bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Political Economy of Suburbanization: In Pursuit of a Class Analysis
Authors: Levenstein Charles , Levenstein Charles
Published: March 2007

This article is a contribution to forging a political economy of su burbanization. Sociological analysis has focused on suburban communities, overlooking the importance of changes in the structures of employment in facili tating suburban community formation and growth. Dual labor market theory, a new institutional economic analysis, has emphasized the increasingly deliberate structuring of employment, especially by large corporations, without paying ap propriate attention to its effects on community formation, or to the role of com munity forces in constraining or challenging the prevailing employment struc ture. Important insights arise from comparing these empirical approaches within the framework of a Marxian class analysis. My objective is an analysis of subur banization that elaborates the fundamental significance of class divisions with an understanding of the role of labor market segmentation, community structures and forces, and the historical inheritance of ethnic and national cultures. I hope the analysis can also be useful for working class organizing in suburban com munities as part of building a socialist movement.
Variations in the Propensity Among Older Persons To Migrate: Evidence and Implications
Authors: Warnes Anthony M.
Published: March 2007

A trend towards the concentration of elderly people in certain states and counties favored for retirement has been evident in recent decades. The concentration is pro duced in part by long distance migrations around the age of retirement and con siderable practical interest lies in reliable projections of these moves. Most projections at present are based on the future size of large aggregates of the national population, often the entire elderly population. This article shows that long-distance retirement migration is particularly likely for people in their sixties and that projections of this cohort diverge substantially those for the retired population. It is also clear that the volume of long-distance migrations will be influenced by economic conditions. More sensitive projections of migration gains to state and county populations should therefore be based on a more detailed examination of migration differentials and cohort projections.
Geriatric in the Office and Clinic1
Authors: Stein Elliott M.
Published: March 2007

The aged are high risk for mental health problems, and their treatment will become an increasing focus for psychiatrists. Many elderly are responsive to psychother apeutic interventions, even though they are less often referred and treated than are younger persons with similar problems. In addition to the traditional modalities, such as psychotherapy and chemotherapy, this article reviews some of the specialized techniques that can be helpful to older people and provides examples illustrating their use.
Barriers to Work Among the Elderly: A Connecticut Study
Authors: Brady E. Michael , Palermino Peter , Scott Denise , Fernandez Ronald , Norland Stephen
Published: March 2007

This study examines interest in labor force participation among persons age 55 and over in Connecticut. Phone interviews with 818 low-income elderly were conducted in 1984 to examine participation patterns and perceived barriers to employment. Wefound that reasonsfornot working involvedpredominantly situationalfactors such as personal health, problems with transportation, and issues relating to qualifications for training. Regression analysis indicated that the strongest predictors of an interest in work are the connection between training opportunities and good jobs, perceived income adequacy, willingness on the part of the worker to work on weekends, and having the appropriate qualifications for a job. Implica tions for social intervention and policy development for older workers are discussed.
The Luria-Das Simultaneous-Successive Model Applied to the WISC-R
Authors: Naglieri Jack A. , Kamphaus Randy W. , Kaufman Alan S.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this investigation was to provide an empirical basis for the interpretation of the WISC-R according to the Luria-Das model of simultaneous and successive processes. Using both an empirical and logical approach, those WISC-R subtests that were expected to involve simultaneous and successive processes were identified. Then the subtest intercorrelation matrices reported by Wechsler (1974) for normal children, Van Hagen and Kaufman (1975) for mentally retarded children, and Stedman, Lawlis, Cortner, and Achterberg (1978) for referred children were factor analyzed. Results of these analyses yielded support for interpreting the WISC-R in accordance with the Luria-Das model of simultaneous and successive processes.
How Many Factors Underlie the WAIS-R?
Authors: Naglieri Jack A. , Kaufman Alan S.
Published: March 2007

The present investigation examined various objective methods for determining the number of factors that best explain the factorial structure of the WAIS-R. The six methods yielded a wide of range of number of factors and the “correct” answer was determined to be equivocal. In general, the two- and three-factor solutions appeared to be the most viable. Practical implications these data are discussed.
Problems in the Use of the Woodcock-Johnson Suppressors
Authors: Kampwirth Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

The Woodcock-Johnson Cognitive Battery contains two cognitive clusters that use suppressor scores. This paper reviews the purpose and function of these suppressors and points out how their use may confuse the interpretation of the test results. A case example illustrates how this problem may occur.
Examiner Accuracy during Protocol Completion
Authors: Fuchs Lynn S. , Fuchs Douglas
Published: March 2007

