bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antecedents and consequences of brand attachment: A literature review and research agenda
Authors: Hemsley‐Brown Jane
Published: July 2022

Consumers develop powerful connections with brands and they feel a strong bond or attachment to favourite brands that can lead to re‐purchase behaviour, reduced price sensitivity and increased customer loyalty. Gaining greater in‐depth knowledge of brand attachment offers a powerful means of understanding and facilitates modelling the mechanisms for achieving greater profitability and increased revenue for firms. The purpose of this paper is first to map the antecedents, mediators and consequences of brand attachment; second to provide scholars with a map of prior research as a starting point for future research; and third to offer insights to extend understanding of how consumers relate to and engage with brands. The antecedents to brand attachment are categorized under five headings: brand‐related concepts; self‐brand connection and connection; congruence and the self; emotional drivers of brand attachment; and service‐related concepts. The consequences of brand attachment are categorized as: brand loyalty and switching resistance; purchase intentions and willingness to pay; and word of mouth. The review and future research agenda utilize the Theory, Context, Characteristics, Methodology structure: (T) theory and concepts; (C) context and industry sectors; (C) characteristics (antecedents, mediators and consequences); (M) methods used in prior research. Recommendations focus on: social media marketing; social media marketing influencers and psychological ownership.
Nurse preceptors' experiences of promoting and teaching fundamental care to undergraduate nursing students: A qualitative study
Authors: Stănesu‐Yadav Diana‐Nicoleta , Lillekroken Daniela
Published: July 2022

Aims

To explore nurse preceptors' experiences in promoting and teaching the delivery of fundamental care to nursing students during their clinical period at nursing homes.

Design

The study used a qualitative descriptive approach.

Methods

Nine in‐depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with clinical nurses employed at five different nursing homes. Data collection lasted from September 2020 to April 2021. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Inductive, qualitative content analysis was employed to analyse the data.

Results

Qualitative content analysis yielded one main category—‘Fostering nursing students’ knowledge and understanding of fundamental care’—supported by two subcategories: (i) ‘Raising awareness of the importance of fundamental care’ and ‘Providing for learning through exchange and cooperation’, which are interpreted as the ways nurse preceptors enable students to learn how to provide fundamental care during their clinical period at nursing homes.

Conclusion

By taking the role of nurse preceptors, clinical nurses act as enablers for students' learning of the provision of fundamental care within nursing homes as the learning context. Nurse preceptors possess the pedagogical skills to initiate and conduct nursing students' learning processes. The study reveals that nurse preceptors stress the importance of providing fundamental care to patients; hence, teaching students to provide fundamental care was also found to be important.

Impact

Within a nursing home context, nurses are responsible for providing fundamental care; therefore, they play an essential role in both providing and teaching about caregiving. The study shows that because of their preceptorship, nurse preceptors can enhance students' awareness of the importance of learning to provide fundamental care to patients. In addition, the study reveals that nurse preceptors work to enhance student's reflection and critical thinking by targeting the student's zone of proximal development, which represents a preliminary phase in students' learning.
Patient perspectives of atopic dermatitis: comparative analysis of terminology in social media and scientific literature, identified by a systematic literature review
Authors: Silverberg J.I. , Feldman S.R. , Smith Begolka W. , Johnson M.B. , Stanojev C. , DiBonaventura M. , Rojo Cella R. , Valdez H. , Feeney C. , Thyssen J.P.
Published: July 2022

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease that significantly impacts patient quality of life (QoL). It is unknown whether patients and physicians have the same interpretation of AD burden. Unmet needs and AD disease burden were evaluated by comparing terminology used in social media with terminology used in scientific literature. AD terminology in social media was identified using the NetBase platform, and natural language processing was performed. Topics and words driving negative sentiment were evaluated overall and in relation to specific symptoms. The systematic review of scientific literature identified publications that included AD and QoL terms was identified from PubMed. Term analysis of titles and abstracts was conducted via natural language processing. The occurrence of topics and co‐occurrence of words associated with QoL terms were evaluated. More than 3 million social media mentions (2018–2020) and 1519 scientific publications (2000–2020) were evaluated. There were more negative than positive social media mentions, and flare and pain were common symptoms driving negative sentiment. Face and hands were major drivers of negative sentiment in relation to AD symptoms in social media. Sleep and pain were often mentioned together. In scientific literature, pruritus and depression were the most frequently occurring symptoms. Similarly, pruritus was the most common AD symptom co‐occurring with QoL terms in the assessed scientific literature. Social media analyses provide a unique view into the patient experience of AD. Symptoms driving negative sentiment in social media appear to be discordantly represented in scientific literature. Incorporating patient perspectives may improve disease understanding and management.
Effectiveness and safety of dupilumab in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children (6–11 years): data from a French multicentre retrospective cohort in daily practice
Authors: Lasek A. , Bellon N. , Mallet S. , Puzenat E. , Bursztejn A.C. , Abasq C. , Mazereeuw‐Hautier J. , Chiaverini C. , Hubiche T. , Raison Peyron N. , Du Thanh A. , Barbarot S. , Aubert H. , Reguiai Z. , Droitcourt C. , Fievet C. , Bellissen A. , Bachelerie M. , Nosbaum A. , Leymarie A. , Armingaud P. , Masson Regnault M. , Mahé E. ,   Research Group of the Société Française de Dermatologie Pédiatrique (GR SFDP),   Research Group of eczéma atopique (GREAT)
Published: July 2022

Background

Dupilumab is the first biotherapy available for the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe childhood atopic dermatitis (AD).

