bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Art. XXIV.—On the traces of Feudalism in India, and the condition of Lands now in a comparative state of Agricultural Infancy
Authors: Prinsep Augustus
Published: March 2011

A Large continent like that which is embraced by the name of India, must contain tracts of country in very different stages of cultivation; and at any given time examples might perhaps be pointed out of every progressive change, through which oriental prosperity is advancing. If then, it be an object to obtain some idea of the original state of agricultural rights and habits where history is confused and tradition silent, an observation of those provinces, which are in the less advanced stages of civilization, seems to be the only channel of intelligence that is open. A dependence upon such a means of knowledge, with regard to the progress of society and wealth in European nations, might lead indeed to very mistaken conjectures; but in Hindustan there are many circumstances which render this process, though always to a certain degree fallacious, still comparatively less unsafe. Indian agriculture, as a practical science, is still in a very rude state, and notwithstanding the seventy years of our dominion, remains as one of the departments little benefited by British example or power. To this condition the hereditary prejudices of the Hindús, to whom conquest brought no instruction in the practical sciences, and the dearth of inter-communication with natives more advanced, have mainly contributed; and although we cannot exactly say that waste lands are brought into cultivation now, in the same manner that they used to be before the Brahmanical Institutions, we may yet safely look towards the most retired and least populated provinces, for the best exemplification within reach, of primitive society in India.
The Hittite Language of Boghaz Keui
Authors: Sayce A. H.
Published: March 2011

After a delay of many years certain of the cuneiform texts discovered by the German excavating expedition to Boghaz Keui in 1907 have been published during the War (30 wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesettschaft: Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi, parts i and ii—the third part has not yet reached foreign scholars; Hinrichs, Leipzig, 1916). It has therefore become possible to attack the problem of decipherment with a fair show of success, and also to estimate the value of such attempts at it as have already been made. Just before the War Professor Delitzsch published a number of lexical fragments, in which the Hittite words are given with their Assyrian and Sumerian equivalents, and it is from these that every scientific attempt at decipherment must start. The cuneiform originals which were transliterated by Professor Delitzsch are to be found in part i of the Keilschrifttexte.
The Development of the Land-revenue System of the Mogul Empire
Authors: Moreland W. H.
Published: March 2011

The Land-revenue system described in the Āīn-i-Akbari differs widely from that which British administrators took over in the eighteenth century, and students of history or economics require to know when and how the changes took place. I cannot find any literature dealing with this subject, and I attempt in this paper to estimate the changes which took place during the reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan.
A Debate between Christian and Moslem Doctors
Authors: Guillaume Alfred
Published: March 2011

It may seem strange that I should have chosen religious controversy as a subject on which to address members of the Royal Asiatic Society on the occasion of its centenary. But it is because, and not in spite of, the fact that the Society embraces so many Christian and Muhammadan scholars that I venture to exhume a mujādala which lived and died in the reign of the Caliph Al-Ma'mūn.
Art. XIII.—On the Processes prevailing among the Hindus, and formerly among the Egyptians, of quarrying and polishing Granite; its uses, &c.; with a few Remarks on the tendency of this Rock in India to separate by concentric exfoliation
Authors: Newbold
Published: March 2011

Among the Hindus of Southern India three modes of quarrying granite prevail. The first, and most common, is by the agency of fire. In this process the surface of the bare convex plateaus, or bosses, of the rock is covered with dry fuel, composed generally of bushes of the thorny Acacias common to the surrounding plains,—viz., those of the Babul and Kikar,—and proportioned in quantity according to the thickness of the slabs required. The fuel is set fire to, and suffered to burn, except in a few cases, until entirely consumed; when the subjacent rock will be found to have exfoliated in a cavo-convex flake, thinning off towards the edges, and varying in extreme thickness from six to twenty-four inches. The longer continued and more intense the heat, the deeper, in general, the line of separation. The flake is detached by driving small iron wedges underneath, and raising it with an iron lever: the separation is assisted, when the rock is refractory, by dropping a heavy boulder of greenstone or granite on its surface; or, when heated, by a sudden affusion of cold water.
Art. XXVIII.—The Past and Present Condition of the Deyrah Dhoon
Authors: Mac Donald J. D.
Published: March 2011

