bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Modified Essen Stroke Risk Score for Predicting Recurrent Cardiovascular Events: Development and Validation
Authors: Sumi Shigeki , Origasa Hideki , Houkin Kiyohiro , Terayama Yasuo , Uchiyama Shinichiro , Daida Hiroyuki , Shigematsu Hiroshi , Goto Shinya , Tanaka Kortaro , Miyamoto Susumu , Minematsu Kazuo , Matsumoto Masayasu , Okada Yasushi , Sato Motoki , Suzuki Norihiro
Published: July 2012

Background

The Essen stroke risk score is widely applied to predict the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke. We developed a modified Essen stroke risk score and validated it using a large prospective Effective Vascular Event REduction after STroke (EVEREST) registry including 3588 patients with ischemic stroke in Japan. Patients with cardioembolic stroke were excluded, and follow-up was one-year.

Methods

The modified Essen stroke risk score was calculated from scores for waist circumference, stroke subtype by etiology, and gender in addition to age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, previous myocardial infarction, other cardiovascular diseases except myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation, peripheral artery disease, smoking, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. A multiple logistic regression model identified the predictors (each assigned one or two points) and provided c-statistics for the modified Essen stroke risk score. We considered two outcomes, recurrent ischemic stroke and cardiovascular events (defined as the combined outcomes of fatal or nonfatal stroke, myocardial infarction, nonfatal unstable angina, and cardiac death).

Results

Recurrent ischemic stroke occurred in 121 patients (3·7%) and cardiovascular events occurred in 133 (4·0%) within a year. The c-statistic (used for discrimination) was 0·632 for recurrent stroke and 0·640 for cardiovascular events. Patients scoring 6 or greater were classified as high risk, otherwise were classified as low risk. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that the modified risk score was more predictive than the Essen stroke risk score in both men and women.

Conclusions

The modified Essen stroke risk score increased the ability of the Essen stroke risk score to predict recurrent cardiovascular events. Patients with a high modified Essen stroke risk score should be candidates for intensified secondary prevention strategies.
Effects of geochemical constituents on the zero‐valent iron reductive removal of nitrobenzene in groundwater
Authors: Dong Jun , Ding Linjie , Wen Chunyu , Hong Mei , Zhao Yongsheng
Published: July 2012

Nitrobenzene (NB) was chosen as the model contaminant, and batches lab scale experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of geochemical compositions on reductive removal of nitrobenzene by zero‐valent iron (ZVI) in groundwater. Experimental results showed that the kinetics of nitrobenzene reduction by ZVI was a pseudo‐first order with an observed rate constant, kobs, of 3.67 × 10−4/s; the calculated half‐life of nitrobenzene was 1.89 × 103/s. The geochemical constituents of groundwater have significant influences on ZVI reactivity and nitrobenzene reduction. The presence of high concentration of nitrate, carbonate, sulphate and hardness had detrimental effects on reduction of nitrobenzene and formation of aniline; chloride had a slight positive effect on the nitrobenzene reduction and the formation of aniline. Bicarbonate enhanced the ZVI reactivity initially at lower concentration and inhibited the nitrobenzene reduction at high concentration. Therefore, the performance and reactivity of ZVI were found to be strongly affected by the geochemical constituents of groundwater.
Mechanisms underlying reduced P2Y1‐receptor‐mediated relaxation in superior mesenteric arteries from long‐term streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Ishida K. , Matsumoto T. , Taguchi K. , Kamata K. , Kobayashi T.
Published: July 2012

Aim

Extracellular nucleotides activate cell‐surface purinergic (P2) receptors, contribute to the local regulation of vascular tone and play important roles in pathophysiological states. However, little is known about the vasodilator effects of P2Y1‐receptor activation in diabetic states. We hypothesized that in a model of established type 1 diabetes, long‐term streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats, the arterial relaxation elicited by a P2Y1‐receptor agonist would be impaired.

Methods

Relaxations to adenosine 5′‐diphosphate sodium salt (ADP), 2‐MeSADP (selective P2Y1‐receptor agonist) and adenosine 5′‐triphosphate disodium salt (ATP) were examined in superior mesenteric artery rings from long‐term STZ‐induced diabetic rats (at 50–57 weeks after STZ injection). ADP‐stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in the superior mesenteric artery was assessed by measuring the levels of NO metabolites. Mesenteric artery expressions of P2Y1 receptor, and ADP‐stimulated levels of phosphorylated endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) (at Ser1177 and at Thr495) and eNOS were detected by Western blotting.

Results

Arteries from diabetic rats exhibited (vs. those from age‐matched control rats): (i) reduced ADP‐induced relaxation, which was partly or completely inhibited by endothelial denudation, by NOS inhibitor treatment and by a selective P2Y1‐receptor antagonist, (ii) reduced 2‐MeSADP‐induced relaxation, (iii) reduced ADP‐stimulated release of NO metabolites and (iv) impaired ADP‐induced stimulation of eNOS activity (as evidenced by reduced the fold increase in eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 with no difference in fold increase in eNOS phosphorylation at Thr495). The protein expression of P2Y1 receptor did not differ between diabetic and control arteries.

