bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De l'idéal didactique aux déroulements réels en classe de mathématiques : le didactiquement correct, un enjeu de la formation des (futurs) enseignants (en collège et lycée) / From an idealistic didactical viewpoint to what really happens in classroom : the didactically correct as a challenge in (future secondary school) teachers' training
Authors: Robert Aline
Published: June 2010

Dans cet article, nous indiquons quelques exemples de propositions de séances de classe, tirées de recherches en didactique des mathématiques, qui s’avèrent très difficiles à mettre en œuvre. Nous précisons certaines de ces difficultés, repérées notamment dans des travaux sur les pratiques des professeurs d’école. Nous développons ainsi tous les obstacles qui peuvent se présenter pour un enseignant proposant un problème pour introduire une nouvelle notion. Nous terminons par des perspectives de recherches, sur les pratiques des enseignants et sur leur formation.
Un schéma théorique pour situer les activités avec des logiciels de simulation dans l'enseignement de la physique / A theoretical diagram for scientific activities with simulation software in physics learning
Authors: Beaufils Daniel , Richoux Bernard
Published: June 2010

Les logiciels de simulation sont considérés a priori comme des outils privilégiés pour l’étude des théories et modèles dans le cadre de l’enseignement secondaire et supérieur. Mais la diversité des logiciels est grande et les indications sur leur utilisation pédagogique sont souvent absentes. Sur la base d’études exploratoires, nous proposons un schéma théorique qui permet d’expliciter les spécificités de la simulation numérique et de ses utilisations pour l’apprentissage des modèles en sciences. Il permet, en retour, d’interpréter les difficultés rencontrées par les élèves et les étudiants, et de guider l’enseignant dans l’élaboration d’activités en cohérence avec les logiciels.
«Histoire et épistémologie des disciplines» Quel projet pour la formation des maîtres ? / «History and epistemology of subjects» Which project for teachers' education ?
Authors: Lebeaume Joël
Published: June 2010

Le but de cet article est de discuter les multiples ambiguïtés de l’introduction généralisée «de l’histoire et de l’épistémologie des disciplines» dans la formation professionnelle des enseignants en France. Après l’étude rétrospective des discours concernant ces contenus de formation, est soutenue l’idée que cette formation professionnelle initiale doit favoriser l’analyse anticipatrice ou réflexive des tâches d’enseignement-apprentissage selon quatre perspectives : la classe, l’élève, les références et le curriculum.
Utiliser des textes historiques dans l'enseignement des sciences physiques en classe de seconde des lycées français : compte rendu d'innovation / Using historical texts for the teaching of physics to French fifth form seconderay school / Historische Texte im Physikunterricht der 10. Klasse (Seconde) an französischen Gymnasien : Bericht über Neuerungen / Utilización de textos históricos en la enseñanza de las ciencias físicas en clase de 4e de E.S.O. de los liceos franceses del extranjero : relacion de innovación
Authors: Guedj Muriel
Published: June 2010

Cet article présente une proposition d’introduction d’éléments d’histoire de la physique en classe de seconde, en vue d’améliorer l’apprentissage de la mécanique. Nous nous sommes centrés sur l’exploitation en classe de quelques sources primaires dans un contexte didactique visant à développer des capacités de questionnement chez les élèves.
Didactique curriculaire et «éducation à... la santé, l'environnement et au développement durable» : quelles questions, quels repères ? / Didactic "curriculaire" and "education with... Health, environment and with the sustainable development" : which questions, which marks?
Authors: Lange Jean-Marc , Victor Patricia
Published: June 2010

Didactic "curriculaire" and "education with... Health, environment and with the sustainable development" : which questions, which marks ?

“Both health and environmental education as well as sustainable development awareness” represent new areas in teaching that offer the opportunity to study the interactions which exist between knowledge, how teachers view their role and the direction taken by the new syllabus. Related social problems, knowledge type and implementation make it thus crucial to take into account the relationship between subject matter and actor in a teaching situation. Identifying the importance of the social dimension in the sciences equally entails changing the educational objectives in teaching. Syllabus didactics is an area which attempts to do just that : determine and provide new reference points to implement change.
Pratique professionnelle et enseignement de la technique d'organigramme en architecture : problèmes de transposition didactique / Professional practice and diagram technique training in architecture education : "transposition didactique" problems
Authors: Lebahar Jean-Charles
Published: June 2010

Professional practice and diagram technique training in architecture education : "transposition didactique" problems .

This paper focuses on a case study in professional didactics field. Its aim is to underline the relevant indicators of a “transposition didactique” process (Chevallard & Johsua, 1991), in architectural design Education. Professional architects are used to use a general functional diagram model to organize data before drawing plan of a building. This article shows how this design graphic tool - functional diagram - is teached and learned in a studio of architecture school. The cognitive students' activity is observed and analysed during a buildings design exercise (university restaurant and cafeteria). The form of the didactic exercise conditions can be described as a “situation de devolution” (Brousseau, 1 998) : students organize their activity and carry their functional diagram without teacher’s advice. This study also underlines diagram operative representations and cognitive activity to build this diagram. These representations and activity are expressed by professional architects and students through their verbalizing and drawing acts. Three kinds of comparison are drawn : between two competences states (professional and students) ; between a taught model of graphic tool and a professional model of ; between the taught model and the really assimilated model by students. Finally, this analysis shows a functional diagram is a cognitive tool. This one doesn’t only structure the students’ activity in training situation, but it activates criticism reflexions and awareness about this activity. Functional diagram practice in a “situation de devolution” can be a good way for students, of assessing their own competences and interpretating the training situation in a constructive way.
L'écriture au service du «lire» dans une exposition de science : la littéracie muséale / Writing as part of "reading" activities in a science fair: museum literacy
Authors: Triquet Eric
Published: June 2010