The Deyrah Dhoon, or, perhaps, more properly, Dehra Dhoon, is a valley cut off from the Dooab of the Ganges and Jumna by the Sevallic range of hills (average height about 2000 feet), which runs from the Ganges, at Hurdwar, in a north-westerly direction to the Jumna. Parallel with this range, to the north-east, is the first blue range of the Himalayas, on which Mussoorie and Landour are situated. Between these ranges, which are at an average distance from each other of about eight miles, lies the valley of the Dhoon. The bases of the hills, and a portion of the valley adjoining them, on each side, are covered with forests of very valuable timber. The centre of the valley, along its whole length, is open, with one trifling exception; and, where not cultivated, is covered with grass jungle, and a sprinkling of trees, both solitary and in clumps or belts, which, from a distance, gives the country a most park-like appearance. The town of Deyrah, and the cantonments of the Sirmoor battalion, stand in the middle of the valley, where it is intersected in its length by a road from the Ganges to the Jumna, and in its breadth by another from the plains of Indus, (through the Sevallic range,) to the Sanatorium of Mussoorie and Landour. The latter is fourteen miles from Deyrah, (half of which is ascent, the depôt being about 6300 feet above the valley,) and 7500 feet above the level of the sea. The water-shed, called here “pani dal,” also is near Deyrah, and streams rising on the one side of it run to the Ganges, on the other to the Jumna. These streams are large, increasing as they get nearer to the great rivers; very pure and clear; and, being of considerable rapidity, are well calculated to turn machinery, or to be turned out of their channels to irrigate the country as they pass.
Art. XI.—On the supposed Vaidik authority for the burning of Hindu Widows, and on the funeral ceremonies of the Hindus
Authors: Professor Wilson
Published: March 2011

In the lecture on the Vedas which I read during our last session I had occasion to notice some very remarkable passages in one of the Suktas, or Hymns of the Bich, relating to the disposal of the dead, and especially to the burning of widows, for which the hymn in question was always cited as authority. I stated then that the text quoted for that purpose had a totally different tendency, and that there was some reason to doubt if it was the ancient practice of the Hindus to burn their dead at all, quoting texts which seemed to enjoin burying, not burning. I added, however, that I had not had time to consider the passages with that care which they required, and that I communicated only the results of my first impressions. I have since examined the passages more deliberately, and propose now to offer to the Society the conclusions which I have deliberately formed; namely, that the text of the Rig Veda cited as authority for the burning of widows enjoins the very contrary, and directs them to remain in the world, and that, although the expressions relating to the disposal of the dead are somewhat equivocal, yet it seems most probable, upon a comparison with other texts aiid authorities, that the corpse was burned, although the ashes and bones were afterwards buried.
Art. III.—Vrācaḍa and Sindhī
Authors: Grierson G. A.
Published: March 2011

The Vrācaḍa Apabhraṁśa form of Prakrit was spoken in Sindh.1 We know very little about it, except that amongst its peculiarities were (1) the optional change of initial ta and da to ṭa and ḍa respectively; (2) the change of ṣa and sa to śa; and (3) the prefixing of y to c and j.
Art. X.—Translations of Three Copper Plate Inscriptions of the Fourth Century, A.D., and Notices of the Châlukya and Gurjjara Dynasties
Authors: Dowson J.
Published: March 2011

In the year 1837, Dr. A. Burn transmitted to Mr. James Prinsep, then Secretary of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, transcripts and facsimiles of four Copper Plate Inscriptions. “These plates,” he said, “were found in the town of Kaira, about ten years ago. The river Watrua runs close to the walls on the north-west side, and was the cause of the discovery, by washing down the walls and earth. They had been handed about the country among the natives for translation, it being supposed they were connected with some deposit of treasure. At last they were brought to me by a fakir, of whom I purchased them.”
Art. VI.—The Initial Coinage of Bengal
Authors: Thomas Edward
Published: March 2011

Towards the end of August, 1863, an unusually large hoard of coins, numbering in all no less than 13,500 pieces of silver, was found in the Protected State of Kooch Bahár, in Northern Bengal, the contents of which were consigned, in the ordinary payment of revenue, to the Imperial Treasury in Calcutta. Advantage was wisely sought to be taken of the possible archæological interest of such a discovery, in selections directed to be made from the general bulk to enrich the medal cabinets of the local Mint and the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. The task of selection, and with it of inevitably final rejection, was entrusted to Bábu Rajendra-lál-Mitra,—an experienced scholar in many branches of Sanskrit literature, and who, in the absence of more practised Numismatists, courageously encountered the novel study and, impromptu exposition of Semitic Palæography as practically developed in his own native land six centuries ago.
Art. XXI.—The Languages of Melanesia
Authors: von der Gabelentz Georg
Published: March 2011

The writer of this communication is the son of H. C. Von der Gabelentz; and is, like his distinguished father was before him, one of the most remarkable Linguistic Scholars of his time. He treats of a subject which is of the greatest importance, and which has this year been brought prominently to the notice of scholars by the Comparative Grammar of the Melanesian Languages compiled by the Rev. R. H. Codrington of the Melanesian Mission, and published by the Clarendon Press.
Uniform sets and super-stationary sets over general alphabets
Authors: KAMAE TETURO
Published: March 2011

Uniform sets and super-stationary sets over the binary alphabet have been extensively studied. In this paper, they are generalized to general alphabets. We generalize the fact that any uniform set contains a super-stationary set so that any uniform complexity is realized by a super-stationary set. This gives a formula to calculate the uniform complexity functions. We also give characterizations of the class of super-stationary sets in general settings in two somewhat different ways than in the binary case. Super-stationary sets are considered as phenomena which are independent of the time scale, but sensitive only to the direction of time, or dependent just on the order of events in time series. Hence, characterizations of super-stationary sets give insights into what is time, what looks like a history without a description of time duration, or what remains meaningful after we lose the quantitative sense of time.
Summable formal invariant curves of diffeomorphisms
Authors: LÓPEZ-HERNANZ L.
Published: March 2011

