bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Turbulent Magnetic Reconnection in a Magnetic Island
Authors: Huang Can , Lu Quanming , Wang Rongsheng , Guo Fan , Wu Mingyu , Lu San , Wang Shui
Published: February 2017

In this paper, with two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we report that the electron Kelvin–Helmholtz instability is unstable in the current layer associated with a large-scale magnetic island, which is formed in multiple X-line guide field reconnections. The current sheet is fragmented into many small current sheets with widths down to the order of the electron inertial length. Secondary magnetic reconnection then occurs in these fragmented current sheets, which leads to a turbulent state. The electrons are highly energized in such a process.
Rate Constants for Fine-structure Excitations in O–H Collisions with Error Bars Obtained by Machine Learning
Authors: Vieira Daniel , Krems Roman V.
Published: February 2017

We present an approach using a combination of coupled channel scattering calculations with a machine-learning technique based on Gaussian Process regression to determine the sensitivity of the rate constants for non-adiabatic transitions in inelastic atomic collisions to variations of the underlying adiabatic interaction potentials. Using this approach, we improve the previous computations of the rate constants for the fine-structure transitions in collisions of O(

) with atomic H. We compute the error bars of the rate constants corresponding to 20% variations of the ab initio potentials and show that this method can be used to determine which of the individual adiabatic potentials are more or less important for the outcome of different fine-structure changing collisions.
Revisiting Quasi-periodic Modulation in γ-Ray Blazar PKS 2155-304 with Fermi Pass 8 Data
Authors: Zhang Peng-fei , Yan Da-hai , Liao Neng-hui , Wang Jian-cheng
Published: February 2017

We examine the gamma-ray quasi-periodic variability of PKS 2155-304 with the latest publicly available Fermi-LAT Pass 8 data, which covers the years from 2008 August to 2016 October. We produce the light curves in two ways: the exposure-weighted aperture photometry and the maximum likelihood optimization. The light curves are then analyzed by using Lomb-Scargle Periodogram (LSP) and Weighted Wavelet Z-transform, and the results reveal a significant quasi-periodicity with a period of 1.74 ± 0.13 years and a significance of ∼4.9σ. The constraint of multifrequencies quasi-periodic variabilities on blazar emission model is discussed.
The Role of Diffusion in the Transport of Energetic Electrons during Solar Flares
Authors: Bian Nicolas H. , Emslie A. Gordon , Kontar Eduard P.
Published: February 2017

The transport of the energy contained in suprathermal electrons in solar flares plays a key role in our understanding of many aspects of flare physics, from the spatial distributions of hard X-ray emission and energy deposition in the ambient atmosphere to global energetics. Historically the transport of these particles has been largely treated through a deterministic approach, in which first-order secular energy loss to electrons in the ambient target is treated as the dominant effect, with second-order diffusive terms (in both energy and angle) generally being either treated as a small correction or even neglected. Here, we critically analyze this approach, and we show that spatial diffusion through pitch-angle scattering necessarily plays a very significant role in the transport of electrons. We further show that a satisfactory treatment of the diffusion process requires consideration of non-local effects, so that the electron flux depends not just on the local gradient of the electron distribution function but on the value of this gradient within an extended region encompassing a significant fraction of a mean free path. Our analysis applies generally to pitch-angle scattering by a variety of mechanisms, from Coulomb collisions to turbulent scattering. We further show that the spatial transport of electrons along the magnetic field of a flaring loop can be modeled rather effectively as a Continuous Time Random Walk with velocity-dependent probability distribution functions of jump sizes and occurrences, both of which can be expressed in terms of the scattering mean free path.
Search for GeV and X-Ray Flares Associated with the IceCube Track-like Neutrinos
Authors: Peng Fang-Kun , Wang Xiang-Yu
Published: February 2017

Dozens of high-energy neutrinos have been detected by the IceCube neutrino telescope, but no clear association with any classes of astrophysical sources has been identified so far. Recently, Kadler et al. reported that a PeV cascade-like neutrino event occurred in positional and temporal coincidence with a giant gamma-ray flare of the blazar PKS B1424-418. Since IceCube track-like events have much better angular resolution, we here search for possible short-term gamma-ray flares that are associated with the IceCube track-like events with Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) observations. Among them, three track-like neutrino events occur within the field of view of Fermi-LAT at the time of the detection, so searching for the prompt gamma-ray emission associated with neutrinos is possible. Assuming a point source origin and a single power-law spectrum for the possible gamma-ray sources associated with neutrinos, a likelihood analysis of 0.2–100 GeV photons observed by Fermi-LAT on the timescales of ∼12 hr and one year are performed, and for the three special neutrinos, the analyses are also performed on the timescales of thousands of seconds before and after the neutrino detection. No significant GeV excesses over the background are found and upper limit fluxes at the 95% confidence level are obtained for different timescales. We also search for possible the Swift hard X-ray transient sources associated with the IceCube track-like neutrino events, but the search also yields null results. We discuss the implication of the non-detection of gamma-ray flares for the constraints on the neutrino source density.
Intensity Mapping of Hα, Hβ,
, and
Lines at z < 5
Authors: Gong Yan , Cooray Asantha , Silva Marta B. , Zemcov Michael , Feng Chang , Santos Mario G. , Dore Olivier , Chen Xuelei
Published: February 2017

