bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Algebraic Varieties
Authors: Kempf G.
Published: April 2013

In this book Professor Kempf gives an introduction to the theory of algebraic functions on varieties from a sheaf theoretic standpoint. By taking this view he is able to give a clean and lucid account of the subject which will be easily accessible to all newcomers to algebraic varieties, graduate students or experts from other fields alike. Anyone who goes on to study schemes will find that this book is an ideal preparatory text.
EDITORIAL FOREWORD
Authors: Baron Beth , Pursley Sara
Published: April 2013

We are thrilled to present this special issue on “Queer Affects,” which explores a range of topics and analytical approaches that have rarely appeared in the pages of IJMES but reflect vital emerging discussions in diverse subfields of Middle East studies. That so many contributors hail from literary disciplines, which have tended to be underrepresented in the journal, also makes this a landmark issue for us. We thank guest editors Hanadi Al-Samman and Tarek El-Ariss for proposing the special issue, gathering the original collection of manuscript submissions, and introducing the final group of six articles we present here, all of which have gone through the standard IJMES peer review process. We also acknowledge the anonymous reviewers, some of whom read more than one article for this issue, for their perceptive evaluations. We are grateful to Huda Lufti for permitting us to use a photograph of her artwork, “Lipstick and Moustache (2010),” as this issue's cover art.
Psychoanalysis and the Postcolonial Genealogy of Queer Theory
Authors: Al-Kassim Dina
Published: April 2013

In his final lecture,Freud and the Non-European, Edward Said drew our attention to a fundamental contribution of psychoanalysis to political life. Through a reading ofMoses and Monotheism, Said showed how Freud's “unresolved sense of identity” is revealed by his desire that Moses be Egyptian. When Said finds Freud haunted by the trace of Egypt at the origin of Jewish identity, he locates a spectral effect of alterity in a text purporting to expose a norm of identity; instead of establishing the grounds of that norm, Said's Freud symptomatically exposes a desire to be other. This in turn inspires Said's hope that textual moments like this can become sites of affinity and relation that undo the certainties of enmity.
A RESPONSE TO PAUL SILVERSTEIN'S REVIEW OF VIOLENT MODERNITY: FRANCE IN ALGERIA
Authors: Hannoum Abdelmajid
Published: April 2013

In his review of my book Violent Modernity: France in Algeria (IJMES 44 [2012]: 199–201), Paul Silverstein concludes that my argument “in essence boils down to a central syllogism: modernity equals colonialism equals violence.” While I appreciate the time and the effort he put into reading and presenting my book to readers of IJMES, I need to say that this is simply not my argument. Using insights from anthropologist Marshal Sahlins, I examine colonial culture (generative of postcolonial events) and show how it has continued to shape the present and how it manifests itself mainly in the culture of nationalism, any allusion of which is totally absent from Silverstein's review. I define violence in a variety of ways—physical, symbolic, and textual—which all point to the power to transform, that is, to displace, to destroy, and ultimately to create. If a reader misses this idea, the entire argument will be overlooked. I made a complex argument taking into consideration time (i.e., change) and different agencies (i.e., a complex set of historical actors, not reducible to one single binary opposition).
A RESPONSE TO TAREQ ISMAEL'S REVIEW of RED STAR OVER IRAQ: IRAQI COMMUNISM BEFORE SADDAM
Authors: Franzén Johan
Published: April 2013

It was with great expectation that I awaited IJMES' review of my book on the Iraqi communist movement, Red Star over Iraq: Iraqi Communism before Saddam (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), published in the November 2012 issue. However, any hope of a balanced assessment of my work—the result of many years of painstaking research—disappeared as soon as I began reading Professor Tareq Ismael's review. Ismael, who is the author of the only other work on the Iraqi Communist Party (ICP) that has been published in English in recent times, might seem like an appropriate scholar to offer a specialist view on the topic. But this proved not to be the case.
A REPLY TO JOHAN FRANZÉN
Authors: Ismael Tareq
Published: April 2013

Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the author's reply to my review of Red Star over Iraq. In scholarship, the devil is in the details, and so, as Johan Franzén suggests, when evaluating a scholarly endeavor, I do indeed consider “it worthwhile to devote . . . [my] whole review to details.” If the facts are inaccurate, it follows that the conclusions are flawed. Beyond this, my only other comment is that I find the tone and tenor of Franzén's reply to be cast in personal terms and as such unprofessional.
Was isst Du am liebsten?
Authors: Kröller Katja , Kröller Alexander , Warschburger Petra
Published: April 2013

