bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inscriptions from Western Cilicia
Authors: Hicks E. L.
Published: May 2006

There is little danger of any reader nowadays sharing the sentiments of the Pseudo-Aristotle which I have placed at the head of this paper, or of being other than grateful to Mr. Bent for the remarkable discoveries made by him in Cilicia last year. Of the inscriptions which he brought home, either in copies or in squeezes, I have already published those from Eastern Cilicia in the last number of this Journal. Those that here follow are from Cilicia Tracheia. Shortly after Mr. Bent had been through these regions, Mr. Ramsay in company with Messrs. Hogarth and Headlam passed through the upper part of the Olban district, and made an excursion down to the coast expressly to re-copy the long temple-inscription, No. 27 infra. The heat of the lowlands prevented their doing more. They have rendered me all the help they could in editing these documents; several of them are from copies made only by Mr. Ramsay, and the long list of names from the temple over the Corycian Cave is here given from the careful copy of Mr. Ramsay and Mr. Hogarth.

Since I began to prepare these inscriptions for the Journal, Mr. Ramsay's remarkable work has appeared on The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. This makes it unnecessary for me to preface these documents (as I had intended to do) with a sketch of the history of Western Cilicia.
Pindar
Authors: Jebb R. C.
Published: May 2006

§ 1. Pindar is a classic of whom the study may be expected to grow with the growth of an interest in Greek archæology. Not, indeed, because it is indebted to him, so largely as to many other authors, for direct illustration. Rather because his ‘Odes of Victory’ are lit up in a new way by a fuller knowledge of the places with which they are concerned, of the contests which they celebrate, of the art and religion by which they were inspired. To take a single instance—the discoveries at Olympia, which have restored for us the main features of the altis, have given a new meaning for every modern reader to the beautiful, but hitherto indistinct, picture suggested by Pindar's description of ‘all the holy place resounding with festal joy,’ when ‘the lovely light of the fair-faced moon shone forth’ after a day of contests. Pindar's odes are poems of occasion, magnificent expressions of Hellenic life in its most distinctively Hellenic phases. Hitherto the real drawback to his popularity has not been obscurity of language, but the strain which he was felt to place on the modern imagination.
The Palaces of Homer
Authors: Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

It is much to be regretted that the invaluable researches of Schliemann, which have done so much to illuminate many fields of Homeric archaeology, help us but little in our reconstruction of the houses of Homeric chiefs. Both at Hissarlik and at Mycenae that indefatigable explorer laid bare the foundations or substructions of houses, large in comparison with those which surrounded them, which must probably have belonged to chiefs or kings. But the dwelling at Hissarlik belonged to a far ruder city than that of Homer, and in the foundations of walls near the Agora of Mycenae no clear plan can be made out. So it is also at Ithaca. Gell's description of the plan of the palace of Odysseus, a plan which he professed to be based on still existing remains on Mount Aetos in Ithaca, rests, as is now well known, on nothing but invention and imagination. Schliemann found indeed on the summit of that hill a small level platform of triangular form, which he conjectures to have been originally in size some 166 feet by 127 feet, and surrounded by a massive circuit-wall. And within the circuit he found remnants of six or seven Cyclopean buildings, which may have been chambers of one house. But there is nothing to lead us to suppose that these buildings belonged to the Homeric age; therefore for a restoration of the palace of that age they afford little or no material.
Kylix with Exploits of Theseus
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: May 2006

The vase from which the designs on Plate X. are copied is a Kylix, or shallow two-handled cup, 5 inches high by 12¾ inches in diameter. It was acquired by the British Museum in 1850, together with other objects included in the sale of the collection of Dr. Emil Braun, who had procured it from the dealer Basseggio: in the sale catalogue it is stated to have been found at Vulci.

Notices of this vase have appeared in various works from time to time; Dr. Braun himself exhibited it at the Roman Instituto (Bulletino di Corr. Archeol. 1846, p. 106); Gerhard, in the Archäol. Zeitung for 1846, p. 289, described it briefly; and it is included in the Catalogue of Vases in the British Museum, No. 824*. In publishing for the first time, so far as I am aware, an engraving of this magnificent vase, it may be worth while to add a more detailed description than has hitherto appeared.
Statuette of Pallas from Cyprus
Authors: Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

Among the objects recently acquired by the British Museum is a beautiful terra-cotta from a grave at Salamis in the Island of Cyprus, of which I give a representation on Plate XVI. The figure is that of a goddess who wears a long chiton with diploïs, and a himation over her back and arms. Long tresses fall over her shoulders; on her head is apparently a stephane, though it may be intended rather for a taenia or band; in her ears are round earrings. Her right hand is passed into the interior of a crested Corinthian helmet, her left hand rests on the edge of a round shield. Her left foot is slightly drawn back, and the leg bent.

The figure is 7¼ inches in height, and stands on a square pedestal ¾ of an inch high. The back is quite unworked, and in the midst of it is the usual round hole, made to facilitate the baking. Slight traces of red colour appear on the hair of the goddess and the crest of the helmet, and we may observe on the lower part of the drapery some of the white ground-mixture with which terra-cotta figures were covered as a basis for colouring.
On an Unedited Rhodian Inscription
Authors: Newton C. T.
Published: May 2006

I found this inscription in the ruins of a church called Agia Irenè, about a quarter of an hour's distance from the village of Apolakkia in Rhodes. This village is situated near the sea on the south-west side of the island (see my Travels and Discoveries, i., p. 198).

