bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socio-Economic Considerations of the Aquaculture Industries in Cebu and Siquijor, Central Visayas, Philippines
Authors: Rica Rachel Luz V
Published: April 2016

Aquaculture industry has grown globally to fill in the shortage of fish supply from the sea. A study of aquaculture industries in ICRMP sites of Central Visayas was conducted to determine the socio-cultural and economic aspects of aquaculture. Results revealed that 79% of aquaculture systems are in freshwater and brackish ponds with 50% Oreochromis niloticus and 43% Chanos chanos as common cultured species. Ponds are operated by private individuals and conform to the standard culture systems of cultured species.

The individuals that were employed in aquaculture industries are those that are living near the aquaculture sites which are mostly hired as caretakers and helpers and basically non-permanent and on-call basis. In spite of their employment in the aquaculture industries, communities near aquaculture sites are considered poor since majority of households are living below the poverty thresholds. There is a periodicity of consumption of aquaculture products in the community. The frequency of consumption is high during harvest time (50%) which usually happens every 3-4 months only, thus creating high demand in the community.
Genetic and demographic recovery of an isolated population of brown bearUrsus arctosL., 1758
Authors: Gonzalez Elena G. , Blanco Juan C. , Ballesteros Fernando , Alcaraz Lourdes , Palomero Guillermo , Doadrio Ignacio
Published: April 2016

The brown bearUrsus arctosL., 1758 population of the Cantabrian Mountains (northwestern Spain) became isolated from other bear populations in Europe about 500 years ago and has declined due to hunting and habitat degradation. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Cantabrian population split into eastern and western subpopulations, and genetic exchange between them ceased. In the early 1990s, total population size was estimated to be < 100 bears. Subsequently, reduction in human-caused mortality has brought about an increase in numbers, mainly in the western subpopulation, likely promoting male-mediated migration and gene flow from the western nucleus to the eastern. To evaluate the possible genetic recovery of the small and genetically depauperate eastern subpopulation, in 2013 and 2014 we genotyped hair and faeces samples (116 from the eastern subpopulation and 36 from the western) for 18 microsatellite markers. Data from the annual count of females with cubs of the year (COY) during the past twenty-six years was used to analyze demographic changes. The number of females with COY fell to a minimum of seven in the western and three in eastern subpopulations in the biennium 1993–1994 and reached a respective maximum of 54 and 10 individuals in 2013–2014. We also observed increased bear dispersal and gene flow, mainly from the western to the eastern subpopulation. Of the 26 unique genotypes detected in the eastern subpopulation, 14 (54%) presented an admixture composition, and seven (27%) were determined to be migrants from the western subpopulation. Hence, the two separated and clearly structured subpopulations identified in the past currently show some degree of genetic admixture. This research shows the partial demographic recovery and a change in genetic composition due to migration process in a population of bears that has been isolated for several centuries.
TFIIIB subunit locations on U6 gene promoter DNA mapped by site‐specific protein–DNA photo‐cross‐linking
Authors: Kang Jin Joo , Kang Yoon Soon , Stumph William E.
Published: April 2016

RNA polymerase III‐transcribed U6 snRNA genes have gene‐external promoters that contain TATA boxes. U6 TATA sequences are bound by TFIIIB that in Drosophila contains the three subunits TBP, Brf1, and Bdp1. The overall structure of TFIIIB is still not well understood. We have therefore studied the mode of TFIIIB binding to DNA by site‐specific protein–DNA photo‐cross‐linking. The results indicate that a portion of Brf1 is sandwiched between Bdp1 and TBP upstream of the TATA box. Furthermore, Bdp1 traverses the DNA under the N‐terminal stirrup of TBP to interact with the DNA (and very likely Brf1) downstream of the TATA sequence.
Super‐resolved insights into human immunodeficiency virus biology
Authors: Hanne Janina , Zila Vojtech , Heilemann Mike , Müller Barbara , Kräusslich Hans‐Georg
Published: April 2016

The recent development of fluorescence microscopy approaches overcoming the diffraction limit of light microscopy opened possibilities for studying small‐scale cellular processes. The spatial resolution achieved by these novel techniques, together with the possibility to perform live‐cell and multicolor imaging, make them ideally suited for visualization of native viruses and subviral structures within the complex environment of a host cell or organ, thus providing fundamentally new possibilities for investigating virus–cell interactions. Here, we review the use of super‐resolution microscopy approaches to study virus–cell interactions, and discuss recent insights into human immunodeficiency virus biology obtained by exploiting these novel techniques.
Trends of mean temperatures and warm extremes in northern tropical Africa (1961–2014) from observed and PPCA‐reconstructed time series
Authors: Moron Vincent , Oueslati Boutheina , Pohl Benjamin , Rome Sandra , Janicot Serge
Published: April 2016

