bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qualitative value of information provides a transparent and repeatable method for identifying critical uncertainty
Authors: Stantial Michelle L. , Lawson Abigail J. , Fournier Auriel M. V. , Kappes Peter J. , Kross Chelsea S. , Runge Michael C. , Woodrey Mark S. , Lyons James E.
Published: February 2023

Conservation decisions are often made in the face of uncertainty because the urgency to act can preclude delaying management while uncertainty is resolved. In this context, adaptive management is attractive, allowing simultaneous management and learning. An adaptive program design requires the identification of critical uncertainties that impede the choice of management action. Quantitative evaluation of critical uncertainty, using the expected value of information, may require more resources than are available in the early stages of conservation planning. Here, we demonstrate the use of a qualitative index to the value of information (QVoI) to prioritize which sources of uncertainty to reduce regarding the use of prescribed fire to benefit Eastern Black Rails (Laterallus jamaicensis jamaicensis), Yellow Rails (Coterminous noveboracensis), and Mottled Ducks (Anas fulvigula; hereafter, focal species) in high marshes of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. Prescribed fire has been used as a management tool in Gulf of Mexico high marshes throughout the last 30+ years; however, effects of periodic burning on the focal species and the optimal conditions for burning marshes to improve habitat remain unknown. We followed a structured decision‐making framework to develop conceptual models, which we then used to identify sources of uncertainty and articulate alternative hypotheses about prescribed fire in high marshes. We used QVoI to evaluate the sources of uncertainty based on their Magnitude, Relevance for decision‐making, and Reducibility. We found that hypotheses related to the optimal fire return interval and season were the highest priorities for study, whereas hypotheses related to predation rates and interactions among management techniques were lowest. These results suggest that learning about the optimal fire frequency and season to benefit the focal species might produce the greatest management benefit. In this case study, we demonstrate that QVoI can help managers decide where to apply limited resources to learn which specific actions will result in a higher likelihood of achieving the desired management objectives. Further, we summarize the strengths and limitations of QVoI and outline recommendations for its future use for prioritizing research to reduce uncertainty about system dynamics and the effects of management actions.
Urinary c‐peptide creatinine ratio (UCPCR) as a predictor of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Irilouzadian Rana , Afaghi Siamak , Esmaeili Tarki Farzad , Rahimi Fatemehsadat , Malekpour Alamadari Nasser
Published: February 2023

Background

Elevated C‐peptide has been suggested as a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Elevated urinary C‐peptide to creatinine ratio (UCPCR) as an alternative measurement is shown to be related to insulin secretion dysfunction; however, data regarding UCPCR predictive value for CAD in diabetes mellitus (DM) are scarce. Therefore, we aimed to assess the UCPCR association with CAD in type 1 DM (T1DM) patients.

Methods

279 patients previously diagnosed with T1DM included and categorized into two groups of CAD (n = 84) and without‐CAD (n = 195). Furthermore, each group was divided into obese (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30) and non‐obese (BMI < 30) groups. Four models utilizing the binary logistic regression were designed to evaluate the role of UCPCR in CAD adjusted for well‐known risk factors and mediators.

Results

Median level of UCPCR was higher in CAD group compared to non‐CAD group (0.07 vs. 0.04, respectively). Also, the well‐acknowledged risk factors including being active smoker, hypertension, duration of diabetes, and body mass index (BMI) as well as higher levels of haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and estimated glomeruli filtration rate (e‐GFR) had more significant pervasiveness in CAD patients. Based on multiple adjustments by logistic regression, UCPCR was a strong risk factor of CAD among T1DM patients independent of hypertension, demographic variables (gender, age, smoking, alcohol consumption), diabetes‐related factors (diabetes duration, FBS, HbA1C), lipid profile (TC, LDL, HDL, TG) and renal‐related indicators (creatinine, e‐GFR, albuminuria, uric acid) in both patients with BMI≥30 and BMI < 30.

Conclusion

UCPCR is associated with clinical CAD, independent of CAD classic risk factors, glycaemic control, insulin resistance and BMI in type 1 DM patients.
Treatment of cholinergic‐induced status epilepticus with polytherapy targeting GABA and glutamate receptors
Authors: Niquet Jerome , Nguyen Donna , de Araujo Furtado Marcio , Lumley Lucille
Published: February 2023

