bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inventory of trees in tropical dry deciduous forests of Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: GANDHI DURAI SANJAY , SUNDARAPANDIAN SOMAIAH
Published: September 2014

Sanjay-Gandhi D, Sundarapandian S. 2014. Inventory of trees in tropical dry deciduous forests of Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India. Biodiversitas 15: 169-179. Diversity and distribution patterns of tree species were inventoried in 20 one hectare plots in SathanurReserve Forest of Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India. These plots were grouped into three sites based on their location in thereserve forest and the level of disturbance. Site I (8 plots) near to the road and agricultural lands, Site II (8 plots) away from the road andhuman settlements and site III (4 plots) along the canal-side where the terrain contain rocks here and there. A total of 60 speciesbelonging to 48 genera and 29 families were enumerated including 13,412 stems (â‰¥3.2cm DBH size class). The species richness in thestand (plot) varied from 7 ha-1 to 28 ha-1 and the stand density varied from 336 ha-1 to 1075 ha-1. Albizia amara (7999) was the dominantspecies in terms of density, basal area and IVI in all the study plots except plot no.16, where Chloroxylon swietenia was dominantindicates a mono-species dominated forest ecosystem. The mean values of Shannon and dominance indices were 1.406 and 0.411respectively. Diameter class-wise distribution showed L-shaped curve, a sign of good regeneration status. Cattle grazing and illegal fuelwood collection have been observed to pose huge pressure to the integrity of this tropical dry forest, still it have substantial tree speciesdiversity similar to many other dry forests in India and elsewhere.
Biology of black bass Micropterus salmoides (LacepÃ¨de, 1802) fifty years after the introduction in a small drainage of the Upper ParanÃ¡ River basin, Brazil
Authors: GARCIA DIEGO AZEVEDO ZOCCAL , COSTA ALEXANDRO DERLY AUGUSTO , LEME GEAN LUCAS ALVES , ORSI MÃRIO LUÃS
Published: September 2014

Garcia DAZ, Costa ADA, Leme GLA, Orsi ML. 2014. Biology of black bass Micropterus salmoides (LacepÃ¨de, 1802) fifty years after the introduction in a small drainage of the Upper ParanÃ¡ River basin, Brazil. Biodiversitas 15: 180-185. The dispersion of organisms byhuman actions has been the major source of changes in the natural distribution of species, making the introduction of non-native speciesa threat to biological diversity. Micropterus salmoides is a fish originating from North America, which was introduced in a lagoon in theEcological Park of Fazenda Monte Alegre in southern Brazil over 50 years ago. The reproductive activity, weight-length relationshipand relative condition factor were analyzed to evaluate the health parameters of the species. The result allows us to classify thereproductive activity of this population as moderate. It was found that the health condition patterns are identical to those theoreticallyexpected. The occurrence of individuals downstream of the lagoon shows that the population has been presenting dispersion conditionsto new environments, posing a threat to local biodiversity. Management measures, such as isolation or eradication of the population, arerequired to control the species within the studied site, and prevent its dispersion into natural watercourses.
Biological and functional diversity of bird communities in natural and human modified habitats in Northern Flank of Knuckles Mountain Forest Range, Sri Lanka
Authors: SUBASINGHE KALYA , SUMANAPALA AMILA P.
Published: September 2014

Subasinghe K, Sumanapala AP. 2014. Biological and functional diversity of bird communities in natural and human modified habitats in Northern Flank of Knuckles Mountain Forest Range, Sri Lanka. Biodiversitas 15: 200-205. The Knuckles Mountain Forest Range(KMFR) has a complex mosaic of natural and human modified habitats and the contribution of these habitats to the biological andfunctional diversities has not been deeply studied. Present study investigated both of these diversities in five habitat types (two naturalhabitats: Sub-montane forest and Pitawala Patana grassland; three modified habitats: cardamom, pinus and abandoned tea plantations) inNorthern Flank of KMFR using birds as the indicator group. Bird communities were surveyed using point count method. A total of1,150 individuals belonging to 56 species were observed. The highest species richness was reported from the cardamom plantationwhere as sub-montane forest had the highest feeding guild diversity in terms of Shannon Weiner index. The abandoned tea plantationand the Pitawala Patana grasslands with fairly open habitats, showed relatively lower levels of feeding guild diversities. It is clear thatthe structurally complex habitats contribute more to the areaâ€™s biological and functional diversities and need to be taken into consideration when developing conservation plans.
Short Communication: Effect of skid trails on the regeneration of commercial tree species at Balah Forest Reserve, Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: RAZALI NOORAIMY , ISMAIL MOHD HASMADI , KAMARUDIN NORIZAH , ZAKI PAKHRIAZAD HASSAN
Published: September 2014

