bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wildfire initial response planning using probabilistically constrained stochastic integer programming
Authors: Gallego Arrubla Julián A. , Ntaimo Lewis , Stripling Curt
Published: July 2014

This paper presents a new methodology for making strategic dozer deployment plans for wildfire initial response planning for a given fire season. This approach combines a fire behaviour simulation, a wildfire risk model and a probabilistically constrained stochastic integer programming model, and takes into account the level of risk the decision-maker is willing to take when making deployment and dispatching plans. The new methodology was applied to Texas District 12, a Texas A&M Forest Service fire planning unit located in East Texas. This study demonstrates the effect of the decision-maker’s risk attitude level on deployment decisions in terms of the dozers positioned at each operations base, fires contained and their associated wildfire risk, and total containment cost. The results show that the total number of fires contained and their associated total expected cost increase when the tolerance towards risk decreases. Thus, more dozers are deployed to operations bases in areas with high wildfire risk and a high need for initial response.
The third gender of Old Italian
Authors: Loporcaro Michele , Faraoni Vincenzo , Gardani Francesco
Published: July 2014

We demonstrate that Old Italian had a three-gender system within which the neuter still qualified as a fully fledged gender value. To substantiate this claim, we adduce evidence showing that (a) Old Italian had three distinct sets of controllers, each of which selected a separate agreement pattern; (b) to each one of those three controller sets, including the neuter, nouns were assigned belonging to different productive inflectional classes and (c) the neuter still selected at least one dedicated agreement formative, thereby still displaying traces of its original status as a target gender. This novel evidence from Old Italian squares well with what is known about past stages of other Romance varieties. Also, we briefly address the consequences of our results both for a reconstruction of the Latin-Romance transition and, more broadly, for the theoretical and methodological approach to the study of the diachronic development of gender systems.
Core vocabulary, borrowability and entrenchment
Authors: Zenner Eline , Speelman Dirk , Geeraerts Dirk
Published: July 2014

It is often claimed in contact linguistics that core vocabulary is highly resistant to borrowing. If we want to test that claim in a quantitative way, we need both a quantitative measure of coreness and a method for quantifying borrowability. We suggest here a usage-based operationalization of coreness in terms of entrenchment, and of borrowability in terms of onomasiological success. Applying these measures in a corpus-based study on the use of English person reference nouns in Dutch, we show via a multivariate statistical analysis that there are indeed clear indications of an inversely proportional relationship between the success of the English nouns and the degree of coreness/entrenchment of the concept lexicalized by the loanwords.
Unfirm ground
Authors: Ó Giollagáin Conchúr
Published: July 2014

This is the first of a two-part article which examines the implications of the transformations in the relationship between those who exercise political and State power in Ireland and those who adhere to the minority Irish language culture. The evolution of language policy in the Irish State since independence in 1922 is considered from the perspective of linguistic sustainability, as opposed to the well-established trend in language policy discourse in Ireland which primarily focuses on institutional provision. The analysis here delineates the various policy phases which defined the official approach of the Irish State to its national but minority language. This analysis provides the basis for the examination in the second article of the process of contemporary language policy reform in Ireland. From the joint perspective of legacy issues in language policy and planning and the current transformations in relevant State policy, these two papers contend that the Irish State effectively abandoned the language revival in the early 1970s and that the current reform process marks an equally significant policy watershed in that the independent State is now preparing to abandon its policy concerning the small surviving Irish-speaking districts (Gaeltacht).
Indigenous enteric eosinophils control DCs to initiate a primary Th2 immune response in vivo
Authors: Chu Derek K. , Jimenez-Saiz Rodrigo , Verschoor Christopher P. , Walker Tina D. , Goncharova Susanna , Llop-Guevara Alba , Shen Pamela , Gordon Melissa E. , Barra Nicole G. , Bassett Jennifer D. , Kong Joshua , Fattouh Ramzi , McCoy Kathy D. , Bowdish Dawn M. , Erjefält Jonas S. , Pabst Oliver , Humbles Alison A. , Kolbeck Roland , Waserman Susan , Jordana Manel
Published: July 2014

Eosinophils natively inhabit the small intestine, but a functional role for them there has remained elusive. Here, we show that eosinophil-deficient mice were protected from induction of Th2-mediated peanut food allergy and anaphylaxis, and Th2 priming was restored by reconstitution with il4+/+ or il4−/− eosinophils. Eosinophils controlled CD103+ dendritic cell (DC) activation and migration from the intestine to draining lymph nodes, events necessary for Th2 priming. Eosinophil activation in vitro and in vivo led to degranulation of eosinophil peroxidase, a granule protein whose enzymatic activity promoted DC activation in mice and humans in vitro, and intestinal and extraintestinal mouse DC activation and mobilization to lymph nodes in vivo. Further, eosinophil peroxidase enhanced responses to ovalbumin seen after immunization. Thus, eosinophils can be critical contributors to the intestinal immune system, and granule-mediated shaping of DC responses can promote both intestinal and extraintestinal adaptive immunity.
Nutritional consequences of a fast food eating occasion are associated with choice of quick‐service restaurant chain
Authors: Brindal Emily , Wilson Carlene , Mohr Philip , Wittert Gary
Published: July 2014

Aim

The aim of the present study was to explore fast food purchasing behaviours and motivations and to assess whether eating at different quick‐service restaurant (QSR) chains affects macronutrient consumption of a fast food eating occasion.