Despite new antiseizure medications, the development of cholinergic‐induced refractory status epilepticus (RSE) continues to be a therapeutic challenge as pharmacoresistance to benzodiazepines and other antiseizure medications quickly develops. Studies conducted by Epilepsia. 2005;46:142 demonstrated that the initiation and maintenance of cholinergic‐induced RSE are associated with trafficking and inactivation of gamma‐aminobutyric acid A receptors (GABAAR) thought to contribute to the development of benzodiazepine pharmacoresistance. In addition, Dr. Wasterlain's laboratory reported that increased N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDAR) and alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPAR) contribute to enhanced glutamatergic excitation (Neurobiol Dis. 2013;54:225; Epilepsia. 2013;54:78). Thus, Dr. Wasterlain postulated that targeting both maladaptive responses of reduced inhibition and increased excitation that is associated with cholinergic‐induced RSE should improve therapeutic outcome. We currently review studies in several animal models of cholinergic‐induced RSE that demonstrate that benzodiazepine monotherapy has reduced efficacy when treatment is delayed and that polytherapy with drugs that include a benzodiazepine (eg midazolam and diazepam) to counter loss of inhibition, concurrent with an NMDA antagonist (eg ketamine) to reduce excitation provide improved efficacy. Improved efficacy with polytherapy against cholinergic‐induced seizure is demonstrated by reduction in (1) seizure severity, (2) epileptogenesis, and (3) neurodegeneration compared with monotherapy. Animal models reviewed include pilocarpine‐induced seizure in rats, organophosphorus nerve agent (OPNA)‐induced seizure in rats, and OPNA‐induced seizure in two mouse models: (1) carboxylesterase knockout (Es1−/−) mice which, similarly to humans, lack plasma carboxylesterase and (2) human acetylcholinesterase knock‐in carboxylesterase knockout (KIKO) mice. We also review studies showing that supplementing midazolam and ketamine with a third antiseizure medication (valproate or phenobarbital) that targets a nonbenzodiazepine site rapidly terminates RSE and provides further protection against cholinergic‐induced SE. Finally, we review studies on the benefits of simultaneous compared with sequential drug treatments and the clinical implications that lead us to predict improved efficacy of early combination drug therapies. The data generated from seminal rodent studies of efficacious treatment of cholinergic‐induced RSE conducted under Dr. Wasterlain's guidance suggest that future clinical trials should treat the inadequate inhibition and temper the excess excitation that characterize RSE and that early combination therapies may provide improved outcome over benzodiazepine monotherapy.
Geometrical and environmental effect on fire behaviour of polyurethane foam slabs
Authors: Wilkens Flecknoe‐Brown Konrad , van Hees Patrick
Published: February 2023

This study presents the results of a set of large‐scale fire tests performed on horizontal polyurethane foam slabs. Slab thickness, ignition location, and environment (free burn or corner wall) were varied over 23 individual tests. In a continuation of a previous study by the authors, four different slab thicknesses, five different ignition locations, and three environmental modification combinations were tested to examine the potential effects these parameters may have on the test outcomes. Wall configurations were composed of either gypsum plaster board or particle board wall linings and enclosed two sides of the foam slabs. The results obtained were heat release rate, peak HRR, total heat release, and effective heat of combustion, smoke production rate, total smoke production, specific extinction area and soot yield along with flame spread rate calculations obtained using a specifically designed sample tray. These were then analysed to quantify the effects of the test input parameter changes. Results highlight the influence of test input parameter changes on almost all the chosen fire metrics analysed. Slab thickness showed relatively straight forward linear changes to global metrics such as total heat release and total smoke production, while effective heat of combustion showed no change. The smoke production parameters of specific extinction area and soot yield showed minor trends towards higher values with increased slab thickness. Flame spread rates also showed an increased velocity with thicker slabs. Changes to the environment surrounding the foam slabs, from a free‐burning scenario to a corner wall configuration that obstructed two sides of the foam slab generally resulted in faster growth of HRR and higher peak values when compared to the free‐burn tests. This outcome was most obvious for the wall tests using combustible materials, where growth rates were comparative to an ultra‐fast t^2 fire, and peak HRR value rose to over triple that of the free‐burn test results. Flame spread rates were highly impacted by the addition of a corner wall, spread rates increased, and the overall pattern of spread rates across the face of the slabs changed entirely. The influence on smoke production values was minor, and for other smoke metrics, the scenario changes showed little influence. However, the values obtained for soot yields were approximately an order of magnitude lower than those given in standard reference books, such as the SFPE handbook for flexible polyurethane foam. This was an interesting additional finding as soot yield values are often directly used in CFD models to simulate smoke spread and determine life safety criteria in fire safety engineering (FSE).
Collagen X Is Dispensable for Hypertrophic Differentiation and Endochondral Ossification of Human iPSC‐Derived Chondrocytes
Authors: Kamakura Takeshi , Jin Yonghui , Nishio Megumi , Nagata Sanae , Fukuda Masayuki , Sun Liping , Kawai Shunsuke , Toguchida Junya
Published: February 2023

Collagen X is a non‐fibril collagen produced by hypertrophic chondrocytes and was believed to associate with the calcification process of growth plate cartilage. The homozygous loss of Col10a1 gene in mice, however, demonstrated no remarkable effects on growth plate formation or skeletal development. To investigate the role of collagen X in human chondrocytes, we established human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with heterozygous (COL10A1+/−) or homozygous (COL10A1−/−) deletions of COL10A1 gene using the dual sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 system. Several mutant clones were established and differentiated into hypertrophic chondrocytes by a previously reported 3D induction method. No remarkable differences were observed during the differentiation process between parental and mutant cell lines, which differentiated into cells with features of hypertrophic chondrocytes, indicating that collagen X is dispensable for the hypertrophic differentiation of human chondrocytes in vitro. To investigate the effects of collagen X deficiency in vivo, chondrocyte pellets at the proliferating or prehypertrophic stage were transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Proliferating pellet‐derived tissues demonstrated the zonal distribution of chondrocytes with the transition to bone tissues mimicking growth plates, and the proportion of bone tended to be larger in COL10A1−/− tissues. Prehypertrophic pellet‐derived tissues produced trabecular bone structures with features of endochondral ossification, and there was no clear difference between parental‐ and mutant‐derived tissues. A transcriptome analysis of chondrocyte pellets at the hypertrophic phase showed a lower expression of proliferating‐phase genes and a higher expression of calcification‐phase genes in COL10A1−/− pellets compared with parental cell pellets. These in vitro and in vivo data suggested that collagen X is dispensable for the hypertrophic differentiation and endochondral ossification of human iPSC‐derived chondrocytes, though it may facilitate the differentiation process. Thus, COL10A1−/− iPSC lines are useful for investigating the physiological role of collagen X in chondrocyte differentiation. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A translational evaluation of component skills for the establishment of multiply controlled intraverbals
Authors: Jennings Adrienne M. , Vladescu Jason C. , Miguel Caio F. , Reeve Kenneth F. , Sidener Tina M.
Published: February 2023