Let F be a tangent to the identity diffeomorphism in (ℂ2,0) and X its infinitesimal generator. We prove that Camacho and Sad’s formal invariant curves of X give summable formal power series, whose sums correspond to the parabolic curves found by Hakim for F and F−1.
Architectural space as a moulding factor of care practices and resident privacy in assisted living
Authors: NORD CATHARINA
Published: March 2011

This article presents an analysis of privacy, care practices and architectural space in assisted living in Sweden. The presented research is a qualitative case study. Observations and personal interviews with staff as well as residents were the major data collection methods. The analysis revealed the evasiveness of a private–public dichotomy; that is, how privacy appears in public spaces and how private spaces became public under certain conditions. During the course of a day, the residents' privacy was qualified and structured by caring activities that took place in various spaces and that associated with variable distance or closeness to the staff. The study shows that individualised care practices improved privacy for the resident, and that although architectural features constrained the staff, they used a number of spatial strategies to promote the residents' privacy, for instance, in the dining room at meal times or when residents were subject to intimate care in their private rooms. Access and control are dimensions of privacy that are relevant to assisted living. The residents had more control of access to their private rooms than control of their personal space in public areas. Individualised care strengthened the residents' agency. Staff supported the residents to lead a private life in the assisted-living facility.
Environmental issues of groundwater in Korea: implications for sustainable use
Authors: LEE J.Y.
Published: March 2011

Groundwater has been extensively exploited worldwide but is now confronted by a variety of problems, including groundwater depletion and contamination, that threaten its sustainable use as a clean water source. Groundwater is one of the major sources of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses, and provides 13% of the total annual water supply in Korea. Annual groundwater use has continuously increased from 2.57 billion m3 in 1994 to 3.72 billion m3 in 2007, of which 48.1% was consumed for domestic purposes. However, due to imprudent groundwater development and inappropriate management, Korea has confronted some critical groundwater problems, including extensive water level decline and quality deterioration caused by petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents. Among 193 national groundwater deep-monitoring wells nationwide, 62% showed decreasing water levels over the period 2004–2008. Soil and groundwater contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons was detected at a great number of military bases and public facilities, which drew national attention and complaints. The presence of high levels of radionuclides such as uranium and radon in groundwater has awakened controversy on their health effects. Increasing outbreaks of massive gastroenteritis were attributed to noroviruses in contaminated groundwater, and raised public health concerns. In addition, chlorinated solvents, especially trichloroethylene (TCE), have been frequently found in urban and industrial groundwaters, further adding to the burdens of environmental authorities. Consequently, these groundwater-related environmental issues have forced the Korean government and relevant authorities to urgently devise mitigation plans to secure a sustainable future use of groundwater resources. This paper provides details of the groundwater issues and implications for appropriate development and management.
Spread of West Nile virus in Iran: a cross-sectional serosurvey in equines, 2008–2009
Authors: AHMADNEJAD F. , OTAROD V. , FALLAH M. H. , LOWENSKI S. , SEDIGHI-MOGHADDAM R. , ZAVAREH A. , DURAND B. , LECOLLINET S. , SABATIER P.
Published: March 2011

We report the first large-scale serosurvey for West Nile virus (WNV) conducted in the equine population in Iran. Blood samples were obtained in 2008–2009 from 1054 equines collected from 260 districts located in 27 provinces. The overall seroprevalence rate for WNV neutralizing antibodies was 23·7%. Marked geographical variations were observed as province-specific seroprevalence rates ranged from 1% to 88%, the highest values being observed in the southern and western parts of the country. The presence of IgM-positive animals (n=9) indicated a recent circulation of WNV in several provinces. Logistic modelling confirmed this result with a significant effect of age on seropositivity. This study revealed extensive circulation of WNV in Iran particularly in southwestern provinces where the virus probably circulates every year.
Molecular characterization of group A rotaviruses detected in children with gastroenteritis in Ireland in 2006–2009
Authors: CASHMAN O. , COLLINS P. J. , LENNON G. , CRYAN B. , MARTELLA V. , FANNING S. , STAINES A. , O'SHEA H.
Published: March 2011

