bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women and Politics in Uganda. By Aili Mari Tripp. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000. 277p. $55.00 cloth, $25.95 paper.
Authors: Kassimir Ronald
Published: October 2003

With women holding 18% of the seats in parliament and a
woman serving as a vice-president, the status of women at the
apex of Uganda's political system is impressive compared to
most other countries, including the United States. In noting
this surprising fact and in chronicling how it came about, Aili
Mari Tripp has written a thought-provoking book that raises
serious questions about what it means. She draws on empir-
ical research in the realms of both "high" politics (i.e., the
halls of parliament) and "deep" politics (urban working-class
neighborhoods and rural villages) and provides a rich account
of Ugandan women's associational life and political mobili-
zation.
America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests. By Fawaz A. Gerges. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 282p. $59.95 cloth, $18.95 paper.
Authors: Beyoghlow K. A.
Published: October 2003

The central theme of this book is that U.S. strategy in the
Middle East is fundamentally flawed but not irreparable. This
may be the result of the inherent mismatch between strategy
and policy and, more significantly, between America's prin-
ciples and interests. In particular, the author argues that the
U.S. approach toward Islam is "beset with ambiguities and
tensions" (p. 3). Furthermore, he stresses that there is a
somewhat dangerous growing gap between the American
people and their representatives in Congress, on the one
hand, and presidential administrations, on the other, when it
comes to dealing with "islamists" (those who espouse greater
religious activism in politics). The former lean toward a
confrontational attitude that is fed by cultural differences,
stereotyping, and negative images of Muslims, whereas the
latter strive to accommodate or tolerate a majority of mod-
erate or pro-West Islamic forces and states.
Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe. By Alec Stone Sweet. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 232p. $60.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Baun Michael J.
Published: October 2003

It is evident to any serious observer that the practice of
governance in Western democracies is increasingly divergent
from traditional theoretical and conceptual models. In West-
ern Europe, traditional models of parliamentary democracy
no longer accurately describe reality. The neocorporatist
literature of the 1970s and 1980s pointed out the key role of
organized interests and their (often formally recognized)
privileged relationship with the state, creating arrangements
that bypassed or subverted usual parliamentary processes.
The gift of repentance: a Maussian perspective on twenty years of pentimento in Italy
Authors: MOSS DAVID
Published: October 2003

The influence of Marcel Mauss'
study The Gift has largely been
confined to the study of the circulation
of goods and the social
relations in which their transfer is
embedded. One of Mauss' principal
aims, however, was to show
the political importance of gift-giving
in averting the recourse to
violence. In this paper, his
approach to the offering, receiving
and reciprocating of gifts is
used to analyse the phenomenon
of pentimento – the exchange of
confessions for reduced sentences
by terrorists and mafiosi
which has become a central feature
of the effort to combat
organised violence in Italy since
1980.
John Richardson, saccharometry and the pounds-per-barrel extract: the construction of a quantity
Authors: SUMNER JAMES
Published: October 2003

This paper uses the work of John Richardson, an eighteenth-century brewing theorist, to explore the view that physical quantities, though they appear ‘natural’ or ‘given’, are actually contingent entities constructed to serve particular aims. It focuses on the pounds-per-barrel extract, a brewery-specific quantity which, in a reversal of the familiar position, seems self-evidently constructed to the general reader yet came to be accepted as ‘natural’ among its users. Central to Richardson's work in achieving this acceptance was an instrument, the saccharometer, which, by providing measurements of the quantity, legitimated it. Richardson presented both instrument and quantity as tailored to serving the particular needs of his fellow brewers, at the same time emphasizing their separateness from parallel work in distillery assessment, which had made Richardson's innovation possible but now threatened his projected consensus. Richardson's overall project encompassed the direct proportionation of material costs, retail prices and Excise duties to extract values as defined by the saccharometer, which he sought to monopolize. The scheme was not wholly successful, yet Richardson's quantity remained in brewery use into modern times. The end result, I contend, shows how a quantity, by becoming naturalized, may survive the loss of its initial theoretical underpinning.
Imagining Iceland: narratives of nature and history in the North Atlantic
Authors: OSLUND KAREN
Published: October 2003

This article presents the case of remarkable transformation of the Icelandic landscape in 1783 and 1784 – when a series of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and natural disasters radically altered the country – as a way of elucidating how the cultural meaning of place and different versions of ‘nature’ develop. It explores some of the contested interpretations of Icelandic nature that followed this crisis, focusing on the narratives of British geologists, Danish officials and Icelandic nationalists. The different, although sometimes overlapping and complementary, meanings of Icelandic nature developed by these different groups show how science, art and politics are closely intertwined, and how artists’ interpretations and the activities of scientists can perform the same work on landscape, transforming it in different, yet functionally equivalent, ways.
Natural philosophizing inside the late seventeenth-century Tuscan court
Authors: BOSCHIERO LUCIANO
Published: October 2003

