bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elective colectomy after colonoscopic polypectomy for unexpected polypoid T1 cancer
Authors: Samuolis Nikas , Samalavičius Narimantas Evaldas , Mickys Ugnius
Published: May 2015

Purpose. The treatment of early-stage colorectal adenocarcinoma removed endoscopically depends on histopathologic findings. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the benefit–risk balance to patients who underwent colectomy after endoscopic polypectomy of T1 carcinoma with unfavourable histological factors.
Methods. Thirty one patients (15  men and 16 women, median age 66 years) who underwent colectomy after endoscopic resection of malignant polyps with T1 carcinoma within the period from 1 January 2004 Vilnius to 11 February 2015 were included in this retrospective study. Specimens resected after endoscopic polypectomy showed at least one of the following unfavourable factors: no free margin or piecemeal resection. The main objective was to assess the benefit–risk balance of an oncological resection performed after the polypectomy. The oncological benefit was measured by the lymph node metastasis rate. The risk was measured by the occurrence of severe complications of grade III–IV or death.
Results. The most common localisation of T1 cancer was sigmoid colon – 16 cases (51.6%) and upper rectum – 11 cases (35.5%). 11 (35.5%) patients had well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (G1), others (20 patients from 31, 64.5%) had moderate differentiated adenocarcinoma (G2). The main indications of colectomy were two: the margin of resection ≤1 mm (n = 23) and piecemeal resection (n = 9). An oncological benefit of colectomy was reached for four patients (12.9%), who had lymph node metastasis. Six patients (19.4%) presented postoperative complications. All of them were of I–II grade according to the Clavien classification. There were no deaths.
Conclusions. 12.9% of patients, who underwent oncological colectomy after endoscopic polypectomy for unexpected polypoid T1 cancer with unfavourable histology (no free margin or piecemeal polypectomy), had metastasis in the lymph nodes; thus this study suggests the rationale of an oncological surgical resection after endoscopic polypectomy for these patients.
Gender differences in primary headaches
Authors: Lisotto Carlo
Published: May 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/rhc.v6i1.1036
Intensive Care Unit Acquired Weakness (ICU-AW): a brief and practical review
Authors: Godoy Daniel Agustin , Vaz de Mello Leonardo , Masotti Luca , Di Napoli Mario
Published: May 2015

Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) is an increasingly complication of survivors of critical illness. It should be suspected in the presence of  a patient with a flaccid  tetraparesis or tetraplegia with hyporeflexia or absent deep tendon reflexes and difficult to weaning from mechanical ventilation in the absence of different diagnoses. Important risk factors are age, sepsis, illness duration and severity, some drugs (neuromuscular blockers, steroids). Electrophysiological studies have shown an axonal damage of involved peripheral nerves (critical illness polyneuropathy). However, muscle can also be primitively affected (critical illness myopathy) leading to ICUAW with inconstant myopathic damage patterns in electromyographic studies. Mixed forms can are present (critical illness polyneuromyopathy. Although the pathophysiology remains obscure, the hypothesis of an acquired channelopathy is substantial.Electroneuromyography is crucial for diagnosis. Muscular and nerve biopsy are necessary for diagnosis confirmation. Aggressive treatment of baseline disease, prevention, through avoiding or minimizing precipitating factors, strict glycemic control, and early rehabilitation combining mobilization with physiotherapy and muscle electrical muscle stimulation, are the keys to improving recovery of the affected individuals. This narrative review highlights the current literature regarding the etiology and diagnosis of ICU-AW.
Dysregulated Dscam levels act through Abelson tyrosine kinase to enlarge presynaptic arbors
Authors: Sterne Gabriella R , Kim Jung Hwan , Ye Bing
Published: May 2015

Increased expression of Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (Dscam) is implicated in the pathogenesis of brain disorders such as Down syndrome (DS) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). Here, we show that the cellular defects caused by dysregulated Dscam levels can be ameliorated by genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Abelson kinase (Abl) both in Dscam-overexpressing neurons and in a Drosophila model of fragile X syndrome. This study offers Abl as a potential therapeutic target for treating brain disorders associated with dysregulated Dscam expression.
Transitive Nominals in Old Avestan
Authors: Lowe John J.
Published: May 2015

Old Avestan, like other Old Indo-Iranian languages, appears to attest a variety of nouns and adjectives that display “verbal” government of accusative case “objects.” However the existence of such “transitive” nominals is problematic from a formal linguistic perspective, and indeed some formal linguistic models have denied their existence. In this paper I reconsider both the formal arguments concerning transitive nominals and the Old Avestan evidence, with the aim of establishing a more precise analysis of this aspect of Old Avestan syntax.
Gender, Genre, and Discourse
Authors: Luo Manling
Published: May 2015

