bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth Inhibition in Marigold Following Drench and Foliar-applied Paclobutrazol
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Cox Douglas A.
Published: September 2022

Chemical growth retardants commonly are applied to bedding plants to produce more compact plants and extend marketability (4). Paclobutrazol (PP333), a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor currently labeled for use on poinsettia, has been effective in retarding growth of numerous flowering pótted crops (2,5), foliage plants (3), and annual bedding plants (1).
Yield and Growth of Macadamia Trees in Response to Mulching with Macadamia Husks
Authors: DeFrank Joseph , Foss Steve L.
Published: September 2022

Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia, Maiden et Betche) husks, a waste product of the industry, could serve a useful purpose as a mulch (8). However, uncomposted husks have been shown to be toxic to germinating corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings when mixed with vermiculite as a potting medium. In a composting study, unamended heaps of macadamia husks retained potent phytotoxic compounds for at least 209 days (unpublished data). Observations (H. Ooka, personal communication) indicated that mature macadamia trees could be killed with high levels of fresh husks used as a mulch around the base of plants. The objective of this study was to measure the yield, growth, and leaf nutrient levels of mature macadamia trees in response to increasing amounts of uncomposted husks applied as a surface mulch.
How Wound Compounds Affect Pruning Wound Closure and Decay in Young Swamp Red Maple Trees
Authors: Doughty Severn C. , Hollier Clayton A. , Koonce Kenneth L. , Orr Paul R.
Published: September 2022

A standard practice for many decades has been for homeowners and arborists to prune tree limbs flush with the trunk and to paint over the wound surface with a tree wound compound. This practice still exists today with many homeowners and some arborists. The use of tree wound compounds is claimed to be of little value (4-6). We investigated this practice in the humid, warm, extended growing seasons of the deep south of the United States.
‘Encore’ Southernpea
Authors: Morelock T. E. , Bowers J. L. , Davis D. R. , Sistrunk W. A. , Motes Dennis
Published: September 2022

The Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station announces the release of ‘Encore’ southernpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp], ‘Encore’ has potential as both a commercial and home garden cultivar because of its high yield (Table 1), concentrated set, and bush plant habit (Fig. 1).
Changing Roles within Horticultural Extension
Authors: Gerber John M.
Published: September 2022

Change is such an ingrained precept of extension doctrine that it rarely elicits a rebuttal. Yet, the change we generally agree upon is change by others—our clientele or target audience—not ourselves. This article is about change within a publicly supported institution, the Cooperative Extension Service.
The Write Stuff
Authors: Hershey David R.
Published: September 2022

As horticultural scientists, we are greatly concerned with numbers—the number of refereed articles we can publish, the number of research grant dollars we can obtain, the number of people served by our extension programs, and the number of students enrolled in our horticultural curricula. One number that we do not usually consider is the distribution number for the horticultural periodicals in which we publish.
Cultivar Name Registration at the Arnold Arboretum 1987 and 1988
Authors: Spongberg Stephen A.
Published: September 2022

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Univ. continues to serve as International Registration Authority for cultivar names in 11 genera of ornamental woody plants; the following notes pertain to cultivar names that have been registered at the arboretum during 1987 and 1988. The 11 genera include: Chaenomeles, Cornus, Fagus, Forsythia, Gleditsia, Lantana, Malus (ornamental species), Philadel-phus, Pieris, Ulmus, and Weigela. Inquiries concerning the registration of cultivar names in these genera should continue to be addressed to Dr. S.A Spongberg, The Arnold Arboretum, The Arborway, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130, USA.
Soil Moisture and Water Use in Lysimeter-grown Peach Trees
Authors: Worthington J. W. , Lasswell James , McFarland M. J.
Published: September 2022

Mature peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] grown in weighing lysi-meters were subjected to soil moisture stress. Evapotranspiration (ET) was not affected by rapid changes in soil moisture until soil matric potential reached -1500 kPa. When the trees reached permanent wilt, there was a sharp decline in water use.
Solar Heating Reduces Insect Infestations in Ripening and Drying Figs
Authors: Shorey Harry H. , Ferguson Louise , Wood David L.
Published: September 2022

Several experimental procedures were used to evaluate the influence of solar radiation on insect infestations in Calimyrna and Adriatic variety figs (Ficus carica L.). Direct sunlight eliminated infesting insects and prevented further infestation of ripe figs drying on the ground for at least 10 days. Placement in the shade resulted in 12% insect infestation in figs within 3 days. Figs that fell naturally into sunlighted areas contained almost no insects, whereas 31% of figs that fell into dense shade were infested. While ripening figs were still attached to trees, the level of insect infestation was 50% higher on the shady north side than the sunny south side. The insect pests most frequently encountered in these experiments were nitidulid beetles and their larvae. Disease incidence was not affected by degree of exposure. We propose that cultural techniques to maximize exposure of ripening and drying figs to solar radiation could be developed as important pest management tools.
Aluminum Accumulation in Vegetable Amaranth Grown in a Soil with Adjusted pH Values
Authors: Makus D. J.
Published: September 2022

