bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change of Biomechanical Parameters in the Lower Jaws of Rabbits with Experimental Osteoporosis after Implantation of Calcium-Phosphate Bioceramic Material in the Greater Trochanter Region
Authors: Salms Girts , Ananjevs Vladislavs , Kasyanovs Vladimirs , Skagers Andrejs , Salma Ilze , Vetra Janis , Zalite Vita , Stipniece Liga , Petronis Sandris
Published: December 2016

Investigation of biomechanical properties of the rabbit bone tissue from a corner of the lower jaw was done. Experimental osteoporosis was induced by ovariectomy and following injections of methylprednisolone. The defects in the greater trochanter region was created and filled with granules of a hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate (HAP/TCP 30/70) or HAP/TCP 30/70 together with 5% strontium ranelate. After 3 month animals were euthanased, squared samples have been cut out from a corner of the lower jaw and tested on a bend. Results of research show, that the corner of a lower jaw in rabbit becomes more rigid after filling of defects in the greater trochanter region with granules of a hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate (HAP/TCP 30/70) or granules together with strontium ranelate. The ultimate strain for the bone tissue in the 2nd and 3rd group is less, than for control group. Thus, local uses calcium – phosphatic bioceramic material around the greater trochanter region improves biomechanical parameters of a bone tissue in the lower jaw of animals.
Response of Osteoporotic Jaw Bone to Implantation of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics Supplemented with Autologous Mesenchymal Cells
Authors: Grisulonoks Aleksandrs , Cakstina Inese , Abolins Arnis , Locs Janis , Skagers Andrejs , Salma Ilze , Salms Girts , Klimecs Vadims
Published: December 2016

To target areas of the skeletal system which are clinically significant sites is a new strategy as the"local treatment of osteoporosis". Synthetic bioceramics implanted into critical sized bone defect of rats with experimental osteoporosis demonstrateds better effect to bone tissue repair in osteoporosis and/or osteoporosis status. Stem cell transplantation may improve bone mineral density in animal models of osteoporosis. An adequate blood supply of mesenchymal cells (MSCs and osteoprogenitors) is important for efficient bone regeneration. The concentration and quality of MSCs may vary significantly, depending on the individual (especially in older people), the cell obtaining sites and techniques used. Combination of BCP and stem cells are not studied on old experimental animals with double induced osteoporosis.
Compaction of Powdered Materials Reinforced with Milled W-B Fibers
Authors: Mironov Viktor , Usherenko Yulia , Stankevich Pavels , Barone Elina
Published: December 2016

Fibrous composite materials with metal matrices are effectively employed in the newest technical fields. Researches related to the development of composite materials, containing W-B fibers are among them. Fibrous composite materials are effectively used in newest technical industries because of their high durability, small weight and other valuable properties. The paper describes the features of grinding Al-W-B waste using a disintegrator to obtain W-B fiber powder with a specified particle size. A number of mixtures with the metal substrate are offered. Methods for preparing samples of various compositions containing W-B fibers are observed. Results of research of physical-mechanical, tribological properties and microstructure of materials are brought.
High-Energy Method of Transformation of Casting Metals and Alloys to the Composite Materials
Authors: Usherenko Yulia , Usherenko Sergey , Yazdani Javad
Published: December 2016

Work related to the development of metal composite materials using effect of super-deep penetration (SDP) of powder particles. Composite materials are obtained from usual casting billets. During SDP process powder particles work as needles and the fibers are formed in metal matrix under dynamic interaction between powder particles and matrix material. Researchers showed high non-uniformity of the chemical composition of the processed material. Material was doped with a high amount of alloying elements at SDP. It may explain specific mechanical and chemical properties of the structure of this new composite material.
The Properties of Mineral Additives Obtained by Collision Milling in Disintegrator
Authors: Bumanis Girts , Goljandin Dmitri , Bajare Diana
Published: December 2016

Mineral additives are materials which are used in wide range of industries including construction, cosmetics, agricultural and biotechnology. Such materials as plasters, paints, abrasives etc. are produced using mineral powders. Main qualities of mineral additives are purity of chemical composition, grading properties and shape factor. To obtain powder like material most common method is milling. One of most effective milling method for refining of brittle material is grinding by collision in disintegrator. One of advantage of this method is that high milling energy is transferred to the milling material in short period of time. In present research three types of mineral materials were treated in disintegrator with specific energy Es applied 8.4 and 25.2 kWh/t: natural quartz sand 0.3/1mm, quartz-limestone 0.3/2.5mm sand and dolomite screenings 0/4mm. Results indicate that powder like material with d90 form 66 to 141 µm could be obtained at Es 8.4 kWh/t while increase of Es reduces d90 value to 48 to 72 µm and the milling efficiency was effected by the sand type.
Effect of Sintering Method on Surface Fatigue of Carbide Composites
Authors: Petrov Mihhail , Kübarsepp Jakob , Sergejev Fjodor , Viljus Mart , Tarraste Marek
Published: December 2016

