gruetter Rolf , Meda Paolo
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

We studied whether manganese-enhanced high-field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MEHFMRI) could quantitatively detect individual islets in situ and in vivo and evaluate changes in a model of experimental diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Whole pancreata from untreated (n = 3), MnCl2 and glucose-injected mice (n = 6), and mice injected with either streptozotocin (STZ; n = 4) or citrate buffer (n = 4) were imaged ex vivo for unambiguous evaluation of islets. Exteriorized pancreata of MnCl2 and glucose-injected mice (n = 6) were imaged in vivo to directly visualize the gland and minimize movements. In all cases, MR images were acquired in a 14.1 Tesla scanner and correlated with the corresponding (immuno)histological sections.

RESULTS

In ex vivo experiments, MEHFMRI distinguished different pancreatic tissues and evaluated the relative abundance of islets in the pancreata of normoglycemic mice. MEHFMRI also detected a significant decrease in the numerical and volume density of islets in STZ-injected mice. However, in the latter measurements the loss of β-cells was undervalued under the conditions tested. The experiments on the externalized pancreata confirmed that MEHFMRI could visualize native individual islets in living, anesthetized mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Data show that MEHFMRI quantitatively visualizes individual islets in the intact mouse pancreas, both ex vivo and in vivo.
Normal Glucagon Signaling and β-Cell Function After Near-Total α-Cell Ablation in Adult Mice
Authors: Thorel Fabrizio , Damond Nicolas , Chera Simona , Wiederkehr Andreas , Thorens Bernard , Meda Paolo , Wollheim Claes B. , Herrera Pedro L.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether healthy or diabetic adult mice can tolerate an extreme loss of pancreatic α-cells and how this sudden massive depletion affects β-cell function and blood glucose homeostasis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We generated a new transgenic model allowing near-total α-cell removal specifically in adult mice. Massive α-cell ablation was triggered in normally grown and healthy adult animals upon diphtheria toxin (DT) administration. The metabolic status of these mice was assessed in 1) physiologic conditions, 2) a situation requiring glucagon action, and 3) after β-cell loss.

RESULTS

Adult transgenic mice enduring extreme (98%) α-cell removal remained healthy and did not display major defects in insulin counter-regulatory response. We observed that 2% of the normal α-cell mass produced enough glucagon to ensure near-normal glucagonemia. β-Cell function and blood glucose homeostasis remained unaltered after α-cell loss, indicating that direct local intraislet signaling between α- and β-cells is dispensable. Escaping α-cells increased their glucagon content during subsequent months, but there was no significant α-cell regeneration. Near-total α-cell ablation did not prevent hyperglycemia in mice having also undergone massive β-cell loss, indicating that a minimal amount of α-cells can still guarantee normal glucagon signaling in diabetic conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

An extremely low amount of α-cells is sufficient to prevent a major counter-regulatory deregulation, both under physiologic and diabetic conditions. We previously reported that α-cells reprogram to insulin production after extreme β-cell loss and now conjecture that the low α-cell requirement could be exploited in future diabetic therapies aimed at regenerating β-cells by reprogramming adult α-cells.
Arginase-2 Mediates Diabetic Renal Injury
Authors: Morris Sidney M. , Gao Ting , Cooper Timothy K. , Kepka-Lenhart Diane , Awad Alaa S.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To determine 1) whether renal arginase activity or expression is increased in diabetes and 2) whether arginase plays a role in development of diabetic nephropathy (DN).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The impact of arginase activity and expression on renal damage was evaluated in spontaneously diabetic Ins2Akita mice and in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Dilute Brown Agouti (DBA) and arginase-2–deficient mice (Arg2−/−).

RESULTS

Pharmacological blockade or genetic deficiency of arginase-2 conferred kidney protection in Ins2Akita mice or STZ-induced diabetic renal injury. Blocking arginases using S-(2-boronoethyl)-l-cysteine for 9 weeks in Ins2Akita mice or 6 weeks in STZ-induced diabetic DBA mice significantly attenuated albuminuria, the increase in blood urea nitrogen, histopathological changes, and kidney macrophage recruitment compared with vehicle-treated Ins2Akita mice. Furthermore, kidney arginase-2 expression increased in Ins2Akita mice compared with control. In contrast, arginase-1 expression was undetectable in kidneys under normal or diabetes conditions. Arg2−/− mice mimicked arginase blockade by reducing albuminuria after 6 and 18 weeks of STZ-induced diabetes. In wild-type mice, kidney arginase activity increased significantly after 6 and 18 weeks of STZ-induced diabetes but remained very low in STZ-diabetic Arg2−/− mice. The increase in kidney arginase activity was associated with a reduction in renal medullary blood flow in wild-type mice after 6 weeks of STZ-induced diabetes, an effect significantly attenuated in diabetic Arg2−/− mice.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that arginase-2 plays a major role in induction of diabetic renal injury and that blocking arginase-2 activity or expression could be a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of DN.
Diagnostic Testing for Diabetes Using HbA1c in the Abu Dhabi Population
Authors: Hajat Cother , Harrison Oliver , Al Siksek Zaid
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

