bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dyrenes betydning i religion og filosofi – en oversigt
Authors: Albinus Lars
Published: August 2021

English abstract: In this article, I present an overview of the meaning and significance of animals in a religious context, ranging from tribal cultures to a Christian tradition. Furthermore, I will draw a line to current philosophical and eco-critical debates. My thesis is that in many cultures humans have had a tendency to regard animals as a mediating link between life in this world and a transcendent form of being. In animistic and totemistic ontologies animals are closely related to divinities as well as to humanity as such, whereas in more developed forms of religion they become part of a hierarchy as mediators between humans and gods. This is seen, for instance, in sacrificial cults. Later their significance decreases according to their predominant role of being moral similes. In our own times, however, animals seem to regain a significance as beings in their own right owing to our increasing ecological awareness. Prominent philosophers such as Derrida and Agamben have thus questioned the traditional view of human exceptionalism and opened up for a new understanding of the relationship between being animal and being human. I finally suggest that Agamben’s concept of ‘bare life’ and an eco-critical notion of stewardship concerning endangered species, as well as animals in general, both conceive of the animal as a new kind of immanent transcendence.

Dansk summary: Jeg tegner i denne artikel et omrids af dyrenes betydning i en religiøs kontekst (fra stammefolk til en kristen tradition) samt i en filosofisk og øko-kritisk optik. Min tese er, at dyrene i mange kulturer har ansporet mennesket til at se dem som bindeled mellem livet i denne verden og en transcendent væren. I animistiske og totemistiske ontologier er dyrene tæt forbundet med både mennesker og guder, hvorimod de i de arkaiske religioner indgår i et hierarki, hvor de, blandt andet gennem ofringer, udgør den medierende instans mellem mennesker og guder. Senere antager de hovedsagelig en metaforisk betydning som moralske sindbilleder. Vores egen tid oplever en stigende økologisk bevidsthed om dyrenes egen-værdi, og markante filosoffer som Derrida og Agamben har stillet spørgsmål ved den traditionelle grænse mellem dyr og mennesker, som antropocentrismen har levet højt på i århundreder. Jeg hævder i den forbindelse, at der hersker en indbyrdes forbindelse mellem Agambens begreb om det nøgne liv og en øko-kritisk omsorg for dyret, som gør det til en ny form for immanent transcendens.
Finding Consensus on Integrating Neuroeducation into Trauma-Informed Counseling Practice: A Delphi Study
Authors: Epstein Jenna , McRoberts Rachel
Published: August 2021

A Delphi Study was carried out to investigate what experts considered essential components for integrating neuroeducation into trauma-informed counseling practice. After initial recruitment, a total of 14 trauma-informed counseling experts participated in a 4-round Delphi Study, in which main areas of brain education and associated educational methods were identified. Additionally, a richer description of the perceived impact of neuroeducation on clients was discussed. The results of this Delphi Study support the integration of a number of neuroeducation topics and methods into trauma-informed counseling practice and further support the need for incorporation of neuroeducation into counselor education and supervision.
Considering Contemporary Appalachia: Implications for Culturally Competent Counseling
Authors: Elliott Joshua , Ripley Dana
Published: August 2021

This article contributes to the counselor education literature by exploring and synthesizing research from aligned fields of study to provide a contemporary characterization of Appalachia for counselor educators and counselors wishing to increase their cultural knowledge base. The article includes sections on specific aspects of the Appalachian experience, including contemporary trends related to population demographics, the impact of poverty, and the prevalence of mental health and substance use issues. Implications for counselors are discussed and suggestions for culturally competent counseling approaches are presented.
Disrupting the Narrative on Recruiting Graduate Students of Color in Counselor Education
Authors: Hipolito-Delgado Carlos P. , Estrada Diane , Garcia Marina
Published: August 2021

The voices of students of color are largely absent in the literature on graduate student recruitment in counselor education. The existing literature focuses on university personnel and can portray a deficit perspective of students of color. Using grounded theory and a critical race theory framework, we sought to develop a theory that described the motivations of graduate students of color for pursuing counselor education. We interviewed 19 graduate students of color and used a constant comparative method to understand their motivations for and supports utilized in pursuing counselor training. Grounded in our participants’ counternarratives, we identified a theory to describe their drive to serve marginalized communities, to attend programs committed to diversity, and the supports they received in applying to graduate school. Based on this theory we provide implications for how counselor education programs can demonstrate a commitment to diversity and support graduate students of color through the application process.
Physiology and ecology combine to determine host and vector importance for Ross River virus
Authors: Kain Morgan P , Skinner Eloise B , van den Hurk Andrew F , McCallum Hamish , Mordecai Erin A
Published: August 2021

