bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of anthropogenic heat emissions on London's temperatures
Authors: Bohnenstengel S. I. , Hamilton I. , Davies M. , Belcher S. E.
Published: May 2013

We investigate the role of the anthropogenic heat flux on the urban heat island of London. To do this, the time‐varying anthropogenic heat flux is added to an urban surface‐energy balance parametrization, the Met Office–Reading Urban Surface Exchange Scheme (MORUSES), implemented in a 1 km resolution version of the UK Met Office Unified Model. The anthropogenic heat flux is derived from energy‐demand data for London and is specified on the model's 1 km grid; it includes variations on diurnal and seasonal time‐scales. We contrast a spring case with a winter case, to illustrate the effects of the larger anthropogenic heat flux in winter and the different roles played by thermodynamics in the different seasons. The surface‐energy balance channels the anthropogenic heat into heating the urban surface, which warms slowly because of the large heat capacity of the urban surface. About one third of this additional warming goes into increasing the outgoing long‐wave radiation and only about two thirds goes into increasing the sensible heat flux that warms the atmosphere. The anthropogenic heat flux has a larger effect on screen‐level temperatures in the winter case, partly because the anthropogenic flux is larger then and partly because the boundary layer is shallower in winter. For the specific winter case studied here, the anthropogenic heat flux maintains a well‐mixed boundary layer through the whole night over London, whereas the surrounding rural boundary layer becomes strongly stably stratified. This finding is likely to have important implications for air quality in winter. On the whole, inclusion of the anthropogenic heat flux improves the comparison between model simulations and measurements of screen‐level temperature slightly and indicates that the anthropogenic heat flux is beginning to be an important factor in the London urban heat island.
Analysis of the annual cycle of the precipitable water vapour over Spain from 10‐year homogenized series of GPS data
Authors: Ortiz de Galisteo J. P. , Bennouna Y. , Toledano C. , Cachorro V. , Romero P. , Andrés M. I. , Torres B.
Published: May 2013

This study reports the characteristics of precipitable water vapour (PWV) at ten sites over Spain from 10 yr of hourly data from ground‐based global positioning system (GPS) receivers. The PWV data series from the GPS sites was inhomogeneous owing to a change in calibration procedure for variations of the antenna phase centre in November 2006. Radiosonde data therefore were used to homogenize the GPS data series and to assess the quality of the GPS measurements. The annual average value of PWV ranges from 14.5 to 20.0 mm, with an average of 18.3 ± 1.9 mm for Spain as a whole. The highest values are registered at sites on the coast, especially on the Mediterranean coast, and lowest values were at inland sites. The PWV presents a clear annual cycle, with a minimum in winter and maximum at the end of the summer. However, the southwestern sites present a relative minimum in July. This minimum seems to be related with the presence of drier air masses in the atmospheric layers between 1 and 4 km altitude. The amplitude of the cycle ranges from 8.9 to 18.7 mm. The largest amplitudes are found at the Mediterranean coastal sites (approximately 15–19 mm) and the lowest found at inland sites (approximately 9–10 mm). A harmonic analysis of the annual cycle showed that the 12 month harmonic explains, on average, over 96% of the variance. The average annual regime of PWV followed the cycle of the temperature, except for the relative minimum of PWV in July at the southwestern sites.
A global shallow‐water model on an icosahedral–hexagonal grid by a multi‐moment constrained finite‐volume scheme
Authors: Chen Chungang , Bin Juzhong , Xiao Feng , Li Xingliang , Shen Xueshun
Published: May 2013

A third‐order global shallow‐water model was developed on an icosahedral–hexagonal grid with the application of the multi‐moment constrained finite‐volume (MCV) method. Using the hexagonal grid, the sphere is divided into quasi‐uniform elements and free of polar problems. The MCV model defines seven degrees of freedom (DOFs) as the prognostic variables which are the point values at the six vertices and the centre for each hexagonal element to construct a third‐order scheme. The time evolution equations to update the DOFs are derived through the constraint conditions on different moments, i.e. the point value and the volume‐integrated average (VIA) moments. Rigorous conservation is guaranteed by the constraint on the VIA through a flux form. The MCV formulation is very simple and easy to implement. We evaluated the model with benchmark tests, and the competitive results reveal the proposed model to be an accurate and practical framework for developing general circulation models.
Derivative‐free optimization for large‐scale nonlinear data assimilation problems
Authors: Gratton S. , Laloyaux P. , Sartenaer A.
Published: May 2013

The computation of derivatives and the development of tangent and adjoint codes represent a challenging issue and a major human time‐consuming task when solving operational data assimilation problems. The ensemble Kalman filter provides a suitable derivative‐free adaptation for the sequential approach by using an ensemble‐based implementation of the Kalman filter equations. This article proposes a derivative‐free variant for the variational approach, based on an iterative subspace minimization (ISM) technique. At each iteration, a subspace of low dimension is built from the relevant information contained in the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), allowing us to define a reduced 4D‐Var subproblem which is then solved using a derivative‐free optimization (DFO) algorithm. Strategies to improve the quality of the selected subspaces are presented, together with two numerical illustrations. The ISM technique is first compared with a basic stochastic ensemble Kalman filter on an academic shallow‐water problem. The DFO algorithm embedded in the ISM technique is then validated in the NEMO framework, using its GYRE configuration.
Composite life cycle of tropical mesoscale convective systems from geostationary and low Earth orbit satellite observations: method and sampling considerations
Authors: Fiolleau Thomas , Roca Rémy
Published: May 2013

