bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long term follow-up in PeVD with compression syndromes
Authors:   Department of Vascular Surgery, Heelkunde Friesland, Locations MCL and Nij Smellinghe Ziekenhuis, Friesland, The Netherlands, Wikkeling Marald , Witte Marianne ,   Heelkunde Friesland, MCL and Hospital Nij Smellinghe, Department of Vascular Surgery, Friesland, The Netherlands, Jalaie Houman ,   RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Clinic of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Head of the European Venous Center Aachen-Maastricht, Aachen, Germany
Published: December 2023

Long-term follow-up is crucial for patients with Pelvic venous disease (PeVD) and compression syndromes, regardless of the chosen treatment. The specific condition of the patient and the performed treatments will determine the frequency of follow-up appointments. The frequency of follow-up appointments can vary based on the severity of the condition, the type of treatments performed, and individual patient factors. Some patients may require more frequent check-ups initially, with the possibility of spacing them out as their condition stabilizes. Long-term follow-up is a crucial component of the comprehensive care of patients with PeVD and compression syndromes. It enables healthcare providers to monitor the patient's progress, address any emerging issues, and optimize treatment strategies for better long-term outcomes.
Noncancer Risk Assessment: Principles and Practice in Environmental and Occupational Settings
Authors: Pecquet Alison M. , Haber Lynne T.
Published: December 2023

The scientific process of risk assessment aims to define hazards associated with human exposure to chemicals. This chapter focuses primarily on the first two steps of the risk assessment process for noncancer endpoints, or more broadly, for modes of action not involving interaction with DNA. Hazard characterization consists of a systematic evaluation of available data to identify toxicologically relevant adverse outcomes, the associated mode of action, and evaluation of human relevance of the effects. Data quality and the overall weight of evidence are also evaluated. We summarize available technologies for dose–response assessment to define the critical effect and to extrapolate effect levels to human exposure scenarios and exposure durations, and we discuss methods for addressing uncertainties. Methods for evaluating data–poor chemicals or conducting screening assessments are also reviewed. Finally, we discuss how to interpret the dose–response information in the context of specific exposure data. Although this chapter focuses on the methods for deriving risk values from
in vivo
studies, we also address the use of data from the rapidly evolving field of new approach methodologies (including
in vitro
methods such as high‐throughput transcriptomics and
in silico
approaches such as modeling of structure–activity relationships). Ultimately, these new methodologies will foster a better understanding of how chemical exposures may cause toxicity, allow for more rapid assessment of chemicals, and support a reduction in the need for future toxicity testing in animals.
Silver and Gold
Authors: Lansdown Alan B. G.
Published: December 2023

Silver and gold are transitional metals exhibiting very different chemical and toxicological properties. Apart from their precious metal value and use in coinage, each has distinctive uses in industry, commercial applications, and medical devices. The World Health Organization and various national regulatory authorities recognize that like many other metals, silver and gold can pose significant health risks through occupational exposure in mining and industrial processes. Nowadays, with the increasing use of nanoparticulate materials with increased biological activity, other toxicological risks are encountered. Thus, gold dust is an environmental contaminant in the vicinity of mining areas, but in view of its high density, particles settle rapidly, thereby reducing the hazards of inhalation by workers. Gold miners are at greater risk through exposure to silica dust, mercury vapor, radon, and cyanide. The principal risks associated with chronic exposure to silver include argyria and argyrosis leading to profound discolorations of the skin and eyes. Unregulated use of colloidal silver presents an ongoing risk. Both silver and gold exhibit allergenic properties. Selected clinical cases are documented to illustrate specific toxicological complications encountered with both metals. Analytical methods currently available for the determination of silver and gold complexes in blood and other tissues following clinical or occupational exposure provide a means to understanding absorption and metabolism. The present chapter discusses chemical properties of the metals, their mining and extraction, and human exposure. Epidemiological studies provide a broad understanding of the safety of these metals and their compounds in clinical and occupational exposures.
Phosphorus, Selenium, Tellurium, and Sulfur
Authors: Keenan Thomas H.
Published: December 2023

Phosphorus and sulfur are nonmetals. Examples of uses of phosphorus and phosphorus compounds are the manufacture of explosives, matches, rodenticides, and fertilizers. Examples of uses of sulfur and sulfur compounds are agricultural chemicals, petroleum refining, and metal mining. Sulfuric acid is a major product.

Selenium and Tellurium are metalloids. Selenium is an essential trace metal and is used as a dietary supplement for livestock and as a fertilizer additive. Selenium compounds are also used in electric insulation, as a solvent and plasticizer. Tellurium is used as a metallurgical additive and vulcanizing agent in the processing of rubber. Examples of other uses of tellurium compounds are in photoreceptors, thermos‐electronic devices, and solar cells.

