bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality and Quantity: Communicating Effectively Using Descriptors and Narratives
Authors: Brzowski Matthew B. , Drews Frank
Published: September 2017

Medical errors occur daily, and may rank among the highest causes of inpatient death in the US. Our study modeled modes of communication between patients and doctors to discover the best way to communicate to reduce error. We used narratives to model interview or text-box formats, and descriptor lists to model symptom checklists. We found that narratives produced a significant increase in accuracy (score_paper; F(27)=15.70, p<0.001, score_verbal; F(27)=22.26, p<0.001, score_computer; F(27)=4.82, p<0.05) with no significant increase in time compared to lists of descriptors (average lists time= 485.77s, average sentences time=479.50). We also found that sentences were less mentally demanding ( F(1)=24.49, p<0.001) and difficult ( F(1)=16.43, p<0.001) than lists, and that participants could effectively estimate their success at completing tasks (B=0.13, t(1)=5.94, p<0.001).
The Usability of Blood Glucose Meters: Task Performance Differences Between Younger and Older Age Groups
Authors: Jones Jessica , Caird Jeff K.
Published: September 2017

This study examines the overall usability of current, commercially available self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) meters in order to highlight how the design affects the performance of younger and older adults. Sixteen younger participants (18-27) and 29 elderly participants (65-85) attempted to complete two tasks: 1) set date/time and 2) perform a control solution test, using two meters: the Accu-Check Compact Plus® and 2) the One Touch Ultra 2®. Overall, elderly participants had significantly more difficulty completing the two tasks and committed significantly more errors than younger participants. When using the Accu-Chek® meter to set the date and time 79% of elderly adults failed compared to 12% of younger adults. When using the One Touch® meter, 21% of elderly adults failed to complete the task while none of the younger adults failed. Across the two tasks, elderly participants made, on average, an additional 1.6 errors compared to those in the younger group.
Understanding Diagnostic Test Results: Development of the Knowledge of Diagnostic Test Scale
Authors: Ellis Katrina M. , Nelson Brittany
Published: September 2017

As there are an increasing number of medical tests, it is even more important that patients understand the results from diagnostic tests in order to increase their probability of making accurate, informed decisions about their healthcare. The current paper outlines the development of the Knowledge of Diagnostic Test scale (KDT), a new instrument designed to measure the ability to understand the methodology of diagnostic testing and to apply diagnostic test results to accurate informed decision-making. Using Item Response Theory (IRT) in two studies, we investigated items to create an efficient measure of knowledge of diagnostic tests. Results suggested three items had desirable psychometric properties (i.e., of discriminability and difficulty) for measuring an average person’s diagnostic test knowledge. Implications for use in healthcare settings are briefly discussed.
Analyzing Visual Search Techniques using Eye Tracking for a Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) Task
Authors: Gomes Kylie M. , Riggs Sara L.
Published: September 2017

A challenge with current Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) systems includes patient identification errors, i.e. when an incorrect patient’s record is referenced. These types of errors can lead to patient safety issues such as administrating medication to the incorrect patient. Eye tracking technology can provide insights into the visual search patterns of healthcare professionals and shed light on how patient identification errors occur. This study investigates whether there are differences in visual search metrics, response time, and accuracy when searching for a patient by two identifiers – name or date of birth – from a list of patients with similar names. The findings revealed there was no effect of search strategy on speed or accuracy; however, there was an effect on fixation duration and number of fixations within specific areas of interest. Across both search strategies, there were more fixations on names. This demonstrates the importance of a patient’s name regardless of search strategy and is an important consideration to take into account if multiple patients share the same name. This study shows that eye tracking technology can be used to investigate the visual search patterns employed during patient identification and provide insights as to how patient identification errors occur. It also demonstrates a need to develop alternative methods to prevent patient identification errors apart from relying on healthcare professionals to verify patient identity.
Mapping 3D Gestural Inputs to Traditional Touchscreen Interface Designs within the Context of Anesthesiology
Authors: Jurewicz Katherina , Neyens David M.
Published: September 2017

Gestures are a natural means of every day human-human communication, and with the advances in gestural input technology, there is an opportunity to investigate gestures as a means of communicating with computers and other devices. The primary benefit of gestural input technology is that it facilitates a touchless interaction, so the ideal market demand for this technology is an environment where touch needs to be minimized. The perfect example of an environment that discourages touch are sterile or clean environments, such as operating rooms (ORs). Healthcare-associated infections are a great burden to the healthcare system, and gestural input technology can decrease the number of surfaces, computers, and other devices that a healthcare provider comes in contact with, thus reducing the likelihood of bacterial contamination. The objective of this research was to map 3D gestural inputs to traditional touchscreen interface designs within the context of anesthesiology. An experimental study was conducted to elicit intuitive gestures from users and assess the cognitive complexity of ten typical functions of anesthesia providers. Intuitive gestures were observed in six out of the ten functions without any cognitive complexity concerns. Two functions, of the remaining four, demonstrated a higher-level gesture mapping with no cognitive complexity concerns. Overall, gestural input technology demonstrated promise for the ten functions of anesthesia providers in the operating room, and future research will continue investigating the application of gestural input technology for anesthesiology in the OR.
The Effect of Visual Attention Factors on Visual Field Testing for Maintenance of Gaze Fixation
Authors: Lee Jihyoung , Choi Younggeun , Yang Xiaopeng , Oh Gunhee , Kim Minjae , Kim Hyejee , Kang Jaheon , You Heecheon
Published: September 2017