Intensity mapping is becoming a useful tool to study the large-scale structure of the universe through spatial variations in the integrated emission from galaxies and the intergalactic medium. We study intensity mapping of the

, [O iii] 5007 Å, [O ii] 3727 Å, and

lines at

. The mean intensities of these four emission lines are estimated using the observed luminosity functions (LFs), cosmological simulations, and the star formation rate density (SFRD) derived from observations at

. We calculate the intensity power spectra and consider the foreground contamination of other lines at lower redshifts. We use the proposed NASA small explorer SPHEREx (the Spectro-Photometer for the History of the universe, Epoch of Reionization, and Ices Explorer) as a case study for the detectability of the intensity power spectra of the four emission lines. We also investigate the cross-correlation with the 21 cm line probed by the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME), Tianlai experiment and the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) at

. We find both the auto and cross power spectra can be well measured for the Hα, [O iii] and [O ii] lines at

, while it is more challenging for the Hβ line. Finally, we estimate the constraint on the SFRD from intensity mapping, and find we can reach an accuracy higher than 7% at

, which is better than with the usual method of measurements using the LFs of galaxies.
A Deep Test of Radial Differential Rotation in a Helium-atmosphere White Dwarf.I. Discovery of Pulsations in PG 0112+104
Authors: Hermes J. J. , Kawaler Steven D. , Bischoff-Kim A. , Provencal J. L. , Dunlap B. H. , Clemens J. C.
Published: February 2017

We present the detection of non-radial oscillations in a hot, helium-atmosphere white dwarf using 78.7 days of nearly uninterrupted photometry from the Kepler space telescope. With an effective temperature >30,000 K, PG 0112+104 becomes the hottest helium-atmosphere white dwarf known to pulsate. The rich oscillation spectrum of low-order g-modes includes clear patterns of rotational splittings from consecutive sequences of dipole and quadrupole modes, which can be used to probe the rotation rate with depth in this highly evolved stellar remnant. We also measure a surface rotation rate of 10.17404 hr from an apparent spot modulation in the K2 data. With two independent measures of rotation, PG 0112+104 provides a remarkable test of asteroseismic inference.
Physical Properties of Molecular Clouds at 2 pc Resolution in the Low-metallicity Dwarf Galaxy NGC 6822 and the Milky Way
Authors: Schruba Andreas , Leroy Adam K. , Kruijssen J. M. Diederik , Bigiel Frank , Bolatto Alberto D. , Blok W. J. G. de , Tacconi Linda , Dishoeck Ewine F. van , Walter Fabian
Published: February 2017

We present the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array survey of CO(2–1) emission from the 1/5 solar metallicity, Local Group dwarf galaxy NGC 6822. We achieve high (

pc) spatial resolution while covering a large area: four 250 pc × 250 pc regions that encompass

of NGC 6822's star formation. In these regions, we resolve

compact CO clumps that have small radii (∼2–3 pc), narrow line width (

km s−1), and low filling factor across the galaxy. This is consistent with other recent studies of low-metallicity galaxies, but here shown with a

larger sample. At parsec scales, CO emission correlates with

emission better than with

emission and anticorrelates with Hα, so that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission may be an effective tracer of molecular gas at low metallicity. The properties of the CO clumps resemble those of similar-size structures in Galactic clouds except of slightly lower surface brightness and with CO-to-H2 ratio ∼1–2× the Galactic value. The clumps exist inside larger atomic–molecular complexes with masses typical for giant molecular clouds. Using dust to trace H2 for the entire complex, we find the CO-to-H2 ratio to be

the Galactic value, but with strong dependence on spatial scale and variations between complexes that may track their evolutionary state. The H2-to-H i ratio is low globally and only mildly above unity within the complexes. The ratio of star formation rate to H2 is

higher in the complexes than in massive disk galaxies, but after accounting for the bias from targeting star-forming regions, we conclude that the global molecular gas depletion time may be as long as in massive disk galaxies.
A Method to Measure the Unbiased Decorrelation Timescale of the AGN Variable Signal from Structure Functions
Authors: Kozłowski Szymon
Published: February 2017

A simple, model-independent method to quantify the stochastic variability of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is the structure function (SF) analysis. If the SF for the timescales shorter than the decorrelation timescale τ is a single power law and for the longer ones becomes flat (i.e., white noise), then the auto-correlation function (ACF) of the signal can have the form of the power exponential (PE). We show that the signal decorrelation timescale can be measured directly from the SF as the timescale matching the amplitude 0.795 of the flat SF part (at long timescales), and only then is the measurement independent of the ACF PE power. Typically, the timescale has been measured at an arbitrarily fixed SF amplitude, but as we prove, this approach provides biased results, because the AGN SF/power spectral density slopes, and thus the ACF shape, are not constant and depend on either the AGN luminosity and/or the black hole mass. In particular, we show that using such a method for the simulated SFs that includes a combination of empirically known dependencies between the AGN luminosity L and both the SF amplitude and the PE power, and having no intrinsic τ–L dependence, produces a fake

relation with

, which otherwise is expected from theoretical works (

). Our method provides an alternative means for analyzing AGN variability to the standard SF fitting. The caveats, for both methods, are that the light curves must be sufficiently long (with a several year rest frame) and the ensemble SF assumes AGNs to have the same underlying variability process.
Nonlinear Particle Acceleration and Thermal Particles in GRB Afterglows
Authors: Warren Donald C. , Ellison Donald C. , Barkov Maxim V. , Nagataki Shigehiro
Published: February 2017

