bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of a Pharmacy Resident on Hospital Length of Stay and Drug-Related Costs
Authors: Terceros Yvonne , Chahine-Chakhtoura Corinne , Malinowski Judith E , Rickley William F
Published: April 2007

Background:

The impact of pharmacy residents' interventions on medical rounds has not been well evaluated.

Objective:

To assess the impact of a resident's interventions on hospital length of stay, describe the types of interventions, and assess drug-related cost savings.

Methods:

Using a matched control design, we conducted an evaluative study of adults admitted to a general internal medicine unit over one month. The study group consisted of patients admitted to the service of a medical team that included a pharmacy resident and medical residents. The pharmacy resident prospectively collected data on patient demographics and interventions made during patient admission and follow-up rounds. The control group consisted of patients admitted to the service of a team consisting of medical residents only, over the same period. The medical records of the control group were retrospectively evaluated for potential interventions.

Results:

Forty patients were enrolled in each group (aged 63 ± 17 y, mean ± SD). In the study group, 250 of 271 interventions were accepted and fulfilled. In the control group, 321 potential interventions were identified. The mean length of stay of the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group (7.9 ± 7.2 days vs 10.9 ± 7.9 days, respectively; p = 0.008). In the study group and the control group, the total interventions were related to prescribing errors (51.3% vs 45.4%), preventable adverse drug events (32.9% vs 42.3%), patient monitoring (14% vs 7%), and drug interactions (1.8% vs 5.3%). In the study group, the net drug-related cost savings totaled $2087.

Conclusions:

Our study demonstrates the positive impact of a pharmacy resident on reducing the hospital length of stay and producing drug-related cost savings. Most interventions prevented adverse drug events and prescribing errors.
Are children with autistic spectrum disorders susceptible to contour illusions?
Authors: Milne Elizabeth. , Scope Alison.
Published: April 2007

Children with autism have been shown to be less susceptible to Kanisza type contour illusions than children without autism (Happé, 1996). Other authors have suggested that this finding could be explained by the fact that participants with autism were required to make a potentially ambiguous verbal response which may have masked whether or not they actually perceived the illusory contours (Ropar & Mitchell, 1999). The present study tested perception of illusory contours in children with autism using a paradigm that requires participants to make a forced choice about the dimensions of a shape defined by illusory contours. It was reasoned that accuracy of the participant on this task would indicate whether or not children with autism could perceive illusory contours. A total of 18 children with autistic spectrum disorder, 16 children with special educational needs not including autism and 20 typically developing children completed an experimental task which assessed perception of Kanisza‐style rectangles defined by illusory contours. There were no significant differences between the performance of the children with autism and either of the two control groups, suggesting that perception of illusory contours is intact in autism.
Post‐retirement work: The individual determinants of paid and volunteer work
Authors: Griffin Barbara , Hesketh Beryl
Published: April 2007

This research investigates the prediction of post‐retirement work. Unlike prior research, we examined both paid and volunteer post‐retirement work, showing the similarities and differences in their prediction. Using multinomial logistic regression analysis, a framework based on image theory was tested, which included evaluations of pre‐retirement work, attitudes to retirement, behavioural style and demographics, and used to predict both intentions to work in retirement in a pre‐retiree sample (N = 987) and actual work in retirement in a sample of retirees (N = 725). Both volunteer and paid post‐retirement work were strongly related to people's evaluation of their pre‐retirement work and for pre‐retirees, a proactive style of behaviour was also predictive. However, gender, health and retirement satisfaction more related to volunteer work and education to paid work.
Localization of Sulfonylurea Receptor Subunits, SUR2A and SUR2B, in Rat Heart
Authors: Zhou Ming , He Hui-Jing , Suzuki Ryoji , Liu Ke-Xiang , Tanaka Osamu , Sekiguchi Masaki , Itoh Hideaki , Kawahara Katsumasa , Abe Hiroshi
Published: April 2007

To understand the possible functions and subcellular localizations of sulfonylurea receptors (SURs) in cardiac muscle, polyclonal anti-SUR2A and anti-SUR2B antisera were raised. Immunoblots revealed both SUR2A and SUR2B expression in mitochondrial fractions of rat heart and other cellular fractions such as microsomes and cell membranes. Immunostaining detected ubiquitous expression of both SUR2A and SUR2B in rat heart in the atria, ventricles, interatrial and interventricular septa, and smooth muscles and endothelia of the coronary arteries. Electron microscopy revealed SUR2A immunoreactivity in the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondria. SUR2B immunoreactivity was mainly localized in the mitochondria as well as in the ER and cell membrane. Thus, SUR2A and SUR2B are not only the regulatory subunits of sarcolemmal KATPchannels but may also function as regulatory subunits in mitochondrial KATPchannels and play important roles in cardioprotection. (J Histochem Cytochem 55: 795–804, 2007)
Immunohistochemical Localization of Cadherin and Catenin Adhesion Molecules in the Murine Growth Plate
Authors: Sampson H. Wayne , Dearman Alaina C. , Akintola Adebayo D. , Zimmer Warren E. , Parrish Alan R.
Published: April 2007

