bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Feedback on Base-Rate Utilization
Authors: Lindeman Stephan T. , Van Den Brink Wulfert P. , Hoogstraten Johan
Published: September 2011

The effect of direct training with feedback on a base-rate problem of the engineers-lawyers type is assessed. Analysis indicates that feedback leads to adjusted probability estimates closer to the Bayesian norm than those in the no-feedback training-only condition. For a second base-rate problem (the so called “divorce problem”), however, no effect of training was shown, even though thinking-aloud protocols for this problem showed that subjects mentioned base-rates more often in the feedback than in the no-treatment condition.
Rorschach Indices for Discriminating between Two Schizophrenic Syndromes
Authors: Di Nuovo Santo , Laicardi Caterina , Tobino Cinzia
Published: September 2011

Thinking disturbance and disorder of affects may be different in two subtypes of schizophrenia, the “florid” and the “withdrawal” syndromes. In Exner's approach to the Rorschach system, the diagnostic indicators of disordered thinking may point out large differences not only between schizophrenic and control subjects but also between different types of schizophrenics. The Rorschach protocols of 45 subjects (15 “florid” schizophrenics, 15 “withdrawn” schizophrenics, and 15 controls of the same age and education, matched by sex) were examined on several Exner indices. Compared with the control group, both schizophrenic types confirmed an impairment of perceptual accuracy and of reality testing as well as a reduced emotional control. Compared with the “withdrawn” group, the “florid” schizophrenic subjects showed significantly higher indices of poor perceptual functioning, of an inadequate organizational activity (more Whole and Z responses characterized by negative Form Quality) and greater disordered ideational production.
Does the Repeated Use of Loci Create Interference?
Authors: De Beni Rossana , Cornoldi Cesare
Published: September 2011

It has been argued that the repeated use of the same pathway with the same loci may create both proactive and retroactive interference in subjects using loci mnemonics. In the present research the possible interference effects for university students learning three lists of pairs of nouns using the same loci are explored. Loci mnemonics improved performance on free-recall tasks, both during learning and on a final task, but performance was affected by retroactive interference. Lastly, the recall of concrete-abstract pairs is higher than that of abstract-concrete pairs for control group but not for the group using loci mnemonics. This result is interpreted using the idea that loci, by creating a general imaginal medium, are powerful concrete cues.
Sex and Age/Grade Differences in Adolescents' Self-Disclosure
Authors: Garcia Patricia A. , Geisler John S.
Published: September 2011

Few significant differences in self-disclosure were noted for 202 adolescents in Grades 8 and 12. Reliability and validity were reasonable but varied over 6 categories of disclosure. Both boys and girls disclosed more to target females and less to fathers. Findings agree with prior literature.
Vividness of Imagery and Positive and Negative Values of Emotionality of Words
Authors: Campos Alfredo
Published: September 2011

We estimated the correlations of scores on vividness of imagery of 122 undergraduates using Marks's imagery questionnaire with positive and negative emotionality values of words. We also studied the influence of imagery vividness (good and poor imagers) in emotionality. Analysis indicates a significant correlation for the 52 men and for the total group between imagery vividness and emotionality. The good imagers gave higher emotionality scores than poor imagers.
A Universal Algorithm for Identifying Causes
Authors: Muir Donal E.
Published: September 2011

A general causal-search canon is presented which, applied to dichotomous data, identifies causes composed of single or multiple factors, extracts maximal information from positive and negative cases, provides refined estimates as cases and variables are processed, and indicates omitted factors. Applications range from clarifying the logic of causality and causal searches in instructional settings to the analysis of research data.
Neurobehavioral and Psychosocial Functioning of Women Exposed to High Altitude in Mountaineering
Authors: Petiet Carole A. , Townes Brenda D. , Brooks Robert J. , Kramer Joel H.
Published: September 2011

The effects of chronic hypoxemia upon cognition and behavior were studied in women exposed to high altitude in mountaineering. Neuropsychological tests and psychosocial and physiological questionnaires were given to eight women before, during, and immediately after a Himalayan climb to 20,500 feet. Cognitive functioning remained relatively intact with only two significant decrements, complex abstract reasoning and word-finding ability. Significant changes were found on all psychosocial and physiological questionnaires. Feelings of acceptance of others and anxiety declined significantly. Physical symptoms were greatest during the first five days of ascent. Subjects' self-ratings of mental functioning were significantly better after the expedition than either before or during the climb. Self-assessments were correlated with emotions and physical symptoms, not with actual performances on the test battery. It is suggested that complex cognitive tasks and psychosocial functioning be studied in more detail as these were most influenced by exposure to high altitude in mountaineering.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XLIX. Ian Mac Farlane Smith: A Biographical Sketch
Authors: Eliot John
Published: September 2011

