bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review Paper: An outlook on the future of seismic imaging, Part I: forward and reverse modelling
Authors: Berkhout A.J. (Guus)
Published: August 2014

The next generation of seismic imaging algorithms will use full wavefield migration, which regards multiple scattering as indispensable information. These algorithms will also include autonomous velocity‐updating in the migration process, called joint migration inversion. Full wavefield migration and joint migration inversion address industrial requirements to improve the images of highly complex reservoirs as well as the industrial ambition to produce these images more automatically (automation in seismic processing).

In these vision papers on seismic imaging, full wavefield migration and joint migration inversion are formulated in terms of a closed‐loop, estimation algorithm that can be physically explained by an iterative double‐focusing process (full wavefield Common Focus Point technology). A critical module in this formulation is forward modelling, allowing feedback from the migrated output to the unmigrated input (‘closing the loop’). For this purpose, a full wavefield modelling module has been developed, which uses an operator description of complex geology. Full wavefield modelling is pre‐eminently suited to function in the feedback path of a closed‐loop migration algorithm.

‘The Future of Seismic Imaging’ is presented as a coherent trilogy of papers that propose the migration framework of the future. In Part I, the theory of full wavefield modelling is explained, showing the fundamental distinction with the finite‐difference approach. Full wavefield modelling allows the computation of complex shot records without the specification of velocity and density models. Instead, an operator description of the subsurface is used. The capability of full wavefield modelling is illustrated with examples. Finally, the theory of full wavefield modelling is extended to full wavefield reverse modelling (FWMod−1), which allows accurate estimation of (blended) source properties from (blended) shot records.
Why didn't Canada have a banking crisis in 2008 (or in 1930, or 1907, or …)?
Authors: Bordo Michael D. , Redish Angela , Rockoff Hugh
Published: August 2014

The financial crisis of 2008 engulfed the banking system of the US and many large European countries. Canada was a notable exception. In this article we argue that the structure of financial systems is path‐dependent. The relative stability of the Canadian banks in the recent crisis compared to the US in our view reflected the original institutional foundations laid in place in the early nineteenth century in the two countries. The Canadian concentrated banking system that had evolved by the end of the twentieth century had absorbed the key sources of systemic risk—the mortgage market and investment banking—and was tightly regulated by one overarching regulator. In contrast, the relatively weak, fragmented, and crisis‐prone US banking system that had evolved since the early nineteenth century led to the rise of securities markets, investment banks, and money market mutual funds (the shadow banking system) combined with multiple competing regulatory authorities. The consequence was that the systemic risk that led to the crisis of 2007–8 was not contained.
Clinging, gripping, holding, containment: Reflections on a survival reflex and the development of a capacity to separate
Authors: Cavalli Alessandra
Published: August 2014

This paper attempts to describe how, in the very first months of extra‐uterine life, personality structures are formed around notions of personal space, separateness, attachment and individuation. The contribution of a forgotten Hungarian analyst, Imre Hermann, who wrote about the ‘clinging reflex’, will be explored in relation to the origin of Bowlby's concept of attachment and Rey's theoretical understanding of personal space. Particular attention will be given to transitions, transitional experiences and the development of a sense of internal space. Vignettes from infant observations will be used to illustrate the theoretical frame of reference. Clinical material from the analysis of a child and an adult patient will be provided to postulate how a distorted perception of personal space and separateness in the first few months of life may affect the capacity to attach and to individuate.
Effectiveness of progestogens to improve perinatal outcome in twin pregnancies: an individual participant data meta‐analysis
Authors: Schuit E , Stock S , Rode L , Rouse DJ , Lim AC , Norman JE , Nassar AH , Serra V , Combs CA , Vayssiere C , Aboulghar MM , Wood S , Çetingöz E , Briery CM , Fonseca EB , Worda K , Tabor A , Thom EA , Caritis SN , Awwad J , Usta IM , Perales A , Meseguer J , Maurel K , Garite T , Aboulghar MA , Amin YM , Ross S , Cam C , Karateke A , Morrison JC , Magann EF , Nicolaides KH , Zuithoff NPA , Groenwold RHH , Moons KGM , Kwee A , Mol BWJ ,   a Global Obstetrics Network (GONet) collaboration
Published: August 2014

Background

In twin pregnancies, the rates of adverse perinatal outcome and subsequent long‐term morbidity are substantial, and mainly result from preterm birth (PTB).

Objectives

To assess the effectiveness of progestogen treatment in the prevention of neonatal morbidity or PTB in twin pregnancies using individual participant data meta‐analysis (IPDMA).

Search strategy

We searched international scientific databases, trial registration websites, and references of identified articles.

Selection criteria

Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of 17–hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17Pc) or vaginally administered natural progesterone, compared with placebo or no treatment.

Data collection and analysis

Investigators of identified RCTs were asked to share their IPD. The primary outcome was a composite of perinatal mortality and severe neonatal morbidity. Prespecified subgroup analyses were performed for chorionicity, cervical length, and prior spontaneous PTB.

