bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identity Development and Worldview: Toward an Optimal Conceptualization
Authors: MYERS LINDA J. , SPEIGHT SUZETTE L. , HIGHLEN PAMELA S. , COX CHIKAKO I. , REYNOLDS AMY L. , ADAMS EVE M. , HANLEY C. PATRICIA
Published: December 2011

Positive self‐identity is not easily attained in this culture. This premise is supported by the pervasive number of “‐isms” (e.g., racism, sexism, heterosexism, ageism) and their adverse impact on those who are defined as inferior by the dominant way of perceiving. Examination of the conceptual system that predisposes people to these “‐isms” concludes that (a) it is the nature of the conceptual system that is inherently oppressive and (b) all who adhere to this conceptual system have a difficult time developing and maintaining a positive identity. This article postulates a new way of describing the identity development process under oppression using optimal theory (Myers, 1988). From this optimal worldview, oppression is perceived as self‐alienating and yielding a fragmented sense of self, based upon devaluation by self and others. Therefore, identity development is a process of integrating and expanding one's sense of self. Optimal theory provides a new inclusive model of identity development, which is described, along with its applications for counseling practice.

No es facíl obtener una identidad positiva de uno mismo en esta cultura. Esta premisa se apoya en la gran cantidad de “‐ismos” (e.g., racismo, sexismo, heterosexismo, “edadismo”) y los impactos adversos en la gente que sería definida como inferior por la manera dominante de percibirlo. La conclusión de un examen del sistema conceptual que predispone a las personas a estos “‐ismos” es que (a) la naturaleza del sistema conceptual es inheréntemente opresivo, y (b) todos aquellos que se adhieran a este sistema conceptual tendrán dificultades con el desarrollo y mantemiento de una identidad positiva. Este artículo postula una nueva manera de describir el proceso del desarrolo de la identidad bajo opresión utilizando la teoría óptima (Myers, 1.988). Desde esta visión universal óptima, se ve a la opresión como autoalienación y creadora de un sentido fragmentado del yo, basado en la devaluación por uno mismo y por los demás. Por tanto, el desarrollo de la indentidad es un proceso de integración y amplificación de la percepción de uno mismo. Esta óptima teoría nos da un modelo inclusive nuevo del desarrollo de identidad, lo cual se describe, junta con sus aplicacions para la práctica de consejería.
Multicultural Gender Issues
Authors: DAVENPORT DONNA S. , YURICH JOHN M.
Published: December 2011

This article examines the dynamic relationship between gender and ethnicity. The socialization effects of ethnic culture are considered in conjunction with the “self‐in‐relation” theory of gender development and the implications of status to gender. Specific focus is given to the influence of these three factors on Mexican American and African American women and men.

Este artículo examina la relación dinámica entre género y etnicidad. Se consideran los efectos de la socialización de la cultura étnica junto con la teroría “self‐in‐relation” del desarrollo del género y las implicaciones del estatus con el género. En este artículo se pone énfasis en la influencia de estos tres factores en mujeres y hombres mejicano‐americanos y africano‐americanos.
Getting to the Bottom to Understand the Top
Authors: JACKSON ANITA P. , MEADOWS FERGUSON B.
Published: December 2011

Culture is a vague and elusive concept that most individuals seldom explain or consciously think about and evaluate. It is imperative, however, that counselors engaged in multicultural counseling have an understanding of what is meant by culture. A myriad of definitions exist that focus on behaviors and artifacts to shared belief systems and worldviews. It is suggested that the philosophical assumptions underlying a worldview, the deep structure of culture, provide a framework for better understanding cultural differences. Viewing culture from this holistic perspective facilitates culturally relevant meanings to the explanation of behaviors, thus placing one at a greater advantage for understanding behavioral and attitudinal differences.

Cultura es un concepto vago y evasivo que la mayoría de los individuos no suelen explicar, ni pensar conscientemente sobre él, ni tampoco lo evaluan. Sin embargo, es necesario que los consejeros que trabajan en la consejería multicultural entiendan lo que se quiere decir con cultura. Existe una miriada de definiciones que se centran en el comportamiento y los utensilios hasta formar un sistema verosimil y una visión universal. Se surgiere que las asunciones filisóficas que son la base de una visión universal, la estructura profunda de cultura, proporcionan un cuadro que permite entender mejor las diferencias culturales. El ver la cultura desde esta perspectiva holísitica facilita entiendimientos culturalmente pertinentes para la explicación de comportamientos y de este modo aumenta las ventajas para entender diferencias de conducta y diferentes actitudes.
Going Beyond Cultural Sensitivity on the Road to Multiculturalism: Using the Intercultural Sensitizer as a Counselor Training Tool
Authors: LEONG FREDERICK T. L. , KIM HELEN H. W.
Published: December 2011

Using the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 17 position paper on cross‐cultural counseling competencies as an organizing framework, this article provides an overview of the various cross‐cultural counseling training models and points to the need to go beyond sensitivity training to actually providing culture‐specific knowledge in our training models. The Intercultural Sensitizer (IS) is presented as a training tool that can serve this need. The history, rationale, and development of the IS, previously called the Culture Assimilator, is described. Some illustrative critical incidents from the Asian American Intercultural Sensitizer are also presented. Finally, future direction for the use of the Intercultural Sensitizer as a training tool and potential problems are discussed.