Two levels of phosphorus (20 and 80 kg P/ha) and two levels of aluminum (0 and 85 kg Al/ha) were applied to Enders soils of pH 4.4, 6.6, or 7.3. Sixteen-day-old vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) plants (Rodale Research Center Accession 241) were transplanted 24 July 1986 and harvested 27 days later. Increasing soil pH from 4.4 to 7.3 decreased plant height, fresh weight, leaf area, leaf blade chlorophyll, N, K, Mn, and Zn, but increased Ca, Mg, Al, and Na (dry-weight basis). Supplemental P increased plant height, leaf area, plant dry weight, leaf blade P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and chlorophyll; decreased Fe, B, Zn, and Al; but had no effect on leaf blade protein. Adding Al to the soil decreased plant height, leaf blade chlorophyll, N, P, and Na, but increased Mn. At the termination of the experiment, exchangeable soil Al was found only in soil at pH 4.4 (1.1 cmol·kg-1). The highest leaf blade Al concentration (2473 mg·kg-1) was found in soil at pH 6.6 that received the low rate of supplemental P. Regardless of soil pH, leaf blade Al was negatively correlated with plant height (r = -0.78), plant dry weight (r = -0.78), available soil P (r = -0.51), and leaf blade P (r = -0.53), but it was positively correlated with Fe (r = 0.98).
Ice Propagation in Peach Shoots and Flowers
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey A. , Smith Michael W.
Published: September 2022

The linear propagation of ice in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] shoots was measured during and after bloom. The mean rate of ice propagation was 9.3 ± 2.3 mm·s-1 at — 3C, with no significant differences observed among ‘Redskin’, ‘Reliance’, and ‘Redhaven’ cultivars. No barriers to the spread of ice were observed. Flowers froze within 30 sec from the time the advancing ice front passed their location on the stem. No ice-nucleation active bacteria were detected on the shoots or flowers.
Inheritance of Red-spotted Petals and Golden Leaves in Zonal Pelargonium
Authors: Baset Almouslem A. , Tilney-Bassett Richard A. E.
Published: September 2022

The pink flowers of the golden-leaved (aurea) zonal pelargonium (Pelargonium ×hortorum Bailey ‘Verona’) have small red spots on the upper epidermis. The spots are caused by an intensification of pigments at the base of trichomes and in adjacent, surrounding epidermal cells. Trichomes are found on petals of other colors, but without spots. Genetic analysis shows that ‘Verona’ is heterozygous for the red-spotted trichome trait, which is determined by a gene, Rst/rst, dominant over red spotless. The red-spotted gene segregates independently of the aurea gene, Aur+/Aur, which conditions golden leaf color.
Cassava Root Starch Content and Distribution Varies with Tissue Age
Authors: O’Hair S. K.
Published: September 2022

Cassava (Manihot esculenta L. Crantz) plants of ‘CMC-40’ and ‘CMC-92’ were grown over a 3-year period with annual harvests at the end of each growing season. Root tissues were divided into peel (secondary phloem with the thin cork tissue layer removed) and up to three parenchymatous tissue age groups. Up to 40% of the starch concentration can be deposited in root parenchymatous tissue. Root starch is permanently removed from parenchymatous tissue of older roots, probably in association with new foliage growth at the start of a new growing season. As a result of periods of little or no growth, visible annual growth rings develop in the root, separating each season’s major root enlargement periods. Genetic differences in starch content were noted among the tissues between ‘CMC-40’ and ‘CMC-92’. However, both demonstrated similar loss of starch from older tissue.
Gas Exchange, Chlorophyll and Nitrogen Content of Mango Leaves as Influenced by Light Environment
Authors: Schaffer Bruce , Gaye G. O.
Published: September 2022

Net CO2 assimilation (A), stomatal conductance for CO2 (gc), water-use efficiency (WUE), specific leaf density (Wa), and leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen (N) content were determined for mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves that developed in full sun and 25%, 50%, and 75% shade. Leaves that developed in full sun had greater A and gc than leaves that grew in 75% shade. Leaf chlorophyll content and Ν content (dry-weight basis) increased as percent shading increased, but WUE and Wa were not significantly affected by shading. Light response curves for A had a steeper initial slope for leaves that developed in full sun and 25% shade than for leaves that developed in 50% and 75% shade. The data indicate a greater quantum-use efficiency for leaves developed in high light levels than for those developed in shade.
Double-row Spacing Results in Higher Yields of Bush Green Beans
Authors: Mhaka Amon G. , Mack Harry J.
Published: September 2022

Increased plant population and a decrease in rectangularity (arrangement of plants in a more uniform or square pattern) have resulted in increased yield of bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Atkin, 1961; Goulden, 1976; Jones, 1969; Mack and Hatch, 1968). Mack and Hatch (1968) reported an average yield increase of 17% for two bush green bean cultivars in a 15-cm-square arrangement (rectangularity of 1:1), as compared with plants in 91-cm rows (rectangularity of 1:36). Double rows were not evaluated. Kueneman et al. (1979) found that narrow-row planting of dry beans produced higher yields than wider rows, but there was no difference in yield between double rows 10 cm apart as compared with single rows of 38 and 76 cm. It may be impractical to plant accurately in a square arrangement of 15 × 15 cm, for example, compared to wider rows, and this type of planting may result in higher incidence of white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) disease (Steadman et al., 1973).
Icing of Shade Fabric Enhances Cold Protection of Shadehouses during Radiation Freezes
Authors: Stamps Robert H.
Published: September 2022

Rising fuel, labor, and materials costs and concerns about possible geophysical and political effects of withdrawing large quantities of water from aquifers have prompted growers and researchers to consider methods to reduce the amount of water necessary to protect crops from cold. For crops grown in shadehouses, there is a need for an inexpensive method to seal these structures to reduce convectional and radiational heat loss during freezes. A method that shows promise is the use of water to form a thin layer of ice to seal openings in shade fabric (1, 4, 5).
‘Andover’ Parsnip
Authors: Davis David W. , Pfleger Francis L. , Shehata Mando A.
Published: September 2022