For more than 50 years, Ian MacFarlane Smith, a psychologist from Scotland, promoted and contributed to the psychometric study of spatial intelligence.
Effect of Auditory Masking on Lingual Vibrotactile Thresholds and Magnitude Estimation Scaling Responses
Authors: Petrosino Linda , Fucci Donald , Harris Daniel , Ellis Lee
Published: September 2011

Auditory masking has become a frequently employed part of the procedure used in vibrotactile research. Research investigating the effect of auditory masking on lingual vibrotactile thresholds of sensitivity has shown that there is little difference between lingual vibrotactile thresholds under masking and no masking conditions. The purpose of the present study was to extend the investigation of the effect of auditory masking to include lingual vibrotactile suprathreshold scaling responses. 20 young adult subjects of mean age 19 yr. completed lingual vibrotactile-threshold and magnitude-estimation scaling tasks under conditions of bilateral auditory masking and no masking. Similar lingual vibrotactile-threshold values and magnitude-estimation power-function exponents for the conditions of masking and no masking were noted.
Role of Interstimulus and Stimulus-Hemisphere Compatibility in the Process of Interhemispheric Integration
Authors: Berger Jean-Marc , Perret Etienne , Zimmermann Annemarie
Published: September 2011

Normal subjects had to name German compound nouns which were presented tachistoscopically. The compound nouns were displayed either unilaterally to the left or right visual field, or bilaterally with one element to the left and one to the right visual field. A distinction was made between the bilateral conditions as to whether the representation of the elements, printed and/or pictorial, included a high or low interstimulus and a high or low stimulus-hemisphere compatibility. Analysis indicated firstly a superiority of the left hemisphere for the naming of compound nouns in mixed print and pictorial representation. Secondly, the performance in the bilateral conditions was moderated by stimulus-hemisphere compatibility. In the process of interhemispheric integration stimulus-hemisphere compatibility proved more crucial than interstimulus compatibility. Analyses of errors further illustrated hemispheric behaviour.
Emg and Motor Performance Changes with Practice of a Forearm Movement by Children
Authors: Engelhorn Richard
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this research was to investigate changes in the control of movement, using EMG and kinematic variables, over practice by children. Children in three age groups, 7, 9, and 11 yr., performed 60 trials of an elbow-flexion movement. Correct movements consisted of a 60° angular movement of the forearm in 800 msec. The analysis of biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscle EMG activity, movement displacement and timing error, and movement velocity patterns indicated changes in motor performance with practice. All age groups improved performance with practice and also exhibited a decrease in biceps EMG activity with practice. Only movement-time error and time to peak triceps muscle activity differed between the age groups. The 11-yr.-old group significantly altered the timing of the antagonistic response to stop the movement over the practice session. This change is suggested to be related to the greater information-processing ability of these children and the development of appropriate movement strategies to perform the movement task successfully. Other changes observed in the EMG data appear similar to changes observed in studies of adults.
Relating Trait Anxiety to Perceived Physical Fitness
Authors: Abadie Ben R.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine the relation of actual cardiovascular physical fitness and perceived physical fitness to trait anxiety. 32 older adult ( M age = 68.19 yr.) subjects completed a voluntary maximal graded exercise stress test on a motor driven treadmill to determine their actual cardiovascular physical fitness. Subjects also completed Abadie's Perceived Physical Fitness Scale along with Spielberger's Trait Anxiety Inventory. The partial correlation between actual cardiovascular physical fitness and trait anxiety with the influence of perceived physical fitness removed indicated a nonsignificant relation. The partial correlation between perceived physical fitness and trait anxiety with the influence of actual cardiovascular physical fitness removed indicated a significant inverse relation. Present results suggest that trait anxiety is correlated better with an individual's self-perception of his physical fitness than the actual cardiovascular physical fitness.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: L. Indications of a Tectonic Strain Factor in the Rutledge (Ufo) Observations during 1973 in Southeastern Missouri
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Temporal and spatial distributions of classic UFO phenomena recorded by Rutledge during the year 1973 in southeastern Missouri were examined. Despite exotic characteristics, the phenomena occurred during the periods of the only two earthquake episodes within the region; the most vigorous phenomena occurred on the day of or the day before the earthquakes. The spatial and temporal distributions of these phenomena were commensurate with the tectonic strain hypothesis that most verified UFO reports are generated by tectonic strain through as yet unspecified physical mechanisms. The results also indicated that any systematic collection of UFO reports should demonstrate the relation between regional tectonic strain and these phenomena.
Classical Conditioning of Beginning Reading Responses
Authors: Montare Alberto
Published: September 2011