Methods

A cross‐sectional computer‐based survey was completed by consumers at a local fair or via an external hyperlink. Consumers were at least 16 years and had purchased items from McDonald's, Hungry Jack's, KFC, Domino's or Red Rooster in Australia within the last 6 months. Custom‐written software captured the items consumed by the respondent, contextual data, reason for consumption and demographic information.

Results

Five hundred twenty‐three adolescents and adults (76.6% female; 81.3% Australian born) completed the survey. They reported commonly purchasing takeaway (69.7%) and from McDonald's (35.5%). Consumption was primarily convenience driven but varied by QSR. General linear models indicated that energy consumed (kJ; M ± SE) from fast food items varied significantly between chains, being higher at Hungry Jack's (4383 ± 138) and KFC (4277 ± 154) compared with Domino's Pizza (2725 ± 239) and McDonald's (3263 ± 124). Total saturated fat, sodium and percentage of energy from fat also varied significantly by QSR chain (all P < 0.001). Total energy consumed on one visit was positively associated with frequency of fast food consumption (P = 0.008). No demographic variable consistently associated with nutritional characteristics of the fast food eaten.

Conclusions

The nutritional implications of fast food consumption are not uniform across different QSR chains. To our knowledge, this is the first study to indicate an association between frequency of fast food consumption and energy intake at a fast food eating occasion.
The Politics of the Weather: The Hudson's Bay Company and the Dobbs Affair
Authors: Vanek Morgan
Published: July 2014

In 1749 each member of the British Parliament received ‘The Case of the Hudson's Bay Company’, a three‐page defence of the Company's charter and a description of the climatic conditions that make Canada ‘the most inhospitable […] of any in the known Parts of the Globe’. As the Company's first public response to a fifteen‐year campaign against its policy of close secrecy, the pamphlet's attention to ‘Extremes of Cold’ shifted the tone and target of debate about the Company's monopoly – and, as this article demonstrates, it also exposed the political interests involved in producing the ‘facts’ of faraway weather.
5‐HTTLPR Moderates Naltrexone and Psychosocial Treatment Responses in Heavy Drinking Men Who Have Sex with Men
Authors: Chen Andrew C. H. , Davis Christine M. , Kahler Christopher W. , Kuerbis Alexis N. , Covault Jonathan , Kranzler Henry R. , Morgenstern Jon
Published: July 2014

Background

A functional polymorphism (5‐HTTLPR) in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene has been widely studied as a risk factor and moderator of treatment for a variety of psychopathologic conditions. To evaluate whether 5‐HTTLPR moderates the effects of treatment to reduce heavy drinking, we studied 112 high‐functioning European‐American men who have sex with men (MSM). Subjects participated in a randomized clinical trial of naltrexone (NTX) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for problem drinking.

Methods

Subjects were treated for 12 weeks with 100 mg/d of oral NTX or placebo (PBO). All participants received medical management with adjusted brief behavioral compliance enhancement treatment (BBCET) alone or in combination with modified behavioral self‐control therapy (MBSCT; an amalgam of motivational interviewing and CBT). Participants were genotyped for the tri‐allelic 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism (i.e., low‐activity S′ or high‐activity L′ alleles).

Results

During treatment, the number of weekly heavy drinking days (HDD; defined as 5 or more standard drinks per day) was significantly lower in subjects with the L′L′ (N = 26, p = 0.015) or L′S′ (N = 52, p = 0.016) genotype than those with the S′S′ (N = 34) genotype regardless of treatment type. There was a significant interaction of genotype with treatment: For subjects with the S′S′ genotype, the effects of MBSCT or NTX on HDD were significantly greater than the minimal intervention (i.e., BBCET or PBO, p = 0.007 and p = 0.049, respectively). In contrast, for subjects with 1 or 2 L′ alleles, the effects of the more intensive psychosocial treatment (MBSCT) or NTX did not significantly differ from BBCET or PBO.

Conclusions

These preliminary findings support the utility of the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism for personalizing treatment selection in problem drinkers.
Effect of yohimbine on reinstatement of operant responding in rats is dependent on cue contingency but not food reward history
Authors: Chen Yu‐Wei , Fiscella Kimberly A. , Bacharach Samuel Z. , Tanda Gianluigi , Shaham Yavin , Calu Donna J.
Published: July 2014