The maintenance of gaze fixation during visual field testing is needed to accurately measure the functionality of the optic nerve. The present study is intended to analyze the performance of gaze fixation and evaluate five gaze fixation induction methods (GFIM) including black dot (BD; conventional method), changing color dot (CCD), alphanumeric characters (AC), flashing black dot (FBD), and bulls-eye with cross hair (BECH). Recruiting 32 participants (16 in 20s and 16 in 30s), the experiment was conducted in four steps: (1) preparation, (2) exercising the visual field testing, (3) main experiment for five GFIMs, and (4) debriefing. The performance of gaze fixation was analyzed in terms of correct fixation rate (CFR), and subjective satisfaction was evaluated in terms of ease of gaze fixation (EGF), eye fatigue (EF), and overall satisfaction (OS) using a 11-point Likert bipolar scale. The CFRs of the four new GFIMs were all higher than that of BD (BD = 86.7%, CCD = 87.9%, AC = 88.8%, FBD = 91.5%, and BECH = 88.0%). However, there was no statistically significant difference among the CFR averages of the five GFIMs, but the variances of CFR of the newly proposed GFIMs were all lower than that of BD. The subjective satisfaction of BECH (EGF = 2.0, EF = -0.4, OS = 1.6) was highest. Therefore, BECH was recommended for an effective GFIM to maintain the examinee’s gaze fixation during a visual field testing in both aspects of the performance and the subjective satisfaction.
The Strategic Task Overload Model: History, Status, Challenges, and Extensions into New Domains
Authors: Sebok Angelia
Published: September 2017

In this symposium we present the history, current status and challenges of the Strategic Task Overload Management (STOM) model of task switching, positing that parameters of priority, interest difficulty, salience and time-on-task are the factors that drive switching. We present four papers examining extensions of the model. In the first presentation, Wickens & Gutzwiller describe in detail the nature and background of the five parameters and their roots in models of scanning. In the second presentation, Gutzwiller & Sitzman consider the effects of multitasking and priority on task selection. Then Gilbert & Wickens show the extension of STOM to business tasks by presenting results of an experiment that systematically evaluate the role of task priority and goal setting. In the final presentation, Barg-Walkow & Rogers demonstrate the relevance of STOM to vitally important task management in the emergency room.
Experimental Evaluation of STOM in a Business Setting
Authors: Gilbert Karen M. , Wickens Christopher D.
Published: September 2017

This study investigated the effect of autonomous prioritization on attention in a high-workload environment. It explored the “priority mystery,” or neglect of priority in switching behavior, found in previous Strategic Task Overload Model (STOM) experiments (Wickens Gutzwiller & Santamaria, 2015; Raby & Wickens 1994). We hypothesized that participants who could choose their own prioritization of tasks would view their prioritized task as more attractive and allocate more time and attention than participants who were not able to autonomously prioritize the tasks. Ninety-three participants were told to choose their own priority, given a priority, or not given any direction on priority of tasks. Participants had thirty minutes to complete two computer-based tasks and then were asked to rate the priority, interest, difficulty, and salience of each task. Priority influenced time on task most for the self-chosen priority group and not at all for the group given no priority direction. The more difficult task was also chosen less frequently. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
Workload Thresholds for Human Performance Models
Authors: Steinberg Dick , Donohoo Dan , Strater Laura , Diggs Alice
Published: September 2017

Human performance modeling (HPM) can be an effective tool to use for determining crew designs. Crew design includes determining the number of operators needed, the role of automation, and member task responsibilities required to operate a system. Without effective measures of performance and thresholds for assessing success, design decisions from HPM will be erroneous. Operator tasks can be assigned and allocated to crew members in a simulation to estimate the workload for each operator during a period of performance. The methods for determining when an operator exceeds workload thresholds create challenges for those using HPM for crew design. Some types of analysis have more clearly defined thresholds. For example, if a military operator has too many tasks to complete to effectively initiate countermeasures between the times they receive a warning until the time the threat arrives, they are overloaded and cannot complete their mission. However, many missions do not have such a severe penalty for not completing the tasks within a given time. For example, pharmacists, satellite managers, traffic managers, food service workers do not have such stringent task timing completion thresholds. For example, the penalty for a food service provider to be overloaded is typically extended wait times rather than risk of a loss of life. For these types of operational situations, determining overload is much more challenging. This paper describes a new workload thresholds for operator workflow models. It incorporates the vigilance effort, the maximum time a crew member will be fully loaded, and determining the maximum time worked without a break.
The Relationship between Mindful Awareness and Cognitive Performance among U.S. Military Service Members and Veterans
Authors: Rice Valerie J. B. , Houston Fort Sam , Schroeder Paul J.
Published: September 2017

