bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compact 2X2 Optical Switch Using Silicon Photonics Technology for Optical Beam Forming Network
Authors: Wang Wan Jun , Zhao Heng , Guo Wei Feng , Shao Hai Feng , Hu Ting , Qiu Hui Ye , Zhou Jie , Cui Nai Di , Cao Guo Wei , Wang Jun , Feng Jun Bo , Guo Jin
Published: September 2014

We report the experimental demonstration of a 2×2 electro-optical switch in silicon-on-insulator. By controlling electro-optical phase shifter, light from any input waveguide can be directed to any output waveguide. Furthermore, the proposed optical switch can be expanded to be 1×N and N×N optical switch for optical beam forming network. The switch is fabricated by CMOS technology. In experiment, full 2×2 switching functionality is demonstrated at wavelength of 1.55 μm, with an average crosstalk of-14.6 dB and compact size of 300X100 um2.
Design of a Gain-Boosted Cascode Amplifier with High Unity-Bandwidth
Authors: Wang Lin Feng , Meng Qiao , Zhi Hao
Published: September 2014

This paper presents a high unity gain bandwidth fully differential folded-cascode operational amplifier using gain-boosted technique. The amplifier is designed in TSMC 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS technology. The unity-gain bandwidth (GBW) and poles of the gain-boosting amplifiers were carefully designed to improve the stability. The implemented design provides a direct current (DC) gain of around 93 dB with a unity gain frequency of 1.8GHz. It exhibits a DC gain larger than 88dB when the output common-mode voltage between 0.6 V and 1.2V. the overall layout size is 96μm×120μm.
Smart Switching Power Supply with Input Voltage Waveform Correction
Authors: Yuan You Chen , Wang Meng , Chen Yu Wei
Published: September 2014

The technology of smart control rectifier is introduced in this paper, in which the harmonic currents in power system is reduced and the voltage waveform is compensated. The voltage waveform in power system is measured by microcontroller, and is compared with the standard sinusoidal voltage waveform and the error voltage is obtained which contains the information of harmonic current waveform. The error voltage is employed to control the input current of the rectifier, and the reverse components of harmonic current is involved in the power side current of the appliance, by this means to get rid of some of the harmonic currents in power grid. Harmonic current will produce a voltage drop on the resistance in power transmission line to make the voltage waveform distortion happen; and the reduction of the harmonic current will shrink the distortion of voltage waveform. Taking a capacitive soft switching flyback push-pull converter as an example, the experimental circuit and the testing system are designed; the software programming and circuit debugging are accomplished. The experimental results show that the smart control rectifier can absorb harmonic currents from the power grid when operating in rectification, and to get the input voltage waveform corrected.
Estimation of Vehicle Sideslip Angle Using Strong Tracking SRUKF
Authors: Chen Jian Feng , Sun Xiao Dong , Chen Long , Jiang Hao Bin
Published: September 2014

Sideslip angle is an important parameter for the stability control of high-speed vehicles. In this paper, a novel state observer based on strong tracking SRUKF is presented to estimate the sideslip angle. Besides the strong tracking SRUKF algorithm, a 2-DOF vehicle model and a “Magic Formula” are utilized to construct the state observer. Numerical simulations are implemented to testify on the accuracy performance of estimation based on the strong tracking SRUKF and standard UKF. The results show that the trends using two types of filters are accordant with the theoretic values, and the accuracy of the former is better than the latter.
Flying Qualities Analysis of Advanced Teaching Aircraft Based on Equivalent System
Authors: Wang Yong Hu , Wang Wen Bo , Pan Wei Jun , Lu Guo Pan
Published: September 2014

In order to meet the requirements of increasing domestic airline pilot training and flight safety, airline pilot training departments pay special attention to flying qualities of advanced teaching aircraft. According to the application of equivalent systems in aircraft flying quality evaluation system, the selection method of initial value and equivalent system and the evaluation index of equivalent systems are analyzed. A modeling and simulation example is given to an advanced teaching aircraft, and it increasingly demonstrates that the adoptive equivalent system method applied to flying quality evaluation of advanced teaching aircraft is feasible.
Modeling and Analysis on Optical Path of Infrared Reflective Photoelectric Sensor
Authors: Qiu Zhao Yun , Cai Zhan Xiu , Fan Ying Yuan , Zhao Ren Hong
Published: September 2014

In order to reduce the blind area and enlarge the measurement range of reflective photoelectric sensor, a simplified optical model is established to prove that the main factors affecting performance of the conventional reflective photoelectric sensor is optical design parameters defects. Through a simple pre partial emission angle design of light path and constructing the optical path model, a calculation method is given to calculate blind area and measurement range. Results show that with small blind area, wide measurement range and high sensitivity, the best measuring distance of the acute angle optical path model can be accurately calculated after the emitted light intensity reaches the set value due to its quantitative characteristic; the acute angle optical path model performance parameters are better than the right angle optical path model. The research has guiding significance for the design of reflective photoelectric sensor.
Experimental Study on Reliability of Wireless Sensors for Monitoring Corrosion of Reinforcing Bars
Authors: Chen Zhen , Wu Jin , Wang Zhe
Published: September 2014

