bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circulating Markers of Liver Function and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Authors: Targher Giovanni , Byrne Christopher D.
Published: May 2015

Measurement of serum concentrations of various liver enzymes and other nonenzymatic proteins and metabolites of heme metabolism (eg, bilirubin) is often undertaken in clinical practice. Measurement of these liver function tests is simple, quick, and relatively inexpensive. However, interpreting the liver function test results in patients without evidence of liver disease is often challenging. Concentrations of some of liver enzymes, such as γ-glutamyltransferase or alkaline phosphatase, and concentrations of liver-derived metabolites, such as bilirubin, may be influenced by metabolic processes beyond the liver, sometimes making interpretation of the test results difficult. This scenario frequently occurs both in individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease and in patients with known cardiovascular disease, often resulting in the clinicians ignoring the test results. In this brief review, we discuss the evidence for associations between key serum liver function tests and cardiovascular disease risk and where associations are robust; we provide an interpretation for possible mechanistic links between the liver function test and cardiovascular disease.
Rare SNP rs12731181 in the miR-590-3p Target Site of the Prostaglandin F
2α
Receptor Gene Confers Risk for Essential Hypertension in the Han Chinese Population
Authors: Xiao Bing , Gu Shui-Ming , Li Mulin Jun , Li Jun , Tao Bo , Wang Yuanyang , Wang Yan , Zuo Shengkai , Shen Yujun , Yu Yu , Chen Di , Chen Guilin , Kong Deping , Tang Juan , Liu Qian , Chen Dong-Rui , Liu Yong , Alberti Sara , Dovizio Melania , Landolfi Raffaele , Mucci Luciana , Miao Pei-Zhi , Gao Pingjin , Zhu Ding-Liang , Wang Junwen , Li Bin , Patrignani Paola , Yu Ying
Published: May 2015

Objective—

To investigate whether rs12731181 (A→G) interrupted miR-590-3p–mediated suppression of the prostaglandin F
2α
receptor (FP) and whether it is associated with essential hypertension in the Chinese population.

Approach and Results—

We found that miR-590-3p regulates human
FP
gene expression by binding to its 3′-untranslated region. rs12731181 (A→G) altered the binding affinity between miR-590-3p and its FP 3′-untranslated region target, thus reducing the suppression of FP expression, which, in turn, enhanced FP receptor–mediated contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells. Overexpression of FP augmented vascular tone and elevated blood pressure in mice. An association study was performed to analyze the relationship between the
FP
gene and essential hypertension in the Han Chinese population. The results indicated that the rs12731181 G allele was associated with susceptibility to essential hypertension. Carriers of the AG genotype exhibited significantly higher blood pressure than those of the AA genotype.
FP
gene expression was significantly higher in human peripheral leukocytes from individuals with the AG genotype than that in leukocytes from individuals with the AA genotype.

Conclusions—

rs12731181 in the seed region of the miR-590-3p target site is associated with increased risk of essential hypertension and represents a new paradigm for FP involvement in blood pressure regulation.
Leaflet Area as a Determinant of Tricuspid Regurgitation Severity in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Afilalo Jonathan , Grapsa Julia , Nihoyannopoulos Petros , Beaudoin Jonathan , Gibbs J. Simon R. , Channick Richard N. , Langleben David , Rudski Lawrence G. , Hua Lanqi , Handschumacher Mark D. , Picard Michael H. , Levine Robert A.
Published: May 2015

Background—

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a risk factor for mortality in pulmonary hypertension (PH). TR severity varies among patients with comparable degrees of PH and right ventricular remodeling. The contribution of leaflet adaptation to the pathophysiology of TR has yet to be examined. We hypothesized that tricuspid leaflet area (TLA) is increased in PH, and that the adequacy of this increase relative to right ventricular remodeling determines TR severity.

Methods and Results—

A prospective cohort of 255 patients with PH from pre and postcapillary pathogeneses was assembled from 2 centers. Patients underwent a 3-dimensional echocardiogram focused on the tricuspid apparatus. TLA was measured with the Omni 4D software package. Compared with normal controls, patients with PH had a 2-fold increase in right ventricular volumes, 62% increase in annular area, and 49% increase in TLA. Those with severe TR demonstrated inadequate increase in TLA relative to the closure area, such that the ratio of TLA:closure area <1.78 was highly predictive of severe TR (odds ratio, 68.7; 95% confidence interval, 16.2–292.7). The median vena contracta width was 8.5 mm in the group with small TLA and large closure area as opposed to 4.8 mm in the group with large TLA and large closure area.

Conclusions—

TLA plays a significant role in determining which patients with PH develop severe functional TR. The ratio of TLA:closure area, reflecting the balance between leaflet adaptation versus annular dilation and tethering forces, is an indicator of TR severity that may identify which patients stand to benefit from leaflet augmentation during tricuspid valve repair.
Left Atrial Appendage Ligation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Leads to a Decrease in Atrial Dispersion
Authors: Kawamura Mitsuharu , Scheinman Melvin M. , Lee Randall J. , Badhwar Nitish
Published: May 2015

Background

Left atrial appendage (
LAA
) exclusion has been performed in patients with atrial fibrillation (
AF
) to prevent thrombus formation and subsequent cardioembolic events. Left atrial electrical remodeling is a recognized factor in the recurrence of
AF
. The effects of
LAA
exclusion on P‐wave characteristics and left atrial electrical remodeling have not been well described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of
LAA
ligation on P‐wave morphology in patients with
AF
.

