bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Putting Animals on the Theological Agenda
Authors: Webb Stephen H.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Andrew Linzey and Dorothy Yamamoto eds, Animals on the Agenda.
Rediscovering H. H. Farmer
Authors: Hick John
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

H. H. Farmer, C. H. Partridge (ed.), Reconciliation and Religion: Some Aspects of the Uniqueness of Christianity as a Reconciling Faith

C. H. Partridge, H. H. Farmer's Theological Interpretation of Religion: Towards a Personalist Theology of Religions
Recent books on ≡ world religion(s)
Authors: Wollaston Isabel
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Dan Cohn‐Sherbok, A Concise Encyclopedia of Judaism

Klaus K. Klostermaier, A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism

Geoffrey Parrinder, A Concise Encyclopedia of Christianity

Dan Cohn‐Sherbok, Judaism

Jamal J. Elias, Islam

Bradley K. Hawkins, Buddhism

Cybelle Shattuck, Hinduism

Brian Wilson, Christianity

Mary Pat Fisher, Religion in the Twenty‐first Century
Recent Books in ≡ Biblical Studies
Authors: Gillingham Susan
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

J. P. Burgess, Why Scripture Matters: Reading the Bible in a Time of Church Conflict

T. E. Fretheim and K. Froehlich, The Bible as Word of God in a Postmodern Age

R. S. Hess and G. J. Wenham (eds), Make the Old Testament Live from Curriculum to Classroom

M. E. Mills, Images of God in the Old Testament

R. J. Clifford, The Wisdom Literature

S. L. McKenzie and M. P. Graham (eds), The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to the Critical Issues

P. R. Davies, Scribes and Schools: The Canonization of the Hebrew Scriptures

F. F. Segovia and M. A. Tolbert (eds), Teaching the Bible: The Discourses and Politics of Biblical Pedagogy
Encyclopaedic Perspectives on European Christendoms, c.500–1500
Authors: Turner Denys
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

André Vauchez (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the Middle Ages, 2 volumes
Lower Tax Progression, Longer Hours and Higher Wages
Authors: Hansen Claus Thustrup
Published: March 2003

The impact of tax reforms that decrease income tax progression is analysed in an equilibrium search model with wage bargaining and endogenous individual working hours. Working hours are either bargained together with the hourly wage (case 1) or determined solely by workers after bargaining over the wage (case 2). In both cases reducing tax progression increases working hours of employed and, more interestingly, unambiguously increases wages and unemployment. Wages and unemployment rise more and working hours and production less in case 1 compared to case 2, probably making case 2 countries best suited for such tax reforms.

JEL Classification: H24; J22; J41
Discount Chains and Brand Policy
Authors: Gabrielsen Tommy Staahl , Sørgard Lars
Published: March 2003

Retail chains are observed in many industries. The question addressed here is whether retail chains can exploit buyer power by excluding some brands. In a theoretical model with two differentiated producers and a single retailer, we show that a retailer will require exclusivity (exclude a brand) if the brands are sufficiently symmetric in demand potential. Exclusivity will increase welfare if the excluded brand is a close substitute for the brand carried by the retailer. Our theoretical results are also set in relation to some findings from the Norwegian grocery industry.

JEL Classification: L12; L42
Stabilisation, Policy Targets and Unemployment in Imperfectly Competitive Economies
Authors: Bratsiotis George , Martin Christopher
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that the rate of equilibrium unemployment depends on the objectives of the Central Bank. In a model where the Central Bank uses monetary policy to stabilise the economy, we show that unemployment and inflation will be lower with an inflation target than with targets for output, money or nominal GDP. The intuition for this is that the elasticities of demand in both the product and the labour markets are greater when there is an inflation target; we show that this leads to a lower mark‐up of price over marginal cost and makes wages more sensitive to unemployment.
Investors Facing Opportunistic Governments: Is it Really Good to “Know the Market” before Investing?
Authors: Erbenová Michaela , Vagstad Steinar
Published: March 2003

When a government cannot commit to future policies, investors face the risk of opportunistic behavior in addition to uncertain market conditions. We show that although reducing market uncertainty is sometimes essential for investment, it may aggravate problems of opportunism. The better informed the investor is before investing, the more information the government can infer from observing that investment takes place, in turn enabling more efficient rent extraction. This signaling effect can dominate; if the investor receives “too accurate” information before investing, the only equilibrium is the one in which no investment occurs.

JEL classification: D82; L51
Declining Returns to Education in Norway? Comparing Estimates across Cohorts, Sectors and over Time
Authors: Haegeland Torbjørn , Klette Tor Jakob , Salvanes Kjell G.
Published: March 2003

We examine the role of the Norwegian education system in explaining the moderate and stable earnings dispersion in Norway. Estimating earnings equations for 1980 and 1990, we find that returns to education have been remarkably stable in Norway, also when we compare returns to education across different sectors of the economy. Our analysis controls for self‐selection into education by using an instrumental variable technique. We estimate separate education earnings profiles for different cohorts to identify the effect on wage premiums of the large changes that have taken place in the Norwegian education system. The substantially higher level of educational attainment for more recent cohorts does not, cet. par., seem to have a negative effect on educational wage premiums for these younger cohorts.

