bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Attention in a Person with Schizophrenia
Authors: Tryssenaar Joyce , Goldberg Joel
Published: March 2013

The efficacy of cognitive training of attentional deficits was examined in a young adult with chronic schizophrenia. The study employed a single subject experimental design to explore the impact of Attention Process Training. Prior to training, multiple assessments were administered. These included measures of the subject's information processing ability, attention skills and general level of functional performance. During the training, attention tests were administered at the completion of each rehabilitation component. A functional evaluation through interviews and outcome measures of information processing ability were conducted after the training was concluded. The results of the study demonstrated improvements and normalization of attention and memory. Descriptive data regarding functioning suggest generalized gains in performance in living, social and working environments. The results suggest that cognitive training of attention was effective with this subject. Direct and systematic replications to establish generalizability are recommended.
Responding to Workload Measurement Needs
Authors: Cockerill Rhonda , Scott Elizabeth , Wright Maureen
Published: March 2013

Workload measurement is a way of capturing and recording the time and/or activities of personnel in the performance of their health care duties. The traditional focus of workload systems in occupational therapy has been on resource allocation, activity tracking and long range planning. The systems are not organized to link with other institutional, financial and management tools to identify and cost client and programme resource use. The position taken in this paper is that occupational therapy workload measurement systems must be expanded to meet these new managerial responsibilities. Occupational therapists must be able to prospectively predict their workload to accommodate the move towards case costing and programme management. The paper also provides information from a national survey which indicates that there is support from the field for this position.
Une aide technique pour la posture assise au lit
Authors: Mercier Louisette
Published: March 2013

L'objet de cet article est de décrire une aide technique à la posture qui permet une bonne posture assise ou semi-assise au lit. Cette aide facilite, entre autres, l'autonomie à l'alimentation et à l'hygiène pour les bénéficiaires ayant une instabilité au niveau du tronc. Il s'agit d'un ensemble d'appuis thoraciques, aisément amovibles, ajustables et d'un entretien facile. L'utilisation de ce modèle a rencontré un haut degré de satisfaction auprès des bénéficiaires et du personnel infirmier d'un institution de soins de longue durée.
Lutilisation à domicile des aides techniques par les personnes âgées: Une étude pilote
Authors: Demers Louise , Weiss-Lambrou Rhoda , Ska Bernadette
Published: March 2013

En ergothérapie, les aides techniques sont prescrites afin d'augmenter l'indépendance fonctionnelle des personnes et d'améliorer leur qualité de vie. Jusqu'à présent, peu de recherches se sont attardées à décrire les aides techniques utilisées par les personnes âgées vivant à domicile. Dans ce contexte, une étude pilote a été réalisée auprès de 20 personnes âgées ayant des incapacités, dans le but d'évaluer leur utilisation des aides techniques. Les individus ont été interrogés à domicile à deux reprises, à trois mois d'intervalle, suite au congé d'une unité de réadaptation. Les résultats ont démontré qu'un grand nombre d'aides techniques étaient employées pour les transferts et que peu de sujets se servaient des aides techniques pour l'alimentation et les soins de l'apparence. Les résultats sont discutés en tenant compte des besoins de la personne âgée et de l'importance de développer un instrument de mesure concernant la satisfaction des utilisateurs des aides techniques.
Male Occupational Therapists in Ontario: A Survey of Work-Related Issues
Authors: Turgeon Jean , Hay John A.
Published: March 2013

Job satisfaction greatly influences an individual's decision to remain in his or her work situation. In many studies, one of the primary reasons for men leaving the profession of occupational therapy was due to job dissatisfaction. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the issue of job satisfaction in male occupational therapists. In March 1992, a survey was mailed to all (n=82) male occupational therapists practicing in Ontario. A 67% (n=55) response rate was obtained. This study addressed several factors pertaining to job satisfaction and other work-related issues. When using the median years of OT work experience (ie. seven) to divide the sample, two items were found to be significantly different when using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA's): “satisfaction with the standing of the profession” and cumulative “satisfaction variable” items. In this study, less experienced male occupational therapists reported themselves to be less satisfied, more inclined to leave the profession or pursue another profession, but did not feel more isolated than their more experienced counterparts. The means of all items revealed a feeling of dissatisfaction on the Likert-scale used in this survey. Although no statistical significance could be achieved, a clear trend existed toward a lower level of satisfaction among the less experienced group.
Teaching Student Occupational Therapists about Pain: A Course Evaluation
Authors: Unruh Anita
Published: March 2013