The validity of HbA1c as a population diagnostic tool was tested against oral glucose tolerance testing in Abu Dhabi nationals.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The screening tool of HbA1c and random glucose was validated against the “gold standard” oral glucose tolerance test according to World Health Organization criteria.

RESULTS

The HbA1c threshold of 6.4% provided the optimum balance between sensitivity (72.0%) and specificity (84.3%) with positive and negative predictive values of 47.9 and 93.7% and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.78. This threshold compares with a threshold of 6.5% recommended by the International Scientific Committee and American Diabetes Association and of 6.3% in a recent study in China.

CONCLUSIONS

This study successfully validates the feasibility and threshold of HbA1c for diagnosis of diabetes at the population level in a Middle-Eastern population. This result is a major step in the fight to tackle the increasing burden of diabetes in the United Arab Emirates.
Association of Increased Upper Trunk and Decreased Leg Fat With 2-h Glucose in Control and HIV-Infected Persons
Authors: Kosmiski Lisa A. , Scherzer Rebecca , Heymsfield Steven B. , Rimland David , Simberkoff Michael S. , Sidney Stephen , Shlipak Michael G. , Bacchetti Peter , Biggs Mary L. , Grunfeld Carl ,   for the Study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV Infection (FRAM)
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

Changes in body fat distribution and abnormal glucose metabolism are common in HIV-infected patients. We hypothesized that HIV-infected participants would have a higher prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) compared with control subjects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 491 HIV-infected and 187 control participants from the second examination of the Study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV Infection (FRAM) underwent glucose tolerance testing (GTT). Multivariable regression was used to identify factors associated with GTT parameters.

RESULTS

The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (>110 mg/dL) was similar in HIV-infected and control participants (21 vs. 25%, P = 0.23). In those without IFG, the prevalence of IGT was slightly higher in HIV-infected participants compared with control subjects (13.1 vs. 8.2%, P = 0.14) and in HIV+ participants with lipoatrophy versus without (18.1 vs. 11.5%, P = 0.084). Diabetes detected by GTT was rare (HIV subjects 1.3% and control subjects 0%, P = 0.65). Mean 2-h glucose levels were 7.6 mg/dL higher in the HIV-infected participants (P = 0.012). Increased upper trunk subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and decreased leg SAT were associated with 2-h glucose and IGT in both HIV-infected and control participants. Adjusting for adipose tissue reduced the estimated effects of HIV. Exercise, alcohol use, and current tenofovir use were associated with lower 2-h glucose levels in HIV-infected participants.

CONCLUSIONS

In HIV infection, increased upper trunk SAT and decreased leg SAT are associated with higher 2-h glucose. These body fat characteristics may identify HIV-infected patients with normal fasting glucose but nonetheless at increased risk for diabetes.
Reducing Rates of Severe Hypoglycemia in a Population-Based Cohort of Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Over the Decade 2000–2009
Authors: O'Connell Susan M. , Cooper Matthew N. , Bulsara Max K. , Davis Elizabeth A. , Jones Timothy W.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To examine rates of severe hypoglycemia (SH) in a large population-based cohort of children with type 1 diabetes and relationships to HbA1c.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Data from 1,683 children (mean [SD] age at diagnosis 10.5 [4.2]; range 1–18 years) from 2000 to 2009 were analyzed from the Western Australian Children's Diabetes Database. Rates of SH were related to HbA1c using negative binomial regression.

RESULTS

A total of 7,378 patient-years of data and 780 SH events were recorded. The rate of SH per 100 patient-years peaked at 17.3 in 2001 and then declined from 2004 to a nadir of 5.8 in 2006. HbA1c <7% was not associated with higher risk of SH (incidence rate ratio 1.2 [95% CI 0.9–1.6], P = 0.29) compared with HbA1c of 8–9%.