The present study describes the first demonstration that laboratory-controlled experimental procedures can lead to the successful acquisition and subsequent retention of classically conditioned beginning reading responses (CCBRRs) in children of both sexes and mean age of 4 yr. Anticipatory instructions combined with higher-order classical conditioning temporally arranged into a trace conditioning paradigm presented for 10 trials for each response to be learned led to beginning reading responses being successfully acquired by 20 children during 95% of the 2,220 total acquisition learning trials and subsequently correctly recalled on 114 of the 222 retention test trials. Findings support the view that perhaps the relatively sudden and sustained acquisition learning curves for reading responses on the second-signalling-system level of behavior in the present study may be quite different from the relatively slow and incremental learning curves usually obtained in classical conditioning of the autonomic type which occur on the first-signalling-system level.
Relations between Physical Activity, Weight Discrepancies, Body-Cathexis, and Psychological Well-Being in College Women
Authors: Seggar John F. , McCammon David L. , Cannon Lucille D.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relations between physical activity, weight discrepancies, body-cathexis, and indicators of psychological well-being in college women. Factor analysis and zero-order correlation, and partial correlation analyses show that physical activity was not directly related to psychological well-being, however, physical activity did reduce weight discrepancies and improved body-cathexis. When specific body types were examined, there were distinctive patterns of satisfaction with body parts and processes depending on whether the women's body types conformed to or deviated from idealized weights and heights.
A Questionable Questionnaire: A Rejoinder to Marks
Authors: Chara Paul J.
Published: September 2011

In a recent article Marks argues that two previous articles in this journal in 1986 and 1988, questioning the construct validity of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, should be dismissed due to methodological flaws and overwhelming evidence to the contrary. In this response to Marks, the methodologies of the two studies in question are clarified and defended. Research and other evidence supporting the two Chara studies are presented. It is concluded that the construct validity of the imagery questionnaire has not been established and that further investigations of the questionnaire, and particularly its rating scale, are warranted.
Measurements of Gaze Movements While Driving
Authors: Kito Tsuneo , Haraguchi Masahiro , Funatsu Takayuki , Sato Motoharu , Kondo Michiaki
Published: September 2011

In this study, gaze movements of drivers driving through an intersection were investigated. Gaze movements of drivers in large vehicles were compared with those in small vehicles. There were both similarities and differences in the visual search behaviors of drivers of large and small vehicles. The two groups were similar in that, when approaching an intersection, drivers made repeated saccadic gaze movements; after entering the intersection, saccadic gaze movements were directed ahead in the direction of turning. Differences arose in the frequency and distribution of gaze movements. The number of gaze movements was significantly greater in drivers of large vehicles. The distribution of gaze movements in driving a large vehicle showed a peak at the point 50 to 60° to the right and left of the median plane of the driver. The distribution of gaze movements of drivers of small vehicles showed no peak across the visual field.
Association between Paired Subtests of Auditory Sequential Memory Administered to Preschool Children
Authors: Chermak Gail D. , Fisher Julie M.
Published: September 2011

Auditory sequential memory subtests of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities were administered individually to 20 normal preschool children. Poor performance on the McCarthy words/sentences subtest suggests retention difficulties associated with isolated words in the absence of linguistic context. Correlations of only moderate strength and large unexplained variance indicate poor predictability between subtests despite similarities in content and procedural details.
A Home Evaluation of a Behavioral Response Measure of Sleep/Wakefulness
Authors: Bonato Richard A. , Ogilvie Robert D.
Published: September 2011

15 women and 3 men enrolled in a first-year undergraduate psychology course participated in a study concerned with evaluating the home use of a behavioral response monitor of sleep/wakefulness. The subjects, representing a range of fairly poor to good sleepers, used the device for three consecutive nights in then-own homes. The 1967 Monroe Questionnaire was used to differentiate “good” sleepers from “poorer” sleepers. The behavioral response system indicated that subjects could adequately report how long they slept but consistently underestimated then-number of arousals and could not reliably specify sleep-onset latency. The behavioral response measure was an effective and economical means of obtaining in-home objective sleep data and holds potential for clinical evaluation of disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep.
Hemispheric Preference and Progressive-Part or Whole Practice in Beginning Typewriting
Authors: Johns Loretta B.
Published: September 2011

This investigation explored the interaction of progressive-part versus whole methods of practice with hemispheric preference for processing information and the impact of each upon high school students' speed and accuracy in beginning typewriting. Zenhausern's Differential Hemispheric Activation Test was scored in such a way that it was possible to plot the scores along a continuum. Analysis of variance gave significant F ratios on 3 of the 4 testing days. The continuous scores were divided into five categories: middle, left moderates, right moderates, extreme rights, and extreme lefts. The moderate-left group speed was consistently the fastest group, and the extreme rights were consistently the slowest group. This difference was significant for all four testing days with the moderate-left mean speed varying between 4 to 6 words per minute faster each testing day. The extreme rights were consistently the most accurate, even though not statistically significantly so. There was no significant difference between method of practice and typewriting speed or between method of practice and typewriting accuracy; however, on all four testing days the mean gross speed of the whole practice learning group was 0.73 to 0.99 words per minute faster than the progressive-part group. A two-way analysis of variance indicated no interaction between method of practice and hemispheric preference.
Effects of Time-Compression on Feature and Frequency Discrimination in Aged Listeners
Authors: Rastatter Michael , Watson Marie , Strauss-Simmons Dianna
Published: September 2011

