bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining and Characterizing Ethylene Oxide Nonylphenol Condensates by Infrared Spectrometry
Authors: Garcia Raurich Josep , Call Xavier Milián
Published: March 2007

The objective of this work is to develop a method for rapid determination of the differents kinds of nonylphenols by means of infrared spectrometry.
Blaming the Victim: Attributions Concerning Sexual Harassment Based on Clothing, Just‐World Belief, and Sex of Subject
Authors: Johnson Kim K. P. , Workman Jane E.
Published: March 2007

Belief in a just world is associated with an expectation that individuals can determine their own rewards and punishments rather than being at the mercy of external forces (Rotter, 1966). Believers in a just world are likely to view victims as responsible for their fates. An experimental design was used to test the effect of victim clothing, just‐world belief, and sex of subject on attributions concerning sexual harassment. A convenience sample of 200 subjects (97 males, 102females, 1 information missing) was used in a 2 (provocative vs. nonprovocative clothing) × 2 (believers vs. nonbelievers) × 2 (sex of subject) between‐subjects factorial design. The subjects read a vignette that described a claim of sexual harassment, viewed a photograph of the victim, and made attributions reflecting blame by responding to four items. Subjects also indicated the likelihood that a male supervisor would engage in each of eight sexually harassing behaviors. Multivariate analyses of variance, analyses of variance, and the Newman‐Keuls test were used to analyze the data. Subjects indicated that the victim appearing in provocative clothing, as opposed to the victim in nonprovocative clothing, could have prevented the incident, provoked the advances, and brought about the advances. Female subjects indicated that a male supervisor was more likely to engage in sexually harassing behaviors than did male subjects. Subjects also indicated a female appearing in provocative clothing was more likely to be the recipient of sexually harassing behavior than a female in nonprovocative clothing.
Research and Strategic Marketing in Tourism: A Status Report
Authors: Rovelstad James M. , Blazer Suzanne Roff
Published: March 2007

This article reports a study of marketing research as applied to the travel and tourism industry in the U.S.
The Intercity Bus Tour Market: A Comparison Between Inquirers and Purchasers
Authors: Cunningham Lawrence F. , Thompson Kenneth N.
Published: March 2007

This study reports the results of an effort to gather information for a bus firm located in the southwest United States about individuals who actually purchased bus tours offered by the firm (patrons), as well as about individuals who had merely inquired about the firm's tour program (non-patrons). The study indicates that distinct differences do exist between patrons and non-patrons. These differences are most evident in terms of some travel habits and preferences, somepsychographic and demographic characteristics, automobile ownership characteristics, and the sources of information used in vacation planning.
Understanding Residents' Reaction To Tourism Marketing Strategies
Authors: Ahmed Sadrudin A.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the reaction of Sri Lankans to foreign tourism in Sri Lanka and seeks to answer the questions of how Sri Lankans perceive the tourism product, the impact offoreign tourism on the country and tourism development alternatives and how the perceptions are related to possible strategic approaches to the development of tourism. Survey data are presented addressing these questions.
Decomposing Instrumental Product Importance to Predict Purchase Behavior
Authors: Hu Michael Y. , Bruning Edward R.
Published: March 2007

Product importance has been separated into two distinct components — enduring and instrumental — and empirical tests have been conducted regarding the relative importance of each component in explaining behavior. This article analyzes more completely the instrumental importance construct by accounting for the existence of differences in products ofa similar nature. The logit analysis is conducted on a set ofair travelers. The empirical results suggest that instrumental importance as a construct must be decomposed in order to gain a better understanding of consumer choice behavior.
Statistical Analyses Use In Tourism Research
Authors: Reid Laurel J. , Andereck Kathleen L.
Published: March 2007

Reviewing past research effortsfacilitates improvement and understanding of research in tourism . Such an examination indicates the direction of research and methodological sophistication in the field. Analysis techniques provide an index of research proficiency. This article provides a description of the statistical techniques used in the "Journal of Travel Research , " "Annals of Tourism Research, " and "Tourism Management" by review ing these journals over a 10-year period. Descriptive statistics represent the majority of techniques employed. Regression/correlation, models, analysis of variance (ANOVA), nonparametric techniques, and factor analysis, in descending order, are the next most commonly used methods. Findings also indicate current tourism literature makes increased use of sophisticated techniques. Examination of articles in the three major tourism journals reveals opportunities for improved understanding and use of statistical analyses.
Measuring Advertising Effectiveness In Destination Marketing Strategies
Authors: Woodside Arch G.
Published: March 2007

The use of true experiments is advocated for testing destination advertising effectiveness in causing visits. Examples of A-B ad copy split tests in other industries are described and the value and limitations of advertising conversion research studies are reviewed. A hypothetical example in tourism advertising effectiveness research of an A-B-C split is presented, C being a control group of subjects not exposed to advertising. A call for travel and tourism industry action to test advertising 's influence on causing visits and revenues concludes the article.
The Role(s) Of The International Travel Agent In The Travel Decision Process Of Client Families
Authors: Michie Donald A. , Sullivan Gary L.
Published: March 2007

