bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marine spatial planning and the risk of ocean grabbing in the tropical Atlantic
Authors: Queffelec Betty , Bonnin Marie , Ferreira Beatrice , Bertrand Sophie , Teles Da Silva Solange , Diouf Fatou , Trouillet Brice , Cudennec Annie , Brunel Adrien , Billant Odeline , Toonen Hilde
Published: January 2021

Ocean grabbing occurs when traditional users, such as small-scale fishers, are pushed aside by new development activities. This grabbing must be prevented to avoid sea uses that maintain or increase social inequity. In this paper, we show that in tropical Atlantic countries, such as Brazil and Senegal, examples of ocean grabbing already occur. In this context, we analyse if Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) may be an opportunity to limit ocean grabbing or, to the contrary, poses a risk to increase it. MSP calls for an ecosystem approach that requires integrated coastal and marine management and involves stakeholders in developing a shared vision of the future, where society and environment are preserved. However, recent studies have shown that MSP is a process to be used cautiously to ensure equitable decisions. Meanwhile, the concept is spreading worldwide including in tropical Atlantic countries. We highlight that context matters and the specificities of the tropical Atlantic must be taken into account when deploying MSP processes. In the tropical Atlantic context, there is increased imbalances of stakeholder power, traps from decision support tools, and a need for adaptive management. These specific features must be addressed when deploying MSP in a way to avoid ocean grabbing.
Opposite phenological responses of zooplankton to climate along a latitudinal gradient through the European Shelf
Authors: Uriarte Ibon , Villate Fernando , Iriarte Arantza , Fanjul Álvaro , Atkinson Angus , Cook Kathryn
Published: January 2021

Zooplankton phenological shifts may affect energy transfer through pelagic food web and up to fisheries, but few studies have compared zooplankton phenology across a wide latitudinal range of water temperatures. We examined the phenological variations of zooplankton at four sites along a latitudinal gradient from the Bay of Biscay [Bilbao and Urdaibai (BU)], the English Channel (Plymouth; L4), and the North Sea [Stonehaven (SH)] from 1999 to 2013. Zooplankton taxa showed interannual phenological variations that were opposite in direction between the southernmost BU and the northernmost SH sites. The East Atlantic pattern was the climate teleconnection best related to zooplankton phenological variations. Among local variables , salinity at BU was best related to phenological changes at BU as opposed to those at SH. Locally, chlorophyll a was most relevant at SH and temperature at L4. While we did see some imprints of temperature in causing expected directions of phenology shifts, i.e. towards earlier appearance of spring taxa and later appearance of autumn taxa in warm years, these patterns were by no means clear-cut. The dominant role of temperature in driving phenological variation suggested by some studies seems to be obscured by biotic and climatic controls acting differently along our environmental gradient.
Surgical outcomes of ipsilateral metachronous second primary lung cancer
Authors: Sato Seijiro , Shimizu Yuki , Goto Tatsuya , Koike Terumoto , Koizumi Takahisa , Watanabe Takehiro , Shinohara Hirohiko , Yamato Yasushi , Tsuchida Masanori
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES

The optimal surgical approach for metachronous second primary lung cancer (MSPLC), especially ipsilateral MSPLC, remains unclear. This study aimed to review postoperative complications and examine surgical outcomes based on the extent of resection after surgery for ipsilateral MSPLC.

METHODS

Clinical data from 61 consecutive patients who underwent pulmonary resection for ipsilateral MSPLC according to the Martini–Melamed criteria between January 2005 and December 2017 in 3 institutes were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTS

Postoperative complications were identified in 12 patients (19.7%). Regarding the combination of initial and second surgery, intraoperative bleeding was significantly greater in patients with anatomic–anatomic resection than in others (P < 0.001). Operation time was significantly longer in patients with anatomic–anatomic resection than in others (P < 0.001). However, postoperative complications showed no significant differences based on the combination of surgeries. Five-year overall survival rates in patients with anatomic resection and wedge resection after second surgery were 75.8% and 75.8%, respectively (P = 0.738), and 5-year recurrence-free survival rates were 54.2% and 67.6%, respectively (P = 0.368). Cox multivariate analysis identified ever-smoker status (P = 0.029), poor performance status (P = 0.011) and tumour size >20 mm (P = 0.001) as independent predictors of poor overall survival, while ever-smoker status (P = 0.040) and tumour size >20 mm (P = 0.007) were considered independent predictors of poor recurrence-free survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Regarding postoperative and long-term outcomes for patients with ipsilateral MSPLC, surgical intervention is safe and offers good long-term survival. Wedge resection is an acceptable provided tumours ≤2 cm and ground-glass opacity-predominant as a second surgery for early-stage ipsilateral MSPLC.
Validation of I’screen AFLA M1 Milk for Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Bovine Milk and Powdered Milk: AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM 072002
Authors: Diana Francesca , Rosar Giulia , Bravin Francesca
Published: January 2021

Background

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major metabolite of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and can be found in the milk of animals fed with feed containing AFB1. The frequency of occurrence of AFM1 in milk has led to the development of specific quantitative methods of analysis to mitigate the risk of adversely affecting human health.