Exposure to many of these compounds may cause irritation and or corrosion. Other toxic effects and exposure limits are discussed in the text.
Saturated Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Two to Three Carbons
Authors: Bevan Christopher
Published: December 2023

The chemicals in this chapter are C
2
to C
3
aliphatic hydrocarbons containing, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. All are volatile liquids (flammable and nonflammable) at ambient temperatures, except for ethyl chloride (gas) and hexachloroethane (solid). Most, if not all, of the chemicals in this chapter are produced in closed‐system facilities, and the majority are used, primarily or exclusively, as intermediates or feedstocks to produce other chemicals. 1,1,1‐Trichloroethane is an ozone‐depleting substance and is tightly regulated under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Three chemicals were not included in this edition: 1,1,2,2‐tetrabromoethane, 1,2‐dibromo‐3‐chloropropane (DBCP), and ethyl iodide. DBCP has been effectively banned as a soil fumigant due to its well‐characterized toxicity, particularly on male reproduction. For the other two chemicals, the toxicity information and use are limited.
Generation and Toxicity of Smoke and Combustion‐Related Fire Products
Authors: Hadden Rory M. , Torero José L.
Published: December 2023

All fires generate smoke, and all smoke presents a toxicity hazard. In buildings, a coherent fire safety strategy will incorporate elements of compartmentation and smoke management to protect means of egress and avoid them becoming compromised by smoke until the occupants have evacuated to a place of relative safety. As a result, in a building where the fire safety strategy works correctly, the occupants will never be exposed to the smoke generated from the fire. In a similar manner, appropriate protective equipment will minimize the exposure of first responders. Understanding the toxicity of smoke remains a significant challenge for fire science and engineering and associated disciplines. The challenges of assessing smoke toxicity arise due to the complex physical and chemical processes that determine the yields of species produced as a material burns and which determine the burning rate of the materials or items present. Both parameters must be known to establish the toxicity hazard pertaining to a given scenario and both are highly sensitive to the combustion environment as well as the composition of the materials burning. Therefore, no obvious correlation between the material that is burning, and the yields of hydrocarbon species produced can be found and thus, extrapolation from experimentally obtained data or standardized tests to real scenarios remains a significant challenge. Furthermore, the available data shows a complex bias in the data available arising from the fact that only species which are searched for will be detected. This means that evaluating the toxicity of smoke will always be a challenge.
Occupational Safety and Health Act
Authors: Howard John
Published: December 2023

In 1970, Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act which established a national system for workplace safety and health standards development, standards enforcement, and consultative assistance under the administrative implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the U.S. Department of Labor. The OSH Act imposes duties on employers to comply with OSHA's safety and health standards under a system of civil and criminal sanctions and provides for a number of employee participation and anti‐discrimination rights. This chapter provides an overview of the major statutory provisions of the OSH Act as they have been administratively implemented by OSHA and judicially interpreted by the courts. In addition, regulation of OSH by the states and by other federal statutes is also discussed. Special emphasis is given to OSHA's health standards and regulations used in the practice of industrial hygiene as well as the recently published Chemical Carcinogen Policy from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
The mitotic checkpoint kinase BUB1 is a direct and actionable target of MYB in adenoid cystic carcinoma
Authors: Cicirò Ylenia , Ragusa Denise , Nevado Paloma Tejera , Lattanzio Rossano , Sala Gianluca , DesRochers Tessa , Millard Melissa , Andersson Mattias K. , Stenman Göran , Sala Arturo
Published: December 2023

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a head and neck cancer that frequently originates in salivary glands, but can also strike other exocrine glands such as the breast. A key molecular alteration found in the majority of ACC cases is MYB gene rearrangements, leading to activation of the oncogenic transcription factor MYB. In this study, we used immortalised breast epithelial cells and an inducible MYB transgene as a model of ACC. Molecular profiling confirmed that MYB‐driven gene expression causes a transition into an ACC‐like state. Using this new cell model, we identified BUB1 as a targetable kinase directly controlled by MYB, whose pharmacological inhibition caused MYB‐dependent synthetic lethality, growth arrest and apoptosis of patient‐derived cells and organoids.
Cognitive Grammar
Authors: Paradis Carita
Published: December 2023

This entry offers a short description of the fundamental assumptions of grammar within the broad framework of Cognitive Linguistics. It presents the principles of usage‐based cognitive grammar (CG), classic works in the framework, and more recent treatments of grammatical structure and content in the form of examples of grammatical notions. Central to the CG approach is the meaningful functioning of language in all its guises and uses in text and discourse in speech and writing. The entry is structured around three main tenets, namely, (a) the primacy of meaning in the analysis of grammatical phenomena in language, (b) the encyclopedic nature of meaning in language, and (c) the perspectival nature of language in use.
Race and Language Teaching
Authors: Kubota Ryuko
Published: December 2023

