bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidative molecular layer deposition of PEDOT using volatile antimony(V) chloride oxidant
Authors: Volk Amanda A. , Kim Jung-Sik , Jamir Jovenal , Dickey Elizabeth C. , Parsons Gregory N.
Published: April 2021

Molecular layer deposition and chemical vapor deposition are emerging and promising techniques for the incorporation of high-performance conductive polymers into high surface area devices, such as sintered tantalum anodes for electrolytic capacitors. Until recently, vapor-phase synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has relied on solid reactants which require relatively high temperatures and complex dosing schemes for sequential layer-by-layer processes. This work introduces a facile and high-performing layer-by-layer oxidative molecular layer deposition (oMLD) scheme using the volatile liquid oxidant antimony(V) chloride (SbCl5) to deposit PEDOT thin films. Effects of reactor parameters on PEDOT film characteristics are described, and the necessary foundation for future studies aiming to understand the nucleation and growth of layer-by-layer oMLD PEDOT is detailed.
Substrate vibrations and their potential effects upon fishes and invertebrates
Authors: Hawkins Anthony D. , Hazelwood Richard A. , Popper Arthur N. , Macey Patrick C.
Published: April 2021

This paper reviews the nature of substrate vibration within aquatic environments where seismic interface waves may travel along the surface of the substrate, generating high levels of particle motion. There are, however, few data on the ambient levels of particle motion close to the seabed and within the substrates of lakes and rivers. Nor is there information on the levels and the characteristics of the particle motion generated by anthropogenic sources in and on the substrate, which may have major effects upon fishes and invertebrates, all of which primarily detect particle motion. We therefore consider how to monitor substrate vibration and describe the information gained from modeling it. Unlike most acoustic modeling, we treat the substrate as a solid. Furthermore, we use a model where the substrate stiffness increases with depth but makes use of a wave that propagates with little or no dispersion. This shows the presence of higher levels of particle motion than those predicted from the acoustic pressures, and we consider the possible effects of substrate vibration upon fishes and invertebrates. We suggest that research is needed to examine the actual nature of substrate vibration and its effects upon aquatic animals.
Discovery of primitive CO
2
-bearing fluid in an aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrite
Authors: Tsuchiyama Akira , Miyake Akira , Okuzumi Satoshi , Kitayama Akira , Kawano Jun , Uesugi Kentaro , Takeuchi Akihisa , Nakano Tsukasa , Zolensky Michael
Published: April 2021

Discovery of CO
2
-bearing aqueous fluid in primitive meteorite gives the direct evidence of dynamic evolution of the solar system.
Mitochondrial NADP(H) generation is essential for proline biosynthesis
Authors: Zhu Jiajun , Schwörer Simon , Berisa Mirela , Kyung Yeon Ju , Ryu Keun Woo , Yi Junmei , Jiang Xuejun , Cross Justin R. , Thompson Craig B.
Published: April 2021

Providing for protein synthesis

Compartmentalization of metabolic processes into organelles can have important consequences. Zhu
et al.
examined the role of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP
+
) and its reduced form (NADPH) in cultured human cells. They found that cells lacking NAD kinase 2, an enzyme needed to make NADPH, had decreased abundance of mitochondrial NADPH and proliferated slowly in culture medium with limited nutrients because of a lack of proline. Proline is made in the mitochondria, and thus a key function of NADPH in the mitochondria appears to be the synthesis of proline to sustain cellular protein synthesis.

Science
, abd5491, this issue p.
968
Conserved genetic signatures parcellate cardinal spinal neuron classes into local and projection subsets
Authors: Osseward Peter J. , Amin Neal D. , Moore Jeffrey D. , Temple Benjamin A. , Barriga Bianca K. , Bachmann Lukas C. , Beltran Fernando , Gullo Miriam , Clark Robert C. , Driscoll Shawn P. , Pfaff Samuel L. , Hayashi Marito
Published: April 2021

Neuronal identities

Neurons of the mouse spinal cord can be identified by any of several metrics, including what neurotransmitters they use, what cells they connect to, where they are located, and what neuroprogenitor gave rise to them. Osseward
et al.
generated a different metric, genetic signatures, and identified classes of local and projection neurons that were otherwise heterogeneous by other classification systems. With this focus on a cell's genetic signature, its neurotransmitter phenotype, which is accessible by a variety of transcriptional routes, can be seen as a parallel to convergent evolution in development.