Occupational therapists frequently work with people who have difficulties in their occupational performance due to pain. Very little is known about the educational needs of occupational therapists in preparation for this client population. The objective of this course evaluation was to assess knowledge about pain in fourth year student occupational therapists and the impact of a pain elective on their subsequent learning. Twenty-nine students were given a pain questionnaire on entry to the pain elective and again on completion. On course entry, students scored highest on items addressing the physiological basis of pain with more limited understanding of psychosocial components, lifespan issues, assessment and measurement strategies, cognitive-behavioral applications, and principles of pharmacological management. Substantial change in all areas occurred following participation in this pain elective (t=17.61, df=28, p<0.001), Implications for occupational therapy education are briefly discussed.
The Functional Performance Measure for Persons with Alzheimer Disease: Reliability and Validity
Authors: Carswell Anne , Dulberg Corinne , Carson Lorie , Zgola Jitka
Published: March 2013

The Functional Performance Measure (FPM) is an instrument developed from grounded theory, and measures daily function in persons with Alzheimer Disease. This paper presents a study testing the reliability and validity of the FPM. The study design is based upon generalizability theory that allows the examination of several “facets” to the total variance of the FPM. Twenty-two clients with Alzheimer disease were videotaped performing three activities of daily living. Twelve raters evaluated the clients' performance using the FPM giving 792 completed measures. The FPM demonstrates high inter-rater reliability, moderate reliability across tasks, and criterion and construct validity. The FPM is a measure that will help occupational therapists identify clients' abilities and deficits so that therapists can determine intervention strategies to improve or maintain clients' functional performance.
Integrating the Concepts of Health Promotion and Community into Occupational Therapy Practice
Authors: Finlayson Marcia , Edwards Jeanette
Published: March 2013

Health reform activities in Canada have encouraged health care professionals to examine new and innovative ways to share their skills, not only with other professionals, but with the public. Historically, occupational therapists have been encouraged by leaders in the profession to expand their practice and to share their skills through active participation with their communities. Health promotion has been identified as a process through which this expansion can be pursued. In order for occupational therapists to contribute to their communities in a meaningful way, the concepts of health promotion and community require definition, development and reflection within their model of practice. Through a discussion of these concepts, this paper encourages occupational therapists to develop, expand and integrate new practice roles within the community by integrating health promotion into their practice.
Stimuler l'autonomie et la polyvalence des étudiants en ergothérapie: Description d'une expérience pédagogique et perception des professeurs
Authors: Gosselin Claire , Dutil Ealisabeth
Published: March 2013

Au cours de la dernière décennie, nous avons assisté à des changements de valeurs et de pratique éducative en ergothérapie. La profusion de nouvelles connaissances et l'implication des ergothérapeutes auprès d'une variété croissante de clientèles et de milieux d'interventions, nous amènent à nous questionner sur les approches pédagogiques les plus pertinentes pour développer autant les habiletés d'autonomie et de polyvalence que l'acquisition des connaissances des futurs étudiants. Une formule pédagogique intégrative a été élaborée à cet effet; d'une part en utilisant l'environnement d'apprentissage comme simulation de certaines caractéristiques du milieu de pratique en ergothérapie et d'autre part, en recourant à une variété d'activités d'apprentissage. Cet article décrit cette formule pédagogique ainsi que la perception critique des professeures qui l'ont développée.
Clinical Education in Saskatchewan: A Needs Assessment
Authors: Derdall Michele , Urbanowski Reg
Published: March 2013

Clinical education or fieldwork requires a collaborative relationship and coordinated effort between the university and the clinic. Although the literature notes the increased recognition and responsilDility given to clinicians as a teaching resource, minimal attention has been given to describing the clinical educator's perspective or in preparing clinicians for the role of educator. The purpose of this study was to explore the support and educational needs of Saskatchewan occupational therapists as they related to providing clinical education. Focus group interviews were conducted with 70% participation of the practicing registered occupational therapists in Saskatchewan. Emerging themes related to the participants (needs and responsibilities of the student, the clinical educator, the facility and the university), the process (positive and negative elements of communication, placement coordination and student evaluation), and the environment (clinical education models, length and number of placements). Recommendations were made for enhancing the clinical education experience in Saskatchewan.
Effecting Change through Programme Evaluation
Authors: Murphy Kathleen , Versnel Joan , Polatajko Helene
Published: March 2013

This paper highlights a children's mental health facility's approach to growing waiting lists and constraints on staffing dollars. The process undertaken to streamline service, develop and market a new model of service delivery, and evaluate its effectiveness is presented. Results of the evaluation of the treatment specialty model were most supportive of its implementation.
Recovering from a Depressive Episode Using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure
Authors: Waters Deborah
Published: March 2013

