bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is the evolutionary basis for colic?
Authors: Bard Kim A.
Published: July 2008

An evolutionary model of crying requires consideration of nonhuman primate data. Chimpanzees do not have colic. Although they have a peak of fussiness at 6 weeks with a decline by 12 weeks whether raised by biological mothers or in a human nursery, their crying is always consolable. Colic may be a by-product of delayed rates of brain development; that is, neoteny.
Prelinguistic evolution and motherese: A hypothesis on the neural substrates
Authors: Aboitiz Francisco , Schröter Carolina G
Published: July 2008

In early hominins, there possibly was high selective pressure for the development of reciprocal mother and child vocalizations such as proposed by Falk. In this context, temporoparietal-prefrontal networks that participate in tasks such as working memory and imitation may have been strongly selected for. These networks may have become the precursors of the future language areas of the human brain.
Early infant crying as a behavioral state rather than a signal
Authors: Barr Ronald G.
Published: July 2008

I argue that in the first three months, crying is primarily a behavioral state rather than a signal and that its properties include prolonged and unsoothable crying bouts as part of normal development. However, these normal properties trigger Shaken Baby Syndrome, a form of child abuse that does not easily fit an adaptive infanticide analysis.
Changing brain activation needs determine early crying: A hypothesis
Authors: Blass Elliott M.
Published: July 2008

A proximal mechanism is proposed whereby early crying helps maintain ideal levels of brain activation during the first three postnatal months. The proposal is consonant with both animal and human infant literatures, and new data are presented in its support.
Which came first: Infants learning language or motherese?
Authors: Bortfeld Heather
Published: July 2008

Although motherese may facilitate language acquisition, recent findings indicate that not all aspects of motherese are necessary for word recognition and speech segmentation, the building blocks of language learning. Rather, exposure to input that has prosodic, phonological, and statistical consistencies is sufficient to jump-start the learning process. In light of this, the infant-directedness of the input might be considered superfluous, at least insofar as language acquisition is concerned.
Prelinguistic evolution in hominin mothers and babies: For cryin' out loud!
Authors: Falk Dean
Published: July 2008

Unlike chimpanzees, human infants engage in persistent adult-directed (AD) crying, and human mothers produce a special form of infant-directed vocalization, known as motherese. These complementary behaviors are hypothesized to have evolved initially in our hominin ancestors in conjunction with the evolution of bipedalism, and to represent prelinguistic substrates that paved the way for the eventual emergence of protolanguage.
How plausible is the motherese hypothesis?
Authors: Bouissac Paul
Published: July 2008

Falk's hypothesis is attractive and seems to be supported by data from primatology and language acquisition literature. However, this etiological narrative presents a fairly low degree of plausibility, the result of two epistemological fallacies: an implicit reliance on a unilinear model of causality and the explicit belief that ontogeny is homologous to phylogeny. Although this attempt to retrace the early emergence of prelinguistic capacities in hominins falls short of producing a compelling argument, it does call attention to an aspect of linguistic behavior which may indeed have evolved under the pressure of nurturing constraints.
From reifying mental pictures to reifying spatial models
Authors: Pylyshyn Zenon W.
Published: July 2008

Assuming that the vehicle of imaginal thought is a spatial model may not be quite as egregious an error as assuming it is a two-dimensional picture, but it represents no less a reification error. Because the model is not a literal physical layout, one is still owed an explanation of why spatial properties hold in the model – whether because of architectural constraints or by stipulation. The difference is like the difference between explaining behavior from a principle and predicting it by looking it up in a list. In the latter case no purpose is being served by calling it a mental model.
Is excessive infant crying an honest signal of vigor, one extreme of a continuum, or a strategy to manipulate parents?
Authors: Hagen Edward H.
Published: July 2008

An evolutionary account of excessive crying in young infants – colic – has been elusive. A study of mothers with new infants suggests that more crying is associated with more negative emotions towards the infant, and perceptions of poorer infant health. These results undermine the hypothesis that excessive crying is an honest signal of vigor.
Hominin infant decentration hypothesis: Mirror neurons system adapted to subserve mother-centered participation
Authors: Braten Stein
Published: July 2008

Falk's hominin mother-infant model presupposes an emerging infant capacity to perceive and learn from afforded gestures and vocalizations. Unlike back-riding offspring of other primates, who were in no need to decenter their own body-centered perspective, a mirror neurons system may have been adapted in hominin infants to subserve the kind of (m)other-centered mirroring we now see manifested by human infants soon after birth.
The purpose of exchange helps shape the mode of exchange
Authors: Hames Raymond
Published: July 2008

In his state-of-the-art review, Gurven compares evolutionary theories of food transfers in ethnographic settings. Although this is useful, I suggest that one must first try to determine the utility of food transfers before making predictions about which parties ought to receive food. In addition, I argue that tests of kin selection theory present a special problem in food transfers.
Prosody does not equal language
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: July 2008