Trends in daily maximum (TX) and minimum (TN) temperatures and indices of warm extremes are studied in tropical North Africa, west of the eastern African highlands, from 1961 to 2014. The analysis is based on the concatenation and cross‐checking of two observed databases. Due to the large number of missing entries (~25%), a statistical infilling using probabilistic principal component analysis was applied. Averaged over 90 stations, the linear trends of annual mean TX and TN equal respectively +0.021 °C/yr and +0.028 °C/yr. The frequency of very hot days (TX > 35°C) and tropical nights (TN > 20°C), as well as the frequency of daily TX and TN above the 90th percentile (p90) (“warm days” and “warm nights”), roughly follows the variations of mean TX and TN, respectively. Heat spells of TX or TN > p90 are often short (usually <2–3 days), and the interannual variation of their mean duration is noisier than for the other indices. Nevertheless, heat spells tend to last longer, with almost constantly positive anomalies since the mid‐1990s. The trends in March–June, the warmest season across the Sahelian and Sudanian belts, show similar variations as annual means. Overall, the local‐scale warming in annual temperatures, and in March–June, may be viewed merely as a simple shift of the probability distribution function of daily TX and TN. The correlations between the thermal indices and the 2 m temperatures suggest that the low‐frequency (>8 years) variations may be viewed as a regional‐scale fingerprint of the global warming, with largest correlations in the tropical Atlantic and Indian basins, while the high‐frequency (<8 years) variations should be mostly viewed as a delayed remote impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events over the region, with warm (cold) anomalies tending to follow warm (cold) ENSO events.
Interannual variability in the summertime hydrological cycle over European regions
Authors: Zveryaev Igor I. , Zahn Matthias , Allan Richard P.
Published: April 2016

A variety of observations‐based hydrological variables from different data sets are used to investigate interannual variability and changes in the summertime hydrological cycle over four European regions—Iberian Peninsula (IP), British Isles (BI), Central Europe (CE), and European Russia (ER). An analysis performed on seasonal means (June, July, and August) suggests that soil moisture variability is impacted almost equally by precipitation and air temperature in BI and ER regions. However, stronger links between soil moisture and precipitation are revealed for CE region and between soil moisture and air temperature for IP region. In all except IP regions summertime interannual variability of column‐integrated water vapor is strongly linked to air temperature consistent with the dominating influence of the Clausius‐Clapeyron equation. In BI, CE, and ER interannual variability of regional precipitation is driven by variations in atmospheric moisture transport into these regions. In IP the link between precipitation and moisture transport is relatively weak. Based on monthly data, analysis of the lag‐lead correlations revealed specific regional relationships between different hydrological variables. In particular, it is shown that in some regions (and months) interannual variability of soil moisture is linked more strongly to precipitation and air temperature anomalies in the previous month, rather than in the coinciding month. An analysis of the vertical structure of regional atmospheric moisture transport has revealed that the more continental the climate of the region is, the larger deviation from the mean (i.e., climatological) profile might be observed during anomalously dry/wet summers.
Fugitive emissions from the Bakken shale illustrate role of shale production in global ethane shift
Authors: Kort E. A. , Smith M. L. , Murray L. T. , Gvakharia A. , Brandt A. R. , Peischl J. , Ryerson T. B. , Sweeney C. , Travis K.
Published: April 2016

Ethane is the second most abundant atmospheric hydrocarbon, exerts a strong influence on tropospheric ozone, and reduces the atmosphere's oxidative capacity. Global observations showed declining ethane abundances from 1984 to 2010, while a regional measurement indicated increasing levels since 2009, with the reason for this subject to speculation. The Bakken shale is an oil and gas‐producing formation centered in North Dakota that experienced a rapid increase in production beginning in 2010. We use airborne data collected over the North Dakota portion of the Bakken shale in 2014 to calculate ethane emissions of 0.23 ± 0.07 (2σ) Tg/yr, equivalent to 1–3% of total global sources. Emissions of this magnitude impact air quality via concurrent increases in tropospheric ozone. This recently developed large ethane source from one location illustrates the key role of shale oil and gas production in rising global ethane levels.
All‐Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals for High‐Efficiency Light Emitting Diodes: Dual‐Phase CsPbBr3‐CsPb2Br5 Composites
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli , Xu Bing , Zhang Jinbao , Gao Yuan , Zheng Yuanjin , Wang Kai , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: April 2016

A dual‐phase all‐inorganic composite CsPbBr3‐CsPb2Br5 is developed and applied as the emitting layer in LEDs, which exhibited a maximum luminance of 3853 cd m–2, with current density (CE) of ≈8.98 cd A–1 and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of ≈2.21%, respectively. The parasite of secondary phase CsPb2Br5 nanoparticles on the cubic CsPbBr3 nanocrystals could enhance the current efficiency by reducing diffusion length of excitons on one side, and decrease the trap density in the band gap on the other side. In addition, the introduction of CsPb2Br5 nanoparticles could increase the ionic conductivity by reducing the barrier against the electronic and ionic transport, and improve emission lifetime by decreasing nonradiative energy transfer to the trap states via controlling the trap density. The dual‐phase all‐inorganic CsPbBr3‐CsPb2Br5 composite nanocrystals present a new route of perovskite material for advanced light emission applications.
An In Situ Gelling Drug Delivery System for Improved Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Liu Dongfei , Jiang Tao , Cai Weihua , Chen Jian , Zhang Hongbo , Hietala Sami , Santos Hélder A. , Yin Guoyong , Fan Jin
Published: April 2016