This paper describes the use of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) in the treatment of a person recovering from a depressive episode. Based on the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance, the COPM focuses occupational therapy intervention on the enhancement of performance in the areas of self-care, leisure and productivity. The COPM is client rated and client-centred; the client defines the specifics of treatment and measures the outcome. In the case presented the client's occupational performance and satisfaction with occupational performance increased as measured by the COPM. The therapist's role in the use of the COPM is discussed.
An Ally as well as a Partner in Practice
Authors: Klein Bonnie Sherr
Published: March 2013

Through her own personal story and experience the author describes herself as the ultimate client. She recounts some of the stages in her own rehabilitation process, and the ways in which the health professions helped or hindered her. Her involvement with the grass roots organizations for disabled people strengthened her convictions about the value of peers and role models for those with a disability. She urges occupational therapists, because of their unique body of knowledge and skills, to become partners, and even more importantly, allies with their clients. She encourages the profession to become truly inclusive and representative, and to take steps to bridge the power gap between the profession and its clients, with whom it seeks partnerships.
Challenges in Achieving Health for All in the Boarding Home Sector
Authors: Babiski Laura , Sidle Nancy , McColl Maryann
Published: March 2013

The health promotion strategies outlined in Achieving Health for All: A Framework for Health Promotion (Epp, 1986) and the concepts in Mental Health: Striking a Balance (Epp, 1988) are important for occupational therapists to incorporate when designing and implementing effective community services for people who have severe and persistent mental illness. Application of health promotion concepts to community occupational therapy programmes in mental health in the literature is sparse. This paper describes an innovative Boarding Home Support Programme for an adult population with mental health problems utilizing concepts in the health promotion framework as described in the document Achieving Health for All (Epp, 1986). The overall aim of the Boarding Home Support Programme including health challenges and health promotion mechanisms will be outlined followed by a discussion of some of the dilemmas faced by clinicians and administrators in addressing these challenges.
The Once and Future Programme: Educational Innovation in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Westmorland Muriel , Salvatori Penny , Tremblay Mary , Jung Bonny , Martin Adele
Published: March 2013

During the late 1960s and early 1970s while the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists was wrestling with issues of educational standards, Mohawk College in Hamilton, Ontario was developing two diploma programmes in occupational therapy and physiotherapy with input from McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences. This article reviews the development of the Mohawk College Diploma Programme in Occupational Therapy and focuses on several unique features of the curriculum which proved to be the strengths of the programme. These features, problem-based small group learning, strong partnerships with the clinical community and non-traditional fieldwork placements, formed a strong base for the subsequent development of the degree completion programme at McMaster and the new second degree undergraduate (BHSc.OT.) programme in Occupational Therapy. The reference to “The Once and Future Programme” emphasizes the fact that the new undergraduate programme in Occupational Therapy at McMaster University has successfully built upon the strengths of the earlier Mohawk College Diploma Programme.
A Narrative Approach to Addressing Spirituality in Occupational Therapy: Exploring Personal Meaning and Purpose
Authors: Kirsh Bonnie
Published: March 2013

Spirituality has been recognized and documented as an essential component to be included by the occupational therapy profession in client-centred service delivery. However, methods of addressing and enhancing spirituality in occupational therapy practice remain relatively unexplored within the profession. This paper discusses the benefits of a narrative approach in addressing spirituality in everyday practice. It explores narrative as a mode of expression, its relationship to occupational therapy and its usefulness in addressing the spiritual component of the individual. A case study is provided to illustrate how a narrative approach enables an understanding of meaning and purpose in one's life.
An 18 Month Follow-up of an Interdisciplinary Human Sexuality Workshop
Authors: Hay John , Byrne Carolyn , Cohen Gerry , Schmuck Mary Lou
Published: March 2013

This study reports the results of an 18 month follow-up of students involved in a successful interdisciplinary workshop in human sexuality for undergraduate health profession programmes. This workshop was designed to explore personal attitudes and to develop increased comfort when discussing sexual issues with clients. The long term effects of formal educational events in human sexuality (such as workshops) are not known. Thirty occupational therapy and physiotherapy students completed questionnaires measuring attitudes, comfort, and knowledge around issues in sexuality. These forms were identical to those used in the original investigation of the workshop. Results demonstrated that the statistically significant gains resulting from the workshop had been maintained and that small (non-significant) gains had been made. This evidence suggests that workshops in human sexuality can produce stable improvements in attitudes, comfort, and knowledge.
Influences on Students during Their Early Fieldwork Placements
Authors: Tompson Margaret-Ann Michelle , Ryan Alan G.
Published: March 2013

