bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aortic valve area using computed tomography‐derived correction factor to improve the validity of left ventricular outflow tract measurements
Authors: Alskaf Ebraham , Gupta Tarun , Kardos Attila
Published: January 2020

Aims

Given the inherent inaccuracies stemming from the assumption that the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) is circular, this study aimed to improve the accuracy of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)‐based aortic valve area (AVA) calculation using continuity equation (CE) by introducing a correction factor (CF) derived from multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) images and validate it in aortic stenosis (AS) patients.

Methods and Results

This retrospective study used MDCTA images of 400 patients for modeling and 403 TTE dataset for validation. Echocardiographic parasternal long‐axis view was modeled using MDCTA, and LVOT diameter (D1) was measured. Direct planimetry of LVOT area was performed and subsequently converted into a theoretical circle. The assumed circle (D2) diameter was derived, and D2/D1 was calculated and termed as the CF.

The CF was 1.13, and it improved the agreement between MDCTA‐ and TTE‐derived LVOT areas and correlation between AVA and peak velocity, mean pressure gradient, and velocity ratio. In discordant subgroups of severe AS, the CF reclassified patients to moderate AS in 40% in the low flow (LF), low gradient (LG), and low ejection fraction (EF) group; 53% in the LF, LG, and normal EF group; and 68% in the LF, high gradient, and normal EF group.

Conclusions

CF of 1.13 derived from MDCTA improved the accuracy of TTE‐derived LVOT area and AVA and improved correlation with hemodynamic variables in AS patients. Reclassification of AS patients using CF may have clinical applicability for patient selection for early intervention.
Keratinocyte aquaporin‐3 expression induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors is mediated in part by peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs)
Authors: Yang Rong , Chowdhury Shinjini , Choudhary Vivek , Chen Xunsheng , Bollag Wendy B.
Published: January 2020

The water and glycerol channel, aquaporin‐3 (AQP3), plays an important role in the skin epidermis, with effects on hydration, permeability barrier repair and wound healing; therefore, information about the mechanisms regulating its expression is important for a complete understanding of skin function physiologically and in disease conditions. We previously demonstrated that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) induce the mRNA and protein expression of AQP3, in part through the p53 family, transcription factors for which acetylation is known to affect their regulatory activity. Another set of transcription factors previously shown to induce AQP3 expression and/or regulate skin function are the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs). Since there are reports that PPARs are also acetylated, we examined the involvement of these nuclear hormone receptors in HDACi‐induced AQP3 expression. We first verified that a PPARγ agonist upregulated AQP3 mRNA and protein levels and that this increase was blocked by a PPARγ antagonist. We then showed that the PPARγ antagonist also inhibited AQP3 expression induced both by a broad‐spectrum HDACi and an HDAC3‐selective inhibitor. Interestingly, a PPARα antagonist also inhibited HDACi‐induced AQP3 expression. These antagonist effects were observed in both primary mouse and normal human keratinocytes. Furthermore, PPARγ overexpression enhanced HDACi‐stimulated AQP3 mRNA levels. Thus, our results suggest that PPARγ and/or PPARα may play a role in regulating AQP3 levels in the skin; based on the ability of PPAR agonists to promote epidermal differentiation and/or inhibit proliferation, topical PPAR agonists might be considered as a therapy for hyperproliferative skin disorders, such as psoriasis.
State, private or cooperatives? The governance of Tawa reservoir fisheries, India
Authors: Jyotishi Amalendu , Viswanathan Gopakumar , Madhavan Sajiv , R Parthasarathy
Published: January 2020

Reservoir fisheries are often contentious, largely due to displacement of people in the construction phase of the dam. This becomes a point of conflict between various stakeholders reflected in the management of the fishery. Unlike other types of open fisheries, reservoir fisheries need management to maintain the resource balance. In this context, it is important to examine which types of institutions are appropriate. In the search for an appropriate institution, the equity, economic efficiency and resource sustainability dimensions are important parameters. Fisheries management in Tawa reservoir in India is a case that underwent state, private and cooperative management. Through this case study, an attempt was made to identify the institutional responses that appropriately and reasonably address the three critical parameters of equity, efficiency and sustainability. A blended analytical approach between descriptive statistical and qualitative analysis for equity and sustainability, and production frontier for efficiency analysis was used in this study. The results support community management through a cooperative system.
Evaluating the sit‐to‐stand transfer assistance from a smart walker in older adults with motor impairments
Authors: Werner Christian , Geravand Milad , Korondi Péter Z , Peer Angelika , Bauer Jürgen M , Hauer Klaus
Published: January 2020

Aim

To evaluate the effectiveness and user satisfaction with the sit‐to‐stand (STS) assistance system of a smart walker (SW), and to identify factors associated with them in potential users.

Methods

A total of 33 older adults (29 women, aged ≥65 years) with motor impairments (habitual rollator use) and no severe cognitive impairment (Mini‐Mental State Examination ≥17 points) carried out a Five‐Chair Stand Test without assistance and five STS transfers with the STS assistance system. Based on the number of successfully completed STS transfers, success rates were calculated for the Five‐Chair Stand Test and the SW‐assisted STS transfers, and compared using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. User satisfaction was assessed using the Tele‐healthcare Satisfaction Questionnaire‐Wearable Technology (0–80 points, higher score = higher satisfaction). Bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify participant characteristics associated with the success rate and user satisfaction with the STS assistance system.

