bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPLEMENTASI UNDANG-UNDANG NO 5 TAHUN 1990 TENTANG KONSERVASI SUMBER DAYA ALAM DAN EKOSISTEMNYA DI KANTOR BALAI BESAR TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG LEUSER MEDAN
Authors: Irfan Mhd , Hariani Riri Rezeki
Published: February 2024

Abstrak To maintain the sustainability of all habitats in the forest of the Gunung Leuser National Park, it has been fully regulated in Law no. 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems. The formulation of the problem in this research is how the implementation of Law no. 5 of 1990 in TNGL and what are the obstacles to the Gunung Leuser National Park Center. The research method in data collection is used by the method of literature study and field study. The data that has been collected was analyzed qualitatively. Based on the results of the study found the implementation of Law no. 5 of 1990 concerning the Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems is carried out by means of pre-emptive, preventive to repressive activities. The obstacle experienced by the Gunung Leuser National Park Center is the lack of joint forestry police personnel and the weapons used are only long-barreled weapons that are very old, so that it is possible for crimes in the Gunung Leuser national forest area to be repeated. AbstractUntuk menjaga kelestarian dan seluruh habitat yang berada di hutan Kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser sepenuhnya telah di atur di dalam Undang-Undang No. 5 tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya. Adapun rumusan masalah dalam penelitian tersebut adalah Bagaimana implementasi Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1990 di TNGL dan apa saja hambatan Balai Besar Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser. Metode penelitian dalam pengumpulan data yaitu digunakan dengan metode studi pustaka dan studi lapangan. Data yang telah dikumpulkan dianalisa secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan implementasi Undang-Undang No. 5 tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi  Sumber Daya Alam Hayati Dan Ekosistemnya dilakukan dengan cara kegiatan preemtif, preventif sampai dengan represif. Hambatan yan dialami oleh Balai Besar Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser adalah kurangnya personel gabungan polisi kehutanan dan senjatan yang digunakan hanya menggunakan senjata laras panjang yang sudah berusia sangat tua, sehingga dapat memungkinkan kejahatan di kawasan hutan nasional Gunung Leuser akan tetap terulang.
Analisa Sosio-Yuridis Perlindungan Hak Cipta Terhadap Penyebarluasan Konten Tanpa Izin Melalui Media Sosial
Authors: R Zaira Sandina , Siswoyo Amelia Anggrainy
Published: February 2024

AbstractInstagram’s presence as one of the popular social media apps in the society has contributed to various impact, either towards the social behavior of the people, as well as the effort on Copyright protection, especially in Indonesia. By adopting the participative networking platforms and User Generated Content (UGC), Instagram has benefited the people by creating economic benefits on one hand but also presents legal risks of copyright infringement on the other, mainly via the illegal distribution of Copyrighted contents by irresponsible party-(ies). This research is aimed to gain a general view on the regulatory framework of the prevailing Copyright Law against the digitalization of various Copyright forms under the Copyright Law via various social media apps, especially Instagram. The issue discussed in this research shall be analyzed with the normative juridical method and by reference to secondary legal data. The research results indicates that the misled public’s perception on the available contents in Instagram remains attributable to the repeating Copyright infringements. On the other hand, Instagram as the platform possess a limited liability to provide protection and have adequately provide mitigative actions.  AbstrakKehadiran Instagram sebagai salah satu media sosial (social media) populer di masyarakat telah menimbulkan berbagai dampak, baik terhadap perilaku sosial masyarakat maupun terhadap upaya perlindungan Hak Cipta, khususnya di Indonesia. Instagram yang mengadopsi konsep participative networking platforms dan User Generated Content (UGC) pada satu sisi memberikan manfaat ekonomi bagi masyarakat namun juga menghadirkan risiko pelanggaran Hak Cipta di sisi lain, terutama melalui penyebarluasan konten Hak Cipta tanpa izin Pencipta melalui Instagram oleh berbagai pihak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran umum tentang aspek sosio-yuridis perlindungan Hak Cipta dalam kaitannya dengan digitalisasi bentuk Ciptaan yang terjadi melalui pengunggahan di berbagai aplikasi media sosial (social media), khususnya Instagram, yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini secara yuridis normatif dengan mengacu pada olahan data sekunder. Dalam penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahwa pelanggaran Hak Cipta tersebut sering terjadi dikarenakan adanya anggapan bahwa foto dan video yang ditemukan di Instagram merupakan “milik publik” yang dapat digunakan sebebasnya. Sebagai penyelenggara platform sosial media, Instagram memiliki tanggung jawab yang bersifat terbatas namun telah melaksanakan kewajibannya dalam rangka perlindungan dan penegakan Hak Cipta di Instagram.
МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ НАСТАВНИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ КАК ФОРМА РАЗВИТИЯ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ СРЕДЫ ВУЗА ДЛЯ ПОДГОТОВКИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО УЧИТЕЛЯ
Authors: Temerbekova A.A.
Published: February 2024