Race as a social construct influences the formation of people's identities, views, emotions, and experiences as well as the ways in which institutional systems, practices, and knowledge get structured. The idea of race is deeply connected to language teaching that involves diverse participants, including learners, teachers, parents, administrators, materials developers, and assessment specialists. This entry discusses how race, racism, and antiracism can be conceptualized by drawing mainly on critical race theory and the concept of decolonization. Besides the fact that race is a social construct and that racism is manifested in interpersonal, systemic, and epistemic domains, it is important to recognize that race intersects with other individual identity categories, such as gender, language, sexuality, culture, and dis/ability, shaping complex human experiences. Also, the worldliness of white dominance influences English language teaching by perpetuating the white native speaker norm in many parts of the world. Nonetheless, other forms of racial dominance, hierarchies, and ideologies as well as legacies of non‐European colonialism around the world shape diverse experiences for racialized students and teachers who traverse national or cultural borders. The intersectionality of race and language is demonstrated in reverse linguistic stereotyping or raciolinguistic ideologies, in which the perceived race of the speaker negatively influences the listener's comprehension. Many teachers of color indeed experience alienation and discrimination due to such biases. These injustices should be overcome by enacting antiracism in hiring practices, teacher education, classroom instruction, and materials development. More research on race and teaching languages in diverse geographical locations is needed.
Pragmalinguistics
Authors: Nguyen Minh T. T.
Published: December 2023

Pragmalinguistic competence, or knowledge of linguistic forms (e.g., lexical items, prosodic features, and syntactic forms) and their communicative functions, constitutes an important part of the L2 learner's ability to use language as social action. Because learners' pragmalinguistic competence is closely related to their linguistic development (development of phonology, lexis, morphology, and syntax), their ability to produce communicative actions may be constrained by their limited knowledge of linguistic forms. At the same time, knowing linguistic forms does not always mean knowing their associated social functions. As a result, learners do not always put the acquired forms to appropriate pragmatic use. This indicates the importance of devoting instructional time to aid the acquisition of L2 pragmalinguistic form–function mappings. This entry addresses the development of pragmalinguistic competence in the L2 and reviews findings from existing L2 pragmatics research. The focus is on the pragmalinguistic aspect of learner language in relation to interlanguage development and instruction. To understand the relationship between pragmatic and linguistic competence further research into the pragmalinguistic aspect of L2 development is needed.
Electrolyte Design for Lithium‐Ion Batteries for Extreme Temperature Applications
Authors: Zhang Yu , Lu Yan , Jin Jun , Wu Meifen , Yuan Huihui , Zhang Shilin , Davey Kenneth , Guo Zaiping , Wen Zhaoyin
Published: December 2023

With increasing energy storage demands across various applications, reliable batteries capable of performing in harsh environments, such as extreme temperatures, are crucial. However, current lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) exhibit limitations in both low and high‐temperature performance, restricting their use in critical fields like defense, military, and aerospace. These challenges stem from the narrow operational temperature range and safety concerns of existing electrolyte systems. To enable LIBs to function effectively under extreme temperatures, the optimization and design of novel electrolytes are essential. Given the urgency for LIBs operating in extreme temperatures and the notable progress in this research field, a comprehensive and timely review is imperative. This article presents an overview of challenges associated with extreme temperature applications and strategies used to design electrolytes with enhanced performance. Additionally, the significance of understanding underlying electrolyte behavior mechanisms and the role of different electrolyte components in determining battery performance are emphasized. Last, future research directions and perspectives on electrolyte design for LIBs under extreme temperatures are discussed. Overall, this article offers valuable insights into the development of electrolytes for LIBs capable of reliable operation in extreme conditions.
A Review on Potential Mechanically Resistant Materials for Optical Multifunctional Surfaces: Bioinspired Surfaces with Advanced Properties
Authors: Sarieddine Rim , Kadiri Hind , Guelorget Bruno , Le Cunff Loïc , Alhussein Akram , Habchi Roland , Lérondel Gilles
Published: December 2023

Mimicking naturethrough nanostructuring allows the creation of multifunctional surfaces withremarkable properties, such as anti‐reflectivity, high optical transmittanceand controlled wettability, enabling anti‐icing or anti‐fogging behaviors. These multifunctionalsurfaces have gained significant interest in civil and military domains. However,integrating them into real‐life applications faces challenges related tocost, high‐throughput large‐scale compatible nanofabrication techniques, andtheir mechanical resistance. While sub‐wavelength patterning improves the optical performance,it often comes at the cost of compromising the mechanical resistance. As opticalperformance improves, mechanical resistance tends to deteriorate, and viceversa. To address this challenge, taking inspiration from the lotus leafstructure, where patterns are covered by a thin 2D wax film, covering thepatterns of structured surfaces with a protective layer can be a viablesolution. This protective layer should enhance the mechanical resistance of thesurface without compromising its multifunctional capabilities. This reviewhighlights the most suitable materials that can be employed as protectivecoatings and their potential to enhance the resistance of structured surfaces.The fundamental concept behind the creation of multifunctional optical surfacesis discussed, followed by a comprehensive examination of mechanical tests thatcan be utilized to characterize their mechanical behavior. This review aims topave the way for the development of durable multifunctional optical surfaces,making them more amenable to industrial applications.
Direct Observation of Contact Electrification Effects at Nanoscale Using Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Kim Jong Hun , Jeong Jinhyeok , Kong Dae Sol , Yoon HongYeon , Cho Hunyoung , Jung Jong Hoon , Park Jeong Young
Published: December 2023

