bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and Reach Equity of Policies Restricting Flavored Tobacco Product Sales in the United States
Authors: Rose Shyanika W. , Amato Michael S. , Anesetti-Rothermel Andrew , Carnegie Brittany , Safi Zeinab , Benson Adam F. , Czaplicki Lauren , Simpson Randall , Zhou Yitong , Akbar Maham , Younger Gagosian Stacey , Chen-Sankey Julia Cen , Schillo Barbara A.
Published: January 2020

In 2009, flavored cigarettes (except menthol) were banned in the United States, but other flavored tobacco products (FTPs) were allowed. Women, populations of color, youth, sexual minority, and low–socioeconomic status populations disproportionately use FTPs. Localities have passed sales restrictions on FTPs that may reduce disparities if vulnerable populations are reached. This study assessed the extent to which FTP restrictions reached these subgroups (“reach equity”). We identified 189 U.S. jurisdictions with FTP policies as of December 31, 2018. We linked jurisdictions with demographics of race/ethnicity, gender, age, partnered same-sex households and household poverty, and stratified by policy strength. We calculated Reach Ratios (ReRas) to assess reach equity among subgroups covered by FTP policies relative to their U.S. population representation. Flavor policies covered 6.3% of the U.S. population (20 million individuals) across seven states; 0.9% were covered by strong policies (12.7% of policies). ReRas indicated favorable reach equity to young adults, women, Hispanics, African Americans, Asians, partnered same-sex households, and those living below poverty. Youth, American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIAN) and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders (NHPI) were underrepresented. Strong policies had favorable reach equity to young adults, those living below poverty, Asians, NHPIs, individuals of 2+ races, and partnered same-sex households, but unfavorable reach equity to women, youth, Hispanic, AIAN, and African American populations. U.S. flavor policies have greater reach to many, but not all, subgroups at risk of FTP use. Increased enactment of strong policies to populations not covered by flavor policies is warranted to ensure at-risk subgroups sufficiently benefit.
Our Homes, Our Health: Strategies, Insight, and Resources to Support Smoke-Free Multiunit Housing
Authors: Ortega Kristen E. , Mata Holly
Published: January 2020

Tobacco use remains the single most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. Almost 500,000 people die every year in the United States because of tobacco use; approximately one in eight of those deaths are attributable to secondhand smoke exposure. Significant disparities exist in terms of which groups bear the greatest burden of tobacco-related illness and mortality. Reducing tobacco use and exposure in groups most affected and most at risk is a national public health priority. Tobacco control advocates can promote health equity by prioritizing policies that are likely to decrease tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure and improve access to tobacco cessation resources among populations most at risk for tobacco-related disparities, including people who live in subsidized multiunit housing. In this article, we share the context, process, key milestones, and lessons learned as stakeholders in El Paso, Texas explored and implemented smoke-free policy in subsidized public housing. Partners including the local housing authority, a nonprofit health foundation, the local public health department, and a local university facilitated a thoughtful and community-engaged process that acknowledged the right of residents to breathe clean air in their own homes, potential challenges residents who choose to smoke may face in adapting to smoke-free policy, and the need for support for those who choose to quit. We conclude with five key lessons learned and share resources for other communities, health professionals, and coalitions advocating for and supporting smoke-free housing policy in their communities.
Tobacco Advertisements: What Messages Are They Sending in African American Communities?
Authors: Rosario Carrie , Harris Keia E.
Published: January 2020

Racial disparities in tobacco-related death and disease persist. Despite evidence of disparities in exposure to tobacco retailers and point-of-sale advertising, little is known about the extent to which tobacco advertisements within African American communities use three prominent messaging strategies: reassure use is safe despite health risks, redirect attention from health risks to other product features, or incite bravery to use despite health risks. Using a multistage design, we examined tobacco advertisements at 24 retail stores listed on Countertools.org StoreMapper within 15 census tracts where roughly 74% of the population was African American. After confirming interrater reliability, trained data collectors assessed messaging strategy (reassurance, misdirection of attention, or inducement to bravery) usage in ads (n = 165) for various brands (e.g., Newport, Swisher Sweets, Blu) and whether strategies varied by product type (e.g., cigarettes, nonlarge cigar, e-cigarettes). Chi-square analysis of 165 advertisements revealed that the misdirection of attention strategy was used more often than reassurance or inducement to bravery. Tobacco advertisement messaging strategies also varied by product type, with misdirection of attention used more frequently in cigarette and nonlarge cigar advertisements and reassurance used more frequently in e-cigarette advertisements. Cigarette and nonlarge cigar advertisement messages prey on African American communities by redirecting their focus from consequences toward favorable product attributes. Additionally, reassurance messaging may misconstrue risks associated with e-cigarettes; therefore, we should vigilantly monitor e-cigarette trends among this population. Countering misleading messages and advocating policies regarding advertisement content and density within African American communities could help reduce health disparities.
Keeping It Fresh With Hip-Hop Teens: Promising Targeting Strategies for Delivering Public Health Messages to Hard-to-Reach Audiences
Authors: Guo Merrybelle , Ganz Ollie , Cruse Brian , Navarro Mario , Wagner Dana , Tate Brandon , Delahanty Janine , Benoza Gem
Published: January 2020