Methods and Results

Fifteen patients who were in sinus rhythm during the
LAA
ligation procedure were included in the study. We evaluated the P‐wave characteristics, including P‐wave duration, P‐wave amplitude,
PQ
interval, and P‐wave dispersion, before and after ligation. Eleven patients had paroxysmal
AF
and 4 patients had persistent
AF
(12 male patients and 3 female patients). P‐wave duration immediately after ligation was significantly shorter compared with baseline in all limb leads except lead
aVR
(
P
<0.05). P‐wave amplitude immediately after ligation was significantly greater compared with baseline in inferior leads; however, P‐wave amplitude after 1 to 3 months was significantly lower compared with immediately after ligation.
PQ
interval immediately after ligation was significantly shorter compared with baseline (
P
=0.01), and P‐wave dispersion after 1 to 3 months was significantly shorter compared with baseline (
P
=0.02).

Conclusions

LAA
exclusion produces consistent P‐wave changes consistent with decreased atrial mass and decreased atrial dispersion that may represent reverse electrical atrial remodeling. This is a potential mechanism to explain the role of
LAA
ligation in maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with
AF
.
Dimethyl Fumarate Protects Brain From Damage Produced by Intracerebral Hemorrhage by Mechanism Involving Nrf2
Authors: Zhao Xiurong , Sun Guanghua , Zhang Jie , Ting Shun-Ming , Gonzales Nicole , Aronowski Jaroslaw
Published: May 2015

Background and Purpose—

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents a devastating form of stroke for which there is no effective treatment. This preclinical study was designed to evaluate dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a substance recently approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, as therapy for ICH. We hypothesized that DMF through activating the master regulator of cellular self-defense responses, transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), would act as effective treatment for ICH-mediated damage.

Methods—

Male rats and mice, including Nrf2 knockouts, were subjected to intracerebral injection of blood (to mimic ICH) and then treated with DMF. Neurological deficit, brain edema, gene induction profile and hematoma resolution were evaluated. Phagocytic functions of primary microglia in culture were used to study hematoma resolution.

Results—

Treatment with DMF induced Nrf2-target genes, improved hematoma resolution, reduced brain edema, and ultimately enhanced neurological recovery in rats and wild-type, but not Nrf2 knockout, mice. Most importantly, the treatment of ICH with DMF showed a 24 h window of therapeutic opportunity.

Conclusions—

A clinically relevant dose of DMF demonstrates potent therapeutic efficacy and impressive 24 h therapeutic window of opportunity. This study merits further evaluation of this compound as potential treatment for ICH in humans.
Apostolepis parassimilis Lema & Renner, 2012 an objective synonym of A. tertulianobeui Lema, 2004 (Dipsadidae: Elapomorphini)
Authors: Costa Henrique C. , Bérnils Renato S.
Published: May 2015

Lema (2004) described Apostolepis tertulianobeui based on a single specimen (a young male) from “hinterland Minas Gerais state”. The holotype was originally housed in the collection of Instituto Pinheiros Produtos Terapêuticos S.A. and labeled as IP 1934 (Lema 2004). The Instituto Pinheiros was founded in 1928 in the city of São Paulo, Brazil and became the largest producer of vaccines and antitoxins of the country (Ribeiro 2001). It was purchased in 1972 by the company Sintex do Brasil (Edler 2006) and its former collection was partitioned among several institutions (Lema 2004). As a result, the specimen IP 1934 was donated to the collection of the Museu de Ciências Naturais from Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul (MCN hereafter) in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and labeled as MCN 8535 (Fig. 1A–D).
Contribution to the knowledge of Tenuibaetis Kang & Yang 1994, Nigrobaetis Novikova & Kluge 1987 and Labiobaetis Novikova & Kluge 1987 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from the Western Ghats (India)
Authors: KUBENDRAN T. , BALASUBRAMANIAN C. , SELVAKUMAR C. , GATTOLLIAT J. L. , SIVARAMAKRISHNAN K. G.
Published: May 2015

As part of ongoing exploration of the mayflies of hill streams of southern Western Ghats, we describe two new species: Nigrobaetis paramakalyani Kubendran & Balasubramanian n. sp. and Labiobaetis jacobusi Kubendran & Balasubramanian n. sp. The genus Nigrobaetis is reported for the first time from India. Tenuibaetis frequentus (Müller-Liebenau & Hubbard 1985) n. comb. was also collected in this area and we provide the first description of this species at the imaginal stage. Brief ecological notes of the three species are added.
A new subspecies of hutia (Plagiodontia, Capromyidae, Rodentia) from southern Hispaniola
Authors: TURVEY SAMUEL T. , HANSFORD JAMES , KENNERLEY ROSALIND J. , NUÑEZ-MIÑO JOSÉ M. , BROCCA JORGE L. , YOUNG RICHARD P.
Published: May 2015