Science
, this issue p.
385
Radiation-related genomic profile of papillary thyroid carcinoma after the Chernobyl accident
Authors: Morton Lindsay M. , Karyadi Danielle M. , Stewart Chip , Bogdanova Tetiana I. , Dawson Eric T. , Steinberg Mia K. , Dai Jieqiong , Hartley Stephen W. , Schonfeld Sara J. , Sampson Joshua N. , Maruvka Yosef E. , Kapoor Vidushi , Ramsden Dale A. , Carvajal-Garcia Juan , Perou Charles M. , Parker Joel S. , Krznaric Marko , Yeager Meredith , Boland Joseph F. , Hutchinson Amy , Hicks Belynda D. , Dagnall Casey L. , Gastier-Foster Julie M. , Bowen Jay , Lee Olivia , Machiela Mitchell J. , Cahoon Elizabeth K. , Brenner Alina V. , Mabuchi Kiyohiko , Drozdovitch Vladimir , Masiuk Sergii , Chepurny Mykola , Zurnadzhy Liudmyla Yu. , Hatch Maureen , Berrington de Gonzalez Amy , Thomas Gerry A. , Tronko Mykola D. , Getz Gad , Chanock Stephen J.
Published: April 2021

Genomics of radiation-induced damage

The potential adverse effects of exposures to radioactivity from nuclear accidents can include acute consequences such as radiation sickness, as well as long-term sequelae such as increased risk of cancer. There have been a few studies examining transgenerational risks of radiation exposure but the results have been inconclusive. Morton
et al.
analyzed papillary thyroid tumors, normal thyroid tissue, and blood from hundreds of survivors of the Chernobyl nuclear accident and compared them against those of unexposed patients. The findings offer insight into the process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis and characteristic patterns of DNA damage associated with environmental radiation exposure. In a separate study, Yeager
et al.
analyzed the genomes of 130 children and parents from families in which one or both parents had experienced gonadal radiation exposure related to the Chernobyl accident and the children were conceived between 1987 and 2002. Reassuringly, the authors did not find an increase in new germline mutations in this population.

Science
, this issue p.
eabg2538
, p.
725
C(sp
3
)–H methylation enabled by peroxide photosensitization and Ni-mediated radical coupling
Authors: Vasilopoulos Aristidis , Krska Shane W. , Stahl Shannon S.
Published: April 2021

Adding methyl groups with good timing

In pharmaceutical research, swapping out hydrogens for methyl groups is a frequent strategy to optimize small-molecule properties. Vasilopoulos
et al.
report a versatile, convenient, and comparatively safe method for methylation of carbon centers adjacent to nitrogen or aryl rings. Under carefully optimized conditions, di-tert-butyl peroxide plays a dual role as oxidant and methyl source. Cleaving the O–O bond through photosensitization produces butoxyl radicals, some of which cleave substrate C–H bonds, whereas others release methyl radicals that a nickel catalyst delivers to those activated substrates.

Science
, this issue p.
398
Effects of Root-Colonizing Fluorescent Pseudomonas Strains on
Arabidopsis
Resistance to a Pathogen and an Herbivore
Authors: Löser Tobias B. , Mescher Mark C. , De Moraes Consuelo M. , Maurhofer Monika
Published: April 2021

Plant-associated microbes have significant potential to enhance agricultural production, for example, by enhancing plant resistance to pathogens and pests. Efforts to identify beneficial microbial strains typically focus on a narrow range of desirable plant traits; however, microbial symbionts can have complex effects on plant phenotypes, including susceptibility and resistance to different classes of plant antagonists.
Supplemental Material: Revisiting stepwise ocean oxygenation with authigenic barium enrichments in marine mudrocks
Authors: Wei Guangyi , al. et
Published: April 2021

Supplemental methods, Figures S1–S5, and data sources.
Nicorandil attenuates high glucose-induced insulin resistance by suppressing oxidative stress-mediated ER stress PERK signaling pathway
Authors: Liu Zhongwei , Zhu Haitao , He Chunhui , He Ting , Pan Shuo , Zhao Na , Zhu Ling , Guan Gongchang , Liu Peng , Zhang Yong , Wang Junkui
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Glucose-induced insulin resistance is a typical character of diabetes. Nicorandil is now widely used in ischemic heart disease. Nicorandil shows protective effects against oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which are involved in insulin resistance. Here, we investigated mechanisms of nicorandil’s novel pharmacological activity on insulin resistance in diabetes.

Research design and methods

Nicorandil was administrated to streptozotocin-induced animals with diabetes and high glucose exposed skeletal muscle cells. Insulin resistance and glucose tolerance were evaluated. Molecular mechanisms concerning oxidative stress, ER stress signaling activation and glucose uptake were assessed.

Results

Nicorandil attenuated high glucose-induced insulin resistance without affecting fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance in whole body and skeletal muscle in rats with diabetes. Nicorandil treatment suppressed protein kinase C/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases system activities by reducing cytoplasmic free calcium level in skeletal muscle cells exposed to high glucose. As a result, the oxidative stress-mediated ER stress protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α/activating transcription factor 4/CEBP homologous protein/tribbles homolog (TRB)3 signaling pathway activation was inhibited. Nicorandil downregulated expression of TRB3 and thus facilitated Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin stimulation, leading to glucose transporter4 plasma membrane translocation which promoted glucose uptake capability of skeletal muscle cells.

