bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Simulation of a Pilot-Scale Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier for the Gasification of High Ash Indian Coal Using Eulerian Granular Approach
Authors: Singh G. K. , Mohanty B. , Mondal P. , Chavan P. , Datta S.
Published: April 2015

The present work deals with modeling and simulation of a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed gasifier (BFBG) for the gasification of high ash Indian coal. Taking into account different stages of coal gasification, such as drying, volatilization, gasification and combustion processes, a two-dimensional model with quadrilateral cells is developed using FLUENT 12.0 software. The model incorporates exchange of mass, momentum and energy between gaseous phase (phase 1) and solid phase (phase 2) using Eulerian–Eulerian approach. The solid phase is described by kinetic theory of granular flows. Four heterogeneous and four homogeneous reactions covering six species in gaseous phase (CO, CO2, H2, N2, O2 and H2O) and coal in solid phase are considered for the above process. The kinetics for the homogeneous reactions are described using eddy dissipation model available in FLUENT while that for heterogeneous reactions, a user-defined function (UDF) with Arrhenius kinetics is written in C language. The validation of the above model has been done using experimental data generated in a pilot-scale BFBG at Center Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CIMFR), Dhanbad, India. The computed exit gas compositions as well as temperature profile inside the gasifier are in good agreement (within an error band of ±10%) with experimental data. The flow behaviors and volume fraction profiles of gas and solid phases in the bed zone and freeboard zone of the gasifier have also been predicted using this model.
CO2 Sorption by Hydrotalcite-Like Compounds in Dry and Wet Conditions
Authors: Gallucci Katia , Micheli Francesca , Poliandri Alessandro , Rossi Leucio , Foscolo Pier Ugo
Published: April 2015

A pre-combustion removal option, coupling water–gas shift and CO2capture is the well-known sorption-enhanced water–gas shift (SEWGS): the removal of CO2produced by WGS reaction, shifting the thermodynamic equilibrium, enhances H2production. Among the different CO2sorbents, hydrotalcite-like compounds work at the required intermediate temperature (T= 200–400°C). Using low supersaturation method, three different sorbents were synthesized. Sieved fractions were impregnated with 20%w/wK2CO3and then dried and subjected to thermal treatment. Sample characterization was performed by means of FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD analysis and TG-DTA analysis. Sample analysis was carried out after synthesis, thermal treatment (calcination) and after fixed bed reactor capture tests. Sorption and desorption tests were performed in a fixed bed microreactor, under cyclic conditions, at temperature level ofT= 350°C andP= 5 bar in dry and wet condition. The amount of CO2captured by the sorbent in each test was quantified by means of a first order with dead time flow distribution model applied to the experimental system. Sorption capacity of sorbents in dry conditions increases of 30% with respect to previous atmospheric pressure results obtained in fluidized bed. These sorbents seem to be good candidates to be used as a bi-functional sorbent-catalyst for SEWGS.
Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Dried Waste Grape Skins
Authors: Pedroza Miguel A. , Amendola Danila , Maggi Luana , Zalacain Amaya , De Faveri Dante M. , Spigno Giorgia
Published: April 2015

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was investigated for recovering of total phenolic compounds from dried waste grape skins using a domestic microwave oven. Influence of vessel geometry, irradiation cycles, irradiation power and time was investigated. The results in terms of phenolics yield, antioxidant capacity and energy consumption were compared with a reference solid–liquid extraction (SLE) carried out for 2 h at 60°C. Equivalent yield of total phenolics as in SLE was achieved with a MAE extraction time of 1,033 sec (corresponding to 83 sec of irradiation at 900 W, 83% saving in extraction time compared to SLE and with a 70% energetic efficiency). Pre-maceration of samples and solvent pre-heating are proposed for large-scale industrial processes to enhance phenolics extraction and process efficiency.
The Perpetual Uncertainty of Civil Society: Case Study of an Anti-Hunger Organization in South Africa
Authors: Warshawsky Daniel N.
Published: April 2015

South Africa has one of the most active civil societies in the world, with more than 85,000 registered civil society organizations (CSOs). However, the growth of CSOs in post-apartheid South Africa does not necessarily imply that the sector is strong. While it is true that the demise of the apartheid regime increased democratic representation within South Africa, CSOs have experienced a series of institutional challenges which have weakened their organizational stability. This has included increased oversight by the state, inefficient and inconsistent funding from government, fickle demands by private donors, and competition from other sectors. Through an in-depth case study of a historically prominent CSO in South Africa, this paper critically analyzes the institutional challenges faced by CSOs in South Africa. Data findings suggest that lack of long-term funding support, ineffective state funding mechanisms, and competition from state programs and new CSOs have resulted in perpetual uncertainty for some CSOs. In all, these institutional problems may have the potential to shrink, destabilize, and limit the viability of South African CSOs. Moreover, this suggests that South African democratization may have simultaneously produced new opportunities for some CSOs, yet reinforced unequal power relations for other CSOs and thus produced a highly polarized CSO landscape.
Charitable Incorporated Organisations: An Analysis of the Three UK Jurisdictions
Authors: Morgan Gareth G.
Published: April 2015

