bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of rearing density on female investment in reproduction and melanotic encapsulation response in the sand cricket (Gryllus firmus) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Authors: Kelly Clint D , L’Heureux Valerie
Published: March 2024

The density-dependent prophylaxis hypothesis posits that because pathogens are expected to be transmitted among conspecifics in crowded conditions, individuals living in such conditions should minimize their chance of infection and maximize survival by elevating their baseline immunity. Further, if individuals developing in crowded conditions indeed allocate more resources to immunity then resource allocation to other life-history traits, such as reproduction, should decline. We tested these hypotheses by rearing sand crickets (Gryllus firmus) at either low or high density in the laboratory and quantified immune function (melanotic encapsulation response) and reproductive investment (ovary mass, egg size) at adulthood. The results did not support the density-dependent prophylaxis hypothesis, but we did find that rearing density significantly affected investment in two reproductive traits, with average ovary mass and egg size both being larger in low-density crickets. We discuss possible explanations for the lack of a trade-off between immunity and reproduction in our study.
Weapon allometry and shape variation in the Helm’s stag beetle (Geodorcus helmsi)
Authors: Grey L , Holwell G I , Jandt J M , Johnson S
Published: March 2024

Many animals develop and use exaggerated weapons in contests over access to mating opportunities. Stag beetles (family Lucanidae) show striking sexual dimorphism, where the males have heavily exaggerated mandibles that the females do not possess. In some genera, size and shape can also vary drastically between small and large males resulting in discrete alternative male morphs, described as male dimorphism. The genus Geodorcus is a poorly studied and threatened group of stag beetles that are endemic to New Zealand. Geodorcus helmsi is the most widespread species in this genus and presents an opportunity to test for the presence of both sexual and male dimorphism and investigate the scaling relationships (allometry) of mandibles in this group. We used linear and geometric morphometric analyses on wild populations and museum specimens from Stewart Island, New Zealand, to assess whether G. helmsi exhibits male dimorphism. We found that within a single population, there is no evidence for alternative male morphs, but a gradual shift between smaller and larger individuals. We also found that male mandibles exhibit steep positive allometry in contrast to the negative allometry found in the mandibles of females, as is often found for sexually selected weaponry. Moreover, we found evidence that left and right mandibles of G. helmsi are subtly asymmetric. Our results provide context for the competitive behaviour observed in this species, and give insights into potential trade-offs between smaller and larger individuals of the Helm’s stag beetle.
Retracted: Causal relationship between multiparameter brain MRI phenotypes and age: evidence from Mendelian randomization
Authors: Wang Xinghao , Chen Qian , Liu Yawen , Sun Jing , Li Jia , Zhao Pengfei , Cai Linkun , Liu Wenjuan , Yang Zhenghan , Wang Zhenchang , Lv Han
Published: March 2024

This article has been retracted. Please see: https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae461
Finite control set model predictive control of three-port converter for interfacing a PV–battery energy storage system to a three-phase stand-alone AC system
Authors: Preeti Gangashetty A , Karthikeyan Anbalagan
Published: March 2024

This paper proposes a multiport bidirectional non-isolated converter topology that provides advantages in terms of simultaneous multiple operations, single-stage conversion, high power density and reduced power losses due to the lower number of switches. The proposed multiport converter uses a centralized non-linear controller known as a finite control set model predictive controller to manage the flow of power between different ports. It deals with the parallel operation of photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems for stand-alone alternating current (AC) systems. The converter connects the lower voltage battery to the photovoltaic port using a bidirectional buck/boost converter and the photovoltaic port is linked to the stand-alone AC load through a three-phase full-bridge inverter. Each leg of the three-phase converter will act as a bidirectional direct current (DC)/DC converter as well as an inverter simultaneously. Only six switches manage the power transfer between all the connected ports of photovoltaic–battery energy storage system linked to the stand-alone AC load. The proposed multiport converter is mathematically modelled and controlled by a finite control set model predictive controller. The system is validated in simulation (1-kW rating) and experimental environment (200-W rating). The hardware prototype is developed in the laboratory and the controller is implemented on the field-programmable gate array board. Two independent case studies are carried out to validate the efficacy of the system. The first scenario is for a change in solar irradiance, while the second scenario is for a change in the output load.
Azathioprine, risk of skin cancer and use of photoprotection: a cross-sectional survey of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and gastroenterology clinicians
Authors: Howard Lucy , Deane Eleanor M , O’Kelly Sara L , Al-tayeb Alla , Walker-Smith Philippa K , Lim Zhi Cheng , Birnie Andrew
Published: March 2024

We explore the knowledge of skin cancer risk and use of photoprotective practices in patients taking azathioprine for inflammatory bowel disease. We studied the awareness, communication and management of this risk by gastroenterology clinicians.
Pancreatic panniculitis mimicking bilateral cellulitis: a case report
Authors: Nelson Jessie M , Young Albert T , Kolli Sree S , Friedman Ben J , Kerr Holly A
Published: March 2024