Despite overall declines in youth cigarette use, tobacco use inequities exist by race/ethnicity. Health communication campaigns can be effective in changing tobacco-related attitudes, intentions, and behaviors and can be used to address tobacco use inequities by targeting young people who are at high risk for tobacco use. In 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration launched Fresh Empire, the first tobacco public education campaign designed to reach primarily African American, Hispanic, and/or Asian American/Pacific Islander youth ages 12 to 17 years who identify with the Hip-Hop peer crowd. This article presents an overview of two targeting strategies—(a) influencers on social media and (b) paid digital and social media advertisements—that Fresh Empire uses to reach its audience and increase message credibility that can inform future campaigns targeting hard-to-reach populations. These strategies help the campaign expand its reach, be authentic, and increase engagement with the target audience. Microinfluencers are selected for their alignment with Hip-Hop values and high engagement rates; local influencers are teens recruited to promote the campaign in their communities; and digital and social ads are purchased with a minimum number of in-target guaranteed impressions. Across both strategies, metrics have met or exceeded expectations, including a sentiment analysis that revealed 87.3% of comments on microinfluencer posts were positive. Initial findings suggest that the tobacco prevention messages have reached the target population and resonated positively, which may help to increase message credibility and improve receptivity to tobacco prevention messages.
Retail Tobacco Marketing in Rural Versus Nonrural Counties: Product Availability, Discounts, and Prices
Authors: Henriksen Lisa , Schleicher Nina C. , Johnson Trent O. , Roeseler April , Zhu Shu-Hong
Published: January 2020

Objectives. To assess tobacco product availability, advertised discounts, and prices in rural and nonrural stores, comparing results for two definitions of rural. Method. This geospatial study linked data from marketing surveillance in a representative sample of licensed tobacco retailers in California ( n = 1,276) and categorized rural/nonrural stores at the county and tract levels. Data were collected from January to March, 2017, and mixed-models analyses tested for differences by location (rural vs. nonrural). Results. Compared to nonrural stores, rural-county stores were 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI; 1.2, 3.6]) times more likely to sell chewing tobacco and 2.5 (95% CI [1.4, 4.2]) times more likely to sell roll-your-own. Rural-county stores sold larger packs of cigarillos for less than $1 (coefficient = 0.22, 95% CI [0.05, 0.39]) and charged less for the cheapest cigarette pack regardless of brand (estimated mean difference = $−0.21, 95% CI [−0.39, −0.03]). Contrary to expectation, a popular brand of chewing tobacco cost more in rural-county stores. A tract-level definition of rural reclassified only 1 in 10 stores, and did not substantially alter the results. Overall, 32.9% of stores advertised discounts on chewing tobacco, but this was more common in rural than nonrural census tracts (adjusted odds ratio = 1.81, 95% CI [1.14, 2.88]). Discussion. Evidence that $1 buys more cigarillos in rural-county stores than elsewhere adds to health equity concerns that the prevalence of cheap, flavored tobacco is not limited to neighborhoods characterized by socioeconomic disadvantage, higher proportions of African Americans, and higher proportions of school-age youth. Policies that focus on the retail environment for tobacco are needed to make tobacco less attractive and more costly everywhere, including rural areas.
Development of Conceptual Models to Guide Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy: Synthesizing Traditional and Contemporary Paradigms
Authors: Brady Sonya S. , Brubaker Linda , Fok Cynthia S. , Gahagan Sheila , Lewis Cora E. , Lewis Jessica , Lowder Jerry L. , Nodora Jesse , Stapleton Ann , Palmer Mary H. ,   Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) Research Consortium, Mueller Elizabeth , Fitzgerald Colleen M. , Hardacker Cecilia T. , Hebert-Beirne Jeni , Lavender Missy , Shoham David A. , Burgio Kathryn , Markland Alayne , McGwin Gerald , Williams Beverly , Lukacz Emily S. , LaCoursiere D. Yvette , Nodora Jesse N. , Miller Janis M. , An Lawrence Chin-I , Low Lisa Kane , Newman Diane Kaschak , Berry Amanda , Epperson C. Neill , Schmitz Kathryn H. , Smith Ariana L. , Wyman Jean , Sutcliffe Siobhan , McNicholas Colleen , James Aimee , Lowder Jerry , Rickey Leslie , Camenga Deepa , Cunningham Shayna D. , Chai Toby , Lewis Jessica B. , Harlow Bernard , Rudser Kyle , Connett John , Chu Haitao , Fok Cynthia , Rockwood Todd , Constantine Melissa
Published: January 2020