Conclusions

By reducing cytoplasmic calcium, nicorandil alleviated high glucose-induced insulin resistance by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated ER stress PERK pathway.
Prevalence of bone fracture and its association with severe hypoglycemia in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Komorita Yuji , Minami Masae , Maeda Yasutaka , Yoshioka Rie , Ohkuma Toshiaki , Kitazono Takanari
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with higher fracture risk. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between severe hypoglycemia and fracture risk in patients with T1D, and the results are controversial. Besides, none has investigated the risk factors for fracture in Asian patients with T1D. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of bone fracture and its relationship between severe hypoglycemia and other risk factors in Japanese patients with T1D.

Research design and methods

The single-center cross-sectional study enrolled 388 Japanese patients with T1D (mean age, 45.2 years; women, 60.4%; mean duration of diabetes, 16.6 years) between October 2019 and April 2020. The occurrence and circumstances of any fracture after the diagnosis of T1D were identified using a self-administered questionnaire. The main outcomes were any anatomic site of fracture and fall-related fracture. Severe hypoglycemia was defined as an episode of hypoglycemia that required the assistance of others to achieve recovery.

Results

A total of 92 fractures occurred in 64 patients, and 59 fractures (64%) were fall-related. Only one participant experienced fracture within the 10 years following their diagnosis of diabetes. In logistic regression analysis, the multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of a history of severe hypoglycemia were 2.11 (1.11 to 4.09) for any fracture and 1.91 (0.93 to 4.02) for fall-related fracture. Fourteen of 18 participants with multiple episodes of any type of fracture had a history of severe hypoglycemia (p<0.001 vs no fracture).

Conclusions

We have shown that a history of severe hypoglycemia is significantly associated with a higher risk of bone fracture in Japanese patients with T1D.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mediates ethanol-induced redox imbalance and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in the kidney
Authors: da Silva Carla B.P. , Ceron Carla S. , Mendes Atlante S. , de Martinis Bruno S. , Castro Michele M. , Tirapelli Carlos R.
Published: April 2021

Overexpression of the inducible isoform of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been associated to pathological processes in the kidney. Ethanol consumption induces the renal expression of iNOS; however, the contribution of this enzyme to the deleterious effects of ethanol in the kidney remains elusive. We examined whether iNOS plays a role in the renal dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by ethanol consumption. With this purpose, male C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) or iNOS-deficient (iNOS–/–) mice were treated with ethanol (20% v/v) for 10 weeks. Treatment with ethanol increased the expression of Nox4 as well as the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and the levels of tumor necrosis factor α in the renal cortex of WT but not iNOS–/– mice. Augmented serum levels of creatinine and increased systolic blood pressure were found in WT and iNOS–/– mice treated with ethanol. WT mice treated with ethanol showed increased production of reactive oxygen species and myeloperoxidase activity, but these responses were attenuated in iNOS–/– mice. We concluded that iNOS played a role in ethanol-induced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the kidney. These are mechanisms that may contribute to the renal toxicity induced by ethanol.
Kundt geometries and memory effects in the Brans–Dicke theory of gravity
Authors: Siddhant Siddhant , Chakraborty Indranil , Kar Sayan
Published: April 2021

Memory effects are studied in the simplest scalar–tensor theory, the Brans–Dicke (BD) theory. To this end, we introduce, in BD theory, novel Kundt spacetimes (without and with gyratonic terms), which serve as backgrounds for the ensuing analysis on memory. The BD parameter $$\omega $$
ω
and the scalar field ($$\phi $$
ϕ
) profile, expectedly, distinguishes between different solutions. Choosing specific localised forms for the free metric functions $$H'(u)$$

H
′

(
u
)

(related to the wave profile) and J(u) (the gyraton) we obtain displacement memory effects using both geodesics and geodesic deviation. An interesting and easy-to-understand exactly solvable case arises when $$\omega =-2$$

ω
=
-
2

(with J(u) absent) which we discuss in detail. For other $$\omega $$
ω
(in the presence of J or without), numerically obtained geodesics lead to results on displacement memory which appear to match qualitatively with those found from a deviation analysis. Thus, the issue of how memory effects in BD theory may arise and also differ from their GR counterparts, is now partially addressed, at least theoretically, within the context of this new class of Kundt geometries.
Predicting transport effects of scintillation light signals in large-scale liquid argon detectors
Authors: Garcia-Gamez Diego , Green Patrick , Szelc Andrzej M.
Published: April 2021

Liquid argon is being employed as a detector medium in neutrino physics and Dark Matter searches. A recent push to expand the applications of scintillation light in Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber neutrino detectors has necessitated the development of advanced methods of simulating this light. The presently available methods tend to be prohibitively slow or imprecise due to the combination of detector size and the amount of energy deposited by neutrino beam interactions. In this work we present a semi-analytical model to predict the quantity of argon scintillation light observed by a light detector with a precision better than $$10\%$$

10
%

, based only on the relative positions between the scintillation and light detector. We also provide a method to predict the distribution of arrival times of these photons accounting for propagation effects. Additionally, we present an equivalent model to predict the number of photons and their arrival times in the case of a wavelength-shifting, highly-reflective layer being present on the detector cathode. Our proposed method can be used to simulate light propagation in large-scale liquid argon detectors such as DUNE or SBND, and could also be applied to other detector mediums such as liquid xenon or xenon-doped liquid argon.
Multifractional theories: An updated review
Authors: Calcagni Gianluca
Published: April 2021

