bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geographical Analysis: Its First 40 Years
Authors: Griffith Daniel A. , Chun Yongwan , O'Kelly Morton E. , Berry Brian J. L. , Haining Robert P. , Kwan Mei‐Po
Published: October 2012

Geographical Analysis (GA), in cooperation with the Wiley‐Blackwell publishing business, undertook a project to complete the digitizing of all back issues of the journal and make those for the period 1969–2001 free to the academic community; the volumes for 2002–2005 already were, and continue to be, free. This article commemorates the completion of this event late in 2010, drawing upon this new resource to highlight important contributions made through the journal to the geography and spatial sciences community. Besides summarizing publication trends for the journal, in the tradition of Fenneman's Venn diagram conceptualization of overlaps between geography and its cognate disciplines, this article highlights prominent articles published in the journal that contributed to the four themes of urban and economic geography, transportation geography, spatial statistics, and geographic information science.

Geographical Analysis (GA) en cooperación con publicaciones Wiley‐Blackwell llevo a cabo el proyecto de digitación de todos los números pasados de la revista, los cuales están ahora a disposición de la comunidad académica sin costo alguno; los volúmenes de los años 2000–5 ya estaban disponibles y continúan siendo gratis. El presente artículo conmemora la culminación de dicho evento a fines de 2010, recogiendo los aportes de esta nueva fuente de información y resaltando varias contribuciones importantes hechas vía GA a la comunidad de geografía y ciencias espaciales. Además de resumir las tendencia de las publicaciones de la revista, en la tradición de la conceptualización de traslapes entre la geografía y disciplinas afines de los diagramas Venn Fanneman, el presente artículo resalta, artículos prominentes publicados en GA que contribuyeron a los cuatro temas principales: geografía urbana y económica, geografía del transporte, estadística especial y ciencias (sistemas) de información geográfica.

地理分析（GA）和Wiley‐Blackwell出版商合作完成了对本刊1969‐2001年所有刊册数字化的项目，并向学术界免费开放。事实上，从2002年第5卷就已经开始并将一直持续免费。本文记述了2010年末完成的这一事件，并依托这一新的数据资源，重新回顾了本刊对地理学和空间科学研究群体做出的重要贡献。本文总结了本刊论文发表趋势，从Fenneman的韦恩图概念传统来看是地理学及其相关学科的交叉。此外还回顾了本刊发表的对城市与经济地理、交通地理、空间统计以及地理信息科学方法做出卓越贡献的论文。
Uncertainty Analysis in Fault Tree Models with Dependent Basic Events
Authors: Pedroni Nicola , Zio Enrico
Published: October 2012

In general, two types of dependence need to be considered when estimating the probability of the top event (TE) of a fault tree (FT): “objective” dependence between the (random) occurrences of different basic events (BEs) in the FT and “state‐of‐knowledge” (epistemic) dependence between estimates of the epistemically uncertain probabilities of some BEs of the FT model. In this article, we study the effects on the TE probability of objective and epistemic dependences. The well‐known Frèchet bounds and the distribution envelope determination (DEnv) method are used to model all kinds of (possibly unknown) objective and epistemic dependences, respectively. For exemplification, the analyses are carried out on a FT with six BEs. Results show that both types of dependence significantly affect the TE probability; however, the effects of epistemic dependence are likely to be overwhelmed by those of objective dependence (if present).
Profiling Safety Behaviors: Exploration of the Sociocognitive Variables that Best Discriminate Between Different Behavioral Patterns
Authors: Fugas Carla S , Silva Sílvia A , Meliá José L
Published: October 2012

This study combines contributions from both safety climate literature and prominent social influence theories. It was developed to identify the combination of sociocognitive variables that differentiate between different profiles of safety behaviors. This empirical approach has hardly been explored in the literature on behavioral aspects related to safety. The research setting for this study was a transportation company (N = 356). The results of discriminant analysis showed that different combinations of dispositional and situational influences may lead to diverse profiles of compliance and proactive safety behaviors. Perceived behavioral control was revealed to be the variable that best differentiated the group with more safe behaviors from the others. However, results also revealed that high attitudes and perceived behavioral control are very important, but not sufficient, to promote proactive safety. Co‐workers’ descriptive safety norms were a major differentiating variable in proactive safety. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Histological Findings of the Atrioventricular Conductive System in Street Heroin Addicts, Victims of Sudden Unexpected Death
Authors: Nerantzis Christos E. , Couvaris Constantinos M. , Pastromas Socrates C. , Marianou Soultana K. , Boghiokas Ilias D. , Koutsaftis Philippos N.
Published: October 2012

A study of the atrioventricular (AV) conducting tissue was considered necessary for the examination of probable histologic changes that could justify the arrhythmias observed in street‐heroin addicts. Postmortem coronary angiography and microscopic examination were performed in 50 heroin addicts (group A) and in 50 nonaddicts (group B), all male 16–40 years old. In group A, fatty and/or fibrous tissue replaced the AV node in 50% of cases while in group B in 14%. The main bundle was replaced by fatty and/or fibrous tissue in 44% in group A cases and 10% in group B. Intimal proliferation and fibromuscular dysplasia of the AV arteries in group A were correspondingly 26% and 14% and in group B 6% and 2%. Inflammation with focal and/or diffuse concentration of round cells of the AV node was detected in 54% in group A. These findings could explain a possible arrhythmia mechanism in this population.
Incision and drainage preceding definite surgery achieves lower 20‐year long‐term recurrence rate in 583 primary pilonidal sinus surgery patients
Authors: Doll Dietrich , Matevossian Edouard , Hoenemann Christian , Hoffmann Sebastian
Published: October 2012

Background: It has long been suspected that acute infection leads to less satisfactory results in soft tissue surgery. Its influence on long‐term recurrence rate in primary pilonidal sinus surgery has not been investigated yet.

Patients and Methods: 583 patients (military cohort) were analyzed, comparing an incision and drainage (I&D) group preceding surgery (n = 286 pts) with a spontaneous abscess and empyema rupture group (n = 297 pts). Long‐term recurrence rate up to 25 years following surgery was determined.

Results: The I&D group achieved a 20 year recurrence rate of 24 %, whereas the non‐I&D‐group had 35 % recurrences (p = 0.0034). Analyzing the subgroup with primary open wound treatment (n = 349 pts), the I&D group did significantly better after 20 years (16 % actuarial recurrence rate versus 34 %; p = 0.009; log‐rank‐test).

Conclusions: Early I&D treatment preceding definite surgery for some weeks seem to give significant superior results compared to primary surgery without I&D. The combination of early I&D and asymmetric excision and out of the midline closure is expected to give even further improved results compared to this cohort. The optimum interval between I&D and definite surgery has still to be determined.
Trends in the diagnosis of melanoma at a university center over time
Authors: Tschandl Philipp , Pehamberger Hubert , Kittler Harald
Published: October 2012

Background and objectives: The aim of this study is to show data regarding trends in the diagnosis of melanoma over the last ten years by looking at the University Clinic of Dermatology in Vienna as an example.

Patients and methods: All excised melanocytic lesions from 1998 to 2008 were included.

Results: The ratio of excisions of benign to malignant lesions fell from 7:1 (1998) to 4:1 (2008). The mean percentage of in situ melanomas was 39% in 1998 and did not change significantly over time and no change was seen in tumor thickness of invasive melanomas. The median invasion depth was 0.7 mm in 1998 and 0.65 mm in 2008. The absolute number of diagnosed melanomas did not change significantly over time.

Conclusion: The proportion of in situ melanomas was consistently high. Tumor thickness stayed at a low level, whereas the number of excised benign melanocytic lesions decreased significantly.
New Chinese National Reference Materials for Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in Water
Authors: Zhang Lin , Liu Fuliang , Jia Yankun , Zhang Xiangyang
Published: October 2012

The Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences recently prepared four certified reference materials for hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in water, which are called ‘China Standard Water' (CSW)‐HO1–HO4 (hereafter referred to as HO1–HO4). These reference materials are intended for calibration purposes and provide reference values of their relative difference in 2H/1H and 18O/16O isotope‐amount ratios expressed in delta notation, normalised to the VSMOW–SLAP scale. The certified values of the reference materials were determined by an interlaboratory comparison of results from eleven participating laboratories. This paper describes in detail the production and certification procedure of the four reference materials. The first analytical data for the reference materials are also provided using a variety of analytical techniques, namely CO2–H2O equilibration and laser spectroscopy for δ18O and Cr reduction, as well as H2–H2O equilibration, laser spectroscopy, and high‐temperature conversion for δ2H. The reference values for materials HO1–HO4 and their associated uncertainties are assigned.
Effect of Soils on Water Quantity and Quality in Piedmont Forested Headwater Watersheds of North Carolina1
Authors: Boggs Johnny , Sun Ge , Jones David , McNulty Steven G.
Published: October 2012

Boggs, Johnny, Ge Sun, David Jones, and Steven G. McNulty, 2012. Effect of Soils on Water Quantity and Quality in Piedmont Forested Headwater Watersheds of North Carolina. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐19. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12001

Abstract:  Water quantity and quality data were compared from six headwater watersheds on two distinct soil formations, Carolina Slate Belt (CSB) and Triassic Basins (TB). CSB soils are generally thicker, less erodible, and contain less clay content than soils found in TB. TB generated significantly more discharge/precipitation ratio than CSB (0.33 vs. 0.24) in the 2009 dormant season. In the 2009 growing season, TB generated significantly less discharge/precipitation ratio than CSB (0.02 vs. 0.07). Over the entire monitoring period, differences in discharge/precipitation ratios between CSB and TB were not significantly different (0.17 vs. 0.20, respectively). Storm‐flow rates were significantly higher in TB than CSB in both dormant and growing season. Benthic macroinvertebrate biotic index scores were excellent for all streams. Nutrient concentrations and exports in CSB and TB were within background levels for forests. Low‐stream nitrate and ammonium concentrations and exports suggested that both CSB and TB were nitrogen limited. Soils appear to have had a significant influence on seasonal and storm‐flow generation, but not on long‐term total water yield and water quality under forested conditions. This study indicated that watersheds on TB soils might be more prone to storm‐flow generation than on CSB soils when converted from forest to urban. Future urban growth in the area should consider differences in baseline hydrology and effects of landuse change on water quantity and quality.
Comparison of Morphodynamic Models for the Lower Yellow River1
Authors: Xia Junqiang , Wang Zhengbing , Wang Yanping , Yu Xin
Published: October 2012

Xia, Junqiang, Zhengbing Wang, Yanping Wang, and Xin Yu, 2012. Comparison of Morphodynamic Models for the Lower Yellow River. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐18. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12002

Abstract:  Significant channel adjustments often occur during flood seasons in the Lower Yellow River (LYR), and it is a challenging work to accurately simulate the morphodynamic processes in the LYR using numerical models. A comparison of two morphodynamic models (Delft3D and 2DLLCDM) for the LYR is presented herein to identify critical improvements for these models. The concepts of these models are first compared with each other. The models were then used to simulate the processes of flood routing, sediment transport, and morphological changes occurring in a braided reach of the LYR. The differences were investigated between the simulated results from these models and corresponding field measurements, and the results indicate that: (1) the hydrodynamic processes calculated by both models agree closely with the measurements if an appropriate Manning’s roughness coefficient is used; (2) the concentrations of suspended load at the downstream boundary calculated by the models agree reasonably with the observed data; and (3) the predicted cross‐sectional profiles obtained from these models do not correspond well with the measurements. Based on these findings, the weak aspects of the models are clarified, and three critical improvements are recommended, including: (1) the development of roughness predictor; (2) the refinement of graded sediment transport capacity formulation; and (3) the consideration of bank erosion module. These improvements need to be implemented in the future.
IL‐13: a marker of chromium contact allergy
Authors: Martins L.E.A.M. , Reis V.M.S.
Published: October 2012

Background  Allergic contact dermatitis is a frequent, often disabling disease caused by countless substances. Patch testing remains the gold standard test to identify the causative agent; however, it is subjective, time‐consuming and not completely safe. Alternative methods were tried, but significant success has only been achieved with nickel.

Objective  Develop an alternative or complementary allergic contact dermatitis diagnostic test.

Methods  We compared the lymphocyte proliferative rate and cytokine production (IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐13, IL‐17 and RANTES) between 18 chromium allergic patients and 19 controls.

Results  The lymphocyte proliferation test and some of the cytokines tested (IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐5, IL‐12 and IL‐13) were able to discriminate allergic patients. However, striking results were only achieved using IL‐13, leading to an accuracy of about 90%.

Conclusions  If further studies confirm the data found, IL‐13 could be used as an alternative or complementary test to detect chromium contact allergy whereas lymphocyte proliferation test, IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐5 and IL‐12 detections may serve as additional diagnostic tests.
French teenagers and artificial tanning
Authors: Tella E. , Beauchet A. , Vouldoukis I. , Séi J.‐F. , Beaulieu P. , Sigal M.‐L. , Mahé E.
Published: October 2012

Background  Exposure to solar and artificial ultraviolet (UV) radiations is a major risk factor for skin cancers. France has enacted one of the strictest laws that, notably, restrict tanning‐bed access to adults ≥18 years old.

Objective  We evaluated artificial tanning behaviours of French teenagers (11–17 years old): sunless‐tanning products, sunlamps and artificial tanning beds.

Methods  An anonymous questionnaire evaluating sunburn history, skin phototype, behaviours with sunless‐tanning products and indoor tanning, and parents’ behaviours was distributed to students enrolled in two middle and high schools in Antony, a typical city of the middle class French population, located in the Paris suburbs.

Results  Among 713 teenagers (mean age: 13.5 years: male/female: 1.1) responding, more than half declared that it was important to be tanned during the summer, 1% reported having already used tanning pills, 9.9% tanning creams and 1.4% indoor tanning. Female teenagers significantly more frequently resorted to indoor tanning (P = 0.02), cited the importance of being tanned all year long (P < 0.0001), used tanning pills (P < 0.0001) or tanning creams (P < 0.006), and their parents relied on indoor tanning (P < 0.0001). Profiles of tanning‐pill and ‐cream users were similar. Mean ages for the two groups were comparable.

Conclusion  French regulations for indoor tanning seem quite effective. Our analyses revealed a typical teenager profile with sun‐exposure risk behaviours, for example, indoor tanning, and use of tanning pills or creams. They could be a selective target for sun‐protection information campaigns.
Cutaneous innervation of the human face as assessed by skin biopsy
Authors: Nolano Maria , Provitera Vincenzo , Caporaso Giuseppe , Stancanelli Annamaria , Leandri Massimo , Biasiotta Antonella , Cruccu Giorgio , Santoro Lucio , Truini Andrea
Published: October 2012

The morphology of cutaneous sensory and autonomic innervation in human trigeminal territory is still unknown. The aim of this study is to describe facial cutaneous innervation using skin biopsy. This new tool could be useful in understanding the mechanisms underlying several facial pain conditions. In 30 healthy subjects, we quantified epidermal nerve fibers (ENFs) and dermal myelinated fibers (MFs) in V1, V2 and V3, using indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy applied to 2‐mm punch skin biopsies from areas adjacent to the eyebrow, upper and lower lip. Using selective markers, we also evaluated the distribution of peptidergic, cholinergic and noradrenergic fibers. Facial skin appeared abundantly innervated and rich in annexes. The ENF density decreased and the MF density increased, moving from the supraorbital to the perioral skin. Noradrenergic sudomotor fibers were particularly and constantly expressed compared with other body sites. Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide‐immunoreactive (VIP‐ir) fibers appeared peculiar for their constant presence in the subepidermal neural plexus – in close contact, but without colocalization with calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (Sub‐P)‐ir fibers. Finally, in perioral skin samples, we observed striated muscle fibers with their motor nerves and motor endplates. Our work provides the first morphological study of human facial cutaneous innervation, highlighting some unique features of this territory. Quantification of unmyelinated and myelinated fibers on 2‐mm punch biopsies appeared to be feasible and reliable. Facial skin biopsy may be a new approach with which to study and to better characterize facial pain syndromes.
Escaping the Zero‐Sum Game of Positional Races
Authors: Grolleau Gilles , Galochkin Igor , Sutan Angela
Published: October 2012

Positional races are frequently described as zero‐sum games implying that winners are exactly offset by losers. From the social welfare viewpoint, these races are wasteful. We develop several mechanisms allowing individuals to cope with the zero sum nature of rank games and possibly increase their happiness. We provide evidence to support the relevance of these mechanisms in real world settings. Several policy implications are drawn.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal and psychosomatic symptoms among Asian patients undergoing regular hemodialysis
Authors: Chong Vui Heng , Tan Jackson
Published: October 2012

The authors investigated 123 hemodialysis patients (male 47.2%) and found that 70.7% of them had experienced some GI symptoms, significantly more than controls (P < 0.05). These patients had more anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, irregular bowel habit and bleeding per rectum (all P < 0.05). The authors concluded that GI and psychosomatic symptoms are common among hemodialysis patients.
Cardioembolic Stroke in Patients with Patent Foramen Ovale and Implanted Cardiac Leads
Authors: DESIMONE CHRISTOPHER V. , DESIMONE DANIEL C. , HAGLER DONALD J. , FRIEDMAN PAUL A. , ASIRVATHAM SAMUEL J.
Published: October 2012

Implanted cardiac devices, including pacemakers, defibrillators, and resynchronization devices, are known to develop thrombus on their intravascular leads. Patent foramen ovale (PFO) occurs in approximately one‐quarter of the adult population. It is unclear whether paradoxical cardioembolism and clinically relevant stroke occur in patients with implanted cardiac leads and PFO. We present a case series of four patients with cardioembolic stroke, presumed to arise from intravascular cardiac leads and associated PFO that required device closure of the PFO.

(PACE 2013; 36:50–54)
Ivabradine in the Treatment of Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia in Patients after Successful Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrioventricular Node Slow Pathway
Authors: PTASZYNSKI PAWEL , KACZMAREK KRZYSZTOF , RUTA JAN , KLINGENHEBEN THOMAS , WRANICZ JERZY K.
Published: October 2012

Background

Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) occurs relatively common after catheter ablation of slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. The treatment of IST symptoms using β‐blockers or calcium channel‐blockers are often noneffective or not well tolerated. Ivabradine is a new heart rate (HR)‐decreasing agent inhibiting sinus node If current. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ivabradine in patients with persistent and β‐blocker‐resistant IST after successful radiofrequency (RF) ablation of atrioventricular node slow pathway.

Methods

We enrolled 14 patients (42 ± 11 years; 10 women) affected by IST after RF ablation. Holter monitoring, treadmill stress test, and IST symptoms assessment were performed at baseline and after first, and second month of the study.

Results

We observed significant reduction of mean resting HR after 30 and 60 days of ivabradine treatment compared to baseline (P < 0.001). 24‐hour Holter monitoring showed a significant reduction of mean HR and mean HR during daily activity (P < 0.001). The study revealed significant improvement in exercise capacity during treadmill exercise test on ivabradine therapy (P < 0.001). Significantly lower incidence of IST‐related symptoms were registered after administration of If current inhibitor. After 2 months of treatment no patients reported severe complaints assessed by means of European Heart Rhythm Association score. We did not observe severe side effects during therapy.

Conclusion

Ivabradine is an effective treatment option to reduce HR and symptoms in patients with IST after RF ablation of atrioventricular node slow pathway. The therapy with ivabradine is well tolerated even with maximum daily dose.

(PACE 2013; 36:42–49)
Use of Stored Implanted Cardiac Defibrillator Electrograms in Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Fibrillation
Authors: LOWERY CHRISTOPHER M. , TZOU WENDY S. , ALEONG RYAN G. , NGUYEN DUY T. , VAROSY PAUL D. , KATZ DAVID F. , HEATH RUSSELL R. , SCHULLER JOSEPH L. , LEWKOWIEZ LAURENT , SAUER WILLIAM H.
Published: October 2012

Background

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) can be abolished by targeting triggering ventricular ectopy, most often originating in the Purkinje network or right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). This strategy relies upon the induction of premature ventricular complex (PVC) and/or VF. We sought to evaluate a VF ablation strategy that utilizes analysis of stored implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) electrograms.