This applied paper is intended to serve as a “how to” guide for public health researchers, practitioners, and policy makers who are interested in building conceptual models to convey their ideas to diverse audiences. Conceptual models can provide a visual representation of specific research questions. They also can show key components of programs, practices, and policies designed to promote health. Conceptual models may provide improved guidance for prevention and intervention efforts if they are based on frameworks that integrate social ecological and biological influences on health and incorporate health equity and social justice principles. To enhance understanding and utilization of this guide, we provide examples of conceptual models developed by the Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) Research Consortium. PLUS is a transdisciplinary U.S. scientific network established by the National Institutes of Health in 2015 to promote bladder health and prevent lower urinary tract symptoms, an emerging public health and prevention priority. The PLUS Research Consortium is developing conceptual models to guide its prevention research agenda. Research findings may in turn influence future public health practices and policies. This guide can assist others in framing diverse public health and prevention science issues in innovative, potentially transformative ways.
Fault estimation and compensation for hypersonic flight vehicle via type-2 fuzzy technique and cuckoo search algorithm
Authors: Wang Ang , Gong Huajun , Chen Fuyang
Published: January 2020

This study proposes a fault estimation and compensation scheme for hypersonic flight vehicle (HFV) attitude system with body flap fault. To achieve the fault compensation capability, an interval type-2 fuzzy estimator is designed to approximate the unknown nonlinear function caused by modeling uncertainties and the fault. The fault-tolerant controller via the terminal sliding mode and dynamic surface techniques is developed to ensure the tracking accuracy of attitude angles for HFV and the desired control torque can be achieved. Then, a novel control allocation scheme with a cuckoo search algorithm and linear programming method is proposed to distribute the desired torque to aerodynamic surfaces and reaction control system jets. The stability of the proposed scheme is analyzed using the Lyapunov stability theory. The validity of the method is verified by a series of comparisons on numerical simulation results.
Trigeminal neuralgia: An overview from pathophysiology to pharmacological treatments
Authors: Gambeta Eder , Chichorro Juliana G. , Zamponi Gerald W.
Published: January 2020

The trigeminal nerve (V) is the fifth and largest of all cranial nerves, and it is responsible for detecting sensory stimuli that arise from the craniofacial area. The nerve is divided into three branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3); their cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglia and they make connections with second-order neurons in the trigeminal brainstem sensory nuclear complex. Ascending projections via the trigeminothalamic tract transmit information to the thalamus and other brain regions responsible for interpreting sensory information. One of the most common forms of craniofacial pain is trigeminal neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by sudden, brief, and excruciating facial pain attacks in one or more of the V branches, leading to a severe reduction in the quality of life of affected patients. Trigeminal neuralgia etiology can be classified into idiopathic, classic, and secondary. Classic trigeminal neuralgia is associated with neurovascular compression in the trigeminal root entry zone, which can lead to demyelination and a dysregulation of voltage-gated sodium channel expression in the membrane. These alterations may be responsible for pain attacks in trigeminal neuralgia patients. The antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are the first-line pharmacological treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. Their mechanism of action is a modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels, leading to a decrease in neuronal activity. Although carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are the first-line treatment, other drugs may be useful for pain control in trigeminal neuralgia. Among them, the anticonvulsants gabapentin, pregabalin, lamotrigine and phenytoin, baclofen, and botulinum toxin type A can be coadministered with carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine for a synergistic approach. New pharmacological alternatives are being explored such as the active metabolite of oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine, and the new Nav1.7 blocker vixotrigine. The pharmacological profiles of these drugs are addressed in this review.
Lack of association between polymorphism of IL-2 -330T/G and pulmonary tuberculosis among Caucasians
Authors: Ge Haibo , Chen Shi , Zhu Jia
Published: January 2020

This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the consistency and strength of the relationship between polymorphism of IL-2 -330T/G and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). PubMed, Web of Knowledge and CNKI were searched to find eligible studies about the relationship between IL-2 -330T/G polymorphism and susceptibility to pulmonary TB. A total of eight studies comprising 971 cases and 1519 controls were grouped together for the purpose of elucidating the relationship between polymorphism of IL-2 -330T/G and pulmonary TB susceptibility. The allele model (G vs. T: odds ratio (OR) = 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.71, Phet = 0.001) and the recessive model (GG+GT vs. TT: OR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.08–2.38, Phet = 0.0001) showed an increased risk of development of pulmonary TB. However, the homozygous model (GG vs. TT: OR = 1.74; 95% CI 0.98–3.09, Phet = 0.0005) and the dominant model (GG vs. TT + TG: OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 0.80-2.14, Phet =  0.001) failed to show an increased incidence of pulmonary TB. When analysis was stratified by ethnicity, no obvious associations were identified in the Caucasian subgroup under all four genetic models. Additionally, heterogeneity disappeared in the analysis of Caucasian subgroup. Our combined data suggested that there was no association between IL-2 -330T/G polymorphism and pulmonary TB among Caucasians.
Randomized controlled trial combining constraint-induced movement therapy and action-observation training in unilateral cerebral palsy: clinical effects and influencing factors of treatment response
Authors: Simon-Martinez Cristina , Mailleux Lisa , Hoskens Jasmine , Ortibus Els , Jaspers Ellen , Wenderoth Nicole , Sgandurra Giuseppina , Cioni Giovanni , Molenaers Guy , Klingels Katrijn , Feys Hilde
Published: January 2020

Introduction:

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) improves upper limb (UL) motor execution in unilateral cerebral palsy (uCP). As these children also show motor planning deficits, action-observation training (AOT) might be of additional value. Here, we investigated the combined effect of AOT to CIMT and identified factors influencing treatment response.

