bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a novel microperoxidase from Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Di Tullio Alessandra , Caputi Lorenzo , Malatesta Francesco , Reale Samantha , De Angelis Francesco
Published: January 2005

Microperoxidases are small heme‐peptides obtained by proteolytic digestion of cytochrome c, exhibiting peroxidase activity. They consist of a short‐ or medium‐length polypeptide chain, covalently linked to an iron protoporphyrin IX moiety via two thioether bonds involving Cys residues at the c‐porphyrin A and B pyrrole rings. These small molecules are interesting for a wide range of possible applications. We have structurally characterized, by means of electrospray ionization (ESI) mass and tandem mass spectrometric experiments, a novel microperoxidase called MMP‐5 (Marinobacter MicroPeroxidase‐5), obtained by proteolytic digestion of cytochrome c552, a monoheminic electron‐transfer protein isolated from Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. This microperoxidase, which still maintains the functional peptide moieties for peroxidase activity, is devoid of the two amino acids intercalating the Cys residues linked to the c‐porphyrin, thus increasing its water solubility. Once submitted to the ESI source potential, MMP‐5 showed an interesting tendency for the reduction of the iron protoporphyrin substructure. This behaviour was clearly evidenced by the mass shift exhibited by the reduced form. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolism studies of the anti‐tumor agent maytansine and its analog ansamitocin P‐3 using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Zhongfa , Floss Heinz G. , Cassady John M. , Chan Kenneth K.
Published: January 2005

Maytansine, a potent clinically evaluated plant‐derived anti‐tumor drug, and its microbial counterpart, ansamitocin P‐3, showed a substantially higher cytoxicity than many other anti‐tumor drugs. Owing to a shortage of material and lack of sufficiently sensitive analytical methods at the time, no metabolism studies were apparently carried out in conjunction with the initial preclinical and clinical studies on maytansine, but some products of decomposition during the period of storage of the formulated drug were reported. In the current study, the in vitro metabolism of maytansine and ansamitocin P‐3 was studied after incubation with rat and human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH, and with rat and human plasma and whole blood, using liquid chromatography/multi‐stage mass spectrometry. Unchanged ansamitocin P‐3 and 11 metabolites and unchanged maytansine and seven metabolites were profiled and the structures of some metabolites were tentatively assigned based on their multi‐stage electrospray ion‐trap mass fragmentation data and in some cases accurate mass measurement. The major pathway of ansamitocin P‐3 metabolism in human liver microsomes appears to be demethylation at C‐10. Oxidation and sequential oxidation/demethylation also occurred, although to a lesser extent. However, the major pathway of maytansine metabolism in human liver microsomes is N‐demethylation of the methylamide of the ester moiety. Several minor pathways including O/N‐demethylation, oxidation and hydrolysis of the ester bond were also observed. There were no differences in maytansine metabolism between rat and human liver microsomes; however, the rate of metabolism of ansamitocin P‐3 was different in rat and human liver microsomes. About 20% of ansamitocin P‐3 was converted to its metabolites in rat liver microsomes and about 70% in human liver microsomes under the same conditions. Additionally, 10‐O‐demethylated ansamitocin P‐3 was also detected in the urine after i.v. bolus administration of ansamitocin P‐3 to Sprague–Dawley male rats. No metabolites were detected following incubation of maytansine and ansamitocin P‐3 with human and rat whole blood and plasma. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of internal browning and quality improvement of ‘Fuji’ apples by stepwise increase of CO2 level during controlled atmosphere storage
Authors: Chung Hun‐Sik , Moon Kwang‐Deog , Chung Shin‐Kyo , Choi Jong‐Uck
Published: January 2005

To control internal browning injury and to reduce quality loss in ‘Fuji’ apples during storage, a stepwise controlled atmosphere (CA) method was applied in this study. Both non‐bagged and bagged apples during maturation were stored at 0 °C under 1% O2 + 1% CO2, 1% O2 + 3% CO2 or air for 10 months, and 1% O2 + 1% CO2 for 2 months followed by 1% O2 + 3% CO2 for 8 months (stepwise CA). The concentrations of internal ethylene and carbon dioxide in apples kept for 24 h at 20 °C after storage under CA conditions were maintained at low level, but there was no effect of stepwise CO2 increase on internal gas concentrations. The non‐bagged and bagged apples stored under stepwise CA were not significantly different from those stored under 1% O2 + 3% CO2 continuously for 10 months in term of flesh firmness, titratable acidity and yellowing index. However, the apples stored under stepwise CA were firmer, more acid and greener than those stored under 1% O2 + 1% CO2 continuously for 10 months. Internal browning injury occurred in apples stored under 1% O2 + 3% CO2 continuously for 10 months, but it was suppressed completely by stepwise CA storage. The stepwise CA, increasing of CO2 level after holding at 1% CO2 for the first 2 months of storage, was effective in maintaining the quality and controlling the internal browning injury in non‐bagged and bagged ‘Fuji’ apples. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification of phenolic compound in manuka honey as specific superoxide anion radical scavenger using electron spin resonance (ESR) and liquid chromatography with coulometric array detection
Authors: Inoue Koichi , Murayama Shiho , Seshimo Fumie , Takeba Kazue , Yoshimura Yoshihiro , Nakazawa Hiroyuki
Published: January 2005

