bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Estimation of Origin-Destination Matrices for a Public Transport Network in Makassar using Macrosimulation Visum
Authors: Ramli M I , Runtulalo D , Yatmar H , Mangessi A
Published: July 2020

The origin-destination (O-D) matrix is fundamental data for transportation planning. It is a primary process for modelling approaches the public transport. Generally, the observation survey of O-D volumes takes much cost, time, and effort. Therefore, establishing an inexpensive and simple observation method is expected to be able to carry out the continuous observation of passengers O-D volumes. Defined that many problems in transport planning and management tasks require an origin-destination (O-D) matrix to represent the travels pattern. The need for low-cost methods to estimate current and future O-D matrix is even more valuable in developing countries because of the rapid changes in population, economic activity, and land use. In this study, the O-D matrix use for modelling trip distribution of passenger in the current and future situation and plotting the model with Visum as a macro simulation program. This study focuses on the O-D volumes on a line of local public transport service. The on-board observation is carrying out, and the frequency of service is observed. Then, the passengers O-D matrix is estimated. These results must be useful to improve the operation of the service of public transport.
Design and Implementation Monitoring and Booking Systems for Smart Parking at Engineering Faculty Campus
Authors: Anshar Muh , Sadjad R S , Dewiani  , Hanan M , Prayudha R , Abry M
Published: July 2020

Parking our vehicles sometimes become troublesome and situation gets worse when the user is required to park their cars at the unknown parking availability. Not to mention, this situation also occurs within the new Campus of Engineering Faculty of Universitas Hasanuddin. This campus has a motto to be the centre of technology, so it is something unfortunate that the parking management does not incorporate technology to support the parking system. This paper emphases on designing smart parking model which is suitable to be adopted within this new campus. Technology based Internet of Things is used to modernised the parking system with advanced features of monitoring and booking mechanisms. These features are accessible through smart phones which increases the usability of the proposed smart parking system. The experiments show that the parking management system can function accurate and effectively in enhancing the quality of parking system, with the two-mentioned features of the proposed smart parking system, which are monitoring and booking capabilities.
Comparison of Voltage Stability Index Before and After Wind Turbine Penetrated to Sulseltrabar Interconnection Power System Using Modal Analysis Method
Authors: Gunadin I C , Muslimin Z , Ilyas A M , Siswanto A
Published: July 2020

Voltage stability problems and renewable energy penetration in power systems are the main issues in the electric power system at this time. This paper aims to examine the condition of voltage stability at the time before and after the entry of wind power plants in the sulseltrabar interconnection system. There are two wind power-generating units that will be studied, namely the PLTB Sidrap with a capacity of 75 MW and the PLTB Jeneponto with a capacity of 72 MW. The simulation using Matlab program. From the simulation results, it can be seen that Sulseltrabar’s voltage stability interconnection system at the time of the entry of PLTB Sidrap and PLTB Jeneponto, has improved stability, this can be seen from the eigenvalue and bus participation factor values. From the minimum eigenvalues it can be seen that the penetration of PLTB Jeneponto is slightly better than PLTB Sidrap in improving voltage stability. The condition that has the greatest influence on improving stability is when the two wind power plant enter to the Sulseltrabar interconnection power system.
Analysis of Transmission Line Stability for Sulselbar Interconnection System with the Penetration of Renewable Energy to Prevent Voltage Collapse
Authors: Gunadin I C , Suyuti A , Ilyas A M , Siswanto A
Published: July 2020

There are three main requirements to meet the criteria both in the electric power system, namely reliability, quality, and stability. Stability is the ability of the system to return to work normally after experiencing interference. System stability analysis is a guide for operators to detect or prevent voltage drops and power outages. This research discusses the stability of the 150 KV electrical system in South Sulawesi before and after interconnection with the Sidrap and Jeneponto Wind Power Plant. The method used is the Line Stability Index (Lmn Index) to view the voltage profile. Index Lmn coding is run and simulated using Matlab. Validation is done by IEEE 14 bus simulation data, and comparing the results of the analysis before and after penetration with PLTB. The study was conducted on the Sulselbar 150 KV system before penetration with PLTB, namely 44 buses, 14 generators, and 52 lines / networks. The highest Lmn index result is the network from bus 38 to bus 39 that is equal to 0.0292. Second is bus 15 to bus 16 which is 0.0291, and third is bus 40 to 42 that is 0.0273. After penetration with PLTB Sidrap and Jeneponto, the number of generators will be 16 generators. The highest Lmn index results are from bus 38 to 39 that is 0.0292, then bus 15 to bus 16 that is 0.0290 ranks second, and bus 40 to 42 equals 0.0272 or keeps the third order. After the sidrap load bus is converted to a bus generator, the Lmn index before in reactive power supplied to the load by a generator is a certain thing, this condition must be maintained so that the plant continues to work in stable conditions.
Flood Risk Mapping of Jakarta Using Genetic Algorithm Rule-Set Production (GARP) and Quick Unbiased Efficient Statistical Tree (QUEST) Methods
Authors: Yusya R R , Septyandy M R , Indra T L
Published: July 2020

