bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A rapid method to assess a broad inventory of organic species in marine sediments using ultra‐high resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Radović Jagoš R. , Silva Renzo C. , Snowdon Ryan W. , Brown Melisa , Larter Steve , Oldenburg Thomas B. P.
Published: May 2016

Rationale

A broad range of organic species in marine sediments is routinely used as biogeochemical proxies of Earth history. These species are typically analyzed using different analytical methods, targeting very specific components and often including time‐intensive sample preparation. There is, therefore, a need for a more comprehensive, rapid and high‐throughput approach to simultaneously analyze a broad range of known sedimentary polar species and also have a surveillance capability able to identify candidate new species classes.

Methods

Whole solvent extracts from recently deposited Gulf of Mexico marine sediments were obtained after a simple, one‐step extraction. They were analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR‐MS), using atmospheric pressure photoionization in positive ion mode (APPI‐P), over a broad mass range (m/z 150–1500).

Results

From 3000 to over 5000 peaks per sample were assigned molecular formulae, and the majority of assignments (90%) showed an absolute error lower than 200 ppb. The detected species belong to the NO1–7, N4O2–8, O1–9, HC, N and OS compound classes, including known biomarker species such as pigments (e.g. tetrapyrrole macrocycles and carotenoids) and lipids (e.g. glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers, GDGTs), but also compounds of still unknown detailed molecular structure, but with clear potential geochemical relevance.

Conclusions

The reported method enables rapid (12 min FTICR‐MS analysis time) and simultaneous detection of a broad range of multi‐heteroatom, polar organic species in whole sediment extracts. This allows for higher sample throughput, a more comprehensive investigation of sedimentary geochemistry, and potentially the discovery of new components and derivation of novel, multi‐species proxies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Gaussian Mixture Model clustering for multi‐isotope analysis of archaeological fish bones for palaeobiodiversity studies
Authors: Göhring Andrea , Mauder Markus , Kröger Peer , Grupe Gisela
Published: May 2016

Rationale

Modern methods in mass spectrometry permit fast accumulation of a huge amount of data. The analysis of multi‐isotope data sets of archaeological remains is of increasing importance for the study of palaeobiodiversity. However, common bivariate isotopic data analysis fails to detect certain patterns in a multi‐dimensional data set. This problem can be solved by cluster analysis.

Methods

Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) clustering was applied to a multi‐isotope data set including 184 individual mass spectrometric measurements (δ13Ccollagen, δ15Ncollagen, δ13Ccarbonate, and δ18Ocarbonate values) of archaeological fish bones (n = 46) from the Viking Haithabu and medieval Schleswig sites in northern Germany. The number of components was first restricted to the expected number of three (freshwater, brackish, and marine environment). Subsequently, classification was conducted with respect to an optimal Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC).

Results

Restriction of the number of components to three clusters leads to the expected clustering results according to the gross ecological niches (freshwater, brackish, marine). The isotopic data of fish bone were, however, optimally clustered into four clearly separated, reasonable groups, namely a freshwater, a brackish, and two marine groups. The two marine clusters differ in their oxygen isotope ratios, indicating different water temperature and therefore probably imported fish. Restriction of the number of clusters resulted in better training and test results.

Conclusions

The GMM clustering method is applicable to complex multi‐dimensional stable isotope data sets established by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). This exemplary application resulted in an identification of habitat preferences and non‐local individuals. Depending on the scientific question to be solved, restriction of the cluster size could lead to a better reproducibility; however, with loss of dissolution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro/Nanoscale Thermometry for Cellular Thermal Sensing
Authors: Bai Tingting , Gu Ning
Published: May 2016

Temperature is a key parameter to regulate cell function, and biochemical reactions inside a cell in turn affect the intracellular temperature. It's vitally necessary to measure cellular temperature to provide sufficient information to fully understand life science, while the conventional methods are incompetent. Over the last decade, many ingenious thermometers have been developed with the help of nanotechnology, and real‐time intracellular temperature measurement at the micro/nanoscale has been realized with high temporal‐spatial resolution. With the help of these techniques, several mechanisms of thermogenesis inside cells have been investigated, even in subcellular organelles. Here, current developments in cellular thermometers are highlighted, and a picture of their applications in cell biology is presented. In particular, temperature measurement principle, thermometer design and latest achievements are also introduced. Finally, the existing opportunities and challenges in this ongoing field are discussed.
Architecting cloud‐enabled systems: a systematic survey of challenges and solutions
Authors: Chauhan Muhammad Aufeef , Babar Muhammad Ali , Benatallah Boualem
Published: May 2016