Apitherapy has become the focus of attention as a form of folk and preventive medicine for treating certain conditions and diseases as well as promoting overall health and well‐being. In apitherapy, honey is the therapeutic agent used for dressing surgical wounds, burns or skin ulcers, as well as for dyspepsia, peptic ulcer, etc., because of its antioxidant activity. Therefore, it is important to determine the antioxidants in honey by analytical techniques. In the present study, the antioxidant activities of honeys from different floral sources were investigated by electron spin resonance (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and H2O2/NaOH/DMSO scavenging systems), liquid chromatography with coulometric array detection (LC‐ED), and liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). The antioxidant activities of some unifloral honeys (acacia, Chinese milk vetch, buckwheat and manuka) were evaluated using the radical scavenging systems. It was shown that DPPH radical scavenging activity was significantly different among the honeys, with buckwheat and manuka honeys having significantly higher scavenging activity than acacia honey. In addition, only manuka honey had specific scavenging activity for superoxide anion radicals. The compound responsible for this activity in manuka honey was identified by LC‐ED and LC‐MS. Careful examination of the LC‐ED chromatographic patterns of manuka and other honey samples revealed a distinct peak in the chromatogram of manuka honey to be methyl syringate (MSYR). The radical scavenging activity of MSYR was specific for superoxide anion radicals, similar to the case of manuka honey. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Nutritional value of African yambean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa L): improvement by lactic acid fermentation
Authors: Azeke Marshall A , Fretzdorff Barbara , Buening‐Pfaue Hans , Holzapfel Wilhelm , Betsche Thomas
Published: January 2005

Tropical African yambean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa L) is an under‐utilised hardy, protein‐rich legume. Antinutrients and the excessively long cooking time (4–6 h), among other factors, limit the food use of African yambean seeds. To reduce these limitations, non‐traditional, less energy‐consuming processing methods are required. Seeds of different varieties were (i) examined for ingredients and (ii) fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum. Comparisons with traditionally cooked beans were made. Protein content and in vitro protein digestibility were increased slightly by fermentation or cooking. Reductions in trypsin and α‐amylase inhibitor activity and tannin ranged from significant to complete. The contents of potentially very toxic cyanogenic glycosides and flatulence‐causing α‐galactosides were high in raw beans. Reduction by fermentation (by 85%) was clearly more effective than by traditional cooking (10–20%). The results demonstrate (i) that fermentation can substantially improve the nutritional quality and (ii) that the energy requirement to produce a basic consumable fermented food from African yambean is only 10% of that of traditional cooking. On these grounds, widespread application of lactic acid fermentation by individuals or small‐scale industries would be advantageous in the context of small‐household economy, environmental protection, health and long‐term sustainable agriculture in Nigeria. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
The effects of natural antioxidants and lighting conditions on the quality of salmon (Salmo salar) fillets packaged in modified atmosphere
Authors: Giménez Begoña , Roncalés Pedro , Beltrán José A
Published: January 2005

The effect of lighting conditions (darkness, a low‐UV colour‐balanced lamp and supermarket fluorescents), along with the application of natural antioxidants (rosemary extract and ascorbic acid) on shelf‐life of salmon (Salmo salar) fillets packaged in modified atmosphere and stored at 1 ± 1 °C was studied. Darkness and lighting with low‐UV colour‐balanced lamps led to an extension of shelf‐life compared with conventional light, as assessed by a* values, lipid oxidation (TBARS value) and sensory evaluation. The application of natural antioxidants on the surface of MAP salmon fillets gave rise to a delay of lipid oxidation as well as an improvement of the sensory quality, mainly in the case of conventional lighting conditions. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Pore formation in apple during air‐drying as a function of temperature: porosity and pore‐size distribution
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Shafiur , Al‐Zakwani Intisar , Guizani Nejib
Published: January 2005

