bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Employment
Authors: McNay Kirsty , Unni ℱeemol , Cassen Robert
Published: October 2023

The task of ensuring employment for the labour force has been a persistent concern throughout India’s post-independence development. Demographic trends contribute to the difficulty of the task. Between 1971 and 2001 the 15–59 working-age population grew faster than the population as a whole, and comprised 602 million people in 2001, more than double its size in 1971. Whereas the growth rate of the total population has already started to slow, the working–age population will reach its peak growth rate only during 2001–6. It will continue to grow faster than total population to 2026, when it will be about 1.5 times as large as in 2001, comprising 925 million people. At the same time, despite economic growth and optimism from pro-reform analysts about the employment implications of liberalization, the economy’s ability to provide employment during the 1990s has in many ways proved disappointing. According to the NSS, the number of people counted as unemployed on the ‘current daily status’ (CDS) basis increased from 20 million in 1993–4 to nearly 27 million in 1999–2000. In addition, there is evidence that the quality of available work has deteriorated.
The Economy—Past and Future
Authors: Acharya Shankar , Cassen Robert , McNay Kirsty
Published: October 2023

India’s economy grew at about 6 per cent a year over the decade up to 2001—an increase in performance over previous decades. This chapter examines the prospects for continued rapid growth in the Indian economy in the medium term. It also considers growth at the state level, and the record in social expenditure. The economic literature is replete with analyses of the causes of growth— most of which have been shown to be false or at best only partially true. For a long time the prime candidate was physical capital: countries had mainly to achieve an adequate level of investment and then they would ‘take off’ into sustained growth (Lewis 1954; Rostow 1960). Clearly investment is an important ingredient of growth. Countries need infrastructure, and labour has to work with equipment to become more productive. But research has shown that countries can invest without growing very much, and grow without investing very much, at least for considerable periods. As early as the 1950s, Robert Solow had shown that long-run growth could not be determined by investment: if labour were in fixed supply, there must eventually be diminishing returns to increasing the amount of capital. Then only technological change could maintain or increase the rate of growth (Solow 1957).
Czech Republic
Authors: Jílek Dalibor , Hofmann* D Mahulena
Published: October 2023

The year 1989 was not the beginning of the history of the Czechoslovak state. The totalitarian state which governed from 1948 collapsed during the chilly days of the Velvet Revolution. Legislative space was opened for a major metamorphosis of domestic law.3 Human rights and the rule of law became the turning point for the process of the transformation of law. Human rights suddenly ceased to be subject to the strong impact of political and ideological indoctrination and were now intended to become the quintessence of legal existence for an individual.
France
Authors: Dupre* Catherine
Published: October 2023

The impact of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR, or the Convention) on French law has been slowly increasing since its ratification by the French government, but it has only become particularly significant over the last ten or fifteen years. France ratified the Convention in 1974, that is twenty-four years after signing it, and accepted the right of individual petition under Article 25 only in 1981.
Feminism and Histroy of Philosophy
Authors: Lloyd Genevieve
Published: October 2023

This new collection of essays highlights the positive contributions that feminism can make to the history of philosophy. Drawn together within a chronological framework, pieces by leading feminist critics, such as Luce Irigaray and Martha Nussbaum, reveal the fresh perspectives that feminism can offer to the discussion of past philosophers, such as Plato, Spinoza, and Nietzsche. Rather than defining itself through opposition to a 'male' philosophical tradition, feminist philosophy emerges not only as an exciting new contribution to the history of philosophy, but also as a source of cultural self-understanding in the present.
Feminism and Aristotle’s Rational Ideal
Authors: Homiak* Marcia L
Published: October 2023

Several years ago, as part of a meeting of the Society for Women in Philosophy, I was asked, along with two other feminist philosophers working on canonical male figures in the history of philosophy, to participate in a panel entitled ‘What’s a Nice Girl like Me Doing in a Place like Thisf The title reflected the organizers’ view that there was something politically suspect about feminists working on established male figures-and something particularly suspect in this case, where the three philosophers in question (Aristotle, Hobbes, and Kant) were well-known for their benighted views on women.1 How could we reconcile our commitment to feminism with a scholarly life devoted to the study of philosophers who explicitly describe women as inferior to men, as unfit for the best life available to human beings, as incapable of being full moral agents?
Transforming Infrastructure in Eastern Europe
Authors: Kennedy David , Stern Nick
Published: October 2023

One of the basic requirements of a properly functioning market economy is a modern, efficient, and user-oriented infrastructure. The infrastructure in eastern Europe inherited from the communist era was poorly suited to a market economy in terms of both physical and organizational makeup. This resulted from the special priorities of the old regime: a focus on heavy goods production; little concern for the consumer; excessive specialization across regions for purposes of political control; limited concern from economic costs; indifference towards the environment. Because of the importance of infrastructure in any economy, and also the heritage in the communist economies, infrastructure restructuring is a major challenge in the economic reform drive of central and eastern European countries.
Impersonal Mechanisms and Personal Networks in the Distribution of Grants
Authors: Reed Steven R
Published: October 2023

