bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorescent Bodipy Sensor for Trace Detection of Nerve Agents Simulant via
Supramolecular Approach
Authors: Santonocito Rossella , Cavallaro Alessia , Puglisi Roberta , Intravaia Manuelamaria , Toscano Rosa Maria , Pappalardo Andrea , Sfrazzetto Giuseppe Trusso
Published: August 2023

The use of organophosphorus (OP) Nerve Agents (NAs) as chemical weapons still
represents a real danger for the safety of population threaten by conflicts or terrorist attacks. A
fast and easy-to-use detection of this hazardous gases could make the difference in emergency
state. Specifically, the possibility to develop a detection system involving an easily accessible
tool, such as a smartphone, is the driving force of the current research work. Due to the great
advantages related to the optical sensing, we here report two new BODIPY-based fluorescent
receptors for Dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) NA simulant, with one of the lowest
limit of detection. A solid sensor was then developed able to give an OFF/ON response to low
ppm concentration of DMMP gas, by using a common smartphone camera with an integrated
open-source processing software.
In Silico and In vitro Analysis of Phenolic Acids for Identification of
Potential DHFR Inhibitors as Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents
Authors: Sehrawat Renu , Rathee Priyanka , Rathee Pooja , Khatkar Sarita , Küpeli Akkol Esra , Khatkar Anurag
Published: August 2023

Background:

DHFR is an indispensable enzyme required for the survival of almost all prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells, making it an attractive molecular target for drug design.

Objective:

In this study, a combined in silico and in vitro approach was utilized to screen out potential
anticancer and antimicrobial agents by using DHFR PDB ID 2W9S (for antimicrobial) and 1U72 (for
anticancer).

Methods:

Computational work was performed using Maestro Schrodinger Glide software. The DHFR
inhibitory activity of the selected compounds was assessed using the DHFR test kit (CS0340-Sigma-
Aldrich).

Results:

Exhaustive analysis of in-silico results revealed that some natural phenolic acids have a good
docking score when compared to standards, i.e., trimethoprim and methotrexate, and have astonishing
interactions with crucial amino acid residues available in the binding pocket of DHFR, such as Phe 92,
Asp 27, Ser 49, Asn 18, and Tyr 98. In particular, digallic acid and chlorogenic acid have amazing interactions
with docking scores of -9.9 kcal/mol and -9.6 kcal/mol, respectively, for the targeted protein
2W9S. Docking scores of -10.3 kcal/mol and -10.2 kcal/mol, respectively, for targeted protein 1U72.
The best hits were then tested in vitro to evaluate the DHFR inhibitory activity of the compounds.
DHFR inhibition activity results are in correlation with molecular docking results.

Conclusion:

In silico and in vitro results confirmed the good binding and inhibitory activity of some
phenolic acids to the modeled target proteins. Among all the studied natural phenolic acids, chlorogenic
acid, digallic acid, and rosmarinic acid appeared to be the most potential leads for future chemical
alteration. This study can provide significant speculative guidance for the design and development
of potent DHFR inhibitors in the future by using these compounds as leads.
DNA Methyltransferase 3A: A Significant Target for the Discovery of Inhibitors
as Potent Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Feng Qixun , Duan Honggao , Zhou Xinglong , Wang Yuning , Zhang Jinda , Zhang Haoge , Chen Guoliang , Bao Xuefei
Published: August 2023

DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) is a conserved family of Cytosine methylases, which
plays a crucial role in the regulation of Epigenetics. They have been considered promising therapeutic
targets for cancer. Among the DNMT family, mutations in the DNMT3A subtype are particularly important
in hematologic malignancies. The development of specific DNMT3A subtype inhibitors to
validate the therapeutic potential of DNMT3A in certain diseases is a significant task. In this review,
we summarized the small molecule inhibitors of DNMT3A discovered in recent years and their inhibitory
activities, and classified them based on their inhibitory mechanisms.
A New Hope in Alzheimer's Disease Psychosis: Pimavanserin
Authors: Kurhan Faruk , Akın Mustafa
Published: August 2023

Alzheimer's disease (AD) ranks first among the causes of dementia worldwide. AD can
develop a psychotic manifest at a significant rate. AD prognosis worsens by added psychosis clinic.
There is no treatment approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
among antipsychotics for Alzheimer’s disease Psychosis (ADP). However, pimavanserine, an atypical
antipsychotic, has been approved by the FDA for Parkinson's psychosis. It is predicted that pimavanserin,
a new antipsychotic, will fill an important gap in this area. In clinical trials, it appears
to be effective in the treatment of delusions and hallucinations at psychosis in both Parkinson's and
AD. In this systematic review, we evaluated the analysis of current literature data on pimavanserin
used in ADP. We searched the existing literature on clinical studies on pimavanserin therapy used
in ADP. Data were determined by systematically searching PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and
Google Scholar until December 2022. A total of 35 citations were found and uploaded on the Mendeley
program. Abstracts and full texts of literature data were examined. Pimavanserin was observed,
and satisfactory results were obtained in treating ADP. Pimavanserin has a unique mechanism
of action. Pimavanserin, an atypical antipsychotic drug, has a low affinity for 5-HT2C receptors
and has selective 5-HT2A reverse agonist/antagonist action. Pimavanserin has no clinically significant
affinity for dopaminergic, histaminergic, muscarinic or adrenergic receptors. This agent
may also achieve significant positive results in resistant psychosis treatments.
A Comprehensive Review on Current Treatments and Challenges
Involved in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Saman Saika , Srivastava Nimisha , Yasir Mohd , Chauhan Iti
Published: August 2023

