bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of FGF/Erk signaling in pluripotent cells
Authors: Lanner Fredrik , Rossant Janet
Published: September 2010

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling controls fundamental processes such as proliferation, differentiation and migration throughout mammalian development. Here we discuss recent discoveries that implicate FGF/Erk signaling in the control of pluripotency and lineage specification in several different stem cell states, including the separation of pluripotent epiblast and primitive endoderm in the blastocyst, the lineage priming of embryonic stem (ES) cells, and in the stabilization of the metastable state of mouse epiblast and human ES cells. Understanding how extrinsic signals such as FGF regulate different stem cell states will be crucial to harvest the clinical promise of induced pluripotent and embryo-derived stem cells.
Z-Selective Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons-type Reaction Using a 10-P-5 Phosphorane Bearing Bidentates Derived from 1-Naphthol
Authors: Kojima Satoshi , Arimura Jun-ya , Kajiyama Kazumasa
Published: September 2010

A Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons-type 10-P-5 phosphorane reagent bearing bidentate ligands from 1-naphthol was prepared and examined in the olefination of aldehydes. Z-Selectivity was generally high except for the case of 3-phenylpropanal, and acetophenone was also found to react with relatively high selectivity.
Template Synthesis of Monodisperse Mesoporous Titania Spheres
Authors: Wang Peng , Teng Shu-Hua , Tang Fang-Qiong
Published: September 2010

Mesoporous titania spheres with a high monodispersity were synthesized by employing monodisperse poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) (PSMAA) particles as templates. The titania nanoparticles coated on the PSMAA spheres were first re-dispersed in the mixed solvent and subsequently infiltrated into the swollen PSMAA spheres. After calcinations to remove completely PSMAA, monodisperse mesoporous titania spheres were obtained, displaying an average particle size of about 130 nm and a pore size distribution centered around 4 nm.
Preparation and Properties of Low Viscous Triazolate-based Ionic Liquids Containing Two Cyano Groups
Authors: Kitaoka Satoshi , Nobuoka Kaoru , Yoshiiwa Naoki , Harran Thomas , Ishikawa Yuichi
Published: September 2010

We synthesized novel triazolate-based ionic liquids containing two cyano groups. These liquids exhibit lower viscosity and glass transition temperatures than the ionic liquids without cyano groups. The present method of delocalizing anion charges in triazolate-based ionic liquids by means of cyano substitutions may be applicable to other ionic liquids to reduce their viscosity, thus making them promising reactive media and electrolytes.
Photoinduced Phase Transitions in Chiral Binaphthyl-diol-doped Smectic Liquid Crystals by a Photochromic Azobenzene
Authors: Wang Guojie , Zhang Mingzhi , Yang Qiang , Liu Fang , Cheng Zihui , Guo Renwei , Yang Huai
Published: September 2010

The liquid crystalline states of mixtures of smectic 4-octyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl, chiral binaphthyl-diol, and a photochromic azobenzene derivative, 4-n-hexyl-4′-(1-bromopropyloxy)azobenzene, are dependant on the chiral dopant and azobenzene concentrations. The trans-to-cis isomerization of azobenzene induces the phase transition from smectic to cholesteric and then to isotropic states.
The Elegiac Domus in the Early Augustan Principate
Authors: Gardner Hunter H.
Published: September 2010

Elegy configures the household ( domus ) as a response to emerging concepts of the Roman family, an institution whose constitution had been disrupted during the civil wars that preceded the Principate. The Tibullan amator , foregrounding the domus ' role in shaping personal identity, weighs allegiance to his ancestral estate against the houses of Messalla and puella , and finally professes devotion to Nemesis' threshold; the Propertian amator , exposing the nomenclature of familial relationships as an unstable resource for self-representation, also turns to Cynthia in a final attempt to consecrate the domus . Such appropriations of the Roman household are best interpreted as a means by which the amatores locate themselves outside the Augustan vision of normative family relationships.
Late Horatian Lyric and the Virgilian Golden Age
Authors: Zanker Andreas T.
Published: September 2010

Recent scholarship has focused on the way in which Horace avoids speaking of a returning golden age in his later lyric poetry, despite the fact that Virgil had done precisely this in the sixth book of his epic. I argue that Horace realized that the concept was a problematic one. Many of the golden ages constructed by earlier poets were marked with characteristics that could never be achieved in reality. Horace therefore avoids the terminology, instead defining the new age on his own terms.
Refractions of Homer's Helen in Archaic Lyric
Authors: Blondell Ruby
Published: September 2010

Homer in general, and Helen in particular, were of great interest to the lyric poets. This article examines ways in which major fragments of Alcaeus, Ibycus, and Sappho select and combine aspects of the Iliadic Helen in order to pursue various poetic agendas, providing diverse perspectives on the complex issues of Helen's choice, agency, beauty, and eroticism. Since Helen, like Pandora, is a kalon kakon , it proves impossible to praise or blame her unambiguously.
Finances and the Operation of the Athenian Democracy in the "Lycurgan Era"
Authors: Burke Edmund M.
Published: September 2010

