bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Production and Export of Tomato from India: Markov Chain Approach
Authors: Rudrapur Shreeshail , Hiremath Deepa
Published: July 2024

India is the second largest producer of tomatoes in the world after China contributing around 10 percent of the world’s total tomato production and it has a lot of demand in the international market. The study was conducted to know the growth and stability in the area, production, productivity, and export of Indian tomatoes. The study also aimed to analyze the changing direction and magnitude of India’s tomato export to different countries. The study is based on secondary data collected from different sources over a period of 15 years (2006-07 to 2020-21). Compound annual growth rate analysis and instability index analysis were used to work out the growth and instability in the area, production, productivity, and export of Indian tomatoes. To analyze the direction of trade to different export destinations and to work out export projections, the Markov chain analysis/transition probability matrix through linear programming was used. The findings of the study revealed that there was positive growth in the area (2.21%), production (5.35%), productivity (3.07%), and even export of tomatoes (9.47% export quantity & 18.69% export value)  from India but growth rates as well as instability were found to be more in export compared to area, production, and productivity. The results of the Markov chain analysis/transition probability matrix showed that other minor countries pooled under the category ‘others’, Bangladesh and UAE were more stable importers of Indian tomatoes whereas Nepal and Oman were found not at all stable countries with no retention of trade. Hence, Indian export policies need to be oriented towards these changes in trade directions and need to identify those countries among other minor importing countries to divert export of Indian tomato in the future.
Growth, Decomposition and Instability Analysis of Major Rabi Pulse Crops in Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Balai Harkesh Kumar , Meena P. C. , Meena M. L. , Bairwa Kailash Chand , Kumar Sanjiv , Meena Rajendra Prasad , Bairwa S. K.
Published: July 2024

The purpose of the study was to analyze the growth, decomposition and instability in area, production and productivity of rabi pulse crops viz., gram and lentil in Madhya Pradesh. The study was based on secondary time series data. The time series data of area, production and productivity of rabi pulse crops viz., gram and lentil have been taken for 30 years from 1992-93 to 2021-22. The study period (1992-93 to 2021-22) was divided into four periods i.e. period-I (1992-93 to 2001-02), period-II (2002-03 to 2011-12), period- III (2012-13 to 2021-22) and overall period (1992-93 to 2021-22). Three different analyses were carried out in the study viz. (a) Compound annual growth rate by fitting exponential function, (b) Decomposition analysis by Minhas and Vaidyanthan, [1] model and (c) Instability analysis by Cuddy- Della Valle index. The findings of study observed that during the entire study period, the area under gram inclined at the rate of 0.32 per cent per annum while the production and productivity had significantly increased at the rate of 2.20, 1.88 per cent, respectively per annum in Madhya Pradesh. The production of gram in Madhya Pradesh might have increased due to significant growth in productivity. In the same time, the area, production and productivity of lentil recorded positive and significant growth rate at the rate of 3.07, 2.52 and 0.54 respectively, in Madhya Pradesh. During the overall period, yield effect was more responsible for the growth in gram and lentil production. The highest instability was observed in the production of gram and lentil crop during period – I, II, III and overall in the Madhya Pradesh.
Highlights

The highest growth was noticed in the production of gram during period – II in Madhya Pradesh
The yield effect was most powerful instrument to increase the production of crops
The highest instability was found in the production of gram and lentil pulse crop
Integrating Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery into National Health Policies: A Roadmap for Nigeria
Authors: Akindahunsi Taiwo , Adebayo Bamidele Oludele
Published: July 2024

This study explores the integration of cerebrovascular neurosurgery into Nigeria's national health policies, aiming to enhance the accessibility, quality, and sustainability of neurosurgical care. With a focus on Nigeria’s challenges due to a high prevalence of cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs), this research identifies critical gaps in healthcare delivery and proposes comprehensive reforms. The study employed a systematic review of existing literature with thematic analysis to identify barriers to neurosurgical care and evaluate the effectiveness of current national health policies. Key barriers identified include severe shortages in the neurosurgical workforce, inadequate medical infrastructure, financial constraints, geographic disparities, and a general lack of public awareness about cerebrovascular diseases. The analysis also highlights the fragmented nature of the healthcare system and the inadequacy of current health policies to support neurosurgical needs effectively. In response to these challenges, the study proposes the Systems Integration Framework for Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery (SIF-CN), a framework designed to address these issues through strategic policy recommendations. The framework emphasizes workforce expansion, infrastructure enhancement, better integration of neurosurgical care within national health policies, improved financing mechanisms, and enhanced public awareness programs. The findings suggest that implementing the SIF-CN could significantly improve health outcomes by increasing the availability and quality of neurosurgical care, thus reducing the mortality and disability associated with cerebrovascular diseases. Economically, better neurosurgical care could decrease the long-term healthcare costs and enhance productivity by reducing the burden of disability. Socially, the proposed framework aims to ensure equitable access to care and enhance the overall public health infrastructure. The study concludes that urgent, collaborative action is required to overhaul the existing framework and implement the proposed model, which could lead to substantial improvements in the health and well-being of Nigeria's population.
Impact of Different Levels of Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Authors: Saryam Kanhaiya Lal , Pradhan Atul Madhao , Tilwari Anita , Kher Deepak
Published: July 2024

Aim: The current investigation was carried out to analyze the effects of distinct levels of nitrogen on growth and yield for the linseed cultivar Jawahar-7.
Study Design: The experiment consists of randomize block design.
Plan and Duration of Study: The experiment was having three replications which was conducted in Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational (SAGE) University experimental field which is under the supervision of School of Agriculture; during rabi season 2022-23.
Methodology:  In this experiment, 7 treatment combinations including four levels of nitrogen as N1- 0 kg/ha, N2- 60 kg/ha, N3- 10 kg/ha, N4-20 kg/ha, N5-30 kg/ha, N6-40 kg/ha, and N57- 50 kg/ha, respectively. These treatments were treated on the popular variety; Jawahar-7.
Results: Results revealed that the highest plant height (79.21 cm), number of branches per plant (7.78), number of capsules per plant (36.24), test weight (9.96 g), seed yield (17.65q/ha) and stover yield (28.67 q/ha), highest gross return (104541.00 Rs/ha, net returns (81425.00 Rs/ha) and benefit cost ratio (3.87) at maximum crop growth stage was recorded in plots treated with application of nitrogen @ 60 kg/ha followed by the 40 kg/ha, and 50 kg/ha nitrogen application rate. The sequential increase in fertilizer levels of nitrogen gives the higher growth and yield attributes.
Conclusion: Nitrogen supply, N @ 60 kg/ha should be more profitable for the improved growth and development of the crop resulting in enhancement of yield and yield attributing traits which can be economically more beneficial to the farmers.
Students’ Perceptions on Sustainable Service Quality in Higher Education Using Serviqual Model– A Case of Tanzania Institute of Accountancy Singida Campus
Authors: Minja Mary Daniel , Ryakitimbo Crispin Magige , Mrutu Lukio Lawrence , Francis Nyakeko
Published: July 2024

This study examined service quality and student satisfaction in higher education, focusing on the Tanzania Institute of Accountancy (TIA) Singida Campus. Using SERVQUAL model, the research explored five dimensions of service quality: tangibles, assurance, reliability, responsiveness, and empathy. A case study design was employed to gather data from 297 diploma and undergraduate students. Quantitative analysis via IBM SPSS version 25 revealed varied satisfaction levels across the SERVQUAL dimensions. Tangibles received the lowest satisfaction scores indicating a need for improved facilities and accommodations, while reliability scored highest, reflecting students' trust in the consistency and proficiency of lecturers. Although students were generally satisfied with the friendliness and politeness of TIA staff, responsiveness and empathy showed room for improvement, particularly in non-teaching staff's problem-solving abilities and the institute's handling of student inquiries and complaints. The study highlights the necessity for higher learning institutions to continually enhance service quality to meet students' expectations and maintain competitiveness in the academic sector.
Reevaluating the Complementary Relationship between Single Ultrafilters and Linear Obstacles in Connectivity Systems
Authors: Fujita Takaaki
Published: July 2024

The study of graph width parameters is highly significant in graph theory and combinatorics. Among these parameters, linear-width is particularly well-regarded and established. The concepts of Single Filter and Linear Obstacle pose challenges to achieving optimal linear-width in a connectivity system. In this concise paper, we present an alternative proof that establishes the cryptomorphism between Single Filter and Linear Obstacle. Although this proof may not be highly novel, we hope it will enhance the understanding of the intricate relationship between graph width parameters and ultrafilters.
Studies on Operational Parameters of Drone Mounted Sprayer to Determine the Application Rate for Herbicide Application in Crops
Authors: Satish  , Shirwal Sunil , Veerangouda  , Sushilendra M, , N Ananda
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted to study the operational parameters drone mounted sprayer to determine the actual application rate required. The hexa-copter drone mounted sprayer of 10 L was selected to for pre-field test. The treatment plot size of 15mx20m area was marked. The drone mounted sprayer operated at autonomous mode. The experiments were conducted at five different levels of independent parameters, viz, forward speed (1, 2, 3.5 5 and 6 m) and height of spray (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 m). Dependent parameters like as swath width, application rate and field capacity were determined. The design expert software RSM central composite design was sused for optimal number of experiments. The total combinations of 13 experiment treatments were conducted. The results obtained at the maximum and minimum application rate of drone mounted sprayer was found to be 133 and 33.1 l ha-1. The swath width of drone mounted sprayer was in the range of 1.8 to 6 m.
Response of Quinoa to Different Levels of Spacing and Fertilizer
Authors: Chaudhary Ashok. N. , Prajapati N.N. , Desai Jigar
Published: July 2024