Prosody, in motherese as in all forms of language, has a very different form and a very different use than the central lexical, phonological, and syntactic components of language. Whereas the prosodic aspects of motherese probably derive from primate vocalization, this does not help us to understand how the more distinctive parts of language emerged.
Early hominins, utterance-activity, and niche construction
Authors: Cowley Stephen J.
Published: July 2008

Falk's argument takes for granted that “protolanguage” used a genetic propensity for producing word-forms. Using developmental evidence, I dispute this assumption and, instead, reframe the argument in terms of behavioral ecology. Viewed as niche-construction, putting the baby down can help clarify not only the origins of talk but also the capacity to modify what we are saying as we speak.
The history of human food transfers: Tinbergen's other question
Authors: Moore Jim
Published: July 2008

Emphasis on cross-cultural testing, multiple currencies, multivariate analyses, and levels of explanation makes this an important paper. However, it does not distinguish current function from evolutionary origin; it lacks history. Rather than distinct alternatives, tolerated scrounging (TS), costly signaling (CS), and reciprocal altruism (RA) are likely to be sequentially evolved components of a single integrated system (and kin selection (KS) important only among very close relatives).
Can reinforcement learning explain variation in early infant crying?
Authors: Lotem Arnon , Winkler David W.
Published: July 2008

We welcome Soltis' use of evolutionary signaling theory, but question his interpretations of colic as a signal of vigor and his explanation of abnormal high-pitched crying as a signal of poor infant quality. Instead, we suggest that these phenomena may be suboptimal by-products of a generally adaptive learning process by which infants adjust their crying levels in relation to parental responsiveness.
Syntax: An evolutionary stepchild
Authors: Dilkes Danielle , Platek Steven M.
Published: July 2008

Dean Falk has strategically explored “mother-infant gestural and vocal interactions . . . in chimpanzees and humans” in order to offer hypotheses “about the evolutionary underpinnings that preceded the first glimmerings of language.” Though she offers compelling evidence for many interesting hypotheses as to the epigenesis of language, other possibilities have yet to be explored. Here we explore the role of gestural communication among deaf signers and the neural correlates associated with this type of communication.
Motherese is but one part of a ritualized, multimodal, temporally organized, affiliative interaction
Authors: Dissanayake Ellen
Published: July 2008

Visual (facial), tactile, and gestural, as well as vocal, elements of mother-infant interactions are each formalizations, repetitions, exaggerations, and elaborations of ordinary adult communicative signals of affiliation – suggesting ritualization. They are temporally organized and enable emotional coordination of the interacting pair. This larger view of motherese supports Falk's claim that the social-emotional elements of language are primary and suggests that language and music have common evolutionary foundations.
Infant crying and colic: What lies beneath
Authors: Newman John D.
Published: July 2008

The neural structures implicated in crying are reviewed, based on studies in animals. Brain regions involved include the anterior cingulate gyrus (a cortical structure), amygdala, thalamic tegmentum, periaqueductal gray of the midbrain, and the nucleus ambiguus of the caudal brainstem. It is hypothesized that the crying associated with colic may be a manifestation of differing developmental stages in the brain circuits involved.
Aspects of human language: Where motherese?
Authors: Gilissen Emmanuel
Published: July 2008

Human language is a peculiar primate communication tool because of its large neocortical substrate, comparable to the structural substrates of cognitive systems. Although monkey calls and human language rely on different structures, neural substrate for human language emotional coding, prosody, and intonation is already part of nonhuman primate vocalization circuitry. Motherese could be an aspect of language at the crossing or at the origin of communicative and cognitive content.
Infant vocalizations: Contrasts between crying and laughter
Authors: Provine Robert R.
Published: July 2008

Crying and laughter are innate, preverbal, species-typical vocalizations that have similarities and differences which are mutually illuminating.
Crying and tears mimic the neonate
Authors: Roes Frans L.
Published: July 2008

This commentator has no argument with the explanations given by Soltis. Yet a different approach to the phenomenon of crying might be fruitful. Neonates elicit care. It is hypothesized that non-neonates evolved to mimic, when in need, the appearance of the neonate by crying and by shedding tears, thus inducing helping behavior by the spectator.
The development of parent-infant attachment through dynamic and interactive signaling loops of care and cry
Authors: Swain James Edward , Mayes Linda C. , Leckman James F.
Published: July 2008

In addition to the infant cry being a signal for attention, it may also be a critical component of the early formation of attachments with caregivers. We consider the complex development of that attachment, which involves reciprocal interactive signaling and a host of evolutionarily conserved caregiver factors.
In the beginning was the song: The complex multimodal timing of mother-infant musical interaction
Authors: Longhi Elena , Karmiloff-Smith Annette
Published: July 2008

In this commentary we raise three issues: (1) Is it motherese or song that sets the stage for very early mother-infant interaction? (2) Does the infant play a pivotal role in the complex temporal structure of social interaction? (3) Is the vocal channel primordial or do other modalities play an equally important role in social interaction?
Shouldn't mother know best?
Authors: Thompson Nicholas S. , Sokol Rosemarie , Owings Donald H.
Published: July 2008