Conclusions

These results suggest that P2Y1‐receptor‐mediated vasodilatation is impaired in superior mesenteric arteries from long‐term type 1 diabetic rats. This impairment is because of reduced P2Y1‐receptor‐mediated NO signalling, rather than to reduced P2Y1‐receptor expression.
Physiological functions of GPx2 and its role in inflammation‐triggered carcinogenesis
Authors: Brigelius‐Flohé Regina , Kipp Anna Patricia
Published: July 2012

Mammalian glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) are reviewed with emphasis on the role of the gastrointestinal GPx2 in tumorigenesis. GPx2 ranks high in the hierarchy of selenoproteins, corroborating its importance. Colocalization of GPx2 with the Wnt pathway in crypt bases of the intestine and its induction by Wnt signals point to a role in mucosal homeostasis, but GPx2 might also support tumor growth when increased by a dysregulated Wnt pathway. In contrast, the induction of GPx2 by Nrf2 activators and the upregulation of COX2 in cells with a GPx2 knockdown reveal inhibition of inflammation and suggest prevention of inflammation‐mediated carcinogenesis. The Janus‐faced role of GPx2 has been confirmed in a mouse model of inflammation‐associated colon carcinogenesis (AOM/DSS), where GPx2 deletion increased inflammation and consequently tumor development, but decreased tumor size. The model further revealed a GPx2‐independent decrease in tumor development by selenium (Se) and detrimental effects of the Nrf2‐activator sulforaphane in moderate Se deficiency.
Nitric oxide signaling in the brain: translation of dynamics into respiration control and neurovascular coupling
Authors: Laranjinha João , Santos Ricardo M. , Lourenço Cátia F. , Ledo Ana , Barbosa Rui M.
Published: July 2012

The understanding of the unorthodox actions of neuronal‐derived nitric oxide (•NO) in the brain has been constrained by uncertainties regarding its quantitative profile of change in time and space. As a diffusible intercellular messenger, conveying information associated with its concentration dynamics, both the synthesis via glutamate stimulus and inactivation pathways determine the profile of •NO concentration change. In vivo studies, encompassing the real‐time measurement of •NO concentration dynamics have allowed us to gain quantitative insights into the mechanisms inherent to •NO‐mediated signaling pathways. It has been of particular interest to study the diffusion properties and half‐life, the interplay between •NO and O2 and the ensuing functional consequences for regulation of O2 consumption, the role of vasculature in shaping •NO signals in vivo, and the mechanisms that are responsible for •NO to achieve the coupling between glutamatergic neuronal activation and local microcirculation.
Dietary polyphenols in cancer prevention: the example of the flavonoid quercetin in leukemia
Authors: Spagnuolo Carmela , Russo Maria , Bilotto Stefania , Tedesco Idolo , Laratta Bruna , Russo Gian Luigi
Published: July 2012

Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables can represent an easy strategy to significantly reduce the incidence of cancer. We recently demonstrated that the flavonoid quercetin, naturally present in the diet and belonging to the class of phytochemicals, is able to sensitize several leukemia cell lines and B cells isolated from patients affected by chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL), in addition to apoptotic inducers (anti‐CD95 and rTRAIL). Further, it potentiates the effect of fludarabine, a first‐line chemotherapeutic drug used against CLL. The proapoptotic activity of quercetin in cell lines and B‐CLL is related to the expression and activity of Mcl‐1–antiapoptotic proteins belonging to the Bcl‐2 family. Quercetin downregulates Mcl‐1 mRNA and protein levels acting on mRNA stability and protein degradation. Considering the low toxicity of the flavonoids toward normal peripheral blood cells, our experimental results are in favor of a potential use of quercetin in adjuvant chemotherapy in CLL or other types of cancer.
The role of oxidative stress in Rett syndrome: an overview
Authors: De Felice Claudio , Signorini Cinzia , Leoncini Silvia , Pecorelli Alessandra , Durand Thierry , Valacchi Giuseppe , Ciccoli Lucia , Hayek Joussef
Published: July 2012

The main cause of Rett syndrome (RTT), a pervasive development disorder almost exclusively affecting females, is a mutation in the methyl‐CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) gene. To date, no cure for RTT exists, although disease reversibility has been demonstrated in animal models. Emerging evidence from our and other laboratories indicates a potential role of oxidative stress (OS) in RTT. This review examines the current state of the knowledge on the role of OS in explaining the natural history, genotype–phenotype correlation, and clinical heterogeneity of the human disease. Biochemical evidence of OS appears to be related to neurological symptom severity, mutation type, and clinical presentation. These findings pave the way for potential new genetic downstream therapeutic strategies aimed at improving patient quality of life. Further efforts in the near future are needed for investigating the yet unexplored “black box” between the MeCP2 gene mutation and subsequent OS derangement.
Emerging topics in cutaneous wound repair
Authors: Valacchi Giuseppe , Zanardi Iacopo , Sticozzi Claudia , Bocci Velio , Travagli Valter
Published: July 2012