This paper examines representations of the woman avenger in three types of medieval Chinese writings, namely, official biographies, Music Bureau poetry, and unofficial prose accounts. Such cross-genre comparisons shed light on how different narrative conventions or the lack thereof shaped the ways in which the potentially controversial stories of female vengeance were recounted. Unofficial prose accounts from the Tang period (618–907), in particular, demonstrate the development of a distinctive discourse on women and sanctioned violence that opened up fertile grounds for exploring the gender tensions and ambiguities of the subject.
On Editing Medical Fragments from the Cairo Geniza
Authors: Bos Gerrit
Published: May 2015

A reliable edition of medical fragments in Hebrew and/or Arabic script from the Cairo Geniza, especially those dealing with pharmacology, can only be accomplished if the editors are trained in medieval Judeo-Arabic, Arabic philology, and paleography and have a thorough knowledge of all the secondary sources and studies. Allowing too many faulty readings otherwise, editions of these fragments cannot be considered credible.
Common Justice: The Legal Allegiances of Christians and Jews under Early Islam. By Uriel I. Simonsohn
Authors: Al-Qattan Najwa
Published: May 2015

A Common Justice: The Legal Allegiances of Christians and Jews under Early Islam. By Uriel I. Simonsohn. Divinations: Rereading Late Ancient Religion. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. Pp. ix + 306. $79.95, £52.
Sufism: A Global History. By Nile Green
Authors: Renard John
Published: May 2015

Sufism: A Global History. By Nile Green. Chichester, West Sussex, and Malden, Mass.: Wiley- Blackwell, 2012. Pp. xxi + 263, illus. $84.95 (cloth); $34.95 (paper).
Revealed Grace: The Juristic Sufism of Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624). By Arthur F. Buehler
Authors: Pagani Samuela
Published: May 2015

Revealed Grace: The Juristic Sufism of Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624). By Arthur F. Buehler. Louis-

ville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2011. Pp. xxii + 321. $24.95 (paper).
Brains, Buddhas, and Believing: The Problem of Intentionality in Classical Buddhist and Cognitive- Scientific Philosophy of Mind. By Dan Arnold
Authors: McAllister Patrick
Published: May 2015

Brains, Buddhas, and Believing: The Problem of Intentionality in Classical Buddhist and Cognitive- Scientific Philosophy of Mind. By Dan Arnold. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. Pp. xiv+ 311. $50.
Historical Dictionary of Thailand, 3rd ed. Edited by Gerald Fry, Gayla Nieminen, and Harold Smith
Authors: McDaniel Justin
Published: May 2015

Historical Dictionary of Thailand, 3rd ed. Edited by Gerald Fry, Gayla Nieminen, and Harold Smith. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, Rowman & Littlefield, 2013. Pp. xlviii + 662. $140, £90 (cloth); $139.99, £85 (ebook).
Front Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: May 2015

Front matter
Surface motions and intraplate continental deformation in Alaska driven by mantle flow
Authors: Finzel Emily S. , Flesch Lucy M. , Ridgway Kenneth D. , Holt William E. , Ghosh Attreyee
Published: May 2015

The degree to which the lithosphere and mantle are coupled and contribute to surface deformation beneath continental regions remains a fundamental question in the field of geodynamics. Here we use a new approach with a surface deformation field constrained by GPS, geologic, and seismicity data, together with a lithospheric geodynamic model, to solve for tractions inferred to be generated by mantle convection that (1) drive extension within interior Alaska generating southward directed surface motions toward the southern convergent plate boundary, (2) result in accommodation of the relative motions between the Pacific and North America in a comparatively small zone near the plate boundary, and (3) generate the observed convergence within the North American plate interior in the Mackenzie mountains in northwestern Canada. The evidence for deeper mantle influence on surface deformation beneath a continental region suggests that this mechanism may be an important contributing driver to continental plate assemblage and breakup.
The relationship between thermocline depth and SST anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonality and decadal variations
Authors: Zhu Jieshun , Kumar Arun , Huang Bohua
Published: May 2015

Even though the vital role of thermocline fluctuation in El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle has been established previously, the direct relationship between the thermocline depth and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific is yet to be fully understood, especially its seasonality. Thermocline depth anomalies have been found to lead SST anomalies in time with a longitude‐dependent delay, but our study also suggests that the relationship shows considerable seasonal dependency and is strongest (weakest) during the boreal spring (summer). Over the eastern equatorial Pacific where there is least delay (compared to that in the western and central Pacific), the connection between thermocline and SST is the weakest during the boreal spring. This feature may be one of causes for ENSO spring persistence barrier. Furthermore, the thermocline‐SST connections exhibit significant decadal variations, which are remarkably consistent with the decadal changes in the persistence barrier of SST anomalies over the eastern Pacific. It is also found that the decadal shift in the timing of the thermocline‐SST connection barrier is caused by the changes in the seasonal cycle of tropical trade winds and thermocline depths.
Europe on fire three thousand years ago: Arson or climate?
Authors: Zennaro Piero , Kehrwald Natalie , Marlon Jennifer , Ruddiman William F. , Brücher Tim , Agostinelli Claudio , Dahl‐Jensen Dorthe , Zangrando Roberta , Gambaro Andrea , Barbante Carlo
Published: May 2015

