bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breit–Pauli atomic structure calculations for sulphur-like titanium
Authors: Singh Jagjit , Aggarwal Sunny , Singh A.K. , Mohan Man
Published: August 2012

Configuration interaction calculation has been performed for excitation energies, oscillator strengths, and transition probabilities of 114 fine-structure levels of sulphur-like titanium. The relativistic effects are included in Breit–Pauli approximation by adding mass-correction, Darwin, and spin–orbit interaction terms to the nonrelativistic Hamiltonian. We have adjusted the diagonal elements of Hamiltonian matrices (fine-tuning) before the calculation of oscillator strength and transition probabilities for the electric dipole allowed transitions. Our calculated data are in close agreement with data listed in National Institute of Standards and Technology and other available results. Correct identification of some of the levels become very difficult because of strong mixing among several fine-structure levels. We predict new energy levels, oscillator strength, and transition probability data, where no other theoretical or experimental results are available, which will form the basis for future experimental work.
Quantized black hole and Heun function
Authors: Momeni D. , Yerzhanov Koblandy , Myrzakulov Ratbay
Published: August 2012

In this paper, following the simple proposal by He and Ma for quantization of a black hole (BH) using Bohr’s method, we discuss the solvability of the wave equation for such a BH. We consequentially solve the associated Schrödinger equation. The eigenfunction problem reduces to the HeunB, H(α, β, γ, δ; z), differential equation, which is a natural generalization of the hypergeometric differential equation. We investigate some physical properties of the wavefunction. We then obtain the expectation value of the kinetic and the potential energies, using Hellmann–Feynman theorem. Our work introduces some new applications of the Heun function.
Fermions tunneling from charged anti-de Sitter black holes
Authors: Sharif Muhammad , Javed Wajiha
Published: August 2012

We study Hawking radiation as a phenomenon of tunneling through event horizons of charged torus-like as well as dilaton black holes involving a cosmological constant based on Kerner and Mann’s formulation. We obtain tunneling probabilities as well as Hawking’s emission temperature of outgoing charged particles by applying the semiclassical Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation to the general covariant Dirac equation. The graphical behavior of Hawking temperature and horizon radius is investigated. We find results consistent with those already given in the literature.
PRACTICAL SYNCHRONIZATION OF NONAUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS WITH UNCERTAIN PARAMETER MISMATCH VIA A SINGLE STATE FEEDBACK CONTROL
Authors: MA MIHUA , ZHOU JIN , CAI JIANPING
Published: August 2012

Robust practical synchronization of general second-order nonautonomous systems with uncertain parameter mismatch is investigated by using a single state feedback control. Some simple general algebraic criteria are derived based on practical stability theory of nonautonomous dynamical system. A distinctive feature of this work is that the parameter mismatch not only exists in system parameters, but also in the external excitation ones. More reasonably, the values of parameter mismatch can be uncertain. Besides, a single state feedback control including an approximate differentiation filter only needs to know information about one state, which provides an advantage over the use of full-state model-based observers. It is shown that the approaches developed here further extend the ideas and techniques presented in recent literature. As a direct application of the new theoretical results, the obtained results are applied to a typical horizontal platform system and the representative forced Duffing–Van der Pol oscillator. Subsequently, numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the criteria and the robustness of the control technique.
INTERACTION BETWEEN THE 30° PARTIAL DISLOCATION AND HEX-VACANCY IN SILICON
Authors: WANG CHAOYING , WANG ZHENQING , LI GUOJUN , MENG QINGYUAN
Published: August 2012

The molecular dynamics (MD) method is used to investigate the interaction between the 30° partial dislocation and hex-vacancy (V6) in Si . The interaction processes are described in detail and compared with the prior results of mono-vacancy (V1) and di-vacancy (V2). It is found that dislocations are pinned by V6when the shear stresses are smaller than a definite critical value τc. It illustrates that the encountered two segments beside vacant sites parallel each other or annihilate. Moreover, it is shown that the critical shear stress τcis mainly determined by both the migration barrier of kink and the volume of vacancy. Although V6cannot make dislocations move faster due to the present small models, it may lower the dislocation density in certain conditions due to the pinning effect.
Congestion-aware layout design for high-throughput digital microfluidic biochips
Authors: Roy Sudip , Mitra Debasis , Bhattacharya Bhargab B. , Chakrabarty Krishnendu
Published: August 2012

Potential applications of digital microfluidic (DMF) biochips now include several areas of real-life applications like environmental monitoring, water and air pollutant detection, and food processing to name a few. In order to achieve sufficiently high throughput for these applications, several instances of the same bioassay may be required to be executed concurrently on different samples. As a straightforward implementation, several identical biochips can be integrated on a single substrate as a
multichip
to execute the assay for various samples concurrently. Controlling individual electrodes of such a chip by independent pins may not be acceptable since it increases the cost of fabrication. Thus, in order to keep the overall pin-count within an acceptable bound, all the respective electrodes of these individual pieces are connected internally underneath the chip so that they can be controlled with a single external control pin. In this article, we present an orientation strategy for layout of a multichip that reduces routing congestion and consequently facilitates wire routing for the electrode array. The electrode structure of the individual pieces of the multichip may be either direct-addressable or pin-constrained. The method also supports a hierarchical approach to wire routing that ensures scalability. In this scheme, the size of the biochip in terms of the total number of electrodes may be increased by a factor of four by increasing the number of routing layers by only one. In general, for a multichip with 4

n

identical blocks, (
n
+ 1) layers are sufficient for wire routing.
Law and Economics of Intellectual Property: In Search of First Principles
Authors: Burk Dan L.
Published: August 2012