Methods

Eleven consecutive patients experiencing frequent VF episodes (≥three episodes in prior month) underwent electrophysiology study and ablation of VF triggers. PVC and VF induction was intentionally avoided or not possible in all of these patients. Pacemapping at likely sites for PVC triggers of VF using an analysis of the morphology and relative timing of the stored far‐ and near‐field ICD electrograms of VF triggers was used to identify potential culprit locations. Radiofrequency energy was applied to these sites for ablation of the identified VF trigger.

Results

Areas targeted for ablation included the left posterior fascicle (six), left anterior fascicle (three), RVOT (three) and left ventricular outflow tract (one); two patients had two separate triggers. Ablation was completed successfully without any complications. With a mean follow‐up of 288 days (range 45–649), 10 patients are free of VF.

Conclusion

Ablation of VF triggers can be performed successfully with good short‐term outcomes in patients with and without underlying heart disease. Use of stored ICD electrograms with a focus on likely target areas permit ablation without the need for PVC or VF induction. This can be useful when ectopy is not present for mapping and to avoid potentially dangerous initiation of multiple episodes of VF.

(PACE 2013; 36:76–85)
Vaccination with recombinant actin from scab mites and evaluation of its protective efficacy against Psoroptes cuniculi infection
Authors: Zheng W. , Tang Q. , Zhang R. , Jise Q. , Ren Y. , Nong X. , Wu X. , Gu X. , Wang S. , Peng X. , Lai S. , Yang G.
Published: October 2012

The mite Psoroptes cuniculi is globally widespread and has a serious impact on commercial rabbit breeding. Current treatment methods are based on chemotherapy. Because of the disadvantages of these methods, alternative measures are required, and vaccination is one of the most promising strategies. Here, we cloned and expressed the recombinant P. cuniculi actin gene (rPc‐act). Antiserum levels against rPc‐act in rabbits were used to locate actin distribution in mite sections. Challenge trials were carried out to evaluate the immunity protection of rPc‐act in rabbits, with antibody levels determined by ELISA. Sequence analysis of this gene fragment showed 89·26% and 84·91% identity to Sarcoptes scabiei and Mayetiola destructor sequences, respectively. Immunohistochemistry showed rPc‐act to locate widely throughout the mites, especially in feet and muscle tissues. Recombinant P. cuniculi actin with QuliA adjuvant was used to immunize six rabbits. Each animal was challenge‐infested with 25–50 adult mites. Although IgE levels showed no significant difference to controls, IgG levels were significantly higher, and clinical development showed no significantly different severity of lesions in vaccinated rabbits than in the controls. This study showed that rPc‐act is a muscular isotype actin and has no clinical protective efficacy against P. cuniculi.
How Costly is Modern Maritime Piracy to the International Community?
Authors: Bensassi Sami , Martínez‐Zarzoso Inmaculada
Published: October 2012

This paper focuses on the impact of maritime piracy on international trade. Piracy increases the cost of international maritime transport through an increase in insecurity regarding goods deliveries. Bilateral trade flows between the main European and Asian countries over the 1999 to 2008 period are used to estimate an augmented gravity model that includes various measures of piracy acts. We found robust evidence indicating that maritime piracy reduces the volume of trade; the effect of 10 additional vessels hijacked being associated to an 11% decrease in exports. Consequently, the current cost of piracy in terms of international trade destruction is estimated at 24.5 billion dollars.
Trade and Global Pollution in Dynamic Oligopoly with Corporate Environmentalism
Authors: Yanase Akihiko
Published: October 2012

This paper examines the effects of international trade in the presence of dynamic oligopolistic competition where the stock of global pollution has a negative welfare effect and the oligopolists' objectives may include society's pollution damage as well as private profits. In a symmetric case where the number of firms, emission coefficient, and firms' environmental consciousness are the same in two countries, an opening of trade unambiguously improves each country's welfare in the short run. In the long run, however, trade increases the stock of global pollution and hence, whether opening of trade is beneficial depends on the parameters of the economy. If there are asymmetries between countries, the short‐run gains from trade in both countries are not necessarily guaranteed, because trade liberalization may increase output in one country and reduce it in the other. Moreover, free trade may result in lower pollution stock than under autarky.
Cross‐border Lobbying in Preferential Trading Agreements: Implications for External Tariffs and Welfare
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Subhayu , Lahiri Sajal , Wall Howard J.
Published: October 2012

This paper examines the effect of cross‐border lobbying on domestic lobbying and on external tariffs in both Customs Union (CU) and Free Trade Area (FTA). We do so by developing a two‐stage game which endogenizes the tariff formation function in a political economic model of the directly unproductive rent‐seeking activities type. We find that cross‐border lobbying un‐ambiguously increases both domestic lobbying and the equilibrium common external tariffs in a CU. The same result also holds for FTA provided tariffs for the member governments are strategic complements. We also develop a specific oligopolistic model of FTA and show that tariffs are indeed strategic complements in such a model.
China's Regional Trade and Domestic Market Integrations
Authors: Xu Zhenhui , Fan Jianyong
Published: October 2012