It is urgent to study the reliability of wireless sensors for monitoring corrosion in concrete under different environmental stress. Therefore, after the analysis of failure mechanism for wireless sensors, four reliability tests, i.e. salt solution erosion test, impact test, high temperature and humid test and low temperature test, had been conducted. Signals of the sensors were analyzed through the interval estimation. It is shown that the signals of the sensors present high stability and the reliability of sensors reaches 95% in the respective confidence interval within the temperature range of-30°C~50°C. While the signals increase rapidly at the beginning, and then slowly increase to a flat level in the end within 50°C~90°C. Data from the impact test and salt solution erosion test also indicate that the sensors also present high stability and reliability.
Simultaneous Fault Diagnosis of Main Retarder Using Improved Paired Relevance Vector Machine Based on Multi-Kernel Learning
Authors: Ye Qing , Pan Hao
Published: September 2014

According to the practical requirement of auto manufacturer, excellent fault diagnosis system aiming at simultaneous fault is indispensable for main retarder of automobile. This paper proposes a novel diagnosis method which employs wavelet package transform and sample entropy to achieve feature extraction, later utilize relevance vector machine to construct a set of paired classifiers. Considering that features extracted from vibration signal are multiple and heterogeneous, we combine multi-kernel learning and relevance vector machine together and optimize kernel function parameters by using incremental learning, cross validation and genetic algorithm. Comparing with SVM and PNN, the experiment results verify high diagnosis accuracy and low computational cost of the proposed method.
Extraction and Segmentation of Books Call Number Image for Books on the Shelves of Library
Authors: Fang Jian Jun , Zhao Qiang Qiang , Du Ming Fang
Published: September 2014

It is a key technology that extract and segment book call number from books’ backbone images for book retrieval and return robot to take an operation of sending and withdrawing books to or from the shelves of library. This paper presents an image extraction and segmentation method using color feature and edge information to segment adjacent book call number with similar background. Take thick, thicker, medium thick, thin, little thin and hybrid books’ backbone images as experiment samples, and the results show that this method effectively extracts and segments adjacent book call number. The segmentation approach provides a technical support for book retrieval and return robot to carry out automatic books’ retrieval and return operation.
Gait Abnormality Detected of Pigs Based on Machine Vision
Authors: Zhu Wei Xing , Zhou Jin Jin , Wu Yan
Published: September 2014

In order to detect and identify the abnormal behavior of pigs and provide real-time warning, the detection method of pig’s gait abnormalities using the gait information and machine vision technology is proposed. First of all, the single frame image was extracted from the objective videos, which was preprocessed to obtain contour of pigs. Secondly, the distance curve of center – edge point of the contour was drawn, hence, seven key contour points, ears, nose, limbs, and tail, were selected from the curve. So the star skeleton model could be established according to the key contour points of pigs. Thirdly, by taking advantage of three key contour points to get a angle. In this paper, to choosing ear, centroid and tail of pig to structure a angle, the data about angle changing of pigs both lame and normal walk gaits are calculated from the model respectively, which can be used to detect lame walk. This presented study provides a new method for real-time surveillance in animal behaviors.
Individual Identification Method for Group-Housed Pigs Based on Optimal Feature Extraction
Authors: Zhu Wei Xing , Chen Jia Li , Guo Yi Zheng
Published: September 2014

In order to reduce the workload of farmers on individual identification of pigs, reduce interference to pigs, and raise automation and intelligent level of farms, a Matlab-based automatic classification system is set up. Firstly, top view video sequences are captured for group-housed pigs from pig barn, and the adaptive Gaussian mixture model based on prediction mechanism is used to detect the foreground objects. Then with morphological processing and hole filling, the targets are extracted as completely as possible from the background. Secondly, after building the sample image databases for each pig, color, texture and shape features are extracted and combined as the feature vector. Next, LLE (Locally Linear Embedding) algorithm is adopted to reduce the data dimension. Finally, hybrid kernel SVM (Support Vector Machine) classifier is designed to identify the pigs in test frames. Experimental results show that the recognition rate of pigs is 95.2%. For improving the recognition rate, decreasing cost and interference to pigs, the above method is proposed. Moreover, it can lay a foundation for future researches on group-housed pigs in behaviors, emotions, breathings and so on, which has good practical significance.
A New Algorithm for Long-Term Estimation Based on AR Model
Authors: Su Wen Jun , Chen Hai Tao
Published: September 2014

