bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carob flour and sugar beet fiber as functional additives in bread
Authors: Soronja-Simovic Dragana , Smole-Mozina Sonja , Raspor Peter , Maravic Nikola , Zahorec Jana , Luskar Lucia , Seres Zita
Published: January 2017

The effect of functional additives (carob flour and sugar beet fiber) on
empirical rheological dough performance and bread quality was examined. Also
the microbiological quality of bread was investigated during 16 days of
storage. The study included 5 samples: control (CON), with preservative
calcium propionate (CONP), with carob flour (CON-CAR), with sugar beet fiber
(CON-SBF) and with a combination of carob flour and sugar beet fibers
(CON-SBF-CAR). Samples with functional additives had a higher water holding
capacity (2-10%) and extended dough development time due to the presence of
dietary fiber. Dough resistance of these samples was significantly increased,
especially in CON-CAR, in which the time of final fermentation is remarkably
prolonged (20% in comparison to CON). The addition of the functional
ingredients (due to hydration properties of dietary fiber) improved texture
and sensory characteristics of bread. In sample CON-SBF crumb firmness was
significantly reduced (by 70%) while elasticity was increased by 25% compared
to CON. Positive effect of addition of sugar beet fiber was proved by
improving the elasticity of the crumb and finer crumb structure (sample
CON-SBF) in comparison with the addition of carob flour (sample CON-CAR). In
bread sample with carob flour there was no microbiological contamination for
16 days of examination, which confirms the fact that carob flour can be used
as a natural preservative.
Tapped density optimisation for four agricultural wastes - Part I: Taguchi technique and mean response determination
Authors: Ajibade Oluwaseyi , Agunsoye Johnson , Oke Sunday
Published: January 2017

Environmental concerns are being intensified in composite manufacturing
ventures, using agricultural fillers as strategic materials to improve
environmentally-conscious performance. In this investigation, which is the
first part of a series of papers, four agricultural wastes (particles of
coconut, periwinkle, palm kernels and egg shells) were studied for their
tapped density optimisation behaviour, being tested independently of
matrices. The manual tapping method with measurements applied in successive
taps of the cylinder containing the particles against solid surfaces and the
experiments were carried out in the laboratory. Taguchi?s method of the
?lower-the-better? (LB) quality characteristic was used in this investigation
to describe the performance of the experiments. The optimal parametric
settings for the particles of coconut, periwinkle, palm kernels and egg
shells were found to be P2Q4R4S4, P3Q4R1S4, P2Q3R1S4 and P1Q4R2S4,
respectively. The optimal results would help in attaining good reinforcing
fillers with better tapped density properties. The method of mean response
investigation showed that either of geometric and quadratic methods of means
could be used where the LB quality characteristic is required.
Anti-atherogenic properties of a functional herbal mixture
Authors: Miletic Stevan , Svarc-Gajic Jaroslava , Milovanovic Ivan , Djurendic-Brenesel Maja , Mandic Anamarija , Tadic Vanja , Arsic Ivana , Misan Aleksandra
Published: January 2017

In this work, anti-atherogenic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of a herbal
mixture, rich in polyphenols, and composed of 35% of buckthorn bark
(Frangulae cortex), 20% of mint leaves (Menthae piperita folium), 20% of
caraway fruit (Carvi fructus) and 25% of parsley fruit (Petroselinum fructus)
were studied by monitoring biochemical parameters in experimental animals.
Experimental animals (Wistar rats) were subjected to five different feeding
regimes. Plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, cholesterol bound
to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and cholesterol linked to low-density
lipoproteins (LDL) were monitored in different time periods. The feces of
experimental animals was analysed for seven bile acids, as well as for total
cholesterol. Simultaneously, the activities of alanine aminotranferase (ALT)
and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. The introduction of
herbal mixture into fatty food did not have significant influence on enzyme
activities; however, the effect on induced hyperlipidemia was significant.
Total atherogenic index was reduced by 43.3%, whereas total cholesterol and
cholesterol bound to low density lipoproteins were reduced by 18.2% and
18.8%, respectively. Total bile acids concentrations dropped by 13.2%,
whereas cholesterol was reduced by 33%.
Efficacy of Sodium Valproate and Olanzapine in treating bipolar affective disorder 'mania' at a tertiary care hospital in Nepal: A comparative study
Authors: Chaurasia Lokeshwar , Shah Sunil Kumar , Chetty Sudarshana Magham
Published: January 2017

Background and Objectives: Bipolar affective disorder, mania is the mood of an abnormally elevated arousal energy level or a state of heightened overall activation with enhanced affective expression together with lability of affect. The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of sodium valproate and olanzapine in bipolar affective disorder, mania patients at a tertiary care hospital in NepalMaterial and Methods: A randomized observational prospective open label study was conducted for one and half year at College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital (CMS-TH), Bharatpur, Nepal in the Psychiatry Department. Sixty patients diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder, mania were enrolled. 30 patients received sodium valproate and 30 patients received olanzapine. Patients were monitored and evaluated on baseline (day 0), day 7 and day 30 and compared to the baseline for the severity of illness using the 11-item Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS).Results: The mean baseline YMRS score for all cases on sodium valproate (n=30) on day 0 was 38.87 ± 3.73, while it was reduced to 13.90 ± 1.95 (p < 0.001) on day 30. Similarly, the mean baseline YMRS score for all cases on olanzapine (n=30) on day 0was 40.83 ± 6.50, while it was reduced to 14.47 ± 2.83 (p < 0.001) on day 30.The mean decrease in YMRS score by sodium valproate was 64.24% and by olanzapine was 64.56%.Conclusion: Treatment with sodium valproate and olanzapine significantly improves the mean mania ratings score and there is no statistically significant difference in efficacy of both the drugs in patients diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder, mania.Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2016) Vol. 4(1): 27-35
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: A case report
Authors: Sah Vikash K
Published: January 2017