The literature on the challenges of and potential solutions to architecting cloud‐based systems is rapidly growing but is scattered. It is important to systematically analyze and synthesize the existing research on architecting cloud‐based software systems in order to build a cohesive body of knowledge of the reported challenges and solutions. We have systematically identified and reviewed 133 papers that report architecture‐related challenges and solutions for cloud‐based software systems. This paper reports the methodological details, findings, and implications of a systematic review that has enabled us to identify 44 unique categories of challenges and associated solutions for architecting cloud‐based software systems. We assert that the identified challenges and solutions classified into the categories form a body of knowledge that can be leveraged for designing or evaluating software architectures for cloud‐based systems. Our key conclusions are that a large number of primary studies focus on middleware services aimed at achieving scalability, performance, response time, and efficient resource optimization. Architecting cloud‐based systems presents unique challenges as the systems to be designed range from pervasive embedded systems and enterprise applications to smart devices with Internet of Things. We also conclude that there is a huge potential of research on architecting cloud‐based systems in areas related to green computing, energy efficient systems, mobile cloud computing, and Internet of Things. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal Structure and Hydrate Water Content of Synthetic Hellyerite, NiCO3·5.5H2O
Authors: Bette Sebastian , Rincke Christine , Dinnebier Robert E. , Voigt Wolfgang
Published: May 2016

A sample of pure, artificial hellyerite was synthesized in aqueous solution at 0 °C. The recorded X‐ray diffraction pattern completely agrees with the reference data given for natural hellyerite. Laboratory high resolution X‐ray powder diffraction, applying global optimization methods and Rietveld refinement, was employed to solve the crystal structure. Synthetic hellyerite was determined to crystallize in the primitive monoclinic space group P2/m (no. 10) with a = 10.769(2) Å, b = 7.295(2) Å, c = 9.343(2) Å, and β = 94.042(2)°. The crystal structure consists of edge‐linked, isolated pairs of Ni2(CO3)2(H2O)8 octahedra and non‐coordinating water molecules. According to structure solution and thermal analysis the molecular formula of hellyerite was corrected from NiCO3·6H2O to NiCO3·5.5H2O. The title compound was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, IR‐, Raman‐, and UV/Vis spectroscopy.
Ventilation in Trauma Patients: The First 24 h is Different!
Authors: Hardcastle Timothy Craig , Muckart David J. J. , Maier Ronald V.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Ventilation of major trauma patients is often needed in both the acute (emergency department and early ICU phase) and subsequent phases of trauma care for those who need ICU admission. What is unclear is whether ICU ventilation strategies should be directly extrapolated to the acute phase of treatment.

Methods

This paper reviews the ARDS.net study, highlights recent developments in ventilation strategies, and provides practical ventilation guidance to the trauma surgeon for acute phase (in the ED or ICU) and the subsequent phase of ICU care.

Results

The acute phase of care in the ED and the ICU is different from the subsequent phases of ICU care as the lung is more recruitable and there are other aspects of resuscitation from metabolic acidosis and traumatic brain injury, which require a different ventilation strategy to the traditional ARDS.net approach.

Discussion and conclusion

The acute phase is different from the subsequent phase of care and there appears to be some inappropriate extrapolation of ICU practice to the acute phase. Application of the proposed ventilation strategies should ensure an optimal outcome. It is important to treat patients as individuals during assessment and treatment.
Micellar Growth in Cetylpyridinium Chloride/Alcohol System: Role of Long Chain Alcohol, Electrolyte and Surfactant Head Group
Authors: Karayil Jasila , Kumar Sanjeev , Talmon Yeshayahu , Hassan P. A. , Tata B. V. R. , Sreejith Lisa
Published: May 2016

The microstructural transition of aqueous 0.1 M cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) in the combined presence of salt KBr and long chain alcohol (C9OH‐C12OH) has been studied as a function of alcohol concentration, electrolyte concentration and temperature. The viscosity of the CPC/KBr micellar system showed a peaked behavior with alcohol concentration (C0), due to alcohol induced structural transition, which was confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rheological analysis. Besides C0, the chain length of alcohol (n) was found to show a remarkable effect on the micellization behavior of CPC/KBr system. It was observed that the ability of alcohol to induce micelle growth diminishes with n, which was well supported by viscosity, rheology and DLS measurements. To examine the effect of the electrolyte on the micellar growth, the salt concentration was varied from 0.05 to 0.15 M and it was observed that with increase in [KBr], the peak position shifts towards lower C0. The effect of temperature on the micellar system showed interesting phase behavior for CPC/KBr/Decanol. The system exhibited a closed solubility loop with an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) > the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), reminiscence of nicotine‐water system. The role of surfactant head group on the structural evolution was revealed by comparing the present results with our previous report for similar micellar system, CTAB/KBr/long chain alcohol.
Production of Biodiesel Using Liquid Lipase Formulations
Authors: Nielsen P. M. , Rancke‐Madsen A. , Holm H. C. , Burton R.
Published: May 2016

Looking back at the literature for enzymatic biodiesel, it is evident that the research has been focused on using immobilized lipase to enable re‐use of the enzyme due to price constraints on lipases used for catalyzing the transesterification process. The use of liquid formulations of lipase for biodiesel has recently been implemented in the industry. Technology for using liquid formulated lipases for enzymatic biodiesel production is new and, since enzyme prices have been reduced, it is now possible to simplify the process considerably and apply it for very low‐quality oils. In this paper, the use of liquid lipase formulations for enzymatic biodiesel will be described along with a general proposal for an industrial‐scale enzymatic biodiesel process with >95 % yield.
Laboratory predictors for risk of revision surgery in pediatric septic arthritis
Authors: Telleria Jessica J. M. , Cotter Rosemary A. , Bompadre Viviana , Steinman Suzanne E.
Published: May 2016

Background

Reported complications of pediatric septic arthritis range from minor growth abnormalities to potentially life-threatening conditions and death; some children require multiple surgeries for eradication of infection. The purpose of this study is: (1) to determine the failure rate of a single surgical incision and drainage (I&D) in pediatric septic arthritis, (2) to identify risk factors for failure which are detectable at the time of initial presentation, and (3) to trend post-operative C-reactive protein (CRP) values to see if there is a difference between children who fail a single I&D and those who do not.

