bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of cytochrome P450 2B6 and constitutive androstane receptor genetic variation on Efavirenz plasma concentrations among HIV patients in Kenya
Authors: Ngayo Musa Otieno , Oluka Margaret , Kwena Zachari Arochi , Bulimo Wallace Dimbuson , Okalebo Faith Apolot
Published: March 2022

The effects of genetic variation of cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) on efavirenz (EFV) plasma concentration was evaluated among 312 HIV patients in Nairobi Kenya. The EFV plasma concentration at steady-state were determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with a tandem quadruple mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Thirteen CYP2B6 (329G>T, 341T>C, 444 G>T/C, 15582C>T, 516G>T, 548T>G, 637T>C, 785A>G, 18492C>T, 835G>C, 1459C>T and 21563C>T) and one CAR (540C>T) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped using real-time polymerase chain reaction. HIV drug resistance mutations were detected using an in-house genotypic assay. The EFV concentration of patients ranged from 4 ng/mL to 332697 ng/mL (median 2739.5 ng/mL, IQR 1878–4891.5 ng/mL). Overall, 22% patients had EFV concentrations beyond therapeutic range of 1000–4000 ng/mL (4.5%% < 1000 ng/mL and 31.7% > 4000 ng/mL). Five SNPs (15582C>T, 516G>T, 785A>G, 983T>C and 21563C>T) were associated with higher EFV plasma concentration while 18492C>T with lower EFV plasma concentration (p<0.05). Strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed for 15582C>T, 516G>T, 785A>G, 18492C>T, 983T>C, 21563C>T, 1459C>T and CAR 540C>T. Sixteen haplotypes were observed and CTGCTTCC, CTGCTTCT, TTGCTTCT and CGACCCCT were associated with high EFV plasma concentration. In multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with EFV plasma concentration included; the presence of skin rash (β = 1379, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3216.9–3416.3; p < 0.039), T allele of CYP2B6 516G>T (β = 1868.9, 95% CI 3216.9–3416.3; p < 0.018), the C allele of CYP2B6 983T>C (β = 2638.3, 95% CI = 1348–3929; p < 0.0001), T allele of CYP2B6 21563C>T (β = 1737, 95% CI = 972.2–2681.9; p < 0.0001) and the presence of 5 to 7 numbers of SNPs per patient (β = 570, 95% CI = 362–778; p < 0.0001) and HIV viral load ≤1000 cells/mL (β = -4199.3, 95% CI = -7914.9 –-483.6; p = 0.027). About 36.2% of the patients had EFV plasma concentrations beyond therapeutic window, posing high risk of treatment failure or toxicity. The SNPs of CYP2B6 516G>T, CYP2B6 983T>C, 21563C>T, presence of higher numbers of SNPs per patient and haplotypes CTGCTTCC, CTGCTTCT, TTGCTTCT and CGACCCCT could efficiently serves as genetic markers for EFV plasma concentration and could guide personalization of EFV based ART treatment in Kenya.
Risk of cancer with angiotensin-receptor blockers increases with increasing cumulative exposure: Meta-regression analysis of randomized trials
Authors: Sipahi Ilke
Published: March 2022

Angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) are a class of drugs approved for the treatment of several common conditions, such as hypertension and heart failure. Recently, regulatory agencies have started to identify possibly carcinogenic nitrosamines and azido compounds in a multitude of formulations of several ARBs, resulting in progressive recalls. Furthermore, data from several randomized controlled trials suggested that there is also a clinically increased risk of cancer and specifically lung cancer with ARBs; whereas other trials suggested no increased risk. The purpose of this analysis was to provide additional insight into the ARB-cancer link by examining whether there is a relationship between degree of cumulative exposure to ARBs and risk of cancer in randomized trials. Trial-level data from ARB Trialists Collaboration including 15 randomized controlled trials was extracted and entered into meta-regression analyses. The two co-primary outcomes were the relationship between cumulative exposure to ARBs and risk of all cancers combined and the relationship between cumulative exposure and risk of lung cancer. A total of 74,021 patients were randomized to an ARB resulting in a total cumulative exposure of 172,389 person-years of exposure to daily high dose (or equivalent). 61,197 patients were randomized to control. There was a highly significant correlation between the degree of cumulative exposure to ARBs and risk of all cancers combined (slope = 0.07 [95% CI 0.03 to 0.11], p<0.001), and also lung cancer (slope = 0.16 [95% CI 0.05 to 0.27], p = 0.003). Accordingly, in trials where the cumulative exposure was greater than 3 years of exposure to daily high dose, there was a statistically significant increase in risk of all cancers combined (I2 = 31.4%, RR 1.11 [95% CI 1.03 to 1.19], p = 0.006). There was a statistically significant increase in risk of lung cancers in trials where the cumulative exposure was greater than 2.5 years (I2 = 0%, RR 1.21 [95% CI 1.02 to 1.44], p = 0.03). In trials with lower cumulative exposure to ARBs, there was no increased risk of all cancers combined or lung cancer. Cumulative exposure-risk relationship with ARBs was independent of background angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment or the type of control (i.e. placebo or non-placebo control). Since this is a trial-level analysis. the effects of patient characteristics such as age and smoking status could not be examined due to lack of patient-level data. In conclusion, this analysis, for the first time, reveals that risk of cancer with ARBs (and specifically lung cancer) increases with increasing cumulative exposure to these drugs. The excess risk of cancer with long-term ARB use has public health implications.
Perceptions of green space usage, abundance, and quality of green space were associated with better mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic among residents of Denver
Authors: Reid Colleen E. , Rieves Emma S. , Carlson Kate
Published: March 2022