JEL classification: J24, J31, I
Transfer Pricing and Ownership Structure
Authors: Gabrielsen Tommy Staahl , Schjelderup Guttorm
Published: March 2003

We study the performance of jointly owned production units where upstream firms sell inputs to a downstream final market producer. It is found that, compared to integrated firms, co‐ownership leads to overinvoicing of input prices (transfer prices), resulting in lower aggregate profits. Tax and tariff policy may lessen the organizational inefficiencies of jointly owned firms. The analysis suggests that firms must have other reasons for forming jointly owned production units than those guided by production efficiency and benefits from delegation of decision‐making.

JEL classification: F23; L23
International Trade, Bargaining and Efficiency: The Holdup Problem
Authors: Wes Marina
Published: March 2003

In the presence of product market imperfections and holdup, we identify allocative and productive efficiency gains resulting from international trade. Under a bilateral monopoly in a closed economy, inefficiencies arise in both input and output markets. Trade in final goods has a procompetitive effect in the product market. This in turn triggers an increase in output, which raises incentives for the upstream firm to invest and helps reduce the hold‐up problem.

JEL classification: F12; F13; F15
The Welfare State, Budgetary Pressure and Labour Market Shifts
Authors: Atkinson Anthony B.
Published: March 2003

Public debate about the welfare state in OECD countries has emphasized the need for reform to meet a twofold set of shocks: budgetary pressure and a labour market shift against unskilled workers. The aim of the paper is to set out a framework for examining the implications of these shocks for the optimal scale of social transfers and, in particular, the impact on different societies, distinguishing a restricted welfare state, labelled “the United States” and a more extensive welfare state, labelled “Continental Europe”.
Sources of Real Exchange Rate Fluctuations in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Alexius Annika
Published: March 2003

In an attempt to move beyond the purchasing power parity hypothesis, this paper addresses two issues. The first concerns the causes of movements in real exchange rates. In contrast to the typical result, supply shocks are found to dominate the long‐run variance decompositions for each of the four Nordic countries under study. This suggests that productivity developments are the most important determinant of long‐run movements in real exchange rates. A second topic is the relative importance of stationary and non‐stationary components of real exchange rates. Also in contrast to previous findings, transitory shocks are more important than permanent shocks for three of the four countries.
Uncertainty and the Timing of Automobile Purchases
Authors: Hassler John
Published: March 2003

Earlier studies have shown that lumpy investment models well characterize individual expenditures on durables, in particular automobiles. In this class of models, a higher level of uncertainty generally implies that the household should tolerate a larger imbalance between the actual stock of the durable and the target stock before adjusting it by buying and/or selling. Then, if the level of uncertainty increases, aggregate expenditures would temporarily fall. This hypothesis is tested by estimating an aggregate lumpy investment model on automobile expenditure data, using stock market volatility to proxy uncertainty. The result is that expenditures fall significantly as stock market volatility increases.
Social attitudes and education: Self‐selection or socialization?
Authors: Zakrisson Ingrid , Ekehammar Bo
Published: March 2003

The aim of this study was to replicate earlier findings (Ekehammar et al., 1987) concerning the relationship between social attitudes and educational direction and field of study, by addressing further the causality issue. The sample comprised 256 Swedish adolescents from metropolitan Stockholm attending the two lowest grades in secondary school (modal age was 17 years). The main findings of the previous study were replicated, although the statistical power was weaker. Two higher‐order attitude dimensions (labeled Political‐economic conservatism and Social conservatism) discriminated between six groups, based on combinations of the two aspects of education. The main picture evidenced a socialization effect regarding Political‐economic conservatism and a self‐selection explanation for Social conservatism. Introducing intellectual ability as an independent variable in the causal model, affecting both educational direction and social attitudes, weakened the relationship, as compared to the previous study.
In defence of the Defence Mechanism Test (DMT)—a reply.
Authors: Kragh Ulf
Published: March 2003

A paper by I. Zuber and B. Ekehammar in this Journal (38, 1997) is reviewed. The paper advocates that the non‐veridical contents in the series of reports in the DMT should preferably be referred, not to psychoanalytic defence mechanisms, but to factors of stimulus order. The methods and the arguments of this investigation are critically examined.
The structures of the WISC‐R subtests: A comparison of the IQ‐profiles of reading impaired and autistic subjects
Authors: Ottem Ernst
Published: March 2003