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of dupilumab in daily practice.

Methods

Patients aged 6–11, who had received a first dose of dupilumab, were included in this multicentre retrospective cohort study. The primary endpoint was change in SCORAD after 3 months of treatment. Secondary endpoints were change in IGA score at 3 months, proportion of patients with SCORAD50 and SCORAD75, description of adverse events and proportion of children in our cohort who would be excluded from pivotal phase 3 clinical trial.

Results

Eighty patients were included. After 3 months of treatment, there was a significant decrease in SCORAD (mean: 21.8 ± 13.8 vs 53.9 ± 18.5;P < 0.0001) and IGA (1.3 ± 0.8 vs 3.5 ± 0.7;P < 0.0001). Conjunctivitis was observed in 11.3% (n = 9/80); three patients experienced dupilumab facial redness (DFR); 17.5% (n = 14/80) reported injection site reactions; 6.3% (n = 5/80) discontinued treatment. 61.2% (n = 49/80) children were ineligible in the phase 3 trial.

Limitations

There is no control group. Because it was a real life study based on information from patient medical records in a French multicentre cohort, we cannot rule out the presence of reporting bias generated by the use of patient reported characteristics and missing information.

Conclusion

These real‐life data confirm the efficacy and safety of dupilumab in children with moderate to severe AD extended to dyshidrosis and atopic prurigo, but it also revealed a lower frequency of DFR and conjunctivitis. However, administration in injectable form may be a barrier in this age group.
Novel MSH6 mutation predicted metastasis in eyelid and periocular squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Luo Y. , Rao Y. , Gu X. , Chai P. , Yang Y. , Lin J. , Xu X. , Jia R. , Xu S.
Published: July 2022

Background

Our previous research revealed the relative local aggressiveness of eyelid and periocular squamous cell carcinoma (EPSCC), but its distinct genetic characteristics involved remain unknown.

Objectives

We conducted this study based on next‐generation sequencing to identify the genetic distinctiveness of EPSCC and damaging mutations for possible aetiology and poor prognosis.

Methods

We performed sequencing using a 556‐gene panel (SmartOnco) in 48 EPSCCs. Cox hazards model was applied to explore mutated genes that increase the risk of metastasis and death. Pathogenesis of the mutations was predicted by sequence alignment algorithms.

Results

The most commonly mutated genes were KMT2C (N = 17, 35%), LRP1B (N = 14, 29%), KMT2D (N = 12, 25%), PTCH1 (N = 10, 21%) and TP53 (N = 10, 21%). DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (42%) like MSH6 (19%) and MLH3 (12%) were among the most frequently mutated genes. Cell cycle regulators including TP53 (21%) and CDKN2A (10%) were less frequently mutated than in other squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Ultraviolet exposure, MMR deficiency and ageing were the main aetiology. Of note, KMT2C has a deleterious mutation hotspot. Patients burdened with MSH6 mutation has a higher risk of overall metastasis (P = 0.045, HR = 5.165) and nodal metastasis (P = 0.022, HR = 14.038). Moreover, a hotspot mutation MSH6E52A brought an even higher risk of nodal metastasis (P = 0.011, HR = 18.745).

Conclusions

EPSCCs displayed a unique mutation profile from cutaneous SCCs and mucosal SCCs. We have identified novel damaging mutations in epigenetic regulators like KMT2C boosted early onset of EPSCCs in addition to UVR, ageing or MMR deficiency. And malfunction of MMR genes worsened prognosis.
(Re)Conceptualizing Black motherwork as political activism
Authors: Edwards Adrienne L.
Published: July 2022

In 2020, Black Americans voted in historic numbers in the US presidential election. Black women political activists were instrumental in navigating voter suppression to increase voter turnout among Black communities. Here, I draw linkages between Patricia Hill Collins's conceptualization of motherwork and Black women's political activism. I reconceptualize Black women's motherwork as a political tool for preparing Black women for political candidacy to address issues that threaten Black family stability. I provide a conceptual history of motherwork and map out what Black women's political motherwork looks like for families and communities. I conclude with theoretical, analytical, and practical implications for family scientists to consider when using Black political motherwork in their scholarship and practice.
Haemodialysis patient's adherence to treatment: Relationships among nurse–patient‐initiated participation and nurse's attitude towards patient participation
Authors: Idilbi Nasra , Grimberg Zoya , Drach‐Zahavy Anat
Published: July 2022

Aims and Objectives

To evaluate the relationship between nurse–patient‐initiated participation, nurses' attitudes towards patient's participation, and patients' adherence to treatment. Specifically, to (1) explore nurse–patient participation during haemodialysis and quantify the information into measurable indices; (2) determine the haemodialysis patient's adherence to treatment; (3) describe nurses' attitudes towards patient participation; and (4) establish the relationships between nurse–patient‐initiated participation, nurses' attitudes towards patient participation and patients' adherence to treatment.