Main results

Thirteen trials included 3768 women and their 7536 babies. Neither 17Pc nor vaginal progesterone reduced the incidence of adverse perinatal outcome (17Pc relative risk, RR 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 0.97–1.4, vaginal progesterone RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.77–1.2). In a subgroup of women with a cervical length of ≤25 mm, vaginal progesterone reduced adverse perinatal outcome when cervical length was measured at randomisation (15/56 versus 22/60; RR 0.57; 95% CI 0.47–0.70) or before 24 weeks of gestation (14/52 versus 21/56; RR 0.56; 95% CI 0.42–0.75).

Author's conclusions

In unselected women with an uncomplicated twin gestation, treatment with progestogens (intramuscular 17Pc or vaginal natural progesterone) does not improve perinatal outcome. Vaginal progesterone may be effective in the reduction of adverse perinatal outcome in women with a cervical length of ≤25 mm; however, further research is warranted to confirm this finding.
The Water Poverty Index in rural Cambodia and Viet Nam: A holistic snapshot to improve water management planning
Authors: Guppy Lisa
Published: August 2014

For developing countries, adequate domestic water supply is conventionally assessed at international and national levels as the proportion of households that are “covered” by improved water sources. However, this measure has been acknowledged to be insufficient to account for the complex factors, including socio‐economic, governance and environmental issues that can limit water use and access in developing countries. Because of this, there is concern that safe water access and use is not being measured accurately, leading to a poor understanding of domestic water and poor water planning and management choices. The Water Poverty Index (WPI) is a holistic tool that aims to address some of these wider issues. The WPI comprises five components that together provide a snapshot of how water poor a household is. This research undertakes concurrent conventional and WPI assessments of domestic water in five rural villages across Cambodia and Viet Nam. It is concluded that conventional measures had a relatively limited connection to how water was used by many respondents and that in the study villages, conventional measures did not predictably determine whether adequate quantities of safe water were used by individual households. It is argued that local, holistic water assessments at selected sites may support and triangulate conventional measurements of domestic water and improve water management planning and policy in rural developing areas.
Multiple Inference and Market Integration: An Application to Swedish Fish Markets
Authors: Blomquist Johan
Published: August 2014

This paper, in contrast to earlier studies, tests market integration using a methodology that accounts for the multiplicity problem inherent in testing several time series. This method minimises the risk of finding spurious evidence of market integration. We examine market integration among 12 fish species in Sweden by applying cointegration tests, which identify market integration for two separate clusters of species. Furthermore, we find that the Law of One Price holds for 6 of the 12 species considered.
Is clinical performance adversely affected by wearing gloves during paediatric peripheral intravenous cannulation?
Authors: Zhang Michael , Lee Mark , Knott Susan
Published: August 2014

Objective

To investigate if wearing protective gloves during paediatric intravenous cannulation affects performance of the procedure.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study. Peripheral intravenous cannulation (PIVC) performed within the Paediatric ED was observed and recorded over a 12 month period. Data were compared between those clinicians wearing gloves and those not wearing gloves during PIVC.

Results

One thousand and twenty paediatric cannulations were recorded during the observed period. The mean age of the children was 5.79 years. The overall success rate of cannulation was 86.18% and first attempt success rate 76.08%. Overall, gloves were used by 54.31% of clinicians to establish vascular access; glove use was lowest in the registrar group (41.11% compliance rate). The glove‐wearing group had comparable overall success rate of 85.74% (475/554) to the no‐gloves group of 86.70% (404/466). The difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Higher incidence of significant blood spillage during the procedure was observed among clinicians wearing no gloves (16.74%) in comparison with their glove‐wearing counterparts (9.03%, P < 0.05). One needlestick injury was recorded in the present study period. There was no difference in blood culture contamination rate between glove‐wearing group and no‐gloves group (3.94% vs 3.76%, P > 0.05).

Conclusions

The present study shows that the use of protective gloves was not associated with adverse outcomes of clinical performance during paediatric cannulation. The low compliance rate of gloves use is alarming, and many clinicians might be exposed to potential blood‐borne infections. Clinicians should be encouraged and supported to use gloves for paediatric cannulation.
Ill communication: What's wrong with the medical literature and how to fix it
Authors: Adams Nick
Published: August 2014

Current conventions for the writing of medical scientific papers impede clear communication of scientific research results. This article discusses the reasons for this and how to ameliorate them.
Dosimetric and radiobiologic comparison of 3D conformal, IMRT, VMAT and proton therapy for the treatment of early‐stage glottic cancer
Authors: Matthiesen Chance , Herman Tania De La Fuente , Singh Hardev , Mascia Anthony , Confer Michael , Simpson Hilarie , Higby Christine , Arain Abeer , Keole Sameer , Herman Terence , Bogardus Carl , Zhao Yan D. , Ahmad Salahuddin
Published: August 2014

Background

This study aims to compare dosimetrically and radiobiologically 3D conformal, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), RapidArc (RA) volumetric modulated arc therapy and proton therapy techniques for early‐stage glottic cancer.