The status of multifractional theories is reviewed using comparative tables. Theoretical foundations, classical matter and gravity dynamics, cosmology and experimental constraints are summarized and the application of the multifractional paradigm to quantum gravity is discussed. We also clarify the issue of unitarity in theories with integer-order derivatives.
A representative of RΓ(N,T) for higher dimensional twists of ℤpr(1)
Authors: Cobbe Alessandro
Published: April 2021

Let [Formula: see text] be a Galois extension of [Formula: see text]-adic number fields and let [Formula: see text] be a de Rham representation of the absolute Galois group [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text]. In the case [Formula: see text], the equivariant local [Formula: see text]-constant conjecture describes the compatibility of the equivariant Tamagawa number conjecture with the functional equation of Artin [Formula: see text]-functions and it can be formulated as the vanishing of a certain element [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text]; a similar approach can be followed also in the case of unramified twists [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] (see [W. Bley and A. Cobbe, The equivariant local [Formula: see text]-constant conjecture for unramified twists of [Formula: see text], Acta Arith. 178(4) (2017) 313–383; D. Izychev and O. Venjakob, Equivariant epsilon conjecture for 1-dimensional Lubin–Tate groups, J. Théor. Nr. Bordx. 28(2) (2016) 485–521]). One of the main technical difficulties in the computation of [Formula: see text] arises from the so-called cohomological term [Formula: see text], which requires the construction of a bounded complex [Formula: see text] of cohomologically trivial modules which represents [Formula: see text] for a full [Formula: see text]-stable [Formula: see text]-sublattice [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we generalize the construction of [Formula: see text] in Theorem 2 of [W. Bley and A. Cobbe, The equivariant local [Formula: see text]-constant conjecture for unramified twists of [Formula: see text], Acta Arith. 178(4) (2017) 313–383] to the case of a higher dimensional [Formula: see text].
TripRes
Authors: Xu Xiaolong , Fang Zijie , Qi Lianyong , Zhang Xuyun , He Qiang , Zhou Xiaokang
Published: April 2021

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) connects vehicles, roadside units (RSUs) and other intelligent objects, enabling data sharing among them, thereby improving the efficiency of urban traffic and safety. Currently, collections of multimedia content, generated by multimedia surveillance equipment, vehicles, and so on, are transmitted to edge servers for implementation, because edge computing is a formidable paradigm for accommodating multimedia services with low-latency resource provisioning. However, the uneven or discrete distribution of the traffic flow covered by edge servers negatively affects the service performance (e.g., overload and underload) of edge servers in multimedia IoV systems. Therefore, how to accurately schedule and dynamically reserve proper numbers of resources for multimedia services in edge servers is still challenging. To address this challenge, a traffic flow prediction driven resource reservation method, called TripRes, is developed in this article. Specifically, the city map is divided into different regions, and the edge servers in a region are treated as a “big edge server” to simplify the complex distribution of edge servers. Then, future traffic flows are predicted using the deep spatiotemporal residual network (ST-ResNet), and future traffic flows are used to estimate the amount of multimedia services each region needs to offload to the edge servers. With the number of services to be offloaded in each region, their offloading destinations are determined through latency-sensitive transmission path selection. Finally, the performance of TripRes is evaluated using real-world big data with over 100M multimedia surveillance records from RSUs in Nanjing China.
Youth Trust in Social Media Companies and Expectations of Justice
Authors: Schoenebeck Sarita , Scott Carol F. , Hurley Emma Grace , Chang Tammy , Selkie Ellen
Published: April 2021

Social media platforms aspire to deliver fair resolutions after online harassment. Platforms rely on sanctions like removing content or banning users but these punitive responses provide little opportunity for justice or reparation for targets of harassment. This may be especially important for youth, who experience pervasive harassment which can have uniquely harmful effects on their wellbeing. We conducted a text-message based survey with 832 U.S. adolescents and young adults, ages 14-24, to explore their attitudes towards social media companies' responses to online harassment. We find that youth are twice as likely (41% versus 20%) not to trust social media companies' ability to achieve a fair resolution as they are to trust them. Nearly two-thirds (62%) of youth expressed a preference for an apology from the offender after online harassment, and they were twice as likely to prefer a private apology to a public one (29% versus 14%). Preferences also vary by identity, revealing how a one-size-fits-all approach can harm some youth while benefitting others. We reflect on the opportunities and risks associated with institutional trust and restorative justice for supporting youth who experience online harassment.
A Deeper Investigation of the Importance of Wikipedia Links to Search Engine Results
Authors: Vincent Nicholas , Hecht Brent
Published: April 2021