Traditional estimation methods have poor performance for long-term data forecast. Using Wiener model to estimate, power spectral density of the input signal, and cross-spectral density of the input and output signals are needed, that are difficult to obtain. And the large amount of calculation is needed using Wiener model. Using AR model and Kalman model, estimated results tend to mean of the training set while the estimated distance increases. For these cases, a new algorithm for long-term estimation based on AR model, named sampling AR model, is presented. Grouping the training set and using a different group of the training set to estimate each value. Sampling AR model improves the accuracy of long-term estimation.
Ethernet Node Controller for Main Reflector of Radio Telescope
Authors: Sun Ke Mei
Published: September 2014

An Ethernet node controller for main reflector of radio astronomical telescope is provided. The controller completes the communication with the main control PC, as well as control and monitoring of actuators through Ethernet and embedded technology. The system is made up of embedded processor and peripheral circuit, Ethernet communication module, power management module, motor control feedback module, data storage and time module, display module, motor control module and interface circuit. The controller uses LPC2368 as the core, DM9161 as the network communication physical layer chip, FM3130 to realize of data storage and real-time clock function. Motor controller can store the control algorithm and control data. And through the Ethernet receive and process control command and control data from the control PC to implement the control of actuators. At the same time, the controller also has regular state detection and alarm function, through the manual control module to achieve positive or reversal control operation of the corresponding channel actuators motor.
Application Analysis on Drawing Device of Differential Thread
Authors: Liu Wei , He Yan Ping , Cao Jia Qi , Liu Si Tong , Chen Ying Ying
Published: September 2014

In the field of mechanical installation and repairing, drawing devices are often used to disassemble or push up components of various types of axie and set. Differential thread usually consists of two sets of threads, which differ in the aspect of side pitch, the movement distance of differential thread when it runs a circle should be the deviation of the two spiral side pitches. Through the application of differential thread, it enables us to make changes in the transmission of these two screw pairs making relative movement. Based on this principle, when it is made into the application of manual drawing device, it optimized structure of drawing device, receiving a better result.
Measurement and Correlation for Solubility of Hexachlorobenzene in Different Solvents
Authors: Wang Yan Fei , Xu Shi Jie , Zhu Yu Xiang , Zhu Liang , Yang Li Bin , Sha Zuo Liang
Published: September 2014

The solubility of hexachlorobenzene in different solvents (hexachlorobutadiene, tetrachloroprene, benzene, toluene and chloroform) at different temperatures was measured by the dynamic laser method and equilibrium method. The measured solubility data were correlated with Apelblat empirical equation. The results show that the equation is suitable for description of the solubility data of hexachlorobenzene in the above solvents.
Measurement and Correlation of Solubility of Fructose Diphosphate Sodium in Ethanol + Water Mixtures
Authors: Wang Yan Fei , Zhu Yu Xiang , Zhao Xiao Yu , Xu Shi Jie , Hu Lin Shan , Sha Zuo Liang
Published: September 2014

Using a laser monitoring observation technique, the solubility of fructose diphosphate sodium in binary solvent of ethanol + water mixtures was experimentally measured in the temperature ranging from 298.15 K to 333.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The solubility of fructose diphosphate sodium increased with an increase of temperature and quality percentage of water. Experimental solubility data were correlated with semi-empirical models; and the calculated solubilities of fructose diphosphate sodium show good agreement with the experimental values.
Simulation of Soil Water and Salt Transport with Sand Column in Coastal Saline Soil Based on COMSOL
Authors: Zhang Zhen Peng , Shao Jin Qiu , Sun Xue Yan , Liu Hui Jun
Published: September 2014

In the paper, transport of water and Cl- under leaching was 2D-digitally simulated with COMSOL Multi-physics. In a two-dimensional transient cross-sectional model. COSMOL was used to investigate water and solute transport in the soil column coupled with variable sand column forms, with “a” denoting no sand column, “b” with one vertical middle sand column, “c “ with one long Slanted sand column, “d” with two long Slanted X-shaped sand columns. The parameters of the model were primarily based on the soil physical properties measured at coastal clay loam saline soil in Tianjin. The simulation results showed that, given same initial and same boundary conditions, sand column increased the transport efficiency of water and salt, which depends on the position and angle of sand column accordingly. The slanted columns were overall superior to the vertical ones in transport efficiency. In sum, “d” was the best type, “c” was the second best and “b” was the third, according to the efficiency of salt leaching and the efficiency of the utilization of water resources.
Research and Application Survey of Coupling Alarm in Pressure Operation
Authors: Ni Xiao Hua , Cheng Chong
Published: September 2014

The article introduces the research and application situation of coupling alarm in pressure operation, and comprehensive analysis advantages and disadvantages of two coupling alarms which used widely, according to the defections of coupling alarms, the article puts forward some key problems and solutions. it is concluded that coupling alarm will be a development trend in the future pressure operation, which can be extended future.
Feature Extraction Based 3D Model Registration for Surface Finish Quality Evaluation
Authors: Sharma Nitin , Zhu Jiang , Tanaka Tomohisa , Saito Yoshio
Published: September 2014