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted both physical and mental health. This study aimed to understand whether exposure to green space buffered against stress and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic while taking into account significant stressors of the pandemic.

Methods

We leveraged a cross-sectional survey on green space exposure and mental health among residents of Denver, CO that ran from November 2019 through January 2021. We measured objective green space as the average NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) from aerial imagery within 300m and 500m of the participant’s residence. Perceived green space was measured through Likert scores on five questions about vegetation near the home that captured perceived abundance, visibility, access, usage, and quality of green space. We used generalized linear models to assess the relationship between each green space exposure variable and perceived stress (PSS-4), depression (CES-D-10), or anxiety (MMPI-2) adjusted for sociodemographic and COVID-19 impact variables.

Results

We found significantly higher depression scores for all covid periods compared to the “before covid” period, and significantly higher anxiety scores during the “fall wave” compared to earlier periods. Adjusted for sociodemographic and pandemic stressors, we found that spending a lot of time in green space (usage) was significantly associated with lower anxiety and depression. We also observed significantly lower depression scores associated with NDVI in both buffers (objective abundance) and significantly lower anxiety scores with perceived abundance of green space. There was some evidence of lower anxiety scores for people reporting having high quality green spaces near the home (quality). We did not observe significant associations for any green space metric and perceived stress after adjustment for confounding variables.

Conclusion

Our work provides further evidence of mental health benefits associated with green space exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic even after adjustment for sociodemographic variables and significant pandemic-related stressors.
Adherence to COVID-19 preventive practice and associated factors among pregnant women in Gondar city, northwest Ethiopia, 2021: Community-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Temesgan Wubedle Zelalem , Aklil Mastewal Belayneh , Yacob Henok Solomon , Mekonnen Esubalew Tsega , Tegegne Elias Derso , Tesfa Esubalew Binega , Melese Eshetie Melkie , Seyoum Tewodros
Published: March 2022

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes more than five million deaths worldwide. Pregnant women are at high risk for infection due to the physiologic change in the immune and cardiopulmonary system and also it increases the risk of severe disease, intensive care unit admission, and receive mechanical ventilation when compared with non-pregnant women. It is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. So pregnant women need to have adhered to preventive measures to prevent COVID-19 related consequences. Therefore, this study aimed to assess adherence toCOVID-19 preventive practice and associated factors among pregnant women in Gondar city, northwest Ethiopia.

Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 1st to 30th, 2021, in Gondar city. A cluster sampling technique was employed to select 678 pregnant women. Data were collected using a pre-tested, face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were entered into EPI DATA version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was fitted to identify associated factors. Adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to report the association between covariates and the outcome variable.

Results

The prevalence of good adherence to COVID-19 preventive practice was 44.8% (95% CI: 41.3, 48.7). Maternal age (≤24 years) [AOR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.37, 6.10], maternal education (secondary school) [AOR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.58, 5.53] and (college and above) [AOR = 4.57,95% CI: 2.42, 8.62], having ANC follow up [AOR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.35, 6.46] and adequate knowledge towards COVID-19 [AOR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.41] were significantly associated with good adherence to COVID-19 preventive practice.

Conclusion

In this study, adherence towards COVID-19 preventive practice in pregnant women is low. Hence, it is important to strengthen women’s awareness about COVID-19 through different media and health education. In addition, empowering women to attain ANC and special consideration should be given to women who had no formal education.
Chimerism through the activation of invariant natural killer T cells prolongs graft survival after transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell–derived allogeneic cardiomyocytes
Authors: Yoshida Shohei , Miyagawa Shigeru , Matsuzaki Takashi , Ishii Yasuyuki , Fukuda-Kawaguchi Emi , Kawamura Takuji , Kawamura Ai , Nakamura Yuki , Toda Koichi , Sawa Yoshiki
Published: March 2022