This inscription contains part of two decrees, of which the first was passed by the κοινόν of the Euthalidai. The upper part of the stone being wanting, we only know the latter part of this first decree, from which we learn that a crown had been voted by the κοινόν to Sosikrates, son of Kleonymos, a Netteian, and that this honour was to be publicly proclaimed in the usual manner. We learn further that it was necessary that this decree should be confirmed by a Boulè, ‘senate,’ and Demos, ‘popular assembly,’ to the control of which the Euthalidai were subject.
The Imperial German Archaeological Institute
Authors: Michaelis Ad.
Published: May 2006

Few English scholars have an exact knowledge of the history, the constitution, and the labours of the German Archaeological Institute, although the existing science of classical archaeology may be roughly said to be a creation of that Institute. So when, some months ago, an authoritative paper by Professor Michaelis of Strassburg, a member of the Central Direction, appeared in thePreussische Jahrbücher, supplying exactly such information on these matters as should be current among us, the Editors of this Journal thought that the opportunity thus offered was one of which advantage should be taken. Accordingly permission was obtained from Professor Michaelis and the Editors of theJahrbücherto publish in these pages a translation of the article. The translation was undertaken by Miss Alice Gardner; and Professor Michaelis has himself made some additions to the text to fit it more completely for an English audience. [ED.]

Scientific institutions, which take their functions seriously, live a silent life. This is a result of the very nature of scientific work, which in most points of its manifold occupations cannot appeal to a wide public. Only in case of especially important discoveries, or of conspicuous performances, and on festal occasions do such institutions step out of their quiet round of work into public light, and demand the sympathy of wider circles.
The Temple of Apollo at Delphi
Authors: Middleton J. Henry
Published: May 2006

In many respects Delphi and its varied cults possess an interest which is not to be rivalled by that of any other Hellenic site. The lofty precipices, the dark deeply-cleft ravines, the mysterious caves, and the bubbling springs of pure water, combine to give the place a romantic charm and a fearfulness of aspect which no description can adequately depict.

Again Delphi stands alone in the catholic multiplicity of the different cults which were there combined.

In primitive times it was the awfulness of Nature which impressed itself on the imaginations of the inhabitants.

In an early stage of development the mind of man tends to gloomy forms of religion: his ignorance and comparative helplessness tend to fill his brain with spiritual terrors and forebodings. Thus at Delphi the primitive worship was that of the gloomy Earth and her children, the chasm-rending Poseidon, and the Chthonian Dionysus, who, like Osiris, was the victim of the evil powers of Nature. It was not till later times that the bright Phoebus Apollo came to Delphi to slay the earth-born Python, just as the rising sun dissipates the shadows in the depths of the Delphian ravines, or as in the Indian legend the god Indra kills with his bright arrows the great serpent Ahi—symbol of the black thunder-cloud.
On a Phoenician Vase found in Cyprus
Authors: Richter Max Ohnefalsch
Published: May 2006

The vase of which I here publish representations is barrel-shaped with round ends, and has at each end protuberances in the form of nipples. There is a small raised ring round the neck. The mouth is funnel-shaped, with edges slightly overlapping. The dimensions are as follows:—Circumference over nipples 2 ft. 7⅝ in. Circumference of barrel 2 ft. 1 in. Height of neck 3½ in. Total height of jar 1 ft. ⅛ in. The vase was bought at Larnaca, and probably found near that place.

The vessel is of a purely Phoenician model, though not necessarily of pre-Hellenic times, of a kind occurring not only in earlier and later specimens made by the Phoenician race in Cyprus, but also in pottery manufactured by other races in places in the island where their influence predominated. The clay used in the composition of the jar is of a darkish cream colour, and has evidently been very carefully washed and prepared.
Battles, Ancient and Modern
Authors: Grundy G. B.
Published: May 2006

In the last number of the Hellenic Journal Professor Burrows has once more attacked Pylos and Sphakteria, this time with the aid of certain allies from the Peloponnese and a whole battery of photographs. I am, I confess, loth to dye this ink-stained field a deeper hue, and I have certainly no intention of sending friends of mine to Pylos with a view to reviving a controversy which has gone far enough. At the same time I do not wish to appear to undervalue the evidence of Messrs. Carr Bosanquet, Crowfoot, and Lindsay, though it is not of a very decisive character. I should therefore like to point out, as briefly as possible, its true bearing, and in doing so I have the satisfaction of not having to treat it as hostile, though brought into court by the other side.
The Method of Deciding the Pentathlon
Authors: Gardiner E. Norman
Published: May 2006