Continued uncertainty persists over the taxonomic status of many threatened Caribbean mammal populations. Recent molecular analysis has identified three genetically isolated allopatric hutia populations on Hispaniola that diverged during the Middle Pleistocene, with observed levels of sequence divergence interpreted as representing subspecies-level differentiation through comparison with genetic data for other capromyids. Subsequent analysis of existing museum specimens has demonstrated biogeographically congruent morphometric differentiation for two of these three populations, Plagiodontia aedium aedium (southwestern population) and P. aedium hylaeum (northern population). We report the first craniodental material for the southeastern Hispaniolan hutia population, and demonstrate that this population can also be differentiated using quantitative morphometric analysis from other Hispaniolan hutia subspecies. The holotype skull of P. aedium aedium, of unknown geographic provenance within Hispaniola, clusters morphometrically with the southwestern population. The southeastern Hispaniolan subspecies is described as Plagiodontia aedium bondi subsp. nov., and is assessed as Endangered under Criterion B1a,biii,v on the IUCN Red List.
Uroptychus minutus Benedict, 1902 and a closely related new species (Crustacea: Anomura: Chirostylidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Baba Keiji , Wicksten Mary
Published: May 2015

A new squat lobster, Uroptychus marissae, is described based upon two specimens taken associated with the antipatharian Tanacetipathes sp. from the northern Gulf of Mexico, at a depth of about 90 m. It closely resembles U. minutus Benedict, 1902, known only from the type material from off Trinidad. The original description is so brief that an opportunity is taken here to redescribe it to help discriminate between the two species.
A new species of the genus Acria Stephens, 1834 (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae: Acriinae) from India
Authors: SHASHANK P.R , SARAVANAN L. , KALIDAS P. , PHANIKUMAR T. , RAMAMURTHY V. V. , BOSE N. S.CHANDRA
Published: May 2015

A new species, Acria meyricki sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae: Acriinae) occurring on oil palm, is described from India. The status and nomenclature of the genus is reviewed and an annotated checklist of species is given. A key to the seven species known so far from the Indian subcontinent is provided.
New record of Paralomis spinosissima Birstein & Vinogradov (Decapoda: Anomura: Lithodidae) from Mar del Plata, Argentina
Authors: OLGUÍN NICOLE , OCAMPO EMILIANO H. , FARIAS NAHUEL
Published: May 2015

The lithodid crab Paralomis spinosissima is previously known only in Sub-Antarctic waters from South Georgia Island to the Drake Passage. Here we recorded a juvenile male obtained off shores of Mar del Plata (~37°S), Argentina. This new occurrence extends the distribution range of the species over 1300 km northwards in the Atlantic Ocean.
A Quantitative Definition of Global Warming Hiatus and 50-Year Prediction of Global-Mean Surface Temperature*
Authors: Wei Meng , Qiao Fangli , Deng Jia
Published: May 2015

Recent global warming hiatus has received much attention; however, a robust and quantitative definition for the hiatus is still lacking. Recent studies by Scafetta, Wu et al., and Tung and Zhou showed that multidecadal variability (MDV) is responsible for the multidecadal accelerated warming and hiatuses in historical global-mean surface temperature (GMST) records, though MDV itself has not received sufficient attention thus far. Here, the authors introduce four key episodes in GMST evolution, according to different phases of the MDV extracted by the ensemble empirical-mode decomposition method from the ensemble HadCRUT4 monthly GMST time series. The “warming (cooling) hiatus” and “typical warming (cooling)” periods are defined as the 95% confidence intervals for the locations of local MDV maxima (minima) and of their derivatives, respectively. Since 1850, the warming hiatuses, cooling hiatuses, and typical warming have already occurred three times and the typical cooling has occurred twice. At present, the MDV is in its third warming-hiatus period, which started in 2012 and would last until 2017, followed by a 30-yr cooling episode, while the trend will sustain the current steady growth in the next 50 years. Their superposition presents steplike rising since 1850. It is currently ascending a new height and will stay there until the next warming phase of the MDV carries it higher.
Inverse Energy Cascades in an Eddy-Induced NAO-Type Flow: Scale Interaction Mechanism
Authors: Luo Dehai , Zhong Linhao , Franzke Christian L. E.
Published: May 2015

In this paper, based on a new wave–eddy interaction framework, the interaction mechanism between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and synoptic-scale eddies is revealed by using the analytical solutions of a two-scale model as a description of the inverse energy cascade from nonuniform synoptic-scale eddies to the large-scale NAO flow. It is found that the spatial shape of the eddy-induced large-scale streamfunction tendency prior to the NAO onset determines the direction of eddy energy transfer, as well as the phase and growth of the NAO. However, the feedback of the intensified NAO anomaly on synoptic eddies can affect significantly the asymmetry of the NAO between negative (NAO−) and positive (NAO+) phases in amplitude and persistence through the presence or absence of the eddy straining related to cyclonic wave breaking (CWB).