Results

The success rate for the SW‐assisted STS transfers was significantly higher than for the Five‐Chair Stand Test (93.3 ± 12.9% vs 54.5 ± 50.6%, P < 0.001). User satisfaction was high (Tele‐healthcare Satisfaction Questionnaire‐Wearable Technology 62.5 ± 11.2 points). The success rate with the STS assistance system was not significantly associated with any participant characteristics. Higher body mass index was a significant independent predictor of higher user satisfaction.

Conclusions

The SW‐integrated STS assistance system can provide effective STS support with high user satisfaction for a wide range of potential users. Our findings suggest the high potential of the STS assistance system for promoting mobility, independence and quality of life for older adults with motor impairments. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 312–316.
FIX potency of rFIX‐Albumin fusion protein is underestimated by one‐stage methods using silica‐based APTT reagents
Authors: Rosén Steffen , Bryngelhed Pia
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Higher potency is obtained with chromogenic substrate (CS) methods and one‐stage (OS) method with SynthAFax vs silica‐based OS methods on analysis of albutrepenonacog alpha (rFIX fused with albumin, rFIX‐FP).

Aim

Investigation of the effect of contact activator in search for explanation of discrepancy between methods.

Methods

Chromogenic Rox Factor IX method and OS methods with Pathromtin SL, SynthAFax or new OS method variants using different phospholipid emulsions and addition of either colloidal silica to create APTT reagents or addition of human FXIa together with calcium ions, in the latter case omitting contact activation. The effect of (a) adding different amounts of colloidal silica or (b) mixtures of Pathromtin SL and purified phospholipids immediately before addition of FXIa and calcium chloride was also explored. FIX activation via tissue factor/FVIIa was also made.

Results

FIX potency of rFIX‐FP when using APTT reagents with pure phospholipid emulsions with added colloidal silica was similar to OS method with Pathromtin SL. In contrast, close to 80% higher FIX potency for rFIX‐FP, and similar to OS method with SynthAFax and to the CS method, was obtained when FXIa replaced contact activation. No discrepancies were obtained for plasma‐derived FIX. Gradual decrease of colloidal silica or decreasing proportion of Pathromtin SL added just before addition of FXIa raised rFIX‐FP potency to that obtained with SynthAFax and Rox Factor IX. Supportive results were obtained with the tissue factor/FVIIa method.

Conclusion

Colloidal silica and Pathromtin SL impair activation of rFIX‐FP, causing underestimation of rFIX‐FP potency.
Investigation of patients with unclassified bleeding disorder and abnormal thrombin generation for physiological coagulation inhibitors reveals multiple abnormalities and a subset of patients with increased tissue factor pathway inhibitor activity
Authors: MacDonald Stephen , White Danielle , Langdown Jon , Downes Kate , Thomas Will
Published: January 2020

Introduction

We have routinely used thrombin generation to investigate patients with unclassified bleeding disorder (UBD). Aims: To investigate haemostatic abnormalities in patients with UBD that had abnormal thrombin generation on at least one occasion.

Methods

Investigation of 13 known UBD patients with thrombin generation and detailed haemostatic testing was undertaken including TFPI assays but also thrombomodulin and fibrinogen‐γ.

Results

12 females and 1 male were included. No patient had a platelet function disorder or coagulation factor deficiency that explained the bleeding phenotype, though 2 patients had factor deficiencies; a factor X of 0.41 IU/mL and a factor XI of 0.51 IU/mL. ThromboGenomics revealed variants for these factors but no other abnormalities. Patients were included who previously had either prolonged lag time or decreased endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) via high dose tissue factor (5 pmol/L) or low dose tissue factor (1.5 pmol/L) with corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI). Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) activity was significantly increased (P < .001; increased in 8 patients) compared with controls and abnormalities in soluble thrombomodulin (2 patients), fibrinogen‐γ (1 patient) and tPA (4 patients for each) were seen. Total and free TFPI levels were not increased. Mixing studies of patient plasma with 50:50 normal plasma for thrombin generation via low dose tissue factor failed to correct the ETP consistent with ongoing inhibition. Addition of an anti‐TFPI antibody partially corrected thrombin generation to normal levels. TFPI sequencing was unremarkable.