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the second most common gynaecological malignancy. It typically
affects females over the age of 50, and since 75% of cases are only discovered at stage III or IV,
this is a sign of a poor diagnosis. Despite intraperitoneal chemotherapy's chemosensitivity, most patients
relapse and face death. Early detection is difficult, but treatment is also difficult due to the
route of administration, resistance to therapy with recurrence, and the need for precise cancer targeting
to minimize cytotoxicity and adverse effects.

:

On the other hand, undergoing debulking surgery becomes challenging, and therapy with many chemotherapeutic
medications has manifested resistance, a condition known as multidrug resistance
(MDR). Although there are other therapeutic options for ovarian cancer, this article solely focuses
on co-delivery techniques, which work via diverse pathways to overcome cancer cell resistance.
Different pathways contribute to MDR development in ovarian cancer; however, usually, pump
and non-pump mechanisms are involved. Striking cancerous cells from several angles is important
to defeat MDR. Nanocarriers are known to bypass the drug efflux pump found on cellular membranes
to hit the pump mechanism.

:

Nanocarriers aid in the treatment of ovarian cancer by enhancing the delivery of chemotherapeutic
drugs to the tumour sites through passive or active targeting, thereby reducing unfavorable side effects
on the healthy tissues. Additionally, the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) mechanism
boosts the bioavailability of the tumour site. To address the shortcomings of conventional delivery,
the current review attempts to explain the current conventional treatment with special reference
to passively and actively targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs) towards specific receptors developed
to treat ovarian cancer. In conclusion, tailored nanocarriers would optimize medication delivery
into the intracellular compartment before optimizing intra-tumour distribution. Other novel
treatment possibilities for ovarian cancer include tumour vaccines, gene therapy, targeting epigenetic
alteration, and biologically targeted compounds. These characteristics might enhance the therapeutic
efficacy.
Shugan Jiangzhi Decoction Alleviates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) via Regulating AMPK/PPAR Signaling Pathway
Authors: Chen Lijuan , Li Wen , Fu Yanli , Lei Yuhe , Xie Wenjian , Rong Suihua , Li Ning , Zhang Miaomiao , He Jiayi , Chen Yanfen , Wu Dinghong
Published: August 2023

Background:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the most common liver disease.
Shugan Jiangzhi Decoction (SJD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula which consists of six Chinese
herbs, has been used for treating hyperlipidemia, obesity, and fatty liver in Guangdong Provincial Hospital of
Traditional Chinese Medicine for over twenty years.

Objective:

This study aims to elucidate the chemical basis and the molecular mechanism of SJD against NAFLD.

Methods:

The main components of SJD were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Then the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD rat model was established. After treatment with different doses of
SJD, the body weight of rats was measured weekly. On the last day of the experiments, the hepatic morphology,
histopathology changes, and the serum lipid levels were detected. Then techniques of network pharmacology
were employed to predict the anti-NAFLD mechanism of SJD. At last, the expression levels of proteins were
measured by western blot to verify the mechanism.

Results:

Nine chemical constituents of SJD were identified from HPLC fingerprint spectrum. For the in vivo experiment,
NAFLD rat model was constructed successfully by feeding high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. The following
treatment with SJD for 6 weeks decreased the fatty droplet accumulation in the liver obviously. Meanwhile,
the serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) was increased, while the levels of lowdensity
lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
were decreased after SJD treatment (p < 0.05). The results of network pharmacology indicated that SJD might
improve NAFLD via regulating the AMPK/PPAR signaling pathway. Then, the western blot assay confirmed that
SJD activated the AMPK/PPAR signaling pathway in the liver of rats.

Conclusion:

SJD improves HFD-induced NAFLD in rats via AMPK/PPAR signaling pathway. Thus, our
study suggests that SJD can serve as a therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
The Gap in Knowledge about Tapering Targeted Therapy being used as
Monotherapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Meng Charis F. , Rajesh Diviya A. , Jannat-Khat Deanna P. , Jivanelli Bridget , Bykerk Vivian
Published: August 2023

Background:

Up to 30% of patients with RA are being treated with biologic (b)-disease
modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) as monotherapy. Monotherapy with Interleukin (IL)-6
inhibitors(i) and Janus-kinase (JAK)-i has been shown to be effective. Whether patients can taper
targeted therapy (bDMARDs and JAK-i) used as monotherapy (targeted monotherapy) is unknown.

Objective:

To determine the feasibility of tapering of targeted monotherapy in patients with controlled
RA.