Methods

Ten patients were retrospectively selected. Photon treatment planning was performed using Eclipse External Beam Planning, and proton planning was performed using CMS Xio. The minimum, mean and maximum dose values for planning target volume (PTV), mean and maximum dose values for organ at risk, % of volume of PTV receiving at least 95% of the prescription dose, and D20, D50 and D90 of carotid arteries were compared. Biological response models of tumour control probabilities and normal tissue complication probabilities were calculated.

Results

IMRT, RA and proton plans versus three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D‐CRT) plans consistently provided superior PTV coverage and decreased mean dose to the thyroid and carotid arteries.

Conclusion

All these three modalities showed superiority with less variation among themselves compared with 3D‐CRT plans. Clinical investigation is warranted to determine if these treatment approaches will translate into a reduction in radiation therapy‐induced toxicities.
Commentary: Catching a Conserved Mechanism of Ethanol Teratogenicity
Authors: Lovely C. Ben , Eberhart Johann K.
Published: August 2014

Background

Due to its profound impact on human development, ethanol (EtOH) teratogenicity is a field of intense study. The complexity of variables that influence the outcomes of embryonic or prenatal EtOH exposure compels the use of animal models in which these variables can be isolated.

Methods

Numerous model systems have been used in these studies. The zebrafish is a powerful model system, which has seen a recent increase in usage for EtOH studies.

Results

Those using zebrafish for alcohol studies often face 2 questions: (i) How physiologically relevant are the doses of EtOH administered to zebrafish embryos? and (ii) Will the mechanisms of EtOH teratogenesis be conserved to other model systems and human?

Conclusions

The current article by Flentke and colleagues () helps to shed important light on these questions and clearly demonstrates that the zebrafish will be a valuable model system with which to understand EtOH teratogenicity.
Brain Structural Substrates of Cognitive Procedural Learning in Alcoholic Patients Early in Abstinence
Authors: Ritz Ludivine , Segobin Shailendra , Le Berre Anne Pascale , Lannuzel Coralie , Boudehent Céline , Vabret François , Eustache Francis , Pitel Anne Lise , Beaunieux Hélène
Published: August 2014

Background

Procedural learning allows for the acquisition of new behavioral skills. Previous studies have shown that chronic alcoholism is characterized by impaired cognitive procedural learning and brain abnormalities affecting regions that are involved in the automation of new cognitive procedures in healthy individuals. The goal of the present study was to investigate the brain structural substrates of cognitive procedural learning in alcoholic patients (ALs) early in abstinence.

Methods

Thirty‐one ALs and 31 control participants (NCs) performed the Tower of Toronto task (4 daily learning sessions, each comprising 10 trials) to assess cognitive procedural learning. We also assessed episodic and working memory, executive functions, and visuospatial abilities. ALs underwent 1.5T structural magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

The initial cognitive phase was longer in the AL group than in the NC group, whereas the autonomous phase was shorter. In ALs, the longer cognitive phase was predicted by poorer planning and visuospatial working memory abilities, and by smaller gray matter (GM) volumes in the angular gyrus and caudate nucleus. ALs' planning abilities correlated with smaller GM volume in the angular gyrus.

Conclusions

Cognitive procedural learning was impaired in ALs, with a delayed transition from the cognitive to the autonomous phase. This slowdown in the automation of the cognitive procedure was related to lower planning abilities, which may have hampered the initial generation of the procedure to be learned. In agreement with this neuropsychological finding, a persistent relationship was found between learning performance and the GM volumes of the angular gyrus and caudate nucleus, which are usually regarded as markers of planning and initial learning of the cognitive procedure.
Heritability of Usual Alcohol Intoxication and Hangover in Male Twins: The NAS‐NRC Twin Registry
Authors: Wu Sheng‐Hui , Guo Qin , Viken Richard J. , Reed Terry , Dai Jun
Published: August 2014

Background

Alcohol consumption is influenced by heritable factors. The genetic influence on usual high‐density drinking, including alcohol intoxication and hangover, is unknown. We aim to estimate the heritability of usual high‐density drinking.

Methods

A total of 13,511 male twins in this cross‐sectional study were included from the National Academy of Sciences‐National Research Council (NAS‐NRC) Twin Registry. Data on the frequency of alcohol intoxication and alcohol hangover over the past year, that is, usual high‐density drinking (phenotypes), were collected through a self‐administered questionnaire when twins were middle‐aged in 1972. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the variance components of phenotypes.

Results

The mean of the frequency of usual high‐density drinking in the entire twin population was 0.16 times per month for intoxication and 0.18 times per month for hangover. The heritability of usual alcohol intoxication was 50.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 46.2 to 55.0) before and 49.9% (95% CI 45.3 to 54.2) after the body mass index (BMI) adjustment. The heritability of usual hangover was 55.4% (95% CI 51.2 to 58.6) before and 54.8% (95% CI 50.6 to 58.8) after adjustment for BMI. Unshared environmental factors between co‐twins explained the remaining variance in alcohol intoxication and in hangover.