This study investigated examiner accuracy in the completion of protocols during actual test sessions. The performances of 22 language handicapped preschoolers, each tested by a familiar and strange examiner, were videotaped. Eleven examiners were inexperienced; another 11 examiners were professionally experienced. Protocols generated by the actual examiners and by independent raters, who viewed the tapes, were scored. Analysis of variance revealed that examiners' protocols yielded significantly higher scores than did raters' protocols; children scored significantly higher when tested by familiar, rather than unfamiliar examiners; and children's scores were similar whether examiners were experienced or inexperienced. Additionally, a significant three-way interaction among protocol completer (rater vs. examiner), familiarity, and examiner experience indicated that examiner in- accuracy was greater for inexperienced testers during familiar testing sessions, but greater for experienced testers during unfamiliar sessions. Implications for psychoeducational assessment are discussed.
Observer Reactivity in Monitored and Unmonitored Analogue Conditions
Authors: Smith G. A. , Sheaffer Bernice
Published: March 2007

Videotapes of preschoolers were used in a laboratory analogue of naturalistic observation to examine variables affecting observer reactivity. Sixteen undergraduates were randomly assigned to a monitored or unmonitored condition after training in an 11-category observational code. Results indicated a significant decrease in observer agreement scores coinciding with the shift from training to data collection. This drop in performance was noted for both groups, although the decrease was expected only for the unmonitored condition. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of training of observers for research and behavioral assessment.
The Use of the Stress Response Scale in Diagnostic Assessment with Children
Authors: Chandler Louis A. , Shermis Mark D. , Marsh Judith
Published: March 2007

Children's experience with stress provides a useful paradigm for the assessment of their emotional status. Such an assessment must be concerned with identifying the typical behavioral pattern a child is likely to adopt in response to stress. The Stress Response Scale has been developed to assess those response patterns. This study compared the behavior patterns of a group of children referred because of possible emotional disorders with their psychiatric diagnoses. It also examined the agreement between parents and teachers as to the type of response pattern likely to be shown by the child. The results suggested that the scale may be sensitive to selected psychiatric diagnostic categories commonly assigned to children from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
The Personality Inventory for Children: Differential Diagnosis in School Settings
Authors: DeKrey Steven J. , Ehly Stewart
Published: March 2007

Differential diagnosis of the PIC-Shortened Form was assessed in four educational settings (regular education, learning disabilities placements, mental disabilities placements, emotional disabilities placements) using children assigned to each option. Analysis of responses provided by biological mothers resulted in specific profiles for each group on clinical scales, validity scales, and broad-band factor scales. Application of the instrument in educational decision making is discussed.
Relationship of Temperament Characteristics to the Academic Achievement of First-Grade Children
Authors: Martin Roy P. , Holbrook James
Published: March 2007

Relationships between teacher ratings of six “temperament” characteristics and four measures of achievement for 104 first-grade children were analyzed in a short-interval prediction study. Activity level, adaptability, approach or withdrawal, distractibility, and persistence were found to be significant predictors of reading and mathematics grades and reading performance on a standardized test with the effects of IQ controlled. Further, multiple regression analysis demonstrated that persistence and adaptability made significant and sizable contributions to the prediction of achievement over that made by IQ.
How Unusual is a Profile of Test Scores?
Authors: Huba G. J.
Published: March 2007

A test is proposed for determining whether several scores in a test profile, considered simultaneously, are unusual or not. The test involves the evaluation of a Wishart (multivariate chi-square) distribution. When many tests are made on one profile, the probability level can be adjusted with the Bonferroni correction. This test can be regularly evaluated in computer-based test interpretation programs. An example from a new test of career decision making is given.
Recategorized WISC-R Scores of Mexican-American Learning-Disabled and Regular Classroom Students
Authors: Volkoff William J.
Published: March 2007

Using Bannatyne's (1974) categories, cognitive abilities were measured for two groups of students. They included bilingual learning-disabled Mexican-American students and bilingual Mexican-American students functioning adequately on grade level. Contrary to previous findings, results indicated that the LD students, as a group, demonstrated the Spatial > Conceptual > Sequential profile. The discrepancy between the present findings and the results of previous studies is interpreted in terms of IQ levels of samples chosen and the method for selecting nonimpaired control groups. The application of the Bannatyne profile is viewed as characterizing a subgroup of learning disabilities with Verbal and Performance IQ scores within low average to average ranges.
Simultaneous and Successive Processing in University Students: Contribution to Academic Performance
Authors: Wachs Mary Campbell , Harris Muriel
Published: March 2007

