bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of key genes in human urothelial cells corresponding to interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome in a lipopolysaccharide‐induced cystitis model
Authors: Peng Liao , Li Bo‐ya , Wang Wei , Gao Xiao‐shuai , Zeng Xiao , Luo De‐yi
Published: July 2021

Aims

The cellular functions of bladder urothelial cells in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) have not been well revealed and understood. Thus, the study aims to identify key genes and significant pathways in urothelium corresponding to IC/BPS in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced cystitis model and provide novel clues related to diagnosis and treatment of IC/BPS.

Methods

Human urothelial cells (HUCs) were incubated with LPS (50 μg/ml for 24 h). Microarray was applied to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HUCs under LPS treatment and the control group. DEGs in the two groups were identified and then used for enrichment analysis. Subsequently, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network based on DEGs was constructed. Lastly, the top five key genes were identified through the Cytoscape (version 3.7.2) using the “Clustering Coefficient” algorithm.

Results

One hundred and seventy‐one DEGs (96 upregulated genes and 75 downregulated genes) were identified between the LPS treatment and control group. The established PPI network was composed of 169 nodes and 678 edges. Moreover, C19orf33, TRIM31, MUC21, ELF3, and IFI27 were identified as hub genes in the PPI network. Subsequently, a statistically increased expression level of TRIM31 and ELF3 was validated by real‐time quantitative‐polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry in bladder tissues from 20 patients with IC/BPS.

Conclusions

TRIM31 and ELF3 may be the two hub genes in urothelium corresponding to IC/BPS. More studies are warranted to further validate the findings. The identified marker genes may be useful targets for further studies to develop diagnostic tools and more effective therapies for a broader group of women with IC/PBS.
Radical‐free hyperpolarized MRI using endogenously occurring pyruvate analogues and UV‐induced nonpersistent radicals
Authors: Zanella Claudia C. , Capozzi Andrea , Yoshihara Hikari A. I. , Radaelli Alice , Mackowiak Adèle L. C. , Arn Lionel P. , Gruetter Rolf , Bastiaansen Jessica A. M.
Published: July 2021

It was recently demonstrated that nonpersistent radicals can be generated in frozen solutions of metabolites such as pyruvate by irradiation with UV light, enabling radical‐free dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. Although pyruvate is endogenous, the presence of pyruvate may interfere with metabolic processes or the detection of pyruvate as a metabolic product, making it potentially unsuitable as a polarizing agent. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to characterize solutions containing endogenously occurring alternatives to pyruvate as UV‐induced nonpersistent radical precursors for in vivo hyperpolarized MRI. The metabolites alpha‐ketovalerate (αkV) and alpha‐ketobutyrate (αkB) are analogues of pyruvate and were chosen as potential radical precursors. Sample formulations containing αkV and αkB were studied with UV–visible spectroscopy, irradiated with UV light, and their nonpersistent radical yields were quantified with electron spin resonance and compared with pyruvate. The addition of 13C‐labeled substrates to the sample matrix altered the radical yield of the precursors. Using αkB increased the 13C‐labeled glucose liquid‐state polarization to 16.3% ± 1.3% compared with 13.3% ± 1.5% obtained with pyruvate, and 8.9% ± 2.1% with αkV. For [1–13C]butyric acid, polarization levels of 12.1% ± 1.1% for αkV, 12.9% ± 1.7% for αkB, 1.5% ± 0.2% for OX063 and 18.7% ± 0.7% for Finland trityl, were achieved. Hyperpolarized [1–13C]butyrate metabolism in the heart revealed label incorporation into [1–13C]acetylcarnitine, [1–13C]acetoacetate, [1–13C]butyrylcarnitine, [5‐13C]glutamate and [5‐13C]citrate. This study demonstrates the potential of αkV and αkB as endogenous polarizing agents for in vivo radical‐free hyperpolarized MRI. UV‐induced, nonpersistent radicals generated in endogenous metabolites enable high polarization without requiring radical filtration, thus simplifying the quality‐control tests in clinical applications.
Quality improvement initiative to decrease extrauterine growth restriction in preterm neonates
Authors: Bagga Nitasha , Reddy Kiran Kumar , Mohamed Ashik , Panigrahy Nalinikant , Chirla Dinesh Kumar
Published: July 2021

Background

Prevention of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in preterm neonates is one of the biggest challenges to neonatologists. Lack of uniformity and inconsistency in nutrition practices are the most common causes. We started a quality improvement (QI) initiative with an intention to decrease the proportion of EUGR.

Methods

We performed prospective nonrandomized QI from May 2018 to July 2019. Ninety‐six neonates (born at <32 weeks and/or <1.2 kg) were compared with 111 historical controls. A continuous feedback loop was maintained, and changes were analyzed as plan‐do‐study‐actcycle.

Results

Although EUGR was lower after the intervention (93.7% vs 87.5%), this change was not statistically significant. However, other measures of in‐hospital neonatal growth showed improvement, including median discharge weight percentile from 1% to 3% (P = .003). Median difference in the z‐score for weight from birth to discharge also improved significantly from −1.84 to −1.65 (P = .04). Babies in the intervention group regained birth weight earlier (P = .005) and had better growth velocity (P = .0005). The feeding was started early (P < .0001), and these babies reached full feeds (P < .0001) earlier than the control cohort.