A growing body of work has highlighted the important role that Wikipedia's volunteer-created content plays in helping search engines achieve their core goal of addressing the information needs of hundreds of millions of people. In this paper, we report the results of an investigation into the incidence of Wikipedia links in search engine results pages (SERPs). Our results extend prior work by considering three U.S. search engines, simulating both mobile and desktop devices, and using a spatial analysis approach designed to study modern SERPs that are no longer just "ten blue links". We find that Wikipedia links are extremely common in important search contexts, appearing in 67-84% of desktop SERPs for common and trending queries, but less often for medical queries. Furthermore, we observe that Wikipedia links often appear in "Knowledge Panel" SERP elements and are in positions visible to users without scrolling, although Wikipedia appears less often and in less prominent positions on mobile devices. Our findings reinforce the complementary notions that (1) Wikipedia content and research has major impact outside of the Wikipedia domain and (2) powerful technologies like search engines are highly reliant on free content created by volunteers.
Fakey
Authors: Micallef Nicholas , Avram Mihai , Menczer Filippo , Patil Sameer
Published: April 2021

We designed and developed Fakey, a game to improve news literacy and reduce misinformation spread by emulating a social media feed. We analyzed player interactions with articles in the feed collected over 19 months within a real-world deployment of the game. We found that Fakey is effective in priming players to be suspicious of articles from questionable sources. Players who interact with more articles in the game enhance their skills in spotting mainstream content, thus confirming the utility of Fakey for improving news literacy. Semi-structured interviews with those who played the game revealed that players find it simple, fun, and educational. The principles and mechanisms used by Fakey can inform the design of social media functionality to help people distinguish between credible and questionable content in their news feeds.
Towards Supporting Data-Driven Practices in Stroke Telerehabilitation Technology
Authors: Caldeira Clara , Costa Figueiredo Mayara , Dodakian Lucy , de Souza Cleidson R. B. , Cramer Steven C. , Chen Yunan
Published: April 2021

Telerehabilitation technology has the potential to support the work of patients and clinicians by collecting and displaying patients' data to inform, motivate, and support decision-making. However, few studies have investigated data-driven practices in telerehabilitation. In this qualitative study, we conducted interviews and a focus group with the use of data visualization probes to investigate the experience of stroke survivors and healthcare providers with game-based telerehabilitation involving physical and occupational therapy. We find that \hlstudy participants saw potential value in the data to support their work. However, they experienced challenges when interpreting data to arrive at meaningful insights and actionable information. Further, patients' personal relationships with their goals and data stand in contrast with clinicians' more matter-of-fact perspectives. Informed by these results, we discuss implications for telerehabilitation technology design.
Tags, Borders, and Catalogs
Authors: Antoniak Maria , Walsh Melanie , Mimno David
Published: April 2021

Through a computational reading of the online book reviewing community LibraryThing, we examine the dynamics of a collaborative tagging system and learn how its users refine and redefine literary genres. LibraryThing tags are overlapping and multi-dimensional, created in a shared space by thousands of users, including readers, bookstore owners, and librarians. A common understanding of genre is that it relates to the content of books, but this resource allows us to view genre as an intersection of user communities and reader values and interests. We explore different methods of computational genre measurement within the open space of user-created tags. We measure overlap between books, tags, and users, and we also measure the homogeneity of communities associated with genre tags and correlate this homogeneity with reviewing behavior.Finally, by analyzing the text of reviews, we identify the thematic signatures of genres on LibraryThing, revealing similarities and differences between them. These measurements are intended to elucidate the genre conceptions of the users, not, as in prior work, to normalize the tags or enforce a hierarchy. We find that LibraryThing users make sense of genre through a variety of values and expectations, many of which fall outside common definitions and understandings of genre.
"We Even Borrowed Money From Our Neighbor"
Authors: Razaq Lubna , Ahmad Tallal , Ibtasam Samia , Ramzan Umer , Mare Shrirang
Published: April 2021

Mobile-based scams are on the rise in emerging markets. However, the awareness about these scams and ways to avoid them remains limited among mobile users. We present a qualitative analysis of the dynamics of mobile-based fraud (specifically, SMS and call-based fraud) in Pakistan. We interviewed 96 participants, including different stakeholders in the mobile financial ecosystem: 71 victims of mobile-based scams, seven non-victims, 15 mobile money agents, and three officials from regulatory agencies that investigate mobile-based fraud. Leveraging the perspectives from these stakeholders and analyzing mobile-based fraud with a four-step social-engineering attack framework, we make four concrete contributions: First, we identify the nuances as well as specific tactics, methods, and resources that fraudsters use to scam mobile users. Second, we look at other actors, beyond the victim and the adversary, involved or affected by fraud and their roles at each step of the fraud process. Third, we discuss victims' understanding of mobile fraud, their behavior post-realization, and their attitudes toward reporting fraud. Finally, we discuss possible points of intervention and offer design recommendations to thwart mobile fraud, including addressing the vulnerabilities discovered in the ecosystem, utilizing existing actors to mitigate the consequences of these attacks, and realigning the design of fraud reporting mechanisms with the sociocultural practices.
Does This Photo Make Me Look Good?
Authors: Das Sanchari , Ahmed Tousif , Kapadia Apu , Patil Sameer
Published: April 2021