Community and hospital-acquired cases of human rotavirus are responsible for millions of gastroenteritis cases in children worldwide, chiefly in developing countries, and vaccines are now available. During surveillance activity for human rotavirus infections in Ireland, between 2006 and 2009, a total of 420 rotavirus strains were collected and analysed. Upon either PCR genotyping and sequence analysis, a variety of VP7 (G1–G4 and G9) and VP4 (P[4], P[6], P[8] and P[9]) genotypes were detected. Strains G1P[8] were found to be predominant throughout the period 2006–2008, with slight fluctuations seen in the very limited samples available in 2008–2009. Upon either PCR genotyping and sequence analysis of selected strains, the G1, G3 and G9 viruses were found to contain E1 (Wa-like) NSP4 and I1 VP6 genotypes, while the analysed G2 strains possessed E2 NSP4 and I2 VP6 genotypes, a genetic make-up which is highly conserved in the major human rotavirus genogroups Wa- and Kun-like, respectively. Upon sequence analysis of the most common VP4 genotype, P[8], at least two distinct lineages were identified, both unrelated to P[8] Irish rotaviruses circulating in previous years, and more closely related to recent European humans rotaviruses. Moreover, sequence analysis of the VP7 of G1 rotaviruses revealed the onset of a G1 variant, previously unseen in the Irish population.
Epidemiological and molecular assessment of a measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated population of northeast Italy
Authors: D'AGARO P. , MOLIN G. DAL , GALLO T. , ROSSI T. , SANTON D. , BUSETTI M. , COMAR M. , CAMPELLO C.
Published: March 2011

Two distinct measles outbreaks, unrelated from the epidemiological point of view but caused by genetically related strains, occurred in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region of northeastern Italy. Forty-two cases were reported during the period April–May 2008. In the first outbreak the index case was a teacher who introduced the virus into the Pordenone area, involving eight adolescents and young adults. The other concomitant outbreak occurred in the city of Trieste with 33 cases. The containment of the epidemics can be explained by the high MMR vaccine coverage in an area where the first dose was delivered to 93·4% and the second dose to 88·3% of the target children. Phylogenetic analysis of 14 measles virus strains showed that they belonged to a unique D4 genotype indistinguishable from the MVs/Enfield.GBR/14.07 strain, probably introduced from areas (i.e. Piedmont and Germany) where this genotype was present or had recently caused a large epidemic.
Modelling immunization strategies with cytomegalovirus vaccine candidates
Authors: AZEVEDO R. S. , AMAKU M.
Published: March 2011

In order to analyse the impact of vaccination against cytomegalovirus (CMV) on congenital infection incidence using current vaccines tested in phase II clinical trials, we simulated different scenarios by mathematical modelling, departing from the current vaccine characteristics, varying age at vaccination, immunity waning, vaccine efficacy and mixing patterns. Our results indicated that the optimal age for a single vaccination interval is from 2 to 6 months if there is no immunity waning. Congenital infection may increase if vaccine-induced immunity wanes before 20 years. Congenital disease should increase further when the mixing pattern includes transmission among children with a short duration of protection vaccine. Thus, the best vaccination strategy is a combined schedule: before age 1 year plus a second dose at 10–11 years. For CMV vaccines with low efficacy, such as the current ones, universal vaccination against CMV should be considered for infants and teenagers.
Sporadic Legionnaires' disease: the role of domestic electric hot-water tanks
Authors: DUFRESNE S. F. , LOCAS M. C. , DUCHESNE A. , RESTIERI C. , ISMAÏL J. , LEFEBVRE B. , LABBÉ A. C. , DION R. , PLANTE M. , LAVERDIÈRE M.
Published: March 2011

Sporadic community-acquired legionellosis (SCAL) can be acquired through contaminated aerosols from residential potable water. Electricity-dependent hot-water tanks are widely used in the province of Quebec (Canada) and have been shown to be frequently contaminated withLegionellaspp. We prospectively investigated the homes of culture-proven SCAL patients from Quebec in order to establish the proportion of patients whose domestic potable hot-water system was contaminated with the sameLegionellaisolate that caused their pneumonia. Water samples were collected in each patient's home. Environmental and clinical isolates were compared using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Thirty-six patients were enrolled into the study.Legionellawas recovered in 12/36 (33%) homes. The residential and clinical isolates were found to be microbiologically related in 5/36 (14%) patients. Contaminated electricity-heated domestic hot-water systems contribute to the acquisition of SCAL. The proportion is similar to previous reports, but may be underestimated.
Field astrobiology research in Moon–Mars analogue environments: instruments and methods
Authors: Foing B.H. , Stoker C. , Zavaleta J. , Ehrenfreund P. , Thiel C. , Sarrazin P. , Blake D. , Page J. , Pletser V. , Hendrikse J. , Direito S. , Kotler J.M. , Martins Z. , Orzechowska G. , Gross C. , Wendt L. , Clarke J. , Borst A.M. , Peters S.T.M. , Wilhelm M.-B. , Davies G.R. ,   ILEWG EuroGeoMars 2009 Team
Published: March 2011

We describe the field demonstration of astrobiology instruments and research methods conducted in and from the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) in Utah during the EuroGeoMars campaign 2009 coordinated by ILEWG, ESA/ESTEC and NASA Ames, with the contribution of academic partners. We discuss the entire experimental approach from determining the geological context using remote sensing, in situ measurements, sorties with sample collection and characterization, analysis in the field laboratory, to the post sample analysis using advanced laboratory facilities.