Between ca. 336 and 324 B.C.E. , state revenues to Athens approximated 1,200 talents per annum. As regular income, this was a sum unprecedented in Greek history. Such revenues again allowed for state pay of an imperial scale: for political and judicial service, for work on a building program, and for naval service. But for Athens, a precondition to sustained prosperity was acquiescence to the Macedonian peace. The thesis here is that the demos, long habituated to the practice of state pay, but without much subsidy for most of the fourth century, voted acquiescence. Political leaders, including Lycurgus, to preserve status, yielded to the demos, at the same time overseeing a program of civic renewal that may have helped veil the reality behind the prosperity.
The Gens Togata : Changing Styles and Changing Identities
Authors: Rothfus Melissa A.
Published: September 2010

The end of the Republic and the early Augustan period witnessed several changes in the size and drape of the "elite" toga. The implementation of the toga, with its capacity to change, demonstrates elite anxiety over their rank and status and the ways in which elements of adornment could be used to assert, defend, and manipulate identities in response to changing political and social circumstances. As a tool for maintaining order by demonstrating legitimacy, the changeable toga was adopted by Augustus as he and members of Rome's elite each negotiated his own place in the Roman world.
English filler-gap constructions
Authors: Sag Ivan A.
Published: September 2010

This article delineates and analyzes the syntactic and semantic parameters of variation exhibited by English filler - gap constructions . It demonstrates that a detailed, fully explicit account of the observed variation is available within a framework embracing the notion ‘grammatical construction’. This account, which explicates similarities and differences among topicalization, interrogatives, relatives, exclamatives, and comparative correlatives in terms of linguistic types and hierarchical constraint inheritance, is articulated in detail within the framework of sign - based construction grammar (SBCG), a version of head - driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) integrating key insights from Berkeley construction grammar . The results presented here stand as a challenge to any analysis incorporating transformational operations, especially proposals couched within Chomsky’s ‘Minimalist program’.
Cognitive and linguistic factors affecting subject/object asymmetry: An eye-tracking study of prenominal relative clauses in Korean
Authors: Kwon Nayoung , Gordon Peter C. , Lee Yoonhyoung , Kluender Robert , Polinsky Maria
Published: September 2010

Object relatives (ORs) have been reported to cause heavier processing loads than subject relatives (SRs) in both pre- and postnominal position (prenominal relatives: Miyamoto & Nakamura 2003, Kwon 2008, Ueno & Garnsey 2008; postnominal relatives: King & Just 1991, King & Kutas 1995, Traxler et al. 2002). In this article, we report the results of two eye-tracking studies of Korean prenominal relative clauses that confirm a processing advantage for subject relatives both with and without supporting context. These results are shown to be compatible with accounts involving the accessibility hierarchy (Keenan & Comrie 1977), phrase-structural complexity (O’Grady 1997), and probabilistic structural disambiguation (Mitchell et al. 1995, Hale 2006), partially compatible with similarity-based interference (Gordon et al. 2001), but incompatible with linear/temporal analyses of filler-gap dependencies (Gibson 1998, 2000, Lewis & Vasishth 2005, Lewis et al. 2006).
Development of word order in German complement-clause constructions: Effects of input frequencies, lexical items, and discourse function
Authors: Brandt Silke , Lieven Elena , Tomasello Michael
Published: September 2010

We investigate the development of word order in German children’s spontaneous production of complement clauses. From soon after their second birthday, young German children use both verb-final complements with complementizers and verb-second complements without complementizers. By their third birthday they use both kinds of complement clauses with a variety of complement-taking verbs. Early in development, however, verb-final complements and verb-second complements are used with separate sets of complement-taking verbs, and they are used with separate sets of item-specific main-clause phrases. For example, initially phrases such as ‘I want to see’ were used exclusively with verb-final complements, whereas phrases such as ‘do you see’ and ‘you have to say’ were used exclusively with verb-second complements. Only later in development— when specific complement-taking verbs were used with both verb-second and verb-final complements, with a greater variety of main-clause phrases, and when specific main-clause phrases were used with both verb-second and verb-final complements—was there evidence for structural links between these various, item-based, complement-clause constructions.
What is a perfect state?
Authors: Nishiyama Atsuko , Koenig Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2010

Although many previous studies have tried to explain the English perfect’s various readings, none of them have been entirely successful. In this article, we argue that the perfect is pragmatically, rather than semantically, ambiguous. The meaning of the perfect introduces a base eventuality and a perfect state whose category is underspecified semantically. Neo-Gricean reasoning leads hearers to appropriately fill in the value of that variable. We present the results of a corpus study of over 600 present perfect examples. The results of this study suggest that (i) most English present perfects receive entailed resultative or continuative readings, (ii) the English perfect need not elaborate on a preexisting topic, and (iii) the English perfect plays a role in establishing discourse coherence by helping hearers establish discourse relations between discourse segments.
Limitations on simultaneity in sign language
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo , Sutton-Spence Rachel
Published: September 2010

Sign languages have two primary articulation tracts: the two hands. They also have secondary articulation tracts that can be partitioned: the nonmanuals. Thus multiple propositions can be conveyed simultaneously. We have attested at most four simultaneously articulated independent propositions in sign languages, and suggest that this limit follows at least partly from limitations on visual short-term memory to cope with the information received. It appears further that the simultaneous propositions must be connected, often sharing arguments or verbs, an account of which concerns matters of production and of cognitive load. A brief look at simultaneity in spoken language suggests that similar if not identical limitations apply.
Comparative concepts and descriptive categories in crosslinguistic studies
Authors: Haspelmath Martin
Published: September 2010

