bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity and Inclusion in the American Legal Profession: Discrimination and Bias Reported by Lawyers with Disabilities and Lawyers Who Identify as LGBTQ+
Authors: Blanck Peter , Hyseni Fitore , Wise Fatma Altunkol
Published: July 2021

Purpose

This article is part of an ongoing body of investigation examining the experiences of lawyers with diverse and multiple minority identities, with particular focus on lawyers with disabilities; lawyers who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (“LGBTQ+” as an overarching term); and lawyers with minority identities associated with race and ethnicity, gender, and age. The focus of this article is on discrimination and bias in their workplaces as reported by the lawyers experiencing it.

Methods

We employ survey data from the first phase of this investigation, gathered from the survey responses of 3590 lawyers located across all states in the United States and working in most types and sizes of legal venues. The data were collected between 2018 and 2019, before the 2020 pandemic. We estimate differences across three categories of discrimination reported—subtle-only discrimination, overt-only discrimination, and both subtle and overt discrimination. We estimate the nature and magnitude of associations among individual and organizational variables, and we use multinomial logistic regression to illustrate relative risks of reports of discrimination for intersecting identities.

Results

As compared to non-disabled lawyers, lawyers with disabilities show a higher likelihood of reporting both subtle and overt discrimination versus no discrimination. Similarly, lawyers who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (“LGBQ”) show a higher likelihood of reporting both subtle and overtdiscrimination, and subtle-only discrimination, as compared to lawyers who identify as straight/heterosexual. Women lawyers and lawyers of color are more likely to report all three types of discrimination. In general, younger lawyers are more likely to report subtle-only discrimination when compared to older lawyers. Lawyers working at a private firm are less likely to report all types of discrimination, while working for a larger organization is associated with a higher relative risk of reporting subtle-only discrimination versus no discrimination.

Conclusions

The current study represents a next, incremental step for better understanding non-monochromatic and intersectional aspects of individual identity in the legal profession. The findings illustrate that primary individual and multiple minority identities, as identified by disability, sexual orientation, gender, race/ethnicity, and age, are associated with reports of discrimination and bias in the legal workplace.
Upending “Normal”: Toward an Integrated and Intersectional Approach to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Legal Profession: Comment on Blanck, Hyseni, and Altunkol Wise’s National Study of the Legal Profession
Authors: Winfield Angela C.
Published: July 2021

Diversity, equity, and inclusion (“DEI”) in the workplace is a complex issue at any time and in any organization. However, in this time of great upheaval—COVID-19, a renewed racial reckoning in the United States, and increased climate consciousness and social justice awareness—profound issues about work and the role of organizations are being raised simultaneously. This confluence of systemic issues highlights three critically important broad concepts that can help evolve our approach to addressing workplace inequities.
Participation of rural patients in clinical trials at a multisite academic medical center
Authors: Bharucha Adil E. , Wi Chung Il , Srinivasan Sushmitha Grama , Choi Hyuckjae , Wheeler Phillip H. , Stavlund Jennifer R. , Keller Daniel A. , Bailey Kent R. , Juhn Young J.
Published: July 2021

Objective:

Clinical trials, which are mainly conducted in urban medical centers, may be less accessible to rural residents. Our aims were to assess participation and the factors associated with participation of rural residents in clinical trials.

Methods:

Using geocoding, the residential address of participants enrolled into clinical trials at Mayo Clinic locations in Arizona, Florida, and the Midwest between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2017, was categorized as urban or rural. The distance travelled by participants and trial characteristics was compared between urban and rural participants. Ordinal logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate whether study location and risks were associated with rural participation in trials.

Results:

Among 292 trials, including 136 (47%) cancer trials, there were 2313 participants. Of these, 731 (32%) were rural participants, which is greater than the rural population in these 9 states (19%,P < 0.001). Compared to urban participants, rural participants were older (65 ± 12 years vs 64 ± 12 years,P= 0.004) and travelled further to the medical center (103 ± 104 vs 68 ± 88 miles,P < 0.001). The proportion of urban and rural participants who were remunerated was comparable. In the multivariable analysis, the proportion of rural participants was lower (P < 0.001) in Arizona (10%) and Florida (18%) than the Midwest (38%) but not significantly associated with the study-related risks.

Conclusions:

Approximately one in three clinical trial participants were rural residents versus one in five in the population. Rural residents travelled further to access clinical trials. The study-associated risks were not associated with the distribution of rural and urban participants in trials.
Local Perceptions of COVID-19 in Pakistan’s Sindh Province: “Political Game”, Supernatural Test, or Western Conspiracy?
Authors: Ali Inayat , Saddique Salma , Ali Shahbaz
Published: July 2021

Objective:

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has received various distinct perspectives and responses at the local as well as global levels. The current study pays attention to local perspectives, which have appeared in the Sindh Province of Pakistan.

Methods:

Given the constraints of the pandemic, and using convenience sampling, we conducted 10 online group discussions, 7 one-on-one interviews, and 30 cellphone discussions from a small town of Sindh Province. We made every effort to make our sampling inclusive in terms of decisive sociocultural factors: gender, religion, level of formal education, and occupation/job. We obtained data from women, men, Muslims and non-Muslims, the formally educated and noneducated, government employees, and daily wage laborers. Moreover, to perform content analysis, we used social media such as WhatsApp and Facebook.