The present paper is an analysis of the WISC‐R test profiles of reading impaired subjects and autistic subjects. It is argued that well‐known classification systems such as Bannatyne's categories (1974) and Kaufman's factors (1975) cannot explain differences in the peaks and troughs across the two populations. A new classification system is then developed. The 11 different WISC‐R subtests are characterised in terms of a combination of three modes of cognitive functioning: a knowledge mode (declarative‐procedural), a processing mode (transformation‐preservation of information), and a verbal‐nonverbal mode (verbal‐nonverbal‐processing). When reanalysed within this reference frame, the IQ profiles of reading impaired subjects (N=114) and autistic subjects (data from 12 studies reviewed by Happé, 1994) were similar regarding differences in the verbal‐nonverbal dimension. However, the IQ profiles showed an opposite pattern in the declarative‐procedural dimension, and an opposite pattern in the preservation‐transformation dimension. Thus, the new classification system allows one to interpret the IQ‐profiles of both groups within a single and coherent reference frame.
The hidden meanings of metaphors in family therapy
Authors: Cederborg Ann‐Christin
Published: March 2003

This study investigates how two therapists’ beliefs and practices influence the therapeutic process when they organize social interaction according to a metaphor of a royal family. The therapeutic process is described through the case of a boy called Pelle. He comes to therapy together with his family. It is shown how the therapists collaborate in the process of implementing the worldview of the predefined normative standard for family life. In the short term the therapists’ use of the metaphor can be seen as an intervention to accomplish immediate change in a non‐threatening way. In the long term the cost of using the metaphor was that the mother got a confirmation about herself as a less powerful parent and the child got an image of being a failure. This study points out that metaphors as therapeutic tools have to be analyzed critically before they are used or more specifically the therapists have to examine what kind of values and meanings are hidden in the metaphor and who will gain and loose if it is used as an intervention.
Descriptive features of Turkish pathological gamblers
Authors: Duvarci Ibrahim , Varan Azmi
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the descriptive features of Turkish pathological gamblers. Participants were 31 male pathological gamblers and 42 “regular gamblers” who acted as controls. The subjects were diagnosed on the basis of DSM‐IV pathological gambling criteria and completed the Turkish Version of South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). The nonpathological group was quite comparable with the pathological gambling group with respect to types and frequency of gambling and socio‐demographic features. The data on the variables that defined and discriminated pathological gamblers from regular gamblers were collected through administration of a 68‐item questionnaire, prepared by the authors. Compared to the non pathological gamblers, the pathological gamblers gambled more to recover their losses, experienced craving for gambling more often, gambled more often to obtain relief from disturbing emotions, harboured more irrational and unrealistic cognitions to rationalize their gambling behavior and suffered more emotionally, financially and socially as a result of their involvement in gambling. The results of the study suggested that Turkish pathological gamblers are very much like their counterparts in Western countries.
Effects of psychological defense on processing of neutral stimuli indicated by event‐related potentials (ERPs)
Authors: Eriksen Hege , Nordby Helge , Olff Miranda , Ursin Holger
Published: March 2003

The Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) is claimed to identify personnel with a high risk for accidents. A new explanation for why the DMT seems to predict performance when survival depends on split second decisions is proposed. Sixteen right‐handed, adult male students were tested with the DMT and with an ERP paradigm (two sine wave tones, presented binaurally). Each subject was tested with a one‐stimulus paradigm, and a passive and an active oddball paradigm. Under the passive oddball condition, High defensive subjects differed from Low, having significantly smaller N2 amplitudes (low immediate perception), and significantly larger P3 amplitudes (rely on later associative mechanisms). High defensive subjects seem to have less ability to perceive the environment correctly immediately. This slowness may be fatal when life depends on split second decisions. The fundamental neurophysiological difference may also be the basis for the very complex cognitive and perceptual mechanisms involved in psychological defense mechanisms.
Psychometric critique of acculturation psychology: The case of Iranian migrants in Norway
Authors: Rudmin Floyd W. , Ahmadzadeh Vali
Published: March 2003

The presumptions, terminology, psychometrics, statistical analyses, and ethics of the fourfold acculturation paradigm are criticized in detail. Illustrative data came from Iranian refugees in Norway (N=80) answering: 1) the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), 2) Zung’s Self–Rating Depression Scale (ZSRDS), 3) ipsative fourfold scales of Integration, Assimilation, Separation, and Marginalization, 4) orthogonal scales of attitudes towards Norwegian and Iranian cultures, measured independently and using balanced reverse–keying, and 5) ipsative forced–choice preferences for cultural practices of Norway, Iran, both, or from other societies as well. Iranians in Norway favored global multiculturalism and, as a group, did not show distress. The SWLS and ZSRDS were correlated, but the measures of acculturation failed to replicate one’another. As unconstrained ipsative measures, the fourfold scales showed acquiescence response bias contamination and doubtful operationalization of scale constructs. Recommendations are discussed for improving acculturation research.
Functional neuroimaging of cognition: State‐of‐the‐art
Authors: Nyberg Lars
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a brief overview of functional neuroimaging studies of cognitive processes. A “publication profile” is identified for PET and fMRI studies of cognitive functions. It is shown that the number of publications has increased exponentially over the last ten years, and that a set of ten journals accounts for the vast majority of publications. It is argued that the field has moved from a state of explorative character to a state of high theoretical sophistication. With special reference to the contributions in this issue of Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, methodological, topical, regional, and clinical implications of cognitive neuroscientific studies are discussed.
Effects of displayed emotion on attitude and impression formation in visual speech–reading
Authors: Lidestam Björn
Published: March 2003