Mouse tibial growth plates were examined for the presence of adhesion molecules using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. All of the components of the classical cadherin/catenin complex (cadherin, α-, β-, and γ-catenin), as well as a heavy presence of p120, were identified in the murine growth plate. All of the major cadherins (1-5, 11, 13, and 15) were, for the first time, identified and localized in the murine growth plate. We have demonstrated that most of the cadherins and catenins reside in the zone of hypertrophy. Only α-catenin and E-, P-, R-, and VE-cadherin were found in all regions of the growth plate. The results for T-cadherin were inconclusive. (J Histochem Cytochem 55: 845–852, 2007)
Processing of Reelin by Embryonic Neurons Is Important for Function in Tissue But Not in Dissociated Cultured Neurons
Authors: Jossin Yves , Gui Lanrun , Goffinet André M.
Published: April 2007

Reelin, the protein defective in reeler mutant mice, plays a key role during brain development. Reelin is processed proteolytically at two sites, and the central fragment mimics functionin vitro.

Here, we show that processing is functionally importantin vivo, a question that could not be addressed in our previous study. New monoclonal antibodies directed against central Reelin block its binding to lipoprotein receptors and perturb cortical developmentin vitro, confirming the importance of the central fragment that is detected in tissue and body fluids. Processing occurs when Reelin is incubated with embryonic neurons in culture or with their supernatant, but inhibition of processing by a metalloproteinase blocker does not prevent Reelin signaling in neurons. Furthermore, neurons internalize similarly full-length or central Reelin. In contrast, inhibition of processing prevents signaling and perturbs cortical development in cultured embryonic brain slices. Moreover,in vivo, the concentration of central Reelin is dramatically and selectively increased in receptor-deficient tissue, suggesting its specific downregulation after binding to receptors and internalization. We propose that processing by end-migration neurons is required in tissue (where Reelin is likely anchored to the extracellular matrix) to release the central fragment that diffuses locally and signals to target cells, whereas,in vitro, all Reelin forms have indiscriminate access to cells, so that cleavage is not necessary for signaling.
The Proneural GeneMash1Specifies an Early Population of Telencephalic Oligodendrocytes
Authors: Parras Carlos M. , Hunt Charles , Sugimori Michiya , Nakafuku Masato , Rowitch David , Guillemot François
Published: April 2007

The bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) transcription factor Mash1 is best known for its role in the regulation of neurogenesis. However, Mash1 is also expressed in oligodendrocyte precursors and has recently been shown to promote the generation of oligodendrocytes in cell culture, suggesting that it may regulate oligodendrogenesis as well. Here, we show that in the developing ventral forebrain, Mash1 is expressed by a subset of oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) as soon as they are generated in the ventricular zone. Using reporter mice, we demonstrate that a subset of OPCs in both the embryonic and postnatal forebrain originate from Mash1-positive progenitors, including a large fraction of adult NG2-positive OPCs. UsingMash1null mutant mice, we show thatMash1is required for the generation of an early population of OPCs in the ventral forebrain between embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) and E13.5, whereas OPCs generated later in embryonic development are not affected. Overexpression ofMash1in the dorsal telencephalon induces expression of PDGFRα (platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha) but not other OPC markers, suggesting that Mash1specifies oligodendrogenesis in cooperation with other factors. Analysis of double-mutant mice suggests that Olig2 is one of the factors that cooperate with Mash1 for generation of OPCs. Together, our results show for the first time thatMash1cooperatesin vivowithOlig2in oligodendrocyte specification, demonstrating an essential role forMash1in the generation of a subset of oligodendrocytes and revealing a genetic heterogeneity of oligodendrocyte lineages in the mouse forebrain.
Suppressed Neuronal Activity and Concurrent Arteriolar Vasoconstriction May Explain Negative Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent Signal
Authors: Devor Anna , Tian Peifang , Nishimura Nozomi , Teng Ivan C. , Hillman Elizabeth M. C. , Narayanan S. N. , Ulbert Istvan , Boas David A. , Kleinfeld David , Dale Anders M.
Published: April 2007

Synaptic transmission initiates a cascade of signal transduction events that couple neuronal activity to local changes in blood flow and oxygenation. Although a number of vasoactive molecules and specific cell types have been implicated, the transformation of stimulus-induced activation of neuronal circuits to hemodynamic changes is still unclear. We use somatosensory stimulation and a suite ofin vivoimaging tools to study neurovascular coupling in rat primary somatosensory cortex. Our stimulus evoked a central region of net neuronal depolarization surrounded by net hyperpolarization. Hemodynamic measurements revealed that predominant depolarization corresponded to an increase in oxygenation, whereas predominant hyperpolarization corresponded to a decrease in oxygenation. On the microscopic level of single surface arterioles, the response was composed of a combination of dilatory and constrictive phases. Critically, the relative strength of vasoconstriction covaried with the relative strength of oxygenation decrease and neuronal hyperpolarization. These results suggest that a neuronal inhibition and concurrent arteriolar vasoconstriction correspond to a decrease in blood oxygenation, which would be consistent with a negative blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signal.
Prostaglandin D2Protects Neonatal Mouse Brain from Hypoxic Ischemic Injury
Authors: Taniguchi Hidetoshi , Mohri Ikuko , Okabe-Arahori Hitomi , Aritake Kosuke , Wada Kazuko , Kanekiyo Takahisa , Narumiya Shuh , Nakayama Masahiro , Ozono Keiichi , Urade Yoshihiro , Taniike Masako
Published: April 2007

