bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religious Intolerance and the Semiotics of Secular Indeterminacy in Brazil
Authors: Hartikainen Elina Inkeri
Published: January 2025

The functioning of the liberal order relies on the semiotic indeterminacy of its key concepts—they need to be broad enough to encompass multiple, and at times conflicting articulations—but the denotational open-endedness of these concepts also renders them particularly useful for efforts to unsettle liberal political projects. In Brazil, state institutions’ secularist commitments to retaining “religion” and its derivates as denotationally indeterminant both constrain efforts to combat Evangelical Christian “religious intolerance” against African origin religious traditions and enable Evangelical Christian graftings of the discourse of “religious intolerance” onto claims that frame the efforts to curb their attacks on religious and sexual minorities as a form of religious persecution. These effects are, however, rendered invisible by the state emphasis on the denotational open-endedness of “religious intolerance,” which obscures the different forms of enregisterment that organize the entextualization of the term in religious activist and government spaces in Brazil.
THEMIS Observations of Relativistic Electrons at the Nightside Transition Region During HILDCAA Events
Authors: Runov A. , Angelopoulos V. , Artemyev A. V. , Birn J. , Engebretson M. J. , Weygand J. M. , Xu Z.
Published: January 2025

High‐intensity long‐duration continuous auroral electrojet (AE) activity (HILDCAA) events are associated with intensification of relativistic electron fluxes in the inner magnetosphere. The physical mechanisms of this intensification are not well established yet. We study observations by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft in the near earth plasma sheet at radial distances of 10 Earth radii, at the transition region between tail and dipole‐like magnetic configurations, referred to as the nightside transition region (NTR), during a HILDCAA event. The observations revealed recurrent dipolarizations accompanied by plasma flow vortices, impulsive electric field enhancements, and increases in electron fluxes at energies of 100 keV up to 1 MeV. Electron pitch angle (PA) distributions at THEMIS showed field‐aligned flux enhancements at energies of 100 keV. This indicates a Fermi‐type energization. Arguably, electrons gain energy up to MeV via repetitive bouncing through the acceleration region. Energization of ions was insignificant which led to 1. We suggest that the increased ratio leads to a local increase of the Hall conductivity in the conjugate ionosphere, which causes ionospheric current intensification and strong , consistent with observations.
Quasilinear Analysis in the Source Region of Jovian Hectometric Emission Associated With Upward Electron Beams
Authors: Yoon P. H. , Menietti J. D. , Allegrini F. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Averkamp T. F. , Faden J. B. , Connerney J. E. , Bolton S. J.
Published: January 2025

Intense upward electron beams were measured by the Juno JADE instrument in the northern hemisphere, low‐latitude auroral zone source region. In this study we report on how these electron beams interact with plasma near and within the Jovian hectometric (HOM) emission (1 MHz 5 MHz) source region. Within the source region large upward loss cones are observed in the northern polar region at radial distances of 2Rj, magnetic latitude of . Intense, narrow electron beams ( 3 keV) are then observed, but within one second wave‐particle scattering is observed, filling the loss cone to energies 50 keV. These energies persist for several seconds before fading, leaving an empty loss cone again. The loss cone provides a free‐energy source for HOM emission resulting from the cyclotron maser instability. We use quasilinear analysis to examine the generation of HOM and the dynamics of wave‐particle interaction of the electron beams with HOM, and the generation via Landau interaction of whistler mode emission. The dynamic spectrum of the HOM emission generated by the loss‐cone electrons as well as that of the low‐frequency whistler‐mode waves generated by the up‐going electron beam can be constructed by quasilinear theory, which compare well with observation. The saturated state of the energetic electron velocity distribution function constructed via quasilinear theory also compare reasonably with observation.
Inhomogeneous Electrostatic Potentials on the Dayside Lunar Surface in the Terrestrial Magnetotail Lobes: The Role of Lunar Crustal Magnetic Fields
Authors: Kato Masahisa , Harada Yuki , Saito Yoshifumi , Yokota Shoichiro , Nishino Masaki N. , Takahashi Futoshi , Shimizu Hisayoshi , Xu Shaosui , Poppe Andrew R. , Halekas Jasper S.
Published: January 2025

Though the Moon does not possess a global magnetic field like the Earth, there are localized crustal magnetic fields on the lunar surface. Because of the plasma interaction with the crustal magnetic fields, electrostatic and electromagnetic environments near magnetized regions can differ from those near non‐magnetized regions on the Moon. Previous studies observationally revealed the difference in the electrostatic potential on the lunar surface between magnetized and non‐magnetized regions of the Moon in the solar wind, which was attributed to upward electric fields formed by electron‐ion decoupling above the magnetic anomaly regions. However, these inhomogeneous distributions of surface potentials associated with lunar crustal magnetic fields remain uncharacterized in plasma regimes different from the solar wind. In this study, we use a large number of observations by Kaguya and a numerical model of photoelectrons emitted from the sunlit lunar surface to investigate the horizontal distributions of the lunar surface potential in the terrestrial magnetotail lobes. We estimate the relative surface potential variations from the measured energy shift of lunar surface photoelectrons. The results indicate that photoelectrons emitted from relatively strong crustal magnetic field regions tend to be more decelerated, suggesting more positive potentials on the magnetized surface. This implies that upward electric fields are formed by the interaction of terrestrial magnetotail plasma with the lunar crustal magnetic fields in a similar manner to the solar wind interaction with lunar crustal magnetic fields.
An Asymmetric Change in Circulation and Nitrate Transports in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Jardine J. E. , Holt J. , Wakelin S. L. , Katavouta A. , Partridge D.
Published: January 2025

