bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loosened Partisan Attachments and Receptivity to Incumbent Behaviors: A Panel Analysis, 1972-1976
Authors: Romero David W. , Sanders Francine
Published: January 2007

An established hypothesis explaining the increased incumbency advantage is that incumbents reaped the benefit of the reduction in partisan identification's influence on the congressional vote. Briefly, the hypothesis maintains that as partisan identification's influence waned incumbent behavior's influence increased. The increased incumbency advantage is then the result of incumbents actively attracting voters whose decision is based less on partisan considerations and more on what incumbents offer. Using the 1972-76 NES panel study, we test this hypothesis by examining incumbent behavior's influence on voters with loosened partisan identification. The results support this premise. The interaction between incumbent behaviors and loosened partisan identifi cation increases the probability of an incumbent vote, attracting loosened challenger party identifiers and retaining loosened incumbent party identifiers. Finally, the results suggest that higher levels of incumbent activity increase the probability of an incumbent vote.
The Subsystem Family of Concepts: A Critique and a Proposal
Authors: McCool Daniel
Published: January 2007

The subsystem concept has been widely utilized by political scien tists for many decades. The various concepts that fall under this ru bric have been greatly modified and improved in recent years. However, a number of problems persist. This essay explains why the subsystem concept has been so popular and enduring, and then discusses three problems in the application and use of subsystem concepts. It then proposes that a different approach, which emphasizes function rather than structure, be utilized, and develops the idea of a "hierarchy of conflict" to help improve the utility of the subsystem model. This per mits the development of a typology of subsystem strategies, and the formulation of basic hypotheses.
Growth of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica in 5-azacytidine has limited effects on parasite gene expression
Authors: Ali Ibne Karim M , Ehrenkaufer Gretchen M , Hackney Jason A , Singh Upinder
Published: January 2007

Background

In higher eukaryotes DNA methylation regulates important biological functions including silencing of gene expression and protection from adverse effects of retrotransposons. In the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, a DNA methyltransferase has been identified and treatment with 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC), a potent inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, has been reported to attenuate parasite virulence. However, the overall extent of DNA methylation and its subsequent effects on global gene expression in this parasite are currently unknown.

Results

In order to identify the genome-wide effects of DNA methylation in E. histolytica, we used a short oligonucleotide microarray representing 9,435 genes (~95% of all annotated amebic genes) and compared the expression profile of E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS parasites with those treated with 23 μM 5-AzaC for up to one week. Overall, 2.1% of genes tested were transcriptionally modulated under these conditions. 68 genes were upregulated and 131 genes down regulated (2-fold change; p-value < 0.05). Sodium-bisulfite treatment and sequencing of genes indicated that there were at least two subsets of genes with genomic DNA methylation in E. histolytica: (i) genes that were endogenously silenced by genomic DNA methylation and for which 5-AzaC treatment induced transcriptional de-repression, and (ii) genes that have genomic DNA methylation, but which were not endogenously silenced by the methylation. We identified among the genes down regulated by 5-AzaC treatment a cysteine proteinase (2.m00545) and lysozyme (52.m00148) both of which have known roles in amebic pathogenesis. Decreased expression of these genes in the 5-AzaC treated E. histolytica may account in part for the parasites reduced cytolytic abilities.

Conclusion

This work represents the first genome-wide analysis of DNA-methylation in Entamoeba histolytica and indicates that DNA methylation has relatively limited effects on gene expression in this parasite.
Motives and preferences of general practitioners for new collaboration models with medical specialists: a qualitative study
Authors: Berendsen Annette J , Benneker Wim HGM , Meyboom-de Jong Betty , Klazinga Niek S , Schuling Jan
Published: January 2007

Background

Collaboration between general practitioners (GPs) and specialists has been the focus of many collaborative care projects during the past decade. Unfortunately, quite a number of these projects failed. This raises the question of what motivates GPs to initiate and continue participating with medical specialists in new collaborative care models.

The following two questions are addressed in this study:

What motivates GPs to initiate and sustain new models for collaborating with medical specialists?

What kind of new collaboration models do GPs suggest?

Methods

A qualitative study design was used. Starting in 2003 and finishing in 2005, we conducted semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 21 Dutch GPs. The sampling criteria were age, gender, type of practice, and practice site. The interviews were recorded, fully transcribed, and analysed by two researchers working independently. The resulting motivational factors and preferences were grouped into categories.

Results

'Developing personal relationships' and 'gaining mutual respect' appeared to dominate when the motivational factors were considered. Besides developing personal relationships with specialists, the GPs were also interested in familiarizing specialists with the competencies attached to the profession of family medicine. Additionally, they were eager to increase their medical knowledge to the benefit of their patients. The GPs stated a variety of preferences with respect to the design of new models of collaboration.

Conclusion

Developing personal relationships with specialists appeared to be one of the dominant motives for increased collaboration. Once the relationships have been formed, an informal network with occasional professional contact seemed sufficient.