Hand, foot & mouth disease (HFMD) is a common emerging infectious disease caused by intestinal viruses of the picornaviridae family. A strain of Coxsackie virus (A16, A5, A6) is chiefly instrumental for producing this condition however more severe form is caused by Enterovirus-71. Though HFMD is a mild disease and can often be effectively and competently managed in an outpatient setting, recent outbreaks in the western pacific region with fatal form of disease have attracted the concern about the clinical assessment and appropriate management of HFMD. Early detection and good clinical judgments not only can prevent the fatal progression but also can reduce overall morbidity and mortality regarding HFMD. I am presenting a case report of the afore mentioned disease and the subsequent early clinical manifestation of the fatal form of HFMD to enlighten on the nature of the disease so that early diagnosis and management of the condition can be carried out to halt the disease progression and prevention for the betterment of children especially under five years.Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2016) Vol. 4 (1): 59-64
Effect of graphite content on the tribological behavior of Al/2SiC/Gr hybrid nano-composites processed via mechanical milling
Authors: Mosleh-Shirazi Sareh , Akhlaghi Farshad
Published: January 2017

The influence of 0 – 7 vol.% graphite addition on the dry sliding wear characteristics of Al/2SiC/Gr hybrid nanocomposites was examined. The composites were synthesized via ball milling of Al6061, nano-sized SiC and micron-sized graphite particles followed by cold pressing and hot extrusion. While the hardness of composites decreased almost linearly with their graphite content, the samples containing 2 % and 5 % of graphite exhibited minimum values of wear rate and friction coefficient, respectively. Addition of only 2 vol.% of graphite to the Al/2SiC nanocomposite resulted in changing the wear mechanism from a combination of adhesive and abrasive micro-cutting to abrasive and delamination wear. The superior tribological properties of the hybrid nanocomposites investigated in the present study as compared to those of Al/30SiC/Gr hybrid composites containing micron-sized SiC particles are discussed.
Austenite to polygonal-ferrite transformation and carbide precipitation in high strength low alloy steel
Authors: Zhou Xiaosheng , Dong Ji , Liu Yongchang , Liu Chenxi , Yu Liming , Huang Yuan , Li Huijun
Published: January 2017

By differential scanning calorimetry measurement and microstructural examination, the effects of cooling rates on the kinetics and microstructure of polygonal ferrite transformation have been investigated in a high strength low alloy steel. The peak temperature of ferrite transformation exhibits an evident dependency on cooling rate. With the cooling rate decreasing, the ferrite fraction corresponding to the maximum transformation rate is decreased, as well as the size of polygonal ferrite grains. More ferrite is nucleated at lower cooling rate. On the basis of the effects of austenite grain size and carbide precipitation on ferrite formation, it is suggested that carbide precipitation plays a more dominant role in the kinetics of ferrite transformation. During austenite–ferrite transformation, the ferrite nucleation still proceeds, and the nucleation would not be saturated by pre-existing nuclei.
William Tyndale at 500 Years...and After
Authors: Richardson Anne
Published: January 2017

The author, who in one of the editors of The Obedience of a Christian Man for the Tyndale Project, recalls first of all the begiiming of her own career at Yale, with Richard Sylvester as mentor, and Sister Anne O’Donnell as fellow student. The Tyndale Project was born in a sense from the More Project. Next she examines each of the twenty essays collected in the volume under review, using the words of its title as divisions in her text. She subdivides word into translation, hermeneutics, and pastoral applications. Church furnishes “old and new” and concerns, not the two testaments, but beliefs and the Church, and “Tyndale and More.” State is the domain where Tyndale reveals himself the most myoptic, particularly in his vision of a calculating Wolsey. Not content to extract the marrow of substance from these bones, the author engages in much close examination, enriching the work with many additions or suggestions. She does the same with communications posterior to the book she is reviewing. The approval she accords to the authors thus has ali the weight of her own expertise in the field.
La chair, le monde et le démon dans l’univers de Thomas More
Authors: Marc’hadour Germain
Published: January 2017

Le trinôme caro mundus diabolus identifiait dés le Moyen Âge les trois obstacles majeurs au salut de l’homme. Sa fréquence n’est pas moindre au 16e siécle, et il constitue une passerelle entre les ouvrages de More sur trois entiéres décennies. Son occurrence dans au moins six ouvrages de More en atteste la familiarité, que démontrent également les écrits de maints auteurs spirituels avant comme aprés lui.
Le panorama philosophique des Conclusiones de Jean Pic de la Mirandole
Authors: Valcke Louis
Published: January 2017