Este artículo usa la positión del APA Division 17 en competencias de consejería intercultural como un cuadro organizational para proporcionar un panorama de los diferentes modelos de preparación de consejería intercultural y para indicar la necesidad de llegar más alla que la preparación sensitiva para dar en realidad a los modelos de entrenamiento un conocimiento culturalmente específico. Se presenta El Sensibilizador Intercultural como un instrumento de entrenamiento para cumplir esta necesidad. Se describe la historia, razonadamente, y el desarrollo de El Sensibilizador Intercultural, anteriormente llamado Asimilador Cultural. También se presentan unos incidentes ilustrativos del Sensibilizador Intercultural Americo‐asiatico. Finalmente, ademas de discutir la dirección futura para el uso de El Sensibilizador Intercultural como un instrumento de entrenamiento, se habla sobre los posibles problemas.
Evaluating the Impact of Multicultural Counseling Training
Authors: D'ANDREA MICHAEL , DANIELS JUDY , HECK RONALD
Published: December 2011

The authors agree that the multicultural counseling movement represents a powerful force with the potential of radically modifying the perspective of the entire counseling profession. To realize its full potential, however, much more research needs to be done within professional training programs to determine the types of instructional strategies that are most effective in terms of developing counselors who are sensitive and effective in working with persons from diverse cultural, racial, and ethnic backgrounds. This article reports on the results of a series of investigations designed to assess the impact of a comprehensive multicultural training model among different groups of graduate students. Implications for future research and training are also discussed.

Los autores están de acuerdeo en que el Movimiento de Consejería Multicultural representa una fuerza con la potencia de modificar radicalmente la perspectiva de la profesión entera de consejería. Sin embargo, para cristalizar esta potencia, hay que hacer más investigaciones dentro de programas profesionales de entrenamiento para determinar los tipos de estrategiás instruccionales más eficaces con respecto a consejeros que trabajan sensiblemente y eficazmente con personas culturalmente, raciálmente, y étnicamente diversas. Este artículo presenta los resultados de una serie de investigaciones hechas para estimar el impacto de un modelo comprensivo de entrenamiento de consejería multicultural entre grupos diferentes de estudiantes graduados. También se discuten las implicaciones en las investigaciones y entrenamientos en el futuro.
The Complexities of Diversity: Exploring Multiple Oppressions
Authors: REYNOLDS AMY L. , POPE RAECHELE L.
Published: December 2011

There has been a growth of identity development models in multicultural psychology for the past 20 years; these frameworks, however, rarely acknowledge the complexities of multiple identities and multiple oppressions. The purpose of this article is to challenge our understanding of cultural diversity beyond its current simplistic frameworks. Alternative worldviews, such as Afrocentric psychology, can broaden our comprehension of human diversity and are used to examine the identity development literature. Several case examples of individuals experiencing multiple identities and multiple oppressions are explored to illustrate the complexities of cultural diversity. Implications for counseling, training, and research are briefly discussed.

Durante los últimos veinte años ha habido un aumento de modelos de desarrollo de identidad en la consejería multicultural; sin embargo, estos cuadros no suelen reconocer las complejidades de identidades múltiples y opresiones múltiples. El propósitio de este artículo es desafiar a nuestro conocimiento de diversidad yendo más allá de sus simplistas cuadros actuales. Visiones universales alternativas, como la consejería afrocéntrica, pueden ampliar nuestra comprensión de la diversidad humana y pueden ser usadas para examinar la literatura del desarrollo de identidad. Para ilustrar las complejidades de diversidad, se exploran varios ejemplos de individuos que sufren de identidades múltiples y de opresiones múltiples. Se discuten las implicaciones para la conserjería, el entrenamiento y la investigación.
Ethnic Identity Development: Toward the Development of a Theory Within the Context of Majority/Minority Status
Authors: SMITH ELSIE J.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is twofold: (a) to reconceptualize the issue of racial identity development so that it is not just limited to the issue of oppression and(b) to provide a beginning framework for conceptualizing ethnic identity development that can be used for members of both minority and majority ethnic groups. Propositions leading toward the development of a theory of ethnic group identity development within the context of majority and minority status are presented.

