bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Place of Theology in Theological Hermeneutics
Authors: Wood Donald
Published: March 2003

This article attempts to analyse the recent theological interest in special hermeneutics by tracking the place it accords Christian doctrine when construing the context of scriptural interpretation. A typology is developed which both takes up and relativizes the distinction between general and special hermeneutics, arguing that while the church may welcome the renewed interest in its own peculiar reading practices, it need not lean too heavily on the philosophical and sociological commitments that underlie much of the interest in special hermeneutics. Theological hermeneutics will best serve the church when it attends from first to last to the divine grace that establishes and limits the church’s interpretation of scripture.
John Wesley’s Doctrine of Grace in Light of the Christian Tradition
Authors: Del Colle Ralph
Published: March 2003

This ecumenically minded article explores Wesley’s understanding of grace both in its relation to experience – inward religion – and in relation to his doctrines of justification and sanctification. Wesley’s treatments of justification and sanctification are compared to those of Luther, Calvin and Trent. His unique and ecumenical blending of traditions allowed Wesley to develop a doctrine of grace which offers significant resources to contemporary understandings of Christian life and practice.
Creator and Creature
Authors: Jenson Robert
Published: March 2003

This article suggests that the distinction between Creator and creature is not adequately expressed by the ‘customary pairings’ onto which the Creator/creature difference is so often mapped. The failure of these pairings is highlighted by testing them against the question of will: what is the difference between the Creator’s willing and ours? This question pushes beyond the biblical narrative to a more conceptualized and metaphysical discourse in which the difference between Creator and creature is displayed by God’s activity. Only a theology which describes God’s activity christologically is able to express fully the Creator/creature distinction.
Hearing the roar
Authors: Sidoli Mara
Published: March 2003

In this paper I will discuss the case of an older male patient, Michael, and that of a little boy, Daniel. In both cases the archetypal image of a roaring lion has interesting clinical implications. However, the symbol of the lion had a totally different meaning for each patient as the case material will demonstrate.
The numinous and immanent nature of the psychoanalytic subject
Authors: Grotstein James S.
Published: March 2003

In the Freudian and Kleinian conception of unconscious mental life, credence is given to the existence and functioning of peremptory instinctual drives as the putative causation of all mental life, yet they are denied an organization or a personality. It is especially when we come to the notion of how dreams are created or how the free associations of an analytic hour are orchestrated that we begin to wonder about the hidden order, the cryptic intelligence or presence, that seems to cohere our chaos and present it to us in mystically encoded forms for us to translate.

In this contribution it is posited that there is a numinous or ineffable subject of the unconscious which organizes our mental life and which unconsciously registers everything that happens to us. Mysteriously connected with this is the immanent subject of conscious/preconsciousness which registers the impact of stimuli from the external world but which has contact with the numinous subject.
The super‐ego, the voice of the self and the depressive position
Authors: Lesmeister Roman
Published: March 2003

The Freudian concept of the super–ego and Jung's idea of a primary moral reaction in the unconscious – the voice of the self – are compared. From its origin the superego is connected with human destructiveness, but for Jung individual conscience is based on a collision between the ego and the inner world of archetypes. With reference to Neumann's ‘New Ethic’, some implications of Jung's idea of the unconscious ambiguity of good and evil are discussed. Finally an attempt is made to relate the concept of the primary moral reaction to a developmental and clinical framework, notably Klein's depressive position, but only a partial integration is possible.
Beyond his story: from interpretation to impact of stories from different cultures
Authors: De Koning André
Published: March 2003

This paper deals with the history of psychoanalysis (Freud) and analytical psychology (Jung) in the light of recent developments and considers the release of new creativity in the field after its deconstruction. Cross‐cultural contributions in the form of teaching stories are estimated to be of relevance, while the emphasis will be on what we, as analysts, can learn from these teachings, rather than interpreting them in the more traditional way in which such stories can be shown to fit analytical theory.

