bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
representações cinematográficas dos conflitos socioambientais em torno da Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte na Amazônia
Authors: Silva Junior Humberto Alves
Published: April 2024

O presente estudo aborda os conflitos socioambientais em torno da construção e execução da Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, situada no estado do Pará, por meio da análise de dois filmes documentários que tratam desse problema: Belo Monte: anúncio de uma guerra (2016) de André D’Elia e Belo Monte: depois da inundação (2016) de Todd Southgate. A perspectiva da pesquisa relaciona duas subáreas da sociologia: sociologia do cinema e a sociologia dos conflitos socioambientais, com o objetivo de melhor compreender um dos principais focos de tensão econômica e socioambiental na Amazônia, que são as usinas hidrelétricas, ao lado de outros problemas graves, tais como a ação do agronegócio, a extração de madeiras, a grilagem de terras, a ação do garimpo e as queimadas. O artigo trata das questões de Belo Monte, como um exemplo de conflagração de interesses distintos, de um lado, indígenas, ribeirinhos, pequenos pescadores e agricultores e, de outro, empreiteiras, empresas e o Estado, representado principalmente pelo poder executivo, que na maior parte desses conflitos se coloca ao lado dos empreendimentos privados. Para a realização da pesquisa foi utilizado a análise textual dos filmes, no qual se decompõe a obra fílmica em segmentos a serem estudados separadamente e depois são reagrupados para compreensão totalizante do filme. E para a análise de textos foi aplicada a análise de conteúdo, no qual se observa detidamente os escritos e em seguida faz inferências interpretativas do texto, relacionando as proposições consideradas corretas.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Date A. W.
Published: October 2008

This article describes the main elements of the tasks involved in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Partial differential equations describing conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in a continuum are presented along with the empirical laws governing diffusion flux and a variety of sources that are commonly encountered in engineering practice. Finite‐volume discretization of transport equations on unstructured meshes with cell‐centered colocated variables is explained in detail within the framework of the SIMPLE algorithm. By way of illustration, the algorithm is applied to a problem of fully developed flow and heat transfer in a tube containing a twisted tape.
Organolithiums and Lithium 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidide in Reductive Alkylation of Epoxides: Synthesis of (

E

)‐Alkenes [(

E

)‐2‐Methyltetradeca‐1,3‐Diene]
Authors: Hodgson David M. , Humphreys Philip G. , Fleming Matthew J.
Published: October 2008

2‐Bromopropene

Tert
‐Butlylithium

n
‐Butyllithium

2,2,6,6,‐Tetramethylpiperdine

1,2‐Epoxydodecane
Selective Trialkylation of Cyclen with

tert

‐Butyl Bromoacetate
Authors: Moore Dennis A.
Published: October 2008

Cyclen

Sodium acetate trihydrate

Tert
‐Butyl bromoacetate

1,4,7,10‐Tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7‐triacetic acid, tri‐
tert
‐butyl ester
(±)

trans

‐3,3′‐(1,2‐Cyclopropanediyl)Bis‐2‐(

E

)‐Propenoic Acid, Diethyl Ester : Tandem Oxidation Procedure (Top) Using
Mn
O
2
Oxidation‐Stabilized Phosphorane Trapping
Authors: Taylor Richard J. K. , Campbell Leonie , McAllister Graeme D.
Published: October 2008

Diethyl
trans
‐1,2‐cyclopropanedicarboxylate

Bis
‐(Hydroxymethyl)‐cyclopropane

(+/−)‐Diethyl(
E,E,E
)‐cyclopropane‐1,2‐acrylate

Manganese (IV) oxide

(Carboxymethylene)triphenylphosphorane

2‐Propenenoic acid, 3,3′‐(1,2‐cyclopropanediyl)bis, diethyl ester
Facile Synthesis of 2‐Ethyl‐3‐Quinolinecarboxylic Acid Hydrochloride
Authors: McNaughton Brian R. , Miller Benjamin L.
Published: October 2008

2‐Nitrobenzaldhyde

Methyl propionylacetate

Zinc(II) chloride

Tin(II) chloride

2‐Ethyl‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acid, methyl ester

2‐Ethyl‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acid

2‐Ethyl‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride
Preparation of a Non‐Symmetrical Imidazolium Salt: 1‐Adamantyl‐3‐Mesityl‐4,5‐ Dimethylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate
Authors: Fürstner Alois , Alcarazo Manuel , César Vincent , Krause Helga
Published: October 2008

3‐Hydroxybutan‐2‐one

Mesitylamine

3‐(Mesitylamino)butane‐2‐one

Acetic formic anhydride

N
‐Mesityl‐
N‐(
3‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)formamide

Acetic anhydride

Aqueous Borate (1), tetrafluoro‐, hydrogen

1‐Adamantylamine

1‐Adamantyl‐3‐mesityl‐4,5‐dimethylmiidazolium tetrafluoroborate
Preparation of a 1‐Alkoxy‐1‐Alkyne from Reaction of a 2,2,2‐Trifluoromethyl Ether with an Alkyllithium Reagent: 1‐Benzyloxymethoxy‐1‐Hexyne
Authors: Kocienski P. J. , Snaddon T. N.
Published: October 2008

Sodium hydride

2,2,2,‐Trifluoroethanol

Benzyl chloromethyl ether

Benzoyloxymethoxy‐2,2,2‐trifluormethyl ether

n
‐Butyllithium

1‐Benzyloxymethoxy‐1‐hexyne

1,3‐Diphenylacetone
p
‐tosylhydrazone
(

S

)‐5‐Pyrrolidin‐2‐Yl‐1

H

‐Tetrazole
Authors: Aureggi Valentina , Franckevičius Vilius , Kitching Matthew O. , Ley Steven V. , Longbottom Deborah A. , Oelke Alexander J. , Sedelmeier Gottfried
Published: October 2008

(
S
)‐5‐Pyrrolidine‐2‐yl‐1
H
‐tetrazole

(
S
)‐2‐Amido‐pyrrolidine‐1‐carboxylic acid benzyl ester

Cbz‐
l
‐proline

Di‐
tert
‐butyl dicarbonate

(
S
)‐2‐Cyano‐pyrrolidine1‐carboxylic acid benzyl ester

Cyanuric chloride

(
S
)‐2‐(1
H
‐Tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐pyrrolidin‐1‐carboxylic acid benzyl ester

Sodium azide

Triethylamine hydrochloride
Single‐Step Synthesis of Alkynyl Imines from

N

‐Vinyl and

N

‐Aryl Amides
Authors: Movassaghi Mohammad , Hill Matthew D.
Published: October 2008

N
‐Phenylbenzenecarboxamide

2‐Chloropyridine

trifluormethanesulfonic acid anhydride

1‐(Trimethylsilyl)acetylene

N
‐[1‐Phenyl‐3‐(trimethylsilyl)‐2‐propyn‐1‐yldene]‐benzeneamine
Copper‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction of 1‐Alkynes, Sulfonyl Azides, and Water:

N

‐(4‐Acetamidophenylsulfonyl)‐2‐Phenylacetamide
Authors: Cho Seung Hwan , Hwang Seung Jun , Chang Sukbok
Published: October 2008

Copper cyanide

Phenylacetylene

4‐Acetamidobenzensulfonyl azide

Triethylamine
Synthesis of Enantiopure Di(
Tert
‐Butyl) (2

S

,4

S

)‐4‐Hydroxy‐6‐Oxo‐1,2‐Piperidinedicarboxylate. A Useful Building Block for the Preparation of 4‐Hydroxypipecolate Derivatives
Authors: Chaloin Olivier , Cabart Frédéric , Marin Julien , Zhang Haixiang , Guichard Gilles
Published: October 2008

N
‐alpha‐
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl‐L‐aspartic acid alpha‐
tert
‐butyl ester

2,2‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐4,6‐dione

N
‐(3‐Dimethylaminopropyl)‐
N
′‐ethylcarbodimide hydrochloride

2‐
tert
‐ Butoxycarbonylamino‐4‐(2,2‐dimethyl‐4,6‐dioxo‐[1,3]dioxin‐5‐yl)‐4‐oxo‐butyric acid
tert
‐butyl ester

Di(
tert
‐butyl)(2
S
)‐4,6‐dioxo‐1,2‐piperidinedicarboxylate

Sodium borohydride

Di(
tert
‐butyl)(2
S
,4
S
)‐4‐hydroxy‐6‐oxo‐1,2‐piperidinedicarboxylate
Synthesis of (2

R

,3

R

)‐2,3‐Dimethyl‐1,4‐Butanediol by Oxidative Homocoupling of (4

S

)‐Isopropyl‐3‐Propionyl‐2‐Oxazolidinone
Authors: Lu Chong‐Dao , Zakarian Armen
Published: October 2008

(4
S
)‐Isopropyl‐2‐oxazolidinine

Propionyl chloride

N
‐Butyllithium

(4
S
)‐Isopropyl‐3‐propionyl‐2‐oxazolidinone

(2
R
,3
R
)‐1,4‐Bis[(4S‐4‐isopropyl‐2‐oxo‐(1,3‐oxazolidine‐3‐yl)]‐2,3‐dimethylbutane‐1,4‐dione

Disiopropylamine

Titanium(IV) chloride

(2
R
,3
R
)‐2,3‐Dimethylsuccinic acid

Hydrogen peroxide

(2
R
,3
R
)‐2.3‐Dimethylbutane‐1,4‐diol

Lithium aluminum hydride
2‐Methylenecyclopropanecarboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester
Authors: Scott Mark E. , Tseng Nai‐Wen , Lautens Mark
Published: October 2008

Rhodium acetate dimer

2‐Bromopropene

Ethyl diazoacetate

Sodium hydride

Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 2‐bromo‐2‐methyl‐, ethyl ester

Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 2‐methylene‐, ethyl ester
(

R

)‐2,2′‐Binaphthoyl‐(

S

,

S

)‐
DI
(1‐Phenylethyl) Aminophosphine. Scalable Protocols for The Syntheses of Phosphoramidite (Feringa) Ligands
Authors: Smith Craig R. , Mans Daniel J. , RajanBabu T. V.
Published: October 2008

(
R
)‐(+)‐1,1′‐Bi(2‐naphthol)

Phosphorus trichloride

1‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone

(−)‐Bis[(
S
)‐1‐phenylethyl]amine

(−)‐Bis[(
S
)‐1‐phenylethyl]amine] hydrochloride

n
‐Butyllithium

(
R
)‐(1,1′‐Binaphthalene‐2,2′‐dioxy)chlorophosphine

(
R
)‐2,2‐Binaphthoyl‐(
S
,
S
)‐di(1‐phenyl)aminoylphosphine
Tert
‐Butyl
Tert
‐Butyldimethylsilylglyoxylate:
A
Useful Conjunctive Reagent
Authors: Nicewicz David A. , Brétéché Guillaume , Johnson Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2008

Sodium azide

N
‐Acetylsulfanilyl choride

4‐Acetamidobenzenesulfonyl azide

Tert
‐Butyl acetoacetate

Tetrabutylammonium bromide

Tert
‐Butyl diazoacetate

N,N
‐Diisopropylethylamine

Oxone ® monopersulfate
Effects of the Ionic Currents in Electrolyte‐gated Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Said Elias , Larsson Oscar , Berggren Magnus , Crispin Xavier
Published: October 2008

Polyelectrolytes are promising materials as gate dielectrics in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). Upon gate bias, their polarization induces an ionic charging current, which generates a large double layer capacitor (10–500 µF cm−2) at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. The resulting transistor operates at low voltages (<1 V) and its conducting channel is formed in ∼50 µs. The effect of ionic currents on the performance of the OFETs is investigated by varying the relative humidity of the device ambience. Within defined humidity levels and potential values, the water electrolysis is negligible and the OFETs performances are optimum.
Tuning the Unidirectional Electron Transfer at Interfaces with Multilayered Redox‐active Supramolecular Bionanoassemblies
Authors: Azzaroni Omar , Álvarez Marta , Abou‐Kandil Ahmed I. , Yameen Basit , Knoll Wolfgang
Published: October 2008

In this work, we present a new strategy to construct redox‐active molecular platforms to be used as molecular rectifiers with tunable and amplifiable electronic readout. The approach is based on using ligand‐receptor biological interactions to bioconjugate electroactive bio‐inorganic building blocks onto metal electrodes. The stability of the self‐assembled interfacial architecture is provided by multivalent macromolecular ligands that act as scaffolds for building‐up the multilayered structures. The ability of these electroactive supramolecular architectures to generate a unidirectional current flow and tune the corresponding electronic readout was demonstrated by mediating and rectifying the electron transfer between redox donors in solution and the Au electrode. The redox centers incorporated into the assembled architecture in a topologically controlled manner are responsible for tuning the amplification of the rectified electronic readout, thus behaving as a tunable bio‐supramolecular diode. Our experimental results obtained with these redox‐active bio‐supramolecular architectures illustrate the versatility of molecular recognition‐directed assembly in combination with hybrid bio‐inorganic building blocks to construct highly functional interfacial architectures.
Modeling fresh organic produce consumption with scanner data: a generalized double hurdle model approach
Authors: Zhang Feng , Huang Chung L. , Lin Biing‐Hwan , Epperson James E.
Published: October 2008

Previous studies using consumer surveys based on contingent valuations gave inconsistent or even contradictory results with respect to the impact of some consumer characteristics on organic foods consumption. Using actual retail‐level data, this study provides an objective view of the consumers' social economic characteristics related to the growth of the fresh organic produce market with a generalized double hurdle model. Market participation and conditional/unconditional consumption elasticities were computed for the generalized double hurdle model. [EconLit citations: C240, D120, Q110]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A province‐level analysis of economies of scale in Canadian food processing
Authors: Gervais Jean‐Philippe , Bonroy Olivier , Couture Steve
Published: October 2008

Cost functions of three Canadian food‐processing sectors (meat, bakery, and dairy) are estimated using provincial data. A translog functional form is used, and the concavity property of the cost function is imposed locally. The Morishima substitution elasticities and scale elasticities are computed for different provinces. Inference is carried out using asymptotic theory as well as bootstrap methods. The evidence suggests that there are significant substitution possibilities between the agricultural input and other production factors in the meat and bakery sectors. Scale elasticities suggest that increasing returns to scale are present in the bakery and meat industries. To account for supply management in the dairy sector, separability between raw milk and other inputs was introduced. There exists evidence of increasing returns to scale at the industry level in the small producing provinces, but decreasing returns to scale in the two largest dairy provinces (Ontario and Quebec). [JEL Classification: D240, C300]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spurious elevated platelet counts associated with bacteremia
Authors: Gloster Elizabeth S. , Strauss Robert A. , Jimenez Jorge F. , Neuberg Ronnie W. , Berry Daisilee H. , Turner Eleanor J.
Published: October 2008

Spuriously elevated automated platelet counts secondary to in vivo bacteremia have not been reported previously. Two patients are described with blood cultures positive for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively, and bacteria present on peripheral blood smear. Those bacteria caused falsely elevated platelet counts to be generated by the Ortho ELT‐8. These cases illustrate an unusual artifact and demonstrate that spurious counts can be generated by laser optical blood cell counters.
Treatment of red cell aplasia with antithymocyte globulin: Repeated inductions of complete remissions in two patients
Authors: Harris Stuart I. , Weinberg J. Brice
Published: October 2008

Two patients with red cell aplasia unresponsive to prednisone and cyclophosphamide were treated with antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Both patients developed reticulocytosis within 2‐4 days after ATG treatment and had complete remissions. Within 4‐6 months, they relapsed, and after retreatment with ATG both again developed reticulocytosis and remission. ATG should be considered for the treatment of patients with red cell aplasia who fail to respond to glucocorticoid/alkylator treatment.
Heterozygous deletion at 14q22.1–q22.3 including the BMP4 gene in a patient with psychomotor retardation, congenital corneal opacity and feet polysyndactyly
Authors: Hayashi Shin , Okamoto Nobuhiko , Makita Yoshio , Hata Akira , Imoto Issei , Inazawa Johji
Published: October 2008

Here we report on a 1‐year‐old Japanese girl with psychomotor retardation, bilateral congenital corneal opacity and bilateral postaxial polysyndactyly of the feet. Although she had a normal female karyotype, our in‐house bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)‐based array‐CGH analysis successfully detected at least a 2.7‐Mb heterozygous deletion at 14q22.1–q22.3 harboring 18 protein‐coding genes. Among the genes, BMP4 was a candidate for the gene causing the abnormalities of both the eye and digits. It was previously reported that the BMP family was correlated with the morphogenesis of digits and ocular development, and Bmp4 heterozygous null mice revealed skeletal abnormalities including polydactyly and ocular anterior segment abnormalities. Patients with a deletion including BMP4 also hadabnormalities of the eye and digits. These previous reports support that a haplo‐insufficiency of the BMP4 gene likely caused the congenital ocular and digit abnormalities. Moreover, among the other genes contained in the deletion, GMFB is a candidate for the gene responsible for the psychomotor retardation. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sib pair with previously unreported skeletal dysplasia
Authors: Mégarbané André , Dagher Rawane , Melki Imad
Published: October 2008

We report on a consanguineous Lebanese family in which a sister and brother had developmental delay, dysmorphic facial appearance, narrow chest, prominent abdomen, and short limbs. Neonatal radiographs disclosed a bell‐shaped thorax, short ribs, some with a cupped end, severe platyspondyly, square iliac bones, horizontal acetabula with medial and lateral spurs, hypoplastic ischia, short long bones, slight widening of the distal femoral metaphyses, and absence of epiphyseal ossification of the knees. The girl died at age 9 months as a result of respiratory insufficiency. A clinical and radiological follow‐up of the boy showed that the axial hypotonia, minor anomalies, and short stature were still present, whereas the bone abnormalities had improved. Differential diagnosis suggests that this is a new type of chondrodysplasia. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular and clinical characterization of a recurrent cryptic unbalanced t(4q;18q) resulting in an 18q deletion and 4q duplication
Authors: Horbinski Craig , Carter Erika M. , Heard Patricia L. , Sathanoori Malini , Hu Jie , Vockley Jerry , Gunn Shelly , Hale Daniel E. , Surti Urvashi , Cody Jannine D.
Published: October 2008

Recurrent constitutional non‐Robertsonian translocations are very rare. We present the third instance of cryptic, unbalanced translocation between 4q and 18q. This individual had an apparently normal karyotype; however, after subtelomere fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), he was found to have a cryptic unbalanced translocation between 4q and 18q [ish der(18)t(4;18)(q35;q23)(4qtel+,18qtel−)]. Oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) refined the breakpoints in this child and in the previously reported child and indicated that the breakpoints were within 20 kb of each other, suggesting that this translocation is, indeed, recurrent. A comparison of the clinical presentation of these individuals identified features that are characteristic of both 18q− and 4q+ as well as features that are not associated with either condition, such as a prominent metopic ridge, bitemporal narrowing, prominent, and thick eyebrows. Individuals with features suggestive of this 4q;18q translocation but a normal karyotype warrant aCGH or subtelomere studies. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and mechanical properties of injection‐molded ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/polypropylene blends and comparison with compression molding
Authors: Xie Meiju , Chen Jinyao , Li Huilin
Published: October 2008

The mechanical properties and morphology of UHMWPE/PP(80/20) blend molded by injection and compression‐molding were investigated comparatively. The results showed that the injection‐molded part had obviously higher Young's modulus and yield strength, and much lower elongation at break and impact strength, than compression‐molded one. A skin‐core structure was formed during injection molding in which UHMWPE particles elongated highly in the skin and the orientation was much weakened in the core. In the compression‐molded part, the phase morphology was isotropic from the skin to the core section. The difference in consolidation degree between two molded parts that the compression molded part consolidated better than the injection one was also clearly shown. In addition, compositional analysis revealed that there was more PP in the skin than core for the injection‐molded part, whereas opposite case occurred to the compression‐molded one. All these factors together accounted for the different behavior in mechanical properties for two molded parts. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Investigation on the microstructure and the electric property of poly(propylene)/chlorinated poly(propylene)/poly(aniline) composites
Authors: Yang Lin , Chen Jinyao , Li Huilin
Published: October 2008

The article presents results of studies on composites made from poly(propylene) (PP) modified with poly(aniline) (PANI) doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and chlorinated poly(propylene) (CPP). The volume resistivity of PP/CPP/PANI composites was detected, and the results show that the volume resistivity decreases with increasing CPP content, and there exists a minimum volume resistivity. Effects of CPP on the microstructure and crystalline structure of the PP/CPP/PANI composites and the relationship between the effects and the electric property were carefully analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The method that the specimens of SEM are polished is appropriate to investigate the morphology of conducting polymer composites. The obtained results illuminate that the area of conducting parts and insulating parts obtained from the digital analysis of the SEM image is obviously influenced by the CPP content, the parameters of the lamellar‐like structure are immediately related to CPP content and denote the dispersion of PANI‐DBSA, and the percent crystallinity and mean crystal size of PP are directly correlated with the CPP content. The increasing area of conducting parts, the increasement of layer distance, the decreasement of size and layer number of the lamellar‐like structure of PANI‐DBSA, and the increasement of the percent crystallinity and mean crystal size of PP are beneficial to the improvement of the conductive property of PP/CPP/PANI composites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of dry/wet spinning on the photooxidative degradation of acrylic fibers
Authors: Aghanouri A. , Zadhoush A. , Haghighat M.
Published: October 2008

The photooxidative degradation of acrylic fibers was investigated with two different fiber‐spinning processes, that is, dry spinning and wet spinning. Several analytical methods were used in this study: viscometry, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, optical measurements, and mechanical testing. Viscometry was used to determine the molecular weight as a monitoring factor for degradation. X‐ray diagrams showed lower changes in the crystallinity of wet‐spun fibers during a weathering process by irradiation. The results from mechanical testing indicated that the tenacity of dry‐spun fibers had less deterioration than that of wet‐spun fibers. Degraded wet‐spun and dry‐spun fibers showed similar trends in optical and spectroscopy analysis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Mechanical and antimicrobial properties of multilayer films with a polyethylene/silver nanocomposite layer
Authors: Sánchez‐Valdes S. , Ortega‐Ortiz H. , Ramos‐de Valle L. F. , Medellín‐Rodríguez F. J. , Guedea‐Miranda R.
Published: October 2008

A layer of a polyethylene–silver nanoparticles composite was deposited on a five layer barrier film structure. Different methods were used for the nanocomposite layer deposition: laminating, casting, and spraying over the multilayer structure. For the casting and spraying methods, the silver nanoparticles were previously dispersed in the polymer solution, with the assistance of ultrasound energy. The effect of silver nanoparticles and deposition method on the barrier, mechanical, and optical properties of the multilayer films was evaluated. The efficiency of silver ion release from the PE‐Silver nanocomposite deposited on the multilayer films and their antimicrobial characteristics were investigated and discussed. The silver ion release and biocide effect of the multilayer films was found to be dependant on the silver nanoparticle content and on the deposition method used. The observed results could be helpful in the design of industrial films for packaging. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation of crosslinked chitosan by electron beam irradiation in the presence of CCl4
Authors: Ramaprasad A. T. , Rao Vijayalakshmi , Praveena M. , Sanjeev Ganesh , Ramanani S. P. , Sabharwal S.
Published: October 2008

In this article, we report the synthesis of crosslinked chitosan using 8 MeV electron beam (EB) irradiation in the presence of carbon tetrachloride. The crosslinked chitosan is characterized by dissolution, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), and nanoindentation studies. The insolubility of irradiated films in acetic acid indicates that chitosan has undergone crosslinking reaction. FTIR analysis also confirms the crosslinked structure of chitosan. Mechanical properties such as elastic modulus and hardness are calculated from the nanoindentation data. Modulus and hardness of chitosan increase with increase in the irradiation dose due to the increase in the crosslinking. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Template synthesis and magnetic response of polyaniline/Fe3O4 composite microtubes
Authors: Xiong Shanxin , Wang Qi , Chen Yinghong
Published: October 2008

Template synthesis technique was employed to prepare magnetic polyaniline (PANI)/Fe3O4 composite microtubes using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane as template. Magnetic microtubes were obtained through in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the microchannels of template. A tubular structure was formed once when aniline was preferentially adsorbed and polymerized on the surface of channels wall. Electron microscope images demonstrated that the shape and size of guest (PANI/Fe3O4 composite microtubes) were strictly depended on those of the host (template channels). Magnetic force microscopy images showed that the PANI/Fe3O4 composite microtubes possessed reasonable magnetism and the magnetism distribution of microtubes was regular as distribution of template channels. Moreover, the magnetic response and oriented arrangement of PANI/Fe3O4 microtubes were fulfilled in the magnetic field. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Ignition, combustion, toxicity, and fire retardancy of polyurethane foams: A comprehensive review
Authors: Singh Harpal , Jain A. K.
Published: October 2008

This review provides insight into the ignition, combustion, smoke, toxicity, and fire‐retardant performance of flexible and rigid polyurethane foams. This review also covers various additive and reactive fire‐retardant approaches adopted to render polyurethane foams fire‐retardant. Literature sources are mostly technical publications, patents, and books published since 1961. It has been found by different workers that polyurethane foams are easily ignitable and highly flammable, support combustion, and burn quite rapidly. They are therefore required to be fire‐retardant for different applications. Polyurethane foams during combustion produce a large quantity of vision‐obscuring smoke. The toxicity of the combustion products is much higher than that of many other manmade polymers because of the high concentrations of hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide. Polyurethane foams have been rendered fire‐retardant by the incorporation of phosphorus‐containing compounds, halogen‐containing compounds, nitrogen‐containing additives, silicone‐containing products, and miscellaneous organic and inorganic additives. Some heat‐resistant groups such as carbodiimide‐, isocyanurate‐, and nitrogen‐containing heterocycles formed with polyurethane foams also render urethane foams fire‐retardant. Fire‐retardant additives reduce the flammability, smoke level, and toxicity of polyurethane foams with some degradation in other characteristics. It can be concluded that despite many significant attempts, no commercial solution to the fire retardancy of polyurethane foams without some loss of physical and mechanical properties is available. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Toluene‐vapor sorption of chemically modified methyl methacrylate‐co‐chloromethyl styrene copolymers with N,N,‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediamine measured with a quartz crystal microbalance
Authors: Matsuguchi Masanobu , Kagemoto Muneyoshi
Published: October 2008

The sorption properties of toluene vapor were measured for methyl methacrylate (MMA)‐co‐chloromethyl styrene (CMSt) copolymers chemically modified with N,N‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediamine (DMPDA) to develop a novel quartz crystal microbalance toluene‐vapor sensor coating. The influence of the structure of the comonomer, the composition of the copolymer, and the film thickness on the toluene sorption properties were investigated. The modified MMA–CMSt copolymers were capable of large, fast, and reversible sorption versus the modified styrene–CMSt copolymers. The largest sorption capacity was obtained for MMA–CMSt–DMPDA with a 96 mol % CMSt concentration. These behaviors were explained by a combination of the plasticization of the copolymers by the introduction of bulky DMPDA at lower CMSt concentrations and the formation of a loosely crosslinked structure at higher CMSt concentrations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Electroluminescent fluorene‐based alternating polymers bearing triarylamine or carbazole moieties in the main chain: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Zou Yingping , Zhou Yi , Wu Guanglong , Li Yongfang , Pan Chunyue
Published: October 2008

Two soluble conjugated polyfluorenes, poly{9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl‐co‐4,4′‐bis[2‐(4‐phenyl)‐2‐cyanovinyl]triphenylamine}(PF‐BCT) and poly{9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl‐co‐3,6‐bis[2‐(4‐phenyl)‐2‐cyanovinyl]‐9‐octyl carbazole}(PF‐BCC), have been synthesized from 2,7‐dibromo‐9,9‐dioctylfluorene and 4,4′‐bis[2‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐ 2‐cyanovinyl]triphenylamine or 3,6‐bis[2‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐2‐cyanovinyl]‐9‐octyl carbazole comonomers through a Suzuki polymerization reaction. The copolymers are characterized by gel permeation chromatography, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis. The polymers have good thermal stability with 5 wt % loss temperatures of more than 380°C. Cyclic voltammetry measurements show that the polymers present good electron and hole‐injection abilities. PF‐BCC possesses higher oxidization potential than that of PF‐BCT, which indicates that PF‐BCT has better hole injection ability. The photophysical properties of the polymers are investigated in both solutions and spinning‐coated films. Compared to that of PF‐BCC, the absorption and emission peaks of PF‐BCT bathochromic shift in the solid film or solution states. Single layer light‐emitting devices have been fabricated in the ITO/PEDOT: PSS/polymer/Ca/Al configuration. The electroluminescence (EL) device based on PF‐BCT shows yellow emission with the current efficiency of 0.21 cd/A, while PF‐BCC shows greenish yellow emission with the current efficiency of 0.08 cd/A. In addition, to improve the electroluminescence of PF‐BCC, a PVK layer is introduced, the brightness and efficiency get improved to 700 cd/m2 and 0.12 cd/A, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Mechanical and hydration properties of Nafion®/ceramic nanocomposite membranes produced by mechanical attrition
Authors: Moster Amanda L. , Mitchell Brian S.
Published: October 2008

A solid state method of Nafion®/ceramic nanocomposite membrane preparation is described. A nanocomposite powder from Nafion pellets and a zirconium phosphate ceramic is formed by mechanical milling. The nanoparticles are then consolidated into membrane form by mechanical pressing. Cross‐sectional analysis by scanning electron microscopy indicates that the ceramic particles exist in agglomerates that are evenly dispersed across the membrane. Dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile testing found the membranes to be mechanically equivalent, and in some cases superior, to a commercial extruded membrane. Increasing ceramic content is accompanied by an increase in modulus and shift in the alpha peak to higher temperature. Maximum water uptake of the membranes, as measured by thermal gravimetric analysis, is double that of values reported for the commercial membrane, and complete dehydration is postponed to higher temperature. The proton conductivity of fully hydrated membranes, measured by the 4‐probe method at 60°C in water, is comparable with that of the extruded membrane. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Gatekeeping Testing via Adaptive Alpha Allocation
Authors: Li Jianjun(David) , Mehrotra Devan V.
Published: October 2008

In a typical clinical trial, there are one or two primary endpoints, and a few secondary endpoints. When at least one primary endpoint achieves statistical significance, there is considerable interest in using results for the secondary endpoints to enhance characterization of the treatment effect. Because multiple endpoints are involved, regulators may require that the familywise type I error rate be controlled at a pre‐set level. This requirement can be achieved by using “gatekeeping” methods. However, existing methods suffer from logical oddities such as allowing results for secondary endpoint(s) to impact the likelihood of success for the primary endpoint(s). We propose a novel and easy‐to‐implement gatekeeping procedure that is devoid of such deficiencies. A real data example and simulation results are used to illustrate efficiency gains of our method relative to existing methods. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rubrenes: Planar and Twisted
Authors: Paraskar Abhimanyu S. , Reddy A. Ravikumar , Patra Asit , Wijsboom Yair H. , Gidron Ori , Shimon Linda J. W. , Leitus Gregory , Bendikov Michael
Published: October 2008

Surprisingly, despite its very high mobility in a single crystal, rubrene shows very low mobility in vacuum‐sublimed or solution‐processed organic thin‐film transistors. We synthesized several rubrene analogues with electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating substituents and found that most of the substituted rubrenes are not planar in the solid state. Moreover, we conclude (based on experimental and calculated data) that even parent rubrene is not planar in solution and in thin films. This discovery explains why high mobility is reported in rubrene single crystals, but rubrene shows very low field‐effect mobility in thin films. The substituted rubrenes obtained in this work have significantly better solubility than parent rubrene and some even form films and not crystals after evaporation of the solvent. Thus, substituted rubrenes are promising materials for organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) applications.
π‐Bonding in Complexes of Benzannulated Biscarbenes, ‐germylenes, and ‐stannylenes: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Zabula Alexander V. , Pape Tania , Hepp Alexander , Tonner Ralf , Haunschild Robin , Frenking Gernot
Published: October 2008

Benzannulated bisstannylenes, exhibiting a CH2C(CH3)2CH2 linking unit and CH2tBu (1) or CH2CH2CH2NMe2 (2) N‐substituents, and their molybdenum tetacarbonyl complexes 3 and 4 have been prepared. The complexes 3 and 4 exhibit remarkably short MoE bond lengths compared to the related biscarbene and bisgermylene complexes. The experimentally determined bonding parameters of the molybdenum bisstannylene complexes are discussed based on DFT calculations.
A phase 1 trial of 2 dose schedules of ABT‐510, an antiangiogenic, thrombospondin‐1‐mimetic peptide, in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Gordon Michael S. , Mendelson David , Carr Robert , Knight Raymond A. , Humerickhouse Rod A. , Iannone Maria , Stopeck Alison T.
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND.

ABT‐510 is a substituted nonapeptide that mimics the antiangiogenic activity of the endogenous protein thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1). The current study was designed to establish the safety of ABT‐510 in the treatment of patients with advanced malignancies on a once‐daily (QD) and twice‐daily dosing schedule.

METHODS.

Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dosing regimens: 20 mg, 50mg, or 100 mg QD or 10 mg, 25 mg, or 50 mg twice daily. ABT‐510 was administered by subcutaneous bolus injection in cycles of 28 days. Tumor response and disease progression were monitored at 8‐week intervals by computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging.

RESULTS.

Thirty‐six patients were randomly assigned in equal numbers to the 6 study regimens, with an additional 13 patients randomized to the 10‐mg‐twice‐daily and 50‐mg‐twice‐daily ABT‐510 regimens. The expected pharmacokinetic target was achieved at all dose levels tested. The majority of adverse events were grade 1 or 2 (according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria [version 2]) and were not found to be dose related. The most frequently reported adverse events that were possibly related to ABT‐510 included injection site reactions, asthenia, headache, and nausea. Grade 3 events considered to possibly be related included nausea, dyspnea, bone pain, constipation, vomiting, asthenia, and chills and tremors. One partial response was observed in a patient with carcinosarcoma who received 20 mg QD. The 6‐month progression‐free survival rate was 6%. Approximately 42% of patients (21 of 50 patients) had stable disease for ≥3 months.

CONCLUSIONS.

ABT‐510 can be administered at doses of 20 mg/day to 100 mg/day without significant toxicity. In the current study, minimal antitumor activity was observed, which was similar to observations in other single‐agent antiangiogenic trials. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Expression of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor in rheumatoid arthritis: Regulation by tumor necrosis factor‐α
Authors: Haworth Catherine , Brennan Fionula M. , Chantry David , Turner Martin , Maini Ravinder N. , Feldmann Mare
Published: October 2008

Granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), in addition to being a growth factor for granulocytes and macrophages, is an activator of cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and induces HLA class II expression and cytokine synthesis in these target cells. Macrophage activation and class II expression are prominent features in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) joints, but the mechanism of their stimulation is not understood, since interferon‐y, the major stimulus of class II expression, is not usually detectable at the protein level in synovial cell culture supernatants. We have, therefore, studied GM‐CSF expression in cultures of cells derived from joints affected by RA and osteoarthritis (OA), and show that GM‐CSF is produced spontaneously both by RA synovial cells and to a lesser extent by OA synovial cells in the absence of extrinsic stimuli. GM‐CSF production continues for the 5‐day duration of the culture period. Using neutralizing antibodies to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐a we demonstrated that GM‐CSF production in RA synovial cell cultures is dependent on the continued presence of active TNF‐a. This result supports our concept that continued activation of the cytokine network is a marked feature of RA, and that TNF‐a plays a pivotal role in this network, by regulating the production of other pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1, as demonstrated previously, and GM‐CSF.
Sulfoxygenation Catalysed by Oxidovanadium Complexes
Authors: Wu Pingsong , Çelik Cem , Santoni Gabriella , Dallery Jérome , Rehder Dieter
Published: October 2008

Model complexes of vanadate‐dependent peroxidases, viz. oxidovanadium(V) complexes of the general composition [VO(Hn–xL)], have been prepared and characterised. HnL is an n‐basic di‐ or trichiral aminodiethanol [HOCH(Ph)CH2]2NR, with R = N‐methylimidazolyl (H2LA), tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl (H5LB, 2 isomers), 2,3‐dihydroxypropyl (H4LC, 2 isomers) and 2‐hydroxy‐3‐trityloxypropyl (H3LD). These ligands form the complexes [VO(OH)(LA)], [VO(H2LB)], trigonal‐bipyramidal [VO(HLC)]tbp and octahedral Λ‐[VO(HLC)]oct. The ligands R,R,S‐H4LC and R,R,R‐H3LD, and the complexes Λ‐[VO(R,R,S‐HLC)]oct and [VO(R,R,S‐HLC)]tbp have been characterised by X‐ray structure analysis. The complexes [VO(H2LB)] and [VO(HLC)] were immobilised on Merrifield and Barlos resin by anchoring through a free alcoholic group in the ligand side‐chain R. {[VO(H2O)LE]}, an oxidovanadium(IV) complex tethered to Merrifield resin, was prepared by treating [VO(acac)2] with {HLE}, the immobilised Schiff base ligand obtained by condensation of salicylaldehyde with resin‐anchored lysine. The complexes and in situ systems ([VO(OiPr)3] + ligand) as well as the immobilised complexes were investigated for their catalytic activity in the oxygenation, by cumyl hydroperoxide, of thioanisol to its sulfoxide. All of the systems were active, with a selectivity (sulfoxide vs. sulfone) of 95–98 %. Satisfactory turnover rates and a chiral induction up to 37 % ee were observed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Numerical simulation of two East Asian dust storms in spring 2006
Authors: Sun Jianhua , Zhao Linna
Published: October 2008

In this study we focus the investigation on two dust‐storm events that occurred in spring 2006 over northern China. The first event occurred on 9–11 April and was the most severe in spring 2006 (Case I), whereas the second event occurred on 16–17 April (Case II) and caused widespread dust deposition in northern China, especially in the vicinity of Beijing. The weather systems that generated these dust storms were cold fronts associated with Mongolia cyclones. These events are simulated using a dust‐storm model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Beijing. The simulated dust concentrations are found to agree well with the synoptic records and satellite images. The simulated results are also compared with PM10 measurements at the several stations. The comparisons show that the model can predict the rate of dust emission and airborne dust concentration reasonably well. The numerical results are used to analyse the dust emission, transport and deposition associated with the dust storms. The different characteristics of the weather systems that generated the two dust storms are examined in detail. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstruction of a Civil War landscape: Little Folly Island, South Carolina
Authors: Hippensteel Scott P.
Published: October 2008

The inlet dividing Little Folly Island and Big Folly Island was relocated through the use of Union Navy and Army maps and a global positioning system device. Identification of the inlet was confirmed through foraminiferal analysis of marsh sediments retrieved with gouge‐auger cores. The inlet was 1.8 km closer to Confederate batteries on Morris Island than previously believed. In addition to identifying the inlet, sedimentary structures were used to differentiate anthropogenic and natural sand mounds and dunes, resulting in the identification of four previously undocumented Union gun parapets. The results of this study suggest foraminifers are a useful tool for reconstructing coastal military landscapes from the Civil War and potentially earlier conflicts. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pilot study experiments sourcing quartzite, Gunnison Basin, Colorado
Authors: Pitblado Bonnie L. , Dehler Carol , Neff Hector , Nelson Stephen T.
Published: October 2008

This paper reports the results of pilot‐study efforts to develop methods to profile quartzite, a rock type to which geochemical and other sourcing techniques have only rarely been applied. The long‐term goal of the research is to fingerprint sources of quartzite in the Gunnison Basin, southwest Colorado, used by Paleoindian people ca. 11,500–8,000 years ago to make stone tools. Success would facilitate reconstruction of Paleoindian mobility in the Southern Rocky Mountains and potentially anywhere prehistoric people used quartzite. The goals of this paper are more modest: to demonstrate that a small‐scale exploration of sourcing techniques suggests reason for optimism that quartzites may be amenable to source discrimination. For the same twenty Gunnison Basin quartzite samples, this study evaluated petrography, ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF), wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WD‐XRF), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry—both acid‐digestion (AD‐ICP‐MS) and laser ablation (LA‐ICP‐MS)—as means to differentiate among the specimens and the sources they represent. Although more testing is needed to verify and refine our results, the study suggests there is potential for petrography, INAA, and both versions of ICP‐MS to discriminate among quartzites from different source localities in the Gunnison Basin. The greatest potential for discriminating among different sources of quartzite in the Gunnison Basin may lie in a methodology combining petrographic analysis and LA‐ICPMS. Future testing is required to evaluate this two‐fold approach. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Leptin treatment prevents type I diabetic marrow adiposity but not bone loss in mice
Authors: Motyl Katherine J. , McCabe Laura R.
Published: October 2008

Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that is implicated in the regulation of bone density. Serum leptin levels are decreased in rodent models of type 1 (T1‐) diabetes and in diabetic patients. Whether leptin mediates diabetic bone changes is unclear. Therefore, we treated control and T1‐diabetic mice with chronic (28 days) subcutaneous infusion of leptin or saline to elucidate the therapeutic potential of leptin for diabetic osteoporosis. Leptin prevented the increase of marrow adipocytes and the increased aP2 expression that we observed in vehicle‐treated diabetic mice. However, leptin did not prevent T1‐diabetic decreases in trabecular bone volume fraction or bone mineral density in tibia or vertebrae. Consistent with this finding, markers of bone formation (osteocalcin RNA and serum levels) in diabetic mice were not restored to normal levels with leptin treatment. Interestingly, markers of bone resorption (TRAP5 RNA and serum levels) were decreased in diabetic mice by leptin treatment. In summary, we have demonstrated a link between low leptin levels in T1‐diabetes and marrow adiposity. However, leptin treatment alone was not successful in preventing bone loss. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 376–384, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of Kir2.1 channels by the Rho‐GTPase, Rac1
Authors: Boyer Stephanie B. , Slesinger Paul A. , Jones S.V. Penelope
Published: October 2008

Mutations in Kir2.1 inwardly rectifying potassium channels are associated with Andersen syndrome, a disease characterized by potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias. While several Andersen‐associated mutations affect membrane expression, the cytoplasmic signals that regulate Kir2.1 trafficking are poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether the Rho‐family of small GTPases regulates trafficking of Kir2.1 channels expressed in HEK‐293 cells. Treatment withClostridium difficiletoxin B, an inhibitor of Rho‐family GTPases, or co‐expression of the dominant‐negative mutant of Rac1 (Rac1DN) increased Kir2.1 channels ∼2‐fold. However, the dominant‐negative forms of other Rho‐family GTPases, RhoA or Cdc42, did not alter Kir2.1 currents, suggesting a selective effect of Rac1 on Kir2.1 channels. Single‐channel properties (γ, τo, τc) and total protein levels of Kir2.1 were unchanged with co‐expression of Rac1DN; however, studies using TIRF microscopy and CFP‐tagged Kir2.1 revealed increased channel surface expression. Immunohistochemical detection of extracellularly tagged HA‐Kir2.1 channels showed that Rac1DNreduced channel internalization when co‐expressed. Finally, the dominant‐negative mutant of dynamin, which interferes with endocytosis, occluded the Rac1DN‐induced potentiation of Kir2.1 currents. These data suggest that inhibition of Rac1 increases Kir2.1 surface expression by interfering with endocytosis, likely via a dynamin‐dependent pathway. Surprisingly, Rac1DNdid not alter Kir2.2 current density or internalization, suggesting subunit specific modulation of Kir2.1 channels. Consistent with this, construction of Kir2.1/2.2 chimeras implicated the C‐terminal domain of Kir2.1 in mediating the potentiating effect of Rac1DN. This novel pathway for regulating surface expression of cardiac Kir2.1 channels could have implications for normal and diseased cardiac states. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 385–393, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.