bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development, Physiology and Productivity of the Common Bean Under Different Nitrogen Doses
Authors: Ribeiro João Everthon da Silva , Leite Arliston Pereira , Costa José Eldo , Albuquerque Manoel Bandeira de , Mielezrski Fábio
Published: May 2018

Among nutrients, nitrogen is required in the greatest quantities by bean culture. The objective of this work was to evaluate growth, physiological responses and productivity of the common bean cultivar, ‘IAC Imperador’ under varying nitrogen doses in Brejo Paraibano. The experiment was carried out at Fazenda Experimental Chã-de-Jardim (Chã-de-Jardim Experimental Farm), of the Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, in the municipality of Areia, state of Paraíba. The treatments comprised 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg of nitrogen ha-1, applied in coverage at 35 days after sowing. To assess growth, plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves were evaluated. For gas exchange, photosynthesis rate, internal CO2 concentration, transpiration, stomatal conductance, instantaneous water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency were evaluated. For chlorophyll “a” fluorescence, minimum leaf fluorescence, maximum leaf fluorescence, variable maximum fluorescence, potential quantum efficiency of PSII (Photosystem II) and ratio (Fv/F0) were evaluated. For the components of primary productivity, the height of insertion of the first pod, number of pods per plant and the number of grains per pod were evaluated. Nitrogen fertilization in coverage significantly affected most of the growth, gas exchange and productivity variables, with the dose of 200 kg ha-1 being responsible for the highest values (p < 0.05). Chlorophyll fluorescence showed no significant differences among the nitrogen doses. The nitrogen doses influenced the growth, gas exchange and productivity of the common bean in the region of Brejo Paraibano.
Influence of the Nutritional Aspects on Initial Growth of African Mahogany (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev.)
Authors: Muniz Camila Oliveira , Brasil Eliana Paula Fernandes , Lobo Lucas Morais , Ferreira Evaldo De Melo , Silva João Augusto da , Silva Juliana Oliveira da , Menezes Ivandilson Pessoa Pinto de , Malafaia Guilherme
Published: May 2018

Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. (African mahogany) is one of the most economically important forest species, since it is used in the international furniture market. However, little is known about its culture and nutritional requirements. This study aimed to assess the development of K. ivorensis plants subjected to different base saturations, as well as to different N, P and K levels. An 8-ha area was used, wherein 4 ha had base saturation increased to 55% and the remaining 4 ha to 75%. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks with eight repetitions in a factorial scheme (4 × 4 × 4), being four N doses, four P doses and four K doses. The base saturation was assessed through the block effect. The root collar diameter and the plant height were measured 12 months after planting. Each experimental plot comprised six plants. The root collar diameter showed statistical differences between blocks and N doses. Only the NPK association showed statistical variation in plant height. However, a growth decreasing trend resulting from increased N doses was observed, as well as a growth increasing trend resulting from increased P and K doses. All treatments favored African mahogany growth. The most indicated base saturation was 55%, since there was no plant growth improvement when V% was increased to 75%. The excess of N impaired the growth of the species. The best treatment comprised 60 g urea, 240 g triple superphosphate, and 168 g potassium chloride.
Growth Promoting Microorganisms for Treatment of Soybean Seeds
Authors: Silva Isledi William da , Goergen Patrícia Carine Hüller , Viau Luiz Volney Mattos , Fernandes Sandra Beatriz Vicenci , Silva José Antônio Gonzalez da , Bianchi Cleusa Adriane Menegassi
Published: May 2018

The use of microorganisms that promote plant growth is an important tool for increasing agricultural production; besides, there is an emerging demand for decreasing utilization of chemical fertilizers and to solidify sustainable agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of growth promoting microorganisms Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Trichoderma harzianum for treatment of soybean seeds. This experiment was conducted at the Regional Institute of Rural Development (IRDeR), in Augusto Pestana, RS, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks and treatments were: control, Trichoderma harzianum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii, and co-inoculated Trichoderma harzianum + Bradyrhizobium elkanii, with four replications per treatment. The sample units were five rows 5 m in length, spaced at 0.5 m, and three central lines were used to analyze the components of soybean yield. Of these, two lines were harvested 4 m, and the incidence of soil diseases in the plants was evaluated in one of the lines. Treatments means were compared using Tukey test. There was an effect of treatments: B. elkanii and treatment with co-inoculation B. elkanii and T. harzianum showed a significant response to grain yield. The chemical treatment without microorganisms with a biological effect had a higher incidence of diseases and a lower yield of grains.
Productivity and Sensory Quality of Arabica Coffee in Response to Pruning Type ‘Esqueletamento’
Authors: Nadaleti Denis Henrique Silva , Vilela Diego Júnior Martins , Carvalho Gladyston Rodrigues , Mendonça José Marcos Angélico de , Botelho César Elias , Coelho Larissa Sousa , Fassio Larissa de Oliveira , Carvalho João Paulo Felicori
Published: May 2018