Mindfulness training has been shown to reduce stress and improve performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mindfulness and cognition in U.S. military service members and veterans (n = 236). Volunteers completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and two attention and memory measures: the running memory continuous performance task (CPT) and the standard continuous performance task (SCP). MAAS scores were negatively correlated with mean RT on both the CPT and SCP (r’s = -.14 and -.18, respectively, p < .05). FFMQ scores were positively correlated with correct responses (r = .15) and throughput scores (r = .14) on the CPT and negatively correlated with mean RT on the SCP (r’s = -.15, p < .05). Greater mindfulness was associated with better performance on two sustained attention tasks, suggesting mindfulness is linked with improved management of continuous information, without distraction or impulsive reaction.
Do Type 2 diabetes patients have declined driving performance during non-hypoglycemia? A preliminary simulated driving study
Authors: Ma Shu , Zhang Jingyu , Zhao Guozhen , Wu Changxu , Sun Xianghong
Published: September 2017

Due to the prevalence of diabetes, research interests about its everyday consequences such as driving have grown. Previous studies have found hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) can seriously endanger driving safety. However, some recent indirect evidence suggests that diabetics’ driving performance can also be undermined in non-hypoglycemia conditions. By comparing healthy participants with type 2 diabetic patients in non-hypoglycemia conditions on their driving performance in a simulated driving task, this study sought to find such an effect. The results showed that participants with diabetes mellitus have a significantly longer brake reaction time and brake transfer time, and significantly shorter minimum time to collision than the healthy control group. These results indicate that diabetes may exert negative influences on key driving performance even during non-hypoglycemia. We further discussed who are more susceptible to such performance declination and the possible countermeasures.
Seeing human: Do individual differences modulate the Uncanny Valley?
Authors: Abubshait Abdulaziz , Momen Ali , Wiese Eva
Published: September 2017

The Uncanny Valley (UV) hypothesis states that agents that look humanlike but are not perfectly human elicit feelings of eeriness in human observers, associated with negative ratings of mind, trust and likability. However, empirical evidence for the UV is sparse and individual dispositions are not considered to moderate the UV. The present study assesses whether dispositions like empathy, social reasoning and mentalizing skills moderate the UV during a task that requires rating agents of varying degrees of humanness in terms of likability, trust and the capability of having a mind. Nested model comparisons showed that ratings of likability, trust and internal states followed a UV pattern, but that this pattern was not further moderated by individual differences in empathy, social reasoning or mentalizing abilities. These results indicate that the UV is a robust phenomenon when assessing attitudes towards agents of varying degrees of humanness that is not dependent on specific individual preferences or abilities.
Effectiveness and Users’ Experience of Face Blurring as a Privacy Protection for Sharing Photos via Online Social Networks
Authors: Li Yifang , Vishwamitra Nishant , Hu Hongxin , Knijnenburg Bart P. , Caine Kelly
Published: September 2017

Photo sharing on online social networks (OSNs) can cause privacy issues. Face blurring is one strategy to increase privacy while still allowing users to share photos. To explore the potential blurring has as a privacy-enhancing technology for OSN photos, we conducted an online experiment with 47 participants to evaluate the effectiveness of face blurring compared to the original photo (as-is), and users’ experience (satisfaction, information sufficiency, enjoyment, social presence, and filter likeability). Users’ experience ratings for face blurring were positive, indicating blurring may be an acceptable way to modify photos from the users’ perspective. However, from a privacy-enhancement perspective, while face blurring may be useful in some situations, such as those where the person in the photo is unknown to the viewer, in other cases, such as in an OSN where the person in the image is known to the viewer, face blurring does not provide privacy protection.
Development and Usability Testing of a Remote Control App for An Interactive RoboT
Authors: Vasey Eric , FakhrHosseini Maryam S. , Zheng Zhi , Park Chung-Hyuk , Howard Ayanna , Jeon Myounghoon
Published: September 2017

Experimenters need robots that are easier to control for experimental purposes. In this paper, we conducted interviews for eliciting interaction requirements for human-robot interaction scenarios. User input was then incorporated into an Android application for remotely controlling an Aldebaran Nao robot for use in Wizard-of-Oz experiments and demos. The app was used in a usability study to compare it with an existing Nao remote control app. Results were positive, highlighting the ease-of-use and organization of the app. Future work includes a more complete usability trial evaluating the unique functionality of the app, as well as a case study of the app in a real Wizard-of-Oz experiment.
Enhancing Business Effectiveness and Worker Sustainability Through HFE
Authors: Banks Cristina G. , Mosier Kathleen , Robertson Michelle , Honan Meg , Cascio Wayne
Published: September 2017