In this discussion note, I argue that we need to distinguish carefully between descriptive categories, that is, categories of particular languages, and comparative concepts, which are used for crosslinguistic comparison and are specifically created by typologists for the purposes of comparison. Descriptive formal categories cannot be equated across languages because the criteria for category assignment are different from language to language. This old structuralist insight (called categorial particularism ) has recently been emphasized again by several linguists, but the idea that linguists need to identify ‘crosslinguistic categories’ before they can compare languages is still widespread, especially (but not only) in generative linguistics. Instead, what we have to do (and normally do in practice) is to create comparative concepts that allow us to identify comparable phenomena across languages and to formulate crosslinguistic generalizations. Comparative concepts have to be universally applicable, so they can only be based on other universally applicable concepts: conceptual-semantic concepts, general formal concepts, and other comparative concepts. Comparative concepts are not always purely semantically based concepts, but outside of phonology they usually contain a semantic component. The fact that typologists compare languages in terms of a separate set of concepts that is not taxonomically superordinate to descriptive linguistic categories means that typology and language-particular analysis are more independent of each other than is often thought.
Breaking the Segregation Cycle: Examining Students' Precollege Racial Environments and College Diversity Experiences
Authors: Saenz Victor B.
Published: September 2010

This study explored how students' precollege racial environments shaped their diversity experiences in college, and it tested whether diverse college experiences interrupt the cyclical effects of precollege segregation. Using longitudinal survey data collected at nine public universities, the study concluded that students' precollege racial experiences show significant and lasting effects on frequency of positive cross-racial interactions in the early college years. The results also demonstrate that diverse college settings as well as students' college diversity experiences can mediate the lingering effects of precollege segregation by promoting greater positive interactions across race in the early college years.
The Impact of Mentoring on the Success of Community College Students
Authors: Crisp Gloria
Published: September 2010

This study examines the influence of a conceptually valid mentoring experience on community college students' persistence decisions. Participants were selected from a random sample of core courses offered in the fall of 2006 at a community college in the south-central area of the United States (n = 320). Results of the structural equation modeling analysis indicate that mentoring significantly predicted the degree to which students became socially and academically integrated. Mentoring was also found to indirectly influence students' intent to persist, as mediated by their commitment to earning a college degree.
Definitions of Interdisciplinary Research: Toward Graduate-Level Interdisciplinary Learning Outcomes
Authors: Borrego Maura , Newswander Lynita K.
Published: September 2010

Combining the interdisciplinary studies (primarily humanities) literature with the content analysis of 129 successful National Science Foundation proposals written predominantly by science and engineering faculty members, the authors identify five categories of learning outcomes for interdisciplinary graduate education: disciplinary grounding, integration, teamwork, communication, and critical awareness. They identify important parallels between humanities-based descriptions of interdisciplinary integration and implicit graduate learning outcomes hinted at by engineering and science faculty who more frequently work in teams. Applying the lens of interdisciplinary studies (humanities) to science and engineering provides important depth and focus to engineering and science interdisciplinary learning outcomes, particularly in detailing integration processes.
The Role of Critical Inquiry in (Re)constructing the Public Agenda for Higher Education: Confronting the Conservative Modernization of the Academy
Authors: Gildersleeve Ryan Evely , Kuntz Aaron M. , Pasque Penny A. , Carducci Rozana
Published: September 2010

As higher education seeks to become more socially responsive, the public agenda is one form that has taken root in explicating the relation of higher education to society. In this paper, we critically analyze two different instantiations of the public agenda for higher education, placing them against the backdrop of what Michael Apple (2006a) calls the conservative modernization of education. We demonstrate how these examples fall victim to and perpetuate the conservative modernization of the academy and argue for ways of incorporating critical perspectives into the generative process of constructing the public agenda for higher education.
Undocumented Immigrants and State Higher Education Policy: The Politics of In-State Tuition Eligibility in Texas and Arizona
Authors: Dougherty Kevin J. , Nienhusser H. Kenny , Vega Blanca E.
Published: September 2010

Every year about 65,000 undocumented students graduate from U.S. high schools. A major obstacle to their attending college is not being eligible for in-state tuition. Today, nine states permit it while four prohibit it. Even if the federal DREAM Act passes, state policy decisions will continue to strongly shape college opportunities for undocumented students. This situation makes the contrasting policies of Texas and Arizona—one permits in-state tuition eligibility; the other prohibits it—highly instructive. To analyze the political origins of their divergent responses, we draw on the advocacy coalition framework and policy entrepreneurship theory of policymaking.
Proinflammatory Signals and the Loss of Lymphatic Vessel Hyaluronan Receptor-1 (LYVE-1) in the Early Pathogenesis of Laminin Alpha2-deficient Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Wardrop Katherine E. , Dominov Janice A.
Published: September 2010

Congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A, a severe neuromuscular disease characterized by early-onset muscle weakness and degeneration, is caused by insufficient levels of laminin α2 (LAMA2) in the basal lamina surrounding muscle fibers and other cells. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to muscle loss is needed to develop therapeutic interventions for this disease. Here, the authors show that inflammation is an early feature of pathogenesis in Lama2-deficient mouse muscle, indicated by elevated expression of tenascin C in the endomysium around muscle fibers, infiltration of macrophages, and induction of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and IL-1β. In addition, the expression of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), a specific marker for lymphatic vessel endothelial cells, is dramatically reduced early in Lama2-deficient muscle pathogenesis. LYVE-1 expression, which is inhibited by TNFα, is also decreased in muscles undergoing degeneration due to dystrophin deficiency and cardiotoxin damage. LYVE-1 expression thus provides a useful biomarker to monitor the onset of muscle pathogenesis, likely serving as an indicator of inflammatory signals present in muscles. Together, the data show that inflammatory pathways are activated in the earliest stages of Lama2-deficient disease progression and could play a role in early muscle degeneration.
Retained Cell–Cell Adhesion in Serrated Neoplastic Pathway as Opposed to Conventional Colorectal Adenomas
Authors: Fu Xiangsheng , Yang Xiatong , Chen Kequan , Zhang Yali
Published: September 2010

The molecular features of serrated polyps of colorectum remain to be elucidated. The expression pattern of adhesive molecules (E-cadherin, α-catenin, and β-catenin) has not been examined in serrated neoplastic pathway. The expression of E-cadherin, α-catenin, and β-catenin were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 32 hyperplastic polyps (HPs), 28 sessile serrated adenomas (SSAs), 37 traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs), 51 traditional adenomas (TAs), and 10 normal colonic tissues (NCs). Retained membranous expression for E-cadherin, α-catenin, and β-catenin was more frequent in HPs, SSAs, and TSAs than that in TAs ( p < 0.001). Nuclear labeling of β-catenin was detected in 19.6% of TAs, but in none of HPs, SSAs, and TSAs ( p < 0.001). Cytoplasmic accumulation of β-catenin was found in 3.1% of HPs, 3.6% of SSAs, and 21.6% of TSAs, significantly lower than that in TAs (60.8%, p < 0.001). The membranous co-expression of E-cadherin, α-catenin, and β-catenin was more frequent in HPs (68.8%), SSAs (60.7%), and TSAs (37.8%) than that in TAs (7.8%, p < 0.001). Cell adhesion function is retained in serrated neoplastic pathway. Wnt signaling pathway plays a less active role in the development of colorectal serrated polys than in TAs.
Membrane-associated Activation of Cholesterol α-Glucosyltransferase, an Enzyme Responsible for Biosynthesis of Cholesteryl-α-d-Glucopyranoside in Helicobacter pylori Critical for Its Survival
Authors: Hoshino Hitomi , Tsuchida Akiko , Kametani Kiyokazu , Mori Masako , Nishizawa Tomoko , Suzuki Takefumi , Nakamura Hitomi , Lee Heeseob , Ito Yuki , Kobayashi Motohiro , Masumoto Junya , Fujita Masaya , Fukuda Minoru , Nakayama Jun
Published: September 2010

Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) is the causative pathogen underlying gastric diseases such as chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. Previously, the authors revealed that α1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine-capped O-glycan (αGlcNAc) found in gland mucin suppresses H. pylori growth and motility by inhibiting catalytic activity of cholesterol α-glucosyltransferase (CHLαGcT), the enzyme responsible for biosynthesis of the major cell wall component cholesteryl-α-d-glucopyranoside (CGL). Here, the authors developed a polyclonal antibody specific for CHLαGcT and then undertook quantitative ultrastructural analysis of the enzyme’s localization in H. pylori. They show that 66.3% of CHLαGcT is detected in the cytoplasm beneath the H. pylori inner membrane, whereas 24.7% is present on the inner membrane. In addition, 2.6%, 5.0%, and 1.4% of the protein were detected in the periplasm, on the outer membrane, and outside microbes, respectively. By using an in vitro CHLαGcT assay with fractionated H. pylori proteins, which were used as an enzyme source for CHLαGcT, the authors demonstrated that the membrane fraction formed CGL, whereas other fractions did not. These data combined together indicate that CHLαGcT is originally synthesized in the cytoplasm of H. pylori as an inactive form and then activated when it is associated with the cell membrane. This article contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org . Please visit this article online to view these materials.
Stringent Programming of DNA Methylation in Humans
Authors: Aung Hnin T. , Harrison Dion K. , Findlay Ian , Mattick John S. , Martin Nicholas G. , Carroll Bernard J.
Published: September 2010

We describe a PCR-based method called Amplified Methylation Polymorphism (AMP) for scanning genomes for DNA methylation changes. AMP detects tissue-specific DNA methylation signatures often representing junctions between methylated and unmethylated DNA close to intronexon junctions and/or associated with CpG islands. Identical AMP profiles are detected for healthy, young, monozygotic twins.
Laughter and Resiliency: A Behavioral Genetic Study of Humor Styles and Mental Toughness
Authors: Veselka Livia , Schermer Julie Aitken , Martin Rod A. , Vernon Philip A.
Published: September 2010