In the last decade, contact electrification has gained attention for its potential in energy harvesting, addressing fundamental physics. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has evolved as a powerful platform, enabling the in situ characterization/manipulation of a sample's tribological/electrical properties at nanoscale. However, although both the sliding and tapping modes are available in the energy harvesting, the lateral sliding using contact mode SPM has predominantly been employed in triboelectric study. In this work, contact electrification on polydimethylsiloxane is investigated, using peak force tapping atomic force microscopy (PF‐AFM). As PF‐AFM quasi‐discretely offers vertical tapping motions of the probe with a regulated force amplitude, resembling a vertical‐type triboelectric nanogenerator, while minimizing lateral forces. The subsequent surface potential measurements reveal that the generated tribocharge is influenced by both the effective work function difference and energy dissipation at the interface. Furthermore, the accumulation of transferred charges is explored by measuring tip‐sample current during the PF‐AFM operation, showing the comparable results with the surface potential measurement. The results can be attributed to the contact potential difference assisted by the energy dissipation at the interface. This study offers an advanced opportunity to understand and study charge generation behavior based on surface properties without damaging the sample.
Electrochemical Ruthenium‐Catalysed Directed C−H Functionalization of Arenes with Boron Reagents
Authors: Kenyon Jacob , Larrosa Igor
Published: December 2023

Ortho‐directed electrochemical C−H functionalization of aromatics with boron‐based coupling partners has been achieved under ruthenium catalysis through an oxidatively induced reductive elimination mechanism. Our method provides a single set of conditions delivering C−H arylation, alkenylation and methylation, yielding ortho‐functionalized products with good functional group tolerance, including examples of late‐stage functionalization in synthetically useful yields. By harnessing electricity as a ‘green’ oxidant, this method circumvents the need for stoichiometric quantities of chemical oxidants, enhancing our sustainability metrics.
Engrailed‐1 Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Xu Jihao , Roe Jae‐Seok , Lee EunJung , Tonelli Claudia , Ji Keely Y. , Younis Omar W. , Somervile Tim D.D. , Yao Melissa , Milazzo Joseph P. , Tiriac Herve , Kolarzyk Anna M. , Lee Esak , Grem Jean L. , Lazenby Audrey J. , Grunkemeyer James A. , Hollingsworth Michael A. , Grandgenett Paul M. , Borowsky Alexander D. , Park Youngkyu , Vakoc Christopher R. , Tuveson David A. , Hwang Chang‐Il
Published: December 2023

Engrailed‐1 (EN1) is a critical homeodomain transcription factor (TF) required for neuronal survival, and EN1 expression has been shown to promote aggressive forms of triple negative breast cancer. Here, it is reported that EN1 is aberrantly expressed in a subset of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) patients with poor outcomes. EN1 predominantly repressed its target genes through direct binding to gene enhancers and promoters, implicating roles in the activation of MAPK pathways and the acquisition of mesenchymal cell properties. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments demonstrated that EN1 promoted PDA transformation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. The findings nominate the targeting of EN1 and downstream pathways in aggressive PDA.
From a point to a range of optimum estimates for maize plant density and nitrogen rate recommendations
Authors: King Kyle A. , Archontoulis Sotirios V. , Baum Mitchell E. , Edwards Jode W.
Published: December 2023

The interaction between nitrogen (N) rate, plant density, and hybrid on net return to seed and fertilizer cost remains unknown but important to be addressed given the multi‐input decision process corn growers make every year. We collected grain yield from a factorial experiment with five N rates (0–291 kg N ha−1), five plant densities (3.7–11.4 plants m−2), and four hybrids (old vs. new) over 2 years in Iowa. Data were sufficiently modeled with a quadratic plateau model with continuous covariate terms to include N × plant density interactions (R2 = 0.925, n = 387). We found a wide range of plant densities (6.7–8.4 plants m−2) and N rate (150–212 kg N ha−1) combinations to achieve 99% of the maximum net revenue. The economic optimum N rate increased with increasing plant density from 4 to 7 plants m−2. The fundamental relationships between grain yield response to N fertilizer and plant density were similar across old and new hybrids; however, the absolute values were different, with newer hybrids having 20% higher economic optimum N rate and 23% higher yield than the older hybrids. We concluded that by accounting for two inputs into the revenue equation, a larger range of combinations was found to achieve 99% of the maximum net revenue. Our study offers new insights into N rate by plant density by hybrid interaction to assist future research.
Vertical tillage effects on crop production and pest management in Pennsylvania
Authors: Lefever Andrew M. , Wallace John M. , White Charles M. , Duiker Sjoerd W. , Esker Paul D. , Tooker John
Published: December 2023

