bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Fitness to Drive Using the Visual Recognition Slide Test (USyd)
Authors: Kay Lynnette G. , Bundy Anita C. , Clemson Lindy M.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. The authors examined the construct and predictive validity and internal reliability of the Visual Recognition Slide Test developed at the University of Sydney (VRST–USyd).

METHOD. A historical cohort study using retrospective descriptive analysis of VRST–USyd scores and on-road driving performance for 838 drivers with impairments was conducted.

RESULTS. Rasch analysis provided evidence for the construct validity and internal reliability of the VRST–USyd. Goodness-of-fit statistics for all items were acceptable. The test had high participant and item reliability indexes and separated the participants into four groups with varying levels of skill. Using a cutoff score of 95/164, the sensitivity of the test was 81%, and the specificity was 90%. However, when coupled with clinicians’ judgment of participants’ awareness of their driving performance during the on-road assessment, this score improved.

CONCLUSION. There is evidence for reliability and construct and predictive validity of the VRST–USyd. The measurement of awareness requires further research.
Pilot Study Investigating Infant Vagal Reactivity and Visual Behavior During Object Perception
Authors: Pizur-Barnekow Kris , Kraemer Gary W. , Winters Jill M.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. The authors examined whether changes in vagal tone were related to infant visual attention during auditory and visual events paired (synchronous) and not paired (asynchronous) in time. They predicted that infants would demonstrate greater visual attention to the synchronous slideshow and that vagal tone would decrease with visual attention.

METHOD. Nineteen infants, 3.5 months old, watched computer-generated synchronous or asynchronous slideshows of auditory and visual stimuli. Visual behavior and vagal tone data were collected. Vagal tone reflects physiological responses during attention or exposure to mild stressors. Repeated-measures analysis of variance examined differences in vagal tone across conditions.

RESULTS. Visual behavior did not differ between the synchronous and asynchronous slideshow conditions. Vagal tone was significantly lower during the asynchronous slideshow.

CONCLUSION. Infants may discriminate synchronous from asynchronous stimuli without changing visual behavior. Implications related to play with toys or objects are discussed.
Direct Observation as a Means of Assessing Frequency of Maladaptive Behavior in Youths With Severe Emotional and Behavioral Disorder
Authors: Quake-Rapp Cindee , Miller Berit , Ananthan Gomathy , Chiu En-Chi
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this pilot study was to identify the incidence of maladaptive behavior in youths enrolled in community living and support training programs. Direct observation and partial-interval time sampling was used to determine occurrence of behaviors to develop effective strategies for group participation.

METHOD. Participants were 30 youths ages 10 to 17 and diagnosed with behavioral disorders. Four observers recorded incidence of eight maladaptive behaviors during three group occupations using direct observation across time and setting, twice per week for 8 weeks.

RESULTS. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to describe the interrater reliability of four observers in recording frequency of maladaptive behaviors. Interrater reliability was high to moderate for the most commonly demonstrated behaviors (ICC = 0.83–0.89). Lower agreement was observed in behaviors that were less frequent, such as violent episodes and sexual inappropriateness (ICC = 0.66–0.68).

CONCLUSION. Direct observation across time and setting demonstrated good-to-moderate interrater reliability in identifying frequency of behaviors that may interfere with group participation. Observation provides the opportunity to document occupation-based assessment without having to depend on youths’ willingness and ability to answer questions.
Stories We Teach By: Intersections Among Faculty Biography, Student Formation, and Instructional Processes
Authors: Hooper Barbara
Published: October 2011

Becoming a professional who embodies certain dispositions is known as identity formation. Little research has explored what intentions educators hold for student identity formation or how such intentions influence their teaching. Nine faculty members (all female) in an occupation-centered curriculum were interviewed and observed over 8 weeks. Data were analyzed primarily through narrative writing and data matrixes. Ultimately, educators in this study taught who they were; each personified an implicit curriculum, which conveyed the kind of people students were to become and the ways of knowing they were to adopt through the culture, artifacts, rituals, and modes of communication within a program. In the formation of self-defining professionals who embody occupational therapy’s ethos, equal attention is needed to the biographical experiences of faculty members, to thoughtful design of the implicit curriculum, and to the ways of knowing portrayed to students every day in the classroom.
Reported Experiences From Occupational Therapists Interacting With Teachers in Inclusive Early Childhood Classrooms
Authors: Bose Pia , Hinojosa Jim
Published: October 2011

This grounded theory study described the perspectives of school-based occupational therapists working in inclusive early childhood classrooms emphasizing interactions with teaching staff. Six therapists were interviewed multiple times over several months. The participants viewed their interactions with teaching staff as challenging but potentially rewarding experiences. Viewing collaboration as valuable, their descriptions nonetheless generally omitted many collaborative features, with therapists often assigned the role of “expert.” Data analysis revealed four major themes: (1) “It’s Not Like I Don’t Value Collaboration” (the benefits of collaboration); (2) “Collaboration—I Can’t Do It Alone” (the challenges of interactions); (3) “My Opinion, Please Ask for It” (attachment to the expert status), and (4) “Is This Collaboration?” (interactions in practice). The results of this study suggest that current recommendations for collaboration for inclusion in school-based occupational therapy are not optimally implemented in all practice settings.
Interrater Reliability of Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT) Score Interpretation
Authors: Asher Asha V. , Parham L. Diane , Knox Susan
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. This study examined interrater reliability of score interpretation on the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT).