Par leur structure. les 900 Conclusiones de Jean Pic de la Mirandole constituent une “voie initiatique” qui devrait conduire le lecteur vers la révélation de la sagesse philosophique suprême telle que la conçoit leur auteur : tel est. sans doute, le sens de cette occulta concatenatio dont Pic lui-même fait état dans son Apologie. On est alors en droit de supposer que. par le panorama des auteurs qu ’ïl y aborde. Pic nous révèle ses choix philosophiques fondamentaux. Or. si la plupart des grands noms de l’histoire de la philosophie sont évidemment présents dans ce survol. On note également l’absence de plusieurs auteurs de la tradition scolastique, comme Augustin, Bonaventure ou Ockham-alors que Duns Scot et François de Meyronnes y côtoient Thomas d’Aquin. On tentera de résoudre l’énigme que représentent ces choix apparemment arbitraires. et on se propose. sur l’arrière-plan des problématiques philosophiques de l’époque, d’en mettre à nu la signification.
More’s Utopia : Comparing Seven Recent Translations
Authors: Marc’hadour Germain
Published: January 2017

This review article begins by pointing out that. to More. the number seven does not always imply a specific figure. The seven translations—Two English, two Italian, two Spanish, one Portuguese—are fïrst described in their significant aspects. Then each in turn is examined for its rendering of crucial words or phrases: a test of fidelity to More’s message and the subtle connotations carried by his idiosyncratic Latin.
Augustine, Boethius and the Fortune Verses of Thomas More
Authors: Cousins A.D.
Published: January 2017

William J. Bouwsma influentially argued, in 1975, that “[t]he two ideological poles between which Renaissance humanism oscillated may be roughly labelled ‘Stoicism’ and ‘Augustinianism.’” He suggested that white individual humanists might, at different times, favour some version of one over some version of the other, their intellectual allegiances were nonetheless fundamentally divided between the two. An unacknowledged possibility in Bouwsma’s essay is that humanist texts might interplay the two—knowingly or unselfconsciously. Stoical elements and Augustinianism can be seen to co-exist in Boethius’ The Consolation of Philosophy, a notable precedent, perhaps. Further, they can be seen to co-exist in More’s Fortune Verses, which are at once a sophisticated contribution to the literature of Fortune and an example (most likely a self-conscious one) of Stoicism’s literary cohabitation with Augustinianism.
Thomas More’s Correspondence in a Spanish Ambiance
Authors: Olivares Merino Eugenio M.
Published: January 2017

The recent reprinting of Álvaro de Silva’s 1998 edition of a selection of More’s letters prompts the author to examine the subject of Spanish translations of More, and of de Silva’s general commentary on More’s correspondence and on his relationship to other humanists. The author reflects on aspects of More’s personality as exposed in his letters and uses what he finds as a corrective to several biographical misconceptions. He points out the strengths and weaknesses of de Silva’s work and compares it with that of other translators, particularly Elizabeth Rogers, and notes the particularly Spanish quality of de Silva’s edition.
More et ses amis face à la pestilence
Authors: Marc’hadour Germain
Published: January 2017

Les lettres reçues par Beatus Rhenanus durant la peste qui sévit à Bâle en 1519-20 et publiées par Robert Walter fournissent l’occasion de considérer l’impact de cette épidémie sur la vie des humanistes, et l’emploi métaphorique du mot peste pour désigner toute espèce de mal grave et contagieux. L’attention est attirée sur la suette anglaise, et sur le rôle de deux saints, Roch et Sébastien, comme intercesseurs privilégiés pour éviter la contagion ou guérir de l’infection.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Applied Sciences in 2016
Authors:   Applied Sciences Editorial Office
Published: January 2017

The editors of Applied Sciences would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2016.[...]
Crystal Indentation Hardness
Authors: Armstrong Ronald , Walley Stephen , Elban Wayne
Published: January 2017

There is expanded interest in the long-standing subject of the hardness properties of materials. A major part of such interest is due to the advent of nanoindentation hardness testing systems which have made available orders of magnitude increases in load and displacement measuring capabilities achieved in a continuously recorded test procedure. The new results have been smoothly merged with other advances in conventional hardness testing and with parallel developments in improved model descriptions of both elastic contact mechanics and dislocation mechanisms operative in the understanding of crystal plasticity and fracturing behaviors. No crystal is either too soft or too hard to prevent the determination of its elastic, plastic and cracking properties under a suitable probing indenter. A sampling of the wealth of measurements and reported analyses associated with the topic on a wide variety of materials are presented in the current Special Issue.
New Immunotherapy Strategies in Breast Cancer
Authors: Yu Lin-Yu , Tang Jie , Zhang Cong-Min , Zeng Wen-Jing , Yan Han , Li Mu-Peng , Chen Xiao-Ping
Published: January 2017