Conclusion

Although our QI initiative failed to achieve a significant reduction in EUGR, it did achieve a significant improvement in discharge weight percentile and difference in the z‐score for weight at birth and during discharge from hospital. There was a significant improvement in growth velocity and an early regaining of birth weight. The implementation of written nutrition practice guidelines facilitated improved outcomes.
A call for a national collaborative predator coexistence programme
Authors: Carter Neil H. , Nelson Peter , Easter Tara
Published: July 2021

Negative interactions between large terrestrial predators and livestock are a global phenomenon. The resultant conflicts can threaten the livelihoods and cultural traditions of those living closest to predator populations and jeopardize the conservation of predator species. These challenges are pronounced in the United States, where predator conservation is at a defining moment.

Focusing on the United States, we advocate for policy initiatives at the national scale to incentivize coexistence on multi‐use public lands. We discuss how such policies can bolster the efforts of local institutions, facilitate bottom‐up collaborations and support science‐based programmes. Modelled after other successful collaborative programmes, our proposed programme could facilitate adoption of effective coexistence strategies across large regions that better match the spatial extent of the interface between predators and livestock.

A carefully structured, national coexistence programme could harness the already‐growing support for living alongside healthy predator populations and fundamentally alter how we approach predator management so that political conflicts are avoided. Moreover, elements of the programme can be transferred to other regions around the world where community engagement is essential to sustaining and coexisting with predators.

A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Impact of poly(ε‐caprolactone) on the thermal, dynamic‐mechanical and crystallization behavior of polyvinylidene fluoride/poly(ε‐caprolactone) blends in the presence of KIT‐6 mesoporous particles
Authors: Fakhri Vafa , Monem Mohammad , Mir Mohamad Sadeghi Gity , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Goodarzi Vahabodin , Karimpour‐Motlagh Navid
Published: July 2021

Acquiring a polymeric nanocomposite with biocompatibility, desirable dynamic‐mechanical‐thermal properties, and piezoelectricity, as well as high loading capacity, is challenging for design polymeric systems with potential applications in tissue engineering and biosensing. In this work, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), and KIT‐6 mesoporous silica particles were used to prepare PVDF/PCL blends and their nanocomposites as potential candidates to meet the characteristics mentioned above. Hence, we deeply investigated the effect of the addition of PCL and KIT‐6 on the compatibility, crystallinity, and engineering properties of immiscible PVDF/PCL blends. PVDF/PCL blends without KIT‐6 particles and 75/25 PVDF/PCL blend containing various amounts of KIT‐6 particles were prepared by solution casting/annealing technique. It was found that PCL decreased the crystallization temperature and melting points of the PVDF component in the blends. The crystallinity and β‐phase content of PVDF reached maximum values for 75/25 PVDF/PCL blend; interestingly, KIT‐6 prevented PVDF crystallization and decreased β‐phase content. The results of thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic‐mechanical thermal analysis revealed that the presence of PCL reduced the thermal stability of the blends. On the other hand, KIT‐6 increased the thermal decomposition temperature and storage modulus of the polymeric matrix.
Characterization of sweet bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper Backer) kraft pulp filled in poly(lactic acid)/polybutylene succinate blend composite
Authors: Jansiri Saharath , Deenu Aree , Puangsin Buapan , Sungkaew Sarawood , Kamthai Suthaphat
Published: July 2021

The demand for plastic packaging material has continued to increase worldwide, a phenomenon that had led to more negative impacts on the environment, especially waste pollution issues caused by the petrochemical industry producing plastics and polymers. As a result, this research aimed to study the production of biodegradable packaging by blending polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) with 5–20% (w/w) sweet bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper Backer) kraft pulp (SKP). Subsequently, several analyses were used to evaluate the biopolymer properties to determine if the composite could be used to produce biodegradable packaging. The addition of SKP 5% (w/w) provided the PLA/PBS composite with the highest thermal and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the effect of a plasticizer was studied by combining 5%, 10%, or 15% (w/w) Mesamoll in the PLA/PBS composite with 5% (w/w) SKP. This addition changed all composite properties and in particular provided good water vapor barrier properties. Finally, this research revealed that SKP plays a role as a nucleating agent in plasticized PLA/PBS composite.
Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of acute myocardial infarction among individuals with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Wong Katherine , Bruxvoort Katia , Slezak Jeff , Hsu Jin‐Wen Y. , Reynolds Kristi , Sy Lina S. , Jacobsen Steven J.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

A pre‐licensure clinical trial of a two‐dose cytosine phosphoguanine adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccine (HEPLISAV‐B® [Dynavax, USA]; HepB‐CpG vaccine) found an unanticipated numerical imbalance in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to recipients of a three‐dose aluminum adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccine (ENGERIX‐B® [GlaxoSmithKline, Belgium]; HepB‐alum vaccine). A post‐licensure study was required to compare AMI rates among recipients of HepB‐CpG vaccine and HepB‐alum vaccine. Individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), who are at higher risk of AMI, comprise more than half of the post‐licensure study cohort. To inform the ongoing post‐licensure study, we examined the association between AMI and receipt of HepB‐alum vaccine in individuals with DM.