Background

To improve haemodialysis patients' health, it is crucial to identify nurses' and patients' factors facilitating adherence to treatment.

Design

An exploratory‐sequential mixed‐methods (quantitative and qualitative) design.

Methods

All nurses working at a dialysis ward (n = 30) and their randomly selected patients (n = 102) participated. Qualitative data on nurse–patient‐initiated participation were derived from transcribed nurse–patient conversations and quantified for further analyses. Nurses' attitudes towards patient participation were collected via questionnaire, and adherence to treatment via observed reduction in prescribed haemodialysis time. [CONSORT‐SPI guidelines].

Results

Content analysis of the conversations indicated that nurse‐initiated participation focused on patient's medical condition, treatment plan and education; while patients initiated more small talk. Non‐adherence to treatment was significant (Mean = 0.19 h; SD = 0.33). Regression analyses indicated that nurses' attitude towards participation was negatively linked to patient adherence, while patient–nurse‐initiated participation was unrelated. Nurses' attitudes towards patient participation moderated the relationship between nurse–patient‐initiated participation and patient adherence: the more positive the attitude towards inclusion the more negative the link between patient or nurse‐initiated participation and patient adherence.

Conclusions

The findings provided paradoxical insights: Nurses' positive attitudes towards participation lead them to accept the patient's position for shortening haemodialysis treatment, so that adherence to care decreases.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses require education on negotiating methods to help achieve patient adherence while respecting the patient's opinion. Patients should be educated how to approach nurses, seeking the information they need.
Where traditional Chinese medicine meets Western medicine in the prevention of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Jakobsson Per‐Johan , Robertson Luke , Welzel Janika , Zhang Mingshu , Zhihua Yang , Kaixin Gao , Runyue Huang , Zehuai Wen , Korotkova Marina , Göransson Ulf
Published: July 2022

Chinese medicine has a long tradition of use against rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The formulations are based on combinations of typically 5–10 plants, which are usually boiled and administered as a decoction or tea. There are few clinical trials performed so the clinical evidence is sparse. One fundamental of traditional medicine is to prevent disease. RA is an autoimmune, inflammatory and chronic disease that primarily affects the joints of 0.5%–1% of the population. In two out of three of the cases, the patients are characterised by the presence of autoantibodies such as the rheumatoid factor and the more disease‐specific autoantibody against citrullinated proteins, so‐called ‘ACPA’ (anticitrullinated protein/peptide antibodies). ACPA positivity is also strongly associated with specific variations in the HLA‐DRB1 gene, the shared epitope alleles. Together with smoking, these factors account for the major risks of developing RA. In this review, we will summarise the background using certain plant‐based formulations based on Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment and prevention of RA and the strategy we have taken to explore the mechanisms of action. We also summarise the major pathophysiological pathways related to RA and how these could be analysed. Finally, we summarise our ideas on how a clinical trial using Chinese herbal medicine to prevent RA could be conducted.
Plantago asiatica mosaic virus: An emerging plant virus causing necrosis in lilies and a new model RNA virus for molecular research
Authors: Komatsu Ken , Hammond John
Published: July 2022

Taxonomy

Plantago asiatica mosaic virusbelongs to the genusPotexvirusin the familyAlphaflexiviridaeof the orderTymovirales.

Virion and genome properties

Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV) has flexuous virions of approximately 490–530 nm in length and 10–15 nm in width. The genome of PlAMV consists of a single‐stranded, positive‐sense RNA of approximately 6.13 kb. It contains five open reading frames (ORFs 1–5), encoding a putative viral polymerase (RdRp), movement proteins (triple gene block proteins, TGBp1‐3), and coat protein (CP), respectively.

Host range

PlAMV has an exceptionally wide host range and has been isolated from various wild plants, includingPlantago asiatica,Nandina domestica,Rehmannia glutinosa, and other weed plants. Experimentally PlAMV can infect many plant species includingNicotiana benthamianaandArabidopsis thaliana. It also infects ornamental lilies and frequently causes severe necrotic symptoms. However, host range varies depending on isolates, which show significant biological diversity within the species.

Genome diversity

PlAMV can be separated into five clades based on phylogenetic analyses; nucleotide identities are significantly low between isolates in the different clades.

Transmission

PlAMV is not reported to be transmitted by biological vectors. Virions of PlAMV are quite stable and it can be transmitted efficiently by mechanical contact.

Disease symptoms

PlAMV causes red‐rusted systemic necrosis in ornamental lilies, but it shows much weaker, if any, symptoms in wild plants such asP. asiatica.