The most crucial debate in psychoanalysis of the recent era centres around stories and the deconstruction thereof. It is the debate between Lacan and Derrida on the interpretation of a crucial story (Poe's story, The Purloined Letter). The core of their views will be discussed in this paper in the light of the major differences between Freud and Jung. Whereas Freud's theoretical core‐complex is closely related to Lacan's phallocentric Truth, it is Derrida who speaks of germination and dissemination as the way in which Truth manifests itself. Derrida's thought on text and words is very close to Jung's conceptions of the image and symbol, in which there is no monotheistic paradigm ruling theory
Generosity: a psychological and interpersonal motivational factor of therapeutic relevance
Authors: Kradin Richard
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the role of generosity in analysis. Generosity represents a complex constellation of cognitions and affects that is antithetical to those states of super‐ego harshness that characterize many forms of human psychopathology. In development, generosity is evoked by idealization, and a dynamic axis of idealization‐generosity promotes relational proximity between the child and its caretakers, and eventually fosters separation and individuation. Generosity is highly sensitive to adverse conditions, and requires environmental conditions that are conducive to psychosomatic well‐being. The imaginal basis of generosity is rooted in the myth of the ‘hero and the return’, which is the mythic foundation of the analyst's role as psychopomp. It is argued that the generosity of the analyst is a cardinal therapeutic factor in treatment.
Is analytical psychology a religion? Jung's search for a substitute for lost faith
Authors: Storr Anthony
Published: March 2003

Analytical psychology does not aim at curing neurotic symptoms, but at bringing about a change in the patient's attitude to him or her self, and therefore to life in general. This new attitude can be described as ‘religious’, but it has nothing to do with creeds or conventional forms of worship. Analytical psychology is not a religion, but can be described as a prolegomenon to religion or religion in statu nascendi.
The Journal of Analytical Psychology's Internet Discussion Forum
Authors: Charet Francis X.
Published: March 2003

Understanding Jung: recent biographies and scholarship
Understanding Jung: recent biographies and scholarship
Authors: Charet F. X.
Published: March 2003

The tendency to associate Jung with Freud has undergone a change and both are increasingly perceived as founders of depth psychological schools whose exact relationship is unclear. The separation of the two was largely due to Jung's rejection by the psychoanalytic community because of his perceived spiritual inclinations. Recent scholarship has emphasized these spiritual inclinations in both a positive and negative way and brought to light Jung's non‐Freudian sources, while other Jungian practitioners are seeking a closer association with psychoanalysis. This conflicting development is related to tendencies in Jung himself that are evident in his own life and in research conducted into the writing and publication of Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Though the status of the latter as Jung's autobiography has been called into question there remains the necessity to explain the myth of Jung's life enshrined there and the impact this has had on a public looking for meaning in a time of considerable change.
The Orpheus complex
Authors: Dawson Terence
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the possible psychological implications of two adaptations of the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice, both of which were completed in 1997. The first is by a man: ‘Deconstructing Harry’, a film by Woody Allen. The second is by a woman: ‘Eurydice in the Underworld’, a short story written by Kathy Acker in the last year of her life.

The paper argues that there are only four ‘necessary events’ in the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. It defines the sequence of these events as a ‘mythic pattern’ that represents the experience of loss, unconscious yearning, depression, and psychological inflation. The film is examined as an expression of an ‘Orpheus complex’, the short story as an expression of an ‘Eurydice complex’. The paper suggests a possible reason for the persistence of interest in the myth throughout the twentieth century. Although it notes that women appear to find it easier to free themselves from identification with the mythic pattern, it also provides reasons for thinking that men may be about to do the same.
Desert wanderings: pathways for whole, broken and shattered psyches
Authors: Joseph Steven M.
Published: March 2003

This paper challenges an implicit assumption of analytical psychology that centred, mandalic images express psychical wholeness in an optimal fashion across cultures and eras. I suggest that liminal, bardo‐like eras, such as our ‘post‐modern’ one, constellate complex, antithetical and ec‐centric images, which are process‐oriented and which encompass wholeness and fragmentation, conjunction and disjunction, thus holding and expressing actual individual and collective experience. In our era, we inhabit unfolding states of wholeness, brokenness and fragmentation. Images of wholeness, emerging spontaneously from the unconscious, may reflect part or all of these contradictory realities. Examples of such antithetical Self‐images are developed from the ancient midrashic traditions of the rabbis; from Jung's contemporary exposition of Pauli's ‘world‐clock’ dream; from Kepler's discovery, at the dawn of modernity, that the planets circled the sun in ellipses rather than circles; and from a clinical illustration.
Why it is difficult to see the anima as a helpful object: critique and clinical relevance of the theory of archetypes
Authors: Von Raffay Anita
Published: March 2003

This paper is divided into three parts. The first deals briefly with more general aspects of the theory of archetypes (as conceived by Jung); the second examines the anima archetype in rather more detail, because it is, apart from the self, the main archetype in Jung's thought; and the third discusses the clinical repercussions of the anima theory and of the theory of the archetypes in general.