Why should democratizing and developing nations study Japan? First and foremost, Japan is the single most successful case of the ‘copying’ of Western models (Cole 1980; Rohlen 1992; Westney 1982, 1987). My reading of the literature leads me to the conclusion that the basic lesson to be learned from the Japanese experience is that success is based less on the original copying than on the effective adaptation of Western models to local realities that follows. Although the ideals of the free market, democracy, and rational bureaucracies may indeed be worthy of emulation, the Japanese model clearly indicates that a country can deviate from these ideals in systematic ways and still develop into a modern, market-based, industrial democracy. Free markets, unfettered by government intervention, democratic systems that accurately reflect the will of the people, and purely rational Weberian bureaucracies are Western ideals that the Western countries themselves do not entirely fulfil. Industrial democracies display a great range of variation along these dimensions, demonstrating that industrialization and democratization can be accomplished in many different ways.
Preventing Social Exclusion: Education’s Contribution
Authors: Sparkes Jo , Glennerster Howard
Published: October 2023

Several strands of CASE’s work have reinforced the conclusion that educational failure is strongly associated with the process of social exclusion (see for instance, John Hobcraft’s chapter in this volume, and Hobcraft 2000). Moreover, there is growing evidence that this is more than an association. The relationship is causal and can be reversed. But it is a long and difficult process to do so. And we still know too little about what works and what does not. Particularly disturbing is some evidence that the reforms of the 1990s in the UK did indeed boost the performance of average and above-average children and schools but did not work for the most deprived. More recent evidence is more encouraging. We are beginning to raise the achievements of the lowest performing schools and pupils in primary schools.
Open-Eye Visualizations
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

While all the effects of Ayahuasca are extraordinary and all may leave a deep mark on those that experience them, in many respects the visual effects are the most salient. This, Jet me emphasize, by no means implies that a session in which a drinker has not experienced such effects cannot be a meaningful and/or powerful one. Yet, I would say that the primary language in which Ayahuasca expresses itself is the visual one. Undoubtedly, of all the effects of this brew, the visualizations are those that exhibit the richest phenomenology and they are also those that most readily lend themselves to phenomenological description and analysis. This is also reflected in the literature: of all effects in question, the visual ones are those that have been mostly reported on and discussed.
Interaction and Narration
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

Prepare your inner thoughts to depict God and His highest angels. Depict them in your heart as if they were human beings sitting or standing around you. You are in their midst, like a messenger whom the King and His servants wish to send on a mission. You are ready to hear the words of the message.
The Contents of Visions
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

To those who are in intelligence, there appear gardens and paradises, full of trees and flowers of every kind; the trees there are planted in the most beautiful order, combined into arbors, through which are arched entrances, and around which are walks, all of such beauty that they cannot be described.
Meaning and Semantics
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

As summarized at the end of the previous chapter, in our discussion of temporality, meaning featured centrally. Meaning is also associated with other facets of the Ayahuasca experience that we have discussed. At the very outset of the phenomenological survey presented in this book, the overall enhanced meaningfulness induced by Ayahuasca was highlighted. As noted in Ch. 4, the general ambience that Ayahuasca generates is that things are richly invested with meaning. Further more, the inebriation makes people feel that things, even the most banal, do not just happen to be: they are there because they are the manifestations of ultimate truths and essences. Similar observations are also common with LSD and mescaline (see Ludwig, 1966; Huxley, 1971; Watts, 1962; and Michaux, 1972).
Consciousness II
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

The prophets Isaiah and Ezekiel dined with me, and I asked them how they dared so roundly to assert that God spoke to them; and whether they did not think at the time that they would be misunderstood, and so be the cause of imposition. Isaiah answer’d: ‘I saw no God, nor heard any, in a finite organical perception; but my sense discoverd the infinite in everything, and as I was then persuaded and remained confirm’d, that the voice of honest indignation is the voice of God, I cared not for consequences, but wrote.’
Light
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

In practically all the accounts found in the anthropological literature, visualizations of light are described as characterizing the first stage of the Ayahuasca inebriation. This is, I think, a very misleading portrayal. While it is indeed true that typically the first visual effects of Ayahuasca generate internal stimuli of light and colour, it is by no means the case that light is confined to the beginnings of sessions or to the stages in which the force of the intoxication is at its weakest. Actually, quite the contrary is the case. Not infrequently, the most powerful moments in an Ayahuasca session involve light.
Stages and Order
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

