bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smart Manufacturing
Authors: Ogumerem Gerald S. , Pistikopoulos Efstratios N.
Published: June 2019

Smart manufacturing encapsulates a new revolution in the manufacturing industry. It is envisioned to leverage network technologies such as the industrial Internet of things, big data analytics, smart assets (machinery or equipment), and highly skilled workforce to create a new manufacturing ecosystem that will make available the right data in the right form, the right people with the right knowledge, the right technology and the right operations, whenever and wherever needed. This new manufacturing ecosystem will enable technology innovation, economic growth and resources for an agile, safe, and sustainable manufacturing industry. Toward rapid development and deployment of smart manufacturing, a number of technologies are prioritized for accelerated research and development. These technology areas include (
1
) Advanced Sensing, Control, Platform, and Modeling (ASCPM); (
2
) Visualization, Informatics, and Digital Manufacturing (VIDM); and (
3
) Advanced Material Manufacturing (AMM). The onboard hydrogen gas storage in a metal hydride system is presented as an example of a smart manufacturing application in energy systems.
Placental Immune Defences – Protection against Rejection and Infection
Authors: Thornton Catherine A
Published: June 2019

The placenta is well recognised for its role as the gateway for provision of nutrients to and removal of waste products from the foetus. The placenta also needs to protect the foetus from maternal immunological attack and provide it with rudimentary immune defence mechanisms through the passage of maternally derived immunoglobulin G in particular. There are multiple cellular and soluble mechanisms that have evolved to prevent rejection of the foetal semi‐allograft by the mother's immune system. These mechanisms also contribute to key physiological processes within the placenta, mother and foetus to ensure pregnancy success. Poor development of the placenta is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage and preeclampsia. The placenta is also recognised increasingly for its role in determining longer‐term health of the offspring.

Key Concepts

Placental development is tightly regulated and leads to a highly structured organ that supports the growth and development of the foetus.

Numerous cellular and soluble mechanisms control the maternal immune response to the foetal semi‐allograft.

The placenta enables immune defence of the immunologically immature foetus that persists for some months after the baby is born.

Perturbations of placental development are associated with early pregnancy loss or later adverse pregnancy outcomes.

The placenta is central to the developmental origins of health and disease that determine lifelong health of the offspring.
E
uryarchaeota
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: June 2019

The Euryarchaeota, one of the phyla of the archaeal domain, consists of a physiologically and morphologically heterogeneous group of prokaryotes. As of July 2018, the Euryarchaeota consisted of 7 classes, 13 orders, 27 families, 107 genera and 522 species with validly published names (including synonyms). The methanogenic Archaea (4 classes) are obligate anaerobes that produce methane by reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen as the electron donor or from formate, acetate, methanol and methylated amines. The extremely halophilic class Halobacteria mainly consists of aerobic red‐pigmented chemoheterotrophs. The Thermococci, Archaeoglobi and Thermoplasmata contain many thermophiles and hyperthermophiles with chemoautotrophic or heterotrophic metabolism. Some are extremely acidophilic or thermoacidophilic. Some Euryarchaeota have a pseudomurein cell wall, others are surrounded by a protein S‐layer, while still others lack a cell wall. Cultivation‐independent studies have demonstrated the existence of additional groups of Euryarchaeota that are not yet represented by cultivated organisms.

Key Concepts

The Euryarchaeota phylum is one of the two major groups of Archaea with cultivated representatives.

The Euryarchaeota form a physiologically heterogeneous group and includes aerobes as well as anaerobes, chemoautotrophs as well as heterotrophs.

All known methanogenic and all extremely halophilic Archaea known belong to the Euryarchaeota phylum.

Many Euryarchaeota are extreme thermophiles.

Some Euryarchaeota are acidophilic or thermoacidophilic.

Recent discoveries show that the group of extremely halophilic Euryarchaeota is metabolically more diverse than what was earlier assumed.

Different types of cell walls have been identified in the Euryarchaeota, and some members lack a cell wall.

Cultivation‐independent approaches have shown that many types of yet‐uncultivated types of Euryarchaeota are found in marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
Stuttering
Authors: Yaruss J Scott , Nasir Sazzad
Published: June 2019

Stuttering is a communication disorder that involves disruptions in a person's ability to produce speech fluently. In many cases, stuttering results in adverse impact on the person's communication and overall quality of life. The most common type of stuttering, childhood‐onset fluency disorder, typically starts during the preschool years. It is a genetically influenced condition associated with differences in neurological structure and function. It is believed to be due to a complex interaction involving several key aspects of a child's development. Many children go through a period of stuttering when they are very young, but the majority recover, even without intervention. Early intervention can increase the rate of recovery in young children. Individuals who do not recover in early childhood are likely to continue stuttering throughout their lives, though speech therapy and support experiences can help people enhance their fluency and reduce the adverse impact of the disorder.

Key Concepts

Stuttering is a communication disorder that involves both disruptions in speech fluency and adverse impact on quality of life.

Stuttering is associated with neurological differences; stuttering is not just a habit or behaviour that one learns.

Stuttering behaviours are highly variable across situations and over time.

Early intervention can help to hasten recovery in young children.

There is no known cure for stuttering in school‐age children, adolescents and adults, though treatment and support experiences can help speakers improve their speech fluency and reduce the adverse impact of the disorder.

