bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘The Dream of the Rood’ and Anglo-Saxon Monasticism
Authors: Fleming John V.
Published: August 2016

The earliest text of The Dream of the Rood consists of a few lines of runic inscriptions carved around the edges of a North English high cross now at Ruthwell in Dumfriesshire. It represents no more than a fragment of the text as we find it in the Vercelli MS, a short passage describing the Crucifixion and the ordeal of the Cross. The precise relationship between the Ruthwell runes and the Vercelli poem is a matter of conjecture and dispute. To some critics the Ruthwell inscriptions represent an ‘earlier poem,’ of which the Vercelli text is an expansion or a later revision or both. It is a question to which I shall wish to devote some attention in due course. For the present, I would suggest that the runic inscriptions provide a valuable clue to the interpretation of the Vercelli poem along lines so far left unexplored; for the runes form a part of a rich iconographic program, developing a unified meaning closely connected with the figurative meaning of The Dream of the Rood.
Pope Gregory VII and His Letters
Authors: Murray Alexander
Published: August 2016

In the eleventh century, all over Christendom, government was in a rudimentary stage. Because it was rudimentary there is not much evidence to show how rudimentary it was. A danger is that modern scholars are tempted to read what scraps of evidence they have with a prejudice they are only partly aware of; and to see chancellors and chanceries in the light of what they would expect them to have been, much as their colleagues have done with parliaments and popular liberties.
Notae Minucianae
Authors: Kytzler Bernhard
Published: August 2016

Mehr als dreissig Ausgaben des Octavius hat unser Jahrhundert bereits hervorgebracht. Dennoch herrscht weder hinsichtlich der Konstituierung seines Textes noch des Verständnisses seiner Aussagen Übereinstimmung — ganz zu schweigen von so dunklen Fragen wie der Datierung oder dem mehr verlegen als entschieden behandelten Problem der Umstellung innerhalb der Kapitel 21–24. Die folgenden Noten sollen darum einer eingehenderen Erklärung resp. Begründung einiger Lesarten dienen, die in einer zweisprachigen Ausgabe des Dialogs erscheinen. Artigerweise beschreibt die erste zu behandelnde Stelle das Unvermögen der menschlichen Urteilskraft.
Late Visigothic Bishops, Their Schools and the Transmission of Culture
Authors: Aherne Consuelo Maria
Published: August 2016

A galaxy of enlightened bishops, inheritors and transmitters of the highly developed Hispano-Roman intellectual tradition, graced the Church in seventh-century Spain. Braulio, Taio, Ildefonsus, Eugene I, Eugene II and Julian, all depend more or less directly upon the great St. Isidore of Seville (600–636). He in turn was educated by his brother, Leander, in the last quarter of the sixth century. Lynch emphasizes the uniqueness of the system by which these men were formed in what he calls a ‘bishop's school,’ an expression which underlines the very intimate relationship which incorporated the students into the bishop's familia in contrast to the more formal cathedral school, especially as it developed in Carolingian times.
Giles of Viterbo: A Sixteenth Century Text on Doctrinal Development
Authors: O'Malley John W.
Published: August 2016

Although the theological problem of doctrinal development had to await the historical perspectives of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to receive extensive consideration and more precise formulation, it was not entirely neglected up to that time. In the twelfth century Anselm of Havelberg († 1158) undertook a remarkable discussion of the question, and other medievals, such as Abelard and Saint Thomas, indicated a certain awareness of it. Augustin Renaudet has called attention to Erasmus' efforts to come to grips with the idea of evolution or mutation in doctrine and discipline; and a recent book has described in some detail the form which the question took among the scholastics of Salamanca. Both of these studies focus our gaze upon the sixteenth century and suggest that in that period the problem intruded with some insistence upon the consciousness of Christian thinkers, although in a problematic different from that of our day. The purpose of this article is the presentation of a text of the humanist and reformer, Giles of Viterbo (1469–1532), which explicitly engages the topic and articulates it in a way which deserves notice.
Apocalyptic Conversion: The Joachite Alternative to the Crusades
Authors: Daniel E. R.
Published: August 2016

Then to the font the Paynim folk they drive.

Should Carlon's orders by any be defied

The Man is hanged or slain or burned with fire,

An hundred thousand or more are thus baptized

And christened. …’

With these succinct lines, the Chanson de Roland conveys the aggressive intolerance which characterized the crusading spirit. From the apostolic period, Christianity had usually been propagated by missionaries who tried to persuade the pagan people to accept the faith voluntarily.
Berthold von Regensburg: Investigations Past and Present
Authors: Banta Frank G.
Published: August 2016

When Christian Friedrich Kling published Berthold des Franziskaners deutsche Predigten in 1824, he opened the study of the great thirteenth-century preacher to theologians, historians, and Germanists alike. Although Berthold had never been completely forgotten, was his fame rather than his actual sermons that were recorded by poet and chronicler. The sermons themselves remained, as most of them do still today, in manuscripts accessible to only a few scholars.
Felix of Nantes: A Merovingian Bishop
Authors: McDermott William C.
Published: August 2016