Methods:

We conducted a literature search in Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library for prospective
studies reporting remission outcomes after tapering targeted monotherapy in RA patients, from
1/2014 - 8 /2021.

Results:

5 randomized studies which met our inclusion criteria, evaluating tapering of monotherapy
with tumor necrosis factor-inhibitors, tocilizumab, abatacept and baricitinib in RA. Studies were
heterogeneous. Three trials studied early RA. Three studies gradually tapered therapy, including 1
dose reduction study. Three studies tapered both biological and conventional-synthetic (cs)-DMARDs.
No study compared stopping targeted monotherapy to continuing it. Remission rates
were low 14-28% across all studies that stopped targeted monotherapy. The highest remission rate
of 72% was reported by the dose reduction study. Trials that studied early RA reported remission
rates after tapering ranging 27-72%. Trials tapering therapy in established RA reported rates of remission
from 14-20%.

Conclusion:

There is a crucial gap in published literature to inform on tapering targeted monotherapy
in patients with RA. Stopping targeted monotherapy is unlikely to maintain disease control in
RA. Dose reduction strategies and early treatment of disease may be associated with more successful
tapering, and warrant future study.
Current State and Future Perspective of Diabetic Wound Healing
Treatment: Present Evidence from Clinical Trials
Authors: Dwivedi Jyotsana , Sachan Pranjal , Wal Pranay , Wal Ankita , Rai A. K.
Published: August 2023

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition that is becoming more common and is characterised by sustained hyperglycaemia and long-term health effects. Diabetes-related wounds often heal slowly and are more susceptible to infection because of hyperglycaemia in the wound beds. The diabetic lesion becomes harder to heal after planktonic bacterial cells form biofilms. A potential approach is the creation of hydrogels with many functions. High priority is given to a variety of processes, such as antimicrobial, pro-angiogenesis, and general pro-healing. Diabetes problems include diabetic amputations or chronic wounds (DM). Chronic diabetes wounds that do not heal are often caused by low oxygen levels, increased reactive oxygen species, and impaired vascularization. Several types of hydrogels have been developed to get rid of contamination by pathogens; these hydrogels help to clean up the infection, reduce wound inflammation, and avoid necrosis. This review paper will focus on the most recent improvements and breakthroughs in antibacterial hydrogels for treating chronic wounds in people with diabetes. Prominent and significant side effects of diabetes mellitus include foot ulcers. Antioxidants, along with oxidative stress, are essential to promote the healing of diabetic wounds. Some of the problems that can come from a foot ulcer are neuropathic diabetes, ischemia, infection, inadequate glucose control, poor nutrition, also very high morbidity. Given the worrying rise in diabetes and, by extension, diabetic wounds, future treatments must focus on the rapid healing of diabetic wounds.
Severe and Prolonged Thrombocytopenia Following Heparin and Apixaban
Use: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Salimi Mehdi , Shahbazi Foroud
Published: August 2023

Drug-induced thrombocytopenia can occur in hospitalized patients and complicate their antithrombotic
treatment. Several medications can associate thrombocytopenia with immune and nonimmune
mechanisms. Thrombocytopenia can occur at any time from a few hours to months after a
new medication initiation. In this study, we have described the case of a female patient with acute-onchronic
kidney injury following a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent use, who developed catheterrelated
thrombosis and was treated with heparin without any complication for 5 days. She was discharged
after 5 days and prescribed to use apixaban 2.5 mg twice daily. However, she was readmitted
after 24 hours with fatigue, petechiae, and severe thrombocytopenia (7000/mm3). The workup was
negative for other reasons of thrombocytopenia. With a possible diagnosis of drug-related thrombocytopenia,
apixaban was discontinued. Following the treatment with the intravenous immunoglobulin,
her platelet counts increased and stabilized around 40-50,000/mm3. Anticoagulation was thus continued
with adjusted doses of rivaroxaban (10-15 mg/day). 17 days after apixaban discontinuation and
treatment with prednisolone, her platelet count increased to 108,000/mm3. With reference to this case,
a brief review on refractory heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and the association of direct oral anticoagulants
with thrombocytopenia is presented.
Juglone Mediates Inflammatory Bowel Disease Through Inhibition of
TLR-4/NF KappaB Pathway in Acetic Acid-induced Colitis in Rats
Authors: Alizadeh Nobakht Neda Agha , Lashgari Naser-Aldin , Momeni Roudsari Nazanin , Niknejad Amirhossein , Khayatan Danial , Tavakoli Saeed , Abdollahi Ali Reza , Esmaealzadeh Niusha , Momtaz Saeideh , Abdolghaffari Amir Hossein
Published: August 2023

Background:

Juglone is a phenolic bioactive compound with antimicrobial, anti
tumour, antioxidant, and anti inflammatory characteristics. Given its anti inflammatory and an-tioxidant effects, it was selected for evaluation in the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) model.

Objective:

The current study was performed to evaluate the therapeutic impacts of the juglone in acetic acid induced colitis in male Wistar rats.