At the 2016 HFES Presidential Address, Bill Marras made a plea for the membership to begin thinking about demonstrating the value of HFE in terms that are persuasive to business leaders. We explore what this might look like. Banks opens with findings from her review and analysis of potentially relevant business measures from other fields and reframes the value proposition for HFE in terms of workforce sustainability. With that as a framework for discussion, panelists address key aspects of an expansive set of metrics. Mosier discusses new emphases on Human-Centered Organizations reflected in international standards and guiding principles. Robertson discusses the process she and Liberty Mutual leadership worked through to identify HFE implementations that responded to business needs. Honan discusses how she and Genentech leadership worked through ergonomic recommendations that supported safe and productive work in multiple environments. Cascio presents specifics on how business value can be calculated including ROI, utility and productivity.
The Intermediate Effect of Psychological Capital Between Culture and Performance
Authors: Luo Hong , Wang Yong , Yi Liqi
Published: September 2017

As the soft power of enterprises, the impact of corporate culture on employee performance and its intrinsic psychological mechanism has been paid close attention to by researchers. Based on the existing research, this paper discusses the impact of corporate culture on the psychological capital of employees and the intermediate role of psychological capital between corporate culture and job performance. 377 employees of a large state-owned petrochemical enterprise were investigated. The results show that: 1) the corporate culture has a significant positive impact on the dimensions of psychological capital (self-efficacy, optimism, hope, resilience) and work performance; 2) psychological capital take a part of the intermediary effect between the corporate culture and work performance. The results of this study have some implications for the management practice of using corporate cultural influence to promote employees’ psychological capital and improve performances.
Effects of Ladder Climbing Patterns on Fall Severity
Authors: Pliner Erika , Beschorner Kurt
Published: September 2017

A fall from a ladder is the most common cause of a fatal fall injury to a lower level. Current guidelines recommend proper ladder climbing to avoid a ladder fall, but there is a lack of understanding on safe ladder climbing biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different temporal (2-beat, 4-beat) and coordination (lateral, diagonal) ladder climbing patterns on fall severity. In this study, fall severity is quantified as the peak weight supported by a safety harness (normalized to body weight) after a climbing perturbation. A greater harness force is associated with a greater probability of a falling event resulting into a fall. The airborne times of the hand and foot for each climbing pattern were investigated to better understanding differences between climbing patterns. This study did not find climbing patterns to affect fall severity. Thus, the events that occur after a ladder climbing perturbation may be more critical to consider when investigating ladder fall severity. Hand and foot airborne times varied by climbing pattern. Specifically, hand airborne times for the lateral coordination pattern were 19% longer than those of the diagonal coordination pattern. Foot airborne times of the 2-beat temporal pattern were 15% longer than those of the 4-beat temporal pattern. Increased airborne times may be indicative of overlapping regions and resources competition in the primary cortex.
Effect of Flooring on Lower Extremity Discomfort during Food Service Tray-line Jobs
Authors: Mahesh Vishnu , Li Yueqing , Craig Brian
Published: September 2017

This paper investigate the extent to which flooring mats affect stress and fatigue among food service workers on trayline duties. A food service trayline job was simulated in the lab to study the effect of the flooring mat on the lower leg swelling, muscle temperature, fatigue levels and discomfort levels. Six participants participated in the study and performed a 1-hour simulated trayline job. Results showed a significant effect of flooring condition on the muscle temperature change in Tibialis Anterior and Quadriceps with decreasing trend observed for hard floor condition. Results also indicated an increasing trend for leg volume and higher fatigue and discomfort in hard floor condition.
Applied Force and sEMG Muscle Activity Required To Operate Pistol Grip Control in an Electric Utility Aerial Bucket
Authors: Marklin Richard W. , Slightam Jonathon E. , Nagurka Mark L. , Wolff Trent M. , Garces Casey D. , Krishen Lovely
Published: September 2017

Electric utility line workers report high levels of fatigue in forearm muscles when operating a conventional pistol grip control in aerial buckets. This study measured the applied force and surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals from four upper extremity muscles required to operate the pistol grip control in two tasks. The first task was movement of the pistol grip in six directions (up/down, forward/rearward, clockwise/counter-clockwise), and the second task was movement of the bucket from its resting position on the truck bed to an overhead conductor on top of a 40 ft tall pole. The force applied to the pistol grip was measured in 14 aerial bucket trucks, and sEMG activity was measured on eight apprentice line workers.