Prostaglandin D2(PGD) is synthesized by hematopoietic PGD synthase (HPGDS) or lipocalin-type PGDS (L-PGDS), depending on the organ in which it is produced, and binds specifically to either DP1or DP2receptors. We investigated the role of PGD2in the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonatal mice at postnatal day 7. In wild-type mice, hypoxia-ischemia increased PGD2production in the brain up to 90-fold compared with the level in sham-operated brains at 10 min after cessation of hypoxia. Whereas the size of the infarct was not changed inL-PGDSorDP2knock-out mouse brains compared with that in the wild-type HIE brains, it was significantly increased inHPGDS–L-PGDSdouble knock-out orDP1knock-out mice. The PGD2level inL-PGDS,HPGDS, andHPGDS–L-PGDSknock-out mice at 10 min of reoxygenation was 46, 7, and 1%, respectively, of that in the wild-type ones, indicating the infarct size to be in inverse relation to the amount of PGD2production. DP1receptors were exclusively expressed in endothelial cells after 1 h of reoxygenation, and cerebral blood flow decreased more rapidly after the onset of hypoxia and did not return to the baseline level after reoxygenation inHPGDS–L-PGDSknock-out mice. Endothelial cells were severely damaged inHPGDS–L-PGDSandDP1knock-out mice after 1 h of reoxygenation. In the human neonatal HIE brain, HPGDS-positive microglia were increased in number. In conclusion, it is probable that PGD2protected the neonatal brain from hypoxic-ischemic injury mainly via DP1receptors by preventing endothelial cell degeneration.
Activation of TRPA1 Channel Facilitates Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons of the Adult Rat Spinal Cord
Authors: Kosugi Masafumi , Nakatsuka Terumasa , Fujita Tsugumi , Kuroda Yasuo , Kumamoto Eiichi
Published: April 2007

TRPA1 is expressed in primary sensory neurons and hair cells, and it is proposed to be activated by cold stimuli, mechanical stimuli, or pungent ingredients. However, its role in regulating synaptic transmission has never been documented yet. In the present study, we examined whether activation of the TRPA1 channels affects synaptic transmission in substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons of adult rat spinal cord slices by using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. A chief ingredient of mustard oil, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), superfused for 2 min markedly increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous EPSCs (sEPSCs), which was accompanied by an inward current. Similar actions were produced by cinnamaldehyde and allicin. The AITC-induced increases in sEPSC frequency and amplitude were resistant to tetrodotoxin (TTX) and La3+, whereas being significantly reduced in extent in a Ca2+-free bath solution. In the presence of glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX and AP5, AITC did not generate any synaptic activities. The AITC-induced increases in sEPSC frequency and amplitude were reduced by ruthenium red, whereas being unaffected by capsazepine. AITC also increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents; this AITC action was abolished in the presence of TTX or glutamate receptor antagonists. These results indicate that TRPA1 appears to be localized not only at presynaptic terminals on SG neurons to enhance glutamate release, but also in terminals of primary afferents innervating onto spinal inhibitory interneurons, which make synapses with SG neurons. This central modulation of sensory signals may be associated with physiological and pathological pain sensations.
Independent Effects of Emotion and Working Memory Load on Visual Activation in the Lateral Occipital Complex
Authors: Gläscher Jan , Rose Michael , Büchel Christian
Published: April 2007

Emotional salience and working memory (WM) load are known to affect object processing in the ventral stream. However, the combined effect, which could be either synergistic or antagonistic, remains unclear. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a three-factorial design, we investigated the effects of WM load and emotional salience on object processing in the ventral visual stream. Twenty-three female subjects were shown blocks of task-irrelevant and more or less degraded visual stimuli that varied in emotional valence (negative or neutral) and phase coherence rendering them more or less noisy. Superimposed on these pictures, subjects saw colored squares on which they had to perform a demanding WM task (one-back, two-back). This WM task absorbs attentional resources normally available for the perceptual analysis of visual objects and can therefore be interpreted as a manipulation of attention. We hypothesized that attenuated processing resources in the lateral occipital complex (LOC) for these task-irrelevant pictures under high WM load (Rose et al., 2005) could be regained when they were of negative emotional valence. Our results indicate that both emotional salience and WM load critically depend on a minimum level of phase coherence of the stimuli to affect LOC activation. Furthermore, the influences of emotional salience and WM load do not interact with each other in LOC. Rather, emotional salience exerts a general multiplicative gain effect while preserving the difference in activation between low and high WM load. A connectivity analysis suggests that the emotional modulation might originate in the amygdalo-hippocampal junction.
Changes in Sef Levels Influence Auditory Brainstem Development and Function
Authors: Abraira Victoria E. , Hyun Naomi , Tucker Andrew F. , Coling Donald E. , Brown M. Christian , Lu Cindy , Hoffman Gregory R. , Goodrich Lisa V.
Published: April 2007