We find the idea that infant crying arises from thermoregulation more consistent with a coregulatory account of its evolutionary history than it is with the informational account advocated in the target article.
Baby talk and the emergence of first words
Authors: MacNeilage Peter F. , Davis Barbara L.
Published: July 2008

Words denoting “mother” in baby talk and in languages usually include nasal sounds, supporting Falk's suggestion that infant nasalized demand vocalizations might have motivated a first word. The linguistic contrast between maternal terms and paternal terms, which favor oral consonants, and the simple phonetic patterns of parental terms in both baby talk and languages also suggest parental terms could have been first words.
Motherese by any other name: Mother-infant communication in non-hominin mammals
Authors: Newman John D.
Published: July 2008

The definition of motherese is extended to infant-directed vocalizations in non-hominin mammals. In many species, vocal interactions between mothers and their infants are common. The neural substrates mediating these interactions include the rostral limbic cortex of the frontal lobe. Spoken language may have arisen from hominin females vocalizing to their infants.
Walkie-talkie evolution: Bipedalism and vocal production
Authors: Provine Robert R.
Published: July 2008

A converging pattern of evidence from laughter, tickling, and motherese suggests that bipedal locomotion plays a critical and unanticipated role in vocal evolution. Bipedalism frees the thorax of its support role during quadrupedal locomotion, which permits the uncoupling of breathing and striding necessary for the subsequent selection for vocal virtuosity and speech.
Prosody as an intermediary evolutionary stage between a manual communication system and a fully developed language faculty
Authors: Rogalewski Andreas , Breitenstein Caterina , Floel Agnes , Knecht Stefan
Published: July 2008

Based on the motor theory of language, which asserts an evolution from gestures along several stages to today's speech and language, we suggest that speech ontogeny may partly reflect speech phylogeny, in that perception of prosodic contours is an intermediary stage between a manual communication system and a fully developed language faculty.
Did australopithecines (or early Homo) sling?
Authors: Rosenberg Karen R. , Golinkoff Roberta M. , Zosh Jennifer M.
Published: July 2008

Two arguments are critiqued here. The first is that hominin mothers “parked” their offspring; the evidence does not support that position. The second is that motherese developed to control the behavior of nonambulatory infants. However, Falk's case is stronger if we apply it to children who are already walking and more likely to be influenced by verbal information.
Cached, carried, or crèched
Authors: Sokol Rosemarie , Thompson Nicholas S.
Published: July 2008

We believe that “caching” a baby would have been too great a danger in human prehistory, and thus could not serve as the context for prelinguistic vocalization. Rather, infants were most likely carried at all times. Thus, the question arises of why the cry of an infant is such a loud vocalization.
Is it always really mothers' fault?
Authors: Spiezio Caterina , Lunardelli Alberta
Published: July 2008

Falk's paper provides a nice cross-species perspective and an interesting background to formulate a theory of the evolution of human language. However, the author does not provide a complete overview and analysis of the origins of language and takes for granted the “continuity hypothesis.” Also her “infant parking theory” is questionable, as it is not well supported by observations.
Relational priming: Obligational nitpicking
Authors: Akman Varol
Published: July 2008

According to the target article authors, initial experience with a circumstance primes a relation that can subsequently be applied to a different circumstance to draw an analogy. While I broadly agree with their claim about the role of relational priming in early analogical reasoning, I put forward a few concerns that may be worthy of further reflection.
Analogy is priming, but relations are not transformations
Authors: Costello Fintan J.
Published: July 2008

Leech et al. make two proposals: that relational priming is central to analogy, and that relations between objects are best represented as transformations of those objects. Although their account of analogy as relational priming is a useful contribution to our understanding of analogical development, in this commentary I show that relations in general cannot be represented by transformations.
Relational priming is to analogy-making as one-ball juggling is to seven-ball juggling
Authors: French Robert M.
Published: July 2008

Relational priming is argued to be a deeply inadequate model of analogy-making because of its intrinsic inability to do analogies where the base and target domains share no common attributes and the mapped relations are different. Leech et al. rely on carefully handcrafted representations to allow their model to make a complex analogy, seemingly unaware of the debate on this issue fifteen years ago. Finally, they incorrectly assume the existence of fixed, context-independent relations between objects.
Analogical inferences are central to analogy
Authors: Markman Arthur B. , Laux Jeffrey P.
Published: July 2008

It is important to take a developmental approach to the problem of analogy. One limitation of this approach, however, is that it does not deal with the complexity of making analogical inferences. There are a few key principles of analogical inference that are not well captured by the analogical relational priming (ARP) model.
Creativity or mental illness: Possible errors of relational priming in neural networks of the brain
Authors: Swain James E. , Swain John D.
Published: July 2008