Control

Control of the disease caused by PlAMV is based mainly on rapid diagnosis and elimination of the infected bulbs or plants.
Which naturalism?
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: July 2022

The ‘naturalizing’ agenda in contemporary secularist philosophy is often presented in opposition to traditional theism. But looking at the history of the terms ‘nature’ and ‘natural’ reveals a discontinuity between how these terms are currently understood and how they were understood in the past. The modern ‘naturalist’, in insisting that all phenomena should be brought within the domain of the natural, is advancing a thesis that many classical, medieval and early-modern philosophers and theologians would have regarded as fairly self-evident. What has changed is not that there is a new determination to include within the natural domain what was previously excluded from it, but rather that there is a radical shift in how the natural domain is to be understood. This paper argues that the philosophically interesting question is not whether or not we should be naturalists, but which of two naturalisms we should adopt: secular naturalism, with its neutralist conception of nature in general and of human nature in particular, or theistic naturalism, according to which the natural world and our own nature bear the stamp of the divine. It turns out the former (secularist) view is vulnerable to serious difficulties, on both the epistemic and the moral fronts.
Music training modulates theta brain oscillations associated with response suppression
Authors: Lu Jing , Moussard Aline , Guo Sijia , Lee Yunjo , Bidelman Gavin M. , Moreno Sylvain , Skrotzki Cassandra , Bugos Jennifer , Shen Dawei , Yao Dezhong , Alain Claude
Published: July 2022

There is growing interest in developing training programs to mitigate cognitive decline associated with normal aging. Here, we assessed the effect of 3‐month music and visual art training programs on the oscillatory brain activity of older adults using a partially randomized intervention design. High‐density electroencephalography (EEG) was measured during the pre‐ and post‐training sessions while participants completed a visual GoNoGo task. Time‐frequency representations were calculated in regions of interest encompassing the visual, parietal, and prefrontal cortices. Before training, NoGo trials generated greater theta power than Go trials from 300 to 500 ms post‐stimulus in mid‐central and frontal brain areas. Theta power indexing response suppression was significantly reduced after music training. There was no significant difference between pre‐ and post‐test for the visual art or the control group. The effect of music training on theta power indexing response suppression was associated with reduced functional connectivity between prefrontal, visual, and auditory regions. These results suggest that theta power indexes executive control mechanisms in older adults. Music training affects theta power and functional connectivity associated with response suppression. These findings contribute to a better understanding of inhibitory control ability in older adults and the neuroplastic effects of music interventions.
Identification by RNA‐Seq of let‐7 clusters as prenatal biomarkers for nonsyndromic cleft lip with palate
Authors: Jia Shanshan , Zhang Qiang , Wang Yu , Wei Xiaowei , Gu Hui , Liu Dan , Ma Wei , He Yiwen , Luo Wenting , Yuan Zhengwei
Published: July 2022

Nonsyndromic cleft lip with palate (nsCLP) is a common congenital malformation; however, early prenatal diagnosis is challenging and pathogenesis remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic potential of miRNAs in plasma‐derived exosomes and whole plasma of pregnant women to identify nsCLP and an underlying mechanism. Combined RNA sequencing analysis was performed on samples from plasma exosomes and whole plasma of pregnant women carrying normal fetuses or fetuses with nsCLP in an ongoing birth cohort, in addition to lip samples from nsCLP fetuses and healthy controls. Eight let‐7 cluster miRNAs (hsa‐let‐7a‐3p, hsa‐let‐7a‐5p, hsa‐let‐7c‐5p, hsa‐let‐7d‐3p, hsa‐let‐7d‐5p, hsa‐let‐7e‐5p, hsa‐let‐7f‐5p, and hsa‐miR‐98‐5p) in plasma exosomes from pregnant women provided higher sensitivity/specificity for diagnosing fetal nsCLP than those in plasma. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of the eight miRNAs from plasma exosomes was 0.992. Among them, hsa‐let‐7a‐3p showed better diagnostic capability and was downregulated in nsCLP fetal lip tissues. Upstream and downstream target genes of hsa‐let‐7a‐3p were screened and confirmed. Our work highlights the potential clinical application value of let‐7 clusters in predicting nsCLP and associates as a new regulatory axis (EN2–LIN28A–hsa‐let‐7a‐3p–HHIP–GLI2) with human nsCLP pathogenesis.
Turning summer into winter: nutrient dynamics, temperature, density dependence and invasive species drive bioenergetic processes and growth of a keystone coldwater fish
Authors: DeWeber J. Tyrell , Baer Jan , Rösch Roland , Brinker Alexander
Published: July 2022

A combination of global changes such as species invasions, climate change and nutrient pollution have altered ecosystems, food webs and the bioenergetic processes that control growth. These changes are especially pronounced in freshwater ecosystems and often lead to rapid variation in fish growth and dependent ecosystems services such as fishery yield. Understanding the mechanisms driving growth responses to environmental change is important for interpreting past dynamics and sustainably managing ecosystems. This study uses integrated bioenergetics and growth modeling to understand how nutrient dynamics, species invasions and changing temperatures have altered growth of the keystone pelagic whitefish Coregonus wartmanni in Lake Constance, Germany from 1925 to 2020. Growth variation was modeled by allowing covariates to alter temperature‐dependent consumption, while size‐specific metabolism varied only with temperature. Consumption and growth increased strongly to a maximum with phosphorous, and this effect was stronger when intraspecific competition (measured as whitefish biomass) was low. Increasing whitefish biomass reduced growth under mesotrophic conditions, but had no effect under oligotrophic conditions. In contrast, increasing competition with invasive three‐spined stickleback Gasteosteus aculeauts was predicted to reduce growth even under oligotrophic conditions. The invasion has effectively turned summer into winter for whitefish, with older fish ceasing to grow and younger fish losing up to 10% of their body weight during the normal growing season in subsequent years. Warming is predicted to further reduce whitefish growth due to competition with invasive stickleback, which would further alter zooplankton food availability and reduce already low fishery yields. These results demonstrate the importance of considering biotic interactions and synergistic effects in global change studies, as well as the value of mechanistic based models for understanding effects. Similar growth responses to ecosystem change are likely within and across ecosystems, and bioenergetic models can help understand effects to support informed ecosystem management.
Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN) encompasses a spectrum of inflammatory mosaic disorders
Authors: Atzmony Lihi , Ugwu Nelson , Hamilton Claire , Paller Amy S. , Zech Loren , Antaya Richard J. , Choate Keith A.
Published: July 2022