Results and Discussions:

We have found that some people consider COVID-19 a “political” game, “supernatural test” or “Western plot”. The given perceptions then guide further actions: either ignore or adopt the preventive measures or take supernatural preventive measures. Considering it as a test of God, Muslims perform prayers, while the Bāgrrī community who practice Hinduism are taking cow urine to deal with the virus. This study brings these perspectives to the center stage; yet, the results cannot be generalized across the country, or within the province. Moreover, the study situates these perspectives within the global and socio-cultural, economic, and political contexts and invites more in-depth studies to inquire why such perspectives emerge.

Conclusions:

We discuss different narratives concerning COVID-19 in a small town of Sindh Province. We maintain that documenting these various perspectives and analyzing their impacts on the preparedness programs is essential, yet understanding the causes behind the stated standpoints is equally essential, if not more so.
Variations in Presentation and Management of COVID-19 Inpatients by Race and Ethnicity in a Large Texas Metroplex
Authors: Liu Alison , Patel Akshat , Pierce Ava , Fowler Ray
Published: July 2021

Objective:

The aim of this study was to assess variations in presentation and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) across race/ethnicity at a large Texas metroplex hospital.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort study was performed.

Results:

Although COVID-19 patients demonstrated significant socioeconomic disparities, race/ethnicity was not a significant predictor of intensive care unit (ICU) admission (P = 0.067) or case fatality (P = 0.078). Hospital admission varied by month, with incidence among Black/African-American and Hispanic/Latino patients peaking earlier in the pandemic timeline (P < 0.001). Patients reporting Spanish as their primary language were significantly more likely to be admitted to the ICU (odds ratio, 1.75; P = 0.007).

Conclusions:

COVID-19 patients do not demonstrate significant racial/ethnic disparities in case fatality, suggesting that state-wide disparities in mortality rate are rooted in infection risk rather than hospital course. Variations in admission rates by race/ethnicity across the timeline and increased ICU admission among Spanish-speaking patients demonstrate the need to pursue tailored interventions on both a community and structural level to mitigate further health disparities throughout the pandemic and after.
Coping With COVID-19: Health Risk Communication and Vulnerable Groups
Authors: Bailey Althea , Harris Michelle A. , Bogle Dania , Jama Artan , Muir Susan A. , Miller Shenae , Walters Christine A. , Govia Ishtar
Published: July 2021

Objectives:

This study sought to identify coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk communication materials distributed in Jamaica to mitigate the effects of the disease outbreak. It also sought to explore the effects of health risk communication on vulnerable groups in the context of the pandemic.

Methods:

A qualitative study was conducted, including a content analysis of health risk communications and in-depth interviews with 35 purposively selected elderly, physically disabled, persons with mental health disorders, representatives of government agencies, advocacy and service groups, and caregivers of the vulnerable. Axial coding was applied to data from the interviews, and all data were analyzed using the constant comparison technique.

Results:

Twelve of the 141 COVID-19 risk communication messages directly targeted the vulnerable. All participants were aware of the relevant risk communication and largely complied. Barriers to messaging awareness and compliance included inappropriate message medium for the deaf and blind, rural location, lack of Internet service or digital devices, limited technology skills, and limited connection to agencies that serve the vulnerable.

Conclusion:

The vulnerable are at increased risk in times of crisis. Accessibility of targeted information was inadequate for universal access to health information and support for vulnerable persons regardless of location and vulnerability.
The Digital Network of Networks: Regulatory Risk and Policy Challenges of Vaccine Passports
Authors: WILFORD Sara Helen , MCBRIDE Neil , BROOKS Laurence , EKE Damian Okaibedi , AKINTOYE Simisola , OWOSENI Adebowale , LEACH Tonii , FLICK Catherine , FISK Malcolm , STACEY Martin
Published: July 2021

The extensive disruption to and digital transformation of travel administration across borders largely due to COVID-19 mean that digital vaccine passports are being developed to resume international travel and kick-start the global economy. Currently, a wide range of actors are using a variety of different approaches and technologies to develop such a system. This paper considers the techno-ethical issues raised by the digital nature of vaccine passports and the application of leading-edge technologies such as blockchain in developing and deploying them. We briefly analyse four of the most advanced systems – IBM’s Digital Health Passport “Common Pass,” the International Air Transport Association’s Travel Pass, the Linux Foundation Public Health’s COVID-19 Credentials Initiative and the Vaccination Credential Initiative (Microsoft and Oracle) – and then consider the approach being taken for the EU Digital COVID Certificate. Each of these raises a range of issues, particularly relating to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the need for standards and due diligence in the application of innovative technologies (eg blockchain) that will directly challenge policymakers when attempting to regulate within the network of networks.
Biology of Invasive Plants 2.Lycium ferocissimumMiers
Authors: Noble Michael R. , Adair Robin J. , Ireland Kylie B.
Published: July 2021

