bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Smith Craig J. , Kishore Amit K. , Vail Andy , Chamorro Angel , Garau Javier , Hopkins Stephen J. , Di Napoli Mario , Kalra Lalit , Langhorne Peter , Montaner Joan , Roffe Christine , Rudd Anthony G. , Tyrrell Pippa J. , van de Beek Diederik , Woodhead Mark , Meisel Andreas
Published: June 2015

Background and Purpose—

Lower respiratory tract infections frequently complicate stroke and adversely affect outcome. There is currently no agreed terminology or gold-standard diagnostic criteria for the spectrum of lower respiratory tract infections complicating stroke, which has implications for clinical practice and research. The aim of this consensus was to propose standardized terminology and operational diagnostic criteria for lower respiratory tract infections complicating acute stroke.

Methods—

Systematic literature searches of multiple electronic databases were undertaken. An evidence review and 2 rounds of consensus consultation were completed before a final consensus meeting in September 2014, held in Manchester, United Kingdom. Consensus was defined a priori as ≥75% agreement between the consensus group members.

Results—

Consensus was reached for the following: (1) stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is the recommended terminology for the spectrum of lower respiratory tract infections within the first 7 days after stroke onset; (2) modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria are proposed for SAP as follows—probable SAP: CDC criteria met, but typical chest x-ray changes absent even after repeat or serial chest x-ray; definite SAP: CDC criteria met, including typical chest x-ray changes; (3) there is limited evidence for a diagnostic role of white blood cell count or C-reactive protein in SAP; and (4) there is insufficient evidence for the use of other biomarkers (eg, procalcitonin).

Conclusions—

Consensus operational criteria for the terminology and diagnosis of SAP are proposed based on the CDC criteria. These require prospective evaluation in patients with stroke to determine their reliability, validity, impact on clinician behaviors (including antibiotic prescribing), and clinical outcomes.
Retrobulbar Spot Sign Predicts Thrombolytic Treatment Effects and Etiology in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Authors: Nedelmann Max , Graef Michael , Weinand Frank , Wassill Klaus-Heiko , Kaps Manfred , Lorenz Birgit , Tanislav Christian
Published: June 2015

Background and Purpose—

Transorbital sonography may help establish diagnosis of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Next to Doppler sonographic proof of CRAO, an intra-arterial spot sign can be detected in some cases. We hypothesized that it reflects calcified components. It may be associated with embolization from atherosclerotic plaques and may negatively influence thrombolysis.

Methods—

Prospective monocenter study of 46 patients with ophthalmologically confirmed CRAO. Systemic tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis was performed when appropriate. All patients received etiologic workup.

Results—

CRAO was confirmed by Doppler in all patients. Fifty-nine percent of patients with arterio-arterial embolization were spot sign–positive compared with 20% from cardiac source (
P
<0.05) and none with vasculitis. Eleven patients underwent thrombolysis. Clinically relevant visual improvement was only found in absence of a spot sign (
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—

Transbulbar ultrasound is valuable for initial diagnosis and diagnostic workup of CRAO. In the light of inconsistent results of previous thrombolysis trials, ultrasound may identify patients more likely to benefit from thrombolytic treatment.
The Third Wave and the Third World
Authors: Bialecki Jon
Published: June 2015

While a great deal of social science literature has examined the explosion of pentecostal and charismatic Christianity in the Global South as well as conservative and anti-modern forms of resurgent Christianity in the United States, little work has been done to investigate the causal effects of the former on the latter. Drawing from existing literature, interviews, and archives, this article contributes to filling that gap by arguing that in the mid-twentieth century, evangelical missionary concerns about competition from global Pentecostalism led to an intellectual crisis at the Fuller School of World Missions; this crisis in turn influenced important Third Wave figures such as John Wimber and C. Peter Wagner and is linked to key moments and developments in their thought and pedagogy.
Spirit Baptism in the Pentecostal Evangel 1918–1922
Authors: Kertson Brandon
Published: June 2015

North American pentecostal statements of doctrine were created as lowest common denominator statements upon which a large group of people can agree without too much divisiveness. A century later, it is tempting to see these statements as the final and complete word concerning a doctrine. In practice, however, practitioners experience the reality of those doctrines in numerous and multifaceted ways. This paper reflects on statements 5 and 6 of the 1916 Assemblies of God Statement of Fundamental Truths, which speak to the “pentecostal distinctive” of Spirit baptism. It compares these doctrinal statements with testimonies, sermons, and reports from the Assemblies of God periodical the Pentecostal Evangel during the five-year period from 1918, shortly after the Statement was approved, to 1922. The evidence will show the dynamic nature of beliefs and practices concerning Spirit baptism from a very early period. This dynamic and broad understanding is similar to the way modern pentecostal scholars envision Spirit baptism today.
Augustine and Pentecostals
Authors: Geerlof Derek M.
Published: June 2015