In recent years, the use and importance of visual communication through photos have grown considerably. However, we have little understanding of the alignment between the intentions of the photo posters and the reactions of viewers. To address this gap, we replicated previous work that studied the alignment of poster and outsider judgments of text posts by extending it to photo posts. In our study of 573 users across four social media platforms, we found that outsiders generally judge photo posts more positively than anticipated by posters. Examining viewer engagement on social media revealed that photos depicting family and friends receive fewer reactions. We apply our insight to propose novel solutions that can help users create a more positive digital presence by aligning their photo posts with the expectations of their audiences.
Networked Authoritarianism at the Edge
Authors: Jack Margaret C. , Chann Sopheak , Jackson Steven J. , Dell Nicola
Published: April 2021

This paper describes how village-level officials, relatively new to the Internet, use popular digital platforms on smartphones to supplement and extend long-standing patterns of information control and authoritarian power in rural Cambodia. They use these tools to monitor local affairs, report to the central government, and promote local government activities, practices which intimidate villagers and encourage their political withdrawal and self-censorship. This paper makes three contributions to the literature on networked authoritarianism and rural governance. First, technological changes currently underway in the Cambodian rural bureaucracy reflect a generational transition, as long-standing officials struggle to use new media easily or effectively, leading to new anxieties and breakdowns for these traditional holders of power. Second, bureaucratic information practices in these villages rely on material practices ranging from paper, face to face meetings, and loudspeakers, to new tools such as Facebook and smartphones - underlining significant continuities in mechanisms of bureaucratic power and control. Third, networked authoritarian practices conjure for villagers the historical links between information control and violence, and the effectiveness of these tactics on chilling speech is often rooted in villagers' memories of fear.
Effects of Algorithmic Flagging on Fairness
Authors: TeBlunthuis Nathan , Hill Benjamin Mako , Halfaker Aaron
Published: April 2021

Online community moderators often rely on social signals such as whether or not a user has an account or a profile page as clues that users may cause problems. Reliance on these clues can lead to "overprofiling'' bias when moderators focus on these signals but overlook the misbehavior of others. We propose that algorithmic flagging systems deployed to improve the efficiency of moderation work can also make moderation actions more fair to these users by reducing reliance on social signals and making norm violations by everyone else more visible. We analyze moderator behavior in Wikipedia as mediated by RCFilters, a system which displays social signals and algorithmic flags, and estimate the causal effect of being flagged on moderator actions. We show that algorithmically flagged edits are reverted more often, especially those by established editors with positive social signals, and that flagging decreases the likelihood that moderation actions will be undone. Our results suggest that algorithmic flagging systems can lead to increased fairness in some contexts but that the relationship is complex and contingent.
Dis"Like"
Authors: Gonzales Amy , Mastro Dana , Wang Laurent , Bell Jeannine , Anderson Philip , Ince Jelani
Published: April 2021

The social diversification hypothesis (SDH) examines the benefits of internet communication for disadvantaged individuals. In a novel application, we use it to explore the perceived costs of internet use, particularly Facebook across two different analyses. First, in-depth interviews with 45 socio-economically and racially diverse participants from a midwestern college town revealed that People of Color and those without 4-year degree were more suspicious of Facebook and more likely to have been the victim of an online scam. In contrast, Whites and those with four-year degrees were often overwhelmed by, but resigned to using, Facebook, expressing instead frustration with the perceived socio-emotional limitations of communicating online. Qualitative findings were then triangulated with a 2018 Pew survey of 2,002 U.S. adults: disadvantaged groups perceive greater social and personal costs of being online while advantaged groups are more dependent on the Internet. Findings suggest that the costs of internet use vary by access to social capital. In addition to a novel theoretical application of the SDH, we discuss the need for demographic-specific digital literacy design and corporate policy changes that can help mitigate these costs.
You Recommend, I Buy
Authors: Cao Hancheng , Chen Zhilong , Cheng Mengjie , Zhao Shuling , Wang Tao , Li Yong
Published: April 2021

As an emerging business phenomenon especially in China, instant messaging (IM) based social commerce is growing increasingly popular, attracting hundreds of millions of users and is becoming one important way where people make everyday purchases. Such platforms embed shopping experiences within IM apps, e.g., WeChat, WhatsApp, where real-world friends post and recommend products from the platforms in IM group chats and quite often form lasting recommending/buying relationships. How and why do users engage in IM based social commerce? Do such platforms create novel experiences that are distinct from prior commerce? And do these platforms bring changes to user social lives and relationships? To shed light on these questions, we launched a qualitative study where we carried out semi-structured interviews on 12 instant messaging based social commerce users in China. We showed that IM based social commerce: 1) enables more reachable, cost-reducing, and immersive user shopping experience, 2) shapes user decision-making process in shopping through pre-existing social relationship, mutual trust, shared identity, and community norm, and 3) creates novel social interactions, which can contribute to new tie formation while maintaining existing social relationships. We demonstrate that all these unique aspects link closely to the characteristics of IM platforms, as well as the coupling of user social and economic lives under such business model. Our study provides important research and design implications for social commerce, and decentralized, trusted socio-technical systems in general.
Anyone else have this experience
Authors: Knittel Megan , Kollig Faye , Mason Abrielle , Wash Rick
Published: April 2021