The specific legal forms available for charitable organisations have received much less attention by scholars as compared to work on the definition of charity, the boundaries of charitable status and the duties of charity trustees. Under each of the three UK jurisdictions, it could be argued that all charitable property is held on trust (in the sense that it is held for interests of the charity’s beneficiaries) but many charities are no longer formed using the structure of a trust. Charitable organisations can have many possible structures including charitable trusts, charitable associations, charitable companies and now charitable incorporated organisations (CIOs). Until recently the UK lacked any specific legal form for charities. The CIO was created to remedy this: a corporate body with limited liability, formed purely by registration with the appropriate charity regulator. Since 2008 it has been enshrined in statute in all three UK jurisdictions, though implementation dates only from 2011 in Scotland and from 2013 in England and Wales. The focus of this paper is a comparison of the CIO form in the three UK charity law jurisdictions. It analyses the frameworks for CIOs established in England and Wales, Scottish CIOs (SCIOs) and the (yet to be implemented) CIOs in Northern Ireland. It concludes that whilst the CIO concept is effectively reflected in all three jurisdictions, the differences between these three types of CIOs are much more than just those needed to comply with the different regimes of charity regulation – the differences raise important choices for those seeking to establish new charities operating UK-wide.
Estimation of Different Configuration of Demonstration Space Solar Power Station
Authors: V.К. Sysoyev  , А.О. Dmitriyev  , P.А. Vyatlev  , I.М. Nesterin  , А.D. Ponomarenko  , К.М. Pichhadze  , B.Т. Suimenbayev  , B.Т. Zh.B.Suimenbayeva 
Published: April 2015

Development of engineering of solar space power system involves as a first stage the launch of demonstration space solar power plant (SSPP) based on the current satellite platforms and launch vehicles. The type of general-arrangement diagram of space segment of SSPP will be the class of transformable structure of photo convertors with maximum surface area. In this manuscript is carrying out analysis of different versions of transformable structures of photo convertors in PROTON launch vehicle use. It is proved that such kind of version would allow successfully implement demonstration SSPP with reasonable power of transferable laser energy to the ground receiving point.
PENGEMBANGAN PENDIDIKAN BUDAYA DAN KARAKTER BANGSA DALAM UPAYA MENGHADAPI TANTANGAN GLOBAL
Authors: Arief Armai
Published: April 2015

Building nation’s characters is an interesting issue to discuss. The issue cannot be separated from other issues within the nation. In this case, education plays a significant role. Education has to be able to lead the nation to solve various problems, including the changing values and its implication. It is important to note how education can contribute to the process of revitalization of cultural values within the context of social changes. Indonesian education is very fortunate to have Pancasila as its basic principle. Actualization of the values of Pancasila can be seen as a promising alternative in developing nation’s characters and culture.  Pancasila is the core of national philosophy and ideology that has been formulated based on Indonesia’s culture and religions. It is important to note that the spirit of Pancasila is manifest in the formulation of the objectives of the national education. DOI: 10.15408/tjems.v1i2.1269
PERANAN GURU IPA DAN IPS DALAM MENANAMKAN NILAI YANG TERKANDUNG DALAM KONTEN IPA DAN IPS DI MADRASAH IBTIDA’IYAH
Authors: Wafiqni Nafia , Milama Burhanudin
Published: April 2015

This study aimed at determining the role of science and social studies teachers in instilling the values contained in science and social studies content at Government Elementary School. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative. Through a case study, this qualitative approach was intended to gain in dept understanding of social situation, and find patterns, hypotheses and theories. Subjects in this study were 10 teachers who teach science and social studies at Islamic elementary schools that were selected from randomly chosen elementary schools from North Jakarta, South Jakarta, Central Jakarta, West Jakarta and East Jakarta. The results of the study revealed  that responsibility, collaborative work, mutual respect, and respect could be developed by teachers through teaching and learning process. Yet, other values that were specifically generated from the material content of science and social studies have not been tried out to be developed except in teachers’ lesson plans. DOI: 10.15408/tjems.v1i2.1271
DINAMIKA POLITIK PENDIDIKAN AGAMA DI INDONESIA
Authors: Bisyri Muhammad
Published: April 2015

Law No. 4/1950 Jo. Law No. 14/1954 stated that the purpose of education was to create a moral human being.  It was interpreted that moral human being could be created not only through religion because the basis of moral was not always religion.  Therefore, in the 1950s religion was not compulsorily taught at school.  At later stage, as stipulated in Law No. 2/1989 that education was to create a complete human being devoting to God Almighty One, religion was a compulsory at school.  The gap between these laws was that school with certain religion was not required to teach other different religions.  This stipulation has later become problematic.  In 2003, Law No 20 about national education system was enacted emphasizing the existence of religion education.  This law mandated that religion was a compulsory in every education institution whereby the subject matters to be suited to the students and taught by the relevant teacher.  It has been apparent that education has historically been improved from time to time. DOI: 10.15408/tjems.v1i2.1272
CONCENTRATION OF CADMIUM IN MEAT AND SELECTED MEATS PRODUCTS
Authors: Lukáčová Anetta , Lopašovský Ä½ubomÃ­r , Kňažická Zuzana , Golian Jozef
Published: April 2015