Objective

To demonstrate that the I’screen AFLA M1 Milk ELISA kit can quantify AFM1 in raw bovine milk and powdered milk.

Method

Assay performance was evaluated studying lot-to-lot consistency, assay stability, robustness, and possible interferences of related molecules. Raw bovine milk samples spiked at 0, 5.0, 20, 50, 100, and 200 ng/L of AFM1 and powdered milk reference materials and spiked samples at 100 and 200 ng/L were tested to determine recovery, repeatability, and bias. LOD and LOQ were also determined for both matrices.

Results

High selectivity for AFM1 was demonstrated and performances were consistent, robust, and stable. The LOQ was validated at 5 ng/L for raw milk and 50 ng/L for powdered milk. Recoveries for spiked raw and powdered milk were 97–122%, with RSDr < 10%, and 106–111% for reference materials, with RSDr < 5%.

Conclusions

The data collected validate the method as a selective, specific, sensitive, accurate, and precise tool for the analysis of AFM1 in raw bovine milk and powdered milk.

Highlights

We demonstrated that I’screen AFLA M1 is a reliable kit and a proper screening tool suitable for high analytical throughputs.
From merchant to elite artist and collector
Authors: Ding Yuhua
Published: January 2021

This paper reports the first academic research on the collection of Yan Xinhou (1838–1906), a prominent gentry–merchant from the second half of the nineteenth century. It presents the Yan collection, now housed at the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University, and tells a fascinating story of the Yan family and how their collection came to the United States during the early twentieth century. More importantly, it provides a starting point for future explorations of the taste, collecting practices and social relations of the late Qing merchants. The collection contains thirty-two works of Ming and Qing dynasty painting and calligraphy, including calligraphy items by Zhang Ruitu (1570–1641), Jiang Chenying (1628–1699) and Qian Bojiong (1738–1812); paintings by Wang Shimin (1592–1680), Xiao Yuncong (1596–1673), Wang Wu (1632-1690), Ma Quan (active 1800s), Shangguan Zhou (1665–c.1749), Zheng Xie (1693–1765), Hua Yan (1682–1756), Xi Gang (1746–1803), Pan Simu (1756–after 1843), Zhao Wei (1746–1825), Qian Du (1764–1845), Gai Qi (1773–1828) and Wu Xizai (1799–1870).
Evaluation of image distortion in SEM by using a dot-array–based certified reference material
Authors: Kumagai Kazuhiro , Kurokawa Akira
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a quick and straightforward method to evaluate image distortion in scanning electron microscopy using a certified reference material (CRM) as a test specimen. The CRM has a square dot-array structure, whose dot-pitch has an accredited value. By calculating the distance between each dot of the CRM via image analysis, we can detect the distortion in the image as variations of dot interval. Furthermore, by considering the uncertainty of the certified value, it is possible to quantitatively evaluate the significance of the distortion in the image. This method enables us to easily estimate the uncertainty from image distortion, which can improve the reliability of measurement by scanning electron microscopy.
Performing Peace: Vernacular Reconciliation and the Diplomacy of Return in Cyprus
Authors: Bryant Rebecca , Hatay Mete
Published: January 2021

The Cyprus conflict is usually described as one between a majority Greek Cypriot and minority Turkish Cypriot population, with their opposing visions of the island’s future. In that conflict, more than 200,000 Cypriots from both these communities were displaced between 1958 and 1974. Lost in this standard narrative, however, are the conflict’s other ‘Others’: the smaller Maronite, Armenian, Latin, and Roma populations, who also experienced displacement in the course of the conflict. This paper concerns the Maronite community’s struggle to remain in or return to their historic lands in the island’s northwest. We examine the acts of everyday diplomacy that, over the past decade, have resulted in a revival of the largest Maronite village, a removal of restrictions on their rights, and most recently the partial withdrawal of the Turkish military from another Maronite village so that it may be reopened to settlement. We use these as instances of what we term ‘vernacular reconciliation’, ways of rebuilding coexistence that suspend questions of sovereignty that remain at the heart of the Cyprus impasse. We argue that this pragmatic approach calls on cultural knowledge of past patterns of coexistence through performances that in turn produce deeply felt senses of responsibility and patterns of reciprocity. Such patterns of reciprocity, we show, are reappropriated in the context of ongoing conflict.
Retrospective Review of a Novel Virtual Medical Soldier Readiness Processing Process in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ramirez Ariana , Owshalimpur David , Mount Cristin , Schofield Christina
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Medical solider readiness processing (SRP) needed to continue during the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed a rapid practice improvement project to allow for a hybrid virtual medical SRP/in-person medical SRP to decrease exposure risk. A retrospective review comparing this virtual SRP to a historical in-person SRP cohort to the same combatant command was then performed.

Procedures

A virtual medical SRP was completed for 204 soldiers in preparation for deployment within 24 hours of receiving the deployment roster. Each soldier had their MEDPROS data sheet printed and reviewed for deficiencies. Soldiers were then divided into two groups. Group 1 required hybrid SRP with need for in-person labs or vaccinations. Group 2 had no deficiencies noted on MEDPROS review, and the entire medical SRP was done virtually. Pre-deployment health assessment (pre-DHA) was completed over the phone for both groups. The provider then determined whether the soldier was a GO or NO GO, and this information was passed to the unit’s medical staff. Comparative data analysis was performed using t-tests assuming unequal variances and chi-square tests.