The intervention strategies in various types of skin wounds include several treatment programs that depend on the identified disease. Several factors such as aging, defective nutrition, traumatism, atherosclerosis, and diabetes may contribute to the formation of a wound that has no tendency to heal due to a defective and complicated repair process. The numerous advances in the understanding of the wound‐healing process in both acute and chronic lesions have been recently described. The purpose of this paper is to describe relatively new approaches as viable alternatives to current wound‐healing therapies. The future challenges for both the best targeting and optimization of these potential treatments are also described.
Electrostatic Spraying of Food‐Grade Organic and Inorganic Acids and Plant Extracts to Decontaminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Spinach and Iceberg Lettuce
Authors: Ganesh Vijayalakshmi , Hettiarachchy Navam S. , Griffis Carl L. , Martin Elizabeth M. , Ricke Steven C.
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  The prevalence of foodborne illnesses is continually on rise. In the U.S.A., Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli) has been associated with several outbreaks in minimally processed foods. Spinach and lettuce pose higher food safety risks and recurring food recalls suggest the insufficiency of current disinfection strategies. We aimed at offering a natural antimicrobial alternative using organic acids (malic, tartaric, and lactic acids [MA, TA, and LA, respectively]) and grape seed extract (GSE) and a novel application method using electrostatic spraying to evenly distribute the antimicrobials onto produce. Spinach and lettuce samples were washed, sanitized with sodium hypochlorite solution (6.25 mL/L), dip inoculated in water containing E. coli (7.0 log CFU/mL) for 24 h, and rewashed with sterile water to remove nonadhered pathogens. The samples were sprayed electrostatically with MA, LA, and GSE alone and in combinations and for comparison, with phosphoric acid (PA) and pH controls with deionized water adjusted to 1.5/2.3/3.6 and stored at 4 °C. When combined with LA (3%), MA (3%) showed 2.1 to 4.0 log CFU/g reduction of E. coli between the days 1 and 14 on spinach and 1.1 to 2.5 log CFU/g reduction on lettuce. Treatment with PA (1.5%) and PA (1.5%)–GSE (2%) exhibited 1.1 to 2.1 log CFU/g inhibition of E. coli on spinach during the 14‐d storage. Our findings demonstrated the efficacy of electrostatic spraying of MA, LA, and GSE on fresh produce to improve the safety and lower the public health burden linked to produce contamination.

Practical Application:  Electrostatic spraying is an emerging technique that can be adopted to improve the distribution and application of antimicrobials during fresh produce sanitation. Relatively simple and quick, the process can access most/all parts of produce surface and offer protection from food pathogens. The use of malic and lactic acids with or without grape seed extract can serve as effective antimicrobials when sprayed electrostatically, lowering the risk from postcontamination issues with spinach and iceberg lettuce. This application technology can be extended to improve the commercial food safety of other produce, fruits, poultry, and meat.
Influence of Storage, Heat Treatment, and Solids Composition on the Bleaching of Whey with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Li Xiaomeng E. , Campbell Rachel E. , Fox Aaron J. , Gerard Patrick D. , Drake MaryAnne
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  The residual annatto colorant in liquid whey is bleached to provide a desired neutral color in dried whey ingredients. This study evaluated the influence of starter culture, whey solids and composition, and spray drying on bleaching efficacy. Cheddar cheese whey with annatto was manufactured with starter culture or by addition of lactic acid and rennet. Pasteurized fat‐separated whey was ultrafiltered (retentate) and spray dried to 34% whey protein concentrate (WPC34). Aliquots were bleached at 60 °C for 1 h (hydrogen peroxide, 250 ppm), before pasteurization, after pasteurization, after storage at 3 °C and after freezing at −20 °C. Aliquots of retentate were bleached analogously immediately and after storage at 3 or −20 °C. Freshly spray dried WPC34 was rehydrated to 9% (w/w) solids and bleached. In a final experiment, pasteurized fat‐separated whey was ultrafiltered and spray dried to WPC34 and WPC80. The WPC34 and WPC80 retentates were diluted to 7 or 9% solids (w/w) and bleached at 50 °C for 1 h. Freshly spray‐dried WPC34 and WPC80 were rehydrated to 9 or 12% solids and bleached. Bleaching efficacy was measured by extraction and quantification of norbixin. Each experiment was replicated 3 times. Starter culture, fat separation, or pasteurization did not impact bleaching efficacy (P > 0.05) while cold or frozen storage decreased bleaching efficacy (P < 0.05). Bleaching efficacy of 80% (w/w) protein liquid retentate was higher than liquid whey or 34% (w/w) protein liquid retentate (P < 0.05). Processing steps, particularly holding times and solids composition, influence bleaching efficacy of whey.