Methods:

Juglone was extracted from Pterocarya fraxinifolia via maceration method. Colitis was induced in 36 male Wistar rats (n = 6), except in the sham group, 1 ml of acetic acid 4% was administered intrarectally. Twenty four hours after induction of colitis, in 3 groups, juglone was administered orally (gavage) at 3 doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg for 2 successive days (once a day). Other groups included the control group (only treated with acetic acid), sham group (nor-mal saline), and standard group (Dexamethasone). To evaluate the inflammation sites, macro-scopic and microscopic markers were assessed. The mRNA expression of interleukin ( 1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( α were assessed by real time PCR, while myeloperoxidase (MPO) was measured spectrophotometrically. ELISA assay kits were used to determine the colonic levels of SOD, ROS, NF κB, and TLR 4.

Results:

Results: Macroscopic and microscopic assessments revealed that juglone significantly decreased
colonic tissue damage and inflammation at 150 mg/kg. Juglone at 100, 150 mg/kg significantly
decreased the TNF-α, MPO, and TLR-4 levels, as well as the SOD activity. All juglone-treated
groups reduced the NF-κB levels compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The compound decreased
the IL-1β, and ROS levels at the concentration of 150 mg/kg. Juglone attenuated colitis
symptoms, reduced inflammation cytokines, declined neutrophil infiltration, and suppressed IL-
1β and TNF-α expressions in acetic acid-induced colitis rats. It may be proposed that juglone
improved colitis in animal model through suppression of inflammatory parameters and downregulation
of the NF-κB-TLR-4 pathway.

Conclusion:

Juglone exhibited anti inflammatory and antioxidant effects in the experimental colitis model and could be a therapeutic candidate for IBD. Juglone should be a subject for fur-ther animal and clinical trials in IBD models and for safety concerns.
Combination Therapy: A New Tool for the Management of Obesity
Authors: Prabhakar Pranav Kumar
Published: August 2023

Obesity is a chronic lifestyle issue with devastating results. Behavioral changes are one
of the initial lines of management strategies for obesity, but they are not very efficient management
strategies. Many people also use surgical intervention to maintain a healthy weight, now
considered to be the most common and effective obesity management. Chemically synthesized
medicines fill the gap between lifestyle interventions and minimally invasive surgical management
of obesity. The most common issue associated with monotherapy without side effects is its moderate
effectiveness and higher dose requirement. Combination therapy is already used for many serious
and complicated disease treatments and management and has shown efficacy as well. Generally,
we use two or more medicines with different mechanisms of action for a better effect. The
commonly used combination therapy for obesity management includes low-dose phentermine and
prolonged and slow-releasing mechanism topiramate; naltrexone, and bupropion. Phentermine
with inhibitors of Na-glucose cotransporter-2 or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists with
gastric hormone or Na-glucose cotransporter-2 are two more viable combo therapy. This combination
strategy aims to achieve success in bariatric surgery and the scientific community is working
in this direction.
Benefits of Mediterranean and Japanese Diets among Nurses: A Scoping Literature Review
Authors: Vitale Elsa
Published: August 2023

Introduction:

The present study aimed at all the benefits induced by taking the Mediterranean or Japanese diet among nurses and whether any beneficial differences in intakes between the two diets were considered.

Methods:

The author searched PubMed and Embase databases for medical subheadings terms and free full text referring to “Diet,” “Mediterranean,” “Japanese,” and “Nurses” before 31st December 2022.

Results:

A total of 14 studies were included in this scoping review, which better underlined all the benefits implicated in the Mediterranean or Japanese diets assumption and also if there were any differences between the two diets. These eating behaviors were exclusively investigated among nurses.

Conclusion:

The nursing profession has always been considered the most stressful healthcare activity. However, some important concerns in the regular lifestyle, such as eating and physical activity, might help to live better.
Intelligent Spraying Robot: Current Status and Future Perspectives from the Perspective of China
Authors: Yao Rongzheng , Xie Baocheng
Published: August 2023

Background:

Spraying, as an important part of industrial production, is a labor-intensive industry. Manual spraying is greatly influenced by the personal factors of the operators. Furthermore, there are some problems in this method, such as substandard environmental protection and unstable spraying quality. However, intelligent spraying robots can effectively improve the efficiency of spraying, safety, environmental protection, flexible production, and high-quality spraying and reduce labor requirements. Therefore, the development trend of intelligent spraying robots has received increasing attention.

Objective:

In order to solve the problem that manual spraying is harmful to workers and is inefficient, the joint-type and non-joint-type intelligent spraying robots are constantly improving.

Methods:

The patents of intelligent spraying robots are summarized. The structural characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of various intelligent spraying robots are introduced.

Results:

By investigating the patents of intelligent spraying robots, the main problems, such as poor manufacturing ability of high-end parts and insufficient software research and development, are summarized. In addition, the development trend of intelligent spraying robots is also discussed.