Die Präferenz für Obst und Gemüse ist der Hauptprädiktor für die langfristige Vorhersage eines gesunden Ernährungsverhaltens. Im Entwicklungsverlauf wird die Präferenzentstehung durch eine Reihe von Faktoren beeinflusst. Dabei scheint insbesondere die Familiarität eines Lebensmittels für die entsprechende Präferenz und deren Verzehr verantwortlich zu sein. Um eine möglichst frühzeitige Präferenz für Obst und Gemüse etablieren zu können, benötigen wir mehr Kenntnisse darüber, welche Faktoren diese beeinflussen. Die bisherigen Untersuchungen betrachten hierzu jedoch vor allem den Verzehr von Nahrungsmitteln und weniger die entsprechende Präferenz dafür. Sie stützen sich ferner größtenteils auf Studien zum mehrmaligen Anbieten (mere exposure) oder fokussieren auf ältere Kinder und deren Fähigkeit zur korrekten Benennung von Obst- und Gemüsesorten. Es fehlen Erkenntnisse zum Bekanntheitsgrad von Nahrungsmitteln bei jungen Kindern sowie dem entsprechenden Zusammenhang zur tatsächlichen Präferenz. Die vorliegende Studie fokussiert auf verschiedene Aspekte der Familiarität von Lebensmitteln sowie deren Beziehung zur kindlichen Präferenz. Um diese Fragestellung auch für jüngere Kinder umsetzen zu können, wurden standardisierte Fotos eingesetzt und die Präferenz durch eine computergestützte Methode unabhängig von Eltern oder Interviewer erfasst. Präsentiert werden die Ergebnisse von 213 Kindern zwischen 2 und 10 Jahren. Es zeigte sich, dass die befragten Kinder anhand der gezeigten Fotos weniger Gemüsesorten (zu 66 %) als Obstsorten und Süßigkeiten (zu jeweils 78 %) erkannten. Etwa genauso viel Gemüse wie erkannt wurde, hatten die Kinder auch bereits probiert und als schmackhaft bezeichnet (63 %). Allerdings konnten nur 48 % der Gemüsesorten auch korrekt benannt werden–eine Fähigkeit, die mit steigendem Alter der Kinder zunahm. Bezüglich der Zusammenhänge zwischen Familiarität von Gemüsesorten und ihrer Präferenz zeigten sich für alle Bekanntheitsaspekte vergleichbar hohe Zusammenhänge dahingehend, dass weniger präferierte Gemüsesorten auch seltener erkannt, bereits probiert, als schmackhaft bezeichnet und richtig benannt wurden.
Essprobleme im Kindesalter
Authors: Dyck Zoé van , Bellwald Laura , Kurz Susanne , Dremmel Daniela , Munsch Simone , Hilbert Anja
Published: April 2013

Essstörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter werden immer häufiger und eine frühzeitige Erkennung ist von großer Bedeutung. Neben den „klassischen” Essstörungen besteht eine Anzahl von Essproblemen im Kindesalter, die sich durch vermeidende oder restriktive Nahrungsaufnahme kennzeichnen und zurzeit nicht im DSM-IV Klassifikationssystem aufgeführt werden. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, das Vorkommen dieser Essprobleme in einer allgemeinen, schulbasierten Stichprobe in der Schweiz zu untersuchen und die psychometrischen Kennwerte eines kurzen Screeningfragebogens zur Erfassung vermeidend oder restriktiver Nahrungsaufnahme im Selbstbericht zu ermitteln. Es beantworteten 730 Kinder im Alter von 8 – 13 Jahren den Eating Disturbances in Childhood–Questionnaire (EDCh-Q). 29.8 % der Kinder gaben an, vermeidendes oder restriktives Essverhalten aufzuzeigen. Der EDCh-Q zeigte insgesamt gute Itemcharakteristika. Die vierfaktorielle Struktur konnte bestätigt werden, allerdings mit geringen internen Konsistenzen der Subskalen. Untergewichtige Kinder gaben häufiger an, Symptome einer Nahrungsvermeidung mit emotionaler Störung aufzuzeigen. Vermeidendes oder restriktives Essverhalten ist nicht unüblich bei Kindern im Schulalter. Der EDCh-Q ist ein diagnostisch orientierter Screeningfragebogen zur Identifizierung dieser Essprobleme in der mittleren Kindheit. Weitere Forschung ist wünschenswert zur Validierung des EDCh-Q in allgemeinen und klinischen Stichproben.
Assessing Individual Differences in the Need for Interpersonal Touch and Need for Touch
Authors: Nuszbaum Mandy , Voss Andreas , Klauer Karl Christoph
Published: April 2013

The present study investigates individual differences in the automatic use of haptic information from interpersonal touch. We present a questionnaire assessing individual differences in the need for interpersonal touch (NFIPT), which was validated within an unrelated product-evaluation task. Before entering the laboratory, participants were briefly touched on the shoulder or received no touch. Assessing confidence and frustration within the following product-evaluation task, we examined moderating effects of NFIPT and additionally effects of need for touch (NFT). Results showed that higher NFIPT participants were more confident when they were briefly touched. Effects on frustration were only found for NFT. Results show that frustration was greater for individuals with higher NFT, when they could not touch the product during the evaluation task.
Metatranscriptomics reveal differences inin situenergy and nitrogen metabolism among hydrothermal vent snail symbionts
Authors: Sanders J G , Beinart R A , Stewart F J , Delong E F , Girguis P R
Published: April 2013