In this work the influence of sintering method on the surface fatigue of carbide composite was studied. The research focuses on WC-15wt%Co hardmetals prepared using different powders and different sintering techniques and as a result different microstructure: conventional WC+Co powder and novel reactive powder type W+C+Co are sintered using vacuum furnace, compression sintering (sinterhipping) and spark plasma sintering (SPS method). As tungsten carbide is a common material for cold forming punches and surface degradation causes punch failure [1], the tool life can be significantly extended by material surface fatigue life improvement.
It is expected that SPS production route of WC-15wt%Co hardmetal will conclude in better microstructure, more even average grain size distribution and smaller residual porosity, and respectively better mechanical and surface fatigue properties compared to conventional production routes. There are some expectations related to the reactive sintering production routes, as this technique promotes the fine microstructure and better mechanical properties.
Electrodeposition of Cobalt and Lead in the Hybrid Liquid Membrane - Electrodialysis-Electrolysis Process
Authors: Sadyrbaeva Tatiana
Published: December 2016

A novel method for Co (II) and Pb (II) recovery from acidic solutions is presented. The extraction of Co (II) and Pb (II) ions using the bulk liquid membranes during a galvanostatic electrodialysis process accompanied by cathodic electrodeposition of the metals was studied. Solutions of di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) with admixtures of tri-n-octylamine (TOA) in 1,2-dichloroethane were used as the liquid membranes. Effects of current density, Co (II) and Pb (II) concentrations in the feed solution, sulfuric or nitric acid concentration in the feed solution, D2EHPA and TOA concentration in the liquid membrane, of the type and concentration of acid in the cathodic solution were studied, and optimal conditions were determined. It is demonstrated that a practically complete (98-99%) removal of Co (II) and Pb (II) from the feed solutions containing 0.01 mol∙L-1 CoSO4 or 0.01 mol∙L-1 Pb (NO3)2 is achieved during 1.0 − 4.0 h of electrodialysis. A possibility of effective transfer of Pb (II) into dilute solutions of perchloric and nitric acids was demonstrated. The liquid membranes ensure the recovery of Co (II) ions into dilute solutions of perchloric, sulphuric, hydrochloric and nitric acids. Adherent, compact cobalt and lead electrodeposits with a fine-grained structure were obtained in the studied systems.
Tribological Properties of Nanostructured Diffusion Layers of Metal Coatings
Authors: Skotnikova Margarita A. , Tsvetkova Galina V. , Krylov Nikolay A.
Published: December 2016

Copper nickel (Cu-Ni) coatings on products from instrumental steel H12M were drawn and they were subjected to subsequent intensive plastic deformation under stresses 3.0; 3.5; 4.0 and 4.5 GPa. The nanostructured surface, formation grains size of 13...173 nm with high-angle (at 3.0; 4.0; 4.5 GPa) and low-angle (dislocation) borders of grains (at 3.5 GPa), influencing redistribution of alloying elements and tribological properties was shown by means of methods of light and electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction and micro-ray spectral analysis, and also tribological tests.
Welding Parameters and their Influence on the Abrasion Resistance of Structural Steels at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Rojacz Harald , Pahr Hannes , Baumgartner Susanne , Adam Karl , Varga Markus
Published: December 2016

In several industrial applications wear resistance of structural steels is required. Also enhanced temperature can occur when handling hot materials, e.g. in steel industry. Within this study a low alloyed structural steel (carbon steel S355) and a high temperature (HT) 9 % Cr steel ASTM A332 P92 were chosen for investigation. Repair welds with flux cored wires which are often required in applications were investigated, aiming on the role of interpass temperatures, the resulting effect of cooling conditions on the microstructure and their HT abrasion resistance. The influence of different microstructural parameters such as phase content, processing and the resulting temperature-hardness coherence on the wear resistance are evaluated within a high temperature abrasion test and a hot hardness test rig. Results indicate a strong influence of interpass temperature and heat input on the hot hardness and wear behaviour of welded structural steels.
The Nonwovens Properties Made from Hybrid Fibres
Authors: Bernava Aina , Reihmane Skaidrite , Bitenieks Juris , Manins Maris
Published: December 2016

The varieties of using nonwovens (NW) increases. The results of study about the influence of hybrid fibres content and technological parameters of production on properties of NW made from webs of two contents of hemp, recycled polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene fibres, produced in two temperature and pressure conditions are presented. It is concluded that NW surface parameters and mechanical properties can be purposefully influenced with webs composition and production technology of NW. Produced NW are applicable, where lightweight and water permeable materials are necessary.
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Composite Made from Hemp and Polylactide
Authors: Stapulionienė Rūta , Vaitkus Saulius , Vėjelis Sigitas
Published: December 2016

This paper presents the research on the structure, short-term compression and tension of hemp fibers composite. The density of hemp fibers composite varied from ~40 to ~96 kg/m3. The mechanical characteristics of such hemp fibers composite mostly depend on the materials structure and density. By the mechanical tests it was determined that compressive stress of the hemp fibers composite depends on the direction of the load to the specimens face (perpendicular, across and parallel to the direction of formation).
Curing Kinetic Models of Resins for Microwave Assisted Pultrusion
Authors: Akishin Pavel , Barkanov Evgeny , Miazza Nora , Galvez Santiago
Published: December 2016