Economic theory has struggled to produce a coherent narrative justifying the implementation of intellectual property regimes, although a variety of rationales have been advanced as explanations. The most prevalent justification characterizes the subject matter of intellectual property in terms of public goods, which are nonrivalrously and nonexclusively consumed and thus likely to be underproduced due to free-riding problems. On this view, intellectual property regimes are intended to provide an incentive for investment in valuable intangible goods. But because the social costs of intellectual property may be significant, this explanation is not an entirely persuasive justification. Consequently, other rationales, such as incentives to disclosure, or coordination of resources, have been advanced. Given the vast variety of innovative and creative activities subject to intellectual property protection, it may be that no one explanation is adequate but rather that different rationales, or different combinations of rationales, apply in different industries.
Varieties of Transition from Authoritarianism to Democracy
Authors: Přibáň Jiří
Published: August 2012

This article draws on historical, comparative, and structural analyses of various processes described as democratization or democratic transitions. The opening sections address the meaning and general theories of democratization and the emergence of democratic transition studies. Structural aspects, different actors, the process of negotiations and roundtable talks and their impact on the rule of law and on the constitutional aspect of democratic transitions are discussed, and close links between democratization, the rule of law, and constitutionalism are analyzed in the following sections. Finally, problems of transitional justice and dealing with the authoritarian past are considered as an intrinsic part of democratic transitions.
Thermal Effect of Ceramic Nanofiller Aluminium Nitride on Polyethylene Properties
Authors: Sohail Omer Bin , Sreekumar P. A. , De S. K. , Jabarullah Khan Masihullah , Hakeem Abbas , Alshaiban Ahmad A. , Al-Harthi Mamdouh A.
Published: August 2012

Ethylene polymerization was done to form polyethylene nano‐composite with nanoaluminum nitride using zirconocene catalysts. Results show that the catalytic activity is maximum at a filler loading of 15 mg nanoaluminum nitride. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results show that percentage crystallinity was also marginally higher at this amount of filler. Thermal behavior of polyethylene nanocomposites (0, 15, 30, and 45) mg was studied by DSC and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). Morphology of the component with 15 mg aluminium nitride is more fibrous as compared to 0 mg aluminium nitride and higher filler loading as shown by SEM images. In order to understand combustibility behavior, tests were performed on microcalorimeter. Its results showed decrease in combustibility in polyethylene nanocomposites as the filler loading increases.
Effect of water absorption on mechanical properties of soybean oil thermosets reinforced with natural fibers
Authors: Ramamoorthy Sunil Kumar , Di Qin , Adekunle Kayode , Skrifvars Mikael
Published: August 2012

Natural fiber composites are known to absorb more water than glass fiber reinforced composites. In this study, hybrid natural fiber composites were prepared by combining different fiber reinforcements, and both the water absorption and the mechanical properties were studied. Compression molding technique was used to manufacture composite laminates from a bio-based resin (acrylated epoxidized soybean oil) and natural fibers: non-woven and woven jute, non-woven regenerated cellulose mat (Lyocell and viscose), and woven glass fiber. The composite laminates were cured at 160–170°C and 40 bar, with a fiber content of 40 wt%. We investigated effect of pretreatment of regenerated cellulose fiber using 4% NaOH solution. The gravimetric water absorption was tested by exposure to water for 10 days. Specimens were cut from composites with laser-cutting technique according to ISO standards, and tested for tensile, flexural, and impact strength. To determine the influence of water absorption on the mechanical properties, specimens were immersed in distilled water for 10 days before testing. As a reference, dry specimens were tested. The results showed that water absorption was reduced by producing hybrid composites with jute fibers, glass fiber, and Lyocell fiber. The tensile, flexural, and impact properties were improved by inclusion of glass fiber and Lyocell in the composite. The tensile and flexural properties of natural fiber reinforced composites were mostly affected by the influence of water, but this was improved considerably by hybridization with glass and Lyocell fibers. The viscoelastic properties of the manufactured composites and hybrid composites were studied using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis.
The curious case of Colleen LaRose: Social margins, new media, and online radicalization
Authors: Halverson Jeffry R , Way Amy K
Published: August 2012

This article examines the case of the American terrorist Colleen LaRose, known as ‘JihadJane’. By employing social theories and psychological approaches to terrorism, the authors argue that the online radicalization of marginalized individuals like LaRose must be understood through personal histories and existing social and cultural tensions, rather than the seductive power of extremist ideologies. Therefore, in the age of new media, countering the emergence of such individuals requires societies to face challenges akin to preventing other forms of domestic extremist violence, such as school shootings.
Founder mutations in Tunisia: implications for diagnosis in North Africa and Middle East
Authors: Romdhane Lilia , Kefi Rym , Azaiez Hela , Halim Nizar Ben , Dellagi Koussay , Abdelhak Sonia
Published: August 2012