The standard model for GRB afterglow emission treats the accelerated electron population as a simple power law,

for

. However, in standard Fermi shock acceleration, a substantial fraction of the swept-up particles do not enter the acceleration process at all. Additionally, if acceleration is efficient, then the nonlinear back-reaction of accelerated particles on the shock structure modifies the shape of the nonthermal tail of the particle spectra. Both of these modifications to the standard synchrotron afterglow impact the luminosity, spectra, and temporal variation of the afterglow. To examine the effects of including thermal particles and nonlinear particle acceleration on afterglow emission, we follow a hydrodynamical model for an afterglow jet and simulate acceleration at numerous points during the evolution. When thermal particles are included, we find that the electron population is at no time well fitted by a single power law, though the highest-energy electrons are; if the acceleration is efficient, then the power-law region is even smaller. Our model predicts hard–soft–hard spectral evolution at X-ray energies, as well as an uncoupled X-ray and optical light curve. Additionally, we show that including emission from thermal particles has drastic effects (increases by factors of 100 and 30, respectively) on the observed flux at optical and GeV energies. This enhancement of GeV emission makes afterglow detections by future γ-ray observatories, such as CTA, very likely.
Social Science Education and Outreach as a Tool for Regional Development and Institutional Building
Authors: Mathew Elizabeth
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this Chapter is to delineate how Outreach of Social Science Education can become meaningful for Institution building as well as for society. The case of how an aided college in India run by private management facing the perils of post liberalization adjustments in governance and funding for higher education is able to create social relevance in its existence. The main factors that make outreach possible is the values of social commitment among the faculty and students. It shows that formative attitudes for such outreach, its implementation and monitoring through specified pedagogical perspectives, play a major role in bringing out effective development in the region causing institution building. The challenges and constraints embedded in its growth were no impediments to the institution being accredited as the best in the category for Arts and Science Colleges in India.
A Project-Based Learning Approach
Authors: Osuna Galan Ismael , Rosas-Mendoza Alejandro Miguel
Published: February 2017

Mathematical applications have a presence in an engineering environment; in the particular case of mathematical models. A pedagogic theoretical framework that supports various teaching-learning techniques is constructionism; one of these techniques is called Project Based Learning which provides several advantages. This chapter aims to show the experiences during the course of Mathematical Modeling in a context of project-based learning. It will show that students develop general skills of engineering which includes developing the faculties of memory, reasoning and problem solving, teamwork and initiative and of readiness to take risks. Also presents some of the advantages and issues for consideration in relation to its effectiveness as a teaching and learning method.
Argumentation Schema to Analyze High School Students' Scientific Reasoning
Authors: De la Garza Ricardo Lorenzo , Zavala Genaro , Gómez Galindo Alma Adrianna
Published: February 2017

This chapter describes how the explicit teaching of an argumentative schema Toulmin argumentative process (TAP) allows the exploration of students' scientific reasoning according to the cognitive model of science (CMS) when immersed in a kinematic activity called The walking man. A qualitative methodology was implemented to acquire, explore, and analyze two sources of data that were recollected from students discourse and a poster generated during the implementation of a kinematic activity. The results found show that it is possible to model students' scientific reasoning after the explicit teaching of TAP and that it also acts as a scaffolding resource for students to promote scientific reasoning cognitive abilities such as observation, data collection, use of representations (tabular, graphical and mathematical equation), creation, analysis and discussion of a kinematic model of the phenomena.
Security in IoT Devices
Authors: Jeyanthi N. , Banthia Shreyansh , Sharma Akhil
Published: February 2017

An attempt to do a comparison between the various DDoS attack types that exist by analysing them in various categories that can be formed, to provide a more comprehensive view of the problem that DDoS poses to the internet infrastructure today. Then DDoS and its relevance with respect to IoT (Internet of Things) devices are analysed where attack types have been explained and possible solutions available are analysed. This chapter does not propose any new solutions to mitigating the effects of DDoS attacks but just provides a general survey of the prevailing attack types along with analysis of the underlying structures that make these attacks possible, which would help researchers in understanding the DDoS problem better.
Mobile Advertising
Authors: Çeltek Evrim
Published: February 2017