Traditionally, travel promoters seeking to market their products to an international clientele have engaged the services of selected local travel agents already serving the pro moters' target customers. It is commonly assumed that these local representatives are knowledgeable about their clients' concerns and preferences and can use this information to benefit the promoters' marketing efforts. This study presents evidence which challenges these widely held beliefs. These data suggest that international travel agents are actually unfamiliar with the travel behaviors of their clients and therefore are less than effective it? their market intermediary roles.
Traveler Types And Activation Theory: A Comparison Of Two Models
Authors: Nickerson Norma Polovitz , Ellis Gary D.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the extent to which Plog's model of allocentrism/psychocentrism and energy traveler types could be explained using Fiske and Maddi's activation theory. Survey data were analyzed using the method of linear structural relations (LISREL). Results suggest that the allocentrism and energy of dimensions may be intercorrelated. Based on these results, a revised typology of travelers is proposed.
Evolution Of Travel And Tourism Terminology And Definitions
Authors: Hunt John D. , Layne Donlynne
Published: March 2007

This article has two purposes. First, the evolution of terminology and definitions used in travel and tourism as reported in selected literature, primarily from the United States and Canada, is traced. Second, the results are reported of the replication of a 1977 study on the use and preference for travel and tourism definitions and terms among states and cities in the United States.
An Empirical Study Of Employment Conditions For Tourism And Hospitality Faculty
Authors: Collison Frederick M. , Sheldon Pauline J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the employment environment for tourism and hospitality faculty in the United States. The results of a survey of 42 universities offering tourism and/or hos pitality programs give details of workloads, compensation, and standards for hiring, tenure, and promotion. Conditions for faculty in programs that are either predominantly tourism-based or predominantly hospitality-based are compared.
Tourist Oriented Directional Signs: A Self-supporting Program to Promote Rural Business and Economic Development
Authors: Dornbusch David M. , Kawczynska Claudia J.
Published: March 2007

Benefits, costs, and procedures. were evaluated in Oregon and Washington for pro moting rural tourist-oriented businesses by administering the erection of uniform roadway signs which identify rural small businesses and indicate their direction and distance. The programs in Oregon and Washington were studied because their heavily subscribed Tourist Oriented Directional Signs (TODS) programs are among the earliest programs developed. Both TODS programs are supported entirely from nominal business subscriber fees (of a few hundred dollars per year), with the total economic benefits estimated to be nearly 2,500 times their cost in Oregon and over 1,000 times their cost in Washington. This article suggests methods for implementing a TODS program; indicates appropriate subscriber fees that will cover program costs and meet state objectives of making the program self-supporting; addresses alternative organizational structures that can be used within existing state administrative constraints and apportunities; and identifies key implementa tion issues for states to address in developing their progrants.
A Benefit-based Segmentation of a Nonresident Summer Travel Market
Authors: Loker Laurie E. , Perdue Richard R.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the feasibility of segmenting a nonresident tourist market on the basis of vacation benefits sought. Six distinct benefit-based market segments were found using factor and cluster analysis procedures. The resulting segments were compared on the basis of specific dependent variables organized under the following framework: travel party leader characteristics, travel party composition, trip planning and trip characteris tics, and post-trip evaluation. Finally, marketing strategy implications were addressed. The following evaluation criteria were used in target market selection: profitability, accessibility, and reachability. Benefit-based market segmentation studies were found to be a viable means of determining vacation market segments. The importance of the develop ment of objective and quantifiable means of evaluating market segments is stressed.
Specialist Accommodation: Definition, Markets Served, and Roles in Tourism Development
Authors: Morrison Alastair M. , Pearce Philip L. , Moscardo Gianna , Nadkarni Nandini , O'Leary Joseph T.
Published: March 2007

This anicle defines specialist accommodation facilities and reviews their role in tourism development. The growth of specialist accommodation establishments is discussed in the contert of recent trends in the tourism market. Drawing from a broad range of inter national research studies, the article reviews the role of specialist accommodation in rural development and in meeting the needs of special-interest markets. Taking an international perspective, it also compares specialist accommodation guests with those of traditional accommodation establishments using data from a national survey of U.S. travelers. Differ ences in the sociodemographic and travel characteristics of the two types of accommoda tion guests are highlighted. Suggestions for future research on specialist accommodation establishments are provided.
Evidence of Cumulative Attraction in Multidestination Recreational Trip Decisions
Authors: Lue Chi-Chuan , Crompton John L. , Stewart William P.
Published: March 2007