Within the last four decades, widespread transition to no‐till corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in Pennsylvania has improved soil conservation and soil quality but can result in residue and pest management challenges. To effectively manage residue in no‐till cropping systems, some growers have adopted vertical tillage, a residue management practice characterized by cutting and incorporating crop residue within the top 5–10 cm of soil. Despite few studies documenting effects on crop production and soil conservation, vertical tillage has become widespread. Replicated on‐farm trials were conducted over a 2‐year period in 2021–2022 to improve grower and consultant decision‐making regarding the role of vertical tillage relative to continuous no‐till on southeast Pennsylvania farms located within the environmentally sensitive Chesapeake Bay Watershed. We assessed the effects of vertical tillage on corn residue cover, winter annual weed abundance, slug damage, and soybean performance in 40 paired strip trials comparing spring vertical tillage to no‐till using three different vertical tillage tools used by farmer cooperators. Vertical tillage equipment type is a driver of variation in changes to surface residue cover. Baseline surface residue cover was similar among no‐till strips, but a greater proportion (32%) of strips had mean surface residue cover levels below a 60% conservation program compliance threshold when a Kuhn‐Krause Excelerator was used. Relative to no‐till, vertical tillage resulted in a 50% reduction in winter annual weed cover, a 24% reduction in slug damage, and no significant differences in soybean stand establishment or grain yield.
miRNA‐137‐5p improves spatial memory and cognition in Alzheimer's mice by targeting ubiquitin‐specific peptidase 30
Authors: Jiang Yang , Bian Wei , Chen Jing , Cao Xiaopan , Dong ChunYao , Xiao Ying , Xu Bing , Sun XiaoHong
Published: December 2023

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder causing progressive dementia. Research suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) could serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD. Reduced levels of miR‐137 have been observed in the brains of AD patients, but its specific role and downstream mechanisms remain unclear. This study sought to examine the therapeutic potential of miR‐137‐5p agomir in alleviating cognitive dysfunction induced in AD models and explore its potential mechanisms.

Methods

This study utilized bioinformatic analysis and a dual‐luciferase reporter assay to investigate the relationship between miR‐137‐5p and ubiquitin‐specific peptidase 30 (USP30). In vitro experiments were conducted using SH‐SY5Y cells to assess the impact of miR‐137‐5p on Aβ1–42 neurotoxicity. In vivo experiments on AD mice evaluated the effects of miR‐137‐5p on cognition, Aβ1–42 deposition, Tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuronal apoptosis, as well as its influence on USP30 levels.

Results

It was discovered that miR‐137‐5p mimics efficiently counteract Aβ1–42 neurotoxicity in SH‐SY5Y cells, a protective effect that is negated by USP30 overexpression. In vivo experiments demonstrated that miR‐137‐5p enhances the cognition and mobility of AD mice, significantly reducing Aβ1–42 deposition, Tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuronal apoptosis within the hippocampus and cortex regions. Mechanistically, miR‐137‐5p significantly suppresses USP30 levels in mice, though USP30 overexpression partially buffers against miR‐137‐5p‐induced AD symptom improvement.

Conclusion

Our study proposes that miR‐137‐5p, by instigating the downregulation of USP30, has the potential to act as a novel and promising therapeutic target for AD.
Long‐Term Downregulation of the Sodium Channel Gene Scn8a Is Therapeutic in Mouse Models of SCN8A Epilepsy
Authors: Hill* Sophie F. , Yu* Wenxi , Ziobro Julie , Chalasani Sanjna , Reger Faith , Meisler Miriam H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

De novo mutations of the voltage‐gated sodium channel gene SCN8A cause developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Most pathogenic variants result in gain‐of‐function changes in activity of the sodium channel Nav1.6, poorly controlled seizures, and significant comorbidities. In previous work, an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) reduced Scn8a transcripts and increased lifespan after neonatal administration to a mouse model. Here, we tested long‐term ASO treatment initiated after seizure onset, as required for clinical application.

Methods

ASO treatment was initiated after observation of a convulsive seizure and repeated at 4 to 6 week intervals for 1 year. We also tested the long‐term efficacy of an AAV10‐short hairpin RNA (shRNA) virus administered on P1.

Results

Repeated treatment with the Scn8a ASO initiated after seizure onset provided long‐term survival and reduced seizure frequency during a 12 month observation period. A single treatment with viral shRNA was also protective during 12 months of observation.