Yohimbine is an alpha‐2 adrenoceptor antagonist that has been used in numerous studies as a pharmacological stressor in rodents, monkeys and humans. Recently, yohimbine has become the most common stress manipulation in studies on reinstatement of drug and food seeking. However, the wide range of conditions under which yohimbine promotes reward seeking is significantly greater than that of stressors like intermittent footshock. Here, we addressed two fundamental questions regarding yohimbine's effect on reinstatement of reward seeking: (1) whether the drug's effect on operant responding is dependent on previous reward history or cue contingency, and (2) whether yohimbine is aversive or rewarding under conditions typically used in reinstatement studies. We also used in vivo microdialysis to determine yohimbine's effect on dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We found that the magnitude of yohimbine‐induced (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) operant responding during the reinstatement tests was critically dependent on the contingency between lever pressing and discrete tone‐light cue delivery but not the previous history with food reward during training. We also found that yohimbine (2 mg/kg) did not cause conditioned place aversion. Finally, we found that yohimbine modestly increased dopamine levels in mPFC but not NAc. Results suggest that yohimbine's effects on operant responding in reinstatement studies are likely independent of the history of contingent self‐administration of food or drug rewards and may not be related to the commonly assumed stress‐like effects of yohimbine.
Non‐medical determinants of cesarean section in a medically dominated maternity system
Authors: Dweik Diána , Girasek Edmond , Mészáros Gyula , Töreki Annamária , Keresztúri Attila , Pál Attila
Published: July 2014

Objective

To assess the contribution of non‐medical factors to actual mode of delivery in a setting with high cesarean rates.

Design

Follow‐up survey.

Setting

University department of obstetrics and gynecology.

Sample

Women with singleton pregnancies (n = 453) where there was no awareness of medical contradictions to vaginal delivery, attending for routine mid‐pregnancy ultrasound examination in November 2011 to March 2012, and delivering between March and August 2012.

Methods

Structured questionnaire completed in gestational weeks 18–22. Information on subsequent delivery was obtained from patient files and through personal contact.

Main outcome measures

Contribution of childbirth preference, Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire A score, socio‐demographic characteristics, attitudes toward birth issues and circumstances of pregnancy/delivery to mode of delivery.

Results

The majority of respondents (410/453; 90.5%) preferred vaginal delivery; nevertheless, one‐third (two‐fifths of nulliparas) had a cesarean delivery. Among nulliparous respondents, a longer perceived interval from decision for pregnancy to conception, lower importance assigned to personal control, and the presence of an obstetrician with power to decide about cesarean delivery, were independent contributors to the binary logistic regression model explaining higher maternal cesarean risks. For parous respondents, corresponding factors were younger maternal age, perceived environmental influence towards cesarean section, the respondent's belief that cesarean is more beneficial than vaginal delivery and an older obstetrician attending the delivery.

Conclusions

The results of this questionnaire survey contribute to the already existing evidence that against the background of high cesarean rates, non‐medical factors, as much related to the obstetricians as to pregnant women's attitudes, play an important role.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of sofosbuvir plus peginterferon/ribavirin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection
Authors: Saab S. , Gordon S. C. , Park H. , Sulkowski M. , Ahmed A. , Younossi Z.
Published: July 2014

Background

Sofosbuvir, an oralNS5B nucleotide polymerase inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment of patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Aim

To evaluate the long‐term health economic outcomes of sofosbuvir + pegylated interferon alfa/ribavirin (pegIFN/RBV) compared with current treatments in patients infected withHCVgenotype 1 in theUS.

Methods

A decision‐analytic Markov model was developed to estimate health outcomes, number needed to treat and short‐term and long‐term economic outcomes, including incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios and cost per sustained virological response (SVR), for several sofosbuvir–comparator regimen pairings for a cohort of 10 000 patients. It considered three patient cohorts: treatment‐naïve, treatment‐experienced and treatment‐naïve human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co‐infected. Subgroup analyses were conducted for treatment‐naïve patients with and without cirrhosis.

Results

Reductions in the incidence of new cases of liver‐disease complications with sofosbuvir + pegIFN/RBVcompared with pegIFN/RBV, boceprevir + pegIFN/RBV, telaprevir + pegIFN/RBVand simeprevir + pegIFN/RBVwere 64–82%, 50–68%, 43–58% and 33–56%, respectively. Sofosbuvir + pegIFN/RBVwas typically associated with the lowest 1‐year cost per SVR. When considering the lifetime incremental cost per quality‐adjusted life‐year gained, sofosbuvir + pegIFN/RBVwas the most cost‐effective treatment option assessed. Sofosbuvir + pegIFN/RBVgenerally dominated (less costly and more effective than) boceprevir + pegIFN/RBV, telaprevir + pegIFN/RBVand simeprevir + pegIFN/RBV.

Conclusion

Sofosbuvir + pegIFN/RBVyields more favourable future health and economic outcomes than current treatment regimens for patients across all levels of treatment experience and cirrhosis stage, as well as for individuals with or withoutHIVco‐infection.
Histological recovery and gluten‐free diet adherence: a prospective 1‐year follow‐up study of adult patients with coeliac disease
Authors: Galli G. , Esposito G. , Lahner E. , Pilozzi E. , Corleto V. D. , Di Giulio E. , Aloe Spiriti M. A. , Annibale B.
Published: July 2014

Background

Adequate gluten‐free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for coeliac disease (CD). However, no agreement has been reached on either how and when to assess patient adherence toGFDor its effectiveness on villous atrophy.

Aim

To assess, in a prospective study, patient adherence to and efficacy ofGFDon histological recovery after 1‐year ofGFD.