Identifying the key vector and host species that drive the transmission of zoonotic pathogens is notoriously difficult but critical for disease control. We present a nested approach for quantifying the importance of host and vectors that integrates species’ physiological competence with their ecological traits. We apply this framework to a medically important arbovirus, Ross River virus (RRV), in Brisbane, Australia. We find that vertebrate hosts with high physiological competence are not the most important for community transmission; interactions between hosts and vectors largely underpin the importance of host species. For vectors, physiological competence is highly important. Our results identify primary and secondary vectors of RRV and suggest two potential transmission cycles in Brisbane: an enzootic cycle involving birds and an urban cycle involving humans. The framework accounts for uncertainty from each fitted statistical model in estimates of species’ contributions to transmission and has has direct application to other zoonotic pathogens.
Probing the effect of clustering on EphA2 receptor signaling efficiency by subcellular control of ligand-receptor mobility
Authors: Chen Zhongwen , Oh Dongmyung , Biswas Kabir Hassan , Zaidel-Bar Ronen , Groves Jay T
Published: August 2021

Clustering of ligand:receptor complexes on the cell membrane is widely presumed to have functional consequences for subsequent signal transduction. However, it is experimentally challenging to selectively manipulate receptor clustering without altering other biochemical aspects of the cellular system. Here, we develop a microfabrication strategy to produce substrates displaying mobile and immobile ligands that are separated by roughly 1 µm, and thus experience an identical cytoplasmic signaling state, enabling precision comparison of downstream signaling reactions. Applying this approach to characterize the ephrinA1:EphA2 signaling system reveals that EphA2 clustering enhances both receptor phosphorylation and downstream signaling activity. Single-molecule imaging clearly resolves increased molecular binding dwell times at EphA2 clusters for both Grb2:SOS and NCK:N-WASP signaling modules. This type of intracellular comparison enables a substantially higher degree of quantitative analysis than is possible when comparisons must be made between different cells and essentially eliminates the effects of cellular response to ligand manipulation.
Hvilken fagkompetanse kan ergoterapeuter tilføre FACT-team i oppfølgingen av personer med alvorlig psykisk lidelse?
Authors: Neverdal Katrine , Pinxsterhuis Irma
Published: August 2021

«Flexible Assertive Community Treatment» (FACT) ble utviklet for oppfølging av personer med alvorlig psykisk lidelse. Ergoterapeuter blir ikke nevnt som yrkesgruppe i FACT-håndboken, men noen team har likevel ansatt ergoterapeut. Hensikten med denne studien var å belyse hvordan ergoterapeuter beskriver at de bruker sin fagkompetanse i et FACT-team. Individuelle intervjuer ble gjennomført med seks ergoterapeuter. Tematisk analyse ble anvendt. Resultatene viser at informantene bruker sin fagkompetanse gjennom fremming av meningsfulle aktiviteter, kartlegging av aktivitetsutførelse og fokus på omgivelsenes betydning for aktivitetsutførelse og deltakelse. Ergoterapeutenes tilnærmingsmåter er i tråd med målene og prinsippene i FACT-modellen. Studien tyder på at ergoterapeuters fagkompetanse kan bidra til å styrke FACT-teamene.

What competence can occupational therapists add to FACT-teams in treatment of persons with severe mental illness?

- a qualitative study

Abstract

«Flexible Assertive Community Treatment» (FACT) has been developed to provide treatment services for persons with severe mental illness. Occupational therapists (OTs) are not mentioned in the FACT-handbook as part of the FACT-team, but some teams have included OTs. The aim of the study was to explore how OTs describe the usage of their professional expertise in FACT-teams. Individual interviews were conducted with six OTs and analysed using thematic analysis. The OTs appeared to utilise their expertise through enabling meaningful activities, assessment of activity performance, and by emphasizing the influence of environments on occupational performance and participation. Their approaches correspond with the goals and principles of FACT. This study indicates that OTs may strengthen FACT-teams.
Phylogeography of high Andean killifishesOrestias(Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) in Caquena and Lauca sub-basins of the Altiplano (Chile): mitochondrial and nuclear analysis of an endangered fish
Authors: Cárcamo-Tejer Violeta , Vila Irma , Llanquín-Rosas Francisco , Sáez-Arteaga Alberto , Guerrero-Jiménez Claudia
Published: August 2021

From the early Miocene, the uplift of the Andes Mountains, intense volcanic activity and the occurrence of successive periods of dryness and humidity would have differentially influenced the modification of Altiplano watersheds, and consequently the evolutionary history of the taxa that live there. We analyzedOrestiaspopulations from the Caquena and Lauca Altiplanic sub-basins of northern Chile to determine their genetic differentiation and relationship to their geographical distribution using mitochondrial (D-loop) and nuclear (microsatellite) molecular markers and to reconstruct its biogeographic history on these sub-basins. The results allowed reconstructing and reevaluating the evolutionary history of the genus in the area; genic diversity and differentiation together with different founding genetic groups suggest thatOrestiashave been spread homogeneously in the study area and would have experienced local disturbances that promoted isolation and diversification in restricted zones of their distribution.
Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Discoloured Anterior Teeth with Facial Talon’s Cusp: A Case Report
Authors: Yadav Pooja Angad , Jain Ashish K , Patel Harshil A , Shrivastava Shwetank , Pol Neha
Published: August 2021