Background

Tunisia is a North African country of 10 million inhabitants. The native background population is Berber. However, throughout its history, Tunisia has been the site of invasions and migratory waves of allogenic populations and ethnic groups such as Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Ottomans and French. Like neighbouring and Middle Eastern countries, the Tunisian population shows a relatively high rate of consanguinity and endogamy that favor expression of recessive genetic disorders at relatively high rates. Many factors could contribute to the recurrence of monogenic morbid trait expression. Among them, founder mutations that arise in one ancestral individual and diffuse through generations in isolated communities.

Method

We report here on founder mutations in the Tunisian population by a systematic review of all available data from PubMed, other sources of the scientific literature as well as unpublished data from our research laboratory.

Results

We identified two different classes of founder mutations. The first includes founder mutations so far reported only among Tunisians that are responsible for 30 genetic diseases. The second group represents founder haplotypes described in 51 inherited conditions that occur among Tunisians and are also shared with other North African and Middle Eastern countries. Several heavily disabilitating diseases are caused by recessive founder mutations. They include, among others, neuromuscular diseases such as congenital muscular dystrophy and spastic paraglegia and also severe genodermatoses such as dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and xeroderma pigmentosa.

Conclusion

This report provides informations on founder mutations for 73 genetic diseases either specific to Tunisians or shared by other populations. Taking into account the relatively high number and frequency of genetic diseases in the region and the limited resources, screening for these founder mutations should provide a rapid and cost effective tool for molecular diagnosis. Indeed, our report should help designing appropriate measures for carrier screening, better evaluation of diseases burden and setting up of preventive measures at the regional level.
COP1 mediates the coordination of root and shoot growth by light through modulation of PIN1- and PIN2-dependent auxin transport in Arabidopsis
Authors: Sassi Massimiliano , Lu Yanfen , Zhang Yonghong , Wang Juan , Dhonukshe Pankaj , Blilou Ikram , Dai Minqiu , Li Juan , Gong Ximing , Jaillais Yvon , Yu Xuhong , Traas Jan , Ruberti Ida , Wang Haiyang , Scheres Ben , Vernoux Teva , Xu Jian
Published: August 2012

When a plant germinates in the soil, elongation of stem-like organs is enhanced whereas leaf and root growth is inhibited. How these differential growth responses are orchestrated by light and integrated at the organismal level to shape the plant remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that light signals through the master photomorphogenesis repressor COP1 to coordinate root and shoot growth in Arabidopsis. In the shoot, COP1 regulates shoot-to-root auxin transport by controlling the transcription of the auxin efflux carrier gene PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1), thus appropriately tuning shoot-derived auxin levels in the root. This in turn directly influences root elongation and adapts auxin transport and cell proliferation in the root apical meristem by modulating PIN1 and PIN2 intracellular distribution in the root in a COP1-dependent fashion, thus permitting a rapid and precise tuning of root growth to the light environment. Our data identify auxin as a long-distance signal in developmental adaptation to light and illustrate how spatially separated control mechanisms can converge on the same signaling system to coordinate development at the whole plant level.
'He makes a fool out of you': The shift in social structure in The Cage
Authors: Lloyd Matt
Published: August 2012

While adopting a theme and story that are common in short fiction film-making – a child's encounter with suffering and mortality – The Cage nonetheless confounds narrative expectation. Adrian Sitaru challenges short film conventions through his choice of character focus
and naturalistic style, expressing subtle shifts in family dynamics.
The camera eye as first-person narrator in Natan
Authors: Lefebvre-Linetzky Jacques
Published: August 2012

The camera's presence is obvious throughout Natan. Its apparent clumsiness, exemplified by a series of rough or tilted close-ups and low-angle shots, is a means of rendering the main character's marginal personality. Only at the end does it stand at a clear distance, signifying Natan's
new-found stability.
Natan: Of man, machine and beast
Authors: Anwer Megha
Published: August 2012

This article analyses the gestural language of the hands in Natan, as seen particularly in relation to the opening of the kebab packet and to Natan's final stroking of the dog. These events articulate a contrasting rhetoric of the body and also two very different ways of understanding
relationships.
Stop motion masculinity
Authors: Shaw Nathan
Published: August 2012

Since the mid-2000s Romanian cinema has, on all levels, been gripped by a new wave characterized by austerity, unflinching realism and a bleak, deeply metaphoric mise-en-scène. This is a style that is both prevalent in and enhanced by the exhibition of masculinity in crisis as
shown in The Cage.
Rattling the cage - family relations in Adrian Sitaru's The Cage
Authors: Popa Diana
Published: August 2012

The Cage is an emotional story in which distance is achieved through careful framing and clever use of humour and irony. Analysing shot composition and dialogues, this article will show how the plot serves to examine family relations that are symbolically 'caged' by the camera and by
the crammed apartment.
Glucose metabolism and diabetogenic gene expression analysis of chloroform fraction of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) whole herb in diabetic albino mice
Authors: Chaurasia Anand , Kharya Murli Dhar , Sharma Bhavna , Roy Partha
Published: August 2012