The cadmium concentrations depend on the environmental conditions and food production methods. The monitoring of cadmium concentration in meat is important for human health. The concentrations of cadmium in meat and meat products collected from central Slovakia, in the central Europe region and from different countries of West Europe were assessed using by AA spectrometer with graphite furnace (PerkinElmer AAnalyst 80, MA, USA). Within starting materials we detected the highest values of cadmium in beef from foreign production (0.1101 ppm), followed by pork from foreign production (0.0901 ppm) in Lovecka salama and pork thigh (0.0523 ppm) in selected ham. In Lovecka salami we were found the highest concentration of cadmium in final samples from foreign starting materials, followed by homogenized samples from foreign starting materials, final samples from domestic starting materials and homogenized samples from domestic starting materials (0.3728, 0.3549, 0.2387, 0.2112 ppm, respectively). The highest concentration of cadmium in selected ham were found in final products from foreign starting materials, homogenized samples from foreign starting materials, final products from domestic starting materials and homogenized samples from domestic starting materials (0.1453, 0.1382,0.0810, 0.0734 ppm, respectively). The obtained results suggested that the concentrations of cadmium are higher in homogenized samples and final products in Lovecka salami and selected ham in comparison with to starting materials. Technological process of meat processing can create a potential source of heavy metals in final products.
SENSORY AND TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SLOVAK VARIETIES OF EDIBLE POTATOES
Authors: Mareček JÃ¡n , Musilová Janette , Frančáková Helena , Mendelová Andrea , Krajčovič TomÃ¡Å¡ , Labuda Jozef , Heldák JÃ¡n
Published: April 2015

This scientific work deals with technological and sensory quality examination of a set of nine Slovak potato varieties. Varietal samples were grown and stored at the Potato Research and Breeding Institute in Veľká Lomnica (Slovak Republic). Evaluated varieties: Arwen, Evelin, Malvína, Megan, Rumelia, Spinela, Svella, Timea, Viola. Dry matter and starch content of tubers were evaluated from the group of technological parameters. Sensory evaluation was carried out by using the dine value point descriptor. Varietal evaluation was realized from the harvest of 2011 and 2012.The highest dry matter content of 21.8% was measured at variety Rumelia. The starch content was at the same variety at the level of 15.8%. The highest sensory evaluation with very good dine value achieved varieties Evelin (78.0 points) and Spinela (77.8 points). As the best varieties for storage can be used varieties Rumelia, Arwen and Megan. For heat treatment are most suitable varieties Evelin and Spinela.
QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF EDIBLE TOMATO VARIETIES INTENDED FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING
Authors: Mendelová Andrea , Fikselová Martina , Mendel Ä½ubomÃ­r , Andrejiová Alena , Mareček JÃ¡n , Czako Peter
Published: April 2015

Most of the global production of tomatoes is used for tomato products. The fruits to be processed are evaluated on the basis of important technological quality parameters, such as the content of dry matter and organic acids. Recently, among important qualitative characteristics of fruits has been included colorant content, especially lycopene. Aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of selected tomato varieties for industrial processing. Tested were varieties Uno Rosso, San Marzano 4, Brixol, Strombolino, UG. 8168, Diana and Nemarock cultivated in very hot and dry agro-climatic region. The dry matter content was determined by the gravimetric method, the content of organic acid by titration and the content of colorants spectrophotometrically. The dry matter content of the samples ranged from 4.65% (Nemarock) to 5.93% (San Marzano 4). Content of organic acids ranged from 0.33% (Nemarock) to 0.59% (Strombolino), content of carotenoids in tomato samples ranged from 111.288 mg.100 g-1 DM (Nemarock) to 198.365 mg.100 g-1 DM (San Marzano 4). Lycopene was present in the amount of 99.438 mg.100 g-1 DM (Nemarock) to 192.687 mg.100 g-1 DM (San Marzano 4). In terms of treatment the best properties showed San Marzano 4, which is characterized by high dry matter content, low organic acids and high content of colorants.
OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF CHICKEN MEAT AFTER APPLICATION PHYTOGENIC ADDITIVES IN THEIR DIET
Authors: Bobko Marek , Haščík Peter , Tóth TomÃ¡Å¡ , Kňazovická VladimÃ­ra , Mellen Martin , Bobková Alica , Tkáčová Jana
Published: April 2015