Methods

We conducted a case–control study nested in a cohort of individuals with DM ages ≥40 years at Kaiser Permanente Southern California using electronic health records. AMI cases from 2012 to 2017 were identified by principal discharge diagnosis and matched 1:1 with randomly selected controls. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for receipt of ≥1 HepB‐alum vaccine dose was compared for AMI cases and controls using conditional logistic regression. We subsequently performed the same matched case–control analysis stratified by year.

Results

Of 8138 matched case–control pairs, 17.4% of cases and 15.0% of controls received HepB‐alum vaccine. The aOR of HepB‐alum vaccination comparing cases and controls was 0.97 (95% confidence interval 0.87–1.08). Similarly, there was no significant association between HepB‐alum vaccine and AMI in any of the study years.

Conclusions

HepB‐alum vaccination was not associated with AMI in individuals with DM. This finding will provide contextual insight for the ongoing post‐licensure study of HepB‐CpG vaccine.
Registration of durum wheat germplasm A0709‐BX05 with resistance to ergot
Authors: Ruan Yuefeng , Singh Asheesh , Knox Ron , DePauw Ron , Menzies James , Li Lin , Berraies Samia , Poppy Malina , Campbell Heather , Cuthbert Richard
Published: July 2021

A0709‐BX05 (Reg. no. GP‐1060, PI 698311) is a Canada western amber durum (CWAD) derived durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] line developed at the Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada. A0709‐BX05 was selected by a modified pedigree breeding procedure from the single cross of A0262&AM050/‘Strongfield’ made in 2007. A0709‐BX05 was evaluated for ergot resistance based on the honeydew and sclerotial production on spikes in greenhouse testing from 2012 to 2018. A0709‐BX05 expresses a highly resistant response to ergot, with rare to no honeydew and very few to no sclerotia formed on the spike after inoculation, far superior to checks Strongfield, ‘AC Navigator’, and ‘AC Melita’ and better than ‘Eurostar’. A0709‐BX05 has a good package of agronomic, disease, and end‐use quality traits for the CWAD wheat class combined with the ergot resistance. The release of A0709‐BX05 will accelerate the deployment of ergot resistance in durum wheat breeding and genetic and genomic studies related to ergot resistance in durum wheat.
Enhancing the UV/heat stability of LLDPE irrigation pipes via different stabilizer formulations
Authors: Porfyris Athanasios D. , Luyt Adriaan S. , Gasmi Soumia , Malik Sarah S. , Aljindi Reem M. , Ouederni Mabrouk , Vouyiouka Stamatina N. , Pfaendner Rudolf , Papaspyrides Constantine D.
Published: July 2021

Herein different stabilizer formulations of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) against UV‐ and heat‐initiated degradation are described. The project aims at outdoor applications, such as irrigation piping and profiles, in the Middle East desert regions, where long‐term weathering stability due to high temperatures and solar radiation is important. Two UV/heat formulations, without and with carbon black (CB) as pigment, were incorporated into LLDPE by melt compounding. Neat LLDPE and the stabilized compounds were exposed to accelerated UV and heat aging. Morphological analysis through scanning electron microscopy of the UV‐exposed neat LLDPE showed more severe surface cracking compared to the CB‐containing LLDPE, while all stabilized compounds did not show any surface degradation. Crack formation was less visible for the thermally aged samples. A significant decrease in molecular weight (MW) was observed for the neat UV‐exposed LLDPE, while both unpigmented stabilized compounds showed little change in MW. Mechanical properties, thermal analysis, and carbonyl index results supported the morphological results, which confirmed that CB alone was slightly more effective in protecting the LLDPE against UV initiated degradation, but performed worse against thermal initiated degradation. UV1 and UV2 compounds were efficient against both UV‐ and heat‐initiated degradation, with UV1 performing better for unpigmented compounds, and UV2 for the pigmented ones.
Nutritional status between 5‐10 years is associated with cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes in adolescence
Authors: Ararat Erhan , Sonawalla Ambreen , Berlinski Ariel , Tas Emir
Published: July 2021

Background

Cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes (CFRD) is a risk factor for adverse clinical outcomes including poor nutritional status, deterioration in lung functions, and increased mortality. The association between nutritional status between 5 and 10 years of age and later diagnosis of CFRD is not known.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed for our patients with CF between 10 and 18 years. Data was collected at age 5 and 10 years. Comparison made between patients with and without CFRD.

Results

Two groups were comparable for age and sex. At age 5, groups had no differences in weight, height, and body mass index. At age 10, the CFRD group had a lower body mass index (40.2 ± 24.7 vs. 61.5 ± 22.5 percentile, p = 0.02). Spirometry was similar between groups at 5 and 10 years. Patients with CFRD had lower growth velocity (5 ± 0.9 vs. 5.7 ± 0.9 cm/year, p = 0.03) and reduced weight gain rate (2.2 ± 0.9 vs. 3.2 ± 1.2 kg/year, p = 0.03) compared to patients without CFRD between 5 and 10 years. Patients with a weight gain less than 2.5 kg/year between 5 and 10 years were nine times more likely to develop CFRD in adolescence (Unadjusted Odds Ratio: 8.9; 95% CI:1.4, 47.2; p = 0.01).