Le travail présenté propose d’explorer la notion de «littéracie muséale» à la fois sur le plan théorique et du point de vue de sa mise en pratique. Il nous conduit d’une part à questionner l’exposition de science comme «fait de langage », d’autre part à aborder l’écriture comme un outil au service de la «lecture » de cette exposition. La première partie de notre article tente ainsi de caractériser cette lecture singulière et de définir les écrits qui peuvent lui être associés. La seconde présente des résultats tirés d’une recherche menée avec des élèves de fin d’école primaire. Sont discutés ici les apports respectifs de deux types d’écrits : des écrits tabulaires de type «liste» et des «cartels de vitrine». Pointant les limites de l'un et de l’autre, la conclusion est l’occasion d’envisager un recours à d’autres écrits et d’opérer un retour sur la notion de littéracie muséale.
La progressivité des notions dans les programmes de l'éducation technologique / The progressiveness of the notions in the curriculums of technology teaching
Authors: Paindorge Martine
Published: June 2010

The progressiveness of the notions in the curriculums of technology teaching .

The research work herein examines the progressive nature of the notions used in technology from elementary school to high school. The analysis of the curriculum of the grades 4 to 10 allows to identify potential progressiveness based on eight groups formed by the majority of the notions found in the official texts and gathered around a central notion. Among them, we find cost, company, process, quality that make a network around ‘product’ whereas organization and information would make another around ‘ystem’.
Point de vue sur le nouveau programme science et technologie du secondaire au Québec : regards croisés sur les enjeux de part et d'autre de l'Atlantique / Focusing on Quebec's new science and technology curriculum in high school : a glance at what is at stake on both sides of the Atlantic
Authors: Barma Sylvie
Published: June 2010

Betrachtungen fiber das neue Programm Wissenschaft und Technologie in der Sekundarstufe in Quebec : Gesichtspunkte fiber das, was diesseits und jenseits des Atlantiks auf dem Spiel steht .

Die Ausführung des neuen Programms Wissenschaft und Technologie in der Sekundarstufe in Quebec findet im weiteren Kontext der kurrikularischen Reformen im Abendland statt. Im Hinblick auf eine historische Perspektive und auf den Stand der Forschung im Bereich der wissenschaftlichen Erziehung stellen wir Gesichtspunkte über mehrere Aspekte vor, die anscheindend sowohl in Quebec als auch in Europa auf dem Spiel stehen. Wir denken an den zunehmenden Trend, eine kompetenzbezogene Vorgehensweise in den Vordergrund zu stellen, an die Minimisierung der Bedeutung der Inhaltstoffe, die im Curriculum der wissenschaftlichen Fächer stehen, und an die Einführung einer fachübergreifenden Lehrpraktik. Wir ziehen Parallelen zwischen den fachbezogenen Kompetenzen des Lehrplans in Quebec und dem Vorgang der wissenschaftlichen Forschung / Experimentierung, auf den sich europäische Lehrpläne beziehen. Wie der Name schon sagt, sieht das Programm in Quebec vor, die Technologie in die wissenschaftliche Erziehung zu integrieren. Handelt es sich aber tatsächlich urn eine Integration ? Wir denken auch über epistemologische Betrachtungen nach, die mit den didaktischen Praktiken im Kontext des wissenschaftlichen Unterrichts verbunden sind und werfen schließlich einige Fragen in Bezug auf die Lehrerausbildung auf.
Jeux épistémiques et modélisation en classe ordinaire : les séismes au cours moyen / Epistemic games and modelling in ordinary classrooms: the study of earthquakes in primary school
Authors: Santini Jérôme
Published: June 2010

Nous présentons dans cet article une recherche empirique sur l’étude des séismes à l’école élémentaire. Les séismes sont, par essence, un objet d’étude qui exclut l’expérimentation comme moyen d’enseignement et d’apprentissage. Corrélativement, nous identifions dans les séances observées des activités de modélisation. Nous développons la notion de jeu épistémique qui nous permet de produire une analyse didactique qui rend compte de la construction des éléments du modèle et de son évolution dans la classe. Puis, nous reprenons notre analyse en terme de milieu pour la modélisation dans l’enseignement et l’apprentissage des sciences.
Le modèle particulaire au collège : fluctuations des programmes et apports de l'histoire des sciences / The particle model: changes in the curricula and the contribution of the history of science
Authors: Brehelin Danie , Guedj Muriel
Published: June 2010

The particle model : changes in the curricula and the contribution of the history of science .

This article starts with a report and ends with a proposal. In the first part, we will highlight the fact that the order in which the main concepts, models and symbols - related to micro-macro interface (particles, atoms, molecules, chemical species, etc - are introduced in the French middle school chemistry curricula (for 11-to-15 year-old students) reveals a lot of hesitations on the part of curriculum makers. One of the biggest problems is linked to the modelling of microscopic aspects of matter which is broached first or right after the macroscopic aspects.