Traditional description of the rate of the thermoset resin reaction by the Arrhenius relationship multiplied by a reaction function has been used in this study. The Kissinger method and ASTM E 698 procedure have been used for a determination of parameters of the Arrhenius relationship. N-th order, Prout-Tompkins and Kamal-Sourour models have been used and evaluated as the reaction functions to formulate the curing kinetic models of an epoxy resin.An engineering tool based on Microsoft Excel code has been developed by using the developed methodology. This tool has been successfully applied for a building of the curing kinetic model of vinyl ester resin with high microwave absorption properties to be used in the microwave assisted pultrusion processes.
Evaluation of Equilibrium Moisture Content and Chemical Composition in Torrefied Birch Wood
Authors: Brazdausks Prans , Rizhikovs Janis , Paze Aigars , Zhurinsh Aivars , Puke Maris , Plavniece Ance
Published: December 2016

Birch wood veneer shorts from the plywood production plant in Latvia were fractionated to 0.63-2.00 mm and torrefied 30 min at 250, 260, 270, 280, 290 and 300 °C. The evaluation of hydrophobicity to untreated and torrefied birch wood was studied at constant climatic conditions (65±2% relative humidity, 22.8±0.3 °C) while standard chemical analysis methods were used to ascertain the structural and physical changes. Torrefaction process has a strong effect on the equilibrium moisture content of the fuel. The equilibrium moisture content of the torrefied wood decreased by 34% and more compared to the raw wood. Compositional analysis showed that the hemicelluloses are thermally more unstable than cellulose and lignin. During torrefaction process, hemicelluloses were almost removed, but extensive cellulose and light lignin degradation occurred only at torrefaction temperature of 300 °C. As the optimal torrefaction temperature can be considered 280 °C, where equilibrium moisture content of fuel was 5.9% and higher heating value 20.1 MJ/kg.
Field Tests of Cementitious Composites Suitable for Protective Structures and Critical Infrastructure
Authors: Štoller Jiří , Dvořák Petr
Published: December 2016

The paper deals with field tests of cementitious composites suitable for protective structures and critical infrastructure. The tests of ballistic resistance against contact and distant explosions are performed according to the NATO standards. The results of tests of plain concrete, steel fibre reinforced concrete and high performance fibre reinforced concrete are analysed.
Thomas Merton: The true self and the quest for justice
Authors: Rakoczy Susan
Published: December 2016

The year 2015 marked the 100th anniversary of the birth of Thomas Merton who was born on31 January 1915. His writings cover diverse themes, which are of value to a myriad of faithtraditions. This article will trace his understanding of holiness and the way in which Mertonemphasised participation in the transformation of the world. It commences with a biographicaloverview of Merton and then Merton’s understanding of ‘holiness’ as growth of the ‘true self’in God is discussed. His work as social critic is outlined and the article ends with a reflectionof Merton’s understanding of ‘love’ and ‘compassion’ – a life before God.
Autonomy and Just Health
Authors: Wils Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2016

In the last quarter of the 20th century medical ethics underwent a kind of renaissance:developments in biotechnology, in pharmacy, but, overall, increased possibilities in lifestylesand life-extension due to advanced technological approaches captured our attention and ledto a rehabilitation of ethics in general and medical ethics in particular. Initially these ethicsoperated with relatively simple principles. These principles, as they have been formulated byTom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress (1994), sound like a mantra to our ears: ‘Autonomy’,‘Nonmaleficence’, ‘Beneficence’, and ‘Justice’. Compared to the other three, the last namedprinciple, ‘Justice’, has led and, until the present day, continues to lead a shadowy existence.The question of what ‘just healthcare’ means, and especially what ‘just health’ is, is hardly everraised. In addition to this, the social characteristics of ‘health’ have been forgotten in areprehensible way. A future medical ethics must deal with two key challenges. First, what isthe good of health and how is it constituted? Second, what can ‘just health’ mean if we view itagainst the background of the social causes of health and disease.
THE OCCURENCE OF CITRATE-FERMENTING BACTERIA IN CHEDDAR CHEESE
Authors: Overcast W. W. , Rao K. M.
Published: December 2016

Forty samples of Cheddar cheese were purchased at retail outlets and examined for citrate-fermenting organisms and scored for flavor. The cheese were grouped into approximate flavor-groupings according to vendor's or manufacturer's label. Assuming that flavor intensity progresses with age, then the aged cheese with the sharp flavor had, on the average, fewer citrate-fermenting organisms. Likewise, the converse was true in that the mild flavored cheese had, on the average, higher counts of citrate-fermenting organisms. The correlation coefficient between the flavor scores and the logarithm of the numbers of citrate-fermenting bacteria was −0.53 which was significant at the 1% level.
APPLICATION OF AN AUTOMATED PROCEDURE TO THE MILK PHOSPHATASE TEST
Authors: Reynolds R. G. , Telford W. J. P.
Published: December 2016

An automated p-nitrophenylphosphate alkaline phosphatase procedure, developed for clinical testing of blood serum, has been adapted with minor modifications for use in the milk phosphatase test. The sensitivity of the automated procedure for the detection of under-pasteurization, and raw milk addition, is considered, and comparisons made with the official Gilcreas-Davis method.
A SIMPLE QUANTITATIVE CATALASE PROCEDURE FOR ABNORMAL MILK1
Authors: Janzen J. J. , Cook W. C.
Published: December 2016

A simple, quantitative catalase test for detecting abnormal milk has been described. This procedure utilizes a 10 ml. B-D Yale glass syringe with a 23 ga 1/2 inch Luer-Lok needle. The needle tip is plugged by inserting into a No. 00 rubber stopper. Five ml. of milk and 0.5 ml. of 3% H2O2 solution are measured into the syringe barrel. The plunger is inserted, syringe inverted, and stopper loosened to allow the discharge of all entrapped air from the syringe. The syringe is then re-closed, set upright, and incubated at 72 F for 3 hours. The volume of O2 released is measured as ml. O2 (directly on the scale) and converted to % O2 by multiplying the reading by 20.