Seventy undergraduate subjects were tested individually on a battery of tests designed to assess simultaneous and successive processing. Changes made from the commonly administered batteries included individual administration, generous time limits on most tests, more difficult items, and more verbal tests. These changes were made in order to test the limits of university students and to increase the verbal content of both processing modes. The expected factor structure emerged and was found to correlate significantly and differentially with other measures of academic performance: scores on the simultaneous processing factor correlated significantly with Scholastic Aptitute Test (SAT) Math scores, while scores on the successive processing factor correlated significantly with grades from the university's introductory English composition course.
Application of the Split-Half WISC-R with Emotionally and Behaviorally Disturbed Children
Authors: Boyd Thomas A. , Tramontana Michael G.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the validity of the Hobby (1982) WISC-R Split-Half Short Form (SH) when applied to a clinical sample of emotionally and behaviorally disturbed children. Several issues pertaining to the validaton of short form tests are also examined and discussed. Long Form (LF) results based on a standard administration of the WISC-R for 106 hospitalized child and adolescent psychiatric patients were rescored according to the SH procedures. Extremely high correlations were obtained between LF and SH subtest and IQ scores, and the two test forms contained highly similar factor structures. Nevertheless, significant differences were found on all three IQs, on four of the nine subtests altered by the SH procedures, and on two of Kaufman's (1979) three intelligence factors. Also, approximately 20% of the sample showed discrepancies in the intelligence category assigned, classification of Verbal-Performance differences, and in a quantified index of subtest profile similarity. Clinicians are cautioned against routine use of SH procedures with children, particularly when emotional and behavioral disturbance may already contribute potential error variance to the intellectual assessment.
Construct Validity of the Matrix Analogies Test-Expanded Form
Authors: Naglieri Jack A. , Insko William R.
Published: March 2007

The construct validity of the Matrix Analogies Test-Expanded Form (MAT-EF; Naglieri, 1985a, 1985b) was examined for two groups of children (n = 455 and n = 373). For each group, tetrachoric correlations were calculated from item scores and then factor analyzed to determine (a) if support exists for organization of items into item groups and (b) if the total test represents a general measure of nonverbal reasoning ability Results revealed support for the organization of items into specific groups identified as Pattern Completion, Serial Reasoning, and Spatial Visualization. More importantly, most items (including items in a second item group: Reasoning by Analogy) received a high loading on the first unrotated factor extracted, providing construct validity support for the MAT-EF as an overall measure of nonverbal reasoning ability.
Intelligence and Achievement: A Factor Analytic and Canonical Correlational Study
Authors: Wright Dan
Published: March 2007

Recent assertions that tests of intelligence and achievement measure identical constructs contradict the current use of such tests to verify discrepancies between ability and achievement in the identification of children who may experience learning disabilities. This situation poses fundamental challenges to many measurement-related practices that concern school psychologists. To address these issues, the present study examined the constructs measured by such tests and the amount of functional overlap between them. Scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, the Wide Range Achievement Test, and the SRA Achievement Series were collected from 160 children (80 girls, 80 boys), aged 9-12, selected from a small, urban school district in the Midwest. Data initially were submitted to a principal factor analysis with Varimax rotation, which yielded four factors subsequently labelled Verbal Comprehension, Numerical, Written Language, and Performance. Canonical variates were extracted for the purpose of examining redundancy between the intelligence and achievement batteries. These indicated a functional overlap that accounted for 31.0% of the variance of the WISC-R subtests and 47.2% of the variance of the combined WRAT and SRA subtests. Results were interpreted to offer cautious support for current approaches in diagnosis.
The Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery-Children's Revision: Discrimination between Learning-Disabled and Slow-Learner Children
Authors: Oehler-Stinnett Judy , Stinnett Terry A. , Wesley Andrea L. , Anderson Howard N.
Published: March 2007

The ability of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery-Children's Revision (LNNB-CR) to discriminate learning disabled (N = 27) and slow-learner (N = 14) students and to discriminate these groups when variance associated with IQ was controlled was examined. Also, the regression formula for diagnosis of brain damage, calculated from standardization data, was employed to determine the percentage of each group classified as brain damaged. Results indicated that the LNNB-CR discriminated between groups with 93% correct classification; three subscales contributed significantly to the discrimination: Intelligence, Motor, and Tactile. Univariate analyses of variance indicated significant differences between groups on the subscales of Motor, Writing, Arithmetic, and Intelligence. No significant differences were evidenced between groups with FSIQ covaried. Using the regression formula established with the standardization data, 100% of the slow-learner group and 78% of the learning-disabled group were labeled as brain damaged. The results suggest that the LNNB-CR does not provide additional information beyond that obtained through traditional psychoeducational assessment. The LNNB-CR is likely to overclassify mildly handicapped children as brain damaged.
An Examination of Culturally Appropriate Items for the WAIS-R Information Subtest with Canadian Subjects
Authors: Pugh George M. , Boer Douglas P.
Published: March 2007

Ten questions with culturally specific American content from the WAIS-R Information subtest were examined empirically for level of difficulty for Canadian subjects. Rank order and chi square analyses showed that accuracy scores (p-values) for these questions differed significantly from the p-values of the WAIS-R (Wechsler, 1981) normative sample for the majority of these items for this sample (N = 95). Nine of 10 Canadian substitutes were found to reflect more accurately the difficulty level of the original standardization data.
On Methods for Probing Validity of Intelligence Tests: A Commentary on the Work of Zeidner and Feitelson
Authors: Sabers Darrell , Jones Patricia , Shirome Paul
Published: March 2007