During development of the CNS, secreted morphogens of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have multiple effects on cell division, migration, and survival depending on where, when, and how much FGF signal is received. The consequences of misregulating the FGF pathway were studied in a mouse with decreased levels of the FGF antagonistSef. To uncover effects in the nervous system, we focused on the auditory system, which is accessible to physiological analysis. We found that the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is active in the rhombic lip, a germinal zone that generates diverse types of neurons, including the cochlear nucleus complex of the auditory system.Sefis expressed immediately adjacent to the rhombic lip, overlapping withFGF15andFGFR1, which is also present in the lip itself. This pattern suggests that Sef may normally function in non-rhombic lip cells and prevent them from responding to FGF ligand in the vicinity. Consistent with this idea, overexpression ofSefin chicks decreased the size of the auditory nuclei. Cochlear nucleus defects were also apparent in mice with reduced levels ofSef, with 13% exhibiting grossly dysmorphic cochlear nuclei and 26% showing decreased amounts of GFAP in the cochlear nucleus. Additional evidence for cochlear nucleus defects was obtained by electrophysiological analysis ofSefmutant mice, which have normal auditory thresholds but abnormal auditory brainstem responses. These results show both increases and decreases in Sef levels affect the assembly and function of the auditory brainstem.
Receptor-Like Tyrosine Phosphatase PTP10D Is Required for Long-Term Memory inDrosophila
Authors: Qian Meng , Pan Guohui , Sun Lu , Feng Chunhua , Xie Zuoping , Tully Tim , Zhong Yi
Published: April 2007

Tyrosine phosphorylation mediates multiple signal transduction pathways that play key roles in developmental processes and behavioral plasticity. The level of tyrosine phosphorylation is regulated by protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Extensive studies have investigated the roles of tyrosine kinases in memory formation. However, there were few studies on PTPs. To date, learning has been shown to be defective only for mouse knock-outs of PTPα, leukocyte common antigen-related, or PTPδ. A major limitation of these studies arises from their inability to distinguish an acute (biochemical) impairment of memory formation from a more chronic abnormality in neurodevelopment. From a behavioral screen for defective long-term memory, we foundchimutants to disrupt expression of the PTP10D protein tyrosine phosphatase gene. We show thatchimutants are normal for learning, early memory, and anesthesia-resistant memory, whereas long-term memory specifically is abolished. Significantly, induction of a heat shock-PTP10D+transgene before training fully rescues the memory defect ofchimutants, thereby demonstrating an acute role for PTP10D in behavioral plasticity. We show that PTP10D is widely expressed in the embryonic CNS and in the adult brain. Transgenic expression of upstream activating sequence-PTP10D+in mushroom bodies is sufficient to rescue the memory defect ofchimutants. Our data clearly demonstrate that signaling through PTP10D in mushroom bodies is critical for the formation of long-term memory.
Entrainment to Feeding but Not to Light: Circadian Phenotype of VPAC2Receptor-Null Mice
Authors: Sheward W. John , Maywood Elizabeth S. , French Karen L. , Horn Jacqueline M. , Hastings Michael H. , Seckl Jonathan R. , Holmes Megan C. , Harmar Anthony J.
Published: April 2007

The master clock driving mammalian circadian rhythms is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus and entrained by daily light/dark cycles. SCN lesions abolish circadian rhythms of behavior and result in a loss of synchronized circadian rhythms of clock gene expression in peripheral organs (e.g., the liver) and of hormone secretion (e.g., corticosterone). We examined rhythms of behavior, hepatic clock gene expression, and corticosterone secretion in VPAC2receptor-null (Vipr2−/−) mice, which lack a functional SCN clock. Unexpectedly, althoughVipr2−/−mice lacked robust circadian rhythms of wheel-running activity and corticosterone secretion, hepatic clock gene expression was strongly rhythmic, but advanced in phase compared with that in wild-type mice. The timing of food availability is thought to be an important entrainment signal for circadian clocks outside the SCN.Vipr2−/−mice consumed food significantly earlier in the 24 h cycle than wild-type mice, consistent with the observed timing of peripheral rhythms of circadian gene expression. When restricted to feeding only during the daytime (RF), mice develop rhythms of activity and of corticosterone secretion in anticipation of feeding time, thought to be driven by a food-entrainable circadian oscillator, located outside the SCN. Under RF, mice of both genotypes developed food-anticipatory rhythms of activity and corticosterone secretion, and hepatic gene expression rhythms also became synchronized to the RF stimulus. Thus, food intake is an effective zeitgeber capable of coordinating circadian rhythms of behavior, peripheral clock gene expression, and hormone secretion, even in the absence of a functional SCN clock.
Systemic Inflammatory Stimulus Potentiates the Acute Phase and CXC Chemokine Responses to Experimental Stroke and Exacerbates Brain Damage via Interleukin-1- and Neutrophil-Dependent Mechanisms
Authors: McColl Barry W. , Rothwell Nancy J. , Allan Stuart M.
Published: April 2007