CONCLUSIONS

In a sample of youth with type 1 diabetes, there has been a decrease in rates of SH and a weaker relationship with glycemic control than previously observed.
Sleep Disturbances and Their Relationship to Glucose Tolerance in Pregnancy
Authors: Reutrakul Sirimon , Zaidi Nausheen , Wroblewski Kristen , Kay Helen H. , Ismail Mahmoud , Ehrmann David A. , Van Cauter Eve
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To explore relationships among sleep disturbances, glucose tolerance, and pregnancy outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Four validated sleep questionnaires were administered to 169 pregnant women at the time of 50-g oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) during the second trimester. Pregnancy outcomes were analyzed in 108 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT).

RESULTS

Of the participants, 41% had excessive daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS] >8); 64% had poor sleep quality; 25% snored frequently; 29% had increased risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB); 52% experienced short sleep (SS); 19% had both increased SDB risk and SS (SDB/SS); and 14% had daytime dysfunction. Reported sleep duration inversely correlated with glucose values from 50-g OGTT (r = −0.21, P < 0.01). Each hour of reduced sleep time was associated with a 4% increase in glucose levels. Increased likelihood of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was found in subjects with increased SDB risk (odds ratio 3.0 [95% CI 1.2–7.4]), SS (2.4 [1.0–5.9]), SDB/SS (3.4 [1.3–8.7]), and frequent snoring (3.4 [1.3–8.8], after adjustment for BMI). Among NGT subjects, preterm delivery was more frequent in those with increased ESS (P = 0.02), poor sleep quality (P = 0.02), and SS (P = 0.03). Neonatal intensive care unit admissions were associated with increased ESS (P = 0.03), SDB/SS (P = 0.03), and daytime dysfunction (P < 0.01) in mothers.

CONCLUSIONS

Pregnant women experience significant sleep disturbances that are associated with increased risk of GDM and unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. Pregnant women with increased SDB risk, frequent snoring, and sleep duration of <7 h/night have increased risk of developing GDM.
Hepatic Insulin Resistance Is an Early Determinant of Declining β-Cell Function in the First Year Postpartum After Glucose Intolerance in Pregnancy
Authors: Retnakaran Ravi , Qi Ying , Ye Chang , Hanley Anthony J.G. , Connelly Philip W. , Sermer Mathew , Zinman Bernard
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

The increased risk of type 2 diabetes in women with glucose intolerance in pregnancy is mediated by deterioration of their β-cell function, which occurs as early as the first year postpartum. We thus sought to identify early determinants of their declining β-cell function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Women with recent gestational glucose intolerance (166) underwent oral glucose tolerance test at 3 and 12 months postpartum. They were stratified into those in whom β-cell function (Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2 [ISSI-2]) declined over this time (decliners; n = 92) and those in whom it did not (nondecliners; n = 74).

RESULTS

Between 3 and 12 months, hepatic insulin sensitivity (1/homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) decreased in decliners but not in nondecliners. Over this time, the change in 1/HOMA-IR emerged as an independent predictor of the change in ISSI-2 (t = 5.5; P < 0.0001). Increased hepatic insulin sensitivity independently predicted a lower likelihood of declining β-cell function (odds ratio = 0.13 [95% CI 0.06–0.29]; P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Hepatic insulin resistance is an early determinant of declining β-cell function after gestational dysglycemia.
Age and Sex Influence Cystatin C in Adolescents With and Without Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Maahs David M. , Prentice Nicole , McFann Kim , Snell-Bergeon Janet K. , Jalal Diana , Bishop Franziska K. , Aragon Brittany , Wadwa R. Paul
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To compare serum cystatin C levels, a novel biomarker of renal function, in adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes and to determine what factors affect cystatin C levels.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Cystatin C was measured in youth 12–19 years of age with (n = 259, diabetes duration 9 ± 3 years, HbA1c 8.9 ± 1.6%) and without diabetes (n = 78). Data were compared by diabetes status, and linear regression was used to determine factors affecting cystatin C.

RESULTS

Cystatin C (0.698 ± 0.083 vs. 0.688 ± 0.127 mg/L, P = 0.40) was similar by diabetes status. In multiple linear regression, cystatin C was associated with age and serum creatinine in nondiabetic subjects and sex, age, and serum creatinine in subjects with diabetes (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest sex differences and age-related changes in cystatin C in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. An understanding of these changes is needed to determine the potential role of cystatin C as a marker of renal function in this population.
Associations Between Media Consumption Habits, Physical Activity, Socioeconomic Status, and Glycemic Control in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Galler Angela , Lindau Maren , Ernert Andrea , Thalemann Ralf , Raile Klemens
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the relationship between media consumption habits, physical activity, socioeconomic status, and glycemic control in youths with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In the cross-sectional study, self-report questionnaires were used to assess media consumption habits, physical activity, and socioeconomic status in 296 children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Clinical data and HbA1c levels were collected. Risk factors were analyzed by multiple regression.