The difficulty of this question is due to the scanty and unsatisfactory character of the literary evidence. Such evidence as we do possess consists of a few allusions in early classical authors, mostly poetical and metaphorical, and of the explanations of these passages given by scholiasts and lexicographers of uncertain date and authority. The question can only be solved by framing hypotheses which will explain as far as possible these scanty allusions. But in such a case it is not sufficient for a hypothesis to satisfy the literary evidence; it must also conform to common sense and probability. We may take it for granted—and the more one studies the subject, the more certain one feels—that the Greeks possessed a knowledge of athletics little, if at all, inferior to our own. Now there are two conditions which are essential to the success of an athletic meeting—Fairness and Order. The arrangements must ensure absolute fairness for all competitors, and they must ensure the comfort of spectators and competitors alike by avoiding useless waste of time, frequent shifting of the scene, unnecessary repetitions, or tedious complications.
Two Heads of Apollo
Authors: Gardner P.
Published: May 2006

The beautiful marble head of Apollo, which is represented on Pl. III was bequeathed by the late Edmund Oldfield, F.S.A., to the Ashmolean Museum. According to a note sent me by Mrs. Oldfield, it was successively in the Poniatowski and Brett collections. When it was in the former gallery, it was seen by Martin Wagner, and is mentioned by him in the Kunstblatt of 1830 (p. 238) as closely similar to the Pourtales head, but differing in the treatment of the hair. See also Julius in Ann. d. Inst. 1875, p. 33.
The Greek Treatise on the Sublime: its Authorship
Authors: Roberts W. Rhys
Published: May 2006

When Francis Robortello at Basle, in the year 1554, issued the editio princeps of the Greek Treatise on the Sublime, he attributed the work to ‘Dionysius Longinus.’ are the words that are found upon his title-page. In this ascription he was followed by Paul Manutius, who in the next year (1555) published an edition at Venice. The fashion thus set by the earliest editors became universal. Edition followed edition in quick succession, and translations made the book known in almost every European country. But in all the editions and in all the translations, Longinus was assumed to be the author. It was the same with the foremost critics and writers of France and of England. Boileau was in this matter at one with the rest of the translators. His acquiescence in the general view was shared by Fénelon, Rollin, and Laharpe, and in England by Addison, Hume, Hurd, and Blair. Pope, in a well-known passage, speaks of the ‘bold Longinus,’ whose ‘own example strengthens all his laws.’ And even the severely scientific Gibbon refers, with a touch of sarcasm, perhaps, in the adjective but with no touch of scepticism in the name, to the ‘sublime Longinus.’
Notes on Amasis and Ionic Black-figured Pottery
Authors: Karo George
Published: May 2006

Among the artists who have signed Attic black-figured vases perhaps the most singular and interesting personality is the potter and painter Amasis. He is interesting both as one of the masters of that delicate decorative work, which gives b.f. vases their artistic value, and through the curious contradictions which can be traced in his style. Only seven vases bearing his signature are known up till now, yet each shows characteristic peculiarities of shape, decoration, or style, which one would seek for in vain among the mass of contemporary Attic pottery.

No artist has surpassed Amasis in easy mastery and accuracy of drawing, or in the painstaking, delicate treatment of detail; yet his figures are often rigid and affected, his choice of subjects monotonous and limited. The technique and style of his vases, the alphabet and dialect of their inscriptions prove that he worked in Athens; yet both his numerous peculiarities of style and his name seem to denote a foreign origin.

It is but natural that so peculiar and interesting an artist should have excited curiosity to trace his origin and influence, and the wish to enrich the scanty stock of his work which we possess, by unsigned vases that may be attributed to him.
Antiochus III and his Title ‘Great-King’
Authors: Bevan E. R.
Published: May 2006

It is not generally realized that to speak of Antiochus III—the Antiochus who makes a figure in Roman History—as Antiochus the Great is strictly speaking incorrect, although, as a popular form of speech, it goes back to the time of Polybius, and is even found on some monuments. Other monuments give us the form which is obviously the more correct, the official, form. The Seleucid kings had, it is well known, official surnames. We find them on their coins or in inscriptions along with their title Βασιλεύς The three elements of their designation have their regular order—title, personal name, surname, e.g.Βασιλεύς Σέλευκος Φιλοπάτωρ But in the case of Antiochus III the inscriptions of most authority, which give his designation in full, have notΒασιλεὺς ᾿Αντίοχς Μέγας That is to say, Μέγας is not really a surname at all: but Antiochus III is distinguished by a modification of his title: he is not simply ‘King’ but ‘Great-King.’ The popular form is especially misleading to us who have the way of calling kings the Great to imply vaguely some sort of personal preeminence, as when we speak of Alfred the Great, Frederick the Great, &c. The title ‘Great-King’ has quite a definite significance.
Some Observations on the Persian Wars. 2. The Campaign of Xerxes
Authors: Munro J. A. R.
Published: May 2006

The defeat at Marathon made it doubly necessary for the Persian government to undertake the subjugation of the Greeks across the sea. If there was ever to be peace on the Aegean that ‘Majuba’ must be ‘wiped off the slate.’