Smallest space analysis represents one way to probe the validity of intelligence tests. In this article a variety of techniques are used to further investigate the structure of the WPPSI and MILI batteries. In general, the approaches used in this investigation support Zeidner and Feitelson's claim that between-battery variance is the single most salient feature of the data set. However, no technique demonstrates the presence of the three-factor structure postulated for intelligence tests. This paper demonstrates the value of using several statistical approaches to investigate the structure of a data set.
Teacher and Self-Ratings of Popular and Rejected Adolescent Boys' Behavior
Authors: Elliott Stephen N. , Gresham Frank M.
Published: March 2007

This investigation was designed to further an understanding of the differences between popular and rejected adolescent males with regard to the domains of social skills, self-control, anger, problem behaviors, and academic performance. For a multi-state sample (N = 191) of adolescents, it was demonstrated that teacher and self-ratings of social skills and self-control meaningfully discriminated popular from rejected males. Ratings of anger, problem behaviors, and academic performance did not contribute to the differentiation of the two groups via a stepwise discriminant function analysis. This investigation extended established behavioral correlates of social competency findings to older adolescents and employed several new (Social Skills Rating System) or infrequently used (Self-Control Rating Scale and Children's Inventory of Anger) behavior rating scales to operationalize social or social-cognitive behaviors hypothesized to be important to the development of social competency.
Accuracy of Long Momentary Time-Sampling Intervals: Implications for Classroom Data Collection
Authors: Kearns Kathleen , Edwards Ron , Tingstrom Daniel H.
Published: March 2007

The accuracy of various momentary time-sampling (MTS) interval lengths in estimating continuous measures of behavior and the implications for classroom data collection procedures were examined. Continuous interval recording records were simulated to provide standards against which to assess MTS interval lengths of 30 seconds and 5, 10, and 20 minutes. Standards were constructed to simulate behavior that occurred during 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of the total intervals observed. Each MTS percent occurrence estimate was compared to the percent occurrence represented by the standard. The data revealed that short MTS interval lengths were more accurate and that level of percent occurrence did not differentially affect MTS estimates. The ability of MTS to reflect increasing and decreasing behavior trends and the interaction of MTS interval lengths with various percent occurrence levels also were examined.
A Multitrait-Multimethod Construct Validity Study of the Differential Ability Scales
Authors: Byrd P. Dianne , Buckhalt Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

In a study of the construct validity of composite and selected subtest scores of the Differential Ability Scales (DAS), scores from the DAS, WISC-R, and Stanford Achievement Test were compared for 46 students in a rural school district. The data were analyzed with multitrait-multimethod matrices to investigate convergent and discriminant validity. The results indicate that while some DAS composites and subtests relate closely to their similar WISC-R counterparts, others do not. It is suggested that while both batteries yield adequate measures of general intelligence, different cognitive processes are reflected in the composites and their constituent subtests. The DAS subtests have been shown to have good specificity for the support of profile analysis, but more research is needed to determine what processes contribute to performance on the subtests.
A Comparison of Internalizers, Externalizers, and Normals Using the WISC-R and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Authors: Matson Dale E. , Fischer Mariellen
Published: March 2007

This study examined the possible differences among Internalizing, Externalizing, and normal children on WISC-R factors and measures from the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The groups were selected using the Teacher Report Form of the Child Behavior Checklist. The three groups were matched on age, SES, and FSIQ. The matching yielded 36 subjects (12 per group). Significant between-group differences were found on the WCST Perseverative Errors (p < .01) and the Freedom From Distractibility factor of the WISC-R (p < .01). Significant within-groups differences also were found. A discriminant function analysis was conducted, which correctly classified 80.6% of the 36 children based on CBCL groupings. It is concluded that neuropsychological and WISC-R factor comparisons add discriminative power to and should be included in the assessment of emotional disability.
Differential Effects of Fixed Instructional Ratios on Students' Progress in Reading
Authors: Roberts Maura L. , Turco Timothy L. , Shapiro Edward S.
Published: March 2007

The impact of differential instructional ratios of known/unknown vocabulary words during a drill procedure in reading was investigated. A total of 42 average to low-average children between second and fifth grade participated in the study. Based on the model of Curriculum-based Assessment described by Gickling and Havertape (1981), a flashcard drill intervention was employed that presented known and unknown words under one of four treatment conditions: (a) 90% known to 10% unknown words; (b) 80% known to 20% unknown words; (c) 60% known to 40% unknown words; and (d) 50%o known to 50% unknown words. Pre-and posttest data were obtained on oral reading fluency, comprehension, and reading from grade-level vocabulary word lists. Additionally, bi-weekly CBM reading probes were obtained. Differences across the four conditions were evaluated at the end of an 8-week daily drill intervention. The results tended to provide partial support for Gickling's suggested drill ratios.
Behavior Problems of Learning-Disabled, Low-Achieving, and Average Boys: A Comparative Study with the Conners Teacher Ratings Scales-28
Authors: Merrell Kenneth W. , Stein Stephanie
Published: March 2007