Jakarta as the country’s capital, has experienced a series of floods that crippled cities in 2002, 2007 and 2013 and extreme rainfall has always been the main cause of major flood with casualties and property. Given the increasing impact of flooding in Jakarta, methods for assessing current and future flood risks is needed. A model is needed that can predict and determine which areas have the potential to be affected by future floods. Several models have been carried out for prediction and assessment of flood risk in Jakarta and several other major cities, namely GIS based on SVM models, hierarchical process analysis models (AHP), machine learning with ensemble models, and multivariate discriminant, classification, and regression trees. However, from several methods there are still some weaknesses, one of which is the time to get a predictive model that is quite long, which is 3-4 hours depending on the amount of data. To overcome this problem, genetic algorithm rule-set production (GARP) and quick unbiased efficient statistical tree (QUEST) models can create a prediction model with a shorter time with the same results. Several factors that influence flooding are used as input model data: precipitation, slope, distance to river, distance to channel, depth to groundwater, land use, elevation, and flood data for 2002 - 2019. The Area under receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used as evaluations for model performance. The results showed that the GARP model (AUC-ROC = 94%, RMSE = 0.2) had higher performance accuracy than the QUEST model (AUC-ROC = 84%, RMSE = 0.4). The results also indicated that the distance to channel, land use, and elevation as important parameters in determining flood hazards.
Analysis of Soil Erosion on Mine Area
Authors: Ramli M , Purwanto  , Thamrin M , Maemuna  , Asrafil M
Published: July 2020

Mining activities disturbing large areas of land may increase erosion rate up to several hundred times greater than from undisturbed areas. The erosion process occurs in stripping overburden, excavation of rocks and minerals, dumping in stock file and waste dump, and mine reclamation. Since the eroded material/sediment becomes a big problem to the environment and for mining operations, estimation of soil erosion need to be carried out to create a good mine planning. For the early stage, a study of soil erosion was performed to classify erosion hazard level and to estimate soil erosion size. This study uses the Revised Unified Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) method supported with Geographic Information System application for study area in the Block D1-D3 of Petea Mine Area. The study result showed that the research area can be classify into four erosion hazard level namely; low, medium, heavy, and very heavy with estimated material losses is 116,146.43 tons/year.
Sediment Profiles and Distribution of Losari beach Ujungpandang District Makassar City
Authors: Sirajuddin H , Kaharuddin  , Sultan
Published: July 2020

Research on Losari beach sediment profiles and distribution aims to analyze subsurface conditions and composition of coastal sediment materials based on hydrodynamic processes consisting of currents, waves and tides, analysis of sediment textures and subsurface profiles. The research method used in the form of primary data collection consisting of hydrodynamic and coastal characteristics data, and sediment data collection using SES 2000 and grab sampler. Bathymetry measurements show depths ranging from 0.5 to 13 m. Current direction from west to east and southwest to north at speeds of 0.05 - 0.25 m / sec, wave direction from west to east with speeds between 1.50 - 6.50 m / sec and height of 0.30 - 1.00 m. The distribution of the type of sedimentary material consists of sand, silty sand, silty clay and clay. This research is expected to be useful in adding evidence and information regarding the profile and distribution of coastal sediments, both to the local government and the surrounding community, so that it can become a reference for local government and as a material for consideration in efforts to deal with coastal damage and serve as a basis for decision making and policies to preserve nature and develop tourism.
Inventories Analysis of Animal Feed Raw Materials by Using the Silver Meal Method and Wagner within Algorithm (Case Study of PT. XYZ Makassar)
Authors: Asmal S , Setiawan I , Ikasari N , Adriani Y
Published: July 2020

PT. XYZ Indonesia is a national company engaged in animal feed production. through the Production Planning Inventory Control (PPIC) department has implemented the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) system for inventory control but in the implementation of the company’s MRP system, the PPIC department only considers the quantity of raw materials that can meet demand without regard to the issue of lot size inventory efficiency, so that the cost of raw material inventory is high. The purpose of this research is to compare the cost of procuring raw materials that have been carried out by the company with the cost of procuring raw materials using the silver meal method and Wagner Within algorithm. From the results of research and analysis conducted a comparison between the methods used by the company with the lot size silver meal method and Wagner Within algorithm in order to obtain the total inventory cost of raw materials in 2016, where yellow corn and rice bran raw materials have the same inventory costs between the methods used by the company, the silver meal method and the Wagner Within algorithm method are Rp. 1,080,000 so they do not have cost savings. As for the inventory of lime stone raw materials, it is more optimal to use the silver meal method and Wagner Within algorithm with a total inventory cost of Rp. 606,394 and can save costs by 35.08%.
Distribution Route Optimization of a Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem by Sweep Algorithm
Authors: Hanafi R , Rusman M , Mardin F , Parenreng S M , Azzazli A
Published: July 2020