The field experiment conducted at the Centre for Crop Improvement, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, evaluated the response of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) to different spacing and fertilizer levels across multiple seasons (2018-19, 2019-20, and 2020-21). The result of the experiment indicated plant height at 30, 60 days after sowing (DAS), and at harvest was significantly highest in the S3 spacing treatment (22.5 cm x 15 cm). Similarly, the F3 fertilizer treatment (60-40-40 NPK kg/ha) resulted in significantly taller plants at these stages compared to other fertilizer levels. While spacing did not significantly affect inflorescence length and girth, treatment with F3 fertilizer (60-40-40 NPK kg/ha) notably increased these parameters compared to other fertilizer treatments. On a pooled basis, spacing treatment S1 (30 cm x 10 cm) significantly increased grain and straw yield. Likewise, fertilizer treatment F3 (60-40-40 NPK kg/ha) resulted in significantly higher grain and straw yield compared to other fertilizer levels. Spacing treatment S1 (30 cm x 10 cm) demonstrated the highest net return and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) in economic terms. Similarly, fertilizer treatment F3 (60-40-40 NPK kg/ha) showed the highest net return and BCR among the different fertilizer treatments. In conclusion, the experiment highlights that spacing S3 (22.5 cm x 15 cm) and fertilizer F3 (60-40-40 NPK kg/ha) are optimal for achieving maximum plant height, inflorescence development, grain and straw yield, as well as economic profitability in quinoa cultivation. These findings provide valuable insights for enhancing productivity and economic viability in the cultivation of this promising pseudo-cereal crop.
Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis Infestation in Dog in Agartala, Tripura, India
Authors: Bhowmik Pratik , De Subhra , Das Sagarika , Sarkar Sulanki , Borah Debjani
Published: July 2024

Aim: The present investigation was aimed to study the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs.
Place and Duration of Study: The present work was conducted for a period of one calendar year from February 2023 to January 2024 at different veterinary hospitals, dispensaries and private clinics in and around Agartala, Tripura.
Methodology: Blood samples were collected from 824 numbers of dogs and they were subsequently examined by wet blood film method and modified Knott’s technique.
Results: Overall prevalence of D. immitis was found 22.08%. Breed, sex, age, season and category wise prevalence of D. immitis was recorded highest in mongrels (28.41%), in male dogs (22.57%), in dogs more than 3 years age (22.94%), in pre-monsoon season (25.86%) and in stray dogs (34.02%).
Conclusion: The result shows a relative high prevalence of diroﬁlariasis in Agartala, Tripura and hence veterinarians should pay more concern to this zoonotic disease and take appropriate measures to prevent the disease to dog population as well as human beings.
Detection and Molecular Characterization of Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus (ChiVMV) in Chili from Karnataka, India
Authors: Manyam Pradeep , A.S. Byadagi,
Published: July 2024

Introduction: The study aimed to characterize viral infections affecting chili plants in Karnataka, India, addressing the significant agricultural challenge posed by these infections. To tackle this problem, the study utilized multiple diagnostic methods viz., Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Direct Antigen Coating-Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (DAC-ELISA and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using specific. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of flexuous rod-shaped particles, indicative of potyviruses, in symptomatic leaf dip preparations. DAC-ELISA further confirmed the presence of potyvirus across all tested chili samples, with varying absorbance values among locations, highest in Masanige (1.66) and lowest in Dharwad (0.89). Positive reactions were consistent across all infected samples, contrasting with healthy and buffer controls. PCR using specific primers amplified a ~1.2 kb fragment from all diseased samples, confirming the presence of Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV). This comprehensive analysis underscores the prevalence and distribution of potyviruses, particularly ChiVMV, in chili crops in Karnataka, highlighting the importance of continued surveillance and management strategies to mitigate viral impact on agricultural productivity.
Influence of Organic Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)
Authors: Akram Vasim , Bahadur Vijay , Choudhary S.K.
Published: July 2024

A field investigation was carried out in randomized block design with nine treatments and three replications during summer 2023 at PG research block, department of Horticulture, SHUATS Prayagraj Uttar pardesh. The treatments comprising of integrated nutrient management viz., T1: Control (RDF), T2: 75% RDF + 25% FYM + Azotobactor 2 kg/ha, T3: 50% RDF + 50% FYM+ Azotobactor 2 kg/ha, T4: 75% RDF + 25% Vermicompost +Azotobactor 2 kg/ha, T5 :50% RDF + 50% Vermicompost + Azotobactor 2 kg/ha, T6: 75% RDF + 25% FYM + Azotobactor 2 kg/ha +Bio-Capsules, T7: 50% RDF + 50% FYM + Azotobactor 2 kg/ha +Bio-Capsules, T8: 75% RDF+ 25% Vermicompost + Azotobactor 2 kg/ha + bio-capsules, T9: 50% RDF +50%Vermicompost + Azotobactor 2 kg/ha + Bio-Capsules of treatment were evaluated in randomized block design with concept with three replications. Among these treatments T9 was found to be best in the terms of germination percentage growth parameter and yield parameters. The benefit to cost ratio for T9 is also found to be highest.
A Burning Issue on Oral Mucosal Diseases: Case Series with Review
Authors: Roychowdhury Durba , Chatterjee Rudra Prasad , Mahmud Sk. Abdul , Bagchi Sudeshna , Chatterjee Arunit
Published: July 2024