The Accademia del Cimento in seventeenth-century Florence has traditionally been seen as the first European organization to employ an experimental programme, thus becoming a major participant in the so-called ‘birth of modern experimental science’. Such traditional accounts have also detailed the cultural, political and religious environment of the period that contributed to the Accademia's use of a supposedly atheoretical experimental method. However, despite the merits of such cultural histories, these stories do not portray the full details behind the Accademia's intellectual workings – how knowledge claims were constructed, interpreted and presented by the academicians according to their natural philosophical concerns. It is argued here that such an analysis will provide a more accurate account of the Accademia's activities than existing stories about the birth of an experimental programme or method. By looking past the experimental rhetoric produced by the academicians in their only publication, Saggi di naturali esperienze, we begin to see at play one of the major issues which made up the Accademia's knowledge-making process: the natural philosophical interests of this institution's participants, particularly Borelli, Viviani, Rinaldini and Marsili. Those interests are represented in the Accademia's experiments, including their work concerned with air pressure and the void.
Knowing and doing in the sixteenth century: what were instruments for?
Authors: BENNETT JIM
Published: October 2003

Despite recent work on scientific instruments by historians of science, the meeting ground between historians and curators of collections has been disappointingly narrow. This study offers, first, a characterization of sixteenth-century mathematical instruments, drawing on the work of curators, as represented by the online database Epact. An examination of the relationship between these instruments and the natural world suggests that the ‘theoric’, familiar from studies of the history of astronomy, has a wider relevance to the domain of practical mathematics. This outcome from a study of collections is then used in re-examining an established question in the history of science, the position of William Gilbert on the motion of the Earth.
Explaining the Northern Ireland Agreement: The Sources of an Unlikely Constitutional Consensus
Authors: HOROWITZ DONALD L.
Published: October 2003

Advocates of one or another set of institutions for new democracies have typically neglected the question of adoptability. The omission is especially evident in institutional prescriptions for the reduction of ethnic conflict in severely divided societies. These have been advanced with little regard for obstacles likely to be encountered in the process of adoption. Yet adoption is problematic. Processes of negotiation and exchange open the possibility of mixed outcomes reflecting the asymmetric preferences of majorities and minorities. The Northern Ireland Agreement of 1998, however, is a glaring exception, for it produced institutions that are intended to be clearly and consistently consociational. An examination of the process by which the agreement was produced suggests that the coherent outcome in Northern Ireland was the result of some very special conditions conducive to a consensus on institutions that spanned party lines. These conditions are unlikely to be widely replicable, and the fact of consensus does not imply that the agreed institutions are apt for the divided society whose problems they are intended to ameliorate.
Comparative Political Economy of Wage Distribution: The Role of Partisanship and Labour Market Institutions
Authors: PONTUSSON JONAS , RUEDA DAVID , WAY CHRISTOPHER R.
Published: October 2003

Through a pooled cross-section time-series analysis of the determinants of wage inequality in sixteen OECD countries from 1973 to 1995, we explore how political-institutional variables affect the upper and lower halves of the wage distribution. Our regression results indicate that unionization, centralization of wage bargaining and public-sector employment primarily affect the distribution of wages by boosting the relative position of unskilled workers, while the egalitarian effects of Left government operate at the upper end of the wage hierarchy, holding back the wage growth of well-paid workers. Further analysis shows that the differential effects of government partisanship are contingent on wage-bargaining centralization: in decentralized bargaining systems, Left government is associated with compression of both halves of the wage distribution.
PERTURBATIONS OF VECTOR FIELDS ON TORI: RESONANT NORMAL FORMS AND DIOPHANTINE PHENOMENA
Authors: Dickinson Detta , Gramchev Todor , Yoshino Masafumi
Published: October 2003

This paper concerns perturbations of smooth vector fields on $\mathbb{T}^n$ (constant if $n\geq3$) with zeroth-order $C^\infty$ and Gevrey $G^\sigma$, $\sigma\geq1$, pseudodifferential operators. Simultaneous resonance is introduced and simultaneous resonant normal forms are exhibited (via conjugation with an elliptic pseudodifferential operator) under optimal simultaneous Diophantine conditions outside the resonances. In the $C^\infty$ category the results are complete, while in the Gevrey category the effect of the loss of the Gevrey regularity of the conjugating operators due to Diophantine conditions is encountered. The normal forms are used to study global hypoellipticity in $C^\infty$ and Gevrey $G^\sigma$. Finally, the exceptional sets associated with the simultaneous Diophantine conditions are studied. A generalized Hausdorff dimension is used to give precise estimates of the ‘size’ of different exceptional sets, including some inhomogeneous examples.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 37C15; 11J13. Secondary 58J40; 11J20; 35H05
SPECIAL PRECOVERS IN COTORSION THEORIES
Authors: Akinci Karen D. , Alizade Rafail
Published: October 2003

A cotorsion theory is defined as a pair of classes Ext-orthogonal to each other. We give a hereditary condition (HC) which is satisfied by the (flat, cotorsion) cotorsion theory and give properties satisfied by arbitrary cotorsion theories with an HC. Given a cotorsion theory with an HC, we consider the class of all modules having a special precover with respect to the first class in the cotorsion theory and show that this class is closed under extensions. We then raise the question of whether this class is resolving or coresolving.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 18G15. Secondary 18E40
GENERAL CONVERGENCE IN QUASI-NORMAL FAMILIES
Authors: Lorentzen Lisa
Published: October 2003

Montel introduced the concept of quasi-normal families $f:\varOmega\to\mathbb{C}$ in 1922: $\mathcal{F}$ is quasi-normal of order $N$ if every sequence $\{f_n\}$ from $\mathcal{F}$ has a subsequence which converges uniformly on compact subsets of $\varOmega\setminus Z^\dagger$, where $Z^\dagger\subset\varOmega$ contains at most $N\in\mathbb{N}$ elements. ($\mathcal{F}$ is of order $N:=\infty$ if every such exceptional set $Z^\dagger$ is finite.) The problem is that $Z^\dagger$ normally depends on the subsequence. So even if every sequence has a subsequence which converges to a given function $f$ in $\varOmega$ except at $N$ points, the sequence itself may not converge in any domain $D\subseteq\varOmega$.