This study investigated phenotypic correlations between mental toughness and humor styles, as well as the common genetic and environmental effects underlying these correlations. Participants were 201 adult twin pairs from North America. They completed the Humor Styles Questionnaire, assessing individual differences in two positive (affiliative, self-enhancing) and two negative (aggressive, self-defeating) humor styles. They also completed the MT48, measuring individual differences in global mental toughness and its eight factors (Commitment, Control, Emotional Control, Control over Life, Confidence, Confidence in Abilities, Interpersonal Confidence, Challenge). Positive correlations were found between the positive humor styles and all of the mental toughness factors, with all but one reaching significance. Conversely, negative correlations were found between all mental toughness factors and the negative humor styles, with the mental toughness factors of Control, Emotional Control, Confidence, Confidence in Abilities, and Interpersonal Confidence exhibiting significant correlations. Subsequent behavioral genetic analyses revealed that these phenotypic correlations were primarily attributable to common genetic and common non-shared environmental factors. The implications of these findings regarding the potential effects of humor styles on wellbeing, and the possible selective use of humor by mentally tough individuals are discussed.
Multidimensional Assessment of Health Status in a Dependent Sample: An Exploratory Analysis for Adult Twins in China
Authors: Ning Yan , Gu Danan , Hu Yonghua , Ji Wenyan , Pang Zengchang , Wang Shaojie
Published: September 2010

Health is a multidimensional and continual concept. Traditional latent analytic approaches have inherent deficits in capturing the complex nature of the concept; however, the Grade of Membership (GoM) model is well suited for this problem. We applied the GoM method to a set of 31 indicators to construct ideal profiles of health status based on physical, mental and social support items among 848 adult twins from Qingdao, China. Four profiles were identified: healthy individuals (pure type I), individuals with personality disorders (pure type II), individuals with mental impairments (pure type III) and individuals with physical impairments (pure type IV). The most frequently occurring combination in this population was profiles I, II, IV (14.74%), followed by profiles I, II, III, IV (13.44%), and then type I (11.08%). Only 13.56% of subjects fell completely into one single pure type, most individuals exhibited some of the characteristics of two or more pure types. Our results indicated that, compared to conventional statistical methods, the GoM model was more suited to capture the complex concept of health, reflecting its multidimensionality and continuity, while also exhibiting preferable reliability. This study also made an important contribution to research on GoM application in non-independent samples.
Regelung elektrischer Traktionsantriebe in Elektro- und Hybridfahrzeugen
Authors: Böcker Joachim , Huber Tobias , Meyer Michael , Peters Wilhelm , Pohlenz Daniel , Specht Andreas
Published: September 2010

Für automobile elektrische Antriebe werden derzeit permanent erregte Synchronmaschinen favorisiert, die aufgrund der spezifischen fahrzeugspezifischen Anforderungen ein gegenüber Industrieantrieben deutlich anderes Verhalten aufweisen. Charakteristisch ist ein nichtlineares Reluktanzdrehmoment, eine starke magnetischen Sättigung und der sehr große Konstant-Leistungs-Bereich. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Strukturierung einer hierfür geeigneten Regelung mit der Auswahl des optimalen Arbeitspunkts, der unterlagerten Stromregelung und dem Umgang mit der die Reglerstellgrößen begrenzenden speisenden Gleichannung.
Verallgemeinerte Modelle für leistungsverzweigte hybride Antriebsstränge
Authors: Herchenhan Michael
Published: September 2010

Die Synthese von Algorithmen zur Steuerung und Regelung leistungsverzweigter hybrider ase stellt im Vergleich zu seriellen oder parallelen Topologien eine erhöhte Herausvorderung dar. Schon die dazu erforderliche Modellierung ist durch deutlich höheren Aufwand gekennzeichnet. Zudem können Vertreter dieser Topologie in sehr mannigfaltigen Varianten zum Einsatz kommen. Wünschenswert sind daher verallgemeinerte Modelle für derlei ase, die zur Anwendung auf eine konkrete Variante lediglich noch parametriert werden müssen. In diesem Beitrag werden zwei diesem Anspruch Rechnung tragende kinetische Modelle für leistungsverzweigte hybride ase hergeleitet und allgemeine Eigenschaften diskutiert. Darüber hinaus werden allgemein gültige Eigenschaften leistungsverzweigter hybrider ase aufgezeigt.
Optimierung einer permanenterregten Synchronmaschine unter Berücksichtigung von Lastspielen
Authors: Kreim Alexander , Schäfer Uwe
Published: September 2010

In diesem Aufsatz wird ein nichtlinearer Optimierungsalgorithmus für gemischt ganzzahlige Probleme vorgestellt. Es handelt sich um einen Trust-Region Algorithmus für eine exakte Straffunktion. Es wird gezeigt, wie mittels der Branch-And-Bound Technik die quadratischen Hilfsprobleme genutzt werden können, um ganzzahlige Variablen mit einzubeziehen. Die Anwendung des Algorithmus wird für eine permanenterregte Synchronmaschine für den Einsatz in einem Hybrid- oder Elektrofahrzeug gezeigt. Dabei werden Lastspiele mittels einer gewichteten Mittelwertbildung berücksichtigt.
Los afrodescendientes bolivianos
Authors: Maconde Juan Angola
Published: September 2010

Juan Angola Maconde es economista e historiador autodidacta, autor del libro Raíces de un pueblo, preside la Fundación de Afro Descendientes Pedro Andaverez Peralta (FUNDAFRO). La FUNDAFRO es una organización sin fines de lucro de reciente creación con personería Jurídica. Fue creada con el objetivo de rescatar la memoria oral y promover la historia vista desde adentro con el color de la propia piel.
Book Reviews
Authors: Aizenberg Edna
Published: September 2010