Conclusion:

The analysis shows that the intelligent spraying robot is an efficient and safe pioneering work. Compared with manual spraying, it has a very broad application prospect in various industrial spraying and is helpful to the development of the manufacturing industry.
Linguistic, Metalinguistic and Psychiatric Characteristics of
Children with Speech Sound Disorder
Authors: Amidfar Meysam
Published: August 2023

Comparing the linguistic and metalinguistic profiles in common developmental
speech and language disorders is important in advancing our understanding of their clinical
symptoms, as well as potentially informing the conceptual basis of novel interventions. The
purpose of the present review article is summarizing linguistic, metalinguistic and psychiatric
characteristics of children with speech sound disorder (SSD). Clinically and theoretically, it is
important that we can understand different error pattern uses among children with SSD only
and children with co-occurring SSD and language impairment (LI). Identifying differences in
error pattern use will help to discovering the underlying causes of the different types of patterns.
In comparison with children with SSD, children with co-occurring SSD and LI use certain
patterns more frequently that suggest more global linguistic deficits. The early identification
of children who are at risk for development of co-occurring SSD and LI as well as later
literacy problems needs to distinguish these patterns. Identification of speech error patterns and
their underlying cognitive-linguistic processing deficits will contribute to diagnosis of children
at risk of co-occurring SSD and LI and reading problems. Mounting studies have reported that
children with SSD, with and without language impairment have differences in phonological
processing, literacy skills, and speech production patterns. Children with both speech sound
and language disorders are likely to have more severe literacy problems than those with isolated
speech sound disorders. In addition, this paper focuses on the comorbidity between psychiatric
disorders specially attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and SSD.
Combination of Sodium Hyaluronate, Withania Somnifera Extract and
Niacinamide Improves Hydration and Skin Tone – A Clinical Study
Authors: Rastogi Rachna , Lima Galwin D , Gholap Anjali
Published: August 2023

Background:

Multiple moisturizing solutions with sodium hyaluronate, Withania sominifera, and niacinamide are commercially popular. Detailed clinical studies portraying their activity are not available.

Objective:

This study aims to study the clinical efficacy of a phyto-bioactive cream in improving skin hydration and tone with 4 weeks of continuous usage.

Methodology:

We conducted a non-comparative, single-blind study on 50 Asian female volunteers with Fitzpatrick skin types III and IV for 28 days. Cosmetic acceptability and safety of the product were established via self-evaluation questionnaires. The ability of the topical formulation in maintaining skin tone, hydration, and firmness was determined by instrumental analysis and smoothness by dermatologist evaluation.

Results:

A total of 46 subjects completed the study. High levels of skin hydration were noted instantaneously (+61.11%) and post continuous use of the product. Significant reduction in the appearance of age/dark spots (ITA°), Δ ITA°= 37.49% and increase in skin lightness (L) by 2.66% compared to baseline was observed in 4 weeks. More than 80% of the subjects reported an increase in skin firmness and smoothness in 4 weeks of twice-a-day product usage.

Conclusion:

Our study establishes the safety and acceptability of the phyto-bioactive cream. The efficiency of the combination of Withania somnifera extract, sodium hyaluronate, and niacinamide in improving skin hydration and tone has been proven.
Physical, Chemical and Biological Pre-treatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biorefinery Applications
Authors: Ranjan Amrita , Welz Pamela J.
Published: August 2023

The generation of energy from fossil fuels contributes significantly to global
warming. This may be mitigated by the use of renewable (bio-based) feedstocks.
Second generation biofuels made in biorefineries that utilize agricultural residues and
other lignocellulosic wastes as feedstocks reduce the dependency on food crops such as
sugar cane (for bioethanol) and oil seeds (for biodiesel). Pre-treatment of
lignocellulosic feedstocks is key for ensuring process efficiency from the substrate to
the product. There are many pre-treatment methods, and method selection is incumbent
on the type of feedstock and the downstream processes required to generate the final
product(s). Product yields can be increased by integrating two or three pre-treatment
methods. For example, by combining physical and/or chemical pre-treatment with
ultrasonication. The content of this chapter is focused on describing various pre-treatment methods that are used to break down and/or hydrolyse lignocellulosic
biomass. The discussion extends to both conventional and novel ‘green’ methods and
includes the advantages and disadvantages of each method type. Possible solutions for
overcoming some of these disadvantages are included.
Role of Sonication in the Upgradation of Heavy Crude Oil
Authors: Malani Ritesh S.
Published: August 2023