This paper presents the application of a sweep algorithm to optimize distribution route of a Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). The objective of this research is to find a set of optimal routes that minimizes the number of vehicles required and total distance travelled for all vehicles to serve customers. The algorithm consists of two phases, a clustering phase and a route generation phase. Experimental results from its application to a real-world case of PT Eastern Pearl Flour Mills, Indonesia are presented. The obtained vehicle routes which are compared against the existing daily distribution routes showing that significant savings can be gained on the daily cost of transportation related expenses. The number of vehicle routes and vehicle used for delivery are reduced and therefore, the distance travelled and the utilization of the vehicles are also improved. The algorithm applied in this research would be suitable for solving practical vehicle routing optimization problems in other logistics companies.
Strength Behavior Analysis of Insert Plate for Placing Corner Fitting due to Container Load
Authors: Nugraha A M , Hamzah  , Sitepu G , Ardianti A , Ifhanuddin  , Baso S
Published: July 2020

Currently, the ship container generation has allowed for the carriage of containers on deck up to four tiers high. The container loads in tiers high affect on deck structure. Consequently, an insert plate is used and located on the top of the ship deck structure for placing the container corner fitting. Sometimes container fitting is placed between longitudinal deck beams under without supporting construction such as pillar or carling. Therefore, this matter should be analyzed to obtain the strength behavior of the insert plate. This study describes the strength analysis using the finite element method (FEM) through ANSYS software. Based on the simulation results, the maximum Von Mises stress of the insert plate was obtained exceeds 181 N/mm2 and 235 N/mm2 in the initial condition, whereas the insert plate could support only 15% loads per corner fitting (three tiers high). Then, the thickness addition of the insert plate until 24 mm reduced the stress, however, the reduction was a small magnitude. By adding two carling construction is similar to the size of a transverse deck beam, under the insert plate, the stress was obtained 138.54 N/mm2.
Risk Assessment for Fishing Boats Operating in the Makassar Strait
Authors: Alwi M R , Muhammad A H , Rahimuddin  , Hasan H
Published: July 2020

The main cause of marine accidents that lead to loss of human life is purely human error. Specifically, in fishery activities, as much as 80 percent of marine accident factors are caused by human negligence. The purpose of this study is to inventory and describe all hazards and their possible consequences in every aspect and stage, to inventory and identify aspects related to fisherman safety management, both institutionally, existing regulations, and human resources, working environment conditions and designing work safety models fishers in Takalar Regency. The next method is the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA), the human element can be incorporated into the FSA process by using human reliability analysis. HRA in this study was carried out quantitatively. To complete the detailed description of the model development, system analysis is carried out to understand and make decisions related to the Work and Health and Safety Management System. Activities that have the greatest risk and consequences of work accidents occur in fishing gear operations. Risk control by minimizing human error can generally be done by making plans for fishing activities, improving the ability of fishermen skills, safe working procedures, using equipment as needed, using self-protection equipment and conditions a healthy work environment.
Performance of a New Floating Breakwater
Authors: Rahman S , Baeda A Y , Achmad A , Jamal R F
Published: July 2020

The need of floating breakwater is increased to protect harbour by wave storm. The study and development of some model have been done in the past decade. However, their model still not effective to protect harbour against wave period greater than 5.0 second. This study deals with performance of a new type floating breakwaters in terms of heaving motion and transmission coefficient. The result compare with heaving motion of PI-type floating breakwater. Heaving motion is evaluated by using seakeeper tools, while transmission coefficient is obtained through laboratory experiment. The results indicate that the performance of proposed model better than PI-type model in terms of motion and transmission coefficient.
5. An industrial country, 1880–1910
Authors: Friedman Walter A.
Published: July 2020

“An industrial country, 1880–1910” looks at America’s first captains of industry: Rockefeller, at one time the world’s richest man, who made his fortune in oil; Scotland-born Carnegie, who pioneered new processes in steel; and Duke, Kellogg, and Heinz, who packaged and marketed agricultural products in the form of cigarettes, cereal, and soup. Journalists colloquially known as muckrakers began to criticize the dominance of big business. Companies who monopolized or divided markets were punished for violating antitrust laws. This did not stamp out corruption, but was a meaningful development in business–government relations. In the 1910s, companies began to think increasingly about public relations, using public relations to tell their corporate stories.
9. Entrepreneurs and the global economy, 1980–2020
Authors: Friedman Walter A.
Published: July 2020