Methods

The medical records for 105 children who underwent operative management of septic arthritis were retrospectively reviewed. Single and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results

Eighty-four children required one surgical intervention [mean age 5.18 years (±4.01); 38 females (45 %), 46 males (55 %)], 21 children required revision surgery [mean age 8.16 years (±4.54); 4 females (19 %), 17 males (81 %)], and the overall rate of revision surgery was 20 %. Delayed diagnosis ( p = 0.015), elevated CRP at presentation ( p = 0.000), positive blood culture ( p = 0.000), and age ( p = 0.009) were all associated with revision surgery in bivariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, CRP at presentation and positive blood culture were significant risk factors for revision surgery ( p = 0.005 and p = 0.025, respectively). Additionally, markedly elevated CRP levels on post-operative days (POD) 1–4 were each independently significant risk factors for requiring multiple surgeries (all p < 0.000). Fever, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and leukocyte count were not risk factors for multiple surgeries.

Conclusions

In this study, a positive blood culture or marked elevation in CRP at presentation or on POD 1–4 were associated with revision surgery. These findings may help improve surgical planning for both the initial surgery in order to avoid revisions, as well as revision surgery, should it be indicated.

Level of evidence

III.
Risk factors for avascular necrosis after closed reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Schur Mathew D. , Lee Christopher , Arkader Alexandre , Catalano Anthony , Choi Paul D.
Published: May 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate risk factors of avascular necrosis (AVN) after closed treatment for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).

Methods

A retrospective review of children diagnosed with DDH at a tertiary-care children's hospital between 1986 and 2009 was performed. The presence of AVN was assessed according to Salter's classification system.

Results

Eighty-two affected hips in 70 children with an average age of 10 months at closed reduction (range 1–31 months) and 5 years (range 2–19 years) of follow-up met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-nine (of 82, 35 %) affected hips developed AVN. The use of pre-reduction traction ( p = 0.019) increased the risk of AVN, while preoperative Pavlik harness or brace trial ( p = 0.28), presence of ossific nucleus at the time of closed reduction ( p = 0.16), and adductor tenotomy ( p = 0.37) were not significant factors. Laterality (right vs. left) was also not a significant risk factor ( p = 0.75), but patients who underwent closed reduction for bilateral DDH were less likely to develop AVN ( p = 0.027). Overall, the degree of abduction did not affect the rate of AVN ( p = 0.87). However, in patients treated with closed reduction younger than 6 months of age, the rate of AVN was increased with abduction ≥50° (9/15, 60 %) compared to abduction <50° (0/8, 0 %) ( p = 0.007). Patients who developed AVN were more likely to require subsequent surgery ( p = 0.034) and more likely to report a fair/poor clinical outcome ( p = 0.049).

Conclusions

The risk of AVN (35 %) following closed reduction and spica casting for DDH is high. The degree of abduction in spica casts appears to be a risk factor in patients ≤6 months old. The authors recommend that abduction in spica casts should be limited to <50° in children younger than 6 months of age.

Level of evidence

IV.
Effects of prenatal exposure to antipsychotic risperidone on developmental neurotoxicity, apoptotic neurodegeneration and neurobehavioral sequelae in rat offspring
Authors: Singh K.P. , Singh Manoj Kr. , Singh Manish
Published: May 2016

A tremendous increase has been documented in the recent past in prescribing second generation atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) to the pregnant women with psychosis, considering their reproductive and teratogenic safety. Among AAPDs, risperidone (RIS) ranked third after olanzapine (OLZ) and quetiapine (QUE) used during pregnancy, as OLZ is associated to substantial weight gain in adults and offspring. Although teratogenic safety of RIS has been established, its potential role in developmental neurotoxicity and related neurobehavioral impairments in adolescents has not been documented so far. Therefore, present study has been undertaken to elucidate the effect of prenatal exposure to risperidone (RIS) on developmental neurotoxicity and apoptotic neurodegeneration in neocortical region of fetal brain; and related functional sequelae in young rat offspring. The pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to RIS at 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, at equivalent therapeutic doses, orally from GD 6 to 21. Half of the pregnant rats were sacrificed and their brains were collected, weighed, and processed for neurohistopathological and apoptotic neurodegenerative evaluation. The remaining dams were allowed to deliver naturally, and their offspring were reared up to 10 weeks for neurobehavioral study. Prenatal exposure to RIS induced significant stunting of fetal body and brain weight, substantial reduction in the thickness of neocortical layers and apoptotic neurodegeneration in fetal brains, and delayed postnatal development and growth of the offspring; as well as long‐ lasting impact on anxiety like impaired behavioral responses on explorative mazes. Therefore, health care providers should be careful in prescribing atypical antipsychotics in general and RIS in particular, to the pregnant psychotic population.
How to Measure Alignment in Perceptions of Brand Personality within Online Communities: Interdisciplinary Insights
Authors: Ranfagni Silvia , Crawford Camiciottoli Belinda , Faraoni Monica
Published: May 2016