Talon’s cusp is described as a process of horn-like shape curving from the base downwards to the cutting edge. Ripa and Mellor later described this phenomenon as talon cusp resemblance to talon of eagle. Talon cusp is a well-defined extra addition cusp like structure which extends from half of the cementoenamel junction to the incisal edge on the surface of an anterior tooth. The aetiology is unknown for the formation of the talon cusp. A talon cusp is often diagnosed during routine dental examination as an incidental finding and usually does not show any symptoms. In such cases, careful clinical and radiographic examination is mandatory for correct diagnosis and treatment planning. Due to limitation of 2 D (two dimensional) radiographs, these images are unable to recognise the complicated anatomy of the tooth.Use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has become common in dentistry. CBCT has been useful in producing a three dimensional (3 D) image without distortion of the teeth, maxillofacial skeleton and related tissues. Scan of CBCT help to plan treatment and also provide valuable information about dental anatomy. This paper describes a case of 23-year-old female patient with a facial talon cusp on the permanent maxillary left central incisor, which was endodontically managed and followed by aesthetics rehabilitation with a follow-up for a period of one year.
Oral Plasmablastic Lymphoma: A Case Report of an HIV Negative Patient with an Unusual Clinical Signature
Authors: Pignatelli Pamela , Rosario Giulia Del , Cacchio Luciano , Piattelli Adriano , Giuliani Michele
Published: August 2021

Plasmablastic Lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with a low survival rate. It is associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection but also affects patients with autoimmune diseases as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, systemic lupus erythematosus and with long-term immunosuppression for heart and kidney transplants, ulcerative colitis. It has been reported in immunocompetent and HIV negative patients, determining the diagnosis more challenging. A rare case of bleeding gingival hyperplastic PBL in the left posterior mandibular area in a 61-year-old HIV negative male patient is reported. Histological assessment showed that oral mucosa was infiltrated by a monomorphic population of large lymphoid elements with morphological characteristics similar to immunoblasts with a “starry sky” appearance. Immunohistochemical markers were positive for CD138, Kappa and Lambda light chains, and negative for CKAE1/3, Synaptophysine, Chromogranin, CD56, and CD20. The detection of the primary oral manifestation of PBL remains challenging in immunocompetent patients and this case report aims to broaden the knowledge of the possible oral clinical aspects of PBL.
Income and Employment Pattern of MNREGA Programme in District Sant Kabir Nagar
Authors: Verma Ambrish Kumar , Yadav Bhartendu , Akash Anil Sachan,
Published: August 2021

The MGNREGA scheme is an initiative to improve rural livelihood, but also there are several pros and cons. So, this research is being done to study the scheme in the selected area. The study was conducted using purposive cum random sampling procedure and seventy-five respondents were selected from a block of district. The data collected through personal interview method were classified, tabulated and analysed in the light of objectives of the study. MGNREGA is a beneficiary scheme that improves the socioeconomic face of the maximum rural households in the selected research area. It is seen that majority of the respondents are enjoying the income and employment rewards from the scheme and are further seeking it in the future. The wages provided and works assigned are found satisfactory to the households, and MGNREGA enhances livelihood security in the study area.
The Awareness about Different Scholarship Schemes among the Students of Assam Agricultural University
Authors: Santosh . , Bora Mayuri
Published: August 2021

Various academic scholarship schemes are introduced in India with the aim of inspiring students for better academic performance. However, for availing such scholarships it depends largely on the level of awareness among the students about the scholarship schemes. Though a considerable number of scholarship schemes are available in India, level of awareness regarding scholarship among students is not known. The present study was conducted to assess the awareness of Agricultural University students on different Scholarship Schemes. Two hundred forty undergraduate students from Assam Agricultural University were included as respondents by using stratified random sample method for the study. One questionnaire was prepared on “Google Form” for online data collection. Frequency, percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation and chi square test were used for analysing the data statistically. The findings reveal that majority of the students of Assam Agricultural University had awareness on Ishan Uday Scholarship and State Merit Scholarship for Assam, while slightly more than 50.00 per cent respondents were aware about National Talent Scholarship.
Ternary Mathematics and 3D Placement of Logical Elements Justification
Authors: Pozinkevych Ruslan
Published: August 2021

Aims/ Objectives: The research presented in the following application aims to prove use of Ternary Maths for calculating machines and to simplify the process of calculating In it we will try to justify the use of triplets and describe how it works.

An earlier research presented in “Logical Principles in Ternary Mathematics” [1,2,3] shows that we can transit from one expression of a number such as a "component form" to another, e.g a decimal, or still another, that is it’s vector form [4]. The aim of our further research is to explain why we associate Triplets of numbers in such choice {-1,0,1} and not the numbers 1,2,3 for example, or a set {1,2,3} The explanation seems obvious as a set of decimal numbers consists of 10 entries not 3 At the same time we have to prove that the mentioned set of triplets is a unique and the only one to be used as a Ternary Set or a base, as we might call it, for our calculating machines.
Hydro-Alcoholic Root Extracts of Ziziphus abyssinica is Effective in Diabetes Nephropathy and Diabetic Wound Healing
Authors: Akwetey Samuel A. , Aidoo Douglas B. , Ahlidja Wisdom , Boafo Bright B. , Acquah Joseph M. , Agyei Joshua F. , Bakoji Desmond , Okyir Portia A.
Published: August 2021

Background: This study evaluated the potential of Ziziphus abysinnica root extract in managing hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), diabetic wound healing and diabetic nephropathy.