The relations between Gregory, metropolitan of Tours, and Felix, suffragan of Nantes, were not always felicitous. O. M. Dalton in the monumental introduction to his translation of the Historiae commented (1.12):

In his own province, too, even before Chilperic's tragic end, a source of discord had been removed by the death of one of his suffragans with whom his relations had never been harmonious.
A Dagger in Relief on Stonehenge?
Authors: Kaske R. E.
Published: August 2016

In 1953, R. J. C. Atkinson made the first discovery of prehistoric carvings on Stonehenge: a dagger and several ax-heads on the inner face of sarsen stone no. 53. Since then a number of other carvings have been identified, including two additional daggers on the west side of stone 53 and the south side of stone 23. In May 1972, on a casual visit to Stonehenge, I noticed what appeared to be an incised cartwheel with eight spokes, low on the southeast side of stone 30, within the main entrance; this same apparent design was immediately recognized by my wife and son, with no prompting from me. When I re-examined the area in July 1974, I was astonished to find not only that I could see no cartwheel, but that I could see nothing which might plausibly have led me to think of a cartwheel. This striking discrepancy between two clear visual impressions of the same surface made me suspect that some delicate trick of lighting must be involved, and I accordingly visited Stonehenge at night to explore the problem with the help of crosslighting.
‘Bagaudae’ or ‘Bacaudae’?
Authors: Minor Clifford E.
Published: August 2016

The insurrections of peasants in Gaul and Spain who were collectively known as the Bagaudae ≃ Bacaudae constitute one of the more intriguing yet obscure conflicts in the Later Roman Empire. The meaning and origin of the word Bagauda ≃ Bacauda are equally obscure and have been unresolved since the Middle Ages.
‘The Hand of God’: A Numismatic Study
Authors: MacIsaac John D.
Published: August 2016

The encounter of imperial Rome with the nascent Christian religion produced the tradition upon which our culture is based. So legion are the examples of their mutual interaction that the source of certain facets of imperial Christian thought, art, and culture is not always clear. In seeking traces of Christian impact on the empire in the Age of Constantine, it was natural for scholars to look to the coinage, the largest surviving body of imperial art and propaganda, and find such traces they did. More recent thought, however, has re-analyzed most of these alleged examples of Christian symbolism and has correctly found them to be either personal symbols of the emperor or merely minor adjuncts supplied by lesser mint-officials who, in their selection of mint and/or sequence marks, most probably in no way reflected imperial policy or belief.
Mismanagement and Ecclesiastical Visitation of English Monasteries in the Early-Fourteenth Century
Authors: Gorsuch Edwin N.
Published: August 2016

A most pernicious problem contributing to the economic woes of English monasteries in the early-fourteenth century was mismanagement. This condition was usually, if not almost universally, present and derived in part from the fact that the administrators of religious houses, especially the small ones, were not well trained for the complexities of their tasks. The official records of the royal chancery abound with notices that monasteries suffered from this malady, and the entries in these records follow a pattern, repeating time and time again a variety of standard charges. Having perhaps endured internal dissension that had contributed to the economic difficulty, monasteries became impoverished by indiscreet rule, their goods were wasted, and they experienced mismanagement. In addition, the documents assert that these troubled monasteries suffered from indebtedness, that lax discipline prevailed, and that lands of religious corporations were alienated illegally. Finally, the entries maintain that the ill-advised sale of corodies, and the unwarranted grants of pensions contributed to a depressed monastic economy. To illustrate these observations upon defective monastic administration, reference to specific examples is needed.
The Use of Poetry in the Training of the Ancient Orator
Authors: North Helen
Published: August 2016

Thomas Campion in his Observations in the Art of English Poesy remarks: ‘Poesy in all kind of speaking is the chief beginner and maintainer of eloquence, not only helping the ear with the acquaintance of sweet numbers, but also raising the mind to a more high and lofty conceit.’ This comment finds many parallels in treatises on literary criticism and the art of poetry in the English Renaissance, and is singled out for quotation here only because it calls attention to both of the major contributions of poetry to rhetoric, namely assistance in the development of artistic prose (especially when it includes the element of rhythm) and inspiration in the province of Invention.
Die Lehre von der Interpellation beim Paulinischen Privileg in der Kirchenrechtsschule von Bologna, 1140 bis 1234
Authors: Rink Von Othmar F.
Published: August 2016

1. —Wir wissen, dass sich die Lehre der Kirche bezüglich des Paulinischen Privilegs (= P.Pr.) um 1140 gefestigt hatte und demselben die Kraft zuschrieb, das Band der Naturehe zu lösen. Nach 1234 dagegen tritt schon Göffredus von Trano mit seiner Summa super rubricis decretalium (1241-1243) als ausdrücklicher Zeuge der Interpellation auf:

1 (X 4.19 de divort.) Sed qualiter de hoc faciet fidelis fidem quod infidelis nolit cohabitare fideli, vel cohabitans blasphemet, vel trahat fidelem ad mortale peccatum? Respondeo: per testes, et propterea, ut de secundo matrimonio dubitari non possit, laudo fideli ut testes adhibeat cum infldelis requisitus cohabitare recusat… alioquin, si de secundo matrimonio contingeret dubitari, deficeret non ius, sed probatio.
Biblical Citations in Latin Lives of Welsh and Breton Saints Differing from the Vulgate
Authors: Gray Louis H.
Published: August 2016