The name of the genusLyciumoriginates from the Greek namelykionfor a thorny shrub, derived fromLycia, the name of an ancient country in Asia Minor where a similar spiny shrub was found. The specific epithetferocissimumcomes from the Latinferox,meaning “bold” or “fearless,” referring to the very spiny nature of the shrub (Green 1994; Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001).
Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on oxidative stress and clinical outcomes in patients with low levels of coenzyme Q10 admitted to the intensive care unit
Authors: Hasanloei Mohammad Amin Valizade , Zeinaly Aidin , Rahimlou Mehran , Houshyar Hadi , Moonesirad Solma , Hashemi Reza
Published: July 2021

Today, trauma is known to be the third leading cause of death in most countries. Studies have demonstrated below-normal plasma levels of antioxidants in trauma patients. The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on oxidative stress, clinical outcomes and anthropometrical parameters in traumatic mechanical ventilated patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Patients were randomised to receive sublingual CoQ10 (400 mg/d) or placebo for 7 d. Primary and secondary outcomes were measured at the baseline and end of the study. We enrolled forty patients for this trial: twenty in the CoQ10 group and twenty in the placebo group. There was not any significant difference in the baseline variables (P > 0⋅05). At the end of the study, CoQ10 administration caused a considerable reduction in the Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations (P < 0⋅001), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS; P = 0⋅02), ICU and hospital length of stay and mechanical ventilation (MV) duration (P < 0⋅001). We found that CoQ10 administration could increase Fat-Free Mass (P < 0⋅001) (FFM; P = 0⋅04), Skeletal Muscle Mass (SMM; P = 0⋅04) and Body Cell Mass (BCM) percent (P = 0⋅03). There was not any significant difference in other factors between the two groups (P > 0⋅05). CoQ10 administration has beneficial effects on patients with traumatic injury and has no side effects. However, since the possibility of the type II error was high, the outcomes on the duration of MV, ICU stay and hospital stay, and GCS may very well be false positives.
Postprandial effects of a whey protein-based multi-ingredient nutritional drink compared with a normal breakfast on glucose, insulin, and active GLP-1 response among type 2 diabetic subjects: a crossover randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sridonpai Pimnapanut , Prachansuwan Aree , Praengam Kemika , Tuntipopipat Siriporn , Kriengsinyos Wantanee
Published: July 2021

Postprandial hyperglycaemia is recognised as an important target in type 2 diabetes management. Dietary pattern, meal composition, and amount of food intake are major factors for maintaining postprandial blood glucose levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of consuming a whey protein-based multi-ingredient nutritional drink (WD) on postprandial glycaemic, insulinaemic, and active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses in comparison to a typical breakfast, which is boiled white rice with chicken (BC) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Fifteen subjects with T2DM participated in a randomised, controlled, cross-over study. Two isocaloric diets with similar nutrient composition were randomly tested with at least 7 d in between. Glucose, insulin, and active GLP-1 were measured by standard methods with blood samples collected with a venous catheter for 240 min during a kinetic test. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC0–240 min) for plasma glucose was significantly lower after the consumption of WD (WD: 3551 ± 546; BC: 9610 ± 848 mg min/dl; P < 0⋅01), while insulinaemic response tended to be lesser (iAUC0–240 min) than those of BC. In addition, higher iAUC0–240 min for active GLP-1 was obtained with WD diet (WD: 2230 ± 441; BC: 925 ± 183 pM min/ml; P < 0⋅01). This study showed that WD can be used to replace a regular breakfast for improving postprandial glucose response and active GLP-1 levels in people with T2DM. Further studies are required to elucidate the clinical efficacy of WD on long-term glycaemic control in people with T2DM.
Modeling spatially distributed snow instability at a regional scale using Alpine3D
Authors: Richter Bettina , Schweizer Jürg , Rotach Mathias W. , van Herwijnen Alec
Published: July 2021

Assessing the avalanche danger level requires snow stratigraphy and instability data. As such data are usually sparse, we investigated whether distributed snow cover modeling can be used to provide information on spatial instability patterns relevant for regional avalanche forecasting. Using Alpine3D, we performed spatially distributed simulations to evaluate snow instability for the winter season 2016–17 in the region of Davos, Switzerland. Meteorological data from automatic weather stations were interpolated to 100 m horizontal resolution and precipitation was scaled with snow depth measurements from airborne laser scanning. Modeled snow instability metrics assessed for two different weak layers suggested that the weak layer closer to the snow surface was more variable. Initially, it was less stable than the weak layer closer to the ground, yet it stabilized faster as the winter progressed. In spring, the simulated snowpack on south-facing slopes stabilized faster than on north-facing slopes, in line with the regional avalanche forecast. In the winter months January to March 2017, simulated instability metrics did not suggest that the snowpack on south-facing slopes was more stable, as reported in the regional avalanche forecast. Although a validation with field data is lacking, these model results still show the potential and challenges of distributed modeling for supporting operational avalanche forecasting.
Is Identification All the Same? The Differential Effects of CEO and CFO Organizational Identification on Corporate Philanthropy
Authors: Xu Yuehua , Shi Wei , Qin Xin , Zhang Junsheng , Tang Xiaojian
Published: July 2021

By integrating role theory and social identity theory, this study examines the differential effects of organizational identification of the chief executive officer (CEO) and the chief financial officer (CFO) on corporate philanthropy. We argue that CEO organizational identification can positively affect corporate philanthropy, whereas the opposite holds for CFO organizational identification. This is because the CEO and the CFO have varying attitudes about corporate philanthropy owing to their different role expectations; thus, those who identify strongly with their organizations would act for the best interests of the firm. Moreover, because the beliefs of top executives are probably influenced by those of other executives, we further explore the interaction between the CEO and the CFO. We propose that the positive influence of CEO organizational identification on corporate philanthropy will be weakened by CFO organizational identification, and the moderating effect of CFO organizational identification will become stronger when the CEO and the CFO have opposite genders or when the CFO has ownership. From a sample of 880 publicly traded firms in China, we found support for our hypotheses. Our study can contribute to the corporate philanthropy literature and research on executive organizational identification by highlighting the importance of executive roles and their interactions.
Generative Dynamics of Supreme Court Citations: Analysis with a New Statistical Network Model
Authors: Schmid Christian S. , Chen Ted Hsuan Yun , Desmarais Bruce A.
Published: July 2021

The significance and influence of U.S. Supreme Court majority opinions derive in large part from opinions’ roles as precedents for future opinions. A growing body of literature seeks to understand what drives the use of opinions as precedents through the study of Supreme Court case citation patterns. We raise two limitations of existing work on Supreme Court citations. First, dyadic citations are typically aggregated to the case level before they are analyzed. Second, citations are treated as if they arise independently. We present a methodology for studying citations between Supreme Court opinions at the dyadic level, as a network, that overcomes these limitations. This methodology—the citation exponential random graph model, for which we provide user-friendly software—enables researchers to account for the effects of case characteristics and complex forms of network dependence in citation formation. We then analyze a network that includes all Supreme Court cases decided between 1950 and 2015. We find evidence for dependence processes, including reciprocity, transitivity, and popularity. The dependence effects are as substantively and statistically significant as the effects of exogenous covariates, indicating that models of Supreme Court citations should incorporate both the effects of case characteristics and the structure of past citations.
Meal patterns associated with energy intake in people with obesity
Authors: Horn Cathrine , Laupsa-Borge Johnny , Andersen Amanda I. O. , Dyer Laurence , Revheim Ingrid , Leikanger Trine , Næsheim Nicole Tandrevold , Storås Inghild , Johannessen Kristine Kjerpeseth , Mellgren Gunnar , Dierkes Jutta , Dankel Simon N.
Published: July 2021

It is widely assumed that people with obesity have several common eating patterns, including breakfast skipping, eating during the night and high fast-food consumption. However, differences in individual meal and dietary patterns may be crucial to optimising obesity treatment. Therefore, we investigated the inter-individual variation in eating patterns, hypothesising that individuals with obesity show different dietary and meal patterns, and that these associate with self-reported energy intake (rEI) and/or anthropometric measures. Cross-sectional data from 192 participants (aged 20–55 years) with obesity, including 6 d of weighed food records, were analysed. Meal patterns and dietary patterns were derived using exploratory hierarchical cluster analysis and k-means cluster analysis, respectively. Five clear meal patterns were found based on the time-of-day with the highest mean rEI. The daily rEI was highest among ‘midnight-eaters’ (10 669 (sd 2301) kJ), and significantly (P < 0·05) higher than ‘dinner-eaters’ (8619 (sd 2301) kJ), ‘lunch-eaters’ (8703 (sd 2176) kJ) and ‘supper-eaters’ (8786 (sd 1925) kJ), but not ‘regular-eaters’ (9749 (sd 2720) kJ). Despite differences of up to 2050 kJ between meal patterns, there were no significant differences in anthropometric measures or physical activity level (PAL). Four dietary patterns were also found with significant differences in intake of specific food groups, but without significant differences in anthropometry, PAL or rEI. Our data highlight meal timing as a determinant of individual energy intake in people with obesity. The study supports the importance of considering a person’s specific meal pattern, with possible implications for more person-focused guidelines and targeted advice.
The transgenerational consequences of maternal parasitism for aphid life history and suitability for subsequent parasitism
Authors: Rasekh A. , Shahbazi-Gahrouhi M. R. , Michaud J. P.
Published: July 2021

Aphids parasitized in later instars can give birth to several nymphs before their reproduction is curtailed by the developing parasitoid. We examined the life histories ofAphis fabaeScopoli born to mothers parasitized byLysiphlebus fabarumMarshall, and their suitability as subsequent hosts, to test the ‘fecundity compensation’ hypothesis. Maternal parasitism negatively impacted life history parameters, resulting in reduced estimates of population increase (rm,R0, and λ), and increased generation time (GT) and doubling time (DT). These impacts were greater when the larva developing in the mother turned out to be female rather than male, and greater still when mothers were superparasitized. Maternal parasitism produced aphids with shorter hind tibia (HTL), at birth and at maturity, but their developmental time was unaffected. Although femaleL. fabarumreadily accepted such aphids for oviposition, rates of mummification and wasp emergence were lower, and more so when the maternal parasitoid was female. The resulting parasitoids took longer to develop than progeny from control wasps, had shorter HTLs, lower egg loads, smaller eggs, and produced fewer mummies with lower rates of adult emergence, all differences that were more pronounced when the maternal parasitoid was female. The progeny of these wasps exhibited similar impairments to these biological parameters as their parents, demonstrating that the negative impacts of development in maternally parasitized hosts extended for at least two generations. Thus, our results do not support fecundity compensation, but suggest that any benefits of post-parasitism reproduction will be offset by reduced fitness in both aphid progeny and the parasitoids that develop in them.
Learning to Predict Proliferation
Authors: Miller Nicholas L.
Published: July 2021