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Therapeutic treatments for breast cancer generally include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrinotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. With the development of molecular biology, immunology and pharmacogenomics, immunotherapy becomes a promising new field in breast cancer therapies. In this review, we discussed recent progress in breast cancer immunotherapy, including cancer vaccines, bispecific antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Several additional immunotherapy modalities in early stages of development are also highlighted. It is believed that these new immunotherapeutic strategies will ultimately change the current status of breast cancer therapies.
Knowledge and Attitudes of Dentists with Respect to the Risks of Blood-Borne Pathogens—A Cross-Sectional Study in Poland
Authors: Garus-Pakowska Anna , Górajski Mariusz , Szatko Franciszek
Published: January 2017

Background: To analyze dentists’ knowledge of blood-borne infections, their attitudes towards infected patients, and to determine the frequency of the contact with infectious material; Methods: We surveyed 192 dentists using an anonymous questionnaire. Results: Only a quarter of dentists responded correctly to all questions. 96% of the examined dentists confirmed that they were more cautious during treatment of patients with HBV, HCV and HIV. 25% of all respondents refuse to help infected patients due to concerns about their own health. The dentists occasionally removed protective clothing to make it “easier” to perform specific procedures. The dentists experienced contact with infectious material most frequently by splashes onto the conjunctiva or as a result of superficial injuries. The risk of injury by a medical tool increased with the years of employment. Re-capping needles was associated with an increased risk of injury; Conclusions: Despite the widespread tolerance of people infected with blood-borne viruses and the well-proven low infection risk to medical personnel, dentists continue to be prejudiced and concerned about their own health and may refuse to treat infected patients. It may be assumed that the proportion of refusing treatment is even greater. This attitude should imply the implementation of training in the field of pathogen transmission and the real risk of infection.
Health Benefits of Urban Allotment Gardening: Improved Physical and Psychological Well-Being and Social Integration
Authors: Soga Masashi , Cox Daniel , Yamaura Yuichi , Gaston Kevin , Kurisu Kiyo , Hanaki Keisuke
Published: January 2017

With an ever-increasing urban population, promoting public health and well-being in towns and cities is a major challenge. Previous research has suggested that participating in allotment gardening delivers a wide range of health benefits. However, evidence from quantitative analyses is still scarce. Here, we quantify the effects, if any, of participating in allotment gardening on physical, psychological and social health. A questionnaire survey of 332 people was performed in Tokyo, Japan. We compared five self-reported health outcomes between allotment gardeners and non-gardener controls: perceived general health, subjective health complaints, body mass index (BMI), mental health and social cohesion. Accounting for socio-demographic and lifestyle variables, regression models revealed that allotment gardeners, compared to non-gardeners, reported better perceived general health, subjective health complaints, mental health and social cohesion. BMI did not differ between gardeners and non-gardeners. Neither frequency nor duration of gardening significantly influenced reported health outcomes. Our results highlight that regular gardening on allotment sites is associated with improved physical, psychological and social health. With the recent escalation in the prevalence of chronic diseases, and associated healthcare costs, this study has a major implication for policy, as it suggests that urban allotments have great potential for preventative healthcare.
Impact of Dental Fluorosis, Socioeconomic Status and Self-Perception in Adolescents Exposed to a High Level of Fluoride in Water
Authors: Molina-Frechero Nelly , Nevarez-Rascón Martina , Nevarez-Rascón Alfredo , González-González Rogelio , Irigoyen-Camacho María , Sánchez-Pérez Leonor , López-Verdin Sandra , Bologna-Molina Ronell
Published: January 2017

Objective: To identify adolescents’ self-perception of dental fluorosis from two areas with different socioeconomic levels. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted with 15-year-old youths by applying a questionnaire designed and validated to assess self-perceptions of dental fluorosis in two areas with different socioeconomic statuses (SESs). Fluorosis was clinically evaluated by applying the Thylstrup and Fejerkov (TF) index on the upper front teeth. Results: A total of 308 adolescents were included in the study. The medium-SES population, which was exposed to 2.5 ppm of fluoride in water, and the low-SES population, which was exposed to 5.1 ppm, presented the following levels of dental fluorosis: TF 2–3 (50%), TF 4–5 (45.6%) and TF 6–7 (4.4%) for medium SES and TF 2–3 (12.3%), TF 4–5 (67.1%) and TF 67 (20.6%) for low SES. A significant association was found between self-perception and dental fluorosis in those with medium and low SESs (p < 0.05). The multiple regression model found differences between TF levels and self-perception, with a 6–7 TF level for concerns about color (OR = 1.6), smile (OR = 1.2) and appearance (OR = 3.36). Conclusions: Self-perceptions of dental fluorosis affect adolescents such that adolescents with a medium SES have more negative perceptions than those with a low SES. Such perceptions increase as the TF index increases.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of MCA in 2016
Authors:   MCA Editorial Office
Published: January 2017

The editors of MCA would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2016.[...]
Qigong in Cancer Care: Theory, Evidence-Base, and Practice
Authors: Klein Penelope
Published: January 2017