Despite the ubiquity of chemoautotrophic symbioses at hydrothermal vents, our understanding of the influence of environmental chemistry on symbiont metabolism is limited. Transcriptomic analyses are useful for linking physiological poise to environmental conditions, but recovering samples from the deep sea is challenging, as the long recovery times can change expression profiles before preservation. Here, we present a novel, in situ RNA sampling and preservation device, which we used to compare the symbiont metatranscriptomes associated with Alviniconcha, a genus of vent snail, in which specific host–symbiont combinations are predictably distributed across a regional geochemical gradient. Metatranscriptomes of these symbionts reveal key differences in energy and nitrogen metabolism relating to both environmental chemistry (that is, the relative expression of genes) and symbiont phylogeny (that is, the specific pathways employed). Unexpectedly, dramatic differences in expression of transposases and flagellar genes suggest that different symbiont types may also have distinct life histories. These data further our understanding of these symbionts’ metabolic capabilities and their expression in situ, and suggest an important role for symbionts in mediating their hosts’ interaction with regional-scale differences in geochemistry.
Oxygen-dependent niche formation of a pyrite-dependent acidophilic consortium built by archaea and bacteria
Authors: Ziegler Sibylle , Dolch Kerstin , Geiger Katharina , Krause Susanne , Asskamp Maximilian , Eusterhues Karin , Kriews Michael , Wilhelms-Dick Dorothee , Goettlicher Joerg , Majzlan Juraj , Gescher Johannes
Published: April 2013

Biofilms can provide a number of different ecological niches for microorganisms. Here, a multispecies biofilm was studied in which pyrite-oxidizing microbes are the primary producers. Its stability allowed not only detailed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based characterization of the microbial population in different areas of the biofilm but also to integrate these results with oxygen and pH microsensor measurements conducted before. The O2 concentration declined rapidly from the outside to the inside of the biofilm. Hence, part of the population lives under microoxic or anoxic conditions. Leptospirillum ferrooxidans strains dominate the microbial population but are only located in the oxic periphery of the snottite structure. Interestingly, archaea were identified only in the anoxic parts of the biofilm. The archaeal community consists mainly of so far uncultured Thermoplasmatales as well as novel ARMAN (Archaeal Richmond Mine Acidophilic Nanoorganism) species. Inductively coupled plasma analysis and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra provide further insight in the biofilm characteristics but revealed no other major factors than oxygen affecting the distribution of bacteria and archaea. In addition to catalyzed reporter deposition FISH and oxygen microsensor measurements, microautoradiographic FISH was used to identify areas in which active CO2 fixation takes place. Leptospirilla as well as acidithiobacilli were identified as primary producers. Fixation of gaseous CO2 seems to proceed only in the outer rim of the snottite. Archaea inhabiting the snottite core do not seem to contribute to the primary production. This work gives insight in the ecological niches of acidophilic microorganisms and their role in a consortium. The data provided the basis for the enrichment of uncultured archaea.
Metagenomic insights into strategies of carbon conservation and unusual sulfur biogeochemistry in a hypersaline Antarctic lake
Authors: Yau Sheree , Lauro Federico M , Williams Timothy J , DeMaere Matthew Z , Brown Mark V , Rich John , Gibson John A E , Cavicchioli Ricardo
Published: April 2013

Organic Lake is a shallow, marine-derived hypersaline lake in the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica that has the highest reported concentration of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in a natural body of water. To determine the composition and functional potential of the microbial community and learn about the unusual sulfur chemistry in Organic Lake, shotgun metagenomics was performed on size-fractionated samples collected along a depth profile. Eucaryal phytoflagellates were the main photosynthetic organisms. Bacteria were dominated by the globally distributed heterotrophic taxa Marinobacter, Roseovarius and Psychroflexus. The dominance of heterotrophic degradation, coupled with low fixation potential, indicates possible net carbon loss. However, abundant marker genes for aerobic anoxygenic phototrophy, sulfur oxidation, rhodopsins and CO oxidation were also linked to the dominant heterotrophic bacteria, and indicate the use of photo- and lithoheterotrophy as mechanisms for conserving organic carbon. Similarly, a high genetic potential for the recycling of nitrogen compounds likely functions to retain fixed nitrogen in the lake. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) lyase genes were abundant, indicating that DMSP is a significant carbon and energy source. Unlike marine environments, DMSP demethylases were less abundant, indicating that DMSP cleavage is the likely source of high DMS concentration. DMSP cleavage, carbon mixotrophy (photoheterotrophy and lithoheterotrophy) and nitrogen remineralization by dominant Organic Lake bacteria are potentially important adaptations to nutrient constraints. In particular, carbon mixotrophy relieves the extent of carbon oxidation for energy production, allowing more carbon to be used for biosynthetic processes. The study sheds light on how the microbial community has adapted to this unique Antarctic lake environment.
Crystal structure of the capsular polysaccharide synthesizing protein CapE of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Miyafusa Takamitsu , Caaveiro Jose M. M. , Tanaka Yoshikazu , Tanner Martin E. , Tsumoto Kouhei
Published: April 2013

Enzymes synthesizing the bacterial CP (capsular polysaccharide) are attractive antimicrobial targets. However, we lack critical information about the structure and mechanism of many of them. In an effort to reduce that gap, we have determined three different crystal structures of the enzyme CapE of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. The structure reveals that CapE is a member of the SDR (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase) super-family of proteins. CapE assembles in a hexameric complex stabilized by three major contact surfaces between protein subunits. Turnover of substrate and/or coenzyme induces major conformational changes at the contact interface between protein subunits, and a displacement of the substrate-binding domain with respect to the Rossmann domain. A novel dynamic element that we called the latch is essential for remodelling of the protein–protein interface. Structural and primary sequence alignment identifies a group of SDR proteins involved in polysaccharide synthesis that share the two salient features of CapE: the mobile loop (latch) and a distinctive catalytic site (MxxxK). The relevance of these structural elements was evaluated by site-directed mutagenesis.
Determination of the I2 bond-length distribution in liquid, solid and solution, by extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
Authors: Buontempo U. , Di Cicco A. , Filipponi A. , Nardone M. , Postorino P.
Published: April 2013