How effective are states at assessing and predicting the nuclear intentions of foreign countries? Drawing on close to 200 US assessments of foreign countries’ proliferation intentions between 1957 and 1966, this research note finds that close to 80 percent of testable US assessments were correct and that they shifted from highly inaccurate in the late 1950s to highly accurate in the 1960s. Based on quantitative and qualitative analysis, I conclude that learning from early failures led the intelligence community to achieve higher accuracy.
Computation of multi-region, relaxed magnetohydrodynamic equilibria with prescribed toroidal current profile
Authors: Baillod A. , Loizu J. , Qu Z.S. , Kumar A. , Graves J.P.
Published: July 2021

The stepped-pressure equilibrium code (SPEC) (Hudsonet al.,Phys. Plasmas, vol. 19, issue 11, 2012, 112502) is extended to allow the computation of multi-region, relaxed magnetohydrodynamics (MRxMHD) equilibria at prescribed toroidal current profile. Toroidal currents are expressed in the framework of the MRxMHD theory, exhibiting spatial separation between pressure driven and externally driven currents. Additionally, analytical force balance derivatives at constant toroidal current are deployed in order to maintain SPEC's advantageous speed. The newly implemented capability is verified in screw pinch and classical stellarator geometries, and is applied to obtain the equilibrium$\beta$-limit of a classical stellarator without net toroidal currents. This new capability opens the possibility to study the effect of toroidal current on three-dimensional equilibria with the SPEC code.
Dispersion of adeleid oocysts by vertebrates in Gran Canaria, Spain: report and literature review
Authors: Santana-Hernández Kevin M. , Priestnall Simon L. , Modrý David , Rodríguez-Ponce Eligia
Published: July 2021

Within the family Adeleidae, Adelina spp. belong to a group of arthropod pathogens. These parasites have been reported to have a wide geographic distribution, however, there are no reports of these protists in the Canary Islands, Spain. One of the peculiarities of the life cycle of Adelina spp. is the participation of a predator, because fecundation and sporulation occur inside the body cavity, and so necessitate destruction of the definitive host. The involvement therefore of a ‘dispersion host’, which eats the definitive host and spreads the oocysts through its faeces, is critical for the maintenance of certain Adelina spp. On the island of Gran Canaria, adeleid oocysts have been found in stool samples from four animals, three California kingsnakes (Lampropeltis californiae), and one feral cat. These animals were part of a larger coprological study of vertebrate parasites (117 snakes, 298 cats), where pseudoparasitic elements were also recorded. L. californiae and feral cats are invasive species which are widespread across the island and this novel finding of Adelina spp. oocysts in their faeces suggests that they could also serve as potential sentinel species for arthropod parasites.
Effectiveness, durability, and clinical correlates of the PEERS social skills intervention in young adults with autism spectrum disorder: the first evidence outside North America
Authors: Chien Yi-Ling , Tsai Wen-Che , Chen Wen-Hao , Yang Chi-Liang , Gau Susan Shur-Fen , Soong Wei-Tsuen , Laugeson Elizabeth , Chiu Yen-Nan
Published: July 2021

Background

Despite the fact that social deficits among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are lifelong and impact many aspects of personal functioning, evidence-based programs for social skills training were not available until recently. The Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills (PEERS®) has been shown to effectively improve social skills for adolescents on the spectrum across different social cultures. However, the effectiveness for young adults beyond North America has yet to be examined. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the PEERS intervention in Taiwanese young adults with ASD, and examine its durability and clinical correlates.

Methods

We recruited 82 cognitively-able young adults with ASD, randomized to the PEERS treatment or treatment-as-usual.

Results

Following treatment, significant improvement was found in aspects of social deficits, autism severity, social interaction anxiety, empathy, and social skills knowledge either by self-report or coach-report. Additionally, communicative behaviors rated by observers improved throughout the sessions, showing a trend toward more appropriate eye contact, gestures, facial expression during conversation, and appropriate maintenance of conversation and reciprocity. Most effects maintained at 3-month and 6-month follow-ups. The improvement of social deficits was positively correlated with baseline severity, while gains in social skills knowledge were positively correlated with IQ. The improvement of social deficits, autism severity, and empathy were positively correlated with each other.