The timing of initiation of human impacts on the global climate system is actively debated. Anthropogenic effects on the global climate system are evident since the Industrial Revolution, but humans may have altered biomass burning, and hence the climate system, for millennia. We use the specific biomarker levoglucosan to produce the first high‐temporal resolution hemispheric reconstruction of Holocene fire emissions inferred from ice core analyses. Levoglucosan recorded in the Greenland North Greenland Eemian ice core significantly increases since the last glacial, resulting in a maximum around ~2.5 ka and then decreasing until the present. Here we demonstrate that global climate drivers fail to explain late Holocene biomass burning variations and that the levoglucosan maximum centered on ~2.5 ka may be due to anthropogenic land clearance.
Statistical analysis of thermospheric density response to solar wind sector structure
Authors: Guo Dongjie , Lei Jiuhou , Dou Xiankang
Published: May 2015

The global averaged thermospheric mass density data during 1967–2007 are analyzed to investigate thermospheric response to solar wind sector structure. Well‐defined solar wind sectors have polarities of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) toward (+Bx, −By) or away (−Bx, +By) from the Sun for multiple days. In March, thermospheric mass densities increase from the away to toward polarities, with a maximum density perturbation of ~23% at 400 km with respect to the 11 day averages; they decline from the toward to away polarities, and the maximum reduction at 400 km can reach 12%, which is associated with a weakened heating effect of the geomagnetic activity. In September, thermospheric densities respond in an opposite way to the same sector structure as compared with the March results. In solstice seasons, thermospheric density variations in response to solar wind sector structure are typically smaller than 10% relative to the 11 day averages. Besides the seasonal dependence, relative density changes tend to become greater at higher altitude and lower solar activity. However, during solar minimum the density variations at 550 km are not substantially larger than those at 400 km due to the possible descending of the transition altitude between helium and atomic oxygen. Moreover, the corotating interaction region (CIR) has a high probability to occur around the sector boundary. Consequently, the CIR effects account for one third of the density enhancement at 400 km during ineffective‐effective sectors, whereas the density reduction associated with effective‐ineffective sectors can be impaired by about 50%, which is independent of altitude.
Short‐term variations of the inner radiation belt in the South Atlantic anomaly
Authors: Zou Hong , Li Chenfang , Zong Qiugang , Parks George K. , Pu Zuyin , Chen Hongfei , Xie Lun , Zhang Xianguo
Published: May 2015

Long‐term variations of South Atlantic anomaly (SAA) are generally derived by fitting a Gaussian‐like function to an averaged distribution of the proton flux at a certain altitude accumulated over time periods for a month or longer. These data do not show the short‐term variation of SAA arising from geomagnetic storm effects whose time scale is less than a month. To investigate the short‐term variations, the features of SAA for the high‐energy protons detected by NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites during 1998–2008 have been investigated with a 5 day running average method. It is found that the two SAA parameters for three proton channels reflect the maximal proton flux in SAA and the extension of SAA decreases several percent during geomagnetic storms. Possible reasons for the decreases of the two SAA parameters for high‐energy protons are discussed. Proton losses at the outer boundary of the inner radiation belt can be explained by the field line curvature scattering mechanism, while the decrease of the proton flux near the center of SAA is probably caused by the enhanced neutral atmospheric density during geomagnetic storms. The study of the behavior of high‐energy protons in SAA is useful for understanding of storm time and long‐term variations of the radiation environment near Earth and for constructing dynamic radiation belt models.
Crop–Weed Competition
Authors: Gallandt Eric R , Weiner Jacob
Published: May 2015

Competition from weeds is the most important of all biological factors that reduce agricultural crop yield. This occurs primarily because weeds use resources that would otherwise be available to the crop. The magnitude of yield loss is affected by numerous agronomic and environmental factors, most importantly, weed density and time of emergence relative to the crop. Practices that (1) reduce the density of weeds, (2) maximise occupation of space or uptake of resources by the crop or (3) establish an early‐season size advantage of the crop over the weeds will minimise the competitive effects of weeds on crops. Longer term management of crop–weed competition can be achieved through crop rotations, specifically crop sequences that reduce the weed seed bank, and therefore seedling density, and prevent proliferation of perennial weeds.

Key Concepts

Plant growth requires sunlight, water and nutrients, which in turn are converted into biomass that captures additional resources.

In crop or weed monocultures, increasing density increases total production to a maximum that is determined by the resource status of the site, generally with a corresponding decrease in per plant mass.

In crop–weed mixtures, increasing weed density results in large initial reductions in crop yield, again reaching an asymptote of maximum yield loss that varies among crop species, environments and weed cohorts.