Most destination demand models in the tourism and outdoor recreation literature are predicated on the assumption that when travelers leave home, they go to a single destina tion. This assumption is often fallacious, since many pleasure trips involve visits to mul tiple destinations. This study provides evidence of multiple destinations offering cumula tive attractions within a single trip. Multidestination travel is conceptualized as a constrained choice process in which individuals evaluate travel alternatives as bundles of attributes. Using a multistage sampling technique, each subject was given a unique set of six treat ment scenarios composed of three pairs of multidestination trips and asked to rate the likeli hood of going on each trip. Three destination attributes, each with two different levels, were used to characterize the destinations: tourism services and facilities, settings for relax ation and sport, and distance between the primary and secondary destinations. Conjoint analysis techniques indicated that preference for a destination was enhanced by inclusion of a combination of destinations.
Destination Price-Value Perceptions: An Examination of Origin and Seasonal Influences
Authors: Murphy Peter E. , Pritchard Mark
Published: March 2007

A consumer behavior model of price-value perceptions is modified and examined in relation to a destination visit. The modification involves the addition of visitor origin and season of visit to take into account influential trip characteristics. The adapted model is investigated with a substantial database of visitor perceptions of Victoria, British Columbia. Statistical analyses reveal that origin and season both interact and separately influence the price-value perceptions of tourists. The evidence suggests that pricing strategies should consider the external influence of such trip variables on traveler value perceptions.
Migration and the commoditisation of ritual : Sacrifice, spectacle and contestations in Kerala, India
Authors: Osella Filippo , Osella Caroline
Published: March 2007

This article discusses relationships between ritual change and out-migration in rural Kerala, south India, via ethnography of kuthiyottam, a sacrifice of human blood standing metonymically for full human sacrifice. Migration-in particular to the Gulf-has accelerated ongoing processes of commoditisation of ritual practices. While this has led to an overall democratisation of rituals, it has also heightened anxieties about the authenticity of ritual performances, leading to widespread and tense debates about what is 'traditional' and what is not. While low caste or new-moneyed sponsors do not have either the symbolic or practical capital necessary to conduct 'traditional' rituals, their ritual naiveté allows for an acceleration of processes of introduction of new styles and innovations. Migrants are thus veritable innovators, introducing new aesthetic forms and a novel sense of religiosity. But oppositions between `traditional'and 'new/modern', orthodoxy and heterodoxy, authentic and inauthentic, are clearly unsettled by the ritual performers themselves: here the emphasis is on creativity, aesthetic sense and the abilities to shift popular taste and introduce new artistic performances.
Circular migration and rural cosmopolitanism in India
Authors: Gidwani Vinay , Sivaramakrishnan K.
Published: March 2007

In this article we present a provisional theory of rural cosmopolitanism as a counterpoint to conventional discussions of cosmopolitanism and demonstrate its significance for studying South Asian modernities. We explore our ideas through the figure of the circular migrant: someone who transmits through movements in geographic space not just sensi bilities and ideas, but also the materials and techniques that enable the transformation of social space in multiple worlds. The regionalisation of labour markets in India, with a consequent rise in labour circulation, provides empirical justification to our foeus on circular migrants. But neither circular migration nor rural cosmopolitanism is a new phenomenon. Instead, we suggest that by probing the largely invisible histories of move ment within South Asia, we may end up writing the rise of nationalisms, regional political movements, and modernities in that part of the world in very different ways. This is pre cisely why it is necessary to reject the figure of an international or transnational subject as the standard bearer of cosmopolitanism and realise that cosmopolitanism operates at various scales; and, equally, that the cosmopolitan is a person who disrupts conven tional spatial divisions and produces newly salient spaces of work, pleasure, habitation and politics.
Differentiation and formation of hierarchy: A methodological note on social stratification
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Suraj
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to conceptualise a methodology for quantitative analysis of social stratification as a process of differentiation with hierarchisation. Based upon the differentiation of the entities or units of stratification such as castes, classes, etc., done by each member of a unit individually, it indicates a method to discern potentialities of concordance or discordance, or situations of closeness or conflict among the units in the system with respect to their mutual placement in the hierarchies. Lastly, the method is briefly illustrated using empirical survey data.
Effects of Preretirement Planning on the Retirement Adjustment of Military Personnel
Authors: Fuller Robert L. , Redfering David L.
Published: March 2007

Retired military enlisted personnel are more likely than retired officers to find their choice of a second career to be fairly commensurate with their military work duties since officers rarely move into a high civilian managerial position. Consequently, it was hypothesized that adjustment to retirement would be more successfully accomplished by enlisted men than by officers regardless of how well they planned or how long they had been retired. A three-factor analysis of variance for unequal groups was conducted to test the statistical significance of rank, number of years retired, and preretirement planning on retirement adjustment. The effects of all factors and all interactions of factors were found to be nonsignificant with the exception of preretirement planning (p <.001). Those who planned well adjusted well, regardless of rank or number of years retired.
Going Backstage
Authors: Berk Sarah Fenstermaker , Berheide Catherine White
Published: March 2007