This patient’s case illustrates a unique initial presentation of pancreatic panniculitis mimicking bilateral cellulitis. A novel possible association with semaglutide is discussed.
Inaccurately Reported Statin Use Affects the Assessing of Lipid Profile Measures and Their Association with Coronary Artery Disease Risk
Authors: Ivanova Anna A , Gardner Michael S , Kusovschi Jennifer D , Parks Bryan A , Schieltz David M , Bareja Akshay , McGarrah Robert W , Kraus William E , Kuklenyik Zsuzsanna , Pirkle James L , Barr John R
Published: March 2024

Background

Lipid profiling is central for coronary artery disease (CAD) risk assessment. Nonadherence or unreported use of lipid-lowering drugs, particularly statins, can significantly complicate the association between lipid profile measures and CAD clinical outcomes. By combining medication history evaluation with statin analysis in plasma, we determined the effects of inaccurately reported statin use on lipid profile measures and their association with CAD risk.

Methods

We compared medication history of statin use with statin concentration measurements, by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, in 690 participants undergoing coronary angiography (63 ± 11 years of age). Nominal logistic regression was employed to model CAD diagnosis with statin measurements, phenotypic, and lipid profile characteristics.

Results

Medication history of statin use was confirmed by statin assay for 81% of the patients. Surprisingly, statins were detected in 46% of patients without statin use records. Nonreported statin use was disproportionately higher among older participants. Stratifying samples by statin history resulted in underestimated LDL-lipid measures. Apolipoprotein B concentrations had a significant inverse CAD association, which became nonsignificant upon re-stratification using the statin assay data.

Conclusions

Our study uncovered prominent discrepancies between medication records and actual statin use measured by mass spectrometry. We showed that inaccurate statin use assessments may lead to overestimation and underestimation of LDL levels in statin user and nonuser categories, exaggerating the reverse epidemiology association between LDL levels and CAD diagnosis. Combining medication history and quantitative statin assay data can significantly improve the design, analysis, and interpretation of clinical and epidemiological studies.
Flexible Bayesian inference on partially observed epidemics
Authors: Wang Maxwell H , Onnela Jukka-Pekka
Published: March 2024

Individual-based models of contagious processes are useful for predicting epidemic trajectories and informing intervention strategies. In such models, the incorporation of contact network information can capture the non-randomness and heterogeneity of realistic contact dynamics. In this article, we consider Bayesian inference on the spreading parameters of an SIR contagion on a known, static network, where information regarding individual disease status is known only from a series of tests (positive or negative disease status). When the contagion model is complex or information such as infection and removal times is missing, the posterior distribution can be difficult to sample from. Previous work has considered the use of Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC), which allows for simulation-based Bayesian inference on complex models. However, ABC methods usually require the user to select reasonable summary statistics. Here, we consider an inference scheme based on the Mixture Density Network compressed ABC, which minimizes the expected posterior entropy in order to learn informative summary statistics. This allows us to conduct Bayesian inference on the parameters of a partially observed contagious process while also circumventing the need for manual summary statistic selection. This methodology can be extended to incorporate additional simulation complexities, including behavioural change after positive tests or false test results.
Accuracy of linear measurements for implant planning based on low-dose cone beam CT protocols: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Carneiro Ana Luiza E , Reis Isabella N R , Bitencourt Fernando Valentim , Salgado Daniela M R A , Costa Claudio , Spin-Neto Rubens
Published: March 2024

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review was to verify the accuracy of linear measurements performed on low-dose CBCT protocols for implant planning, in comparison with those performed on standard and high-resolution CBCT protocols.

Methods

The literature search included four databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus). Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts according to eligibility criteria, extracted the data, and examined the methodological quality. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Quality Assessment Tool For In Vitro Studies. Random-effects meta-analysis was used for pooling measurement error data.

Results

The initial search yielded 4684 titles. In total, 13 studies were included in the systematic review, representing a total of 81 samples, while 9 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The risk of bias ranged from medium to low. The main results across the studies indicate a strong consistency in linear measurements performed on low-dose images in relation to the reference methods. The overall pooled planning measurement error from low-dose CBCT protocols was −0.24 mm (95% CI, −0.52 to 0.04) with a high level of heterogeneity, showing a tendency for underestimation of real values. Various studies found no significant differences in measurements across different protocols (eg, voxel sizes, mA settings, or dose levels), regions (incisor, premolar, molar) and types (height vs. width). Some studies, however, noted exceptions in measurements performed on the posterior mandible.