В статье обоснована необходимость моделирования наставнической деятельности как формы развития профессиональной образовательной среды вуза для подготовки современного учителя. Рассматривается опыт работы научной школы Горно-Алтайского государственного университета «Развитие образовательных систем малого региона на основе компетентностного и аксиологического подходов», направленный на формирование и развитие учительского корпуса регионального вуза.
Genetic correlation estimates between direct and maternal genetic effects and estimates of the proportion of maternal permanent environmental variance to phenotypic variance for some important traits in Iranian fowls: A meta-analysis
Authors: Gholipour Sedigheh , Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh Navid , Shadparvar Abdol Ahad , Darmani Kuhi Hassan
Published: February 2024

Accurate estimation of genetic parameters is essential for setting selection plans in breeding programs. Over the past years, various studies reported the genetic parameters for different growth, reproduction, and egg quality traits in Iranian native fowls. These assessments were obtained using a variety of methods and from studies of different populations of native fowls, leading to significant variation in genetic parameter estimates. This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis based on a random-effects model to overcome the diversity of reported genetic parameters for economically important traits of Iranian native fowls. To summarize these results, a data set of information related to different growth, reproduction, and egg quality traits including 68 estimates of the proportion of maternal environmental variance to phenotypic variance (c2) and 38 genetic correlation estimates between direct and maternal genetic effects from articles published between 2007 and 2019 were used. Mean estimate of the proportion of maternal environmental variance to phenotypic variance for the studied traits showed that the highest estimate was related to body weight at hatch (0.273) and the lowest was for egg weight at the first day of laying (0.021). Estimation of proportion of maternal environmental variance to phenotypic variance was not significant for EN (P>0.05), but for other traits were significant (P<0.05). The genetic parameter estimates reported in this meta-analysis study are exploitable in breeding schemes when reliable estimates are not accessible for economically important traits in Iranian native fowls.
Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic lipidosis in a 42-year-old gray parrot: A case report
Authors: Salavati Ali , Talebi Zahra , Mahdipour Maryam , Shojaei Iman , Peighambari Seyed Mostafa
Published: February 2024

The African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) is among the world's most well-known seed-eating cage birds. A grain-eating diet has been reported to cause liver lipidosis in parrots. Fatty liver syndrome occurs when the liver cannot metabolize and re-secrete processed fatty acids due to excessive dietary fatty acids or lipolysis. The present study involves a 42-year-old African grey parrot with extensive feather pecking in the neck, legs, and chest areas, red color changes in the feathers on the legs, and lethargy. The patient's medical history includes the consumption of sugar, chocolate, and whole grains, which is the main reason for metabolic disorders. A comprehensive evaluation of serum biochemistry, total protein levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), triglycerides, and uric acid was conducted on the first visit. Following two weeks of treatment, the bird was again referred to the clinic for clinical pathological evaluation and diagnostic imaging. Different liver medicines, such as herbal antioxidants, vitamins, and amino acid supplements, are prescribed during the treatment process. In addition, the bird's diet was modified. Following the diet and treatment, the blood parameters reached normal limits. The echogenicity of liver tissue was close to normal after the initial observation of feathers regrowing in some areas, as well as blood sample evaluation. A paraclinical test was taken on the bird again after two months of treatment to ensure the disease did not recur. Diligent care, nutritional support, veterinary monitoring, and appropriate medications can improve hepatic lipidosis, but permanent damage may occur. Therefore, it is very critical to quickly diagnose and prevent the recurrence of the illness.
Virus Quantification Methods with Focus on Marek's Disease Viruses
Authors: Piriaei Mohammad Reza , Razmyar Jamshid , Dolatyabi Sara , Bozorgmehrifard Mohammad Hasan
Published: February 2024

Marek's disease (MD) is a significant concern in the poultry industry, causing neoplastic disease and substantial economic losses. MDV-1, MDV-2, and MDV-3 are the three serotypes of the herpesvirus that cause MD, each with unique traits and interactions with the host. Vaccination is the primary preventive measure, but some vaccinated flocks still experience losses, often due to suboptimal vaccine dosages. Accurate quantification of the virus is crucial for understanding its dynamics, evaluating vaccine efficacy, and ensuring the health and productivity of poultry populations. Virus quantification methods fall into two main categories: infectivity assays and chemical/physical assays. Infectivity assays detect active, infectious virions, such as plaque, focus formation, and endpoint dilution. Chemical/physical assays, including the hemagglutination assay, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and qPCR, target specific components of the virion. However, these methods cannot distinguish between infectious and inactivated virions, potentially leading to overestimating viable viral populations. Marek's disease viruses (MDVs) can be quantified using in vitro plaque assays in susceptible cell cultures. The viral plaque assay determines the number of plaque-forming units (pfu) in a virus sample. Titration procedures for vaccine strains are similar to those for pathogenic variants. It is crucial to assess the dose of reconstituted MD vaccine (in PFU per chicken) to identify potential vaccine inefficacies and prevent outbreaks in the field. Accurate virus quantification is pivotal in understanding viral kinetics, optimizing therapeutic interventions, evaluating vaccine effectiveness, and preventing Marek's disease outbreaks in poultry.
A Review on Significance of Public Health Issues Related to Poultry Campylobacteriosis
Authors: Nakhaee Peyman , Mohamad Hafez Hafez
Published: February 2024