Conclusion

Patients who later developed CFRD had significantly lower weight gain rate and height growth between 5 and 10 years of age than those without diabetes. Close monitoring of nutritional status in before age 10 years may help identify CF patients at‐risk of developing CFRD.
Independent prognostic impact of plasma NCOA2 alterations in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Fettke Heidi , Kwan Edmond M. , Bukczynska Patricia , Steen Jason A. , Docanto Maria , Ng Nicole , Parente Phillip , Mant Andrew , Foroughi Siavash , Pezaro Carmel , Hauser Christine , Nguyen‐Dumont Tu , Southey Melissa C. , Azad Arun A.
Published: July 2021

Background

The androgen receptor (AR) pathway‐associated gene nuclear receptor coactivator 2 (NCOA2) has an established oncogenic role in early prostate cancer and likewise is a driver of metastatic disease and castration‐resistant prostate cancer. However, its significance as a biomarker in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), both alone and in conjunction with co‐occurring AR alterations using a liquid biopsy approach has not been investigated.

Methods

Ninety‐one patients were included in this study, (n = 68 receiving an androgen receptor pathway inhibitor and n = 23 receiving taxane chemotherapy). Up to 30 ml of peripheral blood was collected before commencing treatment from each patient. Plasma cell‐free DNA, along with a matched germline sample, underwent targeted next‐generation sequencing using a validated, highly sensitive in‐house prostate cancer panel. Variants in AR and NCOA2 were identified and correlated with clinical outcomes.

Results

Plasma AR and NCOA2 aberrations were identified in 35% and 13% of the cohort, respectively, whilst 8% had concurrent AR and NCOA2 alterations. NCOA2 copy number gain and any NCOA2 aberration predicted for lower prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) response rates. Likewise, median overall survival was shorter for NCOA2 gain (10.1 vs. 18.3 months; p = .004), remaining significant after adjusting for covariates including circulating tumor DNA fraction and tumor suppressor gene alterations. Importantly, dual AR and NCOA2 aberrations were also associated with inferior outcomes, including no PSA responses in patients treated with AR pathway inhibitors (0% vs. 64%; p = .02).

Conclusions

These data highlight the importance of identifying multiple markers of AR pathway modulation in mCRPC and represent the first instance of the assessment of plasma NCOA2 status as a prognostic biomarker for standard‐of‐care therapies. Further assessment is warranted to determine if NCOA2 aberrations are a marker of primary resistance to AR pathway inhibitors.
Observed evidence for guideline‐recommended genes in predicting prostate cancer risk from a large population‐based cohort
Authors: Wei Jun , Yang Wancai , Shi Zhuqing , Lu Lucy , Wang Qiang , Resurreccion W. Kyle , Engelmann Valentina , Zheng S. Lilly , Hulick Peter J. , Cooney Kathleen A. , Isaacs William B. , Helfand Brian T. , Lu Jim , Xu Jianfeng
Published: July 2021

Background

Germline testing for prostate cancer (PCa) is now recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. While multi‐gene testing has been proposed, evidence for their association with PCa risk is not well established.

Methods

We tested associations of pathogenic/likely pathogenic mutations in 10 guideline‐recommended genes (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, PALB2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and HOXB13) with PCa risk in the UK Biobank, a population‐based cohort. Mutations were annotated based on prostate‐specific transcripts using the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics standards. Associations were tested in 4399 PCa cases and 85,403 unaffected male controls using logistic regression adjusting for age and genetic background. p < .005 was considered significant based on Bonferroni correction.

Results

Among the 10 tested genes, significantly higher mutation carrier rates in PCa cases versus controls were found for four genes at p < .005; HOXB13, BRCA2, ATM, and CHEK2, with odds ratios (95% confidence interval) estimated at 4.96 (3.62–6.69), 3.23 (2.23–4.56), 2.95 (2.01–4.22), 1.94 (1.43–2.58), respectively. No significant association was found between mutation carrier status and age at PCa diagnosis or family history of PCa. Despite the large sample size of this study, statistical power remains limited, especially for genes where pathogenic mutation carrier rates are extremely rare (<0.03%).

Conclusion

Observed evidence for PCa risk was found for four of the 10 guideline‐recommended genes in this large population‐based study. Mutations in these four genes can be interpreted with confidence in genetic counseling for PCa risk assessment. Evidence for the remaining six genes needs to be further evaluated in larger studies.
Stromal cell interplay in prostate development, physiology, and pathological conditions
Authors: Sanches Bruno D. A. , Maldarine Juliana S. , Vilamaior Patricia S. L. , Felisbino Sergio L. , Carvalho Hernandes F. , Taboga Sebastião R.
Published: July 2021

Advances in prostatic stroma studies over the past few decades have demonstrated that the stroma not only supports and nourishes the gland's secretory epithelium but also participates in key aspects of morphogenesis, in the prostate's hormonal metabolism, and in the functionality of the secretory epithelium. Furthermore, the stroma is implicated in the onset and progression of prostate cancer through the formation of the so‐called reactive stroma, which corresponds to a tumorigenesis‐permissive microenvironment. Prostatic stromal cells are interconnected and exchange paracrine signals among themselves in a gland that is highly sensitive to endocrine hormones. There is a growing body of evidence that telocytes, recently detected interstitial cells that are also present in the prostate, are involved in stromal organization, so that their processes form a network of interconnections with both the epithelium and the other stromal cells. The present review provides an update on the different types of prostate stromal cells, their interrelationships and implications for prostate development, physiology and pathological conditions.
Memory‐type t charts with multiple auxiliary information for the process mean
Authors: Haq Abdul , Khoo Michael B. C. , Brown Jennifer
Published: July 2021