Characteristics of air‐dried apple produced by drying at 50, 80 and 105 °C were studied by measuring apparent porosity, open pore porosity and pore‐size distribution with a helium gas pycnometer and mercury porosimetry. Apparent porosity increased with the decrease of moisture content as well as with the increase of drying temperature. Fresh apple showed negligible closed pores, whereas drying caused collapse of surface pores, and consequently reduced open pores. Pore‐size distribution for fresh apple showed two sharp peaks, one at 5.8 µm and another at 3.6 µm. Apple rings, dried for 20 h, showed only one sharp peak at 3.6 µm while samples dried for 30 h showed three peaks, at 10, 5.8 and 3.6 µm, respectively. Application of high pressure (0.12–414 MPa) resulted on negligible intrusion of mercury into the sample. Fractal analysis indicated the formation of more micro‐pores on the surface caused by air‐drying. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant capacity of fresh‐cut vegetables exposed to ionizing radiation
Authors: Fan Xuetong
Published: January 2005

The effect of ionizing radiation on antioxidant capacity, phenolic content and tissue browning of three vegetables was studied. Midrib and non‐midrib leaf tissues of Romaine and Iceberg lettuce and endive were irradiated with gamma‐rays at 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 kGy, and then stored at 7–8 °C for 8 days. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of tissues as well as tissue browning were analyzed at 1, 4 and 8 days of storage. In general, irradiation increased the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of both tissue types of all vegetables at day 4 and day 8. The rates of the increase were higher in midrib tissues than in non‐midribs, and increased with storage time. Irradiation, however, increased tissue browning of midrib tissues of Romaine and Iceberg lettuce. Our results suggest that irradiation increased nutritional quality of leafy vegetables, but some adverse visual quality changes were encountered. Published in 2005 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water absorption in dried beans
Authors: Liu Chien‐Kuo , Lee Sanboh , Cheng Wei‐Jen , Wu Chia‐Jung , Lee I‐Fan
Published: January 2005

Water absorption in dried beans has been investigated. Diffusion equations based on wetting theory are proposed and an analytical solution was obtained using Duhamel's theorem. The green bean, red bean, California small white bean and soybean are considered. Some green beans and red beans were irradiated by gamma‐rays. The theoretical predictions are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. The diffusion coefficients of water in green bean and red bean satisfy the Arrhenius equation. The testa wetting was analyzed on a thermodynamic basis. The wetting time of water molecules from water reservoir to embryo of green bean and red bean via testa was found to satisfy a modified Arrhenius equation. The activation energy of diffusion is greater for non‐irradiated red bean than for irradiated red bean, but the energy barrier of wetting is smaller for non‐irradiated red bean than for irradiated red bean. However, the effects of gamma‐rays on diffusion and wetting in green bean are not pronounced. The time to cook the green bean until well done was analyzed and the effect of water uptake on cooking time is discussed. The water transport in hulled green bean was also investigated. The wetting behavior was not observed in the hulled green bean. This is direct evidence of the wetting behavior of the testa. The water uptake in the hulled green bean is greater than that in the coated green bean. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Peanut polyamines may be non‐allergenic
Authors: Chung Si‐Yin , Champagne Elaine T
Published: January 2005

Polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine and spermine have been implicated in preventing food allergies in early life, but they have also been reported to be able to bind to immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in vitro (ie they are possibly allergenic). The objective of this study was to determine if polyamines bind in vitro to IgE antibodies from a pooled serum of five peanut‐allergic individuals. Levels of polyamines were also determined by ion‐exchange chromatography. Indirect and inhibition enzyme immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to determine the IgE binding or allergenic properties of polyamines. Results showed that, of the three polyamines, spermidine was predominant in peanuts. In both indirect and inhibition ELISAs, IgE antibodies did not bind to the polyamines. It was concluded that polyamines from peanuts, unlike peanut proteins, are not allergenic or an additional threat to patients who are allergic to peanuts. Published in 2005 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of antioxidant and ACE‐inhibitory peptides in fermented milk
Authors: Hernández‐Ledesma Blanca , Miralles Beatriz , Amigo Lourdes , Ramos Mercedes , Recio Isidra
Published: January 2005

The angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitory activity and antioxidant properties of a commercial fermented milk from Europe were evaluated. This dairy product showed moderate ACE‐inhibitory activity and ABTS•+ radical‐scavenging capacity. The peptides from most active fractions collected by reverse phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) were sequenced by RP‐HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry. This technique allowed rapid identification of peptides included in the most active fractions, and various potentially active peptides were recognised according to previous studies of structure–activity relationship. Three of the identified sequences had previously been described as potent ACE inhibitors. The structure of some sequences substantiated the presence of peptides with ACE‐inhibitory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of irrigation level on yield and bioactive amine content of American lettuce
Authors: Coelho Ana Flávia S , Gomes Éder P , Sousa Antonio de P , Glória M Beatriz A
Published: January 2005