The loss of functional cells through immunological rejection after transplantation reduces the efficacy of regenerative therapies for cardiac failure that use allogeneic induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). Recently, mixed-chimera mice with donor-specific immunotolerance have been established using the RGI-2001 (liposomal formulation of α-galactosyl ceramide) ligand, which activates invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. The present study aimed to investigate whether mixed chimerism, established using RGI-2001, prolongs graft survival in allogeneic iPSC-CM transplantation. Mixed-chimera mice were established via combinatorial treatment with RGI-2001 and anti-CD154 antibodies in an irradiated murine bone marrow transplant model. Luciferase-expressing allogeneic iPSC-CMs were transplanted into mixed-chimera and untreated mice, followed by in vivo imaging. RGI-2001 enhanced iNKT cell activation in mice, and mixed chimerism was successfully established. In vivo imaging revealed that while the allografts were completely obliterated within 2 weeks when transplanted to untreated mice, their survivals were not affected in the mixed-chimera mice. Furthermore, numerous CD3+ cells infiltrated allografts in untreated mice, but fewer CD3+ cells were present in mixed-chimera mice. We conclude that mixed-chimera mice established using RGI-2001 showed prolonged graft survival after allogeneic iPSC-CM transplantation. This donor-specific immunotolerance might increase the efficacy of regenerative therapies for heart failure with allogeneic iPSC-CMs.
Erythrocyte sodium buffering capacity status correlates with self-reported salt intake in a population from Livingstone, Zambia
Authors: Masenga Sepiso K. , Pilic Leta , Malumani Malani , Hamooya Benson M.
Published: March 2022

Background

Salt impairs endothelial function and increases arterial stiffness independent of blood pressure. The mechanisms are unknown. Recent evidence suggests that there is a possible link between salt consumption and sodium buffering capacity and cardiovascular disease but there is limited evidence in the populations living in Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of our study was to explore the relationship between erythrocyte sodium buffering capacity and sociodemographic, clinical factors, and self-reported salt consumption at Livingstone Central Hospital.

Methods

We conducted a cross sectional study at Livingstone Central hospital among 242 volunteers accessing routine medical checkups. Sociodemographic and dietary characteristics were obtained along with clinical measurements to evaluate their health status. Sodium buffering capacity was estimated by erythrocyte sodium sensitivity (ESS) test. We used descriptive and inferential statistics to describe and examine associations between erythrocyte sodium sensitivity and independent variables.

Results

The median age (interquartile range) of the study sample was 27 (22, 42) years. 54% (n = 202) and 46% (n = 169) were males and females, respectively. The majority (n = 150, 62%) had an ESS of >120%. High salt intake correlated positively with ESS or negatively with vascular sodium buffering capacity.

Conclusions

Self-reported high salt intake was associated with poor vascular sodium buffering capacity or high ESS in the majority of middle-aged Zambians living in Livingstone. The poor vascular sodium buffering capacity implies a damaged vascular glycocalyx which may potentially lead to a leakage of sodium into the interstitium. This alone is a risk factor for the future development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, future studies need to validate vascular function status when using ESS testing by including established vascular function assessments to determine its pathophysiological and clinical implications.
Short-term direct reciprocity of prosocial behaviors in Japanese preschool children
Authors: Kato-Shimizu Mayuko , Onishi Kenji , Kanazawa Tadahiro , Hinobayashi Toshihiko
Published: March 2022

Direct reciprocity plays an essential role in forming cooperative relationships. Direct reciprocity requires individuals to keep track of past interactions and condition their behavior on the previous behavior of their partners. In controlled experimental situations, it is known that children establish direct reciprocity according to the partner’s behavior, but this has not been verified in real life. This study aims to identify the establishment of short-term direct reciprocity in response to peers’ behaviors among Japanese preschoolers aged 5 and 6. It employs naturalistic observation at a nursery school. In addition, the psychological process for direct reciprocity was examined. The findings demonstrated that after receiving prosocial behavior, the recipient child returned the prosocial behavior more frequently within 7 minutes, compared with control situations; this suggests that 5-to 6-year-olds formed direct reciprocity in the short term when interacting with their peers. Additionally, recipient children tended to display affiliative behavior after receiving prosocial behavior. Positive emotions toward initiating children may have been caused by receiving prosocial behavior, and this psychological change modified short-term direct reciprocity.
Dual-functional bioactive silk sericin for osteoblast responses and osteomyelitis treatment
Authors: Noosak Chayanee , Jantorn Pavarish , Meesane Jirut , Voravuthikunchai Supayang , Saeloh Dennapa
Published: March 2022

Sericin, a natural protein from silk cocoon, has been reported for various biological properties in the biomaterials field. Modified forms of sericin have been studied for bone tissue engineering, while its unmodified form has been scarcely reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate physical and biological properties of unmodified sericin for potential use in bone surgery. Sericin was extracted from silk cocoons using a chemical-free boiling method. Sericin extract showed distinct bands with molecular weight ranging from 25 to 42 kDa including smear bands. Fourier transform infrared spectra presented characteristic peaks of amide I, II, and III, confirming the chemical composition of sericin. Based on biological activity, sericin extract at a concentration of 40 μg/mL increased the proliferation of osteoblast cells up to 135%, compared with the untreated control. Moreover, increase in antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, both clinical isolates and the reference strain ATCC 29213, was demonstrated for sericin extract with normal saline, while no antibacterial activity was observed for sericin with broth. It was found that sericin with normal saline showed higher zeta potential than sericin without normal saline, indicating higher system stability. This was confirmed by the average particle size of sericin extract with NaCl (3,249.3±226.1 nm) showing approximately 10 times smaller than sericin solution (29,015.9 ± 8,085.6 nm). Furthermore, sericin extract at the minimal inhibitory concentration significantly reduced the biofilm formation of S. aureus up to 95%. The study indicates biological activities of sericin, which could be applied as a dual-functional bioactive material to support bone regeneration and treat bone infections.
A felsőoktatási jelentkezőszámok visszaesése és a felvételi követelmények változása egy év távlatából
Authors: Vit Eszter , Holb Éva Marianna
Published: March 2022