Conclusion

TFPI activity may be increased in a subset of UBD patients. Further research studies are warranted in UBD patients for coagulation inhibitor abnormalities.
Asian management of hypertension: Current status, home blood pressure, and specific concerns in Thailand
Authors: Buranakitjaroen Peera , Wanthong Sirisawat , Sukonthasarn Apichard
Published: January 2020

The prevalence of hypertension is increasing, but rates of awareness, treatment, and blood pressure (BP) control are also increasing. In terms of cardiovascular disease, the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke is similar, but stroke mortality is higher than that from CAD. Home BP monitoring (HBPM) is an important tool for determining the presence of white‐coat or masked hypertension, facilitating drug cost savings or effective cardiovascular risk management strategies, respectively. However, there are a number of barriers to use of HBPM in Thailand. These include lack of availability (particularly in lower socioeconomic groups), lack of awareness of the importance of white‐coat and masked hypertension, and concerns about device reliability. The latest Thai Hypertension Society guidelines recommend that physicians and nurses encourage their patients to use their HBPM devices, and these are increasingly being utilized in clinical practice for both diagnostic purposes and therapeutic monitoring. Calcium channel blockers are the most commonly used antihypertensive agents in Thailand, followed by angiotensin receptor blockers, ß‐blockers, and diuretics. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors are used less often due to drug‐related cough, and the use of fixed drug combinations is low because of their high cost and more complex reimbursement process. Ongoing work is needed to improve the primary prevention and effective treatment of hypertension in Thailand.
Surgical implantation of radio tags in three eel species (Anguilla spp.) in South Africa
Authors: Hanzen Céline , Lucas Martyn C. , OʼBrien Gordon , Calverley Peter , Downs Colleen T.
Published: January 2020

Studies have reported poor survival of surgically tagged freshwater fishes in warm African waters. This study aimed to assess the applicability of using radio telemetry (and surgical implantation of tags) for Anguilla spp. Nineteen yellow eels (Anguilla bengalensis, A. marmorata and A. mossambica) were surgically implanted with radio tags between October 2018 and January 2019 in the Thukela River, South Africa. Most eels were alive 6 months after tagging, and recaptured eels displayed advanced or complete healing at the incision site. Therefore, this method appears suitable for African freshwater eels.
Supporting decision‐making on urban flood control alternatives through a recovery deficit procedure for successive events
Authors: Guimarães Luciana Fernandes , Miguez Marcelo Gomes
Published: January 2020

The occurrence of floods poses a challenge to cities, resulting in tragedies and losses in watersheds unprepared to receive massive amounts of water. Therefore, studies to define impacts caused by successive flood events are essential to quantify long‐term losses and allow feasibility analysis of design alternatives to mitigate them. The financial losses caused by each event trigger successive recovery processes. Thus, it is important to identify areas with low resilience to guide public investment to prevent progressive degradation. This work presents a method to analyze successive flood events considering the recoverability of the region. To illustrate the method's application, two case studies were performed, in the Mangue Channel and Acari River watersheds of Rio de Janeiro, regions with different recovery capabilities, to test the method in different conditions and check the criticality level of these areas in relation to resilience gaps. The watersheds were also evaluated regarding projects designed to mitigate rainfall events with return periods of 5, 10, and 25 years. Among the results were confirmation of the efficiency of projects designed for lower recurrence intervals in mitigating successive damages, showing that more frequent events (although less critical individually) can be of great importance in flood control strategies.
The potential for material circularity and independence in the U.S. steel sector
Authors: Cooper Daniel R. , Ryan Nicole A. , Syndergaard Kyle , Zhu Yongxian
Published: January 2020

Achieving a U.S. circular economy would reduce environmental impacts and increase material independence. This article calculates maximum recycled contents (RCs) and recycling rates (RRs) in an independent U.S. steel sector, and estimates the potential to displace current imports with recycled scrap that is currently destined for landfill, hibernating stocks, or export (LHSE). A U.S. dynamic material flow analysis (1880–2100) is conducted to estimate annual steel consumption and scrap generation. The results are coupled with a linear optimization model that minimizes primary steel demand while satisfying the volumetric and compositional demands of new consumption. The compositional analysis examines only copper content because it is of greatest concern to recyclers.

The best estimate is that the maximum independent RR is already constrained by copper contamination. Without interventions, this maximum RR will gradually decline throughout the century. The annual consumption to scrap availability ratio (C2SR) will decrease from around 1.4 today. Concurrently, the maximum RC rises but then plateaus below 75% as the RR falls. This highlights a conflict in the conditions for a circular economy: a C2SR approaching unity is a necessary condition for a high RC but leads to fewer opportunities for scrap contaminant dilution, which decreases the RR. Improved product design for recycling and deployment of scrap refining technologies will be needed to reach higher RCs. In 2017, the mass of U.S. scrap destined for LHSE exceeded direct steel imports. Domestic recycling of scrap exports alone could have displaced 36% of direct steel imports, reducing the U.S. deficit by $5.5 billion.
The locomotor musculature and posture of the early dinosauriform Silesaurus opolensis provides a new look into the evolution of Dinosauromorpha
Authors: Piechowski Rafał , Tałanda Mateusz
Published: January 2020