‘Andover’ parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) is being released for commercial fresh-market and home garden production as a cultivar with desirable root type and resistance to field and storage attack by Itersonilia perplexans Derx. (1-4), which causes a foliar leaf spot, and, in storage, a root canker followed by root deterioration. The disease is commonly known as parsnip canker. A need for resistance to deterioration in storage gave rise to the breeding program. It was found that canker was a major reason for this deterioration, although other organisms are known to be involved.
‘Marshalls Delight’ Monarda
Authors: Collicutt L. M.
Published: September 2022

Monarda or bee-balm is grown as a shortlived, ornamental perennial. Plants are very floriferous and produce white, purple, red, or pink blooms but are not attractive after the flowers fade due to the development of powdery mildew (Erysiphe spp.) and rust (Puccinia menthae Pers.). Plants may be almost totally defoliated by these diseases. The majority of cultivars currently available have been developed either in the United States or in Europe and appear to be selections of Monarda didyma L. Monarda fistulosa L. is native to the Canadian prairies and was used as a source of hardiness in a breeding program initiated by Henry H. Marshall, now retired from Agriculture Canada. ‘Marshalls Delight’ monarda is a new cultivar with high resistance to powdery mildew and moderate resistance to rust. The cultivar is named in honor of Henry H. Marshall.
Vegetable Crop Diversification–A Systems Approach
Authors: Sterrett S. B. , Coale C. W. , Fretz T. A. , O’Dell C. R.
Published: September 2022

Crop diversification is of interest to many vegetable growers. However, inadequate marketing knowledge and insufficient cultural and economic information greatly increases the risks associated with diversifying into new, nontraditional, specialty crops. A state or regional effort integrating marketing concerns, production requirements, and economic considerations would assist growers in determining viable options for diversification, while minimizing these risks. This multidisciplined cooperation would provide reliable recommendations and guidelines to growers concerning potential new crops. Such an approach would not necessarily develop specific markets for individual growers, but rather it would define marketing opportunities on a state or regional basis. Individuals could then use the methodology to ascertain specific marketing niches and tailor at least a portion of their production accordingly.
Alteration of Fruit Tree Nutrition Through Rootstocks
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K.
Published: September 2022

Roots have a strong influence on plant composition, but differential ability to absorb nutrients is only part of a maze of interactions affecting mineral concentrations in plant tissues. Most reports on rootstock effects on mineral nutrition are based on leaf analysis, but all other tissues are involved. Rootstock and scion effects are reciprocal, and the influence of the scion can be as strong as that of the rootstock. Variation in distribution pattern, capability of nutrients to move across bud unions, environmental and soil factors, fruit load, and, above all, the genetic makeup of stock and scion are intimately involved. There is a large amount of literature on rootstock effects on scion composition, but generally other horticultural properties outweigh nutritional effects when a rootstock is chosen. This is especially true for the major elements. The main use of nutritional properties of rootstocks has been to avoid toxicities, especially those of Cl and B, which are difficult or impossible to avoid by other means, and to avoid deficiencies.
Artificial Shade Reduces ‘Bartlett’ Pear Fruit Size and Influences Fruit Quality
Authors: Kappel Frank
Published: September 2022

‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) branches were shaded at 0%, 30%, 50%, 65%, and 82.5% with polyethylene shade fabric from 50 days after full bloom until harvest. Fruit weight, firmness, and soluble solids concentration (SSC) were assessed at harvest. Stored and ripened fruit were assessed for SSC and total solids content (TSC), pH, and total acidity. Shading reduced the mean fruit weight and SSC of green mature fruit. The firmness of the green mature fruit increased as shading severity increased. TSC and SSC of the ripened fruit were reduced by the shading. The pH and total acidity were unaffected by the shade treatments. Leaf dry weight per area was also reduced by shading.
Fall Establishment of Asparagus Using Seedling Transplants
Authors: Burrows Rhoda L. , Waters Luther
Published: September 2022

After the first full growing season, 9- and 11-week-old asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) seedlings transplanted in fall exhibited superior crown and fern characteristics relative to seedlings of the same ages transplanted in spring. Seedlings overwintered in coldframes and planted in the spring matched or exceeded growth of those transplanted the previous fall. The hybrid ‘Jersey Giant’ was superior to an improved selection of ‘Mary Washington’ for all planting dates. Correlations between seedling size at transplanting and after one season’s growth were significant for crown weight (r = 0.82), fern weight (r = 0.65), and fern number (r = 0.60). The importance of seedling size is further confirmed by the superior growth of 11-week-old over 9-week-old seedlings up to 18 months after planting.
Snap Bean Plant Responses to Sources and Rates of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers
Authors: Peck Nathan H. , MacDonald George E. , Gardner Audrey V.
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to determine the responses of ‘Bush Blue Lake-47’ snap bean plants [Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. humilis] to urea, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, and Ca(NO3)2 sources of N fertilizers at rates of 0, 4, 8, or 12 g of N/m2 and to KCl and K2SO4 fertilizers at 5 g K/m2. Dry weight of the plants was determined at the seedling, bloom, and harvest stages. Blades of recently fully expanded leaves at the bloom stage were analyzed for total N, NO3-N, Cl, S, B, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu. Snap bean plants grown with (NH4)2SO4 had the highest dry weight per plant and the highest yield of pods, followed by plants grown with NH4NO3. Plants grown with Ca(NO3)2 or urea had the lowest dry weight per plant and the lowest yield of pods, especially at the highest rate of N fertilizers.
Composted Waste as a Peat Substitute in Peat-lite Media
Authors: Bugbee G. J. , Frink C. R.
Published: September 2022