Although GPs are interested in increasing their knowledge, once they have reached a certain level of expertise, they shift their focus to another specialty.

The preferences for new collaboration models are diverse. A possible explanation for the differences in the preferences is that professionals are more knowledge driven than organisation driven as the acquiring of new knowledge is considered more important than the route by which this is achieved. A new collaboration model seems a way to acquire knowledge. Once this is achieved the importance of a model possibly diminishes, whereas the professional relationships last.
Daily Limited Access to Sweetened Drink Attenuates Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Stress Responses
Authors: Ulrich-Lai Yvonne M. , Ostrander Michelle M. , Thomas Ingrid M. , Packard Benjamin A. , Furay Amy R. , Dolgas C. Mark , Van Hooren Daniella C. , Figueiredo Helmer F. , Mueller Nancy K. , Choi Dennis C. , Herman James P.
Published: January 2007

Stress can promote palatable food intake, and consumption of palatable foods may dampen psychological and physiological responses to stress. Here we develop a rat model of daily limited sweetened drink intake to further examine the linkage between consumption of preferred foods and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis responses to acute and chronic stress. Adult male rats with free access to water were given additional twice-daily access to 4 ml sucrose (30%), saccharin (0.1%; a noncaloric sweetener), or water. After 14 d of training, rats readily learned to drink sucrose and saccharin solutions. Half the rats were then given chronic variable stress (CVS) for 14 d immediately after each drink exposure; the remaining rats (nonhandled controls) consumed their appropriate drinking solution at the same time. On the morning after CVS, responses to a novel restraint stress were assessed in all rats. Multiple indices of chronic stress adaptation were effectively altered by CVS. Sucrose consumption decreased the plasma corticosterone response to restraint stress in CVS rats and nonhandled controls; these reductions were less pronounced in rats drinking saccharin. Sucrose or saccharin consumption decreased CRH mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Moreover, sucrose attenuated restraint-induced c-fos mRNA expression in the basolateral amygdala, infralimbic cortex, and claustrum. These data suggest that limited consumption of sweetened drink attenuates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis stress responses, and calories contribute but are not necessary for this effect. Collectively the results support the hypothesis that the intake of palatable substances represents an endogenous mechanism to dampen physiological stress responses.
Sexual Differentiation of Kiss1 Gene Expression in the Brain of the Rat
Authors: Kauffman Alexander S. , Gottsch Michelle L. , Roa Juan , Byquist Alisa C. , Crown Angelena , Clifton Don K. , Hoffman Gloria E. , Steiner Robert A. , Tena-Sempere Manuel
Published: January 2007

The Kiss1 gene codes for kisspeptins, which have been implicated in the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction. In the brain, Kiss1 mRNA-expressing neurons are located in the arcuate (ARC) and anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) nuclei. Kiss1 neurons in the AVPV appear to play a role in generating the preovulatory GnRH/LH surge, which occurs only in females and is organized perinatally by gonadal steroids. Because Kiss1 is involved in the sexually dimorphic GnRH/LH surge, we hypothesized that Kiss1 expression is sexually differentiated, with females having more Kiss1 neurons than either males or neonatally androgenized females. To test this, male and female rats were neonatally treated with androgen or vehicle; then, as adults, they were left intact or gonadectomized and implanted with capsules containing sex steroids or nothing. Kiss1 mRNA levels in the AVPV and ARC were determined by in situ hybridization. Normal females expressed significantly more Kiss1 mRNA in the AVPV than normal males, even under identical adult hormonal conditions. This Kiss1 sex difference was organized perinatally, as demonstrated by the observation that neonatally androgenized females displayed a male-like pattern of adulthood Kiss1 expression in the AVPV. In contrast, there was neither a sex difference nor an influence of neonatal treatment on Kiss1 expression in the ARC. Using double-labeling techniques, we determined that the sexually differentiated Kiss1 neurons in the AVPV are distinct from the sexually differentiated population of tyrosine hydroxylase (dopaminergic) neurons in this region. Our findings suggest that sex differences in kisspeptin signaling from the AVPV subserve the cellular mechanisms controlling the sexually differentiated GnRH/LH surge.
Modification of the crystal habit of celecoxib for improved processability
Authors: Banga Sheere , Chawla Garima , Varandani Deepak , Mehta B R , Bansal Arvind K
Published: January 2007

Crystallization is often used in the pharmaceutical industry for purification and isolation of drugs, and also as a means of generating polymorphs or isomorphs. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of extrinsic crystallization parameters on the crystallized product, with special emphasis on improving the mechanical properties of acicular celecoxib. Celecoxib isomorphs were prepared using different techniques (solvent crystallization and vapour diffusion) and crystallization conditions (solvents, stirring, degree of supersaturation, crystallization temperature and seeding). Powder X-ray diffractometry, spectroscopic and thermal methods were used to investigate physical characteristics of crystals. Growth kinetics and aggregation dynamics of crystallization in polar and non-polar solvents were simulated using a dynamic light scattering method. The quick appearance of broad peaks over the range of 10–8000 nm in chloroform during crystallization simulation studies indicated faster aggregation in non-polar solvents. Aspect ratio, flow, compressibility and surface area of recrystallized products were also determined. Surface topography was determined by atomic force microscopy and the lath-shaped crystals (aspect ratio of 2–4) exhibited a roughness index of 1.79 in comparison with 2.92 for needles. Overall, the lath-shaped isomorphs exhibited improved flow and better compressibility.
Conversion of (sp3)C–F Bonds of Alkyl Fluorides to (sp3)C–Heteroatom (Heteroatom = I, SR, SeR, TeR) Bonds by the Use of Magnesium Reagents Having Heteroatom Substituents
Authors: Ara Begum Shameem , Terao Jun , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: January 2007

A convenient method for conversion of (sp3)C–F bonds to (sp3)C–Z (Z = I, SR, SeR, TeR) bonds has been developed. The reaction proceeds at room temperature using magnesium salts (Z–MgX). SN2 mechanism for substitiution of primary alkyl fluorides with MgI2 in ether was supported by the inversion of the stereochemistry of the carbon connecting to F.
Assessment of School Functioning Among Israeli Arab Children with Hearing Loss in the Primary Grades
Authors: Most Tova
Published: January 2007

The study examined school functioning of Israeli Arab children with hearing impairment (HI) who were included in regular education classrooms, in comparison to their classmates with normal hearing (NH). Ninety-three children (60 NH and 33 HI), grades 1–6, participated. Teachers evaluated the children using the Arabic version of the Screening Instrument for Targeting Educational Risks (SIFTER; Anderson, 1989); they also reported children's achievement levels in Arabic and mathematics. Results demonstrated that the HI children's functioning was lower than that of the NH children. Children with unilateral and minimal hearing losses had lower functioning than those with more severe hearing loss. As grade level increased, functioning decreased among HI children. Use of the SIFTER was beneficial in detecting children with difficulties. Regular, ongoing SIFTER use and appropriate follow-up on the results may better enable each child to perform optimally in class.
Effective multiplicity one on GL n and narrow zero-free regions for Rankin-Selberg L -functions
Authors: Brumley Farrell
Published: January 2007

We establish zero-free regions tapering as an inverse power of the analytic conductor for Rankin-Selberg L -functions on GL n ×GL n' . Such zero-free regions are equivalent to commensurate lower bounds on the edge of the critical strip, and in the case of L ( s , π X), on the residue at s = 1. As an application we show that a cuspidal automorphic representation on GL n is determined by a finite number of its Dirichlet series coefficients, and that this number grows at most polynomially in the analytic conductor.
Should the Aspiring Wise Man Travel? A Conflict in Seneca's Thought
Authors: Montiglio Silvia
Published: January 2007

This article examines the connection between traveling and wisdom in Seneca's writings. It argues that Seneca is ambivalent vis-Ã -vis traveling: on the one hand, he deems the activity unnecessary or even dangerous, insofar as it is at odds with mental focus and challenges the ideal of happiness as "home" (domestica felicitas); on the other, he admires those who travel for the sake of knowledge and connects the mobility of the body with the "cosmic flight" of the mind. In line with a long-established tradition, Seneca views travel as the first step towards philosophical inquiry. The ambivalence extends to the assessment of imperialistic use of travel. Though Seneca loudly condemns it as a manifestation of greed, he also shows admiration for several Roman conquerors.
The Unthucydidean Voice of Sallust
Authors: Grethlein Jonas
Published: January 2007

Since antiquity, Sallust has been said to have modeled his historiography after Thucydides. Focusing on the voice of the narrator, this article draws attention to an aspect that distinguishes Sallust from Thucydides and reminds us more of Herodotus. While Thucydides's narrative seems to unravel itself, Sallust makes his presence as narrator strongly felt by first-person interventions and expressions of uncertainty (I). Moreover, he integrates other voices at the extradiegetic level (II). These features of Sallust's voice give his account a strong mimetic aspect, underscore his reliability and engage the readers in the "act of reading."
Baka and the Magic of the State: Between Autochthony and Citizenship
Authors: Leonhardt Alec
Published: January 2007

While Baka “Pygmies” are regarded as among Africa's most indigenous peoples, their autochthony seems lacking in features that would give them standing for special consideration by die state. Somehow, indigenousness does not equal autochthony. Other mobile indigenous peoples such as traders and pastoralists have also been seen as less than autochthonous. These groups lack “roots in the soil,” which makes them less subject to the authority of the state than farmers. Further, as an acephalous society, Baka political culture cannot be appropriately adjusted to interact with the hierarchical structure of the state and related institutions. For this reason the problematic autochthony of Baka is less an issue of rights within the existing structure of the state—of civil rights—than of human rights. Unfortunately, this human rights issue is not really on any policy agenda, not even that of the working group for the U.N. Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Bailleurs Autochtones et Locataires Allogènes: Enjeu Foncier et Participation Politique au Cameroun
Authors: Socpa Antoine
Published: January 2007