Engineers and designers constantly strive to design machines that have high life cycle, can run faster, and can manufacture products having higher geometrical accuracy. However, manufacturing processes often produce parts with surfaces that are unsatisfactory from the viewpoint of geometrical precision or quality of surface texture. In general, electronic, optical, and tactual methods are used for exploring and evaluating the surface texture and the surface geometry. With the advancements in the reverse engineering technology, computer based numerical analysis of the data obtained from 3D imaging devices, referred to as registration, has also emerged as a tool for shape inspection. Registration expedites shape inspection by augmenting the process of error measurement. The existing registration methods suffer from problems that limit the extensive use of the existing approaches, thereby making them application specific. In this research, we propose a novel approach for reducing the number of data points used for registration without compromising with registration accuracy. We propose a segmentation based registration approach that utilizes the features extracted from the models, thus reducing the data size. The registered data sets can be compared to each other for evaluating the differences in shape. The difference information can further be used to appropriately modify the manufacturing process parameters for obtaining highly accurate products.
Evaluation and ANN-Based Prediction on Functional Parameters of Surface Roughness in Precision Grinding of Cast Iron
Authors: Zhao Bin , Zhang Song , Li Jian Feng
Published: September 2014

Three-dimensional surface roughness parameters are widely applied to characterize frictional and lubricating properties, corrosion resistance, fatigue strength of surfaces. Among them, the functional parameters of surface roughness, such as Sbi, Sci, and Svi, are used to evaluate bearing and fluid retention properties of surfaces. In this study, the effects of grinding parameters, including wheel linear speed (Vs), workpiece linear speed (Vw), grinding depth (ap), longitudinal feed rate (fa), and dressing rate (F), on functional parameters were studied in grinding of cast iron. An artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed for predicting the functional parameters of three-dimensional surface roughness. The inputs of the ANN models were grinding parameters (Vs, Vw, ap, fa, F), and the output parameters of the models were functional parameters of surface roughness (Sbi, Sci, Svi). With small errors (e.g MSE = 0.09%, 0.61%, and 0.0014%. ), the ANN-based models are considered sufficiently accurate to predict functional parameters of surface roughness in grinding of cast iron.
Basic Study on High Efficiency Ultra-Precision Grinding of the Optical Glass Lens
Authors: Sekiguchi Rei , Yoshikawa Shun , Kakinuma Yasuhiro , Tanaka Katsutoshi , Fukuta Masahiko
Published: September 2014

The demand for large aperture lenses with high surface quality and form accuracy used for single-lens reflex cameras has been increasing. Generally, large aperture glass lenses are produced by ultra-precision grinding. Considering the increasing global competition, the grinding process has to be improved. However, highly efficient grinding causes worse surface quality, which leads to much polishing and ultimately results in lower form accuracy. Thus in this study, aiming at the realization of highly efficient and precise grinding of glass lenses, cross grinding of optical glass BK7 is carried out. As a first step of the study, the influence of grinding conditions on the surface quality is investigated experimentally.
Experimental Verification of End-Milling Condition Decision Support System Using Data-Mining for Difficult-to-Cut Materials
Authors: Kodama Hiroyuki , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi , Ogawa Keiji , Okuda Koichi
Published: September 2014

Data-mining methods using hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering are proposed, which could help manufacturing engineers determine guidelines for deciding end-milling conditions. We have constructed a novel system that uses clustering techniques and tool catalog data to support the determination of end-milling conditions for different types of recent difficult-to-cut materials. In the present report, we especially focus on the cutting speed to estimate the performance of this system. A comparison with the conditions recommended by famous tool makers in Japan, reveals that our proposed system can be used to determine the cutting speeds for various difficult-to-cut materials. That is, milling experiments using a square end mill under two sets of end-milling conditions (conditions derived from the end-milling condition decision support system and conditions suggested by expert engineers) for difficult-to-cut materials (austenite stainless steel; JIS SUS310) showed that the catalog mining method is effective for deriving guidelines for deciding end-milling conditions at the beginning of the manufacturing stage.
Study on Surface Finish of Carbon Steel by Ultra-Precision Diamond Cutting
Authors: Kamoi Yoshiki , Okuda Koichi , Shizuka Hiroo , Nunobiki Masayuki
Published: September 2014

This paper describes an influence of the cutting atmosphere and the carbon content on the surface roughness and tool wear in CO2-blow cutting of carbon steel with a diamond tool. The cutting tests were carried out by changing the cutting atmosphere and carbon contains in order to investigate the effect on the improvement of surface finish and the reduction of tool wear. The results indicated that the roughness on finished surface was improved by cutting in CO2 gas blow atmosphere and the tool wear increased with a decrease in the carbon content.
Study on the Tribological Property of Bionic Lead Rail Using ABAQUS
Authors: Ma Lian Jie , Gu Li Chen , Luo Yong Zhen , Wang Feng Wen , Chen Xiao Hui
Published: September 2014

Archard wear theory, which describled the relationship between wear volume and material hardness, coasting distance and loading, was the classical theory of tribology problem. According to Archard wear theory, bionic lead rail was compared with ordinary lead rail based on ABAQUS software in the same conditions. Friction and wear property of bionic lead rail were studied, including the maximum contact surface, the distribution of working point of friction force and transformation law of friction force. The results indicated that the maximum contact surface of bionic friction pair decreased obviously and the variation of contact surface was steady. The distribution of working point of friction force for ordinary lead rail was relatively concentration. The distribution of working point of friction force for bionic lead rail was relatively dispersion. Friction force for bionic friction pair decresed to some extent, but the peak friction force was relatively larger.
Form Accuracy of Internal Grinding of Small and Deep Holes with Coolant Supplied from Inner Side of Grinding Wheel
Authors: Matsubara Kosaku , Tsuchimura Jun , Kawazoe Shota , Sasahara Hiroyuki
Published: September 2014

Generally, grinding fluid is supplied from a nozzle to a grinding point. However, it is difficult to supply sufficient coolant to the deep grinding point of a hole. Therefore, we have proposed an alternative coolant system that supplies grinding fluid from the inner side of the grinding wheel utilizing the spindle through the supply system of the machining center. In this study, a new tool for small and deep holes was developed to supply grinding fluid in this way. The inside of a 0.45%C steel cylinder was then machined under various grinding conditions. Higher form accuracy and surface roughness were obtained under all conditions by supplying grinding coolant from the inner side of the grinding wheel. In addition, the system prevented tears on the machined surface and loading on the grinding wheel.
Experiment Research on Surface Roughness in Micro-Grinding Metal Material
Authors: Gong Ya Dong , Wen Xue Long , Zhu Zhong Xiao , Cheng Jun , Yin Guo Qiang , Wang Chao
Published: September 2014

Micro-grinding is an important processing method in micro-manufacturing field. A series of micro-grinding experiments were done with several kinds of commonly used metal materials in the paper, and the influence of different grinding factors on the surface quality of the work-piece was discussed. The surface roughness and surface microstructure of each material were analyzed in micro-grinding. The general developmental law of the surface roughness in micro-grinding was got with different grinding parameters. The surface roughness model proposed by is accurately confirmed according to the experimental results. It provides significant results for the quality of micro-grinding and intense research for the development of micro-grinding.
Study on Fixed-Abrasive Lapping SiC Crystal Substrate Based on Diamond Particle
Authors: Su Jian Xiu , Zhang Xue Ming , Fu Su Fang , Fan Song Zhan , Liu Zhen Ling
Published: September 2014

Silicon carbide substrate has been widely used in semiconductor lighting (LED), integrated circuit and microelectronic, optoelectronic devices. According to the former study, a series of the fixed abrasive lapping platen has been developed. The material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness and surface flatness of lapping SiC single crystal substrate (0001) C surface are studied using fixed abrasive lapping. Compared with the results of the free abrasive lapping, the surface flatness of SiC single crystal substrate (0001) C surface after lapping with the fixed abrasive lapping is better than that of the free abrasive lapping, the MRR of lapping with the fixed abrasive lapping platen is higher than that of the free abrasive lapping and the surface roughness (Ra) of lapping with the fixed abrasive lapping is lower than that of the free abrasive lapping. The study results show that there are some scratches on the sample surface after lapping with the fixed abrasive lapping. There are some hills and pits on the sample surface after lapping with the free abrasive, but without scratches. The height difference of the surface profile lapping with the free abrasive is much larger than that of fixed abrasive lapping. The research results can provide a reference for studying the fixed abrasive lapping platen, the lapping process and lapping mechanism.
Characterization of Cutting Ability of Electroplated Diamond Wire Used for Multi-Wire Saw
Authors: Kim Hyoung Jae , Kim Do Yeon , Lee Sang Jik , Jeong Hae Do , Choi Hon Jong
Published: September 2014

Diamond abrasive coated wires are core tools for precision multi-wire sawing of mono-crystal ingots for substrate manufacturing, especially for hard materials applications such as SiC, GaN, sapphire and silicon. However, repeated contact by reciprocation motion of wire makes it difficult to design optimized utilization of diamond wires since it makes temporal change in cutting performance due to gradual wear of abrasives. In this paper, the cutting performance of wires are examined based on experimental results with wires having different concentration. The results indicated that the concentration of diamond abrasives have strong relationship with cutting performance and wires with low concentration showed higher material removal characteristics.
An Experimental Study on Grinding Fir-Tree Root Forms Using Vitrified CBN Wheels
Authors: Shi Zhong De , Elfizy Amr , Attia Helmi
Published: September 2014

An experimental study was undertaken to explore the conditions and performance on rough and finish grinding fir-tree root forms of turbine blades made of a nickel-based alloy using vitrified CBN wheels and water-based grinding fluid. This work was motivated by switching the grinding of fir-tree root forms from grinding with conventional abrasive wheels to vitrified CBN wheels for reducing overall production cost and enhancing productivity. Grinding experiments were conducted to measure grinding forces, power, surface roughness, and stress near the blade roots under various dressing and grinding conditions. Wheel re-dressing life in terms of the total number of good parts ground between dressing was tested with the condition producing the maximum material removal rate while satisfying preset part quality and process requirements. It was found that the maximum material removal rate achievable in rough grinding was restricted by the stress limit and the wheel re-dressing life was dominated by the radial wheel wear limit. The targeting part quality and process requirements were achieved. It was proved that vitrified CBN grinding process is feasible and very promising to machine fir-tree root forms.
Computer-Aided Simulation of Dressing Using Diamond Rotary Dresser and Visualization of Dressing Process
Authors: Kubo Akihiko , Sharif Ullah A.M.M. , Tamaki Jun’ichi
Published: September 2014

The surface of a grinding wheel dressed by a diamond rotary dresser was generated by computer-aided simulation for the case of multipass dressing on the assumption that the grinding wheel is a homogeneous solid body and the dressing trajectories of the diamond grits are perfectly copied on the grinding wheel surface. The dressing process was visualized as a contour map of the dressed surface profile and the effects of the dressing strategy, i.e., down-cut dressing or up-cut dressing, on the grinding wheel removal process were investigated. It was found that the diamond grits remain the residual depth of cut on the surface of the grinding wheel, resulting in an actual depth of cut larger than that given by the rotary dresser.
Development of a Fine Grating on ZnS for a Wideband Spectral Disperser in Characterizing Exoplanets Using Space-Borne Telescopes
Authors: Enya Keigo , Sukegawa Takashi , Sugiyama Shigeru , Iijima Fumihiro , Fujishiro Naofumi , Ikeda Yuji , Yoshikawa Tomohiro , Takami Michihiro
Published: September 2014

We present the fabrication and optical testing of a fine grating on a ZnS substrate to be used as a wideband infrared spectral disperser and for which the primary application is measurement of the composition of the atmospheres of transiting exoplanets using space-borne infrared astronomical telescopes. A grating with a blaze angle of 2.1 deg. and pitch of 166.667 μm was constructed on a roughly flat 10 mm × 10 mm substrate with a maximum thickness of 1 mm. To obtain high accuracy, the sample was fabricated on a ZnS monocrystal using a high performance processing machine at Canon Inc. The surface roughness measured with a microscope interferometer was 2.6 nm rms. The shape of the fabricated grating edges was examined with a scanning electron microscope. The diffraction efficiency was evaluated by optical experiments at λ = 633 nm, 980 nm, and 1550 nm, and compared with the efficiencies calculated using a Fourier Modal Method. The results showed that the differences between the diffraction efficiencies obtained from experiment and by calculation were between just 0.9 % and 2.4 %. We concluded that the quality of the fabricated ZnS grating was sufficiently high to provide excellent diffraction efficiency for use in the infrared wavelength region. We also present the design of a spectral disperser in CdTe for future more advanced performance.
Sensorless Cutting Force Estimation in Ball-Screw-Driven System Using Triple-Inertia Model
Authors: Yamada Yuki , Kakinuma Yasuhiro , Ito Takamichi , Fujita Jun , Sawazaki Makoto , Sagara Makoto
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we propose cutting-force-estimation method for a ball-screw-driven system using triple inertia model. In many cases, dual-inertia model is applied to describe the dynamic behavior of the ball-screw-driven system. In this paper, triple-inertia model is applied and cutting force was estimated without additional sensors, such as dynamometer. The cutting force observer is designed, regarding the ball-screw-driven system as two input and three output system. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method enables accurate estimation around the resonance frequencies. Experimental results showed that the proposed method could monitor external force without being interrupted by the inertia forces.Nomenclature
Monitoring of End-Mill Temperature with Infrared Thermography and Wireless Tool Holder System
Authors: Shindou Masatoshi , Matsuda Ryo , Furuki Tatsuya , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi
Published: September 2014

Nowadays, infrared thermographic technology has been attracting attention in various industrial fields. We therefore focus on it as a novel method for monitoring tool temperature to improve end-milling conditions for difficult-to-cut materials. However, a problem has emerged; it is difficult to measure the tool temperature when there is a coolant because the coolant prevents monitoring of the surface of the end-mill tool. Thus, we developed a wireless tool holder system equipped with a thermocouple in the end mill to monitor the tool temperature under coolant conditions. In this report, we compared the temperature measured by infrared thermographic imagery with that measured by a wireless tool holder system when end milling the stainless steel under dry coolant conditions. The thermocouple, which has a small diameter of 0.12 mm, was used to ensure high response measurement in the proposed wireless tool holder. We obtained the tool temperatures by infrared thermographic imagery and by wireless tool holder equipped with a thermocouple at a sampling time of 1/30 of a second. We confirmed that the temperature measured by the wireless tool holder agrees with that measured by infrared thermographic imagery. As a result, we demonstrated that the developed method with a wireless system is effective to estimate the tool temperature in end-milling processes and makes it feasible to measure it under coolant conditions.
Entire Hardening of Small Thin Plate with a Small Power Semiconductor Laser Considering Plate Deformation
Authors: Oda Ryosuke , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi , Ogawa Keiji
Published: September 2014

Nowadays, resource saving technologies have become important because of increasing global environmental problems. Moreover, demand is increasing for the manufacturing and machining of small mechanical parts because of the downsizing of electronic mobile devices. Thus, one requirement has emerged that these small parts have to be fabricated by smaller machine tools to reduce the environmental burden. Here, when we look at the heat treatment process, it is found that most small parts are generally treated with a large size furnace as well. Therefore, we focus on compact machine tools to develop the clean and energy-saving technology in the manufacturing fields. In the present report, we consider an in-situ laser heat treatment technology integrated on the table used for compact machine tools. In particular, we perform the entire laser hardening of a small thin plate with a small power semiconductor laser, which is an attempt to harden a whole steel sheet. However, thin plates deform during the laser hardening process, which is called “laser forming.” Thus, we discuss an effective irradiation path to prevent the deformation of plates while quenching the entire plate. Moreover, considering the power consumption in the laser quenching process, we investigate an appropriate laser irradiation condition.
Investigation of Step Micro-Drilling Motion Based on Modeling of High Speed Spindle Driving Axis on Machine Tools Equipped with Vibration-Proof Mechanism
Authors: Yamashita Tatsuya , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi , Shibata Ryousuke , Ogawa Keiji
Published: September 2014

Recently, there has been an increasing demand for miniaturization and multi-functionalization of electronic equipments due to the developments in information technology (IT). Thus, the miniaturization of printed wiring boards (PWBs) and fabrication of highly dense electrical circuit layers are needed to realize the miniaturization and densification of the semiconductor package PWBs. Micro-drilling technology has been attracing attention to machine the electronic micro-through holes with an ultra-high-speed spindle, more than 160 krpm. However, problems have emerged; the drill tool bends and suffers breakage in the drilling process and the heat damage around the drilled hole after a drilling process occurs due to the increase in the drilling aspect ratio between hole depth and diameter. In general, a step feed drilling method is considered an effective way to solve these problems. However, short stroke alternating motion in the spindle axis is needed to do the step drilling process and its motion causes various kinds of vibration. We constructed a machine tool with a novel counter balance mechanism in the spindle driving Z-axis and investigated a model to estimate a proper balance mass for the step drilling process. We compared the frequency response results from a proposed model with the experimental ones, and discussed a control on vibration due to the counter balance mechanism. The results demonstrate that a proposed vibration proof method was found to reduce the vibration in high-speed step-micro-drilling motion and to improve the drilled hole quality and the efficiency of micro-drilling process in the PWB manufacturing fields.
Influence of Surface Integrity in Silicon Wafer Thickness Measurements by Reflection Spectroscopy
Authors: Onuki Teppei , Ono Ryusuke , Ojima Hirotaka , Shimizu Jun , Zhou Li Bo
Published: September 2014

Wafer thickness meter by reflection spectroscopy is used for on-site thickness inspections in wafer thinning process, because of its excellent properties as high measurement accuracy in very thin wafers inspections by non-contact sensing. In practice, ground surfaces are not ideal flat surfaces. Thus the spectra suffers influences of the surface roughness and the waviness, as modifying spectral features by optical diffusion, and as decreasing the reflection received by dispersion of propagating directivity. In this paper, we investigate how the surface integrities of ground wafer surfaces are involved in the thickness measurements by both theoretical and experimental approach, to investigate the requirements in sample conditions and to guarantee the accuracy of the measurements.
Effect of Frequency and Amplitude on the Performance of Elliptic Vibration-Assisted Cutting of Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Xu Wei Xing , Zhang Liang Chi
Published: September 2014

To effectively machine fibre-reinforced polymer composites using a simple tool, the authors have developed an elliptic vibration-assisted (EVA) cutting technique by applying micro-scale vibrations to a tool tip. This investigation aims to understand the effect of vibration frequency and amplitude on the EVA cutting performance. With the aid of a microstructure-based 3D finite element analysis, this study found that an increased vibration frequency or amplitude can accelerate the fracture of fibres, and reduce cutting forces in both the cutting and normal directions. The fracture mechanism was found to be dominated by the bending of fibres when the vibration frequency or amplitude in the cutting direction was small. With increasing the frequency or amplitude, impact-induced fracture becomes dominant, which reduces subsurface damage. It was found that to promote the performance of EVA cutting, the vibration frequency and amplitude of the cutting tool should be high. However, a too large frequency can bring about severe subsurface damage and bending fracture of fibres beneath the cutting path. A too large amplitude in the cutting direction, however, can accelerate the tool wear, while that in the vertical direction can worsen the fibre-matrix debonding.
Printing of Functional Structures on Molded 3D Devices
Authors: Polzinger Bernhard , Matic Vladimir , Liedtke Laura , Keck Jürgen , Hera Daniel , Günther Thomas , Eberhardt Wolfgang , Kück Heinz
Published: September 2014