METHOD. Using SIPT scores of two complex cases, 20 trained participants independently rated each case for presence of sensory integrative dysfunction and for relevance of specific patterns of dysfunction. They also provided comments to justify their ratings.

RESULTS. Agreement on the presence of sensory integrative dysfunction was 70% for Case A and 100% for Case B. Reliability was more variable for dysfunctional pattern ratings, ranging from 50% to 100% agreement for Cases A and B, respectively. Participants consistently appeared to use configural decision-making strategies to guide their ratings.

CONCLUSION. Interrater reliability was moderate to high for interpretation of the presence of sensory integrative dysfunction using SIPT scores. Less agreement was apparent regarding specific patterns of dysfunction. Results suggest that additional clinical information, such as clinical observations and case history, may be needed to make reliable distinctions among dysfunctional patterns.
Psychometric Testing of SPIDER: Data Capture Tool for Systematic Literature Reviews
Authors: Classen Sherrilene , Winter Sandra , Awadzi Kezia D. , Garvan Cynthia W. , Lopez Ellen D. S. , Sundaram Swathy
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. Systematic literature reviews contribute to evidence-based occupational therapy, yet no data capture tool currently exists to validly and reliably appraise the characteristics and quality of primary studies.

METHOD. We determined the psychometrics of Systematic Process for Investigating and Describing Evidence-Based Research (SPIDER) and piloted it with 201 studies included in a systematic literature review.

RESULTS. Content validity showed item relevance with 73% agreement between two experts. For the quality construct, seven of nine quality indicators were positively (p < .05) correlated with the overall quality score. The quality scores were positively correlated (p < .05) with two objective measures, inferring criterion validity. Intrarater reliability was moderate to perfect (κ = 0.4–1.0). Cross-tab analyses showed less variation in experienced reviewers’ interrater reliability.

CONCLUSION. SPIDER provides plausible opportunities for occupational therapy researchers and graduate students to appraise the characteristics and quality of primary studies but requires testing across other settings.
Pilot Study of the Sensory Over-Responsivity Scales: Assessment and Inventory
Authors: Schoen Sarah A. , Miller Lucy Jane , Green Kathy E.
Published: October 2011

This article describes 3 stages of construction of the Sensory Over-Responsivity (SensOR) Scales: instrument development, reliability and validity analyses, and cross-validation on a new sample. The SensOR Scales include the SensOR Assessment, an examiner-administered performance evaluation, and the SensOR Inventory, a caregiver self-rating scale. Both scales measure sensory overresponsivity in 7 sensory domains. Data were collected from 2 samples consisting of participants who were typically developing (ns = 60 and 44, respectively) and participants with sensory overresponsivity (ns = 65 and 48, respectively), ages 3 to 55. In developing the research edition, items on the pilot version were reviewed for their internal consistency reliability, discriminant validity, and construct validity. Data from both samples on the research edition revealed high internal consistency reliability for domains and the total test and significant discrimination between the overresponsive and the typically responsive groups (p < .05). The preliminary psychometric integrity of the scales, along with continued research efforts, is an important contribution to evidence-based practice.
Reliability, Validity, and Clinical Utility of the Executive Function Performance Test: A Measure of Executive Function in a Sample of People With Stroke
Authors: Baum Carolyn M. , Connor Lisa Tabor , Morrison Tracy , Hahn Michelle , Dromerick Alexander W. , Edwards Dorothy F.
Published: October 2011

This study examined the reliability and validity of the Executive Function Performance Test (EFPT). The EFPT assesses executive function deficits in the performance of real-world tasks. It uses a structured cueing and scoring system to assess higher-level cognitive functions, specifically initiation, organization, sequencing safety and judgment, and task completion. Seventy-three participants with mild to moderate stroke and 22 age- and education-matched controls completed the 4 EFPT tasks (cooking, using the telephone, managing medications, and paying bills). Significant differences were found between participants with mild and moderate stroke and healthy control participants. The EFPT can help occupational therapists determine the level of support needed by people with cognitive impairments to perform complex instrumental tasks. Objective information derived from this assessment is an essential part of the process of determining whether the person can live independently and helping families understand how to support the performance of their family members at home.
Teaching Chewing: A Structured Approach
Authors: Eckman Nicholas , Williams Keith E. , Riegel Katherine , Paul Candace
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. A structured intervention was used to teach chewing to two children with special needs. Neither child had a history of chewing or eating high-textured food.