The applied force required to move the pistol grip control in the six directions ranged from 12 to 15 lb. The sEMG activity in the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) forearm muscle was approximately twice as great or more than the other three muscles (flexor digitorum superficialis, triceps, and biceps). Line workers exerted 14 to 30% MVCEMG to move the pistol grip in the six directions. Average %MVCEMG of the EDC to move the bucket from the truck platform to an overhead line ranged from 26 to 30% across the four phases of the task. The sEMG findings from this study provide physiologic evidence to support the anecdotal reports of muscle fatigue from line workers after using the pistol grip control for repeated, long durations.
Construction Ergonomics: Concrete Bit Wear Increases Handle Vibration and Drilling Time
Authors: Rempel David , Antonucci Andrea , Barr Alan , Martin Bernard
Published: September 2017

The use of large electric hammer and pneumatic drills exposes construction workers to high levels of hand vibration that may lead to hand arm vibration syndrome and other musculoskeletal disorders. This hammer drill test bench study demonstrated a small but significant increase in z-axis handle vibration (4.8 to 5.1 m/s2; ISO weighted) and drilling time per hole (7.8 to 12.3 s) with worn concrete bits when compared to a new bit. Drill bit manufactures may consider advising contractors that worn bits will increase the exposure of workers to hand vibration and will reduce worker productivity. Construction contractors should adopt a bit replacement program based on bit wear patterns in order to reduce exposure level and drilling time to hazardous hand vibration.
Integrating Multi-Modality Imaging and Biodynamic Measurements for Studying Neck Biomechanics During Sustained-Till-Exhaustion Neck Exertions
Authors: Chowdhury Suman K , Byrne Ryan M , Zhou Yu , Gale Tom , Zheng Liying , Anderst William , Zhang Xudong
Published: September 2017

Neck musculoskeletal disorders have been associated with various occupational tasks, in particular tasks that require non-neutral sustained exertions. To gain a clear understanding of the neck biomechanics during such exertions, we have recently initiated an unprecedented integration of multi-modality state-of-the-art measurement procedures including dynamic radiographic imaging, surface-based motion capture, electromyography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. This paper describes an overview of our systematic, integrative efforts of in vivo biodynamic measurements during sustained-till- exhaustion neck exertions and multi-modality imaging data, and how such an integrated database can be used to construct subject-specific neck musculoskeletal models. A complete dataset of one participant is presented to illustrate the acquired data. In the next phase, subject-specific ‘what-if’ computer simulations will be implemented to understand the mechano-physiological effects of sustained-till-exhaustion neck exertions for different work scenarios and worker characteristics in order to derive effective injury prevention and intervention strategies.
Job Rotation as a Technique for the Control of MSDs: A Fatigue Failure Perspective
Authors: Gallagher Sean , Schall Mark C. , Sesek Richard F. , Huangfu Rong
Published: September 2017

Job rotation is a common method employed by industry to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). However, the efficacy of this technique has been open to question and methods of quantifying job rotation strategies have been scarce. The current analysis uses the LiFFT low back risk assessment tool to assess cumulative loading for a job rotation scheme. Results of this analysis suggest that attempting to “balance” a high risk, medium risk, and low risk lifting job ends up creating three jobs that are all high risk.
The Relevance of Psychophysical Methods Research for the Practitioner
Authors: Fox Robert R. , Maikala Rammohan V. , Bao Stephen , Dempsey Patrick G. , Brogmus George , Cort Joel , Maikala Rammohan V.
Published: September 2017

The use of a psychophysical methodology in conducting manual materials handling and upper extremity studies is well recognized, and the findings (e.g., the Snook and Ciriello studies and the Liberty Mutual tables) have extensive application in the assessment and design of a variety of tasks in industry. In particular, the psychophysical methodology is directed to the assessment of what workers can actually perform and as such has identified acceptable workloads for various working populations. In many cases the identification of these acceptable workloads has historically been very difficult to achieve with methods in other scientific disciplines (e.g., Biomechanics, Physiology, Epidemiology). The purpose of this discussion panel will be to explore the questions on the usefulness and continuing relevance of the psychophysical methodologies to address the needs of the practitioner community. Each panelist will explore the applications of psychophysics in several areas of research and practice. The continuing relevance and directions of psychophysical research will be explored in discussion with the panelists and audience.
Wearable Technologies: How Will We Overcome Barriers to Enhance Worker Performance, Health, And Safety?
Authors: Reid Christopher R. , Schall Mark C. , Amick Ryan Z. , Schiffman Jeffrey M. , Lu Ming-Lun , Smets Marty , Moses Haifa R. , Porto Ryan
Published: September 2017

Wearable technologies are changing the way that people interact with the world. Personal physical activity monitors are becoming ubiquitous in our society and are helping to advance user health and performance, yet, many workplaces have not broadly adopted the technologies beyond either low fidelity/complexity pedometer-based applications or, inversely, high fidelity/complexity lab- based evaluations. Considering adoption of wearable technologies in the workplace, some technology-related concerns include; (1) types of data needed to be captured (motion, muscle, temperature, etc.), (2) constraints of sensor design, such as human-sensor system integration (embedded in clothing versus strapped to person), ruggedness, form factor, or weight, and (3) types of data interpretation and feedback applications that exist to translate data into useful information (communication, trend mapping, situational awareness).