In 1906 the distinguished Breton hagiologist, the late Abbé F. Duine, wrote as follows (Bré oiaires et missels des é glises et abbayes bretonnes de France anté rieurs au XVIIe sié cle = Bulletin et mé moires de la socié té arché oloqique du Dé partement d'Ille-et- Vilaine xxxv, 189): 'II Y aurait aussi une étude àfaire sur la version de la Bible usitée dans l'ancienne église de Bretagne … Il serait désirable qu'on en fit autant pour les passages de la Bible employés si fréquemment dans notre vieille hagiographie celtique. Cependant on devra tenir compte de ce fait: que I'écrivain citait ordinairement de mémoire ou parfois paraphrasait légérement.
Mithras, der Nachthimmel Eine Dekodierung der römischen Mithras-Kultbilder mit Hilfe des Awesta
Authors: Weiss Maria
Published: August 2016

Kein untergegangener antiker Mysterienkult ist durch Kulträume, Bildwerke, Weihinschriften, vereinzelt sogar durch Mitgliederlisten so gut bezeugt wie der römische Mithraskult. Seine Anfänge liegen wahrscheinlich in der zweiten Hälfte des ersten Jahrhunderts n. Chr. Ende des vierten Jahrhunderts ist er nur noch in Monumenten faßbar, die der Opposition des Heidentums gegen die Religionspolitik der Kaiser entstammen. Ob diese späten Zeugnisse dem ursprünglichen Mysterienkult zuzurechnen sind, darf jedoch bezweifelt werden.
Ad pueros sancti Martini: A Critical Edition, English Translation, and Study of the Manuscript Transmission
Authors: Driscoll Michael S.
Published: August 2016

The subject of penance and confession is central in the writings of Alcuin of York (†804), and found in many different literary genres: e.g., liturgical writings, devotional works, letters, and small treatises. The genius of Alcuin, as well as the principal thrust of his work at the court of Charlemagne, lay in pedagogical concerns. Within the school reform, however, we find traces of theological thought, most notably his ideas regarding penance. His overriding interest was pastoral rather than theoretical. He was concerned about the well-being of his pupils and it was for them that he composed his most important treatise on confession and penance, Ad pueros sancti Martini.
Archangel in the Margins: St. Michael in the Homilies of Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 41
Authors: Johnson Richard F.
Published: August 2016

In the preface to his edition of the ninth-century Book of Cerne (Cambridge, University Library, MS L1. 1.10), A. B. Kuypers notes “two great currents of influence, two distinct spirits, Irish and Roman” at work in the composition of the prayers in this private devotional book. Moreover, Kuypers asserts that “these influences are traceable through the whole range of the strictly devotional literature of the period.” Since it is generally acknowledged that the two great forces shaping the early Anglo-Saxon church were the Roman missionaries in the south and Irish monks in the north, it is reasonable to suspect that the Anglo-Saxon devotional practices to St. Michael the Archangel were also influenced by both traditions.
Robert Lychlade's Oxford Sermon of 1395
Authors: Wenzel Siegfried
Published: August 2016

In the mid-1390s, a group of Oxford scholars caused the authorities some concern because of their Lollard sympathies, and for propagating heretical teachings at the university. Among them was Robert Lychlade, singled out by name in the following royal directive to the chancellor of Oxford dated 18 July 1395:

We have learned reliably that some sons of iniquity, without heed of their salvation, living and studying at this university, and above all Robert Lychlade, who is allowed to speak there contemptuously (prophane), have been publishing, communicating, and teaching for some time, in that university as well as other secret places, impious opinions and conclusions as well as detestable allegations that are in many ways contrary to the Catholic faith. They are said to have been sowing them like tares among the people, and they still intend to publish, communicate, and teach them in a way that is wrongful and worthy of condemnation, in order to hurt the Catholic faith and openly subvert the aforesaid university, unless they are held in check by the arm of our royal majesty…. We command you firmly to remove and expel all Lollards and others who live in the university and are openly suspected of heretical depravity, and especially the aforementioned Robert, if he, through examination or any other lawful means, should be found before you to be such as should be feared to taint the university, just as an ailing sheep taints the flock.
The Social Landscape of the Prague Sacramentary: The Prosopography of an Eighth-Century Mass-Book
Authors: Hammer Carl I.
Published: August 2016

The Prague Sacramentary is the only complete example of this important early-medieval liturgical book to survive from eighth-century Bavaria. But, as the name implies, its present home is in the Czech Republic. The manuscript (Praha, Knihovna Metropolitní Kapituli, O. LXXXIII) was acquired in 1776 for the old metropolitan chapter library in Prague from a Czech private library, and nothing certain is known about its earlier location. That volume contains three works: the Sacramentary itself (fols. 1–120) together with an abridged lectionary (121–30), to which an incomplete penitential (131–45) in a different hand was added at an early date, almost certainly before autumn, 792. The page size is 247 × 165 mm (9.75 × 6.5 inches), and the gatherings of the volume vary between three and five sheets with four sheets predominating. The first 84 folios are written in a single column of 21 lines across the entire page, but folios 85–120 are written in two columns also of 21 lines each with marginal bounding lines drawn in an arrangement that is characteristic of Bavarianscriptoriain the Carolingian period. Four folios are now missing from the Sacramentary, three from the lectionary, and two from the penitential.
Walter of Coventry and the Barnwell Chronicle
Authors: Kay Richard
Published: August 2016