Information Found

A total of 204 soldiers were expected to complete the virtual SRP process. Of those 204, 191 MEDPROS records were reviewed (93%). Seventy-seven of the 191 soldiers (40%) required level one labs and immunizations, had not completed their pre-DHA, or had a combination of these factors. One hundred and fourteen soldiers (60%) had these items completed and were given virtual appointments in GENESIS. One hundred and six of the 114 (95%) soldiers were able to complete their medical SRP virtually. Eighty-six soldiers (80%) of this cohort were a GO for deployment at the end of their virtual SRP visit.

The novel virtual SRP process was comparable to the historic in-person SRP as evidenced by no statistically significant difference in terms of the number of providers required and the number of soldiers that was seen by any one provider. The groups did show statistically significant differences based on age, gender, and GOs/NO GOs.

Conclusion

This is the first proof of concept of a virtual medical SRP on literature review. A virtual SRP process that combines a pre-visit record review with a virtual pre-DHA is a viable process for SRP. The ability to utilize providers outside of a confined location or post may allow for optimized utilization of this scarce resource and result in cost savings to the Army. The recreation of this virtual medical SRP within other Army installations may allow for the improvement and standardization of the medical SRP process as a whole.
Toward the Development of a Comprehensive Clinically Oriented Patient Profile: A Systematic Review of the Purpose, Characteristic, and Methodological Quality of Classification Systems of Adult Spinal Deformity
Authors: Kwan Kenny Yat Hong , Naresh-Babu J , Jacobs Wilco , de Kleuver Marinus , Polly David W , Yilgor Caglar , Wu Yabin , Park Jong-Beom , Ito Manabu , van Hooff Miranda L ,   on behalf of the AO Spine Knowledge Forum Deformity
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

Existing adult spinal deformity (ASD) classification systems are based on radiological parameters but management of ASD patients requires a holistic approach. A comprehensive clinically oriented patient profile and classification of ASD that can guide decision-making and correlate with patient outcomes is lacking.

OBJECTIVE

To perform a systematic review to determine the purpose, characteristic, and methodological quality of classification systems currently used in ASD.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science for literature published between January 2000 and October 2018. From the included studies, list of classification systems, their methodological measurement properties, and correlation with treatment outcomes were analyzed.

RESULTS

Out of 4470 screened references, 163 were included, and 54 different classification systems for ASD were identified. The most commonly used was the Scoliosis Research Society-Schwab classification system. A total of 35 classifications were based on radiological parameters, and no correlation was found between any classification system levels with patient-related outcomes. Limited evidence of limited quality was available on methodological quality of the classification systems. For studies that reported the data, intraobserver and interobserver reliability were good (kappa = 0.8).

CONCLUSION

This systematic literature search revealed that current classification systems in clinical use neither include a comprehensive set of dimensions relevant to decision-making nor did they correlate with outcomes. A classification system comprising a core set of patient-related, radiological, and etiological characteristics relevant to the management of ASD is needed.
Experimental exploration of five-qubit quantum error-correcting code with superconducting qubits
Authors: Gong Ming , Yuan Xiao , Wang Shiyu , Wu Yulin , Zhao Youwei , Zha Chen , Li Shaowei , Zhang Zhen , Zhao Qi , Liu Yunchao , Liang Futian , Lin Jin , Xu Yu , Deng Hui , Rong Hao , Lu He , Benjamin Simon C , Peng Cheng-Zhi , Ma Xiongfeng , Chen Yu-Ao , Zhu Xiaobo , Pan Jian-Wei
Published: January 2021