Methods

Between 2009 and 2012, we enrolled 65 consecutive newly‐diagnosed adult patients (median age 38 years, 18–70) with biopsy‐proven atrophicCD. Patients were re‐evaluated after 1 year ofGFDwith duodenal histology, serological assays, symptoms and a dietary interview based on a validated questionnaire. Complete histological recovery was defined as the absence of villous atrophy and ≤30/100 intraepithelial lymphocytes.

Results

Overall, 81.5% of patients had adequate adherence (ADA) toGFD, whereas 18.5% had an inadequate adherence (IADA); 66% ofADApatients and noIADApatients achieved complete histological recovery (P < 0.00001). AmongADApatients, antibody seroconversion and symptoms were not significantly different between patients who achieved complete histological recovery and those who achieved partial histological recovery withP = 0.309 andP = 0.197, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that Marsh 3C was a risk factor for incomplete histological recovery inADApatients (OR8.74, 95%CI: 1.87–40.83).

Conclusions

This study shows that complete histological recovery after 1‐year ofGFDin adult patients, who are assessed as adherent to theGFD, can be obtained in 66% of patients. Patients with severe histological damage at diagnosis are at risk for incomplete histological recovery 1 year later.
Moral dilemmas, moral reasons and moral learning: interpreting a real case in terms of particularistic theory
Authors: Maclagan Patrick
Published: July 2014

The core of the paper consists of dialogue from a true case where an employee experienced moral dilemmas following a disquieting directive from his manager. The case is considered from the perspective of Dancy's particularistic theory of moral reasons (with some insight also from Ross's theory of prima facie duties). This case was chosen not to illustrate the theory, but rather to test the assumption that an approach to moral judgement based on Ross and Dancy has general applicability. It is suggested that, in its simplest form, that approach approximates to the manner in which people in organisations, without prior knowledge of ethical theorising, would ordinarily deal with comparable situations, and so it can be relatively easy to learn given practice. Based on this case, some insight is also offered into individuals' moral learning, including their need for personal qualities such as assertiveness and independence of mind. In that context a reciprocal relationship between Dancy's approach and Werhane's thinking on moral imagination is suggested.
The Internal Cohabitation Model
Authors: Sinason Michael , Richards Joscelyn
Published: July 2014

This paper presents the reasons for viewing the conflicts of inner mental life as arising from the problematic interaction of two different selves. A self that is involved in interpersonal relationships can be seen to be contending with a coexisting self who has a hatred of dependency on others. When the self that idealises independence is dominating the inner world, any means will be used to achieve the desired ends, regardless of the consequences for anyone. The paper makes links with the work of neuropsychiatrists such asMcGilchrist and to the contributions ofBion,Britton,Winnicott and other analysts who have recognized the existence of different selves in the inner world. An analytic session is presented to illustrate the process of mapping out of ‘who is doing what to whom’ in the clinical interaction. We argue that transference misattributions can be better understood by recognizing the differences between the two selves internally. This detailed differentiation can then assist the patient to reduce the likelihood of internal takeovers both in the analytic setting and in other relationships.
Revenge through a Looking Glass
Authors: Lister Mary
Published: July 2014

The author discusses the concept of revenge from a number of different angles. She suggests that it is useful to separate revenge from the broader terms of aggression and hostility. Her two clinical examples are illustrations of revenge that is overt, obvious and acted upon, or that is repressed and covert. Working in settings where revenge is acted out can prepare the analytical therapist for the rawness and violence of such feelings and phantasies in the consulting room. The desire for revenge is a common feeling which is not always pathological and is a more frequent occurrence in therapy than is widely recognized.
The Independent Tradition
Authors: Tyndale Anne , Rosenberg Viqui
Published: July 2014

The authors have preserved the format of their original presentation where Anne Tyndale described the conceptualizations that characterize the Independent approach: namely, their reliance on the living experience offered by the analytic frame illuminated by timely interpretation. Interpretation emerges from the experience of listening – to the analysand and to the analyst's own psychic movements. In this context, premature interpretations of the transference are purposely avoided, as they risk creating a superimposed and artificial dynamic between analysand and analyst. Viqui Rosenberg illustrates the approach and offers her reflections.
Jimmy Savile: Abuse and a Question of Trust
Authors: Silverstone Jennifer
Published: July 2014

This paper is about the British disc jockey Jimmy Savile and the scandal that has constellated around him since his death in 2011. I shall be referring to his autobiography Love is an Uphill Thing and Alison Bellamy's authorized biography How's About That, Then? to try and understand how he became a lifelong abuser. I shall make the case that he was able to insinuate himself into a culture, both amongst his friendship group and within organizations, that legitimized his behaviour and the behaviour of others. I shall suggest that this ability to gather others around him is characteristic of groups and institutions where abuse has taken place. I am also making the case that listening to abuse and being able to bear witness is a difficult and painful task in the consulting room and in the wider public sphere.
On Not Being Able to Symbolize
Authors: Robinson Ken
Published: July 2014

This paper explores ideas from Marion Milner which the author has found helpful in conceptualizing work with a patient who felt tyrannized by her objects, terrified that she would be swallowed up by them never to re‐emerge. Her terror interfered with her capacity to symbolize. The paper looks at the concept of a bodily self and its creative engagement with the world especially in the form of fusion with the object. It places Milner's theory in the larger context of psychoanalytic and neuroscientific thinking from Freud and Winnicott to Damasio as well as relating it to philosophical and Romantic accounts of creative apperception and personal knowledge. Although confidentiality precludes a detailed account of the analysis, the author provides an outline of the gradual development of her capacity to symbolize alongside her growing sense of a continuous self. He further comments on her finding what Milner called ‘intuitive images’ to bridge intellect and intuition and to allow them to co‐exist peacefully. The patient brought drawings to sessions and the paper reflects on these as an index of change as well as on the importance of the process of creating them in relation to her anxiety over the tyranny of objects.
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese adults: clinical aspects and current management strategies
Authors: Pallayova M. , Taheri S.
Published: July 2014

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disorder whose prevalence is strongly linked to the current epidemic of obesity in many western countries. The prevalence of NAFLD is two to four times higher in populations with pre‐existing metabolic comorbidities than in the general population. The diagnosis of primary NAFLD involves establishing the presence of hepatic steatosis or steatohepatitis by imaging or histology, along with establishing the non‐alcoholic nature of the disease process and excluding competing aetiologies for hepatic steatosis. Among the indirect serum biomarkers, the NAFLD fibrosis score can help to identify patients with NAFLD and with higher likelihood of having fibrosis or cirrhosis. A liver biopsy should be considered in NAFLD patients at increased risk for steatohepatitis/advanced fibrosis and in cases where a liver biopsy is necessary to exclude co‐existing chronic liver diseases and other aetiologies for hepatic steatosis. The treatment and management recommendations for obesity‐associated NAFLD are aimed towards weight reduction. The currently available interventions employed to promote weight loss and improve the metabolic responses in NAFLD include lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery.
Creating Decision Trees from Rules using RBDT‐1
Authors: Abdelhalim Amany , Traore Issa , Nakkabi Youssef
Published: July 2014

Most of the methods that generate decision trees for a specific problem use the examples of data instances in the decision tree–generation process. This article proposes a method called RBDT‐1—rule‐based decision tree—for learning a decision tree from a set of decision rules that cover the data instances rather than from the data instances themselves. The goal is to create on demand a short and accurate decision tree from a stable or dynamically changing set of rules. The rules could be generated by an expert, by an inductive rule learning program that induces decision rules from the examples of decision instances such as AQ‐type rule induction programs, or extracted from a tree generated by another method, such as the ID3 or C4.5. In terms of tree complexity (number of nodes and leaves in the decision tree), RBDT‐1 compares favorably with AQDT‐1 and AQDT‐2, which are methods that create decision trees from rules. RBDT‐1 also compares favorably with ID3 while it is as effective as C4.5 where both (ID3 and C4.5) are well‐known methods that generate decision trees from data examples. Experiments show that the classification accuracies of the decision trees produced by all methods under comparison are indistinguishable.
Correlates of caring for the drinkers and others among those harmed by another's drinking
Authors: Jiang Heng , Callinan Sarah , Laslett Anne‐Marie , Room Robin
Published: July 2014

Introduction and Aims

This study identifies the correlates of caring for harmful drinkers and others, and examines how caring for that person impacts on respondents' well‐being and use of services.

Design and Methods

The study utilises the data from the 2008 Australian Alcohol Harm to Others Survey (n = 2649), in which 778 respondents reported they were harmed because of the drinking of someone they knew. Respondents were asked about the person they were most adversely affected by and whether they spent time caring for this person because of their drinking. Logistic regression models are developed to examine which factors were associated with the prevalence of caring for others.

Results

The study reveals that the respondents who cared for others because of the other's drinking reported lower quality of life than the respondents who did not have to do this. The results of the logistic regression suggest that respondents were more likely to care for the drinker if the drinker drank more (as the usual quantity of alcohol consumed increased), but less likely to care for the drinker if the drinker drank five or more drinks on more than four days per week.

Discussion and Conclusions

The findings of the study suggest that the drinking of family and friends can be a substantial burden for their households, families, friends and others. Policy approaches that reduce the amount of heavy drinking, particularly heavy drinking in a single occasion, are likely to reduce the burden of caring for others because of other's drinking. [Jiang H, Callinan S, Laslett A-M, Room R. Correlates of caring for the drinkers and others among those harmed by another's drinking. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;34:162–169]
Safety and retention rate of rufinamide in 300 patients: A single pediatric epilepsy center experience
Authors: Thome‐Souza Sigride , Kadish Navah E. , Ramgopal Sriram , Sánchez Fernández Iván , Bergin Ann M. , Bolton Jeffrey , Harini Chellamani , Libenson Mark , Olson Heather , Peters Jurriaan , Poduri Annapurna , Rotenberg Alexander , Takeoka Masanori , Kothare Sanjeev V. , Kapur Kush , Bourgeois Blaise F. D. , Loddenkemper Tobias
Published: July 2014

Objective

Reports of studies evaluating rufinamide as an add‐on therapy in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy are restricted to a few publications. Prospective multicenter studies including children and adults have yielded important information about several types of epilepsies and syndromes. We evaluated the use of rufinamide in a single pediatric center with a large cohort and long‐term follow‐up period.