The so-called Barnwell chronicle contains “the best, the fullest and most sophisticated annals” written in England for the years 1202–25. Bishop Stubbs made its reputation, declaring it to be “one of the most valuable contributions in existence to the history of that eventful period,” and those who have used it since agree; J. C. Holt, for instance, thinks it is the “most perceptive” narrative source. Because the text has never been printed from the “Barnwell” manuscript, the chronicle is better known from theMemoriale fratris Walteri de Coventria, which reproduces these annals almost verbatim. But their origin remains shrouded in mystery. Although many questions have been raised about them, the essential one is: Where were they written? To answer that question, one must first determine the interrelationship of the existing manuscripts that contain the text; then one can try to establish the provenance of the oldest manuscript and hence of the chronicle itself. Stubbs, of course, attempted to do just that, but with insufficient evidence and little concern for the canons of textual criticism. The present study will demonstrate that the “Barnwell” manuscript is in fact not the earliest; instead, it derives from British Library MS Add. 35,168, which was written at Crowland Abbey and which was probably copied from a lost original that was both composed and written at Peterborough.
Where Was King Aldfrith of Northumbria Educated? An Exploration of Seventh-Century Insular Learning
Authors: Ireland Colin A.
Published: August 2016

The superior learning of King Aldfrith of Northumbria (685–704) was acknowledged in both Anglo-Saxon and Gaelic contemporary sources by such renowned scholars as Bede of Wearmouth-Jarrow, Aldhelm of Malmesbury, Adomnán of Iona, Stephen of Ripon, and Alcuin of York. Both Aldhelm and Adomnán knew him personally, and texts composed by these two scholars and presented to Aldfrith help delineate the breadth of his educational background. He was educated among the Gaels, and their records described him assapiens. By examining texts of other seventh-century Gaelicsapientes, and the comments of Aldhelm and Bede about Gaelic intellectual life and educational opportunities, we can expand our purview of the scope of his education. The nature of seventh-century schooling was peripatetic, and Aldfrith's dual heritage requires a broad search for locations. Many scholars accept Iona as the likely source of his learned background, but this essay will argue that, among other likely locations in Britain and Ireland, Bangor in Northern Ireland is best supported by surviving evidence. His benign reign is placed at the end of the first century of the Anglo-Saxon conversion, but his education benefited the kingdom of Northumbria through generations of Gaelic scholarship, as exemplified byperegrinisuch as Columba and Columbanus, andsapienteslike Laidcenn mac Baíth, Cummíne of Clonfert, Ailerán of Clonard, Cenn Fáelad mac Ailello, and Banbán of Kildare. Aldfrith's rule ushered in a period of cultural florescence in Northumbria that saw the first hagiography and earliest illuminated manuscripts produced in Anglo-Saxon England and that culminated in the extensive library authored by Bede (d. 735).
Mesocosms and the Organization of Interior Space in Early Ireland
Authors: Sayers William
Published: August 2016

In early medieval Ireland, the cosmos was conceived as tripartite, composed of the heavens, earth's surface, and underearth and undersea. Harmonious relations with cosmic forces were assured by just royal rule. Crossing this vertical coordinate, which also had implications for the human hierarchies of rank and function, were the manifold phenomena as known to human life. This external reality was mentally organized as a vast set of homologies, the recognition and maintenance of which contributed to the prosperity and fertility of the kingdom. The literate record displays multiple taxonomies and categories, often expressed in numerical values. Among these are the pentad and, in spatial terms, the quincunx. This fivefoldness and the order it represented were recognized and replicated on a variety of scales: the five provinces of Ireland, the family farm and its neighbors, the house and its outbuildings. Also implicated as mesocosms were the interior arrangements of royal banquet halls, hostels for kings on circuit and other travelers, and law courts. The quincuncial organization of interior space reflects and promotes macrocosmic order but in the great corpus of literate works is the setting for disruptive human dynamics — the stuff of story — often associated with themes of the heroic life and royal rule. This conception of interior space was elaborated in the pagan period and, in formal terms, was readily accommodated in subsequent Christian centuries, with new hierarchies and the perdurable conception of the kingship as stabilizing factors.
The Earliest Expression for Outlawry in Anglo-Saxon Law
Authors: Carella Bryan
Published: August 2016