It is widely accepted that ornithodirans (bird lineage) and some pseudosuchians (crocodilian lineage) achieved fully erect limb posture in different ways. Ornithodirans have buttress‐erected hindlimbs, while some advanced pseudosuchians have pillar‐erected hindlimbs. Analysis of the musculoskeletal apparatus of the early dinosauriform Silesaurus opolensis challenges this view. This ornithodiran had pillar‐erected hindlimbs like some pseudosuchians. This condition could be autapomorphic or represents a transitional state between adductor‐controlled limb posture of early dinosauromorphs and the buttress‐erected hindlimbs of dinosaurs. This sequence of changes is supported by Triassic tracks left by animals of the dinosaurian lineage. It was associated with the strong development of knee flexors and extensors. Furthermore, the forelimbs of Silesaurus were fully erect, analogously to those of early sauropods. Members of both lineages reduced the muscles related to the protraction, retraction and bending of the limb. They used forelimbs more as a body support and less for propulsion. A similar scapula and humerus construction can be found in the Lagerpetidae and Lewisuchus, suggesting that long, slender, fully erected forelimbs are primitive for all Dinosauromorpha, not just Silesauridae. Early dinosaurs redeveloped several muscle attachments on the forelimb, probably in relation to bipedality.
The natural history of canine occult Grade II medial patellar luxation: an observational study
Authors: Hamilton L. , Farrell M. , Mielke B. , Solano M. , Silva S. , Calvo I.
Published: January 2020

Objectives

To determine the risk of lameness and the rate of subsequent medial patellar luxation surgery in dogs that present with occult Grade II medial patellar luxation.

Materials and methods

Retrospective owner survey and review of clinical records of adult dogs diagnosed with Grade II medial patellar luxation that were initially asymptomatic and managed non‐surgically that had a minimum of 4‐year follow‐up. Clinical notes and owner questionnaires identified dogs that subsequently developed lameness and required surgery on the previously asymptomatic stifle.

Results

Thirty‐eight dogs were included with an average follow‐up of 51 months. Seventeen dogs re‐presented for unscheduled contralateral medial patellar luxation surgery at an average of 15 months after initial presentation. A further two dogs had chronic contralateral limb lameness after an average of 33 months after initial surgery and may have been potential surgical candidates.

Clinical Significance

Fifty percent of adult dogs presenting with occult Grade II medial patellar luxation subsequently developed chronic lameness or required surgery.
A modified motion planning algorithm for horizontal highway alignment development
Authors: Sushma M.B. , Maji Avijit
Published: January 2020

A horizontal alignment can be represented by three key factors: number of horizontal points of intersection (HPIs), their locations, and corresponding horizontal curve radii. Deciding all the three factors simultaneously requires extensive effort, which is not practically feasible in the manual alignment development process. Most available computer‐aided methods prioritize some or all the three factors in the automated alignment development processes. However, approximation in HPI location or pre‐selection of HPI number and curve radius are the few limitations of these methods. This study presents a modified motion‐planning based algorithm for developing new horizontal alignments with optimized costs and impacts. It simultaneously uses a low‐discrepancy sampling technique to develop increasingly dense potential HPIs, rapidly exploring random trees to find a suitable number of intermediate HPIs at appropriate locations and sequential quadratic algorithm to select optimally fitted curve radii. The proposed algorithm is integrated with the GIS database for realistic location‐dependent cost and environmental impact assessment. Two real‐world study areas were selected to compare the results with the one reported in the literature and to evaluate backtracking capability. Results indicated the proficiency of the proposed algorithm in developing new alignments. The sensitivity analyses revealed the effect of design speed and right‐of‐way width on the alignment generation. The proposed algorithm can automate the new horizontal highway alignment development process and support highway engineers in planning and development.
The high‐quality genome of diploid strawberry (Fragaria nilgerrensis) provides new insights into anthocyanin accumulation
Authors: Zhang Junxiang , Lei Yingying , Wang Baotian , Li Song , Yu Shuang , Wang Yan , Li He , Liu Yuexue , Ma Yue , Dai Hongyan , Wang Jiahong , Zhang Zhihong
Published: January 2020

Fragaria nilgerrensis is a wild diploid strawberry species endemic to east and southeast region in Asia and provides a rich source of genetic variations for strawberry improvement. Here, we present a chromosome‐scale assembly of F. nilgerrensis using single‐molecule real‐time (SMRT) Pacific Biosciences sequencing and chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C) genome scaffolding. The genome assembly size was 270.3 Mb, with a contig N50 of ∼8.5 Mb. A total of 28 780 genes and 117.2 Mb of transposable elements were annotated for this genome. Next, detailed comparative genomics with the high‐quality F. vesca reference genome was conducted to obtain the difference among transposable elements, SNPs, Indels, and so on. The genome size of F. nilgerrensis was enhanced by around 50 Mb relatively to F. vesca, which is mainly due to expansion of transposable elements. In comparison with the F. vesca genome, we identified 4 561 825 SNPs, 846 301 Indels, 4243 inversions, 35 498 translocations and 10 099 relocations. We also found a marked expansion of genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, cyanoamino acid metabolism, plant–pathogen interaction, brassinosteroid biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction in F. nilgerrensis, which may account for its specific phenotypes and considerable environmental adaptability. Interestingly, we found sequence variations in the upstream regulatory region of FnMYB10, a core transcriptional activator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, resulted in the low expression level of the FnMYB10 gene, which is likely responsible for white fruit phenotype of F. nilgerrensis. The high‐quality F. nilgerrensis genome will be a valuable resource for biological research and comparative genomics research.
Origin of mud in turbidites and hybrid event beds: Insight from ponded mudstone caps of the Castagnola turbidite system (north‐west Italy)
Authors: Patacci Marco , Marini Mattia , Felletti Fabrizio , Di Giulio Andrea , Setti Massimo , McCaffrey William
Published: January 2020