Oral Lichenoid Reaction (OLR) is a chronic inflammatory lesion of the oral mucosa that occurs as an allergic response to certain dental materials, medications and systemic diseases. The frequency of OLR in the general population has been documented to be very less. The clinical and histological features of OLR closely resemble those of Oral Lichen Planus (OLP), making it challenging to distinguish between the two clinically. OLRs might have a higher malignant potential than OLP. The diagnosis and treatment of OLR is very crucial as misdiagnosis may result in detrimental effects on the biophysical health of the patient. Here, we present case series of two patients who presented with amalgam restorations and burning sensation on the buccal mucosa while consumption of hot and spicy food. An immunohistopathological evaluation confirmed the diagnosis as Oral Lichenoid Reaction. Elimination of causative factors remain the mainstay of treatment which markedly reduces the sufferings of the patient with a commendable result.
Selection of Tropical Inbred Lines for Yield and Morpho-agronomical Traits in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Vaishnavi Swargam , Swarnalatha V. , Bhadru D. , Mallaiah B.
Published: July 2024

Aim: To determine the genetic parameters and the magnitude of association between yield and morpho-agronomical traits to improve the efficiency of selection in further crossing programme for high density planting.
Study Design: Randomized Block Design with two replications.
Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at Maize Research Centre, Agricultural Research Institute, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad in Kharif 2023.
Methodology: The present investigation was carried out to asses correlation, cause and cause effect relationship among 52 maize tropical inbred lines for the morpho-agronomical traits such as Number of leaves above the ear, Number of leaves below the ear, Tassel branch number, Tassel main axis length (cm), Plant height (cm), Ear height (cm), Leaf angle, Leaf length, Leaf width, Total number of leaves per plant which influences the leaf and stem architecture of maize.
Results: Results suggested that traits like plant height, total number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, No. of Kernels per row, No. of rows per cob and shelling percent were important for selection of genotypes as these traits recorded moderate to high range of GCV, PCV, heritability, genetic advance over mean and exhibited positive significant correlations along with direct effects on yield/cob for some of the mentioned traits. So, these traits were taken into consideration for selection of promising inbred lines GP88, PFSR29, PFSR32, PFSR51, BML6, BML20 among 52 genotypes for further crossing programme.
Superconductivity in Layered Chalcogenides
Authors: Mizuguchi Yoshikazu
Published: May 2014

Layered chalcogenides have received much attention in the field of superconductivity because of the variety of their structures and the observation of unconventional superconductivity. Here, the crystal structure and physical properties of four novel metal chalcogenides, Fe chalcogenides, BiS2‐based family, CdI2‐type chalcogenides, and a possible topological superconductor CuxBi2Se3, are summarized. In particular, this article will focus on the correlation between the crystal structure and superconductivity of the layered chalcogenides.
The Doherty Power Amplifier
Authors: Colantonio Paolo , Giannini Franco , Giofrè Rocco , Piazzon Luca
Published: May 2014

The Doherty power amplifier (DPA) is hereby presented and described starting from the basic idea up to more advanced and state‐of‐art results and guidelines. The DPA historical aspect is also covered, describing the timeline of its evolution. Moreover, the reasons related to why this architecture, roughly 80 years after its invention, is still on its wave to realizing very advanced power amplifier stages for wireless systems, are also highlighted. The limitations of the original topology are put into evidence together with the proposed solutions to overcome them. Another significant part of this contribution is focused on the integration of the DPA architecture with high‐efficiency power amplifier classes such as class F, Inverse F, and Inverse E. Some solutions to improve the output power back‐off of the DPA such as multiway, multistage, and multistep are also reported. Finally, the DPA frequency response limitation is put into evidence and several enhanced solutions to improve it are presented.

The theoretical aspects are supported with experimental solutions, implemented as Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC), Microwave Integrated Circuit or simply Hybrid Integrated Circuit (HIC), highlighting the different approaches and behavior.
On the dynamics of hot air plasmas related to lightning discharges: 1. Gas dynamics
Authors: Ripoll Jean‐François , Zinn John , Jeffery Christopher A. , Colestock Patrick L.
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we first study the dynamics of hot shocks in air in cylindrical geometry coupled to multiband radiation transport and detailed air chemistry. The wide energy and length scale ranges which are covered herein includes and exceeds the ones of first and subsequent return strokes happening during lightning discharges. An emphasis is put on the NOx production and the optical power emitted by strong shocks as the ones generated by Joule heating of the air from intense current flows. The production rate of NOx, which is useful for atmospheric global modeling, is found to be between 4.5 × 1016 and 8.6 × 1016 molecules/J for all computed cases, which is in agreement with the literature. Two different radiation transport methods are used to characterize the variability of the results according to the radiation transport method. With the exact radiation solver, we show that between 15 and 40% of the energy is lost by radiation, with a percentage between 20 and 25% for averaged lightning energies. The maximal visible peak is between 7 × 108 W/m and 3 × 107 W/m obtained for, respectively, a 19 kJ/cm and a 28 J/cm energy input. The mean radiated powers in the visible range are found between 9 × 106 W/m and 2 × 105 W/m for the energies just mentioned. We discuss the agreement of these values with previous studies.
Structure function analysis of chemical tracer trails in the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region
Authors: Roberts B. C. , Larsen M. F.
Published: May 2014