This essay interacts with Augustine’s figurative interpretation of Ps 142 and a pentecostal priority to experience God in ways analogous to experience found within the narratives of Scripture. Contending that the Psalms are both historical and prophecy-fulfilled-in-Christ, Augustine interprets Ps 142 within the dual histories of David and Christ. This grounds his figurative interpretation firmly within scriptural narratives while providing a means of viewing the psalm as the prayerful expression of Christ’s own experience. His theology of the totus Christus then unites the experiences of the church and Christ, ensuring that Christian interpretation of an Old Testament experience does not bypass Christ. The telos of interpretation does not reside in the past, but in the present transformation and encounter of the church with the triune God.
William H. Durham and Early Pentecostalism
Authors: Richmann Christopher J.
Published: June 2015

Scholars recognize William H. Durham as responsible for introducing a non-Wesleyan theology of sanctification into the early pentecostal movement. Because the controversy over Durham’s “finished work of Calvary” theology precipitated a rift in early Pentecostalism that had lasting institutional ramifications, Durham occupies a crucial place in pentecostal historiography. Yet, scholarly treatment of Durham has been hindered by misjudgments in three areas of inquiry. First, a series of unsupported historical details has led to a dubious timeline for the unveiling of the finished-work teaching. Second, the chronological errors have obscured the role of A.S. Copley in the early stages of pentecostal anti-Wesleyan theology. Third, a Durham-centered interpretation of the origins of Oneness Pentecostalism has distorted Durham’s basic soteriological insights.
Pseudobartsia glandulosa, a new combination to replace Pseudobartsia yunnanensis (Orobanchaceae)
Authors: Yu Wen-Bin , Li De-Zhu , Wang Hong
Published: June 2015

Pseudobartsia Hong (1979: 406) was established during the preparation of the Chinese edition of Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae. This genus only contains one species, Pseudobartsia yunnanensis Hong (1979: 406), which is endemic to Yunnan (Hong et al. 1998). Based on comparisons of type specimens, Tao (1993) found that Pseudobartsia yunnanensis can not be distinguished from Phtheirospermum glandulosum (Bentham 1846: 555) Hooker (1884: 304), which was originally only recorded from the Western Himalayas. Therefore, Pseudobartsia was treated as a synonym of Phtheirospermum Bunge ex Fischer & Meyer (1835: 35), and Pseudobartsia yunnanensis was regarded as a synonym of Phtheirospermum glandulosum in a full revision of Phtheirospermum by Tao (1996).
Thismia nigricans Chantanaorr. & Sridith, a new species of Thismiaceae from Southern Thailand
Authors: CHANTANAORRAPINT SAHUT , Sridith Kitichate
Published: June 2015

Thismia nigricans Chantanaorr. & Sridith is described and illustrated as a new species from Sri Phangnga National Park, southern Thailand. A taxonomic description, illustrations of the new species and a comparison with the related species T. angustimitra Chantanaorr. and T. mirabilis K. Larsen are presented.
First record of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera, Stephanoidea) for the fauna of Egypt
Authors: GADALLAH NEVEEN S. , EDMARDASH YUSUF A.
Published: June 2015

The family Stephanidae (Hymenoptera, Stephanoidea) is recorded for the first time for the Egyptian fauna, with one species, Foenatopus bisignatus Aguiar & Jennings, 2010. A single specimen was collected among Acacia raddiana trees infested with Agrilus roscidus Kiesenwetter (Coleoptera, Buprestidae), which represents a likely new host record.
A new goatfish of the genus Upeneus (Mullidae) from Lombok, Indonesia and first verified record of U. asymmetricus for the Indian Ocean
Authors: Uiblein Franz , WHITE WILLIAM T.
Published: June 2015

Upeneus lombok n. sp. is described from two specimens collected off Lombok, Indonesia, at depths of 54–76 m, and one subadult specimen from the local fish market at Tanjung Luar, Lombok. Four specimens of U. asymmetricus were collected at the same fish market representing the first record of the species since its description from two Philippine Islands in 1954. These two species are compared in detail and with five congeneric species that all share a 7-spined dorsal fin and a high gill-raker count. Upeneus lombok n. sp. differs from all other congeners in having a short snout (snout length 9.0–9.6% SL) combined with a low anal fin (anal-fin height 12–13% SL in adults, 15% in single subadult). The newly recorded U. asymmetricus specimens differ from their types only slightly and all eight specimens together differ from all congeneric species in the combination of 7 dorsal spines, 12–14 pectoral fin rays, 26–28 total gill rakers, short pectoral fins (pectoral-fin length 18–21% SL) and short jaws (upper jaw length 8.7–11% SL). In both species the caudal-fin colour patterns of fresh fish are of diagnostic significance, the only exception being a close similarity between Upeneus lombok n.sp., U. saiab, and U. seychellensis. Additional comparisons with 14 Upeneus species which overlap in distribution or occur in nearby areas are also made. Needs for further taxonomic exploration of the Indonesian-Philippine region and for enhanced attention to the economic and ecological importance of Upeneus species are discussed.
Two new species of the genus Goniurosaurus (Squamata: Sauria: Eublepharidae) from southern China
Authors: YANG JIAN-HUAN , CHAN BOSCO PUI-LOK
Published: June 2015

Two new species of large geckos in the genus Goniurosaurus are described based on specimens collected from karst areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, southern China: Goniurosaurus kadoorieorum sp. nov. and Goniurosaurus kwangsiensis sp. nov. Data on natural history of the new species are provided, as well as discussions on the current conservation status of Goniurosaurus species in southern China. Due to the popularity of this genus as novelty pets, and recurring cases of scientific descriptions driving herpetofauna to near-extinction by commercial collectors, we do not disclose the collecting localities of these restricted-range species in this publication. However, such information has been presented to relevant government agencies, and is available upon request by fellow scientists.
Optimized Localization and Hybridization to Filter Ensemble-Based Covariances
Authors: Ménétrier Benjamin , Auligné Thomas
Published: June 2015

Localization and hybridization are two methods used in ensemble data assimilation to improve the accuracy of sample covariances. It is shown in this paper that it is beneficial to consider them jointly in the framework of linear filtering of sample covariances. Following previous work on localization, an objective method is provided to optimize both localization and hybridization coefficients simultaneously. Theoretical and experimental evidence shows that if optimal weights are used, localized-hybridized sample covariances are always more accurate than their localized-only counterparts, whatever the static covariance matrix specified for the hybridization. Experimental results obtained using a 1000-member ensemble as a reference show that the method developed in this paper can efficiently provide localization and hybridization coefficients consistent with the variable, vertical level, and ensemble size. Spatially heterogeneous optimization is shown to improve the accuracy of the filtered covariances, and consideration of both vertical and horizontal covariances is proven to have an impact on the hybridization coefficients.
Assimilation of Tropical Cyclone Track and Wind Radius Data with an Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Kunii Masaru
Published: June 2015

Improving tropical cyclone (TC) forecasts is one of the most important issues in meteorology, but TC intensity forecasting is a challenging task. Because the lack of observations near TCs usually results in degraded accuracy of the initial fields, utilizing TC advisory data in data assimilation typically has started with an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). In this study, TC minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) and position information were directly assimilated using the EnKF, and the impacts of these observations were investigated by comparing different assimilation strategies. Another experiment with TC wind radius data was carried out to examine the influence of TC shape parameters. Sensitivity experiments indicated that the direct assimilation of TC MSLP and position data yielded results that were superior to those based on conventional assimilation of TC MSLP as a standard surface pressure observation. Assimilation of TC radius data modified the outer circulation of TCs closer to observations. The impacts of these TC parameters were also evaluated by using the case of Typhoon Talas in 2011. The TC MSLP, position, and wind radius data led to improved TC track forecasts and therefore to improved precipitation forecasts. These results imply that initialization with these TC-related observations benefits TC forecasting, offering promise for the prevention and mitigation of natural disasters caused by TCs.
Antecedent Atmospheric Conditions Related to Squall-Line Initiation over the Northern Coast of Brazil in July
Authors: Pereira de Oliveira Fernando , Oyama Marcos Daisuke
Published: June 2015

The antecedent atmospheric conditions at midmorning (1200 UTC or 0900 LST) related to subsequent squall-line (SL) initiation in the late afternoon or early evening over the northern coast of Brazil (NCB) were obtained for a specific month (July) when the SL initiation is independent of the strong synoptic forcing related to the intertropical convergence zone. The cases of SL and sparse deep convection in the late afternoon or early evening over the NCB were identified both objectively and subjectively, and grouped into either the SL category (SLC) or the no-convection category (NOC). For the central area of the NCB, the vertical profiles at midmorning for SLC and NOC, computed from radiosonde and ERA-Interim data spanning 9 years (2004–12), were compared. By focusing on the significant differences for both datasets, it was found that two midmorning conditions are favorable to SL initiation in July: a moister layer between 850 and 350 hPa, and a northeasterly flow at 350 hPa. These regional conditions are part of a larger-scale pattern: moister (drier) conditions over the whole NCB (southeastern South America) at 700 hPa and more intense anticyclonic circulation over the Atlantic Ocean close to northeastern Brazil at 350 hPa. The paper’s findings have the potential to aid weather forecasting activities, such as those focused on the prediction of SL-related precipitation 6–12 h ahead.
An Initial Assessment of Radar Data Assimilation on Warm Season Rainfall Forecasts for Use in Hydrologic Models
Authors: Moser Ben A. , Gallus William A. , Mantilla Ricardo
Published: June 2015

The effect of introducing radar data assimilation into the WRF Model to improve high-resolution rainfall forecasts that are used for flash flood forecasting is analyzed. The authors selected 12 heavy rainfall events and performed two WRF 24-h simulations that produced quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) for each, one using the standard configuration in forecast mode (QPF-Cold) and one using radar data assimilated at initialization (QPF-Hot). Simulation outputs are compared with NWS stage IV QPEs for storm placement, area over threshold coverage, and equitable threat scores. The two QPF products and stage IV data are used to force the distributed hydrological model CUENCAS for the same 800 km × 800 km domain centered over Iowa (and to calculate peak flows across the river network). The hydrological model responses to the three products are compared in terms of spatial location and flood intensity. In general, QPF-Hot outperformed QPF-Cold in replicating stage IV QPE statistics. However, QPF-Hot was too wet in the first 2 h of the event, and storms created by the radar-assimilation techniques dissipated quickly, with rainfall forecasts resembling QPF-Cold after 12 h. Flash flooding predicted by CUENCAS using QPF-Hot was more consistent with stage IV in terms of placement and intensity; however, results were not consistent for all events evaluated. The most encouraging result is that expected flash flooding was indeed predicted in all 12 cases using QPF-Hot and not QPF-Cold even though placement and intensity were not a perfect match. The initial results of this study indicate that radar assimilation improves WRF’s ability to capture the character of storms, promising more accurate guidance for flash flood warnings.
The Subtropical Jet Stream Delivers the Coup de Grâce to Hurricane Felicia (2009)
Authors: Bukunt Brandon P. , Barnes Gary M.
Published: June 2015

The NOAA Gulfstream IV (G-IV) routinely deploys global positioning system dropwindsondes (GPS sondes) to sample the environment around hurricanes that threaten landfall in the United States and neighboring countries. Part of this G-IV synoptic surveillance flight pattern is a circumnavigation 300–350 km from the circulation center of the hurricane. Here, the GPS sondes deployed over two consecutive days around Hurricane Felicia (2009) as it approached Hawaii are examined. The circumnavigations captured only the final stages of decay of the once-category-4 hurricane. Satellite images revealed a rapid collapse of the deep convection in the eyewall region and the appearance of the low-level circulation center over ~8 h. Midlevel dry air associated with the Pacific high was present along portions of the circumnavigation but did not reach the eyewall region during the period of rapid dissipation of the deep clouds. In contrast, the subtropical jet stream (STJ) enhanced the deep-layer vertical shear of the horizontal wind (VWS; 850–200 hPa) to greater than 30 m s−1 first in the northwest quadrant; ~6 h later the STJ was estimated to reach the eyewall region of the hurricane and was nearly coincident with the dissipation of deep convection in the core of Felicia. Felicia’s demise is an example of the STJ enhancing the VWS and inhibiting intense hurricanes from making landfall in Hawaii. The authors speculate that VWS calculated over quadrants rather than entire annuli around a hurricane may be more appropriate for forecasting intensity change.
The role of the clinical biochemist in detection of zinc-induced copper deficiency
Authors: Duncan A , Gallacher G , Willox L
Published: June 2015

A middle-aged woman with neutropenia and ataxia was found to have raised plasma zinc and profoundly low plasma copper concentrations. When found that she had been prescribed 135 mg zinc/day for seven years, a diagnosis of zinc-induced copper deficiency was made. After the zinc prescription was stopped, her copper and zinc concentrations and neutropenia normalized but she only had partial improvement in neurological status. The diagnosis of zinc-induced copper deficiency can be facilitated by the laboratory through measurement of plasma zinc concentration in patients with a low plasma copper concentration.
Improving clinical outcomes – towards patient-centred laboratory medicine
Authors: Hallworth Mike J
Published: June 2015

Hard evidence of the specific contribution made by laboratory testing to patient outcomes and the delivery of health care is not easy to obtain. An understanding of the value of laboratory medicine, how that value can be measured and the various factors that influence it is vital to ensuring that laboratory services are provided and used optimally to improve patient care. To maximise the value of laboratory medicine, work is required to improve the utilisation of existing and new biomarkers, develop standard protocols for prospective patient-centred studies of biomarker clinical effectiveness or extra-analytical process effectiveness, benchmark existing and new tests in specified clinical situations with commonly accepted effectiveness measures, and define new roles for laboratory professionals that are focussed on optimising patient outcomes by adding value throughout the total testing process. This requires effective collaboration with clinical staff and a determination to accept patient outcome and patient experience as the primary measure of laboratory performance.
Evaluating Abdominal and Lower-Back Muscle Activity While Performing Core Exercises on a Stability Ball and a Dynamic Office Chair
Authors: Holmes Michael W. R. , De Carvalho Diana E. , Karakolis Thomas , Callaghan Jack P.
Published: June 2015

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a dynamic office chair to activate the core muscles while participants performed exercises sitting on the chair compared to a stability ball.

Background:

Prolonged sitting has become an accepted part of the modern office. However, epidemiological evidence suggests that sedentary postures are linked to many adverse effects on health. The concept of dynamic or active sitting is intended to promote movement while sitting to reduce the time spent in prolonged, static postures.

Methods:

Sixteen participants performed four pelvic rotation exercises (front-back, side-side, circular, and leg lift) on both a dynamic office chair and a stability ball. Muscle activity from 12 torso muscles were evaluated with surface electromyography.

Results:

For all exercises, trunk muscle activity on the chair was comparable to that on a stability ball. The right external oblique was the only muscle to produce greater peak activity ( p = .019) when using the ball compared to the chair (21.4 ± 14.0 percent maximal voluntary excitations (%MVE) and 14.7 ± 10.8 %MVE for the ball and chair, respectively). The left thoracic erector spinae produced greater average activity ( p = .044) on the chair than on the ball.

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that this dynamic sitting approach could be an effective tool for core muscle activation while promoting movement and exercise while sitting at work.

Application:

Muscle activations on the dynamic chair are comparable to those on a stability ball, and dynamic office chairs can promote movement and exercise while sitting at work.
Gender bias and sex-trafficking in Indian society
Authors: Jani Nairruti , Felke Thomas P
Published: June 2015

Human trafficking is a growing crime in South Asia, particularly as economies move post-globalization. This mixed-method study explored several variables fueled by gender biases that create women’s vulnerability to human trafficking. Qualitative results supported the quantitative data from the World Development Indicator’s report that describe gross gender biases practiced in various South Asian countries. The most important findings reveal the current practices of gender bias, prostitution, and trafficking that are not recorded in the existing literature. A multi-dimensional regional practice model is proposed that could support female empowerment and international efforts to curb human trafficking in this region.
Unsettled integration: Pre- and post-migration factors in Congolese refugee women’s resettlement experiences in the United States
Authors: Wachter Karin , Heffron Laurie Cook , Snyder Susanna , Nsonwu Maura Busch , Busch-Armendariz Noël Bridget
Published: June 2015

By 2019, the United States plans to resettle approximately 50,000 refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The purpose of this study was to identify and understand the challenges, risks, and strengths of adult Congolese refugee women resettled in the United States to help policymakers, service providers, and other stakeholders prepare for the arrival of Congolese women and their families. Researchers conducted in-depth interviews and focus groups with Congolese refugee women ( n = 28) and resettlement service providers ( n = 29) in three US cities. The findings of this study reveal the complex and dynamic nature of Congolese refugee women’s resettlement experiences in the United States and highlight the importance of recognizing the intersection of pre- and post-migration factors during resettlement. This article offers concrete implications for the social work profession and practitioners.
Thermal reliability of copper alloy–diamond composites produced by field-assisted sintering technology
Authors: Rape A , Kulkarni A , Bhat B , Singh J
Published: June 2015

This paper highlights the thermal properties of copper–diamond composites fabricated by field assisted sintering technology. The samples were fabricated using a matrix of copper alloyed with silver and zirconium. Previous reports have shown that these samples possess high thermal conductivity. This work examines the thermal conductivity of the samples after being subjected to thermal cycling. Coefficient of thermal expansion is also reported in this work.
Investigation of electroactive behavior of PVA/TiO2 nanofibers webs coated with polyaniline
Authors: Fereydonian Fatemeh , Semnani Dariush , Morshed Mohammad , Rezaei Behzad , Behtaj Sanaz
Published: June 2015

In the present research, PVA/TiO2 nanofiber webs were electrospun to make flexible web actuators and the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles was investigated on the morphology, electrical and mechanical properties, and electrochemical actuation. In manufacturing part, increasing the percentage of nanoparticles enhances both the viscosity of the polymer solution and the mean fiber diameter. The electrical resistance of nanofibers webs reduced with reducing applied pressure and with increasing percentage of TiO2 nanoparticles. It is observed that TiO2 nanoparticles increased the electrochemical redox reaction and the actuation strain of polyaniline-coated nanofiber webs. Also, 15 wt% nanoparticle exhibits an actuation strain of 2.9%. The results obtained from the image analysis indicated that the actuation strain of fibers is considerably higher than that of the nanofiberous webs.
Trusting Publics
Authors: Justwan Florian
Published: June 2015

Under which circumstances do two democracies involved in a dispute decide to pursue binding conflict management? I argue that the existing literature is incomplete. In order to fully understand why democratic decision makers choose arbitration or adjudication over alternative strategies, it is necessary to consider the social trust levels of the general populations in both states. During arbitration and adjudication, states give up sovereignty in a crucial domain of foreign policy. This loss of control should be less problematic for high-trusting societies than their low-trusting counterparts. If citizens are generally optimistic about the behavior of strangers, they are more likely to place their country’s interests under the control of others. Furthermore, since the general population poses smaller constraints on decision makers in nondemocratic settings, I expect the effect of trust to be strongest in democratic dyads. An empirical analysis with a new data set of social trust provides support for this hypothesis.
The Problem of Cultural-Historical Typology From the Four-Level-Cognitive-Development Theory Perspective
Authors: Glebkin Vladimir V.
Published: June 2015

The problem of cultural-historical typology is one of the most intriguing issues at the crossroads of psychology and cultural theory. This article presents a preliminary sketch of the four-level-cognitive-development theory to look at this issue from a new perspective. According to the model suggested, three cultural types are marked out: prehistoric and hunter-gatherer culture, early theoretical culture (e.g., Ancient Greek, Ancient Chinese, Ancient Indian), and modern industrial culture. The major features of four cognitive levels are described; the links between them and cultural types are explored. Also some conjectures are posed concerning social-cultural processes that entailed the emergence of new cognitive levels.
Non-terrorist suicidal death by oral explosion: A rare case from India
Authors: Farooqui Jamebaseer Masiuddin , Farooqui Anjum Ara Jamebaseer , Mukherjee Bimbisar Bikas , Manjhi Shiv Narayan
Published: June 2015

Suicidal deaths involving explosives are rare. Their occurrence depends on both the availability of materials and the victim’s expertise in handling explosive material. We report here a rare case from India of non-terrorist suicidal death involving explosives. The victim was around 25 years old, a blaster by occupation. He committed suicide by detonating dynamite in his mouth. The materials he used to operate this explosion were found near his body at the crime scene. There was characteristic bilateral symmetrical laceration around the oral cavity. Considering all the facts of the case in relation to history, location, nature, distribution and extent of injuries and recovered material at crime scene enables the cause and manner of death to be ascertained.
In the Shadow of the Other: Boxing, Everyday Struggles and the Feeling of Strangeness
Authors: Beauchez Jérôme
Published: June 2015

On the basis of an ethnography of a group of boxers, this article questions pugilism as an experience of confrontation with the other, the reasons and effects of which lie beyond the ring. Using the boxers’ words to explain their everyday struggles, this article seeks to describe fighting figures by placing them in the full depth of their biographical paths. These boxers share the experience of immigration and their life stories have all been marked by profound feelings of strangeness, understood as a social disqualification of otherness that causes deep and private wounds. Like the shadow of the other, hanging over the ‘conversations of gestures’, the boxers’ wounds and the violence of their biographical paths can help explain how they experience their fights, through the idea of a bodily response to all the hardships they have endured, well beyond the ring and its rounds.
Ruptures in the Rainbow Nation
Authors: Teeger Chana
Published: June 2015

Racially diverse schools are often presented as places where students can learn to challenge racist discourse and practice. Yet there are a variety of processes through which such schools reproduce the very hierarchies they are meant to dismantle. Drawing on 18 months of fieldwork in two racially diverse South African high schools, I add to the literature by analyzing moments that threatened to undermine harmonious race relations. First, I focus on racially charged interpersonal incidents at school. Second, I examine how teachers dealt with topics of racial inequality that emerged in the context of the formal curriculum. School personnel addressed these challenges in ways that hindered discussions of interpersonal and structural racism. A normative climate limited students’ abilities to label racially charged incidents as racist. Further, teachers managed potentially conflictual classroom dynamics by downplaying the salience of contemporary racial stratification. I discuss the implications of these findings for scholarship on racial inequality in racially diverse schools.
Trusting Each Other
Authors: Holland Megan M.
Published: June 2015

Many minority, first-generation, and low-income students aspire to college; however, the college application process can present a significant obstacle. These students cannot always rely on their parents for college information and must instead turn to their high schools, where counselors are in a key position. Drawing on a two-year field study at two racially and socioeconomically diverse high schools and interviews with 89 students and 22 school counseling faculty and staff, I examine the role of trust in creating successful student-counselor relationships that can facilitate the transmission of social capital during the college application process. My findings indicate that distrust between counselors and students is due to a lack of shared understanding regarding expectations and roles. My evidence suggests that the diverse nature of the school context created structural constraints that contributed to this distrust. By analyzing the strategies of one counselor who succeeded in connecting with students and working through these structures, I demonstrate ways that trusting relationships can be formed.
Brain cognitive comparison of fabric touch on human glabrous and hairy skin
Authors: Wang Qicai , Yu Weidong , Chen Kemin , Zhang Zhongwei , Asad Rabie AM
Published: June 2015

The glabrous and hairy skin of the human body contains different types of mechanoreceptive afferents. At present, consumers and researchers usually use hands (the glabrous palm) to evaluate and study the contact perception of fabric, which mainly contains two aspects of fabric performance, handle and comfort. However, in use, fabric in most cases contacts the hairy skin of the human body, rather than the glabrous skin. In order to investigate the cognitive differences in the brain for fabric touch on the two types of skin, we used the same silk fabric to touch the palm and forearm of nine subjects, and observed the brain responses simultaneously using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed that for palm stimulation, activations were mainly evoked in somatosensory cortices, and deactivation in the insula cortex and, in contrast, for forearm stimulation, more activations were evoked in the insula cortex, and deactivation mainly in the primary somatosensory cortex. It is suggested that there are more sensory information arising from fabric touch on the glabrous skin, and more emotional information on the hairy skin. Therefore, for discriminating the physical properties (e.g. fabric hand) of fabric, it is better to receive fabric touch using glabrous skin, and for evaluating the emotional perception (e.g. fabric comfort) of fabric touch, it is better using hairy skin.
Introduction: Urban revolutions in the age of global urbanism
Authors: Sheppard Eric , Gidwani Vinay , Goldman Michael , Leitner Helga , Roy Ananya , Maringanti Anant
Published: June 2015

This special issue, papers presented at an Urban Studies Foundation-funded conference in Jakarta (March 2011), examines the current ‘urban century’ in terms of three revolutions. Revolutions from above index the logics and norms of mainstream global urbanism, particularly the form they have taken as policymakers work with municipal officials worldwide to organise urban development around neoliberal norms. Revolutions from below refer to the multifaceted contestations of global urbanism that take place in and around cities, ranging from urban street demonstrations and occupations (such as those riveting the world in early 2011 when these papers were written) to the quotidian actions of those pursuing politics and livelihoods that subvert the norms of mainstream global urbanism. It also highlights conceptual revolutions, referencing the ongoing challenge of reconceptualising urban theory from the South – not simply as a hemispheric location or geopolitical category but an epistemological stance, staged from many different locations but always fraught with the differentials of power and the weight of historical geographies. Drawing on the insights of scholars writing from, and not just about, such locations, a further iteration in this ‘southern’ turn of urban theorising is proposed. This spatio-temporal conjunctural approach emphasises how the specificity of cities – their existence as entities that are at once singular and universal – emerges from spatio-temporal dynamics, connectivities and horizontal and vertical relations. Practically, such scholarship entails taking the field seriously through collaborative work that is multi-sited, engages people along the spectrum of academics and activists, and is presented before and scrutinised by multiple publics.
Rivalry between social and private landlords in local rental housing markets
Authors: Lennartz Christian
Published: June 2015

Social housing providers in many advanced economies have been directed towards market-orientated and commercial business models, whereas the scope of the private rental sector has been increasingly expanded to the provision of housing for low-income households. Where these developments coincided, the demarcation between the activities of social and private landlords has blurred, with the result of increasing competitive pressure on both groups. This paper sheds light on the behavioural aspects of competition by introducing the concept of inter-landlord rivalry in local rental housing markets. Drawing on data from 36 in-depth interviews with social and private landlords in Coventry/England and Breda/the Netherlands, this study shows that existing perceptions of rivalry among most landlords are exceptional in low-income renting but pronounced in more expensive, commercial rental segments. The paper will demonstrate that these perceptions are highly subjective and non-reciprocal. Moreover, competitive perceptions and interactions are strongly affected by political and market structural settings, and appear to be dependent on the trade-off between the social mission and commercial goals of individual housing associations in the social housing sector.
Clinical Management of Patients With Parenteral Nutrition–Dependent Short Bowel Syndrome During Teduglutide Therapy
Authors: Compher Charlene , Boullata Joseph I. , Pickett‐Blakely Octavia , Schiavone Phyllis , Stoner Nancy , Kinosian Bruce P.
Published: June 2015

Background: Patients with intestinal failure, who are dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN) to supplement their limited absorption of dietary nutrients, are subject to complications associated with long‐term PN therapy. Medication therapy that results in improved dietary nutrient absorption may enable these patients to reduce or even become independent from PN therapy and its related complications. The glucagon‐like peptide 2 (GLP‐2) analogue teduglutide was approved for use in such patients by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2012. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to describe the experience of 7 patients with PN‐dependent intestinal failure who were treated with teduglutide by a single center that had been involved in the teduglutide clinical trials. Results: Two patients who were treated during the clinical trials and 5 others who were treated since teduglutide came to market in the United States are described. Protocols used to prepare and monitor patients with this drug and PN weaning and adverse event outcomes are presented. Conclusions: While some patients had uncomplicated PN reduction, others experienced various complications. Careful monitoring of patients' clinical course is needed during drug therapy.
Local Actors as Global Critics
Authors: Tejada Karen
Published: June 2015

Drawing on the experiences of 25 Salvadoran activists in the metro District of Columbia (DC) area, I examine how seasoned activists, or individuals with long-standing organizing experience, maintain critical stances toward their homeland government’s practices while using hostland resources to organize and lessen the impact it has on their compatriots. Building on Vertovec’s notion of the “transnational consciousness,” I show seasoned activists use this mind-set to analyze two components of the Salvadoran experience—they see individual remittances creating unnecessary burdens and no political clout for expatriates in El Salvador and are concerned with temporary protected status putting holders in legal limbo in the metro DC area. Understanding this mind-set uncovers the experience of being both “here” and “there” but ultimately leads seasoned activists to become better activists in their evolving organizing work.
Can an Algorithm be Agonistic? Ten Scenes from Life in Calculated Publics
Authors: Crawford Kate
Published: June 2015