The influence of four levels (25, 50, 75 and 100%) of Class A pan evaporation replenishment (PER) on the marketable yield and bioactive amine content of American lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv Lucy Brown) grown under greenhouse conditions and drip irrigation was investigated. Lettuce was planted in 1.20 m × 2.10 m plots in a completely randomised block design with three replications. Lowest fresh head weights and diameters were obtained at 25% PER. Highest marketable yields and fresh head weights were obtained at 100% PER; however, no significant difference was observed when using 75% PER. The fresh head diameter was smaller only when using 25% PER. Four amines were detected in lettuce grown under 100% PER, with a total content of 7.60 mg kg−1. Spermidine was the prevalent amine, followed by putrescine, cadaverine and agmatine. Higher spermidine and cadaverine levels were observed in the outer layers of leaves than in the intermediate and inner leaves. The contents of every amine except agmatine increased with water stress; however, a significant difference was observed only between 100 and 25% PER. The concentrations of accumulated putrescine were not capable of negatively affecting the sensory quality of the lettuce. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Cadmium and lead in Hungarian porcine products and tissues
Authors: Gyõri Zoltan , Kovács Bela , Daniels Peter , Szabo Peter , Phillips Clive
Published: January 2005

Samples of kidney, blood, lungs, hair, heart, liver, spleen, muscle, ear, rib, skin and faeces were obtained from 200 fattened pigs in 10 abattoirs across Hungary. These were analysed in triplicate for cadmium and lead concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The highest concentrations of cadmium were found in the kidney, followed by hair and faeces and then liver, heart and lungs. Lead concentrations were greater in the hair and faeces than other tissues. Both lead and cadmium concentrations in meat and offal were below the legal limits. There was more variation in lead than cadmium concentrations between abattoirs, and across abattoirs there was no correlation between concentrations of the two elements. Blood lead concentration was correlated with the lead concentration in bone, kidney, liver, spleen and lungs, and was a better indicator of lead contamination than hair lead concentration. The cadmium concentrations of the kidney, liver, spleen, lungs and faeces were highly correlated, and it is suggested that faeces is the best on‐farm indicator of cadmium contamination. Across animals, blood cadmium correlated less closely with the cadmium concentration of the body tissues than it did with the lead concentration, demonstrating positive interaction between the two elements. By contrast, hair and to a lesser extent bone cadmium concentrations were negatively correlated with the lead concentration of most tissues. It is concluded that lead and cadmium concentrations in pigs are best monitored in blood and faeces concentrations, respectively. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Contribution and importance of wine spirit to the port wine final quality—initial approach
Authors: Pissarra João , Lourenço Sandra , Machado José Maria , Mateus Nuno , Guimaraens David , de Freitas Victor
Published: January 2005

The commercial wine spirit used for this study revealed that the aldehyde content mainly comprises acetaldehyde but other aldehydes such as propionaldehyde, 2‐methylbutyraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, methylglyoxal, benzaldehyde and others are also present in significant amounts. A typical grape must was used to assess the influence of wine spirit in the analytical and sensorial characteristics of fortified wines. Decreasing levels of anthocyanins, as well the increase in the red colour and tanning capacity, were observed, and seem to be positively correlated with the increase of the aldehyde content present in the wine spirits used to fortify the must. Using the CIE L*a*b* system, this aldehyde content present in the spirit used seemed to be correlated with the decrease of the wines' lightness (darkening effect), the displacement of the hue angle to higher values (yellowing effect) and the increase of the chromaticity (colour saturation) of the wines. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Low concentrations of chitosan coating reduce water spot incidence and delay peel pigmentation of Clementine mandarin fruit
Authors: Fornes Fernando , Almela Vicente , Abad Manuel , Agustí Manuel
Published: January 2005

The effect on fruit ripening and on water spot incidence in Clemenules mandarin fruit of preharvest (86 days before harvesting) or postharvest application of a low concentration (12.5–125 mg l−1) of chitosan was investigated. Chitosan delayed the natural and ethylene‐induced peel pigmentation without affecting the internal maturation, and reduced the softness and the water absorption capacity of the fruit at maturity irrespective of the concentration applied. In association with these antisenescence effects, chitosan reduced the water spot incidence, and this effect increased with increasing concentration. Best results were achieved with 125 mg l−1 chitosan, which reduced water spot incidence by 65%. It is unlikely that chitosan produces a coating film on the fruit surface, which would modify its gas exchange with the atmosphere and its internal gas composition. At these concentrations chitosan is probably absorbed by the peel cells and acts inside them, having a dual effect, antisenescent and antifungal. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Relationship between gluten degradation by Aelia spp and Eurygaster spp and protein structure
Authors: Pérez G , Bonet A , Rosell CM
Published: January 2005