In the second part, we will suggest a teaching sequence based on elements of the history of science that allow us to broach different concepts while promoting questioning, a requisite for learning. Once the notions of models, particles and continuous/discontinuous have been understood the way they have been introduced, we believe that the students will be able to follow basic lessons of chemistry whatever the order in which the concepts are introduced.
L'appropriation des « objets de savoir » relatifs aux titrages acide-base par les élèves et les étudiants tunisiens / Tunisian students appropriating "objects of knowledge" relating to acid-base titration
Authors: Ouertatani Latifa , Dumon Alain
Published: June 2010

Die Erwerbung der «Wissensobjekte» in Zusammenhang mit der Säure-Base-Titration durch tunesische Schüler und Studenten.

In dieser Arbeit nehmen wir uns vor, die Wissensobjekte zu vergleichen, die tunesische Schüler der Terminale (12. Klasse) und Studenten im ersten Studienjahr erworben haben, um die Säure-Base-Titration zu beschreiben. Sind sie imstande, die verschiedenen symbolischen Figurationen (Reaktiongleichung, Verlaufkurve der pH-Messung, numerische Beziehungen) mit den Gesetzen und Theorien der chemischen Sprache zu verbinden ? Wie bewegen sie sich zwischen dem empirischen Bezugspunkt und der Welt der Theorien und Modelle ? Benutzen sie einen alternativen Gedankengang und/oder alternative Auffassungen ?

Die Ergebnisse erlauben uns zu sagen, dass mehrere Studenten die Wissensobjekte in Zusammenhang mit der Säure-Base-Titration erworben haben, ohne sie jedoch wirklich wissenschaftlich erfasst zu haben. Sie stürzen sich in Errechnungen und Interpretationen, ohne über die Zusammensetzung des chemischen Systems nachzudenken. Dieses partielle Verstehen scheint, aus der Unfähigkeit zu kommen, das empirische Bezugspunkt mit der Welt der Theorien und Vorbilder zu verbinden. Einige von ihnen benutzen dann einen alternativen Gedankengang Oder alternative Auffassungen, um unsere Fragen zu beantworten.
Les sciences dans l'enseignement secondaire / Scientific Education in Secondary Schools
Authors: Fourez Gérard
Published: June 2010

Après avoir déploré la rareté d’études sur l’articulation entre l’enseignement des sciences et les autres disciplines, l’article examine les positions des acteurs sociaux liés à la crise de l’éducation scientifique. Il expose ensuite une liste de controverses et de polarisations liées aux conceptions que l’on a de cet enseignement.
Observation de chemins suivis par les élèves dans l'apprentissage des bases de l'électrocinétique / Student's learning paths observation in basic electricity
Authors: Rouffiac-Missonnier Marie-France , Closset Jean-Louis
Published: June 2010

A didactic engineering approach about the teaching of electicity for a grade 10 class in France has led to the observation of the progressive stages of students’ learning paths. Previous analyses has led to test four hypotheses based upon the prerequisites’ mastery, a previous energetic approach of the electric circuit, a qualitative approach and an independent presentation of the required concepts. The implementation of all these, in the researcher’s class, first, in other classes in the same or in others academies, after, have led the discovery of :

-learning effective assistances such as a prerequisites’ mastery ora qualitative approach which is facilitated by relatively homogeneous classes and remedial work ;

-learning paths of the concept of intensity ;

-unresolved difficulties about the transition towards formalism ;

-the fact that these students have worked out a different knowledge.
L’expérience de Blaise Pascal au puy de Dôme : analyse des difficultés des étudiants de premier cycle universitaire et confrontation historique
Authors: Hosson Cécile de , Caillarec Bénédicte
Published: June 2010

En 1647, Blaise Pascal suggère d’élever le dispositif barométrique de Torricelli au sommet du puy de Dôme afin d’éprouver l’hypothèse de la «pesanteur de la masse de l’air» , forme primitive de ce qui deviendra la pression atmosphérique. Cette expérience, réalisée en 1648, s’inscrit sur fond de polémique autour de l’existence du vide et va faire l’objet d’interprétations variées. Ainsi, l’hypothèse de la pesanteur de la masse de l’air comme cause des variations observées au cours de l’ascension du puy de Dôme est loin de faire l’unanimité parmi les savants du XVIIe siècle. Nous retrouvons une difficulté analogue chez des étudiants ayant pourtant reçu un enseignement de statique des fluides. L’enquête que nous présentons dans cet article montre que ces derniers peinent à considérer le dispositif torricellien comme un dispositif en interaction avec l’air atmosphérique.
Intégration conceptuelle des équilibres acide-base par les étudiants français préparant le CAPES
Authors: Ganaras Kostas , Dumon Alain
Published: June 2010