The various references to Jung himself and certain circumstances of his life are included here on the assumption that personal problems in his biography contributed decisively to the constitution of his theory, so that deeper insights accrue if they are taken into account.
Correspondence
Authors: Bravesmith Anna
Published: March 2003

Response to Chess Denman’s review of Green, André and Stern, Daniel’s Clinical and Observational Psychoanalytical Research: Roots of a Controversy. (JAP, 46, 3)
A few thoughts about the mind, the brain, and a child with early deprivation
Authors: Davies Miranda
Published: March 2003

Infant brain research is having an increasing impact on child psychotherapy and our understanding of the neurobiological effects of trauma and neglect. This paper outlines the ‘experience‐dependent’ nature of brain development in infancy and the concept of critical periods in such development. The effects of deprivation on child development are illustrated and case material from a child who was institutionalized during his second year is used as a basis for posing questions about the nature of the mind and the brain. In spite of his deprivation, he was able to communicate imaginatively. Schore's proposal for the use of early interventions is put forward to counter discouragement that can be engendered by work with severely deprived children.
Assessing the Economic Benefits to Agriculture from Air Pollution Control
Authors: Spash Clive L.
Published: March 2003

Agricultural crop production is highly dependent upon environmental conditions among which air quality plays a central role. Various air pollutants have been identified as a potential influence on commercial crops including SO2, NOx, O3 and CO2. In particular, ozone in the lower atmosphere has been identified as a serious cause of crop loss in the United States and seems likely to be creating similar losses in Europe. In this paper the methods which can be applied to assess the economic damages from air pollution are critically reviewed. This requires measuring pollutant concentrations, relating these to physical crop damages, and estimating the reactions of the agricultural sector and consumers to give welfare changes in terms of consumers’ surplus and producers’ quasi‐rents. The approach of the European open‐top chamber programme (EOTCP) is shown to have neglected lessons learnt by the National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) in the US
Game Theoretic Models of Wage Bargaining
Authors: Manzini Paola
Published: March 2003

This paper aims at being a tool to help apply game theoretic bargaining models to wage negotiations. In this perspective, we review a number of articles which explicitly deal with wage determination as well as purely game theoretical models which we believe can be fruitfully extended to account for specific features of labour markets. We discuss some common shortcomings in the wage negotiation literature, and suggest possible lines of research worth pursuing to deal with such weaknesses.
Non‐linear Dynamics in the Infinite Time Horizon Model
Authors: Nishimura Kazuo , Sorger Gerhard
Published: March 2003

Using results from the theory of non‐linear dynamical systems, it has been shown that optimal growth theory can provide new explanations for business cycles and for international differences in growth and development. The present survey concentrates on this aspect of optimal growth theory, that is on the possibility of fluctuations and non‐uniqueness in models of optimal capital accumulation. It is a selective survey on non‐linear dynamics in infinite time horizon models of optimal growth.
Impeerfect Intersectoral Labour Mobility and Welfare in International Trade
Authors: Leger Lawerence , Gaisford James D.
Published: March 2003

This paper sets out a general ‘costs‐of‐employment’ model by which to analyse the impediments to relocation faced by workers who must choose between industrial sectors in response to a terms of trade shock. Different types of employment cost generate different types of relocation cost. The theoretical literature on intersectoral labour relocation in international trade models is reviewed in the light of this model with various special cases analysed in detail. Special attention is given to the comparison between equilibrium and socially efficient patterns of migration. Different specifications of relocation costs lead to very different welfare effects and policy prescriptions.
Privatization, Labor and Social Safety Nets
Authors: Gupta Sanjeev , Schiller Christian , Ma Henry , Tiongson Erwin R.
Published: March 2003

Privatization promotes economic efficiency and growth, thereby reinforcing macroeconomic adjustment. In the short run, however, it can lead to job losses and wage cuts for workers. This paper discusses these adverse impacts of privatization in terms of various methods of privatization and surveys the existing empirical evidence. It finds that public sales and auctions can have stronger negative effects on workers but maximize the government’s revenue. Policymakers’ options for mitigating the social impact of privatization are surveyed.
Reflecting on mistakes and learning from experience
Authors: Lask Bryan
Published: March 2003

Twenty years allow plenty of time to reflect on mistakes and learn from experience. Particular insights include the following:(1) Never be satisfied with one's therapy.(2) There is something new to be learned in every session.(3) Listen to instinct and, whenever possible, share this (gently) with the family.(4) Put the counter‐transference back in the family.(5) Give a very high priority to the cohesion and consistency of the parental subsystem.(6) Simple but sound techniques are at least as useful as the complex and esoteric.
Intensive care units: a systemic perspective
Authors: Bennun Ian
Published: March 2003