We present the rationale for terrestrial field campaigns to strengthen astrobiology research and the link between in situ and orbital remote sensing data. These campaigns are supporting the preparation for future missions such as Mars Science Laboratory, ExoMars or Mars Sample Return. We describe the EuroGeoMars 2009 campaign conducted by MDRS crew 76 and 77, focused on the investigation of surface processes in their geological context. Special emphasis was placed on sample collection and pre-screening using in-situ portable instruments. Science investigations included geological and geochemical measurements as well as detection and diagnostic of water, oxidants, organic matter, minerals, volatiles and biota.

EuroGeoMars 2009 was an example of a Moon–Mars field research campaign dedicated to the demonstration of astrobiology instruments and a specific methodology of comprehensive measurements from selected sampling sites. We discuss in sequence: the campaign objectives and trade-off based on science, technical or operational constraints. This includes remote sensing data and maps, and geological context; the monitoring of environmental parameters; the geophysical context and mineralogy studies; geology and geomorphology investigations; geochemistry characterization and subsurface studies.

We describe sample handling (extraction and collection) methods, and the sample analysis of soils and rocks performed in the MDRS laboratory using close inspection, initial petrological characterization, microscopy, Visible-NIR spectrometry, Raman spectrometry, X-ray diffraction/X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, soil analysis, electrochemical and biological measurements.

The results from post-mission analysis of returned samples using advanced facilities in collaborator institutes are described in companion papers in this issue. We present examples of in-situ analysis, and describe an example investigation on the exploration and analysis of endolithic microbial mats (from reconnaissance, in-situ imaging, sampling, local analysis to post-mission sample analysis).
Automated upscaling of river networks for macroscale hydrological modeling
Authors: Wu Huan , Kimball John S. , Mantua Nate , Stanford Jack
Published: March 2011

We developed a hierarchical dominant river tracing (DRT) algorithm for automated extraction and spatial upscaling of basin flow directions and river networks using fine‐scale hydrography inputs (e.g., flow direction, river networks, and flow accumulation). In contrast with previous upscaling methods, the DRT algorithm utilizes information on global and local drainage patterns from baseline fine‐scale hydrography to determine upscaled flow directions and other critical variables including upscaled basin area, basin shape, and river lengths. The DRT algorithm preserves the original baseline hierarchical drainage structure by tracing each entire flow path from headwater to river mouth at fine scale while prioritizing successively higher order basins and rivers for tracing. We applied the algorithm to produce a series of global hydrography data sets from 1/16° to 2° spatial scales in two geographic projections (WGS84 and Lambert azimuthal equal area). The DRT results were evaluated against other alternative upscaling methods and hydrography data sets for continental U.S. and global domains. These results show favorable DRT upscaling performance in preserving baseline fine‐scale river network information including: (1) improved, automated extraction of flow directions and river networks at any spatial scale without the need for manual correction; (2) consistency of river network, basin shape, basin area, river length, and basin internal drainage structure between upscaled and baseline fine‐scale hydrography; and (3) performance largely independent of spatial scale, geographic region, and projection. The results of this study include an initial set of DRT upscaled global hydrography maps derived from HYDRO1K baseline fine‐scale hydrography inputs; these digital data are available online for public access at ftp://ftp.ntsg.umt.edu/pub/data/DRT/.
Oceanic core complex development at the ultraslow spreading Mid‐Cayman Spreading Center
Authors: Hayman Nicholas W. , Grindlay Nancy R. , Perfit Michael R. , Mann Paul , Leroy Sylvie , de Lépinay Bernard Mercier
Published: March 2011

Roughly a third of the global mid‐ocean ridge system spreads at <20 mm/yr (full rate) with predicted low crustal thicknesses, great axial depths, end‐member basalt compositions, and prominent axial faults. These predictions are here further investigated along the ultraslow (15–17 mm/yr) Mid‐Cayman Spreading Center (MCSC) through a compilation of both previously published and unpublished data. The MCSC sits along the Caribbean‐North American plate boundary and is one of the world's deepest (>6 km) spreading centers, and thought to accrete some of the thinnest (∼3 km) crust. The MCSC generates end‐member mid‐ocean ridge basalt compositions and hosts recently discovered hydrothermal vents. Multibeam bathymetric data reveal that axial depth varies along the MCSC with intraridge rift walls defined by kilometer‐scale escarpments and massifs. Dredging and near‐bottom work has imaged and sampled predominantly basaltic lavas from the greatest axial depths and ∼15% peridotite surrounded by gabbroic rocks from the prominent massifs. The gabbroic rocks exhibit wide compositional variation (troctolites to ferrogabbros) and in many places contain high‐temperature (amphibolite to granulite facies) shear zones. Gabbroic compositions primarily reflect the accumulation of near‐liquidus phases that crystallized from a range of basaltic melts, as well as from interactions with interstitial melts in a subaxial mush zone. Magnetization variations inverted from aeromagnetic data are consistent with a discontinuous distribution of basaltic lavas and structurally asymmetric spreading. These observations support an oceanic core complex model for MCSC seafloor spreading, potentially making it a type example of ultraslow seafloor spreading through mush zone and detachment fault crustal processes.
Spatial distribution of deposition within a patch of vegetation
Authors: Zong Lijun , Nepf Heidi
Published: March 2011