Intraverbal behavior is a type of verbal behavior in which the response form has no point‐to‐point correspondence with its verbal stimulus. However, the form and occurrence of most intraverbals is under the control of multiple variables. Establishing this form of multiple control may depend on a variety of preestablished skills. The purpose of Experiment 1 was to evaluate these potential prerequisites with adult participants using a multiple probe design. The results suggest that training was not required for each putative prerequisite. In Experiment 2, probes for all skills were conducted following convergent intraverbal probes. The results showed that convergent intraverbals only emerged when proficiency of each skill was demonstrated. Finally, Experiment 3 evaluated alternating training of multiple tact and intraverbal categorization. The results showed that this procedure was effective for half of the participants.
A low‐intensity 10‐min resistance exercise program that ameliorated hepatic fibrosis indices and altered G‐CSF/IP‐10/PDGF‐BB in a patient with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A case report
Authors: Hashida Ryuki , Nakano Dan , Matsuse Hiroo , Yoshio Sachiyo , Tsutsumi Tsubasa , Kawaguchi Machiko , Koya Shunji , Hirota Keisuke , Tajima Hiroshi , Sumida Yoshio , Kanto Tatsuya , Kawaguchi Takumi , Hiraoka Koji
Published: February 2023

We developed a low‐intensity 10‐min resistance exercise program for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We report a case of NAFLD with elevated hepatic fibrosis indices, which were improved by a 60‐week daily exercise program. A 71‐year‐old female patient with NAFLD whose hepatic fibrosis stage corresponded to F2 was referred to our hospital. She performed the exercise once a day with no changes in other lifestyle habits and medications. The homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance value and NAFLD‐liver fat score, the Hepamet fibrosis score, and the enhanced liver fibrosis score decreased. The FIB‐4 index and serum levels of Mac‐2 binding protein glycosylation isomer decreased to the reference values. We investigated the changes in chemokines/cytokines. The serum granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor level was increased, and serum interferon‐gamma‐induced protein‐10 and platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB levels were decreased. Our program may be beneficial for improving hepatic fibrosis in patients with NAFLD.
Attention deficits as a key player in the symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder: A review
Authors: Punski‐Hoogervorst Janne L. , Engel‐Yeger Batya , Avital Avi
Published: February 2023

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by symptoms such as re‐experiencing of the psychotrauma and hyperarousal. Although current literature mainly discusses the emotionally related aspects of these symptoms, studies also highlight the relation between re‐experiencing, hyperarousability, and attention deficits, which are associated with poorer daily function and reduced quality of life. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the existing research on attention deficits among adults with PTSD. A systematic search through five databases resulted in the inclusion of 48 peer‐reviewed, English‐language articles, describing 49 distinct studies. Using a total of 47 different attentional assessment tools, the majority of studies investigated sustained (n = 40), divided (n = 16), or selective (n = 14) attention. A total of 30 studies (61.2%) found significant correlations between PTSD symptoms and attention deficits, and 10 studies (20.4%) found that higher levels of attention deficits were predictive of worse PTSD symptoms. Moreover, neuroimaging results of six (f)MRI and three EEG studies identified various potential neurobiological pathways involved, including (pre)frontal attention networks. Together, the body of research shows that attention deficits in individuals with PTSD are common and occur in surroundings with emotionally neutral stimuli. Nonetheless, current treatment strategies do not target these attentional difficulties. We propose a novel perspective to PTSD diagnosis and treatment strategies based on attention deficits and their relation with top‐down regulation of re‐experiencing and subsequent other PTSD symptoms.
Cost‐utility analysis of radiofrequency ablation versus optimal medical therapy in managing supraventricular tachycardia among Filipinos
Authors: Gervacio Giselle G. , Kimwell Miharu J. M. , Fadreguilan Erdie C. , De Guzman Denese C. , Gabriel E. A. , Tolentino Clara S. , David Gladys R. S.
Published: February 2023

Background

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the standard of care in the management of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Its cost‐effectiveness in an emerging Asian country has not been studied.

Objectives

A cost‐utility analysis of RFA versus optimal medical therapy (OMT) among Filipinos with SVT was conducted using the public healthcare provider's perspective.