Conclusion

Low-dose CBCT protocols offer adequate precision and accuracy of linear measurements for implant planning. Nevertheless, diagnostic image quality needs must be taken into consideration when choosing a low-dose CBCT protocol.
Centring on students’ needs by engaging in translanguaging shifts
Authors: Wong Chiu-Yin
Published: March 2024

The study reports how an ESOL teacher engaged in translanguaging shifts in a content and language integrated learning classroom in the United States. The study findings, from ethnographic methods and conversation analysis, indicated that the teacher engaged in translanguaging shifts centring on the students’ learning needs. She created a co-learning environment in which she and the students co-developed a poem in an English and a bilingual version. In the process of co-creation, not only did the students learn new content, but their identities were valued and affirmed. With her strong translanguaging stance, the teacher let go of control and learnt from the students instead. Based on the findings, I provide recommendations and practical suggestions for teachers, teacher educators, and school leaders. I argue that translanguaging shifts play a crucial role in translanguaging pedagogy. However, teachers cannot work alone in their implementation; it requires different stakeholders to work together–juntos to ensure student success.
Association of inflammatory markers with incident heart failure or cancer in the HUNT3 and Health ABC population studies
Authors: Bertero Edoardo , Carmisciano Luca , Jonasson Christian , Butler Javed , Maack Christoph , Ameri Pietro
Published: March 2024

Aims

To investigate the relationship between chronic low-grade inflammation, as measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels, and incident heart failure (HF) or cancer.

Methods and results

We assessed the relationship between baseline hsCRP concentrations and subsequent HF or cancer in two community-based cohorts, the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT3) and the Health, Aging and Body Composition (ABC) study. In the latter, the analysis was replicated with interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, or tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α instead of hsCRP. In HUNT3, hsCRP was measured in 47 163 subjects (mean age 52.3 ± 15.8 years). During a median follow-up of 12.1 years, 2034 (4.3%) individuals developed HF and 5024 (10.7%) cancer, with 442 (0.9%) being diagnosed with both. After adjusting for age, male sex, diabetes, obesity, previous or current smoking, and comorbidities, elevated baseline hsCRP was associated with a higher risk of HF or cancer [hazard ratio (HR) 1.09; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–1.10]. In the Health ABC study, hsCRP levels were assessed in 2803 participants, who had a mean age of 72.6 ± 2.9 years and a higher burden of comorbidities than in HUNT3. During a median follow-up of 8.2 years, HF and cancer were diagnosed in 346 (12.3%) and 776 (27.7%) subjects, respectively, with 77 (2.7%) having both conditions. After adjusting for the same variables used for the HUNT3 cohort, hsCRP remained significantly associated with incident HF or cancer (HR 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05–1.18), as were IL-1 (HR 1.15; 1.07–1.24), IL-6 (HR 1.09; 1.02–1.17), and TNF-α (HR 1.15; 1.07–1.24).

Conclusion

A state of chronic, low-grade inflammation captured by an increase in hsCRP levels is associated with an increased risk of developing HF or cancer, with potential implications for clinical trials with anti-inflammatory therapies.
Eco-Patents at the Crossroads Between Technological Neutrality and Environmental Sensitivity
Authors: Iaia Vincenzo
Published: March 2024

In a world where global warming and the consequent melting of glaciers seem to have become an irreversible trend, the growing demand for energy and natural resources can be met only if businesses actively foster the green conversion of their strategies and activities. Although primarily devoted to the promotion of technological innovation as such, patent law could play a crucial role in the fight against climate change by favoring those intangibles that are compatible with the environmental imperative. The aim of this paper is to assess the desirability of a patent system that is sensitive and permeable to the need for environmental neutrality as against a system that is neutral to technological innovation. The assessment of this tension is made by focusing on two relevant issues arising in the registration phase: (i) the opportunity to introduce an accelerated procedure for green patents both at the national and at the European level; (ii) the possibility of denying the patentability of highly polluting inventions based on ordre public considerations as well as on other provisions, like Art. 81quinquies of the Italian Intellectual Property Code.
Can extended health communication improve newly settled refugees’ health literacy? A quasi-experimental study from Sweden
Authors: Al-Adhami Maissa , Durbeej Natalie , Daryani Achraf , Wångdahl Josefin , Larsson Elin C , Salari Raziye
Published: March 2024

Structural and contextual factors such as limited work and housing opportunities negatively affect the health and well-being of newly settled refugee migrants in receiving high-income countries. Health promotion initiatives aiming at strengthening health and integration have been tried out within the Swedish Introduction program for refugee migrants. However, longitudinal evaluations of these interventions are rare. The aim of the current study was to compare the effectiveness of a regular and an extended civic orientation course with added health communication and examine whether the latter would improve self-rated health and psychological well-being, health literacy and social capital among newly settled refugee migrants in Sweden. Pre- and post-assessment questionnaires were collected from the intervention group receiving the extended course (n = 143) and a control group receiving the regular course (n = 173). Linear mixed models and chi-square analyses showed a significant increase with a small effect size (0.21) in health literacy in the intervention group. However, there were no significant changes in emotional and practical support, general self-rated health or psychological well-being. The findings indicate that added health communication provided embedded in the civic orientation course can increase health literacy. However, further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the sustainability of the observed effect and examine whether these short-term improvements in health literacy translate to long-term advances in health and integration.
CaSTH2 disables CaWRKY40 from activating pepper thermotolerance and immunity against Ralstonia solanacearum via physical interaction
Authors: Cheng Xingge , Wan Meiyun , Song Yuqiu , Liu Qian , Hu Xiaohui , Chen Xiufang , Zhang Xujing , Zhang Yapeng , Wu Ruijie , Lu Qiaoling , Huang Yu , Lv Jingang , Cai WeiWei , Guan Deyi , Yang Sheng , He Shuilin
Published: March 2024