Multiple auxiliary information‐based (MAIB) memory‐type charts are proposed with fixed and variable sampling intervals for an improved monitoring of the process mean, which include adaptive/nonadaptive cumulative sum (CUSUM) and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) charts. These control charts are constructed based on a unique uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator of the process mean that requires information on a study variable as well as on several correlated auxiliary variables. The Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to compute the run length characteristics of the proposed charts when sampling from a multivariate normal distribution. The run length comparisons show that the proposed MAIB‐ charts outperform their existing auxiliary information based (AIB) and non‐AIB charts, where the normalizing transformation is used for all considered charts in order to have uniformity in the comparisons. A real data application is also given to support the proposed theory.
Prediction of double transition metal (Cr1−xZrx)2AlC MAX phases as thermal barrier coatings: Insight from density functional theory
Authors: Azzouz‐Rached Ahmed , Rached Habib , Babu Majibul Haque , Hadji Tariq , Rached Djamel
Published: July 2021

Herein, a high purity (Cr1−xZrx)2AlC solid solutions (with x = 0–1) have been investigated intensively using the first principles density functional theory calculations. The optimized structural parameters were founded to be in good agreement with the experimental results, and increased steadily with rising Zr in (Cr1−xZrx)2AlC solid solutions. The elastic constants Cij and enthalpy formation have been calculated and firmly confirmed that these solid solutions were mechanically and thermodynamically stable. Moreover, the mechanical properties show that the compounds possess brittle behavior with covalent bonding signified that they are relatively hard compared to other MAX phases. Further, the electronic band structures were studied and found a metallic behavior for all the investigated concentrations. Consequently, all the compositions of solid solutions were identified as promising materials for thermal barrier coating and high temperature structural materials due to the high value of melting temperatures and low minimum thermal conductivity.
Direct detection of diphenylamino radical formed by oxidation of diphenylamine using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Son Chae Eun , Choi Sung‐Seen
Published: July 2021

Rationale

Diphenylamine (DPAH) and its derivatives have been widely used as antioxidants. Its antioxidation behaviors are started with the formation of diphenylamino radical (DPA•) by loss of hydrogen atom through reaction with oxygen or ozone. DPAH was oxidized by ozonation to produce DPA• and DPA• was directly detected using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI‐MS). The influence of oxidation time on generation of DPA• and consumption of DPAH was also investigated.

Methods

Experiments were performed using a home‐made ozone bubbling apparatus for oxidation of DPAH. DPAH solution (1000 ppm) in acetone was stirred during the ozonation. The oxidized sample was diluted 100‐fold and analyzed using APCI‐MS. Structures and energies of DPAH, DPA• and detected ions were obtained using electronic structure calculations with Spartan 10 and Gaussian 09.

Results

DPA• was detected in positive APCI‐MS in the form of DPAH•+ by proton transfer reaction with protonated acetone. Formation of DPAH•+ from DPA• was more favorable than that of [DPAH + H]+ from DPAH and it was also much more favorable than that of DPA+ from DPA•. By increasing the oxidation time, the relative abundance of DPAH•+ was increased whereas that of [DPAH + H]+ was notably decreased.

Conclusions

Existence of DPA• was directly analyzed using APCI‐MS. DPAH and DPA• were differently detected as [DPAH + H]+ and DPAH•+, respectively. Direct APCI‐MS analysis is a suitable technique for identification and quantitation of DPA•.
Outcomes of robotic partial excision of the levator ani muscle for locally advanced low rectal cancer invading the ipsilateral pelvic floor at the anorectal ring level
Authors: Yang Seung Yoon , Cho Min Soo , Kim Nam Kyu
Published: July 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate partial excision of the levator ani muscle (PELM) enables preservation of anal sphincter function although levator ani muscle (LAM) was invaded.

Methods

Functional outcomes and oncologic outcomes of 23 consecutive patients who underwent robotic PELM for low rectal cancer at the anorectal ring level invading or abutting the ipsilateral LAM are analysed.

Results

Secured resection margins were achieved, especially for the circumferential resection margin. During a median follow‐up of 44 months, the 3‐year local recurrence rate was 14.4%. Among patients who underwent diverting ileostomy closure, mean Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Bowel Function Instrument and Wexner scores were 68.3 ± 11.9 and 10.7 ± 5.3, respectively, at 1 year after closure.

