bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPRAY DROPLET DISTRIBUTION AND HERBICIDE UPTAKE IN SEQUENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF DICLOFOP-METHYL AND MCPA FOR WEED CONTROL IN BARLEY
Authors: QURESHI F. A. , BORN W. H. VANDEN
Published: March 2010

Uptake of 14C-diclofop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy propanoate]} by leaves of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) was reduced significantly in the presence of MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]acetic acid]}, especially the dimethylamine formulation. If the herbicides were applied separately, the degree of interference with uptake depended on the extent of overlap of droplets of the two spray preparations on the leaf surface. Spray volume and direction of spray application were important factors in minimizing the mixing of spray droplets on the leaves if the two herbicides were applied separately with a tandem arrangement of two sprayers. Such a sequential application of MCPA ester and diclofop-methyl in a field experiment provided significantly greater wild oat control than could be obtained with a tank mix of the same two herbicides, but the results were not consistent enough to recommend the procedure for practical use.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 33. Medicago lupulina L.
Authors: TURKINGTON ROY , CAVERS PAUL B.
Published: March 2010

This paper provides a summary of biological data on Medicago lupulina L. (black medick). A widespread weed throughout the temperate and subtropical regions of the world, it is naturalized across southern Canada. Black medick occurs in a variety of habitats including pastures, lawns, riverbanks and disturbed areas. It can be controlled by the use of several common herbicides.
ABSORPTION OF SILVER NITRATE AND LEAD NITRATE INTO LEAVES OF McINTOSH APPLE
Authors: LORD W. G. , GREENE D. W. , EMINO E. R.
Published: March 2010

The sites of preferential absorption of two water-soluble compounds containing silver and lead ions were shown in the apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. McIntosh) leaf. The greatest movement into the leaf occurred through guard cells and stomatal pores. Movement to a lesser extent was observed through cell walls.
A GENETICALLY-CONTROLLED NECROTIC SPOTTING OF CORN LEAVES
Authors: MORTIMORE C. G. , GATES L. F.
Published: March 2010

Corn plants of several cultivars were found in the field in 1972 and 1973 with a prominent pattern of small whitish necrotic spots on their leaves. No organisms could be isolated from the lesions. They start as water-soaked spots, and certain environmental conditions favor their appearance. The condition was shown to be seed-transmitted. Self-pollinating affected plants and cross-pollinations between affected and healthy plants resulted in genetically significant ratios of affected and healthy plants which supported the hypothesis that the condition is controlled by a single dominant gene. It very closely resembles a genetically-controlled necrotic leaf spotting produced by Neuffer and Calvert with a mutagen acting on pollen grains.
TEMPERATURE AND STOMATAL RESISTANCE OF SOYBEAN LEAVES
Authors: SUMAYAO C. R. , KANEMASU E. T.
Published: March 2010

A field study was conducted during the 1977 growing season to determine the effect of soil-water content on the air temperature within and above the soybean canopy and consequently on the leaf temperature and stomatal resistance of soybeans (Glycine max L. ’Calland’). Leaf temperature at two heights and air temperature at five heights within and above the canopy were measured with copper-constantan thermocouples while stomatal resistances were measured with an automatic porometer. At soil-water depletions <65%, a daytime air-temperature inversion occurred within and above the canopy, while at depletions >65% air temperature decreased with height. In the first case the canopy temperature was cooler than the air above the canopy when air temperature exceeded 32 °C and the lower canopy leaves were cooler than the upper canopy leaves when they were completely shaded by the upper leaves. At soil-water depletions greater than 65% the canopy was warmer than the air and the lower canopy leaves were warmer than the upper canopy leaves. Stomatal resistance, on the other hand, decreased with height within the canopy irrespective of soil-water content.
THE TRANSFER OF A CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY SYSTEM TO SPRING RYE
Authors: SCOLES G. J. , EVANS L. E.
Published: March 2010

Six inbred lines of spring rye (Secale cereale L.) and an open-pollinated cultivar of spring rye were crossed with a cytoplasmic male-sterile line of winter rye. The open-pollinated cultivar and all except one inbred line exhibited segregation for fertility restoration. Through further inbreeding, sub-lines of certain breeds were obtained which were homozygous for maintenance of sterility or for restoration of fertility. Environmental effects on the expression of fertility restoration were detected.
GROWTH HABIT AND ROW WIDTH EFFECTS ON LEAF AREA DEVELOPMENT AND LIGHT INTERCEPTION OF FIELD BEANS
Authors: GARDINER T. R. , CRAKER L. E. , VIETOR D. M.
Published: March 2010

Leaf area development and percent interception of photosynthetically-active radiation (PAR) were measured to compare a determinate, bush cultivar with an indeterminate, climbing or pole cultivar of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in a short season environment. Each cultivar was grown at a wide (91 cm) and narrow (45.5 cm) interrow spacing to evaluate the growth habit effects under currently recommended plant spacings. Percent PAR interception and leaf area index (LAI) were determined on five sampling dates and PAR penetrating through the canopy was recorded on four of those dates. A large reduction of LAI of the bush cultivar and continued expansion of leaves in the upper portion of the pole canopy resulted in a greater percentage of PAR interception by the pole cultivar than by the bush cultivar at 72 days after planting. The taller, unlodged vine-type canopy of the pole cultivar intercepted nearly 50% more PAR than the bush cultivar when the LAI of the two cultivars was comparable at 96 days. The continued leaf expansion and late initiation of pod filling limited the duration of rapid pod filling of the pole cultivar in the short season environment. LAI and percent interception of PAR by the bush cultivar were greater at the 45.5-cm than at the 91-cm spacing at 41 and 54 days. The maximum LAI and percent interception were only 3.2 and 82%, respectively, for the 91-cm spacing of the bush cultivar. LAI of the 45.5-cm spacing of the bush cultivar was reduced to a value less than that of the 91-cm spacing from 54 to 72 days, but percent interception by the 45.5-cm spacing was still greater. Percent interception of PAR at 41 days was greater at the 45.5-cm spacing than at the 91-cm spacing of the pole bean, but interrow spacing did not affect LAI or percent interception on the other dates.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 34. Myriophyllum spicatum L.
Authors: AIKEN S. G. , NEWROTH P. R. , WILE I.
Published: March 2010