Problem behaviors of elementary-age boys with learning disabilities (n = 91) were compared with those of low-achieving (n = 100) and average-achieving (n = 77) boys on teacher ratings from the 28-item version of the Conners Teacher Rating Scale. Analysis of variance procedures revealed significant group effects on all subscales of the instrument. The learning-disabled boys were rated as having significantly greater levels of problem behavior than did the average-achieving boys on all four of the instrument's subscales. The low-achieving boys had significantly greater problem behavior ratings than did the average-achieving boys on two of the four subscales. The low-achieving and learning-disabled groups did not differ significantly on any of the problem behavior sub-scales, an indication that both groups are at heightened risk for developing social-behavioral problems. Examination of problem score frequency distributions by group also revealed a great deal of behavioral heterogeneity within each group, which indicates that membership in certain educational groups may be a behavioral risk factor, but behavioral needs should be looked at based on individual need.
Effects of Test Administration Procedures and Acculturation Level on Achievement Scores
Authors: Barona Andrés , Pfeiffer Steven I.
Published: March 2007

Thirty-nine White and 94 Mexican-American students in grades four through six were administered the Reading Vocabulary subtest of the California Achievement Test (CAT) under two separate test administration procedures (standardized vs. facilitative). A 2 x 2 factorial design was used to investigate the effects of the procedure (facilitative vs. standardized) and ethnicity (White vs. Mexican-American) on achievement test scores. Additionally, subjects' scores on the Reading Vocabulary subtest on the CAT were correlated with the SOMPA acculturation scales to determine whether acculturation status was related to achievement. Results indicated that the Mexican-American students scored lower than White students in the standard administration condition and outperformed White students under the experimental condition. Both group mean scores, however, were lower under the experimental condition. Findings also suggest that under the standardized administration condition, a child's socioeconomic level probably is not related to achievement test scores.
Short Forms of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition
Authors: Prewett Peter N.
Published: March 2007

Short forms of the Stanford-Binet were evaluated with a sample of 150 low-achieving students. The pattern of short-form validity coefficients was similar for students with different Entry Levels, for males and females, and Whites and Blacks. A four-sub-test short form (Vocabulary-Quantitative-Pattern Analyses-Memory for Sentences) and the six-subtest short form recommended by the Stanford-Binet's authors (the four-subtest short form plus Bead Memory and Compehension) obtained the highest (and similar) validity coefficients. The four-subtest short form was recommended over the six because it requires less time to adminster. The two-subtest short forms were not recommended.
Artifact in the Total Score of the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers
Authors: Schouten Peter G. W. , Kirkpatrick Lee A.
Published: March 2007

The original manual for the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP; Miller, 1982) describes the derivation of a single scoring chart that covers all six of the test's age bands despite age-dependent differences in item content and parameters. The present study examined the possibility that the scoring chart distorts true individual differences in performance. In a Child-Find sample of 111 preschoolers, a direct multiple regression analysis showed that the subscales of the MAP, computed as the simple sum of item percentiles, accounted for only 33.5% of the variance in the test's Total Score. The finding was interpreted as indicating that the MAP Total Score is largely an artifact of the test's scoring system and, thus, unlikely to be a sound psychometric indicator of a child's developmental status. Suggestions for future research with the MAP are offered.
Comparison of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Second Edition and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development with Premature Infants
Authors: Goldstein Donald J. , Fogle Ellen E. , Wieber Jamie L. , O'Shea T. Michael
Published: March 2007

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Second Edition (BSID-II) and Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) were administered concurrently to 49 high-risk, preterm infants. Results suggested that scores from the two tests were correlated very highly. As expected, mean scores on the BSID-II were lower than on the BSID. Classification of infants as “normal,” “borderline,” and “abnormal” on each test resulted in excellent agreement for mental development scores, but only fair agreement for psychomotor scores. Findings were interpreted as adding support to the clinical validity of the BSID-II, and implications of lower scores on the BSID II were discussed.
Analyzing WISC-III Profiles: A Comparison of Two Approaches
Authors: Maccow Gloria , Laurent Jeff
Published: March 2007