Este artículo tiene dos propósitios: (a) reconceptualizar el asunto del desarrollo de identidad racial para que no esté solamente limitado al tema de la opresión, y (b) disponer los principios de un marco para la concepcializción del desarrollo de identidad étnica para que se le pueda usar con los miembros de grupos de minorías y mayorías étnicas. Se presentan proposiciones para el crecimiento de una teoriá del desarrollo de la identidad de un grupo étnico dentro del contexto de estatus de mayoría/minoría.
A Study of Prejudice Toward University Student‐Athletes
Authors: ENGSTROM CATHERINE McHUGH , SEDLACEK WILLIAM E.
Published: December 2011

The attitudes of 293 first‐time entering students at a large, public eastern university were measured using the revised Situational Attitude Scale (SAS) Student‐Athlete. The findings suggested that freshman students perceived student‐athletes negatively in situations dealing with academic competence. The contention was made to include the student‐athlete culture as one susceptible to prejudice and discrimination. Student‐athletes should be educated to the “isms” they may be facing from their peers in the classroom and on the campus. These results also indicated the need to include the student‐athlete culture when engaging in “ism” reduction efforts with members of the campus community.

Se midieron las actitudes de 293 estudiantes del primer año en una universidad pública grande en el este, usando el Revised Situational Attitude Scale (SAS) Student‐Athlete. Los resultados sugieren que los estudiantes del primer año perciben a los estudiantes‐atletas de una manera negativa en situaciones que tienen que ver con la competencia académica. Se discutió la visión de la cultura estudiante‐atleta como susceptible de prejuicio y discriminación. Se debe educar a los estudiantes‐atletas sobre los “‐ismos” que ellos podrán encontrar en el aula y en el campus. Estos resultados también indican la necesidad de incluir la cultura estudiante‐atleta cuando los miembros de una comunidad universitaria intentan reducir los “‐ismos.”
Moderating Effects of Sociocultural Variables on Acculturation Attitudes of Hispanics and Asian Americans
Authors: SODOWSKY GARGI ROYSIRCAR , LAI EDWARD WAI MING , PLAKE BARBARA S.
Published: December 2011

Literature on acculturation is reviewed, and the effects of acculturation on the mental health of Hispanics and Asian Americans are discussed. In this study we attempted to understand acculturation processes at the group level (Hispanics versus Asian Americans) and at the individual level (within‐group heterogeneity). The Majority‐Minority Relations Survey measured acculturation attitudes of two American ethnic minority groups, Hispanics and Asian Americans, in a Midwestern university. Data were obtained from 282 participants for a 54% return rate. Instrument analysis included assessment of generalizability (using Pearson correlation coefficient procedures), LISREL confirmatory factor analysis, and tests of internal consistency reliabilities (using coefficient alpha). Significant effects for ethnicity, Asian culture subgroups, and for the sociocultural variables of generational status, voluntary immigration versus political asylum, and religion were indicated by parametric and nonparametric tests. Therefore, although differences between the Hispanics and the Asian Americans were indicated, within‐group differences for both minority groups were also influenced by select sociocultural variables.

Se revisa la literatura sobre aculturacion, y se discuten los efectos de aculturación en la salud mental de Hispanos y Asiático‐Americanos. Este estudio intenta comprender el proceso de aculturación a nivel de grupo (Hispanos versus Asiático‐Americanos) a nivel individual (dentro de la heterogeneidad del grupo). La Encuesta de Relaciones Mayoría‐Minoría midió las actidudes aculturales de dos grupos de minorías étnicas americanas, Hispanos y Asiático‐Americanos, en una universidad del Medio‐oeste. Se obtuvieron los datos de 282 sujetos para un cifra de vuelta del 54 por cien. El instrumento de análisis incluó una estimación de generalización (usando los procedimientos del Coeficiente de Correlación de Pearson), el factor confirmador de análisis LISREL, y las pruebas de fiabilidad interna (usando el coeficiente alfa). Las pruebas parametricas y no‐paramétricas indicaron efectos significativos para etnicidad, subgrupos culturales asiáticos, y los variables socioculturales de estado generacional, emigración voluntaria vs. asilo político, y religión. Entonces, aunque se indicaron diferencias entre Hispanos y Asiático‐Americanos, las diferencias entre grupos para ambos grupos minoritarios fueron influenciadas también por variables socioculturales escogidas.
The Nature of Prejudice Revisited: Implications for Counseling Intervention
Authors: PONTEROTTO JOSEPH G.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a contemporary perspective on the nature of prejudice and on the counseling profession's role in prejudice prevention. The definition, origins, development, and expressions of prejudice are posited. Increasing race‐based intergroup conflict is documented and explained vis‐à‐vis racial identity theory, rapidly changing demographics, and the Flight or Fight Response Theory of Racial Stress. Specific, developmentally based intervention strategies are presented across the elementary, high school, and college levels. Recommended roles for the counselor in multicultural awareness and prejudice prevention programs are described.