In this paper we introduce the concept of general convergence. Indeed, $\{f_n\}$ above converges generally to $f$. We also introduce a related concept, restrained sequences, and study some of their properties. The definitions extend earlier concepts introduced for sequences of linear fractional transformations.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20H10; 30B70; 30D45; 30F35; 58F08
ON ISOMETRIC MINIMAL IMMERSIONS FROM WARPED PRODUCTS INTO REAL SPACE FORMS
Authors: Chen Bang-Yen
Published: October 2003

We establish a general sharp inequality for warped products in real space form. As applications, we show that if the warping function $f$ of a warped product $N_1\times_fN_2$ is a harmonic function, then

(1) every isometric minimal immersion of $N_1\times_fN_2$ into a Euclidean space is locally a warped-product immersion, and

(2) there are no isometric minimal immersions from $N_1\times_f N_2$ into hyperbolic spaces.

Moreover, we prove that if either $N_1$ is compact or the warping function $f$ is an eigenfunction of the Laplacian with positive eigenvalue, then $N_1\times_f N_2$ admits no isometric minimal immersion into a Euclidean space or a hyperbolic space for any codimension. We also provide examples to show that our results are sharp.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 53C40; 53C42; 53B25
SEPARATING MILLIKEN–TAYLOR SYSTEMS WITH NEGATIVE ENTRIES
Authors: Hindman Neil , Leader Imre , Strauss Dona
Published: October 2003

Given a finite sequence $\bm{a}=\langle a_i\rangle_{i=1}^n$ in $\mathbb{N}$ and a sequence $\langle x_t\rangle_{t=1}^\infty$ in $\mathbb{N}$, the Milliken–Taylor system generated by $\bm{a}$ and $\langle x_t\rangle_{t=1}^\infty$ is

\begin{multline*} \qquad \mathrm{MT}(\bm{a},\langle x_t\rangle_{t=1}^\infty)=\biggl\{\sum_{i=1}^na_i\cdot\sum_{t\in F_i}x_t:F_1,F_2,\dots,F_n\text{ are finite non-empty} \\[-8pt] \text{subsets of $\mathbb{N}$ with }\max F_i\lt\min F_{i+1}\text{ for }i\ltn\biggr\}.\qquad \end{multline*}

It is known that Milliken–Taylor systems are partition regular but not consistent. More precisely, if $\bm{a}$ and $\bm{b}$ are finite sequences in $\mathbb{N}$, then, except in trivial cases, there is a partition of $\mathbb{N}$ into two cells, neither of which contains $\mathrm{MT}(\bm{a},\langle x_t\rangle_{t=1}^\infty)\cup \mathrm{MT}(\bm{b},\langle y_t\rangle_{t=1}^\infty)$ for any sequences $\langle x_t\rangle_{t=1}^\infty$ and $\langle y_t\rangle_{t=1}^\infty$.

Our aim in this paper is to extend the above result to allow negative entries in $\bm{a}$ and $\bm{b}$. We do so with a proof which is significantly shorter and simpler than the original proof which applied only to positive coefficients. We also derive some results concerning the existence of solutions of certain linear equations in $\beta\mathbb{Z}$. In particular, we show that the ability to guarantee the existence of $\mathrm{MT}(\bm{a},\langle x_t\rangle_{t=1}^\infty)\cup \mathrm{MT}(\bm{b},\langle y_t\rangle_{t=1}^\infty)$ in one cell of a partition is equivalent to the ability to find idempotents $p$ and $q$ in $\beta\mathbb{N}$ such that $a_1\cdot p+a_2\cdot p+\cdots+a_n\cdot p=b_1\cdot q+b_2\cdot q+\cdots+b_m\cdot q$, and thus determine exactly when the latter has a solution.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 05D10. Secondary 22A15; 54H13
EXACTNESS OF CUNTZ–PIMSNER C*-ALGEBRAS
Authors: Dykema Kenneth J. , Shlyakhtenko Dimitri
Published: October 2003

Let $H$ be a full Hilbert bimodule over a $C^*$-algebra $A$. We show that the Cuntz–Pimsner algebra associated to $H$ is exact if and only if $A$ is exact. Using this result, we give alternative proofs for exactness of reduced amalgamated free products of exact $C^*$-algebras. In the case in which $A$ is a finite-dimensional $C^*$-algebra, we also show that the Brown–Voiculescu topological entropy of Bogljubov automorphisms of the Cuntz–Pimsner algebra associated to an $A,A$ Hilbert bimodule is zero.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46L08. Secondary 46L09; 46L54
A COMPARISON OF THE RESPONSES OF MATURE AND YOUNG CLONAL TEA TO DROUGHT
Authors: Nixon D. J. , Burgess P. J. , Sanga B. N. K. , Carr M. K. V.
Published: October 2003