Conclusions

Both genetic and unshared environmental factors have important influences on usual alcohol intoxication and hangover. These findings are important in understanding the occurrence of and developing interventions for usual high‐density drinking.
Chronic Methylphenidate Treatment During Early Life Is Associated with Greater Ethanol Intake in Socially Isolated Rats
Authors: Gill Kathryn E. , Chappell Ann M. , Beveridge Thomas J. R. , Porrino Linda J. , Weiner Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2014

Background

Methylphenidate (MPH) is a stimulant prescribed to treat attention‐deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Its primary mechanism of action is in the dopamine system, alterations of which are associated with vulnerability to alcohol abuse. There are concerns that juvenile MPH treatment may influence adult drinking behavior. This study examined the interaction of MPH treatment and environmental rearing conditions, which are known to independently influence ethanol (EtOH) drinking behavior, on anxiety‐like behavior and vulnerability to alcohol abuse in a juvenile rodent model.

Methods

Male Sprague–Dawley rats were housed in enriched, standard, or isolated conditions for 4 weeks, starting at postnatal day 21. Rats were concurrently treated with 8 mg/kg/d MPH or saline, delivered via osmotic minipump. Anxiety‐like behavior was determined at the end of the treatment session, and 5 weeks later. After MPH treatment, rats were exposed to a 2‐bottle choice EtOH drinking procedure that lasted 3 weeks.

Results

Early life chronic MPH treatment was associated with greater EtOH intake and greater EtOH preference, but only in socially isolated animals. Isolated animals had greater levels of anxiety‐like behavior than standard‐housed or enriched animals after 4 weeks of exposure to the housing conditions, a difference that persisted even after all animals had been individually housed for an additional 5 weeks and exposed to EtOH.

Conclusions

These results suggest that early life MPH treatment may increase vulnerability to EtOH drinking in adulthood in a subset of the population. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of early rearing condition for establishing long‐lasting behavioral phenotypes. Environmental histories should be considered when prescribing MPH treatment to young children.
Predictors of response to infliximab in paediatric perianal Crohn's disease
Authors: Dupont‐Lucas C. , Dabadie A. , Alberti C. , Ruemmele F. M.
Published: August 2014

Background

It is reported that 27–54% of paediatric patients with perianal Crohn's disease (CD) do not respond to infliximab (IFX).

Aim

To identify predictors of response to IFX in paediatric perianal CD.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of 101 paediatric patients treated with IFX between 2000 and 2011 for perianal CD in 22 French hospitals of the GETAID pédiatrique network was performed. Response was monitored after induction therapy and at 1 year. Complete response was defined by closure of all fistulas and complete healing of ulcers. Associations between baseline characteristics and (i) 1‐year response and (ii) time of first relapse among initial responders were tested by logistic regression and Cox model respectively.

Results

Eighty‐nine patients (88%) responded to induction therapy (36 partial/53 complete). At 1 year, 76 patients (75%) were responders (22 partial/54 complete). Predictors of 1‐year response were: number of fistulas ≤1 (OR: 3.76, 95% CI: 1.20–11.77, P = 0.03) and baseline Harvey–Bradshaw index <5 (OR: 3.72, 95% CI: 1.10–12.60, P = 0.03). Predictors of relapse among initial responders were: CD duration <10 months (OR: 3.31, 95% CI: 1.34–8.19, P = 0.0097) and number of fistulas >1 (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.12–6.95, P = 0.028). Combined therapy with an immunomodulator was not associated with 1‐year response or time of relapse.

Conclusion

Those patients with perianal Crohn's disease have better outcomes if they have less fistulas, a low baseline Harvey–Bradshaw Index or a longer duration of Crohn's disease.
The gap between scientific evidence and clinical practice: 5‐aminosalicylates are frequently used for the treatment of Crohn's disease
Authors: Schoepfer A. M. , Bortolotti M. , Pittet V. , Mottet C. , Gonvers J.‐J. , Reich O. , Fournier N. , Vader J.‐P. , Burnand B. , Michetti P. , Froehlich F.
Published: August 2014

Background

There is uncertain evidence of effectiveness of 5‐aminosalicylates (5‐ASA) to induce and maintain response and remission of active Crohn's disease (CD), and weak evidence to support their use in post‐operative CD.

Aim

To assess the frequency and determinants of 5‐ASA use in CD patients and to evaluate the physicians' perception of clinical response and side effects to 5‐ASA.

Methods

Data from the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort, which collects data since 2006 on a large sample of IBD patients, were analysed. Information from questionnaires regarding utilisation of treatments and perception of response to 5‐ASA were evaluated. Logistic regression modelling was performed to identify factors associated with 5‐ASA use.

Results

Of 1420 CD patients, 835 (59%) were ever treated with 5‐ASA from diagnosis to latest follow‐up. Disease duration >10 years and colonic location were both significantly associated with 5‐ASA use. 5‐ASA treatment was judged to be successful in 46% (378/825) of treatment episodes (physician global assessment). Side effects prompting stop of therapy were found in 12% (98/825) episodes in which 5‐ASA had been stopped.