This time there was to be no mistake. The expedition was long and carefully prepared, and was planned on an enormous scale. The number of Xerxes' host cannot indeed be demonstrated, but it may be estimated with some probability, and the historian is bound to attempt an estimate. No sane critic could accept the millions of Herodotus. Nor would many now be found to admit the 700,000 or 800,000 given with or without garniture by Isocrates, Ctesias, and the later authors who mostly depend upon Ephorus. These figures seem to have been deduced from Herodotus. In iv. 87, the land forces led by Darius against the Scyths are said to have numbered 700,000, and it is implied that they were the full levy of the entire empire. In viii. 100 and 113, Mardonius is to be left with 300,000, while Xerxes goes home with the larger part of the army (cf. Thuc. i. 73). In vii. 20, Xerxes' host is larger than that of Darius or any other on record.
Archaeology in Greece, 1895–6. I. General
Authors: Pharmakovsky B.
Published: May 2006

The past year has not been productive of any momentous discovery, excepting only the bronze statue at Delphi, which will be described more fully in its own place; but a great amount of useful work has been done in various directions, and, indeed, the great variety of what has been achieved may be regarded as the characteristic feature of the year.

In Athens, the excavations in the neighbourhood of the Pnyx and the Areopagus have reached their third season. In the later months of 1894 the entire shrine which Dörpfeld identifies as that of Dionysos was laid bare, with its temple, altar, and wine-press. The archaic structure seems to have been in existence down to late Greek times, when its site was covered by a building which is identified by an inscription as the assembly house of the Iobacchi. From the different methods of construction which can be traced in the walls, it would seem that this building must have stood for a long period; the base of the altar, belonging to the earlier stage, is fairly well preserved; it consisted of a table supported on four slender columns, replaced later by four larger supports; at one side on the step are sinkings for two stelæ; Dörpfeld points out that according to Demosthenes (?) (Neaera, 76) the oath which the Gerairai had to swear at the sacred marriage of the Basilinna in the Anthesteria was inscribed on a stelè set up an expression which suits the proposed identification.
Antique Rings Pierced With Gold Nails
Authors: Marshall F. H.
Published: May 2006

Among the silver rings in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum are seven which have a stud or nail of gold driven through the bezel. The intaglio designs on these rings are as follows:—

(1) Two sphinxes confronted. (2) Ox-head and bird placed opposite one another on oblong bezel. (3) Recumbent lion to r. looking back over its shoulder. Cf. Furtwängler, Besehreibung der geschn. Steine im Antiq., No. 152. These three designs are archaic in style. (4) Woman seated to r., holding out dove on 1. hand. Cf. a coin of Eryx (Gardner, Types of Greek Coins, PI. VI. 3). On the ring a wreath takes the place of the standing Eros. (5) Design similar to last, but in reverse direction; no wreath.

The last two rings are of good style, but poor execution (4th—3rd cent. B.C.). (6) Very much worn; a female figure can be made out. (7) A very curious design, which I am unable to explain. A jackal's head surmounts a vaselike object. Before the head is a curved, behind, a straight handle (?).
A Fourth Century Head in Central Museum, Athens
Authors: Benson E. F.
Published: May 2006

There is among the fourth century works in the Central Museum at Athens a head found at Laurium. It is made of Parian marble but it has been completely discoloured by slag or refuse from the lead mines, and is now quite black. In its present condition it is quite impossible to obtain a satisfactory photograph of it, and the reproduction given of it in the figure is from a cast.

It has been published, as far as I am aware, only in M. Kavvadias' catalogue. There it is described as a head of the Lykeian Apollo. This identification rests solely on a passage of Lucian, who mentions a statue of the Lykeian Apollo in the gymnasium at Athens.

He says of it ( 7)—

It will be seen from a glance at the photograph that the grounds for this identification are very slender. The left hand with the bow does not exist, and the only reason for supposing therefore that this is a head of the Lykeian Apollo consists in the fact that the right hand of the statue rests on the head. This in itself seems insufficient and, among other reasons, it is I think rendered impossible by the phrase For the hand is not idly resting, it is not a tired hand; the posture of the fingers is firm and energetic.
Note on the Coinage of the Ionian Revolt
Authors: Gardner P.
Published: May 2006

When I wrote my paper on this coinage which was published in this Journal (1911, pp. 151–160) I was unaware that a find of coins had then recently taken place at Vourla (Clazomenae), which at once added to our knowledge of the coins of the Revolt, and confirmed my attribution of them. This find has been published in the Revue Numismatique (1911, p. 60), by M. R. Jameson, who being unacquainted with my previous paper published in the Proceedings of the British Academy for 1908 (vol. iii. pp. 119–122) came independently to the same conclusions as myself and gave the find to the time of the Ionian Revolt. Such support as that of M. Jameson greatly strengthens my position.
Theseus, Sinis, and the Isthmian Games
Authors: Tillyard E. M. W.
Published: May 2006

There are in the Hope Collection two vases, which may help towards an explanation of the well-known myth of Theseus and Sinis. They are both known from publications of about a hundred years back, but have for a long period been lost sight of. By the kindness of the owners I am able to bring them once more to light.