Exposure of rampant higher glucose level in diabetic condition could lead earlier and late diabetic complication eventually caused malign effect in body organs. The aim of the present work was to analyze the anti-diabetic potential of chloroform fraction of ethanol extract of Andrographis paniculata (AP) and diabetes laden gene expression alteration. In streptozotocin (60 mg/kg bw, i.p.) induced Type 2 diabetes albino mice, two weeks consecutive repeated dose treatment of chloroform fraction of AP at dose of 200 mg/kg, orally was evaluated for antidiabetic screening. Fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, serum lipid profile, tissues glycogen content, glucose 6-phosphatase and hexokinase enzymes level in liver, in vitro and in vivo insulin estimation were measured on last day of treatment. Subsequently presence of responsible phytoconstituents for respective activity was observed by HPLC. In diabetic mice, the fraction reduced the level of harmful cholesterol, while increased the favorable cholesterol significantly. Biochemical enzymes like glycogen, glucose-6-phosphatase and hexokinase were evaluated in body tissues. Apart from this in vitro, in vivo insulin estimation and diabetogenic gene expression analysis like GK, PEPCK, G-6pase, Glut-4, AR, PPAR-α,γ and TNF-α were evaluated using RT-PCR technique. Antidiabetic screening of fraction of AP at molecular level revealed significant antidiabetic activity.
Poverty, Informality and the Optimal General Income Tax Policy
Authors: Arbex Marcelo , Mattos Enlinson , Trudeau Christian
Published: August 2012

This paper investigates the optimal general income tax and audit policies when poverty is considered a public bad in an economy with two types of individuals whose income may not be observed. Our results depend on whether poverty is measured in absolute or in relative terms. For a relative poverty measure, it is possible to characterize conditions under which both rich and poor agents face either positive, negative or zero marginal tax rates. There is distortion at the top as long as the rich can influence the welfare of the whole society through a measure of poverty and a distortion might be optimum to reduce aggregate poverty. Those that declare to be rich can be audited randomly, similar to their counterpart poor ones. Lastly, honesty may be punished as well as rewarded. With an absolute poverty measure, we replicate the results in the optimum tax literature, i.e., "no distortion and no auditing at the top".
Who has Jurisdiction of The Air During an International Health Crisis?
Authors: Sierra Lorenzo
Published: August 2012

Despite the attacks of September 11th and other subsequent terrorist attacks, the world community, as a whole, seemingly fails to comprehend the high risk of a biological health incident. Not only can an infectious disease cause significantly more damage than any number of physical terrorist attacks combined, but the relative ease with which an outbreak can occur is frightening. Such biological health threats are compounded by the possibility that such outbreaks may result from the lack of malicious intent. Thus, the question becomes more of a matter of when, not if, a major outbreak will occur. The global population needs to be aware of the imminent threat that a biological outbreak poses, especially during international travel. Because of the imminent nature of a likely biological disaster, countries need to be well prepared to handle such situations. History has shown that even the most developed and technologically advanced countries have failed at controlling extreme biological situations. The increasing charge of international flight travel further magnifies the fragile nature of global health. A small incident with a single patient can snowball quickly into a world-wide pandemic, well before anyone is even aware of a problem. As a result, countries have a vital interest in regulating international flight patterns and follow various rules and regulations in order to promote safe and efficient air travel. This paper examines the different legal issues and authorities that would come into play and then provides recommendations to address biologically threatening situations.
A Legal Analysis of the Search Warrants of the Amerithrax Investigation
Authors: Grafft Courtney
Published: August 2012

One of the nation’s most complex investigations in its history stemmed from the 2001 anthrax attack letters. Filled with dead-ends, false leads, and flustered FBI and Postal Inspection officers trying to grapple with intricate scientific details, the Amerithrax investigation caused many to question the efforts of America's forefront investigative entity. The specialized American bioweapons community remained in a constant state of paranoia from late 2001 to 2008, and over 30,000 members of the American Society for Microbiology received a letter indicating the high probability “that one or more of you know” the anthrax killer. Finally, in 2007 the Amerithrax Task Force named Dr. Bruce Ivins, a civilian bioweapons specialist at the United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), who only a few years before helped the officers sort through the complicated task of studying the weaponized anthrax, as the prime suspect. Investigative efforts ratcheted up in fall of 2007 when a series of warrants were issued to search Dr. Ivins’ home, office, and vehicles.Since the ratification of the Fourth Amendment in 1791, the United States has recognized the importance of a system with laws designed to prohibit unfettered investigations by the leaders of our country. This paper analyzes the search warrants utilized in the Dr. Ivins’ investigation and discusses the Fourth Amendment implications. First, a brief review of the state of America in September 2001 is detailed. Next, the paper discusses the facts of the Amerithrax investigation, including the mishap involving Steven Hatfill. Section III explains some Fourth Amendment search warrant basics before getting to the meat of this analysis: the actual search warrants of the Amerithrax investigation.
Orexin modulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis
Authors: Madden Christopher J. , Tupone Domenico , Morrison Shaun F.
Published: August 2012