I now turn from the structural phenomenological questions of the first order to those of the second order. Whereas the former deal with the characterization of the different types that may be defined in the phenomenology of the Ayahuasca experience, the latter deal with the relationships that may hold between tokens of these types.
Intellectual Property Rights, External Effects And Anti-Trust Law
Authors: Rahnasto Ilkka
Published: October 2023

The interplay between intellectual property protection and antitrust rules in the communications industry is examined in this timely book, with particular focus upon the role of externalities in that interplay. There is substantial discussion of the innovation process and of how companies leverage their intellectual property rights in order to obtain market leadership. Particular emphasis is also placed upon how legal doctrines have developed to cope with these issues, and related economic analysis is also discussed.
Immigration and the EU
Authors: Boeri Tito , Hanson Gordon , McCormick Barry
Published: October 2023

The UN estimates that 2.5 per cent of the world’s population—about 150 million people—live outside their country of nationality. The falling cost of information associated with both the rapid growth of third world urban populations and the expansion of the internet, appear likely to further enhance the world demand for overseas work. The net legal immigration rate for the EU, 1990–98, was 2.2 per 1000, compared with 3 for the US and almost nil for Japan. After peaking at over 1 million per year in the early 1990s, net migration to the EU declined over the past decade but is now rising again, and was over 700000 in 1999.
Individual Motivation, Its Nature, Determinants, And Consequences For Within–Group Behaviour
Authors: Alkire Sabina , Deneulin Sé Verine
Published: October 2023

Early in the history of modern physics objection was raised to use of the concept of force, on the double ground that it is never open to direct observation and that it is not objective but animistic or anthropomorphic. It was (and is) pointed out that we observe or measure only the effects of forces and contended that it would be simpler and more candid to talk only about effects, i.e., equations of motion … The place of motive in economic choice presents a closely parallel problem.
Group Behaviour and Development: A Comparison of Farmers’ Organizations in South Korea and Taiwan
Authors: Burmeister Larry , Ranis Gustav , Wang Michael
Published: October 2023

In response to prevailing agro-ecological and agrarian structural conditions, a variety of rural organizations has arisen throughout East Asia to link small producers to broad national development objectives. Farmers’ organizations (FOs) have been critical components of this organizational infrastructure, providing marketing, input supply, technical information, and credit services to farmer-members. In some countries, such FOs have played quite a significant role as institutional vehicles for promoting agricultural development, while in others they have been less effective (see Jones 1971; Lele 1981; Illy 1983). In this paper, we examine two FOs, the Farmers’ Association (FA) in Taiwan and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (NACF) in South Korea (hereafter Korea), in order to assess the extent to which such organizations permit us to understand better the role of group behaviour in affecting development outcomes.
Sex Workers in Calcutta and the Dynamics of Collective Action: Political Activism, Community Identity, and Group Behaviour
Authors: Gooptu Nandini
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines how vulnerable and marginalized sections of society come to form groups and engage in collective action, despite the fact that there is often little social cohesion or cooperation among them and they are weighed down by multiple forms of exploitation. The key questions posed in this chapter are:

Why and how is it possible to form an organization, and to forge a common identity, in the face of social constraints and internal fragmentation among members of the group?
Thinking about Attention in Games: Backward and Forward Induction
Authors: Johnson Colin F Camerer ,Eric J
Published: October 2023

The crucial leap in behavioral economics is taking the details of thinking seriously, rather than settling for the conventional apology that models are only “as if”representations of the output of a neural “black box.”Thinking seriously about cognitive detail, and formalizing those ideas, has become more fashionable in economics recently. Models of intertemporal choice seek to understand precisely how people think about the future (see Frederick, Loewenstein, and O”Donoghue 2002). Theories of social preference formalize how people feel about allocations of payoffs to themselves and others (Fehr and Gachter 2000; Camerer 2003: ch. 2). Another major innovation in economics is the observation that people think differently about gains and losses, which implies that the way outcomes are described or “framed”can affect which choices are made (Tversk:y and Kahneman 1991; Rabin 2000).
Mood Regulation and Decision-making: Is Irrational Exuberance Really a Problem?
Authors: Erber Ralph , Erber Maureen Wang , Poe Jennifer
Published: October 2023

As much as we would like to think that our decision, particularly those of some importance, are purely based on rational choice and solely influenced by cold, hard cognition, the truth is that affect and decision-making are inextricably linked in a variety of ways (Schwarz 2000). Most decisions have affective consequences determined by their outcomes. Desired outcomes generally elicit feelings of satisfaction and happiness; undesired outcomes are often accompanied by disappointment and occasionally lead to feelings of regret (e.g. McConnell et al. 2000). Some decision tasks are inherently enjoyable (choosing from the menu of one”s favorite restaurant) whereas others may be accompanied by negative affect such as fear (deciding on an appropriate medical procedure). In many cases, people may anticipate how they will feel about the outcome of a decision and use the corresponding predictions for their choice (e.g. Mellers, Schwartz, and Ritov 1997). And of course, people”s decisions may often be influenced by the transient moods and emotions they experience at the time they make a decision. The extent to which people may be able to divorce their affect from their cognitions when making decisions is the focus of this chapter.
Semiparametric Frequency Domain Analysis of Fractional Cointegration
Authors: Robinson P M , Marinucci D
Published: October 2023