A systematic extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) study of the structural parameters of the I2 molecule has been performed for I2 liquid, solid and in low density gaseous phases, as well as for I2 dissolved in organic solvents. Measurements on gaseous HI have also been performed in order to refine the structural analysis. A complex atomic double-electron excitation background at the I K-edge has been observed. A careful data analysis with full statistical evaluation of the results has indicated undoubtedly that, in condensed phases, the average bond length can increase by as much as 0.03 Å with respect to the free molecule value. The expansion, known to occur from gas to liquid, and solid I2, was confirmed by the present EXAFS analysis while in the case of I2 in solution this is the first determination of the bond length. In particular we find that the bond length increases monotonically while decreasing the ionizing potential of the solute. A linear correlation between the blue-shift of the optical absorption I2 band and the increase of the bond length has been found.
Inclusive Development? A State-Led Land Development Model in New Town, Kolkata
Authors: Sengupta Urmi
Published: April 2013

Urban land development in India is changing under the auspices of economic liberalisation. Kolkata has been in the forefront of this transformation through development of new townships in the urban peripheries based on a distinctive state-led land development model. Within this context New Town, Kolkata (also known as Rajarhat) provides a highly illuminative case to articulate the ways in which the state is implementing its neoliberal agenda in land development. It rides on political and ideological high ground by seeking to create a ‘model development’ of state—market partnership for dual goals of fostering capitalist interest while fulfilling welfarist principles. Interesting insights have emerged that point to a policy paradox. On one hand, the process follows market principles of efficacy and efficiency; on the other hand, state's keenness to extend control persists, thereby creating a highly uneven terrain for state—market interaction. New Town reflects a typical quasi-market condition shaped by the monopolistic state, the poorly structured role of the private sector, an absence of civic bodies, and minimal land and housing provision for the poor. In India, as internationally, the economic liberalisation market ideology is increasingly construed as good governance. In this context New Town is a step in the right direction, but the progress is patchy, uneven, and still evolving.
The Hurdles of Local Governments with Ppp Contracts in the Waste Sector
Authors: da Cruz Nuno Ferreira , Simões Pedro , Marques Rui Cunha
Published: April 2013

With this paper we identify a number of the theoretical principles that apply to public—private partnership (PPP) contracts, introducing new case studies and policy discussions relevant for Europe and elsewhere. We discuss to what extent these contracts can and should be applied in the waste sector and perform a comparison between the purely contractual and the institutionalised models of PPP arrangements. We analyse four case studies in the ‘wholesale’ waste market in Portugal and examine the implementation and degree of success of these partnerships in the field. It seems that public authorities are failing to secure an adequate level of protection of the public interest. Drawing on the empirical evidence, we present some guidelines that could lead to better regulatory contracts for waste services.
Fighting the Pipe: Neoliberal Governance and Barriers to Effective Community Participation in Energy Infrastructure Planning
Authors: Groves Christopher , Munday Max , Yakovleva Natalia
Published: April 2013

Development of effective participatory mechanisms within infrastructure planning governance has been dependent on how far the outputs of participatory processes have an impact upon strategic policy priorities. However, neoliberal modes of governance are characterised by ‘recentralisation’ within arms-length regulatory bodies and private corporations. Tensions between participatory governance and recentralisation are exemplified by the relationship between energy privatisation and energy infrastructure planning. With this study we examine these tensions using a case study of a critical infrastructure project in the UK, the South Wales Gas Pipeline. Findings confirm arguments in the literature that siting conflicts often centre on policy issues as much as local concerns. The study reveals that the neoliberal recentralisation of some governance functions exacerbates such conflicts. We argue that, although new efforts to secure effective participation in neoliberal regimes are necessary, they will face obstacles in the form of risk-based governance structures, as exemplified by the privatised energy sector.
The bequest ofIlegalja: contested memories and moralities in contemporary Kosovo
Authors: Schwandner-Sievers Stephanie
Published: April 2013

In this essay I explore the ways in which the internal Albanian politics of memory in Kosovo rely on a longer, lived history of militant self-organisation than the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) war period alone. On the basis of recent ethnographic research, I argue that the memory of prewar militant activism is symbolically codified, ritually formalized, and put on the public stage in Kosovo today. Not only has this process effectively rehabilitated and consolidated the personal, social, and political status of specific former activists, it also has produced a hegemonic morality against which the actions of those in power are judged internally. On the one hand, this process reproduces shared cultural references which idealise ethnonational solidarity, unity and pride and which have served militant mobilisation already before the 1990s. On the other, it provides the arguments through which rival representatives of the former militant underground groups (known asIlegalja)compete both socially and politically still today. Although this process demarcates some lines of social and political friction within society, it also suggests that international efforts to introduce an identity which breaks with Kosovo's past and some of its associated values, face a local system of signification that is historically even deeper entrenched than is usually assumed.
Recovery of a source term or a speed with one measurement and applications
Authors: Stefanov Plamen , Uhlmann Gunther
Published: April 2013

We study the problem of recovery of the source

a
(
t
,
x
)
F
(
x
)

a(t,x)F(x)

in the wave equation in anisotropic medium with

a
a

known so that

a
(
0
,
x
)
≠
0

a(0,x)\not =0

, with a single measurement. We use Carleman estimates combined with geometric arguments and give sharp conditions for uniqueness. We also study the non-linear problem of recovery of the sound speed in the equation

u

t
t

−

c
2

(
x
)
Δ
u
=
0

u_{tt} -c^2(x)\Delta u =0

with one measurement. We give sharp conditions for stability as well. An application to thermoacoustic tomography is also presented.
Noise and interlocking signaling pathways promote distinct transcription factor dynamics in response to different stresses
Authors: Petrenko Natalia , Chereji Raˇzvan V. , McClean Megan N. , Morozov Alexandre V. , Broach James R.
Published: April 2013

All cells perceive and respond to environmental stresses through elaborate stress-sensing networks. Yeast cells sense stress through diverse signaling pathways that converge on the transcription factors Msn2 and Msn4, which respond by initiating rapid, idiosyncratic cycles into and out of the nucleus. To understand the role of Msn2/4 nuclear localization dynamics, we combined time-lapse studies of Msn2-GFP localization in living cells with computational modeling of stress-sensing signaling networks. We find that several signaling pathways, including Ras/protein kinase A, AMP-activated kinase, the high-osmolarity response mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and protein phosphatase 1, regulate activation of Msn2 in distinct ways in response to different stresses. Moreover, we find that bursts of nuclear localization elicit a more robust transcriptional response than does sustained nuclear localization. Using stochastic modeling, we reproduce in silico the responses of Msn2 to different stresses, and demonstrate that bursts of localization arise from noise in the signaling pathways amplified by the small number of Msn2 molecules in the cell. This noise imparts diverse behaviors to genetically identical cells, allowing cell populations to “hedge their bets” in responding to an uncertain future, and to balance growth and survival in an unpredictable environment.
The E3 ubiquitin ligase mind bomb 1 ubiquitinates and promotes the degradation of survival of motor neuron protein
Authors: Kwon Deborah Y. , Dimitriadi Maria , Terzic Barbara , Cable Casey , Hart Anne C. , Chitnis Ajay , Fischbeck Kenneth H. , Burnett Barrington G.
Published: April 2013

Spinal muscular atrophy is an inherited motor neuron disease that results from a deficiency of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMN is ubiquitinated and degraded through the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). We have previously shown that proteasome inhibition increases SMN protein levels, improves motor function, and reduces spinal cord, muscle, and neuromuscular junction pathology of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) mice. Specific targets in the UPS may be more efficacious and less toxic. In this study, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase, mind bomb 1 (Mib1), interacts with and ubiquitinates SMN and facilitates its degradation. Knocking down Mib1 levels increases SMN protein levels in cultured cells. Also, knocking down the Mib1 orthologue improves neuromuscular function in Caenorhabditis elegans deficient in SMN. These findings demonstrate that Mib1 ubiquitinates and catalyzes the degradation of SMN, and thus represents a novel therapeutic target for SMA.
Apical sorting of lysoGPI-anchored proteins occurs independent of association with detergent-resistant membranes but dependent on their N-glycosylation
Authors: Castillon Guillaume Alain , Michon Laetitia , Watanabe Reika
Published: April 2013

Most glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are located at the apical surface of epithelial cells. The apical delivery of GPI-APs is believed to result from their association with lipid rafts. We find that overexpression of C-terminally tagged PGAP3 caused predominant production of lysoGPI-APs, an intermediate precursor in the GPI lipid remodeling process in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. In these cells, produced lysoGPI-APs are not incorporated into detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) but still are delivered apically, suggesting that GPI-AP association with DRMs is not necessary for apical targeting. In contrast, apical transport of both fully remodeled and lyso forms of GPI-APs is dependent on N-glycosylation, confirming a general role of N-glycans in apical protein transport. We also find that depletion of cholesterol causes apical-to-basolateral retargeting not only of fully remodeled GPI-APs, but also of lysoGPI-APs, as well as endogenous soluble and transmembrane proteins that would normally be targeted to the apical membrane. These findings confirm the essential role for cholesterol in the apical protein targeting and further demonstrate that the mechanism of cholesterol-dependent apical sorting is not related to DRM association of GPI-APs.
‘Like an Apparition’: Oriental Ghosting in Flaubert’s
Éducation sentimentale
Authors: Yee Jennifer
Published: April 2013