The goal of poultry industry worldwide is the production of safe food products, via eﬃcient and goal-oriented health care to prevent the development of disease conditions in poultry. However, a several number of poultry diseases can negatively affects the breeding values and have the potential to be zoonotic and transmit the infections to humans such as campylobacteriosis. C. jejuni is highly prevalent in commercial poultry farms and act as major reservoirs of the infection. Horizontal transmission from the environment is considered to be the primary source of bacterial foodborne worldwide. The high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in poultry meat is a result of several contamination and cross-contamination sources in the entire production chain. Recent investigations demonstrated that various stages of food processing in slaughterhouse and consumption of raw or undercooked poultry meat is considered the significant risk factor for human campylobacteriosis worldwide. Furthermore, survival factors such as biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance, enable its persistence during food processing. On the other hand, the increase of multiple and multidrug-resistant Campylobacter worldwide is not only related to the over-consumption of antibiotics in human medicine, but also in poultry production chain as growth promotors and/or to treat and prevent bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistant Campylobacter presents an obvious and impending challenge to One Health. In the future, the consumer expectations for high standards quality of poultry products will strongly inﬂuence the production methods. This means that farmers, stockholders’, veterinarians, and all other partners involved in the production chain, will have to share more responsibilities and the cooperation should be intensiﬁed. This review represents an updated overview of the global epidemiology, the correlation of official control, the disease associated with food handler and the importance of food safety with respect to Campylobacteriosis.
A review of the Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) in Iran
Authors: Salavati Ali , Peighambari Seyed Mostafa
Published: February 2024

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases in the poultry industry all over the world. It is a viral disease caused by a birnavirus, which weakens the immune system. The disease was observed for the first time in 1962 in the Gumboro area of ​​Delaware, USA. The first report of this disease in Iran dates back to 1994. Since then, various investigations have been conducted in Iran on the isolation and identification of IBDV isolates, cognitive immunological studies and vaccine testing and design, disease pathogenesis and pathology, and recently in the field of genetic engineering. The main procedure for IBD control is vaccination in productive and commercial herds. Therefore, studies related to vaccination and immunogenicity play an essential role in designing preventive measures against this disease. In this manuscript, a comprehensive review of the studies conducted in Iran on IBD has been discussed.
Central serotoninergic system mediates Neuromedin S (NMS) induced hypophagia in layer-type chicken
Authors: Najafi Ehsan , Mahdavi Kimia , Zendehdel Morteza , Khodadadi Mina
Published: February 2024

According to previous studies, the serotonergic system plays a remarkable role in regulating meal intake, however, its role in the mediation of feeding caused by neuromodulin S (NMS) has not been investigated in birds. In the present research, 5 trials were considered in order to determine the links between these systems. In treatment 1, chickens received intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of NMS (0.25, 0.5, and 1 nmol). NMS (1 nmol), SB242084 (1.5 μg), a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, and NMS + SB242084 were injected in the treatment 2. In subsequent treatments, instead of SB242084, 8-OH-DPAT (agonist of 5-HT1A receptor, 15.25 nmol), PCPA (serotonin synthesis inhibitor, 1.25 μg), and Fluoxetine (serotonin reuptake inhibitor, 10 μg) were applied. Then, total food consumption was recorded for 120 minutes. Based on observations, NMS dose-dependently attenuated meal intake (P<0.05). Hypophagia was diminished with NMS + SB242084 administration (P<0.05). ICV infusion of NMU + 8-OH-DPAT had no significant effect on the hypophagia (P≥0.05). The NMS-induced decreasing feed intake was attenuated with co-infusion of NMS+ PCPA (P< 0.05). Also, hypophagia was strengthened by NMS+ Fluoxetine co-infusion (P< 0.05). According to the results, the NMS-induced hypophagia is possibly mediated via 5-HT2c receptors in layer-type chickens.
Comparison of two anesthetic inhalant agents (isoflurane and sevoflurane) on induction and recovery from anesthesia, physiological effects, hematocrit and biochemistry profiles in domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica)
Authors: Noori Farzaneh , Emami Mohammad Reza , Nakhaee Peyman , Mohri Mehrdad
Published: February 2024