For the NAO+, the stretching deformation role of the NAO+ field seems dominant in the eddy variation. Because the eddy energy generation rate (EGR) weakens and tends to be negative in the downstream side of the NAO+ region, the synoptic eddies lose their energy to the NAO+-type zonal flow, thus leading to the weakening of synoptic-scale eddies. However, for the NAO−, the EGR variation shows that synoptic eddies grow over the two upstream sides of the NAO− region by extracting energy from the NAO− shearing deformation field, while losing energy to the mean flow over the upstream middle region through the stretching deformation. This process results in the eddy straining (splitting and strengthening) associated with the CWB.
Atmospheric Responses to North Atlantic SST Anomalies in Idealized Experiments. Part I: Northern Hemispheric Circulation
Authors: Veres Michael , Hu Qi
Published: May 2015

Idealized model experiments using the NCAR CESM1.0.5 under equinox conditions are designed and performed to address two fundamental questions about the effects of the sea surface temperature (SST) variation associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) on circulation and precipitation in North America and Europe: 1) Is the observed relationship between the AMO SST and the warm-season precipitation in North America a statistical coincidence? and 2) Why is the response of negative precipitation anomaly to warm SST in the AMO fairly uniform across most of North America, whereas the positive precipitation anomaly in the cold SST rather spotty? Model experiments are done with either a warm or cold SST anomaly in an aquaplanet, a planet with idealized continents, and a planet with both idealized continents and orography. Major results show that the atmospheric response to warm SST anomaly in the North Atlantic is fairly similar among the three sets of experiments. In the lower troposphere, the response has a significant negative geopotential anomaly from the SST anomaly center to the east and a positive geopotential anomaly in upstream North America. However, the response to the cold SST anomaly changes considerably among these experiments, particularly in North America. These results provide a foundation to answer the abovementioned two questions. First, they show that there is physical connection of the AMO SST and atmospheric circulation anomalies in North America. Moreover, the rather stable atmospheric response to the warm SST may explain the observed largely consistent response to the warm SST anomaly. The varying responses of the atmosphere to the cold SST indicate a strong sensitivity of the atmosphere to other forcings during the cold SST anomaly in the North Atlantic. This sensitivity could explain the varying and less stable response of the atmosphere to the cold SST during the AMO.
Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Track Simulation over the Western North Pacific to Different Heating/Drying Rates in the Betts–Miller–Janjić Scheme
Authors: Sun Yuan , Zhong Zhong , Dong Hong , Shi Jian , Hu Yijia
Published: May 2015

The Weather Research and Forecasting Model is employed to examine the sensitivity of simulated tropical cyclone (TC) motion and associated intensity of the western Pacific subtropical high (WSPH) to different heating and drying rates in the Betts–Miller–Janjić (BMJ) cumulus parameterization (CP) scheme. A case study of Tropical Cyclone Megi (2010) is performed. Results indicate that the simulated WPSH strengthens as the heating/drying effects of the BMJ decrease. A strong WPSH subsequently leads to changes in the large-scale steering flow in its southern edge and delays the northward turning of the simulated storm. The associated physical mechanism is revealed. As the heating/drying is overestimated in the BMJ, the model produces unrealistic drying below 500 hPa whereas the atmosphere becomes moist above 500 hPa. Drying in the lower troposphere hinders the activation of the microphysics while moistening in the upper troposphere facilitates the microphysics. As a result, the model generates extensive anvil clouds that extend far away from the TC center and reach the upper troposphere over the WPSH. This leads to a warming in the upper troposphere due to condensation in the anvil clouds, and a cooling in the lower troposphere due to precipitation evaporation below the anvil clouds. Subsequently, the WPSH weakens and the large-scale steering flow becomes anomalously northward, leading to an early recurvature of TC Megi.

Results of this study emphasize the importance of a correct representation of anvil clouds in simulating the WPSH and TC track. This study also implies that correcting the heating/drying can be an effective way to reduce errors in simulating the WPSH and TC motion.
A forgotten cohort? Including people from out-of-home care in Australian higher education policy
Authors: Harvey Andrew , Andrewartha Lisa , McNamara Patricia
Published: May 2015

People from out-of-home care backgrounds are largely absent from Australian higher education equity policy. Compared with the UK, Australia has moved slowly to consider legislative and programme incentives for young people who leave state, foster or kinship care and who wish to access higher education. One major reason for the relative inaction of the Australian higher education sector towards this cohort is the rigidity of the national equity framework established in 1990. This article argues that policy reform is required to improve the participation of people from out-of-home care backgrounds in Australian higher education. Effort could be directed into revising the national equity framework, in particular by including out-of-home care as a specific group to be monitored. In addition to revising the national policy architecture, further devolution of equity policy to institutional level may enable greater engagement with the out-of-home care cohort.
The Timing of Infant Food Introduction in Families With a History of Atopy
Authors: McKean Michelle , Caughey Aaron B. , Leong Russell E. , Wong Angela , Cabana Michael D.
Published: May 2015