Interpretation

Downregulation of Scn8a expression that is initiated after the onset of seizures is effective for long‐term treatment in a model of SCN8A‐DEE. Repeated ASO administration or a single dose of viral shRNA prevented seizures and extended survival through 12 months of observation. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:754–759
Synthesis of Diels–Alder bond and hydrogen bond synergistic shape memory self‐healing polyurethane elastomers
Authors: Zhang Zhichao , Wang Muqun , Cao Wenhao , Duan Xueying , Xie Ting , Li Zequan , Gao Wei , Luo Fan
Published: December 2023

Self‐healing materials exhibit the ability to repair damage and restore their function. Shape memory assisted self‐healing (SMASH) materials are smart materials that automatically close localized microscopic cracks and repair these cracks by bonding damaged surfaces. A novel temperature‐responsive SMASH polymer composite was established by introducing Diels–Alder bonds (D–A) in polyurethane. In this article, dynamic D–A produced by the polymerization of furfurylamine and 4,4’‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethane was introduced into the molecular chain to enable the polyurethane elastomers containing D–A bonds to acquire self‐repairing capability. The self‐healing properties of the synthesized material were examined using polarized light microscopy, which revealed excellent fracture healing. The mechanical properties before and after healing were tested, in which the initial maximum tensile strength of the material could reach 7.9 MPa, and the maximum tensile strength after self‐healing was 7.3 MPa, with a repair rate of 91.8%; the maximum elongation was 585.9%, and the maximum elongation after self‐healing was 469.5%, with a repair rate of 80.1%. In addition, this material has excellent repair performance for microcracks of different scales, and the micromolten part of the surface after heating can fill the micrometer cracks, play the role of antiaging, and extend the service life of the material.
Spatial and temporal diversity of fish captured by light traps in various habitats in coastal waters in the oldest marine protected area in Vietnam and its implications for conservation
Authors: Pham Manh Hung , Panfili Jacques , Simier Monique , Sindou Pauline , Hoang Duc Huy , Durand Jean‐Dominique
Published: December 2023

Vietnam's oldest marine protected area, the Con Dao Archipelago, hosts a high diversity of fishes, but they are not taken into account in its management. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal diversity of fishes is critical to identify the ecological functions of protected habitats, including as nurseries and feeding grounds. One way to assess diversity is using light traps that target young fish stages.

Fish were collected monthly from June 2016 to May 2017 using light traps in three main habitats: seagrass beds, coral reefs and the harbour. Morphometry and DNA barcoding were used to identify the species caught.

A total of 11,293 fish were collected, of which 1,248 were barcoded and assigned to 158 species belonging to 81 genera and 34 families, evidence that coral reefs and seagrass beds in Con Dao marine protected area (MPA) are home to a highly diverse and abundant community of fish species. Species richness and Shannon diversity indices did not differ significantly among sampling sites, but both species composition and diversity indices differed in the wet and dry seasons. The abundance of fish was related to sea water temperatures, which varied significantly depending on the month. During the dry season, fish diversity peaked in April, when the water temperature was highest.

Conserving fish in Con Dao MPA is important not only for the characterization of the trophic network in coral reefs and seagrass beds but also for preservation of coral reef ecosystems and endangered species. Ensuring connectivity between coral reefs and seagrass beds in Con Dao MPA would facilitate fish conservation but, at present, the MPA only focuses on protecting fragmented habitats that are home to a number of endangered mammal species. Local authorities should establish a continuum of protected areas along coastal habitats and seasonal controls on fishing as part of sustainable management of MPAs.
A 21‐year recovery trend in green turtle nesting activity: 2002–2022
Authors: Sönmez Bektaş , Mestav Burcu , Özdilek Şükran Yalçın
Published: December 2023

Long‐term monitoring and conservation are crucial for effective protection, since sea turtles migrate cyclically every 2–3 years and lay multiple nests during a breeding season. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the long‐term trend of nesting activities of green turtles over a 21‐year period (2002–2022) on Samandağ beach.

An early morning survey was conducted every year during both nesting and hatching seasons. The trend analyses in nesting activities were performed using Mann–Kendall and Sen's slope tests together with the augmented Dickey–Fuller stationarity test.

The nest count and female abundance increased significantly, whereas clutch size, fecundity, and hatching success tended to decrease insignificantly. The percentage change between the most recent and oldest 3‐year mean nest count and mean female abundance, which is performed to comply with the Red List assessment method used by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Marine Turtle Specialist Group, was 769% and 764% respectively.

Samandağ nesting population accounts for one‐third of the Mediterranean's total nest count and one‐fourth of its total female abundance. The decrease in clutch size and fecundity may be due to the recruitment of individuals with smaller body sizes or malnutrition as a result of population growth. There was an increase in the number of dead embryos and a decline in hatching success. This may be explained by density‐dependent population regulation as a result of an increase in the number of nests.

It may be argued that adherence to a uniform strategy and the maintenance of continuous protection through collaboration with governmental and non‐governmental organizations with scientifically rigorous methodology are significant factors contributing to the high recovery.

This study emphasizes the necessity of adopting a comprehensive conservation approach encompassing both foraging habitats and the significant role played by the population in Samandağ in the proliferation of Mediterranean green turtles.
Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Polygonum cognatum Meisn. and phytochemical analysis of effective extracts
Authors: Gözcü Sefa , Uğan Rüstem Anıl , Özbek Hilal , Gündoğdu Betül , Güvenalp Zühal
Published: December 2023

Polygonum cognatum Meisn. (Polygonaceae) is used both as food and as a folk medicine to treat diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the extracts, along with isolated compounds, from P. cognatum aerial parts on diabetes. In vitro studies were conducted using an α‐glucosidase inhibitory assay, while in vivo antidiabetic studies were carried out on streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Effective extracts were subjected to isolation studies, and structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The ethyl acetate and n‐butanol extracts had the highest effect in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. They also decreased aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and malondialdehyde levels, while increasing glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity in rats. From the active extracts, 11 phenolic compounds were isolated and characterized. Among the isolated compounds, quercetin was found to be the most active according to α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity studies. This study provided scientific evidence for the traditional use of P. cognatum as a folk medicine for treating diabetes. The findings suggest that the ethyl acetate and n‐butanol extracts, as well as quercetin, have the potential for development as antidiabetic agents.
Evaluating personalized circulating tumor DNA detection for early‐stage lung cancer
Authors: Huang Haihua , Kai Zhentian , Wang Yuchen , Zhang Xiaomiao , Wang Jin , Zhang Wei , Xue Qian , Zhang Hang , Jin Hansong , Meng Peize , Zhang Shuilong , Yang Yueyue , Yang Honghua , Liang Wanning , Zha Guangbing , Luo Peng , Xu Yan , Shi Weiwei , Ruan Zheng
Published: December 2023

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has been widely used as a minimally invasive biomarker in clinical routine. However, a number of factors such as panel design, sample quality, patients' disease stages are known to influence ctDNA detection sensitivity. In this study, we systematically evaluated common factors associated with the variability of ctDNA detection in plasma and investigated ctDNA abundance in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Whole exome profiling was conducted on 61 tumor tissue samples to identify tumor‐specific variants, which were then used to design personalized assay MarRyDa® for ctDNA detection. DNA extracted from BAL fluid and plasma were genotyped using MarRyDa® platform. Our analysis showed that histological subtypes and disease stages had significant differences in ctDNA detection rate. Furthermore, we found that DNA purified from BAL supernatants contains the highest levels of ctDNA compared with BAL precipitates and plasma; therefore, utilizing BAL supernatants for tumor detection might provide additional benefits. Finally, we demonstrated that tumor cellularity played significant roles in the design of personalized ctDNA panel which eventually impacts ctDNA detection sensitivity. We suggest setting a flexible criteria for sample quality control and utilization of BAL might benefit more patients in clinics.
The anticancer impacts of free and liposomal caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on melanoma cell line (A375)
Authors: Bahrami Azita , Farasat Alireza , Zolghadr Leila , Sabaghi Yalda , PourFarzad Farnaz , Gheibi Nematollah
Published: December 2023

The deadliest type of skin cancer, malignant melanoma, is also the reason for the majority of skin cancer‐related deaths. The objective of this article was to investigate the efficiency of free caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and liposomal CAPE in inducing apoptosis in melanoma cells (A375) in in vitro. CAPE was loaded into liposomes made up of hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and 1,2‐distearoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3 phosphoethanolamine‐N‐[methoxy (polyethylene glycol)‐2000], and their physicochemical properties were assessed. (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test was performed for comparing the cytotoxicity of free CAPE and liposomal CAPE at dosages of 10, 15, 25, 50, 75 and the highest dose of 100 μg/mL for period of 24 and 48 h on A375 cell line to calculate IC50. Apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated in A375 melanoma cancer cells using flow cytometry. Atomic force microscopy was utilized to determine the nanomechanical attributes of the membrane structure of A375 cells. To determine whether there were any effects on apoptosis, the expression of PI3K/AKT1 and BAX/BCL2 genes was analyzed using the real‐time polymerase chain reaction technique. According to our results, the maximum amount of drug release from nanoliposomes was determined to be 91% and the encapsulation efficiency of CAPE in liposomes was 85.24%. Also, the release of free CAPE was assessed to be 97%. Compared with liposomal CAPE, free CAPE showed a greater effect on reducing the cancer cell survival after 24 and 48 h. Therefore, IC50 values of A375 cells treated with free and liposomal CAPE were calculated as 47.34 and 63.39 μg/mL for 24 h. After 48 h of incubation of A375 cells with free and liposomal CAPE, IC50 values were determined as 30.55 and 44.83 μg/mL, respectively. The flow cytometry analysis revealed that the apoptosis induced in A375 cancer cells was greater when treated with free CAPE than when treated with liposomal CAPE. The highest nanomechanical changes in the amount of cell adhesion forces, and elastic modulus value were seen in free CAPE. Subsequently, the greatest decrease in PI3K/AKT1 gene expression ratio occurred in free CAPE.
An approach of separating the overlapped cells or nuclei based on the outer Canny edges and morphological erosion
Authors: Zhang Wenfei , Wang Zhenzhou
Published: December 2023