If connectionist computational models explain the acquisition of complex cognitive skills, errors in such models would also help explain unusual brain activity such as in creativity – as well as in mental illness, including childhood onset problems with social behaviors in autism, the inability to maintain focus in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the lack of motivation of depression disorders.
Growing cognition from recycled parts
Authors: Leech Robert , Mareschal Denis , Cooper Richard P.
Published: July 2008

In this response, we reiterate the importance of development (both ontogenetic and phylogenetic) in the understanding of a complex cognitive skill – analogical reasoning. Four key questions structure the response: Does relational priming exist, and is it sufficient for analogy? What do we mean by relations as transformations? Could all or any relations be represented as transformations? And what about the challenge of more complex analogies? In addressing these questions we bring together a number of supportive commentaries, strengthening our emergentist case for analogy (in particular with insights from comparative psychology), and review new supportive evidence. We also rebut those commentaries that ignore development at their peril. Along the way, we revisit the main assumptions underlying the analogy as relational priming (ARP) account of analogy, clarifying and elaborating as necessary.
The origin of addictions by means of unnatural decision
Authors: Ahmed Serge H.
Published: July 2008

The unified framework for addiction (UFA) formulated by Redish et al. is a tour de force. It uniquely predicts that there should be multiple addiction syndromes and pathways – a diversity that would reflect the complexity of the mammalian brain decision system. Here I explore some of the evolutionary and developmental ramifications of UFA and derive several new avenues for research.
Social influence and vulnerability
Authors: Boden Joseph M.
Published: July 2008

Redish et al. outline 10 vulnerabilities in the decision-making system that increase the risks of addiction. In this commentary I examine the potential role of social influence in exploiting at least one of these vulnerabilities, and argue that the needs satisfied by social interaction may play a role in decision-making with regard to substance use, increasing the risks of addiction.
Human drug addiction is more than faulty decision-making
Authors: Hart Carl L. , Krauss Robert M.
Published: July 2008

We commend Redish et al. for the progress they have made in bringing a measure of theoretical order to the processes that underlie drug addiction. However, incorporating information about situations in which drug users do not exhibit faulty decision-making into the theory would greatly enhance its generality and practical value. This commentary draws attention to the relevant human substance abuse literature.
Role of affective associations in the planning and habit systems of decision-making related to addiction
Authors: Kiviniemi Marc T. , Bevins Rick A.
Published: July 2008

The model proposed by Redish et al. considers vulnerabilities within decision systems based on expectancy-value assumptions. Further understanding of processes leading to addiction can be gained by considering other inputs to decision-making, particularly affective associations with behaviors. This consideration suggests additional decision-making vulnerabilities that might explain addictive behaviors.
Negative affects are parts of the addiction syndrome
Authors: Le Moal Michel
Published: July 2008

Decision-making is a complex activity for which emotions and affects are essential. Maladaptive choices depend on negative affects. Vulnerabilities to drug or non-drug objects depend on previous psychopathological comorbidities. Premorbid individual characteristics allow us to understand why some individuals – and not others – enter into the addiction cycle. Moreover, plasticity of reward neurocircuitry is, at least in past, responsible for these vulnerabilities leading to compulsive drug use.
Linking addictions to everyday habits and plans
Authors: Neal David T. , Wood Wendy
Published: July 2008

Redish et al. trace vulnerabilities in habit and planning systems almost exclusively to pharmacological effects of addictive substances on underlying brain systems. As we discuss, however, these systems also can be disrupted by purely psychological factors inherent in normal decision-making and everyday behavior. A truly unified model must integrate the contribution of both sets of factors in driving addiction.
Addiction as vulnerabilities in the decision process
Authors: Redish A. David , Jensen Steve , Johnson Adam
Published: July 2008

In our target article, we proposed that addiction could be envisioned as misperformance of a decision-making machinery described by two systems (deliberative and habit systems). Several commentators have argued that Pavlovian learning also produces actions. We agree and note that Pavlovian action-selection will provide several additional vulnerabilities. Several commentators have suggested that addiction arises from sociological parameters. We note in our response how sociological effects can change decision-making variables to provide additional vulnerabilities. Commentators generally have agreed that our theory provides a framework within which to site addiction and treatment, but additional work will be needed to determine whether our taxonomy will help identify and treat subpopulations within the addicted community.
Abstract fluctuation theorem
Authors: WOJTKOWSKI MACIEJ P.
Published: July 2008

We formulate an abstract fluctuation theorem which sheds light on mathematical relations between the fluctuation theorems of Bochkov and Kuzovlev [Contribution to the general theory of thermal fluctuations in nonlinear systems. Sov. Phys.–JETP45 (1977), 125] and Jarzynski [Hamiltonian derivation of a detailed fluctuation theorem. J. Stat. Phys.98 (2001), 77–102] on the one hand, and those of Evans and Searles [Equilibrium microstates which generate second law violating steady states. Phys. Rev. E 50 (1994), 1645–1648] and Gallavotti and Cohen [Dynamical ensembles in stationary states. J. Stat. Phys.80 (1995), 931–970] on the other.
Late life widowhood, selfishness and new partnership choices: a gendered perspective
Authors: DAVIDSON KATE
Published: July 2008