Farmers manage crop–weed competition by (1) reducing weed density (i.e. ‘weeding’), (2) establishing an early‐season competitive advantage to the crop and (3) maximising resource capture by the crop using competitive species, competitive cultivars, high sowing densities, optimal spatial arrangement, intercropping complimentary species or transplanting.
Tip Cells in Angiogenesis
Authors: Dallinga Marchien G , Boas Sonja EM , Klaassen Ingeborg , Merks Roeland HM , van Noorden Cornelis JF , Schlingemann Reinier O
Published: May 2015

In angiogenesis, the process in which blood vessel sprouts grow out from a pre‐existing vascular network, the so‐called endothelial tip cells play an essential role. Tip cells are the leading cells of the sprouts; they guide following endothelial cells and sense their environment for guidance cues. Because of this essential role, the tip cells are a potential therapeutic target for anti‐angiogenic therapies, which need to be developed for diseases such as cancer and major eye diseases. The potential of anti‐tip cell therapies is now widely recognised, and the surge in research this has caused has led to improved insights in the function and regulation of tip cells, as well as the development of novel
in vitro
and
in silico
models. These new models in particular will help understand essential mechanisms in tip cell biology and may eventually lead to new or improved therapies to prevent blindness or cancer spread.

Key Concepts

Sprouting angiogenesis is led by tip cells, which can sense their environment and direct the sprouting process.

Tip cells are followed by stalk cells, which have a more proliferative phenotype.

The number of tip cells is regulated by lateral inhibition between the tip cells and the stalk cells; the tip cells prevent the adjacent cells from becoming tip cells and thereby optimise the number of tip cells.

The tip cell and stalk cell phenotype are definite, and stalk cells can overtake tip cells through stochastic cellular and environmental differences, the stalk cells then become tip cells and force the former tip cells to become stalk cells.

Tip cells exist in human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures and can therefore be studied
in vitro
.
Ribosome Profiling: Principles and Variations
Authors: Wei Saisai , Qian Shu‐Bing
Published: May 2015

Ribosome profiling provides a snapshot of ribosome positions and density across the transcriptome at a sub‐codon resolution. By sequencing the entire set of ribosome‐protected mRNA fragments, this powerful approach has been successfully used to measure ribosome dynamics and reveal the hidden coding potential of transcriptome. Since its conceptual inception, ribosome profiling has evolved into a versatile method with many innovative variations. It has been applied to study translation in diverse cell types, adapted to capture specific subsets of ribosomes and further improved to address translational regulation in multicellular organisms. The continuous development of ribosome profiling technologies over the coming decade promises a broad view of translational regulation of gene expression.

Key Concepts

Ribosome profiling reveals a global translation snapshot.

Ribosome profiling is applicable to diverse cell types.

Profiling of specific ribosomes permits analysis of nascent chains.

Profiling of initiating ribosomes allows the identification of alternative start codon.

Ribosome profiling can be adapted to probe translation
in vivo
.
Ghosts of Future Nations, or The Uses of the Holocaust Museum Paradigm in India
Authors: Singh Kavita
Published: May 2015

This chapter discusses two twenty‐first‐century museum projects in India dedicated to the historical traumas of two different communities. The first of these, the Khalsa Heritage Complex, addresses the Sikh community and is a multimillion‐dollar project whose high‐tech displays are housed in spectacular “starchitecture.” The other, far more modest, project is sponsored by the Tibetan refugee community in their exile capital at Dharamsala. Though the two museums are vastly different in scale, architecture, and ambition, this chapter shows how both museums were inspired by Jewish Holocaust museums. But forms of Jewish Holocaust memorialization cannot simply be “cut” from one place and “pasted” in another, for local contexts and politics exert their own pushes and pulls on these projects. By comparing the differing fortunes of these two projects, this chapter discusses the circumstances in which a difficult memory becomes possible, or a difficult amnesia becomes a necessity.
The International Difficult Histories Boom, the Democratization of History, and the National Museum of Australia
Authors: Attwood Bain
Published: May 2015

In recent decades many nation‐states have found it necessary or even useful to confront their troubling pasts. The phenomenon of what Sharon Macdonald has called “the international difficult histories boom” has been especially marked in settler societies as representation of colonial pasts has become a coin of enormous currency for aboriginal peoples. In this context, the place of aboriginal matters in museums, especially national museums, has been transformed. There has been much discussion and debate about the aboriginal pasts to be exhibited, how this should be done, and by whom. Here, I consider a particular example of the difficult histories boom by charting the making of a particular display in the First Australians gallery of the National Museum of Australia for its opening in 2001; the assault launched on it by conservative forces shortly afterward; its treatment by a review of the museum; and the consequent remaking of the display and related exhibits.
Where Are the Children?and “We Were So Far Away …”: Exhibiting the Legacies of Residential Schools, Healing, and Reconciliation
Authors: Dewar Jonathan
Published: May 2015