Background

Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN) is a rare skin disease characterized by pruritic erythematous scaly plaques distributed along the lines of Blaschko. Two cases of ILVEN with CARD14 mutations and one case with a GJA1 mutation have been previously reported.

Objective

To elucidate the genetic cause of a cohort of patients diagnosed based on clinical and histopathological evaluation with ILVEN.

Methods

We recruited patients diagnosed with ILVEN based on clinical and histopathological criteria. Exome sequencing of affected skin with or without blood/saliva was performed and germline and somatic pathogenic variants were identified.

Results

Five patients were enrolled. All had skin lesions from birth or early childhood. Two patients developed psoriasis vulgaris after the diagnosis of ILVEN. The first had a germline heterozygous CARD14 mutation and a post‐zygotic hotspot mutation in KRT10. The histopathologic evaluation did not show epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. The second had a post‐zygotic hotspot mutation in HRAS. Her ILVEN became itchy once psoriasis developed. One patient was re‐diagnosed with linear porokeratosis based on a germline mutation in PMVK and a post‐zygotic second‐hit mutation. Two patients were re‐diagnosed with congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform nevus and limb defect nevus based on germline NSDHL mutations.

Conclusion

ILVEN is a clinical descriptor for a heterogenous group of mosaic inflammatory disorders. Genetic analysis has the potential to more precisely categorize ILVEN and permits pathogenesis‐directed therapies in some cases.
Randomized pilot trial of praise text messages to improve medication adherence among adolescents and young adults with liver transplants
Authors: Sayegh Caitlin , Im Deborah , Moss Ilana K. , Urquiza Ruby , Patel Shreena , Thomas Dan W.
Published: July 2022

Background

AYA who have undergone liver transplantations often struggle to adhere to their post‐transplant immunosuppressant medications, which can lead to serious health complications. The objective of this pilot study is to examine the acceptability and feasibility of a brief mobile health (mHealth) intervention and its impact on medication adherence among AYA liver transplant recipients.

Methods

Thirty‐five AYAs (13–21 years old) were randomized to either (1) receive praise text messages whenever laboratory results indicated immunosuppressant medications within the expected range or (2) usual care. Motivation for adherence and adherence were assessed via self‐report, and a MLVI was calculated based on values abstracted from the electronic health record.

Results

Multilevel, multivariate models showed significant associations between group assignment and some self‐reported motivation and adherence outcomes but not MLVI. Specifically, AYA receiving the praise text messages were significantly more likely to report taking their prescribed doses (OR = 2.49, p = .03), taking their medicine according to the directions (OR = 2.39, p = .04), and being highly confident in taking their medication (OR = 2.46, p = .04), compared with the usual services group. Qualitative responses indicated praise texts were mostly helpful but could be improved.

Conclusions

The results suggest texting patients about positive health indicators was acceptable and, with refinement, might promote AYA illness self‐management.
The Neo‐Classical Challenge to Classical Theism
Authors: Feser Edward
Published: July 2022

The classical theist tradition represented by thinkers like Anselm and Aquinas predicates several remarkable attributes of God, most notably simplicity or lack of parts of any kind. Neo‐classical theists have recently developed several lines of criticism of these attributes. But these criticisms are not effective against the historically most influential way of spelling out classical theism, which is Thomism.
Parochial Altruism and Political Ideology
Authors: Brewer Marilynn B. , Buchan Nancy R. , Ozturk Orgul D. , Grimalda Gianluca
Published: July 2022

Parochial altruism refers to the propensity to direct prosocial behavior toward members of one's own ingroup to a greater extent than toward those outside one's group. Both theory and empirical research suggest that parochialism may be linked to political ideology, with conservatives more likely than liberals to exhibit ingroup bias in altruistic behavior. The present study, conducted in the United States and Italy, tested this relationship in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, assessing willingness to contribute money to charities at different levels of inclusiveness—local versus national versus international. Results indicated that conservatives contributed less money overall and were more likely to limit their contribution to the local charity while liberals were significantly more likely to contribute to national and international charities, exhibiting less parochialism. Conservatives and liberals also differed in social identification and trust, with conservatives higher in social identity and trust at the local and national levels and liberals higher in global social identity and trust in global others. Differences in global social identity partially accounted for the effects of political ideology on donations.
Treatment and outcomes of two pigs treated for hemoabdomen secondary to splenic disease
Authors: Schultz Brooke L. , Bookbinder Lauren C. , Claffey Elaine F. , Luedke Lauren K. , Delvescovo Barbara , Fubini Susan L. , Radcliffe Rolfe M.
Published: July 2022

Objective

To report the management and outcomes of two pigs undergoing emergency surgery for hemoabdomen secondary to splenic disease.

