bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Culture of Crape Myrtle
Authors: Zhang Z. M. , Davies F. T.
Published: September 2022

Crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Near East’) explants of 2 nodes were cultured on woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with PBA, BA, or kinetin. PBA was most effective in promoting axillary shoot proliferation. Maximum number of axillary budbreaks occurred on modified WPM containing 3-9 μm PBA. Subcultured shoots ≥2 cm in length rooted in medium without auxin, and ex vitro rooting and acclimization was also obtained. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); N-(phenylmethyl)-9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-amine (PBA), N- (phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); N-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin).
In Vitro Propagation of Quercus shumardii Seedlings
Authors: Bennett Lisa K. , Davies Fred T.
Published: September 2022

Single node stem sections of Quercus shumardii Buckl. seedlings were used to propagate Shumard oak in vitro. Stem sections in liquid woody plant medium (WPM) with 8.9 μm (2 mg liter−1) BA produced the greatest number of shoots ≥10 mm. The cytokinin 2iP did not promote axillary shoot growth. Shoots were rooted with 73% success under ex vitro conditions in Jiffy-7 peat pellets after a basal dip in 2.5 μm (0.5 g-liter−1) IBA. Plantlets were acclimatized successfully to greenhouse conditions. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP), 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA), (1α,2β,4aα,4bβ,10β)-2,4a,7-trihy- droxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-3-ene-1,10-dicarboxylic acid 1,4a-lactone (GA3).
Blueberry Shoestring Virus in Natural Populations of Highbush and Lowbush Blueberry
Authors: Hancock J. F. , Morimoto K. M. , Pritts M. P. , Ramsdell D. C.
Published: September 2022

Blueberry shoestring virus (BBSSV) is the most serious disease in Michigan, and it has been reported in New Jersey, Washington, North Carolina, and Nova Scotia (4, 8). Shoestring is particularly difficult to eradicate, since there is no known control other than removing diseased bushes, and infected bushes do not show external symptoms for up to 4 years. Also, no cultivars of highbush blueberry are immune to the disease (2).
Using the Balloon Flower as a Cut Flower
Authors: Evensen Kathleen , Beattie David
Published: September 2022

The balloon flower, Platycodon grandiflorum cv. Mariesii, is an attractive, long-lived, hardy herbaceous perennial with thick, fleshy, carrot-like roots and dark blue campanulate flowers (Fig. 1). Plant height is about 60 cm for ‘Mariesii’, 45 cm in ‘Apoyama’, and 60-90 cm for the other cultivars (1). Flower colors are blue (‘Mariesii’), white, and light pink, and flower buds mature acropetally. Before the flower opens, the petals remain fused, giving the swollen bud a ballon-like appearance. Flowers are borne erect, solitary, and terminal, but the close arrangement on the stem gives the appearance of a loose raceme. Although Platycodon usually is grown as a garden perennial, recent interest in perennial cut flowers as well as the upright growth habit, attractive buds and flowers, and long period of time that the plants remain in flower suggest that, if forced in the greenhouse, they could be used as cut flowers. This paper describes the longevity, response to preservatives, and tolerance of typical handling procedures of cut Platycodon.
Effect of Zeatin and 2iP on Shoot Proliferation of Three Highbush Blueberry Clones in Vitro
Authors: Chandler Craig K. , Draper Arlen D.
Published: September 2022

N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP) has been used to promote multiple shoot formation in previous tissue culture studies with ericaceous plants (1, 3-7). Fordham et al. (3), however, found that (E)-2-methyl-4-(1H-purin-6-ylamino)-2-buren-1-ol (zeatin) was the most effective cytokinin for stimulating shoot proliferation of cultured Exbury azalea (Rhododendron sp.). This study was conducted to determine if highbush blueberry is similar to Exbury azalea in its response to zeatin.
A Double-pot Technique for Observing Potato Tuber Growth
Authors: Koller David C. , Hiller Larry K.
Published: September 2022

A method was developed to allow nondestructive growth measurements of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.). The technique, consisting of 2 basic components, is simple and effective for observing tuber growth from initiation through maturity. The first component is a “double-pot”, which facilitates washing the growth medium from the tubers. The other component filters the growth medium from the wash water for retrieval and reuse of the medium. Any number of double pots can be used, but only one filtering system is necessary. After observations and measurements have been made, the growth medium can be replaced with little disturbance to the tubers. We generally take tuber growth measurements at 2-week intervals, but we have uncovered tubers at less than one-week intervals without any visible damage.
Small-plot Liquid Injection Wheel Implements for Fertilizing Polyethylene-mulched Vegetables
Authors: Hochmuth G. J. , Maynard D. N. , Csizinszky A. A. , Mitchell Rick , Gilreath Phyllis
Published: September 2022

First introduced for strawberries in the late 1950s, polyethylene mulch has been used widely for vegetable culture in Florida (4, 5). Currently, about 40,000 ha of vegetables are produced in Florida using polyethylene ground mulches. A full-bed mulch system is used for most of the tomato, pepper, and strawberry crops in Florida (2, 3).
Polyamines as Antiozonants for Tomato
Authors: Ormrod D. P. , Beckerson D. W.
Published: September 2022