Methods

A simulation cohort using a lifetime Markov model was constructed using patient interviews, a review of literature, and expert consensus. Three basic health states were defined: stable, SVT recurrence, and death. The incremental cost per quality‐adjusted life year (ICER) was determined for both arms. Utilities for the entry states were derived from patient interviews using the EQ5D‐5L tool; utilities for other health states were taken from publications. Costs were assessed from the healthcare payer perspective. A sensitivity analysis was done.

Results

Base case analysis showed that RFA versus OMT is both highly cost‐effective at 5 years and over a lifetime. RFA at 5 years costs about PhP276,913.58 (USD5,446) versus OMT of PhP151,550.95 (USD2,981) per patient. Discounted lifetime costs were PhP280,770.32 (USD5,522) for RFA, versus PhP259,549.74 (USD5,105) for OMT. There was improved quality of life with RFA (8.1 vs. 5.7 QALYs per patient). The 5‐year and lifetime incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios were PhP148,741.40 (USD2,926) and Php15,000 (USD295), respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed 56.7% of simulations for RFA fell below a GDP‐benchmarked willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) threshold.

Conclusion

Despite the initial higher cost, RFA versus OMT for SVT is highly cost‐effective from the Philippine public health payer's perspective.
Glyphosate–Exonuclease Interactions: Reduced Enzymatic Activity as a Route to Glyphosate Biosensing
Authors: Berkal Mohamed Amine , Palas Quentin , Ricard Estelle , Lartigau‐Dagron Christine , Ronga Luisa , Toulmé Jean‐Jacques , Parat Corinne , Nardin Corinne
Published: February 2023

N‐phosphonomethyle‐glycine (glyphosate) is the most widely used pesticide worldwide due to its effectiveness in killing weeds at a moderate cost, bringing significant economic benefits. However, owing to its massive use, glyphosate and its residues contaminate surface waters. On site, fast monitoring of contamination is therefore urgently needed to alert local authorities and raise population awareness. Here the hindrance of the activity of two enzymes, the exonuclease I (Exo I) and the T5 exonuclease (T5 Exo) by glyphosate, is reported. These two enzymes digest oligonucleotides into shorter sequences, down to single nucleotides. The presence of glyphosate in the reaction medium hampers the activity of both enzymes, slowing down enzymatic digestion. It is shown by fluorescence spectroscopy that the inhibition of ExoI enzymatic activity is specific to glyphosate, paving the way for the development of a biosensor to detect this pollutant in drinking water at suitable detection limits, i.e., 0.6 nm.
Polydopamine‐Assisted Bi‐Functional Modification of NiO Anode for Enhanced Lithium‐Ion Storage Performance
Authors: Fu Ju , He Hanna , Zeng Li , Luo Dan , Zhang Chuhong
Published: February 2023

The blooming requirement of high‐performance energy storage systems has aroused the thirst for advanced energy storage materials. As a high capacity anode, however, the application of NiO nanoparticles (NiO NPs) is hindered by intractable issues of dramatic volume change, intrinsic low electronic conductivity, and severe aggregation tendency during lithiation/delithiation. Herein, a polydopamine (PDA) assisted bi‐functionalization strategy for fabricating of PDA@NiO‐CNT composites for fast and durable lithium storage is reported. In this composite, CNTs intertwine to form a network to ensure sufficient electrolyte infiltration and act as a highly conductive system to motivate fast charge transmission. The strong binding affinity of PDA facilitates bonding between NiO NPs and CNTs, which not only forms uniform and flexible PDA coating but also ensures homogeneous distribution of NiO NPs on CNTs network. Therefore, the bi‐functional modified PDA@NiO‐CNT electrode possesses high conductivity, alleviates volume change and aggregation of NiO NPs during cycling, achieves a reversible capacity of 1326 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, a rate capability of 215 mAh g−1 at 2000 mA g−1 and a cycling stability with 78% capacity retention after 250 cycles. This bi‐functional modification approach manifests its prospective potential for architecting other electrode materials toward high‐performance electrochemical devices.
On the fixed part of pluricanonical systems for surfaces
Authors: Liu Jihao , Xie Lingyao
Published: February 2023

We show that defines a birational map and has no fixed part for some bounded positive integer m for any ‐lc surface X such that is big and nef. For every positive integer , we construct a sequence of projective surfaces , such that is ample, for every i, , and for any positive integer m, there exists i such that has nonzero fixed part. These results answer the surface case of a question of Xu.
Abdominally based free flap breast reconstruction in the severely obese population: Is it safe?
Authors: Mather Tara L. , Tobin Chase , Tillman Rachel , Doren Erin , LoGiudice John , Adamson Karri
Published: February 2023

Introduction

Class 3 (severe) obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 40 kg/m2. Obesity is common and an independent risk factor for breast cancer. The plastic surgeon will be tasked with providing reconstruction for obese patients after mastectomy. This presents a surgical dilemma because patients with elevated BMI are known to have greater rates of morbidity when undergoing free flap reconstruction, however free flap reconstruction is associated with greater functional and aesthetic outcomes. This study quantifies complication rates in a cohort of patients with class 3 obesity that underwent abdominally based free flap breast reconstruction. This study may be able answer whether this surgery is feasible or safe.