This paper draws on initial field experiences of the authors as participant observers of family members engaged in household work. Negotiating access and establishing rapport provided more than unusual problems of data collection. Such experiences also generated substantive insights into the characteristics of household work. Discussion focuses on the relationships between features of the household work setting, lack of consensus on the criteria by which household work is judged, and respondent views of household work.
Education and Job Attitudes among Blue-Collar Workers
Authors: Wright James D. , Hamilton Richard F.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents national survey evidence from the 1972-1973 Michigan Quality of Employment Survey on the relationship between education and work satisfaction among blue-collar workers. Special attention is paid to the job outlooks of manual workers with one or more years of college education (who constitute approximately one-fifth of the white, male blue-collar category). Contrary to a common expectation, but consistent with previous research on the topic, the data show that among blue-collar workers, education and job satisfaction are not significantly related. Evidence on other aspects of attitudes towards work is also presented and discussed.
Politics, Bureaucracy, and Industrial Democracy
Authors: De Marquez Viviane B.
Published: March 2007

The institutional context peculiar to late and marginal capitalist development is analyzed with respect to the political and economic role of the state, the nature of interest articulation, and typical organizational forms of trade unions in order to establish the probability of achieving worker control through various schemes of industrial democracy, using as illustrations the cases of Peru, Chile, and Mexico.
Peasants and Political Power in Mexico: a Theoretical Approach
Authors: Bartra Roger
Published: March 2007

December 10, 1848, was the day of the peasant insurrection. Only from this day does the February of the French peasants date. The symbol that expressed their entry into the revolutionary moment, clumsily cunning, knavishly naive, doltishly sublime, a calculated superstition, a pathetic burlesque, a cleverly stupid anachronism, a world historical piece of buffoonery and an undecipherable hieroglyphic for the understanding of the civilized — this symbol bore the unmistakable features of the class that represents barbarism within civilization. The republic had announced itself to this class with the tax collector; it an nounced itself to the republic with the emperor (Marx, 1969: 71).
Popular Participation and the Dialectics of Cuban Development
Authors: Barkin David
Published: March 2007

The law of contradiction in things, that is, the law of the unity of opposites, is the fun damental law of nature and of society and therefore also the fundamental law of thought .... According to dialectical materialism, contradiction is present in all pro cesses of objectively existing things and of subjective thought and permeates all these processes from beginning to end (Mao Tse-Tung, 1937:128).
Polysulfide Sealants for Automotive Stationary Glass
Authors: Gallagher John , Gazzillo Ralph , Smith Daniel
Published: March 2007

During the past 25 years, polysulfide sealants have become well known and widely used in the aircraft, marine, building, and more recently, the automotive industry. For automotive windshields, sealants must function on high speed production lines, maintain bonding power for 10 years or more, and meet new Federal Safety Specifications for glass retention. The most widely used automotive polysulfide sealant contains appropriate fillers, plasticizers, and bodying agents.
Foam-Inflated Tires
Authors: Hawkes J.S.
Published: March 2007

A new type of foam inflation for pneumatic tires has been found successful in many industrial and military applications. The foam- inflated tire concept is described in general terms and the reasons for its success are explained. Effects on tire characteristics, per formance properties and limitations, economics, and applications of the foam-inflation concept are discussed.
Tpr Thermoplastic Rubber
Authors: Morris Harris L.
Published: March 2007

A new family of TPR thermoplastic rubbers has been developed by Uniroyal Chemical These unique polymers can be processed using conventional thermoplastic processing equipment without the need for additional compounding or vulcanization. TPR has been processed by injection molding, extrusion, calendering, blow molding, and vacuum forming. Typical properties and processing behavior are presented for TPR grades commercially available. Other characteristics which are significant in determining areas of applicability are presented such as service temperature and environmental resistance. Features of TPR thermoplastic rubbers include fast molding cycles, reprocessability, wide range of use temper ature, and excellent property retention at elevated temperature
Painted EPDM for Body Components
Authors: Banks S.A. , Spenadel L.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the development of a factory acceptable paintable base EPDM compound and paint technology package meeting automotive company requirements for sight shields, end caps, stone def lec tors, etc.
Development of Clay Filled Roofing Materials
Authors: Usmani Arthur M. , Salyer I.O.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes bonding of clay with minor amounts of a phenolic emulsion to produce bricks, roofing tiles or synthetic aggregates, and requires only low temperature baking (100°C to 150°C). The manufacture of conventional bricks is energy intensive whereas our process has low energy requirement.
Fracture of Rubber-Toughened Adhesives: Viscoelastic Effects
Authors: Hunston D.L. , Bitner J.L. , Rushford J.L. , Oroshnik J. , Rose W.S.
Published: March 2007