The partitioning of different grain‐size classes in gravity flow deposits is one of the key characteristics used to infer depositional processes. Turbidites have relatively clean sandstones with most of their clay deposited as part of a mudstone cap or as a distal mudstone layer, whereas sand‐bearing debrites commonly comprise mixtures of sand grains and interstitial clay; hybrid event beds develop alternations of clean and dirty (clay‐rich) sandstones in varying proportions. Analysis of co‐genetic mudstone caps in terms of thickness and composition is a novel approach that can provide new insight into gravity flow depositional processes. Bed thickness data from the ponded Castagnola system show that turbidites contain more clay overall than do hybrid event beds. The Castagnola system is characterized by deposits of two very different petrographic types. Thanks to this duality, analyses of sandstone and mudstone composition allow inference of which proportion of the clay in each of the deposit types was acquired en route. In combination with standard sedimentological observations the new data allow insight into the likely characteristics of their parent flows. Clean turbidites were deposited by lower concentration, long duration, erosive, muddy turbidity currents which were more efficient at fractionating clay particles away from their basal layer. Hybrid event beds were deposited by shorter duration, higher‐concentration, less‐erosive sandier flows which were less efficient at clay fractionation. The results are consistent with data from other turbidite systems (for example, Marnoso‐arenacea). The approach represents a new method to infer the controls on the degree of clay partitioning in gravity flow deposits.
Mixed sand–mud bedforms produced by transient turbulent flows in the fringe of submarine fans: Indicators of flow transformation
Authors: Baker Megan L. , Baas Jaco H.
Published: January 2020

The fringe of fine‐grained deep‐marine systems often exhibits complex sedimentary facies and facies associations, because the presence of clay promotes the development of transient turbulent flows with complex depositional properties. Relatively little is known about the variation of current‐induced sedimentary structures found within these facies. This study provides the first comprehensive description and interpretation of mixed sandstone–mudstone bedforms observed in the fringe of the mud‐rich submarine fan that makes up the Aberystwyth Grits Group and Borth Mudstone Formation (Wales, UK). Using textural and structural descriptions, 158 bedforms in sediment gravity flow deposits were characterized into three main types: ‘classic’ sandy current ripples, large current ripples and low‐amplitude bed‐waves. The sandy current ripples comprise clean sandstone, with average heights and lengths of 11 mm and 141 mm, respectively. The large current ripples are composed of mixed sandstone–mudstone and possess greater dimensions than the sandy current ripples, with an average height of 19 mm and an average length of 274 mm. The low‐amplitude bed‐waves are long thin bedforms composed commonly of mixed sandstone–mudstone, with an average height and length of 10 mm and 354 mm, respectively. The large current ripples and low‐amplitude bed‐waves are strikingly similar to experimental bedforms produced under decelerating mixed sand–mud flows and are interpreted to form beneath transitional flows with enhanced and attenuated near‐bed turbulence, respectively. From the fringe to the distal fringe of the fan, the dominant bedform type changed from sandy current ripples, via large current ripples, to low‐amplitude bed‐waves, suggesting that the flows changed from turbulent to increasingly turbulence‐modulated. It is proposed that the flow Reynolds number reduced, reflecting this flow transformation, from a combination of constant or decreasing flow height, flow deceleration from sediment deposition, and increasing flow viscosity due to the shear‐thinning nature of clay‐rich suspensions. Large current ripples and low‐amplitude bed‐waves are likely to be common in the fringe of other submarine fans. The presence and spatial trends in mixed sand–mud bedform types may be an important tool in interpreting fan fringe environments.
A systematic review of social network methods in high impact developmental psychology journals
Authors: Neal Jennifer Watling
Published: January 2020

Although researchers have collected social network data to characterize childhood and adolescent relationships since the 1930s, an expansion of social network analytic techniques has led to the rapid growth of social network data collection in the field of developmental psychology. Despite this growth, reflection on social network methods in developmental psychology has not kept pace. This systematic review aims to understand how articles published in the most visible journals in developmental psychology have collected and analyzed social network data with the goal of critically evaluating these methods to move the field forward. Specifically, after screening 787 articles drawn from a systematic search of the 30 journals with the highest impact factors in developmental psychology, 201 empirical articles employing social network analysis were reviewed. Findings focus on where social network data are collected, who social network data are collected on, what types of social network relationships are collected, and how social network data are collected and analyzed. Review results are used to highlight potential gaps in social network methods as well as the implications of these gaps for understanding developmental processes and to identify recommendations for future social network studies in developmental psychology.
New data on accounts of the 1908 Tunguska event
Authors: Ol'khovatov Andrei
Published: January 2020

