bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal Variation and Potential Sources of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM2.5 in Two Sites of Mexico City
Authors: Millán-Vázquez Fernando , Sosa-Echevería Rodolfo , Alarcón-Jiménez Ana Luisa , Figueroa-Lara José de Jesús , Torres-Rodríguez Miguel , Valle-Hernández Brenda Liz , Mugica-Álvarez Violeta
Published: October 2023

This study presents the characterization and source apportionment of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSII), contained in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), performed using the positive matrix factorization model (PMF). PM2.5 were collected in Mexico City from two sites: at Merced (MER), which is a residential location with commercial activities, and at Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), which is located in an industrial area. The monitoring campaign was carried out across three seasons named Hot Dry (HD) (March–June), Rain (RA) (July–October), and Cold Dry (CD) (November-February). PM2.5 concentration behavior in both sites was similar, following the order: CD > HD > RA. The UAM site exhibited higher concentrations of PM2.5, of the five cations (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+ and NH4+), and of the four anions (Cl−, SO42−, NO3− and PO43−) than MER, since the UAM site is surrounded by several industrial zones. PM2.5 average concentrations for UAM and MER were 28.4 ± 11.2 and 20.7 ± 8.4 μg m−3, respectively. The ratio of cation equivalent to anion equivalent (CE/AC) showed that aerosol pH is acidic, which was confirmed by direct pH measurements. The sulfur oxidation rate (SOR) was 20 times larger than the nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR). Additionally, SO42− was the most abundant ion during the whole year, especially during the CD season with 5.13 ± 2.5 μg m−3 and 4.9 ± 3.6 μg m−3 for UAM and MER, respectively, when solar radiation displayed a high intensity. On the opposite side, the conversion of NO2 to NO3−, respectively, was low. The air mass backward trajectories were modeled using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA-HYSPLIT), which allowed us to know that differences in the mass trajectories during the days with higher concentrations were due to an effect of air recirculation, which favored PM2.5 accumulation and resuspension. On the other hand, on the days with less PM2.5, good air dispersion was observed. The main sources identified with the PMF model were secondary aerosol, vehicular, industrial crustal, and biomass burning for UAM, while for MER they were vehicular, secondary aerosol, and crustal.
Study of Haze Boundary Layer Features Based on Multi-Source Data in Shihezi, China
Authors: Ren Gang , Ming Hu , Wang Jin , Wang Wenxiao , An Dongliang , Lei Wei , Zhang Qing
Published: October 2023

To reveal the temporal–spatial characteristics of air pollution during winter haze events on the north slope of the Tianshan mountains, a combined detection experiment was conducted in this study using a tethered airship, Lidar, and ground monitors from December 2019 to January 2020 in Shihezi. First, the boundary layer height (BLH) was calculated using the temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure detected by the tethered airship; the BLHs were mainly distributed from 200 m to 450 m, with the visibility (V) mainly less than 3000 m. Subsequently, the temporal–spatial characteristics of the atmospheric pollutants were analyzed. The results show that during winter haze events, the temperature was mainly between −5 °C and −15 °C, and the relative humidity was between 60% and 75%, with a wind speed of less than 2 m/s. Moreover, the temperature difference (ΔT) within the BLH was basically greater than 0, except from 14:00 to 18:00, and a larger ΔT corresponded to a lower V and more severe pollution, which indicates that the sensible heat flux is very weak, and the atmospheric structure is very stable. Meanwhile, the PM2.5 and PM10 were mainly concentrated between 130 and 180 μg·m−3 and between 160 and 230 μg·m−3, respectively; the maximum PM2.5 and PM10 appeared at 11:00–13:00. Furthermore, the black carbon was distributed at 6–8 μg·m−3 and decreased significantly around the BLH. Moreover, the extinction coefficient (EC) had a negative correlation with the V, and the maximum of the EC was 9 km−1 when V was the minimum (less than 1500 m) from 10:00 to 11:00. Finally, the relationship between V and the air quality index (AQI) is constructed as AQI=456e−0.00061V. The conclusions obtained provide a reference for haze elimination and environmental governance of the locale.
Numerical Simulation of Charge Structure Evolution during the Feeder-Type Cells Merging
Authors: Deng Jie , Guo Fengxia , Sun Jing , Wu Zeyi , Liu Zhou , Lu Xian , Chen Ke , Wang Qingyuan
Published: October 2023