Sewage sludge, pharmaceutical fermentation residues, cranberry wastes, and food flavoring wastes that had been composted by in-vessel techniques were tested as substitutes for Canadian sphagnum peat in a Cornell peat-lite mix-A. Marigolds (Tagetes erecta L. ‘Lemondrop’) were grown in a medium containing 50% (by volume) vermiculite, and 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% compost, with the remainder comprised of Canadian peat. Marigold growth was improved when any or all of the peat was replaced with composted sewage sludge. Except for media containing 40% and 50% composted food flavoring waste, plant growth in nonliquid fertilized media containing the other composts was equal or superior to conventional Cornell peat-lite mix. Except for media containing 50% pharmaceutical, 50% cranberry, or 40% or 50% food flavoring compost, plant growth was improved by supplemental liquid fertilizer. Improved growth was related to increased levels of plant nutrients, while decreased growth, at the highest proportions of compost, resulted from excessive NH4N, pH, or soluble salts. Differences in aeration, water holding capacity, and other physical media properties were small. We conclude that many types of organic wastes, composted by in-vessel techniques, can be used as a substitute for part or all of the peat in a conventional peat-lite potting media.
Development of a Sampling Plan and Application of a Grading Scheme for Determining Apple Packout Losses
Authors: Hogmire H. W. , Baugher T. A. , Ingle M. , Lightner G. W.
Published: September 2022

A sampling plan was developed and used along with a modified grading scheme as a tool to predict apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) fruit quality, thus providing a means to evaluate the impact of orchard management practices on market potential. Apple extra fancy/fancy packout was predicted to within 10% by examining a 100-fruit sample from each of five bins at the submersion tank. Packout loss factors were predicted to within 5% by sampling 100 fruit from each of four bins. A modified Russo/Rajotte grading scheme in chart format proved to be a useful tool for assessing packout losses. An evaluation of downgraded fruit, comparing the grading scheme to grower practice, yielded coefficients of determination ranging from 0.83 to 0.94 for five of six fruit lots sampled. The grower’s marketing intentions and the tendency of packinghouse staff to give more attention to the most obvious defects during grading influenced the ability to predict packout and the severity of loss factors.
Preserving the Quality of Cold-stored Rose Flowers with Ethylene Antagonists
Authors: Mor Yoram , Johnson Fiona , Faragher John D.
Published: September 2022

The effects of inhibitors of ethylene synthesis and action on the vase life and quality of fresh and cold-stored ‘Gabriella’ roses (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Gabriella) were investigated. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) as a 1-hr pulse at 3 or 10 mM had no effect on the longevity of fresh flowers. However, the 10 mM pulse, applied either before or after cold-storage, extended by up to 2.7 days the longevity of roses that had been stored for 3 weeks at 1C. Silver thiosulfate (STS), as a 0.5-hr pulse at 0.5 mM, extended the life of fresh and cold-stored roses by 2 and 3 days, respectively.
Dark-storage Temperature and Duration Influences Flowering and Quality Retention of Hibiscus
Authors: Gibbs Melissa M. , Blessington Thomas M. , Price James A. , Wang Yin-Tung
Published: September 2022

Pot-grown ‘Angie Physic’ hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) plants at the tight bud and blooming stages were stored in darkness for 3, 6, or 9 days at 4.5, 10.0, 15.5, 21.0, 26.5, or 32.0C, and then placed in a greenhouse for 21 days. Plants showed the least amount of damage at 10.0 or 15.5C or when stored for 3 days. Plants stored at 10.0 or 15.5C had delayed flowering, larger and more flowers, less flower bud and leaf abscission, and a higher plant quality. Storage for 6 or 9 days resulted in plants with smaller and fewer flowers, greater bud and leaf abscission, less fresh weight, and a lower quality.
Net Gas Exchange as a Damage Indicator for Phytophthora Root Rot of Flooded and Nonflooded Avocado
Authors: Schaffer Bruce , Ploetz Randy C.
Published: September 2022

Net CO2 assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance for CO2 (gs) were determined for flooded and nonflooded avocado plants (Persea americana Mill.) with different severities of phytophthora root rot (caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands). Under nonflooded conditions, root necrosis (primarily due to P. cinnamomi) of <50% generally had little effect on net gas exchange, whereas root necrosis ≥50% resulted in decreases in A and gs of up to 65% when compared to noninfested controls. However, root necrosis ≥20% greatly reduced A and gs when plants were flooded for 7 days. Net CO2 assimilation and gs were not reduced when plants without root rot were flooded for 7 days.
Screening with Ethephon for Abscission Resistance of Flower Buds in Bell Pepper
Authors: Tripp K. E. , Wien H. C.
Published: September 2022

