bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting the Morphology of Metallo‐Supramolecular Block Copolymers with Bulky Counter Ions
Authors: Kyrylyuk Andriy V. , Lohmeijer Bas G. G. , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: December 2005

Summary: The phase behavior of metallo‐supramolecular block copolymers with bulky counter ions is theoretically studied within the framework of a mean‐field dynamic density functional theory and compared with recent experiments on a polystyrene–poly(ethylene oxide) metallo‐supramolecular diblock copolymer, PS20‐[Ru]‐PEO70, with tetraphenylborate counter ions. The copolymer is modeled as a triblock polyelectrolyte, in which the metal complex is treated as the polyelectrolyte block. The topology and kinetics of the formation of the observed three‐domain lamellar morphology in which the polyelectrolyte blocks and bulky counter ions are located together to form electroneutral complexes, are in good agreement with experimental results. In addition, the model predicts the existence of core–shell morphologies. The agreement with and variations from the experimental phase diagram are discussed in detail.

Morphological transformations in a metallo‐supramolecular block copolymer with bulky counter ions upon increasing the temperature.

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Morphological transformations in a metallo‐supramolecular block copolymer with bulky counter ions upon increasing the temperature.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Theory Simul. 9/2005
Authors: Li Deheng , Leiza Jose R. , Hutchinson Robin A.
Published: December 2005

Cover: Copolymers are often synthesized at conditions where free‐radical penultimate propagation kinetics and depropagation both affect rate and polymer composition. The cover figure illustrates how these kinetic complexities decrease the average propagation rate coefficient for a styrene‐butyl methacrylate system. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by D. Li, J. R. Leiza, and R. A. Hutchinson* on page 554.
Use of Coptidis Rhizoma and foetal growth: a follow‐up study of 9895 pregnancies
Authors: Chuang Chao‐Hua , Lai Jung‐Nien , Wang Jung‐Der , Chang Pei‐Jen , Chen Pau‐Chung
Published: December 2005

Purpose

To explore the effect of Coptidis Rhizoma on foetal growth in pregnancy.

Methods

During 1985–1987, each pregnant woman with 26 or more weeks of gestation who came to the Taipei Municipal Maternal and Child Hospital for prenatal care was enrolled and interviewed by three trained interviewers using structured questionnaires to obtain detailed information including the herbal medicines used during pregnancy. Medical histories of diabetes, hypertension, antepartum haemorrhage and medicines used during pregnancy were abstracted from medical records of mothers'. Data of birth weight, gestational duration and characteristics of infants were gathered from the Taiwan national birth registration. A total of 9895 singleton livebirths were analysed. The variables related to foetal growth included two dichotomous measures: low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA); and one continuous measure: birth weight. Potential risk factors associated with these outcomes were investigated using multiple logistic and linear regression models.

Results

After adjustment, pregnant women taking Coptidis Rhizoma during pregnancy had no significantly adverse effect on foetal growth. There was a non‐significantly slightly decreased mean of birth weight and increased risk of LBW and SGA babies if the frequency of using Coptidis Rhizoma was more than 56 times.

Conclusions

The usual usage of Coptidis Rhizoma during pregnancy seemed not to increase the adverse risk on foetal growth. Future observations for use of longer than 56 times or a higher cumulated dose were needed to clarify the safety. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive factors of the number and the dose of anti‐psychotics in a cohort of schizophrenic patients
Authors: Lukasiewicz Michael , Gasquet Isabelle , Casadebaig Francoise , Philippe Alain , Ledoux Sylvie , Reynaud Michel , Falissard Bruno
Published: December 2005

Background

Anti‐psychotic prescription in schizophrenia is characterised in Europe by frequent associations and high doses. Nevertheless, few longitudinal epidemiological studies have explored anti‐psychotic prescriptions.

Aim

(1) To describe the evolution of prescription patterns across time; (2) to determine risk factors for prescription of high doses of anti‐psychotics and for anti‐psychotic combinations.

Materials and Methods

Three thousand four hundred seventy three subjects were included in 1993. Data collected in 1993 and subsequently in 1996 and 1999, provided information on demographics, clinical status and prescription. In 1996, the response rate was 68.5% and 56.7% in 1999.

Results

The number of anti‐psychotics prescribed slightly decreased across time, while doses remained high for one‐third of the patients. The factors predicting dose were: dose at previous evaluation, class of anti‐psychotic and clinical severity. The factors predicting the number of anti‐psychotics were: previous number and class of anti‐psychotic and clinical severity.