METHOD. The intervention combined oral–motor and behavior components to teach chewing. A multiple baseline design was used to evaluate treatment effectiveness.

RESULTS. Both children improved their chewing skills while increasing the texture of foods eaten and the variety of foods eaten.

CONCLUSION. This structured intervention could be used to teach chewing to a range of children who did not acquire this skill during normal development.
Relationship Between Performance-Based and Self-Reported Assessment of Hand Function
Authors: Rallon Celina R. , Chen Christine C.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. To examine the relationships between self-reported and performance-based hand function.

METHOD. Thirty participants with hand function limitations completed the Manual Ability Measure (MAM–36) and the Upper Extremity Performance Test for the Elderly (TEMPA). Participants were categorized into two groups: (1) Dominant Hand Affected and (2) Nondominant Hand Affected. Correlations between the two assessments were examined. The speed of task execution and TEMPA scores were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS. A significant correlation was found between the MAM–36 and TEMPA Total Functional Rating (ρ = 0.79, p < .05). Significant differences were found in the speed of execution of unilateral tasks and the Unilateral Functional Ratings between the two groups.

CONCLUSION. The MAM–36 is a promising assessment tool for measuring a client's perceived hand function. However, a performance-based assessment can supplement information about the quality and speed of hand-task performance.
Interrater Reliability of a New Handwriting Assessment Battery for Adults
Authors: Faddy Kathrine , McCluskey Annie , Lannin Natasha A.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to develop, pilot, and evaluate the interrater reliability of a new Handwriting Assessment Battery for adults.

DESIGN. Test development included item selection and interrater reliability involving two raters.

METHOD. The test assessed pen control and manipulation, writing speed, and writing legibility. Ten people with brain injury completed the test with two occupational therapists independently rating 10 writing samples. Results were analyzed for reliability using kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1).

RESULTS. Pen control and manipulation subtests showed high to perfect agreement (line drawing subtest, κ = 1.0; dot subtest, κ = 0.80). The speed subtest showed perfect agreement (ICC = 1.0). Writing legibility showed high agreement for all five subtests (ICC = 0.71–0.83), although a ceiling effect was evident for two subtests.

CONCLUSION. Although the test showed excellent interrater reliability, further reliability and validity testing are needed before the test is used clinically.
Occupational Therapy and the Journal Citation Reports: 10-Year Performance Trajectories
Authors: Anthony Holguin Jess
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this study was to document performance of occupational therapy journals on the metrics of the Journal Citation Reports (JCR), the annually appearing index used as a yardstick to assess the quality of scholarly publications. Outcomes for the field's two indexed journals, the American Journal of Occupational Therapy and OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, were assessed over a 10-year period (1996–2005) to determine their overall standing and patterns of change on each of the JCR's five metrics. The mean category ranking for the two journals was generally above the 50th percentile. However, they performed least adequately and evidenced a downward trend over time on the most widely used metric (the journal impact factor). Possible reasons underlying this latter result are explored, pressing implications of the overall findings for practice and research are discussed, and strategic steps toward ethically safeguarding the profession's viability are offered.
Social Justice and Resource Utilization in a Community-Based Organization: A Case Illustration of the Role of the Occupational Therapist
Authors: Braveman Brent , Suarez-Balcazar Yolanda
Published: October 2011

Social justice and occupational justice have received increased attention in the occupational therapy literature. This evolving discourse has focused on establishing a connection between the effects of social injustice and the resulting negative influences on occupational participation. This literature has also addressed the role of occupational therapists in responding to social injustice at the societal, population, or individual levels. We examine the two most well-known theories of social justice to understand the responsibility of organizations, institutions, or governments in providing for people who have experienced difficulties in maintaining self-sufficiency. We use two case examples to illustrate how community-based organizations act as brokers of human, financial, and other resources and the challenges they face in distributing these resources in a manner consistent with social justice concepts. Finally, we suggest how an occupational therapist might assist such organizations in fairly distributing resources by applying occupational therapy paradigmatic knowledge and skills.
Social and Occupational Justice Barriers in the Transition From Foster Care to Independent Adulthood
Authors: Paul-Ward Amy
Published: October 2011

The professional discourse on social justice suggests that more critical work is needed to sufficiently address the societal issues that affect occupational therapy practitioners’ ability to advocate for and with clients. Occupational therapy offers unique opportunities for the scholarly discussion of social justice and for clinical practice to address these issues. This article discusses the importance of incorporating a social justice perspective into occupational therapy by using an example from the author's research program. The experiences of adolescents in foster care were documented in an ongoing qualitative participatory study. An overview of adolescents’ (N = 40) perceived independent living and vocational service needs is provided, and several barriers that affect adolescents’ ability to develop the skills needed to achieve independent adulthood are described. The article concludes with a discussion of social justice implications as they relate to the myriad issues in the foster care system, occupational therapy research, and practice.
Sociodemographic Effects on Activities Preference of Typically Developing Israeli Children and Youths
Authors: Engel-Yeger Batya
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. To describe activity preferences of typically developing Israeli Jewish children; examine the effect of age, gender, and sociodemographic variables on these preferences; and add information about the construct validity and reliability of the Preference Assessment of Children (PAC; King et al., 2004).