In two experiments on visual speech–reading, with a total of 132 normal–hearing participants, the effects of displayed emotion and task specificity on speech–reading performance, on attitude toward the task and on person impression were explored, as well as associations between speech–reading performance, attitude, and person impression. The results show that displayed emotion increased speech–reading performance and attitude ratings, and that the actor was perceived as more extraverted both when displaying emotions, and when his speech was high in specificity. The main conclusion was that displayed emotion enhances speech–reading performance by providing information that is useful to the speech–reader.
An Additive–Multiplicative Cox–Aalen Regression Model
Authors: SCHEIKE THOMAS H. , ZHANG MEI‐JIE
Published: March 2003

We propose an additive–multiplicative intensity model that extends the Cox regression model as well as the additive Aalen model. Instead of having a simple baseline intensity the extended model uses an additive Aalen model as its covariate dependent baseline. Approximate maximum likelihood estimators of the baseline intensity functions and the relative risk parameters of the Cox model are suggested by solving the score equations. The derived estimator is efficient. We establish the large sample properties of the estimator. The model provides a simple pragmatic way of including time‐varying covariate effects.
Prediction in Some Poisson Errors in Variables Models
Authors: Dunsmore Ian R. , Robson David J.
Published: March 2003

Predictive distributions are developed and illustrated for prediction in some Poisson errors in variables models. Two different situations in which multiplicative treatment effects are appropriate are considered within the context of predicting counts of road accidents. Hierarchical prior structures are investigated, and numerical integration and Gibbs sampling routines are used to derive the predictive and posterior probabilities. Examples of analyses are provided with data from road accidents in Sweden.
A Class of Non‐parametric Tests in the Competing Risks Model for Comparing Two Samples
Authors: Lindkvist Håkan , Belyaev Yuri
Published: March 2003

We consider a model when a process involving the production of elements is under inspection. The elements have possible failures due to competing risks. We assume the availability of a data set of failure times, D1, obtained when the process is under control. Our main goal is to test if the failure rates in D1 are equal to or less than the failure rates in another data set D2, against “undesirable” neighbouring alternatives. A class of tests based on a two‐dimensional vector statistic is obtained. Linear test statistics with weight functions giving optimal local asymptotic power are derived. Martingale techniques are used. An example illustrates the derivation of reasonable tests
Estimation of the Quantile Function of an IFRA Distribution
Authors: Rojo Javier
Published: March 2003

Let F and G be lifetime distributions and consider the problem of estimating F−1 when it is known that G−1F is star‐shaped. Estimators of F−1 are considered here which are shown to be uniformly strongly consistent. The case of censored data is also presented. Asymptotic confidence intervals and bands for F−1 are provided. The result are applicable, for example, to the estimation of quantile functions of k‐out‐of‐n systems in reliability. The special case of an IFRA distribution follows immediately from the more general case presented here
Root‐n‐consistent Estimation in Partial Linear Models with Long‐memory Errors
Authors: Beran Jan , Ghosh Sucharita
Published: March 2003

We consider estimation of β in the semiparametric regression model y(i) ‐ xT(i)β + f(i/n) + ε(i) where x(i) = g(i)/n) + e(i, f and g are unknown smooth functions and the processes ε(i) and e(i) are stationary with short‐ or long‐range dependence. For the case of i.i.d. errors, Speckman (1988) proposed a √n–consistent estimator of β. In this paper it is shown that, under suitable regularity conditions, this estimator is asymptotically unbiased and √n–consistent even if the errors exhibit long‐range dependence. The orders of the finite sample bias and of the required bandwidth depend on the long‐memory parameters. Simulations and a data example illustrate the method
Estimating Survival Curves Under Proportional Hazards Model with Covariate Measurement Errors
Authors: Kong Fan Hui , Huang Weihua , Li Xiaoming
Published: March 2003

For the Cox proportional hazards model with additive covariate measurement errors, we propose a corrected cumulative baseline hazard estimator that reduces the bias of the na]ve Breslow estimator. We also derive corresponding modified estimators for the hazard functions and the survival functions of individuals with particular covariate values. Using a Monte Carlo technique developed by Lin et al. (1994), we construct confidence bands for such hazard and survival functions.
A New Kind of Asymptotic Quasi‐Score Estimating Function
Authors: Lin Yan‐Xia
Published: March 2003