Background: The purpose of this discussion is to explore the theory, evidence base, and practice of Qigong for individuals with cancer. Questions addressed are: What is qigong? How does it work? What evidence exists supporting its practice in integrative oncology? What barriers to wide-spread programming access exist? Methods: Sources for this discussion include a review of scholarly texts, the Internet, PubMed, field observations, and expert opinion. Results: Qigong is a gentle, mind/body exercise integral within Chinese medicine. Theoretical foundations include Chinese medicine energy theory, psychoneuroimmunology, the relaxation response, the meditation effect, and epigenetics. Research supports positive effects on quality of life (QOL), fatigue, immune function and cortisol levels, and cognition for individuals with cancer. There is indirect, scientific evidence suggesting that qigong practice may positively influence cancer prevention and survival. No one Qigong exercise regimen has been established as superior. Effective protocols do have common elements: slow mindful exercise, easy to learn, breath regulation, meditation, emphasis on relaxation, and energy cultivation including mental intent and self-massage. Conclusions: Regular practice of Qigong exercise therapy has the potential to improve cancer-related QOL and is indirectly linked to cancer prevention and survival. Wide-spread access to quality Qigong in cancer care programming may be challenged by the availability of existing programming and work force capacity.
Effect of Controlled Cooling on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Low C Nb-Ti-Containing HSLA Steel for Construction
Authors: Fan Yi , Wang Qian , Liu Hongwu , Wang Tongliang , Wang Qingfeng , Zhang Fucheng
Published: January 2017

The thermo-mechanical control processing (TMCP) of low carbon (C) Nb-Ti-containing HSLA steel with different cooling rates from 5 to 20 °C/s was simulated using a Gleeble 3500 system. The samples’ microstructure was characterized and the tensile properties measured. The results show that a microstructure mainly consisting of quasi-polygonal ferrite (QPF), granular bainitic ferrite (GBF), and martensite/austenite (M/A) constituent formed in each sample. Furthermore, the accelerated cooling led to a significant grain refinement of the QPF and GBF, and an increase in the density of dislocations, as well as suppressed the precipitation of nanoscale particles; however, the overall yield strength (YS) still increased obviously. The accelerated cooling also brought about a decrease in amount of M/A constituent acting as a mixed hard phase, which weakened the overall strain-hardening capacity of the QPF + GBF + M/A multiphase steel and simultaneously elevated yield-to-tensile strength ratio (YR). In addition, the mechanisms in dominating the influence of controlled cooling on the final microstructure and tensile properties were discussed.
From Learning to Decision-Making: A Cross-Sectional Survey of a Clinical Pharmacist-Steered Journal Club
Authors: Ismail Sherine , Al Khansa Sara , Aseeri Mohammed , Alhamdan Hani , Quadri K.
Published: January 2017

Journal clubs have been traditionally incorporated into academic training programs to enhance competency in the interpretation of literature. We designed a structured journal club (JC) to improve skills in the interpretation of literature; however, we were not aware of how learners (interns, residents, clinical pharmacists, etc.) would perceive it. We aimed to assess the perception of learners at different levels of pharmacy training. A cross-sectional design was used. A self-administered online survey was emailed to JC attendees from 2010–2014 at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The survey questions included: introduction sessions, topic selection, JC layout, interaction with the moderator, and decision-making skills by clinical pharmacists. The response rate was 58/89 (65%); 52/54 (96%) respondents believed that JC adds to their knowledge in interpreting literature. Topic selection met the core curriculum requirements for credentials exams for 16/36 (44.4%), while 16/22 (73%) presenters had good to excellent interaction with the moderator. JC facilitated decision-making for 10/12 (83%) of clinical pharmacists. The results suggest that clinical pharmacist-steered JC may serve as an effective tool to empower learners at different levels of pharmacy practice, with evidence-based principles for interpretation of literature and guide informed decision-making.
Atmospheric Corrections and Multi-Conditional Algorithm for Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing of Suspended Particulate Matter in Low-to-High Turbidity Levels Coastal Waters
Authors: Novoa Stéfani , Doxaran David , Ody Anouck , Vanhellemont Quinten , Lafon Virginie , Lubac Bertrand , Gernez Pierre
Published: January 2017

The accurate measurement of suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations in coastal waters is of crucial importance for ecosystem studies, sediment transport monitoring, and assessment of anthropogenic impacts in the coastal ocean. Ocean color remote sensing is an efficient tool to monitor SPM spatio-temporal variability in coastal waters. However, near-shore satellite images are complex to correct for atmospheric effects due to the proximity of land and to the high level of reflectance caused by high SPM concentrations in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. The water reflectance signal (ρw) tends to saturate at short visible wavelengths when the SPM concentration increases. Using a comprehensive dataset of high-resolution satellite imagery and in situ SPM and water reflectance data, this study presents (i) an assessment of existing atmospheric correction (AC) algorithms developed for turbid coastal waters; and (ii) a switching method that automatically selects the most sensitive SPM vs. ρw relationship, to avoid saturation effects when computing the SPM concentration. The approach is applied to satellite data acquired by three medium-high spatial resolution sensors (Landsat-8/Operational Land Imager, National Polar-Orbiting Partnership/Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite and Aqua/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) to map the SPM concentration in some of the most turbid areas of the European coastal ocean, namely the Gironde and Loire estuaries as well as Bourgneuf Bay on the French Atlantic coast. For all three sensors, AC methods based on the use of short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral bands were tested, and the consistency of the retrieved water reflectance was examined along transects from low- to high-turbidity waters. For OLI data, we also compared a SWIR-based AC (ACOLITE) with a method based on multi-temporal analyses of atmospheric constituents (MACCS). For the selected scenes, the ACOLITE-MACCS difference was lower than 7%. Despite some inaccuracies in ρw retrieval, we demonstrate that the SPM concentration can be reliably estimated using OLI, MODIS and VIIRS, regardless of their differences in spatial and spectral resolutions. Match-ups between the OLI-derived SPM concentration and autonomous field measurements from the Loire and Gironde estuaries’ monitoring networks provided satisfactory results. The multi-sensor approach together with the multi-conditional algorithm presented here can be applied to the latest generation of ocean color sensors (namely Sentinel2/MSI and Sentinel3/OLCI) to study SPM dynamics in the coastal ocean at higher spatial and temporal resolutions.
Evaluation of Methods for Aerodynamic Roughness Length Retrieval from Very High-Resolution Imaging LIDAR Observations over the Heihe Basin in China
Authors: Faivre Robin , Colin Jérôme , Menenti Massimo
Published: January 2017