CaWRKY40 coordinately activates pepper immunity against Ralstonia solanacearum infection (RSI) and high temperature stress (HTS), forms positive feedback loops with other positive regulators and is promoted by CaWRKY27b/CaWRKY28 through physical interactions; however, whether and how it is regulated by negative regulators to function appropriately remain unclear. Herein, we provide evidence that CaWRKY40 is repressed by a SALT TOLERANCE HOMOLOG2 in pepper (CaSTH2). Our data from gene silencing and transient overexpression in pepper and epoptic overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants showed that CaSTH2 acted as negative regulator in immunity against RSI and thermotolerance. Our data from BiFC, CoIP, pull down, and MST indicate that CaSTH2 interacted with CaWRKY40, by which CaWRKY40 was prevented from activating immunity or thermotolerance-related genes. It was also found that CaSTH2 repressed CaWRKY40 at least partially through blocking interaction of CaWRKY40 with CaWRKY27b/CaWRKY28, but not through directly repressing binding of CaWRKY40 to its target genes. The results of study provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying the coordination of pepper immunity and thermotolerance.
Harnessing the power of microbes: Enhancing soybean growth in an acidic soil through AMF inoculation rather than P-fertilization
Authors: Wen Zhongling , Yang Minkai , Fazal Aliya , Han Hongwei , Lin Hongyan , Yin Tongming , Zhu Yuelin , Yang Shouping , Niu Kechang , Sun Shucun , Qi Jinliang , Lu Guihua , Yang Yonghua
Published: March 2024

The low phosphorus (P) availability of acidic soils severely limits leguminous plant growth and productivity. Improving the soil P nutritional status can be achieved by increasing the P-content through P-fertilization or stimulating the mineralization of organic P via arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) application; however, their corresponding impacts on plant and soil microbiome still remain to be explored. Here, we examined the effects of AMF-inoculation and P-fertilization on the growth of soybean with different P-efficiencies, as well as the composition of rhizo-microbiome in an acidic soil. The growth of recipient soybean NY-1001, which has a lower P-efficiency, was not significantly enhanced by AMF-inoculation or P-fertilization. However, the plant biomass of higher P-efficiency transgenic soybean PT6 was significantly increased by 46.74%–65.22% through AMF-inoculation. Although there was no discernible difference in plant biomass between PT6 and NY-1001 in the absence of AMF-inoculation and P-fertilization, PT6 had approximately 1.9–2.5 times the plant biomass of NY-1001 after AMF-inoculation. Therefore, the growth advantage of higher P-efficiency soybean was achieved through the assistance of AMF rather than P-fertilization in available P-deficient acidic soil. Most nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria and some functional genes related to N-fixation were abundant in endospheric layer, as were the P-solubilizing Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, and annotated P-metabolism genes. These N-fixing and P-solubilizing bacteria were positive correlated with each other. Lastly, the two most abundant phytopathogenic fungi species accumulated in endospheric layer, they exhibited positive correlations with N-fixing bacteria, but displayed negative interactions with the majority of the other dominant non-pathogenic genera with potential antagonistic activity.
Multi-omics analysis reveals key regulatory defense pathways and genes involved in salt tolerance of rose plants
Authors: Ren Haoran , Yang Wenjing , Jing Weikun , Shahid Muhammad Owais , Liu Yuming , Qiu Xianhan , Choisy Patrick , Xu Tao , Ma Nan , Gao Junping , Zhou Xiaofeng
Published: March 2024

Salinity stress causes serious damage to crops worldwide, limiting plant production. However, the metabolic and molecular mechanisms underlying the response to salt stress in rose (Rosa spp.) remain poorly studied. We therefore performed a multi-omics investigation of Rosa hybrida cv. Jardin de Granville (JDG) and Rosa damascena Mill. (DMS) under salt stress to determine the mechanisms underlying rose adaptability to salinity stress. Salt treatment of both JDG and DMS led to the buildup of reactive oxygen species (H2O2). Palisade tissue was more severely damaged in DMS than in JDG, while the relative electrolyte permeability was lower and the soluble protein content was higher in JDG than in DMS. Metabolome profiling revealed significant alterations in phenolic acid, lipids, and flavonoid metabolite levels in JDG and DMS under salt stress. Proteome analysis identified enrichment of flavone and flavonol pathways in JDG under salt stress. RNA sequencing showed that salt stress influenced primary metabolism in DMS, whereas it substantially affected secondary metabolism in JDG. Integrating these datasets revealed that the phenylpropane pathway, especially the flavonoid pathway, is strongly enhanced in rose under salt stress. Consistent with this, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) identified the key regulatory gene chalcone synthase 1 (CHS1), which is important in the phenylpropane pathway. Moreover, luciferase assays indicated that the bHLH74 transcription factor binds to the CHS1 promoter to block its transcription. These results clarify the role of the phenylpropane pathway, especially flavonoid and flavonol metabolism, in the response to salt stress in rose.
Numerical study of PCM-integrated solar still efficiency enhancement
Authors: Aftiss Reda , Najim Monssif , Hissouf Mohamed
Published: March 2024