To assist commercial producers with optimizing the use of irrigation water, the responses to drought of mature and young tea (Camellia sinensis) crops (22 and 5 years after field planting respectively) were compared using data from two adjacent long-term irrigation experiments in southern Tanzania. Providing the maximum potential soil water deficit was below about 400–500 mm for mature, and 200–250 mm for young plants (clone 6/8), annual yields of dry tea from rainfed or partially irrigated crops were similar to those from the corresponding well-watered crops. At deficits greater than this, annual yields declined rapidly in young tea (up to 22 kg ha−1 mm−1) but relatively slowly in mature tea (up to 6.5 kg ha−1 mm−1). This apparent insensitivity of the mature crop to drought was principally due to compensation during the rains for yield lost in the dry season. Differences in dry matter distribution and shoot:root ratios contributed to these contrasting responses. Thus, the total above-ground dry mass of well-irrigated, mature plants was about twice that for young plants. Similarly, the total mass of structural roots (>1 mm diameter) to 3 m depth was four times greater in the mature crop than in the young crop and, for fine roots (<1 mm diameter), eight times greater. The corresponding shoot:root ratios (dry mass) were about 1:1 and 2:1 respectively. In addition, each unit area of leaf in the canopy of a mature plant had six times (by weight) more fine roots available to extract and supply water than did a young plant. These results show that young tea should be irrigated in preference to mature tea, especially where the maximum soil water deficit is likely to exceed 250 mm.
EXTRA-SHORT-DURATION PIGEONPEA FOR DIVERSIFYING WHEAT-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN THE SUB-TROPICS
Authors: Dahiya S.S. , Chauhan Y. S. , Johansen C. , Waldia R. S. , Sekhon H. S. , Nandal J. K.
Published: October 2003

The performance of newly developed extra-short-duration pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) genotypes and traditional short-duration pigeonpea cultivars was compared in rotation with wheat in on-farm trials conducted in 1996–97 and 1997–98 in Sonepat (28° N) district in Haryana, and in 1996–97 at Ludhiana (30° N) district in Punjab, India. At both locations, a wheat crop (Triticum aestivum cv. HD 2329) followed pigeonpea. At Sonepat, an indeterminate extra-short-duration genotype ICPL 88039 matured up to three weeks earlier, yet gave 12% higher yield (1.57 t ha−1) and showed less susceptibility to borer damage than did the short-duration cv. Manak. At Ludhiana, extra-short-duration pigeonpea genotypes, ICPL 88039, ICPL 85010 and AL 201 gave similar grain yields to the short-duration T 21 in spite of maturing three to four weeks earlier. Yields of wheat crops following extra-short-duration genotypes were up to 0.75 t ha−1 greater at Sonepat and up to 1.0 t ha−1 greater at Ludhiana. The results of the study provide empirical evidence that extra-short-duration pigeonpea genotypes could contribute to higher productivity of pigeonpea–wheat rotation systems. Most of the farmers who grew on-farm trials in Sonepat preferred extra-short-duration to short-duration pigeonpea types for their early maturity, bold seed size, and the greater yield of the following wheat crop.
FARMERS' PERCEPTIONS, PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE IN A SAHELIAN IRRIGATED RICE SCHEME
Authors: Haefele S. M. , Wopereis M. C. S. , Donovan C.
Published: October 2003

Combined socio-economic and agronomic surveys were conducted during two growing seasons with 20 rice (Orgyza sativa) farmers in the irrigation scheme of Guédé, northern Senegal. Farmers' knowledge of recommended cropping practices was relatively poor. The surveys identified sub-optimal timing of N fertilizer application and late harvesting as major constraints. Before the start of the second season, farmers were given field-specific recommendations on timing of key crop-management interventions. Average yield compared with the first season increased by more than 1 t ha−1, which was attributed to a slightly higher recovery efficiency of fertilizer N (REN) (average: 0.47 kg crop N kg−1 fertilizer N), a change in cultivars used (resulting in a better uptake of indigenous soil N) and more favourable weather conditions in general. It is concluded that if farmers are given better access to information, improved rice technologies, inputs and decision making, rice production on irrigated land in West Africa may leap forward rapidly, as potential production gains are still large.
EFFECTS OF TILLAGE METHODS ON WHEAT YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN CONTINUOUS WHEAT CROPPING
Authors: Bahrani M. J. , Kheradnam M. , Emam Y. , Ghadiri H. , Assad M. T.
Published: October 2003

A three-year field experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of tillage methods on grain yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in continuous cropping. The experiment was conducted on a Ramjerd, fine, mixed, mesic, typic Calcixerepts soil. Wheat was sown: (1) after burning residues followed by conventional tillage, (2) after complete residue removal followed by conventional tillage, (3) after soil incorporation of residues followed by conventional tillage, (4) into untilled residues, (5) using chisel seeder after field irrigation, (6) using chisel seeder plus herbicide application, and (7) after disking. Residue burning and removal increased spikes per square metre, grain per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and harvest index compared with other treatments. This was due primarily to weed interference and lack of uniform crop establishment in the presence of residues. Reduced tillage methods retained more residues on the soil surface, which provided unsuitable conditions for crop emergence and growth. The incorporation of residues led to a build up of carbon in the soil, with lower grain yields compared with residue burning and removal, but these yields were higher than those of chisel-seeded plots.
WHITEHALL AND THE CONTROL OF PRICES AND PROFITS IN A MAJOR WAR, 1919–1939
Authors: ROLLINGS NEIL
Published: October 2003