Speech‐language pathologists should address more than just observable speech behaviours in treatment with individuals who stutter.
Molecular Genetics of Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Liquori Alessandro , Ibáñez Mariam , Sanz Miguel Ángel , Barragán Eva , Cervera José
Published: June 2019

Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) is a rare form of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and is the first example of haematological malignancy cured by targeted therapy, commonly based on all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO). APL is the result of a cytogenetic translocation t(15;17)(q24;q21), which creates a functional gene derived from the fusion of the promyelocytic leukaemia (
PML
) gene with retinoic acid receptor alpha (
RARA
). The PML/RARA protein acts mainly as a transcription factor able to modify the expression of several genes, such as transcription or epigenetic factors. This accounts for a differentiation block at the promyelocytic stage and a resistance to apoptosis/senescence pathways. A few additional secondary genetic events, including chromosomal and genetic alterations, are required to ultimately trigger the leukaemic phenotype. These alterations are varied; involve recurrent pathways and more than one hundred genes. However, the clinical significance of most of them is still unclear.

Key Concepts

Acute promyelocytic leukaemia is the first example of a malignancy cured by targeted therapy.

The balanced reciprocal translocation t(15;17)(q24;q21), leading to the
PML/RARA
fusion gene, is the cytogenetic marker of APL.

The expression of PML/RARA protein accounts for a differentiation block at the promyelocytic stage and a resistance to apoptosis/senescence pathways.

The two drugs used in clinical practice, all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO), degrade the PML/RARA fusion by acting on the RARA and PML moieties, respectively.

Secondary cooperating events to
PML/RARA
fusion are required to trigger the APL phenotype, including cryptic abnormalities in karyotype and activating mutations.

A few acquired nonrecurrent cytogenetic submicroscopic variations have been identified in APL patients and they have a negative impact on the outcomes.

A few cooperative but extremely varied mutational events might be required for the establishment of the APL phenotype.

Somatic mutations affect similar pathways but not the same genes, suggesting comparable impact on leukaemogenesis.
Cytometric Bead Arrays
Authors: Kalogianni Despina P
Published: June 2019

Flow cytometry in combination with microspheres (beads) in a suspension have gained increasing interest by the research community. Various types of such beads are commercially available or self‐prepared by researchers, differing in size or the fluorophores that they contain, producing different sets of beads. They also contain functional groups that enable their conjugation with specific biomolecules, mainly oligonucleotides, antibodies, protein and other molecules. Recognition reactions of several analytes, such as immunoassays or hybridisation assays, take place on the surface of the beads, while a reporter fluorophore is used for the detection of the interaction between the recognition molecules and the analyte. The characterisation and classification of beads in different groups, as well as the detection of the fluorescence emitted from the reporter molecules is accomplished by a flow cytometer, as the beads pass one by one in front of one or two laser beams.

Key Concepts

Flow cytometry is applied for the detection of various analytes.

Flow cytometry offers high multiplexing potential and a high‐throughput format.

There are available up to 500 different sets of distinct beads.

Beads can be distinguished by their size, their shape or the fluorophores that they contain.

Beads carry on their surface several functional groups that allow easy coupling to recognition molecules such as oligonucleotides, proteins and biomolecules.

The panel of analytes can be easily changed, offering a great flexibility of bead‐based systems.
The Future of Preparation of Mathematics Teachers
Authors: Reilly Edel M.
Published: June 2019

While the demand for a strong teaching workforce has been a top priority in recent years, the supply of highly qualified teachers has not been matching demand. This article highlights that the most severe shortages occur in the areas of Special Education and the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields. Some of the main reasons for teacher shortages are an increase in student population and teacher attrition. In addition to teacher attrition, the number of students going into the field of education is declining. One way to correct this problem is to involve local districts in the recruitment and hiring of potential teacher candidates. Other factors include the need for teachers to be trained in research‐based reforms and opportunities for classes in teaching methods and instruction are also discussed.
Promising Trade‐Offs Between Energy Storage and Load Bearing in Carbon Nanofibers as Structural Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Chen Yijun , Amiri Ahmad , Boyd James G. , Naraghi Mohammad
Published: June 2019

Structural energy storage materials refer to a broad category of multifunctional materials which can simultaneously provide load bearing and energy storage to achieve weight reduction in weight‐sensitive applications. Reliable and satisfactory performance in each function, load bearing or energy storage, requires peculiar material design with potential trade‐offs between them. Here, the trade‐offs between functionalities in an emerging class of nanomaterials, carbon nanofibers (CNFs), are unraveled. The CNFs are fabricated by emulsion and coaxial electrospinning and activated by KOH at different activation conditions. The effect of activation on supercapacitor performance is analyzed using two electrode test cells with aqueous electrolyte. Porous CNFs show promising energy storage capacity (191.3 F g−1 and excellent cyclic stability) and load‐bearing capability (σf > 0.55 ± 0.15 GPa and E > 27.4 ± 2.6 GPa). While activation enhances surface area and capacitance, it introduces flaws in the material, such as nanopores, reducing mechanical properties. It is found that moderate activation can lead to dramatic improvement in capacitance (by >300%), at a rather moderate loss in strength (<17%). The gain in specific surface area and capacitance in CNFs is many times those observed in bulk carbon structures, such as carbon fibers, indicating that activation is mainly effective near the free surfaces and for low‐dimensional materials.
Hydrogenation Dynamics of Electrically Controlled Metal–Insulator Transition in Proton‐Gated Transparent and Flexible WO3 Transistors
Authors: Xu Dong‐Dong , Deng Xing , Zhao Yi‐Feng , Ma Ru‐Ru , Zhong Ni , Huang Rong , Peng Hui , Xiang Ping‐Hua , Duan Chun‐Gang
Published: June 2019