Cointegration analysis has developed as a major theme of time series econometrics since the article of Engle and Granger (1987), much applied interest prompting considerable methodological and theoretical development during the past decade. Numerous empirical studies have investigated the possibility of cointegration in areas of economics in which a long-run relationship can be conjectured between nonstationary variables, including stock prices and dividends, consumption and income, wages and prices, short- and long-run interest rates, monetary aggregates and nominal GNP, exchange rates and prices, GNP and public debt, and many others.
Rampage, or Science in Poetry
Authors: Holub Miroslav
Published: October 2023

When asked what is the difference between a poet and a scientist-poet, I usually reply that for the scientist-poet ten minutes is exactly ten minutes. This definition comes, of course, from long experience with poetry readings by thoroughbred poets, and from scientific workshops where the chairperson would turn of the microphone after the allotted ten minutes even if you were just presenting a new Theory of Everything. But my ten minutes denfinition also has a broader meaning. In science one very soon makes an important personal developmental step: self-restraint. One learns that the individual is unique more because of his molecular structures, like the major histocompatibility complex, than because of his psyche, so deeply affected and shaped by social atmosphere, culture, market-place, friends, foes, and editors. One learns too that revelations are the function of hard everyday work and discipline; that tuition comes in most cases before intuition and that intuition is a very plastic word.
Astronomy and Poetry
Authors: Burnell Jocelyn Bell
Published: October 2023

In spite of a good education I came to appreciate music late in life, and to appreciate poetry even later. The turning point can be idenitified: I had done a talk on astronomy for a group of women, showing slides, explaining the size and scale of the universe, and how long it took light to travel the huge distances. Afterwards, Jennifer, a friend in the audience, gave me a copy of Elizabeth Jennings’s poem ‘Delay’, and its power and its appropriateness immediately hit me. I have given many talks on astronomy to lay audiences; I believe I make the subject accessible, explain things clearly, and hold the audience’s interest. In such talks it is easy to play the wow, gee-whiz element of astronomy, it is easy to raise the hairs on the back of the neck talking about our place in the universe and the origin and future evolution of the universe. And there are photos of many wonderfully beautiful galaxies, nebulae, and groups of stars to give visual impact.
Thomas More
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Humanist and martyr, Thomas More (c.1477–1535), Lord Chancellor of England, stands as a towering Wgure in early modern Catholicism. He wrote polemical works, Latin poetry, the brilliantly satirical Utopia, and deep spiritual works composed in the Tower (see Consolations, instructions and devotions). More defended Erasmus’s biblical scholarship and vernacular translation of the Bible. He suppressed Protestant writing and executed Protestants for heresy. Opposing King Henry VIII’s divorce, remarriage, and break with Rome, he suVered imprisonment and public execution (see lives and deaths).
Edmund Campion
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Silver-tongued Oxford scholar, Edmund Campion (1540–81) left his university and Church of England deaconate for Ireland and the Catholic faith. He went to the seminary at Douai and then to Rome to enter the Society of Jesus in 1573. After teaching at Prague and writing Latin dramas, he returned home for the English Mission, the attempt to support oppressed Catholics and reclaim the country to the faith. Campion wrote Rationes decem (1581), ‘Ten Reasons’ to accept Roman Catholicism over Protestantism. He suVered capture, torture, and eventually execution at Tyburn in 1581 (see lives and deaths; Fig. 8).
William Allen
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Cardinal William Allen (1532–94), helped found the English Colleges at Douai, Rome, and Valladolid and emerged as a leader of English Catholics during Elizabeth’s reign. In A True, Sincere, and Modest Defence of English Catholics (1584) Allen argues that the English torture and murder Catholics for religious not political reasons; he describes the Catholic plight in vivid detail, including the use of ‘bloody questions’ designed to trap defendants into declaring loyalty to the pope or the crown. Outraged by the continued oppression of Catholics, Allen later joined Robert Persons to plot Elizabeth’s overthrow and the invasion of the Spanish Armada in 1588. He wrote An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England (1588), which appeared, condensed, as a broadside, A Declaration of the Sentence and Deposition of Elizabeth (1588), to be distributed after the Spanish victory. Here Allen recapitulates the case against Elizabeth, reviews the suVering of English Catholics, and outlines some chilling procedures for the country’s reconversion. This resort to force, seasoned with the promise of a plenary indulgence for actions that almost everyone regarded as treasonous, conWrmed Protestant fears and drew condemnation from both sides of the aisle. William Watson (1559?–1603), for example, a seminary priest who spent much time in and out of prison, strongly protested his loyalty and viliWed Allen and Persons in A Decacordon of Ten Quodlibetical Questions (1602). Though Allen persuasively criticized government policy and championed Catholic rights, he seriously underestimated Catholic popular loyalty to the government and country.