Systemic inflammatory stimuli, such as infection, increase the risk of stroke and are associated with poorer clinical outcome. The mechanisms underlying the impact of systemic inflammatory stimuli on stroke are not well defined. We investigated the impact of systemic inflammation on experimental stroke and potential mechanisms involved. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by intraluminal filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo). Brain damage and neurological deficit 24 h after MCAo were exacerbated by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. This exacerbation was critically dependent on interleukin (IL)-1, because coadministration of IL-1 receptor antagonist abolished the effect of LPS on brain damage. Systemic administration of IL-1 increased ischemic damage to a similar extent as LPS and also exacerbated brain edema. IL-1 markedly potentiated circulating levels of the acute phase proteins, serum amyloid A and IL-6, and the neutrophil-selective CXC chemokines, KC and macrophage inflammatory protein-2. Neutrophil mobilization and cortical neutrophil infiltration were aggravated by IL-1 before changes in ischemic damage. Neutropenia abolished the damaging effects of systemic IL-1. These data show for the first time that an acute systemic inflammatory stimulus is detrimental to outcome after experimental stroke and highlight IL-1 as a critical mediator in this paradigm. Our data suggest IL-1-induced potentiation of neutrophil mobilization via CXC chemokine induction is a putative mechanism underlying this effect. Our results may help to explain the poorer outcome in stroke patients presenting with infection and may have implications for neurodegenerative diseases involving neurovascular alterations, such as Alzheimer's disease, in which systemic inflammation can modulate disease progression.
Novel and Distinct Operational Principles of Intralaminar Thalamic Neurons and Their Striatal Projections
Authors: Lacey Carolyn J. , Bolam J. Paul , Magill Peter J.
Published: April 2007

Neurons of the intralaminar thalamus, including central lateral (CL) and parafascicular (Pf) nuclei, innervate the cortex and striatum and are important for cognitive, sensory, and motor processes. We tested the hypothesis that CL and Pf neurons provide functionally distinct inputs to the striatum. We performed recordings of single CL and Pf neurons in anesthetized rats and, after juxtacellularly labeling the neurons, their somatodendritic features and synaptic connections were characterized.

All CL neurons (n= 31) discharged classic low-threshold Ca2+spike bursts during cortical slow-wave activityin vivo. In contrast, Pf neurons (n= 52) rarely fired such bursts, but instead discharged groups of spikes at relatively low frequencies. The activity of CL and Pf neurons was often temporally coupled to cortical slow oscillations. Identified CL neurons possessed archetypal “bushy” dendrites and preferentially established synapses with dendritic spines (91% of synapses) of striatal projection neurons. Pf neurons possessed “reticular-like” dendrites, and, on average, preferentially established synapses with dendritic shafts (63%) in striatum, although connectivity was markedly heterogeneous across neurons. Two of the six Pf neurons studied exclusively targeted dendritic shafts, whereas another neuron almost exclusively (97%) targeted spines. The remaining three neurons preferentially targeted dendritic shafts (53–70%).

Thus, the fundamental properties of CL and Pf neurons differ (the latter do not express the typical operational principles of thalamic relay neurons), and they provide different temporally patterned inputs to distinct striatal targets. This mechanistic diversity likely underpins the transmission of specific and discrete information from intralaminar thalamic nuclei to striatal and cortical targets.
Building the State in Timor-Leste
Authors: Sahin Selver B.
Published: April 2007

The breakdown of law and order in Timor-Leste in 2006 has two important dimensions: internal power struggles and regional differences. This article discusses how the competitive development of the armed forces and the police and the reemergence of regional differences affected the process of creating a democratic state.
Rising Chinese Influence in the South Pacific: Beijing's “Island Fever”
Authors: Shie Tamara Renee
Published: April 2007

The past five years have witnessed a leap in Chinese engagement in regions across the globe—even reaching as far as the South Pacific. This essay examines China's increasing activities there; the regional response; Beijing's potential economic, political, and strategic motivations; and the implications for the U.S.
Democratization and Changing Anti-American Sentiments in South Korea
Authors: Oh Chang Hun , Arrington Celeste
Published: April 2007

This study takes a disaggregated approach to the analysis of recent anti-American sentiments in Korea. It examines how the political changes entailed in the processes of democratization and democratic consolidation in the arenas of civil society, political society, and the state have diversely affected anti-U.S. sentiments in Korea.
Centrifuge modelling of the effects of soil loading on flexible sewer liners
Authors: Spasojevic A. D. , Mair R. J. , Gumbel J. E.
Published: April 2007

This paper presents an experimental study of the effects of soil loading on large-diameter, close-fitting, non-bonded, flexible sewer liners as typified by ‘cured-in-place pipes’ (CIPP). CIPP is the process whereby a polymeric pipe lining is cast directly against the wall of a deteriorating sewer pipe. The transfer of soil loading to CIPP liners is strongly influenced by the interaction between the existing host pipe and the surrounding soil. In adjusting to deterioration events of the host pipe and possible void formation in the soil, the existing pipe-soil structure deforms and interacts with the liner inside it. By monitoring deformations of the liner and host structure the magnitude of load transfer can be inferred. The paper describes 1/30th scale physical models tested in dry sand under 30g of centrifugal acceleration. The models included: (a) a host pipe with two simulated modes of deterioration; (b) an instrumented close-fitting, non-bonded, flexible liner; (c) voids in the soil; and (d) moving, heavy traffic loading. The tests showed that, even under extreme loading conditions, the deformations of the liner are relatively small (2–3% of diameter), implying that the presence of a thin, flexible non-bonded and close-fitting liner has an important stiffening effect on the response of the deteriorating host pipe. The important influence of void position in the surrounding soil was also demonstrated.
Immobilized‐Cell‐Augmented Activated Sludge Process for Treating Wastewater Containing Hazardous Compounds
Authors: Jittawattanarat Rungrod , Kostarelos Konstantinos , Khan Eakalak
Published: April 2007

