bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Information Concepts Have Physical Content?
Authors: Anta Javier
Published: February 2022

In this paper I analyze the physical content of the main information concepts in the history of physics of the last seven decades. I argue that this physical character should be evaluated not by appealing to analytical-linguistic confusion (Timpson 2013) or to the usefulness of its applicability (Lombardi et al. 2016a), but properly from its capacity to allow us to acquire significant knowledge about the physical world. After systematically employing this epistemic criterion of physical significance I will conclude by rejecting the main strategies of ontological inflation and physical content of the main information concepts in the classical thermal physics literature.
Agreement for the Establishment of the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (COSIS)
Authors: Freestone David , Barnes Richard , Akhavan Payam
Published: February 2022

This contribution outlines the content of a new agreement, signed initially by Antigua and Barbuda and Tuvalu, that establishes a Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law. This Commission has, inter alia, the express power to request an advisory opinion from the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) on issues within the ITLOS jurisdiction relating to international law and climate change. The complementary initiative by Vanuatu to seek an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice through the UN General Assembly is also discussed. The text of the agreement is attached as an appendix at the end of this article.
A Study of Teacher Candidates’ Views on Children’s Human Rights in Canada
Authors: Leighton JP
Published: February 2022

The purpose of the study was to adapt a pre-existing measure (Karaman-Kepenekci, 2006) to assess teacher candidates’ views about children’s human rights in Canada. Karaman-Kepenekci’s survey was originally administered in Turkey with results published in the International Journal of Children’s Rights. To benchmark our results against Karaman-Kepenekci’s findings, we adapted and administered the survey to a sample of 174 teacher candidates in Canada. Participants’ gender, age, ethnicity, experience with children and enrolment in a human rights course were measured. The psychometric properties of the adapted survey and teacher candidates’ views are reported. An exploratory factor analysis with direct oblimin rotation led to complementary but different results compared to Karaman-Kepenekci’s (2006) findings. In particular, two factors were found to underlie survey responses – one involving rights of children and another involving government responsibility. Hierarchical linear regression of factor scores indicated that, among participant characteristics, only gender and ethnicity were predictive of responses.
L’abc della filologia nello studio di Omero in età ellenistica: sistemi di scrittura e corruttele
Authors: Pagani Lara
Published: February 2022

Through the analysis of selected passages from the Homeric scholia and an ancient hypomnema, this paper aims to show that in the Hellenistic Age the idea that literary texts had been formerly written using orthographic systems different from the current one triggered the discussion and favoured the solution of some textual issues. At the time of Aristarchus of Samothrace and Crates of Mallos the identification of potential corruptions on the basis of writing features of the exemplar was definitely one of the tools available for the textual constitution of the Homeric poems (maybe the same holds true already for Aristophanes of Byzantium). This suggests that the Hellenistic scholars based their editorial work on conceptual premises that are the fundamentals of an acquainted approach to the transmission of the texts.
Conjuring Karbala Online and Offline
Authors: Ali Aleeha Zahra
Published: February 2022

Majlis sermons are a cornerstone of Shiʾa ritual, and the online growth of this practice, mostly as videos, poses challenges for majlis preachers and audiences. This article explores Dutch Shiʾas’ experiences of majalis ethnographically and considers how they vary online and offline. Practitioners seek experiences of authentication in majalis – meaningful, truthful, emotional and legitimising experiences. Majlis preachers aim to create experiences of authentication. This text considers how such experiences occur through registers of authentication, explored as re-memory, embodiment and discourse. These registers are employed by preachers of the majlis sermon and recognised by audiences to produce highly affective religious experiences. However, online contexts pose challenges as ways of eliciting registers of authentication shift. This article describes these shifts to explore the implications for Shiʾa practices.
Metropolita Dionizy wobec kwestii narodowościowej w Cerkwi prawosławnej w okresie międzywojennym
Authors: Dudra Stefan
Published: February 2022

Metropolitan Dionysius on the Nationality Question in the Orthodox Church in Interwar PolandMetropolitan Dionysius took over management of the Orthodox Church in Poland in 1923, and he continued in this role throughout the difficult period of the Second Polish Republic. At that time the Orthodox Church was identified with the Russian invader, and seen as a symbol of the partitions as well as of the religious and ethnic oppression of Poles. At the same time it was the largest religious association in Poland, apart from the Roman Catholic Church. During this period, the Orthodox Church embraced several different nationalities among the faithful (including Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians and others). This posed a significant problem in both the Church’s internal relations and in its relations with the Polish state. Some political minority groups tried to make the Orthodox religion an element of national separatism. On the other hand, for the state authorities, the Orthodox Church was an institution which carried out its policy and objectives for the benefit of a particular ethnic minority. Throughout the period Metropolitan Dionysius had to guide the Church in such a way as to meet the needs of ethnically diverse believers, in spite of the basically unfriendly or even hostile attitude of the Polish state towards the Orthodox Church. He had to reconcile the sympathies of the faithful of Ukrainian, Russian, Belarusian and Polish origins, and to deal with the various political forces existing within the Orthodox Church, which sought to shape its institutional form and to give it a specific political function.
Fantastyka polityczna czy konieczność? Portugalska Afryka, Nikaragua, Boliwia i Ekwador w polskich planach kolonialnych
Authors: Jarnecki Michał
Published: February 2022