Information sources for business activities have changed greatly over the last decade principally as a result of the impact of latest media and technologies. The utility of written media, like guides and brochures has been questioned. Traditional communication techniques are decreasing effectiveness and marketers are seeking inventive application to draw in customer. Advergames are a kind of branded entertainment that features advertising messages, logos and trade character in a game format and mobile advergames use interactive mobile multimedia system to make interactive entertainment that advertises or promotes product or services by embedding brand messages within the game action. Therefore, the potential effects of interactive promotions like advergame and mobile advergame on tourist's higher cognitive process and behavior is also important. The aim of this study is to supply an understanding of the qualities and potentials of the mobile advergame as an advertising and promoting tool for the tourism business.
The Reconstruction of the “Youth Ideal” in Narrative Advertising
Authors: Arslantürk Gülten
Published: February 2017

It is asserted that the period of aging and society has a high correlation while aging can be considered as a formation of social institutions that provide a specific type of discourse in a life course. It is assumed that this discourse can have the potential to construct hierarchical stratification among age grades which can also cause ageism. It is asserted that a so-called postmodern world is constructed in a discourse where youth and its related ideals are centered in all life activities, which can commonly be observed in advertisements. The aim of this study is to find out how narrative advertisements reconstruct the ideals of the youth in a consumer society by the help of making semi-structural in-depth interviews with people from four different life stages. Three narrative advertisement examples from three different categories such as; service, durable goods and nondurable goods will be chosen and be analysed through discourse analysis.
Juan Pablo Fusi. Una semblanza
Authors: López Vega Antonio
Published: February 2017

Juan Pablo Fusi. Una semblanza
O FUTEBOL / FUTSAL E AS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DAS CIDADES DO ESTADO DO PARANÁ
Authors: Melleiro Malagutti João Paulo , Hirata Edson , Starepravo Fernando Augusto
Published: February 2017

O futebol é considerado uma paixão nacional, sendo um dos objetos sociais mais complexos de análise. Desde sua chegada ao país, o futebol foi traçado cuidadosamente até se consolidar como uma identidade nacional, tornando-se o “país do futebol”. A partir desse pressuposto originou-se o objetivo deste artigo, identificar a presença de ações e projetos públicos de futebol/futsal oferecidos pelas estruturas administrativas responsáveis pelo esporte nos municípios e enunciar possíveis explicações para os números encontrados. Como resultados encontramos uma superioridade do número de projetos esportivos do futebol/futsal frente a outras modalidades, justificado pela procura dos cidadãos por projetos relacionados com o futebol, mediante a uma cultura da prática do futebol já imposta.
Tejiendo el consenso desde la combinación de las agendas: la Agenda Melding
Authors: Paiz Malespín Gretta
Published: February 2017

Este ensayo tuvo el propósito de consignar el debate de la Agenda Melding, propuesta por sus creadores a manera de hipótesis como una nueva dimensión de la Agenda Setting, desde un renovado planteamiento que pone en el centro a grupos de individuos capaces de crear conexiones unos con otros, a decidirse por una o varias agendas y a constituir las propias.Esta nueva perspectiva de la Agenda Melding o combinación de agendas, desentelaraña viejas, arbitrarias y cuestionadas posturas como la Teoría de la aguja hipodérmica y la Teoría de la espiral del silencio, desde las cuales los individuos tenían reducidas sus capacidades de pensar y decidir, quedando atrás, el efecto dominante y superpoderoso de los medios de comunicación en fijar la agenda y la prioridad del público sobre ésta.En efecto, la Agenda Melding ha propuesto un nuevo paradigma teórico, metodológico y pragmático, que conduzca a una nueva era de los medios de comunicación y que estos puedan pasar de posiciones verticales a más horizontales, en la medida que consigan incorporar y priorizar como parte de su agenda la misma de la comunidad, entendida esta como el grupo de individuos en una sociedad.
Educação para o Consumo: uma proposta transversal para o Ensino de História
Authors: Fermiano Maria Belintane
Published: February 2017

Os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais foram lançados, em 1997, como subsídios para apoiar o projeto da escola na sua organização curricular e, dessa forma, atender as diversas realidades e necessidades de escolas e alunos de cada região brasileira. A grande novidade centrou-se nos cinco temas transversais, que flexibilizariam o trabalho com assuntos atuais e importantes para o desenvolvimento da cidadania e contextualização dos conteúdos escolares. Dada a importância do tema transversal Trabalho e Consumo, nos dias atuais, apresentamos a Educação para o Consumo como uma proposta para o ensino de História, uma vez que vai ao encontro dos objetivos da área e aborda: a construção de identidade a partir do consumo; a relação do marketing com crianças e jovens; o consumo como uma relação de desigualdade; a compreensão de assuntos econômicos; a educação para o consumo consciente e a cidadania.
Ensino (d)e história indígena: um livro necessário
Authors: Bigeli Maria Cristina Floriano
Published: February 2017

Resenha do livro: WITTMANN, Luisa Tombini (Org.). Ensino (d)e História Indígena. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica Editora, 2015.
Discussão sobre o envelhecimento como instrumento para educação em saúde no Ensino de História
Authors: Pedro Luciane
Published: February 2017