Considerable research has been done on brand personality as a key factor in brand management, focusing mainly on how it is perceived by consumers, but without much attention to the managerial perspective. However, the latter is crucially important to ensure that the brand personality that consumers perceive actually corresponds to what a company intends to communicate. This study offers an innovative methodology to achieve this dual-perspective objective, integrating notions of marketing and linguistics to investigate brand personality alignment as it emerges from authentic and spontaneous digital environments. Textual data were collected from both company and consumer web communications across a sample of 100 + fashion brands, and then processed with software to extract sets of adjectives as the expression of brand personality. The adjectives were interrelated to calculate ratios that measure (a) the degree of alignment between company-defined vs. consumer-perceived brand personality, (b) similarity in personality between brands and (c) consumer perception of similarity in personality between brands. Varying degrees of alignment were identified, suggesting differences in how effectively the companies communicate their brand personality. The combination of the ratios derived from this research process can be utilized to evaluate the strength of brand differentiation and to redefine brand communication strategies.
Pre-melt-season sediment plume variability at Jökulsárlón, Iceland, a preliminary evaluation using in-situ spectroradiometry and satellite imagery
Authors: Hodgkins Richard , Bryant Robert , Darlington Eleanor , Brandon Mark
Published: May 2016

High-latitude atmospheric warming is impacting freshwater cycling, requiring techniques for monitoring the hydrology of sparsely-gauged regions. The submarine runoff of tidewater glaciers presents a particular challenge. We evaluate the utility of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery for monitoring turbid meltwater plume variability in the glacier lagoon Jökulsárlón, Iceland, for a short interval before the onset of the main melt season. Total Suspended Solids concentrations (TSS) of surface waters are related to remotely-sensed reflectance via empirical calibration between in-situ-sampled TSS and reflectance in a MODIS band 1-equivalent wavelength window. This study differs from previous ones in its application to an overturning tidewater glacier plume, rather than one derived from river runoff. The linear calibration improves on previous studies by facilitating a wider range of plume metrics than areal extent, notably pixel-by-pixel TSS values. Increasing values of minimum plume TSS over the study interval credibly represent rising overall turbidity in the lagoon as melting accumulates. Plume extent responds principally to consistently-strong offshore winds. Further work is required to determine the temporal persistence of the calibration, but remote plume observation holds promise for monitoring hydrological outputs from ungauged or ungaugeable systems.
A spectrum of jökulhlaup dynamics revealed by GPS measurements of glacier surface motion
Authors: Einarsson Bergur , Magnússon Eyjólfur , Roberts Matthew J. , Pálsson Finnur , Thorsteinsson Thorsteinn , Jóhannesson Tómas
Published: May 2016

GPS campaigns on glaciers during jökulhlaups show how subglacial floods affect glacier motion and shed light on the dynamics of such floods. Three such campaigns have been carried out on southern and western Vatnajökull, southeast Iceland, over known jökulhlaup paths. Two slowly rising jökulhlaups from Grímsvötn and two rapidly rising jökulhlaups from the western and eastern Skaftá cauldrons were captured in these campaigns, with maximum discharge ranging from 240 to 3300 m3 s−1. Glacier surface movements measured in these campaigns are presented along with the corresponding discharge curves. The measurements are interpreted as indicating: (1) initiation of rapidly rising jökulhlaups with a propagating subglacial pressure wave, (2) decreased glacier basal friction during jökulhlaups, (3) subglacial accumulation of water in slowly rising jökulhlaups and (4) lifting of the glacier caused by subglacial water pressure exceeding overburden in both rapidly and slowly rising jökulhlaups. The latter two observations are inconsistent with assumptions that are typically made in theoretical and numerical modelling of jökulhlaups. Both viscous and elastic deformation of the glacier as well as turbulent hydraulic fracture at the ice/bedrock interface are important in the dynamics of the subglacial pressure wave at the front of rapidly rising jökulhlaups.
MICROBES AND MARKETS: WAS THE BLACK DEATH AN ECONOMIC REVOLUTION?
Authors: Clark Gregory
Published: May 2016

Recent papers have suggested that the Industrial Revolution in Europe ultimately derives from the labor scarce economy of northwest Europe, which some trace back to the Black Death [Voigtländer and Voth (2013a) and Allen (2011)]. This paper examines the effects of the Black Death in England. Specifically, did it merely change relative factor prices, or did it lead to lasting gains in the efficiency of the economy after 1348? Extensive wage and price data from England 1210–1800 suggest that the population losses of the Black Death were associated with a surprising increase in economic efficiency, despite the decline in the scale of the economy. But this efficiency gain disappeared when population rose again in the 16th century. There is no sign of a connection between a labor scarce economy, and a switch to faster long run economic growth through technological advance.
Access to Care in the Wake of Hurricane Sandy, New Jersey, 2012
Authors: Davidow Amy L. , Thomas Pauline , Kim Soyeon , Passannante Marian , Tsai Stella , Tan Christina
Published: May 2016

Objective

Evacuation and damage following a widespread natural disaster may affect short-term access to medical care. We estimated medical care needs in New Jersey following Hurricane Sandy in 2012.