This test provides a simple, efficient, and reproducible procedure for reporting catalase activity on the basis of percent oxygen evolved during a standardized test period. A comparison of the Clemson and Wisconsin Catalase test procedures indicated consistently lower values for the latter. Possible reasons for this variation are mentioned.
MULTIPLICATION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN SKIMMILK WITH AND WITHOUT ADDED HYDROCHLORIC, LACTIC, AND CITRIC ACIDS1
Authors: Subramanian C. S. , Marth E. H.
Published: December 2016

Cells of Salmonella typhimurium grown in nutrient broth at 37 C were inoculated into samples of sterile skimmilk (approximately 103 cells per ml) which were then acidified with hydrochloric, lactic, or citric acids and incubated at 22 and 37 C. Acids were added at 2-hr intervals in uniform increments sufficient to reduce the pH from 6.70 to 4.0 (hydrochloric acid), 4.25 (lactic acid), or 4.48 (citric acid). Samples taken at 4-hr intervals were plated, and plates incubated at 37 C for 24 hr. At 37 C, maximum numbers (109 cells per ml) were attained after 12 hr, whereas maximum numbers (>108 cells per ml) in acidified milks appeared after 16 hr of incubation. Citric acid was most inhibitory and was followed in order by lactic and hydrochloric acids. At 22 C, highest numbers appeared in all milks after 16 hr of incubation. Again, citric acid proved most inhibitory, and it was followed in order by lactic and hydrochloric acids.
BACTERIAL TEST RESULTS OF GRADE-A RAW MILK SAMPLES AS A MEASURE OF FARM PRODUCTION CONDITIONS1
Authors: Hartley J. C. , Reinbold G. W. , Vedamuthu E. R. , Clark W. S.
Published: December 2016

Milk from 30 grade-A farms was subjected to bacteriological tests including the Standard Plate, total, coliform, psychrophilic, thermoduric, and enterococcus count, resazurin reduction time, and leucocyte count to determine the correlation between these tests and farm production conditions. Farm conditions were evaluated at sample collection time by a farm score, which was based mainly on sanitation.

After collection and immediate transportation to the laboratory, half of each sample was stored at 3.3 C for 72 hr, the remainder was preincubated at 12.8 C for 18 hr after storage at 3.3 C for 54 hr; determinations were then performed. The leucocyte count was determined on the fresh sample.

The psychrophilic count was the only bacterial test that showed significant correlation with the farm score. For samples stored at 3.3 C for 72 hr, all comparisons among bacterial counts showed significant correlation except: psychrophilic count vs. resazurin reduction time; coliform count vs. resazurin reduction time; and, coliform count vs. enterococcus count. For preincubated samples, all comparisons among bacterial counts showed significant correlation except: psychrophilic count vs. resazurin reduction time; coliform count vs. resazurin reduction time; and, coliform count vs. thermoduric count. Higher correlations were obtained on the preincubated samples for all bacterial tests except the thermoduric count. Within this experimental design, preliminary incubation did not improve the ability of the bacterial tests to show statistically significant correlation with the farm score. The leucocyte count showed significant correlation with the farm score, but not with the bacterial test results.

Evaluation of data shows that the bacterial test results are not highly correlated with farm production conditions as measured by farm score. Milking-time inspections are necessary to assure that recommended practices are used in grade-A milk production.
MICROBIOLOGY OF RESTAURANT-CAFETERIA PREPARED FOOD DISHES
Authors: Jopke Walter H. , Riley James R.
Published: December 2016

Food samples were collected directly from serving lines in cafes and cafeterias in the Twin City metropolitan area. The samples were subjected to a battery of tests chosen to evaluate the microbiological quality of the foods.

Bacterial and yeast counts and culture results are reported. Salmonellae, shigellae, and Clostridium perfringens were not found. Numbers of microorganisms found varied considerably with the type of food. The ranges found are probably indicative of values which could be expected in restaurant-cafeteria foods.

The laboratory procedures used appeared to be satisfactory for a relatively small bacteriology laboratory and provided sufficient information with which to evaluate the microbiological quality of the food.

Hopefully, the data will contribute to efforts being made to establish microbiological standards for restaurant-cafeteria foods.
THE SANITARIAN'S RESPONSIBILITY IN MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING
Authors: Powers John J.
Published: December 2016

In the meat and poultry industries, efforts should be made to improve the environment of large animals just prior to slaughter. Part of the apparent problem of cross-contamination among animals is a matter of stress, not clear-cut cross infection between animals. The organisms are there all the time. Because of physiological and psychological stress caused by crowding, the animals begin to shed normal intestinal organisms more readily than before.

If sanitation is to be improved, real effort should be put into steps beyond the slaughter stage such as improving equipment design and materials, sanitizing methods, control of rodents and insects, and studying the worker's role in the transmission of contamination.