Therapeutic strategies for the spinal cord injury (SCI) are limited by the current available drug delivery techniques. Here, an in situ gelling drug delivery system (DDS), composed of a Poloxamer‐407, a 188 mixture‐based thermoresponsive hydrogel matrix and, an incorporated therapeutic compound (monosialoganglioside, GM1), is developed for SCI therapy. A low‐thoracic hemisection in rats is used as SCI model to evaluate therapeutic efficiency. The GM1‐incorporating Poloxamer‐407 and 188 polymer solution is converted to a hydrogel (GM1‐hydrogel) upon instillation to the injured spinal cord, due to the increased temperature. At body temperature, the thermoresponsive hydrogel prolongs the release of GM1 for about 1 month, due to the superposition of dissolution and swelling (anomalous transport) of the hydrogel matrix. The sustained release of the GM1‐hydrogel enables the prolonged residence time of GM1 at the injured spinal cord, decreases the frequency of administration and, consequently, may improve patient compliance. After SCI, the administration of GM1‐hydrogel to the lesion site inhibits the apoptotic cell death and glial scar formation, enhances the neuron regeneration, provides neuroprotection to the injured spinal cord, and improves the locomotor recovery. Overall, this study opens future perspectives for the treatment of SCI with a prolonged drug release DDS.
Far‐Red Fluorescent Lipid‐Polymer Probes for an Efficient Labeling of Enveloped Viruses
Authors: Lacour William , Adjili Salim , Blaising Julie , Favier Arnaud , Monier Karine , Mezhoud Sarra , Ladavière Catherine , Place Christophe , Pécheur Eve‐Isabelle , Charreyre Marie‐Thérèse
Published: April 2016

Far‐red emitting fluorescent lipid probes are desirable to label enveloped viruses, for their efficient tracking by optical microscopy inside autofluorescent cells. Most used probes are rapidly released from membranes, leading to fluorescence signal decay and loss of contrast. Here, water‐soluble lipid‐polymer probes are synthesized harboring hydrophilic or hydrophobic far‐red emitting dyes, and exhibiting enhanced brightness. They efficiently label Hepatitis C Virus pseudotyped particles (HCVpp), more stably and reproducibly than commercial probes, and a strong fluorescence signal is observed with a high contrast. Labeling with such probes do not alter virion morphology, integrity, nor infectivity. Finally, it is shown by fluorescence microscopy that these probes enable efficient tracking of labeled HCVpp inside hepatocarcinoma cells used as model hepatocytes, in spite of their autofluorescence up to 700 nm. These novel fluorescent lipid‐polymer probes should therefore enable a better characterization of early stages of infection of autofluorescent cells by enveloped viruses.
High‐Throughput Blood‐ and Lymph‐Capillaries with Open‐Ended Pores Which Allow the Transport of Drugs and Cells
Authors: Hikimoto Daichi , Nishiguchi Akihiro , Matsusaki Michiya , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: April 2016

High‐throughput screening of drug diffusion and cell transports from the blood‐/lymph‐capillary (BC/LC) networks to the peripheral cells in 3D engineered tissues using a microplate would make a powerful tool for in vitro pharmacokinetic assessments. Here, perfusable BC/LC networks embedded in 3D‐tissues inside a 24‐microplate using a cell‐coating technology are reported which allows location control of cell layers. Arrangement of an endothelial cell layer at the top, middle, and bottom of dermal fibroblast tissues provides an interconnected BC/LC networks possessing open pores on both surfaces. When fluorescently labeled dextran, microparticles, and red blood cells are applied to the top surfaces, diffusion and penetration through the networks are observed depending on the size of the substances. Moreover, BC networks mimick a series of in vivo processes of cancer metastasis, extravasation, growth, and growth suppression with drug treatment. The perfusable networks existing in 3D‐tissues show great potential for in vitro pharmacokinetic studies.
Conjugated Vinylgold(I)‐Vinylideneruthenium(II) Complexes and Related Organoruthenium Compounds: Stable Analogues of Intermediates Proposed in Dual Gold Catalysis
Authors: Wieteck Marcel , Larsen née Vilhelmsen Mie Højer , Nösel Pascal , Schulmeister Jürgen , Rominger Frank , Rudolph Matthias , Pernpointner Markus , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: April 2016

The reaction of a platinum acetylide derived from a 1,2‐dialkynylarene with a phosphanegold(I) species delivered a σ‐platinum‐π‐gold coordination to the same triple bond of the organic substrate. Cyclopentadienyl‐di(phosphanyl)ruthenium(II) acetylides of the same substrate type gave vinylgold(I)‐vinylideneruthenium(II) complexes in similar reactions. A switch to the corresponding cyclopentadienyl‐di(carbonyl)ruthenium(II) species with a phenyl group on the second alkyne provided vinylruthenium(II) complexes in which the ruthenium was still bound to the same carbon as in the starting material, with a tert‐butyl group on the second alkyne vinylruthenium(II) complexes in which the ruthenium has migrated to another carbon, were obtained. This reactivity mimics the initial steps suggested for dual gold catalysis with these substrates and thus for the first time experimentally confirms the organometallic reactivity patterns proposed for the single steps.

magnified image
Numerical modeling of the cooling cycle and associated thermal stresses in a melt explosive charge
Authors: Sanhye Warren , Dubois Charles , Laroche Isabelle , Pelletier Pierre
Published: April 2016