A review and information from recent research are provided on the biology of Eurasian watermilfoil, a weed species introduced from Eurasia, that occurs in lakes in British Columbia and in lakes and rivers of Eastern Canada, especially those close to the St. Lawrence Seaway. A table of characteristics that distinguish this species from M. exalbescens and M. verticillatum is provided. No single method of control offers the possibility of complete eradication; but the best ones include mechanical harvesting, the use of the selective herbicide 2,4-d, contact herbicides Diquat and Paraquat, rototilling and diver-operated dredges.
YIELD, SEED WEIGHT AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF FIELD PEAS AFTER SOIL AND FOLIAR TREATMENTS OF SIMAZINE AT SUBLETHAL LEVELS
Authors: GUBBELS G. H.
Published: March 2010

Simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] was applied at rates of 0.002–0.800 kg a.i./ha to field peas (Pisum sativum L.) as soil and as foliar applications for 4 yr. Band applications to the soil surface over the seeded rows and incorporated beside the seeded rows in a clay soil had no effect on seed yield or protein content. However, seed yield was increased 25% in the year that seeding was early (3 May) in a fine sandy clay loam, and seed placed into the center of a band into which simazine at 0.4 kg a.i./ha had been rototilled to a depth of 10–12 cm. There were no differences in weight per seed or protein content. Foliar applications were not effective.
RESPONSE OF LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY SEEDLINGS TO VARIOUS DATES OF DIGGING FOR STORAGE
Authors: HALL IVAN V. , AALDERS LEWIS E.
Published: March 2010

Seedlings of the lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) grew well after autumn digging, winter storage at − 2 °C, and dormant planting the following spring. Early November was the best digging time, as evidenced by plant survival and growth the following year.
A TECHNIQUE FOR THE IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF AFRICAN VIOLETS USING PETIOLES
Authors: HARNEY PATRICIA M. , KNAP ALYSON
Published: March 2010

Normal African violet plants were produced directly from petiole cross sections without an intermediate callus phase in a Murashige and Skoog high salt medium containing 0.5 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid and 0.5 mg/l kinetin. It was not necessary to induce roots as rootless plantlets quickly became established in a commercial soil mix.
EFFECT OF DICHLOFOP METHYL ON LEAF-CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY IN WILD OAT, BARLEY AND WHEAT
Authors: CROWLEY JACINTA , PRENDEVILLE G. N.
Published: March 2010

Leakage of electrolytes from leaf discs of treated wild oats, barley and wheat plants was the criterion used to compare the effect of dichlofop methyl 2-{4-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy} propionate on leaf-cell membrane permeability in these species. Leakage of electrolytes from wild oats and barley occurred within 12 h and increased up to 96 h following foliar application of the chemical at the rate of 0.112 kg/ha and 0.56 kg/ha, while in wheat it occurred only at the highest rate and after an interval of 48 h. Increases in leaf-cell membrane permeability occurred in each of the three species before the appearance of visible injury such as discoloration or necrotic areas in leaf tips.
WHEAT CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION BY GLIADIN ELECTROPHOREGRAMS. II. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL FACTORS ON THE GLIADIN ELECTROPHOREGRAM
Authors: ZILLMAN R. R. , BUSHUK W.
Published: March 2010

Effects of a number of factors on the gliadin electrophoregram were investigated relative to the use of the electrophoregram for cultivar identification. Effect of seed source was investigated by examining grain of five Canadian cultivars grown at 10 locations in Manitoba and Saskatchewan and grain of five Australian cultivars grown in Canada and Australia. These experiments showed that the electrophoregram is not affected by the area of growth. Six grain samples of the Canadian hard red spring wheat cultivar, Neepawa, grown at six different fertilizer levels under irrigation, ranging in protein content from 9.3 to 16.4%, were used to demonstrate that the electrophoregram is qualitatively independent of protein content. The effects of several experimental factors on the gliadin electrophoregram were determined using five Canadian cultivars: three hard red spring wheats, one soft white winter wheat, and one durum wheat. Experimental factors investigated were grain sample preparation, method of gliadin extraction, and method of staining. The only factor that produced qualitative deviations in the electrophoregram was inefficient extraction of the gliadin protein with ineffective solvents. If appropriate gliadin extracts are used, the electrophoregram is a true genotypic character that can be used to identify the cultivar.
WHEAT CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION BY GLIADIN ELECTROPHOREGRAMS. III. CATALOGUE OF ELECTROPHOREGRAM FORMULAS OF CANADIAN WHEAT CULTIVARS
Authors: ZILLMAN R. R. , BUSHUK W.
Published: March 2010

Gliadin electrophoregram formulas of 88 common and durum wheat cultivars which had been licenced far production in Canada were determined and catalogued. The relative band mobilities, used to derive the formula, were calculated from actual band mobilities obtained from a photographic negative of a stained gel with a microcomparator. It was shown that band mobility was essentially constant across any one gel (i.e. gel polymerization was uniform) and reproducible to within ± 0.5 relative mobility unit from one gel to another (i.e. gel polymerization and electrophoresis were highly reproducible). A subjective quantification of band intensities is described. For the 88 cultivars examined. 85 distinct electrophoregram formulas were obtained. Three pairs of formulas were essentially identical. Each pair represented cultivars that were very closely related genetically. The use of the electrophoretic test and the catalogue of cultivar formulas for identifying unknown grain samples is discussed.
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT AND STALK ROT OF SOYBEAN
Authors: VAARTAJA O. , BUZZELL R. I. , CRAWFORD L. G. , PITBLADO R. E.
Published: March 2010

Chemical and biological control of root and stalk rot of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) caused by Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. var. sojae Hildebr. (Pms) was attempted in greenhouse and field tests. In-furrow spray-drench and granular treatments of the experimental compound CGA 48988 (Ciba-Geigy), applied at planting time at rates ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 kg a.i./ha, greatly reduced loss of plants from the disease and doubled the yield of the cultivar Steele, which has a low degree of field tolerance to Pms race 6. An in-furrow spray-drench treatment with thiram at 1.0 kg a.i./ha significantly reduced loss of plants, but not as much as CGA 48988 and not sufficiently to increase yield. Captan and CGA 48988 applied to Harosoy 63 seeds (at 0.13 and 0.33 g a.i./kg of seed, respectively) by a pelleting technique gave short-term control in the greenhouse, but did not significantly increase plant survival and yield in the field. CGA 48988, which is systemic in soybeans, increased plant survival and. yield in the field at 1.65 g a.i./kg of seed in seed pellets. Inclusion of the fungal antagonist Gliocladium virens Miller, Giddens and Foster in seed pellets did not significantly control Pms either alone or in combination with a low rate of captan or CGA 48988.
SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING AND NITROGEN NUTRITION EFFECTS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF FOREVER YOURS ROSES
Authors: ARMITAGE A. M. , TSUJITA M. J.
Published: March 2010

Supplemental lighting and nitrogen nutrition affected growth, flowering, flower yield, foliar nitrogen content, and flower keeping quality of Rosa hybrida ’Forever Yours.’ Light treatments consisted of ambient light and ambient light supplemented with high pressure sodium lamps at intensities of 105 and 158 μEm−2 sec−1 18 h/day (7.4 and 10.8 klx). Three nitrogen levels, 100, 200, and 400 ppm, were applied with each irrigation. Supplementary light of 105 μEm−2 sec−1 increased yield, stem length, fresh weight, and stem grade but caused decreased foliar N and keeping quality. Lighting at 158 μEm−2 sec−1 increased flower yield, but decreased days to flowering, stem length, fresh weight, foliar N, keeping quality, and stem grade. Nitrogen levels of 100 and 200 ppm were insufficient to maintain foliar N content at optimum levels in lighted roses, but 200 ppm N resulted in better keeping quality compared with 100. Nitrogen alone, however, had little effect on yield and quality. Increasing the nitrogen level to 400 ppm resulted in higher foliar N content in the lighted treatments but failed to have a significant effect on the yield or quality of roses.
EFFECT OF BARBAN AND FLAMPROP METHYL WITH SOLUTION NITROGEN ON WHEAT, WILD OATS AND GREEN FOXTAIL
Authors: MOYER J. R. , DRYDEN R. D. , CHOW P. N. P.
Published: March 2010

Postemergent sprays of barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m chlorocarbanilate) at the 2-leaf stage of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and flamprop methyl [methyl N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-aminopropionate] at the 3-leaf stage in water or solution nitrogen fertilizer gave moderate to good control of wild oats and significant increases of 21 and 30%, respectively, in yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Neepawa’). Barban and flamprop methyl had no apparent effect on nitrogen content of wheat grain. When wild oats were controlled with herbicides the decrease in plant competition permitted increased growth of green foxtail (Setaria viridis L. Beauv.). Solution nitrogen and hand-weeding treatments increased nitrogen in the wheat grain significantly. Large increases in numbers and dry matter yields of wild oats resulted in relatively low crop yields from solution nitrogen, e.g. non-significant with barban and a 9% increase in the flamprop methyl experiment. Either herbicide applied with solution nitrogen produced an initial injury to plant leaves. However, wheat recovered rapidly and there was no indication of reduced growth at harvest. No effect was observed when herbicides were applied separately from solution nitrogen.
EFFECT OF CULTURAL PRACTICES AND HERBICIDES ON WEED POPULATION AND COMPETITION IN POTATOES
Authors: RIOUX R. , COMEAU J. E. , GENEREUX H.
Published: March 2010

The effect of hilling methods on weed control in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) was studied in association with the effect of herbicides and cultivars. Without herbicides, hilling at emergence gave the best control. However, late-germinating weeds were not controlled. When herbicides were used, no difference was noted in weed control due to hilling methods. Hilling at tuber set needed to be preceded by a herbicide. This method gave earlier development of tubers. Variations in yield were more closely associated to top weight than to weed density. Linuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea) was more effective than prometryne (2,4 bis (isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine). There were no significant differences in weed control between cultivars. Time of hilling potatoes should not be determined according to its influence on weed control, but rather according to its influence on the vegetative growth of the potato plant.
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CONTROL METHODS FOR DIFFUSE AND SPOTTED KNAPWEED IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: HARRIS P. , CRANSTON R.
Published: March 2010

Diffuse and spotted knapweed are introduced weeds that threaten to spread throughout the uncultivated drylands of Western Canada. By 1972 approximately 30 000 ha, mostly in British Columbia, were infested, with forage reductions of up to 88%. Presently the infestation may be increasing by 10% a year and it is estimated that 8.4–10.7 million ha are susceptible to invasion by one or the other species in Western Canada. This would be disastrous to both ranching and wildlife in the region. The economics of various options for control are discussed. Biological control, which is likely to require the introduction of six agents and cost a total of $1.8 million, is the most cost-effective solution. However, until it can be fully implemented (10–20 yr) new infestations can be spot-treated with picloram. It is also economic to convert dense stands to tame pasture after killing the knapweed with picloram at 0.5 kg/ha although the knapweed is likely to begin reinvasion after 4 yr.
WILD OATS, GREEN FOXTAIL, AND BROAD-LEAVED WEEDS: CONTROL AND EFFECT ON CORN YIELD AT BRANDON, MANITOBA
Authors: MOYER J. R. , DRYDEN R. D.
Published: March 2010

Twelve weed control treatments recommended for corn (Zea mays L.) in the dryland areas of Western Canada were compared over a 3-yr period from 1975 to 1977. Corn yields were similar after treatment with atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine) alone, plus cultivation, or plus butylate (S-ethyl di-diisobutylthiocarbamate), or EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) plus R25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide). Wild oats (Avena fatua L.) were consistently controlled by atrazine or by EPTC plus R25788 applied and incorporated before seeding. Postemergence applications of atrazine plus oil also effectively controlled wild oats. Butylate was not as effective as atrazine or EPTC plus R25788 in the control of wild oats. EPTC plus R25788 and butylate consistently controlled green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) while atrazine effectively controlled green foxtail only in 1976 when rainfall was above normal during the period of green foxtail emergence and initial growth. Broad-leaved weeds were controlled by atrazine with all methods of application. The preplant incorporation of atrazine plus butylate and the postemergence application of atrazine plus oil in a band over the row followed by interrow cultivation consistently controlled all weeds. Wild oats and broad-leaved weeds greatly reduced corn yields whereas green foxtail did not compete strongly with corn. Green foxtail was present only in the unweeded and atrazine treatments and, in those treatments, its ability to compete with corn may have been reduced by either wild oats or atrazine, respectively.
PATHOGENICITE COMPAREE D’ERWINIA CAROTOVORA VAR. ATROSEPTICA ET VAR. CAROTOVORA PAR INOCULATION DE CULTIVARS DE POMME DE TERRE
Authors: CARON M. , LACHANCE R. O. , PELLETIER G.
Published: March 2010

Three inoculation methods have been used to compare the pathogenicity of Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica and var. carotovora on different potato cultivars: stem inoculation, inoculation of pregerminated seed pieces and inoculation of non-pregerminated seed pieces. Results could be obtained after only 5 days by stem inoculation. Stem inoculation by E. atroseptica has caused a black soft rot of the stem while E. carotovora caused a rather brown soft rot. A comparison between the two organisms was possible when pregerminated tuber pieces were used, which was not possible without pregermination. The inoculation of pregerminated seed pieces proved to be more adapted to all cultivars than stem inoculation for pathogenicity tests.
EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF ALBUGO CANDIDA IN TURNIP RAPE
Authors: DUECK J. , STONE J. R.
Published: March 2010

Two applications of the protectant fungicides, Bravo, Manzate 200 and DPX 164 reduced foliar infection of turnip rape (Brassica campestris) by Albugo Candida. However, the fungicides had no apparent effect on staghead formation, the systemic phase of the disease. The acylalanine fungicides CGA 29212 and CGA 48988 showed excellent eradicant activity against foliar infection in growth room tests. In a field test, CGA 29212 significantly reduced the number of stagheads. CGA 38140 showed no activity against A. Candida on turnip rape.
EFFECT OF MATURITY AND FROST ON THE LEAF COLOR OF STORAGE CABBAGE
Authors: CHIPMAN E. W. , THORPE E.
Published: March 2010

Over 3-yr periods, storage cabbages were (a) harvested at different times or stages of maturity (b) harvested from frosted and non-frosted plots. Three color component measurements of the wrapper leaves were taken during storage on a Hunterlab Color and Color Difference Meter. The early harvested cabbages were variable for "L" lightness but were greener "a" and less yellow "b" than those from the later harvests or more mature specimens. Frosted cabbages were variable for greenness but were lighter and yellower than the ones that were not frosted.
SOME EFFECTS OF USE OF TRANSPARENT SHIELDS OVER SMALL EVAPORIMETERS
Authors: WILCOX J. C.
Published: March 2010

In 1974, the use of glass shields over Bellani plate evaporimeters at Summerland reduced the rate of evaporation by 5.09%. Records from Vancouver indicated a reduction of 6.5–6.9%. On rainy days, not shielding produced serious errors, especially at Vancouver. On clear days, shielding was found in 1977 to increase the temperature by 6.6%, and in 1978 to reduce the global radiation by 8.1%. Applying these values to an equation relating evaporation to temperature and radiation by multiple regression indicated that the increase in temperature increased the rate of evaporation by 10.74%, while the decrease in radiation decreased the rate of evaporation by 4.64%. The difference, 6.10%, was greater by 1.01% than that recorded in 1974. When expressed in percentage of total radiation, absorption by a shield was found to be fairly constant. Reflection from the shield, however, decreased in percentage between sunrise and noon. It is recommended that transparent shields be used over small evaporimeters, and that the evaporation records thus obtained be used for direct relation to evapotranspiration on other parameters.
RELATIONSHIP OF SPIKE NODDING ANGLE AND KERNEL BRIGHTNESS UNDER SIMULATED RAINFALL IN BARLEY
Authors: BRINKMAN M. A. , LUK T. M.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between spike nodding angle and kernel brightness under simulated rainfall in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Five genotypes, selected for differences in kernel brightness and spike nodding angle in the field, were grown in the greenhouse. At approximately 10 days after heading, spike nodding angles of 0, 60, 120, and 180° from a completely upright position were established for each genotype. Spikes were sprinkled with water three times daily until they were ripe. After harvest, kernel brightness and yellowness were measured with a Hunter Color Difference Meter (HCDM). Kernels from spikes nodded at angles of 120 and 180° were significantly brighter than kernels from spikes nodded at angles of 0 and 60°, but there were no significant differences among the four angles for degree of yellowness. A nonsignificant genotype × spike nodding angle interaction for kernel brightness indicated that the barley genotypes responded similarly to nodding angle treatments regardless of their natural kernel brightness. Results of this research indicate that the spike nodding angle should be greater than 90° from vertical in order to contribute to kernel brightness in moist conditions. It is suggested that the barley breeder consider both natural kernel brightness and spike nodding angle as selection criteria for developing varieties with improved kernel brightness.
COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE- AND SINGLE-ROW PLOTS AND SPACED PLANTS FOR TESTING YIELD AND OTHER VARIABLES IN BARLEY
Authors: BRIGGS K. G. , FARIS D. G.
Published: March 2010

Single-row, 5-m (SR5), 1-m (SR1) and single-plant (SP) plots appeared equally effective as standard 4-row, 5-m plots in separating 11 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars for seed size, days to heading, days to maturity and height. SR5 appeared unsuitable for assessing hectoliter weight. Misclassification of genotypes for yield can be expected when using SR5, but especially when using SR1 and SP.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE GENE FOR ADULT-PLANT LEAF RUST RESISTANCE IN THATCHER
Authors: DYCK P. L.
Published: March 2010

The gene for adult-plant resistance to race 9 of leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm.) in the common wheat cultivar Thatcher (Triticum aestivum L.) was allelic to Lr22a, a gene for adult-plant leaf rust resistance previously transferred to hexaploid wheat from Aegilops squarrosa L. This gene, designated Lr22b, was linked with Tg, a gene for tenacious glumes, and W21, an inhibitor of waxy foliage, both known to be on chromosome arm 2Dα and linked with Lr22a.
VARIATION IN SEED AND SEEDLING TRAITS OF COMMON VETCH (VICIA SATIVA L.)
Authors: ACIKGOZ ESVET , RUM-BAUGH M. D.
Published: March 2010

Significant differences among 25 common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) cultivars existed for each of eight seed and seedling traits. Weight of 50 seeds was positively correlated with seedling characteristics but not with time required for emergence. Emergence time was negatively associated with seedling size 14 days after planting. Breeders can select common vetch lines for seedling vigor by selecting for large seed size.
PROTECTION OF SNAPBEANS FROM SUBSTITUTED UREA INJURY BY PRIOR TREATMENT WITH DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES
Authors: FRIESEN G. H.
Published: March 2010

Under weed-free conditions, snapbeans (Vhaseolus vulgaris L. ’Bush Blue Lake’) grown in soil treated with trifluralin, fluchloralin, or profluralin as pre-plant-incorporated treatments were protected from injury resulting from preemergence treatments of metobromuron, and, to some extent, linuron. Dinitramine, however, did not offer such protection against metobromuron or linuron injury.
RESPONSES OF SALINE AND NON-SALINE POPULATIONS OF ECLIPTA ALBA TO SOIL SALINITY
Authors: VARSHNEY S. P. , SHARMA BINA DEVI
Published: March 2010

Experimental study on the growth and development of saline and non-saline populations of Eclipta alba Hassk., planted on soils artificially salinized with water-soluble salts of sodium and a saturation extract of saline soil, revealed differences in their salt-adaptive capabilities. The relatively higher salt-adaptive capability of the saline population both at germination and subsequent stages of growth indicated ecophysiological differentiation within species due to salt stress.
A NEW METHOD FOR SAMPLING OVERWINTERING PLANTS IN FROZEN SOIL
Authors: SUZUKI MICHIO , MACKENZIE D. N.
Published: March 2010

A number of methods for sampling plants in frozen soil were evaluated. A new method using a portable gas-powered, concrete cut-off saw equipped with a carborundum disc was the most satisfactory. The saw was capable of cutting hard-frozen soil having a high content of sand and stones to a depth of 12 cm at a speed of about 1 m/min. The extraction of one hard-frozen hexahedral soil sample was completed by one man within 5 min.
AMMONIA DETECTION IN CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE
Authors: PORRITT S. W. , LIDSTER P. D.
Published: March 2010

A highly sensitive colorimetric procedure is outlined for detection of ammonia leaks in controlled atmosphere storage rooms in which ammonia is used as the refrigerant.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON POLLEN FERTILITY AND ANTHER DEHISCENCE OF CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILE RYE
Authors: SCOLES G. J. , EVANS L. E.
Published: March 2010

Pollen fertility and anther dehiscence of two cytoplasmic male-sterile lines of spring rye (Secale cereale L.), their maintainers, their restorers and the F1 between each sterile and restorer were investigated at three temperature regimes (15/10, 20/15 and 25/20 °C). In a second experiment, the anther dehiscence of five additional sterile/restorer hybrids was investigated at the same temperatures. Anthers of male-sterile plants did not contain pollen grains and were non-dehiscent at all temperatures. Pollen fertility of maintainer, restorer and sterile/restorer hybrids varied with temperatures. All anthers of maintainer and restorer lines were fully dehiscent, but partially dehiscent and non-dehiscent anthers occurred in the sterile/restorer hybrids. Anthers of florets in the upper and lower portions of spikes of the sterile/restorer hybrids were often partially dehiscent or non-dehiscent. Variation among tillers of a plant with respect to this character was low, but variation among plants of a sterile/restorer hybrid was high, suggesting genetic segregation. The classification of an anther as either dehiscent, partially dehiscent or non-dehiscent was directly related to pollen fertility. Better restoration of fertility was obtained at temperatures of 20/15 or 25/20 °C than at 15/10 °C.
MICROFLORA AND CONDITION OF CEREAL SEEDS AFTER A WET HARVEST
Authors: MILLS J. T. , WALLACE H. A. H.
Published: March 2010

The microflora and condition of cereal seed samples obtained from 21 swathed and 11 standing crops, 20 piles and 15 bins were determined during and after the excessively wet 1977 harvest season in Manitoba. Seed moisture contents and myxomycete levels declined and Penicillium and germination levels increased as the grain progressed from field to pile to bin. Prolonged wet field conditions permitted continued development of field fungi causing seed discoloration and, characteristically, development of plasmodial and reproductive phases of myxomycetes rarely seen on seeds harvested in dry harvest years. Ecological habitats favoring development of particular fungi were detected in a 6-wk-old sprouted barley pile. Samples from the south and west of the pile, warmed by the sun, had most Alternaria, very low Penicillium and low CO2 levels; north and east samples had highest levels of Aspergillus glaucus group species, and center samples had low Alternaria, high Penicillium, a trace of A. glaucus, higher seed moisture and lower germination.
ENERGY ALLOCATION DURING GROWTH OF SIX MAIZE HYBRIDS IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: MacKINNON J. C.
Published: March 2010

Environmental conditions and the seasonal patterns of dry matter (energy) production and allocation by six maize hybrids were monitored on a commercial farm site in a region with a temperate maritime climate. Piecewise-linear models, consisting of growth and plateau phases, were developed to represent the observed variation in leaf area and dry matter accumulation in leaf, stem, sheath and ear of each hybrid. The variation in efficiency of solar energy conversion by each hybrid was determined. Efficiencies of 2.3% for full canopies of the best hybrids at mid-season were approximately equal to a theoretical limit estimated for maize under favorable growth conditions at Stewiacke. Efficiency near the end of the season was less than expected; this was attributed mainly to ear growth rates of 13 g m−2 day−1 which were somewhat less than the values of 20 g m−2 day−1 commonly recorded for maize crops.
THE USE OF SIMULATED SWARDS IN BREEDING ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.)
Authors: CHRISTIE B. R. , KEOGHAN J. M.
Published: March 2010

Clones of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were grown in a simulated sward at a density of 237 plants/m2, using indoor growth facilities. Based upon dry matter yields over three harvests, 36 clones were selected: 12 of high yield, 12 of medium, and 12 of low. These were planted in the field in three planting arrangements. Correlations between yields indoors and in the field ranged from −0.16 to 0.63. A field sward with double plant plots gave the best correlations of 0.41 to 0.63 with growth room yields. Synthetics derived from the selections yielded as expected on the basis of parental yields. A breeding procedure to utilize indoor growth facilities in forage breeding programs is proposed.
THE STARCH IODINE TEST FOR DETERMINING STAGE OF MATURATION IN APPLES
Authors: SMITH R. B. , LOUGHEED E. C. , FRANKLIN E. W. , McMILLAN I.
Published: March 2010

Starch test guides patterned after a guide already available for McIntosh were prepared and evaluated for determining the first acceptable harvest dates of the apple cultivars Delicious and Northern Spy. The McIntosh, Delicious and Northern Spy starch test guides were useful for determining when these cultivars should be harvested. Temperatures during 20 days before the harvest of McIntosh and 40 days before the harvest of Delicious and Northern Spy influenced the rate of starch hydrolysis and thus the starch index reading. Low temperatures favored the conversion of starch to sugar and high temperatures the reverse. This resulted in low starch index readings at first acceptable harvest in the southern apple growing areas of the province and high readings in the northern areas. Since the average interval from full bloom to first acceptable harvest in Ontario is 118 days for McIntosh, 132 days for Delicious and 133 days for Northern Spy, the ambient temperature beginning 98 days after full bloom for McIntosh, 92 days for Delicious and 93 days for Northern Spy must be considered when using the starch test to determine first acceptable harvest date.
EFFECT OF ENDOTHALL AND GLYPHOSATE ON A NATIVE BARRENBERRY AND LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY STAND
Authors: YARBOROUGH DAVID E. , ISMAIL AMR A.
Published: March 2010

The salt of endothall (7-oxabicyclo{2.2.1} heptane-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid) was applied either in mid-July or mid-August to a mixed stand of barrenberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell.) and blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) in a commercial lowbush blueberry field. The endothall treatment at 0.58 kg/ha defoliated all blueberry plants and caused a partial defoliation of barrenberry plants. Ten or eleven days later plants were treated with 0, 0.56, 1.12 or 2.24 kg/ha glyphosate (N-{phosphonomethyl}glycine5. Plots were covered with straw in the fall and burned the following spring. Blueberry and barrenberry plant stands were determined before and 1 yr after treatment. The effects of treatments on blueberry and barrenberry vigor and potential blueberry productivity were assessed. Higher rates of glyphosate preceded by endothall resulted in a 61–87% reduction in barrenberry stand but had no effect on blueberry stand. High rates of glyphosate reduced the height of new barrenberry and blueberry stems. Herbicide treatments and date of application had no influence on the number of fruit buds per blueberry stem.
CHANGES IN WATER AND CARBOHYDRATE STATUS OF THREE NURSERY SPECIES IN CONTAINERS DURING OVERWINTER STORAGE IN THREE ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: CHONG CALVIN , DESJARDINS R. L. , LIN C. S.
Published: March 2010

During overwinter storage in an open coldframe, a shaded single-layer polyhouse, and an unshaded double-layer polyhouse, changes in water potentials, moisture content, soluble sugars, and starch were compared in shoots of Colorado spruce (Picea pungens Egnelm.) and Ramlosa juniper (Juniperus sabina L. ’Ramlosa’), both container-grown for one season, and also of globe cedar (Thuja occidentalis L. ’Woodwardii’), field-potted 1 mo prior to testing. Higher water status and higher sugar and starch content were observed in all species in the polyhouse than in the coldframe. Differences between effects of the polyhouses were less clear-cut. During the storage period, higher water status and higher soluble sugars were generally observed in spruce than in juniper and cedar. The sugar to starch ratio (an index of metabolic activity) remained relatively constant for juniper and cedar but decreased during the period of storage for spruce. Extent of winter injury, as indicated by post-winter storage conditions of plants, was 10 and 40% less for cedar and juniper, respectively, overwintered in the polyhouses than in the coldframe; spruce survived equally well in all three environments.
LEAF SENESCENCE OF EASTER LILY AS INFLUENCED BY ROOT/SHOOT GROWTH, PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION AND ANCYMIDOL
Authors: TSUJITA M. J. , MURR D. P. , JOHNSON GAIL
Published: March 2010

The effect of ancymidol (A-Rest) applications and phosphorus nutrition on shoot and root growth and the development of lower leaf senescence in Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) was examined. Ancymidol delayed flowering in the first but not in the second experiment. Bud count was not affected by application method of ancymidol. Plant height and shoot and root dry weight were reduced with 0.25 and 0.50 mg/15 cm pot ancymidol concentrations. Leaf senescence was increased by ancymidol, the effects of drench application being more severe than those of the foliar spray treatment. The phosphorus content of leaves and roots was not influenced by ancymidol. Phosphorus nutrition did not affect flowering, bud count or plant height but significantly affected dry weight and phosphorus content of roots and shoots. In the second experiment leaf senescence was reduced by high applications of phosphorus.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 36. Rubus hispidus L.
Authors: JENSEN K. I. N. , HALL I. V.
Published: March 2010

Rubus hispidus L., trailing blackberry (Rosaceae), occurs as a weed in cultivated bush and tree fruits, lowbush blueberries, cranberries, Christmas tree plantings and waste places on a wide range of soil types in Eastern Canada. Its ability to regenerate from the crown or rhizomes following mowing, burning or herbicide treatments makes it difficult to control.
RELATION OF INFESTATION WITH SUNFLOWER MOTH HOMOEOSOMA ELECTELLUM LARVAE TO THE INCIDENCE OF RHIZOPUS ROT IN SUNFLOWER SEED HEADS
Authors: KLISIEWICZ J. M.
Published: March 2010

Larvae of the moth Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst.) were found consistently in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed heads affected with Rhizopus rot in California. Both Rhizopus rot and larvae were found in 88% of the rotted heads examined and only Rhizopus rot was evident in 12% of the heads. Head rot developed in 55–100% of the sunflower heads artificially inoculated in the field with both Rhizopus oryzae Went & Brinsen-Geerlings and H. ellectellum larvae and in 5–20% of the heads inoculated only with Rhizopus. Rot did not occur in heads in which only larvae were present. Larvae enhanced infection of the receptacle by Rhizopus through feeding injury. Ingested spores that are viable after passage through the gut of a larva can be spread by larvae into the inner tissues of the sunflower receptacle.
EVALUATION OF HARVESTING METHODS FOR RESEARCH PLOTS OF WHEAT
Authors: SOMERVILLE S. C. , BRIGGS K. G.
Published: March 2010

Nine combine-oriented harvesting procedures were tested for their influence on yield, quality and relative assessments of seven well characterized wheat genotypes. The harvesting treatments had a significant effect for all characters both upon the mean values and upon the relative performances of the genotypes.
BUCKLEY’S QUILL AND SNOWBELLE MOCK ORANGES
Authors: SVEJDA FELICITAS
Published: March 2010

Buckley’s Quill and Snowbelle are freely flowering Philadelphus cultivars with very fragrant, double white flowers that survive the winters well in Eastern Ontario. Snowbelle has a medium high shrub and produces more flowers during a longer flowering season than Buckley’s Quill. Buckley’s Quill has been rated higher than Snowbelle in cooperative trials. Its quill-like petals give it an unusual appearance for mock orange.
MORE HIGH QUALITY YELLOW SWEET CORN INBREDS RELEASED FROM SIMCOE, ONTARIO
Authors: KERR E. A.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-nine sweet corn inbreds developed at the Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario, Vineland Station, and the Horticultural Experiment Station, Simcoe are described. These inbreds are the culmination of a sweet corn inbreeding project which stressed high eating quality. These inbreds range in maturity from extremely early to full season. Mean row numbers range from 10.9 to 19.5.
TABLEVEE SWEET CORN
Authors: KERR E. A.
Published: March 2010