Methods

Patients with a class 3 obesity who underwent abdominally‐based free flap breast reconstruction between January 1, 2011 and February 28, 2020 at the authors' institution were identified. A retrospective chart review was performed to record patient demographics and peri‐operative data.

Results

Twenty‐six patients met inclusion criteria. Eighty percent of patients had at least one minor complication including infection (42%), fat necrosis (31%), seroma (15%), abdominal bulge (8%), and hernia (8%). Thirty‐eight percent of patients had at least one major complication (requiring readmission (23%) and/or a return to the operating room (38%)). No flaps failed.

Conclusion

Abdominally based free flap breast reconstruction in patients with class 3 obesity is associated with great morbidity, however, no patients experienced flap loss or failure which may imply that this population can safely undergo surgery so long as the surgeon is prepared for complications and takes steps to mitigate risk.
Generalized fractional entropy functions with an application in hierarchical clustering
Authors: Chen Churong , Stojanow Johannes
Published: February 2023

We establish novel entropy functions based on some types of generalized fractional derivatives. Classic entropy functions are included in the results obtained in this paper. As an application in information theory and probability theory, we use these entropy functions to measure the uncertainty and similarity of data collected from crop‐sown areas in 32 regions. For doing this, the approach of hierarchical clustering with the average‐linkage method is used and three visual dendrograms are offered in the end.
Proposal of a nutrition screening algorithm for patients with incurable cancer receiving palliative care: Data from a prospective cohort
Authors: Rosa Karla Santos da Costa , Wiegert Emanuelly Varea Maria , Oliveira Livia Costa de
Published: February 2023

Objective

To propose and evaluate the clinical utility of a new nutrition screening algorithm, NutriPal, to detect the degree of nutritional risk in patients with incurable cancer receiving palliative care.

Methods

It is a prospective cohort conducted in an oncology palliative care unit. The NutriPal algorithm was used in a three‐step process: (i) administration of the Patient‐Generated Subjective Global Assessment short form; (ii) calculation of the Glasgow Prognostic Score; and (iii) application of the algorithm to classify patients into four degrees of nutritional risk. The higher the degrees of NutriPal, the worse the nutritional risk, comparing nutritional measures, laboratory data, and overall survival (OS).

Results

The study included 451 patients that were classified using the NutriPal. They were allocated to the degrees: 1 (31.26%), 2 (27.49%), 3 (21.73%), and 4 (19.71%). Statistically significant differences were found in most of the nutritional and laboratory parameters and in OS with each increment in the NutriPal degrees, and OS was reduced (log‐rank <0.001). In addition, NutriPal was able to predict a 120‐day mortality: there was a significantly higher risk of death in the patients classified as degrees 4 (hazard ratio [HR], 3.03; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.18–4.19), 3 (HR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.46–2.78), and 2 (HR, 1.42; 95% CI; 1.04–1.95) than in those classified as degree 1. It also showed good predictive accuracy (concordance statistic, 0.76).

Conclusion

The NutriPal is associated to nutritional and laboratory parameters and can predict survival. It could therefore be incorporated into clinical practice for patients with incurable cancer receiving palliative care.
Peptide‐based formula: Clinical applications and benefits
Authors: Mohamed Elfadil Osman , Shah Raj N. , Hurt Ryan T. , Mundi Manpreet S.
Published: February 2023

The use of enteral nutrition (EN) continues to increase given benefits. However, with this increase in use, it is also becoming evident that enteral feeding intolerance (EFI) is also quite prevalent, leading to the inability to meet nutrition needs in many patients. Given the wide variability in the EN population as well as the number of formulas available, there is not a clear consensus regarding the best approach to EFI management. One approach that is emerging to improve EN tolerance is the use of peptide‐based formulas (PBFs). PBFs refer to enteral formulas containing proteins that have been enzymatically hydrolyzed to dipeptides and tripeptides. These hydrolyzed proteins are often combined with higher medium‐chain triglyceride content to generate an enteral formula that is essentially easier to absorb and utilize. Emerging data demonstrate that the use of PBF in patients with EFI may improve clinical outcomes along with a corresponding reduction in healthcare utilization and potentially the cost of care. This review aims to navigate through key clinical applications and benefits of PBF and to discuss relevant data shared in the literature.
Ginger polysaccharide promotes myeloid‐derived suppressor cell apoptosis by regulating lipid metabolism
Authors: Song Chenyuan , Ji Yufei , Wang Wenzhi , Tao Ning
Published: February 2023