This laboratory study describes the spatial pattern of deposition observed in a patch of vegetation located at the wall of a channel. There are two sources of sediment flux to the patch: the advection of particles across the upstream leading edge and the lateral dispersion of particles from the adjacent open channel. The relative contribution of these two supplies determines the spatial pattern of net deposition in the patch. We define the advection length scale within the patch as the longitudinal distance over which advection contributes a significant sediment source. At distances from the leading edge that are within the advection length scale, net deposition in the patch is laterally uniform, reflecting the laterally uniform mean flow delivering the particles. At distances farther than the advection length scale from the leading edge, the net deposition is highest near the flow‐parallel edge and decreases into the patch, which is the signature of dispersive transport from the patch edge. Two processes contribute to the lateral dispersion, both of which are associated with the shear‐layer vortices formed at the flow‐parallel interface between the patch and the channel. The vortices generate turbulence and enhance the turbulent diffusion of sediment across the interface. In addition, the vortices induce a wave oscillation in the flow field within the patch that appears to enhance the lateral transport inside the patch.
Effects of uncertain topographic input data on two‐dimensional flow modeling in a gravel‐bed river
Authors: Legleiter Carl J. , Kyriakidis Phaedon C. , McDonald Richard R. , Nelson Jonathan M.
Published: March 2011

Many applications in river research and management rely upon two‐dimensional (2D) numerical models to characterize flow fields, assess habitat conditions, and evaluate channel stability. Predictions from such models are potentially highly uncertain due to the uncertainty associated with the topographic data provided as input. This study used a spatial stochastic simulation strategy to examine the effects of topographic uncertainty on flow modeling. Many, equally likely bed elevation realizations for a simple meander bend were generated and propagated through a typical 2D model to produce distributions of water‐surface elevation, depth, velocity, and boundary shear stress at each node of the model's computational grid. Ensemble summary statistics were used to characterize the uncertainty associated with these predictions and to examine the spatial structure of this uncertainty in relation to channel morphology. Simulations conditioned to different data configurations indicated that model predictions became increasingly uncertain as the spacing between surveyed cross sections increased. Model sensitivity to topographic uncertainty was greater for base flow conditions than for a higher, subbankfull flow (75% of bankfull discharge). The degree of sensitivity also varied spatially throughout the bend, with the greatest uncertainty occurring over the point bar where the flow field was influenced by topographic steering effects. Uncertain topography can therefore introduce significant uncertainty to analyses of habitat suitability and bed mobility based on flow model output. In the presence of such uncertainty, the results of these studies are most appropriately represented in probabilistic terms using distributions of model predictions derived from a series of topographic realizations.
High temperature synthesis of vinyl terminated polymers based on dendronized acrylates: a detailed product analysis study
Authors: Zorn Anna-Marie , Malkoch Michael , Carlmark Anna , Barner-Kowollik Christopher
Published: March 2011

The article focuses on the combination of dendrons with high temperature acrylate polymerization for the generation of dendronized macromonomers.
Nonlinear quantum ion acoustic waves in a Fermi plasma
Authors: Saeed-ur-Rehman  , Akhtar N. , Shah Asif
Published: March 2011

Ion acoustic waves in a homogeneous quantum plasma, comprising of positive, negative ions, and electrons, have been investigated via the Korteweg–de Vries equation. The positive and negative ions are taken inertial and electrons are taken as inertialess. It is determined that the dispersive property of quantum plasma is strongly related to the quantum diffraction parameter. The quantum diffraction parameter (He), ion mass ratio (m), and negative ion temperature ratio (β) blatantly influence the propagation and type (compressive/rarefactive) of nonlinear ion acoustic solitary wave. It is noticed that soliton amplitude follows a dual trend at higher and lower concentrations of negative ions. The theoretical calculations presented are applicable to analyze the propagation of ion acoustic waves in a quantum electron-ion plasma containing negative ions in addition.
Tuning etch selectivity of fused silica irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses by controlling polarization of the writing pulses
Authors: Yu Xiaoming , Liao Yang , He Fei , Zeng Bin , Cheng Ya , Xu Zhizhan , Sugioka Koji , Midorikawa Katsumi
Published: March 2011

We report on experimental study on chemical etch selectivity of fused silica irradiated by femtosecond laser with either linear or circular polarization in a wide range of pulse energies. The relationships between the etch rates and pulse energies are obtained for different polarization states, which can be divided into three different regions. A drop of the etch rate for high pulse energy region is observed and the underlying mechanism is discussed. The advantage of using circularly polarized laser is justified owing to its unique capability of providing a 3D isotropic etch rate.
The study of thermal silicon dioxide electrets formed by corona discharge and rapid-thermal annealing
Authors: Kho Teng C. , Baker-Finch Simeon C. , McIntosh Keith R.
Published: March 2011