In structural (or load bearing) applications of adhe sives, the system may be required to support loads over a wide range of temperatures for many years and thus even a small de pendence on temperature and rate (or time) can be very impor tant. For elastomer-toughened adhesives the high fracture energy is associated with a large crack-tip deformation zone and the optimum conditions are obtained when the bond thickness is approximately equal to the zone size. Increasing the loading rate or lowering the temperature shifts the optimum bond thickness to smaller values with little effect on the maximum fracture ener gy. Consequently, the fracture energy increases, decreases, or re mains relatively unchanged with increasing loading rate or de creasing temperature if the bond thickness is less than, greater than, or about equal to the optimum values, respectively. This result makes it possible to predict at least in a qualitative way the mode I failure properties of adhesive bonds as a function of load ing rate and temperature.
Melt Processible Fluoropolymer Composites
Authors: Crosby J.M. , Theberge J.E. , Talley K.L.
Published: March 2007

A series of melt processible fluoropolymer resins including ETFE, PVF 2-TFE, ECTFE, PFA, and FEP containing reinforcing glass fiber, milled glass fiber, carbon fiber, minerals, graphite powder, and MoS2 have been prepared and characterized. The mechanical, physical, thermal and tribological properties of these composites have been compared and ranked for suitability in various applications. These composites represent the first comprehensive evaluation of reinforced and filled melt processible fluoropolymer composites.
Copolyester: the Fuel Resistant Thermoplastic Elastomer
Authors: Pariser L.M.
Published: March 2007

Copolyester, under the trade name HYTREL® polyester elastomer, is a unique polymer which has many of the advantages of vulcanized rubber plus the ease of processing in conventional plastics equipment. Copolyester has an established position in conventional hot oil environments and recent laboratory tests indicate its applications can be extended to gasoline and alcohol-extended fuels. This paper will describe tests, procedures and results which demonstrate the resistance of copolyester to various fuels.
The Importance of Theoretical Concepts to the Further Development of the Technical Synthesis of Linear Polyurethanes (PUR
Authors: Rotermund U.
Published: March 2007

By synthesizing these products in solution and in melt, the molec ular weight and viscosity specifications, which are important to the technical man, cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by applying the theoretical concepts of Flory.
Studies on PVC/LLDPE Blends
Authors: Francis Jayamma , George K.E.
Published: March 2007

Methods of improving the mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/linear low density polyethylene have been investigated as a means of reprocessing polymer wastes containing such mixtures. Chlorinated polyethyl ene was found to be a useful additive in such blends for improving their tensile strength and processing behaviour. Co-crosslinking of the blends by chemical means or by irradiation was also found to improve their strength and stiffness.
Rheological Behaviour of Short Carbon Fiber Filled Thermoplastic Elastomeric Blends of Natural Rubber and High Density Polyethylene
Authors: Roy D. , Bhattacharya A.K. , Gupta B.R.
Published: March 2007

A rheological study of the thermoplastic elastomeric blends of natural rubber and high density polyethylene filled with short carbon fibers has been performed with a Monsanto Processability Tester. Carbon fibers hav ing 6 mm length were used in the range of 0-30 phr. The rheological studies were carried out in the temperature range of 160-200°C and the shear rate range of 50.6-401.2 s-1, by using four different capillaries with varying L/D ratio. The die swell measurements were carried out by a laser scanning system attached to the machine. The rheological measurements show that the compos ites behave as pseudoplastic materials and follow the power law equation. The shear viscosity of the composites decreases with increasing fiber loading after a critical fiber concentration. The die swell also decreases with the increase in fiber loading.
Swelling of Nitrile Vulcanizates by Polar and Non-Polar Liquids-Part 2: Swelling Curves
Authors: Starmer Philip H.
Published: March 2007

As found from previous studies, a Gaussian curve describes the swelling by various liquids of a series of nitrile rubbers containing from 0 to 50% bound acrylonitrile. The curves pass through a maximum at a value, A. While not without their shortcomings, the swelling curves do present a fairly accurate picture of how the rubbers respond to the liquids, such that the value A is a measure of the polarity of these liquids. Thus, any parameter of the liq uids that has a good correlation with A is also a good measure of the polarity. The only parameter that has a good correlation is the polarity index, which is obtained by liquid chromatography, with reference to standard liquids based on the work of Rohrschneider and Snyder. If the results for alcohols are omitted, reasonable correlation is obtained with Godfrey's miscibility index and Dimroth's molar transition energy. These three parameters have in common the fact that they are determined by reference to standard liquids. No correla tion is found between A and either the Hildebrand solubility parameter or the dielectric constant of the liquids, both of which are derived from properties of the liquids themselves.
Swelling of Nitrile Rubber Vulcanizates-Part 3: Factors Affecting Maximum Swelling
Authors: Starmer Philip H.
Published: March 2007