Objective. To describe the timing of introduction and type of food introduced to infants with a family history of atopy. Methods. We conducted a secondary analysis of foods introduced each month to an interventional birth cohort of 149 infants at risk for atopy. Results. Seven percent of infants received solid food prior to 4 months of age; 13% after 6 months of age. Hyperallergenic foods were introduced on average in the following order: wheat (8.7 months); eggs (11.2 months); soy (13.0 months); fish (13.4 months); peanut (20.2 months); tree nuts (21.8 months); and other seafood (21.8 months). Asian race (odds ratio 3.94; 95% CI 1.14-13.58) and maternal history of food allergy (odds ratio 3.86; 95% CI 1.29-11.56) were associated with late food introduction. Conclusion. Variation in timing of food introduction may reflect cultural preferences and/or previous experience with food allergy, as well as the ambiguous state of current recommendations.
Are Online Sources for Identifying Evidence-Based Practices Trustworthy? An Evaluation
Authors: Test David W. , Kemp-Inman Amy , Diegelmann Karen , Hitt Sara Beth , Bethune Lauren
Published: May 2015

The use of evidence-based practices has become a focus in education since the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act reauthorization of 2004 required using practices based on scientific research to improve student outcomes. Although many teachers may not have the time or expertise to evaluate the research base for these practices, the prevalence of Internet resources has increased their access to such information. However, web sites differ in type and quality of information provided. The purpose of this study was to examine the trustworthiness of web sites claiming to disseminate evidence-based practices in the area of special education or related services. Of the 47 web sites identified, approximately 57% met the criteria for trust or trust with caution, and 43% were labeled do not trust. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
A micromechanical approach to evaluate the post-impact residual stiffness of woven composites
Authors: Colombo Chiara , Vergani Laura
Published: May 2015

Woven composites are widely used in the design of lightweight structures. For a proper design and a safe maintenance, it is important to have a database of their mechanical properties in undamaged but also in damaged conditions. In this work, the attention is focused on a textile carbon reinforced composite. The aim is to define post-impact residual stiffness of the composite by means of a simple and quick but efficient approach. Stiffness of the composite is evaluated by two micromechanical approaches, based on the concept of Unit Cell. These approaches are both analytical and numerical, implemented by the finite element method. In case of the material damaged by a low-speed impact, a possible range of degradation of stiffness matrix is provided. Calibration is proposed based on experimental observations. This procedure evaluates damage and residual stiffness starting from the Unit Cell, up to the lamina and then the whole laminate. This information is certainly useful to quickly estimate structural integrity and residual stiffness of post-impacted structures.
The effect of hybridization and geometry of polypropylene fibers on engineered cementitious composites reinforced by polyvinyl alcohol fibers
Authors: Pakravan HR , Jamshidi M , Latifi M
Published: May 2015

In the present study, the hybridization effect of polypropylene (PP) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers in engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) was investigated. For this purpose, PVA reinforcing fiber was partially replaced by PP fibers with different circular, triangular, and trilobal cross-sectional shapes. The flexural behaviors of the ECCs containing hybrid fibers including first-crack strength, post-crack strength, and toughness were studied under three-point bending test. It was found that hybridization with nonround cross-sectional shape PP fibers had positive effect on the ductility but decreased the flexural strength of resultant ECCs. The greater reduction in toughness and post-peak strength was observed for composite containing circular PP fibers. The results indicated that partially replacement of PVA fibers with nonround cross-sectional shape PP fibers can be considered to be promising method to reduce the costs of ECC production along with attaining improved deformability.
Graphical Models for Quasi-experimental Designs
Authors: Steiner Peter M. , Kim Yongnam , Hall Courtney E. , Su Dan
Published: May 2015

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental designs like regression discontinuity (RD) designs, instrumental variable (IV) designs, and matching and propensity score (PS) designs are frequently used for inferring causal effects. It is well known that the features of these designs facilitate the identification of a causal estimand and, thus, warrant a causal interpretation of the estimated effect. In this article, we discuss and compare the identifying assumptions of quasi-experiments using causal graphs. The increasing complexity of the causal graphs as one switches from an RCT to RD, IV, or PS designs reveals that the assumptions become stronger as the researcher’s control over treatment selection diminishes. We introduce limiting graphs for the RD design and conditional graphs for the latent subgroups of compliers, always takers, and never takers of the IV design, and argue that the PS is a collider that offsets confounding bias via collider bias.
The Relationship Between Work–Family Conflict, Correctional Officer Job Stress, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Armstrong Gaylene S. , Atkin-Plunk Cassandra A. , Wells Jessica
Published: May 2015

Balancing demands between work and family domains can strain even the most resourceful employee. When the tipping point of conflict between the two is reached, a negative impact on employee well-being can result. Within correctional environments, the psychosocial well-being of officers is critical given the potentially significant impact of having a “bad day on the job.” This study examines work–family conflict as it relates to job stress and job satisfaction within a diverse sample of correctional officers ( N = 441) employed at 13 public, adult correctional facilities in a Southern state. Findings indicate strain and behavior-based work–family conflict and family–work conflict were significantly related to both job stress and job satisfaction. Family and supervisory support were uniquely related to job stress, whereas supervisory support, education, and ethnicity were uniquely related to job satisfaction. Implications for correctional organizations are discussed.
Subtle Tyranny
Authors: Narchi Nemer E. , Cristiani Beatriz Canabal
Published: May 2015

Neoliberal reforms and social constructs that legitimate the full exploitation of nature intersect with political power to produce an inherently violent social atmosphere in which economic development is based on exclusion, submission, and dispossession of rural and indigenous communities. Historical ecological study of Lake Xochimilco reveals the way in which imposed constructs of nature that exclude traditional ecological knowledge have transformed landscapes and livelihoods to the detriment of all the inhabitants of Mexico City.