The parameterization of heat transfer based on remote sensing data, and the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) scheme to retrieve turbulent heat fluxes, already proved to be very appropriate for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) over homogeneous land surfaces. However, the use of such a method over heterogeneous landscapes (e.g., semi-arid regions or agricultural land) becomes more difficult, since the principle of similarity theory is compromised by the presence of different heat sources at various heights. This study aims to propose and evaluate some models based on vegetation geometry partly developed by Colin and Faivre, to retrieve the surface aerodynamic roughness length for momentum transfer ( z 0 m ), which is a key parameter in the characterization of heat transfer. A new approach proposed by the authors consisted in the use of a Digital Surface Model (DSM) as boundary condition for experiments with a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to reproduce 3D wind fields, and to invert them to retrieve a spatialized roughness parameter. Colin and Faivre also applied the geometrical Raupach’s approach for the same purpose. These two methods were evaluated against two empirical ones, widely used in Surface Energy Balance Index (SEBI) based algorithms (Moran; Brutsaert), and also against an alternate geometrical model proposed by Menenti and Ritchie. The investigation was carried out in the Yingke oasis (China) using very-high resolution remote sensing data (VNIR, TIR & LIDAR), for a precise description of the land surface, and a fine evaluation of estimated heat fluxes based on in-situ measurements. A set of five numerical experiments was carried out to evaluate each roughness model. It appears that methods used in experiments 2 (based on Brutsaert) and 4 (based on Colin and Faivre) are the most accurate to estimate the aerodynamic roughness length, according to the estimated heat fluxes. However, the formulation used in experiment 2 allows to minimize errors in both latent and sensible heat flux, and to preserve a good partitioning. An additional evaluation of these two methods based on another k B − 1 parameterization could be necessary, given that the latter is not always compatible with the CFD-based retrieval method.
Prisons as Panacea or Pariah? The Countervailing Consequences of the Prison Boom on the Political Economy of Rural Towns
Authors: Eason John
Published: January 2017

The nascent literature on prison proliferation in the United States typically reveals negative impacts for communities of color. Given that Southern rural communities were the most likely to build during the prison boom (1970–2010), however, a more nuanced understanding of prison impact is warranted. Using a dataset matching and geocoding all 1663 U.S. prisons with their Census-appointed place, this study explores the countervailing consequences of the prison boom on rural towns across multiple periods. For example, locales that adopted prisons at earlier stages of the prison boom era received a short-term boom compared to those that did not, but these effects were not lasting. Furthermore, later in the boom, prison-building protected towns against additional economic decline. Thus, neither entirely pariah nor panacea, the prison functions as a state-sponsored public works program for disadvantaged rural communities but also supports perverse economic incentives for prison proliferation. Methodological, substantive, theoretical, and policy implications regarding the intersection of race and punishment are explored.
Sprinkling: An Approach to Describe Urbanization Dynamics in Italy
Authors: Romano Bernardino , Zullo Francesco , Fiorini Lorena , Ciabò Serena , Marucci Alessandro
Published: January 2017

This paper presents research which has defined a new typology of urban patterns (sprinkling), different from the internationally recognized standard urban sprawl, as well as various indicators that have been implemented to measure sprinkling. It is important to highlight that the damage caused to the environment and communities by urban sprinkling is much more serious and irreversible than that notoriously caused by urban sprawl. The paper introduces the difficult methodological and planning aspects of retrofitting (de-sprinkling), a true challenge for land management. We argue that even partial inversion of many negative effects is impossible in the short term. Only medium- to long-term, organized, and politically coordinated programs can tackle the various issues associated with sprinkling.
Spatial Configuration of Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions of Shanghai, and Our Policy Suggestions
Authors: Pan Kexi , Li Yongfu , Zhu Hanxiong , Dang Anrong
Published: January 2017

