bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards an Authoritative OpenStreetMap: Conflating OSM and OS OpenData National Maps’ Road Network
Authors: Pourabdollah Amir , Morley Jeremy , Feldman Steven , Jackson Mike
Published: August 2013

The quality aspects of OpenStreetMap (OSM), as the global representation of crowd-sourced mapping, have always been of priomary concern to academics. While the methodologies for checking its quality against the national maps have been implemented by a number of studies, there are minimal works on how to practically improve the quality of OSM towards being an authoritative map source. This paper presents a method for conflating road attributes, namely the name and reference code, of OSM with the Open Data provided by Ordnance Survey (the British national mapping agency). The added values in the proposed methodology include the daily updates and serving of the conflated maps via open Web Services. More importantly, the OSM crowd correction is facilitated by frequently highlighting and web-serving the individual differences. There are currently over 5,800 differences in matching road names and references between the two datasets. In addition to describing the conflation methodology, the different geographic distribution patterns of the identified differences are discussed. A negative effect of the road density on the ratio of the mismatched features between the two datasets is observable, evidenced by their different geographical distribution over the map. It is shown that the best correspondence between attributes exists in the very dense areas, followed by the very low density areas, and lastly in the middle to large sized cities.
Comparison of Extruded and Sonicated Vesicles for Planar Bilayer Self-Assembly
Authors: Cho Nam-Joon , Hwang Lisa , Solandt Johan , Frank Curtis
Published: August 2013

Lipid vesicles are an important class of biomaterials that have a wide range of applications, including drug delivery, cosmetic formulations and model membrane platforms on solid supports. Depending on the application, properties of a vesicle population such as size distribution, charge and permeability need to be optimized. Preparation methods such as mechanical extrusion and sonication play a key role in controlling these properties, and yet the effects of vesicle preparation method on vesicular properties and integrity (e.g., shape, size, distribution and tension) remain incompletely understood. In this study, we prepared vesicles composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) lipid by either extrusion or sonication, and investigated the effects on vesicle size distribution over time as well as the concomitant effects on the self-assembly of solid-supported planar lipid bilayers. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments were performed to characterize vesicles in solution as well as their interactions with silicon oxide substrates. Collectively, the data support that sonicated vesicles offer more robust control over the self-assembly of homogenous planar lipid bilayers, whereas extruded vesicles are vulnerable to aging and must be used soon after preparation.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Rapid Screening for the Nephrotoxic and Hepatotoxic Effects of Microcystins
Authors: Milutinović Aleksandra , Zorc-Pleskovič Ruda , Živin Marko , Vovk Andrej , Serša Igor , Šuput Dušan
Published: August 2013

In vivo visualization of kidney and liver damage by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may offer an advantage when there is a need for a simple, non-invasive and rapid method for screening of the effects of potential nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic substances in chronic experiments. Here, we used MRI for monitoring chronic intoxication with microcystins (MCs) in rat. Male adult Wistar rats were treated every other day for eight months, either with MC-LR (10 μg/kg i.p.) or MC-YR (10 μg/kg i.p.). Control groups were treated with vehicle solutions. T1-weighted MR-images were acquired before and at the end of the eight months experimental period. Kidney injury induced by the MCs presented with the increased intensity of T1-weighted MR-signal of the kidneys and liver as compared to these organs from the control animals treated for eight months, either with the vehicle solution or with saline. The intensification of the T1-weighted MR-signal correlated with the increased volume density of heavily injured tubuli (R2 = 0.77), with heavily damaged glomeruli (R2 = 0.84) and with volume density of connective tissue (R2 = 0.72). The changes in the MR signal intensity probably reflect the presence of an abundant proteinaceous material within the dilated nephrons and proliferation of the connective tissue. T1-weighted MRI-is a valuable method for the in vivo screening of kidney and liver damage in rat models of intoxication with hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic agents, such as microcystins.
An Azabisphosphonate-Capped Poly(phosphorhydrazone) Dendrimer for the Treatment of Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis
Authors: Fruchon Séverine , Caminade Anne-Marie , Abadie Claire , Davignon Jean-Luc , Combette Jean-Marc , Turrin Cédric-Olivier , Poupot Rémy
Published: August 2013

Over the last decade, different types of dendrimers have shown anti-inflammatory properties in their own right. In particular, we have shown that poly(phosphorhydrazone) (PPH) dendrimers are able to foster an efficient anti-inflammatory response in human monocytes and can resolve the main physiopathological features of chronic arthritis in mice at 1 mg/kg. Here we afford new insights into the therapeutic potential of an azabisphosphonate-capped dendrimer (dendrimer ABP). We have challenged its anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory properties in a robust rat model of acute uveitis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We show that dendrimer ABP at 2 µg/eye is as efficient as the “gold standard” dexamethasone at 20 µg/eye. We have demonstrated that the effect of dendrimer ABP is mediated at least through an increase of the production of the anti-inflammatory Interleukin(IL)-10 cytokine.
Oligomerization of 10,16-Dihydroxyhexadecanoic Acid and Methyl 10,16-Dihydroxyhexadecanoate Catalyzed by Lipases
Authors: Gómez-Patiño M. Beatriz , Cassani Julia , Jaramillo-Flores María , Zepeda-Vallejo L. Gerardo , Sandoval Georgina , Jimenez-Estrada Manuel , Arrieta-Baez Daniel
Published: August 2013