Formation of the multipolar charge structure during feeder-type cell merging has important consequences in severe convective weather. This study used the Weather Research and Forecasting model with electrification and discharge parameterization schemes to simulate the feeder-type cell merging process in the tail of a squall line that occurred on 27 June 2020 in Hubei Province (China). The results showed that the two cells involved in the merging process were at different life stages, but that the distribution of the inductive charging zones in the parent and child cells was broadly the same as that of the non-inductive charging zones. The charging zones were restricted to the mixed-phase region (between the 0 and −40 °C layers) with a cloud water content of >0.2 g/kg in the updraft zone, and the magnitude of the inductive charging rate was slightly smaller than that of the non-inductive charging rate. The differences in the vertical wind shear between the parent and child cells caused differences in the content, charge number, and polarity of the hydrometeors, which resulted in obvious differences in the charge structure characteristics between the two cells. Overall, the cloud droplets, ice, snow, and graupel were the main charged hydrometeors in the cells, whereas the rain and hail had little charge.
G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Selectively Enhances β-Arrestin Recruitment to the D2 Dopamine Receptor through Mechanisms That Are Independent of Receptor Phosphorylation
Authors: Sánchez-Soto Marta , Boldizsar Noelia M. , Schardien Kayla A. , Madaras Nora S. , Willette Blair K. A. , Inbody Laura R. , Dasaro Christopher , Moritz Amy E. , Drube Julia , Haider Raphael S. , Free R. Benjamin , Hoffman Carsten , Sibley David R.
Published: October 2023

The D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) signals through both G proteins and β-arrestins to regulate important physiological processes, such as movement, reward circuitry, emotion, and cognition. β-arrestins are believed to interact with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the phosphorylated C-terminal tail or intracellular loops. GPCR kinases (GRKs) are the primary drivers of GPCR phosphorylation, and for many receptors, receptor phosphorylation is indispensable for β-arrestin recruitment. However, GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation is not required for β-arrestin recruitment to the D2R, and the role of GRKs in D2R–β-arrestin interactions remains largely unexplored. In this study, we used GRK knockout cells engineered using CRISPR-Cas9 technology to determine the extent to which β-arrestin recruitment to the D2R is GRK-dependent. Genetic elimination of all GRK expression decreased, but did not eliminate, agonist-stimulated β-arrestin recruitment to the D2R or its subsequent internalization. However, these processes were rescued upon the re-introduction of various GRK isoforms in the cells with GRK2/3 also enhancing dopamine potency. Further, treatment with compound 101, a pharmacological inhibitor of GRK2/3 isoforms, decreased β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization, highlighting the importance of this GRK subfamily for D2R–β-arrestin interactions. These results were recapitulated using a phosphorylation-deficient D2R mutant, emphasizing that GRKs can enhance β-arrestin recruitment and activation independently of receptor phosphorylation.
The Development of Reagentless Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Based on Gold Nanostructures, Prussian Blue and Glucose Oxidase
Authors: Sakalauskiene Laura , Brasiunas Benediktas , Popov Anton , Kausaite-Minkstimiene Asta , Ramanaviciene Almira
Published: October 2023

Precise blood glucose detection plays a crucial role in diagnosing and medicating diabetes, in addition to aiding diabetic patients in effectively managing their condition. In this research, a first-generation reagentless amperometric glucose biosensor was developed by combining the graphite rod (GR) electrode modification by gold nanostructures (AuNS) and Prussian blue (PB) with glucose oxidase (GOx)—an enzyme that can oxidize glucose and produce H2O2. Firstly, AuNS was electrochemically deposited on the GR electrode (AuNS/GR), and then PB was electrochemically synthesized on the AuNS/GR electrode (PB/AuNS/GR). Finally, GOx was immobilized over the PB/AuNS nanocomposite with the assistance of Nafion (Nf) (Nf-GOx/PB/AuNS/GR). An application of PB in the design of a glucose biosensor enables an easy electrochemical reduction and, thus, the determination of the H2O2 produced during the GOx-catalyzed oxidation of glucose in the sample at a low operation potential of −0.05 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl3 mol L−1. In addition, AuNS increased the electrochemically active surface area, improved the GOx immobilization and ensured a higher analytical signal. The developed glucose biosensor based on the Nf-GOx/PB/AuNS/GR electrode exhibited a wide linear range, from 0.025 to 1 mmol L−1 of glucose, with a 0.0088 mmol L−1 limit of detection, good repeatability and high selectivity over electroactive interfering substances. The developed biosensor is convenient for the determination of glucose in the physiological environment.
Microfluidic Sensor Based on Cell-Imprinted Polymer-Coated Microwires for Conductometric Detection of Bacteria in Water
Authors: Akhtarian Shiva , Doostmohammadi Ali , Archonta Daphne-Eleni , Kraft Garrett , Brar Satinder Kaur , Rezai Pouya
Published: October 2023