A new definition of asymptotic quasi‐score sequence of estimating functions is given and studied. The relationship between asymptotic quasi‐likelihood and quasi‐likelihood estimates is investigated. A new practical approach for obtaining a good estimate of θ in the model yt = ft(θ) + mt without any prior knowledge on the nature of E(m2t|Ft−1) is suggested, where ft is a predictable process and mt is a martingale difference process. Two examples are used to show that the approach is practicable.
Minimax Linear Smoothers
Authors: Blaker Helge
Published: March 2003

We consider the problem of estimating the mean of a multivariate distribution. As a general alternative to penalized least squares estimators, we consider minimax estimators for squared error over a restricted parameter space where the restriction is determined by the penalization term. For a quadratic penalty term, the minimax estimator among linear estimators can be found explicitly. It is shown that all symmetric linear smoothers with eigenvalues in the unit interval can be characterized as minimax linear estimators over a certain parameter space where the bias is bounded. The minimax linear estimator depends on smoothing parameters that must be estimated in practice. Using results in Kneip (1994), this can be done using Mallows' CL‐statistic and the resulting adaptive estimator is now asymptotically minimax linear. The minimax estimator is compared to the penalized least squares estimator both in finite samples and asymptotically.
Confidence Intervals Based on Local Linear Smoother
Authors: CHEN SONG XI , QIN YONG SONG
Published: March 2003

Point‐wise confidence intervals for a non‐parametric regression function in conjunction with the popular local linear smoother are considered. The confidence intervals are based on the asymptotic normal distribution of the local linear smoother. Their coverage accuracy is evaluated by developing Edgeworth expansion for the coverage probability. It is found that the coverage error near the boundary of the support of the regression function is of a larger order than that in the interior, which implies that the local linear smoother is not adaptive to the boundary in terms of coverage. This is quite unexpected as the local linear smoother is adaptive to the boundary in terms of the mean squared error.
Statistical Issues in Weather Forecasting*
Authors: GUSTAFSSON NILS
Published: March 2003

Research and operational applications in weather forecasting are reviewed, with emphasis on statistical issues. It is argued that the deterministic approach has dominated in weather forecasting, although weather forecasting is a probabilistic problem by nature. The reason has been the successful application of numerical weather prediction techniques over the 50 years since the introduction of computers. A gradual change towards utilization of more probabilistic methods has occurred over the last decade; in particular meteorological data assimilation, ensemble forecasting and post‐processing of model output have been influenced by ideas from statistics and control theory.
Statistical Issues in Fisheries' Stock Assessments*
Authors: GAVARIS STRATIS , IANELLI JAMES N.
Published: March 2003

Decisions concerning the management of fisheries are founded on confidence statements for interest parameters such as biomass and exploitation rate, derived from complex structural models that describe the dynamics of fisheries. We identify four generic statistical issues and focus on how they impact on the reliability of those confidence statements: (a) parameters for which the data have little or no information; (b) competing structural relationships; (c) weighting of observations; and (d) alternative methods for computing confidence statements. Our purpose is to give an exposition of how these issues impact on fisheries' analyses, with the intent of stimulating thought on more effective alternatives. We describe the fisheries' management context and use two specific studies to illustrate how these generic statistical issues impact on fisheries assessment results. It is demonstrated that these statistical issues can have a profound impact on fishery management decisions and that established approaches to handle them have not been fully developed.
Non‐parametric Estimation of the Death Rate in Branching Diffusions
Authors: HÖPFNER R. , HOFFMANN M. , LÖCHERBACH E.
Published: March 2003

We consider finite systems of diffusing particles in with branching and immigration. Branching of particles occurs at position dependent rate. Under ergodicity assumptions, we estimate the position‐dependent branching rate based on the observation of the particle process over a time interval [0, t]. Asymptotics are taken as t → ∞. We introduce a kernel‐type procedure and discuss its asymptotic properties with the help of the local time for the particle configuration. We compute the minimax rate of convergence in squared‐error loss over a range of Hölder classes and show that our estimator is asymptotically optimal.
All That is Solid Melts into Air: Party Identification in Norway
Authors: Jenssen Anders Todal
Published: March 2003

For two decades researchers have been arguing whether profound changes were taking place in electoral politics or not. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to party identification in the European debate. In Norway, party identification has dropped dramatically since the mid‐1980s. We hypothesize that the strong psychological ties between citizens and parties, described as party identification, have become a rare occurrence for several reasons. The intense debate over EU membership weakened the formation of party identification in two periods linked to the referendums in 1972 and 1994, but we also believe the observed decline in party identification to be a long‐term change linked to the fading of the old cleavages and the decline of parties as mass organizations. The hypotheses have been tested on data from the Norwegian Electoral Surveys and the Referendum Surveys from 1972 and 1994. Although the hypotheses find support, alternative explanations cannot be ruled out at this stage.
The Europeanisation of Research and Higher Educational Policies: Some Reflections
Authors: Trondal Jarle
Published: March 2003