A comprehensive simulation tool is developed to describe and optimize the cooling cycle in the melt‐casting of Composition B. It comprises a multiphysics approach tackling heat, mass, and momentum transfers involved in the casting process. The highly nonlinear solidification step and development of thermal stresses are included. A V & V (Verification and Validation) approach was adopted whereby the model was verified against a benchmark problem and tested with a simple cylindrical geometry. Then, the approach was applied to a 105 mm caliber artillery shell and simulation results were in close agreement with experimental measurements. The model is equipped with a CZM function to account for adhesion between the solidified cast and the mold. During cooling, separation is possible and the size and location of gaps, depending on shrinkage and adhesion, are successfully emulated. The importance of controlled solidification is pointed out, especially regarding steep temperature gradients within the shell. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3797–3811, 2016
Three cases of Troyer syndrome in two families of Filipino descent
Authors: Butler Shauna , Helbig Katherine L. , Alcaraz Wendy , Seaver Laurie H. , Hsieh David T. , Rohena Luis
Published: April 2016

Troyer syndrome is a complex hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) due to a mutation in SPG20 first reported in the Old Amish population. A genetic mutation in SPG20 is responsible for a loss of function of the protein spartin in this disease. Since its initial report, this syndrome has also been reported in Turkish and Omani families. Here we report the case of three patients of Filipino descent with Troyer syndrome. Whole exome sequencing (WES) identified a homozygous mutation c.364_365delAT which predicts p.Met122Valfs*2 in SPG20. This is the same mutation identified in affected patients from the Omani and Turkish families, and is the first report of this syndrome in the Filipino population. Although Troyer syndrome has characteristic phenotypic manifestations it is likely underdiagnosed due to its rarity and we expect that WES will lead to identifying this disease in other individuals. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of objective facial analysis using FDNA in making diagnoses following whole exome analysis. Report of two patients with mutations in the BAF complex genes
Authors: Gripp Karen W. , Baker Laura , Telegrafi Aida , Monaghan Kristin G.
Published: April 2016

The genetic basis of numerous intellectual disability (ID) syndromes has recently been identified by applying exome analysis on a research or clinical basis. There is significant clinical overlap of biologically related syndromes, as exemplified by Nicolaides–Baraitser (NCBRS) and Coffin–Siris (CSS) syndrome. Both result from mutations affecting the BAF (mSWI/SNF) complex and belong to the growing category of BAFopathies. In addition to the notable clinical overlap between these BAFopathies, heterogeneity exists for patients clinically diagnosed with one of these conditions. We report two teenagers with ID whose molecular diagnosis of a SMARC2A or ARID1B mutation, respectively, was established through clinical exome analysis. Interestingly, using only the information provided in a single clinically obtained facial photograph from each patient, the facial dysmorphology analysis detected similarities to facial patterns associated with NCBRS as the first suggestion for both individuals, followed by CSS as the second highest ranked in the individual with the ARID1B mutation. Had this information been available to the laboratory performing the exome analysis, it could have been utilized during the variant analysis and reporting process, in conjunction with the written summary provided with each test requisition. While the available massive parallel sequencing technology, variant calling and variant interpretation are constantly evolving, clinical information remains critical for this diagnostic process. When trio analysis is not feasible, additional diagnostic tools may become particularly valuable. Facial dysmorphology analysis data may supplement the clinical phenotype summary and provide data independent of the clinician's personal experience and bias. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Macrodactyly in tuberous sclerosis complex: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Soeiro e Sá Mariana , Moldovan Oana , Sousa Ana Berta
Published: April 2016

Macrodactyly in the context of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a known but rare manifestation. We report the case of a boy diagnosed with TSC at 2 years and 4 months of age, presenting with bilateral macrodactyly of the first three fingers of both hands, with underlying radiographic changes, in whom molecular analysis identified a frameshift mutation on the TSC1 gene (encoding hamartin), leading to a premature stop codon. We reviewed the literature for reported cases of TSC patients with the same manifestation. In four of 14 patients, including ours, macrodactyly caused some type of joint limitation or flexion deformity, thus contradicting the established idea that this is a finding without clinical significance. Our patient is, to our knowledge, the first reported to have clear bilateral involvement. We briefly discuss the underlying mechanism for this phenomenon, which has yet to be fully elucidated, although somatic mosaicism for loss of heterozygosity at TSC loci is a plausible explanation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of limb differences in children with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
Authors: Mehta Devanshi , Vergano Samantha A. Schrier , Deardorff Matthew , Aggarwal Sarika , Barot Akash , Johnson Drew M. , Miller Nathan F. , Noon Sarah E. , Kaur Maninder , Jackson Laird , Krantz Ian D.
Published: April 2016

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a well‐described multisystem developmental disorder characterized by dysmorphic facial features, growth and behavioral deficits, and cardiac, gastrointestinal, and limb anomalies. The limb defects seen in CdLS can be mild, with small feet or hands only, or can be severe, with variable deficiency defects involving primarily the ulnar structures and ranging from mild hypoplasia of the fifth digit to complete absence of the forearm. Interestingly, the upper limbs are typically much more involved than the lower extremities that generally manifest with small feet and 2–3 syndactyly of the toes and shortened fourth metatarsal. The upper limbs often manifest asymmetric involvement. The limb findings in our cohort of 378 individuals with CdLS demonstrate a consistent pattern of laterality and symmetry involvement (with increased severity of right‐sided limb in individuals with asymmetric limb defects) and a correlation of more significant limb defects with an increased risk of other structural anomalies, and more severe behavioral outcomes. Additionally, we found that individuals with mutations in NIPBL were most likely to have limb defects compared to mutations in other genes with nonsense, exonic deletion, and frameshift mutations being most prevalent in those with limb defects. Characterization of the limb differences in children with CdLS may provide a tool to assist in genetic counseling and determining prognosis. This paper will review the limb involvement in a large cohort of individuals with CdLS assessing the correlation with molecular etiologies, symmetry, additional structural birth defects, and cognitive outcomes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structure Determination of Monomeric Phloroglucinol Derivatives with a Cinnamoyl Group Isolated from Propolis of the Stingless Bee, Tetragonula carbonaria
Authors: Nishimura Eiji , Murakami Shino , Suzuki Koichi , Amano Kazuhiro , Tanaka Rika , Shinada Tetsuro
Published: April 2016

Tetragocarbones A and B were isolated from the propolis of an Australian stingless bee, Tetragonula carbonaria. These largely planar structures were proposed as a result of NMR analysis as well as comparison of their NMR data with those of related monomeric phloroglucinol derivatives. To elucidate relative and absolute stereochemistry of tetragocarbone A, the synthesis of the proposed structure of tetragocarbone A was performed. As a result, the synthetic compound bearing stereogenic centers 1R*,3R*,6S* was identical with naturally occurring tetragocarbone A. The absolute stereochemistry of tetragocarbone A was established to be 1R,3R,6S by chiral HPLC separation and X‐ray analysis. Comparison of the NMR data of tetragocarbone A with that of tetragocarbone B indicated that tetragocarbone B would be a natural congener of tetragocarbone A.
Diamant‐Quantensensoren in der Biologie
Authors: Wu Yuzhou , Jelezko Fedor , Plenio Martin B , Weil Tanja
Published: April 2016

Die gegenwärtig verfügbaren Techniken der molekularen Bildgebung, die atomare Auflösung erzielen, benötigen extreme Arbeitsbedingungen wie niedrige Temperaturen, Vakuum sowie große Probenvolumina. Quantensensoren, die auf der spinabhängigen Photolumineszenz von Stickstoff‐Fehlstellen(NV)‐Zentren basieren, haben ein großes Potenzial für die Detektion einzelner Moleküle mit atomarer Auflösung bei Raumtemperatur. In Diamant‐Nanopartikeln können NV‐Zentren gezielt implantiert werden, sodass einzigartige Nanosensoren entstehen, die in lebende biologische Systeme eindringen können. Aus diesen Gründen könnte die Diamant‐Sensorik einen noch nie dagewesenen Einblick in die Struktur und Funktion von einzelnen Biomolekülen unter physiologischen Bedingungen liefern, sodass sich biologische Prozesse bis auf das Quantenniveau und mit atomarer Auflösung beobachten ließen. Die theoretischen Grundlagen der Diamant‐Quantensensoren und die aktuellen Entwicklungen von ihrer Herstellung bis zu den verschiedenen Sensor‐Techniken werden in diesem Kurzaufsatz erörtert.
Von der chemischen Mutagenese zur Postexpressions‐Mutagenese: eine 50 Jahre währende Odyssee
Authors: Wright Tom H. , Vallée M. Robert J. , Davis Benjamin G.
Published: April 2016

Die ortsspezifische (Gen‐)Mutagenese ist das wichtigste Verfahren zur Umwandlung eines Protein‐Aminosäurerestes in einen anderen. Bis vor kurzem war diese Strategie auf die zwanzig Standardaminosäuren beschränkt. Die ständige Weiterentwicklung der Stopp‐Codon‐Suppression und verwandter Techniken zum Einbau nichtnatürlicher Aminosäuren hat den Zugang zu nichtkanonischen Aminosäuren erweitert, indem der Spielraum des Translationsapparates vergrößert wurde. Weil die genetischen Veränderungen jedoch von der Translation abhängen, bleibt die Diversität der einbaubaren Aminosäurereste begrenzt. Wir beschreiben hier einen anderen Ansatz, die Postexpressions‐Mutagenese, die an den funktionalen Biomolekülen selbst angreift. Aus dem Blickwinkel der Retrosynthese beleuchten wir die Aussichten auf neue Strategien der Proteinmodifizierung, ‐veränderung und ‐konstruktion, mit deren Hilfe die Proteinwissenschaft die Einschränkungen des “Translationsfilters” hinter sich lassen und sich zu einer echten synthetischen Biologie weiterentwickeln kann.
Regioselective C−H Hydroarylation of Internal Alkynes with Arenecarboxylates: Carboxylates as Deciduous Directing Groups
Authors: Huang Liangbin , Biafora Agostino , Zhang Guodong , Bragoni Valentina , Gooßen Lukas J.
Published: April 2016

In the presence of catalytic [Ru(p‐cym)I2]2 and the base guanidine carbonate, benzoic acids react with internal alkynes to give the corresponding 2‐vinylbenzoic acids. This alkyne hydroarylation is generally applicable to diversely substituted electron‐rich and electron‐poor benzoic and acrylic acids. Aryl(alkyl)acetylenes react regioselectively with formation of the alkyl‐branched hydroarylation products, and propargylic alcohols are converted into γ‐alkylidene‐δ‐lactones. The hydroarylation can also be conducted decarboxylatively with a different choice of catalyst and reaction conditions. This reaction variant, which does not proceed via intermediate formation of 2‐vinylbenzoic acids, opens up a regioselective, waste‐minimized synthetic entry to vinylarenes.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Benzylic Alkylation of Active Methylene Compounds with α‐Naphthylbenzyl Carbonates and Pivalates
Authors: Tabuchi Sho , Hirano Koji , Miura Masahiro
Published: April 2016

A Pd/(R)‐H8‐BINAP‐catalyzed asymmetric benzylic alkylation of active methylene compounds has been developed. The reaction proceeds without the use of an external base, and the starting racemic diarylmethyl carbonates are converted into the optically active coupling products which contain the benzylic chiral stereocenter by a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT). Additionally, with suitable carbonates bases, the same palladium catalysis allows the corresponding pivalates to be adopted in the same DYKAT process.
The relationships between temperature gradient and wind during cold frontal passages in the eastern United States: a numerical modeling study
Authors: Conrick Robert , Curtis Nathan L. , Staten Paul W. , Kirkpatrick Cody
Published: April 2016

Cold frontal passages are a common occurrence throughout the eastern United States. Previous observational research showed the surprising result that there is only a very weak, statistically nonsignificant relationship between a cold front's maximum 2‐min sustained wind and the across‐front temperature gradient. By using the WRF‐ARW model to simulate eight cold fronts, we re‐examine the relationship between temperature gradient and wind near the surface, and provide additional analysis. Results confirm previous observational research that found no relationship between wind speed and cross‐frontal temperature gradient. The agreement between studies suggests that the lack of relationship may be physical and not a result of undersampling.
Behavioral Telehealth Consultation with Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Machalicek Wendy , Lequia Jenna , Pinkelman Sarah , Knowles Christen , Raulston Tracy , Davis Tonya , Alresheed Fahad
Published: April 2016

In this study, desktop video teleconferencing was used to facilitate behavioral consultation at a distance with three parents of school‐age children with autism spectrum disorders. Parents were supported via desktop video teleconferencing as they conducted functional analyses and learned to implement an antecedent manipulation strategy, functional communication training, and a consequence‐based strategy. Parents then conducted a brief multi‐element treatment comparison to evaluate the preliminary effectiveness of each intervention strategy on their child's challenging behavior. The results of this study provide additional support to previous research suggesting that a telehealth model of behavioral consultation may be an effective way to assist parents of children with autism spectrum disorders address challenging behavior that disrupts family routines. Suggestions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of survival in patients with oesophageal or junctional cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery
Authors: Shapiro J , van Klaveren D , Lagarde S M , Toxopeus E L A , van der Gaast A , Hulshof M C C M , Wijnhoven B P L , van Berge Henegouwen M I , Steyerberg E W , van Lanschot J J B
Published: April 2016

Background

The value of conventional prognostic factors is unclear in the era of multimodal treatment for oesophageal cancer. This study aimed to quantify the impact of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and surgery on well established prognostic factors, and to develop and validate a prognostic model.

Methods

Patients treated with nCRT plus surgery were included. Multivariable Cox modelling was used to identify prognostic factors for overall survival. A prediction model for individual survival was developed using stepwise backward selection. The model was internally validated leading to a nomogram for use in clinical practice.

Results

Some 626 patients who underwent nCRT plus surgery were included. In the multivariable model, only pretreatment cN category and ypN category were independent prognostic factors. The final prognostic model included cN, ypT and ypN categories, and had moderate discrimination (c-index at internal validation 0·63).

Conclusion

In patients with oesophageal or oesophagogastric cancer treated with nCRT plus surgery, overall survival can best be estimated using a prediction model based on cN, ypT and ypN categories. Predicted survival according to this model showed only moderate correlation with observed survival, emphasizing the need for new prognostic factors to improve survival prediction.
Population-based analysis of colorectal cancer risk after oophorectomy
Authors: Segelman J , Lindström L , Frisell J , Lu Y
Published: April 2016

Background

The development of colorectal cancer is influenced by hormonal factors. Oophorectomy alters endogenous levels of sex hormones, but the effect on colorectal cancer risk is unclear. The aim of this cohort study was to examine colorectal cancer risk after oophorectomy for benign indications.

Methods

Women who had undergone oophorectomy between 1965 and 2011 were identified from the Swedish Patient Registry. Standard incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals for colorectal cancer risk were calculated compared with those in the general population. Stratification was carried out for unilateral and bilateral oophorectomy, and hysterectomy without specification of whether the ovaries were removed or not. Associations between the three oophorectomy options and colorectal cancer risk in different locations were assessed by means of hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression modelling.

Results

Of 195 973 women who had undergone oophorectomy, 3150 (1·6 per cent) were diagnosed with colorectal cancer at a later date (median follow-up 18 years). Colorectal cancer risk was increased after oophorectomy compared with that in the general population (SIR 1·30, 95 per cent c.i. 1·26 to 1·35). The risk was lower for younger age at oophorectomy (15–39 years: SIR 1·10, 0·97 to 1·23; 40–49 years: SIR 1·26, 1·19 to 1·33; P for trend < 0·001). The risk was highest 1–4 years after oophorectomy (SIR 1·66, 1·51 to 1·81; P < 0·001). In the multivariable analysis, women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy had a higher risk of rectal cancer than those who had only unilateral oophorectomy (HR 2·28, 95 per cent c.i. 1·33 to 3·91).

Conclusion

Colorectal cancer risk is increased after oophorectomy for benign indications.
A California Multidisciplinary Juvenile Court: Serving Sexually Exploited and At‐Risk Youth
Authors: Liles Brandi D. , Blacker Dawn M. , Landini Jenny L. , Urquiza Anthony J.
Published: April 2016

Research suggests that 90% of youth in the juvenile justice system have experienced at least one traumatic event (Arroyo, ). One such traumatic event is the commercialized sexual exploitation of children and youth (CSEC). Over the past decade, governmental organizations and community agencies have recognized that the sexual exploitation of children is a significant problem in the United States. In California alone, human trafficking task forces have identified 1200 youth as victims of sexual exploitation from 2010 to 2012 (Walker, ). Youth who have experienced sexual exploitation often become involved in the juvenile justice system and present with unique challenges and needs. This article reviews recent public policy and community responses related to the needs of CSEC youth involved in the juvenile justice system. A case example from Sacramento, CA, is used to illustrate the key components, innovations, multidisciplinary collaborations, and challenges of creating a specialized court. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dose enhancement and cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles in colon cancer cells when irradiated with kilo‐ and mega‐voltage radiation
Authors: Hau Herman , Khanal Dipesh , Rogers Linda , Suchowerska Natalka , Kumar Rajiv , Sridhar Srinivas , McKenzie David , Chrzanowski Wojciech
Published: April 2016

Despite major advances in the field of radiotherapy, healthy tissue damage continues to constrain the dose that can be prescribed in cancer therapy. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been proposed as a solution to minimize radiation‐associated toxicities by enhancing the radiation dose delivered locally to tumor cells. In the current study, we investigated the application of third‐generation GNPs in two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) cell cultures and whether there is synergy between the nanoparticles and kilo‐ or mega‐voltage radiation to cause augmented cytotoxicity. The 10‐nm GNPs were found to be nontoxic in both 2D and 3D in vitro cultures of colon cancer cells at concentrations of up to 10–25 µg/ml. There was a significant increase in cell survival fraction reduction following exposure to 1 Gy of kilo‐voltage (18.3%) and 2 Gy of mega‐voltage (35.3%) radiation when the cells were incubated with 50 µg/ml of GNPs. The biocompatibility of the GNPs combined with their substantial synergy with radiation encourages further investigations into their application in targeted cancer treatment.
Lack of health maintenance examinations and risk in myeloma patients
Authors: Tariman Joseph D. , Gleason Charise , Faiman Beth , Doss Deborah , Catamero Donna , Bishop‐Royse Jessica , Katz Mike , Kurtin Sandra , Moran Diane ,   The IMF Nurse Leadership Board, Lonial Sagar
Published: April 2016

Health maintenance (HM) practices are essential to prevent illness, promote well‐being, and maximize health. Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease and cancers, yet, research on HM practices and preventative care of MM survivors has limited report. The study comprised a descriptive, correlational, and cross‐sectional online survey design. Survey of patients with MM was carried out through the International Myeloma Foundation (IMF) and the Association of Cancer Online Resources (ACOR) e‐mail list services. The members of the IMF and ACOR e‐mail list services were surveyed, of which 237 patients responded. The modified Medical Expenditure Preventive Survey–Preventive Care questionnaire was used; it included items that ask patients regarding their healthcare practices that relate to dental care, cancer prevention, addiction, lifestyles, sensory screening, immunizations, cardiovascular, endocrine, psychosocial, and bone health. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi‐square, and Spearman's rho correlation coefficient were obtained. In this study, men had statistically significant inferior global health maintenance scores than women (P = 0.002). Being employed (P = 0.054) and married or partnered (P = 0.017) were significantly correlated with better health maintenance patterns among male respondents. In contrast, no statistically significant correlations between sociodemographic factors and health maintenance patterns were found in women. Patients with MM, particularly men, require continued education and close monitoring of health maintenance practices. These findings are consistent with publications looking at gender disparities in healthcare utilization in the United States. Studies show that men, in general, are less likely to seek preventative healthcare screenings. Healthcare providers must incorporate health maintenance promotion during clinic visits.
A New Approach to the Mechanism of Fischer–Tropsch Syntheses Arising from Gas Phase NMR and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bordet Alexis , Lacroix Lise‐Marie , Soulantica Katerina , Chaudret Bruno
Published: April 2016