The rapid, inexpensive, and on-site detection of bacterial contaminants using highly sensitive and specific microfluidic sensors is attracting substantial attention in water quality monitoring applications. Cell-imprinted polymers (CIPs) have emerged as robust, cost-effective, and versatile recognition materials with selective binding sites for capturing whole bacteria. However, electrochemical transduction of the binding event to a measurable signal within a microfluidic device to develop easy-to-use, compact, portable, durable, and affordable sensors remains a challenge. For this paper, we employed CIP-functionalized microwires (CIP-MWs) with an affinity towards E. coli and integrated them into a low-cost microfluidic sensor to measure the conductometric transduction of CIP–bacteria binding events. The sensor comprised two CIP-MWs suspended perpendicularly to a PDMS microchannel. The inter-wire electrical resistance of the microchannel was measured before, during, and after exposure of CIP-MWs to bacteria. A decline in the inter-wire resistance of the sensor after 30 min of incubation with bacteria was detected. Resistance change normalization and the subsequent analysis of the sensor’s dose-response curve between 0 to 109 CFU/mL bacteria revealed the limits of detection and quantification of 2.1 × 105 CFU/mL and 7.3 × 105 CFU/mL, respectively. The dynamic range of the sensor was 104 to 107 CFU/mL where the bacteria counts were statistically distinguishable from each other. A linear fit in this range resulted in a sensitivity of 7.35 μS per CFU/mL. Experiments using competing Sarcina or Listeria cells showed specificity of the sensor towards the imprinted E. coli cells. The reported CIP-MW-based conductometric microfluidic sensor can provide a cost-effective, durable, portable, and real-time solution for the detection of pathogens in water.
Pilot Studies on Empathy and Closeness in Mutual Entrainment/Improvisation vs. Formalised Dance with Different Types of Rhythm (Regular, Irregular, and No Rhythm) and Coupling (Visual, Haptic, Full Coupling): Building a Case for the Origin of Dance in Mutual Entrainment Empathic Interactions in the Mother–Infant Dyad
Authors: Balinisteanu Tudor
Published: October 2023

This paper employs a novel research design to examine changes in empathy and closeness in partnered face-to-face dance, considering both different types of rhythm (regular, irregular, and no external rhythm, or ‘mutual entrainment only’) and different types of coupling (visual only, haptic only, and full visual and haptic coupling). Two studies were undertaken to pilot the design. In both studies, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Inclusion of Other in the Self were used to measure empathy and closeness, respectively. Study 1 employed 24 participants (12 pairs) distributed across two rhythm conditions, external regular rhythm, and no external rhythm, with full coupling in both conditions. Closeness increased similarly in both conditions. Empathic concern (EC) was significantly affected in the ‘no rhythm’ condition. Study 2 employed 54 participants assigned to form pairs and distributed across all combinations of rhythm and coupling types. Closeness decreased with irregular rhythm. EC increased in the ‘no rhythm’ conditions relative to regular rhythm. Fantasy (F) decreased with haptic coupling only (no visual coupling) while personal distress (PD) increased. In addition, the analyses suggest that perspective taking (PT) increases with irregular rhythm and in the condition without rhythm (mutual entrainment only). The discussion gauges the value of the designs and results for capturing changes in empathy and closeness with different rhythm and coupling types. Capturing such changes is important for research on the origins of dance in empathic mutual entrainment in the mother–infant dyad.
Landed and Rooted: A Comparative Study of Traditional Hakka Dwellings (Tulous and Weilong Houses) Based on the Methodology of Space Syntax
Authors: Hu Li , Yang Tao
Published: October 2023

Both Tulous (土楼) and Weilong Houses (围龙屋) are important types of traditional Hakka (客家) dwellings whose architectural morphology is closely related to the historical origin, social organisation, and cultural values of Hakkas. Previous studies focused on the influence of Chinese traditional etiquette systems and ritual values on the physical morphology of Hakka traditional dwellings, where ancestral halls are often the core of the entire building. This article selects six typical case studies of Tulous and Weilong Houses and launches a comparative study on their spatial configurations through quantitative analysis of space syntax. This study found that compared to Tulous, Weilong Houses exhibit decentralisation and gridification in their spatial structure, in addition to a decrease in defence capability and an increase in residential privatisation. The ancestral hall of the Tulou is still the spiritual and living centre of Tulou residents, located in the geometric centre and possessing high spatial configurational values. However, although the ancestral hall of the Weilong House is still located in the geometric centre of the entire building, it does not exhibit the highest spatial configurational values, indicating that the increase in secularisation and the decrease in ritualisation of Hakka communities inhabiting Weilong Houses resulted in the separation of secular space and ritual space. It coincides with the “Centre–Periphery” distribution characteristics of Hakka communities related to Tulous and Weilong Houses, reflecting the different community existence paradigms of the Hakkas “landed” and “rooted” in the Guangdong–Fujian–Jiangxi border area.
Analyzing the Spatial Interaction Characteristics of Urban Area Shared Bicycle Systems: A Case Study of Beijing’s Central Area
Authors: Tian Dongwei , Wen Zheng , Sun Yao
Published: October 2023