Conclusions

5‐Aminosalicylates were frequently prescribed in patients with Crohn's disease in the Swiss IBD cohort. This observation stands in contrast to the scientific evidence demonstrating a very limited role of 5‐ASA compounds in the treatment of Crohn's disease.
RHX Dating: measurement of the Activation Energy of Rehydroxylation for Fired‐Clay Ceramics
Authors: Clelland S.‐J. , Wilson M. A. , Carter M. A. , Batt C. M.
Published: August 2014

In rehydroxylation (RHX) dating, the activation energy of the rehydroxylation reaction is required first in the estimate of a material's effective lifetime temperature (ELT), and second to correct the RHX rate constant obtained at a given measurement temperature to that at the ELT. Measurement of the activation energy is thus integral to the RHX methodology. In this paper, we report a temperature‐step method for the measurement of activation energy and develop fully the underlying theoretical basis. In contrast to obtaining the activation energy from a series of separate experiments (each of which requires the sample to be dehydroxylated prior to measuring the RHX rate constant), the temperature‐step method not only requires a single dehydroxylation at 500°C but also eliminates repeated acquisition of Stage I data, which are not required for dating purposes. Since the first temperature step is set to correspond to the temperature at which a dating determination is carried out, the measurement of rate constants at higher temperatures simply becomes an extension of dating. Consequently, the logistics of obtaining the activation energy of rehydroxylation are greatly simplified.
Do Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Worsen Outcome of Patients Referred to the Emergency Department for Deliberate Multi‐drug Exposure?
Authors: Beaune Sébastien , Curis Emmanuel , Casalino Enrique , Juvin Philippe , Mégarbane Bruno
Published: August 2014

Incidence of poisonings with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) is growing. SRI toxicity is considered low, but its actual impact in multi‐drug poisonings remains unclear. Our objective was to evaluate the consequences of SRI exposure in patients referred to the emergency department (ED) for deliberate multi‐drug exposure. Patients admitted for multi‐drug exposure involving at least one SRI were matched with patients who did not ingest any SRI, according to age, gender, type of drug and ingested doses. Features of serotonin syndrome according to Sternbach's criteria and Hunter's serotonin toxicity criteria were evaluated from records. In 4 years, 148 SRI‐exposed patients were included and compared to 296 matched controls. The SRIs mainly involved were escitalopram (22%), venlafaxine (20%), fluoxetine (19%), citalopram (15%) and paroxetine (11%). Serotonin syndrome was diagnosed in one patient, but actually occurred in five SRI‐exposed patients based on the retrospective evaluation of records. Twenty patients (14%) exhibited one or more serotonin syndrome criteria. At least two of 11 of Sternbach's criteria and two of nine of Hunter's serotonin toxicity criteria were missing in each chart. Using a conditional logistic regression analysis, seizures (p = 0.04) and serotonin syndrome (p = 0.01 based on Sternbach's criteria and p = 0.004 based on Hunter's serotonin toxicity criteria) more frequently occurred in SRI‐exposed patients. Requirement for mechanical ventilation was significantly increased (p = 0.03), although admission to the intensive care unit was not. In multi‐drug‐poisoned patients admitted to the ED, exposure to SRIs significantly increases the risk of seizures and requirement for mechanically ventilation. Diagnosis of serotonin syndrome remains insufficient justifying improved training.
Do personality traits predict outcome of psychodynamically oriented psychosomatic inpatient treatment beyond initial symptoms?
Authors: Steinert Christiane , Klein Susanne , Leweke Frank , Leichsenring Falk
Published: August 2014

Objectives

Whether personality characteristics have an impact on treatment outcome is an important question in psychotherapy research. One of the most common approaches for the description of personality is the five‐factor model of personality. Only few studies investigated whether patient personality as measured with the NEO–Five‐Factor Inventory (NEO‐FFI, Costa & McCrae [1992b]. Revised NEO‐PI‐R and NEO‐FFI. Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Recources) predicts outcome. Results were inconsistent. Studies reporting personality to be predictive of outcome did not control for baseline symptoms, while studies controlling initial symptoms could not support these findings. We hypothesized that after taking into account baseline symptoms, the NEO‐FFI would not predict outcome and tested this in a large sample of inpatients at a psychosomatic clinic.

Design

Naturalistic, non‐controlled study using patients' data for multiple regression analysis to identify predictors of outcome.

Methods

Data of 254 inpatients suffering primarily from depressive, anxiety, stress, and somatoform disorders were analysed. Personality was assessed at the beginning of therapy. For psychotherapy outcome, changes in anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS), overall psychopathology (Symptom Checklist‐90‐R Global Severity Index [GSI]), and interpersonal problems (Inventory of Interpersonal Problems; IIP) were measured.

Results

The treatment resulted in significant decreases on all outcome measures corresponding to moderate to large effect sizes (HADS: d = 1.03; GSI: d = 0.90; IIP: d = 0.38). Consistent with our hypothesis, none of the personality domains predicted outcome when baseline symptoms were controlled for.

Conclusions

Personality assessment at baseline does not seem to have an added value in the prediction of inpatient psychotherapy outcome beyond initial symptoms.

Practitioner points

Clinical implications

Personality dimensions overlap with symptomatic distress.

Rather than serve as predictors of outcome, the domains tapped by the NEO‐FFI reflect current psychological symptomatology in inpatients with depressive, anxiety, stress or somatoform disorders.

