bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subtilases turn on pectin methylesterase activity for a robust apoplastic immunity
Authors: Coculo Daniele , Del Corpo Daniele , Martínez Miguel Ozáez , Vera Pablo , Piro Gabriella , De Caroli Monica , Lionetti Vincenzo
Published: July 2022

Plants involve a fine modulation of pectin methylesterase (PME) activity against microbes. PME activity can promote the cell wall stiffening and the production of damage signals able to induce defense responses. However, to date, the knowledge about the molecular mechanisms triggering PME activity during disease remains largely unknown. In this study, we explored the role of subtilases (SBTs), serine proteases consisting of 56 isoforms inArabidopsis thaliana, as activators of PME activity in plant immunity. By using biochemical and reverse genetic approaches, we found that SBT3.3 and SBT3.5 are required to control PME activity and resistance to the fungusBotrytis cinerea. Arabidopsis sbt3.3 and sbt3.5knockout mutants showed a reduced induction of PME activity and an increased susceptibility toB. cinerea. SBT3.3expression is controlled by the damage-associated molecular patterns Oligogalacturonides. TheSBT3.3overexpression overactivates PME activity, but only during fungal infection, resulting in an increased expression of the defense-related genes and in an enhanced resistance toB. cinerea. We revealed that SBT3.3 and the Pro-PME17 isoforms are both secreted in the cell wall exploiting distinct protein secretion pathways and a different kinetic. Our findings point to SBTs as a mechanism to switch on PME activity and the related pectin integrity signaling to strengthen plant immunity against pests, in a timely manner to avoid the growth-defense trade-off.

One sentence Summary

Subtilases arm pectin methylesterase activity against pathogens to switch on pectin integrity signalling, reinforcing plant immunity and avoiding the growth-defense trade-offs
Effect of Delta and Omicron mutations on the RBD-SD1 domain of the Spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 and the Omicron mutations on RBD-ACE2 interface complex
Authors: Ching Wai-Yim , Adhikari Puja , Jawad Bahaa , Podgornik Rudolf
Published: July 2022

The receptor-binding domain (RBD) is the essential part in the Spike-protein (S-protein) of SARS-CoV-2 virus that directly binds to the human ACE2 receptor, making it a key target for many vaccines and therapies. Therefore, any mutations at this domain could affect the efficacy of these treatments as well as the viral-cell entry mechanism. We introduceab initioDFT-based computational study that mainly focuses on two parts: (1) Mutations effects of both Delta and Omicron variants in the RBD-SD1 domain. (2) Impact of Omicron RBD mutations on the structure and properties of the RBD-ACE2 interface system. The in-depth analysis is based on the novel concept ofamino acid-amino acid bond pair units(AABPU) that reveal the differences between the Delta and/or Omicron mutations and its corresponding wild-type strain in terms of the role played by non-local amino acid interactions, their 3D shapes and sizes, as well as contribution to hydrogen bonding and partial charge distributions. Our results also show that the interaction of Omicron RBD with ACE2 significantly increased its bonding between amino acids at the interface providing information on the implications of penetration of S-protein into ACE2, and thus offering a possible explanation for its high infectivity. Our findings enable us to present in more conspicuous atomic level detail the effect of specific mutations that may help in predicting and/or mitigating the next variant of concern.
The Chemical Features of Polyanions Modulate Tau Aggregation and Conformational States
Authors: Montgomery Kelly M. , Carroll Emma C. , Thwin Aye , Hodges Paige , Southworth Daniel R. , Gestwicki Jason E.
Published: July 2022

The aggregation of tau into insoluble fibrils is a defining feature of neurodegenerative tauopathies. However, tau has a positive overall charge and is highly soluble; so polyanions, such as heparin, are typically required to promote its aggregation in vitro. There are dozens of polyanions in living systems and it is not clear which ones might promote this process. Here, we systematically measure the ability of 30 diverse, anionic biomolecules to initiate tau aggregation, using either wild type (WT) tau or the disease associated P301S mutant. We find that polyanions from many different structural classes can promote fibril formation and that P301S tau is sensitive to a greater number of polyanions (19/30) than WT tau (16/30). We also find that some polyanions preferentially reduce the lag time of the aggregation reactions, while others enhance the elongation rate, suggesting that they act on partially distinct steps. From the resulting structure-activity relationships, the valency of the polyanion seems to be an important chemical feature, such that anions with low valency tend to be weaker aggregation inducers, even at the same overall charge. Finally, the identity of the polyanion influences fibril morphology, based on electron microscopy and limited proteolysis. These results provide insight into the crucial role of polyanion—tau interactions in modulating tau conformational dynamics with implications for understanding the tau aggregation landscape in a complex cellular environment.
Augmenting the Signal Peptide of the Ag43 Autotransporter for the improved heterologous display of sfGFP using Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACs)-assisted natural selection
Authors: Koh Darius Wen-Shuo , Tay Jian-Hua , Gan Samuel Ken-En
Published: July 2022