As found from previous studies, a Gaussian curve describes the swelling, by various liquids, of a series of nitrile rubbers containing from 0 to 50% bound acrylonitrile. If only dispersion forces are involved, it is found that the value of maximum swelling is inversely proportional to the molar volume of the liquid causing the swelling. As a result, knowing the molar volume and the polarity index of a liquid, it is possible to draw curves relating the volume increase with the bound acrylonitrile level of the rubber. This relation also ap plies to associated liquids, such as acetone, methyl acetate, and alcohols, if the degree of association is known. For those liquids involved in acid-base interac tions with the rubbers, the swelling is the sum of two Gaussian equations. One equation relates to the swelling due to dispersion forces while the other gives the swelling due to acid-base interactions. Only the former equation can be pre dicted with any accuracy. Nitrile rubbers are involved not only in acid-base in teractions with acidic liquids, such as certain chlorinated hydrocarbons but also with basic liquids such as toluene, aniline, tetrahydrofuran, and cyclohex anone. Because nitrile rubbers interact with hard acids and soft bases, they are considered to be hard bases and soft acids.
Negotiating Trouble in a Battered Women's Shelter
Authors: FERRARO KATHLEEN J.
Published: March 2007

The treatment of battered women is discussed by examining the micro- and macropolitical forces impinging on the operation of a battered women's shelter. Funding agencies, other social services, and interpretive frameworks of staff members formed the organizational context of the micropolitical context. The women's troubles were negotiated at three major stages—intake, processing, and return to the shelter—and the major micropolitical features of this negotiation were a therapeutic ideology, the need for social control, interpersonal conflicts, and personal feelings. Criteria for evaluating and controlling the troubles of women were established in light of self work, the primary objective of shelter residence. Professional expertise was the justification for imposing staff's definitions. Women who rejected the demands of staff were labeled failures and held responsible for the problems they encountered as battered women.
The “Fate of Idealism” Revisited
Authors: HAAS JACK , SHAFFIR WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

This article, based on field research of a cohort of students enrolled in an innovative medical school, traces the transformation of idealism among student doctors. Our findings show that loss of idealism goes beyond a temporary diversion caused by situational demands of medical school. Rather it is inherent in the very demands of professionalization. We begin by describing students' changing perceptions of the importance of psychosocial issues in medicine. In their need to strive for competence, students turn off their emotional reactions to patients. Equally important is the students' perception of the medical profession's expectation of affective neutrality toward patients. We conclude that loss of idealism must be understood in the context of a symbolic-moral drama wherein professionalization is conceptualized as a process of differentiation and alienation from lay society and of elevation to a position of detachment and control.
Apprentice-Participation
Authors: FORREST BURKE
Published: March 2007

Drawing on participant-observation research conducted with occult communities in England and America, this article outlines and advocates a methodological approach for the study of subjective realities. The only way to gather data on social worlds focused around spiritualist or other highly subjectivist phenomena is to enter into them. In this work I explore the historical antecedents and epistemological justifications for “apprentice participation” and explore, through my research experiences, the benefits and problems associated with this methodological strategy.
Narrative Echoes in John 21: Intertextual Interpretation and Intratextual Connection
Authors: Spencer Patrick E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines John 21 by means of Wayne Booth's reading strategy of 'conduction'. As a later redactional addition, ch. 21 casts a different understanding upon the preceding narrative of chs. 1-20 through the implied author's intertextual interpretation. One of the most obvious ways in which the intertextual interpretation of the implied author is manifest is in the form of narrative echoes, implicit refer ences to earlier parts of the narrative discourse in chs. 1-20. These become intratex tual connections for the implied reader, whereby the interplay between the derivations in chs. 1-20 and their intertextual interpretation in ch. 21 creates new meaning. At least four echoes are extant: (1) the Feeding of the Five Thousand and the resulting scenes surrounding it in 6.1-71; (2) Peter's Three-fold Denial in 18.15- 18, 25-27; (3) Jesus' Washing of the Disciples' Feet in 13.2-5, 36-38; and (4) the Parable of the Good Shepherd in 10.1-18. The interplay that occurs between the implied author and the implied reader prompts the authorial audience to make the following acknowledgments: (1) the Eucharist, as an embodiment of Jesus' contin ued presence, fosters belief in those who celebrate it; (2) restoration for estranged members of the ecclesiastical community occurs in the context of the Eucharist; and (3) Peter is afforded special status as a church leader and his ministry as the Good Shepherd (specifically his activity of bringing in marginalized groups [10.16]) encourages the embrace of Christian communities of differing heritages.
A New Temple and a New Law
Authors: Brodie Louis T.
Published: March 2007

The arguments for the separation and relatively late dating of Luke's infancy narrative are not conclusive. On the contrary, while Luke 1 and 2, on analysis, turns out to involve a systematic rewriting of the first part of the Chronicler's history, Luke 3:1-4:22a emerges as its complement - a systematic rewriting of the second part of the Chronicler's work (Ezra-Nehemiah). As the Chronicler had once reshaped Israel's history, Luke re shapes the Chronicler, adapting the building of the Temple to the building of the living Temple, Jesus, and adapting the post-exilic reconstruction to build a picture of moral reconstruction (3:1-4:22a). Thus the pervasive influence of the OT (midrash?) is not limited to the infancy narra tives.
Redaction Criticism: Josephus' Antiquities and the Synoptic Gospels (I)
Authors: Downing F. Gerald
Published: March 2007