RESULTS

Youths with type 1 diabetes (aged 13.7 ± 4.1 years, HbA1c 8.7 ± 1.6%, diabetes duration 6.1 ± 3.3 years) spent 2.9 ± 1.8 h per day watching television and using computers. Weekly physical activity was 5.1 ± 4.5 h. Multiple regression analysis identified diabetes duration, socioeconomic status, and daily media consumption time as significant risk factors for glycemic control.

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetes duration, socioeconomic status, and daily media consumption time, but not physical activity, were significant risk factors for glycemic control in youths with type 1 diabetes.
Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin, but Not Testosterone, Is Associated Prospectively and Independently With Incident Metabolic Syndrome in Men
Authors: Bhasin Shalender , Jasjua Guneet K. , Pencina Michael , D’Agostino Ralph , Coviello Andrea D. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Travison Thomas G.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

The association between total testosterone and metabolic syndrome has prompted speculation that low testosterone contributes to the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome in men. We determined whether testosterone or sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) is independently associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Cross-sectional relationships of hormone levels with metabolic syndrome were assessed in a sample of men in generation 2 of the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) who did not receive testosterone or androgen-deprivation therapy (n = 1,625) and confirmed in a validation sample of men in FHS generation 3 (n = 1,912). Hormone levels in generation 2 examination 7 were related prospectively to incident metabolic syndrome 6.6 years later at examination 8. Testosterone was measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, SHBG was measured by immunofluorometric assay, and free testosterone was calculated. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria.

RESULTS

Cross-sectionally, testosterone and SHBG were more strongly associated with metabolic syndrome than free testosterone in the training sample. SHBG, but not testosterone or free testosterone, was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome after adjusting for age, smoking, BMI, and insulin sensitivity (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]). These findings were confirmed in a validation sample. Longitudinally, SHBG at examination 7, but not testosterone or free testosterone, was associated with incident metabolic syndrome at examination 8 after adjusting for age, smoking, BMI, and HOMA-IR. Multivariable analyses suggested that age, BMI, and insulin sensitivity independently affect SHBG and testosterone levels and the risk of metabolic syndrome and its components.

CONCLUSIONS

SHBG, but not testosterone, is independently associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome. These data do not reveal an independent prospective relationship between testosterone and metabolic syndrome in men.
Adhesion Molecules, Altered Vasoreactivity, and Brain Atrophy in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Novak Vera , Zhao Peng , Manor Brad , Sejdić Ervin , Alsop David , Abduljalil Amir , Roberson Paula K. , Munshi Medha , Novak Peter
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of inflammation on perfusion regulation and brain volumes in type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 147 subjects (71 diabetic and 76 nondiabetic, aged 65.2 ± 8 years) were studied using 3T anatomical and continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Analysis focused on the relationship between serum soluble vascular and intercellular adhesion molecules (sVCAM and sICAM, respectively, both markers of endothelial integrity), regional vasoreactivity, and tissue volumes.

RESULTS

Diabetic subjects had greater vasoconstriction reactivity, more atrophy, depression, and slower walking. Adhesion molecules were specifically related to gray matter atrophy (P = 0.04) and altered vasoreactivity (P = 0.03) in the diabetic and control groups. Regionally, sVCAM and sICAM were linked to exaggerated vasoconstriction, blunted vasodilatation, and increased cortical atrophy in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes (P = 0.04–0.003). sICAM correlated with worse functionality.

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetes is associated with cortical atrophy, vasoconstriction, and worse performance. Adhesion molecules, as markers of vascular health, have been indicated to contribute to altered vasoregulation and atrophy.
Diabetes Antibody Standardization Program
Authors: Schlosser Michael , Mueller Patricia W. , Achenbach Peter , Lampasona Vito , Bingley Polly J. ,   Participating Laboratories
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

Autoantibodies to IA-2β (IA-2βA) are important risk markers of type 1 diabetes. We report the first Diabetes Antibody Standardization Program (DASP) evaluation of IA-2βA assays.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Thirteen laboratories from nine countries received coded sera from 50 patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and 100 healthy blood donors. IA-2βA results were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Concordance of antibody levels was compared using counts per minute (cpm), local and standard curve–derived common units.