Isoflurane and sevoflurane are among the newer inhalant anaesthetics that have shown fewer adverse effects than their older counterparts; as a result, they are used more frequently in avian practice. Determination of the differences between induction and recovery time of isoflurane and sevoflurane in pigeons (Columba Livia Domestica). In addition, the anaesthetic effects of each on their physiological parameters, hematocrit and plasma chemistry values were evaluated. A total of 20 male pigeons were allocated to two groups of 10 undergoing anaesthesia by 5% isoflurane and 6% sevoflurane in oxygen in a crossover, randomised design. Three data sets were collected pre-anesthesia, at the end of anesthesia with the cessation of medications, and 24 hours post-anesthesia. Different physiological and biochemistry parameters were evaluated. It was shorter in pigeons treated with isoflurane, and they experienced a longer RT than the other group. No significant difference was observed between isoflurane and sevoflurane regarding RT. HR decreased in both groups at the end of anesthesia, which was more significant in pigeons anesthetized with isoflurane. Although RR and T decreased at the end of anesthesia in both groups, they were lower within the group treated with sevoflurane. Both anesthetics decreased plasma biochemistry factors in most of the samples except creatinine phosphokinase and albumin, which almost returned to the initial state 24 h post-anesthesia. Throughout, however isoflurane considers the most commonly inhaled anesthetic in avian practice, sevoflurane is recommended for anesthesia in pigeons.
Determination of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Clostridium Perfringens Strains Isolated from Healthy and Diseased Ostriches (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Daei Niaki Hossein , Afkhami Goli Amir , Nakhaee Peyman , Razmyar Jamshid
Published: February 2024

Gastrointestinal diseases are considered the most prevalent and economically considerable diseases in the ostrich breeding industry, in which necrotic enteritis caused by C. perfringens induces high mortality, especially in ostrich chicks. Several antimicrobial agents are used to prevent enteric diseases, enhancing growth rate and increasing feed conversion ratio. This procedure results in a high prevalence of resistance among enteric bacteria with the possibility of a consequent emergence of antibiotic resistance in zoonotic enteropathogens. This study determined the susceptibility of C. perfringens strains isolated from the intestine and faeces of disease and healthy ostriches in southeast Iran to 8 antimicrobial agents. A total of 40 C. perfringens isolates were collected from several ostrich flocks and were tested using the broth microdilution method. The susceptibility of obtained isolates to antibiotics was as follows: ceftriaxone (80%), cefazolin (77.5%), florfenicol (72.5%), tetracycline (62.5%), penicillin (47.5%), sulfadiazine (20%), sulfadimidine (7.5%) and neomycin (7.5%). In conclusion, C. perfringens strains isolated from ostriches should be tested and monitored for antibacterial susceptibility patterns. The present study is the first to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of C. perfringens isolated from ostrich.
Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from a Turkey Flock
Authors: Nazem Shirazi Mohammad Hossein , Soltani Majd Nahid , Khodayari Moein
Published: February 2024

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, aerobic, mostly motile, non-spore-forming, catalase-positive bacterium responsible for nosocomial infections, food and waterborne diseases in the human population, and infection of different organs in avian species. Because of the emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates in recent years, the occurrence of infection in pet avian species or poultry can lead to severe infection in the human population. This study reports an infection in turkey poults related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, eight 4-day-old dead turkey chicks were presented to SANA Avian Hospital to diagnose the cause of death. For this purpose after necropsy, liver and bone marrow were sampled and cultured on blood agar. Then other complementary biochemical tests were performed to achieve a primary diagnosis. After the primary diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, at the next step, PCR was used for definitive diagnosis and evaluation of virulence factors. Finally, the agar disk diffusion method determined antimicrobial resistance to some common medications, and results were interpreted by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.
Study of the prevalence of Salmonella Arizonae infection in backyard and commercial turkey flocks in Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, and Tehran provinces
Authors: Khalilzadeh Mahdi , Peighambari Seyed Mostafa , Akbarein Hesameddin
Published: February 2024

Arizona infection or avian arizonosis (AA) is an acute or chronic egg-transmitted disease of primarily young turkey poults characterized by septicemia, neurological signs, blindness, and increased mortality, caused by caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica subsp. Arizonae (S. Arizonae ). This study investigated the infection rate of Salmonella Arizonae in backyard and commercial turkeys of Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, and Tehran provinces. Fecal samples taken from industrial and backyard turkeys were transferred to cysteine selenite enrichment medium, incubated at 37° C for 24 hours, and then cultured linearly in selected media of Chromagar, Salmonella-Shigela, XLD, and McConkey agar plates and exposed to 37° C for 24 hours. Suspected Salmonella colonies were cultured in differentiated TSI and urea medium for confirmation and incubated at 37° C for 24 h. In this study, the microbial culture method was used by pre-enrichment, specific, and differential media to determine the level of contamination of backyard and industrial turkey flocks in four provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, and Tehran. All samples were tested for Salmonella infection, but positive samples were not found for Salmonella. Only 22 specimens were infected with Proteus. Our information about the Iranian turkey industry is limited compared to worldwide studies. This may be due to Iran's less widespread use of turkey production. The non-isolation of Salmonella in this study is inconsistent with some of the few studies in the country, which may be due to differences in the type of sampling, geographical location, and materials and methods of work. Due to the growth of the turkey industry in the country, the importance of studying Salmonella and other pathogens is felt more than ever.
A Comprehensive Review on Angara Disease in Poultry
Authors: Zandieh Mohammad Arad , Rahmanzad Fatemeh , Delrobaei Matineh , Farokhian Setayesh , Alavinia Seyed Jamal , Bokaie Saied
Published: February 2024

Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) or Angara disease is an immunosuppression and contagious disease that often occurs in broiler poultry farms with a high mortality rate and sudden death. Furthermore, weight loss and sudden death have a significant and apparent economic impact on poultry farms, especially in fast-growing countries. Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) is a causative agent of HHS found in various animals, such as chicken. It causes rapid death and outbreak in young broiler farms, with an accumulation of jelly-like and straw-colored liquid in the heart pericardium, swollen and pale liver, heart muscles petechial and ecchymosis hemorrhages, swollen and pale kidneys, and atrophy thymus seen in gross pathology. Age, host, farm management, biosecurity plan, co-infectious, and level of immunity are risk factors for HHS. Angara is mainly found in Asian countries in Central and South America. The disease is transmitted vertically, like egg-transmitted, and horizontally by oral-fecal route. Rapid diagnostics and active monitoring systems in poultry farms can prevent and control Angara disease in farms. Vaccination and farm-specific biosecurity strategies reduce the initiation of outbreaks in farms. Treatment is based on activating humoral immunity against the virus, similar to vaccination.
Central regulation of appetite in birds: Recent advances and future perspective
Authors: Mahdavi Kimia , Zendehdel Morteza , Zarei Hamed
Published: February 2024

Understanding the mechanism of food intake is important for comprehending energy balance, obesity, and the body weight regulation. In particular, examining birds' appetite is critical for conservation efforts, managing human-bird interactions, and understanding the environmental implications of bird feeding practices. In this systematic review, using the PRISMA guideline, we investigated the mediators that were identified as factors affecting the birds' appetite in 2022 and 2023. In order to obtain the appropriate studies, suitable keywords were searched in the relevant electronic databases and an anthology of the desired articles was done. According to the findings, the central administration of adrenomedullin, apelin-13, lipopolysaccharide, neuromedins and spexin causes hypophagia in chickens, while the injection of adiponectin, neuropeptide W (NPW) and phonexin-14 increased the food intake of birds. Also, regarding the members of RF-amide peptide family, neuropeptide VF (NPVF) and neuropeptide FF (NPFF) weakened the food consumption of birds, while kisspeptin and prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) strengthened it. The effects observed in birds were similar to mammals in most cases, indicating the structural and general similarities in the regulatory mechanisms of these strains, on the other hand, the contradictory effects between the two species were probably caused by genetic differences. Finally, despite the progress made in identifying the factors and mechanisms involved in regulating the appetite of birds, it is recommended to conduct future studies using modern laboratory methods, especially cellular-molecular methods.
Herbal Interventions in Poultry Production: Addressing Disease Risks and Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Nejad Ebrahimi Samad
Published: February 2024

abstract
Effectiveness of different Newcastle disease vaccination programs in Iranian broiler farms: a case-control study
Authors: Alian Samakkhah Shohreh , Bahonar Alireza , Ghafouri Seyed Ali , Sadrzadeh Avesta , Fallah Mehrabadi Mohammad Hossein , Zaynolabedin Tehrani Farshad , Talebi Zahra
Published: February 2024

Due to its high prevalence and rapid spread, Newcastle disease is considered a deadly viral disease for the poultry industry worldwide. The uncontrolled and unplanned use of the Newcastle vaccine by poultry farmers reduces its protective value. This study aims to calculate the effectiveness of vaccination programs against Newcastle disease in Iranian broiler farms. The study method is analytical and case-control. One hundred two case farms and 102 control farms were selected for the study. The case farm was defined as a farm with losses exceeding 7%, accompanied by clinical criteria, post-mortem examination, molecular testing, and a history of regional disease outbreaks. The control farms had natural losses (below 7%) and no history of any disease in the current and previous periods. Control farms were matched with case farms regarding capacity, breed, and provincial distribution. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analysis. The statistical software Stata version 14 was used for data analysis and modeling. According to the results, the use of the Vitapest strain vaccine by the spray method on day one, followed by the use of the inactivated vaccine by the injection method, and then two doses of the LaSota strain vaccine by the oral route in the program, (87% with a 95% confidence interval of 35-98%), the use of the inactivated vaccine by the injection method and two doses of LaSota strain vaccine by the oral route, (84% with a 95% confidence interval of 23-97%), the use of the inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine at the age of 7–12 days, (78% with a 95% confidence interval of 25-94%), and the use of the live vaccine against Newcastle disease with more than two doses in the program (66% with a 95% confidence interval of 15-88%) were effective. According to the results of this study, inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines are ineffective in the first week, and it is better to administer them at the ages of 7 to 12 days. It is also recommended to use spray vaccines of viscerotropic strains at one day of age to increase mucosal immunity against the Newcastle virus. Finally, principles of biosecurity and farm hygiene management should also be considered to achieve maximum vaccine effectiveness and have a consistent and regular program on the farm.
Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in poultry meat portions using Multiplex PCR
Authors: Jafarzadeh Minoo , Meamar Niloofar , Mohsenzadeh Mohammad , Razmyar Jamshid
Published: February 2024