Protein display, secretion and export in prokaryotes are essential for utilizing microbial systems as engineered living materials for medicines, biocatalysts, and protein factories. To select for improved signal peptides forEscherichia coliprotein display, we utilized error-prone polymerase chain reaction (epPCR) coupled with single-cell sorting and microplate titer to generate, select, and detect improved Ag43 signal peptides. Through three rounds of mutagenesis and selection using green fluorescence from the 56 kDa sfGFP-beta-lactamase, we isolated clones that increased surface display from 1.4 to 3 folds as detected by the microplate plate-reader and native SDS-PAGE assays. To establish that the protein was displayed extracellularly, we trypsinised the bacterial cells to release the surface displayed proteins for analysis. This workflow demonstrated a fast and high-throughput method leveraging on epPCR and single-cell sorting to rapidly augment bacterial surface display, a method that could be applied to other bacterial proteins.
Exploring the effects of problem- and solution-related knowledge sharing in internal crowdsourcing
Authors: Chen Qian , Magnusson Mats , Björk Jennie
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Firms increasingly rely on both external and internal crowdsourcing to capture ideas more broadly and enhance innovative problem-solving. Especially in internal crowdsourcing, knowledge sharing that contributes to develop or further the understanding of the problem the idea is focused on solving can take place between critical employees, and in that way improve ideas generated by others. This far, most crowdsourcing practices have focused on identifying solutions to proposed problems, whereas much less is known about how crowds can be used to share problem-related knowledge. There is thus an untapped potential in leveraging crowds not just to generate solution-oriented ideas but also to share knowledge to improve ideas and even to reframe problems. This paper aims to explore the effect of problem- and solution-related knowledge sharing in internal crowdsourcing for idea development.

Design/methodology/approach

Data on ideas and comments were collected from an idea management system in a Swedish multinational company. The investigation captures the influences of the problem- and solution-related knowledge sharing on ideas based on content analysis and logistic regression analysis.

Findings

The results from this study show that sharing knowledge related to solutions in idea development impacts idea acceptance positively, whereas sharing knowledge related to problems in idea development has a negative effect on the likelihood of idea acceptance and these effects of knowledge sharing are moderated by the active author responses.

Practical implications

This research provides managerial implications for firms to deliberately manage knowledge sharing in peer communities in internal crowdsourcing, especially by providing suggestions on problem reframing and solution refining for ideas.

Originality/value

The results contribute to existing theory in terms of extending the view of crowdsourcing in ideation to include how crowds contribute to the development of the problem and the solution during the development of ideas and providing new insights on knowledge sharing in internal crowdsourcing based on problem-solving theory.
Mechanisms of knowledge development in a knowledge ecosystem
Authors: Öberg Christina , Lundberg Heléne
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Although ecosystems have been researched extensively over the past decade, we know little about how they should be organised. Focusing on a knowledge ecosystem comprising a university and a regional strategic network (RSN), this paper aims to describe and discuss the mechanisms for knowledge development in knowledge ecosystems.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper studies the integration of a university into a Swedish RSN. Data were collected through interviews with representatives of the university, the RSN and all firms comprising the RSN. A qualitative content analysis helped to detect mechanisms for knowledge development.

Findings

Two reinforcing mechanisms for knowledge development in the knowledge ecosystem are identified: structure and openness, which relate to insight and outlook, respectively. The findings also indicate a knowledge division, with the university representing the transfer of knowledge capabilities as a linear process, whereas the content-related knowledge is collaborative.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to research on knowledge ecosystems by describing how their organisation is based on a number of contradictions (structure and openness, insight and outlook, linearity and collaboration) to accomplish the development of knowledge capabilities and content-related knowledge.
CFD simulations for evaluating the wind effects on high-rise buildings having varying cross-sectional shape
Authors: Rukhaiyar Ark , Jayant Bhagya , Dahiya Kunal , Meena Rahul Kumar , Raj Ritu
Published: July 2022

Purpose

In this study the comparison is presented for the variation in cross-sectional shape along the height of the building model. For this purpose Model B and Model C are having the considerable variation and Model A result can be easily predicted on the basis of the result of Model B and C while Model X is considered for the validation purposes only and it is well established that the results are within the allowable limit. This paper aims to discuss these wind generated effects in the tall building model.

Design/methodology/approach

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in ANSYS: CFX is used to investigate the wind effects on varying cross-sectional shape along the height of the building model.

Findings

From pressure contours, it was observed that shape and size of the face is independent of the pressure distribution. It is also observed that pressure distribution for the windward face (A) was less than the magnitude of the leeward face for both models. The leeward face and lateral faces had similar pressure distribution. Also slight changes in pressure distribution were observed at the periphery of the models.

Originality/value

This study has been performed to analyse and compare the wind effect on tall buildings having varying cross sections with variation of different cross sections along the height. Most of the studies done in the field of tall buildings are concentrated to one particular cross-sectional shape while the present study investigates wind effects for combination of two types of cross sections along the height. This analysis is performed for wind incidence angles ranging from 0° to 90° at an interval of 30°. Analysis of wind flow characteristics of two models, Models B and C will be computed using CFD. These two models are the variation of Model A which is a combination of two types of cross section that is square and plus. Square and plus cross-sectional heights for Model B are 48 m and 144 m, respectively. Similarly, square and plus cross-sectional heights for Model C are 144 m and 48 m, respectively. The results are interpreted using pressure contours and streamlines, and comparative graphs of drag and lift forces are presented.
Effects of the substitution of wheat flour with raw or germinated ayocote bean (Phaseolus coccineus) flour on the nutritional properties and quality of bread
Authors: Espinosa‐Ramírez Johanan , Mariscal‐Moreno Rosa María , Chuck‐Hernández Cristina , Serna‐Saldivar Sergio O. , Espiricueta‐Candelaria Rosa Selene
Published: July 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of 10%, 20%, and 30% of raw (ARF) and germinated (AGF) ayocote bean flour as a partial substitute for wheat flour in breadmaking. Substitution with both ayocote bean flours modified the water absorption and development time while maintaining the dough stability. Supplemented breads had 13%, 51%, and 132% higher protein, mineral, and crude fiber content, respectively, than control bread (100% wheat). The breadmaking features, color and crumb firmness, were affected by the substitution level. Sensory analysis revealed that germination could improve the taste and smell of breads produced with ayocote bean flour. The sensory attribute scores of 10% AGF bread were comparable to those of the control bread. Supplementation reduced the in vitro protein digestibility, although the effect was less pronounced in 10% ARF and 20% AGF breads. The limiting amino acid score of supplemented breads increased up to 70%, which improved their protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid scores. Supplementation with 20% or 30% of both ARF and AGF increased resistant starch values and decreased the total digestible starch of breads. Thus, the results showed that substituting wheat with ARF or AGF improves the nutritional properties of bread. However, low substitution levels should be selected to avoid a considerable decrease in physical and sensory properties.

Practical Application

Substituting wheat flour with ayocote bean flour improved the nutritional value of bread.

Germination of ayocote beans decreased the cooking stability of composite dough.

Bread fortified with ayocote flour had high levels of essential amino acids.

Bread with raw or germinated ayocote flours had high limiting amino acid scores.

Composite bread had high resistant starch and low total digestible starch.
Colchicine resistance: Associated factors and its effect on health‐related quality of life in patients with familial Mediterranean fever
Authors: Erdem Gürsoy Didem , Gezer Halise Hande , Öz Nuran , Özer Aygün , Acer Kasman Sevtap , Duruöz Mehmet Tuncay
Published: July 2022

Aim

To determine the factors associated with colchicine resistance and the effect of colchicine resistance on health‐related quality of life (QoL) in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF).

Methods

Demographic and clinical features, MEFV gene mutations, and Pras disease severity scores were recorded. QoL was assessed using the Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) and FMF‐QoL scales. Colchicine resistance was defined as at least 1 attack per month for 6 months at the maximum tolerated dose of colchicine in fully compliant patients.

Results

The mean age of 118 patients (90 female, 28 male) with FMF was 38.4 ± 12.5 years. The percentage of colchicine‐resistant patients was 19.5%. In univariable analysis, smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 2.885; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.104–7.539; P = 0.031), attack duration (OR = 1.955; 95% CI = 1.137–3.360; P = 0.015), presence of arthritis (OR = 5.235; 95% CI = 1.508–18.179; P = 0.009), and disease severity score (OR = 1.790; 95% CI = 1.334–2.402; P < 0.001) were associated with colchicine resistance. The FMF‐QoL and subscales of SF‐36 except for role emotional and vitality, were different between colchicine‐resistant and non‐resistant patients (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Smoking, attack duration, presence of arthritis, and disease severity were associated with colchicine resistance in fully compliant FMF patients. Colchicine‐resistant patients had poorer health‐related QoL.
Using disaster‐induced closures to evaluate discrete choice models of hospital demand
Authors: Raval Devesh , Rosenbaum Ted , Wilson Nathan E.
Published: July 2022

Although diversion ratios are important inputs to merger evaluation, there is little evidence about how accurately discrete choice models predict diversions. Using a series of natural disasters that unexpectedly closed hospitals, we compare observed post‐disaster diversion ratios to those predicted from pre‐disaster data using standard models of hospital demand. We find that all standard models consistently underpredict large diversions. Both unobserved heterogeneity in preferences over travel and post‐disaster changes to physician practice patterns can explain some of the underprediction of large diversions. We find a significant improvement using models with a random coefficient on distance.
Archaeometric analysis of the ‘greco scritto’ marble slabs from the Edificio dei Triclinii at Murecine (Pompeii, Italy)
Authors: Perna Simona , Antonelli Fabrizio , Lazzarini Lorenzo
Published: July 2022

This paper presents the results of the archaeometric analysis of the greco scritto marble slabs from the Edificio dei Triclinii, an inn or statio negotiatorum discovered at Murecine in Pompeii’s suburbs in 1999–2000. A total of 14 samples were collected and subjected to standard X‐ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM) on thin sections and stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) to assess the stone’s identity and provenance. The results of this study substantiate the hypothesis (already put forward and based on a macroscopic identification by Perna and Scognamiglio) that the stone originates from the Hasançavuşlar quarries near Ephesus in Asia Minor, and represent the first step towards a systematic contextual and geochemical study of Ephesian greco scritto in Roman contexts and its respective contribution to the Roman stone trade.
Fault zone fluid pathways in the carbonate Irecê basin, NE Brazil
Authors: Gomes Cleber Peralta , Santos Roberto Ventura , Vieira Lucieth Cruz , Dantas Elton Luiz , Taveira Igor Pureza , Barbosa Paola Ferreira , Couto Diego Canídia , Rasbury Troy , Abbots Frances , Bezerra Francisco Hilário
Published: July 2022

We applied field structural data and isotope geochemical (δ13C, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr) analyses to understand the relationship among calcite veins, fault damage zones and carbonate host rocks in a thrust fault damage zone in the Achado quarry, Irecê Basin in the São Francisco Craton, NE Brazil. Our results reveal three hydrological packages with different rheological behaviours in a stratified carbonate succession. The upper package includes the Achado fault damage zone that is characterised by interlayered dolomitised grainstones and mudstones. These rocks display high positive δ13C values (10‰–13‰), negative δ18O values (mean −6.34‰) and radiogenic (87Sr/86Sr) isotope values (0.70885–0.71519). A second package is marked by a cataclastic brittle shear zone lateral parallel to dolograinstones bedding. These rocks show low to positive δ13C values (−3.41‰ to +8.85‰), more positive δ18O values (mean −3.73‰) and radiogenic (87Sr/86Sr) isotope values (0.71039–0.71373). The lower package is characterised by well‐preserved pristine limestone succession that shows δ13C values ranging between −0.46‰ and +3.17‰, mean δ18O = −5.41‰ and less radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr values (0.70762–0.70818). In contrast to the upper and intermediate packages, rocks from the lower one exhibit very low permeability and behaved as a seal for fluid migration. Fluid flow occurred several times during basin evolution, for example along syn‐rift fault damage zones, bedding‐parallel carbonate breccia, thrust faults, cataclastic shear zones, synorogenic conjugate shear fractures or joints and opening mode I fracture‐fill calcite veins. These fractures allowed pervasive fluid flow in the porous intermediate cataclastic shear zone where fluids flowed and formed veins, as diffuse fluid flow in randomly oriented fracture swarms, or channelised fluid flow in aligned fracture corridors. They record significant centimetre‐scale to km‐scale hydrological behaviour within carbonate layers. Most carbonates that are associated with veins, fault damage zones and hydraulic breccia were formed by fluids of the same origin with low δ13C (−6.0 to −2.0‰) and δ18O (−6.0 to −8.5‰) values, and more radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr values compared to the carbonate host rocks.
Developmental patterns of affective attention across the first 2 years of life
Authors: Reider Lori B. , Bierstedt Laura , Burris Jessica L. , Vallorani Alicia , Gunther Kelley E. , Buss Kristin A. , Pérez‐Edgar Koraly , Field Andy P. , LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2022

This study examined patterns of attention toward affective stimuli in a longitudinal sample of typically developing infants (N = 357, 147 females, 50% White, 22% Latinx, 16% African American/Black, 3% Asian, 8% mixed race, 1% not reported) using two eye‐tracking tasks that measure vigilance to (rapid detection), engagement with (total looking toward), and disengagement from (latency to looking away) emotional facial configurations. Infants completed each task at 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 months of age from 2016 to 2020. Multilevel growth models demonstrate that, over the first 2 years of life, infants became faster at detecting and spent more time engaging with angry over neutral faces. These results have implications for our understanding of the development of affect‐biased attention.
LMFingerprints: Visual Explanations of Language Model Embedding Spaces through Layerwise Contextualization Scores
Authors: Sevastjanova R. , Kalouli A. , Beck C. , Hauptmann H. , El‐Assady M.
Published: July 2022

Language models, such as BERT, construct multiple, contextualized embeddings for each word occurrence in a corpus. Understanding how the contextualization propagates through the model's layers is crucial for deciding which layers to use for a specific analysis task. Currently, most embedding spaces are explained by probing classifiers; however, some findings remain inconclusive. In this paper, we present LMFingerprints, a novel scoring‐based technique for the explanation of contextualized word embeddings. We introduce two categories of scoring functions, which measure (1) the degree of contextualization, i.e., the layerwise changes in the embedding vectors, and (2) the type of contextualization, i.e., the captured context information. We integrate these scores into an interactive explanation workspace. By combining visual and verbal elements, we provide an overview of contextualization in six popular transformer‐based language models. We evaluate hypotheses from the domain of computational linguistics, and our results not only confirm findings from related work but also reveal new aspects about the information captured in the embedding spaces. For instance, we show that while numbers are poorly contextualized, stopwords have an unexpected high contextualization in the models' upper layers, where their neighborhoods shift from similar functionality tokens to tokens that contribute to the meaning of the surrounding sentences.
Gestational diabetes mellitus, epigenetic age and offspring metabolism
Authors: Kim Catherine , Harrall Kylie K. , Glueck Deborah H. , Needham Belinda L. , Dabelea Dana
Published: July 2022

Aims

No reports examine the relationship between in‐utero exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), offspring epigenetic age acceleration (EAA), and offspring insulin sensitivity.

Methods

Using data from a cohort study, we examined associations between GDM in‐utero exposure and offspring EAA at approximately 10 years of age, using separate regression models adjusting for offspring chronological age and sex. We also examined associations between EAA with updated homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity and secretion (HOMA2‐S and HOMA2‐β) measured at approximately 10 and 16 years of age, using mixed linear regression models accounting for repeated measures after adjustment for offspring chronological age and sex.

Results

Compared to unexposed offspring (n = 91), offspring exposed to GDM (n = 88) had greater EAA or older extrinsic age compared to chronological age (β‐coefficient 2.00, 95% confidence interval [0.71, 3.28], p = 0.0025), but not greater intrinsic EAA (β‐coefficient −0.07, 95% CI [−0.71, 0.57], p = 0.93). Extrinsic EAA was associated with lower insulin sensitivity (β‐coefficient −0.018, 95% CI [−0.035, −0.002], p = 0.03) and greater insulin secretion (β‐coefficient 0.018, 95% CI [0.006, 0.03], p = 0.003), and these associations persisted after further adjustment for measures of maternal and child adiposity. No associations were observed between intrinsic EAA and insulin sensitivity and secretion, before or after adjustment for measures of maternal and child adiposity.

Conclusions

In this study, children exposed to GDM experience greater extrinsic EAA, which is associated with lower insulin sensitivity and greater insulin secretion. Further studies are needed to determine the directionality of these associations.
Telco customer top‐ups: Stream‐based multi‐target regression
Authors: Alves Pedro Miguel , Filipe Ricardo Ângelo , Malheiro Benedita
Published: July 2022

Telecommunication operators compete not only for new clients, but, above all, to maintain current ones. The modelling and prediction of the top‐up behaviour of prepaid mobile subscribers allows operators to anticipate customer intentions and implement measures to strengthen customer relationship. This research explores a data set from a Portuguese operator, comprising 30 months of top‐up events, to predict the top‐up monthly frequency and average value of prepaid subscribers using offline and online multi‐target regression algorithms. The offline techniques adopt a monthly sliding window, whereas the online techniques use an event sliding window. Experiments were performed to determine the most promising set of features, analyse the accuracy of the offline and online regressors and the impact of sliding window dimension. The results show that online regression outperforms the offline counterparts. The best accuracy was achieved with adaptive model rules and a sliding window of 500,000 events (approximately 5 months). Finally, the predicted top‐up monthly frequency and average value of each subscriber were converted to individual date and value intervals, which can be used by the operator to identify early signs of subscriber disengagement and immediately take pre‐emptive measures.
The role of extracellular vesicles in cellular senescence
Authors: Estévez‐Souto Valentín , Da Silva‐Álvarez Sabela , Collado Manuel
Published: July 2022

Cellular senescence, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that prevents the proliferation of damaged cells, is a very relevant cellular response involved in both physiological and pathological conditions. Even though senescent cells are stably growth arrested, they exhibit a complex and poorly understood secretory phenotype, known as senescence‐associated secretory phenotype, composed of soluble proteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Extracellular vesicles were initially described as a waste management mechanism to remove damaged components of cellular metabolism, but increasing evidence shows that EVs could also play important roles in intercellular communication. Recently, some studies showed that EVs could have fundamental functions during cellular senescence. Our purpose in this review is to clarify the increasing literature on the role of EVs in cellular senescence as key mediators in cell‐to‐cell communication.
Carbon and climate implications of rewetting a raised bog in Ireland
Authors: Wilson David , Mackin Francis , Tuovinen Juha‐Pekka , Moser Gerald , Farrell Catherine , Renou‐Wilson Florence
Published: July 2022

Peatland rewetting has been proposed as a vital climate change mitigation tool to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to generate suitable conditions for the return of carbon (C) sequestration. In this study, we present annual C balances for a 5‐year period at a rewetted peatland in Ireland (rewetted at the start of the study) and compare the results with an adjacent drained area (represents business‐as‐usual). Hydrological modelling of the 230‐hectare site was carried out to determine the likely ecotopes (vegetation communities) that will develop post‐rewetting and was used to inform a radiative forcing modelling exercise to determine the climate impacts of rewetting this peatland under five high‐priority scenarios (SSP1‐1.9, SS1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0 and SSP5‐8.5). The drained area (marginal ecotope) was a net C source throughout the study and emitted 157 ± 25.5 g C m−2 year−1. In contrast, the rewetted area (sub‐central ecotope) was a net C sink of 78.0 ± 37.6 g C m−2 year−1, despite relatively large annual methane emissions post‐rewetting (average 19.3 ± 5.2 g C m−2 year−1). Hydrological modelling predicted the development of three key ecotopes at the site, with the sub‐central ecotope predicted to cover 24% of the site, the sub‐marginal predicted to cover 59% and the marginal predicted to cover 16%. Using these areal estimates, our radiative forcing modelling projects that under the SSP1‐1.9 scenario, the site will have a warming effect on the climate until 2085 but will then have a strong cooling impact. In contrast, our modelling exercise shows that the site will never have a cooling impact under the SSP5‐8.5 scenario. Our results confirm the importance of rapid rewetting of drained peatland sites to (a) achieve strong C emissions reductions, (b) establish optimal conditions for C sequestration and (c) set the site on a climate cooling trajectory.
Nitrogen fertilization weakens the linkage between soil carbon and microbial diversity: A global meta‐analysis
Authors: Yang Yang , Chen Xinli , Liu Liangxu , Li Ting , Dou Yanxing , Qiao Jiangbo , Wang Yunqiang , An Shaoshan , Chang Scott X.
Published: July 2022