This study measured the ability of 16 aged listeners, normal for their age (age range, 63 to 84 yr.) to discriminate phonemic contrasts in sentential stimuli (Subtest 13 of the Carrow-Auditory Visual Abilities Test) presented at 50% time-compression rate. A series of linear regression analyses were performed in which each independent variable was regressed against the continuous variable of age. Over-all performance on the time-compressed task significantly decreased as a function of age. Also discrimination of place of articulation and mid- to high-frequency contrasts was significantly and negatively related to age In general, such findings suggest that the course of aging continuously imposes degrading effects on speech-processing that are related to discrimination of place feature contrasts.
Effect of Physical Exercise Prelabyrinthectomy on Locomotor Balance Compensation in the Squirrel Monkey
Authors: Igarashi Makoto , Ohashi Kazuhiro , Yoshihara Toshio , Macdonald Scott
Published: September 2011

This study examines the effectiveness of physical exercise, during a prepathology state, on locomotor balance compensation after subsequent unilateral labyrinthectomy in squirrel monkeys. An experimental group underwent 3 hr. of daily running exercise on a treadmill for 3 mo. prior to the surgery, whereas a control group was not exercised. Postoperatively, the locomotor balance function of both groups was tested for 3 mo. There was no significant difference in gait deviation counts in the acute phase of compensation. However, in the chronic compensation maintenance phase, the number of gait deviation counts was fewer in the exercise group, which showed significantly better performance stability.
Handedness affects Emotional Valence Asymmetry
Authors: McFarland Richard A. , Kennison Robert
Published: September 2011

Music was played monaurally to 80 right-handed and 80 left-handed subjects. Right-handers reported more positive and less negative affect if the music was to the right ear. Left-handers reported experiencing more positive and less negative affect during music to the left ear. The hand × ear interaction was significant. The valence of emotional responses to the music seems influenced by a combination of at least two factors, (1) differences between left- and right-handers in the cerebral processing of emotional valence and (2) differences in the processing of emotional valence within each handedness group depending upon which hemisphere was initially most strongly engaged by the music. These results partially corroborate and extend the findings of previous studies in which briefer stimuli were presented tachistoscopically or dichotically. It is concluded that, while there is hemispheric asymmetry in the processing of emotional valence, the direction of the asymmetry may be associated with the handedness of the subjects.
Depressive and Elative Mood Inductions as a Function of Exaggerated versus Contradictory Facial Expressions
Authors: Riccelli Patricia T. , Antila Carol E. , Dale J. Alexander , Klions Herbert L.
Published: September 2011

Two studies concerned the relation between facial expression cognitive induction of mood and perception of mood in women undergraduates. In Exp. 1, 20 subjects were randomly assigned to a group who were instructed in exaggerated facial expressions (Demand Group) and 20 subjects were randomly assigned to a group who were not instructed (Nondemand Group). All subjects completed a modified Velten (1968) elation- and depression-induction sequence. Ratings of depression on the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist increased during the depression condition and decreased during the elation condition. Subjects made more facial expressions in the Demand Group than the Nondemand Group from electromyogram measures of the zygomatic and corrugator muscles and from corresponding action unit measures from visual scoring using the Facial Action Scoring System. Subjects who were instructed in the Demand Group rated their depression as more severe during the depression slides than the other group. No such effect was noted during the elation condition. In Exp. 2, 16 women were randomly assigned to a group who were instructed in facial expressions contradictory to those expected on the depression and elation tasks (Contradictory Expression Group). Another 16 women were randomly assigned to a group who were given no instructions about facial expressions (Nondemand Group). All subjects completed the depression- and elation-induction sequence mentioned in Exp. 1. No differences were reported between groups on the ratings of depression (MAACL) for the depression-induction or for the elation-induction but both groups rated depression higher after the depression condition and lower after the elation condition. Electromyographic and facial action scores verified that subjects in the Contradictory Expression Group were making the requested contradictory facial expressions during the mood-induction sequences. It was concluded that the primary influence on emotion came from the cognitive mood-induction sequences. Facial expressions only seem to modify the emotion in the case of depression being exacerbated by frowning. A contradictory facial expression did not affect the rating of an emotion.
Effects of Apparel Classification on Attitudes toward Apparel Shopping
Authors: Lennon Sharron J. , Davis Leslie L. , Fairhurst Ann
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of apparel classification on attitudes toward advertised apparel and apparel shopping. 40 female college student volunteers viewed and responded to eight apparel advertisements. Four of the advertisements were for trendy apparel products and the other four were for classic apparel products. As predicted participants had more positive attitudes toward the trendy than to the classic apparel. Regardless of apparel classification, subjects indicated that they would be most likely to purchase the advertised apparel at a department store and least likely to purchase the apparel at a discount store.
Chicks' Maze Learning Reinforced by Visual Pitfall Extending Downward
Authors: Hayashibe Keikichi , Hara Masatoshi , Tsuji Keiichiro
Published: September 2011