“Entrepreneurs and the global economy, 1980–2020” charts important shifts in corporate culture from managerial capitalism to shareholder capitalism. Other upheavals were brought about by deregulation, free-market economics, and increasing financial complexity. Silicon Valley was emblematic of the changing business landscape, creating small, nimble companies and cult figures such as Steve Jobs. The personal computer, eventually taking the form of the smartphone, was one of the most disruptive inventions of the time. The early 2000s were characterized by financial innovation and scandal, culminating in a recession that lasted through 2010. Recently, business leaders have been criticized for political lobbying, environmental recklessness, monopolistic behavior, and creating wealth inequality.
Conclusion: Sustainability
Authors: Friedman Walter A.
Published: July 2020

Throughout history, and particularly since World War II, American business has held a real and symbolic role in the world economy. The conclusion looks at the reasons behind this: an intermittently regulated business environment; a focus on innovation and regeneration and a comparative lack of stigma attached to failure; and the “American Dream” of democratic entrepreneurship, which has attracted new people and perspectives throughout history. While social and economic freedom is inaccessible to many, the idea of it has been a powerful incentive to encourage risk-taking people, from both America and around the world, to pursue opportunities in America—and enough have succeeded there to encourage others.
Conclusion
Authors: Wright Donald
Published: July 2020

The Conclusion looks at the reading material provided to new Canadian citizens from the Syrian diaspora and elsewhere. These guides leave out the struggle for labour rights but cover Canada’s military history, residential schools, Quebec nationalism, gay and lesbian rights, and women’s rights—which, despite Canada’s reputation for tolerance, were as hard-won there as elsewhere. Peacekeeping, Arctic sovereignty, and the world’s largest undefended border also appear in the guides. The pluralism of the chapter titles in this VSI expresses the belief that there is nothing singular about Canada; it remains geographically large, historically complicated, and made up of people from all over the world.
5. Diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: July 2020

‘Diagnosis and treatment’ explains the systems used to classify brain disorders, and the change in our understanding of dementia from seeing it as threshold to a spectrum of symptoms that gradually worsen. There are five main types of dementia: Alzheimer’s, vascular dementia, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Lewy body disease, and mixed dementia. Neurological disorders also arise from brain trauma, prion disease, substance abuse, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other conditions. Timely diagnosis is critical to giving patients and their families a sense of agency and, in some cases, the ability to improve symptoms through pharmacological and non-pharmacological means. The most effective treatments are tailored to the individual.
World Music: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: July 2020

World Music: A Very Short Introduction looks at the history of world music and its many definitions. ‘World music’ is more than a marketing term for the music industry. During the Enlightenment, the idea of the ‘folk song’ encouraged European audiences to imagine music from around the world. Technology helped to create the ‘audio moment’—the transformation of sound into material which could be recorded and distributed worldwide. Throughout history, music has been used to express unity and national pride. World music both foregrounds and transgresses borders. Ideas in different cultures about world music, and indeed about music, are as diverse as ever.
The West and the world
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: July 2020

‘The West and the world’ investigates the unequal balance of power in the transcription, recording, and history of world music. World music may have been forged in the ‘Middle Passage’ from Africa to slavery elsewhere, but its musicians were nameless. Their music-making was documented by those with power. Collectors of world music have an anthological impulse, bringing together songs from different cultures. Johann Gottfried Herder’s collection of Volkslieder or ‘Folk Songs’ and two of the first anthologies on record—the Demonstration Collection and Music of the Orient—show that the products of the overarching anthological impulse can be very different.
Between myth and history
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: July 2020

‘Between myth and history’ begins with the 1932 Cairo Congress in Arab Music. The Arab contingent sought advice on progress, while the European delegates romanticized traditional Arab music. These contradictions, and Islam’s relationship with music, shaped the life-stories of three figures: 14th-century polymath Ibn Khaldūn; 20th-century Egyptian singer Umm Kulthūm; and ethnomusicologist Robert Lachmann, who found musical echoes of Muslim and Jewish pilgrims in Djerba, where he had been expecting to find local music fixed in time by isolation. The Mediterranean has inspired written and sung epics, which were translated into architecture and politics, taking them from myth into history.
Music of the folk
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: July 2020

If folk music made it possible to imagine world music, it did so from a European perspective. ‘Music of the folk’ examines what concepts of folk and nationality meant to Hungarian composers Bartók and Kodály and explores the global success of folk-inspired Celtic music. Musical pioneers often straddled two cultures, such as Leadbelly, who performed both rural Southern blues and more sophisticated fusion. Leadbelly’s story and others were documented by the Lomax family of folk musician scholars. The spread of polka across the world suggests that there is a place for folk music within world music, contradicting claims that the idea of world music encourages homogenization.
Music of the nations
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: July 2020