For much of the interwar period there was discussion in Whitehall of the policy to control prices and profits in any future major war. Opinion was divided between those who believed that the control of prices and profits would be necessary in return for controlling labour in the light of the experience of the First World War, and those who focused on the financial aspects of the issue, in which the control of prices and profits was seen to play little positive role. This second strand of thinking, rooted in the treasury, predominated, particularly once rearmament began: the co-operation of business and labour, it was argued, was best achieved by maintaining the status quo. As a result, once war did break out, legislation had to be enacted very rapidly to meet popular demands. More generally, this study throws light on the nature of interwar government in Britain and its attitude towards intervention.
GERMANY'S FIRST REPUBLIC
Authors: HOUSDEN MARTYN
Published: October 2003

Republik ohne Chance? Akzeptanz und Legitimation der Weimarer Republik in der deutschen Tagespresse zwischen 1918 und 1923. By Burkhard Asmuss. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1994. Pp. 619. ISBN 3-110-14197-3. DM280.00.

Heinrich Brüning and the dissolution of the Weimar Republic. By William L. Patch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. 358. ISBN 0-521-62422-3. £42.50.

National identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the eastern border, 1918–1922. By T. Hunt Tooley. Lincoln, Nebraska, and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. Pp. 320. ISBN 0-803-24429-0. £53.00.

Reichswehr und Rote Armee, 1920–1933: Wege und Stationen einer ungewönlichen Zusammenarbeit. By Manfred Zeidler. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1993. Pp. 375. ISBN 3-486-55966-4. DM78.00.
PROGRESSIVE PIONEERS: MANCHESTER LIBERALISM, THE INDEPENDENT LABOUR PARTY, AND LOCAL POLITICS IN THE 1890s
Authors: ROBERT MOORE JAMES
Published: October 2003

The Manchester Progressive Municipal Programme of 1894 has been viewed as indicative of a new Liberal approach to labour and social questions, heralding the New Liberalism of the Edwardian era and marking a gradual transition to class-based politics. Rather than focus on the role of senior individuals, such as Manchester Guardian editor C. P. Scott, in fostering the change, this article explores the practical problems of grass-roots party co-operation and the problems that Progressive approaches brought to Liberals. Progressive ideas had already permeated much Liberal thinking before 1890 and the Progressive Programme was less of a departure than might be imagined. Progressive policies may have helped consolidate Liberal working-class support but they did little to encourage co-operation with the Independent Labour Party (ILP). Where senior Liberals attempted to forge alliances they were invariably rebuffed. When Liberal candidates stepped down in deference to the ILP, Irish and working-class Liberal trade unionists revolted and split the party. The 1895 general election demonstrated the dangers of being too closely associated with the ILP and the limitations of Progressivism as a political strategy.
IN SEARCH OF LIBERAL TSARISM: THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF AUTOCRATIC DECLINE
Authors: READ CHRISTOPHER
Published: October 2003

The idea that the autocracy might have successfully modernized itself has, in recent years, spread widely beyond academic circles. However, a look at traditional and recent historiography shows that very few historians support this line. Even those who argue that Russia itself was developing rapidly have seen little prospect of the autocracy surviving the process. Equally, those who argue that radical socialist revolution might have been avoided tend to suggest, often by implication rather than in an explicit fashion, that a democratic, capitalist, bourgeois, and constitutional revolution was the alternative path. Thus it was not so much a question of tsarism or revolution but rather what kind of revolution was Russia facing?
COUNTRY HOUSE LIFE Creating paradise: the building of the English country house, 1660–1880. By Richard Wilson and Alan Mackley. London: Hambledon, 2000. Pp. xx+428. ISBN 1-85285-252-6. £25. The polite tourist: four centuries of country house visiting. By Adrian Tinniswood. London: The National Trust, 1998. Pp. 224. ISBN 0 7078 0224 5. £24.99. Country house pastimes. By Oliver Garnett. London: The National Trust, 1998. Pp. 48. ISBN 0-7078-0284-9. £4.99. The British country house in the eighteenth century. By Christopher Christie. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000. Pp. xvi+333. ISBN 0-7190-4724-2 (hb); 0-7190-4725-0 (pb). £49 and £17.99. The fate of the English country house. By David Littlejohn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. xviii+344. ISBN 0-19-508876-X. £20. The dukes: the origins, ennoblement and history of twenty-six families. By Brian Masters. London: Pimlico, 2001. Pp. x+390. ISBN 0-7126-6724-5. £12.50.
Authors: BECKETT J. V.
Published: October 2003