Razali N, Ismail MH, Kamarudin N, Zaki PH. 2014. Effect of skid trails on the regeneration of commercial tree species at Balah Forest Reserve, Kelantan, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 15:240-244. Skidding operation has been reported as one of the factor to forest soildegradation and vegetation disturbance. Assessing tree regeneration by the effect of the skid trail from harvest operation is important todetermine the recovery rate of the forest stand. A study was conducted to accomplish the following objectives, (i) to measure the treeregeneration rates at different distance from skid trails, and (ii) to evaluate the dominance and species diversity of regenerated trees. Atotal of five plots with size of 50 m by 2 m were established in two skid trails of natural forest that has been logged in 2012. Each plotcontains five sub-plots of 2 m by 2 m in different locations namely skid track, edge and forest. The number of seedlings and saplings,species richness and diversity, and dominance regeneration were analyzed. Results showed that the number of species regeneration wasnot significantly different in both skid trails. For skid trail 1 the number of seedling and saplings was highest on skid trail tracks (meanspecies diversity = 0.45). Meanwhile skid trail 2 showed the greatest species regeneration at edges (mean species diversity =0.65).Frequency value for Elateriospermum tapos was high due to the existence of mother tree in the area that provides a great number ofseedlings. The dominance regeneration in both skid trails originated from non-dipterocarp families. There were 42 non-dipterocarp seedling and saplings in skid trail 1, and 182 in skid trail 2. While only 2 dipterocarp seedling and saplings in skid trail 1, and 8 in skid trail 2. Enrichment planting is suggested as dipterocarp species have low growth rate compared to the non dipterocarp species.
Short Communication: New distributional records of Sonneratia spp. from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Authors: RAGAVAN PADISAMY , RAVICHANDRAN K. , MOHAN P. M. , SXAENA ALOK , PRASANTH R. S. , JAYARAJ R. S.C. , SARAVANAN S.
Published: September 2014

Ragavan P, Ravichandran K, Mohan PM, Sxaena A, Prasanth R S, Jayaraj RSC, Saravanan S. 2014. New distributional records of Sonneratia spp. from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Biodiversitas 15: 251-260. Sonneratia lanceolata, Sonneratia x urama andSonneratia x gulngai was collected from Great Nicobar Island, which representing a new addition to the mangrove flora of India. S.lanceolata is distinguished from S. caseolaris by its drooping branches, lanceolate leaves and ovoidal bud without medial constriction.S. x urama and S. x gulngai are putative hybrids. S. x urama is putative hybrid between S. alba and S. lanceolata, whereas S. x gulngai is putative hybrid between S. alba and S. caseolaris. A detailed description along with colour plate and relevant notes is provided for further collection and identification of these species in the field.
Kebijakan Perubahan Kurikulum 2013 dalam Menyongsong Indonesia Emas Tahun 2045
Authors: Machali Imam
Published: September 2014

This article is intended to express the basis of policy changes in curriculum 2013, the elements of changes, and the implications of changes in the 2013 curriculum learning system. The results show that the policy of the 2013 curriculum change is based on internal and external challenges that are faced by some Indonesianpeople in order to prepare for thier future generation that are much more productive, creative, innovative and affective. Curriculum policy in 2013 is intended to fulfill some existing shortcomings that are in the previous curriculum. Curriculum 2013 is compiled to develope and to strengthen attitudes, knowledge, and skills in a balanced way.The change of policy in 2013regarding the four elements of curriculum changes are on Competency Standards (SKL),Content Standard (SI), Standard Process, and Assessment Standards. Furthermore, the learning system of curriculum policy changes in 2013 makes the impact on four issues, they arethe learning models of thematic-integrated, scientific approach, active strategies,and authentic assessment. Artikel ini dimaksudkan untuk mengungkap dasar kebijakan perubahan kurikulum 2013, elemen-elemen perubahan, dan implikasi perubahan kurikulum 2013 dalam sistem pembelajaran. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan perubahan kurikulum 2013 didasarkan pada tantangan internal dan eksternal yang dihadapi oleh bangsa Indonesia dalam rangka menyiapkan generasi yang produktif,kreatif, inovatif dan afektif. Kebijakan kurikulum 2013 dimaksudkan untukmenyempurnakan berbagai kekurangan yang ada pada kurikulum sebelumnya.Kurikulum 2013 disusun dengan mengembangkan dan memperkuat sikap,pengetahuan, dan keterampilan secara berimbang. Perubahan kebijakan 2013menyangkut empat elemen perubahan kurikulum yaitu pada Standar Kompetensi Lulusan (SKL), Standar Isi (SI), Standar Proses, dan Standar Penilaian. Sistem pembelajaran perubahan kebijakan kurikulum 2013 berdampak pada empat hal,yaitu model pembelajaran berupa tematik-integratif, pendekatan saintifik, strategi aktif, dan penilaian autentik.
Paradigma Baru Madrasah dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Kurikulum 2013
Authors: Prastowo Andi
Published: September 2014