The main monomer of tomato cuticle, 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid (10,16-DHPA) and its methyl ester derivative (methyl-10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanote; methyl-10,16-DHHD), were used to study their oligomerization reactions catalyzed by five lipases: Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B), Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RM), Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TL), Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PCL) and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL). For 10,16-DHPA, optimum yields were obtained at 60 °C using toluene and 2-methyl-2-butanol (2M2B) as solvent, while for methyl-10,16-DHHD the bests yields were obtained in toluene and acetonitrile. Both reactions leaded to linear polyesters according to the NMR and FT-IR analysis, and there was no data indicating the presence of branched polymers. Using optimized conditions, poly(10,16-DHPA) and poly(methyl-10,16-DHHD) with Mw = 814 and Mn = 1,206 Da, and Mw = 982 and Mn = 860 Da, respectively, were formed according to their MALDI-TOF MS and ESI-MS data. The self-assembly of the polyesters obtained were analyzed by AFM.
Strategies for Optimizing Water-Exchange Rates of Lanthanide-Based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Siriwardena-Mahanama Buddhima , Allen Matthew
Published: August 2013

This review describes recent advances in strategies for tuning the water-exchange rates of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Water-exchange rates play a critical role in determining the efficiency of contrast agents; consequently, optimization of water-exchange rates, among other parameters, is necessary to achieve high efficiencies. This need has resulted in extensive research efforts to modulate water-exchange rates by chemically altering the coordination environments of the metal complexes that function as contrast agents. The focus of this review is coordination-chemistry-based strategies used to tune the water-exchange rates of lanthanide(III)-based contrast agents for MRI. Emphasis will be given to results published in the 21st century, as well as implications of these strategies on the design of contrast agents.
Scale-Up Design Analysis and Modelling of Cobalt Oxide Silica Membrane Module for Hydrogen Processing
Authors: Ji Guozhao , Wang Guoxiong , Hooman Kamel , Bhatia Suresh , Da Costa João
Published: August 2013

This work shows the application of a validated mathematical model for gas permeation at high temperatures focusing on demonstrated scale-up design for H2 processing. The model considered the driving force variation with spatial coordinates and the mass transfer across the molecular sieve cobalt oxide silica membrane to predict the separation performance. The model was used to study the process of H2 separation at 500 °C in single and multi-tube membrane modules. Parameters of interest included the H2 purity in the permeate stream, H2 recovery and H2 yield as a function of the membrane length, number of tubes in a membrane module, space velocity and H2 feed molar fraction. For a single tubular membrane, increasing the length of a membrane tube led to higher H2 yield and H2 recovery, owing to the increase of the membrane area. However, the H2 purity decreased as H2 fraction was depleted, thus reducing the driving force for H2 permeation. By keeping the membrane length constant in a multi-tube arrangement, the H2 yield and H2 recovery increase was attributed to the higher membrane area, but the H2 purity was again compromised. Increasing the space velocity avoided the reduction of H2 purity and still delivered higher H2 yield and H2 recovery than in a single membrane arrangement. Essentially, if the membrane surface is too large, the driving force becomes lower at the expense of H2 purity. In this case, the membrane module is over designed. Hence, maintaining a driving force is of utmost importance to deliver the functionality of process separation.
A Strain-Based Load Identification Model for Beams in Building Structures
Authors: Hong Kappyo , Lee Jihoon , Choi Se , Kim Yousok , Park Hyo
Published: August 2013

A strain-based load identification model for beam structures subjected to multiple loads is presented. The number of sensors for the load identification model is the same as the number of load conditions acting on a beam structure. In the model, the contribution of each load to the strains measured by strain sensors is defined. In this paper, the longitudinal strains measured from multiplexed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors are used in the load identification. To avoid the dependency on the selection of locations for FBG sensors installed on a beam structure, the measured strain is expressed by a general form of a strain sensing model defined by superimposing the distribution shapes for strains from multiple loads. Numerical simulation is conducted to verify the model. Then, the load identification model is applied to monitoring of applied loads on a 4 m-long steel beam subjected to two concentrated loads. In the experiment, seven FBG sensors and nine electrical strain gages (ESGs) were installed on the surface of the bottom flange. The experimental results indicate a good agreement between estimated loadings from the model and the loads applied by a hydraulic jack.
A Phenomenological Model for the Photocurrent Transient Relaxation Observed in ZnO-Based Photodetector Devices
Authors: Moore James , Thompson Cody
Published: August 2013