This paper summarizes the results on inkjet printing and characterization of functional structures on molded 2D and 3D devices. Different injection molded thermoplastics, a transfer molded thermoset and polyimide foil as substrate materials were used. Conductive structures were obtained by inkjet printing of a commercial available silver nanoparticle ink. The use of printable acrylic based ink enabled the fabrication of conductor crossovers or multilayers. Results on inkjet printed temperature sensitive structures and an inkjet printed intrusion sensor device as well as an inkjet printed electrical interconnect on a transfer molded package will be presented.
Characterization of Electromagnetic Properties of MID Materials for High Frequency Applications up to 67 GHz
Authors: Dao Quang Huy , Friedrich Aline , Geck Bernd
Published: September 2014

This paper presents results of the research project: "Characterization of the radio frequency (RF) properties of LDS-MID" where RF parameters of laser direct structureable (LDS) molded interconnect device (MID) materials were investigated. First of all the most important material parameters influencing the RF performance of a device are introduced. In the next section the broadband characterization of the metallization and material properties using a coplanar waveguide (CPW) is described. For a selected LDS material the conduction losses due to different metallization compositions are discussed in detail.
Effect of Tool Shape on Hole Clinching for CFRP with Steel and Aluminum Alloy Sheet
Authors: Lee Seung Hun , Lee Chan Joo , Kim Bong Hwan , Ahn Min Su , Kim Byung Min , Ko Dae Cheol
Published: September 2014

Use of light materials such as aluminum, magnesium and carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) has been increased to achieve the light-weight car body in automotive industry. For successful multi-material design of automotive body, the joining method for dissimilar materials is required to assemble the automotive components produced by various materials. Especially, hole clinching process is effective to fasten dissimilar materials without any additional joining element. In this study, effect of tool shape on the hole clinching is investigated by FE-analysis and experiments. The parameters related to clinching tool shape are punch diameter, punch corner radius and die depth. The geometrical interlocking is evaluated by the neck-thickness and undercut. Joint strength using single lap shear test is evaluated also to verify the effectiveness of hole clinching as automotive joints.
Removal of Interfacial Layer in HfO2 Gate Stack by Post-Gate Cleaning Using NF3/NH3 Dry Cleaning Technique
Authors: Lee Min Seon , Oh Hoon Jung , Lee Joo Hee , Lee In Geun , Shin Woo Gon , Kang Sung Yong , Ko Dae Hong
Published: September 2014

HfO2 gate stack has been one of the most popular subjects of research in recent years due to its outstanding material properties, such as high-k (20~25), wide band gap (~5.68eV), and the compatibility with Si-based semiconductor process technology. However, the interfacial layer (IL) with a reduced k-value between HfO2 dielectric and Si channel is still a critical issue for future ultra large scale integration (ULSI) technology application of the HfO2 gate stack. Various ways have been studied to improve the IL properties of HfO2 gate stack and to achieve ~1nm-thick equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of the gate stack. Recently, fluorine incorporations into the HfO2 gate stack have been suggested for improvement of the electrical properties of the gate stack by defect passivation.1,2 However, it was reported that the SiOx IL grows during the fluorine treatment of HfO2 film, which finally led to degradation of electrical characteristics.2 In this paper, we present interesting findings on the IL removal effect of fluorine incorporation into the HfO2 gate stack where a post-gate dry cleaning technique is used with the NF3/NH3 plasma.
Effects of Chamber Pressure on the Performance of CO2 Beam Cleaning
Authors: Kim Seung Ho , Lee Joong Ha , Kim Ho Young
Published: September 2014

As the size of functional patterns in the semiconductor chips shrinks down to below 100 nm, removing nanoscale contaminant particles is an important technological challenge that the current semiconductor manufacturing industry must overcome. Several cleaning methods proposed to date, such as megasonic cleaning [1], droplet impact [2], and cryogenic aerosol cleaning [3], have difficulties in cleaning of sub-100 nm contaminant particles, let alone their tendency to induce pattern damages. Kim et al. [4] has recently developed a new method, where CO2 solid particles nucleated from a supersonic nozzle physically attack contaminant nanoscale particles on the wafer, thus detaching them. A drawback of this novel scheme is that the cleaning must be executed in vacuum because CO2 gas needs to sublimate into solid and be accelerated supersonically as exiting the nozzle. This has adverse effects on the cost and rate of the semiconductor manufacturing process. Here we investigate the effects of vacuum chamber pressure on the performance of the CO2 dry cleaning system. We observe the cryogenic CO2 beams, dents induced by CO2 solid particles, and wafer surfaces initially contaminated with cerium oxide particles, which indicate the effects of the chamber pressure.