The scene from the side of one of them was published by Millin in his Peintures de Vases Antiques. It shows in the middle a tree growing from a small rise of ground. To the left of it stands Sinis, naked and bearded. He has pulled down a branch. To the right is Theseus, a young man in travelling costume, wearing a sword and carrying two spears. He has pulled down a larger branch. On the extreme left is a draped bearded man holding a sceptre. Millin writes, ‘le vase est aujourd'hui en Angleterre: il appartient à M. Edouard.’ By ‘M. Edouard’ he must mean J. Edwards, whose collection was dispersed in 1815, when the vase probably came directly into the hands of Thomas Hope. Millin's drawing is so incorrect and his description so scanty (he does not even indicate the shape) that a republication is necessary.
Theseus and the Robber Sciron
Authors: Roberts D. G.
Published: May 2006

The writer of the Golden Bough, Dr. Frazer, has most ably interpreted the inner meaning of the strange ritual in the grove of Diana Nemorensis near Aricia, with reference to primitive folk ideas about the deity who governs vegetation and human life. It seems possible to apply the main principle also to a part of the legend of Theseus. In some ways Theseus seems to be purely a mythological figure, to whom an historical place is assigned at the close of the Minoan supremacy, judging by the story of the ring. To him various myths after the type of the labours of Heracles have been attached, some purely invented to give him prominence, others based entirely on ritualistic elements. One of these—the myth of Sinis—has already been explained in the latter way by Dr. Farnell.
Panathenaic Amphorae
Authors: Gardiner E. Norman
Published: May 2006

In the Museo Civico at Bologna there are two Panathenaic amphorae which are not mentioned by Georg von Brauchitsch in his recently published work on these vases. One of them is of considerable interest and importance. I am enabled to publish them by the kindness of the Director, Prof. Ghirardini, who not only obtained for me the photographs here reproduced in line (Pl. IV) but also sent me a copy of the description of them contained in a forthcoming work by Pellegrini: Catalogo dei vasi greci dipinti delle Necropoli Felsinee. I propose also to examine briefly the evidence for certain assumptions which are commonly accepted without question and which seem to me entirely to vitiate many of the theories proposed by von Brauchitsch. Questions with regard to these vases are so frequently arising that these theories should not be allowed to pass uncriticised.
Lives of Homer. I
Authors: Allen T. W.
Published: May 2006

I shall not do injustice to the learning of my readers if I imagine that the lives of Homer are not their usual reading, their livre de chevet. They are seldom opened nowadays, unless some wandering folklorist plunders them for an Εἰρεσιώνη or a Κάμινος. Once they were part of the arsenal of learning. The editors of Homer from Chalcondylas to Ernesti printed them at the head of the poet, and herein only followed the Byzantine use. The Eastern Empire had the habit of amassing a considerable quantity of erudition—grammatical, metrical, exegetical, and also biographical—believed necessary for the comprehension of Homer, and arranging it at the beginning of a copy of the poems. Whether the later classical ages also had this habit we cannot tell, for no papyrus has been found to present the beginning of the Iliad or the Odyssey. It was in any case the latest period of classicism which so consulted the ease of a reader as to include his commentary with his author. The handbook existed, in post-Augustan days, but separately. Scholia of any compass have so far not been found in MSS. earlier than the minuscule era, and their origin appears to coincide very nearly with the act which marked the world's second childhood, the closing of the schools by Justinian.
The Greek Warship
Authors: Tarn W. W.
Published: May 2006

The controversy as to the arrangement of the oars in ancient warships has been, in one aspect and with the due exceptions, a controversy between the scholars and the sailors, in which, while the sailors cannot well be wrong on their own ground, the same impossibility hardly applies to their opponents. When the practical seaman points out that superposed banks of oars, in the accepted sense, are a frank impossibility, it is hardly a conclusive reply to tell him that his acquaintance with the authorities leaves something to be desired. It follows, that for anyone who, like the present writer, is convinced that the sailors are right, the real interest of the question is this: does the evidence compel me, or even invite me, to believe in a practical impossibility? If it does, the fact obviously has a very real bearing on the question of the degree of credibility to be attached to ancient history generally; and this seems to me to be the true importance of what has become known as the ‘trireme-problem.’ The object of this paper is simply to examine evidence, and to try to ascertain primarily what quinqueremes and triremes were not, with a view to clearing the ground: the period to be considered ends in effect with Actium, which closes an epoch in naval warfare.
The Vaulting System of Ukheidar
Authors: Bell Gertrude Lowthian
Published: May 2006

The vaulting system of a Persian palace may seem to be a subject remote from the province of the Hellenic Society. It is not perhaps so remote as it appears. The history of Hellenistic art is closely interwoven with the problems of the Orient, and all evidence is welcome which will help to elucidate a period so obscure, yet of so far-reaching an influence, as that which saw the fusion of Greece with the East after the conquests of Alexander. From the age of the Diadochi the arts emerged profoundly modified. To instance architecture alone, we find the builders in the Greek coast-lands preoccupied with Asiatic structural methods, bringing forth new solutions, modifying, with their quick sense of proportion and of beauty, ancient oriental themes, and giving back to inner Asia as much as they had derived from her. Not one of the great cities of the Diadochi in Mesopotamia or Syria has yet been excavated, and the importance of such fragmentary knowledge of the succeeding civilizations as can be gathered together lies in the fact that they indicate the changes that had taken place during a time of rapid development about which we have no direct information. In this development Greece and Asia bore an equal part, and the lines of interaction are everywhere to be traced. I am not, however, concerned here to disentangle these complex questions, but merely to furnish a few more details that bear upon their oriental aspect.
The Boston Counterpart of the Ludovisi Throne
Authors: Norton Richard
Published: May 2006