Conclusion

PELM is a sphincter‐preserving alternative to abdominoperineal resection (APR) or extralevator APR for low rectal cancer invading the ipsilateral LAM at the level of the anorectal ring.
Monitoring sustainable development goals and the quest for high‐quality indicators: Learning from a practical evaluation of data on corruption
Authors: Mugellini Giulia , Villeneuve Jean‐Patrick , Heide Marlen
Published: July 2021

Tracing progress in implementing the sustainable development goals (SDGs) is at the core of pushing and accounting for change. However, monitoring SDGs is challenged by a lack of purpose‐fit and high‐quality indicators based on data that are collected through a sound methodology, generated regularly, comparable over time, and publicly accessible. Assessing and improving the quality of existing data is essential for helping countries to generate an evidence base for action. General criteria for evaluating data quality are already available at the national and international level but their practical operationalization for the assessment of specific SDGs indicators is still underdeveloped. Taking target 16.5 as a case study, this paper evaluates the quality of existing corruption surveys and their relevance for SDGs. Results show that the main challenges concern data validity (they measure only one aspect of corruption), comparability (they use culturally biased definitions), periodicity (they are not regularly developed), and raw‐data accessibility. This paper develops an original framework for benchmarking the overall methodological quality of existing corruption metrics. This framework can be used beyond the immediate context of corruption measurement and SDGs assessment. The same logic and methodology can, indeed, be employed to evaluate the quality of other metrics and support national governments and practitioners in identifying the informational and methodological gaps to be addressed in order to improve and make the best use of available statistical information.
Building Ruddlesden–Popper and Single Perovskite Nanocomposites: A New Strategy to Develop High‐Performance Cathode for Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells
Authors: Shi Huangang , Su Chao , Xu Xiaomin , Pan Yangli , Yang Guangming , Ran Ran , Shao Zongping
Published: July 2021

Here a new strategy is unveiled to develop superior cathodes for protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) by the formation of Ruddlesden–Popper (RP)‐single perovskite (SP) nanocomposites. Materials with the nominal compositions of LaSrxCo1.5Fe1.5O10−δ (LSCFx, x = 2.0, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, and 3.0) are designed specifically. RP‐SP nanocomposites (x = 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, and 2.8), SP oxide (x = 2.0), and RP oxide (x = 3.0) are obtained through a facile one‐pot synthesis. A synergy is created between RP and SP in the nanocomposites, resulting in more favorable oxygen reduction activity compared to pure RP and SP oxides. More importantly, such synergy effectively enhances the proton conductivity of nanocomposites, consequently significantly improving the cathodic performance of PCFCs. Specifically, the area‐specific resistance of LSCF2.7 is only 40% of LSCF2.0 on BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3−δ (BZCY172) electrolyte at 600 °C. Additionally, such synergy brings about a reduced thermal expansion coefficient of the nanocomposite, making it better compatible with BZCY172 electrolyte. Therefore, an anode‐supported PCFC with LSCF2.7 cathode and BZCY172 electrolyte brings an attractive peak power output of 391 mW cm−2 and excellent durability at 600 °C.
CdSe 1D/2D Mixed‐Dimensional Heterostructures: Curvature‐Complementary Self‐Assembly for Enhanced Visible‐Light Photocatalysis
Authors: Wei Yanze , Zhang Fenghua , Wei Jingjing , Yang Zhijie
Published: July 2021

Mixed‐dimensional heterostructures (MDHs), which combine nanomaterials of different dimensionalities deliver on the promise to bypass intrinsic limitations of a given low‐dimensional material. Here, a strategy to engineer MDHs between two low‐dimensional materials by curvature‐complementary self‐assembly is described. CdSe nanotubes rolled from 2D nanosheets and 1D CdSe nanorods, with negative and positive curvatures, respectively, are selected to illustrate complementary curvature self‐assembly. The assembly process, optical, and photoelectrical properties of the CdSe MDHs are thoroughly investigated. Several remarkable features of CdSe MDHs, including increased light absorption, efficient charge separation, and appropriate bandgap structure are confirmed. The MDHs significantly alleviate the sluggish kinetics of electron transfer in the quantum sized CdSe subunits (onset potential of 0.21 V vs RHE for MDHs; 0.4 V lower than their low‐dimensional building blocks), while the spatial nano‐confinement effect in the CdSe MDHs also assists the interfacial reaction kinetics to render them ideal photocatalysts for benzylamine oxidation (conversion > 99% in 4 h with a two times higher rate than simple mixtures). The results highlight opportunities for building MDHs from low‐dimensional building blocks with curvature‐complementary features and expand the application spectrum of low dimensional materials in artificial photosynthesis.
Acute Delta 9‐tetrahydrocannabinol administration differentially alters the hippocampal opioid system in adult female and male rats
Authors: Windisch Kyle A. , Mazid Sanoara , Johnson Megan A. , Ashirova Elina , Zhou Yan , Gergoire Lennox , Warwick Sydney , McEwen Bruce S. , Kreek Mary Jeanne , Milner Teresa A.
Published: July 2021