Conclusion

Higher dosage and combinations were related more to physicians' habits than to patient characteristics, as is frequently observed in chronic disease. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the reaction parameters on the properties of thermosensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) microspheres prepared by precipitation and dispersion polymerization
Authors: Macková Hana , Horák Daniel
Published: December 2005

Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)‐based microspheres were prepared by precipitation and dispersion polymerization. The effects of several reaction parameters, such as the type and concentration of the crosslinker (N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide or ethylene dimethacrylate), medium polarity, concentration of the monomer and initiator, and polymerization temperature, on the properties were examined. The hydrogel microspheres were characterized in terms of their chemical structure, size and size distribution, and morphological and temperature‐induced swelling properties. A decrease in the particle size was observed with increasing polarity of the reaction medium or increasing concentration of poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) as a stabilizer in the dispersion polymerization. The higher the content was of the crosslinking agent, the lower the swelling ratio was. Too much crosslinker gave unstable dispersions. Although the solvency of the precipitation polymerization mixture controlled the PNIPAAm microsphere size in the range of 0.2–1 μm, a micrometer range was obtained in the Shellvis 50 and Kraton G 1650 stabilized dispersion polymerizations of N‐isopropylacrylamide in toluene/heptane. Typically, the particles had fairly narrow size distributions. Copolymerization with the functional glycidyl methacrylate monomer afforded microspheres with reactive oxirane groups. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 968–982, 2006
Computational and experimental studies on the IR spectra and structure of the simplest nitriles (C1 and C2), their anions, and radicals
Authors: Georgieva Miglena K. , Velcheva Evelina A.
Published: December 2005

The structure and infrared spectra of formonitrile (hydrogen cyanide) and acetonitrile, their anions, and radicals (45 species in all) have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP 6‐31++G(d,p) calculations. The results obtained have been compared with the literature and original experimental data. The zero‐point vibrational energy (ZPVE)‐corrected deprotonation energies of the studied (and other) nitriles correlate fairly well (R = 0.94) with their pKa values, measured in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The theoretical cyano stretching frequencies νCN of the species studied have been found to correlate satisfactorily (R = 0.97) with the experimental ones. The latter correlation can be used for a theoretical estimation of νCN of many nitriles, their anions, and radicals. The geometry parameters for the molecules, calculated by the same theoretical method, practically coincide with those determined experimentally in the gas state. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Beaklike SnO2 Nanorods with Strong Photoluminescent and Field‐Emission Properties
Authors: He Jr H. , Wu Te H. , Hsin Cheng L. , Li Kun M. , Chen Lih J. , Chueh Yu L. , Chou Li J. , Wang Zhong L.
Published: December 2005

Beaklike SnO2 nanorods were synthesized by a vapor–liquid–solid approach using Au as a catalyst. The nanorods grow along the [10$\bar 1$] direction and the beak is formed by switching the growth direction to [1$\bar 1$$\bar 2$] through controlling the growth conditions at the end of the synthesis. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the nanorods exhibits visible light emission with a peak at 602 nm. The field‐emission (FE) properties of the nanorods have been measured to exhibit a turn‐on field of 5.8 V μm−1. A comparative study of FE measurements between SnO2 nanorods with uniform diameters and these beaklike nanorods suggests that the shape and curved tips are important factors in determining the FE properties.
Near‐Edge X‐ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigating Nanomaterials
Authors: Hemraj‐Benny Tirandai , Banerjee Sarbajit , Sambasivan Sharadha , Balasubramanian Mahalingam , Fischer Daniel A. , Eres Gyula , Puretzky Alexander A. , Geohegan David B. , Lowndes Douglas H. , Han Weiqiang , Misewich James A. , Wong Stanislaus S.
Published: December 2005

We have demonstrated near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy as a particularly useful and effective technique for simultaneously probing the surface chemistry, surface molecular orientation, degree of order, and electronic structure of carbon nanotubes and related nanomaterials. Specifically, we employ NEXAFS in the study of single‐walled carbon nanotube and multi‐walled carbon nanotube powders, films, and arrays, as well as of boron nitride nanotubes. We have focused on the advantages of NEXAFS as an exciting, complementary tool to conventional microscopy and spectroscopy for providing chemical and structural information about nanoscale samples.
The academy, spirituality, and the search for truth
Authors: Murphy Christina
Published: December 2005

The spiritual identity of the academy is historically based, and changes in that identity pose special problems for the search for truth in contemporary times.
Spirituality: The physiological‐biological foundation
Authors: Buttery Thomas J. , Roberson Philip S.
Published: December 2005

Spirituality may have a genetic base, but the resulting predisposition does not direct specific beliefs.
A modular curriculum for integrating spirituality and health care
Authors: Pelletier Allen L. , McCall John W.
Published: December 2005

Curriculum concepts successfully used to teach third‐year medical students about spirituality in health care can be readily adapted for use in any professional or preprofessional health curriculum.
Spirituality and service learning
Authors: Sikula John , Sikula Sr. Andrew
Published: December 2005

Spirituality and service learning can be related meaningfully in institutions of higher education when there is a focus on serving others.
Spirituality and leadership
Authors: Hoppe Sherry L.
Published: December 2005

Spirit‐driven leadership requires an inner journey, wholeness, and reflection.
Validation of wind speed prediction methods at offshore sites
Authors: McQueen Dougal , Watson Simon
Published: December 2005

As ever more offshore sites are being investigated for the installation of wind farms, there is a need for accurate estimates of the long‐term mean wind speeds at these sites. The cost of installing masts at offshore sites is high compared with onshore sites. In the short term this cost may be difficult to avoid. However, if a developer could get an estimate of the expected long‐term mean wind speed at a potential offshore site using available onshore data sets, this could at least inform the choice of site for more advanced monitoring. With this in mind we present the results of using a number of simple standard analyses to infer the wind speed at three UK offshore masts and a mast and lighthouse off the coast of Ireland. Onshore surface wind measurements, upper air measurements, numerical weather prediction model output pressure data on a regular grid, wind speed output from two numerical weather prediction models and reanalysis data are transformed to the sites of interest using relatively simple methods neglecting the effect of topography or a roughness change‐induced internal boundary layer and assuming neutral atmospheric stability. The predicted wind speeds are compared with actual measurements at the offshore masts and any discrepancies are assessed and discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of a few statistical models for making quantile wind power forecasts
Authors: Bremnes John Bjørnar
Published: December 2005

During the last few years, probabilistic wind power forecasts have received increasing attention because of their assumed value in decision‐making processes. In the current article, three statistical methods are described and several models based on these are compared. The statistical methods are local quantile regression, a local Gaussian model and the Nadaraya–Watson estimator for conditional cumulative distribution functions. The focus is on quantile forecasts, since these often provide the required type of information to make optimal economic decisions and are ideal for visualizing uncertainty. The statistical methods are applied to data from a wind farm in Norway and results are compared using appropriate measures for assessment of quantile forecasts and in terms of a simple model for economic value. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective Radiation Dose from Radiologic Studies in Pediatric Trauma Patients
Authors: Kim Patrick K. , Zhu Xiaowei , Houseknecht Eileen , Nickolaus Delia , Mahboubi Soroosh , Nance Michael L.
Published: December 2005

Evaluation of the pediatric trauma patient frequently requires radiologic studies. Although low‐dose radiation from diagnostic radiology is considered safe, lifetime risks per unit dose of radiation are increased in children compared to adults. The total effective dose of radiation to a typical pediatric trauma patient is unknown. We sought to estimate the total effective dose of radiation related to the radiologic assessment of injured children admitted to a pediatric Level I trauma center. We reviewed the radiology records of all children admitted directly to a trauma center in 2002 and tabulated all plain films, computed tomograms, angiographic/fluoroscopic studies, and nuclear medicine studies. Using age‐adjusted effective doses (which incorporate biologic effects of radiation), we computed each patient’s total effective dose of radiation. Of 506 admitted patients, 394 (78%) underwent at least one radiologic study. The mean total effective dose per patient was 14.9 mSv (median: 7.2 mSv; interquartile range: 2.2–27.4 mSv). On average, computed tomography accounted for 97.5% of total effective dose. Age and injury severity score did not predict total effective dose. We conclude that in pediatric trauma patients, the estimated total effective dose of radiation varied widely. Computed tomography contributed virtually the entire total effective dose. Regarding radiographic evaluation of pediatric trauma patients, the risks and benefits of current practices should continue to be evaluated critically, because lifetime risks associated with radiation exposure are inversely proportional to age at exposure.
Marcus Cunliffe Writes America
Authors: GIDLEY MICK
Published: December 2005

Marcus Cunliffe (1922–1990) was incontestably an important figure in American studies. In the early part of his academic career he helped to found the subject area in Britain, and he was later both awarded professorial appointments at the Universities of Manchester and Sussex and elected to the chairmanship of the British Association for American Studies, from which positions he served as a personal inspiration and professional mentor to several “generations” of UK American studies academics. Those who knew him and worked with him were invariably struck by his tall good looks, charisma and charm – characteristics that no doubt also contributed to his successful career, in Britain and in the United States, first as a visiting scholar, and later, during his final years, as the occupant of an endowed chair at George Washington University in Washington, DC. As the correspondence in his papers attest, he was held in high – and warm – regard by many of the leading US historians of his heyday. More might be said about his charm here because it also permeates his writing and persists there as a kind of afterglow, and not only for those who encountered him in person – but this essay is a critical reconsideration of his published work that, though appreciative, at least aspires towards objectivity.
Eastenders Go West: English Sparrows, Immigrants, and the Nature of Fear
Authors: COATES PETER
Published: December 2005

The Tortilla Curtain (1995), a novel by T. Coraghessan Boyle, juxtaposes the existence of southern California's affluent whites and non-white underclass by relating the stories of two couples whose lives become irrevocably entangled following a fateful automobile accident. The period flavour derives from racial tensions that culminated in the Los Angeles riots of 1992 and the passage, two years later, of Proposition 187, a package of prohibitive measures to curb the influx of “undocumented” immigrants from Mexico. Delaney Mossbacher, the book's main character, is a freelance nature writer with orthodox liberal views – a caricatured Sierra Club member. He contributes a monthly, Annie Dillard-esque nature column (“Pilgrim at Topanga Creek”) to an outdoor magazine. He lives in an upscale hilltop community designed in impeccable Spanish mission style – the product of white flight – apparently safe from the Mexican hordes that have broken through the border (the brittle “tortilla curtain” of the novel's title) and are overrunning the flatlands.
Some Notes about Arthur Miller's Drama in Francoist Spain: Towards a European History of Miller
Authors: ROMERO RAMÓN ESPEJO
Published: December 2005

Since Arthur Miller is frequently considered the most European of American playwrights it is hard to understand why we still lack a history of his drama in our continent and hence ignore much more about its presence here than we know. Unfortunately that has given rise to misconceptions which it would be the task of historians to refute and place in correct focus. One such misconception is that his drama was extremely successful in Europe during the 1950s. Some European productions of Miller were not successful at all and many of those that were proved less spectacularly so than is often held.
A Note from the Editor
Authors: Kleinberg Jay , Castillo Susan
Published: December 2005

While it is not the practise of the Journal of American Studies to have editorials, this issue marks an exception. We celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the British Association for American Studies (BAAS), the academic organization which sponsors the Journal, and whose members receive the Journal as one of the benefits of membership. Most practitioners of American studies in the United Kingdom belong to the BAAS, giving it a truly interdisciplinary membership united by interest in the United States as a site of academic study. Members are drawn principally from the ranks of historians, litterateurs, political scientists and analysts of popular culture, along with some geographers, sociologists and economists. Its annual conference draws participants from many nations and at all levels of the academic hierarchy.
The Episcopate during the Reign of Edward II and the Regency of Mortimer and Isabella
Authors: MARTIN HAINES ROY
Published: December 2005

This article combines prosopographical analysis of the episcopate between 1307 and 1330 with examination of its participation in the politics of the time – baronial unrest, the deposition of Edward II and a regency dominated by his queen and her paramour. Elevation to the episcopate brought status, an opportunity for career clerks. Nobles were not prominent among bishops, nor were regular clergy; curiales were, but more numerous were university men. The differing roles of archbishops Winchelsey, Reynolds, Mepham, and to a marginal extent Stratford, are reviewed. Crucial is the reaction of prelates to the crisis of 1326–7. Diagrams and tables help to quantify the conclusions reached.
Modern Catholic Perspectives Catholicism. The story of Catholic Christianity. By Gerald O'Collins and Mario Farrugia. Pp. xiii + 409 incl. 13 figs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. £63. 0 19 925994; 0 19 925995 X Priests, prelates and people. A history of European Catholicism since 1750. By Nicholas Atkin and Frank Tallett. Pp. x + 390. London–New York: I. B. Tauris, 2003. £25. 1 86064 665 4
Authors: ZALAR JEFFREY T.
Published: December 2005

Postmodern communitarian theory insists that all knowledge is participant knowledge: who we are is at least if not more foundational to learning than any philosophy of what we can know. These two books, one written by Jesuit priests and professors of systematic theology at the Gregorian University in Rome and the other by non-Catholic professional historians working at the University of Reading, invite us to consider this assertion.
A. C. Gimson, JIPA and the m.f.
Authors: Lewis Jack Windsor
Published: December 2005

A. C. Gimson was editor of Le Maître Phonétique (m.f.), which evolved into the Journal of the International Phonetic Association, for 25 years from 1950. Besides his general editorial supervision, he provided those publications with two of his own early articles, over 30 reviews and numbers of congratulatory and obituary tributes. He gradually phased out the short transcribed passages of various languages he and others had provided for learners and teachers: they had become a less significant element among IPA adherents. His encouragement of progressively more substantial contributions to the pages of the m.f. inevitably led to its 1970 major transformation, with normal orthography, into the present Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
Voiceless implosives in Seereer-Siin
Authors: Laughlin Fiona Mc
Published: December 2005

This paper provides articulatory and acoustic data on voiceless implosive stops in Seereer-Siin, an Atlantic language of the Niger-Congo family spoken in Senegal. Seereer is characterized by pairs of voiced and voiceless implosive stops in three places of articulation. These pairs are phonemically contrastive in lexical items. Oral air pressure measurements from Seereer stops uphold Clements & Osu's (2002) proposal that implosives and other non-explosive stops are characterized by the absence of positive oral air pressure rather than the presence of negative oral air pressure during occlusion. Acoustic data show that voiceless implosives are characterized by a short period of silence ranging from approximately twenty to fifty milliseconds before the onset of prevoicing prior to release. These findings replicate to a certain extent those of Faye & Dijkstra (1997).
Influence of geographical scale on the detection of density dependence in the host-parasite system,Arvicola terrestrisandTaenia taeniaeformis
Authors: DETER J. , BERTHIER K. , CHAVAL Y. , COSSON J. F. , MORAND S. , CHARBONNEL N.
Published: December 2005

Infection by the cestodeTaenia taeniaeformiswas investigated within numerous cyclic populations of the fossorial water voleArvicola terrestrissampled during 4 years in Franche-Comté (France). The relative influence of different rodent demographic parameters on the presence of this cestode was assessed by considering (1) the demographic phase of the cycle; (2) density at the local geographical scale (<0·1 km2); (3) mean density at a larger scale (>10 km2). The local scale corresponded to the rodent population (intermediate host), while the large scale corresponded to the definitive host population (wild and feral cats). General linear models based on analyses of 1804 voles revealed the importance of local density but also of year, rodent age, season and interactions between year and season and between age and season. Prevalence was significantly higher in low vole densities than during local outbreaks. By contrast, the large geographical scale density and the demographic phase had less influence on infection by the cestode. The potential impacts of the cestode on the fitness of the host were assessed and infection had no effect on the host body mass, litter size or sexual activity of voles.
Re-education through Labour in Historical Perspective
Authors: Hualing Fu
Published: December 2005

Re-education through labour (laodong jiaoyang or laojiao for short) is an administrative punishment imposed by the police. Since its inception in 1955, it has become a convenient instrument for the government to use to deal with any crisis. Its development has largely followed the ebb and flow of the CCP's political behaviour. Created as a comparatively mild suppression of counterrevolutionary activities, laojiao served as a useful instrument of punishment for dissenting intellectuals in 1958, though it was then nearly phased out during the radical years of the Cultural Revolution. Laojiao expanded quickly as a result of the CCP's anti-crime strategy after 1983, and has grown steadily ever since. It now serves multiple functions, including crime control, drug rehabilitation, investigative detention and political control. It enjoys different degrees of legitimacy and justification. Any substantive discussion on the future of laojiao has to be offence and offender specific.
China's “New Thinking” on Japan
Authors: Gries Peter Hays
Published: December 2005

Following the publication of Ma Licheng's provocative article “New thinking on relations with Japan,” 2003 China witnessed a remarkable public debate on Japan policy. Academics tangled with internet nationalists, and heavy pressure was put on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to take a tough line on Japan. The crushing defeat of the “new thinking” and a spate of anti-Japanese protests on the Chinese street and in Chinese cyberspace portends trouble in East Asia.
Political and Media Liberalization and Political Corruption in Taiwan
Authors: Fell Dafydd
Published: December 2005

This article examines the relationship between democratic and media reforms and political corruption in Taiwan. Has liberalization resulted in increased corruption or has it created a cleaner political system? I argue that the Taiwan case reveals the potential positive effects of multi-party democracy for tackling political corruption, as opposition parties have exploited a liberalized media to challenge and alter accepted but corrupt norms of governance. Pillars of the KMT party state such as its party assets, vote buying and the corrupt patron–client relationship with local factions were until the 1990s either openly or tacitly accepted as legitimate. The Taiwanese opposition parties took a latent political issue, corruption, and progressively broadened the scope of what is publicly acknowledged as corruption. By exposing cases of KMT government corruption and establishing new norms of clean governance it is possible that in the long term opposition parties can contribute to the creation of a cleaner political system.
China's Religious Freedom Policy: The Art of Managing Religious Activity
Authors: Leung Beatrice
Published: December 2005

This article examines how the policy of “religious freedom” has been used to enable the CCP to retain institutional and ideological control over the religious sector of Chinese society. In particular, it looks at how the clash between religious and communist ideologies has evolved, first in the Maoist period and then in the context of reform and openness with the attendant growth of materialism and social change since 1978. A softening in the control of religion to encourage national reconstruction and foreign investment led to a proliferation of religious activity that alarmed Party leaders and triggered a tightening of ideological control and important changes in religious policy. The new policy of “accommodation” and emphasis on “legality” became the watchwords of the Jiang Zemin era. With further development they remain important in the new regime of Hu Jintao.
The Red Line: Creating a Museum of the Chinese Revolution
Authors: Hung Chang-tai
Published: December 2005

The establishment of the Museum of the Chinese Revolution, which opened its doors in Beijing's Tiananmen Square on 1 July 1961, the 40th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party, was a complicated political and cultural decision on the part of the Chinese government. The museum was never intended to be an artistic enterprise. Rather, it was conceived as a political institution to serve the interest of the Party. This article argues that the Party was ubiquitous in the building of the museum, exercising tight control through strict institutional means, especially through its Propaganda Department. Museum staff, under the close supervision of senior Party officials, sought to pursue an indigenous path different from the Soviet model. Staff members collected artifacts related to the Chinese Communist Revolution, commissioned historical paintings, arranged displays according to the historical framework stipulated by Mao Zedong, and, most important, struggled to instil in the museum the correct “Red Line,” that is, the policy of the CCP under Mao's leadership. The article concludes that the museum was an intricate amalgam of political supervision from the top, official historical interpretations, strategic displays and a reflection of the internal Party struggle. The construction of the museum reflects the attempt by the CCP to control the collective memory of the nation and to monopolize the writing of history.
Un paramètre discursif dans l'ellipse des régimes prépositionnels
Authors: ADLER SILVIA
Published: December 2005

Cet article a pour enjeu de mettre à jour un paramètre discursif atypique, souvent passé sous silence dans l'étude de l'ellipse post-prépositionnelle, qui est à même de rendre compte de certaines tournures tronquées courantes dans le style relâché qui caractérise le registre familier. Il s'agit d'un effet de contraste sémantique ou d'un parallélisme configurationnel entre deux syntagmes prépositionnels qui va jusqu'à permettre l'élimination du second régime identique derrière des prépositions qui n'admettent généralement pas ce mode d'anaphorisation. La présente étude révèle le cas particulier des prépositions entre, pendant et vers et examine, à travers les possibilités d'anaphorisation par ellipse derrière lesdites prépositions, la nature précise du contraste.
The lexical particularities of French in the Haitian press: Readers' perceptions and appropriation
Authors: ÉTIENNE CORINNE
Published: December 2005

Regional French varieties in language contact situations have been widely discussed in Francophone studies. Defining a variety of French involves showing its specificity when compared to other French varieties, assessing its sociolinguistic functionality, and reporting on its speakers' linguistic representations (Robillard, 1993a). This article probes the reactions of a group of the Creole/French bilingual Haitian elite to a sample of lexical particularities drawn from a corpus of the Haitian press (1986–1998). It reports on participants' tolerance or stigmatization of these particularities and explores the reasons for their reactions. Findings indicate participants' concern with creolisms, notably those that are politically related or literal translations from Creole. This concern reveals participants' linguistic ambivalence and reflects the bilingual elite's linguistic identity, which is still influenced by Haiti's colonial past.
Envoys and Illusions: the Japanese embassy to Europe, 1582–90, De Missione Legatorvm Iaponensium, and the Portuguese viceregal embassy to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 1591
Authors: Massarella Derek
Published: December 2005

On 20 February 1582 when Alessandro Valignano, Visitor to the Jesuit missions in the East Indies (the geographical area from Goa eastwards, to Japan, and southwards, to the Indonesian archipelago) left Japan, the country had been in a state of civil war, (the sengoku jidai) for more than a century. That was about to change. Oda Nobunaga had succeeded in uniting the central and western parts of Honshu under his rule and was intent on imposing his rule over the rest of the country. The Jesuits considered him if not quite a patron, then certainly someone sympathetic to Christianity and their mission in Japan. Yet on 22 June Nobunaga died, the victim of an attack by an ambitious rival, and ironically, considering the previous esteem in which he had been held, unlamented by the Jesuits who believed that during the final months of his life he had transformed himself into a megalomanic tyrant, a Nebuchadnezzar.
Obituary Dr Mildred Archer OBE, MA(OXON), D.Litt (1911–2005)
Authors: Head Raymond
Published: December 2005

Dr Mildred Archer who died on February 4th 2005 aged 93 was the wife of Dr William “Bill” Archer OBE, MA (Cantab), D.Litt who died in 1979. For several decades she had been Curator of the Prints and Drawings Department at the old India Office Library before it amalgamated with the British Library. It was through her pioneering work on cataloguing those diverse and unknown collections that a new branch of art history came into being, an art form she called “Company” painting; art that had been drawn by European or Indian artists during the time of the East India Company.
Anniversary General Meeting of the Royal Asiatic Society, Thursday 12 May 2005
Authors: Robinson Francis
Published: December 2005

I begin by thanking the Honorary Treasurer for his report for 2004. You will note that, sadly, this will be his last report to the Society's anniversary general meeting. During the coming year Kit Naylor will step down as Honorary Treasurer. He would like to do so now, but has very kindly agreed to see the Society through its move. This has the added benefit of permitting his intended successor, Brampton Mundy, to shadow him. Kit, the Society is hugely in your debt for the time, the judgement and the goodwill you have, over the past eight years, brought to its affairs. This meeting should know that Council has commissioned a portrait drawing of Kit with the Society's bust of Henry Thomas Colebrooke in the background. Colebrooke, you will recall, was the Society's first Director and is Kit's ancestor, to whom he bears an uncanny likeness. This is a personal acknowledgement by members of Council of Kit's contribution. The portrait will be on display upstairs.
Royal Asiatic Society Honorary Treasurer's Report to the 2005 AGM
Authors: Naylor C. C. F.
Published: December 2005

I find much of what I might have said at this meeting has already been covered at the meeting which has just finished!
Spinal cord ependymoma: Retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes of 14 patients
Authors: Zaucha R. , Sosińska-Mielcarek K. , Zander I. , Szewczyk P. , Jassem J.
Published: December 2005

Spinal cord ependymomas are relatively rare tumours and their management is not well established. This retrospective analysis was performed to examine the outcome of patients treated for this malignancy at our institution between 1982 and 2004.

Hospital charts of 14 consecutive patients (10 men and four women) aged 8 to 58 years (median 32 years) were retrospectively analysed. This series included nine extramedullary and five intramedullary well differentiated (eight – G1, six – G2) ependymomas. All patients were treated with primary surgery. Postoperative radiotherapy was administered in 12 patients after subtotal excision. Total dose ranged from 35Gy in 17 fractions to 50.4Gy in 28 fractions. One patient experienced spinal axis failure despite complete resection of the primary tumour and was managed with salvage radiotherapy and chemotherapy following surgical excision of the relapse. There have been no radiotherapy-related serious side effects.

One patient was lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 13 patients, at a median follow-up of 5.5 years (3 months to 20 years), 12 were alive including 11 without progression.

Conclusion: In our group of patients radiotherapy following subtotal resection or used as a single modality was well tolerated and resulted in 92% long-term survival.
Infrared measurements of atmospheric CH3CN
Authors: Kleinböhl Armin , Toon Geoffrey C. , Sen Bhaswar , Blavier Jean‐François L. , Weisenstein Debra K. , Wennberg Paul O.
Published: December 2005