This research paper provides a detailed comparison of three types of solar stills: the conventional passive solar still (still-I), the solar still with paraffin wax as a phase change material (PCM) (still-II) and the solar still with PCM coupled to a storage tank (still-III). The study involves a numerical investigation across six regions of Morocco during typical days of each season of the year. The paper formulates and solves the thermal energy balance equations for the different components of the solar stills and storage tank. The numerical simulation is validated by comparing the results with existing experimental and numerical data. The study shows that a portion of the energy produced during the day is stored in the PCM, which can be utilized at night. In addition, the storage tank plays an active role in improving the yield of the passive solar still, indicating the advantage of the new configuration. Thus, the productivity of still-III during typical days of spring, summer and autumn exceeds that of still-II and still-I. The maximum value of still-III was obtained in region five of Morocco (Marrakech) in spring with 8.6 kg ${\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$. However, the highest energy efficiency was achieved in region 1 (Agadir) with 76.05%, while the maximum exergy was reached in region five (Marrakech) in spring with 7.09%.
Diagnosing Polyomavirus Nephropathy Without a Biopsy: Validation of the Urinary Polyomavirus-Haufen Test in a Proof-of-Concept Study Including Uromodulin Knockout Mice
Authors: Nickeleit Volker , Butcher Dalton , Thompson Bawana D , Rivier Lauraine H , Singh Harsharan K
Published: March 2024

Background

Polyomavirus (PyV) nephropathy (PyVN) leads to kidney transplant dysfunction and loss. Since a definitive diagnosis requires an invasive kidney biopsy, a timely diagnosis is often hampered. In this clinical dilemma the PyV haufen-test, centering around the detection of 3-dimensional PyV aggregates in the urine, might provide crucial diagnostic information.

Methods

A multistep experimental design was used. The hypothesis was that PyV-haufen form within the kidneys under high concentrations of uromodulin, a kidney-specific protein and that PyV-haufen are, therefore, kidney-specific disease biomarkers.

Results

The first investigative step showed colocalization of uromodulin with aggregated PyV (1) in 10 kidneys with PyVN by immunohistochemistry, (2) in urine samples containing PyV-haufen by electron microscopy/immunogold labeling (n = 3), and (3) in urine samples containing PyV-haufen by immunoprecipitation assays (n = 4). In the in vitro experiments of the next step, only high uromodulin concentrations (≥1.25 mg/mL) aggregated PyV, as is expected to occur within injured nephrons. In contrast, in voided urine samples (n = 59) uromodulin concentrations were below aggregation concentrations (1.2−19.6 µg/mL). In the third investigative step, none of 11 uromodulin−/− knockout mice (0%) with histologic signs of PyVN showed urinary PyV-haufen shedding, compared with 10 of 14 uromodulin+/+ wild-type mice (71%).

Conclusions

PyV-haufen form within kidneys under high uromodulin concentrations. Thus, PyV-haufen detected in the urine are specific biomarkers for intrarenal disease (ie, definitive PyVN).
Metabolic reprogramming and macrophage polarization in granuloma formation
Authors: Nakamizo Satoshi , Kabashima Kenji
Published: March 2024

This review article delves into the complexities of granuloma formation, focusing on the metabolic reprogramming within these immune structures, especially in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. It underscores the role of the monocyte–macrophage lineage in granuloma formation and maintenance, emphasizing the adaptability of these cells to environmental cues and inflammatory stimuli. Key to the discussion is the macrophage polarization influenced by various cytokines, with a detailed exploration of the metabolic shifts towards glycolysis under hypoxic conditions and the utilization of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) for crucial biosynthetic processes. Significant attention is given to the metabolism of L-arginine in macrophages and its impact on immune response and granuloma function. The review also highlights the role of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in macrophage differentiation and its implications in granulomatous diseases. Discoveries such as elevated PPP activity in granuloma-associated macrophages and the protective role of NADPH against oxidative stress offer novel insights into granuloma biology. The review concludes by suggesting potential therapeutic targets within these metabolic pathways to modulate granuloma formation and function, proposing new treatment avenues for conditions characterized by chronic inflammation and granuloma formation. This work contributes significantly to the understanding of immune regulation and chronic inflammation, presenting avenues for future research and therapy in granulomatous diseases.
Methylomonadaceae was the active and dominant methanotroph in Tibet lake sediments
Authors: Deng Yongcui , Liang Chulin , Zhu Xiaomeng , Zhu Xinshu , Chen Lei , Pan Hongan , Xun Fan , Tao Ye , Xing Peng
Published: March 2024