Methods

Hurricane Sandy-related questions regarding medical needs included in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey were administered to survey respondents living in New Jersey when Sandy occurred.

Results

Recently arrived foreign-born residents were more likely than US-born residents to need medical care following Sandy. Others with greater medical needs included the uninsured and evacuees. Persons who evacuated or lived in areas that experienced the greatest hurricane impact were less likely to be able to fill a prescription. Only 15% of New Jerseyans were aware of the Emergency Pharmaceutical Assistance Program (EPAP), a federal program which allows prescription refills for the uninsured following a disaster. Recently arrived foreign-born residents and the uninsured were less frequently aware of EPAP: 8.7% and 10.9%.

Conclusions

Populations with impaired access to care in normal times—such as the recently arrived foreign-born and the uninsured—were also at risk of compromised access in the hurricane’s aftermath. Measures to address prescription refills during a disaster need better promotion among at-risk populations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:485–491)
Dramatic Developments and Epistemological Crises
Authors: McCarthy Gerald D.
Published: May 2016

John Thiel's development of the category of “dramatic development” in his stimulating and influential Senses of Tradition offers a valuable entry point into the current discussion of the continuity or discontinuity between Vatican II and traditional Roman Catholic thought. This article extends and modifies Thiel's arguments in light of criticisms by Kathryn Tanner and Alasdair MacIntyre's description of the different ways in which traditions make or fail to make progress. It tests this revised theory against an application to Dignitatis Humanae and its contested relation to traditional Roman Catholic thought.
The Virtual Classroom and the Local Church
Authors: Hammond David
Published: May 2016

In his important 2005 analysis of the Catholic Church in America, Peter Steinfels observed that

in some respects, the future of lay parish ministry is assured. Catholics are willing. The church needs them. The parish of 2025 will employ them. What remains to be determined is who will be drawn to these positions and how they will be trained, appointed, promoted, retained, and supported in their work and their personal spiritual growth. With sufficient neglect and discouragement, of course, their numbers could level off…, turnover could increase, those with greatest potential for leadership could be driven away, or polarization that has injured other aspects of lay parish ministry could settle in here, too.

How will they be trained? Traditional university programs, of course, will continue to do the job for a relatively small body of professionals. But many potential lay ministers are not in a position to go to the universities that offer graduate degree programs in theology or religious education. There are financial and geographic obstacles facing many who are “willing” and who might possess great “potential for leadership.” They live in remote parts of the country or are stationed in military bases around the world, and the cost of spending years on a campus with a graduate theology program is not financially realistic. The local churches need their involvement in ministry; some of these potential leaders are now being trained in online programs.
Which Gradualism? Whose Relationships?
Authors: King Jason
Published: May 2016

The 2014 extraordinary meeting of the Synod of Bishops explicitly referenced gradualism three times in theRelatio post Disceptationem. Is this moral theology concept helpful for analyzing relationships? This question is more difficult than it first seems. One needs to first ask “which gradualism,” as the three references imply three different understandings: Gradualism as Growth in Holiness, Gradualism as Pastoral Practice, and Gradualism as Inclusivism. Second, one must ask “whose relationship” it can help. I turn to hookup culture as it is a ubiquitous phenomenon on college campuses. As only Gradualism as Inclusivism proves helpful in hookup culture, it has the best potential to help those pursuing good relationships that might not readily align with church teaching.
Cosmopolis or the New Jerusalem: Modern Social Imaginaries and the Catholic University
Authors: Muldoon Timothy P.
Published: May 2016

Charles Taylor's exploration of modern social imaginaries sheds light on the differing ways that university faculty and leaders today reflect and help shape the world. This article examines Taylor's work as a point of departure for suggesting two contrasting models of social imaginary abroad in university education—namely, cosmopolis and new Jerusalem. It explores what a robust Catholic imagination represented by the latter model might mean for the contemporary Catholic university, especially as regards the desire for integration of knowledge that is truly reflective of the term “university.” It pays particular attention to Bernard Lonergan's notion of cosmopolis as a way of imagining anew the ways that Catholic universities form students and contribute to research and scholarship, and emphasizes the task of faculty formation as central to Catholic mission in the academy.
Safety of Automatic End Dates for Antimicrobial Orders to Facilitate Stewardship
Authors: Ross Rachael K. , Beus Jonathan M. , Metjian Talene A. , Localio A. Russell , Shelov Eric D. , Desai Bimal R. , O’Neill Sean P. , Zaoutis Theoklis E. , Gerber Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2016