The present study examined whether visually evoked fear of depth could reinforce a particular response of animals, i.e., to special maze learning. The maze was composed of four units of Y-shaped alley. In this maze, the visual pitfalls were set behind corners of the alley in place of a physical barrier. The experiments showed that eight of 13 male chicks could achieve the initial learning and that three successful ones could also achieve reversal learning. The results suggest that the visually evoked fear of depth provided by motion parallax can act as a reinforcer.
Effects of Force Output and Preparatory Set on Premotor Time of Simultaneous Bilateral Responses
Authors: Kawabe Shoko
Published: September 2011

Premotor times in simultaneous bilateral elbow-flexion movements were measured for 20 subjects when loads (light or heavy) were applied to both elbow joints. Premotor times for the heavy load were longer than those for the light load on both sides. The difference in premotor time between the two loads was larger for bilateral response than for unilateral response, suggesting that exertion of strength combines with response modality to increase the difference between the two loads. Preparatory set did not affect premotor time under the heavy load but affected premotor time under the light load. Possible mechanisms subserving these findings are discussed.
The Intelligence Test as a Measure of Knowledge and the Nonconstancy of the Intelligence Score
Authors: Razel Micha
Published: September 2011

The trait-test assumption of intelligence testing, according to which the test measures directly an innate trait, is contrasted with the conception that the test directly measures knowledge and that an innate trait could at best be measured only indirectly, the knowledge-test assumption. Two theories of knowledge accumulation are suggested, the linear learning theory, which assumes that knowledge accumulates as a linear function, and educational learning theory that postulates a positively accelerating function. A discussion follows of various phenomena related to the nonconstancy of the intelligence score, that have been largely overlooked apparently because the prevalent trait-test assumption does not account for them. It is shown that these phenomena fit well the predictions of a knowledge-test assumption combined with educational learning theory and that the nonconstancy is by itself rather predictable. This nonconstancy is then not an artifact of the “fallibility” of the measuring scale, but a fact that requires a revision in our dealing with and reporting of intelligence scores and in practices of prediction and experimental design.
Vision and Kinesthesis in Accuracy of Hand Movement
Authors: Lovelace Eugene A.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments examined the accuracy with which college students were able to touch a target when knowledge of the target location had been gained either visually, kinesthetically, or by both modalities. In all but “baseline” trials, individuals were not allowed to guide the hand visually and so relied on kinesthetic cues during movement to the target location. No feedback was provided. Contrary to students' expectations, accuracy of the movements was greater when the target location had been given kinesthetically (passive movement to the target) as opposed to visually. When target location was provided by seeing one's hand move to the target (kinesthetic plus visual), performance was slightly poorer (though nonsignificantly) than for the purely kinesthetic condition, but significantly better than for a purely visual target condition. These results are discussed in terms of visual dominance and the roles of vision and kinesthesis in guiding normal hand movements.
Age and Sex Differences in Representation of Horizontality among Children in India
Authors: de Lisi Richard , Parameswaran Gowri , McGillicuddy-Delisi Ann V.
Published: September 2011

Girls and boys from Grades 4 ( ns = 15) and 9 ( ns = 15 and 16) in Bombay, India were individually administered water-level and crossbar assessments of horizontality representation. Ninth graders were more successful than fourth graders, especially on trials in which the apparatus was obliquely rotated. Ninth graders, however, did not perform at ceiling levels, and a sex difference with a moderate effect size favoring male over female adolescents was obtained for the water-level task. These findings of both developmental and individual differences in horizontality performance replicate previous findings in Western cultures.
Contributions to Psychohistory: XV. Structural Characteristics as an Index of Mental Health in Freud's, His Patients' and Colleagues' Manifest Dreams
Authors: Wolowitz Howard , Anderson Timothy
Published: September 2011

Evolution of psychoanalytic dream theory from the topographical-conflict model resulted in the relative ascendance of manifest dream content and structure. Correspondingly, Freud's emphasis on the latent dream, disguised unconscious wish-fulfillment function, was paralleled by the development of an ego problem-solving-conflict function demonstrably observable in subjects' and patients' nocturnal dreams in sleep-lab REM awakenings. This development culminated in clinical, theoretical, and operational adoption of binary opposition as a language of manifest dream structure and a corresponding definition of mental health in terms of personal problem-solving efficacy measured in a narrative as self-defined, self-advocacy-adversary statements of sequences. Process and outcome measures from initial studies of psychoanalytic patients and nonpatients' dreams evidenced concurrent validity. Use of this measure on the three types of dreams reported in Freud's seminal The Interpretation of Dreams yielded results which support the inference that Freud's dreams are significantly more healthy than those of his patients or others (mostly colleagues).
Comparison of Personal Space as a Function of Grade and Sex of Interacting Pairs of Children
Authors: Folarin Bamidele Adepeju
Published: September 2011

Using Nigerian children in Grades 2 and 6 as subjects, separately 4 boys and 4 girls approached 8 boys on two occasions. This was repeated with 8 girls being approached, resulting in personal space measures for 8 pairs of boys, 8 girl-boy pairs, 8 pairs of girls and 8 boy-girl pairs, for each grade. Significantly greater personal space characterized children in Grade 2 and all children when pairs were of the opposite sex.
Second-Order Factor Structure of Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire
Authors: Argentero Piergiorgio
Published: September 2011

Using a large sample of 3000 normal men and women ( M age = 26 yr.), the primary factor scores on Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire were subjected to factor analysis. The purposes of this investigation were (1) to provide a precise definition of 16 PF second-order factor structure, (2) to shed additional light on the nature of two second-order factors that have been previously identified but described as “unstable” and “poorly reproduced,” and (3) to determine the degree of factorial similarity between matrices of men and women. The resulting solutions were substantially congruent with previous studies and showed high similarity between men and women, but no support was provided for the two additional second-order factors.
Contextual Interference: Interactions with Reflection-Impulsivity
Authors: Jelsma Otto , van Merriënboer Jeroen J. G.
Published: September 2011

In the present study, interactions of contextual interference and the cognitive style reflection-impulsivity were examined for training and retention performance. 64 subjects were randomly assigned to either a random or blocked practice schedule in learning a cursor-movement task. Reflectivity indices were determined by means of our computerized version of the Matching Familiar Figures Test. Analysis showed that the generally positive effect of practicing under a random practice schedule decreased for more reflective subjects. Further, training under a random practice schedule forced impulsive subjects to behave more like reflective ones, which improved their performance at retention. It was concluded that reflection-impulsivity is an important factor to be incorporated into the design of effective training programs.
Development and Verification of a Gender-Role Stereotyping Index for Physical Activities
Authors: Ignico Arlene A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to measure the extent to which parents, teachers, and children (4 1/2 to 7 yr.) label physical activities according to gender. The research involved two phases, (a) development/validation of the instrument and (b) assessment of reliability and stability. Participants for the development/validity assessment were 12 experts in motor and psychosocial development of children; they were divided into two groups of six judges (three women and three men). Both groups of judges rated 45 research-based, gender-specific and gender-neutral physical activities according to the extent to which each activity involved each of 14 research-based, gender-specific physical activity characteristics. Based on the ratings of Group I judges, 24 physical activities, representative of 8 male, 8 female, and 8 gender-neutral items, were combined to make up the preliminary questionnaire. To assess the construct validity of the instrument, two steps were taken. Product-moment correlations for the rating of the two groups of judges for the total list of activities were for male characteristics .98 and for female characteristics .82. Analyses of variance showed the ratings of the two sets of judges were not significantly different on any construct. Test-retest reliability for 270 participants was .94 and .95 for parents and teachers, respectively, and .77 for the 4 1/2 to 7-yr.-old children.
Wavelength Effects on Critical Flicker Frequency in Human Infants
Authors: Mercer Michele E. , Adams Russell J.
Published: September 2011

We examined 3-mo.-old human infants' ability to detect flicker in 454-nm blue and 627-nm red lights at 1.5 log cd/m2. Infants showed the same critical flicker frequency (CFF) to both wavelengths, suggesting that retinal cones mediate the detection of flicker at this luminance level. Infants' CFFs for chromatic stimuli were much lower than those reported for achromatic stimuli and also much lower than adults' CFFs tested under the same conditions.
Relationships between the Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Person Test and a Body-Image Test in Costa Rican Children
Authors: Woodburn Sharon S. , Fernández Harry , Boschini C.
Published: September 2011

Although researchers have used drawings of the human figure to evaluate body-image in adults and children, test measures of the concepts involved have not been precisely constructed, so the purpose of this study was to estimate the body-image concept relations measured on the Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Person Test and on the Prueba para Diagnóstico de Imagen Corporal—Universidad Nacional for 90 kindergarten, first and second graders. Factor analyses (sex by grade, 2 × 3; and sex by age, 2 × 7) showed that sex was not a significant factor on either measure, but grade and age were. A Pearson correlation for the total scores on both tests was a moderate, significant value of .45. Correlations of the total with subtest scores varied from .30 to .50. Values were strongest for first grade children from 6 to 6 1/2 yr. of age (.59 to .78), at the beginning of the developmental period in which children gradually gain an awareness of the parts of the body, their functions and left-right concepts.
A Method of Stereoptically Simulating Manifolds of Three-Dimensional Objects Using Only a Single Display Pattern: A Shape-Depth-Texture Invariance
Authors: Harrington Thomas L. , Quon Denise
Published: September 2011

A means of conceptualizing and generating visual displays that are “self-stereoptic manifolds” is described. First, single patterns that can replace pairs of stereograms to produce illusions of depth are defined and an example is shown. Patterns such as these produce illusory three-dimensional objects hanging in space before or behind the display surface. It is further demonstrated geometrically that such a display actually has three-dimensional information embedded in it peculiar to each of a family, or manifold, of objects that can be experienced one at a time. Each object of the family appears when the viewer looks in space where it “exists.” The others remain invisible unless their locations are fixated. If any member of a specific manifold of three-dimensional illusory objects is physically duplicated as a real object and textured in the same way that the illusory object appeared to be, then this new real object will, in turn, generate an illusion of each of the other objects of the manifold when the observer fixates in space where each “exists.” Also, if then the viewer looks where the original display previously was, the newly constructed object will disappear and the display will reappear. The geometry and the advantages and disadvantages in relation to a stereoptic pair are discussed.
Elementary Counting of Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers by Persons with Mental Retardation
Authors: Marx Melvin H.
Published: September 2011

Cardinal and ordinal counting skills were assessed in 37 mentally retarded adult workers and 42 school children with mental retardation. The major results were the very poor performance of the younger children (essentially at chance beyond the numbers 1 and 2) and the overall marked inferiority in ordinal compared with cardinal counting.
Body-Image Distortion in Normal-Weight College Women
Authors: Cullari Salvatore , Trubilla Roselyne S.
Published: September 2011

20 normal-weight college women were tested for body-image distortion and given the Eating Disorder Inventory and the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. Body-image distortion was present in one-half of the sample and seemed to be related to cognitive factors. There was no evidence of perceptual abnormalities in the subjects, and body-image distortion was not correlated with body weight or low self-esteem.
Motor and Cognitive Testing of Bone Marrow Transplant Patients after Chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Earth Pia , Kennedy Robert S. , Lane Norman E. , Dunlap William P. , Ordy J. Mark
Published: September 2011

Assessment of cognitive and motor performance of bone marrow transplant patients prior to, during, and following intensive toxic chemoradiotherapy may provide an important adjunct to measures of physiological and medical status. The present study is an attempt to assess whether, as side-effects, these aggressive treatments result in cognitive performance deficits, and if so, whether such changes recover posttreatment. Measurement of cognitive ability in this situation presents special problems not encountered with one-time tests intended for healthy adults. Such tests must be sensitive to changes within a single individual, which emphasizes the crucial importance of high reliability, stability across repeated-measures, and resistance to confounding factors such as motivation and fatigue. The present research makes use of a microbased portable test battery developed to have reliable and sensitive tests which were adapted to study the special requirements of transplant patients who may suffer cognitive deficits as a result of treatment. The results showed slight but significant changes in neuropsychological capacity when compared to baseline levels and controls, particularly near the beginning of treatment. The sensitivity of the battery in detecting such subtle temporary changes is discussed in terms of past research showing effects of other stressors, such as simulated high altitude and ingestion of alcohol, on these measures.
Observers' Impressions of Superiors and Subordinates following Promotion Decisions
Authors: Decker Wayne H.
Published: September 2011

For business students, factors (favorability ratings) for a professor and his dean who, in a scenario, rejected the professor's application for promotion, were indicated by factor analysis of 7-point ratings of 16 bipolar items. Actors were viewed more favorably when they agreed than were they disagreed. Sex of actor did not affect favorability, but the dean's disagreeing was judged more masculine than his agreeing. Findings seem consistent with research showing production-oriented leaders were viewed as more masculine.
Body Cathexis Assessments of Rural Scottish and American Women
Authors: Hamilton J. A. , Chowdhary U.
Published: September 2011

Body cathexis was investigated cross-culturally by comparing 30 rural midwestern American and 30 rural Scottish women on a modified body-cathexis measure. Two-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance and comparisons of means by least significant differences indicated that differences were significant for only three of the 28 items. However, differences in the range of scores reported by the two groups suggested that the American women differentiated among body parts much more than did the Scottish women. Additional methodological approaches are recommended for a more complete understanding of body cathexis as a cultural construct that is part of an interacting cultural system.
Learning during Sleep: An Indirect Test of the Erasure-Theory of Dreaming
Authors: Bierman Dick , Winter Oscar
Published: September 2011