A população brasileira alcança índices cada vez mais elevados de idosos. Este fato nos remete à reflexão sobre a importância desse tema nas abordagens de educação em saúde no ensino de História. Considerando-se saúde entendida como um direito humano fundamental e como algo que construímos ao longo de nossa vida, condicionada às condições sociais, econômicas e emocionais que nos acompanharam, o objetivo do presente artigo é apontar questões relativas à importância da discussão sobre o envelhecimento de forma associada à educação para a cidadania. Utilizamos como metodologia a revisão bibliográfica sobre o assunto, apoiando-nos na construção das categorias teóricas, saúde e educação para a cidadania, a partir dos referenciais desenvolvidos por Benevides e as propostas pedagógicas libertadoras, cuja construção teórica teve como referência o educador Paulo Freire. A inclusão da temática do envelhecimento como instrumento para Educação em Saúde no ensino de História possibilita pensarmos em indivíduos comprometidos com a sua saúde e da coletividade, bem como, com a afirmação da vida digna para todos e com a edificação de uma sociedade de respeito aos direitos humanos.
The Analysis of Phenylbutazone and Its Active Metabolite, Oxyphenbutazone, in Equine Tissues (Muscle, Kidney, and Liver), Urine, and Serum by LC-MS/MS
Authors: Boison Joe O , Dowling Patricia , Matus Johanna L , Kinar Jana , Johnson Ron
Published: February 2017

This study reports the use of two validated LC with tandem MS (MS/MS) methods to study the residue depletion profile of phenylbutazone (PBZ) and its metabolite oxyphenbutazone (OXPBZ) from equine serum, urine, and muscle, kidney, and liver tissues. One LC-MS/MS method, with an LOQ of 1.0 ng/mL for PBZ and 2.0 ng/mL for OXPBZ, was used for the analysis of the two drugs in the biological fluids (equine urine and serum); the other LC-MS/MS method, with an LOQ of 0.5 ng/g for PBZ and OXPBZ, was used for the analysis of the drugs in the equine tissue samples. PBZ was administered intravenously to two horses dosed with 8.8 mg/kg PBZ once daily for 4 days and sacrificed humanely at a slaughter plant 7 days after the last drug administration. Urine, serum, and kidney, liver, and muscle tissues were collected from the two horses and shipped on ice to the laboratory and stored at −20°C until analysis. The concentrations of PBZ and OXPBZ residues in the biological fluid and tissue samples collected at slaughter were measured with the two validated LC-MS/MS methods using deuterated internal standards. The results demonstrate that the validated methods are fit for studying the depletion kinetics of PBZ residues in equine tissues and biological fluids.
Direct Detection of a Chemical Equilibrium between a Localized Singlet Diradical and Its σ‐Bonded Species by Time‐Resolved UV/Vis and IR Spectroscopy
Authors: Yoshidomi Shohei , Mishima Megumi , Seyama Shin , Abe Manabu , Fujiwara Yoshihisa , Ishibashi Taka‐aki
Published: February 2017

Localized singlet diradicals are key intermediates in bond homolyses. The singlet diradicals are energetically much less stable than the σ‐bonded species. In general, only one‐way reactions from diradicals to σ‐bonded species are observed. In this study, a thermal equilibrium between a singlet 1,2‐diazacyclopentane‐3,5‐diyl diradical and the corresponding σ‐bonded species was directly observed. The singlet diradical was more stable than the σ‐bonded species. The solvent effect clarified key features, such as the zwitterionic character of the singlet diradical. The effect of the nitrogen atoms is discussed in detail.
Design, Synthesis, and Photovoltaic Characterization of a Small Molecular Acceptor with an Ultra‐Narrow Band Gap
Authors: Yao Huifeng , Cui Yong , Yu Runnan , Gao Bowei , Zhang Hao , Hou Jianhui
Published: February 2017

The design of narrow band gap (NBG) donors or acceptors and their application in organic solar cells (OSCs) are of great importance in the conversion of solar photons to electrons. Limited by the inevitable energy loss from the optical band gap of the photovoltaic material to the open‐circuit voltage of the OSC device, the improvement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of NBG‐based OSCs faces great challenges. A novel acceptor–donor–acceptor structured non‐fullerene acceptor is reported with an ultra‐narrow band gap of 1.24 eV, which was achieved by an enhanced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect. In the OSC device, despite a low energy loss of 0.509 eV, an impressive short‐circuit current density of 25.3 mA cm−2 is still recorded, which is the highest value for all OSC devices. The high 10.9 % PCE of the NBG‐based OSC demonstrates that the design and application of ultra‐narrow materials have the potential to further improve the PCE of OSC devices.
Plant‐Mediated Biogenic Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles: Recent Trends and Emerging Opportunities
Authors: Vishnukumar Perumalsamy , Vivekanandhan Singaravelu , Muthuramkumar Sankaralingam
Published: February 2017