During the last decade of the twentieth century, an intensifying spotlight was directed at the history and legacies of Indian residential schools and the tremendous damage they did to Canada's Indigenous peoples between the early 1800s and 1996. A spotlight alone is not, however, enough. There must also be craft and expertise in the wielding of such a tool, as well as culturally appropriate and ethical practices. In Canada, two Aboriginal‐run organizations with mandates to address the tragic legacy of the residential schools developed public exhibitions and continue to circulate them to museums and other sites as tools for public education and healing. This chapter explores the ongoing work of curators Jeffrey Thomas and Heather Igloliorte on those initiatives through extensive interviews and a focus on their extensive writings.
Reactivating the Colonial Collection: Exhibition‐Making as Creative Process at the Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam
Authors: Bouquet Mary
Published: May 2015

This chapter analyzes the making of the exhibition “Dutch Colonialism” at the Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam. Combining the perspectives of participant observer in the concept phase, and visitor 10 years after the opening, it poses questions about creativity and the process of materialization in a particular institutional and architectural setting. The account touches on the museum's previous transformations; examines the processes of thinking through and with architecture; considers the emotional coordinates and tensions involved in curatorial and communications (re)activation of the colonial collection; reflects on taking stock of museological developments elsewhere; and critically evaluates the emergent trope of theater and subsequent adjustments.
“Congo As It Is?”: Curatorial Reflections on Using Spatial Urban History in theMemory of Congo: The Colonial EraExhibition
Authors: Lagae Johan
Published: May 2015

This chapter discusses some of the curatorial ideas underlying the 2005Memory of Congo: The Colonial Eraexhibition and the extent to which these were grasped by the target audience. It focuses in particular on the use of spatial urban history as a didactic means of addressing some of the complexities regarding issues of colonial power, racial segregation, and violence in the former Belgian Congo.
Between the Archive and the Monument: Memory Museums in Postdictatorship Argentina and Chile
Authors: Andermann Jens
Published: May 2015

The chapter discusses two recently inaugurated museums dedicated to the memory of the victims of dictatorial terror in Argentina and Chile. As “museums of memory,” both of these subscribe, at least in name, to a novel conception of curatorial attitudes toward the past, privileging individual and fragmented flashes of experience over any totalizing historical narrative and soliciting (or sometimes problematizing) an empathetic approximation of the victims of historical conflict rather than the detached, objectifying distance prevailing in the high modernist history museum. On a closer look, however, this generic affiliation with a key type of “new” or “postmuseum” (and thus, arguably, also the supposedly global reach of the latter) turns out to be less than straightforward: a “museum of memory” in the Chilean national capital looks very different from one in an Argentine provincial town, and both differ markedly from their European or North American peers. Rather than a new global form of exhibiting the past, “museums of memory,” the chapter argues, are very much about the present local configurations – in which they appear and which determine their frames of enunciation. This also poses a challenge for museum theory, in its aim to be at once analytical and normative and, thus, to become the script for a new museology rather than merely being descriptive of new museums.
Of Heritage and Hesitation: Reflections on the Melanesian Art Project at the British Museum
Authors: Thomas Nicholas
Published: May 2015

Since the mid‐1990s, curators of ethnographic and world cultures collections have increasingly collaborated on curatorial and research projects with indigenous peoples. This chapter reviews a sustained collaborative project, focused on the British Museum's important collections from Melanesia in the southwestern Pacific, which was conducted over the period 2005–2010. The project revealed the diversity of indigenous interests in historic artifacts and collections. Indigenous interests were notably more eclectic than commonplace assumptions about heritage and its significance would suggest, and were also often marked by hesitation, an attitude that has greater theoretical significance than it has previously been accorded.
“Get to Know Your World”: An Interview with Jim Enote, Director of the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center in Zuni, New Mexico
Authors: Isaac Gwyneira
Published: May 2015

How does a tribal museum meet the needs of a community that wants a self‐contained “insider's” space while at the same time working to correct misperceptions of the culture by “outsiders”? The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center in Zuni, New Mexico has developed a forum‐like approach in which community members explore Zuni cultural values; it also uses this method to rethink Western ideas about museums. Programming that grounds Zuni youth in their immediate cultural and geographic environment operates alongside ones designed to bridge Zuni and Western knowledge systems, as well as others that explore global networks of media technology as a means to reground Zuni culture, which has over the past century been distributed in museum collections around the world. Through an interview with the current director, Jim Enote, these relational dynamics between local and global values are explored, revealing the complex realities of how indigenous knowledge had been sited and how it is being resituated through these contemporary spaces and institutions.
TheParo ManeneProject: Exhibiting and Researching Photographic Histories in Western Kenya
Authors: Morton Christopher , Oteyo Gilbert
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the museological issues surrounding a series of photographic exhibitions titledParo Manene(a Luo phrase that roughly translates as “Reflecting on the Past”), organized and curated by the authors in Nyanza Province (western Kenya) in February 2007. This traveling exhibition consisted of a number of large printed panels that presented photographs and text on Luo culture in the early twentieth century, based on material from the photograph collections of the University of Oxford's Pitt Rivers Museum. The chapter discusses a number of critical issues, including community consultation, logistics, diverging perspectives on local histories, colonial era photography in contemporary research, unforeseen contemporary political contexts, and issues around the sustainability of museum engagements with local communities. The chapter also offers a critique of the museological concept of “visual repatriation,” and argues instead for more nuanced terminology to describe the social processes involved in returning archival collections to communities.
Public Art/Private Lives: The Making of
Hotel Yeoville
Authors: Bristow Tegan , Kurgan Terry , Opper Alexander
Published: May 2015