This paper explores how political theory may help us map algorithmic logics against different visions of the political. Drawing on Chantal Mouffe’s theories of agonistic pluralism, this paper depicts algorithms in public life in ten distinct scenes, in order to ask the question, what kinds of politics do they instantiate? Algorithms are working within highly contested online spaces of public discourse, such as YouTube and Facebook, where incompatible perspectives coexist. Yet algorithms are designed to produce clear “winners” from information contests, often with little visibility or accountability for how those contests are designed. In isolation, many of these algorithms seem the opposite of agonistic: much of the complexity of search, ranking, and recommendation algorithms is nonnegotiable and kept far from view, inside an algorithmic “black box.” But what if we widen our perspective? This paper suggests agonistic pluralism as both a design ideal for engineers and a provocation to understand algorithms in a broader social context: rather than focusing on the calculations in isolation, we need to account for the spaces of contestation where they operate.
A Sociotechnical Framework for Governing Climate Engineering
Authors: Bellamy Rob
Published: June 2015

Proposed ways of governing climate engineering have most often been supported by narrowly framed and unreflexive appraisals and processes. This article explores the governance implications of a Deliberative Mapping project that, unlike other governance principles, have emerged from an extensive process of reflection and reflexivity. In turn, the project has made significant advances in addressing the current deficit of responsibly defined criteria for shaping governance propositions. Three such propositions argue that (1) reflexive foresight of the imagined futures in which climate engineering proposals might reside is required; (2) the performance and acceptance of climate engineering proposals should be decided in terms of robustness, not optimality; and (3) climate engineering proposals should be satisfactorily opened up before they can be considered legitimate objects of governance. Taken together, these propositions offer a sociotechnical framework not simply for governing climate engineering but for governing responses to climate change at large.
Basic Research and Knowledge Production Modes
Authors: Boggio Andrea , Ballabeni Andrea , Hemenway David
Published: June 2015

A robust body of literature analyzes the shift of academic science toward more business-oriented models. This paper presents the findings of an empirical study investigating basic scientists’ attitudes toward publicly funded basic research at the Harvard Medical School and affiliated institutions. The study finds that scientists at the Harvard Medical School construe publicly funded basic research as inquiries that, whether use oriented or not, must be governed by the cognitive and social norms of the traditional mode of knowledge production (mode 1 paradigm). They recognize that academic science is vulnerable to access by external capital but maintain that it remains distinct from research done in the private sector. Overall, the study demonstrates that important segments of academia have preserved a traditional approach to knowledge production, which is yet to be transformed by the entrepreneurial turn.
Administrative Privatization and Employment Outcomes in the Implementation of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
Authors: Butz Adam M.
Published: June 2015

Background:

Welfare reform in the 1990s encouraged states and localities to contract out cash assistance services to for-profit and nonprofit firms operating within the private sector. Although privatized welfare delivery was heralded in the wake of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), scant empirical research evaluates welfare privatization and its potential relationship with administrative quality and program outcomes.

Objectives:

This study examines the relationship between administrative privatization and TANF program outcomes, including work participation activities, unsubsidized employment, employment closure, and monthly earnings, across a large sample of individual welfare clients in the state of Florida.

Results:

The results of methodologically appropriate hierarchical linear models demonstrate that ownership variables seldom enhance the quality of TANF outcomes, suggesting that privatization alone is not an administrative panacea in human support services. Although direct privatization effects are often found to be substantively small and inconsistent in terms of service quality improvement, in closed-case models, there is evidence that nonprofit welfare delivery is associated with superior TANF employment closure outcomes.
The ethics of survival: Teaching the traditional arts to disadvantaged children in post-conflict Cambodia
Authors: Kallio Alexis A. , Westerlund Heidi
Published: June 2015

Cambodia’s recent history of conflict and political instability has resulted in a recognized need to recover, regenerate, preserve and protect the nation’s cultural heritage. Many education programmes catering for disadvantaged youth have implemented traditional Khmer music and dance lessons, suggesting that these programmes share the responsibility of cultural regeneration, and view the survival of traditional art forms as dependent on their bequeathal to these young children. In this regard, the musical future of the country is, at least in part, dependent on the success of the vulnerable. However, these vulnerable students are living in a rapidly changing Cambodia, with higher levels of education, increasing international communications and influences, developing infrastructure, urbanization and fundamentally different ways of going about everyday life, work and leisure, to their parents’ and grandparents’ generations. Through semi-structured individual interviews conducted with Cambodian staff and music, dance and theatre teachers from three music and dance programmes provided by non-governmental organizations catering for vulnerable and disadvantaged young people, we explore how the conflicting objectives of conservation and cosmopolitanism are negotiated and navigated in schools. This study explores themes of conservation, coexistence of multiple traditions and education in wider Cambodian society through performance. These themes are discussed in relation to the ethics of arts teaching, which—whilst intensified in the Cambodian context—are relevant beyond this particular case study.