In the last volume of this Journal is an article by Professor E. A. Gardner entitled ‘The Boston Counterpart of the “Ludovisi Throne.”’ In the following pages I wish to make clear that had Professor Gardner been more familiar with the marble itself of which he wrote, and had he not based his criticism mainly upon a study of photographs and casts, he could hardly hold the very poor opinion of it which he expresses. His article is difficult to answer point by point because statements of personal feeling are largely mingled with others of fact or assumed fact; aesthetic criticism is interspersed with archaeological statement, and both, I believe it can be shown, with some misunderstanding and error. The article really refutes itself by proposing several alternative origins for the ‘Throne.’ Such a criticism is worth but little, if the criteria for detecting a forgery are so uncertain that the critic is not sure whether they prove the object Neo-Attic or modern.
Pylos and Sphacteria
Authors: Burrows Ronald M.
Published: May 2006

Grateful as we must all be to Mr. Compton and Mr. Awdry for their adventurous climb, which to my mind has finally settled the path that the Messenians took to reach the foot of the gorge or gully, we have probably been puzzled by some of their incidental remarks. I feel the less reluctance in commenting on them that most of my criticisms would, by their kindness, have been embodied in the article itself, had I not been absent in Greece at the time it was being written.

In the first place what they call the ‘notch’ is what Dr. Grundy and I both call the ‘hollow.’ The word hollow was kept by Messrs. Lindsay, Bosanquet, and Crowfoot, and there is no reason, I understand, for the change except inadvertence. It is more serious, however, that the part played by this hollow in the last struggle of the Spartans is misconceived.
An Inscription from Side
Authors: Vincent Hugues
Published: May 2006

The Editors have received the following note from R. P. Hugues Vincent, of the École biblique et archéologique St. Étienne, Jerusalem:—

L'inscription grecque de Side est du plus haut intérêt archéologique; cela n'a pas échappé à M. v. Buren. Son commentaire très concis appellerait beaucoup de développements et peut-être ici ou là une réserve—par exemple dans l'équivalence ϕροντιστής = ἀρχισυνάγωγος. Ce n'est pas le lieu d'aborder cela ici. Je veux seulement vous signaler une hypothèse séduisante pour restituer le début du texte qui sera ainsi tout à fait complet.
Stray Notes on the Persian Wars
Authors: Caspari M. O. B.
Published: May 2006

The scope of the present article is restricted to a few disconnected points concerning the Great Persian War, and its edges have been carefully left untrimmed. Recent publication on the same subject has been so voluminous as to impose conciseness upon future writers; and the success with which many outstanding problems have latterly been discussed, notably by English scholars, leaves a comparatively narrow field for future research. Yet it may be of interest to revert to particular topics which invite renewed consideration, and to reaffirm certain conclusions which appear to be falling into undeserved disrepute.
Some Archaic Gold Ornaments with representations of Sphinxes and Sirens
Authors: Marshall F. H.
Published: May 2006

1. In a recent description of an archaic Etruscan fibula here reproduced in natural size (Fig. 1), I regret that I failed to note certain interesting details with regard to the Sphinxes. The fibula is of pale gold, of a type peculiar to early Etruscan jewellery. It consists of two parts, each composed of four tubes ending in double female heads. In one case the outer tubes are furnished with long gold pins which fit into the hollow tubes corresponding to them in the other half of the fibula. There can be no doubt that these safety-pins were used for fastening a garment on the shoulder. The two halves were locked together by means of hooks and eyes soldered to rectangular plates hinged to the main body of the fibula. The tubes were also connected together by similar plates. The present fibula, which may be dated to the seventh century B.C., is said to have been found in the Roman Campagna. Upon the four rectangular plates already mentioned are seated sixteen Sphinxes in the round, four upon each plate. The eight Sphinxes on the outer plates are composed of the figure of a seated lion, with the head of a woman substituted for a wing.
Alexander's ὑπομνήματα and the ‘World-Kingdom’
Authors: Tarn W. W.
Published: May 2006

So far as authority goes, Kaerst founded his theory of Alexander's worldkingdom on two passages in Diodorus and on nothing else. The first, 17, 93, 4, alludes to Ammon having conceded to Alexander the power over the whole world, τὴν ἁπάσης τῆς γῆς γῆς ἐξουσίαν the reference is to 17, 51, 2, where Alexander says to the priest of Ammon, εἶπέ μοι εἴ μοι δίδως τὴνἁπάσης <τῆς> γῆς ἄρχην and the priest replies that the god grants this. The second passage is 18, 4, 4, the story of Alexander's supposed plan to conquer Carthage, etc., and go to the Pillars, from his alleged ὑπομνήματα Every one will agree with Kaerst when he says that the political information in the Arrian tradition is imperfect, and that it is very desirable to supplement it; but the real question, which has to be faced, is, are we in a position to supplement it? It is no good using unsound material as a supplement; it is better to say we do not know, if it comes to that. My object here is to examine the Diodorus passages and see what kind of material they offer.
A Forgotten Epigraphist
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

Mr. C. T Onions, Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, has generously allowed me to examine a manuscript collection of inscriptions recently acquired by him and to publish such account of it as may be of interest to epigraphists. I gratefully avail myself of his kind permission.