It is nearly a quarter of a century since the publication in 1978 of Mark Girouard's
magnificent study, Life in the English country house. The book appeared at what we can
now recognize to have been an important moment for the stately homes of England.
After the years of post-war austerity, the growth in private car ownership had begun to
make the countryside increasingly accessible. Many of the weekend journeys spawned
by this new affluence were to country houses, a trend speeded up by the exposure several
high profile houses enjoyed as period settings for television dramas. Brideshead revisited in
1981 was the pioneer, set as it was in the grounds of Castle Howard. In many respects
it has never been bettered, but it has certainly been followed, to the extent that hardly
a great house has failed to attract a film crew and some have been visited repeatedly.
Nor has this new exposure been confined to the cinema and television. The private
mansions from which the working classes were traditionally excluded have opened their
doors to paying customers, and their shops to anyone with cash and credit cards.
IMPERIAL MISE EN VALEUR AND MISE EN SCÈNE: RECENT WORKS ON FRENCH COLONIALISM
Authors: ALDRICH ROBERT
Published: October 2003

This review looks at English- and French-language books on nineteenth- and twentieth-century French colonial history published since 1995. It considers issues of ideology, imperial governance, the mise en valeur (development and ‘improvement’) of colonies (for instance, in health and education policy), the representation of empire in art and architecture, and decolonization. Special attention is paid to Indochina. Recent works have stressed the evolving nature of colonial policy and its adaptability to local circumstances. The review notes a certain divide between works emphasizing the discursive aspect of empire, and more ‘materialist’ treatments, but remarks on a general renewal of interest in colonial history. Contemporary scholars have also given colonial history a more prominent position in French national history than it previously held.
THE LABOUR PARTY AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF MINDS: THE CASE OF TONY CROSLAND
Authors: NUTTALL JEREMY
Published: October 2003

This article uses the broad concept of ‘improvement of minds’ to refer to the idea of improving people's sense of morality, their ability and willingness to reason, and the depth of their emotional experiences. Such an objective has been little explored in the context of the history of the British Labour party. Yet, discussion of it is worth integrating into histories of the party for two reasons. First, the goal of improving minds was a strand – though often unsystematically developed – in the agendas of many Labour party politicians, activists, and thinkers. Secondly, the very fact that it was an unsystematically developed strand, the very limits of the party's attention to, and success in achieving, ‘mental progress’ amongst the twentieth-century British population – that is to say, simply, the limits to the party's pursuit and achievement of the objective of making people more caring, rational, and sensitive – is one important explanation for many of Labour's failures. The article begins to explore the aims, processes, and outcomes of Labour's attempts to improve minds, as well as to explain and examine the consequences of the limits of the party's attention to this goal, through the case study of Tony Crosland.
THE FEDERAL ALTERNATIVE? A NEW VIEW OF MODERN GERMAN HISTORY
Authors: GREEN ABIGAIL
Published: October 2003

The review examines the recent literature on German federalism. This literature has identified a decentralized, federal tradition in German history, dating back at least to the eighteenth century and in striking contrast with the ‘unitary’ traditions of the Prussian state. The review questions the extent to which centralization was indeed a Prussian phenomenon in German history by examining the relatively decentralized nature of the Prussian state and the strongly centralizing tendencies of smaller German states in the nineteenth century. The review also examines the origins of the new ‘federal’ historiography, both in terms of contemporary German politics and in terms of the political debate surrounding German unification in the 1860s. It concludes that the idea of a ‘unitary’ Prussian state tradition is simplistic and reflects the inherent anti-Prussian bias of German federalism in the unification era. In this sense, it is the federal counterpart of the better-known Borussian approach to German history.
THE WHITE CAMEL OF THE MAKGABENG
Authors: SMITH BENJAMIN W. , VAN SCHALKWYK JOHAN A.
Published: October 2003

Research in the Northern Province of South Africa has revealed a most surprising new rock art find: a painting of a camel. This paper investigates how and why a camel came to be painted in the remote rock art of the Makgabeng hills. Analysis of archival material allows one to attribute the painting to a Northern Sotho artist who was active in the first decade of the twentieth century. The purpose of the painting is revealed in its context; it forms part of a collection of paintings which ridicule elements of ineptness in the ways of the new white intruders. We argue that this pointed humour helped the Makgabeng community to overcome some of the trauma of the displacement and violence which characterized the era of the first white settlement in northern South Africa.
ETHNOGENESIS AND FRACTAL HISTORY ON AN AFRICAN FRONTIER: MAMBILA–NJEREP–MANDULU
Authors: ZEITLYN DAVID , CONNELL BRUCE
Published: October 2003

This paper explores the notion of fractals – structures that display a similar degree of complexity at whatever scale they may be viewed – in relation to investigating African history. A case study of developing ethnicities in the Mambila region of the Nigeria–Cameroon borderland is presented from a fractal perspective: five levels of the history of this region, covering different time, population and physical scales, as well as different objects of explanation for each, are explored. Our general conclusion is that the different scales, or levels, at which one may view history may contain features or imply generalizations that mask features found in, or generalizations implied by, other levels.
Inheritance of leaf shape and its association with chlorosis in wheat infested by Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia)
Authors: DORRY H. R. , ASSAD M. T.
Published: October 2003

Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) has caused significant losses to wheat and barley in many parts of the world. Two RWA resistant lines with flat leaves were crossed with each other and with two RWA susceptible lines producing rolled leaves when infested with RWA. F1, F2 and BC1F1 seedling leaves were classified according to their leaf shape as flat, longitudinally folded, or rolled after artificial infestation. Leaf chlorosis in the phenotypes of F2 plants was also recorded.