Non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in thermoregulation. In addition, activations of BAT have important implications for energy homeostasis due to the metabolic consumption of energy reserves entailed in the production of heat in this tissue. In this conceptual overview, we describe the role of orexins/hypocretins within the central nervous system in the modulation of thermogenesis in BAT under several physiological conditions. Within this framework, we consider potential neural mechanisms underlying the pathological conditions associated with the absence of the central orexinergic modulation of BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Overall, the experimental basis for our understanding of the role of central orexin in regulating body temperature and energy homeostasis provides an illustrative example that highlights several general principles and caveats that should help guide future investigations of the neurochemical regulation of thermogenesis and metabolism.
Small GTPase Ran and Ran-binding proteins
Authors: Nagai Masahiro , Yoneda Yoshihiro
Published: August 2012

Like many other small GTPases, Ran functions in eukaryotic cells as a molecular switch that cycles between GTP- and GDP-bound forms. Through the proper modulation of the GTP/GDP cycle, Ran functions with a number of Ran-binding proteins to control a broad array of fundamental cellular functions, including nucleocytoplasmic transport, mitotic spindle assembly, and nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex formation. Recent studies have revealed that ‘Ran and Ran binding proteins’ are involved in a variety of functions involving cell fate determination, including cell death, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and malignant transformation. In this review, we discuss recent progress on the functional link between the Ran system and tumorigenesis, which give clues to the molecular understanding of cancer biology.
Long telomeres: too much of a good thing
Authors: Chang Michael
Published: August 2012

Telomeres, the physical ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes, protect chromosome ends from end fusions and degradation. Telomere length is tightly regulated to ensure that telomeres are neither too short nor too long. Short telomeres are preferentially elongated by the enzyme telomerase. In the absence of telomerase, telomeres progressively shorten with each round of cell division. Critically shortened telomeres lose their ability to protect chromosome ends, inducing cell cycle arrest and senescence. While the consequences and cellular response to short telomeres are frequently explored, long telomeres also pose problems and cells have evolved mechanisms to shorten over-elongated telomeres. These aspects of long telomeres are discussed in this short conceptual overview.
Effect of heating and probiotic fermentation on the phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of edible Irish brown seaweeds
Authors: Gupta Shilpi , Abu-Ghannam Nissreen , Rajauria Gaurav
Published: August 2012

Probiotic fermentation was conducted on two species of edible Irish brown seaweeds, Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata as a sole source of nutrition for the bacteria. Seaweeds were heat treated followed by fermentation with the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Kinetics of cell growth, acid production, and sugar consumption were examined. The effects of heating and fermentation on the changes in total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity were also monitored. Lactobacillus rhamnosus grew well on both the seaweed species and reached nearly 10 log cfu ml-1 after 16–24 h of fermentation; however, the specific growth rate was 1.5 times higher on S. latissima. Lactic acid was the major product of the fermentation, followed by acetic acid. Heat treatment resulted in a 50–64.4% reduction in TPC and TFC for both the seaweeds concomitant with a leaching of phytochemicals into the water used for heating. Subsequently, fermentation resulted in 28% and 37.6% increases in the TPC and 1.18- and 2.04-fold increases in TFC for S. latissima and Lam. digitata, respectively, with a simultaneous increase in the antioxidant activity as well. Changes in the TPC and TFC were represented by zero-, first-, or second-order kinetic models. Fourier transform infrared analysis of the seaweeds as well as the broth revealed the presence of polyphenolic signals at different ranges.
Deep-water macroalgal-dominated coastal detritic assemblages on the continental shelf off Mallorca and Menorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean)
Authors: Joher Sergi , Ballesteros Enric , Cebrian Emma , Sánchez Noemí , Rodríguez-Prieto Conxi
Published: August 2012

We present a quantitative physiognomic characterization of major macroalgal-dominated assemblages on coastal detritic bottoms of the continental shelf off Mallorca and Menorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean). In late spring of 2007 and 2008, 29 samples were collected by bottom trawling at depths between -52 and -93 m. These samples were then sorted and identified to their lowest taxonomic level. Statistical analyses distinguished six different assemblage types: shallower water environments (-52 to -65 m in depth) were characterized by Osmundaria volubilis and Phyllophora crispa meadows and two types of Peyssonnelia beds; two assemblage types, Laminaria rodriguezii beds and maërl beds, were only present in deep-water environments (-77 to -81 m); and an assemblage dominated by P. crispa and Halopteris filicina was found in both shallow and deep waters (-57 to -93 m). We assess the distribution of these six assemblage types through the studied area.
Molecular support for the establishment of the new genus Laurenciella within the Laurencia complex (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Cassano Valéria , Oliveira Mariana C. , Gil-Rodríguez María Candelaria , Sentíes Abel , Díaz-Larrea Jhoana , Fujii Mutue T.
Published: August 2012