Trimethyl aluminum (TMA) trails released from sounding rockets have been used extensively as a tracer of the neutral atmospheric motions in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere region and serve as a tracer of the atmospheric structure in the altitude range where the trails are released. In addition to the bulk motion corresponding to the winds, smaller‐scale structure is also evident in the trail images, which can be an indication of turbulence or small‐scale wave behavior. In the 90 to 100 km altitude range, the trails are often visible for periods of 20 to 30 min or even longer, so that the horizontal scale sizes spanned by the trails increase significantly as the trails expand due to the combined effects of turbulent diffusion and horizontal displacements due to vertical shears in the winds. We describe a study involving data from high‐, middle‐, and low‐latitude TMA releases. In each case the structure function for the fluctuation structure within the trails was calculated for a sequence of trail images. Each image in the sequence corresponds to an outer horizontal spatial scale that increases with time. By analyzing the time evolution of the structure function, changes in the dynamical processes associated with the form of the structure function have been identified as a function of time and thus also of the increasing horizontal spatial scale size. A consistent pattern is found for all locations, namely a transition in fitted exponent for the structure function that suggests a change from more isotropic turbulence immediately after the trail is released to stratified turbulence at the later times when the horizontal scale size has increased to several hundred kilometers. The transition is found to occur near a horizontal spatial scale in the range between 100 and 200 km.
Individual and coupled influences of AMO and ENSO on regional precipitation characteristics and extremes
Authors: Goly Aneesh , Teegavarapu Ramesh S. V.
Published: May 2014

Understanding the influences of Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) on regional precipitation extremes and characteristics in the state of Florida is the focus of this study. Exhaustive evaluations of individual and combined influences of these oscillations using, descriptive indices‐based assessment of statistically significant changes in rainfall characteristics, identification of spatially varying influences of oscillations on dry and wet spell transition states, antecedent precipitation prior to extreme events, intraevent temporal distribution of precipitation and changes in temporal occurrences of extremes including dry/wet cycles are carried out. Rain gage and gridded precipitation data analysis using parametric hypothesis tests confirm statistically significant changes in the precipitation characteristics from one phase to another of each oscillation and also in coupled phases. Spatially nonuniform and uniform influences of AMO and ENSO, respectively, on precipitation are evident. AMO influences vary in peninsular and continental parts of Florida and the warm (cool) phase of AMO contributes to increased precipitation extremes during wet (dry) season. The influence of ENSO is confined to dry season with El Niño (La Niña) contributing to increase (decrease) in extremes and total precipitation. Wetter antecedent conditions preceding daily extremes are dominant in AMO warm phase compared to the cool and are likely to impact design floods in the region. AMO influence on dry season precipitation extremes is noted for ENSO neutral years. The two oscillations in different phases modulate each other with seasonal and spatially varying impacts and implications on flood control and water supply in the region.
Effects of westerly wind bursts on El Niño: A new perspective
Authors: Lian Tao , Chen Dake , Tang Youmin , Wu Qiaoyan
Published: May 2014

Daily observations from 1971 to 2010 reveal that every El Niño during this period was accompanied by congregated westerly wind bursts, suggesting a close relationship of these bursts with both “cold tongue” and “warm pool” El Niño events. With the addition of burst‐like multiplicative noise to an intermediate ocean‐atmosphere coupled model, it is shown that westerly wind bursts, by generating eastward equatorial surface currents and downwelling Kelvin waves, could be responsible for the existence of the warm pool El Niño and for the irregularity and extremes of the cold tongue El Niño. Whether these bursts give rise to one type of El Nino or the other depends on the timing of their occurrence relative to the phase of the recharge‐discharge cycle of the equatorial upper ocean heat content.
Observation of large‐amplitude magnetosonic waves at dipolarization fronts
Authors: Zhou Meng , Ni Binbin , Huang Shiyong , Deng Xiaohua , Ashour‐Abdalla Maha , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Yuan Zhigang , Pang Ye , Li Huimin
Published: May 2014

Various plasma waves have been observed in the vicinity of dipolarization fronts (DFs) and the rarefaction regions behind them. It was suggested that these waves not only play crucial roles in regulating particle kinetics at the DFs but also may potentially affect the large‐scale dynamics of the magnetotail. In this paper, we present the observations of large‐amplitude electromagnetic waves at DFs that occurred during magnetospheric substorms. The DFs were embedded in either the tailward or earthward flows in the near‐Earth magnetotail. The wave frequencies were near the local proton cyclotron frequency. The waves propagated at highly oblique angles with respect to the ambient magnetic field (~80°–100°). Their corresponding wavelengths were on the order of the local ion gyroradii. The major magnetic field fluctuations were along the background magnetic field, while the electric field fluctuations were predominantly perpendicular to the background magnetic field. The waves were compressional waves as there was an anticorrelation between the plasma density and the wave magnetic field strength. The electric potential associated with the waves reached to more than half of the electron temperature, indicating the waves are nonlinear. We suggest that the waves were magnetosonic or ion Bernstein mode waves driven by the ion ring distribution. The waves were able to provide significant anomalous resistivity at the front, with major contributions from the electric field fluctuations. The effects of these waves on the electron pitch angle scattering and energy diffusion are also discussed.
Messenger
RNA
in Prokaryotes
Authors: Kushner Sidney R
Published: May 2014

Messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs)
are molecules that represent the intermediate step in the conversion of genetic information carried in a cell's
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
into functional proteins. They are synthesised by the enzyme RNA polymerase, which recognises specific sequences in the DNA (promoters) to initiate the process called transcription. Downstream sequences, called terminators, provide the signals for transcription to stop. Structural features of mRNAs, such as the presence of a strong ribosome‐binding site (RBS) and appropriate spacing between the RBS and the translation start codon, control both how effectively the information they contain is translated into functional proteins and how rapidly they are decayed. The steady‐state level of each mRNA, which is determined by the rate of its synthesis versus the rate of its decay, helps regulate how much protein is synthesised from each mRNA. mRNA decay in prokaryotes is carried out by a series of nucleases that can either degrade the RNA molecule by cleaving at internal sites or removing one nucleotide at a time from either the 5′ or 3′ terminus.

Key Concepts:

RNA is distinguished from DNA by the presence of ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine.

Messenger RNAs are required for converting the genetic information in the DNA into functional proteins.

More than one protein can be encoded in a single mRNA.

In prokaryotes mRNAs must have a ribosome binding site in order to be translated.

Secondary and tertiary structures within an mRNA affect its stability and functionality.

Riboswitches help regulate the expression of a large number of genes.

mRNAs are degraded by a variety of ribonucleases.

mRNA decay is carried out by multiprotein complexes in bacteria.

Polyadenylation of mRNAs in bacteria stimulate their degradation.

The translation and stability of many mRNAs are regulated by sRNAs.
Photosynthesis: Ecology
Authors: Dyson Beth , Johnson Giles
Published: May 2014

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy for use in growth and cellular repair. The ability of plants to capture light energy, carry out photosynthesis and grow is affected by many environmental factors including temperature, water and nutrient supply. Plants living in natural environments are also subject to competition and shading from other plants and have a number of biochemical and morphological adaptations to increase the efficiency of light absorption, whilst avoiding light stress. Various adaptations of photosynthesis exist that allow plants to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Ultimately, the overall net photosynthetic rate of ecosystems has a major impact on the global carbon budget. These impacts may be significantly altered by global warming and subsequent climate change.

Key Concepts:

Photosynthesis requires the efficient capture of light whilst avoiding the absorption of damaging excess energy.

Light absorption can be optimised by plant growth, the movement of leaves and the movement of chloroplasts within leaves.

To grow optimally, plants must achieve a balance between the capture of light and the uptake of other resources.

Plants living in shaded conditions have adaptations to efficiently capture light including increased shoot:root ratios, thin leaves and high chlorophyll concentrations.

Two adaptations to C3 photosynthesis exist to optimise water use efficiency: C4 photosynthesis and crassalucean acid metabolism (CAM).

Both C4 and CAM involve a separation of CO
2
absorption and fixation: C4 spatially and CAM temporally.

If a plant is to survive, grow and reproduce, it must make a net gain in carbon, that is, carbon gained through photosynthesis must be greater than carbon lost through respiration.

Photosynthesis makes a significant contribution to carbon uptake from the atmosphere and may go some way to offsetting atmospheric increases due to human activity.

Understanding the effects of global warming on photosynthesis is complex but necessary to fully understand the consequences of climate change.
Rational Design of Organic Semiconductors for Texture Control and Self‐Patterning on Halogenated Surfaces
Authors: Ward Jeremy W. , Li Ruipeng , Obaid Abdulmalik , Payne Marcia M. , Smilgies Detlef‐M. , Anthony John E. , Amassian Aram , Jurchescu Oana D.
Published: May 2014

Understanding the interactions at interfaces between the materials constituting consecutive layers within organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) is vital for optimizing charge injection and transport, tuning thin‐film microstructure, and designing new materials. Here, the influence of the interactions at the interface between a halogenated organic semiconductor (OSC) thin film and a halogenated self‐assembled monolayer on the formation of the crystalline texture directly affecting the performance of OTFTs is explored. By correlating the results from microbeam grazing incidence wide angle X‐ray scattering (μGIWAXS) measurements of structure and texture with OTFT characteristics, two or more interaction paths between the terminating atoms of the semiconductor and the halogenated surface are found to be vital to templating a highly ordered morphology in the first layer. These interactions are effective when the separating distance is lower than 2.5 dw, where dw represents the van der Waals distance. The ability to modulate charge carrier transport by several orders of magnitude by promoting “edge‐on” versus “face‐on” molecular orientation and crystallographic textures in OSCs is demonstrated. It is found that the “edge‐on” self‐assembly of molecules forms uniform, (001) lamellar‐textured crystallites which promote high charge carrier mobility, and that charge transport suffers as the fraction of the “face‐on” oriented crystallites increases.
Tuning Susceptibility via Misfit Strain in Relaxed Morphotropic Phase Boundary PbZr1‐xTixO3 Epitaxial Thin Films
Authors: Agar J. C. , Mangalam R. V. K. , Damodaran A. R. , Velarde G. , Karthik J. , Okatan M. B. , Chen Z. H. , Jesse S. , Balke N. , Kalinin S. V. , Martin L. W.
Published: May 2014