The collection is contained in a book measuring 12½ × 7 × 1 ins., roughly bound and covered with white vellum. On the front is written ‘Inscriptions collected by Thos Blackburne Esqr,’ and on the back of the cover ‘Foreign Inscrips. Thos Blackburne.’ The book contains inety-six folios, unnumbered, the first of which bears the title

The verso of the great majority of the folios is left blank, though occasionally, where the page was too narrow to contain an inscription, the copy extends over the verso of one folio and the recto of the next. Folios 79 and 96 are left entirely blank.

Of the collector I can learn nothing. To judge by the British Museum and the Bodleian Library Catalogues, he published no account of his travels and observations. It seems to me, however, not improbable that he may be the same Thomas Blackburne who, in 1775, published at Edinburgh (Apud Balfour et Smellie, Academiae Typographos) as a doctoral dissertation a work entitled Dissertatio de medici institutis.
Cleosteatus and his Work
Authors: Webb E. J.
Published: May 2006

Dr. Fotheringham, in the Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. XLV (1925) has written a rejoinder to a criticism which I made six years ago in the same Journal (XLI, pp. 70–85) on his earlier article, ‘Cleostratus of Tenedos’ (1919). In this second paper Dr. Fotheringham very handsomely admits that he has been converted, not indeed so far as to embrace the—somewhat negative—views which my article expressed, but as to admit the error of at least one theory which he had himself rather confidently advanced. If I return to the controversy it is because the entire conversion of Dr. Fotheringham, whose services to the study of ancient astronomy no one values more highly than I, would be an event, in my opinion, of real importance to that neglected branch of archaeology. Moreover, now that Cleostratus has, by Dr. Fotheringham's aid, been brought back on to the historic stage, I cannot but think it hard that he should be obliged to pose thereon in the Babylonian garments with which Dr. Fotheringham insists on investing him.
‘The Ring of Nestor’: A Glimpse into the Minoan After-World and A Sepulchral Treasure of Gold Signet-Rings and Bead-Seals from Thisbê, Boeotia
Authors: Evans Arthur
Published: May 2006

The first subject of the present communication is a truly royal treasure of gold rings and of bead-seals in the same metal found in a Mycenaean rock tomb near the site of Thisbê in Boeotia. The find was made in 1915, at a time when war conditions diverted the course of discovery from official channels, and a fortunate chain of circumstances now enables me not only to describe but to exhibit to the Society the whole hoard. Under the circumstances it is impossible without a breach of confidence to give all the details, but, from what I have been able to ascertain, the discovery was made by a peasant in a chamber-tomb excavated in the rock, by the village of Dombrena. Near this spot, about a quarter of an hour N.W. of Kakosi, on the Akropolis height of Thisbê, Mr. W. A. Heurtley, of the British School at Athens, kindly informs me that he was shown, in an olive grove, three chamber-tombs with dromoi. He adds, ‘The old man who showed me had dug one completely and found a dagger and vases and some sherds, all of which he had lost.’ Mr. Heurtley adds, however, that, from a drawing that the old man made of one of the vases, it is clear that it was a stirrup-vase of late type.

Other objects that I myself was able either to see or secure, found in the same group of tombs, but not authenticated as coming from the chamber containing the treasure, were bronze spear-heads and a short sword with the flange running round the extremity of the hilt, belonging to a very late Mycenaean type. A bronze razor also occurred of an advanced form and, of still later date presumably, a small perforated double-axe head of iron. There were also found a whole set of perforated glass-paste objects with holes below for the attachment of pendant gold disks which Mr. Wace has now conclusively shown to belong to necklaces. The particular type found, as well as certain paste pendants with reliefs covered with gold foil, belongs to the date of the Dimini jewels, or early L.M. III. b, in Minoan terms. There is no difficulty in ascribing the radiated glazed clay beads (Fig. 1, a) and the bugle bead of kyanos blue paste (Fig. 1, d), as well as the plated faience plaques with groups of palms in relief (Fig. 1, k), to the same epoch.
Cleostratus (III)
Authors: Fotheringham J. K.
Published: May 2006

In the Journal of Hellenic Studies, xli. (1921), pp. 70–85, Mr. Webb has written a merry paper, dealing with a paper on Cleostratus which I contributed to the same Journal, xxxix. (1919), pp. 164–184. After reading Mr. Webb's paper, I saw at once that my theory as to the meaning of the word ‘prima’ in Pliny, Nat. Hist., ii. 8(6), 30, and the word πρῶτα in the phrase πρῶτα σημεῖα in Cleostratus was no longer tenable. But, while withdrawing my own views on the subject, I am unfortunately unable to adopt Mr. Webb's. On all other points of importance I adhere to the opinions expressed in my paper.

The question of widest interest on which we differ is that of the source from which Cleostratus derived the zodiacal signs and the octaeteris. In my opinion Babylon was the source in both cases. Mr. Webb differs from me on both points.