The aim of the study was to evaluate the oxidative stability (TBARS method) of breast and thigh muscle after application of feed mixtures enriched by phytogenic additives. The experiment started with 250 pieces one-day-old chicks of Cobb 500 hybrid combination. They were divided into one control (C) and four experimental groups (1st EG, 2nd EG, 3rd EG, 4th EG). Each group included 50 chicks. In experimental groups, feed additives were applied as followed: 100 mg kg-1 Agolin Poultry (in the 1st EG), 500 mg kg-1 Agolin Tannin Plus (in the 2nd EG), 1000 mg kg-1 Biostrong 510 + FortiBac (in the 3rd EG) and 1000 mg kg-1 Agolin Acid (in the 4th EG). We recorded positive influence on chicken meat oxidative stability in all experimental groups with application of plant feed additives. Experimental broiler chickens were fed during 42 days by ad libitum. Chicken meat samples of breast and thigh muscle were analyzed in the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day of storage in cold conditions at 4 °C. Obtained results showed that applied phytogenic additives had positive influence on oxidative stability of breast and thigh muscles. At the end of cold store (in 7th day), we found higher malondialdehyde (MDA) values and lower oxidative stability (P
BAKERY PRODUCTS WITH THE ADDITION OF SOYBEAN FLOUR AND THEIR QUALITY AFTER FREEZER STORAGE OF DOUGH
Authors: Bojňanská Tatiana , Šmitalová Jana , Vollmannová Alena , Tokár MariÃ¡n , Vietoris VladimÃ­r
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to observe the impact of adding 30% of flour from soya bean to the wheat flour T 650 on the quality of immediately baked products and products stored one, three and six months in a freezer at the temperature of -18° and then baked. Rheological properties of wheat and composite flour by means of Farinograph, Extensograph, and Amylograph were also evaluated. Based on the farinograph evaluation of composite flour (70% of wheat flour + 30% soybean flour) it was found that the formed mixture was hydrated more slowly than the pure wheat flour, time of dough development was about 6.5 minutes longer than that for pure wheat flour, and a value of water binding was higher by 12.4% compared with wheat flour. Created dough could be characterized as strong, holding long enough optimum of its rheological properties. By means of extensographic evaluation of composite flour it was found that it has lower extensographic energy, less resistance and lower tensibility compared to wheat dough, which led to insufficient volume of products. By amylogram it was found that composite flour has higher enzymatic activity compared to wheat flour, nevertheless both flours could be characterized as suitable for leavened bakery products. Addition of gross non-defatted soy flour at 30% had a significant impact on technological quality of loaves baked during the baking experiments. Compared with loaves of wheat flour, the lower bread volume, specific volume and volume yield, and less satisfactory cambering was found. The effect of freezing on dough in the case of wheat flour showed the gradual reduction of the quality parameters of the loaves baked from such dough after freezing time lasting for 1, 3 and 6 months. In the case of the composite flour, the decrease of quality was found only after freezing lasting 3 and 6 months. One-month freeze did not cause the declination of quality, to the contrary, even a slight increase of loaf volume was observed.
CARCASS AND MEAT QUALITY OF SLOVAK PIED HEIFERS AND THEIR CROSSES BY LIMOUSINE BREED
Authors: Čuboň Juraj , Kačániová Miroslava , Bebejová Andra , Kunov3 Simona , Haščík Peter , Hleba LukÃ¡Å¡ , Šmýkalová Helena
Published: April 2015

The aim of the present study was analysed heifer carcass and meat quality of Slovak pied breed and their crosses by limousine breed. The heifers were fattened by the same feed ration to the 450 days of age. There was a significant difference between the groups of the heifers (P ≤0.01) in the dressing percentage and muscle ratio (P ≤0.05). The Longissimus muscle chemical quality of fattening heifer were evaluate. Content of protein was similar in the Slovak pied heifers and in the crosses by limousine was insignificantly lower. Intramuscular fat content was significantly differed (P≤0.05), in the Slovak pied heifers was 2.95 % and the crosses by Limousine 3.52 %.Water holding capacity was insignificantly higher in the Slovak pied cattle as in the crosses by Limousine breed. Shear force was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in the Longissimus muscle of Slovak pied cattle (7.1 WB) as in the crosses by Limousine breed (6.42 WB).
DESIGN OF OYSTER (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS) PRODUCTION UNIT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ITS AGROTECHNIC OF GROWIGN AND QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF ITS PRODUCTION
Authors: Golian Marcel , Andrejiová Alena , Mezeyová Ivana , Hegedűsová AlÅ¾beta
Published: April 2015

According to influence of population increasing followed by agricultural soils decreasing there is noticed a necessity of individual food commodities production intensification. There is also needed to think about some new unconventional and alternative sort of food-stuff. An edible mushroom growing is one of the relatively new agricultural branches, whereby on a large scale there are grown species which belong to saprophytic group. The aim of task was the building – technological and equipment – technological proposal of oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus, Jacq. P. Kumm) production unit with taking account to its specific agro technical requirements and valid legislative. In the next part of task there were evaluated and compared qualitative and quantitative parameters of sporocarps from two variants which were collected in the first growth wave and accuracy of the proposed oyster production unit. In case of variant A there were used sacks with substrates, which have been exposed to cold shock by 6°C temperature for 4 days and in variant B were used substrates without cold shock. According to reached results the cold shock had almost neither influence on production quantity. There was found out an important fact that crop height from first growth wave wasn´t identical with well-known literature sources. The low crop is connected with high CO2 content in oyster production unit room, according to our opinion. Other equipment aimed to air humidity regulation, air temperature regulation and room lights was designed correctly.
COLOUR, PHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE SLOVAK ALIBERNET RED WINE SAMPLES
Authors: Bajčan Daniel , Šimanský VladimÃ­r , Tóth TomÃ¡Å¡ , Árvay JÃºlius
Published: April 2015

Sixteen Alibernet wine samples, originated from three most important Slovak vineyard regions, were evaluated spectrophotometrically for the content of total polyphenols, content of total anthocyanins, antioxidant activity and wine colour density. The determined total polyphenol contents in observed wines ranged from 2141 to 4274 mg gallic acid per liter (average content was 3057 mg gallic acid/L) and total anthocyanin contents ranged from 73.4 to 791.2 mg/L (average content was 403.4 mg/L). Determined values of antioxidant activity were within the interval 54.8 – 86.8% (average value was 74.5%) and the values of wine colour density varied between 0.944 and 4.592 (average value was 2.317). The statistical evaluation of the obtained results confirmed only weak linear correlation between total polyphenol content and total anthocyanin content, however strong linear correlations between total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity, resp. wine colour density were observed. Our results also confirmed very highly significant linear relationship between wine colour density and total polyphenol content, resp. antioxidant activity and between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content.
THE PH VALUE OF BROILER BREAST AND THIGH MUSCLES AFTER ADDITION PROBIOTIC, BEE POLLEN AND PROPOLIS INTO THEIR FEED MIXTURE
Authors: Haščík Peter , Omer Elamin Elimam Ibrahim , Bobko Marek , Kačániová Miroslava , Čuboň Juraj , Tkáčová Jana , Trembecká Lenka
Published: April 2015

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the broiler´s Ross 308 breast and thigh muscles pH value after addition probiotic, bee pollen and propolis as supplemental diet. A total of 180 chicks in one day old, which were divided into 6 groups (30): control group T1 (2 g probiotic), T2 (4 g probiotic), T3 (500 mg. kg-1 natural bee pollen), T4 (500 mg. kg-1 propolis extract) and T5 (600 mg. kg-1 propolis extract). At the end of the experimental period (42 days) the broiler has been slaughtered to determinate the pH value by using pH meter equipped with an electrode calibrated (Grif 209L apparatus). The results show that the pH value after 45 minutes was lower in the experimental groups compared to control group and there were found significant differences (P≤0.05) between the control group with experimental groups, similarly the pH value after 2 hours in breast muscles was higher in the control group compared to experimental groups, but in the thigh the experimental groups (T1, T2, T3 and T5) were higher than control group except (T4) group. Otherwise, the pH value after 24 hours was higher in the experimental groups compared to the control except (T4, T5) in the thigh. From the present study, we conclude that the pH value after 24 hours was higher value in the experimental groups compared to the control group and the bee pollen in the amount (500 mg. kg-1) was given the highest value of pH value.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE DURING LAIRAGE AT THE SLAUGHTERHOUSE ON THE QUALITY OF PORK
Authors: Imrich Ivan , Mlyneková Eva , Mlynek Juraj
Published: April 2015

The aim of the experiment was to assess the impact of different temperature at the slaughterhouse on the pork quality. Two thousand eleven commercial pigs hybrids, weighing 100-130 kg were used in the experiment. Acidity of meat and muscle temperature were assessed 45 minutes after slaughter in Longissimus muscle between the next to last and last thoracic vertebrae (musculus longissimus dorsi, pars thoracic) – pH1 MLD, and the geometric center semimembranosus thigh muscle (musculus semimembranosus) - pH1 MSM. Pigs were divided into groups according to the temperature during housing in slaughterhouse using quartile distribution. As the mean temperature of outer environment increased, the average pH1 MLD (P
POTASSIUM AND ITS EFFECT ON THE CONTENT OF POLYPHENOLS IN ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.)
Authors: Kavalcová Petra , Bystrická Judita , Tóth TomÃ¡Å¡ , Volnová BeÃ¡ta , Kopernická Miriama , Harangozo Ä½uboÅ¡
Published: April 2015

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is rich of chemoprotective compounds as polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamins, sulphur compounds which have potential beneficial properties for human health. Potassium as important mineral abundant plays many vital roles in plant nutrition (reduces respiration, activates enzyme). In generally, potassium increases crop yield and improves quality of onion bulbs. The objectives of this work were to compare and evaluate the impact of potassium on the content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity of onion (Allium cepa L.). The content of the total polyphenols was determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). The absorbance was measured at 765 nm of wave length against blank. Antioxidant activity was measured using a compound DPPH˙ (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) at 515.6 nm in the spectrophotometer. The content of total polyphenols in samples of onion during vegatation period moved in the range from 505.6 mg GAE/kg ±25.18 to 621.49 mgGAE/kg ±13.41. In this work was watched also the influence of potassium on antioxidant activity, where values were in interval from 32.20 %± 0.58 to 44.67 % ±0.68.
THE EVALUATION OF NICKEL, CHROMIUM, LEAD AND MERCURY CONTENT IN SWEET CORN
Authors: Kopernická Miriama , Tóth TomÃ¡Å¡ , Harangozo Ä½uboÅ¡ , Volnová BeÃ¡ta , Kavalcová Petra , Elek ÃdÃ¡m
Published: April 2015

In the framework of monitoring, we have focused on the analysis of the levels of nickel, chromium, lead and mercury in 9 samples of sweet corn (frozen and canned) from the commercial network of the Slovak Republic. Homogenised samples of sweet corn were mineralized using microwave digestion unit MARS X-press and next analysed by atomic absorption spectrometer VARIAN 240 FS for tested metal concentration, excluding mercury which was was determined by automatic mercury analyser AMA 254.Nickel content in all samples was in the range of 0.376 – 0.556 mg.kg-1, chromium content was 0.088 – 0.546 mg.kg-1, lead content was 0.054 – 0.146 mg.kg-1 and mercury content was 0.000013 – 0.011458 mg.kg-1. The measured values have been compared with the limit values set out legislation for the maximum quantity of hazardous elements according to the Food Code of the Slovak Republic. From the point of view of the sanitary evaluation, the content of nickel, chromium, lead and mercury were not exceeded in either sample.
FOOD PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY AS A MEDIATOR OF FUNCTIONALITY. STRUCTURE-PROPERTY-PROCESS RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Betoret Ester , Betoret Noelia , Rocculi Pietro , Dalla Rosa Marco
Published: April 2015

During the last years, the food industry has been facing technical and economic changes both in society and in the food processing practices, paying high attention to food products that meet the consumers´ demands. In this direction, the study areas in food process and products have evolved mainly from safety to other topics such as quality, environment or health. The improvement of the food products is now directed towards ensuring nutritional and specific functional benefits. Regarding the processes evolution, they are directed to ensure the quality and safety of environmentally friendly food products produced optimizing the use of resources, minimally affecting or even enhancing their nutritional and beneficial characteristics. The product structure both in its raw form and after processing plays an important role maintaining, enhancing and delivering the bioactive compounds in the appropriate target within the organism. The aim of this review is to make an overview on some synergistic technologies that can constitute a technological process to develop functional foods, enhancing the technological and/or nutritional functionality of the food products in which they are applied. More concretely, the effect of homogenization, vacuum impregnation and drying operations on bioactive compounds have been reviewed, focusing on the structure changes produced and its relationship on the product functionality, as well as on the parameters and the strategies used to quantify and increase the achieved functionality.
AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EMMER WHEAT VARIETIES
Authors: Lacko - Bartošová MagdalÃ©na , Čurná Veronika
Published: April 2015

Production parameters (number of productive tillers per m2, stem length, weight of grains per spike, TGW, share of glumes and yield) of four emmer wheat varieties – Agnone, Farvento, Molise sel Colli, Guardiaregia cultivated under the conditions of organic farming system in the south region of the Slovak republic during 2010 – 2011 and 2011 – 2012 growing seasons were evaluated. Weather conditions during experimental years showed higher influence on selected production parameters than tasted varieties. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between varieties only in parameters: weight of grains per spike and TGW. The average theoretical yield of emmer wheat varieties was 7.09t.ha-1, TGW averaging about 47.67 g, average weight of grains per spike was 1.63 g. The stem length varying from 84.78 cm to 87.65 cm, average share of glumes was 28.16 %. Numbers of productive tillers was averaging about 445 per m2. Generally spoken, emmer wheat varieties are suitable for organic farming from the point of its morphological features.
NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EMMER WHEAT VARIETIES
Authors: Lacko - Bartošová MagdalÃ©na , Čurná Veronika
Published: April 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional compounds (fat, sugars, crude protein, soluble fiber, ash and starch) of four emmer wheat varieties grown under the conditions of organic farming system. The experiment was established on Scientific Research base Dolná Malanta, near Nitra in Slovakia during 2010 – 2011 and 2011 – 2012 growing seasons. Nutritional parameters, except crude protein content, were not influenced by the variety and weather conditions. Agnone variety had the highest content of fat, crude protein and starch but the lowest content of soluble dietary fiber. The lowest values of fat, crude protein had Molise sel Colli variety; Farvento variety had the lowest sugars and starch content. Emmer wheat as ancient wheat has a unique composition in secondary components, such as starch, which may play a role as functional food ingredients.
Um debate acerca da origem da Geografia Escolar no Brasil
Authors: Albuquerque Maria Adailza Martins de
Published: April 2015

Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir a origem da Geografia escolar brasileira, buscando reconfigurar o papel das províncias neste processo e nos contrapor a posição de autores que estabeleceram como marco de origem dessa disciplina a fundação do Colégio Pedro II. Para dar continuidade a pesquisa que pretendemos construir para fundamentar a nossa posição discutiremos a possibilidade de criação de uma rede de pesquisadores para trabalhar com temáticas relativas à Geografia escolar, na busca de compreender a contribuição das províncias do Nordeste na constituição histórica dessa disciplina no século XIX.
A livraria de Antonio Cazimiro Leite (1794)
Authors: Santos Vera Maria dos
Published: April 2015

Em Sergipe os livreiros e leitores coloniais deixaram poucos indicativos acerca dos seus livros e das suas leituras. Entretanto, através de seus inventários post-mortem podemos recuperar os indícios dos mesmos. A proposta deste artigo, sob os auspícios do inventário post-mortem de Jozefa Maria de Siqueira, falecida em 1794, é a de compor o perfil do seu marido e inventariante, o livreiro Antonio Cazimiro Leite, morador da cidade de São Cristóvão da Capitania de Sergipe Del Rey, que tinha em sua livraria quinhentos livros. Esse inventário, tratado mediante o crivo da história cultural e do entendimento de Darnton (1990) que tem o livreiro como um agente cultural, importante no processo de difusão e de circulação dos materiais impressos, nos dá subsídios para a compreensão da existência de um mercado consumidor desses bens culturais no século XVIII.
A gramática de Castro e o ensino de Língua Inglesa para fins comerciais (1759)
Authors: Teles Thadeu Vinícius Souza
Published: April 2015

Este texto estuda a institucionalização do ensino de língua inglesa em Portugal e na América Portuguesa, através da análise do compêndio Grammatica Lusitano-Anglica & Lusitano-Anglica ou Grammatica Nova, Ingleza e Portugueza, e Portugueza e Ingleza (1759), escrita por Jacob Castro e lançada em Londres em 1731. A necessidade da aprendizagem da língua inglesa se justificou diante do grande volume de transações comerciais mantidas entre portugueses e ingleses, especialmente após o Terremoto de Lisboa (1755), quando os sinais dos problemas econômicos e administrativos portugueses tornaram-se evidentes. As evidências de pesquisa indicam que tenha sido este o principal compêndio utilizado por um número significativo de comerciantes portugueses que precisavam da língua inglesa para seu exercício profissional. A partir de um suporte teórico que embasa a pesquisa, a presente reflexão se desenvolve sob a lente de Carvalho (1978), Howatt (1984), Oliveira (2006), Teles (2012) e Torre (1985). Desse modo, serão apresentadas e analisadas algumas representações de como este compêndio relacionou o ensino de língua inglesa e elementos comerciais em seus diálogos, textose listas de verbos e palavras, incentivando a sistematização da língua inglesa como disciplina escolar em Portugal e, consequentemente, no Brasil.
STUDING QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE RUNOFF COMING FROM RAILWAYS
Authors: STRELKOV A. K , TEPLYKh S. Yu , GORShKALEV P. A
Published: April 2015

The article provides the results of the research aimed at determining and studying quality characteristics, i.e. concentration of pollutants, of surface runoﬀ from railways. The research was made at Samara railway stations. The classification of railways is given according to ballast pollution which in its turn influences the concentration of pollutants in the surface runoﬀ. Criteria for putting the railway in the appropriate classification item have been worked out. There have been found and mathematically described the dependence of pollutants concentration in the surface runoﬀ from railway ballast pollution.
TECHNICAL SAFETY QUESTIONS OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS EXPLOITATION
Authors: YaKOVLEVA M. V , FROLOV E. A , ISAEV V. I , FROLOV A. E
Published: April 2015

The article deals with current questions related to security in the school sector in the city and in the countryside. On the example of a school located in Koshkinsky area the results of a survey of school complex are shown. Recommendations to strengthen the damaged structures and to ensure the safe operation of the school complex are proposed. Photos of the fragments school with injuries and after the reconstruction are provided.
FOREIGN AND RUSSIAN EARTHEN BUILDING EXPERIENCE
Authors: ChESNOKOVA D. M
Published: April 2015

The objects of research are the earth and unfired clay as building materials used for architectural forming. The article shows the research regarding the traditional techniques of foreign and Russian Earthen Architecture, which oﬀers a new development prospective of architecture of diﬀerent times. The usage of those techniques allowed the construction of energy-eﬃcient houses, which means that in spite of the weather conditions, the living standard in those houses is quite high and at the same time the use of heating and airconditioning systems is minimized. Building technologies and their historical development are viewed.
A CONCEPT OF REGULATION BUILDING IN THE SAMARA CITY HISTORICAL CENTER
Authors: VAVILONSKAYa T. V , ChERPAK N. V
Published: April 2015

Article focuses on issues related to the regulation of new development methodologies in the historical city center with the regular quarterly planning. On the example of Samara parameters are calculated allowable interference in the historical environment of the new buildings, while maintaining the existing system of dominance, accents, and other title of the city. The main attention is paid to the justification of the proposed methodology.
ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND HYDRAULIC FACILITIES CONDITIONOF LAKE MOLOCHKA ON THE CHERNAYA RIVER (ISAKLY DISTRICT, SAMARA REGION) BASED ON MONITORING RESULTS OF 2012
Authors: MEShchERYaKOVA Z. V , ERMAKOVA I. V , ORLOVA A. A , KARPOVA V. I
Published: April 2015

Natural observation material of environmental and hydraulic facilities conditions during 2012 was considered. Pressure and culvert facilities were visually examined. Conclusions were made and the recommendations were given for repairing and reconstructing the object in order to provide further reliable operation of environmental and hydraulic facilities.
EARTHEN BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES REWIEW
Authors: ChESNOKOVA D. M
Published: April 2015

Gn stage of the building are described in this article. There are: Earth-house, Mudbricks, Rammed Earth, Adobe, Cob, Rammed Earth Bricks, Bottle House, Rammed Earth Tire (Earthships), Straw House, Sandbags House etc. The usage of these techniques allowed the construction of energy-eﬃcient houses, which means that in spite of the weather conditions, the living standard in those houses was quite high and at the same time the use of heating and air-conditioning systems was minimized.
THEORETICAL MATTERS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS AND ADSORPTION AT PURIFICATING MULTICOMPONENT SOLUTIONS
Authors: BORONINA L. V
Published: April 2015

Traditional modern chemical technology methods for solution and liquid mixture component separation are based on the difference between physical and chemical parameters of components being separated (boiling point, solubility). The methods use the phenomenon of phase change. Thus to install the equipment for the processes is quite complicated and power-consuming.As the world population grows we face new problems,i.e. the shortage of drinking water. Different methods are applied for getting drinking water such as distillation and freezing out. Half of all the desalinated water is got by distillation. To solve the arisen problems by using the traditional methods of chemical technology is becoming more and more complicated. Methods of membrane separation have turned out to be promising in this respect.
MODELING OF THE CONSTRUCTIVE SCHEME OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR ITS INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE RELIABILITY
Authors: GORDEEVA T. E , USOL'TsEVA K. A
Published: April 2015