Methodology: Blood glucose concentrations were measured daily for 14 days after daily administrations of either Ziziphus abysinnica (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, p.o), metformin (300 mg/kg, p.o) or normal saline as negative control before diabetes induction using a single dose of Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p) and nicotinamide (120 mg/kg, i.p). Histopathological analysis was performed on the harvested kidneys following administration with Ziziphus abysinnica in diabetic rats. The diabetic wound healing potentials of the plant was also evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by treating them with 15%w/w ZAE ointment.

Results: Generally, the percentage of blood glucose levels analysed following administration of drugs were found to be dose-dependent. The highest dose of ZAE (300 mg/kg) had a higher percentage reduction in blood glucose concentration when compared to metformin (300 mg/kg).  The lowest dose (30 mg/kg) of ZAE administered attenuated STZ induced pathological damage and showed moderate to maximal improvement to the kidney nephrons. In contrast, the 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg dose ZAE demonstrated minimal pathological changes to the kidney architecture.

Conclusion: Overall, our study demonstrated the antidiabetic potential of Ziziphus abysinnica, suggesting its possible therapeutic benefit in diabetic wound healing and diabetic nephropathy.
Evaluation of Inactivation Kinetics and Thermodynamic Properties of Peroxidase from Cucumis sativus for Biotechnological and Industrial Applications
Authors: Chukwunyere Iweha Christian , Ifeanyi Ugwoke Faith , Amaechi Ogara Lydia , Amuche Nweze Justus , Ejike Ogbonna Kenneth , Eluka Chinedum Patricia , Joseph Akor , Nwamaka Odu Maureen , Elijah Joshua Parker
Published: August 2021

The unpurified enzyme gave specific activity of 51.36 μ/mg and thereafter it was subjected to two phases of purification process of salt precipitation and gel filtration. The precipitating agent was ammonium sulphate while Sephadex-G100 served as purification matrix. The purification fold achieved after precipitation and filtration was 3.3 and with corresponding specific activities of 34.22 μ/mg and 116.31 μ/mg. The substrate used for the assay was o-dianisidine. Within 40-80°C of temperature, the kinetics of the peroxidase inactivation was evaluated. The results from assays showed that cucumber peroxidase conformed to the hypothesis of  Michealis-Menten Theory. From the Lineweaver-Burk plot, Michaelis Constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) were evaluated and  obtained 5.02mg/ml and 11.57μmol/min respectively. The heat induced inactivation gave biphasic curves, where initial rise in temperature was rapidly succeeded with much slower decrease. A first-order kinetic behaviour was observed for cucumber peroxidase heat inactivation. The k values of between 3.49×10-2 to 8.38×10-2 min-1 was obtained while the Z value was found to be 22.3°C. Decrease in k values with rise in temperature suggests that cucumber peroxidase was rapidly inactivated at elevated temperature. The slope of Arrhenius plot gave the activation energy of 127.99KJMol-1K-1. Also evaluated were thermodynamic constants (ΔH, G Δ, ΔS) for inactivation of peroxidase at variable temperatures. Cucumber peroxidase activity was observed to be pH sensitive and stable within pH range of 5.6-8. Further decrease or increase from this range resulted to decrease in peroxidase stability.
Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Chicken Slaughtered in Creek Road Market, Port Harcourt
Authors: Kingsley Elele , Amudatu Adedokun Ambali
Published: August 2021

Aim: The study was conducted to determine the gastrointestinal parasites among slaughtered Chicken at Yam Zone Market, Creek Road, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Study Design: Gastrointestinal tracts of slaughtered chicken were collected weekly from a vendor. Each part of the GIT was emptied into separate vessel containing normal saline.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in a chicken market in Port Harcourt, Nigeria for a period of 4 months (January-April 2020).

Methodology:  A total of 100 chickens (comprising of broilers and layers) of which samples were collected from their gastrointestinal tracts were examined using formol-ether concentration methods for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites.

Results: Eighty-four (84) parts of the gastrointestinal tracts accounted for 14.0% found to be infected with parasites. The gastrointestinal protozoan isolated is Eimeria spp (52.4%) while helminths species found were, Ascaridia galli (47.6%). There were no cestodes and trematodes identified.

Conclusion: Poultry management system needs to be improved with a viable biosecurity control strategy towards healthy production of livestock chickens for human consumption.
The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Carica papaya Seed towards Lipid Profile on Rats Induced Rifampicin and Isoniazid
Authors: Liana . , Lister I. Nyoman Ehrich , Fachrial Edy , Adrian .
Published: August 2021

Aims: Rifampicin one of the most commonly used front-line drugs in antituberculosis therapy, has been known to be hepatotoxic. The oxidative stress that is formed in the mitochondria due to rifampicin and isoniazid causes an imbalance in lipid metabolism. This study aims to determine the effect of lowering total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL levels and increasing HDL levels of papaya seed ethanol extract in rats induced by rifampin and isoniazid.

Study design: This study is experimental study.

Methodology: This study was divided into 9 groups including normal group, negative group 1, 2, 3, positive 1, 2, treatment group I (EECP 100 mg/kgbw), treatment group II (EECP 300 mg/kgbw), and treatment group III (EECP 500 mg/kgbw). Rifampicin (50 mg/kgbw), isoniazid (50 mg/kgbw), and EECP were given 28 days, on day 29 rats were dissected and blood was taken and the total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL levels were measured.

Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of papaya seeds at a dose of 100 mg / kgbb, 300 mg / kgbb, and 500 mg / kgbw could reduce levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and increase HDL levels. The dose of 500 mg / kgbw was not statistically significant (P> 0.05) with the normal group.

Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Carica papaya has a potential effect of preventing the destruction of lipid metabolism effect by reducing the LDL, Trygliseride, Cholesterol Total, and increasing the level of HDL.
Association Between Pouchitis and Ulcerative Colitis–Related Gastroduodenitis After Restorative Proctocolectomy
Authors: Bando Toshihiro , Uchino Motoi , Takesue Yoshio , Hori Kazutoshi , Nakamura Shiro , Ikeuchi Hiroki
Published: August 2021

Background

Ulcerative colitis (UC)–related disorders, which include pouchitis and gastroduodenitis (GDUC), can develop even after restorative proctocolectomy (RPC). However, the etiology of and predictive factors for these disorders remain unclear.

Aim

We analyzed the incidence and associations between pouchitis and GDUC.

Methods

UC patients who underwent RPC at the Hyogo College of Medicine between 2009 and 2012 were included in this study. The postoperative results of examinations and the clinical courses were analyzed.

Results

A total of 122 patients examined by endoscopy after RPC out of 188 patients who underwent follow-up at the outpatient clinic were included. Pouchitis developed in 56 of 188 patients. The cumulative incidence of pouchitis was 32.1% at 5 years. GDUC was identified in 14 of 122 patients. In the Cox regression analyses, GDUC was selected as an independent predictive factor for pouchitis (hazard ratio, 2.32; P = 0.025).

Conclusion

An association between GDUC and pouchitis after RPC was found. However, this association should be evaluated in a further study because both complications might exist coincidentally as components of a systemic immune disorder, and the etiology of each complication should be determined.
Incarcerated 5-mm Port Site Hernia: A Systematic Literature Review and Case Report
Authors: de Jager Elzerie , Wing Gordon , Ho Yik-Hong
Published: August 2021

Background

Port site hernias are a recognized complication of laparoscopic surgery and carry a high risk of strangulation because of the small size of the defect involved. Most hernias occur in trocar sites that are larger than 10 mm. This has resulted in the accepted practice that fascial defects larger than 10 mm are closed, incorporating the peritoneum and fascia, whereas defects less than 10 mm are not closed.

Results

We report a port site hernia at a 5-mm port site in a 90-year-old woman after ventral rectoplexy. A systematic review of literature found 27 cases of 5-mm port site herniation: 10 cases in general surgery and 17 cases in gynecological surgery.

Conclusion

The possibility of herniation through 5-mm port sites should be known to avoid a delay in recognition, diagnosis, and treatment.
Evolution of Human Multigene Families
Authors: Batool Fatima , Pervaiz Nashaiman , Khalid Qanta , Abbasi Amir A
Published: August 2021

The hypothesis that all the vertebrates, including humans, share two ancestral rounds of whole‐genome duplications (WGDs/2R) is correct or not has recently become quite controversial. Furthermore, the contribution of hypothesised WGDs to the evolution of novel developmental features in modern vertebrates is still unclear. Attempts to settle these ardently debated issues have been hampered by small and noisy sequence data. Recently, based on advances in sequencing technology, hundreds of genomes spread across the whole metazoan tree have been decoded. This increasing amount of sequence data and recent advances in
evo‐devo
have set the stage for understanding metazoan evolution, including genomic innovations and accompanying developmental transitions. New sources of data provide insights into the vertebrate genome evolutionary history, notably the status of controversial 2R duplications.

Key Concepts

Duplication is considered to be an important source of new genes, hence providing a substrate on which evolution can work.

Duplicated genes are often referred to as paralogous genes, which form multigene families.

An understanding of the mechanisms of gene duplication is crucial for revealing how do newly duplicated acquire novel functions.

All vertebrate animals including humans, despite their generally diploid state, carry large numbers of duplicated genes.

Widespread existence of multigene families in vertebrates has been interpreted by some as evidence that two rounds of whole‐genome duplication (2R hypothesis) occurred at the origin of the vertebrates.

Whether or not 2R occurred and what role it played in later evolution of vertebrates has been a contentious concept among evolutionary developmental biologists.

This article provides more insight into the phenomenon by applying the recent knowledge developed largely through ever‐increasing number of sequenced genomes of bilaterian animals.
Membrane Proteins
Authors: Reithmeier Reinhart AF
Published: August 2021

Biological membranes consist of lipids and proteins. The lipids are arranged as a fluid bilayer, and the proteins are either embedded in the lipid or are bound to the membrane surface. Research on membranes has moved from early studies of the lipids and membrane models to the determination of the molecular structure and dynamics of membrane proteins. About one‐third of the human genome encodes membrane proteins. Membrane proteins function as enzymes, receptors, transporters and channels, and mutations in their genes cause many inherited diseases. Membrane proteins are also common drug targets.