A tanulmány makroszintű statisztikai adatok segítségével vizsgálja a 2015–2021 közti időszak felsőoktatási felvételi jelentkezéseinek alakulását. Az elemzés elsősorban arra koncentrál, hogy a felsőoktatás mely szegmenseit érintette legérzékenyebben a jelentkezőszám 2020-ban megfigyelhető visszaesése, és hogy a 2021-es általános felvételi eljárásban sikerült-e a negatív tendenciát megállítani vagy visszafordítani. A tanulmány körbejárja, megfigyelhetőek-e olyan mintázatok, összefüggések az adatokban, melyek arra engednek következtetni, hogy a felvételi eljárást érintő szigorítások és az intézményi átalakulások szerepet játszhattak a felsőoktatási jelentkezőszám 2019-et követő visszaesésében. Az eredmények nem alkalmasak az egyéni szintű döntési mechanizmusok feltérképezésére vagy oksági következtetések levonására, azonban arra utalnak, hogy a szigorítások hozzájárultak a csökkenéshez. A jelentkezések visszaesése ugyanis különösen jelentős volt a felsőoktatás belépő szintjein, az alap- és osztatlan képzések esetén, továbbá súlyosabban érintette az általában kisebb belépési küszöbbel rendelkező képzéseket. A kistérségi szintű adatok arra utalnak, hogy a jelentkezések csökkenése területi egyenlőtlenségek növekedésével is együtt jár. Mindezek tükrében érdemes lehet egyéni szintű adatokon felmérni a középiskolás korosztály továbbtanulási döntéseit meghatározó tényezőket, különös tekintettel a családi háttér és a jogszabályi változások hatásának összefüggéseire.
A tesztmegoldási motiváció szerepe az alacsony téttel rendelkező tesztek eredményeinek értékelésében
Authors: Csányi Róbert , Molnár Gyöngyvér
Published: March 2022

A mérés-értékelés főbb céljainak átalakulásával, tanulást segítő diagnosztikus funkcióinak előtérbe kerülésével az alacsony téttel bíró tesztek egyre nagyobb szerepet játszanak a tanítás-tanulás folyamatában, valamint az országos és nemzetközi értékelésekben. Miután az alacsony téttel bíró teszteken nyújtott teljesítménynek nincs következménye a tanulók tanulmányi előrehaladására, előfordulhat, hogy az ezeken a teszteken elért eredmények eltérnek a nagy téttel bíró teszteken nyújtott teljesítményektől. Ennek oka lehet, hogy előbbin a tanulók nem feltétlen tesznek meg minden erőfeszítést a feladatok megoldása során, utóbbin a diákok tesztmegoldás közbeni szorongása jelentős teljesítménycsökkentő hatással bírhat. A tanulmány keretein belül az első problémakörrel foglalkozunk részletesebben. A megfelelő motivációval rendelkező diákok aránya számos tényezőtől függ. A szakirodalomban elérhető kutatási eredmények szerint a motiváltabb személyek teljesítménye jellemzően magasabb, mint nem motivált társaiké. Az eredmények validitásának növelésére számos módszer alkalmazható az alacsony téttel bíró tesztek esetén, amelyek két nagy csoportba sorolhatók. Az első csoportba sorolt módszerek a tesztek megoldása előtt alkalmazandók, céljuk, hogy a tesztet megoldók motivációját növeljék, és így valódi tudásukra vonatkozóan pontosabb, megbízhatóbb értékelést valósítsanak meg. A másik csoportba sorolt módszerek mérik a feladatmegoldók teszt során nyújtott motivációját, majd a teszt megoldása után kiszűrik a nem motivált válaszokat, vagy épp a nem motivált személyeket ezzel növelve a teszt validitását. A kutatási eredmények alapján megállapítható, hogy mind a nem motivált válaszok/válaszadók kiszűrése, mind a vizsgázók motivációjának növelése növeli a teszteredmények validitását. A legpontosabb eredmény pedig a különböző módszerek kombinálásával érhető el.
Fish Bone in Fistula in Ano - Report of a Rare and Interesting Case
Authors: Nikita Nikita , K.S. Shahi , Bhandari Geeta
Published: March 2022