Policy implementation is a process applying of decision of policy which usually early with compilation of program, project of till to activities for resolving a problem of becoming policy agenda. Ministry of Religion Republic Of Indonesia also have plan for the implementation of policy of Curriculum 2013 in all ladder of madrasah, including one of them at ladder of madrasah ibtidaiyah, start year 2014. This implementation have of implication to change various education aspect in madrasah like Standard Process, Standard Content, Standard Interest Grad, Standard Assessment, and also at Textbook Iesson. This paradigm becomes someone reference or institution in taking decision and policy to act.Implementasi kebijakan adalah suatu proses penerapan keputusan kebijakan yang biasanya diawali dengan penyusunan program, proyek hingga ke kegiatan-kegiatan untuk pemecahan suatu masalah yang menjadi agenda kebijakan. Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia juga berencana untuk mengimplementasikan kebijakan Kurikulum 2013 di semua jenjang madrasah, termasuk salah satunya pada jenjang Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, mulai tahun 2014. Implementasi ini berimplikasi pada perubahan berbagai aspek pendidikan di madrasah seperti Standar Proses, Standar Isi, Standar Kompetensi Lulusan, Standar Penilaian, maupun pada Buku Teks Pelajaran.Paradigma ini menjadi acuan seseorang atau institusi dalam mengambil kebijakan dan keputusan untuk bertindak.
What's in a Message? The Longitudinal Influence of a Supportive versus Combative Orientation on the Performance of Nonprofits
Authors: Botner Keith A. , Mishra Arul , Mishra Himanshu
Published: September 2014

In this article, the authors propose that in the long run, a nonprofit organization with supportively oriented positioning (e.g., promoting a cause) is likely to survive longer and achieve more donations compared with a nonprofit with a combative orientation (e.g., fighting against something). To test this proposition, the authors adopt a three-pronged approach that (1) uses publicly available financial data from nonprofits’ tax filings over a ten-year period, (2) measures annual donor pledges from a field study with a registered nonprofit organization, and (3) examines actual donation behavior of participants in a longitudinal lab study. Moreover, the authors test this proposition for donations of money as well as time. They consider various theoretical mechanisms that might cause the proposed effect, such as regulatory focus theory, inertia in giving, and the preponderance of supportive charities.
Multilevel Marketing Diffusion and the Risk of Pyramid Scheme Activity: The Case of Fortune Hi-Tech Marketing in Montana
Authors: Bosley Stacie , McKeage Kim K.
Published: September 2014

While statisticians have simulated the expected rate of growth in pyramid schemes, this research examines actual data on the spread of an alleged pyramid scheme in Montana. Fortune Hi-Tech Marketing (FHTM) was a multilevel marketing firm, sued by six states and the Federal Trade Commission and permanently shut down in 2014. Data from a settlement with the State of Montana provide a population of participants in a geographic region with definable markets and offer unique insights into local contagion. The authors analyze the pattern of FHTM adoption within a diffusion-of-innovation framework. The findings confirm that nearly all adoption results from interpersonal influence (i.e., imitation) and indicate that participation is higher in counties with larger economic contractions. The authors add to existing guidance about early indicators of fraudulent activity and discuss intervention and prevention strategies that reflect the imitative nature of this diffusion process.
Comparison between two complexes on a singular space
Authors: Ludwig Ursula
Published: September 2014

In this article we generalise the Witten deformation for stratified spaces and a class of Morse functions which we call radial Morse functions. In the first part of the article we perform the Witten deformation on the complex of

L
2

${{\mathrm{L}}^{2}}$

-forms on a (general) stratified space. A local Spectral Gap Theorem for the model Witten Laplacian near critical points of the Morse function is proved for general stratified spaces. The global Spectral Gap Theorem for the Witten Laplacian can be generalised to spaces with isolated singularities as well as to Witt spaces. In the second part of the article we give, in the case of isolated singularities, a geometric interpretation of the complex of eigenforms of the Witten Laplacian to small eigenvalues. For this, we have to establish first an analogue of the Morse–Thom–Smale complex.
The Precipitation Behavior of Secondary γ′ Phase in Superalloy FGH96 During Aging Treatment
Authors: Liu Hengsan , Zhang Lin , He Xinbo , Qu Xuanhui , Zhang Guoqing
Published: September 2014

Microstructural evolution of secondary γ′ precipitates in superalloy FGH96 under various aging treatments after 1200 °C solution treatment was investigated. The results indicate that particle size of secondary γ′ precipitates increases from about 73 μm to about 587 μm with the increasing of aging temperature in the range of 850–1120 °C, and the shape of secondary γ′ precipitates changes from spherical to cuboidal, and to butterfly-like with the increase of aging temperature. In case of the aging temperature of 1120 °C, the γ′ precipitates change into butterfly-like and the size is the largest. When the aging temperature reached 1140 °C, the γ′ precipitates are refined.
First record of Histiotus laephotis (Thomas, 1916) from Chile and new distributional information for Histiotus montanus (Phillipi and Landbeck, 1861) (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
Authors: Ossa Gonzalo , Bonacic Cristian , Barquez Rubén M.
Published: September 2014

We report new distributional records for
Taming Tyrannosaurus rex: English use in the research and publication practices of humanities scholars in Sweden
Authors: Kuteeva Maria , McGrath Lisa
Published: September 2014