Este artículo presenta una perspectiva contemporanea de las características del prejuicio y del papel de la profesión de consejeía en la prevención del prejuicio. Se examina la definición, origen, desarrollo, y expresiones prejuiciosas. Se documenta y se explica el aumento de conflicto racial entre grupos frente a la teoría de identidad racial, el cambio demográfico rápido, y la teoría de fugar o luchar a el estrés racíal. Específicamente, se presentan estrategias de intervención basadas en el desarrollo a través de los niveles de educación primaria, secundaria, o universitaria. Se describen los papeles recomendados para el consejero en los programas de conocimiento multicultural y de prevención del perjuicio.
Root Metaphor Versus Square Root: Research Evidence for a Contextualist Theme
Authors: WAMPOLD BRUCE E.
Published: December 2011

Steenbarger has elegantly described contextualist themes in counseling. His discussion clearly reveals the limitations of linear models of change; nevertheless, one should carefully examine the language used to discuss higher order change processes. The point of this article is that the language used should be put into practice so that research can be conducted to examine the concepts conveyed by the language. In this way, we may better understand the mechanisms of change, and practitioners may benefit.
Connections Between Childhood Abuse and HIV Infection
Authors: ALLERS CHRISTOPHER T. , BENJACK KAREN J.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the incidence of childhood sexual and physical abuse in 52 human immuno‐deficiency virus (HIV) infected adults. Behaviors and dynamics associated with unresolved childhood abuse (revictimization, sexual compulsivity, chronic depression, and alcohol and other drug abuse) are discussed in light of those behaviors and dynamics that increase a person's risk of exposure to the virus causing Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). lnterview results showed that 65% of those infected reported physical or sexual abuse in childhood. The prevalence of adult survivor characteristics was also examined, and responses were compared based on HIV transmission modes. Recommendations for counselors working with HIV‐infected clients are also provided.
Age and Expectations About Counseling: Two Methodological Perspectives
Authors: KUNKEL MARK A. , WILLIAMS CRAIG
Published: December 2011

Quantitative and phenomenological research methods are briefly discussed as they were simultaneously applied to expectations about counseling in 100 elderly persons and 100 gender‐ and ethnic‐matched college students. Participants completed the Expectations About Counseling‐Brief Form (EAC‐B) questionnaire with appended demographic items, and also participated in semistructured group interviews. Analysis of variance indicated general similarity in EAC‐B responses for elderly and young respondents. Phenomenological analyses of interview responses, however, revealed different expectations among elderly and young participants, which may account for the reluctance of many elderly persons to seek counseling. Results are discussed as they apply to counseling research and practice.
Personal Styles Inventory
Authors: KUNCE JOSEPH T. , COPE CORRINE S. , NEWTON RUSSEL M.
Published: December 2011

The Personal Styles Inventory (PSI), a self‐report instrument designed to measure enduring, commonplace personality characteristics in each of three domains—ways of expressing emotions, activities, and thinking—is reviewed. The development and structure of the inventory are described. Counseling applications discussed include the following: enhancing self‐awareness, identifying sources of stress, counseling about careers, understanding interpersonal relations, providing consultation, and individualizing interventions. PSI research relative to personality test correlates, learning styles, behavior disorders, counseling implications, and alcohol abuse and dependence is presented.
The New Sexism: A Response to DeVoe
Authors: SWANSON JOHN L.
Published: December 2011

DeVoe's (1990) presentation of women as powerless and men as having power is an example of what Farrell (1986) called “the new sexism.” Rather than viewing power as a commodity, the concept of personal empowerment is recommended. DeVoe's recommendations are also challenged.
Sexual Harassment: A Problem Shielded by Silence
Authors: HOTELLING KATHY
Published: December 2011

This article offers an overview of the complex issue of sexual harassment. Definitions, prevalence data, cultural context, barriers to reporting these experiences to appropriate resources, and the effects of sexual harassment on victims are outlined.
A Comprehensive Model for Adolescent Chemical Dependency Treatment
Authors: POLCIN DOUGLAS L.
Published: December 2011

Chemical dependency among adolescents continues to present significant challenges to helping professionals. This article discusses the variety of approaches used to treat chemical dependency. An adolescent program that integrates the strengths of different perspectives and techniques is described.
Computer‐Assisted Career Guidance and Single‐Subject Research: A Scientist‐Practitioner Approach to Accountability
Authors: HINKLE J. SCOTT
Published: December 2011

In this article the author discusses how computer‐assisted career counselors can become more accountable for their services by using intensive research designs. An overview of computer‐assisted career guidance (CACG) is presented, and the relevance of the scientist‐practitioner model is discussed. Applicable single‐subject research, including simple and complex phase changes, alternating treatment designs, and replication are presented with examples for accountable CACG counseling.

If your client has changed, how do you know it?

—Jerry Schmidt

To understand individuals, it is necessary to study individuals.