Particularly important is the control of temperature at all stages subsequent to slaughter. This includes loading rates, stacking arrangements, and other factors which may impede heat transfer and enable some portions of the food to be in a range where microbial growth can get started. Once they are already multiplying, organisms are capable of continuing for some time though the environment is then apparently unfavorable. This also applies to heating. Above the growth range of organisms, efforts should be made to be sure all portions are heated thoroughly and kept above the growth range. Equipment and procedures should be such that food moves through transitional heating-cooling operations quickly.

Essentially, the sanitarian as a professional has a responsibility to the public for general welfare. If in industry, he should use his knowledge to educate management, if that is needed, as to the importance of sanitation. This includes demonstrating the economic benefits of sanitation as well as avoidance of public health problems. Finally, whether in public health agencies, in industry, or elsewhere, the sanitarian has a duty to teach others why sanitation is essential and how it can be attained. By enlisting all who handle food to handle it properly out of knowledge–rather than mere feet-dragging compliance with public health regulations–considerable improvement could be made even with present methods and equipment.
EFFECTS OF MILKING MACHINES ON THE QUALITY OF MILK1
Authors: Whittlestone W. G.
Published: December 2016

Advisory officers and milking machine manufacturers have, in the past, criticised scientists on the ground, it is claimed, that no attempt is made to describe developments associated with farming in terms which can be understood by intelligent laymen.

This article deals with the specific problem of the effects of the milking machine on milk quality. It suggests one approach to the problem of machine design. There may well be other solutions which have not yet been explored.

It is realised that the requirements for high quality milk production may contradict the needs of the farmer with a large herd who is short of labour. There is also the problem of mastitis.

These aspects will be examined in later articles in the series, with the thought that, out of an up-to-date consideration of all the problems involved, a working solution will emerge which will be economical, efficient and available to New Zealand farmers.
EFFECT OF INSECTICIDE RESIDUES ON GROWTH AND FERMENTATION ABILITY OF LACTIC CULTURE ORGANISMS1
Authors: Kim S. C. , Harmon L. G.
Published: December 2016

Sterile whole milks containing from <0.1 to 100 ppm of dieldrin and heptachlor were inoculated with Streptococcus lactis A254, S. lactis A62, Streptococcus cremoris E-8, S. lactis var. diacetilactis 1816 and Lactobacillus casei and incubated for 48 hr at appropriate temperatures. In addition, milks containing similar amounts of methoxychlor and malathion were inoculated with S. lactis A254 and L. casei and incubated 48 hr at 32 C. Samples removed at 0, 24 and 48 hr were examined for number of viable organisms, pH, and titratable acidity. The insecticides had little or no effect on the growth or fermentation ability of the organisms.
INCUBATION TEMPERATURES AND RAW MILK BACTERIAL COUNTS
Authors: Huhtanen C. N.
Published: December 2016

Raw milk samples were plated and incubated at seven temperatures (2, 10, 20, 27, 30, 33 and 37 C). Lowest counts were obtained at 37 C. Plates at 33 C showed higher counts than at 37 C but were significantly lower than the other temperatures. The 10, 20, 27 and 30 C incubated plates were not statistically different in counts. When 32 C was substituted for 33 C, there was a significant difference (lower) only in the 37 C count. Colonies from 2, 20, 27, 33 and 37 C plates were picked and stabbed into plates subsequently incubated at these temperatures. All colonies developed best at 20 and 27 C. Evidence is presented that psychrophilic counts can be indirectly determined as the difference between counts at 27 C and 37 C.
QUALITY CONTROL OF MILK PRODUCTION BY MEANS OF THE CYTOCHROME OXIDASE TEST
Authors: Hankin Lester , Pernice Albert R. , Dillman Walter F.
Published: December 2016

The test for determination of organisms which are oxidase-positive applied to raw milk samples is an effective means for indication of proper cleaning and sanitary procedures on the farm. The total and oxidase-positive counts of raw milk samples from many producers were determined over a 3 month period in order to obtain a basis for minimum standards. The ratio of the total count to the oxidase count, as well as the total numbers of oxidase-positive organisms in the sample, were used to decide if a potential bacterial problem on the farm would develop. Case histories of individual producers are cited to illustrate how to interpret data obtained with the test and to show how use of the data helps to produce milk of good quality. The number of oxidase-positive organisms in laboratory pasteurized samples was also determined and generally found to be low indicating that most, but not all, of such organisms are killed by proper heat treatment.
THE EFFECT OF DIELDRIN ON ACID DEVELOPMENT DURING MANUFACTURE OF CHEDDAR CHEESEa,b
Authors: Bradley R. L. , Li C. F.
Published: December 2016

Dieldrin as a natural contaminant or as artificial contaminant in milks used for Cheddar cheese manufacture reduced acid development when both a commercial mixed strain culture and cultures of Streptococcus lactis II, Streptococcus cremoris and Streptococcus lactis var. diacetilactis were used. This reduction in acid development in the two lots of cheese made with a mixed strain culture was still evident when the pH values were determined ater aging for 10 weeks.
STANDARDS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF FROZEN DESSERTS RECOMMENDED BY THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR ADOPTION BY STATE REGULATORY AGENCIES1
Authors: Fenton F. E.
Published: December 2016

In preparing the recommended standards for frozen desserts, the various State laws and regulations were reviewed. Confidence in the uniform quality of products between regulatory agencies and between industry and regulatory agencies is strengthened as well as greatly simplified when uniform standards are well known and uniformly applied. It was on this premise that the Dairy Division, Consumer and Marketing Service, undertook to develop and recommend for State adoption the standards for the manufacture of frozen desserts. The standards do not carry any new or startling requirements. The same types of sanitary requirements applicable to any good food operation are applicable here.