Practical Application:  Optimization of whey bleaching conditions is important to reduce the negative effects of bleaching on the flavor of dried whey ingredients. This study established that liquid storage and whey composition are critical processing points that influence bleaching efficacy.
Antimicrobial Activity of Oregano Oil on Iceberg Lettuce with Different Attachment Conditions
Authors: Gündüz Gülten Tiryaki , Niemira Brendan A. , Gönül Şahika Aktuğ , Karapinar Mehmet
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  In this study, the antimicrobial activity of oregano oil was investigated under different attachment conditions of Salmonella spp. to iceberg lettuce. Inoculated lettuce was either not dried or dried for 30 min, 60 min, or 120 min, under either static air or moving air. Washing iceberg lettuce with 500 ppm oregano oil for 1, 5, and 10 min reduced the population of Salmonella spp. by (respectively) 1.3, 1.65, and 2.28 log cfu/g following the most challenging inoculation conditions, an inoculum drying period of 2 h under moving air. Across all inoculation conditions, increasing the treatment time significantly increased the reductions in the populations of Salmonella spp. (P < 0.05). Browning and softening of the lettuce leaf surface was observed after 10 min of treatment with oregano oil. For each treatment time, attachment times and drying under static compared with moving air did not significantly affect the antimicrobial efficacy of the various oregano oil treatments (P > 0.05). The results obtained in this study suggest that oregano oil can effectively reduce populations of Salmonella attached to lettuce leaf surfaces.

Practical Application:  The use of essential oils as an antimicrobial treatment can help to ensure the safety of leafy green products. As used in this study, oregano oil effectively reduced Salmonella spp., even after the pathogen had dried onto the lettuce leaves. Treatments that incorporate oregano oil therefore hold promise as a biocide treatment for process and packaged lettuce.
Use of Poultry Protein Isolate As a Food Ingredient: Sensory and Color Characteristics of Low‐Fat Turkey Bologna
Authors: Omana Dileep A. , Pietrasik Zeb , Betti Mirko
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  The potential of using poultry protein isolate (PPI) as a food ingredient to substitute either soy protein isolate (SPI) or meat protein in turkey bologna was investigated. PPI was prepared from mechanically separated turkey meat using pH‐shift technology and the prepared PPI was added to turkey bologna at 2 different concentrations (1.5% and 2% dry weight basis). Product characteristics were compared with those prepared with the addition of 2% SPI, 11% meat protein (control‐1), or 13% meat protein (control‐2). All the 5 treatments were subjected to sensory analysis to evaluate aroma, appearance, color, flavor, saltiness, juiciness, firmness, and overall acceptability of the turkey bologna samples using 9‐point hedonic scales. A turkey bologna control sample with 11% meat protein appeared to be softer compared to other treatments as revealed by texture profile analysis while purge loss during storage in a retail display case was significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to other treatments. Lightness (L*) value of the products decreased during 4 wk of retail storage. A turkey bologna control sample with 13% meat protein appeared to be darker and more reddish compared to other treatments. Replacing meat protein with protein isolates caused increase in yellowish color of turkey bologna. Sensory analysis concluded that 1.5% PPI and 2% PPI could be used as substitute of SPI or lean meat and the treatments could be improved by increasing saltiness and decreasing firmness.

Practical Application:  The study revealed that with slight modifications in saltiness, turkey bologna can be prepared with the addition of poultry protein isolates as an acceptable substitute for soy protein isolate or meat protein. This will help to avoid usage of nonmeat ingredients (as SPI substitute) and to reduce the cost of production (as meat protein substitute) of low‐fat turkey bologna.
Aminopeptidase from Streptomyces gedanensis as a useful Tool for Protein Hydrolysate Preparations with Improved Functional Properties
Authors: Rahulan Raji , Dhar Kiran S. , Nampoothiri K. Madhavan , Pandey Ashok
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of amino peptidase (AP) from Streptomyces gedanensis to produce protein hydrolysates (PHs) with better antioxidant, nutritional, and functional properties and to compare it with the PHs produced by commercial protease. Three proteins, soy, casein, and wheat protein were employed to produce their hydrolysates by applying 2% (w/w) AP at optimal conditions of pH 8.5 and temperature 55 °C. The results disclosed that the degree of hydrolysis ranges from 15.93 to 20.68% after 6 h showed better antioxidant activity and functional properties such as solubility, foaming properties, and water holding capacity than the commercial protease treated hydrolysates. AP treated PHs were enriched in Glu followed by Leu, Tyr, Lys, Phe, Asp, Met, His, Ile, Ala, and Val. Therefore, S. gedanensis AP would be an attractive microbial AP with high potential for the preparation of PHs which could offer industrial applications especially in the realm of producing food formulations as food additives in medicine and sport.

Practical Application:  AP from S. gedanensis was found to be the most effective enzyme to produce PHs with good antioxidant, nutritional, and functional properties. The antioxidant and essential amino acids of AP treated PHs unveiled that this amino peptidase could give credence to eliminate the bitter taste by hydrolysis of peptides and could offer interesting possibilities for industrial applications, including debittering of protein hydrolysates. The findings could be useful in the food industry especially in the realm of producing food formulations requiring high protein supplements.
Influence of Lipid Content and Lipoxygenase on Flavor Volatiles in the Tomato Peel and Flesh
Authors: Ties Paige , Barringer Sheryl
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Ten different varieties of tomatoes were separated into peel and flesh and each portion was measured separately. Headspace volatiles were measured in real time using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Lipoxygenase activity was measured using the adsorption of conjugated dienes formed by lipoxygenase. Lipid was extracted and fatty acids were quantified using a gas chromatograph. Volatiles were significantly greater in the peel than flesh when there was a significant difference. The lipoxygenase activity of flesh and peel correlated with the volatiles produced by the lipoxygenase pathway. There was no correlation with other volatiles, which are not dependent on lipid oxidation by lipoxygenase. The lipoxygenase activity, total fatty acid content, and linolenic acid of the peel were greater than the flesh, which is directly related to an increase in fresh, green volatiles. Addition of exogenous lipoxygenase had no effect on lipoxygenase‐derived volatiles formed. The addition of linoleic acid caused an increase in hexanal, 1‐hexanol, and (E)‐2‐heptenal in the flesh and (E)‐2‐heptenal in the peel. Stored unrefrigerated peel had higher volatile concentrations, whereas refrigerated peel had significantly lower concentration than day 0. Storage decreased lipoxygenase activity in the unrefrigerated and refrigerated peel, but had no effect on the fatty acid content. Overall, linolenic acid was the most important to the formation of headspace volatiles, but lipoxygenase activity and unknown factors are also important.