There has been a longstanding debate about the nature of the 1908 Tunguska event. Many eyewitness accounts were collected more than half of a century after the event. Among these are many second‐hand oral accounts after the generation of eyewitnesses faded away. However, several years ago, two valuable publications appeared containing first‐hand eyewitness accounts collected by a Russian ethnographer, Sev'yan Vainshtein, during an expedition to the settlement of Sulomay in 1948. This paper presents additional details of these accounts, based on the author's discussions with Vainshtein before he died in 2008, and demonstrates how these accounts shed new light on what happened in Tunguska in June 1908.
Experimental Investigation on Solitary Wave Interaction With Vertical Porous Barriers
Authors: Francis Vivek , Ramakrishnan Balaji , Rudman Murray
Published: January 2020

Tsunami waves pose a threat to the coastal zone, and numerous studies have been carried out in the past to understand them. Solitary waves have been extensively used in research because they approximate certain important characteristics of tsunami waves. The present study focusses on the interaction and run-up of solitary waves on coastal protection structures in the form of thin, rigid vertical porous barriers with special attention given to the degree of energy dissipation. To understand the physics of energy dissipation, solitary wave interaction with a porous barrier has been studied from the viewpoint of energy balance. Based on this, a relationship for the wave energy dissipation has been developed. The experimental data show that the plate porosity that gives the optimal energy dissipation lies within the 10–20% range. From the experiments, the phase shift that the solitary wave undergoes upon interaction with the porous barrier models has also been recorded. In addition, a formula is proposed for maximum wave run-up on the porous barrier, which should be useful in the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of coastal protection structures.
Application of Support Vector Machine-Based Classification Extremum Method in Flexible Mechanism
Authors: Bai Bin , Li Ze , Zhang Junyi , Zhang Wei
Published: January 2020

The computational efficiencies of traditional reliability methods, such as Monte Carlo (MC), are extremely low. There are also some shortcomings for surrogate model (SM)-based methods, e.g., the sample points of the quadratic polynomial (QP)-MC grow exponentially with the increases of random variables and the artificial neural network (ANN)-MC may exhibit overfitting with limited sample numbers, etc. However, the characteristic of support vector machine (SVM) is that it specifically fits for small samples and has strong learning and good generalization abilities so that it can obtain an optimal solution even with limited samples. In this case, a high-efficiency and high-accuracy dynamic reliability framework called as SVM-based classification extremum method (SVM-CEM) combining SVM classification theory with random probability model based on optimization idea is proposed, which is very suitable for the flexible mechanism (FM) that has few samples. First, an implicit limit state equation (LSE) of dynamic response and a reliability model with multiple failure modes for FM are established. The kernel function is introduced in building the model, the solution of optimal classification hyperplane is translated into a dual problem of convex quadratic programming optimization, which is regarded as the surrogate model of FM’s dynamic response extreme value (DREV). Then, this method is used to analyze the dynamic reliability of FM’s maximum angular acceleration (MAA). Finally, to reveal the validity of this method, SVM-CEM is compared with MC, QP-MC, and ANN-MC. The conclusion is that the computational efficiency of SVM-CEM is better than that of MC, QP-MC, and ANN-MC ensuring the computational accuracy. The proposed SVM-CEM in dynamic reliability analysis has important guiding significance for the application of FM’s practical engineering.
Life history traits and demographic parameters of Neoseiulus californicus McGregor (Acari: Phytoseiidae) treated with the Biomite®

Authors: Havasi Mohammadreza , Kheradmand Katayoon , Mosallanejad Hadi , Fathipour Yaghoub
Published: January 2020

Knowledge of the effects of pesticides on biological control agents is necessary for the successful implementation of integrated pest management programs. Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the effects of Biomite®, a natural acaricide, on the life table parameters of Neoseiulus californicus McGregor (Acari: Phytoseiidae), as one of the most important natural enemies of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 2°C, 65 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. The raw data were analyzed based on the two-sex life table theory. Biomite® concentrations LC10 and LC20 gradually and significantly reduced the longevity and total life span of both sexes, as well as total fecundity. Besides, concentration LC20 significantly reduced the gross reproductive rate (GRR) and the net reproductive rate (R0). However, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the finite rate of increase (λ) were not significantly affected. Thereby, due to an unfavorable shortened in life history characters of N. californicus such as total life span, reproductive periods and biological parameters (such as R0 and GRR), as a consequence of Biomite® treatment, it can be concluded that this acaricide should not be used with N. californicus in integrated pest management programs.
Sociophonetic voice onset time variation in Mississippi English
Authors: Herd Wendy
Published: January 2020

Differences in the way voice onset time (VOT) is used across languages to maintain stop voicing contrasts have been well-documented, but less research has focused on VOT variation within voicing categories. For example, native English speakers are generally reported to produce word-initial voiced stops with short positive VOTs, but within category differences connected to self-reported gender and ethnicity have been reported in one preliminary study, with male speakers prevoicing more than female speakers and with African American speakers prevoicing more than Caucasian American speakers. For the current study, native speakers of English from Mississippi were recorded reading three repetitions of a pseudo-randomized list of words designed to investigate the connections between gender, ethnicity, and prevoicing of word-initial voiced stops. Participants self-identified their gender and ethnicity in an open-ended language background survey completed after recordings. Significant ethnicity, but not gender, differences were found, with African American speakers prevoicing voiced stops far more than their Caucasian American counterparts. Presumably, this difference is linked, not to ethnicity, but to dialect. These findings suggest that dialectal differences play a role in the VOT variation of word-initial voiced stops and that prevoicing may be a heretofore unidentified characteristic of African American English.
Phonetic convergence to Southern American English: Acoustics and perception
Authors: Clopper Cynthia G. , Dossey Ellen
Published: January 2020