Gluten from wheat damaged by heteropterous insects loses its functionality after a short period of resting. In this study the properties of the gluten from damaged wheat are compared with that from sound wheat in order to understand the changes produced during incubation at 37 °C. The amounts of free thiol and amino groups were quantified, obtaining a marked increase of those groups during incubation of the damaged wheat. The thermal characterization of the damaged gluten showed a decrease in the denaturation temperature and a pronounced increase in the protein denaturation enthalpy after a short incubation, although the value of that enthalpy greatly dropped with a longer incubation period. The high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS) were rapidly hydrolysed while the low‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits (LMW‐GS) showed a slower degradation. It seems that the HMW‐GS backbone was first hydrolysed, leading to a protein structure with higher thermal stability but, as the hydrolysis proceeded, a deeper degradation of the structure yielded a protein structure with lower denaturation enthalpy. The loss of gluten functionality results from complex changes in the gluten structure at the first and second level of the protein organization structure. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Coastal land scalding in NSW, Australia: soil chemical characteristics and their implications for remediation of the scalded lands
Authors: Lin C. , Rosicky M. , McConchie D. , Sullivan L. A. , Lancaster G.
Published: January 2005

Scalded lands are common in acid sulphate soil areas on the New South Wales coast, Australia. In this work, chemical characteristics of the scalded acid sulphate soils at nine sites along this coast were investigated. The investigated acid sulphate scalds are characterized by an extremely acidified topsoil layer (0–0.6 m) although they derive from the sediments of varying salinity and the metal sulphides contained in the soils have experienced different degrees of oxidation. Almost all of the investigated scalds occur in the areas that have a lower surface elevation than the surrounding areas. These hollows may act as sinks for acid sulphate materials and salts that are transported from the surrounding areas and the shallower watertables in such locations may enhance upward transport of acid and salt materials from the underlying oxidized sulphidic sediments. In general, the scalded acid sulphate soils have less organic matter and soluble phosphorus, and a greater salinity, soluble acidity, soluble Al, Mn and Zn concentrations, compared to the adjacent non‐scalded acid sulphate soils. These are most likely soil constraints for revegetation of the scalded lands and treatment will need to involve acid neutralization (e.g. application of lime) and addition of P fertilizers to reduce the soluble acidity, immobilize soluble Al, Mn and Zn, and increase P availability. The evidence also shows that the higher soluble Al concentration in the scalded soils, relative to the non‐scalded soils, is related to their lower organic matter content. Hence, rehabilitation of these scalded lands should involve the addition of organic matter to reduce soluble Al concentrations; it may also help reduce Mn and Zn toxicity, and salinity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic economic management of soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and productivity in the north central USA
Authors: Hopkins J. W. , Lal R. , Wiebe K. D. , Tweeten L. G.
Published: January 2005

Physical scientists have presented a wealth of evidence regarding the effects of cropland soil degradation. Because soil degradation has both on‐site and off‐site effects, public policies have often tried to increase rates of conservation over privately optimal rates. Where private incentives leave off and public incentives start up is somewhat controversial, however. Physical evidence, while necessary, is not sufficient to predict conservation actions by farmers in response to the threat of degradation. This paper provides a partial explanation for why farmers may adopt differing conservation strategies, even though they share similar preferences. A model is constructed that divides soil degradation into reversible and irreversible components. We portray nutrient depletion as a reversible facet of soil degradation and soil profile depth depletion as an irreversible facet of soil degradation. Predictions of optimal management response to soil degradation are accomplished using a closed‐loop model of fertilizer applications and residue management to control future stocks of soil nutrients and soil profile depth. Our model is applied to degradation data from nine soils in the north central United States. Three principal findings result: First, due to differences in initial soil properties, susceptibility to degradation, sensitivity of yield to soil depth, and yield response to alternative management practices, dynamically optimal economic strategies cannot be inferred directly from physical results but are inferred from the associated economic implications. Second, optimal residue management is more variable with respect to soil type than to the erosion phase of the soil, implying that substantial gains to targeting are possible. Third, nutrient depletion is a more compelling motivator for adopting residue management than soil profile depth depletion. This implies that motivating residue management requires programs that pay even greater attention to reversible degradation, and therefore the overall farm management implications, rather than strictly to protect topsoil from irreversible degradation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mass balance approach to assess carbon dioxide evolution during erosional events
Authors: Jacinthe P. A. , Lal R.
Published: January 2005