Quantum error correction is an essential ingredient for universal quantum computing. Despite tremendous experimental efforts in the study of quantum error correction, to date, there has been no demonstration in the realisation of universal quantum error-correcting code, with the subsequent verification of all key features including the identification of an arbitrary physical error, the capability for transversal manipulation of the logical state and state decoding. To address this challenge, we experimentally realise the [5, 1, 3] code, the so-called smallest perfect code that permits corrections of generic single-qubit errors. In the experiment, having optimised the encoding circuit, we employ an array of superconducting qubits to realise the [5, 1, 3] code for several typical logical states including the magic state, an indispensable resource for realising non-Clifford gates. The encoded states are prepared with an average fidelity of $57.1(3)\%$ while with a high fidelity of $98.6(1)\%$ in the code space. Then, the arbitrary single-qubit errors introduced manually are identified by measuring the stabilisers. We further implement logical Pauli operations with a fidelity of $97.2(2)\%$ within the code space. Finally, we realise the decoding circuit and recover the input state with an overall fidelity of $74.5(6)\%$, in total with 92 gates. Our work demonstrates each key aspect of the [5, 1, 3] code and verifies the viability of experimental realisation of quantum error-correcting codes with superconducting qubits.
Animacy as a Sexual Device
Authors: Chen Mel Y.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the relationships between gender and sexuality and the linguistic concept of animacy. Opening with an overview of linguistic animacy, it moves into a discussion of its import for discussions of forms of sociopolitical power such as colonialism, and their relationship to dehumanization as well as agency. It explores the potentiality of animacy for revisory approaches to humanity, turning to the use of animacy in the particular case of the pronominal “it” in considerations of linguistic gender and transnational trans identity. The chapter concludes with a reiteration of the ways animacy is useful as a sexual device.
Populist Discourse and Desire for Social Justice
Authors: Barát Erzsébet
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews research on populism by describing the role of discourse in articulating a “we” as an empty signifier. The emergence of “gender-ideology” discourse is presented as key to contemporary forms of exclusionary populism, as demonstrated in a case study of Hungary’s recent modification of the national register to prevent transgender individuals from retroactively changing their “sex at birth” status. The chapter argues that the discrediting of gender as an ideology mobilizes not only exclusionary right-wing populism but also feminisms asserting binary distinctions of a biologized sex and gender. While the government defends “us, the Hungarian people” against a “gender” that is not material but pure propaganda, self-identified progressive feminists dismiss trans-politics for focusing on identity instead of political economy. Both groups thus use “gender ideology” to mobilize an exclusionary rhetoric of hate. The chapter proposes that “us, the people” may instead be used to motivate a radical left populism organized around a “feminist people” of flexible inclusivity.
Women in Deuteronomy
Authors: Jacobs Sandra
Published: January 2021

The integrity of the family unit, with its focus on patriarchal succession and genealogical continuity, was paramount in all strata of the Hebrew Bible. Despite acute fears of the seductive dangers of women, this did not prevent Deuteronomy maximizing a man’s acceptable sexual relationships, to include taking foreign captives as wives—in defiance of its integral prohibition of intermarriage. Nor did its laws mitigate the abuse of women, whose exclusion from “the congregation of the Lord” restricted their participation in hearing Deuteronomy’s public recitation.
The City of Meroe
Authors: Grzymski Krzysztof
Published: January 2021

Meroe, the ancient Medewi/Bedewi, was a capital city of the kingdom of Kush. Its remains were discovered by the late 18th- to early 19th-century European travelers who relied on descriptions left by Classical authors such as Herodotus and Strabo. Thanks to the excavations carried out by British, Sudanese, Canadian, and German archaeologists we know the general layout of the city and have a basic grasp of its historical development. The earliest remains go back to the 10th century bce, but the main period of its development was from the 6th century bce to the 2nd century ce. The site of Meroe comprises four main areas: the walled Royal City, the Temple of Amun and surrounding religious complex, and two large mounds covering the domestic remains. Among the most important finds were numerous palaces, an astronomical observatory and iron production facilities. The inhabitants of Meroe relied on agriculture and cattle breeding. The gradual decline of the city began in the 3rd century ce but was given a final blow with the Axumite invasion in the 4th century ce.
Death and Burial in the Kingdom of Meroe
Authors: Francigny Vincent
Published: January 2021

This article presents an overview of funerary customs and their antecedents in the kingdom of Meroe (300 bce–350 ce), with a focus on elite burials. In a land exposed to gradual changes after a long period of Egyptian colonization, cultural entanglement has created new religious beliefs supported by a unique architecture and statuary, in addition to new traditions regarding mortuary rituals. Copying the royal funerals, high-ranked officials are buried with rich equipment (weaponry, vessels, jewelry, coffins, shrouds) while at the surface a pyramid or a tumulus will mark the grave and become the theater of a cult for the dead fusing with the cult of Osiris. Easily accessible from settlements, the Meroitic grave appears as a new place to intercede with the gods and maintain the influence of some families over local communities.
Women in Ancient Kush
Authors: Lohwasser Angelika , Phillips Jacke
Published: January 2021

Gender as one of the main categories of human identity is only sparsely traced in ancient Nubia, but at least some statements on royal and elite—and to a lesser extent non-elite—women are possible. This chapter focuses on royal women of the Kingdom of Kush and on non-elite women in general. It attempts to point out their specific roles in ideology, politics, and religion. General outlines of their situations in life (outfit, occupation) and death (burials) also are presented.
Lak
Authors: Friedman Victor A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter gives a grammatical overview of the Kumukh dialect of Lak, which is the basis of the Lak standard language, which is one of the offical languages of the Republic of Daghestan in the Russian Federation. Lak is a member of the Dagestanian branch of the Nakh-Daghestanian (Northeast) Caucasian family and is spoken by close to 200,000 people, mostly in the central highlands of Daghestan. Topics of interest covered in this chapter include glottalization and gemination in stops and affricates, pharyngealized vowels, agglutination, exuberant gender agreement, Lak’s complex tense-aspect-mood-evidential system, ergative and biabsolutive agreement patterns, and long-distance anaphora wherein a reflexive in a subordinate clause can refer to the absolutive or ergative (= genitive) subject of the main clause. Among Daghestanian languages, Lak is also remarkable for the fact that its dialectal differentiation is not as strong as in other Daghestanian branches, especially its closest relative, Dargwa.
Abaza and Abkhaz
Authors: O’Herin Brian
Published: January 2021

