bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring wood‐boring depth of Arhopalus ferus and Prionoplus reticularis in Pinus radiata logs informs the development of phytosanitary treatments
Authors: Romo C.M. , Bader M.K.‐F. , Pawson S.M.
Published: September 2018

Phytosanitary treatments are applied to minimize the movement of forest insects when trading export logs and timber. Treatments must prove effective against quarantine pests. However, to date, phytosanitary treatment development rarely incorporates biological information about pest location within a commodity. Incorporating such knowledge may lead to improved treatment efficiency by targeting control at the specific location of pests. We assessed larval‐boring depth of Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant) and Prionoplus reticularis (White) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) over 5 months at a range of temperatures using Pinus radiataD. Don (Pinaceae) logs. Five months extends beyond the maximum time between harvest and subsequent export of logs from New Zealand. Logs (22 cm diameter, 50 cm long) were manually infested with neonate larvae and destructively sampled every 4 weeks. Boring depths differed significantly between species and their rates of boring (penetration) into the sapwood were temperature dependent. At the highest temperature (24/16 °C, day/night), mean larval boring depths after 5 months by A. ferus and P. reticularis were 27.7 mm (95% confidence interval: 22.4–32.4) and 9.4 mm (6.9–12.0), respectively. Maximum larval boring depths of A. ferus and P. reticularis after 5 months occurred at 21/12 °C (day/night) and were 53.7 mm (33.8–69.4) and 21.8 mm (16.6–27.0), respectively. Information on boring depth can inform trials to assess the efficacy of new phytosanitary treatments. Knowledge of the location of potential pest species ensures that proposed treatment schedules are effective at treating infested portions of export logs.
Nest site choice by the intertidal spider Desis formidabilis (Araneae: Desidae) and nest utilisation by its hymenopteran egg parasitoid
Authors: Owen Candice A. , van Noort Simon , Compton Stephen G. , Coetzee Julie A.
Published: September 2018

1. Echthrodesis lamorali Masner, 1968 is the only known parasitoid of the eggs of the intertidal rocky shore spider Desis formidabilis O.P. Cambridge 1890 and is endemic to a small area of South Africa.

2. The abundance of spider nests and parasitoid presence were assessed in relation to their in‐ and between‐shore location at multiple sites within the distribution of E. lamorali along the Cape Peninsula (Western Cape, South Africa).

3. Desis formidabilis nests were more abundant in the mid‐shore zone than higher up or lower down the shore. Spider population sizes also differed between collection sites, with higher numbers recorded on the cooler western coast of the peninsula.

4. Evidence of parasitoid activity was recorded in 43.31% of the 127 nests and 13.85% of the 592 egg sacs they contained.

5. Where parasitoids gained entry to a spider egg sac, oviposition took place into all of the eggs present.

6. Incidence of wasp activity was positively correlated with spider nest concentration, not with height up the shore, suggesting that both the host and parasitoid are tolerant of salt‐water inundation.

7. These results should assist managers of the Table Mountain National Park, in which the full distribution of E. lamorali falls, to better understand this component of rocky shore community dynamics.
Modelling the impacts of environmental variation on habitat suitability for Pacific saury in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Chang Yi‐Jay , Lan Kuo‐Wei , Walsh William A. , Hsu Jhen , Hsieh Chih‐hao
Published: September 2018

We developed habitat suitability index (HSI) models for two size classes of Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. Environmental data, including sea surface temperature, sea surface height, salinity, and net primary production, and catch and effort data from Taiwanese distant‐water stick‐held dip net fisheries during the main fishing season (August–October) during 2002–2015 were used. Habitat preferences and suitable habitat area differed between size classes. The suitable habitat was located between 40–47.5°N and 145–165°E for large‐sized Pacific saury but encompassed a greater area (35–47°N and 140–165°E) for medium‐sized Pacific saury. Both size classes were affected by substantial interannual variation in the environmental variables, which in turn can be important in determining the potential fishing grounds. We found a significant negative relationship between the suitable habitat area and the Niño3.4 indices with a time‐lag of 6 months for the large‐sized (r = −0.68) and medium‐sized (r = −0.42) Pacific saury, respectively, as well as the total landings of Pacific saury by all fishing fleets (r = −0.46). As remotely‐sensed environmental data become increasingly available, HSI models may prove useful for evaluation of possible changes in habitat suitability resulting from climate change or other environmental phenomena and in formulating scientific advice for management.
Diaspora mobilization and the politics of loyalty in the time of Ebola: evidence from the Sierra Leonean diaspora in the UK
Authors: RUBYAN‐LING DAVID
Published: September 2018

Following the recent involvement of overseas diasporas and citizen groups in humanitarian crises, scholars are reconsidering how these groups mobilize and what distinguishes them from formal humanitarian organizations. In this article, I document the individual and collective mobilization of a section of the Sierra Leonean diaspora during the 2014/15 Ebola outbreak. I focus on the individual health‐related communications of Sierra Leoneans living in London, on a specific UK‐based diaspora association called the Kono District Development Association‐UK, and on efforts to coordinate the diaspora. Bolten (2012), and Van Hear and Cohen (2017), show that diasporic mobilization operates through ‘nested scales’ of loyalty to kin, association and nation, and that these different loyalties overlap and conflict. I argue that such overlapping engagements challenge policy orientations to ‘national’ diasporas and offer an alternative model of international humanitarianism.
Battles through and about statistics in French pay equity bargaining: The politics of quantification at workplace level
Authors: Pochic Sophie , Chappe Vincent‐Arnaud
Published: September 2018