100. material pertinent.
William Weston
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

‘If I spoke with the tongue of Father Campion ‘, declared a popular saying recorded in a Valladolid archive, ‘and wrote with the pen of Father Persons, and led the austere life of Father Weston, and yet had not charity, it would avail me nothing ‘ (P. Caraman, ed., Autobiography from the Jesuit Underground, 1955: p. xvi). Called to the English Mission from Seville, the Jesuit William Weston (1550–1615) sold the horse he was given for the journey, donated the money to the poor, and walked to Paris. In 1584 he began his extraordinary activities of the next two decades, converting souls, ministering the sacraments, and enduring long periods of imprisonment.
William Alabaster
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Educated at Cambridge University, William Alabaster (1567–1640) started life as a literate anti-Catholic. His Elisaeis, a Latin panegyric to Queen Elizabeth, modelled on the Aeneid, features Satan persuading the pope to promote the Catholic cause in England. In 1597, however, Alabaster converted to Catholicism through the oYces of a Catholic priest, Thomas Wright, and the reading of William Rainoldes’s defence of the Rheims New Testament, A Refutation of Sundry Apprehensions (1583), as he recalls in a memoir. Subsequently, Alabaster gave evidence against pro-Spanish Catholics abroad, revolted from the Catholic faith, recanted, and wavered back and forth several times before his death. As a new Catholic in 1597–8, Alabaster prepared himself for martyrdom and wrote religious verse in what was to become the new metaphysical style of Donne and his followers.
Robert, Prior of Shrewsbury
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Hagiography, or the writing of saints ‘ lives, constitutes a popular form of early modern instruction and devotion. Compiled in the twelfth century by Robert of Shrewsbury, The Life of St Winifred tells the story of the seventh-century patroness of Wales, beheaded for refusing the advances of the pagan Prince Cradocus. Winifred miraculously regains her life (and her head) through the intercession of her uncle, St Beuno. A sacred fountain springs up at the place of the miracle. Winifred devotes the rest of her days to prayer, contemplation, and good works.
Thomas a` Kempis
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Thomas a` Kempis (1380–1471) joined the Devotio moderna (new devotion) movement, which created radical Christian communities of poverty, chastity, and obedience. After ordination in 1413, Thomas spent most of his life as a monk at Mount St Agnes, where he wrote some three dozen religious works. Of these The Imitation of Christ (composed 1420–7) stands as the most widely read devotional work ever written (excepting the Bible), admired by Thomas More, Ignatius of Loyola, John Wesley, Thomas Merton, and many others. It achieved several early translations from Latin to English, including that of William Atkinson and Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII (1504), and that of Richard Whitford (1530, excerpted below), remarkable for its freshness and easy grace.
William Byrd
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

A devout Catholic his whole life, William Byrd (1543–1623) was the most accomplished and proliWc musician of his time. Writing for the Church of England and for Catholic services, he revolutionized the use of keyboard, popularized the madrigal, and excelled in Latin sacred music. Byrd wrote Cantiones Sacrae (1575), Psalms, Sonnets, & Songs of Sadness & Piety (1588), contributed to The Fitzwilliam Virginal Book (1612–19), and composed motets as well as voice and consort music.
Henry Hawkins
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Born Catholic in Kent, Henry Hawkins (1577?–1646) joined the Society of Jesus in 1615, suVered imprisonment and exile, and returned to labour pastorally in London for about twenty-Wve years. He translated religious works, saints ‘ lives, the Jesuit emblem book, Le Cœur Devot, and published Partheneia Sacra (1633). Partheneia Sacra is an extraordinary fusion of emblem book and devotional manual, organized by the controlling metaphor of Mary as Hortus Conclusus, ‘enclosed garden ‘ (Cant. 4: 12). Its twenty-four chapters expatiate on related Marian attributes and symbols, the rose, lily, bee, star, and nightingale, for example.
Finance Theory And Asset Pricing
Authors: Milne Frank
Published: October 2023

Finance Theory and Asset Pricing provides a concise guide to financial asset pricing theory for economists. Assuming a basic knowledge of graduate microeconomic theory, it explores the fundamental ideas that underlie competitive financial asset pricing models with symmetric information. Using finite dimensional techniques, this book avoids sophisticated mathematics and exploits economic theory to clarify the essential structure of recent research in asset pricing. In particular, it explores arbitrage pricing models with and without diversification, Martingale pricing methods and representative agent pricing models; discusses these ideas in two-date and multi-date models; and provides a range of examples from the literature. This second edition includes a new section dealing with more advanced multi-period models. In particular it considers discrete factor structure models that mimic recent continuous time models of interest rates, money, and nominal rates and exchange rates. Additional sections sketch extensions to real options and transaction costs.
Gender and the Labour Market among Immigrants in Some Italian Areas: The Case of Moroccans, Former Yugoslavians, and Poles
Authors: Strozza Salvatore , Gallo Gerardo , Grillo Francesca
Published: October 2023