Shared bicycle systems play a crucial role in promoting sustainable urban transportation, addressing challenges such as traffic congestion and air pollution. Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of shared bike usage is essential for optimizing bike-sharing infrastructure and improving transportation planning. In this study, we analyzed 2.4 million records of shared bicycle data to explore the spatial distribution, interaction patterns, and flow dynamics within Beijing’s urban central area. We found that bike distribution peaks during commuting hours, particularly in central regions with employment centers. Complex networks are an important method for studying travel flows. Through a spatial interaction network, we identified key streets with high node strength and popularity, often concentrated in central areas. They experience heavy shared bicycle use during peak hours due to their employment-centric location. Conversely, peripheral areas see increased usage in the evenings, reflecting distinct commuting patterns. The morning exhibits higher positive central values compared to the evening, while negative values show the opposite trend. Based on these findings, we recommend enhancing bike infrastructure in high-density areas with bike lanes and ample shared bikes during peak hours. Implementing mixed-use zoning policies in the central region can reduce traffic congestion. Expanding shared bike services to peripheral regions can promote equitable access. This research underscores the importance of considering spatial and temporal factors in urban transportation planning. Future work should incorporate additional data sources, explore environmental impacts, and analyze usage in different seasons and special events, further contributing to sustainable urban mobility development.
Compromised Blood-Brain Barrier Junctions Enhance Melanoma Cell Intercalation and Extravasation
Authors: Saltarin Federico , Wegmüller Adrian , Bejarano Leire , Ildiz Ece Su , Zwicky Pascale , Vianin Andréj , Spadin Florentin , Soukup Klara , Wischnewski Vladimir , Engelhardt Britta , Deutsch Urban , J. Marques Ines , Frenz Martin , Joyce Johanna A. , Lyck Ruth
Published: October 2023

Melanoma frequently metastasises to the brain, and a detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying melanoma cell extravasation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is important for preventing brain metastasis formation. Making use of primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) as an in vitro BBB model, we imaged the interaction of melanoma cells into pMBMEC monolayers. We observed exclusive junctional intercalation of melanoma cells and confirmed that melanoma-induced pMBMEC barrier disruption can be rescued by protease inhibition. Interleukin (IL)-1β stimulated pMBMECs or PECAM-1-knockout (-ko) pMBMECs were employed to model compromised BBB barrier properties in vitro and to determine increased melanoma cell intercalation compared to pMBMECs with intact junctions. The newly generated brain-homing melanoma cell line YUMM1.1-BrM4 was used to reveal increased in vivo extravasation of melanoma cells across the BBB of barrier-compromised PECAM-1-deficient mice compared to controls. Taken together, our data indicate that preserving BBB integrity is an important measure to limit the formation of melanoma-brain metastasis.
An Updated Review of the Biomarkers of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Immunotherapy
Authors: Fojnica Adnan , Ljuca Kenana , Akhtar Saghir , Gatalica Zoran , Vranic Semir
Published: October 2023

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is primarily a disease of the elderly Caucasian, with most cases occurring in individuals over 50. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) treatment has shown promising results in MCC patients. Although ~34% of MCC patients are expected to exhibit at least one of the predictive biomarkers (PD-L1, high tumor mutational burden/TMB-H/, and microsatellite instability), their clinical significance in MCC is not fully understood. PD-L1 expression has been variably described in MCC, but its predictive value has not been established yet. Our literature survey indicates conflicting results regarding the predictive value of TMB in ICI therapy for MCC. Avelumab therapy has shown promising results in Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV)-negative MCC patients with TMB-H, while pembrolizumab therapy has shown better response in patients with low TMB. A study evaluating neoadjuvant nivolumab therapy found no significant difference in treatment response between the tumor etiologies and TMB levels. In addition to ICI therapy, other treatments that induce apoptosis, such as milademetan, have demonstrated positive responses in MCPyV-positive MCC, with few somatic mutations and wild-type TP53. This review summarizes current knowledge and discusses emerging and potentially predictive biomarkers for MCC therapy with ICI.
Thermo-Catalytic Decomposition Comparisons: Carbon Catalyst Structure, Hydrocarbon Feed and Regeneration
Authors: Nkiawete Mpila Makiesse , Wal Randy Vander
Published: October 2023

Thermo-catalytic decomposition (TCD) activity and stability depend upon the initial carbon catalyst structure. However, further transitions in the carbon structure depend on the carbon material (structure and composition) originating from the TCD process. In this article, reaction data are presented that illustrates the time-dependent TCD activity as TCD-formed carbon contributes and then dominates conversion. A variety of initial carbon catalysts are compared, including sugar char, a conductive carbon black (AkzoNobel Ketjenblack), a rubber-grade carbon black (Cabot R250), and its graphitized analogue as formed and partially oxidized. Regeneration of carbon catalysts by partial oxidation is evaluated using nascent carbon black as a model, coupled with subsequent comparative TCD performance relative to the nascent, non-oxidized carbon black. Activation energies for TCD with nascent and oxidized carbons are evaluated by a leading-edge analysis method applied to TCD. Given the correlation between nanostructure and active sites, two additional carbons, engine soots, are evaluated for regeneration and dependence upon nanostructure. Active sites are quantified by oxygen chemisorption, followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The structure of carbon catalysts is assessed pre- and post-TCD by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Last, energy dispersive X-ray analysis mapping (EDS) is carried out for its potential to visualize oxygen chemisorption.
Autoantibodies Which Bind to and Activate Keratinocytes in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Moezinia Carine , Wong Valerie , Watson James , Nagib Lydia , Lopez Garces Sandra , Zhang Siyu , Ahmed Abdi Bahja , Newton Florence , Abraham David , Stratton Richard
Published: October 2023