The effects of the use of a constant difference score (Kaufman, 1979, 1994) to identify subtest scores that were significantly different from the mean score on the Verbal, Performance, or Full Scale of the WISC-III were compared to a more complex approach that employed tables from Sattler (1992) and Wechsler (1991). It was hypothesized that the use of a specified number of points as indicative of a significant discrepancy, as suggested by Kaufman (1994), would result in over- or underinterpretation because the minimum deviation required for statistical significance depends on the intercorrelations of the subtests and on the number of subtests in the composite (e.g., Silverstein, 1984; Willson, Stanton, & Olivarez, 1989). Analysis of the WISC-III profiles of 392 participants, who ranged in age from 6 to 16 years, generally supported this hypothesis. The difference scores on which the over- and underinterpretation were based occurred with relative frequency in the standardization sample. Implications were discussed.
An Attributional Style Questionnaire for General Use
Authors: Dykema Jennifer , Bergbower Karen , Doctora Jocelyn D. , Peterson Christopher
Published: March 2007

Explanatory style is a cognitive personality variable with diverse correlates reflecting good versus bad adaptation. It is usually measured with the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), but existing versions of this instrument can be difficult for research participants to complete without close supervision. We describe a new version of the ASQ and its use in a mail survey of 146 college students. Results support its efficiency, reliability, and validity. A satisfactory response rate of 70%o was attained. Very few items were omitted among the questionnaires returned (1.3%). Subscale reliabilities were satisfactory (alphas > .70), and the new ASQ correlated with reports of depressive symptoms ( rs > .28), suggesting its appropriateness for general use with adults, including survey research.
The Dimensionality, Stability, and Predictive Validity of the Developmental Profile II
Authors: Quay Lorene C. , Steele Donald C.
Published: March 2007

The Developmental Profile II (DPII), a widely used developmental assessment instrument, was evaluated for its dimensionality, stability, and predictive validity. A total of 349 children were tested at age 4 in prekindergarten. The children were tested again at age 6 in first grade. Teachers provided data on problems, defined as failure to meet promotion criteria and referral for special services. Although the test was designed to measure five areas of development, three factor analyses indicated that it is best described as measuring a single global dimension. Correlations among the five scales indicated that they are highly intercorrelated. In two logistic regression analyses, one using prekindergarten and the other using first-grade DPII scores, only the DPII Academic scales predicted problems. However, the correlations from both analyses, while significant, were too low to be used for prediction. For a subsample of 88 children the DPII scores, taken at both prekindergarten and first grade, did not predict first-grade Iowa Test of Basic Skills Reading Comprehension and Math Problem Solving and Data Interpretation scores.
Two Types of Tables for Use with the Seven-Subtest Short Form of the WAIS-R
Authors: Ryan Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

Differences between Verbal and Performance IQ estimates required at the 95% and 99% levels of significance are reported for the Ward (1990) seven-subtest short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). Precision ranges are also provided for the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs at the same levels of confidence. IQ differences and precision ranges are given for each of the nine age groups in the standardization sample as is the average for the entire group. All calculations are based on the standard errors of measurement for the short form reported by Axelrod, Woodard, Schretlen, and Benedict (1996).
Curing Mental Retardation and Causing Learning Disabilities: Consequences of Using Various WISC-III IQs to Estimate Aptitude of Hispanic Students
Authors: MacMillan Donald L. , Gresham Frank M. , Bocian Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

An ethnically stratified sample of 150 children referred to school study teams (SSTs) were administered the WISC-III and WRAT-R and assigned by research criteria reflecting the State of California criteria as having mental retardation, a learning disability, or neither disability (ineligible). When the WISC-III IQs were compared, the Hispanic subjects in the referred sample achieved PIQs that were on average 8 points higher than VIQ a difference not found for White or Black groups. Use of PIQ rather than FSIQ resulted in a dramatic reduction in the number of Hispanic students qualifying as children with mental retardation; however, use of PIQ also markedly increased the number of Hispanic students qualifying as children with a “severe discrepancy” as learning disabled. The actual school decisions reached on these children were contrasted to research criteria, revealing rather limited congruence with classifications based on either FSIQ or PIQ. Finally, multivariate analyses revealed significant differences between “stable” (qualifying under both FSIQ and PIQ) cases of mental retardation, learning disabilities, and ineligible on achievement and deportment.
Development of the Teacher-Informant Student Behavior Survey
Authors: Wingenfeld Sabine A. , Lachar David , Gruber Christian P. , Kline Rex B.
Published: March 2007

This report describes the development of a new, multidimensional teacher report inventory: the Student Behavior Survey (SBS). The SBS is intended to accompany other parent-informant and youth self-report scales constructed by the authors for use in the collection of multi-informant data for child assessments conducted in schools or clinics. The SBS has 102 items grouped into 11 scales that assess positive student attributes, such as academic skills, work habits, social skills, and the degree of parental participation in school, as well as problem behaviors, such as internalization, externalization, and poor relationships with others. The SBS was administered to large numbers of teachers of either regular education students or students receiving special education services or undergoing psychological evaluations. The psychometric characteristics of SBS items and scales are generally good. and scale scores discriminate between regular education and referred students, as well as among specific types of referred students. Overall, these results suggest that the SBS may be a useful instrument for assessing child adjustment at school.
Reporting Combustion Product Toxicity Test Results
Authors: Huggett Clayton
Published: March 2007