There is a hypothesis, that structural layout, which we choose on blueprint stage, have an impact on firstly building safety. In this way building constructions can be stability in the position for environment. Substantiation of structural designes were pursued. This designes will use for carry out numerical experiment, that analyze voltage fluctuation inside framings diﬀerent structural layout if environment and space planning decision is equal.
SPECIALITIES REPLANNING APARTMENT IN LARGE-PANEL HOUSE
Authors: GORDEEVA T. E
Published: April 2015

There is the speciality replanning apartment in largepanel frameless buildings by dismantling santehkabiny and combining the separate bathrooms in a single room. The need to keep the design features of the building except the temperature and humidity outside of the wall panel.
REFINEMENT OF THE CALCULATIONS AS A SAFETY IMPROVEMENT BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
Authors: MORDOVSKIY S. S
Published: April 2015

At each stage of the life of the building, there are opportunities to improve its safety. Refinement of the calculations is one of the main ways to improve the safety of building structures. We consider the deformation model using nonlinear stress-strain diagram of concrete. Based on the analysis of experiments domestic and foreign researchers is shown accuracy of the calculations for the developed algorithm.
Climate‐induced changes in river flow regimes will alter future bird distributions
Authors: Royan Alexander , Prudhomme Christel , Hannah David M. , Reynolds S. James , Noble David G. , Sadler Jonathan P.
Published: April 2015

Anthropogenic forcing of the climate is causing an intensification of the global water cycle, leading to an increase in the frequency and magnitude of floods and droughts. River flow shapes the ecology of riverine ecosystems and climate‐driven changes in river flows are predicted to have severe consequences for riverine species, across all levels of trophic organization. However, understanding species' responses to variation in flow is limited through a lack of quantitative modelling of hydroecological interactions. Here, we construct a Bioclimatic Envelope Model (BEM) ensemble based on a suite of plausible future flow scenarios to show how predicted alterations in flow regimes may alter the distribution of a predatory riverine species, the White‐throated Dipper (Cinclus cinclus). Models predicted a gradual diminution of dipper probability of occurrence between present day and 2098. This decline was most rapid in western areas of Great Britain and was principally driven by a projected decrease in flow magnitude and variability around low flows. Climate‐induced changes in river flow may, therefore, represent a previously unidentified mechanism by which climate change may mediate range shifts in birds and other riverine biota.
Long‐ and short‐term temporal variability in habitat selection of a top predator
Authors: Uboni Alessia , Smith Douglas W. , Mao Julie S. , Stahler Daniel R. , Vucetich John A.
Published: April 2015

Considerable theory explains the importance of understanding temporal variation in ecological processes. Nevertheless, long‐term variability in habitat selection is rarely assessed or even acknowledged. We explored temporal variability in the habitat selection of a top‐predator, the wolf (Canis lupus), at two time scales: interannual and seasonal variability. To do this, we developed resource utilization functions to relate wolf habitat selection to environmental variables in different years and seasons. We used radiotelemetry data collected from a wolf population in Yellowstone National Park during a 10‐year period (1998–2007) and added a Year variable in the models to account for interannual variation in the studied processes. We also used a three‐year data set (nested within the 10‐year data set) to incorporate additional variables in the models and test for differences in short‐ and long‐term patterns of habitat selection. Wolves exhibited seasonal variation in habitat selection with respect to distance from roads, elevation, openness, and habitat type. Habitat selection was considerably more complicated during the winter compared to summer, when wolves only selected habitat based on distance from roads. We detected clear patterns of habitat selection in the three‐year data set that could not be detected in the 10‐year data set, despite the longer data set had more statistical power for pattern detection. This observation is likely the result of the longer data set being comprised of several shorter‐term and countervailing patterns. This explanation is also consistent with having detected significant year effects in the 10‐year data set. Insomuch as habitat selection is important to conservation and management, this research is significant for demonstrating the different impressions that can be given by short‐term and long‐term studies. It may be common for short‐term data sets to suggest patterns of habitat selection that do not prevail over longer periods of time.
Carbon stable isotopes suggest that hippopotamus‐vectored nutrients subsidize aquatic consumers in an East African river
Authors: McCauley Douglas J. , Dawson Todd E. , Power Mary E. , Finlay Jacques C. , Ogada Mordecai , Gower Drew B. , Caylor Kelly , Nyingi Wanja D. , Githaiga John M. , Nyunja Judith , Joyce Francis H. , Lewison Rebecca L. , Brashares Justin S.
Published: April 2015

The common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius, transports millions of tons of organic matter annually from its terrestrial feeding grounds into aquatic habitats. We evaluated whether carbon stable isotopes (δ13C) can be used as tracers for determining whether H. amphibius‐vectored allochthonous material is utilized by aquatic consumers. Two approaches were employed to make this determination: (1) lab‐based feeding trials where omnivorous river fish were fed a H. amphibius dung diet and (2) field sampling of fish and aquatic insects in pools with and without H. amphibius. Lab trials revealed that fish fed exclusively H. amphibius dung exhibited significantly more positive δ13C values than fish not fed dung. Fish and aquatic insects sampled in a river pool used for decades by H. amphibius also exhibited more positive δ13C values at the end of the dry season than fish and insects sampled from an upstream H. amphibius‐free reference pool. Fish sampled in these same pools at the end of the wet season (high flow) showed no significant differences in δ13C values, suggesting that higher flows reduced retention and use of H. amphibius subsidies. These data provide preliminary evidence that δ13C values may be useful, in certain contexts, for quantifying the importance H. amphibius organic matter.