We investigate the current position of English in the language ecology of Swedish academia, with a special focus on the humanities. Semi-structured interviews with 15 informants from the fields of Anthropology, General Linguistics and History were carried out to explore how non-native speakers of English experience using academic English in their research. In contrast to other recent findings, our study shows that while some differences along disciplinary lines emerged, on the whole, English does not pose a significant challenge for scholars when writing for publication. Furthermore, our informants do not perceive themselves to be disadvantaged by their non-native status. The study casts some doubt on Swales’ well-known dinosaur metaphor; while English does indeed dominate in the sphere of international publication in terms of production, multilingual research practices are evident within the research and publication process.
University language policies and language choice among Ph.D. graduates in Estonia: The (unbalanced) interplay between English and Estonian
Authors: Soler-Carbonell Josep
Published: September 2014

The role of English as a global language and its consequences for the internationalization of higher education are matters that have increasingly drawn the attention of researchers from different fields of language and communication. In this paper, an overview of the situation in Estonia is presented. The Estonian context has not previously been analyzed along these lines. The author suggests looking at Ph.D. dissertations as a site of tension between the need to effectively incorporate English as an academic language and the need to maintain Estonian as the national language. The article views this question in the context of some relevant language policy documents and other macro indicators. It then focuses on the number of Ph.D. dissertations defended at four main public universities in the last few years and the languages they have been written in. It appears that, although the language policy documents seem to correctly capture this tension between English and Estonian, the language most commonly used when writing dissertations is overwhelmingly English, with only the humanities providing some counterbalance to that trend. The current situation is different from that of past decades, when English was absent from Estonia’s scientific production and Estonian was significantly employed in that context, alongside Russian. In the discussion section, some lines for further inquiry are presented, together with a proposal for integrating complexity theory in such analyses.
Damping capacity of the Al matrix composite reinforced with SiC particle and TiNi fiber
Authors: Hu Jie , Wu Gaohui , Zhang Qiang , Gou Huasong
Published: September 2014

Imitating the structure of steel-reinforced concrete, a composite coupling good damping capacity and mechanical property was fabricated by pressure infiltration progress. The aluminum (Al) matrix composite was hybrid reinforced by 20% volume fraction of SiC particle (SiCp) and 20% volume fraction of TiNi fiber (TiNif). The damping capacity of the composite in the temperature range from 30°C to 290°C was studied using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). Due to the B19′→B2reverse martensitic transformation in TiNif, a damping peak showed up in the heating process. Furthermore, both the hysteretic effect of the martensite/variants interfaces in TiNifand the weak bonding interface between SiCpand TiNifwere attributed to the high damping capacity of the composite. After tension deformation, a compressive stress was formed in the composite in the heating process. With the help of compressive stress, the value of the damping peak was much higher than before, since the movement of dislocation in the Al matrix was easier.
Design and automated manufacturing of profiled composite driveshafts
Authors: Gude Maik , Lenz Florian , Gruhl Andreas , Witschel Bernhard , Ulbricht Andreas , Hufenbach Werner
Published: September 2014

The high specific strength and stiffness characteristics of composite materials such as carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) allow a significant weight reduction of the structural machine components such as automobile driveshafts. But high material cost and rather low productivity of the established manufacturing processes (e.g., filament winding) often inhibit the use of CFRP components in a high-volume car series. In this paper, a novel composite driveshaft system based on a profiled CFRP tube is presented. This system is designed to be produced by a continuous pultrusion process to achieve a significant reduction of the manufacturing costs. A cost assessment study was conducted to quantify the benefit of the developed continuous manufacturing process. In comparison with the state-of-the-art filament winding process, a cost reduction of 36% for the composite shaft body can be obtained. Moreover, the proposed fiber layup processes – braiding and continuous winding – offer the potential to manipulate the reinforcement architecture to maximize material utilization without reducing the manufacturing efficiency. This potential is investigated and validated by experimental tests. A difference in the load bearing capacity of more than 100% between different reinforcing architectures is shown.
Assessment of sand stabilization potential of a plant-derived biomass
Authors: Perić Dunja , Bartley Paul A. , Davis Lawrence , Uzer Ali Ulvi , Gürer Cahit
Published: September 2014

Lignin is a coproduct of biofuel and paper industries, which exhibits binding qualities when mixed with water. Lignin is an ideal candidate for a sustainable stabilization of unpaved roads. To this end, an experimental program was devised and carried out to quantify effects of lignin on compaction and early age shear strength behaviors of sand. Samples were prepared by mixing a particular type of coproduct called calcium lignosulfonate (CaL) with sand and water. Based on the extensive analyses of six series of strength tests, it was found that a normalized cohesion increased with an increasing normalized areas ratio. Normalizations were carried out by dividing the cohesion and area ratio by gravimetric CaL content whereby the area ratio was obtained by dividing the portion of the cross-sectional area occupied with lignosulfonate-water (CaL-W) paste by the total cross-sectional area. While the increase in the normalized cohesion eventually leveled out, the cohesion peaked at 6% of CaL. Thus, sand-CaL-water (S-CaL-W) mixes sustained larger shear stresses than dry sand for a range of normal stresses below the limiting normal stress. Consequently, the early age behavior indicates that adding CaL-W to sand is clearly beneficial in the near-surface applications in dry sand.
Voluntary Exile as the Solution to Discord in 1 Clement
Authors: Welborn Larry L.
Published: September 2014