Epitaxial strain is a powerful tool to manipulate the properties of ferroelectric materials. But despite extensive work in this regard, few studies have explored the effect of epitaxial strain on PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3. Here we explore how epitaxial strain impacts the structure and properties of 75 nm thick films of the morphotropic phase boundary composition. Single‐phase, fully epitaxial films are found to possess “relaxed” or nearly “relaxed” structures despite growth on a range of substrates. Subsequent studies of the dielectric and ferroelectric properties reveal films with low leakage currents facilitating the measurement of low‐loss hysteresis loops down to measurement frequencies of 30 mHz and dielectric response at background dc bias fields as large as 850 kV/cm. Despite a seeming insensitivity of the crystal structure to the epitaxial strain, the polarization and switching characteristics are found to vary with substrate. The elastic constraint from the substrate produces residual strains that dramatically alter the electric‐field response including quenching domain wall contributions to the dielectric permittivity and suppressing field‐induced structural reorientation. These results demonstrate that substrate mediated epitaxial strain of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 is more complex than in conventional ferroelectrics with discretely defined phases, yet can have a marked effect on the material and its responses.
Underwater Self‐Cleaning PEDOT‐PSS Hydrogel Mesh for Effective Separation of Corrosive and Hot Oil/Water Mixtures
Authors: Teng Chao , Lu Xianyong , Ren Guangyuan , Zhu Ying , Wan Meixiang , Jiang Lei
Published: May 2014

Oil‐polluted water is a worldwide problem due to the increasing industry oily wastewater and the frequent oil‐spill pollution. Here, PEDOT‐PSS hydrogel meshes are successfully prepared by using in‐situ chemical polymerization on Ti mesh substrate, which are composed of hierarchical porous structures and present superhydrophilicity in air and superoleophobicity underwater. And PEDOT‐PSS hydrogel meshes exhibit excellent environmental stability under a series of harsh conditions, which are used for the separation of the mixtures of oil and various corrosive and active aqueous solutions, including strong acidic, alkaline, or salt aqueous solutions, even hot‐water. The hydrogel meshes offer high separation efficiency of up to 99.9%. Importantly, the mesh still reveals 99.5% separation efficiency even after 50 times separation operation, demonstrating its excellent durability that shows attractive potential for practical oil‐water separation in industry and everyday life.
UV–Vis irradiation fatigue resistance improvement of azo photochromic compound using polyurethane‐chitosan double shell encapsulation
Authors: Fan Fei , Wang Chaoxia
Published: May 2014

Double shell photochromic microcapsules were prepared by in situ polymerization with polyurethane and chitosan as inner and outer shell respectively. FT‐IR indicated that chitosan‐glutaraldehyde copolymer formed by imine and combined with polyurethane photochromic nanocapsules. The polyurethane‐chitosan microcapsules exhibited a near‐spherical shape, and the average particle size of nanocapsules was around 1.2 μm. The half‐life of azo compound increased from 135 to 340 min after encapsulated in polyurethane‐chitosan microcapsules. The polyurethane‐chitosan shell delayed the coloration process for 14 s compared with azo compound in ethanol, however, the absorbance of azo compound increased by 17.15% in polyurethane‐chitosan microcapsules. It decreased from 0.3486 to 0.1738 in ethanol during 20 s, however, it decreased from 0.4084 to 0.2625 in polyurethane‐chitosan microcapsules in 55 s when it reached steady state during decoloration process. Polyurethane‐chitosan double shell encapsulation is an effective route for improving the fatigue resistance, increasing the absorbance of azo compound. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40895.
Comparing cracking time and structure changes of different high‐density polyethylenes during stress and photo‐oxidative aging
Authors: Huang Zhengyu , Li Yongliang , Ren Xiancheng
Published: May 2014