Four female student occupational therapists took part in a naturalistic study of their early fieldwork placements. Interviews, observation and analysis of the students' daily journals were used to collect data. This article focuses on these students' perceptions of the influences which affected them during their placements. Four main influences, the therapist, the environment, the client, and time are identified. The results of this study have implications for the structuring of fieldwork placements. First, it suggests that the role of the occupational therapist is a crucial one in the early fieldwork placements. It seems that more needs to be known about the effect of placements with no on-site therapist. Second, students tend to dichotomise their placements into physical and psycho-social when placements are named and framed within a medical model. Finally, it is important that in structuring the timetabling of the placement, fieldwork educators consider the impact of the pace of placements upon students' fieldwork experiences.
Reflecting the Model of Human Occupation in Occupational Therapy Documentation
Authors: Kyle Tammy , Wright Sherry
Published: March 2013

This paper describes an innovative Screening Assessment Form developed at the Ottawa Civic Hospital. The development of the form was prompted by the need for a concise, time efficient guide that could be easily applied to a culturally diverse clientele presenting with various bio-psychosocial difficulties. The department had adopted the Model of Human Occupation as its frame of reference, however it was difficult to consistently covey the structure of the model in report writing. The challenge was to create an assessment tool which incorporated not only essential clinical information but also occupational therapy's unique holistic perspective of function.
Undergraduate Interdisciplinary Education: Are We Educating for Future Practice?
Authors: Tryssenaar Joyce , Perkins Jan , Brett Linda
Published: March 2013

Interdisciplinary practice is encouraged and even mandated in many health care settings, however teams often do not live up to their potential. Interdisciplinary education pre-qualification is frequently recommended to prepare students for team practice after graduation. This paper describes a brief survey of interdisciplinary educational activities of occupational therapy and physiotherapy programmes in Canada. Questions were asked about current activities, anticipated changes, and the level of formal institutional support for interdisciplinary education. Results indicate that interdisciplinary activities are encouraged now and many programmes hope to expand in the future. The authors suggest that using a model to guide interdisciplinary experiences at the undergraduate level may be helpful in educating for future practice.
Clinical Competence: A Review of the Health Care Literature with a Focus on Occupational Therapy
Authors: Salvatori Penny
Published: March 2013

This paper provides a review of the health care literature on clinical competence with a focus on occupational therapy. A simple know-can-do hierarchical model provides a framework for understanding the concept of clinical competence and for exploring the issues related to its definition and assessment. While there is general agreement across the health professions regarding the broad meaning of competence, the profession-specific components have been more difficult to identify and measure. Much of the research on the assessment of clinical competence has focused on the validity of certification examinations, especially in medicine, or on the evaluation of student performance, as is the case in occupational therapy. Although a variety of evaluation measures have been developed, the evidence is clear that one comprehensive tool that provides a reliable, valid and cost-effective measure of clinical competence does not exist; therefore, a combination of evaluation methods is needed for assessment purposes. Defining and assessing competence remains a particular challenge for the profession of occupational therapy.
Occupational Competence Explored
Authors: Schwammle Donnalee
Published: March 2013

Occupational competence is an important construct in occupational therapy but how well do we really understand it? This article reviews White's 1959 theory of competence motivation to facilitate a deeper understanding of the various factors involved in competence. In light of these ideas, the Occupational Competence Model (Polatajko, 1992) and The Enablement Model (Martini, Polatajko & Wilcox, 1995) are revisited and revisions are suggested. Finally, the role of occupational therapy in the promotion of competence is discussed.
An Occupational Performance Process Model: Fostering client and Therapist Alliances
Authors: Fearing Virginia G. , Law Mary , Clark Jo
Published: March 2013

Occupational therapists, known for their ability to coach others through difficult changes, now find themselves in changing environments that include clients' desire for participation in service delivery, and the need for evidence of the outcome of occupational therapy intervention. This paper proposes a process model that is based on core concepts of occupation and client-centred practice, that incorporates theoretical approaches, and can be applied to all clients. The process model coaches the occupational therapist through a client-centred problemsolving process. It represents a description or plan for occupational therapy assessment and intervention that leads to a collaborative approach to client-identified occupational performance issues. Examples of the application of the process to occupational therapy practice are included. This model helps to articulate core concepts and values, and provides guidance for occupational therapy practice within changing environments and expectations.
Understanding the Role-Emerging Fieldwork Placement
Authors: Bossers Ann , Cook Joanne , Polatajko Helene , Laine Colin
Published: March 2013

Students' perceptions of role-emerging placements as a learning experience in occupational therapy were explored using qualitative methods. Transcripts of eleven indepth interviews with student participants were analyzed for emerging themes. The students described the placements as contributing to their learning by: providing opportunities for seeing the client as a person; for personal and professional growth; and for role elaboration. The community context and the placement structure were both seen as major contributors to the students' learning. Potential benefits of these placements for the profession were also identified. The findings provide a comprehensive look at the students' perspectives of these placements and indicate that important learning occurs in the role-emerging experience. Most importantly, findings indicate that role-emerging placements provide important opportunities for the development of students as professionals in a climate of health-care reform. The profession should consider role-emerging placements as growth-inducing learning experiences for students.
Spirituality and Occupation: Garden Musings and the Himalayan Blue Poppy
Authors: Unruh Anita M.
Published: March 2013

Spirituality is a key dimension in occupational therapy models of practice, but definitions of spirituality and its relationship to occupation have eluded us.