This article looks at intratextual echoes, within Flaubert's 1869
Éducation sentimentale
, of his earlier novel
Salammbô
(1862) and the various accounts of his voyage in Egypt between 1849 and 1851 (including his notes and letters, and published accounts by his travel companion Maxime Du Camp). The manuscripts of
L'Éducation sentimentale
also reveal traces, later removed, of these earlier texts. Flaubert employs imagery associated with two Oriental women — the Egyptian courtesan Kuchouk-Hânem, and the fictive Salammbô herself — in building up the figure of Madame Arnoux. These recurrences predominantly concern feminine dress and accessories, as well as a certain angle of view in which the woman is seen from below, but this can be regarded as deliberate textual fetishism rather than the unconscious sexual fetishism that earlier critics have tended to emphasize. These parallels are matched by the deliberately encrypted presence, within
L'Éducation sentimentale
, of Flaubert's Oriental travel companion Du Camp, in the form of Monsieur Arnoux. Flaubert uses the character of Arnoux not only to settle old scores but, more importantly, as part of his own polemical attack on socially engaged art and on the industrialization of the work of art.
Effect of Extrusion Conditions on Pasting Behavior and Microstructure of Refabricated Rice: A Response Surface Analysis
Authors: Hussain Syed Zameer , Singh Baljit
Published: April 2013

The effects of moisture, screw speed, and barrel temperature on pasting behavior of refabricated rice grains were investigated in a corotating twin‐screw extruder with response surface methodology. The rice flour obtained from broken rice (≤1/8 of actual kernel size) of PR‐116 variety was used in the study. The screw speed was set at five levels between 49 and 150 rpm, barrel temperature between 59 and 110°C, and feed moisture between 31 and 45%. All pasting properties of refabricated grains evaluated—peak viscosity, hold viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, and setback viscosity—were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by the three process variables. Barrel temperature was the most significant variable, with quadratic effect on all viscosity parameters. Response surface regression models were established to correlate the viscosity profile of refabricated rice grains to the process variables. The optimum moisture content, screw speed, and barrel temperature estimated by a response surface of desirability function for the production of refabricated rice were 36%, 130 rpm, and 89.5°C, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed that intermediate moisture and temperature along with high screw speed during extrusion could create a more realistic appearance of refabricated rice with less rupture of starch granules.
Analyses of wrky18 wrky40 Plants Reveal Critical Roles of SA/EDS1 Signaling and Indole-Glucosinolate Biosynthesis for Golovinomyces orontii Resistance and a Loss-of Resistance Towards Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato AvrRPS4
Authors: Schön Moritz , Töller Armin , Diezel Celia , Roth Charlotte , Westphal Lore , Wiermer Marcel , Somssich Imre E.
Published: April 2013

Simultaneous mutation of two WRKY-type transcription factors, WRKY18 and WRKY40, renders otherwise susceptible wild-type Arabidopsis plants resistant towards the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus Golovinomyces orontii. Resistance in wrky18 wrky40 double mutant plants is accompanied by massive transcriptional reprogramming, imbalance in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, altered ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) expression, and accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin. Genetic analyses identified SA biosynthesis and EDS1 signaling as well as biosynthesis of the indole-glucosinolate 4MI3G as essential components required for loss-of-WRKY18 WRKY40–mediated resistance towards G. orontii. The analysis of wrky18 wrky40 pad3 mutant plants impaired in camalexin biosynthesis revealed an uncoupling of pre- from postinvasive resistance against G. orontii. Comprehensive infection studies demonstrated the specificity of wrky18 wrky40–mediated G. orontii resistance. Interestingly, WRKY18 and WRKY40 act as positive regulators in effector-triggered immunity, as the wrky18 wrky40 double mutant was found to be strongly susceptible towards the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 expressing the effector AvrRPS4 but not against other tested Pseudomonas strains. We hypothesize that G. orontii depends on the function of WRKY18 and WRKY40 to successfully infect Arabidopsis wild-type plants while, in the interaction with P. syringae AvrRPS4, they are required to mediate effector-triggered immunity.
Effect of High Temperature and Exposure Time onErysiphe necatorGrowth and Reproduction: Revisions to the UC Davis Powdery Mildew Risk Index
Authors: Peduto Francesca , Backup Peggy , Hand Eric K. , Janousek Christopher N. , Gubler Walter D.
Published: April 2013

Epidemics of powdery mildew, the most important disease of grapevines in California, are driven by moderate temperatures (21 to 30°C). High temperatures can delay or stop the growth and sporulation of Erysiphe necator. Using controlled conditions, we investigated the response of the pathogen's colony growth, conidiospore production, and germination to eight temperatures (30 to 44°C) at 12 exposure times (0.25 to 24 h). The pathogen survived, grew, and reproduced at higher temperatures than previously reported; exposure time was as important as temperature in defining lethal and sublethal effects. Lethal effects started at 36 to 38°C. Lethal exposure times decreased with increasing temperature. Based on this new information on the pathogen's biology, we tested revisions to the high-temperature threshold of the UC Davis Powdery Mildew Risk Index in field settings. No differences in the total number of fungicide applications resulted from the use of either the original or the revised models. However, use of the 38°C for 2 h threshold consistently showed equal (leaves) or better (fruit) disease control compared with the original model, as well as equal disease control compared with a calendar schedule, but with five fewer applications over the 2 years of the study.
Sensitive and Direct Detection of Heterodera filipjevi in Soil and Wheat Roots by Species-Specific SCAR-PCR Assays
Authors: Peng Huan , Qi Xiaoli , Peng Deliang , Long Haibo , He Xufeng , Huang Wenkun , He Wenting
Published: April 2013