This article describes the structure changes of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) during stress and photo‐oxidative aging experiments, and the relationship between different materials and cracking time. The three most representative grades of HDPE are 9070, TR480, and 2480NT. The average molecular weight, the comonomer type, and content of materials were measured by high‐temperature gel permeation chromatography, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and successive self‐nucleation and annealing technique. Moreover, tensile testing was done to distinguish different toughness of materials. The samples were exposed to 5 MPa stress and ultraviolet irradiation in an aging oven, and observed at time intervals. The changes in structure were characterized by metallurgical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and gel content measurements. With increasing time, the crystallinity increased, whereas melting point and oxygen induction times decreased. Meanwhile, the carbonyl index values and gel content reached about 10% until the samples were cracked. The results manifested that the resistance to cracking of the different HDPEs followed the order: 2480NT > TR480 > 9070. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40904.
Effect of inert plasticizers on mechanical, thermal, and sensitivity properties of polyurethane‐based plastic bonded explosives
Authors: Yılmaz Gürkan Atınç , Şen Değer , Kaya Zekeriya Taner , Tinçer Teoman
Published: May 2014

Mechanical, thermal, and sensitivity properties of plastic bonded explosives (PBX) depend on the type of ingredients in their formulation. Aim of the work is to develop aluminized cast PBX formulations and process conditions by using alternative inert plasticizers to have similar or better properties than PBXN‐109 without compromising sensitivity properties. Although very small portion of total production of plasticizers is used for solid rocket propellant and explosive formulations, they play very significant role in that area. Both inert and energetic plasticizers have involved propellant and explosive formulations to improve process parameters, mechanical properties, and even insensitivity properties of them. Isodecyl pelargonate and dioctyl adipate are the most preferred inert plasticizers in polyurethane based thermoset propellant and explosive formulations. In addition to them, diisononyl adipate and diisononyl phthalate were used and screened as inert plasticizer candidates for aluminized cast PBX formulations. Mechanical, thermal, and sensitivity properties of PBX formulations were studied and compared in detail. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40907.
Encapsulation of animal wax‐based organogels in alginate microparticles
Authors: Sagiri Sai S. , Pal Kunal , Basak Piyali
Published: May 2014

Encapsulation of organogels is a novel perspective in the field of controlled drug delivery. This study reports encapsulation of lanolin based organogels within alginate microparticles. The microparticles were prepared by emulsification/internal gelation method. Microscopic studies suggested spherical shape of the microparticles. Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction and thermal studies confirmed the presence of organogels within the microparticles. Organogels containing microparticles showed improved drug (e.g., salicylic acid and metronidazole) entrapment efficiency. The release of the drugs from the microparticles was dependent on the pH of the dissolution medium. The release was diffusion mediated. The drug loaded microparticles showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli and B. subtilis. The preliminary study suggested that the encapsulation of the organogels may help prolonging the release of the drugs and hence may be tried as vehicles for controlled drug delivery. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40910.
Stem cell therapy and cellular engineering for treatment of neuronal dysfunction in Huntington's disease
Authors: Choi Kyung‐Ah , Hwang Insik , Park Hang‐soo , Oh Seung‐Ick , Kang Seongman , Hong Sunghoi
Published: May 2014

Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of neurons in the striatum, a sub‐cortical region of the forebrain. The sub‐cortical region of the forebrain is associated with the control of movement and behavior, thus HD initially presents with coordination difficulty and cognitive decline. Recent reprogramming technologies, including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and induced neural stem cells (iNSCs), have created opportunities to understand the pathological cascades that underlie HD and to develop new treatments for this currently incurable neurological disease. The ultimate objectives of stem cell‐based therapies for HD are to replace lost neurons and to prevent neuronal dysfunction and death. In this review, we examine the current understanding of the molecular and pathological mechanisms involved in HD. We discuss disease modeling with HD‐iPSCs derived from the somatic cells of patients, which could provide an invaluable platform for understanding HD pathogenesis. We speculate about the benefits and drawbacks of using iNSCs as an alternative stem cell source for HD treatment. Finally, we discuss cell culture and engineering systems that promote the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cell‐derived NSCs into a striatal DARPP32+ GABAergic MSN phenotype for HD. In conclusion, this review summarizes the potentials of cell reprogramming and engineering technologies relevant to the development of cell‐based therapies for HD.
Systematic review of skills transfer after surgical simulation-based training
Authors: Dawe S R , Pena G N , Windsor J A , Broeders J A J L , Cregan P C , Hewett P J , Maddern G J
Published: May 2014

Background

Simulation-based training assumes that skills are directly transferable to the patient-based setting, but few studies have correlated simulated performance with surgical performance.

Methods

A systematic search strategy was undertaken to find studies published since the last systematic review, published in 2007. Inclusion of articles was determined using a predetermined protocol, independent assessment by two reviewers and a final consensus decision. Studies that reported on the use of surgical simulation-based training and assessed the transferability of the acquired skills to a patient-based setting were included.

Results

Twenty-seven randomized clinical trials and seven non-randomized comparative studies were included. Fourteen studies investigated laparoscopic procedures, 13 endoscopic procedures and seven other procedures. These studies provided strong evidence that participants who reached proficiency in simulation-based training performed better in the patient-based setting than their counterparts who did not have simulation-based training. Simulation-based training was equally as effective as patient-based training for colonoscopy, laparoscopic camera navigation and endoscopic sinus surgery in the patient-based setting.

Conclusion

These studies strengthen the evidence that simulation-based training, as part of a structured programme and incorporating predetermined proficiency levels, results in skills transfer to the operative setting.