Practical Application:  The peel of a tomato is most beneficial to the production of volatiles associated with the fresh aroma of tomatoes; therefore, it should be used in the processing of tomato products to produce a fresh, green aroma rather than being removed. Knowledge of the effects of lipoxygenase activity, total fatty acid content, and fatty acid profile on flavor volatiles will allow for better selection of a variety for raw consumption.
Antibacterial Activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus Strains Isolated from Honey Marketed in Malaysia against Selected Multiple Antibiotic Resistant (MAR) Gram‐Positive Bacteria
Authors: Aween Mohamed Mustafa , Hassan Zaiton , Muhialdin Belal J. , Eljamel Yossra A. , Al‐Mabrok Asma Saleh W. , Lani Mohd Nizam
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  A total of 32 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from 13 honey samples commercially marketed in Malaysia, 6 strains identified as Lactobacillus acidophilus by API CHL50. The isolates had antibacterial activities against multiple antibiotic resistant's Staphylococcus aureus (25 to 32 mm), Staphylococcus epidermis (14 to 22 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (12 to 19 mm) in the agar overlay method after 24 h incubation at 30 °C. The crude supernatant was heat stable at 90 °C and 121 °C for 1 h. Treatment with proteinase K and RNase II maintained the antimicrobial activity of all the supernatants except sample H006‐A and H010‐G. All the supernatants showed antimicrobial activities against target bacteria at pH 3 and pH 5 but not at pH 6 within 72 h incubation at 30 °C. S. aureus was not inhibited by sample H006‐A isolated from Libyan honey and sample H008‐D isolated from Malaysian honey at pH 5, compared to supernatants from other L. acidophilus isolates. The presence of different strains of L. acidophilus in honey obtained from different sources may contribute to the differences in the antimicrobial properties of honey.
Storage Stability of Sterilized Liquid Extracts from Pomegranate Peel
Authors: Qu Wenjuan , Breksa III Andrew P. , Pan Zhongli , Ma Haile , Mchugh Tara H.
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Pomegranate marc, a byproduct of commercial juice production, has shown promise as a starting material for the recovery of health promoting phenolic compounds. The stability of aqueous extracts prepared from pomegranate marc was evaluated in preparation to directly using these extracts as nutraceuticals or food additives. The liquid extracts were produced under extraction conditions of 25 °C, water to peel ratio of 50 : 1 (w/w) for 2 min, and then sterilized at 121 °C for 10 s. Storage conditions tested included 3 different pH values (3.5, 5.0, and 7.0) and 2 packaging methods (no light and exposure to light). The extracts were evaluated for industrial (pH, total soluble solid content, and clarity), color, spectral, and antioxidant characteristics over a period of 180 d. The results showed that both pH value and packaging method significantly influenced the industrial and color characteristics of the extracts. The high pH had a negative effect on spectral and antioxidant characteristics. Therefore, the recommended storage conditions are low pH and with dark packaging to maintain the high storage stability. After 180 d of storage, extracts stored at low pH (3.5) in dark packaging still retained 67% and 58% of their total soluble phenolic concentration and antioxidant activity, compared with 61% and 43% for high pH (7.0) samples, and were composed of high concentrations of punicalagins A and B, gallic, and ellagic acids.

Practical Application:  The present research developed an effective recovery of phenolic compounds from pomegranate marc to be used as nutraceuticals or food additives. The aqueous extract product has good quality characteristics with high industrial and color stability, and total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, when stored at pH 3.5 in dark packaging for up to 180 d. The evaluation results of storage stability reported here are important for commercialization.
Core Competencies in Social Constructionist Supervision?
Authors: Sutherland Olga , Fine Marshall , Ashbourne Lynda
Published: July 2012

Family therapy is moving increasingly toward evidence‐based practice and competency‐based training. This article explores what might seem to be an unlikely link between social constructionist supervision, which is based on dialogic and fluid processes of meaning‐making, and the increasing reliance on discrete core competencies in the education and training of family therapists. We propose an alternate approach to competencies for supervision with therapists in training that, among other things, invites accountability and provides evaluative props. The approach we propose is based on a set of orientations that we hope reflect the dialogic and contextual nature of social constructionist practice and supervision. These orientations consist of reflexivity and attention to power, fostering polyphony and generativity, collaborative stance, and focus on client resourcefulness. Ideas and questions for supervisors and therapists in training to address the orientations are articulated.
The effects of forest age on saproxylic beetle biodiversity: implications of shortened and extended rotation lengths in a French oak high forest
Authors: Lassauce Aurore , Larrieu Laurent , Paillet Yoan , Lieutier Francois , Bouget Christophe
Published: July 2012

In French oak high forests, current silvicultural trends include two seemingly opposed practices: shortening the forestry cycle, which contributes to forestry intensification, and lengthening rotations in temporary set‐aside stands, called ‘ageing islands’, to favour biodiversity and high‐quality large‐diameter tree production.