The Bay of Bengal is a dynamic region that experiences intense freshwater runoff, extreme meteorological events, and seasonally reversing surface currents. The region is particularly susceptible to anthropogenic climate change, driven in part by large air‐sea fluxes, persistent freshwater stratification, and low overturning rates. Predicting how this system is likely to change in the future is paramount for planning effective adaption and mitigation strategies. Using a relocatable, coupled physics‐ecosystem regional coastal ocean model (NEMO‐ERSEM), we investigate potential future changes in surface circulation and coastal nitrate pathways around the coast of the Bay of Bengal from 1980 to 2060, using a “business‐as‐usual” climate change scenario. We find that future surface currents are reduced in the northern Bay of Bengal(summer) and strengthened in the southern Bay of Bengal (fall). Coastal nitrate transports mirror this asymmetric change and decrease by as much as 14% in the northern Bay of Bengal, perpetuating a positive feedback loop whereby the northern Bay of Bengal becomes progressively fresher and more nutrient‐rich, strengthening surface stratification and increasing the risk of toxic algal blooms and eutrophication events. Conversely, in the southern Bay of Bengal, coastal nitrate transports increase by 52% that promotes localized diatom blooms despite reduced regional river runoff. This work highlights the need for more rigorous scenario testing in the region and presents new challenges for mitigating the impact of anthropogenic climate change across South Asia.
Mechanisms in Regulating the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in Exascale Earth System Model Version 2
Authors: Li Yuanpu , Chen Chih‐Chieh , Benedict James J. , Huang Kai , Richter Jadwiga H. , Bacmeister Julio
Published: January 2025

The update to the deep convection parameterization in the energy exascale Earth system model version 2 (E3SMv2) makes the simulated quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) have a shorter period than without the update when other tunable parameters the same since the update makes convection more intense but less frequent while leaving the time‐mean convective heating tendency almost unchanged. Amplitudes of momentum fluxes of parameterized gravity waves (GWs) are intensified since they are determined by the square of convective heating tendency. In addition, stronger planetary waves are simulated in E3SMv2 with the convection scheme update, partially due to the tropospheric precipitation change. Furthermore, there is evidence that planetary waves are intensified in the stratosphere due to the dissipation of enhanced parameterized GWs. These factors are found to be responsible for modulating the QBO simulated in E3SMv2.
Development of a Data‐Driven Lightning Scheme for Implementation in Global Climate Models
Authors: Verjans Vincent , Franzke Christian L. E.
Published: January 2025

This study proposes a new lightning scheme applicable at the global scale, predicting lightning rates from climatic variables. Using satellite lightning records spanning a period of 29 years, we apply machine learning methods to derive a functional relationship between lightning and climate reanalysis data. In particular, we design a tree‐based regression scheme, representing different lightning regimes with separate single hidden layer neural networks of low dimensionality. We apply multiple complexity constraints in the development stages, which makes our lightning scheme straightforward to implement within global climate models (GCMs). We demonstrate that, for years not used for training, our lightning scheme captures of the daily global spatio‐temporal lightning variability, which corresponds to a relative improvement compared to well‐established lightning schemes. Similarly, the scheme correlates well with lightning observations for the monthly climatology , inter‐annual variability , and latitudinal and longitudinal distributions . Most notably, the lightning scheme brings a critical improvement in representing lightning magnitude and variability in the three tropical lightning chimney regions: central Africa, the Amazon, and the Maritime Continent. We implement the lightning scheme in the Community Earth System Model to verify its stability and performance as a GCM component, and we provide detailed implementation guidelines. As an intermediate approach between high‐dimensional machine learning models and first‐order lightning parameterizations, our lightning scheme offers GCMs a straightforward and efficient tool to improve lightning simulation, which is critical for representing atmospheric chemistry and naturally ignited wildfires.
Turning Carbon into Stone: Unlocking Mineralization in Fractured Rock
Authors: Nisbet Haylea , Viswanathan Hari
Published: January 2025

Carbon mineralization is a promising solution for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, but we must learn to optimize the complex interplay between reactions and mechanics in fractures to develop a scalable solution.
Asymmetric synthesis of stereogenic-at-iridium(III) complexes through Pd-catalyzed kinetic resolution
Authors: Chu Yun-Peng , Yue Xue-Lin , Liu De-Hai , Wang Chuanyong , Ma Jiajia
Published: January 2025