We present a phenomenological model for the photocurrent transient relaxation observed in ZnO-based metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) planar photodetector devices based on time-resolved surface band bending. Surface band bending decreases during illumination, due to migration of photogenerated holes to the surface. Immediately after turning off illumination, conduction-band electrons must overcome a relatively low energy barrier to recombine with photogenerated holes at the surface; however, with increasing time, the adsorption of oxygen at the surface or electron trapping in the depletion region increases band bending, resulting in an increased bulk/surface energy barrier that slows the transport of photogenerated electrons. We present a complex rate equation based on thermionic transition of charge carriers to and from the surface and numerically fit this model to transient photocurrent measurements of several MSM planar ZnO photodetectors at variable temperature. Fitting parameters are found to be consistent with measured values in the literature. An understanding of the mechanism for persistent photoconductivity could lead to mitigation in future device applications.
An Amperometric Biosensor Utilizing a Ferrocene-Mediated Horseradish Peroxidase Reaction for the Determination of Capsaicin (Chili Hotness)
Authors: Mohammad Rosmawani , Ahmad Musa , Heng Lee
Published: August 2013

Chili hotness is very much dependent on the concentration of capsaicin present in the chili fruit. A new biosensor based on a horseradish peroxidase enzyme-capsaicin reaction mediated by ferrocene has been successfully developed for the amperometric determination of chili hotness. The amperometric biosensor is fabricated based on a single-step immobilization of both ferrocene and horseradish peroxidase in a photocurable hydrogel membrane, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). With mediation by ferrocene, the biosensor could measure capsaicin concentrations at a potential 0.22 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), which prevented potential interference from other electroactive species in the sample. Thus a good selectivity towards capsaicin was demonstrated. The linear response range of the biosensor towards capsaicin was from 2.5–99.0 µM with detection limit of 1.94 µM. A good relative standard deviation (RSD) for reproducibility of 6.4%–9.9% was obtained. The capsaicin biosensor demonstrated long-term stability for up to seven months. The performance of the biosensor has been validated using a standard method for the analysis of capsaicin based on HPLC.
Avian Influenza: Mixed Infections and Missing Viruses
Authors: Lindsay LeAnn , Kelly Terra , Plancarte Magdalena , Schobel Seth , Lin Xudong , Dugan Vivien , Wentworth David , Boyce Walter
Published: August 2013

A high prevalence and diversity of avian influenza (AI) viruses were detected in a population of wild mallards sampled during summer 2011 in California, providing an opportunity to compare results obtained before and after virus culture. We tested cloacal swab samples prior to culture by matrix real-time PCR, and by amplifying and sequencing a 640bp portion of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Each sample was also inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs, and full genome sequences were determined for cultured viruses. While low matrix Ct values were a good predictor of virus isolation from eggs, samples with high or undetectable Ct values also yielded isolates. Furthermore, a single passage in eggs altered the occurrence and detection of viral strains, and mixed infections (different HA subtypes) were detected less frequently after culture. There is no gold standard or perfect reference comparison for surveillance of unknown viruses, and true negatives are difficult to distinguish from false negatives. This study showed that sequencing samples prior to culture increases the detection of mixed infections and enhances the identification of viral strains and sequences that may have changed or even disappeared during culture.
Investigating Critical Success Factors Affecting ERP Implementation in Chinese and Pakistani Enterprises
Authors: Khattak Muhammad Aamir Obaid , She Yuanguan , Memon Zahid A. , Syed Nausheen , Hussain Shariq , Irfan Muhammad
Published: August 2013

Carrying with itself the most effective, efficient & cross-functional integrative capabilities, the importance in adoption & usage of ERP systems has significantly increased in vibrant and dynamically responding business settings of today. This study attempts to present the ERP system’s implementation success in terms of organizational impact, on time and under allocated budget by qualitatively examining relationship of each of the identified critical success factors (CSFs) to project’s implementation success in enterprises of a developing country, China, by using validated responses from 12 organizations, using a questionnaire survey approach. Summary of survey’s results are then presented in a tabular form to get a clearer view of the impact of CSFs during ERP system implementation. Findings confirm that 10, 9 and 1 out of the 20 proposed factors that are identified from the literature are critical, least critical & not critical respectively. Findings are then compared, in brief, with the enterprises of another developing country, Pakistan, to check for the similarities & differences. This study intends to enrich understanding on the most significant factors to trim down chances of failure regarding ERP project implementation success and is anticipated to contribute to the on hand body of knowledge in this regard.
A Study into Land Supply and Demand for Property Development in Colombo
Authors: Senaratne Sepani , Zainudeen Nisa
Published: August 2013

This paper investigates the land market in Sri Lanka's main location in terms of economic activities - the Colombo Metropolitan Region (CMR). First, the paper addresses general issues relating to land market and factors affecting its demand and supply through a literature review. Subsequently, through a survey of land supply sources and secondary data, the study explores trends in land supply and land prices over a thirty year period, identifying specific reasons for the trends. In terms of land supply, the study's findings include the fact that a substantial amount of land in Colombo is not readily usable for development activities due to various reasons. The study also reveals a move from residential activities to commercial activities in the heart of Colombo and a considerable increase in land prices in the post Tsunami era. The suggestions include allowing this commercial sector to move towards the city centre to accommodate the high demand for commercial activities after the liberal economic policy introduced to the country in 1977. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/besl.v7i1.1946 Built-Environment Sri Lanka Vol.7(1) 2007 9-15
Shaping the Murine Macrophage Phenotype: IL-4 and Cyclic AMP Synergistically Activate the Arginase I Promoter
Authors: Sheldon Kathryn E. , Shandilya Harish , Kepka-Lenhart Diane , Poljakovic Mirjana , Ghosh Arundhati , Morris Sidney M.
Published: August 2013