To derive the potential effects of these two trends, we studied habitat structure and saproxylic beetles biodiversity along an age gradient in a French oak high forest. Four age classes were surveyed: premature (i) 160/180 years and (ii) 180/200 years, (iii) mature 200/220 years, and (iv) overmature 300‐year‐old stands. Structural features were noted: deadwood volumes, density of large trees with or without microhabitats, number of cavities, presence of dead large canopy branches, sap droppings and sporophores of saproxylic fungi.

Results showed that beetle species richness was positively related to stand age. Globally, overmature stands differed significantly from younger premature and mature forests in species composition and structure. Younger stands tended to show both fewer structural features and lower levels of saproxylic biodiversity. As the forest aged, the overall structural complexity and saproxylic biodiversity increased. However, no individual stand characteristic influenced preferentially biodiversity, and stand age was the best explaining factor.

In conclusion, we discuss how (i) shorter rotations in the high forest production cycle and (ii) temporary set‐aside forest islands affect forest structure and deadwood‐associated assemblages. Shortening rotation length in oak high forests may negatively impact saproxylic biodiversity, whereas temporary set‐asides may play a key role for biodiversity conservation in a managed forest matrix.
Ephedrine Versus Phenylephrine for the Management of Hypotension During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section: An Updated Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Lin Fu‐Qing , Qiu Man‐Tang , Ding Xiang‐Xiang , Fu Shu‐Kun , Li Quan
Published: July 2012

Aims

A systematic literature review comparing the efficacy of ephedrine and phenylephrine for the management of spinal anesthesia–induced hypotension during Cesarean sections (C‐sections) was published in 2002. A number of well‐designed trials with controversial results have been published afterward. Therefore, an updated meta‐analysis was necessary.

Methods

The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched (last search performed on September 26, 2011). Pooled risk ratio (RR) or standard mean difference (SMD) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for the incidence of intra‐operative hypotension or umbilical blood pH values.

Results

A total number of 15 trials and 742 parturients under elective C‐sections were analyzed. When used to prevent hypotension, patients receiving ephedrine and phenylephrine did not differ significantly in the incidence of hypotension (RR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.83–1.80), umbilical arterial pH values (SMD = −0.38; 95% CI, −1.67 to 0.92) or venous pH values (SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.07). And administration routes did not affect the incidence of hypotension and umbilical blood pH values. When used to treat hypotension, patients given ephedrine and phenylephrine had comparable incidence of intra‐operative hypotension (RR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.40–1.56), while parturients receiving phenylephrine had neonates with higher umbilical arterial pH values (SMD = −1.32; 95% CI, −2.35 to −0.30) and venous pH values (SMD = −0.79; 95% CI, −1.09 to −0.49) than those given ephedrine.

Conclusion

Prophylactic use of ephedrine and phenylephrine were both effective in preventing maternal hypotension during C‐section under spinal anesthesia; phenylephrine was superior to ephedrine in treating hypotension, evidenced by higher umbilical blood pH values.
Tenuigenin Protects Dopaminergic Neurons from Inflammation‐Mediated Damage Induced by the Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Yuan Hui‐Li , Li Bo , Xu Jin , Wang Yong , He Yi , Zheng Yan , Wang Xiao‐Min
Published: July 2012

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc).

Aims

To study if tenuigenin (TEN), the main active component of Polygala tenuifolia, can protect dopaminergic neurons from inflammation‐mediated damage in vivo.

Methods

We observed the effects of TEN on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced PD model by behavioral analysis, high‐performance liquid chromatography, immunohistochemistry and enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay, etc.

Results

We showed that a single intranigral dose of LPSs (10 μg) induced microglial activation, reduced the survival ratio of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive (TH‐ir) neurons in the SNpc and reduced dopamine (DA) content in the striatum. Treatment with 300 mg/kg TEN once per day over 14 weeks improved the survival rate of TH‐ir neurons in the SNpc to 75%, on the non‐injected side. Treatment with 200 or 300 mg/kg TEN once per day over 14 weeks significantly improved DA levels in the striatum to 73% and 81% on the non‐injected side, respectively. The excessive production of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐1β, was abolished by TEN administration.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that TEN may play a role in protecting dopaminergic neurons against inflammatory challenge.
Lachemilla jaramilloi and L. talamanquensis spp. nov. (Rosaceae) from Ecuador and Costa Rica
Authors: Romoleroux Katya , Morales‐Briones Diego F.
Published: July 2012