There are no systemic accounts of Intensive Care Units (ICUs) nor is there much to guide the systemic therapist working within these units. This paper attempts to develop an analysis of ICUs and proposes two working models describing the various levels at which the therapist can intervene.
Frozen narratives? Post‐divorce processes and contact disputes
Authors: Blow Kirsten , Daniel Gwyn
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to explore some interactive processes and constraints as adults and children develop new narratives post‐divorce. It will look at how adults’ narratives can become more rigid or frozen over time as a result of battles within the legal system, and the effect this can have on children. Dilemmas and contradictions for therapists attempting to bring about change in the context of an assessment will be discussed, as will the challenge of introducing therapeutic ‘understanding‐based’ language into an adversarial system organized around ‘evidence‐based’ language. The therapeutic work described takes place in the context of court assessments of children whose parents are engaged in disputes over contact. Case vignettes will be used to illustrate the processes described, and dilemmas for therapists will be discussed as they position themselves in relation to conflicting narratives.
Minding the Gap not Bridging the Gap: Family Therapy From a Psychoanalytic Perspective
Authors: Brodie Fiona , Wright John
Published: March 2003

Following recent interest in this journal in building bridges between a psychoanalytic and systemic approach to family therapy (Vol. 19, 1997), the authors take up the debate. A clinical vignette from a recent article is used for discussion and, in order to describe further work from a psychoanalytic perspective, two case vignettes are presented. The comparisons are discussed with particular reference to the concepts of projective identification, transference/countertransference and internal object relations.
Beneficial factors in family discussion groups of a psychiatric day clinic: perceptions by the therapeutic team and the families of the therapeutic process
Authors: Lemmens Gilbert M. , Wauters Saskia , Heireman Magda , Eisler Ivan , Lietaer Germain , Sabbe Bernard
Published: March 2003

This paper reports a pilot investigation of the perception of helpful events by the therapeutic team and the families in two family discussion groups (FDGs) of a psychiatric day clinic. All participants of the FDG, including therapists and observers, filled in questionnaires measuring events helpful for the individual, for the family and for the group after each FDG session. The results showed that the therapeutic team and the families diverged in their overall perception of which factors were important in family discussion group therapy. The therapeutic team saw the relational climate and the structural aspects of the group (including group involvement and support from the group), and specific therapeutic interventions as more helpful than the families. The process aspects in the group members (including the experiencing of communality and gaining insight) were, on the other hand, more frequently mentioned by the families than by the therapeutic team. The clinical implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The Social Limits of State Control: Time, the Industrial Wage Relation, and Social Identity in Stalinist Hungary, 1948–1953
Authors: Pittaway Mark
Published: March 2003

The article argues that the Stalinist state in post‐war Hungary aimed to use the wage relation as a central component of its policies to rationalise the organisation of production in industry. It attempted this by trying to discipline workers through the introduction of a form of “payment by results” which subordinated the workforce to the discipline of “clock time.” In complete contrast to state intentions, the planned economy developed its own rhythms and it was to these that the workforce came to respond. These responses led to a high degree of informal conflict on Hungarian shop floors, a process which re‐shaped worker identity, making it more particular in its nature. The implication behind this argument is that the Stalinist state was less powerful than many have suggested, and that research should focus more on the economy if the roots of social change under state socialism are to be found.
The Ethical Space of Historiography
Authors: Jackson Mark
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the notion that the work of historiography, though centrally bound to epistemic concerns, is always already engaged as an ethical exercise in a necessary, yet impossible, promise of justice to the other. Framing this notion is Derrida's work on justice and the law. The inter‐relationships of evidence, integrity and responsibility are considered as three ethically constitutive moments for the historian. The paper concludes by briefly situating W.G. Sebald's descriptive novel, The Rings of Saturn, as exemplary of the ethically reflexive instance of the historiographic exercise.
The End of the Beginning? The Freedom of Information Bill 1999
Authors: Birkinshaw Patrick , Parry Nicholas
Published: March 2003

With the publication of its plans for a Bill on Freedom of Information, the new Labour government has been accused of abandoning its promise of greater openness in the way government is conducted in this country and its proposals are seen as a departure from the highly applauded contents of the White Paper published in December 1997. The draft Bill has been pilloried by friend and foe alike. It is seen as a litmus test of Blair's government and where it really stands on the citizen/state relationship and how the future balance will lie between the executive and Parliament. The authors examine the events surrounding the publication of the Bill and its scrutiny by the pre‐legislative select committees in the Commons and Lords. The Home Secretary has hinted at possible concessions in the light of fierce criticism. Is this a Bill worth saving and how can it be improved to capture a more appropriate balance between confidentiality, secrecy, and openness in the conduct of modern governance?
‘A New Beginning’ for Policing
Authors: Shearing Clifford
Published: March 2003