In Josephus' Antiquities we can see quite clearly the work of a first century Hellenistic Jewish redactor. We have his sources (mainly the canonical Scriptures) in a form very close to that which he used, and so can discern the direction and the extent of the changes made. This allows for a useful comparison with the Synoptic gospels, where the direction (and therefore the kind) of change is still in dispute; and especially with Luke's Gospel, where the stated intentions and the widely agreed 'tendencies' are often identical with those of Josephus.
Jesus ben David: reflections on the Davidssohnfrage
Authors: Chilton Bruce
Published: March 2007

In the question, "How do the scribes say the messiah is David's son?", Jesus challenged a specifically scribal messianic expectation and refused to associate himself with it. On the other hand, he embraced the characterization "David's son", with its overtones of Solomonic wisdom and especially of exorcistic and therapeutic skill. The question itself represents Jesus' attempt to evade the charge that he had messianic pretensions. His reputation as "David's son", however, and his activity in the Temple, made it impossible for him long to forestall the coalition of opponents who believed that he had such pretensions and that they were dangerous.
David Daube On the Eucharist and the Passover Seder
Authors: Carmichael Deborah Bleicher
Published: March 2007

The thesis that the piece of bread interpreted at the Last Supper was the afikoman of the Jewish Passover Seder was first presented by Robert Eisler. Rejected by scholars of his day, it has been re-argued by David Daube. Jesus interpreted the bread in the context of a messianic ritual that was then part of the Passover service. A piece of unleavened bread, the afikoman, from the Greek for 'he who has come', represented the messiah, who was symbolically united with the Jewish people at Passover. Jesus' identification with the bread was an act of self-revela tion. Although the messianic significance of the afikoman ritual has waned in Jewish circles, Melito's second-century Christian tractate Peri Pascha identifies the term with Jesus. Wine derived its significance from a different aspect of the Passover celebration, and Jesus' words over it conveyed a different meaning from the words he spoke over bread.
The Faith of the Reader and the Narrative of Matthew 13.53-16.20
Authors: Verseput Donald J.
Published: March 2007

An examination of the narrative of Mt. 13.53-16.20 reveals a sustained effort on the part of the Evangelist to impart a certain cognitive understanding to the reader which might function as an antidote to the malady of 'little faith'. Relentlessly exploiting the shortcoming of the disciples to heighten the force of his message, Matthew endeav ors to impress upon his readership the inexhaustible greatness of the eschatological power present in Jesus Christ.
Matthew and the Community of the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: Ito Akio
Published: March 2007

This article first surveys possible parallels between Matthew and the Dead Sea Scrolls. From the survey it argues that: (1) Matthew and the community of the DSS did not seem to have a close relationship, partly because the parallels do not concern the distinctive characteristics of the DSS, and partly because the Matthaean parallels seem redactional; and that (2) various possible parallels between Matthew and the DSS (for example, the revelatory function of Jesus and the Teacher of Righteousness, interpretation of the Hebrew prophets, strict interpretation of the Law, the presence of the scribal role, the open canon and so on) seem to point to a common apocalyptic background. It can be concluded that both Matthew and the community of the DSS probably belonged to a broadly apocalyptic stream of the Judasim of the time, although they did not have a close relationship with each other.
Witnesses to What was άπ' άρχής: 1 John's Contribution to our Knowledge of Tradition in the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Sproston Wendy E.
Published: March 2007

The Fourth Evangelist is a highly original and creative interpreter of tradition. It follows that a secure means of isolating traditional material in the Gospel text can increase our chances of understanding the Evangelist's thinking. This article pro poses that 1 John can fulfil this function. An examination of the epistle text reveals that its author is a tradition bearer who seeks to reassure his community in the wake of a crisis by citing known tradition and interpreting it to meet their needs. In these respects, Gospel and epistle prove remarkably alike. The Evangelist's text also exhibits the hallmarks of the tradition bearer. Moreover, there are statements in the Gospel which correspond recognizably with the specific content of the material which 1 John identifies as original tradition. Thus, the reason why the two texts come into remarkable agreement at certain points is because the epistle writer has appealed to items in the traditon άπ' άρχής which the Evangelist, writing in another context, had also known and reproduced. On this basis, it may be assumed that where 1 John appeals to what is known, and where substantially the same material occurs in the Gospel, then at those points the Evangelist has reflected source material in his text. The article concludes with some comments on the potential value of using the epistle to identify the tradition known to the Fourth Evangelist.
Tradition, Revelation and Gospel: a Study in Galatians
Authors: Winger Michael
Published: March 2007