A silicon dioxide (SiO2) electret passivates the surface of crystalline silicon (Si) in two ways: (i) when annealed and hydrogenated, the SiO2–Si interface has a low density of interface states, offering few energy levels through which electrons and holes can recombine; and (ii) the electret’s quasipermanent charge repels carriers of the same polarity, preventing most from reaching the SiO2–Si interface and thereby limiting interface recombination. In this work, we engineer a charged thermal SiO2 electret on Si by depositing corona charge onto the surface of an oxide-coated Si wafer and subjecting the wafer to a rapid thermal anneal (RTA). We show that the surface-located corona charge is redistributed deeper into the oxide by the RTA. With 80 s of charging, and an RTA at 380 °C for 60 s, we measure an electret charge density of 5 × 1012 cm–2, above which no further benefit to surface passivation is attained. The procedure leads to a surface recombination velocity of less than 20 cm/s on 1 Ω-cm n-type Si, which is commensurate with the best passivation schemes employed on high-efficiency Si solar cells. In this paper, we introduce the method of SiO2 electret formation, analyze the relationship between charge density and interface recombination, and assess the redistribution of charge by the RTA.
Rietveld structure refinement, cation distribution and magnetic properties of Al3+ substituted NiFe2O4 nanoparticles
Authors: Patange S. M. , Shirsath Sagar E. , Jangam G. S. , Lohar K. S. , Jadhav Santosh S. , Jadhav K. M.
Published: March 2011

Ferrite samples of Al3+ substituted NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were prepared by wet chemical co-precipitation method. The samples were obtained by annealing at relatively low temperature at 600 °C and characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and ac susceptibility. On applying the full pattern fitting of Rietveld method using FullProf program, exact coordinates of atoms, unit cell dimensions, atom ion occupancy, degree of inversion as well as crystallite size and residual microstrain have been determined. The lattice parameter, density, particle size, lattice strain, magnetization, magneton number, and Curie temperature are seen to decrease with increasing A13+ content whereas the specific surface area, porosity, coercive force, shows an increasing trend with A13+ content. Cation distribution is obtained from XRD and Rietveld method and the variation of the cation distribution has been discussed on the basis of site preference, size and valence of the substituting cations. The variation of the magneton number with the Al3+ content is satisfactorily explained on the basis of Néel’s collinear spin ordering model. Curie temperature of all the compositions are also obtained theoretically and it agrees with observed Curie temperature.
Self-organized antireflecting nano-cone arrays on Si (100) induced by ion bombardment
Authors: Zhou Jing , Hildebrandt Meret , Lu Ming
Published: March 2011

Self-organized nano-cone arrays are fabricated on Si (100) by means of Ar+ ion bombardment at normal incidence with ion energy of 1.5 keV and current density of 1000 µA cm−2. The nano-structured Si surface appears black as seen by the naked eye. The measured reflectance of the surface is less than 11% over the wavelength range from 350 to 2000 nm as compared to that of >∼30% for the polished Si. An enhancement of more than 25% in absorption is observed in this region. The cones are densely distributed over the surface with an average height of ∼350 nm and base width of ∼250 nm. Incorporation of metal atoms such as Fe and Cr is found to be mandatory for the formation of the nano-structures during ion bombardment. High-resolution electron spectra show that for each cone, the apex is metal-enriched, and the rest is nearly free of metal atoms, showing good crystallinity with the same crystallographic orientation as the substrate.
Solitary waves of laser pulse in a plasma channel
Authors: Zhang Shan , Xie Bai-Song , Hong Xue-Ren , Wu Hai-Cheng , Zhao Xue-Yan
Published: March 2011

The propagation of a Gaussian laser pulse in a preformed plasma channel is investigated. The conditions for the existence of electromagnetic solitary waves are obtained theoretically by analyzing the differential equation of the pulse spot size including the effects of relativistic self-focusing, ponderomotive self-channeling, and preformed channel focusing. Some solitarylike wave solutions are presented numerically and their possible implications on laser-plasma acceleration are discussed briefly.
Observation of magnetic domain structures in epitaxial MnAs film on GaAs(001) with temperature hysteresis
Authors: Kim JinBae , Akinaga Hiro , Kim Jongryoul
Published: March 2011

The saturation magnetization of MnAs films epitaxially grown on GaAs(001) substrates exhibited temperature hysteresis in the temperature range of 10–45 °C. We investigated the cause of the temperature hysteresis using temperature- and field-controlled magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The MFM results showed that inside the ferromagnetic α-MnAs stripes of the film at 30 °C, 180° domains were formed during cooling but a single domain state was developed during heating. Despite the cooling procedure, a single domain state was found inside the α-MnAs stripes when a magnetic field of 800 Oe was applied. From these results, the spontaneous magnetization of the α-MnAs phase was ascribed to the temperature hysteresis.
Flattened light-scattering substrate in thin film silicon solar cells for improved infrared response
Authors: Sai Hitoshi , Kanamori Yoshiaki , Kondo Michio
Published: March 2011