The paper provides an idiosyncratic view of the framework developed by the Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland in response to the call for a ‘new beginning’ for policing in Northern Ireland in the Belfast Agreement signed on 10 April 1998.
A Family by any other Name ... or StarbucksTM comes to England
Authors: JDiduck Alison
Published: March 2003

The article examines the recent House of Lords decision in Fitzpatrickv. Sterling Housing Association from two perspectives. The first adopts a perspective of rights and discrimination and speculates as to how a court may in future decide such a case in the light of Britain's obligations under the Human Rights Act 1998. The second offers a review of some of the literature which questions the effectiveness of such a rights‐based approach for achieving justice for lesbian women and gay men, and, from a feminist perspective, expresses caution about instantiating in law a traditional idea of ‘family’ and the privilege attached to that ideal.
Changing Definitions of Risk and Responsibility in French Political Scandals
Authors: Roussel Violaine
Published: March 2003

In the 1990s in France, a large number of political scandals developed and many political actors were prosecuted. This process of making politicians responsible related, in particular, to the rise of ‘new risks’ regarding public health and security. In this paper, I analyse the diffusion and the crystallization of discourses linking public risk and political responsibility. First, I point to some of the social and cognitive bases in which the recent uses of the notions of risk and responsibility are rooted. Second, I focus on the mechanisms through which the notions were mobilized and invested with new definitions in the course of the scandal hearings. Third, I explore some of the effects of the changes which occurred during the 1990s: new perception frames in terms of risk and responsibility are consolidated and are progressively appropriated by social actors located in various professional spheres.
Invoking Indignation: Reflections on Future Directions of Socio–legal Studies
Authors: Hillyard Paddy
Published: March 2003

The Research Assessment Exercise has produced some very unequal results. Lawyers are now three times more likely to be in grade 5 or 5* departments than social policy colleagues. The paper begins with a light–hearted theoretical explanation of these results to make the serious point that an old fashioned notion of power and a simple analysis of the available data can produce important insights into what is happening in the real world – a research paradigm which the RAE has discouraged. The paper then makes a number of criticisms of current theoretical endeavours in sociolegal studies: the confusion over what is meant by theory, its fixation on deconstruction and a Foucauldian notion of power, and the neglect of universal categories. The central argument is that sociolegal studies needs to focus more on the materiality of everyday life and, in particular, the growing inequalities in the world and the role that law and legal institutions play in the structuring of these inequalities. In conclusion, the paper argues that as sociolegal scholars we need to analyse the impact of our decisions on others and to take a stand against unfair and unjust distribution of resources whether at the local, national or international level. We need a vision of a just society which is informed by moral indignation.
Neuroticism and Social Comparison Orientation as Moderators of Affective Responses to Social Comparison at Work
Authors: Buunk Bram P. , Van Der Zee Karen , VanYperen Nico W.
Published: March 2003

In a study among 72 nurses, the affective consequences of social comparison were examined and related to neuroticism (N) and to social comparison orientation (SCO). Participants were confronted with a bogus interview with an upward versus a downward comparison target. Positive affect and identification were higher, and negative affect was lower, in the upward than in the downward comparison condition. Independent of their SCO, the higher individuals were in N, the less they identified with the upward comparison target, the more they identified with the downward comparison target, and the less positive affect they showed following confrontation with the upward comparison target. In contrast, independent of their level of N, the higher individuals were in SCO, the more negative affect they showed following confrontation with the downward comparison target. The effects on negative affect stayed the same when controlling for positive affect, and the effects on positive affect stayed the same when controlling for negative affect. These effects were also obtained when perceived direction was used as a predictor instead of the experimentally manipulated direction. It is concluded that, although N and SCO are correlated, these variables seem to have independent and distinct effects upon the responses to social comparison information.
A Distributed Control System Based on Agent Architecture for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Baeza Juan , Gabriel David , Béjar Javier , Lafuente Javier
Published: March 2003

The development and implementation of an agent‐based distributed control system in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) are shown. The hardware architecture contains different supervision levels, including two autonomous process computers, a programmable logic controller (PLC) and a knowledge‐based system (KBS), acting at the top supervisory level. The knowledge is organized in several distributed agents, representing the available knowledge for every subprocess of the WWTP. In addition to these independent agents, a supervisor agent acts as its master. The distributed multi‐agent architecture improves previous developments with monolithic KBS, allowing the development of independent and reusable agents. Different strategies have been included, adapted, and modified without a great programming effort. The developed system has involved the transformation of a classical control system into a system that enables a WWTP to respond to different usual problems. Finally, the system has been satisfactorily validated supervising a pilot WWTP for more than 3 years.
Air Quality Management Using a Multi‐Agent System
Authors: Kalapanidas Elias , Avouris Nikolaos
Published: March 2003