Arginase I is a marker of murine M2 macrophages and is highly expressed in many inflammatory diseases. The basis for high arginase I expression in macrophages in vivo is incompletely understood but likely reflects integrated responses to combinations of stimuli. Our objective was to elucidate mechanisms involved in modulating arginase I induction by IL-4, the prototypical activator of M2 macrophages. IL-4 and 8-bromo-cAMP individually induce arginase I, but together they rapidly and synergistically induce arginase I mRNA, protein, and promoter activity in murine macrophage cells. Arginase I induction by IL-4 requires binding of the transcription factors STAT6 and C/EBPβ to the IL-4 response element of the arginase I gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that the synergistic response involves binding of both transcription factors to the IL-4 response element at levels significantly greater than in response to IL-4 alone. The results suggest that C/EBPβ is a limiting factor for the level of STAT6 bound to the IL-4 response element. The enhanced binding in the synergistic response was not due to increased expression of either STAT6 or C/EBPβ but was correlated primarily with increased nuclear abundance of C/EBPβ. Our findings also suggest that induction of arginase I expression is stochastic; that is, differences in induction reflect differences in probability of transcriptional activation and not simply differences in rate of transcription. Results of the present study also may be useful for understanding mechanisms underlying regulated expression of other genes in macrophages and other myeloid-derived cells in health and disease.
Role of Ribonuclease L in Viral Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern/Influenza Virus and Cigarette Smoke–Induced Inflammation and Remodeling
Authors: Zhou Yang , Kang Min-Jong , Jha Babal Kant , Silverman Robert H. , Lee Chun Geun , Elias Jack A.
Published: August 2013

Interactions between cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and viral infection play an important role(s) in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a variety of other disorders. A variety of lines of evidence suggest that this interaction induces exaggerated inflammatory, cytokine, and tissue remodeling responses. We hypothesized that the 2’-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L system, an innate immune antiviral pathway, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these exaggerated responses. To test this hypothesis, we characterize the activation of 2’-5′ OAS in lungs from mice exposed to CS and viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)/live virus, alone and in combination. We also evaluated the inflammatory and remodeling responses induced by CS and virus/viral PAMPs in lungs from RNase L null and wild-type mice. These studies demonstrate that CS and viral PAMPs/live virus interact in a synergistic manner to stimulate the production of select OAS moieties. They also demonstrate that RNase L plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of the exaggerated inflammatory, fibrotic, emphysematous, apoptotic, TGF-β1, and type I IFN responses induced by CS plus virus/viral PAMP in combination. These studies demonstrate that CS is an important regulator of antiviral innate immunity, highlight novel roles of RNase L in CS plus virus induced inflammation, tissue remodeling, apoptosis, and cytokine elaboration and highlight pathways that may be operative in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mechanistically related disorders.
Selective Induction of CTL Helper Rather Than Killer Activity by Natural Epitope Variants Promotes Dendritic Cell–Mediated HIV-1 Dissemination
Authors: Mailliard Robbie B. , Smith Kellie N. , Fecek Ronald J. , Rappocciolo Giovanna , Nascimento Eduardo J. M. , Marques Ernesto T. , Watkins Simon C. , Mullins James I. , Rinaldo Charles R.
Published: August 2013

The ability of HIV-1 to rapidly accumulate mutations provides the virus with an effective means of escaping CD8+ CTL responses. In this study, we describe how subtle alterations in CTL epitopes expressed by naturally occurring HIV-1 variants can result in an incomplete escape from CTL recognition, providing the virus with a selective advantage. Rather than paralyzing the CTL response, these epitope modifications selectively induce the CTL to produce proinflammatory cytokines in the absence of target killing. Importantly, instead of dampening the immune response through CTL elimination of variant Ag-expressing immature dendritic cells (DC), a positive CTL-to-DC immune feedback loop dominates whereby the immature DC differentiate into mature proinflammatory DC. Moreover, these CTL-programmed DC exhibit a superior capacity to mediate HIV-1 trans-infection of T cells. This discordant induction of CTL helper activity in the absence of killing most likely contributes to the chronic immune activation associated with HIV-1 infection, and can be used by HIV-1 to promote viral dissemination and persistence. Our findings highlight the need to address the detrimental potential of eliciting dysfunctional cross-reactive memory CTL responses when designing and implementing anti–HIV-1 immunotherapies.
Simultaneous TCR and CD244 Signals Induce Dynamic Downmodulation of CD244 on Human Antiviral T Cells
Authors: Pacheco Yovana , McLean Anna P. , Rohrbach Janine , Porichis Filippos , Kaufmann Daniel E. , Kavanagh Daniel G.
Published: August 2013