This chapter focuses on
Hotel Yeoville
, a participatory public art project based online and in the library of the old Johannesburg suburb of Yeoville. Yeoville's estimated 40,000 inhabitants are largely disenfranchised migrants and refugees from every part of the African continent. The project consisted of a website and an exhibition space with a series of digital booths in which members of the public were invited to document themselves through mapping, video, photography, text, and social media applications. Artist Terry Kurgan, who directed the project, unpacks her intentions and the project's conceptual underpinnings; she also reflects on the performative, evocative, and expressive potentials of the media platforms that could be accessed through the
Hotel Yeoville
installation. Artist Tegan Bristow writes about the mechanisms inherent in the digital interactivity she built for the project. And architect Alexander Opper, who designed the physical exhibition framework, writes on using the interrogation and extension of the term “landscape” as an empathetic lens through which to imagine the placing of placelessness.
When You Were Mine: (Re)Telling History at the National Museum of the American Indian
Authors: Smith Paul Chaat
Published: May 2015

The opening of the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian in September 2004 was undeniably a landmark event in the relationship between the United States and Native Americans. The NMAI gave Indians a coveted place on the National Mall and, for a people who see their perceived invisibility as a major obstacle to social justice, this was a major triumph. More than a million visitors a year have toured the museum, and however we judge the effectiveness of NMAI's exhibitions and programs, Indians are more visible today than they were before. The new museum also made bold claims about charting new ways of thinking about museums, audience, and civic engagement. How do we assess the NMAI 10 years later? And what will it look like in another 10 years?
Cognitive Processes Involved in Stereotyping
Authors: Fiske Susan T. , Dupree Cydney H.
Published: May 2015

Social psychologists have studied stereotypes since the start of the twentieth century. Investigation proceeded at first descriptively, then in a process‐oriented manner that evolved with the broader field into increasingly cognitive explanations, and now marrying those approaches to social neuroscience. The illustrative case is stereotype content, first studied in the 1930s, then dormant as more process‐oriented topics dominated, and recently revisited in several models including the stereotype content model reviewed here. Fundamental dimensions of social cognition, including stereotypes, depend on inferred intentions for good or ill (warmth) and ability to enact them (competence). These dimensions follow, respectively, from inferred cooperation/competition and from inferred societal status. In turn, the warmth‐by‐competence space predict emotional prejudices and discriminatory tendencies, as evidenced by laboratory experiments, social neuroscience, random sample surveys, and cross‐cultural comparison.
Controlling the Influence of Stereotypes on One's Thoughts
Authors: Forscher Patrick S. , Devine Patricia G.
Published: May 2015

Research on reducing or controlling implicit bias has been characterized by a tension between the two goals of reducing lingering intergroup disparities and gaining insight into human cognition. The tension between these two goals has created two distinct research traditions, each of which is characterized by different research questions, methods, and ultimate goals. We argue that the divisions between these research traditions are more apparent than real and that the two research traditions could be synergistic. We attempt to integrate the two traditions by arguing that implicit bias, and the disparities it is presumed to cause, is a public health problem. On the basis of this perspective, we identify shortcomings in our current knowledge of controlling implicit bias and provide a set of recommendations for future research.
Creativity in Teams
Authors: Thompson Leigh L. , Wilson Elizabeth Ruth
Published: May 2015

Organizations want to be more creative, but improving creativity remains an elusive process. We examine the study of creativity in teams and groups beginning with the intuitive assertion that teams are more creative than individuals and review decades of research that suggest otherwise: Individuals are actually
more
creative than their groups. We then focus on the key cognitive and social factors that thwart team creativity, such as conformity pressure, and highlight techniques for improving the creative performance of groups, such as brainwriting (rather than brainstorming), quantity goals (versus quality goals), and rotating (rather than stable) membership. We conclude with paradoxical tactics for and consequences of improving creativity.
Delusions
Authors: Coltheart Max
Published: May 2015