Anal fistulas are a very common surgical problem that is seen in our day-to-day practice. Anal fistula is caused by idiopathic crypto-glandular infections in more than 90% of cases. The major complications include peritonitis, perforation and perianal abscesses and fistula. There are very few cases of anal fistula caused by an ingested foreign body reported in the literature. Here we report a rare case of a 35-year-old army man who had an anal fistula with impacted fish bone. The aim of this case report is to raise a suspicion of a foreign body in case of a chronic non healing perianal fistula and to avoid injury to surgeons’ fingers while exploring or performing a digital rectal examination. Perianal abscess and fistula are a cause of significant morbidity worldwide and have been documented since the time of Hippocrates (460 BC). Anorectal sepsis accounts for 0.5-1% of all surgical admissions and constitutes 20-25% of those for colorectal disorders.1 Except for unusual disease, fistula in ano originates from infection in the anal crypts of Morgagni, forming an abscess. The abscess, when it opens, result in a tract leading to the skin surface. This brief report presents a case of fistula-in-ano with unusual aetiology that is rarely reported in literature.
Sobolev spaces on p.c.f. self-similar sets II: Boundary behavior and interpolation theorems
Authors: Cao Shiping , Qiu Hua
Published: March 2022

We study the Sobolev spaces

H
σ

⁢

(
K
)

{H^{\sigma}(K)}

and

H
0
σ

⁢

(
K
)

{H^{\sigma}_{0}(K)}

on p.c.f. self-similar sets.
First, for

σ
∈

ℝ
+

{\sigma\in\mathbb{R}^{+}}

, we make an exact description of the tangents of functions in

H
σ

⁢

(
K
)

{H^{\sigma}(K)}

at the boundary, and introduce a countable set of critical orders that arises naturally in the boundary behavior of functions. These critical orders are just

1
2

+

ℤ
+

{\frac{1}{2}+\mathbb{Z}_{+}}

in the Euclidean case, but become complicated on fractals. Second, we characterize

H
0
σ

⁢

(
K
)

{H_{0}^{\sigma}(K)}

as the space of functions in

H
σ

⁢

(
K
)

{H^{\sigma}(K)}

with tangents of appropriate order, that depend on σ and critical orders, being 0. Last, we extend

H
σ

⁢

(
K
)

{H^{\sigma}(K)}

to

σ
∈
ℝ

{\sigma\in\mathbb{R}}

, and obtain various interpolation theorems with

σ
∈

ℝ
+

{\sigma\in\mathbb{R}^{+}}

or

σ
∈
ℝ

{\sigma\in\mathbb{R}}

. The interpolation space presents a critical phenomenon when the resulted order

σ
θ

{\sigma_{\theta}}

is critical. Moreover, for the interpolation couple

(

H
0
σ

⁢

(
K
)

,

H
0

σ
′

⁢

(
K
)

)

{(H^{\sigma}_{0}(K),H^{\sigma^{\prime}}_{0}(K))}

, more than the classical theorem, our interpolation theorem fully covers the teratological case that

{
σ
,

σ
′

}

{\{\sigma,\sigma^{\prime}\}}

contains at least one critical order.
Theoretical Analysis of Tubular Film Extrusion and its Applications for HMW-HDPE
Authors: Kanai Toshitaka
Published: March 2022

Theoretical analysis of the tubular film extrusion using computer simulation presented has been used to preduct bubble shapes, velocity profiles and stretching stresses. From the theoretical analysis, maximum stretching stresses, which are closely related to film physical properties, were predicted under various process conditions.

This theoretical analysis was applied to high molecular weight HDPE tubular film process. It was found that high strength HDPE film can be produced by maintaining high stretching stress, which is obtained on the conditions of high out-put rate, high take-up speed and low temperature by reducing the heat generated by viscous dissipation.

Further, the processability of HDPE film produced using bubble stabilizing equipment was discussed.
Rheological Behavior of HEUR Mixtures in Aqueous Media
Authors: Barmar M. , Kaffashi B.
Published: March 2022

Three S-G HEUR thickeners were synthesized by a step growth polymerization technique of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and dicyclohexylmethane – 4,40-diisocyanate (H12MDI) and then end capped with two monofunctional aliphatic alcohols. These polymers were mixed together according to the hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature of their segments. Based on this, two sets of associating polymers were introduced. In one set, the samples had identical hydrophobic segments while in the other one, hydrophilic segments were similar. The steady shear viscosity profiles of aqueous solutions of all models were determined. In addition, aqueous binary mixtures with various ratios of the S-G HEUR models were studied using steady state and dynamic rheometry. It is suggested that combinations of associating polymers with different size of hydrophobic segments and similar hydrophilic segments produce an associative polymer-like behavior. However, the combination of those with similar long hydrophobic segments and different hydrophilic segments at similar weight ratio in solution falls short of displaying an associative polymer – like behavior.
Recovery from Childhood Psychiatric Treatment: Addressing the Meaning of Medications
Authors: Mintz David
Published: March 2022

Medications exert effects not only through biological mechanisms but also through the meanings that they carry. While positive effects (e.g., the placebo effect) are broadly recognized, psychiatry is often less attuned to the negative effects that are mediated through the meaning of medications. These negative effects may be especially pronounced when noxious meanings and countertherapeutic aspects of medications are incorporated into the unfolding development of a child and not countered by psychotherapeutic experiences that allow iatrogenic meanings to be placed in context. In this paper, psychosocial mechanisms, by which medications may cause harm, are explored. These include adverse effects on identity, impaired agency, impaired affective competence, and negative effects on the patient's relationship with care. When such harm has occurred at the level of meaning, it is best addressed at the level of meaning. Examples of psychotherapeutic work with young adults is offered to demonstrate the process of reworking developmental harm related to the meaning of medications.
Culture, Empathy, and the Therapeutic Alliance
Authors: Ullrich Helen E.
Published: March 2022

When the therapist and patient are from different cultures, there may be impediments to the development of empathy and a therapeutic alliance. South India culture provides an example of contrasting values and customs about which patients may be reluctant to discuss. The initial case history is of a South Indian who sought treatment in the United States. The remaining cases, drawn from a village in South India with which the author has had a 55-year history of research, illustrate cultural factors potentially inhibiting or facilitating the development of empathy and a therapeutic alliance.
Economic Dependency and Rural Exclusion
Authors: Bhandari Aarushi , Shirazi Sam
Published: March 2022

The global digital divide is a pressing contemporary form of inequality, especially considering the increased salience of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the post-pandemic world. Despite unequal rates of expansion across the developing world, processes that explain disparities in digital technology access are under-studied from macro, cross-national sociological perspectives. This longitudinal study evaluates factors associated with access to mobile phones across 133 developing countries from 1995 to 2014, the key period of rapid ICT expansion worldwide. We investigate two major global sociological theories, dependency and world society, to determine the processes that best explain unequal access between developing states. Using negative binomial count models within a generalized estimating equation framework, we find that the global digital divide is exacerbated by (1) larger rural populations at the state level and (2) higher levels of dependence, as measured by foreign direct investment, export concentration, and domestic fiscal independence. We also find that internal characteristics of economically dependent states work in combination to worsen the digital divide; specifically, we find that the negative effect of rurality on subscriptions is heightened in states with less domestic fiscal independence. Finally, we find limited evidence that world society institutionalization of ICT norms has a positive effect on access to mobile phones globally; however, the relationship between state-level measures of world society penetration and mobile phone subscriptions is unclear.
Autopsy of an International Alternative Break
Authors: FarrHenderson Maya , Quark Amy A.
Published: March 2022

International volunteering has become a popular way for students to travel, engage in rewarding service, and build credentials of global citizenship for a competitive job market. In this context, we explore a puzzling phenomenon: why would a group of students choose to end a seemingly successful international volunteer program legitimized by affirmation from their community partner in the global South, their peers, and their institution? Research has shown that international volunteering organizations, and development organizations more broadly, are resilient, even amid critique, as they continually reconstruct their legitimacy vis-à-vis donors. We argue, however, that student volunteer organizations that intentionally foster reflexivity in development work may choose organizational demise after grappling with the tensions inherent in international alternative breaks. These volunteer programs train students in critical perspectives on international development, yet the institutional conditions under which they operate, as well as some of their implicit neoliberal assumptions, frustrate the realization of this critique in practice. Students develop critical and neoliberal anxieties that lead them not only to indict the moral legitimacy of the organization but also to reject the credentials and career paths of global citizenship they initially sought to attain.
Fragmenting Urban Movements
Authors: Paret Marcel
Published: March 2022

How do political parties shape urban movements in developing countries? This paper examines struggles for urban inclusion in two informal settlements within Johannesburg: Thembelihle and Motsoaledi. I argue that the ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC), fragmented and weakened these movements through four mechanisms: place-specific governance, electoral encouragement, co-optation, and fostering loyalty. Both responding to and prompting these mechanisms, activists in the two areas pursued divergent politics. Whereas activists in Thembelihle emphasized working-class solidarity and citywide opposition to the ANC, activists in Motsoaledi emphasized neighborhood solidarity and presented a narrower challenge to the ANC. Residents in both areas secured material concessions, but they failed to produce a unified and citywide movement. The two examples underscore the difficulty of building movements for urban inclusion when a single political party dominates civil society.
Social Development and Revolution in Iran
Authors: Kadivar Mohammad Ali
Published: March 2022

The scholarship on the consequences of social revolutions contends that social revolutions boost state capacity and strengthen the state’s developmental projects. Social justice and addressing the needs of ordinary citizens were central themes in the discourse of the Iranian Revolution and the Islamic Republic that emerged as the post-revolutionary regime with the fall of the monarchy in Iran. In this essay, I assess the performance of the post-revolutionary state in Iran according to various development indicators, comparing the post-revolutionary regime with the pre-revolutionary regime. My examination of indicators relating to health, education, poverty, income inequality, and housing presents more of a mixed result than the overall improvement that scholarship has anticipated and that the post-revolutionary regime promised. Furthermore, there is evidence of declines in some important areas of development and welfare provision. Based on this analysis, I propose directions for future research on the developmental outcome of revolutions.
A machine learning approach to model leaf area index in Eucalyptus plantations using high-resolution satellite imagery and airborne laser scanner data
Authors: Hirigoyen Andrés , Acosta Cristina , Ariza Antonio , Vero-Martinez Maria Angeles , Rachid Cecilia , Franco Jorge , Navara-Cerrillo Rafael
Published: March 2022