Various cosignaling molecules on T cells can contribute to activation, inhibition, or exhaustion, depending on context. The surface receptor signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family receptor CD244 (2B4/SLAMf4) has been shown to be capable of either inhibitory or enhancing effects upon engagement of its ligand CD48 (SLAMf2). We examined phenotypes of CD8 T cells from HIV+ and HIVneg human donors, specific for HIV and/or respiratory syncytial virus. Cultured and ex vivo CD8 T cells expressed PD-1, CD244, and TIM-3. We found that ex vivo CD8 T cells downregulated CD244 in response to superantigen. Furthermore, cognate peptide induced rapid downregulation of both CD244 and TIM-3, but not PD-1, on CD8 T cell clones. CD244 downmodulation required simultaneous signaling via both TCR and CD244 itself. Using a pH-sensitive fluorophore conjugated to avidin–Ab tetramers, we found that CD244 crosslinking in the presence of TCR signaling resulted in rapid transport of CD244 to an acidic intracellular compartment. Downregulation was not induced by PMA–ionomycin, or prevented by PI3K inhibition, implicating a TCR-proximal signaling mechanism. CD244 internalization occurred within hours of TCR stimulation and required less peptide than was required to induce IFN-γ production. The degree of CD244 internalization varied among cultured CD8 T cell lines of different specificities, and correlated with the enhancement of IFN-γ production in response to CD48 blockade in HIV+, but not HIVneg, subjects. Our results indicate that rapid CD244 internalization is induced by a two-signal mechanism and plays a role in modulation of antiviral CD8 T cell responses by CD48–CD244 signaling.
Intrauterine Group A Streptococcal Infections Are Exacerbated by Prostaglandin E2
Authors: Mason Katie L. , Rogers Lisa M. , Soares Elyara M. , Bani-Hashemi Tara , Erb Downward John , Agnew Dalen , Peters-Golden Marc , Weinberg Jason B. , Crofford Leslie J. , Aronoff David M.
Published: August 2013

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS) is a major cause of severe postpartum sepsis, a re-emerging cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Immunological alterations occur during pregnancy to promote maternofetal tolerance, which may increase the risk for puerperal infection. PGE2 is an immunomodulatory lipid that regulates maternofetal tolerance, parturition, and innate immunity. The extent to which PGE2 regulates host immune responses to GAS infections in the context of endometritis is unknown. To address this, both an in vivo mouse intrauterine (i.u.) GAS infection model and an in vitro human macrophage–GAS interaction model were used. In C57BL/6 mice, i.u. GAS inoculation resulted in local and systemic inflammatory responses and triggered extensive changes in the expression of eicosanoid pathway genes. The i.u. administration of PGE2 increased the mortality of infected mice, suppressed local IL-6 and IL-17A levels, enhanced neutrophilic inflammation, reduced uterine macrophage populations, and increased bacterial dissemination. A role for endogenous PGE2 in the modulation of antistreptococcal host defense was suggested, because mice lacking the genes encoding the microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 or the EP2 receptor were protected from death, as were mice treated with the EP4 receptor antagonist, GW627368X. PGE2 also regulated GAS–macrophage interactions. In GAS-infected human THP-1 (macrophage-like) cells, PGE2 inhibited the production of MCP-1 and TNF-α while augmenting IL-10 expression. PGE2 also impaired the phagocytic ability of human placental macrophages, THP-1 cells, and mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Exploring the targeted disruption of PGE2 synthesis and signaling to optimize existing antimicrobial therapies against GAS may be warranted.
CD70 Is Downregulated by Interaction with CD27
Authors: Kuka Mirela , Munitic Ivana , Giardino Torchia Maria Letizia , Ashwell Jonathan D.
Published: August 2013

Engagement of the receptor CD27 by CD70 affects the magnitude and quality of T cell responses in a variety of infection models, and exaggerated signaling via this pathway results in enhanced immune responses and autoimmunity. One means by which signaling is regulated is tight control of cell surface CD70, which is expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and B cells only upon activation. In this article, we show that a second level of regulation also is present. First, although undetectable on the cell surface by flow cytometry, immature DCs have a small pool of CD70 that continuously recycles from the plasma membrane. In addition, surface levels of CD70 on DCs and T cells were higher in mice deficient in CD27, or on DCs for which the interaction between CD70 and CD27 was precluded by blocking Abs. Binding of CD70 by its receptor resulted in downregulation of CD70 transcription and protein levels, suggesting that CD70-mediated “reverse signals” regulate its own levels. Therefore, the ability of CD70 to trigger costimulation is self-regulated when it binds its complementary receptor.
IL-4–, TGF-β–, and IL-1–Dependent Expansion of Parasite Antigen-Specific Th9 Cells Is Associated with Clinical Pathology in Human Lymphatic Filariasis
Authors: Anuradha Rajamanickam , George Parakkal Jovvian , Hanna Luke E. , Chandrasekaran Vedachalam , Kumaran Paul , Nutman Thomas B. , Babu Subash
Published: August 2013