Through the pruning type ‘esqueletamento’ it was developed a technology for the management of trees called “Zero Yield” in order to keep the size of the crop and eliminate the harvesting in a low yield season, which usually compromises the earnings of the coffee grower. With this technology, the harvest takes place every two years, always in years of high yield season. This technology is highly dependent on climate, and genotype. Given this, the objective of the study was to select genotypes of Coffea arabica L. responsive to pruning type ‘esqueletamento’, with high productivity and high potential for quality of drink for specialty coffee production. The experiment was deployed in the Coffee Sector at the Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) in December 2005 and after six crops, it has undergone the pruning type ‘esqueletamento’ in August 2014. 20 genotypes were evaluated, being 18 progenies in F5 generation, derived from the cross between cultivars of the Catuaí Group with coffees of germplasm Icatu and germplasm “Hibrido de Timor” and two commercial cultivars as witnesses. (Tupi IAC 1669-33 and Obatã IAC 1669-20). The following characteristics were evaluated: productivity (before and after pruning), vegetative vigor, the incidence of leaf rust, dull fruits, sieve No.16 and above, grain type mocha, aspect, and quality of drink. The genotypes 9 (H516-2-1-1-18-1-1), 12 (H516-2-1-1-18-1-4), 16 (H419-3-4-5-2-1-3), 18 (H419-3-4-5-2-1-5) and the cultivar Tupi IAC 1669-33 were responsive to the ‘esqueletamento’, with productivity after pruning higher than the maximum reached before the adoption of the pruning. All genotypes with the exception of Catucaí Amarelo 24/137 showed potential for the production of specialty coffees.
Use of Safety Components to Avoid Accidents With Agricultural Tractors in Public Roads
Authors: Bellochio Sabrina Dalla Corte , Alonço Airton Dos Santos , Possebom Gessieli , Vargas Francieli De , Pagliarin Lutiane
Published: May 2018

The market of agricultural tractors has an important role in the Brazilian economy, as well as the role the tractor plays in agricultural operations. With the rising level of mechanization, the traffic of tractors on public roads consequently increased, thus raising the propensity of occurring accidents. In transit, tractors present low traveling speed, besides being wider machines in comparison to cars, besides also presenting low visibility to the other drivers who use the roads. The relevance of studies that point the problems related to this type of traffic accident is related to its severity, in order to seek preventive measures. In this context, this study aimed to address the interface of safety components related to lighting and signaling with the avoidance of accidents involving agricultural tractors on public roads. This way, studies show aspects such as: the road speed limit, as well as its type and width; the number of vehicles and agricultural machinery in circulation; safety components; lighting and signaling items, influence and help to draw a characterization of accidents involving farm machinery. Among the types of accidents, collision and overturning are the most common. Even if the number of accidents with tractors is lower in relation to automotive vehicles, the severity of the accidents is greater, with propensity of 5 to 8 times more deaths. Therefore, the correct use of safety components and items of lighting and signaling on tractors, in addition to the compliance with laws and regulations, may contribute to reducing the number of accidents with agricultural machines on public roads.
The Role of Agronomic Practices on Soil and Water Conservation in Ethiopia; Implication for Climate Change Adaptation: A Review
Authors: Misebo Amisalu Milkias
Published: May 2018

Now, soil erosion, loss of soil fertility, and land degradation due to climate change has been pushing to search for more sustainable systems. Soil and water conservation practice contribute high in the long term agricultural sustainability and sustainable agricultural farming. The objective of this paper is to review the major agronomic practices and their role in soil and water conservation. The review revealed that the major agronomic soil and water conservations practices in Ethiopia are strip cropping, mixed cropping, intercropping, fallowing, mulching, contour ploughing, crop rotation, conservation tillage and agroforestry. The plant canopies, litter and mulching intercept rain by decreasing the amount, intensity and the spatial distribution of the precipitation reaching the soil surface and this protects the soil surface from the direct impact of raindrops which can cause a splash and sheet erosion. In soil and water conservation, this practice is higher than others, because crops and leguminous woody perennials improve and enrich soil conditions by atmospheric nitrogen fixation, an addition of organic matter through litterfall and dead and decaying roots, nutrient cycling, modification of soil porosity and contribution to infiltration rates. It also alleviates and maintains salinity, alkalinity, acidity and waterlogging problems. Hence, the use agronomic practices for soil and water conservation is vital for climate change adaptation and mitigation because it can give both productive role (producing food, fodder, fuel, wood) and protective role (soil conserving functions, windbreaks and shelterbelts).
Weeds on Soybeans Crop After the Application of the Association of the Herbicides Imazapic + Imazapyr on Different Liming Rates in a No-till Cropping System
Authors: Rizzon Ferreira Lucas , Dal Magro Taísa , Damiani Conte Elaine , Monego Marco Thúlio , Marchioretto Lucas de Ross
Published: May 2018