A novel bioaugmentation scheme called immobilized‐cell‐augmented activated sludge (ICAAS) was developed. Offline enricher reactors were used to maintain immobilized acclimated cells applied to augment completely mixed activated sludge (CMAS) treating a pentachlorophenol (PCP) pulse loading. Cellulose triacetate (CA) and powder activated carbon (PAC) combined with CA (PAC + CA) were the two media types used for entrapping the PCP‐degrading culture. With ICAAS at 5% by volume augmentation, PCP removal of 73.1 and 75.1% via biodegradation, volatilization, and adsorption onto suspended cells, entrapped cells, and media was achieved for the systems with CA and PAC + CA media, respectively, while PCP removal in a control CMAS, which had a comparable level of combined PCP adsorption onto suspended cells and volatilization as the ICAAS, was 48.7%. Results further showed that the immobilized cells retained their PCP‐degrading ability when they were fed with the inducer (PCP) once every 20 days.
Pilot‐Scale Study of Biomass Reduction in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Wang Qunhui , Ai Hengyu , Li Xuesong , Liu Haitao , Xie Weimin
Published: April 2007

Pilot‐scale experiments were continuously carried out for more than 9 months to study the excess biomass reduction effect using a biophase‐separation bioreactor, which was designed based on food‐chain theory. By separating the biophase in the wastewater treatment system, bacteria, protozoa, and metazoa could be separated from each other and dominated in different microbial communities. After degrading organic matter, bacteria were consumed by protozoa or metazoa in the following process in such a reactor. Thus, both chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biomass were reduced. During the process of treating restaurant wastewater, the excess biomass yield in this biophase‐separation technique varied from 0.13 to 0.22 kg/kg COD removed, 50% lower than that from the reference system. Apart from low biomass production, this biophase‐separation technique can simultaneously achieve a high COD removal efficiency and improve settleability of biosolids at a hydraulic retention time of 6 to 13 hours.
A New Reliable Method for Dimethyl Sulfoxide Analysis in Wastewater: Dimethyl Sulfoxide in Philadelphia's Three Water Pollution Control Plants
Authors: Cheng Xianhao , Peterkin Earl
Published: April 2007

A simple but reliable procedure was developed to analyze dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in wastewater. The isotope DMSO_d6 was used as the internal standard to ensure accuracy. The DMSO was reduced with stannous chloride and measured as dimethyl sulfide (DMS) with purge‐and‐trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The method detection limit was at the sub‐microgram‐per‐milliliter level; precision, as measured by standard deviation, was better than ±0.5%; and the recoveries were between 95 and 105% at the level of 2 μg/mL. The procedure could use standard analytical instrumentation used for volatile organic compound analysis. A field study was conducted to validate the method and quantify DMSO concentration range in the three water pollution control plants (WPCPs) in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Results showed that, when a local chemical facility discharged, DMSO concentration could be as high as 12 mg/L in the influent to a WPCP. This would lead to the formation of a toxic “canned corn” DMS odor during the treatment processes.
Caring for Body and Soul: The Importance of Recognizing and Managing Psychological Distress in Persons with Multimorbidity
Authors: Fortin Martin , Hudon Catherine , Bayliss Elizabeth A. , Soubhi Hassan , Lapointe Lise
Published: April 2007

Primary care providers routinely encounter patients with interacting physical and psychological conditions that present as undifferentiated symptoms and feelings. Caring for the whole patient requires a good understanding of the interconnection between physical, psychological and social dimensions that may affect patients' well-being. In this article, we review the relationship between psychological distress and multimorbidity through the presentation of clinical vignettes from the real world of primary care, and discuss a team-based approach to managing care for this complex patient population.
Paradigm Shifts, Rock Art Studies, and the “Coso Sheep Cult” of Eastern California
Authors: Garfinkel Alan P.
Published: April 2007

One of the more spectacular expressions of prehistoric rock art in all of North America is the petroglyph concentration in the Coso Range of eastern California. These glyphs have played a prominent role in attempts to understand forager religious iconography. Four decades ago, Heizer and Baumhoff (1962) concluded that Great Basin petroglyphs were associated with hunting large game and were intended to supernaturally increase success in the hunt. Similarly, in their seminal work Grant et al. (1968) concluded that the mountain sheep drawings of the Coso region bolstered the “hunting magic” hypothesis. However, this hypothesis has become increasingly marginalized by a prevailing view that considers most rock art as an expression of individual shamanistic endeavor (cf. Lewis-Williams and Dowson, 1988; Whitley, 1994; Whitley and Loendorf, 1994). This article explores comparative ethnologic and archaeological evidence supporting the hunting magic hypothesis. I place this explanatory framework in a larger context based on a contemporary understanding of comparative religion and the complexity of forager symbolism. The article argues that the preponderance of Coso images are conventionalized iconography associated with a sheep cult ceremonial complex. This is inconsistent with models interpreting the Coso drawings as metaphoric images correlated with individual shamanic vision quests.
Alcoholics in Acute Medical Settings Have Increased Risk for other Drug, Mood, and Personality Disorders
Authors: Stewart Scott H.
Published: April 2007

Objective:

Brief medical management and alcohol pharmacotherapy are effective treatments for alcoholic participants enrolled in randomized controlled trials, and this suggests that alcoholism treatment may be delivered successfully in medical settings. However, medical patients may differ from clinical trial participants in ways that suggest a need for more intensive alcoholism treatment. To explore this possibility, this study evaluated the prevalence of mental health disorders in the U.S. population stratified by alcoholism and recent hospitalization or emergency room use.