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystem connective tissue disease characterised by pathological processes involving autoimmunity, vasculopathy and resultant extensive skin and organ fibrosis. Recent studies have demonstrated activation and aberrant wound healing responses in the epithelial layer of the skin in this disease, implicating the epithelial keratinocytes as a source of pro-fibrotic and inflammatory mediators. In this paper, we investigated the role of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies directed against epithelial cells, as potential initiators and propagators of pathological keratocyte activation and the ensuing SSc fibrotic cascade. A keratinocyte cell-based ELISA is used to evaluate the binding of SSc IgG. SSc skin biopsies were stained by immunofluorescence for the presence of IgG in the keratinocyte layer. Moreover, IgG purified from SSc sera was evaluated for the potential to activate keratinocytes in tissue culture and to induce TLR2 and 3 signalling in reporter cell lines. We demonstrate enhanced binding of SSc IgG to keratinocytes and the activation of these cells leading to the release of IL-1α, representing a potential initiating pathway in this disease.
Isolation and Characterization of Cow-, Buffalo-, Sheep- and Goat-Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Samuel Monisha , Sanwlani Rahul , Pathan Mohashin , Anand Sushma , Johnston Ella L. , Ang Ching-Seng , Kaparakis-Liaskos Maria , Mathivanan Suresh
Published: October 2023

Milk is a complex biological fluid that has high-quality proteins including growth factors and also contains extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are a lipid bilayer containing vesicles that contain proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids. Several studies have proposed that EVs in cow milk can survive the gut and can illicit cross-species communication in the consuming host organism. In this study, we isolated and characterized extracellular vesicles from the raw milk of the four species of the Bovidae family, namely cow, sheep, goat and buffalo, that contribute 99% of the total milk consumed globally. A comparative proteomic analysis of these vesicles was performed to pinpoint their potential functional role in health and disease. Vesicles sourced from buffalo and cow milk were particularly enriched with proteins implicated in modulating the immune system. Furthermore, functional studies were performed to determine the anti-cancer effects of these vesicles. The data obtained revealed that buffalo-milk-derived EVs induced significantly higher cell death in colon cancer cells. Overall, the results from this study highlight the potent immunoregulatory and anti-cancer nature of EVs derived from the milk of Bovidae family members.
Numerical Analysis of Gas Hold-Up of Two-Phase Ebullated Bed Reactor
Authors: Almukhtar Riyadh S. , Yahya Ali Amer , Mahdy Omar S. , Majdi Hasan Shakir , Mahdi Gaidaa S. , Alwasiti Asawer A. , Shnain Zainab Y. , Mohammadi Majid , AbdulRazak Adnan A. , Philib Peter , Ali Jamal M. , Aljaafari Haydar A. S. , Alsaedi Sajda S.
Published: October 2023

Due to the significant increase in heavy feedstocks being transported to refineries and the hydrocracking process, the significance of adopting an ebullated bed reactor has been reemphasized in recent years. The predictive modelling of gas hold-up in an ebullated two-phase reactor was performed using 10 machine learning methods based on support vector machine (SVM) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) in this study. In an ebullated bed reactor, the impacts of three features, namely liquid velocity, gas velocity, and recycling ratio, on the gas hold-up were examined. The liquid velocity has the most impact on the predicted gas hold-up, according to the feature significance analysis. The rotational-quadratic, squared-exponential, Matern 5/2, and exponential kernel functions integrated with the GPR models and the linear, quadratic, cubic, fine, medium, and coarse kernel functions integrated with the SVM model performed well during training and testing, with the exception of the fine SVM model, whose R2 is very low. According to the R2 > 0.9 and low RMSE and MAE values, the rotational-quadratic, squared-exponential, and Matern 5/2 GPR models performed the best.
Evolution of the Terminal Plane from Deciduous to Mixed Dentition
Authors: Cabrera-Domínguez María Eugenia , Domínguez-Reyes Antonia , Galan-Gonzalez Antonio F.
Published: October 2023

(1) Introduction: Correct development and growth of the dental arches and occlusion in the deciduous dentition is crucial for physiological occlusion in the permanent dentition. The present study evaluates the evolution of the terminal plane and canine occlusion class in the same children from deciduous to mixed dentition. (2) Materials and methods: The study included 257 children (164 girls and 93 boys) aged 3–5 years in the first phase and 8–10 years in the second phase. The chi-square test was used for the comparison of qualitative variables, while analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Mann–Whitney U-test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Wilcoxon test were used in the case of quantitative variables, as applicable. Statistical significance was considered for p < 0.05. (3) Results: The most common terminal plane in the first phase of the study was a bilateral flush plane (70%), followed by distal and mesial, with few differences between them. In the second phase, the most common terminal plane was mesial, followed by bilateral flush and distal. There were no statistically significant differences according to gender. Canine occlusion in the first phase was predominantly bilateral class I, followed by class II and class III. Similar results were recorded in the permanent dentition, except for a lesser percentage of children with canine class II. Molar occlusion in the second phase was predominantly class I, followed by half cusp class II and full cusp class II and class III. (4) Conclusions: The present study shows that knowing the age range in which maximum dental development and growth in both arches occurs may contribute to avoiding malocclusions and the possible need for orthodontic-orthopedic treatment, resulting in improved outcomes and greater stability.
Single-Chip Switchable Dual-Wavelength Vertical External-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser
Authors: Zhang Zhuo , Zhang Jianwei , Du Ziye , Bai Haopeng , Zhang Jiye , Liu Tianjiao , Zhou Yinli , Zhang Xing , Chen Chao , Qin Li , Ning Yongqiang , Wang Lijun
Published: October 2023