The Forum is intended to provide for dialogue and discussion among fire experts, scientists and consultants. Contributions to The Forum will not be refereed in the conventional sense, but will be subject to review by the Journal's Editorial Board relative to appropriateness, clarity, timeliness, and scope of interest. The Editorial Board will be the sole judge of those contributions to be published Opinions expressed, however, are those of the authors and not of the Editors or Technomic Publishing Com pany, Incorporated.
Intumescent Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Anderson Charles E. , Dziuk Jerome , Mallow William A. , Buckmaster John
Published: March 2007

An extensive experimental program has been conducted on intumescent systems where the components have been varied systematically. Small plates were coated with the various formulations, exposed to a heat source typical of aviation fuel fires, and the temperature-time history of the substrate recorded. Concurrently, a simplified mathematical model was developed for an intumes cing system which has given insight to the fundamental mechanisms of in tumescence. The model and the results of the experimental program demonstrate certain desirable features of intumescent systems.
Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: Iii. Quantification of Post-Exposure Lethality of Rats From Exposure To HCl Atmospheres
Authors: Hartzell G.E. , Packham S.C. , Grand A.F. , Switzer W.G.
Published: March 2007

This paper, the third in a series of publications on the modeling of tox icological effects of fire gases, addresses the quantification of post-exposure lethality of rats from exposure to hydrogen chloride atmospheres. Experimental L(Ct)50 values for HCl varied from about 80,000 ppm-min (5-minute exposure to 16,000 ppm) to about 170,000 ppm-min (60-minute exposure to 2800 ppm). Rele vant data involving non-human primate exposures are cited, which suggest the comparability of the rat and the primate for the purpose of assessing lethal doses of HCl.
Cleaning Resistance of a Borax-Based Smolder Retardant on Cotton Upholstery Fabric
Authors: Wilcock A. , Smith A. , Cheek L. , Olsen N.
Published: March 2007

Resistance to solvent and aqueous-based cleaning of a borax-based smolder retardant finish for cotton upholstery fabric was evaluated. Cotton fabrics, which weighed 380 g/m 2 and 610 g/m2 were treated with a smolder retardant containing borax, phosphoric acid and trimethylolacetylenediurene crosslink ing resin. Samples of each finished fabric were subsequently subjected to treat ment with either perchloroethylene, Stoddard solvent, aqueous prespotting agent followed by Stoddard solvent, aqueous foam shampoo or aqueous liquid detergent shampoo. Small, statistically insignificant losses in boric acid con tent of treated fabrics were found after all cleaning procedures except the per chloroethylene treatment which resulted in statistically significant losses. Smolder resistance was retained by all samples except the one which was prespotted and then treated with Stoddard solvent. Morphologic changes in the fabric surface after cleaning were examined using scanning electron micro scopy.
The Influence of Flame Retardants on the Smoke Emission of Polyamide Carpets
Authors: Smissaert L. , Van Hoeyland P.
Published: March 2007

Smoke development of two different polyamide carpets has been evaluated on the NBS smoke density chamber under flaming and smouldering test condi tions. The same carpets, FR-treated with chlorinated and brominated products as well as with aluminium hydroxide have been submitted to the same tests.
Continuous Monitoring of Hydrogen Chloride in Combustion Atmospheres and in Air
Authors: Grand Arthur F.
Published: March 2007

A continuous analyzer for hydrogen chloride gas, based on a French standard method, has been utilized for measurement of HCl in laboratory-generated combustion atmospheres and in air. The method is based on continuous titra tion of chloride with silver in aqueous solution. The process is monitored by commercially available automated titration equipment, a mass flowmeter and a dedicated Apple IIe microcomputer. Pure HCl in air was monitored in a steady-state flow-through system and compared to sampling by soda lime tubes. Hydrogen chloride in PVC smoke (both flaming and nonflaming combustion conditions) was monitored in both flow-through and static environments, in cluding an apparatus designed for steady-state combustion. The advantages, disadvantages and recommendations for further study of this technique are discussed.
First Order Evaluation of Fire Hazard in a Room Due to the Burning of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Products in a Plenum: Estimation of the Time Required to Establish an Untenable Atmosphere
Authors: Hirschler Marcelo M.
Published: March 2007

A study has been made to investigate the hazard due to the presence of PVC products (wire coating, rigid conduit and flexible conduit) in a plenum, in a variety of scenarios. It has been found that the fire itself, even if it is of low toxic potency, will cause an untenable atmosphere by:

(a) flashover conditions

(b) generation of lethal concentrations of toxicants, both in the room of origin of the fire and in other rooms

long before the toxicity of the smoke from the PVC products becomes of concern.