Electrolyte gating is widely adopted to electrically control the physical properties of materials, leading to numerous intriguing phenomena and various applications. However, the carrier modulation mechanism remains heavily controversial. Herein, using natural mica pieces as substrates and ionic gel as the dielectric layer, all‐transparent and flexible WO3 transistor configuration is designed to in situ monitor the dynamic doping process of electrolyte gating. A reversible and vacuum‐dominant volatile/nonvolatile metal–insulator transition (MIT) is observed in electrolyte‐gated WO3 thin films. In situ X‐ray diffraction experiments, together with first‐principles calculations, reveal an abrupt and symmetric structural evolution through two distinct hydrogenated metastable phases and phase separation progress. The fast volatility is assigned to a spontaneous dehydrogenation process. A prototype of a flexible vacuum meter is demonstrated on the basis of the unique vacuum‐dependent MIT, exhibiting a measurement range down to 1.0 × 10−6 mbar and no injury of electromagnetic radiation. These findings bring new insights into hydrogenation dynamics, paving a feasible way for the realization of user‐friendly flexible electronics.
A Versatile Photoinduced Electron Transfer‐Based Upconversion Fluorescent Biosensing Platform for the Detection of Disease Biomarkers and Nerve Agent
Authors: Li Ya , Jia Dailu , Ren Wei , Shi Feng , Liu Chenghui
Published: June 2019

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have emerged to be a new family of fluorescent probes for bioanalytical applications. In a typical design, the UCNPs act as the energy donors in a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system, in which the target molecules mediate the energy transfer from the UCNPs to the acceptors, and their quantity information is consequently converted into the “on‐off” upconverting signals for readout. However, each UCNP contains thousands of emitting center ions and most of them are beyond the FRET critical distance, which hinders the fluorescence energy transfer efficiency, resulting in a low signal‐to‐background ratio (SBR). Herein, a new design is presented in which the energy of UCNPs is transferred to the o‐quinones on their surface via the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. In this system, the quenching efficiency of UCNPs' fluorescence can be up to 94.73%, providing a high SBR. The performance of the PET‐based design is systematically testified, and the high‐sensitivity detection of disease biomarkers (tyrosinase and alkaline phosphatase) is demonstrated. Moreover, this UCNP‐PET platform is also capable of sensing the simulant of nerve agent sarin. This work will pave new ways to the design of UCNP‐based platforms toward bioanalytical applications.
Trapped Air‐Induced Reversible Transition between Underwater Superaerophilicity and Superaerophobicity on the Femtosecond Laser‐Ablated Superhydrophobic PTFE Surfaces
Authors: Huo Jinglan , Yong Jiale , Chen Feng , Yang Qing , Fang Yao , Hou Xun
Published: June 2019

Controlling the behavior of underwater bubbles on a solid surface and establishing the contact model between a gas bubble and a solid substrate in a water medium have great significance. Herein, a method is proposed to realize the reversible switching between underwater superaerophilicity and superaerophobicity on the femtosecond laser‐induced rough polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface by controlling the trapped air layer in water. The original femtosecond laser‐structured PTFE surface is superhydrophobic in air and superaerophilic in water. After vacuum‐pumping treatment, the trapped air layer around the microstructures of the underwater superhydrophobic PTFE surface is removed, leading to the underwater superaerophobicity of the sample surface. The trapped air layer can be recovered and the PTFE surface can regain the underwater superaerophilicity by drying treatment and the immersion of the sample in water again. Such a round‐trip transition can achieve the bubble's “locating capture” and the control of the selective passage of air bubbles through a perforated rough PTFE sheet. It is believed that the resultant underwater superaerophobic and superaerophilic surfaces will have significant applications in manufacturing submarine gas‐collection devices, improving the chemical reaction between liquid reagent and gas, and avoiding the microchannel blockage caused by bubbles in microfluidics and biosensor devices.
Recent Advances in Electrode Fabrication for Flexible Energy‐Storage Devices
Authors: Wang Yukun , Yang Qi , Zhao Yan , Du Shanyi , Zhi Chunyi
Published: June 2019

Research into flexible energy‐storage devices with high energy density and superior mechanical performance has aroused considerable interest for the development of flexible electronics. Numerous new materials and strategies have been developed to obtain soft, safe, and high‐performance flexible electrodes, which are essential components of flexible energy storage devices. The common preparation methods and fabrication techniques of flexible electrode are summarized, including their mechanisms, operations, advantages and disadvantages, applicable conditions, and suitable materials. The electrode materials are also briefly discussed according to their characteristics and morphologies, and suggestions on the method preferred for different materials are given. Perspectives on the development of flexible‐electrode fabrication are also given.
2D Square Lattice Photonic Crystal Phosphor Films for Efficient and Excitation Polarization Insensitive Color Conversion
Authors: Lee Tae‐Yun , Lee Jongho , Park Yeonsang , Cho Kyung‐Sang , Min Kyungtaek , Jeon Heonsu
Published: June 2019

As a continuing effort to improve the performance of photonic crystal (PhC) phosphors—an engineered nanophotonic phosphor structure developed by the authors' group—hereby 2D PhC phosphor films are introduced. In particular, the excitation polarization dependence inherent to and suffered by the precedent 1D PhC phosphors can be eliminated using a square lattice PhC structure due to its fourfold rotational symmetry. In addition, the thickness of the high index PhC backbone layer is intentionally increased so that dual excitation resonances occur for both the transverse‐electric (TE) and transverse‐magnetic (TM) waveguide modes, thereby effectively doubling the phosphor efficiency. 2D PhC phosphor structures are implemented and examined using colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) as phosphor material. Unlike conventional impurity‐doped phosphor materials composed of micron‐sized grains, nanometer‐sized CQDs are structurally compatible with PhCs whose feature sizes are ≈100 nm. Excitation polarization–insensitive CQD fluorescence is observed approx. four times enhanced at dual resonance wavelengths for the TE‐ and TM‐guided modes. The validity of the observed results is confirmed through simulations.
An Easy‐to‐Implement Toolkit to Create Versatile and High‐Performance HASEL Actuators for Untethered Soft Robots
Authors: Mitchell Shane K. , Wang Xingrui , Acome Eric , Martin Trent , Ly Khoi , Kellaris Nicholas , Venkata Vidyacharan Gopaluni , Keplinger Christoph
Published: June 2019

For soft robots to have ubiquitous adoption in practical applications they require soft actuators that provide well‐rounded actuation performance that parallels natural muscle while being inexpensive and easily fabricated. This manuscript introduces a toolkit to rapidly prototype, manufacture, test, and power various designs of hydraulically amplified self‐healing electrostatic (HASEL) actuators with muscle‐like performance that achieve all three basic modes of actuation (expansion, contraction, and rotation). This toolkit utilizes easy‐to‐implement methods, inexpensive fabrication tools, commodity materials, and off‐the‐shelf high‐voltage electronics thereby enabling a wide audience to explore HASEL technology. Remarkably, the actuators created from this easy‐to‐implement toolkit achieve linear strains exceeding 100%, a specific power greater than 150 W kg−1, and ≈20% strain at frequencies above 100 Hz. This combination of large strain, extreme speed, and high specific power yields soft actuators that jump without power‐amplifying mechanisms. Additionally, an efficient fabrication technique is introduced for modular designs of HASEL actuators, which is used to develop soft robotic devices driven by portable electronics. Inspired by the versatility of elephant trunks, the above capabilities are combined to create an untethered continuum robot for grasping and manipulating delicate objects, highlighting the wide potential of the introduced methods for soft robots with increasing sophistication.
Large Band Gap Narrowing and Prolonged Carrier Lifetime of (C4H9NH3)2PbI4 under High Pressure
Authors: Yuan Ye , Liu Xiao‐Fei , Ma Xuedan , Wang Xiaoli , Li Xin , Xiao Juan , Li Xiaodong , Zhang Hao‐Li , Wang Lin
Published: June 2019

Due to their superior optical and electronic properties and good stability, 2D organic–inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) exhibit strong potential for optoelectronic applications. However, the large band gap, short carrier lifetime, and high resistance hinder their practical performance. In this work, the band gap is successfully tuned, the carrier lifetime is prolonged, and the resistance of (C4H9NH3)2PbI4 (BA2PbI4) is reduced directly using high pressure. The band gap is decreased to less than 1 eV at 35.0 GPa, and the highest pressure is studied. The carrier lifetime at 9.9 GPa is 20 times longer than that at ambient conditions. Moreover, the resistance is reduced by four orders of magnitude at 34.0 GPa accompanying band gap narrowing. This work indicates that pressure plays an effective role in tuning the optical and electronic structures of BA2PbI4, and also provides a strategy to synthesize high‐performance OIHP materials.
T Cell Membrane Mimicking Nanoparticles with Bioorthogonal Targeting and Immune Recognition for Enhanced Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Han Yutong , Pan Hong , Li Wenjun , Chen Ze , Ma Aiqing , Yin Ting , Liang Ruijing , Chen Fuming , Ma Yifan , Jin Yan , Zheng Mingbin , Li Baohong , Cai Lintao
Published: June 2019

Due to specific immune recognition receptors on the surface of T cells, their membranes are promising mimic nanocarriers for delivering drugs to tumor lesions. However, this single targeting strategy potentially compromises therapy efficacy for tumor targeting due to inter‐ and intra‐heterogeneity of tumors. Azide (N3) or bicyclo [6.1.0] nonyne (BCN) modified unnatural sugars can be successfully incorporated into surface glycans of various tumor cells as artificial receptors, which is expected to overcome the insufficiency of single targeting. Based on this artificial tumor targeting strategy, indocyanine green nanoparticles (INPs) coated with N3‐labeled T cell membrane (N3‐TINPs) are constructed, which can specifically target the natural antigen and BCN artificial receptors on tumors through immune recognition and bioorthogonal chemistry, respectively. The results show that the fluorescence intensity in the tumors of mice treated with N3‐TINPs is 1.5 fold compared with that of the mice treated with unlabeled TINPs. The accumulated N3‐TINPs in the tumor significantly increase the photothermal therapeutic effect without adverse effect. Therefore, this T cell membrane mimicking nanoparticles based bioorthogonal chemistry may provide an alternative artificial targeting strategy for further tumor targeting photothermal therapy.
Achieving Both Enhanced Voltage and Current through Fine‐Tuning Molecular Backbone and Morphology Control in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Gao Huan‐Huan , Sun Yanna , Cai Yao , Wan Xiangjian , Meng Lingxian , Ke Xin , Li Shitong , Zhang Yamin , Xia Ruoxi , Zheng Nan , Xie Zengqi , Li Chenxi , Zhang Mingtao , Yip Hin‐Lap , Cao Yong , Chen Yongsheng
Published: June 2019

It is a great challenge to simultaneously improve the two tangled parameters, open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current density (Jsc) for organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, such a challenge is addressed by a synergistic approach using fine‐tuning molecular backbone and morphology control simultaneously by a simple yet effective side chain modulation on the backbone of an acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A)‐type acceptor. With this, two terthieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (3TT) based A–D–A‐type acceptors, 3TT‐OCIC with backbone modulation and 3TT‐CIC without such modification, are designed and synthesized. Compared with the controlled molecule 3TT‐CIC, 3TT‐OCIC shows power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.13% with improved Voc of 0.69 V and Jsc of 27.58 mA cm−2, corresponding to PCE of 12.15% with Voc of 0.65 V and Jsc of 27.04 mA cm−2 for 3TT‐CIC–based device. Furthermore, with effective near infrared absorption, 3TT‐OCIC is used as the rear subcell acceptor in a tandem device and gave an excellent PCE of 15.72%.
Physical training over 6 months is associated with improved changes in phase angle, body composition, and blood glucose in healthy young males
Authors: Langer Raquel D. , Silva Analiza M. , Borges Juliano H. , Cirolini Vagner X. , Páscoa Mauro A. , Guerra‐Júnior Gil , Gonçalves Ezequiel M.
Published: June 2019

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between phase angle, body composition, and blood glucose changes in healthy young males after 6 months of physical training.

Methods

Volunteers, 98 healthy males (18.8 ± 0.5 years), had 6 months of progressive physical training (5 days a week, 90 minutes a day). Resistance, reactance, and phase angle were obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis, body composition (fat mass, bone mineral content [BMC], and lean soft tissue [LST]) by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, and blood glucose by reflectance photometry. Measurements were made at rest and in a fasted state, both before and after the training period.

Results

Phase angle, reactance, BMC, and LST significantly increased (0.6°, 3.8 Ω, 0.1 kg, and 1.9 kg, respectively; P < .01), whereas resistance and blood glucose decreased (−11.2 Ω and −4.1 mg/dL; P < .01). Changes in resistance and reactance explained those changes observed in LST (R2 = .26 and .16, respectively), but phase angle changes were not related to body composition and blood glucose alterations (P < .05).

Conclusions

A 6‐month period of physical training was associated with positive changes in phase angle, body composition, and blood glucose in healthy young males, reinforcing the importance of maintaining a physically active lifestyle.
Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of polyethylene glycol/quartz composites for phase change materials
Authors: Fauziyah Nur Aini , Hilmi Allif Rosyidy , Zainuri Mochamad , Asrori Mohamad Zainul , Mashuri Mashuri , Jawaid Mohammad , Pratapa Suminar
Published: June 2019

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)/quartz (denoted as BP/Q) composites have been investigated as candidates of phase change materials (PCMs) due to their thermomechanical properties around the glass transition temperature as well as thermal properties between 30 and 600 °C. Quartz (q‐SiO2) powders were extracted from local sand in Tanah Laut, Pelaihari, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The composites were prepared by dispersing q‐SiO2 powders in the PEG matrix followed by the wet mixing process. The thermal properties of the composites were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while the thermomechanical properties were examined using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) in a three‐point bending mode around the PEG glass transition temperature range (−100–50°C). The morphology and interface bonding were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From the DSC measurement, the endothermic peak of the composites showed a shift of approximately 7–12 °C toward higher temperatures than that of the pure polymer. The melting enthalpy values (ΔHm) of the BP/Q composites covered the required PCM application range, that is, between 139 and 182 J/g. The TGA of the composites showed that thermal degradation occurs in the range of 250–450 °C. We found that solid–solid PCMs (ssPCMs) were successfully fabricated with the addition of 10 and 20 wt% q‐SiO2. From DMA characterization, the BP/Q 20 wt% composite exhibited the maximum E’ and the minimum energy dissipation (E”). Its E’ value was approximately 250 MPa more than that of the pure PEG. The glass transition (Tg) temperatures of PEG and BP/Q composites (5, 10, and 20 wt%) were around −24.5, −19.1, −17.1, and − 5.3 °C, respectively. In addition, the E” and tan δ values decreased with q‐SiO2 filler content. Furthermore, the Cole‐Cole plots of the BP/Q composites revealed a better interfacial bonding between the q‐SiO2 and the PEG matrix in the composites with higher silica content. A compact morphology was shown by the BP/Q 20 wt% composite due to high silica concentration. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48130.
Development of EST‐SSR markers in Saxifraga sinomontana (Saxifragaceae) and cross‐amplification in three related species
Authors: Li Yan , Jia Liu‐Kun , Zhang Fa‐Qi , Wang Zhi‐Hua , Chen Shi‐Long , Gao Qing‐Bo
Published: June 2019

Premise

Saxifraga sinomontana (Saxifragaceae) is a widespread alpine species in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and its flanking mountains. We developed a set of expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat (EST‐SSR) markers to investigate the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of the species.

Methods and Results

We initially designed 50 EST‐SSR markers based on transcriptome data of S. sinomontana. Nineteen of 50 loci (38%) were successfully amplified, 13 of which were polymorphic. These were tested on 71 individuals from four populations. Three to 18 alleles per locus were detected, and the levels of observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.2817 to 0.9155 and 0.2585 to 0.8495, respectively. In addition, cross‐amplification was successful for all 13 loci in three congeneric species, S. tangutica, S. heleonastes, and S. congestiflora.

Conclusions

These EST‐SSR markers will be useful for studying the genetic diversity of S. sinomontana and disentangling the phylogenetic relationships of related species.
Extrem leichte Brücke aus vorgespanntem Carbonbeton
Authors: Sydow Antje , Kurath Josef , Steiner Philipp
Published: June 2019

An der Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW in Winterthur/Schweiz wurden sehr dünne, leistungsfähige Betonplatten entwickelt: der Beton ist – in vier oder mehr Lagen und orthogonal – ausschließlich mit vorgespanntem Carbon bewehrt. Diese Betonplatten werden als Halbzeuge in drei Standardstärken und in großen Formaten industriell hergestellt, projektspezifisch zugeschnitten und individuell bearbeitet. Eingesetzt werden sie unter anderem als Konstruktionselemente für sehr leichte und nachhaltige Brücken für den Langsamverkehr. Die erste Brücke dieses Typs wird in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt; sie überquert seit Oktober 2016 in Winterthur die Eulach.

Die Brücke hat bei einer Spannweite von 7,60 m und einer lichten Weite von 2,16 m ein Gewicht von ca. 3200 kg. Bezogen auf die Nutzfläche (ca. 190 kg/m2) entspricht das dem Gewicht einer leichten Stahlbrücke. Eine konventionelle Stahlbetonbrücke wäre rund vier‐ bis fünfmal schwerer geworden. Der innovative Baustoff und die Konstruktion der Eulachbrücke reduzierten den Ressourcenverbrauch signifikant, etwa um den Faktor 5.
Großformatige Sandwichelemente mit Deckschichten aus Textilbeton
Authors: von der Heid Ann‐Christine , Grebe Reiner , Will Norbert , Hegger Josef
Published: June 2019

In den vergangenen Jahren wurden in Deutschland die energetischen Anforderungen an die Gebäudehüllen sukzessive verschärft. Für konventionell errichtete Gebäude mit kerngedämmten Sandwichelementen mit Deckschichten aus Stahlbeton bedeutet dies eine kontinuierliche Vergrößerung der Außenwandstärken. Um auch in Zukunft nicht auf die wirtschaftliche Sandwichbauweise verzichten zu müssen, wurden im Zuge eines Forschungsvorhabens großformatige, leichte und energieeffiziente Elemente entwickelt. Das Untersuchungsziel war die praxistaugliche Herstellung von schlanken, großformatigen Sandwichelementen, deren Deckschichten aus 30 mm dünnen Textilbetonschalen bestehen. Dieser innovative Verbundwerkstoff ermöglicht schlanke Bauteile mit gleichzeitig hoher Tragfähigkeit.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden der Aufbau der Elemente, die Herstellung von großformatigen Prüfkörpern sowie erste Versuchsergebnisse präsentiert.
Cell Adhesion Structures in Epithelial Cells Are Formed in Dynamic and Cooperative Ways
Authors: Shigetomi Kenta , Ikenouchi Junichi
Published: June 2019

There are many morphologically distinct membrane structures with different functions at the surface of epithelial cells. Among these, adherens junctions (AJ) and tight junctions (TJ) are responsible for the mechanical linkage of epithelial cells and epithelial barrier function, respectively. In the process of new cell–cell adhesion formation between two epithelial cells, such as after wounding, AJ form first and then TJ form on the apical side of AJ. This process is very complicated because AJ formation triggers drastic changes in the organization of actin cytoskeleton, the activity of Rho family of small GTPases, and the lipid composition of the plasma membrane, all of which are required for subsequent TJ formation. In this review, the authors focus on the relationship between AJ and TJ as a representative example of specialization of plasma membrane regions and introduce recent findings on how AJ formation promotes the subsequent formation of TJ.
Steinwälzer: Aus der Arktis an unsere Küsten
Authors: Bergmann Hans‐Heiner
Published: June 2019

Steinwälzer (Arenaria interpres) sind Brutvögel arktischer Tundren, die sich vorwiegend zum Überwintern an unseren Küsten einfinden. Wie Ringfunde zeigen, kommen sie wenigstens teilweise aus der kanadischen Arktis und scheinen hierzulande winterortstreu zu sein. Sie bevorzugen bei uns Steinschüttungen und Deiche, wo sie als Allesfresser kleine Schnecken, Muscheln und Krebse erbeuten, bei Gelegenheit auch Aas fressen. Sie lassen sich aber auch auf künstliche Fütterung ein und werden futterzahm.
Next‐Generation Sequencing – Beginn einer neuen Zeit
Authors: Zenk Fides
Published: June 2019

Kaum eine andere Technik hat die Biowissenschaften in den letzten 10 Jahren so stark beeinflusst wie die Entwicklung des Next‐Generation Sequencings. Viele Fragestellungen besonders im Bereich der Genetik erfordern das Sequenzieren im Hochdurchsatz. Die Genome verschiedenster Organismen konnten so in den letzten Jahren entschlüsselt werden.
Selbstzweifel
Authors: Hauk Andrea
Published: June 2019