Methods:

A total of 44 children with uCP (mean 9 years 6 months, SD 1 year 10 months) participated in a 9-day camp wearing a splint for 6 h/day and were allocated to the CIMT + AOT ( n = 22) and the CIMT + placebo group ( n = 22). The CIMT + AOT group received 15 h of AOT (i.e. video-observation) and executed the observed tasks, whilst the CIMT + AOT group watched videos free of biological motion and executed the same tasks. The primary outcome measure was bimanual performance. Secondary outcomes included measures of body function and activity level assessed before (T1), after the intervention (T2), and at 6 months follow-up (T3). Influencing factors included behavioural and neurological characteristics.

Results:

Although no between-groups differences were found ( p > 0.05; η2 = 0–16), the addition of AOT led to higher gains in children with initially poorer bimanual performance ( p = 0.02; η2 = 0.14). Both groups improved in all outcome measures after the intervention and retained the gains at follow up ( p < 0.01; η2 = 0.02–0.71). Poor sensory function resulted in larger improvements in the total group ( p = 0.03; η2 = 0.25) and high amounts of mirror movements tended to result in a better response to the additional AOT training ( p = 0.06; η2 = 0.18). Improvements were similar irrespective of the type of brain lesion or corticospinal tract wiring pattern.

Conclusions:

Adding AOT to CIMT, resulted in a better outcome for children with poor motor function and high amounts of mirror movements. CIMT with or without AOT seems to be more beneficial for children with poor sensory function.

Trial registration:

Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 22nd August 2017 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03256357).
Nurses’ Satisfaction With Patient Room Lighting Conditions: A Study of Nurses in Four Hospitals With Differences in the Environment of Care
Authors: Davis Robert G. , McCunn Lindsay J. , Wilkerson Andrea , Safranek Sarah
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

The present study aims to contribute to current knowledge about nurses’ perceived importance of lighting in patient rooms and to compare these perceptions across different ages, work shifts, (day and night), and environments of care (traditional and contemporary).

Background:

Creating an environment of care in patient rooms that successfully balances energy efficiency concerns with the holistic needs of patients, families, and caregivers poses a major challenge for future lighting systems. This study adds to a growing evidence base on the effects of lighting on nurses’ job performance, job satisfaction, and overall perceptions of the environment.

Method:

Survey responses from 138 participants working in medical–surgical units in four hospitals were analyzed using a mixed-methods approach, with three of the hospitals having lighting systems characterized as providing a traditional environment of care (TEC) and the other hospital having lighting systems characterized as providing a contemporary environment of care (CEC).

Results:

No significant differences were found based on age or work shift, but several significant differences were found between participants working in the hospital with a CEC and those working in hospitals with a TEC. Participants from the hospital with a CEC lighting system consistently reported higher lighting quality, fewer patient complaints, and less need for supplemental lighting than the participants from the three hospitals with TEC lighting systems.

Conclusion:

The results of this study provide evidence that innovative lighting approaches and technologies are worth considering as an investment by hospital administrators looking to improve perceptions of the patient room environment.
Developing a Pedagogy of Education for Sustainable Futures: Experiences and Observations from Danish Preschools
Authors: Broström Stig , Frøkjær Thorleif
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

This article aims to outline an approach to education for sustainability based on play and science activities.

Design/Approach/Methods:

While deviated from traditional academic articles, this article has combined knowledge drawn from various action research projects and personal observations from a number of preschool settings.

Findings:

The article results in the development of an educational method: a scientific playworld to support emergent science and sustainability.

Originality/Value:

The constructed educational approach is value -oriented and challenges children to strike a balance between pessimism and optimism in addressing major societal themes.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Following Lumbar Decompression Surgery: A Review of 2699 Cases
Authors: Sunderland Geraint , Foster Mitchell , Dheerendra Sujay , Pillay Robin
Published: January 2020

Study Design:

Retrospective case series.

Objective:

Despite numerous advances in the technology and techniques available to spinal surgeons, lumbar decompression remains the mainstay of degenerative lumbar spine surgery. It has proven efficacy in trials, but only limited evidence of advantage over conservative management in large scale systematic reviews. We collated data from a large surgically managed cohort to evaluate the patient-reported outcomes.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively populated database. Patient demographics, surgical details, and patient outcomes (Spine Tango core outcome measures index [COMI]–Low Back) were collected for 2699 lumbar decompression surgeries.

Results:

Lumbar decompression was shown to be successful at improving leg pain (mean improvement in visual analogue scale [VAS] at 3 months = 4) and to a lesser extent, back pain (mean improvement in VAS at 3 months = 2.61). Mean improvement in COMI score was 3.15 for all-comers. Minimal clinically important improvement (MCID) in COMI score (−2 points) was achieved in 73% of patients by 2-year follow-up. Primary surgery was more effective than redo surgery: odds ratio 0.547 (95% CI 0.408-0.733, P < .001). The benefits across all outcomes were maintained for the 2-year follow-up period. Patients can be classified according to their outcome as “early responders”; achieving MCID by 3 months (61% primary vs 41% redo), “late responders”; achieving MCID by 2 years (15% vs 20%) or nonresponders (24% vs 39%).