This paper poses the following question: To what extent do European Union (EU) policies affect national policies? In essence this paper studies the Europeanisation of policy in the field of research and higher education (R&E). The field of R&E is largely neglected in the literature on European integration and Europeanisation. I argue that processes of Europeanisation of R&E mirror two interrelated processes: both the emergence of supranational policies at the EU level and national convergence towards these policies. The empirical scope of the paper is the relationship between the EU’s R&E policies and the corresponding Norwegian policies. Our empirical observations based on documentary data and existing bodies of literature reveal that the emergence of creeping supranational policies of R&E at the EU level has accompanied moderate convergence of Norwegian R&E policies. This moderate level of convergence, I argue, reflects a mix of moderate institutionalised linkages between Norwegian ministries and agencies and the EU, moderate adaptational pressures towards Norwegian R&E policies from the EU, and institutional path dependencies in Norwegian R&E policies.
Language Diversity and Accountability in the South: Perspectives and Dilemmas
Authors: Robinson Clinton D. W. , Varley Fiona
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the need for accountability in language planning in multilingual contexts in the South. After a brief overview of language diversity in the South, it notes that this multilingual reality has often been ignored by policy‐makers acting in their own interests, unaccountable to those affected by their decisions. It considers how world trends of increasing democratisation and strengthening of minority rights are generating calls for greater accountability and language rights, so that governments become more accountable to communities for their decisions about language. Some dimensions of accountability are explored, focussing on the need to integrate the perspectives of both government and community. Structures are addressed, with an emphasis on the role of local communities and illustrations from two particular African contexts, in Cameroon and Zaire. The paper concludes with a discussion of some practical dilemmas relating to policy and research, technical input, financial assistance and community ambivalence.
The social context of Welsh‐medium bilingual education in anglicised areas
Authors: Bellin Wynford , Farrell Shaun , Higgs Gary , White Sean
Published: March 2003

Principal component analysis of indicators from the 1991 Census was used to characterise the social context of school age Welsh speakers in South East Wales. The area had been largely anglicised by the Census of 1971, but the growth of Welsh‐medium education was responsible for net gains in numbers of younger Welsh/English bilinguals. Doubts as to whether young people will remain active bilinguals after leaving school have been raised. The inter‐relationships between figures for Welsh speaking in the Census and other social indicators were examined. Being categorised as a young Welsh speaker was found to cut across an economic advantage/disadvantage dimension, and so was a matter of life style rather than a by‐product of parental choices unrelated to language resurgence. Probing life styles by means of interviews where Welsh‐medium and English‐medium schools could be matched on the economic advantage/disadvantage dimension showed that deciding for Welsh‐medium education was embedded in authentic local life styles. Although networks of people at more local spatial scales were involved in Welsh‐medium education, they were linked to wider scale networks establishing domains for Welsh language use in the public sector and local government.
Language attitudes and sociolinguistic behaviour: Exploring attitude‐behaviour relations in language
Authors: Ladegaard Hans J.
Published: March 2003

This paper is concerned with the relationship between attitude and behaviour in language. Adolescent male and female subjects were recorded and index‐scores of their linguistic behaviour compared to their assessment of ingroup members in a verbal‐guise attitude experiment, and to their attitudes concerning language usage in a questionnaire. It was hypothesised that male subjects' language would be closer to the vernacular, and that they would also express more positive attitudes towards ingroup members than would female subjects. However, no significant correlation between attitude and behaviour was found in the quantitative analysis, but results from the attitude‐questionnaire support our hypothesis: male subjects have more vernacular features in their language and also express more genuinely positive attitudes towards the local vernaculars than do female subjects. Finally, methodological and theoretical implications of these results are discussed, emphasising the importance of using eclectic approaches in future research on attitude‐behaviour relations in language.
The sociolinguistic development of Yiddish: Eighteenth to the twentieth centuries
Authors: Isaacs Miriam
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Estraikh, Gennady Soviet Yiddish: Language Planning and Linguistic Development

Kerler, Dov‐Ber The Origins of Modern Literary Yiddish

Peltz, Rakhmiel From Immigrant to Ethnic Culture: American Yiddish in South Philadelphia
Gender Differentials in Domestic Work, Market Work, and Total Work Time: UK Time Budget Survey Evidence for 1974/5 and 1987
Authors: Jenkins Stephen P. , O’Leary Nigel C.
Published: March 2003

We provide evidence about UK trends in gender differentials in market work time, domestic work time, and their sum (total work time) between the mid‐1970s and mid‐1980s. The ratio of women's total work hours to men's total work hours changed little, but for both sexes allocations of time to different types of work changed considerably. Breakdowns by marital status reveal additional interesting information. The trends in domestic work time are decomposed into ‘coefficient change’ and ‘compositional change’ components using regression‐based shift‐share methods.
Wage Setting, Wage Curve and Phillips Curve: The Italian evidence
Authors: Chiarini Bruno , Piselli Paolo
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to investigate some issues of wage setting in order to assess if nominal inertia and wage flexibility characterise the Italian supply side, using multivariate cointegration models. Our estimates indicate that an explicit distinction between stationary and non‐stationary variables and a joint analysis of long‐run and short‐run structure is crucial for achieving clearer results. To this end, we use quarterly time series data for industry sector 1976:1–1993:4. Interesting results have been found concerning the empirical evidence of a long‐run wage curve and the existence of a Phillips curve, through adopting alternative order reduction of the I(2) wage and price variables. Moreover, some insights on regional (North‐South) unemployment effects are pointed out and discussed.
A Century of Scottish Economics
Authors: Cairncross Alec
Published: March 2003

A review of the development of economics, and of university teaching and research in economics since the foundation of the Scottish Economic Society a century ago. Contrasts the Victorian world of do‐it‐yourself economics with no economic journals or societies and university teaching in the hands of the professor of moral philosophy with the current situation with 12 Scottish universities in place of 4 and a staff of over 240 in Scotland compared with a total of 30 in the United Kingdom in 1890. Economists have multiplied, new branches of the discipline have developed, the subject has been revolutionised.
Education, Employment Status and Earnings: A Comparative Test of the Strong Screening Hypothesis
Authors: Brown Sarah , Sessions John
Published: March 2003

We apply the comparative technique originated by Wolpin (1977) to discriminate between the ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ screening hypothesises. Controlling for self‐selection, we find evidence for weak but not strong screening.
Regulation and Access Pricing: Comparison of Regulated Regimes
Authors: De Fraja Gianni , Waddams Price Catherine
Published: March 2003

The statutory duties of regulators of British utilities include both the encouragement of competition and protection of consumers (through price caps). Competition depends on the terms on which new entrants can gain access to the monopolist's network. Where the incumbent in the retail market also owns the network, the regulator may determine prices in the capped and access markets separately or may make the price cap explicitly dependent on entry in the uncapped market. Contrary to the received wisdom that access charges should be separately regulated we show that higher welfare can be obtained in some circumstances by allowing the incumbent to determine access charges. This is achieved by permitting the incumbent to choose from a menu of retail prices which the regulator makes conditional on the extent of entry in the retail market.
Strategic Delegation and the Shape of Market Competition
Authors: Lambertini Luca
Published: March 2003

What shape can we expect market competition to exhibit? This question is addressed in the present paper. Firms are allowed to choose whether to act as quantity or price setters, whether to move early or delay as long as possible at the market stage, and whether to be entrepreneurial or managerial. Moreover, firms can endogenously determine the sequence of such decisions. It is shown that in correspondence of the (unique) subgame perfect equilibrium of the game, all firms first decide to delay, then to act as Cournot competitors, and finally stockholders decide to delegate control to managers. Hence, sequential play between either managerial or entrepreneurial firms, as well as simultaneous play between entrepreneurial firms, are ruled out.
Vegetation Chronosequence in Hong Kong: Soil Properties and SuccessionalDevelopment
Authors: Chau K.C. , Marafa Lawal M.
Published: March 2003

The soil properties of a vegetation chronosequence in Hong Kong involving a grassland, a 22‐year mixed woodland, a 52‐year forest and two graduation 150‐year old climax (feng shui) forests were examined. The objectives were to test the three hypotheses: (1) there are no significant differences in soil chemical properties between different climax forests, (2) exotic species are inferior to native species in soil amelioration; and (3) organic carbon, nitrogen and cation nutrients tend to accumulate in the soils during successional development of the vegetation. The results show that the soils along the vegetation chronosequence are strongly acidic in reaction, contained moderate to high levels of organic carbon, high exchangeable acidity, and low levels of mineral nitrogen (NH⊂4⊂> and NO⊂3⊂), available phosphorus and cation nutrients. All the three hypotheses are rejected. While the feng shui forests differed markedly in soil properties, exotic species were superior to native species in augmenting soil organic carbon, mineral nitrogen and exchangeable Ca. There was no accumulation of organic carbon, nitrogen and cation nutrients with ecological succession, due to the influence of patchy fire, species composition, parent materials and distance from the sea.
Integration or Self‐Sufficiency? Peninsular Malaysia and the Rice Trade in Southeast Asia
Authors: Overton John
Published: March 2003