Polyamines acted as antisenescence agents (2, 5), increased membrane stability of beet root, rose petal, and spinach leaf tissue (8, 9), and decreased the rate of chlorophyll degradation in radish cotyledons (2). Ozone is a major air pollutant causing economic losses to crops in agricultural areas (1). One approach to controlling the damage caused by ozone has been the use of chemical protectants (7), but consistent responses have been difficult to achieve. The antisenescence properties of polyamines may confer protectant properties that will reduce or prevent ozone-induced injury to plants. Previous studies have shown increased membrane permeability by ozone at 0.15 μl·liter−1 (4) and increased senescence with ozone at 0.15 μl·liter−1 (3). The objective of this study was to determine if the polyamines—spermine, spermidine, and putrescine—could act as protectants in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.).
‘Shoshoni’ Viburnum
Authors: Egolf Donald R.
Published: September 2022

‘Shoshoni’ is a diminutive Viburnum plicatum Thunb. f. tomentosum (Thunb.) Rehd., double-file viburnum, with fine-textured foliage; masses of cream-white flowers; abundant, long-persistent scarlet fruit; and a dense growth habit. The common name is derived from the parallel rows of flat-topped inflorescences along the top of the horizontal branches. This is the 14th viburnum introduction by the U.S. National Arboretum (1–6).
“A Gynoecious Line of B+B+Genotype in Cucurbita pepo”
Authors: Shifriss Oved
Published: September 2022

The author of the article “A Gynoecious Line of B+B+Genotype in Cucurbita pepo” (HortScience 21:319, Apr. 1986), Oved Shifriss, wishes it noted that: “The genetic synthesis of gynoecism in Cucurbita is a subject of a pending application for a U.S. patent.”
Polyethylene Glycol Incorporation in Table Beet Seed Pellets to Improve Emergence and Yield in Wet Soil
Authors: Khan Anwar A. , Taylor A. G.
Published: September 2022

Improved emergence rate and final stand occurred when ‘Ruby Queen’ beet seed pellets, amended with 1.10 to 3.95 mg polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG) per seedball, were field planted. The number of seedlings per seedball 17 days after planting ranged from 1.39 to 1.60 for PEG-amended pellets, compared to 0.71 plants for non-PEG pellets or dry seeds. The PEG-amended seed pellets yielded 16 to 18 marketable roots per meter of row compared to 11 roots from non-PEG pellets.
Transmission of Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni in Plum and Apricot Nursery Trees by Budding
Authors: Goodman C. A. , Hattingh M. J.
Published: September 2022

A study was made of the importance of the source of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and plum (P. salicina Lindl.) buds on subsequent development of bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni (Smith) Dye on scion shoots and their rootstocks. Visibly infected buds budded onto ‘Marianna’ rootstock took poorly, and all developing shoots became infected. Symptomless, suspect buds from diseased trees had an increased rate of take, and fewer shoots were infected. Visually healthy buds collected from healthy trees gave the highest rate of take and lowest percentage of shoot infection.
Grapevine Girdling by Morphactin in Oil
Authors: Shulman Y. , Nir G. , Bazak H. , Lavee S.
Published: September 2022

Morphactin in spray oil and butanol as emulsifier applied to the bark of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) trunks caused girdling effects. Treatment of ‘Thompson Seedless’ after fruit set increased berry size and treatment of ‘Perlette’ and ‘Muscat of Hamburg’ before harvest advanced maturation. A comparison between chemical and mechanical girdling showed that the former was somewhat less effective than the latter.
Comparison of Seedling and Mature Plant Resistance to Phytophthora parasitica in Tomato
Authors: Blaker N. S. , Hewitt J. D.
Published: September 2022

Seedlings of 11 genotypes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.) were inoculated at the first true leaf stage with zoospores of Phytophthora parasitica under controlled conditions and evaluated for resistance based on seedling death. The same lines also were transplanted into two fields naturally infested with P. parasitica and grown to maturity. Disease severity in the field was evaluated based on plant death and canopy collapse prior to harvest. Resistance to P. parasitica was present in both commercial lines and accessions of L. esculentum var. cerasiforme (Dun.) A. Gray. Seedling resistance was generally a good predictor of resistance in mature plants. The relative resistance and susceptibility expressed in seedlings was reflected in 10 of 11 genotypes in the field. One cultivar that was susceptible in the seedling test appeared resistant in the field. Expression of resistance in both the seedling test and field was influenced by environmental factors.
Pollen Tube Growth and Fruit Set in a Self-compatible Almond Selection
Authors: Socias i Company R. , Felipe A. J.
Published: September 2022

Pollen tube growth in a self-compatible almond [Prunus amygdalus Batsch, syn. P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] selection was similar both after self- and crosspollinations either at 12° and 22°C, showing its genetic self-compatibility. Natural fruit set in the field with open pollination was 14.1% (1984) and 21.3% (1985). This percentage set, considered low for almond, resulted in a full commercial crop because of the very high bloom density of this selection. A 70% reduction in the number of flowers in 1984 did not reduce the number of fruit set significantly. Fruit set in the field after hand-pollination was significantly lower with self-pollination (18.3%) than with crosspollination (25.7%). The receptive stigma and dehiscing anthers are in close proximity, thus facilitating self-pollination.
Liquid-shake Culture for Improved Micropropagation of Begonia × hiemalis
Authors: Simmonds J. A. , Werry T.
Published: September 2022

A large number of adventitious buds were induced on petiole explants of Begonia × hiemalis (Fotsch), but, after 9 weeks on agar culture, only a very few had grown large enough to be used in micropropagation trials. A period of liquid-shake culture increased bud growth. The optimum time to begin liquid culture was after 6 weeks on agar. This procedure increased the number of established plants significantly. Gibberellic acid in the liquid medium enhanced bud growth but these shoots did not root well and the establishment of multistemmed plants also was reduced.
Plant Regeneration in Vitro of Selected Allium Species and Interspecific Hybrids
Authors: Phillips Gregory C. , Hubstenberger John F.
Published: September 2022