Le but de cette étude descriptive est d’analyser dans quelle mesure des futurs enseignants de physique-chimie du secondaire ont intégré le concept d’équilibre chimique pour interpréter diverses situations du champ empirique des transformations de type acide-base. Une recherche à l’aide d’un questionnaire papier crayon a été effectuée auprès d’étudiants français préparant le CAPES. Les résultats montrent que, pour le référent empirique utilisé, l’intégration conceptuelle des équilibres acide-base reste faible. Le savoir relatif à ces équilibres n’est pas devenu opérant et les connaissances théoriques restent partiellement déconnectées des connaissances expérimentales pour de nombreux futurs enseignants
Laboratory simulation for the aqueous OH-oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein: significance to the in-cloud SOA production
Authors: Zhang X. , Chen Z. M. , Zhao Y.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Increasing evidence suggests that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is formed through aqueous phase reactions in atmospheric clouds. In the present study, the aqueous oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR) via OH radical were investigated under conditions typical of cloud droplets, with an emphasis on the composition and variation of oxygenated organic products. In addition to the small products, high-molecular-weight compounds (HMCs) with an oligomer system was found, interpreted as the ion abundance and time evolution. We observed the SOA yields of 23.8% and 8.8% from MVK–OH and MACR–OH reactions, respectively, for the entire 7 h experiment. Our results provide, for the first time to our knowledge, experimental evidence that aqueous OH-oxidation of MVK contributes to SOA formation. Further, a mechanism primarily involving radical processes was proposed to gain a basic understanding of these two reactions. Based on the assumed mechanism, a specific box model was developed for comparison with the experimental results. The model reproduced the observed profiles of first-generation intermediates, but failed to simulate the kinetics of most organic acids mainly due to the lack of chemical kinetics parameters for HMCs. A sensitivity analysis was performed in terms of the effect of reaction branching ratios on oxalic acid yields and the result indicates that additional pathways involving HMCs chemistry might play an important role in the formation of oxalic acid. We suggest that corresponding experiments are needed for better understanding the behavior of multi-functional products and their contribution to the oxalic acid formation.
Chemical composition and aerosol size distribution of the middle mountain range in the Nepal Himalayas during the 2009 pre-monsoon season
Authors: Shrestha P. , Barros A. P. , Khlystov A.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Aerosol particle number size distribution and chemical composition were measured at two low altitude sites, one urban and one relatively pristine valley, in Central Nepal during the 2009 pre-monsoon season (May–June). This is the first time that aerosol size distribution and chemical composition were measured simultaneously at lower elevation in the Middle Himalayan region in Nepal. The aerosol size distribution was measured using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS, 14~340 nm), and the chemical composition of the filter samples collected during the field campaign was analyzed in the laboratory. Teflon membrane filters were used for ion chromatography (IC) and water-soluble organic carbon and nitrogen analysis. Quartz fiber filters were used for organic carbon and elemental carbon analysis. Multi-lognormal fits to the measured aerosol size distribution indicated a consistent larger mode around 100 nm which is usually the oldest, most processed background aerosol. The smaller mode was located around 20 nm, which is indicative of fresh but not necessarily local aerosol. The diurnal cycle of the aerosol number concentration showed the presence of two peaks (early morning and evening), during the transitional period of boundary layer growth and collapse. The increase in number concentration during the peak period was observed for the entire size distribution. Although the possible contribution of local emissions in size ranges similar to the larger mode cannot be completely ruled out, another plausible explanation is the mixing of aged elevated aerosol in the residual layer during the morning period as suggested by previous studies. Similarly, the evening time concentration peaks when the boundary layer becomes shallow concurrent with increase in local activity. A decrease in aerosol number concentration was observed during the nighttime with the development of cold (downslope) mountain winds that force the low level warmer air in the valley to rise. The mountain valley wind mechanisms induced by the topography along with the valley geometry appear to have a strong control in the diurnal cycle of the aerosol size distribution. During the sampling period, the chemical composition of PM2.5 was dominated by organic matter at both sites. Organic carbon (OC) comprised the major fraction (64~68%) of the aerosol concentration followed by ionic species (24~26% mainly SO42- and NH4+). Elemental Carbon (EC) compromised 7~10% of the total composition. A large fraction of OC was found to be water soluble (nearly 27% at both sites).
Numerical study of the October 2007 flash flood in the Valencia region (Eastern Spain): the role of orography
Authors: Pastor F. , Gómez I. , Estrela M. J.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. A torrential rain event took place in the Valencia region in October 2007, mainly affecting coastal areas and nearby mountains in the center-south of the region, in northern Alicante province. More than 400 mm in 24 h were recorded at some stations in these areas, with lower accumulations in the rest of the region where rainfall was less intense. In the first part of this work a description of the meteorological situation is given. The synoptic frame of the event is characterised by an advection of easterly maritime winds across the Western Mediterranean, lasting for at least 48 h, driving moist air towards the Iberian Peninsula eastern coast and the presence of an upper level isolated low over Eastern Iberian Peninsula. Then, the results of numerical simulations using the Regional Atmospheric Modelling System model are shown to study the rain event in detail. The Regional Atmospheric Modelling System reproduces satisfactorily the spatial distribution of the rainfall and the rain period, but it underestimates precipitation in the areas with the most intense values. Finally, a sensitivity test was performed in order to evaluate the role of orography in the rain event, showing the importance of orography as a triggering mechanism.
Simulation of space-borne tsunami detection using GNSS-Reflectometry applied to tsunamis in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Stosius R. , Beyerle G. , Helm A. , Hoechner A. , Wickert J.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Within the German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System project GITEWS (Rudloff et al., 2009), a feasibility study on a future tsunami detection system from space has been carried out. The Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an innovative way of using reflected GNSS signals for remote sensing, e.g. sea surface altimetry. In contrast to conventional satellite radar altimetry, multiple height measurements within a wide field of view can be made simultaneously. With a dedicated Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellation of satellites equipped with GNSS-R, densely spaced sea surface height measurements could be established to detect tsunamis. This simulation study compares the Walker and the meshed comb constellation with respect to their global reflection point distribution. The detection performance of various LEO constellation scenarios with GPS, GLONASS and Galileo as signal sources is investigated. The study concentrates on the detection performance for six historic tsunami events in the Indian Ocean generated by earthquakes of different magnitudes, as well as on different constellation types and orbit parameters. The GNSS-R carrier phase is compared with the PARIS or code altimetry approach. The study shows that Walker constellations have a much better reflection point distribution compared to the meshed comb constellation. Considering simulation assumptions and assuming technical feasibility it can be demonstrated that strong tsunamis with magnitudes (M) ≥8.5 can be detected with certainty from any orbit altitude within 15–25 min by a 48/8 or 81/9 Walker constellation if tsunami waves of 20 cm or higher can be detected by space-borne GNSS-R. The carrier phase approach outperforms the PARIS altimetry approach especially at low orbit altitudes and for a low number of LEO satellites.
Analysis of Serine‐Threonine Kinase Specificity Using Arrayed Positional Scanning Peptide Libraries
Authors: Chen Catherine , Turk Benjamin E.
Published: June 2010