Methods

We retrospectively included patients taking rufinamide from November 2008 to March 2013. Response was defined by a seizure reduction of ≥50% compared to baseline.

Results

Three hundred patients with a median age of 9.1 years (range 0.4–29.6 years) were reviewed. Median follow‐up was 9 months (range 1–37 months). Epilepsy etiology was classified as genetic (23.7%), structural/metabolic (41%), and unknown cause (35.3%). Overall, rufinamide treatment led to a median seizure frequency reduction of 59.2% from responders to baseline. Seizure reduction was greater in patients with genetic etiology compared to structural/metabolic (66.2% vs. 45.5% responders, p = 0.005). Rufinamide was discontinued in 110 (36.7%) of 300 patients: 63 (21%) due to unsatisfactory response, 47 (15.7%) due to side effects, and in 18 (6%) of those due to both. Most common adverse effects were sleepiness, vomiting, mood changes, nausea, and loss of appetite. Median time to loss of efficacy was 11.6 months (range 3–28 months).

Significance

Rufinamide provides satisfactory seizure reduction as an adjunctive treatment in refractory epilepsy. Results need to be interpreted in the setting of data acquisition, including inherent biases of retrospective studies. Patients with a known genetic etiology may have better responses than patients with structural/metabolic etiology.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Coexistence effect of UVA absorbers to increase their solubility and stability of supersaturation
Authors: Endo M. , Mukawa T. , Sato N. , Maezawa D. , Ohtsu Y. , Kuroda A. , Wakabayashi M. , Asakura K.
Published: July 2014

Synopsis

Objective

Sunscreens containing UVA absorbers in high concentrations are expected to be developed, since recent studies have suggested the possibility of involvement of UVA ray in skin cancer and early skin aging. Solubility and stability of supersaturation of UVA absorbers in UVB absorber were determined in the absence and the presence of cosmetic oil. Coexistence effect of UVA absorbers was analyzed to dissolve them in high concentrations.

Methods

Two UVA absorbers, diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB) and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDM), a UVB absorber, 2‐ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), and a cosmetic oil, 2‐ethylhexyl ester of oligomer of hydroxystearic acid (EH‐O‐HSA), were used. Their solutions were prepared at 80°C and cooled to 5°C. The solid DHHB and/or BMDM were added to it, and the time evolution of concentrations of the UVA absorbers in the solution phase was monitored.

Results

At the saturation in the absence of EH‐O‐HSA at 5°C, weight ratio of DHHB and BMDM to EHMC was 0.39/1.00 and 0.22/1.00, respectively. Addition of EH‐O‐HSA slightly changed the solubility of DHHB and BMDM. When the weight ratio of EH‐O‐HSA to EHMC was 0.20/1.00, weight ratio of DHHB and BMDM to EHMC was 0.35/1.00 and 0.25/1.00, respectively at the saturation at 5°C. In the presence of EH‐O‐HSA, a strong coexistence effect of DHHB and BMDM was found on their solubility. A thermodynamically stable saturated solution at 5°C having the composition that DHHB: BMDM: EHMC: EH‐O‐HSA = 0.47: 0.46: 1.00: 0.20 was obtained by the simultaneous addition of solid DHHB and BMDM into the initial solution.

Conclusion

The solution type composite having the highest concentrations of DHHB and BMDM prepared in this study exhibited critical wavelength at 368 nm that was just below the border for sunscreens being qualified as ‘Broad Spectrum’ protection under the new rule launched by US FDA.
From experimental design to functional gene networks: DNA microarray contribution to skin ageing research
Authors: Benech P. D. , Patatian A.
Published: July 2014

Synopsis

There is no doubt that the DNA microarray‐based technology contributed to increase our knowledge of a wide range of processes. However, integrating genes into functional networks, rather than terms describing generic characteristics, remains an important challenge. The highly context‐dependent function of a given gene and feedback mechanisms complexify greatly the interpretation of the data. Moreover, it is difficult to determine whether changes in gene expression are the result or the cause of pathologies or physiological events. In both cases, the difficulty relies on the involvement of processes that, at an early stage, can be protective and later on, deleterious because of their runaway. Each individual cell has its own transcription profile that determines its behaviour and its relationships with its neighbours. This is particularly true when a mechanism such as cell cycle is concerned. Another issue concerns the analyses from samples of different donors. Whereas the statistical tools lead to determine common features among groups, they tend to smooth the overall data and consequently, the selected values represent the ‘tip of the iceberg’. There is a significant overlap in the set of genes identified in the different studies on skin ageing processes described in the present review. The reason of this overlap is because most of these genes belong to the basic machinery controlling cell growth and arrest. To get a more full picture of these processes, a hard work has still to be done to determine the precise mechanisms conferring the cell type specificity of ageing. Integrative biology applied to the huge amount of existing microarray data should fulfil gaps, through the characterization of additional actors accounting for the activation of specific signalling pathways at crossing points. Furthermore, computational tools have to be developed taking into account that expression values among similar groups may not vary ‘by chance’ but may reflect, along with other subtle changes, specific features of one given donor. Through a better stratification, these tools will allow to recover genes from the ‘bottom of the iceberg’. Identifying these genes should contribute to understand how skin ages among individuals, thus paving the way for personalized skin care.
An Integrative Review of Employee Voice: Identifying a Common Conceptualization and Research Agenda
Authors: Mowbray Paula K. , Wilkinson Adrian , Tse Herman H.M.
Published: July 2014