A delusional belief is a belief adopted on the basis of insufficient evidence and held strongly in the face of much counterevidence. Some people with a delusional condition have a single delusional belief—this is
monothematic delusion
and much is now understood about what cause the various kinds of monothematic delusion. I describe six kinds of monothematic delusions. Other people with a delusional condition have many different delusional beliefs about a wide variety of topics—this is
polythematic delusion
, and what could be the causes of polythematic delusional conditions is still very poorly understood.
Depression
Authors: Gotlib Ian H. , Furman Daniella J.
Published: May 2015

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a costly, prevalent, and recurrent psychiatric disorder that can involve significant impairment across multiple domains of functioning. In this essay, we provide an overview of the theory and research associating aberrant information processing and neural structure and function with the etiology and maintenance of MDD. We begin by highlighting the foundational work that characterizes depressed persons' cognitive and neural responses to valenced stimuli. We then examine recent efforts to clarify the nature of the temporal relation between depression and these cognitive and neural anomalies, focusing on research designed to identify abnormalities that are present before the onset on MDD and to examine the consequences of manipulating cognitive and neural anomalies. Finally, we describe several areas and questions to be examined in future research that we believe will lead both to a more comprehensive psychobiological understanding of MDD and to improvements in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of this disorder. In particular, we focus on the need for innovation in diagnosis, better characterization of symptom heterogeneity in MDD, on extending neural research in MDD to the study of abnormalities in larger‐scale brain networks, and on elucidating the mechanisms that underlie the successful effects of training programs designed to reduce cognitive biases in depression.
Dissociation and Dissociative Identity Disorder (
DID
)
Authors: Huntjens Rafaële J. C. , Dorahy Martin J.
Published: May 2015

Dissociative experiences are thought to occur acutely (e.g., during or immediately following trauma) or chronically and are considered to reduce the subjective distress accompanying stressful events. Growing evidence is consistent with a model that distinguishes between two qualitatively different types of phenomena—“compartmentalization” and “detachment.”
Compartmentalization
involves a deficit in the ability to deliberately control processes or actions that would normally be amendable to such control (e.g., amnesia and dissociative identities).
Detachment
refers to an experienced state of disconnection from the self or the environment (e.g., depersonalization, derealization, and numbing).

In the present contribution, we discuss both detachment and compartmentalization phenomena. In addition, we discuss both dissociation as an acute response to trauma and persistent dissociation in the form of the most severe and chronic of the dissociative disorders, dissociative identity disorder (DID). We attend to the burgeoning empirical literature on memory processing and dissociation given the central role of these cognitive operations in the development and maintenance of the dissociative disorders, and more broadly, posttraumatic symptomatology.

We end with a more general appeal for more transdiagnostic studies of dissociative phenomena, both in the areas of detachment and compartmentalization, emphasizing that dissociative disorders are not a category of mysterious diagnoses that need to be understood outside of well‐known cognitive operations.
Divorce
Authors: Härkönen Juho
Published: May 2015

There is by now a large literature on divorce which seeks to understand the underlying reasons behind trends in divorce rates and establish the predictors of divorce as well as its consequences for adults and children. Early research examined divorce over time and across societies, and developed conceptual models to understand which factors affect partners' decisions to divorce. Recent cutting edge research has expanded on this literature and examined the multiple causes and consequences of divorce, heterogeneity in causes and effects, and the role of new demographic trends such as the increase in cohabitation. Future advances can build on (i) the use of new data, cutting edge methods, and cross‐fertilization across disciplines, (ii) continued focus on emerging demographic realities, (iii) heterogeneity of divorces and their consequences, (iv) the mechanisms and processes that predict divorce and can help in understanding its effects, and (v) focus on cross‐national differences and societal contexts.
Funerary Practices, Funerary Contexts, and Death in Archaeology
Authors: Lorentz Kirsi O.
Published: May 2015

Archaeologists have excavated mortuary contexts and the remains of the dead since the beginning of activity within their discipline. The study of these remains has taken place under different rubrics, including burial archaeology, mortuary archaeology, archaeology of the dead, funerary archaeology, osteoarchaeology, human bioarchaeology, and archaeology of death. The study of mortuary contexts and accompanying artifacts has largely taken place in separation from the study of the human remains. Does the study of the remains of the dead, and the contexts within which these are found, constitute an archaeology of death, or an archaeology of funerary remains, as tacitly implied by the titles of numerous publications focusing on such remains? Recently it has been claimed that we have never had an archaeology of death (Robb). Indeed a search for published archaeological research focusing on the concept of death, and the variation of conceptualizations of death in past societies, currently produces scant results. Archaeological publications with titles that refer to
funerary
remains tend to focus on selected aspect(s) of funerary practice, mostly those related to the disposal of the dead, whether through burial or other means. If we take the term
funerary
to mean that which pertains to funeral rites or burial, it is clear that a wider range of evidence needs to be considered for a comprehensive funerary archaeology to emerge. This essay focuses on the current status and future potential of archaeological research on funerary practices, contexts, and death. Calls for bringing the human body, the corpse, and the skeleton into the center stage in studies of mortuary archaeology have already been made by many, and attempted by a few. Key issues for future archaeological research on death and funerary practice include ensuring a true research emphasis on past conceptualizations of death, considering a wider range of evidence pertaining to death and funerary practice (not just burial or other body disposal contexts), and as necessitated by the latter, finding a way to successfully integrate research traditionally conducted within widely different disciplinary realms.
Immigrant Health Paradox
Authors: Markides Kyriakos S. , Rote Sunshine
Published: May 2015