Methane (CH4), an important greenhouse gas, significantly impacts the local and global climate. Our study focused on the composition and activity of methanotrophs residing in the lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, a hotspot for climate change research. Based on the field survey, the family Methylomonadaceae had a much higher relative abundance in freshwater lakes than in brackish and saline lakes, accounting for ~92% of total aerobic methanotrophs. Using the microcosm sediment incubation with 13CH4 followed by high throughput sequencing and metagenomic analysis, we further demonstrated that the family Methylomonadaceae was actively oxidizing CH4. Moreover, various methylotrophs, such as the genera Methylotenera and Methylophilus, were detected in the 13C-labeled DNAs, which suggested their participation in CH4-carbon sequential assimilation. The presence of CH4 metabolism, such as the tetrahydromethanopterin and the ribulose monophosphate pathways, was identified in the metagenome-assembled genomes of the family Methylomonadaceae. Furthermore, they had the potential to adapt to oxygen-deficient conditions and utilize multiple electron acceptors, such as metal oxides (Fe3+), nitrate, and nitrite, for survival in the Tibet lakes. Our findings highlighted the predominance of Methylomonadaceae and the associated microbes as active CH4 consumers, potentially regulating the CH4 emissions in the Tibet freshwater lakes. These insights contributed to understanding the plateau carbon cycle and emphasized the significance of methanotrophs in mitigating climate change.
Adaptive evolution of plasmid and chromosome contributes to the fitness of a blaNDM-bearing cointegrate plasmid in Escherichia coli
Authors: Liu Ziyi , Gao Yanyun , Wang Mianzhi , Liu Yuan , Wang Fulin , Shi Jing , Wang Zhiqiang , Li Ruichao
Published: March 2024

Large cointegrate plasmids recruit genetic features of their parental plasmids and serve as important vectors in the spread of antibiotic resistance. They are now frequently found in clinical settings, raising the issue of how to limit their further transmission. Here, we conducted evolutionary research of a large blaNDM-positive cointegrate within Escherichia coli C600, and discovered that adaptive evolution of chromosome and plasmid jointly improved bacterial fitness, which was manifested as enhanced survival ability for in vivo and in vitro pairwise competition, biofilm formation, and gut colonization ability. From the plasmid aspect, large-scale DNA fragment loss is observed in an evolved clone. Although the evolved plasmid imposes a negligible fitness cost on host bacteria, its conjugation frequency is greatly reduced, and the deficiency of anti-SOS gene psiB is found responsible for the impaired horizontal transferability rather than the reduced fitness cost. These findings unveil an evolutionary strategy in which the plasmid horizontal transferability and fitness cost are balanced. From the chromosome perspective, all evolved clones exhibit parallel mutations in the transcriptional regulatory stringent starvation Protein A gene sspA. Through a sspA knockout mutant, transcriptome analysis, in vitro transcriptional activity assay, RT-qPCR, motility test, and scanning electron microscopy techniques, we demonstrated that the mutation in sspA reduces its transcriptional inhibitory capacity, thereby improving bacterial fitness, biofilm formation ability, and gut colonization ability by promoting bacterial flagella synthesis. These findings expand our knowledge of how cointegrate plasmids adapt to new bacterial hosts.
Digital Labour Platforms as Shock Absorbers: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mozambique
Authors: Jones Sam , Manhique Ivan
Published: March 2024

Digital labour platforms have grown five-fold over the past decade, enabling significant expansion of gig work worldwide. We interrogate the critique that these platforms tend to amplify aggregate shocks for registered workers. Based on the universe of records from a matching platform for manual freelancers in Mozambique, we analyse how task supply and demand altered with the onset of COVID-19. Treating the pandemic as a structural break, which extends to an event study analysis, we find it was associated with a net increase in tasks demanded per worker, but no clear change in supply growth (new registrations). While these general trends are evident across multiple market segments, there is also evidence of relatively higher demand for female as compared to male workers during the pandemic. This suggests digital labour markets can help some workers adjust to economic shocks in low-income contexts.
Identification, Isolation, and Characterization of a Novel Degradation Impurity of Busulfan Using Preparative Chromatography, NMR, and LC–MS
Authors: Yerla Rajender Reddy , Manubolu Surya Surendra Babu
Published: March 2024

Background

Busulfan is the most effective medication for treating chronic myelogenous or granulocytic leukemia because it has cytotoxic properties that harm or kill hematopoietic cells. It cannot absorb light in the Ultraviolet range due to its structure. Because of this, it is very challenging to quantify using traditional HPLC coupled with UV/Photodiode Array detectors. So, using sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, a derivatization method was developed to quantify related impurities. A significant unknown impurity was identified in derivatized samples of busulfan and a noticeably high percentage level was discovered during routine drug testing.

Objective

We aimed to isolate, and characterize the unknown impurity observed in the samples and to identify its root cause.