RESULTS

Median laboratory-assigned sensitivity was 47% (interquartile range [IQR] 45–51), specificity 98% (IQR 95–99), adjusted sensitivity at 95% specificity 50% (IQR 49–53), and area under the ROC curve 0.70 (IQR 0.69–0.73). Use of common IA-2βA units improved concordance between assays compared with local units and cpm (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

IA-2βA assays in multiple laboratories worldwide achieved good concordance and high specificity for type 1 diabetes. IA-2βA are suitable for inclusion in autoantibody testing for risk assessment in prediabetes.
Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) Equation Pronouncedly Underestimates Glomerular Filtration Rate in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Silveiro Sandra P. , Araújo Gustavo N. , Ferreira Mariana N. , Souza Fabíola D.S. , Yamaguchi Halley M. , Camargo Eduardo G.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the performance of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in type 2 diabetic patients with GFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m2.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study including 105 type 2 diabetic patients. GFR was measured by 51Cr-EDTA method and estimated by the MDRD and CKD-EPI equations. Serum creatinine was measured by the traceable Jaffe method. Bland-Altman plots were used. Bias, accuracy (P30), and precision were evaluated.

RESULTS

The mean age of patients was 57 ± 8 years; 53 (50%) were men and 90 (86%) were white. Forty-six (44%) patients had microalbuminuria, and 14 (13%) had macroalbuminuria. 51Cr-EDTA GFR was 103 ± 23, CKD-EPI GFR was 83 ± 15, and MDRD-GFR was 78 ± 17 mL/min/1.73 m2 (P < 0.001). Accuracy (95% CI) was 67% (58–74) for CKD-EPI and 64% (56–75) for MDRD. Precision was 21 and 22, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The CKD-EPI and MDRD equations pronouncedly underestimated GFR in type 2 diabetic patients.
Genetic structure of a widely dispersed beach annual, Cakile edentula (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Gormally C. L. , Donovan J. L. HamrickLisa A.
Published: September 2011

• Premise of the study: Genetic structure of coastal plant species is influenced by the homogenizing effects of long‐distance seed dispersal and the isolating effects of fragmented geographic distribution. Although dispersed coastal annuals play a significant role in establishing healthy dune communities, relatively little is known about their population genetic structure.

• Methods: We investigated the population genetic structure of Cakile edentula, an annual colonizer of beaches of coastal North America and the Great Lakes. We surveyed 22 populations for 24 allozyme loci across a geographic range encompassing three infraspecific taxa: two subspecies (C. edentula subsp. edentula and subsp. harperi) and two varieties of subsp. edentula (var. edentula and var. lacustris).

• Key results: Genetic diversity in C. edentula (Hes = 0.118) is equivalent to mean estimates for other annual mixed‐mating species, but is much lower (Hep=0.041) within its populations. UPGMA identified three groups that are consistent with previously described subspecies and possibly consistent with the two varieties. An AMOVA indicates that variation among taxonomic groups explains 54% of total genetic diversity within the species. Although pairwise FST estimates indicate moderate rates of gene flow between populations within groups, there was no evidence of significant isolation by distance.

• Conclusions: Genetic structure of C. edentula is strongly related to previously described phenotypically and geographically based infraspecific taxa. Within taxa, the effects of long‐distance dispersal of its buoyant propagules are balanced by the isolating effects of fragmented geographic distribution and a mixed‐mating system.
Development and characterization of microsatellite loci in Pericopsis elata (Fabaceae) using a cost‐efficient approach
Authors: Micheneau Claire , Dauby Gilles , Bourland Nils , Doucet Jean‐Louis , Hardy Olivier J.
Published: September 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci were developed in the endangered Pericopsis elata using a combination of low‐cost procedures.

• Methods and Results: Microsatellite isolation was performed simultaneously on three distinct species through a newly available procedure that associates multiplex microsatellite enrichment and next‐generation sequencing, allowing the rapid and low‐cost development of microsatellite‐enriched libraries through the use of a 1/32nd GS‐FLX plate. Genotyping using M13‐like labeling in multiplexed reactions allowed additional cost savings. From 72 primers selected for initial screening, 21 positively amplified P. elata, and 11 showed polymorphism with two to 11 alleles per locus and a mean value of 5.4 alleles per locus.

• Conclusions: These microsatellite loci will be useful to further investigate the level of genetic variation within and between natural populations of P. elata in Africa.
Characterization of nuclear microsatellite loci in the calcareous fen specialist Scorpidium cossonii (Calliergonaceae)
Authors: Kophimai Yuppayao , Cornejo Carolina , Peintinger Markus , Bergamini Ariel , Scheidegger Christoph
Published: September 2011

• Premise of the study: Nuclear microsatellite markers were developed in the fen specialist moss, Scorpidium cossonii, to study genetic diversity and genetic structure of this species in relation to land‐use types, habitat fragmentation, and habitat conservation measures.