Metal-centered chirality has been recognized for over one century, and stereogenic-at-metal complexes where chirality is exclusively attributed to the metal center due to the specific coordination pattern of achiral ligands around the metal ion, has been broadly utilized in diverse areas of natural science. However, synthesis of these molecules remains constrained. Notably, while asymmetric catalysis has played a crucial role in the production of optically active organic molecules, its application to stereogenic-at-metal complexes is less straightforward. In this study, we introduce a kinetic resolution strategy employing a Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction that efficiently produces optically active stereogenic-at-iridium complexes from racemic mixtures with high selectivity (achieving an s-factor of up to 133). This method enables further synthesis of complexes relevant to chiral metallodrugs and photosensitizers, underscoring the practical utility of our approach. Mechanistic studies suggest that reductive elimination is likely the turnover-limiting step over the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling.
Chromosome level genome assembly of ‘Wanfeng’ almond (Prunus dulcis)
Authors: Zhang Dongdong , Yu Zhenfan , Liu Xingyue , Li Yong , Zeng Bin , Wang Lirong
Published: January 2025

We assembled a chromosome-level genome of Chinese native ‘Wanfeng’ almond, with a size of 288.53 Mb and a contig N50 of 30.48 Mb. Approximately 270 Mb (93.58%) of the sequences are anchored on 8 Superscaffolds, and 174.59 Mb (60.51%) of the sequences are repetitive sequences. BUSCO assessment revealed that the ‘Wanfeng’ almond genome assembly included 99.3% complete BUSCOs. A total of 24,230 protein-coding genes were annotated, and 24,033 were functional. The assembly of the ‘Wanfeng’ almond genome provides a valuable genetic resource for molecular breeding of native almonds in China.
Applying YOLOv6 as an ensemble federated learning framework to classify breast cancer pathology images
Authors: Gupta Chhaya , Gill Nasib Singh , Gulia Preeti , Alduaiji Noha , Shreyas J. , Shukla Piyush Kumar
Published: January 2025

The most common carcinoma-related cause of death among women is breast cancer. Early detection is crucial, and the manual screening method may lead to a delayed diagnosis, which would delay treatment and put lives at risk. Mammography imaging is advised for routine screening to diagnose breast cancer at an early stage. To improve generalizability, this study examines the implementation of Federated Learning (FedL) to detect breast cancer. Its performance is compared to a centralized training technique that diagnoses breast cancer. Although FedL has been famous as a safeguarding privacy algorithm, its similarities to ensemble learning methods, such as federated averaging (FEDAvrg), still need to be thoroughly investigated. This study examines explicitly how a YOLOv6 model trained with FedL performs across several clients. A new homomorphic encryption and decryption algorithm is also proposed to retain data privacy. A novel pruned YOLOv6 model with FedL is introduced in this study to differentiate benign and malignant tissues. The model is trained on the breast cancer pathological dataset BreakHis and BUSI. The proposed model achieved a validation accuracy of 98% on BreakHis dataset and 97% on BUSI dataset. The results are compared with the VGG-19, ResNet-50, and InceptionV3 algorithms, showing that the proposed model achieved better results. The tests reveal that federated learning is feasible, as FedAvrg trains models of outstanding quality with only a few communication rounds, as shown by the results on a range of model topologies such as ResNet50, VGG-19, InceptionV3, and the proposed Ensembled FedL YOLOv6.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) dimensions mediate the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adult aggression depending on cognitive reappraisal
Authors: Barra Steffen , Machalica Paulina Klaudia , Retz-Junginger Petra , Merscher Johannes , Crombach Anselm , Retz Wolfgang
Published: January 2025

Associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and aggressive behavior have often been demonstrated, but the mechanisms underneath these relations are yet unclear. As high levels of ACEs and aggression have been found among individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD dimensions might explain this association. Moreover, maladaptive emotion regulation is common in ADHD and was associated with aggressive behavior. The present study investigated the dynamics among these constructs in a mixed sample of 287 adults. We found partially mediating effects of current ADHD on the associations of ACEs with adult aggression, especially regarding the hyperactive/impulsive dimension. Cognitive reappraisal moderated the indirect effect between hyperactivity/impulsivity and aggression, especially for females. Hence, the unfavourable dynamics found in the present study might explain the increased risk for aggressive behavior in individuals affected by both, ACEs and ADHD. Respective gender-sensitive prevention and treatment for aggressive behavior should include adequate pharmacological and psychological approaches that address ADHD core symptoms, whilst also aiming to improve emotion regulation techniques.
High sensitivity flexible strain sensor for motion monitoring based on MWCNT@MXene and silicone rubber
Authors: Hakim Muhammad Luthfi , Alfarros Zufar , Herianto Herianto , Muflikhun Muhammad Akhsin
Published: January 2025