The increase in energy consumption throughout the globe with declining
global light-oil reserves necessitates the utilization of heavy crude oil reservoirs to
meet the demand. The processing of heavy crude oil in refineries creates extensive
loads on thermal and catalytic processes to upgrade them as well as to meet market
legislations. Heavy crude oil is rich in excess sulfur and other metals along with high
molecular hydrocarbons such as resins, waxes, asphaltenes, heavy aromatics, etc. The
separation of lighter hydrocarbon fractions is difficult as well as the processing of
vacuum residue also needs attention. The thermal processes break the heavy
hydrocarbons into smaller ones which later can be reformed or cracked using catalytic
processes. The catalytic processes cannot be employed directly as the impurities will
poison catalysts. Thermal processes such as vis-breaking, thermal cracking and coking
are highly energy intensive processes and mainly progress through free radical
mechanism. The application of ultrasound in the upgradation of heavy crude oil will
help in the reduction of energy requirements and load on these thermal processes. The
present chapter overviews ultrasound-assisted cavitation as an innovative method to
intensify the cracking of asphaltenes and other heavy hydrocarbon molecules existing
in the vacuum or atmospheric distillate residual.
Prevention of Protein Degradation Using Ensiling Coffee Husk
Authors: Wulandari Suci , Nurfitriani Rizki Amalia , Kusuma Satria Budi
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this research is to provide protein protective compounds during the ensiling process using local materials, namely coffee husk waste. The type of coffee used was robusta. Dry coffee husk (moisture <15%) was ground using a Wiley mill (2 mm sieve). The extraction of tannins from coffee husk waste was performed by the Soxhlation method using ethanol organic solvent (70%). The research involved four treatments and five replications, namely P0= elephant grass silage without tannins; P1= elephant grass silage with the mixture of 3g coffee husk tannins per 1kg fresh silage; P2= elephant grass silage with the mixture of 6g coffee husk tannins per 1kg fresh silage; and P3= elephant grass silage with the mixture of 9g coffee husk tannins per 1kg fresh silage. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed. The significantly different results were then tested using Duncan's Multiple Test (DMRT). In summary, the addition of coffee husk tannins with a dose of 9g per 1kg of fresh silage presented the best quality elephant grass silage.
Using Different-Level of Leucaena leucocephala Leaves in Concentrated Feeds to Increase Goat Farming Production
Authors: Marhaeniyanto Eko , Susanti Sri , Hidayati Asmah
Published: August 2023

The potential of Leucaena leucocephala leaves as a protein supplement needs to be optimized. This research aims to evaluate the use of 10 to 40% Leucaena leucocephala leaves with 15% of crude protein to increase the production of goat farming. A total of 16 male Etawa (Jamnapari) goats with an average weight of 28.20±3.79 kg. The researchers analyzed the data using the Randomized Group Design with four treatments and four groups based on the subject's body weight. Each goat obtained basal feeds ad libitum and the concentrated feeds with 15% crude protein corresponding to each treatment Leucaena leucocephala-based concentrate (named KL, consisting of KL10%, KL20%, KL30%, and KL40%), reaching 1% of Body Weight. The supplementation of Leucaena leucocephala leaves showed an insignificant response (P>0.05) over feed consumption, digestibility, and digested feed consumption yet significantly (P<0.05) affecting the increase of body weight and feed conversion. The ADG (Average Daily Gain) of all treatments are KL10% = 84.00±27.95 g/head/day; KL20% = 99.29±40.02 g/head/day; KL30% = 67.00±45.51 g/head/day; KL40% = 88.50±23.62 g/head/day. In conclusion, the supplementation of 20% Leucaena leucocephala leaves in the concentrate of 15% crude protein results in an ADG increase reaching 99.29±40.02 g/head/day.
Measurement of Efficiency Levels in Open House System Broiler Breeders in Malang Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Pakage Stepanus , Hartono Budi , Nugroho Bambang Ali , Iyai Deny Anjelus , Baaka Alnita , Murwanto Agustinus Gatot , Palulungan John Arnold , Warsono Irba Unggul , Widayati Trisiwi Wahyu , Widayati Isti , Nurhayati Dwi , Noviyanti Noviyanti , Arizona Rizky , Purwaningsih Purwaningsih , Suawa Elfira Kariane , Mu’in Muhammad Affan , Wajo Mohammad Jen , Randa Sangle Y , Woran Djonly
Published: August 2023

Broiler farming in Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia, has experienced rapid growth, significantly contributing to the regional economy. In this region, the open cage system is among the broiler cage systems that are commonly used. Therefore, this study aims to analyze 1) factors affecting growth, 2) factors causing technical inefficiency, and 3) technical, allocative, and economic efficiency. The results showed that factors such as day-old chicks (DOC), feed, and drugs positively affected broilers' development. However, there was a variation in the level of technical efficiency of 0.047 due to inefficient sources, which included the age of breeders, education level, work experience, number of family members, and employment status. Despite the variation in efficiency levels, the average breeder demonstrated high technical, allocative, and economic efficiency with values of 0.93, 0.99, and 0.92, respectively. This performance indicated that the average breeders had yet to reach peak efficiency but were categorized as high-efficiency. To further enhance productivity, broiler farming required additional DOC feed and adequate training for broiler breeders to maximize productivity and resource utilization. Based on these results, recommendations were made to provide loans to broiler farms with simple terms and conditions, specifically for purchasing DOC, feed, labor, medicines, and fuel.
Community Attitudes Towards Biosecurity in Animal Based Tourism
Authors: Sari Devi Yunita , Haryadi Fransiskus Trisakti , Wibowo Michael Haryadi , Andarwarti Siti , Suranindiyah Yustina Yuni
Published: August 2023