The repeated use of the herbicide glyphosate has selected weed resistant species to this molecule. The combination of the tank-mix imazapic + imazapyr (Cultivance® technology) turns out being an alternative on the management of glyphosate resistant weeds. The interaction of these molecules with the soil’s chemical properties with the spraying frequency, and the weed diversity are yet unknown. This study evaluated the effects of liming at the weed incidence on the soybeans crop treated with the association of herbicides imazapic + imazapyr in a no-till cropping system. The experiment was installed at the field in a RCBD with four replications. The experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement 5 × 2 with five rates of calcitic limestone (0, 2.5, 5, 12.5, and 30 ton/ha) and two corresponding to the presence or absence of the herbicides imazapic + imazapyr (rate of 100 g/ha of the commercial product Soyvance®) sprayed in a spray-plant system. After 40 months of surface-liming, the soybean cultivar Lancer® was planted in a no-till field, and it was evaluated: frequency and abundance of weeds, and the chemical soil parameters: pH, Ca, H+Al, and Mg at the depth of 0-10 cm. The most abundant weeds observed were: Desmodium spp., Schlechtendalia luzulifolia, Digitaria horizontalis, Raphanus sativus and Cyperus spp., with predominance of dicot species. In conclusion, as the surface-liming rate was increased, the greater the frequency of dicot weeds, and the lesser the monocots were found in the area.
Overcoming Dormancy in Seeds of Amazonian Species
Authors: Silva Júnior Gerson Dias da , Costa Leite Rubson Da , Sousa Soares Guilherme Octávio de , Sousa Cruz Tatiane De , Costa Leite Robson Da , Silva Reis Amanda Da , Sousa Soares José Lucas de , Pereira Leite Marcio Rogério
Published: May 2018

Despite the importance of the Amazonian species Schizolobium amazonicum, there is still no official protocol to favor the germination process of its seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate methods of overcoming dormancy of paricá seeds and the quality of seedlings produced. The work was carried out at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Tocantins-Campus Araguatins. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of: intact seeds; lateral mechanical scarification of the tegument with electric emery for 2 seconds; lateral mechanical scarification of the tegument, using sandpaper number 50 for 1 minute + immersion in water at room temperature for 12 hours; chemical scarification of the tegument with caustic soda at 20% concentration for 30 minutes; chemical scarification of the tegument with caustic soda at a concentration of 20% for 45 minutes; immersion in water at 80 ºC + stay in water (room temperature) for 12 hours; immersion in water at 90 ºC + stay in water (room temperature) for 12 hours. The treatment with lateral mechanical scarification of the integument using electric emery for 2 seconds is the most suitable for overcoming dormancy in paricá seeds. Methods of overcoming dormancy had no influence on the quality of paricá seedlings.
Effects of Photoradiation on the Growth and Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium Uptake of Lettuce Cultivated by Hydroponics
Authors: Ainun Nur , Maneepong Somsak , Suraninpong Potjamarn
Published: May 2018

Photoradiation plays a major role in plant growth processes, especially photosynthesis and nutrient uptake. Light intensity and photoperiod affect temperature and caused more transpiration in plants, which influences nutrient uptake. This study aimed to examine the effects of photoradiation on the growth and K, Ca, and Mg uptake of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Lettuce was hydroponically grown in a walk-in growth chamber, and the experiment was performed using eight treatments with eight replications. A combination of eight fluorescent lamps was used to provide a photon flux density of 128±20 umole m-2 s-1 for 15/15 minutes, 45/15 minutes, 345/15+15/15 minutes of black UV, and 345/15+15/45 minutes of black UV of light/dark periods. A combination of ten fluorescent lamps was used to provide a photon flux density of 194±28 umole m-2 s-1 for 30/30 minutes, 15/15 minutes, and 45/15 minutes of light/dark periods and 24 hours of light period. Continuous illumination with higher light intensity gave the greatest shoot fresh weight, plant height and number of leaves. Whereas a shorter photoperiod and lower light intensity gave the lowest shoot fresh weight. Shortened UV light radiation gave better result in lettuce growth performance such as shoot fresh weight, plant height and number of leaves. UV light also damaged the lettuce leaves. The leaves turned brown (brown spot) at the tip of the old leaves. Molar concentrations of K, Ca and Mg in the lettuce leaves were in the order of K > Ca > Mg for all of the treatments. The steep gradient and highest K accumulation at bottom leaves were found at lower light intensity and short photoperiod (15/15 minutes of light/dark). Extended photoperiod improved K and Ca movement and reduced K and Ca accumulation in the bottom leaves. High K in the leaves reduced Ca uptake. Continuous illumination with higher light intensity resulted in the lowest concentrations of K, Ca and Mg. The mole ratio of K/Ca decreased from the top to bottom leaves, whereas the mole ratio of K/Mg tended to be stable except in the treatment with lower light intensity and short photoperoid. The best growth performance was found in the treatment with consistent K/Ca ratio.
Toxicity of Andira paniculata (Fabaceae) Extracts to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Sousa Neto Maurilio de , Silva Franciele Cristina da , Sousa Almeida André Cirilo De , Severo Menezes Antônio Carlos , Silva Araujo Márcio Da , Jesus Flávio Gonçalves de
Published: May 2018