In this article, I seek to define the difficult legal phraseutroque iure caruerunt(“and they have been deprived of both laws”), which appears incapitulumXII of the Legatine Capitulary of 786 (a collection of canons promulgated ostensibly by a papal legation sent to England in order to address unspecified abuses), describing a punitive sanction for malefactors who have committed or conspired to commit the crime of regicide. I have been able to identify no parallel occurrence of this phrase in any culturally similar or temporally proximate documents, leaving me with little beyond the text itself to seek evidence for its precise meaning. Since it has been demonstrated recently that Alcuin — a native-born Anglo-Saxon and a Northumbrian — was intimately involved in drafting the Legatine Capitulary (if, indeed, he was not the sole author), and moreover, since this phrase appears in a text composed in the first instance for a Northumbrian audience, I argue that this phrase is deeply rooted in Anglo-Saxon legal precedents. I conclude that the phrase signifies that those guilty of regicide should be deprived of both secular and ecclesiastical law, that is, that they should be both outlawed and excommunicated. As such, this phrase represents the first reference to the legal sanction of outlawry in Anglo-Saxon law by more than a century. Additionally, this phrase would appear to take for granted the close cooperation between ecclesiastical and secular jurisprudence specifically to punish crime, a feature of Anglo-Saxon law likewise not formally described (according to current thought) until more than a century later. I finish by considering the implications of my argument for the history of Anglo-Saxon law, suggesting in particular that we must revise currently held opinions about the pace of its development, particularly in the Anglian North, where — due most likely to the loss of evidence resulting from the Viking invasions — very little primary-text evidence has survived.
Res nauticae:Mediterranean Seafaring and Written Culture in the Renaissance
Authors: McManamon John M.
Published: August 2016

In characteristic fashion, the Iter Italicum of Paul Oskar Kristeller reveals the richness of Renaissance thought on seafaring. The literature on seafaring conserved in manuscripts cataloged in the Iter Italicum ranges from commentary on ancient seafaring to eulogies of contemporary heroes to works on mechanics and engineering with unusual proposals for naval weaponry. Those manuscripts likewise highlight the Renaissance conceptualization of seafaring as an art and a creative tension in Renaissance scholarship between looking back to the past and looking forward to the future.
Signs and Things: The ‘Vita Heinrici IV. Imperatoris’ and the Crisis of Interpretation in Twelfth-Century History
Authors: Stein Robert M.
Published: August 2016

Universus enim mundus iste sensibilis quasi quidam liber est scriptus digito Dei, hoc est divina creatus, et singulae creaturae quasi figurae quaedem sunt non humano placito inventae sed divino arbitrio institutae ad manifestandam invisibilium Dei sapientiam.

Hugh of St. Victor, Eruditionis didascalicae liber septimus

Ipsa tamen veritas connexionem non instituta sed animadversa est ab hominibus et notata ut eam possint vel discere vel docere: nam est in rerum ratione perpetua et divinitus instituta. Sicut enim qui narrat ordinem temporum, non eum ipse componit.

St. Augustine, De doctrina Christiana 2.32

The Vita Heinrici IV. Imperatoris, composed by an unknown author probably around the turn of the twelfth century, is an old-fashioned imperial life which raises serious interpretive questions in a period of social and cultural transformation. There are certain cultural moments characterized by the absence of an interpretive consensus, when older patterns of interpretation no longer seem adequate to experience. Criticism has looked to the work of the imaginative artist at those moments, on whom typically devolves the task of representing experience and rendering it coherent in expression. This is a task at which the artist must necessarily fail insofar as the representation is true to the sense of experience which has left behind available interpretive categories. But what of the historian whose work is necessarily rooted directly in the social transformation ? In what follows I want to consider the peculiarities of historical narrative at one such cultural moment. The Vita Heinrici provides an example of singular narrative power and singular clarity.
Robert Grosseteste on the Subalternate Sciences
Authors: Laird W. R.
Published: August 2016

It is well known that in the Middle Ages mathematics had little part in the study of nature. Natural philosophy, which had in its purview all of nature and natural things, was considered fundamentally distinct from mathematics, both in subject matter and in method. Yet there was a handful of sciences in which mathematics and natural philosophy came together, sciences that were to have a very significant role in later scientific thought. These were what Thomas Aquinas, in the thirteenth century, called the ‘intermediate sciences’ (scientiae mediae), since they were thought of as in some way intermediate between the natural and the mathematical; they included astronomy, optics, harmonics, and sometimes mechanics. They were also known as the ‘subalternate sciences,’ since they were considered under, or subalternate to, pure mathematics, and sometimes to natural philosophy as well.
Flaws in the Golden Bowl: Gender and Spiritual Formation in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Newman Barbara
Published: August 2016

In the early 1130s Peter Abelard received three letters from Heloise, once his mistress and wife, now his sister and daughter in religion. The first two were so traumatic that he must have thought twice before scanning the third, in which Heloise resolutely turned from the subject of tragic love to the minutiae of monastic observance. For modern readers the correspondence may lapse from titillation into tedium with this epistle. But Abelard was no doubt immensely relieved. Laying aside her griefs, Heloise now wrote to him as abbess to abbot, asking only two things: a treatise explaining ‘how the order of nuns began,’ and a monastic rule suitable for her nuns at the Paraclete. Although they were already observing the Benedictine Rule, she complained that as this rule ‘was clearly written for men alone, it can only be fully obeyed by men,’ because it is not fair to lay ‘the same yoke of monastic ordinance on the weaker sex as on the stronger.’ Heloise went on to specify several concrete areas of concern, such as the use of meat and wine, the dangers of hospitality, the practice of manual labor, and the liturgical role assigned to the abbot. To underline her point, she even observed that the regulation underwear prescribed in the Benedictine Rule was not suitable for women, because ‘the monthly purging of their superfluous humours must avoid such things.’
Atto of Vercelli, De pressuris ecclesiasticis, Archbishop Wulfstan, and Wulfstan's “Commonplace Book”
Authors: Cross J. E.
Published: August 2016