From a clinician's point of view monitoring individual progress by using actuarial measures is more valuable than trying to predict who will benefit from treatment using personality assessments.

Limitations of the study

Diagnostic assessment was solely based on clinical evaluation rather than structured interviews.

Twenty‐five per cent of the original sample had to be excluded due to missing data.

There was a focus on only one set of client characteristics (i.e., five‐factor model personality traits).

Assessment of personality domains in the acute phase of a mental disorder may be problematic and could have influenced findings.
What do mind readers know and what do we know about mind readers?
Authors: Woolley Jacqueline D.
Published: August 2014

In this commentary, I raise various questions about Kim and Harris's fascinating findings. I ask what kind of knowledge children expect telepathic individuals to have, who children might consider to be good mind readers, why children value telepathy, and how puzzled children are by telepathy. I suggest potential ways to address some of these questions and end by reiterating the importance of probing individual differences in scepticism and credulity.
Optimization of the diagnostic management of clinically suspected pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients
Authors: van der Hulle Tom , den Exter Paul L. , Mos Inge C. M. , Kamphuisen Pieter W. , Hovens Marcel M. C. , Kruip Marieke J. H. A. , van Es Josien , ten Cate Hugo , Huisman Menno V. , Klok Frederikus A.
Published: August 2014

Identical diagnostic algorithms for suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) are used for hospitalized patients and outpatients, while D‐dimer levels, risk factors and pre‐test probability for PE differ, and the percentage of patients managed without computerized tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is lower in hospitalized patients. We aimed to improve the efficiency of the diagnostic algorithm by increasing the threshold of the D‐dimer, the threshold of the Wells rule and by adjustments of the Wells rule. Six‐hundred and twenty‐four hospitalized patients from two previously performed management studies with a PE prevalence of 26% were studied. Adjustments were considered to be safe when the failure rate remained <2%. By applying standard management, 8% (49/624) were managed without CTPA with a failure rate of 0·0% (0/49; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0·0–7·3), and it was 1·7% (8/465; 95%CI 0·8–3·4) for all patients in whom PE was excluded at baseline. All evaluated adjustments resulted in an increase of the failure rate with very small improvements of the efficiency. Given these potentially small improvements and the increasing complexity of clinical practice if adjusted diagnostic algorithms for specific patient categories were introduced, we do not recommend further evaluation of any of the adjustments; we recommend that the standard diagnostic algorithm should continue to be applied.
Otlertuzumab (TRU‐016), an anti‐CD37 monospecific ADAPTIR™ therapeutic protein, for relapsed or refractory NHL patients
Authors: Pagel John M. , Spurgeon Stephen E. , Byrd John C. , Awan Farrukh T. , Flinn Ian W. , Lanasa Mark C. , Eisenfeld Amy J. , Stromatt Scott C. , Gopal Ajay K.
Published: August 2014

CD37 is cell surface tetraspanin present on normal and malignant B cells. Otlertuzumab (TRU‐016) is a novel humanized anti‐CD37 protein therapeutic. Patients with relapsed or refractory follicular non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), or Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia (WM) received otlertuzumab at 20 mg/kg administered intravenously once a week for up to 8 weeks followed by 4 monthly doses. Sixteen patients were treated; median age was 62·5 years (range, 41–81), and median number of prior regimens was 4 (range, 1–7). Twelve patients were refractory to prior treatment, 5 were refractory to rituximab. The mean terminal half‐life was 9·5 days. Lymph node reduction of ≥50% by computerized tomography scan measurements was seen in 3 of 12 patients, including one FL patient who had a partial response. One WM patient had a minor response. The most frequent adverse events were neutropenia, fatigue, nausea, thrombocytopenia, diarrhoea, and peripheral oedema; most were grade 1/2. Otlertuzumab treatment appears to have been well tolerated by the patients in this study. Clinical activity was observed in this small heterogeneous cohort of highly refractory, heavily pretreated B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma patients. These data suggest that further clinical investigation in non‐Hodgkin lymphoma is warranted.
Two decades on: Critical GIScience since 1993
Authors: Goodchild Michael F.
Published: August 2014

Two meetings held in the early 1990s helped to bring about a rapprochement between the critics and proponents of GIS, and to focus research activities in what became known as critical GIScience. The motivations and conclusions of both meetings are reviewed. Since then development in GIS has been rapid, and has branched out in many new directions that call for their own assessment and critique. Six such directions are reviewed. The paper ends with a call for a newly energized critical GIScience that can address many of the issues raised in the past two decades, while continuing to work on issues that were already known in the early 1990s.
New lines? Enacting a social history of GIS
Authors: Wilson Matthew W.
Published: August 2014