Currently, five genera are assigned to red seaweeds of the Laurencia complex worldwide: Chondrophycus, Laurencia s.s., Osmundea, Palisada and Yuzurua. The genera are segregated on the basis of morphological characters, especially the reproductive traits, and molecular sequences of the plastid-encoded gene rbcL. Four of the genera have been resolved as monophyletic, but not Laurencia s.s. In this study based on an rbcL gene phylogeny we show the presence of a sixth lineage within the Laurencia complex, viz., Laurencia marilzae plus two unidentified species of Laurencia from Brazil. The phylogenetic position of this group, combined with the high genetic divergence from Laurencia s.s. (8.2–11%), strongly support the establishment of a sixth genus for the complex, proposed here as Laurenciella gen. nov. This new taxon differs from Laurencia s.s. and from the other genera of the complex by molecular sequence data, but is indistinguishable from Laurencia s.s. by the usual morphological features.
Laboratory approaches for predicting and managing the risk of cardiovascular disease: postanalytical opportunities of lipid and lipoprotein testing
Authors: Langlois Michel R.
Published: August 2012

Lipoprotein-related risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) can be adequately predicted in subjects with elevated total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-)cholesterol using the available guidelines. However, individuals with dyslipidemia can have normal total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Many statin-treated patients remain at high residual risk of CVD despite achieving LDL goals. The small dense LDL phenotype, frequently presenting with hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL-)cholesterol (lipid triad), may contribute to failure to identify and treat high-risk individuals. Therefore, calculated non-HDL-cholesterol is recommended as secondary therapeutic target to LDL-cholesterol in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and mixed dyslipidemia. On-treatment apolipoprotein B adds prognostic information to LDL- and non-HDL-cholesterol by indicating the total number of atherogenic lipoproteins, regardless of their cholesterol content. Risk may be higher than indicated in the risk estimation systems in additional subjects with elevated lipoprotein(a) and homocysteine concentrations. To improve the (post-)post-analytical phase of lipid tests, aiming for maximal health outcome effectiveness of test interpretation and utilization, laboratory professionals should deliver clinical added value services by providing readily interpreted and guideline-adjusted test reports, interpretative commenting, proactive reflex testing or recommending additional tests, and joining multidisciplinary cooperations in guideline development and cost/benefit studies.
Identification of a novel in-frame deletion in BRCA2 and analysis of variants of BRCA1/2 in Italian patients affected with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
Authors: Vietri Maria Teresa , Molinari Anna Maria , De Paola Maria Laura , Cantile Flavia , Fasano Morena , Cioffi Michele
Published: August 2012

Background: An estimated 5%–10% of all breast cancers are due to an inherited predisposition and, out of these, about 30% are caused by germline mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The prevalence of germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes varies among ethnic groups. The aims of this study are to evaluate deleterious mutations and genomic rearrangements in BRCA1/2 genes and the CHEK2 1100delC mutation in a cohort of Italian women affected with hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer. In addition we clarify the effect of the novel variants identified in BRCA2 gene by mRNA analysis and prediction software.

Methods: We enrolled 103 consecutive Italian patients affected with hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer, aged 23–69 years.

Results: We found BRCA1/2 mutations in 15/103 probands (14.6%). Among these, a BRCA2 gene mutation has not been described previously. In addition, we identified five novel BRCA2 variants (S1341, IVS1-59t>c, IVS11-74insA, IVS12+74c>g and I1167V). No genomic BRCA1/2 rearrangements or CHEK2 1100delC mutation was found in our patients. The novel BRCA2 mutation NS1742del (p.N1742_S1743del) was an in-frame 6 bp deletion that results in loss of two amino acids.

Conclusions: In silico analysis conducted for S1341, IVS1-59t>c, IVS11-74insA and IVS12+74c>g of BRCA2 predicted the variants as neutral and benign, whereas the results for I1167V was inconclusive. mRNA analysis for the novel BRCA2 intronic variant IVS11-74insA and the already published BRCA1 variant C197 shows that they have no effect on the splicing. These results are in agreement with in silico analysis.
Synthesis of novel fluorescent 1,3,5-trisubstituted triazine derivatives and photophysical property evaluation of fluorophores and their BSA conjugates
Authors: Padalkar Vikas S , Patil Vikas S. , D. Telore Rahul , Sekar Nagaiyan
Published: August 2012

Cyanuric chloride was allowed to react with N,N-diethylaniline to obtain 4-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-N,N-diethylaniline, which was converted into six novel 1,3,5-trisubstituted triazine derivatives on reaction with different amino acids. These compounds had UV absorption in the range 352–379 nm, accompanied by intense single emission in the range 420–497 nm with fairly good quantum yield (0.106–0.383). The new compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectral, and elemental analyses. These fluorophores were conjugated with protein bovine serum albumin through carbodiimide chemistry between the negatively charged carboxylate groups (-COO-) of the fluorophore and the surface terminated positively charged amino groups (-NH3
+) of the protein. The interaction between functionalized amino acids with protein molecules was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy showing fluorescence enhancement or quenching of the fluorophore after conjugation.
Reductive amination of 6-acetylpteridine to 6-N-arylaminoethylpteridine
Authors: Kuroda Yasuhiro , Isarai Kazuhiro , Murata Shizuaki
Published: August 2012