The milk quality requirements follow closely the program recommended in the Minimum Standards for Milk for Manufacturing Purposes published by the Dairy Division in 1963. Draft copies of the standards were distributed for review and comment prior to publication in the Federal Register, February 16, 1967, under Public Notice. Many comments were received from the soft-serve industry and the National Restaurant Association requesting exemption from the requirements of the standards and requesting coverage under existing laws and regulations covering food service establishments. An amendment was subsequently published on April 13, 1967, recommending these businesses be covered by the USPHS Code. This was not completely satisfactory either. Much depends on application and enforcement. Comments that will be constructive are welcome at any time and the Dairy Division solicits the help of all regulatory agencies and sanitarians as to the best solution of the problems.
WHAT THE SANITARIAN SHOULD KNOW ABOUT ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE PASTEURIZATION1
Authors: Mitten H. L.
Published: December 2016

Sanitarians should know that ultra-high-temperature (UHT) pasteurization in the U. S. today has no legal definition, but the trend in practice is toward a sterilizing treatment of 275–295 F for 2 to 5 sec. The main advantage from UHT pasteurization is an almost complete destruction of microorganisms which results in a longer shelf life under adverse storage and transport conditions. The more intense cooked flavors which are characteristic of UHT processed milk products may be less objectionable in some products than in others. Equipment design has an influence on the intensity of cooked flavor developed in the product. The more rapid the time of heating to the final temperature and the cooling from that temperature, the better the flavor. This is especially true for the temperature progression from 175 to 275–295 F and down again to 175 F. Direct steam heating from 175 F minimizes the intensity of cooked flavor.

Although there are no specific regulations governing UHT pasteurizing equipment, its installation and operation, sanitarians should know that the same criteria governing pressure differences between raw and pasteurized product in regenerators in HTST pasteurizers apply to UHT regenerators at least in those sections where the “raw” product temperature is less than 200 F. Flow rate control devices or timing pumps are not as important where the final temperatures are above 200 F. Flow diversion valves should have a total reaction time within the holding time of the system. If the UHT is used as a sterilizer for aseptic packaging, it may also include automatic product shut-off, water rinse and sterilization equipment which is activated when product is diverted.
EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE MICROFLORA OF IRRADIATED AND NONIRRADIATED VACUUM-PACKAGED PETRALE SOLE FILLETS
Authors: Pelroy Gretchen A. , Seman John P.
Published: December 2016

Petrale sole fillets that were vacuum packaged in mylar-polyethylene bags were irradiated at 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 megarad and stored at 0.5, 3.3, 5.6, 7.8, 10.0, 15.6, and 22.2 C. The fish were monitored throughout storage for spoilage, total bacterial count, coliform count, enterococcus count, and the presence of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus. Generic changes in the aerobic flora were determined by the identification of nearly 14,000 microbial isolates. The predominant spoilage flora of the irradiated fish stored at all the temperatures were lactic acid bacteria. The predominant flora at the time of spoilage of the nonirradiated fish stored at 5.6 C and below was Pseudomonas. When the nonirradiated fish was stored above 5.6 C, the predominant spoilage flora was lactic acid bacteria. Coliforms and enterococci showed growth at the higher storage temperatures but were suppressed by the radiation treatment. No coagulase-positive Staphylococcus were found in any of the irradiated samples.
A SANITARY SURVEY OF ICE
Authors: Ladanyi P. A. , Morrison S. M.
Published: December 2016

A study of the sanitary quality of ice products and manufacturing waters from three Denver plants including coliform, mesophilic and psychrophilic microbial determinations and sediment evaluations was made. Cubed ice from vending units in Fort Collins, Colorado was examined for mesophilic and psychrophilic microorganisms and sediments. Some additional observations are presented.

Generally microorganisms were consistently present in low numbers. The coliform content of ice was extremely low and often they were not present. There were indications that much of the microbial and sediment contamination in ice resulted from environmental or human exposure after manufacture. A variety of foreign particulate matter was observed in both the Denver and Fort Collins ice; however, there appeared to be little correlation between sediment and microbial content. Sanitary control of ice manufacture and dispensing should include sediment testing and microbial determinations to supplement the currently used coliform determinations.
A SANITARY SURVEY OF ICE
Authors: Morrison S. M. , Barela G. , Ladanyi P. A.
Published: December 2016

A survey of 551 cubed and chipped ice samples from a variety of Denver establishments using on-the-premise, automatic ice making machines was made for coliform, psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria and sediments. Samples taken directly from the ice maker and from service bins, collected both by the operators and by field sanitarians, were examined. None of the bacterial indicators showed excessive numbers of organisms if ice is considered food rather than water. Coliform counts were low adding further evidence that they lack resistance to freezing. Most samples showed low sediment content, but a few yielded a variety of foreign substances. Like any other food product, ice should be under constant surveillance as it can be a potential public health hazard.
RAPID EVALUATION OF VIABLE CELL COUNTS BY USING THE MICROTITER SYSTEM AND MPN TECHNIQUE
Authors: Fung Daniel Y. C. , Kraft Allen A.
Published: December 2016

