bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations from a Tower of IVORY
Authors: Farrell Gabriel
Published: March 2020

After felicitous remarks about the occasion, Dr. Farrell stated that the Ivory Tower in the title of the address did not refer to the tower which dominates Perkins Institution, but to the use of that term by a French Saint over a hundred years ago to designate a sense of detachment or withdrawal from the melee of life to a more serene place for observation and reflection.
Concession Stand Operation in a Centrally-Managed Program
Authors: Johnson Carl A.
Published: March 2020

The article by Dr. Jacobus tenBroek, “The Eighty-third Congress and the Blind,” which appeared in the January New Outlook discussed, among other matters, legislation relating to vending or concession stands. Dr. tenBroek is certainly correct that changes brought about in the vending stand program by Public Law 565 are confusing and are a mixture of progress and retardation. However, we feel that Dr. tenBroek's strong negative reaction to the control type program needs to be balanced by facts which come from experience with both individually-operated stands and a centrally-managed plan. Further, there is a lack of reference material in our literature relating to vending or concession stand operation, and we hope that this article, together with Dr. tenBroek's, will stimulate increased thinking about an enterprise which offers one of the most feasible employment opportunities for visually handicapped individuals.

Mr. Johnson, now the manager of our Cleveland program, has had fourteen years of experience in concession stand operation with Ohio State Services for the Blind and with our agency. He has written the following story of our operation in Cleveland which we submit in the hope that our experience may be of some interest to others.— Allan W. Sherman, Executive Director, Cleveland Society for the Blind
Giving Help to Resisting Patients
Authors: Michaels Ruth
Published: March 2020

The setting of the work described here is the hospital. This discussion has value for our readers because it has applications in principle to situations whose source of concern is blindness, as illustrated in one of the cases presented, and also when the subject is in a counseling situation other than a hospital.—Ed.
Classified Corner
Authors: Campbell Mary Dranga
Published: March 2020

This department is a New Outlook service to readers, who wish to publish notices of positions open for application as well as those who are seeking employment in the field of work for the blind or deaf-blind. No charge is made and we will print as many as space will permit. The publishers do not vouch for statements of advertisers.

We also will print without charge miscellaneous notices of interest to professional workers which are of a non-commercial nature. All other advertising will be accepted at rates which are available on request.
“Ihb Optical Aids Survey”—A Review of Research
Authors: Rusalem Herbert
Published: March 2020

Dr. Rusalem is the director of professional training at the Industrial Home for the Blind, Brooklyn, N. Y. IHB Optical Aids Survey is an IHB publication.
To the Editor
Authors: Thompson R. L.
Published: March 2020

Aside from the difference in the language itself attributed to Mr. Thompson by our reporter —a reporter of integrity — and the language attributed to himself by Mr. Thompson, the significance of this letter is obscure to us. In a subsequent communication replying to our request in behalf of our readers for clarification of the implications in the above letter, Mr. Thompson expresses his feeling that his reason for requesting that we “in some manner” correct what he terms inaccurate statements of information “was quite clear.” At the same time he concedes that he frankly does “not know just how … to correct such an error,” and that he is willing “to leave this up to you as editor.” (Ergo, we have no choice but to present the letter as it appears above.) In the same reply to our request for clarification, there is however a hint of at least one minor point of significance perhaps to people in Florida if not outside that state, in a casual reference to a “mistake in the names of cities.” We wish to rectify errors wherever we may be remiss. With crossed fingers, we trust we are not more than unwitting bystanders in what is possibly merely a local fracas; with fingers doubly crossed, we hope the letter clarifies something for somebody.— Ed.
Safety for Visually Impaired Children
Authors: Gibbons Helen
Published: March 2020

The effective cooperation of school and home can insure meaningful and safe environment for the visually impaired child in which to develop and learn. However, developing safety responsibilities in children is a long, continuous and sometimes unsatisfying task. Responsible adults can effectively “set the safety stage.”

To insure good safety practices in adult years it is essential that more than a set of “do's and don'ts” be learned. Practices will be built on attitudes developed during childhood. The recognition of the rights and responsibilities of ourselves and others—care versus carelessness—is a prime rule.
Puppetry as An Aid in Language Development
Authors: Rogow Sally
Published: March 2020

Creative dramatics is an integrating experience because it focuses many learnings on a single purpose. The multiple learning values of creative play-making are inherent in the demands of dramatic construction. Ideas come first; then conflict must be created and sustained. Actors must react to one another, and dialogue must communicate dramatic action. The child manipulating the puppet must think about his character and define his role in the drama. Finally, and perhaps most important, puppetry offers both individual expression and group interaction; two essential elements of language development are integrated in creative pupperty.
An Approach for Initiating Educational Programs for the Blind in Asia the Philippine Program, Phase One
Authors: Franks Frank L. , Bridges D. R.
Published: March 2020

Another advantage of the integrated program cited by Dr. Vitaliano Bernardino, Director, Bureau of Public Schools, Philippines, is its acceptability and attractiveness to the public. All things considered, this system is less expensive than establishing special schools. Assuming there are certain essential requirements common to both systems such as trained teachers, braille reading matter, and other needed facilities, the use of the regularly established school buildings and classrooms for educating the blind makes the integrated system that much cheaper. This is the main reason why, particularly for those countries or school systems that are just beginning to establish programs for educating the blind, this approach seems to offer greater possibilities.17

Of the diversiphased approach itself, Dr. Bernardino recently stated, “We are finding the diversiphased approach most practical and flexible in the context of developing the total Program for the Education of the Blind in the Philippines.”
The Use of Abacus Contests to Increase Interest in Mathematics
Authors: Lewis Marian , Coker Gary
Published: March 2020

□ A visually handicapped student must take advantage of all the mathematical tools at his disposal. It is not for us to say that one tool is better than another. There are times when a student should use the braillewriter, slate, or some other device. The use of these and the abacus should be an individual matter. We do feel that the abacus offers a more rapid means of computation that most other devices. It does not supplant these others, however, but supplements them in the mathematics program.

It has been found that contests stimulate learning in mathematics. Abacus contests were helpful in encouraging students to practice the use of the abacus and in creating more interest in it. The abacus bee was especially valuable because each student was involved on a team basis, and yet was allowed to compete on his own level. This meant that he not only had a good chance to win first place, but that whatever his performance he could usually earn points for his team.
Comparative Methods in Teaching Cooking to the Congenitally vs. the Adventitiously Blind Adult
Authors: Freyberger Patricia E.
Published: March 2020

□ It was not my intention in this paper to outline concise steps for teaching cooking to the blind homemaker since many manuals are available on this subject. I have only tried to point out the differences between the two types of blind clients seen in rehabilitation programs and their respective potentials for learning to become independent homemakers in the area of cooking.
The Challenge of Aging
Authors: Swartz Frederick C.
Published: March 2020

□ In summary, our study of the medical aspects of aging has led to the following recommendations: a complete history and physical examination on a periodic basis throughout the individual's life; a formal program of exercise, both physical and mental—not the usual bread and butter kind of mental exercises, but something that is new and different, that exercises the grey cells in the new parts of the brain; and sound nutrition and moderation in habits.
Storytelling and the Blind Child
Authors: Brown Jean D.
Published: March 2020

□ To recapitulate, remember when selecting stories that it is wise to remain within the blind child's experiential realm. These children frequently have no concept of size, shape, or texture. Some teachers maintain that they are never fully assured as to whether or not a child has perceived correct dimensions. Therefore, preparation of story themes in advance (and after consultation with teachers to insure the particular concept involved has been previously taught or explained) will save valuable time by eliminating many questions and will make the story more effective.

Adults need to constantly remember that this old world is new to children, and what experienced adults may take for granted may not be within the realm of the child, especially a blind child, e.g., a trip to a farm or circus. Stories and books are highly valuable aids for they help fill in the gaps of a child's learning experience. Storytellers play the important role of catalyst in bringing books and children together.
Helping Blind Persons to Find and Prepare for Employment
Authors: Kenmore Jeanne R.
Published: March 2020

Four kinds of job market surveys are recommended for discovering possible occupations for blind persons. The role of schools in promoting the success of blind youngsters when they enter the job market is fully discussed. Where schools fail, many countries start intermediary centers to prepare blind young people for the world of work. The role of the placement officer is emphasized as are the roles of agencies and government. Examples in each area are drawn from many countries around the world. Based on a speech given to a biennial conference of agencies and schools for the blind in France.
Next Month's New Outlook Will be a Special Issue on Career Education Making Mobility Meaningful
Authors: Vopata Alvin E.
Published: March 2020

The sequential orientation and mobility curriculum in use at the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School consists of 127 lessons divided into five units of instruction (indoor travel, campus travel, residential travel, basic business travel, and advanced business travel). In addition to the motivational possibilities built into the curriculum, the instructional staff have also experimented with a mobility quiz contest and with awards and cash prizes for achievement and extra-curricular travel experience. The specific skills and tasks involved in each unit are listed in an appendix to the article.
100 Years Ago: The Vienna Congress of Teachers of the Blind
Authors: Lowenfeld Berthold
Published: March 2020

The First European Congress of Teachers of the Blind, held in Vienna, Austria, in 1873, is described. Its origin and originator, its discussion topics, and its historical importance are discussed.
The 20-Year Outcome of Blind Children Two Years Old and Younger: A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Gillman Arthur E. , Goddard Dorothy Rose
Published: March 2020

This longitudinal-outcome study of 77 blind children registered with one agency for the blind in 1949-1950, conducted through a survey of case records, revealed that 25 percent were still active with the agency 20 years later, 20 percent were institutionalized, and 15 percent had attended college. A significant correlation between Social Quotient (measured prior to six years of age) and Intelligence Quotient (measured after six years of age) was found. There were minimal changes in visual acuity, but an increased awareness of functional vision. There were an increased number of diagnoses of additional handicaps as the children grew older.
The Psychosocial Effects of Blindness: Implications for Program Planning in Sex Education
Authors: Scholl Geraldine T.
Published: March 2020

The initiation of programs in sex education and family life in schools and agencies serving blind persons requires that consideration be given during the program planning stage to identification of developmental needs. Selected factors in the physical, mental, emotional, and social developmental process are described and related to certain aspects of program planning. The influence of variables related to blindness itself and to characteristics of the individual and/or his environment are discussed as they may be related to the needs and characteristics of any one individual blind person.
My Experience with the Laser Cane
Authors: Miyagawa Stephen H.
Published: March 2020

The Veterans Administration conducted a five-week training program and subsequent evaluation of the C-4 Laser Cane. This is a critical and sometimes amusing account of one participant's experiences in the project. Training in orientation and mobility skills is stressed as a prerequisite to travel with a mobility device. The Laser Cane used with long-cane technique provides information in advance of and on contact with obstacles.
The Research Centre for the Education of the Visually Handicapped, University of Birmingham, England
Authors: Tobin Michael John
Published: March 2020

An account is given of the genesis of the Research Centre and the broad aims laid down for it. Brief descriptions are provided of some of the major projects undertaken during the first five years, including: a longitudinal investigation of cognitive development and school achievement; a curriculum development project on visual perception training; investigations into the needs and behavior of visually handicapped children and adults suffering from additional handicaps; a study of the aims and methods of teaching English; and the development of a self-instructional system for learning braille. The paper concludes with accounts of the way in which classroom teachers are actively involved in the planning of the Centre's projects and of the development of communication channels between the schools and the Centre.
Orientation and Mobility for a Totally Blind, Bilateral Hand Amputee
Authors: Enzinna A. James
Published: March 2020

The unique orientation and mobility program for a severely injured veteran involved the use of the long cane method of mobility. The veteran's program, which also included self-care skills and recreational activities, is the most recent of several conducted at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois.
Some Observations on Services for Deaf-Blind Persons
Authors: Salmon Peter J. , Spar Harry J.
Published: March 2020

Interest in services for deaf-blind persons has been on the increase during the last 15 years. One result has been the creation of the National Center for Deaf-Blind Youths and Adults; another has been the laying of a solid groundwork in a great many agencies for the blind for the ongoing provision of services to the deaf-blind across the nation. These services are aimed at minimizing the limiting effects of the handicap through training and the use of sensory aids. More research is needed to develop better aids and to understand better the means of perception and conceptualization utilized by deaf-blind persons. The National Center plays an active role in training staff in services for the deaf-blind and in insuring that a diversity of such services are available to all who need them.
Learning Bus Routes Using a Tactual Map
Authors: James Grahame , Swain Richard
Published: March 2020

A new map-making kit was used to produce a tactual map of Nottingham City Centre, including two local bus routes. Four blind adults were systematically taught to use the map and all successfully completed a map-reading evaluation. Finally, with the aid of the map, the subjects traveled as passengers on the buses. Observations confirmed that subjects could maintain an up-to-the-minute record of their geographical position during travel.
Perceptual Organization in Blind Children
Authors: Rogow Sally
Published: March 2020

The blind child builds his perceptions from tactual (haptic) and auditory information. Assumptions on the part of professionals that tactual and visual data are identical can result in misconceptions that may lead to delayed development and distortions of cognitive process in blind children. A review of research on the perception of form and spatial relationships suggests that differences between tactual and visual information result in differences in perceptual organization. However, studies indicate that blind children reach developmental milestones (e.g., conservation) at approximately the same ages as sighted children.
The Model Low Vision Clinical Service: An Interdisciplinary Vision Rehabilitation Program
Authors: Jose Randall T. , Cummings Janice , Mcadams Loretta
Published: March 2020

An optical aid is not an ordinary spectacle correction which can be easily prescribed and comfortably worn. A comprehensive service program utilizing optical aids consists of an interdisciplinary vision rehabilitation program. The efforts involved in the vision rehabilitation service must be an integral part of the rehabilitation program for the whole person. The services of the optometrist, ophthalmologist, low vision technician, social worker, mobility instructor, reading specialist, psychologist, physician, vocational counselor, vocational placement specialist, special education teachers, nurses, and recreation and daily-living-skills instructors are all important to the service program. Each of these individuals can make a significant contribution to the patient's success in using an optical aid and the enhancement of his ability to function visually.
Adjustment to Blindness
Authors: Delafield George L.
Published: March 2020

The article examines various factors that can or should be used to determine adjustment to a disability such as blindness and discusses the need for developing ways to accurately measure the process. Emphasizes that adjustment is a broad concept that embraces many, such as self-concept, nature of blindness, attitudes of significant others. It is suggested that self-concept or self-esteem is the central concern but is neglected.
A Sex Education Program for Congenitally Blind Adults in a Rehabilitation Center Setting
Authors: Vogel David S. , Muxen Marla J.
Published: March 2020

During a counseling internship at the Rehabilitation Center for the Blind, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, it became apparent that congenitally blind adults there had little or no knowledge regarding the opposite sex, sex roles, sexual function and process, or socialization. It was noted that these individuals simply had not received basic sexual information either in the home or in school. After noting this need for a sex education program for congenitally blind adults, a curriculum was designed to meet that need.

This article presents a summary of the preparation for and presentation of that program to two different class groups in the Sioux Falls facility. The article focuses upon the practical experiences of conducting a sex education course, and on important material of a theoretical nature.
Counseling and Psychotherapy with the Visually Impaired: An Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Vander Kolk Charles J.
Published: March 2020

Lists and describes the contents of selected books, chapters of books, and journal articles. The material included deals both with psychological aspects of vision impairment and with the use of specific therapies that have been used with individuals and groups. Specific problems of both congenital and adventitious vision impairment are covered.
The Way We Get Babies: A Tactual Sex Education Program
Authors: Tait Pearl E. , Kessler Carol
Published: March 2020

This article presents an audio/tactual sex education program developed for visually handicapped children. The program covers the processes of intercourse and childbirth. Included in the article are the transcript of the tapes used in the program and the directions for making the tactual materials.
Factors in the Design of Braille Provision Systems
Authors: Hampshire Barry E. , Whiston T. G.
Published: March 2020

Although tremendous strides have been made recently in the development of braille production techniques and systems, a major problem still exists in adapting such systems to the demands of the braille market, which are considerably smaller than the demands of the printed-book market. A system of classification of production devices is presented, through which it is possible to determine quickly the optimum system to be employed in a particular production situation. An example is cited, based on the braille requirements of the Danish school system.
Sensory Awareness Exercises for the Visually Handicapped
Authors: Behar Mark P. , Zucker Denise R.
Published: March 2020

A set of six sensory awareness exercises lasting 30-90 minutes are described that help visually handicapped individuals appreciate and become more aware of their other senses, thus building confidence and enabling them to better deal with their environment. Clients were first taught a muscle relaxation technique to make them more aware of their whole bodies before concentrating on different sensory modalities. Exercises involving touch, taste, smell, and hearing were conducted in a dark room so as to occlude whatever visual capabilities the clients had and to help maintain concentration on the exercise. Various objects that required the use of a particular sense were distributed to the participants who then described and identified them. The purpose of the final exercise was to integrate past activities in a sensory treasure hunt, whereby blindfolded participants experienced tactile, olfactory, gustatory, and auditory clues then decided as a group where to find the next clue. Client feedback and instructors’ subjective impressions seemed to confirm the usefulness of the program.
Standardized Tests for Visually Handicapped Children: A Review of Research
Authors: Coveny Thomas E.
Published: March 2020

Research concerning the adaptation and development of tests for visually handicapped children is reviewed. Early developmental work with verbal tests is examined as well as the more recent work undertaken to develop performance type tests. Finally, work on the validation of both verbal and performance tests, as well as the relationship of such tests to academic performance, is described.
Assertive Training: Its Use in Leisure Counseling
Authors: Ryan Kathleen A. Budziszewski
Published: March 2020

In leisure counseling for the visually limited two objectives are suggested. The visually impaired client should understand and accept the phenomena of leisure and the role it plays in his life. The client should also develop a system of preserving and professing the leisure ethic in a society that may not encourage playful behavior. The study of anti-play messages by means of transactional analysis enables the client to gain an understanding of past “play” experiences and internalized messages regarding play. Assertive training presents a tool which will enable clients to effectively communicate their newly acquired leisure attitudes in such a way that the rights of others are not violated. Information is provided for the professional working with the visually handicapped, regarding experiences and techniques to be used in assertive training. Three basic behavior patterns of communication are defined in terms of leisure behavior. The elements of assertive training are presented so that the unique needs of the visually impaired individual may be met.
Horticulture in Rehabilitation Training
Authors: Cardwell Harold , Evans Elly
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350-1000 words in length.
Teaching Cursive Signatures to the Blind: A Task Analytic Approach
Authors: Mccoy Kathleen M. , Leader Lois A.
Published: March 2020

Cursive signatures were taught to five totally blind students through a task analytic approach and utilizing tutors not trained in the area of the visually impaired. The program encompassed five phases and lasted 4 weeks. At the end of the program every student had acquired a legible signature and was using it on various papers and documents.
Securing and Maintaining Qualified Readers for Visually Impaired College Students
Authors: Page Dessie D.
Published: March 2020

Describes ways in which visually impaired students can recruit readers on campus, make sure that they perform well, maintain productivity, and terminate them should it be necessary.
Housing Discrimination toward Blind Persons
Authors: Smith Tom E.C. , Liska Jim S. , Smith Bonnie L.
Published: March 2020

This study attempted to determine if housing discrimination exists toward blind persons. Sixty-eight persons who had advertised apartments for rent were telephoned twice to inquire as to the availability of the apartment. The first call was from a supposedly non-handicapped person, with the second call, approximately 30 minutes later, coming from a “blind” person. Results indicated that housing discrimination toward blind persons does exist, as nearly 40 percent of the subjects refused to rent the apartment to the blind second caller. There was no significant difference in regard to rejections between blind persons using dog guides and those not using dog guides.
Braille and Limited Language Skills
Authors: Weiss Jeff
Published: March 2020

Describes how blind adults with limited language skills can learn enough braille to be able to use it for self-communication.
Project VISA: Visually Impaired Senior Adults
Authors: Belkin Mary C.
Published: March 2020

Describes a model demonstration project to provide community-based services to blind and visually impaired senior citizens. Services provided include: transportation; integration into on-going activities; information and referral, shopping, glaucoma screening, and group activities, such as newspaper reading, weaving, and discussions. Orientation and mobility training is offered, but has not been widely used owing to the prevalence of medical problems.
The ELINFA Digicassette: A User's Comments
Authors: Homiak Cheryl
Published: March 2020

The use of the Digicassette was made possible by a grant #446-AH-70171, from the Bureau of Education of the Handicapped, U.S. Office of Education, titled, “Evaluation and Research Program for the Portable Braille Recorder”; S.C. Ashcroft, principal investigator.
Group Assessment and Structured Learning
Authors: Lambert Warren , Griffin Terry , Pike Carleise , Kurr Ralph
Published: March 2020

Describes two new techniques used in a residential program for blind, multiply handicapped young adults. The first, Goldstein's Structured Learning Therapy, is a social skills training technique. The second, group assessment, is a form of “program evaluation on a shoestring” that enables professionals to plan programs based on client needs. Both can be applied in small programs with existing personnel.
Job Opportunities for the Visually Impaired—A Self Help Concept
Authors: Winer Mimi
Published: March 2020

VISION Foundation, a self help program of and for those who are newly blind or have progressive eye disease, provides work opportunities for both paid and volunteer visually impaired persons. This article gives characteristics of these individuals, types of work they do, and describes adaptations made and equipment used. Lists suppliers of equipment and producers of resource material.
Braille Reading: Effects of Different Hand and Finger Usage
Authors: Mommers M.J.C.
Published: March 2020

Reviews the literature on hand and finger usage in reading braille. Describes an experiment using 25 blind students to test whether they read faster and/or more accurately with: the left index finger rather than the right one; the left middle finger rather than the right one; the index finger rather than the middle finger; and, with spontaneous hand usage (usually both hands), whether the student read faster and/or more accurately than with the index finger of one hand.
Teaching a Mentally Retarded, Deaf-Blind Adult to Follow Commands in His Living Environment
Authors: Sininger Linda S. , Yarnall Gary D.
Published: March 2020

This study was done with a 25-year-old institutionalized deaf-blind student who exhibited self-abusive behaviors. When given six manual commands, the student was to carry out each command within 10 seconds from the time given. The initial treatment procedure involved continuous reinforcement consisting of pats on the back and raisins. During the second intervention stage, the edible reinforcement was thinned and the desired behavior was maintained at the criteria level of 80%. Twenty-five sessions were administered. Three sessions involved generalizing the commands to staff working on the student's living unit. Three post-checks indicated that the student's new behavior was generalized to his new living area.
Tips for Itinerant Service Providers
Authors: Smith Bonnie L. , Smith Tom E.C.
Published: March 2020

It would be nice If all visually impaired persons would travel to a short-term residential center for training in all needed areas. Since this is not feasible, services must be provided by itinerant specialists. The suggestions outlined above are not offered as a panacea; they merely provide ways for personnel to cope with problems inherent in itinerant services. Along with these suggestions must come individual endurance and a willingness to serve clients in need, regardless of the location of these clients. In other words, suggestions are great, and they may indeed help, but the real variable in success of itinerant programs is the personal qualities of the staff who provide those services.
Helen Keller's Legacy: A Blueprint for the Future
Authors: Gallagher William F.
Published: March 2020

Discusses history and evolution of the blindness system over the past 100 years, the impact of the Helen Keller Centennial Congress, the need for organizations to work together to accomplish mutual goals, and roles for the American Foundation for the Blind during the 1980s.
A Long-term Support Group for Elderly People with Low Vision
Authors: Galler Enid H.
Published: March 2020

A long-term support group for elderly people with vision loss is a relatively new idea. The Low-Vision Support Group of the University of Michigan's Turner Geriatric Clinic has been meeting since October 1979. Programs include classes in skills of independent living and a wide variety of other educational activities. The staff and the members have observed very positive benefits from membership in the group. This article describes the origins of the group, the group's activities, important considerations in running such a group, and the reasons for the group's success.
The Nottingham Obstacle Detector: Development and Evaluation
Authors: Dodds A. G. , Armstrong J. D. , Shingledecker C. A.
Published: March 2020

The Nottingham Obstacle Director (NOD) is an ultrasonic handheld aid designed to help visually handicapped people detect obstacles as they travel. NOD emits pulses of high-frequency sound up to 7½ feet ahead of the user. The pocket-sized secondary device requires little training and is intended to be used with a primary aid (long cane, dog guide). This article describes the development of the NOD and the results of two evaluation studies that tested the efficacy of the device.
Functional Linguistic Strategies of Blind Children
Authors: Mcginnis Amy R.
Published: March 2020

The conversational language strategies of six totally blind children were compared to those of a similarly aged group of six sighted children to determine if blindness strongly influences the use of linguistic strategies. The following types of analysis were completed: (1) characterization of utterances according to sentence types and mean length of utterance, (2) motivation of utterances, and (3) management of visual reference in speech. The results suggested that although blind children are generally competent in language, they utilize a number of linguistic strategies that differentiate them from sighted language-users. The implications of these differences in strategy are discussed.
The Early Years
Authors: Melcher John W.
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350-1000 words in length.
Homebound Instruction of a Multiply Handicapped, Visually Impaired Boy
Authors: Mcmakin Irene Rogers
Published: March 2020

The School District of Greenville County, Greenville, South Carolina provides homebound instruction to its students who cannot, for medical reasons, attend regular school. This is a description of the teaching methods and materials used with a multiply handicapped, visually impaired boy, who was in a body cast. With the help of the parents, the student was able to progress at the pace set by the homebound teacher and his regular classroom teacher.
A Pilot Project for Services to Visually Handicapped in Indonesia
Authors: Campbell Lawrence F. , Wiesenfeld Frances W.
Published: March 2020

Describes a pilot project in Indonesia to counsel parents of potential and actual visually impaired children. Volunteer community residents, in conjunction with social workers and medical personnel, counsel parents on the problems of visual impairment and the need for adequate nutrition and health care. They also referr children to health care services and schools for the visually handicapped. An added benefit is that attitudes of community residents toward blindness and its prevention changed significantly.
Social and Economic Barriers to Cataract Surgery in Rural South India: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Venkataswamy Padmashree G. , Billiant Girija
Published: March 2020

A follow-up study of cataract patients advised to have surgery was conducted in five villages near Madurai, South India. Interviews conducted with 82 individuals provided information on treatment undertaken after surgical recommendations were made, as well as demographic and attitudinal variables. Of those advised to have surgery, 14.6% had the operation. Of those not having surgery, 81.8% said they wanted it, but cited both economc and social barriers to its use. To increase acceptance of surgery, eye health programs must consider both financial and social factors regarding the cataract patient and his family.
WCWB: A Universal Approach to Blindness
Authors: De Gouvêa Nowill Dorina
Published: March 2020

Describes the organization and goals of the World Council for the Welfare of the Blind (WCWB), emphasizing its cooperation with other international bodies in setting up and conducting prevention and rehabilitation programs in developing nations.
Understanding and Helping Parents of Blind Children
Authors: Gardner Laurence
Published: March 2020

Draws a parallel between the psychological stages of adjustment a newly blinded individual goes through and the stages of adjustment experienced by the parents of a blind child. Also discusses some of the reasons that parents choose to have children, parental reactions to having a blind child, and the effect of parental attitudes on the child. Suggests how counselors can help the parents of blind children.
The Psychodynamics of Low Vision: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Overbury Olga , Greig Diane , West Malcolm
Published: March 2020

A preliminary study using a small sample of 20 visually impaired subjects found that psychological characteristics may be important determinants of the subject's acceptance of low-vision aids. The results indicated that the successful use of low-vision aids may be related to positive attitudes toward the use of residual vision and to a lack of depressive symptoms.
Mental Rotation and Visual Imagery
Authors: Dodds Allan G.
Published: March 2020

Describes a study designed to test differences in how the two hemispheres of the brain handle spatial information. Congenitally blind, adventitiously blinded, and blindfolded sighted subjects tactually examined a target shape and selected its duplicate from three shapes placed in different orientations relative to the target. The performances of all groups declined as the relative disorientation between the target and its duplicate increased, suggesting that visual imagery is not crucial to mental rotation. In addition, the sighted subjects performed better with the left hand than did the blind subjects. Because braille is usually read with both hands, this difference was surprising. The author speculates that the sighted subjects were able to recode the tactual information into both the verbal and visual modes whereas the blind subjects relied on the left hemisphere's verbal strategy only.
Relationship of Parents to Professionals: A Challenge to Professionals
Authors: Stotland Judith
Published: March 2020

Drawing on her experiences and those of other parents, the author explores issues that most closely touch parents as they deal with professionals in trying to get the best possible life for their visually impaired children. For example, how can parents tell if they have selected the “right” doctor or teacher for their child? How can they obtain information from professionals that would enable them to give “informed consent” for education or medical procedures? The author gives examples of what was helpful and what proved harmful.
Handmade Multitextured Maps
Authors: Trevelyan Simon
Published: March 2020

Describes a method of producing specialized, custom-made maps for visually impaired readers.
Impact of Family Attitudes toward Blindness/Visual Impairment on the Rehabilitation Process
Authors: Moore J. Elton
Published: March 2020

There is little data-based research reported that reflects any empirical evidence of relationships between family attitudes toward blindness and visual impairment and rehabilitation outcome. This paper reflects the results of an ex post facto research study of family attitudes toward blindness as reported by three different groups of rehabilitation closures. A number of significant differences were found between the groups on a semantic differential scale, which suggests that the family is indeed a major contributing factor to successful rehabilitation and securing gainful employment.
Developing Spatial-Movement Concepts in Multiply Handicapped Students
Authors: Liberti Gina
Published: March 2020

Describes a group motor-route activity to help students develop a complete understanding of spatial-movement concepts and to increase their cognitive motor skills.
Mental Imagery in Congenitally Blind Children
Authors: Anderson David W.
Published: March 2020

Ten totally and congenitally blind children, aged 3–9, and a matching group of 10 sighted children were asked to describe, first from memory and then through tactual exploration, selected common objects. The aim was to examine the children's mental representation of the objects. Through a statistical and qualitative analysis of the number and types of attributes that the children assigned to the objects, the author was able to compare the similarities and differences between the blind children's tactually based conceptualization of objects and the sighted children's visually guided conceptualization. The findings led to conclusions about the nature and development of language in blind children, the educational needs of congenitally blind children, and the common linguistic experiences of blind and sighted children.
Transcription of Braille Textbooks by Computer
Authors: Cox Brian J.
Published: March 2020

This article discusses the crisis generated by increased demands for braille textbooks that match print versions in quality of format and graphics. One way of solving the problem is to improve the quality of transcriptions produced by computer. The author reviews the current limitations of computerized braille transcription and points out the existing potential for improvements.
Preverbal Communication of Blind Infants and Their Mothers
Authors: Rowland Charity
Published: March 2020

Films of interactions between five mothers and their blind infants, aged 11 months to 2 years, 8 months, made at regular intervals over six months, were analyzed to determine the development of communicative skills in each mother-infant dyad. It was found that, although the frequency of the infants’ vocalizations was within normal limits, the vocalizations did not follow normal patterns of responsiveness, and the mothers’ responses to them were weak and inconsistent. Suggestions are made for a highly structured program to enhance the communicative skills of parents and their blind infants.
A Demonstration Work Activities Center for Multiply Handicapped, Visually Impaired Persons
Authors: Cotten Paul D. , Wade John Philip
Published: March 2020

We outline training programs for multiply handicapped, visually impaired persons who have historically been served by agencies not geared to address their special needs. A continuum of services designed to meet the living and employment training needs of multiply handicapped, visually impaired persons deemed ineligible for vocational rehabilitation services is presented. The Opportunities Unlimited Work Activities Center program is discussed along with the population it serves and the interagency mechanism around which it is designed.
Rehabilitation of the Elderly Blind Person
Authors: Lamprey Headlee , Carluch Marta
Published: March 2020

A pilot study is described which outlines a procedure for evaluating the interests and abilities of elderly blind persons. Its use for better counseling and rehabilitation is also described. The procedure emphasizes the development of the client's socialization skills, motivation, and self-esteem, and his usefulness to society.
Computers: Their Genesis, Use and Potential
Authors: De L'Aune William
Published: March 2020

A general description of the history, contributors, and functions of computers is given. The paper touches on innovations for operations by visually impaired users and the overall relationship between men and machines.
Accessible Computers in the University
Authors: Kessler Jim
Published: March 2020

Analyzes the issues involved in setting up and maintaining an accessible mainframe computer system, and describes how one university did so using available adaptive components. A listing of universities and colleges possessing such systems is presented.
A Family Training Program for Adventitiously Blinded and Low Vision Veterans
Authors: Dumas Arlene , Sadowsky Alan D.
Published: March 2020

The family training program at the Western Blind Rehabilitation Center is an integral part of the rehabilitation process for adventitiously blinded and low vision adults. An exploratory study was conducted to assess which aspects of the training were most outstanding and to inquire how the program affected interpersonal relations and attitudes towards sight loss. Results showed a marked reduction in stated problems immediately after the training and over a three-and-a-half-year period of time. The study demonstrates similar benefits for older family members, those receiving shortened programs, and those who have been living with sight loss for many years.
Vision Screening: A Study of 297 Head Start Children
Authors: Morse A. R. , Trief E. , Joseph J.
Published: March 2020

Vision assessments were provided to 297 Head Start children in nine Westchester County, New York programs. An optometrist and an orthoptist administered a protocol which included retinoscopy, visual acuity, fly, cover, motility and convergence tests. Sixty-three children (21.2%) were referred for further evaluation. The visual deficits detected by this screening included decreased acuity, strabismus combined with decreased acuity, astigmatism, and nonspecific visual problems. The protocol used provided a thorough evaluation of the visual system and required only seven minutes per patient.
State Certification of Teachers of Blind and Visually Impaired Students: Report of a National Study
Authors: Huebner K.M. , Strumwasser K. Paige
Published: March 2020

Certification officers of the state departments of education were surveyed during the winter of 1985/1986 about certification requirements and policies for teachers of blind and visually impaired children. The survey revealed that 45 states offered vision-specific certification and that requirements and policies varied greatly from state to state. In this article, the similarities and differences among the state requirements are highlighted, emerging trends are identified, areas for further study are suggested, and recommendations for action are addressed.
Minority Participation in Teaching Programs
Authors: Head D.N.
Published: March 2020

A survey of the participation of minority students in university programs that offer certification and degrees in education of the visually impaired found that, in the 19 programs that responded, most teachers who were trained from 1966 to 1983 were white and female. It also found that the annual participation rate of minority students was fairly constant and at a low level during that period—about 7.5%. The results point to the need for expanding the data base on personnel preparation in the field.
Current Practices and Considerations regarding Long Cane Instruction with Preschool Children
Authors: Skellenger A.C. , Hill E.W.
Published: March 2020

Orientation and mobility (O&M) specialists are instructing an increasing number of preschool-age children who are visually impaired. With the growth in O&M services to these children comes questions regarding the provision of long cane instruction. This article reports the findings of a survey of 37 O&M specialists who serve preschool-age children. It presents demographics of the children and the specialists involved in long cane instruction and identifies and evaluates the important factors that are related to the decision to begin this instruction.
The Challenge of Upward Mobility
Authors: Miller G.
Published: March 2020

Many blind and visually impaired employees are working below their potential because of limited opportunity for upward mobility. This article explores the issues surrounding this problem, identifies existing resources, and includes the findings of the American Foundation for the Blind's Task Force on Upward Mobility which state the recommendations for rehabilitation and educational professionals, employers, and consumers.
The Use of Drama to Help Visually Impaired Adolescents Acquire Social Skills
Authors: Bieber-Schut R.
Published: March 2020

A four-day developmental drama workshop was held at a rehabilitation center for blind persons. The purpose of the workshop was to create an enjoyable experience for 12 visually impaired adolescents and to test whether the dramatic process could enhance this group's acquisition of social skills. Pretest-posttest measures were taken to detect changes in behavior that may have been the result of the drama program.
Recognition of Vocally Expressed Emotion by Congenitally Blind Children
Authors: Minter M.E. , Hobson R.P. , Pring L.
Published: March 2020

Eight congenitally blind children, individually matched with eight sighted children, were tested for their ability to identify vocal expressions of emotion and the sounds of a range of non-emotional objects. They had specific difficulty recognizing emotions according to vocal qualities.