Our prior studies demonstrated that the rat hippocampal opioid system can undergo sex‐specific adaptations to external stimuli that can influence opioid‐associated learning processes. This opioid system extensively overlaps with the cannabinoid system. Moreover, acute administration of Δ9Tetrahydrocannabinoid (THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis, can alter cognitive behaviors that involve the hippocampus. Here, we use light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical methods to examine the effects of acute THC (5 mg/kg, i.p., 1 h) on mossy fiber Leu‐Enkephalin (LEnk) levels and the distribution and phosphorylation levels of delta and mu opioid receptors (DORs and MORs, respectively) in CA3 pyramidal cells and parvalbumin dentate hilar interneurons of adult female and male Sprague–Dawley rats. In females with elevated estrogen states (proestrus/estrus stage), acute THC altered the opioid system so that it resembled that seen in vehicle‐injected females with low estrogen states (diestrus) and males: (1) mossy fiber LEnk levels in CA2/3a decreased; (2) phosphorylated‐DOR levels in CA2/3a pyramidal cells increased; and (3) phosphorylated‐MOR levels increased in most CA3b laminae. In males, acute THC resulted in the internalization of MORs in parvalbumin‐containing interneuron dendrites which would decrease disinhibition of granule cells. In both sexes, acute THC redistributed DORs to the near plasma membrane of CA3 pyramidal cell dendrites, however, the dendritic region varied with sex. Additionally, acute THC also resulted in a sex‐specific redistribution of DORs within CA3 pyramidal cell dendrites which could differentially promote synaptic plasticity and/or opioid‐associated learning processes in both females and males.
In vivo CT imaging tracking of stem cells labeled with Au nanoparticles
Authors: Huang Jie , Bao Hongying , Li Xiaodi , Zhang Zhijun
Published: July 2021

Stem cell–based therapy offers great promise for a wide range of diseases and injuries that cannot be effectively treated by existing medicine and therapies. However, the translation of stem cell therapy to the clinic is still hampered by the lack of profound understanding about the survival, differentiation, migration, homing, and fate of the transplanted stem cells during the therapy. To address these issues, computed tomography (CT) based on nanomaterials, in particular gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), has been developed for enhanced and long‐term imaging tracking of transplanted stem cells. In this Mini‐Review, we summarize the recent progress in AuNP‐based CT imaging tracking of stem cells, with focuses on new strategies to improve cellular uptake of AuNPs for better CT imaging contrast, and on multimodal imaging tracking of stem cells in vivo. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and possible future developments of the AuNP‐based CT imaging tracking of stem cells for regenerative medicine and other biomedical applications.
Hybrid nano‐ and microgels doped with photoacoustic contrast agents for cancer theranostics
Authors: Xiao Yu , Gateau Jérôme , Silva Amanda K A , Shi Xiangyang , Gazeau Florence , Mangeney Claire , Luo Yun
Published: July 2021

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging noninvasive and inexpensive bioimaging modality, which has stimulated a wide interest in recent years for cancer theranostics. Hybrid nano‐ and microgels have been designed as protective carriers to incorporate PAI contrast agents due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability, high loading capacity, versatile surface chemistry, and stimuli‐responsive properties. These key features offer unprecedented opportunities for the design of innovative multifunctional cancer theranostic agents. This review focuses on the recent development of photoacoustic active nano‐ and microgels for biomedical applications in cancer theranostics and cancer hallmark imaging. The various chemical natures of gels and PAI contrast agents and the elaboration methods of hybrid matrices are summarized and discussed. Their applications in multimodal cancer theranostics and cancer hallmark imaging are presented, highlighting their merits and potential in treatment and diagnosis.
Monolateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis treated with piezoelectric surgery employing 3D printed pre‐operative surgical planning model in cat
Authors: Zanfabro Matteo , Radice Mirko , Brusati Marta , Quintavalla Fausto
Published: July 2021

The aim of this study was to describe and share employment of piezoelectic surgery and 3D printed pre‐operative surgical planning model in cat affected by temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJa). A 3‐year‐old neutered male domestic shorthair cat presented feeding problem was submitted for a CT scan of the head in order to investigate clinical TMJa. A 16‐slice multidetector CT scanner was used. CT scan revealed a misshapen, rounded right condylar process, with irregular and reduced TMJ space. A right condylectomy through piezoelectric surgery was performed. In order to plan the best surgical approach, a 3D printed model was used prior the surgery to easy identify the ideal angulation for condylectomy and during the surgery to verify the proper extent of the osteotomy. At 6‐month follow‐up the range of mouth opening is close to normal.
Visitor attachment to dolphins during an interaction programme, are there implications to dolphin behavior?
Authors: Welsh Thomas , Ward Samantha
Published: July 2021

Millions of people visit zoos and aquariums globally each year, with a smaller number choosing to participate in animal interaction programmes which allows visitors closer contact with individual animals. These are reportedly having mixed effects in increasing conservation‐related behaviors. Human‐animal interactions (HAIs) during these programmes are generally positive experiences for the human participants, however are there behavioral implications for the animals involved? The Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is the most widely used cetacean for dolphin interactions, known as “swim with dolphin” (SWD) programmes. This study investigated visitor attachment to the dolphins they interacted with, whilst assessing behavioral implications of the dolphins. A total of 41 visitors to a Spanish dolphinarium, who participated in a SWD were surveyed using a modified version of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale. Alongside this, 15‐min continuous focal samples monitored three female dolphins (D1, D2, and D3) aged 22–40, split into pre (n = 96), during (n = 96) and post (n = 96) SWD. 80% of visitors reported a sense of attachment to the dolphin they interacted with. An exploratory factor analysis extracted three factors from the survey, these were “relationships,” “emotional attachment,” and “non‐attachment.” A Friedmans two‐way analysis of variance produced significant results for some behavior categories for each individual, including locomotory (D1: F2 = 9.556, p < .01), rest (D2: F2 = 14, p < .01, D3: F2 = 10.889, p < .01) and individual play (D1: F2 = 11.677, p < .01 D2: F2 = 6.353, p < .05) however, pairwise comparison showed no differences pre‐post SWD. In this context it can be implied that participating in the SWD was neither enriching nor aversive for the individual animals, although due to the small sample size further research is required. As visitors reported a sense of attachment post HAI, this can have applications in improving conservation education during SWD. This study has provided scope for further research into methods that facilities can use to utilize the emotional attachment developed to individual animals to facilitate learning about conservation issues.
Analytic techniques for solving the transport equations in electroweak baryogenesis
Authors: Fuchs Elina , Losada Marta , Nir Yosef , Viernik Yehonatan
Published: July 2021