The procedures for micropropagation and plant regeneration from callus were developed for Allium fistulosum L., A. altaicum Pall., A. galanthum Kar. & Kir., A. roylei Stearn, and selected progeny of interspecific crosses of A. cepa × fistulosum, A. cepa × galanthum and A. cepa × oschaninii O. Fedtsch. Each of the genotypes exhibited shoot multiplication in micropropagation systems, and most regenerated plants from callus. The results demonstrate the general applicability of the picloram-based tissue culture model for the genus Allium. Chemical names used: 4-amino-3,5,6-tri-chloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (picloram).
Technology Transfer Within the Apple, Blueberry, and Juice Grape Industries in Michigan
Authors: Othman Kamariah , Bittenbender H. C.
Published: September 2022

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), and juice grape (Vitis labrusca L.) growers in selected Michigan counties were surveyed to determine the major sources of technical information used in their decisionmaking for seven production practices; whether a common pattern of information sources exist among the seven technologies within each grower group; and whether patterns of information sources among different grower groups are similar within each technology. Major information sources averaged across the seven production practices in order of importance to each grower group were: apple growers—Michigan State Horticultural Society (MSHS) annual meetings, local growers, Cooperative Extension Services (CES) agents, CES bulletins, and agribusiness representatives; blueberry growers—Michigan Blueberry Growers Association (MBGA) members-MBGA representatives, MBGA handbooks and local growers, and independent blueberry growers-CES agents, local growers, and CES bulletins; grape growers—National Grape Cooperative (NGC) members-local growers, CES agents, NGC newsletters and NGC representatives, and, independent juice grape growers—local growers and CES agents. Information sources used by growers for each practice were discussed. Chemical-requiring technologies, such as fertilizer use, weed control, pest control, growth regulator use, and disease control had similar ranking patterns for information sources within each industry.
‘TropicSweet’: A Freestone Peach for Subtropical Climates
Authors: Rouse R. E. , Sherman W. B.
Published: September 2022

‘TropicSweet’ peach is released jointly by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station of the Texas A&M Univ. System and the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station of the Univ. of Florida.
Darkfield Illumination, an Alternative Technique for Photomicrography
Authors: Williamson J. G. , Coston D. C. , Williamson D. A.
Published: September 2022

The cover depicts a cross-sectional photomicrograph of a root from peach treated with a soil application of paclobutrazol. The 14-μm section was taken about 2 mm from the root apex. The tissue was fixed and embedded by conventional methods similar to those described by Sass (8), then doublestained with safranin and fast green. Photomicrographs were taken at × 180 with Ektachrome film (Kodak) using a Leitz Dialux 20 research microscope equipped with an Orthomat automatic microscope camera.
Tomato Yield and Nitrogen Recovery as Influenced by Irrigation Method, Nitrogen Source, and Mulch
Authors: Sweeney D. W. , Graetz D. A. , Bottcher A. B. , Locascio S. J. , Campbell K. L.
Published: September 2022

Factorial combinations of trickle or overhead irrigation, polyethylene mulch or no mulch, and 100% NH4NO3 or 50% sulfur-coated urea (SCU) and 50% NH4NO3 were evaluated for their effects on yield and N recovery by tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). In treatments using 100% NH4NO3, 15N-depleted NH4NO3 was applied. Neither tomato yield nor N uptake were affected by irrigation method but both were increased by the use of polyethylene mulch. Higher yields were obtained with NH4NO3 than with 50% NH4NO3 and 50% SCU. An average of 65% of the N in the plant and fruit originated from fertilizer N. Nitrogen recovery from plants and soil at the end of the season in treatments using 15N-depleted fertilizer ranged from 52% to 95%. Highest recovery was obtained with mulch plus overhead irrigation. With this system, 53% of the added N was recovered by the plant and 42% remained in the soil. Only 5% of the added N was lost from the system. All of the other treatments resulted in loss of an average of 46% of the added N.
Reflective Mulches Influence Plant Survival, Production, and Insect Control in Fall Tomatoes
Authors: Schalk J. M. , Robbins M. LeRon
Published: September 2022

Aluminum mulches lowered soil temperatures and reduced heat stress for young tomato transplants, increasing their survival and height. Yields were improved in all mulch treatments. Greatest yields of large and extra-large fruits were obtained from plants grown on aluminum alone, on aluminum in combination with black plastic, and on black plastic alone. Aphids were repelled by the aluminum mulches, while fruit injury increased due to tomato pinworm and tomato fruit worm feeding in these plots.
Influence of HPS Supplementary Lighting on Growth and Yield of Greenhouse Cucumbers
Authors: Blain Jacques , Gosselin André , Trudel Marc-J.
Published: September 2022

Four cultivars of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. ‘Corona’, ‘Far-biola’, ‘Pandex’, and ‘Sandra’) were grown under four lighting conditions: natural light and natural light supplemented by 100, 200, or 300 μmol·s−1·m−2 provided by high-pressure sodium lamps for a photoperiod of 18 hr. For this purpose, transplants were first seeded on 24 Sept. 1984, transplanted on 23 Oct., and grown according to the successive cropping method. Supplemental lighting enhanced plant growth and increased yield. Our data indicate that a marketable yield of 240 fruit/m2 per year of greenhouse cucumbers could be obtained with supplementary lighting of 300 μmol·s−1·m−2.
Daminozide Affects Growth and Yield of ‘Heritage’ Red Raspberry
Authors: McGregor Graeme R.
Published: September 2022