Indigenous Lessors and Non-native Tenants: Land at Stake and Political Engagement in Cameroon
Building a Bridge of Words: The Literary Autobiography as Historical Source Material
Authors: Wallach Jennifer Jensen
Published: January 2007

Certain aspects of historical reality can best be captured by literary autobiographies. Historical reality is inherently perspectival. Autobiography effectively describes the universe as it appeared from different acknowledged perspectives, enabling historians to rethink and refeel past experiences. Literary techniques such as irony and metaphor make autobiography a particularly evocative historical source material.
Integrated Services for Frail Elders (SIPA): A Trial of a Model for Canada
Authors: Béland Francois , Bergman Howard , Lebel Paule , Dallaire Luc , Fletcher John , Tousignant Pierre , Contandriopoulos André-Pierre
Published: January 2007

Le complexe formé par les maladies chroniques, les épisodes de maladies aiguës, les déficiences physiologiques, les incapacités fonctionnelles et les problèmes cognitifs dominent les personnes âgées fragiles. Elles comptent sur l'aide des programmes sociaux et de Santé qui, au Canada, sont encore fragmentés. Le SIPA (Services intégrés pour les personnes âgées fragiles) est un modèle de services intégrés basé sur des services de proximité, une équipe multidisciplinaire et un gestionnaire de cas qui détiennent la responsabilité clinique de l'ensemble des services sociaux et de Santé requis, la capacité de mobiliser des ressources en fonction des besoins et l'application de protocole de soins. Le projet de démonstration SIPA a utilisé un devis expérimental avec assignation aléatoire de 1230 participants, de deux quartiers de Montréal, dans un groupe expérimental et un groupe témoin. Les coûts des services institutionnels ont été de 4270$; inférieur dans le SIPA comparés au groupe témoin, les coûts des services de proximité ont été supérieurs de 3394$;. La proportion des personnes en attente d'hébergement en hôpitaux de courte durée a été deux fois plus élevée dans le groupe témoin que dans le groupe SIPA. Les coûts des hospitalisations de courte durée des personnes du SIPA avec incapacité dans les activités de la vie quotidienne ont été inférieurs d'au moins 4000$; à ceux des personnes du groupe témoin. En conclusion, l'expérimentation SIPA démontre qu'il est possible de s'engager dans des projets de démonstration ambitieux et rigoureux au Canada. Ces résultats ont été obtenus sans augmentation des coûts globaux des services sociaux et de santé, sans diminution de la Qualité des soins et sans augmentation du fardeau des personnes âgées et de leurs proches.
M. Paquet. Vivre une expérience de soins à domicile. Sainte-Foy, QC: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2004.
Authors: Pérodeau Guilhème
Published: January 2007

According to the author, this book is an analysis of the underlying family dynamics in caring for an elderly relative. It is primarily for nonspecialists but is of definite interest to health professionals who work with families that are experiencing a situation of dependency. The ideas are presented as a dialogue between the author and a fictional character called “Autonome S'démène” (Independent and Struggling), who is herself a caregiver. This well-written book examines such relevant concepts as the family's hesitation to ask for or even accept an offer of services from the formal network for fear of being invaded by strangers.
Disquotationalism, Truth and Justification: The Pragmatist's Wrong Turn
Authors: Freedman Karyn L.
Published: January 2007

A view of truth that gained prominence among early logical positivists, what A.J. Ayer called the ‘redundancy theory of truth,’ has had a renaissance over the last few decades. The fundamental thought behind this theory is that the truth predicate is a device of disquotation. Redundancy, or disquotationalism, is seen by its advocates as providing a definitive answer to the perennial question ‘what is the nature of truth?’ The answer, says the disquotationalist, is to reject the idea that truth has some underlying nature. The terms true and false, as Ayer put it, connote nothing (Ayer, 1936/1946,88). They do not correspond or refer to some elusive ingredient of reality. Truth, he argued, must be deflated from its exalted metaphysical Status — but the notion should not be dispensed with altogether. Disquotationalists like Ayer think that the truth predicate has an essential role to play in logic. Indeed, disquotationalism, in its purest form, sees the sole function of the truth predicate as fulfilling this logical need, that is, as a device that aids generalization by permitting infinite conjunction and disjunction.
Impacts of Good Practices on Cognitive Development, Learning Orientations, and Graduate Degree Plans During the First Year of College
Authors: Cruce Ty M , Wolniak Gregory C , Seifert Tricia A , Pascarella Ernest T
Published: January 2007

This study estimated separately the unique effects of three dimensions of good practice and the global effects of a composite measure of good practices on the cognitive development, orientations to learning, and educational aspirations of students during their first year of college. Analyses of longitudinal data from a representative sample of colleges and universities were conducted, and net of a battery of confounding influences, measures of good practices were positively related to a number of first-year outcomes. The magnitude of the effects of these good practices differed by the pre-college characteristics of the students and by the type of institution attended.
Perceived Stress, Wellness, and Mattering: A Profile of First-Year Citadel Cadets
Authors: Gibson Donna M , Myers Jane E
Published: January 2007

Cadets (N�=�234) at The Citadel (a military college for males and females in the Southeast United States) completed measures of wellness, perceived stress, and mattering during their first semester of training. Overall, wellness scores were negatively skewed. Although there were no differences in perceived stress or mattering between The Citadel cadets and a comparison group of cadets at West Point, The Citadel cadets scored higher than available norm groups on both scales. Implications for wellness programs at military colleges and counseling for beginning cadets are explored. In addition, applicability of the results for nonmilitary college students is discussed.
Leibniz, Historicism, and the "Plague of Islam"
Authors: Almond Ian
Published: January 2007

This essay exams the wide range of references to Islam and the Muslim Orient in Leibniz's works, from his earliest references to "Mohammedanism" in the 1660's, through his Egyptian Plan (1671), to extracts from some of his last letters and essays. The article shows the compartmentalization of three separate though porous vocabularies in Leibniz—a theological, political, and philological one—and how each vocabulary reflects a different series of attitudes each time to the faith, followers, and cultures of Islam. The evaporation of the Ottoman threat and an increasingly ethnological/philological interest in the languages and races of the Muslim world, it is suggested, explains a general mellowing of Leibniz's overall attitude to Islam from the beginning of the 1690's onward.
Can Non-medical Factors Contribute to Disparities in Coronary Heart Disease Treatments?
Authors: Barnhart Janice M , Cohen Oshra , Wright Natania , Wylie-Rosett Judith
Published: January 2007

Racial/ethnic and sex disparities in coronary heart disease treatment exist. We previously reported that physicians perceive non-clinical variables, such as a patient's desire for a second opinion, as affecting revascularization decisions. The results of that study are further examined here, using factor analysis to identify significant interrelationships among the non-clinical variables, which could contribute to disparities in coronary revascularization (i.e., percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty [PTCA] or coronary artery bypass graft [CABG]). Five content themes emerged using factor analysis; these are related to the patient's socioeconomic/lifestyle status, treatment preference, physician interaction, health-assertiveness, and aggressiveness. For the lifestyle theme, family physicians had higher mean scores (14.8) than internists, cardiologists, and cardiothoracic surgeons (13.7, 13.6, and 12.6, respectively; overall p=.001); women had higher mean scores than men (15.0 vs. 13.7; p=.009). This implies that family medicine and female physicians perceived variables pertaining to patients' socioeconomic status or lifestyle (e.g., financial barriers, unlikely to adopt healthy behaviors) as precluding some patients from being revascularized. Additionally, female, more than male, physicians (15.0 vs.13.6; p=.006) perceived health assertive patients (e.g., involved in treatment decisions, will quit smoking) as having easier access to the procedures. The results of the present analysis suggest that disparities in cardiac care arise from complex psychosocial interactions, which are influenced by characteristics of the physician as well as the patient.
The Health Care Experiences of Rural Medicaid Beneficiaries
Authors: Long Sharon , King Jennifer , Coughlin Teresa A
Published: January 2007

Medicaid plays a vital role in rural America, yet, because of data limitations, little research exists on the health care experiences of low-income rural adults. We use data from the National Survey of America's Families, with its oversample of low-income populations, to examine differences in access to and use of care between urban and rural Medicaid beneficiaries, and between Medicaid beneficiaries and low-income privately insured adults in urban and rural areas. We find evidence that access to care under Medicaid is worse than under private insurance in both urban and rural areas; however, Medicaid beneficiaries have a more consistent level of access across urban and rural areas than do low-income privately insured people.
Galileo's Interventionist Notion of "Cause"
Authors: Ducheyne Steffen
Published: January 2007

In this essay, I shall argue that Galileo introduced a new scientifically useful notion of causality. This new notion of causality was an interventionist notion, according to which causal relations can be discovered by actively exploring and manipulating natural processes. The presence of this conception can be seen from Galileo's explanation of floating bodies and his theory of the tides. I shall point to the similarity between Galileo's notion of "cause" and recent interventionist accounts of causation in the philosophy of science (especially James Woodward's).
Introduction : La culture dans le domaine du droit
Authors: Howes David
Published: January 2007

Dans leur introduction au livreLaw in the Domains of Culture, Austin Sarat et Thomas Kearns écrivent : «Law and legal studies are relative latecomers to cultural studies. To examine [law in the domains of culture] has been, until recently, a kind of scholarly transgression». L'inverse est vrai aussi : lescultural studies(incluant l'anthropologie) sont arrivées tardivement au droit et aux réflexions sur le droit, alors qu'on assistait, ces dernières décennies, à une irruption remarquable de discours culturels dans le domaine du droit.

Il semble bien que l'acquisition d'une certaine «compétence culturelle» soit devenue obligatoire dans les cercles juridiques. Il n'y a pas que la floraison de séminaires et cours sur la «sensibilité culturelle» pour juges, avocats et policiers, mais le «concept de culture» traverse maintenant bien des décisions judiciaires en matière de droits autochtones, et la «défense culturelle» (bien que fortement contestée par certains et toujours sans approbation officielle) est désormais une dimension de nombreux procès criminels impliquant des immigrants. Aussi, laCharte canadienne des droits et libertésréfère à «l'héritage multicultural des Canadiens» (art. 27) dont la préservation et la promotion est une condition de sa propre interprétation.
The “Public”, the ‘Private’, and the Legal Norm of Equality
Authors: Dotan Yoav
Published: January 2007

Les cours, devraient-elles appliquer le concept d'égalité tel que développé dans la jurisprudence de droit public aux controverses entre des parties privées? Je propose dans cette note critique que, dans nos sociétés contemporaines, la distinction entre les concepts du «privé» et du «public» se fonde sur la manière de traiter de l'égalité dans ces deux champs d'activité sociale. Il en est ainsi parce que les choses qui sont considérées dans nos sociétés comme «publiques» appartiennent de manière égale à chacun, ce qui n'est pas le cas des choses «privées». Le domaine public est donc dominé par la norme de l'égalité politique alors que celui du droit privé est soumis à l'absence d'une exigence stricte de distribution égalitaire des biens économiques. À date, le phénomène des cours appliquant la norme d'égalité dans le champs du droit privé réfère surtout aux litiges où il s'agissait de maintenir des principes fondamentaux de l'égalité politique, comme la norme interdisant la discrimination raciale. Le phénomène ne met donc pas sérieusement en question la légitimité institutionnelle en démocratie libérale contemporaine.
Swing Issues and Policy Regimes: Federal Education Policy and the Politics of Policy Change
Authors: McGuinn Patrick
Published: January 2007

Political scientists have long debated the nature of the American political system, particularly the degree to which the federal government is amenable to major policy initiation and reform. There are two basic schools of thought on this question. One school—which I will call the stasis school—argues that the system is highly resistant to major change. The other school of policymaking—which I will call the dynamic school—emphasizes the openness and responsiveness of America's political system and the relative ease of generating reform at the national level. While the stasis and dynamic schools are helpful in explaining systemic tendencies and the influence of particular forces on the policy process, they are less useful in illuminating the evolution of governmental policymaking in a single issue area over time.
Water Planning in the Progressive Era: The Inland Waterways Commission Reconsidered
Authors: Pisani Donald J.
Published: January 2007

In 1909, moving freight by rail cost seven to ten times more than by water. Yet despite crowded terminals and a severe shortage of rolling stock, railroads carried eight times more freight by weight than ships and barges, and canal tonnage had fallen by two-thirds since 1880. The railroads, according to President Theodore Roosevelt, were “no longer able to move crops and manufactures rapidly enough to secure the prompt transaction of the business of the Nation.…There appears to be but one complete remedy–the development of a complementary system of transportation by water.” Perishable foods and high-value factory goods would always travel by rail, Roosevelt acknowledged, but bulky cargo such as wheat, coal, timber, and iron could and should move by water. Improving the nation's waterways would increase the profits of railroads and manufacturers, provide capital for expansion, and reduce the cost of living. It would serve as a tonic to the entire economy.
Observations of Babies and Toddlers in Library Settings
Authors: McKechnie Lynne
Published: January 2007

Participant observation, unlike the more traditional approach of querying adults about children's experiences, is identified as an appropriate and effective method for studying babies and toddlers in public library settings in order to explore these experiences from the children's own perspectives. In an observation study of eleven, thirty-minute baby storytimes conducted at two branches of a large public library system, the naturally occurring behavior of the children captured through observation field notes and audio-recording and transcription of the program successfully revealed numerous incidents of emergent literacy activities and social interaction. This article discusses the practicalities of implementing participant observation in storytime programs for very young children. Special requirements related to informed consent, the need to protect baby and toddler participants, and the challenge of gaining and maintaining access are addressed. Included is an appendix of recommended observation, child development, and research methods texts.
Encounters with the Library: Understanding Experience Using the Life History Method
Authors: Labaree Robert V
Published: January 2007

Drawing on the author's own research, this article explores the use of life histories as method and the ways in which this research can contribute to new understandings about the experiential relationships between libraries and users. The article is divided into four parts. Part one defines the essential elements of a life history research study. Part two describes how to design a life history research study. Part three examines ethical, methodological, and interpretive issues related to issues of organizational insiderness and internal validity and textual authority. The author concludes by outlining the potential benefits and pitfalls of using life histories and discusses how life history research, and qualitative research in general, can enrich and broaden our understanding of library science theory and practice.
Building a Library GIS Service from the Ground Up
Authors: Houser Rhonda
Published: January 2007

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) services in academic libraries tend to differ, based on availability of GIS data, software, hardware, and staff expertise. GIS services at the University of Kansas are closely aligned with support for government information, data, maps, and statistics. Thus, our responses to users' needs are often naturally collaborative, optimizing the expertise of multiple staff members and various types of resources. The GIS and Data Specialist assists campus researchers with spatial data and software, as well as facilitating access to GIS data. Lab space for research and coursework involving spatial data is a core component of GIS services. In addition, various levels and types of GIS workshops are offered each semester, and custom training sessions are also available. "Word of mouth" and hands-on workshops are some of the most effective methods of outreach.
Doctoring as Leadership: the power to heal
Authors: Schei Edvin
Published: January 2007

Physician power has been attacked, and tabooed, in legitimate efforts to strengthen patients' rights. Yet the structural and symbolic power wielded by doctors is what makes good and right healing actions possible. Avoiding the power issue contributes to a confusing state, where patient trust is faltering and physicians are uncertain about how to fulfill the doctor's role with the intellectual tools of mere science and technology. I argue that constitutive characteristics of health, illness, and the clinical encounter necessitate a prescriptive and responsible healing agent who is more than a technocrat, an information broker, or a seller. The article proposes clinical leadership as a concept offering practical and ethical direction to clinicians, education, research, and health policy. Leadership presupposes reflective awareness of physicians' structural and symbolic power, and is displayed as discerning, empowering improvisations in critical situations, based on empathy and willingness to learn from patients. The notion of clinical leadership highlights patient vulnerability, medicine's ethical core, and the importance of character development in medical education.
The Materiality of Digital Collections: Theoretical and Historical Perspectives
Authors: Manoff Marlene
Published: January 2007

Digital and textual objects are coming under a new kind of scrutiny as scholars are becoming more interested in physical artifacts and their relation to their social and cultural environment. This study of material culture suggests a need to explore the nature of digital materiality, as well as the broader historical context in which electronic objects and collections are created. The following essay analyzes the implications of this work and related research into the ways in which knowledge is shaped by the technologies used to produce and distribute it. Understanding the materiality of digital and textual objects will be crucial for charting the future of libraries.
Black Homeplace Migration to the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta: Ambiguous Journeys, Uncertain Outcomes
Authors: Brown Robert N , Cromartie John
Published: January 2007

Between 1910 and 1970, African Americans moved out of the southeastern U.S. in one of the largest movements in human history. Some estimates hold that more than 9 million black Southerners left the South for new lives in the North and West. The migration reached its peak in the 1950s, and began to slow in the 1960s. In the early 1970s, these black migrants and their descendants began coming home to the South, a trend that continues today. This study looks at one region to which many African Americans have returned, the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta. Regions like the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta have been largely ignored in black return migration studies. Much of the work that has been done to document the return migration of blacks to the South has focused on the South's urban areas. What has been neglected is the fact that there is also a significant return of African Americans to the rural South, a region of chronic economic stagnation. While the U.S. Census Bureau collects information on its long forms that can lead the researcher to a better understanding of African American migration processes and place attachments, the data are imperfect and can only provide the backbone of understanding. In an attempt to dig beneath the available data, we employ ethnographic methodology in this study. We focus on the geographic life history of Mrs. Dorothy Mae Scott.
The Urban Heat Island and Local Temperature Variations in Orlando, Florida
Authors: Yow Donald M , Carbone Gregory J
Published: January 2007

Cities artificially alter local climates affecting economic and biological processes. This study examined air temperatures in Orlando's urban canopy layer using a network of twenty-nine fixed-point stations from September 1999 to December 2001. Urban Heat Island (UHI) statistics were calculated using two stations that were representative of an urban and rural setting. Orlando's UHI develops best on calm, clear nights during dry months: its maximum magnitude exceeds 8°C. Orlando's UHI, however, is predominantly a nocturnal phenomenon with intense heat islands sometimes occurring during warm afternoons. These events are most likely attributable to isolated thundershowers. Local temperature variations between urban and rural extremes were examined by calculating environmental indices for all stations. The range in monthly cooling degreeday totals exceeded 100 degree days in six months of the thirty-six month study period. Heating degree totals and number of freezing hours were also highly variable.
The Distribution of Signs in New Zealand Sign Language
Authors: McKee David , Kennedy Graeme D
Published: January 2007

Until now, teachers and learners of NZSL have not had access to information on the most frequently used signs in the Deaf community. This article describes the first study of the distribution of signs in New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL). We hope that it will help teachers of NZSL make decisions about which signs to teach first and suggest questions for investigation into other signed languages using a corpus analysis approach.
Sources of Institutional Change: The Supranational Origins of Europe's New Stock Markets
Authors: Posner Elliot
Published: January 2007