Nanoparticles of silver, gold, palladium and platinum are widely applied in medicine, sensor, energy and catalysis and have been widely investigated for their unique physicochemical properties. Next to silver and gold nanoparticles, palladium receives extensive attention due to their distinctive size‐dependent catalytic performance. Traditionally, Pd nanoparticles have been synthesized using various physical and chemical methods involving sophisticated equipment and excessive chemicals. Expanding demand and the emerging economic/environmental concerns in synthesizing palladium nanoparticles created the necessity for the development of simple, eco‐friendly, and cost effective processes. Within this context, biological processes that use plants, microorganisms, enzymes and biochemicals have been used for the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles as the green alternative. The aim of this article is to review the recent biological trends in the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles employing various plants and their effective utilization.
Coronary artery perforations after contemporary percutaneous coronary interventions: Evaluation of incidence, risk factors, outcomes, and predictors of mortality
Authors: Parsh Jessica , Seth Milan , Green Jacqueline , Sutton Nadia R. , Chetcuti Stanley , Dixon Simon , Grossman Paul M. , Khandelwal Akshay , Dupree James M. , Gurm Hitinder S.
Published: February 2017

Objectives

We sought to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, in‐hospital, and long‐term outcomes and predictors of mortality of coronary artery perforations (CAP) in the contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) era.

Background

CAP is a rare but serious complication of PCI associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality.

Methods

We included 181,590 procedures performed across 47 hospitals in Michigan from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2015. Endpoints evaluated included the incidence of CAP and its association with in‐hospital outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to determine independent risk factors for CAP and to examine whether the effect of CAP on mortality varied by gender.

Results

CAP occurred in 625 (0.34%) patients. Independent predictors for CAP included older age, peripheral arterial disease, presence of left ventricular dysfunction or cardiomyopathy, lower body mass index, pre‐PCI insertion of a mechanical ventricular support device, treatment of complex lesions (Type C), and treatment of chronic total occlusions, the latter of which was the strongest predictor of perforation (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 7.01, P < 0.001). After adjusting for baseline risk, the incidence of adverse outcomes remained substantially greater in patients with a perforation, with an adjusted OR estimate of 5.00 for mortality (95% CI 3.42–7.31), 3.25 for acute kidney injury (95% CI 2.30–4.58), and 5.26 for transfusion (95% CI 4.03–6.87) (all P < 0.001). Perforation was associated with a higher mortality in women than men (interaction P value = 0.01).

Conclusions

CAP is a rare complication but is associated with high morbidity and mortality especially in women. Further investigation is warranted to determine why women fare worse after CAP. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Planning Approach for Modular Plants in the Chemical Industry
Authors: Fleischer‐Trebes Christoph , Krasberg Nicolai , Bramsiepe Christian , Kockmann Norbert
Published: February 2017

Modulare Produktionsanlagen werden bei der Planung von neuen Anlagen in Betracht gezogen, sobald diese schnell geplant werden und den Charakter von wandlungsfähigen, flexiblen Anlagen mit sich bringen sollen. Hier wird ein modulbasierter Planungsansatz vorgestellt, mit dessen Hilfe die Planung von neuen, modular aufgebauten Anlagen strukturiert und zeiteffizient durchgeführt werden kann. Dabei werden alle zum Bau benötigten Dokumente von Modulen in einer Process Equipment Design Dokumentation hinterlegt, die projektübergreifend zur Wiederverwendung zur Verfügung steht.
Altitudinal migration and the future of an iconic Hawaiian honeycreeper in response to climate change and management
Authors: Guillaumet Alban , Kuntz Wendy A. , Samuel Michael D. , Paxton Eben H.
Published: February 2017

Altitudinal movement by tropical birds to track seasonally variable resources can move them from protected areas to areas of increased vulnerability. In Hawaiʻi, historical reports suggest that many Hawaiian honeycreepers such as the ‘I‘iwi (Drepanis coccinea) once undertook seasonal migrations, but the existence of such movements today is unclear. Because Hawaiian honeycreepers are highly susceptible to avian malaria, currently minimal in high‐elevation forests, understanding the degree to which honeycreepers visit lower elevation forests may be critical to predict the current impact of malaria on population dynamics and how susceptible bird populations may respond to climate change and mitigation scenarios. Using radio telemetry data, we demonstrate for the first time that a large fraction of breeding adult and juvenile ‘I‘iwi originating from an upper‐elevation (1,920 m) population at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge exhibit post‐breeding movements well below the upper elevational limit for mosquitoes. Bloom data suggest seasonal variation in floral resources is the primary driver of seasonal movement for ‘I‘iwi. To understand the demographic implications of such movement, we developed a spatial individual‐based model calibrated using previously published and original data. ʻI‘iwi dynamics were simulated backward in time, to estimate population levels in the absence of avian malaria, and forward in time, to assess the impact of climate warming as well as two potential mitigation actions. Even in disease‐free ‘refuge’ populations, we found that breeding densities failed to reach the estimated carrying capacity, suggesting the existence of a seasonal “migration load” as a result of travel to disease‐prevalent areas. We predict that ‘I‘iwi may be on the verge of extinction in 2100, with the total number of pairs reaching only ~ 0.2–12.3% of the estimated pre‐malaria density, based on an optimistic climate change scenario. The probability of extinction of ‘I‘iwi populations, as measured by population estimates for 2100, is strongly related to their estimated migration propensity. Long‐term conservation strategies likely will require a multi‐pronged response including a reduction of malaria threats, habitat restoration and continued landscape‐level access to seasonally variable nectar resources.
Dielectric submicroscopic phase characterisation of engine oil dispersed in jet fuel based on on‐line dielectric spectroscopy
Authors: Gong Ying‐zhong , Guan Liang , Wang Li‐guang , Liu Han‐chen
Published: February 2017