Study design

Case report.

Animal

Two adult pigs with hemoabdomen and suspected splenic pathology.

Methods

Pigs were admitted for several clinical signs including lethargy, inappetence, vomiting, abdominal distention, hypothermia, and tachycardia. Abdominal ultrasound and abdominocentesis led to a diagnosis of hemoabdomen secondary to splenic disease.

Results

The spleen was confirmed as the source of hemorrhage during midline exploratory celiotomy in both pigs. Splenic rupture resulted from splenic vein thrombosis in one pig and splenic torsion in the other. Complications included intraoperative hemorrhage and intraabdominal adhesion formation. Four years following splenectomy, one pig was euthanized because of widespread small intestinal adhesions causing luminal obstruction, while the other pig was euthanized following a diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia.

Conclusions

A ventral midline celiotomy provided adequate exposure for splenectomy. The procedure allowed resolution of signs in both pigs. Splenic pathology, such as vessel thrombosis or torsion, may result in splenic rupture and should be considered as a differential in pigs with hemoabdomen.
The High-Status Late Medieval Skull Shaped Relic in Turku Cathedral Finland – Study of the Origin with Oxygen and Strontium Isotope Analyses
Authors:   Finnish Food Authority, Lahtinen Maria
Published: July 2022

The relics and associated reliquaries of Turku Cathedral are among the most significant early Christian artefacts in Finland preserved in situ. Despite their importance, they have not been the focus of scientific enquiry for a number of decades. This study has focused on one skull shaped relic, although the origin and name of its associated saint remains unknown. The relic is the only such example with high-status decoration in the Turku Cathedral collection and is covered with a red silk decorated with yellow yarn. The bones and fabric have been dated from the beginning of the modern era to the 13th century AD, and variance among the radiocarbon (14C) dates acquired from the bones shows the remains incorporate several individuals. In this study, oxygen and strontium isotope compositions were determined from fragmented bones and textiles. The results are the first isotope analysis performed on this collection housed in Turku Cathedral. Analysis indicates an origin from outside Finland, possibly elsewhere in northern Europe or an Alpine region. This helps take us a little closer to understanding the mystery associated with this sacred artefact.
The Use of Accelerometers in Young Children: A Methodological Scoping Review
Authors: Breau Becky , Coyle-Asbil Hannah J. , Vallis Lori Ann
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this scoping review was to examine publications using accelerometers in children aged 6 months to <6 years and report on current methodologies used for data collection and analyses. We examined device make and model, device placement, sampling frequency, data collection protocol, definition of nonwear time, inclusion criteria, epoch duration, and cut points. Five online databases and three gray literature databases were searched. Studies were included if they were published in English between January 2009 and March 2021. A total of 627 articles were included for descriptive analyses. Of the reviewed articles, 75% used ActiGraph devices. The most common device placement was hip or waist. More than 80% of articles did not report a sampling frequency, and 7-day protocols during only waking hours were the most frequently reported. Fifteen-second epoch durations and the cut points developed by Pate et al. in 2006 were the most common. A total of 203 articles did not report which definition of nonwear time was used; when reported, “20 minutes of consecutive zeros” was the most frequently used. Finally, the most common inclusion criteria were “greater or equal to 10 hr/day for at least 3 days” for studies conducted in free-living environments and “greater than 50% of the school day” for studies conducted in preschool or childcare environments. Results demonstrated a major lack of reporting of methods used to analyze accelerometer data from young children. A list of recommended reporting practices was developed to encourage increased reporting of key methodological details for research in this area.
Are Physical Function and Fear of Movement Risk Factors for Patellofemoral Pain? A 2-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Pazzinatto Marcella F. , Barton Christian J. , Willy Richard W. , Ferreira Amanda S. , Azevedo Fábio M. , de Oliveira Silva Danilo
Published: July 2022

Context: To determine (1) whether physical function and fear of movement are prospectively associated with the risk of females developing patellofemoral pain (PFP) and (2) whether they change following development of PFP. Design: Prospective observational study. Methods: A total of 114 asymptomatic females (18–22 y old) completed assessment of physical function (forward step-down test and single-leg hop for distance) and fear of movement using the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Presence of symptoms of PFP was monitored bimonthly. Results: Ninety participants (retention rate = 79%) completed the 2-year follow-up assessment, with 27 (24% of the cohort) developing PFP. Physical function, including forward step-down test (P = .659) and single-leg hop for distance (P = .825), and fear of movement (P = .479) were not associated with the risk of developing PFP. Females who developed PFP presented with reduced forward step-down repetitions (mean difference = 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.2 to 5.3) and single-leg hop for distance (10.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.7 to 17.7 cm) at 2-year follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference between those who did and did not develop PFP for fear of movement (−3.4; 95% confidence interval, −7.0 to 0.2). Conclusions: Physical function and fear of movement were not associated with the risk of developing PFP in young females. However, the change over time in the step-down and single-leg hop for distance tests may suggest that, even in the early stages of PFP, young females present impaired physical function compared with females who did not develop symptoms. Fear of movement may develop due to persistent PFP, and does not appear to be a risk factor or key feature in females with PFP of short symptoms duration.
Structural basis for tunable control of actin dynamics by myosin-15 in mechanosensory stereocilia
Authors: Gong Rui , Jiang Fangfang , Moreland Zane G. , Reynolds Matthew J. , de los Reyes Santiago Espinosa , Gurel Pinar , Shams Arik , Heidings James B. , Bowl Michael R. , Bird Jonathan E. , Alushin Gregory M.
Published: July 2022