A rapid procedure was developed for estimating viable cell counts in bacterial cultures by combining the Microtiter system and Most Probable Number technique. The correlation coefficient of the data between this method and the agar plate method was statistically significant at the 1% level. The advantage of this Microtiter-MPN procedure are savings of time, space, and material. Since the method covers a wide range of dilutions, estimates of cell concentration for proper dilutions are not needed in advance of enumeration procedures. Data are obtainable as early as 6 hr after samples are placed in incubation.
MICROBIOLOGY OF IMITATION AND FILLED DAIRY PRODUCTS AND THEIR COMPONENTS1
Authors: Smutz Cynthia A. , Foltz V. D. , Mickelsen Ross
Published: December 2016

Eighty-four imitation and filled milk products and 31 components used to fabricate such products were examined for total plate counts, coliform count, and the incidence of staphylococci and salmonellae.

All purchased commercial products were free of staphylococci and salmonellae, but 4 of 84 (4.7%) contained coliforms. Products purchased in retail outlets as a powder had high total plate counts (average 107) more often than products purchased frozen, refrigerated or in aerosol cans (average 78).

Fat or oil components had total plate counts of <10 per gram, whereas plate counts of powdered components ranged from <10 to 14,500 per gram. No components examined contained salmonellae, staphylococci, or coliforms.
A PROCEDURE TO MINIMIZE DIFFERENCES IN EXPECTED COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION IN THE DIRECT MICROSCOPIC SOMATIC CELL COUNT
Authors: Schultze W. D. , Smith J. W.
Published: December 2016

The Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (DMSCC), developed to meet the need for a closely standardized reference method in an abnormal milk control program, requires the use of a specified single-band eyepiece reticle chosen to yield optimum precision for cell counts in the region of the Control limit. We have adapted the techniques of the DMSCC and the statistical model for its evaluation to mastitis research, in which quarter milk samples may require precise counting over an extreme range of cell concentrations.

A special reticle provides a choice of 2 band widths, and 1, 2, or 4 strips are counted. The area of milk film to be examined differs for each of 6 Concentration ranges, identified by a preliminary estimation of cell density and by the count on the first strip. Except in the lowest range, in which the number of cells counted may be as low as 0, total cells counted vary only between 400 and 800 and the expected coefficient of variation between 5.0 and 3.5%. Above the maximum concentration of 18 × 106/ml a field-strip method extends the usable range to 70 × 106/ml at a constant coefficient of variation of 5.0%.
MODIFICATION OF THE PRELIMINARY INCUBATION TREATMENT FOR RAW MILK SAMPLES1
Authors: Reinbold G. W. , Johns C. K. , Clark W. S.
Published: December 2016

Bacteria growing actively in raw milk during preliminary incubation at 12.8 C for 18 hr are usually strongly aerobic. Consequently, increasing the ratio of surface area to volume of sample during preliminary incubation results in a significant increase in count.

As the initial Standard Plate Count increased in magnitude, the percentage of samples showing more than a 10-fold increase after preliminary incubation also increased.

Aging of samples at low temperatures before subjecting them to preliminary incubation results in a marked increase in count in certain samples.
EVALUATION OF THE RESAZURIN REDUCTION ONE-HOUR TEST FOR GRADING MILK INTENDED FOR MANUFACTURING PURPOSES1,2
Authors: Dabbah Roger , Moats W. A. , Tatini S. R. , Olson J. C.
Published: December 2016

Randomly selected dairy farms in three widely separated geographical locations, producing milk intended for manufacturing purposes, were sampled once each season of the year. Samples were analyzed by Standard Plate Count (SPC-32 C.), resazurin reduction test (RRT-5 P 7/4) and resazurin reduction 1 hr test (RRT-1 hr). Correlation between SPC and RRT-1 hr was 0.742 and between SPC and RRT-5 P 7/4, −0.777. Application of ADMI/EMA standards or calculated RRT-1 hr standards resulted in a quality distribution that differed from the distribution given by SPC or RRT. With the proposed RRT-1 hr test, a combination of the ADMI/EMA and the calculated standard levels, evaluation of the quality of can and of farm bulk tank supplies in various geographical locations was similar to the evaluation given by either SPC or RRT. The RRT-1 hr test was judged to be as useful as RRT-5 P 7/4, DMCC, SPC, or MBRT in assessing the bacteriological quality of various types of milk supplies, and has the advantage of being faster. For reliable results, standard illumination must be used.
EFFECTS OF MEDIUM AND INCUBATION TEMPERATURE ON RECOVERY OF MICROORGANISMS FROM MANUFACTURING-GRADE, GRADE-A AND PASTEURIZED MILK1
Authors: Hartley J. C. , Reinbold G. W. , Vedamuthu E. R.
Published: December 2016

Recovery of microorganisms by Standard Methods Agar and Eugonagar was compared at 7, 21, 28, and 32C incubation temperatures for 10, 5, 4, and 2 days, respectively, from manufacturing-grade, grade-A, and pasteurized milk. The incubation temperature made a statistically significant difference in the mean logarithm of the count for all three grades of milk. The highest mean logarithm of the count with manufacturing-grade milk was obtained at 21 C for both agars. With grade-A raw milk, the greatest mean logarithm of the count was obtained at 21 C for Standard Methods Agar and at 28 C for Eugonagar. The highest mean logarithm of the count for pasteurized milk was obtained at 28 C with Standard Methods Agar and at 21 C with Eugonagar. There was a significant difference between means on Standard Methods Agar and Eugonagar on grade-A milk samples only; recovery was highest with Eugonagar.