The global economic crisis in 2007 forced China to move from export‐led growth to promoting domestic demand. The move is significant, but the success of this new growth strategy depends critically on the level of domestic market integrations. In this paper, we use the methodology proposed by Anderson and Wincoop to examine China's domestic market integrations. We find evidence of border effects at both national and regional levels with significant regional differences, but they are smaller than some earlier studies suggest. Income growth, lower transportation costs, and higher intra‐industry trade all have positive effects on China's regional trade. Among the factors affecting regional trade, a better business environment has the largest positive impact on lifting China's domestic trade between regions, especially in intermediate goods, suggesting that improving business environment should be the priority of government at all levels in China.
Free Trade Agreement and Vertical Trade with a Manufacturing Base
Authors: Yanase Akihiko , Kurata Hiroshi , Kawabata Yasushi
Published: October 2012

We examine the effects of free trade agreement (FTA) on tariffs and welfare in a three‐country model with vertical trade, where an FTA is formed between a country exporting a final good whose production involves using an intermediate good, and a country exporting the intermediate good in exchange for the final good. We demonstrate that the FTA reduces its member country's external tariff, whereas it raises the non‐member country's tariff. The non‐member country unambiguously becomes better off. In contrast, the FTA may or may not make its member countries better off. This implies that the formation of an FTA may not always be Pareto‐improving.
Intensive Hemodialysis in the (Nursing) Home: the Bright Side of Geriatric ESRD Care?
Authors: Cornelis Tom , Kotanko Peter , Goffin Eric , van der Sande Frank M. , Kooman Jeroen P. , Chan Christopher T.
Published: October 2012

Elderly ESRD patients often lose functionality when they start dialysis, which may be due to a variety of clinical problems. We recently postulated that intensive (longer and/or more frequent) hemodialysis (HD) may be the ideal strategy to try to prevent these ESRD‐ and dialysis‐related complications, including dialysis‐induced hypotension, cardiac and cerebral events, malnutrition, infections, sleep problems, and psychological issues. The feasibility of home dialysis therapies has been demonstrated in observational studies. As self‐care dialysis is often a challenge in the elderly patient, assisted intensive home HD may facilitate the long‐term continuation of this modality. Intensive nursing home HD seems to be an attractive goal for the future because many elderly ESRD patients reside in an extended care facility. Combination with rehabilitation and support by social worker and psychologist remains crucial in the holistic approach toward the elderly ESRD patient. Further studies are required to test the potential protective effects of intensive HD on functionality and quality of life in elderly ESRD patients, and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying frailty and other geriatric syndromes in this highly vulnerable patient population.
The Economic Burden of Geriatric ESRD
Authors: Parker Tom F.
Published: October 2012

The elderly represent the fastest growing segment of incident patients entering end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Increasingly, social scientists and caregivers are faced with changing models of care, which will challenge traditional patterns of patient acceptance into costly medical therapies. This paper analyzes the outcomes and cost of taking care of patients over the age of 65, and compares these costs and outcomes with other age groups. The results are somewhat unexpected, in that the incremental costs are not appreciably higher, although the outcomes are considerably worse compared with that in younger age groups. Proposals are made for addressing these issues.
Age Should Not Be Considered in the Allocation of Deceased Donor Kidneys
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman , Thistlethwaite J. Richard
Published: October 2012

In this manuscript, we examine what role age can morally play in the allocation of deceased donor kidneys for transplantation into adult candidates. Our focus is on the equity concerns raised by recent proposals that give younger adults in end‐stage renal disease priority to more and better deceased donor kidneys. We begin with a description of four models: the current allocation method (“baseline proposal”), the two models offered by the Kidney Transplant Committee in February 2011: a pure ±15 years age‐matching model and a 20/80 proposal (http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/SharedContentDocuments/KidneyConceptDocument.PDF), and a new model entitled Equal Opportunity supplemented by Fair Innings (EOFI) described by Ross et al. earlier this year. We then consider the requirement of the National Organ Transplantation Act (NOTA) of 1984 that allocation policies balance efficiency and equity. The models all define efficiency as promoting graft and patient survival but use various conceptions of equity. We discuss the various conceptions of equity employed in the various models. We show that only the new proposal, EOFI, can meet the NOTA requirements using a multiprincipled equity approach to kidney allocation.
The end of continental growth by TTG magmatism
Authors: Laurie Angelique , Stevens Gary , van Hunen Jeroen
Published: October 2012