This article proposes to study the discreet ‘battles of numbers’ at workplace level, particularly exacerbated on pay equity, in relation to its potential additional costs for employers. Figures are at once a framework, an object and a resource for power struggles between social partners. This approach is inspired by ‘statactivism’, a research perspective that studies the ways and contexts in which statistics can become tools for social mobilization. In a European context where bargaining is increasingly decentralized to company level, we argue that researchers should pay attention to statistical resources and quantification skills of negotiators, both on the management and unions side. They should also include in their analytical framework the influence of experts and specialists who advise social partners on how to strategically produce and use gender‐sensitive statistics. In this article, two case studies allow us to open the ‘black box’ of equality bargaining, revealing challenges and controversies of gender pay reporting.
Impact of Helicobacter pylori and/or Helicobacter pylori‐related metabolic syndrome on gastroesophageal reflux disease‐ Barrett's esophagus‐ esophageal adenocarcinoma sequence
Authors: Doulberis Michael , Kountouras Jannis , Polyzos Stergios A. , Tzivras Dimitri , Vardaka Elizabeth , Kountouras Constantinos , Tzilves Dimitrios , Kotronis Georgios , Boutsikou Efimia , Gialamprinou Dimitra , Exadaktylos Aristomenis , Katsinelos Panagiotis
Published: September 2018

Click here to view the Response from Erőss et al.
“Imagine if I'm not here, what they're going to do?”—Health‐care access and culturally and linguistically diverse women in prison
Authors: Watt Kelly , Hu Wendy , Magin Parker , Abbott Penny
Published: September 2018

Background

Women in prison have complex medical needs and poorer health status than the general population. Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) women in prison, particularly those with limited English proficiency (LEP), have distinct needs and risk additional isolation, discrimination and marginalization when they are in prison.

Objective

We sought to examine how cultural and linguistic diversity, particularly LEP, affects the health‐care experiences of women in prison.

Design, Setting and Participants

We conducted focus groups and semi‐structured qualitative interviews with CALD women and frontline nursing staff in the three female Correctional Centres in New South Wales, Australia.

Results

Participants comprised 30 women in prison and nine nurses. Both women and staff reported communication difficulties as a significant and additional barrier to accessing and receiving health care. For some women with LEP, barriers to care were perceived as discrimination. Fellow prisoners were often utilized as support persons and informal interpreters (“peer interpreters”) in place of formally trained interpreters. While peer interpreters were perceived as useful, potential challenges to their use were vulnerability to coercion, loss of confidentiality, untrained health advice and errors of interpretation.

Conclusion

The persistent use of peer interpreters in prison is complicated by the lack of clearly defined roles, which can include informal peer support roles and lay health advice. These are highly complex roles for which they are unlikely to be adequately trained or supported, despite perceived benefits to their use. Improved understanding and facilitation of health‐related communication could enhance equity of access for CALD women in prison.
Development of intervention-related quality indicators for renal clinical pharmacists using a modified Delphi approach
Authors: Boutin Katherine , Nevers William , Gorman Sean K , Slavik Richard S , Martinusen Daniel J , Lo Clifford
Published: September 2018

Objective

To develop a list of renal Quality Indicator Drug therapy problems (QI-DTPs) that serve to advance renal pharmacy practice to improve patient care.

Methods

Eighteen (18) renal, clinical pharmacists participated in an internet-based three-round modified Delphi survey. Each of the three rounds took approximately 2 weeks to complete. Panellists rated 30-candidate renal QI-DTPs using seven selection criteria and one overall consensus criterion on a nine-point Likert scale. Consensus was reached if 75% or more of panellists assigned a score of 7–9 on the consensus criterion during the third Delphi round.

Key findings

All panellists completed three rounds of Delphi survey. Seventeen-candidate renal QI-DTPs met the consensus definition.

Conclusions

A Delphi panel of renal clinical pharmacists successfully identified 17 consensus renal QI-DTPs. Assessment and implementation of these QI-DTPs will serve to advance renal pharmacy practice and improve patient care.
Factors influencing paternal involvement during infancy: A prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Shorey Shefaly , Ang Lina , Goh Esther C.L. , Gandhi Mihir
Published: September 2018

Aims

To explore factors influencing paternal involvement at 6 months postpartum and to detail the trend of these factors over a period of 6 months.

Background

There is a dearth of studies on paternal involvement during infancy in the unique Asian context.

Design

A prospective four‐time point longitudinal design was adopted.

Methods

A total of 201 participants were recruited from a local hospital from May 2016 ‐ December 2017 using convenience sampling. Self‐administered questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were statistically analysed.

Results

Parenting self‐efficacy at 6‐month postpartum, paternal involvement, and paternal postnatal depression on the day of wife's hospital discharge, wife in paid work and wife's antenatal class attendance significantly influenced paternal involvement at 6 months postpartum. A sub‐analysis of first‐time and experienced fathers revealed that parenting self‐efficacy at 6‐month postpartum, paternal involvement on the day of wife's hospital discharge and wife in paid work were significant factors influencing paternal involvement for first‐time fathers. Significant factors influencing paternal involvement for experienced fathers were paternal involvement on the day of wife's hospital discharge and wife's antenatal class attendance.