Early Spanish American Narrative. Naomi Lindstrom, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004. 237 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Leinaweaver Jessaca B.
Published: September 2010

The Peru Reader:History,Culture, Politics. 2nd edition. Orin Starn, Carlos Iván Degregori, and Robin Kirk, eds., Durham: Duke University Press, 2005. 582 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Roe Angela
Published: September 2010

The Politics of Passion:Women's Sexual Culture in the Afro‐Surinamese Diaspora. Gloria Wekker, New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. 313 pp.
Footprints in the Forest: Ecotourism and Altered Meanings in Ecuador's Upper Amazon
Authors: Hutchins Frank
Published: September 2010

El ecoturismo es un componente clave en los proyectos de desarrollo y de preservación cultural, especialmente en las zonas en donde el medio ambiente esta amenazado, como es el caso de la Amazonía. Aunque el ecoturismo lleva un énfasis de sostenibilidad, la realidad es que la cultura y la naturaleza, y los sitios donde juntos producen significados importantes, están cambiando de manera significante. Inspiradas por lo que decidieron gobiernos locales y nacional, muchas comunidades Kichwas en la Amazonía ecuatoriana han adoptado el ecoturismo como una alternativa para el desarrollo. Pero en el proceso de satisfacer la demanda turística para una experiencia natural y cultural, las comunidades indígenas suelen alterar sus relaciones con otras comunidades indígenas y con su medio ambiente.
The Genetic Basis for Male × Female Interactions Underlying Variation in Reproductive Phenotypes of Drosophila
Authors: Chow Clement Y , Wolfner Mariana F , Clark Andrew G
Published: September 2010

In Drosophila, where females mate multiply, sperm competition contributes strongly to fitness variability among males. Males transfer “Acp” seminal proteins to females during mating, and these proteins influence the outcome of sperm competition. Because Acps function within the female, male proteins can directly interact with female molecules in a manner that affects reproductive fitness. Here we begin to dissect the genetic architecture of male × female interactions underlying reproductive phenotypes important to sperm competition. By utilizing chromosome extraction lines, we demonstrate that the third and X chromosomes each have large effects on fertility phenotypes, female remating rate, and the sperm competition parameter, P1. Strikingly, the third and X chromosomes harbor genetic variation that gives rise to strong male × female interactions that modulate female remating rate and P1. Encoded on these chromosomes are, respectively, sex peptide (SP) and sex peptide receptor (SPR), the only pair of physically interacting male Acp and female receptor known. We identified several intriguing allelic interactions between SP and SPR. The results of this study begin to elucidate the complex genetic architecture of reproductive and sperm competition phenotypes and have significant implications for the evolution of male and female characters.
A New Resource for CharacterizingX-Linked Genes inDrosophila melanogaster: Systematic Coverage and Subdivision of theXChromosome With Nested,Y-Linked Duplications
Authors: Cook R Kimberley , Deal Megan E , Deal Jennifer A , Garton Russell D , Brown C Adam , Ward Megan E , Andrade Rachel S , Spana Eric P , Kaufman Thomas C , Cook Kevin R
Published: September 2010

Interchromosomal duplications are especially important for the study of X-linked genes. Males inheriting a mutation in a vital X-linked gene cannot survive unless there is a wild-type copy of the gene duplicated elsewhere in the genome. Rescuing the lethality of an X-linked mutation with a duplication allows the mutation to be used experimentally in complementation tests and other genetic crosses and it maps the mutated gene to a defined chromosomal region. Duplications can also be used to screen for dosage-dependent enhancers and suppressors of mutant phenotypes as a way to identify genes involved in the same biological process. We describe an ongoing project in Drosophila melanogaster to generate comprehensive coverage and extensive breakpoint subdivision of the X chromosome with megabase-scale X segments borne on Y chromosomes. The in vivo method involves the creation of X inversions on attached-XY chromosomes by FLP-FRT site-specific recombination technology followed by irradiation to induce large internal X deletions. The resulting chromosomes consist of the X tip, a medial X segment placed near the tip by an inversion, and a full Y. A nested set of medial duplicated segments is derived from each inversion precursor. We have constructed a set of inversions on attached-XY chromosomes that enable us to isolate nested duplicated segments from all X regions. To date, our screens have provided a minimum of 78% X coverage with duplication breakpoints spaced a median of nine genes apart. These duplication chromosomes will be valuable resources for rescuing and mapping X-linked mutations and identifying dosage-dependent modifiers of mutant phenotypes.
Cumulative Effective Doses From Radiologic Procedures for Pediatric Oncology Patients
Authors: Ahmed Bilal A. , Connolly Bairbre L. , Shroff Puneet , Chong Amy Lee , Gordon Christopher , Grant Ronald , Greenberg Mark L. , Thomas Karen E.
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE:

Our aim was to estimate the cumulative effective doses (CEDs) from radiologic procedures for a cohort of pediatric oncology patients.

METHODS:

A retrospective cohort study of the imaging histories of 150 pediatric oncology patients (30 each in 5 subgroups, that is, leukemia, lymphomas, brain tumors, neuroblastomas, and assorted solid tumors) for 5 years after diagnosis was performed. All procedures involving ionizing radiation were recorded, including radiography, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine (NM) studies, fluoroscopy, and interventional procedures. CED estimates were calculated.