This chapter surveys the phonology, morphology, and syntax of Abaza and Abkhaz, two closely related languages of the Northwest Caucasian family. These languages are strongly head-marking, expressing agreement with all core arguments and many non-core arguments, and utilizing an ergative-absolutive pattern of agreement. Typologically unusual are ‘wh-agreement’ forms corresponding to a questioned or relativized position. Verbal morphology is complex beyond this rich agreement, with directionals, applicatives, and a sizable subclass of separable verbs (i.e., those having non-contiguous roots). There is greater variation in morpheme order than often seen. The tense-mood system makes a fundamental distinction between dynamic verbs and stative predicates (nouns, postpositions, and certain lexically specified verbs), with more tense options in the dynamic system. Another distinction which cuts across predicates of both types is that between indicative and non-indicative tenses (traditionally ‘finite’ and ‘non-finite,’ though not satisfying the usual diagnostics for finiteness). Negation is expressed by verbal affixes, but in various configurations depending on factors such as tense and mood. Syntactically, these languages are basically head-final (SOV), though with variation allowed based on pragmatic functions. Typologically significant is the pervasive use of relativized forms (pseudo-clefting) and converbs. Abaza and Abkhaz are known for their large consonant inventories, enriched by ejectives, palatalization, and labialization, as well as uvular and pharyngeal places of articulation, and contrasting with a minimal two-vowel system.
Segmental Phonetics and Phonology in Caucasian languages
Authors: Beguš Gašper
Published: January 2021

This chapter surveys the major topics of Caucasian segmental phonetics and phonology, focusing on topics with broader implications for general phonetic and phonological theory. The author first presents an acoustic phonetic analysis of phonemic inventories in the three Caucasian families, including both a review of recent instrumental data on the topic as well as a new analysis of new and existing experimental acoustic data. This analysis focuses on four primary topics: obstruents with different laryngeal features, typologically unusual segments, small vocalic inventories, and pharyngealization. The new acoustic data from a nonce-word experiment in Georgian and Megrelian offer evidence that aspiration in voiceless stops gradually, yet significantly shortens if another voiceless stop precedes the relevant one in a given word. The second part reviews analyses of Caucasian phonotactics, primarily of South Caucasian consonant clusters that play a crucial role in discussions on production versus perception in phonology. The chapter concludes with a collection of phonological alternations that have potential for future research on phonology.
Languages and Sociolinguistics of the Caucasus
Authors: Dobrushina Nina , Daniel Michael , Koryakov Yuri
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides a sociolinguistic account of the languages of the Caucasus, including figures for speakers and their geographical distribution, language vitality, the official status of the languages, orthography, and writing practices. The chapter discusses language repertoires typical of different areas in the Caucasus, and their change over the 20th century. As a showcase, it provides an overview of traditional multilingualism in Daghestan, the most linguistically dense are in the Caucasus. It discusses various patterns of interethnic communication, including lingua franca and asymmetrical bilingualism. We show that bilingualism was gendered, and how Russian was spreading in the area as a new lingua franca. The chapter surveys the outcomes of language contact, covering both lexical borrowing (including main references to etymological research) and providing examples of structural convergence, with a special focus on the area of the highest language density in the Caucasus, Dagestan. Data in the chapter are based both on official sources (censuses), on information provided by experts and on the authors’ own work in the field.
Tone and Intonation in Languages of the Caucasus
Authors: Borise Lena
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the issues pertaining to tone and intonation in the languages of the Caucasus. Lexical tonal distinctions and phrasal intonational contours are addressed together here, highlighting the fact that, acoustically, both phenomena rely on changes in F0 (fundamental frequency). The languages discussed here include Abkhaz-Adyghe, Nakh-Dagestanian, Kartvelian (South Caucasian), and one of the larger Indo-European languages of the area, Ossetic (both Iron and Digoron varieties). The chapter first discusses the lexical tonal systems that have been reported for some languages of the Caucasus, ranging from the systems in which tonal contrasts are present on stressed syllables only to those that make tonal distinctions on each syllable. As part of the discussion, conflicting language descriptions are introduced, and the role of pitch movements in the available descriptions of stress in the languages of the Caucasus is considered. Next, the chapter turns to languages that have been described as phrasal prominence languages – that is, languages in which phrase-level (as opposed to word-level) prosody plays the primary role. Finally, the chapter offers a survey of the available instrumental studies of phrasal prosody in the languages of the Caucasus. Overall, many issues related to tone and intonation in the languages of the Caucasus require extensive further research. The main aim of this chapter is to inform and encourage further investigations, both instrumental and theoretical.
Religion and Revolution, Mexico: 1910–1940
Authors: Fallaw Ben
Published: January 2021