Methods:

Data from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions were analyzed. Subjects with information on alcohol use disorders, emergency room use, hospitalization, and several mental health diagnoses were included ( n = 41,961). Methods appropriate for complex survey data were used to determine the relative risk for mental health diagnoses as a function of a current alcohol use disorder and receipt of acute medical care (hospitalization or emergency room visits) within the past year.

Results:

Results showed that, relative to alcoholic adults who did not have an emergency room visit or hospitalization, alcoholic adults with use of these services had an increased prevalence of personality disorders, depression, and other drug use disorders.

Conclusion:

Research is needed to evaluate if these and other differences will lead to poorer treatment outcomes for this group relative to the more selected populations included in medical management efficacy trials.
Self-Reported Allergies and Their Relationship to Several Axis I Disorders in a Community Sample
Authors: Patten Scott B. , Williams Jeanne V. A.
Published: April 2007

Objective:

Several community studies have identified associations between allergies and depressive symptoms. In this study, we evaluated the association between self-reported allergies and several Axis I disorders in a community population.

Method:

The data source was the 2002 Canadian Community Health Study. This study included the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and collected self-report data about food and environmental allergies. Crude associations were estimated and logistic regression was subsequently used to adjust for demographic variables.

Results:

Self-reported allergies to food and non-food allergies were associated with mood and anxiety disorders, but not to substance dependence. The adjusted odds ratio for major depression in subjects reporting food allergies was 1.8 (95% CI 1.5–2.3) and for other allergies was 1.5 (95% CI 1.2–1.7). Associations of comparable strength were observed for bipolar disorder and for panic disorder/agoraphobia. The association with social phobia was statistically significant, but not as strong.

Conclusions:

Cross-sectional epidemiological data are most useful for descriptive purposes. This study is the first to confirm the presence of an association between allergies and mood and anxiety disorders, as opposed to symptom ratings, in a general population sample. Substance use disorders are not associated with self-reported allergies.
Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in the Treatment of Delusional Parasitosis
Authors: Mercan Sibel , Altunay Ilknur Kivanc , Taskintuna Nilgun , Ogutcen Ozgur , Kayaoğlu Semra
Published: April 2007

Introduction:

Delusional parasitosis (DP) is a rare delusional disorder in which patients believe that they are infected with parasites, worms, insects, or bacteria. Antipsychotics are the preferred treatment in these patients.

Method:

Case series in which we summarize six patients with DP treated with atypical antipsychotic medications including amisulpride, olanzapine, and risperidone.

Results:

One patient had a myocardial infarction after being given amisulpride, and several patients did not adjust well. Parenterally administered antipsychotics, particularly risperidone, were the most effective treatment in this series of patients with DP.

Conclusion:

Patients with DP can be difficult to treat; however, parenterally administered antipsychotics appear to produce better results in these patients.
Frederick Jackson Turner, Archaeologist?
Authors: Hawley Marlin F.
Published: April 2007

While a student at the University of Wisconsin, Frederick Jackson Turner, excavated a burial mound in Wisconsin in 1886. Best known later for his “frontier thesis,” Turner suggested the skeletal remains might be those of a mound builder, a vanished race that preceded the American Indians. Following the excavation, Turner, a pioneer in interdisciplinary historical research, immersed himself in the limited Midwest archaeological literature of the day and probably came to accept the Native Americans as the makers of the mounds. While his dig remained a one-time event, Turner's interest in archaeology continued in the years to follow.
Assessing the Success Rate of Students Using a Learning Management System Together with a Collaborative Tool in Web-Based Teaching of Programming Languages
Authors: Cavus Nadire , Uzunboylu Huseyin , Ibrahim Dogan
Published: April 2007

The development of collaborative studies in learning has led to a renewed interest in the field of Web-based education. In this experimental study a highly interactive and collaborative virtual teaching environment has been created by supporting Moodle LMS with collaborative learning tool GREWPtool. The aim of this experimental study has been to find out the success rate of students when using an advanced and a standard collaborative tool in teaching programming languages over the Internet. The system has been tested with a total of 58 students whose aim was to learn the programming language Java. Success rate of students have been measured using two different assessments. Our results show a higher success rate when an LMS system is combined with an advanced collaborative tool during the teaching of programming languages in a Web-based environment.
Major Depressive Disorder with Anger Attacks and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Fraguas Renerio , Iosifescu Dan V. , Bankier Bettina , Perlis Roy , Clementi-Craven Nicoletta , Alpert Jonathan , Fava Maurizio
Published: April 2007

Objective:

Depression and anger have been separately associated with cardiovascular risk factors. We investigated if major depressive disorder (MDD) with concomitant anger attacks was associated with cardiovascular risk factors.