Looking at the contentious history of the Eurovision Song Contest, ‘Music of the nations’ considers the complex relationship between world music, nationalism, and the modern nation-state. In her winning song in 2016, ‘1944’, the Ukrainian entry Jamala switched from English to Crimean Tatar, a political reference to the Russian annexation of Ukraine. Zimbabwe changed its anthem from ‘God Save the Queen’ to an African song via ‘Ode to Joy.’ ‘HaTikva’ went from a chorus at an international congress to the Israeli national anthem. There are also supra- or international anthems like the ‘Internationale’, a standard of the socialist movement worldwide.
Diaspora
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: July 2020

‘Diaspora’ explores the effect of human displacement on world music after the ‘discovery’ of the New World by Columbus in 1492, which set off a chain of diasporas. The music of diaspora addresses both place and homelessness, wandering and the dream of return. Three diasporas are investigated, beginning with the Sephardic diaspora, which arose in turn from the expulsion of Jews from Europe; the displacement of Africans resulting from colonial slave trade; and the South Asian diaspora, which draws upon music to represent the post-colonial world. Diasporic music is diverse, including reggae, klezmer, bhangra, Bollywood, and hip-hop among other genres.
World music matters
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: July 2020

‘World music matters’ looks at the sites of music and musical instrument creation under threat from climate change. The word ‘matter’ refers not only to the significance but the materiality of world music and sound itself. As diasporas expand, the routes and borders they once travelled are closing. From the Calais Jungle to Babylon Orchestra, world musicians collaborate with each other and create new fusions. In the 21st century, world music is more diverse than ever, and we must find new ways to sustain and engage with world music that put the musician and the ethnographer on an equal footing.
Introduction
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen , Peden Knox
Published: July 2020

1580 saw the publication of Montaigne’s Essays, which the Introduction identifies as the first philosophical work in French. Montaigne was fluent in Latin, the language of scholarship, so what was the significance of his writing in the vernacular? During the early modern period, French philosophy covered what we would now think of as science, along with theology, metaphysics, and ethics. During the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, philosophy became associated with radical politics and intellectualism. After the First World War, French philosophers embraced existential ideas from Germany and further east. What impact would ‘French theory’ have on the twentieth century?
The origins of French philosophy
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen , Peden Knox
Published: July 2020

What do Montaigne’s Essays have in common with modern philosophy? ‘The origins of French philosophy’ explains different approaches to relativism, humanism, and scepticism in the writings of Montaigne and Descartes, and lesser-known philosophers Gassendi and Malebranche. As a cleric, Gassendi shaped his conclusions around Christian doctrine. When Descartes was unable to argue a central scientific theory because of the Church—that the Earth revolves around the Sun—he became preoccupied by the possibility of absolute, indisputable knowledge. Thus, ontology in French philosophy was replaced with epistemology—the study of knowledge. How did early modern philosophers explain the relationship between God, the mind, and the body?
Radical philosophy
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen , Peden Knox
Published: July 2020

Cartesian rationalism was challenged in the French public imagination by the theories of John Locke. ‘Radical philosophy: the eighteenth century’ looks at how philosophers like d’Alembert popularized Lockean ideas about how humans experience the world through sensation and reflection. Where did language come from? What can babies, statues, and blind people teach us about sensibility? Should human bodies be perfected by medicine, science, and society? Rousseau wrote that external impressions were as important as innate thoughts and that humans were corrupted by the world. Voltaire argued that Christianity was only one of many religions and the West only one region.
Post-Revolutionary philosophy
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen , Peden Knox
Published: July 2020

After the French Revolution, philosophy and the rapid rise of individualism were blamed for the bloodshed. ‘Post-Revolutionary philosophy: the nineteenth century and the Third Republic’ introduces thinkers like Auguste Comte, who ushered in socialism by arguing that Enlightenment ideas had toppled the old order of monarchy and religion, but that their individualism potentially hampered progress. Progress, epitomized by science, was the goal in nineteenth-century French philosophy. Rationalism and the ‘critical idealism’ of Léon Brunschvicg were not the only schools of thought. The Romantic philosopher Henri Bergson tackled the relationship between mind, body, and spirit by defining knowledge as a process.
Conclusion
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen , Peden Knox
Published: July 2020

Is it significant, as the Conclusion suggests, that the Sorbonne is located between the Panthéon and the Préfecture de Police? French philosophy is associated with greatness and exercises considerable influence through the education system and grant funding, but in the wrong hands it could be an instrument of state control. The proximity of religious buildings to the Sorbonne also suggests that their influence has not been vanquished by the scepticism that characterized French philosophy from Descartes onward. The history of the French state has been driven by debates and fundamental questions about non-religious foundations of legitimacy. The history of French philosophy is marked by similar traits.
2. Before the Rougon-Macquart
Authors: Nelson Brian
Published: July 2020