The counsel of voluntary exile offered to the leaders of the faction in the church at Corinth in 1 Clement 54 has long puzzled interpreters who sense that it ill comports with the author’s insistence upon harmony, humility, and love. Aware that the discursive strategy of 1 Clement derives from the genre of political rhetoric, interpreters have adduced parallels to the apostrophe of 1 Clement 54 from the speeches of voluntary exiles in Roman political history. The present essay examines Clement’s rhetorical appeal to the leaders of the faction in the context of the exile literature of the first and second centuries C.E., focusing upon treatises and discourses composed by Musonius, Plutarch, Dio Chrysostom, and Favorinus. By situating 1 Clement 54 within the “discourse of displacement”1 that flourished in the early Empire, the essay demonstrates how Clement utilizes exile to construct a persona that dramatizes a communal consciousness of being resident aliens in the Roman Empire.
Jealousy, Internal Strife, and the Deaths of Peter and Paul: A Reassessment of 1 Clement
Authors: Eastman David L.
Published: September 2014

One of the great mysteries of early Christian history surrounds the ends of the lives of Peter and Paul. In this article, I will begin by summarizing the traditional view on the apostolic martyrdoms and Oscar Cullmann’s brief argument that internal strife, not imperial paranoia, may have led to the deaths of the apostles. By appealing to the broader literary context of 1 Clement, New Testament texts, Roman historical sources, and the apocryphal acts, I will then expand on and strengthen the thesis that the author of 1 Clement is communicating that internal disputes between Christians provoked imperial attention and eventually led to the deaths of Peter and Paul. The evidence from the text itself points strongly in that direction, although this is certainly a story that authors like Luke and Clement would not want to highlight, for it would directly undermine the desired image of Peter and Paul standing together as symbols of apostolic and ecclesiastical unity in Rome and elsewhere.
The God ‘Human’ and Human Gods. Models of Deification in Irenaeus and the Apocryphon of John
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: September 2014

This article compares two models of early Christian deification. Both models posit the reality of a human God, but in different ways. One model, represented by the Apocryphon of John, posits a transcendent God Human whose divine essence is protologically given to humans made in his/her image. The other model, represented by Irenaeus of Lyon, posits a historical God-human whose incarnation paves the way for humans to participate in the immortality of God. In the first model, human and divine nature exist on a continuum, permitting human-divine union and even identity. In the second, an ontological divide separates humans from God, allowing at most a participation in divine attributes. The comparison takes account of other similarities and differences in these two early Christian visions of deification, allowing for a full appreciation of both their diverse aspects and common core.
A late witness to Valentinian devotion in Egypt?
Authors: Bruyn Theodore S. de
Published: September 2014

Among the spells with Christian elements published in Papyri Graecae Magicae is a charitesion or “good luck charm,” Papyrus Wessely Pragensis Graecus no. 1.1 The spell concludes with an acclamation to Jesus Christ that is remarkable for its long series of epithets. These have thus far eluded satisfactory explanation. Several of the epithets recall language used in Valentinian writings to express the relationship between Father and Son in Valentinian protology and soteriology. This paper presents evidence to support reading the acclamation as an expression of Valentinian devotion, and discusses the significance of such an acclamation in a spell that may have been written in the fifth century, taking into account the scribal features of the papyrus.
Staatliches Handeln und Kartellrecht
Authors: Kling Michael , Dally Christoph
Published: September 2014

Die Anwendung der Wettbewerbsregeln der Art. 101 ff. AEUV setzt die Unternehmenseigenschaft der handelnden Einheiten bzw. Einrichtungen voraus. Der funktionale Unternehmensbegriff des Kartellrechts erfasst zwar das wirtschaftliche Handeln staatlicher Einheiten, nicht aber hoheitliches Handeln. Die an sich klare Trennung zwischen Staat und Wirtschaft bereitetet unter kartellrechtlichem Blickwinkel erhebliche Schwierigkeiten, weil in der Lebenswirklichkeit staatliche Maßnahmen und unternehmerische Tätigkeiten durch ein vielfältiges Ineinandergreifen gekennzeichnet sind. Unklar ist insbesondere die Frage, von welchen Kriterien im Einzelnen die Qualifizierung als unternehmerische Tätigkeit oder als Ausübung öffentlicher Gewalt abhängen soll. Die Rechtsprechung des EuGH ist auch insoweit nicht einheitlich und stringent, sondern von verschiedenen sektoralen Besonderheiten und einzelfallbezogenen Überlegungen abhängig.
Marktabgrenzung und Systemmärkte
Authors: Dreher Meinrad , Glöckle Peter
Published: September 2014