Following implementation of automatic end dates for antimicrobial orders to facilitate antimicrobial stewardship at a large, academic children’s hospital, no differences were observed in patient mortality, length of stay, or readmission rates, even among patients with documented bacteremia.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2016;37:974–978
Days of Therapy and Antimicrobial Days: Similarities and Differences Between Consumption Metrics
Authors: Rhodes Nathaniel J. , Wagner Jamie L. , Gilbert Elise M. , Crew Page E. , Davis Susan L. , Scheetz Marc H.
Published: May 2016

Benchmarks for antimicrobial consumption measured in antimicrobial days are beginning to emerge. The relationship between the traditional measure of days of therapy and antimicrobial days is unclear. We observed a high intermethod correlation (R2=0.99): antimicrobial days were 1.9-fold lower than days of therapy across agents. Individual institutions should correlate these measures.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:971–973
The process of industry exit in the Japanese context: Evidence from the flat panel display industry
Authors: Lehmberg Derek
Published: May 2016

This research studies industry exit in the Japanese context, by examining the process followed five Japanese flat panel display manufacturers as they de-committed to and later exited from the industry. The five cases examine firms with systematically different exit barriers due to the presence or absence of strategic centrality and vertical integration in each firm. With one exception, all the firms followed multi-staged exit processes involving cooperative arrangements with other industry participants. Firms with middle to high levels of commitment and exit barriers went through more steps in the process than those with the lowest levels of commitment. The effect of top management succession and long-term employment upon the exit process are considered, and the role of cooperative arrangements in reducing exit barriers are discussed.
Impact of long-term use of oral nutritional supplement on nutritional adequacy, dietary diversity, food intake and growth of Filipino preschool children
Authors: Huynh Dieu T. T. , Estorninos Elvira , Capeding Maria Rosario , Oliver Jeffery S. , Low Yen Ling , Rosales Francisco J.
Published: May 2016

Nutrient deficiencies during childhood have adverse effects on child growth and health. In a single-arm 48-week long-term intervention, we previously reported the efficacy of oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) and dietary counselling on catch-up growth and growth maintenance in nutritionally at-risk Filipino children. The present analysis was done to assess the contributing effects of ONS to nutritional adequacy, dietary diversity, food intake and longitudinal growth. ONS (450 ml) was consumed daily providing 450 kcal (1880 kJ) and at least 50 % of micronutrient requirements among 200 children aged 3–4 years with weight-for-height percentiles between 5th and 25th (WHO Growth Standards). Weight, height and dietary intakes using 24-h food recalls were measured at baseline, and at weeks 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48. Nutrient adequacy and dietary diversity score (DDS) were calculated. Generalised estimating equations were used to assess the effects of total nutrient intakes, DDS, ONS compliance and sociodemographic factors on longitudinal growth. The percentages of children with adequate intake of energy, protein, Fe, Ca and some vitamins at each post-baseline visit were improved from baseline, reaching 100 % for most nutrients. DDS was also increased from baseline and reached significance from week 16 onwards (P < 0·01). Male children, total energy intake and parental employment status were associated with weight-for-height percentile gain (P < 0·05), whereas higher parental education level and ONS compliance were significantly associated with height-for-age percentile gain over time (P < 0·05). Long-term ONS intervention did not interfere with normal food intake and helped promote nutritional adequacy and growth of Filipino children.
EQUIVARIANT ZETA FUNCTIONS FOR INVARIANT NASH GERMS
Authors: PRIZIAC FABIEN
Published: May 2016

To any Nash germ invariant under right composition with a linear action of a finite group, we associate its equivariant zeta functions, inspired from motivic zeta functions, using the equivariant virtual Poincaré series as a motivic measure. We show Denef–Loeser formulas for the equivariant zeta functions and prove that they are invariants for equivariant blow-Nash equivalence via equivariant blow-Nash isomorphisms. Equivariant blow-Nash equivalence between invariant Nash germs is defined as a generalization involving equivariant data of the blow-Nash equivalence.
A case study of extant and extinct Xenarthra cranium covariance structure: implications and applications to paleontology
Authors: Hubbe Alex , Melo Diogo , Marroig Gabriel
Published: May 2016

Most of the mammalian diversity is known only from fossils, and only a few of these fossils are well preserved or abundant. This undersampling poses serious problems for understanding mammalian phenotypic evolution under a quantitative genetics framework, since this framework requires estimation of a group’s additive genetic variance–covariance matrix (Gmatrix), which is impossible, and estimating a phenotypic variance–covariance matrix (Pmatrix) requires larger sample sizes than what is often available for extinct species. One alternative is to useGorPmatrices from extant taxa as surrogates for the extinct ones. Although there are reasons to believe this approach is usually safe, it has not been fully explored. By thoroughly determining the extant and some extinct Xenarthra (Mammalia) craniumPmatrices, this study aims to explore the feasibility of using extantGorPmatrices as surrogates for the extinct ones and to provide guidelines regarding the reliability of this strategy and the necessary sample sizes. Variance–covariance and correlationPmatrices for 35 cranium traits from 16 xenarthran genera (12 extant and 4 extinct) were estimated and compared between genera. Results show xenarthranP-matrix structures are usually very similar if sample sizes are reasonable. This study and others developed with extant therian mammals suggest, in general, that using extantGorPmatrices as an approximation to extinct ones is a valid approach. Nevertheless, the accuracy of this approach depends on sample size, selected traits, and the type of matrix being considered.
The pursuit of pleasurable women in the war-ridden city of Butembo, eastern DR Congo
Authors: Geenen Kristien
Published: May 2016

