bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feeling voice: The emotional politics of ‘student voice’ for teachers
Authors: Black Rosalyn , Mayes Eve
Published: March 2020

In recent years, student voice has become a popular school reform strategy, with the promise of generating relations of trust, respect, belonging and student empowerment. However, when student voice practices are taken up by schools, student voice may also be associated with less affirmative feelings: it is often accounted for in terms of teacher ‘fear’, ‘resistance’ or ‘uncertainty’ about altered power relations. Such explanations risk individualising and pathologising teachers’ responses, rather than recognising the complexities of the institutional conditions of student voice. This article considers the affective politics of student voice: that is, the contestations that attend who gets to name how student voice feels in schools. Working with data from an evaluation study of three Australian primary schools who engage in ‘exemplary’ student voice practices, we listen to school leaders and facilitating teachers’ accounts about the responses of other teachers at their schools to student voice. Parallels are drawn between the construction of some teachers as reluctant, and previous analyses of ‘silenced’ student voices in schools. We argue that, in order to analyse the enactment of student voice in more nuanced tones, it is necessary to consider the profoundly emotional experience of teaching and learning, the ambivalences of teachers’ experiences of student voice and contemporary reconstitutions of teacher subjectivities.
Experimental Study on Microbial Fouling Inhibition Performance of Ni‐P‐NanoTiO2 Composite Surfaces
Authors: Liu Zuodong , Li Siqi , Xing Weiwei , Xu Zhiming
Published: March 2020

Microbial fouling of heat exchangers causes serious issues including increased fuel consumption, flow resistance, and maintenance cost expenditure. Composite Ni‐P‐nanoTiO2 coatings were prepared for inhibiting and mitigating the heat exchanger microbial fouling deposition. The surface energy components and wall adhesion work of microbial fouling medium had a significant effect on the microbial fouling deposition process. Compared with carbon steel coupons, the microbial fouling deposition on Ni‐P‐nanoTiO2 coatings was reduced by about 90 % and the wall adhesion work and microbial fouling deposition rate of these coatings were less. The Ni‐P‐nanoTiO2 coatings might not only be advantageous for controlling the initial microbial adhesion, but also effective for reducing the fouling deposition rate.
Influence of small molecules on the photo‐stability of water soluble porcine lens proteins
Authors: Honisch Claudia , Hussain Rohanah , Siligardi Giuliano , Ruzza Paolo
Published: March 2020

The eye lens is a biconvex structure composed of lens fibres, cells that lack of blood and nerve supply and of any organelle, allowing for a high concentration of water soluble proteins that determine the lens transparency and refractive index. The lens water soluble protein pool in mammals is composed of α‐, β‐, and γ‐crystallins, the latter being involved in calcium homeostasis and having structural importance, the first playing a crucial role in preventing protein aggregation and the consequent lens obfuscation, which leads to the clinical outcome of cataract. Among different factors, oxidative stress, free radicals, and reactive oxygen species (ROSs) generated by the exposure to UV light are widely recognized to cause cataract formation. Taking advantage of synchrotron radiation circular dichroism, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopies, in the present study we investigate the influence of different small molecules with the potential to either quench ROS generation or to stabilize protein conformation. Therefore, ascorbic acid, an excellent antioxidant agent already present in the eye aqueous humour, has been tested along with ceftriaxone, mannitol and trehalose, which osmolyte activity was demonstrated interfering with model proteins misfolding. Our results showed that ascorbic acid strongly inhibits the ROS production without, however, preserving the native protein structure, whereas mannitol had no effect on the ROS production but retained better the secondary structure of WS proteins. Collectively, the use of a mixture of ascorbic acid and mannitol could be used to better protect eye lens proteins from ROS damage preventing the cataract onset.
AYA survivorship: The next challenge
Authors: Stoneham Sara J.
Published: March 2020

There is significant cost both to the individual and to society from being an adolescent and young adult cancer survivor. We are at the beginning of a journey to understand how to provide a bespoke, cost‐effective, adaptive surveillance strategy that enables health providers and empowers adolescent and young adult cancer survivors to live and live well.
Determination of high‐risk HPV status of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using the Roche cobas HPV test on cytologic specimens and acellular supernatant fluid
Authors: Wright Martha Frances , Weiss Vivian L. , Lewis James S. , Schmitz Jonathan E. , Ely Kim Adams
Published: March 2020

Background

High‐risk human papillomavirus–positive (hrHPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas comprise a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) with a distinct biology and prognosis. Commonly, the diagnosis of HNSCC is rendered on fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). Because cell blocks may be insufficient for determining HPV status using microscopy‐based techniques, the ability of liquid‐based assays was examined in the current study.

Methods

The performance of the Roche cobas 4800 platform was evaluated on the FNA material from the cell pellet and corresponding cell‐free supernatant fluid specimens of primary and metastatic HNSCCs. These results were compared with the p16 immunostain result from the histologic material obtained from the same patient. Discrepant cases were adjudicated using hrHPV RNA in situ hybridization.