Das Vorliegen komplementärer Produkte stellt vor die Frage, ob und inwiefern die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen den Produkten für eine kartellrechtliche Beurteilung zu berücksichtigen sind. So kann die Nachfrage nach einem (Primär-)Produkt die Nachfrage eines komplementären Sekundärprodukts erfordern, um die Produkte als ein System nutzen zu können. Die Entscheidung für ein System kann daher zur Abhängigkeit von den Herstellern der komplementären Sekundärprodukte führen. Entweder kann das Sekundärprodukt bloßer Teil eines umfassenderen Systemmarkts aus Primär- und Sekundärprodukt sein. Oder es können jeweils eigene relevante Primär- und Sekundärmärkte abzugrenzen sein. Im Ergebnis sollte nach dem Grad der Reaktionsverbundenheit der Nachfrage nach dem Primär- und Sekundärprodukt differenziert werden. Untersucht wird in diesem Zusammenhang eine jüngere Entscheidung des LG Frankfurt/M., das einen Systemmarkt für die Übernahme von Unternehmen abgegrenzt hat. Ein in diesem Zusammenhang vereinbartes Nutzungsverhältnis über Kabelkanalanlagen sei demgegenüber ein unselbstständiger Teil des Markts für Unternehmensübernahmen und kein relevanter Markt für eine Preismissbrauchskontrolle.
Modernisation of State aid block exemptions
Authors: Plank René
Published: September 2014

EU State aid rules were subject to a major parallel overhaul between 2012 and 2014 in the context of „State Aid Modernisation“. With most of the rules recently adopted, the present article aims to shed light on the context and objectives of this reform, in particular the financial crisis, and take stock of the EU policy response in numerous new Council and Commission Regulations, Guidelines and Notices. A central element of the reform and focus of this article are the new State aid block exemption rules adopted on 17 June 2014.
Methods for Calculating Cartel Damages: A Survey
Authors: Maria Doose Anna
Published: September 2014

The paper focuses on the various methods used to quantify cartel damages, which have become more and more important as private damage suits in the aftermath of antitrust litigation increase. The approaches implementation is embedded into current legal environments with regards to the estimation approaches being used for quantification of cartel damages. The direct comparison of methods shows that difference methods convince due to their simplicity and plausibility in results as well as replicability. Cost-based approaches have to overcome hurdles but still are easy to conduct and comparatively more accurate. In contrast, price prediction takes market changes into account and the market simulation presents the most sophisticated and flexible approach, provided that assumptions are correct and correctly implemented, and therefore approaches the „real world“ counterfactual as approximate as possible.
Dissipation of Fomesafen, Saflufenacil, Sulfentrazone, and Flumioxazin from a Tennessee Soil under Field Conditions
Authors: Mueller Thomas C. , Boswell Bill W. , Mueller Sara S. , Steckel Lawrence E.
Published: September 2014

Fomesafen, saflufenacil, and sulfentrazone had similar parameters for their mass spectrometry analysis, all being analyzed in negative mode with similar ionization energies. Flumioxazin was analyzed in positive mode using different ionization temperatures and voltage energies, and a larger injection volume (10 µl compared with 2–5 µl) due to lower liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) detector response. Quantitative limits of detection in soil were < 5 parts per billion by weight for all herbicides. The field study was conducted three times (2010, 2011, 2012) with four blocks of each treatment each year. Herbicide concentrations over time were based on field samples that were later extracted and quantified using the described LC-MS procedures. Data were examined using a simple first-order (SFO) equation with each year-by-herbicide treatment combination regressed using SigmaPlot version 12.5 to determine regression parameters. The SFO rate constant was used to determine a half life, or DT50(in days) for each curve. All data were analyzed using a GLMMix ANOVA procedure using SAS version 9.3 and contrast statements were used to directly compare each herbicide comparison. Slopes for each herbicide use the SFO curve and were estimated using SAS. The order from shortest to longest DT50was flumioxazin (21.1 d) = saflufenacil (21.4 d) < fomesafen (45.6 d) < sulfentrazone (70.8 d). These results concur with the labeled recrop recommendations after application for flumioxazin and saflufenacil, which have shorter cotton plant-back restrictions compared with sulfentrazone and fomesafen. In these studies, none of the herbicides was highly persistent (all half-lives < 100 d), so none would be expected to be persistent pollutants in the environment, although further research is needed in this area.
A Simple In-Season Bioassay for Detecting Glyphosate Resistance in Grass and Broadleaf Weeds Prior to Herbicide Application in the Field
Authors: Kaundun Shiv S. , Hutchings Sarah-Jane , Harris Suzanne C. , Jackson Lucy V. , Shashi-Kiran Rekha , Dale Richard P. , McIndoe Eddie
Published: September 2014