Las reformas neoliberales y las construcciones sociales que legitiman la explotación plena de la naturaleza se cruzan con el poder político para crear un ambiente social inhe-rentemente violento en el cual el desarrollo económico se basa en la exclusión, el sometimiento y el despojo de las comunidades rurales e indígenas. El estudio histórico de la ecología del Lago de Xochimilco revela la manera en que las construcciones de la naturaleza impuestas que excluyen el conocimiento ecológico tradicional han transformado el paisaje y los medios de subsistencia en detrimento de todos los habitantes de la Ciudad de México.
An Analysis of Clinical Handover Miscommunication Using a Language and Social Psychology Approach
Authors: Watson Bernadette M. , Manias Elizabeth , Geddes Fiona , Della Phillip , Jones Dorothy
Published: May 2015

Clinical handover is a key communication event in patient care and a major contributing factor in adverse events in hospitals. Current research on handover emphasizes communication skills training. We investigate the intergroup context and systemic factors of the hospital environment that also affect handover. We explore the responses of 707 health professionals about handover practice. We invoke Coupland and colleagues’ integrative model of “miscommunication” to interpret these. Results support the model. Responses reflect a lack of communication competency, intergroup group relations, and the hidden ideology of the health care system. Health professionals in hospitals are often unaware of the socio-structural element in health care and so cannot bring about cultural change. We suggest that clinicians work with communication and interdisciplinary scholars to bring about system improvement.
The influence of training and experience on rater performance in scoring spoken language
Authors: Davis Larry
Published: May 2015

Two factors were investigated that are thought to contribute to consistency in rater scoring judgments: rater training and experience in scoring. Also considered were the relative effects of scoring rubrics and exemplars on rater performance. Experienced teachers of English ( N = 20) scored recorded responses from the TOEFL iBT speaking test prior to training and in three sessions following training (100 responses for each session). Scores were analyzed using multifaceted Rasch measurement and traditional measures of rater reliability and agreement, and the frequency with which exemplar responses were viewed was measured. Prior to training, rater severity and internal consistency were already of a standard typical for operational language performance tests, but training resulted in increased inter-rater correlation and agreement as well as improved agreement with established reference scores. Additional experience gained after training appeared to have little further effect on raters’ scoring consistency, although the level of agreement with reference scores continued to increase. The most accurate raters generally reviewed exemplar responses more often and took longer to make scoring decisions compared to the least accurate raters. These results raise questions regarding the relative contribution of scoring aids such as exemplars and scoring rubrics to desirable scoring patterns.
The knowledge and perceptions of prospective teachers and speech language therapists in collaborative language and literacy instruction
Authors: Wilson Leanne , McNeill Brigid , Gillon Gail T
Published: May 2015

Successful collaboration among speech and language therapists (SLTs) and teachers fosters the creation of communication friendly classrooms that maximize children’s spoken and written language learning. However, these groups of professionals may have insufficient opportunity in their professional study to develop the shared knowledge, perceptions and attitudes required for effective collaboration. This study examined the knowledge and perceptions of student teachers and student SLTs in the areas of language concepts, junior school literacy curriculum, service delivery and professional collaboration. An online survey was completed by 58 student primary school teachers and 37 student SLTs in their final year of professional study. The results indicated that these groups possessed limited understanding of each other’s expertise in literacy curriculum and spoken language concepts. Both groups demonstrated minimal knowledge of spoken–written language relationships and how SLTs can assist to develop children’s orthographic knowledge. Participants demonstrated acceptance of indirect methods of classroom-based service delivery (e.g. SLT acting as a consultant) but were less accepting of direct methods of classroom-based service delivery (e.g. shared teaching). Both groups also reported minimal experience with SLT–teacher collaboration during their pre-service education. The data suggest pre-service inter-professional education (IPE) with a focus on children’s early literacy learning is warranted to prepare prospective SLTs and teachers for collaborative instruction that enhances children’s communication.
A Simulation Modeling Framework to Optimize Programs Using Financial Incentives to Motivate Health Behavior Change
Authors: Basu Sanjay , Kiernan Michaela
Published: May 2015

