bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Nutritional Impact of Baobab Leaves (Adansonia digitata L.) as a Dietary Intervention to Combat Nutrient Deficiencies and Poverty-Related Health Problems
Authors: Ahmed Abdelhakam Esmaeil Mohamed , Mozzon Massimo , Dawod Abdaljbbar B. A. , Mustafa Eltayeb Omaima Awad , Mukarram Shaikh Ayaz , ElObeid Tahra , Mohammed Elshafia Ali Hamid , Kovács Béla
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Baobab (Adansonia digitate L.) is an underutilized species and edible parts (fruits, leaves and seeds) contribute to food security and human health in tropical areas. Although the fruits have attracted greater research interest and have recently been approved for consumption in EU countries, the leaves are traditionally consumed but they have yet to be studied from an interventional perspective. The aim of this study was to propose a protocol for a dietary intervention using baobab leaves (BLs) to achieve the recommended reference values for proteins and minerals (K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn) for different target groups of the Sudanese population. Methods: Dry matter, crude fat, protein and ash content, mineral content (Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Mn), total phenolic, and flavonoid compounds were determined in BLs from six different areas. To assess the health and nutrition status in Sudan, time-series data (2013–2023) from the DataBank Health Nutrition and Population Statistics database were used. The reference values for nutrients recommended by the European Food Safety Authority were used to estimate the amount of baobab leaf intake (BLI, g/day). Results: For each nutrient, the study area with the lowest amount of BLs to be consumed is recommended. Leaves from the area of El Gari (BN3) 18.312 g/day and 30.712 g/day are recommended for K and Ca, which are particularly beneficial for children aged 1–3 years and lactating women. Leaves from Kor Tagat (KR1) are suitable for sodium intake, requiring approximately 13–23 g/day across all age groups. Leaves from Kazgil (KR2) (46–81 g/day), (35–66 g/day), (0.48–0.68 g/day), and (4–6 g/day) are optimal for fulfilling the daily requirements of magnesium, iron, manganese, and protein in this order. Conclusions: The systematic inclusion of BLs in the diet can positively support the nutritional status of various demographics. Moreover, the findings of this study demonstrated the foundation for public health and nutritional policy-makers on how they will tackle malnutrition and food insecurity worldwide by incorporating naturally available diets and nutritious alternatives. Recommendation: Further research should focus on assessing the nutritional composition factors that could affect the absorption of nutrients such as phytates and oxalates and investigating the in vitro bioavailability of the elements.
The Role of Phytochemicals in Managing Neuropathic Pain: How Much Progress Have We Made?
Authors: Sic Aleksandar , Manzar Aarish , Knezevic Nebojsa Nick
Published: December 2024

Neuropathic pain is a complex and debilitating condition resulting from nerve damage, characterized by sensations such as burning, tingling, and shooting pain. It is often associated with conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), and diabetic polyneuropathy. Conventional pain therapies frequently provide limited relief and are accompanied by significant side effects, emphasizing the need to explore alternative treatment options. Phytochemicals, which are bioactive compounds derived from plants, have gained attention for their potential in neuropathic pain management due to their diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. This review evaluates the mechanisms by which specific phytochemicals, such as curcumin, resveratrol, and capsaicin, influence neuropathic pain pathways, particularly their role in modulating inflammatory processes, reducing oxidative stress, and interacting with ion channels and signaling pathways. While curcumin and resveratrol are primarily considered dietary supplements, their roles in managing neuropathic pain require further clinical investigation to establish their efficacy and safety. In contrast, capsaicin is an active ingredient derived from chili peppers that has been developed into approved topical treatments widely used for managing neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain. However, not all phytochemicals have demonstrated consistent efficacy in managing neuropathic pain, and their effects can vary depending on the compound and the specific condition. The pathophysiology of neuropathic pain, involving maladaptive changes in the somatosensory nervous system, peripheral and central sensitization, and glial cell activation, is also outlined. Overall, this review emphasizes the need for continued high-quality clinical studies to fully establish the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals in neuropathic pain management.
A Repurposed Drug Selection Pipeline to Identify CNS-Penetrant Drug Candidates for Glioblastoma
Authors: Ntafoulis Ioannis , Koolen Stijn L. W. , van Tellingen Olaf , den Hollander Chelsea W. J. , Sabel-Goedknegt Hendrika , Dijkhuizen Stephanie , Haeck Joost , Reuvers Thom G. A. , de Bruijn Peter , van den Bosch Thierry P. P. , van Dis Vera , Gao Zhenyu , Dirven Clemens M. F. , Leenstra Sieger , Lamfers Martine L. M.
Published: December 2024