Methods

Preparative HPLC was used to isolate the unidentified, derivatized impurity, and 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS were used to decipher its structural components.

Results

The spectral characterization data analysis showed that the unknown impurity was related to busulfan. Additionally, it was noted that the impurity developed as a result of the residual buffer used to prepare the derivatizing reagent.

Conclusion

The isolated impurity was found to be same as comparable to that found in busulfan drug substances, according to the results of the characterization tools. An alternative method of reagent preparation was optimized and deemed satisfactory because the buffer used in reagent preparation is the only factor contributing to the formation of impurities.

Highlights

Using cutting-edge analytical characterization tools, it was possible to explain the structural characteristics of an unknown impurity and discover that it was a novel impurity, which undoubtedly contributes to the comprehension of drug substance reaction properties.
119 Plasma metabolomics and feed behavior patterns in feed efficient or inefficient beef bulls
Authors: Venturini Mauro , Heredia Daniella C , Lopez Maria , Joice Kamryn , Ruiz Martin , Dubeux Jose C B , Dilorenzo Nicolas , Gonella-Diaza Angela M
Published: March 2024

Residual feed intake (RFI) is a measure of feed efficiency (FE). Differences in plasma metabolites concentration found in animals with contrasting RFI are potential biomarkers of FE. Furthermore, feed behavior patterns could also be used to identify animals with contrasting RFI. We hypothesize that the integration of plasma metabolomics data and feed behavior can predict the future animal performance. We used 302 bulls subjected to an ad libitum diet for 56-d while allocated in pens equipped with GrowSafe System to evaluate RFI. Blood samples were collected for metabolomics analysis at the beginning (d 0) and at the end (d 56) of the trial. Feeding behavior metrics including feeding bout (FB), and eating time were estimated. Subsequently, the bulls were classified as low RFI (LRFI) and high RFI (HRFI). The performance test showed no differences between LRFI and HRFI animals in the initial body weight (LRFI: 408.62 ± 47.43 Kg; HRFI: 407.64 ± 60.22; P = 0.41), final body weight (LRFI: 510.33 ± 58.28; HRFI: 500.82 ± 72.23; P = 0.46), and average daily gain (LRFI: 1.67 ± 0.28; HRFI: 1.54 ± 0.36; P = 0.42). But the dry matter intake was less for LRFI (6.45 ± 1.78) in comparison with HRFI animals (8.81 ± 2.63; P < 0.001). Metabolomics analysis performed on the top and bottom 30 bulls based on RFI, reveled increased concentrations of 18 metabolites in LRFI bulls on d 0, and 12 different metabolites on d 56. Among these compounds, Cer(d18:1/23:0) level was statistically greater on both d 0 (LRFI: 0.233 ± 0.016 µM; HRFI: 0.187 ± 0.014 µM, P = 0.039) and d 56 (LRFI: 0.267 ± 0.016 µM; HRFI: 0.205 ± 0.013 µM, P = 0.02), emerging as a potential biomarker distinguished by the multivariate analysis, capable of discerning between LRFI and HRFI animals. On the other hand, FB (LRFI: 13 events/d; HRFI: 15 events/d; P = 0.019) and eating time LRFI: 119 min/d; HRFI: 153 min/d; P < 0.001) were different between the two groups. The more efficient animals (LRFI) were observed to visit the feed bunk less frequently and spend less time consuming feed compared with the less efficient animals (HRFI). In conclusion, further exploration of the metabolites’ pathways and their roles and recognition of feeding behavior patterns could provide valuable insights into the mechanisms contributing to FE.
122 A retrospective analysis of gestational length and its influencers for Bos taurus beef cows
Authors: Mitchell Camille , Vidlund Trinity , Craun Hannah , Mercadante Vitor R G , Redifer Tracey , Currin John
Published: March 2024

The gestational length of cows is commonly set at 283 d. The objective of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis to determine gestational length and evaluate cow and calf parameters that influence gestational length of Bos taurus beef cows. A total of 10,037 reproductive records were used in this study. Data evaluated were obtained from reproductive records collected from Fall of 2011 through Spring of 2018, from 14 herds from the Virginia Department of Corrections beef cattle operations and the Virginia Tech Beef Center research herd. Cows used to measure gestation length were all pregnant to artificial insemination (AI) to ensure accurate breeding dates, and only pregnancies that resulted in a live birth were included in the dataset. Data were analyzed using the MIXED and CORR procedures of SAS. The average age of cows in this study was 5.5 ± 0.03 yr, with a minimum of 2 yr and a maximum of 18 yr of age. The average gestation length was 280.2 ± 0.05 d. The shortest and longest gestation lengths recorded were 253 d and 300 d, respectively. Gestation length was affected by calving season (P < 0.0001), with a shorter gestation period for Fall (279.1 ± 0.08 d) than Spring born calves (281.1 ± 0.07 d). Calf sex also had an impact on gestation length (P = 0.0002), where male calves were on average gestated almost a day longer (280.8 ± 0.07 d) than females (279.6 ± 0.07 d). To evaluate whether a correlation exists between gestation length and selected variables, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. Cow age (r = 0.2136; P < 0.0001), calf birth weight (r = 0.3834; P < 0.0001), calf weaning weight (r = 0.1438; P = 0.01) and calf adjusted weaning weights (r = 0.0253; P < 0.0001) were correlated with gestation length of beef cows. In conclusion, the average gestation length of Bos taurus beef cows was 280 d, which is shorter than the commonly used 283 d, and it was affected by calving season (Fall and Spring) and calf sex. Further, while correlations exist among gestation length, cow age and calf traits, these correlations were weak to moderate.
31 Pastureland Ecology 1 provides hands-on training in grazing management for USDA-NRCS professionals
Authors: Poore Matt H , Shaeffer April D , Rogers Johnny R , Weaver Andrew R , Siciliano Paul , Harmon Deidre
Published: March 2024