Management of urban atmospheric pollution necessitates advanced modeling and information processing techniques. The design of the prototype system DNEMO, which is based on a distributed adaptive problem‐solving approach is the focus of the research reported in this paper. Issues covered in the paper relate to the distributed nature of this environmental problem, handling noise and uncertainty in monitoring data, achieving graceful degradation of performance and system robustness, and adaptation of system performance to long‐term evolution of the monitored phenomena. The research reported can be applicable to a broad class of environmental monitoring applications, since the problems addressed are common to many environmental problems.
Intelligent Steel Bridge Coating Assessment Using Neuro‐Fuzzy Recognition Approach
Authors: Chen Po‐Han , Chang Luh‐Maan
Published: March 2003

Recently, digital image recognition has been applied to steel bridge coating assessment. However, non‐uniform illumination is always a problem and affects the accuracy of processed results. In order to resolve the recognition problems arising from non‐uniformly illuminated images, the neuro‐fuzzy recognition approach (NFRA) is proposed. NFRA segments a grayscale image into three areas in accordance with the illumination values of the pixels in the image. The three average illumination values of the three areas are then sent to a pre‐trained neural network to generate three corresponding threshold values. The fuzzy adjustment system adjusts the gray level values of the pixels along the boundaries between areas. Finally, image thresholding is applied to get a binary image containing only the object pixels and the background pixels. Besides the background and framework of NFRA, this paper also introduces a random sampling plan to help select positions for image taking during steel bridge coating inspections.
Investigating Driver Injury Severity in Traffic Accidents Using Fuzzy ARTMAP
Authors: Abdelwahab Hassan T. , Abdel–Aty Mohamed A.
Published: March 2003

This paper applies fuzzy adaptive resonance theory MAP (fuzzy ARTMAP) neural networks to analyze and predict injury severity for drivers involved in traffic accidents. The paper presents a modified version of fuzzy ARTMAP in which the training patterns are ordered using the K–means algorithm before being presented to the neural network. The paper presents three applications of fuzzy ARTMAP for analyzing driver injury severity for drivers involved in accidents on highways, signalized intersections, and toll plazas. The analysis is based on central Florida’s traffic accident database. Results showed that the ordered fuzzy ARTMAP proved to reduce the network size and improved the performance. To facilitate the application of fuzzy ARTMAP, a series of simulation experiments to extract knowledge from the models were suggested. Results of the fuzzy ARTMAP neural network showed that female drivers experience higher severity levels than male drivers. Vehicle speed at the time of an accident increases the likelihood of high injury severity. Wearing a seat belt decreases the chance of having severe injuries. Drivers in passenger cars are more likely to experience a higher injury severity level than those in vans or pickup trucks. Point of impact, area type, driving under the influence, and driver age were also among the factors that influence the severity level.
Paving the Way: The Rise of Direct Action against Road-Building and the Changing Character of British Environmentalism
Authors: Doherty Brian
Published: March 2003

Sustained protests against the building of new roads in Britain since 1992 signal the emergence of a new social movement dimension in British environmentalism. The growth of direct action has occurred outside the existing environmental pressure groups and this more radical green politics has undermined the view that the British state was able to prevent confrontational environmental protest. Small numbers of protesters have been able to make a major impact on the political agenda through a combination of technical ingenuity, tactical astuteness and determination. Models of political opportunity structures have become dominant in explaining the emergence and character of social movements but because they lay too much emphasis on the calculation of costs and benefits by movement actors they are of little help in analysis of this case. Rather, the case of the anti-roads movement suggests that further attention needs to be paid to the identities of the movement's founders in explaining their actions and lends credibility to the (much criticized) claim that new social movements are qualitatively new.
The Political Psychology of Reproductive Strategies
Authors: Pratto Felicia , Hegarty Peter
Published: March 2003

We argue that several reproductive strategies that parental investment theory suggests are adaptive for men and for women are in fact most adaptive for individuals able and willing to use power in dominance relationships. We tested whether people's support for social dominance mediates their willingness to use these reproductive strategies. We hypothesized that the strategies of multiple simultaneous mating, resistance to caring for children as one's own, and sexual jealousy will be appealing especially to men who approve of social dominance, and that finding a high-status, high-earning mate will appeal especially to women who approve of social dominance. Support for the hypotheses using multiple samples and multiple measures was found, and theoretical issues are discussed.
Movement Sequencing and Phonological Fluency in (Putatively) Nonimpaired Readers
Authors: Carello Claudia , LeVasseur Valerie Marciarille , Schmidt R.C.
Published: March 2003