Recently, targeting myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) which mainly play an immunosuppressive role in tumor microenvironment has become a hot spot in tumor immunotherapy. This study focuses on biological effect of ginger polysaccharide extracted from natural plants on promoting apoptosis of MDSCs by regulating lipid metabolism. An MTT assay was used to detect the inhibitory effect of ginger polysaccharide on the growth of an MDSC‐like cell line (MSC‐2). The apoptosis‐promoting effect of ginger polysaccharide on MSC‐2 cells was detected by flow cytometry. Expression levels of apoptosis proteins (caspase 9 and Bcl‐2) and lipid metabolism enzymes (fatty acid synthase (FASN) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2) in MSC‐2 cells treated with different concentrations of ginger polysaccharide were detected by western blot assay. Nile red staining was used to quantitatively detect the effect of ginger polysaccharide on lipid droplet synthesis. Ginger polysaccharide inhibited proliferation of MSC‐2 cells and promoted their apoptosis by upregulating pro‐apoptotic caspase 9 protein, downregulating anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 protein, inhibiting expression of FASN and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (key enzymes in fatty acid synthesis and lipid droplet formation, respectively). Ginger polysaccharide promoted apoptosis of MDSCs by regulating key lipid metabolism enzymes, inhibiting fatty acid synthesis and lipid droplet accumulation, and reducing the energy supply of cells.
Excessive iodine status among school‐aged children in the State of Qatar: Results of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Survey
Authors: Al‐Thani Mohamed Hamad J. T. , Alyafei Salah Abdulla Sh. A. , Al‐Motawaa Kholoud Ateeq K. M. , Khalifa Shamseldin Ali , Shah Syed Hassan Bin Usman , Vinodson Benjamin , Kokku Sureshbabu , Mishra Amit
Published: February 2023

Background

Iodine deficiency poses a significant public health challenge worldwide, particularly in preschool children and pregnant women. Assessing the iodine intake at a population level is essential, as both deficient and excessive iodine status can have adverse health consequences. The main objective of this survey is to understand the iodine deficiency status in schoolchildren aged 6–12 years in the State of Qatar.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted from March to June 2014 among school‐aged children using a two‐stage cluster sampling technique. Anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary parameters for seafood were collected. Spot urine samples were collected from 967 participants, and a repeat random subsample urine was collected from 288 participants. Overall median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was calculated. Iodine content in household salt samples was estimated by qualitative and quantitative methods. Mann–Whitney U test was used for comparison.

Results

The median UIC was 333.2 μg/L (IQR = 228.6). UIC prevalence rates between 300–999 and >1000 μg/L were 56.7% and 2.8%, respectively. The goiter prevalence was 0.4%. A significant difference was noted in overall median UIC levels between boys and girls (p = 0.003). Adequate iodized salt consumption was reported by 74.9% of households, and weekly seafood consumption was reported by one third of the respondents.

Conclusion

The results indicate an excess intake of iodine among the studied population in the State of Qatar, and national efforts are needed to bring iodine intake and concentration levels within the cutoff value for the concerned survey population's age group. In addition, a surveillance system needs to be set up for continuous monitoring of iodine content and salt intake at the population level in the State of Qatar.
Optimal design of reliability acceptance sampling plan based on constant‐stress accelerated life testing considering the uncertainty of accelerated factor
Authors: Lou Yifan , Zheng Huiling , Yang Jun
Published: February 2023

With the increasing marketplace demand for decreasing test time and cost, constant‐stress accelerated life testing (CSALT) is widely used for reliability demonstration in practice. The existing accelerated acceptance sampling plans (AASPs) do not consider the uncertainty of accelerated factor (AF), which makes it difficult to accurately describe the producer's and consumer's risks. Previous AASP studies on CSALT were mainly carried out under a fixed accelerated stress level, and the influence of accelerated stress level is not concerned. Therefore, considering the uncertainty of AF and taking the lognormal distribution as an example, the AASP design method with time‐censoring is proposed, where the life‐stress relationship between the location parameter and stress level is expressed by an inverse power law model. First, considering the uncertainty of AF expressed by a distribution, the acceptance probability can be obtained by the mathematic expectation of conditional acceptance probability, and the producer's and consumer's risks can be accurately expressed. Then, to reduce the total cost furtherly, the accelerated stress level is considered as a new decision variable, the optimum AASP including the sampling plan and the decision‐making criterion can be designed by minimizing the total cost and solving the risk constraint equations of both sides. A real case study of white organic light‐emitting diodes is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A venipuncture robot with decoupled position and attitude guided by near‐infrared vision and force feedback
Authors: He Tianbao , Guo Chuangqiang , Liu Hansong , Jiang Li
Published: February 2023

Background

This study aims to develop a venipuncture robot to replace manual venipuncture to ease the heavy workload, lower the risk of 2019‐nCoV infection, and boost venipuncture success rates.

Method

The robot is designed with decoupled position and attitude. It consists of a 3‐degree‐of‐freedom positioning manipulator to locate the needle and a 3‐degree‐of‐freedom end‐effector that is always vertical to adjust the yaw and pitch angles of the needle. The near‐infrared vision and laser sensors obtain the three‐dimensional information of puncture positions, while the change in force detects the state feedback of punctures.

Results

The experimental results demonstrate that the venipuncture robot has a compact design, flexible motion, high positioning accuracy and repeatability (0.11 and 0.04 mm), and a high success rate when puncturing the phantom.