Abstract

We develop an efficient method for solving transport equations, particularly in the context of electroweak baryogenesis. It provides fully-analytical results under mild approximations and can also test semi-analytical results, which are applicable in more general cases. Key elements of our method include the reduction of the second-order differential equations to first order, representing the set of coupled equations as a block matrix of the particle densities and their derivatives, identification of zero modes, and block decomposition of the matrix. We apply our method to calculate the baryon asymmetry of the Universe (BAU) in a Standard Model effective field theory framework of complex Yukawa couplings to determine the sensitivity of the resulting BAU to modifications of various model parameters and rates, and to estimate the effect of the commonly-used thin-wall approximation.
Skipping the doctor: evidence from a case with extended self-certification of paid sick leave
Authors: Ferman Bruno , Torsvik Gaute , Vaage Kjell
Published: July 2021

This paper examines the impact of a policy reform in a municipality in Norway that extended to workers the right to self-certify sickness absence from work. After the reform, workers were no longer obliged to obtain a certificate from a physician to receive sickness benefits. They could call in sick directly to their line leader and had to engage in a counselling program organized by the employer. To estimate the effect of this reform, we contrast the change in sickness absence among employees who were granted the extended right to self-certify absence with absence among employees who had to obtain a physician’s certificate to be entitled to sickness benefits. We use both a standard difference-in-differences method and the synthetic control method to estimate the effect of the reform. We can rule out large positive effects on absence after the reform, with strong evidence that the policy change actually resulted in a reduction in absence for female workers.
The added value of PSMA PET/MR radiomics for prostate cancer staging
Authors: Solari Esteban Lucas , Gafita Andrei , Schachoff Sylvia , Bogdanović Borjana , Villagrán Asiares Alberto , Amiel Thomas , Hui Wang , Rauscher Isabel , Visvikis Dimitris , Maurer Tobias , Schwamborn Kristina , Mustafa Mona , Weber Wolfgang , Navab Nassir , Eiber Matthias , Hatt Mathieu , Nekolla Stephan G.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

To evaluate the performance of combined PET and multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) radiomics for the group-wise prediction of postsurgical Gleason scores (psGSs) in primary prostate cancer (PCa) patients.

Methods

Patients with PCa, who underwent [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/MRI followed by radical prostatectomy, were included in this retrospective analysis (n = 101). Patients were grouped by psGS in three categories: ISUP grades 1–3, ISUP grade 4, and ISUP grade 5. mpMRI images included T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map. Whole-prostate segmentations were performed on each modality, and image biomarker standardization initiative (IBSI)-compliant radiomic features were extracted. Nine support vector machine (SVM) models were trained: four single-modality radiomic models (PET, T1w, T2w, ADC); three PET + MRI double-modality models (PET + T1w, PET + T2w, PET + ADC), and two baseline models (one with patient data, one image-based) for comparison. A sixfold stratified cross-validation was performed, and balanced accuracies (bAcc) of the predictions of the best-performing models were reported and compared through Student’s t-tests. The predictions of the best-performing model were compared against biopsy GS (bGS).

Results

All radiomic models outperformed the baseline models. The best-performing (mean ± stdv [%]) single-modality model was the ADC model (76 ± 6%), although not significantly better (p > 0.05) than other single-modality models (T1w: 72 ± 3%, T2w: 73 ± 2%; PET: 75 ± 5%). The overall best-performing model combined PET + ADC radiomics (82 ± 5%). It significantly outperformed most other double-modality (PET + T1w: 74 ± 5%, p = 0.026; PET + T2w: 71 ± 4%, p = 0.003) and single-modality models (PET: p = 0.042; T1w: p = 0.002; T2w: p = 0.003), except the ADC-only model (p = 0.138). In this initial cohort, the PET + ADC model outperformed bGS overall (82.5% vs 72.4%) in the prediction of psGS.

Conclusion

All single- and double-modality models outperformed the baseline models, showing their potential in the prediction of GS, even with an unbalanced cohort. The best-performing model included PET + ADC radiomics, suggesting a complementary value of PSMA-PET and ADC radiomics.
Imaging of Kaposi sarcoma
Authors: Addula Dhivya , Das Chandan J. , Kundra Vikas
Published: July 2021

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a form of cancer that primarily appears on the skin but can potentially involve internal organs. There are several types of KS. The purpose of this article is to discuss the manifestations of KS and their appearance on imaging, the differential diagnoses associated with these findings, and molecular markers associated with KS that can aid appropriate diagnosis and therapy.