Results

A total of 41 samples (23 primary tumors and 18 lymph node metastases) were acquired from 34 patients with HNSCC. Primary tumors included the oropharynx (20 samples), oral cavity (13 samples), larynx (3 samples), and skin (3 samples). In 2 cases, a primary tumor could not be identified. Twenty‐three samples (56%) were found to be p16 positive by immunohistochemistry. Twenty‐two samples were found to be positive on cobas hrHPV testing from both cell pellet and cell‐free supernatant fluid. Two cell‐free supernatant fluid specimens yielded indeterminate cobas results. At the time additional hrHPV RNA in situ hybridization analysis was performed, one cobas‐positive cell pellet was deemed to be a false‐positive result. The sensitivity of the cobas assay was 100% for pellet material and cell‐free supernatant fluid, with specificities of 94.7% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusions

cobas hrHPV testing of HNSCC specimens demonstrated high concordance with p16 immunohistochemistry on the corresponding cell block and/or tissue specimen. Using the cell‐free supernatant fluid in this platform could provide accurate HPV results while conserving material for cytomorphologic analyses.
MultiplexSSR: A pipeline for developing multiplex SSR‐PCR assays from resequencing data
Authors: Guo Liang , Yang Quan , Yang Jing‐Wen , Zhang Nan , Liu Bao‐Suo , Zhu Ke‐Cheng , Guo Hua‐Yang , Jiang Shi‐Gui , Zhang Dian‐Chang
Published: March 2020

Next‐generation sequencing has greatly promoted the investigation of single nucleotide polymorphisms, while studies of simple sequence repeats are sharply decreasing. However, simple sequence repeats still present some advantages in conservation genetics. In this study, an end‐to‐end pipeline referred to as MultiplexSSR was established to develop multiplex PCR assays in batches with highly polymorphic simple sequence repeats for capillary platforms from resequencing data. The distribution of single sequence repeats in the genome, the error profiles of genotypes and allelotypes, and the increase in the allele length range depending on the number of individuals were investigated. A total of 98% of single sequence repeats presented lengths of less than 100 bp. The error rate of the genotyping and allelotyping of dimeric patterns was ten times higher than those for other patterns. The error rate of allelotyping was less than that of genotyping. The allele length range reached approximate saturation with 10 individuals. This pipeline uses allele numbers to select highly polymorphic loci, masks loci with variation, and applies in silico PCR to improve primer specificity. The application of the developed multiplex SSR‐PCR assays validated the pipeline's robustness, showing higher polymorphism and stability for the developed simple sequence repeats and a lower cost for genotyping and providing low‐depth resequencing data from less than a dozen individuals for the development of markers. This pipeline fills the gap between next‐generation sequencing and multiplex SSR‐PCR.
Time‐averaging voles match density with long‐term habitat quality
Authors: Morris Douglas W.
Published: March 2020

An optimal habitat‐selecting organism should use a dispersal strategy that enables occupation of the habitat yielding greatest fitness. The strategy is complicated when habitat quality varies through time. Theory predicts that the long‐term distribution of individuals will match mean habitat quality while undermatching current habitat quality. I tested the prediction with experiments on controlled populations of meadow voles occupying two pairs of field enclosures. I released equal numbers, and equal sexes, of voles in each enclosure, and varied resource abundance between enclosures by supplemental feeding. I measured the voles’ response with giving‐up densities (GUDs) in artificial foraging patches, and with live‐trapping at the end of the experiment. The data were consistent with only one of four a priori dispersal models. Giving‐up densities declined with resource supply because short‐term supply had no effect on population density. GUDs were invariant to the time course of the experiment because densities were proportional to each enclosure’s long‐term mean quality. Similar patterns in sex ratios and patterns of habitat occupation by juvenile voles born during the experiment reinforce the interpretation of time‐averaged habitat matching. This study adds to the cumulating evidence that strategies of space use converge toward behavioral and evolutionary optima.
Analysis of lung stromal expression of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 reveals unanticipated expression in murine blood endothelial cells
Authors: Hansell Christopher A.H. , Love Samantha , Pingen Marieke , Wilson Gillian J. , MacLeod Megan , Graham Gerard J.
Published: March 2020

Analysis of chemokine receptor, and atypical chemokine receptor, expression is frequently hampered by the lack of availability of high‐quality antibodies and the species specificity of those that are available. We have previously described methodology utilizing Alexa‐Fluor‐labeled chemokine ligands as versatile reagents to detect receptor expression. Previously this has been limited to hematopoietic cells and methodology for assessing expression of receptors on stromal cells has been lacking. Among chemokine receptors, the ones most frequently expressed on stromal cells belong to the atypical chemokine receptor subfamily. These receptors do not signal in the classic sense in response to ligand but scavenge their ligands and degrade them and thus sculpt in vivo chemokine gradients. Here, we demonstrate the ability to use either intratracheal or intravenous, Alexa‐Fluor‐labeled chemokine administration to detect stromal cell populations expressing the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2. Using this methodology, we demonstrate, for the first time, expression of ACKR2 on blood endothelial cells. This observation sets the lung aside from other tissues in which ACKR2 is exclusively expressed on lymphatic endothelial cells and suggest unique roles for ACKR2 in the pulmonary environment.
Thermal‐ and Photo‐Induced Isomerization of All‐E‐ and Z‐Isomer‐Rich Xanthophylls: Astaxanthin and Its Structurally‐Related Xanthophylls, Adonirubin, and Adonixanthin
Authors: Honda Masaki , Sowa Toshiyasu , Kawashima Yuki
Published: March 2020