Dual-wavelength output devices have a wide range of applications in mid-infrared band difference frequency generation, anti-interference lidar, dual-wavelength holographic interferometry, and other applications. Vertical external cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs) are a type of semiconductor laser that can achieve single-chip dual-wavelength output by designing the chip structure. In this paper, we present a single-chip VECSEL that can switch between dual-wavelength and single-wavelength output modes. The VECSEL can simultaneously emit coaxial laser beams at 967 nm and 1013 nm, with a wavelength spacing of about 45 nm. The degree of mismatch between the gain peaks of the two quantum wells in the gain chip and the corresponding cavity modes is different. By adjusting the pump power, the temperature of the active region can be changed, which alters the matching relationship between the gain peaks and the cavity modes and controls the output mode of the VECSEL. The dual-wavelength output mode maintains a stable wavelength spacing at different operating temperatures. The laser output mode can be switched between single-wavelength and dual-wavelength, and the beam divergence angle is less than 8°. The dual-wavelength output power can exceed 400 mW, and the long-wavelength output power can reach up to 700 mW.
Optimal Bowel Preparation Method to Visualize the Distal Ileum via Small Bowel Capsule Endoscopy
Authors: Kametaka Daisuke , Ito Mamoru , Kawano Seiji , Ishiyama Shuhei , Fujiwara Akiko , Nasu Junichirou , Yoshioka Masao , Shiode Junji , Yamamoto Kazuhide , Iwamuro Masaya , Kawahara Yoshiro , Okada Hiroyuki , Otsuka Motoyuki
Published: October 2023

Small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) is a convenient and minimally invasive method widely used to evaluate the small intestine. However, especially in the distal ileum, visualization of the intestinal mucosa is frequently hampered by the remaining intestinal contents, making it difficult to detect critical lesions. Although several studies have reported on the efficacy of bowel preparation before SBCE, no standardized protocol has been established. Herein, we determined the optimal preparation method for better visualization of the distal ileum using SBCE. We retrospectively analyzed 259 consecutive patients who had undergone SBCE between July 2009 and December 2019, divided into three groups: Group A (no preparation except overnight fasting), Group B (ingestion of 1–2 L polyethylene glycol 4 h before colonoscopy after overnight fasting and performing SBCE immediately after colonoscopy), and Group C (ingestion of 0.9 L magnesium citrate [MC] before SBCE after overnight fasting). The visibility of the intestinal mucosa in the first 10 min and at the last 10 min during the period of observation of the distal ileum was examined using a scoring system and compared. The visibility of the images captured by SBCE was assessed based on the scoring of the degree of bile/chyme staining, residual fluid and debris, brightness, bubble reduction, and visualized mucosa. The status of intestinal collapse was also assessed. In the first 10 min of observation of the distal ileum, no significant differences were detected among the groups. In the last 10 min, significantly better images were acquired in Group C in terms of bile/chyme staining, brightness, bubble reduction, and visualized mucosa. Bowel preparation using a low-dose MC solution 2 h before SBCE provided significantly higher-quality images of the distal ileum. Further optimization, such as the timing of initiating the preparation, is necessary to determine the optimal regimen for bowel preparation prior to SBCE.
Numerical Investigation and Optimization of a District-Scale Groundwater Heat Pump System
Authors: Sezer Taha , Sani Abubakar Kawuwa , Singh Rao Martand , Cui Liang
Published: October 2023

Groundwater heat pump (GWHP) systems are acknowledged as renewable and sustainable energy sources that can effectively fulfill the heating and cooling requirements of buildings on a district level. These systems harness geothermal sources available at shallow depths. To ensure the long-term sustainability of the system, the thermally used water is generally reinjected into the aquifer, creating a thermal plume starting from the injection well. Over time, this thermal plume may reach the abstraction well in the long term, potentially leading to a reduction in system efficiency. The operation types have a significant impact on this matter, and their effects have not been extensively studied in the existing literature. Therefore, this study aims to determine the optimal operating configurations for the Northern Gateway Heat Network, a GWHP system established in Colchester, UK. In this study, four distinct operation types are considered: (1) continuous heating (actual system), (2) heating and recovery, (3) heating and cooling, and (4) aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES). The results indicate that ATES operation yields the highest thermal energy output due to its ability to benefit from stored energy from the previous operation. However, implementing the ATES system may encounter challenges due to factors such as well development, hydraulic conductivity, and hydraulic gradient. On the other hand, implementing heating and cooling operations does not require additional considerations and offers not only free cooling to buildings but also a delay in thermal feedback time.
Quality of Service and Associated Communication Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Ramraj Rajeshkumar , Pashajavid Ehsan , Alahakoon Sanath , Jayasinghe Shantha
Published: October 2023