The dielectric submicroscopic phase (DSP) characterisation of oxidised engine oils dispersed in 3# jet fuel has been analysed by on‐line dielectric spectroscopy (DES) in order to establish the correlation between engine oil oxidation degradation degrees and its DSP characteristics. Seven samples with different oxidation degradation degrees called oxidation‐series samples prepared by simulation oxidation have been analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and their insoluble content values according to GB/T8296 have been obtained. A series of dispersion systems composed of 0.3 ml oxidation‐series samples as the dispersed substances and 3 ml 3# jet fuel as the corresponding dispersion mediums have been designed and tested by on‐line DES during the dispersion processes, which resulted in seven series of dispersion‐series samples. Significant DES differences between the 3# jet fuel dispersion mediums and the dispersion systems have been obtained. During the dispersion process, the significant trends including dielectric enhancement stages and dielectric weakening stages have been observed according to both the raw on‐line DES spectra and DES distances, which resulted from the dielectric inhomogeneity and could be regarded as the main DSP characteristics of dispersion systems. The fact that the DSP characteristics were significantly different from the interfacial polarisation characteristics of heterogeneous systems has been verified by the on‐line DES Cole–Cole plots. It has also been proved that there the DSP characteristics of dispersion systems were consistent with their oxidation degradation degrees. And good regression performance can be obtained from both the on‐line DES distances on the basis of partial least squares and on‐line DES spectral data on the basis of multilinear‐partial least squares for insoluble contents and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy oxidation peak areas. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volterra Integral Equations
Authors: Brunner Hermann
Published: February 2017

This book offers a comprehensive introduction to the theory of linear and nonlinear Volterra integral equations (VIEs), ranging from Volterra's fundamental contributions and the resulting classical theory to more recent developments that include Volterra functional integral equations with various kinds of delays, VIEs with highly oscillatory kernels, and VIEs with non-compact operators. It will act as a 'stepping stone' to the literature on the advanced theory of VIEs, bringing the reader to the current state of the art in the theory. Each chapter contains a large number of exercises, extending from routine problems illustrating or complementing the theory to challenging open research problems. The increasingly important role of VIEs in the mathematical modelling of phenomena where memory effects play a key role is illustrated with some 30 concrete examples, and the notes at the end of each chapter feature complementary references as a guide to further reading.
Potential benefits of phytochemicals against Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wightman Emma L.
Published: February 2017

Our current therapeutic drugs for Alzheimer's disease are predominantly derived from the alkaloid class of plant phytochemicals. These drugs, such as galantamine and rivastigmine, attenuate the decline in the cholinergic system but, as the alkaloids occupy the most dangerous end of the phytochemical spectrum (indeed they function as feeding deterrents and poisons to other organisms within the plant itself), they are often associated with unpleasant side effects. In addition, these cholinesterase inhibiting alkaloids target only one system in a disorder, which is typified by multifactorial deficits. The present paper will look at the more benign terpene (such asGinkgo biloba, Ginseng,Melissa officinalis(lemon balm) andSalvia lavandulaefolia(sage)) and phenolic (such as resveratrol) phytochemicals; arguing that they offer a safer alternative and that, as well as demonstrating efficacy in cholinesterase inhibition, these phytochemicals are able to target other salient systems such as cerebral blood flow, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammation, inhibition of amyloid-β neurotoxicity, glucoregulation and interaction with other neurotransmitters (such as γ-aminobutyric acid) and signalling pathways (e.g. via kinase enzymes).
Accounting for Inter-System Bias in DGNSS Positioning with GPS/GLONASS/BDS/Galileo
Authors: Liu Hui , Shu Bao , Xu Longwei , Qian Chuang , Zhang Rufei , Zhang Ming
Published: February 2017

Code Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is widely used in satellite navigation and positioning because of its simple algorithm and preferable precision. Multi-Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is expected to enhance the accuracy, reliability and availability of Differential GNSS (DGNSS) positioning. Traditional DGNSS models should set separate clock parameters due to the clock differences between the different systems. Awareness of the Inter-System Bias (ISB) could help to maximise the redundancy of the positioning model, thus improving the performance of multi-GNSS positioning. This paper aims to examine the inter-system bias of GPS/GLONASS/BeiDou (BDS)/Galileo and their benefits in DGNSS positioning. Results show that Differential ISB (DISB) characteristics vary with different receiver types and systems. The size of DISB could reach metre-level and the precision of estimated DISBs can reach approximately several centimetres within tens of epochs. Therefore, a new real-time DGNSS model that accounts for ISB is proposed. After differential ISBs are initialised, positioning with four satellites from arbitrarily the same or different systems can be realised. Moreover, compared with the traditional DGNSS model, the precision of the positioning results with the new model are obviously improved, especially in harsh environments.
A VLBI experiment using a remote atomic clock via a coherent fibre link
Authors: Clivati Cecilia , Ambrosini Roberto , Artz Thomas , Bertarini Alessandra , Bortolotti Claudio , Frittelli Matteo , Levi Filippo , Mura Alberto , Maccaferri Giuseppe , Nanni Mauro , Negusini Monia , Perini Federico , Roma Mauro , Stagni Matteo , Zucco Massimo , Calonico Davide
Published: February 2017