For the first time CH3CN has been measured in the Earth's atmosphere by means of infrared remote sensing. Vertical profiles of volume mixing ratio were retrieved from 12 solar occultation measurements by the balloon‐borne JPL MkIV interferometer between 1993 and 2004. Profile retrieval is possible in an altitude range between 12 and 30 km with a precision of ∼20 ppt in the Arctic and ∼30 ppt at mid‐latitudes. The retrieved CH3CN profiles show mixing ratios of 100–150 ppt a few kilometers above the tropopause that decrease to values below 40 ppt at altitudes between 22 and 30 km. The CH3CN mixing ratios show a reasonably compact correlation with the stratospheric tracers CH3Cl and CH4. The CH3CN altitude profiles and tracer correlations are well reproduced by a 2‐dimensional model, suggesting that CH3CN is long‐lived in the lower stratosphere and that previously‐proposed ion‐molecule reactions do not play a major role as loss processes of CH3CN.
A census of Tehuantepec and Papagayo eddies in the northeastern tropical Pacific
Authors: Palacios Daniel M. , Bograd Steven J.
Published: December 2005

We use a 12‐year (1992–2004) time series of satellite altimetry to characterize long‐lived, wind‐generated anticyclonic eddies originating in the Gulfs of Tehuantepec and Papagayo in the northeastern tropical Pacific. A total of 42 Tehuantepec and 26 Papagayo eddies were observed. Eddy merging, usually of a Tehuantepec‐Papagayo pair, was observed on 16 occasions. On average, the eddy season began in late October and lasted approximately 250 days until early July, with 3.5 Tehuantepec and 2.2 Papagayo eddies formed each year. Minimum average eddy lifespan was 143 days and 84 days for Tehuantepec and Papagayo eddies, respectively. There was considerable interannual variability in eddy activity, with greater (fewer) number of eddies, more intense (weaker) eddies, and a longer (shorter) eddy season during El Niño (La Niña) years. Eddy intensification was consistently observed at the East Pacific Rise.
Plume persistence due to aquitard back diffusion following dense nonaqueous phase liquid source removal or isolation
Authors: Chapman Steven W. , Parker Beth L.
Published: December 2005

At an industrial site on a sand aquifer overlying a clayey silt aquitard in Connecticut, a zone of trichloroethylene dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) at the aquifer bottom was isolated in late 1994 by installation of a steel sheet piling enclosure. In response to this DNAPL isolation, three aquifer monitoring wells located approximately 330 m downgradient exhibited strong TCE declines over the next 2–3 years, from trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations between 5000 and 30,000 μg/L to values leveling off between 200 and 2000 μg/L. TCE concentrations from analysis of vertical cores from the aquitard below the plume and also from depth‐discrete multilevel systems in the aquifer sampled in 2000 were represented in a numerical model. This shows that vertical back diffusion from the aquitard combined with horizontal advection and vertical transverse dispersion account for the TCE distribution in the aquifer and that the aquifer TCE will remain much above the MCL for centuries.
Ca2+‐mediated ascorbate release from coronary artery endothelial cells
Authors: Davis Kim A , Samson Sue E , Best Kelly , Mallhi Kanwaldeep K , Szewczyk Magdalena , Wilson John X , Kwan Chiu‐Yin , Grover Ashok K
Published: December 2005

The addition of Ca2+ ionophore A23187 or ATP to freshly isolated or cultured pig coronary artery endothelial cells (PCEC) potentiated the release of ascorbate (Asc). Cultured PCEC were used to characterize the Ca2+‐mediated release. An increase in Ca2+‐mediated Asc release was observed from PCEC preincubated with Asc, Asc‐2‐phosphate or dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA).

The effects of various ATP analogs and inhibition by suramin were consistent with the ATP‐induced release being mediated by P2Y2‐like receptors.

ATP‐stimulated Asc release was Ca2+‐mediated because (a) ATP analogs that increased Asc release also elevated cytosolic [Ca2+], (b) Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and cyclopiazonic acid stimulated the Asc release, (c) removing extracellular Ca2+ and chelating intracellular Ca2+inhibited the ATP‐induced release, and (d) inositol‐selective phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 also inhibited this release.

Accumulation of Asc by PCEC was examined at Asc concentrations of 10 μM (Na+‐Asc symporter not saturated) and 5 mM (Na+‐Asc symporter saturated). At 10 μM Asc, A23187 and ATP caused an inhibition of Asc accumulation but at 5 mM Asc, both the agents caused a stimulation. Substituting gluconate for chloride did not affect the basal Asc uptake but it abolished the effects of A23187.

PCEC but not pig coronary artery smooth muscle cells show a Ca2+‐ mediated Asc release pathway that may be activated by agents such as ATP.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 131–139. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706492
Porcine left atrial and sinoatrial 5‐HT4receptor‐induced responses: fading of the response and influence of development
Authors: De Maeyer Joris H , Straetemans Roel , Schuurkes Jan A J , Lefebvre Romain A
Published: December 2005

In this study, we aimed to characterizein vitrothe effects of the benzofuran 5‐HT4receptor agonists prucalopride, R149402 and R199715 and the indolic agents tegaserod and 5‐HT in the atria of young pigs (10–11 weeks) and newborn piglets.

In the paced left atrium of young pigs, only 5‐HT results in positive inotropic responses when administered cumulatively (maximal effect relative to isoprenaline=53%, pEC50=6.8); however, all agonists showed lusitropic effects. Noncumulative administration results in greater positive inotropic responses for 5‐HT and induces moderate positive inotropic responses for the other agonists; these responses fade.