The accelerated greenhouse effect and the degradation of land resources by water and wind erosion are two major, yet interrelated global environmental challenges. Accelerated decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) in cultivated soils results in decline in SOC stocks over time and also contributes to increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. Off‐site transport of SOC in runoff waters during erosional events also contributes to SOC depletion, but there is a paucity of data in the literature documenting erosional SOC losses and the fate of eroded SOC. In this paper, we present a mass balance approach to compute CO2 evolved from mineralization of SOC during transport and deposition of eroded soils. Erosion‐induced CO2 emission rates ranging between 6 and 52 g C m−2 yr−1 were computed using data on SOC stocks and dynamics from a series of long‐term experiments conducted across a range of ecological regions. For the cropland of the world, we estimated an annual flux of 0.37 Pg CO2‐C to the atmosphere due to water erosion. This flux is significant and suggests that water erosion must be taken into consideration when constructing global and regional C budgets. Through its contribution to atmospheric CO2 increase, water erosion can have a positive feedback on the accelerated greenhouse effect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amelioration strategies for sodic soils: a review
Authors: Qadir M. , Schubert S. , Ghafoor A. , Murtaza G.
Published: January 2005

Sodic soils are characterized by the occurrence of excess sodium (Na+) to levels that can adversely affect soil structure and disturb availability of some nutrients to plants. Such changes ultimately affect crop growth and yield. There are large areas of the world that exist under sodic soils and need attention for efficient, inexpensive and environmentally feasible amelioration. Sodic soil amelioration involves increase in calcium (Ca2+) on the cation exchange sites at the expense of Na+. The replaced Na+ together with excess soluble salts, if present, is removed from the root zone through infiltrating water as a result of excessive irrigations. Records nearly a century old reveal the use of water, crop, chemical amendment, electric current, and tillage as amelioration tools for such soils. Among the amelioration strategies, chemical amendments have an extensive usage. Owing to gradual increases in amendment cost in some parts of the world during the last two decades, this amelioration strategy has become cost‐intensive, particularly for the subsistence farmers in developing countries. In the meantime, phytoremediation with low initial investment has emerged as a potential substitute of chemical amelioration. Phytoremediation works through plant root action that helps dissolve native soil calcite (CaCO3) of low solubility to supply adequate levels of Ca2+ for an effective Na+−Ca2+ exchange without the application of an amendment. Although significant progress has been achieved in improving amelioration methods, a great deal of work remains to analyse the economics of such methods with focus on (1) the long‐term sustainability of the amelioration projects and (2) the consequences of amelioration for the farmer himself, other growers and society as a whole. Computer modelling may help assess economic viability of different soil amelioration methods to extend results broadly to other similar locations. In addition, computer modelling to stimulate movement and reactions of salts in sodic soils has been a potentially useful complement to experimental data. However, such models need evaluation under field conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Firm resources and joint ventures: what determines zero‐sum versus positive‐sum outcomes?
Authors: Wolff James A. , Reed Richard
Published: January 2005

In this study, we are concerned with the resources that are brought to joint ventures, and whether or not the way in which those resources are combined can improve parent‐firm performance. We are also interested in whether or not the exposure of valuable resources through the permeable membrane of the joint venture can have an adverse effect on performance. These questions are explored using a sample of 74 domestic, dyadic joint ventures, and our findings suggest that the strategy can have zero‐sum and positive‐sum outcomes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical assessment of project performance: the ‘potential impact’ approach*
Authors: Hubbard Michael
Published: January 2005

This article sets out an approach to assessing project performance, using ‘potential impact’ of the project. Its purpose is to assist project design and evaluation. In project design, potential impacts of alternative activities on the project objective are compared, in order to select activities with the greatest impact. In project evaluation, potential and actual impacts of a project are compared. Additional benefits of the approach are that it indicates ‘value for money’ of development assistance invested in projects, and easier tracing of reasons for underachievement in projects to weaknesses in their design or management. Limitations are that it relies on informed judgement of the planners or evaluators and the categories for rating performance may unavoidably be broad. It complements the logical framework approach by providing a practical design and evaluation tool. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social funds and local government: the case of Malawi
Authors: Schroeder Larry
Published: January 2005

Two instruments—social funds and decentralization—are currently quite popular policy instruments being adopted in many developing countries throughout the world. Each of these instruments is currently being used or is being implemented in Malawi, Africa. While each instrument is intended to improve the flow of public services in a locality, the article discusses how each has certain potential theoretical advantages over the other. The article then goes on to describe and analyze the flow of resources to Malawian communities under the two largest social action programs, neither of which currently relies on substantial inputs, financial or human, from local governments. The data illustrates a wide disparity in the per capita amounts allocated to these demand‐driven initiatives across districts but also shows the relatively diverse set of local public services supported by the funds. The article close with a discussion of how these two initiatives might be merged within the context of the new Local Government Act 1998, under which local services are to be devolved in the near future. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The present and future of public sector extension in Africa: contracting out or contracting in?
Authors: Anderson Jon , Van Crowder L.
Published: January 2005