‘Before the Rougon-Macquart’ examines the author’s early life as the child of a French mother and Italian father, originally named Zolla. The death of Zola’s father when his son was 7 thrust the boy and his mother into near-destitution and helped foster his self-reliant spirit. While employed by the publishing house of Hachette, Zola gained skills and contacts that served him well in building his own reputation. On leaving Hachette after the publication of his first novel, Claude’s Confession, he became a full-time journalist and writer. As a journalist he championed Manet and the Impressionists against the arch-conservatism of the art establishment. His art criticism caused a sensation. Like Manet in his paintings, he built his 1867 novel Thérèse Raquin, a lurid tale of adultery and murder, on brutal contrasts. The novel (described as ‘putrid literature’ by one critic) was a succès de scandale. Meanwhile, Zola made a marriage that would sustain him for life.
4. ‘A work of truth’
Authors: Nelson Brian
Published: July 2020

‘A work of truth’ looks at the novel L’Assommoir, the first to represent how the workers—the new French industrial proletariat—really lived. The story of Gervaise Macquart, a washerwoman whose modest desires are thwarted by unreliable men, a predisposition to drink, and a hostile environment, caused an uproar. Zola uses contemporary slang to replicate working-class speech; and an effect of empathy is created by his innovative use of narrative voice, whereby the lines between the characters and the narrator become blurred. It is as if the workers themselves tell their own story. L’Assommoir made Zola famous. Ironically, given its subject matter, it also made him rich.
8. The Great Mother
Authors: Nelson Brian
Published: July 2020

‘The great mother: earth’ looks at the novel Earth, Zola’s favourite among his novels. Lyrical descriptions of the countryside and of the eternal cycle of nature and the seasons contrast with the violent human actions depicted. The story centres around another outsider, Jean Macquart, a former soldier and carpenter who tries to retire to the country, and Fouan, an elderly farmer who, like King Lear, divides his inheritance among his children who humiliate and reject him. Zola’s dark vision of the peasant world, existing beyond all civilized values, and the prominence in the novel of explicit sex and bodily functions, provoked an uproar, bringing to the fore once again the controversy that had always informed critical responses to naturalism.
The Russian Economy: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Connolly Richard
Published: July 2020

The Russian Economy: A Very Short Introduction looks at the historical roots of an economy dominated by the state and shaped by a need for security. The Soviet Union’s centrally planned economic system enabled industrialization, urbanization, and military success, but at what human cost? The transition to a market-based system in the late 20th century was difficult, and only partially successful. From the millennium onwards, Vladimir Putin’s economic policy emerged as a hybrid of state- and market-controlled approaches. Russia has been criticized for overdependence on natural resources and armaments. However, if some world powers can combine state control and a profile in the global markets, why not Russia?
1. Forces that shaped the economy in Russia
Authors: Connolly Richard
Published: July 2020

The Russian economy was shaped by three major factors—an excessive focus on security, a dominant state, and a weak market. ‘Forces that shaped the economy in Russia’ traces these features back to Russia’s imperial past. The Mongol Golden Horde was replaced with central authorities who also relied on high levels of taxation. With a large workforce and abundant natural resources, Russia could mobilize considerable resources in responding to external threats or grand projects like the building of St Petersburg. However, the private sector remained weak. Why would entrepreneurs invest in new enterprises when their initiatives were stifled by a cumbersome state that valued connections above innovation?
5. From modernization to isolation
Authors: Connolly Richard
Published: July 2020

‘From modernization to isolation’ shows how Russia’s dependence on oil and gas was tested by the global financial crisis of 2008 and Western sanctions imposed after the annexation of Crimea in 2014. During Dmitry Medvedev’s presidency, Putin, as prime minister, held onto much of the power. Medvedev’s ambitious plans to modernize the Russian economy with technology were limited by a legacy of corruption in the system. State involvement in energy, defence, industrial production, finance, and agriculture increased, with slick officials masking unchanged methods. On his fourth inauguration in 2018, Putin showed no sign of changing the conservative strategies that had helped him stabilize Russia.
6. Russia in the global economy
Authors: Connolly Richard
Published: July 2020

While Russia has not fully diversified, it has a stronger presence in the software industry, is one of the world’s biggest exporters of diamonds, and its substantial wheat exports demonstrate increased stability since the days of the Soviet Union. ‘Russia in the global economy’ looks at Russia’s landscape, reminding us that while Moscow resembles other glamorous urban centres, great swathes of this large country are off-grid. When Russia has succeeded financially, the world economy has historically been healthy. Will another downturn in the markets impact Russia? Looking at the success of China and the Gulf States, is a strong state always a barrier to business?
7. Prospects for the future of the Russian economy
Authors: Connolly Richard
Published: July 2020