Th9 cells are a subset of CD4+ T cells, shown to be important in allergy, autoimmunity, and antitumor responses; however, their role in human infectious diseases has not been explored in detail. We identified a population of IL-9 and IL-10 coexpressing cells (lacking IL-4 expression) in normal individuals. These cells respond to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation, but are distinct from IL-9+ Th2 cells. We also demonstrate that these Th9 cells exhibit Ag-specific expansion in a chronic helminth infection (lymphatic filariasis). Comparison of Th9 responses reveals that individuals with pathology associated with filarial infection exhibit significantly expanded frequencies of filarial Ag-induced Th9 cells, but not of IL9+Th2 cells in comparison with filarial-infected individuals without associated disease. Moreover, the per cell production of IL-9 is significantly higher in Th9 cells compared with IL9+Th2 cells, indicating that the Th9 cells are the predominant CD4+ T cell subset producing IL-9 in the context of human infection. This expansion was reflected in elevated Ag-stimulated IL-9 cytokine levels in whole blood culture supernatants. Finally, the frequencies of Th9 cells correlated positively with the severity of lymphedema (and presumed inflammation) in filarial-diseased individuals. This expansion of Th9 cells was dependent on IL-4, TGF-β, and IL-1 in vitro. We have therefore identified an important human CD4+ T cell subpopulation coexpressing IL-9 and IL-10, but not IL-4, the expansion of which is associated with disease in chronic lymphatic filariasis and could potentially have an important role in the pathogenesis of other inflammatory disorders.
Uterine NK Cells Regulate Endometrial Bleeding in Women and Are Suppressed by the Progesterone Receptor Modulator Asoprisnil
Authors: Wilkens Julia , Male Victoria , Ghazal Peter , Forster Thorsten , Gibson Douglas A. , Williams Alistair R. W. , Brito-Mutunayagam Savita L. , Craigon Marie , Lourenco Paula , Cameron Iain T. , Chwalisz Kristof , Moffett Ashley , Critchley Hilary O. D.
Published: August 2013

Uterine NK cells (uNK) play a role in the regulation of placentation, but their functions in nonpregnant endometrium are not understood. We have previously reported suppression of endometrial bleeding and alteration of spiral artery morphology in women exposed to asoprisnil, a progesterone receptor modulator. We now compare global endometrial gene expression in asoprisnil-treated versus control women, and we demonstrate a statistically significant reduction of genes in the IL-15 pathway, known to play a key role in uNK development and function. Suppression of IL-15 by asoprisnil was also observed at mRNA level (p < 0.05), and immunostaining for NK cell marker CD56 revealed a striking reduction of uNK in asoprisnil-treated endometrium (p < 0.001). IL-15 levels in normal endometrium are progesterone-responsive. Progesterone receptor (PR) positive stromal cells transcribe both IL-15 and IL-15RA. Thus, the response of stromal cells to progesterone will be to increase IL-15 trans-presentation to uNK, supporting their expansion and differentiation. In asoprisnil-treated endometrium, there is a marked downregulation of stromal PR expression and virtual absence of uNK. These novel findings indicate that the IL-15 pathway provides a missing link in the complex interplay among endometrial stromal cells, uNK, and spiral arteries affecting physiologic and pathologic endometrial bleeding.
Smad2/3 and IRF4 Play a Cooperative Role in IL-9–Producing T Cell Induction
Authors: Tamiya Taiga , Ichiyama Kenji , Kotani Hitoshi , Fukaya Tomohiro , Sekiya Takashi , Shichita Takashi , Honma Kiri , Yui Katsuyuki , Matsuyama Toshifumi , Nakao Takako , Fukuyama Satoru , Inoue Hiromasa , Nomura Masatoshi , Yoshimura Akihiko
Published: August 2013

IL-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine that can regulate autoimmune and allergic responses. Th9 cells can develop from naive T cells or Th2 cells through stimulation by TGF-β in vitro. In this study, we demonstrated that Smad2 and Smad3 are necessary for IL-9 production from T cells in an OVA-induced asthma model using T cell–specific Smad2- and Smad3-deficient mice. Smad2 and Smad3 were also redundantly essential for TGF-β signaling to induce histone modifications for Il9 transcription. Although Smad2/3 was recruited to the Il9 promoter by TGF-β stimulation, they are not sufficient to activate the Il9 promoter. By the screening the transcription factors, we found that IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) was essential for the Smad2/3-mediated Il9 promoter activation. In addition, Smad2/3 physically interacted with IRF4, and Smad2/3 did not bind to the Il9 promoter and could not induce Th9 in IRF4-deficient T cells. Similarly, IRF4 could not stimulate Il9 transcription in the absence of Smad2/3, and TGF-β enhanced IRF4 recruitment to the Il9 promoter in a Smad2/3-dependent manner. We propose that Smad2/3 and IRF4 cooperatively transactivate the Il9 promoter and play an important role in regulating allergic immune responses by inducing Th9 cells.
Apoptosis in normal oral tissues and odontogenesis
Authors: Bali Ruchita , Chandra Akhilesh , Verma Renuka
Published: August 2013