Conclusions:

Lumbar decompression is effective in improving quality of life in appropriately selected patients. Patient-reported outcome measures collected routinely and collated within a registry are a powerful tool for assessing the efficacy of lumbar spine interventions and allow accurate counseling of patients perioperatively.
Update on the Biomechanics of the Craniocervical Junction—Part I: Transverse Atlantal Ligament in the Elderly
Authors: Ishak Basem , Dupont Graham , Lachkar Stefan , Yilmaz Emre , Glinski Alexander Von , Altafulla Juan , Kikuta Shogo , Iwanaga Joe , Chapman Jens R , Oskouian Rod , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: January 2020

Study Design:

In vitro biomechanical study.

Objective:

The transverse ligament is the strongest ligament of the craniocervical junction and plays a critical role in atlanto-axial stability. The goal of this cadaveric study, and the subsequent study (part II), was to reevaluate the force required for the transverse ligament and alar ligament to fail in a more physiological biomechanical model in elderly specimens.

Methods:

Twelve C1-2 specimens were harvested from fresh-frozen Caucasian cadavers with a mean age at death of 81 years (range 68-89 years). Only the transverse ligament was preserved, and the bony C1-2 complex was left intact. The dens was pulled away from the anterior arch of C1 using a strength test machine that applies controlled increasing force. After testing, the axis was split in half to check for hidden pathologies and osteoporosis. The differences in the failure force between sex and age groups (group 1: <80 years, group 2: >80 years) were compared.

Results:

The mean force required for the transverse ligament to fail was 236.2 ± 66 N (range 132-326 N). All but 2 specimens had significant osteoporotic loss of trabecular bone. No significant differences between sex and age groups were found.

Conclusions:

The transverse ligament’s failure in elderly specimens occurred at an average force of 236 N, which was lower than that reported in the previous literature. The ligament’s failure force in younger patients differs and may be similar to the findings published to date.
Daily blood loss transition after total knee arthroplasty with topical administration of tranexamic acid: Paradoxical blood loss after action of tranexamic acid
Authors: Song Sang Jun , Lee Hyun Woo , Bae Dae Kyung , Park Cheol Hee
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to compare the daily blood loss transition between groups with and without topical administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) after cruciate retaining (CR) and posterior stabilized (PS) total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods:

A total of 220 patients undergoing unilateral TKA were enrolled in CR and PS TKAs, which were divided into groups that received topical administration of TXA (TXA group) or without TXA (non-TXA group). Each group in both types of TKA included 55 patients. The daily transition of blood loss was compared between the TXA and the non-TXA groups in CR and PS TKAs. The blood loss was calculated through Nadler formula using the patient’s blood volume and hemoglobin reduction rate.

Results:

Total blood loss was significantly lower in the TXA group in both CR and PS TKAs ( p < 0.001, respectively). The blood loss was lower for 0–24 h and 24–48 h after TKA. However, from 48 h to 72 h, it was greater in the TXA group (253.1 vs. 34.6 mL; p < 0.001) in CR TKAs. These tendencies were similar in PS TKAs after 48 h (186.2 vs. 134.9 mL, p = 0.223).

Conclusions:

Topical administration of TXA for reduction of blood loss seemed to be effective up to 48 h after both CR and PS TKAs. The blood loss after 48 h tended to be even greater in the TXA group. Future studies will be required to identify the pharmacokinetic evidence for this clinical finding.

Level of evidence:

Level II.
The impact of posterior epidural adipose tissue on postoperative outcomes after posterior decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: A prospectively randomized non-inferiority trial
Authors: Lee Gun Woo , Mun Jong-Uk , Ahn Myun-Whan
Published: January 2020

Study design:

The present study is a prospectively randomized study.

Objective:

The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of posterior epidural adipose tissue (PAT) on postoperative outcome following lumbar decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) by whether PAT was removed or preserved during the surgical procedure.

Summary of background data:

In posterior decompression surgery for LSS, PAT is routinely removed without knowledge of its role and significance. However, considering adipose tissue has regenerative properties of damaged neighboring tissues or itself, PAT, which is adipose tissue located at peridural space, might also have a potential to regenerate the neighboring damaged tissue, including dura and nerve root in the lumbar spine, but this has not been thoroughly studied.

Methods:

Of the 185 eligible patients screened for the current study, 181 patients were enrolled and randomly allocated into either group A (PAT removal, n = 90) or group B (PAT retention, n = 91). The primary outcome measure was pain intensity on the lower back and lower extremity. The secondary outcome measures were functional outcome based on the Oswestry disability index (ODI) and walking distance, complications during the surgical procedure, and surgical outcomes.

Results:

Postoperative pain intensity on the lower back and lower extremity was greater in group A than in group B. Functional status on ODI and walking distance was also worse in group B than in group A (64.9% in group A and 66.2% in group B). The number of patients with aggravated pain intensity and deteriorated functional status in postoperative follow-up times was significantly greater in group A than in group B. There were no significant differences in surgical outcome and complications between the groups.