Little sociological attention has been paid to the repartnering of older people after widowhood, and how age, gender and the meanings of marriage influence choices about new cross-gender relationships. This paper reports on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 25 widows and 26 widowers over the age of 65, widowed for at least two years and who had not remarried. Respondents were asked about their current lifestyle and relationships and whether they had ever considered remarriage. The words ‘selfish’ and ‘freedom’ were often used by the widows when describing their present existence, which was associated with not having to look after someone all the time. Few of the widowers mentioned selfishness and this was more likely to be associated with feelings of anger at the loss of their spouse; none of the men associated widowhood with a sense of freedom. The paper argues that the desire for repartnering after widowhood is gender-specific: widows are more likely to choose to remain without a partner for intrinsic factors: the reluctance to relinquish a new-found freedom; while for widowers, extrinsic factors of older age and poor health are more salient issues in new partnership formation choices and constraints.
Travel agency of musical meanings? Discussion on music and context in Keith Swanwick's Interculturalism
Authors: Määttänen Pentii , Westerlund Heidi
Published: July 2008

Interpretation of musical works depends on meanings, which, on a pragmatist view, are necessarily tied with cultural habits and practices. This entails that a piece of music is always interpreted differently by people raised in different cultural contexts. A musical work is always a result of this process of interpretation. Strictly speaking, works of music are therefore different works in culturally different contexts even if they were presentations of the same notes. The following discussion of the conditions of cultural exchange in music illuminates some pragmatist viewpoints on the topic by using Keith Swanwick's ideas as a point of comparison. The discussion shows that a contextual starting point leads towards a more ‘child-centred’ education.
Introduction: Recreating the Canon
Authors: Aschkenasy Nehama
Published: July 2008

In the articles gathered here, scholars of Hebrew revisit modern literary works and cultural documents through the prism of their continuing discourse with the Hebraic master narrative, the Bible. These scholars identify twin patterns in modern Hebrew texts: one is of embedding biblical prototypes, dramatic or semantic, in modern writings, while often questioning, challenging, and reversing the ancient models; the other is recreating and foregrounding specific biblical characters, scenes, or images, yet endowing them with a contemporary consciousness or placing them within the current cultural attitudes or mindset. Several contemporary scholars understand this two-pronged pattern, revolutionary and deconstructive as it might seem, within the time-hallowed tradition of midrash. Some find the midrashic mode helpful in interpreting such texts as well as in providing a methodological framework to the critical discourse. Thus, Gershon Shaked suggests in his article that all modern texts displaying this pattern may be viewed as modern midrashim.
Israeli Drama and the Bible: Kings on the Stage
Authors: Abramson Glenda
Published: July 2008

Drama is the most neglected genre within Hebrew cultural development. In fact, until shortly before the foundation of the State of Israel, few plays in Hebrew had been staged. Although a large number of works in dramatic form had been written, particularly in the nineteenth century, few of them were viable theatrical dramas. They fell into the categories of rhetoric and allegory, devoid of believable dramatis personae. There were some milestones along the way, such as Somi's Zahut Bedihuta de-Kiddushin (An Eloquent Marriage Farce, c. 1600), Luzzatto's Leyesharim tehilla (Praise for the Righteous, 1743), and some modern plays, but these were not sufficiently feasible for the establishment of a dramatic tradition. An important factor qualifying the late development of Hebrew drama was the language, for within the communities' diglossia throughout the ages, Hebrew was reserved for more elevated discourse than playacting. Moreover, Hebrew, the language of the sacred texts, was inadequate for the expression of everyday life. Nowhere in the diaspora was there a Hebrew-speaking audience; there was no folk life in Hebrew as there was in Yiddish. Also, the potential playwrights were faced with the problem of the divine imperative in Jewish history, which precludes anything like the theodicy that gave rise to classical tragedy. Other religious restrictions against certain forms of representation, together with the small value Jewish religious authorities traditionally placed on theatre for its own sake, were also crucial factors mitigating against the drama's development.
“A People that Dwells Alone”?
Authors: Feldman Yael S.
Published: July 2008

No Hebrew reader, at least no reader with some Hebraic literacy, would be able to ignore the strong national resonance of the biblical phrases that Amalia Kahana-Carmon—one of Israel's foremost writers, the recipient of the 2000 Israel Prize—inserted into the masterful opening of the title novella of her 1984 triptych, Up on Montifer. Indeed, the evocative power of these intertexts is inescapable. “עAm levadad yishkon,” a verbatim quote from Balaam's prophecy (Numbers 23:9), is one of the sources for the construction of the Israelite and Jewish national identity, connoting uniqueness, exclusivity, and chosenness. The slightly veiled phrases “עover(et) lifnei hamaḥaneh” and “hanshei ḥalutz kovshim” add allusions to the foundational myth of the conquest of Canaan. In fact, they invoke the story of the tribes Gad and Reuben (Numbers 32), whose role as vanguard, crossing the Jordan before the rest of the Israelites (actually, “before the Lord,” as the biblical text insists), no doubt stands behind the modern Zionist use of the biblical term ḥalutz (vanguard) as “pioneer.”
The breeding status and colony dynamics of Cape Vulture Gyps
coprotheres in Botswana
Authors: Borello Wendy D. , Borello Remigio M.
Published: July 2008