Two new species of Lachemilla (Rosaceae) are described and illustrated. Lachemilla jaramilloi Romoleroux &Morales‐Briones from Ecuador is characterized by its decumbent habit, villous‐hirsute pubescence, long basal petiole, and deeply tri‐parted leaf blades. The flowers are sessile to subsessile and subtended by episepals, and the hypanthia elongated and glabrescent. Lachemilla talamanquensis Romoleroux & Morales‐Briones from Costa Rica is distinguished by its sericeous‐villous, ascending branches, sub‐sessile distal leaves, tri‐lobed leaf blades, forming whorls with the stipule. The flowers are solitary or arranged in few‐flowered inflorescences, with big, dark, villous hypanthia, containing several achenes.
Age determination of the perennial herb Lilium polyphyllum (Liliaceae)
Authors: Dhyani Anurag , Nautiyal Bhagwati Prasad , Nautiyal Mohan Chandra
Published: July 2012

This study aims to determine the age of individual plants of the perennial herb Lilium polyphyllum in its natural habitats. Plant age was successfully estimated as the number of years a seed takes to produce the first stem plus the number of remnants of old shoots visible on the basal plates of the bulbs. Plant age as well as morphological features of shoots and bulbs were recorded at one temperate and one high altitude site. There were significant differences between the sites with respect to plant height, leaf number, bulb diameter and weight. The results show that individuals of similar age differ in morphology between temperate and high altitude sites. At both sites, all flowering plants of L. polyphyllum were 10–12 years old.
Music and Language Perception: Expectations, Structural Integration, and Cognitive Sequencing
Authors: Tillmann Barbara
Published: July 2012

Music can be described as sequences of events that are structured in pitch and time. Studying music processing provides insight into how complex event sequences are learned, perceived, and represented by the brain. Given the temporal nature of sound, expectations, structural integration, and cognitive sequencing are central in music perception (i.e., which sounds are most likely to come next and at what moment should they occur?). This paper focuses on similarities in music and language cognition research, showing that music cognition research provides insight into the understanding of not only music processing but also language processing and the processing of other structured stimuli. The hypothesis of shared resources between music and language processing and of domain‐general dynamic attention has motivated the development of research to test music as a means to stimulate sensory, cognitive, and motor processes.
Correlation Between Bladder Mucosal Alpha‐1D/Alpha‐1A Adrenoceptor mRNA Ratio and Lower Urinary Tract Function in Benign Prostatic Obstruction Patients
Authors: KURIZAKI Yoshiki , ISHIZUKA Osamu , IMAMURA Tetsuya , ICHINO Midori , ISHIKAWA Masakuni , OGAWA Teruyuki , NISHIZAWA Osamu
Published: July 2012

Objectives: Alpha‐1 adrenoceptor (AR) antagonists are commonly used as therapeutic agents for patients with benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). Our objective was to investigate the correlation between the ratio of bladder mucosal alpha‐1D/alpha‐1A adrenoceptor mRNA and lower urinary tract function in BPO patients.

Methods: In 20 BPO patients, the expression level of alpha‐1 AR mRNAs in the bladder mucosal biopsies was investigated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The subjects were divided into two groups. In Group 1, the ratio of alpha‐1D mRNA to alpha‐1A mRNA was greater than one. In Group 2, the ratio was less than one. We determined the correlation by Schäfer nomogram between Group 1 and Group 2 patients and lower urinary tract function as determined by a video urodynamic study.

Results: Two patients were excluded due to inability to void. Another was excluded because the alpha‐1D/alpha‐1A mRNA ratio was one. On the Schäfer nomogram, six of nine Group 1 cases had obstructions less than IV and normal or weak detrusor contractility. For Group 2, six of eight cases had obstructions more than IV and normal or strong detrusor contractility.

Conclusion: Patients with higher levels of alpha‐1D AR mRNA were distinct from those with higher alpha‐1A AR mRNA levels with regard to obstruction and detrusor activity. The results suggest that the Schäfer nomogram might be useful in determining which alpha‐1 AR antagonists are better for BPO patients suffering from storage symptoms.
Bioenergetics of photoheterotrophic bacteria in the oceans
Authors: Kirchman David L. , Hanson Thomas E.
Published: July 2012

Photoheterotrophic microbes, such as proteorhodopsin (PR)‐based phototrophic (PRP) and aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria, are well known to be abundant in the oceans, potentially playing unique roles in biogeochemical cycles. However, the contribution of phototrophy to the energy requirements of these bacteria has not been quantitatively examined to date. To better understand the implications of photoheterophy in the oceans, we calculated energy benefits and costs of phototrophy and compared net benefits with maintenance costs. Benefits depend on the number of photosynthetic units (PSUs), absorption cross‐section area of each PSU as function of wavelength, the in situ light quality, and the energy yield per absorbed photon. For costs we considered the energy required for the synthesis of pigments, amino acids and proteins in each PSU. Our calculations indicate that AAP bacteria harvest more light energy than do PRP bacteria, but the costs of phototrophy are much higher for AAP bacteria. Still, the net energy gained by AAP bacteria is often sufficient to meet maintenance costs, while that is not the case for PRP bacteria except with high light intensities and large numbers of proteorhodopsin molecules per cell. The low costs and simplicity of PR‐based phototrophy explain the high abundance of proteorhodopsin genes in the oceans. However, even for AAP bacteria, the net energy yield of phototrophy is apparently too low to influence the distribution of photoheterotrophic bacteria among various marine systems.
Reefing Procedure for Lateral Collateral Ligament Attenuation during Ligamentous Repair for Elbow Trauma
Authors: Sears Benjamin W. , Garrigues Grant E. , Witmer Dan , Ramsey Matthew L
Published: July 2012