Cereal cyst nematodes are the most important plant-parasitic nematodes on cereal crops in wheat producing areas of the world. Heterodera filipjevi was first reported in China in 2010. In this study, species-specific sequence characterized amplified region–polymerase chain reaction (SCAR-PCR) assays for detection and identification of H. filipjevi from infected wheat roots and soil were developed. The species-specific primers were designed according to the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers amplified with random primer OPK16. A 646-bp specific fragment of sequence was generated, which characterized amplified regions in H. filipjevi. The detection limitation of the PCR assay was as low as 0.125 μl second-stage juvenile (J2) lysate, 3.9 × 10–3 μl adult female lysate, and 10–3 μl cyst lysate. The method was able to detect the various stages (J2, J3, J4, and female) of H. filipjevi, and a single of nematode in 0.5 g of soil. H. filipjevi was detected by the method in two of six field samples, and one of those samples contained a mixed population of H. filipjevi and H. avenae. This study is the first to provide a definitive diagnostic assay for H. filipjevi in wheat roots and soil.
Theoretical Modeling Suggests that Synergy May Result from Combined Use of Two Biocontrol Agents for Controlling Foliar Pathogens Under Spatial Heterogeneous Conditions
Authors: Xu X.-M. , Jeger M. J.
Published: April 2013

There has been a trend for combined use of several biocontrol agents (BCAs) with an expectation of synergistic interactions among BCAs. However, previous modeling studies suggested that, under homogeneous and temporal-fluctuating conditions, combined use of two BCAs, in most cases, only results in efficacies similar to the more efficacious one used alone; a result consistent with published experimental data. The present modeling study investigated whether combined use of two mycoparasitic BCAs, two competitive BCAs, or a mycoparasitic and a competitive BCA leads to synergistic interactions under spatially heterogeneous conditions. In the model, there were two patches with varying relative sizes and two BCAs differentially adapted to the two patches. Within the range of model parameter values considered, combined use of two BCAs is more effective than the more efficacious BCA used alone in 72% of the simulated cases. There was also a considerable proportion (≈21%) of model simulations in which combined use of two BCAs led to synergy (i.e., efficacy was greater than expected under the assumption of Bliss independence, especially when each of the two BCAs can only survive in one [different] patch). Combined use of a mycoparasitic BCA with a competitive one is more likely to result in synergy than the other two BCA combinations. When biocontrol activities of individual BCAs are low or moderate, biocontrol efficacy arising from combined use of two BCAs does not depend greatly on biocontrol mechanisms. However, for high BCA activities, combined use with at least one competitive BCA resulted in better control than combined use of two mycoparasitic BCAs. The present modeling study emphasized the need for understanding the degree of spatial patchiness and quantitative relationships between biocontrol activities and external conditions in order to apply commercial BCAs effectively.
Extended treatment with peginterferon α‐2a in combination with lamivudine or adefovir for 96 weeks yields high rates of HBeAg and HBsAg seroconversion
Authors: Cao Zhen Huan , Ma Li Na , Zhang Hong Wei , Liu Ya Li , Chen Xin Yue
Published: April 2013

Objective

The study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of peginterferon α‐2a (PEG IFNα‐2a) in combination with lamivudine or adefovir in the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

Methods

In total, 47 patients with HBeAg‐positive CHB received either PEG IFNα‐2a (135 μg once weekly) plus lamivudine (100 mg daily) or adefovir (10 mg daily). All patients completed 96 weeks of therapy and were followed up for a further 24 weeks.

Results

Baseline characteristics and treatment efficacy of the two groups were similar. All patients achieved hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA <500 copies/mL at 96 weeks, and none had a virological rebound after stopping the therapy. The rate of HBeAg seroconversion was 46.8% at 48 weeks, increased to 74.5% at 96 weeks, and kept at 72.3% at 120 weeks. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroconversion rate was 6.4% at 48 weeks, increased to 21.3% at 96 weeks, and kept at 27.7% at 120 weeks.

Conclusions

Extended treatment with PEG IFNα‐2a with lamivudine or adefovir for 96 weeks is a promising strategy to achieve high rates of sustainable HBeAg and HBsAg seroconversion and HBV DNA suppression in patients with HBeAg‐positive CHB.
A simulation module in the computer programcolonyfor sibship and parentage analysis
Authors: Wang Jinliang
Published: April 2013

A simulation module is built into the software packagecolonyto simulate marker genotype data of individuals with a predefined parentage and sibship structure. The simulated data can then be used to compare the accuracy, robustness and computational efficiency of different methods for sibship and parentage reconstruction, to examine the impact of different parameter options in a software on its accuracy and computational efficiency and to assess the information sufficiency of a given set of markers for a sibship and parentage analysis. This computer note describes the method used for simulating genotype data with a pedigree and its possible applications. The method can quickly generate genotype data for a one‐ or two‐generation pedigree of virtually any complexity with up to 30k offspring, at up to 30k codominant or dominant loci with an arbitrary degree of linkage and a user‐defined mistyping rate. The data can be fed directly into thecolonyprogram for analysis by three sibship and parentage reconstruction methods and can also be imported into other programs such as Excel and R. With slight modification, the data can be analysed by other relationship analysis software.
Of contigs and quagmires: next‐generation sequencing pitfalls associated with transcriptomic studies
Authors: DeWoody J. Andrew , Abts Kendra C. , Fahey Anna L. , Ji Yanzhu , Kimble Steven J. A. , Marra Nicholas J. , Wijayawardena Bhagya K. , Willoughby Janna R.
Published: April 2013