Nevertheless, if the writings of people who are deeply involved in their occupations are examined, we discover that spirituality can be expressed through our engagement in occupations with personal meaning in our lives. In these reflections, the author examines spirituality as it is expressed by gardeners in their garden musings, and suggests that this occupation has the capacity to enrich spirituality in everyday life. Further study of the relationship between specific occupations and spirituality may illuminate the construct of spirituality and demonstrate the ways in which occupation can be used to facilitate a richer spiritual life for individuals and communities.
Occupational Performance and Metacognition
Authors: Katz Noomi , Hartman-Maeir Adina
Published: March 2013

This paper provides definitions of the concept of metacognition and explores its relationship to occupational performance. Metacognition is divided into two components: awareness and exec utive functions. Assessments of awareness and executive functions are reviewed, treatment guidelines for metacognitive deficits are delineated, and research findings related to clients with neurological dysfunctions are summarized. Finally, the importance of integrating metacognitive components into occupational therapy theory and practice is emphasized.
The Effects of Video Assisted Feedback on a Scanning Kitchen Task in Individuals with Left Visual Neglect
Authors: Paul Stanley
Published: March 2013

The effects of video feedback is evaluated on a functional task (grocery-shelf scanning) with three patients with visual neglect resulting from right cerebro vascular accident. Participants' performance was video taped and video playback was used as a means of visual and auditory feedback in order to improve their performance. An ABA repeated measures design was used in the study. Introduction of video feedback started after gathering four baseline data points on time variable and accuracy on all three participants. Results showed an improvement in performance measured by time taken to complete the task and percentage of accuracy on all three patients across the intervention phase. Although performance declined in the follow-up phase, some long term carryover effect was noted even after the video assisted feedback was terminated.
A Funeral for My Father's Mind: A Therapist's Attempt at Grieving
Authors: Thibeault Rachel
Published: March 2013

This paper addresses grieving from a therapist's perspective. As occupational therapists, we focus naturally on clients'concerns when illness or death strike in their lives but little is known on how we react when faced with personal losses. Through the experience of gradually losing her father to a degenerative disease, the author attempts to distinguish what, in her professional training, can be helpful or detrimental to her grieving process. Five areas, common to all occupational therapists, are examined in terms of their impact on grieving. They consist of our theoretical understanding of grief and bereavement; our knowledge of pathologies and prognoses; our use of client-centred guidelines, our access to a professional network, and the values inherent to the practice of occupational therapy. While acknowledging that grieving is fundamentally the same with therapists and people in general, the author emphasizes some differences linked to our professional status and suggests coping mechanisms better suited to our specific situation.
Intervenir auprès des personnes souffrant de dépression en tenant compte de la dimension spirituelle
Authors: Falardeau Marlène
Published: March 2013

Cet article fait état de données démographiques et des coûts substantiels de la dépression. Il la présente sous l'angle de la médecine occidentale et de l'épidémiologie. Une recension des écrits permet de considérer les objectifs, les modèles de pratique et les modalités retrouvés dans l'intervention ergothérapique auprès d'une population déprimée. Une définition de la santé spirituelle est proposée puis son implication en ergothérapie est abordée. Finalement, l'auteure présente l' ébauche d'un modèle pour l'intervention.
Reflections on …: Spirituality and Occupation: Garden Musings and the Himalayan Blue Poppy
Authors: Unruh Anita M.
Published: March 2013

Spirituality is a key dimension in occupational therapy models of practice, but definitions of spirituality and its relationship to occupation have eluded us. Nevertheless, if the writings of people who are deeply involved in their occupations are examined, we discover that spirituality can be expressed through our engagement in occupations with personal meaning in our lives. In these reflections, the author examines spirituality as it is expressed by gardeners in their garden musings, and suggests that this occupation has the capacity to enrich spirituality in everyday life. Further study of the relationship between specific occupations and spirituality may illuminate the construct of spirituality and demonstrate the ways in which occupation can be used to facilitate a richer spiritual life for individuals and communities.
Comparison of Problem-Based Learning Curricula in Two Occupational Therapy Programmes
Authors: Royeen Charlotte Brasic , Salvatori Penny
Published: March 2013