The issue of food self‐sufficiency has recently come under scrutiny as global trade liberalisation has been in conflict with national development strategies founded on protection and encouragement of staple food production. This paper examines the case of rice in Peninsular Malaysia from an historical perspective. It traces the evolution of self‐sufficiency strategies from colonial times tothe present and notes how and why such policies have been questioned both in the past and in recent years. It then suggests that a more integrated Southeast Asian regional rice economy may evolve as support for national self‐sufficiency wanes and, in this, there may be much to learn from the colonial era when such a regional rice trade thrived.
Pragmatics of Self‐ and Other‐Reference in Young Children
Authors: Imbens‐Bailey Alison , Pan Barbara Alexander
Published: March 2003

During the first years of life, children come to understand and talk about a self separate from others. This study examined self‐ and other‐reference and communicative intents expressed by children and parents in dyadic interaction at 14, 20 and 32 months. Research questions included whether children's early use of self‐ and other‐reference pronouns occurred for expression of particular communicative intents, how use changed with age, and whether parent and child pragmatic expressions of self and other were similar. Results showed that children's early explicit reference to self tended to take the form of I rather than me/my/mine, and was used primarily in making statements about their intended actions, in making requests or proposals to their parents and in stating propositions about the world around them. Children during this developmental period were only beginning to refer to the present other with the pronoun you and these instances occurred primarily in making requests or proposals. Despite age‐related increases in pronominal forms and intents, a small set of intents continued to provide the context for most self‐ and other‐reference pronouns. In the communicative contexts in which they explicitly refer to self and other, children did not appear to exclusively mirror those which were observed in parental speech.
The Role of Evaluator‐Victim Relationships in Children's Evaluations of Peer Provocation
Authors: Ray Glen E. , Norman Mary , Sadowski Cyril J. , Cohen Robert
Published: March 2003

Second‐, third‐, fifth‐, and sixth‐ grade children evaluated two hypothetical target peers in three provocation scenarios which differed as to the intent of a provocative act (Ambiguous, Accidental, Hostile). In addition to age and gender, evaluator‐victim relationship was manipulated with children portrayed as being in a best friend, an acquaintance, or an enemy relationship with the victim, while the agent of the provocation was an unfamiliar peer. Evaluations were assessed in terms of attributions of aggressor's intentions, behavior response of the victim, evaluator's liking for victim, and evaluator's affect. Results indicated that older children evaluated aggressor's intentions and victim's behavior response more negatively than did younger children. Further, attributions of aggressor's intent significantly predicted the victim's subsequent behavioral response. Evaluator's affect was reported to be more negative when evaluating hostile provocation compared to accidental or ambiguous provocation and evaluators in acquaintance and enemy relationships with the victim reported liking the victim more after the provocation than before it occurred. Results are discussed in terms of the social relational and social situational influences on children's evaluations of peer interactions and the need to integrate these contextual factors in children's person perception research.
The Meaning of Globalization for Development Policy
Authors: Short Clare
Published: March 2003

The Secretary of State for International Development reviews the Government’s development strategy. The core commitment is to help mobilize the international political will to meet the aims of the UN international poverty eradication strategy. This will require resource transfers in the form of aid as investment, if the poorest countries are to be enabled to develop more trade and become part of the global economy. Globalization increases wealth creation, yet there is a danger that some countries could become marginalized from the world economy. To avoid this, developing countries must become full participants on the global economic stage, shaping and influencing the global rules in line with their interests and needs. There are three key challenges at the top of the Government’s agenda: (1) the mainstreaming of development issues in the formation of UK and EU policy, (2) encouragement and active support for the efforts of developing countries themselves to become active players on the world economic stage, (3) the building of partnerships to make this happen—with governments, with global economic institutions, with the business sector, with donors and with NGOs. Globalization is characterized by the pace of technological change, the emergence of a more sophisticated system of global economic rules—with the World Trade Organization now at centre stage alongside the IMF and the World Bank—and the increasingly important role of multinational companies. Responding to globalization is not an optional extra. The old models of development need to be rethought. The Department for International Development has a key role to play in this, by ensuring that policy‐makers in the UK, within the EU and internationally take full account of development aspects from the outset.
Transnational Fundraising in a Good Cause: A North–South European Example
Authors: Jones Finer Catherine
Published: March 2003

This paper documents the experience of a one‐time famous, longstanding, charismatically led and transnationally funded welfare project in Naples, Italy. It details the manner of the project’s original funding success and reviews the implications of its subsequent shift from child rescue to community development, in conjunction with its founder’s decision to resign from the priesthood. It comments on the project’s funding fortunes thereafter, up until its founder’s retirement, and argues that, whilst the activities of the project advanced from what might be termed first‐generation (humanitarian relief) to second‐generation (community development), its styles of management and fundraising remained essentially unchanged. The paper comments on the project’s qualities of charismatic leadership in conjunction with "friendship style" fundraising, and suggests ways in which its life might have been prolonged with less upheaval, beyond the first generation. This account could furnish useful learning material for other, later North–South NGO projects.