Research on flexible strain sensors has grown rapidly and is widely applied in the fields of soft robotics, body motion detection, wearable sensors, health monitoring, and sports. In this study, MXene was successfully synthesized in powder form and combined with multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) to develop MWCNT@MXene conductive network-based flexible strain sensors with silicone rubber (SR) substrate. Combining MWCNTs with MXene as a conductive material has been shown to significantly improve the sensor performance, due to MXene’s high conductivity properties that strengthen the MWCNT conductive pathway, increase sensitivity, and improve sensor stability. The sensor is fabricated by a sandwich method consisting of three layers, which enables more accurate and reliable detection of strain changes. The main innovation of this research is the utilization of MWCNT@MXene as a conductive material that optimizes the performance of flexible strain sensors, overcomes the limitations of previous materials, and makes it a more effective solution for long-term applications. Furthermore, the sensor was evaluated to test its performance through sensitivity, linearity, response time, and durability tests. The results showed that the sensor exhibited excellent performance with a high sensitivity of 39.97 over a strain range of 0-100% and excellent linearity (0.99) over a strain of 0–50%. The sensor also has a fast response time of about 70 ms, it also has good stability during low (1–5%) and high (20–100%) strain cycle testing and can withstand up to 1200 loading and unloading cycles. In addition, the sensor effectively detects a wide range of body movements, including finger, wrist and knee movements. These findings show that the electromechanical properties of strain sensors are significantly improved through the use of MWCNT@MXene as a conductive material, so these sensors are considered a promising solution for applications in wearables and body motion monitoring.
A comprehensive evaluation of histopathology foundation models for ovarian cancer subtype classification
Authors: Breen Jack , Allen Katie , Zucker Kieran , Godson Lucy , Orsi Nicolas M. , Ravikumar Nishant
Published: January 2025

Histopathology foundation models show great promise across many tasks, but analyses have been limited by arbitrary hyperparameters. We report the most rigorous single-task validation study to date, specifically in the context of ovarian carcinoma morphological subtyping. Attention-based multiple instance learning classifiers were compared using three ImageNet-pretrained encoders and fourteen foundation models, each trained with 1864 whole slide images and validated through hold-out testing and two external validations (the Transcanadian Study and OCEAN Challenge). The best-performing classifier used the H-optimus-0 foundation model, with balanced accuracies of 89%, 97%, and 74%, though UNI achieved similar results at a quarter of the computational cost. Hyperparameter tuning the classifiers improved performance by a median 1.9% balanced accuracy, with many improvements being statistically significant. Foundation models improve classification performance and may allow for clinical utility, with models providing a second opinion in challenging cases and potentially improving the accuracy and efficiency of diagnoses.
Reaction-free mitochondrial membrane potential independent luminogens with aggregation-induced emission characteristics for live neuron imaging
Authors: Park Hojeong , Niu Guangle , Wong Alex Y. H. , Yu Eric Y. , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: January 2025

We developed novel photostable mitochondria targeting probes based on aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens with a cyanostilbene core.
Recent advances in 4CzIPN-mediated functionalizations with acyl precursors: single and dual photocatalytic systems
Authors: Uppuluru Ajay , Annamalai Pratheepkumar , Padala Kishor
Published: January 2025

4CzIPN, a metal-free photocatalyst, enables sustainable synthesis with high photoluminescence, TADF, and long excited-state lifetime. It supports C–C/C–X bond formation, decarboxylation, acylation, and cyclization, often paired with metals.
Ti4+/Cr3+ co-doped zinc gallogermanates with persistent NIR emission with modifiable intensity and enhanced luminescence mechanism
Authors: Liu Yancen , Sun Jie , Sun Zhongqiao , Meng Hao , Han Yide , Han Shulin , Cai Lei , Zhang Yu , Zhang Xia
Published: January 2025

The NIR-persistent luminescence of ZGGO:Cr,Ti is significantly enhanced by titanium doping through regulating traps for the first time.
Controllable growth of two-dimensional h-GaTe with screw dislocations
Authors: Wang Jingyao , Liu Yuxiang , Wu Zhitao , Xiao Peiyao , Liang Xinke , Wang Dongfei , Xiao Wende
Published: January 2025

Using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), h-GaTe thin films were successfully grown on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates by co-deposition of Ga and Te.
Temperature-induced swelling and unwinding of double-stranded DNA
Authors: Liu Tingting , Liu Kai , Mou Xuankang , Li Shiben
Published: January 2025

The diameter modulus distribution is closely related to the correlation between base pairs.
Impact of fluorine-induced effects on co-sensitization systems in dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Jiang Miao , Wang Rui , Xu Gongchen , Shangguan Qing , Wang Haoxin , Cheng Ming , Sun Shiguo , Zhang Li , Yang Xichuan
Published: January 2025

JM202, as a co-adsorbent, can replace CDCA to suppress interfacial electron recombination. The fluorine atoms in JM204, positioned closer to the receptor end, promote the close packing of co-sensitized dyes on the TiO2 surface.
Time-resolved measurements of subpicosecond excited-state lifetimes of high-lying Rydberg states in pyrrole
Authors: Yang Dongyuan , Tian Yuhuan , Min Yanjun , He Zhigang , Wu Guorong , Yang Xueming
Published: January 2025

We performed time-resolved measurements of subpicosecond excited-state lifetimes of high-lying Rydberg states in pyrrole using the femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron imaging technique in combination with two-photon absorption.
Ozone aging and protein corona adsorption exacerbate inflammatory effects of carbon black on macrophages and induce blood–testis barrier dysfunction in mice
Authors: Wu Qingchun , Cao Jianzhong , Song Yang
Published: January 2025