Helicoverpa armigera is one of the most important pests of soybean crop in Brazil. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of organic Andira paniculata extracts on its biology, feeding and the attractiveness of soybean plants to H. armigera. Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic fractions at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1% were evaluated. For the biological parameters the period and viability of larval stage, caterpillar weight at ten days, period, viability and pupal weight at 24 hours, total longevity, LC50 and deterrence were evaluated. The non-preference for feeding and attractiveness, the number of caterpillars and the dry matter consumed in each fraction of the extracts were evaluated. The extract of A. paniculata in hexane (0.01%) resulted up to 85% mortality of H. armigera. The A. paniculata extract did not affect the larval period, weight, pupal period and mortality or the consumption of H. armigera. The hydroalcoholic extracts obtained the better results for deterrence. The A. paniculata extract in dichloromethane fraction had the lowest LC50. The A. paniculata extracts in the hexane fractions (0.1%), ethyl acetate (0.01 and 0.5%) and hydroalcoholic (0.01 and 0.5%) were fagodeterrents for H. armigera. Thus, A. paniculata extract in hexane fraction is the most promising for use in the control of H. armigera in soybean.
Soil Physical Attributes and Organic Carbon in a Cohesive Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) Under Different Soil Management Systems in the Coastal Plains of Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Silva Fagner Taiano Dos Santos , Dias Fabiane Pereira Machado , Farias Poliana Dos Santos de , Moreira Flávia Melo , De Amorim Ludmila De Oliveira , Rocabado Juan Manuel Anda , Sampaio Felipe Torres , Nóbrega Júlio César Azevedo
Published: May 2018

Although soil physical attributes are determining factors of soil quality and for root development of crops, they are often neglected when dealing with soil management, which refers only to fertility. The objective of this work was to evaluate soil physical characteristics, organic carbon content and carbon stock levels in yellow Latosol cohesive distrophic coastal plains of Bahia, Brazil, where different soil management systems were implemented. Soil texture, water dispersible clay, flocculation index, soil density and porosity, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, stability of aggregates, organic carbon content and resistance to penetration were evaluated from soil samples collected in the 40 cm-top soil. The different soil plot covers consisted of (i) Eucalyptus with grasses (EGR), (ii) Eucalyptus with spontaneous vegetation (EVE), (iii) fallow (POU), (iv) pasture (PAS), and (v) native forest (MN). It was found that EVE and MN contributed to greater stability of larger aggregates in the 20-40 cm-soil layer compared to EGR, PAS and POU. The high organic matter contents of soils of the cultivated plots (EVE and EGR) increased the limits of consistency. Soil management systems with Eucalyptus and pasture contributed to accelerate the oxidation process and the loss of C.
In vitro Fermentation Method as a Tool to Assess the Effects of Secondary Metabolites on Rumen Fermentation—A Brief Review
Authors: Lima Neto Helio , Okello Edward
Published: May 2018

In vitro fermentation is a useful method to test the effects of secondary metabolites on the rumen fermentation. It can be a noninvasive method when the rumen fluid is collected from slaughterhouses from dead animals. The experimental design for this type of experiment is normally a factorial design where common factors tested are: incubation time, main energy source incubated, and additive concentrations (secondary metabolites). The data gathered from the incubations can be quite extensive and therefore the statistical power of the in vitro method can be very good. In this paper we will discuss the main characteristics (how the method works and which parameters are measured) of the in vitro fermentation method.
Induction, Growth Kinetics and Morpho-histological Characterization of Neem Callus
Authors: Oliveira Leila Albuquerque Resende de , Oliveira Annie Carolina Araújo de , Machado Caroline De Araújo , Cardoso Milena Nascimento , Santana Fernanda Vieira , Miranda Isabella Cícera Dias , Castro Evaristo Mauro de , Silva Ana Veruska Cruz da , Ledo Ana Da Silva
Published: May 2018

Azadirachta indica A. Juss, popularly known as neem, is a species native to India, belonging to family Meliaceae, considered the most important plant species with insecticidal action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of growth regulators on induction and growth of neem callus and to observe their viability for embryogenesis through morpho-histological characteristics. In vitro germinated plants were used for excision of nodal explants. These segments were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog culture medium containing 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic) combined with BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) at the following concentrations: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l (T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively), for callus induction. At 0 (mass of nodal segments without callus), 20, 40 and 60 days of culture, the percentage of callus formation was observed and the callus weight was measured for each treatment and at the end of the 60 days, consistency, color, and cell histology were evaluated. There was callus formation in all treatments tested. The highest induction of Azadirachta indica A. Juss callus is observed in the presence of 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D + 2.0 mg/l BAP, with callus showing light brown color, friable consistency and rounded cells with intense cell division, typical of cells with potential embryogenic capacity.
Characterization of Organic Wastes and Effects of Their Application on the Soil
Authors: Oliveira Lucas De Sousa , Gomes Costa Mirian Cristina , Souza Henrique Antunes de , Blum Julius , Silva Albuquerque Gustavo Henrique da , Abreu Marcos Giovane Pedroza de , Maia Deyse De Sousa
Published: May 2018

The agricultural farming activities generate organic waste whose indiscriminate deposition can be prejudicial to the environment. However, careful application of these wastes as organic fertilizers it is a possibility to improve soil fertility. This study aimed to confirm the hypotheses that organic wastes produced in various production chains in the semi-arid region of Ceará have contents of nutrients that give them potential as organic fertilizers and, since they are used as organic fertilizers, these residues improve the chemical soil attributes. Nutrient contents were determined at the laboratory and then the wastes were placed in decomposition bags and applied in a Fluvic Neosol. Soil samples were collected in the 0-0.10 m layer 90 days after wastes were applied. The residues presented nutrient contents that allow their use as organic fertilizers, except the shrimp farming residue that presented sodium content above that allowed by legislation, resulting also in higher element contents in the soil. In addition, the shrimp farming showed the lowest organic carbon content in relation to others chemical elements. The residues of the poultry industry and the compound made with residues of small ruminants presented the highest of nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The carnauba residue was associated with phosphorus immobilization because it presented C/P ratio higher than 300.
Methods of Soil Management and Depths of Sowing in Corn Cultivation
Authors: Moreira Wendel Kaian Oliveira , Borrajo Fábio Daibes , Souza Samara Ketely Almeida de , Cardoso Geane Guedes , Luz Ana Laura da Silva , Silva Raimundo Thiago Lima da , Cassiano Alisson Daroda , Ribeiro Rian Antonio dos Reis , Souza Leane Castro de , Olivera Neto Candido Ferreira de
Published: May 2018

Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most cultivated grains in the world. It provides widely used products such as food, feed, raw materials for industry and ethanol, mainly due to the quantity and nature of its reserves accumulated in the grains. The objective of this research was to evaluate different depths of sowing and the use of different initial methods of soil preparation for growing corn. A randomized-complete blocks design was applied in a split plot with subsoiling, tillage, rotary hoe, ploughing, manual weeding and three sowing depths. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference (p < 0.01) of stem diameter (SD), plant height (PH), root fresh mass (RFM), root dry mass (RDM), aerial dry mass (ADM), aerial fresh mass (AFM), while number of leaves (NL) showed no differences statistically. Regarding to stem diameter, the methods with subsoiling, ploughing and rotating hoe showed the best results. In relation to plant height, the treatments of subsoiling, tillage, ploughing and rotating hoe had the best performances. The use of the subsoiling method showed the best results between the characteristics of the plant and corn yield. The corn yield presented better yields with the subsoiled and rotary hoe preparation.
Culture Medium, Light Regime and Temperature Affect the Development of Sirosporium diffusum
Authors: Poletto Tales , Muniz Marlove F. B. , Fantinel Vinícius S. , Favaretto Renata F. , Poletto Igor , Reiniger Lia R. S. , Blume Elena
Published: May 2018

Sirosporium diffusum is the causal agent of the brown leaf spot disease on pecan trees that seriously damages the foliage of adult plants and seedlings. This fungal species is difficult to grow satisfactorily in a culture medium. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different physical conditions on the development of S. diffusum. In the first assay, eight culture media and five light regimes were combined, while in the second, the three treatments that promoted highest sporulation were combined with three temperatures. The trials were conducted in a two-factorial arrangement in a fully randomized design with six replicates. V8, V8CaCO3, and CA media under a 24-h photoperiod produced the highest respective sporulations: 29 × 104, 35 × 104, and 41 × 104 conidia ml-1. The best temperature for sporulation was 20±1 °C for all culture media, especially V8CaCO3 and CA. The best artificial conditions for obtaining good mycelial growth and sporulation consisted of a photoperiod of 24 h, temperature of 20±1 °C and V8CaCO3 or CA culture medium.
Application of Plant Densities in Management Units in the Soybean Cultivation
Authors: Machado Marcos V. M. , Maggi Marcio F. , Souza Eduardo G. de , Camicia Rafaela G. da M. , Amarante Regiane R. do
Published: May 2018

The application of management units (MU’s) aims to make economically viable to precision agriculture, making the technique accessible to a greater number of producers. Using MU’s, the experimental area is divided into plots with different productive potentials. In this context, the objective of the experiment was to verify the effectiveness of the area division in MU’s and to define the soybean plant density that provides higher productive efficiency in each MU. For the formation of MU’s it was used the altitude variation and the soil penetration resistance 0-0.1 m in the experimental area, being that the area was divided into 2 MU’s, called MU1 and MU2, and each MU was composed of 8 plots. At planting, 2 plant densities were applied, 214 000 and 257 000 plants ha-1, and each density was applied in 4 plots per MU, using row spacing of 0.70 m. In relation to productivity, there was a significant difference, applying the t-Student test, between MU’s, and the MU2, unit with higher productive potential, located in the highest part in the area, achieved higher productivity; and there was an effect, using the Tukey test, on the application of the 2 different plant densities in the MU’s, being that the densities of 214 000 and 257 000 plants ha-1 reached, respectively, higher productivity in MU2 and MU1.
Productivity and Qualitative Characteristics of Varieties of Beets
Authors: Coutinho Pablo W. R. , Echer Márcia M. , Oliveira Paulo S. R. , Dalastra Graciela M. , Cadorin Danielle A. , Vanelli Jaqueline
Published: May 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, biometric and productivity of beet cultivars. The experiment was conducted in random blocks with four repetition. The treatments were six beet cultivars: Maravilha, Merlot, Kestrel, Itapua 202, Chata do Egito and Tall Top Early Wonder. These cultivars were evaluated for plant height, leaf number, diameter and length of root, average mass of root and fresh weight of shoot, the root shape index, productivity, the soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio, pH and anthocyanin content. The highest average root masses and productivity were observed for the cultivars Maravilha e Tall Top Early Wonder, being similar to Itapua 202 cultivars and the Boring Egypt. For quality characteristics there was no difference between cultivars for the soluble solids and pH, this was not the same behavior for titratable acidity and ratio. The highest anthocyanin content were observed in cultivars Merlot, Kestrel and Chata do Egito. The cultivars Chata do Egito presented the best productivity and quality characteristics, for the factors and elements of the elapsed year climate.
Attitudes and Willingness to Pay More for Organic Foods by Tennessee Consumers
Authors: Bhavsar Hiren , Tegegne Fisseha , Baryeh Kofi , Illukpitiya Prabodh
Published: May 2018