There is increasing interest in the use of problem-based learning (PBL) approaches in the education of health professionals. This paper compares the PBL occupational therapy programmes at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario and Shenandoah University in Winchester, Virginia. The first section of the paper offers some general comments about problem-based learning; the second section presents an overview of key components of the occupational therapy programmes at McMaster University and Shenandoah University. A description of the similarities and differences between the programmes is provided, and critical issues that have emerged in the process of implementing these programmes are discussed.
Aspects of Psychomotor Performance in the Recovery from Right Hemisphere Lesions
Authors: Parker-Taillon Dianne , Kerr Robert
Published: March 2013

The ability to learn and perform a psychomotor task (pursuit tracking task) of ten subjects who had sustained right hemisphere lesions (RHL) was compared to ten healthy individuals matched for age and gender. The task required subjects to react and move quickly, varying both the distance to be moved and the choice of movement direction. All subjects completed 1200 responses across two testing sessions. Results indicated that while the RHL group was able to ‘learn’ the task as well as the Control group, they were slower at correcting unanticipated movement errors. In addition, the RHL group did not respond to changes in the probable direction of the next movement in the same manner as the Control group and, in fact, appeared unaware of changes in the probability of movement direction.
Preliminary Investigation of the Content Validity and Clinical Utility of the Predischarge Assessment Tool
Authors: Rudman Deborah Laliberte , Tooke Jennifer , Eimantas Tanya Glencross , Hall Mary , Maloney Karen Brennan
Published: March 2013

With the trend towards decreasing lengths of hospital stays, comprehensive discharge assessment is essential to facilitate continuity of care between hospital and community, minimize readmissions, and maximize client satisfaction. Predischarge assessment is often part of the occupational therapy role, especially in acute care. The Predischarge Assessment Tool (PAT) outlines a method of conducting comprehensive assessments in a manner consistent with the Occupational Therapy Guidelines for Client-Centred Practice. The tool is designed to inform decisions regarding: occupational readiness for discharge to the community from acute care; physical and social supports required to support occupational performance; and follow-up therapy. Two studies provide initial support for the content validity and clinical utility of the PAT and, at the same time, indicate that some modifications to the PAT are required.
Occupational Therapy Language: Matters of Respect, Accountability and Leadership
Authors: Townsend Elizabeth
Published: March 2013

Language has the power to express, change, and organize human thought and experience. Here, the author reflects on the inter-relationships between language, ideas and action, and on the common language expressed in client-centred practice focused on occupation, as in Canada's newest conceptual and practice guidelines on Enabling Occupation. She presents her reflections as matters of respect, accountability and leadership in occupational therapy.
Le Retour Thérapeutique au Travail comme une intervention de réadaptation centralisée dans le milieu de travail: Description et fondements théoriques
Authors: Durand Marie José , Loisel Patrick , Durand Pierre
Published: March 2013

L'ergothérapeute est impliqué de façon de plus en plus importante dans l'intervention auprès des travailleurs présentant des lésions musculo-squelet-tiques d'origine professionnelle. Dans ce domaine, une intervention innovatrice appelée le Retour Thérapeutique au Travail a été développée. Celle-ci intègre rapidement au programme de réadaptation, le retour supervisé de l'individu blessé à son poste de travail régulier. L'utilisation et l'exploitation de l'environnement naturel du travailleur par l'ergothérapeute devient un élément fondamental de ce processus de réadaptation au travail. Cet article décrit brièvement les différentes étapes de cette intervention et les fondements théoriques qui la supportent. Par ailleurs, le Retour Thérapeutique au Travail s'inscrit parfaitement dans les nouvelles orientations de l'ergothérapie axées sur une pratique intégrée dans le milieu communautaire.
Occupation, Health and Well-Being
Authors: Law Mary , Steinwender Sandy , Leclair Leanne
Published: March 2013

Occupational therapists believe that there is a relationship between occupation, health and well-being but there is little evidence in the occupational therapy literature to support this belief. This paper describes the results of a critical review of research examining the relationship between occupation and health and well-being. Twenty-two studies from the health and social sciences literature were reviewed using specific methodological review criteria. The findings of these studies provide moderate to strong evidence that occupation has an important influence on health and well-being. Because most of this research has been completed with persons without disabilities, further research is required to explain the nature of the relationship between occupation and health and well-being for persons who experience a disability which affects their daily occupations
Considerolions for Fieldwork Education within a Private Practice
Authors: Potts Heather , Babcock Jennifer , McKee Mary
Published: March 2013