Our study reveals that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is a key toxicity pathway for ozone-aged carbon black (CB-O3). Environmental aging and protein corona formation enhance macrophage uptake, lysosomal rupture, and cathepsin B release.
Auto-relay catalysis for the oxidative carboxylation of alkenes into cyclic carbonates by a MOF catalyst
Authors: Phan Ha , de la Cruz-Sánchez Pol , Cabrera-Afonso María Jesús , Martín-Matute Belén
Published: January 2025

In this study, we present the preparation and application of a new manganoporphyrin Hf-MOF catalyst, Hf-PCN-222(Mn) for the direct oxidative carboxylation of alkenes with CO2, leading to the effective formation of cyclic organic carbonates (COCs).
Enhancing the efficiency of inverted quantum-dot light-emitting diodes by using red carbon dot blended ZnO as an electron transport layer
Authors: Lan Xuyan , Qin Ziyu , Wang Yunwei , Zhang Yong , Yan Minming
Published: January 2025

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely utilized as an electron transport layer (ETL) in quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) due to their low cost, high electron mobility, and stability.
Solvent dependent fluorinative cyclizations of o-hydroxy-arylenaminones promoted by H2O and NFSI: switchable access to di- and monofluorinated 2-hydroxyl chromanones
Authors: Wang Zhi-Qiang , Wang Cheng-Yong , Yu Jiang-Xi , Tang Jie , Zhang Fu-Xing , Xu Zhi-Feng , Liu Bang
Published: January 2025

Di- and monofluorinated 2-hydroxyl chromanones could be achieved selectively through H2O and NFSI fluorinated cyclizations of o-hydroxyarylenaminones, in THF and EtOH.
Liquid slide electrification: advances and open questions
Authors: Ratschow Aaron D. , Butt Hans-Jürgen , Hardt Steffen , Weber Stefan A. L.
Published: January 2025

This review is about drops of a liquid with high dielectric permittivity that slide over a solid surface with high electrical resistivity.
Zr-doping-assisted wet etching for non-destructive transfer of β-Ga2O3 films to fabricate high-performance wearable ultraviolet photodetectors
Authors: Jiang Jiangyiming , Wu Simeng , Ding Zijian , Xin Qian , Tian Yun
Published: January 2025

Zr doping facilitates the non-destructive transfer of flexible β-Ga2O3 films, significantly boosting solar-blind detection performance and enhancing corrosion resistance.
Mass spectrometry-based mRNA sequence mapping via complementary RNase digests and bespoke visualisation tools
Authors: Welbourne Emma N. , Copley Royce J. , Owen Gareth R. , Evans Caroline A. , Isoko Kesler , Cook Ken , Cordiner Joan , Kis Zoltán , Moghadam Peyman Z. , Dickman Mark J.
Published: January 2025

Bespoke visualization tools were developed to enhance the analysis of complementary partial RNase digests via LC-MS. These tools enable efficient identity testing of mRNA through comprehensive sequence mapping.
Correction: Intensification of silver nanoparticle synthesis through continuous flow split and recombine microreactors
Authors: Ghosh Amritendu Bhuson , Kumar Rakesh , Atta Arnab
Published: January 2025

Correction for ‘Intensification of silver nanoparticle synthesis through continuous flow split and recombine microreactors’ by Amritendu Bhuson Ghosh et al., React. Chem. Eng., 2024, 9, 1707–1720, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RE00025K.
Enceladus and Jupiter as exoplanets: The opposition surge effect
Authors: Jones K. D. , Morris B. M. , Heng K.
Published: January 2025

Planets and moons in our Solar System have strongly peaked reflected light phase curves at opposition. In this work, we produce a modified reflected light phase curve model and use it to fit the Cassini phase curves of Jupiter and Enceladus. This ‘opposition effect’ is caused by shadow hiding (SH; particles or rough terrain cast shadows which are not seen at zero phase) and coherent backscattering (CB; incoming light constructively interferes with outgoing light). We find tentative evidence for CB preference in Jupiter compared to SH, and no evidence of preference in Enceladus. We show that the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of Jupiter’s opposition peak is an order of magnitude larger than that of Enceladus and conclude that this could be used as a solid-surface indicator for exoplanets. We investigate this and show that modelling the opposition peak FWHM in solid-surface exoplanets would be unfeasible with JWST or the Future Habitable Worlds Observatory due to the very large signal-to-noise required over a small phase range.
eROSITA X-ray analysis of the PeVatron candidate Westerlund 1
Authors: Haubner Konstantin , Sasaki Manami , Mitchell Alison , Ponti Gabriele , Rowell Gavin , Einecke Sabrina , Filipović Miroslav , Lazarević Sanja , Pühlhofer Gerd , Strong Andrew
Published: January 2025

Context. It is still unclear which fraction of cosmic rays above an energy of 1 PeV is accelerated by the observed Galactic PeVatron population. These sources of unknown physical origin are detected through their γ-ray emission, which also identifies them as particle accelerators. However, their γ-ray data are typically degenerate between hadronic and leptonic emission scenarios, which hinders their straightforward association with the mainly hadronic cosmic ray population.