The implementation of a successful glyphosate resistance management strategy requires a simple and cost-effective method for detecting resistance in key weeds. To date, however, glyphosate resistance is still routinely confirmed via laborious and time consuming whole-plant pot assays using seeds collected at the end of the growing season. Here, we describe a simple, early-season bioassay for detecting evolved glyphosate resistance in grass and broadleaf weeds. It involves transplanting suspected glyphosate resistant seedlings alongside known sensitive and resistant standards into agar containing informative rates of herbicide and recording percentage survival 14 d after plating. The method was validated using sensitive and resistant populations of Lolium, Eleusine, Conyza, and Amaranthus species encompassing the main glyphosate resistance mechanisms, namely, impaired translocation, EPSPS gene duplication, and mutations. The whole plant pot and agar-based seedling tests generated comparable resistance indices in dose-response assays and percentage survival at discriminating glyphosate rates. The method was applied successfully to detect resistance in a rigid ryegrass population collected from a French vineyard well before glyphosate was applied in the field for the current season. Additionally, the test was shown to be highly transferable to several other grass and broadleaf weeds that have evolved resistance to glyphosate. One major attribute of the method is that it is capable of detecting resistance regardless of the mechanism involved. In addition to being very simple, quick and, cost-effective, it allows determination of glyphosate resistance in weeds prior to field application. It thus offers the opportunity for an informed choice of herbicides for effective weed control.
Can Soybean Seeding Rate Be Used as an Integrated Component of Herbicide Resistance Management?
Authors: DeWerff Ryan P. , Conley Shawn P. , Colquhoun Jed B. , Davis Vince M.
Published: September 2014

Increased soybean seed cost has generated recent interest in reducing seeding rates to improve economic returns. However, low seeding rates result in reduced established plant stands with slower canopy development, and canopy development is an important element of integrated weed management (IWM). Field studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Wisconsin to determine the trade-off between reduced seeding rates and PRE residual herbicide use for POST herbicide exposure. Soybean was planted in mid May in 38-cm-wide rows at five seeding rates ranging from 148,200 to 469,300 seeds ha−1. A PRE application of metolachlor plus fomesafen was made to half of the plots. One of two POST herbicide programs were sprayed at the V4 soybean growth stage to determine whether blending herbicide-resistant (HR) and non-HR soybean cultivars could be a practical alternative to reduce soybean seed expenses while maintaining the potential benefit of weed suppression before the POST herbicide application. An increase in seeding rate did not reduce the density or size of weeds exposed to the POST herbicide, and furthermore, end-of-season weed density and biomass were not influenced. In contrast, the use of a PRE herbicide reduced total weed density and biomass before POST application by 93 and 95%, respectively, in both years. In 2012, the season was dry early and harvest stands of 161,100 and 264,100 plants ha−1produced 95% of the maximum yield for the PRE and no-PRE treatments, respectively. The difference was not repeated in 2013 with adequate early season rainfall. In conclusion, PRE herbicide use produced maximum yield with fewer plants per hectare by limiting early season weed competition and reduced weeds exposed to POST herbicide application thus contributing to HR management (HRM). In contrast, higher plant densities generated within the seeding rate range of this study did little to improve IWM or HRM.
Scaleup of Effective Mass Transfer in Vapour-Extraction Process Accounting for Field-Scale Reservoir Heterogeneities
Authors: Leung Juliana
Published: September 2014

Vapour extraction (VAPEX) is a nonthermal process using vapourized solvents, with promising potential to reduce steam consumption in heavy-oil recovery. The key recovery mechanisms are convection and molecular diffusion enhanced by various spreading mechanisms [e.g., capillarity and velocity variations at the micro and macroscale (i.e., dispersion and mixing)]. The efficiency of diffusion/dispersion depends significantly on reservoir heterogeneities, which exhibit a wide range of length scales. This paper demonstrates a procedure for quantifying the scaling characteristics of effective mass transfer accounting for heterogeneities based on the volume-averaging approach. Volume averaging is a mathematical technique used to derive continuum equations at coarse scales given representative transport equations at fine scales. Although treatment of transport problems has been published in the past, application to stochastic geological systems is limited. In the proposed procedure, results from a fine-scale numerical flow simulation reflecting the full physics of VAPEX over a small element of the reservoir are integrated by use of the volume-averaging technique to provide effective description of mass transfer at the coarse scale. Scaling characteristics of effective mass transfer are investigated systematically for different heterogeneity distributions. Results show (1) spatial variability of effective-mass-transfer coefficients increases as a solvent chamber advances through the reservoir; (2) mean and variance of effective-mass transfer vary with length scale in a fashion similar to that of recovery statistics; and (3) variability in effective-mass transfer is a strong nonlinear function of heterogeneity. An original contribution is to provide a general framework for developing scaling relationships of effective mass transfer in VAPEX accounting for reservoir heterogeneities. It also presents an important potential in modelling of other solvent-injection applications. Results demonstrate that effective-mass transfer varies with length scale and heterogeneity; hence, it should be represented properly for accurate prediction of recovery performance in simulations using scaled-up reservoir models.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation Fluorometry Technique and Laboratory Cultivation of Qatari Corals: Studying Coral Growth and Photosynthetic Efficiency
Authors: Al-Naema Nayla , Saeed Suhur , Deb Nandita , Dupont Jennifer
Published: September 2014