6-Acetyl-7-methylpteridine derivatives 2 and 3 (lumazine and pterin) were converted to 6-[1-(arylamino)ethyl]pteridine derivatives 8 and 7, respectively, in good to moderate yields by stepwise reactions with p-substituted anilines via imine intermediates using a Lewis acid catalyst followed by treatment with sodium tetrahydroborate. The one-step reductive amination of the starting acetylpteridine also proceeded in the presence of 2-picoline-borane complex in satisfactory yield.
Chemical improvement of surfaces. Part 2: Permanent hydrophobization of wood by covalently bonded fluoroorganyl substituents
Authors: Drafz Martin H.H. , Dahle Sebastian , Maus-Friedrichs Wolfgang , Namyslo Jan C. , Kaufmann Dieter E.
Published: August 2012

A recently developed esterification method in our laboratory was applied to permanent hydrophobization of wood surfaces. Specifically, the covalent attachment of fluoroorganyl substituents to wood hydroxy groups via benzotriazolyl-activated, substituted benzoic acids was in focus. Weight percent gain values from 10% to 28% were obtained on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) sapwood veneer chips. It proved feasible to lower the temperature for wood modification from 150°C to 120°C, or even to 70°C so that thermal decomposition of wood during modification can be neglected. The modified chips were analyzed by attenuated total reflection – infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Covalent attachment of the fluorobenzoic acids led to a very high, permanent hydrophobicity of the wood surface, documented by outstanding contact angles of up to 143°.
Fungal α-arabinofuranosidases of glycosyl hydrolase families 51 and 54 show a dual arabinofuranosyl- and galactofuranosyl-hydrolyzing activity
Authors: Tefsen Boris , Lagendijk Ellen L. , Park Joohae , Akeroyd Michiel , Schachtschabel Doreen , Winkler Robert , van Die Irma , Ram Arthur F.J.
Published: August 2012

Aspergillus niger possesses a galactofuranosidase activity, however, the corresponding enzyme or gene encoding this enzyme has never been identified. As evidence is mounting that enzymes exist with affinity for both arabinofuranose and galactofuranose, we investigated the possibility that α-l-arabinofuranosidases, encoded by the abfA and abfB genes, are responsible for the galactofuranosidase activity of A. niger. Characterization of the recombinant AbfA and AbfB proteins revealed that both enzymes do not only hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl-α-l-arabinofuranoside (pNp-α-Araf) but are also capable of hydrolyzing p-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactofuranoside (pNp-β-Galf). Molecular modeling of the AbfB protein with pNp-β-Galf confirmed the possibility for AbfB to interact with this substrate, similarly as with pNp-α-Araf. We also show that galactomannan, a cell wall compound of A. niger, containing β-linked terminal and internal galactofuranosyl moieties, can be degraded by an enzyme activity that is present in the supernatant of inulin-grown A. niger. Interestingly, purified AbfA and AbfB did not show this hydrolyzing activity toward A. nigergalactomannan. In summary, our studies demonstrate that AbfA and AbfB, α-l-arabinofuranosidases from different families, both contain a galactofuranose (Galf)-hydrolyzing activity. In addition, our data support the presence of a Galf-hydrolase activity expressed by A. niger that is capable of degrading fungal galactomannan.
The structure of the extracellular teichoic acids from the allergy-protective bacterium Lactococcus lactis G121
Authors: Fischer Kathleen , Vinogradov Evgueny , Lindner Buko , Heine Holger , Holst Otto
Published: August 2012

The Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis G121 is a farm isolate that protects mice from ovalbumin-induced asthma. To understand the molecular mechanisms of such allergy-protective properties, the isolation and characterization of cell envelope constituents is crucial. Here, structural analyses of the extracellular teichoic acid (EC TA) from L. lactis G121 are presented. Extraction with 0.9% saline afforded a crude TA fraction. Consecutive size exclusion chromatography on Biogel P60 and P10 matrix was performed to purify the sample. Chemical component analyses, high-resolution electrospray ionization Fourier-transformed ion cyclotron mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were conducted for structural elucidation. The EC TA was a poly(glycosylglycerol phosphate) molecule with a repeating unit of -6)-[β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-][α-d-GlcpNAc-(1→4)-]α-d-GalpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→2)-glycerol-(1-P-).
Extracellular aspartic protease SAP2 of Candida albicans yeast cleaves human kininogens and releases proinflammatory peptides, Met-Lys-bradykinin and des-Arg9-Met-Lys-bradykinin
Authors: Bras Grazyna , Bochenska Oliwia , Rapala-Kozik Maria , Guevara-Lora Ibeth , Faussner Alexander , Kozik Andrzej
Published: August 2012