Public sector extension has come under increasing pressure to downsize and reform. Contracting out—the use of public sector funds to contract non‐governmental and private service providers—is often held up as a potential tool in reform efforts. Much has been written about the possible advantages of contracting out of agricultural extension and it is being encouraged and promoted by numerous international organizations. However, a look at field experience in Africa shows that contracting out is relatively infrequent, especially compared with the reverse—contracting in—where private sector and non‐governmental organizations finance public sector extension delivery. Case studies from Uganda and Mozambique indicate that on the ground attempts to come up with solutions to providing services to farmers are resulting in innovative contracting approaches and combined public and private institutional arrangements. Contracting in and public–private coalition approaches, in contrast to purely public sector extension (characterized by ineffectiveness and inefficiencies) and purely private for profit extension (which may ignore public goods and concerns), may help achieve extension services which are both demand led and which internalize public concerns such as environmental protection, food security and socio‐economic equity. These coalition approaches can be improved and facilitated. They deserve greater analysis and may contribute to a better understanding of extension contracting and the roles of private and public organizations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Locally developed digital image archive for diabetic foot clinic: a DGH experience
Authors: Laji K. , Kumar J. , Bishop J. , Page M.
Published: January 2005

Background

Foot ulceration is an important complication of diabetes with a prevalence of 3–8%. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment is known to prevent amputation in up to 50% of cases. Foot ulceration is best managed in dedicated clinics with access to specialised resources and expertise. Slow healing in diabetes makes assessment of changes in ulcer area difficult to document. The advantage of digital technology over traditional methods of measuring changes in foot ulcer area is previously reported. Software is available to calculate ulcer area but digital images alone are a useful photographic record for visual comparison during repeated clinic visits.

Methods

We created an electronic image database using commercially available software with facility to simultaneously archive patient demographics and other clinical data, including treatment modalities used. The system was run on a portable computer in the foot clinic along with a mid‐priced digital camera to photograph lesions. This system proved simple to operate and inexpensive and was implemented without the need for support from the hospital IT department. Built‐in data transfer capabilities of the software will enable future integration into hospital‐wide information systems. In addition to its primary use, the system can contribute to audit and education.

Conclusions

It is possible to develop a functional digital image archiving system for diabetic foot clinics using relatively inexpensive, easily available software. Such a system can help monitor progression of foot ulceration, generate audit data and may be used in training. The system can easily be integrated into much larger, comprehensive, diabetes information systems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A potentially disastrous decision for Europe
Authors: Nerup Jørn
Published: January 2005

In February this year, in their draft 6th Framework, the EU decided to drop diabetes as a specific target disease, where it had originally been, along with cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurological diseases. In this leader for Practical Diabetes International, the President of the EASD, Professor Jørn Nerup, describes what has happened so far and explains the importance of reversing the ruling. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Audit of time taken to heal diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Robertshaw Linda , Robertshaw Derek A. , Whyte Ian
Published: January 2005

Since the Newcastle Diabetes Centre opened in 1997, the three podiatrists working in the centre have established specialised ulcer clinics to see patients with foot ulcers at least twice per week. As this was a new service, a baseline audit was proposed to provide a level with which to compare future developments. The standard was set at 80% of diabetic foot ulcers to be healed within six months of referral to the podiatry team. All patients with diabetes presenting at the Podiatry Department, Newcastle Diabetes Centre, with a new foot ulcer during the period from 1 December 1997 to 31 May 1998 were entered into the audit. The ulcers were then monitored for up to six months until the end of the audit period on 30 November 1998. The result was that 85% of diabetic foot ulcers healed within six months, which exceeds the standard set at 80%. The average time taken to heal diabetic foot ulcers was eight weeks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layer of protection analysis: Generating scenarios automatically from HAZOP data
Authors: Dowell Arthur M. (Art) , Williams Tom R.
Published: January 2005

This paper details the concept of automatically generating layer of protection analysis (LOPA) scenarios from a process hazard analysis (PHA) conducted using the hazard and operability (HAZOP) methodology. Specialized software selects consequences that meet severity criteria or risk criteria. It then takes each end consequence, follows each link path to an initiating cause, and presents each rolled‐up link path as a single LOPA scenario, complete with all the safeguards (that is, candidate protection layers) found along the link path. The scenarios can be presented in database or spreadsheet format. The rolled‐up LOPA spreadsheet allows the analyst(s) to identify safeguards that are independent protection layers and assign appropriate values to each independent protection layer. The spreadsheet calculates the resultant mitigated risk (or mitigated likelihood or frequency) in real time. This makes it easy for the analyst(s) to determine which independent protection layer or group of independent protection layers provides the most effective means for reaching or maintaining a target risk threshold.