Introduction. While increasingly popular among mid- to large-size employers, using financial incentives to induce health behavior change among employees has been controversial, in part due to poor quality and generalizability of studies to date. Thus, fundamental questions have been left unanswered: To generate positive economic returns on investment, what level of incentive should be offered for any given type of incentive program and among which employees? Methods. We constructed a novel modeling framework that systematically identifies how to optimize marginal return on investment from programs incentivizing behavior change by integrating commonly collected data on health behaviors and associated costs. We integrated “demand curves” capturing individual differences in response to any given incentive with employee demographic and risk factor data. We also estimated the degree of self-selection that could be tolerated: that is, the maximum percentage of already-healthy employees who could enroll in a wellness program while still maintaining positive absolute return on investment. In a demonstration analysis, the modeling framework was applied to data from 3000 worksite physical activity programs across the nation. Results. For physical activity programs, the incentive levels that would optimize marginal return on investment ($367/employee/year) were higher than average incentive levels currently offered ($143/employee/year). Yet a high degree of self-selection could undermine the economic benefits of the program; if more than 17% of participants came from the top 10% of the physical activity distribution, the cost of the program would be expected to always be greater than its benefits. Discussion. Our generalizable framework integrates individual differences in behavior and risk to systematically estimate the incentive level that optimizes marginal return on investment.
Visual rating method and tensor-based morphometry in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a comparative magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Tuokkola Terhi , Koikkalainen Juha , Parkkola Riitta , Karrasch Mira , Lötjönen Jyrki , Rinne Juha O
Published: May 2015

Background

Atrophy of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is the main structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) finding in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, evaluating the degree of atrophy is still demanding.

Purpose

The visual rating method (VRM) was compared with multi-template tensor-based morphometry (TBM), in terms of its efficacy in diagnosing of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD.

Material and Methods

Forty-seven patients with MCI, 80 patients with AD and 84 controls were studied.

Results

TBM seems to be more sensitive than VRM at the early stage of dementia in the areas of MTL and ventricles. The methods were equally good in distinguishing controls and the MCI group from the AD group. At the frontal areas TBM was better than VRM in all comparisons.

Conclusion

A user-friendly VRM is still useful for the clinical evaluation of MCI patients, but multi-template TBM is more sensitive for diagnosing the early stages of dementia. However, TBM is currently too demanding to use for daily clinical work.
Diagnosis of Acute Groin Injuries
Authors: Serner Andreas , Tol Johannes L. , Jomaah Nabil , Weir Adam , Whiteley Rodney , Thorborg Kristian , Robinson Matthew , Hölmich Per
Published: May 2015

Background:

Acute groin injuries are common in high-intensity sports, but there are insufficient data on injury characteristics such as injury mechanisms and clinical and radiological findings.

Purpose:

To describe these characteristics in a cohort of athletes.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 110 male athletes (mean age, 25.6 ± 4.7 years) with sports-related acute groin pain were prospectively included within 7 days of injury from August 2012 to April 2014. Standardized history taking, a clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and/or ultrasound (US) were performed.

Results:

The most frequent injury mechanism in soccer was kicking (40%), and change of direction was most frequent in other sports (31%). Clinically, adductor injuries accounted for 66% of all injuries and primarily involved the adductor longus on imaging (91% US, 93% MRI). The iliopsoas and proximal rectus femoris were also frequently injured according to all examination modalities (15%-25%). Acute injury findings were negative in 22% of the MRI and 25% of the US examinations. Of the clinically diagnosed adductor injuries, 3% (US) and 6% (MRI) showed a radiological injury in a different location compared with 35% to 46% for clinically diagnosed iliopsoas and proximal rectus femoris injuries.

Conclusion:

Adductor injuries account for the majority of acute groin injuries. Iliopsoas and proximal rectus femoris injuries are also common. More than 1 in 5 injuries showed no imaging signs of an acute injury. Clinically diagnosed adductor injuries were often confirmed on imaging, whereas iliopsoas and rectus femoris injuries showed a different radiological injury location in more than one-third of the cases. The discrepancy between clinical and radiological findings should be considered when diagnosing acute groin injuries.
Teaching Equity and Advocacy Planning in a Multicultural “Post-racial” World
Authors: Lung-Amam Willow , Harwood Stacy Anne , Sandoval Gerardo Francisco , Sen Siddhartha
Published: May 2015

This commentary brings together four scholars who have taught courses in diversity and inequity in planning to reflect on the challenges of speaking to and about issues of race, ethnicity, and cultural difference in contemporary equity and advocacy planning. Using evidence gathered from over forty-five years of collective teaching experience, we highlight students’ struggles with questions about racial inequality inside the classroom and working with marginalized communities outside the classroom. The article offers pedagogical lessons for planning, highlighting strategies to help students and instructors navigate tough personal and professional questions about advocacy and equity planning in today’s multicultural, “post-racial” world.
Coercive Control and Physical Violence in Older Adults
Authors: Policastro Christina , Finn Mary A.
Published: May 2015