The article explains a curious turn in European political economies. Between 1995 and 2005 national financial elites in twelve Western European countries created almost twenty competing new stock markets designed to improve financing alternatives for entrepreneurial companies. For a region supposedly averse to risk and U.S.-style capitalism, it is surprising that most of the new markets were modeled on the U.S.-based Nasdaq Stock Market, an iconic American institution. The author's structured comparisons of the new markets to one another, to previous ones, and to proposals that never saw the light of day reveal that the primary causes behind the creation, form, and timing of Europe's new markets lie in the political skills, motivations, and actions of supranational European Union bureaucrats. Challenging leading social science explanations for the cross-border convergence of domestic institutions, these findings show that the accumulated effects of day-to-day action by these supranational bureaucrats are potential causes of institutional innovation. The argument adds to a growing body of detailed empirical research on the domestic and global impact of the European regional polity and contributes to scholarly debates about market formation.
Neither Citizen Nor Stranger: Why States Enfranchise Resident Aliens
Authors: Earnest David C.
Published: January 2007

Why would democracies extend to aliens a right they historically have reserved for citizens—the right to vote? Some scholars argue that transnational movements and global norms increasingly moderate how states treat their aliens. If so, this is important evidence of a change in the meaning and content of sovereignty. This article investigates whether democratic states enfranchise their aliens in response to international, transnational, or domestic factors. While the article finds little support for transnational or systemic arguments, it also finds that political parties and judiciaries affect opportunities for aliens in ways the existing scholarship fails to explain. These findings suggest that both comparative and IR scholarship need to revisit their explanations for contemporary citizenship politics in democracies.
Client Satisfaction With Rural Substance Abuse Case Management Services
Authors: Kopelman Todd , Huber Diane L. , Kopelman Robin , Sarrazin Mary Vaughan , Hall James A.
Published: January 2007

Although many substance abuse organizations offer case management services, little is known about clients’ satisfaction as consumers of case management services. The purpose of this study was to evaluate consumer preferences regarding the delivery of case management services in a rural substance abuse treatment program. For this study, 120 clients (30 in each of four research conditions) were interviewed about their experiences in the Iowa Case Management Project (ICMP), a field-based clinical trial evaluating a strengths-based model of case management for rural clients in drug abuse treatment. A mixed-method approach evaluated clients’ responses from a semistructured interview. Most clients preferred meeting with their case manager in their own home. Clients also stated that they preferred specific characteristics of case management services—namely, convenience, privacy, comfort, and accessibility. Finally, clients wanted more time with their case managers over time. Although clients in drug treatment are not often considered as consumers, we found that client satisfaction with case management services could be studied and that clients appreciated being asked about their experiences. By targeting perceived and actual barriers to meeting with case managers (e.g., availability of transportation), service utilization by clients may be increased along with overall satisfaction.
Factor Analysis of the Revised Piper Fatigue Scale in a Caregiver Sample
Authors: Clark Patricia C. , Ashford Susan , Burt Rachel , Aycock Dawn M. , Kimble Laura P.
Published: January 2007

The Revised Piper Fatigue Scale (R-PFS) is an instrument designed to measure subjective fatigue that was developed in samples with physical illness. Its psychometric properties in nonclinical samples are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the R-PFS in a sample of caregivers of stroke survivors. The convenience sample of 132 caregivers was primarily women (74%), White (71%), college-educated (73%), and employed (52%), with a mean age of 56.7 years (SD = 13.71). Internal consistency reliabilities for the four R-PFS subscales and the total scale were excellent, ranging from .90 to .97. Principal axis factor analysis with oblique rotation was conducted to examine construct validity of the R-PFS. A three-factor solution explained 75.9% of the common variance. Two factors totally replicated the behavioral/severity and affective meaning subscales of the R-PFS. The third factor incorporated a combination of Piper’s sensory and cognitive/mood subscales and appeared to summarize how fatigue makes the caregiver feel. The R-PFS demonstrated strong internal consistency reliability and construct validity in this sample. However, data suggest that caregivers may perceive certain feelings associated with fatigue as conceptually similar when these feelings are conceptually distinct in Piper’s breast cancer sample. The study supports the need for psychometric evaluation of instruments developed in clinical populations prior to their use in nonclinical populations.
Development of a Culturally Specific Instrument for Mammography Screening: An Example With American Indian Women in Vermont
Authors: Canales Mary K. , Rakowski William
Published: January 2007

This article presents the triangulation process for translating qualitative data about mammography screening from a grounded theory study with American Indian women in Vermont, into questionnaire items based on an existing model of behavior change, the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) Stages-of-Change. Qualitative data were used to derive a theory, Moving in Between Mammography, which suggested that traditionality influenced American Indian women’s screening decisions. To examine the relationship between mammography and traditionality, new items were developed for each of three key TTM constructs: Pros, Cons, and Processes-of-Change. The process for developing the new TTM-based items, as well as traditionality items specific for American Indian women living off-reservation, are presented. This article provides one example of how an instrument can be developed within a culturally competent nursing framework.