—Leo Goldman
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory: I & II
Authors: MILLON THEODORE
Published: December 2011

The theoretical grounds for the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) are noted, as are the purposes and features of the inventory. Specified also are the rationale and procedures for constructing the component scales. Both uses and limitations of the instrument are recorded. Steps to be followed in making configural interpretations are recommended. Also reported are results of evaluative research. These point to the general soundness of the MCMI as a clinical tool, as well to areas where ongoing studies may further strengthen its utility in the counseling context.
The Rules Have Changed, and I Don't Remember Voting on It
Authors: HUTCHINSON ROGER L.
Published: December 2011

Personally Speaking provides a forum for readers to describe important issues or events in their lives and the role, if any, counseling has played. Guidelines for submitting manuscripts may be obtained from Stephen G. Weinrach, 303 Falvey Hull, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085–1699.
Comprehensive School Counseling Programs: A Review for Policymakers and Practitioners
Authors: BORDERS L. DIANNE , DRURY SANDRA M.
Published: December 2011

This article describes components of effective school counseling programs that have emerged from 30 years of empirical research and professional standards. Results are summarized in seven sections: core principles of school counseling programs, program resources, program interventions, program evaluation, program renewal, written policies, and program climate.
Effects of Serving as APGA President
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD W. , ALTEKRUSE MICHAEL K.
Published: December 2011

The 23 living past American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) presidents were queried concerning their involvement in professional organizations and the impact of the APGA presidency on their lives and careers. Results are discussed in terms of implications for members and future leaders.
Themes in Therapist and Counselor Development
Authors: SKOVHOLT THOMAS M. , RONNESTAD MICHAEL HELGE
Published: December 2011

This study focused on therapist‐counselor development. In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with 100 participants served as the data‐gathering method. Data from this study were first used to develop a stage model. Then, 20 themes of therapist‐counselor development were extracted from the 120 pages of narrative stage data. The themes were extracted jointly by the two authors through a set of qualitative research procedures. These themes are described within the categories of primary characteristic themes, process descriptor themes, source of influence themes, and secondary characteristic themes. Professional development topics addressed include professional individuation, methods of renewal, conceptual orientation, measures of success, learning processes, boundary regulation, and impact of professional elders.
Choosing Outcome Assessment Devices: An Organizational and Conceptual Scheme
Authors: LAMBERT MICHAEL J. , OGLES BENJAMIN M. , MASTERS KEVIN S.
Published: December 2011

The assessment of counseling outcome is an important issue that has theoretical, ethical, empirical, and practical significance. Our examination of the state of the science, however, revealed much diversity and disorder. To impose order on this chaos, an organizational and conceptual scheme consisting of content, source, technology, and time orientation dimensions was proposed. The scheme's utility was demonstrated through a review of and application to outcome studies found in two leading counseling journals over the past 3 years. The conceptual scheme was further illustrated through an in‐depth application to one specific outcome study. This scheme may guide future outcome research efforts, and its utility may be broadened to include the selection of outcome instruments in career counseling and supervision research.
A Conceptual Analysis of Lambert, Ogles, and Masters's Conceptual Scheme for Outcome Assessment
Authors: ELLIOTT ROBERT
Published: December 2011

For in psychology, there are experimental methods, and conceptual confusion. (Wittgenstein, 1968, p. 232)
Career Counseling With Couples
Authors: BENJAMIN BENNY A.
Published: December 2011

As an outgrowth of the developmental and systemic trends characterizing career counseling in recent years, the role of the family has been highlighted. Nonetheless, inadequate attention has been given to incorporating family members in the career counseling setting with adult clients. This article explores a career counseling paradigm that takes into account the couple dynamics active in the adult's career choice process. Unique elements of the conjoint model, such as couple career assessment, along with directions for further study, are offered.
Scholarship and Professionalism: A Personal Narrative
Authors: MARTIN JACK
Published: December 2011

Personal narratives sometimes can capture more widespread elements in human experience. In the hope that certain elements in my experience will resonate to similar experiences of others, I describe my current struggle to find time for scholarship in my job as a university professor in counseling.
Post‐Degree Supervision: Existing and Preferred Practices
Authors: BORDERS L. DIANNE , USHER CLAIRE HAMILTON
Published: December 2011

A survey of National Certified Counselors (NCCs) was conducted to (a) document existing supervision practices and (b) determine the type of supervision these counselors preferred at this point in their careers. Descriptive statistics and chi‐square analyses were conducted for the total sample (N=357) and subgroups classified by work setting, counseling experience, degree level, and hours of post‐degree supervision. Results indicated that existing practices varied, with school‐based respondents receiving the least supervision. A majority of respondents said that they currently were being supervised by noncounseling professionals. Almost every respondent wanted some supervision, and most preferred a supervisor who had additional training in supervision.
The Development of a Campus‐Based Substance Abuse Prevention Program
Authors: BURNS CARL F. , CONSOLVO CAMILLE A.
Published: December 2011