Surface texturing is a technique commonly used to enhance light absorption in thin film silicon solar cells; it should be noted that highly textured substrates often induce structural defects in the active layer, which deteriorates the photovoltaic performance. In this paper, we propose a flattened light-scattering substrate (FLiSS) with a large refractive index contrast in plane as an approach to overcome this trade-off. A FLiSS composed of a two-dimensional ZnO grating and a Ag reflector is applied to μc-Si:H cells, in order to improve the spectral response in the infrared region while maintaining a high VOC and FF.
The role of external electric fields in enhancing ion mobility, drift velocity, and drift–diffusion rates in aqueous electrolyte solutions
Authors: Murad Sohail
Published: March 2011

Molecular simulations have been carried out using the method of molecular dynamics to investigate the role of external electric fields on the ion mobility, drift velocity, and drift–diffusion rate of ions in aqueous electrolyte solutions. These properties are critical for a range of processes including electrodialysis, electro-deionization, electrophoresis, and electroosmosis. Our results show that external electric fields relax the hydrated ion structure at significantly larger time scales (between 300 and 800 ps), than most other relaxation processes in solutions (generally of the order of 1 ps). Previous studies that did not account for the much longer relaxation times did not observe this behavior for ions even with very high electric fields. External electric fields must also overcome several (at least two or more) activation energy barriers to significantly change the structure of hydrated ions. As a result, the dynamic behavior changes almost in bands as a function of electric field strengths, rather than linearly. Finally, the effect of the field is much less dramatic on water than the ions. Thus electric fields will be of more significance in processes that involve the transport of ions (such as electro-deionization) than the transport of water (electroosmosis).
On the Cauchy problem for Gross–Pitaevskii hierarchies
Authors: Chen Zeqian , Liu Chuangye
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the Cauchy problem for the Gross–Pitaevskii infinite linear hierarchy of equations on \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathbb {R}^n,$\end{document}Rn, n ⩾ 1. We prove local existence and uniqueness of solutions in certain Sobolev-type spaces \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathrm{H}^{\alpha }_{\xi }$\end{document}Hξα of sequences of marginal density operators with α > n/2. In particular, we give a clear discussion of all cases α > n/2, which covers the local well-posedness problem for the Gross–Pitaevskii hierarchy in this situation.
Mechanism for selectivity-inactivation coupling in KcsA potassium channels
Authors: Cheng Wayland W. L. , McCoy Jason G. , Thompson Ameer N. , Nichols Colin G. , Nimigean Crina M.
Published: March 2011

Structures of the prokaryotic K
+
channel, KcsA, highlight the role of the selectivity filter carbonyls from the GYG signature sequence in determining a highly selective pore, but channels displaying this sequence vary widely in their cation selectivity. Furthermore, variable selectivity can be found within the same channel during a process called C-type inactivation. We investigated the mechanism for changes in selectivity associated with inactivation in a model K
+
channel, KcsA. We found that E71A, a noninactivating KcsA mutant in which a hydrogen-bond behind the selectivity filter is disrupted, also displays decreased K
+
selectivity. In E71A channels, Na
+
permeates at higher rates as seen with

and

flux measurements and analysis of intracellular Na
+
block. Crystal structures of E71A reveal that the selectivity filter no longer assumes the “collapsed,” presumed inactivated, conformation in low K
+
, but a “flipped” conformation, that is also observed in high K
+
, high Na
+
, and even Na
+
only conditions. The data reveal the importance of the E71-D80 interaction in both favoring inactivation and maintaining high K
+
selectivity. We propose a molecular mechanism by which inactivation and K
+
selectivity are linked, a mechanism that may also be at work in other channels containing the canonical GYG signature sequence.
Seedless fruits and the disruption of a conserved genetic pathway in angiosperm ovule development
Authors: Lora Jorge , Hormaza José I. , Herrero María , Gasser Charles S.
Published: March 2011

Although the biological function of fruiting is the production and dissemination of seeds, humans have developed seedless fruits in a number of plant species to facilitate consumption. Here we describe a unique spontaneous seedless mutant (
Thai seedless
;
Ts
) of
Annona squamosa
(sugar apple), a member of the early-divergent magnoliid angiosperm clade. Ovules (seed precursors) of the mutant lack the outer of two normal integuments, a phenocopy of the
inner no outer
(
ino
) mutant of
Arabidopsis thaliana
. Cloning of the
INO
ortholog from
A. squamosa
confirmed conservation of the outer integument-specific expression pattern of this gene between the two species. All regions of the gene were detectable in wild-type
A. squamosa
and in other members of this genus. However, no region of the
INO
gene could be detected in
Ts
plants, indicating apparent deletion of the
INO
locus. These results provide a case of a candidate gene approach revealing the apparent molecular basis of a useful agronomic trait (seedless fruit) in a crop species, and indicate conservation of the role of a critical regulator of ovule development between eudicots and more ancient lineages of angiosperms. The outer integument is one synapomorphy of angiosperms separating them from other extant seed plants, and the results suggest that the evolution of this structure was contemporaneous with the derivation of
INO
from ancestral YABBY genes. Thus, a unique lateral structure appears to have coevolved with a novel gene family member essential for the structure's formation.