This research constructs a 1 km × 1 km Shanghai energy consumption and carbon emission spatial grid through a bottom-up approach. First, we locate all energy consumption locations in Shanghai via GIS. Second, we calculate energy consumption and associated CO2 emissions by energy type, by usage type, and by facilities. Finally, we use a spatial grid to represent the energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The grid shows CO2 emissions in Shanghai are highly spatially correlated with energy types and volumes of consumption. This research also finds out that high energy consumption and carbon emission locations in Shanghai display significant spatial aggregation. In 7209 spatial energy consumption cells, the top 10 grids of emissions account for 52.8% of total CO2 emissions in Shanghai; the top 20 grids account for 64.5% and the top 50 grids account for 76.5%. The most critical point emission sources are coal-fired power plants and iron and steel plants. The most important line emission sources are the Yan’an Road and Inner Ring viaducts. The area emission sources that account for the most future-projected growth are commercial and residential natural gas. After this spatial analysis, this paper makes policy suggestions and solutions to conserve energy consumption and mitigate carbon emissions in Shanghai.
DETECTION OF A HYDROGEN CORONA IN HST Lyα IMAGES OF EUROPA IN TRANSIT OF JUPITER
Authors: Roth Lorenz , Retherford Kurt D. , Ivchenko Nickolay , Schlatter Nicola , Strobel Darrell F. , Becker Tracy M. , Grava Cesare
Published: January 2017

We report far-ultraviolet observations of Europa in transit of Jupiter obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope on six occasions between 2014 December and 2015 March. Absorption of Jupiter’s bright hydrogen Lyα dayglow is detected in a region several moon radii above the limb in all observations. The observed extended absorption provides the first detection of an atomic hydrogen corona around Europa. Molecular constituents in Europa’s global sputtered atmosphere are shown to be optically thin to Lyα. The observations are consistent with a radially escaping H corona with maximum densities at the surface in the range of (1.5–2.2) × 103 cm−3, confirming the abundances predicted by Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, we search for anomalies around the limb of Europa from absorption by localized high H2O abundances from active plumes. No significant local absorption features are detected. We find that an H2O plume with line-of-sight column density in the order of 1016 cm−2, as inferred by Roth et al. would not be detectable based on the statistical fluctuations of the transit measurements, and hence is not excluded or further constrained. The presence of plumes with line-of-sight column densities of >2 × 1017 cm−2 can be excluded at a 3-σ level during five of our six observations.
WAIT FOR IT: POST-SUPERNOVA WINDS DRIVEN BY DELAYED RADIOACTIVE DECAYS
Authors: Shen Ken J. , Schwab Josiah
Published: January 2017

In most astrophysical situations, the radioactive decay of

to

occurs via electron capture with a fixed half-life of 6.1 days. However, this decay rate is significantly slowed when the nuclei are fully ionized because K-shell electrons are unavailable for capture. In this paper, we explore the effect of these delayed decays on white dwarfs (WDs) that may survive Type Ia and Type Iax supernovae (SNe Ia and SNe Iax). The energy released by the delayed radioactive decays of

and

drives a persistent wind from the surviving WD’s surface that contributes to the late-time appearance of these SNe after emission from the bulk of the SN ejecta has faded. We use the stellar evolution code MESA to calculate the hydrodynamic evolution and resulting light curves of these winds. Our post-SN Ia models conflict with late-time observations of SN 2011fe, but uncertainties in our initial conditions prevent us from ruling out the existence of surviving WD donors. Much better agreement with observations is achieved with our models of post-SN Iax bound remnants, providing evidence that these explosions are due to deflagrations in accreting WDs that fail to completely unbind the WDs. Future radiative transfer calculations and wind models utilizing simulations of explosions for more accurate initial conditions will extend our study of radioactively powered winds from post-SN surviving WDs and enable their use as powerful discriminants among the various SN Ia and SN Iax progenitor scenarios.
CHARACTERIZING THE POPULATION OF BRIGHT INFRARED SOURCES IN THE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD
Authors: Kraemer K. E. , Sloan G. C. , Wood P. R. , Jones O. C. , Egan M. P.
Published: January 2017

We have used the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) on the Spitzer Space Telescope to observe stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) selected from the Point Source Catalog of the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX). We concentrate on the dust properties of the oxygen-rich evolved stars. The dust composition has smaller contributions from alumina compared to the Galaxy. This difference may arise from the lower metallicity in the SMC, but it could be a selection effect, as the SMC sample includes more stars that are brighter and thus more massive. The distribution of the SMC stars along the silicate sequence looks more like the Galactic sample of red supergiants than asymptotic giant branch stars (AGBs). While many of the SMC stars are definitively on the AGB, several also show evidence of hot bottom burning. Three of the supergiants show PAH emission at 11.3 μm. Two other sources show mixed chemistry, with both carbon-rich and oxygen-rich spectral features. One, MSX SMC 134, may be the first confirmed silicate/carbon star in the SMC. The other, MSX SMC 049, is a candidate post-AGB star. MSX SMC 145, previously considered a candidate OH/IR star, is actually an AGB star with a background galaxy at z = 0.16 along the same line of sight. We consider the overall characteristics of all the MSX sources, the most infrared-bright objects in the SMC, in light of the higher sensitivity and resolution of Spitzer, and compare them with the object types expected from the original selection criteria. This population represents what will be seen in more distant galaxies by the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Color–color diagrams generated from the IRS spectra and the mid-infrared filters on JWST show how one can separate evolved stars from young stellar objects (YSOs) and distinguish among different classes of YSOs.
“Life” “Drafts”: Towards Two Non-Dogmatic Poetic Archives
Authors: Aji Hélène
Published: January 2017