The ability of the current and upcoming space‐borne microwave observing systems to document precipitation processes during the life cycle of tropical convective systems is investigated with emphasis on sampling considerations. A composite technique is introduced that will serve as a Day 1 algorithm for the Megha‐Tropiques mission. It is exemplified using the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite observations from the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) instrument and the fleet of operational geostationary infrared images for the boreal summer 2009 over the whole intertropical belt. At the system scale, over both land and oceanic regions, rainfall is overall strong at the beginning (the first third) of the life cycle and then smoothly decreases as the system shrinks and dissipates. Larger rain yields are observed for the land systems (∼6 mm h−1 maximum) compared to the systems over ocean (∼4 mm h−1 maximum). An in‐depth analysis of the sensitivity of the results to various aspects of the sampling is performed using simulated observations. The benefit of using various platforms is discussed, including considerations of constellation configuration. The entire Tropics as well as regional scales are explored, revealing the expected improvements from the inclusion of the Megha‐Tropiques observations. The sampling results are also strongly supportive of the use of multiple‐platform microwave observations from the upcoming Global Precipitation Mission constellation to build a mesoscale convective system precipitation composite life cycle, although the merging of the parameters derived from various resolution radiometers would deserve further investigations. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
On Feature Matching and Image Registration for Two‐dimensional Forward‐scan Sonar Imaging
Authors: Aykin Murat D. , Negahdaripour Shahriar
Published: May 2013

The computer processing of forward‐look sonar video imagery enables significant capabilities in a wide variety of underwater operations within turbid environments. Accurate automated registration of sonar video images to complement measurements from traditional positioning devices can be instrumental in the detection, localization, and tracking of distinct scene targets, building feature maps, change detection, as well as improving precision in the positioning of unmanned submarines. This work offers a novel solution for the registration of two‐dimensional (2‐D) forward‐look sonar images recorded from a mobile platform, by optimization over the sonar 3‐D motion parameters. It incorporates the detection of key features and landmarks, and effectively represents them with Gaussian maps. Improved performance is demonstrated with respect to the state‐of‐the‐art approach utilizing 2‐D similarity transformation, based on experiments with real data.
Laissez–Faire or Intervention: A Reflection on Maintaining System Sustainability
Authors: Chen Jian Zhong
Published: May 2013

Recent literatures about complex systems indicate that the economy self‐organizes under control mechanisms. By applying the theory of control mechanism to capitalism, this paper analyzes why the ongoing world financial crisis is a credit crisis and the epistemological root of credit crisis—information asymmetry. Furthermore, this paper argues that neo‐liberalism economic system and the defective credit management system, which lead to the deficient government supervision and consistent lack of effective government supervision, caused the world financial crisis. This paper also argues that rescue measures taken by many countries cannot resolve the financial crisis fundamentally. Some measures are proposed at the end of this paper to strengthen the negative feedbacks, aiming at defusing or avoiding crises fundamentally. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Cenozoic extension and crustal doming in the India‐Eurasia collision zone: New thermochronologic constraints from the NE Chinese Pamir
Authors: Thiede Rasmus C. , Sobel Edward R. , Chen Jie , Schoenbohm Lindsay M. , Stockli Daniel F. , Sudo Masafumi , Strecker Manfred R.
Published: May 2013

The northward motion of the Pamir indenter with respect to Eurasia has resulted in coeval thrusting, strike‐slip faulting, and normal faulting. The eastern Pamir is currently deformed by east‐west oriented extension, accompanied by uplift and exhumation of the Kongur Shan (7719 m) and Muztagh Ata (7546 m) gneiss domes. Both domes are an integral part of the footwall of the Kongur Shan extensional fault system (KES), a 250 km long, north‐south oriented graben. Why active normal faulting within the Pamir is primarily localized along the KES and not distributed more widely throughout the orogen has remained unclear. In addition, relatively little is known about how deformation has evolved throughout the Cenozoic, despite refined estimates on present‐day crustal deformation rates and microseismicity, which indicate where crustal deformation is presently being accommodated. To better constrain the spatiotemporal evolution of faulting along the KES, we present 39 new apatite fission track, zircon U‐Th‐Sm/He, and 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages from a series of footwall transects along the KES graben shoulder. Combining these data with present‐day topographic relief, 1‐D thermokinematic and exhumational modeling documents successive stages, rather than synchronous deformation and gneiss dome exhumation. While the exhumation of the Kongur Shan commenced during the late Miocene, extensional processes in the Muztagh Ata massif began earlier and have slowed down since the late Miocene. We present a new model of synorogenic extension suggesting that thermal and density effects associated with a lithospheric tear fault along the eastern margin of the subducting Alai slab localize extensional upper plate deformation along the KES and decouple crustal motion between the central/western Pamir and eastern Pamir/Tarim basin.
“Arc‐continent collision” of the Aleutian‐Komandorsky arc into Kamchatka: Insight into Quaternary tectonic segmentation through Pleistocene marine terraces and morphometric analysis of fluvial drainage
Authors: Pedoja K. , Authemayou C. , Pinegina T. , Bourgeois J. , Nexer M. , Delcaillau B. , Regard V.
Published: May 2013

At the NW corner of the Pacific region, just south of the Kamchatsky Peninsula, the northern tip of the Pacific plate subduction and associated volcanic arc interacts with the western end of the Aleutian‐Komandorsky dextral transform plate boundary and associated arc. Study of both Holocene and Pleistocene sequences of uplifted marine terraces and also of fluvial drainage patterns on the Kamchatsky Peninsula allows us to highlight active tectonics produced by complex plate interaction. Our results show that the central eastern coast of the peninsula is currently divided into four different zones consisting in uplifted blocks associated with various uplift rates in front of a fold‐and‐thrust zone to the west. Our main tectonic benchmark—the altitude of the shoreline correlated to the Last Interglacial Maximum (Marine Isotopic Stage 5e)—yields late Pleistocene uplift rates ranging from 0.2 to 2.74 mm/yr. One of the main active faults bounding the coastal blocks is dextral and is interpreted as a prolongation of an offshore fault of the Aleutian‐Komandorsky dextral transform plate boundary. We suggest that structures on the Kamchatsky Peninsula accommodate a part of the transform motion, but that mainly, the arc‐continent collision of the Aleutian arc against Kamchatka produces a “bulldozer” effect on the Kamchatsky Peninsula.
Diagrams, Timelines, and Tables—Oh, My! Fostering Graphical Literacy
Authors: Roberts Kathryn L. , Norman Rebecca R. , Duke Nell K. , Morsink Paul , Martin Nicole M. , Knight Jennifer A.
Published: May 2013

The Common Core State Standards place unprecedented emphasis on visual text—appropriately so, as visual components are increasingly ubiquitous in many kinds of text. This shift in emphasis requires substantial changes in our teaching. Concepts of print need to be expanded to include concepts of graphics, and specific graphical devices, such as diagrams, timelines, and tables, need to become the focus of systematic instruction. This article shares research‐based instructional practices that may support children's development in this increasingly important area.
Role of Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn in breast cancer: study by X‐ray fluorescence techniques and immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Silva M. P. , Silva D. M. , Conceição A. L. C. , Ribeiro‐Silva A. , Poletti M. E.
Published: May 2013

In recent years, several studies have shown that concentrations of trace elements are altered in neoplastic breast tissues. However, the microenvironment and metabolic changes caused by tumors are complex and still not completely understood. Under this aspect, the combination of different techniques to investigate the role of trace elements in promoting and/or maintaining a tumor is interesting once the combination of information obtained by analytical techniques and immunohistochemical assays, associated with clinicopathological data, may allow a better metabolic understanding of trace elements in breast cancer.

In this work, the role of the trace elements Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn in neoplastic breast tissues was investigated by X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques and immunohistochemical assays. We determined concentrations of Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn in normal and neoplastic breast tissues using energy dispersive XRF, and these values were used to set the positive or negative expression of elements in normal and neoplastic tissues. These expressions were correlated with the spatial distributions of trace elements (evaluated by micro‐XRF) and with immunoexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of MMPs and vascular endothelial growth factor.

The results revealed that the expression of the trace elements Fe, Cu and vascular endothelial growth factor are related, indicating that higher levels of these elements can be associated with the angiogenic process in breast cancer. Also, associations between Ca, Zn and MMPs expression have been observed, possibly because of the fact that both metals are present in these proteins. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterisation of 5, 5'‐Bistetrazolate Salts with Alkali Metal, Ammonium and Imidazolium Cations
Authors: Finger Lars H. , Schröder Fabian G. , Sundermeyer Jörg
Published: May 2013

We report on the synthesis and characterisation of the alkali metal 5, 5'‐bistetrazolate (BT2–) salts Li2BT (1), Na2BT (2), K2BT (3), Rb2BT (4) and Cs2BT (5) as well as the mono ammonium (9) and the mono (10) and bis(1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) (11) salts of 5, 5'‐bistetrazole. The crystal structures of the hydrates of the alkali metal salts (1h–4h) and hydrate free (9) to (11) are presented. Additionally we present structures of the monocaesium 5, 5'‐bistetrazolate (6) and alternative modifications of the known salts barium (7h) and diammonium (8) 5, 5'‐bistetrazolate. Among the presented compounds are the first reversibly melting 5, 5'‐bistetrazolate salts (10, 11) and also the first ionic liquid on the basis of 5, 5'‐bistetrazole (11). All substances were investigated by NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and combined TGA/DSC measurements. Corresponding to our main motive, the evaluation of the coordination behaviour of 5, 5'‐bistetrazole, we give a short summary of the metal 5, 5'‐bistetrazole salts structurally characterised so far.
The phylogenetic information carried by a new set of morphological characters in planthoppers: the internal mouthpart structures and test in the Cixiidae model (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)
Authors: Brożek Jolanta , Bourgoin Thierry
Published: May 2013

Internal morphological structures of Cixiidae mouthparts are described and compared in various representatives of the Cixiidae and several other representatives of hemipterans. The morphological study shows that the mouthpart structures have not evolved uniformly and reveals the great disparity of these structures. Particularly, the connecting system of the mouthparts, localisation of salivary canal and shape of the mandibular and maxillar stylets provide together a new set of 17 new characters. A parsimonious analysis to evaluate the phylogenetic interest carried by these 17 selected characters shows that mouthpart structures have not evolved anarchically, but that they indeed carry some phylogenetic information that will be useful to be included in further morphological phylogenetic analysis.
Construction of a starch-inducible homologous expression system to produce cellulolytic enzymes from Acremonium cellulolyticus
Authors: Inoue Hiroyuki , Fujii Tatsuya , Yoshimi Miho , Taylor Larry E , Decker Stephen R , Kishishita Seiichiro , Nakabayashi Makoto , Ishikawa Kazuhiko
Published: May 2013

A starch-inducible homologous expression system in Acremonium cellulolyticus was constructed to successfully produce recombinant cellulolytic enzymes. A. cellulolyticus Y-94 produced amylolytic enzymes and cellulolytic enzymes as major proteins in the culture supernatant when grown with soluble starch (SS) and Solka–Flock cellulose (SF), respectively. To isolate a strong starch-inducible promoter, glucoamylase (GlaA), which belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 15, was purified from the SS culture of Y-94, and its gene was identified in the genome sequence. The 1.4-kb promoter and 0.4-kb terminator regions of glaA were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and used in the construction of a plasmid that drives the expression of the cellobiohydrolase I (Cel7A) gene from A. cellulolyticus. The resultant expression plasmid, containing pyrF as a selection marker, was randomly integrated into the genome of the A. cellulolyticus Y-94 uracil auxotroph. The prototrophic transformant, Y203, produced recombinant Cel7A as an extracellular protein under control of the glaA promoter in the SS culture. Recombinant and wild-type Cel7A were purified from the SS culture of Y203 and the SF culture of A. cellulolyticus CF-2612, respectively. Both enzymes were found to have the same apparent molecular weight (60 kDa), thermostability (T  m 67.0 °C), and optimum pH (pH 4.5), and showed similar catalytic properties for soluble and insoluble substrates. These results suggest that the A. cellulolyticus starch-inducible expression system will be helpful for characterization and improvement of fungal cellulolytic enzymes.
Shunted Hydrocephalus Has a Significant Impact on Quality of Life in Children With Spina Bifida
Authors: Ramachandra Puneeta , Palazzi Kerrin L. , Skalsky Andrew J. , Marietti Sarah , Chiang George
Published: May 2013

Objective

To determine which clinical (health status) and nonclinical (demographic) factors may affect perceptions of quality of life in children with spina bifida and their parents.

Design

A prospective study by using a validated questionnaire.

Setting

A multidisciplinary spina bifida clinic at a pediatric tertiary referral center.

Patients

Thirty‐three children with spina bifida aged 5‐18 years and 41 parents of children with spina bifida aged 2‐18 years completed questionnaires after informed consent was obtained.

Methods

The Peds QL 4.0 Short Form 15 questionnaire was administered to children with spina bifida and their parents. Additional data were collected, including socioeconomic status, self‐reported ethnicity, insurance status, ambulatory status, presence of shunted hydrocephalus, and continence. All completed questionnaires were included in the final analysis.

Results

Self‐reported physical and psychosocial health scores for patients in our study were lower than previously published scores from healthy children. Patients with a shunted hydrocephalus had significantly lower self‐reported physical health scores compared with those without shunted hydrocephalus (61.4 versus 39.3; P = .015). Self‐reported physical health score in those with shunted hydrocephalus improved with age (Spearman ρ = 0.42; P = .017). Shunted hydrocephalus remained significant on multivariate analysis. Ethnicity, insurance, socioeconomic status, ambulatory status, and urinary and fecal continence were not associated with self‐reported physical or psychosocial scores. Parent‐reported scores were not associated with any of the variables of interest. There was excellent correlation between parent‐reported and self‐reported psychosocial health scores (Spearman ρ = 0.636; P < .001) but not physical health scores (Spearman ρ = 0.023; P = .905).

Conclusions

Shunted hydrocephalus has a negative impact on the perception of quality of life, an effect that may be attenuated by age. Further study and more‐specific measurement tools are needed to better understand health‐related quality of life in children with spina bifida.
Shonkinites and minettes of the Ryabinovyi massif (Central Aldan): composition and crystallization conditions
Authors: Rokosova E.Yu. , Panina L.I.
Published: May 2013

Dikes of biotitic shonkinites and minettes of the complex Ryabinovyi alkaline massif (Central Aldan) have been studied. The dikes are localized in a neck of K-picrites in the northeast of the massif, which intrudes gold-bearing microcline–muscovite metasomatites (Muscovitovyi site). The obtained data on the chemical and trace-element compositions of the rocks and minerals and study of melt inclusions in clinopyroxenes indicate that the biotitic shonkinites and minettes crystallized from the same deep-seated high-pressure alkaline ultrabasic magma during its evolution. Apparently, at the early stage of crystallization of diopside in the biotitic shonkinites, homogeneous carbonate–silicate melt was separated into immiscible fractions of silicate, carbonate–salt, and carbonate melts. The temperature of melt immiscibility was > 1120–1190 °C, i.e., higher than the homogenization temperature of silicate inclusions in the diopside. The contents of trace elements in the biotitic shonkinites and rock-forming clinopyroxenes were one or two orders of magnitude higher than the mantle values. The Eu/Eu* ratios of both the considered rocks and the clinopyroxenes were close to those of chondrites, which testifies to their crystallization from mantle magma. The HREE/LREE ratio indicates that the magma source was localized at the depths where garnet-spinel assemblages existed. The negative Nb and Ti anomalies in the trace-element spectra and the high (> 5) La/Nb ratios in the rocks and clinopyroxenes point to the influence of crustal material on the parental magma. Crystallization of magma took place in reducing conditions, which is evidenced by the low (4–7) Ti/V ratios in clinopyroxenes and the presence of chloride–sulfate inclusions in them. Since gold in the Ryabinovyi massif is associated with late sulfate–chloride and sulfate–carbonate fluids, it might have been transported by alkaline chloride–sulfate and carbonate (carbonatite) melts, found as inclusions in clinopyroxenes of the biotitic shonkinites, at the early stages of Mesozoic magmatism.
Petrochemical characteristics of carbonaceous shales in the eastern Bureya massif and their precious-metal mineralization
Authors: Khanchuk A.I. , Nevstruev V.G. , Berdnikov N.V. , Nechaev
Published: May 2013

Some geological, petrochemical, and geochemical characteristics of carbonaceous shales as a new unconventional natural source of gold and PGE are considered by the example of the Kimkan and Sutyr’ units of the Bureya massif (southern Far East, Russia). It is shown that shales of the units belong to the terrigenous-carbonaceous and siliceous-carbonaceous formations. They accumulated in deep-water trenches, and the active continental margin was probably their main provenance. The carbonaceous terrigenous-sedimentary units and precious-metal ores in them show specific petrochemical characteristics different for complexes with predominantly PGE and gold mineralization. According to these characteristics, carbonaceous complexes with high Fe contents, low total contents of alkalies, and high K/Na ratios are promising for PGE-rich ores. Gold ores are usually localized in black-shale strata with high total contents of alkalies and low K/Na. In this respect, the shales and Fe-ores of the Kimkan unit obviously contain high-PGE mineralization, while the rocks of the Sutyr’ unit can bear gold deposits. We assume that the PGE mineralization is genetically related to the formation and transformation of carbonaceous rocks. At the same time, most of gold in the carbonaceous shales is native and is not related to carbon; it is present in mineral assemblages resulted from superimposed sulfidization and silicification.
Sulfur–selenium isomorphous substitution and morphotropic transition in the Ag3Au(Se,S)2 series
Authors: Seryotkin Yu.V. , Pal’yanova G.A. , Savva N.E.
Published: May 2013

Gold–silver sulfoselenides of the series Ag3AuSexS2–x (x = 0.25; 0.5; 0.75; 1; 1.5) were synthesized from melts on heating stoichiometric mixtures of elementary substances in evacuated quartz ampoules. According to X-ray single-crystal analysis, compound Ag3Au1Se0.5S1.5 has the structure of gold–silver sulfide Ag3AuS2 (uytenbogaardtite) with space group R3¯c. The volume of this compound is 1.5% larger than that of the sulfide analog. According to powder X-ray diffraction, compounds Ag3AuSe0.25S1.75 and Ag3AuSe0.75S1.25 also show trigonal symmetry. Compounds Ag3AuSeS and Ag3AuSe1.5S0.5 are structurally similar to the low-temperature modification of gold–silver selenide Ag3AuSe2 (fischesserite) with space group I4132. These data suggest the existence of two solid solutions: petzite-type cubic Ag3AuSe2–Ag3AuSeS (space group I4132) and trigonal Ag3AuSe0.75S1.25–Ag3AuS2 (space group R3¯c).

It was found that fischesserite from the Rodnikovoe deposit (southern Kamchatka) contains 3.5–4 wt.% S. At the Kupol deposit (Chukchi Peninsula), fischesserite contains up to 2.5 wt.% S and uytenbogaardtite contains up to 5.3 wt.% Se. At the Ol’cha and Svetloe (Okhotskoe) deposits (Magadan Region), uytenbogaardtite contains up to 0.5 and 1.8 wt.% Se, respectively. Literature data on the compositions of silver–gold selenides and sulfides from different deposits were summarized and analyzed. Analysis of available data on the S and Se contents of natural fischesserite and uytenbogaardtite confirms the miscibility gap near composition Ag3AuSeS.
Neuropsychiatric complications in a patient with Marfan syndrome
Authors: Lee Chin-Pang , Chu Chun-Lin , Liu Chia-Yih , Chen Chia-Hsiang
Published: May 2013

Background

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disorder of fibrillin-1 gene mutations, with the involvement of cardiovascular, skeletal, and ocular systems. In addition to physical abnormalities, MFS patients are also found to be susceptible to schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions.

Objectives

Awareness of the association between MFS and psychiatric conditions would improve the clinical management of MFS patients to reduce the risk or even to prevent the development of psychiatric complications in MFS patients.

Methods

Here, we describe a male MFS patient who manifested incoherent speech and impaired cognitive and social function at the age of 40 years.

Results and conclusion

His mental dysfunction could be attributed to his bilateral cerebral infarction, which is a neurovascular complication associated with MFS.
Depression as first manifestation of a large intracerebral lymphoma
Authors: Etgen Thorleif , Fleissner Susanne
Published: May 2013

Objective

The differentiation between a ‘non-organic’ depressive episode and an organic depressive disorder on the basis of clinical grounds might be challenging.

Methods

We report a case with an initially typical severe depressive episode without any focal neurological deficits.

Results

Only medical history from a third party raised doubts about this provisional diagnosis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a highly malignant diffuse large intracerebral B-cell lymphoma in the right frontal lobe changing the diagnosis into an organic depressive disorder. The patient recovered after neurosurgical resection, chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation.

Conclusion

This report helps to reduce possible errors in the differential diagnosis of depressive disorders by underlining the importance of a comprehensive medical history including anamnesis from a third party and neuroimaging, especially in first or atypical manifestation of depressive disorders.
Hippocampal volume and serotonin transporter polymorphism in major depressive disorder
Authors: Ahdidan Jamila , Foldager Leslie , Rosenberg Raben , Rodell Anders , Videbech Poul , Mors Ole
Published: May 2013

Objective

The main aim of the present study was to replicate a previous finding in major depressive disorder (MDD) of association between reduced hippocampal volume and the long variant of the di- and triallelic serotonin transporter polymorphism inSLC6A4on chromosome 17q11.2. Secondarily, we also hypothesised that 5-HTTLPR may be a risk factor for MDD.

Methods

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hippocampus was studied in 23 inpatients suffering from MDD and in 33 healthy controls. Normalised volumetric MRI data of hippocampus were assessed with adjustment for total brain volume and tensor-based morphometry was used to elucidate structural brain differences. A triallelic genetic marker resulting from twoSLC6A4promoter region polymorphisms, 5-HTTLPR and rs25531, was analysed for association with MDD and quantitative traits.

Results

Healthy controls had a smaller relative hippocampal volume (relative to brain size) but a larger total brain volume compared with patients with MDD. For patients compared with healthy controls, atrophy was found in the right temporal lobe and pons medulla. Allele and genotype frequencies were strikingly different from the previous study that we aimed to replicate, and no significant associations with the serotonin transporter polymorphism were found.

Conclusions

The present quantitative and morphometric MRI study was not able to replicate the previous finding of association between reduced hippocampal volume in depressed patients and the serotonin transporter polymorphism.
The Falkland Islands referendum 2013
Authors: Dodds Klaus , Pinkerton Alasdair
Published: May 2013

This note considers the 10–11th March 2013 Falkland Islands referendum. As accredited observers, the authors were granted access not only to the work of the international observation mission but also the actual organisation of the referendum itself. The background to the referendum is explained and thereafter the result and longer-term significance is considered. Notwithstanding Argentine opposition to the referendum, the latter was widely considered within the Falkland Islands and beyond to be the most significant event since the 1982 South Atlantic conflict.
Mind the gap: detection and traversability analysis of terrain gaps using LIDAR for safe robot navigation
Authors: Sinha Arnab , Papadakis Panagiotis
Published: May 2013

Safe navigation of robotic vehicles is considered as a key pre-requisite of successful mission operations within highly adverse and unconstrained environments. While there has been extensive research in the perception of positive obstacles, little progress can be accredited to the field of negative obstacles. This paper hypostatizes an elaborative attempt to address the problem of negative obstacle detection and traversability analysis in the form of gaps by processing 3-dimensional range data. The domain of application concerns Urban Search and Rescue scenarios that reflect environments of increased complexity in terms of diverse terrain irregularities. To allow real-time performance and, in turn, timely prevention of unrecoverable robotic states, the proposed approach is based on the application of efficient image morphological operations for noise reduction and border following the detection and grouping of gaps. Furthermore, we reason about gap traversability, a concept that is novel within the field. Traversability assessments are based on features extracted through Principal Component Analysis by exploring the spatial distribution of the interior of the individual gaps or the orientation distribution of the corresponding contour. The proposed approach is evaluated within a realistic scenario of a tunnel car accident site and a challenging outdoor scenario. Using a contemporary Search and Rescue robot, we have performed extensive experiments under various parameter settings that allowed the robot to always detect the real gaps, and either optimally cross over those that were traversable or otherwise avoid them.
Dynamic multi-priority control in redundant robotic systems
Authors: Sadeghian Hamid , Villani Luigi , Keshmiri Mehdi , Siciliano Bruno
Published: May 2013

This paper presents a dynamic-level control algorithm to meet simultaneously multiple desired tasks based on allocated priorities for redundant robotic systems. It is shown that this algorithm can be treated as a general framework to achieve control over the whole body of the robot. The control law is an extension of the well-known acceleration-based control to the redundant robots, and considers also possible interactions with the environment occurring at any point of the robot body. The stability of this algorithm is shown and some of the previously developed results are formulated using this approach. To handle the interaction on robot body, null space impedance control is developed within the multi-priority framework. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is evaluated by means of computer simulation.
Asymptotic expansions and extremals for the critical Sobolev and Gagliardo–Nirenberg inequalities on a torus
Authors: Bartuccelli Michele , Deane Jonathan , Zelik Sergey
Published: May 2013

We present a comprehensive study of interpolation inequalities for periodic functions with zero mean, including the existence of and the asymptotic expansions for the extremals, best constants, various remainder terms, etc. Most attention is paid to the critical (logarithmic) Sobolev inequality in the two-dimensional case, although a number of results concerning the best constants in the algebraic case and different space dimensions are also obtained.
Singular semilinear elliptic inequalities in the exterior of a compact set
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Taliaferro Steven D.
Published: May 2013

We study the semilinear elliptic inequality –Δu ≥ φ(δK (x))f(u) in ℝN / K, where φ, f are positive and non-increasing continuous functions. Here K ⊂ ℝN (N ≥ 3) is a compact set with finitely many components, each of which is either the closure of a C2 domain or an isolated point, and δK (x) = dist(x, ∂K). We obtain optimal conditions in terms of φ and f for the existence of C2-positive solutions. Under these conditions we prove the existence of a minimal solution and we investigate its behaviour around ∂K as well as the removability of the (possible) isolated singularities.
Non-even positive solutions of the Emden–Fowler equations with sign-changing weights
Authors: Kajikiya Ryuji
Published: May 2013

We study the Emden–Fowler equation whose coefficient function is even in the interval (—1, 1), negative near t = 0 and positive near t = ±1. Then we prove that a least energy solution is not even. Therefore, the equation has an even positive solution and a non-even positive solution.
Lord Atkin and the Neighbour Test: Origins of the Principles of Negligence in Donoghue v Stevenson
Authors: Castle Richard
Published: May 2013

In May 1932 the House of Lords delivered its judgement in the case about the presumed snail in the ginger beer bottle with which even non-lawyers are familiar, Donoghue v Stevenson. One of the five judges, Lord Atkin, formulated what has become known as the neighbour test in this way:
Urban development and the culture of masked balls in nineteenth-century Paris
Authors: JOHNSON JAMES H.
Published: May 2013

This article links the nature of commercial masked balls in Paris in the 1830s and 1840s to urban development during these decades. The raucous and often destructive character of the balls, which united elites and popular classes under the mask's anonymity, coincided with a society undergoing social and political upheaval. The dress and conduct of revellers were expressions of their ambitions, fears and resentments. Changes in the urban landscape of the 1820s and 1830s – in particular, the construction of thegrands boulevardsand alignment of theatres sponsoring masked balls along this axis – sharpened potential conflict at such events by placing them in one of the most socially charged corridors of the city.
Accelerated junctional rhythm in children with acute rheumatic fever: is it specific to the disease?
Authors: Ceviz Naci , Celik Velat , Olgun Hasim , Karacan Mehmet
Published: May 2013

Objective:During the course of acute rheumatic fever, some electrocardiographic changes are seen. First-degree atrioventricular block is the most common electrocardiographic abnormality. Second- and third-degree atrioventricular block, ventricular tachycardia, and junctional acceleration are also seen. In the present study, the specificity of accelerated junctional rhythm to acute rheumatic fever was investigated.Methods:The study included patients with acute rheumatic fever (Group 1), healthy children who had suffered from recent group A β-haemolytic streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection but did not develop acute rheumatic fever (Group 2), and patients who had other diseases that may affect the joints and/or heart (Group 3).Results:Accelerated junctional rhythm was detected in 10 patients in Group 1, but in none of the patients from Group 2 or 3. Specificity of accelerated junctional rhythm for acute rheumatic fever was 100% and the positive predictive value was 100%.Conclusion:Accelerated junctional rhythm is specific to acute rheumatic fever. Although its frequency is low, it seems that it can be used in the differential diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever, especially in patients with isolated polyarthritis.
Anatomical variations of aortic arch branching: evaluation with computed tomographic angiography
Authors: Karacan Alper , Türkvatan Aysel , Karacan Keziban
Published: May 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and gender distribution of variations in the aortic arch branching pattern using 64-slice computed tomograhic angiography. Materials and methods: A total of 1000 patients with a normal left-sided aortic arch who underwent computed tomographic angiography for various reasons were analysed retrospectively for the frequency of variation of aortic arch branching; the variations were categorised into seven types. Results: Of the 1000 patients, 79.2% had a normal aortic arch branching pattern – type 1 – and 20.8% had variations. The frequency of type 2 variation – brachiocephalic and left common carotid arteries arising from the aortic arch in a common trunk – was 14.1%, that of type 3 – left vertebral artery originating from the aortic arch – was 4.1%, that of type 4 – coexistence of type 2 and type 3 – was 1.2%, that of type 5 – aberrant right subclavian artery – was 0.6%, that of type 6 – coexistence of aberrant right subclavian artery and bicarotid trunk – was 0.7%, and that for type 7 – thyroidea ima artery arising from the aortic arch – was 0.1%. The incidences of the variations of aortic arch branching were similar among males and females (20% versus 22.1%). The incidence of an aberrant right subclavian artery – type 5 and type 6 – was higher among females compared with males (2.5% versus 0.5), whereas the frequencies of the other variations were either equal or similar in both genders. Conclusion: Recognition of variations of aortic arch branching is important because they may cause symptoms due to tracheoesophageal compression or complications during surgical or endovascular interventional procedures of the aorta and its branches.
ROCHESTER'S BRONZE SCRAG AND PEARL NECKLACE: BRONZED MASCULINITY IN JANE EYRE, SHIRLEY, AND CHARLOTTE BRONTË’S JUVENILIA—ERRATUM
Authors: Pike Judith E.
Published: May 2013

In this article, the 3rd sentence (on the first page) is not grammatically correct. We are reproducing the paragraph for completeness.