When looking at data on the Russian population and its demographics, averages conceal huge regional variations, not least in economic development and life expectancies. ‘Prospects for the future of the Russian economy’ compares the prospects of ‘first’ urban and developed Russia with a less powerful ‘second’ Russia and rural areas ranked third and fourth. Russia has the ingredients needed for innovation, not least an educated population. However, its historical problems persist—weak property rights, low levels of competition, overdependence on energy and defence, and lack of supporting infrastructure. With access to resources still determined by historical and current state connections, will the state ever be tamed?
2. Dynamic maps of a dynamic planet
Authors: Lomolino Mark V.
Published: July 2020

“Dynamic maps of a dynamic planet” introduces the geographic template—highly regular spatial patterns of variation in environmental conditions across the planet. Despite the regular nature of this geographic template at any given time, Earth is a dynamic planet that has undergone geological upheavals over the last three and a half billion years of life. Beyond the dynamics created across land and sea by plate tectonics, species assemblages have had to adapt to rapid upheavals, such as the Pleistocene Epoch or “Ice Ages.” Why, after surviving the previous twenty or so interglacial periods, should gargantuan megafaunal mammals and birds suffer extinction during the most recent periods?
4. Retracing evolution across space and time
Authors: Lomolino Mark V.
Published: July 2020

Evolution occurs not only over time, but across space as well. “Retracing evolution across space and time” explores the sub-discipline of historical biogeography, giving an overview of approaches used to reconstruct the geographic and evolutionary origins of the lineages of natural life forms. Contemporary approaches to mapping these lineages confirm Buffon’s Law—that environmentally similar but isolated regions have different plant and animal life. These maps aim to delineate the regions of life and describe their biotic composition.
6. Macroecology and the geography of micro-evolution
Authors: Lomolino Mark V.
Published: July 2020

“Macroecology and the geography of micro-evolution” shifts the focus from macroevolutionary patterns in species richness to micro-evolutionary patterns of biogeographic variation within species. These patterns are driven by natural selection and adaptation, which in turn are driven by variation in environmental characteristics among regions and across the geographic template. How do physiological, behavioral, and ecological traits of species vary across their regional populations? Exotic, insular life forms, shaped by their island homelands void of mammalian competitors and predators, often suffered extinctions after colonization by humans and their many commensal species.
7. The geographic and ecological advance of humanity
Authors: Lomolino Mark V.
Published: July 2020

“The geographic and ecological advance of humanity” argues that the global expansion of the human species was influenced by the same factors that shaped the expansions of other life forms. Our indigenous populations were also strongly influenced by the forces of natural selection, driving human micro-evolution across the geographic template, such as larger size in higher latitudes and darker skin in tropical regions. Unfortunately, the expansion of our species has simultaneously homogenized biological communities across the globe—driving unique, locally endemic species to extinction and introducing a redundant set of species into even the most isolated regions of the planet. It is therefore imperative that we now apply the lessons on the geography of life to conserve the Earth’s remaining species.
The Clinical Frailty Scale predicts adverse outcome in older people admitted to a UK major trauma centre
Authors: Rickard Frances , Ibitoye Sarah , Deakin Helen , Walton Benjamin , Thompson Julian , Shipway David , Braude Philip
Published: July 2020

Background

Frailty assessment using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) has been mandated for older people admitted to English major trauma centres (MTC) since April 2019. Little evidence is available as to CFS-associated outcomes in the trauma population.

Objective

To investigate post-injury outcomes stratified by the CFS.

Methods

A single centre prospective observational cohort study was undertaken. CFS was prospectively assigned to patients ≥ 65 years old admitted to the MTC over a 5-month period. Primary outcome was 30-day post-injury mortality. Secondary outcomes were length of hospital stay, complications and discharge level of care.

Results

In 300 patients median age was 82; 146 (47%) were frail (CFS 5–9) and 28 (9.3%) severely frail (CFS 7–9). Frail patients had lower injury severity scores (median 9 vs 16) but greater 30-day mortality (CFS 5–6 odds ratio (OR) 5.68; P < 0.01; CFS 7–9 OR 10.38; P < 0.01). Frailty was associated with delirium (29.5% vs 17.5%; P = 0.02), but not complication rate (50.7% vs 41.6%; P = 0.20) or length of hospital stay (13 vs 11 days; P = 0.35). Mild to moderate frailty was associated with increased care level at discharge (OR 2.31; P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Frailty is an independent predictor of 30-day mortality, inpatient delirium and increased care level at discharge in older people experiencing trauma. CFS can therefore be used to identify those at risk of poor outcome who may benefit from comprehensive geriatric review, validating its inclusion in the 2019 best practice tariff for major trauma.
Risperidone- and paliperidone-induced hepatotoxicity: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Khorassani Farah , Sousonis Frances , Lopez Leonardo V
Published: July 2020

Purpose

A case of hepatotoxicity likely due to use of risperidone and paliperidone is reported.