Cape Vulture Gyps coprotheres is endemic to southern Africa and is globally
threatened. Colonies in Botswana comprise
part of one of the two core breeding areas in the species's range, and very
little has previously been published about
them. Ground censusing of 11 Cape Vulture sites in Botswana was undertaken
from 1992 to 1999, continuing a
monitoring programme initiated by the authors in 1984. Survey methods and
census procedures are documented. The
potential Cape Vulture breeding population in Botswana is estimated to be
about 600 pairs, comprising at least 100
pairs at Mannyelanong in the south-east and about 500 pairs in eastern
Botswana. This represents an increase from
previous estimates, and reflects improved census techniques rather than an
increase in population size. The mean
turnover rate of nest site usage from one year to the next averaged 21% at
Mannyelanong, and was about 26% at
Manong Yeng in eastern Botswana. Annual productivity of nest sites
increased with the number of years the site had
been occupied. Over the eight years of study eggs were laid in at least 436
of 477 nests (91.4%) at Mannyelanong;
chicks survived to mid season (60–80 days old) in 327 nests (75% of eggs
laid), and fledged (best estimate) in 248
nests (56.9% of eggs laid and 52% of pairs attempting to breed). In eastern
Botswana eggs were laid in at least 1,825
of 2,101 nests (86.9%); chicks survived to mid season in 1,272 nests (69.7%
of eggs laid). Two seasons have been
excluded for eastern Botswana (1994 and 1995) due to incomplete data, and
breeding success can be estimated only
from 1997 to 1999: of 990 eggs laid out of 1,108 nests, chicks fledged in
384 nests (38.8% of eggs laid and 34.6% of
pairs attempting to breed). The eastern Botswana breeding population
remains in a state of flux following the collapse
of a primary colony that was the country's Cape Vulture stronghold.
Conservation concerns and the vulnerability of
Cape Vulture sites are discussed.
Preface to the special issue: isomorphisms of types and invertibility of lambda terms
Authors: MATTHES RALPH , SOLOVIEV SERGEI
Published: July 2008

Isomorphisms of types are computational witnesses of logical equivalence with additional properties. The types/formulas A and B are isomorphic if there are functions (in a certain formalism) f : A → B and g : B → A such that g ○ f and f ○ g are equal in a certain sense to the identity on A and B, respectively. Typical such formalisms are extensions of simply typed λ-calculus, with βη-convertibility as equality relation. Another view of a pair of functions f : A → B and g : B → A (besides establishing the logical equivalence of A and B) is that f is invertible with left-inverse g, and it is then natural to relax the above symmetric condition to just g ○ f being equal to the identity on A. In this situation, A is called a retract of B, which is thus a natural generalisation of the notion of an isomorphism, while both these notions are refinements of the concept of logical equivalence in operational terms, that is, in terms of computable functions.
An insertion operator preserving infinite reduction sequences
Authors: CHEMOUIL DAVID
Published: July 2008

A common way to show the termination of the union of two abstract reduction systems, provided both systems terminate, is to prove that they enjoy a specific property (some sort of ‘commutation’ for instance). This specific property is actually used to show that, for the union not to terminate, one of the systems must itself be non-terminating, which leads to a contradiction. Unfortunately, the property may be impossible to prove because some of the objects that are reduced do not enjoy an adequate form.

Hence the purpose of this paper is threefold:

–

First, it introduces an operator enabling us to insert a reduction step on such an object, and therefore to change its shape, while still preserving the ability to use the property. Of course, some new properties will need to be verified.

–

Second, as an instance of our technique, the operator is applied to relax a well-known lemma stating the termination of the union of two termination abstract reduction systems.

–

Finally, this lemma is applied in a peculiar and then in a more general way to show the termination of some lambda calculi with inductive types augmented with specific reductions dealing with:

(i)

copies of inductive types;

(ii)

the representation of symmetric groups.
Mathematical modelling of linearly elastic shells
Authors: Ciarlet Philippe G.
Published: July 2008

The objective of this article is to lay down the proper mathematical foundations
of the two-dimensional theory of linearly elastic shells. To this end,
it provides, without any recourse to any a priori assumptions of a geometrical
or mechanical nature, a mathematical justification of two-dimensional
linear shell theories, by means of asymptotic methods, with the thickness as
the ‘small’ parameter.

A major virtue of this approach is that it naturally leads to precise mathematical
definitions of linearly elastic ‘membrane’ and ‘flexural’ shells. Another
noteworthy feature is that it highlights in particular the role played by two
fundamental tensors, each associated with a displacement field of the middle
surface, the linearized change of metric and linearized change of curvature
tensors.