Political Fantasy or Necessity? Polish Colonial Plans in Portuguese Africa, Nicaragua, Bolivia and EcuadorIn interwar Poland some institutions intended to solve part of the country’s economic and ethnic problems by acquiring colonies abroad. Accordingly, the Polish Foreign Ministry as well as special institutions such as the Union of Colonial Pioneers and the Maritime and Colonial League undertook some projects. Poland, a member of the victorious Entente, was supposedly entitled to ca. 10% of the area of the former German colonies (e.g. in Cameroon or Togo), which could be administered independently or as a condominium with one of the colonial powers. These plans were made more specific in the mid-1930s.Argentina and Brazil, as well as Madagascar, were considered to be natural goals of Polish emigration policies. Then Poland became interested in settlements in the colonial dominions of Portugal in Africa, i.e. Angola and Mozambique, and some time later, also in some countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. As for Bolivia, the aim was to send as many Ukrainians as possible to the mountainous area of Todos dos Santos (Province of Cochabamba). Places in the vicinity of the town of Ibera in Ecuador were also considered by the Polish authorities as suitable for settlers, predominantly from Poland’s eastern borderlands. In the region of Encarnacion in Paraguay, a colony called Fram was established in the 1930s. Nicaragua, too, was considered a convenient place for Polish colonisation, following an effort undertaken by the Polish businessman Stanisław Czarnocki, who was a personal acquaintance of the local dictator, the famous Anastasio Somoza senior. According to some unreliable rumours, Dominica was supposedly ready to accept some hundreds of thousands of Polish Jews.All in all, these Polish colonial ambitions were unsuccessful, mainly due to the lack of sufficient Polish state power to make them into reality.
Struktura narodowościowa regionów południowo-wschodniej Ukrainy
Authors: Krasowska Helena
Published: February 2022

The Ethnic Structure of the Territories of South-Eastern UkraineIn her article the author analyses ethnic differentiation in the Donetsk and Zaporozhe regions in South-Eastern Ukraine. These areas first were a target of colonisation in order to establish a new fuel-metallurgical basis for the Russian Empire by developing the Donetsk coal industry and strengthening agriculture by colonising the steppes near the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. An important stage in the settlement of these areas occurred at the beginning of the 16th century, when early settlers, mainly Ukrainian craftsmen, Cossacks and peasants-refugees, arrived. The next step came in the 16–18th centuries, when the defence of the southern borderland from Tartar invasions took place. From the 18th century onwards foreign newcomers contributed to the cultural and industrial development of this region. They settled mainly in compact groups. The characteristics of settlement and development of such groups as Bulgarians, Germans, Jews, Czechs, Tartars, Poles, and Armenians are analysed in this article, too. The population censuses of the years 1959, 1989, 2001 are taken into account.The industrialisation and later “Stalinisation” of the region led to the liquidation of part of some ethnic groups and to their enforced assimilation, in an effort which was supposed to create a homogeneous Soviet people. However, as a result of political changes since 1991, the region is becoming multicultural again.
Figura krwiopijcy w dyskursie religijnym, narodowym i lewicowym Polski roku 1945/1946. Studium z antropologii historycznej
Authors: Tokarska-Bakir Joanna
Published: February 2022

The Figure of the Bloodsucker in Polish Religious, National and Left-Wing Discourse, 1945/1946: A Historical Anthropology StudyDespite the fact that after 1945 all anti-Jewish pogroms in Poland (except one) involved a blood libel – a rumor about Jewish murderers of Polish children – this fact has not attracted the attention of historians until recently. Conspiracy theories, however, were a lot more popular and noted that the pogroms had been provoked by “Soviet advisers” or “Zionists”. The author of this essay argues that participants of anti-Semitic violence, the assailants as well as policemen, prosecutors, and judges involved in controlling the events – though they represented a variety of different political approaches – were all united by a common socio-mental formation, and remained united by a figure of the Jew as bloodsucker (this mystic figure is described here according to Mary Douglas). Many of them, security and secret services functionaries included, succumbed to a suggested blood libel. Moreover, some traces of blood libel are still present in Poland, not only as folk beliefs (cf. the research conducted under the present author’s direction in Sandomierz).The essay’s aim is to present a structural background of slowly growing “Polish national socialism” on the one hand and old anti-Jewish resentments on the other, as both were a ground for a specific anti-Jewish alliance in the first period after World War II. Thus, the author claims that a synthesis of religious anti-Semitism (“Jew-kidnapper-bloodsucker”), modern anti-Semitism (“Jew-capitalist-bloodsucker”) and the “Judeo-communists” occurred in Poland, which crippled a healthy body of the nation and the communist party.The essay is based on, inter alia, letters intercepted by the censorship in 1946, the reports made by some anti-communist underground fighters, a number of memories and documents of communist secret services officers, as well as documents accumulated in the course of investigations held by the authorities after the pogroms of 1945 and 1946.
Prace Antonia Gaudiego manifestem katalonizmu?
Authors: Idzik Agnieszka
Published: February 2022

Masterworks of Antoni Gaudí as the Manifestation of Catalanism?Catalonia is an autonomous community in Spain, possessing a unique culture. This is meticulously preserved, not only by intellectuals, but also by its citizens, who hold their individual language, common history and traditions in the highest esteem. It is the perfect example of a nation without a state, truly dedicated to the peaceful struggle for survival of its exceptional individuality. The article explains how the historical relationship between Catalonia and Spain has awakened the Catalonian sense of individuality and the will to fight for its rights, leading to the creation of a separate political idea – Catalanism. For the major part of the article the author presents the views on the Catalan issue as expressed by Antoni Gaudí – one of the most distinguished of Catalans.
O obsesjach, które można uzasadnić, czyli rasizm po polsku
Authors: Wrzesińska Katarzyna
Published: February 2022

On Obsessions That Can Be Justified, or Racism the Polish WayReview of: Grzegorz Krzywiec, Szowinizm po polsku: Przypadek Romana Dmowskiego (1886–1905) [Chauvinism the Polish Way: The Case of Roman Dmowski (1886–1905)], Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii PAN 2009. O obsesjach, które można uzasadnić, czyli rasizm po polskuRecenzja: Grzegorz Krzywiec, Szowinizm po polsku: Przypadek Romana Dmowskiego (1886–1905), Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii PAN 2009.
Nacjonalizm – doktryna i ewolucja
Authors: Pawłowiec Daniel
Published: February 2022

Nationalism – Doctrine and EvolutionReview of: Bogumił Grott (ed.), Różne oblicza nacjonalizmów: Polityka, Religia, Etos [Various Faces of Nationalism: Politics, Religion, Ethos], Kraków: Nomos 2010. Nacjonalizm – doktryna i ewolucjaRecenzja: Bogumił Grott (red.), Różne oblicza nacjonalizmów: Polityka, Religia, Etos, Kraków: Nomos 2010.
The Alliance for European Integration and the Transnistrian Conflict Settlement
Authors: Kosienkowski Marcin
Published: February 2022

The Alliance for European Integration and the Transnistrian Conflict SettlementThis article examines the policy of the Alliance for European Integration – the coalition in power in Moldova since mid-2009 – with regard to the Transnistrian conflict settlement. This paper presents the principles of AEI's policy, the motivations behind it and its implementation, including results to date. The core of the Moldovan authorities’ approach is identified as the gradual creation of positive on-the-ground conditions, which aim to facilitate Moldova and Transnistria reaching a final conflict settlement. In general, the AEI’s policy is evaluated in a positive light, since it has potential to bring better results than the confrontational activities of the previous Communist government. However, the article also reveals some of the policy’s shortcomings. Sojusz na rzecz Integracji Europejskiej wobec konfliktu naddniestrzańskiegoW artykule poddano analizie politykę Sojuszu na rzecz Integracji Europejskiej – koalicji rządzącej Republiką Mołdowy od połowy 2009 roku – mającą na celu uregulowanie konfliktu naddniestrzańskiego. Przedstawiono jej założenia, determinanty, realizację i dotychczasowe rezultaty. Za najważniejsze zadanie władz mołdawskich autor uznaje stopniowe stwarzanie warunków, które mają ułatwić Mołdowie i Naddniestrzu ostateczne rozwiązanie konfliktu pomiędzy nimi. Polityka Sojuszu została oceniona zasadniczo pozytywnie. Może bowiem przynieść lepsze rezultaty niż konfrontacyjne działania poprzedniego rządu komunistycznego. W artykule wskazano również główne wady polityki prowadzonej przez władze mołdawskie.
Konflikt w społeczeństwie obojętnym
Authors: Sudnikowicz Jędrzej
Published: February 2022

Conflict in Indifferent SocietyReview of: Paul Scheffer, Druga ojczyzna: Imigranci w społeczeństwie otwartym, trans. Ewa Jusewicz-Kalter, Wołowiec: Wydawnictwo Czarne 2010. (Original work: Paul Scheffer, Het land van aankomst, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij 2007.) Konflikt w społeczeństwie obojętnymRecenzja: Paul Scheffer, Druga ojczyzna: Imigranci w społeczeństwie otwartym, tłum. Ewa Jusewicz-Kalter, Wołowiec: Wydawnictwo Czarne 2010. (Praca oryginalna: Paul Scheffer, Het land van aankomst, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij 2007.)
Problematyka narodowościowa Rusi Zakarpackiej
Authors: Eberhardt Piotr
Published: February 2022