As a forest structural parameter, leaf area index (LAI) is crucial for efficient intensive plantation management. Leaf area is responsible for the energy absorption needed for photosynthetic production and transpiration, both affecting growth. Currently, LAI can be estimated either by remote-sensing methods or ground-based methods. However, unlike ground-based methods, remote estimation provides a cost-effective and ecologically significant advance The aim of our study was to evaluate whether machine learning algorithms can be used to quantify LAI, using either optical remote sensing or LiDAR metrics.in Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus grandis stands First, empirical relationships between LAI and remote-sensing data using LiDAR metrics and multispectral high-resolution satellite metrics, were assessed. Selected variables for LAI estimation were: LiDAR forest canopy cover, laser penetration index, and canopy relief ratio - from among the LiDAR data and the green normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference vegetation index - from among the ground-based data we compared the accuracy of three machine learning algorithms: artificial neural networks (ANN), random forest (RF) and support vector regression (SVR). The coefficient of determination ranged from 0.60, for ANN, to 0.84, for SVR. The SVR regression methods showed the best performance in terms of overall model accuracy and RMSE (0.60). The results show that the remote sensing data applied through machine learning algorithms provide an effective method to estimate LAI in eucalyptus plantations. The methodology proposed is directly applicable for operational forest planning at the landscape level.
Genetic variability and juvenile–adult correlations of Norway spruce (Picea abies ) provenances, tested in multisite comparative trials
Authors: Budeanu Marius , Apostol Ecaterina Nicoleta , Radu Raul Gheorghe , Ioniță Lucia
Published: March 2022

The aim of our study was to analyze the stability traits between 33 Norway spruce provenances tested in five field trials across different environmental conditions, in two major variants of the Romanian Carpathians: outside of the natural distribution range (ONR) and in the natural habitat (INR). To justify the early selection, we selected 40-year-old trees and measured tree height (Th), breast height diameter, pruning height, crown diameter, tree volume, tree slenderness (Ts), pruning height ratio, and crown slenderness, which were then compared on a time series with measurements from trees at 30 and 10 years old, respectively. All provenances reacted to the changes in the environmental conditions, presenting higher Th in the warmer ONR environments, compared with the results of the mountain INR trials, with negative consequences on the stand's stability. In all trials, highly significant differences resulted between, and especially within provenances, suggesting a high potential for adaptation in the future climate change scenario. An analysis of the stability traits suggests that we must avoid ONR afforestation with Norway spruce. All the elite provenances (Marginea, Gurghiu, Comandău, and Sudrigiu), together with Câmpeni and Turda, were highlighted, both for the stability and growth traits, whereas the local provenances and the standard IUFRO provenance were ranked below the average of the trials. The age-age significant correlations and the ranking of the provenances show that no major changes occurred in the last ten years, confirming the backward selection performed at the age of 30 years. The juvenile–mature correlations were also strong but the different evolutions in time of the elite provenances eliminate the possibility of a juvenile selection. The forward selection strategy, for the best trees belonging to the six mentioned provenances, according to Ts, can be applied in the INR trials.
Seasonal changes in water absorbability of some litterfall compoSeasonal changes in water absorbability of some litterfall components in Scots pine stands differing in agenents in Scots pine stands differing in age
Authors: Ilek Anna , Nowak Malwina , Błoska Ewa
Published: March 2022

Understanding the water-holding capacity of the litter layer is of interest when constructing forest hydrology models, where the presence of litter affects soil moisture content and fire behavior. However, to understand the process of water storage in the litter layer it is not only important to know (i) how much water the litter layer can store, but also (ii) how much water particular litter components can store. Little is known about the role of organic matter chemistry in water absorption and saturation of its internal capillarity. We hypothesized that water absorption of freshly fallen organic matter changes with stand age and during the year, i.e. the term when organic matter falls (month of the year or season) affects its water absorbability. Thus, we determined seasonal changes in water absorption time, carbon and nitrogen contents, and the C/N ratio of bark and needles taken from Scots pine stands of different ages during laboratory tests. Pine needles and bark were collected every month for one year in five stands in north-western Poland. The time of water absorption for bark was about 30% shorter than that of needles. The age of the stand did not affect the time of water absorption in the litterfall components. We observed that the term when litter falls (month of the year or season) significantly affected the water absorption time. It indicates that organic matter reaching the forest floor and forming the litter layer is characterized by different output properties affecting the water storage capacity of the litter layer.
L-Citrulline Level in Pregnant Adolescent With Severe Preeclampsia Compared to Without Preeclampsia: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Hidayat Dini , Fitriasari Tri Mulya , Djuwantono Tono , Hidayat Yudi Mulyana , Irianti Setyorini , Ritonga Mulyanusa A , Sunardi Sunardi
Published: March 2022