More specifically, under fundamentally distinct sets of assumptions bearing
on the geometry of the middle surface, on the boundary conditions, and
on the order of magnitude of the applied forces, it is shown that the three-dimensional
displacements, once properly scaled, converge (in H1, or in L2,
or in ad hoc completions) as the thickness approaches zero towards a ‘two-dimensional’
limit that satisfies either the linear two-dimensional equations
of a ‘membrane’ shell (themselves divided into two subclasses) or the linear
two-dimensional equations of a ‘flexural’ shell. Note that this asymptotic analysis
automatically provides in each case the ‘limit’ two-dimensional equations,
together with the function space over which they are well-posed.

The linear two-dimensional shell equations that are most commonly used
in numerical simulations, namely Koiter's equations, Naghdi's equations, and
‘shallow’ shell equations, are then carefully described, mathematically analysed,
and likewise justified by means of asymptotic analyses.

The existence and uniqueness of solutions to each one of these linear two-dimensional
shell equations are also established by means of crucial inequalities
of Korn's type on surfaces, which are proved in detail at the beginning
of the article.

This article serves as a mathematical basis for the numerically oriented
companion article by Dominique Chapelle, also in this issue of Acta Numerica.
Semidefinite optimization
Authors: Todd M. J.
Published: July 2008

Optimization problems in which the variable is not a vector but a symmetric
matrix which is required to be positive semidefinite have been intensely studied
in the last ten years. Part of the reason for the interest stems from the
applicability of such problems to such diverse areas as designing the strongest
column, checking the stability of a differential inclusion, and obtaining tight
bounds for hard combinatorial optimization problems. Part also derives from
great advances in our ability to solve such problems efficiently in theory and in
practice (perhaps ‘or’ would be more appropriate: the most effective computational
methods are not always provably efficient in theory, and vice versa).
Here we describe this class of optimization problems, give a number of examples
demonstrating its significance, outline its duality theory, and discuss
algorithms for solving such problems.
SOCIAL ANXIETY, SELF-FOCUSED ATTENTION, AND THE DISCRIMINATION OF NEGATIVE, NEUTRAL AND POSITIVE AUDIENCE MEMBERS BY THEIR NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOURS
Authors: Perowne Stuart , Mansell Warren
Published: July 2008

Recent research indicates the apparent paradox that social anxiety may be associated with both self-focused attention and selective attention to external social threat cues. A naturalistic paradigm was designed to explore both processes. High and low socially anxious individuals were asked to make a speech to a monitor displaying six people whom they believed to be watching them live. Two audience members exhibited only positive behaviours, two only neutral ones and two only negative behaviours. In contrast to the low social anxiety group who selectively discriminated positive audience members, the high social anxiety group selectively discriminated the negative individuals, yet they were no more accurate at discriminating the negative behaviours the audience members had performed and they reported more self-focused attention than the low social anxiety group. The effects remained while covarying for differences in dysphoria. The results indicate that socially anxious individuals base their judgements of being disapproved by others on limited processing of their social environment.
A SPANISH VERSION OF THE PADUA INVENTORY: FACTOR STRUCTURE AND PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES
Authors: Mataix-Cols David , Sànchez-Turet Miquel , Vallejo Julio
Published: July 2008

This study reports the factorial structure and psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Padua Inventory (PI) in a sample of 863 undergraduate students, 55 patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and 20 patients with other anxiety disorders (OAD). A Principal Components Analysis suggested a 4-factor structure, which was comparable but not identical to that found in other versions of the PI involving non-clinical samples. The PI sub-scales showed good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. The “Washing” sub-scale of the PI failed to separate OCD and OAD patients, although this may have been due to small sample sizes. It is suggested that a revised version of the PI should include symptoms that are not currently represented in the scale, such as hoarding obsessions and compulsions.
COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING WITHIN RELIVING: A TREATMENT FOR PERITRAUMATIC EMOTIONAL “HOTSPOTS” IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Authors: Grey Nick , Young Kerry , Holmes Emily
Published: July 2008

This paper describes a distinct clinical approach to the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It is theoretically guided by recent cognitive models of PTSD and explicitly combines cognitive therapy techniques within exposure/reliving procedures. A clinically pertinent distinction is made between the cognitions and emotions experienced at the time of the trauma and, subsequently, in flashback experiences, and secondary negative appraisals. The term peritraumatic emotional “hotspot” is used to describe moments of peak distress during trauma. It is argued that a focus on cognitively restructuring these peritraumatic emotional hotspots within reliving can significantly improve the effectiveness of the treatment of PTSD and help explain some treatment failures with traditional prolonged exposure. An approach to the identification and treatment of these hotspots is detailed for a range of cognitions and emotions not limited to fear.
INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE THERAPY FOR DELUSIONAL DISORDER IN THE ELDERLY: A CASE STUDY OF A 71-YEAR-OLD MAN
Authors: Townend Michael
Published: July 2008