In recent years, interest in female migration (United Nations 1994, 1995) and in its economic consequences (Makinwa and Afolayan 1995; Vicarelli 1992, 1994b) has increased. This is a new issue, since traditional research on international migrations focused only on male migration (Schoeni 1998; Tapinos 1995), due to lack of data (Lim 1995; Lodigiani 1994; UN Secretariat 1995; Vicarelli 1992; Zlotnick 1995) and because it was assumed that women migrated mainly for family reunification reasons, and it was thought that female migration would not affect economies. Foreign women were not considered as part of the economic system in receiving countries, due to the limited number of immigrant women and the fewer possibilities for their participation in the regular labour market (UN Secretariat 1995).
Fifteenth-Century English Dream Visions
Authors: Boffey Julia
Published: October 2023

This anthology provides new editions of five fifteenth-century English poems framed as dreams, and demonstrates the energy with which this influential medieval form was explored by post-Chaucerian writers. Lydgate’s Temple of Glass, a complex love vision, generates a counsel of a wide-ranging kind; The Kingis Quair of James I of Scotland and Love’s Renewal from the English poems of Charles of Orleans manipulate autobiographical detail to philosophical and political ends; the anonymous Assembly of Ladies foregrounds women’s voices; finally, Skelton’s Bowge of Court adapts the love vision to the purposes of a satire on court life. The editions are in lightly modernized spelling and accompanied by glosses, explanatory notes, and textual commentary. Each text has its own introduction and recommendations for further reading, and a general introduction discusses the significance of the dream form, its importance for Middle English writers, and the extraordinary variety of directions in which it was developed by fifteenth-century poets.
Toward Gender Justice
Authors: Stoltenberg John
Published: October 2023

I want to begin by describing certain features of the patriarchal society in which we live, certain features I will call the heterosexual model. In this model, men are the arbiters of human identity. From the time they are boys, men are programmed by the culture to refer exclusively to other men for validation of their self-worth. A man’s comfort and well-being are contingent upon the labor and nurture of women, but his identity—his ‘knowledge of who he is’ —can only be conferred and confirmed by other men.
Holy Virility: The Social Construction of Masculinity
Authors: Reynaud Emmanuel
Published: October 2023

Old ideas die hard; in spite of our increasingly precise understanding of the mechanisms of oppression, the division of humanity into men and women is still generally presented as natural. The fact that throughout history ‘nature’ has always been invoked to justify the power of one group over another has not, for most people, cast any doubt over the validity of the division of humankind into sexes. People who assert that the mother’s presence is essential to a child’s development during the first eighteen months, or that childbearing is woman’s greatest fulfillment, are disguising what is cultural by claiming that it is natural. The same attitude is found in people who argue that it was natural for black people to be slaves on the cotton plantations as the pigmentation of their skin protected them from the sun’s rays. When physical characteristics like black people’s skin pigmentation or women’s aptitude for pregnancy are used as arguments to subject the former to cultivating cotton and the latter to rearing children, then it is no longer a question of nature but, quite simply, of oppression.
Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity
Authors: Carrigan Tim , Connell Bob , Lee John
Published: October 2023

In the forty pages that precede the excerpt included here, the authors provide a close, thoughtful, and provocative analysis of ‘the upheaval in sexual politics of the last twenty years [that] has mainly been discussed as a change in the social position of women’. Examining the impact of the Women’s Liberation Movement, the Men’s Liberation Movement, and Gay Liberation politics, the authors call into question the conventional understanding of what it is to be a man’ by interrogating the assumptions and assertions of these varied perspectives.
Racial Warriors and Weekend Warriors:The Construction of Masculinity in Mythopoetic and White Supremacist Discourse
Authors: Ferber Abby L
Published: October 2023

In both academic and mainstream circles, the idea that masculinity, especially white masculinity, is in crisis is widespread. […] Because men benefit most from traditional definitions and proscriptions of gender, they are less likely to initiate change. Instead, women’s inroads into the workplace, increased political and economic autonomy, and questioning of male domination have historically been perceived as threats to male privilege. Since the 1960s and the second wave of the women’s movement, many males have responded with fear, anger, and feelings of loss. […] Many white males feel under attack by movements for both gender and racial equality.
Vernacular Bodies
Authors: Fissell Mary E
Published: October 2023