Background: Glioblastoma is an aggressive and incurable type of brain cancer. Little progress has been made in the development of effective new therapies in the past decades. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) and drug efflux pumps, which together hamper drug delivery to these tumors, play a pivotal role in the gap between promising preclinical findings and failure in clinical trials. Therefore, selecting drugs that can reach the tumor region in pharmacologically effective concentrations is of major importance. Methods: In the current study, we utilized a drug selection platform to identify candidate drugs by combining in vitro oncological drug screening data and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles for central nervous system (CNS) penetration using the multiparameter optimization (MPO) score. Furthermore, we developed intracranial patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models that recapitulated the in situ characteristics of glioblastoma and characterized them in terms of vascular integrity, BBB permeability and expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Omacetaxine mepesuccinate (OMA) was selected as a proof-of-concept drug candidate to validate our drug selection pipeline. Results: We assessed OMA’s PK profile in three different orthotopic mouse PDX models and found that OMA reaches the brain tumor tissue at concentrations ranging from 2- to 11-fold higher than in vitro IC50 values on patient-derived glioblastoma cell cultures. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that OMA, a drug selected for its in vitro anti-glioma activity and CNS- MPO score, achieves brain tumor tissue concentrations exceeding its in vitro IC50 values in patient-derived glioblastoma cell cultures, as shown in three orthotopic mouse PDX models. We emphasize the importance of such approaches at the preclinical level, highlighting both their significance and limitations in identifying compounds with potential clinical implementation in glioblastoma.
Novel Quinoline- and Naphthalene-Incorporated Hydrazineylidene–Propenamide Analogues as Antidiabetic Agents: Design, Synthesis, and Computational Studies
Authors: Alharbi Osama , Alsaedi Wael H. , Alsehli Mosa , Althagafi Saif H. , Alharbi Hussam Y. , Asiri Yazeed M. , Ramu Ramith , Al-Ghorbani Mohammed
Published: December 2024

Background: Type 2 diabetes has become a significant global health challenge. Numerous drugs have been developed to treat the condition, either as standalone therapies or in combination when glycemic control cannot be achieved with a single medication. As existing treatments often come with limitations, there is an increasing focus on creating novel therapeutic agents that offer greater efficacy and fewer side effects to better address this widespread issue. Methods: The methylene derivatives 3a,b were coupled with phenyl/ethyl isothiocyanate in the basic medium, and dimethyl sulfate was subsequently added. Further, 5a–d were reacted with the quinoline/naphthalene hydrazides 6a,b. The target compounds 7a–g were subjected to the in vitro enzyme inhibition studies on α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and aldose reductase. Results: 7g exerted remarkable inhibitory effects on α-glycosidase [Inhibitory Concentration (IC50): 20.23 ± 1.10 µg/mL] and α-amylase (17.15 ± 0.30 µg/mL), outperforming acarbose (28.12 ± 0.20 µg/mL for α-glycosidase and 25.42 ± 0.10 µg/mL for α-amylase), and exhibited a strong inhibition action on aldose reductase (12.15 ± 0.24 µg/mL), surpassing quercetin (15.45 ± 0.32 µg/mL) and the other tested compounds. In a computational study, 7g demonstrated promising binding affinities (−8.80, −8.91 kcal/mol) with α-glycosidase and α-amylase, compared to acarbose (−10.87, −10.38 kcal/mol) for α-glycosidase and α-amylase. Additionally, 7g had strong binding with aldose reductase (−9.20 kcal/mol) in comparison to quercetin (−9.95 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations demonstrated that 7g remained stable over a 100 ns simulation period, and the binding free energy estimates remained consistent throughout this time. Conclusions: We reported the modification of quinoline and naphthalene rings to hydrazineylidene–propenamides 7a–g using various synthetic approaches. 7g emerged as a leading candidate, exhibiting greater inhibition of α-glycosidase, α-amylase, and aldose reductase. These findings underscore their potential as essential molecules for the development of innovative antidiabetic treatments.
Osteoporosis: Causes, Mechanisms, Treatment and Prevention: Role of Dietary Compounds
Authors: Stromsnes Kristine , Fajardo Cristian Martinez , Soto-Rodriguez Silvana , Kajander Erika Ria Ulrika , Lupu Remus-Iulian , Pozo-Rodriguez Monica , Boira-Nacher Balma , Font-Alberich Maria , Gambini-Castell Marcos , Olaso-Gonzalez Gloria , Gomez-Cabrera Maria-Carmen , Gambini Juan
Published: December 2024