Private practice is a growing field for occupational therapists, and fieldwork placements in this area can provide occupational therapy students with a unique and timely learning experience. As non-traditional placements are being considered more frequently, practitioners in private practice have a greater mandate to respond and to provide opportunities for student field-work experience. This article is designed to highlight some of the unique considerations, for both therapist and student, related to fieldwork experience in a private practice setting. It is based on the personal experience of the authors, a review of the literature, and discussions with other private practitioners.
The Client-Centred Evidence-Based Practice of Occupational Therapy
Authors: Egan Mary , Dubouloz Claire-Jehanne , Zweck Claudia Von , Vallerand Josée
Published: March 2013

Evidence-based practice has its roots in evidence-based medicine. This term refers to the formulation of treatment decision using the best available research evidence. While the concept has gained increased attention among health care workers in the recent past, practice based on scientific evidence has been recommended for over 300 years. However, all health-related professions continue to report difficulties adopting evidence-based practice. Notably, practitioners are often concerned that results of population-based research may not be relevant for their specific patients.

This may be of particular concern for occupational therapists who aim to provide client-centred intervention, taking into consideration individual characteristics of the client, the environment and the occupation. As well, those wishing to practice evidence-based occupational therapy must determine which decisions are made during the course of therapy and what evidence may impact on these decisions. The Occupational Performance Process Model (Fearing, Law & Clark, 1997) outlines the occupational therapy problem solving process and assists therapists to integrate knowledge from both client and therapist. A framework for evidence-based occupational therapy is presented, based on this model.
Using Research Evidence in Planning Treatment for the Individual Client
Authors: Tickle-Degnen Linda
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this paper is to describe strategies for retrieving and using evidence published in the research literature for application to treatment planning with a particular client. Suggestions are given for how to develop clinical questions about a particular client for use in guiding literature retrieval, how to retrieve the most relevant research studies in a timely manner, how to interpret results of these studies for use with a single client, and how to communicate the results of these studies with clients and families in order to engage in collaborative treatment planning.
Disability Income: The Experiences of Women with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Jongbloed Lyn
Published: March 2013

This paper examines the experiences of unemployed women with multiple sclerosis with three income support programmes, the Canada/Quebec Pension Plan, long term disability insurance and social assistance. Findings are based on ethnographic interviews with 23 women. Difficulties experienced with these programmes include the low level of benefits of two of the programmes, the earnings-based component of two of the programmes, and requirements in eligibility criteria that applicants be defined as permanently unemployable. The occupational consequences of disability income policies are mediated by marital and socio-economic status. For some, policies mean lives of poverty and marginalization, for others they mean lack of freedom to change jobs, to work part-time or hesitance to return to the work force. The ways in which social policies shape the individual experience of disability should inform occupational therapy intervention at the individual level. Therapists are also challenged to help create policy environments that will enhance client function.
Relation entre le comportement ludique et la capacité fonctionnelle chez l'enfant avec déficience motrice cérébrale
Authors: Dufour Mylène , Ferland Francine , Gosselin Julie
Published: March 2013

Dans le Modèle ludique (Ferland, 1994a), le jeu est perçu comme la voie privilégiée pour développer la capacité d'agir de l'enfant avec déficience physique, concept qui présente des liens avec celui de la capacité fonctionnelle. Afin d'analyser les relations existant entre le comportement ludique de l'enfant (intérêt, action et attitude de jeu) et sa capacité fonctionnelle, une étude de type exploratoire fut menée auprès de 30 enfants d'âge préscolaire ayant une déficience motrice cérébrale. L'Évaluation du comportement ludique (Ferland, 1994b) et le Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (Haley, Coster, Ludlow, Haltiwanger & Andrellos, 1992) ont été utilisés. Les résultats indiquent, entre autres, que les relations entre les deux concepts étudiés sont principalement établies par les capacités ludiques. L'intérêt et l'attitude ludiques s'avèrent, pour leur part, des dimensions disctinctes et complémentaires.
The Occupational Performance History Interview: Evidence for Three Underlying Constructs of Occupational Adaptation
Authors: Mallinson Trudy , Mahaffey Lisa , Kielhofner Gary
Published: March 2013

The Occupational Performance History Interview (OPHI) was developed to gather data on a person's past and current occupational functioning. The OPHI includes both a life history narrative component designed to render the life history from the client's perspective and a rating scale designed to measure the client's past and present occupational adaptation. Previous research documented the reliability of the OPHI, but there has been limited study of its construct validity. This study used Rasch analysis to determine the construct validity of a modified version of OPHI scale (OPHI-R).