Nationality Problems of TranscarpathiaThe article discusses ethnic diversity and the changes which took place in Transcarpathia in the 20th century. First, the author presents the historical background for a statistical-demographic analysis. He points to the peripheral location of the region and the fact that it often changed its political affiliation. Thus, for a period of almost a thousand years the province was included within the borders of Hungary; between 1919 and 1939 it became part of Czechoslovakia, and after a four-day long period of independence (14–18 March 1939) it was again incorporated into Hungary between 1939 and 1945. After World War II it was part of a Soviet republic, and since 1991 it has been included in the independent state of Ukraine.Each of these periods brought far-reaching demographic and ethnic consequences. The population of Transcarpathia consisted of Slavic people of Ruthenian origin, mostly Greek Catholics. The inhabitants of the province were subjected to Hungarian, Ukrainian, and Russian influences and believed in different options, such as pro-Ukrainian, pro-Russian, or separatist, i.e. Ruthenian. These issues are discussed in detail in the article and thoroughly interpreted by the author. He also points to the fact that the territory of Transcarpathia was inhabited by numerous ethnic minorities. The Hungarian minority has always been the most important, both in the past and in the present; today it is concentrated in the south of the province. In the past, Jews and Germans also constituted sizeable minorities, while Romanians and Slovaks were always of marginal significance there. The final part of the article presents the scale of the separatist tendencies which may have dangerous political consequences in the future.
Proces kształtowania się narodu macedońskiego wobec skomplikowanej sytuacji geopolitycznej
Authors: Morawski Konrad Sebastian
Published: February 2022

The Process of Stabilization of the Macedonian Nation in a Complex Geopolitical SituationThe article considers two main stages of the development of national identity of the Macedonians which were the basis for their own independent state. The first stage, which took place at the turn of the twentieth century, was connected with activities of Macedonian intellectuals and the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. However, in the second stage – which occurred in the second half of the twentieth century (when Macedonia was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) – the authorities of the Yugoslavian federation paradoxically played an important role as they maintained a sense of national autonomy among the people of Macedonia. Following the Macedonian declaration of independence in November 1991, the mood of instability developed in the state. This mood resulted mainly from the claims of the neighbouring countries and the demands of the Albanian minority. The complex geopolitical situation of independent Macedonia had a stimulating influence on the consolidation of national identity of the Macedonians and contributed to increasing the importance of national factions in the state.
Polityka językowa nacjonalizmu
Authors: Jaskułowski Krzysztof
Published: February 2022

Language Politics and NationalismReview of: Tomasz Kamusella, The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, London: Palgrave Macmillan 2009. Polityka językowa nacjonalizmuRecenzja: Tomasz Kamusella, The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, London: Palgrave Macmillan 2009.
Rytuały polityczne – kurs dla średniozaawansowanych
Authors: Marchwiński Grzegorz
Published: February 2022

Political Rituals: An Intermediate CourseReview of: David I. Kertzer, Rytuał, polityka, władza, trans. Zygmunt Simbierowicz, Warszawa: Volumen 2010. (Original work: David I. Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power, New Haven and London: Yale University Press 1988.) Rytuały polityczne – kurs dla średniozaawansowanychRecenzja: David I. Kertzer, Rytuał, polityka, władza, tłum. Zygmunt Simbierowicz, Warszawa: Volumen 2010. (Praca oryginalna: David I. Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power, New Haven, London: Yale University Press 1988.)
Amerykański nacjonalizm
Authors: Kasiński Krzysztof
Published: February 2022

American NationalismThe phenomenon of American nationalism dates back to the pioneer times of the Pilgrims and Founding Fathers, who established first social and political relations creating origins of a future developed country. Throughout the past centuries the term “nationalism” from an American perspective was tangled to various definitions and sometimes official politics of the state. American nationalism was first represented by faithful Protestant settlers who believed strongly in a God’s destined society. Based on that the first definition was coined by John Winthrop in his “City upon a Hill” – an idea of a land liberated from evil in all of its emanations, which is not distant and follows the will of an Absolute. One of the Founding Fathers – Thomas Paine in his Common Sense – developed Winthrop’s idea and presented Americans as people with unlimited abilities. American writers and first colonists believed in a Biblical promised land that offered them unlimited potential of self-growth. This strength of self-consciousness paved the way for a scientific term of superpatriotism. Coined by Michael Parenti, this term encompasses both democratic ideas of Alexis de Tocqueville and vision of a self-made man, who is the organizer of American statehood. American nationalism also derives from the ideology of Americacentrism, with its roots in the 19th century concept of Manifest Destiny, proclaiming a nation that is endowed with an eternal right to secure the world for democracy. This idea led to a long term debate in American political and social life as the United States became more and more involved in international affairs since the beginning of the 20th century. In sum, the idea of American nationalism is the result of the American melting pot of religious, cultural and specific historical circumstances that built this nation.
„Wsłuchać się w nieskończoną opowieść o Polsce”. Dyskurs smoleński „Gazety Polskiej”
Authors: Marchwiński Grzegorz
Published: February 2022

“The never-ending Polish story”: The Smolensk Discourse of Gazeta PolskaThe author analyzes articles published in Gazeta Polska after the plane crash that caused death of President Lech Kaczynski and other senior Polish officials in Smolensk in 2010. The Smolensk discourse in Gazeta Polska is structured with specific rhetoric strategies and anthropological categories. It is based on an antinomy of “everyman” versus “elites”. Furthermore, it brings some light to the importance and meaning of the rituals and symbolic sphere in public life. In reference to the traditions of the Polish nineteenth-century approaches, it affects a reader with consistent interpretations and worldviews. The Smolensk discourse is so persuasive also due to certain literary techniques as well as creating a sense of continuity that replaces the cultural rupture. Cultural rupture, however, is a fundamental category that organizes the Smolensk narration in Gazeta Polska and, to some extent, a Polish conservative discourse in general.
„Ostatni Mohikanie” rodzimej kultury na „zdemazuryzowanych” Mazurach
Authors: Poniedziałek Jacek
Published: February 2022

“The Last of the Mohicans” of the Native Culture in “De-Masurized” MasuriaThe Masurians as an ethno-regional group have almost disappeared from the ethnic map of the world: their descendants now live in Germany in great numbers, while there are just a few thousand in their native Masuria. At the same time, the Masurians’ original culture spanning between Evangelism, the Polish dialect and culture, and German identity, is vanishing. Probably the last formally organized group of representatives of the local native population is the one active in the Masuria Evangelical Association (MEA). Its members’ main aim is to preserve and maintain their native culture, and thus save it from complete eradication.The article presents some of the unique measures taken by the activists of MEA in a concrete response to the marginalization of the Masurians and their vanishing in the region due to Germanization policies and, later, Polonization policies in Masuria, which were introduced by force when necessary. Many attempts at establishing the institutional means to rescue the native Masurian identity, which to a large extent proved unsuccessful, are briefly described in the text. The activities of MEA, as an institution of a regionalist character, are shown both in the historical and contemporary contexts. The author also presents the tasks, forms and contents of the Association’s work, taking into account the ideological and practical perspectives of its efforts to support the Masurian population.
Changing the Rules: Institutions, Party Systems, and the Frequency of Constitutional Amendments in Africa
Authors: Jensen Christian B. , Kuenzi Michelle , Mehanna Jonathan-Georges
Published: February 2022

What factors influence constitutional stability in the emerging democracies of Sub-Saharan Africa? This is an important question that has never been addressed in a systematic cross-national study of Africa's emerging democracies. Using the Comparative Constitutions Project dataset and our own original dataset for veto players and party systems, we examine the influence of veto players and party system characteristics on the frequency of constitutional amendments in the electoral periods between 1990 and 2020 in forty-one African countries. Our results provide broad support for the veto players theory. More specifically, we find that as the number of actors needed to approve of a constitutional amendment increases, the likelihood a constitution will be amended decreases. The strength of party veto players also influences whether a constitution is likely to be amended. Furthermore, our results underscore the importance of party system characteristics in influencing amendment frequency.
Self-Sentiments and Depressive Symptoms: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Boyle Kaitlin M. , Rogers Kimberly B.
Published: February 2022

Social psychological theories provide useful tools for identifying interpretive processes that affect individual mental health outcomes. In this paper, we use the affect control theory of self (ACT-Self) to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms and global feelings about the self—self-sentiments—that are evoked by the constellation of identities, traits, moods, characteristics, and roles we hold and have held. We examine this relationship in two separate longitudinal studies conducted with undergraduates ( N = 147) and doctoral students ( N = 178) at a university in the Southeastern U.S., which employ different measures of depressive symptoms (the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale Short Form, respectively). We present key findings about links between depressive symptoms and evaluation (goodness), potency (powerfulness), and activity (liveliness). First, evaluation negatively predicts depressive symptoms at follow-up in both samples; activity predicts symptoms among undergraduates, and potency predicts symptoms among doctoral students. Second, respondents in both samples with self-sentiments closer to cultural sentiments for “depressed” report more depressive symptoms at follow-up. Third, evaluation gains over time predict less Wave 2 depressive symptoms in both samples; potency gains also predict symptoms among doctoral students. Finally, Wave 1 depressive symptoms—and increases in depression over time—predict lower levels of evaluation and potency in both samples.
Analysing homophobia, xenophobia and sexual nationalisms in Africa: Comparing quantitative attitudes data to reveal societal differences
Authors: Freude Leon , Waites Matthew
Published: February 2022

To problematise Western discourses of a homophobic Africa, there is a need to analyse evidence of homophobia and its interplay with other attitudes, in ways that explore contextual differences. Hence, this article offers an original sociological analysis of quantitative data on homophobia in African states, examining how this inter-relates with xenophobia. Social attitudes data are drawn from the Afrobarometer research project as a unique and important source, and compared in five diverse contexts: Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal and Zambia. Data are examined from Round 6 (2014–2015) and Round 7 (2016–2018). Findings are interpreted in light of specific national literatures on the relations between sexuality, gender and nationalism, as well as wider critical and postcolonial perspectives – especially conceptualisation of sexual nationalisms, and recent literatures on political homophobia. Whereas analyses of homonationalism in Western societies have explored alignments of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex rights affirmation with anti-immigrant attitudes, this study explores such relationships between homophobic and xenophobic attitudes in alternative patterns within specific African contexts. The analysis delivered not only challenges Western discourses of generalised African homophobia (especially discussing the counterexample of Mozambique) but also advances understanding of the complexity of how attitudes inter-relate in different postcolonial states.
Establishing the relevance of the Ubuntu philosophy in social work practice: Inspired by the Ubuntu World Social Work Day, 2021 celebrations and the IFSW and IASSW’s (2014) Global Definition of Social Work
Authors: Chigangaidze Robert K , Mafa Itai , Simango Tapiwanashe G , Mudehwe Elia
Published: February 2022

The philosophy of Ubuntu has gained momentum in the social work fraternity to the extent that the theme for the World Social Work Day, 2021 celebrations read, ‘Ubuntu: I am Because We are – Strengthening Social Solidarity and Global Connectedness’. Through the use of a qualitative research approach, underpinned by a document analysis method, the article initiates a discourse which expounds on the philosophy through the lenses of the IFSW and IASSW 2014 Global Definition of Social Work. Substantially, it proffers justifications that cement the relevance of the Ubuntu philosophy in both the practice and theoretical frameworks of social work.
Tongue Muscle for the Analysis of Head Muscle Regeneration Dynamics
Authors: Goto A. , Kokabu S. , Dusadeemeelap C. , Kawaue H. , Matsubara T. , Tominaga K. , Addison W.N.
Published: February 2022

Tongue muscle damage impairs speaking and eating, thereby degrading overall health and quality of life. Skeletal muscles of the body are diverse in embryonic origin, anatomic location, and gene expression profiles. Responses to disease, atrophy, aging, or drugs vary among different muscles. Currently, most muscle studies are focused on limb muscles and the tongue is neglected. The regenerative ability of tongue muscle remains unknown, and thus there is need for tongue muscle research models. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of the spatiotemporal dynamics in a mouse model of tongue muscle regeneration and establish a method for the isolation of primary tongue-derived satellite cells. We compare and contrast our observations with the tibialis anterior (TA) limb muscle. Acute injury was induced by intramuscular injection of cardiotoxin, a cytolytic agent, and examined at multiple timepoints. Initially, necrotic myofibers with fragmented sarcoplasm became infiltrated with inflammatory cells. Concomitantly, satellite cells expanded rapidly. Seven days postinjury, regenerated myofibers with centralized nuclei appeared. Full regeneration, as well as an absence of fibrosis, was evident 21 d postinjury. Primary tongue-derived satellite cells were isolated by enzymatic separation of tongue epithelium from mesenchyme followed by magnetic-activated cell sorting. We observed that tongue displays an efficient regenerative response similar to TA but with slightly faster kinetics. In vitro, tongue-derived satellite cells differentiated robustly into mature myotubes with spontaneous contractile behavior and myogenic marker expression. Comparison of gene expression signatures between tongue and TA-derived satellite cells revealed differences in the expression of positional-identity genes, including the HOX family. In conclusion, we have established a model for tongue regeneration useful for investigations of orofacial muscle biology. Furthermore, we showed that tongue is a viable source of satellite cells with unique properties and inherited positional memory.
Teaching Grammar in the Context of Writing: A Critical Review
Authors: Chatterjee Anindita , Halder Santoshi
Published: February 2022

The place of grammar within the teaching of writing has long been contested, and a vast body of research has found no correlation between grammar teaching and writing attainment. However, recent studies of contextualized grammar teaching have argued that if grammar input is intrinsically linked to the demands of the writing being taught, a significant positive impact on writing results. This review aims to analyze existing studies of contextualized grammar teaching in the L1 setting. Finally, the review suggests the need to replicate existing studies and explore peer influence in contextualized grammar teaching classes.
Childhood Head Injury as an Acquired Neuropsychological Risk Factor for Adolescent Delinquency
Authors: Mongilio Jessica
Published: February 2022