Protein kinases vary substantially in their consensus phosphorylation motifs, the residues that are either preferred or deselected by the kinase at specific positions surrounding the phosphorylation site. The protocol described here is used to rapidly determine phosphorylation motifs for serine‐threonine kinases. The procedure involves screening an arrayed combinatorial peptide library consisting of 198 biotinylated substrates. Peptides are phosphorylated by the kinase of interest in the presence of radiolabeled ATP and then captured on streptavidin membrane. The membrane is subsequently washed, dried, and exposed to a phosphor screen to visualize and quantify incorporation of radiolabel into the peptides. The phosphorylation motif is thereby derived from the relative extent of phosphorylation of each peptide in the array. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 91:18.14.1‐18.14.15. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases and Substrates
Authors: Mercan Fatih , Bennett Anton M.
Published: June 2010

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a reversible post‐translational modification that is essential for life in eukaryotic cells. The combinatorial action of both protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) determines the net level of cellular tyrosine phosphorylation. This unit discusses methods to determine the level of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and methods for discovering novel substrates for protein tyrosine phosphatases. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 91:18.16.1‐18.16.17. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Identification of Protoceratium reticulatum as the biogenetic origin of yessotoxin
Authors: Satake Masayuki , MacKenzie Lincoln , Yasumoto Takeshi
Published: June 2010

Yessotoxin (YTX), a disulfated polyether toxin, was isolated from cultured cells of the marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum and unambiguously identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography, 1H NMR, and MS data. The result is the first to confirm toxigenicity of this species and demonstrate it as one of the biogenetic origins of YTX found in shellfish. Nat. Toxins 5:164–167, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The microbial alkaloid toxin staurosporine blocks the phorbol ester–induced increase in β‐amyloid precursor protein in PC12 cells
Authors: Friedman Lilach Mira , Matsuda Yuzuru , Lazarovici Philip
Published: June 2010

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is abnormally cleaved during the progression of Alzheimer's disease, resulting in production of the toxic beta‐amyloid peptide, which forms neuritic plaques in the brain. To develop a pharmacological approach for treatment of Alzheimer's disease, natural compounds which may inhibit APP synthesis and/or beta‐amyloid production are required. Staurosporine, a toxin isolated from Streptomyces staurospores bacteria, is widely used as a protein kinase C inhibitor in signal transduction research. Using rat pheochromocytoma PC12 sympathetic neurons, which express APP, we characterised staurosporine effect on APP level by western blotting, using an anti‐APP monoclonal antibody. PC12 APP levels were increased or decreased upon exposure to either 50–200 nM or 10–20 nM phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA, a protein kinase C activator), respectively. An apparent relationship was found between the change in APP level and a differential down regulation process of different PKC isoforms. The PMA‐induced increase in intracellular APP level was dose‐dependently inhibited by staurosporine (natural alkaloid) or GF 109203X (synthetic analogue), protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors. This inhibition was mainly observed upon treatment of the cells before the exposure to PMA. These results suggest PKC regulation of APP levels in PC12 cells, and provide staurosporine as a leader compound for the development of drugs to control the expression of APP in Alzheimer's research. Nat. Toxins 5:173–179, 1997. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative toxicity of allelochemicals and their enzymatic oxidation products to maize fungal pathogens, emphasizing Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Dowd Patrick F. , Duvick Jonathan P. , Rood Tracy
Published: June 2010

A series of stable quinones and their precursors, and enzymatic oxidation products of plant allelochemicals were tested for their effect on maize fungal pathogens, primarily Fusarium graminearum. Benzoquinone was typically significantly more toxic than hydroquinone, while 1,2‐naphthoquinone was typically significantly more toxic than 1,2‐dihydroxynaphthalene. Aspergillus flavus was the most resistant fungus to these compounds, while Phoma medicaginis was the most susceptible. Applying tyrosinase in conjunction with several phenolic compounds only increased the toxicity of gallic acid to Fusarium graminearum. Applying peroxidase generally increased toxicity of all compounds tested to this fungus in a dose‐dependent fashion. Ferulic acid was generally the most toxic compound, both alone and when combined with peroxidase and H2O2, followed by coumaric acid. These results suggest that enzymatic oxidation of plant allelochemicals may result in the generation of products that either are directly toxic to maize pathogens, or indirectly inhibitory due to their ability to tie up nutrients. Nat. Toxins 5:180–185, 1997. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toxicological evaluation of myristicin
Authors: Hallström Helena , Thuvander Ann
Published: June 2010