RESULTS:

Individual CED estimates ranged from <1 mSv to 642 mSv, with a median of 61 mSv. CT and NM were the greatest contributors; CT constituted 30% of procedures but 52% of the total CED, and NM constituted 20% and 46%, respectively. There was considerable variability between tumor subgroups. CED estimates were highest in the neuroblastoma (median: 213 mSv [range: 36–489 mSv]) and lymphoma (median: 191 mSv [range: 10–642 mSv]) groups and lowest in the leukemia group (median: 5 mSv [range: 0.2–57 mSv]).

CONCLUSIONS:

CEDs from diagnostic and interventional imaging for pediatric oncology patients vary considerably according to diagnoses, individual clinical courses, and imaging modalities used. Increased awareness may promote strategies to reduce the radiation burden to this population.
Recapitulation as process: The augmented-second tetrachord in the first movement of Haydn’s Op. 33, no. 5
Authors: Jenkins Chadwick
Published: September 2010

The first movement of Haydn’s Op. 33, no. 5 string quartet famously opens with a closing gesture — a move from dominant to tonic chord accompanying a rising tetrachord. This opening puts the entire notion of closure into question and threatens to eviscerate the cadence of its efficacy. Moreover, Haydn ratchets up the tension created by the tetrachord motive’s omnipresence by altering its intervallic structure during the development in order to include an augmented second. What generically would be considered an almost banal cadential gesture becomes an agent of disruption that promises to derail the sense of completion required by tonal musical discourse.By undermining the efficacy of harmonic closure, Haydn seemingly jeopardized the closural function of the recapitulation, which, according to Charles Rosen, relies upon the resolution of large-scale dissonance. However, Haydn demonstrates that the recapitulation is often more than the resolution of large-scale dissonance. In this piece the recapitulation serves as the “resolution” of a motivic process that might have unraveled the coherence of the movement altogether.This paper provides an analysis of the movement with special focus on the
process
of recapitulation. In this understanding, the recapitulation is not simply a procedural moment of inevitable necessity but rather a stage within what might be referred to as a recapitulatory process that involves the entire piece. This investigation intersects with both Schenkerian insights and the concept of “rotation” within Hepokoski and Darcy’s sonata theory while having important implications with respect to our understanding of the role of the recapitulation.
Does a ‘monothematic’ expositional design have tautological implications for the recapitulation? An alternative approach to ‘altered recapitulations’ in Haydn
Authors: Neuwirth Markus
Published: September 2010

‘Altered recapitulations,’ commonly regarded as a distinguishing feature of Joseph Haydn’s sonata form movements, are usually explained in terms of the ‘monothematic’ design of the exposition. According to the logic used in such analytical studies, recomposing the recapitulation would have been aimed at restoring the proportional balance between exposition and recapitulation, a need that resulted from the omission of the seemingly redundant, retransposed secondary theme along with the preceding transition. Though such an explanation has long been considered indisputable, this article casts doubt on the validity of the redundancy principle by showing that Haydn often did retain the monothematic section in the recapitulation. Rather, the recomposition of the recapitulation results from two important structural aspects thus far largely neglected in the literature: (1) the repetitive formal structure of the main theme, which is often considerably reworked in the recapitulation; and (2) the insertion of a separate newly composed dominant zone in the recapitulation that serves to compensate for the lack of a structural dominant at the end of the development section. Finally, it is argued here that Haydn, who was deeply rooted in the late Baroque tradition, by no means regarded multiple ‘double returns’ as either problematic or redundant, for he may have been thinking more in terms of an overriding
ritornello
structure.
Assembly, formation mechanism, and enhanced gas-sensing properties of porous and hierarchical SnO2hollow nanostructures
Authors: Liu Jinyun , Meng Fanli , Zhong Yu , Liu Jinhuai , Chen Guangyu , Wan Yuteng , Qian Kai , Mouli T. Sitaramanjaneya
Published: September 2010

Hierarchical and hollow SnS2nanostructures as precursors were fabricated via a surfactant-assisted assembly process using sodium dodecyl sulfate as soft templates. The as-prepared SnS2nanostructures were further oxidized to form porous SnO2conversion for investigating their gas-sensing properties in drug-precursor detection. On the basis of a series of time- and ratio-dependent reactions, a formation mechanism of the special nanostructures and factors influencing morphology and structure were determined. Gas-sensing measurements revealed that the porous and hierarchical SnO2hollow nanostructures were sensitive to drug precursors, indicating promising applications in environmental monitoring and public safety investigation. In addition, we found that the assembled SnO2nanomaterials possessed significantly enhanced gas-sensing properties compared with unassembled SnO2with a solid interior.
Determination of reversible hydrogen adsorption site in Ni-nanoparticle-dispersed amorphous silica for hydrogenseparation at high temperature
Authors: Ikuhara Yumi H. , Saito Tomohiro , Sasaki Yukichi , Takahashi Seiji , Hirayama Tsukasa
Published: September 2010