Conclusion

Fathers (first‐time and experienced) who were involved during their infant's birth were also involved at 6‐month postpartum. Healthcare professionals may encourage paternal involvement through teaching fathers infant care skills during the antenatal period, especially first‐time fathers as they may be lacking in such skills, which may hinder their parenting satisfaction. Paternal involvement throughout the perinatal period can be enforced by healthcare professionals to promote paternal involvement.
The personality profile of the accountable nurse and missed nursing care
Authors: Drach‐Zahavy Anat , Srulovici Einav
Published: September 2018

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of nurses’ personal accountability in the relationships between nurse's personality and missed nursing care.

Background

Personal accountability is considered as a core value in nursing, shaped by the nurse's personality, education, socialization into the profession and experience. Personality antecedents may be uniquely suited to predicting accountability, since it reflects variation in individuals’ deep‐seated values and beliefs. Personal accountability can be related to the prevalent phenomenon of missed nursing care (tasks that are omitted or delayed).

Design

A multicentre cross‐sectional study with 290 nurses from direct‐care nursing wards during 2017. Personality traits were assessed with the 44‐item Big Five Inventory. Personal accountability was assessed with a 19‐item scale. Missed nursing care was assessed with the 22‐item MISSCARE survey. An indirect mediated path analysis was performed and compared with an alternative model with direct effects.

Results

Path‐analyses findings supported a full‐mediation model of accountability in the relationships between personality traits and missed nursing care. Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Openness and Neuroticism, but not Extraversion, were significantly related to personal accountability. In addition, greater personal accountability was significantly related to lower frequency of missed nursing care.

Conclusions

Personal traits are important antecedents of personal accountability, which relates to missed nursing care. Findings delineate the profile of the accountable nurse and might help in developing strategies for the selection of nurses with high personal accountability and determining the best means to strengthen accountable behaviours in the workplace.
The influence of cultural competence of nurses on patient satisfaction and the mediating effect of patient trust
Authors: Tang Chulei , Tian Bingjie , Zhang Xiaoxia , Zhang Kaili , Xiao Xueling , Simoni Jane M. , Wang Honghong
Published: September 2018

Aims

To test a path model evaluating the influence of cultural competence of nurses on patient satisfaction and the mediating role of patient trust.

Background

In China, there has been an increase in medical disputes, which at times has resulted in physical assaults on healthcare providers. Enhanced patient satisfaction may reduce disputes and can perhaps be bolstered by the improved cultural competence of providers.

Design

A cross‐sectional path analytic research design was used.

Methods

A random sample of 583 hospitalized patients recruited from six tertiary comprehensive hospitals in Changsha, China in 2016 completed a face‐to‐face structured questionnaire. Measures included the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Cultural Competency Item Set, the Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale, the Patient Satisfaction with Primary Nurses Scale and the Patient Overall Satisfaction with the Hospital Scale.

Results

Significant associations among cultural competence of nurses, patient satisfaction and patient trust were confirmed, and path analyses supported the proposed mediating role of patient trust. Furthermore, the cultural competence subscales of communication‐positive behaviours, trust‐building behaviours and shared decision‐making were positively and significantly correlated with patient satisfaction.

Conclusion

Findings suggest interventions should be designed to improve nurse's cultural competence, especially in the domains of communication‐positive behaviours, trust‐building behaviours and shared decision‐making, and trust, to improve patient satisfaction.
Thoughts on the Workplace as a Masculinity Contest
Authors: Ely Robin J. , Kimmel Michael
Published: September 2018

We consider how the research featured in this special issue reveals the deeply emotional nature of men's gender‐identity constructions at work: men qua men feeling threatened and insecure and thus compelled to prove their manliness in survival‐of‐the‐fittest competitions. These papers locate this behavior not in individual bad actors nor in men's supposed biological drives, but rather in the organizational norms and practices that foster masculinity contests. We offer possible ways forward for organizational practice and policy aimed at eliminating masculinity contest cultures and their negative effects.
Retrobulbar cellulitis and abscessation: focus on short‐ and long‐term concurrent ophthalmic diseases in 41 dogs
Authors: Fischer M. C. , Adrian A. M. , Demetriou J. , Nelissen P. , Busse C.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To describe concurrent ophthalmic diseases in dogs with retrobulbar cellulitis and abscessation.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective analysis of clinical records of dogs with retrobulbar inflammation.