Karl Jost first noted the use of a passage from Atto of Vercelli, De pressuris ecclesiasticis, in Archbishop Wulfstan's Latin composition De Christianitate. Dorothy Bethurum, however, in her essay on the group of manuscripts associated as representatives of Wulfstan's “Commonplace Book,” suggested that an extract in one of these, Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 190, pp. 96–97, was an intermediary between the original work of Atto and Wulfstan's De Christianitate. Jost and Bethurum used the edition of Atto by d'Achery, reprinted in Migne. Now Joachim Bauer has re-edited Atto's tract and, finding early manuscripts rare, has read CCC 190 and identified more quotations from Atto in this English manuscript.
Valentino da Camerino, O.P. (1438–1515): Teacher and Critic of Cajetan
Authors: Tavuzzi Michael
Published: August 2016

Valentino da Camerino is the only one of the teachers of Thomas de Vio Cajetan to be expressly mentioned by any of Cajetan's earliest biographers. Indeed, he is mentioned by only one of these, Bartolomeo Spina da Pisa. Spina had been commissioned by Cajetan to oversee the publication of the first edition of his commentary on the Pars Secunda Secundae of Aquinas's Summa Theologiae. When the work appeared on 20 August 1518, it included a preface by Spina which is largely biographical in content and laudatory in tone. The reference to Valentino as having been Cajetan's teacher was clearly intended as a compliment to Cajetan and testifies to the kind of reputation that Valentino must have enjoyed even after his death in 1515.
Philology and Authorship in thePassio Sanctarum Perpetuae et Felicitatis
Authors: Heffernan Thomas J.
Published: August 2016

The martyrs whose suffering and death is recorded in thePassio Sanctarum Perpetuae et Felicitatishave been revered for almost two millennia. The Church has signaled its high regard with the inclusion of Perpetua and Felicitas in thecanon missae.The praise for these young Carthaginian converts was immediate. Beginning with Tertullian and including luminaries like Augustine and Quodvuldeus, leaders of the African church acknowledged these youthful Christians as models of Christian self-sacrifice; their triumph, the courage of spirit over the dread of death. For Tertullian, their act of confident self-immolation was the apogee of Christian fortitude. In his discussion of the location of the eternal dwelling place for those who die in Christ, Tertullian, inDe Anima, called the young Roman woman Vibia Perpetua “the most courageous martyr” of the Church. His comment, at least partly intended to stiffen the resolve of his threatened congregation, is difficult to reconcile with the normative status accorded at this time to the figure of Stephen in Acts (cf. Acts 6–7). His remark might be a flight of characteristic hyperbole. It might suggest, however, that the traditional role of the proto-martyr Stephen was not yet canonical in Carthage. Conversely, if Tertullian has already moved from orthodoxy, it might represent a deliberate attempt on his part to elevate the narrative of thePassioover the incident in Acts, thus privileging Montanist belief in the power of the Holy Spirit's continuing revelation. There is certainly evidence for the latter position in the anonymous editor's opening remarks in thePassioitself.
L'influence des communautés dans l'histoire de la pensée de l'Espagne musulmane: L'exemple des milieux hispanique et berbère
Authors: Urvoy Dominique
Published: August 2016

Jusque dans les années 50, les historiens de la pensée parlaient de préférence de pensée ‘arabe', car la grande majorité des oeuvres qu'ils étudiaient sont écrites en langue arabe. Sous l'influence d'auteurs comme H. Corbin, qui ont souligné l'importance des textes persans, on parle maintenant de pensée ‘islamique'. Mais que dire alors de penseurs comme Yahyâ ibn ‘Adî qui est un chrétien, ou Saadia Gaon qui est un juif, ou encore Abû Bakr al-Râzî qui est un philosophe pur, sans lien avec aucun monothéisme??
Health Lessons Learned from the Recent Earthquakes and Tsunami in Asia
Authors: de Ville de Goyet Claude
Published: August 2016

The evaluations following the Tsunami that affected 12 countries (December 2004) and the earthquakes in Bam, Iran (2003), and in Pakistan (2005) offered valuable lessons for public health preparedness against all types of risks (natural, complex, or technological) in all countries (regardless their level of development).

The lessons learned, needs assessments, effectiveness of external life-saving assistance, disease surveillance and control, as well as donations management, were reviewed.

Although hundreds of surveys or studies were conducted, the needs assessments were partial and uncoordinated. The findings often were not shared by individual agencies.