Data previously gathered on 20 clients in a psychiatric setting were analyzed. The results indicate that the items of the OPHI-R do not effectively measure a single construct of occupational adaptation as originally thought. Rather, the OPHI-R items appear to measure three underlying constructs reflecting occupational competence, identity and environment. These findings suggest that revision of the OPHI scale should seek to capture these three underlying constructs for the measurement of occupational adaptation.
Leisure in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Suto Melinda
Published: March 2013

Despite leisure's central position within occupational therapy models of practice, theoretical development from within occupational therapy remains limited. Historically occupational therapy has viewed leisure as an occupational performance area, quantifiable and discretionary time, and as activity used to achieve clients' targeted outcomes. Using social sciences literature and Primeau's (1996) ideas about the relationship between work and leisure, an argument is made for further theoretical development of leisure concepts and their application to occupational therapy.

A brief review of standardized leisure assessments reveals their emphasis on leisure as time or activity. In contrast, interdisciplinary advances in leisure studies pertinent to occupational therapy focus on understanding leisure as a subjective experience. Acknowledgement of the importance of leisure as a state of mind underscores the importance of creating meaning within occupations. Finally, the stages of the Occupational Performance Process (CAOT, 1997; Fearing, Law & Clark, 1997) provide a framework for demonstrating how leisure concepts and assessments guide occupational therapy practice.
The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance Applied to Females with Osteoporosis
Authors: Grant Desirèe D. , Lundon Katie
Published: March 2013

Osteoporosis is a prevalent disease among older women. It results not only in physical limitations, but may raise spiritual and affective issues that can interfere with a person's ability to perform routine occupations. In addition, the social, cultural, physical, and institutional elements of the environment play a vital role in influencing the choices individuals make and how they manage symptomatic osteoporosis. The purpose of this paper is to examine the occupational impact of osteoporosis on post-menopausal women by applying the Canadian Model of Occupational performance (Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists, 1997) as an organizational framework to existing knowledge of this disease.
Questionnaire sur la satisfaction des personnes amputées du membre inférieur face à leur prothèse: Développement et validation
Authors: Bilodeau Suzie , Hébert Réjean , Desrosiers Johanne
Published: March 2013

La satisfaction de la personne amputée du membre inférieur face à sa prothèse constitue un facteur essentiel à son utilisation. Afin d'évaluer cette satisfaction, un questionnaire auto-administré, le SAT PRO, a été développé. Il est composé de 15 items, élaborés sur la base de critères importants lors de la sélection d'aides techniques et mesurés sur une échelle catégorique ordinale à quatre niveaux. La validation du SAT PRO a été réalisée auprès de 61 personnes amputées tibiales ou fémorales, âgées de 60 ans et plus. La cohérence interne de l'outil est élevée (coefficient alpha de Cronbach de 0.90) et le coefficient de fidélité test-retest (0.87) indique une très bonne stabilité du questionnaire dans le temps. Des corrélations simples et multiples ont également permis d'évaluer la validité de construit. Le degré d'utilisation de la prothèse et les sentiments dépressifs constituent, parmi les variables mesurées, les meilleurs prédicateurs de la satisfaction de la personne amputée face à la prothèse.
Reliability and Validity of the Toglia Category Assessment Test
Authors: Josman Naomi
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study was to establish inter-rater reliability, internal consistency reliability, and both concurrent and discriminant validity for the Toglia Category Assessment (TCA), a test of cognitive categorization. This study was based on an examination of categorization skills in clinical samples, using both the Toglia Category Assessment as well as the Riska Object Classification (ROC) test. The study sample consisted of 35 adult persons with brain-injury and 35 persons with chronic schizophrenia (n=70). Correlations between scores of the two different tests and the two different samples were computed using Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficients. Both inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, and concurrent validity were established for the TCA.

These results suggest that the Toglia Category Assessment and Riska Object Classification tests may address different cognitive abilities. The Toglia Category Assessment appears to be a more sensitive test than the Riska Object Classification in that it provides an elaborate cognitive profile.
Frames of Reference Utilized in the Rehabilitation of Individuals with Eating Disorders
Authors: Henderson Sarah
Published: March 2013

An occupational therapist's role with clients diagnosed with eating disorders, both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, has been described throughout the literature. However, the frames of reference and treatment approaches that occupational therapists implement have not been clearly established or validated. This paper outlines the symptomatology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and critically reviews the current literature concerning the frames of reference and treatment approaches used by occupational therapists when intervening with this population. The literature reviewed indicates that therapists are using a variety of frames of reference and treatment approaches. There appears to be an emphasis on the psychoanalytical and cognitive-behavioural frames of reference, although there is a lack of empirical evidence in regards to all frames of reference and treatment approaches. Reasons for the lack of current research with this population, and possible future areas of research are suggested