Molecular ecologists have good reasons to be excited about the newest DNA/RNA sequencing technologies. However, this exuberance should be tempered with a hefty dose of reality: new sequencing technologies come with significant new challenges. Herein, we offer a brief overview of some practical problems encountered during transcriptomics studies conducted in our laboratory, and of nontrivial issues that prospective practitioners should consider. These include template contamination (e.g. from xenobiotics) and the cutting‐room floor problem, whereby most of the data are often unassembled, unannotated and unused. We also highlight computational requirements, including hardware, personnel time and associated skill sets. We are very optimistic about the future of molecular ecology, but we hope this cautionary overview will help neophytes better recognize some key challenges associated with new technologies.
Early Cenozoic Tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhenhan WU , Daogong HU , Peisheng YE , Zhonghai WU
Published: April 2013

Geological mapping at a scale of 1:250000 coupled with related researches in recent years reveal well Early Cenozoic paleo‐tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Marine deposits and foraminifera assemblages indicate that the Tethys‐Himalaya Ocean and the Southwest Tarim Sea existed in the south and north of the Tibetan Plateau, respectively, in Paleocene‐Eocene. The paleo‐oceanic plate between the Indian continental plate and the Lhasa block had been as wide as 900km at beginning of the Cenozoic Era. Late Paleocene transgressions of the paleo‐sea led to the formation of paleo‐bays in the southern Lhasa block. Northward subduction of the Tethys‐Himalaya Oceanic Plate caused magma emplacement and volcanic eruptions of the Linzizong Group in 64.5–44.3 Ma, which formed the Paleocene‐Eocene Gangdise Magmatic Arc in the north of Yalung‐Zangbu Suture (YZS), accompanied by intensive thrust in the Lhasa, Qiangtang, Hoh Xil and Kunlun blocks. The Paleocene‐Eocene depression of basins reached to a depth of 3500–4800 m along major thrust faults and 680–850 m along the boundary normal faults in central Tibetan Plateau, and the Paleocene‐Eocene depression of the Tarim and Qaidam basins without evident contractions were only as deep as 300–580 m and 600–830 m, respectively, far away from central Tibetan Plateau. Low elevation plains formed in the southern continental margin of the Tethy‐Himalaya Ocean, the central Tibet and the Tarim basin in Paleocene‐Early Eocene. The Tibetan Plateau and Himalaya Mts. mainly uplifted after the Indian‐Eurasian continental collision in Early‐Middle Eocene.
Advances, Problems and Prospects of Modern Geodesy Applied in Tibetan Geodynamic Changes
Authors: Wenke SUN , Xin ZHOU
Published: April 2013

Modern geodetic techniques have developed rapidly in recent years, providing reliable observation data and new effective approaches, and greatly enhancing studies of the Tibetan geodynamics. For instance, the well‐known GPS technique has been employed to measure seismic slips for many faults in the Tibetan Plateau. GPS data agree well with the hypothesis of a thickening crust and eastward mass flow. Moreover, absolute gravimetric data have been applied to interpret geophysical phenomena such as crust movement, co‐seismic gravity change, GIA, and ground water change. The satellite gravity mission GRACE launched in 2002 provided global gravity models with unprecedentedly high precision and high spatial resolution. It has been used in implementing temporal gravity changes and improving our knowledge of the Earth's interior, including lithosphere dynamics, mantle viscosity and rheology, plateau uplift, and subduction processing. It is noteworthy that gravity presents unique advantages for the study of Tibetan geodynamics because of its sensitivity to mass migration and dynamic redistribution. To date, great advances have been made in applying modern geodetic data in studying dynamic changes of Tibetan plateau. For instance, the horizontal displacement field from GPS data revealed dynamical characteristics of the present‐day Tibetan plateau. The combination of gravity anomalies and topographic data describe the tectonic characteristics of Tibetan plateau. The combination of gravity data and GPS data show present properties of the Tibetan plateau such as crust thickening, Moho's subsidence, and plateau uplift. GRACE data were used to estimate the distribution of ice/snow melting. These results demonstrate that mere application of integrated geodetic data as well as geophysical methods and numerical simulations can enhance our knowledge of Tibetan plateau dynamics. It must be pointed out that GRACE data include various geophysical signals such as crust vertical movement, denudation, ice and snow melting, GIA, ground water change, and permafrost degradation. To separate the tectonic information from other impulses, each physical signal must be evaluated and corrected carefully from the GRACE data. The Tibetan geodynamic problem is a complicated and synthetic issue that must be addressed through collaboration of workers in many fields. Succinctly put, although great achievements have been made in studying Tibetan plateau dynamics from each field, the dynamical process remains unclear. Some fundamental problems remain unresolved. They should be solved with modern geodetic data, such as GRACE, GPS, and absolute gravity data, combined with meteorological and geological data, for quantitative analysis of Tibetan plateau dynamics affected by respective geophysical sources. This review article introduces and discusses the scientific importance, advances, problems, and prospects of modern geodesy applied to the study of geodynamic changes of the Tibetan plateau.