The evaluations in each of the three disasters point to some additional issues:

1. Foreign mobile hospitals rarely arrived in time for immediate trauma care. Existing international guidelines for the use of field hospitals often were ignored and must be updated and promoted. Local and neighboring facilities are best at providing immediate, life-saving care;

2. Occassionally, the risk of epidemics was grossly overestimated by the agencies and the mass media. Surveillance and improved routine control programs work without resorting to costly, improvised immunization campaigns of doubtless value. Improving or re-establishing water and sanitation must be the first priority;

3. Health donations were not always appropriate, nor did they follow the World Health Organization guidelines. The costly destruction of inappropriate donations was a recurrent problem; and

4. Medical volunteers from within the affected country were abounding, but did not benefit from the external logistical and material support. The international community should provide logistical and material support before sending expatriate teams that are unfamiliar with the area and its health problems.

Investing in the preparedness of the national health services and communities should become a priority for disaster-prone countries and those assisting them in their development.
Protecting Nursing Home Residents during Emergencies or Disasters: An Exploratory Study from South Carolina
Authors: Laditka Sarah B. , Laditka James N. , Xirasagar Sudha , Cornman Carol B. , Davis Courtney B. , Richter Jane V.E.
Published: August 2016

Purpose:

This is an exploratory study of nursing home preparedness in South Carolina intended to: (1) examine nursing home administrators' perceptions of disaster preparedness in their facility in the absence of an immediate emergency or disaster, and changes in their views about preparedness following a large disaster; (2) study whether administrators' knowledge of shortcomings in preparedness leads them to change their views about planning; and (3) suggest ways to enhance preparedness.

Methods:

A descriptive survey based on interviews with public officials responsible for nursing home safety was developed and mailed to all 192 licensed nursing homes in South Carolina in July 2005, and an extensive literature review was performed. As responses to the baseline survey were received, Hurricane Katrina devastated the Gulf Coast.Two weeks after Katrina, a brief, post-Katrina survey was mailed, asking administrators if Katrina had influenced their preparedness plans. Quantitative responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Three researchers coded the qualitative data and conducted a thematic analysis.

Results:

One hundred twelve baseline surveys and 50 post-Katrina surveys were completed (response rates 58.3% and 26%, respectively). A large number of respondents reported a high level of satisfaction with the overall ability of their facilities to protect residents during an emergency or disaster. However, many were less satisfied with their preparedness in specific, important areas, including: (1) providing shelter to evacuees from other nursing homes; (2) transportation; and (3) staffing. In the post-Katrina survey, 54% of respondents were re-evaluating their disaster plans; only 36% felt well-prepared. Those re-evaluating their plans specifically mentioned evacuation, transportation, supplies, staffing, and communication.

Conclusions:

Transportation, communication, supplies, staffing, and the ability to provide shelter to evacuees are important domains to consider when evaluating nursing home preparedness. Administrators believe their nursing homes need to improve in all of these areas. Recommendations include developing improved transportation arrangements, redundant communication systems, and stronger linkages with local emergency preparedness systems.
Estimating Demographic Indicators in a Conflict-Affected Population in Eastern Sudan
Authors: Doocy Shannon , Burnham Gilbert , Robinson Courtland
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

Although the international community currently is focused on Darfur, it is important that the status of other conflict-affected populations throughout Sudan are not overlooked. For the past decade, the Beja population, located along the Sudan-Eritrea border, has been affected by a conflict that has drawn little attention from the international community.

Methods:

This study assessed crude mortality rates and other demographic characteristics using a mortality study nested within a nutrition assessment using cluster sampling methods.

Results:

The crude mortality rate among the Beja population in the National Democratic Alliance (NDA)-controlled territories between October 2003 and October 2004 was estimated at 1.4/10,000/day (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–1.6); the under five years of age mortality rate was estimated at 2.7/10,000/day (95% CI: 2.2–3.3). Both of these are elevated rates that exceed the accepted threshold to declare a humanitarian emergency.

Conclusions:

When considered with recent reports of elevated malnutrition rates, the status of Beja is critical by international standards. Study findings suggest that: (1) nesting demographic objectives into other planned assessments (such as nutrition) are a feasible and cost-effective means for non-governmental organizations to characterize beneficiary populations; and (2) the Beja residing in the NDA-controlled territories are facing elevated mortality and are in urgent need of humanitarian assistance.
Critical Assessment of Statewide Hospital Pharmaceutical Surge Capabilities for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive Incidents
Authors: Hsu Edbert B. , Casani Julie A. , Romanosky Al , Millin Michael G. , Singleton Christa M. , Donohue John , Feroli E. Robert , Rubin Melvin , Subbarao Italo , Whyne Dianne M. , Snodgrass Thomas D. , Kelen Gabor D.
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

In recent years, government and hospital disaster planners have recognized the increasing importance of pharmaceutical preparedness for chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive (CBRNE) events, as well as other public health emergencies. The development of pharmaceutical surge capacity for immediate use before support from the (US) Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) becomes available is integral to strengthening the preparedness of local healthcare networks.

Methods:

The Pharmaceutical Response Project served as an independent, multidisciplinary collaboration to assess statewide hospital pharmaceutical response capabilities. Surveys of hospital pharmacy directors were conducted to determine pharmaceutical response preparedness to CBRNE threats.