Objectives: Numerous studies have been performed on the effect of L-arginine supplementation on improving maternal outcomes, but studies on the impact of L-citrulline in pregnancy are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the L-citrulline level in pregnant adolescents with severe preeclampsia compared to those without preeclampsia. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study among 60 adolescent pregnant women giving birth in the Emergency Room and Delivery Room in Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia from May to October 2020. The L-citrulline levels were examined in women with severe preeclampsia (n = 30) and those without preeclampsia (n = 30). Results: The L-citrulline level in adolescent pregnancies with severe preeclampsia was lower than those without preeclampsia (79.7±40.4, 122.3±61.9 pg/mL, respectively and P=0.003). But no correlations were observed between L-citrulline levels with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Conclusions: There was a difference in serum L-citrulline level of adolescent pregnancies with severe preeclampsia and without pre-eclampsia.
Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Focused on Self-esteem on Fear of Childbirth: A Counseling Approach in Prenatal Care and a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Poorjandaghi Maryam , Vakilian Katayon , Khorsandi Mahboobeh , Abdi Mansour
Published: March 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on self-esteem (CBT-S) on fear of childbirth in nulliparous women. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 24 nulliparous women willing to cesarean section delivery referred to Milad hospital, Tehran, Iran, between July to August 2015 were enrolled with a convenient sampling method. Participants were assigned into two CBT-S and control groups (24 in each group) using randomized blocks of 4. Seven sessions were performed for the CBT-S group, but the control group received routine prenatal classes. FOC was assessed using Harman’s childbirth attitudes questionnaire. The Rosenberg self-esteem scale was used to assess self-esteem at the beginning of the study. Two weeks after the intervention, both groups filled out the FOC and self-esteem questionnaire. Results: The mean score of fear at the end of the study in the CBT-S and control group was significantly different (P=0.001). Also, self-esteem scores increased after intervention in the CBT-S counseling group (4.77 ± 4.07vs -1.79 ± 2.26; P=0.001). Conclusions: This study confirms the importance of the CBT-S approach focusing on self-esteem in reducing FOC.
Efficacy of the Intrauterine Infusion of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients With Repeated Implantation Failure: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Safdarian Leili , Aleyasin Ashraf , Aghahoseini Marzieh , Lak Parvaneh , Hoseini Mosa Sedigheh , Sarvi Fatemeh , Mahdavi Atossa , Najafian Aida , Falahi Parvin , Khazaei Salman
Published: March 2022

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the intrauterine administration of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) before embryo transfer (ET) on pregnancy outcomes in women with repeated implantation failure (RIF). Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled trial included 120 RIF women who were candidates for frozen-thawed ET. In the PRP group (n=60), the intrauterine infusion of 0.5 mL PRP was performed 48 hours before ET, and the control group (n=60) underwent ET without intrauterine administration. Results: The implantation rate (28% vs. 11.9%, P<0.001), clinical pregnancy (51.6% vs. 26.6%, P=0.005), and live birth rate (58.3% vs. 28.3%, P=0.001) in PRP group were significantly higher compared to the control group. Based on the results, there was no significant difference with regard to miscarriage (12.5% vs. 12.9%, P=0.97) and multiple pregnancy rate (0.133% vs. 0.05%, P=0.11) between the two groups. Finally, preterm delivery was significantly higher in the PRP group (P<0.001). Conclusions: According to this study, the result revealed that PRP is effective in the improvement of pregnancy outcomes in RIF patients. Further studies are needed to identify the group of patients who would benefit from this intervention.
Related Risk Factors for Pelvic Floor Disorders in Postpartum Women: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Sodagar Negin , Ghaderi Fariba , Ghanavati Tabassom , Ansari Fareshteh , Asghari Jafarabadi Mohammad
Published: March 2022

Objectives: Pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) during pregnancy and after delivery, and related risk factors are still debatable topics for research. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the probable risk factors associated with PFDs in Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two state and private hospitals in Tabriz, Iran from the 1st of June to the 31st of August, 2018. The participants were 650 postpartum women, aged between 15 and 47 years six months after delivery. The type of delivery, type of hospital, history of episiotomy and induction, anesthesia, multiparity, the mother’s birth age, the infant’s weight and head circumference, the mother’s weight gain during pregnancy, and a wide variety of probably related risk factors were studied based on the study objective. According to their answer to the questions of PFDs, 147 women responded yes and completed the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 questionnaire. Results: Between the investigated risk factors, type of the hospital (OR: 0.27, CI: 0.126-0.564) and the amount of the mother’s weight gain during pregnancy (OR: 1.066, CI: 1.024-1.109) were significantly associated with PFDs. Finally, the number of PFDs and severity of dysfunctions according to PFDI-20 were higher in state hospitals, and excessive weight gain of the mother during pregnancy was related to the higher incidence of PFDs. Conclusions: Type of the hospital and the mother’s weight gain during pregnancy are the only two related risk factors in this study. This study was the first one to discuss the type of the hospital in such related risk factor studies. Accordingly, it is predictable that better supervision of medical attends in state hospitals is highly important for decreasing the rate of PFDs after delivery.