Reading-disabled children often have accompanying deficits in motor coordination. Rather than assuming impairment of a shared neural mechanism, we conjecture that coordination difficulties that undermine normal speech would also undermine development of phonological awareness, which is necessary for reading fluency. Nonimpaired readers who vary in fluency, therefore, should also covary in coordination. Reliable interrelationships between phonological decoding skills and the speed and variability of sequentially tapping the fingers of one hand (either dominant or nondominant) were, indeed, found for college undergraduates. Reading measures that do not emphasize phonological decoding did not show the same connection. Characterizing phonological decoding as a skill and the long-term consequences of failure to master that skill suggest that it could benefit from practice even in high-literacy populations.
“Markov at the Bat”: A Model of Cognitive Processing in Baseball Batters
Authors: Gray Rob
Published: March 2003

Anecdotal evidence from players and coaches indicates that cognitive processing (e.g., expectations about the upcoming pitch) plays an important role in successful baseball batting, yet this aspect of hitting has not been investigated in detail. The present study provides experimental evidence that prior expectations significantly influence the timing of a baseball swing. A two-state Markov model was used to predict the effects of pitch sequence and pitch count on batting performance. The model is a hitting strategy of switching between expectancy states using a simple set of transition rules. In a simulated batting experiment, the model provided a good fit to the hitting performance of 6 experienced college baseball players, and the estimated model parameters were highly correlated with playing level.
Quality Standards in the Public Sector: Differences Between Italy and the UK in the Citizen’s Charter initiative
Authors: Schiavo Luca Lo
Published: March 2003

Service quality of public services is a major aim of the New Public Management reforms occurring throughout Europe. The Citizen’s Charter initiative, launched by the UK Prime Minister John Major in 1991, has been an example followed in some European countries, including Italy (Carta dei servizi). This paper analyses and evaluates the cultural differences in the usage of the concept of service quality standards between the UK experience and the Italian one, referring particularly to two kinds of public services, very different one from the other: healthcare and electricity supply. The comparative policy analysis leads to a sketch of two different profiles in the usage of quality standards in the public sector: a common law profile, where quality standards are not legal rights but targets to be achieved and improved; and a public law profile, where quality standards tend to be overlapped and confused with legal rights of users. Under the latter framework, standards are likely to be sidestepped because they are perceived more as a problem than as an opportunity to change.
The allocation of resources for R&D in the world's leading pharmaceutical companies
Authors: Halliday R.G. , Drasdo A.L. , Lumley C.E. , Walker S.R.
Published: March 2003

A survey of 45 leading pharmaceutical companies has been used to investigate aspects of their Research and Development (R&D) strategies, the allocation of resources including the financing and staffing of R&D functions, and the numbers of New Chemical Entities (NCEs) in the development process. The companies included the top ten by R&D expenditure in 1992 (top 10 companies). The study identified characteristics of leading companies and provided comparative data. The principal findings are that:

top ten companies had the highest R&D to sales ratios, progressed more NCEs after the drug candidate selection stage in 1992 and had achieved a greater geographical decentralization of staff than any other company.

Japanese companies differed in some respects from western companies, even those of a similar size. They operated with smaller clinical and regulatory affairs functions and made detailed plans for R&D expenditure further ahead than western companies, on average, more than 5 years compared with 3 years.

an increase in aggregated R&D staffing had occurred between 1990 and 1992 in 33 companies for which data for both years were available and staff numbers had decreased in only five of those companies.

top ten companies differed from others in their apparent productivity measured in terms of staff or R&D expenditure per NCE after the drug candidate selection stage, utilizing more staff and having greater R&D expenditure per NCE.

The results also appear to indicate early signs of a change in the structure of the industry according to R&D expenditure, which has since become more apparent. There was a distinct polarization by R&D budget size among the respondent companies: five companies were spending $900m or more on R&D in 1992 while the majority of the rest were spending less than a third of that amount.
Incomplete contracting in an R&D project: the Micronas case
Authors: Kultti Klaus , Takalo Tuomas
Published: March 2003

Systematic empirical evidence on the consequences of incomplete contracts is meagre, because contracts are often classified as business secrets, and are accordingly difficult to obtain for research purposes. In this study we employ the extensive information from the life of a Finnish research joint venture, Micronas, during 1980–1992 to cast light on this issue. Of particular interest is the principal‐agent relationship between the owners and the management of the research joint venture. Our investigation confirms the strong message of the incomplete contract theory. Hold‐up problems are pervasive in R&D projects, and the allocation of power and ownership is important to the success of the projects.
KFAS mechanism of funding research and development: an assessment
Authors: Al‐Sultan Yousuf , Burney Nadeem , Al‐Mussallam Nadia
Published: March 2003