Application of daminozide to young ‘Heritage’ primocanes significantly increased early yields by increasing the number of fruit that ripened on lower fruiting laterals. Daminozide at 2000 ppm applied to 30-cm-high primocanes would enable a commercial crop to be harvested in districts otherwise unsuitable for autumn production. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide).
Reproductive Response of the Highbush Blueberry to Root-zone Flooding
Authors: Abbott John D. , Gough R. E.
Published: September 2022

Two-year-old container-grown highbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Bluecrop’) were flooded outdoors, beginning in December, April, and August, to determine the seasonal effects of root-zone flooding on reproductive growth. Flooded plants had 61-77% fewer flower buds and 55-66% fewer flowers per bud, compared to nonflooded plants. Anthesis was delayed about 6 days in flooded plants. Fruit set was decreased 45% and fruit abscision increased with flooding. Fruit weight, fruit size, and percentage of soluble solids from flooded plants were reduced significantly.
Response of Strawberries to Irrigation Scheduling
Authors: Dwyer L. M. , Stewart D. W. , Houwing L. , Balchin D.
Published: September 2022

A field experiment monitored the response of 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ‘Bounty’) plants to irrigation scheduled according to three criteria: a) daily rainfall ⩽1 mm, b) predawn leaf water potential ⩽ − 0.25 MPa, and c) soil water content ⩽50% plant-available water. All irrigated plots had significantly higher yields than nonirrigated plots (P < 0.05). The mean fruit weight was also higher in all irrigated plots, but differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.10). The irrigation treatments had no effect on the length of the harvest period. Plots watered each day that rainfall was ⩽1 mm had significantly more crown development than other irrigated and nonirrigated plots (P < 0.05). Predawn leaf water potential was the most conservative criterion for irrigation scheduling.
Influence of Benomyl on Yield Response of Pleurotus sajor-caju to Delayed Release Nutrient Supplementation
Authors: Royse Daniel J. , Schisler Lee C.
Published: September 2022

The use of benomyl significantly influenced the yield response of Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer to increasing levels of delayed release nutrient supplement. Benomyl applied during the substrate soaking process or at spawning resulted in the highest mushroom yields when the substrate was supplemented with delayed release nutrient at 63% (dry substrate weight). At the highest supplementation rate (63%), competitor molds were most effectively controlled when benomyl was applied in the substrate soak water. Mushroom yield response to increasing levels of supplement was curvilinear. The increase in yield became less for each incremental increase in supplement. Chemical name used: methyl[1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate (benomyl).
Effects of Amidochlor on Shoot Growth and Seedhead Suppression in Cool-season Turfgrass
Authors: Bhowmik Prasanta C.
Published: September 2022

Amidochlor at 2.24 to 3.36 kg a.i./ha provided excellent (90% or better) seedhead suppression of ‘Baron’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and 80% to 90% seedhead suppression for ‘Pennlawn’ red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) turf. Although amidochlor provided excellent shoot growth reduction up to 42 days after treatment (DAT), the greatest shoot growth reduction was noted during 28 DAT. In general, turfgrass injury was within acceptable limits over the entire study period except during the 28-day period when unacceptable injury (32% to 64%) was noted. Quality of amidochlor-treated turfs was unacceptable 28 DAT. Quality improved significantly over time, and the quality ratings ranged from 7.0 to 8.5. Maximum shoot growth reduction (85% to 93%) as measured by fresh clipping weight occurred during the initial 28-day period and thereafter declined, followed by a stimulation of turfgrass growth (56 DAT). Chemical name used: N-[(acetylamino)methyl]-2-chloro-N-2,6(diethylphenyl)acetamide (amidochlor).
Effect of Seasons and Insecticides on Orchid Thrips Injury of Anthuriums in Hawaii
Authors: Hara Arnold H. , Mau Ronald F. L. , Sato Dwight M. , Bushe Brian C.
Published: September 2022

Dimethoate 4EC, fenpropathrin 2.4EC, fluvalinate 2F, oxamyl 2L, chlor-pyrifos 4EC, malathion 5EC, diazinon 4EC, and oxydemeton-methyl 2EC insecticides significantly reduced injury of anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Lind. & Andre cv. Ozaki) flowers by the orchid thrips, Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton). Injury was characterized by white streaks and/or scarrings occurring primarily on the abaxial surface only or on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the spathe. Injury on the adaxial surface occurred only at 0.15% of all thrips-injured spathes observed during the study period. Thrips injury on anthurium flowers in control plots during Aug. 1984 to Sept. 1985 decreased to 3% during Feb. and Mar. 1985, and increased to 90% during Sept. 1985. Chemical names used: O,O-dimethyl S-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoeth-yl]phosphorodithoate (dimethoate); (Rs)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate (fenpropathrin); N-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-DL-valine (±)-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester (fluvalinate); S-{2-(ethyl suffinyl)ethyl}O,O-dimethylphosphorothioate (oxydemeton-methyl); methyl 2-dimethylamino)-N-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-2-oxoethanimidothioate (oxamyl); O,O-diethyl 0-[6-methyl-α-(1-methylethyl)-4-pyrimidinyl] phosphorothioate (diazinon); O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl)-phosphorothioate (chlorpyrifos); and diethyl [(dimethoxyphos-phinothiovl)thio] butanedioate (malathion).
Grader Performance Using a Peach Ground Color Maturity Chart
Authors: Delwiche Michael J.
Published: September 2022

The ability of graders to match colors in a ground color maturity chart to actual peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) ground colors was measured for seven cultivar s. Peach samples were graded visually, and scores were compared with color scores derived from colorimeter measurements. Graders selected the correct color reference match in 48% of the observations and within one color of the correct reference in 94% of the observations. For the standard minimum maturity reference, this corresponds to a ground color range with Hunter “a” values between −5.8 and −1.3. Color matching was affected by skin lightness as well as chromaticity. Significant differences were measured in color matching performance among cultivars and graders, but these differences were of little practical effect.
Ethanol Accumulation and Poststorage Quality of ‘Delicious’ Apples During Short-term, Low-O2, CA Storage
Authors: Nichols William C. , Patterson Max E
Published: September 2022

‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) harvested on two dates and stored in controlled atmospheres (CA) from 0.0% to 1.5% O2 were analyzed biweekly during a 14-week storage period for tissue ethanol and other quality parameters. After 14 weeks, ‘Delicious’ fruit stored in 0.0% O2 was significantly firmer, lower in soluble solids, and had 10 times more ethanol than fruit stored in 0.5% to 1.5% O2. Upon return to ambient air for 7 days following low-O2 storage, up to 50% of the ethanol accumulated was lost. The first external symptoms of low-O2 injury appeared after 8 weeks in 0.0% O2 followed by a week in air. Symptoms were associated with ethanol contents >2500 μg·liter−1. Fruit harvested 7 Oct. produced more ethanol than fruit harvested 23 Sept. (i.e., greater concentration and faster rate). There were no differences in firmness, soluble solids, and titratable acidity due to harvest date.
Effect of Postharvest Heat Treatments for Insect Control on the Quality and Market Life of Avocados
Authors: Kerbel Eduardo L. , Mitchell F. Gordon , Mayer Gene
Published: September 2022

The tolerance of avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv. Fuerte) to different heat treatments, using hot air at 43°C, was evaluated. The heat-treated avocados did not soften or ripen normally and exhibited severe surface browning after a 14-day simulated transit period at 7° followed by a 4-day simulated marketing period at 20°. Heat treatments also increased rate of weight loss, susceptibility to vibration injury, and loss of fresh avocado flavor.
Effect of Ethylene on Protease Activity in Petals and in Ovaries from Cut Roses
Authors: Lukaszewska A. , Pérez-Zún̂iga F. J. , Gorin N.
Published: September 2022

Ethylene treatment affected protease activity in ovaries, but not petals, of cut roses (Rosa hybrida L.) ‘Sonia’. Protease activity in ovaries of ethylene-treated flowers decreased within the first 3 days and then remained at the same level until the 12th day. In ovaries from controls, protease activity decreased from day 6 until day 9 and then remained constant until day 12. Protease activity of petals did not differ significantly between the ethylene-treated and control flowers; it was constant until day 6 and then increased steadily until day 12. Differences between ethylene-treated and control flowers were visible immediately after treatment (day 1) and until day 3, as the sepals of the ethylene-treated flowers reflexed. Later (day 6), this difference disappeared as the sepals of the control flowers also reflexed. On day 9 the outer petals of the ethylene-treated flowers were bluish, whereas the controls were not. There were no other differences in development between treated and control flowers.
Interaction between an Indigenous Endomycorrhizal Fungus and Mineral Nutrition of Rosa multiflora Understock
Authors: Paterson D. R. , Taber Ruth A. , Pemberton H. B. , Earhart D. R.
Published: September 2022

In the article “Interaction between an Indigenous Endomycorrhizal Fungus and Mineral Nutrition of Rosa multiflora Understock” by D.R. Paterson, Ruth A. Taber, H.B. Pemberton, and D.R. Earhart (HortScience 21:312-313, Apr. 1986), the last line of data in Table 1 was printed incorrectly.
‘Advantage’, ‘Pilgrim’, and ‘Companion‘ Celery
Authors: Honma Shigemi , Lacy M. L. , Murakishi H. H.
Published: September 2022

In the article “ ‘Advantage’, ‘Pilgrim’, and ‘C om panion’ C elery” by Shigemi Honma, M.L. Lacy, and H.H. Murakishi (HortScience 21:1073-1074, Aug. 1986), H.H. Murakishi's name was spelled incorrectly.
Gene Transfer System for Potato
Authors: Shahin Elias A. , Simpson Robert B.
Published: September 2022

In the article “Gene Transfer System for Potato” by Elias A. Shahin and Robert B. Simpson (HortScience 21:1199–1201, Oct. 1986), an incorrect photograph was printed as Fig. 2C. The correct photograph is printed below.
The Carbohydrate-Nitrogen Relationship and Flowering/Fruiting: Kraus and Kraybill Revisited
Authors: Cameron J. Scott , Dennis Frank G.
Published: September 2022

In the article “The Carbohydrate-Nitrogen Relationship and Flowering/Fruiting: Kraus and Kraybill Revisted” by J. Scott Cameron and Frank G. Dennis, Jr. (HortScience 21:1099–1102, Oct. 1986), on p. 1100, under Experimental methods and designs, the authors note that the sentence reading “Kraus and Kraybill describe 4 experiments (I, III, IV, and V II)...” should read “Kraus and Kraybill describe 4 experiments (II, V, VI, and V II)...” In the article “Gene Transfer System for Potato” by Elias A. Shahin and Robert B. Simpson (HortScience 21:1199–1201, Oct. 1986), an incorrect photograph was printed as Fig. 2C. The correct photograph is printed below.
Intermittent Microsprinkler Irrigation and Tree Wraps For Freeze Protection of Young ‘Hamlin’ Orange Trees
Authors: Davies Frederick S. , Rippetoe L. W. , Jackson Larry K.
Published: September 2022

The effectiveness of intermittent and constant microsprinkler irrigation, compared with no irrigation, for freeze protection of young ‘Hamlin’ orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.], was studied during radiative and advective freezes in 198586. All tree trunks were wrapped with fiberglass insulation to reduce evaporative cooling. Intermittent irrigation of 5 min on and 10 or 15 min off maintained trunk temperatures under the wrap above critical values during radiative and advective freezes at air temperatures of — 7.1°C. However, trunk temperatures above the wrap decreased to below air temperatures due to evaporative cooling when using intermittent treatments during advective conditions. Trunk temperatures were highest for constant irrigation, intermediate for intermittent, and lowest for unirrigated wrapped trees; yet, survival was similar for all treatments. Nevertheless, intermittent irrigation provided acceptable freeze protection to the lower trunk using one-fourth as much water as constant irrigation and may allow citrus growers more flexibility in using irrigation for freeze protection of young citrus trees.
Effect of Soil-applied Macro- and Micro-nutrients on the Yield and Quality of ‘Concord’ Grapes
Authors: Ahmedullah M. , Roberts S. , Kawakami A.
Published: September 2022

Field-grown grapes (Vitis labruscana Bailey cv. Concord) were fertilized preplant with four levels of N and S, two levels of P and B, and three levels of K and Zn. Vine growth and yield responded to N up to 180 kg·ha−1. Increasing N to 270 kg·ha−1 increased vine growth at the expense of yield. There was no growth or yield response to P, K, and S, either alone or synergistically with N. Yield was significantly correlated with cluster number and cluster weight. Fertilizer treatments had no significant effect on quality. Nitrate-N, P, and K in the leaf petioles increased with increasing fertilizer levels of these elements and decreased as the season advanced.
Efficacy of BA For the Promotion of Lateral Bud Formation on Douglas-fir and Colorado Blue Spruce
Authors: Mazzola M. , Costante J. F.
Published: September 2022

A whole-tree foliar application of BA at a concentration of 1000 ppm increased lateral bud density on douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] but not on Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens Englm.) when treated ≈6 weeks after budbreak. A single BA application made at the same time, but only to the terminal leader, was not effective in increasing overall lateral bud density on either the terminal or lateral branches of either species. Lammas shoots formed on all trees that received whole-tree applications of BA. Bud formation on lammas shoots appeared normal for douglas-fir but uncharacteristic for Colorado blue spruce. Chemical names used: N- (phenylmethyl)-lH-purin-6-amine (BA).
Germination and Emergence of High-sugar Sweet Corn Is Improved by Presowing Hydration of Seed
Authors: Bennett Mark A. , Waters Luther
Published: September 2022

Three presowing seed hydration treatments and a control were compared for stand establishment with a normal (su) (‘Jubilee’) and two high-sugar (‘Sweetie’, ‘Sugar Loaf’) sweet corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Moisturizing (M) and soaking (S) improved early emergence, while an osmoconditioning (OC) treatment significantly reduced field emergence compared to control. Plant size was increased in the M and S treatments at an early (2- to 4-leaf) vegetative stage. The effectiveness of hydration treatments differed slightly with hybrid. Results from spring and fall plantings at several locations suggest that presowing seed hydration can be used to improve stands of sweet corn.
Forage Potential of Cowpea in a Double-cropping System Following Green Peas
Authors: Marsh Dyremple B. , Waters Luther , Marten Gordon C.
Published: September 2022

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] has not been considered as a doublecrop alternative in the midwestern United States. Forage potential of cowpea following green peas (Pisum sativum L.) was studied in two field experiments in central and southern Minnesota. Dry-matter yield was higher in 1981 than in 1982 for all cowpea cultivars tested. Increasing the plant population improved yields for ‘California Black-eye Number 5’, ‘Alabama Giant Blackeye’, ‘Freezegreen’, and the breeding lines MN 139, MN 150, and Au 704, but not for ‘Colossus’. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was >63% for both stems and leaves in all cultivars and was not affected by plant population. Crude protein (CP) in leaves exceeded 20% for all treatments. We conclude that cowpea has excellent potential for supplying high-quality forage from double-cropping systems in the midwestern United States.
Physical Properties of Propagation Media and Their Effects on Rooting of Three Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Tilt Kenneth M. , Bilderback T. E.
Published: September 2022

Cuttings of three ornamental species [Ilex × ‘Nellie R. Stevens’, (I. aquifolium × I. cornuta) Van Lennep, × Cupressocyparis leylandii Jacks & Dall. ‘Haggerston Grey’, and Lagerstroemia indica L.] were inserted in 11 media to determine the effects of physical properties of propagation media on rooting response. The physical properties of seven propagation media were altered by manipulating particle size distribution of a 1 aged pine bark : 1 composted hardwood bark (v/v) medium. Four other propagation media were used for comparison. Container capacity air space ranged from 12% to 40%, and water held after drainage in the root zone ranged from 35% to 55%. Variation in rooting response of cuttings occurred, but differences could not be attributed to the physical properties of the various media. In addition, no relationship between rooting response and engineered combinations of hardwood bark and pine bark were detected.
Response of Tubers of Begonia x tuberhybrida to Cold Temperatures, Ethylene, and Low-oxygen Storage
Authors: Prince Timothy A. , Cunningham Maria S.
Published: September 2022

Tubers of Begonia × tuberhybrida Voss cvs. Ruffled Pink and Roseform Salmon, stored for 8 weeks at 2.5°C, respired more rapidly during a subsequent 24 hr at 20° to 21° than did tubers stored at 5° or 7.5°. Exposure of tubers to 1 μ·liter1 ethylene during a 48-hr period prior to planting had no effect on sex expression or other quality parameters of the plants at flowering. Storage of tubers in a 2-3% O2 atmosphere for up to 20 weeks at 5° increased the percentage of tubers sprouted compared to those stored in air. No differences in sex expression, flower size or doubleness, days to flower, or plant height at flowering were observed between low-O2 and air storage at any duration.
Winter Hardiness, Leaf Water Potential, and Heat Tolerance of ‘China Girl’ Holly as Affected by Landscape Exposure
Authors: Pair John C.
Published: September 2022

Ilex rugosa × cornuta ‘China Girl’ plants were established around structures simulating typical residential dwellings to determine tolerance to summer and winter stresses of sun and shade patterns. All plants survived the summer of 1983, when temperatures in the leaf canopy at one location reached 49°C. Leaf water potential was lowest in summer at the southeast, south, and southwest exposures, and most winter injury occurred at these same sites. Most growth and berry production occurred at cool northern exposures. No appreciable injury was caused by the 1983-84 winter, when low temperatures of -23° occurred in both December and January. However, winter burn on foliage was quite extensive in southeast and southwest locations exposed to winter sun. Temperature fluctuations of as much as 28° occurred the same day in southwest locations. Variations of as much as 18° occurred among sites at the same time of day. This new interspecific hybrid exhibited equal winter hardiness but greater heat tolerance than Ilex × meservae cultivars at the same exposures.
Indicators of Maturity and Storage Quality of ‘Rainier’ Sweet Cherry
Authors: Drake S. R. , Fellman J. K.
Published: September 2022

The soluble solids content of ‘Rainier’ sweet cherries was significantly correlated with fruit color, weight, and firmness. As the harvest season progressed, the correlation between soluble solids and fruit weight was reduced, but correlations between soluble solids and fruit color remained high. Maturity indicator values (soluble solids, color, weight, and firmness) were highly dependent on location in the tree. Fruit from the tree interior was less mature than from the exterior or top. Maturity differences due to fruit location were evident over the entire harvest period. Cherries with 16% soluble solids were firmer than cherries with 18%, but sensory evaluation showed poorer appearance and taste for the cherries with 16% soluble solids.
Response of Blueberry Cultivars to Inoculation with Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Zoospores
Authors: Erb William A. , Moore James N. , Sterne Rickie E.
Published: September 2022

Symptom development in resistant and susceptible blueberry cultivars was studied following inoculation with zoospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Three rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade ‘Tifblue’, ‘Woodard’, and ‘Bluegem’), two highbush (V. corymbosum L. ‘Bluetta’ and ‘Patriot’), and one interspecific tetraploid hybrid (US 109) genotypes were grown hydroponically and permitted to develop healthy root systems prior to immersing the roots in a zoospore suspension for 10 hr. P. cinnamomi infected the roots of all cultivars tested. During a 6-week test, root symptom development progressed steadily in ‘Bluetta’ and ‘Patriot’, but leveled off in the other cultivars. ‘Bluetta’ was rated the most susceptible, ‘Patriot’ was intermediate in susceptibility, and US 109, ‘Tifblue’, ‘Woodard’, and ‘Bluegem’ showed increased resistance. The greatest tolerance was exhibited by US 109.
Shoot Organogenesis from Rooted Citrus Leaves
Authors: Yelenosky George
Published: September 2022

Shoot organogenesis from detached leaves is not characteristic of all plants, but, when found, the phenomenon is a valuable tool for research and plant propagation. Some of the recent observations of whole-plant development from leaf cuttings include lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) (3) and sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] (1).
Short Duration Presprouting Enhances Sweet Potato Plant Production
Authors: Hall Melvin R.
Published: September 2022

The potential number of plants and time required to propagate them (3) from bedded roots vary among sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.)] cultivars. High production costs from bedded roots underscore a need to maximize the number of plants produced per bed area and minimize the amount of time for them to reach transplant size. Presprouting for 3 weeks or longer at 32° ± 1°C and 85% ± 5% RH promotes early plant production and increases the number of plants produced (1, 3), but heating costs have deterred the use of presprouting. Some chemical treatments occasionally improved plant production from seed roots but such treatments have only limited commercial use. In a previous study (2), concentrations (150 to 1500 ppm) of the surface sterilant calcium hypochlorite did not increase the number of transplants produced, but three of the four genotypes tested produced earlier plants following immersion. This study was conducted to determine the effects of presprouting duration and duration of immersion in two concentrations of calcium hypochlorite on plant production by bedded roots of a sparse plant-producing sweet potato genotype.
Bunching Onion Response to Three Floating Row Covers
Authors: Mansour N. S. , Hemphill Delbert D.
Published: September 2022

Green bunching onion (Allium cepa L.) is a high-value crop that is seeded nearly year around in western Oregon. Late winter and early spring plantings often result in unsatisfactory stands because of low soil temperatures, excessive precipitation, and soil crusting. A method to speed emergence and improve stands would benefit growers.
‘Lester’ Strawberry
Authors: Galletta G. J. , Draper A. D. , Maas J. L.
Published: September 2022

‘Lester’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) was bred and selected to overcome a serious fault (red stele root rot susceptibility) of its productive, high-quality ‘Raritan’ parent, a major cultivar in the northeastern United States. ‘Lester’ offers strawberry growers of this region a cultivar that is resistant to red stele root rot, has attractive, good quality fruit, and ripens 2 to 3 days before ‘Raritan’. The cultivar was named for Lester W. Greeley of Farmington, N.H., who recently retired from the USDA, where he was associated with small grain, vegetable, and small fruit improvement programs for a period spanning more than 30 years. Greeley first noted the consistent plant and fruit production and high fruit recovery (often >90% marketable) of the selection later named in his honor.
B2566 Carrot Inbred
Authors: Simon P. W. , Peterson C. E. , Bassett M. J. , Strandberg J. O. , White J. M. , Rubatzky V. E.
Published: September 2022

Flavor is an important factor in establishing consumer preference of carrots. Although harsh, strong flavor frequently occurs in available cultivars, the dominance of mild flavor in hybrids from harsh and mild parents suggests that carrot flavor can be improved rapidly when mild-flavored inbreds are available (1). Carrot inbred B2566 has been selected as a source of improved flavor and was used as a male parent in experimental hybrids tested in California, Florida, and Wisconsin. B2566 has demonstrated good combining ability for important fresh market characteristics of color, shape, and seed productivity along with desirable mild, sweet flavor and succulent texture. Because of these qualities, B2566 is being released jointly by the USDA, the Univ. of Florida, and the Univ. of California.
‘Orlando Seedless’ Grape
Authors: Mortensen J. A. , Gray D. J.
Published: September 2022

‘Orlando Seedless’, the first seedless grape with resistance to Pierce’s disease (PD), has been released by the Univ. of Florida (Fig. 1). It was developed from the grape breeding program at the Agricultural Research and Education Center in Leesburg (3). ‘Orlando Seedless’ is productive and long-lived in Florida, and was unaffected by the recent cold winters in Florida (− 10°C) that killed citrus and damaged muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia).
‘Southern Delite’ Sweet Potato
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D. , Schalk J. M. , Hamilton M. G. , Baumgardner R. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Southern Delite’ sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] was developed jointly by the USDA and the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. This cultivar has high yield and excellent baking qualities, in combination with high levels of resistance to a wide array of disease and insect pests.
Propagation of Fruit Trees by Tissue Culture in Italy
Authors: Fiorino Piero , Loreti Filiberto
Published: September 2022

Clonal propagation of fruit trees and other plant species through tissue culture is based on the concept of cell totipotency first expressed by Virchow in 1858 (54) which derived from the cell theory that Schleiden proposed in 1838 (46). Technical problems made it impossible to put these ideas into practice, and more than a century passed before plants could be cultured in vitro. Plant tissue culture developed with the improvement of technology; thus, it has not been a revolution in theory but an evolution of techniques. The origins of plant tissue culture trace to studies by Haberlandt (14), who aseptically cultured single cells on a liquid medium supplemented with sugar. The cells remained alive, but were unable to proliferate.
Endo-, Para-, and Ecodormancy: Physiological Terminology and Classification for Dormancy Research
Authors: Lang Gregory A. , Early Jack D. , Martin George C. , Darnell Rebecca L.
Published: September 2022

Plant dormancy has a major impact on the cultivation of plants, influencing such processes as seed germination, flowering, and vegetative growth. The diversity of plant tissues that exhibit, or contribute to the manifestation of, dormancy is great, and there appear to be numerous mechanisms of dormancy induction or release. This complexity was discussed by Romberger (55) nearly 25 years ago. Yet his analysis of the unresolved challenges in dormancy research is still valid today, for the overall understanding of dormancy is limited. This lack of understanding may be due, in part, to the abundance of terminology that has arisen without a nomenclatural framework in which to classify and relate the events being described.
Temperature Modification in Citrus Trees Through the Use of Low-volume Irrigation
Authors: Bourgeois Wayne J. , Adams Alvin J. , Oberwortmann Daniel H.
Published: September 2022

Low-volume sprinkler irrigation increased the mean trunk, mean scaffold limb, and mean canopy temperature 4.6°, 0.6°, and 0.8°C, respectively, higher than the nonirrigated trees of ‘Washington Navel’ orange (Citrus sinensis). Similar results were obtained with ‘Owari’ satsuma (Citrus unshiu) trees in that the mean trunk, mean scaffold limb, and mean canopy temperature was increased 3.9°, 1.7°, and 0.9°, respectively, higher than the nonirrigated trees. These results lend support that scaffold branch irrigation is effective as a method of freeze protection.
Canopy Position and Light Effects on Spur, Leaf, and Fruit Characteristics of ‘Delicious’ Apple
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. , Rom Curt R. , Guelich Kurt R. , Drake S. R. , Dilley Marc A.
Published: September 2022

Spur leaf and fruit characteristics at harvest were measured near the central leader at 1, 2, and 3 m above ground on 17-year-old trees of ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Percentages of full sunlight at 1 (bottom), 2 (middle), and 3 m (top) positions were 9, 23, and 48, respectively. Vegetative spurs at the top had greater average leaf dry weight, total leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight per spur, specific leaf weight (SLW), and bud diameter than spurs at the bottom. Fruiting spurs at the top had greater leaf dry weight, leaf dry weight per spur, SLW, bud diameter, and spur length than spurs at the bottom. Vegetative spurs had greater values than fruiting spurs for all spur traits except leaf number per spur. Fruit weight, size, and soluble solids were greater at the top than at the bottom. Fruit at the bottom had higher firmness and levels of starch, N, P, K, Zn, Ca, Fe, B, and Mg. SLW, leaf dry weight per spur, and average leaf dry weight of vegetative and fruiting spurs were correlated with percentage of full sunlight. Fruit size, weight, soluble solids, starch, and N content also were correlated with percentage of full sunlight. SLW was correlated with fruit size, weight, soluble solids, and starch, and N, P, Mg, Ca, and Fe content.