In summary, this work has shown that PVC products contained behind fire- rated ceilings are of little concern as regards fire safety.
High-Temperature Properties of Ceramic Fibers and Insulations for Thermal Protection of Atmospheric Entry and Hypersonic Cruise Vehicles
Authors: Kourtides Demetrius A. , Pitts William C. , Araujo Myrian , Zimmerman R.S.
Published: March 2007

Multilayer insulations which will operate in the 500°C to 1000°C tempera ture range are being considered for possible applications on aerospace vehicles subject to convective and radiative heating during atmospheric entry. The in sulations described in this paper consist of ceramic fabrics, insulations, and metal foils quilted together using ceramic thread. As these types of insulations have highly anisotropic properties, the total heat transfer characteristics of these insulations must be determined. Data are presented on the thermal dif fusivity and thermal conductivity of four types of multilayer insulations and are compared to the baseline Advanced Flexible Reusable Surface Insulation (AFRSI) currently used on the Space Shuttle Orbiter. In addition, the high- temperature properties of the fibers used in these multilayer insulations are discussed. The fibers investigated included silica and three types of alumino borosilicate (ABS). Static tension tests were performed at temperatures up to 1200 ° C and the ultimate strain, tensile strength, and tensile modulus of single fibers were determined.
Corrosion of Metals Exposed to Combustion Products Generated by Burning Electrical Power Cables
Authors: Powell Eugene A. , Zinn Ben T.
Published: March 2007

The post-fire corrosion hazard of the materials used in shipboard power and communication cables upon small specimens of HY80 steel, type 304 stainless steel, brass, and Monel 400 was investigated. The metal coupons were exposed to the combustion products generated by the burning cables in full-scale fire tests aboard an instrumented ship. Tests were conducted with cross-linked polyethylene cables and polyvinylchloride (PVC) cables. The test scenarios for the two cable materials were quite different, with the PVC cables producing an extensive fire with large quantities of smoke while the poly ethylene cables resisted propagation of the fire and produced only small quanti ties of smoke. The metallic coupons were stored under both moderate and high- humidity conditions after the fire tests. During the post-fire period, which lasted nearly a year, the specimens were weighed and observed periodically to assess the degree of corrosion.

The HY80 steel coupons which were exposed to the PVC cable smoke ex perienced the greatest degree of corrosion as assessed by mass increase and macroscopic appearance. The post-fire corrosion was greatly accelerated by high humidity, giving mass increases at 100% humidity about 12 times greater than at 70% humidity. At high humidity mass increases of about 10 mg/cm2 were obtained, which were about 45 times greater than that of the control spec imens. In order of increasing resistance to corrosion due to the PVC cable smoke, the other materials were brass, Monel 400, and type 304 stainless steel. The corrosion produced by the combustion products from the cross-linked poly ethylene cables was insignificant due to the much smaller quantities of smoke produced and the lack of significant quantities of corrosive gases such as hydro gen chloride.
Thermal Behavior of Polychlal Fiber Modified with Phosphorus Oxychloride
Authors: Fukatsu Kazuhiko
Published: March 2007

The thermal behavior of polychlal fiber partially phosphorylated with phosphorus oxychloride has been studied using a conventional dynamic thermogravimetric technique. The dynamic thermogravimetric analysis curves have been analyzed using analytical methods reported in the literature to obtain information about the sequential stages in the thermal degradation process. The data obtained reveals that the phosphorus system is capable of modifying the degradation kinetics, with the phosphorylated polychlal fiber having a reduced maximum activation energy and more rapid weight loss dur ing the initial degradation.
Influence of Laundering on Durable Flame Retarded Cotton Fabrics — Part 1. Effect of Oxidant Concentration and Detergent Type
Authors: Horrocks A. Richard , Allen Jane , Ojinnaka Sandra , Price Dennis
Published: March 2007

Cotton fabrics flame retarded with tetrakis (hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride (THPC)-urea-ammonia polycondensate (Proban CC, Albright and Wilson Ltd., U.K.) have been subjected to up to 50 simulated hos pital wash cycles. Laundering variables include sodium perborate oxidant con centration, detergent type (liquid with no oxidant, powder with zeolite and sodium perborate and powder with polyphosphate and carbonate and per borate) and water hardness.

The flame retardant system resisted all laundering systems in terms of the constancy of burning behaviour assessed by vertical strip (BS 5438) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements. However, increased perborate con centration changed the thermogravimetric (TGA) response of laundered fabrics.

Soft water washing promoted cotton fibre fibrillation independent of deter gent type; increased oxidant concentration promoted secondary wall damage. Hard water washing severely damaged fibre secondary walls and significant depositions of calcium ions often as phosphate occurred on fabric. Presence of the flame retardant was observed to have a stabilising fibrillar binding effect which was offset by a secondary wall crack promoting character.