The effects of heating and photo‐irradiation on the stability of all‐E‐isomer‐rich and Z‐isomer‐rich xanthophylls, astaxanthin and its structurally related xanthophylls, adonirubin, and adonixanthin, are investigated. The xanthophylls with high Z‐isomer content are prepared from their high‐purity all‐E‐isomers by thermal isomerization and filtering techniques, that is, total Z‐isomer ratios of adonirubin, astaxanthin, and adonixanthin are 80.9%, 89.5%, and 72.5%, respectively. The all‐E‐ and Z‐isomer‐rich xanthophylls dissolved in ethanol are stored at 4, 30, and 50 °C in the dark and at 30 °C under photo‐irradiation using a fluorescent light for 21 days. In the all‐E‐isomer‐rich xanthophylls, as the storage temperature increases, the total Z‐isomer ratio becomes higher, whereas in the Z‐isomer‐rich xanthophylls, the all‐E‐isomer ratio becomes higher. Photo‐irradiation slightly promotes Z‐isomerization in (all‐E)‐xanthophylls, but highly promotes all‐E‐isomerization in Z‐isomer‐rich xanthophylls. In addition, photo‐irradiation prevents thermal Z‐isomerization of (all‐E)‐xanthophylls. Moreover, it is found that some xanthophyll Z‐isomers such as (9Z)‐astaxanthin are more stable than that of the other Z‐isomers against heating and photo‐irradiation. These findings can contribute not only to establishing suitable storage conditions for Z‐isomer‐rich xanthophylls, but also to developing control techniques for the E/Z‐isomer ratio of the xanthophylls.

Practical Applications: The fundamental data on the stability of xanthophyll isomers against heating and photo‐irradiation and finding stable xanthophyll Z‐isomers are very important to develop xanthophyll materials rich in the Z‐isomers. Moreover, this study clearly shows that the heat treatment enhances the Z‐isomerization of xanthophylls, whereas the photo‐irradiation enhances the all‐E‐isomerization and prevents thermal Z‐isomerization of them. This information can be utilized in technology for arbitrarily controlling E/Z‐isomerization of xanthophylls.
Social and cultural influences on genetic screening programme acceptability: A mixed‐methods study of the views of adults, carriers, and family members living with thalassemia in the UK
Authors: Boardman Felicity K. , Clark Corinna , Jungkurth Elsita , Young Philip J.
Published: March 2020

As population‐level carrier screening panels for reprogenetic information emerge globally, conditions to be included, and the timing of implementation is widely debated. Thalassemia is the only condition for which population‐based prenatal carrier screening is offered in the UK. However, little is known about the views and experiences of the UK thalassemia‐affected community toward this screening or other forms of genetic screening for thalassemia (newborn, preconception), despite the range of direct consequences of screening programmes for this group.

Using a mixed‐methods integrative analysis (qualitative interviews n = 20 and quantitative survey n = 80), this study outlines the experiences and attitudes of adults with thalassemia, their family members, and screen‐identified thalassemia carriers toward preconception, prenatal, and newborn screening for thalassemia. The majority of participants described thalassemia as a burdensome condition with a range of negative impacts, which contributed to their strong support for screening in all its potential formats. However, the data also highlight the challenges of each screening mode for this group, reflected in the high level of value conflict in participants' accounts and decisions. Cultural, social, and (to a lesser extent) religious factors were found to mitigate against the advantages of early screens, particularly within faith communities. Social stigma emerged as key to this process, informing the way that thalassemia severity was not only perceived, but also experienced by affected adults, which ultimately influenced screening uptake and outcomes.

These findings suggest that cultural and social sensitivity is as important as the mode of screening delivery itself, if the iatrogenic and unintended harms of screening—particularly the social/psychological burden of value conflict—are to be adequately addressed and minimized.
Facile preparation of stainless steel microextraction fiber via in situ growth of metal–organic framework UiO‐66 and its application to sensitive analysis of polycyclic musks
Authors: Lin Chenchen , Qi Guomin , Wang Li , Lin Xucong , Xie Zenghong
Published: March 2020

A functional stainless steel microextraction fiber easily prepared by in situ growing metal–organic framework UiO‐66 was presented and used for high‐performance analysis of polycyclic musks. Via the robust Ag‐SH bonding reaction, mercaptoacetic acid was easily anchored on Ag film to provide carboxyl group on the stainless steel fiber, then in situ grown UiO‐66 was fulfilled via the coordination reaction between Zr4+ and carboxyl group. Good characteristics including large surface area, high thermal stability, and good adsorption property were achieved. Sensitive detection limits (0.015–0.040 ng/L) were achieved for polycyclic musks by coupling with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, and it could be stable enough for 150 extraction cycles without a significant loss of extraction efficiency. Compared with the classical commercial fibers, 2.2–11.4 times higher enhancement factors were shown. Applied to the analysis of fortified river water samples, five typical polycyclic musks were well detected with the recoveries of 90.2–101.8%, respectively. It showed a facile approach for preparing stainless steel microextraction fiber via chemically bonding in situ grown metal–organic framework for high‐performance enrichment.
Enantioselective separation and dissipation of pydiflumetofen enantiomers in grape and soil by supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Wu Xiuming , Dong Fengshou , Xu Jun , Liu Xingang , Wu Xiaohu , Zheng Yongquan
Published: March 2020