Self-tracking technologies, ranging from digital thermometers to wearable fitness trackers, allow users to use personal data accumulated from their everyday activities. But, to use these data, people have to make sense of how these numbers and figures are relevant to their lives in some way in order to make decisions and gain new insight. This process is impacted by people's emotional reactions to their data. While seeking support from others can be an effective strategy for overcoming these emotional challenges, self-trackers face unique barriers in sharing their personal data. Our study investigates 1) how users seek out support online for emotional barriers elicited by their self-tracking data and 2) what self-described impact this sharing has on their self-tracking practices. To investigate these topics, we analyzed discussions in two online communities on Reddit.com centered around infertility and trying to conceive that consistently describe self-tracking experiences. We found that community members described three distinct driving emotional tensions with their self-tracking data. In seeking community input, users were focused on support for understanding and acting upon their feelings and emotions. Even when data was uncertain, frustrating, or viewed as inaccurate, comparing and learning with others benefited users through feelings of connection, control, and humor this collective sense-making provided. Additionally, we found that users taking breaks from self-tracking in whole or part appeared to support their emotional well-being and long-term motivation to track. Based on these findings, we conclude that self-tracking data has social and emotional value beyond perceived accuracy and individual treatment goals.
Dissecting the Meme Magic: Understanding Indicators of Virality in Image Memes
Authors: Ling Chen , AbuHilal Ihab , Blackburn Jeremy , De Cristofaro Emiliano , Zannettou Savvas , Stringhini Gianluca
Published: April 2021

Despite the increasingly important role played by image memes, we do not yet have a solid understanding of the elements that might make a meme go viral on social media. In this paper, we investigate what visual elements distinguish image memes that are highly viral on social media from those that do not get re-shared, across three dimensions: composition, subjects, and target audience. Drawing from research in art theory, psychology, marketing, and neuroscience, we develop a codebook to characterize image memes, and use it to annotate a set of 100 image memes collected from 4chan's Politically Incorrect Board (/pol/). On the one hand, we find that highly viral memes are more likely to use a close-up scale, contain characters, and include positive or negative emotions. On the other hand, image memes that do not present a clear subject the viewer can focus attention on, or that include long text are not likely to be re-shared by users.

We train machine learning models to distinguish between image memes that are likely to go viral and those that are unlikely to be re-shared, obtaining an AUC of 0.866 on our dataset. We also show that the indicators of virality identified by our model can help characterize the most viral memes posted on mainstream online social networks too, as our classifiers are able to predict 19 out of the 20 most popular image memes posted on Twitter and Reddit between 2016 and 2018. Overall, our analysis sheds light on what indicators characterize viral and non-viral visual content online, and set the basis for developing better techniques to create or moderate content that is more likely to catch the viewer's attention.
Analyzing Twitter Users' Behavior Before and After Contact by the Russia's Internet Research Agency
Authors: Dutta Upasana , Hanscom Rhett , Zhang Jason Shuo , Han Richard , Lehman Tamara , Lv Qin , Mishra Shivakant
Published: April 2021

Social media platforms have been exploited to conduct election interference in recent years. In particular, the Russian-backed Internet Research Agency (IRA) has been identified as a key source of misinformation spread on Twitter prior to the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The goal of this research is to understand whether general Twitter users changed their behavior in the year following first contact from an IRA account. We compare the before and after behavior of contacted users to determine whether there were differences in their mean tweet count, the sentiment of their tweets, and the frequency and sentiment of tweets mentioning @realDonaldTrump or @HillaryClinton. Our results indicate that users overall exhibited statistically significant changes in behavior across most of these metrics, and that those users that engaged with the IRA generally showed greater changes in behavior.
The Invisible Work of Maintenance in Community Health
Authors: Verdezoto Nervo , Bagalkot Naveen , Akbar Syeda Zainab , Sharma Swati , Mackintosh Nicola , Harrington Deirdre , Griffiths Paula
Published: April 2021

Frontline health workers are the first and often the only access point to basic health care services in low-and-middle income countries. However, the work and the issues frontline health workers face are often invisible to the healthcare system, with limited resources to assist them. This study explores the work practices, challenges and roles of frontline health workers in community health with particular focus on pregnancy care in South India. Drawing on the notion of maintenance and articulation work, we describe the maintenance work of frontline health workers maintaining, anticipating, reconciling, and supporting care infrastructures beyond data collection practices. Our findings highlight how socio-cultural practices, perceptions, status, and existing systems influence maintenance work practices. Based on our findings, we suggest moving beyond the focus on training and performance to design CSCW tools to support the maintenance work of frontline health workers as 'system-builders' to make healthcare infrastructures work in community health.
Demographic Representation and Collective Storytelling in the Me Too Twitter Hashtag Activism Movement
Authors: Mueller Aaron , Wood-Doughty Zach , Amir Silvio , Dredze Mark , Nobles Alicia Lynn
Published: April 2021