Conclusion:

Preserving epidural fat may be favorable in postoperative outcomes of posterior decompression surgery for LSS compared to removing epidural fat.
Stories of Dependency and Power: The Value of Live-In Elder Care in Israel
Authors: Regev-Messalem Shiri
Published: January 2020

This article offers a qualitative empirical examination of the ways in which Israeli family members of elderly persons evaluate live-in elder care and translate their evaluations into monetary value. The author explores the relationship between family members’ views of appropriate wages for live-in elder care providers and their perceptions of their own power relations with their parents’ caregivers. The findings demonstrate that family members who perceive such power to be held one-sidedly, either by themselves or by their caregivers, also argue that the state’s minimum wage is appropriate for the work of caregiving. The findings also establish that family members who recognize codependence in their relationships with caregivers believe that live-in caregivers should receive a wage much higher than the minimum. Exposing the convoluted relationship between perceptions of power and perceptions of value in live-in care shifts our understanding of the possible mechanisms that shape the low monetary value assigned to care work.
Diversity of Children’s Independent Mobility in Dhaka
Authors: Bhuyan Md Rashed , Zhang Ye
Published: January 2020

Children’s mobility environment is an ignored topic in discussions of sustainable urbanisation in the Global South. This study explores the independent mobility of children from ages 7 to 15 in Dhaka—reportedly the world’s densest urban conglomeration. Surveys and interviews of children ( n = 308) and their parents were conducted in eight schools in Dhaka, located in three strategically selected residential areas. Children’s independent mobility (CIM) was then analysed with reference to relevant themes across social profiles of children. The results depict the current state of CIM in Dhaka: 59 per cent of the children experienced a low degree of CIM from school to home. The degree of CIM varied noticeably across study areas, income groups, age and gender groups. The presence of cars in streets was identified as an important barrier for CIM by both children and parents. These results could inform policymakers, transportation planners and urban advocates focussing on creating an inclusive and child-friendly urban environment.
‘Feet in Both Places’: Affective Spaces of Circular Migration
Authors: Shivanand Swathi
Published: January 2020

This article studies the experience of being a circular migrant, of having ‘feet in two places’. It focusses on residents of two migrant settlements in Bengaluru who are originally from the Hyderabad–Karnataka region and work as construction labourers in the city. Through interviews with these migrant-residents, I explore the affective and material spatial realms of the desha, ooru (village) and the city that animate their lives. I study the desha as a place of familiarity created through the process of circular migration and a practice of inhabitation deployed to mitigate the uncertainty of this form of internal migration. By studying the ooru and the city through the frameworks of belonging and estrangement, I explore how these spaces work as affective and material resources for migrants despite their ambivalence towards them. Through these explorations, this article argues for a refiguration of the concept of circular migration as an interpretive device such that it can better capture the fluidities of contemporary mobilities.
Criminal Business Relationships Between Commodity Regions and Industrialized Countries: The Hard Road From Raw Material to New Technology
Authors: Böhm Maria Laura
Published: January 2020

Extractive industries often cause serious environmental harm, and even social harm, to the local populations of the commodity regions, especially in the Global South. The increasing demand and extraction of raw materials needed for the production of new technologies in the Global North is a specific case of this, which emphasizes asymmetrical global economic conditions. This article describes these harmful commodity relationships and presents the meaning behind the increase in the demand for and production of raw materials. The case of lithium is offered as an example of this development. Further, in the article, it is suggested that the lack of regulation and control promotes a series of deviant and criminal practices which can be systematically organized for criminological analysis. The harm caused by this industry, by its part, is presented as well, as well as a first categorization of its impact on the local population even in terms of human rights violations. Instead of a conclusion, an invitation to the study of these renewed forms of exploitation and victimization is made to criminologists, and especially, to criminologists from the particular regions that benefit from the development of new, innovative “clean” technologies.
OsFPFL4 is Involved in the Root and Flower Development by Affecting Auxin Levels and ROS Accumulation in Rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Guo Yaomin , Wu Qi , Xie Zizhao , Yu Bo , Zeng Rongfeng , Min Qian , Huang Junli
Published: January 2020

Background

FPF1 (flowering-promoting factor 1) is one of the important family involved in the genetic control of flowering time in plant. Until now, limited knowledge concerning FPF1 family in rice has been understood.

Results

As a homologue of AtFPF1, FPF1-like protein 4 of rice (OsFPFL4) is expressed in various tissues of plants. The functions of OsFPFL4 in rice were investigated by the reverse genetics approaches. Plants overexpressing OsFPFL4 have shorter primary root, more lateral roots and adventitious roots than wild type; however, RNA interference (RNAi) of OsFPFL4 significantly inhibits the growth of root system, and also delays the flowering time in rice. Interestingly, increased or repressed expression of OsFPFL4 leads to shrunken anthers and abnormal pollen grains. It is well recognized that auxin plays important roles in plant root and flower development, and the root elongation is also regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Here, our results show that rice plants overexpressing OsFPFL4 accumulate more auxin in the shoot and root, whereas RNAi lines have less auxin than wild type. As expected, the transcript levels of genes responsible for auxin biosynthesis and polar transport are altered in these OsFPFL4 transgenic plants. As to ROS, slightly higher ROS levels were detected in overexpression root and inflorescence than the counterparts of wild type; however, the ROS levels were significantly increased in the RNAi lines, due to increased expression of ROS-producers and reduced expression of ROS-scavengers.