Es wird viel diskutiert über die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Andrea Hauk – BIUZ‐Lesern bekannt als Autorin der Laborseite – hat den Praxistest gemacht und berichtet nun im fünfzehnten Teil unserer Reihe von ihren Erfahrungen als Mutter eines Kleinkindes.
Left‐sided phrenic nerve injury during redo pulmonary vein isolation long after a previous contralateral self‐limiting phrenic nerve palsy
Authors: Kis Zsuzsanna , Noten Anna Maria Elisabeth , Wijchers Sip , Bhagwandien Rohit , Szili‐Torok Tamas
Published: June 2019

We present a unique case of a left‐sided phrenic nerve injury (PNI) long after a previous contralateral PNI following pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) procedures. Firstly, right‐sided PNI after cryoballoon ablation, and secondly a left‐sided PNI was observed following a redo PVI extended with box‐lesion and left atrial appendage isolation (LAAI).
Slight brightness and osteosclerotic changes of bones on plain X‐ray could be clues to the diagnosis of disseminated carcinomatosis of bone marrow
Authors: Tago Masaki , Tokushima Yoshinori , Oie Satsuki , Yamashita Shu‐ichi
Published: June 2019

Clinicians should be alert to the presence of slight brightness and osteosclerotic changes of bones on plain X‐rays, especially in patients without a history of gastric, colon, breast, lung, or prostate cancers, which could lead to the diagnosis of disseminated carcinomatosis of bone marrow.
Efficient and Practical Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Catalyzed by a Simple Bidentate Mn−NHC Complex
Authors: van Putten Robbert , Benschop Joeri , de Munck Vincent J. , Weber Manuela , Müller Christian , Filonenko Georgy A. , Pidko Evgeny A.
Published: June 2019

Catalytic reductions of carbonyl‐containing compounds are highly important for the safe, sustainable, and economical production of alcohols. Herein, we report on the efficient transfer hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by a highly potent Mn(I)−NHC complex. Mn−NHC 1 is practical at metal concentrations as low as 75 ppm, thus approaching loadings more conventionally reserved for noble metal based systems. With these low Mn concentrations, catalyst deactivation is found to be highly temperature dependent and becomes especially prominent at increased reaction temperature. Ultimately, understanding of deactivation pathways could help close the activity/stability‐gap with Ru and Ir catalysts towards the practical implementation of sustainable earth‐abundant Mn‐complexes.
Fouling Detection in an Optically Accessible Microstructured Heat Exchanger
Authors: Spiegel Christoph , Kraut Manfred , Rabsch Georg , Küsters Christof , Augustin Wolfgang , Scholl Stephan
Published: June 2019

The application of highly effective microstructured devices in continuous production and industrial environments is frequently prone to fouling. A new method is presented to characterize fouling in these microstructures. Thermal fouling of aqueous solutions containing whey protein were used as a test system. Different fouling effects could be observed and distinguished. Integral fouling indicators, such as thermal fouling resistance and pressure drop, as conventional criteria for the occurrence of fouling were compared with direct local optical observation. Low thermal fouling resistances could be detected.
Keramische Membranen: Materialien – Bauteile – potenzielle Anwendungen
Authors: Meulenberg Wilhelm A. , Schulze‐Küppers Falk , Deibert Wendelin , Van Gestel Tim , Baumann Stefan
Published: June 2019

Keramische Membranen lassen sich in dichte und poröse Membranen unterteilen. Die Materialien, Mikrostruktur und Herstellungswege werden beschrieben und Einblicke in aktuelle Forschungsthemen gegeben. Durch Anpassung der Materialeigenschaften und maßgeschneiderte Mikrostrukturen lassen sich für eine Vielzahl von Prozessen geeignete Membranen und Komponenten entwickeln. Bei der Anwendung kann zwischen der reinen Gastrennung und Membranreaktoren unterschieden werden. Bei Letzteren findet zusätzlich zur Gastrennung eine chemische Reaktion auf einer oder beiden Seiten der Membran statt. Membranreaktoren können zur Herstellung von Basischemikalien oder synthetischen Kraftstoffen genutzt werden. Die Bereitstellung von Gasen kann für Kraftwerke, Zement‐, Stahl‐, oder Glaswerke sowie für den medizinischen Sektor oder für mobile Anwendungen von Interesse sein.
Substituted Aminoacetamides as Novel Leads for Malaria Treatment
Authors: Norcross Neil R. , Wilson Caroline , Baragaña Beatriz , Hallyburton Irene , Osuna‐Cabello Maria , Norval Suzanne , Riley Jennifer , Fletcher Daniel , Sinden Robert , Delves Michael , Ruecker Andrea , Duffy Sandra , Meister Stephan , Antonova‐Koch Yevgeniya , Crespo Benigno , de Cózar Cristina , Sanz Laura M. , Gamo Francisco Javier , Avery Vicky M. , Frearson Julie A. , Gray David W. , Fairlamb Alan H. , Winzeler Elizabeth A. , Waterson David , Campbell Simon F. , Willis Paul A. , Read Kevin D. , Gilbert Ian H.
Published: June 2019