Staphylococcus aureus is a prevalent bacterial colonizer with zoonotic potential, affecting humans and various animal species, including livestock, poultry, and pets. This study investigates methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates in poultry meat portions using Multiplex PCR methods. A total of 210 samples, including 70 wings, 70 thighs, and 70 necks, were collected from Mashhad, Iran markets. S. aureus identification employed culture and phenotypical methods, while the disk diffusion method assessed antibiotic susceptibility using 14 different disks. The Multiplex PCR assay was developed to confirm S. aureus isolates and detect antibiotic resistance genes. Among the 210 samples, 52 (24.76%) tested positive for S. aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that 17 (32.69%) of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to methicillin. Tetracycline exhibited the highest resistance, followed by ampicillin (61.5%) and penicillin (57%). Conversely, chloramphenicol demonstrated the lowest resistance at 3.8%. All isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, vancomycin, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of 16S rRNA and femA genes in all isolates, while 14 (26.92%) harbored the methicillin-resistant gene (mecA). The study suggests multiplex PCR is a valuable and sensitive technique for detecting antibiotic resistance genes in S. aureus within chicken meat, emphasizing its utility in surveillance and control efforts.
Different light programs affect the titer of vaccination of Newcastle in broiler chicken
Authors: Dibaei Alireza , Sharifi Moghadam Amirhossein , Haghbin Nazarpak Hadi , Sheikhi Nariman , Askari Badouei Mahdi
Published: February 2024

Light is an important factor in the functioning of the body of birds, especially the immune system. Management of the lighting program in closed systems of poultry production, mainly by affecting the concentration of melatonin, can be operational on the effectiveness of vaccination. Newcastle disease can cause extensive damage to the poultry industry. Therefore, its timely diagnosis and assessment of the success of vaccination with methods such as the hemagglutination inhibition test are of particular importance. This study investigated the effect of two photoperiods on antibody titer against Newcastle virus following vaccination. Four groups of Ross broilers were examined for six weeks. Groups A and B received the live Newcastle vaccine twice, and groups C and D were not vaccinated against Newcastle. Groups A and C received a lighting program from the management handbook of Ross Broiler, and groups B and D received the continuous lighting program (23L:1D). During the breeding period, blood samples were taken six times from each group, and the HI test measured the antibody titer. The results showed that despite the higher antibody titer in group B compared to group A, this difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The feed conversion rate was higher in the groups that received the continuous photoperiod, and their mortality rate was lower than that of the other two groups. Comparing the results of the present study with those of various studies and articles shows the importance of the lighting regime in the success of vaccination.
PENGARUH DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO (DER) TERHADAP EARNING PER SHARE (EPS) PADA PERUSAHAAN RITEL
Authors: Arifiani Rahmawaty
Published: February 2024

Sebagian dari posisi keuangan perusahaan perlu dianalisis berdasarkan rasio keuangan lain yang dapat memengaruhi hasil laba per saham 10 tahun (2011-2020) perusahaan ritel tersebut. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh rasio debt-to-equity (DER) terhadap earning per share (EPS) perusahaan ritel. Topik yang dibahas oleh penulis adalah hasil keuangan tahunan perusahaan ritel (PT. Sumber Alfaria Trijaya Tbk, PT. Indoritel Makmur Internasional Tbk, PT. Midi Utama Indonesia Tbk). Objek yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah debt-to-equity ratio dan earning per share. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah berdasarkan pendekatan kuantitatif dan menggunakan penelitian deskriptif asosiatif. Data yang digunakan adalah data cross-sectional dari tiga retailer sejenis dan masing-masing sepuluh tahun (2011-2020), dan digunakan dalam penelitian ini karena data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder. Metode pengumpulan datanya adalah non partisipan. pengamatan. Teknik sampling yang digunakan penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah non-probabilistic sampling, yang juga disajikan dengan teknik Objective Sampling. Sampel yang digunakan terdiri dari 30 data metrik keuangan untuk setiap tahun (2011-2020) dari masing-masing tiga perusahaan. Teknik analisis regresi linier sederhana dan uji hipotesis digunakan dalam aplikasi SPSS Statistics 25 for Windows untuk mengukur dampak rasio utang terhadap ekuitas terhadap laba per saham perusahaan ritel. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa debt-to-equity ratios berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap earning per share, dengan EPS dipengaruhi 55% oleh debt-to-equity ratios dan sisanya 45% oleh perusahaan lain. dipengaruhi oleh faktor. Variabel yang tidak disurvei terpengaruh. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya yang lebih baik dan tepat, peneliti lain menggunakan jangka waktu yang tidak terlalu lama sesuai dengan data penelitian yang dipilih untuk melengkapi keterbatasan kekurangan yang ada pada penelitian yang dilakukan saat ini, diharapkan dapat dilakukan.
INSTITUTIONALIZING SERVICE LEARNING IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: Rahmat Ullah Gill  , Dr. Ismat Bano  , Syed Abir Hassan Naqvi
Published: February 2024