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme inhibition with 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine (IBMX; 20 μM) enhances the responses to cumulatively administered 5‐HT (maximal effect=89%, pEC50=7.7) and reveals clear positive inotropic effects for prucalopride, tegaserod, R149402 and R199715; fading is abolished. The maximal effect of the benzofurans is less pronounced than that of the indoles.

In the spontaneously beating right atrium of young pigs, all agonists show chronotropic activity when administered cumulatively in the absence of IBMX, without fade. Benzofurans behaved as partial agonists compared to 5‐HT (maximal effect=54%, pEC50=6.5).

In newborns, the inotropic activity of the agonists in the IBMX‐treated left atrium was less pronounced than in the young pig; the same applied for the chronotropic response in the right atrium, except for 5‐HT.

In conclusion, the atrial responses to 5‐HT4receptor activation increase in the first months of life; the inotropic response is regulated by PDEs. Prucalopride, R149402 and R199715 are partial agonists compared to 5‐HT.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)147, 140–157. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706497
Distribution and pharmacological characterization of primate NK‐1 and NK‐3 tachykinin receptors in the central nervous system of the rhesus monkey
Authors: Nagano Masatoshi , Saitow Fumihito , Haneda Eisuke , Konishi Shiro , Hayashi Motoharu , Suzuki Hidenori
Published: December 2005

Much attention has focused on tachykinin receptors as therapeutic targets for neuropsychiatric disorders, although their expressional distributions in the primate central nervous system (CNS) remain unclear. We cloned the genes encoding the NK‐1 and NK‐3 tachykinin receptors (referred to as rmNK‐1 and rmNK‐3) from the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) brain and examined their pharmacological profiles and regional distributions in the CNS.

The deduced rmNK‐1 amino‐acid sequence differed by only two amino acids from the human NK‐1 (hNK‐1). The deduced rmNK‐3 amino‐acid sequence was two amino acids shorter than human NK‐3 (hNK‐3), with a seven‐amino‐acid difference in sequence.

Ligand binding studies revealed that the affinity of rmNK‐1 to substance P (SP) was comparable to that of hNK‐1 in cell lines that expressed individual receptors stably. Nonpeptide antagonists had similar effects on the binding of rmNK‐1 and hNK‐1. Affinity of rmNK‐3 for NKB was stronger than for SP and the IC50 value was comparable with that of hNK‐3. Ca2+ imaging showed that activations of both rmNK‐1 and rmNK‐3 by specific ligands, SP and senktide, induced increased intracellular Ca2+ in cell lines that stably expressed individual primate tachykinin receptors.

The amounts of rmNK‐1 and rmNK‐3 mRNAs were quantitatively determined in the monkey CNS. The expression of rmNK‐1 was observed in all of the cortical and subcortical regions, including the hippocampus and the amygdala. The putamen contained the most NK‐1 mRNA in the brain, with less rmNK‐3 mRNA found in the cortex compared to rmNK‐1 mRNA. In the monkey hippocampus and amygdala, rmNK‐1 mRNA was present at markedly higher concentrations than rmNK‐3 mRNA.

The present results provide an insight into the distinct physiological nature and significance of the NK‐1 and NK‐3 tachykinin systems in the primate CNS. These findings are indispensable for establishing model systems in the search for a subtype‐specific tachykinin receptor agonist and antagonist for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 316–323. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706561
All-organic flexible polymer microcavity light-emitting diodes using 3M reflective multilayer polymer mirrors
Authors: Hou Lintao , Hou Qiong , Mo Yueqi , Peng Junbiao , Cao Yong
Published: December 2005

We have developed an electrically-driven flexible polymer microcavity with green- or red-emitting polymer sandwiched between the 3M multilayer flexible polymer distributed Bragg reflector and the aluminum mirror. The nearly all-polymeric flexible planar polymer microcavity of a Fabry-Perot resonator is fabricated by employing transparent conducting polyaniline as an anode and a thin barium layer followed by a thick aluminum layer as a cathode. The all-flexible polymer microcavity is characterized by external quantum efficiency, spectral narrowing, and angle dependence of resonance peaks. Reduced angular dependence of the emission in microcavity with 3M polymer reflector is observed and the reasons for such a reduction are discussed.
C–H activation of alkanes on Rhn+ (n=1–30) clusters: Size effects on dehydrogenation
Authors: Adlhart Christian , Uggerud Einar
Published: December 2005

The rate coefficients for the dehydrogenation of ethane, propane, and isobutane with cationic rhodium atoms Rh+ and clusters Rhn+ of up to 30 atoms were measured under single-collision conditions in a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. The reaction rates are cluster size dependent and parallel for all the three alkanes. While the reactions proceed close to the theoretical collision rates for a large number of clusters, characteristic minima are observed for Rh5∕6∕9∕19∕28+. The degree of dehydrogenation varies with the cluster size with maxima for 10⩽n⩽15 for the three alkanes and for n=3 and 2–4 in the cases of ethane and propane, respectively. However, complete dehydrogenation is only observed for the reaction of Rh11+ with propane. Dehydrogenation is remarkably selective and no other neutral products than H2 are observed. The results are interpreted in terms of likely cluster geometries.