From the research design perspective, there is difficulty in conducting studies capable of demonstrating a safety or productivity that supports employing wearable technology in the workplace. Difficulties include poor access to workplaces and varied worker populations to conduct research, lack of funding, and the need for extended time periods to demonstrate utility (often longer than the lifecycle of the technology in question). Considering the industry perspective, barriers to adopting wearable technologies include lack of convincing data, cost, and anticipation of reduced productivity, poor usability, and/or information overload. Additionally, employee privacy concerns and public policy implications may provide challenges. Another potential barrier may be that some practitioners, however, believe that innovative technologies may be adopted without rigorous testing. This may have short term success to garner interest but may create a barrier to adoption in the long term if the devices are found to have no near or mid- term efficacy.

The overarching goal of the session will be to improve understanding of different perspectives as it relates to the use, barriers, and adoption of wearable technologies and generate discussion for overcoming such barriers to improve the process of research to practice to research (RtPtR). The panelists are from a variety of industry sectors and academia. The session will begin with a 5- minute introductory statement from each panelist; therefore, most of the session will be a discussion between panelists and audience.
Wearable Sensors and Their Metrics for Measuring Comprehensive Occupational Fatigue: A Scoping Review
Authors: Zhu Yibo , Jankay Rasik R , Pieratt Laura C , Mehta Ranjana K.
Published: September 2017

Extensive research has been conducted to study the effects of physical and sleep related fatigue on occupational health and safety. However, fatigue is a complex multidimensional construct, that is task- and occupation-dependent, and our knowledge on how to measure this complex construct is limited. A scoping review was conducted to: 1) review sensors and their metrics currently employed in occupational fatigue studies, 2) identify overlap between sensors and associated metrics that can be leveraged to assess comprehensive fatigue, 3) investigating the effectiveness of the sensors/metrics, and 4) recommended potential sensor/metric combinations to evaluate comprehensive fatigue. 512 unique abstracts were identified through Ovid-MEDLINE, MEDLINE, Embase and Cinal databases and application of the inclusion/exclusion criteria resulted in 27 articles that were included for the review. Heart rate sensors and actigraphs were identified to be the most suitable devices to study comprehensive fatigue. Heart rate trend within the heart rate sensor, and sleep length and sleep efficiency within actigraphs were found to be the most popular and reliable metrics for measuring occupational fatigue.
Constancy of Height and Speed in Three-Dimensional Information Displays
Authors: Gillan Douglas J.
Published: September 2017

Pictorial cues to depth create a three-dimensional appearance in two-dimensional displays. With sufficient pictorial depth cues, a given physical size appears to be larger at a greater perceived distance (or the perceived size is constant at different perceived depths, despite changes in the retinal image – size constancy). Two experiments investigated the effects of perceived depth on the relation between the actual height of an object and the perceived height (Experiment 1) and the relation between the actual speed of the object the perceived speed (Experiment 2). Consistent with Emmert’s Law (Perceived Size = Retinal Image Size x Perceived Depth), perceived depth influenced both perceived height and perceived speed. These findings suggest that displays that use pictorial cues to depth could easily result in misperception of the height or speed of objects in the display.
You Can’t Catch ‘Em All: Inattention During Active Mobile Gaming.
Authors: Lewis Joanna E. , Hess Alyssa S. , Mishler Ada D. , Sarno Dawn M. , Neider Mark B.
Published: September 2017

Using a mobile device while driving or walking leads to inattention. The popular augmented reality mobile game Pokémon GO (PGO) requires users to walk in order to play, creating a possible multitasking conflict as users interact with the game. This study required three groups to walk a predefined course while either playing PGO, texting with a confederate, or walking naturally. After the walk, participants were given a surprise memory test for what they saw while walking the course, also rating confidence in their responses. Accuracy was significantly lower only in the texting condition; however, both multitasking conditions had significantly lower confidence ratings for their responses as well as more safety infractions. Overall, while the PGO participants did not suffer the same attentional costs as the texting condition, their unsafe walking behavior and low confidence in their responses may still lead to dangerous situations.
Cognitive Conflict as Possible Origin of the Uncanny Valley
Authors: Weis Patrick P. , Wiese Eva
Published: September 2017