Programmed cell death or apoptosis is considered a vital component of various processes including normal cell turnover, proper development and functioning of the immune system, hormone-dependent atrophy, embryonic development, and chemical-induced cell death. Inappropriate apoptosis (either too little or too much) is a factor in many human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders, and many types of cancers. The process of apoptosis is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms. An understanding of its role in the pathophysiology of oral tissues is pertinent to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. The developing tooth passes through the various morphologic stages and apoptosis is observed selectively in certain locations. This review focuses on the current knowledge of apoptosis emphasizing its role in normal oral tissues and odontogenesis.
Evolution of root canal sealers: An insight story
Authors: Tyagi Sanjeev , Mishra Priyesh , Tyagi Parimala
Published: August 2013

Attainment of ideal root canal treatment comprises various essential factors such as proper instrumentation, biomechanical preparation, obturation, and ultimately depending upon the case, post-endodontic restoration. Main objective of the treatment is to get absolute rid of microbial entity and prevent any future predilection of re-infection. In order to achieve that, proper seal is required to cut down any chance of proliferation of bacteria and future occurrence of any pathology. Although gutta-percha has been the standard obturating material used in root canal treatment, it does not reinforce endodontically treated roots owing to its inability to achieve an impervious seal along the dentinal walls of the root canal. Gutta-percha does not from a monoblock even with the use of a resin-based sealer such as AH Plus because the sealer does not bind to gutta-percha. As a result, a monoblock is formed (consisting of Resilon core material, Resin sealer, bonding agent/primer, and dentin). Another reason of Resilon being a better obturating material could be that the removal of smear layer by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) after biomechanical preparation may have allowed the root canal filling material and root canal sealers to contact the canal wall and penetrate in the dentinal tubules, which may increase the strength of roots. New silicone-based sealers like Roekoseal automix and the most recent GuttaFlow have some affirmative results regarding solubility and biocompatibility, as compared to other sealers. Methacrylate resin-based sealers and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based sealers have opened a new horizon for sealers.
Acupuncture: An alternative therapy in medicine and dentistry
Authors: Vaidya Sharad , Kapoor Charu , Nagpal Abhishek , Jain Ajay , Kar Aswini Kumar
Published: August 2013

An introduction to the practical application of acupuncture is presented in the light of current research. Acupuncture could supplement conventional treatment modalities. Its value in the treatment of temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome and facial pain has been well-documented. Although, it may be useful in the control of post-operative pain, its use as sole analgesia for operative care is questionable. The aim of this paper is to give a broad introduction to acupuncture to the general and dental practitioner and to emphasize the scientific background for acupuncture.
Diabetes mellitus: An endodontic perspective
Authors: Chakravarthy Pishipati Vinayak Kalyan
Published: August 2013

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disease, characterised by hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. In patients with DM, several aspects of the immune system are compromised and wound healing is impaired. Studies indicate increased prevalence, severity of periapical lesions and a decreased success rate of endodontic treatment in diabetics, suggesting that diabetes may serve as a disease modifier of periapical lesions. A reciprocal relationship exists between glycaemic control and chronic periapical lesions. Treating infections of pulp and periodontium will improve glycaemic control and help in healing of lesions similar to non-diabetics. To provide competent care to patients with DM, dental clinicians must understand the disease, its treatment, and its impact on the patients′ ability to undergo and respond to endodontic treatment. This review article is a detailed assessment of the literature on DM and its implication on pulp and periapical diseases, and their treatment outcome.
Silicone prosthesis for a patient with unilateral ear defect: A clinical case report
Authors: Singh Ajay , Ghosh Shounak , Kar Sumana , Ahmed Imran
Published: August 2013

Congenital or acquired loss of body parts is of common occurrence and replacement of such parts for restoring their lost function and esthetics is done by using various bio-compatible materials. Proper assessment of the disfigured body parts and a feasible approach to rehabilitating them has for long, been the target of clinical maxillofacial prosthodontics. The aim of this article is to present a case report of such a silicone prosthesis for a patient with a congenital unilateral auricular defect.
Unilateral gingival fibromatosis
Authors: Yuwanati Monal , Akinwar Akash
Published: August 2013

Increase in size of gingiva is termed as gingival enlargement or gingival overgrowth; characterized by expansion and accumulation of the connective tissue. Enlargement of gingiva can be classified according to etiology, pathogenesis, location, and distribution. Many forms of gingival Hyperplasia are of unknown etiology and termed as idiopathic gingival fibromatosis. Gingival fibromatosis is classified as two types according to its form. The localized nodular form is characterized by the presence of multiple localized enlargements in the gingiva and the other one is most common symmetric form results in uniform enlargement of the gingiva. Our aim in this case report is to present a very interesting case of patient with the unusual clinical forms of unilateral gingival fibromatosis and to discuss the histopathological and clinical features in comparison to similar enlargements.
Oral health perception among officers and men of the Nigerian prisons service, Abuja
Authors: Omili Michael , Ofili Antoinette N. , Omuemu Vivian
Published: August 2013