Aims. In this study, we aimed to distinguish between leptonic and hadronic particle acceleration scenarios for the PeVatron candidate HESS J1646−458, which is associated with the star cluster Westerlund 1 (Wd 1). To this end, we first studied the diffuse X-ray emission from Wd 1 to better understand if its origin is of thermal or nonthermal nature. In addition, we searched for X-ray synchrotron emission from the associated PeVatron candidate HESS J1646−458 to put new constraints on the magnetic field strength and the leptonic particle population of this source.

Methods. We used data from the all-sky surveys 1 to 4 of the extended Roentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array (eROSITA) on board the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma orbital platform to spectrally analyze the diffuse emission from Wd 1 and HESS J1646−458. For Wd 1, we fitted and compared a purely thermal model and a model with a thermal and a nonthermal component. Next, we analyzed the spectra of four annuli around Wd 1 that coincide with HESS J1646−458 to search for synchrotron radiation.

Results. We find that eROSITA data cannot distinguish between thermal and nonthermal source scenarios for the diffuse emission from Wd 1 itself. For a thermal source scenario, the observed X-ray flux can be explained in large part by unresolved pre-main sequence stars or by thermalized stellar wind shocks. In the case of the PeVatron candidate HESS J1646−458, we find no evidence of synchrotron emission. We estimated an upper confidence bound of the synchrotron flux up to 40 ′ around Wd 1 of 1.9  ⋅  10−3 keV−1 cm−2 s−1. We used this result to study the spectral energy distribution of the source. From that, we obtained an upper 1σ confidence bound on the magnetic field strength of HESS J1646−458 of 7 μG.

Conclusions. Our upper bound on the magnetic field strength in HESS J1646−458 is compatible with a previous estimate in the literature for a fully leptonic source scenario. Therefore, a purely leptonic emission scenario is compatible with our results. The same is the case for hadronic and hybrid scenarios, for which even less synchrotron flux is expected compared to the leptonic scenario.
Fast Bayesian spectral analysis using convolutional neural networks: Applications to GONG Hα solar data
Authors: Castelló G. , Luna M. , Terradas J.
Published: January 2025

Context. Solar filament oscillations have been observed for many years, but recent advances in telescope capabilities now enable a daily monitoring of these periodic motions. This offers valuable insights into the structure of filaments. A systematic study of filament oscillations over the solar cycle can shed light on the evolution of the prominences. Only manual techniques were used so far to analyze these oscillations.

Aims. This work serves as a proof of concept and demonstrates the effectiveness of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). These networks automatically detect filament oscillations by applying a power-spectrum analysis to Hα data from the GONG telescope network.

Methods. The proposed technique studies periodic fluctuations in every pixel of the Hα data cubes. Using the Lomb-Scargle periodogram, we computed the power spectral density (PSD) of the dataset. The background noise fits a combination of red and white noise well. Using Bayesian statistics and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms, we fit the spectra and determined the confidence threshold of a given percentage to search for real oscillations. We built two CNN models to obtain the same results as with the MCMC approach.

Results. We applied the CNN models to some observations reported in the literature to prove its reliability in detecting the same events as the classical methods. A day with events that were not previously reported was studied to determine the model capabilities beyond a controlled dataset that we can check with previous reports.

Conclusions. CNNs prove to be a useful tool for studying solar filament oscillations using spectral techniques. The computing times are significantly reduced for results that are similar enough to the classical methods. This is a relevant step toward the automatic detection of filament oscillations.
Relating Sustainability Metrics to Evaluate Circularity and Material Efficiency
Authors: Marshalek Austin , Zion Andie , Silverman Julian R.
Published: January 2025

By collecting both green chemistry and environmental impact metrics, researchers can quantitatively discuss the circularity and sustainability of various chemical and material products and processes. Specific extensive quantities from a transformation are related to afford intensive properties for a system, which can be compared across systems. Because different metrics are suited for discussing the diverse aspects of sourcing, transformation, and disposal of reactants, reagents, products, and waste, to meaningfully describe both circularity and sustainability, at least three metrics are needed. Here we compare, contrast, and relate the intensive metrics of recycled content, process mass intensity, and e-factor to describe the renewable content of feedstocks, the efficiency of a process, and the cycling of outputs as input feedstocks. Using data from mass balances, we can calculate these metrics in order to have a simple and concise set of tools that describe both the circularity and material efficiency of a process.
Reforming Doctoral Education in Uzbekistan: Models, Rules and Norms of Behaviour
Authors: Ruziev Kobil , Rabbimova Dilshoda , Mamasolieva Mokhidil
Published: January 2025

Doctoral education (DE) plays a crucial role in nurturing the next generation of scholars and thought leaders and serves as a means for frontier knowledge creation and innovation within the economy. The centrality of DE to knowledge creation and skilled workforce development makes it a policy priority for governments worldwide. While emerging economies like Uzbekistan seek to replicate aspects of successful DE models from developed countries, their policy borrowing approach often overlooks important national conditions. Instead of improving DE outcomes, the recent DE reforms in Uzbekistan resulted in the proliferation of unfair practices. This study examines these reforms using relevant national regulatory documents, secondary data, and primary data collected through semi-structured interviews. Drawing on institutional economics as our theoretical framework, we explore how incentive mechanisms, rules, norms of behaviour, and capacity constraints interact, explaining the persistent mismatch between policy goals and policy outcomes. We argue that effective DE reforms require not only well-defined rules but also credible enforcement mechanisms and supportive norms of behaviour. We highlight the need for reforms to address incentive structures, building trust in institutions, and overcoming path dependence challenges to sustainably improve DE outcomes.
Self-translation by an academic in exile
Authors: Phanthaphoommee Narongdej
Published: January 2025

In the wake of the twelfth successful coup in 2014, Thailand began to crack down on academics critical of the
junta’s authority. Many fled to other countries but continue to be politically active, both online and offline. This study
examines the case of Pavin Chachavalpongpun, an exiled political scientist and outspoken opponent of the military coup, and his
self-translated academic book condemning the illegitimate seizure of power. His original work, A Plastic Nation,
and its Thai translation, ชาติพลาสติก Chat Plastic, are closely analysed in terms of intention and intertext.
The self-translator has used quotation marks to emphasise key words, adapted terms to reflect local and international concepts,
rewrote sections to make new points, and broke with centuries-old norms when mentioning the monarchs in Thai spoken and written
discourse. Paratexts also play a crucial role in conveying the ideological stance of the publisher and self-translator towards the
military government. They serve as a deliberate reflection in which forms of contention are regenerated with political aspirations
to expose the exploitation of Thai nationalism by those in power and to protest the unconstitutional military takeover that sought
to preserve the authoritarian legacy. Pavin’s self-translation takes on a new meaning. It could shed some light on what
self-translation as academic activism ‘can do’, in addition to what self-translation is.
Smearing out contact terms in ghost-free infinite derivative quantum gravity
Authors: Beckering Vinckers Ulrich K , de la Cruz-Dombriz Álvaro , Mazumdar Anupam
Published: January 2025

In the context of ghost-free infinite derivative gravity, we consider the single graviton exchange between two spinless particles, a spinless particle and a photon, or between a spinless particle and a spin-1/2 particle. To this end, we compute the gravitational potential for the three aforementioned cases and derive the

O

(
G

ℏ
2

)

correction that arises at the linearised level. In the local theory, it is well-known that such a correction appears in the form of a Dirac delta function. Here, we show that this correction is smeared out for the nonlocal theory and, in contrast to the local theory, takes on non-zero values for a non-zero separation between the two particles. In the case of the single graviton exchange between a spinless particle and a spin-1/2 particle, we also compute the

O

(
G
ℏ
)

correction that arises in the non-static case within the non-relativistic approximation and show that it is finite in the nonlocal theory.
Analytic weak-signal approximation of the Bayes factor for continuous gravitational waves
Authors: Prix Reinhard
Published: January 2025

We generalize the targeted

B

-statistic for continuous gravitational waves by modeling the h
0-prior as a half-Gaussian distribution with scale parameter H. This approach retains analytic tractability for two of the four amplitude marginalization integrals and recovers the standard

B

-statistic in the strong-signal limit (

H
→
∞

). By Taylor-expanding the weak-signal regime (

H
→
0

), the new prior enables fully analytic amplitude marginalization, resulting in a simple, explicit statistic that is as computationally efficient as the maximum-likelihood

F

-statistic, but significantly more robust. Numerical tests show that for day-long coherent searches, the weak-signal Bayes factor achieves sensitivities comparable to the

F

-statistic, though marginally lower than the standard

B

-statistic (and the Bero-Whelan approximation). In semi-coherent searches over short (compared to a day) segments, this approximation matches or outperforms the weighted dominant-response

F

^

ABw

-statistic and returns to the sensitivity of the (weighted)

F

^

w

-statistic for longer segments. Overall the new Bayes-factor approximation demonstrates state-of-the-art or improved sensitivity across a wide range of segment lengths we tested (from 900 s to 10 days).
Producing micro impressions on Al6061 under alumina-mixed deionized water as dielectric during electric discharge machining
Authors: Asad Muhammad , Sana Muhammad , Farooq Muhammad Umar , Tlija Mehdi
Published: January 2025

The need for materials with low density and high strength has drawn a lot of interest from researchers and industry in the last few years. Aluminum 6061 (Al6061) is one of these materials that has the required qualities. Powder-mixed electric discharge machining has become a practical choice for cutting such materials because of its versatile machining capabilities. However, this technique’s excessive energy usage and poor cutting efficiency have drawn criticism. Furthermore, there are serious health and environmental risks associated with the typical dielectric (kerosene) used in EDM. Deionized water, a replacement to kerosene, has been used in this work to address the aforementioned problems, improving resource reusability and lowering the dielectric cost. Here, deionized water further makes the operation sustainable and protects the environment from harmful emissions produced during the machining process. Additionally, alumina (Al2O3) nano-powder has been mixed in dielectric and used to improve the machining responsiveness. Response surface methodology was used to carry out the investigation. The purpose of this study was to use microscopic analysis to examine the effects on the electrode wear rate (EWR) and accuracy index (AI). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) analyses for both responses revealed that all four parameters are highly significant, with p-values nearly zero (<0.05). Additionally, the coefficient of determination (R
2) values for EWR (0.9611) and AI (0.9285) indicate that the proposed models are reliable. The parametric optimization by grey relational analysis (GRA) approach highlighted that the magnitude for EWR and AI is improved by 50.85% and 2.67%, respectively, when optimal condition (I
P: 5 A, S
V: 2 V, S
T: 3 µs, and C
P:1.5 g/100 ml) is set during EDM of Al6061. The proposed EDM model yielded 48.29% and 5.11% better outcomes than the conventional EDM model in terms of EWR and AI, respectively.
GHz SAW strain sensors under high mechanical load conditions
Authors: Kwon MinHee , Schlögl Matthias , Platz Daniel , Schmid Ulrich
Published: January 2025

Strain sensors have been developed in various fields by converting mechanical deformation into electrical signals. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are beneficial for strain sensing due to their simplicity of fabrication and wireless operation capabilities. In this study, we investigate SAW strain sensors operating at 1.25 

GHz

. The fabricated SAW resonators using standard photolithography technology are characterized with a custom-made cantilever setup capable of applying defined strain values up to approximately −4000 µε to 4000 µε. From these measurements, a high responsivity even up to this high strain values is demonstrated. We also explore the impact of geometric design parameters on strain-sensing performance. We vary the length of the SAW resonator and observe that the longer the SAW resonator, the more responsive the device gets to strain changes. When the distance between the two reflectors confining the SAW is 2207 

μ

m

, the responsivity to strain is 114.99 

Hz

μ

ϵ

−
1

. In summary, this study investigates the feasibility of GHz SAW resonators as high-strain sensors on non-flexible substrates with a custom-built experimental setup, to evaluate their potential for future applications in extreme mechanical environments.
Spectral characterization method for wire-arc additive manufacturing monitoring with broadband AE signals
Authors: Gao Fei , Li Congyu , Ji Dingcheng , Hua Jiadong , Lin Jing
Published: January 2025

Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is acknowledged as a highly effective and economical 3D printing method for large component production and repair. However, defects like porosity, oxidization, and distortion may occur due to the high deposition rate and improper manufacturing process, leading to a vital concern about the structural quality. Acoustic emission (AE) signals generated with the WAAM process carry a wealth of manufacturing information, but the interpretation of AE signals often requires a deep understanding of both the physics of the AM process and the characteristics of the AE signal. This interdisciplinary knowledge gap can hinder the development of accurate and reliable signal analysis models. To reveal the manufacturing physics-related AE features from the complicated broadband AE signals, a spectral decomposition and characterization method is proposed and investigated for WAAM process monitoring. The AE hits are first identified with the average filtering and envelope peak finding so that the intense noise can be suppressed and AE hits can be highlighted. Secondly, the wavelet entropy and spectral centroid are extracted for each AE hit to characterize the printing status with the AE waveform. Then, the AE features varying with the manually controlled printing status are investigated and fused with experimental study, thus improving the identification accuracy. The experimental investigation on four coupons manufactured with shielding gas flow control shows that the spectral features are sensitive to the WAAM process, thereby providing a promising candidate for real-time monitoring and evaluation of WAAM.
YOLOv8-SC: improving the YOLOv8 network for real-time detection of automotive coated surface defects
Authors: Ling Lin , Zhu Chuangman , Liu Mingzhou , Hu Jing , Zhang Xi , Ge Maogen
Published: January 2025

The detection of defects on automotive coated surfaces is of paramount importance to ensure the quality of automotive appearance. However, due to the challenges posed by the lack of sufficient samples of product-specific coated defects, the uneven number of species, and the difficulty of detecting defects in small targets due to the complex background of the body surface. The detection of defects on automotive coated surfaces still relies on experienced manual labor to a significant extent. To address these issues, Poisson fusion is employed to enhance the data for generating defect images, thereby mitigating the limitations of insufficient coated defect samples and an imbalanced distribution of defect species. Based on this, a new YOLOv8-SC defect detection model is proposed, in which the C2f-Star is used to replace the original C2f structure. This aims to improve the model’s ability to extract defects of varying sizes in complex backgrounds, while reducing the number of model parameters and the amount of computation. The content-guided attention fusion (CGAFusion) module, situated before each detection head of the model, has been designed to enhance the model’s capacity to extract defects of varying sizes and complexity. This is achieved through the adaptive fusion of low-level and high-level features. The proposed model’s superiority in terms of detection metrics has been demonstrated through the use of example validation. The experiments were conducted on the enterprise dataset CPD-DET and the public dataset NEU-DET. The results demonstrated that the defective image generation and data enhancement method could significantly improve detection performance and have good generalization. The proposed YOLOv8-SC reduces the model parameters by 12.2% compared to the normal model. Additionally, the mean average precision (mAP) at 50% and 50%–95% thresholds are enhanced by 4.7% and 2.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the accuracy of the model exhibits a discernible positive growth trend with an increase in the sample set size. The design of an automotive coated surface defect detection system is presented at last. When deployed in industrial settings, this system can facilitate the intelligent detection of coated defects.