Results

Forty‐one dogs were diagnosed with retrobulbar inflammation; of these, 23 presented with abscessation and two with zygomatic sialoadenitis. Diagnosis was based on orbital ultrasound, MRI, CT and cytological and microbiological examination of fluid or tissue samples. Management involved evacuation of fluid contents using ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspirationviathe pterygopalatine fossa or orbitotomy. Patients received systemic antibiotics (except for one with sialoadenitis), glucocorticoids, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, opioids and fluid therapy. At initial presentation one or more ophthalmic complications were reported in 19 dogs (46%) including internal ophthalmoplegia (n=5), blindness due to optic nerve damage (n=5), facial nerve paralysis (n=3), prolapse of the third eyelid gland (n=3), corneal ulceration (n=8), anterior uveitis (n=4), chorioretinitis (n=3), retinal detachment (n=2) and increased intraocular pressure (n=7). Information on ophthalmic complications after cessation of active inflammation was available for 33 patients. One or more concurrent disease was found in 10 cases (30%): in addition to persistent neurological deficits and third eyelid gland prolapse reported at initial presentation, visual deficits after retinal re‐attachment (n=2), loss of corneal sensation (n=1), corneal oedema (n=1), corneal fibrosis (n=4), corneal lipidosis (n=1) and strabismus after suspected fibrosis (n=2) were diagnosed.

Clinical Significance

Ophthalmic complications are common in patients with retrobulbar inflammation indicating that these patients should undergo ophthalmic assessment and follow‐up.
Corrective Feedback and the Role of Implicit Sequence‐Learning Ability in L2 Online Performance
Authors: Granena Gisela , Yilmaz Yucel
Published: September 2018

This study investigated the relative effectiveness of two instructional interventions (implicit and explicit feedback) as a function of implicit sequence‐learning ability. Second language (L2) attainment was measured by means of a self‐paced reading task, which shows online sensitivity to language errors. Implicit sequence‐learning ability was measured by means of the serial reaction time task from the High‐Level Language Aptitude Battery. Two Spanish target structures were investigated (gender agreement and differential object marking). The results showed that neither explicit nor implicit feedback had an effect on L2 learners’ grammatical sensitivity to the target structures and, therefore, that feedback was not effective in changing L2 learning outcomes, as measured through an online processing measure. The results also showed a significant relationship between implicit sequence‐learning ability and sensitivity to feminine gender agreement on the posttest, after controlling for pretest scores, but only in the implicit feedback group.
In Whose Honor? On Monuments, Public Spaces, Historical Narratives, and Memory
Authors: Saul Gwendolyn W. , Marsh Diana E.
Published: September 2018

Recent organized protests have incurred outrage over monuments commemorating Confederate military leaders; in some cities, such as Baltimore, statues of Confederate military leaders have been removed overnight. In this context of charged public discourse, we ask: Does the immediate removal of these statues and monuments truly change the representation of histories and heritage? This expanded commentary, emanating from a Late‐Breaking Roundtable Session at the American Anthropological Association's 2017 annual meeting, is a discussion of the nuances and more obvious manipulations of power exercised through public spaces, representations, place names, and the production of historical narratives embedded in material forms of cultural memory. Research in the field of museum anthropology offers analysis pertinent to this subject, as well as intentioned practices to support communities addressing the violences, disparities, and racisms embedded in American history, and its material forms of cultural memory. In organizing the session, we suggested participants might explore the significance of “dissonant” or “negative” heritage; the narratives, counternarratives, and contestations highlighted in these controversies; or offer comparative perspectives from contexts other than the United States. [public spaces, historical narratives, heritage, representation, museums, Confederate monuments and statues]
Decolonizing Collections‐Based Learning:Experiential Observation as an Interdisciplinary Framework for Object Study
Authors: Hodge Christina J.
Published: September 2018

This paper introduces a structured interdisciplinary framework for collections‐based learning. The scaffolding combines visual analysis and multisensory material properties analysis with anthropological understandings of culture, context, and materiality. It is proposed in critical response both to visual approaches of art history/critique and to new materialist approaches that elevate the physical properties of matter. Both visual and materialist approaches tend toward presentism and decontextualization. They intrinsically privilege the viewer's standpoint and interpretations over those of makers, users, and descendant community members, producing a “colonizing” effect. This outcome does not serve anthropology's decolonizing intentions of cultural relativism and context—or the “twenty‐first‐century skills” with which anthropology aligns. An anthropological understanding of material culture can enhance visual and material approaches by culturally contextualizing the multisensory experience of things and teaching cultural relativism. This paper proposes such an approach: semistructured experiential observation that unites aspects of formal art historical analysis, multisensory observation, and reflexive, polysemous cultural interpretation. The framework offers an interdisciplinary, decolonizing method of object study. [anthropology, materiality, object‐based learning, pedagogy, visuality]
Activity of a selective insecticide (methoxyfenozide) against two mosquito species (Culex pipiensandCuliseta longiareolata): toxicological, biometrical and biochemical study
Authors: Hamaidia Kaouther , Tine‐Djebbar Fouzia , Soltani Noureddine
Published: September 2018

Methoxyfenozide is an insect growth disruptor belonging to the class of nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists. In the present study, methoxyfenozide (23% emulsifiable concentrate) is evaluated against newly molted fourth‐instar larvae ofCulex pipiensL. andCuliseta longiareolataMacquart (Diptera: Culicidae), aiming to investigate its possible effects on growth and development. Larvae are exposed for 24 h under standard laboratory conditions in accordance with World Health Organization recommendations. The product is found to exhibit insecticidal activity against the two tested mosquito species with a concentration–response relationship. Moreover, based on the lethal concentrations determined, methoxyfenozide is slightly more toxic againstC. pipiensthanC. longiareolata. Furthermore, fourth‐instar larva of the two mosquito species are treated using two lethal concentrations (LC50and LC90) of methoxyfenozide, and then individual survivals (larvae, pupae and adults) from larval treatment are subjected to a biometrical and biochemical study. The compound is found to interfere with growth by reducing the larval and pupal development duration. Moreover, the body volume and the main biochemical contents (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) from different stages are affected. The overall results suggest that the ecdysone agonist under investigation interferes with the development process and has potential for mosquito control.
Life‐history changes in the cold tolerance of the two‐spot spider mite Tetranychus urticae: applications in pest control and establishment risk assessment
Authors: White Nicola , Bale Jeffrey S. , Hayward Scott A. L.
Published: September 2018