The most common perpetrators of physical violence against women of any age are their intimate partners. Although research on younger adults has recognized that intimate partner violence (IPV) is distinct in etiology, form, and consequence, whether the same is true for older adults has not been adequately studied. The extent and consequences of coercive controlling violence, IPV that involves physical violence coupled with psychological aggression and/or financial abuse, have not been examined in older populations. Using data from the National Elder Mistreatment Study, the current research examines if coercive control is more evident in physical violent victimizations of older adults (age 60 or older) when the perpetrator is an intimate partner compared with when the perpetrator is not an intimate partner. Findings indicate that older adults who experience emotional coercive control by intimate partners in their lifetime are more likely to experience physical abuse at age 60 or older. Furthermore, older adults who experienced trauma during their lifetime, were in poor health, and with less social support are more likely to experience physical abuse at age 60 or older. However, the victim’s sex had no significant influence on the likelihood of experiencing physical abuse.
An Initial Study Using Healing Touch for Women Undergoing a Breast Biopsy
Authors: Goldberg Deborah Rae , Wardell Diane Wind , Kilgarriff Noel , Williams Berney , Eichler David , Thomlinson Paul
Published: May 2015

Aim: To determine if a noninvasive complementary therapy, Healing Touch, would benefit women undergoing diagnostic procedures for the determination of breast cancer. Women often experience high levels of fear and anxiety during this diagnostic period. Study Design: A randomized controlled pilot study. Method: An out-patient clinic specializing in breast care management was used. Seventy-three women age 18 to 85 years old participated, with 31 in the control group of standard care and 42 in the intervention group receiving Healing Touch, a noninvasive energy therapy. A specific technique, magnetic clearing, was provided by a practitioner for 15 minutes prior to the biopsy procedure. Both the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Coping Resources Inventory were used preprocedurally and the following day to assess changes. Results: A mixed analysis of variance indicated that State Anxiety for the Healing Touch group showed a statistically significant reduction of anxiety that was sustained into the following day, F(2, 142) = 10.94, p < .001. For Trait Anxiety, there was a significant change pre-and postintervention to the day after, F(2, 142) = 5.15, p < .007. The Coping Resources Inventory had significant changes in two subcategories, Emotional, F(2, 142) = 6.10, p = .003, and the Spiritual/Philosophical, F(2, 142) = 6.10, p < .001, in the Healing Touch group. Conclusion: Healing Touch may have benefit in reducing anxiety from diagnostic breast procedures.
Evaluation of a closed-loop sanitation system in a cold climate: a case from peri-urban areas of Mongolia
Authors: Uddin Sayed Mohammad Nazim , Li Zifu , Mahmood Ibrahim B , Lapegue Jean , Adamowski Jan Franklin , Donati Pier Francesco , Huba Elisabeth Maria , Mang Heinz-Peter , Avirmed Buyanbaatar , Cheng Shikun
Published: May 2015

This study examines a closed-loop sanitation system (CLSS) in the ger areas (informal peri-urban settlements) of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia in order to evaluate system feasibility and to identify the future prospects of CLSS as an alternative to conventional sanitation and drainage options. Results show that the CLSS concept is well understood and accepted by users and that services are being scaled up. Over 50 per cent of respondents used CLSS technologies during both winter and summer, testifying to the potential for scaling up these technologies and services. Moreover, all users responded positively in their evaluation of the emptying services. Despite some problems and challenges, the system proved to be feasible, replicable and acceptable in the study area. It is recommended that the entire CLSS approach be tested through scientific validation to convince more communities, government and other stakeholders about scaling up the system beyond the study area for better health, environmental conservation and resource recovery.
Bending, buckling, and free vibration of magnetoelectroelastic nanobeam based on nonlocal theory
Authors: Li YS , Ma P , Wang W
Published: May 2015

In this work, bending, buckling, and free vibration of magnetoelectroelastic nanobeam are investigated based on nonlocal theory and Timoshenko beam theory. According to Maxwell equation and magnetoelectric boundary condition, the variation of electric and magnetic potentials along the thickness direction of the nanobeam is determined. Using Hamilton’s principle, the governing equations of the magnetoelectroelastic nanobeam are derived. Numerical results reveal the effects of the nonlocal parameter and the electric and magnetic potentials on the transverse displacement, rotation, buckling load, and natural frequency. These results may be useful in the analysis and design of smart structures constructed from magnetoelectroelastic materials.
Uncertainty and Stigma in the Experiences of Prostate Cancer Survivors
Authors: Arrington Michael Irvin
Published: May 2015

This study examines stigma and identity changes in prostate cancer survivors’ illness accounts. Noteworthy events included diagnosis, the consequent search for information, the treatment decision, and posttreatment changes. Although their stories lacked the before/after identity shift of most illness narratives, survivors characterized themselves as uncertain upon diagnosis, then as information seekers. Narrators described physicians as information sources and social support groups as sources of information and emotional support. Survivors acknowledged the permanent, stigmatizing “cancer” label. These observations suggest implications related to stigma, identity, creating positive meanings in illness narratives, changing roles of physicians, and alternative means of generating support.
How I Write
Authors: Cloutier Charlotte
Published: May 2015

Although scores of articles and books have been written on what constitutes good writing in academia, we’ve granted far less attention to academic writing as a daily practice. Yet it is precisely because it is so taken-for-granted that writing as a practice needs to be explored, investigated, and questioned. In this article, I reflect on academic writing as a practice through conversations on writing with researchers in the fields of management and organization studies. By reflecting on the writing processes and practices of others, I offer a lens through which researchers-as-writers can examine their own writing practices, and by so doing, expand their personal repertoires of practices and approaches for producing meaningful texts.