The #MeToo movement on Twitter has drawn attention to the pervasive nature of sexual harassment and violence. While #MeToo has been praised for providing support for self-disclosures of harassment or violence and shifting societal response, it has also been criticized for exemplifying how women of color have been discounted for their historical contributions to and excluded from feminist movements. Through an analysis of over 600,000 tweets from over 256,000 unique users, we examine online #MeToo conversations across gender and racial/ethnic identities and the topics that each demographic emphasized. We found that tweets authored by white women were overrepresented in the movement compared to other demographics, aligning with criticism of unequal representation. We found that intersected identities contributed differing narratives to frame the movement, co-opted the movement to raise visibility in parallel ongoing movements, employed the same hashtags both critically and supportively, and revived and created new hashtags in response to pivotal moments. Notably, tweets authored by black women often expressed emotional support and were critical about differential treatment in the justice system and by police. In comparison, tweets authored by white women and men often highlighted sexual harassment and violence by public figures and weaved in more general political discussions. We discuss the implications of this work for digital activism research and design, including suggestions to raise visibility by those who were under-represented in this hashtag activism movement. Content warning: this article discusses issues of sexual harassment and violence.
Just In Time
Authors: Min Aehong , Miller Wendy , Rocha Luis , Börner Katy , Brattig Correia Rion , Shih Patrick C.
Published: April 2021

There are over three million people living with epilepsy in the U.S. People with epilepsy experience multiple daily challenges such as seizures, social isolation, social stigma, experience of physical and emotional symptoms, medication side effects, cognitive and memory deficits, care coordination difficulties, and risks of sudden unexpected death. In this work, we report findings collected from 3 focus groups of 11 people with epilepsy and caregivers revisionand 10 follow-up questionnaires. We found that these participants feel that most people do not know how to deal with seizures. To improve others' abilities to respond safely and appropriately to someone having seizures, people with epilepsy and caregivers would like to share and educate the public about their epilepsy conditions, reduce common misconceptions about seizures and prevent associated stigma, and get first aid help from the public when needed. Considering social stigma, we propose design implications of future technologies for effective delivery of appropriate first aid care information to bystanders around individuals with epilepsy when they experience a seizure.
CrowdSolve
Authors: Venkatagiri Sukrit , Gautam Aakash , Luther Kurt
Published: April 2021

Investigators in fields such as journalism and law enforcement have long sought the public's help with investigations. New technologies have also allowed amateur sleuths to lead their own crowdsourced investigations - that have traditionally only been the purview of expert investigators - with mixed results. Through an ethnographic study of a four-day, co-located event with over 250 attendees, we examine the human infrastructure responsible for enabling the success of an expert-led crowdsourced investigation. We find that the experts enabled attendees to generate useful leads; the attendees formed a community around the event; and the victims' families felt supported. Additionally, the co-located setting, legal structures, and emergent social norms impacted collaborative work practice. We also surface three important tensions to consider in future investigations and provide design recommendations to manage these tensions.
Can Crowds Customize Instructional Materials with Minimal Expert Guidance?
Authors: Yang Kexin Bella , Nagashima Tomohiro , Yao Junhui , Williams Joseph Jay , Holstein Kenneth , Aleven Vincent
Published: April 2021

AI-based educational technologies may be most welcome in classrooms when they align with teachers' goals, preferences, and instructional practices. Teachers, however, have scarce time to make such customizations themselves. How might the crowd be leveraged to help time-strapped teachers? Crowdsourcing pipelines have traditionally focused on content generation. It is an open question how a pipeline might be designed so the crowd can succeed in a revision/customization task. In this paper, we explore an initial version of a teacher-guided crowdsourcing pipeline designed to improve the adaptive math hints of an AI-based tutoring system so they fit teachers' preferences, while requiring minimal expert guidance. In two experiments involving 144 math teachers and 481 crowdworkers, we found that such an expert-guided revision pipeline could save experts' time and produce better crowd-revised hints (in terms of teacher satisfaction) than two comparison conditions. The revised hints however, did not improve on the existing hints in the AI tutor, which were carefully-written but still have room for improvement and customization. Further analysis revealed that the main challenge for crowdworkers may lie in understanding teachers' brief written comments and implementing them in the form of effective edits, without introducing new problems. We also found that teachers preferred their own revisions over other sources of hints, and exhibited varying preferences for hints. Overall, the results confirm that there is a clear need for customizing hints to individual teachers' preferences. They also highlight the need for more elaborate scaffolds so the crowd can have specific knowledge of the requirements that teachers have for hints. The study represents a first exploration in the literature of how to support crowds with minimal expert guidance in revising and customizing instructional materials.