The motor protein myosin-15 is necessary for the development and maintenance of mechanosensory stereocilia, and mutations in myosin-15 cause hereditary deafness. In addition to transporting actin regulatory machinery to stereocilia tips, myosin-15 directly nucleates actin filament (“F-actin”) assembly, which is disrupted by a progressive hearing loss mutation (p.D1647G, “
jordan
”). Here, we present cryo–electron microscopy structures of myosin-15 bound to F-actin, providing a framework for interpreting the impacts of deafness mutations on motor activity and actin nucleation. Rigor myosin-15 evokes conformational changes in F-actin yet maintains flexibility in actin’s D-loop, which mediates inter-subunit contacts, while the
jordan
mutant locks the D-loop in a single conformation. Adenosine diphosphate–bound myosin-15 also locks the D-loop, which correspondingly blunts actin-polymerization stimulation. We propose myosin-15 enhances polymerization by bridging actin protomers, regulating nucleation efficiency by modulating actin’s structural plasticity in a myosin nucleotide state–dependent manner. This tunable regulation of actin polymerization could be harnessed to precisely control stereocilium height.
Therapeutic KRAS
G12C
inhibition drives effective interferon-mediated antitumor immunity in immunogenic lung cancers
Authors: Mugarza Edurne , van Maldegem Febe , Boumelha Jesse , Moore Christopher , Rana Sareena , Llorian Sopena Miriam , East Philip , Ambler Rachel , Anastasiou Panayiotis , Romero-Clavijo Pablo , Valand Karishma , Cole Megan , Molina-Arcas Miriam , Downward Julian
Published: July 2022

Recently developed KRAS
G12C
inhibitory drugs are beneficial to lung cancer patients harboring KRAS
G12C
mutations, but drug resistance frequently develops. Because of the immunosuppressive nature of the signaling network controlled by oncogenic KRAS, these drugs can indirectly affect antitumor immunity, providing a rationale for their combination with immune checkpoint blockade. In this study, we have characterized how KRAS
G12C
inhibition reverses immunosuppression driven by oncogenic KRAS in a number of preclinical lung cancer models with varying levels of immunogenicity. Mechanistically, KRAS
G12C
inhibition up-regulates interferon signaling via Myc inhibition, leading to reduced tumor infiltration by immunosuppressive cells, enhanced infiltration and activation of cytotoxic T cells, and increased antigen presentation. However, the combination of KRAS
G12C
inhibitors with immune checkpoint blockade only provides synergistic benefit in the most immunogenic tumor model. KRAS
G12C
inhibition fails to sensitize cold tumors to immunotherapy, with implications for the design of clinical trials combining KRAS
G12C
inhibitors with anti-PD1 drugs.
Measles and Nipah virus assembly: Specific lipid binding drives matrix polymerization
Authors: Norris Michael J. , Husby Monica L. , Kiosses William B. , Yin Jieyun , Saxena Roopashi , Rennick Linda J. , Heiner Anja , Harkins Stephanie S. , Pokhrel Rudramani , Schendel Sharon L. , Hastie Kathryn M. , Landeras-Bueno Sara , Salie Zhe Li , Lee Benhur , Chapagain Prem P. , Maisner Andrea , Duprex W. Paul , Stahelin Robert V. , Saphire Erica Ollmann
Published: July 2022

Measles virus, Nipah virus, and multiple other paramyxoviruses cause disease outbreaks in humans and animals worldwide. The paramyxovirus matrix (M) protein mediates virion assembly and budding from host cell membranes. M is thus a key target for antivirals, but few high-resolution structures of paramyxovirus M are available, and we lack the clear understanding of how viral M proteins interact with membrane lipids to mediate viral assembly and egress that is needed to guide antiviral design. Here, we reveal that M proteins associate with phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P
2
] at the plasma membrane. Using x-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and molecular dynamics, we demonstrate that PI(4,5)P
2
binding induces conformational and electrostatic changes in the M protein surface that trigger membrane deformation, matrix layer polymerization, and virion assembly.
Differences in ion-RNA binding modes due to charge density variations explain the stability of RNA in monovalent salts
Authors: Henning-Knechtel Anja , Thirumalai D. , Kirmizialtin Serdal
Published: July 2022

The stability of RNA increases as the charge density of the alkali metal cations increases. The molecular mechanism for this phenomenon remains elusive. To fill this gap, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics pulling simulations of HIV-1 trans-activation response RNA. We first established that the free energy landscape obtained in the simulations is in excellent agreement with the single-molecule optical tweezer experiments. The origin of the stronger stability in sodium compared to potassium is found to be due to the differences in the charge density–related binding modes. The smaller hydrated sodium ion preferentially binds to the highly charged phosphates that have high surface area. In contrast, the larger potassium ions interact with the major grooves. As a result, more cations condense around phosphate groups in the case of sodium ions, leading to the reduction of electrostatic repulsion. Because the proposed mechanism is generic, we predict that the same conclusions are valid for divalent alkaline earth metal cations.
Structural analyses of human ryanodine receptor type 2 channels reveal the mechanisms for sudden cardiac death and treatment
Authors: Miotto Marco C. , Weninger Gunnar , Dridi Haikel , Yuan Qi , Liu Yang , Wronska Anetta , Melville Zephan , Sittenfeld Leah , Reiken Steven , Marks Andrew R.
Published: July 2022

Ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) mutations have been linked to an inherited form of exercise-induced sudden cardiac death called catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). CPVT results from stress-induced sarcoplasmic reticular Ca
2+
leak via the mutant RyR2 channels during diastole. We present atomic models of human wild-type (WT) RyR2 and the CPVT mutant RyR2-R2474S determined by cryo–electron microscopy with overall resolutions in the range of 2.6 to 3.6 Å, and reaching local resolutions of 2.25 Å, unprecedented for RyR2 channels. Under nonactivating conditions, the RyR2-R2474S channel is in a “primed” state between the closed and open states of WT RyR2, rendering it more sensitive to activation that results in stress-induced Ca
2+
leak. The Rycal drug ARM210 binds to RyR2-R2474S, reverting the primed state toward the closed state. Together, these studies provide a mechanism for CPVT and for the therapeutic actions of ARM210.
Microtubule-binding core of the tau protein
Authors: El Mammeri Nadia , Dregni Aurelio J. , Duan Pu , Wang Harrison K. , Hong Mei
Published: July 2022

The protein tau associates with microtubules to maintain neuronal health. Posttranslational modifications of tau interfere with this binding, leading to tau aggregation in neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to investigate the structure of the microtubule-binding domain of tau. Wild-type tau that contains four microtubule-binding repeats and a pseudorepeat R′ is studied. Complexed with taxol-stabilized microtubules, the immobilized residues exhibit well-resolved two-dimensional spectra that can be assigned to the amino-terminal region of R4 and the R′ domain. When tau coassembles with tubulin to form unstable microtubules, the R′ signals remain, whereas the R4 signals disappear, indicating that R′ remains immobilized, whereas R4 becomes more mobile. Therefore, R′ outcompetes the other four repeats to associate with microtubules. These NMR data, together with previous cryo–electron microscopy densities, indicate an extended conformation for microtubule-bound R′. R′ contains the largest number of charged residues among all repeats, suggesting that charge-charge interaction drives tau-microtubule association.
Polymeric nanoparticles for dual-targeted theranostic gene delivery to hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Vaughan Hannah J. , Zamboni Camila G. , Hassan Laboni F. , Radant Nicholas P. , Jacob Desmond , Mease Ronnie C. , Minn Il , Tzeng Stephany Y. , Gabrielson Kathleen L. , Bhardwaj Pranshu , Guo Xin , Francisco David , Pomper Martin G. , Green Jordan J.
Published: July 2022

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops predominantly in the inflammatory environment of a cirrhotic liver caused by hepatitis, toxin exposure, or chronic liver disease. A targeted therapeutic approach is required to enable cancer killing without causing toxicity and liver failure. Poly(beta-amino-ester) (PBAE) nanoparticles (NPs) were used to deliver a completely CpG-free plasmid harboring mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 sr39 thymidine kinase (sr39) DNA to human HCC cells. Transfection with sr39 enables cancer cell killing with the prodrug ganciclovir and accumulation of 9-(4-18F-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine (18F-FHBG) for in vivo imaging. Targeting was achieved using a CpG-free human alpha fetoprotein (AFP) promoter (CpGf-AFP-sr39). Expression was restricted to AFP-producing HCC cells, enabling selective transfection of orthotopic HCC xenografts. CpGf-AFP-sr39 NP treatment resulted in 62% reduced tumor size, and therapeutic gene expression was detectable by positron emission tomography (PET). This systemic nanomedicine achieved tumor-specific delivery, therapy, and imaging, representing a promising platform for targeted treatment of HCC.
Relayed hyperpolarization for zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Van Dyke Erik T. , Eills James , Picazo-Frutos Román , Sheberstov Kirill F. , Hu Yinan , Budker Dmitry , Barskiy Danila A.
Published: July 2022

Zero- to ultralow-field nuclear magnetic resonance (ZULF NMR) is a rapidly developing form of spectroscopy that provides rich spectroscopic information in the absence of large magnetic fields. However, signal acquisition still requires a mechanism for generating a bulk magnetic moment for detection, and the currently used methods only apply to a limited pool of chemicals or come at prohibitively high cost. We demonstrate that the parahydrogen-based SABRE (signal amplification by reversible exchange)–Relay method can be used as a more general means of generating hyperpolarized analytes for ZULF NMR by observing zero-field
J
-spectra of [
13
C]-methanol, [1-
13
C]-ethanol, and [2-
13
C]-ethanol in both
13
C-isotopically enriched and natural abundance samples. We explore the magnetic field dependence of the SABRE-Relay efficiency and show the existence of a second maximum at 19.0 ± 0.3 mT. Despite presence of water, SABRE-Relay is used to hyperpolarize ethanol extracted from a store-bought sample of vodka (%
P
H
~ 0.1%).