Pydiflumetofen is registered in many countries and is widely used in crop production in the racemate form. However, the environmental behavior of the enantiomers has not been studied. An effective and sensitive chiral analytical method was first established for analyzing the pydiflumetofen enantiomers by supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The enantiomers could be separated and detected using the Chiralcel OD‐3 column in less than 3 min. The separation conditions were as follows: mobile phase, CO2/methanol (80:20); flow rate, 1.0 mL/min; column temperature, 30°C, auto back‐pressure regulator pressure, 2000 psi with modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample treatment method. The average recoveries of analytes from both matrices at three spiking levels were in the range of 84.1–103.0%. The limit of quantitation for each enantiomer was 0.005 mg/kg with a baseline resolution of approximately 1.64. The method was applied to monitor the enantioselective dissipation of pydiflumetofen in grape and soil. In grapes, (−)‐pydiflumetofen was degraded more rapidly than (+)‐pydiflumetofen. In soil, (+)‐pydiflumetofen was preferentially degraded. The data provided useful references for the risk assessment and rational use of pydiflumetofen in agriculture.
miR‐451a is downregulated and targets PSMB8 in prostate cancer
Authors: Liu Yun , Yang Huan‐Zhi , Jiang Yong‐Jun , Xu Li‐Qi
Published: March 2020

Abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is frequently occurred in prostate cancer (PCa). This study was aimed to investigate the biological roles of miR‐451a in PCa. Quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) and Western blot were employed to investigate the expression levels of miR‐451a and proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 8 (PSMB8) in PCa cell lines. Luciferase activity reporter assay was used to verify the connection between miR‐451a and PSMB8. in vitro functional experiments were performed to measure the effects of miR‐451a or PSMB8 on PCa cell proliferation, colony formation ability, cell invasion, and cell apoptosis. miR‐451a expression was downregulated, whereas PSMB8 expression was upregulated in PCa cell lines. Luciferase activity reporter assay confirmed the direct connection between miR‐451a and PSMB8. Overexpression of miR‐451a inhibits PCa cell proliferation, colony formation, cell invasion and promotes cell apoptosis, while the overexpression of PSMB8 caused the opposite effects. Moreover, rescue experiments confirmed PSMB8 was a functional target of miR‐451a. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the role of miR‐451a in PCa, and the results demonstrated miR‐451a could inhibit PCa progression by targeting PSMB8.
Physical Function, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Dunn Michael A. , Rogal Shari S. , Duarte‐Rojo Andres , Lai Jennifer C.
Published: March 2020

Robust physical activity after liver transplantation is an important determinant of longterm health, similar in its importance to the value of pretransplant activity for withstanding the immediate stress of transplantation. Although transplantation normally enables rapid recovery of liver synthetic and metabolic functions, the recovery of physical capacity and performance to normal levels is delayed and often incomplete. Anatomic measurements of sarcopenia and the physical performance indicators of frailty both tend to improve slowly, and they may, in fact, decrease further in the posttransplant period, especially when the common extrahepatic drivers of muscle loss, such as the elements of the metabolic syndrome, persist or intensify after transplantation. Posttransplant exercise improves fitness, which is a conclusion based on 2 observational studies and 3 randomized trials that assessed endpoints of strength testing, energy expenditure in metabolic equivalents, and peak or maximal oxygen uptake. Importantly, 1 controlled trial found that exercise also improved quality of life (QOL) measured by the Short Form 36 survey, consistent with multiple reports of the value of social support and engagement in sports activity for improving posttransplant QOL. Developing evidence‐based standards for post–liver transplant physical activity baseline testing and sustainment of intensity and quality is a key unmet need in transplant hepatology. At present, it is reasonable for transplant teams to assess fitness and design a tailored exercise program when a recipient is first discharged, to record and reinforce progress at all posttransplant visits, and to set realistic longterm performance goals that will often achieve recommended standards for the healthy general population.
SOX2 mediates cisplatin resistance in small‐cell lung cancer with downregulated expression of hsa‐miR‐340‐5p
Authors: Cui Fei , Hao Zhe‐xue , Li Jin , Zhang Ya‐lei , Li Xu‐kai , He Jian‐xing
Published: March 2020

Background

This study is aimed to unravel the genetic factors associated with microRNA (miRNA) expression in regulating sex‐determining region Y‐box 2 (SOX2)‐mediated cisplatin resistance in small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC).

Methods

The relevance of SOX2 expression in SCLC was analyzed in a panel of SCLC cells by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) and western blot (WB). We selected DMS114 cell line, in which SOX2 was amplified via lentiviral vector‐mediated transfection of the SOX2 genes and tested for the half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) by MTS assay. High‐throughput sequencing and screening of differentially expressed miRNAs between SOX2‐overexpressing and normal control cells were performed. Finally, miRanda software was used to verify the miRNAs bound with SOX2 and qPCR was used to identify the expression of miRNAs which were binding with SOX2.