Objectives: This study aims to parse out the effects of childhood head injury (HI) as an acquired neuropsychological deficit that impacts adolescent delinquent behavior, while accounting for other early-life risk factors and potential temporal ordering. Methods: Nationally representative prospective data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS; N = 13,287) and a series of logistic and binomial regressions are used to examine the relationship between early-life risk factors, HI, and adolescent delinquent behavior. Methodological considerations from clinical HI research, such as the use of an orthopedic injury comparison group, are incorporated. Results: Findings are consistent with the conceptualization of HI as an acquired neuropsychological deficit, in that childhood HI increases the risk of early- and adolescent-onset delinquency, sustained delinquent behavior from childhood to early adolescence, and participation in a greater variety of delinquent behavior. Conclusions: Childhood HI is relatively common, as over 27% of the sample reported at least one HI. The importance of HI as an acquired neuropsychological deficit and its relevance as a risk factor for later criminal behavior is reiterated. Future research should examine the importance of developmental period effects and mechanisms underlying this relationship.
Women's Imprisonment in Britain and Ireland
Authors: Quinlan Christina
Published: February 2022

This research, utilizing a case study design, focused on prison operations in women's prisons and compared those across each of the four jurisdictions of England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland. The numbers of women in prison, the crimes for which they are imprisoned, and their sentences are considered, along with women's prison policy initiatives in each jurisdiction. The differences between these policies and the realities of women's experiences in prison are highlighted.
William Wood, The American Woolen Company and the Creation of a Model Mill Village in Shawsheen, Massachusetts
Authors: Mullin John R. , Kotval Zenia
Published: February 2022

Shawsheen, a model mill village planned and built in Andover, Massachusetts, between 1906 and 1924, was based on the vision of William Wood, then president of the American Woolen Company. It was arguably the most unique textile mill village ever built in New England. The article begins with a discussion of the motivation for the project. It then shifts to a summary of the critical features of Wood’s vision and identifies the historic institutional paths that informed him. This is followed by an analysis of how the plan was successfully implemented and an explanation of what happened to Shawsheen over time. The article ends with an interpretation of the significance of the Shawsheen experience in the context of the history of New England mill towns.
Robust gain-scheduled output feedback H2 controller synthesis with reduced conservativeness: An application to EMS system
Authors: Yavari Reza , Sadeghzadeh Arash , Shamaghdari Saeed
Published: February 2022

This article investigates the design problem of gain-scheduled output feedback (GSOF) [Formula: see text] controller exploiting uncertain scheduling parameters for continuous-time linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems. The problem of coexistence of absolute and proportional uncertainties on the scheduling parameters is considered to address more practical situations. This challenging issue has been tackled by introducing a novel admissible region for the actual and measured scheduling parameters. Furthermore, all the system matrices of the LPV system are assumed to be polynomially dependent on the scheduling parameters with arbitrary degrees. Both Lyapunov and auxiliary matrices are considered to be parameter-dependent. The merit of the proposed method lies in its less conservativeness in comparison with the available approaches. The design method is presented in terms of solutions to a set of parameter-dependent linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) including parameter searches for two scalar values. The application of the provided method on an electromagnetic suspension (EMS) system is considered to demonstrate the applicability and benefits of the proposed approach for practical systems.
The nutritional status of community-dwelling elderly in Lesotho and factors associated with malnutrition
Authors: Dufe Turkson Rose Kokui , Ngounda Jennifer , Nel Riette , Walsh Corinna May
Published: February 2022

Objective: The elderly living in Africa are prone to malnutrition which is complicated by the high prevalence of poverty. This study assessed the nutritional status of the elderly and factors associated with malnutrition. Method: In a cross-sectional survey, the nutritional status of 300 participants aged 65 years and older was determined using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire consisting of 18 questions. Socio-demographic data was obtained using a questionnaire. Results: Sixty-six percent were at risk of malnutrition, while 14.6% (n = 44) were malnourished. Participants that did not use electricity as a fuel for cooking versus those that did, had higher odds of being malnourished/ at risk of malnutrition (OR = 1.85 [1.04; 3.31]). Those that did not experience psychological stress or acute disease versus those that did, had lower odds of being malnourished/at risk of malnutrition (OR = 0.33 [0.12; 0.90]). Participants that did not perceive nutritional problems versus those that did, had lower odds of being malnourished/at risk of malnutrition (OR = 0.18 [0.09; 0.34]). Similarly, those that did not perceive their health status as poor versus those that did, had lower odds of being malnourished/at risk of malnutrition (OR = 0.17 [0.08; 0.34]). Discussion: The findings indicate that the elderly with more resources, less stress, and better actual and perceived health were less likely to be malnourished. In such communities, routine screening in the elderly is required to identify those with compromised health and nutritional status.
Rethinking China’s urban governance: The role of the state in neighbourhoods, cities and regions
Authors: Wu Fulong , Zhang Fangzhu
Published: February 2022