Method:

We measured total serum cholesterol, glycemia, resting blood pressure, and smoking parameters in 333 (52.9% women) MDD non-psychotic outpatients, mean age of 39.4 years. MDD was diagnosed with the Structured Clinical Interview (SC1D) in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R). The presence of anger attacks was established with the Massachusetts General Hospital Anger Attacks Questionnaire.

Results:

In a logistic regression analysis, anger attacks were independently associated with cholesterol levels ≥ 200mg/dL (odds ratio [OR], 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18–3.94) and years of smoking >11 (OR, 2.59; 95%CI, 1.32–5.04).

Conclusions:

MDD with anger attacks was significantly associated with increased cholesterol levels and years of smoking.
Effect of Practice on a Novel Task—Walking on a Treadmill: Preadolescents With and Without Down Syndrome
Authors: Smith Beth A , Kubo Masayoshi , Black David P , Holt Kenneth G , Ulrich Beverly D
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose

The authors propose that preadolescents with Down syndrome (DS) initially adapt to contexts that challenge their stability by increasing stiffness and impulse but, with practice, they will continue to adapt, but in the opposite direction, by decreasing stiffness and impulse. The purpose of this study was to explore changes in stiffness and impulse values of participants with DS after sufficient, task-specific practice distributed over time in a motivating environment.

Subjects

Eight preadolescents with DS and 8 preadolescents with typical development (TD) participated.

Methods

At pretest and posttest visits, participants walked over ground at their preferred speed and on a treadmill at 40%, 75%, and 110% of their over-ground speed. Practice included 4 sessions of treadmill walking at 75% of over-ground speed for 12 minutes, with approximately 800 strides per leg per session.

Results

The preadolescents with DS had reduced stiffness and impulse values following walking practice while still producing kinematic patterns uniquely different from those of their peers with TD.

Discussion and Conclusion

Preadolescents with DS can adjust their dynamic resources, both upward and downward. With practice, they can maintain stability while improving efficiency, producing stiffness and impulse values more like those of their peers with TD.
Editorial
Authors: Skinner Jonathan
Published: April 2007

This is the third edition of the year 2005. We have moved from neoliberalism and the audit culture in the university, to embodiment in the teaching and learning of anthropology, and finally to the involvement of anthropologists in the Second World War and the following Cold War. In this volume, we are still experimenting and finding our feet. Here, after articles by David Price on the OSS and Japan, Gretchen Schafft with archival biographical research on a Nazi medical doctor, and Eric Ross on university involvement in the Cold War, we give Janice Harper some extra space to make her points about nuclear tourism. Rather than split Harper’s article, we have decided to let it run on. It is an article about the curious construction of cultural heritage. And it can be read from a post-9/11, post-7/7 vantage point where the catastrophe as well as catastrophic places can become Zeitgeist (tourist) sites (see also Feldman 2002). The piece links in with the other contributions to show the longue durée of wars with and on terror, and the changing nature and commemoration of our involvement with them.
Polyarylene Networks via Bergman Cyclopolymerization of Bis‐ortho‐diynyl Arenes
Authors: Smith D. W. , Shah H. V. , Perera K. P. U. , Perpall M. W. , Babb D. A. , Martin S. J.
Published: April 2007

Bis‐ortho‐diynylarene (BODA) monomers, prepared from common bisphenols in three high yielding steps, undergo free‐radical‐mediated thermal polymerization via an initial Bergman cyclo‐rearrangement. Polymerization is carried out at 210 °C in solution or neat with large pre‐vitrification melt windows (4–5 h) to form branched oligomers containing reactive pendant and terminal aryldiynes. Melt‐ and solution‐processable oligomers with weight‐average molecular weight Mw = 3000–24 000 g mol–1 can be coated as a thin film or molded using soft lithography techniques. Subsequent curing to 450 °C affords network polymers with no detectable glass transition temperatures below 400 °C and thermal stability ranging from 0.5–1.5 % h–1 isothermal weight loss measured at 450 °C under nitrogen. Heating to 900–1000 °C gives semiconductive glassy carbon in high yield. BODA monomer synthesis, network characterization and kinetics, processability, thin‐film photoluminescence, and thermal properties are described.
On estimating the water content of gas in equilibrium with gas hydrate or ice
Authors: Mohammadi Amir H. , Richon Dominique
Published: April 2007

Experimental data for water content of gases and petroleum fluids in equilibrium with gas hydrates/ice are rare and scarce. This is partly due to the fact that water content is very low at these conditions, and, hence, generally very difficult to measure. Furthermore, reaching hydrate/ice equilibrium is a very time‐consuming process. Fortunately, estimation of corresponding water content in equilibrium with meta‐stable liquid water is easier. Expressions have been developed, based on equality of fugacity in equilibrium phases for relating water content in equilibrium with gas hydrates/ice, to corresponding water content in equilibrium with metastable liquid water. The results of this method are then compared with some experimental data reported in the literature. These results show that using only data on corresponding water content in equilibrium with metastable liquid water can lead to relatively acceptable predictions of water content in equilibrium with gas hydrates/ice. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007