Results

Cisplatin‐resistant SOX2‐overexpressing DMS114 cell lines were successfully developed, showing a statistically significant increase in SOX2 expression by qPCR and WB. Our results showed a typically higher IC50 value in SOX2‐overexpressing cells compared with the negative controls. The high‐throughput sequencing analysis revealed that 68 miRNAs were upregulated and 24 miRNAs were downregulated in the SOX2‐overexpressing cells. The 24 downregulated miRNAs were further verified. Of them, a cancer‐related miRNA, hsa‐miR‐340‐5p, showed a higher binding affinity with SOX2 in network regulation mapping, which was also found to be markedly downregulated under qPCR analysis.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that downregulated expression of hsa‐miR‐340‐5p may affect cisplatin resistance by mediating SOX2 expression in SCLC cells, which may provide a potential target for the therapy of chemoresistant SCLCs.
Myasthenia gravis patient and physician opinions about immunosuppressant reduction
Authors: Hehir Michael K. , Punga Anna Rostedt , Ciafaloni Emma
Published: March 2020

Introduction

To reduce myasthenia gravis (MG) patient risk of immunosuppressant (IS) exposure adverse events (AEs), such as infections and malignancies, and to reduce treatment burden, international guidelines recommend decreasing IS dose in stable MG patients.

Methods

Online surveys were conducted of self‐identified MG patients and MG physician experts about the importance of IS dose reduction for MG patients who achieve prolonged periods of disease stability.

Results

Eighty‐four percent of MG patients (n = 283) and 100% of physicians (n = 45) were concerned about long‐term IS‐associated AEs. Although both groups favored attempting IS reduction, they raised concerns including MG relapse, hospitalization, and uncertainty about the future. Presented with an estimated 12% significant relapse rate with IS dose reduction, 76% of patients would be willing to enroll in a randomized IS dose reduction trial.

Discussion

Patients and physicians favor considering IS dose reduction but are also concerned about potential negative sequelae.
Bevor das Erdöl kam
Authors: Offermanns Heribert , Schalke Peter , Retzlaff Frank
Published: March 2020

Das Erdölzeitalter ist nur eine kurze Episode in der Geschichte der Menschheit. Vorläufer des Erdöls als Rohstoff für die industrielle organische Chemie waren die Holzchemie (Aliphaten) und die Teerchemie (Aromaten)*.
Prozesstechnik: Der sich anpassende Zwilling
Authors: Esche Erik
Published: March 2020

Verfahren im laufenden Betrieb zu verbessern, kann die Produktion effizienter machen. Werden Methoden maschinellen Lernens mit Modellen kombiniert, die Unsicherheiten beschreiben, lassen sich Anlagen optimieren.
Weniger Wegwerfkunststoff
Authors: Ehrensberger Christian
Published: March 2020

Wissenschaftler arbeiten an bioabbaubaren Polymermaterialien oder Recyclingtechniken für Plastikmüll. Aus dem Blick geraten dabei die Kunststoffabfälle, die Forscher in ihren Laboren selber produzieren. Manche sind vermeidbar.
Organische Chemie
Authors: Andexer Jennifer N. , Beifuss Uwe , Beuerle Florian , Brasholz Malte , Breinbauer Rolf , Ernst Martin , Greb Julian , Gulder Tobias , Hüttel Wolfgang , Kath‐Schorr Stephanie , Kordes Markus , Lehmann Matthias , Lindel Thomas , Luy Burkhard , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Muhle Claudia , Narine Arun , Niemeyer Jörg , Paradies Jan , Pfau Roland , Pietruszka Jörg , Schaschke Norbert , Senge Mathias , Straub Bernd F. , Werner Thomas , Werz Daniel B. , Winter Christian
Published: March 2020

Lichtinduzierte Prozesse effizient nutzen – Catenane und neue Kohlenstoffallotrope – komplexe Naturstoffe, einfache Wirkstoffe – Enzyme, Proteine und mehr, zusammengestellt von 26 Autoren, koordiniert von Jan Paradies.
So viele Chemikalien in der Sammlung
Authors: Ruppersberg Klaus
Published: March 2020

Weiterführende Schulen besitzen zwischen 300 und 1500 Chemikalien, die es zu verwalten gilt. Zudem ist vor jedem Experiment im Chemieunterricht eine Gefährdungsbeurteilung erforderlich. Die Vorschriften und Sicherheitsrichtlinien können dabei das Engagement von Lehrkräften erst einmal bremsen. Inzwischen gibt es Hilfen, die gedruckt und online den Lehreralltag erleichtern.
Tauschhandel unter Molekülen – Carbonyl‐Olefin‐Metathese
Authors: Lange Markus , Vilotijevic Ivan
Published: March 2020

Metallsalze ermöglichen Carbonyl‐Olefin‐Metathesen dort, wo sonst bisher nur Carbonyl‐En‐Reaktionen möglich waren. Das funktioniert sogar bei Molekülen, die sonst Friedel‐Crafts‐Produkte bilden.
Regenerieren statt recyceln
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: March 2020

Die Bundesregierung ergänzt die Rohstoffstrategie aus dem Jahr 2010 um neue Maßnahmen. Kritikern gehen diese nicht weit genug.
Biologie gegen Plastikmüll
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: March 2020

Auf Kunststoffen steht häufiger der Hinweis „biologisch abbaubar”. Aber landen die Produkte auf dem Kompost oder in der Natur, klappt das nicht. Neu entdeckte Bakterien und manipulierte Kieselalgen können vielleicht helfen, der Plastikflut Herr zu werden.
Regionales Fonds‐Stipendiatentreffen in Berlin
Authors: Reischauer Susanne
Published: March 2020

Anfang Dezember 2019 fand das zweijährliche Regionaltreffen der vom Fonds der Chemischen Industrie geförderten Doktoranden und Nachwuchsgruppenleiter an der Humboldt‐Universität (HU) Berlin statt. An der eintägigen Veranstaltung beteiligten sich 18 Wissenschaftler aus Nordostdeutschland.
Die Ströme verfolgen
Authors: Mantel Rainer , Schnieders Frank
Published: March 2020

Die Polymerwirtschaft arbeitet stärker kreislauforientiert und ressourceneffizienter denn je. Währenddessen steigen die Anforderungen an Marktstudien und Datenerhebungstechniken. Ein Studienergebnis: Die meisten Kunststoffprodukte gelangen in Europa in Verpackungen.
TAN 19: International Superheavy Element Research Community met in Wilhelmshaven
Authors: Düllmann Christoph
Published: March 2020

At the end of August 2019, the 6th international conference on the chemistry and physics of the transactinide elements (TAN 19) took place in Wilhelmshaven. About 130 researchers from 19 countries on 4 continents gathered to discuss all experimental and theoretical aspects of this multifaceted science field. On six days, the scientists presented their most recent achievements investigating the production as well as the atomic, chemical, and nuclear properties of the transactinides. The meeting was organized by the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, the Helmholtz Institute Mainz, and the University Mainz, with Christoph Düllmann and Michael Block as conference chairs. The scientific program comprised 51 oral presentations and 38 poster contributions.
Leitbilder der GDCh
Authors: Schmitz Karin J.
Published: March 2020

Was sind unsere Ziele als Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker und wie wollen wir sie erreichen? Darüber diskutierten im vergangenen Jahr Vertreterinnen und Vertreter verschiedener GDCh‐Gruppen in mehreren Workshops.
Mehr Nickel als Kobalt
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: March 2020

In zehn Jahren könnten 75 Prozent aller Pkw Elektroautos sein. Ob die Batterierohstoffe dafür reichen, hat ein Fraunhofer‐Institut untersucht.
BK polyomavirus diversity—Why viral variation matters
Authors: Blackard Jason T. , Davies Stella M. , Laskin Benjamin L.
Published: March 2020

BK polyomavirus (BKPyV or BKV) is a non‐enveloped, circular double‐stranded DNA virus that may exceed 80% seroprevalence in adults. BKV infection typically occurs during childhood, and the majority of adults are latently infected. While BKV infection is rarely associated with clinical disease in most individuals, in immunosuppressed individuals, reactivation may cause kidney (BK‐associated nephropathy) or bladder (hemorrhagic cystitis and ureteral stenosis) injury. No antiviral therapies have been approved for the treatment of BKV infection. Reducing immunosuppression is the most effective therapy, although this is not feasible in many patients. Thus, a robust understanding of viral pathogenesis and viral diversity remains important for the development of future therapeutic strategies. Studies of BKV diversity are quite sparse compared to other common viral infections; thus, much of our understanding of BVK variability and evolution relies heavily analogous studies of other viruses such as HIV or viral hepatitis. We provide a comprehensive review of BKV diversity at the population and individual level with careful consideration of how viral variability may impact viral replication, pathogenesis, tropism, and protein function. We also discuss a number of outstanding questions related to BK virus diversity that should be explored rigorously in future studies.
A modified Catchment Connectivity Index for applications in semi‐arid torrents of the Mediterranean environment
Authors: Bombino Giuseppe , Boix‐Fayos Carolina , Cataldo Maria Francesca , D'Agostino Daniela , Denisi Pietro , de Vente Joris , Labate Antonino , Zema Demetrio Antonio
Published: March 2020

The importance of sediment connectivity for watershed management needs accurate quantification tools, particularly in Mediterranean torrents, where soil erosion and sediment transport are often not tolerable. This study proposes a modified version (mCCI) of the Catchment Connectivity Index (CCI), theorized by Quiñonero‐Rubio, Boix‐Fayos, and de Vente (2013). The modified index improves the calculation procedure, providing a more efficient description of the hydrological and geomorphological factors of CCI and making easier its applicability for the operators with less field experience. The mCCI is applied to evaluate the sediment connectivity at the catchment scale in a torrent of Calabria (Southern Italy). This case study has shown how and by what extent the natural (climate changes) and human impacts (land‐use changes and check dam installation) have influenced the geomorphic processes influencing sediment circulation in the studied basin throughout six decades. From 1955 to 2012, a general decrease in sediment connectivity has been caught by mCCI. This was the combined effects of greening‐up processes of the catchment (due to both natural afforestation and human‐induced reforestation) and the installation of check dams, which have decreased the catchment potential to circulating sediments. Overall, the mCCI can be used as an analytical tool to evaluate the influence of past or future changes in natural and human‐induced changes in land use and climate actions by comparing scenarios of torrent connectivity.
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Ebelactone A
Authors: Srinivasu Khandregula , Nagaiah Kommu , Yadav Jhillu S.
Published: March 2020