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that is characterized by a loss of bone density, which mainly affects the microstructure of the bones due to a decrease in bone mass, thereby making them more fragile and susceptible to fractures. Osteoporosis is currently considered one of the pandemics of the 21st century, affecting around 200 million people. Its most serious consequence is an increased risk of bone fractures, thus making osteoporosis a major cause of disability and even premature death in the elderly. In this review, we discuss its causes, the biochemical mechanisms of bone regeneration, risk factors, pharmacological treatments, prevention and the effects of diet, focusing in this case on compounds present in a diet that could have palliative and preventive effects and could be used as concomitant treatments to drugs, which are and should always be the first option. It should be noted as a concluding remark that non-pharmacological treatments such as diet and exercise have, or should have, a relevant role in supporting pharmacology, which is the recommended prescription today, but we cannot ignore that they can have a great relevance in the treatment of this disease.
Prediction of SPT-07A Pharmacokinetics in Rats, Dogs, and Humans Using a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model and In Vitro Data
Authors: Zhu Xiaoqiang , Kong Weimin , Wang Zehua , Liu Xiaodong , Liu Li
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: SPT-07A, a D-borneol, is currently being developed in China for the treatment of ischemic stroke. We aimed to create a whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict the pharmacokinetics of SPT-07A in rats, dogs, and humans. Methods: The in vitro metabolism of SPT-07A was studied using hepatic, renal, and intestinal microsomes. The pharmacokinetics of SPT-07A in rats were simulated using the developed PBPK model and in vitro data. Following validation using pharmacokinetic data in rats, the developed PBPK model was scaled up to dogs and humans. Results: Data from hepatic microsomes revealed that SPT-07A was primarily metabolized by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGTs). Glucuronidation of SPT-07A also occurred in the kidney and intestine. The in vitro to in vivo extrapolation analysis showed that hepatic clearance of SPT-07A in rats, dogs, and humans accounted for 62.2%, 87.3%, and 76.5% of the total clearance, respectively. The renal clearance of SPT-07A in rats, dogs, and humans accounted for 32.6%, 12.7%, and 23.1% of the total clearance, respectively. Almost all of the observed concentrations of SPT-07A following single or multi-dose to rats, dogs, and humans were within the 5th–95th percentiles of simulations from 100 virtual subjects. Sensitivity analysis showed that hepatic metabolic velocity, renal metabolic velocity, and hepatic blood flow remarkably affected the exposure to SPT-07A in humans. Dedrick plots were also used to predict the pharmacokinetics of SPT-07A in humans. Prediction accuracy using the PBPK model is superior to that of Dedrick plots. Conclusions: We elucidate UGT-mediated SPT-07A metabolism in the liver, kidney, and intestine of rats, dogs, and humans. The pharmacokinetics of SPT-07A were successfully simulated using the developed PBPK model.
Exploring Micelles and Nanospheres as Delivery Systems for Phenothiazine Derivatives in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Jelonek Katarzyna , Musiał-Kulik Monika , Pastusiak Małgorzata , Foryś Aleksander , Zięba Andrzej , Kasperczyk Janusz
Published: December 2024