In the 20 years that have passed since the fabled Friday Harbor meetings of November 1993, where GIS practitioners and critical human geographers agreed to a cease‐fire, the GIS & Society agenda has been reflected upon, pushed forward, and diffracted in few (but intellectually significant) arenas. Critical, participatory, public participation, and feminist GIS have given way more recently to qualitative GIS, GIS and non‐representational theory, and the spatial digital humanities. Traveling at the margins of these efforts has been a kind of social history of mapping and GIS. And while GIScience has been conversant and compatible with many of these permutations in the GIS & Society agenda, a social history of mapping and GIS (as signaled most directly by John Pickles in ) has perhaps the least potential for tinkering with GIScience practice (see conversation between Agnieszka Leszczynski and Jeremy Crampton in 2009). Perhaps this disconnect is growing, as can be witnessed in the feverish emergence of a “big data” analytics/visualization perspective within the contemporary GISciences (alongside the growth of funding paths around cyberinfrastructure). What then is the relevance and role of a social history of GIS for GIScience practice? In this viewpoint, I sketch and reflect upon a diversity of efforts that address this question.
Child Care Subsidies and the School Readiness of Children of Immigrants
Authors: Johnson Anna D. , Han Wen‐Jui , Ruhm Christopher J. , Waldfogel Jane
Published: August 2014

This study is the first to test whether receipt of a federal child care subsidy is associated with children of immigrants' school readiness skills. Using nationally representative data (n ≈ 2,900), this study estimates the associations between subsidy receipt at age 4 and kindergarten cognitive and social outcomes, for children of immigrant versus native‐born parents. Among children of immigrants, subsidized center‐based care (vs. subsidized and unsubsidized home‐based care) was positively linked with reading. Among children of native‐born parents, those in subsidized center care displayed poorer math skills than those in unsubsidized centers, and more externalizing problems than those in unsubsidized home‐based care.
Clinical risk factors for central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Qu Hui , Sun Guo‐rui , Liu Yao , He Qing‐si
Published: August 2014

Background

Prophylactic central lymph node dissection (CLND) in clinically node‐negative patients remains controversial, and predictive factors for central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are not well defined. Herein, we conducted a systematic review to quantify the clinicopathologic factors predictive for CLNM in patients with PTC.

Methods

A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus and Wanfang Database) for studies published until July 2014 was performed. Cohort, case–control studies and randomized controlled trials that examined clinical risk factors of CLNM were included.

Results

Twenty‐five studies (4 prospective and 21 retrospective studies) involving 7,719 patients met final inclusion criteria. From the pooled analyses, male gender (OR 1·93, 95% CI 1·40 to 2·64), tumour multifocality (OR 1·93, 95% CI 1·62 to 2·30), tumour size >0·5 cm (OR 3·48, 95% CI 2·24 to 5·41), capsular invasion (OR 1·91, 95% CI 1·36 to 2·67), extrathyroidal extension (OR 2·42, 95% CI 1·58 to 3·71), lymphovascular invasion (OR 13·29, 95% CI 5·61 to 31·48) and lateral lymph node metastasis (OR 14·33, 95% CI 5·34 to 38·50) were significantly associated with increased risk of CLNM, while age >45 years (OR 0·65, 95% CI 0·51 to 0·83) and lymphocytic thyroiditis (OR 0·70, 95% CI 0·53 to 0·92) resulted in decreased risk of CLNM. Bilaterality and tumour location were not significantly associated with CLNM development (all P > 0·05).

Conclusions

Our analysis identified several clinicopathologic factors associated with CLNM. These findings may guide the necessity and extent of prophylactic CLND and ultimately improve the outcomes of patients with PTC.
Ivacaftor improves appearance of sinus disease on computerised tomography in cystic fibrosis patients with G551D mutation
Authors: Sheikh S.I. , Long F.R. , McCoy K.S. , Johnson T. , Ryan‐Wenger N.A. , Hayes D.
Published: August 2014

Background

Most patients with Cystic fibrosis (CF) have chronic sinus disease which may require multiple sinus surgeries and antibiotic courses. Ivacaftor can improve lung function, lower sweat chloride levels and improve weight by targeting the primary defect, a faulty gene and its protein product, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in patients with the G551D mutation. Its role in improving sinus disease has not been evaluated.

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy of ivacaftor in improving CF related sinus disease.

Design

Observational study.

Participants

Twelve patients with cystic fibrosis and a G551D‐CFTR mutation.

Methods

Twelve patients with a G551D‐CFTR mutation were monitored for at least one year before and after starting ivacaftor.

Outcome Measures

Sinus disease progression was monitored by comparing computed tomography (CT) of sinuses before and at one year on therapy. Hospital admissions, pulmonary exacerbations, weight, BMI and lung function were also compared.

Results

Median age was 17 years (range 10–44). Weight, BMI, FEV1 significantly increased and sweat chloride significantly decreased by six months on ivacaftor therapy. CT of the sinuses in all patients improved. Seven patients had severe sinus disease, improved to moderate in three and mild in remaining four. Four patients had moderate disease which improved to mild in all. One patient had normal sinus CT before and after the therapy.