Conclusion

Overall, the PEERS intervention appears to effectively improve social functioning in Taiwanese young adults with ASD. Improvement of social response and knowledge may be predicted by baseline severity and intelligence respectively.
Targeting dietary restraint to reduce binge eating: a randomised controlled trial of a blended internet- and smartphone app-based intervention
Authors: Linardon Jake , Messer Mariel , Shatte Adrian , Skvarc David , Rosato John , Rathgen April , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew
Published: July 2021

Background

Existing internet-based prevention and treatment programmes for binge eating are composed of multiple distinct modules that are designed to target a broad range of risk or maintaining factors. Such multi-modular programmes (1) may be unnecessarily long for those who do not require a full course of intervention and (2) make it difficult to distinguish those techniques that are effective from those that are redundant. Since dietary restraint is a well-replicated risk and maintaining factor for binge eating, we developed an internet- and app-based intervention composed solely of cognitive-behavioural techniques designed to modify dietary restraint as a mechanism to target binge eating. We tested the efficacy of this combined selective and indicated prevention programme in 403 participants, most of whom were highly symptomatic (90% reported binge eating once per week).

Method

Participants were randomly assigned to the internet intervention (n = 201) or an informational control group (n = 202). The primary outcome was objective binge-eating frequency. Secondary outcomes were indices of dietary restraint, shape, weight, and eating concerns, subjective binge eating, disinhibition, and psychological distress. Analyses were intention-to-treat.

Results

Intervention participants reported greater reductions in objective binge-eating episodes compared to the control group at post-test (small effect size). Significant effects were also observed on each of the secondary outcomes (small to large effect sizes). Improvements were sustained at 8 week follow-up.

Conclusions

Highly focused digital interventions that target one central risk/maintaining factor may be sufficient to induce meaningful change in core eating disorder symptoms.
How negative mood hinders belief updating in depression: results from two experimental studies
Authors: Kube Tobias , Kirchner Lukas , Gärtner Thomas , Glombiewski Julia Anna
Published: July 2021

Background

In two experimental studies, we tested the hypothesis that negative mood would hinder the revision of negative beliefs in response to unexpectedly positive information in depression, whereas positive mood was expected to enhance belief updating.

Methods

In study 1 (N= 101), we used a subclinical sample to compare the film-based induction of sadv.happy mood with a distraction control group. Subsequently, participants underwent a well-established paradigm to examine intra-individual changes in performance-related expectations after unexpectedly positive performance feedback. In study 2, we applied the belief-updating task from study 1 to an inpatient sample (N= 81) and induced sadv.happy mood via film-clipsv.recall of autobiographic events.

Results

The results of study 1 showed no significant group differences in belief updating; the severity of depressive symptoms was a negative predictor of belief revision, though, and there was a non-significant trend suggesting that the presence of sad mood hindered belief updating in the subgroup of participants with a diagnosed depressive episode. Study 2 revealed that participants updated their expectations significantly less in line with positive feedback when they underwent the induction of negative mood prior to feedback, relative to positive mood.

Conclusions

By indicating that the presence of negative mood can hinder the revision of negative beliefs in clinically depressed people, our findings suggest that learning from new experiences can be hampered if state negative mood is activated. Thus, interventions relying on learning from novel positive experiences should aim at reducing state negative mood in depression.
The Emergence of Mafia-like Business Systems in China
Authors: Rithmire Meg , Chen Hao
Published: July 2021

A large body of literature on state–business relations in China has examined the political role of capitalists and collusion between the state and the private sector. This paper contributes to that literature and understanding of the internal differentiation among China's business elites by documenting the emergence of a particular kind of large, non-state business group that we argue is more akin to a mafia system than any standard definition of a firm. Drawing on large-N descriptive data as well as deep ethnographic and documentary research, we argue that mafia-like business systems share organizational principles (plunder and obfuscation) and means of growth and survival (relations of mutual endangerment and manipulation of the financial system). Understanding the particular moral economy that underlies mafia-like business systems and their interactions with the state challenges methodological foundations of research on China's political economy and helps to explain recent conflict between high-profile business people and the state.
Experimental determination of reflectance spectra of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the Scotia Sea
Authors: Belcher Anna , Fielding Sophie , Gray Andrew , Biermann Lauren , Stowasser Gabriele , Fretwell Peter , Ireland Louise , Tarling Geraint A.
Published: July 2021

Antarctic krill are the dominant metazoan in the Southern Ocean in terms of biomass; however, their wide and patchy distribution means that estimates of their biomass are still uncertain. Most currently employed methods do not sample the upper surface layers, yet historical records indicate that large surface swarms can change the water colour. Ocean colour satellites are able to measure the surface ocean synoptically and should theoretically provide a means for detecting and measuring surface krill swarms. Before we can assess the feasibility of remote detection, more must be known about the reflectance spectra of krill. Here, we measure the reflectance spectral signature of Antarctic krill collected in situ from the Scotia Sea and compare it to that of in situ water. Using a spectroradiometer, we measure a strong absorption feature between 500 and 550 nm, which corresponds to the pigment astaxanthin, and high reflectance in the 600–700 nm range due to the krill's red colouration. We find that the spectra of seawater containing krill is significantly different from seawater only. We conclude that it is tractable to detect high-density swarms of krill remotely using platforms such as optical satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles, and further steps to carry out ground-truthing campaigns are now warranted.
The limnology and spectral behaviour of a freshwater lake at Harmony Point, Nelson Island, Antarctica
Authors: Rosa Cristiano Niederauer Da , Pereira Filho Waterloo , Bremer Ulisses Franz , Andrade André Medeiros De , Kramer Gisieli , Hillebrand Fernando Luis , Jesus Janisson Batista De
Published: July 2021