Conclusion

Our results reveal that OsFPFL4 is involved in modulating the root and flower development by affecting auxin and ROS homeostasis in rice plants. OsFPFL4 controls auxin accumulation via affecting auxin biosynthesis and transport, and also modulates ROS homeostasis by balancing ROS producing and scavenging. Thus, auxin-mediated ROS production might play a role in regulating redox status, which controls plant root and flower development.
Case report: meningitis as a presenting feature of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Authors: Stavrou Maria , Yeo Jing Ming , Slater Alexander David , Koch Oliver , Irani Sarosh , Foley Peter
Published: January 2020

Background

Meningitis is a very rare atypical presenting feature of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. In our case report, we describe an unusual clinical presentation of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with a biphasic pattern of meningitis followed by encephalitis and discuss potential mechanisms underlying this presentation. We aim to widen the differential diagnosis to be considered in a patient presenting with clinical meningitis and pyrexia.

Case presentation

This is a case of a 33-year old Caucasian woman who initially presented with a lymphocytic meningitis attributed to a viral infection. She subsequently developed fluctuating consciousness, agitation, visual hallucinations, dyskinetic movements, a generalized tonic-clonic seizure, and autonomic instability. Investigations revealed a diagnosis of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis secondary to a previously unidentified ovarian teratoma. She made an excellent recovery with immunotherapy and removal of the teratoma.

Conclusion

Clinicians should consider autoimmune encephalitides in individuals with meningitis, particularly where extensive investigations fail to identify a causative pathogen and there is rapid development of an encephalitic phenotype.
Early diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin levels for catheter-related blood stream infection in first-ever acute ischemic stroke patients
Authors: Xu Yicheng , Chen Ruiwei , Qin Wei , Wang Peifu , Li Peiyao , Hu Wenli , Du Jichen
Published: January 2020

Objective

The traditional approaches for diagnosing catheter-related bloodstream infection(CRBSI) is time consuming, which could not meet the clinical requirement. Our aim was to investigate the value of serum procalcitonin(PCT) in predicting CRBSI in first-ever acute ischemic stroke patients with central venous catheters (CVCs).

Methods

This was a retrospective study. First-ever acute ischemic stroke patients hospitalized in neurological intensive care unit(NICU) of Aerospace Center Hospital and NICU of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital during January 2010 and December 2017 with clinically suspected CRBSI were enrolled. Peripheral blood white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophils percentage(NE%), the levels of serum PCT, dwell time of catheterization and outcome of the patients were collected. According to the diagnosis of CRBSI or not, they were divided into CRBSI group and no CRBSI group. We used receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) to evaluate the value of serum PCT levels in predicting CRBSI in patients with clinically suspected CRBSI.

Results

Forty-five patients with suspected CRBSI were included in this study, and 13 patients were diagnosed with CRBSI. Comparing to those in no CRBSI group, the maximum body temperature (Tmax) (p = 0.036) and the PCT levels (P = 0.013) in CRBSI group were both significantly higher. The area under ROC of the serum PCT levels and the Tmax to predict the CRBSI were 0.803 (0.95CI,0.660–0.946) and 0.680 (0.95CI,0.529–0.832) respectively. The PCT cut-off value was 0.780 ng/ml, with the sensitivity 69.23%, specificity 87.50%, positive predictive values 69.23% and negative predictive values 87.50%.

Conclusion

It could be helpful to adopt PCT as a rapid diagnostic biomarker for first-ever acute stroke patients with suspected CRBSI.
Structural basis of polyethylene glycol recognition by antibody
Authors: Lee Cheng-Chung , Su Yu-Cheng , Ko Tzu-Ping , Lin Li-Ling , Yang Chih-Ya , Chang Stanley Shi-Chung , Roffler Steve R. , Wang Andrew H.-J.
Published: January 2020

Background

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is widely used in industry and medicine. Anti-PEG antibodies have been developed for characterizing PEGylated drugs and other applications. However, the underlying mechanism for specific PEG binding has not been elucidated.

Methods

The Fab of two cognate anti-PEG antibodies 3.3 and 2B5 were each crystallized in complex with PEG, and their structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. The PEG-Fab interactions in these two crystals were analyzed and compared with those in a PEG-containing crystal of an unrelated anti-hemagglutinin 32D6-Fab. The PEG-binding stoichiometry was examined by using analytical ultracentrifuge (AUC).