Under conditions of environmental stress, many pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars lose flower buds, probably due to production of the abscission-causing hormone ethylene. Field applications of the ethylene-generating chemical ethephon (0 to 300 µl liter-1) were made to five cultivars of bell pepper growing under nonstressed conditions, but differing in resistance to stress-induced bud abscission. Cultivars were seeded at several times in 1985 to synchronize stages of plant development and allow a single simultaneous spray application to all plots. In the two 1986 experiments, all cultivars were sown on the same date and either two or three sprays were applied to all plots to more closely approximate screening conditions used by plant breeders. One week after application of ethephon at 300 µl.liter-1, virtually no flower buds remained on any cultivar in either year. Susceptible cultivars exhibited significantly greater abscission than resistant ones at ethephon concentrations of 75 to 200 µl.liter-1. The use of ethephon shows promise as a simple screening method for resistance to stress-induced flower bud abscission in pepper. Chemical name used: 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Relative Aluminum Tolerance of Prunus Rootstocks
Authors: Chibiliti George B. , Byrne David H.
Published: September 2022

A sand culture system was used to compare growth reduction in Prunus rootstocks due to high A1 concentration. Aluminum at 50 mg liter-1 nutrient solution resulted in A1 tissue levels of 288 to 408 mg.kg-1, shoot growth reduction of 41% to 77%, and root growth reduction of 9% to 86%. Based on relative growth reduction, Prunus tomentosa Thunb. was more sensitive to A1 toxicity than were Nemaguard, Nemared, ‘Lovell’ [P. persica (L.) Batsch], P. besseyi Bailey, P. cerasifera Ehrh., and P. insititia L. Nemaguard and P. tomentosa had higher shoot A1 concentration at 50 mg Al/liter than the other rootstocks tested.
Pollen Size Variability within Genotypes of Vitis
Authors: Martens Mary-Howell R. , Reisch Bruce I. , Mauro Marie-Claude
Published: September 2022

Pollen from 157 genotypes of grape (Vitis sp.) were scanned for the occurrence of grains ≥30 μm in diameter. Eighteen diploid genotypes produced from 3% to 36% large pollen grains. Four of these produced distinctly oval-shaped grains. Eleven tetraploid genotypes produced from 47% to 87% large pollen. Large grains in diploid genotypes may be unreduced gametes that could be used in interploid crossing to breed hybrid tetraploids.
Inheritance of Annual Flowering in Brassica oleracea
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Kean D.
Published: September 2022

Segregation for annual vs. biennial flowering habit was observed in F2 progenies from crosses of early and late-maturing broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica Group) inbred lines with cabbage (B. oleracea L. Capitata Group), kohlrabi (B. oleracea L. Gongyloides Group), collards (B. oleracea L. Acephala Group), kale (B. oleracea L. Acephala Group), and brussels sprouts (B. oleracea L. Gemmifera Group). F, progenies were usually completely annual. F2 progenies from crosses involving late broccoli contained two to five times as many biennials as F2 progenies from early broccoli crosses. Maturity factors carried by the biennial parents also appeared to affect expression of flowering habit. Annual habit is dominant over biennial and is controlled by several major genes with a strong effect of modifiers from both the annual and biennial parent. Time of heading of annual plants in F2 progenies appeared to be controlled by quantitative, mainly additive, factors. Distribution of heading dates for the F1 and annual broccoli parents showed a large environmental or cultural effect. It appears that the biennial parents, especially brussels sprouts and collards, contributed strong factors for late maturity.
Glucosinolates in Clubroot-resistant and -susceptible Selections of Broccoli
Authors: Chiang M. S. , Chong Calvin , Chevrier G. , Crête R.
Published: September 2022

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea Italica Group) plants resistant or susceptible to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. races 2 and 6) produced from 10 segregating breeding lines were analyzed for their composition of glucosinolates as determined in terms of their hydrolytic breakdown products: goitrin, volatile isothiocyanates, and thiocyanate ion. Unlike goitrin and volatile isothiocyanates, the average content of thiocyanate ion was significantly lower (548 μg·g-1 dry weight) in resistant plants than in susceptible ones (712 μg·g-1). Of 15 resistant plants derived from 10 breeding lines containing zero goitrin and/or relatively low concentrations of one or more glucosinolate products, 10 plants were free of goitrin, three were low in volatile isothiocyanates (≤100 μg·g-1), two were low in thiocyanate ion (≤200 μg·g-1), and two were low in total glucosinolates (≤600 μg·g-1).
Estimation of Outcrossing of the Common Bean in Puerto Rico
Authors: Brunner Bryan R. , Beaver James S.
Published: September 2022

A study was conducted in Puerto Rico to estimate the outcrossing rate of six common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes when planted in December or May. Two experiments were conducted for each date, one using indeterminate and the other determinate genotypes. In each experiment, homozygous dominant and recessive genotypes were planted in alternate rows to permit natural cross-pollination. Percent outcrossing was calculated based on the number of heterozygous individuals observed in the progeny of the homozygous recessive rows. Significant differences in the rate of outcrossing were observed between genotypes and between planting dates. The dwarf outcrossing (do) genotype had rates of 15.9% and 39.3% for the December and May planting dates, respectively. Outcrossing rates of stipelless lanceolate leaf (sl) and dark green savoy (dgs) genotypes did not differ significantly from the white-flowered (p) genotype, which was < 1% for both dates. Outcrossing rates < 1% were also observed for both planting dates for the determinate genotypes.
Callus Initiation, Shoot Regeneration, and Micropropagation of Three Potato Cultivars
Authors: Wareh Hassan Al , Trolinder Norma L. , Goodin J. R.
Published: September 2022