The Arabian Gulf is well known as being probably the most extreme environment in which zooxanthellate coral reef communities occur. A combination of both extremely high and low temperatures as well as high salinities, combined with shallow profile of the coastal waters (high luminosity) imply high stress for coral physiology that may explain much of the coral bleaching events observed during the last decade. We proposed to investigate corals Symbiodinium response to different levels of those three elements. Among the different available methods; fluorescence technique (Imaging Pulse Amplitude Modulation - PAM) and buoyant weight were used to assess photosynthetic activity and health stress. Porites sp. samples were collected from two Qatari marine areas and exposed to high levels of the three essential elements in controlled laboratory conditions. Our results suggested that Imaging-PAM parameters (Maximum Quantum Yield Fv/Fm, Electronic Transfer Rate ETR, and Non-Photochemical Quenching NPQ) and growth gain percentage provided useful routine tools to detect stress situation in hospite Symbiodinium in Porites sp. Moreover, the high resolution images derived from PAM were able to capture the stress before it become visible to observer eyes. Elevated levels of temperature (38 °C) and salinity (50 psu) negatively influenced corals health and caused death events. Coral bleaching started after the sixth day of exposure suggesting that coral are affected only when extreme conditions persists for more than one week. With regards to raised light intensity, no stress was detected; in contrary growth and photosynthetic efficiency increased.
Critical Concentration of Foam and Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Fejoli Rômulo Fieni , Romero Oldrich Joel
Published: September 2014

One of the most important tasks in Petroleum Engineering is the characterization of the properties of the reservoirs for the application of the method that will bring a greater oil recovery factor. Among the different special recovery methods with great potential for improving the oil recovery factor, the foam injection can be mentioned. The foam may be used as a selective block agent of the reservoir, which reduces the effective permeability zones already swept with high permeability. A widely used tool for this purpose is the simulation of petroleum reservoirs, which through the application of numerical methods allows for the solution of the hydraulic diffusivity equation. This project deals with the computational modeling of foam injection in oil reservoirs using a numerical software. The main objective of this research is to understand which are the parameters that maximize the oil recovery factor when the foam injection is used. Simulation results showed that the main acting parameters for the method of recovery are the oil viscosity and the concentration of surfactant for foam generation. The initial increases in surfactant concentration were that promoted a greater increase in oil production, achieving a recovery above of 30% of oil. Above a certain critical surfactant concentration of about 0.2 lb/stb the production increase was not significant.
Prediction of Horizontal Well Production Performance by Design of a Pressure Test of Partial Penetration in Heavy Oil Fields
Authors: Porlles J. W.
Published: September 2014

Recently, a big heavy oil province has been discovered in a remote area of the Amazonian rainforest in Peru. These fields tested heavy oil production (< 12° API); commercial decision on developing this area will take into account results of drilling appraisal wells, evacuation of the heavy oil from the Peruvian jungle to the cost and environmental concerns in a high biodiversity region.

This study provides the necessary test design considerations to calculate, from a conventional pressure transient analysis, the timing for the start and the end of all the flow regimes happening in a partial penetration test; thus, some recommendations were drawn to reduce wellbore storage and ensure the hemispherical flow regime appears, as longer as possible during the test, to measure vertical permeability. A partial penetration test was carried out in an exploratory well supported by this methodology; anisotropy and productivity index was calculated. In addition, a comparison analysis was done to calculate dimensional productivity index and predict production performance for different well types by simulation, and precise decision-making process towards optimizing well trajectories for exploiting reservoirs to produce.
Thermal Expansion of Cement and Well Integrity of Heavy Oil Wells
Authors: Loiseau A..
Published: September 2014

Proper well construction involves long-term integrity; thus, accurate characterization of the physical properties of set cement systems is mandatory. Chemical stability, compressive strength, and permeability are commonly the main parameters determined for oilfield cement systems. The knowledge of these properties is most often enough to estimate if a cement system will maintain well integrity. However, some hydrocarbon recovery processes are highly aggressive toward the cement sheath. Under thermal processes for recovery of heavy oil, such as steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) or cyclic steam stimulation (CSS), the well temperature can reach up to 350°C. The casing expands during the heating-up phase, and this outward expansion increases the stress on the annular cement sheath. Under such conditions, simulations show that a key intrinsic thermal property, the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (LCTE), is equally as important as the other physical properties to maintain well integrity.

To determine the LCTE of set cement, one needs to understand the thermal-expansion theory of solid materials. An experimental setup for measuring this parameter for set cement has been developed, and essential precautions for performing accurate measurements have been formulated.

The LCTE of cement is a critical parameter in the development of new cement technologies for high-temperature (HT) well applications; the chemical composition of the cement system and the curing conditions can affect the LCTE of oilfield cement systems.

Improved understanding of this critical parameter has allowed significant improvement of the reliability of cement systems used in these hostile environments and provides better solutions in the form of thermally responsive cement systems.