That our signs of the zodiac were in common use in Babylon long before the time of Cleostratus is beyond question. Dr. Langdon has drawn my attention to several Babylonian and Assyrian lists of these signs. Of these, the one that corresponds most closely with our list is certainly not later than the eighth century before Christ. It is found on an Ashur text, and, although the extant copy belongs to the Persian period, an imperfect duplicate which belonged to the library of Ashur-bani-pal proves its antiquity. The list runs as follows:—Bull of heaven, Twins, Crab, Lion, Ear of Corn, Scales, Scorpion, Archer, Goat-fish, Waterman, Canal, Hireling. Pisces, here represented as a Canal, is in many other texts the Fish constellation.
A Note on J.H.S., XLV. p. 78
Authors: Smith S.
Published: May 2006

The Arguments In favour of the Babylonian origin of the zodiacal signs are even stronger than is stated by Dr. Fotheringham. He says: ‘In our zodiac the place of the Ear of Corn is taken by the Virgin holding the ear of corn. As the Babylonians connected this ear of corn with the goddess Ishtar, the process from the ear to the virgin holding the ear is not very great.’ But (kakkab) Eŝŝim (a word which means ‘ear of corn’ according to Landsberger, Der kultische Kalender der Babylonier und Assyrer, 9–10) is actually represented on a Babylonian tablet as a virgin holding the ear (see Thureau-Dangin in Revue d'Assyriologie, xvi. p. 135). There was not therefore any change in the conception.
Telokles and the Athenian Archons of 288/7–262/1 B.C.
Authors: Tarn W. W.
Published: May 2006

The object of this article is to examine the latest arrangement of the Athenian archons of this period, made by Dr. A. C. Johnson. Johnson's studies in third-century chronology begin earlier than 288/7 and extend far beyond 262/1, and embrace Delphi as well as Athens; but the period here examined is obscure and difficult, and can be treated by itself, since everyone agrees that there was a break in the secretary rotation in or following 262/1. Recognising that I have proved the absolute impossibility of placing Diokles (the fall of Demetrios) anywhere but in 288/7, and taking this therefore as a starting-point, Johnson has constructed an archon list with an unbroken secretary rotation from 288/7 to 262/1, which exhibits various new features and furnishes a number of facts which were new when put forward; some of these are permanent acquisitions.
Icarus
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: May 2006

Till quite recently, only one vase was known with a picture of Icarus. The publication of the black-figure fragments from the Acropolis added a second. I am putting a third to these, possibly a fourth and even a fifth.

And Daedalus? He appears on two of the Icarus vases and on one of the possibles. And Hauser has tried to show that the builder on a Laconian cup from Samos is Daedalus constructing the labyrinth. Hauser may perhaps be right; but that the winged figure on a vase in the Louvre is meant for Daedalus, I do not find it so easy as others find it to believe.

This vase is a black-figured kotyle of the sixth century, probably still the first half; it is reported to have been found at Tanagra; the style is a provincial travesty of Attic, and the fabric no doubt Boeotian. On one side, Theseus and the Minotaur: on the other, a helmeted horseman at the gallop, and behind him, in the air, a winged male, bearded and dressed in a short chiton, flying in the same direction.
The Herbal in Antiquity and its Transmission to later Ages
Authors: Singer Charles
Published: May 2006

§ 1.Introduction.—AHerbalis a collection of descriptions of plants put together for medical purposes. Most herbal remedies are quite devoid of any rational basis. It may be taken for granted that the writer of a herbal is unable to treat evidence on a scientific basis. He makes a ‘direct attack’ on disease, without any ‘nonsense about theories.’ The herbal is thus to be distinguished from the scientific botanical treatise by the fact that its aims are exclusively ‘practical’—a vague and foolish word with which, from the days of Plato to our own, men have sought to conceal from themselves and from others their destitution of anything in the nature of general ideas.

A herbal is, moreover, to be distinguished from most other medical works not only in method but also in form. Its arrangement is under remedies rather than under diseases or conditions to be treated. A herbal is, in fact, primarily a descriptive drug-list or, as we now call it, apharmacopoeia. Pharmacopoeias include a number of substances that cannot be classed as of vegetable origin. Nevertheless, in many ancient as in most modern medical systems, there has been a tendency for remedies to be of a herbal nature. The pharmacopoeias of the Greco-Roman world thus tended to approximate to the nature of herbals.
An Attic Dinos in the British Museum
Authors: Iliffe J. H.
Published: May 2006

B.M. B46. The catalogue describes this vase thus:—

Acquired 1867: Blacas Coll. Dinos. Ht. 13 in. Diam. 12½ in. Slightly restored, imperfectly fired. Around rim, chain of lotus and buds; on shoulder, tongue-pattern. Two friezes: above, banquet scene, of seven couches, on each of which two male banqueters; between the two end couches, group of five servants, in attendance on the banqueters; below, animal frieze. Beneath this a broad zone of black, and on bottom, polypus pattern.

The principal scene shows a series of seven couches, on each of which recline two bearded male figures, facing to 1.; seven of them wear wreaths. Alongside each couch stands a table, bearing viands for the banquet. From 1. to r., the first, fourth, sixth, tenth and thirteenth hold out phialae in varying attitudes; the third, eleventh and fourteenth hold out kerata, in the act of drinking, or to have them refilled, while the seventh and eighth also have each a keras; the fifth holds out a kantharos; the twelfth raises an apparently empty r. hand; the second also raises his r. hand, but the object he holds is hidden by the first figure; the ninth plays the double flute.