Key Concepts

Membrane proteins make up about one‐third of genomes.

Membrane proteins play important roles as enzymes, receptors, transporters and channels.

The amino acid sequences of membrane proteins can be deduced from their DNA sequences, leading to the construction of topological models.

Membrane proteins can be solubilised and purified using detergents; however, they are difficult to crystallise for structural studies.

Intrinsic membrane proteins are embedded in complex lipid bilayers and consist of bundles of hydrophobic transmembrane α‐helicals.

Extrinsic membrane proteins are associated with the cytoplasmic side of the membrane.

Membrane proteins are glycosylated in eucaryotes and form higher oligomeric structures.

Mutations in the genes encoding membrane proteins cause inherited diseases.

Most commonly use drugs target membrane proteins.

Many membrane proteins remain understudied due to their hydrophobic nature and low expression levels.
Comprehensive Two‐dimensional Chromatography: An Insight into the Analysis of Food and Food Products
Authors: Zoccali Mariosimone , Cacciola Francesco , Arena Katia , Dugo Paola , Mondello Luigi
Published: August 2021

Food chemistry is a branch of food science involved in the evaluation of the composition along with chemical, physical, and functional properties of foods and food products during their different processing stages and storage periods. Chromatographic methods are the most employed analytical techniques for their analysis. However, when a single chromatographic method is not sufficient for providing satisfactory results, more advanced and performant strategies need to be considered. In this regard, comprehensive two‐dimensional chromatography, involving two different separation modes, turned out to be a powerful analytical strategy for the analysis of very complex food samples.

This article aims to highlight how the hyphenation of two single separation systems could be a valuable tool for handling such complex samples. The first part deals with general considerations about the technique including the design of modulation interfaces, whereas in the second part selected applications to food analytes of interest, analyzed by both comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid and gas chromatography, are reported and discussed.
Determination and Levels of Migrated Packaging Additives in Food
Authors: Cunha Sara C. , Fernandes José O.
Published: August 2021

Food contacts different types of packaging materials during the different stages of their life cycle, throughout production, storage, transportation, preparation, and consumption. Despite strictly regulated, chemicals used in food packaging are not always sufficiently inert, affecting the environment and consumer health. Bisphenols, phthalates, and per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are among the substances applied in food contact materials (FCMs) that received an increased attention in the past years from scientific community because of their high application, huge levels of environmental persistence, and toxicity for biota and humans. This chapter addresses the main sources of these compounds, the levels currently detected in foods, and the analytical methods used for their trace level determination as well as the main current legislation and the perspectives that are foreseen for the near future.
Formation of Interface Layers between Corundum‐Based Refractory Ceramics with Carbon Additions and Molten 42CrMo4 Steel
Authors: Salomon Anton , Motylenko Mykhaylo , Rafaja David
Published: August 2021

The formation of reaction layers between corundum‐based (Al2O3 + C) filter materials covered with functional Al2O3C coatings having different carbon contents and molten steel 42CrMo4 is investigated at the reaction temperature of 1600 °C. Within the first 60 s, an amorphous reaction layer is formed at the interface between the original filter surface and the molten steel. This layer consists mainly of Fe and O with small, varying amounts of Al and Si. After a longer contact time (120 s), nanocrystalline phases, which are identified as iron‐based oxides, formed within this amorphous interlayer. After 5 min, the amorphous interface layer is replaced by a dense corundum layer, on which thin corundum platelets are attached. The formation of the amorphous interface layer, its transformation to dense corundum, and the effect of the carbon content in the functional Al2O3C coating on the nucleation and growth of the corundum platelets are discussed. The reaction experiments are carried out in a spark plasma sintering device to avoid liquid metal convection and as immersion tests in a steel casting simulator to obtain relevant information about the filtering process.
Hybrid (Carbon Nanotube + Graphene Nanoplatelet)/AZ31 Composite with Simultaneously Enhanced Strength and Ductility
Authors: Zhou Mingyang , Gao Shixin , Zhao Yanli , Yang Qingfeng , Liu Xiaohui , Ren Lingbao , Lyu Liangliang , Quan Gaofeng , Gupta Manoj
Published: August 2021

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are added into an AZ31 matrix to obtain a composite with high performance via the powder metallurgy (PM) approach. The results reveal that the hybrid (CNT + GNP) reinforcements are dispersed uniformly in the Mg matrix with the help of intertwining and embedding effects of CNTs. The hybrid (CNT + GNP)/AZ31 nanocomposite exhibits simultaneous improvement in strength (315 MPa) and ductility (18.5%) compared with its matrix and nanocomposites reinforced with individual CNTs or GNPs, indicating a synergistic strengthening and toughening effects. The dominant strengthening mechanism might be load transfer generating from the good interface bonding between the hybrid (CNTs + GNPs) nanoreinforcements and the AZ31 matrix. In addition, thermal mismatch strengthening and the Orowan mechanism might also contribute to the increase in strength, and the significant improvement in ductility might mainly benefit from the weakened basal texture and the increase in strain hardening rate caused by the uniformly dispersed hybrid (CNTs + GNPs), which can trap mobile dislocations in the matrix.
Morphological Control of Freeze‐Structured Scaffolds by Selective Temperature and Material Control in the Ice‐Templating Process
Authors: Seifert Annika , Gruber Julia , Gbureck Uwe , Groll Jürgen
Published: August 2021