Lethal time50 (LTime50) and lethal temp (LTemp50) are commonly used laboratory indices of arthropod cold tolerance, with the former often being employed to predict winter survival in the field. In the present study, we compare the cold tolerance of different life‐history stages (nondiapausing and diapausing females, as well as males and juveniles) of a major agricultural pest: the two‐spot spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Diapausing females from European populations of this species are shown to be freeze avoiding, supercooling to −23.6 ± 0.37  °C and with an LTemp50 of −23.2 °C. However, nondiapausing females [supercooling point (SCP) –19.1 ± 0.49 °C, LTemp50 –14.32 °C], males (SCP –21.27 ± 0.52  °C, LTemp50 –16 °C) and juveniles (SCP –25.34 ± 0.29 °C, LTemp50 –18.3 °C) are subclassified as strongly chill tolerant juveniles. LTime50 is 148.3 days for non‐acclimated diapausing females, whereas nondiapausing females, males and juveniles reach 50% mortality by 21.7 days. When individuals are acclimated at 10 °C for a period of 7 days, no effect is found. Cold tolerance is suggested to be a major contributor to the successful spread of T. urticae across temperate countries, although it is dependent on a diapause trait, suggesting a potential target for control. Winter field trial data from diapausing females indicate that LTime50 is a reliable indicator of winter survival even within diapause, supporting the use of these indices as a valuable component within environmental niche models for the prediction of future pest invasions.
Does economic openness affect liberal and electoral democracy in a different way? Empirical evidence from developing countries
Authors: Kablamaci Baris
Published: September 2018

The focus of this paper was to empirically analyze the impacts of economic liberalization on the liberal and electoral democracy in a sample of 106 less developed and developing countries over the period 1970–2016. The economic relationship between these countries and the global trade and the financial system generates a crucial question of to what extent political conditions are affected by this changing relation. To test these relationships, this paper uses V‐Dem's liberal democracy and electoral democracy indices and nine economic liberalization variables. Utilizing two‐step system dynamic panel GMM estimation indicates that trade openness and economic globalization, de facto strongly affects electoral democracy.
Blood utilization and mortality in victims of gun violence
Authors: DeMario Vincent M. , Sikorski Robert A. , Efron David T. , Serbanescu Mara A. , Buchanan Rica M. , Wang Eric J. , Visagie Mereze , Gehrie Eric A. , Manukyan Mariuxi C. , Noll Kathy , Ken Lee K.H. , Ness Paul M. , Frank Steven M.
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

Blood transfusion can be lifesaving for patients with hemorrhage; however, transfusion requirements for victims of gun violence are poorly understood.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

In an urban, Level 1 trauma center, 23,422 trauma patients were analyzed in a retrospective cohort study. Patients with gunshot wounds (GSWs) (n = 2,672; 11.4% of trauma patients) were compared to those with non‐GSW traumatic injuries from 2005 to 2017, to assess blood utilization.

RESULTS

The GSW cohort was approximately five times more likely to require transfusion (538 of 2672 [20.1%] vs. 798 of 20,750 [3.9%]; p < 0.0001), and the number of blood component units transfused per patient was approximately 10 times greater (3.3 ± 13.5 vs. 0.31 ± 3.8 units/patient; p < 0.0001), compared to the non‐GSW cohort. The risk‐adjusted likelihood of requiring high‐dose transfusion was greater in the GSW cohort (odds ratio, 2.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.14‐5.80), and requirements were increased for all four blood components (red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate). Patients with GSWs had approximately 14 times greater overall mortality (653 of 2672 [24.4%] vs. 352 of 20,750 [1.7%]; p < 0.0001]. Compared to non‐GSW penetrating injuries (e.g., stab wounds), those with GSWs had approximately four times higher transfusion requirements (3.3 ± 13.5 vs. 0.80 ± 3.8 units/patient; p < 0.0001), and approximately eight times greater overall mortality (653 of 2672 [24.4%] vs. 28 of 956 [2.9%]; p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to other traumatic injuries, GSW injuries are associated with substantially greater blood utilization and mortality. Trauma centers treating GSW injuries should have ready access to all blood components and ability to implement massive transfusions.
Punctal stenosis in 6 dogs following the long‐term use of topical neomycin‐polymyxin B‐dexamethasone
Authors: Quantz Katelin , Stiles Jean
Published: September 2018

Six dogs were diagnosed with punctal stenosis following the long‐term use of topical neomycin‐polymyxin B‐dexamethasone (NPD). All patients were initially presented for ophthalmic diseases requiring ongoing anti‐inflammatory therapy. Five of the 6 dogs had previously or concurrently been treated with topical anti‐inflammatory medications other than NPD. One patient exclusively received topical NPD prior to the diagnosis of punctal stenosis. The onset of punctal stenosis following therapy with NPD was variable among patients, ranging from 4 months to over 1 year. Diagnosis of punctal stenosis was made based upon the presence of epiphora and visualization of fibrotic tissue over the nasolacrimal puncta.
Hydrological performance of green roofs in the context of the meteorological factors during the 5‐year monitoring period
Authors: Burszta‐Adamiak Ewa , Stańczyk Justyna , Łomotowski Janusz
Published: September 2018

Green roofs as solutions that can offer varying levels of stormwater management are the topic of current interest. In order to use this form of reconstructing retention capacity, it is important to understand the influence of meteorological conditions on the functioning of living roofs. The study presents the results of research, using of the ANOVA variance analysis method, on retention performance (i.e. volumetric control) and detention (temporal delay run‐off) carried out in the years 2009–2014. The results indicate that the green roof can effectively retain rainfall and delay the initiation of run‐off from the rainfall events included in the analysis. Understanding the hydrological performance of green roofs in different local meteorological conditions is key to the successful implementation and development of sustainable practices to control run‐off in urban areas.
Effect of environment on charge transport properties of polyimide films damaged by high-energy electron radiation
Authors: Plis Elena A. , Engelhart Daniel P. , Cooper Russell , Ferguson Dale C. , Hoffmann Ryan
Published: September 2018

Ground based measurements are critical to understanding the space environment-induced modifications of spacecraft materials and predictive spacecraft modeling. The interaction of high-energy electrons with spacecraft materials, such as polyimide (PI, Kapton-H®), is known to modify the material's chemical and consequently physical properties. Highly stable in its pristine state, radiation-damaged PI becomes chemically reactive due to the formation of species containing unpaired electrons (radicals). As a result, the reaction of residual gases, even at low partial pressures, changes the damaged PI's properties and obscures the understanding of the radiation damage mechanisms. In the presented paper, the authors demonstrated that even very limited air exposure will have a dramatic effect on the charge transport properties of radiation-damaged PI. Further, they also evaluated the effects of several major constituents of the Earth's atmosphere (Ar, N2, O2, and H2O) on the charge transport properties of PI damaged by exposure to 90 keV electrons.
An ideal quantized mask to increase intelligibility and quality of speech in noise
Authors: Healy Eric W. , Vasko Jordan L.
Published: September 2018

Time-frequency (T-F) masks represent powerful tools to increase the intelligibility of speech in background noise. Translational relevance is provided by their accurate estimation based only on the signal-plus-noise mixture, using deep learning or other machine-learning techniques. In the current study, a technique is designed to capture the benefits of existing techniques. In the ideal quantized mask (IQM), speech and noise are partitioned into T-F units, and each unit receives one of N attenuations according to its signal-to-noise ratio. It was found that as few as four to eight attenuation steps (IQM4, IQM8) improved intelligibility over the ideal binary mask (IBM, having two attenuation steps), and equaled the intelligibility resulting from the ideal ratio mask (IRM, having a theoretically infinite number of steps). Sound-quality ratings and rankings of noisy speech processed by the IQM4 and IQM8 were also superior to that processed by the IBM and equaled or exceeded that processed by the IRM. It is concluded that the intelligibility and sound-quality advantages of infinite attenuation resolution can be captured by an IQM having only a very small number of steps. Further, the classification-based nature of the IQM might provide algorithmic advantages over the regression-based IRM during machine estimation.
Spherical harmonics based generalized image source method for simulating room acoustics
Authors: Samarasinghe Prasanga N. , Abhayapala Thushara D. , Lu Yan , Chen Hanchi , Dickins Glenn
Published: September 2018

Allen and Berkley's image source method (ISM) is proven to be a very useful and popular technique for simulating the acoustic room transfer function (RTF) in reverberant rooms. It is based on the assumption that the source and receiver of interest are both omnidirectional. With the inherent directional nature of practical loudspeakers and the increasing use of directional microphones, the above assumption is often invalid. The main objective of this paper is to generalize the frequency domain ISM in the spherical harmonics domain such that it could simulate the RTF between practical transducers with higher-order directivity. This is achieved by decomposing transducer directivity patterns in terms of spherical harmonics and by applying the concept of image sources in spherical harmonics based propagation patterns. Therefore, from now on, any transducer can be modeled in the spherical harmonics domain with a realistic directivity pattern and incorporated with the proposed method to simulate room acoustics more accurately. We show that the proposed generalization also has an alternate use in terms of enabling RTF simulations for moving point-transducers inside pre-defined source and receiver regions.
Steep drop in Zika cases undermines vaccine trial
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: September 2018

Controversial strategy of intentionally infecting volunteers to test vaccine candidates is now back on the agenda.
New cancer-fighting cells enter trials
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: September 2018

Engineered natural killer cells and macrophages may be next immunotherapies.
NASA space laser targets melting poles
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: September 2018

ICESat-2 is set to reveal disappearing sea ice and retreating glacier beds.
Differential IL-2 expression defines developmental fates of follicular versus nonfollicular helper T cells
Authors: DiToro Daniel , Winstead Colleen J. , Pham Duy , Witte Steven , Andargachew Rakieb , Singer Jeffrey R. , Wilson C. Garrett , Zindl Carlene L. , Luther Rita J. , Silberger Daniel J. , Weaver Benjamin T. , Kolawole E. Motunrayo , Martinez Ryan J. , Turner Henrietta , Hatton Robin D. , Moon James J. , Way Sing Sing , Evavold Brian D. , Weaver Casey T.
Published: September 2018

(IL-)2 be or not to be?