Catholics in Mexico had a complex, often-contentious relationship with the factions of the Revolution’s armed phase (1910–1920), the postrevolutionary state, and the state’s popular base. Revolutionary anticlericalism erupted in three waves (1914–1917, 1925–1928, and 1932–1938) and was expressed in ways ranging from iconoclasm to scientism. At the same time, there were diverse Catholic responses to revolutionary anticlericalism, including armed resistance in the first (1926–1929) and second (1932–1938) Cristero Wars, attendance strikes against federal schooling, collaboration with some state actors, and widespread electoral participation. Catholic ideology and organizations undermined key elements of postrevolutionary state formation—not just socialist education but also the formation of labor unions, land grants, and social reforms. The Church–state dialectical relationship reshaped Mexican Catholicism and encouraged alternative religious expressions such as spiritualism, Protestantism, and the separatist Catholicism of the Iglesia Católica Apostólica Mexicana (ICAM). Even after President Lázaro Cárdenas curbed direct attacks on the Church and religious sensibilities in the mid-1930s, Catholic ideology and lay organizations sustained their opposition to the postrevolutionary state in much of Mexico. The decline in open Church–state conflicts (especially violent ones) in the late 1930s indicated an uneasy truce rather than widespread legitimization of the postrevolutionary state in the eyes of Catholics.
Virtual Reality Media and Aesthetics
Authors: Tavinor Grant
Published: January 2021

Technological developments are among the most significant of influences on the arts and artistic practice. Several recent successful commercial releases of virtual reality headsets, including PlayStation 4 VR and the HTC Vive, are beginning to have a transformative influence on popular arts such as videogames. While VR technology has frequently led philosophers to speculate on metaphysical issues such as the ontological status of the worlds and objects depicted by the medium, what has been less discussed is how virtual media, as a vehicle for popular art, have the potential to reconfigure our experience of, and interaction with, depictive media. This chapter explores some of the issues in VR that will be of most interest to philosophers of the arts, including an analysis of virtuality and virtual media, and their relationship to earlier modes of perspectival depiction.
Evaluation, Validation, and Management in Design
Authors: Vermaas Pieter E.
Published: January 2021

This contribution discusses the efficacy of design to realize the aims for which it is employed. Engineering design may be taken as effective in this sense, yet for design thinking as it is emerging in innovative design, social design, nudging, and design for values, this efficacy is not yet established. This contribution surveys the means available for evaluating the designs created by engineering and design thinking methods respectively, and explores how design methods for design thinking can be validated as guarantees for the effectiveness of design. Current work in design research may provide the future means for establishing that design thinking is indeed effective. It is argued that philosophy of technology should be involved in analyzing, understanding, and turning design thinking into a reliable means for realizing its aims. Until then, philosophers should critically monitor whether design thinking realizes the aims for which it is employed.
Technology, Cognitive Enhancement, and Virtue Ethics
Authors: Fröding Barbro
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how cognitive enhancement, by means of technology, in combination with a commitment to virtue ethics could improve our capacity for responsible decision making. Four examples of cognitive enhancement technologies are discussed: computer training, neurofeedback or electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback, transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS) and brain-computer interface (BCI). On describing and critically discussing the potential effects of these technologies it is argued that we ought to adopt a virtue ethical approach to this type of enhancement. Virtue ethics could, for example, provide a moral framework for the heightened cognitive skills to ensure that they are used virtuously and help us make responsible decisions about future technology. It will also be argued that cognitive enhancement and virtue ethics are, in many cases, complementary and indeed necessary for the good life. Plausibly, cultivating the virtues could improve quality of life both for the individual and the collective.
Punk in Russia: From the “Declassed Elements” to the Class Struggle
Authors: Gololobov Ivan
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the evolution of punk in Russia since its inception at the end of the 1970s. It pays particular attention to the changing perception of class belonging and the political engagement of the punk scene in Russia. Whereas in the West punk was a political movement closely associated with its working-class background, in the Soviet Union it emerged as a protest of middle-class intellectuals fighting for the right to be different and to stand out from the uniformed workers’ and peasants’ collective. This defined the particular stand of early Russian punk toward the genre’s social engagement and political appeal. Working-classness and political commitment—initial conditions of punk identity in the West—became something early Russian punk was positioned against. The dramatic transformation of Russian society over the following decades inevitably affected the cultural ideology of Russian punk, and from the 1990s onward it had to find its place and defend its significant difference amid the realities of “wild” neoliberal capitalism. The chapter shows how in Russia punk evolved from being a highly individualistic and apolitical practice to one of the most radical and politically committed scenes, closely affiliated with other struggles on the Left.
From Punk to Poser: T-Shirts, Authenticity, Postmodernism, and the Fashion Cycle
Authors: Sklar Monica , Donahue Mary Kate
Published: January 2021

The graphic T-shirt is a highly nuanced, multifaceted garment, communicating both a personal style and a greater symbolism. This article analyzes the use of punk rock imagery on graphic T-shirts both as a form of an identity marker for the wearer and as a call to authenticity. A survey of open-ended short questions, as well as interviews, were performed with a random sample of individuals from the punk community, retailers that merchandise products to that scene, and others who wear the garments associated with the style. With origins in the late 1960s, graphic T-shirts are often associated with music and subculture; more specifically, band T-shirts ubiquitously communicate several social meanings. Traditionally, band T-shirts were purchased at a concert or directly from a member of the musical group. Today, mass-market retailers are laden with their own designs of famous band T-shirts and other graphic T-shirts. With this increased access to punk-style band T-shirts, more consumers are finding meaning in these garments. Thus, there are three main groups of people who wear punk T-shirts—the Lifestyle Wearer, the Semi-Adopter, and the Design Wearer. While all three wearers have individual motives for wearing the punk T-shirt, the debate over authenticity often rears its head. Wearer intention and viewer perception impact the functionality and social communication of the garment. Despite its widespread presence in the fashion cycle, the punk T-shirt remains meaningful to those who are active in the subculture.
Humanism in the Middle East
Authors: Hussain Khurram
Published: January 2021