A 23-year-old man with schizophrenia was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit after an exacerbation of mental illness secondary to medication nonadherence. During 13 days of treatment with risperidone, the patient’s liver enzyme levels rose sharply, so antipsychotic therapy was switched to oral paliperidone. After a 5-day downward trend in liver enzyme levels, a dose of intramuscular paliperidone was administered to augment oral paliperidone therapy. After 10 days of paliperidone use, abnormally high liver enzyme levels were again noted; both oral and intramuscular paliperidone therapy were discontinued and haloperidol was initiated, with complete resolution of liver enzyme abnormalities within approximately 4 weeks. Scoring of this case using the algorithm of Naranjo et al indicated probable associations between risperidone use and hepatotoxicity (a score of 7) and paliperidone use and hepatotoxicity (a score of 8). To our knowledge, this is the first case report describing a patient who developed hepatotoxicity during risperidone use that did not remit with a switch to paliperidone therapy.

Conclusion

Findings of this case suggest that patients who develop hepatotoxicity with use of risperidone may also do so with paliperidone use; this, in turn, suggests that both risperidone and its metabolite are capable of causing hepatotoxicity. Patients who develop hepatotoxicity in response to risperidone or paliperidone therapy may benefit from treatment with an alternative antipsychotic with a different chemical structure.
Spreading success
Authors: Bowler Sue
Published: July 2020

Sue Bowler explores how the RAS 200 bicentenary outreach projects are sharing our sciences with new – and big – audiences.
Hunting bubbles
Authors: Roche Ben
Published: July 2020

Ben Roche's outreach project encourages young children to explore marine geophysics by introducing them to whale farts.
Uncovering antibody cross-reaction dynamics in influenza A infections
Authors: Hernandez-Mejia Gustavo , Hernandez-Vargas Esteban A
Published: July 2020

Motivation

Influenza viruses are a cause of large outbreaks and pandemics with high death tolls. A key obstacle is that flu vaccines have inconsistent performance, in the best cases up to 60% effectiveness, but it can be as low as 10%. Uncovering the hidden pathways of how antibodies (Abs) induced by one influenza strain are effective against another, cross-reaction, is a central vexation for the design of universal flu vaccines.

Results

We conceive a stochastic model that successfully represents the antibody cross-reactive data from mice infected with H3N2 influenza strains and further validation with cross-reaction data of H1N1 strains. Using a High-Performance Computing cluster, several aspects and parameters in the model were tested. Computational simulations highlight that changes in time of infection and the B-cells population are relevant, however, the affinity threshold of B-cells between consecutive infections is a necessary condition for the successful Abs cross-reaction. Our results suggest a 3-D reformulation of the current influenza antibody landscape for the representation and modeling of cross-reactive data.

Availability and implementation

The full code as a testing/simulation platform is freely available here: https://github.com/systemsmedicine/Antibody_cross-reaction_dynamics.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Looking Back, Thinking Forward: How a Television Series Facilitated the Development of the Social Work Profession in Hong Kong
Authors: Kwan Chi Kin , Cheung Oi Ngor
Published: July 2020

The healthy development of the social work profession rests on the public’s understanding and trust. The media play a significant role in shaping the public image of social work. This article describes a focus group study that was designed to retrace the long-term impact of an iconic television series in 1976 on the public’s reception of the nascent profession of social work amongst a group of social work practitioners. Four focus groups were conducted with thirty practicing and retired social workers. The content of the focus group discussions was coded and analysed to generate three major themes: (i) the television series gave a real-world articulation of the work of social workers and catalysed the profession’s public receptivity; (ii) it inspired a call amongst conscientious young people to join the profession; and (iii) it contributed to the construction of social workers’ professional identity. The findings demonstrate the contribution of this television series, hence the role of media, to the early development of professional social work in Hong Kong.
Decision Signals in the Local Field Potentials of Early and Mid-Level Macaque Visual Cortex
Authors: Krishna Aravind , Tanabe Seiji , Kohn Adam
Published: July 2020

The neural basis of perceptual decision making has typically been studied using measurements of single neuron activity, though decisions are likely based on the activity of large neuronal ensembles. Local field potentials (LFPs) may, in some cases, serve as a useful proxy for population activity and thus be useful for understanding the neural basis of perceptual decision making. However, little is known about whether LFPs in sensory areas include decision-related signals. We therefore analyzed LFPs recorded using two 48­electrode arrays implanted in primary visual cortex (V1) and area V4 of macaque monkeys trained to perform a fine orientation discrimination task. We found significant choice information in low (0–30 Hz) and higher (70–500 Hz) frequency components of the LFP, but little information in gamma frequencies (30–70 Hz). Choice information was more robust in V4 than V1 and stronger in LFPs than in simultaneously measured spiking activity. LFP-based choice information included a global component, common across electrodes within an area. Our findings reveal the presence of robust choice-related signals in the LFPs recorded in V1 and V4 and suggest that LFPs may be a useful complement to spike-based analyses of decision making.