Biosecurity is an effort to protect livestock and reduce the risk of spreading diseases that have a negative impact on livestock. This study aims to measure the attitude of the public towards the application of biosecurity. We surveyed 100 tourists who visited Sato Loka, which is an animal-based tourist object, using a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and scoring. The results show that the travelers' attitudes for the cognitive, affective, and conative indicators were 92.9%, 92%, and 91%, respectively. These indicators are interrelated; cognitive indicators are related to knowledge, which is closely related to changes in one's attitude. The majority of tourists who visit are young tourists (17-25 years old). Young tourists have good cognitive abilities because they are able to absorb various information quickly so that it will influence their actions towards something. The study concludes that most tourists who visit Sato Loka have a very positive attitude towards the application of biosecurity, but there is still an attitude that needs to be enhanced further regarding the use of special footwear when entering the wildlife area in order to create a safe and comfortable tourist attraction, both for tourists and animal.
The Effect of Type of Roof on Heat Tolerance Coefficient and Milk Production in Friesian Holstein Crossbred Cows
Authors: Maylinda Sucik , Riskila F
Published: August 2023

The type of the roof is one of the factors affecting dairy production, especially in the tropics. Many physiological mechanisms are affected by air temperature and humidity which is affected by the type of roofs. The objectives of the research were to determine the effect of type of roofs that are asbestos-roofed and tile-roofed on Heat Tolerance Coefficient (HTC) and milk production in Holstein Friesian Crossbred (FHC) cows. The research was conducted in 18th August to 20th Septembre 2022 in the traditional farms in Pandesari village, Pujon District, Malang Regency. Material used was 25 FHC cows from 4 farmers that have tile-roofed stall and 22 cows from 4 farmers who had asbestos-roofed stall. Research method was a field study with purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using an unpaired t-test using Minitab software 17 version. Results showed that the type of roof had a significant effect (P<0.05) on body temperature and milk production of FHC cows, but had no significant effect (P>0.05) on respiratory rates and HTC of FHC cattle. The air temperature of the tile-roofed cage was 21.88 ± 3.18 oC with humidity of 84.94 ± 13.18%, while the air temperature of the asbestos-roofed cage was 22.21 ± 3.40 °C with humidity of 73.94 ± 9.46 %. The body temperature of the FHC cow in the asbestos-roofed cage was 38.62 ± 0.46 oC while in the tile-roofed cage it was 38.33 ± 0.30°C. The respiratory rates of cows in asbestos-roofed cages was 38.01 ± 5.23 times/minute while in tile-roofed cages it was 36.14 ± 6.00 times/minute. HTC of cows in the asbestos-roofed cage was 2.66 ± 0.24 while in the tile-roofed cage it was 2.57 ± 0.26. Daily milk production of FHC cows in asbestos-roofed pens was 9.06 ± 4.23 liters/day/head while in tile-roofed pens it was 12.47 ± 3.84 liters/day/head.
Mapping the Reproductive Support Capacity of Beef Cattle as an Effort to Intensify Rearing in the Baluran National Park Area
Authors: Rachmawati Achadiah , Indrati Rositawati , Kusumasti Anie Eka , Ambayoen Mas Ayu , Azizah Siti , Pangesti Leni Sri
Published: August 2023

Since the 1960s, or for four generations, farmers who live close to Baluran National Park have been grazing or raising beef cattle extensively illegally. Since there is not enough forage for beef cattle, their presence in the Baluran National Park area interferes with the preservation of wildlife. This is brought on by the shortage of forage. Farmers continue to use the traditional rearing method, which was self-taught and is not supported by systematic recording. As a result, there is a high risk of inbreeding, difficult calving, and disease contracting, particularly in cases of cattle collapses and outbreaks of FMD in even hoofed animals like cows. The absence of livestock extension staff in the region contributes to farmers' lack of understanding about reproduction, particularly estrus detection and illness prevention. The Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Service, Situbondo Regency, and the Community and Livestock Research Group (CLRG) Team of the Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, have worked together to aid in the form of Indigofera sp. seeds as forage for animal feed, forage processing technology into silage, the concept of communal pens (groups) for farmers, and facilitate the formation of the Lembu Brawijaya. Direct observation of beef cattle and interviews with farmers and Baluran National Park personnel will be the research methods employed in the project. The outcomes of this study can serve as a guide for figuring out the best course of action for increasing livestock productivity and intensive rearing. It is also expected that cattle will not grazed in the Baluran National Park area and restore its function as a biosphere conservation area. Farmers can monitor their cattle better when they raise them intensively, which is supported by systematic recording and disease prevention.
Building and Deploying a Classification Schema using Open Standards and Technology
Authors: Romein Christel Annemieke , Wagner Andreas , van Zundert Joris J.
Published: August 2023

This tutorial offers a full introduction to Building and Deploying a Classification schema using Open Standards and Technology. Beyond accessing the command line, no prior knowledge is assumed as all the steps are described in detail. However, the tutorial will take you through some more complex technical steps. In order to profit best from the example workflows of the last chapter, it is good if you have some idea of how to work with OpenRefine and/or to have a TEI Publisher server set up to play around with. With this tutorial, you ‑ the reader ‑ should gain an understanding of: ‑ what different classification schemes can contribute to your project, ‑ what to pay attention to when building a classification scheme, ‑ how to code the classification scheme (in SKOS), ‑ how to publish the classification scheme (on GitHub pages), ‑ what some possible scenarios of using classifications schemes in actual project workflows are.
HIV Prevention and Treatment Interventions for Black Men Who Have Sex With Men in Canada: Scoping Systematic Review
Authors: Demeke Jemal , Djiadeu Pascal , Yusuf Abban , Whitfield Darren Lovell , Lightfoot David , Worku Fiqir , Abu-Ba'are Gamji Rabiu , Mbuagbaw Lawrence , Giwa Sulaimon , Nelson LaRon E
Published: August 2023