Making babies was a mysterious process in early modern England. Mary Fissell employs a wealth of popular sources - ballads, jokes, witchcraft pamphlets, prayerbooks, popular medical manuals - to produce the first account of women's reproductive bodies in early-modern cheap print. Since little was certain about the mysteries of reproduction, the topic lent itself to a rich array of theories. The insides of women's reproductive bodies provided a kind of open interpretive space, a place where many different models of reproductive processes might be plausible. These models were profoundly shaped by cultural concerns; they afforded many ways to discuss and make sense of social, political, and economic changes such as the Protestant Reformation and the Civil War. They gave ordinary people ways of thinking about the changing relations between men and women that characterized these larger social shifts. Fissell offers a new way to think about the history of the body by focusing on women's bodies, showing how ideas about conception, pregnancy, and childbirth were also ways of talking about gender relations and thus all relations of power. Where other histories of the body have focused on learned texts and male bodies, Vernacular Bodies looks at the small books and pamphlets that ordinary people read and listened to - and provides new ways to understand how such people experienced political conflicts and social change.
The Womb Goes Bad
Authors: Fissell Mary E
Published: October 2023

Early in the seventeenth century, vernacular ideas about the uterus changed dramatically. Once the womb had been a wonderful body part, capable of transforming male and female seed into a new being, and marvellous in its ability to grow from the size of a walnut into a vessel containing a full-term baby.
The Law Of Marine Insurance
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

The law of marine insurance constitutes a major branch of the law of international trade and shipping law which is of considerable international importance. This new edition gives a clear, updated account of English marine insurance law, combining detailed analysis of modern statute and case law with a clear comprehension of practice and commerce in the shipping world. The discussion embraces not only the constantly evolving case law, but also standard forms and clauses (including the 2003 International Hull Clauses), and the rules of mutual insurance associations. Coverage includes all relevant areas of general insurance contract law as well as all issues of specifically marine insurance law. The entire text of the second edition has been considered afresh and includes significant new or additional material in particular relating to: historical background, insurable interest, policy formation, the doctrine of utmost good faith, premiums, policy interpretation, excluded losses, third party rights, losses, claims, aversion and minimisation of loss, insurers’ contribution rights, and composite policies. Presenting a revised structure with the practitioner in mind, this new edition includes a new chapter on interpretation and rectification of insurance contracts.
The Human Right to Water
Authors: Mccaffrey Stephen C
Published: October 2023

No one disputes that humans should have a right to water of sufficient quantity and quality to sustain life. Oddly, however, there is no explicit recognition of such a right in the basic human rights instruments. Pressure on the world ‘s freshwater resources continues to grow and governments are increasingly forced to find ways to increase the efficiency of water supply systems. These phenomena have led to an increasing recognition of a human right to water, most recently by the UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. But the precise contours of the right, and of the corresponding obligations of governments, are still coming into focus.1 This chapter will review the support for a human right to water and explore some of the issues the right raises with regard to current conditions.2
Transparency, Public Participation, and Amicus Curiae in Water Disputes
Authors: Mbengue Makane Moise , Tignino Mara
Published: October 2023

Public participation confers a new standing to the rights and duties of individuals in international law.1 It challenges established boundaries and concepts of law by cutting across distinctions and dichotomies, such as national versus in ternational law, private versus public law, and private versus public interests.2 Public participation itself reflects the increased concern of international law with issues once thought to be part of a state ‘s domaine reserve, such as public participation, transparency, legal procedure, public administration, secrecy, and the very notion of democracy itself-that is, issues the regulation of which usually is considered to be one of the essential attributes of state sovereignty.
Health and Inequality, or, Why Justice is Good for Our Health
Authors: Daniels Norman , Kennedy Bruce , Awachi Ichiro K
Published: October 2023

We have known for over 150 years that an individual ‘s chances of life and death are patterned according to social class: the more affiuent and better educated people are, the longer and healthier their lives (Villerme 1840; cited in Link et al. 1998). These patterns persist even when there is universal access to health care—a finding quite surprising to those who think financial access to medical services is the primary determinant of health status. In fact, recent cross-national evidence suggests that the greater the degree of socio-economic inequality that exists within a society, the steeper the gradient of health inequality. As a result, middle-income groups in a more unequal society will have worse health than comparable or even poorer groups in a society with greater equality. Of course, we cannot infer causation from correlation, but there are plausible hypotheses about pathways which link social inequalities to health, and, even if more work remains to be done to clarify the exact mechanisms, it is not unreasonable to talk here about the social ‘determinants ‘ of health (Marmot 1999).
The Spirit of ’68
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: October 2023

In virtually all corners of the Western world, 1968 witnessed a highly unusual sequence of popular rebellions. In Italy, France, Spain, Vietnam, the United States, West Germany, Czechoslovakia, Mexico, and elsewhere, millions of individuals took matters into their own hands to counter imperialism, capitalism, autocracy, bureaucracy, and all forms of hierarchical thinking. Recent reinterpretations have sought to play down any real challenge to the socio-political status quo in these events, but Gerd-Rainer Horn's book offers a spirited counterblast. 1968, he argues, opened up the possibility that economic and political elites on both sides of the Iron Curtain could be toppled from their position of unnatural superiority to make way for a new society where everyday people could, for the first time, become masters of their own destiny. Furthermore, Horn contends, the moment of crisis and opportunity culminating in 1968 must be seen as part of a larger period of experimentation and revolt. The ten years between 1956 and 1966, characterised above all by the flourishing of iconoclastic cultural rebellions, can be regarded as a preparatory period which set the stage for the non-conformist cum political revolts of the subsequent 'red' decade (1966-1976). Horn's geographic centres of attention are Western Europe, including the first full examination of Mediterranean revolts, and North America. He placed particular emphasis on cultural nonconformity, the student movement, working class rebellions, the changing contours of the Left, and the meaning of participatory democracy. His book will make fascinating reading for anyone interested in this turbulent period and the fundamental changes that were wrought upon societies either side of the Atlantic.
The Two Irelands
Authors: Jackson Alvin
Published: October 2023

If the years between 1914 and 1945 were a ‘dark interlude’ for the Irish, then the quality of this occlusion differed from much of the rest of Europe. If the master narrative of European history embodies a story of continental prosperity and expansion, interrupted by the two world wars, then Ireland’s ‘stories’ for the period have been differently shaped. Historicist accounts of Ireland’s struggle for liberation from the British (by, for example, Mary Hayden) stretch from the twelfth century to a triumphant denouement with the nation’s independence in 1921, in the midst of the European eclipse. For those Irish historians writing in the relatively tranquil and prosperous conditions of the early and mid-1960s (such as J. C. Beckett), the constitutional arrangements of 1920– 2 (independence for the majority of the island, devolution within the United Kingdom for the largely Protestant and Unionist North-East) looked like the harbinger, not of a sectarian cataclysm, but rather of one of the most politically settled periods in the island’s history.
Creation, Migration, and Conquest
Authors: Michelet Fabienne L
Published: October 2023

Creation, Migration, and Conquest: Imaginary Geography and Sense of Space in Old English Literature explores the Anglo-Saxons' spatial imaginaire; tracing its political, literary, and intellectual backgrounds and analysing how this imaginaire shapes perceptions and representations of geographical space. The book elaborates new interpretative paradigms, drawing on the work of continental scholars and literary critics, and on complementing interdisciplinary scholarship of medieval imaginary spaces and their representations. It gathers evidence from both Old English verse and historico-geographical documents, and focuses on the juncture between traditional scientific learning and the symbolic values attributed to space and orientation. Combining close reading with an original theoretical model, Creation, Migration, and Conquest offers innovative interpretations of celebrated texts and highlights the links between place, identity, and collective identity.
Insolvency In Private International Law
Authors: Fletcher Ian F
Published: October 2023

This supplement to the second edition of Insolvency in Private International Law covers the key developments in case law and legislation in the subject up to October 2006, and is an essential purchase for all who have already bought the main work. It includes the full text of the Cross-Border Insolvency Regulations 2006, along with commentary on the regulations. The supplement also includes the text of Council Regulation 694/2006, amending EC Regulation 1346/2000 on insolvency proceedings, and references to key developments in case law, including Eurofood IFSC Ltd, Daisytek ISA, and Cambridge Gas Transport Corp v Official Committe of Unsecured Creditors of Navigator Holdings plc. The commentary on case developments links back to the relevant paragraph in the main work. The main work deals with the problems generated by those cases of insolvency (either of an individual or of a company) where the presence of contacts with more than one system of law brings into operation the principles and methods of private international law (also known as conflict of laws). Part I of the main work is mainly devoted to an examination of the body of rules and practice that has evolved in England during the course of the past two-and-a-half centuries, and surveys the current state of the law derived from a blend of statutory and case authorities. Contrasting approaches under a selection of foreign systems - principally Australia, Canada, France and the USA - are examined by way of comparison. There are up to date accounts of the circumstances under which insolvency proceedings can be opened in respect of debtors which are not primarily based in England, and of the grounds on which English courts will recognise foreign insolvency proceedings and give assistance to the foreign representative of the debtor's estate. Part II of the main work explores the progress towards the creation of international arrangements to co-ordinate and rationalise the conduct of insolvency proceedings which have cross-border features, particularly where the debtor is capable of being subjected to concurrent proceedings in two or more jurisdictions. Central to the developments described in detail in this Part are the EC Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings, in force throughout the UK since May 2002, and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, which was due for enactment in the UK. The main work of the second edition and the supplement are also available as a set (ISBN 9780199214952: £160)