The reversible hydrogen adsorption site in Ni-nanoparticle-dispersed amorphous silica (Si-O) was identified by analyzing the hydrogen adsorption behavior and the microstructure. The total amount of reversibly adsorbed hydrogen was evaluated from the total surface area of Ni and the Ni concentration in the composite. The total surface area of the Ni nanoparticles in each sample powder was calculated from the mean particle size of the Ni nanoparticles in the Si-O matrix using dark field images taken by transmission electron microscopy and high-angle annular dark-field images by scanning transmission electron microscopy. The estimated amount of reversibly adsorbed hydrogen was highly consistent with that obtained experimentally by hydrogen adsorption analysis, which suggested that reversible hydrogen adsorption occurred at the Ni/Si-O interface.
Synthesis and upconversion luminescence properties of CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+ nanoparticles obtained from SBA-15 template
Authors: Xia Zhiguo , Du Peng
Published: September 2010

CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+ upconversion (UC) luminescence nanoparticles have been synthesized using mesoporous silica (SBA-15) as a hard template. The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and UC emission spectra, respectively. Highly crystalline cubic phase CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+ nanoparticles are uniformly distributed with an average diameter of about 40–50 nm, and the formation process is also demonstrated. The UC fluorescence has been realized in the as-prepared CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+ nanoparticles on 980-nm excitation. The UC emission transitions for 4F9/2–4I15/2 (red), 2H11/2–4I15/2 (green), 4S3/2–4I15/2 (green), and 2H9/2–4I15/2 (violet) in the Yb3+/Er3+ codoped CaF2 nanoparticles depending on pumping power and temperature have been discussed. The UC mechanism, especially the origin on the temperature-dependent UC emission intensities ratio between 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 levels, have been proposed.
Catalyst and catalyst support morphology evolution in single-walled carbon nanotube supergrowth: Growth deceleration and termination
Authors: Kim Seung Min , Pint Cary L. , Amama Placidus B. , Hauge Robert H. , Maruyama Benji , Stach Eric A.
Published: September 2010

Detailed understanding of growth termination in vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) made via supergrowth, or water-assisted growth, remains critical to achieving the ultralong SWNTs necessary for next-generation applications. We describe the irreversible catalyst morphology evolution that occurs during growth, and which limits the lifetime of surface supported catalysts. Growth termination is strongly dependent on growth temperature, but not sensitive to C2H2:H2O ratio. In addition to both planar Ostwald ripening of small (sub-5 nm) Fe catalyst particles and diffusion of metal atoms into the alumina support, other features that contribute to growth termination or deceleration are described, including center-of-mass particle motions and coalescence of smaller species of surface supported Fe nanoparticles. Additionally, a temperature-induced structural transition in the alumina catalyst support is found to be coincident with abrupt growth termination at temperatures of 800 °C and higher. In situ electron microscopy observations are used to directly support these observations.
Transformation–dislocation dipoles in Laves phases: A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis
Authors: Aufrecht J. , Leineweber A. , Duppel V. , Mittemeijer E.J.
Published: September 2010

Images of synchro-Shockley partial dislocation arrangements in the Laves phases NbCr2 and HfCr2 have been obtained by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The analysis of the stacking sequences around these arrangements revealed the role of the constituting partial dislocations in enabling the polytypic C14 → C36/6H phase transformation in both alloys. The synchro-Shockley partial dislocations occur in and move through the crystals mainly as dipoles of partials of opposite signs, leading to—as compared to isolated partials—strain fields of lesser extent. In NbCr2 a single, probably quenched synchro-Shockley partial dislocation dipole, consisting of two partials with Burgers vectors of opposite sign, was identified. The ordered passage of a series of this type of line defects brings about the C14 → C36 transformation. In HfCr2 a complex synchro-Shockley partial dislocation configuration was revealed. It can be regarded as an “antiphase boundary” between two C36 domains. It is likely that this defect structure had formed by impingement of two domains of C36 growing perpendicular to the stacking direction by glide of synchro-Shockley partial dislocation dipoles.
Preparation and electrical properties of CuInSe2 thin films by pulsed laser deposition using excess Se targets
Authors: Yeon Deuk Ho , Mohanty Bhaskar Chandra , Jo Yeon Hwa , Cho Yong Soo
Published: September 2010

An effective way to prepare a robust CuInSe2 (CIS) target for subsequent vapor depositions of thin films is suggested in this work. The technique involves addition of excess Se to presynthesized CIS powder followed by cold pressing and sintering at a temperature as low as 300 °C. Phase-pure chalcopyrite CIS films were prepared at a substrate temperature of 300 °C from targets that contained different amounts of excess Se. The average size of particulates, typical of the pulsed laser deposition process, and their surface coverage decreased with increasing Se content up to 50 wt% in the targets. Films grown from the target with 50 wt% excess Se exhibited a hole concentration of ˜3 × 1019 cm−3 and a Hall mobility of ˜2 cm2/Vs. With the decrease of substrate temperature to room temperature, the resistivity increased from 1.1 × 10−1 to ˜7.5 × 108 Ω·cm, which is attributed to the potential contributions of Se interstitials, CuIn, and VIn defects.
Prolegomenon
Authors: Damico Jack S. , Ball Martin J.
Published: September 2010

The concept of behaviorism and its influence on research and practice in human communication sciences and disorders is critically reviewed; historical and critical analysis suggests that this concept is less beneficial than once believed. Consequently, suggestions are made to overcome some of its influence. Based on the contemporary philosophy of science termed “scientific realism”, suggestions for more qualitative research methodologies are discussed. A demonstration of how scientific realism provides a context for employing the concept of generalization in qualitative research is provided.