In social robotics, the term Uncanny Valley describes the phenomenon that linear increases in human-likeness of an agent do not entail an equally linear increase in favorable reactions towards that agent. Instead, a pronounced dip or ‘valley’ at around 70% human-likeness emerges. One currently popular view to explain this drop in favorable reactions is delivered by the Categorical Perception Hypothesis. It is suggested that categorization of agents with mixed human and non-human features is associated with additional cognitive costs and that these costs are the cause of the Uncanny Valley. However, the nature of the cognitive costs is still matter of debate. The current study explores whether the cognitive costs associated with stimulus categorization around the Uncanny Valley could be due to cognitive conflict as evoked by simultaneous activation of two categories. Using the mouse tracking technique, we show that cognitive conflict indeed peaks around the Uncanny Valley region of human-likeness. Our findings lay the foundation for investigating the effects of cognitive conflict on positive affect towards agents of around 70% human-likeness, possibly leading to the unraveling of the origins of the Uncanny Valley.
Designing Artificial Agents as Social Companions
Authors: Wiese Eva , Shaw Tyler , Lofaro Daniel , Baldwin Carryl
Published: September 2017

When we interact with others, we make inferences about their internal states (i.e., intentions, emotions) and use this information to understand and predict their behavior. Reasoning about the internal states of others is referred to as mentalizing, and presupposes that our social partners are believed to have a mind. Seeing mind in others increases trust, prosocial behaviors and feelings of social connection, and leads to improved joint performance. However, while human agents trigger mind perception by default, artificial agents are not automatically treated as intentional entities but need to be designed to do so. The panel addresses this issue by discussing how mind attribution to robots and other automated agents can be elicited by design, what the effects of mind perception are on attitudes and performance in human-robot and human-machine interaction and what behavioral and neuroscientific paradigms can be used to investigate these questions. Application areas covered include social robotics, automation, driver-vehicle interfaces, and others.
Comparing Naval Decision Support Technologies Using Decision Models, Process Tracing and Error Analysis
Authors: Lafond Daniel , Vallières Benoît R. , Vachon François , Tremblay Sébastien
Published: September 2017

Providing decision support to operators in command and control contexts requires careful assessment of its impacts on task performance. Here we describe a human-in-the-loop experiment using a naval air defense testbed to compare three conditions: 1) a baseline interface (DSSBASE; 2) one that displays the temporal proximity of radar aircraft (DSSTEMP); and 3) one which adds a change history panel (DSSCHEX). Threatevaluation accuracy and cognitive models of participants’ judgments did not significantly differ across conditions. Eye-tracking data showed that DSSTEMP lead to a reduced verification of track attributes. Confusion matrices also differed across conditions: DSSTEMP lead to more errors that are “two-categoriesaway” when erroneously classifying hostile aircraft as non-hostile or uncertain. We conclude that in addition to looking at standard metrics of task accuracy and response times, critical insights can be obtained by assessing how different designs for decision support may alter strategies and cognitive processes.
Mental Model Consensus and Shifts During Navigation System-Assisted Route Planning
Authors: Perelman B. S. , Evans A. W. , Schaefer K. E.
Published: September 2017

A major barrier to effective spatial decision-making in human-agent teams is that humans and algorithms use different mechanisms to solve spatial problems, frequently leading them to produce different solutions. Incongruity between algorithm-generated solutions and human spatial mental models results in higher workload in mixed-initiative systems, and potential breakdowns in trust and team situation awareness. Although these performance effects are well-understood, few methods exist for quantifying and comparing human spatial mental models and algorithm-generated solutions. To address these problems, 27 participants completed solutions to 5 spatial planning problems, before and after receiving assistance from 2 navigation algorithms. A novel path mapping and clustering approach provided a means of quantifying consensus in human mental models, and shifts in those mental models after viewing the algorithm-suggested routes. Human solutions clustered into a small number of shared mental models. Individual differences in trust in each algorithm predicted acceptance of that algorithm’s route.
Robot Self-Assessment and Expression: A Learning Framework
Authors: Odette Katy , Rivera Javier , Phillips Elizabeth K. , Jentsch Florian
Published: September 2017

Future autonomous robots that operate in teams with humans should have capabilities that facilitate intuitive and/or implicit communication, for example in the form of emotional expressions. These emotional expressions should be presented clearly to the human to promote adequate understanding of robot behaviors and intent. In this paper, we present a Robot Self-Assessment and Expression framework derived from reinforcement theory of motivation and the current state-of-the-art in machine learning. The proposed framework theoretically describes how a robot could display emotional expressions depending on both predicted outcomes and actual outcomes of a task. The end goal for this framework design will be for the robot to obtain anticipatory guidance and performance feedback from a human instructor during a training task. Future research and areas for testing and validation of the framework are discussed.
The Oklahoma Warning Awareness Scale: A Psychometric Analysis of a Brief Self-Report Survey Instrument
Authors: Allan Jinan N. , Ripberger Joseph T. , Ybarra Vincent T. , Cokely Edward T.
Published: September 2017