The development of a campus‐based Substance Abuse Prevention Program (SAPP) is discussed. The program has been designed in accordance with recommendations made by prominent authorities in this field, keeping in mind the needs of the campus at which the program is located. Suggestions for developing such programs are provided.
Lobbying for Elementary Counselors: A Video Marketing Strategy
Authors: NIFFENEGGER PHILLIP B. , HOLCOMB THOMAS F.
Published: December 2011

This article describes how state legislators were the target of a video marketing campaign aimed at increasing the funding for elementary counselors. How the video was developed, distributed, and used are discussed.
CACREP: Precursors, Promises, and Prospects
Authors: SWEENEY THOMAS J.
Published: December 2011

National accreditation of counselor education has taken on new meaning. The profession has a recognized accrediting body within the community of higher education. This article recounts the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) precursors, its founders' aspirations, and its prospects for influencing the professionalization of counseling as a discipline.
The Impact of the Accreditation Movement on One Counselor Education Program: Idaho State University
Authors: LLOYD ARTHUR P.
Published: December 2011

This article covers a 30‐year‐long relationship between the accreditation standards and the development of the counselor education program at Idaho State University. Specifically, accreditation's impact on the faculty members as they pursued doctoral study, the years following the approval of the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) Standards, and the current impact of the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) accreditation on the program are addressed.
The Pursuit of Quality: A Look Into the Future of CACREP
Authors: HAIGHT DONALD A.
Published: December 2011

This is a look into the future of the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). A brief review summarizes the context in which it will find itself in the next decade. Two primary issues that must be addressed should serve as the basis for changes. First, what are the societal needs that counselors will be required to address? Second, what preparation is appropriate for counselors to meet these needs? Suggested changes with supporting rationale are discussed for the preparation standards, the board structure, and relationships with other accreditation agencies. CACREP has made significant contributions to the counseling profession and to society.
Ethical Issues in the Treatment of Severe Psychopathology in University and College Counseling Centers
Authors: GILBERT STEVEN P.
Published: December 2011

Increasing numbers of students with severe personality disorders are presenting for psychological services at college and university counseling centers. The influx of these students poses a number of ethical dilemmas for counseling centers. Clinical decisions about appropriate treatment modalities, philosophical decisions about agency mission, and available resources to carry out defined missions convergeand influence ethical decisions in this area. It is misguided kindness, as well as being ethically unwise and legally risky, to attempt to carry out a treatment mission with inadequate resources. It is not abandonment to have selection criteria grounded in the treatment literature and executed with fairness if the duty to refer is upheld.
Keeping Covenants and Confidence Sacred: One Point of View
Authors: DRISCOLL JEANINE M.
Published: December 2011

In this age of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) disease, counselors struggle with the dilemma of whether to breach therapeutic confidence in the instance when a client who is HIV infected has informed the counselor of continued sexual activity or injectable substance‐using activity without informing his or her partner(s) of this HIV‐positive sero‐status (being infected with HIV). As more of the one million people infected with HIV become aware of their sero‐status, many will seek psychotherapeutic services. Thus, such ethical dilemmas will become intensified. Ethics of covenant have much to contribute to professional consideration of such dilemmas.
Alexander Lowen: An Energetic Man
Authors: Good Glenn E. , Rabinowitz Fredric E.
Published: December 2011

Alexander Lowen, a prominent psychotherapist, discusses his personal and professional development, as well as the evolution of bioenergetic analysis.
Unresolved Childhood Sexual Abuse: Are Older Adults Affected?
Authors: Allers Christopher T. , Benjack Karen J. , Allers Norman T.
Published: December 2011

This article presents case studies and discussions regarding three observed characteristics of unresolved childhood sexual abuse in adult survivors over 65 years of age. Specifically, chronic depression, elder abuse, and the misdiagnoses of residual abuse trauma as dementia or mental illness are compared to parallel issues identified by researchers in younger adult survivors. A brief overview of the childhood abuse literature and recommendations regarding professional training, the development of new services, and additional research are included.
Counselors Teaching Peaceful Conflict Resolution
Authors: McFarland William P.
Published: December 2011

Conflict resolution theory suggests that the constructive, prosocial, integrative style is best for resolving interpersonal conflict, because it not only solves the problem but also enriches the interpersonal relationship. Effective interpersonal communication is the critical element of this integrative process. Counselors could prepare people to resolve interpersonal conflicts skillfully, effectively, and peacefully.
A Study of Acculturation Differences Among International People and Suggestions for Sensitivity to Within‐Group Differences
Authors: Sodowsky Gargi Roysircar , Plake Barbara S.
Published: December 2011