IN THE PAST TWENTY YEARS, GIVEN THE burgeoning field of postcolonial studies and its inquiry into the identity politics of race, ethnicity, and imperialism, significantly more critical attention has been paid to Charlotte Brontë's portrayal of Bertha Rochester in Jane Eyre (1847) than in the prior one hundred and forty years of Brontë scholarship. While in The Madwoman and the Attic (1979), Gilbert and Gubar present an earlier reading of Bertha as “Jane's truest and darkest double” (360), any reading of Bertha's darkest in terms of a cultural or racialized identity came about in later criticism. Gayatri Spivak was instrumental in positioning Bertha within a discourse of imperialism rather than reading her merely in psychological terms, which then precipitated more recent studies on Bertha's colonial heritage, her financial and cultural imperialist inheritance and her ambiguous ethnic status as a Creole woman.1 Contemporary critics have also addressed how Rochester in a sense becomes Bertha's “truest and darkest double.” However, his darkness has proven to be far more quizzical, for unlike Bertha he is neither Creole nor raised in the West Indies; quite to the contrary, Rochester was desired by the Masons precisely because of his heritage, being “of a good race.”2 Still, as readers, we have had to grapple with Brontë's numerous descriptions of Rochester's dark visage.
Progressive Attraction: On the Use and Grammaticalization of Progressive Aspect in Dutch, Norwegian, and German
Authors: Behrens Bergljot , Flecken Monique , Carroll Mary
Published: May 2013

This paper investigates the use of aspectual constructions in Dutch, Norwegian, and German, languages in which aspect marking that presents events explicitly as ongoing, is optional. Data were elicited under similar conditions with native speakers in the three countries. We show that while German speakers make insignificant use of aspectual constructions, usage patterns in Norwegian and Dutch present an interesting case of overlap, as well as differences, with respect to a set of factors that attract or constrain the use of different constructions. The results indicate that aspect marking is grammaticalizing in Dutch, but there are no clear signs of a similar process in Norwegian.*
N-arachidonoyl-L-serine (AraS) Possesses Proneurogenic Properties in Vitro and in Vivo after Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Cohen-Yeshurun Ayelet , Willner Dafna , Trembovler Victoria , Alexandrovich Alexander , Mechoulam Raphael , Shohami Esther , Leker Ronen R
Published: May 2013

N-arachidonoyl-L-serine (AraS) is a novel neuroprotective endocannabinoid. We aimed to test the effects of exogenous AraS on neurogenesis after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The effects of AraS on neural progenitor cells (NPC) proliferation, survival, and differentiation were examined in vitro. Next, mice underwent TBI and were treated with AraS or vehicle. Lesion volumes and clinical outcome were evaluated and the effects on neurogenesis were tested using immunohistochemistry. Treatment with AraS led to a dose-dependent increase in neurosphere size without affecting cell survival. These effects were partially reversed by CB1, CB2, or TRPV1 antagonists. AraS significantly reduced the differentiation of NPC in vitro to astrocytes or neurons and led to a 2.5-fold increase in expression of the NPC marker nestin. Similar effects were observed in vivo in mice treated with AraS 7 days after TBI. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in lesion volume and an improvement in neurobehavioral function compared with controls. AraS increases proliferation of NPCs in vitro in cannabinoid-receptor-mediated mechanisms and maintains NPC in an undifferentiated state in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, although given at 7 days post injury, these effects are associated with significant neuroprotective effects leading to an improvement in neurobehavioral functions.
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and clinical nutrition
Authors: Livingstone Callum
Published: May 2013

IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-I) is a peptide hormone, produced predominantly by the liver in response to pituitary GH (growth hormone), which is involved in a wide variety of physiological processes. It acts in an endocrine, paracrine and autocrine manner to promote growth. The production of IGF-I signals the availability of nutrients needed for its anabolic actions. Recently, there has been growing interest in its role in health and disease. IGF-I has long been known to be regulated by nutrition and dysregulated in states of under- and over-nutrition, its serum concentrations falling in malnutrition and responding promptly to refeeding. This has led to interest in its utility as a nutritional biomarker. A considerable evidence base supports utility for measurement of IGF-I in nutritional contexts. Its concentration may be valuable in providing information on nutritional status, prognosis and in monitoring nutritional support. However, it is insufficiently specific for use as a screening test for under nutrition as its serum concentration is influenced by many factors other than nutritional status, notably the APR (acute-phase response) and endocrine conditions. Concentrations should be interpreted along with clinical findings and the results of other investigations such as CRP (C-reactive protein). More recently, there has been interest in free IGF-I which holds promise as a nutritional marker. The present review covers nutritional regulation of IGF-I and its dysregulation in disease, then goes on to review recent studies supporting its utility as a nutritional marker in clinical contexts. Although not currently recommended by clinical guidelines, it is likely that, in time, measurement of IGF-I will become a routine part of nutritional assessment in a number of these contexts.