Immunological T follicular helper (T
FH
) cells are a subpopulation of CD4
+
T cells that support B cell antibody production and the establishment of B cell memory. By contrast, non-T
FH
cells orchestrate enhanced innate immune cell functions at sites of pathogen encounter. The factors underlying differentiation into a T
FH
or non-T
FH
cell remain poorly understood, though there is evidence to suggest that the T cell growth factor interleukin-2 (IL-2) may play a role. Using IL-2 reporter mice, DiToro
et al.
show that naïve CD4
+
T cells that produce IL-2 are fated to become T
FH
cells, whereas nonproducers, which receive IL-2, become non-T
FH
cells. The CD4
+
T cell–fate decision was linked to T cell receptor strength—only those naïve CD4
+
T cells that received the highest T cell receptor signals were able to produce IL-2.

Science
, this issue p.
eaao2933
An ER surface retrieval pathway safeguards the import of mitochondrial membrane proteins in yeast
Authors: Hansen Katja G. , Aviram Naama , Laborenz Janina , Bibi Chen , Meyer Maren , Spang Anne , Schuldiner Maya , Herrmann Johannes M.
Published: September 2018

ER-SURF protein import into mitochondria

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, defined by distinct protein compositions. Almost all cellular proteins are synthesized in the cytosol, and thus, organelle-resident proteins must be directed to their appropriate location after synthesis. Working in yeast, Hansen
et al.
identified a protein-targeting paradigm termed ER-SURF, in which the membrane expanse of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a “capture net” for mitochondrial proteins. This process productively redirected mitochondrial precursor proteins for efficient mitochondrial import. Thus, two distinct organelles, once thought to be mutually exclusive protein destinations, can cooperate during protein targeting.

Science
, this issue p.
1118
Ribonucleotide incorporation enables repair of chromosome breaks by nonhomologous end joining
Authors: Pryor John M. , Conlin Michael P. , Carvajal-Garcia Juan , Luedeman Megan E. , Luthman Adam J. , Small George W. , Ramsden Dale A.
Published: September 2018

RNA takes over DNA repair

Damage to DNA genomes is normally thought to be repaired with DNA. Pryor
et al.
now describe a clear exception (see the Perspective by Modesti). They found that RNA is routinely incorporated during the repair of DNA double-strand breaks through the mammalian nonhomologous end–joining (NHEJ) pathway. In a variety of contexts, including V(D)J recombination and Cas9-induced genome engineering, two “DNA” polymerases specific to NHEJ preferentially added RNA in cells. These RNA additions facilitated the critical step of ligation and were later replaced by DNA to complete the NHEJ repair process.

Science
, this issue p.
1126
; see also p.
1069
Glutamate triggers long-distance, calcium-based plant defense signaling
Authors: Toyota Masatsugu , Spencer Dirk , Sawai-Toyota Satoe , Jiaqi Wang , Zhang Tong , Koo Abraham J. , Howe Gregg A. , Gilroy Simon
Published: September 2018

Rapid, long-distance signaling in plants

A plant injured on one leaf by a nibbling insect can alert its other leaves to begin anticipatory defense responses. Working in the model plant
Arabidopsis
, Toyota
et al.
show that this systemic signal begins with the release of glutamate, which is perceived by glutamate receptor–like ion channels (see the Perspective by Muday and Brown-Harding). The ion channels then set off a cascade of changes in calcium ion concentration that propagate through the phloem vasculature and through intercellular channels called plasmodesmata. This glutamate-based long-distance signaling is rapid: Within minutes, an undamaged leaf can respond to the fate of a distant leaf.

Science
, this issue p.
1112
; see also p.
1068
Semisynthetic sensor proteins enable metabolic assays at the point of care
Authors: Yu Qiuliyang , Xue Lin , Hiblot Julien , Griss Rudolf , Fabritz Sebastian , Roux Clothilde , Binz Pierre-Alain , Haas Dorothea , Okun Jürgen G. , Johnsson Kai
Published: September 2018

A protein designed to sense metabolites

Many diseases cause characteristic changes in blood metabolites. Yu
et al.
describe a paper-based assay in which a chosen metabolite can be oxidized to generate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Color changes in a designed NADPH sensor protein are then quantified by a digital camera. The sensor system successfully generated point-of-care measurements of phenylalanine, glucose, and glutamate. Concentrations of phenylalanine in the blood of phenylketonuria patients were analyzed within minutes with only half a microliter of blood.