In this article, I map out spaces of social encounters and elaborate upon the once openly exposed but now hidden nightlife of Butembo, in eastern Congo. I explore what moves the people of Butembo, where they go to have fun, and what ‘fun’ means in a war-torn place. The main focus lies on the city's countlesscabarets, as these seemed the places where people mostly met. Acabaretis a private dwelling where a single woman offers home-brewed alcohol and sexual services alike. Usually, acabaretbears no signage at all, so from the outside, it is hard to discern from an ordinary house. Yet, their sheer invisibility stands in sharp contrast to their major importance. As I proceed through the article, it becomes clear that these obscurecabaretsare spaces of sociability with an undeniable importance that contribute to the functioning of the city in many respects.
Everything changes to remain the same? State and tax reform in South Sudan
Authors: Twijnstra Rens , Titeca Kristof
Published: May 2016

South Sudan is in a unique combination of (post)-conflict reconstruction and the birth of a new state in which old policies are re-activated and new policies introduced. By looking at three case-studies of taxation and private sector regulation reforms, the paper will show how the overlapping and often contradictory regulatory frameworks of the state provide the setting for bricolage strategies by different actors. These actors, and particularly state officials, rely on a variety of institutional resources to implement, resist or remake certain regulatory measures. Although the breadth of regulatory measures has increased exponentially, the institutional corridor – the space in which bricolage is performed and on which various actors can rely – remains narrow. This space is contingent on wartime authority structures, and more particularly pre-existing Sudan's People Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) power structures, as well as a deep-rooted resistance to centralised control. Importantly, these regulatory practices are not fixed: intense periods of rearrangement of the social order or ‘open moments’ may provide a window of opportunity for regulatory reform.
Post-conflict women's movements in turmoil: the challenges of success in Liberia in the 2005-aftermath
Authors: Debusscher Petra , Martin de Almagro Maria
Published: May 2016

In Liberia, women's advocacy has been crucial in bringing peace after 14 years of conflict as well as in electing Africa's first female president. While the accomplishments of the women's movement have been widely praised, some authors have suggested that the once vibrant movement is crumbling. In this article we claim that one of the most important challenges for the Liberian women's movement comes precisely from its internationally proclaimed success, provoking four related outcomes: First, different women's organisations compete for the credit of the success story; second, the national government has tried to appropriate the movement and integrate it into governmental structures; third, the relationship between the movement and its international partners has evolved towards mutual disappointment due to a lack of sustainable funding and unmet expectations; and fourth, the movement seems stuck in the peacemaker label and unable to redefine itself to engage in new battles as international aid diminishes.
The role of the non-farm sector in rural development in Lesotho
Authors: Rantšo Tšepiso A.
Published: May 2016

This paper assesses the role of the non-farm sector in rural development in Lesotho. Evidence from studies in developing countries indicates that agriculture was formerly used as the main source of livelihood for many people in poor countries. However, due to the decline in agricultural productivity (which results in poverty and food insecurity) caused by unfavourable agro-climatic conditions, many people are turning to non-farm activities as a means of making a living. Therefore, non-farm incomes are used to provide the means of sustenance for many people. However, little attention has hitherto been paid to improving the rural non-farm sector as an alternative or complementary rural development strategy in Lesotho. This research paper uses quantitative research methods to analyse the available data. The main research findings suggest that many people make a living out of non-farm incomes. As a result, this paper proposes that the rural non-farm sector should be given more priority by the government in rural development in Lesotho.
Development of a recombinant protein-based ELISA for diagnosis of larval cyathostomin infection
Authors: MITCHELL MAIRI C. , TZELOS THOMAS , HANDEL IAN , MCWILLIAM HAMISH E. G. , HODGKINSON JANE E. , NISBET ALASDAIR J. , KHARCHENKO VITALIY O. , BURGESS STEWART T. G. , MATTHEWS JACQUELINE B.
Published: May 2016