Myristicin, or methoxysafrole, is the principal aromatic constituent of the volatile oil of nutmeg, the dried ripe seed of Myristica fragrans. Myristicin is also found in several members of the carrot family (Umbelliferae). Several intoxications have been reported after an ingestion of approximately 5 g of nutmeg, corresponding to 1–2 mg myristicin/kg body weight (b.w.). Although these intoxications may be ascribed to the actions of myristicin, it is likely that other components of nutmeg may also be involved. The metabolism of myristicin resembles that of safrole. No information is available, however, concerning the quantitative importance of the different metabolic pathways. The acute toxicity of myristicin appears to be low. No toxic effects were observed in rats administered myristicin perorally at a dose of 10 mg/kg b.w., while 6–7 mg/kg b.w. may be enough to cause psychopharmacological effects in man. A weak DNA‐binding capacity has been demonstrated, but there are no indications that myristicin exerts carcinogenic activity in short‐term assays using mice. Intake estimations indicate that nonalcoholic drinks may be the most important single source of myristicin intake. Based on available data, it seems unlikely that the intake of myristicin from essential oils and spices in food, estimated to a few mg per person and day in this report, would cause adverse effects in humans. It is, however, at present not possible to make a complete risk assessment, as studies regarding genotoxicity and chronic toxicity, including reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity, are still lacking. Nat. Toxins 5:186–192, 1997. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia following rituximab treatment in Wegener's granulomatosis
Authors: Hugle Boris , Solomon Melinda , Harvey Elizabeth , James Adrian , Wadhwa Anupma , Amin Reshma , Bell‐Peter Audrey , Benseler Susanne
Published: June 2010

Objective

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a devastating small‐vessel vasculitis in children. Standard treatment consists of immunosuppressive medications with cyclophosphamide potentially associated with significant infectious side effects, including Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP). Recently, rituximab, a monoclonal antibody against B cells, has successfully been used in refractory disease.

Methods

We describe the first pediatric patient with refractory WG with sinus and lung disease who developed PCP 6 months after treatment with rituximab, while being treated with methotrexate and prednisone. This 9‐year‐old child had no CD20+ B cells at time of infection, with normal lymphocyte and CD4 counts.

Results

This study provides a review of the published literature, including current protocols, which suggest chemoprophylaxis only in WG patients receiving T cell–targeted immunosuppression such as cyclophosphamide. However, clinical and laboratory evidence points toward a possible role of B cells in the defense against PCP.

Conclusion

Routine PCP chemoprophylaxis should be strongly considered in patients with WG treated with rituximab.
Nanogold‐Loaded Sharp‐Edged Carbon Bullets as Plant‐Gene Carriers
Authors: Vijayakumar Periyasamy S. , Abhilash Othalathara U. , Khan Bashir M. , Prasad Bhagavatula L. V.
Published: June 2010

The higher DNA delivery efficiency into plants by gold nanoparticles embedded in sharp carbonaceous carriers is demonstrated. These nanogold‐embedded carbon matrices are prepared by heat treatment of biogenic intracellular gold nanoparticles. The DNA‐delivery efficiency is tested on a model plant, Nicotiana tabacum, and is further extended to the monocot, Oryza sativa, and a hard dicot tree species, Leucaena leucocephala. These materials reveal good dispersion of the transport material, producing a greater number of GUS foci per unit area. The added advantages of the composite carrier are the lower plasmid and gold requirements. Plant‐cell damage with the carbon‐supported particles is very minimal and can be gauged from the increased plant regeneration and transformation efficiency compared with that of the commercial micrometer‐sized gold particles. This is ascribed to the sharp edges that the carbon supports possess, which lead to better piercing capabilities with minimum damage.
A Gene Therapy Technology‐Based Biomaterial for the Trigger‐Inducible Release of Biopharmaceuticals in Mice
Authors: Kämpf Michael M. , Christen Erik H. , Ehrbar Martin , Baba Marie Daoud‐El , Hamri Ghislaine Charpin‐El , Fussenegger Martin , Weber Wilfried
Published: June 2010