The present study investigates the effect of limnology on the spectral reflectance of a freshwater lake, located in an ice-free area in the Antarctic Peninsula. Field-collected samples generated limnological and spectral parameters. This fact indicates that the studied lake has an ultra-oligotrophic/oligotrophic nature based on chlorophyll a (chl a), which registered concentrations below 3 μg l-1 with no total suspended solids, almost neutral pH and transparency equalled by depth. The water spectral behaviour in each sampling station indicates that the benthic characteristics of the lake have a strong influence as the reflectance at the 705 nm wavelength being greater than that at 583 nm signals the presence of soil and/or vegetation at its bottom. Hence, it is believed that the orbital sensors with spectral bands focused on regions between the green and red edge, such as the MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) sensor, may present better results for distinguishing the different bottom types found in the research area.
Use of mid-upper arm circumference to screen for thinness among sub-Saharan African male detainees
Authors: Philpott David CE , Belchior-Bellino Valérie , Ververs Mija
Published: July 2021

Objective:

BMI is a time-intensive measurement to assess nutritional status. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) has been studied as a proxy for BMI in adults, but there is no consensus on its optimal use.

Design:

We calculated sensitivity, specificity and area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCC) of MUAC for BMI < 18·5, <17 and <16 kg/m2. We designed a system using two MUAC cut-offs, with a healthy (non-thin) ‘green’ group, a ‘yellow’ group requiring BMI measurement and a ‘red’ group who could proceed directly to treatment for thinness.

Setting:

We retrospectively analysed monitoring data collected by the International Committee of the Red Cross in places of detention.

Participants:

11 917 male detainees in eight African countries.

Results:

MUAC had excellent discriminatory ability with AUROCC: 0·87, 0·90 and 0·92 for BMI < 18·5, BMI < 17 and BMI < 16 kg/m2, respectively. An upper cut-off of MUAC 25·5 cm to exclude healthy detainees would result in 64 % fewer detainees requiring BMI screening and had sensitivity 77 % (95 % CI 69·4, 84·7) and specificity 79·6 % (95 % CI 72·6, 86·5) for BMI < 18·5 kg/m2. A lower cut-off of MUAC < 21·0 cm had sensitivity 25·4 % (95 % CI 11·7, 39·1) and specificity 99·0 % (95 % CI 97·9, 100·0) for BMI < 16 kg/m2. An additional 50 kg weight requirement improved specificity to 99·6 % (95 % CI 99·0, 100·0) with similar sensitivity.

Conclusions:

A MUAC cut-off of 25·5 cm, above which detainees are classified as healthy and below receive further screening, would result in significant time savings. A cut-off of <21·0 cm and weight <50 kg can identify some detainees with BMI < 16 kg/m2 who require immediate treatment.
What factors are associated with food security among recently arrived refugees resettling in high-income countries? A scoping review
Authors: Wood JM , Booth AO , Margerison C , Worsley A
Published: July 2021

Objective:

Refugees are vulnerable to food insecurity (FI). This is attributable to a combination of inequitable social determinants and cultural differences. In 2019, 92 % of refugee resettlement (host country provides residency/citizenship) occurred in high-income countries, but little is known about the factors impacting their food security status in this setting. The review’s objective was to therefore thematically identify factors affecting food security among refugees resettling in high-income countries.

Design:

This review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Between May–July 2020 and February 2021, peer-reviewed studies focused on FI, and published in English from 2000–2020, were searched on Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Informit, PsychArticles, Proquest and EmBase.

Setting:

Only studies set in high-income countries were included.

Participants:

Fifty percent or more of study participants had to be refugees who had resettled within 5 years.

Results:

Twenty studies from six high-income countries were included. Culturally based food practices and priorities, confidence in navigating local foodways and transport, level of community connections and capabilities in local language and food preparation were key themes associated with food security.

Conclusions:

Utilising the four themes of culture, confidence, community and capabilities, there is an opportunity to improve the cultural sensitivity of measurement tools, develop understanding of how community-based resources (such as social capital) can be leveraged as food security buffers and modify existing food security initiatives to better serve refugee needs.
Investigating low-dose herbicide programs for goosegrass (Eleusine indica) and smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) control on creeping bentgrass greens
Authors: Brewer John R. , Askew Shawn D.
Published: July 2021