Three North American potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars were characterized for callus initiation, shoot regeneration, and efficiency of micropropagation. Primary callus from leaf explants of ‘Viking’ and ‘Norgold-“M”’ formed stolon-like structures; ‘Red LaSoda’ formed both roots and stolon-like structures. After three transfers, 30% of ‘Red LaSoda’ calli eventually regenerated one to three shoots per callus. Micropropagation rates were 5.1, 3.7, and 3.8 shoots per axillary bud of ‘Red LaSoda’, ‘Norgold-“M”’, and ‘Viking’, respectively. No differences in mean number of shoots resulted from different growth conditions for ‘Norgold-“M”’ and ‘Viking’. ‘Red LaSoda’ produced significantly more shoots than ‘Viking’ or ‘Norgold-“M”’- Chemical names used: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 6-benzylamino-purine (BA); gibberellic acid (Ga3).
Osmoconditioning Carrot Seed for Improved Emergence
Authors: Murray Glen A.
Published: September 2022

Osmoconditioning carrot seed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) (Brocklehurst and Dearman, 1983) has accelerated germination, promoted seedling emergence in cold soil (5C) (Szafirowska et al., 1981), and also has reduced germination (Hegarty, 1977). The current preliminary study measured the influence of PEG on seedling emergence of carrot cultivar Candy Pack grown for seed production.
Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis in Cucumber
Authors: Kim Yong-Hwan , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

Cotyledons of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) produce organogenic callus, but plant regeneration has proven to be difficult (Alsop et al., 1978). Somatic embryos have been regenerated from cotyledon protoplast (Jia et al., 1986) and from anther cultures (Lazarte and Sasser, 1982), but the incidence of embryogenesis was low. This study reports somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in ‘Nokwon’ = Vcu-Hy-160 cucumber (Choong Ang Seed Co., Seuol, Korea).
‘UConn White’: A White-flowered Torenia fournieri
Authors: Brand Andrew J. , Bridgen Mark P.
Published: September 2022

Torenia fournieri L., commonly known as the wishbone flower, bluewings, or torenia, is a bedding plant from the Scrophulariaceae. Native to Indochina, torenia plants grow well in full sun or partial shade but prefer cool, moist, shaded areas. Torenia are oppositely branched, round in habit, and attain a height of 30 cm. These low-growing annuals are attractive in garden borders but are also well-adapted to pot culture and hanging baskets. Torenia flowers are located on terminal racemes and consist of a five-winged tubular calyx. The common name, wishbone flower, refers to the shape and position of the stamens, which arch together, fusing at the anthers to resemble a chicken wishbone.
Fruit Breeding in Arkansas
Authors: Moore James N.
Published: September 2022

The fruit breeding program of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station was begun in 1964. Crops initially targeted for improvement were strawberry, grape, and blackberry. In 1966, projects were approved for the breeding of peaches, nectarines, and apples; blueberries were added in 1976. The overall objective of the fruit breeding program is to develop cultivars uniquely adapted to the soils and climate of Arkansas to maximize production efficiency and that produce high-quality fruits for effective market use. To date, 16 cultivars have been developed and released from this program (Table 1). Many of these have become major commercial cultivars, not only in Arkansas but also in many other states.
Pear on ‘Winter Banana’ Interstem with M.26 Apple Rootstock as a Compatible Combination
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Lombard P. B. , Bjornstad H. O.
Published: September 2022

Tree survival beyond 2 years of intergeneric pear/apple graft combinations depended on the scion cultivar, the use of ‘Winter Banana’ apple interstock, and the specific rootstock. Trees with ‘Cornice’ scion and ‘Winter Banana’ interstem (on all six stocks) had higher survival (27%) after 11 years than those with ‘Bartlett’ scion (12%). No ‘Cornice’ tree on apple rootstock survived without the ‘Winter Banana’ interstem. Tree survival with ‘Winter Banana’ interstem after 11 years was 73% on M.26, 14% on M.7 and M.9 EMLA, 7% on MM.106 and MM.111, and 0% on M.9. Only trees of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘Cornice’ on M.26 and ‘Cornice’ on M.7 with ‘Winter Banana’ interstems produced fruit through the 11th year. Tree size ranged from 10% of standard for ‘Bartlett’ on M.26 to 25% for ‘Cornice’ on M.7 with the ‘Winter Banana’ interstem. Incompatability suppressed mainly foliar N and Zn but, to a degree, also P, Ca, and B.
Perennial Ryegrass Cultivar Evapotranspiration Rates
Authors: Shearman R. C.
Published: September 2022

Twelve perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars were evaluated for evapotranspiration (ET) rates in a field study, using mini-lysimeters placed in a turf area with 150 m fetch. Cultivars differed in ET, verdure, vertical elongation rate (VER), and root density. Evapotranspiration ranged from a low of 4.93 mm·day-1 for ‘Prelude’ on 3 Sept. 1987 to a high of 9.98 mm·day-1 for ‘Linn’ on 13 May 1988. ‘Linn’ had a mean VER that was twice that of ‘Prelude’. VER was positively correlated (r = 0.93) and verdure was negatively correlated (r = −0.89) with ET. Crop coefficients (Kc) ranged from 0.81 to 1.03. ‘Linn’ had a Kc > 1 on five of the six dates tested.
Preemergence Herbicide Control of Eclipta alba in Container-grown Plants
Authors: Berchielli-Robertson D. L. , Gilliam C. H. , Fare D. C.
Published: September 2022