Results

A common PEG-binding mode to 3.3 and 2B5 is seen with an S-shaped core PEG fragment bound to two dyad-related Fab molecules. A nearby satellite binding site may accommodate parts of a longer PEG molecule. The core PEG fragment mainly interacts with the heavy-chain residues D31, W33, L102, Y103 and Y104, making extensive contacts with the aromatic side chains. At the center of each half-circle of the S-shaped PEG, a water molecule makes alternating hydrogen bonds to the ether oxygen atoms, in a similar configuration to that of a crown ether-bound lysine. Each satellite fragment is clamped between two arginine residues, R52 from the heavy chain and R29 from the light chain, and also interacts with several aromatic side chains. In contrast, the non-specifically bound PEG fragments in the 32D6-Fab crystal are located in the elbow region or at lattice contacts. The AUC data suggest that 3.3-Fab exists as a monomer in PEG-free solution but forms a dimer in the presence of PEG-550-MME, which is about the size of the S-shaped core PEG fragment.

Conclusions

The differing amino acids in 3.3 and 2B5 are not involved in PEG binding but engaged in dimer formation. In particular, the light-chain residue K53 of 2B5-Fab makes significant contacts with the other Fab in a dimer, whereas the corresponding N53 of 3.3-Fab does not. This difference in the protein-protein interaction between two Fab molecules in a dimer may explain the temperature dependence of 2B5 in PEG binding, as well as its inhibition by crown ether.
Porcine versus bovine surfactant therapy for RDS in preterm neonates: pragmatic meta-analysis and review of physiopathological plausibility of the effects on extra-pulmonary outcomes
Authors: Foligno Silvia , De Luca Daniele
Published: January 2020

Background

While porcine seems to be superior to bovine surfactants in terms of respiratory outcomes, it is unclear if a surfactant can improve extra-pulmonary outcomes in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome and if there is any physiopathological/biological mechanism linking surfactant therapy to these outcomes. We aim to fill these knowledge gaps.

Methods

Systematic and pragmatic review coupled with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of bovine or porcine surfactants administered to treat RDS in preterm neonates; common extra-pulmonary neonatal intensive care outcomes were considered. As additional analysis, animal or human translational studies about mechanisms linking surfactant replacement to extra-pulmonary neonatal outcomes were also systematically reviewed.

Results

Porcine surfactant is associated with lower incidence of patentductus arteriosus(OR:0.655; 95%CI:0.460–0.931);p = 0.018; 12 trials; 1472 patients); prenatal steroids (coeff.:-0.009, 95%CI:-0.03–0.009,p = 0.323) and gestational age (coeff.:0.079, 95%CI:-0.18–0.34,p = 0.554) did not influence this effect size. No significant differences were found between porcine and bovine surfactants on neonatal intensive care unit length of stay (mean difference (days):-2.977; 95%CI:-6.659–0.705;p = 0.113; 8 trials; 855 patients), intra-ventricular hemorrhage of any grade (OR:0.860; 95%CI:0.648–1.139);p = 0.293; 15 trials; 1703 patients), severe intra-ventricular hemorrhage (OR:0.852; 95%CI:0.624–1.163);p = 0.313; 15 trials; 1672 patients), necrotizing entero-colitis (OR:1.190; 95%CI:0.785–1.803);p = 0.412; 9 trials; 1097 patients) and retinopathy of prematurity (OR:0.801; 95%CI:0.480–1.337);p = 0.396; 10 trials; 962 patients).

Conclusions

Physiopathological mechanisms explaining the effect of surfactant have been found for patentductus arteriosusonly, while they are lacking for all other endpoints. Porcine surfactant is associated with lower incidence of PDA than bovine surfactants. As there are no differences in terms of other extra-pulmonary outcomes and no physiopathological plausibility, these endpoints should not be used in future trials.

Registration

PROSPERO n.CRD42018100906.
Factors associated with quality of life of adult patients with acute leukemia and their family caregivers in China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Wang Chunfeng , Yan Jie , Chen Jingyi , Wang Ying , Lin Ying Chun , Hu Rong , Wu Yong
Published: January 2020

Background

Acute leukemia (AL) not only impairs the quality of life (QOL) of patients, but also affects that of their family caregivers (FCs). Studies on QOL of AL patients and their FCs are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the QOL of AL patients and their FCs, and to explore the factors associated with QOL of patients and of FCs.

Methods

A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted. The QOL of 196 patient–FC dyads was assessed. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Leukemia (FACT-Leu) was used for patients, and the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used for FCs. Independent-samples t-tests or one-way analysis of variance were used to compare QOL subscale scores between groups with different sociodemographic/clinical characteristics. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors associated with QOL of AL patients and their FCs.

Results

The total FACT-Leu score for AL patients was 76.80 ± 16.44, and the physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores for FCs were 64.67 ± 15.44 and 52.50 ± 13.49, respectively. All QOL subscales for patients (t = 12.96–34.73,p < 0.001) and FCs (t = 2.55–14.36,p < 0.05), except role emotional (t = − 0.01,p = 0.993), were lower than those reported in previous studies. Sex, employment, and chemotherapy were significantly associated with total FACT-Leu score in AL patients (p < 0.05). Age, sex, marital status, education, employment, and relationship to patients were significantly associated with SF-36 PCS or MCS (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

AL patients and their FCs both have lower QOL than the population in previous studies. These findings suggest that not only AL patients’ physical and mental health but also overall family QOL should be assessed. Interventions supporting patient–FC dyads should be developed to improve their QOL.