Transportation electrification is pivotal for achieving energy security and emission reduction goals. Electric vehicles (EVs) are at the forefront of this transition, driving the development of new EV technologies and infrastructure. As this trend gains momentum, it becomes essential to enhance the quality of service (QoS) of EVs to encourage their widespread adoption. This paper has been structured with two primary aims to effectively address the above timely technological needs. Firstly, it comprehensively reviews the various QoS factors that influence EVs’ performance and the user experience. Delving into these factors provides valuable insights into how the QoS can be improved, thereby fostering the increased use of EVs on our roads. In addition to the QoS, this paper also explores recent advancements in communication technologies vital for facilitating in-formation exchanges between EVs and charging stations. Efficient communication systems are crucial for optimizing EV operations and enhancing user experiences. This paper presents expert-level technical details in an easily understandable manner, making it a valuable resource for researchers dedicated to improving the QoS of EV communication systems, who are tirelessly working towards a cleaner, more efficient future in transportation. It consolidates the current knowledge in the field and presents the latest discoveries and developments, offering practical insights for enhancing the QoS in electric transportation. A QoS parameter reference map, a detailed classification of QoS parameters, and a classification of EV communication technology references are some of the key contributions of this review paper. In doing so, this paper contributes to the broader objectives of promoting transportation electrification, enhancing energy security, and reducing emissions.
Feasibility Analysis of Compressed Air Energy Storage in Salt Caverns in the Yunying Area
Authors: Mou Jinrong , Shang Haoliang , Ji Wendong , Wan Jifang , Xing Taigao , Ma Hongling , Peng Wei
Published: October 2023

With the widespread recognition of underground salt cavern compressed air storage at home and abroad, how to choose and evaluate salt cavern resources has become a key issue in the construction of gas storage. This paper discussed the condition of building power plants, the collection of regional data and salt plant data, and the analysis of stability and tightness. Comprehensive analysis and evaluation methods were put forward from four aspects, including ground comprehensive conditions, regional geological conditions and formation lithology, salt mine characteristics, stability, and tightness of salt caverns. The limit equilibrium theory was applied to establish the limit equilibrium failure mode of salt caverns under operating pressure, and the stability coefficient calculation method of the target salt cavern was determined by combining the mechanical characteristics. Based on the physical and mechanical properties of salt rocks, it was found that salt rocks with enough thickness around the salt cavity could be used as sealing rings to ensure the tightness of the salt cavern. Combined with the field water sealing test, the tightness of the target salt cavern is verified. This method has been applied to the salt cavern screening and evaluation of a 300 MW compressed air energy storage power plant project in Yingcheng, Hubei Province, and remarkable results have been obtained, indicating the rationality of the method.
A Dynamic Transition Algorithm Integrated with Hybrid Modulation for CLLC Resonant Converters
Authors: Qian Jiaxin , Lin Huipin , Tong Hongtao , Gao Mingyu , He Zhiwei
Published: October 2023

The CLLC resonant converter is a widely used bidirectional power converter known for its high energy transfer efficiency. To extend its operating range, the converter often employs a hybrid modulation strategy, which is valued for its simplicity and efficiency. However, at the critical transition point between pulse frequency modulation and phase-shift modulation, instability in the output can be observed due to repetitive and unnecessary mode changes caused by noise. In order to address this issue, this paper introduces a dynamic transition algorithm integrated with hybrid modulation. This approach adaptively updates the controller parameters to mitigate oscillations resulting from improper initial parameter settings. Additionally, it incorporates error analysis and hysteresis comparison to prevent false triggers caused by noise, enabling intelligent mode adjustments. Finally, a 1 kW prototype is designed to conduct experiments, demonstrating an approximately 50% improvement in dynamic performance when the converter operates with the dynamic transition algorithm.
Hydrogen Combustion: Features and Barriers to Its Exploitation in the Energy Transition
Authors: Giacomazzi Eugenio , Troiani Guido , Di Nardo Antonio , Calchetti Giorgio , Cecere Donato , Messina Giuseppe , Carpenella Simone
Published: October 2023

The aim of this article is to review hydrogen combustion applications within the energy transition framework. Hydrogen blends are also included, from the well-known hydrogen enriched natural gas (HENG) to the hydrogen and ammonia blends whose chemical kinetics is still not clearly defined. Hydrogen and hydrogen blends combustion characteristics will be firstly summarized in terms of standard properties like the laminar flame speed and the adiabatic flame temperature, but also evidencing the critical role of hydrogen preferential diffusion in burning rate enhancement and the drastic reduction in radiative emission with respect to natural gas flames. Then, combustion applications in both thermo-electric power generation (based on internal combustion engines, i.e., gas turbines and piston engines) and hard-to-abate industry (requiring high-temperature kilns and furnaces) sectors will be considered, highlighting the main issues due to hydrogen addition related to safety, pollutant emissions, and potentially negative effects on industrial products (e.g., glass, cement and ceramic).
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Steimecke Matthias
Published: October 2023