Conclusion

This paper presents a decoupled position and attitude venipuncture robot guided by near‐infrared vision and force feedback to replace manual venipuncture. The robot is compact, dexterous, and accurate, which helps to improve the success rate of venipuncture, and it is expected to achieve fully automatic venipuncture in the future.
t‐BuONa‐Mediated Redox Condensation between o‐Nitroanilines and Benzyl Alcohols towards 2‐Phenyl Benzimidazoles under Transition‐Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Le Huy X. , Nguyen Khoa D. , Phan Nam T. S. , Le Ha V. , Nguyen Tung T.
Published: February 2023

A novel and environmentally benign method was developed for the direct synthesis of 2‐substituted benzimidazoles via a transition metal‐free redox tandem annulation of benzyl alcohols and ortho‐nitroanilines in the presence of a strong base, e.g. alkaline alkoxides or hydroxides. A good tolerance of functional groups was observed, affording an array of 2‐aryl benzimidazole derivatives in high yields. Early mechanistic studies showed that sodium tert‐butoxide could initiate the hydrogen transfer from benzyl alcohol to the nitro group in ortho‐nitroaniline followed by imine condensation, cyclization, and oxidation. This protocol features a convenient tactic that does not require any external oxidants or solvents for the synthesis of bioactive benzimidazole‐involving compounds.
Fast Self‐Assembly Dynamics of a β‐Sheet Peptide Soft Material
Authors: Bertouille Jolien , Kasas Sandor , Martin Charlotte , Hennecke Ulrich , Ballet Steven , Willaert Ronnie G.
Published: February 2023

Peptide‐based hydrogels are promising biocompatible materials for wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering applications. The physical properties of these nanostructured materials depend strongly on the morphology of the gel network. However, the self‐assembly mechanism of the peptides that leads to a distinct network morphology is still a subject of ongoing debate, since complete assembly pathways have not yet been resolved. To unravel the dynamics of the hierarchical self‐assembly process of the model β‐sheet forming peptide KFE8 (Ac‐FKFEFKFE‐NH2), high‐speed atomic force microscopy (HS‐AFM) in liquid is used. It is demonstrated that a fast‐growing network, based on small fibrillar aggregates, is formed at a solid–liquid interface, while in bulk solution, a distinct, more prolonged nanotube network emerges from intermediate helical ribbons. Moreover, the transformation between these morphologies has been visualized. It is expected that this new in situ and in real‐time methodology will set the path for the in‐depth unravelling of the dynamics of other peptide‐based self‐assembled soft materials, as well as gaining advanced insights into the formation of fibers involved in protein misfolding diseases.
Direct Interfacial Excitation from TiO2 to Cu(II) Nanoclusters Enables Cathodic Photoresponse for Hydrogen Evolution under Visible‐Light Irradiation
Authors: Wardhana Aufandra C. , Yamaguchi Akira , Adachi Kiyohiro , Hashizume Daisuke , Miyauchi Masahiro
Published: February 2023

The titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst is only active under UV irradiation due to its wide‐gap nature. A novel excitation pathway denoted as interfacial charge transfer (IFCT) has been reported to activate copper(II) oxide nanoclusters‐loaded TiO2 powder (Cu(II)/TiO2) under visible‐light irradiation for only organic decomposition (downhill reaction) so far. Here, the photoelectrochemical study shows that the Cu(II)/TiO2 electrode exhibits a cathodic photoresponse under visible‐light and UV irradiation. It originates from H2 evolution on the Cu(II)/TiO2 electrode, while O2 evolution takes place on the anodic side. Based on the concept of IFCT, a direct excitation of electrons from the valence band of TiO2 to Cu(II) clusters initiates the reaction. This is the first demonstration of a direct interfacial excitation‐induced cathodic photoresponse for water splitting without any addition of a sacrificial agent. This study is expected to contribute to the development of abundant visible‐light‐active photocathode materials for fuel production (uphill reaction).
Concrete production with domestic and industrial wastewaters—A literature review
Authors: Sheikh Hassani Mohammad , Matos Jose C. , Zhang Y.X. , Teixeira Elisabete
Published: February 2023

With water scarcity posing an ever‐present worldwide crisis, treated wastewater usage as an alternative to fresh water could be a smart choice and contribute to a sustainable construction industry. Numerous studies have been conducted by using treated domestic or industrial wastewater in concrete production, providing a promising solution to the global water shortage and wastewater management. However, the effectiveness of wastewater on the concrete manufacturing in comparison to pure freshwater has been a concern due to its impurities and contaminants. The results derived from previously published studies on concrete manufacturing with wastewater vary as a consequence of considerate different additives, curing age, treatment method, or wastewater quality. This review compiles and compares the previous investigations on physical and mechanical properties, durability characteristics, and morphological assessments of manufactured concrete with treated wastewater, and discusses the reasons for similarities and differences. Research findings and conclusions from the literature are summarized, and future research directions based on the research gaps are also recommended.
Inclusion of hearing and vision impairments in cognitive training interventions
Authors: Marino Francesca R. , Jiang Kening , Smith Jason R. , Chen Diefei , Tzuang Marian , Reed Nicholas S. , Swenor Bonnielin K. , Deal Jennifer A. , Rebok George W. , Huang Alison
Published: February 2023

Introduction

Cognitive training can potentially reduce risk of cognitive decline and dementia in older adults. To support implementation of cognitive training in the broader population of older adults, it is critical to evaluate intervention implementation and efficacy among representative samples, particularly those at highest risk of cognitive decline. Hearing and vision impairments are highly prevalent among older adults and confer increased risk of cognitive decline/dementia. Whether cognitive training interventions enroll and are designed to include this important subgroup is unknown.