Gene therapy scientists have developed expression systems for therapeutic transgenes within patients, which must be seamlessly integrated into the patient's physiology by developing sophisticated control mechanisms to titrate expression levels of the transgenes into the therapeutic window. However, despite these efforts, gene‐based medicine still faces security concerns related to the administration of the therapeutic transgene vector. Here, molecular tools developed for therapeutic transgene expression can readily be transferred to materials science to design a humanized drug depot that can be implanted into mice and enables the trigger‐inducible release of a therapeutic protein in response to a small‐molecule inducer. The drug depot is constructed by embedding the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF121) as model therapeutic protein into a hydrogel consisting of linear polyacrylamide crosslinked with a homodimeric variant of the human FK‐binding protein 12 (FM), originally developed for gene therapeutic applications, as well as with dimethylsuberimidate. Administrating increasing concentrations of the inducer molecule FK506 triggers the dissociation of FM thereby loosening the hydrogel structure and releasing the VEGF121 payload in a dose‐adjustable manner. Subcutaneous implantation of the drug depot into mice and subsequent administration of the inducer by injection or by oral intake triggers the release of VEGF121 as monitored in the mouse serum. This study is the first demonstration of a stimuli‐responsive hydrogel that can be used in mammals to release a therapeutic protein on demand by the application of a small‐molecule stimulus. This trigger‐inducible release is a starting point for the further development of externally controlled drug depots for patient‐compliant administration of biopharmaceuticals.
Variation at the GABAA receptor gene, Rho 1 (GABRR1) associated with susceptibility to bipolar schizoaffective disorder
Authors: Green Elaine K. , Grozeva Detelina , Moskvina Valentina , Hamshere Marian L. , Jones Ian R. , Jones Lisa , Forty Liz , Caesar Sian , Gordon‐Smith Katherine , Fraser Christine , Russell Ellie , St Clair David , Young Allan H. , Ferrier Nicol , Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Holmans Peter A. , Owen Michael J. , O'Donovan Michael C. , Craddock Nick
Published: June 2010

We have previously reported evidence that variation at GABAA receptor genes is associated with susceptibility to bipolar disorder with schizophrenia‐like psychotic features (Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type) with gene‐wide significance at GABRB1, GABRA4, GABRB3, GABRA5, and GABRR3. Here we provide suggestive evidence implicating a sixth member of the gene family, GABRR1 (gene‐wide P = 0.0058; experiment‐wide corrected significance P = 0.052). © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[(CH3)5C5Sn(C5H5N)]+: Synthese, Struktur und Bindungsverhältnisse
Authors: Jutzi Peter , Kohl Franz , Krüger Carl , Wolmershäuser Gotthelf , Hofmann Peter , Stauffert Peter
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 25. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198200250
2,4,6‐Cycloheptatrienylidenmalondialdehyd (8,8‐Diformylheptafulven)
Authors: Reichardt Christian , Yun Kyeong‐Yeol
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 113. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198201130
Triferrocenylamin, NFc3
Authors: Herberhold Max , Ellinger Max , Thewalt Ulf , Stollmaier Friederike
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 98. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198200980
Aktivierung von Silanen an einem Rutheniumcluster: Synthese, Charakterisierung und katalytische Wirkung des Clusteranions [HRu3(CO)10(SiEt3)2]−
Authors: Süß‐Fink Georg
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 71. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198200710
Methylen‐Verbrückung zweier Goldatome durch doppelte oxidative Addition von Methylenhalogeniden an einen cyclischen Ylid‐Komplex
Authors: Jandik Petr , Schubert Ulrich , Schmidbaur Hubert
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 1. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198200010
Oxanickelacyclopenten‐Derivate aus Nickel(0), Kohlendioxid und Alkinen
Authors: Burkhart Georg , Hoberg Heinz
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 147. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198201470
α,β‐ungesättigte Ketone durch kathodische Addition von Benzotrichlorid an Ketone
Authors: Steiniger Michael , Schäfer Hans J.
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 137. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198201370
Carbonylcyclopropane (Cyclopropylidenmethanone): Erzeugung und Stereochemie der Cyclodimerisierung zu Dispiro[2.1.2.1]octan‐4,8‐dionen
Authors: Hoffmann H. M. R. , Wulff Jan Michael , Kütz Angela , Wartchow Rudolf
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 17. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198200170
Das Norbornyl‐Kation: Prototyp eines 1,3‐verbrückten Carbokations
Authors: Grob Cyril A.
Published: June 2010

Die vieldiskutierte Frage, ob 2‐Norbornyl‐Kationen intramolekular verbrückt oder unverbrückt, d. h. „nicht‐klassisch”︁ oder „klassisch”︁ sind, kann in dieser Form nicht mehr gestellt werden; es bestehen vielmehr fließende Übergänge zwischen diesen Grenzfällen, wie die Untersuchung der Solvolyse 6‐substituierter 2‐Norbornyl‐sulfonate gezeigt hat. Norbornyl‐ und andere bicyclische Carbokationen, bei denen der Angriff nucleophiler Lösungsmittel gehindert ist, können durch Verbrückung zwischen dem kationischen Zentrum und einem gesättigten Kohlenstoffatom in β‐Stellung stabilisiert werden. Das Ausmaß hängt von der (damit verbundenen) Verbrückungsspannung ab.
Probleme der wirtschaftlichen Verwertung von Ergebnissen der Grundlagenforschung (Entdeckungen, Erfindungen, Patente, Lizenzen)
Authors: Beier Friedrich‐Karl
Published: June 2010