This paper examines the general knowledge of consumers regarding organic food and determines their willingness to pay more for it. Data was collected using a random sample of grocery shoppers in the state of Tennessee. The study reveals most of the respondents had a fair knowledge of what organic food was. The number of respondents who had never purchased organic food was found to be only slightly higher than the number who purchase it. A binary logistic regression found income and Environmental concern to be factors that effectively determine willingness to pay more for organic food.
Physiology of Weeds in Intraspecific Competition
Authors: Thiel Caroline Hernke , David Felipe Adelio de , Galon Leandro , Deuner Sidnei , Forte Cesar Tiago , Perin Gismael Francisco , David Paula Rochelly de , Mossi Altemir José , Andres André , Concenço Germani
Published: May 2018

When plants are subjected to competition, their physiological behavior changes. To understand the developmental physiology of weeds will subsidize the development of cropping systems which favor the crops plants in detriment of weeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological behavior of different weed species, growing under intraspecific competition. Greenhouse experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design arranged in factorial scheme 4 × 5 with four replications. Factor A was the weed species [Urochloa plantaginea (Alexandrergrass), Bidens pilosa (hairy beggarticks), Ipomoea indivisa (morningglory) and Conyza bonariensis (hairy fleabane)], and factor B was the plant density of these species (20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 plants m-2). The following variables were evaluated: sub-stomatal CO2 concentration, photosynthesis rate, consumed CO2, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, plant height, shoot diameter, leaf area, and shoot dry biomass. Alexandergrass relies on the superior control of stomatal opening and high water use efficiency. Hairy beggarticks efficiency in competition lies on its ability to remove water from soil to levels when the other surrounding plant species would undergo stress. Morning glory and hairy fleabane did not present detectable particular features in the study, and their importance as weeds is probably tied to other survival abilities but superior competition. In conclusion, the weed species studied present distinct competitive strategies.
Regional Substrates of the Brazilian Northeast on Acclimatization and Development Morphological of Minirose
Authors: Anjos David Correia dos , Dias Gabrielen De Maria Gomes , Hernandez Fernando Felipe Ferreyra , Diniz Josefa Diva Nogueira
Published: May 2018

The transition from heterotrophism to autotrophism in acclimatization is a delicate process for most species. The objective of this work was to evaluate combinations of regional substrates of the Brazilian Northeast in the acclimatization and morphological development of minirose (Rosa chinensis ‘Minima’) seedlings. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using seedlings with 30 days of in vitro culture. The treatments were constituted by: 1) dry coconut powder; 2) 75% dry coconut powder + 25% rice husk; 3) 50% dry coconut powder + 50% rice husk; 4) 75% dry coconut powder + 25% charcoal rice husk; 5) 50% dry coconut powder + 50% carbonized rice husk; 6) 100% vermiculite; 7) 50% vermiculite + 50% dry coconut powder; 8) commercial substrate; 9) 75% sand + 25% dry coconut powder and 10) 50% sand + 50% dry coconut powder. After 21 days, the following characteristics were evaluated: survival percentage, leaf number, shoot height, dry matter of shoot and root and total dry matter. The regional materials tested showed a good choice of substrates to be used in the acclimatization of minirose seedlings. The vermiculite presented the worst results in the characteristics evaluated. Dry coconut powder as substrate should be used in mixtures with other materials to provide better acclimatization conditions. The use of 50% dry coconut powder + 50% rice husk provided a best development and growth of minirose seedlings (Rosa chinensis ‘Minima’) than other tested substrates
Three New Maize Hybrids for Afghanistan
Authors: Sharma Rajiv , Soofizada Qudratullah , Azmatyar Mohammad Hashim , Mohmand Elias
Published: May 2018

Afghanistan grows maize in about 0.15 m ha with an annual production hovering around 300,000 tonnes. The country does not have any officially released commercial maize hybrid and relies only on open pollinated varieties for cultivating maize. The countries in region enjoy much higher productivity levels ranging from 3.5 to 5.00 tonnes per ha compared to 2.2 tonnes per ha of Afghanistan. Several maize hybrids were introduced from CIMMYT to test them for adaptation and yielding ability in Afghanistan for the purpose of releasing them in the country. The three public sector maize hybrids described in this communication were tested at several locations viz., Nangarhar province, Kabul, Baghlan and Helmand in Afghanistan during 2012 to 2014 crop seasons. The hybrids/inbreds bred by CIMMYT were tested against the currently grown open pollinated (OP) varieties and they yielded on an average 31 to 38% higher than the currently popular open pollinated maize varieties. The hybrids were released for commercial cultivation in 2014.
Pre-harvest Desiccation: Productivity and Physical and Physiological Inferences on Soybean Seeds During Storage
Authors: Zanatta Elias , Szareski Vinícius J. , Carvalho Ivan R. , Koch Felipe , Pimentel João R. , Troyjack Cristian , Dellagostin Simone M. , Demari Gustavo H. , Lautenchleger Francine , Souza Velci Q. de , Martinazzo Emanuela G. , Villela Francisco A. , Pedó Tiago , Aumonde Tiago Z.
Published: May 2018