Because of the presence of psychrophilic microorganisms, an incubation temperature lower than 32 C is needed for maximum recovery. Incubation at 28 C for 4 days was the optimum temperature-time combination in this study.
THE BIGGEST PROBLEM IN FOOD HYGIENE–PEOPLE
Authors: Blackwell F. Oris
Published: December 2016

The importance of the behavior of the people who are involved in food handling is emphasized. It is through their behavior that potential health hazards are avoided and acceptable standards of cleanliness are maintained. Education is seen as the key to the modification of or the change of behavior. Food handler's training courses “as usually given” are criticized and suggestions are offered for improving the courses. The place of the sanitarian in these programs is reviewed. While health departments have usually conducted the training programs, there are certain disadvantages involved. Perhaps the responsibility in this area should rest with the food industry.
COMPARISONS OF MILKFAT TESTS ON COMMERCIAL MILK SAMPLES DETERMINED BY THE MILKO-TESTER AND BABCOCK METHODS1
Authors: Ginn Roy E. , Packard Vernal S.
Published: December 2016

Milk samples were collected daily from 47 producers shipping manufacturing grade milk in cans to a single dairy plant over a 31-day period. Samples were transported to the laboratory where, 24 hr later, a portion of each sample was composited, and Milko-tester and Babcock milkfat determinations made on the remainder of the sample. At the end of one 15-day and one 16-day composite period, the composite samples were tested using both procedures. The data thus collected was placed on computer cards and analyzed statistically.

The Milko-tester calibrated on “fresh” milk was found to average 0.059% lower on composite than on fresh samples. For fresh milk and composite samples, respectively, the standard error of the paired methods was 0.0482 and 0.0370, and the standard error of the difference of the mean was 0.0122 and 0.0262. These values for the 4-day random stratified samples were 0.0444 and 0.0222, respectively. On 1,457 fresh milk samples the average Milko-tester and Babcock results were, respectively, 3.788 and 3.809%; the difference being 0.0211%. The average test on 188 composite samples by the two methods was 3.8192 and 3.7979% respectively, or a difference of 0.0213%
DETERMINING POST-PASTEURIZATION CONTAMINATION BY A SURFACE PLATE METHOD1
Authors: Maxcy R. B.
Published: December 2016

Post-pasteurization contamination constitutes a major problem for quality control and regulatory sanitarians in the market milk industry. The bacteria of most concern are gram-negative, aerobic, resistant to surface active agents, catalase-positive, and grow rapidly on the surface of solid media. Knowledge of these characteristics was utilized to provide the basis for a surface plating method to determine their numbers. Bacteria in this group account for most growth during low temperature storage and at warm temperatures.

Results with the surface plate method were available in 16 to 20 hr. Preliminary data showed the test to be useful in indicating a lapse in proper pasteurization, cleaning, and/or sanitization.
INFLUENCE OF NARROW AND WIDE BORE MILKING MACHINE INFLATIONS ON ABNORMAL MILK AND UDDER HEALTH1
Authors: Dillon W. M. , Brown C. M. , Albright J. L. , Callahan C. J. , Kirkham W. W. , Weinland K. M.
Published: December 2016

Routine milking in a 50-cow herd was with machines assembled so that the left half of the udder was milked with wide bore inflations and the right half with narrow bore inflations. The effect on udder health was measured by monthly individual quarter California Mastitis Tests (CMT), quarter bacteria cultures, and individual mastitis treatment records for cows leaving the herd. Udder irritation as measured by CMT was significantly (P <.01) reduced with narrow bore inflations. The total number of quarter milk samples showing bacteria (pathogenic or non-pathogenic) was lower on the side milked with narrow bore inflations. Clinical mastitis was more frequent (P <.05) on the side milked with wide bore inflations.
SOURCES AND MECHANISM OF CATALASE ACTIVITY IN THE CATALASE TEST FOR ABNORMAL MILK1
Authors: Nageswararao G. , Derbyshire J. B. , Berman David T.
Published: December 2016

Catalase scores of fat and cell-free milk were 25 ± 9% of the total catalase scores of whole milk. Relatively more free catalase was present in mastitic than in normal milk. Addition of H2O2 caused death and disintegration of leucocytes and addition of surfactants increased the rate of death of leucocytes and rate of O2 release from H2O2. Disruption of milk leucocytes by insonation released catalase without appreciable loss of activity. From these results it was concluded that, in the catalase test the H2O2 caused death and disintegration of leucocytes, thus liberating catalase which released O2 from H2O2. Enzyme activity of beef liver catalase was greater in the presence of heat-labile whey proteins of milk than in buffer. Presence of more than 2 × 105/ml of high catalase producing bacteria in milk contributed significantly to the catalase score of the sample.