Conclusions

Patients with CF and G551D mutation, within 6 months of starting ivacaftor had significant improvements in weight, BMI and mean % FEV1. Significant lessening of underlying sinus disease measured by CT scan was noted, suggesting a disease modifying effect.
Vestibular paroxysmia in children: a treatable cause of short vertigo attacks
Authors: Lehnen Nadine , Langhagen Thyra , Heinen Florian , Huppert Doreen , Brandt Thomas , Jahn Klaus
Published: August 2014

Vestibular paroxysmia due to neurovascular compression is a syndrome consisting of frequent short episodes of vertigo in adults that can be easily treated. Here we describe the initial presentation and follow‐up of three children (one female, 12y; two males, 8y and 9y) who experienced typical, brief, vertiginous attacks several times a day. Nystagmus was observed during the episodes. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed arterial compression of the eighth cranial nerve. The attacks ceased after administration of low‐dose carbamazepine (2–4mg/kg daily). Vestibular paroxysmia must be considered in the differential diagnosis of children with brief vertiginous episodes.
A global corporate census: publicly traded and close companies in 1910
Authors: Hannah Leslie
Published: August 2014

In 1910 the world had almost half a million corporations, only one‐hundredth of today's total. About one‐fifth—with over half of corporate capital—were publicly tradable, higher portions than today. Most publicly quoted corporations traded in Europe and the British Empire, but most close (private) corporations operated in the US, which, until the 1940s, had more corporations per capita than anywhere else. The 83 countries surveyed here differed markedly in company numbers, corporate capital/GDP ratios, and average corporate size. Enclave economies—dominated by quoted (and often foreign‐owned) companies—had the largest average sizes, while other nations had more varied mixes of large quoted corporations and close company small and medium enterprises.
The presence of an audience modulates responses to familiar call stimuli in the male zebra finch forebrain
Authors: Menardy F. , Giret N. , Del Negro C.
Published: August 2014

The ability to recognize familiar individuals is crucial for establishing social relationships. The zebra finch, a highly social songbird species that forms lifelong pair bonds, uses a vocalization, the distance call, to identify its mate. However, in males, this ability depends on social conditions, requiring the presence of an audience. To evaluate whether the presence of bystanders modulates the auditory processing underlying recognition abilities, we assessed, by using a lightweight telemetry system, whether electrophysiological responses driven by familiar and unfamiliar female calls in a high‐level auditory area [the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM)] were modulated by the presence of conspecific males. Males had experienced the call of their mate for several months and the call of a familiar female for several days. When they were exposed to female calls in the presence of two male conspecifics,NCMneurons showed greater responses to the playback of familiar female calls, including the mate's call, than to unfamiliar ones. In contrast, no such discrimination was observed in males when they were alone or when call‐evoked responses were collected under anaesthesia. Together, these results suggest thatNCMneuronal activity is profoundly influenced by social conditions, providing new evidence that the properties ofNCMneurons are not simply determined by the acoustic structure of auditory stimuli. They also show that neurons in theNCMform part of a network that can be shaped by experience and that probably plays an important role in the emergence of communication sound recognition.
A Downside to the Entrepreneurial Personality?
Authors: Miller Danny
Published: August 2014

The literature on entrepreneurship bears a distinctly positive cast, often with good reason. Entrepreneurs and their innovations have contributed enormously to national wealth, and so scholars have examined the personalities, capabilities, and contexts underlying these contributions. However, despite some early work, the negative aspects of the entrepreneurial personality have been largely ignored. We shall argue that given the nature of the challenges facing many entrepreneurs and the consequent demands of their jobs, certain personality traits will be quite valuable to them. These, however, tend to be Janus–faced in that positive attributes, such as energy, self–confidence, need for achievement, and independence, may sometimes devolve naturally into aggressiveness, narcissism, ruthlessness, and irresponsibility. Given the costly repercussions of the latter characteristics, we urge more study of their nature and causes among entrepreneurs.
Summer temperature increase has distinct effects on the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of moist tussock and dry tundra in Arctic Alaska
Authors: Morgado Luis N. , Semenova Tatiana A. , Welker Jeffrey M. , Walker Marilyn D. , Smets Erik , Geml József
Published: August 2014

Arctic regions are experiencing the greatest rates of climate warming on the planet and marked changes have already been observed in terrestrial arctic ecosystems. While most studies have focused on the effects of warming on arctic vegetation and nutrient cycling, little is known about how belowground communities, such as fungi root‐associated, respond to warming. Here, we investigate how long‐term summer warming affects ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities. We used Ion Torrent sequencing of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region to compare ECM fungal communities in plots with and without long‐term experimental warming in both dry and moist tussock tundra. Cortinarius was the most OTU‐rich genus in the moist tundra, while the most diverse genus in the dry tundra was Tomentella. On the diversity level, in the moist tundra we found significant differences in community composition, and a sharp decrease in the richness of ECM fungi due to warming. On the functional level, our results indicate that warming induces shifts in the extramatrical properties of the communities, where the species with medium‐distance exploration type seem to be favored with potential implications for the mobilization of different nutrient pools in the soil. In the dry tundra, neither community richness nor community composition was significantly altered by warming, similar to what had been observed in ECM host plants. There was, however, a marginally significant increase in OTUs identified as ECM fungi with the medium‐distance exploration type in the warmed plots. Linking our findings of decreasing richness with previous results of increasing ECM fungal biomass suggests that certain ECM species are favored by warming and may become more abundant, while many other species may go locally extinct due to direct or indirect effects of warming. Such compositional shifts in the community might affect nutrient cycling and soil organic C storage.