• Methods and Results: The polymorphisms of 14 microsatellite markers were characterized. All primers were tested on 140 gametophytes collected from four populations in Switzerland. The primers amplified di‐ and trinucleotide repeats with three to 26 alleles per locus. The primers worked also in the two other species of the genus: 14 and 12 primers successfully amplified in S. revolvens and S. scorpioides, respectively.

• Conclusions: In future studies, our primers have the potential to provide valuable information on genetic diversity, genetic structure, and on historical and recent gene flow in S. cossonii; they should also enable related research in other Scorpidium species.
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellites for Tripterygium (Celastraceae), a monospecific genus of medicinal importance
Authors: Novy Ari , Jones Kenneth C.
Published: September 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed for the medicinal plant Tripterygium (Celastraceae) to assess its population structure and to facilitate source tracking of plant materials used for medicinal extracts.

• Methods and Results: Ten microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized in T. wilfordii using an enriched genomic library. The number of alleles per locus ranged from five to 12. Observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.166 to 0.630 and 0.392 to 0.562, respectively.

• Conclusions: These markers will be useful for a variety of applications including source tracking of plant materials, resolution of taxonomic issues, and population genetics studies.
Les qualités de l'offre de soins confessionnelle en Afrique subsaharienne
Authors: Gruénais Marc-Éric
Published: September 2011

Résumé L’offre de soins confessionnelle chrétienne est généralement considérée comme offrant des prestations de meilleure qualité que les structures publiques. L’adhésion des personnels de santé à des valeurs religieuses et l’organisation spécifique des structures de santé confessionnelles semblent pouvoir favoriser les vertus de compassion et d’empathie envers les usagers des structures de soins, et qui sont considérées comme des gages de soins de qualité. Cependant, les opinions favorables largement partagées sur les structures confessionnelles ne correspondent pas toujours à la réalité. Surtout elles se rapportent à des structures faisant partie de puissantes organisations religieuses, disposant d’aides importantes et qui permettent de délivrer des prestations de qualité. Il n’en reste pas moins que ces organisations ont eu à gérer la tension entre la primauté du médical ou du religieux dans l’offre de soins, et à édicter parfois leurs propres règles de fonctionnement, quitte à délivrer des prestations limitées en désaccord avec les directives nationales et internationales. En fait, il convient de ne pas surestimer l’importance de l’adhésion à des valeurs religieuses chrétiennes comme facteur explicatif de la qualité, et de replacer l’offre de soins confessionnelle dans le contexte global de la structuration des espaces sanitaires en Afrique. Au-delà de l’intérêt spécifique porté à la contribution des missions chrétiennes à l’offre de soins en Afrique, le présent article se veut également une contribution à une interrogation sur la notion de « qualité des soins » tant débattue dans les réflexions de santé publique.
D'une image à l'autre ou pourquoi et comment étudier les usages et pratiques de l'imagerie médicale à Dakar
Authors: Werner Jean-François
Published: September 2011

Résumé En prenant comme prétexte une recherche ethnographique menée récemment au Sénégal sur l’usage de la radiographie dans le dépistage des patients tuberculeux, l’auteur explicite les raisons qui l’ont poussé à étudier l’imagerie médicale à partir d’un questionnement d’ordre général sur le rôle que jouent les médias visuels dans le changement social et les dynamiques identitaires à l’œuvre dans les sociétés africaines contemporaines. Les premiers résultats de cette étude montrent que le recours à la radiographie est fréquent de la part de soignants qui partagent avec les soignés une même croyance dans le pouvoir de vérité de l’imagerie médicale alors même que cette pratique est considérée comme inutile voire néfaste par les professionnels de santé publique impliqués dans la lutte contre la tuberculose. À partir d’une première analyse de ses données, l’auteur discute du bien-fondé de sa démarche initiale et met en évidence les similitudes et les différences qui existent entre les technologies visuelles à usage médical et celles, comme la télévision ou la photographie, qui donnent lieu à une consommation de masse.
L'évolution des savoirs et des pratiques médicales : l'exemple de la lutte contre le paludisme au Sénégal
Authors: Ndoye Tidiane , Poutrain Véronique
Published: September 2011

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de saisir la manière dont se construit et se transforme le savoir médical à la lumière d’un exemple précis : le paludisme au Sénégal. Cette recherche d’anthropologie historique se base sur l’étude des savoirs tels qu’ils se déclinent dans les thèses de médecine. Celles-ci, en effet, sont un des lieux de production du savoir médical et constituent donc une base privilégiée pour comprendre comment le savoir s’établit et évolue. Ce matériau est mis en parallèle avec les documents / directives de l’OMS. Deux niveaux d’analyse sont développés : les politiques de prévention et les méthodes de prises en charge.
L'apport de l'anthropologie à la mise en œuvre d'une politique de prévention : du vécu de la maladie à l'analyse du raisonnement préventif
Authors: Cherubini Bernard
Published: September 2011