Phonetic convergence is linguistically and socially selective. The current study examined the constraints on this selectivity in convergence to Southern American English by non-Southern Americans in a word shadowing task. Participants were asked either to repeat the words after the model talker, to repeat the words after the model talker from Louisville, KY, or to imitate the way the model talker from Louisville, KY, said the words, in a between-subject design. Acoustic analysis of the participants' productions revealed significant phonetic convergence on word duration and back vowel fronting, but not on /aɪ/ monophthongization, across all three instruction conditions. These findings suggest social selectivity such that convergence on stereotyped variants is avoided, but convergence to a talker with a non-prestigious variety is not. A perceptual assessment of convergence confirmed the acoustic results, but also revealed significantly more convergence in the explicit imitation condition than in the two repetition conditions. These findings suggest that explicit instructions to imitate lead to greater convergence overall, but do not completely override social selectivity. A comparison of the acoustic and perceptual assessments of convergence indicates that they provide complementary insights into specific features and holistic patterns of convergence, respectively.
Biomechanics of Elite Performers: Economy and Efficiency of Movement
Authors: Burns Geoffrey T. , Kozloff Kenneth M. , Zernicke Ronald F.
Published: January 2020

Movement is essential to the human experience, and efficient biomechanics facilitate effective action across the breadth of tasks one encounters in life. The concept of movement efficiency has been investigated and explored through a variety of means including biomechanical modeling, simulation, and experimental manipulation. Observations of elite performers for a given movement task serve as an additional line of insight into efficiency, as their movements have been driven toward optimization via competitive pressure. The authors first discuss the concept of efficiency in biomechanics from a qualitative perspective and the broad tools with which we explore it. They then highlight biomechanical investigations of elite performers and their contributions to our understanding of efficiency. Examples from various classes of movements illustrate unique insights of the elite performers in informing our understanding of movement efficiency.
A fivefold UO22+ node is a path to dodecagonal quasicrystal approximants in coordination polymers
Authors: Smetana Volodymyr , Kelley Steven P. , Mudring Anja-Verena , Rogers Robin D.
Published: January 2020

Pentacoordinated uranyl centers and triazolate bridges establish new boundaries for the quasicrystal hunt.
New coronavirus threat galvanizes scientists
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: January 2020

As China outbreak spreads worldwide, researchers probe its origins and how to fight it.
Electricity turns garbage into high-quality graphene
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: January 2020

Method could supply graphene in bulk, opening new uses.
Monkey facility in China lures neuroscientist
Authors: Vogel Gretchen
Published: January 2020

Animal rights conflict spurs move of major German lab.
Hidden fluid mechanics: Learning velocity and pressure fields from flow visualizations
Authors: Raissi Maziar , Yazdani Alireza , Karniadakis George Em
Published: January 2020

Machine-learning fluid flow

Quantifying fluid flow is relevant to disciplines ranging from geophysics to medicine. Flow can be experimentally visualized using, for example, smoke or contrast agents, but extracting velocity and pressure fields from this information is tricky. Raissi
et al.
developed a machine-learning approach to tackle this problem. Their method exploits the knowledge of Navier-Stokes equations, which govern the dynamics of fluid flow in many scientifically relevant situations. The authors illustrate their approach using examples such as blood flow in an aneurysm.

Science
, this issue p.
1026
Therapeutic targeting of preleukemia cells in a mouse model of
NPM1
mutant acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Uckelmann Hannah J. , Kim Stephanie M. , Wong Eric M. , Hatton Charles , Giovinazzo Hugh , Gadrey Jayant Y. , Krivtsov Andrei V. , Rücker Frank G. , Döhner Konstanze , McGeehan Gerard M. , Levine Ross L. , Bullinger Lars , Vassiliou George S. , Armstrong Scott A.
Published: January 2020

Taking preventive measures

Recent technological advances have made it possible to detect, in healthy individuals, premalignant blood cells that are likely to progress to hematologic cancer. These advances in early detection have fueled interest in “cancer interception,” the idea that drugs designed to treat advanced cancer might also be useful for cancer prevention. Uckelmann
et al.
now provide support for this concept in a study of mice genetically predisposed to develop acute myeloid leukemia. Early administration of an epigenetic therapy that had previously been shown to have anticancer activity in advanced leukemia models was able to eliminate preleukemia cells and extend survival of the mice.