Science
, this issue p.
1122
Quantum metasurface for multiphoton interference and state reconstruction
Authors: Wang Kai , Titchener James G. , Kruk Sergey S. , Xu Lei , Chung Hung-Pin , Parry Matthew , Kravchenko Ivan I. , Chen Yen-Hung , Solntsev Alexander S. , Kivshar Yuri S. , Neshev Dragomir N. , Sukhorukov Andrey A.
Published: September 2018

Going quantum with metamaterials

Metasurfaces should allow wafer-thin surfaces to replace bulk optical components. Two reports now demonstrate that metasurfaces can be extended into the quantum optical regime. Wang
et al.
determined the quantum state of multiple photons by simply passing them through a dielectric metasurface, scattering them into single-photon detectors. Stav
et al.
used a dielectric metasurface to generate entanglement between spin and orbital angular momentum of single photons. The results should aid the development of integrated quantum optic circuits operating on a nanophotonic platform.

Science
, this issue p.
1104
, p.
1101
A designed heme-[4Fe-4S] metalloenzyme catalyzes sulfite reduction like the native enzyme
Authors: Mirts Evan N. , Petrik Igor D. , Hosseinzadeh Parisa , Nilges Mark J. , Lu Yi
Published: September 2018

Metals brought together do more

Enzymatic reduction of oxyanions such as sulfite (SO
3
2−
) requires the delivery of multiple electrons and protons, a feat accomplished by cofactors tailored for catalysis and electron transport. Replicating this strategy in protein scaffolds may expand the range of enzymes that can be designed de novo. Mirts
et al.
selected a scaffold protein containing a natural heme cofactor and then engineered a cavity suitable for binding a second cofactor—an iron-sulfur cluster (see the Perspective by Lancaster). The resulting designed enzyme was optimized through rational mutation into a catalyst with spectral characteristics and activity similar to that of natural sulfite reductases.

Science
, this issue p.
1098
; see also p.
1071
Space for nature
Authors: Baillie Jonathan , Zhang Ya-Ping
Published: September 2018

How much of the planet should we leave for other forms of life? This is a question humanity must now grapple with. The global human population is 7.6 billion and anticipated to increase to around 10 billion by the middle of the century. Consumption is also projected to increase, with demands for food and water more than doubling by 2050. Simply put, there is finite space and energy on the planet, and we must decide how much of it we're willing to share. This question requires deep consideration as it will determine the fate of millions of species and the health and well-being of future generations.
A “technology-smart” battery policy strategy for Europe
Authors: Beuse Martin , Schmidt Tobias S. , Wood Vanessa
Published: September 2018

Batteries' inherent characteristics should inform policies
A pinch of RNA spices up DNA repair
Authors: Modesti Mauro
Published: September 2018

Transient incorporation of RNA precursors helps fix broken DNA
Hepatitis B Spliced Protein (HBSP) Suppresses Fas-Mediated Hepatocyte Apoptosis via Activation of PI3K/Akt Signaling
Authors: Wu Shu-Xiang , Chen Wan-Nan , Jing Zhen-Tang , Liu Wei , Lin Xin-Jian , Lin Xu
Published: September 2018

Our study revealed a previously unappreciated role of HBSP in Fas-mediated apoptosis. The antiapoptotic activity of HBSP is important for understanding hepatitis B virus pathogenesis. In particular, HBV variants associated with hepatoma carcinoma may downregulate apoptosis of hepatocytes through enhanced HBSP expression. Our study also found that Akt is centrally involved in Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and revealed that interventions directed at inhibiting the activation or functional activity of Akt may be of therapeutic value in this process.
Comment on “Collision strength and effective collision strength for Br XXVII” by Goyal et al. [Can. J. Phys. 95, 1127 (2017)]
Authors: Aggarwal Kanti M.
Published: September 2018

In a recent paper, Goyal et al. [Can. J. Phys. 95, 1127 (2017)] have reported results for collision strengths (Ω) and effective collision strengths (ϒ) for transitions among the lowest 52 levels of F-like Br XXVII. For their calculations, they have adopted the Dirac atomic R-matrix code (DARC) and the flexible atomic code (FAC). In this comment we demonstrate that their results for both parameters are erratic, inaccurate, and unreliable.
Adzuki bean [Vigna angularis(Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi], oilseed radish (Raphanus sativusL.), and cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) as living mulches with and without herbicides to control annual grasses in sweet corn (Zea maysL.)
Authors: Nurse Robert E. , Mensah Rolland , Robinson Darren E. , Leroux Gilles D.
Published: September 2018

Annual grasses are difficult to control in sweet corn in Canada due to the scarcity of registered herbicides with grass activity. In addition to the potential soil health benefits, over-seeding living mulches into the cropping system may help sweet corn growers improve annual grass control by increasing competitive ground cover. To test this hypothesis, trials were established at three locations in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, in 2008 and 2009. At each location, sweet corn was over-seeded at the 4–6 leaf stage with one of three living mulches alone or in combination with an herbicide. The living mulch/herbicide pairings were adzuki bean (linuron + S-metolachlor), cereal rye (saflufenacil), and oilseed radish (pendimethalin). All living mulch treatments were compared with an untreated control and an industry standard (S-metolachlor/atrazine). When sweet corn was over-seeded with living mulches alone, the most effective annual grass control was provided by the cereal rye. The least effective living mulch was adzuki bean, but the combination of adzuki bean plus a herbicide was the most effective for annual grass suppression. The final marketable yields in all living mulch treatments were always lower than the industry standard. In spite of effective annual grass control, reduced yields may make the adoption of the tested living mulch species less attractive to conventional sweet corn growers.