Résumé Le diabète est un thème de santé prioritaire à La Réunion. Il donne lieu, depuis 1995, à un Programme régional de santé (PRS). Il est devenu, en 2001, un PRS de 2 e génération orienté sur la prévention. La recherche anthropologique, développée depuis 1994 autour du diabète de type 2, est orientée par les demandes qui sont formulées par les épidémiologistes, les nutritionnistes et les médecins de santé publique. L’évolution de notre participation à ces PRS nous a fait passer d’une anthropologie du diabète centrée sur le sujet local à une anthropologie politique de la prévention : de la compréhension des comportements à risques et de la prise en charge médicale et préventive, à la compréhension des incidences de ce type de collaboration sur la gestion des politiques de prévention au niveau institutionnel.
De l'intime au politique : le sida en Afrique, un objet en mouvement
Authors: Eboko Fred
Published: September 2011

Résumé Au terme d’une recherche doctorale sur la question du sida en Afrique (Cameroun), le passage incessant des frontières disciplinaires permet un éclairage rétrospectif. Arrimée à la science politique, cette recherche a connu de longues escapades du côté de la sociologie et de l’anthropologie. Les raisons de ces voyages académiques méritent d’être interrogées, autant que l’expérience empirique qui leur donne sens et les justifie. Les interrogations épistémologiques de cette recherche peuvent se résumer ainsi : comment étudier en science politique une politique publique en l’absence de travaux politologiques sur la question ? Autrement dit, comment mettre à profit des questions politistes qui ont été posées par des anthropologues ? L’objet de cet article est de tenter de montrer comment s’est construite cette recherche qui a évolué de la question des « jeunesses urbaines » face au sida au Cameroun, vers l’analyse critique de la politique publique de lutte contre cette pandémie sur l’ensemble de l’Afrique subsaharienne : de l’intime au politique. Ce texte part des questions liées à la sexualité, mise en cause dans l’expansion de la maladie, pour épouser des interrogations politiques sur ce que l’auteur a appelé « un modèle dissonant de politique publique ». L’article vise à présenter les liens entre des choix théoriques et des rencontres, entre un voyage interdisciplinaire et des concours de circonstances qui ont construit, de concert, un objet de recherche en perpétuel changement.
Trois objets-étapes de la globalisation de la norme de santé
Authors: Hours Bernard
Published: September 2011

Résumé Cet article met en perspective trois objets construits dans le champ de la santé : la santé publique, l’idéologie humanitaire, la santé parfaite. Le premier objet, la santé publique, porte sur un champ de relations sociales où la puissance symbolique du pouvoir thérapeutique est particulièrement structurante. Un droit à la santé est formulé. L’idéologie humanitaire nous met en présence d’une ingérence compassionnelle réalisée au nom d’un droit à la vie dont la médecine d’urgence apparaît comme l’outil privilégié. Le droit à la vie se présente comme la forme minimale du droit à la santé. Enfin, la santé parfaite, dont la logique se développe sous nos yeux, constitue un troisième objet, prospectif, qui renouvelle les représentations de la santé, puisqu’il s’agit d’un devoir de santé, dont le caractère impératif amène à reformuler les positions respectives des acteurs réels et symboliques et la construction du lien social par la santé.
Gouvernement de la nature et gouvernement des hommes dans le Gwendégué (centre-ouest du Burkina Faso)
Authors: Jacob Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2011

Résumé L’article propose une analyse de la dynamique et des formes de production de l’ordre social chez les Winye du Burkina Faso, à partir d’une étude de la distribution des droits sur les ressources naturelles. Il montre que c’est à travers l’implantation d’autels liés à l’espace et d’un régime diversifié de la propriété faisant des ressources une possession à la fois commune et privée que se résolvent les questions d’action collective qui permettent la mise en place et la reproduction d’une société de la frontière.
Lorsque le Far East n'était pas le Far West. La dynamique de l'appropriation foncière dans un ancien « no man's land » de basse Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Colin Jean-Philippe , Kouamé Georges , Soro Débégnoun
Published: September 2011