With rising rates of immigration around the globe we have seen increased interest in the socioeconomic situation of immigrants as well as their health status and health care needs, and their impact on the host countries' health care system. Much of the research has focused on immigrants of non‐Western origin to the three traditional immigration destinations—the United States, Canada, and Australia. While earlier research was often focused on the negative impact of immigration on immigrants' health and mental health, research in the last couple decades has consistently found evidence of relatively good health among most immigrants especially “voluntary” immigrants from non‐Western origins to western nations, a finding often referred to as an
immigrant health paradox
. Most interest in immigrant health in the United States has focused primarily on immigrants from Latin America, especially Mexico. Immigrants tend to have better health and mortality profiles than the native born, especially from the same racial/ethnic group. While there are some exceptions to these findings, which we note in the current entry, the preponderance of evidence indicates that selection processes are pivotal for understanding the paradox. Sociocultural resources have also been implicated; however, most of this line of research is still underdeveloped. In the current investigation we outline (a) foundational research, (b) cutting edge research, and (c) key issues for future research. We argue that better health among immigrants is not necessarily paradoxical. Most “voluntary” immigrants arrive in their country of destination with good health and a positive outlook on life. However, the finding that longer stays in the United States deplete health likely reflects acculturation forces. More research is needed to more adequately capture acculturative stress processes, changes in lifestyle factors (smoking, diet, and exercise), and the sociocultural resources that protect immigrants from being vulnerable to premature mortality.
Insight
Authors: Erickson Brian , Kounios John
Published: May 2015

Insight, also known as the
Aha
phenomenon, is the sudden awareness of the solution to a problem. In contrast, analysis is problem solving by consciously and deliberately manipulating the elements of a problem. The Gestalt psychologists began studying insight about a century ago. On the basis of their research with complex “insight problems,” they characterized insight as a reinterpretation or restructuring of one's representation of a stimulus or situation after a period of unconscious processing. The emergence of cognitive psychology later during the twentieth century led to another period of advancement in insight research during the 1980s and 1990s. This work further characterized the unconscious nature of the processing leading up to an insight. More recently, the development of techniques for measuring and manipulating brain function has sparked a new renaissance in insight research. Cognitive neuroscience research has highlighted the key role of the right hemisphere and has discovered a number of neural precursors to insight, including its origins in patterns of resting‐state brain activity and in neural preparatory activity immediately before a problem is presented. The latest trend is work aimed at developing techniques to enhance insight, including recent research showing that direct stimulation of the right hemisphere can facilitate the solving of insight problems. Cognitive neuroscience approaches should continue to fuel rapid advances and may lead to the development of practical technologies for insight enhancement.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Boldrin Michele , Levine David K.
Published: May 2015

Intellectual property is a propaganda term used by proponents of copyrights and patents to promote the idea that government‐enforced monopolies over ideas and parts of ideas share the beneficial effects of property. In fact, economic research shows that both copyrights and patents do more economic harm than good. In many areas, including copyright and software patents, the only reasonable policy conclusion is abolition. In other areas such as pharmaceutical products, a complex web of regulation and laws have grown around patent protection, and the best method of unraveling this web is still to be found.
Intergenerational Mobility: A Cross‐National Comparison
Authors: Mazumder Bhashkar
Published: May 2015

A goal in many societies is to ensure that individuals have the same opportunities for success irrespective of their circumstances at birth. While equality of opportunity is an elusive concept to measure, social science researchers have developed measures of intergenerational mobility to serve as a rough barometer. Presumably, societies in which where there is a high likelihood that families can improve their relative socioeconomic standing over generations are likely to be ones characterized by more widespread opportunity. In recent decades, a large and growing body of research that has used a variety of approaches to study intergenerational mobility with respect to income, education, and occupation has emerged. At this stage, the requisite data to conduct this kind of analysis is not available for all countries. Nevertheless, a few key patterns of results have emerged. First, intergenerational mobility appears to be most rapid in Nordic countries. Second, the United States and by some measures the United Kingdom appear to have lower rates of intergenerational mobility than other industrialized countries. Third, intergenerational mobility seems to be lower in developing countries, particularly those in Latin America. These conclusions are still tentative and may be revised as new and better data and more creative methods arise in future research.