A single case study is described of a cognitive behavioural approach with an elderly man with a delusional disorder of 6 years. Successful treatment, case conceptualization and engagement issues are reported. The delusion was that household electrical equipment was giving out dangerous rays and giving him cancer. Self-report measures and a cognitive challenge test evaluated results. Rapid and positive results were achieved. Recommendations for future research are made.
On the emergence of bilingual code-switching competence
Authors: Toribio Almeida Jacqueline
Published: July 2008

Code-switching among proficient adult bilinguals has been extensively studied, and it is by now universally concluded that intra-sentential code alternations are rule-governed and systematic, displaying dependency relations that reflect the operation of underlying syntactic principles. The central, guiding question to be addressed herein is whether and, if so, how second language learners acquire the knowledge that defines structural coherence and allows them to render well-formedness judgments for code-switched forms. This exploration takes on particular significance given that learners receive no evidence which could guide them in rendering such judgments, and therefore results consistent with those observed among competent bilinguals could be imputed to unconscious, abstract linguistic knowledge. The investigation thus proves doubly fruitful, in the discovery of developmental patterns and in the evaluation of linguistic-theoretical methodologies and constructs.
Self-reported dietary energy intake of normal weight, overweight and obese adolescents
Authors: Vance Vivienne A , Woodruff Sarah J , McCargar Linda J , Husted Janice , Hanning Rhona M
Published: July 2008

Objective

The purpose of the present paper was to assess dietary energy reporting as a function of sex and weight status among Ontario and Alberta adolescents, using the ratio of energy intake (EI) to estimated BMR (BMRest).

Design

Data were collected using the FBQ, a validated web-based dietary assessment tool (including a 24 h dietary recall, FFQ, and food and physical activity behavioural questions). BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight and participants were classified as normal weight, overweight or obese. BMR was calculated using the WHO equations (based on weight). Reporting status was identified using the ratio EI:BMRest.

Setting

Data were collected in public, Catholic and private schools in Ontario and Alberta, Canada.

Subjects

A total of 1917 (n876 male andn1041 female) students (n934 grade 9 andn984 grade 10) participated.

Results

The mean EI:BMRestratio across all participants was 1·4 (sd0·6), providing evidence of under-reporting for the total sample. Females under-reported more than males (t= 6·27,P< 0·001), and under-reporting increased with increasing weight status for both males (F= 33·21,P< 0·001) and females (F= 14·28,P< 0·001). After removing those who reported eating less to lose weight, the EI:BMRestwas 1·56 (sd0·6) for males and 1·4 (sd0·6) for females.

Conclusion

The present study highlights methodological challenges associated with self-reported dietary data. Systematic differences in under-reporting of dietary intake by gender and weight status were observed using a web-based survey, similar to observations made using paper-based 24 h recalls and dietitian interviews.
Swiss Research Agenda for Nursing (SRAN) Die Entwicklung einer Agenda für die klinische Pflegeforschung in der Schweiz
Authors: Imhof Lorenz , Abderhalden Christoph , Cignacco Eva , Eicher Manuela , Mahrer-Imhof Romy , Schubert Maria , Shaha Maya
Published: July 2008

In den angelsächsischen und nordeuropäischen Ländern wurden Agenden für die Pflegeforschung entwickelt, um die Forschung auf gesundheitspolitische Zielsetzungen der Länder auszurichten. In der Schweiz erschwerte das Fehlen einer landesweiten gesundheitspolitischen Zielsetzung eine gemeinsame Ausrichtung der Pflegeforschung. Im Projekt «Swiss Research Agenda for Nursing (SRAN)» wurde deshalb zwischen 2005 und 2007 die erste nationale Agenda entwickelt. Basierend auf Literaturreviews, Expertenbefragungen und einer nationalen Umfrage entwickelte ein Projektteam die Agenda, die an einer Konsensuskonferenz verabschiedet wurde. Die Agenda beschreibt allgemeine forschungsleitende Grundsätze und definiert sieben inhaltliche Schwerpunkte für die Jahre 2007 bis 2017. Priorisiert werden soll Forschung 1) zur Wirkung pflegerischer Maßnahmen, 2) zur Anpassung von Dienstleistungen an ein sich veränderndes Gesundheitssystem, 3) zur Identifizierung pflegerelevanter Phänomene, 4) zum Einfluss der Arbeitsumgebung auf die Pflegequalität, 5) zum Funktionieren familialer Systeme und sozialer Netzwerke, 6) zur Integration der Vielfalt individueller Lebensumstände und 7) zur Umsetzung von ethischen Prinzipien in der Pflege. Mit der Swiss Research Agenda for Nursing liegt erstmals eine nationale Agenda in deutscher und französischer Sprache vor. Sie kann als Orientierung für die strategische Ausrichtung genutzt werden und dient zur Entwicklung eines Aktionsplans zur Förderung der Pflegeforschung in der Schweiz.