The institutionalization of service learning in universities is a pressing concern in higher education. This qualitativeresearch aims to explore strategies associated with institutionalizing service learning in the institutions of highereducation. The paper examines the eight case studies from universities globally, including Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Stanford University, the University of Cape Town, and the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, highlighting their successful adoption of service learning. The research seeks to address thelimited integration of service learning in the universities by offering a theoretical framework of service-learninginstitutionalization. The theoretical framework consists of three components; governance, capacity and incentives(GCI) and further includes nine sub components. This paper aims to contribute to the development of evidencebasedpolicies and practices, fostering holistic student development and civic engagement in higher education.
Mediational Effect of Students’ Creativity on the Relationship between Leadership on Academic Success: Well-Being as Moderator
Authors: Amjad Dr. Amjad Islam , Arshad Laraib , Saleem Zahra
Published: February 2024

Positive psychology has strong implications for students’ success and holistic development in schools. The present study aimed to explore the mediating effect of creativity and the moderating effect of well-being on the relationship between student leadership and academic success at the secondary level. The research design of the present quantitative study was cross-sectional in nature. The sample of 811 secondary school students was selected using multi-stage and multi-method sampling techniques. The data were collected personally by face-to-face interaction using a self-developed questionnaire. Data were analysed with SPSS software (version 26) using simple linear regression, mediation, and moderation analysis by Hayes' Process macro. From analysis, we revealed that students’ leadership (β = .460, t[598] = 12.663, p < .001) and creativity (β = .460, t[598] = 12.663, p < .001) significantly contributes to their academic success. Students’ creativity (B = .560, SE = .035, t[809] = 16.128, p < .001, 95 % CI [.492, .628]) was found to be significant moderator for the relationship between leadership and academic success. It was further revealed that well-being (β = -.013, SE = .028, t[809] = -.480, p = .631) was not a statistically significant moderator for the relationship between leadership and academic success. Teachers were suggested to develop interventions based on the principles of positive psychology to influence various aspects of students’ academic success in schools. Future research was suggested to explore the role of cultural and environmental factors on the causal relationships among leadership, academic success, creativity, and well-being.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Improving Spasticity, Gross Motor Functions, Balance and Gait in Spastic Cerebral Palsy: Systematic Review of Clinical Trials.
Authors: Hassan Zainab , Hussain Syed Ali , Rasanani Mohammad Reza Hadian , Talebian Saeed , Shadmehr Azadeh , Bagheri Hossein , Sarmad Samia
Published: February 2024

Context: Cerebral palsy is known as a non-progressive neuromotor disorder that is characterized by abnormalities of muscular tonicity, gross and fine motor skills, balance, posture and gait. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a rather promising therapeutic tool for the management of the above-mentioned symptoms and to possibly to optimize the rehabilitation strategies.
Purpose: This review study evaluates the effectiveness of tDCS on spasticity, gross motor function, balance, and gait; it also tends to summarize the beneficial protocols of tDCS for spastic cerebral palsy patients.
Methods: Comprehensive searches were performed on three electronic databases including PubMed, PEDro, and Cochrane. The inclusion criteria for considered articles were (1) English-language publications available in full text between 2000 and 2023.(2), The PEDro scale, where a score of at least 5 out of 10 was acceptable, (3)  Human studies  using the tDCS intervention with control group , and (4) Study design (PICOS) method, where P = spastic CP; I = transcranial direct current stimulation; C = conventional physical Therapy; O = muscle strength, spasticity, ,  and gait kinematics; and S = RCT.
Results: Nine RCTs were included based on the inclusion criteria. This systematic review showed transcranial direct current stimulation is a non-invasive safe modality, and well-tolerated brain stimulation technique with positive effects on gross motor function, spasticity, balance, muscle strength, and gait. Besides, it can be used in conjunction with different modalities as well as conventional physical therapy.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that transcranial direct current stimulation is a novel, fairly simple, low cost and low risk therapeutic modality that can be easily administered in a clinic as well as at home to produce a significant change in spasticity, balance, gross motor function, and gait.
Exploring Intermediate Students' Awareness and Interest in Occupational Therapy as a Career Choice
Authors: Qadir Nazish Abdul , Jan Khushboo , Ehtisham Mariya , Syed Khawla Ilyas , Razzaq Mukhlis , Burki Subhan Ur Rehman
Published: February 2024