A highly stereoselective total synthesis of the β‐lactam inhibitor of several therapeutically important enzymes, (‐)‐ebelactone A (1) is described. The salient features of this synthesis include desymmetrization of bicyclic symmetric olefin with Brown's asymmetric hydroboration, Wittig olefination, Evans′ alkylation, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, Gillman's reaction, TEMPO‐BAIB mediated selective oxidation of 1,3‐diol and Adam's β‐lactonization.
n–p BiOCl@g‐C3N4 Heterostructure with Rich‐oxygen Vacancies for Photodegradation of Carbamazepine
Authors: Hou Weidong , Deng Chengming , Xu Haiming , Li Dongya , Zou Zhongwei , Xia Huan , Xia Dongsheng
Published: March 2020

BiOCl/g‐C3N4 (BOC/CN) n‐p heterojunction with rich oxygen vacancies (OVs) was successfully prepared by microwave‐assistant strategy. Multiple characterizations revealed that BOC/CN‐10 exhibited excellent photodegradation performance and degraded 49 % carbamazepine (50 mL, 2.5 mg/L) in 240 minutes, which was eight and three times higher than BiOCl and g‐C3N4, respectively. ESR and O2‐TPD were combined to determine the presence of OVs in BOC/CN. Moreover, the photocatalytic mechanism demonstrates that the OVs of BiOCl and novel p‐n heterostructure not only extend the light absorption but also facilitate the spatial separation of photoinduced carries, and thus BOC/CN‐10 possesses outstanding photocatalytic performance. This work inspired how to improve photocatalytic activity by defect engineering and p‐n heterostructure strategy for Bismuth‐based photocatalyst.
Shear strength estimation of reinforced concrete beam–column sub‐assemblages using multiple soft computing techniques
Authors: Naderpour Hosein , Nagai Kohei
Published: March 2020

The aim of the present study is to propose innovative predictive models for shear capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) exterior joints in terms of multiple soft computing techniques. Existing models were evaluated and by a preliminary sensitivity analysis, seven parameters including compressive strength of concrete, product of the yield stress and the reinforcement ratio of the joint stirrups, the effective width of the joint panel, cross‐sectional column width, beam tensile longitudinal reinforcement ratio, beam compressive longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and column longitudinal reinforcement ratio were considered. Then, a large data set having the details of experimental programs on shear capacity of exterior RC beam–column joints was provided. The experimental data were utilized in developing the proposed models. After verification of the new models against available database, their efficiency compared with existing models was confirmed. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to find the relative importance of each input parameter on the shear strength of RC joints. The results indicated that the beam reinforcement is the most important factor in shear capacity estimation of exterior RC beam–column connections.
Toward Biliteracy: Unpacking the Contribution of Mid‐adolescent Dual Language Learners’ Spanish and English Academic Language Skills to English Reading Comprehension
Authors: Aguilar Gladys , Uccelli Paola , Galloway Emily Phillips
Published: March 2020

Academic language skills support mid‐adolescents’ comprehension of the language of school texts. To date, scarce research has explored associations between dual academic language skills and reading comprehension among mid‐adolescent dual language immersion (DLI) students. This study examined individual differences in Spanish and English academic language skills and their contribution to English reading comprehension in a cross‐sectional sample of DLI students in Grades 4–6 (N = 101). Taking advantage of a recently proposed construct, the core academic language skills (CALS), and the CALS instruments available in Spanish and English, dual academic language skills were examined as predictors of English reading comprehension. Results revealed that Spanish and English CALS were both significant predictors of English reading comprehension even after accounting for students’ sociodemographic background, English proficiency designation, and English word reading fluency. Findings underscore the cross‐linguistic contribution of Spanish academic language skills to English reading comprehension and highlight the importance of promoting these skills in both languages to support mid‐adolescent DLI students’ biliteracy development.
Overplanting in offshore wind power plants in different regulatory regimes
Authors: Wolter Christoph , Klinge Jacobsen Henrik , Zeni Lorenzo , Rogdakis Georgios , Cutululis Nicolaos A.
Published: March 2020

The development of offshore wind farms depends on many technical and economic parameters, which requires an integrated planning approach. Some parameters can be controlled by the wind farm developer, and some are determined by the regulatory authorities. Others can be outside control of both. One aspect of optimizing wind farm development is overplanting, which represents the capacity optimization between installed generation capacity and transmission capacity, which allows for a minor share of energy curtailment to increase the overall value of the farm. Quantifying this value also depends on the regulatory framework, which is analyzed here by comparing United Kingdom and Danish conditions. Using a discounted cash flow model, we find that UK conditions are favorable to overplanting from the developer perspective, where the benefit of using the transmission cable more efficiently supports overplanting. In the Danish case, the private‐economic incentive to overplant is minor due to the constraint of linking subsidies to a certain energy output. On the other hand, when the cost of turbines declines relative to transmission system costs, overplanting tends to become more attractive. This is mostly the case when installing wind farms further offshore compared to projects closer to the coast, which has been exerted more and more exerted in the recent years. In a socioeconomic perspective, overplanting is also a viable method to optimize the wind farm technically and economically, if the cost of the additional turbines is less than the value of the additional generation that can be fed into the grid by the transmission line.

This article is categorized under:

Wind Power > Economics and Policy

Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure
Progress in extracellular vesicle biology and their application in cancer medicine
Authors: Srivastava Akhil , Amreddy Narsireddy , Pareek Vipul , Chinnappan Mahendran , Ahmed Rebaz , Mehta Meghna , Razaq Mohammad , Munshi Anupama , Ramesh Rajagopal
Published: March 2020

Under the broader category of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes are now well recognized for their contribution and potential for biomedical research. During the last ten years, numerous technologies for purification and characterization of EVs have been developed. This enhanced knowledge has resulted in the development of novel applications of EVs. This review is an attempt to capture the exponential growth observed in EV science in the last decade and discuss the future potential to improve our understanding of EVs, develop technologies to overcome current limitations, and advance their utility for human benefit, especially in cancer medicine.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Phenomenological study of neutrino mass, dark matter and baryogenesis within the framework of minimal extended seesaw
Authors: Das Pritam , Das Mrinal Kumar , Khan Najimuddin
Published: March 2020

Abstract

We study a model of neutrino and dark matter within the framework of a minimal extended seesaw. This framework is based on A4 flavor symmetry along with the discrete Z4 symmetry to stabilize the dark matter and construct desired mass matrices for neutrino mass. We use a non-trivial Dirac mass matrix with broken μ − τ symmetry to generate the leptonic mixing. A non-degenerate mass structure for right-handed neutrinos is considered to verify the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe via the mechanism of thermal Leptogenesis. The scalar sector is also studied in great detail for a multi-Higgs doublet scenario, considering the lightest Z4-odd as a viable dark matter candidate. A significant impact on the region of DM parameter space, as well as in the fermionic sector, are found in the presence of extra scalar particles.
“Mixed connective tissue disease”: a condition in search of an identity
Authors: Alves Marta R. , Isenberg David A.
Published: March 2020

Mixed connective tissue disease was first described as a new autoimmune rheumatic disease in 1972 based on the claim of a distinct clinical picture associated with anti-RNP antibody positivity. Subsequently, this new entity has divided opinions in the rheumatology community. We have reviewed recent cohort studies with more than 100 patients, comparing the clinical and immunological features, treatment, prognosis and evolution to well-defined autoimmune rheumatic diseases. We also reviewed clinical features of undifferentiated autoimmune rheumatic diseases based on the most recent studies. After gathering and reviewing these data, we discuss whether the designation “mixed connective tissue disease” should be maintained.
Disease or function? What matters most for self-rated health in older people depends on age
Authors: Straatmann Viviane S. , Vetrano Davide L. , Fratiglioni Laura , Calderón-Larrañaga Amaia
Published: March 2020

Background

Self-rated health (SRH) holistically captures older adults’ health status from the perspective of the individual.

Aims

To explore the accuracy of five objective health indicators related to diseases, physical function, cognition and disability in discriminating SRH among the youngest and oldest old.

Methods

We used baseline data from 2196 participants of the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K), Sweden (years 2001–2004). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) were obtained from logistic regressions adjusted by sex, age and education.

Results

Among the youngest old, having ≥ 4 chronic diseases showed the highest discriminatory capacity of poor versus good SRH (AUROC: 0.714). Among the oldest old, a walking speed < 1.0 m/s showed the highest discriminatory capacity of poor versus good SRH (AUROC: 0.683), followed by ≥ 1 limitations in IADL (AUROC: 0.664).

Conclusion

What matters most for SRH in older people depends on age, with walking speed playing a major role among the oldest old.
Prevalence and clustering of diarrhoea within households in India: some evidence from NFHS-4, 2015–16
Authors: Vijayan Bevin , Ramanathan Mala
Published: March 2020

Diarrhoeal disease is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children and is usually measured at individual level. Shared household attributes, such as improved water supply and sanitation, expose those living in the same household to these same risk factors for diarrhoea. The occurrence of diarrhoea in two or more children in the same household is termed ‘diarrhoea clustering’. The aim of this study was to examine the role of improved water supply and sanitation in the occurrence of diarrhoea, and the clustering of diarrhoea in households, among under-five children in India. Data were taken from the fourth round of the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-4), a nationally representative survey which interviewed 699,686 women from 601,509 households in the country. If any child was reported to have diarrhoea in a household in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, the household was designated a diarrhoeal household. Household clustering of diarrhoea was defined the occurrence of diarrhoea in more than one child in households with two or more children. The analysis was done at the household level separately for diarrhoeal households and clustering of diarrhoea in households. The presence of clustering was tested using a chi-squared test. The overall prevalences of diarrhoea and clustering of diarrhoea were examined using exogenous variables. Odds ratios, standardized to allow comparison across categories, were computed. The household prevalence of diarrhoea was 12% and that of clustering of diarrhoea was 2.4%. About 6.5% of households contributed 12.6% of the total diarrhoeal cases. Access to safe water and sanitation was shown to have a great impact on reducing diarrhoeal prevalence and clustering across different household groups. Safe water alone had a greater impact on reducing the prevalence in the absence of improved sanitation when compared with the presence of improved sanitation. It may be possible to reduce the prevalence of diarrhoea in households by targeting those households with more than one child in the under-five age group with the provision of safe water and improved sanitation.