Methods

A scoping review of PubMed and PsycINFO was conducted to examine the inclusion of older adults with hearing and vision impairment in cognitive training interventions. Two independent reviewers completed a full‐text review of eligible articles. Eligible articles included cognitive training and multimodal randomized controlled trials and a study population that was cognitively unimpaired, aged ≥55‐years, and community dwelling. Articles were primary outcome papers published in English.

Results

Among the 130 articles included in the review, 103 were cognitive training interventions (79%) and 27 were multimodal interventions (21%). More than half the trials systematically excluded participants with hearing and/or vision impairment (n = 60, 58%). Few studies reported hearing and vision measurement (cognitive: n = 16, 16%; multimodal: n = 3, 11%) or incorporated universal design and accessibility into intervention design (cognitive: n = 7, 7%; multimodal: n = 0, 0%).

Discussion

Older adults with hearing and vision impairment are underrepresented in cognitive training interventions. Reporting of hearing and vision measurement, proper justification of exclusions, and inclusion of accessibility and universal intervention design are also lacking. These findings raise concerns about whether current trial findings apply to those with hearing and vision impairment and generalize to the broader population of older adults. It is critical to include more diverse study populations and integrate accessibility into intervention design to include and better represent older adults with hearing and vision impairment.

Highlights

Cognitive training interventions underrepresent hearing and vision impairment.

Sensory measurement and proper justification of exclusions are rarely reported.

Interventions lack inclusion of accessibility and universal intervention design.

More diverse study populations are needed in cognitive training interventions.

Integration of accessibility into cognitive training intervention design is needed
The Impact of a Canine‐Assisted Reading Program on Readers Needing Extra Practice
Authors: Coffman Amanda N. , Bernstein Elana R. , Davies Susan C. , Justice Ann F.
Published: February 2023

Canines can provide emotional support, create a nonjudgmental environment, facilitate positive social interactions, and shape student behavior. This study investigated the impact of a canine‐assisted reading program on four second‐grade students' reading fluency and attitudes toward reading. Oral reading fluency (ORF) was measured using ORF probes, and students' attitudes toward reading were measured with the Elementary Reading Attitude Survey. Although ORF skills did not improve significantly following the program, students' attitudes toward reading did. Implications regarding innovative strategies for reading fluency programs, including canine‐assisted methods, are discussed, with emphasis on the importance of maintaining reading enjoyment among readers needing extra practice.
Associations between small ruminant lentivirus infection and total milk yield and somatic cell count in a dairy sheep flock
Authors: Davies Peers , Jones Scott , Dunham Stephen , Tarlinton Rachael E.
Published: February 2023

Background

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are lentiviruses of sheep and goats, formerly known as maedi–visna (MV) in sheep and caprine encephalitis and arthritis in goats. In sheep, SRLVs commonly cause progressive pneumonia, wasting and indurative mastitis. SRLVs have a long latent period, and chronic production losses are often not recognised until very late. Few studies quantifying the production losses in ewes have been published, and none have been published under UK flock husbandry conditions.

Methods

Production records of milk yield and somatic cell count (SCC) from a dairy flock of 319 milking East Friesian × Lacaune ewes identified as MV infected via routine serological screening for SRLV antibodies were used in multivariable linear regression modelling to estimate the impact of SRLV status on total milk yield and SCC.

Results

Milk yield was reduced in seropositive ewes by 8.1%–9.2% over an entire lactation. SCC counts were not significantly different in SRLV‐infected and unifected animals.

Limitations

Further parameters, such as body condition score or clinical mastitis, that were not available may have clarified the underlying cause of milk yield drop.

Conclusions

The study demonstrates substantial production losses in an SRLV‐affected flock and highlights the impact of the virus on a farm's economic viability.
Gene‐encoded nanoparticle vaccine platforms for in vivo assembly of multimeric antigen to promote adaptive immunity
Authors: Tursi Nicholas J. , Xu Ziyang , Kulp Daniel W. , Weiner David B.
Published: February 2023

Nanoparticle vaccines are a diverse category of vaccines for the prophylaxis or treatment of various diseases. Several strategies have been employed for their optimization, especially to enhance vaccine immunogenicity and generate potent B‐cell responses. Two major modalities utilized for particulate antigen vaccines include using nanoscale structures for antigen delivery and nanoparticles that are themselves vaccines due to antigen display or scaffolding—the latter of which we will define as “nanovaccines.” Multimeric antigen display has a variety of immunological benefits compared to monomeric vaccines mediated through potentiating antigen‐presenting cell presentation and enhancing antigen‐specific B‐cell responses through B‐cell activation. The majority of nanovaccine assembly is done in vitro using cell lines. However, in vivo assembly of scaffolded vaccines potentiated using nucleic acids or viral vectors is a burgeoning modality of nanovaccine delivery. Several advantages to in vivo assembly exist, including lower costs of production, fewer production barriers, as well as more rapid development of novel vaccine candidates for emerging diseases such as SARS‐CoV‐2. This review will characterize the methods for de novo assembly of nanovaccines in the host using methods of gene delivery including nucleic acid and viral vectored vaccines.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease

Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid‐Based Structures

Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus‐Based Structures

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies