bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 1983 Mental Health Act in Five Local Authorities: a Study of the Practice of Approved Social Workers
Authors: Hatfield Barbara , Mohamad Hadi , Huxley Peter
Published: March 2007

This paper represents the first report of an ongoing collaborative project and charts the activities of social workers undertaking their duties within the framework of the 1983 Mental Health Act in five English Local Authorities for one year. Social workers are involved in a range of duties under the Act, but most commonly they are involved in assessments with a view to compulsory detention. The characteristics of people assessed are examined, and a profile emerges of vulnerable subgroups, typically younger men, older women, and people living in socially impoverished situations. Considerable variation between Authorities is found in terms of numbers of assessments, and in numbers of detentions. Low levels of 'diversion' into alternative care are identified. Comparisons are made with a major national study which took place four years earlier. Higher rates of detention are found on average, but lower rates of use of emergency provision (Section 4).

An examination of the organisational context within which Approved Social Workers (ASWs) practice reveals a great deal of variation between authorities in terms of the ongoing experience of assessments available to ASWs. Social workers based in Emergency Duty Teams and Hospital Teams are compared, and a distinctive profile of their work emerges, the hospital-based ASVVs being more likely to be assessing 'known' people, often already in hospital, and referred for assessment by consultants.

The implications of these findings for the management and deployment of Approved Social Workers are briefly discussed. The emphasis is upon the role of the ASW in terms of balancing the rights and needs of people assessed under the Act.
Therapeutic Community Treatment for Personality Disordered Adults: Changes in Neurotic Symptomatology on Follow-Up
Authors: Dolan Bridget M. , Evans Chris , Wilson James
Published: March 2007

Personality disordered patients are important as they place high continuing demands on services and are often refractory to traditional treatments. Often personality disorders may co-exist with neurotic symptomatology, worsening prognosis of the latter. This paper reports change in neurotic symptomatology following intensive, long term, therapeutic community treatment for such patients. Sixty two subjects with personality disorder were followed up for eight months after discharge (response rate 65%). Results showed a highly significant reduction in symptomatic distress as measured by the SCL.-90R questionnaire. Investigation of the reliability and clinical importance of the change in individual subjects demonstrated that 55% of subjects had improved reliably, and in 32% this change was also clinically significant, whilst only 6.5% of subjects had deteriorated reliably.
Japanese Type a Behavior Pattern Is Associated With "Typus Melancholicus": a Study From the Sociocultural Viewpoint
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Hattori Masaki , Hattori Hirotaka , Imai Yasuhiro , Miyake Yuko , Miguchi Masahiro , Yoshimatsu Kazuya
Published: March 2007

An examination of the relationship between Type A behavior pattern (TABP) and "Typus Melancholicus" (TM) in 212 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients in Japan revealed that: CHD patients with TABP were significantly more likely to have a depression-prone personality, what Tellenbach calls "Typus Melancholicus"; this tendency was observed not only in CHD patients but also among healthy Type A subjects; and TM is positively correlated with Type A. The results of our studies from a comparative sociocultural viewpoint indicate that TM may be involved in Japanese TABP, suggesting the possibility that driving, self-sacrificing and obsessional traits are related to Type A behavior in a variety of different cultural contexts.
Nurses' Views of Parasuicide in a Developing Country
Authors: Elliot Elizabeth , Pitts Marian , Mcmaster John
Published: March 2007

This study examines the knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, intentions and experiences of nurses at various stages of their careers with regard to patients who have made suicide attempts. It focuses particularly on the relationship of traditional Shona beliefs about suicide and considers how they interact with western medical beliefs. A detailed questionnaire covering these elements was administered to three groups of nurses. They were sampled at either the beginning or end of their training or after approximately ten years experience. Knowledge of suicide was found to be poor and attitudes towards parasuicide were negative. Traditional beliefs were held strongly by all groups of nurses; western beliefs were strongest amongst experienced nurses. Practical implications of these attitudes and beliefs for training are considered.
Factors Related to Psychiatric Hospitalisation for First Contact Patients
Authors: Khanna Rakesh , Gupta Neeraj , Verma Sunil , Khanna Namita
Published: March 2007

In a consecutive series of 178 first contact patients hospitalisation was significantly related to greater distance travelled, low income, acute onset, short duration, past history of illness and history of substance abuse compared to those receiving outpatient disposition. Hospitalised manics and paranoid schizophrenics had higher BPRS scores while hospitalised non-paranoid schizophrenics had lower scores. There was a significant positive correlation between hospitalisation and BPRS items: grandiosity, excitement, elated mood, motor-hyperactivity and distrac tibility and negative correlation with somatic concern, anxiety, depressive mood and social incompetence. Stepwise multiple regression analysis found the combi nation of loss of functioning, social incompetence and grandiosity to best predict disposition decision.
Gender, Generational and Social Support Correlates of Mental Health in Asian Immigrants
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Shiekh Shaheen
Published: March 2007

A sample of 100 Asian immigrants, mainly from India and Pakistan, were interviewed in their native language (Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi or English) concerning their psychological adjustment to life in Britain. It was predicted that female Indo- Pakistan immigrants would have higher levels of psychological symptomatology than male immigrants; and that second generation immigrants would have higher levels of psychological symptomatology than the first generation immigrants. The results showed that indeed the female immigrants did have significantly higher levels of psychological symptoms than males but that second generation immi grants did not have higher levels of psychological symptoms than the first generation immigrants. Social support networks of the subjects were not correlated with mental health. However for the two generations, there was evidence linking social support to mental health. The extent of acculturisation, as measured by identificational assimilation, was not correlated with mental health. Results are discussed in terms of the burgeoning literature in this field.
Users' Satisfaction with Mental Health Services
Authors: Vicente Benjamin , Vielma Mabel , Jenner F. Alec , Mezzina Roberto , Lliapas Iannis
Published: March 2007

The opinion and level of satisfaction of the users of three different mental health services are presented as a way of evaluating the outcome of institutional and community approaches to psychiatric services. The information was collected in the cities of Concepcion (Chile), Sheffield (England) and Trieste (Italy) interviewing a sample of the users of the psychiatric services using a questionnaire specifically designed to suit the study's aims.

The patients in Sheffield tended to support an eventual move towards a more community based service while the relatives appeared more interested in a general improvement of the traditional institutional facilities. In Trieste, patients as well as relatives are fully supportive of the community based services and reasonably aware of the difficulties. They want to improve things in the community. Finally, Chilean users show a considerable adherence to the more traditional and institutionalised ways of offering services and the levels of satisfaction were very high considering the conditions in which the help was delivered.
Religious Identity and Comfort Beliefs in Three Groups of Psychiatric Patients and a Group of Medical Controls
Authors: Neeleman Jan , Lewis Glyn
Published: March 2007

In order to assess the religious beliefs and practices of psychiatric patients, a self- report questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire was administered to 73 psychiatric patients and 25 non-psychiatric controls. Older age, membership of an ethnic minority and the presence of psychiatric disorder were all significantly associated with higher scores on the questionnaire. Psychotic subjects obtained the highest scores whilst those of depressed and parasuicide subjects were interme diate between those of the control and the psychotic groups. These results emphasise the importance of religion for many patients with common psychiatric problems. Specialist religious help may be of value in the management of such problems.
Cultural Sensitivity: ICD-10 Versus DSM-III-R
Authors: Haghighat Rahman
Published: March 2007

This article is the outcome of a comparison of the ICD-10 ( International Classifica tion of Diseases, 10th Revision) and DSM-III-R (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Third Edition, Revised). The study indicates that the ICD-10 has made great progress in widening the international scope of contemporary systems of classifica tion in psychiatry and that the inclusion of certain cultural elements into a classificatory system could enrich its worldwide perspective.
Divergent Views - Patient, Carer and Staff Perceptions of Diagnosis and Reasons for Psychiatric Admission To a District General Hospital
Authors: Round Alison , Bray Chris , Polak Simon , Graham Lyn
Published: March 2007

This study explores the differing perceptions of patients, carers, and professional staff in relation to psychiatric admission. There is poor to moderate agreement between lay people and professional beliefs about diagnosis or purpose of admission, although good agreement about the necessity of admission. The chronicity of symptoms in admitted patients and a rural-urban divide in rates of admissions are also noted.
The Taps Project. 29: Residential Care Provision in North London: a Representative Sample of Ten Facilities for Mentally Ill People
Authors: Lewis Ann , Trieman Noam
Published: March 2007

Described are ten residential facilities, which represent examples of different residential arrangements available for mentally-ill people in a north London region. Administrative issues, daily routine, physical layout, and other aspects regarding residents and staff are addressed. The environmental features of the facilities were rated by using structured assessments.

The facilities, though run by various agencies and providing different levels of care, demonstrate a common set of principles and practices, which formulates a framework for successful care Generally, there has been no indication of any shortcomings in providing a reliable and good standard of care.
Students' Stress in China, Japan and Korea: a Transcultural Study
Authors: Kim Kwang-Iel , Won Hotaek , Liu Xiehe , Liu Peiyi , Kitanishi Kenji
Published: March 2007

In this transcultural comparison of stress among Chinese, Japanese and Korean students, the authors examined stressors with the Stress Questionnaire Form for College Students, strategies for coping with Ways of Coping-Revised, and physical reactions to the stressors with the Physical Symptom Scale of Stress. Compared to the Japanese and Korean students, Chinese students had a multitude of stressors and experienced the highest level of stress. In coping with stressful events, Koreans were the most active, Chinese the least active and Japanese were inter mediately active. Physical symptoms were found to be most serious in Koreans and less serious in Chinese and Japanese. Coping techniques seemed unrelated to alleviating physical symptoms in Koreans but mildly related in Chinese and Japanese.
Does Quality of Life Differ in Schizophrenic Women and Men? An Empirical Study
Authors: Röder-Wanner Ute-Ulrike , Oliver Joseph P.J. , Priebe Stefan
Published: March 2007

In our study of 617 schizophrenic patients, we tested the hypothesis that women have a better objective and subjective quality of life than men. Better social integration of women was confirmed. Objective conditions had a significant but quantitatively small impact on satisfaction with specific life domains. Better social integration did not, however, lead to more satisfaction among schizophrenic women. Satisfaction with life in general was better predicted by satisfaction in different life domains than by objective circumstances. Predictors of satisfaction with life were not equal for both sexes. Rather than confirming quantitative differences in subjective quality of life, our data support the existence of gender- specific processes and contexts of subjective valuation.
Reform and Reshaping Mental Health Services in the Montreal Area
Authors: Dorvil Henri
Published: March 2007

Over the past 40 years, the mental health care system has been radically transformed from one focused on institutionalized care to one centred on treatment in community settings. Following the example of the UK and USA, Quebec is travelling down a similar path in transferring mental illness services from mental hospitals to the community. The purpose of this present study is firstly to examine why and how this administrative settlement has been reached; secondly to explain the operation of the service, especially in both sectors where Quebec has innovated: family housing and individualized service plans.
Suicide in Trinidad and Tobago: Associations With Measures of Social Distress
Authors: Hutchinson Gerard A. , Simeon Donald T.
Published: March 2007

Using national statistics for the period 1973-1992, associations were examined between suicide rates and measures of social distress in Trinidad and Tobago. The latter included unemployment, serious crimes, emigration rates and admissions to the country's psychiatric hospital. There was a 319% increase in male suicide rates, from 4.96/100,000 in 1978 to 20.76/100,000 in 1992. Although there were fluctuations in the rate for females, it remained below 8/100,000. Over the 15-year period examined, there was a 51 % increase in serious crime while male and female unemployment increased by 89% and 33% respectively. There was a 63% fall in the rate of permanent emigration while male and female admissions to the psychiatric hospital fell by 28% and 19% respectively. There were significant positive associa tions between male suicide and serious crimes as well as with male and female unemployment (p < 0.01). Male suicide rates were also negatively associated with the male admissions to the psychiatric hospital (p < 0.01). Female suicide rates were positively associated with serious crime and male unemployment (p < 0.01).

Although it is not possible to determine whether the observed associations were causal, the results suggest that social distress may be an important contributor to the suicide rate in Trinidad and Tobago, particularly among men. The organisation of preventive strategies for suicidal behaviour must therefore include measures to counter the experience of social distress in this setting.
Psychiatry in Pakistan
Authors: Yousaf Farida
Published: March 2007

Psychiatric services in Pakistan have undergone considerable changes since independence 50 years ago. There has been an increased awareness of psychi atric illness on both public and professional levels and great emphasis has been laid on the education and training of medical and related professions in recent years. Although old traditional methods still prevail, it is becoming increasingly common to seek professional psychiatric advice. Like any developing country, however, much remains to be done especially on a government level in order to meet the basic mental health needs of the nation.
OCD in Bahrain: a Phenomenological Profile
Authors: Shooka A. , Al-Haddad M.K. , Raees A.
Published: March 2007

Fifty patients with a primary diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) were studied during the course of the year 1994 from a phenomenological point of view in order to delineate the various forms and contents of obsessions and compulsions.

An attempt was made to highlight the frequency with which the different forms and contents occur. Six types of obsessions were identified: doubts, thoughts, fear (phobia), images, impulses and miscellaneous.

Compulsive acts were classified into two types: yielding and controlling.

The contents of obsessions could be classified into eight broad categories as relating to: dirt and contamination, germs, aggression, sex, religion, blasphemy, illness and indecisiveness. Thirty eight percent of the patients displayed obses sional thoughts related to dirt and contamination, while forty per cent showed religious and blasphemous obsessional thoughts and doubts.

Fifty six percent of the patients had compulsions of which 36% were multiple, while 20% displayed only a single compulsion.

The paper discusses these findings and emphasizes the role played by socio- cultural and religious factors in shaping the character of an obsessional thought content.
Space Age Communication and Its Impact On Education
Authors: Romano Michael T.
Published: March 2007

This paper was delivered as the keynote address of the American Business Writing As sociation's Thirty-First Annual Convention, New Orleans, De cember 28, 1966. In it, Dr. Romano discusses various as pects of the ''communication bonanza" resulting from space- age technology and implica tions for the future of educa tion. You'll find many of the innovations described both de lightful and frightening.
The Way We Write It Makes a Difference — Sometimes
Authors: Davis Richard M.
Published: March 2007

Seven definably different audi ences (approximately 750 sub jects) were tested in a factorial experiment to determine the effect of departures from stand ards in expression (agreement of subject and verb, sentence length, and shifts in point of view) upon the effectiveness of a 3,700-1 word test message. To the surprise of the experimenter and perhaps of the reader of this article—the variables test ed did not cause differences in the effectiveness of the mes sage. Possible reasons for this are postulated and preliminary results of a follow-on experi ment are indicated.
An Analysis of Communicatee Responses To Written Business Communications
Authors: Pettit John D.
Published: March 2007

Business letters create images: those employing "good" business writing prin ciples evoke positive images; those not so structured evoke negative images. An after-only experiment, using the semantic differential for measurement, pro vides consistent support for the empirical validity of good writing principles.
PEOPLE PROGRAMMING: Preparing Systems Documents for Communication
Authors: Fleischhauer F.W.
Published: March 2007

The systems designer does his job well only when he communicates effectively with the users of his systems. Proper organization of the systems document can reduce many of the barriers to effective communication. Here is how one large corporation organized its corporate procedure-format and gained both efficiency and effectiveness.
The Electric Kool-Aid Publications Management Acid Test
Authors: Briggs Nelson A.
Published: March 2007

One's openness to, and ability to cope with, change are measured by the acid test for publication specialists described here. The winners "innaugurate change to compensate for change." But this article also describes some publication managers who fail the test and become a drain on corporate management in vestment.
How To Handle Yourself and Others During Question and Answer Sessions
Authors: Dyer Frederick C. , Moore Thornton B. , Dyer John M.
Published: March 2007

Q & A sessions are becoming common in this era of sales meetings, stockholders meetings, and trade, civic, and social conferences and conventions. This article tells what to expect and how to get more out of the interchanges.
Perceptions and Misperceptions of Political Advertising
Authors: Meyer Timothy P. , Donohue Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

This study documents the tendency of hearers to misperceive the contents of paid political radio advertising, particularly for high-credibility candidates: they read in even more positive information than is in the actual ad.
Matrix and Interface Stresses in a Discontinuous Fiber Composite Model
Authors: Carrara Anthony S. , Mcgarry Frederick J.
Published: March 2007

The method of finite element analysis is applied to an axially symmetrical model of a single filament glass-resin composite under tension. Fiber end geometries are varied by considering ellipsoids of revolution with one axis length equal to the fiber diameter while the second varies from one-tenth to ten times the fiber diameter. Tapered tips with these same axis ratios are considered also. The results show that the best ellipsoidal end shape for minimizing matrix shear stress concentration is one having the longitudinal axis equal to twice the fiber diameter. The shear stress concentration for this geometry, however, is still greater than that of the slowly tapered end, which causes the lowest stress concentration. General stress patterns in the matrix as found by the finite element method are compared to previous analytical and experimental predictions.
The Dielectric Constants of Nonconducting Suspensions
Authors: Peterson J.M. , Hermans J.J.
Published: March 2007

The electric permittivity of a composite can be expressed in terms of the electric permittivity of the components and the average of the electric potential on the surface of a filler particle. The expression obtained is developed in powers of the volume fraction c of filler particles. Both the term linear in c and the term which is quadratic in c . are derived explicitly for two systems: (a) the particles are spheres; (b) the particles are circular cylinders perpendicular to the external field. Two methods are used. The first is an approximate treatment which is based on successive "reflections" of the perturbation caused by one particle off a second particle. The assumption is made that each reflection can be calculated as though the perturbation of the field is seen by the particle as a homogeneous field. This approach is worked out for cylinders and for spheres. The second method is carried through only for cylinders. It is based on the use of bipolar coordinates and is rigorous. The results obtained are compared with those of two approxi mate theories published previously: that of Polder and Van Santen and that of Kerner. This comparison can be found in the last section.
Tensile Strengths of Notched Composites
Authors: Beaumont P.W.R. , Phillips D.C.
Published: March 2007

The tensile strengths of several different aligned fiber-epoxy resin com posites containing cracks perpendicular to the fibers have been measured as a function of crack size. The fibers were surface treated and surface untreated, high and low modulus, carbon; and S-glass. Thus, the effect of varied fiber- matrix bond strengths were observed. Surface treated carbon fiber com posites were notch-sensitive but the surface untreated carbon fiber compos ites and the glass fiber composites were notch-insensitive. This effect is due to differences in the shear strengths of the materials. The tensile strengths of the notch-sensitive materials are discussed in terms of various failure criteria, and it is shown that as the relative sharpness of cracks is increased, strengths tend towards the prediction of linear elastic fracture mechanics. The fracture surface energies of all these materials were measured by a work of fracture technique. The works of fracture of the carbon fiber composites are best explained by a model in which shear stress at the interface is maintained during pull-out. The works of fracture of the glass fiber composite are best explained by a debonding model.
Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Lin T.H. , Salinas D. , Ito Y.M.
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the elastic-plastic analysis of unidirectional-filament reinforced composites subjected to longitudinal loading. The method of anal ysis is based on special generalized plane strain conditions, finite element techniques and Prandtl-Reuss incremental plasticity relations. The results for a boron/ aluminum composite and a boron/epoxy composite were compared to show the relation between composite behavior and the material properties of the matrix.
Prediction of Shock Response for Several Composite Materials
Authors: Davis R.O. , Wu J.H.
Published: March 2007

Equations governing the response of composite materials to shock loading are presented and used to predict Hugoniot curves for several two- constituent composites called Elkonites. Special attention is given to the transfer of thermal energy between constituents within the shock surface. It is shown that although energy transfer has little effect on the composite Hugoniot, it can change the predicted constituent states remarkably. Hugoniots for several Elkonites are calculated and compared with experi mental data.
The Elastic Deformation of Lubricated Carbon Fiber Bundles: Comparison of Theory and Experiments
Authors: Gutowski T.G. , Dillon G.
Published: March 2007

During typical composites manufacturing processes, fibers are deformed in ways that alter their processing characteristics (e.g., permeability, stresses and resin pressure, etc.) and their resulting microstructure (fiber volume fraction, void fraction, etc.). In this paper, we review all available data for the deformation behavior of lubricated carbon fiber bundles and compared it to a recently developed 3-D theory [15]. Most of the data, which is for transverse compression, exhibits very large scatter, but can be collapsed by shifting along the fiber volume fraction axis. It is hypothesized that the shifts represent different "states" for the fiber bundle, which can be represented in the model by a single variable, the available fiber volume fraction Va. It is then shown that all available aligned carbon fiber bundle data, including bulk compression, axial extension, and coupling be havior can be fit to the modified model by only adjusting Va. In one case (the coupling be havior), the available fiber volume fraction was directly measured. Observations on how the "state" of the fiber bundle can be modified by the processing conditions are included. On the basis of this analysis, a simple, practical test to determine Va is proposed.
Process Modeling of Composite Materials: Residual Stress Development during Cure. Part I. Model Formulation
Authors: White S.R. , Hahn H.T.
Published: March 2007

In the production of composite parts the pertinent processing parameters are time, temperature, and pressure. A judicious choice of these three parameters pro duces composites which are fully cured, compacted, and of high quality. Slight deviations from the recommended processing conditions can result in unacceptable quality. One of the most significant problems in the processing of composites is residual stresses. Processing-induced residual stresses can be high enough to cause cracking within the matrix even before mechanical loading. This microcracking of the matrix can expose the fibers to degradation by chemical attack. Strength is adversely affected by residual stresses since a pre-loading has been introduced.

The topics considered and discussion presented in this paper have been chosen to ad dress the issue of understanding how residual stresses develop during processing and how they can be predicted. A process model has been developed which can be used to predict the residual stress history during the curing of composite laminates. This model includes the effects of chemical and thermal strains and assumes the material to exhibit linear, vis coelastic behavior. A phenomenological model is used to predict the degree of cure history during the cure cycle. Mechanical properties are allowed to develop based on a functional dependence on the cure state (degree of cure) and the transverse compliance is taken as the only time-dependent compliance. Simultaneous application of the cure kinetics and a vis coelastic stress analysis yields the residual moments and curvatures for unsymmetric cross-ply laminates. An experimental correlation is provided in an accompanying paper.
A structural analysis of the situation in the Middle East in 1956
Authors: Harary Frank
Published: March 2007

We attempt to display a systematic approach for the distinction between states of equilibrium and disequilibrium in the interrelationships between nations, using as corroborative material the rapid shifts in 1956 among the various nations, brought about by the Middle Eastern situation. The psychological theory behind this approach is that of structural balance, which is pertinent in the present context to balance of power, while the logical framework involves the mathematical theory of graphs. We do not assert that this theory in its present form is predictive, but we do feel that it offers a well-organized mode of thinking which, although simple, may be fruitful. We also comment on some aspects of the Hungarian situation in terms of structural balance. It must be borne in mind throughout this article that it was written in early 1957 and that therefore the interrelationships among nations described herein reflect that time period.
The Persons Behind the Ideas
Authors: Bugental J.F.T.
Published: March 2007

The Journal of Humanistic Psychology recognizes that any scientific and professional writing is an expression of a person as well as of that person's ideas. This section is designed to aid in the dialogue between the reader and the author by helping to reveal the person whose ideas are presented in the formal papers.
'Monday I'Ve Got Friday On My Mind': Working Time in the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Barnes Alison , Fieldes Diane
Published: March 2007

It is commonly argued that the drive towards flexible working hours is an important arena in which the interests of employers and workers can be reconciled to mutual benefit through workplace bargaining. Against this, others suggest that the potential for mutual gain is illusory, that the needs of workers and employers are conflictual, and that this conflict occurs as much in the field of working hours as it does over wages. In this article we set up the broad argument and then provide a case study that analyses the debate over working time reorganisation in the Australian hospitality industry in the late 1990s. We focus particularly on the hospitality award simplification decision of 1997 and the penalty rates decision of 1998. The arguments in the Australian Industrial Relations Commission, the various responses to the decision, and subsequent developments in the industry all illustrate conflicting interests between employers and employees on the question of working time.

Current preoccupations with working time include the capacity of flexible working hours to reconcile the needs and desires of workers and employers. Counterposed to this view are arguments that highlight the disparity between the rhetoric of hours flexibility and the reality as experienced by Australian workers, particularly women.
Industrial Relations and Professional Team Sports in Australia
Authors: Dabscheck Braham
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the formation of the Victorian Football League Players' Association and gives an account of their development during 1974. The emergence of the V.F.L.P.A. is set against the background of an industry circumscribed by a series of monopsonistic controls which severely limit the employment opportunities of footballers; of the growth of similar associations in a number of overseas professional sports; and growing industrial tensions in a number of Australian sports. For students of Australia's system of industrial relations the emergence of the V.F.L.P.A. should be of interest in the sense that it appears that collective bargaining will be the method through which rules of the workplace will be determined.

Both the internal activities and the external machinations of the V.F.L.P.A. are examined in some detail. Particular attention is paid to the V.F.L.P.A.'s concern with internal communications and to reasons for the V.F.L.'s rather lukewarm opposition to the formation of the V.F.L.P.A. The conclusion, on the basis of overseas experience, offers some policy recommendations to help improve the cohesiveness and effectiveness of the V.F.L.P.A.
Worker Participation in the Dynavac Organization
Authors: Cupper Les
Published: March 2007

This paper traces the development of the participatory management scheme of Dynavac Pty Ltd and examines the organizational forms which currently provide every employee with the opportunity to contribute to, and participate in, the decision-making processes. Employee opinion of the scheme and the problems encountered in its operation are canvassed. Specific attention is paid to the relevance of Dynavac's experience to other Australian firms. It is argued that collective decision-making in the Dynavac organization represents only one of many alternative management styles. It should not be seen as a blueprint for worker participation per se, as mere duplication of the model would be fraught with difficulty. Dynavac's organizational form is a product of its employees' attitudes, its technology, size and, more importantly, its ownership. Nevertheless, Dynavac is capable of providing valuable guidance to individuals and organizations concerned with fostering greater employee involvement in decision-making.
Towards Collective Bargaining: A Critical Analysis of Trends
Authors: Mclelland Ross
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to examine and assess the validity of the proposition that the developments in the process of work rule determination, in recent years, are centred on a move towards more cellective bargaining in Australia. The Conciliation and Arbitration system, as its founders intended it to operate, is analysed. Although it is acknowledged that there are isolated cases of collective bargaining in Australia, it is shown that the present system is moving towards the system envisaged by the founders.
Political Strikes : Three Burning Questions
Authors: Hay P.R.
Published: March 2007

The current state of the debate about political strikes in Australia is examined, looking particularly at three questions which merit urgent academic attention. In each instance it is suggested that the valid position may be some what different from that which many government and press spokesmen currently assume to be self-evident. It is also argued that the designation "political strike" is best reserved for reference to industrial action which has as its subject matter, an issue of broader significance than the narrow "traditional" sphere of trade union concerns ( wages and working conditions). The phrase has frequently been used in the past in connection with the hidden political motives of the strikers. Secondly, it is advanced that the economic consequences of political strikes may be far less than is commonly supposed, though any conclusive data on this question is difficult to obtain. Finally, the question of the legitimacy of political industrial action in a liberal democracy is considered. Three approaches to legitimacy in liberal democracy are noted—that of Rawlsian distributive justice, that of legitimacy residing in the will of the majority, and that of pluralism. It is suggested that in each instance a case for the legitimacy of political strikes can be made.
Aspects of Compulsory Intervention in Australia and Israel
Authors: Galin Amira
Published: March 2007

The high and rapidly rising rate of work stoppages has created cortcern in many industrialised countries. The increase in industrial unrest has been accompanied by a growing public demand for greater intervention by govern ment in labour management relations. The desirability of such compulsory intervention is, however, a subject of great controversy. Israel and Australia provide a useful comparative study for the various effects of compulsory inter ventian in labour relations. The objective of this article is to compare the process, effects and effectiveness of compulsory intervention in the two countries. The conclusion is that it has not been proven that compulsory arbitration will result in a lower level of strike activity, while its introduction may result in irreversible and sometimes undesirable effects on the conduct of industrial relations.
Attitudes of Business Executives and Union Leaders to Industrial Relations: Twenty-Three Years Later
Authors: Spillane Robert
Published: March 2007

A survey of the attitudes of executives and union leaders to industrial relations issues was conducted by Walker in the 1950s. He reported significant ideological differences and found attitude patterns which can be characterised as pro-management and pro-union. Factor analysis showed several attitudinal dimensions to be involved in the items used and also some variation in the factor patterns of the groups. A follow-up survey in 1978 used many of the original items and sampled similar groups of executives and union leaders. Again significant attitudinal differences were found. Two decades later the attitude gap between the groups has decreased although wide differences re main. Attitudes to unions' striking, incentive schemes and the relative abilities of union leaders have changed, whilst strong support for the arbitration system as a peace-keeper has been confirmed.
The Impact of Higher Unemployment on Areas Within Sydney
Authors: Vipond Joan
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the distribution of registered unemployment in Com monwealth Employment Service Offices within Sydney in the years 1971-79. In 1979 adult unemployment was concentrated in the centre of the urban area and teenage unemployment in the west. The greatly increased level of un employment since 1975 had not made major changes in this spatial pattern except in the case of adult female unemployment which in the early 1970s was concentrated in the western suburbs, but in the late '70s was highest in inner Sydney. The probable reason for this change is that when unemployment rates rose married women became discouraged workers and/or did not register as unemployed. As a result cyclical changes in the locations of concentrations of unemployed women may reflect imperfect data collection rather than economic causes. Real unemployment of adult women is probably still con centrated in suburban areas as is teenage unemployment while adult male unemployment is mainly a problem in the core of Sydney.
Land, Labour or Capital: Industrial Relations in the Australasian Primary Sector
Authors: Gill Howard
Published: March 2007

The development of industrial relations in Australian and New Zealand primary industries are compared and differences in the collective organisation of shearers and agricultural workers related to the activities of employers and the state. Social and political frameworks are developed to explain this uneven development of unions and industrial regulation. It is shown that actions and decisions of parliaments and of industrial tribunals have been crucial in variously promoting or debilitating unions and industrial regulation. Such decisions are related to social and political forces which, in turn, have promoted belief that agriculture is a 'special case'.
Principles Underlying the Preference-to-Unionists Awards in Industrial Law
Authors: Latinier Paul
Published: March 2007

Preference awards such as the following are common: 'As between members of the — Union and other persons offering or desiring service or employment at the same time, preference shall be given to such members at the time of engagement or retrenchment, other relevant things being equal."

It is the purpose of this paper to examine the principles under which awards of preference have been made by federal arbitration tribunals,

To do so, this paper surveys virtually all the reported decisions of the Common wealth industrial tribunals over the last seventy-five years to provide an examination of the legal nature and rationale of preference-to-unionist awards. The paper opens by examining the four principles given by one of the architects of the Conciliation and Arbitration Act, H. B. Higgins, justifying an award of preference under this Act with the positive encouragement of trade unionism as the first and fundamental reason. These are now largely built into the Act as s. 47(2). The paper continues with a survey of other principles which have been advanced since that time expanding the scope of a preference-to-unionists award as preference has developed as a standard clause of so many Commonwealth and State industrial awards. The paper also notes comments made by tribunals to the effect that an award cannot be made if various consequences, such as monopoly of employment or compulsory unionism, are said to result, and examines the realities of this contention, which, if correct, would destroy the practical operation of so many preference awards.
(Un)equal Pay for Work of Equal Value
Authors: Thornton Margaret
Published: March 2007

The significant gap between men's and women's wages in Australia has been reinforced by sociological, economic and judicial factors. The implementation of the principle of 'equal pay for equal work' has done little to remedy the inequity for the majority of women in the workforce, who are engaged in sex-segregated occupa tions, because they have not been considered to perform 'work of the same or a like nature'. Analysis of the Universities (Equal Pay) Case illustrates, however, that the introduction of the broader principle of 'equal pay for work of equal ualue' is under mined if applicants still endeavour to demonstrate that women are engaged in work identical in nature to a predominantly male classification. Such an approach is inappropriate in the case of women clerical workers since the number of men involved in keyboard and transcription work is minuscule. This work has become stigmatised as per se inferior and as justifying a low rate of pay regardless of other administrative duties performed.

An 'equal valtre' case should be able to be framed in such a way that the work of women in female-dominated occupations can be compared systematically with that of men employed in discrete, male-dominated occupations in the community in respect of education, training and expertise required.
The Employment of Women in the New South Wales Public Service, 1947 to 1978
Authors: Kramar Robin
Published: March 2007

Although merit and efficiency were the principal criteria for the management of the New South Wales Public Service between 1947 and 1978, sex segmentation remained a feature of this sector. This paper examines the reasons for the sexual division of labour in the New South Wales Public Service. It highlights the importance of gender in mediating legislative requirements, personnel practices and the structure of work. The concentration of women in low level, female occupations persisted, despite the expansion of the labour market and changes in employment practices governing women. The introduction of equal pay, permanent status for married women, and measures designed to promote equal employment opportunity were hampered by social and legal institutions that supported the existing relations between men and women. The task of removing gender considerations from management practices will continue to be extremely difficult while society supports a distinct division of labour through its social, cultural, legal and economic institutions.
Australian Union Density Rates 1976-1982
Authors: Hill John D.
Published: March 2007

One of the many distinguishing features of Australian industrial relations is a relatively high rate of union penetration, or union density. Few industries lack union presence, and the reasons for this have been widely discussed over the years. This article outlines some of the ntajor industrial relations consequences of these relatively high density rates, and then, using a comparison of the 1976 and 1982 Australian Bureau of Statistics trade union census data, discusses why Australian trade union density rates have fallen over that period, and the implications of this decline. In brief, this is seen as resulting from changes in a number of relevant environmental variables, some of which may be seen as short-term aberrations. Others would appear, however, to result from significant structural changes in the Australian economy and society and hence have considerable policy implications. The manner in which the ABS data has been assembled makes it possible to evaluate the effects of these changes on levels of both male and female unionization, and on union penetration in different states, occupations and industries.
Psychological Aspects of Occupational Stress and Workers Compensation
Authors: Spillane Robert
Published: March 2007

Research into occupational stress that explores the relationship between physical and psychiatric illnesses and job environment has important implications for the field of workers compensation. Recent studies conducted in Australia have shown that occupational stress can be indexed by analysis of 'stress hormones' to provide a rationale for job (re)design and stress management programs generally. Inadequately designed jobs can be shown to extract a high physiological cost from employees, which may lead to physical illness. These findings, however, cannot easily be extended to psychiatric illness. A model is presented in which distress is represented by the individual's attitudes to stress. Such a view does not consider distress to be either a direct cause of job stress or an illness. According to this argurnent, claims for workers compensation based on psychiatric grounds can be expected to attract more resistance than those based on physiological factors.
Union Democracy in Australia: Accommodation and Resistance
Authors: Fairbrother Peter
Published: March 2007

The academic debate about union democracy in Australia is limited and is largely focused on the internal affairs and arrangements of unions. This attention is consistent with the circumstances that Australia's unions are more extensively regulated by legislation than most other comparable union movements. It is argued that this degree of regulation has provided a powerful impetus toward the centralizing tendencies of unions in contemporary capitalist societies. But to leave the argument at this level is to lose sight of the purpose of trade unions as class organizations. Through a consideration of selected unions and disputes it is argued that, although unions are subject to considerable pressures toward constraint and control, oppositional forms of trade unionism have emerged, albeit to a limited extent. It is on the basis of this analysis that the argument is made that union democracy should be a major issue for most unions. To realize union democracy it is necessary for unions to be organized and structured in collective ways. This, however. does not mean that union democracy is inevitable; it means that union democracy is a possibility that can only be achieved through union practice.
Penalty Rates and Labour Supply: Employee Attitudes to Non-Standard Hours of Work
Authors: Dawkins Peter , Rungie Campbell , Sloan Judith
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the supply of labour to non-standard hours of work. If penalty rates for such hours of work were reduced, any potential employment creation due to increased labour demand would depend in part on the labour supply response. We consider the rationale for penalty rates, changes in the labour force and in the length of working hours, and evidence on employee attitudes (including in-depth discussion groups that we have organized). It is concluded that changes since the introduction of penalty rates and the heterogeneity of employee preferences make the rigid structure of penalty rates inappropriate. Appropriate patterns of working time and associated compensation vary substantially among industries and occupations.