The acculturation of international people in a midwestern university was studied. Acculturation variables of perceived prejudice, observance of cultural practices and social ties, and language usage were measured. Africans, Asians, and South Americans were significantly less acculturated than were Europeans. Significant differences were also found for permanent versus nonpermanent United States residence status, length of residence in the United States, and religion. Themes derived from open‐ended responses showed that participants related their identity to the values, religion, physical appearance, and language of their national origins. Emerging themes also suggested a reciprocity of acceptance and animosity in the dominant‐minority intergroup relations.
The Use of Mirror Image Therapy in Substance Abuse Groups
Authors: Riordan Richard J.
Published: December 2011

Mirror image therapy formalizes and structures the mirror phenomenon in group counseling. In this report the author explores the therapeutic technique of assigning an individual who has already undergone substance abuse treatment to counseling groups where addicts are just beginning the treatment process. Suggestions are offered for the use of mirror image therapy in other groups.
A Holistic Model for Wellness and Prevention Over the Life Span
Authors: Witmer J. Melvin , Sweeney Thomas J.
Published: December 2011

A small percentage of our resources for health and human services is devoted to wellness and prevention of illness and social problems. An integrated paradigm for wellness and prevention over the life span is presented for the purpose of theory building, research, clinical application, education, advocacy, and consciousness raising. The model includes 11 characteristics desirable for optimal health and functioning. These characteristics are expressed through the five life tasks of spirituality, self‐regulation, work, friendship, and love. Life forces external to the person are noted to understand the interaction between the individual and societal institutions.
Gender and Wellness: A Multidimensional Systems Model for Counseling
Authors: Crose Royda , Nicholas Donald R. , Gobble David C. , Frank Beth
Published: December 2011

An expanded view of health is advocated for assessment and treatment of individual clients in helping them achieve and maintain their maximum potential for high‐level wellness. In addition, moderating variables, such as culture, age, and gender differences, have an impact on every dimension of health and wellness. In this article a multidimensional systems model for wellness is described, and gender differences along those dimensions are reviewed. Application of the model and implications for counseling are discussed. Finally, two illustrative case examples, one man and one woman, are described.
Counseling for Spiritual Wellness: Theory and Practice
Authors: Chandler Cynthia K. , Holden Janice Miner , Kolander Cheryl A.
Published: December 2011

Spiritual wellness is an emerging area of interest in counseling. It still lacks clarity, however, in definition and application. To increase familiarity with and encourage counselor intervention regarding the spiritual dimension, the authors of this article attempt to define more clearly the concept of spiritual health and to describe ways to use techniques for the enhancement of spiritual wellness and the advancement of spiritual development.
Understanding Clients' Perceptions of Stress
Authors: Sowa Claudia J.
Published: December 2011

The association of individual behavioral and personality characteristics with the stress response provides a natural role for stress management and the development of coping responses within the counseling process. The incorporation of stress management within the counseling process requires a theoretical framework for examining clients' perceptions of their coping capabilities as they experience difficulty with stressful life events. In this article the author presents a framework based on learned helplessness, called systematic rationalization. Empirical support and applications of the framework for working with clients experiencing difficulties coping with stressful life events are discussed.
Implications of an Africentric Worldview in Reducing Stress for African American Women
Authors: Jackson Anita P. , Sears Susan J.
Published: December 2011

Despite the extensive research on stress in recent decades, including the emphasis on stress mediation and reduction, epidemiological studies indicate that African American women continue to experience high rates of morbidity and mortality because of stress and stress‐related diseases. With growth in the conceptualization and articulation of an Africentric perspective for defining the functioning of African American people, in this article the authors explore the idea of an Africentric worldview as a means for reducing stress among African American women. Considering that cognitive appraisals define the situations that individuals experience and considering that worldview is the lens through which experience is viewed, restructuring worldview can alter the cognitive appraisals of potential stressful situations. Africentric worldview provides a framework for affirming African American and women's beliefs and behaviors. The authors propose that the framework has the potential to counter the negative images that often result in stressful appraisals of an oppressive and hostile environment.
Psychosocial Treatment of Life‐Threatening Disease: A Wellness Model
Authors: Zimpfer David G.
Published: December 2011

A wellness approach to counseling for healing and possible recovery from bodily disease, especially cancer, is described. The model attempts to position the body so as to marshal its instinctive healing forces and reduce destructive attitudes, assumptions, beliefs, and behaviors. The model is holistic in that it treats body, mind, spirit, and emotions in an eclectic way that ultimately empowers the client.
Spa in Counseling
Authors: Nelson Richard C.
Published: December 2011

A place may be made in nearly every counseling session for spa: uplifting, positive experiences in which the focus is placed directly on helping clients feel good about themselves. With many clients, a few minutes at the end of each interview may be saved for these positive experiences; with some clients the entire effort of an individual session may be that of spa. The simplest of the several examples of spa in counseling offered in this article is the activity “Things I Can Do,” in which the counselor helps the client focus on and savor some of the most often‐repeated actions of which he or she is capable: breathe, walk, talk, eat, sleep, think, and so on. All counseling clients can benefit from the emerging sense of wellness that can come from spa in counseling.
The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and Its Junior Versions
Authors: Schuerger James M.
Published: December 2011