We used 13CO labeling to show that gas‐phase NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are simple tools for mechanistic investigations of the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) reaction. Thus, monodisperse Fe nanoparticles (NPs) react with syngas to form monodisperse iron carbide (FeCx) NPs. As expected, the heating of 13C‐labeled monodisperse FeCx NPs under H2 results in the desorption of the carbide carbons as 13CH4 and, interestingly, restores the initial Fe NPs in terms of size and dispersity. The Fe13Cx NPs catalyze the hydrogenation of 12CO at 210 °C to yield only 12C‐labeled FT products, which evidences the absence of the incorporation of FeCx carbon atoms in the products. In addition, this approach shows for the first time that the formation of 13CH4 at 250 °C does not result from direct carbide hydrogenation but from an intermediate step that involves a reaction between Fe13Cx and H2O to give 13CO2, which is subsequently hydrogenated. These results rule out the involvement of FeCx carbon atoms in the chain growth process under our conditions.
One‐Pot Approach to Organo‐Phosphorus–Chalcogen Macrocycles Incorporating Double OP(S)SCn or OP(Se)SeCn Scaffolds: A Synthetic and Structural Study
Authors: Hua Guoxiong , Du Junyi , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: April 2016

The development of new methodology for the preparation of functional macrocycles with practical applications is an important research area in macromolecular science. In this study, we report a new one‐pot route for the synthesis of a series of macro‐heterocycles by incorporating two phosphorus atoms and two chalcogen atoms and two oxygen atoms (double OP(S)SCn or OP(Se)SeCn scaffolds). The three‐component condensation reactions of 2,4‐diferrocenyl‐1,3,2,4‐diathiadiphosphetane 2,4‐disulfide (FcLR, a ferrocene analogue of Lawesson's reagent) or 2,4‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3,2,4‐dithiadiphosphetane 2,4‐disulfide (LR, Lawesson's reagent), or 2,4‐diphenyl‐1,3,2,4‐diselenadiphosphetane 2,4‐diselenide (WR, Woollins’ reagent), disodium alkenyl‐diols, and dihalogenated alkanes are performed, giving rise to soluble and air or moisture‐stable macrocycles in good‐to‐excellent yields (up to 92 %). This is the first systemically preparative and readily scalable example of one‐pot ring opening/ring extending reaction of three‐components to prepare phosphorus–chalcogen containing macrocycles. We also provide a systematic crystallographic study.
Metal–Organic Frameworks as Catalysts for Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Dhakshinamoorthy Amarajothi , Asiri Abdullah M. , Garcia Hermenegildo
Published: April 2016

This Concept is aimed at describing the current state of the art in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as heterogeneous catalysts for liquid‐phase oxidations, focusing on three important substrates, namely, alkenes, alkanes and alcohols. Emphases are on the nature of active sites that have been incorporated within MOFs and on future targets to be set in this area. Thus, selective alkene epoxidation with peroxides or oxygen catalyzed by constitutional metal nodes of MOFs as active sites are still to be developed. Moreover, no noble metal‐free MOF has been reported to date that can act as a general catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols. In contrast, in the case of alkanes, a target should be to tune the polarity of MOF internal pores to control the outcome of the autooxidation process, resulting in the selective formation of alcohol/ketone mixtures at high conversion.
In Situ Proteome Profiling and Bioimaging Applications of Small‐Molecule Affinity‐Based Probes Derived From DOT1L Inhibitors
Authors: Zhu Biwei , Zhang Hailong , Pan Sijun , Wang Chenyu , Ge Jingyan , Lee Jun‐Seok , Yao Shao Q.
Published: April 2016

DOT1L is the sole protein methyltransferase that methylates histone H3 on lysine 79 (H3K79), and is a promising drug target against cancers. Small‐molecule inhibitors of DOT1L such as FED1 are potential anti‐cancer agents and useful tools to investigate the biological roles of DOT1L in human diseases. FED1 showed excellent in vitro inhibitory activity against DOT1L, but its cellular effect was relatively poor. In this study, we designed and synthesized photo‐reactive and “clickable” affinity‐based probes (AfBPs), P1 and P2, which were cell‐permeable and structural mimics of FED1. The binding and inhibitory effects of these two probes against DOT1L protein were extensively investigated in vitro and in live mammalian cells (in situ). The cellular uptake and sub‐cellular localization properties of the probes were subsequently studied in live‐cell imaging experiments, and our results revealed that, whereas both P1 and P2 readily entered mammalian cells, most of them were not able to reach the cell nucleus where functional DOT1L resides. This offers a plausible explanation for the poor cellular activity of FED1. Finally with P1/P2, large‐scale cell‐based proteome profiling, followed by quantitative LC‐MS/MS, was carried out to identify potential cellular off‐targets of FED1. Amongst the more than 100 candidate off‐targets identified, NOP2 (a putative ribosomal RNA methyltransferase) was further confirmed to be likely a genuine off‐target of FED1 by preliminary validation experiments including pull‐down/Western blotting (PD/WB) and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA).
Trityl Isocyanide as a Mechanistic Probe in Multicomponent Chemistry: Walking the Line between Ugi‐ and Strecker‐type Reactions
Authors: Cioc Răzvan C. , Preschel Hans D. , van der Heijden Gydo , Ruijter Eelco , Orru Romano V. A.
Published: April 2016

Herein, we describe the versatile application of triphenylmethyl (trityl) isocyanide in multicomponent chemistry. This reagent can be employed as a cyanide source in the Strecker reaction and as convertible isocyanide in the preparation of N‐acyl amino acids by Ugi 4CR/detritylation and free imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐amines by a Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé 3CR condensation/deprotection protocol. The mechanisms of these three classical MCRs intersect at the common N‐trityl nitrilium ion intermediate, whose predictable reactivity can be exploited towards chemoselective transformations.