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) where an electrochemical reaction at a microelectrode is used to generate information about an electrochemically (in)active surface in its immediate vicinity. Careful preparation and knowledge of the microelectrode response as well as the application of a suitable method enable the study of spatially resolved electrochemical kinetics or the electrocatalytic activity of any structure or material. In addition to a wide range of other applications, the method has become particularly well established in the research field of electrochemical energy storage and conversion.
Effect of Gap Size and Elevation on the Regeneration and Coexistence of Abies, Betula, and Acer Tree Species in a Subalpine Coniferous Forest
Authors: Han Wangya , Chen Li , Liu Jingyang , Wang G. Geoff , Liu Dan , Liu Guohua
Published: October 2023

Forest gaps play an important role in species regeneration and forest succession. Gap size has a primary influence on tree species coexistence and community assembly along an elevation gradient. In this study, we evaluated the regeneration and coexistence of Abies faxoniana, Betula utilis, and Acer maximowiczii at different life history stages in varied gap sizes along an elevation gradient (between 3000 and 3500 m a.s.l). We found that gap size can positively enlarge the effects of elevation on the regeneration density of the three species. In the process of regeneration from seedling to sapling, Abies had stronger regeneration capability, with regeneration niche breadths of more than 0.6 in different gap sizes. A factor analysis of mixed data indicated that regeneration density, soil nutrient contents, and air humidity were mainly related to gap size, but habitat temperature was largely determined by elevation. The connection between the species regeneration density and habitat conditions was due to differences in their regeneration niches, reflecting the selective preemption of environmental resources of different species in different life stages. Microhabitat heterogeneity, controlled by the characteristics of forest gaps along an elevation, affected the regeneration niche differences of the tree species, which contributed to the species coexistence and community assembly processes.
A Detailed Numerical Study on Aerodynamic Interactions of Tandem Wheels on a Generic Vehicle
Authors: Radovic Radoje , Salehi Fatemeh , Diasinos Sammy
Published: October 2023

Wheels contribute significantly to the aerodynamic performance of ground vehicles. Many studies have focused on investigating a single wheel either in isolation or in a wheelhouse. However, there has been less focus on the flow field around a rear wheel, especially when considering varying proximity to the front wheel, despite its importance on aerodynamic forces. In this study, a generic reference body is modified and fitted with a rear wheel within a wheelhouse and analysed while the wheel spacing varies. Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) modelling was employed to allow for multiple variations to be considered and the model produced results in good agreement with experimental results. The results confirm that two upper rear wheelhouse outflow vortices are only present when the wheel spacing is short. It was found that the drag values were minimal for the wheel spacing at a critical distance of 1.5 wheel diameters. At this wheel spacing, the formation of the outboard jetting vortex is prevented at the rear wheel, and hence, the rear wheel drag is reduced by more than 10%. Any further reduction in the spacing does not provide any drag benefits. Also, the outflow from the front wheelhouse is projected further away from the body, drawing flow from the rear wheelhouse into the outboard jetting vortex.
Transient Heat Conduction in a Semi-Infinite Domain with a Memory Effect: Analytical Solutions with a Robin Boundary Condition
Authors: Beybalaev Vetlugin Dzhabrailovich , Aliverdiev Abutrab Aleksandrovich , Hristov Jordan
Published: October 2023

The Robin boundary condition initial value problem for transient heat conduction with the time-fractional Caputo derivative in a semi-infinite domain with a convective heat transfer (Newton’s law) at the boundary has been solved and analyzed by two analytical approaches. The uniqueness and the stability of the solution on the half-axis have been analyzed. The problem solutions by application of the operational method (Laplace transform in the time domain) and the integral-balance method (double integration technique) have been developed analytically.
Lung Inflammatory Genes in Cystic Fibrosis and Their Relevance to Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulator Therapies
Authors: Carbone Annalucia , Vitullo Pamela , Di Gioia Sante , Conese Massimo
Published: October 2023

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic syndrome determined by over 2000 mutations in the CF Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene harbored on chromosome 7. In people with CF (PWCF), lung disease is the major determinant of morbidity and mortality and is characterized by a clinical phenotype which differs in the presence of equal mutational assets, indicating that genetic and environmental modifiers play an important role in this variability. Airway inflammation determines the pathophysiology of CF lung disease (CFLD) both at its onset and progression. In this narrative review, we aim to depict the inflammatory process in CF lung, with a particular emphasis on those genetic polymorphisms that could modify the clinical outcome of the respiratory disease in PWCF. The natural history of CF has been changed since the introduction of CFTR modulator therapies in the clinical arena. However, also in this case, there is a patient-to-patient variable response. We provide an overview on inflammatory/immunity gene variants that affect CFLD severity and an appraisal of the effects of CFTR modulator therapies on the inflammatory process in lung disease and how this knowledge may advance the optimization of the management of PWCF.