Objectives: Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and thus, there is a need for the development of innovative and more effective treatment strategies. The aim of the study was to evaluate two types of nanoparticles—nanospheres and micelles—obtained from PLA-based polymers to discover their potential for delivering four types of phenothiazine derivatives. Methods: The morphology, drug-loading properties, cytocompatibility, hemolytic properties and anticancer activity were analyzed. Results: The micelles exhibited significantly higher drug-loading properties, release process and cytotoxic activity against cancer cells compared to the nanospheres. The micelles containing 5-methyl-12H-quino[3,4-b][1,4]benzothiazinium chloride with an OH group as a substituent in the 10-position of the quinobenzothiazine ring showed the highest drug-loading content, the most efficient drug release, the lowest hemolytic activity and the most significant cytotoxic effect against HeLa cells. Conclusions: The conducted study enabled the development of a delivery system for the new anticancer compound and showed that the choice of drug carrier has a crucial effect on its cytotoxic potential against cancer cells.
Unlocking the Stratum Corneum Barrier to Skin Penetration for the Transdermal Delivery of Cyclovirobuxine D
Authors: Ren Yun-Hao , Song Feng-Yuan , Zhao Jing-Yu , Liang Bing-Wen , Peng Li-Hua
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Cyclovirobuxine D, a natural compound derived from the medicinal plant Buxus sinica, demonstrates a diverse array of therapeutic benefits, encompassing anti-arrhythmic properties, blood pressure regulation, neuronal protection, and anti-ischemic activity. However, its limited solubility hinders the bioavailability of current oral and injectable formulations, causing considerable adverse reactions and toxicity. Methods: In this investigation, we embarked on an unprecedented exploration of the skin penetration potential of cyclovirobuxine D utilizing chemical penetration enhancers and niosomes as innovative strategies to enhance its dermal absorption. These strategies were rigorously tested and optimized. Results: Among the tested chemical penetration enhancers, azone emerged as the most potent, achieving a 4.55-fold increase in skin penetration compared to the untreated group. Additionally, when encapsulated within niosomes, primarily composed of Span60 and cholesterol, the skin penetration of cyclovirobuxine D was notably enhanced by 1.50-fold. Furthermore, when both cyclovirobuxine D and azone were co-encapsulated within the niosomes, the skin penetration of cyclovirobuxine D was remarkably elevated by 8.10-fold compared to the solvent-dispersed group. This enhancement was corroborated through rigorous in vitro and in vivo experiments. Notably, the combination of other chemical penetration enhancers with niosome encapsulation also exhibited synergistic effects in enhancing the skin penetration of cyclovirobuxine D. Conclusions: These findings provide a compelling rationale for the administration of cyclovirobuxine D via skin-mediated transdermal delivery, offering superior safety, efficacy, and convenience. The innovative combination of niosomes and chemical penetration enhancers represents a novel system for the transdermal delivery of cyclovirobuxine D, holding immense promise for clinical applications in the treatment of brain, neuronal, and cardiovascular disorders.
Drug–Phospholipid Co-Amorphous Formulations: The Role of Preparation Methods and Phospholipid Selection
Authors: Khorami Keyoomars , Farahani Sam Darestani , Müllertz Anette , Rades Thomas
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: This study aims to broaden the knowledge on co-amorphous phospholipid systems (CAPSs) by exploring the formation of CAPSs with a broader range of poorly water-soluble drugs, celecoxib (CCX), furosemide (FUR), nilotinib (NIL), and ritonavir (RIT), combined with amphiphilic phospholipids (PLs), including soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC), hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine (HPC), and mono-acyl phosphatidylcholine (MAPC). Methods: The CAPSs were initially prepared at equimolar drug-to-phospholipid (PL) ratios by mechano-chemical activation-based, melt-based, and solvent-based preparation methods, i.e., ball milling (BM), quench cooling (QC), and solvent evaporation (SE), respectively. The solid state of the product was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The long-term physical stability of the CAPSs was investigated at room temperature under dry conditions (0% RH) and at 75% RH. The dissolution behavior of the CCX CAPS and RIT CAPS was studied. Results: Our findings indicate that SE consistently prepared CAPSs for CCX-PLs, FUR-PLs, and RIT-PLs, whereas the QC method could only form CAPSs for RIT-PLs, CCX-SPC, and CCX-MAPC. In contrast, the BM method failed to produce CAPSs, but all drugs alone could be fully amorphized. While the stability of each drug varied depending on the PLs used, the SE CAPS consistently demonstrated the highest stability by a significant margin. Initially, a 1:1 molar ratio was used for screening all systems, though the optimal molar ratio for drug stability remained uncertain. To address this, various molar ratios were investigated to determine the ratio yielding the highest amorphous drug stability. Our results indicate that all systems remained physically stable at a 1.5:1 ratio and with excess of PL. Furthermore, the CAPS formed by the SE significantly improves the dissolution behavior of CCX and RIT, whereas the PLs provide a slight precipitation inhibition for supersaturated CCX and RIT. Conclusions: These findings support the use of a 1:1 molar ratio in screening processes and suggest that CAPSs can be effectively prepared with relatively high drug loads compared to traditional drug–polymer systems. Furthermore, the study highlights the critical role of drug selection, the preparation method, and the PL type in developing stable and effective CAPSs.
Zein Nanoparticles-Loaded Flavonoids-Rich Fraction from Fridericia platyphylla: Potential Antileishmanial Applications
Authors: Neves Monica Araujo das , Jesus Caroline Martins de , Oliveira Jhones Luiz de , Buna Samuel dos Santos Soares , Silva Lucilene Amorim , Fraceto Leonardo Fernandes , Rocha Cláudia Quintino da
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, is a major global health issue due to the limitations of current treatments, which include low efficacy, high costs, and severe side effects. This study aimed to develop a more effective and less toxic therapy by utilizing zein nanoparticles (ZNPs) in combination with a nonpolar fraction (DCMF) from Fridericia platyphylla (Syn. Arrabidaea brachypoda), a plant rich in dimeric flavonoids called brachydins. Methods: Zein nanoparticles were used as carriers to encapsulate DCMF. The system was characterized by measuring particle diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. Analytical techniques such as FTIR, DSC, and AFM were employed to confirm the encapsulation and stability of DCMF. Antileishmanial activity was assessed against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes, while cytotoxicity was tested on RAW264.7 macrophages. Results: The ZNP-DCMF system exhibited favorable properties, including a particle diameter of 141 nm, a polydispersity index below 0.2, and a zeta potential of 11.3 mV. DCMF was encapsulated with an efficiency of 94.6% and remained stable for 49 days. In antileishmanial assays, ZNP-DCMF inhibited the viability of promastigotes with an IC50 of 36.33 μg/mL and amastigotes with an IC50 of 0.72 μg/mL, demonstrating higher selectivity (SI = 694.44) compared to DCMF alone (SI = 43.11). ZNP-DCMF was non-cytotoxic to RAW264.7 macrophages, with a CC50 > 500 μg/mL. Conclusions: Combining F. platyphylla DCMF with zein nanoparticles as a carrier presents a promising approach for leishmaniasis treatment, offering improved efficacy, reduced toxicity, and protection of bioactive compounds from degradation.
Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Saturable Absorbers: Advancements in Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers for Mode-Locking and Q-Switching
Authors: Alrebdi Tahani A. , Fatima Noor , Alshehri Ali M. , Khalil Adnan , Asghar Haroon
Published: December 2024

Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have emerged as robust materials in the development of SAs for erbium-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs). Their exceptional optical properties, such as broadband absorption and fast recovery times, make them ideal candidates for achieving ultrashort pulse operation in EDFLs. With its higher oxygen content, GO offers greater nonlinearity and a tunable absorption spectrum, while rGO, yielded through chemical reduction, exhibits enhanced electrical conductivity and higher saturable absorption. These properties facilitate the generation of ultrashort pulses in EDFLs, which are highly desired for various medical imaging, telecommunications, and material processing applications. This review paper comprehensively analyzes the advancements in GO and rGO SAs in the context of EDFLs for mode-locking and Q-switching applications. The performance of EDFLs utilizing GO and rGO SAs is critically evaluated, focusing on key parameters, such as modulation depth, pulse duration, repetition rate, average power, pulse energy, peak power, and signal-to-noise ratio. Additionally, this review delves into the various synthesis methods of GO and rGO thin film, highlighting their impact on the optical properties and performance of SAs. The discussion on techniques to integrate the SAs into laser cavities includes direct deposition of nanoparticles/thin-film-based SAs, tapered-fiber-based SAs, and D-shaped SAs. Furthermore, the paper explores the challenges encountered during the fabrication of ideal GO and rGO SAs, with issues related to uniformity, stability, and tunability, along with proposed solutions to address these challenges. The insights provided offer valuable guidance for future research aimed at enhancing the performance of EDFLs using GO/rGO SAs.
Fiber and Polymer Composites: Processing, Simulation, Properties and Applications II
Authors: Vuluga Zina
Published: December 2024

Compliance with EU legislation on the efficient use of fossil fuels and the reduction in emissions and environmental impact has led many sectors of industry to become interested in obtaining and using more sustainable polymer composites with improved lifetime, in the recovery and recycling of materials at the end of their life cycle, and in the use of renewable natural resources [...]
Modification of Processability and Shear-Induced Crystallization of Poly(lactic acid)
Authors: Feng Ruiqi , Kugimoto Daisuke , Yamaguchi Masayuki
Published: December 2024

We studied the rheological properties under both shear and elongational flow and crystallization behaviors after shear history for binary blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) with a slightly lower shear viscosity. EVA was immiscible with PLA and dispersed in droplets in the blend. The addition of EVA significantly reduced the shear viscosity, which is attributed to the interfacial slippage between PLA and EVA. In contrast, under elongational flow, the addition of EVA provided strain hardening in the transient elongational viscosity. Consequently, the degree of neck-in behavior in T-die extrusion, i.e., a decrease in the film width, was reduced with the high orientation of the PLA chains. Furthermore, it was found that the addition of EVA accelerated the shear-induced crystallization of PLA, although EVA showed no nucleating ability without a flow field. Because the EVA addition can improve the mechanical toughness, this modification technique is attractive for various industrial applications of PLA.
The Design of a Controlled-Release Polymer of a Phytopharmaceutical Agent: A Study on the Release in Different PH Environments Using the Ultrafiltration Technique
Authors: Marambio Oscar G. , Muñoz Alejandro , Martin-Trasancos Rudy , Sánchez Julio , Pizarro Guadalupe del C.
Published: December 2024

A series of hydrophilic copolymers were prepared using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and itaconic acid (IA) from free radical polymerization at different feed monomer ratios using ammonium persulfate (APS) initiators in water at 70 °C. The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) was grafted to Poly(HEMA-co-IA) by a condensation reaction. The hydrolysis of the polymeric release system, Poly(HEMA-co-IA)-2,4-D, demonstrated that the release of the herbicide in an aqueous phase depends on the polymeric system’s pH value and hydrophilic character. In addition, the swelling behavior (Wt%) was studied at different pH values using Liquid-phase Polymer Retention (LPR) in an ultrafiltration system. The acid hydrolysis of the herbicide from the conjugates follows a first-order kinetic, showing higher kinetic constants as the pH increases. The base-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction of the herbicide follows a zero-order kinetic, where the basic medium acts as a catalyst, accelerating the release rate of the herbicide and showing higher kinetic constants as the pH increases. The differences in the release rates found for the hydrogel herbicide at different pH values can be correlated with the difference in their swelling capacity, where the release rate generally increases with an increase in the swelling capacity from water solution at higher pH values. The study of the release process revealed that all samples in distilled water at a pH of 10 are representative of agricultural systems. It showed first-order swelling kinetics and an absorption capacity that conforms to the parameters for hydrogels for agricultural applications, which supports their potential for these purposes.
Investigating the Impact of Polymers on Clay Flocculation and Residual Oil Behaviour Using a 2.5D Model
Authors: Sun Xianda , Wang Yuchen , Guo Qiansong , Ouyang Zhaozhuo , Xu Chengwu , Cao Yangdong , Liu Tao , Ma Wenjun
Published: December 2024

In the process of oilfield development, the surfactant–polymer (SP) composite system has shown significant effects in enhancing oil recovery (EOR) due to its excellent interfacial activity and viscoelastic properties. However, with the continuous increase in the volume of composite flooding injection, a decline in injection–production capacity (I/P capacity) has been observed. Through the observation of frozen core slices, it was found that during the secondary composite flooding (SCF) process, a large amount of residual oil in the form of intergranular adsorption remained in the core pores. This phenomenon suggests that the displacement efficiency of the composite flooding may be affected. Research has shown that polymers undergo flocculation reactions with clay minerals (such as kaolinite, Kln) in the reservoir, leading to the formation of high-viscosity mixtures of migrating particles and crude oil (CO). These high-viscosity mixtures accumulate in local pores, making it difficult to further displace them, which causes oil trapping and negatively affects the overall displacement efficiency of secondary composite flooding (SCF). To explore this mechanism, this study used a microscopic visualization displacement model (MVDM) and microscopy techniques to observe the migration of particles during secondary composite flooding. By using kaolinite water suspension (Kln-WS) to simulate migrating particles in the reservoir, the displacement effects of the composite flooding system on the kaolinite water suspension, crude oil, and their mixtures were observed. Experimental results showed that the polymer, acting as a flocculant, promoted the flocculation of kaolinite during the displacement process, thereby increasing the viscosity of crude oil and affecting the displacement efficiency of secondary composite flooding.
Analysis of Interfacial Adhesion Properties Between PBT Azide Propellant Matrix and Defective AP Fillers Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Jia Xianzhen , Tang Linjing , Liu Ruipeng , Liao Hongjun , Cao Liang , Tang Xianqiong , Cao Peng
Published: December 2024

Filler defects and matrix crosslinking degree are the main factors affecting the interfacial adhesion properties of propellants. Improving adhesion can significantly enhance debonding resistance. In this study, all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are employed to investigate the interfacial adsorption behavior and mechanisms between ammonium perchlorate (AP) fillers and a poly(3,3-bis-azidomethyl oxetane)-tetrahydrofuran (PBT) matrix. This study focuses on matrix crosslinking degree (70–90%), AP defects (width 20–40 Å), and temperature effects (200–1000 K) to analyze microscopic interfacial adsorption behavior, binding energy, and radial distribution function (RDF). The simulation results indicate that higher crosslinking of the PBT matrix enhances interfacial adsorption strength, but incomplete crosslinking reduces this strength. Defects on the AP surface affect interfacial adsorption by altering the contact area, and defects of 30 Å width can enhance adsorption. The analysis of temperature effects on binding energy and interface RDF reveals that binding energy and interface RDF fluctuate as the temperature increases. This study provides a microscopic perspective on the PBT matrix–AP interfacial adsorption mechanism and provides insights into the design of PBT azide propellant fuels.
The Magnitude of a Practice: Collection and Recycling of Patinated ‘Old’ Flint Items During the Levantine Late Lower Paleolithic
Authors: Efrati Bar , Barkai Ran
Published: December 2024

This study examines the prevalent practice of recycling patinated flint tools (“double patina”) of 18 lithic assemblages from three Late Lower Paleolithic sites in Israel. Determined as recycled from ‘old’ patinated items using visual observation, these tools, bearing both old, patinated surfaces and new modifications, offer insights into lithic strategies, cultural behaviors, and memory preservation. The study shows that the collection and recycling of ‘old’ patinated items into new tools was ubiquitously practiced, ranging from 41% at Late Acheulian Jaljulia and 11–17% at Acheulo-Yabrudian Qesem Cave. Two main recycling methods were identified, with variations across sites reflecting diverse cultural norms and functional needs (Type A–B). The type-B recycling trajectory was found to be the most prominent, as it prioritizes the preservation of the tool’s original appearance, patinated surfaces, and old scars. Following these features, the study additionally suggests that type-B recycling likely stemmed from necessity, cultural preferences, and a choice to connect with the past and preserve it, thus emphasizing the complex interplay of practicality, culture, and memory in the Late Lower Paleolithic period.
The Influence of Popular Culture’s Interpretation of Noah’s Ark upon Evangelical Reading and Interpretation
Authors: Hutchinson Anna
Published: December 2024

Whilst there is much published research looking at the use and/or interpretation of the Bible in popular culture, there has been little research investigating the impact of such cultural biblical engagement upon contemporary Christian Bible readers. Drawing upon focus group data, this paper thus explores the influence that the cultural history of Noah’s ark, particularly in popular culture, has upon the way evangelicals interpret. This paper shows that evangelical readers were influenced by the interpretations of the Noah story in the spheres of science, new atheism, children’s books and films, and this affected the conclusions they came to about the issue of historicity, morality and applicability. The paper closes with a reflection on why this phenomenon occurs and what hermeneutical benefits it might offer the reader by considering how God might be at work in the cultural depictions of Scripture and what they might offer interpretative practice.
Uncertainty Quantification in Data Fusion Classifier for Ship-Wake Detection
Authors: Costa Maice , Sobien Daniel , Garg Ria , Cheung Winnie , Krometis Justin , Kauffman Justin A.
Published: December 2024

Using deep learning model predictions requires not only understanding the model’s confidence but also its uncertainty, so we know when to trust the prediction or require support from a human. In this study, we used Monte Carlo dropout (MCDO) to characterize the uncertainty of deep learning image classification algorithms, including feature fusion models, on simulated synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of persistent ship wakes. Comparing to a baseline, we used the distribution of predictions from dropout with simple mean value ensembling and the Kolmogorov—Smirnov (KS) test to classify in-domain and out-of-domain (OOD) test samples, created by rotating images to angles not present in the training data. Our objective was to improve the classification robustness and identify OOD images during the test time. The mean value ensembling did not improve the performance over the baseline, in that there was a –1.05% difference in the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) from the baseline model averaged across all SAR bands. The KS test, by contrast, saw an improvement of +12.5% difference in MCC and was able to identify the majority of OOD samples. Leveraging the full distribution of predictions improved the classification robustness and allowed labeling test images as OOD. The feature fusion models, however, did not improve the performance over the single SAR-band models, demonstrating that it is best to rely on the highest quality data source available (in our case, C-band).
Exploring Transfer Learning for Anthropogenic Geomorphic Feature Extraction from Land Surface Parameters Using UNet
Authors: Maxwell Aaron E. , Farhadpour Sarah , Ali Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Semantic segmentation algorithms, such as UNet, that rely on convolutional neural network (CNN)-based architectures, due to their ability to capture local textures and spatial context, have shown promise for anthropogenic geomorphic feature extraction when using land surface parameters (LSPs) derived from digital terrain models (DTMs) as input predictor variables. However, the operationalization of these supervised classification methods is limited by a lack of large volumes of quality training data. This study explores the use of transfer learning, where information learned from another, and often much larger, dataset is used to potentially reduce the need for a large, problem-specific training dataset. Two anthropogenic geomorphic feature extraction problems are explored: the extraction of agricultural terraces and the mapping of surface coal mine reclamation-related valley fill faces. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-derived DTMs were used to generate LSPs. We developed custom transfer parameters by attempting to predict geomorphon-based landforms using a large dataset of digital terrain data provided by the United States Geological Survey’s 3D Elevation Program (3DEP). We also explored the use of pre-trained ImageNet parameters and initializing models using parameters learned from the other mapping task investigated. The geomorphon-based transfer learning resulted in the poorest performance while the ImageNet-based parameters generally improved performance in comparison to a random parameter initialization, even when the encoder was frozen or not trained. Transfer learning between the different geomorphic datasets offered minimal benefits. We suggest that pre-trained models developed using large, image-based datasets may be of value for anthropogenic geomorphic feature extraction from LSPs even given the data and task disparities. More specifically, ImageNet-based parameters should be considered as an initialization state for the encoder component of semantic segmentation architectures applied to anthropogenic geomorphic feature extraction even when using non-RGB image-based predictor variables, such as LSPs. The value of transfer learning between the different geomorphic mapping tasks may have been limited due to smaller sample sizes, which highlights the need for continued research in using unsupervised and semi-supervised learning methods, especially given the large volume of digital terrain data available, despite the lack of associated labels.
Dominant Tree Species Mapping Using Machine Learning Based on Multi-Temporal and Multi-Source Data
Authors: Guo Heyi , Boonprong Sornkitja , Wang Shaohua , Zhang Zhidong , Liang Wei , Xu Min , Yang Xinwei , Wang Kaimin , Li Jingbo , Gao Xiaotong , Yang Yujie , Hu Ruichen , Zhang Yu , Cao Chunxiang
Published: December 2024

Timely and accurate tree species mapping is crucial for forest resource inventory, supporting management, conservation biology, and ecological restoration. This study utilized Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data to classify five dominant tree species in Chengde and Beijing. To effectively capture the influence of multi-temporal data, data were acquired in March, June, September, and December 2020, extracting various features, including bands, spectral indices, texture features, and topographic variables. The optimal input variable combination was explored using 1519 field survey samples for training and testing datasets. Classification employed Random Forest, XGBoost, and deep learning models, with performance evaluated through out-of-bag estimation and cross-validation. The XGBoost model achieved the highest accuracy of 81.25% (kappa = 0.74) when using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 bands, indices, texture features, and DEM data. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of using Sentinel data for tree species classification and emphasize the value of machine learning algorithms. This study underscores the potential of combining synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical data for large-scale tree species classification, with significant implications for forest monitoring and management.
Model Development for Estimating Sub-Daily Urban Air Temperature Patterns in China Using Land Surface Temperature and Auxiliary Data from 2013 to 2023
Authors: Guo Yuchen , Unger János , Gál Tamás
Published: December 2024

Near-surface air temperature (Tair) is critical for addressing urban challenges in China, particularly in the context of rapid urbanization and climate change. While many studies estimate Tair at a national scale, they typically provide only daily data (e.g., maximum and minimum Tair), with few focusing on sub-daily urban Tair at high spatial resolution. In this study, we integrated MODIS-based land surface temperature (LST) data with 18 auxiliary data from 2013 to 2023 to develop a Tair estimation model for major Chinese cities, using random forest algorithms across four diurnal and seasonal conditions: warm daytime, warm nighttime, cold daytime, and cold nighttime. Four model schemes were constructed and compared by combining different auxiliary data (time-related and space-related) with LST. Cross-validation results were found to show that space-related and time-related variables significantly affected the model performance. When all auxiliary data were used, the model performed best, with an average RMSE of 1.6 °C (R2 = 0.96). The best performance was observed on warm nights with an RMSE of 1.47 °C (R2 = 0.97). The importance assessment indicated that LST was the most important variable across all conditions, followed by specific humidity, and convective available potential energy. Space-related variables were more important under cold conditions (or nighttime) compared with warm conditions (or daytime), while time-related variables exhibited the opposite trend and were key to improving model accuracy in summer. Finally, two samples of Tair patterns in Beijing and the Pearl River Delta region were effectively estimated. Our study offered a novel method for estimating sub-daily Tair patterns using open-source data and revealed the impacts of predictive variables on Tair estimation, which has important implications for urban thermal environment research.
Atmospheric Modulation Transfer Function Calculation and Error Evaluation for the Panchromatic Band of the Gaofen-2 Satellite
Authors: Li Zhengqiang , Liang Mingjun , Ma Yan , Zheng Yang , Li Zhaozhou , Chen Zhenting
Published: December 2024

In the optical satellite on-orbit imaging quality estimation system, the calculation of Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is not fully standardized, and the influence of atmosphere is often simplified, making it difficult to obtain completely consistent on-orbit MTF measurements and comparisons. This study investigates the effects of various factors—such as edge angle, edge detection methods, oversampling rate, and interpolation techniques—on the accuracy of MTF calculations in the commonly used slanted-edge method for on-orbit MTF assessment, informed by simulation experiments. A relatively optimal MTF calculation process is proposed, which employs the Gaussian fitting method for edge detection, the adaptive oversampling rate, and the Lanczos (a = 3) interpolation method, minimizing the absolute deviation in the MTF results. A method to quantitatively analyze the atmospheric scattering and absorption MTF is proposed that employs a radiative transfer model. Based on the edge images of GF-2 satellite, images with various atmospheric conditions and imaging parameters are simulated, and their atmospheric scattering and absorption MTF is obtained through comparing the MTFs of the ground and top atmosphere radiance. The findings reveal that aerosol optical depth (AOD), viewing zenith angle (VZA), and altitude (ALT) are the primary factors influencing the accuracy of GF-2 satellite on-orbit MTF measurements in complex scenarios. The on-orbit MTF decreases with the increase in AOD and VZA and increases with the increase in ALT. Furthermore, a collaborative analysis of the main influencing factors of atmospheric scattering and absorption MTF indicates that, taking the PAN band of the GF-2 satellite as an example, the atmospheric MTF values are consistently below 0.7905. Among these, 90% of the data are less than 0.7520, with corresponding AOD conditions ranging from 0 to 0.08, a VZA ranging from 0 to 50°, and an ALT ranging from 0 to 5 km. The results can provide directional guidance for the selection of meteorological conditions, satellite attitude, and geographical location during satellite on-orbit testing, thereby enhancing the ability to accurately measure satellite MTF.
Characterizing Changes in Paddy Rice Flooding Time over the Sanjiang Plain Using Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Time Series
Authors: Ning Xiangyu , Li Huapeng , Liu Ruoqi
Published: December 2024

Rice is a primary food crop, and rice production ensures food security and maintains social stability with great significance. Flooding paddy rice fields as an important step in rice production affects the entire growth process of rice. The selection of flooding time is highly correlated with paddy rice yield and water resource utilization. In the background of global warming, early flooding in high-latitude paddy rice planting areas can ensure that rice has sufficient growing time to increase yield. However, overly early flooding may cause waste of water resources due to insufficient heat. Currently, research on flooding timing is relatively lacking, and monitoring of temperature during flooding is particularly deficient. To respond to climate change, it is necessary to explore whether the current flooding schedule meets the actual needs. Based on MODIS surface reflectivity data, we identified the First Flooding Day (FFD) and Peak Flooding Day (PFD) in the Sanjiang Plain. Using MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST) data and meteorological station-provided air temperature data, we analyzed the corresponding LST and air temperature for PFD from 2008 to 2024. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) both FFD and PFD in the Sanjiang Plain have a trend of advancing year by year, with PFD showing stronger advancement than FFD; (2) the LST and air temperature during flooding in the Sanjiang Plain show a downward trend year by year; and (3) by 2024, the flooding temperature of paddy rice fields in the Sanjiang Plain has generally met the needs for the next step of production. This study first attempts to use high-temporal-resolution remote sensing images to identify the flooding time of paddy fields and achieve timely monitoring of flooding and changes in flooding temperature.
Comparative Analysis of Ground-Based and Satellite-Derived UV Index Levels in Natal, Brazil
Authors: dos Reis Gabriela Cacilda Godinho , Bencherif Hassan , Silva Rodrigo , Vaz Peres Lucas , dos Reis Marco Antonio Godinho , Pinheiro Damaris Kirsch , da Silva Francisco Raimundo , Lamy Kevin , Portafaix Thierry
Published: December 2024

The ultraviolet radiation index (UV index–UVI) is a dimensionless indicator that informs the intensity of ultraviolet radiation on the Earth’s surface. It makes it easier for people to assess UV levels and understand how to protect themselves from excessive Sun exposure. In Brazil, however, the information regarding UV is scarce, with low spatial and temporal coverage. Thus, continuous monitoring is conducted through satellites, although ground-based monitoring of UV is more accurate than satellite retrievals, and comparisons are necessary for validation. This paper aims to compare the levels of UV index measured on the ground and by satellite (OMI and GOME-2) over Natal, Brazil (05.78°S; 35.21°W) from 2005 to 2022. The comparison was made under clear-sky conditions using METAR cloud cover and LER data. Characterization of the diurnal and seasonal variability of the ground-based UV index levels under all and clear-sky conditions is also reported. The analysis indicates that in Natal, noontime all-sky UV index were 6.8% higher during periods of prevalent broken clouds. The two satellite sources (OMI noontime and overpass) and GOME-2 noontime are reliable sources for UV index, which show good agreement with ground-based measurements, with UVI estimated from OMI both at the overpass and noontime being less biased than GOME-2-estimated UVI. Such a process of data verification is important should these data be used for long-term trend analysis or the monitoring of UV exposure risk and possible impacts on human health.