The F2 populations of flat×rolled crosses segregated in 9:3:4 (flat:folded:rolled) ratios, suggesting a two dominant gene model for control of leaf shape. Folded leaves appeared only in F2 seedlings. The F1 seedlings of flat×flat cross showed only flat leaves, while the F2 population segregated in a 13:3 (flat:rolled) ratio. Chlorosis ratings and leaf shape scores of F2 seedlings were not independent. F2 seedlings with lower chlorosis scores were more likely to have flat leaves; however, some susceptible F2 seedlings also had flat leaves. Resistant F2 seedlings may have rolled leaves. It was concluded that recording leaf shape is not a reliable visual rating method to evaluate host plant response to RWA, because the inheritance of resistance and leaf shape in wheat are under two different gene systems.
BADGER CULLING TO END?
Authors: Hancox Martin
Published: October 2003

Progress in politics and science often happens by
accident. The unforeseen impact of the foot and
mouth epidemic may fall into this category. Both the
Ministry of Agriculture and vets were over-stretched
dealing with the crisis and so badger culling, which
was to have resumed on 1 May 2001, was suspended
for a year; even routine TB testing of cattle is on hold.

It seems probable that the Krebs/Bourne badger
culling trial will be abandoned altogether. At least
seven of the ten ‘triplet’ badger cull areas have been
disrupted, particularly in Devon/Cornwall and
Gloucestershire/Hereford. Some 600 of the 2900
badgers culled were in these two areas, perhaps 120
with TB, but only some 25 infectious. Since these were
from some 400 km2, encompassing 450 farms, it is
hard to see how the culls will have made the slightest
impact on cattle TB.

In fact it is already apparent that each TB badger
has cost some £35000, which merely confirms the
1986 findings of the Dunnet Review that badger culls
are a waste of money because they do not work.
Professor McInerney, as part of the review, noted that
ending badger culling was purely a political decision.
If Labour had won the 1992 election, contingency
plans were in place to end culls, but, sadly, by 1997
‘New’ Labour decided it was politically safer to go
ahead with the Krebs cull. Enough data ought to be
available from the trial to concoct ‘scientific’ reasons
to grasp the nettle and take the inevitable and long
overdue decision politically to end this sorry farce,
once and for all.
Assessment of anthracnose resistance (Colletotrichum graminicola) in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) germplasm under field conditions in Nigeria
Authors: MARLEY P. S. , AJAYI O.
Published: October 2003

Twenty-one elite sorghum lines were assessed for resistance to foliar, peduncle, rachis, grain and overall panicle anthracnose under natural infection at Samaru and Bagauda in 1996 and 1997. Three genotypes (R 6078, IS 14384 and CCGM 1/19-1-1) were completely resistant to all forms of the disease while Nagawhite was completely resistant to foliar, peduncle and rachis but moderately resistant to panicle anthracnose. The data indicate vertical disease progression from leaves onto peduncle and the rachis. More genotypes were susceptible to grain than rachis anthracnose thus indicating that grain infection could be direct or through vertical progression and direct pathways.
Introgression of isozyme genes utilizing monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) of Oryza officinalis in O. sativa
Authors: KAUSHAL P. , RAVI  , SIDHU J. S. , DHALIWAL H. S.
Published: October 2003

Starch gel electrophoresis was carried out on ten monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) of Oryza officinalis (CC genome) in O. sativa (AA genome) at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India during 1993–1995. The diploid progeny from MAALs were studied for possible gene transfer of isozyme genes. Analysis showed introgression for alleles of wild species for peroxidase, esterase and acid phosphatase isozymes in progeny of MAAL 2, esterase in MAAL 7 and acid phosphatase in MAAL 6, indicating partial homology between the two genomes. MAAL 2 yielded the highest number of recombinants. The potential of addition lines for alien gene transfer as well as for linkage mapping is discussed.
Selection, intake and excretion of nutrients by Scottish Highland suckler beef cows and calves, and Brown Swiss dairy cows in contrasting Alpine grazing systems
Authors: BERRY N. R. , JEWELL P. L. , SUTTER F. , EDWARDS P. J. , KREUZER M.
Published: October 2003