Cyathostomins are ubiquitous nematodes of horses. Once ingested, they can spend a substantial time as encysted larvae in the intestinal wall. The larvae can comprise up to 90% of the total burden, with up to several million worms reported in individuals. These stages can emerge in large numbers to cause life-threatening colitis. Direct methods for detection of encysted larval burdens in live horses do not exist. Previously, two antigen complexes were identified as promising markers for infection. A component of these, cyathostomin gut associated larval antigen-1 (Cy-GALA-1), was identified following immunoscreening of a complementary DNA library. Serum immunoglobulin G(T) (IgG(T)) responses to Cy-GALA-1 were shown to inform on larval infection. Sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction products amplified from individual worms indicated that Cy-GALA-1 was derived from Cyathostomum pateratum. As cyathostomin infections always comprise multiple species, a diagnostic test must account for this. Here, segments of the Cy-gala gene were isolated from four common species, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicocyclus ashworthi, Cylicostephanus goldi and Cylicostephanus longibursatus, and the associated proteins expressed in recombinant form. The specificity and immunogenicity of each protein was confirmed. Each protein was assessed by enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) for its ability for informing on the presence of encysted larval infection and the level of burden.
Community structure of fleas within and among populations of three closely related rodent hosts: nestedness and beta-diversity
Authors: VAN DER MESCHT LUTHER , KRASNOV BORIS R. , MATTHEE CONRAD A. , MATTHEE SONJA
Published: May 2016

We studied nestedness and its relationships with beta-diversity in flea communities harboured by three closely related rodent species (Rhabdomys pumilio, Rhabdomys intermedius, Rhabdomys dilectus) at two spatial scales (within and among host populations) in South Africa and asked (a) whether variation in species composition of flea communities within and among host populations follows a non-random pattern; if yes, (b) what are the contributions of nestedness and species turnover to dissimilarity (= beta-diversity) among flea communities at the two scales; and (c) do the degree of nestedness and its contribution to beta-diversity differ among host species (socialvssolitary) and between scales. We found that nestedness in flea assemblages was more pronounced (a) in social than solitary host species and (b) at lower (among host individuals within populations) than at higher scale (among host populations). We also found that higher degree of nestedness was associated with its higher contribution to beta-diversity. Our findings support earlier ideas that parasite community structure results from the processes of parasite accumulation by hosts rather than from the processes acting within parasite communities.
Anthelmintic effects of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) against gastrointestinal nematode parasites in experimentally infected cattle
Authors: PEÑA-ESPINOZA MIGUEL , THAMSBORG STIG M. , DESRUES OLIVIER , HANSEN TINA V. A. , ENEMARK HEIDI L.
Published: May 2016

Two experiments studied the effects of dietary chicory against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle. In Experiment (Exp.) 1, stabled calves were fed chicory silage (CHI1;n= 9) or ryegrass/clover hay (CTL1;n= 6) with balanced protein/energy intakes between groups. After 16 days, all calves received 10 000Ostertagia ostertagiand 66 000Cooperia oncophorathird-stage larvae (L3) [day (D) 0 post-infection (p.i.)]. In Exp. 2, calves were assigned to pure chicory (CHI2;n=10) or ryegrass/clover (CTL2;n= 10) pastures. After 7 days, animals received 20 000O. ostertagiL3/calf (D0 p.i.) and were moved regularly preventing pasture-borne infections. Due to poor regrowth of the chicory pasture, CHI2was supplemented with chicory silage. At D40 p.i. (Exp. 1) and D35 p.i. (Exp. 2) calves were slaughtered for worm recovery. In Exp.1, fecal egg counts (FEC) were similar between groups. However,O. ostertagicounts were significantly reduced in CHI1by 60% (geometric mean;P< 0·01), whereasC. oncophoraburdens were unaffected (P= 0·12). In Exp. 2, FEC were markedly lowered in CHI2from D22 p.i onwards (P< 0·01).Ostertagia ostertagiadult burdens were significantly reduced in CHI2by 66% (P< 0·001). Sesquiterpene lactones were identified only in chicory (fresh/silage). Chicory shows promise as an anti-Ostertagiafeed for cattle and further studies should investigate its on-farm use.
The TcTASV proteins are novel promising antigens to detect activeTrypanosoma cruziinfection in dogs
Authors: FLORIDIA-YAPUR N. , MONJE RUMI M. , RAGONE P. , LAUTHIER J. J. , TOMASINI N. , ALBERTI D'AMATO A. , DIOSQUE P. , CIMINO R. , MARCO J. D. , BARROSO P. , SANCHEZ D. O. , NASSER J. R. , TEKIEL V.
Published: May 2016

In regions where Chagas disease is endemic, canineTrypanosoma cruziinfection is highly correlated with the risk of transmission of the parasite to humans. Herein we evaluated the novel TcTASV protein family (subfamilies A, B, C), differentially expressed in bloodstream trypomastigotes, for the detection of naturally infected dogs. A gene of each TcTASV subfamily was cloned and expressed. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were developed using recombinant antigens individually or mixed together. Our results showed that dogs with activeT. cruziinfection differentially reacted against the TcTASV-C subfamily. The use of both TcTASV-C plus TcTASV-A proteins (Mix A+C-ELISA) enhanced the reactivity of sera from dogs with active infection, detecting 94% of the evaluated samples. These findings agree with our previous observations, where the infected animals exhibited a quick anti-TcTASV-C antibody response, coincident with the beginning of parasitaemia, in a murine model of the disease. Results obtained in the present work prove that the Mix A+C-ELISA is a specific, simple and cheap technique to be applied in endemic areas in screening studies. The Mix A+C-ELISA could help to differentially detect canine hosts with active infection and therefore with high impact in the risk of transmission to humans.