In this study the hypothesis, put forward elsewhere, that dreams are functional through the erasure of ‘incidental’ and weakly represented information was indirectly explored. 12 subjects were presented paired-associate word lists during each Stage-2 period of their sleep. According to the erasure-hypothesis these associations are destroyed during the subsequent dream if their representation is weak. Two effects might be expected. Firstly, associations which are formed during the last Stage-2 period (which is not followed by a dream-stage) will not be destroyed. Secondly, a stimulus frequency threshold-effect could be expected. Associations which are repeatedly presented (more often than a certain critical number) might become strong enough to withstand the ‘erasure.’ In the present study no indication was found for the latter expectation but a significant effect was found for those associations presented during the last Stage-2 period. Furthermore, there was suggestive evidence that sleep-rehearsal (of previously learned associations) yielded long-term effects.
Effect of Colour on Physical Strength and Mood in Children
Authors: Hamid P. Nicholas , Newport Adrienne G.
Published: September 2011

The physical strength and mood of creative production were measured for six preschool children under six coloured room conditions in an ABACAB design. Physical strength and high positive mood were demonstrated in a pink-coloured room while the reverse was found in a blue-coloured room. The results were interpreted as supporting the differential arousal function of colours.
Identification of Self through Olfaction
Authors: Lord Thomas , Kasprzak Mary
Published: September 2011

To study olfactory communication in humans, 100 undergraduates ranging from age 18 to 45 yr. wore freshly washed, identical T- shirts continuously for 24 hr. During this time, the participants did not bathe or shower or apply any scent producing substance to their bodies, i.e., deodorants, perfumes. Upon retrieval, each shirt was placed in an identical brown bag. In groups of 10, each participant attempted to identify the T-shirt he had worn the previous 24 hr. The task was administered separately for each individual so that no participants knew the choice by a previous colleague. Analysis shows that the participants were able to identify correctly their own shirts on the first try three-quarters of the time. Furthermore, sex, age, smoking habit of the participant, and menstrual cycle phase in the women were factors in successful outcomes.
Evaluational Reactions to Speech: The Role of Ethnic-Linguistic Status
Authors: Dornic Stan , Nystedt Lars , Laaksonen Tarja , Arnberg Lenore
Published: September 2011

Two groups of native Swedes listened to short stories, related in Swedish by Greek and American immigrants in Sweden, and rated the speakers on 15 personality traits as well as on five aspects of language proficiency. American speakers were rated more favorably than Greek speakers on two traits, namely, educated and capable. On language proficiency, Greeks and Americans were rated similarly except for the “grammar” aspect on which the latter obtained higher ratings. Speakers' time of residence in Sweden was strongly underestimated by raters, more for Americans than for Greeks. Correlations between ratings of personality and ratings of language proficiency were positive and significant on both affective and competence-related traits for the Greek speakers, while there were no significant correlations for the American speakers. The results are seen as giving support to the assumption that in judging personality from spoken language, attitudinal rather than linguistic factors play a major role, particularly if the speakers' ethnic-linguistic status is high.
Effect of Relaxation or Exercise on Undergraduates' Test Anxiety
Authors: Topp Robert
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether test anxiety could be significantly reduced through regular practice of relaxation exercises or physical exercise. Test anxiety was assessed at pretest and posttest using the 37-item true-false Test Anxiety Questionnaire developed by Sarason. 47 undergraduate students self-selected to participate. The 9 subjects in the group who engaged in a nonmeditative relaxation exercise 3 times per week for 7 weeks showed a significant decline in test anxiety. The 16 subjects in a supervised aerobic dance class 3 times per week for 7 weeks improved their fitness and their test anxiety significantly declined. The 20 control subjects did not meet over the 7-week study and showed no significant change in test anxiety, fitness, or relaxation.
Visual Identification Rate in Search of a Missing Stimulus
Authors: Inamori Yoshio , Inamori Rieko
Published: September 2011

Subjects searched for a digit which was not presented in an array of nine different digits. The identification rate was estimated from the percent correct. Well-trained subjects identified 6.5 digits with a 50-msec. exposure. This fast identification rate was expected from our procedure using a single answer, an inconsistent target, and equal probability that every digit would be a target. Naive subjects markedly improved their performance in the first two weeks of the trials which were given for a total of 24 days.
Are Rods and Cones of Dyslexics Anomalous?
Authors: Cohn Theodore E.
Published: September 2011

Grosser and Spafford (in this journal, 1989) have advanced an hypothesis and presented measurements which they believe support the idea of an excess of cones in the peripheral retinae of dyslexics. This note points out that their hypothesis is based on the erroneous assumption that normals have no peripheral cones. Further, their data can be explained by at least two alternative, though uninteresting, methodological hypotheses, that uncontrolled eye movements or experimenter suggestion (or both) could have produced their results. Finally, the requisite methods for assessing color vision, and the cones, were not met in the study.