In this article the author describes the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) and its junior versions, the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ) and the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ). Development of the tests is described briefly. Reliabilities and validities of the tests are covered, with attention to applications in educational, clinical, and occupational settings.
Supervising Consultants in Training: An Application of a Model of Supervision
Authors: Stoltenberg Cal D.
Published: December 2011

In this article the author delineates a model of supervision for consultation training. The model is based on Stoltenberg and Delworth's (1987) Integrated Developmental Model of supervision of counselors and has been adapted for supervision of consultation trainees. The model describes trainee characteristics and supervision needs across three levels of development, culminating in an integrated (3i) level with developed skills across eight domains of consultation activity. Development is tracked by monitoring changes in three crucial structures: self‐ and other‐awareness, motivation, and autonomy. Suggestions for supervision approaches for all three levels are presented, and relevant research is discussed.
Training Consultants: A Call to Action
Authors: Brown Duane
Published: December 2011

The development of consultation skills lags far behind the development of counseling skills in most counselor education programs. Some of the reasons why consultation training is not emphasized are examined, and some remedies are suggested.
Ethical Issues in Consultation, Associate Professor and Director
Authors: Newman Jody L.
Published: December 2011

Consulting relationships differ from traditional counseling and psychotherapeutic relationships in several fundamental ways. These differences require special consideration in evaluating ethical questions and conflicts, identifying ethical parameters within any given situation, and using existing ethical guidelines in determining appropriate courses of action. Currently, formal guidelines specific to the practice of consultation are not available, and existing codes of ethics for the helping professions provide only limited guidance for consultation practice. Consequently, consultants bear a heavy personal responsibility for the consequences of their professional decisions and actions. In this article the author reviews several important ethical issues relevant to consultation and examines their implications for consultation practice.
Consultation Contracts
Authors: Remley Theodore P.
Published: December 2011

Consultants enter into legal contracts each time they agree to a consultation arrangement outside of their regular work setting. They need to understand the legal context of contracts within which they perform their services and recognize the benefits a written agreement provides. Counselors often provide consultation services as a regular part of their job responsibilities. In such situations, a separate legal contract is not formed when a consultation relationship is created. A written understanding of the consultation arrangement, however, can be beneficial to the consultant and consultee even though a legal contract does not exist.
School Counselors and Consultants: Legal Duties and Liabilities
Authors: McCarthy Martha M. , Sorenson Gail Paulus
Published: December 2011

This article provides an overview of legal issues and problems salient to school counselors who provide direct services to students or indirect services through consultation. Among legal issues addressed are privacy, confidentiality, and privilege—conceptually distinct topics that in practice often overlap. Also covered are legal duties pertaining to handling student records, conducting research projects, reporting child abuse, and testing and placing students. Among the legal liabilities discussed are those arising from contract, tort, and criminal law and from violations of federal constitutional and statutory rights.
Management Consulting: Planning, Entry, Performance
Authors: Cosier Richard A. , Dan Dalton R.
Published: December 2011

The counseling profession has much in common with that of organizational consulting. The authors provide an overview of consulting practices that those in counseling might find useful should they decide to investigate the promise of organizational consulting. Included are aspects of market research, gauging competition, and target markets. They also consider promotion, networking, and elements of consulting performance. Last, they provide an extensive overview of relevant associations and materials of potential value to the prospective consultant.
Commentary: Educating and Counseling About HIV in the Second Decade
Authors: Keeling Richard P.
Published: December 2011

The authors of the articles in this special feature confront the most important and challenging questions about the current educational and counseling issues related to HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). As educators and counselors, we must look closely at both the characteristics and determinants of human behavior, direct our efforts at both individuals and their communities, work respectfully in all communities to produce humane change, and foster self‐esteem for all individuals and group pride in all communities. Education and counseling will become critically cross‐linked in effective programs.
Cognitive Processes in Close Relationships: Recent Findings and Implications for Counseling
Authors: Lopez Frederick G.
Published: December 2011

Coinciding with the recent growth of professional interest in relationship counseling has been the emergence of important research on the cognitive processes of persons in close relationships. In this article the author reviews selected findings from this literature, which illuminate the attributional, self‐evaluation, and self‐verification processes of participants in close relationships, and discusses their implications for the counseling of distressed couples.
Postpartum Depression: An Overview
Authors: Albright Angela
Published: December 2011

Occurring in about 12% of postpartum women, postpartum depression has been the focus of considerable research. Variables that have been correlated with postpartum depression range from biological causes, to lack of social support, to relationship with husband, to attributional styles, to psychodynamic explanations. There is a need for a more circumscribed operational definition of the syndrome and norming of depression measures. It is also important to assess each person individually and to design interventions that focus on particular contributive factors.