The objective of this research is to define which soybean phenological stage is adequate to promote pre-harvest desiccation and to measure the effects of this procedure on the physical and physiological attributes of soybean seeds throughout storage. The experiment was carried out at Fazenda Santa Bárbara da Boa Vista located in the municipality of Cabeceiras, Goiás, Brazil. The experimental design was the randomized blocks arranged in a factorial scheme being five phenological stages of soybean development where desiccant was applied (R5.5, R6.0, R7.1, R7.3 and R8.3) × five post-harvest storage times (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 days), arranged in four replicates. The measured characters were: Productivity, Mass of one thousand seeds, Retention of sieves 5.5 mm, 6.0 mm and 6.5 mm, Germination, Accelerated aging and Field emergence. The application of the Paraquat molecule in soybean plants in the phenological stages R5.5 and R6.0 compromises the physical attributes, mass of a thousand seeds and productivity. The germination and vigor of the soybean seeds are adversely affected due to the early desiccation of the plants, and these effects are potentiated throughout the seed storage.
Temporal Waterlogging and Physiological Performance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seeds
Authors: Gehlling Vânia M. , Segalin Samantha R. , Troyjack Cristian , Pimentel João R. , Carvalho Ivan R. , Szareski Vinícius J. , Aisenberg Geison R. , Dubal Ítala T. P. , Lautenchleger Francine , Souza Velci Q. de , Schuch Luis O. B. , Martinazzo Emanuela G. , Pedó Tiago , Villela Francisco A. , Aumonde Tiago Z.
Published: May 2018

The aim of this work was to evaluate the physiological performance and some attributes of wheat seeds originated from plants submitted to soil flooding at different stages of development. The treatments consisted of periods of soil flooding, absence of flooding, two floods and three floods of the soil. Each flood lasted for three days. For the evaluation of the physiological quality, the seeds were submitted to the tests of germination and first germination count, germination speed index, shoot and primary root length, shoot and primary root dry matter mass, harvest index, thousand seed mass, electrical conductivity and isoenzymatic analysis. The increase of the soil flooding period did not affect germination, while the germination speed andindex, the harvest index and the thousand seed mass were lower in plants under the higher periods of soil flooding. The expression and intensity of bands of acid phosphatase and peroxidase isoenzymes were differently altered by periods of flooding. Thus, soil flooding negatively influences the physiological performance, the thousand seed mass and the harvest index when the plants are submitted to flooding of the soil.
Phosphorus and Boron Application on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Soybean Seeds (Glycine max [L.] Merril)
Authors: Timotiwu Paul Benyamin , Agustiansyah Agustiansyah , Pramono Eko , Agustin Steffy
Published: May 2018

The increased of growth, yield and quality of soybean seeds are expected to occur by applyingP (phosphorus) and B (boron). This research was to investigate the effect of P and application of B their response on growth, yield and quality of soybean seeds. This research was conducted at fieldland and the Laboratory of Seeds and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung from November 2016 to April 2017. This treatment was arranged in a 6 × 2 factorial consisting of six doses of P2O5 (0; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250 kg/ha) and two concentration of B (0 and 5 ppm). This study was designed in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three blocks. Homogeneity of variance was tested by Barlett’s test and non-aditivity model using Tukey’s test and continued by orthogonal polynomials at α 0.05. The results showed that applying P to dose 250 kg/ha increase the growth, yield and quality of soybean seeds in all variables. Whereas the applications 5 ppm of Boron increased growth, yield and quality of soybean plant seeds higher than without Boron on avariable number of unfallleaf, dry weight of plant, 100 grain weight, germination, dry weight of normal seedling, and vigor index. Response of growth, yield and quality of soybean seeds to increased doses of P did not depend on the granting of B.
Co-integration Test: An Application to Selected Sorghum Markets in Sudan
Authors: Emam Abda Abdalla , Elmulthum Nagat Ahmed , Abass Amal Saeed
Published: May 2018