Soil microbes make up a significant portion of the genetic diversity and play a critical role in belowground carbon (C) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil microbial diversity and organic C are often tightly coupled in C cycling processes; however, this coupling can be weakened or broken by rapid global change. A global meta‐analysis was performed with 1148 paired comparisons extracted from 229 articles published between January 1998 and December 2021 to determine how nitrogen (N) fertilization affects the relationship between soil C content and microbial diversity in terrestrial ecosystems. We found that N fertilization decreased soil bacterial (−11%) and fungal diversity (−17%), but increased soil organic C (SOC) (+19%), microbial biomass C (MBC) (+17%), and dissolved organic C (DOC) (+25%) across different ecosystems. Organic N (urea) fertilization had a greater effect on SOC, MBC, DOC, and bacterial and fungal diversity than inorganic N fertilization. Most importantly, soil microbial diversity decreased with increasing SOC, MBC, and DOC, and the absolute values of the correlation coefficients decreased with increasing N fertilization rate and duration, suggesting that N fertilization weakened the linkage between soil C and microbial diversity. The weakened linkage might negatively impact essential ecosystem services under high rates of N fertilization; this understanding is important for mitigating the negative impact of global N enrichment on soil C cycling.
Hidden effects of high numbers of tourists in protected areas: displacement of foraging top scavengers
Authors: Donázar José A. , Cortés‐Avizanda Ainara , Arrondo Eneko , Delgado‐González Alejandro , Ceballos Olga
Published: July 2022

Protected areas in southern Europe are important for the conservation of large avian scavengers. However, the effects an increasing number of visitors may have on the scavengers' patterns of movement are unknown. Here, we took advantage of data collected from seven GPS‐tagged adult Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus breeding in the Bardenas Reales Natural Park in northern Spain to determine whether foraging birds moved to more remote areas on the days when the number of visitors increased. We found that although the number of visitors did appear to affect movement patterns, this had a smaller effect size compared with the mean temperature of the day. Additionally, males moved further than females. If the number of visitors to natural areas continues to increase, local exclusions of Griffon Vultures may become more common, so further research is needed to address the potential consequences for the scavenger population and ecosystem functions and services they provide.
Phenotypic and comparative genomic analysis of two Lactobacillus amylolyticus strains from naturally fermented tofu whey
Authors: Fei Yongtao , Li Li , Huang Li , Liu Gongliang , Bai Weidong , Liang Ruiheng
Published: July 2022

The differences in aspects of morphology, fermentation and probiotic characteristics between Lactobacillus amylolyticus L5 (Lam1.5) and L6 (Lam1.6) isolated from naturally fermented tofu whey were investigated by phenotypic and comparative genomic analysis. The results indicated that morphological difference between two strains may attribute to the mutation of ftsW and ftsK genes responsible for cell division. The optimum growth temperatures of Lam1.5 and Lam1.6 were different, and the acid‐producing ability of Lam1.6 was stronger than that of Lam1.5. And the growth rate of Lam1.6 exhibited better growth performance than that of Lam1.5 in MRS with initial pH 3.0–5.0. Besides, Lam1.5 was proved to be safe to be used in fermented food with safety evaluation. In respect of probiotic traits, Lam1.5 displayed the same performance in tolerance of intestinal juice, antimicrobial activity and adhesion properties as that of Lam1.6. However, Lam1.5 was more sensitive to simulated gastric juice than Lam1.6 at pH 2.5 and 3.0, which might be due to its long‐rod shape and lack of K+‐ATPase and Na+‐H+ antiporters. This study unveiled morphological and physiological differences between Lam1.5 and Lam1.6, raising the potential effect of ftsW and ftsK on the morphological development of lactobacilli that further affects their metabolic properties.
Phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterization of chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid and chrysanthemum stunt viroid from chrysanthemum in Thailand
Authors: Supakitthanakorn Salit , Vichittragoontavorn Kanjana , Kunasakdakul Kaewalin , Ruangwong On‐Uma
Published: July 2022

Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd) and chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) are limiting factors for chrysanthemum cultivation and cause economic losses throughout the world. Chrysanthemum leaves were collected from Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces of Thailand during 2019–2021. Both viroids were detected by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and molecularly characterized. Six CChMVd and five CSVd amplicons were detected, cloned and sequenced. BLAST analysis revealed that CChMVd shared 93%–99% identical and CSVd shared 95%–99% identical with the representative species retrieved from GenBank, Moreover, the nucleotides at the position 82–85 of the tetraloop region were keys for CChMVd clusters resulting to the distinct clade of either symptomatic or non‐symptomatic strains. The phylogenetic analysis of individual viroid represented that six CChMVd variants were closely related to Korea and China variants and clustered in the symptomatic clade of the Asia cluster. For CSVd, five variants in the present study were grouped with CSVd from Dahlia spp. of Japan. Predicted secondary structure of both viroids showed the distribution of sequence variations. The predicted secondary structure showed sequence variants of CChMVd were distributed on most of the secondary structure, whereas sequence variants of CSVd were frequently found in pathogenic, variable and terminal right domains. This study provides phylogenetic relationship of CChMVd and CSVd Thai variants along with their sequence variability.
Time‐loss and recurrence of lateral ligament ankle sprains in male elite football: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Flore Zacharias , Hambly Karen , De Coninck Kyra , Welsch Götz
Published: July 2022

A literature search was conducted to systematically review and meta‐analyze time‐loss and recurrence rate of lateral ankle sprains (LAS) in male professional football players. Six electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PEDRO, CINAHL, and Cochrane) were searched independently, separately both for time‐loss and recurrence from inception until April 30, 2021. In addition, reference lists were screened manually to find additional literature. Cohort studies, case reports, case–control studies and RCT in English language of male professional football players (aged more than 16 years) for which data on time‐loss or recurrence rates of LAS were available were included. A total of 13 (recurrence) and 12 (time‐loss) studies met the inclusion criteria. The total sample size of the recurrence studies was 36,201 participants (44,404 overall initial injuries; 7944 initial ankle sprain [AS] injuries, 1193 recurrent AS injuries). 16,442 professional football players (4893 initial AS injuries; 748 recurrent AS injuries) were meta‐analyzed. A recurrence rate of 17.11% (95% CI: 13.31–20.92%; df = 12; Q = 19.53; I2 = 38.57%) based on the random‐effects model was determined. A total of 7736 participants were part of the time‐loss studies (35,888 total injuries; 4848 total ankle injuries; 3370 AS injuries). Out of the 7736 participants, 7337 participants met the inclusion criteria with a total of 3346 AS injuries. The average time‐loss was 15 days (weighted mean: 15.92; median: 14.95; min: 9.55; max: 52.9). We determined a priori considerable heterogeneity (CI: 18.15–22.08; df = 11; Q = 158; I2 = 93%), so that the data on time‐loss are only presented descriptively. There is an average time‐loss of 15 days per LAS and a recurrence rate of 17%. LAS is one of the most common types of injury with higher recurrence rates than ACL injuries (9%–12%) in professional football players. Nevertheless, the focus of research in recent years has been mostly on ACL injuries. However, the high recurrence rates and long‐term consequences show the necessity for research in the field of LAS in elite football. Yet, heterogeneous data lead to difficulties concerning the aspect of comparability.
Four new HLA‐DPA1 intronic variants detected by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Marin Rubio Luis Alberto , Rada Ramon , Ontañon Jesús
Published: July 2022

Four novel HLA‐DPA1 alleles, ‐DPA1*01:03:01:59, ‐DPA1*01:03:01:60, ‐DPA1*02:01:01:30, and ‐DPA1*02:01:01:31, characterized in Spanish individuals.
Three novel HLA‐C alleles identified in Russian individuals: HLA‐C*12:346, ‐C*05:01:66, and ‐C*07:955
Authors: Ananeva Anastasiia , Sergeeva Iuliia , Gaifullina Raushania , Shagimardanova Elena
Published: July 2022

Three novel HLA‐C alleles were identified during routine next‐generation sequencing.
Efficacy of hope: Analysis of organ quality and availability among deceased HIV‐positive donors
Authors: Woods Christopher , Owens Grace , Shelton Brittany A. , MacLennan Paul A. , Sawinski Deirdre , Jacobson Jeffrey , Locke Jayme E.
Published: July 2022

Background

Improved survival among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH) has led to increased organ failure, necessitating transplantation. In 2013, the HIV Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act was passed, allowing PWH to donate organs to other PWH. No study has assessed organ quality and quantity among a national pool of PWH.

Methods

CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS), a multicenter study capturing data on PWH, was used to identify 6504 deaths from 1999 to 2018. Exclusions included cause of death, chronic kidney disease, fibrosis‐4 score ≥ 3.25, and opportunistic infection at the time of death. Donor quality was defined by HIV viremia and the kidney donor profile index (KDPI). The CDC Wonder database, which contains national death data, permitted the estimation of deaths among PWH nationally from 1999 to 2018. Assuming CNICS was representative of PWH nationally, percentages of potential donors were applied to the CDC Wonder cohort.

Results

Within CNICS, there were 3241 (65.9%) potential kidney donors and 3536 (71.9%) potential liver donors from 1999 to 2018. Based on viremia and KDPI, 821 were lower‐risk kidney donors (16.7%) and 1206 (24.5%) were lower‐risk liver donors. Within CDC Wonder, we identified 12 048 potential donors from 1999 to 2018. Extrapolating from CNICS to the national cohort suggested 396 kidney donors (792 kidneys) and 433 liver donors annually, with 100 kidney donors (200 kidneys) and 147 livers being lower‐risk.

Conclusion

A substantial number of PWH meet donation criteria, a valuable source of organs for PWH in need of transplants. Our estimates suggest there may be more available organs from PWH than current transplant numbers indicate.

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Differential contributions of cardiac, coronary and pulmonary artery vagal mechanoreceptors to reflex control of the circulation
Authors: Moore Jonathan P. , Simpson Lydia L. , Drinkhill Mark J.
Published: July 2022

Distinct populations of stretch‐sensitive mechanoreceptors attached to myelinated vagal afferents are found in the heart and adjoining coronary and pulmonary circulations. Receptors at atrio‐venous junctions appear to be involved in control of intravascular volume. These atrial receptors influence sympathetic control of the heart and kidney, but contribute little to reflex control of systemic vascular resistance. Baroreceptors at the origins of the coronary circulation elicit reflex vasodilatation, like feedback control from systemic arterial baroreceptors, as well as having characteristics that could contribute to regulation of mean pressure. In contrast, feedback from baroreceptors in the pulmonary artery and bifurcation is excitatory and elicits a pressor response. Elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure resets the vasomotor limb of the systemic arterial baroreflex, which could be relevant for control of sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow during exercise and other states associated with elevated pulmonary arterial pressure. Ventricular receptors, situated mainly in the inferior posterior wall of the left ventricle, and attached to unmyelinated vagal afferents, are relatively inactive under basal conditions. However, a change to the biochemical environment of cardiac tissue surrounding these receptors elicits a depressor response. Some ventricular receptors respond, modestly, to mechanical distortion. Probably, ventricular receptors contribute little to tonic feedback control; however, reflex bradycardia and hypotension in response to chemical activation may decrease the work of the heart during myocardial ischaemia. Overall, greater awareness of heterogeneous reflex effects originating from cardiac, coronary and pulmonary artery mechanoreceptors is required for a better understanding of integrated neural control of circulatory function and arterial blood pressure.

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Comparative Performance of Coals of Different Rank in a Film-Cooled Gas-Turbine Combustor
Authors: Warren T. E. , Hudson H. P. , Robertson J. D. , Mulligan J. C.
Published: July 2022

Development of a combustor adapted to a coal-burning gas turbine for locomotive use was undertaken for the Locomotive Development Committee by Battelle Memorial Institute some years ago. The coal used in the course of this development was from Ohio No. 8 seam, and no systematic study was made of the effect of variation of coal properties on combustor performance. This phase of the general investigation was undertaken by the Fuels Division of the Mines Branch, Department of Mines and Technical Surveys at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The present paper gives a report on 23 coals of various groups within the bituminous class of the ASTM classification by rank.
Axial Tension and Bending Interaction Curves for Members Loaded Inelastically
Authors: Brush D. O. , Sidebottom O. M.
Published: July 2022

This paper presents a theoretical method for constructing dimensionless interaction curves for members subjected to combined tension and bending loads that produce inelastic strains, as well as experimental results which verify the theory. Each interaction curve represents the total range of the ratios of axial load to bending moment which will cause inelastic strains to extend to a given depth in the member. Experimental interaction curves were obtained from eccentrically loaded tension members of rectangular cross sections made from three strain-hardening materials, namely, annealed rail steel and aluminum alloys 24S-T4 and 75S-T6. Good agreement was found between theory and experiment. In order to design a member subjected to combined axial and bending loads by use of the interaction curves, the deflection of the member must be estimated. Three orders of approximation for the deflection of eccentrically loaded tension members are presented. The problem of combined bending and axial compressive loads is discussed and research based on the methods of analysis developed in this investigation is suggested for solving for the buckling load of a member subjected to combined bending and axial compressive loads.
The Stresses in a Pressure Vessel With a Hemispherical Head
Authors: Watts G. W. , Lang H. A.
Published: July 2022

This paper, the third of a series, presents the results of computations for determining the stresses in a pressure vessel with a hemispherical head. The bending theory of shells is used to evaluate the maximum stress at the junction between head and shell. Tables show the magnitudes of the shear stress, the axial stress, and the circumferential stress at the junction as multiples of pd/2t. The axial and circumferential stress have been computed for both surfaces. Additional results show the magnitude, sense, and location of the maximum stress (of each of the three types) in the shell. The largest value of the diameter-thickness ratio of the head for which computations were made is 40. When the diameter-thickness ratio of the head exceeds 40, well-known approximate theories can be used. The limit of 40 is imposed by the slow convergence of the hypergeometric series. Tables of influence numbers for both the head and shell are included for application to other problems. A brief discussion of the mathematical procedure is included.
A High-Pressure Wire Gage Using Gold-Chrome Wire
Authors: Darling H. E. , Newhall D. H.
Published: July 2022

Precision experiments with manganin wire for the measurement of high pressures are made difficult by virtue of the temperature-resistance response of the manganin. The equilibrium time required for this material to steady out after rapid pressure changes makes manganin generally unsuited for uses in industrial-control applications. For this reason, a study was made of the pressure and temperature response characteristics of several new materials. An alloy of 2.1 per cent chromium in gold was found to have much less sensitivity to temperature, varying from +1 to −1 ppm per deg F over the range of 40 F to 200 F, while manganin varies from +5 to −40 ppm in this same interval. This alloy also has a strong pressure coefficient. Typical values are 0.67 to 0.72 × 10−7 ohm/ohm/psi for gold chrome as compared to 1.69 to 1.72 × 10−7 ohm/ohm/psi for the manganin tested. Although the pressure sensitivity is only 33 per cent that of manganin, the smaller temperature sensitivity of the gold chrome results in good discrimination between temperature and pressure changes. Gold chrome responds rapidly to pressure changes, quickly coming to equilibrium, and does not show the annoying drift so characteristic of manganin. It is generally pressure seasoned with a single application of pressure, as compared to several cycles usually required for manganin. Its long-term stability compares favorably with manganin.