Following the notion of the entrepreneurial city, this paper examines recent scholarship about China’s urban governance. Despite prevailing marketisation, the role of the state is visible in neighbourhood, cities and city-regions. The state necessarily deals with a fast changing society and deploys market-like instruments to achieve its development objectives. Through multi-scalar governance, the state involves social and market actors but at the same time maintains strategic intervention capacity. China’s contextualised scholarship provides a more nuanced understanding beyond the entrepreneurial city thesis, which is more state-centred.
Biocomposites based on natural fibers and polymers: A review on properties and potential applications
Authors: Akter Mahmuda , Uddin Md Haris , Tania Imana Shahrin
Published: February 2022

The growing awareness of socioeconomic and environmental issues and the high percentage of petroleum resources consumed and new environmental regulations have fueled efforts to develop innovative, cutting-edge, environmentally friendly materials with a wide range of applications. Due to environmental and sustainability concerns, the advancement of biocomposites has resulted in tremendous breakthroughs in green materials in this century. Their primary goal is to replace current synthetic petroleum-based composites with natural resources. Materials derived from nonrenewable petroleum-based sources are hazardous and expensive to produce; on the other hand, biocomposites derived from natural sources are biodegradable, recyclable, non-abrasive, and compostable and have properties comparable to synthetic fiber composites. Natural fibers are low-cost, lightweight, biodegradable, renewable, and environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic fibers like glass and carbon fiber. The long-term viability of natural fiber-based composite materials has led to increased use in various production industries. However, the manufacturing process of natural fiber-based biocomposites is still plagued by some difficulties, such as poor adhesive propensity, moisture absorption, poor fire resistance, low impact strength, and low durability. This review provides a panoramic view to provide insight into different aspects of biocomposites based on natural fibers and polymers in terms of properties and applications, which will pave the way for future biocomposites research in academic and commercial contexts.
The Impact of Slice Thickness on Diagnostic Accuracy in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis
Authors: Tang Yen Zhi , Al-Arnawoot Amna , Alabousi Abdullah
Published: February 2022

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of slice thickness on diagnostic accuracy in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT). Method: Two readers retrospectively interpreted 150 DBT (125 normal and 25 pathology-proven cancer) cases scanned between October 2017–November 2020. The DBT studies were randomised and reviewed independently by the two readers. DBT studies were reviewed using a standard protocol (1 mm slices, no overlap and synthetic 2D-mammography (SM)) and an experimental protocol (10 mm slabs, 5 mm overlap and SM). Any abnormality and BIRADS scores were recorded by each reader. Sensitivity, specificity, interobserver and intraobserver agreement were calculated (Cohen’s Kappa κ). For diagnostic accuracy, the reference standard was histopathology or a normal mammogram at 2 years. Results: The sensitivity and specificity for reader 1 and 2 for cancer detection was reader 1 (97% and 79% for the standard protocol, 97% and 76% for the experimental protocol) and reader 2 (97% and 74% for both protocols). Reader 1 had 97.6% intraobserver agreement (κ .95) and reader 2 had 96.4% intraobserver agreement (κ .92) when assessing the standard and experimental protocols. There was 90.5% agreement between the readers for the standard protocol (κ .80). There was 90.9% agreement between the readers for the experimental protocol (κ .81). Of the 25 DBT studies with pathology-proven cancer, one cancer was missed by both readers using both protocols. Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy was similar between the standard and experimental DBT protocols, demonstrating excellent interobserver and intraobserver agreement. This suggests 10-mm thick slabs can potentially replace 1-mm thin slices in the interpretation of DBT.
Growth Management Effectiveness: A Literature Review
Authors: Ewing Reid , Lyons Torrey , Siddiq Fariba , Sabouri Sadegh , Kiani Fatemeh , Hamidi Shima , Choi Dong-ah , Ameli Hassan
Published: February 2022

Although growth management programs have many purposes, a critical one is to contain urban and suburban sprawl. Their efficacy in this regard is not well understood. In this paper, we review a comprehensive set of growth management tools, used by urban planners and policymakers to curb sprawl, starting with the history of the tool, then describing how it works in practice, and finally presenting any available empirical evidence on how well it works to curb sprawl and/or achieve other public purposes. While growth management isn't a panacea for controlling sprawl, it is certainly not the failure implied by critics.
Mormonism and Becoming a Social Worker: Applying an Intersectional Lens During Qualitative Data Analysis
Authors: Jacobsen Jeanna , Lee Justin , Christensen M. Candace , Fawson Peter , Wright Rachel L.
Published: February 2022

This article demonstrates how to apply intersectionality as a lens during qualitative data analysis of a collective autoethnography study conducted by five social work practitioners and researchers who no longer religiously identify with the Mormon faith in which they were raised. The article presents methods and provides examples of analyzing the intersectionality of a phenomenon, using gender as the primary positionality. This intersectional analysis is conducted through organizational, representational, intersubjective, and experiential domains. This type of analysis provides a more nuanced portrayal of the lived experience of a given phenomenon. In this case, the intersection of religious identity and the positionality of social work could not be understood without intersectional analysis of the gendered experience.