This paper assesses mechanisms of funding research projects used by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS). KFAS is a leading organization that sponsors research projects in Kuwait and whose endowments come through contributions from private sector companies. The assessment described in the paper relies on time series data covering the period from 1978 to 1996. The analysis shows that KFAS funding of research projects has favored projects in sectors such as agriculture and food resources, and has assigned low priority to prime sectors, such as oil, water, and manufacturing. This reflects a lack of coherence between the organization’s R&D activities and the country’s socioeconomic plans and needs.
Innovation and collaboration in the geographic information systems (GIS) industry: evidence from Canada and the United States
Authors: Hartung Valerie , MacPherson Alan
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the role of collaborative technical activity in the innovation performance of Canadian and US companies in the geographic information systems (GIS) industry. This young but rapidly growing sector produces specialised hardware and software for cartographic applications (computer mapping). Evidence from a sample of 384 companies suggests that innovation is strongly dependent upon in‐house R&D. The results also suggest that a firm’s propensity to operate within a collaborative network varies directly with its R&‐intensity. A description of the main benefits and costs of collaboration is presented. Although there is no statistical association between innovation and the incidence of external collaboration, the evidence suggests that R&D partnerships contribute to the innovation process in a number of important ways. The key contribution lies in the speed of product commercialisation. A related finding is that collaborators tend to generate radical innovations more frequently than less successful and/or non‐collaborators.
A framework, process and tool for managing technology‐based assets
Authors: Kfir Rivka
Published: March 2003

Technology organisations centre their business on the development of new technology‐based offerings (i.e. products and services). The strategic management of technology‐based assets is therefore crucial for these organisations as an imperative for business success. However, these assets are often intangible and reflect future rather than current value and are therefore difficult to manage when using traditional managerial concepts. This study investigates integrative mechanisms addressing the management of technology‐based assets and offerings in a technology organisation. The approach taken was to study the views and practices regarding the management of technology‐based assets in a number of strategic units of a technology organisation (CSIR, South Africa). The study maintains that the management of technology‐based assets and offerings requires clear strategic management of the process of technological innovation with special emphasis on the management of the intellectual capital (IC) and the intellectual property (IP) of the organisation. The study describes a framework linking the core processes supporting the management of technology‐based assets and offerings with other organisational elements such as leadership, strategy, and culture. Specific key links between the core process of innovation and the strategic management of investment in technology‐based assets using a portfolio approach are discussed.
From R&D to strategic knowledge management: transitions and challenges for national laboratories
Authors: Smith Jack
Published: March 2003

The past two decades have witnessed unprecedented changes to national laboratories as they have adjusted to globalized and technology based competition. These transitions are reviewed in the context of how Canada’s National Research Council has progressed from an internally oriented R&D organization into a more externally focused innovation organization, now coping with the challenges of strategic knowledge management. The paper traces the steps and paradigms involved in this transition and offers some commentary on the extent of the corporate cultural learning that has been required to effect these changes.
An option approach to the new product development process: a case study at Philips Electronics
Authors: Lint Onno , Pennings Enrico
Published: March 2003

The paper considers the product development process as a series of (real) options with reducing uncertainty over time. Criteria are developed to decide on speeding up or delaying the development process. The paper demonstrates how, in the R&D phase, any particular project may be assigned within a 2 × 2 matrix of uncertainty versus R&D option value. A similar matrix can be established for the product launch phase. The matrices support portfolio management throughout the different phases of development and enable management to decide on an appropriate point at which to abandon individual projects. The approach originates from applying real options insights into the product development process at Philips Electronics. The paper is illustrated with some actual R&D projects.
R&D management through network mapping: using the Internet to identify strategic network actors in cooperative research networks
Authors: Hellström Tomas , Eckerstein Johan , Helm Alexander
Published: March 2003

Most R&D management techniques to date have emphasized the immediate organizational context or the internal structure and process of the R&D project. Recently however attempts have been made at situating R&D management in a wider context of inter‐organizational R&D activities. This paper presents the technique of R&D network mapping as a means of providing strategic intelligence to the R&D manager. The paper backgrounds this technique with a discussion of the general issue and significance of R&D networks. A methodology for R&D network mapping is then exemplified by outlining how a network database of cooperating projects and institutes in the telecom research sector was built by utilizing the World Wide Web. Finally a number of suggestions are made as to how and when network mapping should be applied in strategic R&D management.