The concept (demonstrated using ABS Consulting's HazardReview LEADER™ software) makes the process of going from PHA results to LOPA results a lot less time consuming. It avoids retyping and reduces the risk of overlooking scenarios. The paper will present lessons learned from applying the tools in real PHA/LOPA applications. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Residues of zeta‐cypermethrin in bovine tissues and milk following pour‐on and spray application
Authors: Rothwell James T , Burnett Thomas J , Hacket Kristina , Chevis Roderick , Lowe L Barry
Published: January 2005

The depletion of zeta‐cypermethrin residues in bovine tissues and milk was studied. Beef cattle were treated three times at 3‐week intervals with 1 ml 10 kg−1 body weight of a 25 g litre−1 or 50 g litre−1 pour‐on formulation (2.5 and 5.0 mg zeta‐cypermethrin kg−1 body weight) or 100 mg kg−1 spray to simulate a likely worst‐case treatment regime. Friesian and Jersey dairy cows were treated once with 2.5 mg zeta‐cypermethrin kg−1 in a pour‐on formulation. Muscle, liver and kidney residue concentrations were generally less than the limit of detection (LOD =  0.01 mg kg−1). Residues in renal‐fat and back‐fat samples from animals treated with 2.5 mg kg−1 all exceeded the limit of quantitation (LOQ =  0.05 mg kg−1), peaking at 10 days after treatment. Only two of five kidney fat samples were above the LOQ after 34 days, but none of the back‐fat samples exceeded the LOQ at 28 days after treatment. Following spray treatments, fat residues were detectable in some animals but were below the LOQ at all sampling intervals. Zeta‐cypermethrin was quantifiable (LOQ =  0.01 mg kg−1) in only one whole‐milk sample from the Friesian cows (0.015 mg kg−1, 2 days after treatment). In whole milk from Jersey cows, the mean concentration of zeta‐cypermethrin peaked 1 day after treatment, at 0.015 mg kg−1, and the highest individual sample concentration was 0.025 mg kg−1 at 3 days after treatment. Residues in milk were not quantifiable beginning 4 days after treatment. The mean concentrations of zeta‐cypermethrin in milk fat from Friesian and Jersey cows peaked two days after treatment at 0.197 mg kg−1 and 0.377 mg kg−1, respectively, and the highest individual sample concentrations were 2 days after treatment at 0.47 mg kg−1 and 0.98 mg kg−1, respectively.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of pyrethroids on carbohydrate metabolic pathways in common carp, Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Kamalaveni K , Gopal V , Sampson Ursula , Aruna D
Published: January 2005

The activity levels of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were assessed in various tissues of Cyprinus carpio var communis which had been exposed to lethal concentrations of group‐II pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate and fluvalinate) for a period of 72 h. The results indicated a steady decrease in SDH activity with a concomitant increase in G6PD activity. The decreased SDH activity indicated inhibition of SDH at mitochondrial level and the increased G6PD activity an enhancement of an alternative pathway of carbohydrate metabolism, viz the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) or pentose phosphate pathway as a biochemical adaptation to overcome the toxic stress.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Antibiotic activity of pentadecapeptides modelled from amino acid descriptors
Authors: Lejon Tore , Strøm Morten B. , Svendsen John S.
Published: January 2005

Pentadecapeptides based on modified murine lactoferricin (LFM) sequences show varying degrees of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. By means of projections to latent structures (PLS), a good correlation is obtained if the biological activity is modelled as a function of variables describing peptide properties, e.g. α‐helicity, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and charge. Using variables derived from a principal component analysis (PCA) of all naturally occurring amino acids, it is possible to describe the amino acid content of the peptides using three variables per amino acid position. The resulting descriptor matrix is then used to develop quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR). It is shown that the theoretically derived descriptors model the activity of the peptides better than the earlier model, and that properties of the peptides other than antibacterial activity can be predicted. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tryptic hydrolysis of hGH‐RH(1‐29)‐NH2 analogues containing Lys or Orn in positions 12 and 21
Authors: Witkowska Ewa , Orłowska Alicja , Sagan Brunon , Smoluch Marek , Izdebski Jan
Published: January 2005

Two analogues of the 29 amino acid sequence of human growth hormone‐releasing hormone, namely [Nle27]hGH‐RH(1‐29)‐NH2 and [Orn12,21,Nle27]hGH‐RH(1‐29)‐NH2, have been synthesized and subjected to digestion by trypsin. The course of degradation was followed using RP‐HPLC and ESI‐MS. Several intermediates and final products of degradation were identified and conclusions regarding the rate of cleavages at different positions occupied by Lys and Arg residues were drawn. The analogue containing ornithine was found to be less susceptible to hydrolysis by trypsin: the 12‐13 and 21‐22 peptide bonds were completely resistant to the cleavage. The results show that by replacing Lys with Orn, a possibility exists to design new peptides, which could be more stable in biological fluids. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.