Natural hazards (e.g., earthquakes, tornadoes, floods) pose many risk communication challenges for emergency managers and policy makers. Critical obstacles to risk readiness are often attributed to differences in (a) warning awareness, (b) risk understanding, and (c) behavioral responses. Although a considerable body of research has focused on risk understanding (see www.RiskLiteracy.org ) there is relatively less research mapping individual differences in warning awareness and related vulnerabilities. Here, we present a psychometric study (n=254) with cross-validation, testing a two parameter polytomous logistic model of subjective warning awareness (i.e., people’s assessment of how likely they are to receive risk and hazard warnings from trusted sources). The final instrument included four items and one criterion that may be related to other important natural hazard response behaviors, providing a foundation for continuing exploration of warning awareness. Discussion focuses on potential applications of the Oklahoma Warning Awareness Scale as it pertains to natural hazards and other risks more broadly.
Measurement of Technology Behaviors: A Look at Texting Scales
Authors: Schroeder Bradford L. , Bailey Shannon K. T. , Whitmer Daphne E. , Sims Valerie K.
Published: September 2017

The measurement of technology behaviors occurs in everyday interactions with websites and smart devices, and can be applied to customize interfaces to improve users’ experiences as well as increasing revenues via targeted ads. This is possible because technology behaviors can reflect underlying personal and psychological characteristics about users that can be utilized to deliver custom-tailored content to each user. Texting is a one technology behavior that has been shown to be associated with a variety of psychological variables, including personality, depression, and anxiety, and has been shown to relate to socio-developmental differences among different age groups. Thus, the measurement of texting behaviors could have potential applications for researchers and practitioners. The present study examined a new scale to measure texting behavior: the Texting Behaviors Index (TBX; Schroeder & Sims, 2017), alongside two scales that measure problematic aspects of mobile phone use (Merlo, Stone, & Bibbey, 2013) and motivations for texting (Reid & Reid, 2007). Results indicate that measures from the TBX converge with the other texting scales, and support the TBX’s usefulness as a measure of texting behavior.
Age, Sex, and STEM Education Influence Spatial Processing Performance
Authors: Neigel Alexis R. , Bailey Shannon K.T. , Szalma James L. , Sims Valerie K.
Published: September 2017

Previous research has demonstrated that individual differences can influence spatial processing performance. In the present study, the relationship between age, sex, and participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) coursework was examined in relation to two types of spatial abilities: mental rotation and cross-sectioning performance. Fifty-one younger adults and twelve older adults (both STEM and non-STEM majors) completed paper-and-pencil-based versions of each test. The results indicated that older adults holding a STEM degree outperformed STEM younger adults and all non-STEM majors on the cross-sectioning test and committed fewer errors related to perspective-taking on this test. Men outperformed women on both spatial ability measures, but this was not significant. Women also made more errors in perspective-taking on the cross-sectioning test, which lowered their cross- sectioning scores. The results indicate that specific spatial abilities may be retained in older age based on educational background.
Re-designing A Practice Test Into A Game
Authors: Chen Hung-Tao , Lee Michael
Published: September 2017

Practice testing is an effective learning strategy, but it can lead to increased test anxiety and often has low voluntary participation rate. This paper describes a case study on the effects of a re-designed practice test using game-like elements. The results indicate that the gamified practice test had a high student participation rate and showed improved test performance.
Graphic vs. Text-Only Résumés: Effects of Design Elements on Simulated Employment Decisions
Authors: Popham Jamey , Lee Michael , Sublette Michelle , Kent Travis , Carswell C. Melody
Published: September 2017

Résumés sometimes contain graphical elements, and the use of such “graphical résumés” may be increasing. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of including different types of graphical elements in a résumé on the most important outcome measure from the perspective of the applicant – the probability of a positive selection decision by the evaluator. There was a reliable preference for a textual résumé when participants asked which design they thought would be most effective. However, there was no reliable effect of résumé design on evaluator’s decisions about the applicant whose qualifications were represented.
Exploration of Human Reactions to a Humanoid Robot in Public STEM Education
Authors: Huang Lixiao , McDonald Daniel , Gillan Douglas
Published: September 2017

The service and entertainment industry advocates the possibility of using humanoid robots; however, direct interaction experience is uncommon. To understand humans’ interactions with humanoid robots, the present study used a robot capable of face recognition and conversation in a park and a school setting to explore the behavioral patterns of humans, dialog themes, and emotional responses. Results showed that humans’ behavioral patterns included looking at the robot, talking to the robot, talking to others about the robot, and adults taking photos. School children showed strong interest to interact with the robot and rich emotional responses. Major dialog themes included greeting, asking about the robot’s identity, testing the robot’s knowledge and capabilities, asking and replying about preferences and opinions, and correcting the robot’s errors. Observed emotional responses included liking, surprise, excitement, fright, frustration, and awkwardness. Humans interacted with the robot similarly to how they would interact with other humans but also differently. The educational value and design implication for humanoid robots are discussed.