Employee voice has been studied across a diverse range of disciplines, generating an extensive body of literature on the topic. However, its conceptualization across the disciplines has differed, resulting in a lack of integrative theories and frameworks on employee voice. The main objective of this paper is to conduct a multidisciplinary review of the academic research on employee voice, to show where there is an opportunity to adopt and adapt the findings and research on employee voice within alternate disciplines, and to demonstrate how this may lead to more common ground in the conceptualization of employee voice. This review focuses on an analysis of the Human Resource Management/Employment Relations and Organizational Behaviour disciplines' conceptualization of employee voice, beginning with the identification of where the disciplines diverged in their concept and study of employee voice. Further, it maps their similarities and differences, on the basis of motive, content, mechanism, target and management of voice. Finally, it identifies opportunities to incorporate the alternate disciplinary perspective and proposes a conceptual model, which addresses the blind spots in each discipline. It is proposed that the consideration of formal and informal employee voice in future studies will enable the better integration of voice research.
Orthodontic treatment for a patient with hereditary angiodema: a case report
Authors: Waldon Kate , Barber Sophy Kathleen , Spencer Richard James
Published: July 2014

Background

Hereditary angiodema (HAE), also known as C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, causes sufferers to experience episodic subcutaneous and submucosal oedema. These episodes can be triggered by dental treatment and manifest as life‐threatening oedematous swelling in the head and neck region.

Case Report

This case report reviews an adolescent with hereditary angiodema whose malocclusion required orthodontic intervention. Due to her complex and unpredictable reaction to dental treatment, various options were explored before determining the appropriate care pathway for this patient. Trial placement of a sectional fixed appliance tested the tissue reaction prior to comprehensive treatment including extractions and fixed orthodontic appliances.

Conclusion

This report demonstrates successful interdisciplinary management facilitating orthodontic care in a patient with HAE.
Direct long‐distance dispersal shapes a New World amphitropical disjunction in the dispersal‐limited dung moss Tetraplodon (Bryopsida: Splachnaceae)
Authors: Lewis Lily R. , Rozzi Ricardo , Goffinet Bernard
Published: July 2014

Aim

Many intercontinental disjunctions, especially among spore‐producing plants, are shaped by long‐distance dispersal (LDD) via wind currents. Amphitropical disjunctions are most commonly explained through LDD, but other vectors and dispersal scenarios must also be considered. To interpret the New World amphitropical disjunction in the dung‐moss genus Tetraplodon, we compared stepwise migration along the Andes, direct LDD and ancient vicariance.

Location

Global, specifically high‐latitude and high‐elevation localities, with a focus on the New World.

Methods

Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from four loci sampled from 124 populations representing the global range of Tetraplodon, and analysed using maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian optimality criteria, with divergence dates estimated in beast.

Results

The monophyletic T. mnioides complex diversified between the early Miocene and early‐to‐mid Pliocene into three well‐supported clades, each with a unique geographical distribution: Laurasian, primarily high‐elevation tropical, and amphitropical. Populations from southernmost South American were reconstructed as a monophyletic lineage that diverged from high‐latitude Northern Hemisphere populations around 8.63 Ma [95% highest posterior density (HPD) 3.07–10.11 Ma].

Main conclusions

Direct LDD has resulted in the American amphitropical disjunction in Tetraplodon. A lack of modern or historical wind connectivity between polar regions and the poor resistance of Tetraplodon spores to the conditions associated with wind‐dispersal suggest that bird‐mediated LDD provides the best explanation for the establishment of amphitropicality.
Positive Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Reduces Arrhythmic Events After Elective Generator Change in Patients with Primary Prevention CRT‐D
Authors: SEBAG FREDERIC A. , LELLOUCHE NICOLAS , CHEN ZHONG , TRITAR AMINE , O'NEILL MARK D. , GILL JASWINDER , WRIGHT MATTHEW , LECLERCQ CHRISTOPHE , RINALDI CHRISTOPHER A.
Published: July 2014

Arrhythmic Outcome After CRT‐D Device Replacement

Introduction

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICD) are effective therapies for heart failure (HF) patients with cardiac dyssynchrony. Patients receiving primary prevention CRT‐defibrillator that positively remodel might no longer qualify for ICD indication due to CRT‐induced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improvement. We aimed to evaluate the outcome of CRT‐D patients at the time of device replacement (DR).