Focusing on Galatians, the article discusses Paul's understanding of the roles played by 'tradition' and 'revelation' in spreading the gospel. It is argued that Paul sees tradition—whether Jewish or Christian—as a human mechanism. While the gospel is transmitted by human words, these words are not the gospel; the gospel is an event which can be described with various words but made known only by divine power; this is reflected in Paul's usual terminology, which is not that one receives the gospel, but one is called. The apparent contradiction between Paul's affirmation of tradition in 1 Corinthians 15 and his denial of it in Galatians 1 results from the dif ferent arguments he makes in the two letters; only in Galatians is he talking about how the gospel is spread.
Who Can Read Abraham's Story? Allegory and Interpretive Power in Galatians
Authors: Fowl Stephen
Published: March 2007

This article develops some arguments found in Richard Hays's Echoes of Scripture in the Letters of Paul in regard to Galatians 3-4. First, it argues that Paul's strategy in interpreting the Abraham story for the Galatians is allegorical throughout and not simply in 4.21-31. Further, this allegorical reading is based on and judged by Paul's account of the Galatians' experience of the Spirit. Secondly, Paul's allegorical reading is an exercise of interpretive power. This exercise of power is in large measure underwritten by the account of his character which Paul gives in the first two chapters of Galatians.
'Neither Jew Nor Greek': Ethnic Conflict in Graeco-Roman Society
Authors: Stanley Christopher D.
Published: March 2007

New Testament scholars have typically assumed that the term 'Greeks', when used in expressions like 'neither Jew nor Greek' (Gal. 3.28), is a synonym for 'Gentiles', the Jewish label for non-Jews as a class. This assumption has led interpreters to miss the ethnic significance of labels like 'Jew' and 'Greek' in the Graeco-Roman world. Recent studies in the field of race and ethnic relations can sensitize us to the ethnic implications of Paul's language. Paul's references to 'Jews' and 'Greeks' muat be viewed against the backdrop of a history of interethnic ( not interreligious) conflict between people who defined themselves as 'Jews' and 'Greeks' in the cities of the eastern Mediterranean basin. Paul's familiarity with these tensions shaped the way he addressed his ethnically mixed congregations, including his passing references to 'Jews' and 'Greeks'.
The Double Meaning of the Narrative of Universal Judgment in Matthew 25.31-46
Authors: Heil John Paul
Published: March 2007

The scene of universal final judgment in Mt. 25.31-46 operates with a double mean ing in which the audience is encouraged to behave first like the righteous sheep and then in a different way also like Jesus' least brothers. The judgment of the goats indi cates that helping the needy least ones is a necessary requirement not just an option. Jesus' identification of himself with the needy least ones means he is not really absent and adds to the Matthean theme of his abiding presence.
The Characterization of God in the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Tolmie D. Francois
Published: March 2007

Characterization is one of the aspects within a narrative text that may be used by the implied author as part of an overall textual strategy. In the Fourth Gospel, this strat egy is aimed at guiding the implied reader deeper into faith in Jesus Christ, the Son of God, thereby sharing eternal life. If the characterization of God in the Fourth Gospel is analysed from the perspective of the implied reader, the following pattern can be indicated: In the prologue, God is characterized primarily in terms of his rela tionship to Jesus, whereas the possibility of a unique relationship between God and human beings is also mentioned. In Jn 1.19-12.50, the characterization of God is dominated by a characterization in terms of his relationship to Jesus. In Jn 13.1- 17.26, God is characterized much more often in terms of his relationship to human beings, although he is never called the Father of the disciples. In the last section of the Fourth Gospel, 20.17 constitutes the climax of the characterization of God when, towards the end of Jesus' hour of glorification, he is called the Father of the disciples for the first time. In this way the implied author shows that God's Fatherhood is extended, via Jesus, to human beings. However, in order for this to happen, it was necessary that Jesus should be 'glorified'.
'Uncovering Her Wickedness'
Authors: Kim Jean K.
Published: March 2007

This essay challenges the androcentric bias embedded in Revelation 17 by employ ing inter(con)textual reading from a postcolonial feminist perspective. The whore metaphor in Revelation 17 is associated with the feminization of cities in the Hebrew prophetic tradition, which had been performed when Israel was under the control of foreign powers. The metaphorical feminization of cities implies a mascu line domination of colonizer over colonized, which includes destroying land as well as exploiting women. The colonized men who are unable to protect their women are to feel shame at not being real men, and then sexual invasion of their women by foreign men becomes an assault on male/national honor; as a result of this, women can be threats to their men. In Revelation 17, the fear of imperialism and fear of contempt are infused into the stereotypical metaphor, 'the whore', whose sexual power over men is to destroy the homogeneity of their patriarchal society. The whores who are identified with the city of Rome thus reveal the double jeopardy of the colonized women, who are not only invaded by the foreign men but also aban doned by their own men. Since traditional biblical interpretation has been the accomplice of the ideology in the text by closing the text, however, this sexually abusive metaphor has not been questioned. In order to release women from the neg ative impact of this sexual metaphor, we need to open the text by employing a deconstructive reading which uses women's marginality as another text.