This chapter is an exploration of the concept and practice of humanism in the Muslim Middle East, from the seventh-century Prophetic dispensation to the present times. Humanism has often been described as the peculiar fruit of the European Renaissance. The chapter challenges this claim by investigating the incidence of humanism in the Middle East around a three-tiered axis. First, humanism as a focus on this-worldly rather than other-worldly matters is not only compatible with the “worldliness” of an Islamic ethos but was historically encouraged by it. Second, modernist reformers portray humanism as an earlier “modern” age in the history of the Middle East that they now seek to renew. Finally, inasmuch as humanism is a form of anthropocentrism, theological ideas like al-insān al-kāmil, the perfect man, allow for such humanism to be embedded within a broader Islamic theocentrism. The chapter concludes with possible humanistic futures in the Middle East.
Meditation in Prison
Authors: Auty Katherine M.
Published: January 2021

In recent years interest in the use of meditation programs in prison has grown considerably, yet empirical research evidence for their effectiveness has been slower to accumulate. This chapter explores the application of meditation programs that take place within prison walls and evaluates their effectiveness in three key areas: (i) mental health and psychological wellbeing; (ii) substance misuse; (iii) and reoffending behavior. Evidence from prison studies, most of them conducted in the USA, is reviewed with a focus on their effectiveness. The philosophical and historical context of meditation is taken into account, and key concepts and definitions are critiqued. The chapter explores the meditation practices that are most often found in prison, such as Transcendental Meditation, mindfulness, and Vipassana meditation. It examines meditation’s role as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of substance misuse disorders and more general applications that aim to enhance well-being. The limitations of current studies together with directions for future research are also discussed.
Phenomenological-Hermeneutic Resources for an Ethics of Psychotherapeutic Care
Authors: Stanghellini Giovanni
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces and discusses four concepts that seem to be relevant to develop a phenomenologically- and hermeneutically-based ethics for psychotherapeutic care: “dialogue,” “attunement,” “recognition,” and “intimacy.” Dialogue is the essential happening of language, not a mere exchange of information; in it subjectivity is displaced and something new about the interlocutors is revealed. Attunement is a modulation of the emotional field in-between myself and the other. Attunement is also the capacity to coordinate my tempo with that of the other. Attunement—inter-emotionality—inter-temporality are grounded in corporeality as a form of intercorporeality. Recognition is the epistemic and ethic capacity to acknowledge the alterity in myself and of the other person. Self-recognition is the acknowledgment of the pre-individual elements not yet appropriated by myself; other-recognition is the acknowledgment of the other person as a fellow man to whom I attribute value, life, and consciousness. Intimacy is an atmospheric experience of aloneness-togetherness, self- and other-recognition: enveloped in an atmosphere of intimacy I get in touch with myself via getting in touch with each other.
Armenian
Authors: Cowe S. Peter
Published: January 2021

Recognizing Hellenism and Greek as the hemispherically dominant culture and language of late antiquity, this chapter applies a dynamic model to chart the incremental Armenian reception of such trends over the fifth–eighth centuries. Acknowledging the contemporary affinity between elite literacy and Christianity’s regional integration, it analyses the resulting bifurcation in Armenian society and literature whereby Persianate aristocratic epic persists in an oral verse repertoire, while the novel written medium largely in prose propagated by a new literate class not only appropriates all the ecclesiastical genres but reconceptualizes the Armenian worldview within a Christian dispensation from a Greek cultural ethos. Adopting the trivium and quadrivium from Antioch and Alexandria, scholars replicate lay schools in Armenia and contribute to those disciplines by their commentaries. Elaborating an indigenous theological literature in continuity with Syria and Egypt, Armenians defend it in dialogue with Constantinople as the eastern Mediterranean littoral enters into the Umayyad Caliphate.
ASASSN-18aan: An eclipsing SU UMa-type cataclysmic variable with a 3.6-hr orbital period and a late G-type secondary star
Authors: Wakamatsu Yasuyuki , Thorstensen John R , Kojiguchi Naoto , Isogai Keisuke , Kimura Mariko , Ohnishi Ryuhei , Kato Taichi , Itoh Hiroshi , Sugiura Yuki , Sumiya Sho , Matsumoto Hanami , Ito Daiki , Nikai Kengo , Akitaya Hiroshi , Ishioka Chihiro , Oide Kohei , Kanai Takahiro , Uzawa Yoshinori , Oasa Yumiko , Tordai Tamás , Vanmunster Tonny , Shugarov Sergey Yu , Yamanaka Masayuki , Sasada Mahito , Takagi Kengo , Nishinaka Yuki , Yamazaki Yuina , Otsubo Ikki , Nakaoka Tatsuya , Murata Katsuhiro L , Ohsawa Ryou , Morita Masahiro , Ichiki Makoto , Dufoer Sjoerd , Mizutani Masanori , Horiuchi Takashi , Tozuka Miyako , Takayama Masaki , Ohshima Tomohito , Saito Tomoki , Dubovsky Pavol A , Stone Geoff , Miller Ian , Nogami Daisaku
Published: January 2021