Avec My Life de Lyn Hejinian et Drafts de Rachel Blau DuPlessis, le poème long émerge d’une tentative de redéfinition de notre relation au monde sous le signe de l’étonnement et de la mémoire. Fragmentaire, incomplète, instable, la mémoire produit des poèmes-livres dont les structures complexes tentent d’apprivoiser son fonctionnement, les systèmes mnémotechniques et le comportement stochastique de l’association libre et de l’oubli. Cet article développe l’idée selon laquelle le poème, comme archive, autobiographie et/ou complexe épistémologique exploratoire, fonctionne à l’identique de la mémoire, proposant un état des lieux non-dogmatique et provisoire pour survivre au présent.
“I Quit!” The Vietnam War and the Early Antiwar Activism of Master Sergeant Donald Duncan
Authors: Stewart Luke
Published: January 2017

L’opposition à la guerre du Vietnam et la brutalité de ce conflit ébranlèrent les principes fondamentaux inhérents au consensus anticommuniste de la guerre froide aussi bien que l’idée de base sur l’exceptionnalisme des États-Unis, nation à la politique étrangère bienveillante. C’est récemment seulement que les raisons de ce changement ont été analysées par les chercheurs. Cet article retrace le militantisme anti-guerre du sergent-chef Donald Duncan et la décision de ce premier vétéran de la guerre de prendre la parole et de militer. Ses écrits comme son militantisme permirent de remettre en cause les postulats de départs sur l’intervention américaine au Vietnam et furent une source d’inspiration pour le mouvement pacifiste grandissant.
Retour sur une expérience de réforme : la création de Santé publique France, l’agence nationale de santé publique
Authors: Spahic Mili , Mettendorff Martial , Bourdillon François
Published: January 2017

Entre l’annonce de la création d’une nouvelle agence sanitaire regroupant trois établissements du champ, auxquels s’est ajouté par la suite un groupement d’intérêt public, et la tenue du premier conseil d’administration du nouvel organisme, en passant bien entendu par la publication des textes législatifs et réglementaires, plus de deux ans se sont écoulés. Cette période est ici retracée à travers un regard singulier, avec comme objectif de donner à voir les outils, les usages et les ressorts de cette construction. Ce sont bien les temporalités de la réforme qui sont ici mises en avant, autour de trois moments enchevêtrés : celui du droit, celui du projet et celui du dialogue social.
Adolescent Shin Pain
Authors: Korsh Jeremy , Matijakovich Douglas , Gatt Charles
Published: January 2017

Shin pain is a common complaint in adolescent athletes. The term “shin splints” has historically been applied to these patients. Shin splints, more often than not, refers to a stress reaction of the tibia from overuse. Overuse injuries occur when repetitive microtrauma to the bone exceeds the biologic healing potential. Diagnosis is based on typical history and physical examination findings. Plain radiographs and advanced imaging are rarely necessary but can provide valuable prognostic information. Treatment consists of adequate rest and exercise modification. Time to return to sport depends on injury location and severity. Stress fractures have long-term implications on bone health, so modifiable risk factors should be addressed. It is important for primary care physicians to understand the significance of these injuries.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2017;46(1):e29–e32.]
Intravenous Immunoglobulin for the Treatment of Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Shulman Stanford T.
Published: January 2017

Standard first-line therapy for Kawasaki disease (KD) consists of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin. Current guidelines recommend 2 g/kg of IVIG and 80 to 100 mg/kg of aspirin administered within the first 10 days of illness. This regimen has marked efficacy in preventing the development of coronary artery aneurysms. Approximately 15% to 20% of treated patients require a second dose of IVIG to control the inflammatory process. The role of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy with IVIG and aspirin is evolving, with Japanese studies showing a clear benefit in those patients at highest risk for development of coronary disease. The challenge in North America has been reliable identification of the highest-risk patients, which still eludes us because the Japanese scoring systems are ineffective in multiethnic populations. Despite its efficacy, the precise mechanism of IVIG's effect in KD is unclear but probably relates to its ability to down-regulate aspects of the up-regulated inflammatory response in patients with KD.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2017;46(1):e25–e28.]
Magneto-Hemodynamics of Nanofluid with Heat and Mass Transfer in a Slowly Varying Symmetrical Channel
Authors: Makinde Oluwole Daniel , Khan Z.H. , Khan W.A. , Tshehla M.S.
Published: January 2017

The magneto-hemodynamic laminar flow of a conducting incompressible viscous nanofluid (blood) through a channel of slowly varying width under a transverse magnetic is investigated using perturbation and numerical methods. For this purpose, Buongiorno’s model is employed for the analysis in four different channels namely, convergent, divergent, locally constricted and wavy channels. Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation is used and the partial differential equations are solved using perturbation series method. For validation, the governing differential equations are also solved numerically. Both perturbation and numerical results are compared and are found in good agreement. The effects of pertinent parameters on the fluid flow, heat and mass transfer in the selected channels are analyzed for special cases. The results show that both thermal and solutal Richardson numbers have opposite behaviour for skin friction, heat and mass transfer in each channel.