Results:

All 45 acute care hospitals in Maryland were surveyed, and responses were collected from 80% (36/45). Ninety-two percent (33/36) of hospitals had assessed pharmaceutical inventory with respect to biological agents, 92% (33/36) for chemical agents, and 67% (24/36) for radiological agents. However, only 64% (23/36) of hospitals reported an additional dedicated reserve supply for biological events, 67% (24/36) for chemical events, and 50% (18/36) for radiological events. More than 60% of the hospitals expected to receive assistance from the SNS within ≤48 hours.

Conclusions:

From a pharmaceutical perspective, hospitals generally remain under-prepared for CBRNE threats and many expect SNS support before it realistically would be available. Collectively, limited antibiotics and other supplies are available to offer prophylaxis or treatment, suggesting that hospitals may have insufficient pharmaceutical surge supplies for a large-scale event. Although most state hospitals are improving pharmaceutical surge capabilities, further efforts are needed.
Field Triage and Patient Maldistribution in a Mass-Casualty Incident
Authors: Zoraster Richard M. , Chidester Cathy , Koenig William
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

Management of mass-casualty incidents should optimize outcomes by appropriate prehospital care, and patient triage to the most capably facilities. The number of patients, the nature of injuries, transportation needs, distances, and hospital capabilities and availabilities are all factors to be considered. Patient maldistributions such as overwhelming individual facilities, or transport to facilities incapable of providing appropriate care should be avoided. This report is a critical view of the application of the START triage nomenclature in the prehospital arena following a train crash in Los Angeles County on 26 January 2005.

Methods:

A scheduled debriefing was held with the major fire and emergency medical services responders, Medical Alert Center staff, and hospitals to assess and review the response to the incident. Site visits were made to all of the hospitals involved. Follow-up questions were directed to emergency department staff that were on duty during the day of the incident.

Results:

The five Level-I Trauma Centers responded to the poll with the capacity to receive a total of 12 “Immediate” patients, 2.4 patients per center, the eight Level-II Trauma Centers responded with capacity to receive 17 “Immediate” patients, two patients per center, while the 25 closest community hospitals offered to accept 75 “Immediate” patients, three patients per hospital. These community hospitals were typically about one-half of the size of the trauma centers (average 287 beds versus 548, average 8.7 operating rooms versus 16.6). Twenty-six patients were transported to a community hospital >15 miles from the scene, while eight closer community hospitals did not receive any patients.

Conclusions:

The debriefing summary of this incident concluded that there were no consistently used criteria to decide ultimate destination for “Immediates”, and that they were distributed about equally between community hospitals and trauma centers.
KAMEDO Report 90: Terrorist Attacks in Madrid, Spain, 2004
Authors: Boiling Roger , Ehrlin Ylva , Forsberg Rebecca , Rüter Anders , Soest Vivian , Vikström Tore , Örtenwall Per , Brändström Helge
Published: August 2016

This is a descriptive study of the medical responses to the bombings by terrorists in Madrid on 11 March 2004. The nature of the event, the human damage, and the responses are described. It describes the: (1) nature and operations associated with the alarm; (2) assignment of responding units and personnel; (3) establishment and operations of casualty collection points; (4) medical transport and distribution of injured victims; (5) prioritization and command; (6) hospital care; (7) psychosocial care; (8) identification of the dead; and (9) police investigation and actions. Each of these descriptions is discussed in terms of what currently is known and the implications for future planning, preparedness, and response.
Use of State Cancer Surveillance Data to Estimate the Cancer Burden in Disaster Affected Areas–Hurricane Katrina, 2005
Authors: Joseph Djenaba A. , Wingo Phyllis A. , King Jessica B. , Pollack Lori A. , Richardson Lisa C. , Wu Xiaocheng , Chen Vivien , Austin Harland D. , Rogers Deirdre , Cook Janice
Published: August 2016

Purpose:

The objective of this study was to estimate the burden of cancer in counties affected by Hurricane Katrina using population-based cancer registry data, and to discuss issues related to cancer patients who have been displaced by disasters.

Methods:

The cancer burden was assessed in 75 counties in Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi that were designated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency as eligible for individual and public assistance. Data from the National Program of Cancer Registries were used to determine three-year average annual age-adjusted incidence rates and case counts during the diagnosis years 2000–2002 for Louisiana and Alabama. Expected rates and counts for the most-affected counties in Mississippi were estimated by direct, age-specific calculation using the 2000–2002 county level populations and the site-, sex-, race-, and age-specific cancer incidence rates for Louisiana.

Results:

An estimated 23,549 persons with a new diagnosis of cancer in the past year resided in the disaster-affected counties. Fifty-eight percent of the cases were cancers of the lung/bronchus, colon/rectum, female breast, and prostate. Eleven of the top 15 cancer sites by sex and black/white race in disaster counties had >50% of cases diagnosed at the regional or distant stage.

Conclusions:

Sizable populations of persons with a recent cancer diagnosis were potentially displaced by Hurricane Katrina. Cancer patients required special attention to access records in order to confirm diagnosisand staging, minimize disruption in treatment, and ensure coverage of care. Cancer registry data can be used to provide disaster planners and clinicians with estimates of the number of cancer patients, many of whom maybe undergoing active treatment.