Trotz hoher Aufwendungen für die Grundlagenforschung in den Naturwissenschaften und ihrer unbestrittenen Bedeutung für die technologische Entwicklung findet das dort produzierte Wissen nur mühsam und verzögert den Weg in die industrielle Praxis. Auch bei unveränderter Zielrichtung der Grundlagenforschung werden mehr und mehr wirtschaftlich verwertbare Ergebnisse erhalten. Es ist im Interesse der Allgemeinheit und der Wissenschaftler selbst, daß solche Forschungsergebnisse nicht nur den Erkenntnisstand der Wissenschaft erhöhen und verbreitern, sondern bestmöglich in die innovative Praxis übergeführt werden. Eine intensivierte Patent‐ und Lizenzpolitik für Wissenschaftler‐Erfindungen ist hierfür ein geeignetes Mittel.
Vom Formyl‐ zum Methylkomplex
Authors: Berke Heinz , Weiler Gertrud
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 214. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198202140
Der Effekt eines anellierten Cyclobuten‐ oder Cyclobutadienrings auf das Norcaradien‐Cycloheptatrien‐Gleichgewicht
Authors: Klärner Frank‐Gerrit , Schmidt Eckhart K. G. , Rahman Mahmoud A. Abdel
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 331. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198203310
Zum Problem der Antiaromatizität von 1,3‐Cyclobutadien: Thermische Valenzisomerisierung des Tricyclo[5.2.0.03,5]nona‐1,6,8‐trien‐Systems
Authors: Klärner Frank‐Gerrit , Schmidt Eckhart K. G. , Rahman Mahmoud A. Abdel , Kollmar Herbert
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 338. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198203380
Selektiver Einschluß ungeladener Gastmoleküle durch neutrale Wirtmoleküle mit Zaun‐bildenden Seitenarmen
Authors: Vögtle Fritz , Müller Walter M.
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 185. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198201850
Eine stereospezifische Synthese von (S,S)‐Palythazin aus D‐Glucose
Authors: Jarglis Pan , Lichtenthaler Frieder W.
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 175. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198201750
Das Dianion 1,2‐Diphenylbenzocyclobutadiendiid
Authors: Boche Gernot , Etzrodt Heinz , Marsch Michael , Thiel Walter
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 345. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198203450
Nicht‐ebene Strukturen von Allyl‐ und Pentadienylmetall‐Verbindungen: Faltung zur besseren Ladungsverteilung?
Authors: Schlosser Manfred , Stähle Manfred
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 198. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198201980
Synthese und Struktur von Schwefelanionen mit der Koordinationszahl 3
Authors: Roesky Herbert W. , Schmieder Wilfried , Isenberg Wilhelm , Böhler Dieter , Sheldrick George M.
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 269. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198202690
Mangan‐Komplexe mit „end‐on”︁‐ und spirocyclischgebundenen σ3, λ5‐Phosphazen‐Liganden
Authors: Scherer Otto J. , Kerth Jürgen , Balbach Barbara K. , Ziegler Manfred L.
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 169. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198201690
Ambivalentes Koordinationsverhalten von Lithiumtetrahydridoaluminat bei Elektronentransfer‐Reaktionen
Authors: Kaim Wolfgang
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 298. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198202980
„Bichromocenylen”︁: Ein Sandwich mit teilweise entkoppelten Elektronen
Authors: Köhler Frank Herwig , Doll Karl Heinz , Prößdorf Wolfram , Müller Jörn
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 283. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198202830
Aktuelle Probleme der Biosynthese des roten Blutfarbstoffs
Authors: Franck Burchard
Published: June 2010

Die Biosynthese des roten Blutfarbstoffs Häm verläft über den Schlüsselbaustein Uroporphyrinogen III. In‐vivo‐Untersuchungen mit spezifisch 14C‐ und 3H‐markierten Vorstufen zeigten, daß sich Uroporphyrinogen III im Organismus auf mehreren Haupt‐ und Nebenwegen bildet. Modellversuche nach dem Vorbild der Biosynthese führten zu einfachen, leistungsfähigen Synthesen für Uroporphyrin‐Analoga sowie zur Erkenntnis, daß deren Bildung thermodynamisch stark begünstigt ist. Die solcherart verfügbaren, biologisch relevanten Porphyrine ermöglichen eine mechanistische Erklärung der lichtinduzierten Dermatosen bei Porphyrie‐Erkrankungen und legen aussichtsreiche medizinische Anwendungen für Diagnose und Therapie nahe.
Lichtinduzierte Aktivierung von 7‐Dehydrocholesterin
Authors: Schmitt‐Rau Karlheinz , Wilk Manfred
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 846. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198208460
Cu‐H2‐Photochemie in der Matrix; ESR‐, FTIR‐ und UV/VIS‐spektroskopische sowie kinetische Untesuchungen
Authors: Ozin Geoffrey A. , Mitchell Steven A. , García‐Prieto Jamie
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 785. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198207850
β,ϵ‐Dioxophosphonate durch reduktive nucleophile Acylierung von 1,3‐Dioxoverbindungen: Einfache Synthese von Jasmonen
Authors: Altenbach Hans‐Josef , Korff Rainer
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 777. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198207770
N‐(Pentafluor‐λ6‐sulfanyl)iminoschwefeltetrafluorid durch Reaktion von Thiazyltrifluorid mit Fluor
Authors: Waterfeld Alfred , Mews Rüdiger
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 827. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198208270
Bis(pentafluor‐λ6‐sulfanyl)amine
Authors: Waterfeld Alfred , Oberhammer Heinz , Mews Rüdiger
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 834. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198208340
Synthese und Struktur des ersten Übergangsmetall‐Komplexes einer Phosphorverbindung mit direkter λ3P—λ5P‐Bindung
Authors: Gilje John W. , Sheldrick William S. , Weferling Norbert , Schmutzler Reinhard
Published: June 2010

Das vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 907. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198209070