METHOD. A total of 310 typically developing Jewish Israeli children and youths ages 5–16 years completed the PAC.

RESULTS. Differences in activity preferences were found between genders. Younger children preferred to participate in more PAC scales than did older children. Additional sociodemographic variables were correlated with specific activity preferences.

CONCLUSIONS. Sociodemographic variables may affect children's activity preferences. However, the specific characteristics of the Israeli setting had additional effects on the results. Elaborating on knowledge about people's preferred activities and about the factors that affect those preferences may assist in occupational therapy evaluation and intervention. PAC was found to be a sensitive for examining the impact of sociodemographic variables on children's activity preferences.
Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Rieke Eric F. , Anderson Diane
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. We sought to describe how the sensory processing of adults with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) differs from that of the general population within the context of Dunn's (1997) model of sensory processing and to evaluate the discriminant validity of the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP).

METHOD. Using unequal variance t tests, the AASP results of 51 adults with OCD were compared with the means of the AASP standardization study's adult age group.

RESULTS. Adults with OCD scored higher than the means of the AASP standardization study's adult age group on sensory sensitivity and sensation avoiding, consistent with predictions based on the OCD literature. Adults with OCD also scored higher on low registration and lower on sensation seeking.

CONCLUSIONS. The results provide a preliminary description of how the sensory processing of adults with OCD differs from that of the general population and preliminary support for the AASP's discriminant validity.
Parent Reports of Sensory Experiences of Preschool Children With and Without Autism: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Dickie Virginia A. , Baranek Grace T. , Schultz Beth , Watson Linda R. , McComish Cara S.
Published: October 2011

This study describes sensory experiences of children with and without autism. Parents of 66 preschoolers (29 typically developing; 37 with autism) described situations in which their child had “good” and “bad” sensory experiences and their perception of how these situations felt to the child. The most common unpleasant experiences for both groups related to sound; the most common pleasant experiences involved touch and movement. Children with autism were reported to have more extreme or unusual experiences and negative food-related experiences than typically developing peers. Parental explanations for children's responses focused on the qualities of the child, stimulus, or context. Parents of children with autism were more likely to recognize elements in their children's experiences as being sensory and to attribute those responses to aspects of autism. Parents’ positive response to the interview itself was an unexpected result with clinical relevance.
Interrater Reliability of Students Using Hand and Pinch Dynamometers
Authors: Lindstrom-Hazel Debra , Kratt Andrew , Bix Laura
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. We sought to analyze the interrater reliability of occupational therapy students using standard hand-strength instruments.

METHOD. Seventy-three healthy students, faculty, and staff members from a midwestern university participated in this study. Each participant completed three trials for both grip and pinch strength bilaterally. Two student raters independently scored each trial.

RESULTS. The interrater reliability of the grip and pinch strength trials was determined using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) one-way random effects model (1,1). The ICC for the Jamar dynamometer ranged from .996 to .998 (p < .05). The ICC of the pinch gauge ranged from .949 to .990 (p < .05).

CONCLUSION. This study demonstrated that occupational therapy students can be reliable raters after being trained and tested for competency. To improve psychometric properties for instruments commonly used in the profession, students can participate in collecting normative data for hand-held dynamometry.
Therapeutic Use of Self: A Nationwide Survey of Practitioners’ Attitudes and Experiences
Authors: Taylor Renee R. , Lee Sun Wook , Kielhofner Gary , Ketkar Manali
Published: October 2011

Practitioners’ preparation for, attitudes toward, and experience of the therapeutic relationship and use of self were explored using a survey study with a random sample of 1,000 American Occupational Therapy Association members. Participants reported a high value for the therapeutic relationship and use of self; most felt that they were inadequately trained and that the field lacks sufficient knowledge in these areas. Regardless of practitioners’ age, gender, experience level, setting, treatment intensity, and client impairment, those who placed higher value on the use of self and had more training related to the therapeutic use of self were more likely to report interpersonal difficulties and feelings of positive regard for clients and were more likely to report concerns about clients. The findings suggest that more attention needs to be paid to the therapeutic relationship and to the therapeutic use of self in education and in research.
Sensory Sensitivities of Gifted Children
Authors: Gere Douglas R. , Capps Steve C. , Mitchell D. Wayne , Grubbs Erin
Published: October 2011

Gifted children often display sensitivities to their environment that vary from those of the general population. Data were gathered on 6- to 11-year-old gifted children attending a public elementary school gifted program. Parents completed Dunn's (1999) Sensory Profile questionnaire regarding their child. Two primary analyses were conducted: (1) a comparison of the gifted children's sensory sensitivity with Sensory Profile norms and (2) an examination of the internal consistency of the Sensory Profile for the gifted sample. Gifted children were more sensitive to their environment and reacted with heightened emotional and behavioral responses than did children of average intelligence. Internal consistencies for the 14 Sensory Profile sections and the Sensory Profile factors for the gifted sample were found to be equal to the reported norms of the Sensory Profile. These findings further support that gifted children may have important sensory modulation differences and add to our understanding of gifted children.
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries and Disorders Among Occupational and Physical Therapists
Authors: Darragh Amy R. , Huddleston Wendy , King Phyllis
Published: October 2011

Occupational therapists are at risk of work-related injuries (WRIs) because of the demanding nature of their work. However, information about WRIs and musculoskeletal disorders among occupational therapists is limited. For comparison, research indicates that up to 91% of physical therapists experience work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and pain. The purpose of this study was to gather new information about the prevalence, severity, and characteristics of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms and injuries among occupational therapists and to compare this information with physical therapists in the state of Wisconsin. Investigators mailed surveys to 3,297 randomly selected physical and occupational therapists living in Wisconsin. Results indicated a 2006 annual incidence rate of 16.5 injuries per 100 full-time workers among occupational therapists and 16.9 injuries per 100 full-time workers among physical therapists, a rate similar to workers employed in heavy manufacturing. Occupational therapists and physical therapists face similar and significant risks of injury and WMSDs.
Infinite Distance Between the I and the It
Authors: Yerxa Elizabeth J.
Published: October 2011

Traditional science and medical practice in the 21st century often separate the I of consciousness, the person who experiences daily life, from the it of an object that can be probed, tested, and fixed. This separation may also influence the development of occupational science and the practice of occupational therapy to the detriment of the profession. Occupation must be done and experienced by an I who initiates it and is conscious of its effects. Occupational science needs to become an integral science uniting the I of intention with the it of behavior, the we of cultures and the they of social systems. Our scholars need to debate the unique nature of our science, identify the ethics and values central to inquiry and intervention, and broaden and personalize the evidence sought to demonstrate the efficacy of practice. The mission of integral occupational science will be to promote human flourishing.
Perceived Levels of Cultural Competence Among Occupational Therapists
Authors: Suarez-Balcazar Yolanda , Rodawoski Juleen , Balcazar Fabricio , Taylor-Ritzler Tina , Portillo Nelson , Barwacz Dariusz , Willis Celestine
Published: October 2011

Occupational therapists confront issues of cultural diversity more than ever before because of the increased number of clients seen in their professional practice who are of differing racial or cultural backgrounds. In this study, we examine perceived cultural competence in a sample of 477 occupational therapists. The study's results indicate that among the variables that most affected how therapists rate their level of cultural competence were prior training and favorable attitudes toward cultural competence. Prior training, both formal and informal, was positively correlated with higher levels of cultural competence. In addition, practitioners who placed more value on cultural competence and felt more culturally competent to address the needs of diverse clients scored higher across all of the dimensions of cultural competence measured. These dimensions included cultural awareness and knowledge, cultural skills, and organizational support for multicultural practice. The results have implications for teaching, research, and practice in occupational therapy.
Measuring Stroke Survivors’ Functional Status Independence: Five Perspectives
Authors: Shih Min-Mei , Rogers Joan C. , Skidmore Elizabeth R. , Irrgang James J. , Holm Margo B.
Published: October 2011

An understandable measure to describe disabilities after stroke is important for clinical practice; practitioners often use multiple measures that contain different scoring systems and scales to rate activities of daily living (ADL) independence. We compared the construct of independence in five measures used with stroke survivors. The measures evaluated independence of the stroke survivors somewhat differently. The Rasch analysis Partial Credit Model converted items from these measures to a single metric, yielding an item difficulty hierarchy of all items from the measures. Data from the measures should be interpreted carefully because other concepts or constructs in addition to ADL independence are included in some of the measures. Rasch diagnostics regarding construct validity and reliability of the combined measures also indicated that these measures are not interchangeable. Although the items of the combined ADL measures were unidimensional, they measured independence from multiple perspectives, and the scale of the combined measures was not linear.
Reengagement in Meaningful Occupations During the Transition From Hospital to Home for People With Acquired Brain Injury and Their Family Caregivers
Authors: Turner Benjamin , Ownsworth Tamara , Cornwell Petrea , Fleming Jennifer
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. To explore people's lived experiences of reengagement in meaningful occupations during the hospital-to-home transition phase after acquired brain injury (ABI).

METHOD. Participants included 20 people with ABI and 18 family caregivers. On the basis of a phenomenological approach, data collection entailed in-depth semistructured interviews at predischarge and 1 and 3 months postdischarge. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts involved open, axial, and selective coding techniques.

RESULTS. Two primary themes emerged from the analysis: desired versus actual participation and struggle for independence. Theme 1 depicts the key occupations of importance to people and their caregivers during transition and explores desired and actual participation in occupations. Theme 2 highlights the struggle to regain independence and the differing perspectives of the 2 participant groups concerning this process.

CONCLUSION. Clinical practice implications relate to client-centered goal setting, contexts and environments in which therapy occurs, and provision of information to patients and families.
Showering Habits: Time, Steps, and Products Used After Brain Injury
Authors: Reistetter Timothy A. , Chang Pei-Fen J. , Abreu Beatriz C.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. This pilot study describes the showering habits of people with brain injury (BI) compared with those of people without BI (WBI).

METHOD. The showering habits of 10 people with BI and 10 people WBI were measured and compared. A videotaped session recorded and documented the shower routine.

RESULTS. The BI group spent longer time showering, used more steps, and used fewer products than the WBI group. A moderately significant relationship was found between time and age (r = .46, p = .041). Similarly, we found significant correlations between number of steps and number of products used (r = .64, p = .002) and between the number of products used and education (r = .47, p = .044).

CONCLUSION. Results suggest that people with BI have showering habits that differ from those WBI. Correlations, regardless of group, showed that older people showered longer, and people with more education used more showering products.
Relationship Between Handwriting and Keyboarding Performance Among Fast and Slow Adult Keyboarders
Authors: Weintraub Naomi , Gilmour-Grill Naomi , (Tamar) Weiss Patricia L.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. We examined the relationship between handwriting and keyboarding performance and between these writing modes and underlying performance skills.

METHOD. Sixty-three young, healthy adults who used the computer daily were recruited for this study by means of a convenience sample (mean = 25.3, standard deviation = 3.0); 15 were slow keyboarders and 17 were fast keyboarders. Participants were administered handwriting and keyboarding assessments, as well as measures of finger function, kinesthetic processing, and eye movement.

RESULTS. Although handwriting and keyboarding speed were moderately correlated, these activities did not share underlying performance skills. In addition, different correlation patterns between written communication modes and performance skills were found among slow and fast keyboarders.

CONCLUSION. Results suggest that occupational therapists and educators should consider a variety of factors before recommending keyboarding as an alternative written communication method for people with handwriting difficulties. Moreover, different recommendations appear to be warranted for slow and fast keyboarders.
Reconstructing Meaning Through Occupation After the Death of a Family Member: Accommodation, Assimilation, and Continuing Bonds
Authors: Hoppes Steve , Segal Ruth
Published: October 2011

Reactions to death have been studied extensively from psychological, behavioral, and physiological perspectives. Occupational adaptation to loss has received scant attention. Qualitative research was undertaken to identify and describe occupational responses in bereavement. The constant comparative approach was used to analyze and interpret the occupational responses. Adaptive strategies of occupational accommodation and assimilation were used after the death of a family member. Desire to sustain bonds with the deceased motivated specific occupational engagements. These occupational responses served to reconstruct meaning after the death of a family member. These findings contribute to understanding adaptation after death by adding an occupational perspective to previous theories. Occupational therapists’ abilities to support clients after loss can be enhanced through appreciation of occupational accommodation and assimilation and the role of continuing occupational bonds after the death of a loved one.
Facilitating Evidence-Based Practice: Process, Strategies, and Resources
Authors: Lin Susan H. , Murphy Susan L. , Robinson Jennifer C.
Published: October 2011

Occupational therapy practitioners may encounter challenges when they try to incorporate evidence into practice. To embrace evidence-based practice (EBP), clinicians must have readily available, relevant, and concisely summarized evidence. Although researchers have described the importance and process of EBP, less has been written about how to efficiently integrate evidence into practice. Clinicians may benefit from examples of reasoning, strategies, and resources to successfully integrate evidence. This article reviews the steps of EBP and offers recommendations to overcome common barriers. For EBP to become integrated into practice, greater communication and collaboration among all stakeholders must occur. EBP and knowledge translation require multiple processes and coordinated efforts. Therefore, everyone from practitioners to employers has a role in increasing EBP and transferring knowledge for practice. To encourage discussion and actions, the article provides implications and recommendations for practitioners, researchers, educators, organizations, and policymakers.
Cognitive Versus Functional Approaches to Rehabilitation After Traumatic Brain Injury: Commentary on a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Giles Gordon Muir
Published: October 2011

I describe the findings of one of the largest randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) ever conducted, examine the theoretical relationship between cognitive and functional rehabilitation after TBI, and describe the historical preference for cognitive (top-down) rather than functional (bottom-up) interventions. I also contrast the goals and principles of cognitive rehabilitation and of the neurofunctional approach of Giles and Clark-Wilson (1993; Giles, 2005)—a bottom-up approach. Findings of the RCT provide empirical support for both functional and cognitive interventions following acute TBI. In addition, they provide evidence that each type of intervention offers significant advantages for a specific subpopulation. The clinical implications of these findings for occupational therapy practitioners are discussed.
The Log Handwriting Program Improved Children’s Writing Legibility: A Pretest–Posttest Study
Authors: Mackay Nadine , McCluskey Annie , Mayes Rachel
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE. We determined the feasibility and outcomes of the Log Handwriting Program (Raynal, 1990), an 8-week training program based on task-specific practice of handwriting.

METHOD. We used a pretest–posttest design involving 16 first- and second-grade Australian students. Handwriting training sessions occurred in schools for 45 min per week over 8 weeks, in groups of 2 or 3. Weekly homework was provided. The primary outcome measure was the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (range = 0 to 34; Reisman, 1999). Legibility, form, alignment, size, spacing, and speed were measured.

RESULTS. All six assessment subscales showed statistically significant differences. Legibility improved by a mean of 4.1 points (95% confidence interval = 2.5 to 5.7); form, 5.3 points; alignment, 7.8 points; size, 7.9 points; and space, 5.3 points. Speed decreased by 3.9 points.

CONCLUSION. Preliminary evidence indicates that an 8-week Log Handwriting Program is feasible and improved handwriting in primary school children.
Reliability and Validity of the Evaluation Tool of Children’s Handwriting–Cursive (ETCH–C) Using the General Scoring Criteria
Authors: Duff Sharon , Goyen Traci-Anne
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVES. To determine the reliability and aspects of validity of the Evaluation Tool of Children’s Handwriting–Cursive (ETCH–C; Amundson, 1995), using the general scoring criteria, when assessing children who use alternative writing scripts.

METHOD. Children in Years 5 and 6 with handwriting problems and a group of matched control participants from their respective classrooms were assessed with the ETCH–C twice, 4 weeks apart.

RESULTS. Total Letter scores were most reliable; more variability should be expected for Total Word scores. Total Numeral scores showed unacceptable reliability levels and are not recommended. We found good discriminant validity for Letter and Word scores and established cutoff scores to distinguish children with and without handwriting dysfunction (Total Letter <90%, Total Word <85%).

CONCLUSION. The ETCH–C, using the general scoring criteria, is a reliable and valid test of handwriting for children using alternative scripts.
Influence of Age and Bolus Size on Swallowing Function: Basic Data and Assessment Method for Care and Preventive Rehabilitation
Authors: Higashijima Misako
Published: October 2011

Objective numerical data on swallowing function are needed to aid in eating and swallowing intervention and preventive rehabilitation. Using noninvasive methods, the influences of age and differences in size of water bolus on laryngeal activity and respiratory activity were examined in healthy young and older women. Swallowing function was influenced by age and bolus size. Influence of bolus size was recognized only in duration of laryngeal movement in younger women, with no apparent influence in older women. Results for older women were thought to be related to declines in swallowing function with the physiological aging of respiratory and swallowing muscles. In the future, noninvasive methods need to be developed for evaluating function and therapeutic effects against swallowing function impairment and to provide objective numerical data for health insurers.
Rapid Synthesis and Characterization of an Oxygen-Deficient Defect Perovskite La4BaCu5O13+δ Phase
Authors: Shivakumara Chikkadasappa
Published: October 2011

Oxygen-deficient defect perovskite La4BaCu5O13+δ phase has been synthesized by the nitrate-citrate gel combustion method at 950°C for 2 h. Structural parameters were refined by the Rietveld refinement method using room-temperature powder XRD data. The La4BaCu5O13+δ crystallizes in the tetragonal structure with space group P4/m (no. 83) and having the lattice parameters a=8.6508(1) Å and c=3.8606(2) Å, respectively. Oxygen content was determined by the iodometric titration. Low-temperature resistivity result reveals that La4BaCu5O13+δ compound exhibit metallic behavior up to 15 K.
Bromine
Authors: Grinbaum Baruch , Freiberg Mira
Published: October 2011

Bromine is the only nonmetallic element that is a liquid under standard conditions. Bromine is widely distributed in nature, but in relatively small amounts. The biggest source of commercial bromine is the Dead Sea Brines. Bromine compounds are found in the atmosphere in small amounts; the sea is the primary source. Bromine is a dense, dark red liquid that vaporizes readily at room temperature to give a red vapor that is highly corrosive to many materials and human tissue. Bromine occurs in the form of bromides in seawater and in natural brine deposits, always together with chloride. In all methods of bromine production, chlorine, which has a higher reduction potential than bromine, is used to oxidize bromide to bromine. Facilities for manufacturing bromine are primarily located near sources of natural brines. Some bromide solutions are recycled to obtain elemental bromine and to prevent solutions from being disposed of as hazardous waste. The major uses of bromine in order of consumption are in flame retardants, drilling fluids, water treatment, pesticides and other miscellaneous.
Combustion Science and Technology
Authors: Lackner Maximilian
Published: October 2011

Combustion is an important and ubiquitous process, which supplies 85% of the worldwide energy as heat and power. In this article, fundamentals of combustion science are briefly reviewed: aspects of combustion chemistry, heat transfer and common fuels in solid, liquid and gaseous state. Biomass and safety‐related concerns are also covered. In the main section, combustion technology is explained: Common combustors such as boilers, power plants, reactors and engines are presented. Combustion synthesis for the production of advanced materials and a section on combustion‐derived pollutants and how to mitigate their effects such as climate change conclude this article.
Coal Liquefaction
Authors: Dadyburjor Dady B. , Liu Zhenyu , Davis Burtron H.
Published: October 2011

Liquefaction can be direct, from the coal itself, or indirect, from synthesis gas (CO and H2) obtained by gasification of the coal. Coal liquefaction incorporates both an increase in the H/C ratio and removal of heteroatoms (S, N, O) and inorganic oxides (ash). Successful industrial direct liquefaction processes must incorporate both these steps, along with the transport of solid and slurry ‐ phase material in large – scale processing. The H/C ratio can be increased using high temperatures and pressures and a solvent (generally process‐derived), or by a catalyst, or by heating rapidly in the absence of a solvent in hydrogen or an inert atmosphere. Sometimes there are advantages to processing coal simultaneously with other fossil fuels such as resids. Typically, such operations, termed co‐processing, result in improved removal of heteroatoms and ash. The use of solids and slurries has resulted in novel reactors and processing steps. Indirect liquefaction has as its first step the production of synthesis gas. This mixture can be converted to gasoline‐ or diesel‐range liquid fuels using Fischer‐Tropsch technology. Synthesis gas can also be used to produce chemicals other than fuels. The production of these chemicals often can be used to make favorable the economics of fuel production from coal. Economic and technical choices between direct and indirect liquefaction are not straightforward. Recent developments in both direct and indirect liquefaction in China and the Middle East have been noteworthy.
Earthquake Engineering, Resistant Design for Risk Reduction
Authors: Dowrick David
Published: October 2011

Earthquake risk reduction is a complex affair involving many people and disciplines. An earthquake is a spasm of ground shaking by a sudden release of energy in the earth's lithosphere, ie, the crust and the upper mantle. Seismic risk is the probability that social or economic consequences of an earthquake will equal or exceed specified values at a site or in an area during a specified exposure time. Seismic hazard is any physical phenomenon associated with any earthquake that may produce adverse effects on human activities. Vulnerability is the amount of damage, induced by a given degree of hazard, and expressed as a fraction of the value of the damaged item under consideration. The primary consequences of concern in earthquakes is human casualties.The characteristics of soil are important in determining if a building site could support a building in an earthquake zone. Seismic activity is evaluated through studies of crustal strain, fault geology, and historical seismicity, Details are given on how to determine material cost damage, estimating casualties, business interruptions, and the benefits of insurance. The design and construction process and how to protect equipment during a seismic event are detailed. Architectural design also has an important niche in design. Retroffiting of built environments is discussed.
Influence of Pressing Temperature on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Ultrafine‐Grained Cu Processed by Equal‐Channel Angular Pressing
Authors: Wen Haiming , Zhao Yonghao , Topping Troy D. , Ashford Dustin , Figueiredo Roberto B. , Xu Cheng , Langdon Terence G. , Lavernia Enrique J.
Published: October 2011

Pure Cu was processed by ECAP at five different temperatures from room temperature (RT) to 523 K. The influence of pressing temperature on microstructure evolution and tensile behavior was investigated in detail. The results show that as the ECAP temperature is increased the grain size and ductility both increase whereas the dislocation density and yield strength decrease. In the case of ECAP processing in the range of RT to 473 K the mechanism governing microstructural refinement is continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), whereas at 523 K the mechanism changes to discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). At higher ECAP temperatures, the kinetics of CDRX are retarded leading to a lower fraction of equiaxed grains/high‐angle grain boundaries and a higher fraction of dislocation cell structures. At 523 K, DDRX induces a high fraction of equiaxed grains with a very low dislocation density which appears responsible for the observed high tensile ductility. The sample processed at 523 K possessed a good combination of strength and ductility, suggesting that processing by ECAP at elevated temperatures may be a suitable alternative to RT ECAP processing followed by subsequent annealing.