Nutrient intake, digestibility and live-weight changes were compared for groups of grazing cattle on two Swiss Alpine pastures in different regions (R1 and R2; both >1500 m above sea level) during 2 years (1997 and 1998). The R1 site was an improved pasture, while R2 was an unimproved pasture of poor nutritional quality. Replicated over 2 years, R1 groups comprised four Scottish Highland suckler cows together with their calves and four Brown Swiss dairy cows (17·8 kg/day milk) kept at high stocking rates (approx. 7 cows/ha) in short rotations (intensive management system). R2 groups comprised four Highland cows with calves managed at low density (approx. 0·4 cows/ha) and set-stocked (extensive management system). Grazing seasons lasted 77 days at R1 and 127 days at R2. Intake, digestibility and faecal excretion were estimated by the slow-release alkane indicator method. Average dry matter intakes in kg/day and g/kg W0·75/day (in parentheses) were 17·4 (151) for dairy cows at R1 and, significantly lower, 12·7 (133) and 11·1 (111) for beef cows at R1 and R2, respectively. Herbage dry-matter intake of calves was 1·2 kg/day at both locations. Calf weight gains measured over 77 days (0·69 kg/day) were similar at the two sites and thereafter declined only slightly at R2. The N content of the herbage selected was similar in the two regions, but in other respects the herbage at R2 was of significantly poorer nutritive quality as indicated by the lower digestibility of organic matter and neutral detergent fibre at R2 compared with R1. Through feed selection, nutrient intake by beef cows was sufficient to gain weight. In contrast, dairy cows at R1 lost on average more than 50 kg of weight. Calculations were made and discussed regarding N utilization and urinary N loss, and measured faecal N and mineral excretion to allow a quantitative assessment of nutrient returns to the sward. We conclude that Highland beef cattle make poorer use of improved Alpine pasture than dairy cows though they utilize pastures of poor nutritive quality under extensive management without loss of productivity.
Methane emission by alpaca and sheep fed on lucerne hay or grazed on pastures of perennial ryegrass/white clover or birdsfoot trefoil
Authors: PINARES-PATIÑO C. S. , ULYATT M. J. , WAGHORN G. C. , LASSEY K. R. , BARRY T. N. , HOLMES C. W. , JOHNSON D. E.
Published: October 2003

Based on the knowledge that alpaca (Lama pacos) have a lower fractional outflow rate of feed particles (particulate FOR) from their forestomach than sheep (San Martin 1987), the current study measured methane (CH4) production and other digestion parameters in these species in three successive experiments (1, 2 and 3): Experiment 1, lucerne hay fed indoors; Experiment 2, grazed on perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture (PRG/WC); and Experiment 3, grazed on birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) pasture (Lotus). Six male alpaca and six castrated Romney sheep were simultaneously and successively fed on the forages either ad libitum or at generous herbage allowances (grazing). CH4 production (g/day) (using the sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique), voluntary feed intake (VFI), diet quality, and protozoa counts and volatile fatty acid concentrations in samples of forestomach contents were determined. In addition, feed digestibility, energy and nitrogen (N) balances and microbial N supply from the forestomach (using purine derivatives excretion) were measured in Experiment 1.

Diets selected by alpaca were of lower quality than those selected by sheep, and the voluntary gross energy intakes (GEI, MJ) per kg of liveweight0·75 were consistently lower (P<0·001) for the alpaca than for the sheep (0·74 v. 1·36, 0·61 v. 1·32 and 0·77 v. 2·53 on lucerne hay, PRG/WC and Lotus, respectively). Alpaca and sheep did not differ (P>0·05) in their CH4 yields (% GEI) when fed on lucerne hay (5·1 v. 4·7), but alpaca had a higher CH4 yield when fed on PRG/WC (9·4 v. 7·5, P<0·05) and Lotus (6·4 v. 2·7, P<0·001). When grazing on Lotus, the sheep had very high protozoa counts in their forestomach contents, compared with those with the other forages and those in the alpaca. On lucerne hay and Lotus, but not on PRG/WC, the alpaca had higher (P<0·01) acetate/propionate ratio in their forestomach fluid than sheep. When fed on lucerne hay, alpaca and sheep did not differ (P>0·05) in diet N partition or microbial N yield, but alpaca had higher (P<0·05) neutral detergent fibre digestibility (0·478 v. 0·461) and lower (P<0·01) urinary energy losses (5·2 v. 5·8 % GEI) than sheep. It is suggested that differences between these species in forestomach particulate FOR might have been the underlying physiological mechanism responsible for the differences in CH4 yield, although the between-species differences in VFI and diet quality also had a major effect on it.
Counting Money: The US Dollar and American Nationhood, 1781–1820
Authors: GARSON ROBERT
Published: October 2003

The success of the Founding Fathers in building a nation has for a long
time attracted a sense of marvel. That admiration is well deserved.
Political leaders in post-Revolutionary America understood that hard-won liberty could only flourish if there was a popular sense of common
enterprise. They needed to create a cultural settlement that gave the idea
of national civilization clear meaning. The new state would have to
contrast sufficiently to the league of states that had combined to
overthrow colonial rule, while still protecting local interests and
sensitivities. It was an era that lent itself to imaginative statecraft and the
Founding Fathers supplied it through their crafting of a national
government and a national society. They appreciated that proper
constitutional arrangements would not in themselves suffice to bind the
common enterprise. The young republic needed to generate its own
cultural and economic mechanisms that would serve to consolidate affinity
to the nation. Recent studies on the formation of nationhood in the United
States have identified some of these mechanisms in the shape of everyday
experience in the forging of an identity that transcended the local
community. For example, David Waldstreicher and Len Travers have
pointed to the role of festivity and ritual in creation of a national
consciousness. They have shown that celebration in the early republic
served to reinforce the national implications of the American Revolution.
“An Instrument of National Policy”: Perry Miller and the Cold War
Authors: GUYATT NICHOLAS
Published: October 2003

Perry Miller was one of the most famous and distinguished American
intellectual historians, in the estimation of his contemporaries and the
evaluations of more recent scholars. Although his death provided some
detractors with an opportunity to question his findings without fear of
riposte, more recent studies confirm the relevance of his work to those
historians seeking answers today to the questions which he addressed.
This is especially true in the Puritan period, where his massive
encapsulation of The New England Mind is a routine point of departure for
new enquiries.