Science
, this issue p.
586
Engineered symbionts activate honey bee immunity and limit pathogens
Authors: Leonard Sean P. , Powell J. Elijah , Perutka Jiri , Geng Peng , Heckmann Luke C. , Horak Richard D. , Davies Bryan W. , Ellington Andrew D. , Barrick Jeffrey E. , Moran Nancy A.
Published: January 2020

Inducing immune bee genes

Honey bees are prone to parasitism by the
Varroa
mite, which is a vector for several bee pathogens. However, honey bees are also host to the symbiotic gut bacterium
Snodgrassella alvi.
Leonard
et al.
engineered
S. alvi
to produce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)—a stimulus for insect RNA interference defense responses—from a plasmid containing two inverted promoters tagged with a fluorescent label (see the Perspective by Paxton). This dsRNA module can be targeted to interfere with specific bee genes as well as crucial viral and mite genes. The authors found that gene expression could be blocked for at least 15 days as the symbionts established in the bees' guts and continuously expressed the dsRNA constructs.
S. alvi
with specifically targeted plasmids not only suppressed infection with deformed wing virus but also effectively reduced
Varroa
mite survival.

Science
, this issue p.
573
; see also p.
504
Crystal symmetry determination in electron diffraction using machine learning
Authors: Kaufmann Kevin , Zhu Chaoyi , Rosengarten Alexander S. , Maryanovsky Daniel , Harrington Tyler J. , Marin Eduardo , Vecchio Kenneth S.
Published: January 2020

Speedy crystallography

Electron backscatter diffraction is one standard technique for determining crystal structure, typically of materials or geological samples. However, this method requires structural guesses and user input that are often time consuming or incorrect. Kaufmann
et al.
developed a general methodology using a convolutional neural network that automatically determines the crystal structure quickly and with high accuracy. After the network is exposed to a training set, it can identify the crystal structure without any additional input most of the time, providing a method for eliminating some of the guesswork from crystal structure determination.

Science
, this issue p.
564
Structural basis of second-generation HIV integrase inhibitor action and viral resistance
Authors: Cook Nicola J. , Li Wen , Berta Dénes , Badaoui Magd , Ballandras-Colas Allison , Nans Andrea , Kotecha Abhay , Rosta Edina , Engelman Alan N. , Cherepanov Peter
Published: January 2020

Strengths and weaknesses of an HIV drug

Retroviruses replicate by inserting a copy of their RNA, which has been reverse transcribed into DNA, into the host genome. This process involves the intasome, a nucleoprotein complex comprising copies of the viral integrase bound at the ends of the viral DNA. HIV integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) stop HIV from replicating by blocking the viral integrase and are widely used in HIV treatment. Cook
et al.
describe structures of second-generation inhibitors bound to the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) intasome and to an intasome with integrase mutations known to cause drug resistance. Passos
et al.
describe the structures of the HIV intasome bound to a second-generation inhibitor and to developmental compounds that are promising drug leads. These structures show how mutations can cause subtle changes in the active site that affect drug binding, show the basis for the higher activity of later-generation inhibitors, and may guide development of better drugs.

Science
, this issue p.
806
, p.
810
Monosomes actively translate synaptic mRNAs in neuronal processes
Authors: Biever Anne , Glock Caspar , Tushev Georgi , Ciirdaeva Elena , Dalmay Tamas , Langer Julian D. , Schuman Erin M.
Published: January 2020

Monosomes translate proteins in neurons

Like all other cells, neurons use different proteins to process information and respond to stimuli. To meet the huge demands for new proteins in their large and complex cell volume, neurons have moved the protein templates—messenger RNAs (mRNAs)—and the protein synthesis machines—ribosomes—out to synapses to make proteins locally. During protein synthesis, multiple ribosomes can form a structure known as a polysome, which produces multiple protein copies from a single mRNA. Working in rodent preparations, Biever
et al.
found that solitary, mRNA-associated ribosomes, or monosomes, are a substantial source of proteins in neuronal processes. Many synaptic proteins are made on single ribosomes, which may solve the problem of limited space in tiny synaptic compartments.

Science
, this issue p.
eaay4991
Structural basis for strand-transfer inhibitor binding to HIV intasomes
Authors: Passos Dario Oliveira , Li Min , Jóźwik Ilona K. , Zhao Xue Zhi , Santos-Martins Diogo , Yang Renbin , Smith Steven J. , Jeon Youngmin , Forli Stefano , Hughes Stephen H. , Burke Terrence R. , Craigie Robert , Lyumkis Dmitry
Published: January 2020

Strengths and weaknesses of an HIV drug

Retroviruses replicate by inserting a copy of their RNA, which has been reverse transcribed into DNA, into the host genome. This process involves the intasome, a nucleoprotein complex comprising copies of the viral integrase bound at the ends of the viral DNA. HIV integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) stop HIV from replicating by blocking the viral integrase and are widely used in HIV treatment. Cook
et al.
describe structures of second-generation inhibitors bound to the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) intasome and to an intasome with integrase mutations known to cause drug resistance. Passos
et al.
describe the structures of the HIV intasome bound to a second-generation inhibitor and to developmental compounds that are promising drug leads. These structures show how mutations can cause subtle changes in the active site that affect drug binding, show the basis for the higher activity of later-generation inhibitors, and may guide development of better drugs.

Science
, this issue p.
806
, p.
810