Background: Occupational Therapy (OT) plays a crucial role in the healthcare system, aiding individuals of all ages to regain or maintain their independence and improve their quality of life. Despite its importance, there is a noted gap in awareness and interest among students, particularly in regions like Peshawar, Pakistan, where the understanding of OT's scope and career potential appears limited.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge, awareness, and interest among high school students (pre-medical) in Peshawar regarding Occupational Therapy as a career choice, and to compare these insights with existing perceptions of OT as a field.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 160 high school students preparing for medical entrance examinations in Peshawar, using a validated questionnaire that encompassed demographic details, knowledge, awareness, and interest in OT. The questionnaire was structured into three parts, featuring both open and closed-ended questions. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0, focusing on descriptive statistics to summarize demographics, knowledge levels, and interest in OT.
Results: The majority of participants (65%) exhibited an average knowledge about OT, with 29.7% having poor knowledge and only 5.3% showing good knowledge. Interest in OT as a career was low, with only 17.5% of the participants expressing a desire to pursue OT in the future. Misconceptions about OT were prevalent, with 65% of respondents mistakenly identifying OT as a branch of psychiatry and a substantial number underestimating the scope of OT practice.
Conclusion: The study revealed a moderate understanding and a generally low interest among pre-medical students in Peshawar towards OT as a career choice. There is a critical need for enhanced educational efforts and awareness campaigns to clarify the role and scope of OT and to foster a greater appreciation for the profession among potential future healthcare professionals.
Multi-Parametric Evaluation of Prostate Cancer on MRI
Authors: Javed Summrah , Zafar M. Mukkaram , Rasheed Shakeela , Shah Syed Asadullah , Imtiaz Ahmed , Umar Muhammad , Saeed Samiya
Published: February 2024

Background: Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy among men globally and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The increasing prevalence, particularly in aging populations, underscores the urgent need for accurate diagnostic tools to facilitate early detection, precise staging, and effective management. Traditional diagnostic methods, including Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) testing, have limitations in sensitivity and specificity, leading to unnecessary procedures and missed diagnoses.
Objective: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mpMRI) in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer, comparing its accuracy with conventional diagnostic methods and examining its role in improving patient outcomes.
Methods: A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Diagnostic Center of Combined Military Hospital, Lahore, from January 2021 to June 2023. Sixty male patients suspected of having prostate cancer, based on elevated PSA levels (>10 ng/mL) or clinical symptoms, were included. mpMRI scans were performed using a Siemens Avanto MRI Machine 1.5T, incorporating T2-weighted imaging, Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI), and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) MRI. The Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) was employed for interpretation. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0, with chi-square tests applied to assess the association between mpMRI findings and prostate cancer diagnosis.
Results: mpMRI identified prostate cancer with a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 88.3%, as evidenced by abnormal MRI findings in 53 out of 60 patients. Elevated PSA levels were confirmed in 90% of the cases. T2-weighted imaging demonstrated hypointensity in the peripheral zone in 70% of patients, while DWI and ADC mapping showed restricted diffusion in 85% of the cases. DCE-MRI revealed post-contrast enhancement in 40% of the participants. The PI-RADS scoring system effectively graded the severity of prostate lesions, with 38.3% of cases categorized as PI-RADS IV.
Conclusion: Multiparametric MRI significantly enhances the accuracy of prostate cancer diagnosis and staging, surpassing traditional diagnostic methods in sensitivity and specificity. By providing detailed anatomical and functional information, mpMRI facilitates early detection, accurate localization, and appropriate management of prostate cancer, potentially improving patient outcomes.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Heart Type Fatty Acid Binding Protein and Conventional Cardiac Troponin I in Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Anwar Hina , Rana Muhammad Zeeshan , Khan Najeeb Ullah , Saeed Mariam , Mahmood Amal , Wahid Ayesha
Published: February 2024

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, with early diagnosis being crucial for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. The search for reliable early biomarkers to supplement traditional cardiac markers has been ongoing, with heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) emerging as a potential candidate due to its rapid post-ischemic release into the bloodstream.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of H-FABP in comparison to conventional cardiac troponin I for the early detection of AMI in patients presenting with acute chest pain.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Chemical Pathology Department of Combined Military Hospital Lahore from December 21, 2022, to April 21, 2023. Eighty patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of AMI were enrolled. Serum concentrations of H-FABP and cardiac troponin I were measured using the sandwich ELISA method. Diagnostic performance was assessed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.
Results: H-FABP demonstrated a sensitivity of 96.2%, specificity of 60.0%, PPV of 91.3%, and NPV of 81.8%. In contrast, cardiac troponin I had a sensitivity of 81.3% and a specificity of 60.0%, with PPV and NPV values of 91.3% and 81.8%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for H-FABP was 0.640 (p=0.031), slightly higher than that for cardiac troponin I, which was 0.624 (p=0.057).
Conclusion: H-FABP shows promise as a more sensitive early biomarker for AMI compared to cardiac troponin I, suggesting its potential utility in enhancing early diagnosis and improving patient care. However, its lower specificity highlights the need for its combined use with traditional markers for a more accurate diagnosis.