Preemergence herbicides were evaluated for control of yerba-de-tago [Eclipta alba (L.) Hasskarl] and for phytotoxicity to four container-grown landscape species. Herbicides providing excellent control (less than one weed/pot) were chlorimuron at 0.035 and 0.07 kg·ha-1, chlorimuron + metribuzin at 0.075 + 0.485 kg·ha-1, and oryzalin at 4.5 and 9.0 kg·ha-1. Injury within 30 days after treatment occurred with applications of oxyfluorfen, lactofen, and fomesafen at the × 1 and × 2 rates on Ilex vomitoria Ait. ‘Nana’ (dwarf yaupon), Rhododendron satsuki ‘Pink Gumpo’ (‘Pink Gumpo’ azalea), R. obtusum (Lindl.) Planch. ‘Coral Bells’ (‘Coral Bells’ azalea), and Liriope muscari L. ‘Big Blue’ (lily turf). Injury symptoms were not present after 60 days, except with applications of lactofen at 0.44 kg·ha-1 and fomesafen at 1.1 kg·ha-1. All other herbicides were safe on the four ornamental species. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide (metolachlor); N,N-diethyl-2-(l-naphthaIenyloxy)propanamide (napropamide); 3-[2,4-dich-loro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-(3H)-one (oxadiazon); 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); N-(l-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin); 6-chloro-N,N-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (simazine); 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (oryzalin); methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate (bifenox); 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide (alachlor); 2-[[[[4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid (chlorimuron); 4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one (metribuzin); (±)-2-ethoxy-l-methyl-2-oxoethyl 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxyl]-2-nitrobenzoate (lactofen); and 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxyl]-N-(methysulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzamide (fomesafen).
Relationship Between Flowering and Ripening Dates Modified in Tomatoes by Polyethylene Mulch and Row Covers
Authors: Peirce L. C. , Crispi M. L.
Published: September 2022

Coefficients of determination (CD) for the association of dates of first flower and first ripe fruit in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were affected by the management system in which plants were grown. In a 2-year experiment, CD values increased when plants were grown using black polyethylene mulch and slitted polyethylene row covers. This increase was maximized using transplants. Row covers left over the plants beyond the date of first flower tended to reduce CD values, but this reduction was not a result of flower abortion. Row covers appear useful in northern areas to facilitate selection of early flowering lines.
Nitrogen Form Alters Sweet Basil Growth and Essential Oil Content and Composition
Authors: Adler Paul R. , Simon James E. , Wilcox Gerald E.
Published: September 2022

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants were grown, until flower buds became visible, in a peat-lite mix and watered daily with a complete nutrient solution with 10 mm N as either or . Ammonium decreased plant height and stem plus petiole dry weight. Leaf blade dry weight was not affected by N form. However, the essential oil content was decreased by 28% with , thereby decreasing the essential oil yield per plant. Although decreased the content (nl·g-1 leaf blade dry weight) of linalool and eugenol, their percentage was not altered. Therefore, the changes in total yield of these individual constituents was simply a reflection of less total extractable essential oil. The total amount of the other major constituents in sweet basil, 1,8-cineole, methyl chavicol, and total sesquiterpenes was not affected significantly. While N form did not alter the percentage of monoterpenes and aromatic polypropa-noides, -N increased the total sesquiterpene percentage. Nitrogen form altered the essential oil content and composition of sweet basil and, therefore, should be considered in nutritional studies with aromatic plants.
Highbush Blueberry Firmness Following Insecticide Applications
Authors: Meagher R. L. , Meyer J. R.
Published: September 2022

Grower reports of increased fruit softening following insecticide use prompted this 2-year study to determine if insecticides commonly used against arthropod pests in blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) caused significant fruit softening. Following applications of malathion or carbaryl, firmness (mean chord stiffness) of the fruit was determined with a blueberry compression instrument. No significant decreases in firmness were found due to post-bloom insecticide applications, but berries became softer with time after harvest. Chemical names used: 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl); diethyl mercaptosuccinate, S-ester with O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate (malathion).
Resistance to Branched Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) in Tomato Germplasm
Authors: Kasrawi M. A. , Abu-Irmaileh B. E.
Published: September 2022

Twenty-seven accessions of four Lycopersicon species were evaluated for branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) resistance in a greenhouse pot experiment during 1988. The highest levels of resistance were found in accessions LA 372 and LA 1333 from L. peruvianum (L.) Mill.; LA 1380, LA 1599, LA 1581, and LA 1478 from L. pimpinellifolium Mill.; and LA 1311, LA 1228, and LA 1268 from L. esculentum var. cerasiforme. No appreciable levels of resistance were found among L. hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl. accessions. Percent of tomato plants with O. ramosa flower shoots could be used as a screening method for rapid testing of large collections of tomato germplasm.
Resistance to Bacterial Spot Fruit Infection in Tomato
Authors: Scott J. W. , Cameron Somodi G. , Jones J. B.
Published: September 2022

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) accession PI 270248 (‘Sugar’) had high levels of resistance to bacterial spot [incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye] on fruit, but foliage was susceptible. Hawaii 7998 (H7998) was highly resistant to foliar infection, but was intermediate in resistance to fruit infection. Fruit spot on hybrids between ‘Sugar’ and H7998 was usually intermediate to the parents. Occasionally, disease incidence of hybrids was not statistically different from one or both parents, but tended to resemble ‘Sugar’ more closely than H7998. There were no significant differences between reciprocal hybrids, indicating a lack of cytoplasmic inheritance. Under low disease incidence, hybrids between ‘Sugar’ and ‘Walter’ (susceptible to bacterial spot on fruit and foliage) had fruit spot incidence similar to ‘Sugar’ and significantly less than ‘Walter’. Thus, there was a high level of dominance for resistance to bacterial spot on fruit.
Alley Cropping Vegetable Crops with Leucaena in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Chen Y. S. , Kang Biauw Tjwan , Caveness Fields E.
Published: September 2022

An alley cropping trial with various vegetable crops and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit was carried out on an Oxic Paleustalf soil in southern Nigeria. With application of N, P, and K fertilizer, there were no yield differences between crops grown with alley cropping compared to control plots. With no fertilizer application, alley-cropped paitsai (Brassica chinensis L.) enhanced yield and plant mineral concentration. Alley cropping gave higher plant stand of direct-seeded paitsai, mainly due to reduced soil erosion.
Structure and Development of Surface Deformations on Avocado Fruits
Authors: Fisher Jack B. , Davenport Thomas L.
Published: September 2022

Avocado (Persea americana Mill., cv. Simmonds) flowers and fruitlets were histologically examined to characterize the development of disfiguring bumps and ridges, as well as to investigate possible causes of the disorder. The outer cell layers of the ovary are damaged by a small, surface-feeding insect during and soon after anthesis. Bumps and ridges form as a result of cell proliferation in the pericarp directly beneath the wounds. Circumstantial evidence suggests that two species of flower thrips (Frankliniella) are the possible causal agents.
Mechanical Injury—Primary Type of Unmarketable Anthurium Flowers in Hawaii
Authors: Hara Arnold H. , Nishijima Wayne T. , Bushe Brian C. , Sato Dwight M.
Published: September 2022

A study of anthurium farms in Hilo, Pahoa, and Kurtistown, Hawaii was conducted to assess types of unmarketable anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum André cv. Ozaki) flowers. Of the 5000 flowers harvested from test plots on each farm during 1 year, total flowers rejected were 32%, 31%, and 26% at the three farms, respectively. At all farms, mechanical injury was the most common type of reason for rejection of flowers, followed by curved petiole; rejections due to insects, mites, and diseases were minimal. The incidence of sunburn, phytotoxicity, thrips, and mites differed among seasons at Hilo and/or Kurtistown.
Tree Root Depth Relative to Landfill Tolerance
Authors: Gilman Edward F.
Published: September 2022

Complete landfills throughout the United States are being developed into parks, golf courses, nature areas, and other multiple-use facilities. A critical element in achieving these end uses is establishment and maintenance of trees on the final cover soil over the refuse layers. Factors that affect establishment include toxicity of landfill-generated gases (e.g., CO2) to root systems, low soil O2 supply, thin cover soil, low water-holding capacity, species sensitivity, and other factors (Flower et al., 1978). Species differ in their tolerance to landfills (Leone et al., 1979). Nyssa sylvatica (Marsh) and Gingko biloba [(L.) Karst] were tolerant of conditions in landfill cover soil, whereas Liquidambar styracifula (L.) was intolerant. This study was designed to determine if plant tolerance to landfill cover soil was related to root system depth.
‘Saturn’ Seedless Grape
Authors: Moore James N. , Clark John R. , Morris Justin R.
Published: September 2022

‘Saturn’ is the fourth in a series of seedless table grapes released from the grape breeding program of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Previous releases were ‘Venus’ in 1977 (Moore and Brown, 1977), ‘Reliance’ in 1983 (Moore, 1983), and ‘Mars’ in 1984 (Moore, 1985). These cultivars are the foundation of an emerging commercial table-grape industry in the region. ‘Saturn’, a high-quality, red seedless grape with good storage and shelf-life characteristics, is expected to contribute to further expansion of the commercial industry.
‘Navaho’ Erect Thornless Blackberry
Authors: Moore James N. , Clark John R.
Published: September 2022

One objective of the Arkansas blackberry breeding program has been to develop erect-growing, thornless cultivars that produce self-supporting canes. ‘Navaho’ is the first such release from this program, and, to our knowledge, it is the first fully erect thornless blackberry to be developed worldwide.
Physiological Response of Hosta, Daylily, and Yellow Nutsedge to Bentazon
Authors: Melton Regina , Kelly John , Whitwell Ted
Published: September 2022

The effect of bentazon on hosta (Hosta fortunei Tratt. cv. Hyacinthina), daylily (Hemerocallis L. cv. Sammy Russell), and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) diffusive resistance and net photosynthesis was determined to screen for resistance to bentazon, a herbicide. Measurements of diffusive resistance and net photosynthesis were taken over 99 hours after treatment. Bentazon application increased diffusive resistance in yellow nutsedge 4 hours after treatment. In hosta and daylily, diffusive resistance increased by 24 hours; however, at 48 hours, treated plants responded the same as controls. Net photosynthesis was inhibited in yellow nutsedge within 4 hours after treatment, and the plants did not recover when measured after 4 days. Hosta net photosynthesis decreased after 24 and 48 hours, but net photosynthesis returned to the level of control plants after 4 days. Daylily net photosynthesis was not affected by bentazon application. No visual injury was detected from bentazon treatment in hosta or daylily, but nutsedge was severely injured. For rapid screening of herbicide tolerance, it may be possible to use photosynthetic measurements to determine susceptibility to bentazon. Chemical name used: 3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiazothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide (bentazon).
Inheritance of Five Isozyme Loci in Apricot
Authors: Byrne David H.
Published: September 2022

Genetic analysis of five presumptive isozyme loci in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L. and related species) revealed that the variation observed was controlled by two or three alleles in a simple Mendelian manner. This increases the number of known simply inherited traits in apricot from one to six. Linkage was not detected between MDH-1 and MDH-2.