We describe a VLBI experiment in which, for the first time, the clock reference is delivered from a National Metrology Institute to a radio telescope using a coherent fibre link 550 km long. The experiment consisted of a 24-hours long geodetic campaign, performed by a network of European telescopes; in one of those (Medicina, Italy) the local clock was alternated with a signal generated from an optical comb slaved to a fibre-disseminated optical signal. The quality of the results obtained with this facility and with the local clock is similar: interferometric fringes were detected throughout the whole 24-hours period and it was possible to obtain a solution whose residuals are comparable to those obtained with the local clock. These results encourage further investigation of the ultimate VLBI performances achievable using fibre dissemination at the highest precision of state-of-the-art atomic clocks.
The sRNAome mining revealed existence of unique signature small RNAs derived from 5.8SrRNA from Piper nigrum and other plant lineages
Authors: Asha Srinivasan , Soniya E. V.
Published: February 2017

Small RNAs derived from ribosomal RNAs (srRNAs) are rarely explored in the high-throughput data of plant systems. Here, we analyzed srRNAs from the deep-sequenced small RNA libraries of Piper nigrum, a unique magnoliid plant. The 5′ end of the putative long form of 5.8S rRNA (5.8SLrRNA) was identified as the site for biogenesis of highly abundant srRNAs that are unique among the Piperaceae family of plants. A subsequent comparative analysis of the ninety-seven sRNAomes of diverse plants successfully uncovered the abundant existence and precise cleavage of unique rRF signature small RNAs upstream of a novel 5′ consensus sequence of the 5.8S rRNA. The major cleavage process mapped identically among the different tissues of the same plant. The differential expression and cleavage of 5′5.8S srRNAs in Phytophthora capsici infected P. nigrum tissues indicated the critical biological functions of these srRNAs during stress response. The non-canonical short hairpin precursor structure, the association with Argonaute proteins, and the potential targets of 5′5.8S srRNAs reinforced their regulatory role in the RNAi pathway in plants. In addition, this novel lineage specific small RNAs may have tremendous biological potential in the taxonomic profiling of plants.
Seagrass ecophysiological performance under ocean warming and acidification
Authors: Repolho Tiago , Duarte Bernardo , Dionísio Gisela , Paula José Ricardo , Lopes Ana R. , Rosa Inês C. , Grilo Tiago F. , Caçador Isabel , Calado Ricardo , Rosa Rui
Published: February 2017

Seagrasses play an essential ecological role within coastal habitats and their worldwide population decline has been linked to different types of anthropogenic forces. We investigated, for the first time, the combined effects of future ocean warming and acidification on fundamental biological processes of Zostera noltii, including shoot density, leaf coloration, photophysiology (electron transport rate, ETR; maximum PSII quantum yield, Fv/Fm) and photosynthetic pigments. Shoot density was severely affected under warming conditions, with a concomitant increase in the frequency of brownish colored leaves (seagrass die-off). Warming was responsible for a significant decrease in ETR and Fv/Fm (particularly under control pH conditions), while promoting the highest ETR variability (among experimental treatments). Warming also elicited a significant increase in pheophytin and carotenoid levels, alongside an increase in carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio and De-Epoxidation State (DES). Acidification significantly affected photosynthetic pigments content (antheraxanthin, β-carotene, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin), with a significant decrease being recorded under the warming scenario. No significant interaction between ocean acidification and warming was observed. Our findings suggest that future ocean warming will be a foremost determinant stressor influencing Z. noltii survival and physiological performance. Additionally, acidification conditions to occur in the future will be unable to counteract deleterious effects posed by ocean warming.
Phenylephrine-induced cardiac hypertrophy is attenuated by a histone acetylase inhibitor anacardic acid in mice
Authors: Peng Chang , Luo Xiaomei , Li Shuo , Sun Huichao
Published: February 2017

Cardiac hypertrophy is a complex process involving highly coordinated but tight regulation of multiple elements, such as in epigenetics, which make an important contribution to myocardium remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy.
Diastereoselective synthesis of tetrahydropyrans via Prins–Ritter and Prins–arylthiolation cyclization reactions
Authors: Hazarika Nabajyoti , Sarmah Barnali , Bordoloi Manobjyoti , Phukan Prodeep , Baishya Gakul
Published: February 2017

Highly diastereoselective Prins–Ritter and Prins-arylthiolation cyclization reactions have been developed for the synthesis of two novel classes of tetrahydropyran derivatives.