Background

Black men who have sex with men (MSM) experience disproportionately high HIV incidence globally. A comprehensive, intersectional approach (race, gender, and sexuality or sexual behavior) in understanding the experiences of Black MSM in Canada along the HIV prevention and care continuums has yet to be explored.

Objective

This scoping review aims to examine the available evidence on the access, quality, gaps, facilitators, and barriers of engagement and identify interventions relevant to the HIV prevention and care continuum for Black MSM in Canada.

Methods

We conducted a systematic database search, in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist, of the available studies on HIV health experience and epidemiology concerning Black MSM living with or without HIV in Canada and were published after 1983 in either English or French. Searched databases include MEDLINE, Excerpta, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Cochrane Library, the NHUS Economic Development Database, Global Health, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. From the 3095 articles identified, 19 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed.

Results

Black MSM in Canada consistently report multiple forms of stigma and lack of community support contributing to an increased HIV burden. They experience discrimination based on their intersectional identities while accessing HIV preventative and treatment interventions. Available data demonstrate that Black MSM have higher HIV incidences than Black men who have sex with women (MSW) and White MSM, and low preexposure prophylaxis knowledge and HIV literacy. Black MSM experience significant disparities in HIV prevention and care knowledge, access, and use. Structural barriers, including anti-Black racism, homophobia, and xenophobia, are responsible for gaps in HIV prevention and care continuums, poor quality of care and linkage to HIV services, as well as a higher incidence of HIV.

Conclusions

Considering the lack of targeted interventions, there is a clear need for interventions that reduce HIV diagnoses among Black MSM, increase access and reduce structural barriers that significantly affect the ability of Black MSM to engage with HIV prevention and care, and address provider’s capacity for care and the structural barriers. These findings can inform future interventions, programming, and tools that may alleviate this HIV inequity.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043055
Mortality Risk and Burden From a Spectrum of Causes in Relation to Size-Fractionated Particulate Matters: Time Series Analysis
Authors: Yang Jun , Dong Hang , Yu Chao , Li Bixia , Lin Guozhen , Chen Sujuan , Cai Dongjie , Huang Lin , Wang Boguang , Li Mengmeng
Published: August 2023

Background

There is limited evidence regarding the adverse impact of particulate matters (PMs) on multiple body systems from both epidemiological and mechanistic studies. The association between size-fractionated PMs and mortality risk, as well as the burden of a whole spectrum of causes of death, remains poorly characterized.

Objective

We aimed to examine the wide range of susceptible diseases affected by different sizes of PMs. We also assessed the association between PMs with an aerodynamic diameter less than 1 µm (PM1), 2.5 µm (PM2.5), and 10 µm (PM10) and deaths from 36 causes in Guangzhou, China.

Methods

Daily data were obtained on cause-specific mortality, PMs, and meteorology from 2014 to 2016. A time-stratified case-crossover approach was applied to estimate the risk and burden of cause-specific mortality attributable to PMs after adjusting for potential confounding variables, such as long-term trend and seasonality, relative humidity, temperature, air pressure, and public holidays. Stratification analyses were further conducted to explore the potential modification effects of season and demographic characteristics (eg, gender and age). We also assessed the reduction in mortality achieved by meeting the new air quality guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Results

Positive and monotonic associations were generally observed between PMs and mortality. For every 10 μg/m3 increase in 4-day moving average concentrations of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10, the risk of all-cause mortality increased by 2.00% (95% CI 1.08%-2.92%), 1.54% (95% CI 0.93%-2.16%), and 1.38% (95% CI 0.95%-1.82%), respectively. Significant effects of size-fractionated PMs were observed for deaths attributed to nonaccidental causes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, neoplasms, chronic rheumatic heart diseases, hypertensive diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, stroke, influenza, and pneumonia. If daily concentrations of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 reached the WHO target levels of 10, 15, and 45 μg/m3, 7921 (95% empirical CI [eCI] 4454-11,206), 8303 (95% eCI 5063-11,248), and 8326 (95% eCI 5980-10690) deaths could be prevented, respectively. The effect estimates of PMs were relatively higher during hot months, among female individuals, and among those aged 85 years and older, although the differences between subgroups were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

We observed positive and monotonical exposure-response curves between PMs and deaths from several diseases. The effect of PM1 was stronger on mortality than that of PM2.5 and PM10. A substantial number of premature deaths could be preventable by adhering to the WHO’s new guidelines for PMs. Our findings highlight the importance of a size-based strategy in controlling PMs and managing their health impact.