In biomedicine, the automatic processing of medical microscope images plays a key role in the subsequent analysis and diagnosis. Cell or nucleus segmentation is one of the most challenging tasks for microscope image processing. Due to the frequently occurred overlapping, few segmentation methods can achieve satisfactory segmentation accuracy yet. In this paper, we propose an approach to separate the overlapped cells or nuclei based on the outer Canny edges and morphological erosion. The threshold selection is first used to segment the foreground and background of cell or nucleus images. For each binary connected domain in the segmentation image, an intersection based edge selection method is proposed to choose the outer Canny edges of the overlapped cells or nuclei. The outer Canny edges are used to generate a binary cell or nucleus image that is then used to compute the cell or nucleus seeds by the proposed morphological erosion method. The nuclei of the Human U2OS cells, the mouse NIH3T3 cells and the synthetic cells are used for evaluating our proposed approach. The quantitative quantification accuracy is computed by the Dice score and 95.53% is achieved by the proposed approach. Both the quantitative and the qualitative comparisons show that the accuracy of the proposed approach is better than those of the area constrained morphological erosion (ACME) method, the iterative erosion (IE) method, the morphology and watershed (MW) method, the Generalized Laplacian of Gaussian filters (GLGF) method and ellipse fitting (EF) method in separating the cells or nuclei in three publicly available datasets.
Intracardiac echocardiography is a promising strategy for guiding closure of the left atrial appendage
Authors: Ding Xueyan , Xiang Kefa , Qian Congli , Hou Xu , Wu Feng
Published: December 2023

Background and Aims

Percutaneous transcatheter left atrial appendage (LAA) closure (LAAC) is an effective approach for preventing ischemic stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients. Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE), a new imaging modality, is a promising strategy for guiding LAAC. This review highlights the various strategies for ICE‐guided‐LAAC as an option for clinical policy.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Ovid Web of Science, SpringerLink, and other notable databases to identify recent peer‐reviewed clinical trials, reviews, and research articles related to ICE and its application in the guidance of LAAC.

Results

Various methods are used to evaluate the spatial structure and dimensions of the LAA. The main techniques for guiding LAAC are transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), cardiac computed tomography (CTA), and ICE. Among these techniques, the advantages of ICE typically include (1) multiangle and real‐time assessment of intracardiac structure, (2) a reduction in procedural fluoroscopy, (3) reduced operation time and improved workflow in the catheterization laboratory, and (4) the avoidance of general anesthesia and the early detection of complications.

Conclusion

ICE is a promising strategy for the guidance of LAAC. Among the most advanced and recent technological innovations in cardiovascular imaging in general and volume imaging in particular, ICE offers greater efficacy and safety.
Infectious diseases in Afghanistan: Strategies for health system improvement
Authors: Essar Mohammad Yasir , Siddiqui Amna , Head Michael G.
Published: December 2023

Background and Aim

Afghanistan is grappling with a severe health crisis marked by a high prevalence of infectious diseases, particularly tuberculosis, malaria, HIV, and the added strain of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The nation's healthcare system, already fragile, faces formidable challenges. Socioeconomic constraints, including limited resources and financial barriers, hinder healthcare accessibility, leading to delayed or inadequate care. Environmental factors, such as poor sanitation and crowded living conditions, exacerbate the transmission of diseases, especially waterborne illnesses. Governance issues, encompassing transparency, corruption, and political instability, disrupt healthcare efficiency and resource allocation. Addressing these multifaceted issues is vital to enhance Afghanistan's healthcare system and overall well‐being. The withdrawal of international support has exacerbated these challenges. The primary research goal is to deeply understand Afghanistan's health system, focusing on the major disease burdens: Tuberculosis, Malaria, AIDS, COVID‐19, Measles, Hepatitis, and Cholera. The study aims to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of current approaches, presenting a comprehensive view of challenges and opportunities within the Afghan healthcare system. The research concludes by highlighting policy implications, practical implementation, and offering recommendations for future endeavors.

Methodology

This paper provides a thorough analysis of the literature concerning infectious diseases in Afghanistan and the enhancement of the healthcare system in the nation. A systematic exploration of the literature was conducted through PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The search terms used encompassed “Tuberculosis” OR “TB,” “Malaria,” “acquired immunodeficiency syndrome” OR “AIDS,” “Human immunodeficiency virus” OR “HIV,” “COVID‐19,” “Measles,” “Hepatitis virus,” “Cholera,” “Health system improvement,” and “Afghanistan.” Additionally, external sources like UNICEF, CDC, and WHO were referenced.

Results

In conclusion, while improving access to vital medicines and vaccines is crucial for enhancing health outcomes in Afghanistan, significant challenges must be addressed to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of such strategies. The Afghan health system's fragile governance, corruption, logistical complexities, and failure to address broader social and economic factors pose significant risks and obstacles to the implementation of proposed health strategies. Therefore, the strategies discussed in this analysis align with key Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 3, and their successful implementation will have implications not only for the health and well‐being of Afghanistan but also for global health.

Conclusion

Hence, by adopting a comprehensive approach with complementary interventions as discussed, we can address issues in the Afghan health system and reduce transmissible diseases’ burden, thereby building a better world for all.