Résumé Ce texte traite des conditions d’émergence et de transfert des droits sur la terre dans un contexte de véritable micro-frontière interstitielle, dont la colonisation s’est opérée en dehors du rapport autochtones/migrants qui tend à structurer la question foncière en Côte d’ivoire. L’analyse historique des conditions de la colonisation agricole montre que ce contexte ne renvoie cependant pas à un véritable vide institutionnel, dans la mesure où des principes partagés par les pionniers de différentes origines permirent de réguler l’accès initial à la terre. Par la suite, le caractère de frontière a facilité les transactions foncières, dans la mesure où le droit du pionnier sur la terre ne venait pas d’un héritage coutumier et lui permettait donc de disposer de la terre en tant que bien propre. Contrairement à ce que l’on observe fréquemment en zone forestière de Côte d’Ivoire, ces ventes de terre peuvent être considérées comme «complètes». Les conditions initiales d’accès à la terre (pas de détenteurs coutumiers de droits fonciers, pas de tutorat, droit fondé dans le défrichement), l’absence d’enjeu foncier autochtone et le caractère de ventes complètes des transactions foncières sont autant d’éléments qui contribuent à expliquer l’absence de remise en cause des droits fonciers, y compris dans le contexte socio-politique actuel.
La grammaire rituelle des hiérarchies : migrations et chefs de terre dans une société segmentaire (Burkina Faso)
Authors: Kuba Richard
Published: September 2011

Résumé L’article se propose d’explorer la relation entre hiérarchie rituelle et droits fonciers dans un contexte régional qui a été peu influencé par les transformations du paysage politique de l’époque coloniale et est négligé par l’État national et les intervenants au développement. Face à une situation historique faite de forte mobilité, de fluidité et marquée par une logique inclusive, la société phuo faisait, et fait encore, usage d’une pluralité de ressources argumentatives dans les questions de maîtrise de la terre. Le principe du premier arrivé sur un lieu joue un rôle, ainsi que les relations hiérarchiques entre les lignages qui sont caractérisés par leur spécialisation rituelle. Ces spécialisations se transmettent par héritage en ligne paternelle. Mais certaines compétences peuvent être cédées et même mises en gage auprès d’autres lignages qui peuvent accéder par ces moyens au culte de la terre. Les différentes modalités de transfert du culte de la terre donnent à certains chefs de terre une légitimité précaire et contestée, comme c’est le cas dans l’étude de cas présentée dans cet article.
Aux frontières du territoire. Idéologie territoriale et dynamiques foncières au Busoga (Ouganda)
Authors: François Alain
Published: September 2011

Résumé Les logiques qui président à la construction du territoire et de la frontière s’inscrivent irrémédiablement dans le champ des idéologies. Ainsi, c’est à partir d’une étude de cas prise chez les Basoga du sud-est de l’Ouganda que nous entendons montrer le cadre conceptuel et métaphorique à partir duquel les populations socialisent la nature et construisent leurs imaginaires spatiaux et territoriaux au regard desquels prennent sens les rapports fonciers, et la signification que peut recouvrir dans ce cadre la « marchandisation » en cours de ces rapports. Une attention particulière est portée à l’impact de ces idéologies sur la gestion des friches agricoles, l’atomisation des unités de production, la recolonisation de terres abandonnées ainsi que sur les transactions monétaires et les contrats agraires.
La réforme agraire mexicaine comme processus de frontière
Authors: Léonard Éric
Published: September 2011

Résumé Entre 1920 et le début des années 1980, la réforme agraire mexicaine a conduit à la redistribution de près de la moitié des terres du pays. Elle a aussi été au centre du processus de construction et de reproduction du système politique et de l’ancrage de l’État en milieu rural: sa mise en œuvre a permis la constitution de nouvelles collectivités paysannes et une recomposition des territoires politiques au profit de catégories d’acteurs qui cherchaient à s’émanciper des anciennes structures politico-foncières représentées par la communauté indienne et l’hacienda. Cet article décrit la situation de co-production de la politique foncière, en prise avec les logiques d’autonomisation des acteurs locaux, et sous des formes qui évoquent le processus de frontière interne analysé par Kopytoff dans les contextes africains. Il propose également un élargissement de ce modèle en accordant une attention particulière au rôle joué par l’État et ses représentants dans le déroulement du processus. La réforme agraire mexicaine peut être lue en effet comme résultant de deux logiques de frontière superposées: de la part des acteurs ruraux, la recherche de «frontières interstitielles» pouvant supporter les dynamiques de scission travaillant les communautés paysannes; et de la part de l’État, la construction d’une «frontière politique interne» lui permettant de placer ces communautés dans sa sphère de contrôle. Ces deux logiques se sont renforcées mutuellement jusqu’à ce que l’épuisement des espaces à coloniser remette en question leurs complémentarités fonctionnelles.