Pastureland Ecology 1 is a 2-wk continuing education course taught by cooperating faculty at NC State University for USDA-NRCS Staff. The course was founded in the early 1990s and has been taught 23 times to over 500 participants from all 50 states. Participants primarily include grazing specialists, soil conservationists, and district conservationists. Instruction is split between classroom lectures and hands-on experience with grazing management. Lecture topics include; introduction to pasture ecology, principles of plant growth, determining animal forage needs, pasture design, principles of soil health, principles of grazing management, and grazing management systems for small ruminants, horses and cattle. Small groups of students work with groups of goats, sheep, horses, and beef cattle throughout the course, learning concepts of forage allocation, temporary electric fence, and adaptive management. Popular demonstrations developed over the years include; the reel race, dung beetle buckets, burying underwear to demonstrate soil health, exploring root diversity, and troubleshooting electric fence. Farm tours are conducted to show how concepts being taught are applied on commercial farms. In 2023 there were 29 students from 13 states including VA (4), MD (4), PA (3), OK (4), MI (1), UT (2), TN (3), WV (1), MA (1), OH (1), NM (1), WA (3), and RI (1). Participants had 8.4 ± 1.39 (AVG ± SEM) years of experience with NRCS with a range of 1 to 27 yr. Students self-assessed their understanding of major concepts before and after the course. On a 1 to 5 scale students increased their understanding by an average of 1.05 ± 0.129, averaged over all topics. Topics more familiar to participants had less increase including; Soil Health (0.38), Pasture Condition Evaluation (0.51), and Grazing Management for Beef Cattle (0.79). Less familiar topics had greater increases including Grazing Management for Horses (1.27) and Small Ruminants (1.27), and Temporary Electric Fence (1.43). Pastureland Ecology 1 remains a critical part of the Amazing Grazing Program at NC State University, impacting pasture-based livestock producers across the country. This educational model has proven to be an effective way of teaching the principles of pastureland ecology.
30 Ethnobotany applied to ruminant feeding inserted in countryside property redesign
Authors: Lobo Annelise Aila Gomes , Campana Mariana , De Morais Jozivaldo Prudêncio Gomes
Published: March 2024

Adoption of multi-species herbal leys, planting trees and integrating livestock can increase agricultural productivity and carbon storage on ruminant livestock farms. Most of the forage produced in pastures during the year is available in hot and rainy seasons, so the cold and dry season becomes a critical point, where forage production is insufficient. Thus, there is a need to use other complementary feed sources. This study aims to characterize bibliographically the plants that are part of ethnobotanical science, according to their bio compounds, based on the perception of the livestock farmers interviewed, aimed at increasing productivity, and that are used in the feeding of ruminant animals by livestock farmers in the regions between the cities of Araras and Ribeirao Preto in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The research took place in a qualitative way adopting the use of questionnaires and interviews with rural producers, and the answers used by them were characterized in an empirical way, according to occurrences based on the experience and experience of errors and successes in animal nutrition and health, in which it was later possible to perform a textual analysis of what was described by the producers, aligned with the literature. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with farmers, involving questions about: i) which plant species exist on the property; - ii) what is the importance, value or function associated with these species. The species to be surveyed will be those: plant species that are in some way related to the production system (present on and/or off pasture), and have been planted or maintained by farmers to: i) provide animal welfare; ii) positively influence forage or soil quality; iii) complement animal nutrition; iv) provide ecosystem services (related to ecological/environmental factors; v) generate complementary income; vi) bring scenic, ornamental or landscape benefit on the pastures. The wisdom of the farmers is in line with the information in the literature, since the purpose of the food has characteristics such as being drought-tolerant, having increased dry matter, a wealth of minerals and vitamins, flavonoids, tannins, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances, energy and protein, as well as good digestibility by ruminant animals. Therefore, the productive potential of rural properties in Brazil goes beyond grass and crop treatments. It is necessary to explore the species present on rural properties and show farmers the importance of identifying plants and for what purpose they can be used, such as animal feed subsidized by the farm's own ruminants. Especially when there is grazing of the animals and the presence of these foods in the paddock.