Bradykinin-related peptides, universal mediators of inflammation collectively referred to as the kinins, are often produced in excessive amounts during microbial infections. We have recently shown that the yeast Candida albicans, the major fungal pathogen to humans, can exploit two mechanisms to enhance kinin levels at the sites of candidial infection, one depending on adsorption and activation of the endogenous kinin-generating system of the host on the fungal cell wall and the other relying on cleavage of kinin precursors, the kininogens, by pathogen-secreted proteases. This work aimed at assigning this kininogenase activity to the major secreted aspartic protease of C. albicans (SAP2). The purified SAP2 was shown to cleave human kininogens, preferably the low molecular mass form (LK) and optimally in an acidic environment (pH 3.5–4.0), and to produce two kinins, Met-Lys-bradykinin and its derivative, [Hydroxyproline3]-Met-Lys-bradykinin, both of which are capable of interacting with cellular bradykinin receptors of the B2 subtype. Additionally, albeit with a lower yield, des-Arg9-Met-Lys-bradykinin, an effective agonist of B1-subtype receptors, was released. The pathophysiological potential of these kinins and des-Arg-kinin was also proven by presenting their ability to stimulate human promonocytic cells U937 to release proinflammatory interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-6.
Laser-induced cavitation phenomenon studied using three different optically-based approaches – An initial overview of results
Authors: Devia-Cruz Luis F. , Camacho-López Santiago , Evans Rodger , García-Casillas Daniel , Stepanov Sergei
Published: August 2012

This report presents a study of shock wave and cavitation bubble dynamics induced by nanosecond laser pulses in pressurized water. Three methods were used to obtain data from the irradiated sample: (1) pump-probe laser flash shadowgraphy, (2) pressure wave sensing by means of a fiber optic interferometer hydrophone, and (3) a novel technique based on the modulation of spatial transmittance by the cavitation bubble. The medium used in these experiments was distilled water in a chamber under different pressure conditions which included values found in human intraocular liquid. It could be shown that while external pressure does not affect either the shock wave propagation or the initial bubble growth rate, it does affect the first collapse time of the bubble and its maximum diameter.
Melt extrudate swell behavior of polypropylene composites filled with hollow glass beads
Authors: Liang Ji-Zhao , Zhong Ming-Qiang
Published: August 2012

Polypropylene (PP) composites filled with hollow glass beads (HGB) were prepared by means of a twin-screw extruder. The extrudate swell ratio (B) of the PP/HGB composite melts was measured using a melt flow indexer under experimental conditions, with temperatures from 190°C to 230°C and loads varying from 1.20 kg to 7.50 kg, to identify the effects of the extrusion conditions and the particle size and content on the extrudate swell of composite melts. The results showed that the value of B of the composites increased nonlinearly with an increase of shear stress, while it decreased linearly with a rise of temperature. When the load and temperature were constant, the value of B increased nonlinearly with an increase of the HGB diameter, whereas it reduced nonlinearly with an increase of the HGB volume fraction. This should be attributed to the elastic deformation energy stored in the flow of the composite melts, which was decreased with an increase of the HGB number and content.
Effect of polypropylene fiber on fracture properties of high-performance concrete composites
Authors: Zhang Peng , Li Qing-fu
Published: August 2012

A parametric experimental study has been conducted to investigate the effect of polypropylene fiber on the workability and fracture properties of high-performance concrete (HPC) composites containing fly ash and silica fume, with the five fiber volume fractions (0.04%, 0.06%, 0.08%, 0.1%, and 0.12%) used. The results indicate that the addition of polypropylene fiber decreases the workability of the HPC composites containing fly ash and silica fume. With the increase in the fiber volume fraction, both of the slump and the slump flow decrease gradually. Furthermore, the addition of polypropylene fiber has greatly improved the fracture parameters of concrete composite containing 15% fly ash and 6% silica fume, such as fracture toughness, fracture energy, effective crack length, maximum midspan deflection, the critical crack opening displacement, and the maximum crack opening displacement of the three-point bending beam specimens. When the fiber volume fraction increases from 0% to 0.12%, the fracture parameters increase gradually. The variation rules of the fracture parameters indicate that the capability of the polypropylene fiber to resist the crack propagation of the concrete composite containing 15% fly ash and 6% silica fume is becoming stronger and stronger with the increase in fiber volume fraction with the fiber volume fraction not above 0.12%.
The Impact of Parental Trauma Exposure on Community Violence Exposed Adolescents
Authors: Self-Brown Shannon , LeBlanc Monique M. , David Kimberly , Shepard Desti , Ryan Kerry , Hodges Amanda , Kelley Mary Lou
Published: August 2012

Previous research has documented an association between adolescent community violence (CV) exposure and poor psychological functioning. The purpose of this study was to delineate the relations of adolescent CV, parent trauma exposure (PTE), and adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptomatology while controlling for adolescent-reported home violence and parental self-reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants consisted of 101 pairs of junior high school and high school students and their parents or caretakers. Adolescents completed measures to assess their history of violence exposure in the community and home setting and current internalizing symptoms. Parents or caretakers completed a demographic questionnaire, a measure assessing their trauma exposure and related symptomatology, and a measure of child externalizing symptoms. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted; results indicated that after controlling for demographic variables, home violence exposure, and parental PTSD symptoms, PTE emerged as a moderator variable in the relationship between CV and adolescent-rated internalizing symptoms but not in the association between adolescent CV and externalizing symptoms.