An attempt was made in the study to understand the nature of the market integration. The study was based mainly on monthly wholesale price of sorghum in four market locations; namely Khartoum, Elobied, Gdarif and Damazin. Sorghum wholesale price series was used for the period from January 2012 to December 2016. Unit root test, Johnson co-integration test and Error Correction model were used to disclose stationary series, the long run relationship and short run relationship between these markets, respectively. The result showed that, long run relationship was indicated between all pairs of markets, except between Khartoum and Elobied market (consumption or deficit market). Long run equilibrium indicated adjustment to surplus markets (Gadarief and Damazin). This result may be interpreted by the fact that these markets are connected by good communication and transportation. From ECM model, Wholesale sorghum prices in all markets (higher price) quickly fall back towards Gadarif market whereas Gadarif adjusts back to Khartoum. Also, higher wholesale prices in Damazin quickly fall back towards all markets. There is short run causality running from: Gadarif and Damazin to Khartoum, Gadarif to Elobied and Khartoum to Damazin market. Long run equilibrium indicated adjustment to surplus markets (Gadarief and Damazin).This result may be reflected to good communication and transportation between the markets.
Thermal-Biological Aspects of Seed Germination of Colubrina glandulosa Perkins Under Different Temperatures
Authors: Melo Jr João Luciano De A. , Melo Luan Danilo F. de A. , Ferreira Vilma M. , Araújo Neto João C. de , Silva Clíssia B. da , Neves Maria Inajal R. da S. das
Published: May 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the cardinal temperatures for germinating colubrina seeds, verify isothermal velocity variation based on the transition state model and calculate the ΔH≠ variation as a function of temperature. Seeds were incubated at constant temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 oC and alternating temperature from 20-30 oC in an 8-hour photoperiod. The variables analyzed were: G, PC, IVG, TMG, VMG, Fi, U, Z, CR, CPA, MSR and MSP. Arrhenius equation was linearized by logarithmic transformation, producing the graph of -RlnV × 1/T from the experimental values of velocity. A net enthalpy change (Delta H≠) in relation to temperature was represented by the expression: Delta H≠ = [RT(Theta – T) × (Tm + TM)]/[(T – Tm) × (TM – T)]. The logarithm regression of the reaction rate on the reciprocal of the temperature fit best to the quadratic model. The distribution of Delta H≠ with asymptotes close to Tm and TM indicated that the processes that occurred in the supra-optimal temperature range were of a different nature from those that occurred in the infra-optimal temperature range. The data showed |Delta H≠| < 12 Kcal/mol in the optimal range and |Delta H≠| > 30 Kcal/mol for temperatures of 10, 15 and 35 oC. The minimum and maximum temperature limits were 10 and 35 oC, respectively. Germination speed was related to temperature in a curvilinear manner. The germination process was endergonic and only occurred when energy was ≥ -38.35 Kcal/mol and ≤ 32.42 Kcal/mol.
Effect of Total Solar Radiation and Rainfall on Yield of Different Tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze) Clones at Two Sites in Kenya
Authors: Langát Joseph Kimutai
Published: May 2018

Tea cultivation is the leading cash crop in Kenya, making significant contribution to the economy. It is the single largest export commodity, accounting for about 26% of the country’s total export earnings. In 2017, the country got US$ 1.23 billion in foreign exchange earnings. However, tea production is affected by weather changes. Majority of research reporting the effects of weather on tea yields in Africa have mostly been carried out at single sites. This study investigated contribution of total solar radiation and rainfall to tea (Camellia sinensis) yields at two sites in Kenya. A split-plot layout study was conducted at two sites differing in altitude and climatic conditions in Kenya: Kangaita (0o30'S, 37o16'E, 2100 m.a.s.l.) and Kipkebe (0o17'S, 35o3'E, 1740 m.a.s.l.). Timbilil (0o22'S, 35o21'E, 2200 m.a.s.l.) was used as a reference site. Four tea clones of commercial and scientific interest in Kenya (AHP SC 31/37, EPK TN14-3, TRFK 301/5 and TRFK 31/8) were studied. Low radiation intensities at Timbilil in 2007 corresponded with low made tea yields at Kangaita (2.1 t ha-1 y-1) and Kipkebe (2.6 t ha-1 y-1) compared to 2008 (4.4 t ha-1 y-1 and 3.2 t ha-1 y-1) and 2009 (3.1 t ha-1 y-1 and 3.0 t ha-1 y-1) respectively when higher total radiation intensities were recorded. Statistical analysis done using two-way ANOVA (P = 0.05) for split plot design showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.53) between total solar radiation, rainfall and mean made tea yield. Higher radiation and rainfall intensities yielded higher tea outputs.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 10, No. 6
Authors: Brown Anne
Published: May 2018

Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 10, No. 6, 2018.
Inhibition Effect of Vegetable Oils on the Mycelial Growth of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.). Goid
Authors: Ugulino Andressa Lacerda Nóbrega , Mendonça Júnior Antonio Francisco de , Rodrigues Ana Paula Medeiros dos Santos , Santos Alex Béu , França Kevison Rômulo da Silva , Cardoso Tiago Augusto Lima , Prado Júnior Leonardo Sousa do
Published: May 2018

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.). Goid is the etiological agent of one of the major diseases in cowpea bean crop, commonly known as gray rot stem. Due to the lack of registered phytosanitary products to control this disease, the search for alternative control methods is increasingly common. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils on mycelial growth of M. phaseolina. The oils tested were Mentha sp., Eucalyptus spp., Copaifera sp., and Lippia gracilis at concentrations of 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 and 1.0%. The work was conducted in Phytopathology Laboratory of the Federal University of Campina Grande. Daily measurements of the colony diameter were performed in two perpendicular directions until it filled the entire surface of the culture medium of one of the plates. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design in a factorial arrangement 4 × 4 + 1 + 1, with sixteen treatments plus one negative control and one positive control, which consisted of the supplemental application in the medium (BDA) of the fungicide Sportak 450 EC (Procloraz), five replications, totaling 90 experimental plots. The data were interpreted through non-parametric analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Kruskal-wallis test, with a 5% probability of error and Scott Knott at 5% probability in cases where there were significant differences and data normality. The Mentha sp. essential oil and Lippia gracilis showed better results in inhibiting mycelial growth, while the Eucalyptus essential oil and Copaifera, although potentially promising, showed intermediate inhibition of fungal mycelial growth.