Herein we describe the optimization of a phenotypic hit against Plasmodium falciparum based on an aminoacetamide scaffold. This led to N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐methyl‐2‐{[4‐methyl‐3‐(morpholinosulfonyl)phenyl]amino}propanamide (compound 28) with low‐nanomolar activity against the intraerythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite, and which was found to be inactive in a mammalian cell counter‐screen up to 25 μm. Inhibition of gametes in the dual gamete activation assay suggests that this family of compounds may also have transmission blocking capabilities. Whilst we were unable to optimize the aqueous solubility and microsomal stability to a point at which the aminoacetamides would be suitable for in vivo pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies, compound 28 displayed excellent antimalarial potency and selectivity; it could therefore serve as a suitable chemical tool for drug target identification.
Muscles of Breathing: Development, Function, and Patterns of Activation
Authors: Pilarski Jason Q. , Leiter James C. , Fregosi Ralph F.
Published: June 2019

This review is a comprehensive description of all muscles that assist lung inflation or deflation in any way. The developmental origin, anatomical orientation, mechanical action, innervation, and pattern of activation are described for each respiratory muscle fulfilling this broad definition. In addition, the circumstances in which each muscle is called upon to assist ventilation are discussed. The number of “respiratory” muscles is large, and the coordination of respiratory muscles with “nonrespiratory” muscles and in nonrespiratory activities is complex—commensurate with the diversity of activities that humans pursue, including sleep (8.27). The capacity for speech and adoption of the bipedal posture in human evolution has resulted in patterns of respiratory muscle activation that differ significantly from most other animals. A disproportionate number of respiratory muscles affect the nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx, reflecting the vital importance of coordinated muscle activity to control upper airway patency during both wakefulness and sleep. The upright posture has freed the hands from locomotor functions, but the evolutionary history and ontogeny of forelimb muscles pervades the patterns of activation and the forces generated by these muscles during breathing. The distinction between respiratory and nonrespiratory muscles is artificial, as many “nonrespiratory” muscles can augment breathing under conditions of high ventilator demand. Understanding the ontogeny, innervation, activation patterns, and functions of respiratory muscles is clinically useful, particularly in sleep medicine. Detailed explorations of how the nervous system controls the multiple muscles required for successful completion of respiratory behaviors will continue to be a fruitful area of investigation. © 2019 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol9:1025‐1080, 2019.
Pulmonary Vascular Dynamics
Authors: Clark Alys , Tawhai Merryn
Published: June 2019

The pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the systemic veins through the pulmonary arteries to be oxygenated in the capillaries that line the walls of the pulmonary alveoli. The pulmonary circulation carries the cardiac output with a relatively low driving pressure, and so differs considerably in structure and function from the systemic circulation to maintain a low‐resistance vascular system. The pulmonary circulation is often considered to be a quasi‐static system in both experimental and computational studies of pulmonary perfusion and its matching to ventilation (air flow) for exchange. However, the system is highly dynamic, with cardiac output and regional perfusion changing with posture, exercise, and over time. Here we review this dynamic system, with a focus on understanding the physiology of pulmonary vascular dynamics across spatial and temporal scales, and the changes to these dynamics that are reflective of disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol9:1081‐1100, 2019.
Transient Receptor Potential Channels and Endothelial Cell Calcium Signaling
Authors: Thakore Pratish , Earley Scott
Published: June 2019

The vascular endothelium is a broadly distributed and highly specialized organ. The endothelium has a number of functions including the control of blood vessels diameter through the production and release of potent vasoactive substances or direct electrical communication with underlying smooth muscle cells, regulates the permeability of the vascular barrier, stimulates the formation of new blood vessels, and influences inflammatory and thrombotic processes. Endothelial cells that make up the endothelium express a variety of cell‐surface receptors and ion channels on the plasma membrane that are capable of detecting circulating hormones, neurotransmitters, oxygen tension, and shear stress across the vascular wall. Changes in these stimuli activate signaling cascades that initiate an appropriate physiological response. Increases in the global intracellular Ca2+concentration and localized Ca2+signals that occur within specialized subcellular microdomains are fundamentally important components of many signaling pathways in the endothelium. The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a superfamily of cation‐permeable ion channels that act as a primary means of increasing cytosolic Ca2+in endothelial cells. Consequently, TRP channels are vitally important for the major functions of the endothelium. In this review, we provide an in‐depth discussion of Ca2+‐permeable TRP channels in the endothelium and their role in vascular regulation. © 2019 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol9:1249‐1277, 2019.
Tissue Engineering of the Microvasculature
Authors: Tien Joe
Published: June 2019

The ability to generate new microvessels in desired numbers and at desired locations has been a long‐sought goal in vascular medicine, engineering, and biology. Historically, the need to revascularize ischemic tissues nonsurgically (so‐called therapeutic vascularization) served as the main driving force for the development of new methods of vascular growth. More recently, vascularization of engineered tissues and the generation of vascularized microphysiological systems have provided additional targets for these methods, and have required adaptation of therapeutic vascularization to biomaterial scaffolds and to microscale devices. Three complementary strategies have been investigated to engineer microvasculature: angiogenesis (the sprouting of existing vessels), vasculogenesis (the coalescence of adult or progenitor cells into vessels), and microfluidics (the vascularization of scaffolds that possess the open geometry of microvascular networks). Over the past several decades, vascularization techniques have grown tremendously in sophistication, from the crude implantation of arteries into myocardial tunnels by Vineberg in the 1940s, to the current use of micropatterning techniques to control the exact shape and placement of vessels within a scaffold. This review provides a broad historical view of methods to engineer the microvasculature, and offers a common framework for organizing and analyzing the numerous studies in this area of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. © 2019 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol9:1155‐1212, 2019.