Background

Injury to the lateral soft tissue structures is common after complex elbow trauma and instability. Typically, this consists of lateral collateral ligamentous complex avulsion from the lateral distal humeral condyle. However, in some cases, attenuation of the ligament midsubstance may also occur, potentially resulting in residual ligamentous laxity after repair.

Methods

From 2007 to 2011, 37 patients were identified through a current procedural terminology code search as having undergone lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) repair during surgery for trauma to their elbow and were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Attenuation of the ligament midsubstance was found in 19% (seven of 37) patients who underwent surgical repair of the LUCL for injuries to the elbow. In these patients, direct repair of the ligament with additional reefing of the ligament midsubstance was performed. Retrospective review of this population revealed no postsurgical instability or need for subsequent stabilizing procedures.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that, in select patients, repair with reefing of an attenuated LUCL ligament promotes stability to the elbow.
Physiotherapy and Botulinum Toxin Injections Prior to Stabilization Surgery for Recurrent Atraumatic Anteroinferior Shoulder Dislocation with Abnormal Muscle Patterning
Authors: Donnellan Clare P. , Scott Martin A. , Antoun Mary , Wallace W. Angus
Published: July 2012

Shoulder instability is a complex phenomenon and repeated dislocation due to persistent abnormal muscle patterning can be challenging to manage. This case report describes the treatment of a 21-year old female who presented with repeated atraumatic anteroinferior shoulder dislocation due to abnormal muscle patterning. Management involved physiotherapy to re-educate muscle control combined with botulinum toxin injections into pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and teres major prior to shoulder stabilization surgery. The patient reported marked improvement as reflected by improved scores on the Oxford Shoulder Instability Score and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Score. Benefits were maintained at 3 year follow-up.
Nicotine enhances both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to inspiratory‐activated airway vagal preganglionic neurons
Authors: Zhou Xujiao , Chen Yonghua , Ge Dengyun , Yuan Wenjun , Wang Jijiang
Published: July 2012

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Airway vagal preganglionic neurons (AVPNs) supply the essential excitatory drive to the postganglionic neurons, which dominate the neural control of the airway physiologically and play critical roles in the pathogenesis of some common airway disorders. AVPNs express multiple subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), but the influences of exogenous nicotine or endogenous acetylcholine are unknown.

What is the main finding and its importance?

Nicotine and endogenous acetylcholine both cause a postsynaptic excitatory current in inspiratory‐ activated AVPNs, and enhance both the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. The overall effect of nicotine on inspiratory‐activated AVPNs is excitatory. The nicotinic effects on inspiratory‐activated AVPNs are mediated presynaptically by activation of α4β2 type of nAChRs and postsynaptically by activation of multiple nAChRs including α7 and α4β2 types.

The airway vagal preganglionic neurons (AVPNs) supply the essential excitatory drive to the postganglionic neurons and dominate the neural control of the airway both physiologically and pathophysiologically. The AVPNs express multiple subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), but the influences of exogenous nicotine and endogenous acetylcholine are unknown. This study examined the effects of nicotine and endogenous acetylcholine on retrogradely labelled, functionally identified inspiratory‐activated AVPNs (IA‐AVPNs) using the patch‐clamp technique. Nicotine (10 μmol l−1) significantly increased the frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous EPSCs of IA‐AVPNs, and these effects were insensitive to methyllycaconitine (MLA, 100 nmol l−1), an antagonist of the α7 type of nAChR, but was prevented by dihydro‐β‐erythroidine (DHβE, 3 μmol l−1), an antagonist of the α4β2 type of nAChR. Nicotine caused a tonic inward current in IA‐AVPNs, which was reduced by MLA or DHβE alone, but was not abolished by co‐application of MLA and DHβE. Nicotine caused a significant increase in the frequency of GABAergic and glycinergic spontaneous IPSCs and significantly increased the amplitude of glycinergic spontaneous IPSCs, all of which were prevented by DHβE. Nicotine had no effects on the miniature EPSCs or miniature IPSCs following pretreatment with TTX. Under current clamp, nicotine caused depolarization and increased the firing rate of IA‐AVPNs during inspiratory intervals. Neostigmine (10 μmol l−1), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, mimicked the effects of nicotine. These results demonstrate that nicotine and endogenous ACh enhance the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs of IA‐AVPNs and cause a postsynaptic excitatory current and that the nicotinic effects are mediated presynaptically by activation of the α4β2 type of nAChR and postsynaptically by activation of multiple nAChRs, including α7 and α4β2 types.