Herein, it is aimed to highlight the importance of the process parameter choice during directional solidification of polymer solutions, as they have a significant influence on the pore structure and orientation. Biopolymer solutions (alginate and chitosan) are directionally frozen, while systematically varying parameters such as the external temperature gradient, the temperature of the overall system, and the temperatures of the cooling surfaces. In addition, the effect of material properties such as molecular weight, solution concentration, or viscosity on the sample morphology is investigated. By selecting appropriate temperature gradients and cooling surface temperatures, aligned pores ranging in size between (50 ± 22) μm and (144 ± 56) μm are observed in the alginate samples, whereas the pore orientation is influenced by altering the external temperature gradient. As this gradient increases, the pores are increasingly oriented perpendicular to the sample surface. This is also observed in the chitosan samples. However, if the overall system is too cold, that is, using temperatures of the lower cooling surface down to −60 °C combined with low temperatures of the upper cooling surface, control over pore orientation is lost. This is also found when viscosity of chitosan solutions is above ≈5 Pas near the freezing point.
Materials and Schemes of Multimodal Reconfigurable Micro/Nanomachines and Robots: Review and Perspective
Authors: Joh Hyungmok , Fan Donglei Emma
Published: August 2021

Mechanically programmable, reconfigurable micro/nanoscale materials that can dynamically change their mechanical properties or behaviors, or morph into distinct assemblies or swarms in response to stimuli have greatly piqued the interest of the science community due to their unprecedented potentials in both fundamental research and technological applications. To date, a variety of designs of hard and soft materials, as well as actuation schemes based on mechanisms including chemical reactions and magnetic, acoustic, optical, and electric stimuli, have been reported. Herein, state‐of‐the‐art micro/nanostructures and operation schemes for multimodal reconfigurable micro/nanomachines and swarms, as well as potential new materials and working principles, challenges, and future perspectives are discussed.
Efficient Investigation of High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Shadow‐Mask Kits with Uniform Patterning and Antishadowing Capabilities
Authors: Liu Kong , Wu Yulin , Li Chao , Sun Yang , Li Qicong , Yang Cheng , Jia Xiaohao , Islam Md. Rasidul , Wang Zhijie , Qu Shengchun , Wang Zhanguo
Published: August 2021

In recent years, there has been increased research and rapid development in perovskite solar cells. Uniformity, repeatability, and reliability of electrode patterns formed by shadow‐mask technologies are factors that play an important role in efficient experimental studies for achieving high‐throughput samples and high‐performance devices. In this study, some new principles of mask design are investigated to overcome the drawbacks of conventional mask. High precision patterns are obtained by fabricating shadow‐masks with stainless steel plates via a photochemical etching process. An assembly concept design is proposed for shadow‐mask kits to improve versatility and avoid edge chamfer. The highly accurate active area and precise replication of the aperture patterns are obtained by improving the alignment between the samples and the mask patterns. The perovskite solar cell arrays are fabricated on a single substrate and a uniform performance is achieved due to the balanced distribution of electrodes. Thin shadow‐masks with smooth surfaces are employed to diminish the shadowing effect and a power conversion efficiency of 20.85% with a high fill factor of 81.6% is obtained in an inverted perovskite solar cell. The versatility and high quality of our shadow‐mask kits can further promote research in the area of thin‐film and photovoltaic technologies.
Ultralow‐Loss Etchless Lithium Niobate Integrated Photonics at Near‐Visible Wavelengths
Authors: Yu Yue , Yu Zejie , Wang Lai , Sun Xiankai
Published: August 2021

Lithium niobate is considered as the “silicon of photonics” because of its many excellent optical properties as well as a wide transparency window covering the visible to mid‐infrared wavelength range. Here, by using the principle of bound states in the continuum, lithium niobate integrated photonics at near‐visible wavelengths with an etchless fabrication process is developed, which achieves a minimal propagation loss of 1.8 dB cm−1 in straight waveguides at the wavelength of ≈771 nm and a maximal intrinsic Q factor of 1.1 × 106 in disk microcavities at ≈765 nm. Typical integrated photonic components including Mach–Zehnder interferometers and multimode directional couplers are also demonstrated. Based on the experimental results, a convenient scheme of second‐harmonic generation is proposed for converting light in the fundamental TE‐polarized mode at a telecom wavelength into the second‐order TM‐polarized mode at a near‐visible wavelength. The demonstrated etchless lithium niobate integrated photonic platform can support both passive and active optical devices and systems on a chip for various visible‐light applications including optical imaging, nonlinear optics, and quantum information processing.
A Toroidal‐Fano‐Resonant Metasurface with Optimal Cross‐Polarization Efficiency and Switchable Nonlinearity in the Near‐Infrared
Authors: Hassanfiroozi Amir , Huang Po‐Sheng , Huang Shih‐Hsiu , Lin Kuang‐I , Lin Yu‐Tsung , Chien Chien‐Feng , Shi Yuzhi , Lee Wen‐Jen , Wu Pin Chieh
Published: August 2021