We report photometric and spectroscopic observations of the eclipsing SU UMa-type dwarf nova ASASSN-18aan. We observed the 2018 superoutburst with 2.3 mag brightening and found the orbital period (Porb) to be 0.149454(3) d, or 3.59 hr. This is longward of the period gap, establishing ASASSN-18aan as one of a small number of long-Porb SU UMa-type dwarf novae. The estimated mass ratio, [q = M2/M1 = 0.278(1)], is almost identical to the upper limit of tidal instability by the 3 : 1 resonance. From eclipses, we found that the accretion disk at the onset of the superoutburst may reach the 3 : 1 resonance radius, suggesting that the superoutburst of ASASSN-18aan results from the tidal instability. Considering the case of long-Porb WZ Sge-type dwarf novae, we suggest that the tidal dissipation at the tidal truncation radius is enough to induce SU UMa-like behavior in relatively high-q systems such as SU UMa-type dwarf novae, but that this is no longer effective in low-q systems such as WZ Sge-type dwarf novae. The unusual nature of the system extends to the secondary star, for which we find a spectral type of G9, much earlier than typical for the orbital period, and a secondary mass M2 of around 0.18 M⊙, smaller than expected for the orbital period and the secondary’s spectral type. We also see indications of enhanced sodium abundance in the secondary’s spectrum. Anomalously hot secondaries are seen in a modest number of other CVs and related objects. These systems evidently underwent significant nuclear evolution before the onset of mass transfer. In the case of ASASSN-18aan, this apparently resulted in a mass ratio lower than typically found at the system’s Porb, which may account for the occurrence of a superoutburst at this relatively long period.
Shared and unique neural circuitry underlying temporally unpredictable threat and reward processing
Authors: Radoman Milena , Lieberman Lynne , Jimmy Jagan , Gorka Stephanie M
Published: January 2021

Temporally unpredictable stimuli influence behavior across species, as previously demonstrated for sequences of simple threats and rewards with fixed or variable onset. Neuroimaging studies have identified a specific frontolimbic circuit that may become engaged during the anticipation of temporally unpredictable threat (U-threat). However, the neural mechanisms underlying processing of temporally unpredictable reward (U-reward) are incompletely understood. It is also unclear whether these processes are mediated by overlapping or distinct neural systems. These knowledge gaps are noteworthy given that disruptions within these neural systems may lead to maladaptive response to uncertainty. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging data from a sample of 159 young adults, we showed that anticipation of both U-threat and U-reward elicited activation in the right anterior insula, right ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus and right inferior frontal gyrus. U-threat also activated the right posterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, relative to U-reward. In contrast, U-reward elicited activation in the right fusiform and left middle occipital gyrus, relative to U-threat. Although there is some overlap in the neural circuitry underlying anticipation of U-threat and U-reward, these processes appear to be largely mediated by distinct circuits. Future studies are needed to corroborate and extend these preliminary findings.
Intra-urban differentials of congenital and acquired syphilis and syphilis in pregnant women in an urban area in northeastern Brazil
Authors: de Souza Talita Araujo , Teixeira Karen Kaline , Santana Reginaldo Lopes , Penha Cinthia Barros , Medeiros Arthur de Almeida , de Lima Kenio Costa , Barbosa Isabelle Ribeiro
Published: January 2021

Background

Currently syphilis is considered an epidemic disease worldwide. The objective of this study was to identify intra-urban differentials in the occurrence of congenital and acquired syphilis and syphilis in pregnant women in the city of Natal, in northeast Brazil.

Methods

Cases of syphilis recorded by the municipal surveillance system from 1 January 2011 to 30 December 2018 were analysed. Spatial statistical analyses were performed using the kernel density estimator of the quadratic smoothing function (weighted). SaTScan software was applied for the calculation of risk based on a discrete Poisson model.

Results

There were 2163 cases of acquired syphilis, 738 cases of syphilis in pregnant women and 1279 cases of congenital syphilis. Kernel density maps showed that the occurrence of cases is more prevalent in peripheral areas and in areas with more precarious urban infrastructure. In 2011–2014 and 2015–2018, seven statistically significant clusters of acquired syphilis were identified. From 2011 to 2014, the most likely cluster had a relative risk of 3.54 (log likelihood ratio [LLR] 38 895; p<0.001) and from 2015 to 2018 the relative risk was 0.54 (LLR 69 955; p<0.001).

Conclusions

In the municipality of Natal, there was a clustered pattern of spatial distribution of syphilis, with some areas presenting greater risk for the occurrence of new cases.