Methods and Results

Patients undergoing primary prevention CRT‐D DR were prospectively included from November 2007 to March 2011 in 2 centers. CRT response was as defined as ≥1 NYHA class improvement and an increase in LVEF ≥10%. Before DR, all patients underwent echocardiography and device interrogation. Patients without theoretical ongoing ICD indication (TOII) at DR were defined as those with LVEF ≥40% without appropriate ICD therapy (appropriate therapy) during the first ICD service‐life. A total of 107 consecutive patients were enrolled. Sixty‐one patients (57%) were considered CRT responders after the index procedure. At the time of DR (56.4 ± 14.4 months from initial implant), 87% of CRT responders were free of appropriate therapy, compared with 70% of CRT nonresponders (P = 0.02). Thirty‐nine patients (37%) did not meet the criteria for TOII. During follow‐up (mean 26.4 ± 14.4 months after DR), 37 patients (95%) without TOII were free of appropriate therapy versus 49 of 68 patients (72%) with ongoing TOII (P = 0.007). By multivariable analysis, the only independent predictor of appropriate therapy after DR was TOII (hazard ratio = 6.43; P = 0.01).

Conclusion

Absence of theoretical ICD indication occurs in more than one‐third of CRT‐D patients undergoing DR. In addition, appropriate therapy rate is relatively low (2.2% per year) in this subgroup of patients.
Pulmonary Vein Isolation with a New Multipolar Irrigated Radiofrequency Ablation Catheter (nMARQ™): Feasibility, Acute and Short‐Term Efficacy, Safety, and Impact on Postablation Silent Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: SCAGLIONE MARCO , CAPONI DOMENICO , ANSELMINO MATTEO , CLEMENTE FRANCESCA DI , BLANDINO ALESSANDRO , FERRARIS FEDERICO , DONNA PAOLO DI , EBRILLE ELISA , HALIMI FRANCK , LECLERCQ JEAN F. , IUNCO COSTANZA , VAUDAGNA CARLOEUGENIO , CESARANI FEDERICO , GAITA FIORENZO
Published: July 2014

PVI with nMARQ™

Background

Simultaneous multipolar ablation catheters have been proposed to simplify pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Recently, a new multipolar irrigated radiofrequency (RF) ablation catheter (nMARQ™, Biosense Webster Inc., Diamond Bar, CA, USA) combining both 3‐dimensional electroanatomic mapping and multipolar open‐irrigated ablation capability has been developed. Aim of our study was to assess feasibility, acute and short‐term success and safety of PVI by the use of this new technology with particular regard to the incidence of postablation silent cerebral ischemia (SCI).

Methods and Results

Twenty‐five patients (76% males; age 57 ± 13 years) with paroxysmal AF underwent PVI using the nMARQ™ catheter. PVI, confirmed by Lasso catheter mapping, was achieved in 100 out of 102 pulmonary veins (98%) identified, and final PVI was obtained in 24 out of 25 (96%) patients. The overall concordance between Lasso and nMARQ™ signals in demonstrating PVI was 78%. No major procedural complications occurred and no patient suffered SCI, on the basis of cerebral magnetic resonance imaging performed before and after the procedure. Following a 6‐month follow‐up, 17/25 (68%) patients remained free from AF without antiarrhythmic drugs.

Conclusions

In our preliminary experience, PVI with nMARQ™ catheter appears to be feasible and safe, without incidence of SCI. Long‐term clinical efficacy has to be evaluated in further studies.
IgG sera levels against a subset of periodontopathogens and severity of disease in aggressive periodontitis patients: a cross‐sectional study of selected pocket sites
Authors: Saraiva Luciana , Rebeis Estela S. , Martins Eder de S. , Sekiguchi Ricardo T. , Ando‐Suguimoto Ellen S. , Mafra Carlos Eduardo S. , Holzhausen Marinella , Romito Giuseppe A. , Mayer Marcia P. A.
Published: July 2014

Aims

To evaluate the association among serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) serotypes a, b and c, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf) and clinical parameters in Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) subjects. Associations between periodontal pathogens and clinical and immunological parameters were also evaluated.

Methods

Thirty‐eight subjects diagnosed with generalized AP (GAP) and localized AP (LAP) were included. Ten healthy controls were also evaluated. Clinical parameters were assessed and percentages of subgingival levels of Aa, Pg and Tf (beyond bacterial load), were determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Serum IgG antibody levels against Aa, Pg and Tf were evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Percentages of Aa, Pg and Tf were significantly higher in AP than in controls. The response to Aa serotype c was higher in LAP subjects than in controls. There were no differences in microbial composition or antibodies responses between GAP and LAP, except for IgG response to Tf. Pg levels were correlated with probing depth (PD), BoP and CAL in GAP but not in LAP subjects. Tf levels correlated with PD and CAL in GAP subjects. In GAP, the infection levels of Aa and Pg correlated with the corresponding IgG levels to Aa serotype c and Pg.

Conclusion

Given the evidences that IgG response in AP patients correlated with bacterial infection level in GAP, but not in LAP, and that LAP patients lack a response to Tf, despite harbouring this species, our data suggest a difference in host immune defence between these two forms of aggressive periodontitis.