Tablevee is a midseason sweet corn with exceptional eating and freezing quality, introduced as a replacement for Tastyvee. It was developed at the Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario, Vineland Station. Ears are 12- to 16-rowed with excellent tip cover and good appearance. It is especially valuable for direct-to-consumer sales.
THE USE OF BEANS AND KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS FOR REARING PRATYLENCHUS NEGLECTUS, PRATYLENCHUS PROJECTUS AND HELICOTYLENCHUS DIGONICUS
Authors: OLTHOF Th. H. A.
Published: March 2010

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is recommended for rearing large numbers of the nematodes Paratylenchus projectus and Pratylenchus neglectus, and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) for Helicotylenchus digonicus. Bean and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) are new additions to the host lists of P. projectus and P. neglectus.
PREVALENCE OF A HIGHLY VIRULENT STRAIN OF LEPTOSPHAERIA MACULANS (BLACKLEG) IN SEED SAMPLES OF RAPE AND TURNIP RAPE PRODUCED IN WESTERN CANADA IN 1976 AND 1977
Authors: PETRIR G. ALLAN
Published: March 2010

A highly virulent strain of Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg) was found in 17 (3.0%) of 570 Saskatchewan rapeseed samples, both pedigreed and commercial, produced in 1976 and 1977. All 17 originated in northeastern Saskatchewan. It was not detected in Alberta or Manitoba seed. Fourteen of the seventeen samples had less than 0.5% infected seeds; three had over 2.0%. A more geographically widespread weakly virulent strain occurred in 13% of the Saskatchewan samples. The significance of seed transmission of blackleg is discussed.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON VIABILITY AND INFESTATION OF HULLESS TERRA OATS IN STORAGE
Authors: SINHA R. N. , WHITE N. D. G. , WALLACE H. A. H. , McKENZIE R. I. H.
Published: March 2010

The effects of various seed moisture contents in hulless (cv. Terra) and hulled oats (cv. Random) on susceptibility to mite infestation and on mycofloral growth and germination loss were studied at weekly intervals. Fat acidity values were determined for Terra oats only after 4 wk of storage. Moisture content-relative humidity adsorption and desorption curves were determined for Terra at 22 °C and at relative humidities of 35–100%. Terra oats, which had a higher level of Penicillium infection at 90–100% RH than Random oats, lost viability more rapidly than Random. Fat acidity values of Terra increased rapidly from 35 mg KOH/100 g of seed to 87–118 mg KOH/100 g of seed, only when seeds were stored at 90–100% RH. Terra offered a more favorable substrate for the multiplication of the mites Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Acarus farris, and Lepidoglyphus destructor than did Random. With the exception of susceptibility to mite infestation, safe storage criteria are similar for hulled and hulless oats at usual moisture contents.
COMBINING ABILITY FOR MALE FERTILITY AND YIELD IN HYBRID WINTER WHEAT
Authors: SAMPSON D. R. , ROBINSON H. G.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-seven F1 winter wheat hybrids (Triticum aestivum) between eight cytoplasmic male sterile (cms) lines with T. timopheevi cytoplasm and 10 fertility restoration (Rf) lines carrying restoration genes from T. timopheevi, T. spelta and T. aestivum ’Primepi’ were analyzed for male sterility and grain yield in a field trial. Both male and female parents showed wide differences in the male fertility and yield of their hybrid arrays. However, the parental effects were largely additive. Two cms lines 8780 E5 and Mironovskaya 808 were outstanding for ease of restoration compared to several soft white winter wheat cultivars. Mironovskaya 808 also showed high combining ability for yield. The two best restored hybrids had 96% male fertility.
EFFETS DE DIFFERENTS TAUX DE FUMIER SUR LES POPULATIONS DE MAUVAISES HERBES, LA VERSE ET LE RENDEMENT EN GRAINS DES CEREALES
Authors: DESCHENES J. M. , DUBUC J. P.
Published: March 2010

The effect of four rates (9–36 t/ha) of sheep manure applied in the fall was compared to conventional inorganic fertilization (49 kg of N, 60 kg of P2O5 and 60 kg of K2O/ha) applied at seeding on three species of cereals. Weed populations, lodging and grain yields were recorded on oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from 1976 to 1978 on the St-André sandy loam and in 1977 and 1978 on the Kamouraska clay. The manure applied came from sheep fed entirely with hay silage. The various rates of sheep manure had no effect on weed population since no significant difference has been observed between the organic and inorganic fertilization. Lodging did not occur in any of the plots, irrespective of the soil type, during the 3 yr of the experiment. For the two soil types, the grain yields of oats, barley and wheat were usually higher on plots that received 27–36 t/ha of sheep manure than on plots that received inorganic fertilizer. The rates of 9 and 18 t/ha of manure resulted in grain yields significantly lower. An application on all plots of 15 kg/ha of inorganic nitrogen in the spring of 1978 has sensibly increased the grain yield. These results suggest that the fall spreading and the incorporation into the soil of 36 t/ha of sheep manure followed by an application of about 15 kg/ha of inorganic nitrogen in the spring provide a very satisfactory grain yield and do not increase the incidence of lodging and weed infestation.