Terra Nova, 25, 130–136, 2013

High‐Al2O3 tonalite, trondhjemite and granodiorite (TTG) magmas characterise felsic Archaean crust, yet are uncommon in the post‐Archaean rock record. Consequently, understanding the petrogenesis of these rocks provides valuable insights into early Earth processes. Fluid‐absent slab melting represents the dominant hypothesis for the origin of these rocks; however, the absence of voluminous magmas of intermediate composition formed concurrently with these TTGs is incompatible with expectations of slab water loss prior to slab melting. This study demonstrates that for reasonable Archaean mantle temperatures, slab‐derived water is captured by an anatectic zone near the slab surface, which melts via reactions that consume quartz, clinopyroxene and water to produce high‐Al2O3 Archaean trondhjemite. Late in the Archaean, the mantle cooled sufficiently to prevent wet melting of the slab, allowing slab water to migrate into the wedge and produce intermediate composition magmatism, which has since been associated with subduction zones.
The holocentric species Luzula elegans shows interplay between centromere and large‐scale genome organization
Authors: Heckmann Stefan , Macas Jiri , Kumke Katrin , Fuchs Jörg , Schubert Veit , Ma Lu , Novák Petr , Neumann Pavel , Taudien Stefan , Platzer Matthias , Houben Andreas
Published: October 2012

In higher plants, the large‐scale structure of monocentric chromosomes consists of distinguishable eu‐ and heterochromatic regions, the proportions and organization of which depend on a species' genome size. To determine whether the same interplay is maintained for holocentric chromosomes, we investigated the distribution of repetitive sequences and epigenetic marks in the woodrush Luzula elegans (3.81 Gbp/1C). Sixty‐one per cent of the L. elegans genome is characterized by highly repetitive DNA, with over 30 distinct sequence families encoding an exceptionally high diversity of satellite repeats. Over 33% of the genome is composed of the Angela clade of Ty1/copia LTR retrotransposons, which are uniformly dispersed along the chromosomes, while the satellite repeats occur as bands whose distribution appears to be biased towards the chromosome termini. No satellite showed an almost chromosome‐wide distribution pattern as expected for a holocentric chromosome and no typical centromere‐associated LTR retrotransposons were found either. No distinguishable large‐scale patterns of eu‐ and heterochromatin‐typical epigenetic marks or early/late DNA replicating domains were found along mitotic chromosomes, although super‐high‐resolution light microscopy revealed distinguishable interspersed units of various chromatin types. Our data suggest a correlation between the centromere and overall genome organization in species with holocentric chromosomes.
Signaling Circuits on the Golgi Complex
Authors: Cancino Jorge , Luini Alberto
Published: October 2012

Numerous components of signaling pathways involved in key cellular processes reside on the Golgi complex. Here, we will focus on the roles of signaling proteins that regulate cargo trafficking along the anterograde and retrograde pathways. Emphasis will also be put on the effects of these regulatory proteins on the maintenance of the structure and function of the Golgi, and in particular on the phosphorylation of key components of the transport machinery. These pathways position the Golgi complex as a central hub in the regulation of cell signaling. To date, however, the activation and coordination of these signaling molecules remain a mystery. Being able to describe the interplay between several of these signaling pathways and secretion, and the flow of information through these pathways, will help us to understand how the secretory machinery works and how it interacts with other cellular functions. This will also advance our understanding of how the secretory pathway functions under physiological circumstances, and how its dysregulation can initiate pathological conditions.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Tip Clearance and Bleed Effects in a Centrifugal Compressor Stage With Pipe Diffuser
Authors: Kunte Robert , Schwarz Philipp , Wilkosz Benjamin , Jeschke Peter , Smythe Caitlin
Published: October 2012

The subject of this paper is the experimental and numerical investigation of a state-of-the-art high pressure centrifugal compressor stage with pipe diffuser for a jet engine application. This study shows the impact of impeller tip clearance- and bleed-variation on the centrifugal stage. The purpose of this paper is threefold. In the first place, it investigates the effects on the stage performance. Secondly, it seeks to explain local flow-phenomena, especially in the diffuser. Finally, it shows that steady CFD simulations are capable of predicting these phenomena. Experimental data were gathered using conventional pitot and three-hole-probes as well as particle-image-velocimetry. Numerical simulations with the CFD solver TRACE were conducted to get fundamental insight into the flow. Thus, this study contributes greatly towards understanding the principle of the flow phenomena in the pipe diffuser of a centrifugal compressor.
Flow Measurements in a First Stage Nozzle Cascade Having Endwall Contouring, Leakage, and Assembly Features
Authors: Piggush J. D. , Simon T. W.
Published: October 2012

This work supports new gas turbine designs for improved performance by evaluating the use of endwall contouring in a cascade that is representative of a first stage stator passage. Contouring accelerates the flow, reducing the thickness of the endwall inlet boundary layer to the turbine stage and reducing the strength of secondary flows within the passage. The reduction in secondary flows leads to less mixing in the endwall region. This allows for an improved cooling of the endwall and airfoil surfaces with injected and leakage flows. The present paper documents the component misalignment and injected and leakage flow effects on the aerodynamic losses within a passage that has one contoured and one straight endwall. Steps and injected flows within the passage can lead to thicker endwall boundary layers, stronger secondary flows, and possibly additional vortex structures in the passage. The paper compares losses with various steps, gaps, and leakage flows to assess their importance in this contoured passage. In particular, features associated with the combustor-to-turbine transition piece and the slashface on the vane platform are addressed. An n-factorial study is used to quantify the importance of such effects on aerodynamic losses.
Numerical Calculation of Additional Moments Due to Weight for High Uniform Columns
Authors: Jian Tian , Zhong-ning Zhang
Published: October 2012