The recent progress in plasmonic metasurfaces gives rise to an intense evolution of controlling light properties such as phase, amplitude, polarization, and frequency. In this work, a new paradigm is established to control the light properties centered on low‐loss toroidal multipoles with high field enhancement in contrast to most of the previous plasmonic metasurfaces that are optimized through electric and magnetic multipolar resonances. Through a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, a linear cross‐polarization conversion efficiency reaching 22.9%, remarked as the optimal value that can exist in a single‐layer plasmonic metasurface in the near‐infrared spectrum, is experimentally realized. A polarization‐insensitive toroidal response, that previously was accessible only in isotropic high‐index metasurfaces, is also observed. Furthermore, a giant anisotropic (polarization‐sensitive) generation of the second‐harmonic frequency is demonstrated with the proposed polarization‐independent toroidal metasurface that provides different levels of electric energy storage within the metasurface. These findings open a new path for keeping low‐efficiency plasmonic components on track when one engineers a metasurface based on the toroidal multipole family.
Photon Recycling in Semiconductor Thin Films and Devices
Authors: Cheng Zhongkai , O'Carroll Deirdre M.
Published: August 2021

Photon recycling (PR) plays an important role in the study of semiconductor materials and impacts the properties of their optoelectronic applications. However, PR has not been investigated comprehensively and it has not been demonstrated experimentally in many different kinds of semiconductor materials and devices. In this review paper, first, the authors introduce the background of PR and describe how this phenomenon was originally identified in semiconductors. Then, the theory and modelling of PR is reviewed and some of the important parameters that are used to quantify PR are highlighted. Next, a variety of the methods used to achieve and characterize PR in materials and devices are discussed. Examples of how the performance parameters of different types of optoelectronic devices are affected by PR are described. Finally, a summary of the roles of PR in semiconductor materials and devices and an outlook on how PR can be used to solve existing problems and challenges in the field of optoelectronics are provided. From this review, it is apparent that PR can have a positive impact on optoelectronic device performance, and that further in‐depth theoretical and experimental studies are needed to rigorously demonstrate the advantages and importance of PR.
Polyimide‐Based Flexible Plasma Sheet and Surface Ionization Waves Propagation
Authors: Sun Yuhao , Zhang Bo , Wang Chenxu , Zhang Guanjun
Published: August 2021

Surface discharges on flexible substrates are attracting attention for their unique capability to generate large‐scale non‐thermal plasma and potential adaptability to complex objects in many fields, like biomedical inactivation and material processing. Two fundamental issues are manufacture of stable flexible plasma sources and mechanism of multiple surface ionization waves (SIWs) propagation on curved gas‐solid interfaces. A polyimide‐based flexible plasma sheet is realized through printed circuit board with a non‐exposed electrode structure for discharge and the propagation properties of SIWs along its surface are investigated by experiments and simulations. Results show that SIWs start near the high‐voltage electrodes, and develop to the ground electrodes in a symmetrical petal pattern shaped by the potential gradient. The counter‐propagating SIWs merge above the ground electrodes, as the electrons’ distribution converts from filament channel to a diffuse spatial distribution. Furthermore, bending the flexible sheet can change the charge density above the surface of polyimide, thus affects the space electron number density and electron temperature, but does not influence the overall appearance of SIWs propagation. This work will not only help to understand the surface process of ionization waves, but also benefit further researches on the application of flexible‐material‐based plasma source.
Activated Graphene Nanoplatelets Decorated with Carbon Nitrides for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Selvarajan Premkumar , Fawaz Mohammed , Sathish CI , Li Mengyao , Chu Dewei , Yu Xiaojiang , Breesec Mark B. H. , Yi Jiabao , Vinu Ajayan
Published: August 2021

Designing a metal‐free and highly efficient electrocatalyst with large number of active sites and high stability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) holds great promise for the commercial production of low‐cost and stable fuel cells. Herein, a novel strategy of introducing both porosity and electrochemically active carbon nitride (CN) matrix in the graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) through a simple integration of chemical activation and the polymerization of CN precursor is reported. The characterization results confirm the successful integration of the CN matrix and the formation of the porous network in the GNPs. The highly dispersed CN matrix in the GNPs offers not only a large number of electrochemically active sites but also enhances the interaction with the oxygen intermediates, while the GNPs significantly reduce the electron localization in the catalyst. Due to the combined effect of CN matrix, porosity, and the conductive graphene framework, the prepared electrocatalyst gives exceptional ORR activity with a current density of 5.1 mA cm−2 and a positive onset potential of 0.87 V, which also shows excellent stability and tolerance toward methanol. The strategy adopted here may open a platform to design a series of novel electrocatalysts with enhanced performance for ORR in fuel cells.