Objective: To determine oral health perception among officers and men of the Nigeria Prison Service, Abuja. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of officers and men in Prison headquarters and Kuje command in Abuja, Nigeria, was conducted between January and May 2009 using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: A total of 407 prison officers constituting 57.0% males and 66.6% senior officers participated in this study. Only 15.7% of the respondents had good oral health knowledge. Oral health knowledge was not significantly associated with age, sex, and designation of staff (P>0.05). More than half (52.8%) of the respondents exhibited positive attitude to oral health and this was not significantly associated with age, sex, and designation of staff (P>0.05). More than half (53.3%) of the respondents cleaned their teeth with toothbrush and toothpaste in this study; however, only about one-third (32.4%) of the respondents indulge in twice-daily tooth brushing. This practice was significantly higher among younger staff (P=0.009), junior cadre staff (P=0.001), and males (P=0.931). Only 27.5% of the respondents have never visited the dentist. Oral conditions among the respondents were toothache (55.5%), gingival bleeding (61.2%), and mouth odor (47.2%). Perceived high cost of treatment and fear of dental instruments are the most commonly identified barriers to oral health utilization. Conclusion: Inadequate knowledge, negative attitude, and suboptimal practices regarding oral health were noted among the respondents. Gingival bleeding, toothache, and mouth odor were highly prevalent among the studied Prison staff. Dentist visit practice among the studied Prison staff was low with barriers as high cost of dental treatment, fear of dental instruments, no dental clinics nearby, and no time to visit the dentist.
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor expressing p53 and PCNA: A true benign neoplasm?
Authors: Sah Kunal , Kale Alka D. , Kotrashetti Vijaylaxmi , Chandra Sunira
Published: August 2013

Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is a relatively uncommon distinct odontogenic neoplasm. Histogenesis of AOT is still uncertain, and whether it represents anomalous hamartomatous growth or a true benign neoplasm is debatable. We report herein an unusual case of AOT occurring in the mandible. The tumor showed an unusual and aggressive clinical course, location, and radiographical and histopathological features expressing PCNA and p53 protein, which are suggestive of its proliferative potential, aggressive tumor behavior, and invasive characteristics. Based on these evidences, we suggested it to be a benign aggressive neoplasm rather than a hamartoma, though based on the analysis of single case it is still debatable.
Evaluation of cytotoxicity of six different flowable composites with the methyl tetrazolium test method
Authors: Yalcin Muhammet , Ulker Mustafa , Ulker Esra , Sengun Abdulkadir
Published: August 2013

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of six different flowable composites with the methyl tetrazolium test (MTT). Materials and Methods: For MTT, six different flowable composites (Bisco Aelite, Bisco Inc., USA; Esthet X Flow, Dentsply, USA; Filtek™ Supreme XT Flowable Restorative, 3M Espe, USA; Gradia ® Direct Flo, GC, USA; Estelite ® Flow Quick, Tokuyama Dental Corporation, Japan; and Clearfil Majesty Flow, Kuraray Medical Inc., Japan) were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions in standard Teflon disks (2 mm × 5 mm) and the samples were extracted in 7 ml of Basal Medium Eagle with 10% new born calf serum and 5% penicillin streptomycin gentamisin for 24 h. In the experiments: The L929 cells were plated (25.000 cells/ml) in wells of 96 well-dishes and maintained in a humidified incubator for 24 h at 37°C, 5% CO2, and 95% of air. After 24 h incubation of the cells, the incubation medium was replaced by the immersed medium in which the samples were stored. Then L929 cells were incubated in contact with evaluates for 24 h. The cell mitochondrial activity was evaluated by the MTT. 12 well used for each specimen and MTT tests applied 2 times. The data were submitted to the statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) tests. Results: According to the results of MTT test with L-929 fibroblasts demonstrated that all freshly prepared flowable composites did not reduce vital cell numbers (P>0.05) in comparison to control group. Conclusion: This study revealed important information for clinical applications of flowable composites in dentistry.
Long-term effect of tobacco on resting whole mouth salivary flow rate and pH: An institutional based comparative study
Authors: Kanwar Alpana , Sah Kunal , Grover Neeraj , Chandra Sunira , Singh Rana Randeep
Published: August 2013

Background: Saliva is the first biological fluid that is exposed to tobacco and is responsible for its changes especially the salivary flow rate (SFR) and salivary pH. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the long- term effects of tobacco on SFR and pH between tobacco chewers, smokers, and controls. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 Subjects were divided equally into tobacco smokers (group A), chewers (group B), and controls (group C). Saliva of each subject was collected under resting condition and SFR was expressed in mL/min for 10 min. Salivary pH was determined using the specific salivary pH strips. Results: The mean (±SD) SFR for group A; 4.34 (±0.3), group B; 3.07 (±0.26) and group C; 5.65 (±0.44) mL/min when compared and a significant relation was obtained. The mean (±SD) pH for group A; 6.8 (±0.1), group B; 6.7 (±0.1) and group C; 7.04 (±0.1) when compared and a non-significant relation was obtained though, lower salivary pH were observed in group A and B. Conclusion: Present study indicates that the SFR decreases appreciably among tobacco abusers especially more among smokeless form. A lower (acidic) salivary pH was observed in tobacco users as compared with control. These alterations in SFR and pH due to long-term effect of tobacco user can render oral mucosa vulnerable to various oral and dental diseases.