On the basis of analyzing all the forces on the self-supported uniform high column, the superposition method in mechanics of materials and a MATLAB program were used to calculate the additional moments on arbitrary section for the high column under both weight and distributed wind pressure. A formulation of additional maximum moment is deduced. The results show that the effect of weight to wind moments of the heavy weight high columns cannot be ignored.
Verification of the Estimation Methods of Strain Range in Notched Specimens Made of Mod.9Cr-1Mo Steel
Authors: Ando Masanori , Hirose Yuichi , Date Shingo , Watanabe Sota , Enuma Yasuhiro , Kawasaki Nobuchika
Published: October 2012

Several methods of estimating strain range at a structural discontinuity have been developed in order to assess component reliability. In a component design at elevated temperature, estimation of strain range is required to evaluate the fatigue and creep-fatigue damage. Therefore, estimation of strain range is one of the most important issues when evaluating the integrity of a component during its lifetimes. To verify the methods of estimating strain range for discontinuous structures, low cycle fatigue tests were carried out with notched specimens. All the specimens were made of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel, because it is a candidate material for a primary and secondary heat transport system components of Japan Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (JSFR). Displacement control fatigue tests and thermal fatigue tests were performed by ordinary uniaxial push–pull test machine and equipment generating the thermal gradient in the notched plate by induction heating. Several notch radii were employed to vary the stress concentration level in both kinds of tests. Crack initiation and propagation process during the tests were observed by a digital microscope and the replica method to define the failure cycles. Elastic and inelastic finite element analyses were also performed to estimate strain range for predicting fatigue life. Then, these predictions were compared with the test results. Several methods such as stress redistribution locus (SRL) method, simple elastic follow-up (SEF) method, Neuber's law, and the procedures employed by elevated temperature design codes were applied. Through these comparisons, the applicability and conservativeness of these strain range estimation methods, which is the basis of the fatigue and creep-fatigue life prediction, are discussed.
Dynamic Analysis of Heterogeneous Pressure Vessels Subjected to Thermomechanical Loads
Authors: Alisafaei F. , Ansari R.
Published: October 2012

The elastic analysis of two different kinds of radially heterogeneous pressure vessels is conducted in this paper. As a first kind of heterogeneous pressure vessels, a multilayered pipe with different material properties in different layers is considered. Another kind of heterogeneous pressure vessels is a thick hollow cylinder made of functionally graded material (FGM). On the basis of the finite difference method, the time-dependent deformation, strain and stress distributions of both kinds of heterogeneous pipes are obtained under the different kinds of thermomechanical loadings. In this investigation, it is assumed that the pressure and temperature are symmetrical about the axis of the cylinder. Also, the material properties are considered to be independent of temperature. Results obtained from the present method are compared with the existing data.
Mass Balance, Energy, and Exergy Analysis of Bio-Oil Production by Fast Pyrolysis
Authors: Boateng Akwasi A. , Mullen Charles A. , Osgood-Jacobs Logan , Carlson Peregrine , Macken Nelson
Published: October 2012

Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Mass, energy, and exergy balances are analyzed for bio-oil production in a bench-scale fast pyrolysis system developed by the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) for the processing of commodity crops to fuel intermediates. Because mass balance closure is difficult to achieve due, in part, to the system’s small size and complexity a linear programming optimization model is developed to improve closure of elemental balances without losing the overall representation of the pyrolysis products. The model results provide an opportunity to analyze true energy and exergy balances for the system. While energy comparisons are based on heating values, exergy flows are computed using statistical relationships and other standard techniques. Comparisons were made for a variety of biomass feedstocks including energy crops and various byproducts of agriculture and bioenergy industry. The mass model allows for proper accounting of sources of mass loss and suggestions for improved system performance. Energy recovery and exergetic efficiency are compared for a variety of pyrolysis product utilization scenarios including use of biochar and noncondensable gases as heat sources. Exergetic efficiencies show high potential for energy utilization when all the pyrolysis product streams can be recycled to recuperate their internal energy. The exergy analysis can be beneficial to developing exergetic life cycle assessments (ELCA) for the fast pyrolysis process as sustainable technology for advanced biofuels production.
Life Estimation of Pressurized-Air Solar-Thermal Receiver Tubes
Authors: Fork David K. , Fitch John , Ziaei Shawn , Jetter Robert I.
Published: October 2012

The operational conditions of the solar-thermal receiver for a Brayton cycle engine are challenging, and lack a large body of operational data unlike steam plants. We explore the receiver's fundamental element, a pressurized tube in time varying solar flux for a series of 30 yr service missions based on hypothetical power plant designs. We developed and compared two estimation methods to predict the receiver tube lifetime based on available creep life and fatigue data for alloy 617. We show that the choice of inelastic strain model and the level of conservatism applied through design rules will vary the lifetime predictions by orders of magnitude. Based on current data and methods, a turbine inlet temperature of 1120 K is a necessary 30-yr-life-design condition for our receiver. We also showed that even though the time at operating temperature is about three times longer for fossil fuel powered (steady) operation, the damage is always lower than cyclic operation using solar power.