Only four herbicides are registered for smooth crabgrass or goosegrass control on creeping bentgrass golf putting greens. None of the four herbicides control weedy grasses for the entire season or control weeds postemergence when applied once at labeled rates. Three of the product labels prohibit repeated use or application during stressful summer conditions. We hypothesized frequently applying herbicides at low doses could provide season-long control of summer grasses while minimizing turf injury. Seven field experiments were conducted on creeping bentgrass putting greens to evaluate various herbicides applied monthly, biweekly, or weekly for postemergence and residual control of goosegrass and smooth crabgrass as well as creeping bentgrass putting green tolerance. Metamifop applied twice monthly at 200 g ai ha−1, topramezone applied eight times weekly at 1.5 g ae ha−1, and siduron applied weekly at 5.6 kg ai ha−1 or four times biweekly at 11 kg ha−1 did not injure creeping bentgrass greater than 10% and maintained creeping bentgrass quality and cover equivalent to nontreated turf. Weekly or biweekly programs of fenoxaprop or quinclorac caused unacceptable injury and quality decline. Metamifop applied monthly and either fenoxaprop program controlled both smooth crabgrass and goosegrass by 97% to 99% throughout the growing season. Programs containing either quinclorac or siduron controlled smooth crabgrass by 99% to 100% but did not control goosegrass greater than 39%. All topramezone programs controlled smooth crabgrass by 69% to 77% and goosegrass by 93% to 98%. In additional studies, siduron applied five times biweekly did not injure creeping bentgrass on putting greens and controlled smooth crabgrass by more than 90% at seasonal, cumulative rates between 17 and 65 kg ai ha−1. This method of frequent, low-dose herbicide treatment to control smooth crabgrass and goosegrass on golf putting greens is novel and currently could be legally implemented with siduron.
„Deutsche Seelenheilkunde“ und die Erfindung des „behandelnden Psychologen“
Authors: Wieser Martin
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Dieser wissenschaftshistorische Beitrag beleuchtet die Geschichte des „Deutschen Instituts für psychologische Forschung und Psychotherapie“ im Kontext der Professionalisierung der Psychologie während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. 1936 in Berlin gegründet und bis zur Auflösung 1945 durch den Psychiater Matthias Heinrich Göring geleitet, sollte am „Göring-Institut“ an Stelle der offiziell geächteten Lehren Freuds und Adlers die „Neue Deutsche Seelenheilkunde“ beforscht, gelehrt und praktiziert werden. Hier sollte die Idee einer „arischen“ Psychotherapie verwirklicht werden, die eine Förderung des Willens zum „völkischen Gemeinschaftsleben“ ins Zentrum der therapeutischen Praxis stellte. Ein aus psychologiehistorischer Sicht bemerkenswertes Novum stellte die Etablierung von Lehrgängen für „behandelnde Psychologen“ am „Göring-Institut“ dar. Nach zweijähriger Ausbildung wurden die Absolvent_innen zur klinisch-therapeutischen Behandlung nach ärztlicher Überweisung zugelassen. Aus der gewaltsamen Zerschlagung und Vertreibung der psychoanalytischen Gemeinschaft, in Kombination mit einem kriegsbedingten Ärztemangel, war eine Leerstelle in der medizinischen Versorgung hervorgegangen, die eine starke Anziehungskraft für Psycholog_innen ausübte. Trotz vehementen Widerstands durch die Psychiatrie spricht die wachsende Anzahl von Ausbildungskandidat_innen für eine die Attraktivität dieses Berufsfelds. Nach dem Abschluss ihrer Ausbildung konnten sie als Angehörige eines Heilberufs nicht nur vom Arbeits- und Frontdienst verschont bleiben, sondern auch ein bis dato unerreichtes Ausmaß rechtlicher und wirtschaftlicher Absicherung erlangen. Die Rekonstruktion der Konjunktur der „behandelnden Psychologen“ mündet abschließend in die Frage, welche Spuren die „Psychotherapie unter dem Hakenkreuz“ in der deutschen Psychologie auch über das Kriegsende hinaus hinterlassen hat.
1999 – 2020: Die Novellierung des Psychotherapeutengesetzes
Authors: Schönpflug Wolfgang
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Das Psychotherapeutengesetz von 1998 hat die Stellung der Psychotherapeutinnen und Psychotherapeuten in Deutschland gestärkt, jedoch auch dringliche Wünsche offen gelassen. Nach zehnjähriger Diskussion entstanden die ersten Entwürfe für eine grundlegende Novellierung des bestehenden Gesetzes. Das Bundesgesundheitsministerium beteiligte etwa 60 Verbände und Interessenvertretungen an der Vorbereitung eines Reformgesetzes sowie einer neuen Approbationsordnung, darunter die Bundespsychotherapeutenkammer, die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie und den Berufsverband deutscher Psychologinnen und Psychologen. Vorrangig war die Gleichstellung der Psychotherapie mit anderen akademischen Heilberufen durch Einführung einer einheitlichen Approbation für Psychotherapie nach einem B.Sc./M.Sc.-Studiengang. Dabei konkurrierten ein eher multidisziplinäres Studienmodell, das schon ab dem ersten Semester eine Ausbildung in Psychotherapie vermittelt, und ein eher disziplinär ausgerichtetes Modell, das eine Spezialisierung auf Psychotherapie im zweiten Abschnitt des Psychologiestudiums vornimmt.. Anhand von Dokumenten und Druckschriften wird die Vorgeschichte des 2019 erlassenen Reformgesetzes und der 2020 nachfolgenden Approbationsordnung rekonstruiert.